bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principles of sustainable prevention: Designing scale‐up of School‐wide Positive Behavior Support to promote durable systems
Authors: McIntosh Kent , Filter Kevin J. , Bennett Joanna L. , Ryan Charlotte , Sugai George
Published: November 2009

In this article, we provide an overview of School‐wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS), an approach to building protective school cultures and preventing the development of problem behavior through instruction, environmental redesign, and attention to systems‐level variables. We define the critical features of SWPBS within a prevention science lens, including identification of its conceptual foundations, proximal mediators of student outcomes, and current research base and goals. Given its evidence of effectiveness, we describe efforts and a research agenda in the area of sustainability of SWPBS, including a description of a proposed model of sustainability and a case study of statewide implementation with steps taken to promote sustained implementation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low frequency damping capacity in a strained Fe–Mn–Si alloy
Authors: Zhou Z. C. , Wen C. E. , Yang H. , Yan Y. J.
Published: November 2009

The low frequency damping capacity of a strained Fe–31.36Mn–3.15Si (wt.%) alloy has been investigated using a multifunctional internal friction apparatus (MFIFA) through the free decay and forced vibration method. The high damping source is proposed to have originated from the irreversible movements of ε/γ boundaries, being amplitude‐dependent damping. An internal friction peak appears on the internal friction–temperature curves at about 280 oC during heating from room temperature to 400 oC and the peak height is drastically reduced during subsequent in situ cooling. The peak height increases with increasing $\mathop T\limits^{\bullet}/f$. It has been suggested that the internal friction peak is resulted from the ε → γ transformation during heating.
CdTe thin film solar cells prepared by a low‐temperature deposition method
Authors: Novruzov V. D. , Fathi N. M. , Gorur O. , Tomakin M. , Bayramov A. I. , Schorr S. , Mamedov N.
Published: November 2009

Low‐temperature vacuum deposition instead of the commonly used vacuum deposition at high substrate temperatures has been applied to prepare high efficiency (CdS/CdTe) solar cells. CdS and CdTe thin films have been subsequently deposited on SnO2/Corning 7059 glass substrates and examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD) techniques. It has been found that CdTe and CdS films deposited at low substrate temperature (218 K) have very similar grain sizes and surface morphology, necessary for high efficiency photovoltaic performance of the resultant device structures. Particularly, the obtained solar cells have shown efficiencies of more than 14%. The applied preparation method can be regarded as promising for high efficiency CdTe‐based solar cell fabrication.
Adaptive concept drift detection
Authors: Dries Anton , Rückert Ulrich
Published: November 2009

An established method to detect concept drift in data streams is to perform statistical hypothesis testing on the multivariate data in the stream. The statistical theory offers rank‐based statistics for this task. However, these statistics depend on a fixed set of characteristics of the underlying distribution. Thus, they work well whenever the change in the underlying distribution affects the properties measured by the statistic, but they perform not very well, if the drift influences the characteristics caught by the test statistic only to a small degree. To address this problem, we show how uniform convergence bounds in learning theory can be adjusted for adaptive concept drift detection. In particular, we present three novel drift detection tests, whose test statistics are dynamically adapted to match the actual data at hand. The first one is based on a rank statistic on density estimates for a binary representation of the data, the second compares average margins of a linear classifier induced by the 1‐norm support vector machine (SVM), and the last one is based on the average zero‐one, sigmoid or stepwise linear error rate of an SVM classifier. We compare these new approaches with the maximum mean discrepancy method, the StreamKrimp system, and the multivariate Wald–Wolfowitz test. The results indicate that the new methods are able to detect concept drift reliably and that they perform favorably in a precision‐recall analysis. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 311‐327, 2009
Energy Transfer in Ionic‐Liquid‐Functionalized Inorganic Nanorods for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Park HoSeok , Lee Young‐Chul , Choi Bong Gill , Choi Yeong Suk , Yang Ji‐Won , Hong Won Hi
Published: November 2009

Energy transfer in self‐assembled ionic liquids (ILs) and iron oxyhydroxide nanocrystals and the controlled surface chemistry of functionalized nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications are reported. Self‐assembled ILs play the role of multifunctional materials in terms of constructing a well‐designed nanostructure, controlling the surface chemistry, and triggering the energy transfer of functionalized materials. IL‐functionalized β‐FeOOH nanorods show ≈10‐fold higher performances than those of commercial materials due to the synergistic effect of well‐defined nanomaterials in diffusion‐controlled reactions, specific interactions with target pollutants, and energy transfers in hybrid materials. In particular, the energy transfer in C4MimCl‐functionalized β‐FeOOH nanorods enhances photocatalytic activity due to the generation of Fe2+. The strategy described herein provides new insight into the rational design of functionalized inorganic nanomaterials for applications in emerging technologies.
Olive Oils Modulate Fatty Acid Content and Signaling Protein Expression in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice Brain
Authors: Alemany Regina , Navarro María A. , Vögler Oliver , Perona Javier S. , Osada Jesús , Ruiz‐Gutiérrez Valentina
Published: November 2009

Atherosclerosis contributes to disruption of neuronal signaling pathways by producing lipid‐dependent modifications of brain plasma membranes, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. We investigated whether long‐term (11 weeks) consumption of refined‐ (ROO) and pomace‐ (POO) olive oil modulated the fatty acid composition and the levels of membrane signaling proteins in the brain of apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout (KO) mice, an animal model of atherosclerosis. Both of these oils are rich in bioactive molecules with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. ROO and POO long‐term consumption increased the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), particularly of oleic acid, while reducing the level of the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) palmitic and stearic acid. As a result, the MUFA:SFA ratio was higher in apoE KO mice brain fed with ROO and POO. Furthermore, both oils reduced the level of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid, suggesting a decrease in the generation of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory eicosanoids. Finally, ROO and POO induced an increase in the density of membrane proteins implicated in both the Gαs/PKA and Gαq/PLCβ1/PKCα signaling pathways. The combined effects of long‐term ROO and POO consumption on fatty acid composition and the level of signaling proteins involved in PKA and PKC activation, suggest positive effects on neuroinflammation and brain function in apoE KO mice brain, and convert these oils into promising functional foods in diseases involving apoE deficiency.
How the Local Competition Defeated a Global Brand: The Case of Starbucks
Authors: Patterson Paul G. , Scott Jane , Uncles Mark D.
Published: November 2009

The astounding growth and expansion of Starbucks is outlined, both on a global scale and within Australia. The focus then shifts to the abrupt closure of three-quarters of the Australian stores in mid 2008. Several reasons for these closures are described and examined, including that: Starbucks overestimated their points of differentiation and the perceived value of their supplementary services; their service standards declined; they ignored some golden rules of international marketing; they expanded too quickly and forced themselves upon an unwilling public; they entered late into a highly competitive market; they failed to communicate the brand; and their business model was unsustainable. Key lessons that may go beyond the specifics of the Starbucks case are the importance of: undertaking market research and taking note of it; thinking globally but acting locally; establishing a differential advantage and then striving to sustain it; not losing sight of what makes a brand successful in the first place; and the necessity of having a sustainable business model.
Hydrological and Climatic Changes in Deserts of China since the Late Pleistocene
Authors: Yang Xiaoping , Scuderi Louis A.
Published: November 2009

Large areas in western China were wetlands or less arid between 40 and 30 ka, corresponding to the “Greatest Lake Period” on the adjacent Tibetan Plateau. During the last glacial maximum, some of these western Chinese deserts again experienced wetter conditions; however, at the same time the sandy lands in the eastern Chinese desert belt experienced an activation of aeolian dunes. While interpretations of the mid-Holocene environment in the deserts of China are controversial, it is quite likely that it was more humid not only in the eastern areas influenced by monsoon climate systems but also in the western deserts where moisture is currently associated with westerlies. Evaluation of lacustrine records in the lakes recharged by dryland rivers and the complex interactions of these systems, as well as other paleoenvironmental proxies such as theArtemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio, should be interpreted with greater caution. Facing the highlighted uncertainties in our understanding of climate changes in Chinese deserts, it is hoped that this special issue will improve our knowledge considerably.
Why are there so many Engineers among Islamic Radicals?
Authors: Gambetta Diego , Hertog Steffen
Published: November 2009

This article demonstrates that among violent Islamists engineers with a degree, individuals with an engineering education are three to four times more frequent than we would expect given the share of engineers among university students in Islamic countries. We then test a number of hypotheses to account for this phenomenon. We argue that a combination of two factors – engineers’ relative deprivation in the Islamic world and mindset – is the most plausible explanation.
The evolution of heterochiasmy: the role of sexual selection and sperm competition in determining sex-specific recombination rates in eutherian mammals
Authors: MANK JUDITH E.
Published: November 2009

Early karyotypic work revealed that female and male recombination rates in many species show pronounced differences, and this pattern of heterochiasmy has also been observed in modern linkage mapping studies. Several hypotheses to explain this phenomenon have been offered, ranging from strictly biological mechanisms related to the gametic differences between the sexes, to more evolutionary models based on sexually antagonistic selection. However, despite the long history of interest in heterochiasmy, empirical data has failed to support any theory or pattern consistently. Here I test two alternative evolutionary hypotheses regarding heterochiasmy across the eutherian mammals, and show that sexual dimorphism, but not sperm competition, is strongly correlated with recombination rate, suggesting that sexual antagonism is an important influence. However, the observed relationship between heterochiasmy and sexual dimorphism runs counter to theoretical predictions, with male recombination higher in species with high levels of sexual dimorphism. This may be the response to male-biased dispersal, which, rather than the static male fitness landscape envisioned in the models tested here, could radically shift optimal male fitness parameters among generations.
Studies on the Oxyurid Parasites of Reptiles
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: November 2009

The Oxyurid parasites of Reptiles form a group of very interesting forms and have been a subject of study by several distinguished helminthologists from early times. The earliest account, in a connected form, to which the writer has been able to refer is that given by Rudolphi (1819). This author, though recognising the genus Oxyuris, restricts to it the forms found in mammals and more particularly Oxyuris vermicttlaris from the large intestine of man and Oxyuris curvula from the caxum of horse; the Oxyurids of all other animals he refers to the genus Ascaris.
Observations on Strongyloides fülleborni von Linstow, 1905, with Some Remarks on the Genus Strongyloides
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In some investigations on skin penetration by the filariform larvæ of Strongyloides (Goodey, 1925), the writer made use of larvæ cultivated from the droppings of a Guinea Baboon, Papio papio, which had died at the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. Scrapings of the lining of the small intestine of this animal were made so as to secure the parasitic worms of which 25 specimens were obtained. A study of these was undertaken because von Linstow's (1905) original description of the species is so slender and his figures illustrating it are so crude that it was considered that the parasite would repay further investigation. Moreover one or two of his statements as, for example, that the cuticle of the parasite females is unstriated, required critical examination. Again in a recent paper Chandler (1925) has thrown doubt on the specific identity of S. fülleborni, suggesting that it is probably a hostal variety of S. papillosus. For these reasons the present paper has been prepared in that it gives a fuller account of S. fülleborni both in the parasitic and in the free-living generation than has hitherto been available. The writer considers that a detailed and well illustrated account of the morphology of S. papillosus, particularly of the free-living, sexual generation, is much needed at the present time.
On the Presence of Fats in the intestinal wall of Nematodes
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In November, 1926, the writer observed the active revival of larvæ of Tylenchus dipsaci in water after being kept in a dry condition since September, 1920; a period of just over 6 years. These almost adult larvæ, which had been collected from Narcissus bulbs, were richly supplied with an abundance of reserve food bodies in the wall of the intestine and an attempt was made to determine the nature of these reserves. Various tests were carried out with different chemical reagents and stains and it was finally found that they were composed of fats in the form of small, spherical droplets of oil of variable size. Following these observations, as opportunity arose, other plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes have been examined for the presence of fats in and around the intestinal wall.
On the Infestation of Elm Bark-Beetles (Scolytidæ) by a Nematode, Parasitylenchus scolyti n.sp.
Authors: Oldham J. N.
Published: November 2009

Of the insects responsible directly or indirectly for losses in plant industry the Scolytidæ or bark-beetles are well known, particularly to those associated with the practice of forestry, in Europe and America through the effects of their outbreaks. Bark-beetle attacks have resulted in serious damage in many parts of the world although in Britain their depredations have been less severe probably owing to the limited extent of forest lands.
A new Dorylaimid nematode Xiphinema radicicola n. sp.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In a collection of nematodes received from the Institute of Plant Diseases, Buitenzorg, Java, there were three tubes containing eelworms from pepper gardens on the island of Bangka, Dutch East Indies, where disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) caused by the “burrowing” nematode, Anguillulina similis, is particularly severe. In one of these tubes were worms which had been collected by Dr. J. van der Vecht from diseased pepper roots grown in a garden at Mabat Oerit, Bangka. Among these were large numbers of Anguillulina similis, many Cephalobus striatus, one Aphelenchus avenae, a few Dorylaimus sp. and 30 representatives of the worm which forms the subject of this note. On being cleared and mounted in glycerine it was seen that the buccal spear in all cases was extraordinarily long and closely resembled that figured by Cobb (1913) in Xiphinema americanum from which it was concluded that the worms might possibly belong to the genus Xiphinema. A question which exercised the writer for some time was whether, following Micoletzky (1921), the genus Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 should be considered as synonymous with Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876.
The occurrence of Molineus patens (Dujardin, 1845) in English Stoats and Weasels
Authors: Leiper J. W. G.
Published: November 2009

1. Presence of Molineus patens in England is recorded for the first time.

2. A more complete description is given of the morphology of M. patens including details of the spicules of the male and of some interesting papillae in the female tail.

3. The species of the genus Molineus are reviewed and compared and the suggestion is made that M. americanus is a synonym of M. patens.
The Helminth Parasites of Dogs and Cats in Shanghai, China
Authors: Andrews Mary N.
Published: November 2009

1. The results of post-mortem examinations of 590 dogs and 185 cats in Shanghai are reported.

2. 88% of the dogs and 97% of the cats were infected with one or more species of helminthic parasite. The cats tended to harbour a larger number of species per animal than the dogs.

3. Infections with trematodes were very common, especially Clonorchis sinensis which was present in 79% of the cats.

4. There was a comparatively low incidence of infection with Ancylostoma caninum.

5. Prohemistomum industrium, and Echinostoma ilocanum, rare parasites of the dog, occurred.

6. The following parasites are recorded in their hosts for the first time in China.

1. Chlamydonema praeputialis in the dog.

2. Cylicospirura subaequalis in the cat.

3. Metorchis albidus as a natural infection in the dog.
On the Specific Status of the so-called Biological Strains of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

The genus Heterodera comprises three species, the root-knot nematode, H. marioni (Cornu 1879) Goodey 1932, and the two species in which cysts are produced. These are, H. schachtii Schmidt 1871, which is associated with disease in potatoes, sugar beet, cereals, peas and some other crops, and H. punctata Thorne 1928, which has caused disease of wheat in Canada, and has been found in this country infesting a common grass Agrostis stolonifera L.
On the morphology of Mermithonema entomophilum n.g., n.sp., a nematode parasite of the fly, Sepsis cynipsea L.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In the body cavity of a female specimen of the fly, Sepsis cynipsea L., (Diptera-Cyclorrhapha), caught at this Institute in August, 1930, the writer found eight adult nematode parasites; 3 females and 5 males. The fly was dissected in Ringer's solution in which the worms became actively motile when set free from the host. At the time of dissection it was seen that the fly's ovaries were in an undeveloped state and there is no doubt that this was due to the presence of the parasites within the body cavity. Beyond noting the fact that the worms seemed to be of a mermithid type they were not investigated further at the time but were fixed in hot 70% glycerine alcohol, to which a trace of Nile Blue sulphate solution was added, and were set aside. Although a good number of the flies were dissected during the month of-August no other example was found to be infected with this species of nematode and, as the worms have not been found again since 1930 in casual specimens of the fly captured and dissected here, it seems desirable to describe them since they appear to be new to science. Structurally they bear some resemblance both to Aproctonema entomophagum Keilin, 1917 and to Tetradonema plicans Cobb, 1919 but differ from these species in several anatomical features. Their systematic relationships are discussed in detail later on.
Tulip bulbs attacked by Anguillulina dipsaci
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Eelworm disease of tulips was first reported by Bos (1906) in bulbs of the varieties “La Reine” and “Yellow Prince,” grown at Sassenheim in Holland. Westerdijk (1906) dealt a little more fully with the same outbreak, described the typical brown ring symptoms shown by the bulbs and reported on a few preliminary trials designed to determine whether the parasite belonged to the same biological race as that attacking hyacinths.

Theobald (1912) reported the presence of Tylenchus devastatrix in a number of tulip bulbs (variety unnamed) which had been spnt to him from Dublin, Ireland. In a later note Theobald (1924–25) speaks of a tulip grower in Thanet, Kent, having such bad attacks of eelworm in his bulbs that he decided to remove his nursery to clean ground. Whether the stem eelworm was actually found in affected tulip bulbs was, however, not stated.
Progress of the Diphyllobothrium Epizootic at Poulaphouca Reservoir, Co. Wicklow, Ireland
Authors: Hickey M. D. , Harris J. R.
Published: November 2009

The pathology of the infection in the trout of Poulaphouca Reservoir is described.

An annual mortality was found to occur in the trout during the summer months. This was caused by peritonitis which is attributed to plerocercoids becoming active as a result of the increase in temperature.

It is demonstrated that the infection in trout is probably of a secondary nature resulting from their feeding on sticklebacks primarily infected from the Copepod hosts.
Studies on the Helminth Parasites of Birds in Hyderabad State. Nematoda II
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan
Published: November 2009

Acuaria anthuris, the type species of the genus Acuaria, is described in detail and A. scutata is considered to be synonymous with it.

Acuaria skrjabini from Passer domesticus has been described and compared with the original description. It is a new record for India and Hyderabad.

Acuaria kungi n.sp. from Saxicoloides fulicata is described and compared with related species.

Acuaria sp. is recorded from Pastor roseus.

A new species of Cheilospirura from Accipiter nisus is described and compared with related species.
Gastronodus strasseni Singh, 1934, and its affinities with Spirocerca lupi (Rudolphi, 1809) Chitwood, 1933
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan
Published: November 2009

The writer in 1934 briefly described this nematode which was collected from the common musk-shrew at Hyderabad Deccan, creating for its reception the new genus and species Gastronodus strasseni. The following account deals with the anatomy of the worm and the close relationship which exists between the genera Gastronodus Singh and Spirocerca Railliet and Henry, 1911.

This worm is of common oċcurrence in the musk-shrew, Crocidura caerulea, at Hyderabad and it forms largo nodules on the stomach walls of the host. In certain cases smaller nodules were also found in the mesentery. These are medium sized worms and when freshly extracted appear blood red in colour. The body is coiled and generally flexed at the extremities. In males and young adult females the body is of almost uniform diameter with blunt anterior and posterior ends, whereas in fully grown and gravid females the posterior 2/3 of the body is distinctly thicker than the anterior portion. The males are slender and smaller than the females. The cuticle is thick and bears fine transverse striations which are set quite close together. Irregular transverse wrinkles are also present on the body wall. The cervical papillae are located at the level of the nerve-ring and have the appearance of fine bristles.
A Review of the Trematode Genus Galactosomum
Authors: Prudhoe Stephen
Published: November 2009

The genera Galactosomum, Microlistrum and Stictodora are compared, and, while the first two are undoubtedly synonymous, the last is considered to be distinct.

The adult of the type-species of Galactosomum, G. lacteum, is fully described for the first time from European cormorants, and G. phalacrocoracis is regarded as a synonym.

A new species, Galactosomum fregatae, is described from the frigate-bird Fregata magnificens rothschildi.

The characters of all the species that have been assigned to Galactosomum are briefly defined, and a provisional differential key is given.
Studies of Litomosoides carinii by Phase-contrast microscopy: the Development of the Larvae
Authors: McFadzean James A. , Smiles J.
Published: November 2009

The development of the microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii from the ova, has been studied by phase-contrast microscopy, and recorded with photomicrographs. All stages in the development were obtained by puncturing the uteri of adult female worms at intervals along their lengths, transferring the larvae which emerged onto agar coated slides and allowing the weight of a coverglass to flatten them sufficiently for detailed examination.

The head and the tail end of the larva were differentiated at a fairly early stage and about the same time a hook-like structure appeared on the head. Subsequently a body cavity was formed within the larva which was associated with the appearance of highly refractile subcuticular cells. Later this cavity became filled with different types of cells.

Throughout its development the larva was enclosed within a membrane which was later stretched by the movement of the larva to form the sheath of the microfilaria. All the microfilariae from the adult female worms, from the pleural fluid, and from the peripheral blood of the large number of infected cotton rats examined, were seen by phase-contrast microscopy to have sheaths.
A New Technique for Counting Eggs ofFasciola hepaticain Cattle Faeces
Authors: Dorsman W.
Published: November 2009

The essential features of the method, which is described in detail, are a sieving technique to collect quantitatively theFasciola hepaticaeggs of a sample of cattle faeces, a new technique for transferring quantitatively the eggs to a measured amount of water, and a new technique for obtaining even distribution of the eggs within a counting chamber. Technical details for manufacturing the apparatus and the counting slide, designed to perform the different stages of the method, are given. The correctness of the resulting counts is demonstrated.
The Problem of Gastrodiscoides hominis (Lewis and McConnell, 1876) Leiper, 1913
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: November 2009

Gastrodiscoides hominis is unique among the helminthic infections of man in that it is the only common representative of the Amphistome group in the human host; Watsonius watsoni (Conyingham, 1904), another Amphistome, is normally a parasite of monkeys and has been very rarely recorded from man in whom it is evidently an accidental parasite.
On a Redescription of the Male of Troglostrongylus subcrenatus (Railliet and Henry, 1913) n.comb., from the Domestic Gat and the Synonymy of Bronchostrongylus Cameron, 1931 with Troglostrongylus Vevers, 1923
Authors: Fitzsimmons W. M.
Published: November 2009

A short historical study of this species is followed by a redescription from a male specimen which provides further details of head and bursa and of the structure of the spicules. The spicules are considered to be of considerable taxonomic importance at the generic level. The presence or absence of certain other significant morphological features is confirmed, for example, the presence of a cervical cuticular inflation and the absence of a gubernaculum. A new host and a new geographical locality are recorded. Finally some notes on the genera Troglostrongylus Vevers, 1923 and Bronchostrongylus Cameron, 1931 attempt to explain why the writer considers that the latter genus is superfluous and could be suppressed. A key to the species of the genus Troglostrongylus (sensu lato), a list of species and synonyms, and a bibliography are given. An amended generic diagnosis is proposed.
Cithariniella citharini gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda): an Oxyurid from a Freshwater Fish, Citharinus citharus in the Sudan
Authors: Khalil Lotfi F.
Published: November 2009

1. The males and females of a new nematode Cithariniella citharini gen. et sp. nov. are described from the rectum of the Nile fish Citharinus citharus in the Sudan.

2. Cithariniella citharini is made the genotype of a new genus Cithariniella and differentiated from the nearest genus Laurotravassoxyuris Pérez Vigueras, 1938.
On Some Parasitic Nematodes from Reptiles, Mainly from Ceylon
Authors: Ogden Colin G.
Published: November 2009

Amongst the unidentified material in the nematode collections of the British Museum (Natural History) was the remainder of a collection, made by Dr. D. R. R. Burt from reptiles in Ceylon. One new species is now described and a list of seven previously known species is given below. In addition it is convenient to include the description of a new species of the genusKalicephalusbased on specimens obtained from aVaranus bengalensiswhich died at the Zoological Gardens, London, since the normal geographical distribution of this host is Ceylon and India.
On Gigantorhynchus pesteri n.sp from a Baboon
Authors: Tadros Girgis
Published: November 2009

The material comprises two immature females found in a baboon in Rhodesia. So far as I can gather from the available literature, they appear to be the first record of the genus Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892, emend. Yamaguti, 1963 in monkeys; moreover, they are a new locality record of this genus in Africa, since all the hitherto known species occur only in South America (Brazil, Venezuela and Peru).
The infectivity of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi of different ages to Aedes aegypti
Authors: de Hollanda J. C. , Denham D. A. , Suswillo R. R.
Published: November 2009

By transferring microfilariae of Brugia pahangi which had been born over a 24-hour period in the peritoneal cavities of jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) to the blood circulation of other jirds, infections of known age were tested for their ability to develop into third-stage larvae (L3) in mosquitoes Aedes aegypti. Microfilariae less than three days old were not able to develop to L3. Microfilariae which had been in circulation for three days to six months were capable of developing if ingested.
Antigen production by encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Pritchard D. I.
Published: November 2009

The production of excretory-secretory antigens by encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis has been investigated immuno-histochemically using an antiserum raised by infection in rabbits and purified both before and after conjugation by ion-exchange chromatography. The specificity of the antibody for excretory-secretory products was demonstrated by the pattern of staining of live worms in vitro and the failure of the labelled antibody to stain dead, non-metabolizing worms. Using this labelled antibody, and unlabelled antibody in the immunoperoxidase system, the presence of parasite antigen-bearing cells in close proximity to encysted muscle larvae has been demonstrated. This is believed to be the first demonstration of antigen production by encysted muscle larvae in vivo. The implications of this observation to current concepts of immunity to Trichinella spiralis are discussed.
A key for the identification of genera of the nematode family Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M. , Khalil L. F.
Published: November 2009

The nematode family Trichostrongylidae is divided into six subfamilies Trichostrongylinae, Libyostrongylinae, Haemonchinae, Cooperiinae, Ostertagiinae and Graphidiinae which are briefly reviewed. The key is based mainly on specimens examined by the authors and includes one genus in the Trichostrongylinae, three genera in the Libyostrongylinae, six in the Haemonchinae, seven in the Cooperiinae, 17 in the Ostertagiinae and two in the Graphidiinae. Pseudostertagia, Pararhabdonema, Parostertagia, Obeliscoides and Travassosius are briefly described, figured and considered as genera of uncertain affinities. Nine genera, namely, Moguranema, Neocooperia, Bergheia, Mazamastrongylus, Paramecistocirrus, Ostertagiana, Ostertamia, Graphidiella and Trichostrongyella, specimens of which have not been available to the authors for examination, are listed giving details of host, habitat and geographical location, together with a summary of the diagnostic characters as described by the original authors.
Macrophage-mediated damage to filarial worms (Dipetalonema setariosum) in vivo
Authors: Worms M. J. , McLaren Diane J.
Published: November 2009

An adult female Dipetalonema setariosum (Mönnig 1926) recovered from the pleural cavity of Meriones libycus and bearing an adherent cell mass was examined by means of electron microscopy. The host reaction consisted exclusively of macrophages and was associated with disruption of the cuticular membrane and invasion of the cuticle itself. There was no evidence of prior activity by other cell types. Initiation of damage appeared to be associated with the release of lysosomal enzymes by the macrophages. Within the reaction a localized breaching of the cuticle had occurred and cells had penetrated the internal tissues of the worm. It is suggested that macrophages may play a role in the elimination of effete worms from an established population.
The prevalence of hydatid cysts in slaughtered cattle in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam A. W. M. Shamsul
Published: November 2009

Of 10,362 cattle examined in Bangladesh, 4,368 (42·15%) harboured hydatid cysts. One to three-year-old cattle had the lowest (11·34%) and those over nine years old the highest (93·21%) infections. Organ involvement was as follows: liver 35·18%, lungs 32·02%, spleen 0·80%, heart 0·41%, kidney 0·25%, omentum 0·11% and both liver and lungs 31·20%. Fertile cysts occurred in 8·11%, sterile in 74·91%, calcified in 9·43%, suppurative in 6·04% and undeveloped in 1·51% of animals.
Schistosoma mansoni: the survival and reproductive status of mature infections in mice treated with oxamniquine
Authors: Popiel Irene , Erasmus David A.
Published: November 2009

A single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of oxamniquine administered to mice with mature infections of Schistosoma mansoni gave rise to a hepatic shift and almost total elimination of the male worms. Regression of the reproductive system and a conspicuous reduction in size took place in the residual females which eventually resembled sexually immature adults. A second dose of oxamniquine had no apparent effect on these females within a period of 28 days following this treatment and it is suggested that this change in reproductive status is the result of discontinued male stimulation.
Description and population dynamics ofDactylogyrus legionensisn.sp. fromBarbus barbus bocageiSteind
Authors: Gonzalez-Lanza Ma. C. , Alvarez-Pellitero Ma. P.
Published: November 2009

Dactylogyrus legionensisn. sp., a monogenean parasite from the gills ofBarbus barbus bocageifrom the Esla river (León, NW Spain), is described and its population dynamics discussed. It differs from the closely related species,D. balistae, in the presence of vaginal armour and in the morphology of the copulatory organ.D. legionensiswas found on 30·40% of barbel, with a mean intensity of 13·71 and maximum infection levels in autumn-winter. The prevalence and intensity of infection rose significantly with the age and length of the barbel, and were higher in females than in males.D. legionensisshowed preference for the second and first gill arches, sector III and the internal zone of each hemibranch.
Morphology, histochemistry and the biological significance of the lymphatic system of the trematodeOrthocoeliumscoliocoelium
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Ratnu L. S.
Published: November 2009

The gross morphology and histological and cytological architecture of the lymph system ofOrthocoelium scoliocoeliumwere studied. Each main vessel, near the intestinal bifurcation forms a spindle-shaped sinus. Lymphocytes, similar to the primitive blood cells, have been seen to form aggregates in certain regions of the lymph system. In addition, detailed histochemical observations were made on the localization and distribution pattern of various phosphatases, esterases and dehydrogenases. It is suggested that the lymph system, in addition to the functions already known, may also selectively reabsorb certain important outgoing higher fatty acids from the excretory system. Furthermore, the lymphocytes may also be involved in the defence mechanism of the worm. The nature and function of fine granules in the lymph remain speculative.
On Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium (Fischoeder, 1904) and its Intermediate Host in Kenya, East Africa
Authors: Dinnik J. A.
Published: November 2009

Amongst thousands of specimens of Paramphistomum microbothrium Fischoeder, Cotylophoron cotylophorum (Fischoeder), Carmyerius exoporus Maplestone, and Carmyerius mancupatus (Fischoeder) 645 specimens of Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium (Fisqhoeder) were found in the rumen of one Zebu steer and in lesser numbers in the rumens of two other Zebu cattle slaughtered at the abattoir at Nakuru, Kenya.
Estimating unreported malaria cases in England: a capture–recapture study
Authors: CATHCART S. J. , LAWRENCE J. , GRANT A. , QUINN D. , WHITTY C. J. M. , JONES J. , CHIODINI P. L. , FRASER G.
Published: November 2009

A capture–recapture study was undertaken to estimate the incidence and likely total burden of malaria cases in England. Cases diagnosed by the national Malaria Reference Laboratory (MRL) between July 2003 and December 2004 were matched with cases reported to Hospital Episode Statistics using demographic, geographical, parasitological, and temporal information. A total of 3861 cases were recorded in one or both datasets; the ‘unknown population’ was estimated as 746 cases (95% CI 677–822) giving a total of 4607 cases (95% CI 4446–4767) over 18 months. Eighty-four percent (95% CI 83–85) of cases were recorded in one or both datasets. Fifty-six percent (95% CI 54–58) of cases were captured by the MRL surveillance system; ascertainment for Plasmodium falciparum and London cases was higher at 66% and 62%, respectively. Improving case ascertainment will facilitate effective measures to reduce the burden of this preventable disease in the UK.
The Christian Right: Engaged Citizens or Theocratic Crusaders?
Authors: Klemp Nathaniel J.
Published: November 2009

This article offers a normative evaluation of the Christian Right's impact on American democracy. It argues that our response to the question of whether this movement enhances or diminishes democracy turns on our understanding of the ideal of democracy. When viewed as a participatory ideal, the Christian Right's mobilizing practices enhance democracy. When viewed as a deliberative ideal, the Christian Right's practices diminish the deliberative virtues of toleration and free and open debate. These conflicting assessments point to an important democratic paradox. They show that the very same practices that inspire the participatory virtues of active political engagement also incite the deliberative vices of intolerance and polarization. To address this paradox, I argue that we ought to strive for a balance between pure participation and pure deliberation. The primary problem with Christian Right organizations like Focus on the Family, I will argue, is that they tend to disrupt this balance. They inspire active participation at the expense of deliberation.
An automatic monitoring system for nonvolcanic tremors in southwest Japan
Authors: Suda Naoki , Nakata Ryoko , Kusumi Takehiro
Published: November 2009

The recent development of a system for exchanging and distributing seismic waveform data over high‐speed networks enables seismic events to be monitored in real time throughout Japan. In the present study, we have developed an automatic real‐time monitoring system for deep nonvolcanic tremors in southwest Japan. The system automatically detects the occurrence of nonvolcanic tremors and determines their hypocenters in real time. In addition, the system creates image files for the detected tremor activities and makes them accessible via the World Wide Web. To detect tremors we carry out a two‐step numerical hypothesis test, in which the first step is to test whether two given envelope seismograms are correlated and the second step is to test whether an event occurs using the results of the first test. This two‐step test is applied to real‐time data every 2 min. Once an event is detected, we can regard time lags that generate maximum cross correlations as the travel time differences, which we use for hypocenter determination. Although this procedure detects nontremor signals, most of them can be rejected using several criteria. Since the start of monitoring in 2006, the system has worked well for detecting a wide variety of tremor activities. Results from the present system will contribute to understanding the stress relaxation process in the transition zone between the locked and stable slip zones of the subducting Philippine Sea plate interface.
Thermal conductivity of hydrate‐bearing sediments
Authors: Cortes Douglas D. , Martin Ana I. , Yun Tae Sup , Francisca Franco M. , Santamarina J. Carlos , Ruppel Carolyn
Published: November 2009

A thorough understanding of the thermal conductivity of hydrate‐bearing sediments is necessary for evaluating phase transformation processes that would accompany energy production from gas hydrate deposits and for estimating regional heat flow based on the observed depth to the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. The coexistence of multiple phases (gas hydrate, liquid and gas pore fill, and solid sediment grains) and their complex spatial arrangement hinder the a priori prediction of the thermal conductivity of hydrate‐bearing sediments. Previous studies have been unable to capture the full parameter space covered by variations in grain size, specific surface, degree of saturation, nature of pore filling material, and effective stress for hydrate‐bearing samples. Here we report on systematic measurements of the thermal conductivity of air dry, water‐ and tetrohydrofuran (THF)‐saturated, and THF hydrate–saturated sand and clay samples at vertical effective stress of 0.05 to 1 MPa (corresponding to depths as great as 100 m below seafloor). Results reveal that the bulk thermal conductivity of the samples in every case reflects a complex interplay among particle size, effective stress, porosity, and fluid‐versus‐hydrate filled pore spaces. The thermal conductivity of THF hydrate–bearing soils increases upon hydrate formation although the thermal conductivities of THF solution and THF hydrate are almost the same. Several mechanisms can contribute to this effect including cryogenic suction during hydrate crystal growth and the ensuing porosity reduction in the surrounding sediment, increased mean effective stress due to hydrate formation under zero lateral strain conditions, and decreased interface thermal impedance as grain‐liquid interfaces are transformed into grain‐hydrate interfaces.
Future Cascadia megathrust rupture delineated by episodic tremor and slip
Authors: Chapman James S. , Melbourne Timothy I.
Published: November 2009

A suite of 15 episodic tremor and slip events imaged between 1997 and 2008 along the northern Cascadia subduction zone suggests future coseismic rupture will extend to 25 km depth, or ∼60 km inland of the Pacific coast, rather than stopping offshore at 15 km depth. An ETS‐derived coupling profile accurately predicts GPS‐measured interseismic deformation of the overlying North American plate, as measured by ∼50 continuous GPS stations across western Washington State. When extrapolated over the 550‐year average recurrence interval of Cascadia megathrust events, the coupling model also replicates the pattern and amplitude of coseismic coastal subsidence inferred from previous megathrust earthquakes here. For only the Washington State segment of the Cascadia margin, this translates into an Mw = 8.9 earthquake, with significant moment release close to its metropolitan centers.
Simultaneous estimates of cloud and rainfall parameters in the atmospheric vertical column above the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program southern Great Plains site
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y.
Published: November 2009

A novel remote sensing approach to simultaneously retrieve cloud liquid water paths (LWP) and ice water paths (IWP) and mean rainfall rate in a vertical atmospheric column was applied for stratiform‐like precipitation events observed during the warm period of 2007 at the southern Great Plains site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. The retrieval method is based on multifrequency radar measurements at W, Ka, and S bands and raindrop size distribution estimates from a ground‐based impact disdrometer. The radar measurements also provide a robust separation of the liquid, mixed, and ice hydrometeor layers. Characteristic values of LWP are about 300–400 g m−2, although values up to 1000 g m−2 and higher are not uncommon. There is on average insignificant correlation between cloud LWP and rainfall rates. IWP, which represents the precipitating cloud part of the atmospheric column that is observed above the freezing level, usually significantly exceeds cloud LWP in the liquid hydrometeor layer and can reach values of approximately 104 g m−2 and even higher. On average, mean rainfall in the liquid layer, Rm, increases with an increase in ice mass observed above the melting layer, although a corresponding mean correlation coefficient between Rm and IWP is only 0.32. There is noticeable variability in IWP‐Rm relations between individual events. Storm dynamics is likely to influence the correlation between cloud and rainfall parameters as inferred from simultaneous columnar retrievals. Initial estimates indicate that IWP and rainfall are stronger related for events which exhibit lower vertical variability of wind.
On the geographic range of freshwater fish in river basins
Authors: Bertuzzo E. , Muneepeerakul R. , Lynch H. J. , Fagan W. F. , Rodriguez‐Iturbe I. , Rinaldo A.
Published: November 2009

We study the observed geographic distribution of freshwater fish species in the Mississippi‐Missouri river system, focusing on the size and spatial distribution of geographic ranges. We use a particular metric of geographic distribution known as environmental resistance, a biogeographic index that quantifies the pointwise average spatial loss of community similarity to identify biogeographic regions of the river basin. Empirical patterns are compared with the results of a neutral metacommunity model in which local fish communities are interconnected through the ecological corridors provided by the river networks. Because neutral theory assumes that all individuals across all the species are functionally equivalent, the comparison is aimed to quantify how much of the geographic range patterns are the result of species' similarity rather than species differences, thus searching for an ecological null model for the analysis of biogeographic range. We also analyze how river network topology affects the spatial arrangement of species. Our results suggest that broad patterns of geographic range of freshwater fish in the Mississippi‐Missouri can be explained simply by neutral dynamics engaged in river topology and competition for resources among species without invoking mechanisms that involve asymmetric interspecific interactions.