bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Reliability and Quality of Information in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Shared on YouTube
Authors: Özbek Emre Anıl , Armangil Mehmet , Karaca Mustafa Onur , Merter Abdullah , Dursun Merve , Kocaoğlu Hakan
Published: September 2021

Purpose Most of the internet users search online on YouTube for their health problems and the treatments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality and the reliability of the videos on YouTube for Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

Methods The search was made by typing the keywords “Carpal tunnel syndrome” and/or “CTS” into the YouTube search engine, the first 50 videos on the first three pages of YouTube were evaluated. Of these videos, title, duration, number of views, days since uploaded, view ratio (view per day), number of likes, number of dislikes, video power index (VPI), video source, and video content data were recorded. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria were used to evaluate the reliability of videos, where the Global Quality Score (GQS) and Carpal tunnel syndrome-specific score (CTS-SS) were used to evaluate the quality of the videos.

Results The mean duration of the videos was 364.12 seconds (min 57, max 1,638) and the total duration of videos was 18,206 seconds. The mean number of views was 140,916.1 (min 10,543, max 1,271,040) and total number of views was 7,045,804. The mean JAMA score was 1.8 (min 1, max 4), the mean GQS was 2.72 (min 1, max 5), and the mean CTS-SS was 4.74 (min 1, max 14). There was no significant effect of video content on VPI, JAMA, GQS, or CTS-SS (p >0.05). The JAMA, GQS, CT-SS scores of the videos from physicians and academic sources were significantly higher compared with other sources (p <0.05).

Conclusion YouTube is one of the most frequently used resource for patients to get information about their diagnosis and treatment methods and it consists of videos with low reliability and quality for CTS. We believe that the creation of an internet-based information resource, which the patients can refer to is one of the current social responsibilities of the physicians and the academicians.

Level of Evidence This is a Level V study.
Feline Skeletal Reference Guide: A Cadaveric Radiographic Measurement on Lower Limb Extremities
Authors: Choi Yunsir , Pilton Joanna , Foo Timothy , Malik Richard , Haase Bianca
Published: September 2021

Objective The aim of this study was to create a feline reference database for the length, width and slenderness (length to width ratio) of metacarpal and metatarsal bones, radius and tibia.

Study Design Radiographs of the radius, tibia, metacarpus and metatarsus were performed in domestic short hair cat cadavers (n = 40). Length and width of the aforementioned bones were measured in mature domestic shorthair cats and bone slenderness (length/width) and index ratios calculated.

Results A significant skeletal sex dimorphism exists in cats, with bones of the metacarpus, metatarsus, radius and tibia generally longer and wider in male cats compared with female cats, with differences frequently significant. The most significant difference was identified for the width of Mc5 (p = 0.0008) and the length and width of Mt5 (p = 0.0005). Index ratios for length and width of radius to metacarpal bones, and tibia to metatarsal bones, were not significantly different between male and female cats, except for Mc5. The index ratio for Mc5 was significantly higher in male cats (p = 0.002).

Conclusion The present study provides insights into the normal length and width of distal forelimb and hind limb bones as well as bone index ratios in mature domestic shorthair cats. Using this information, it is now possible to quantitatively assess the relationship between these bones in domestic cats using radiography. This will assist not only with the diagnosis and categorization of skeletal abnormalities but can also guide surgical interventions of metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures.
Social movements as learning spaces: the case of the defunct Anti-Privatisation Forum in South Africa
Authors: Hlatshwayo Mondli
Published: September 2021

Social movements often become spaces for learning, although this type of learning has been overlooked by activists and scholars alike. Analysing the case of the collapsed Anti-Privatisation Forum (APF), the article submits that the APF was not only an organisation that challenged privatisation, but also a learning space for activists from middle-class and working-class backgrounds. Non-formal educational platforms, such as political education workshops, organisational and practical skill training sessions and campaigns organised by the APF and its partner organisations, were instrumental in transferring skills to community-based activists. After the demise of the APF, its activists applied the skills and competences they had acquired to continue advancing social and economic justice in other organisations. Furthermore, community-based activists educated middle-class activists about the conditions of working-class communities and the challenges of building working-class movements in post-apartheid South Africa.
Intersection between Justice-Involved Youth Personality Profiles and Criminal Risk-Need Patterns
Authors: Kotelnikova Yuliya , Lefebvre Celeste D. , Campbell Mary Ann , Canales Donaldo , Stewart Catherine
Published: September 2021

To purpose of the current study was to inform system level decision-making about the value of integrating clinically relevant personality information with criminogenic need risk appraisal in justice-involved youth. Using a Canadian sample of youth referred for court-ordered psychological assessments ( N = 201, M age=15.62 years; 70% male), we examined the patterns of association and differentiation between youths’ Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) criminogenic need/risk profiles with personality profiles derived from the personality scales of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI, Millon, Millon adolescent clinical inventory. National Computer Systems, 1993). Specifically, latent profile analysis identified four MACI based personality profiles: externalizing, internalizing, dependent/followers, and complex dysregulated personality profiles. These groups varied significantly on YLS/CMI risk-need profiles. Although both externalizing and complex dysregulated sub-types represented higher criminal risk, their intervention needs diverged meaningfully. These results provide insight into the heterogeneity of justice-involved youth and point to the need for system resources that allow for appropriate intervention matching to maximize the goal of recidivism risk reduction in youth.
GOLPH3 keeps the Golgi residents at home
Authors: Lowe Martin
Published: September 2021

In this issue of JCB, Welch et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202106115) show that GOLPH3 mediates the sorting of numerous Golgi proteins into recycling COPI transport vesicles. This explains how many resident proteins are retained at the Golgi and reveals a key role for GOLPH3 in maintaining Golgi homeostasis.
Mechanistic dissection of dominant AIRE mutations in mouse models reveals AIRE autoregulation
Authors: Goldfarb Yael , Givony Tal , Kadouri Noam , Dobeš Jan , Peligero-Cruz Cristina , Zalayat Itay , Damari Golda , Dassa Bareket , Ben-Dor Shifra , Gruper Yael , Oftedal Bergithe E. , Bratland Eirik , Erichsen Martina M. , Berger Amund , Avin Ayelet , Nevo Shir , Haljasorg Uku , Kuperman Yael , Ulman Adi , Haffner-Krausz Rebecca , Porat Ziv , Atasoy Ulus , Leshkowitz Dena , Husebye Eystein S. , Abramson Jakub
Published: September 2021

The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is essential for the establishment of central tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity. Interestingly, different AIRE mutations cause autoimmunity in either recessive or dominant-negative manners. Using engineered mouse models, we establish that some monoallelic mutants, including C311Y and C446G, cause breakdown of central tolerance. By using RNAseq, ATACseq, ChIPseq, and protein analyses, we dissect the underlying mechanisms for their dominancy. Specifically, we show that recessive mutations result in a lack of AIRE protein expression, while the dominant mutations in both PHD domains augment the expression of dysfunctional AIRE with altered capacity to bind chromatin and induce gene expression. Finally, we demonstrate that enhanced AIRE expression is partially due to increased chromatin accessibility of the AIRE proximal enhancer, which serves as a docking site for AIRE binding. Therefore, our data not only elucidate why some AIRE mutations are recessive while others dominant, but also identify an autoregulatory mechanism by which AIRE negatively modulates its own expression.
Polarization properties of Raman scattering by surface phonon polaritons in GaAsP nanowires
Authors: Rybchenko Sergey I , Ali Sarfraz , Zhang Yunyan , Liu Huiyun
Published: September 2021

Strong resonant enhancement of Raman scattering on photonic resonance was observed in GaAsP semiconductor nanowires. The enhancement allowed for detailed studies of the surface phonon polariton (SPhP) scattering peak on individual nanowires. In particular, for the first time, the effect of the nanowire cross section shape on SPhP properties has been investigated. It was found that the cross section flattening induces a strong polarisation and a spectral shift of SPhPs supported by such nanowire. The assisting numerical simulations allowed to link the induced polarisation effect to a splitting of the resonant HE11 mode in the flattened nanowire. The observed spectral shift of SPhP has been also theoretically reproduced in elliptical approximation for the flattened cross section. The obtained results pave a ground for engineering of SPhP polarisation response and accurate spectral control of SPhPs in applications utilising the nanowire morphology.
Effect of mesa geometry on low-terahertz frequency range plasmons in two-dimensional electron systems
Authors: Dawood A , Park S J , Parker-Jervis R , Wood C D , Li L , Linfield E H , Davies A G , Cunningham J E , Sydoruk O
Published: September 2021

We demonstrate engineering of the low-terahertz range plasmonic spectra of two-dimensional electron systems by modifying their geometry. Specifically, we have modelled, fabricated, and measured two devices for comparison. The first device has a rectangular channel, while the second is trapezoidal, designed to support a richer plasmonic spectrum by causing variation in the device width along the direction of plasmon propagation. We show that while plasmon resonant frequencies and field distributions in the rectangular device can largely be described by a simple one-dimensional analytical model, the field distributions modelled in the trapezoidal device shows a more complex pattern with significant variation along the length of the channel, so requiring a two-dimensional treatment. The results illustrate the potential of modifying the channel geometry to obtain different spectra in experiments, with potential applications in the design of novel terahertz-range devices, such as plasmon-based sources and detectors.
Cutaneous and local radiation injuries
Authors: Iddins Carol J , DiCarlo Andrea L , Ervin Mark D , Herrera-Reyes Eduardo , Goans Ronald E
Published: September 2021

The threat of a large-scale radiological or nuclear (R/N) incident looms in the present-day climate, as noted most recently in an editorial in Scientific American (March 2021). These large-scale incidents are infrequent but affect large numbers of people. Smaller-scale R/N incidents occur more often, affecting smaller numbers of people. There is more awareness of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in the medical community; however, ionising radiation-induced injuries to the skin are much less understood. This article will provide an overview of radiation-induced injuries to the skin, deeper tissues, and organs. The history and nomenclature; types and causes of injuries; pathophysiology; evaluation and diagnosis; current medical management; and current research of the evaluation and management are presented. Cutaneous radiation injuries (CRI) or local radiation injuries (LRI) may lead to cutaneous radiation syndrome, a sub-syndrome of ARS. These injuries may occur from exposure to radioactive particles suspended in the environment (air, soil, water) after a nuclear detonation or an improvised nuclear detonation (IND), a nuclear power plant incident, or an encounter with a radioactive dispersal or exposure device. These incidents may also result in a radiation-combined injury; a chemical, thermal, or traumatic injury, with radiation exposure. Skin injuries from medical diagnostic and therapeutic imaging, medical misadministration of nuclear medicine or radiotherapy, occupational exposures (including research) to radioactive sources are more common but are not the focus of this manuscript. Diagnosis and evaluation of injuries are based on the scenario, clinical picture, and dosimetry, and may be assisted through advanced imaging techniques. Research-based multidisciplinary therapies, both in the laboratory and clinical trial environments, hold promise for future medical management. Great progress is being made in recognising the extent of injuries, understanding their pathophysiology, as well as diagnosis and management; however, research gaps still exist.
Treatment of radiological contamination: a review
Authors: Bodin Laurent , Menetrier Florence
Published: September 2021

After nuclear accidents, people can be contaminated internally via ingestion, inhalation and via intact skin or wounds. The assessment of absorbed, committed doses after internal exposure is based on activity measurement by in vivo or in vitro bioassay. Estimation of dose following internal contamination is dependent on understanding the nature and form of the radionuclide. Direct counting methods that directly measure γ-rays coming from within the body or bioassay methods that measure the amount of radioactive materials in urine or feces are used to estimate the intake, which is required for calculating internal exposure doses. The interpretation of these data in terms of intake and the lifetime committed dose requires knowledge or making assumptions about a number of parameters (time, type of exposure, route of the exposure, physical, biological and chemical characteristics) and their biokinetics inside the body. Radioactive materials incorporated into the body emit radiation within the body. Accumulation in some specific organs may occur depending on the types of radioactive materials. Decorporation therapy is that acceleration of the natural rate of elimination of the contaminant will reduce the amount of radioactivity retained in the body. This article presents an overview of treatment of radiological contamination after internal contamination.
Uhlmann fidelity and fidelity susceptibility for integrable spin chains at finite temperature: exact results
Authors: Białończyk Michał , Gómez-Ruiz Fernando Javier , del Campo Adolfo
Published: September 2021

We derive the exact expression for the Uhlmann fidelity between arbitrary thermal Gibbs states of the quantum XY model in a transverse field with finite system size. Using it, we conduct a thorough analysis of the fidelity susceptibility of thermal states for the Ising model in a transverse field. We compare the exact results with a common approximation that considers only the positive-parity subspace, which is shown to be valid only at high temperatures. The proper inclusion of the odd parity subspace leads to the enhancement of maximal fidelity susceptibility in the intermediate range of temperatures. We show that this enhancement persists in the thermodynamic limit and scales quadratically with the system size. The correct low-temperature behavior is captured by an approximation involving the two lowest many-body energy eigenstates, from which simple expressions are obtained for the thermal susceptibility and specific heat.
Influence of different fields of mesons on the pseudospin symmetry in single-neutron resonant states *
Authors: Dai Hua-Ming , Shi Min , Chen Shou-Wan , Liu Quan
Published: September 2021

In the framework of the relativistic mean field theory combined with the complex momentum representation method, we elucidate the pseudospin symmetry in the single-neutron resonant states and its dependence on the

,

, and

meson fields. Compared with the effect of the

field, the

and

fields provide the main contributions to the pseudospin energy and width splitting of the resonant pseudospin doublets. Especially, we compare quantitatively the pseudospin wave functions' splittings in resonant doublets, and investigate their dependencies on different fields of mesons, which is consistent with that of energy and width splittings. Current research is helpful to understand the mechanism and properties of pseudospin symmetry for resonant states.
Modeling complex networks of nuclear reaction data for probing their discovery processes *
Authors: Wang Xiaohang , Zhu Long , Su Jun
Published: September 2021

Hundreds of thousands of experimental data sets of nuclear reactions have been systematically collected, and their number is still growing rapidly. The data and their correlations compose a complex system, which underpins nuclear science and technology. We model the nuclear reaction data as weighted evolving networks for the purpose of data verification and validation. The networks are employed to study the growing cross-section data of a neutron induced threshold reaction (n,2n) and photoneutron reaction. In the networks, the nodes are the historical data, and the weights of the links are the relative deviation between the data points. It is found that the networks exhibit small-world behavior, and their discovery processes are well described by the Heaps law. What makes the networks novel is the mapping relation between the network properties and the salient features of the database: the Heaps exponent corresponds to the exploration efficiency of the specific data set, the distribution of the edge-weights corresponds to the global uncertainty of the data set, and the mean node weight corresponds to the uncertainty of the individual data point. This new perspective to understand the database will be helpful for nuclear data analysis and compilation.
Investigation on the mechanical and tribological properties of polyethylene wax/silicone rubber composites
Authors: Liang Lin , Wang Guangfei , Liu Ran , Zhang Pengfei , Zhou Wei
Published: September 2021

As an auxiliary agent for rubber processing, polyethylene wax can be used to enhance the diffusion of filler in rubber, improve the extrusion speed of rubber compound and facilitate rubber demoulding, which has good development potential in the field of rubber processing and manufacturing. At present, there is no research on the optimum amount of polyethylene wax in silicone rubber. Therefore, in this paper, we studied the influence of different amount of polyethylene wax on the mechanical and friction properties of silicone rubber. Firstly, silicone rubber composites with different polyethylene wax content were prepared by mechanical mixing and hot pressing. Then, the mechanical properties and friction and wear properties of silicone rubber composites were tested by tensile testing machine and multifunctional comprehensive tester for surface properties of materials. Finally, combined with a series of characterization methods, such as three-dimensional (3D) morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microscopic observation and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), the mechanism of polyethylene wax in silicone rubber was studied. The results show that the best addition amount of polyethylene wax in silicone rubber is 0.25 phr, and the friction coefficient of polyethylene wax/silicone rubber composite is the lowest and most stable, and the wear amount is the least. In the process of friction, polyethylene wax can be separated from silicone rubber matrix and distributed on the surface of wear marks, playing a better role in lubrication and wear reduction.
Preparation and properties of all solid-state electrochromic devices based on tungsten oxide nanocomposites
Authors: Bai Zi-Yan , Wen Shang-Sheng , Xv Han-Ming , Cheng Xian-Dong , Li Mu-Yun
Published: September 2021

The optical properties of electrochromic materials can change reversibly under an applied voltage. Tungsten oxide has been widely used in various fields because of its excellent electrochromic efficiency. The electrochromic films produced by W18O49 nanowires and WO3 have excellent performance. Compared with WO3 film, the porous structure of the nanowires can make ions rapidly diffuse, provide a larger surface area for the charge transfer reaction, promote electrolyte penetration, and effectively improve the electrochromic efficiency. In this paper, a kind of electrochromic tungsten oxide thin film combining W18O49 nanowires and WO3 was prepared by combining a hydrothermal method and a tungstic acid method. The electrochromic performance of the film was improved considerably by combining the two kinds of thin films. The results show that the optical modulation amplitude is close to ideal (92.5%) and has a fast colour fading (colour 1.7 s and colour fading 1.3 s) effect, a good cycle stability, which is much better than those of the WO3 and W18O49 films. Using lithium perchlorate and PC as raw materials and polyurethane as a photocuring agent, a solid-state electrochromic device based on a tungsten oxide composite film was fabricated by capillarity. The colouring time of the device is 2 s, the fading time is 1 s, and the optical modulation amplitude is 85%.
Sterile neutrinos existence suggested from LCT covariance
Authors: Andriambololona Raoelina , Ranaivoson Ravo Tokiniaina , Rakotoson Hanitriarivo , Raboanary Roland
Published: September 2021

Sterile neutrinos are known to be hypothetical neutrinos which do not interact via the fundamental interactions described within the Standard Model of Particles Physics i.e. electroweak and strong interactions. They are expected to be important for the understanding of the physics beyond the current Standard Model. In the present work, it is shown that the existence of these particles can be suggested from covariance principle using a covariance group formed by Linear Canonical Transformations (LCTs) associated to a pentadimensional pseudo-Euclidian space. It is established that a spin representation of the LCT group gives a particle classification, applicable to the three families of leptons and quarks, which leads to the prediction of the existence of three sterile neutrinos and their antiparticles.
National nitrogen budget for Germany
Authors: Häußermann Uwe , Bach Martin , Fuchs Stephan , Geupel Markus , Heldstab Jürg , Klement Laura , Knoll Lukas , Reutimann Judith , Schäppi Bettina , Weber Tatyana , Breuer Lutz
Published: September 2021

Emissions of reactive nitrogen (Nr) give rise to a wide range of environmental problems. Nitrogen budgets for various systems and on different scales are an established tool to quantify the sources and fate of Nr. The national nitrogen budget (NNB) for Germany calculates the nitrogen flows for eight pools: Atmosphere, Energy and Fuels, Material and Products in Industry, Humans and Settlements, Agriculture, Forest and Semi-natural Vegetation, Waste, and Hydrosphere, as well as for the transboundary N-flows. In Germany, in total 6,275 kt Nr a−1 has been introduced into the nitrogen cycle annually (mean 2010 to 2014), of which 43% stem from ammonia synthesis. Domestic extraction and import of nitrogenous fossil fuels (lignite, coal, crude oil) releases another 2,335 kt Nr a−1. Import of food, feed and materials contributes 745 kt Nr a−1, while biological N fixation converts 308 kt Nr a−1 into organically bound nitrogen. In terms of Nr sinks, the combustion and denoxing of fuels and the refining of crude oil converts 2,594 kt Nr a−1 to N2. In waters, soils, and wastewater treatment plants, denitrification leads to the release of 1,107 kt Nr a−1 as N2. Via the atmosphere and hydrosphere, Germany exports 755 kt Nr a−1 to neighbouring countries and into coastal waters. On balance, Germany releases 1,627 kt Nr a−1 annually to the environment. However, the NNB as a whole and the individual pool balances involve substantial uncertainties, which have to be considered when interpreting the results.
Social Work and Social Care: Mapping Workforce Engagement, Relevance, Experience and Interest in Research
Authors: Wakefield Jodie , Lavender Susan , Nixon Karen , Hornby Sam , Dobel-Ober David , Lambley-Burke Ruth , Spolander Gary , Bonner Pauline , Mallen Christian , Campbel Paul
Published: September 2021

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has been promoted within social work/social care, with emerging evidence of benefit to practitioners and service users. Advocates argue that EBP enables practitioners to have the skills to interpret and evaluate evidence and be actively involved in research. This project aimed to evaluate awareness, experience/skills and value of research, and explore barriers to engagement with research. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken across a diverse range of social work/care staff at a large National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and partner Local Authority. The survey included both closed and an open-ended response to facilitate a mixed method analysis. In total, 208 staff responded (55 percent response) and findings show a high rating on the relevance of research to professional development (73 percent); however, a low level of actual involvement (10 percent) and low levels of confidence/knowledge across a range of research skills. Identified barriers include a lack of knowledge on where/how to begin, lack of evidence that it improves practice, the potential to threaten practice and low capacity and time. These findings highlight a potential gap between a current drive for social work/care to be more evidenced based and the ability of social work/care to enact this approach.
Levodopa-responsive dystonia caused by biallelic PRKN exon inversion invisible to exome sequencing
Authors: Mor-Shaked Hagar , Paz-Ebstein Emuna , Basal Adily , Ben-Haim Simona , Grobe Hanna , Heymann Sami , Israel Zvi , Namnah Montaser , Nitzan Anat , Rosenbluh Chaggai , Saada Ann , Tzur Tomer , Yanovsky-Dagan Shira , Zaidel-Bar Ronen , Harel Tamar , Arkadir David
Published: September 2021

Biallelic pathogenic variants in PRKN (PARK2), encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin, lead to early-onset Parkinson's disease. Structural variants, including duplications or deletions, are common in PRKN due to their location within the fragile site FRA6E. These variants are readily detectable by copy number variation analysis. We studied four siblings with levodopa-responsive dystonia by exome sequencing followed by genome sequencing. Affected individuals developed juvenile levodopa-responsive dystonia with subsequent appearance of parkinsonism and motor fluctuations that improved by subthalamic stimulation. Exome sequencing and copy number variation analysis were not diagnostic, yet revealed a shared homozygous block including PRKN. Genome sequencing revealed an inversion within PRKN, with intronic breakpoints flanking exon 5. Breakpoint junction analysis implicated non-homologous end joining and possibly replicative mechanisms as the repair pathways involved. Analysis of cDNA indicated skipping of exon 5 (84 bp) that was replaced by 93 bp of retained intronic sequence, preserving the reading frame yet altering a significant number of residues. Balanced copy number inversions in PRKN are associated with a severe phenotype. Such structural variants, undetected by exome analysis and by copy number variation analysis, should be considered in the relevant clinical setting. These findings raise the possibility that PRKN structural variants are more common than currently estimated.
Association between previous lung diseases and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ang Lina , Ghosh Pratyusha , Seow Wei Jie
Published: September 2021

Previous lung diseases (PLD) are known risk factors for lung cancer. However, it remains unclear how the association varies by lung cancer subtype and socio-demographic characteristics. We conducted a systematic literature search in three electronic databases from the inception of each database up until 13 January 2021. A total of 73 studies (18 cohort and 55 case–control studies) consisting of 97 322 cases and 7 761 702 controls were included. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Based on the heterogeneity, either the fixed-effects or random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled summary estimate (PSE) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between PLD and lung cancer risk. A history of asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was associated with higher lung cancer risk, with a history of COPD and emphysema having at least twofold relative risk. A history of hay fever was associated with lower lung cancer risk (PSE= 0.66, 95% CI= 0.54–0.81), particularly among ever-smokers (PSE= 0.55, 95% CI= 0.41–0.73). Individuals with a diagnosis of asthma, emphysema, or pneumonia within 1–10 years prior to lung cancer diagnosis were observed to have a higher lung cancer risk as compared to those who were diagnosed more than 10 years prior to lung cancer diagnosis. Ever-smokers with a history of COPD or emphysema were observed to have at least twofold relative risk of lung cancer compared to those without this history. Due to the observed association between PLD with higher risk of lung cancer, it is advisable that individuals with PLD should be closely monitored and prioritised for lung cancer screening.
Digital Discipline: Theorizing Concertive Control in Online Communities1
Authors: Gibbs Jennifer L , Rice Ronald E , Kirkwood Gavin L
Published: September 2021

Concertive control (CC) theory has primarily been applied to traditional offline, work-based, closed membership teams. New organizational forms such as online communities have opened up additional sites in which CC processes may operate. This article makes several contributions to CC theory and research. First, it increases the applicability of CC theory by extending it from offline to online, work to non-work, and closed to open membership contexts. Second, it increases our understanding of CC processes by elaborating on three mechanisms of CC (group autonomy, group identification, and generative discipline) and how they operate differently in online work/non-work and closed/open contexts. Third, it develops propositions about how these mechanisms interact with three prominent media affordances (visibility, persistence and editability) within those contexts. Extending CC theory to online communities helps to explain individuals’ responses to normative group pressures online, which is highly relevant in our increasingly culturally and politically polarized society.
Inter-glacial isolation caused divergence of cold-adapted species: the case of the snow partridge
Authors: Yao Hongyan , Zhang Yanan , Wang Zhen , Liu Gaoming , Ran Quan , Zhang Zhengwang , Guo Keji , Yang Ailin , Wang Nan , Wang Pengcheng
Published: September 2021

Deciphering the role of climatic oscillations in species divergence helps us understand the mechanisms that shape global biodiversity. The cold-adapted species may have expanded their distribution with the development of glaciers during glacial period. With the retreat of glaciers, these species were discontinuously distributed in the high-altitude mountains and isolated by geographical barriers. However, the study that focuses on the speciation process of cold-adapted species is scant. To fill this gap, we combined population genetic data and ecological niche models (ENMs) to explore divergence process of snow partridge (Lerwa lerwa). Lerwa lerwa is a cold-adapted bird that is distributed from 4,000 to 5,500 m. We found 2 genetic populations within L. lerwa, and they diverged from each other at about 0.40–0.44 million years ago (inter-glacial period after Zhongliangan glaciation). The ENMs suggested that L. lerwa expanded to the low elevations of the Himalayas and Hengduan mountains during glacial period, whereas it contracted to the high elevations, southern of Himalayas, and Hengduan mountains during inter-glacial periods. Effective population size trajectory also suggested that L. lerwa expanded its population size during the glacial period. Consistent with our expectation, the results support that inter-glacial isolation contributed to the divergence of cold-adapted L. lerwa on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This study deepens our understanding of how climatic oscillations have driven divergence process of cold-adapted Phasianidae species distributed on mountains.
Facilitators and barriers for promoting healthy eating among primary care patients: results of a qualitative study among practice nurses
Authors: Groenendijk-van Woudenbergh Geertruida J , van Hell-Cromwijk Marlies C , van der Veen Ytje J J , Algra Hylkje F , Kroeze Willemieke
Published: September 2021

Background

Practice nurses have an important role in promoting healthy eating to prevent or delay long-term complications from chronic lifestyle-related diseases.

Objective

To identify the facilitators and barriers encountered by practice nurses at a professional level when promoting healthy eating among patients.

Methods

Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 Dutch practice nurses. Data were recorded, transcribed and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Two main themes were determined: professional characteristics and professional–patient encounter. Professional characteristics included good communication skills and experience facilitated the successful promotion of healthy eating, while a lack of communication skills and lack of knowledge about diet were perceived as barriers. The most frequently identified facilitators for professional–patient encounter included ensuring a personal connection with patients, creating food awareness, focussing on small changes, adopting a tailored approach, motivating and arranging extra consultations. Barriers included lack of skills to raise the topic, lack of persistence, inability to find a common understanding, lack of competence in handling patients’ own choices and underuse of existing educational materials.

Conclusions

Further research using the identified facilitators and barriers for promoting healthy eating in primary care patients with chronic diseases could assist in the development of future training programmes for practice nurses.
Genetic Variation in Frost Tolerance, Uromycladium acaciae Rust Resistance, and Growth in an Acacia mearnsii Population
Authors: Moreno Chan Julian , Isik Fikret
Published: September 2021

Genetic variation in frost tolerance, resistance to the rust fungus Uromycladium acaciae, growth, stem form, and gummosis were evaluated in 110 open-pollinated families of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild). Families were tested at six frost-prone sites in northern KwaZulu-Natal and southeastern Mpumalanga, South Africa. Frost-hardy provenances were susceptible to rust disease and had poor growth. Locally grown F1 seed sources that originated from cold-hardy Australian seed sources had better growth and were tolerant to rust, but at a cost of lower frost tolerance. Considerable genetic variation was observed between families within seed sources for frost damage (hfm2 = 0.77), rust incidence (hfm2 = 0.89), and height (hfm2 = 0.80). The corresponding narrow-sense heritabilities (hi2) were 0.30, 0.80, and 0.32. Genotype-by-environment interaction levels were low for most traits. Except for a strong genetic correlation between tree height and diameter (0.90), all the pairs of traits had weak to moderate genetic correlations. Recurrent selection will be successful in improving frost tolerance and rust incidence. However, the current population comprises limited germplasm that is both tolerant to frost and resistant to rust. Thus, we recommend infusing germplasm from known cold-hardy Australian provenances into the current population to increase genetic variation for frost tolerance, rust, and growth.
TheGossypium anomalumgenome as a resource for cotton improvement and evolutionary analysis of hybrid incompatibility
Authors: Grover Corrinne E , Yuan Daojun , Arick Mark A , Miller Emma R , Hu Guanjing , Peterson Daniel G , Wendel Jonathan F , Udall Joshua A
Published: September 2021

Cotton is an important crop that has been the beneficiary of multiple genome sequencing efforts, including diverse representatives of wild species for germplasm development. Gossypium anomalum is a wild African diploid species that harbors stress-resistance and fiber-related traits with potential application to modern breeding efforts. In addition, this species is a natural source of cytoplasmic male sterility and a resource for understanding hybrid lethality in the genus. Here, we report a high-quality de novo genome assembly for G. anomalum and characterize this genome relative to existing genome sequences in cotton. In addition, we use the synthetic allopolyploids 2(A2D1) and 2(A2D3) to discover regions in the G. anomalum genome potentially involved in hybrid lethality, a possibility enabled by introgression of regions homologous to the D3 (Gossypium davidsonii) lethality loci into the synthetic 2(A2D3) allopolyploid.
Seismic waves in medium with poroelastic/elastic interfaces: a two-dimensionalP-SVfinite-difference modelling
Authors: Gregor David , Moczo Peter , Kristek Jozef , Mesgouez Arnaud , Lefeuve-Mesgouez Gaëlle , Morency Christina , Diaz Julien , Kristekova Miriam
Published: September 2021

We present a new methodology of the finite-difference (FD) modelling of seismic wave propagation in a strongly heterogeneous medium composed of poroelastic (P) and (strictly) elastic (E) parts. The medium can include P/P, P/E and E/E material interfaces of arbitrary shapes. The poroelastic part can be with (i) zero resistive friction, (ii) non-zero constant resistive friction or (iii) JKD model of the frequency-dependent permeability and resistive friction. Our FD scheme is capable of subcell resolution: a material interface can have an arbitrary position in the spatial grid. The scheme keeps computational efficiency of the scheme for a smoothly and weakly heterogeneous medium (medium without material interfaces). Numerical tests against independent analytical, semi-analytical and spectral-element methods prove the efficiency and accuracy of our FD modelling. In numerical examples, we indicate effect of the P/E interfaces for the poroelastic medium with a constant resistive friction and medium with the JKD model of the frequency-dependent permeability and resistive friction. We address the 2-D P-SV problem. The approach can be readily extended to the 3-D problem.
The influence of neighbourhood equity on parkrunners in a British city
Authors: Haake Steve , Heller Ben , Schneider Paul , Smith Rob , Green Geoff
Published: September 2021

Physical activity benefits both physical and mental health. Specific events may augment participation in physical activity at a population level. Parkrun is a popular, free, weekly, timed 5 km run or walk in public spaces located in five continents. However, these events may be distributed inequitably, possibly reinforcing inequities in health. As a prelude to a comprehensive analysis of a larger dataset, we explore a hypothesis that participation in parkrun is influenced by the socio-economic characteristics of both parkrunners and their park. Two parkruns, 4.5 km apart, were selected in the city of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Defined by indices of multiple deprivation, Castle parkrun is located in an economically deprived neighbourhood and Hallam parkrun is in a prosperous area of the city. Parkrunners were defined by applying these same indices to the neighbourhood of home registration. Results: (i) the prosperous Hallam catchment area produced over five times more parkrun participants than Castle; (ii) compared with Castle, Hallam parkrun attracted more participants from both catchment areas; (iii) consequently, Hallam parkrun had seven times more participants than Castle parkrun. Conclusion: establishing parkruns in deprived areas is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for equity of participation in this heath promoting activity.
Molecular genetic evaluation of pediatric renovascular hypertension due to renal artery stenosis and abdominal aortic coarctation in neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Coleman Dawn M , Wang Yu , Yang Min-Lee , Hunker Kristina L , Birt Isabelle , Bergin Ingrid L , Li Jun Z , Stanley James C , Ganesh Santhi K
Published: September 2021

The etiology of renal artery stenosis (RAS) and abdominal aortic coarctation (AAC) causing the midaortic syndrome (MAS), often resulting in renovascular hypertension (RVH), remains ill-defined. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is frequently observed in children with RVH. Consecutive pediatric patients (N = 102) presenting with RVH secondary to RAS with and without concurrent AAC were prospectively enrolled in a clinical data base, and blood, saliva and operative tissue, when available, were collected. Among the 102 children, 13 were having a concurrent clinical diagnosis of NF-1 (12.5%). Whole exome sequencing was performed for germline variant detection, and RNA-Seq analysis of NF1, MAPK pathway genes and MCP1 levels were undertaken in five NF-1 stenotic renal arteries, as well as control renal and mesenteric arteries from children with no known vasculopathy or NF-1. In 11 unrelated children with sequencing data, 11 NF1 genetic variants were identified, of which 10 had not been reported in gnomAD. Histologic analysis of NF-1 RAS specimens consistently revealed intimal thickening, disruption of the internal elastic lamina and medial thinning. Analysis of transcript expression in arterial lesions documented an approximately 5-fold reduction in NF1 expression, confirming heterozygosity, MAPK pathway activation and increased MCP1 expression. In summary, NF-1-related RVH in children is rare but often severe and progressive and, as such, important to recognize. It is associated with histologic and molecular features consistent with an aggressive adverse vascular remodeling process. Further research is necessary to define the mechanisms underlying these findings.
How Africa and China may shape UN peacekeeping beyond the liberal international order
Authors: Coleman Katharina P , Job Brian L
Published: September 2021

UN peacekeeping became a flagship activity of the liberal international order (LIO) in the post-Cold War era, characterized by globalization, liberal norms and western leadership. Western states' diminished support for LIO UN peacekeeping has left it increasingly open to challenge, but significant changes are only likely if a strong group of states coalesces around an alternative model of UN peacekeeping. This article highlights African actors and China as well positioned to play pivotal roles in such a coalition. African states, who host the preponderance of UN missions and furnish almost half of the UN's uniformed peacekeepers, support globalized UN peacekeeping, show relatively weak support for the most liberal peacebuilding principles and assert the need for African-led solutions to continental crises. China's influence reflects its P5 status, financial and personnel contributions to UN peacekeeping and engagement with regional actors, notably in Africa. Aspiring to global leadership and a ‘new world order’, China endorses globalized UN peacekeeping but proposes a non-liberal (and non-western led) notion of ‘developmental peace’ to guide it. The complementarities between African and Chinese priorities raise the possibility of a profound challenge to LIO peacekeeping. Rather than heralding deglobalization, however, this challenge illustrates that post-LIO international institutions may instead be characterized by deliberalization and dewesternization.
Innovating Big Tech firms and competition policy: favoring dynamic over static competition
Authors: Petit Nicolas , Teece David J
Published: September 2021

This paper gives a fresh account of competition in the digital economy. Economic analysis in the field of industrial organization remains largely focused on a sophisticated version of the Schumpeter–Arrow debate, which is unresolved and largely irrelevant. We posit the need to look at competition anew. Static models of monopoly firms and markets in equilibrium are often used to characterize Big Tech firms’ size and scope. We suggest that this characterization is inappropriate because the growth and diversification of many digital firms lead to a situation of broad-spectrum competition that cuts across markets. Current market positions do not reflect entrenched monopoly power but are vulnerable to competitive pressure of disequilibrating forces arising from the use of data-driven operating models, astute resource orchestration, and the exercise of dynamic capabilities. A few strategic errors by management in the handling of internal transitions and/or external challenges and they could be competitively impaired. The implications of a more dynamic understanding of the competition process in the tech sector are explored. We consider how big data and entrepreneurial management impacts firm performance. We also explore the nature of different types of rents (Schumpeterian, Ricardian, and monopoly rents) and suggest a modified long-term consumer welfare standard for competition policy. We formulate preliminary tests and predictors to assess dynamic competition. Our perspective advances a policy stance that favors innovation.
Determining the global outcomes of traumatic brain injury in low-, middle- and high- income countries: a prospective, global neurosurgery, multicenter cohort study (Global NeuroSurg 1 Study Protocol)
Authors: Negida Ahmed , Teton Zoe , Stedelin Brittany , Nerison Caleb , Al-Shami Hieder , Hegazy Ahmed , Raslan Ahmed M T
Published: September 2021

Globally, traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 69 million individuals every year. However, there are wide variations in the management of TBI across low-, middle- and high-income countries which reflects on the outcomes of TBI worldwide. This study aims to provide a comprehensive global picture of the surgical and nonsurgical management and outcomes of TBI. The Global NeuroSurg 1 study is a prospective international multicentre cohort study conducted in self-selected registered centers. Any hospital receiving and managing TBI patients is eligible to participate (registration through www.globalneurosurg.org). After obtaining institutional ethical approvals, collaborator teams collect consecutive TBI patient data within any 2 weeks from the 1 June 2019 to the 30 September 2021 with 90 days of follow-up for every patient. Data items include (1) patient demographics, (2) TBI timing, severity and mechanism, (3) clinical status of the patient, (4) radiographic findings, (5) surgical and nonsurgical management and (6) patient survival and Glasgow outcome score. All data are submitted to the secure RedCap system of Oregon Health and Science University, OR. Binary logistic regression analysis will be conducted to evaluate the predictors of 30-day mortality. The odds ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals will be calculated for each variable. Then variables that are independently contributing to the mortality will be selected and examined. Study ethical approvals or ethical approval waivers are obtained from all participating centers. All collected data are kept confidential and will be used only for the purpose of this study.