bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Invention to Innovation: Conversion Ability in Product Development
Authors: Chandy Rajesh , Hopstaken Brigitte , Narasimhan Om , Prabhu Jaideep
Published: July 2006

The ability to convert inputs into outputs is a critical determinant of success in many fields of endeavor. In this research, the authors study the ability of firms to convert ideas into products, that is, their conversion ability. Specifically, they address the question, Why are some firms better at conversion than others? In contrast to much of the existing literature, the authors propose that a strong focus on speed and on generating many ideas may actually hurt firms by lowering their conversion ability. The authors test their arguments on data between 1960 and 2001 from a cross-national sample of pharmaceutical firms. They find that firms vary widely in their ability to convert promising drug ideas into launched drugs. Firms with the highest conversion ability are those that (1) focus on a moderate number of ideas, in areas of importance, and in areas in which they have expertise and (2) deliberate for a moderate length of time on promising ideas.
Bubblepoint Testing of Geotextiles: Apparatus and Operation
Authors: Elton DJ , Hayes DW , Adanur S
Published: July 2006

A simple, inexpensive device for measuring geotextile pore sizes, using ASTM D 6767, is described and its operation is outlined with guidance for correct operation. The accuracy and consistency of the test are shown. The test appears to have better consistency than the apparent opening size (AOS) test, avoids the inherent and operator-dependent problems of theAOS test, and further, describes the entire pore size distribution of a geotextile, making it useful for developing a more complete filter criterion. Suggestions are made for improving ASTM D 6767.
The Locus Ceruleus Is Involved in the Successful Retrieval of Emotional Memories in Humans
Authors: Sterpenich Virginie , D’Argembeau Arnaud , Desseilles Martin , Balteau Evelyne , Albouy Geneviève , Vandewalle Gilles , Degueldre Christian , Luxen André , Collette Fabienne , Maquet Pierre
Published: July 2006

Emotional memories are better remembered than neutral ones. The amygdala is involved in this enhancement not only by modulating the hippocampal activity, but possibly also by modulating central arousal. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we analyzed the retrieval of neutral faces encoded in emotional or neutral contexts. The pupillary size measured during encoding was used as a modulator of brain responses during retrieval. The interaction between emotion and memory showed significant responses in a set of areas, including the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus. These areas responded significantly more for correctly remembered faces encoded in an emotional, compared with neutral, context. The same interaction conducted on responses modulated by the pupillary size revealed an area of the dorsal tegmentum of the ponto-mesencephalic region, consistent with the locus ceruleus. Moreover, a psychophysiological interaction showed that amygdalar responses were more tightly related to those of the locus ceruleus when remembering faces that had been encoded in an emotional, rather than neutral, context. These findings suggest that the restoration of a central arousal similar to encoding takes part in the successful retrieval of neutral events learned in an emotional context.
Thoracolumbar Syrinx in Association With Williams Syndrome
Authors: Cohen David B. , Quigley Matthew R.
Published: July 2006

Williams syndrome is a genetic condition caused by a deletion on chromosome 7. Clinically it consists of multiple cardiovascular and craniofacial structural abnormalities as well as developmental delay, specific cognitive difficulties, and a characteristic personality. Although scoliosis is a noted manifestation of the disorder, syrinx in association with Williams syndrome has not been reported previously in the literature. Here we present the case of a child with Williams syndrome, scoliosis, and a thoracolumbar syrinx that was successfully treated surgically. We recommend that children with Williams syndrome and scoliosis undergo preoperative evaluation of the spinal cord, as well as the spinal column, so that correctable lesions such as a syrinx are not overlooked. Although syrinxes are often associated with scoliosis, the association in this case of syrinx and Williams syndrome could imply the existence of a genetic contribution to syrinx formation on chromosome 7.
Characterization of skeletal phenotypes of TRα1PV and TRβPV mutant mice: implications for tissue thyroid status and T3 target gene expression
Authors: O'Shea Patrick J. , Bassett J.H. Duncan , Cheng Sheue-yann , Williams Graham R.
Published: July 2006

Bone development is extremely sensitive to alterations in thyroid status. Recently, we analyzed the skeletal phenotypes of mice with the dominant negative resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) mutation PV targeted to either the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α1 or β gene. This perspective summarizes our findings to date and explores the wider implications for thyroid status and T3 target gene expression in individual tissues.
The Unexpected Science of Estrogen Receptor-β Selective Agonists: A New Class of Anti-Inflammatory Agents?
Authors: Harris Heather A.
Published: July 2006

In the nine years since the unexpected discovery of a second form of the estrogen receptor (ER), ERβ has been mentioned in about 2,800 literature citations. Such prolific research is testimony to interest in explaining its role in estrogen physiology as well as investigating its potential as a drug target. Our current understanding is that ERα, not ERβ is responsible for mediating the effects of estrogens in “classic” model systems such as the reproductive tract and skeleton. The role of ERβ is still being defined, but profiling of ERβ selective agonists in several animal models of human disease indicates these compounds may have utility as novel anti-inflammatory agents. The challenge for the future is to elucidate their mechanism of action and determine the clinical relevance of the impressive preclinical observations.
Estrogen signaling in the cardiovascular system
Authors: Kim Jin Kyung , Levin Ellis R.
Published: July 2006

Estrogen exerts complex biological effects through the two isoforms of estrogen receptors (ERs): ERα and ERβ. Whether through alteration of gene expression or rapid, plasma membrane-localized signaling to non-transcriptional actions, estrogen-αctivated ERs have significant implications in cardiovascular physiology. 17-β-estradiol (E2) generally has a protective property on the vasculature. Estrogen treatment is anti-atherogenic, protecting injured endothelial surfaces and lowering LDL oxidation in animal models. Increased NO production stimulated by E2 results in vasodilation of the coronary vascular bed, and involves rapid activation of phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling to eNOS in carotid and femoral arteries. Both isoforms of ERs impact various vascular functions, modulating ion channel integrity, mitigating the response to arterial injury, inducing vasodilation, and preventing development of hypertension in animal models. In addition to reducing afterload by vasodilation, ERs have a direct antihypertrophic effect on the myocardium. E2-activated ERs (E2/ER) antagonize the hypertrophic pathway induced by vasoactive peptides such as angiotensin II by activating PI3K, subsequent MICIP gene expression, leading to the inhibition of calcineurin activity and the induction of hypertrophic genes. In models of ischemia-reperfusion, E2/ER is antiapoptotic for cardiomyocytes, exerting the protective actions via PI3K and p38 MAP kinases and suppressing the generation of reactive oxygen species. In sum, E2-activated ERs consistently and positively modulate multiple aspects of the cardiovascular system.
All Smiles: Poetry and Theology in Dante
Authors: Hawkins Peter S.
Published: July 2006

The greatest master of the “Gothic smile” was not one of the anonymous visual artists who made saints and angels beam in the mid-thirteenth century; rather, it was Dante. Smiling is the hallmark of the presumably “sage and serious” poet and a sign of his distinctive originality as a Christian theologian. While this is true as early asLa vita nuovaand theConvivio, theCommediashows how Dante journeys toward the beatific vision of God through the smile (on the faces of Vergil, Beatrice, and others).Sorriso/sorridereandriso/ridere–as noun or verb, and apparently interchangeable in meaning–appear over seventy times in the poem, in a wide variety of contexts: twice inInferno, on more than twenty occasions inPurgatory, and double that number inParadiso. As he develops the poem, Dante uses the smile to express the unique individuality not only of the human being but also of the triune God. (PSH)
Body Politics inParadise Lost
Authors: Trubowitz Rachel J.
Published: July 2006

For most readers of Milton's late prose and mature verse, his positive depictions of the human body deeply inform his monism and antimonarchical politics. This essay argues that Milton's perspectives on mind and body are more ambivalent than the critical consensus allows: that the poet equally needs and does not need the body. I demonstrate that Milton's shifting perspectives on mind and body, spirit and flesh, emanate from his opposition to dynastic kingship. They also shape his emerging modern nationalism, which is marked by contradictions and liminality. By focusing on the fallen Adam's soliloquy, I show how Milton's equivocal body politics appropriates and disembodies Hebraic traditions and the concreteness of the Hebraic past (and other histories of others), as well as the very matter of cultural memory. (RJT)
Not at Home: Servants, Scholars, and the Uncanny
Authors: McCuskey Brian
Published: July 2006

In “The Jolly Corner” (1908), Henry James locates the uncanny in the servants' quarters at the top of the house, where the genteel protagonist finally corners his ghostly double. James thus prompts us to reread Freud's “The Uncanny” (1919) with a pair of questions in mind. First, how does class identity bear on the uncanny; and, second, how in turn does the uncanny bear on class identity? Steering well clear of servants in his discussion, Freud apparently dodges the issue altogether; a closer look, however, reveals that he cannily represses the social value of the uncanny so as to hold it in reserve. James, on the other hand, documents how and why psychoanalysis converts bourgeois anxiety about servants into “the uncanny,” an abstraction that floats freely across the twentieth century from séance to academic circles, where it continues to function as a ghostlier demarcation of class. (BMcC)
On Native Ground: Transnationalism, Frederick Douglass, and “The Heroic Slave”
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: July 2006

Beginning with a reconsideration of the symbolic ending of “The Heroic Slave,” where Madison Washington and his compatriots find themselves in the Bahamas and not the United States, this article works through Frederick Douglass's understanding of national affiliation. Taking two specific problems in his imagination–the rhetoric of democracy and transnationalism–I reassess the concept of national affiliation for African Americans when political citizenship is denied. Through its protagonist, Washington, who is thoroughly versed in the vocabulary of United States nationalism, “The Heroic Slave” discloses the incongruence between the rhetoric of nationalism and its materialization as a failure of democratic enactment. The text also intimates Douglass's increasing recognition of transnationalism as an affective system of imagined belonging based on either a shared belief (in democracy) or racial contingency. By deterritorializing cultural belonging, “The Heroic Slave” depicts the liminal position of African Americans, suspended between the nation-state and the black diaspora. (IGW)
Cognitive Science and the History of Reading
Authors: Elfenbein Andrew
Published: July 2006

Cognitive psychologists studying the reading process have developed a detailed conceptual vocabulary for describing the microprocesses of reading. Modified for the purposes of literary criticism, this vocabulary provides a framework that has been missing from most literary-critical investigations of the history of literate practice. Such concepts as the production of a coherent memory representation, the limitations of working memory span, the relation between online and offline reading processes, the landscape model of comprehension, and the presence of standards of coherence allow for close attention to general patterns in reading and to the ways that individual readers modify them. The interpretation of Victorian responses to the poetry of Robert Browning provides a case study in the adaptation of cognitive models to the history of reading. Such an adaptation can reveal not only reading strategies used by historical readers but also those fostered by the discipline of literary criticism. (AE)
Differential expression of two GH receptor mRNAs following temperature change in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Gabillard Jean-Charles , Yao Kouakou , Vandeputte Marc , Gutierrez Joaquim , Le Bail Pierre-Yves
Published: July 2006

The recent genome duplication in salmonids has led to the presence of two GH receptors (GHRs). As temperature is a determining factor in fish growth, this study aims to determine whether the growth-promoting effect of temperature may be related to a change in GHR gene expression in embryo and juvenile rainbow trout. During embryonic development, using real-time PCR, we showed that high temperatures (12 vs 4 °C) increased the amounts of GHR1 transcript up to the hatching stage. By contrast, whatever the stage examined, the levels of GHR2 mRNA were unaffected by the incubation temperature. Nevertheless, incubating eggs with GH led to an enhanced embryo weight only after hatching, suggesting that GHR was not able to mediate the growth-promoting effect of GH before hatching. For juveniles, the GH-binding capacities of fish liver reared at 8, 12 or 16 °C revealed that high temperatures led to a lower GH binding. To better understand whether temperature regulates GHR gene expressions independently of nutritional state, fish were reared at 8, 12 or 16 °C and either fed ad libitum or with the same ration (1.2% of body weight per day). In the muscle of fish fed ad libitum, a higher rearing temperature increased GHR1 (P<0.001) but not the GHR2 mRNA levels. When the fish were restricted, temperature no longer affected the levels of GHR1 and GHR2 transcript. In the liver of fish fed ad libitum, a higher rearing temperature increased both GHR1 and GHR2 mRNA levels (P<0.001), while in restricted fish, no difference was seen. In conclusion, the two GHR genes are differentially regulated following temperature change and this was related to the period of fish life (embryo or juvenile) and the tissue (liver or muscle). In juveniles, the GHR, by integrating the effect of temperature on plasma GH and nutritional state, could play a key role in the growth-promoting effect of temperature.
AMP-activated protein kinase activation modulates progesterone secretion in granulosa cells from hen preovulatory follicles
Authors: Tosca Lucie , Crochet Sabine , Ferré Pascal , Foufelle Fabienne , Tesseraud Sophie , Dupont Joëlle
Published: July 2006

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a fuel sensor in glucose, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism. Using RT-PCR and Western blot, AMPK subunits mRNAs (α1/2, β1/2, and γ1/2) and proteins (α1/2 and β1/2) can be found in the hen preovulatory follicles and precisely in both granulosa and theca cells. These preovulatory follicles are organized in a hierarchy according to their size (F5/6 to F1). The smallest number (F1) corresponds to the largest size and the latest mature stage. Phosphorylation of AMPKα on Thr172 and of acetyl-CoA carboxylase on Ser79 are higher in F4 and F3 than in F1 granulosa cells. However, they are not affected in F4–F1 theca cells. Treatment with 1 mM 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxyamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an activator of AMPK, dose dependently increased phosphorylation of AMPKα on Thr172 in primary F3/4 and F1 granulosa cells. In the absence of FSH, AICAR treatment increased progesterone, P450 side chain cleavage and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) production in both F3/4 and F1 granulosa cells. However, in the presence of FSH, AICAR treatment for 36 h increased progesterone secretion, StAR protein levels and reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation in F3/4 granulosa cells. Opposite data were observed in F1 granulosa cells. Adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant-negative AMPK totally restored the effects of AICAR on FSH-induced progesterone secretion, StAR protein production, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in F3/4 and F1 granulosa cells. Using a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2 (U0126), we also showed that this kinase is a negative regulator of the FSH-induced progesterone secretion in F3/4 and F1 granulosa cells, suggesting that AICAR-mediated AMPK activation modifies FSH-induced progesterone secretion differently through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in hen F3/4 and F1 granulosa cells.
Social Ideology and Early Childhood Education: A Comparative Analysis of Korean Early Childhood Teacher Education Textbooks Written in 1993 and 2003
Authors: Lee Lena , McMullen Mary B.
Published: July 2006

Analysis of the contents of textbooks is a meaningful way to examine individuals, groups and institutions, as they reflect social values, attention and interests of a society. Education as an institution reflects a society's social ideology, and examination of the sociocultural components of schools can reveal the cultural paradigm upon which a society is based. A content analysis of Korean undergraduate early childhood teacher education social studies textbooks was used to illuminate aspects of social change and dominant sociocultural beliefs in Korea. Specifically, textbooks written in 1993 and 2003 were examined in terms of how the authors treated Korean social concepts and pedagogical expectations of early childhood education, the needs of young children, and the roles of teachers over the two time periods, in light of the socio-historical demands of early childhood education in Korea. The primary focus of the textbook written in 1993 was the social and moral development of children, whereas the 2003 textbook stressed multiculturalism and preparation for living in a cooperative, global society. How the textbook authors' areas of emphases reflected the sociocultural realities and expectations of Korean society at the time they are written is discussed.
Greek Pre-Schoolers Crayon the Politicians: A Semiotic Analysis of Children's Drawing
Authors: Bessas Takis , Vamvakidou Ifigenia , Kyridis Argyris
Published: July 2006

This article concerns the ways in which pre-school children use the visual arts to portray their understanding of politicians. The purpose of this research was to discuss children's drawings of politicians using semiotic analysis. The use of semiotic analysis was based on the need to understand the nature of the drawings and their relation to the ways in which children regarded their politicians. This method can be used to analyze the particular sample of children's drawings as there is an ‘intention to inform’ and also as the signs, which offer information, are dependent on the objects-persons being described.
A Long-Term Investment in Pakistan: Early Childhood Education
Authors: Hunzai Zohra Nisar
Published: July 2006

This article explores the importance of early childhood education in the context of child development and focuses on Pakistan initiatives in the area of early childhood for long-term investment as child development and human development.
Conceptualising Goodies and Baddies through Narratives of Jesus and Superman
Authors: Giugni Miriam
Published: July 2006

Religion, like Superhero discourse, is a contested topic of question and debate in early childhood education. This article draws on data from a small ethnographic study that took place in a long day care centre in Sydney Australia. The study examined how children negotiated their ‘identity work’ in the context of popular culture. In this article, the author explores one example from the study in which a group of four-year-old boys drew upon discourses of Christianity and Superheroes in the negotiation of their identities within an early childhood curriculum. Using post-structural and critical theory, the article highlights how these moral and cultural epistemologies appeared easily accessible and desirable to the children and were particularly useful in their negotiated narratives of goodies and baddies. Consequently, questions are asked of the ways early childhood guidelines for practice both embody and reject discourses of religion and Superheroes because such values appear to be culturally risky in an inclusive curriculum. It is clear, therefore, that both superheroes and religion hold exchange value for some children in the negotiation of their identities, yet, such discourses are often invisible or banned in early childhood curriculum.
Community's Discontent: The Ideology of the Volk Community in National Socialism
Authors: Sünker Heinz
Published: July 2006

National Socialism, the German type of fascism, is analysed in this article with respect to the question of its ideological foundations, the ideology of the Volk community, and its consequences for a relevant type of social practice, Volk welfare. Under National Socialism the form of state social work intervention was transformed. The German welfare state became an educational state. Social education, which encompassed social work, was a system geared to complete social control through the establishment and maintenance of the ’ Volk community’. The ’ Volk community’ was a social policy which combined welfare and repression – sometimes in a murderous way – as the means of achieving the social organisation of everyday life. The way in which the ’ Volk community’ shaped individual consciousness and constructed social relations is elaborated and demonstrates the extent to which the eugenics and racism embedded in this ideology were central to all social institutions, including ’ Volk welfare’.
Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia Demonstrates Abnormal Persistence of HES1 Protein in Neonatal Biliary Epithelium: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Rakheja Dinesh , Maitra Anirban , Kapur Payal , Weinberg Arthur G.
Published: July 2006

Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) is an important cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates. It is a progressive disease with a poor prognosis, requiring early surgical intervention to control morbidity and mortality. The exact pathogenesis of this disorder is not known, although genetic, infectious, toxic, and/or environmental factors are thought to play a role in the causation. The Notch signaling pathway plays diverse and critical roles in development of extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary tree. The HES family of bHLH proteins is involved in downstream signaling in the Notch pathway. We demonstrate that HES1, a principal member of this family, is normally expressed in the nuclei of human biliary epithelial cells up to 16 weeks of gestation, but not in later gestation or in the neonatal period. On the contrary, in EHBA, there is anomalous persistence of this protein for up to 3 months of postnatal life. We suggest that aberrant HES1 expression in EHBA may represent a compensatory feedback upregulation due to a putative downstream molecular defect. Further studies should be performed to evaluate the role of HES1 immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic tool in extrahepatic biliary atresia.
Correlation of Minimal Residual Disease by Assessing Wilms Tumor Gene Expression and Engraftment by Variable Number of Tandem Repeats in Children with Leukemia Posthematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Olszewski Marie , Chou Pauline M. , Huang Wei , Tallman Sarah , Kletzel Morris
Published: July 2006

An important measure to ensure successful follow-up in patients with allogeneic stem cell transplant is to evaluate for engraftment. Recent studies have shown that detecting minimal residual disease is important in order to predict early clinical relapse. We followed 88 leukemic patients with pre- and posttransplant Wilms tumor gene (WT1) levels to predict relapse and variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) for engraftment. We have found that high pretransplant WT1 levels correlated significantly with relapse in all patient groups, but more significantly in the acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) patients. Posttransplant WT1 level correlated with VNTR status such that low WT1 is associated invariably with VNTR of 100% donor origin, while high WT1 is associated with VNTR of 20%. The association is significant in all patients, specifically in ANLL patients. In this preliminary study, we demonstrate that patients harboring detectable levels of WT1 prior to stem cell transplant have a higher chance of relapse, and posttransplant WT1 and VNTR status appeared to be dependant parameters predicting relapse when present in the posttransplant period. By combining 2 highly sensitive molecular techniques, we have found that this combined technique provided us with a promising alternative for overcoming the limitations imposed by each separate procedure. More studies are necessary before we can come to any significant conclusions.
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor with Postchemotherapy Neuroblastoma-Like Differentiation
Authors: Weissferdt Annikka , Neuling Kim , English Martin , Arul Suren , McMullan Dominic , Ely Alison , Bründler Marie-Anne , Brown Rachel
Published: July 2006

We report the case of an 11-year-old girl with a retroperitoneal tumor in the left upper quadrant. The girl was admitted to hospital with weight loss and a painless abdominal mass that on biopsy was diagnosed as a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor/Ewing sarcoma (pPNET/EWS) of the soft tissue. The patient underwent chemotherapy followed by surgical resection of the tumor 5 months after diagnosis. The posttreatment residual viable tumor showed a morphologic appearance resembling a neuroblastoma. Interphase and metaphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies performed on the pretreatment and posttreatment samples showed the presence of a t(11;22) rearrangement resulting in EWSR1/FLI1 gene fusion consistent with pPNET/EWS in both specimens. This case is unusual in the sense of showing the typical gene fusion for pPNET/EWS both in the pretherapy sample with the typical morphological appearance of this tumor and in the posttherapy specimen showing neural differentiation suggestive of a neuroblastoma.
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts Express Vascular Markers
Authors: Shinde Anjali , Mehlman Charles T. , Collins Margaret H.
Published: July 2006

Recently, clonal chromosome abnormalities have been identified in the mural spindle cells in aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs), but the nature of the cystic spaces is unclear. Endothelial injury has been suggested as a mechanism of aneurysmal formation in these lesions, but few studies have surveyed vascular markers in ABCs. We stained 25 primary aneurysmal bone cysts with a variety of antibodies that stain vessels. Antibody to factor 8 stained the edge of ABC cavities in almost all cases, and antibodies to VEGF-C, GLUT-1, and smooth muscle actin stained the edge of the cavities in approximately half the cases. Antibodies to D2–40 and CD34 also stained the edge of the cavities in some cases. These results suggest that the cavities in ABCs are related to vasculature and support the theory that vascular injury may be important in the pathogenesis of ABCs.
Urothelial Mucosal Malformation: A Rare Cause for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Authors: Huang Weei-Yuarn , Olumi Aria F. , Rosen Seymour
Published: July 2006

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) constitutes a significant cause of morbidity in children and exists in a wide range of severity and clinical manifestations. The cause of UPJO remains largely unknown except for a small group, in which crossing vessels have been considered etiological. Herein we describe a unique case in which intraluminal occlusion was the result of mucosal malformation, characterized by invaginated and branching urothelial epithelium present in the lamina propria. We believe that the present case is the first such description of this type of alteration.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Diagnosed on Suction Rectal Biopsy in Infancy: A Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Yin Minzhi , King Sebastian K. , Hutson John M. , Chow Chung Wo
Published: July 2006

Suction rectal biopsies in a newborn and a 10-month-old infant presenting with intestinal obstruction showed marked increase in neurons and nerve bundles in the submucosa. Although there were no syndromic features or a positive family history, mutation analysis of the RET proto-oncogene showed a de novo germline Met918Thr mutation in both patients, confirming the diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B). Thyroidectomy was performed at 9 and 14 months, showing medullary carcinoma and focal prominent C-cell hyperplasia, respectively. These 2 cases are presented to emphasize that when the submucosal plexus is obviously and prominently increased in suction rectal biopsies, diffuse intestinal ganglioneuromatosis should be considered. As this can be associated with genetic conditions, especially MEN 2B, it is crucial that further investigations be performed to ensure proper patient management, such as early thyroidectomy.
An Association of Pleuropulmonary Blastoma and Cystic Nephroma: Possible Genetic Association
Authors: Soglio Dorothée Bouron-Dal , Harvey Isabelle , Yazbeck Salam , Rypens Françoise , Oligny Luc L. , Fournet Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2006

The association of pleuropulmonary blastoma and cystic nephroma is an uncommon entity, with only 4 cases of such an association in the same patient described in English literature. We report a 5th histologically documented case in a 32-month-old boy. The boy underwent a pulmonary biopsy that showed a pleuropulmonary blastoma and a nephrectomy that showed a cystic nephroma. The pleuropulmonary mass showed an important regression with postbiopsy chemotherapy, allowing subsequent tumorectomy. To date very little is known about this rare entity, and a genetic link between these 2 tumors is hypothesized.
Quantity and Distribution of Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Children
Authors: DeBrosse Charles W. , Case Justin W. , Putnam Philip E. , Collins Margaret H. , Rothenberg Marc E.
Published: July 2006

There are a lack of data on the quantity and location of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy individuals. Accordingly, we examined gastrointestinal biopsies obtained during endoscopic evaluation of pediatric patients. Biopsies were previously interpreted as having no diagnostic abnormality. The presence of extracellular eosinophil constituents and the quantity of eosinophils in atopic versus nonatopic individuals was determined. In the esophagus, eosinophils were present in only 2.7% of high-power fields (hpf), with a mean value of 0.03 ± 0.10 eosinophils/hpf (mean ± standard deviation) and a maximum of 1 eosinophil/hpf. Examination of the antrum and fundus revealed similar numbers of eosinophils in the lamina propria (1.9 ± 1.3 and 2.1 ± 2.4 eosinophils/hpf, respectively), with no eosinophils observed in the surface epithelium. In the small intestine, there were 9.6 ± 5.3 (maximum, 26 eosinophils/hpf) and 12.4 ± 5.4 eosinophils/hpf (maximum, 28 eosinophils/hpf) in the intercryptal lamina propria of the duodenum and ileum, respectively. The number of eosinophils in the surface epithelium and crypt epithelium was minimal. In the large intestine, the highest concentration of eosinophils was observed in the cecum (20.3 ±8.2 eosinophils/hpf; maximum, 50 eosinophils/hpf), and there were lower concentrations in the transverse and sigmoid colon (16.3 ± 5.6 and 8.3 ± 5.9 eosinophils/hpf, respectively). The percentage of fields demonstrating extracellular eosinophil granules in all gastrointestinal segments was 70% to 93%, and extracellular granules were most numerous at the edge of the biopsy ( P < 0.05). Atopic and nonatopic patients had comparable numbers of eosinophils. These data establish baseline gastrointestinal eosinophil values in pediatric patients without apparent pathological disease.
Male pseudohermaphroditism and gonadal mosaicism in a 47,XY,+22 fetus
Authors: Beaulieu Bergeron Mélanie , Tran‐Thanh Danh , Fournet Jean‐Christophe , Lemyre Emmanuelle , Lemieux Nicole , Bouron‐Dal Soglio Dorothée
Published: July 2006

Trisomy 22 syndrome manifestations include cranial and facial anomalies. Ambiguous genitalia have been described in some fetus, but histological examination of the gonads has been rarely provided. We report here the first case of a male pseudohermaphrodite fetus with non‐mosaic full trisomy 22 in amniocytes and presenting with ambiguous external genitalia, testes, and a uterus. In this case, we have further analyzed cytogenetically gonadal and uterine tissues. FISH analyses on paraffin‐embedded gonads and uterus indicated the presence of two cell lines: XY and monosomy X, with 22%–50% of uterine cells having monosomy X, while 85%–100% of right and 77%–96% of left testicular cells were XY. The distribution of sex chromosomes observed in these tissues could explain the sexual differentiation observed in this fetus. On the other hand, this phenotype could also have resulted from cryptic anomalies in one or several genes implicated in sexual differentiation. Further evidence is thus needed before identifying the true cause of pseudohermaphroditism in our patient. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin and mechanisms of formation of fetus‐in‐fetu: Two cases with genotype and methylation analyses
Authors: Miura Shoko , Miura Kiyonori , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Yamanaka Michiko , Saito Keisuke , Hirabuki Tomoo , Kurosawa Kenji , Harada Naoki , Ishizaki‐Yamasaki Yoko , Matsumoto Naomichi , Hirahara Fumiki , Yoshiura Koh‐ichiro , Masuzaki Hideaki , Niikawa Norio
Published: July 2006

Fetus‐in‐fetu (FIF) is a condition in which a host infant has a fetus‐like mass(es) within its body. We describe here results of molecular genetic analysis in two cases of FIF. In FIF‐1, a male host had two retroperitoneal fetiform masses each with a vertebral column, and in FIF‐2, a fetiform mass with vertebral column was present in the cranial cavity of a male host. Genotyping of each case using microsatellite markers showed that the host infant and its fetus(es) inherited one copy each of parental alleles and shared identical genotypes. These findings were confirmed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 50K Array, and supported a monozygotic twin theory of FIF. Analysis of the methylation status was done in both cases at the differentially methylated region (DMR) within the human IGF2‐H19 locus after bisulfite treatment, methylation‐specific PCR, and cloning of PCR products. Normally, only the paternal allele is methylated and the maternal allele unmethylated in DMR. However, in FIF‐1, 7 (46.7%) of 15 clones from a fetiform mass and 6 (66.7%) of 9 clones from the other mass showed an unmethylated paternal allele, while the methylation status of a host infant and its fetiform mass in FIF‐2 was the same in all clones examined with normal patterns. These data suggest that in FIF‐1, two isolated blastocysts originated from one zygote, one of the two was implanted into (or included by) the other blastocyst during the process of methylation, and such abnormal implantation may have occurred in FIF‐2 after the establishment of methylation. This is the first case of FIF showing different methylation patterns between a host infant and fetiform mass. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paternal isodisomy of chromosome 7 with cystic fibrosis and overgrowth
Authors: Fares Fuad , David Miriam , Lerner Aaron , Diukman Roni , Lerer Israela , Abeliovich Dvorah , Rivlin Joseph
Published: July 2006

We have diagnosed a boy with cystic fibrosis (CF) due to paternal UPD presenting with overweight and developmental delay, not typical features to CF patients. Two previously reported patients with paternal UPD(7) did not present overgrowth. The discrepancy between the phenotype of this boy and the other two patients raises the question of imprinted genes or homozygotization of a disease‐causing gene in paternal UPD7. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomechanics of the rostrum in crocodilians: A comparative analysis using finite‐element modeling
Authors: McHenry Colin R. , Clausen Philip D. , Daniel William J.T. , Meers Mason B. , Pendharkar Atul
Published: July 2006

This article reports the use of simple beam and finite‐element models to investigate the relationship between rostral shape and biomechanical performance in living crocodilians under a range of loading conditions. Load cases corresponded to simple biting, lateral head shaking, and twist feeding behaviors. The six specimens were chosen to reflect, as far as possible, the full range of rostral shape in living crocodilians: a juvenile Caiman crocodilus, subadult Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodylus johnstoni, and adult Caiman crocodilus, Melanosuchus niger, and Paleosuchus palpebrosus. The simple beam models were generated using morphometric landmarks from each specimen. Three of the finite‐element models, the A. mississippiensis, juvenile Caiman crocodilus, and the Crocodylus johnstoni, were based on CT scan data from respective specimens, but these data were not available for the other models and so these—the adult Caiman crocodilus, M. niger, and P. palpebrosus—were generated by morphing the juvenile Caiman crocodilus mesh with reference to three‐dimensional linear distance measured from specimens. Comparison of the mechanical performance of the six finite‐element models essentially matched results of the simple beam models: relatively tall skulls performed best under vertical loading and tall and wide skulls performed best under torsional loading. The widely held assumption that the platyrostral (dorsoventrally flattened) crocodilian skull is optimized for torsional loading was not supported by either simple beam theory models or finite‐element modeling. Rather than being purely optimized against loads encountered while subduing and processing food, the shape of the crocodilian rostrum may be significantly affected by the hydrodynamic constraints of catching agile aquatic prey. This observation has important implications for our understanding of biomechanics in crocodilians and other aquatic reptiles. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:827–849, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emotions, reason and behaviour: a search for the truth
Authors: Williamson Mick
Published: July 2006

This paper examines the power of emotions as a behavioural driver. It is argued that, for many reasons, including ease of data capture and the passion for modelling, the market research community have been giving too much emphasis to considered and rationally driven behaviours and largely ignoring the influence of emotions, as well as behaviours requiring little or no thought. The second part of this paper discusses new thinking on the subject of emotions, derived from the author's own work and neuroscience, and provides a brief description of a qualitative research methodology that reveals emotional drivers and especially those that exert their influence in the liminal zone of the mind. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Public self‐consciousness disposition effect on reactions to waiting in line
Authors: Marquis Marie , Filiatrault Pierre
Published: July 2006

In this paper, we investigate how high public self‐conscious subjects may display specific reactions while waiting in line with strangers at a movie theatre. Results suggest that, when compared with low public subjects, high public self‐conscious subjects will have an attentional focus directed toward time, will attribute more control to service managers for the cause of the wait and will evaluate the service more negatively. Results concerning relationships between attribution of control, behavioural intentions and service evaluation support those of previous studies and are both directly and indirectly moderated by the public self‐consciousness disposition. This research opens the way to conducting future studies attempting to link other personality dispositions with consumer behaviour in the services domain. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.
Effects of subcultural differences on country and product evaluations
Authors: Laroche FRSC Michel , Papadopoulos Nicolas , Heslop Louise , Bergeron Jasmin
Published: July 2006

Most cross‐cultural studies on country of origin or product‐country image (PCI) effects have implicitly assumed that national markets are composed of homogeneous consumers. Although many investigations in this field are described as cross‐cultural, most are in fact cross‐national. The overarching hypothesis of the present research is that PCI effects may vary across subcultures within a country. The results indicate that subcultural differences exist in the evaluation of culturally affiliated countries and their products. Cognitive responses converged to show that consumers' perceived linkages significantly influence the weight given to the country of origin in product evaluations. Several implications for managers and academic researchers are discussed. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.
Teens on the Internet—commercial application of a deconstructive analysis of ‘teen zine’ features
Authors: Moskowitz Howard , Itty Barbara , Ewald Jeff
Published: July 2006

This paper presents the authors' approach to understanding drivers of interest for teen e‐zines (Internet magazines). The paper shows how a deconstruction of the current set of e‐zines provides the raw material for a conjoint measurement study, whereby the elements are mixed and matched in order to create new test concepts. From reactions to those test concepts one can identify four newly emerging segments: the ‘indifferents’, the ‘adults in training’, the ‘media and me’ and the ‘talk and celebrate being a teen’. Deconstruction applied to the competitive frame provides both a deeper understanding of the e‐zine landscape and input for newer and better e‐zines that are targeted to specific mindsets. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.
On the robustness and the direction of the effect of cause‐related marketing
Authors: Yechiam Eldad , Barron Greg , Erev Ido , Erez Miriam
Published: July 2006

Two experiments are presented in this paper that explore the effect of cause‐related marketing (CRM) on product choice. To allow evaluation of the effect of experience and the role of individual differences, the experiments used a repeated choice setting. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the effect of CRM was stable over time. However, the direction of the effect was sensitive to the value of the product. CRM served as an equaliser: it helped disadvantaged alternatives and reduced the attractiveness of superior alternatives. Experiment 2 showed that the effect of CRM decreased but did not disappear in an easy choice task. These findings are summarised in a simple model and discussed in terms of their potential marketing applications. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.
Information search patterns for gift purchases: a cross‐national examination of gender differences
Authors: Cleveland Mark , Babin Barry J. , Laroche Michel , Ward Philippa , Bergeron Jasmin
Published: July 2006

This exploratory study examines the underlying determinants as well as the dimensionality of in‐store information searches for a Christmas clothing gift, focusing specifically on the differential effect of gender on information acquisition. A self‐administered survey, containing personality, situational and standard demographic measures, was administered to actual consumers in three Western countries, shortly after the Christmas season. Confirmatory factor analysis verified that in‐store information is indeed a multidimensional construct, composed of three distinct factors: macro information search, micro information search and salesperson help. Consistent with expectations, compared to males, females tended to acquire macro and micro information to a greater extent; males were more apt to seek the assistance of store sales personnel than females. This pattern was generally robust across the three countries. Other observed gender and/or country‐sample differences are discussed. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications Ltd.
Targeting a niche market of pet owners: consumer evaluation of a mobile veterinarian's service concept
Authors: Geissler Gary L.
Published: July 2006

The veterinary care service industry in the USA is projected to continue its growth during the next decade, primarily due to increasing numbers of pets and rising consumer expenditure for pet medical care. The increasing demand for pet care has spawned a proliferation of traditional and non‐traditional veterinary services. There is a need to examine the market potential for new veterinary services. A concept test among 150 target consumers is used here to provide an evaluation of a non‐traditional veterinary service—mobile veterinary care for small companion animals. Although using a vet who makes house calls would require a change in consumer behaviour, the findings indicate that the service concept is appealing to a niche market of pet owners who desire more service convenience and are willing to pay for it. Educating more consumers about the service benefits may broaden its appeal. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications Ltd.
The importance of impulse purchasing behaviour in the international airport environment
Authors: Crawford Gerry , Melewar T. C.
Published: July 2006

Airports are unique retail environments due to the environmental and psychological issues linked with the travel process. Travellers experience feelings of anxiety, stress and excitement which make them react in unusual ways. Airport retail environments therefore differ from more day‐to‐day channels of distribution. Consequently, retailers' approaches must also differ in order to maximise performance. There is evidence of a considerable impulse purchasing effect in airport retail operations which, if understood and harnessed by airport retailers, can enhance performance. The impulse effects will differ significantly between customer segments due to both the psychological effects of the travel experience and the existence of normative traits. Retailers must create an environment that minimises inherent stress and accentuates or at least maintains natural levels of excitement, while also virtuously motivating impulse purchasing by reducing or eliminating barriers to purchase. Development of an impulse strategy, which should permeate all elements of airport retail activities, is essential for maximising performance and profitability. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications Ltd.
Effects of short‐term cosmetic versus long‐term health fear appeals in anti‐smoking advertisements on the smoking behaviour of adolescents
Authors: Smith Karen H. , Stutts Mary Ann
Published: July 2006

A field study exposed 235 high school students to anti‐smoking advertisements over a five‐month period to test the effectiveness of short‐term cosmetic versus long‐term health fear appeals in preventing or reducing smoking. The study was a longitudinal experiment with two experimental groups and a control group. Smoking behaviour was measured prior to message exposure on television, in magazines and on the internet, and at the end of the study period. The primary results were that average smoking declined for subjects exposed to either type of anti‐smoking fear appeal but not for the control group and short‐term cosmetic fear appeals were more effective for males but long‐term health fear appeals were more effective for females. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.