Endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt for treatment of hydrocephalus in infants in a tribal population in India
Authors: Patel Pratik , Gaurav Jaiswal , Govind Lodha Krishna , Tarun Kumar Gupta , Kaushal Yadav , Kumar Rai Abhinav 
Published: April 2022

Study design: Prospective long term follow-up study
Background: Hydrocephalus remains a common cause of admission in pediatric neurosurgery units. Of the two prevalent modalities of treatment for hydrocephalus in infants, i.e. endoscopic third ventriculostomy and ventriculoperitoneal shunt, which one is a better option, especially in a tribal setting, is a matter of debate.
Aim: To determine and compare the effectiveness of endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt for the treatment of infants in a tribal population.
Methods: A prospective follow-up study was carried out on 70 patients of hydrocephalus with age less than or equal to 12 months during a period of 7 years from August 2014 to June 2021. A detailed history, physical examination, and computed tomography scan were done in all the cases. Based on patient condition, aetiology and parents choice, 30 patients were treated by Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and 40 patients were treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunt. At enrolment, baseline clinical data were collected. Postoperative data were collected, including assessments of complications and treatment failures.  
Results: A total of 70 infants with hydrocephalus were enrolled in the study and out of them, 30 (42.86%) underwent ETV and 40 (57.14%) underwent VP shunt for the initial treatment of their hydrocephalus. The mean age of patients was 6.4±1.2 months with a range of 18 days to 342 days. Clinical improvement was shown in 76.67% and 70% in ETV and VP shunt groups respectively. No significant difference (p=0.53) was observed in clinical outcomes in both groups. In the 1 to 6 months of age group, 07 (30.43%) clinically improved patients were from the ETV group, while in the VP shunt group, 10 (35.71%) patients showed improvement. In the 7 to 12 months age group, 16 (69.57%) clinically improved patients were from the ETV group and 18 (64.29%) patients were from the VP shunt group (p=0.69). Association of treatment success with gender, term of gestation and aetiology of hydrocephalus was not statistical significant (p>0.05). Out of 70 patients with hydrocephalus, postoperative complications such as infection, CSF leak, haemorrhage and blockage was found in 09 (12.86%), 08 (11.43%), 05 (7.14%) and 08 (11.43%) patients respectively. A significant higher proportion of infection (p=0.043) and blockage (p=0.023) was found in the VP shunt group than in the ETV group.
Conclusion: Treatment success was high in both procedures. VP shunt was found to be more successful than ETV in terms of clinical outcome in both age groups. However, the results were statistically insignificant. A significantly higher proportion of complications was found with VP shunt than ETV therefore greater benefits can be achieved using ETV. Thus for a tribal population, where patient compliance is poor and healthcare accessibility, as well as regular follow-up, is difficult, a procedure like ETV can be considered better than VP shunt.