bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF 17α-ETHYL-19-NORTESTOSTERONE AND 17α-ETHYL-19-NORTESTOSTERONE 3-ENOL-PROPIONATE ON GROWTH AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN NORMAL YOUNG MALES OF SHORT STATURE
Authors: Geller Jack
Published: December 2008

8 courses of norethandrolone by mouth and 5 courses of 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone 3-enol-propionate (SC-7294) i. m. were administered for 6-12 month periods to a total of 11 patients with short stature but no other abnormality. During the mean treatment period of 6 months in the combined group of patients standard height age Δ increased an average of 12 months; corrected height age Δ, a measurement introduced to evaluate growth rates in patients undergoing a spontaneous growth spurt, averaged 12.1 months and bone age maturation increased 11.5 months. Out of 13 total courses of treatment, 8 with norethandrolone and 5 with SC-7294, predicted ultimate stature appeared to have been favorably affected in 7 instances, unchanged in 4 and reduced in 2. In 7 of the patients, additional observations were made during a 6-9 month period following initial therapy. Cumulative data over a 12-15 month period in these 7 patients indicated that standard and corrected height age Δ's were equal to or exceeded bone age Δ's during the same time interval in 5 out of 7 of the patients. There was no evidence of drug toxicity to the liver; urinary 17-ketosteroids fell in a majority of patients after 6 months of therapy; no significant changes in the 17-hydroxy corticoids appeared. The drugs did not appear to suppress the urinary gonadotrophins in the dosage administered. Significant weight gain accompanied therapy in all instances. This preliminary experience indicates that carefully regulated doses of norethandrolone and SC-7294 are safe and useful for increasing immediate stature in most patients with short stature of non-endocrine origins. The drugs should be given for 6 month intervals only; ratios must be determined at the end of therapy and again a 6 month follow-up period before deciding upon the advisability of retreatment. No claim for or against the usefulness of these drugs in increasing ultimate stature can be made on the basis of this study.
BLOOD CORTICOTROPHIN IN NORMAL ADULTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Davies Beryl M. A.
Published: December 2008

An oxycellulose adsorption-HC1 elution procedure has been used to concentrate corticotrophin (ACTH) from about 1000 ml normal pooled human blood or 500 ml blood from patients with Cushing's syndrome. The concentrates were bioassayed by measuring their adrenal ascorbic acid depleting action in cortisol-treated rats.

Satisfactory recovery figures were obtained for the concentration of 2nd International Standard for ACTH added to out-of-date blood-bank blood or to blood from a hypophysectomized patient.

Normal blood ACTH levels are reported from 8 estimations each on pooled blood from 2–3 individuals. Mean normal ACTH was 0.7 mU per 100 ml blood (range 0.60–1.2 mU).

Eleven patients with Cushing's syndrome were investigated. These included non-treated cases with adrenal hyperplasia and post-adrenalectomy cases with recurrence of Cushingoid symptoms in the presence of a pituitary tumour. In both groups, mean blood ACTH values were three to four times normal.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE INTERACTION OF SPIRONOLACTONE AND DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE IN DOGS
Authors: Kagawa C. M. , Bouska D. J. , Anderson M. L.
Published: December 2008

Administration of DCA induced typical mineralocorticoid effects in a dog, namely the retention of urinary Na and Cl and the loss of K ions. Coadministration of spironolactone orally at several doses neutralized the effect on K, but produced a rate-limited inhibition of Na and Cl retention, by altering tubular reabsorption of the ions. Plasma levels of spironolactone did not appear to be a factor limiting the Na and Cl response. Interpretation of these data indicates that spironolactone inhibited only one of the tubular reabsorbing mechanisms for renal effects of DCA.
A METHOD FOR THE MICRODISSECTION OF INTACT PANCREATIC ISLETS OF MAMMALS
Authors: Hellerström Claes
Published: December 2008

A technique for the dissection of fresh pancreatic islets of different mammalian species is described. Besides being suitable for microchemical analyses, the isolated islets seem of potential value for direct studies of the metabolism of the islet cells. The method has proved to be useful for the isolation of relatively large amounts of islet tissue for analytical purposes.
PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION FOLLOWING HYPOPHYSECTOMY IN MAN
Authors: Ditzel Jørn , Hansen P. From , Riskær Niels
Published: December 2008

The pituitary-adrenal function in hypophysectomized patients was evaluated by means of the steroid content in blood and urine prior to and following oral administration of metyrapone (Metopirone®). This method appears to be useful in revealing cases of incomplete hypophysectomy. In two out of six patients, in whom no gonadotrophin could be detected in the urine, metyrapone administration was followed by a marked increase in the plasma level of compound S and a significant increase in the urinary 17-ketogenic steroid output, indicating that the hypophysectomy was presumably incomplete.
EXCRETION OF ORGANIC IODINE IN THE URINE OF NORMAL AND HYPERTHYROID RATS
Authors: Ford Donald H. , Rhines Ralph
Published: December 2008

An extensive review of the thyroid hormone by Pitt-Rivers & Tata (1959) indicates that the principal if not the only urinary metabolite of thyroid hormone is inorganic iodide in normal rats. In a series of normal and hyperthyroid rats injected with 131I labeled triiodothyronine (T3–131I) this was not observed to occur. Within a short time of injection of a tracer dose of T3–131I, appreciable amounts of T3–131I, mono and diiodotyrosine were detected in the urine by ascending paper chromatographic separation of urines collected from the bladder at the time of killing the animals. During the earlier experimental periods (1/2, 1 and 2 hours) organic iodine made up a large percent of the excreted 131I found in bladder urine. It was only by the seventh hour that inorganic iodide (131I) appeared in really appreciable amounts. The hyperthyroid state was observed to be accompanied by a decreased total excretion of 131I via the kidneys. However, the percent of urinary 131I present as organic iodine in hyperthyroid rats reached a maximal amount earlier than in normal rats.

Comparison of the 131I labeled materials in bladder urine with those in the plasma from the same animals suggested that the nature of the excreted 131I labeled material was in general closely related to what was present in the plasma. Thus, when plasma iodide reaches high levels seven hours after injection of T3–131I, urinary excretion of free iodide becomes highest.
FURTHER STUDIES ON DIFFERENCES IN THE UPTAKE OF 131I-TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN THE BRAINS OF MALE AND FEMALE RATS
Authors: Ford Donald H. , Hartstein Marvin , Rhines Ralph
Published: December 2008

A sex difference in the uptake of T3–131I by the brain has been previously noted in white rats such that higher uptakes were routinely observed in females. It was believed that such differences in T3–131I uptake might be related to the conjugation of T3–131I to glucuronic acid, to the clearance rate of T3–131I by the liver, to a difference in the iodinated derivatives entering the blood from the liver or to the breakdown of the T3-glucuronide complex within the intestine. Investigation of these components of the enterohepatic metabolism of triiodothyronine in male and female rats revealed that there were no real sex differences at this point.

Studies on the effect of testosterone propionate (TP) given either to adult or to newborn females suggest a direct effect of TP on the degradation of T3–131I. Thus, the CNS uptake of T3–131I in TP-treated adult females was reduced and more like that observed in males and the point at which the degradation rate exceeded the uptake rate occurred sooner. The effect of TP in the newborn androgen sterilized females was manifest only in the red blood cell uptake of T3, which was decreased and therefore more like that seen in males than in untreated females. It thus appears that the lower uptake of T3–131I by the male CNS is due in part at least to a higher degradation rate which decreases the amount of labeled T3 available for concentration in the brain more quickly than in the female. The female, on the other hand, has a higher plasma and RBC T3–131I level, which is apparently related to the somewhat slower degradation rate of the injected labeled hormone. From previous experiments, one might anticipate that such an elevation in available T3–131I would be associated with a slight increase in T3 uptake by nervous tissue. This was substantially what was observed. Thus, the sex difference in T3–131I uptake by the CNS of the white rat appears to be somewhat related to the intrinsic degradation rate of the injected hormone by the tissues, particularly as influenced by androgens. Other factors involving the enterohepatic circulation and metabolism of T3 may be involved, but only perhaps as influenced along with other tissues by androgens. Certainly no evidence for any sex difference in this very important area of thyroid hormone metabolism was observed under any of the experimental conditions studied here.
CYCLIC VARIATIONS IN THE HYPOPHYSEAL FSH-CONTENT IN THE FEMALE RAT
Authors: Gans E. , de Jongh S. E. , van Rees G. P. , van der Werff ten Bosch J. J. , Wolthuis O. L.
Published: December 2008

FSH-estimations were carried out on anterior pituitary glands obtained from rats in four stages of the oestrous cycle: early dioestrus, late dioestrus, pro-oestrus and oestrus.

Autopsy was carried out in one experimental series in the morning, in a second one in the afternoon. The combined results suggested a sudden fall in hypophyseal FSH-content about noon on the day of pro-oestrus. This suggestion was confirmed by estimating the FSH-content of anterior pituitary glands removed from pro-oestrous rats either in the morning or in the afternoon.
DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE RATS INJECTED SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH WITH TESTOSTERONE OR »ANABOLIC STEROIDS«
Authors: Jacobsohn Dora
Published: December 2008

The present work is concerned with early effects of a single injection of 1.5 mg testosterone propionate into 5 day old female rats (injected rats). Effects of »anabolic steroids« given to rats shortly after birth, generally on the 5th day, were also studied. Untreated littermates served as controls.

As early as 5 days after injection (rat's age 10 days) a reduction in ovarian weight was noticeable. At 10 days after injection the ovaries weighed less than those of controls.

Vaginal smears showing cornified cells were obtained from injected rats about 5 days prior to controls. At the controls' first oestrous the ovaries of the injected rats weighed approximately 60 per cent of those of the controls. At this time the ovaries of the controls contained large follicles but no corpora lutea.

Confirming previous results of other workers, injected rats observed for about 2 months presented constant vaginal oestrous and ovaries without corpora lutea. The ovaries weighed less than half those of the controls. This result was obtained irrespective of whether one ovary had been removed a fortnight previously, or not. Rats given 1.5 mg testosterone propionate at 20 days of age did not show any persistent effects. Records of weight of body, pituitary gland and adrenals were also in agreement with results of other investigators.

Results obtained from similar experiments with »anabolic steroids« (19-nor-testosterone, 1-methyl-androst-1-enolone-oenanthate and methan-drostenolone = Durabol, Primobolan and Dianabol, respectively) indicated that, in the doses studied so far, a depression of endocrine activities and/or persistent defects in the development of female accessory reproductive organs and ovarian function may occur in rats after an injection given within 24 hours after birth or at 5 days of age. The importance of further investigations with regard to the clinical use of »anabolic steroids«, particularly in newborn infants, is discussed.
THE INITIAL METABOLISM OF 4-14C-TESTOSTERONE IN THE RAT. II.
Authors: ElAttar T. , Mosebach K.-O. , Dirscherl W.
Published: December 2008

Ten minutes after intraperitoneal injection of 4-14C-testosterone in ten 45 day old Sprague Dawley rats the radioactive metabolites 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol were isolated from the liver; 5β-androstane-3α-ol-17-one from liver, seminal vesicles and prostate; testosterone from blood plasma, seminal vesicles and prostate. Unidentified strongly polar metabolites were present in the four organs examined.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CHANGES IN THE ROOSTER COMB DURING REGRESSION
Authors: Doyle J. , Szirmai J. A. , de Tyssonsk Ellen R.
Published: December 2008

Comb growth was induced in White Leghorn capons by daily treatment with testosterone propionate for 15 days. The hormone treatment was then discontinued and the regression of the romb in the course of the following 24-days period studied in respect to the content of hyaluronic acid, water and various protein fractions. Comb size measurements and histological studies showed that regression of the comb is accompanied by reduction and finally disappearance of the so-called mucoid layer, which gives positive histochemical tests for the presence of acidic glycosaminoglycans. Chemical analysis revealed that the hyaluronic acid content of the comb is reduced to practically zero in the course of the regression period, parallel with a considerable loss of water. A significant correlation was observed between the hyaluronic acid content and comb weight, as well as between hyaluronic acid and water content. The disappearance of hyaluronic acid from the comb was found to fit a semilog linear regression line, with a period of 5 to 9 days required to reach half of a given value. The relationship of this result to the biological half-life time of hyaluronic acid in the steady state is discussed. The relative rise in the total protein content of the comb in the course of regression was attributed to the dehydration of the comb. Only minor changes were observed in the protein composition. The collagen content showed a slight decrease during the second half of the regression period, suggesting a delayed onset of collagen breakdown, as compared with the immediate response of the hyaluronic acid and water content. The soluble protein fraction of the comb was found to be correlated with the comb weight and remained constant in concentration; electrophoretic and immunological analysis showed this fraction to be partly identical with serum proteins. No direct relationship was observed between the hyaluronic acid and this protein fraction.
STUDIES ON THE AROMATISATION OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Bolté E. , Mancuso S. , Eriksson G. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

In 15 cases of therapeutic abortion by laparotomy the placenta was disconnected from the foetus and perfused in situ with tracer amounts of radioactive dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS), androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (A), testosterone (T) and 17β-oestradiol (OE2).

Analysis of the placentas, perfusates and urine samples revealed an extensive aromatisation of DHA, A and T; more than 70% of the radioactive material recovered was phenolic, and at least 80 % of this phenolic material was identified as oestrone (OE1), 17β-oestradiol (OE2) and oestriol (OE3), the latter being detected only in the urine. Comparative studies indicated that A and T were aromatised somewhat better than DHA and that all three unconjugated steroids were aromatised to a much greater extent than DHAS.

Radioactive OE1 and OE2 were isolated and identified in the placentas and perfusates, but no OE3, epimeric oestriols, or ring D ketols could be detected in these sources, not even when human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was added to the blood prior to perfusion. Lack of placental 16-hydroxylation was also apparent when OE2 was perfused. Regardless of the precursor perfused, there was three times more OE2 than OE1 in the placenta and three times more OE1 than OE2 in the perfusate. This was also the case following perfusion with OE2.

The results are interpreted as suggesting the existence in the pregnant human of a placental »barrier« limiting the passage of circulating androgen. The barrier consists of a) limited ability to transfer directly DHAS and b) an enzymic mechanism resulting in the rapid and extensive aromatisation of the important androgens DHA, A and T.
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC DIETHYL-STILBOESTROL ADMINISTRATION AND SUBSEQUENT WITHDRAWAL ON PITUITARY GONADOTROPHIN EXCRETION IN PATIENTS WITH MAMMARY CARCINOMA
Authors: O'Connor P. J. , Skinner L. G.
Published: December 2008

The total urinary gonadotrophin output has been followed in four postmenopausal women with mammary carcinoma undergoing treatment with diethylstilboestrol (ca. 20 mg/d) for periods varying from 7 to 13 months. During diethylstilboestrol treatment all cases showed a significant depression of gonadotrophin output to a minimal level and upon withdrawal the urinary titre returned approximately to the pre-treatment level. Evidence from these 4 cases suggests that the inhibition of total gonadotrophin secretion induced by prolonged diethylstilboestrol treatment is not irreversible.
TESTICULAR HISTO-MORPHOLOGY OF YOUNG RATS TREATED WITH OESTRADIOL-17β BENZOATE
Authors: Maqueo Manuel , Kind Fred A.
Published: December 2008

Oestradiol-17β benzoate, 120 βg, injected into five-day old male rats inhibited maturation of the seminiferous epithelium as demonstrated by histological studies performed 40–55 days post-treatment. The oestrogen treatment was ineffective when administered at the age of 20 days. The degree of testicular damage appeared to be correlated with the amount of steroid used. A dose of 240 μg of oestradiol benzoate led to severe pathological changes in almost 100 per cent of the seminiferous tubules and atrophy of the Leydig cells.
URINARY EXCRETION OF PREGNANETRIOL (PREGN-5-ENE-3β,17α,20-TRIOL) IN CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Pal S. B. , James V. H. T.
Published: December 2008

Pregnenetriol and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations were determined in the urine of eleven patients with Cushing's Syndrome. All the patients excreted quantities of pregnenetriol which exceeded the amount found in normal urines. These values ranged from 0.7 to 66 mg per day. The highest excretion values occurred in two patients with adrenocortical carcinoma but elevated values were also found in association with adenoma and hyperplasia and it was not possible to differentiate these types of adrenal pathology on the basis of urinary excretion values.
THE DETERMINATION OF CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING ACTIVITY IN STEROID-BLOCKED MICE
Authors: Rerup Claus
Published: December 2008

The possibility of elaborating a sensitive test for the determination of CRF (Corticotrophin-releasing factor) was investigated in corticosteroid-blocked mice. Two synthetic peptides known to possess corticotrophin-releasing activity (CRA) in the rat, i. e. lysine-vasopressin and histidyl-seryl-lysine-vasopressin (CRA-41) were used as test substances. The results showed that it is possible to perform quantitative estimations of CR-activity and that both the peptides tested are true corticotrophin-releasing substances in mice. Lysine-vasopressin was more potent than its synthetic histidyl-seryl-analogue both on an absolute weight basis and in terms of pressor- or corticotrophin equivalents. Threshold doses for CR-activity of lysine-vasopressin in mice were calculated to be about 4 ng (nanograms). From the findings it appears that in mice, the main blocking action of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone is exerted at hypothalamic or higher centres, and not in the cells of the anterior pituitary gland. It is proposed to abandon arbitrary units for CR-activity and to use vasopressin or hypothalamic extracts as a standard for CRF-assay. The possibility of a physiological role of vasopressin as a transmitter substance for corticotrophin-release is briefly discussed.
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME AND RENAL FUNCTION IN PITUITARY INSUFFICIENCY AND ACROMEGALY
Authors: Falkheden Thomas , Sjögren Björn
Published: December 2008

Measurement of the volume of extracellular water (ECW) was performed simultaneously with determinations of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) in 12 hypophysectomized patients (five cases of metastatic mammary carcinoma and seven diabetic subjects) and in 13 cases of acromegaly. Thirteen normal subjects served as controls. ECW was estimated from the volume of distribution of inulin, GFR and RPF from the renal clearances of inulin and para-aminohippurate, respectively.

In the acromegalic group, an increased GFR and RPF was found together with an increased ECW, confirming earlier observations. In the hypophysectomized patients (who were all on cortisone replacement therapy), GFR and RPF were markedly decreased. However, the reduction in GFR and RPF was not associated with any significant changes in ECW.
EXOPHTHALMUS PRODUZIERENDER FAKTOR (EPF) UND THYREOIDALER JODUMSATZ BEI DER ENDOCRINEN OPHTHALMOPATHIE
Authors: Horster Franz Adolf , Klein Erich
Published: December 2008

Measured with biotests in fishes serum-EPF-activity was shown to be elevated in 81 patients with endocrine exophthalmos of up to two years' duration. The results were not correlated with the level of protein bound iodine in blood or thyroidal 131I-turnover. The highest titers of EPF have been found in patients with longest duration and severest symptoms of ophthalmopathia whereas they did not depend on the thyroid function. In 56 euthyroid and hyperthyroid persons without exophthalmos no serum-EPF-activity could be demonstrated.
BESTIMMUNG DER INSULINAKTIVITÄT IM SERUM UNBEHANDELTER JUGENDLICHER DIABETIKER NACH GLUKOSEBELASTUNG
Authors: Daweke H.
Published: December 2008

As a continuation of earlier experiments we have determined the insulinlike activity (ILA) in the serum of newly-found, untreated juvenile diabetics before and after oral loading with glucose. This has been done by the method of glucose-1-14C oxydation to 14CO2 on the rat epididymal adipose tissue. Each value was calculated from the mean values of 6 individual results. In some of these diabetics, the glucose uptake of the rat diaphragm was also investigated at the same time.

The fasting values of the »total« ILA of the untreated juvenile diabetics were found to be 150% higher than in normal subjects and this was confirmed statistically. In contrast to normal subjects glucose loading did not lead to an increase but, after 60 and 120 minutes, to a continual significant decrease of the ILA to 60 and 53% of the starting value, while the blood sugar was markedly increased. As in normal subjects the fasting values of the «free« ILA as determined on the rat diaphragm were low and amounted only to about one tenth of the »total« ILA. 60 minutes after glucose loading, however, the »free« ILA increased to 57 % above the starting value and this was confirmed statistically.

Thus in newly-found, untreated juvenile diabetics a large quantity of insulin is found in the blood and this insulin is obviously present in a biologically inactive form. A small part can be released by an extreme increase in the blood sugar concentration. An insulin reserve is no longer detectable.
THE BINDING OF 131I-TRIIODOTHYRONINE BY SERUM PROTEINS AS AN IN VITRO TEST OF THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: Cuarón A. , Fucugauchi M. E.
Published: December 2008

The efficiency of Sephadex column chromatography for the separation of free iodide, free T3, and protein bound T3 has been demonstrated. Protein bound T3 and free iodide appear as two well defined peaks of activity in the eluate, while free T3 remains bound to the Sephadex column. This methods makes the direct study of the binding of T3 to serum proteins possible and allows of correction for the free radioactive iodide present as a contaminant. The value of this method in 147 selected patients was demonstrated by the high degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of thyroid function. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by this method in 141 patients (95.9%) and the test failed in 6 cases (4.1%). The use of this method as a clinical screening test of thyroid function is suggested as it is sufficiently reliable, simple to perform and does not expose the patient to radiation hazards.
THE ORIGIN OF URINARY DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE IN BOARS
Authors: Veld L. G. Huis in 't , Louwerens B. , Reilingh W.
Published: December 2008

Dehydroepiandrosterone, generally regarded as a compound formed peripherally from 17-hydroxy-pregnenolone (3β,17-dihydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one), a steroid present in the adrenal glands, is the most important neutral 17-ketosteroid occurring in the urine of the male domestic swine. However, the excretion of Zimmermann chromogens in boars was not found to increase significantly following the administration of ACTH (2 × 40 IU) and a long-acting ACTH (2 × 50 IU): after the injection of chorionic gonadotrophin (3 × 10 000 IU), the excretion increased in intact boars. In a castrated animal, administration of 3 × 150 IU ACTH and 2 × 120 IU ACTH did not cause an increase in the excretion of Zimmermann chromogens, nor was there any effect after the administration of 3 × 10 000 IU chorionic gonadotrophin.

Moreover, the bilaterally castrated animal had a lower basal excretion of Zimmermann chromogens than an intact boar of the same age.

The conclusion is reached, that in boars the contribution of the adrenal cortex to the dehydroepiandrosterone excretion is of minor importance. Instead of the adrenal cortex, the testes must be considered as the main source of the precursor of the dehydroepiandrosterone excreted in the urine.
EFFECT OF CORTICOSTEROIDS ON URINARY 5β AND 5α C19 STEROIDS IN MAN
Authors: Wilson Hildegard , Schenker Steven
Published: December 2008

A high proportion of urinary C19 5β to 5α steroid metabolites has been found on administration of glucocorticoids in a number of instances. During long term treatment with prednisone or dexamethasone, 100 mg testosterone propionate was administered to 3 patients. The ratios of the resulting metabolites etiocholanolone (E, 5β) to androsterone (A, 5α) were 2.7, 3.3 and 2.1, compared to 1.3 and 0.9 after withdrawal of corticoids from the first 2 patients. In 3 normal men, ratios of endogenously derived E and A while receiving corticoids, compared to control ratios were 2.3 to 1.0, 2.2 to 0.6 and 1.2 to 0.9. Ratios in normal women rose from 1.1 to 2.2 and 2.4 to 4.3 on receiving dexamethasone.

Not all subjects gave the expected response. In 3 of these the dosage of corticoid was either low or given for a short time.

The ratio of C19O3 metabolites of administered 11β-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione was also changed in favour of the 5β products during corticoid treatment. In a man with periodic fever the high E/A ratios observed were probably related to dexamethasone therapy rather than to the disease.
A NOTE ON THE CHEMICAL ESTIMATION OF OESTROGENS IN THE URINE OF PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE
Authors: Adlercreutz H. , Schauman K.-O.
Published: December 2008

When the methods of Brown for estimating oestrogens are used for the processing of acid-hydrolysed bile-stained urine samples from patients with liver disease, an interfering chromogen is found in the final fractions. This chromogen, practically always present in the oestradiol fraction and occasionally also in the other, causes negative corrected optical densities when the Allen correction is applied to the spectrophotometric readings. It therefore interferes to a large extent with the estimation of the oestrogens and more than 20 μg oestradiol per 24 h may escape detection in this way. This chromogen is of the same type as that found previously in acid-hydrolysed bile.

However, extracts of enzyme-hydrolysed bile-stained urine samples do not contain this chromogen. Since enzyme hydrolysis has some disadvantages in untreated urine samples, it has been suggested that the urine should be purified before hydrolysis. Preliminary investigations indicate that Sephadex gel filtration is suitable for this purification.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF PREGNANEDIOL AND PREGNANETRIOL IN THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY (STEIN-LEVENTHAL) SYNDROME
Authors: Lanthier André , Sandor Thomas
Published: December 2008

The excretion of urinary pregnane-3α,20α-diol and that of pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol was investigated in thirty-three patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome. The method utilized for the quantitation of these metabolites involved enzymatic hydrolysis of urines followed by solvent extraction, alumina column chromatography of the crude neutral extract, acetylation of the diol and triol fractions with acetic anhydride-1-14C, paper chromatography of the acetoxy derivatives and measurement of the 14C activity on the chromatographic paper strip by the aid of a radio-chromatogram scanner equipped with an integrating recorder. It was found that during the control period, patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome excreted amounts of metabolites comparable to that found in normal women during the proliferative phase. Under stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin the polycystic ovary syndrome patients failed to exhibit the rise in urinary pregnanediol found in normal subjects. After bilateral ovarian wedge resection, there was a return to normal menstrual cycles and normal fluctuations in the urinary excretion of pregnanediol and pregnanetriol. It has been concluded that pregnanediol and pregnanetriol excretion in these patients corresponds to that of normal women during the proliferative phase. Exogenous HCG does not produce the increase in urinary excretion corresponding to the secretory phase as it does in normal women. Ovarian wedge resection re-establishes the normal pattern of cyclic variations in urinary excretion.
EFFECTS OF AN ANABOLIC STEROID ON FATIGUE AND COMPLIANCE OF DENERVATED GASTROCNEMIUS
Authors: Paleček F. , Boučková A.
Published: December 2008

Maximal tetanic tension, fatigue after repeated tetani, and compliance were followed in vitro in normal and denervated rat gastrocnemii. Half the number of rats were pretreated with an anabolic steroid, 1α,17α-dimethylandrostan-17β-ol-3-one (DMA). The effects on muscle weight and maximal tetanic tension were insignificant in normal and in denervated muscles. In denervated muscles with DMA fatigue occurred more slowly than in muscles without DMA, and in the whole group of denervated muscles the fatigue was less than in the innervated controls. Differences were also observed in muscle compliance.
THE EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON THE QUANTITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FAT IN THE FEMALE RAT
Authors: Galletti F. , Klopper A.
Published: December 2008

Mature female rats given 3.14 mg progesterone daily for 20 days gained more weight than controls. Carcase analysis showed this extra weight to be due to an increased fat deposition. Immature females did not gain weight faster than controls and showed no enhanced fat deposition. When adult female rats were castrated they gained weight faster than intact animals but treating such castrated animals with progesterone did not cause an additional weight increase.
AN OESTROGENIC EFFECT AS A COMPONENT OF THE STRESS SYNDROME
Authors: Schmidt A. L. C. , Christiaans A. P. L.
Published: December 2008

In a routine study of vaginal smears of postmenopausal women we had previously established the connection between a somatic or psychological stress on the one hand, and an increase in the number of superficial cells in the vaginal smears on the other.

This phenomenon was further analyzed by a study of the vaginal smears of rats of the Wistar strain. Artificial stress was induced by swimming tests. Only a total stress proved adequate for our experiments.

Stress produced an increase in the number of cornified cells in the vaginal smears of oophorectomized rats. This phenomenon failed to appear when the animals were subsequently adrenalectomized. In most instances hypophysectomy did not prevent this increase of cornified cells after stress. Bilateral removal of the adrenal medulla in oophorectomized animals reduced the number of animals which reacted positively to the stress. The effect was totally abolished when the animals were pretreated with phentolamine (Regitine) which completely blocks the sympathetic tissue. In spayed rats ACTH induced the appearance of cornified cells, but not after adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy. Adrenaline administration only rarely evoked a response. The vaginal smears were not influenced by the administration of testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone or spirolactone. Oestrogens in a physiological dose brought about a prompt response.

The results indicate that stress induces a release of oestrogens or oestrogenic substances from the adrenal cortex. The most important pathway seems to follow the sympathetic nervous system. As a hypothesis the pathway is suggested to proceed from the hypothalamus via the sympathetic tissue to the adrenal.
EFFECT OF GONADOTROPHIN ON OVARIAN AND UTERINE TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Eckstein Benjamin , Lavi Miriam
Published: December 2008

The glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity in the ovary and uterus of rats was examined after serum and chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation. These gonadotrophins were found to increase considerably the GPT activity in the above mentioned tissues. This effect of gonadotrophins was tested with different doses of gonadotrophins, at increasing intervals after a single injection and under different physiological conditions (vitamin B6 deficiency, hypothyroidism and inanition), and subsequently compared with the effect of gonadotrophins on glutamicoxalacetic transaminase (GOT). Such comparisons showed that these two enzymes behaved differently under all the experimental conditions investigated.

The possible significance of the gonadotrophin stimulating effect in transaminase activity is discussed.
EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN, BOVINE AND OVINE GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: Laron Zvi , Yed-Lekach Ariana , Assa Sara , Kowadlo-Silbergeld Avivah
Published: December 2008

Human, bovine and sheep (ovine) growth hormone (HGH, BGH and SGH) were heated in solution at temperatures between 60 and 100 °C. The electrophoretic mobility and immunological properties, such as precipitation reactions in agar gel and haemagglutination with antiserum to untreated hormone, were studied at different degrees of heating. It was found that heat progressively reduced the immunological properties of the growth hormone; however, human growth hormone was more resistant to heat treatment than the bovine and sheep growth hormone. HGH retained precipitation properties when heated at 100° C up to 30 minutes, and reacted in the haemagglutination test when heated at 100° C for less than 60 minutes. BGH and SGH clotted at 100° C. The precipitation reaction with antiserum to BGH disappeared when BGH or SGH was heated at 70° C for more than 10 minutes. Only a weak haemagglutination reaction was retained when BGH or SGH was heated at 80° C for 15 minutes.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THE SUCKLING STIMULUS ON BLASTOCYST IMPLANTATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Zeilmaker G. H.
Published: December 2008

Rats which were kept under conditions of controlled illumination were allowed to nurse a standardized litter of 10 young. The day on which post-partum vaginal sperm was found was considered as day 0 of lactation-pregnancy.

By measuring the diameter of the implantation sites and comparing this with the control data, the extent of a possible delay of implantation could be estimated.

The following observations were made:

Lactation until the 13th hour of the third day of lactation-pregnancy does not cause a delay of implantation. Each day suckling is allowed after the third day of lactation-pregnancy, causes one day delay of implantation. Implantation could be induced at will on any of the first five days after the third day of lactation-pregnancy by litter removal.

Spontaneous implantation in lactating rats occurred from the eighth day onwards. No special implantation periods were observed.

Temporary litter removal during a period of 12 hours including the late afternoon, induced implantation. One case of incomplete implantation was noted.

One single dose, or daily administration of progesterone, did not induce implantation during lactation-pregnancy.
ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES AND MAST CELLS IN THE BOVINE UTERUS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE SEXUAL CYCLE
Authors: Likar I. N. , Likar Lydia J.
Published: December 2008

The location and the content of acid mucopolysaccharides and mast cells in the bovine uterine wall were investigated during various stages of the sexual cycle.

The histochemical location of the acid mucopolysaccharides revealed variations in the hue of the colour complex at different stages of the sexual cycle in various layers of the bovine uterine wall.

This finding correlated with biochemical determination of the total amount of acid mucopolysaccharides and the hyaluronate fraction.

Morphological examination of mast cells revealed their presence in greater number than was previously reported.

Numerical variations of mast cells during the sexual cycle were noted and were parallel to the stainability and biochemical values, indicating hyaluronate.
A NEW CHEMICAL REACTION FOR SOME STEROIDS
Authors: Emsun Kâzrm , Aras Kâzrm
Published: December 2008

A sulphuric acid - ethylacetate reaction for progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, oestrone and oestradiol has been developed. It seems that this is one of the most sensitive reactions for these steroids. Oestriol does not give this reaction.
ASPECTS OF THE REGULATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION IN ANDROGEN-STERILIZED FEMALE RATS
Authors: Zeilmaker G. H.
Published: December 2008

Some aspects of the regulation of function of artificially induced corpora lutea in androgen-sterilized female rats have been studied. The morphology of the vaginal epithelium and the distribution of sudanophilic materials in the luteal cells served as criteria for possible corpus luteum function.

Pseudopregnancy, i. e. corpus luteum function during a defined period, as can be observed in female rats after sterile copulation, could not be induced in androgen-sterilized rats by daily cervical stimulation, by three daily injections of reserpine or by the presence of an isotransplanted pituitary gland during the first four days after the induction of corpus luteum formation.

Prolonged corpus luteum function during at least 45 days was observed in animals bearing an isotransplanted pituitary gland under the kidney capsule. It is suggested that the evenly distributed sudanophilia in these corpora lutea is a result of the »tonic LH secretion« of the pituitary gland in situ.

Comparison with similar studies in male rats led to the conclusion that an ovulation-inducing release of gonadotrophins plays a major role in the termination of the luteal phase in normal female rats.

In ovariectomized androgen-sterilized rats treated with progesterone and oestrone a decreased response of the uterus to a traumatic stimulus was noticed as compared with the response in similarly treated normal rats.
ZUR LOKALISATION DER INNERSEKRETORISCHEN FUNKTION DES MENSCHLICHEN OVARS
Authors: Brandau Hartmut , Luh Wilfried
Published: December 2008

The histochemical localization of some oxydative enzymes which catalize steps in the Embden-Meyerhof chain, hexosemonophosphate shunt and the citric acid cycle, was studied in normal human ovaries.

In contrast to the very low concentration and homogeneous distribution of enzyme activities of the citric acid cycle in the ovarian components, the theca interna of the developing follicle and the theca and granulosa lutein cells show extremely high levels of activities of TPN-specific and glycolytic enzymes.

Attempts were made to establish some relation between the findings mentioned above and the localization of hormone production. It was concluded that the synthesis of progesterone is located in the granulosa lutein cells while the formation of oestrogens takes place in the remaining ovarian components, which show a high activity of TPN-specific and glycolytic enzymes.
THE EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON CYCLICALLY VARYING SEXUAL FUNCTIONS IN THE MALE RABBIT
Authors: Hornstein Otto , Kihlström Jan Erik , Degerman Gunnar
Published: December 2008

One of the phenomena found to vary cyclically in adult male rabbits is the relative frequency of exfoliated cells from the urethral epithelium. Assuming that there is a hormonal effect on this periodicity, the authors have studied the relative frequency of different types of cells in urethral smears collected daily after orchidectomy. No cyclic variations in the frequency of these cells could be detected in the castrated buck. Moreover, the proportion between the different types of cells was profoundly changed. The results show that the frequency of these cells and their cyclic occurrence are regulated by the testicular hormones. However, the cyclic variation in body temperature described in a previous paper persisted after castration and has thus to be considered as independent of the testicular hormones.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN URINE
Authors: Hobson Bruce , Wide Leif
Published: December 2008

When assayed against the International Standard for HCG the biological activity, as measured by the rat seminal vesicle method, of urines from women collected during the second half of pregnancy is lower than the immunological activity (haemagglutination inhibition reaction). Almost 100 % of the immunological and biological HCG activities were recovered from the acetone precipitates of such urines. A kaolin extract of these urines produced a partial separation of the immunological activity. About half of the immunological activity and almost all of the biological activity was recovered in the concentrate. In the supernatant, left after kaolin extraction, an immunologically active biologically inactive »HCG« was found. A urine from a woman with a hydatidiform mole was assayed by both methods. The biological and immunological activities of this urine were almost unity and the ratio of the 2 activities remained unaltered in the acetone precipitate and the kaolin concentrate made from an aliquot of this urine. The kaolin supernatant contained equal and measurable amounts of the biological and immunological activities. In conclusion the method used to concentrate the urine of pregnant women will affect the ratio between the biological activity and the immunological HCG activity.
ABNORMAL THYROIDAL METABOLISM IN TWO PATIENTS WITH NON-TOXIC NODULAR GOITERS
Authors: Row Vas V. , Johnston MacAllister W. , Ezrin Calvin , Volpé Robert
Published: December 2008

In a study of iodine metabolism in patients with non-toxic nodular goiter (using 127I chromatographic techniques) two patients were shown to have unusual findings. Both patients were euthyroid by clinical examination and laboratory tests. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) was the major iodocompound produced by the nodular tissue of one patient. The monoiodotyrosine:diiodotyrosine ratio (0.625) in this gland was normal, indicating that there was no defect in the synthesis of the hormone precursors. The second patient showed the formation of an abnormal »triiodothyronine complex« in the nodule, partially identified by ultraviolet absorption, infrared spectrum and reaction with 1-aminoacid oxidase of the eluted compound. There was no detectable thyroxine in the nodule. The monoiodotyrosine:diiodotyrosine ratio (6.3) was greatly elevated denoting defective halogenation of monoiodotyrosine.

In case one, it may be suggested that possible alterations in the enzyme systems viz., the presence of 1-aminoacid oxidase or transaminase and decarboxylase systems, in the nodular tissue might have resulted in the formation of the acetic acid analog of thyroxine. The cause of the defect in case two is unclear.
MECHANISMS BY WHICH NORETHYNODREL AND ETHYNYL-OESTRADIOL INHIBIT OVULATION IN THE HAMSTER
Authors: Greenwald Gilbert S.
Published: December 2008

A single subcutaneous injection of 5.0 mg norethynodrel on the morning of metoestrus (day 1) inhibited ovulation in hamsters; the ovaries, however, contained large, normal pre-ovulatory follicles. Administration at day 1 of 0.25 mg of the 3-methyl ether of ethynyl-oestradiol (MEEO) was equally effective in preventing ovulation but the ovaries contained only small atretic follicles.

Injection at day 1 of 5.0 mg of Enovid (5.0 mg of norethynodrel plus 0.075 mg of MEEO) was more effective than 5 mg of norethynodrel in inhibiting ovulation. Most ovaries contained large Graafian follicles. In contrast, after treatment with 10 mg of Enovid, only small atretic follicles were present.

This suggests that as the dose of Enovid is increased, the contained MEEO becomes the primary hormone responsible for preventing ovulation by disrupting follicular development early in the cycle. Norethynodrel does not interfere with follicular development but blocks ovulation by apparently preventing the release of ovulating hormone from the pituitary gland.
SPECTROFLUORIMETRY OF OESTROGENS: APPLICATION OF CORRECTION METHODS WHEN THE UNFILTERED WOLFRAM CONTINUUM IS USED AS ACTIVATING LIGHT
Authors: Lunaas Torleiv
Published: December 2008

The application of the wolfram continuum as activating light in spectrofluorimetry of oestrogens has been examined using oestrone as a model substance. When primary filters were omitted, the scatter, deriving from the incident beam, formed a continuous background over which the fluorescence spectra could be recorded in their full extension. In quantitative determinations, fluorescent light could be differentiated by application of correction equations based on recordings of the intensities of narrow spectral bands at the wave lengths of maximal specific emission and at one or two additional wave lengths. When correction methods were to be applied under the conditions examined, the procedure of Ittrich (1958) for colour development and extraction was found to offer the highest sensitivity. The correction equations used in fluorimetry of the Kober colour complex (in methylene chloride) were

Fcorr = 2 F 548 mμ − (F 518 mμ + F 578 mμ) according to Allen (1950) or Fcorr = F 548 mμ − F 518 mμ

where F represents light intensity units. The standard deviation of the corrected blank value in these methods corresponded to less than ± 0.2 ng oestrone.
DIE INITIALE VERTEILUNG VON RADIO-C IN DEN ZELLFRAKTIONEN EINIGER RATTENORGANE NACH INJEKTION VON TESTOSTERON-4-14C
Authors: Mosebach K.-O. , Dirscherl W.
Published: December 2008

The initial distribution of radioactive C was studied in the cell fractions of the liver, kidney, testes and thigh muscles after intraperitoneal injection of testosterone-4-14C into 40 day old male rats. To make this possible, the absolute and specific activity values (μc/mg C) were determined.

After both ten and twenty minutes the cytoplasm fractions possessed the highest activity values, the only exception being the specific activity of the liver cytoplasm ten minutes after injection when the microsomes of the liver showed a higher activity. After 20 min the mitochondria possessed the highest specific activity values among the corpuscular fractions. The specific activity values in the microsomes of all four organs studied were lower 20 min after the time of injection than after 10 min, a fact, which is suspected to be the result of the initial formation of conjugates in the microsomes.