bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anomalous sub-diffusion of water in biosystems: From hydrated protein powders to concentrated protein solution to living cells
Authors: Li Rui , Liu Zhuo , Li Like , Huang Juan , Yamada Takeshi , Sakai Victoria García , Tan Pan , Hong Liang
Published: October 2020

Water is essential to life and its translational motion in living systems mediates various biological processes, including transportation of function-required ingredients and facilitating the interaction between biomacromolecules. By combining neutron scattering and isotopic labeling, the present work characterizes translational motion of water on a biomolecular surface, in a range of systems: a hydrated protein powder, a concentrated protein solution, and in living Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells. Anomalous sub-diffusion of water is observed in all samples, which is alleviated upon increasing the water content. Complementary molecular dynamics simulations and coarse-grained numerical modeling demonstrated that the sub-diffusive behavior results from the heterogeneous distribution of microscopic translational mobility of interfacial water. Moreover, by comparing the experimental results measured on E. coli cells with those from a concentrated protein solution with the same amount of water, we show that water in the two samples has a similar average mobility, however the underlying distribution of motion is more heterogeneous in the living cell.
Stretchable bioelectronics: Mitigating the challenges of the percolation threshold in conductive elastomers
Authors: Novikov Alexey , Goding Josef , Chapman Christopher , Cuttaz Estelle , Green Rylie A.
Published: October 2020

Conductive polymer (CP)–elastomer composites have been proposed as an alternative to the metals conventionally used for bioelectronic devices. Being softer and more stretchable than metals such as platinum and gold, they can mitigate the adverse effects associated with mechanical mismatch and fatigue failure. Such composites are conventionally made by embedding CP particles inside an elastomeric matrix. However, to achieve such a structure, a high CP loading that reaches a percolation threshold is required. High percolation thresholds lead to the degradation of mechanical properties. This study presents an alternate approach designed to reduce the CP content while maintaining conductivity through the matrix. A poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) composite was produced by filling a CP aerogel with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This approach successfully formed a stretchable, conductive material, with only 1.8 wt. % CP. While elastic behavior was observed at low strain, the composite displayed plastic deformation at high strain (>20%). Future improvements will focus on the modification of the PEDOT:PSS–PDMS interface, to improve interaction of the polymer components and, hence, mechanical stability within the construct.
Single-longitudinal-mode pumped pulsed-dye amplifier for high-resolution laser spectroscopy
Authors: Verlinde M. , Ferrer R. , Claessens A. , Granados C. A. , Kraemer S. , Kudryavtsev Yu. , Li D. , Van den Bergh P. , Van Duppen P. , Verstraelen E.
Published: October 2020

The In-Gas-jet Laser Ionization and Spectroscopy (IGLIS) technique relies on narrow-bandwidth, high-peak-power, short-pulse-length (≈10 ns), and high-repetition-rate laser pulses to probe, precisely and efficiently, the hyperfine structure of medium-heavy and heavy isotopes, embedded in a supersonic jet. The power and repetition rate requirements of the laser system are met by combining ≈100 W, 8 ns pulse width, 10 kHz commercial Nd:YAG pump lasers with a single-mode continuous wave seeded Pulsed Dye Amplifier (PDA). The common multi-longitudinal-mode operation of these Nd:YAG pump lasers causes, however, undesirable frequency sidebands in the output spectrum of the PDA system, hindering the attainable spectral resolution, a correct interpretation, and an accurate analysis of the hyperfine spectra. In this article, a new prototype Nd:YAG laser is presented, which combined with the PDA system is capable of providing quasi-transform-limited laser pulses at 10 kHz, with only limited losses in laser power. This system reduces any spectral sideband amplitude below a proven upper limit of 0.2% with one order of magnitude extra reduction expected based on simulations. A full characterization of both the Nd:YAG and PDA laser systems is done by studying the temporal and frequency behavior in detail. This study is finalized by a performance benchmark of this combined laser system in the hyperfine spectroscopy of copper isotopes, showcasing its applicability for future IGLIS studies.
A variational Monte Carlo approach for core excitations
Authors: Garner Scott M. , Neuscamman Eric
Published: October 2020

We present a systematically improvable approach to core excitations in variational Monte Carlo. Building on recent work in excited-state-specific Monte Carlo, we show how a straightforward protocol, starting from a quantum chemistry guess, is able to capture core state’s strong orbital relaxations, maintain accuracy in the near-nuclear region during these relaxations, and explicitly balance accuracy between ground and core excited states. In water, ammonia, and methane, which serve as prototypical representatives for oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon core states, respectively, this approach predicts core excitation energies within 0.3 eV of experiment and core excitation peak separations within 0.1 eV of experiment.
Hydrogen-induced extremely large change in Curie temperatures in layered GdTSiH (T = Mn, Fe, Co)
Authors: Ovchenkova I. A. , Nikitin S. A. , Tereshina I. S. , Karpenkov A. Yu. , Ovchenkov Y. A. , Ćwik J. , Koshkid’ko Yu. S. , Drulis H.
Published: October 2020

Magnetic properties of new GdTSiH (T = Mn, Fe, Co) hydrides are reported. Hydrogen insertion in the crystal lattice of GdTSi does not change the space group of these compounds but changes the lattice parameters anisotropically: the c parameter strongly increases, while the a parameter slightly decreases. All the investigated GdTSiH compounds exhibit ferromagnetic ordering at low temperatures. Hydrogenation leads to an extremely large reduction (by hundreds of degrees) of the Curie temperature. In the case of the GdCoSi compound, hydrogen intake changes the type of magnetic ordering from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic one.
Upscaling of evolving microstructures in a porous medium
Authors: Mahato Hari Shankar
Published: October 2020

Crystal dissolution and precipitation problems often originate in the fields of material sciences, chemical engineering, soil mechanics, hydrology, and other related fields. In this paper, we consider dissolution and precipitation of immobile species (minerals) on the surface of the solid parts and diffusion and reaction of mobile species in the pore space of a porous medium. The mathematical modeling of such processes leads to a system of semilinear parabolic partial differential equations coupled with a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which involves multi-valued right-hand sides. The geometry under consideration here is evolving due to dissolution and precipitation on the interfaces. This moving interface problem is dealt with the help of a level set function. The pore (micro) scale model is upscaled to the macroscale by periodic homogenization and asymptotic expansion techniques.
Microphase separation and aggregate self-assembly in brushes of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes triggered by ion pairing
Authors: Debais Gabriel , Tagliazucchi Mario
Published: October 2020

This work applies a molecular theory to study the formation of lateral self-assembled aggregates in mixed brushes composed of polyanion and polycation chains. In order to overcome the well-known limitations of mean-field electrostatics to capture polyelectrolyte complexation, the formation of ion pairs between anionic and cationic groups in the polyelectrolytes is explicitly modeled in our theory as an association reaction. This feature is essential to capture the microphase separation of the mixed brush and the formation of lateral aggregates triggered by polyelectrolyte complexation. The effects of solution pH and ionic strength, surface coverage, and chain length on the morphology of the mixed brush are systematically explored. It is shown that increasing salt concentration leads to the rupture of polyelectrolyte complexes and the stabilization of the homogeneous, non-aggregated brush, providing that the formation of ion pairs between the polyelectrolytes and the salt ions in solution is explicitly accounted for by the theory. The inclusion of ion-pairing association reactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes within a mean-field description of electrostatics emerges from this work as a useful and simple theoretical approach to capture the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes and their responsiveness to solution ionic strength and pH.
Impact of La–OH bonds on the retention of Co/LaSiO CBRAM
Authors: Radhakrishnan J. , Belmonte A. , Nyns L. , Devulder W. , Vereecke G. , Donadio G. L. , Kumbhare P. , Delhougne R. , Houssa M. , Kar G. S. , Goux L.
Published: October 2020

Co/LaSiO conducting bridge random access memory is a promising candidate for low power storage class memories due to its high endurance and short switching pulse width. Moisture has been hypothesized to be an important parameter in determining device retention. In this study, we anneal the LaSiO layers at different temperatures and pressures in order to reduce the absorbed moisture and improve retention. We evidence by Fourier transform infrared and x-ray reflectivity that the moisture content does not change with these anneal conditions. However, we find that increasing the amount of La–OH bonds is an effective way to improve the low resistance state retention.
Surface photovoltage spectroscopy observes junctions and carrier separation in gallium nitride nanowire arrays for overall water-splitting
Authors: Doughty Rachel M. , Chowdhury Faqrul A. , Mi Zetian , Osterloh Frank E.
Published: October 2020

Gallium nitride (GaN) nanowire arrays on silicon are able to drive the overall water-splitting reaction with up to 3.3% solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. Photochemical charge separation is key to the operation of these devices, but details are difficult to observe experimentally because of the number of components and interfaces. Here, we use surface photovoltage spectroscopy to study charge transfer in i-, n-, and p-GaN nanowire arrays on n+-Si wafers in the presence and absence of Rh/Cr2O3 co-catalysts. The effect of the space charge layer and sub-bandgap defects on majority and minority carrier transport can be clearly observed, and estimates of the built-in potential of the junctions can be made. Transient illumination of the p-GaN/n+-Si junction generates up to −1.4 V surface photovoltage by carrier separation along the GaN nanowire axis. This process is central to the overall water-splitting function of the n+-Si/p-GaN/Rh/Cr2O3 nanowire array. These results improve our understanding of photochemical charge transfer and separation in group III–V semiconductor nanostructures for the conversion of solar energy into fuels.
Molecular models for creep in oriented polyethylene fibers
Authors: O’Connor Thomas C. , Robbins Mark O.
Published: October 2020

Highly oriented and crystalline polyetheylene (PE) fibers have a large failure stress under rapid tensile loading but exhibit significant creep at much smaller stresses that limits applications. A possible mechanism is slip of chains due to stress-enhanced, thermally activated nucleation of dislocations at chain ends in crystalline regions. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to parameterize a Frenkel–Kontorova model that provides analytic expressions for the limiting stress and activation energy for dislocation nucleation as a function of stress. Results from four commonly used hydrocarbon potentials are compared to show that the qualitative behavior is robust and estimate quantitative uncertainties. In all cases, the results can be described by an Eyring model with values of the zero-stress activation energy Ea0≈1.5 eV and activation volume V* ≈ 45 Å3 that are consistent with the experimental results for increasingly crystalline materials. The limiting yield stress is ∼8 GPa. These results suggest that activated dislocation nucleation at chain ends is an important mechanism for creep in highly oriented PE fibers.
The geometry of physical observables
Authors: Farnsworth S.
Published: October 2020

Jordan algebras were first introduced in an effort to restructure quantum mechanics purely in terms of physical observables. In this paper, we explain why, if one attempts to reformulate the internal structure of the standard model of particle physics geometrically, one arrives naturally at a discrete internal geometry that is coordinatized by a Jordan algebra.
Efficient equilibration of confined and free-standing films of highly entangled polymer melts
Authors: Hsu Hsiao-Ping , Kremer Kurt
Published: October 2020

Equilibration of polymer melts containing highly entangled long polymer chains in confinement or with free surfaces is a challenge for computer simulations. We approach this problem by first studying polymer melts based on the soft-sphere coarse-grained model confined between two walls with periodic boundary conditions in two directions parallel to the walls. Then, we insert the microscopic details of the underlying bead-spring model. Tuning the strength of the wall potential, the monomer density of confined polymer melts in equilibrium is kept at the bulk density even near the walls. In a weak confining regime, we observe the same conformational properties of chains as in the bulk melt showing that our confined polymer melts have reached their equilibrated state. Our methodology provides an efficient way of equilibrating large polymer films with different thicknesses and is not confined to a specific underlying microscopic model. Switching off the wall potential in the direction perpendicular to the walls enables to study free-standing highly entangled polymer films or polymer films with one supporting substrate.
Dynamic susceptibility of skyrmion clusters in Co/Pt nanodots
Authors: Tejo F. , Saavedra E. , Denardin J. C. , Escrig J.
Published: October 2020

We study the dynamic susceptibility of skyrmion clusters in Co/Pt nanodots using micromagnetic simulations. For this, we investigate the dynamic response of the skyrmions to a small magnetic field pulse applied parallel to the dot axis. Skyrmions exhibit a main resonance peak associated with the skyrmions' breathing mode, which is closely linked to the average radius of the skyrmions. Furthermore, we find that non-trivial secondary modes appear when the cluster size increases. These results can be used as a detection and characterization mechanism for skyrmion lattices in confined systems.
Reduced contact time of a droplet impacting on a moving superhydrophobic surface
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Zhu Zhibing , Zhang Chaoyang , Yang Chun
Published: October 2020

While the droplet impact dynamics on stationary superhydrophobic surfaces has been extensively studied, the dynamic behaviors of impact droplets on moving superhydrophobic surfaces have received less attention. Here, we report the droplet impact dynamics on a moving superhydrophobic surface. We show that compared to the stationary surface, the moving superhydrophobic surface breaks the symmetry in both droplet spreading and retracting. Specifically, the shear force exerted by the moving surface acting on the impact droplet enlarges the maximum spreading in the moving direction, and thus, the droplet contact time is reduced. The contact time of impact droplets was examined thoroughly under the effects of the droplet impact (normal) and the wall moving (tangential) Weber numbers. We provide a scaling analysis to explain how the contact time depends on the normal and tangential Weber numbers. Our experimental investigation and theoretical analysis provide insight into the droplet impact dynamics on moving superhydrophobic surfaces.
Dependence on sensitivity patterns of bias fields for vector measurements using optically pumped vapor magnetometers
Authors: Lou Janet W. , Cranch Geoffrey A.
Published: October 2020

The optical light shift effect is an all-optical technique to create magnetic bias fields to determine the vector components of the magnetic field using a scalar optically pumped magnetometer. We show that the measurement of the induced bias fields is affected by the response pattern of the scalar magnetometer. The sensitivity of the magnetometer affects the minimum total field resolution as well as the angular resolution of the vector measurement. Three configurations of multiple-laser, optically pumped cesium vapor vector magnetometers are characterized for their spatial sensitivity patterns. Each configuration has a unique response level as a function of the relative magnetic field orientation. Thus, the formulations used for angular determination are dependent on the magnetometer configuration, and the angular resolution of the vector measurement is dependent on the relative angle between the magnetic field and the optical probe beam. The spatial dependence of the light shift signals is measured, and the equations describing their responses are presented for each configuration. Equations for determining the field angles from the bias field responses are derived.
Quadruple perovskite oxide LaCu3Co2Re2O12: A ferrimagnetic half metal with nearly 100% B-site degree of order
Authors: Liu Zhehong , Sun Qian , Ye Xubin , Wang Xiao , Zhou Long , Shen Xudong , Chen Kai , Nataf Lucie , Baudelet Francois , Agrestini Stefano , Chen Chien-Te , Lin Hong-Ji , Vasili Hari Babu , Valvidares Manuel , Hu Zhiwei , Yang Yi-feng , Long Youwen
Published: October 2020

An A- and B-site ordered quadruple perovskite oxide LaCu3Co2Re2O12 was synthesized at 9 GPa and 1323 K. The compound possesses a Pn-3 space group, where both A and B sites are orderly occupied by different cations with a nearly 100% degree of order. Bond valence sum calculations and x-ray absorption spectroscopy confirm the charge distribution to be LaCu2+3Co2+2Re5.5+2O12. A ferrimagnetic phase transition is found to occur around 150 K due to the Cu2+(↑)-Co2+(↑)-Re5.5+(↓) spin coupling found by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism at Cu-, Co-, and Re-L2,3 edges. The magnetoresistance effects as well as the first-principle calculations indicate the half-metallic nature for LaCu3Co2Re2O12 with a wider energy gap at the up-spin channel and a conducting band at the down-spin channel.
Wave dominant transport in gas drainage flow from a narrow conduit
Authors: Shen Di , Chen Kang Ping
Published: October 2020

Drainage of a viscous gas from a semi-sealed narrow capillary to a large container is a pore-scale problem of fundamental interest to macroscopic level modeling of gas production from subsurface porous rocks. When the container is infinitely wide, the low Mach number, low Reynolds number flow gives rise to a diffusive drainage rate fundamentally different from the classical creeping flow theory. The current work considers a finite size container, and the study shows that the drainage process is now dominated by acoustic wave transmission at the capillary–container junction. The drainage rate is found to be controlled by the decay of the wave caused by such wave transmission in the acoustic time scale and modulated by slow wave damping over the diffusive long-time scale. A formula based on the simulation results for the drainage rate in terms of the reflection coefficient at the capillary–container junction, the wave period, and the self-diffusion coefficient is provided. Wave transmission (convective) and damping (diffusive) work concurrently, and these two effects cannot be separated as a linear superposition for the drainage rate.
Effect of calcination temperature on structural and terahertz characterization of M-type barium ferrite
Authors: Arya Meenakshi , Gandhi Mayuri N. , Prabhu S. S. , Achanta Venu Gopal , Duttagupta Siddhartha P.
Published: October 2020

We present detailed studies on M-type barium ferrite (BaFe12O19, BaM) synthesized by the sol–gel combustion method that is calcined at 1000 °C, 1100 °C, and 1200 °C. In addition to the structural properties, we present the THz optical dielectric constant and conductivity response of this system as a function of calcination temperature. From x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, a single-phase of the hexagonal structure is established, and the crystallite size (Dhkl) was calculated to be in the range of 26 nm–28.54 nm. The XRD patterns were analyzed to evaluate lattice parameters (a, c, V) and x-ray density (ρx). Home built terahertz time-domain spectroscopy was performed to investigate the complex refractive index (n̂s) of the samples at room temperature in a frequency range of 0.2 THz–1.2 THz. The complex dielectric constant (ε̂s) and conductivity (σ̂s) as a function of calcination temperature were deduced using THz spectroscopy data. The complex dielectric constant and conductivity of BaM were determined for the calcination temperatures of 1000 °C, 1100 °C, and 1200 °C.
Disentangling nanoscale electric and magnetic fields by time-reversal operation in differential phase-contrast STEM
Authors: Campanini M. , Nasi L. , Albertini F. , Erni R.
Published: October 2020

Differential phase-contrast (DPC) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has recently attracted significant interest for allowing mapping of electrostatic and magnetic fields at a high spatial resolution. Nevertheless, due to its simultaneous sensitivity to both electrostatic and magnetic fields, the interpretation of DPC measurements on magnetic specimens is not straightforward. In this work, we demonstrate that the two contributions to the Lorentz force can be separated by means of the time-reversal operation of the electron beam. In practice, such a condition is easily achieved by repeating the DPC-STEM measurement after flipping the specimen by 180°. The separation of the two contributions allows discriminating the effects of the electrostatic potential, like, e.g., the thickness variation in a specimen with a uniform composition, from the actual magnetic signal. This methodology is particularly relevant for the study of the magnetic nanostructure by DPC-STEM or, more generally, by 4D-STEM.
Flow induced stress on vulnerable stenosis in tandem stenosed vessels
Authors: Choi Woorak , Park Jun Hong , Lee Sang Joon
Published: October 2020

The diagnosis of sudden cardiac death has progressed with understanding of the rupture of vulnerable stenosis. Fluid dynamic analyses focused on flow-induced deformation and resultant stress on a vulnerable stenosis due to the rupture occurring when stress exceeds its intrinsic strength. The vulnerable stenosis is often observed with another stenosis in a tandem arrangement in the same blood vessel. However, the effect of tandem arrangement on the stress acting on the vulnerable stenosis has not been studied. In this study, flow characteristics and resultant stress on the vulnerable stenosis in tandem arranged models were experimentally investigated under pulsatile flow conditions. Results show that the phase-averaged stress is suppressed when the vulnerable stenosis is serially arranged behind another stenosis compared with that for a single vulnerable stenosis. In particular, the stress is relatively small when the distance between the two stenoses is shorter than the recirculating length of the proximal stenosis. Vortices generated from the proximal stenosis vibrate the vulnerable stenosis with a higher frequency than the pulsating frequency of the flow, thus creating the fluctuating component of the stress. The stress fluctuation for tandem stenoses is higher than that for a single stenosis, although the magnitude of stress fluctuations is smaller than 10% of the phase-averaged stress. Kinetic energy (KE) of the phase-averaged flow in front of the vulnerable stenosis and KE fluctuations are strongly influenced by the tandem arrangement. These parameters are good indicators for assessing the phase-averaged and fluctuating component of the stress exerted on the vulnerable stenosis.
The Physics of Radiation Dosimetry
Authors: Meli Jerome A.
Published: October 2020

The Physics of Radiation Dosimetry presents the fundamentals of radiation dosimetry through a logical sequencing of topics. This comprehensive treatment lays out basic concepts for the novice, then uses that foundation to introduce topics that all students will need to know—such as charged particle/matter interactions and photon/matter interactions.

This book offers:A solid, physics-based explanation of the topics presentedChapters containing sets of problems for studentsEasy to follow introductory radiation physicsIn-depth discussions and derivations

The Physics of Radiation Dosimetry is ideal for graduate level students in medical physics and is an invaluable resource for medical physics residents and practitioners.
Widespread fire years in the US–Mexico Sky Islands are contingent on both winter and monsoon precipitation
Authors: Arizpe Alexis H. , Falk Donald A. , Woodhouse Connie A. , Swetnam Thomas W.
Published: October 2020

The climate of the south-western United States and northern Mexico borderlands is marked by a bimodal precipitation regime with the majority of moisture arriving during the cool season via Pacific frontal storm systems, and intense convective storms during the North American Monsoon (NAM). The fire season occurs primarily during the arid foresummer in May and June, before the development of the NAM. Most tree-ring studies of fire climatology in the region have evaluated only the role of winter precipitation. We used tree-ring-width-based reconstructions of both winter and monsoon precipitation, coupled with fire scar reconstructions of fire history from mountain ranges in the US and Mexico, to quantify the historical role and interactions of both seasons of precipitation in modulating widespread fire years. Winter precipitation was the primary driver of widespread fire years in the region, but years with drought in both seasons had the highest fire frequency and most widespread fires. These relationships define a unique monsoon fire regime, in which the timing and amount of monsoon precipitation are important factors in limiting the length of fire season and regulating widespread fire years.
The “technological turn” in translation studies
Authors: Jiménez-Crespo Miguel A.
Published: October 2020

For over two decades, Translation Studies (TS) scholars have argued that the discipline is going through a ‘technological turn’. This paper critically questions whether TS has already completed this “paradigmatic” or “disciplinary turn,” “a clearly visible and striking” change of direction that can “perhaps even [amount] to a redefinition of the subject concerned” (Snell-Hornby 2010, 366). After a revision of the notion of ‘turn’ in TS, it will be argued that the ‘technological’ one has been completed and it can, in fact, be assessed “after it is already complete” (ibid). It will be shown how the emergence and consolidation of this turn were “driven not by theoretical developments in cognate areas of inquiry,” but are an “emergent property from new forms of translation practice” (Cronin 2010, 1). As a consequence, it has permeated TS across its different subdisciplines, both in their theoretical apparatus and/or in their research methodologies. In this examination, the picture that emerges is that translation, across TS, has in fact been redefined in one way or another as an instance of “human-computer interaction,” even in contexts such as literary translation.
Rendering what the nose perceives
Authors: Jędrzejowski Łukasz , Staniewski Przemysław
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, we briefly overview the typological and diachronic research on olfactory expressions and point out possible further research questions. Essentially, we illustrate how linguistic olfactory terms interact with different areas of grammar, e.g. with morphology, and delineate some striking cross-linguistic patterns calling for a deeper unification of language-internal and language-external factors.
The domain of olfaction in Basque
Authors: Ibarretxe-Antuñano Iraide
Published: October 2020

This chapter analyzes the domain of olfaction in Basque. Stemming from Ibarretxe-Antuñano’s (1999, 2013) previous work on smell verbs, it explores the role of other olfaction constructions in the encoding of physical and figurative meanings in data drawn from dictionaries and corpora. Results show that smell constructions encode two types of physical perceptual meaning and then develop their figurative meanings accordingly. Copulative perception is related to characteristics and feelings; active / experience perception to information, cognition, and search. Negative connotations usually associated to this sense (i.e. ‘to suspect’) do not necessarily hold in Basque. With respect to usage, few of these smell words are frequently used in present-day Basque, and some of them have undergone specialization and narrowing processes.
On olfactory terminology in Georgian and other Kartvelian languages
Authors: Kobaidze Manana , Tchantouria Revaz , Vamling Karina
Published: October 2020

The present chapter is a study of the system of olfactory expressions in Georgian, Megrelian, and other Kartvelian languages, including questions of etymology and semantic extensions. Olfactory expressions in the Kartvelian languages are explored with Viberg (1984) as a point of departure, making a division into activity, experience and copulative (source-based) expressions. The study largely relies on data from text corpora of Standard Georgian as well as Georgian dialects. The Kartvelian languages are shown to exhibit specific olfactory terminology, but show numerous examples of expressions being used in several perception modalities.
Olfactory, gustatory and tactile perception in Beja (North-Cushitic)
Authors: Vanhove Martine , Hamid Ahmed Mohamed-Tahir
Published: October 2020

This chapter studies the perception words associated with the so-called “lower senses” (olfaction, gustatory and tactile perceptions) in Beja, a Cushitic language spoken mainly in Sudan, from three different perspectives. The first one concerns the organization of the related lexicon from the point of view of word categories, and their semantic aspects along a positive / negative and more intense / less intense continuum. Numerically, it shows a prevalence of the verb category over nouns and adjectives, and a more varied lexicon for smell, than for taste and touch. The second one provides a study of the syntactic constructions of perception words. It shows a prevalence of source-oriented constructions except in the tactile domain. The third one deals with the metaphorical extensions of the perception words for each sensory modality. The last section discusses the Beja findings in a broader comparative and typological perspective.
How to smell without a verb “to smell” in Fon
Authors: Lambert-Brétière Renée
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents an overview of the constructions used in Fon, a Kwa language spoken in Benin, to express olfaction. There is no verb meaning expressly ‘to smell’ in this language, and the lexicon dedicated to this sensory modality is rather poor, even if a few ideophones are found to specifically qualify olfactory perceptions. It is then worth exploring the ways in which Fon speakers talk about odors and smell. A first strategy found in phenomenon-based constructions is to use a variety of support verbs conceptualizing the emission of the odor. The choice of verb varies according to the quality of the odor (e.g. positive / negative). A second strategy found in experiencer-based constructions is to use a neutral perception verb that is also found with other sensory modes like hearing, and by extension, knowing. Moreover, two serial verb constructions, one phenomenon-oriented and one activity-oriented, are employed to talk about smell. Another particularity of olfactory expressions in Fon is that they are used to convey abstract emotions. I show that odors are conceived as a reflection of their carrier’s identity. The acceptance, rejection, or concealment of odors reveal love, hate, or shame, respectively. Overall, this chapter shows that even if the linguistic domain of smell is not expanded, the Fon language has developed strategies to circumvent the gap.
How to talk about smell in Japanese
Authors: Backhouse Anthony E.
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents a corpus-informed description of olfactory language in Japanese, centering on everyday speech. Core smell vocabulary takes in the verbs kagu and niou, the nouns nioi and kaori, and the adjective kusai, and exhibits the clear presence of evaluation. Additional basic resources comprise major syntactic and collocational patterns, with smell nouns sharing combinatorial behavior with other perceptual nouns, as well as morphological patterns for complex adjectives in -kusai and sensory smell vocabulary involving mimetic adverbs with iconic encoding of temporal contour and intensity. Some smell terms describe intra-mouth perception as a component of taste in addition to regular olfaction. A review of smell vocabulary used in more formal registers again shows evaluation as a prominent feature.
An overview of olfactory expressions in Formosan languages
Authors: Lee Amy Pei-jung
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents an overview of smell lexicon and olfactory expressions in Formosan languages (i.e., the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan) and their typological significance. The linguistic structure of olfaction in these languages is divided into abstract smell terms and source-oriented construction. Abstract smell terms include both generic and specific smell terms. Source-oriented construction in these languages is represented by the morphological schema [PREFIX-/PROCLITIC=(REDUPLICATION) X]. The factors [± human], [± polite], and [± visible] play a role in the choice of smell terms and olfactory constructions, which pragmatically pertain to euphemistic usage and verbal abuse. Olfactory expressions are categorized cognitively in relation to pragmatic functions and metaphorical mappings.
Olfactory words in northern Vanuatu
Authors: François Alexandre
Published: October 2020

This corpus-based study examines the lexical domain of olfaction in the Oceanic languages of northern Vanuatu. While a tropical ecology is sometimes believed to favor elaborate encoding patterns for smells, this does not appear to be the case in Vanuatu. Most languages there show a rather limited array of lexemes, whether to refer to smelling events (active, passive, experiencer-based) or to the odors themselves. That said, sources based on speakers’ competence (langue) rather than performance (parole) suggest that languages may in fact possess a latent elaborate olfactory lexicon, even if it surfaces rarely in ordinary speech. The low discourse frequency of specific terms may be explained by cultural factors, as smells appear to play a reduced functional role in traditional social practices of Vanuatu. Finally, my corpus of conversation and oral literature shows that when olfaction is mentioned, it is mostly associated, first, with the islands’ natural environment; and second, with the existential contrast between death and life.
To what extent can source-based olfactory verbs be classified as copulas?
Authors: Staniewski Przemysław , Gołębiowski Adam
Published: October 2020

In recent decades, there has been growing interest in the semantics and syntax of perception verbs in various languages. This has led to establishing a widely accepted classification in activity, experiencer- and source-based verbs – also labelled copulative. This chapter deals with the latter category in the olfactory domain in German and Polish. It provides a general theoretical discussion of the copulas, the perception verbs and their interfaces. Further, it focuses on the main four construction types in which the source-based olfactory verbs can occur in order to determine, based on their contextual embedding, if they qualify as copulas. Ultimately, the influence of regarding the source-based verbs as (non-)copulas for the description of the olfactory perception is pointed out.
Typology of metaphors with the olfactory target domain in the Polish perfumery discourse
Authors: Zawisławska Magdalena , Falkowska Marta
Published: October 2020

The relative scarcity of lexical olfactory field in Polish makes it difficult to describe the complex and subjective sensation of smell. Unsurprisingly, the Polish perfumery discourse is permeated with various types of metaphors. This chapter proposes a typology of metaphors on the basis of excerpts from the Synamet–Polish corpus of synesthetic metaphors. The annotation of a metaphorical unit in Synamet is based on Cognitive Metaphor Theory (CMT) and Fillmorean Frame Semantics. We distinguish several atypical metaphors: (i) mixed metaphors, i.e. metaphors involving several source frames; (ii) “entangled” metaphors, where syntactic dependencies in a metaphorical phrase conflict with the semantic relations between the elements; and (iii) narrative metaphors that exceed the boundaries of one sentence.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalizations and Readmissions for Opioid Dependence and Overdose: Nationally Representative Data
Authors: Grzebinski Sarah , Stein Laura , Dhamoon Mandip S.
Published: October 2020

Background

Despite the increasing rates of morbidity, mortality, and costs from the opioid addiction crisis, there is a paucity of literature on nationwide patterns of opioid abuse and dependence admissions and readmissions. We sought to investigate common comorbidities, readmission rates, and variables associated with readmission following index admission for opioid overdose or dependence.

Methods

The 2013 Nationwide Readmission Database is a national database including data on more than 14 million US admissions. We used International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify index opioid abuse or dependence admissions, readmissions, and medical co-morbidities. We summarized all-cause readmission rates and reasons for readmission following index opioid dependence or overdose admission. We performed multivariable logistic regression, testing the association between characteristics of index admission and readmission.

Results

64,426 individuals were admitted for drug overdose or dependence during 2013. Of those, 30.1% were readmitted for all causes within one year and 8.7% were readmitted for opioid overdose or dependence within that year. The most common primary diagnoses on the readmission record were infection, kidney failure, drug related admission, and psychiatric admission. Predictors of readmission were smoking, male sex, younger age, alcohol, bipolar disorder, non-opioid drug use, admission to teaching hospitals in metropolitan areas, and discharge against medical advice.

Conclusion

There is a high all-cause readmission rate following index admission for opioid overdose or dependence and a greater likelihood of readmission among young males with psychiatric comorbidities in metropolitan areas. Targeted interventions to address psychiatric comorbidities and transitions of care may be needed for the high-risk opioid dependence and overdose population.
X0(2900) and X1(2900): Hadronic Molecules or Compact Tetraquarks
Authors: Chen Hua-Xing , Chen Wei , Dong Rui-Rui , Su Niu
Published: October 2020

Very recently the LHCb collaboration reported their observation of the first two fully open-flavor tetraquark states, the X
0(2900) of JP
= 0+ and the X
1(2900) of JP
= 1−. We study their possible interpretations using the method of QCD sum rules, paying special attention to an interesting feature of this experiment that the higher resonance X
1(2900) has a width significantly larger than the lower one X
0(2900). Our results suggest that the X
0(2900) can be interpreted as the s-wave D
*–
K
*+ molecule state of JP
= 0+, and the X
1(2900) can be interpreted as the p-wave

c
¯

s
¯

u
d

compact tetraquark state of JP
= 1−. Mass predictions of their bottom partners are also given.
A Ubiquitous Thermal Conductivity Formula for Liquids, Polymer Glass, and Amorphous Solids*
Authors: Xi Qing , Zhong Jinxin , He Jixiong , Xu Xiangfan , Nakayama Tsuneyoshi , Wang Yuanyuan , Liu Jun , Zhou Jun , Li Baowen
Published: October 2020

The microscopic mechanism of thermal transport in liquids and amorphous solids has been an outstanding problem for a long time. There have been several approaches to explain the thermal conductivities in these systems, for example, Bridgman’s formula for simple liquids, the concept of the minimum thermal conductivity for amorphous solids, and the thermal resistance network model for amorphous polymers. Here, we present a ubiquitous formula to calculate the thermal conductivities of liquids and amorphous solids in a unified way, and compare it with previous ones. The calculated thermal conductivities using this formula without fitting parameters are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Our formula not only provides a detailed microscopic mechanism of heat transfer in these systems, but also resolves the discrepancies between existing formulae and experimental data.
Quantifying Auger recombination coefficients in type-I mid-infrared InGaAsSb quantum well lasers
Authors: Eales Timothy D , Marko Igor P , Adams Alfred R , Meyer Jerry R , Vurgaftman Igor , Sweeney Stephen J
Published: October 2020

From a systematic study of the threshold current density as a function of temperature and hydrostatic pressure, in conjunction with theoretical analysis of the gain and threshold carrier density, we have determined the wavelength dependence of the Auger recombination coefficients in InGaAsSb/GaSb quantum well lasers emitting in the 1.7–3.2 µm wavelength range. From hydrostatic pressure measurements, the non-radiative component of threshold currents for individual lasers was determined continuously as a function of wavelength. The results are analysed to determine the Auger coefficients quantitatively. This procedure involves calculating the threshold carrier density based on device properties, optical losses, and estimated Auger contribution to the total threshold current density. We observe a minimum in the Auger rate around 2.1 µm. A strong increase with decreasing mid-infrared wavelength (<2 µm) indicates the prominent role of intervalence Auger transitions to the split-off hole band (CHSH process). Above 2 µm, the increase with wavelength is approximately exponential due to CHCC or CHLH Auger recombination, limiting long wavelength operation. The observed dependence is consistent with that derived by analysing literature values of lasing thresholds for type-I InGaAsSb quantum well diodes. Over the wavelength range considered, the Auger coefficient varies from a minimum of

≲

1 × 10−16cm 4 s−1 at 2.1 µm to ∼8 × 10−16cm4 s−1 at 3.2 µm.
Role of heterogeneous inactive component distribution induced by drying process on the mechanical integrity of composite electrode during electrochemical operation
Authors: Zhu Zuoquan , He Yaolong , Hu Hongjiu
Published: October 2020

The drying rate would significantly affect the quality of the composite electrode after solidification. In order to clarify the underlying effect mechanism of ingredient heterogeneity in the electrode caused by the drying process on the mechanical integrity of lithium secondary batteries in service, an integrated analysis approach is developed to determine the mechanical properties and lithium diffusion-induced stress of the composite electrode with gradient distributed binder and conductive agent. A faster solidification is found to broaden the inhomogeneous extent of inactive components in the electrode coating across its thickness, markedly. As a result, it will not only enlarge the tensile stress in the brittle electrode upon electrochemical operation due to the increased effective modulus of composite near the surface, but will also impair the interfacial strength between the active layer and current collector. Moreover, a two-stage drying protocol (initially fast, followed by slow evaporation of solvent) is found to be greatly beneficial to boosting the resistance to cohesion failure and surface damage of the composite electrode, and the optimized processing parameters are proposed to obtain a robust production with high efficiency.
Experimentally determined and Monte Carlo–calculated energy dependence of NaCl pellets read by optically stimulated luminescence for photon beams in the energy range 30 keV to 1.25 MeV
Authors: Waldner Lovisa , Rääf Christopher , Hinrichsen Yvonne , Herrnsdorf Lars , Bernhardsson Christian
Published: October 2020

Ordinary salt, NaCl, has many properties suitable for dosimetry and has been suggested for both retrospective and prospective optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry. Lately, the focus has been on NaCl that is compressed into solid pellets, as this improves both its handling and dosimetric properties. In this project, the energy dependence of NaCl pellets produced in-house was investigated for photon energies between 30 and 1.25 MeV. The NaCl pellets were first exposed to free-in-air conditions, and the estimated absorbed dose to the NaCl pellets was compared to the air kerma, K
air, at the point of exposure. Second, a backscatter medium of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was added, and NaCl pellets were exposed when positioned on a ISO slab phantom to relate the response in the NaCl to the personal dose equivalent, H
p(10). The results show a significant energy dependence for exposure to low-energy photons with a peak over-response compared to K
air and H
p(10) of up to 18. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations show good agreement, even though the simulations cannot account for properties related to the intrinsic luminescence effects of the NaCl pellets or the readout and calibration process. The finite thickness of the NaCl pellet makes it an imperfect Bragg-Grey cavity, which complicates the behaviour of the energy dependence. The results presented here may serve as an important basis for further experimental and theoretical modelling of a build-up layer and filters in efforts to develop a passive personal dosemeter based on NaCl.
T-history method: the importance of the cooling chamber to evaluate the thermal properties of Glauber’s salt-based phase change materials
Authors: De Paola Maria Gabriela , Lopresto Catia Giovanna , Arcuri Natale , Calabrò Vincenza
Published: October 2020

Phase change materials (PCMs) are very interesting latent heat storage systems used for various thermal energy storage applications, such as in energy-conserving buildings. Both organic compounds (such as paraffins) and inorganic compounds (such as hydrated salts) were tested in this field. Since they are often heterogeneous materials because of additives, the study of their thermal properties is now addressed from the conventional calorimetry to new methods based on more significant samples to better describe the heterogeneous structure, such as the T-history method. It requires a simple and inexpensive unit, but this equipment is not commercially available and must be set up in a laboratory. Consequently, this method does not have a standard configuration and it is continuously improving. One of the critical units of the T-history-based equipment is the cooling chamber and its operating conditions, whose choice influences the results. In this work, three different cooling chambers were used in the analysis of the thermal properties of hexadecane and Glauber’s salt-based PCMs in order to verify the reliability and reproducibility of each system.