bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global value chain linkages and domestic value-added content: Empirical evidence
Authors: Jangam Bhushan Praveen , Rath Badri Narayan
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the relationship between global value chains (GVCs) and domestic value-added content (DVA) in a panel of 58 countries for the period 2005–2015.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the authors quantify the refined measures of GVC linkages by using the Borin and Mancini (2019) decomposition technique. Second, the authors apply the feasible generalised least squares method to test the relationship between GVCs and DVA empirically.

Findings

First, the authors find that GVC links are crucial to the enhancement of DVA. Second, a study at the sectoral level reveals that GVC links in the primary sector raise DVA whilst reducing DVA in the services sector. Third, the authors find that only upstream activities enhance value-added content. Fourth, the authors note the augmenting role played by national policies in mediating the gains associated with GVCs. Finally, the authors note that the outcomes associated with GVCs are consistent when the sample of countries is divided into groups based on income.

Practical implications

The results lead us to urge policymakers to promote greater integration of business activities into GVCs to reap their benefits.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the research on the impact of GVCs on DVA by emphasising the significance of the types of GVC activities and policies that improve DVA.
Microbial community transcriptional patterns vary in response to mesoscale forcing in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Harke Matthew J. , Frischkorn Kyle R. , Hennon Gwenn M. M. , Haley Sheean T. , Barone Benedetto , Karl David M. , Dyhrman Sonya T.
Published: July 2021

The physical and biological dynamics that influence phytoplankton communities in the oligotrophic ocean are complex, changing across broad temporal and spatial scales. Eukaryotic phytoplankton (e.g., diatoms), despite their relatively low abundance in oligotrophic waters, are responsible for a large component of the organic matter flux to the ocean interior. Mesoscale eddies can impact both microbial community structure and function, enhancing primary production and carbon export, but the mechanisms that underpin these dynamics are still poorly understood. Here, mesoscale eddy influences on the taxonomic diversity and expressed functional profiles of surface communities of microeukaryotes and particle‐associated heterotrophic bacteria from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre were assessed over 2 years (spring 2016 and summer 2017). The taxonomic diversity of the microeukaryotes significantly differed by eddy polarity (cyclonic versus anticyclonic) and between sampling seasons/years and was significantly correlated with the taxonomic diversity of particle‐associated heterotrophic bacteria. The expressed functional profile of these taxonomically distinct microeukaryotes varied consistently as a function of eddy polarity, with cyclones having a different expression pattern than anticyclones, and between sampling seasons/years. These data suggest that mesoscale forcing, and associated changes in biogeochemistry, could drive specific physiological responses in the resident microeukaryote community, independent of species composition.
Household environmental microbiota influences early‐life eczema development
Authors: Ta Le Duc Huy , Tay Carina Jing Xuan , Lay Christophe , de Sessions Paola Florez , Tan Cheryl Pei Ting , Tay Michelle Jia Yu , Lau Hui Xing , Zulkifli Atiqa Binte , Yap Gaik Chin , Tham Elizabeth Huiwen , Ho Eliza Xin Pei , Goh Anne Eng Neo , Godfrey Keith M , Eriksson Johan G , Knol Jan , Gluckman Peter D , Chong Yap Seng , Chan Jerry Kok Yen , Tan Kok Hian , Chong Kok Wee , Goh Si Hui , Cheng Zai Ru , Lee Bee Wah , Shek Lynette Pei‐chi , Loo Evelyn Xiu Ling
Published: July 2021

Exposure to a diverse microbial environment during pregnancy and early postnatal period is important in determining predisposition towards allergy. However, the effect of environmental microbiota exposure during preconception, pregnancy and postnatal life on development of allergy in the child has not been investigated so far. In the S‐PRESTO (Singapore PREconception Study of long Term maternal and child Outcomes) cohort, we collected house dust during all three critical window periods and analysed microbial composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At 6 and 18 months, the child was assessed for eczema by clinicians. In the eczema group, household environmental microbiota was characterized by presence of human‐associated bacteria Actinomyces, Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Micrococcus, Prevotella and Propionibacterium at all time points, suggesting their possible contributions to regulating host immunity and increasing the susceptibility to eczema. In the home environment of the control group, putative protective effect of an environmental microbe Planomicrobium (Planococcaceae family) was observed to be significantly higher than that in the eczema group. Network correlation analysis demonstrated inverse relationships between beneficial Planomicrobium and human‐associated bacteria (Actinomyces, Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Micrococcus, Prevotella and Propionibacterium). Exposure to natural environmental microbiota may be beneficial to modulate shed human‐associated microbiota in an indoor environment.
Depressive symptoms and perception of risk during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic: A web‐based cross‐country comparative survey
Authors: Terraneo Marco , Lombi Linda , Bradby Hannah
Published: July 2021

Evidence is accumulating of the negative impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and related public health measures on mental health. In this emergent field, there has been little research into the role of risk perception on depressive symptoms and the contribution of health‐care resources to model risk perception and mental health. The aim of this paper is to describe the relationship between individual‐level perception of risk and depression, controlling for a set of confounders and for country‐level heterogeneity. A cross‐sectional and observational online survey was conducted using a non‐probability snowball sampling technique. We use data on 11,340 respondents, living in six European countries (Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom, France, Poland, Czech Republic) who completed survey questionnaires during the first months of the pandemic. We used a fixed‐effect approach, which included individual and macro‐level variables. The findings suggest that a high proportion of people suffering from depression and heightened risk perception is positively associated with reporting depressive symptoms, even if this relationship varies significantly between countries. Moreover, the association is moderated by contextual factors including health‐care expenditure as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product, hospital beds for acute care, and number of medical specialists per head of population. Investment in health care offers a concrete means of protecting the mental health of a population living under pandemic restrictions.
Shotgun slug wads as a marker of range of fire: A case report and novel firearm testing data
Authors: Multan Michael , Moore Shannon , Forest‐Allard Éloïse , Orde Matthew M.
Published: July 2021

Assessment of wound characteristics and the identification of various constituents of firearm discharge at autopsy play a key role in the determination of range of fire. In relation to wounds caused by shotguns, identification of the wad within the wound track, or of injury caused by the wad, is typically thought to suggest a fairly close range of fire. We present a case of a fatality due to a shotgun slug wound where the presence of the wad within the decedent's body was proposed by defense at criminal trial to favor accidental close range discharge during a struggle for the weapon—as opposed to the prosecution's contention of intentional firing of the weapon from a greater range and through an intermediate target. We undertook test firing of a shotgun of similar design to that which was fired during the interaction (a 12‐gauge pump‐action shotgun) using shotshells consistent with the slug that was recovered from the body (Winchester Super X brand), which demonstrated that the non‐attached fiber wad present in this shotshell design can accompany the slug over distances of at least up to 22 feet (6.7 m) and even after transit through intermediate targets such as a vehicle headrest. These novel data provide assistance with estimation of range of fire in instances of injuries caused by shotgun slugs.
Development of a direct competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of sodium saccharin residue in food
Authors: Zhao Yajie , Wang Mian , Zhang Man , Yang Xiaolin , Li ZhenFeng , Vasylieva Natalia , Tan Guiyu , Wang Baomin , Hammock Bruce D.
Published: July 2021

Sodium saccharin is a common artificial sweetener. However, due to its possible carcinogenic effects and causing metabolic disorders, many countries have strictly regulated its use in food. In the study, we prepared a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb 2H11) using the new hapten (6‐carboxylsaccharin) and developed a direct competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA) for the screening of sodium saccharin residue in food. The half‐maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) and working range (IC20–IC80, the concentrations causing 20% and 80% inhibition by sodium saccharin) were 32.5 and 6.47 to 164 ng/mL, which was 6.5 times more sensitive than the previously reported immunoassay. The average recoveries of sodium saccharin in spiked food samples detected by dcELISA ranged from 82.1% to 117%. Among 70 food samples bought in the physical stores and online, sodium saccharin residues were only detected in four samples purchased online (one canned pineapple, two winter jujube, and one kimchi). The content measured by dcELISA agreed well with those determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). The developed dcELISA was proved to be a sensitive and accurate method for determining sodium saccharin in food.

Practical Application

Quantitation of sodium saccharin residue in food is very necessary and important for consumers and regulatory agencies.
Inter‐Model Comparison of Delft3D‐FM and 2D HEC‐RAS for Total Water Level Prediction in Coastal to Inland Transition Zones
Authors: Muñoz David F. , Yin Dongxiao , Bakhtyar Roham , Moftakhari Hamed , Xue Zuo , Mandli Kyle , Ferreira Celso
Published: July 2021

Hydrodynamic models play a key role in simulating total water level (TWL), that is, a combination of river flow, tide, surge, wind and wave‐induced water level, and representing flood inundation dynamics in coastal areas. An appropriate selection of two‐dimensional (2D) models that integrate riverine and estuarine interactions with ocean dynamics is crucial to generate accurate TWL predictions and assist stakeholders and federal agencies in decision making and flood emergency responses. In this study, we compare the performance of two widely used hydrodynamic models (e.g., 2D HEC‐RAS and Delft3D‐Flexible Mesh [FM]) with respect to their ability of predicting TWL in Delaware Bay, United States. Based on a previously established model configuration, we simulate Hurricane Sandy and Isabel that affected the Bay and led to considerable damages and economic losses. We then evaluate model capabilities with tidal analysis, compare observed vs. simulated TWL and analyze spatiotemporal variations of TWL through scenario‐based simulations. Our results suggest that atmospheric forcing input in Delft3D‐FM significantly improves TWL predictions as compared to those of 2D HEC‐RAS. Furthermore, model simulations with Delft3D‐FM can be faster than 2D HEC‐RAS by a factor of 6–10. Despite these advantages, 2D HEC‐RAS (version 5.07) is a noncommercial software easier to implement and can be a simpler alternative for modeling extreme events when atmospheric forcing is not relevant in the model domain.
Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal with the Advanced Organ Support system in critically ill COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Allescher Julia , Rasch Sebastian , Wiessner Johannes R. , Perez Ruiz de Garibay Aritz , Huberle Christina , Hesse Felix , Schulz Dominik , Schmid Roland M. , Huber Wolfgang , Lahmer Tobias
Published: July 2021

Disturbed oxygenation is foremost the leading clinical presentation in COVID‐19 patients. However, a small proportion also develop carbon dioxide removal problems. The Advanced Organ Support (ADVOS) therapy (ADVITOS GmbH, Munich, Germany) uses a less invasive approach by combining extracorporeal CO2‐removal and multiple organ support for the liver and the kidneys in a single hemodialysis device. The aim of our study is to evaluate the ADVOS system as treatment option in‐COVID‐19 patients with multi‐organ failure and carbon dioxide removal problems. COVID‐19 patients suffering from severe respiratory insufficiency, receiving at least two treatments with the ADVOS multi system (ADVITOS GmbH, Munich, Germany), were eligible for study inclusion. Briefly, these included patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) according to KDIGO guidelines, and moderate or severe ARDS according to the Berlin definition, who were on invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 72 hours. In total, nine COVID‐19 patients (137 ADVOS treatment sessions with a median of 10 treatments per patient) with moderate to severe ARDS and carbon dioxide removal problems were analyzed. During the ADVOS treatments, a rapid correction of acid‐base balance and a continuous CO2 removal could be observed. We observed a median continuous CO2 removal of 49.2 mL/min (IQR: 26.9‐72.3 mL/min) with some treatments achieving up to 160 mL/min. The CO2 removal significantly correlated with blood flow (Pearson 0.421; P < .001), PaCO2 (0.341, P < .001) and levels (0.568, P < .001) at the start of the treatment. The continuous treatment led to a significant reduction in PaCO2 from baseline to the last ADVOS treatment. In conclusion, it was feasible to remove CO2 using the ADVOS system in our cohort of COVID‐19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. This efficient removal of CO2 was achieved at blood flows up to 300 mL/min using a conventional hemodialysis catheter and without a membrane lung or a gas phase.
Age‐ and sex‐specific prevalence of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants ≤60 days, in Sweden
Authors: Orfanos Ioannis , Alfvén Tobias , Mossberg Maria , Tenland Mattias , Sotoca Fernandez Jorge , Eklund Erik A. , Elfving Kristina
Published: July 2021

Aim

The aim of the study was to describe age‐ and sex‐specific prevalence of serious bacterial infections (SBI: urinary tract infection, bacteraemia, meningitis) among febrile infants ≤60 days in Sweden.

Methods

This is a retrospective study in 4 Pediatric Emergency Departments from 2014 to 2017, in previously healthy, full‐term infants ≤60 days with fever without a source.

Results

Of the 1,701 included infants, 214 (12.6%; 95% CI, 11.1–14.3) had an SBI. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was diagnosed in 196 (11.5%; 95% CI, 10.0–13.1) patients. In the ≤28 and 29–60 days age‐groups, meningitis prevalence was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.3–2.0) and 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1–0.8), whereas bacteraemia prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI, 1.9–4.9) and 0.6% (95% CI, 0.2–1.3). The SBI prevalence was higher in boys 16.0% (95% CI, 13.8–18.5) than girls 8.0% (95% CI, 6.2–10.2; p<0.001), due to 2‐fold higher UTI risk. The prevalence of meningitis in boys was 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1– 0.9) vs. 0.7% (95% CI, 0.2–1.6) in girls and of bacteraemia 1.8% (95% CI, 1.0–2.8) vs. 1.0% (95% CI, 0.4–2.0), respectively.

Conclusions

The total SBI prevalence was 12.6%, and UTI represented the vast majority. The prevalence of bacteraemia and meningitis was low, particularly in the 29–60 days age group, without significant difference between boys and girls.
Spirituality and ethical treatment of customers and employees by devout Thai women small business owners
Authors: Roenjun Jitnisa , Speece Mark , Tiangsoongnern Leela
Published: July 2021

The role of spirituality in management is of growing interest, not least because it is closely related to business ethics, and, thus, how businesses treat customers and employees. The topic, however, still needs some conceptual development, as well as empirical research, especially outside Western, Christian contexts. This qualitative research examines spirituality among women small business owners in Thailand. These women follow Kuan Im bodhisattva, a Buddhist role model teaching compassion and morality. In Jackson's terminology, this is an example of an Eastern, practice‐oriented approach to ethics rather than (in his view) the somewhat theoretical wisdom‐oriented approach common in the West. The nature of their spirituality and their treatment of customers and employees maps strongly to a servant leadership style. Servant leadership has occasionally been proposed as the style most closely associated with spirituality. In this context, it seems to be thoroughly intertwined, and highly concerned with ethical treatment of others.
Loss of P2Y1 receptors triggers glaucoma‐like pathology in mice
Authors: Hamada Kentaro , Shinozaki Youichi , Namekata Kazuhiko , Matsumoto Mami , Ohno Nobuhiko , Segawa Takahiro , Kashiwagi Kenji , Harada Takayuki , Koizumi Schuichi
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose

Glaucoma, the leading cause of blindness, damages the retinal ganglion cells. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a high‐risk factor for glaucoma, so topical hypotensive drugs are usually used for treatment. Because not all patients do not respond adequately to current treatments, there is a need to identify a new molecular target to reduce IOP. Here, we have assessed the role of P2Y1 receptors in mediating elevated IOP.

Experimental Approach

P2Y1 receptor agonist was instilled into the eyes of mice, and the IOP changes were measured by a rebound‐type tonometer. Expression of P2Y1 receptors was estimated by immunohistochemistry. Ocular function was measured by a multifocal electroretinogram.

Key Results

A single dose of the P2Y1 receptor agonist transiently reduced IOP and such effects were absent in P2Y1 receptor‐deficient (P2Y1KO) mice. P2Y1 receptors were functionally expressed in the ciliary body, trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. Activation of P2Y1 receptors negatively regulated aquaporin 4 (AQP4) function but up‐regulated endothelial NOS (eNOS). P2Y1KO mice showed chronic ocular hypertension regardless of age. P2Y1KO mice at 3 months old showed no damage to retinal ganglion cells, whereas 12‐month‐old mice showed a significant loss of these cells and impairment of ocular functions. Damage to retinal ganglion cells was attenuated by chronic administration of an IOP‐reducing agent.

Conclusion and Implications

Activation of P2Y1 receptors reduced IOP via dual pathways including AQP4 and eNOS. Loss of P2Y1 receptors resulted in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, suggesting that P2Y1 receptors might provide an effective target in the treatment of glaucoma.
Fruit trees drive small‐scale movement of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Benitez Lorena , Queenborough Simon A.
Published: July 2021

Understanding what motivates animal spatial behavior requires discerning the relationship between animals and the landscape in which they move. Many studies have focused on large scale trends that drive migrations and movement across broad landscapes, but few studies have focused on drivers of local movement within smaller areas based on fine‐scale landscape heterogeneity. This is especially true for African elephants (Loxodonta africana), whose movements in relation to landscape variables have frequently been studied across vast areas, but infrequently on a small scale. We report on how the local distribution of an important resource—fruit trees—shapes elephant movement patterns in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We hypothesized that the spatial location of elephant trails, and especially intersections in the network of trails, would be heavily associated with fruit trees, with trail density being higher in areas with greater fruit availability. Elephant trails and nearby fruit trees were mapped within a 64 km2 area within the interior of the Park. Trail and fruit tree sampling were conducted along 16 evenly spaced one‐km control transects and compared to 28.6 km of elephant trails arrayed throughout the park. Fruit tree basal area was higher along trails and at trail intersections. Trail density was also positively correlated with fruit tree density. Fruit trees may thus serve as a determinant of small‐scale elephant movement and could be used to predict patterns of elephant spatial behavior across forested habitat, which has potential implications for elephant management in the area.
Identification of novel topoisomerase II alpha inhibitors by virtual screening, molecular docking, and bioassay
Authors: Yu Che , Hu Jiabao , Luyten Walter , Sun Dan , Jiang Tao
Published: July 2021

Breast cancer is one of the most common tumors, and its treatment still leaves room for improvement. Topoisomerase II alpha is a potential target for the treatment of human diseases such as breast cancer. In this article, we attempted to discover a novel anticancer drug. We have used the topoisomerase II alpha protein‐Homo sapiens (Human) to hierarchically screen the Maybridge database. Based on their docking score, the top hit compounds have been assayed for inhibition in a topoisomerase II pBR322 DNA relaxation assay in vitro. Candidate compound 6 (CP6) was found to have the best inhibitory effect for topoisomerase II among the 20 tested compounds. In addition, CP6 had potent cytotoxicity against eight tested tumor cell lines. At the same time, CP6 was shown to have potential anti‐multidrug resistance capabilities. This study identifies CP6, which can contribute to the development of new topoisomerase II inhibitors as anticancer agents.
Atopic dermatitis trajectories to age 8 years in the GUSTO cohort
Authors: Suaini Noor H. A. , Yap Gaik Chin , Bui Do Phuong Tung , Loo Evelyn Xiu Ling , Goh Anne Eng Neo , Teoh Oon Hoe , Tan Kok Hian , Godfrey Keith M. , Lee Bee Wah , Shek Lynette Pei‐chi , Van Bever Hugo , Chong Yap Seng , Tham Elizabeth Huiwen
Published: July 2021

Background

The heterogeneity of childhood atopic dermatitis (AD) underscores the need to understand latent phenotypes that may inform risk stratification and disease prognostication.

Objective

To identify AD trajectories across the first 8 years of life and investigate risk factors associated with each trajectory and their relationships with other comorbidities.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively from 1152 mother‐offspring dyads in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort from ages 3 months to 8 years. AD was defined based on parent‐reported doctor's diagnosis. An unsupervised machine learning technique was used to determine AD trajectories.

Results

Three AD trajectories were identified as follows: early‐onset transient (6.3%), late‐onset persistent (6.3%) and early‐onset persistent (2.1%), alongside a no AD/reference group (85.2%). Early‐onset transient AD was positively associated with male gender, family history of atopy, house dust mite sensitization and some measures of wheezing. Early‐onset persistent AD was associated with antenatal/intrapartum antibiotic use, food sensitization and some measures of wheezing. Late‐onset persistent AD was associated with a family history of atopy, some measures of house dust mite sensitization and some measures of allergic rhinitis and wheezing.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Three AD trajectories were identified in this birth cohort, with different risk factors and prognostic implications. Further work is needed to understand the molecular and immunological origins of these phenotypes.
CD4+LAG-3+ T cells are decreased in active psoriatic arthritis patients and their restorationin vitrois mediated by TNF inhibitors
Authors: Gertel Smadar , Polachek Ari , Furer Victoria , Levartovsky David , Elkayam Ori
Published: July 2021

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with T cell dysregulation. The lymphocyte-activation gene (LAG)-3 is one of the regulatory receptors expressed on T cells in a soluble form. LAG-3 expression on T cells was analyzed in vitro in PsA patients with minimal disease activity (MDA), active disease (non-MDA) and healthy controls. In cultured in-vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), LAG-3 expression on CD4+ T cells was similar in both MDA PsA patients (7.5 ± 0.9) (n = 14) and healthy controls (7.8 ± 0.6) (n = 15), but significantly lower in non-MDA PsA patients (3.1 ± 0.3) (n = 13) (p < 0.0001). An inverse correlation between PsA clinical disease activity and %CD4+LAG-3+ T cells in vitro was observed (composite psoriatic disease activity index r = −0.47, p < 0.02 and psoriatic arthritis disease activity score, r = −0.51, p < 0.008). In-vitro co-culture of CD4+ T cells with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or anti-interleukin (IL)-17A had no effect on LAG-3+ expression in MDA PsA patients and healthy controls. In non-MDA patients, anti-TNF, but not anti-IL-17A, restored the %CD4+LAG-3+ T cells (7.9 ± 0.9 and 3.2 ± 0.4, respectively) (p < 0.0004). Lower soluble LAG-3 levels were found in sera of naive to biological PsA patients (n = 39) compared to healthy controls (n = 35) (p < 0.03). Impaired LAG-3 on CD4+ T cells may reflect active PsA disease state. Anti-TNFs have potency to up-regulate the CD4+LAG-3+ T cells in vitro.
Longitudinal evaluation of azithromycin and cytokine concentrations in amniotic fluid following one‐time oral dosing in pregnancy
Authors: Boelig Rupsa C. , Lam Edwin , Rochani Ankit , Kaushal Gagan , Roman Amanda , Kraft Walter K.
Published: July 2021

To utilize noninvasive collection of amniotic fluid in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROMs) to report the time concentration profile of azithromycin in amniotic fluid over 7 days from a single dose, and evaluate the correlation between azithromycin concentration and inflammatory markers in amniotic fluid. Prospective cohort study of five pregnant patients admitted with PPROMs and treated with a single 1 g oral azithromycin dose. Amniotic fluid was collected from pads and used to quantify azithromycin concentration as well as TNFa, IL‐1a, IL‐1b, IL‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐10 concentrations. Primary outcome was time/concentration profile of azithromycin in amniotic fluid. Secondary outcome included correlation between azithromycin concentration and cytokine concentrations. Five patients were enrolled. Mean gestational age on admission with PPROM was 27.5 ± 2.3 weeks with a median latency of 7 days (interquartile range [IQR] = 4–13). A median of two samples/day (IQR = 1–3) were collected per participant. Azithromycin was quantified in duplicate; intra‐assay coefficient of variation was 17%. Azithromycin concentration was less than 60 ng/ml after day 3. Azithromycin concentration was positively correlated with IL‐8 (r = 0.38, p = 0.03), IL1a (r = 0.39, p = 0.03), and IL‐1b (r = 0.36, p = 0.04) in amniotic fluid. Azithromycin is detectable in amniotic fluid over 7 days from a single 1 g maternal dose, however, it is not sustained over the range of minimum inhibitory concentration for common genitourinary flora. Based on correlation with specific cytokines, azithromycin penetration in amniotic fluid may relate to maternal monocyte concentration in amniotic fluid in the setting of PPROM.
Antagonistic effect in vitro of three commercial strains of Bacillus sp. against the forest pathogen Diplodia corticola
Authors: Muñoz‐Adalia Emigdio Jordán , Meijer Andreu , Campillo‐Brocal Jonatan C. , Colinas Carlos
Published: July 2021

Botryosphaeria canker of Quercus suber (causal agent: Diplodia corticola) poses a major threat for cork production along the western Mediterranean Basin. Infection by D. corticola induces cankers, which reduce tree vigour and compromise phellem regeneration. European policies in forest health advise the use of environmentally friendly methods, such as biocontrol, rather than the use of chemicals in natural stands. In this study, we assessed the antagonistic potential of three commercial products involving bacteria (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus mojavensis) using two culture media [potato‐dextrose‐agar medium (PDA), and PDA amended with copper oxychloride, an inorganic fungicide] against D. corticola. Five indices based on colony dimensions showed significant antagonistic effects of bacteria on fungal growth in vitro. The copper salt showed high toxicity against D. corticola. Preliminary results suggest that the three commercial products might be used as biocontrol agents against D. corticola, whose control capacities in the field deserve further investigation.
Contrasted patterns in climate change risk for Mediterranean fisheries
Authors: Pita Ignacio , Mouillot David , Moullec Fabien , Shin Yunne‐Jai
Published: July 2021

Climate change is rapidly becoming one of the biggest threats to marine life, and its impacts have the potential to strongly affect fisheries upon which millions of people rely. This is particularly crucial for the Mediterranean Sea, which is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, one of the world's most overfished regions, and where temperatures are rising 25% faster than in the rest of the ocean on average. In this study, we calculated a vulnerability index for 100 species that compose 95% of the Mediterranean catches, through a trait‐based approach. The Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) methodology was subsequently used to assess the risks due to climate change of Mediterranean fisheries. We found that the northern Mediterranean fisheries target more vulnerable species than their southern counterparts. However, when combining this catch‐based vulnerability with a suite of socio‐economic parameters, north African countries stand out as the most vulnerable to climate change impacts. Indeed, considering countries’ exposure of the fisheries sector and their vulnerability to climate change, a sharp contrast between northern and southern Mediterranean appears, with Egypt and Tunisia scoring the highest risk. By integrating a trait‐based approach on targeted marine species with socio‐economic features, our analysis helps to better understand the ramifications of climate change consequences on Mediterranean fisheries and highlights the regions that could potentially be particularly affected.
Menopausal status, age and management among women living with HIV in the UK
Authors: Okhai Hajra , Sabin Caroline A. , Haag Katharina , Sherr Lorraine , Dhairyawan Rageshri , Burns Fiona , Gilson Richard , Post Frank , Ross Jonathan , Mackie Nicola , Sullivan Ann , Shepherd Jane , Tariq Anjum , Jones Rachael , Fox Julie , Rosenvinge Melanie , Tariq Shema
Published: July 2021

Background

There is currently little evidence exploring menopausal status, age at last menstrual period (LMP) and management of menopause among women living with HIV aged 45–60 years in England.

Methods

Socio‐demographic, lifestyle and clinical data were collected through a self‐completed cross‐sectional survey. Longitudinal CD4 count and viral load data were available from linkage to clinical records, if consent was provided. Women were categorised as pre‐, peri‐ or post‐menopausal. Factors associated with menopausal stage were examined using ordinal logistic regression adjusting for age. Age at LMP was estimated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.

Results

The 847 women had a median age of 49 [interquartile range (IQR): 47–52] years. Most were of black ethnicity (81.3%), were born outside the UK (85.0%) and had completed secondary education (88.7%); 177 (20.4%), 373 (43.0%) and 297 (34.2%) were pre‐, peri‐ or post‐menopausal, respectively. After adjusting for age, associations of menopausal status with non‐cohabiting relationship [adjusted odds ratio = 0.63 (95% confidence interval: 0.43–0.91)], baseline viral load ≥ 100 000 copies/mL [2.67 (1.20–5.94)] and unemployment [1.34 (0.97–1.84)] remained significant. Median (IQR) age at LMP was 54 (51–55) years in the group. In total, 27.9% (233/836) of women reported severe menopausal symptoms; 45.6% of those with somatic symptoms had heard of hormone replacement therapy and 8.7% had used it. Only 5.6% of women with urogenital symptoms had used topical oestrogen.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the importance of educating both women and their healthcare providers about menopausal symptoms and management options.
Multicomponent high‐entropy Zr‐Y‐Yb‐Ta‐Nb‐O oxides for next‐generation thermal barrier coating applications
Authors: Yao Yao , Yang Fan , Zhao Xiaofeng
Published: July 2021

We report a multicomponent ceramic material with exceptional high‐temperature stability and superior thermo‐mechanical properties for next‐generation thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for aeroengines. The multicomponent oxides (Zr1‐4xYxYbxTaxNbxO2) designed via a high‐entropy concept could exhibit a double tetragonal phase. The optimized composition breaks the limitation of intrinsic brittleness in mostly previously reported TBC candidate materials and shows a superior toughness up to ~4.59 MPa m1/2 due to ferroelastic and phase transformation toughening mechanisms. It also shows a remarkable high‐temperature stability at 1600°C, which is almost 400°C higher than the state‐of‐the‐art yttria‐stabilized zirconia TBC material. In addition, it also exhibits a significantly lower thermal conductivity (~1.37 W m−1 K−1 at 900°C) and a higher coefficient of thermal expansion (~11.3 × 10−6 K−1 at 1000°C), as well as excellent corrosion resistance to molten silicate (~2.9 μm/h at 1300°C). This work provides a new sight to design ceramics by extending the high‐entropy concept to both medium‐entropy and high‐entropy compositions searching for multifunctional properties.
Novel Streptococcus uberis sequence types causing bovine subclinical mastitis in Hainan, China
Authors: Zeng Jifeng , Wang Yu , Fan Lixia , Yang Nuo , Pan Jiwen , Han Yu , Wang Xin , Li Qian , Guo Guiying , Zheng Jiping , Zeng Weixin
Published: July 2021

Aim

To determine the molecular epidemiology, genotypes and phenotypes of the major species of Streptococcus associated with bovine subclinical mastitis in Hainan, China.

Methods and Results

In total, 150 subclinical mastitis milk samples were collected from two large dairy farms in Hainan. On the basis of biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing, 39 samples were Streptococcus positive and the most frequently isolated species was Streptococcus uberis (n = 29, 74.4%). According to multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and assays of biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance and virulence genes, the S. uberis isolates were clustered into nine new sequence types (STs; ST986–ST994) but were not merged into a clonal group (except for ST991 [CC143]). All isolates produced biofilm, but most weakly. The dominant virulence pattern was hasABC + sua + gapC + oppF + pauA + mtuA + cfu (27/29, 91.1%), based on the 11 virulence genes tested. The majority of isolates (88.46%) carried at least one resistance gene, and more than half (58.62%) were multidrug-resistant. The main resistance genes were linB (65.5%), ermB (37.9%) and tetS (34.5%), among the six antibiotic resistance genes and 11 antimicrobials tested.

Conclusion

Environmental S. uberis is important in bovine subclinical mastitis in Hainan.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Streptococcus uberis isolates in Hainan, China, show distinct MLST, virulence and antibiotic resistance characteristics.
Social inclusion of LGBTQ and gender diverse adults with intellectual disability in disability services: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Smith Elizabeth , Zirnsak Tessa‐May , Power Jennifer , Lyons Anthony , Bigby Christine
Published: July 2021

Background

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) and gender diverse adults with intellectual disability experience exclusion within disability services.

Objective

This review explores the experiences of social inclusion/exclusion of this cohort in the context of disability services.

Search Method

A systematic search was conducted of peer‐reviewed research published between January 2014 and April 2019. Five databases returned 66 articles plus three from hand searches.

Appraisal and Synthesis

Nine articles were included in this review. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool was used to assess the quality of the research. NVivo 12 was used as a tool to organise the articles.

Results

Marginalisation of LGBTQ adults with intellectual disability in western societies is mirrored in disability organisations. There remains a dearth of research into experiences of transgender people with intellectual disability who use disability services.

Conclusions

Research into interventions that support the inclusion of this cohort in disability support services is needed.
Terminology of the branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery: Who is Who?
Authors: Palackic Alen , Skias Christoph , Winter Raimund , Hubmer Martin , Andrianakis Alexandros , Feigl Georg
Published: July 2021

The anterolateral thigh flap and the tensor fasciae latae flap are supplied by the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA). Different branching patterns of the LCFA have been described, leading to confusion, discrepancies and difficulties in clinical and cadaveric study comparisons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the branching patterns of the LCFA in dissected lower limbs and propose a simplified nomenclature. One hundred and two lower limbs fixed with Thiel's method were investigated. Meticulous dissection was performed, and the branching pattern of the arteries was documented by illustration and photography. These were analysed and allocated to the currently existing terminologies regarding the numbers of the branches (Part 1), and these subgroups were evaluated according to the variability of the trunk formations (Part 2). In Part 1, four subgroups could be classified (A, B, C and D). Group A included a total number of three branches (n = 50), Group B included four (n = 41), Group C included five (n = 5) and Group D included only two branches (n = 6). Part 2 showed in total 11 different trunk variations. Group A had four trunk variations: A1 (n = 38), A2 (n = 5), A3 (n = 2) and A4 (n = 6); Group B also had four variations: B1 (n = 16), B2 (n = 18), B3 (n = 3) and B4 (n = 4); Group C displayed two variations: C1 (n = 1) and C2 (n = 4); and in Group D, there was only one variation observed D1 (n = 6). Branching patterns were highly variable and inconsistent in terms of the number of branches and trunk variations, which resulted in different possible and justified interpretations and classifications. A new terminology should be defined cooperatively among anatomists and clinicians that will be useful for everybody. We propose a terminology oriented to the associated muscles.
Predictors of nurses’ intention to accept COVID‐19 vaccination: A cross‐sectional study in five European countries
Authors: Patelarou Athina , Saliaj Aurela , Galanis Petros , Pulomenaj Velide , Prifti Vasilika , Sopjani Idriz , Mechili Enkeleint A. , Laredo‐Aguilera José Alberto , Kicaj Emirjona , Kalokairinou Athina , Cobo‐Cuenca Ana Isabel , Celaj Jerina , Carmona‐Torres Juan Manuel , Bucaj Jorgjia , Asimakopoulou Evanthia , Argyriadi Agathi , Argyriadis Alexandros , Patelarou Evridiki
Published: July 2021

Aims and Objectives

To investigate nurses’ intention in accepting COVID‐19 vaccination and the factors affecting their decision.

Background

COVID‐19 vaccination has started in most European countries with healthcare personnel being the first group receiving the vaccine shots. Their attitude towards vaccination is of paramount significant as their role in the frontline could help in the awareness of general population.

Methods

A study was conducted in Albania, Cyprus, Greece, Spain and Kosovo with the use of an online questionnaire. The Fear of COVID‐19 Scale was used. The STROBE checklist was followed for this cross‐sectional study.

Results

Study population consisted of 1135 nurses. Mean age of the participants was 38.3 years, while most of them were female gender (84.7%) and married (53.1%). Acceptance of a safe and effective COVID‐19 vaccine was higher among Greek (79.2%) and Spanish (71.6%) nurses, followed by Cypriot (54%), Albanian (46.3%) and Kosovo (46.2%) nurses. Key factors for willingness to get vaccinated were male gender, living in a country with a high mortality rate in comparison with low mortality, being not infected with COVID‐19, having high level of knowledge about COVID‐19 vaccines and having been vaccinated for influenza in the last 2 years. Moreover, trusting the government and doctors regarding the information about the COVID‐19 and having high level of fear about this virus were key factors for willingness to get vaccinated.

Conclusion

Vaccination of healthcare personnel is a crucial issue not only for their own safety but also for their patients’. Healthcare acceptance to get vaccinated can work as a role model for general population.

Relevance to clinical practice

Gender, country, mortality rate, trust in government and health professionals and the level of fear were key factors that should be managed in clinical practice.
Dangerous games: A literature review on cybersecurity investments
Authors: Fedele Alessandro , Roner Cristian
Published: July 2021

Cybersecurity has gained prominence in the decision‐making of firms. Due to the increasing occurrences of threats in the cyberspace, investments in cybersecurity have become critical to mitigate the operational disruption of businesses. This paper surveys the theoretical literature on the firms' incentives to invest in cybersecurity. A taxonomy of the existing contributions is provided to frame them in a common reference scheme and a model is developed to encompass such contributions and discuss their main findings. Papers that investigate the investment problem of an isolated firm are distinguished from those that consider interdependent firms. In turn, interdependent cybersecurity is analyzed in three different contexts: (i) firms that operate their business via a common computer network, but are not competitors in the product market; (ii) firms that are competitors in the product market, but run their business using non‐interconnected computer systems; (iii) firms that are competitors and rely on a common computer network. Finally, promising avenues for future research and policy implications are discussed.
Preliminary evaluation of the disease resistance of Festuca sinensis infected by Epichloë sinensis
Authors: Wang Yanbing , Luo Yang , Tian Pei , Peng Hao , Feng Jian
Published: July 2021

In the present study, the effects of Epichloë sinensis on the interaction of host grasses Festuca sinensis with two fungal pathogens—Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris sorokiniana—were evaluated. The two pathogen spore inoculation on detached leaves of 3 F. sinensis ecotypes showed that neither E. sinensis endophyte nor host genotype had effects on disease resistance of detached leaves of the host F. sinensis until later stage of disease progress. The disease lesion lengths of B. sorokiniana on E+ plants of all 3 ecotypes were significantly lower (p < .05) than those on E‐ plants of corresponding ecotype at 7 days after inoculation. Field survey and two pathogen spore inoculation on intact plants of different ecotypes showed that the endophyte infected plants although remained susceptible to infection, fewer or smaller lesions were more likely to occur than on endophyte‐free plants which suggested positive effects of endophyte on F. sinensis disease resistance. Host genotype also had effects on disease resistance of the intact F. sinensis plants. The primary evaluation provided more reference for relationship between native grass species and its associated endophyte.
Dyadic interactions and physical and social environment in dementia mealtime care: a systematic review of instruments
Authors: Liu Wen , Kim Sohyun
Published: July 2021

Using valid instruments to measure dyadic interactions and physical and social environment during mealtime care of persons with dementia is critical to evaluate the process, fidelity, and impact of mealtime interventions. However, the characteristics and quality of existing instruments remain unexplored. This systematic review described the characteristics and synthesized the psychometric quality of instruments originally developed or later modified to measure mealtime dyadic interactions and physical and/or social dining environment for people with dementia, on the basis of published reports between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2020. We identified 26 instruments: 17 assessed dyadic interactions, one assessed physical environment, and eight assessed physical and social environment. All instruments were used in research and none in clinical practice. All instruments were observational tools and scored as having low psychometric quality, except for the refined Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia (CUED) mealtime video‐coding scheme rated as having moderate quality. Reasons for low quality are the use of small samples compared with the number of items, limited psychometric testing, and inadequate estimates. All existing tools warrant further testing in larger diverse samples in varied settings and validation for use in clinical practice. The refined CUED is a potential tool for use and requires testing in direct on‐site observations.
Pediatric thiamine deficiency disorders in high‐income countries between 2000 and 2020: a clinical reappraisal
Authors: Rakotoambinina Benjamin , Hiffler Laurent , Gomes Filomena
Published: July 2021

Often thought to be a nutritional issue limited to low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), pediatric thiamine deficiency (PTD) is perceived as being eradicated or anecdotal in high‐income countries (HICs). In HICs, classic beriberi cases in breastfed infants by thiamine‐deficient mothers living in disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions are thought to be rare. This study aims to assess PTD in HICs in the 21st century. Literature searches were conducted to identify case reports of PTD observed in HICs and published between 2000 and 2020. The analyzed variables were age, country, underlying conditions, clinical manifestations of PTD, and response to thiamine supplementation. One hundred and ten articles were identified, totaling 389 PTD cases that were classified into four age groups: neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. Eleven categories of PTD‐predisposing factors were identified, including genetic causes, lifestyle (diabetes, obesity, and excessive consumption of sweetened beverages), eating disorders, cancer, gastrointestinal disorders/surgeries, critical illness, and artificial nutrition. TD‐associated hyperlactatemia and Wernicke encephalopathy were the most frequent clinical manifestations. The circumstances surrounding PTD in HICs differ from classic PTD observed in LMICs and this study delineates its mutiple predisposing factors. Further studies are required to estimate its magnitude. Awareness is of utmost importance in clinical practice.