bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible effects on avionics induced by terrestrial gamma-ray flashes
Authors: Tavani M. , Argan A. , Paccagnella A. , Pesoli A. , Palma F. , Gerardin S. , Bagatin M. , Trois A. , Picozza P. , Benvenuti P. , Flamini E. , Marisaldi M. , Pittori C. , Giommi P.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) are impulsive (intrinsically sub-millisecond) events associated with lightning in powerful thunderstorms. TGFs turn out to be very powerful natural accelerators known to accelerate particles and generate radiation up to hundreds of MeV energies. The number ratio of TGFs over normal lightning has been measured in tropical regions to be near 10−4. We address in this Article the issue of the possible susceptibility of typical aircraft electronics exposed to TGF particle, gamma ray and neutron irradiation. We consider possible scenarios regarding the intensity, the duration, and geometry of TGFs influencing nearby aircraft, and study their effects on electronic equipment. We calculate, for different assumptions, the total dose and the dose-rate, and estimate single-event-effects. We find that in addition to the electromagnetic component (electrons/positrons, gamma rays) also secondary neutrons produced by gamma-ray photo production in the aircraft structure substantially contribute to single-event effects in critical semiconductors components. Depending on the physical characteristics and geometry, TGFs may deliver a large flux of neutrons within a few milliseconds in an aircraft. This flux is calculated to be orders of magnitude larger than the natural cosmic-ray background, and may constitute a serious hazard to aircraft electronic equipment. We present a series of numerical simulations supporting our conclusions. Our results suggest the necessity of dedicated measurement campaigns addressing the radiative and particle environment of aircraft near or within thunderstorms.
Theoretical Investigations of the Knight Shifts and the Hyperfine Structure Constants for the Tetragonal Cu2+ Sites in the Bismuth- and Thallium-Based High-Tc Superconductors
Authors: Kuang Min-Quan , Wu Shao-Yi , Hu Xian-Fen , Song Bo-Tao
Published: April 2013

The Knight shifts and hyperfine structure constants for the tetragonal Cu2+ sites in bismuth- and thallium-based high-Tc uperconductors ( Bi1:6Pb0:4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10, TlSr2CaCu2O7-y, and Tl2Ba2CuOy) are theoretically investigated from the high-order perturbation formulas of these parameters for a 3d9 ion under tetragonally elongated octahedra in a unified way. The calculation results show good agreement with the observed values. The significant anisotropies of the Knight shifts are attributed to the local tetragonal elongation distortions of the five-(or six-)coordinated Cu2+ sites in these systems. The present studies would be beneficial to establish a complete physical scheme for unified understandings of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral behaviours of Cu2+ (or other similar 3d9 ions) in the high-Tc superconductors.
Déterminants de l’internationalisation des PME françaises
Authors: Lecerf Marjorie-Annick
Published: April 2013

L’importance relative des différents déterminants traditionnels de l’internationalisation demeure imparfaitement connue. Si pendant longtemps la taille de la firme est apparue comme le déterminant majeur, des analyses empiriques ont révélé que d’autres facteurs tels le milieu internationalisant et le dirigeant influencent significativement le développement international. Une approche centrée sur les principaux vecteurs de la compétitivité des firmes et s’appuyant directement sur les qualités intrinsèques des PME permet d’offrir un angle d’analyse différent.

L’objectif de cette étude est de démontrer que le processus d’internationalisation suit un développement non linéaire déterministe, conditionné par les caractéristiques idiosyncratiques de la PME. Nos recherches s’inscrivent dans la cadre de l’internationalisation des petites et moyennes entreprises. Nous chercherons à préciser les déterminants de cette internationalisation des PME françaises en observant leurs performances à l’export.

Les résultats montrent un impact positif entre une série de facteurs microéconomiques et sectoriels, et les exportations de 253 entreprises. Plus précisément, ils révèlent qu’une combinaison de facteurs comprenant l’organisation, l’innovation, les TIC, le dirigeant et la maîtrise de langues étrangères fait fortement varier les exportations dans tous les secteurs.
Aromatase in human liver and its diseases
Authors: Hata Shuko , Miki Yasuhiro , Saito Ryoko , Ishida Kazuyuki , Watanabe Mika , Sasano Hironobu
Published: April 2013

Estrogens play important roles in the cell proliferation and invasion of estrogen‐dependent human neoplasms. Aromatase overexpression has been also reported in hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with normal liver but its details in these hepatic disorders have remained unclear. Therefore, in this study, we first immunolocalized aromatase using immunohistochemistry in patients with liver cirrhosis, steatosis, hepatitis, HCC, and metastasis liver carcinoma (MLC) in order to study the detailed status of intrahepatic aromatase. Aromatase immunoreactivity was predominantly detected in nonneoplastic hepatocytes around tumor cells. We then evaluated the effects of an interaction between hepatocytes and carcinoma cells upon aromatase mRNA expression, using HepG2 as a substitute model of hepatocytes by coculture systems. Aromatase mRNA levels in HepG2 were significantly increased by coculture with all carcinoma cell lines examined. We also evaluated alternative splicing of aromatase exon 1 but the same splicing variant was used in HepG2 cells regardless of carcinoma cell lines employed in the coculture system. These findings obtained in HepG2 indicated that carcinoma cells, whether metastatic or primary, induced aromatase expression in adjacent normal hepatocytes possibly through the soluble aromatase inducible factors in human hepatic microenvironments.
Carbo‐Iron – A Tailored Reagent for In Situ Groundwater Remediation
Authors: Bleyl Steffen , Kopinke Frank‐Dieter , Georgi Anett , Mackenzie Katrin
Published: April 2013

Carbo‐Iron® wird als In‐situ‐Reagenz zur Dechlorierung organischer Chlorverbindungen in kontaminierten Aquiferen vorgestellt. Die Kombination der Sorptionseigenschaften feinkörniger Aktivkohle (AK) mit den Reduktionseigenschaften metallischen Eisens im Kompositmaterial Carbo‐Iron erweitert die Einsatzmöglichkeiten beider Stoffe im Umweltbereich und soll gezielt Schwachstellen von Nanoeisen überwinden. Der AK‐Träger steuert die Oberflächeneigenschaften der Partikel und erhöht sowohl die Kolloidmobilität zur Erzeugung breiter Sorptions‐Reaktions‐Zonen als auch die Affinität zu hydrophoben Schadstoffphasen.
Computation of the two‐phase flow properties of intermediate‐wet porous media: A pore network approach
Authors: Tsakiroglou Christos D.
Published: April 2013

A pore‐and‐throat network including fractal‐like roughness features along its surface is employed to simulate primary drainage and secondary imbibition by accounting for the quasistatic motion of menisci in pores and throats and varying the contact angle from 0° (strongly water‐wet conditions) to 180° (strongly oil‐wet conditions). The angle of sharpness of roughness features defines a range of contact angles within which the cross‐section of the throat or pore is occupied completely by the one fluid and conditions of intermediate wettability are established. In contrast, outside this range, both fluids may coexist in a pore or throat. Such differences on the fluid distribution at the pore level affect strongly the capillary, electrical and hydraulic properties of the porous medium and are reflected in the capillary pressure, resistivity index and relative permeability curves. The simulator is used to calculate the aforementioned two‐phase flow coefficients as the pore system transits from strongly water‐wet or strongly oil‐wet to intermediate‐wet. The capillary pressure curves are always sensitive to the wetting state and the particular value of the contact angle. The relative permeability and resistivity index curves for secondary imbibition are grouped in families of curves which are sensitive mainly to the wetting state (water‐wet, intermediate‐wet/water‐wet pores, intermediate‐wet/oil‐wet pores, oil‐wet) rather than to the particular value of the contact angle.
Biochemical evidence that human EB1 does not bind preferentially to the microtubule seam
Authors: Alberico Emily O. , Lyons Daniel F. , Murphy Ryan J. , Philip Julia T. , Duan Aranda R. , Correia John J. , Goodson Holly V.
Published: April 2013

EB1 is a highly conserved microtubule (MT) plus end tracking protein (+TIP) involved in regulating MT dynamics, but the mechanisms of its effects on MT polymerization remain undefined. Resolving this question requires understanding how EB1 interacts with MTs. Previous electron microscopy of the S. pombe EB1 homolog Mal3p suggested that Mal3p binds specifically to the MT seam, implying that EB1 family members promote MT polymerization by stabilizing the seam. However, more recent electron microscopy indicates that Mal3p binds everywhere except the seam. Neither set of experiments investigated the behavior of human EB1, or provided an explanation for why these studies arrived at different answers. To resolve these questions, we have used a combination of MT‐binding assays and theoretical modeling with MTBindingSim. Our results indicate that human EB1 binds to the lattice, consistent with the recent Mal3p results, and show that Mal3p‐binding assays that were previously interpreted as evidence for preferential seam binding are equally consistent with weak lattice binding. In addition, we used analytical ultracentrifugation to investigate the possibility that the EB1 monomer–dimer equilibrium might contribute to EB1 binding behavior, and determined that the EB1 dimerization dissociation constant is approximately 90 nM. We and others find that the cellular concentration of EB1 is on the order of 200 nM, suggesting that a portion of EB1 may be monomeric at physiological concentrations. These observations lead us to suggest that regulation of EB1 dimerization might play a role in controlling EB1 function. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Improving the accuracy of pancreatobiliary tract cytology with fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Kipp Benjamin R. , Barr Fritcher Emily G. , Pettengill Jennifer E. , Halling Kevin C. , Clayton Amy C.
Published: April 2013

The detection of aneuploidy by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has revolutionized how laboratories diagnose cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma using cytology specimens. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that FISH increases the diagnostic sensitivity of routine cytology for detecting pancreatobiliary tract malignancy with minimal decreases in clinical specificity. FISH also provides useful information in difficult clinical scenarios, including the assessment of patients with biliary strictures who have equivocal cytology results and the assessment of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis who have clinical features suggestive of malignancy. The improved ability to detect pancreatobiliary tract cancers offers the possibility of earlier detection when patients are amenable to surgical intervention and can decrease health care costs by reducing the amount of clinical evaluation required to arrive at a cancer diagnosis. Cytopathology personnel should maintain familiarity with molecular cytology testing methodologies, because morphologic and aneuploidy assessment of tumors will continue to be an integral part of large‐scale genome analyses of individual tumors. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:610‐9. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Traumatic brain injury induces macrophage subsets in the brain
Authors: Hsieh Christine L. , Kim Charles C. , Ryba Bryan E. , Niemi Erene C. , Bando Jennifer K. , Locksley Richard M. , Liu Jialing , Nakamura Mary C. , Seaman William E.
Published: April 2013

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits innate inflammatory responses that can lead to secondary brain injury. To better understand the mechanisms involved in TBI‐induced inflammation, we examined the nature of macrophages responding to TBI in mice. In this model, brain macrophages were increased >20‐fold the day after injury and >77‐fold 4 days after injury in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared with sham controls. TBI macrophage subsets were identified by using a reporter mouse strain (YARG) that expresses eYFP from an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) inserted at the 3′ end of the gene for arginase‐1 (Arg1), a hallmark of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. One day after TBI, 21 ± 1.5% of ipsilateral brain macrophages expressed relatively high levels of Arg1 as detected by yellow fluorescent protein, and this subpopulation declined thereafter. Arg1+ cells localized with macrophages near the TBI lesion. Gene expression analysis of sorted Arg1+ and Arg1− brain macrophages revealed that both populations had profiles that included features of conventional M2 macrophages and classically activated (M1) macrophages. The Arg1+ cells differed from Arg1− cells in multiple aspects, most notably in their chemokine repertoires. Thus, the macrophage response to TBI initially involves heterogeneous polarization toward at least two major subsets.
Molecular profiling of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma
Authors: Gelbard Alexander , Hale Katherine S. , Takahashi Yoko , Davies Michael , Kupferman Michael E. , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Myers Jeffrey N. , Hanna Ehab Y.
Published: April 2013

Background

Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) remains a poorly characterized malignancy at both the clinical and molecular level, and, consequently, the optimal treatment strategy remains undefined.

Methods

We used a mass spectroscopy–based approach (Sequenom) to evaluate 95 hallmark single nucleotide variations (SNVs) within 12 oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes (AKT, BRAF, CDK4, Beta‐catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], FBXW7, JAK2, c‐KIT, KRAS, PDGFR, PI3K, and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) in 13 histologically confirmed SNUC cases.

Results

None of the samples demonstrated activating mutations in any of the 95 SNVs.

Conclusion

Select clinically relevant activating genomic mutations were not identified in the 13 patient samples. However, polymorphisms were noted within the promoter region of VEGF. These may merit future studies as predictive biomarkers for treatment response or overall survival. Additionally, future studies focusing on larger tumor sets and utilizing whole genome or exome sequencing may help define genetic aberrations in SNUC that can be clinically targeted with available or emerging biological agents. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 15–21, 2014
High‐frequency waves guided by the subducted plates underneath Taiwan and their association with seismic intensity anomalies
Authors: Chen Kate Huihsuan , Kennett Brian L. N. , Furumura Takashi
Published: April 2013

Energy from seismic events traveling up a subduction zone is frequently associated with significant large‐amplitude, high‐frequency signals with sustained long coda. Such seismic waves guided by the subducted plate with high wave velocity and high Q can cause surprisingly large seismic intensity in the fore‐arc area. In this study, we characterize the guiding behavior of the subducted Philippine Sea plate (PSP) underneath Taiwan and investigate their relationship with anomalous peak ground acceleration (PGA) patterns. Oblique subduction of Philippine Sea Plate beneath northeast Taiwan complicates the guiding phenomena. Seismic waves from events deeper than 60 km offshore northern Taiwan reveal wave guide behavior: large, sustained high‐frequency (3–10 Hz) signal inPandSwave trains. With increasing depth, a low‐frequency (<1 Hz) first arrival becomes more significant especially for events deeper than 100 km. The time separation between the low‐frequency onset and the later high‐frequency arrival slightly increases with depth, while the value varies with station due to different travel distances in the shallow crust. The depth‐dependent high‐frequency content confirms the association with a waveguide effect in the subducting slab rather than localized site amplification effects. We attempt here to obtain a practicable quantification scheme to determine the duration of higher‐frequency energy, which can be regarded as an indicator of the guiding effect of the Philippine Sea Plate.
Laboratory experiments and observations of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies impinging on an island
Authors: Andres Magdalena , Cenedese Claudia
Published: April 2013

Laboratory experiments are conducted to investigate the interactions of self‐propagating barotropic cyclones and baroclinic anticyclones with an island. Results are interpreted in the context of observations around Okinawa Island, Japan, where ubiquitous arrivals of cyclones and anticyclones on the southeastern side of the island influence the flow around it, thereby impacting both the Ryukyu Current's and the Kuroshio's transport. In the laboratory, baroclinic anticyclones generate a buoyant current that flows clockwise around an island whereas barotropic cyclones generate a counterclockwise current. In both cases, the interaction is governed by conservation of circulation Γ around the island, which establishes a balance between the dissipation along the island in contact with the eddy and the dissipation along the island in contact with the generated current. Laboratory results and scaling analysis suggest that the interaction between an anticyclone (cyclone) and Okinawa Island should result in an instantaneous increase (decrease) of the Ryukyu Current transport and a delayed increase (decrease) of the Kuroshio transport. The estimated delays are in good agreement with those obtained with field measurements suggesting that the dynamics at play in the laboratory may be relevant for the flow around Okinawa Island.
Estimating rock compressive strength from Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) grinds
Authors: Thomson B. J. , Bridges N. T. , Cohen J. , Hurowitz J. A. , Lennon A. , Paulsen G. , Zacny K.
Published: April 2013

Each Mars Exploration Rover carries a Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) whose intended use was to abrade the outer surfaces of rocks to expose more pristine material. Motor currents drawn by the RAT motors are related to the strength and hardness of rock surfaces undergoing abrasion, and these data can be used to infer more about a target rock's physical properties. However, no calibration of the RAT exists. Here, we attempt to derive an empirical correlation using an assemblage of terrestrial rocks and apply this correlation to data returned by the rover Spirit. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between rock strength and RAT grind energy for rocks with compressive strengths less than about 150 MPa, a category that includes all but the strongest intact rocks. Applying this correlation to rocks abraded by Spirit's RAT, the results indicate a large divide in strength between more competent basaltic rocks encountered in the plains of Gusev crater (Adirondack‐class rocks) and the weaker variety of rock types measured in the Columbia Hills. Adirondack‐class rocks have estimated compressive strengths in the range of 70–130 MPa and are significantly less strong than fresh terrestrial basalts; this may be indicative of a degree of weathering‐induced weakening. Rock types in the Columbia Hills (Wishstone, Watchtower, Clovis, and Peace class) all have compressive strengths <50 MPa and are consistent with impactites or volcanoclastic materials. In general, when considered alongside chemical, spectral, and rock textural data, these inferred compressive strength results help inform our understanding of rock origins and modification history.
Comparison of direct mass spectrometry methods for the on‐line analysis of volatile compounds in foods
Authors: Déléris Isabelle , Saint‐Eve Anne , Sémon Etienne , Guillemin Hervé , Guichard Elisabeth , Souchon Isabelle , Le Quéré Jean‐Luc
Published: April 2013

For the on‐line monitoring of flavour compound release, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and proton transfer reaction (PTR) combined to mass spectrometry (MS) are the most often used ionization technologies. APCI‐MS was questioned for the quantification of volatiles in complex mixtures, but direct comparisons of APCI and PTR techniques applied on the same samples remain scarce. The aim of this work was to compare the potentialities of both techniques for the study of in vitro and in vivo flavour release.

Aroma release from flavoured aqueous solutions (in vitro measurements in Teflon bags and glass vials) or flavoured candies (in vivo measurements on six panellists) was studied using APCI‐ and PTR‐MS.

Very similar results were obtained with both techniques. Their sensitivities, expressed as limit of detection of 2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, were found equivalent at 12 ng/l air. Analyses of Teflon bag headspace revealed a poor repeatability and important ionization competitions with both APCI‐ and PTR‐MS, particularly between an ester and a secondary alcohol. These phenomena were attributed to dependency on moisture content, gas/liquid volume ratio, proton affinities and product ion distribution, together with inherent drawbacks of Teflon bags (adsorption, condensation of water and polar molecules). Concerning the analyses of vial headspace and in vivo analyses, similar results were obtained with both techniques, revealing no competition phenomena.

This study highlighted the equivalent performances of APCI‐MS and PTR‐MS for in vitro and in vivo flavour release investigations and provided useful data on the problematic use of sample bags for headspace analyses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic Review of Upper‐limb Function Measurement Methods in Botulinum Toxin Intervention for Focal Spasticity
Authors: Ashford Stephen , Turner‐Stokes Lynne
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose

This paper aimed to select studies evaluating botulinum toxin (BoNT) intervention applied for upper‐limb spasticity and from these identify outcome measures that are a) applicable in the hemiparetic upper limb and b) include evaluation of functional outcome in the context of everyday real‐life activities.

Methods

A systematic search was used to identify peer‐reviewed papers evaluating BoNT intervention for focal spasticity management in the upper limb. From these papers, outcome evaluation methods were identified, which attempted to capture ‘active function’ improvement (functional use of the hand and/or arm) or passive function improvement (care for the affected limb, for example to maintain hygiene and dress or support the arm).

Results

The search yielded 411 studies. Seventy papers were identified following a final review of the abstracts as potentially including evaluation of functional outcome (active and/or passive function). Following the review of the papers, a total of 22 studies contained specific methods for evaluating functional outcome in the upper limb.

Discussion

Three different patient‐focused methods to evaluate functional outcome following focal spasticity intervention using BoNT have been identified: 1) use of patient report of upper‐limb items (including the Leeds Adult Spasticity Impact Scale and the Disability Assessment Scale), 2) use of a composite measure of function incorporating functional items and 3) Goal Attainment Scaling. None of these methods fully address evaluation of functional outcome in this context but may go some way to recording these improvements. An alternative or complementary measure, recently published, is the Arm Activity Measure for evaluation of active and passive function in this context. The Arm Activity Measure addresses active and passive function changes from the perspective of patients and carers and has been developed for application in this context. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser desorption ionisation quadrupole ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of titanium‐carbon thin films
Authors: Amato Filippo , Panyala Nagender Reddy , Vašina Petr , Souček Pavel , Havel Josef
Published: April 2013

RATIONALE

Titanium‐carbon (Ti‐C) ceramic thin films (abbreviated as n‐TiC/a‐C:H) are very important for industrial applications. However, their chemical structure is still not completely resolved. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of such n‐TiC/a‐C:H layers prepared by balanced magnetron sputtering under various experimental conditions.

METHODS

Mass spectrometric analysis of Ti‐C thin films was carried out via laser desorption ionisation (LDI) using a quadrupole ion trap and reflectron time‐of‐flight analyser. The stoichiometry of clusters formed via laser ablation was determined, and the relative abundances of species for which the isotopic patterns overlaps were estimated using a least‐squares program.

RESULTS

Ti‐C films were found to be composites of (i) pure and hydrogenated TiC, (ii) titanium oxycarbides, and (iii) titanium oxides of various degrees of hydrogenation (all embedded in an amorphous and/or diamond‐like carbon matrix). Hydrogenated titanium oxycarbide was the main component of the surface layer, whereas deeper layers were composed primarily of TiC and titanium oxides (also embedded in the carbon matrix).

CONCLUSIONS

Mass spectrometry proved useful for elucidating the chemical structure of the hard ceramic‐like Ti‐C layers produced by magnetron sputtering. The Ti‐C layers were found to be complex composites of various chemical entities. Knowledge of the resolved structure could accelerate further development of these kinds of materials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Analysis and Coordination Compounds of [(1,3‐Benzoxazol‐2‐yl)‐(5‐chloro‐1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl)]amine
Authors: Téllez Fabiola , Ramírez‐Trejo Raúl , Vieto‐Peña Rebeca , Suárez‐Moreno Galdina V. , Colorado‐Peralta Raúl , Flores‐Parra Angelina , Contreras Rosalinda , Barba‐Behrens Noráh
Published: April 2013

A novel [(1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl)‐(5‐chloro‐1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl)]amine (L) (1) compound was synthesized. The molecule has a nitrogen atom between 1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl and 5‐chloro‐1,3‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl groups. For compound 1 there are twelve possible conformers and tautomers. Ab initio calculations were performed in order to investigate the more stable structures. Three crystals of compound 1 were obtained in different media, where compound 1 is associated by hydrogen bonding to H2O (1a), THF (1b), or o‐aminophenol (1c). Their X‐ray diffraction analyses are reported. The synthesis and structural study of the coordination compounds [Co(L)2(H2O)] (3) and [Ni(L)2(H2O)2] (4) are discussed.
3‐Chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl Dimethyl Dehydroabietyl Ammonium Chloride: Synthesis, Characterization, and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Pei Li‐jun , Cai Zhao‐sheng , Song Zhan‐qian , Zhu Xue‐mei , Shang Shi‐bin
Published: April 2013

3‐Chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl dimethyl dehydroabietyl ammonium chloride (CHPDMDHA) was synthesized from dehydroabietylamine (DHA) and epichlorodrin. The synthesis was done in three steps. First, DHA was transformed into N,N‐dimethyl dehydroabietyl amine (DMDHA) through Eschweiler‐Clarke Reaction. Second, the DMDHA was reacted with hydrochloric acid and translated into DMDHA hydrochloride. Third, the CHPDMDHA was obtained after the DMDHA hydrochloride had reacted with epichlorodrin and recrystallized using a solvent composed of ethyl acetate and ethanol. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of CHPDMDHA at 25 °C was found to be 2.56 × 10−4 mol L−1, and its surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) was determined to be 27.4 mN m−1; these data suggest that the surface activities of CHPDMDHA are better than those of benzalkonium chloride (BC), so that CHPDMDHA could be used as a good alternative to BC.
A SOLVABILITY CRITERION FOR FINITE LOOPS
Authors: LEPPÄLÄ EMMA , NIEMENMAA MARKKU
Published: April 2013

We show that a finite loop, whose inner mapping group is the direct product of a dihedral $2$-group and a nonabelian group of order $pq$ ($p$ and $q$ are distinct odd prime numbers), is solvable.
Zircon U–Pb geochronology of the Zanhuang metamorphic complex: reappraisal of the Palaeoproterozoic amalgamation of the Trans-North China Orogen
Authors: XIAO LING-LING , WANG GUO-DONG , WANG HAO , JIANG ZONG-SHENG , DIWU CHUN-RONG , WU CHUN-MING
Published: April 2013

Amphibolites and metapelites exposed in the Zanhuang metamorphic complex situated in the south-middle section of the Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO) underwent upper-amphibolite-facies metamorphism and record clockwise P–T paths including retrograde isothermal decompression. High-resolution zircon U–Pb geochronological analyses indicate that the metamorphic peak occurred during ~ 1840–1860 Ma, which is in accordance with the ubiquitous metamorphic ages of ~ 1850 Ma retrieved by miscellaneous geochronologic methods throughout the metamorphic terranes of the northern TNCO, confirming that the south-middle section of the TNCO was involved in the amalgamation of the Eastern and Western Blocks of the North China Craton during the Palaeoproterozoic.
Ceres, Liber and Flora: Georgic and Anti-Georgic Elements in Ovid's Fasti
Authors: Fantham Elaine
Published: April 2013

The Georgics stand at the threshold of Augustan literature, the Fasti at its end, but despite Ovid's respect for Rome's first great didactic poem, Lucretius' De rerum natura, and despite all the intervening achievements of Augustan poets in incorporating national and aetiological themes into other poetic genres, Ovid's poem repeatedly acknowledges by echoes of form and theme the primacy of the Georgics as model for his aetiological work.

This paper attempts to measure Ovidian response to the Georgics at two levels, the level of formal, verbal allusion and the level of themes and values. I have been led to focus on Ovid's treatment of Ceres/Demeter (and less prominently Liber/Bacchus) because Ceres as teacher of agriculture and benefactor of men is central to Virgil's representation of evolving human culture. But Ceres is equally important to the Fasti (although her sober personality makes her unappealing as a candidate for interview by the poet) as a major deity in the largely rural Roman calendar, as a symbol of the didactic principle, and for her very centrality in the Virgilian poem that Ovid is emulating.
Myth, cult and reality in Ovid'sFasti
Authors: Scheid John
Published: April 2013

The relation of Ovid'sFastito Roman religion has been discussed many times, but has never been dealt with properly. Despite a radical re-evaluation, in recent years, of Ovid's literary sophistication, scholars of Roman religion still tend to offer a negative judgment on Ovid's value. Criticisms have been varied. Ovid's unseriousness – frivolous tales in a context so solemn–has been considered exasperating. He has been accused (for example by Fr. Altheim) of lacking any religious sense whatsoever and of destroying respect for religion. Others, like Wissowa, have judged him to possess neither wide scholarship nor even the capacity of bringing his analyses to any proper conclusion. And it is not just authorities of the past who talk in these terms of moral outrage. Even today many historians of religion ignore or even reject theFastias any kind of reliable ‘source’. Hiscausaeare, they say, incomplete and incoherent; and he is further criticized for being unable to make a final decision between all the explanations he offers. In the camp of theOvidiomastiges, shocked by the poet's amateurishness, one also finds those interested in Rome's mythology: evidence earlier than theFastibeing missing in most of the cases, the mythologists deeply resent Ovid's elusive art which frustrates their expectations. I will not here reconsider all the criticism nor will I offer a final defence or condemnation of the author of theFasti, I will simply claim that there is no case to answer.
On Ovid'sIbis: a poem in context
Authors: Williams Gareth
Published: April 2013

In Propertius' reconstruction of the battle of Actium in 4.6 Apollo is pictured taking his place over Augustus' ship, braced for war:

non ille attulerat crinis in colla solutos

aut testudineae carmen inerme lyrae. (31–2)

In the opening couplet of theIbisOvid repeats the wordscarmen inermeat the same point in the pentameter:

tempus ad hoc lustris bis iam mihi quinque peractis

omne fuit Musae carmen inerme meae.

In Propertius Apollo lays aside the peaceful lyre and takes up his bow to begin the onslaught (55) which will bring Augustus easy victory (57). By echoing Propertius' words Ovid signals his own move into bellicose poetics. But whereas Apollo is equally adept with the lyre and the bow, Ovid is a stranger to war and no more equipped to take up figurative arms in his unaccustomed hands (cf. 10) than he is to take up real arms in self-defence against the marauding hordes of Pontic barbarians (cf.Tr.4.1.71–4). So why does Ovid have no option but to make war when, on his own admission, he is so ill-equipped for the task? Why is he at such pains to stress his strangeness to arms?
Lucretius 4.1–25 and the proems of theDe rerum natura
Authors: Gale Monica
Published: April 2013

The status of the first twenty-five lines ofDe rerum natura4 has been a matter of critical controversy since the appearance of Lachmann's edition of the poem in 1855. The lines are repeated almost verbatim from book 1 (926–50), and Lachmann refused to believe that Lucretius himself could be responsible for the duplication of such a long passage in such a prominent position. He condemned the repetition magisterially as a signpauperis ingenii et nullius iudicii. The majority of subsequent editors and critics have followed him in attributing the repetition either to an editor or to an interpolator, or supposed that the poet intended eventually to delete the passage from one of the two locations, but was prevented from doing so by his premature death. The problems raised by the repetition are compounded by the transitional section (26–53): the transmitted text is cumbersome and repetitive, and most critics accept Mewaldt's theory that the passage consists of a ‘doublet’, in which two alternative versions of the usual summary and ‘syllabus’ (26–44 and 45–53) have been imperfectly integrated. Mewaldt himself argued that the doublet was the result of a change in the order of books 3 and 4: book 4 was originally intended to follow 2 directly, and lines 1–25 and 45–53 (which summarize the contents of books 1 and 2only) date from this phase of composition. When the poet decided to insert book 3 between 2 and 4, he substituted the longer summary (26–44) and transferred 1–25 to a new location in book 1; but the posthumous editors of the poem failed to carry out the necessary deletions.
Becoming Roman, staying Greek: Culture, identity and the civilizing process in the Roman East
Authors: Woolf Greg
Published: April 2013

The nature, and indeed the reality, of Romanization in the east is controversial. One of the most influential accounts of Romanization in the western provinces notes that ‘by contrast, where Greek was already the language of culture, of government and of inter-regional trade, the Romans carried further the process of Hellenization … in general what was specifically Latin in the common civilization of the empire made little impact in the east’, the exceptions being the influence of Roman law and the popularity of gladiatorial games. That verdict endorsed the view that ‘the emperors made no attempt to romanise the Greek speaking provinces’, which saw the foundation of cities as a continuance of Hellenistic royal practice, and which regarded the establishment of the rare eastern colonies as motivated by practical considerations rather than any attempt at encouraging cultural assimilation. More recently, a fuller survey of exceptions to this general rule nevertheless concluded that ‘On the one hand, the culture and identity of the Greek east remained fundamentally rooted in the Classical past. On the other hand, the visible presence of Rome, outside those zones where the legions were stationed, was extremely slight.’
Virgil's metamorphoses: myth and allusion in theGeorgics
Authors: Gale Monica
Published: April 2013

felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas 490

atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum

subiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis auari.

fortunatus et ille deos qui nouit agrestis

Panaque Siluanumque senem Nymphasque sorores. (Geo.2.490–4)

[Happy is he who has been able to learn the causes of things, and

has trampled underfoot every fear, and unyielding Fate, and the din

of greedy Acheron. Fortunate, too, is he who knows the rustic gods,

Pan and old Silvanus and the sister Nymphs.]

In these famous words, Virgil expresses his ambivalent relationship with his great didactic model, Lucretius. The doublemakarismossuggests a declaration of allegiance to two incompatible views of the world: the rationalist philosophy of Epicurus and a nostalgic longing for the simple rustic piety which the Romans of the late Republic and early Empire were so fond of attributing to the farmer and the countryman.
Notes on Ovid'sTristia
Authors: Heyworth S. J.
Published: April 2013

Professor J. B. Hall has been kind enough to include some conjectures of mine in the apparatus of his forthcoming Teubner edition of Ovid'sTristia. The notes that follow (bar one – the discussion of 4.2) give some explanation and defence of these proposals.

Tristia1.6.19–26

nec probitate tua prior est aut Hectoris uxor,aut comes extincto Laodamia uiro.    20tu si Maeonium uatem sortita fuisses,Penelopes esset fama secunda tuae;    22prima locum sanctas heroidas inter haberes,   33prima bonis animi conspicerere tui.    34siue tibi hoc debes, nullo pia facta magistro,   23cumque noua mores sunt tibi luce dati,femina seu princeps omnes tibi culta per annos   25te docet exemplum coniugis esse bonae …33–4post22ed. Ven. 1486
‘Tribuni Aerarii’ (?) on coins
Authors: Mattingly H.
Published: April 2013

At the head of this little paper I set the descriptions of the three denarii, upon which it is based:

(1) obv. Head of Titus Tatius, bare-headed, bearded r. sabin. Ā. rev. Two Romans carrying off two Sabine women, L TITVRI.

Sometimes A PV with palm-branch stands in place of Ā, sometimes palm-branch only. The same obverse type is found with two other reverses: (a) Tarpeia buried under shields, (b) Victory in biga r. With (a) the obverse shows A PV and palm-branch or palm-branch alone, with (b) neither. There is Aes of the semiuncial standard. Grueber's date (BMC. Rep. I, pp. 297 ff. nos. 2322 ff.) is ca. 87 B.C. Babelon gives ca. 88 B.C., Mommsen gives ca. 86 (near end of period, 100–84 B.C.).

(2) obv. Bust of Diana, draped r, with quiver and bow, ending in stags' horns. rev. Hound running r.; spear, c postvmi. Ā.
Some recent experiments in Propertian criticism
Authors: Bailey D. R. Shackleton
Published: April 2013

Ex Propertio semper aliquid novi. It is with novelties, to speak relatively, that I am concerned; but first a glance around and backwards.

If one wishes to separate Propertius' editors into conservative sheep and radical goats, it is tempting to take as a criterion their attitude towards the problem of (alleged) disorder of verses in his MSS.—the Properzproblem as some call it κατ'ἐξοχήν——which arises chiefly, though not exclusively, in his second book. An ‘unvereinbare Divergenz’ is held by Ulrich Knoche to divide the troop of critics who have in general adhered to the verse order of the MSS. from those others, Housman, Postgate, and Richmond among them, who have tended to deal with the vulgate as Omar would have dealt with the universe—first shattering to bits and then remoulding nearer each to his own heart's desire; a practice inaugurated by Scaliger during the six or seven weeks of convalescence which produced (along with editions of Catullus and Tibullus) the portentously transposed Propertius of 1577.
The Gyges fragment: a new Possibility
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: April 2013

It is now nearly two and a half years since Mr Lobel published the fragment which he has called ‘as surprising as any recovered from the soil of Egypt’. Since then a considerable literature has grown up around the fragment. Mr Lobel with caution and Professor Page with more conviction have attributed the fragment to early Attic tragedy. But the other scholars who have written on the subject have with striking unanimity assigned it to the tragedy of the Hellenistic age, some of them with what seems to me a surprising self-assurance.

Arguments from the nature of the subject-matter seem to give little help in reaching a decision. If one party can adduce thePersaeof Aeschylus and thePhoenissaeand theCapture of Miletusof Phrynichus, the other can retort with theThemistoclesof Mausolus and theCassandreisof Lycophron. Leaving subject-matter aside, three main types of evidence have been brought forward, that of the style, that of the language and that of the metre. Any inference about the date based solely on the style must rest on foundations that are at least partially subjective.
The ‘Electra’ of Sophocles: prolegomena to an interpretation
Authors: Winnington-Ingram R. P.
Published: April 2013

The play has given rise to diverse interpretations. The greatest divergence of opinion is about the attitude of Sophocles to the matricidal vengeance. At one extreme we have a robust Homeric Sophocles, untroubled by the squeamishness of Aeschylus; at the other, an Aeschylean sensitiveness to the moral implications of the vengeance and a presumption that the Furies are only waiting for the play to end to begin their pursuit of Orestes. Adherents of the former view can point to certain epic features which Sophocles has introduced, but the constant reminiscences of the Oresteia are far more striking. This paper assumes (what will be in part substantiated) that Sophocles wrote with the Oresteia constantly in mind and expected the better-educated among his audience to be reminded of it. It will be concerned particularly with the Sophoclean treatment of the Furies and will suggest that this is of fundamental importance to the interpretation of the play.
(i) De Tribunis Plebis Reficiendis; (ii) De Legibus Iunia et Acilia Repetundarum
Authors: Jones A. H. M.
Published: April 2013

It is evident that there was no law expressly forbidding the re-election of tribunes of the plebs. When Tiberius Gracchus raised the issue, his colleagues were in doubt, though the majority apparently held that his candidature was inadmissible (Appian, B.C. I, 14–15). Two years later Papirius Carbo proposed a bill ‘ut eundem tribunum plebi quotiens vellet creare liceret’, which was rejected by the plebs (Livy, Epit. LIX, Cic., de Amic. 95). This event would have confirmed the presumption against the reeligibility of tribunes, but of course made no change in the legal position. In fact Gaius Gracchus was re-elected in 123 (for 122) without any recorded protest.
Trajan's Forum: a Plea
Authors: Plommer Hugh
Published: April 2013

On page 318 of F. M. Simpson's History of Architectural Development, vol. 1 (Longmans, 1956) I reprinted as fig. 107 the plan of Trajan's Forum from the earlier edition. I reprint it again here as Fig. 1. The plan is Lanciani's (Forma Urbis Romae, Milan, 1893, IV, 1). Compare R. Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations (London, 1897), fig. 119. This has drawn on me the strictures of scholars. Thus R. Martin writes (Revue des Études anciennes, p. 404, n. 1) that my book commits an ‘erreur dans le plan du forum de Trajan, qui ne rend pas la forme circulaire du côté méridional de la cour reconnu par G. Lugli’. By which he seems to mean that my plan makes the front wall of the court, to each side of the triumphal arch, straight and not segmental. A. von Gerkan, in Gymnasium, 1958, p. 545, remarks that in my book ‘gar zu oft hoffnungslos veraltetes Material vorgelegt wird. Das Trajansforum Abb. 107 ist ein groteskes Beispiel dafür’. Alas! following his usual custom, he gives no evidence for his statements, gladly though I should learn about these things.
The Conception of India in Hellenistic and Roman Literature
Authors: Dihle Albrecht
Published: April 2013

Going through the literature of late antiquity, of, say, the third and fourth centuries A.D., one is likely to discover very easily three different concepts of Indian geography.

(1) In literary—not in scientific—texts which belong to the classical tradition, India is usually thought of as the country of two big rivers, namely the Indus and the Ganges. This India does not include the region south of the Vindhya mountains, in spite of the fact that the commercial relations between South India and the Roman empire had been particularly close during the first and second centuries A.D. India, according to this literary tradition, was accessible by land, by following the course of Alexander's campaign, whereas Indian trade in the Roman period actually followed the passage provided by the monsoon, which had been discovered in the late Hellenistic period. Many details of that classical or rather classicistic conception of India can be gathered from Philostratus' Life of Apollonius, written early in the third century A.D., as well as from the History of Alexander, falsely attributed to Callisthenes.
The Song of Hybrias the Cretan
Authors: Page D. L.
Published: April 2013

The purpose of the following notes is twofold: to correct some current mis-statements about the text, dialect and metre (on which, to some extent, our judgement of the date may depend); and to draw from the text an inference about the status of Hybrias.

Athenaeus xv, 695 F seq.
The codification of false refutations in Aristotle's De Sophisticis Elenchis
Authors: Evans J. D. G.
Published: April 2013

My aim in this paper is to examine the general conception and the detailed problems in Aristotle's comments in the S.E. on how to organise the handling of false refutations. The influence of Aristotle's work in this area has been immense, as C. L. Hamblin has recently shown: the discussions of fallacious and illicit reasoning in books of logic down the centuries are dominated by the aim of adhering to what their authors conceive to be Aristotle's divisions of the subject. Even after the logical and metaphysical bases on which the Aristotelian treatment rests had been abandoned, logicians persisted with a codification of fallacies the very purpose of which had become obscure. Hamblin has well exposed the distortions to which the servile but misconceived tradition has subjected Aristotle's insights. Now that modern developments in formal logic enable us to appreciate that Aristotle's syllogistic occupies a small, albeit paradigmatic, part of the calculus of relations, we are better placed to understand the character of the non-syllogistic areas of his logical work. At the same time there has been a growth in the historical understanding of Aristotle's dialectic. So the way should lie open to a better appreciation of Aristotle's conception of errors in argument, and to a clearer grasp of the actual phenomenon.
Interpolations in Petronius
Authors: Sullivan J. P.
Published: April 2013

‘The core of practically every problem in textual criticism is a problem of style, and the categories are still far less settled than those of textual criticism. And there is the further danger that the editor in making his recension may fall into the habit of forgetting his responsibility for being continually alive to the author's style. Here I may be allowed to end by recalling a remark of Richard Bentley's in his note on Horace, Odes 3.27.15, nobis et ratio et res ipsa centum codicibus potiores sunt. This remark has always tempted some scholars to misuse it, and it will always continue to do so; but it is true.’ (P.Maas, Textual criticism (1958) 40 f.)

That there were interpolations in Petronius' text was recognised early, although it was not until Eduard Fraenkel's more scientific, if controversial, views on Petronian interpolation were communicated and published in K.Müller's first edition of the Satyricon (1961) that an attempt was made to classify and date more serious and unnoticed interpolations.