bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 – Plano de Enfrentamento para Serviços de Terapia Assistida em Doenças Autoimunes
Authors: Fernandes Vander , Lima Verônica Palmiro da Silva e , Cesar Luciana Carolina da Silva Ishikawa Santos , Damasceno Tassia Moraes de Assis , Silva Cristhiane Almeida Leite da
Published: May 2021

Em função da Pandemia pelo COVID-19, houve a necessidade de elaborar um guia com intuito de nortear as ações dos serviços em funcionamento, buscando a segurança para pacientes em tratamento para doenças autoimunes e equipe de saúde envolvidos na prestação da assistência, sem prejuízo ao controle clínico destas doenças. Elaborar um Plano de enfrentamento e recomendar diretrizes para os Serviços de Terapia Assistida. Foram pesquisadas publicações de saúde pública nacional e internacional, sociedades de especialidades médicas de áreas afins das doenças, que se utilizam de imunomoduladores parenterais para tratamento e publicações nas principais bases de dados virtuais relacionando COVID-19, doenças reumáticas e drogas imunobiológicas. Com base em revisão de dados atuais da literatura, recomendações das principais sociedades de especialidades médicas relacionadas ao tema e agências de saúde pública, foi possível elaborar um plano de contingência para que serviços de terapia assistida para tratamento de doenças autoimunes não sofressem um impacto negativo desnecessário durante a Pandemia de COVID-19, permitindo assim a continuidade de tratamento para pacientes que necessitam uso contínuo de medicações imunomoduladoras parenterais, evitando a piora clínica destes pacientes.

 

Palavras-chave: COVID-19. Doenças Reumáticas. Serviço de Terapia Assistida.

 

Abstract

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, there was a need to prepare a coping plan to guide the services actions in operation, seeking safety for patients undergoing treatment for autoimmune diseases and the health team involved in providing care, without harming  to the clinical control of such  diseases. To develop a coping plan and recommend guidelines for assisted therapy services. Publications from national and international public health agencies, societies of medical specialties from disease-related areas that use parenteral immunomodulators for treatment and publications in the main virtual databases relating Covid-19, rheumatic diseases and immunobiological drugs were searched. Based on a review of current literature data, recommendations from the main societies of medical specialties related to the theme and public health agencies, it was possible to develop a contingency plan so that assisted therapy services for the  autoimmune diseases treatment would not undergo an unnecessary negative effect during the Covid-19 pandemic, thus allowing treatment continuity for patients who need continuous use of parenteral immunomodulatory medications, preventing the clinical worsening of these patients.

 

Keywords: Covid-19. Rheumatic Diseases. Assisted Therapy Services
Seed Morpho-Anatomical Characters of Some Cardamine taxa from Turkey
Authors: KARAİSMAİLOĞLU Cengiz
Published: May 2021

This manuscript includes morphological and anatomical characters of seeds of 7 taxa of Cardamine genus from Turkey and the importance of these characteristics from a systematic perspective. The outcomes demonstrate that the taxa vary in terms of seed shape and dimension. The seed dimension varies between 0.91 mm and 2.20 mm in length and between 0.41 mm and 1.65 mm in width, Cardamine graeca having the biggest and C. tenera having the smallest seeds. The seed surface ornamentation is categorized into five types: reticulate-alveolate, scalariform, reticulate, foveate and reticulate-foveate. The most common type is scalariform and reticulate, however; foveate, reticulate-foveate and reticulate-alveolate ornamentation types have been noticed to be taxon-specific. The testa is mostly occurred with 3 layers: the outer epidermis, the inner epidermis, and the parenchyma layer. However, C. tenera and C. graeca taxa have an additional inner testa layer under the outer testa. The shapes and thicknesses of the outer epidermis and the inner epidermis, presence of the inner testa and the parenchyma layer are very important characteristics that disclose inter-specific relations within the studied species. Moreover, a key is offered for the identification of the studied taxa based on seed characters.
KIRGIZ TÜRKÇESİNDE ÇATI BİÇİMBİRİMLERİNİ ALMIŞ EYLEMLERİN SÖZLÜKSELLEŞMESİ
Authors: Özeren Mehmet
Published: May 2021

Sözlükselleşme; geniş anlamda sözcüklerin veya eklerin diğer eklerle ya da birlikte kullanıldığı diğer sözcüklerle anlamsal farklılıklara uğrayarak ayrı ve farklı bir anlamı işaretlemesi, kodlaması sonucunda sözlük birimi hâline gelmesidir. Sözlükselleşmenin bir türü olan biçimbirimsel sözlükselleşme ise, biçimbilgisel donuklaşma, değişme, örnekseme, ekleme, sözcükbirimsel sınıfa geçme, dilbilgiselleşme, eksiltme vb. yollarla gerçekleşmektedir. Bu tür sözlükselleşme, biçimbilgisel açıdan şeffaf görünen, yapısal açıdan çözümlenebilir olan ancak donuklaşmış olan yapılar olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Çatı biçimbirimlerini alan eylemlerin sözlükselleşmesi de bu türden bir sözlükselleşmedir. Çünkü çatı eki alan yapılara eşzamanlı bakıldığında çözümlenebilirliklerinin yüksek, yapıyı oluşturan unsurların anlam açısından şeffaf olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak yine de çatı biçimbirimi almış eylemlerin bir kısmı metaforik olarak farklı anlamı işaretlediklerinden sözlük içerisinde ayrı bir birim olarak yer almaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Kırgız Türkçesi yazı dilinden yola çıkarak çatı biçimbirimlerini almış ve sözlükselleşmiş eylemler tespit edilecek ve bu tür eylemlerin ne şekilde sözlükselleştikleri üzerinde durulacaktır.
Sterilisasi dan Induksi Daun Muda Durian (Durio zibethinus) Dalam Medium MS Dengan Penambahan Kinetin dan IAA Secara In Vitro
Authors: Supangkat Gatot , Rineksane Innaka Ageng , Pamuji Kurniawati
Published: May 2021

A research  to study the sterilization   method  and application   of Kinetin  and IAA to induce the Durian  young  leaf (Durio zibethinus) in MS  medium   was conducted in Balai Benih Induk Hortikultura in Salaman  Magelang  district  of Central  Java  started  on September  until December 2003. The Laboratory experiment   was arranged  in two phases,  which were  the optimation  phase of sterilization   and  induction   phase.  At  the  first  phase,  the  sterilization method  used  was  the modification   of Mulya  (2001) method.  The modification   use of sterilant,  vitamin  C antioxidant, Alcohol  70 %, Benlate, Agrept,  Tween-20  and Betadine  were done to obtain  effectiveness   of the sterilization.  Explants  planted  then in MS medium  for two weeks. Contamination   time, percentage of contamination   and viabilitas  (percentage of living explants)  were observed  then.  At the second phase,  the treatments were arranged  in a 3 x 3 factorial  completely   randomized   design  (CRD)  to observed  the influence  of Kinetin  and IAA combination.   The concentration   of Kinetin  observed were 2, 4, and 6 mg/I, where  as the IAA concentration   were 0.5,  1.0, and  1.5 mg/I. All treatments were  repeated  three  times,  with three samples  on each  replication.   The percentage   of browning explants, percentage  of contaminated   explants,  site of  contamination   and percentage of explants live were observed  at the end of incubation. The results  showed that sterilization  of Durian young leaves explants  with 1  g/l deterjent  for 15 minutes  then by 2 g/l Benlate  and Agrept  for 10 minutes,  then by 1  g/200 mg Vitamin C, then by Alcohol  70 % for 1  minute, then by 20% Clorox,  then by 2 drip of Tween-20  for 10 minute and then by Betadine  decreased  the contamination down to 50 %, and this kind of sterilization  was relatively better than  the other  kinds.  Application   of growth  regulators   were  not  able  to induce  explants growth,  but stimulated  callus formation  at the cutting surface though,  in the application  of Kinetin 4 mg/1 + IAA 0,5 mg/I, Kinetin 4 mg/1 + IAA  1,5 mg/1, Kinetin  6 mg/I+  IAA 0,5  mg/1 and Kinetin 6 mg/l+IAA   1,0 mg/I.
Sztuka w służbie imperium i narodu: casus bizantyjskich fresków w kaplicy Św. Trójcy na Zamku Lubelskim w świetle poglądów rosyjskich historyków (XIX –początek XX wieku)
Authors: Piccin Matteo
Published: May 2021

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest refleksja nad nacjonalizmem rosyjskim – jego znaczeniem i zasięgiem terytorialnym, realnym, a także wyobrażonym – w Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX w. Jako case study autor wybrał znamienite bizantyjskie freski z początku XV w., które pokrywają wewnętrzne ściany kaplicy Świętej Trójcy na Zamku Lubelskim w Lublinie. Autor stawia sobie pytanie, czy Lublin, ze względu na obecność fresków szkoły ruskiej, odsłoniętych dopiero na początku XX w., był w rozumieniu rosyjskich nacjonalistów miastem o rodowodzie ruskim (rosyjskim) i miał w takim razie ulec rusyfikacji, której sąsiednia Chełmszczyzna doświadczała od co najmniej 30 lat. Gdzie więc była granica nacjonalizmu rosyjskiego? Lublin leżał na granicy z ziemią chełmską, a odkrycie malowideł mogło spowodować zasadniczą rewizję spojrzenia na to miasto jako miasto polskie.

Znani intelektualiści polscy, a także rosyjscy archeologowie, historycy i badacze starożytności wzięli udział w debacie wokół pochodzenia fresków i ich genezy. I wojna światowa przerwała wszelkie projekty prac konserwatorskich, a wraz z nimi także próby dalszego odsłaniania „rosyjskości” Lublina.
„Sprawy polskie” w pruskim Ministerstwie Spraw Wewnętrznych (1900–1918)
Authors: Matwiejczyk Witold
Published: May 2021

Głównym celem badawczym artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jaka była rola pruskiego Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych przy wcielaniu w życie pruskiej „Polenpolitik”. Na podstawie zachowanych (choć niepełnych) rozporządzeń wewnętrznych i schematów organizacyjnych tego ministerstwa autor próbuje ustalić, jak przebiegały mechanizmy decyzyjne przy rozpatrywaniu „spraw polskich” w tymże ministerstwie; jakie konkretnie osoby, w jakich referatach merytorycznych podejmowały setki decyzji składających się na odgórnie przyjęte ramy „Polenpolitik”. Problem badawczy jest o tyle skomplikowany, że zachowany układ akt Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych, przechowywanych w Geheimes Staatsarchiv w Berlinie, nie odpowiada strukturze referatów merytorycznych, w których zostały wytworzone. Zastany układ jest głównie wytworem registratur, gdyż to tam łączono poszczególne akta w tomy, nadając im tytuły i przynależność strukturalną.

Artykuł składa się z trzech części merytorycznych. W części wstępnej autor wyjaśnia, że Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych jako najwyższa instancja zwierzchnia dla struktur policji i administracji terenowej ponosiło główną odpowiedzialność za realizację w praktyce rządowej „Polenpolitik”. W części drugiej autor przeprowadza krótką analizę karier zawodowych szefów resortu spraw wewnętrznych, by odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy ich doświadczenia administracyjne w prowincjach wschodnich i kontakty z ludnością polską w jakiś sposób determinowały kierunek i ciągłość „polityki polskiej” w kierowanym przez nich resorcie. Ostatnia część jest poświęcona strukturze organizacyjnej ministerstwa i jej zmianom w omawianym okresie. Rozważania koncentrują się na tych referatach merytorycznych, które podejmowały decyzje w „sprawach polskich”.

We wnioskach autor podkreśla częste zmiany ministrów spraw wewnętrznych i ich znikome doświadczenia w pracy administracyjnej w prowincjach zamieszkałych przez Polaków (Ostmarken), co sugeruje, że nie były one główną przyczyną kierunku, ciągłości i determinacji w realizacji polityki germanizacyjnej wobec mniejszości polskiej. Te czynniki autor dostrzega w samej strukturze i funkcjonowaniu referatów merytorycznych ministerstwa. Początkowo „sprawy polskiej agitacji” (Polenagitation) rozpatrywane były w jednym referacie z problemami ruchu socjalistycznego, anarchistycznego oraz separatystycznego ruchu welfickiego (hanowerskiego) i duńskiego. Wszystkie były bowiem jednakowo traktowane jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa państwa. Wraz z radykalizacją polityki germanizacyjnej sprawy „polskiej agitacji” od 1908 r. znalazły się w odrębnym referacie, kierowanym do 1918 r. przez tego samego decernenta. Był on wspierany przez dwóch decernentów referatów policyjnych (ogólnej policji państwowej i policji politycznej). W sumie w latach 1908‒1918 zaledwie trzy osoby podejmowały decyzje merytoryczne w sprawach polskich, w czym autor upatruje właśnie ciągłość i konsekwencję w realizacji antypolskiej polityki rządu pruskiego.
ECONOMICS AND RISK MANAGEMENT OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Perevozova I. , Samoilyk Iu. , Radchenko О. , Shportiuk N. , Demydova M.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The development of the biofuel market in the world has a positive dynamic for growth. The substantiation of the directions of further improvement of the methodology of production management of alternative fuels is taking into account the policy of climate change and the possibility of reducing dependence on external suppliers of traditional fuels. Ukraine has favorable natural and climatic conditions for the development of production of non-traditional fuels. The most common crops that can be grown in Ukraine for biofuels are rapeseed and corn. Based on the material and technical base and production conditions, rapeseed is the best crop for cultivation. Therefore, the object that we have chosen for this study is the production of biodiesel, which does not require significant capital expenditures by agricultural enterprises. For the purposes of the study, the risks were grouped according to various classification criteria (operational and production; marketing; financial; legal and infrastructural; weather; environmental) and the weights of their impact on the performance of agricultural enterprises. The structural scheme of the algorithm of the automated estimation of influence of risk factors for development of bases of the analysis and management of risks of production of biodiesel is constructed. The author's method of calculating the impact of the risk complex takes into account the limit values of the intervals of fuzzy quantities. To preserve soil fertility and reduce the corresponding risks, the proportion of rapeseed in growing areas should be at the limit of 17—18% (when also growing sunflower the upper limit is 12%), then all three analyzed farms can not only use their own land for rapeseed crops, but also, if necessary, rent the necessary plot, or, according to the results of the relevant analysis, its part. In some cases, farms even purchase some of the seeds needed to load the equipment. The results of calculations of the cost of production of biofuels showed that the increase in the cost for small and medium producers is not significant compared to large producers.
Keywords: biofuels, biodiesel, risk management, agricultural enterprises, risk management, efficiency.
JEL Classification O13, Q42
Formulas: 6; fig.: 1; tabl.: 5; bibl.: 19.
ІНСТИТУЦІЙНІ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ДЕРЖАВНИХ ФІНАНСІВ
Authors: Чугунов І. , Макогон В. , Маркуц Ю.
Published: May 2021

Анотація. Розкрито роль системи державних фінансів у забезпеченні макроекономічної стабільності, регулюванні економічних процесів та підвищення рівня і якості життя населення. Визначено напрями інституційних перетворень системи державних фінансів. Розкрито положення щодо підвищення ефективності використання державних фінансових ресурсів, удосконалення інструментів управління державним боргом, розвитку інституційного середовища державно-приватного партнерства, критеріїв розподілу державних фінансових ресурсів за несприятливої динаміки бюджетних надходжень. Здійснено аналіз та оцінку частки державного боргу у валовому внутрішньому продукті країн ЄС. Запропоновано положення щодо підвищення дієвості державного фінансового контролю та аудиту, удосконалення системи державного прогнозування з метою забезпечення своєчасного здійснення адекватних фінансово-бюджетних заходів і реагування на соціально-економічну ситуацію у країні, посилення стратегічного характеру державних фінансово-бюджетних прогнозів. Обґрунтовано, що в умовах інституційних перетворень формування бюджетних показників, їхньої архітектоніки має здійснюватися виходячи з необхідності: оптимізації видаткової частини бюджетів різних рівнів; прийняття нових видаткових зобов’язань можливе, лише якщо порівняльна оцінка їхньої ефективності є вищою від поточних зобов’язань з урахуванням термінів і рівня наявних фінансових ресурсів для їх реалізації; постійного проведення аналізу та оцінки видаткових зобов’язань з метою визначення неефективних витрат. Визначено важливість у сучасних умовах розвитку системи державних фінансів здійснення постійної оцінки фіскальних ризиків для забезпечення стійкості, стабільності та збалансованості бюджетної системи; забезпечення достатнього рівня гнучкості бюджетних витрат виходячи із макроекономічної ситуації у країні; удосконалення нормативно-методичного забезпечення бюджетного процесу.
Ключові слова: державні фінанси, бюджетна система, державний борг, фіскальна політика, економічне зростання.
Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 1; бібл.: 10.
ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ НА ОСНОВІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВЕД: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ
Authors: Карбовська Л. , Якушик І. , Фещенко О. , Каліна І. , Козлова А.
Published: May 2021

Анотація. Обґрунтовано, що фактором економічного зростання, підвищення економічної та енергетичної безпеки, збереження навколишнього середовища від згубного впливу наслідків споживання вуглеводневих джерел енергоресурсів є сталий розвиток відновлюваної енергетики. Розглянуто стан і перспективи використання відновлюваних джерел енергії (ВДЕ) у світі. Представлено рейтинг країн за питомою вагою електроенергії, виробленої з ВДЕ у відсотках до первинних джерел за період 2015—2019 рр., який показує, що найбільшу ефективність ВДЕ мають такі країни, як Ісландія, Кенія і Латвія, а найбільше зростання спостерігається в Україні, Великобританії, Туреччині, Данії, Японії, Франції, США і Німеччині. Узагальнено фактори зростання попиту на ВДЕ, зокрема: паритет ціни і продуктивності внаслідок зниження ціни на ВДЕ; підвищення ефективності виробництва енергії внаслідок технологічного прогресу та впровадження інноваційних технологій у ВДЕ; інтеграція енергомереж і збалансування навантаження на них; стимулювання попиту на ВДЕ великими містами — реалізація стратегії «розумного міста», яка включає «розумну» енергетику; розвиток громадського володіння мережами і ВДЕ; активна участь країн, що розвиваються, у поширенні відновлюваної енергетики; зростаюча участь корпоративного сектору в розвитку відновлюваної енергетики.
Визначено взаємозв’язок цілей розвитку сфери енергетики щодо її доступності, надійності, стійкості та цілей у галузі сталого розвитку. Так, скорочення масштабів бідності (ціль 1) передбачає розширення доступу до базових ресурсів і послуг, наявності сучасної інфраструктури, елементом якої є ВДЕ; використання екологічно чистої відновлюваної енергетики сприятиме зниженню ризиків для здоров’я (запобігання хворобам і боротьбі з пандеміями) — ціль 3; створення стійкої інфраструктури, сприяння інноваціям (ціль 9) передбачає застосування чистих та екологічно безпечних технологій і сталого розвитку енергетики; використання ВДЕ має синергетичний зв’язок із реалізацією цілі 13 — термінові заходи боротьби зі зміною клімату і його наслідками.
Ключові слова: цілі сталого розвитку, зростання економіки, енергетична безпека, відновлювані джерела енергії, вуглеводневе паливо, декарбонізація.
Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 2; бібл.: 17.
MARKETING RESEARCH OF THE STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SANITATION OF THE SETTLEMENT TERRITORY
Authors: Datsii О. , Datsii N. , Zborovska O. , Aleinikova O. , Krasovska O.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The purpose of the paper is to study the basis of state policy in the field of sanitation of the territory of the settlement, especially under decentralization of management. The survey is based on the analysis of the development of the legal framework of Ukraine, CIS countries and European countries on household waste management, and study of statistical information on the current stage of waste management with further identification of the current problems which Ukraine faces in this field, and providing practical recommendations taking into account the decentralization process which is currently taking place and as well as foreign experience. It is found that the need for separate collection of household waste has become essential in the field of environmental protection. However, due to inadequate system of solid household waste management in settlements, usually in the private sector, 26.9 thousand unauthorized landfills are detected annually. The solution to this problem is to cultivate the culture of the population and raise their motivation to sort waste. Besides, one of the reasons for such a phenomenon is the absence of a legal mechanism of utilization of waste in the rural area. It has been established that in order to increase the efficiency of administrative management of social development on the corresponding territory the decentralization of management has been chosen as priority. It has resulted in the possibility of the community’s cooperation which has a number of advantages for settlements improvement, in particular for sanitation of the territories. In order to solve the problem of reducing the unauthorized landfills in the private sector of the rural area the implementation of measures aimed at development of the culture of the population and raising their motivation to sort waste has been proposed. In order to increase the motivation of taxpayers for the rational management of waste, it is proposed to apply tax incentives, in particular, income tax and value added tax for companies that: carry out operations to supply equipment intended for use in the manufacture of waste products; promote investment in the manufacture of containers, garbage trucks and the construction of waste sorting plants.
Keywords: marketing research, sanitary clearing of the territory, settlements, domestic waste, improvement of settlements.
JEL Classification M31, R11
Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; table: 2; bibl.: 23.
Super-Compositional Factors Strengthening and Endangering Marriage in The Recent Decade in Iran
Authors: Kiani Ardeshir , Navabinejad Shokuh , Ahmadi Khodabakhsh , Taghvaei Davood
Published: May 2021

Aim: Nowadays marriage is considered the most important pillar of a stable family and as such is quite a big concern for the average youth. Therefore reaching a successful marriage requires paying attention to different variables of this crucial subject. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to reveal a template for a successful marriage and all of its strengthening and endangering variables, considering the Iranian culture.
Methods: The research method for this study was super compositional, and the statistical population included all local research in this field between the years of 2009 to 2019 that were acquired following a  systematic selection criteria, that yielded 21 articles.
Results: The result of this research showed that the most important factors of a successful marriage can be divided into 4 themes and 16 main factors with 146 strengthening and endangering factors, which include individual factors, environmental factors, couple factors, and criteria for mate selection. The main factors include moral, personal, or identity characteristics, religious and spiritual beliefs, including problem solving skills, parenting, effective relations with spouse, family ties with spouse, financial issues, sexual issues, cultural factors, societal factors and family, knowing the expectations, needs and wants, same mindedness, general maturity and general, physical, and mental health. All of the above mentioned main factors all have their own sub factors within themselves.
Conclusion: It is expected that this project will be of use to researchers and family and marriage specialists.
Investigating the Effectiveness of Couple Therapy based on Reality Therapy and Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) on Couples’ Happiness and Resilience
Authors: Davaie Markazi Mehrnoush , Karimi Javad , Goodarzi Kourosh
Published: May 2021

Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of reality-based and emotionally focused couple therapy (EFCT) interventions on the happiness and resilience of couples.
Methods: The method of the present study was a single case experimental design of multiple simultaneous baselines. The statistical population of the study were maladapted couples referred to Talieh Mehr Couple Therapy Center in Tehran (149 couples), in which 6 couples were selected as a sample by purposive and voluntary sampling method. Then, the approaches were performed in pairs for reality therapy and EFT for each couple with a two-month follow-up. The standard Oxford happiness (Argyle, Martin, Crossland, 1989) and Conor-Davidson resilience (Conor-Davidson, 2003) questionnaires were completed as data collection tools. Data were analyzed by visual mapping, stable change index, and recovery percentage formula.
Results: The results showed that reality therapy-based couple therapy increased the happiness and resilience of couples (61.06% and 49.31% recovery, respectively) and its effect was maintained until the end of the two-month follow-up period (60.05% and 51.88% recovery). Also, EFCT increased the happiness and resilience of couples, respectively (28.06% and 28.87% recovery) and its effect was maintained until the end of the two-month follow-up period (26.81% and 29.73%, recovery). The index of their change in reliability also indicated that these changes were significant (p <0.05).
Conclusion: The results showed the effectiveness of couple therapy interventions based on reality therapy and EFT on increasing the happiness and resilience of incompatible couples and the mentioned approaches can explain the desirable degree of variability of happiness and resilience of incompatible couples.
The Mediating Role of Marital Intimacy in the Relationship between Attachment Style and Couples' Attitude Towards Infidelity
Authors: Bakhtiari Ensieh , Hosseini Saeideh Sadat , Arefi Mokhtar , Afsharinia Karim
Published: May 2021

Aim: Intimacy among couples is an important factor in sustainable marriages. If couples' intimacy fades, it will affect their tendency toward extramarital relations. Individuals' style of attachment form during childhood and exert a notable influence on the formation of their marital intimacy during adulthood. Therefore, the goal of the present research was to study the mediating role of marital intimacy in relation between attachment styles and attitude.
Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytic study of correlational type. The statistical population is comprised of all married men and women of Tehran in the Iranian year of 1396. The study's sample was chosen from the population using the convenient sampling method. Data collection tools included Mark Whatley (2006) Q Attitude Toward Transnational Relationships Questionnaire, Collins & Read (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire, and Thompson and Walker (2002) Marital Intimacy Questionnaire. The total population size of the sample was 650 couples, consisting of 357 women and 293 men.   Data analysis was done using the path analysis method and the AMOS statistical software from SPSS company.
Results: Analyzing the correlation coefficients and their standardized values, in addition to the related t-test values, indicated that the direct effect of the anxiety-driven attachment style on marital intimacy is meaningful (P≤0/05). Furthermore, the indirect effect of marital intimacy on tendency toward infidelity is meaningful (P≤0/05).
Conclusion: Since marriage and choosing a partner is one of the most important decisions in life, considering the predicting role of unsafe attachment style and the role of marital intimacy in individuals' tendency toward infidelity, the necessity of analyzing these two variables as it applies to premarital counseling and parental training about child education and attachment styles, must be emphasized.
Development and Validation of Quality of Mother and Daughter-in-Law’s Relationship Scale
Authors: Abbaspour Zabihollah
Published: May 2021

Aim: Conflict of mothers and daughters-in-law is a common issue, especially in Asian countries characterized by a collectivistic culture and a patrilineal society. The main purpose of this research was the development and validation of quality of mother and daughter-in-law’s relationship scale, including construct validity, convergent validity and internal consistency.
Methods: This was a correlational research. The research's statistical population included all students' mothers in city of Ahvaz. Two samples were used in this study. In the first sample, 411 subjects were selected for exploratory factor analysis; and in the second stage, a random sample of 211 subjects were selected as a multi-stage cluster sampling for confirmatory factor analysis. Subjects completed the Quality of Mother-in-Law and Daughter-in-law Relationship Scale (QMDRS) and Miller Social Intimacy Scale (MSIS).
Results: The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that this scale consists of four factors, including kindness and empathy, control, communication, and interference. The confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed the four-factor structure of this scale. Convergent validity of QMDRS is calculated by correlating it with the Miller Social Intimacy Scale. The correlation coefficient of mean in subjects in QMDRS was significant (0.20 to 0.46). According to Cronbach's alpha, the internal consistency of the QMDRS and four factors kindness and empathy, control, communication, and interference was 0.68, 0.62, 0.72, 0.78, and 0.90.
Conclusion: According to the results the Quality of Mother and Daughter-in-law’s Relationship Scale (QMDRS) has sufficient validity and reliability in Iranian families.
The Effect of Home-to-School Transition Program on Social-Emotional Readiness of Preschool Students
Authors: Golshirazi Faeze , sadeghi Ahmad
Published: May 2021

Aim: This study was done to investigate the effect of home-to-school transition program on social-emotional readiness of preschool students.
Methods: For this study,  semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and control groups were used. The population included all preschool students in Isfahan during the 2017-2018 academic year who entered kindergarten for the first time. Data collection for this study included voluntary participation of two kindergartens from the city’s 5th district, and each was randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Seventeen students who were qualified to enter the interventional phase were included in the treatment and control group. The transition from home to school program was performed on the experimental group during 3 months and the control group did not received any interventions. The scale of the Social-Emotional School Readiness (Bustin, 2007) was used to collect the data.
Findings: The data was analysed with one-way and multivariate analysis of covariance and the results showed that the home-to-school transition program was effective to promote social-emotional readiness of preschool student (p <0/003).
Conclusion: Therefore, we can use this program for preschool student to increase their social-emotional readiness.
Obciążenie strony kosztami postępowania przed organami podatkowymi
Authors: Bernat Rafał
Published: May 2021

W założeniu postępowanie podatkowe jest procedurą nieodpłatną dla podatnika, któremu umożliwiono obronę swojego sposobu interpretacji prawa podatkowego przed dwoma instancjami (organy podatkowe). Jeśli koszty postępowania wystąpią wskutek ekstraordynaryjnych środków dowodowych (np. oględziny), to wydatki z tym związane co do zasady pokrywa Skarb Państwa. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie trybu ponoszenia niezbędnych wydatków postępowania podatkowego, zarówno przez Skarb Państwa, jak i też wyjątkowo przez podatnika. Organ podatkowy decydujący o wymiarze postępowania oraz liczebności m. in. czynności dowodowych w sprawie, powinien mieć jasne ustawowe wytyczne dotyczące sposobu organizacji kosztów proceduralnych. Dlatego też autor odnosi się do przesłanek pozytywnych i negatywnych, których wystąpienie umożliwia obciążenie podatnika kosztami postępowania podatkowego. Opisano również sytuacje wyłączające obowiązek ponoszenia wydatków związanych z nowymi dowodami, organizacją rozprawy podatkowej lub udziałem biegłych, tłumaczy. Autor odniósł się do możliwości wystąpienia przez podatnika z wnioskiem o zwrot nakładów poniesionych przez niego podczas udziału w postępowaniu. W konsekwencji prowadzonych badań nad tym zagadnieniem poruszono materię pojęć nieostrych (niedookreślonych) takich jak: ,,interes publiczny” lub ,,ważny interes podatnika”. Jako postulat de lege ferenda przyjęto potrzebę sprecyzowania przez ustawodawcę pozytywnych przesłanek ustawowych umożliwiających obciążenie podatnika kosztami postępowania podatkowego.
Polityka pieniężna a stabilność rynków finansowych (na przykładzie polityki systemu rezerwy federalnej)
Authors: Zawirski Jacek
Published: May 2021

Artykuł ma na celu zaprezentowanie zależności między polityką pieniężną, koniunkturą gospodarczą i kondycją rynków finansowych. Ostatni globalny kryzys i późniejsze działania banków centralnych unaoczniły jak ścisłe są to powiązania. W opracowaniu przedstawiony został wpływ polityki monetarnej na koniunkturę gospodarczą, rynek nieruchomości i notowania wybranych instrumentów finansowych. Autor dowodzi, że polityka pieniężna ma coraz większy wpływ na koniunkturę gospodarczą i zachowanie rynków finansowych. Opracowanie pokazuje potrzebę stabilności systemu finansowego dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania gospodarek.
Dodatek kwartalny
Authors: Uryszek Tomasz , Zimny Artur , Bogus Andrzej , Zygmunt Michał , Witczak Radosław , Olesiak Jarosław
Published: May 2021

"Ryzyko stopy procentowej długu Skarbu Państwa w Polsce"
"Koniunktura w sektorze przedsiębiorstw niefinansowych w 2. kwartale 2014 r."
"Koniunktura giełdowa"
"Deflacja – nowe wyzwania przed polityką pieniężną"
"Sytuacja gospodarcza w Polsce po pierwszym półroczu 2014 r."
"Zmiany w świecie finansów (podatków)"
"Wyrok Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego w Warszawie dnia 23 października 2012 r. I GSK 974/11 – Glosa"
Nienadążanie prawa za rozwojem społecznym a cele prawa
Authors: Sut Paweł
Published: May 2021

Punktem wyjścia dla rozważań zawartych w niniejszym opracowaniu jest intuicyjna konstatacja problemu nienadążania prawa, który to problem zauważany od dawna, związany jest m.in. z rozwojem technologii informacyjnych (np. Internetu) oraz rozwojem ogólnospołecznym.
Archaeology on Medieval Knights’ Manor Houses in Poland
Authors: Marciniak-Kajzer Anna
Published: May 2021

The relicts of medieval knights’ manor houses in Poland today are so called “grodziska stożkowate” (motte) - the anonymous hills having in themselves remnants of wooden buildings, exceptionally made of stone or brick and numerous tiny artifacts being the trace of the past household equipment. Unlike to the castles they are not so often visited but more often destroyed. The book presents the image of medieval knights’ manor houses, which we know due to archaeological excavations carried on for half a century. Description of buildings household equipment and movables used by the people of the past was completed by transfers from written sources which allows for better understanding the live of medieval knights’ family.
Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of the Capsular Serotypes of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Pneumonic Cases of Cattle in Ethiopia
Authors: Mirtneh Y.A. , Vemulapati B.M. , Takele A. , Martha Y. , Teferi D. , Alebachew B. , Getaw D. , Esayas G.
Published: May 2021

Background: Pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous species and opportunistic pathogen associated with pneumonia in cattle. Losses due to pneumonia and associated expenses are estimated to be higher in Ethiopia with limited information about the distribution of capsular serotypes. Hence, this study was designed to determine the biotypes and capsular serotypes of P. multocida from pneumonic cases of cattle. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a purposive sampling method was employed in 400 cattle from April 2018 to January 2019. Nasopharyngeal swabs and lung tissue samples were collected from clinically suspected pneumonic cases of calves (n = 170) and adult cattle (n = 230). Samples were analyzed using the bacteriological and molecular assay. Result: Bacteriological analysis revealed isolation of 61 (15.25%) P. multocida subspecies multocida. Molecular assay targeting KMT1 gene (~460 bp) confirmed P. multocida species. Capsular typing revealed the presence of serogroup A (hyaD-hyaC) gene (~1044 bp) and serogroup D (dcbF) gene (~657 bp) in 56 (91.80%) and 5 (8.20%) isolates, respectively. Isolation of P. multocida A:3 highlights its prevalence in the study areas. Therefore, the current finding suggests further comprehensive studies on P. multocida capsular types and microbial diversity of respiratory infection in cattle to design an effective control strategy.
Donor Support to Electoral Cycles
Authors: Herbert Siân
Published: May 2021

This rapid literature review explains the stages of an election cycle, and how donors provide support to electoral cycles. It draws mainly on policy guidance websites and papers due to the questions of this review and the level of analysis taken (global-level, donor-level). It focuses on publications from the last five years, and/or current/forthcoming donor strategies. The electoral cycle and its stages are well-established policy concepts for which there is widespread acceptance and use. Donor support to electoral cycles (through electoral assistance and electoral observation) is extremely widespread, and the dominant donors in this area are the multilateral organisations like the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU), and also the United States (US). While almost all bilateral donors also carry out some work in this area, “almost all major electoral support programmes are provided jointly with international partners” (DFID, 2014, p.5). Bilateral donors may provide broader support to democratic governance initiatives, which may not be framed as electoral assistance, but may contribute to the wider enabling environment. All of the donors reviewed in this query emphasise that their programmes are designed according to the local context and needs, and thus, beyond the big actors - EU, UN and US, there is little overarching information on what the donors do in this area. While there is a significant literature base in the broad area of electoral support, it tends to be focussed at the country, programme, or thematic, level, rather than at the global, or donor, level taken by this paper. There was a peak in global-level publications on this subject around 2006, the year the electoral cycle model was published by the European Commission, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This review concludes by providing examples of the electoral assistance work carried out by five donors (UN, EU, US, UK and Germany).
Using Indices to Capture Vulnerability for Development Finance in SIDS
Authors: for Development Programme Knowledge
Published: May 2021

This rapid review examines evidence on indices to capture vulnerability for development finance in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). A key issue when it comes to aid allocation to Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is whether current measures of development – such as income per capita - are truly able to reflect the unique set of challenges that these countries face. Inability to accurately measure development in SIDS can lead to substantial risk. On the one hand, aid allocation that solely relies on income levels may result in an unsustainable reduction in external support to SIDS, leaving them to face high levels of economic, environmental, and social vulnerability. On the other hand, an inadequate measure of vulnerability can lead to no clear pathway to the reduction in aid, making it very improbable for SIDS to become self-reliant, no matter how far they develop or climb the income ladder. This aim of this paper is twofold. The first is to look at whether vulnerability indices can help determine the levels of external support SIDS need. The second is to consider how this can help in determining when support can be reduced or terminated. This is achieved by considering the different indices that international organisations and multilateral development banks use to capture the vulnerability of SIDS, how they use these indices to determine thresholds for aid allocation, and the advantages and disadvantages of applying each.
LGBT Rights and Inclusion in Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
Authors: Idris Iffat
Published: May 2021

This review looks at the extent to which LGBT rights are provided for under law in a range of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and the record on implementation/enforcement, as well as approaches to promote LGBT rights and inclusion. SIDS covered are those in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic-Indian Ocean-South China Sea (AIS) regions. The review draws on a mixture of grey literature (largely from international development agencies/NGOs), academic literature, and media reports. While the information on the legal situation of LGBT people in SIDS was readily available, there was far less evidence on approaches/programmes to promote LGBT rights/inclusion in these countries. However, the review did find a number of reports with recommendations for international development cooperation generally on LGBT issues. Denial of LGBT rights and discrimination against LGBT people is found to varying extents in all parts of the world. It is important that LGBT people have protection in law, in particular the right to have same-sex sexual relations; protection from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation; and the right to gender identity/expression. Such rights are also provided for under international human rights conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while the Sustainable Development Goals are based on the principle of ‘leave no one behind'.
Lessons Learned on Cultural Heritage Protection in Conflict and Protracted Crisis
Authors: Kelly Luke
Published: May 2021

This rapid review examines evidence on the lessons learned from initiatives aimed at embedding better understanding of cultural heritage protection within international monitoring, reporting and response efforts in conflict and protracted crisis. The report uses the terms cultural property and cultural heritage interchangeably. Since the signing of the Hague Treaty in 1954, there has bee a shift from 'cultural property' to 'cultural heritage'. Culture is seen less as 'property' and more in terms of 'ways of life'. However, in much of the literature and for the purposes of this review, cultural property and cultural heritage are used interchangeably. Tangible and intangible cultural heritage incorporates many things, from buildings of globally recognised aesthetic and historic value to places or practices important to a particular community or group. Heritage protection can be supported through a number of frameworks international humanitarian law, human rights law, and peacebuilding, in addition to being supported through networks of the cultural and heritage professions. The report briefly outlines some of the main international legal instruments and approaches involved in cultural heritage protection in section 2. Cultural heritage protection is carried out by national cultural heritage professionals, international bodies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well as citizens. States and intergovernmental organisations may support cultural heritage protection, either bilaterally or by supporting international organisations. The armed forces may also include the protection of cultural heritage in some operations in line with their obligations under international law. In the third section, this report outlines broad lessons on the institutional capacity and politics underpinning cultural protection work (e.g. the strength of legal protections; institutional mandates; production and deployment of knowledge; networks of interested parties); the different approaches were taken; the efficacy of different approaches; and the interface between international and local approaches to heritage protection.
Tax Transparency for an Effective Tax System
Authors: Megersa Kelbesa
Published: May 2021

This rapid review examines evidence on the transparency in the tax system and its benefits; e.g. rising revenue, strengthen citizen/state relationship, and rule of law. Improvements in tax transparency can help in strengthening public finances in developing countries that are adversely affected by COVID-19. The current context (i.e. a global pandemic, widespread economic slowdown/recessions, and declining tax revenues) engenders the urgency of improving domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) and the fight against illicit financial flows (IFFs). Even before the advent of COVID-19, developing countries’ tax systems were facing several challenges, including weak tax administrations, low taxpayer morale and “hard-to-tax” sectors. The presence of informational asymmetry (i.e. low tax transparency) between taxpayers and tax authorities generates loopholes for abuse of the tax system. It allows the hiding of wealth abroad with a limited risk of being caught. Cases of such behaviour that are exposed without proper penalty may result in a decline in the morale of citizens and a lower level of voluntary compliance with tax legislation. A number of high-profile tax leaks and scandals have undermined public confidence in the fairness of tax systems and generated a strong demand for effective counteraction and tax transparency. One of the key contributing factors to lower tax revenues in developing countries (that is linked to low tax transparency) is a high level of IFFs. These flows, including international tax evasion and the laundering of corruption proceeds, build a major obstacle to successful DRM efforts. Research has also identified an association between organisational transparency (e.g. transparency by businesses and tax authorities) and stakeholder trust (e.g. between citizens and the state). However, the evidence is mixed as to how transparency in particular influences trust and perceptions of trustworthiness.
Re-esclarecimento / Re-Enlightenment
Authors: Hernes Gudmund
Published: May 2021

Se é verdade que as tecnologias que usamos em nosso cotidiano são, em grande medida, desdobramentos de ideias das ciências naturais, os arranjos sociopolíticos e econômicos que tornaram possível o desenvolvimento nacional e global são, em grande medida, desdobramentos de ideias extraídas das ciências sociais.O mundo moderno tal como o conhecemos é produto da ciência em suas diversas formas. Neste novo século, porém, a ciência se encontra em situação paradoxal. Por um lado, ela é a grande força de transformação social − as mudanças geradas são tão diretas e intencionais quanto indiretas e involuntárias. Por outro lado, seus resultados são frequentemente ignorados; suas descobertas, negadas; e suas normas, transgredidas. Neste breve texto, discuto o papel das ciências naturais e sociais na formação do mundo moderno, em particular sua expansão durante o período que chamamos de Esclarecimento (ou Iluminismo).Analiso, então, as ameaças e os desafios à ciência e ao discurso racional neste novo século, e reivindico que um Re-esclarecimento é imperativo e urgente para confrontar os atuais dilemas da humanidade.