bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Post-Ferguson Era: The Lived Experiences of Young Men in Racial Minority Communities
Authors: Deuchar Ross , Crichlow Vaughn J. , Fallik Seth W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns the spotlight away from practitioner perspectives and onto the views of those who are often most affected by law enforcement strategies – young men in communities of color, and specifically those with offending histories. The chapter draws upon insights from semi-structured interviews conducted in a County jail and in local neighborhoods with young men with criminal histories, or those who were on the periphery of criminality. We explore the collective challenges these young men had encountered, including the impact of adverse childhood experiences, social and economic disadvantage and (where relevant) the influence of gang culture. We also chronicle the young men’s lived experiences with racial discrimination from police interventions and the wider criminal justice system. Among the generally despondent narratives shared, we also draw attention to the cautious optimism expressed by some who had recently participated in police-initiated community engagement programs. In so doing, we draw some conclusions about the young men’s juxtaposed exposure to contrasting guardian and warrior police roles, the continuing and cumulative disadvantage they experienced via law enforcement and – in some cases - the wider criminal justice system.
A Multitude of Labour Markets
Authors: Moses Jonathon W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter demonstrates how the European economy still consists of several different economic regions, each performing at its own pace. Despite decades of wishful thinking, by those who held that increased economic integration would eliminate the sort of regional differences that necessitate local economic responses, there has not been a convergence of economic performance and preferences across Europe. These regional/national economic differences require unique and specific adjustment mechanisms and local stabilization policies. Among other things, member states vary significantly in terms of their level of economic development, their susceptibility to economic shocks, and their underlying social models.
The Power of Labour
Authors: Moses Jonathon W.
Published: January 2022

Most of this book is aimed to show how Europe’s path to market integration has undermined the structural power of labour. This chapter looks more closely at labour’s dwindling associational power. In particular, this chapter describes a growing precariousness of the European labour force, a shrinking wage share, a decline in the density and coverage of organized labour, and a reduced willingness to strike in support of labour’s needs. There are good reasons to believe that this decline in labour’s political and market power is the result of Europe’s market integration efforts.
About Parliamentary Diplomacy
Authors: Šabič Zlatko , Huang David W. F.
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes parliamentary diplomacy. It first briefly discusses the history of diplomacy as a whole, before elaborating on a definition of parliamentary diplomacy in particular. In doing so, the chapter reveals that most definitions of parliamentary diplomacy do not take into account the existence of the world of recognized and represented states on one side, and the world of unrecognized and unrepresented states on the other. These issues have to be taken into account before a proper definition can be arrived at. Hence, the chapter has opted for a broader working definition of parliamentary diplomacy. It denotes activities of parliamentarians as well as other actors that engage with other parliamentarians at all levels of international cooperation. Furthermore, the chapter discusses parliamentary diplomacy as a field of research. It also considers the subjects, activities, effectiveness, forms, and potential of parliamentary diplomacy.
Taiwan
Authors: Šabič Zlatko , Huang David W. F.
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents a brief overview of Taiwan's international relations and how it differs from other unrepresented and unrecognized states. Like other unrepresented and unrecognized states, Taiwan is not a member of the United Nations (UN). It is not a member of any specialized agency within the UN system. It is, however, a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which recognizes it under the name Chinese Taipei, rather than its official name. But there is another side of Taiwan, which allows little room for comparison with other unrepresented and unrecognized states. Taiwan's contribution to the international community is often high profile. Indeed, in terms of relative development, Taiwan is considered one of the richest countries in the world. In this light, the chapter discusses two inescapable realities for Taiwan in its international relations: the reality of the One China principle and the reality of international isolation. Taiwan's diplomatic experience is also expounded on.
Conclusion
Authors: Šabič Zlatko , Huang David W. F.
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter returns to the lessons discussed in previous chapters before focusing on Taiwan's case, providing some recommendations on how to improve its international parliamentary relations. It returns to how parliamentarians might fill in the gap in communication between recognized and unrecognized states. In the concrete case of Taiwan, the Legislative Yuan (LY) members are revealed to be active and seek to contribute to easing Taiwan's isolation. They are not always able to do so, however. Restricted access to prominent international parliamentary associations (IPAs) prevents LY members from networking with parliamentarians across the globe; it affects their ability to forge inter-parliamentary cooperation and does not allow them to participate and share good practices in inter-parliamentary activities aiming to address regional and global problems.
Craft Food Diversity
Authors: Byrd Kaitland M.
Published: January 2022

Over the last twenty years, a resurgence of craft food industries occurred across the U.S. Drawing on consumers’ desire for slow/local food craft breweries, traditional butchers, cheesemongers, and bakeries have been popping up in across the United States. These industries are typically found in major urban areas, staffed by middle class, college educated, often white men and sometimes women who view working in these industries as part of an alternative lifestyle existing in opposition to the mainstream emphasis of industrial consumption. Yet this emphasis on urban craft industries obscures the complex reality behind the craft food movement and the diverse communities that have supported craft and artisanal foods for centuries. Across the Southern U.S. these slow and local foods are a traditional part of daily life, and their continued practice sits at the intersection of financial sustenance, knowledge, and art. Exploring a variety of Southern artisanal foods from Virginia wineries to shrimping in coastal communities and Mississippi tamales, the producers of these foods show how traditional, not necessarily “new” these movements are within the region and the U.S. as a whole. Arguably, it is the diversity of who is central to these products and foodways that render it and the related history invisible to most U.S. consumers.
Introduction: Crafting Revisions from Southern Food Culture
Authors: Byrd Kaitland M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the current changes occurring within food culture, especially across the Southern United States, by grounding the South in current discussions within the sociology of food and food studies more generally, to explain the current attention of craft or artisanal industries that have made it possible for once struggling rural communities to establish a degree of financial stability. By tapping into consumer’s desires for local and slow food, these traditional preparation techniques and products are placed into the sphere of food as a form of an art world, and thus, embedded with knowledge that could be lost if people stop practicing these techniques. Overall, a majority of these producers are not the white, upwardly mobile producers found in urban areas, instead they are working class men and women from a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds who rely on selling their product to sustain their families.
Shedding Light or Casting Shadows? Relations between Primary and Secondary Cities
Authors: Meijers Evert , Cardoso Rodrigo
Published: January 2022

Multicentric urban regions have become the dominant mode of urbanisation in Europe, yet urbanists lack a framework to capture and describe the unfolding spatial organisation in the process of metropolitan integration. This chapter builds on the concepts of ‘borrowed size’ and ‘agglomeration shadows’ to investigate the new interactions and interdependencies between the cities making up multicentric urban regions, with particular emphasis on the benefits and the costs of this integration and patterns of uneven development. It has remained unclear why one city profits from metropolitan integration in the sense of borrowing size, whereas another may face the agglomeration shadows of nearby cities. This chapter explores and empirically substantiates this novel framework of borrowed size/agglomeration shadows by examining cities in the Randstad Holland, identifying factors with which positions in the ‘agglomeration shadow’ or positions of ‘borrowing size’ are associated.
Intra-Regional Relationality and Green City-Regionalism: Placing the Role of ‘Secondary Cities’
Authors: Dierwechter Yonn
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the implications of ‘intra-regional relationality’ in comparative urban studies for extant and emerging work on city-regionalism, particularly as this involves spatial planning policies and growth discourses around global climate action.  Scholars of new global green networks rarely highlight the city-regional context of ‘discrete places’, within which specific ‘leading’ cities engage in transnational network activities. Yet the urbanization of green internationalism reflects uneven local development patterns that require us to pay more attention to the complex roles of secondary cities. Put another way, we must think about the regional role(s) of secondary cities in city-regional complexes rather than simply ‘abstracting’ the green successes of core cities. Doing so changes how we map and explain urban sustainability as we follow the relational geographies and inter-urban flows that shape green polities. This chapter briefly illustrates these arguments with reference to initiatives in two city-regions in the Pacific Northwest: Vancouver-Surrey and Seattle-Tacoma.
Introduction: Varieties of Austerity
Authors: Whiteside Heather , McBride Stephen , Evans Bryan M.
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter considers the history and extent of austerity measures used globally since 2008. It examines the common thread of these austerity measures, before turning to explore the issue of how much variety there has been within this common framework. To assist with this, the chapter briefly presents a selection of national cases — Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and Spain. These countries are differently situated within the main typologies of comparative public policy and political economy that categorize countries by type of welfare state and variety of capitalism. The comparative political economy of welfare states and types of economy has yielded two major classification systems. The most famous welfare state typology identified three types — liberal, social democratic, and conservative/corporatist — and advanced explanations for their development and characteristics. The chapter considers how these nations fit into these typologies and how they present varieties of austerity.
Transforming the Public Sector
Authors: Whiteside Heather , McBride Stephen , Evans Bryan M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter historicizes post-2008 reforms by summarizing the New Public Management (NPM) ideals and forms of public sector restructuring that first began to emerge in the 1980s. This is then followed by national snapshots of state restructuring up to 2008 and the relevant austerity packages implicating the public sector (employment and programmes) after 2008. While each country has its own story to tell, several varieties of austerity in relation to public sector restructuring after the global financial crisis are discernible. Austerity-era transformations within the public sector involved new institutions forcing restructuring, exposing many public sector workers but insulating a few areas (primarily those responsible for economic decision making and associated with privatization), along with the insinuation of public sector flaws inherent to NPM ideology. Some of the negative effects of these strategies became glaringly apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Limits and Possibilities of Resistance
Authors: Whiteside Heather , McBride Stephen , Evans Bryan M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at reactions to austerity by labour, social movements, and political parties, and, in some cases, the impact of these contradictory interactions on the political system itself through the rise of populist parties. It surveys two types of resistance: defensive activities, carried out primarily by trade unions; and campaigns, often including unions but also a range of broader social movements. Campaigns focused frequently on quite specific aspects of austerity. However, these later evolved into general challenges to austerity, the consequences of which were the destabilization of political systems in Spain and Ireland, and greater political space, however confined, for alternatives to austerity. Finally, the chapter examines the impacts of austerity and resistance within the formal political realm of left and right populist parties.
Introduction: In Pursuit of a European Dialogue on White-Collar and Corporate Crimes
Authors: Lord Nicholas , Inzelt Éva , Huisman Wim , Faria Rita
Published: January 2022

This essay introduces the book’s rationale and purpose, foregrounding the need for analysing what is distinctly European about the nature of white-collar and corporate crimes in Europe. The essay argues for European perspectives on white-collar and corporate crimes, and for exploring white-collar crime related dynamics and tensions that exist within and between the nation-states of Europe, and with the institutions of the European region. By speaking to the common theme of what is “European” about the realities of white-collar crimes in Europe, the essay discusses how the contributors encourage and engage in cross-European dialogue and collaboration as they seek to put forward key provocations about how we can better understand and examine the intricacies of associated offending and its control.
Using Grid-Group Cultural Theory to Assess Approaches to the Prevention of Corporate and Occupational Crime: The EU as a Natural Experiment
Authors: Maesschalck Jeroen
Published: January 2022

This essay presents the building blocks for a theoretical framework to address the question ‘what works in the prevention of corporate and occupational crime?’, arguing that the EU provides a promising environment to test and further develop such a framework. The essay starts with the presentation of two common classifications to map variation in corporate and occupational crime prevention: a classification of approaches to ethics management at organizational level and a classification of approaches to regulation at industry level. It argues that a more generic classification drawn from grid-group cultural theory (originally developed by Mary Douglas) is more fruitful. It then shows how grid-group cultural theory, combined with the conceptual framework of Pawson and Tilly’s realist evaluation, offers the building blocks of a theoretical framework that could guide research on the impact of efforts to prevent corporate and occupational crime. The paper concludes with some designs for empirical research within the EU to test and further develop the proposed theoretical framework.
Cartel Cases: From State Negligence to Direct Political Interest in Hungary
Authors: Inzelt Éva , Bezsenyi Tamás
Published: January 2022

This essay elucidates the characteristics of cartels as a type of corporate crime in Hungary and consider the implications of such corporate crimes for the European region. To this end, the essay analyses cartel cases from the Hungarian Competition Authority to answer the following core question: what is the role of the state in responding to cartel cases and in ensuring the freedom of competition in the market? The analysis reveals that the state has different approaches to dealing with corporate crime, like cartels. In some cases, the state itself initiates the cartel (see the watermelon case below), in other incidents, the state facilitates the process (see the cash register case below). In these terms, the conceptual framework of state-corporate crime is used to interrogate the Hungarian context.
Controlling, Processing, and Commercializing Data
Authors: Bilić Paško , Prug Toni , Žitko Mislav
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6 starts by discussing privatisation and commercialisation of knowledge on digital platforms in the form of Free Software inputs and publicly funded science and research. Corporate technological forms set the rules of data engagement for all actors worldwide including internet users, advertisers, search engine optimizers, website owners, news industries, and others. Tech giants continuously collect, process, and monetize background usage data to create technological and economic enclosures that the existing legal forms, algorithmic operations and regulatory instruments make difficult to penetrate, unpack and grasp by outside actors such as civic organisation or democratic institutions.
Unregistered Religious Marriages
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the debate on unregistered religious marriages. It will fall into three sections. The first part will outline how the unregistered religious marriage issue has arisen in public debate looking at the empirical studies that highlighted the issue and the numerous reviews that have taken place which have highlighted it as a problem and sought to solve it. The second part will then examine and critique a particular reform proposal that has come to the fore: a new criminal offence penalising celebrants. The chapter will conclude with discussion of a high-profile case - the Family Court and Court of Appeal decisions in Akhter v Khan - which highlighted the problem of problem and the lack of legal relief for those in unregistered religious marriage and the need for legislative rather than judicial reform.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Lee Micky
Published: January 2022

This mini-introduction to Part II Governance and Regulations draws on some common themes from four essays: 'The New Personal Data Protection in Japan,' 'Phenomena and Phobia through Pokémon GO,' 'How Do Materiality and Corporeality Inform the Intellectual Property Debate?' and 'Hyperreal Peninsula'. These four chapters illustrate two tensions: first, national governments need to take into account international governance of digital technologies; second, the 'objects' that need to be regulated are often deemed harmful or undesirable to citizens even though they find loopholes in the regulations and use banned technologies behind the back of the state. The four chapters show that even though governments of Japan, North Korea and South Korea try to control how technologies are used, technologies also enable users to do things that governments cannot control. This mini-introduction also discusses how the regulation of content relates to that of ownership; this relation is illustrated in the four chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Chung Peichi
Published: January 2022

We discuss the following five questions and suggest how the contributors answered them: First, how does digital technology change labour practices and industry structure in electronic gaming? Second, how does play foster subjectivity in a corporation-dominated digital environment? Third, how do analogue and digital technologies afford meanings of work and play? Fourth, how do work and play in a local setting challenge abstract concepts such as intellectual property, data privacy, sociality, and a state-planned economy? Fifth, How are regions created through work and play of media contents and media ecosystems? The conclusion chapter summarises significance of studying various media technological activities in the interconnected socio and historical context of Northeast Asia. All chapters collectively demonstrate diverse work and play practices in constructing regionalist imaginaries for class, gender, nation and region in Japan and the two Koreas.
Vietnam and the East Sea in Its Strategic Thinking
Authors: Hải Đỗ Thanh , Linh Nguyễn Thị
Published: January 2022

This chapter depicts how Vietnamese political elites often attached great importance to the maritime corridor and offshore territories on its eastern front. It explains how Vietnam's domain served as a medium to enhance national unity and as a security buffer. It also cites Hanoi's increased adoption of the notion of comprehensive security, which views an open, stable, and rules-based South China Sea (SCS) as a strategic interest. The chapter details how Vietnam built up just enough defence and stood firm to defend the existing legal order at sea while sparing no chance to improve its relations with any stakeholders in the SCS. It builds on the existing literature of Vietnam's maritime activities and its statecraft to map and identify the importance of the East Sea in the Vietnamese perspective throughout the course of history.
Japan’s Security Interests and Strategies in the South China Sea
Authors: Iida Masafumi
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines Japan's strategic interest in the South China Sea (SCS). It stresses Japan's responsibility for maintaining stability in the sea since sustainable development of the Japanese economy heavily relies on the safety of sea lines of communications (SLOCs) in the SCS. It also clarifies that the SCS is an integral part of the “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” vision vigorously promoted by the Japanese government. The chapter illustrates how Japan Self Defence Forces has gradually increased its presence by conducting a variety of military exercises by itself and with the regional and extra-regional countries for enhancing internationally shared rules and norms in the SCS as a responsible maritime power. It examines Japan's foreign and defence policies regarding the SCS, including the principles and strategies that Japan advances in the ocean that involve the SCS.
India and the South China Sea Crucible: Cautious Inclinations of an Extra-Regional “Leading Power”
Authors: Gupta Sourabh
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on India, which has been a long-standing external stakeholder in Southeast Asia. It describes India's engagement with the sub-region and the claimant states of the South China Sea (SCS) as having been relatively mundane, although the Indian Navy has not been shy to show its flag in the SCS. It also refers to the depth of India's defence cooperation diplomacy and naval engagement with its Southeast Asian counterparts as remaining modest. The chapter points out that New Delhi has not provided, conducted, cooperated with, or participated in vis-à-vis the SCS. It emphasizes how India's cautious inclinations will not make a marked difference by barring a paradigm shift in the geopolitics of the SCS caused by hostile Chinese conduct or aggressive designs by Beijing in New Delhi's own Indian Ocean backyard.
Seeing the Story: Visual Art and the Racialization of Crime
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

Political black art, producing dynamic conceptual art, has a significant amount to offer in the way visual artists view the world of white oppression. However, much of what we know about visual black art remains locked away in galleries, museums, and archives. Black visual art provides an embodied space that moves beyond words, notes, and movement that demands the observer stands still, observe, and processes the observed. An interrogation of black visual art in relation to the racialization of crime and criminal justice therefore becomes important here.
Introduction
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter provides a definition of DMPs and identifies their core design features. The role of DMPs is situated in relation to the broader project of deliberative democratisation to make a measured case about the role of these processes in shaping the course of collective decision-making. To avoid accusations of participatory elitism, the chapter argues that DMPs are not the only tool citizens use to promote deliberative norms or institutions of democracy. Deliberative democracy can only flourish in broader transformations in political parties, media systems and political economy.
Biological Perspectives on Travel
Authors: Pasternak Charles
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the links between travel and human biology from different biological perspectives, including evolutionary history and physiological and neurological biology. The chapter shows that our bipedal mode of travel is related to the evolution of other key human features such as large brains, dexterous hands and speech: in other words that our mode of travel is deeply linked to what makes us human. The author argues that, related to this, our sense of curiosity has driven humans to travel the world and beyond. The chapter also examines the physiological and neurological mechanisms involved in travel, and how these are linked to the way we perceive the world as well as the crucial importance of travel for mental and physical health.
Religious and Spiritual Travel
Authors: Kuznets Alison
Published: January 2022

This chapter demonstrates the core role of travel within religious narratives, foundation stories and understandings of life and death. It also shows that travel is at the heart of many religious practices, specifically pilgrimage, missionary travel, ‘holy war’, and flight from religious persecution. Pilgrimage has long been strongly engrained in world religions, enabling the pilgrim to be spiritually transformed and to become closer to their God/gods, both at the destination and also through the process of the journey. Missionary travel enables the missionary to serve their God, ‘save souls’ and achieve salvation. Religious war can for some serve similar spiritual purposes to pilgrimage and missionary travel although of course creates great suffering. On an associated theme, religious persecution has been throughout history and is still a driver of travel, along with much misery.
Why People Travel: An Anthropological View
Authors: Selwyn Tom
Published: January 2022

This chapter takes an anthropological approach to the question of human travel motivations, looking at specific examples from myth and ethnography, spread geographically and temporally, in order to draw out general conclusions. Examples in the chapter include ancient myths The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey, travel writing from medieval pilgrim Ibn Battuta and 17th century diplomat Sir Thomas Palmer, and ethnographies of traditional societies and modern tourism. Human travel and hospitality involve cultural rituals whose differences and continuities offer interesting insights into why we travel in the way we do. Travel features as a core part of many myths of identity and stories of origin, which provide meaning to cultures and societies. Professor Selwyn demonstrates how important travel is for people to understand their place in the world, and discover their own identities, whether individual, group or national.
Introduction: An Intellectual Journey
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

My first published essay was entitled ‘Everlasting capitalism’. It appeared in 1968 in a student magazine at Cambridge and discussed Herbert Marcuse’s One Dimensional Man, and his argument that all radical alternatives to capitalism had disappeared in the West. Published in 1964 One Dimensional Man...
Oakeshott and Totalitarianism1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay explores Oakeshott’s view of totalitarianism through some of his earlier writings including an early essay which was published posthumously, ‘The Politics of Faith and the Politics of Scepticism’. Oakeshott saw the roots of totalitarianism as lying not in the fascist and communist movements of the twentieth century but much further back, in a disposition towards politics which he called the politics of faith. It arose in the early modern era, associated with thinkers such as Francis Bacon. The counter disposition was the politics of scepticism. Oakeshott favoured the politics of scepticism as an antidote to the politics of faith, but he recognised that without the politics of faith the modern world as we experience it could not have come about.
The Crisis of Conservatism1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay assesses the long-term effects of Thatcherite radicalism on the Conservative party by analysing the pillars of Conservative hegemony in the past – state, union, property and empire – and how all of them were undermined by the policies which the Thatcher Government pursued in the 1980s, creating the conditions for a deep electoral and political crisis for the party which was triggered by the manner of Britain’s exit from the ERM in 1992. It discusses the civil war which erupted in the party over Europe, and specifically the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. It highlights the seriousness of the schism which had opened up in the party over Britain’s future relationship with Europe and the project of European integration, comparing the schism to earlier schisms in the party over the Corn Laws and Tariff Reform.
Theories of British Politics1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

The traditional theory of British politics emphasized the unique character of the British political tradition and interrelationship of ideas and institutions. Its three main elements were a constitutional doctrine, a theory of the state and a theory of history. New theories and perspectives, often influenced by American and European political science, have challenged the assumptions of this Westminster model because it excluded too much and explained too little. The study of British politics has become more fragmented with no single dominant perspective. Theories in five main research areas - ideology, the constitution, public policy, political economy and political behaviour - are discussed, as well as the prospects for more interdisciplinary and comparative studies.
Environmental Regionalism in East Asia
Authors: Makibayashi Aysun Uyar
Published: January 2022

The chapter on environmental regionalism in East Asia focuses on the changing concepts and trajectories of regions, subregions, regionalisation and in the end regionalism experiences in East Asia. It also underlines the potential of environmental regionalism to transform these trajectories in East Asia. The first part looks at the conceptual development of East Asian regionalism with a focus on new regionalism discussions that take into account the growing impact of Globalization and the importance of regional variations, forms, agencies, and social constructs. The second part introduces the particular features of East Asian regionalism with its historically and geopolitically driven and state-led initiatives during regionalisation processes and its subregional peculiarities through different paths of Southeast (multi-layered, weakly but still institutionalized and functional arrangements) and Northeast Asia (multi-actor policy forums with intergovernmental, nongovernmental and expert-led platforms). This also shows that even subregional levels with their particular characteristics can contribute to improvement of regionalisation processes in one region and link the regional to the global. The last part focuses on the two-track nature of East Asian environmental regionalism. Then the chapter concludes that environmental issues, with their dynamic character, would be one of the channels to connect regional worlds and regionalism with Globalizm.
EU Spending Effects on Regional Well-Being
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the effects of EU spending on regional well-being. In doing so, the chapter tests the observable implications of the theory put forward in Chapter 3 about the conditions under which EU spending can enhance well-being. It makes the case for using a quantitative approach, which is uniquely suitable for estimating EU spending effects because it takes into account potential endogenous effects, temporal factors and structural breaks.
proceeds with an explanatory analysis of. Drawing on the quantitative dataset introduced in Chapter 4, this chapter presents and discusses two main results. The first result is that EU social spending enhances employment and unemployment outcomes, but only in the rich regions. By contrast, there is no robust evidence of social spending effects on youth activity or public health. The second main finding is that EU social investments exacerbate income inequality in poor regions.
Grand Strategy in 10 Words
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

In a world that has returned to great power rivalry, understanding the grand strategy of these powers is crucial. This book introduces ten key terms for analysing grand strategy: simple, competitive, rational, allied, comprehensive, creative, agile, courageous, dirty, and proactive. Analysing both historical examples and current strategies, the book shows how the world’s great powers – the United States, China, Russia and the European Union (EU) – shape their strategic decisions today. Outlining the steps needed for a less confrontational grand strategy and a more peaceful and stable world order, this lively and accessible introduction, peppered with insights from world leaders, generals, and strategists, shows how the choices made in each of these ten areas will determine the course of international politics in the first half of the 21st century.
Creative: An Art as Well as a Science
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

This chapter demonstrates that making grand strategy is a creative process. Strategy is more than planning but requires imagination and, occasionally, genius; it is an art as much as a science. The chapter analyses how the US very creatively shaped the international order after the Second World War, but allowed its influence to wane in the 21st century. It then assesses China’s creative use of its economic power through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which the other great powers so far struggle to match. Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union quickly ran out of steam. The EU, however, is developing a creative connectivity strategy of its own.
The Narrative of Success in Capitalism, and Its Failures
Authors: Lelkes Orsolya
Published: January 2022

It is now evident that prioritizing GDP growth over other objectives does not create a happy life. Consumer capitalism has had a number of unintended consequences. It promises abundance, which is appealing to many who have experienced shortages of basic goods (or whose ancestors did so), but it also brings with it systemic shortfalls, including global injustice due to ‘imperial lifestyles’, and the prevalence of food waste and obesity. It promises the opportunity to live like an ‘aristocrat’ by consuming status goods and services, but, due to the ‘hedonic treadmill’, is unlikely to succeed, while it also fails the poorest in society. The illusion that our boundless desires can be fulfilled comes at the cost of new forms of addiction.
Pleasure, Joy, Satisfaction, Purpose: Refining Our Quest for Happiness
Authors: Lelkes Orsolya
Published: January 2022

There seems to be a paradox: while happiness seems to be ‘good’, bringing as it does a wealth of positive benefits, the search for happiness falls short of being an optimal life strategy. Why is this so? Scientific evidence suggests that it is not helpful for us to try to maximize happiness or to follow a general ‘maximizer’ strategy. Well-being is not a state of continuous euphoria; it requires the experience of ‘mixed emotions’, with shorter spells of negative feelings. (Longer spells of such feelings and extreme suffering may well require external support.) ‘Forced positivity’ and being ‘happiness-greed’ are therefore both strategies that we can refute.
A Flourishing Life: Living Well and Doing Well
Authors: Lelkes Orsolya
Published: January 2022

Happiness, according to Aristotle, is not the gift of Gods, not a matter of luck, but rather the result of virtue-based actions within the context of the community. He held that there was a perfect order in the heavenly spheres (‘cosmos’), and that the goal of human effort is to align to this by creating order in one’s own inner world. Virtues play a key role in this, as well as ‘friendship’, which in use was a rather broad term. His term for happiness, ‘eudaimonia’, is most often translated as a ‘flourishing life’. Academic studies suggest that purposeful activities bring more joy, greater life satisfaction and physical health than does radical hedonism. A relatively less known strand of research shows that there is no contradiction between a happy life and environmentally conscious lifestyle, including voluntary simplicity, reduction of meat eating or other green adjustments, and explains the pathways for increasing both. ‘Sustainable hedonism’ appears to be a realistic strategy. In our personal pursuits, we can be inspired by existing movements and networks. A few examples are given: solidarity economy, commons, Economy of the Common Good, the Transition Network and others.
Introduction: Unpicking the Automation of Memory Making
Authors: Jacobsen Ben , Beer David
Published: January 2022

In the introduction, we suggest that social media platforms increasingly seek out ways to recirculate people’s past content and to render it meaningful for the individual user, selecting what should be visible and rendering it manageable. In short, the book conceptualises social media as automated systems that are actively sorting the past on behalf of the user, whilst highlighting the way in which processes of classification and ranking operate together to enable memories to be resurfaced on social media and throwback features. The introduction situates this argument within the wider fields of the social study of metrics, quantification, and digital identities. It also provides an overview of the throwback feature called Facebook Memories, outlining its underlying logic as well as its conceptualisation of memories.
A Taxonomy of Memory Themes: Partitioning the Memorable
Authors: Jacobsen Ben , Beer David
Published: January 2022

This chapter outlines how social media content is ordered within an existing classificatory grid. Focusing on a particular archetypal throwback feature, Facebook Memories, the chapter demonstrates how the ‘Taxonomy of Memory Themes’ was developed to classify people’s content as ‘memories’ on the platform. Once boxed-up, it is then decided where these bits of content are placed in terms of meaningfulness and positivity, and which of these ‘memories’ should become visible to individual users. The chapter, then, argues that social media are directly participating in the partition of the memorable, where processes of classification figure in the reconfiguration of past data into ‘memories’ whilst content not deemed memorable is side-lined. It further argues that the partitioning of the memorable has the potential to shape the conditions by which past content is rendered meaningful, and in turn shaping what can and should be remembered, celebrated, and shared.
Infrastructure Inequality and Privileged Capacity to Transform Everyday Life in COVID-19 South Africa
Authors: Lemanski Charlotte , Groot Jiska de
Published: January 2022

This chapter uses the example of South Africa to highlight how the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing inequalities with regard to access to health and other forms of infrastructure. It articulates that the ability to follow public health advice is privileged and that this advice requires local contextualization, particularly in the Global South. It also covers two core arguments: first, that human capacity to adhere to public health advice is privileged; and second, that global public health advice requires local contextualization. The chapter identifies inequalities in the capacity of South Africa's population to comply with lockdowns and social distancing requirements. It demonstrates how COVID-19 highlights and exacerbates existing inequalities.
Maintaining the Divide: Labour Law and COVID-19
Authors: Bales Katie
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the ways in which lockdown impacted on the workforce and the position of front-line workers. It then interrogates the existing labour framework on employment status which continues to create precarious classes of workers in the name of ‘flexibility’. Finally, the chapter addresses the situation of undocumented workers who, absent the criminal law, remain abandoned by the state. Undoubtedly, the insecure immigration status of those who are undocumented creates a form of hyper-precarity which distinguishes them from our traditional understanding of the precariat. What we see then, is that a hierarchy of rights and entitlements remains prevalent under the coronavirus labour packages which privileges those with greater security (and often income) over those who are perhaps most in need.
De-Gentrification or Disaster Gentrification? Debating the Impact of COVID-19 on Anglo-American Urban Gentrification
Authors: Hyra Derek , Lees Loretta
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes two possible futures of gentrification in the post-COVID-19 city. It talks about de-gentrification, which suggests that the forces driving gentrification will cause the process to reverse, and disaster gentrification, wherein capital exploits the situation caused by the pandemic and gentrification continues. It also argues that the health and financial disasters of the COVID-19 pandemic create new opportunities for capitalism to exploit the situation. The chapter discusses the predictions of doom for the center of Anglo-American cities as the gentrifier classes move out to the suburbs or small towns or rural locations and of the continuation of ongoing waves of gentrification that find creative ways to exploit the urban. It determines whether gentrification in post-COVID-19 will die a sudden death or continue as usual, exploiting new niches and mutating as it has done before.
‘Living in a Glass Box’: The Intimate City in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Hubbard Phil
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews the tremendous growth in 'micro apartments' in London and other global cities over the past decade. It elaborates how small flats are not suited to a prolonged period of working from home or the need to self-isolate. It also implies that the response to post COVIDbuild hyper-dense developments of micro apartments in city centers can be equally damaging for health and wellbeing in the age of COVID-19. The chapter highlights the challenges relating to living in small apartments with respect to the inter-related concepts of privacy and intimacy. It notes that COVID-19 has exposed a housing system in the UK that was essentially broken, suggesting that privacy should be a priority for post-COVID-19 housing policy in dense developments.
Mardin Lockdown Experience: Strategies for a More Tolerant Urban Development
Authors: Atas Zeynep , Atmaca Yuvacan
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the role of design, examining the degree to which two different places in Mardin, Turkey are able to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and provide a 'tolerant' living environment for their inhabitants. It describes the modern, centrally planned parts of Mardin that were less able to provide the basic necessities of life and less conducive to self-sufficiency than the old city, which grew organically over centuries and feature an economic context of mutual aid and solidarity. It also talks about the historic parts of Mardin that sustained a healthier context, despite lacking many of the comforts of modern living and modern housing. The chapter compares the old city center's efficiency in dealing with the pandemic, compared with the ineffectiveness of more modern neighborhoods. It explores the features of cities that create more self-sufficient and tolerable living conditions in the COVID-19 era.
Flexible Temporalities, Flexible Trajectories: Montreal’s Nursing Home Crisis as an Example of Temporary Workers’ Complicated Urban Labor Geographies
Authors: Stevens Lukas
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes how home and work intersect at long-term care facilities in Montreal, spaces that function as both places of residence and employment. It highlights the relationship between poor housing conditions and precarious employment. It cites that workers at long-term care facilities in and around Montreal have few housing options and tend to live far from the facilities they work in. It also notes the ways in which the virus moves between facilities scattered throughout the region and the low-income neighborhoods where many care workers reside. The chapter articulates that residents of the care homes constituted 70 percent of Quebec's COVID-19-related deaths during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It functions as an example of how the COVID-19 crisis can be used to reimagine data collection on employment geographies, in particular for low-wage jobs with spatial patterns that are difficult to predict.
COVID-19, Lockdown(s), and Housing Inequalities among Families with Autistic Children in London
Authors: Warnock Rosalie
Published: January 2022

This chapter draws on research with London-based parents who have autistic children. It highlights pre-existing housing inequalities which have exacerbated the challenges for many parents in managing the COVID-19 lockdowns. It also points out that it is not the challenges of autism per se that contribute to different experiences during the pandemic, but rather the pre-existing social, spatial, and economic inequalities that often manifest themselves through the home and housing. The chapter focuses on issues of space or crowding, safety, and care, and recommends the appropriate allocation of social housing for families who have disabled children. It promotes an adequate financial and practical support for adult and young carers, who continue to bear the brunt of inadequate social care in the UK.
Detroit’s Work to Address the Pandemic for Older Adults: A City of Challenge, History, and Resilience
Authors: Perry Tam E. , McQuaid James , Sanford Claudia , Archambault Dennis
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers Detroit as one of the first American cities where the COVID-19 virus arrived. It discusses the ways in which the pandemic has impacted seniors in Detroit. It also chronicles the ways in which the Senior Housing Preservation–Detroit (SHP-D) coalition and other organizations worked with residents to provide essential services for their community. The chapter highlights the voices of older Detroiters to describe the city's senior housing context, reflect on Detroit's history of housing struggle, and advocate for the continued need for housing solutions for all ages. It details how seniors developed ways to cope with health challenges in a city where many have had to contend with disparities in health care, sporadic employment histories, and racist hiring, and lending practices.