bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Smoking and Primary Tumor Subsite on Recurrence in HPV‐Associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Rex H. , Salesky Madeleine , Benjamin Tania , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , George Jonathan R. , Ha Patrick K. , Ryan William R. , Heaton Chase M.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To describe risk of recurrence and recurrence characteristics between ever‐ and never‐smoking patients with human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC) when stratified by primary tumor subsite.

Study Design

Retrospective observational study.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of 171 patients with HPV+ OPSCC with primary treatment between 2008 and 2019. Five‐year recurrence‐free survival and risk of recurrence were evaluated through Kaplan‐Meier curves with log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively.

Results

Of 171 patients with HPV+ OPSCC, 81.9% were male, and the average age was 63.9 years. Eighty patients (46.8%) had a smoking history (average, 17.7 pack‐years), including 4 current smokers. Recurrence occurred in 31 patients (18.1%), 19 of whom were ever smokers. The recurrence rate for ever smokers with primary base of tongue (BOT) cancer was 41.7%, while 5.1% of never smokers with BOT primaries had recurrence. For primary tonsillar disease, 9.1% of ever smokers had recurrence versus 19.2% of never smokers. Five‐year recurrence‐free survival for BOT primaries was lower in ever smokers than never smokers (P =. 001) but did not differ between ever and never smokers for tonsillar primaries (P =. 215). In multivariable analysis across this period, ever‐smoking status was associated with higher risk of recurrence than never‐smoking status in BOT primaries (adjusted hazard ratio, 7.36; 95% CI, 1.61‐33.68; P =. 010) but with lower risk of recurrence after tonsillar primaries (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.06‐0.89; P =. 033).

Conclusion

Smoking may uniquely interact with tumor subsites within the oropharynx to influence recurrence risk. Understanding the association between smoking and HPV+ OPSCC recurrence could lead to personalized, evidence‐based treatments to improve oncologic outcomes.
Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chawla Nishtha , Tom Ashlyn , Sen Mahadev Singh , Sagar Rajesh
Published: June 2021

Background and aims:

The outbreak of COVID-19 led to a significant psychological impact on individuals, particularly those belonging to vulnerable groups. This study aimed to synthesize literature on the psychological impact of COVID-19 among children and adolescents.

Methods:

Electronic search engines were used to identify studies till March 2021 that reported symptoms of psychological origin in children and adolescents. Information was extracted using a predefined template, and qualitative analysis was conducted using STROBE.

Results:

One hundred and two relevant papers were identified. Most of the studies were conducted online or telephonically. The study designs were primarily single group cross-sectional, though a few prospective/retrospective designs were also identified. Studies assessing emotional distress showed variable levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the study population, with greater severity of anxiety symptoms among females and older adolescents. Reduced physical activity; delayed sleep time; increased sleep duration, screen time, internet use, and sedentary habits, poor quality of life were other notable findings, often correlating with anxiety/depression. Efforts to address bias, discussion on generalizability of their results, and sample size calculation were not reported in most studies.

Conclusion:

Psychological impact on children/adolescents is significant, either due to the fear of the illness or social isolation related to COVID-19. One may focus on improving sleep habits and physical activity and regulating internet use for maintaining psychological well-being.
Board Characteristics and Firm Performance: Indian Textiles Sector Panorama
Authors: Nepal Mukesh , Deb Rajat
Published: June 2021

The study has attempted to examine whether the board size and board independence have any impact on the financial performances of the Indian textile firms. Accessing the data of the 40 sample firms representing the top 100 BSE-listed textile firms during the timeline 2015–2019 and applying the panel data regression model, it has assessed the impacts. Accounting- and market-based financial measures have been proxied, and a significant positive association between the board size and firm performance has been established. Interestingly, a significant inverse relationship between the board independence and financial performance has also been indicated. It has concurred policy implications as the inclusion of more number of board members would likely to increase the firm performance. Moreover, for improving the sound decision-making, firms may chalk out a policy with capping on the engagement of independent directors in other firms. It has acknowledged a few limitations and has sketched a roadmap for posterior studies as well.

JEL Codes: G28, G30, M40
Defining rehabilitation: An exploration of why it is attempted, and why it will always fail
Authors: Wade Derick T
Published: June 2021

The problem:

Over 187 definitions of rehabilitation exist, none widely agreed or used. Why?

The word:

Words represent a core concept, with a penumbra of associated meanings. A word means what is agreed among those who use it. The precise meaning will vary between different groups. Words evolve, the meaning changing with use. Other words may capture some of the concepts or meanings.

A definition:

A definition is used to control the unstable, nebulous meaning of a word. It delineates, creating a boundary. A non-binary spectrum of meaning is transformed into binary categories: rehabilitation, or not rehabilitation. In clinical terms, it is a diagnostic test to identify rehabilitation. There are many different reasons for categorising something as rehabilitation. Each will need its own definition.

Categorisation:

The ability of a definition to distinguish cases accurately must be validated by comparison with ‘the truth’. If there were an external ‘true’ test to identify rehabilitation, a definition would not be needed. As with most concepts, the only truth is agreement by people familiar with the required distinction. Any definition will generate misclassification. People familiar with the required distinction will also need to resolve mis-categorisation.

Description:

An alternative is a ‘descriptive definition’, listing features over several domains which must be present. This fails logically. Rehabilitation is an emergent concept, more than the sum of its parts.

Conclusion:

A useful definition cannot be achieved because no definition will cover all needs, and a specific definition for a purpose will misclassify some cases.
Deaths from novel psychoactive substances in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Evaluating the impact of the UK psychoactive substances act 2016
Authors: Deen Adrian A , Claridge Hugh , Treble Richard D , Hamnett Hilary J , Copeland Caroline S
Published: June 2021

Background:

‘Legal highs’ began appearing in the UK in the mid-2000s. Whilst many of these substances were controlled under the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act, novel compounds and new variants of controlled compounds were continuously being introduced to the recreational drug market. The Psychoactive Substances Act (PSA) was therefore implemented in 2016 as a blanket ban on all novel psychoactive substances (NPS).

Aim:

To evaluate the impact of the PSA on deaths following NPS use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Methods:

Cases reported to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths where death had occurred 3 years pre- or post-implementation of the PSA were extracted. Cases with NPS detected at post-mortem were analysed and compared against cases non-NPS cases.

Results:

293 deaths with NPS detected were identified; 91 occurring before the PSA and 202 afterwards, indicating an 222.0% post-PSA increase. Contrastingly, non-NPS drug-related death case reporting increased by only 8.0%. Synthetic cannabinoid, anxiolytic/sedative and stimulant NPS were detected in the largest proportions of deaths pre-PSA; post-PSA stimulant NPS detections reduced whilst synthetic cannabinoid and anxiolytic/sedative detections increased. Post-PSA, average decedent age increased significantly (mean age pre-PSA 34.4 ± 10.8 vs post-PSA 38.3 ± 9.4), and they were significantly more likely to have been living in deprived areas (pre-PSA 50.0% vs post-PSA 65.9%).

Conclusions:

Reporting of deaths following NPS use has risen despite introduction of the PSA. Whilst deaths amongst younger individuals and those living in more affluent areas has reduced, additional approaches to prohibition are needed to curb their persistence in deprived demographics.
Provably constant-time planning and replanning for real-time grasping objects off a conveyor belt
Authors: Islam Fahad , Salzman Oren , Agarwal Aditya , Likhachev Maxim
Published: June 2021

In warehouse and manufacturing environments, manipulation platforms are frequently deployed at conveyor belts to perform pick-and-place tasks. Because objects on the conveyor belts are moving, robots have limited time to pick them up. This brings the requirement for fast and reliable motion planners that could provide provable real-time planning guarantees, which the existing algorithms do not provide. In addition to the planning efficiency, the success of manipulation tasks relies heavily on the accuracy of the perception system which is often noisy, especially if the target objects are perceived from a distance. For fast-moving conveyor belts, the robot cannot wait for a perfect estimate before it starts executing its motion. In order to be able to reach the object in time, it must start moving early on (relying on the initial noisy estimates) and adjust its motion on-the-fly in response to the pose updates from perception. We propose a planning framework that meets these requirements by providing provable constant-time planning and replanning guarantees. To this end, we first introduce and formalize a new class of algorithms called constant-time motion planning (CTMP) algorithms that guarantee to plan in constant time and within a user-defined time bound. We then present our planning framework for grasping objects off a conveyor belt as an instance of the CTMP class of algorithms. We present it, provide its analytical properties, and perform an experimental analysis both in simulation and on a real robot.
Potential mechanism of circRNA_000585 in cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Yi Fengming , Xin Longxiang , Feng Long
Published: June 2021

Objective

Circular RNA (circRNA) plays a vital role in the development and progression of malignancies, however, the function of circRNAs in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate circRNA expression in CCA versus para-cancer tissues, and elucidate any potential associated mechanisms.

Methods

Differential expression of circRNAs between CCA and para-cancer tissue was analysed by microarray hybridization, and validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR). The downstream pathway was investigated using bioinformatics and qRT–PCR.

Results

Microarray hybridization revealed 10 circRNAs with > 3-fold increased expression versus para-cancer (circRNA_002172, circRNA_002144, circRNA_001588, circRNA_000166, circRNA_000585, circRNA_000167, circRNA_402608, circRNA_006853, circRNA_001589, circRNA_008882), and three circRNAs with > 3-fold decreased expression (circRNA_406083, circRNA_104940, circRNA_006349). CircRNA_000585 was shown by qRT-PCR to be upregulated in tumour versus paired para-cancer tissue from 15 patients with CCA. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a potential pathway comprising circRNA_000585/microRNA-615-5p/angiomotin (AMOT)/Yes associated protein 1 (YAP) in CCA. RT–PCR validation of crucial molecule expression showed downregulation of miR-615-5p, and upregulation of AMOT and YAP in CCA tumours.

Conclusion

Multiple circRNAs are dysregulated in CCA. CircRNA_000585 is upregulated in CCA, and may function by a circRNA_000585/miR-615-5p/AMOT/YAP pathway, which may be a novel CCA pathway.
Thyroid dysfunction is associated with the loss of hepatitis B surface antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B undergoing treatment with α-interferon
Authors: Luo Wenfan , Wu Shuai , Chen Hongjie , Wu Yin , Peng Jie
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the influence of thyroid dysfunction on the antiviral efficacy of α-interferon in adult patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 342 patients with CHB who underwent interferon treatment for >12 weeks. Patients with thyroid dysfunction before or during treatment were defined as the thyroid dysfunction group (n = 141) and those with normal thyroid function were defined as the normal thyroid function group (n = 201). The prevalences of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA undetectability, low hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titre (<250 IU/mL), HBsAg loss, and hepatitis B envelope antigen loss were compared.

Results

During interferon treatment, 69 of 270 (25.6%) participants with normal thyroid function at baseline developed thyroid dysfunction, whereas 11 of 72 (15.3%) with thyroid dysfunction at baseline regained normal thyroid function. The thyroid dysfunction group had significantly higher prevalences of low HBsAg titre (29.8% vs. 18.9%) and HBV DNA undetectability (66.0% vs. 40.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that thyroid dysfunction was associated with HBsAg loss (odds ratio 4.945, 95% confidence interval 1.325–18.462).

Conclusions

These results suggest that thyroid dysfunction is not an absolute contraindication, but is associated with HBsAg loss, in patients with CHB undergoing α-interferon treatment.
Early mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation can improve outcomes in patients with non-traumatic cardiac arrest in the emergency department
Authors: Luo Li , Zhang XiaoDong , Xiang Tao , Dai Hang , Zhang JiMei , Zhuo GuangYing , Sun YuFang , Deng XiaoJun , Zhang Wei , Du Ming
Published: June 2021

Objective

To compare the outcomes of patients with non-traumatic cardiac arrest (CA) who received early versus late mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with the Lund University Cardiac Assist System (LUCAS) device in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study in the ED of a single medical center performed from May 2018 to December 2019; 68 patients with CA were eligible. We grouped the patients according to the time to initiating LUCAS use after CA into an early group (≤4 minutes) and late group (>4 minutes).

Results

The rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was higher in the early group vs the late group (69.2% vs 52.4%, respectively). The 4-hour survival rate was significantly higher in the early group vs the late group (83.3% vs 45.5%, respectively), and CPR duration was significantly shorter in the early group (23.3 ± 12.5 vs 31.1 ± 14.8 minutes, respectively).

Conclusion

Early mechanical CPR can improve the success of achieving ROSC and the 4-hour survival rate in patients with non-traumatic CA in the ED, considering that more benefits were observed in patients who received early vs late LUCAS device therapy.
Four decades of understanding Martian geomorphology: Revisiting Baker’s ‘The geomorphology of Mars’
Authors: Bhardwaj Anshuman , Sam Lydia , Gharehchahi Saeideh
Published: June 2021

Our understanding of the Martian atmosphere, terrain and subsurface has continuously evolved over the past couple of decades as a result of a number of successful orbiter and rover missions. This prompts a need to revisit the first holistic review of Martian geomorphology, based on images from the Viking orbiters, by Victor R. Baker in 1981. Several of the interpretations and recommendations based on remote sensing in Baker’s paper are as valid today as they were four decades ago. With an unprecedented focus on Mars exploration in the coming decades, it is important to revisit the advances and prospects in Martian geomorphology research.
Australian women with good financial knowledge fare better in divorce
Authors: West Tracey , Mitchell Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

Divorce dissolves couple households, who likely specialised in household financial decision-making tasks, into singles who need to learn new skills. Financial decisions will be particularly challenging for those newly separated people that are lacking knowledge and confidence. Given the substantive literature supporting the lack of financial knowledge of women in comparison to men, women are likely to be more disadvantaged by this aspect of divorce. We employ the HILDA Survey and find support for the role of financial literacy in improving wealth outcomes in divorce, particularly for women. We find that the positive impact is significant over the long term. This research contributes to knowledge of the role of financial education in building resilience to endure financial shocks.

JEL classification: D14; G53; G50; J12; J16
Ethics in financial planning: Analysis of ombudsman decisions using codes of ethics and fiduciary duty standards
Authors: Richards Daniel W , Ahmed Abdullahi D , Bruce Kenneth
Published: June 2021

Scandals show that ethics is an important topic in financial planning. Our research analyses 212 financial ombudsman decisions (2013–2018) to understand the nature of financial planning misconduct in complaint decisions. We develop a coding structure to ascertain what professional conduct involves and then use content analysis and cluster analysis to identify the aspects of professional conduct occurring in these misconduct decisions. Diligence, acting in the client’s best interest and having no reasonable basis for advice are interconnected elements in over half of these decisions. Secondary elements are misleading statements, conflicts of interest and disclosure. Analysis of decisions involving fiduciary duty showed that financial planners failed to ascertain a client’s circumstances and did not form advice based on their client’s information. As financial planning professionalises, future research, financial planning education, policy and practice should address these issues.

JEL Classification: D14, G20, G50
The readability of 10-K reports and insider trading profitability
Authors: Rahman Dewan , Oliver Barry
Published: June 2021

This study links the readability of 10-K reports to insider trading profitability. Using a sample of 102,060 insider transactions in the United States between 1994 and 2016, we empirically demonstrate that less readable 10-K reports increase profitability from insider trading. Consistent with the proprietary cost argument, we also document that readability impacts on insider trading profitability are more pronounced for research and development–intensive firms, for firms facing higher product market competition and trade secrecy, and for firms with lower levels of voluntary management disclosures. Overall, this study supports the proprietary cost and strategic information asymmetry channel of readability and suggests that less readable reports lead to the exploitation of information advantages by insiders.

JEL Classification: D4, G14, G34, G40
Identification and storage of plastics in libraries and archives
Authors: Stein Chantal , Pace Jessica , McCann Laura
Published: June 2021

The safe storage and handling of plastic objects presents a pressing and often overlooked problem in many library and archival collections. Plastics are notoriously difficult to care for because they can deteriorate faster than other materials in archival collections. The so-called “malignant” plastics can also produce harmful degradation products that damage surrounding materials, including photographs and papers. Part of the issue is the myriad available tools for plastics identification, which can be both cumbersome and daunting. The other is that ideal storage environments for plastics recommended in the preservation literature are often difficult to achieve due to the accessibility needs and space constraints faced by many libraries and archives. This article introduces a current project at New York University Libraries that evaluates existing recommendations for the identification and housing of plastics, and provides guidelines for making scalable housing types that support user access.
High Eyelid Crease Deformity in Asians: A Clinical Evaluation and Corrective Strategies
Authors: Saonanon Preamjit
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to describe the manifestations of post-blepharoplasty high eyelid crease patients and to propose steps of clinical evaluation and corrective operations. High eyelid crease patients were categorized into 3 groups, including pre-existing ptosis (PP), surgical induced levator compromised (SI), and high eyelid crease alone (HC), based on their MRD1 and signs of compromised levator muscle. The primary outcomes were the type and success rate of the operative techniques. The secondary outcomes were the complications. A total of 131 patients were enrolled, 7 males and 124 females, with an average age of 39.7 years. The mean scar height in the HC, SI, and PP groups were 10.4 ± 2.2, 12.8 ± 2.6, and 9.0 ± 2.0 mm, respectively. The scar height in the SI group was statistically differently higher than the other groups (mean: 1.7 mm, 95% CI: [0.91, 2.43]; P < 0.001). In total, 117 eyes of 67 patients underwent corrective operations with significant lower eyelid fold height and an 83.6% success rate. There were 6 re-operation eyes, 5 in the SI group and 1 in the PP group. High blepharoplasty incision scar can lead to surgical induced levator compromise and ptosis. Systematical evaluation and optimal corrective operations are needed to achieve targeted outcome.
Understanding Nurses’ Experiences and Perceptions of End-of-Life Care for Cancer Patients in Korea: A Scoping Review
Authors: Jung Min Young , Matthews Alicia K
Published: June 2021

Background:

Quality end-of-life care for cancer patients is a global health priority, and nurses are instrumental in providing this care. However, little is known about nurses’ experiences and perceptions in end-of-life care settings in Korea. Aims: This scoping review examined Korean nurses’ end-of-life care experiences and assessed the state of research in this area.

Methods:

Systematic searches were conducted using 7 electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, WPRIM, KCI, and RISS), and 17 studies were selected for review.

Findings:

Most studies were limited to cross-sectional, descriptive designs. Outcomes regarding end-of-life care measured in the studies were categorized into cognitive variables, emotional variables, participation/performance, and educational needs. Study results suggested low nurse knowledge and self-efficacy with regard to provision of end-of-life care. Perceived barriers to quality end of life care included difficulties in meeting family members’ needs. In addition, emotional outcomes associated with end-of-life care included high levels of nurse stress and burnout. Predictors of elevated stress included inability to provide adequate pain control, inability to reconcile patient requests with physician orders, and heavy workload. Although most nurses had end-of-life care experience, fewer than half reported receiving related education. The lack of knowledge and skill related to end of life care was a primary contributor to stress.

Conclusions:

Korean nurses providing end-of-life care for cancer patients need additional education and support to help them manage high stress levels. Further study is needed to identify strategies for meeting nurses’ end-of-life care education needs and of improving their overall performance in such practice.
“A Little Bit of Light Dispels a Lot of Darkness”: Online Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse by Authority Figures in the Ultraorthodox Jewish Community in Israel
Authors: Lusky-Weisrose Efrat , Fleishman Tzviki , Tener Dafna
Published: June 2021

Social media sites such as Facebook have become popular platforms for promoting public awareness of sexual abuse by encouraging user engagement around this issue. There is, therefore, currently emerging research on the functions and implications of social media as a platform for sexual abuse disclosure. However, as yet, no study has examined this phenomenon specifically through a religious-cultural lens. This study explores perceptions of, barriers to, and motives underlying online disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA) by religious authority figures (RAFs) in ultraorthodox Jewish society in Israel. The data were gleaned from the popular Facebook page of a nonprofit devoted to raising awareness of CSA in the ultraorthodox community. The analysis was based on admins’ posts, anonymous and nonanonymous survivors’ shares, users’ comments, and in-depth interviews of eight page users. The findings suggest a culture-oriented model of online CSA disclosure (OCSAD), identifying four primary factors (safety, benefit, relevance, and legitimacy) that, weighed against cultural barriers, influence the decision to engage in online CSA disclosure. This context-informed understanding highlights the importance of social media as an alternative platform for CSA disclosure in an isolated but changing cultural arena such as the ultraorthodox community in Israel. The theoretical model is of international interest for its conceptualization of the unique characteristics and perceptions of OCSAD within religious-cultural contexts.
Numerical and experimental investigation of the hole saw tool geometry effects on drilling of random chopped fiber composites
Authors: Hassouna Amira , Mzali Slah , Zemzemi Farhat , BenTkaya Mohamed , Mezlini Salah
Published: June 2021

Drilling is the most widely used machining process in manufacturing holes in many industrial applications. Optimizing the drilling process is a key to improve the hole quality. Therefore, numerical modeling is an effective method that gives an idea about the cutting process to optimize the drilling parameters. This paper emphasizes the sensitivity of the thrust force, the torque and the machining-induced damage to the hole saw tool geometry using a 3D Finite Element (FE) model developed using ABAQUS/Explicit. A Johnson cook model associated with a ductile damage law is used to predict the failure mechanism of a random chopped glass fiber reinforced polyester. It is found that the thrust force, the torque and the damage around the hole obtained from the FE model are in good agreement with the experimental data. Differences of about 2% for the thrust force, 2.4% for the torque and 3% for the damage around the hole are observed. The results of the numerical model also indicated that the thrust force as well as the drilled workpiece quality are improved by choosing the suitable rake angle. A decrease of about 61% in the thrust force is observed when varying the rake angle from 0° to 20°. However, the latter has an insignificant effect on the thrust force. Furthermore, it can be concluded that this parameter highly influences the material removal process.
Indirect accountability of political appointees
Authors: Li Christopher
Published: June 2021

This paper explores the indirect accountability of political appointees. The appointee’s quality is uncertain, and voters hold the politician accountable for the appointee’s performance. The politician has better information about the appointee than voters do, but electoral concerns induce the politician to make inefficient retention decisions. Specifically, there is over-retention of appointees relative to the social optimum. If the quality of candidates for appointment is low, then improving the pool of candidates can help reduce distortions and, in fact, it is in the interest of the politician to do so. I also show that more public information about the appointee reduces over-retention.
The Effects of Handwriting Experience on Literacy Learning
Authors: Wiley Robert W. , Rapp Brenda
Published: June 2021

Previous research indicates that writing practice may be more beneficial than nonmotor practice for letter learning. Here, we report a training study comparing typing, visual, and writing learning conditions in adults ( N = 42). We investigated the behavioral consequences of learning modality on literacy learning and evaluated the nature of the learned letter representations. Specifically, the study addressed three questions. First, are the benefits of handwriting practice due to motor learning per se or to other incidental factors? Second, do the benefits generalize to untrained tasks? And third, does handwriting practice lead to learning and strengthening only of motor representations or of other types of representations as well? Our results clearly show that handwriting compared with nonmotor practice produces faster learning and greater generalization to untrained tasks than previously reported. Furthermore, only handwriting practice leads to learning of both motor and amodal symbolic letter representations.
Cure kinetics and autoclave-pressure dependence on physical and mechanical properties of woven carbon/epoxy 8552S/AS4 composite laminates
Authors: Baghad Abd , El Mabrouk Khalil , Vaudreuil Sébastien , Nouneh Khalid
Published: June 2021

The final mechanical properties of composite laminates are highly dependent on their curing cycles in the autoclave. During this cycle, the temperature, pressure, vacuum, and treatment time will influence the quality of manufactured parts. The void content is considered the most harmful defects in carbon/epoxy laminates since they weaken the matrix-dominated mechanical properties such as interlaminar shear and compressive strengths. In the present work, differential scanning calorimetry is used to characterize the influence of time/temperature on the behavior of the epoxy resin. Then, a series of [0/90/−45/+45]s laminates composites are autoclave-cured under various applied pressures to evaluate their impact on microstructure and mechanical properties. The interlaminar shear modulus, interlaminar shear strength, laminate compressive modulus, and laminate compressive strength at room and operating engine temperature were measured. The correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties was also studied. The mechanical properties of manufactured carbon/epoxy laminates are found to be dependent on pressure and microstructure. These results are explored to establish an optimal autoclave pressure route that would minimize porosity without counterbalancing mechanical properties.
The Nation in Arms? Opposition, resistance, and survival: The sociopolitical diversity of the Insurgent Army in the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Leira-Castiñeira Francisco J
Published: June 2021

This article reveals details of the dissident views among the Insurgent Troops during the Spanish Civil War, how dissident combatants coexisted with those in command, and the effects of such control. Drawing from experiences in the African campaigns and new political strategies in Italy and Germany, the Francoist insurgent army developed and refined its internal surveillance measures and even punished soldiers in the line of combat. The dissidents’ adaptive choices ranged from following orders to resistance. Although data cannot be provided as to volume or extent, cases of dissidence can be corroborated and interactions with commanders can be observed. Exposing this new aspect of dissidence provides a fresh perspective on the Spanish Civil War in particular and civil wars in general.
Investigation on a broadband magnetic levitation energy harvester for railway scenarios
Authors: Li Shoutai , Wang Yifeng , Yang Mingjin , Sun Yuhua , Wu Fei , Dai Jun , Wang Ping , Gao Mingyuan
Published: June 2021

In this study, a Magnetic Levitation Energy Harvester (MLEH) was designed and fabricated. The magnetic field distribution and power generation performance of multiple cylindrical magnets were studied. The full factorial design (FFD) of L20 (22 × 5) test was carried out with the sliding magnet arrangement, coil arrangement and wiring method as the control factors, and the output power as target factor. Sweeping-frequency vibration tests and railroad spectrum random vibration tests were conducted to verify the power generation capacity of the prototype. Experimental results show that the device has a broadband response and the railroad vibration test proves the effectiveness of harvester in the application scenario for powering the rail-side sensors. The range of maximum output voltage, power and corresponding frequency in sweeping-frequency vibration tests with the amplitude of 1 to 10 mm and frequency of 5 to 50 Hz are 1.5 to 4.5 V; 1.80 to 17.0 mW and 9.7 to 30.8 Hz. The maximum output voltage and power are 1.33 V and 1.47 mW based on the measured railroad spectrum. Finally, a retrospective review in the efficiency, effectiveness and volume figure of merit is conducted to evaluate the performance of MLEH, indicating a high power density of the proposed harvester.
Organizational Complexities of Experiential Education: Institutionalization and Logic Work in Higher Education
Authors: LaCroix Emerson
Published: June 2021

Background: Universities continue to experience pressure to prepare work-ready graduates. In Ontario, this has recently taken the form of new provincial funding metrics which include experiential education. This places more formal pressure on all provincial universities to foster experiential education. Purpose: This study focuses on the organizational dynamics within a selected university as it developed an Experiential Education Certificate (EEC). Methodology/Approach: Using a qualitative approach, this case study relies on multiple methods. Content analysis was used to analyze textual data that framed the EEC. Semi-structured interviews ( n = 12) with institutional actors were used to analyze how experiential education is framed administratively and practiced at the technical level of the university. Findings/Conclusions: Although the EEC reflected a management logic, it was not fully aligned with the academic logic of ground-level technical actors (e.g., professors). Institutionalizing experiential education has implications for multiple logics at play within universities and thus requires more “logic work” of those working within. Implications: This exploratory study lays the groundwork for further theorizing experiential education from an organizational perspective, namely, studying experiential education across disciplines, theorizing at the field level, and including administrators.
Non-Oral Compensatory Misarticulations Revisited
Authors: Hardin-Jones Mary A. , Chapman Kathy L.
Published: June 2021

Non-oral compensatory misarticulation patterns are often associated with the speech of children with cleft palate. Despite their saliency, the etiology, frequency, and treatment of these misarticulations have not been studied extensively. The purpose of this commentary is to review what we know about these atypical patterns of articulation and address clinical assumptions regarding their etiology and treatment.
Effects of Local Culture and Teacher Efficacy on Teacher Enactment of Curriculum Reform in South Korea
Authors: Min Mina , Lee Hongseok , Kubow Patricia K.
Published: June 2021

Guided by social cognitive theory (SCT), this research investigates the structural relationships among local culture, teacher efficacy, and teachers’ exercise of curricular autonomy. A total of 605 Korean elementary school teachers completed survey questionnaires that underwent structural equation modeling analysis with a phantom model approach to identify the motivational factors and their relationships. The results indicate that teachers’ degree of internalization of mainstream Korean culture and teacher efficacy influence their implementation of the reform agenda, while teacher efficacy mediates the effect of culture. Theoretical and practical implications for scholars, policy-makers, and practitioners are provided.
Implementation of School Diabetes Care in the United States: A Scoping Review
Authors: An Ruopeng , Li Danyi , Cole Marjorie , Park Katherine , Lyon Aaron R. , White Neil H.
Published: June 2021

Diabetes management at school demands close collaboration of multiple stakeholders, including students with diabetes and parents, school nurses, teachers/staff, and local health care providers. This scoping review identified and synthesized evidence concerning factors that contributed to the quality and effectiveness of diabetes care implementation in U.S. K-12 schools. Forty-six studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. Five common factors emerged surrounding training and experiences, communications, parent engagement, resource allocations, and school environment. Complex interactions between multiple stakeholders jointly determined the quality of school diabetes care. A conceptual model was established to elucidate the complex interactions between multiple stakeholders and the relevant facilitators and barriers. Future research should improve sample representativeness, contrast school diabetes care practices to the national guidelines, and assess the impact of the social, economic, and political environment at federal, state, local/district levels on school diabetes care implementation.
Midterm Outcomes of Unstable Ankle Fractures in Young Patients Treated by Closed Reduction and Fixation With an Intramedullary Fibular Nail vs Open Reduction Internal Fixation Using a Lateral Locking Plate
Authors: Kho Duk-hwan , Cho Byung-Ki , Choi Seung-Myung
Published: June 2021

Background:

We aimed to compare midterm radiological and clinical outcomes between closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) using the fibular intramedullary nail (IMN) and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using the locking plate for the treatment of unstable ankle fractures in active young patients.

Methods:

In this retrospective cohort study, 204 patients treated with CRIF using the fibular IMN (94 patients) or ORIF using the locking plate (110 patients) were included after at least 3 years of follow-up. The mean patient age was 41.4 years. Radiographic evaluation included the quality of reduction assessed by plain radiography and 3-dimensional (3D)–reconstructed computed tomography as well as the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) of the ankle assessed by weightbearing plain radiography. Clinical evaluation included the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society hindfoot score, Olerud and Molander Score, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, and visual analog scale pain score as well as complications.

Results:

At median follow-up greater than 4 years, we found no significant differences in measured clinical outcomes between the 2 groups. There were signiﬁcantly fewer postoperative complications in the IMN group than in the ORIF group (9.5% vs 39%, P < .001). However, we did find a greater proportion of radiographically fair or poor reductions in the IMN group than in the ORIF group ( P < .001). The poor reductions in the IMN group were primarily related to Weber type C, pronation-type injury, and comminuted fibular and trimalleolar fractures ( P < .001). PTOA was also more frequently observed in the IMN group than in the ORIF group (21.3% vs 9.1%, P = .024).

Conclusion:

Given the current prevailing technologies for fracture fixation, this study suggests that surgeons should consider ORIF for unstable ankle fractures in active young patients with Weber type C, pronation-type injury, and comminuted fibular and trimalleolar fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Constrained regulation problem for continuous-time stochastic systems under state and control constraints
Authors: Si Xindong , Yang Hongli
Published: June 2021

Constrained regulation problem (CRP) for continuous-time stochastic systems is investigated in this article. New existence conditions of linear feedback control law for continuous-time stochastic systems under constraints are proposed. The computation method for solving constrained regulation problem of stochastic systems considered in this article is also presented. Continuous-time stochastic linear systems and stochastic nonlinear systems are focused on, respectively. First, the condition of polyhedral invariance for stochastic systems is established by using the theory of positive invariant set and the principle of comparison. Second, the asymptotic stability conditions in the sense of expectation for two types of stochastic systems are established. Finally, finding the linear feedback controller model and corresponding algorithm of constrained regulation problem for two types of stochastic systems are also proposed by using the obtained condition. The presented model of the stochastic constrained regulation problem in this article is formulated as a linear programming problem, which can be easily implemented from a computational point of view. Our approach establishes a connection between the stochastic constrained regulation problem and positively invariant set theory, as well as provides the possibility of using optimization methodology to find the solution of stochastic constrained regulation problem, which differs from other methods. Numerical examples illustrate the proposed method.
Residential Location and Household Spending: Exploring the Relationship Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Transportation and Housing Costs
Authors: Schouten Andrew
Published: June 2021

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a seven-category neighborhood typology, this analysis examines the relationship between urban form and household spending. Results suggest that poor households living in urban areas have lower transportation expenditures than their counterparts in sprawling suburbs. Lower transportation costs, however, do not offset high housing prices, with poor households paying particularly high premiums for housing in the densest, most transit-rich neighborhoods. Households above the poverty threshold also benefit from reductions in transportation costs, especially in intensely urban areas. Nevertheless, these low transportation costs are not associated with lower overall expenditures; instead, they countervail high housing premiums, meaning that the most transit-rich neighborhoods do not offer cost savings relative to other neighborhood types. Findings highlight the need to expand the supply of both transit and housing in communities where poor households can leverage affordable transportation options to reduce their combined expenditure burden.
Multicoated elastic inhomogeneities of arbitrary shape neutral to multiple fields
Authors: Wang Xu , Schiavone Peter
Published: June 2021

We rigorously establish the interesting result that in anti-plane elasticity an elastic epitrochoidal inhomogeneity can be made neutral to multiple uniform fields applied in the matrix via the insertion of two intermediate coatings. Using a two-term conformal mapping function, the simply connected domain occupied by the epitrochoidal inhomogeneity and its surrounding inner and outer coatings is mapped onto the interior of the unit circle in the image plane. The mismatch parameters are determined in an analytical manner by solving a set of two non-linear equations. An elastic inhomogeneity of arbitrary shape can be made neutral to multiple fields through the insertion of N coatings when the proposed mapping function for the simply connected domain occupied by the multicoated inhomogeneity is described in terms of a polynomial of finite degree containing N non-constant terms. In this case, the mismatch parameters are determined by iteratively solving a set of N non-linear equations.
The Crisis of Social Institutions and Police Homicides: The Adverse Effects of Low Institutional Control
Authors: Wetherell Kamali’ilani T. E. , Miethe Terance D.
Published: June 2021

Using U.S. census data and a multi-source database on officer-involved killings, the current study extends previous research by exploring the influence of measures of weak social control in economic, educational, and familial institutions on state rates of police homicide. States with lower levels of institutional control are found to have higher overall rates of police homicides and police killings involving Black, Hispanic, and White decedents. The significant effects of institutional control on these police homicide rates are generally found to exhibit contextual invariance across different levels of various control variables (e.g., comparisons of states with low or high violent crime rates, low vs high economic inequality, low vs high levels of urbanization). These results and the limitations of this study are discussed in terms of implications for future research and public policy on police homicides and the role of social institutions in minimizing the occurrence of these incidents.
“The Juices of the Body”: Ecomasculine Fluidification in Two Stories by Isak Dinesen
Authors: Mortensen Peter
Published: June 2021

Gender is a key factor in shaping perceptions of environmental relationships, and moving toward sustainability requires that we rethink dominant ideas about both femininity and masculinity. Danish bilingual author Karen Blixen (1885–1962) wrote cryptic and convoluted stories under the male pseudonym Isak Dinesen, and while there is an abundance of feminist scholarship on Dinesen, her critique of masculine identity and her relevance to the emergent field of ecomasculinity studies have so far gone unnoticed. In this essay, I draw on feminist scholarship and cultural histories of male embodiment, as I analyze fluid masculine corporeality in “The Monkey” (1934) and “Ehrengard” (1962). In both her early and late narratives, I argue, Dinesen pushes back against the 20th century “metallization” of male bodies with baroque narratives and characters whose trajectories begin to produce novel and fruitful understandings of masculinity and the male body in relation to other bodies and the more-than-human world. More specifically, what I label “fluidification” designates recurring moments in Dinesen’s writing when corporeal boundaries are breached and male characters find themselves re-manned and re-environed by their bodies’ all-too-human participation in “transcorporeal” flows. The male bodies that populate Dinesen’s fiction, I find, diverge strikingly from the seamlessly solid, statuesque, and self-enclosed men of steel fantasized by contemporary fascists, communists, futurists, militarists, and machine-age modernists. While the hegemonic ideal of hard, dry, anti-ecological masculinity has persisted and even flourished to the present day, I approach Dinesen’s fictions as counterhegemonic sites where alternative earth-friendlier meanings of masculinity can become visible.
CreatingWith, NotForPeople: Theory of Change and Logic Models for Culturally Responsive Community-Based Intervention
Authors: Meyer Marisol L. , Louder Ceewin N. , Nicolas Guerda
Published: June 2021

Intervention scientists have used program theory-driven evaluation to design, implement, and assess the success of intervention programs for decades. However, interventions often are designed without the input of the community for which they are intended. The lack of incorporation of community members’ voices that participate in various intervention programs and the de-emphasis of systemic influences on program outcomes may decrease the extent to which participants experience intended positive outcomes. This often leads to interventions that are irrelevant at best and harmful at worst. Theory of change and logic models are two forms of theory-driven evaluation that can be used in tandem to incorporate community voices into program design and implementation while attending to systemic influences on the program. The following paper presents a stage model process for creating and utilizing both a theory of change and logic model for community-based intervention programs aiming to work with ethnically and racially diverse and immigrant populations.