bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in Eye-Gaze Behaviors Evident When Five Adults With Aphasia-Based Alexia Read Multisentence Passages
Authors: Hux Karen , Knollman-Porter Kelly , Bevelhimer Andrew , Wallace Sarah E.
Published: October 2023

Purpose:

The problems that people with aphasia encounter when reading passages are poorly understood. This study's purpose was in-depth examination of eye-gaze behaviors exhibited by five people with aphasia-based alexia.

Method:

Five adults with aphasia-based alexia and five neurotypical adults (NAs) read paragraphs while having their eye movements recorded. Acquired data included descriptive characterization of overall eye-gaze behaviors and determination of the (a) percent of fixated words, (b) average fixation duration, (c) average initial and total summed fixation durations of processing attempts on individual words, and (d) effects of word length and frequency on fixation durations. Careful examination of these data allowed examination of consistencies and discrepancies among people with aphasia and supported speculation about underlying deficits.

Results:

Case participants exhibited unique fixation behaviors in comparison to one another and to neurotypical adults. Case participants' total reading time, percent of fixated words, average fixation duration, and average initial and total summed fixation durations on passage words exceeded those of neurotypical adults. Four of five exhibited positive word length and negative word frequency correlations with fixation durations.

Conclusions:

People with aphasia display eye-gaze behaviors unique to them and differing from those of NAs when reading texts. Better understanding of the connection between specific eye-gaze behaviors and problems decoding words, linking them with lexical–semantic information, and constructing meaning from written content is necessary to further progress in developing effective assessment tools and treatments.
Pédagogie Inductive « Pour et Par Projet A Minima »
Authors: Bonnin Patrick , Blazevic Pierre , Snoeck Olivier , Gentile Dominique , Zenzri Hatem , Haggège Joseph
Published: October 2023

Ayant constaté depuis une dizaine d’années que les aspirations de notre public d’apprentis avaient changé, nous avons remis en cause notre pédagogie de manière à s’y adapter. Nous présentons une pédagogie « Inductive Pour et Par Projet A Minima » : basée sur la pratique, « Pour » : en amont, en préparation de, et « Par » de manière plus clas-sique « Projet », et « à Minima » incluant les concepts nécessaires uniquement, vus et matérialisés séparément, puis agencés dans l’optique d’une réalisation complexe.
Simulations, mesures et régulation sur un système S3R pour satellite à échelle réduite
Authors: Martiré Thierry , Pellecuer Guillaume , Enrici Philippe , Huselstein Jean-Jacques , Gairaud J.P , Briquet E.
Published: October 2023

Dans cet article nous présentons un TP réparti sur 2 séances permettant d’approcher le fonctionnement d’un système d’alimentation pour satellite. Ce TP, présent dans les enseignements de Master 2 (IEFS, puis 3EFS) depuis le LMD4, se repose d’une part sur une maquette permettant de simuler le plus fidèlement possible un système d’alimentation S3R (sequential switching shunt regulator) à échelle réduite et d’autre part sur une maquette permettant d’avoir un petit générateur photovoltaïque d’une dizaine de watt avec deux panneaux. Les étudiants étudient et caractérisent ces panneaux dans une première série de TP, puis simulent le S3R avec le logiciel PSIM en intégrant les caractéristiques du générateur qu’ils ont à disposition et enfin font des mesures dans une ultime séance sur une maquette dédiée permettant d’utiliser jusqu’à 3 sections de panneaux solaires connectées en parallèle.
Librairie de génie électrique et d’électronique de puissance pour les travaux pratiques en licence EEEA
Authors: Fruchier Olivier , Talbert Thierry , Thiery Frederik
Published: October 2023

La période COVID19 a été l’occasion de reprendre l’ensemble de nos enseignements, pour leur apporter une nouvelle dimension. Les travaux présentés dans cet article se situent dans la continuité de la « rénovation » de la licence EEEA de l’université de Perpignan Via Domitia. Après une première phase présentée lors du précédent CETSIS orientée transversalité, cet article présent un ensemble d’outils de simulation en électronique de puissance développés spécifiquement pour les salles de TP en licence 2ème et 3ème année de licence EEEA. Les différents composants utilisés en TP ont été modélisés, intégrés dans un ensemble de librairies et mis à disposition de tous élèves. L’objectif est ici de développer l’esprit critique de nos étudiants par la confrontation de résultats théoriques, pratiques et de simulations, le tout dans un format d’échange entre les étudiants et l’enseignant, et entre les étudiants.
Influence of different types of advertising on the advertising conversion rate in college students
Authors: Li Yuxin
Published: October 2023

The conversion rate is important measurable data as a metric of the effectiveness of advertising. The higher the conversion rate is, the more people who saw the advertising would take action. Many factors could affect the advertising conversion rate. In this paper, we aimed to find whether the format (video and poster) of advertising presentations impacts the advertising conversion rates among college students. The researcher designed an online survey that was distributed to college students, and respondents were asked to evaluate eight products’ ads with both video and poster types. In addition we investigated five potential factors, including the level of impact social media has on advertising, gender, preferences of activities, time spent on different advertising channels, and time from viewing the ads before buying products, that would influence people’s conversion rates. The results suggested that the conversion rates between video and poster are different ( p<0.05). However, all five elements had no correlations with the conversion rate.
A Study of the Korean Criminal Hesitation System in the Perspective of Comparative Law
Authors: Jin Wang , Aihua Jin , Yikun Xia
Published: October 2023

Early intervention of criminal law in social governance has become an irreversible trend in China, which plays a significant role in preventing and controlling social risks, but the serious collateral consequences of penalties also lead to many new social contradictions. Korea’s criminal hesitation system1 pays attention to the ethics of rules and regulations and has a strong color of subjectivism, which can better achieve the double effect of crime prevention and human rights protection. Our country should learn from the advantages of Korea, introduce the system of criminal deferral in due course, and expand the scope of application of the criminal deferral system in order to dissolve the contradictions caused by the consequences of the penalty. At the same time, it should also adhere to the concept of “criminal integration” and promote the systematic process of misdemeanour management in China.
Anästhesieverfahren bei einer Switch-Operation bei Säuglingen
Authors: Weth Vanessa
Published: October 2023

Bei einer arteriellen Switch-Operation werden die vertauscht angelegten Schlagadern durchtrennt und an die jeweils andere Herzkammer angeschlossen. Der Eingriff muss innerhalb der ersten zwei Lebenswochen erfolgen. Welche anästhesiologischen Besonderheiten dabei zu beachten sind, zeigt ein Fallbeispiel.
Der Tod im OP
Authors: Schäfer P. Klaus
Published: October 2023

Operationen sollen das Leben von Patienten retten oder deren Leiden beseitigen, zumindest lindern. Aber manchmal führt ein schicksalhafter Verlauf zum Tod des Patienten. Welche Möglichkeiten gibt nach solch einem einschneidenden Erlebnis für das OP-Team, gut für sich selbst zu sorgen?
Die ATA-OTA-Ausbildung im Wandel
Authors: Rewer Ellen
Published: October 2023

Für Praxisanleitende und Lehrkräfte, die ATA und OTA ausbilden, bringen die seit Anfang 2022 geltenden Neuregelungen der praktischen und theoretischen Ausbildung massive Veränderungen mit sich. Ein Überblick.
Klassifikation der chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Sturm Andreas , Schmidt Carsten
Published: October 2023

Morbus Crohn (MC) und Colitis ulcerosa (CU) sind chronisch entzündliche Erkrankungen des Magen-Darm-Trakts, für deren Entstehung keine alleinige Ursache verantwortlich ist. Chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (CED) entstehen bei Menschen mit einer entsprechenden genetischen Veranlagung (Prädisposition) und entsprechenden umweltbedingten Risikofaktoren.
A Simple Step-by-Step Guide to Permanent Punctal Occlusion with the Ophthalmic Burr and Suture Technique
Authors: Gjukaj Driton , Dacheva Ivanka , Hildebrand Göran Darius
Published: October 2023

The medical treatment of dry eye disease usually follows a step-wise approach to achieve clinical improvement, ranging from non-surgical interventions with intensive lubrication to
permanent surgical punctal occlusion. While frequent lubrication is essential, the intense regime is often too burdensome and difficult to maintain at the required frequency. Punctal plugs
are an invaluable alternative approach, but also have limitations, especially in conscious children, in whom inserting and re-inserting punctum plugs in clinic can be challenging. If a
patient has permanent and severe dry eye disease and responded well to a trial of temporary punctal plugging, a permanent surgical solution should be considered next. Liu et al showed that a
more successful, yet simple technique to achieve permanent occlusion is to combine de-epithelialising the punctum and ampulla with the immediate firm apposition of the de-epithelialised
surface using a self-absorbable suture – with a success rate of 92% in a prospective study. This article demonstrates this technique step-by-step in an 8-year-old child with severe chronic
dry eye disease following proton beam therapy for orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. She underwent this procedure with excellent results.
Persistent and Late-Onset Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Are Closely Related to Poor Prognosis in Patients with Sepsis
Authors: Matsuoka Tadashi , Yamakawa Kazuma , Iba Toshiaki , Homma Koichiro , Sasaki Junichi
Published: October 2023

Background Septic-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is heterogeneous regarding prognosis and responsiveness to anticoagulant therapy.

Objectives To investigate the relationship between the timing of development and recovery of DIC, its prognosis, and the difference in response to anticoagulant therapy in sepsis-associated DIC patients.

Methods This study was performed with a dataset from a multicenter nationwide retrospective cohort study (J-Septic DIC registry) in Japan between 2011 and 2013 to reveal the subgroup “high risk of death in DIC” and investigate the relationship between anticoagulant use and mortality. Patients were assigned to four groups based on the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis-overt DIC status at days 1 and 3: non-DIC (−/−), early-recovered DIC (+/−), late-onset DIC (−/+), and persistent DIC (+/+).

Results A total of 1,922 patients were included. In-hospital mortality in persistent and late-onset DIC patients was significantly higher than in patients with non-DIC and early-recovered DIC. This finding indicates that persistent DIC and late-onset DIC were a poor-prognosis subgroup, “high-risk” DIC. Meanwhile, patients with high-risk DIC treated with anticoagulants had significantly better outcomes than those without anticoagulants after adjusting for confounding factors.

Conclusion This study showed that individuals with a high risk of death, persistent DIC, and late-onset DIC were a poor-prognostic subgroup in septic DIC; however, high-risk DIC is also a subgroup that can obtain more benefits from anticoagulant therapy.
Microwave-Assisted Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Bromoalkynes and Sulfonamides: Rapid Synthesis of N-Sulfonyl Ynamides
Authors: Lee Joon-Ho , Yeom Hyun-Suk , Hong Su Jeong
Published: October 2023

The synergistic effect of an alcohol solvent and microwave irradiation dramatically increased the C–N coupling rate, enabling the rapid synthesis of N-sulfonyl ynamides in ten minutes. The optimal catalyst, ligand, and solvent combination was investigated, and various bromoalkynes and sulfonamides were shown to be tolerated under these conditions.
Probability thermodynamics and probability quantum field
Authors: Zhang Ping , Li Wen-Du , Liu Tong , Dai Wu-Sheng
Published: October 2023

We introduce probability thermodynamics and probability quantum fields. By probability we mean that there is an unknown operator, physical or nonphysical, whose eigenvalues obey a certain statistical distribution. Eigenvalue spectra define spectral functions. Various thermodynamic quantities in thermodynamics and effective actions in quantum field theory are all spectral functions. In the scheme, eigenvalues obey a probability distribution, so a probability distribution determines a family of spectral functions in thermodynamics and quantum field theory. This leads to probability thermodynamics and probability quantum fields determined by a probability distribution. In constructing spectral functions, we encounter a problem. The conventional definition of spectral functions applies only to lower bounded spectra. In our scheme, however, there are two types of spectra: lower bounded spectra, corresponding to the probability distribution with nonnegative random variables, and the lower unbounded spectra, corresponding to probability distributions with negative random variables. To take the lower unbounded spectra into account, we generalize the definition of spectral functions by analytical continuation. In some cases, we encounter divergences. We remove the divergence by a renormalization procedure. In virtue of spectral theory in physics, we generalize some concepts in probability theory. For example, the moment-generating function in probability theory does not always exist. We redefine the moment-generating function as the generalized heat kernel introduced in this paper, which makes the concept definable when the definition in probability theory fails. We construct examples corresponding to some probability distributions. Thermodynamic quantities, vacuum amplitudes, one-loop effective actions, and vacuum energies for various probability distributions are presented.
Industrial application potential of high power impulse magnetron sputtering for wear and corrosion protection coatings
Authors: Vetter Joerg , Shimizu Tetsuhide , Kurapov Denis , Sasaki Tomoya , Mueller Juergen , Stangier Dominic , Esselbach Markus
Published: October 2023

PVD technologies, including vacuum arc evaporation and DC-magnetron sputtering, have been utilized in industrial settings since the early 1980s for depositing protective coatings. These coatings encompass a range of materials such as metal nitrides, carbonitrides, oxides, oxynitrides, and DLC, serving diverse applications such as cutting and forming tools, automotive components, and decoration. Vacuum arc evaporation generates a highly energized and ionized particle flux toward the substrate, while “classical” gas-ion-dominated direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) has limitations in generating ionized and energetic species of the sputtered target material. The development of High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) has exhibited significant potential in addressing DCMS's limitations by enabling the production of highly energetic particles. This innovation, with its industrial applicability for protective coatings, was introduced around 2010. This paper aims to provide an industrial perspective on HiPIMS, serving as a guide for scientists and engineers in comprehending and implementing HiPIMS solutions. It covers historical context and fundamental characteristics. Basic features as well as state-of-the-art configurations of PVD systems are also described. Graphical representations of experimental results illustrate HiPIMS features, including operational modes, deposition rate effects, thickness uniformity, and sustainability, particularly in terms of energy efficiency. The discussion focuses on the application prospects, advantages, and constraints of industrially applied HiPIMS protective coatings, emphasizing cutting and forming tools, within the context of the findings presented.
A magnetic falling-sphere viscometer
Authors: Patramanis-Thalassinakis C. , Karavelas P. S. , Kominis I. K.
Published: October 2023

We present a falling-sphere viscometer with a magnetized sphere and fluxgate magnetometers continuously measuring the magnetic field produced at the sensor positions by the falling sphere. With a fluid volume of 15 ml and within a few seconds, we directly measure dynamic viscosities in a range between 200 and 3000 cP with a precision of 3%.
An inverse Jiles–Atherton model of nanocrystalline magnetic core for nanoseconds square pulsed magnetization
Authors: Chen L. , Wei Y. , Sun F. , Wang Z. , Liu Y. , Zhang W. , Zhang F. , Shi W.
Published: October 2023

The magnetic core is a key component of a linear transformer driver (LTD), and the accuracy of the core model affects the calculation of the LTD power flow and the prediction of the output waveform. In this paper, a magnetization model based on the inverse Jiles–Atherton (inverse J–A) model is developed and a particle swarm algorithm is used to identify the parameters and to obtain the variation of the parameters with the excitation characteristic. A nanoseconds square wave LTD magnetic core test platform was built to obtain the magnetization characteristics of nanocrystalline magnetic cores under different excitation characteristic parameters. Under square wave pulses, due to the presence of harmonic components, core loss is more complex. In view of the fitting deviation caused by the traditional J–A model not considering harmonic factors and anisotropy, a dynamic loss correction factor is proposed. Through a comparison of experimental and simulation results, this model can well reflect the magnetization process and has high accuracy in fitting dynamic hysteresis loops and predicting losses, which is important for guiding the design of a square pulse LTD.
Formation, propagation, and excitation of matter solitons and rogue waves in chiral BECs with a current nonlinearity trapped in external potentials
Authors: Song Jin , Yan Zhenya
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we investigate formation and propagation of matter solitons and rogue waves (RWs) in chiral Bose–Einstein condensates modulated by different external potentials, modeled by the chiral Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equation with the current nonlinearity and external potentials. On the one hand, the introduction of two potentials (Pöschl–Teller and harmonic-Gaussian potentials) enables the discovery of exact soliton solutions in both focusing and defocusing cases. We analyze the interplay effects of current nonlinearity and potential on soliton stability via associated Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations. Moreover, multiple families of numerical solitons (ground-state and dipole modes) trapped in potentials are found, exhibiting distinctive structures. The interactions between solitons trapped in potentials are studied, which exhibit the inelastic trajectories and repulsive interactions. On the other hand, we introduce the time-dependent potentials such that the controlled RWs are found in both focusing and defocusing GP equations with current nonlinearity. Furthermore, through the interaction between potentials and current nonlinearity, it is possible to enlarge the region of modulational instability, leading to the generation of RWs and chiral solitons. High-order RWs are generated from several Gaussian perturbations on a continuous wave. The presence of current nonlinearity disrupts the structures of these high-order RWs, causing them to undergo a transform into chiral lower-amplitude solitons. Finally, various types of soliton excitations are investigated by varying the strengths of potential and current nonlinearity, showing the abundant dynamic transforms of chrital matter solitons.
Higher manganese silicides: A Nowotny chimney ladder phase for thermoelectric applications
Authors: Chauhan Nagendra S. , Miyazaki Yuzuru
Published: October 2023

Nowotny chimney ladder (NCL) phases are intermetallic binary compounds that typically crystallize in a tetragonal crystal structure and constitute of two separate subsystems. The rich solid-state chemistry of NCL phases inherits fascinating lattice dynamics with unique abilities for structural modifications. As an extensively studied energy material for the thermoelectric application, we overview the emerging aspects for structural interpretation in higher manganese silicides (MnSiγ), a prominently explored example of NCL phase. The progress in understanding the incommensurate composite crystals of MnSiγ is discussed to highlight its functional crystallography for proposing the effective strategies to attain favorable modification of transport properties of charge carriers (concentration, mobility, effective mass), and phonons (lattice thermal conductivity). The application potential and prospective strategies for enabling the rational optimization of the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) are examined, and the possibilities of chemical modification in MnSiγ and related NCL phases are presented.
Granular aluminum nano-superconducting quantum interference device
Authors: Avraham Shilo , Bachar Shlomi , Glezer Moshe Aviv , Farber Eliyahu , Deutscher Guy
Published: October 2023

Granular aluminum (grAl) is an applied quantum material. We present nano-superconducting quantum interference devices (nanoSQUIDs) based on grAl thin films. These devices exhibit non-hysteretic behavior, allowing conventional SQUID readout down to temperatures well below the critical temperature as well as detection properties comparable to those of Dayem bridge-based devices of greater complexity. Despite being much longer than the coherence length, the current–phase relation of these grAl constrictions appears to be single valued at least down to half their critical temperature. This suggests that grAl thin films should be described as a network of inter-grain Josephson junctions.
Is well-mixed model of an indoor space with ceiling fans valid for studying pathogen transmission?
Authors: Mullick Archita , Kumaraswamy Guruswamy , Mehra Sarika , Murallidharan Janani , Kumar Vivek , Sinha Krishnendu
Published: October 2023

Airborne transmission is one of the main modes for the transmission of highly infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Pathogen laden aerosols from an infected person can be transported by air to a susceptible population. A widely used model for airborne transmission considers the indoor space to be well-mixed such that the pathogen concentration is spatially homogeneous. Other models that employ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) allow tracking the spatiotemporal variation of infection probability in indoor spaces but are computationally expensive. Here, we compare the predictions of a well-mixed continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model for indoor transmission with CFD for airflow, along with the Lagrangian tracking of aerosol particles. Of particular interest is the ventilation using ceiling fans, which are common in South East Asia. It is found that the behavior of particles at the walls plays an important role. Two limiting cases are studied: all particles reaching the wall get trapped vs all particles being reflected from the solid boundaries. We propose a modification to the CSTR equation to include the wall effect, and it matches the CFD data closely.
Diffusiophoresis of a highly charged rigid colloid in a hydrogel incorporating ion steric interactions
Authors: Bhaskar Babu , Bhattacharyya Somnath
Published: October 2023

Diffusiophoresis, mediated by an imposed ionic concentration gradient, is a useful technique in directed migration of colloids. Theoretical studies on diffusiophoresis in a polymer hydrogel medium are rather limited owing to the presence of nonlinear terms in the fluid transport equations. The hydrogel creates a hydrodynamic interaction and short-range steric interaction to the dispersing particle and macromolecules. The volume exclusion due to a finite ion size consideration is important in the context of a highly charged particle. In this study, we consider the finite ion size effects on diffusiophoresis of a charged particle with ζ≥1 in a hydrogel medium. The modified ion transport equations coupled with the Brinkman equation for fluid flow and the Poisson equation for electric field are solved numerically in a coupled manner through a control volume approach. Our results based on the Brinkman model incorporating only the hydrodynamic interactions deviate from the existing experimental results. A close comparison with this experimental data is established when the computed mobility is modified to incorporate the short-range steric factor. We have considered the impact of the hindered diffusivity of ions in the gel medium. Our results show that the modification in the ionic diffusivity is significant for low porosity and high charge density situations. The impact of the finite ion size effect is found to be significant when the bulk ionic concentration is large enough to create an electric double layer thinner than the particle size. We have analyzed the size dependency of the mobility in the gel medium. A simplified expression for the mobility in a hydrogel medium is proposed.
Transport and evaporation of exhaled respiratory droplets: An analytical model
Authors: Cavazzuti M. , Tartarini P.
Published: October 2023

An important vector for host-to-host infectious disease transmission is given by the transport of tiny pathogen-laden droplets. These are commonly exhaled by individuals while breathing, speaking, coughing, or sneezing. Depending on their size and ambient conditions, they may follow different paths, either settling on surfaces where the pathogen can be further transmitted by contact, or remaining airborne after evaporation where the pathogen can be inhaled. Our understanding of pathogen transmission from the fluid mechanics perspective is still somewhat limited, especially in quantitative terms. In the current work, starting from the fundamental laws of fluid mechanics and diffusion, a detailed analytical model of droplet transport and evaporation in humid air streams is presented and successfully validated against available data in the literature finding remarkable agreement. The model implements closed-form analytical solutions of the equations of transport, evaporation, and energy balance, and an algebraic model to account for the droplet chemical composition. It also features an analytical model of droplet transport within the buoyant exhaled breath cloud based on momentum conservation addressing both jet and puff phases and is able to handle periodic respiratory events. Turbulent dispersion is modeled with a discrete random walk approach. A simple inhalation model is also proposed. Such a model may help in better understanding droplets' fluid dynamic behavior and may be used to assess the risks associated with pathogen transmission under different scenarios for any type of respiratory event. Overall, the computational cost is relatively low, allowing extensive simulation campaigns to be performed easily.
Phase behavior of mixtures of hard colloids and soft coarse-grained macromolecules
Authors: Erigi Umashankar , Dhumal Umesh , Tripathy Mukta
Published: October 2023

Effective “soft” interactions between macromolecules such as polymers, amphiphilic dendrimers, and suitably designed DNA based dendritic molecules have been shown to be purely repulsive and non-diverging. We report the structure and phase behavior of a mixture of hard colloids and soft coarse-grained macromolecules. Through the use of Reference Interaction Site Model theory and molecular dynamics simulations we find that hard colloids and soft macromolecules act as depletants toward each other, generating a medium-induced effective attraction. This effective attraction leads to the formation of non-dispersed phases at high densities. At low and high fractions of hard colloids the system macrophase separates into two disparate regions of hard colloids and soft macromolecules. However, this system microphase separates into a hard-rich and soft-rich self-assembled domains at intermediate compositions. The formation of microphase separated structure in this system of isotropic, disconnected, and purely repulsive colloids is surprising and quite novel. This behavior is likely due to a softening of the interface between hard-rich and soft-rich self-assembled domains. Molecular dynamics simulations have revealed that the microphase separated state has an overall disordered bicontinuous morphology. The hard-rich domain forms an ordered FCC structure and the soft-rich domain forms a disordered cluster-fluid, making the structure simultaneously ordered and disordered.
Rheology of brain tissue and hydrogels: A novel hyperelastic and viscoelastic model for forensic applications
Authors: Yarin A. L. , Kosmerl V.
Published: October 2023

A new strain-energy function W, which possesses the strain energy expressible as a rational function of the principal invariants of the Cauchy tensor C, is proposed. It generates a hyperelastic constitutive equation with characteristics of brain tissues: a much stronger resistance to compression than to stretching and strongly nonlinear response in simple shear, including non-zero first and second normal differences. This model exponent α resembles the Ogden model in uniaxial stretching/compression and reveals plausible predictions for brain tissue with even values of α < 0 with sufficiently high magnitude (say, at α = −20). However, the dependence of the strain-energy function W on the principal invariants of C links it to hyperelastic hydrogel models (the Special and General Blatz–Ko models, neo-Hookean materials, incompressible Mooney–Rivlin and the Yeoh models). For α = −8, the present model reveals a compression/stretching behavior close to the tensorial Special Blatz–Ko model used for description of hydrogels. Furthermore, the present hyperelastic model is used as a kernel of the corresponding tensorial viscoelastic model with exponential fading memory. It belongs to the class of the integral Bernstein–Kearsley–Zapas (BKZ) models. In a number of important cases (the uniaxial stretching/compression, simple shear), it can be transformed into a differential viscoelastic model and predict viscoelastic liquid-like behavior under sustained deformations. The stress relaxation following an imposed strain reduces to the hyperelastic model with the elastic parameters exponentially fading in time. These tensorial hyperelastic and viscoelastic constitutive equations aim applications in modeling of blast-induced traumatic brain injuries and bullet penetration and spatter of brain tissue in forensic context.
A sensitivity-enhanced all-optical probe for non-contact laser ultrasonic inspection
Authors: Cheng Zhongwen , Yu Jinhao , Long Bainian , Zeng Lvming , Ji Xuanrong
Published: October 2023

Non-contact laser ultrasonic technique has been increasingly implemented for non-destructive inspections in harsh environments, high-temperature fields, and components having complex geometries. However, the poor signal-to-noise ratio and low amplitude of laser generated ultrasonic signals under a thermoelastic regime severely restrict its applications. Here, a sensitivity-enhanced all-optical probe was proposed for laser ultrasonic non-destructive testing. It consists of an optical sensor and an ellipsoidal acoustic cavity, where an optical sensor is placed at one focus of the cavity, and the detection point is set at another focus. The ultrasound signals are focused through the cavity and detected by the optical sensor. Side-by-side comparison experiments were carried out, and the results show that the probe can improve the signal amplitude by about 7.8 times compared to using a traditional optical sensor alone. The probe can make laser ultrasound detect defects with lower laser energy, which is of great significance to improve the efficiency of non-contact defect detection.
Delayed effect of thermal treatment on breaking physical seed dormancy: intrapopulation variation and implications for soil seed banks
Authors: Copete Carreño Miguel A. , Copete Carreño Elena , Ferrandis Gotor Pablo , Herranz Sanz Jose M.
Published: October 2023

Background Many studies have focused on the dormancy-breaking response to heat treatment of freshly matured seeds and immediately after thermal shock. Aims We evaluated whether the full effect of dry heat scarification in freshly matured seeds could be delayed over time and the possible influence of previous storage in the soil. Methods Adenocarpus argyrophyllus was the model species selected to explore our hypotheses by analysing the: (a) influence of scarification treatments; (b) seedling emergence during 5 years after dry heat scarification of freshly matured seeds, and evaluating intrapopulation variation; (c) seedling emergence after dry heat scarification of seeds rescued from soil; and (d) ability to form persistent soil seed banks. Key results Dry heat scarification of freshly matured seeds only resulted in 22.5% germination. However, exposure to pre-sowing thermal shock stimulated seedling emergence during the first few years post-planting, with high intrapopulation variation. In seeds recovered from soil, thermal shock before reseeding increased the seedling emergence rate. Conclusions and implications Our results show that, to avoid incomplete interpretation, studies of thermal treatment on the breaking of physical seed dormancy should allow the seeds sufficient time to exhibit the complete effects of high temperature treatment, thereby preventing underestimation.
A mechanism-based theory of cellular and tissue plasticity
Authors: Sun Fuqiang , Fang Chao , Shao Xueying , Gao Huajian , Lin Yuan
Published: October 2023

Plastic deformation in cells and tissues has been found to play crucial roles in collective cell migration, cancer metastasis, and morphogenesis. However, the fundamental question of how plasticity is initiated in individual cells and then propagates within the tissue remains elusive. Here, we develop a mechanism-based theory of cellular and tissue plasticity that accounts for all key processes involved, including the activation and development of active contraction at different scales as well as the formation of endocytic vesicles on cell junctions and show that this theory achieves quantitative agreement with all existing experiments. Specifically, it reveals that, in response to optical or mechanical stimuli, the myosin contraction and thermal fluctuation–assisted formation and pinching of endocytic vesicles could lead to permanent shortening of cell junctions and that such plastic constriction can stretch neighboring cells and trigger their active contraction through mechanochemical feedbacks and eventually their plastic deformations as well. Our theory predicts that endocytic vesicles with a size around 1 to 2 µm will most likely be formed and a higher irreversible shortening of cell junctions could be achieved if a long stimulation is split into multiple short ones, all in quantitative agreement with experiments. Our analysis also shows that constriction of cells in tissue can undergo elastic/unratcheted to plastic/ratcheted transition as the magnitude and duration of active contraction increases, ultimately resulting in the propagation of plastic deformation waves within the monolayer with a constant speed which again is consistent with experimental observations.
Two-dimensional turbulence above topography: Vortices and potential vorticity homogenization
Authors: Siegelman Lia , Young William R.
Published: October 2023

The evolution of unforced and weakly damped two-dimensional turbulence over random rough topography presents two extreme states. If the initial kinetic energy

E

is sufficiently high, then the topography is a weak perturbation, and evolution is determined by the spontaneous formation and mutual interaction of coherent axisymmetric vortices. High-energy vortices roam throughout the domain and mix the background potential vorticity (PV) to homogeneity, i.e., in the region between vortices, which is most of the domain, the relative vorticity largely cancels the topographic PV. If

E

is low, then vortices still form but they soon become locked to topographic features: Anticyclones sit above topographic depressions and cyclones above elevated regions. In the low-energy case, with topographically locked vortices, the background PV retains some spatial variation. We develop a unified framework of topographic turbulence spanning these two extreme states of low and high energy. A main organizing concept is that PV homogenization demands a particular kinetic energy level

E
♯

.

E
♯

is the separator between high-energy evolution and low-energy evolution.
A universal approach to dual-metal-atom catalytic sites confined in carbon dots for various target reactions
Authors: Zhao Linjie , Cai Qifeng , Mao Baoguang , Mao Junjie , Dong Hui , Xiang Zhonghua , Zhu Jia , Paul Rajib , Wang Dan , Long Yongde , Qu Liangti , Yan Riqing , Dai Liming , Hu Chuangang
Published: October 2023

Here, a molecular-design and carbon dot-confinement coupling strategy through the pyrolysis of bimetallic complex of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid under low-temperature is proposed as a universal approach to dual-metal-atom sites in carbon dots (DMASs-CDs). CDs as the “carbon islands” could block the migration of DMASs across “islands” to achieve dynamic stability. More than twenty DMASs-CDs with specific compositions of DMASs (pairwise combinations among Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo) have been synthesized successfully. Thereafter, high intrinsic activity is observed for the probe reaction of urea oxidation on NiMn-CDs. In situ and ex situ spectroscopic characterization and first-principle calculations unveil that the synergistic effect in NiMn-DMASs could stretch the urea molecule and weaken the N–H bond, endowing NiMn-CDs with a low energy barrier for urea dehydrogenation. Moreover, DMASs-CDs for various target electrochemical reactions, including but not limited to urea oxidation, are realized by optimizing the specific DMAS combination in CDs.
Empire, migration and race in the British parliament (1803–2005)
Authors: Mair Christian
Published: October 2023

The chapter studies the intertwined topics of Empire,
migration and race in the Hansard Corpus (1803–2005). The British Empire
emerges as a prominent topic from the mid-nineteenth century, but rapidly
recedes into insignificance in the two decades following World War II.
Emigration dominates in the nineteenth century, whereas immigration takes
over in the twentieth century. References to race remain
frequent throughout, though in the context of two contrasting discourses.
Older uses show a broad range of adjective + noun combinations classifying
the ‘human race’ on the basis of geographical or physical characteristics
(e.g. English race, Indian race, white/black/brown/yellow
race) or evaluating groups within a colonialist ideology of
white supremacy (e.g. backward/advanced races). Recent and
contemporary use of the term is dominated by high-frequency nominal
compounds belonging to the vocabulary of identity politics (e.g.
race relations). The study situates itself at the
interface of historical linguistics, colonial history and cultural studies.
Methodologically, it raises the question of the future relationship between
corpus linguistics and the Digital Humanities.
From masters and servants to employers and employees
Authors: Vartiainen Turo , Palander-Collin Minna
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores how societal democratisation can be
studied by using linguistic big data. More specifically, we are interested
in establishing whether it is possible to see how the gradual
democratisation of society affected the employment relationship in
nineteenth-century Britain by examining changes in the frequency of
constructions where different referential terms for both employers and
employees were used in the British parliament. We pay particular attention
to the gradual waning of the master–servant institution, whose demise can be
directly linked to the increased independence of labourers from their
employers. We will also briefly explore how data anomalies or outliers can
potentially be used as a heuristic when identifying events of historical
interest and importance.
Surface functionalization of graphene-like boron arsenide monolayer: a first-principles study
Authors: Khanh Nguyen Duy , Ponce-Pérez R , Guerrero-Sanchez J , Hoat D M
Published: October 2023

In this work, the effects of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) adsorption on the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene-like boron arsenide (BAs) monolayer are investigated using first-principles calculations. Pristine monolayer is a non-magnetic two-dimensional (2D) material, exhibiting direct gap semiconductor character with band gap of 0.75 (1.18) eV as calculated by generalized gradient approximation with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (HSE06) functional. Four high-symmetry adsorption sites are considered, including on-top of B atom (

T

B

), on-top of As atom (

T

A
s

), on-top of hollow site (

T

H

), and on-top of bridge site (

T

b
r
i
d
g
e

). Using the criterion of adsorption energy, it is found that

T

B

and

T

b
r
i
d
g
e

sites are favorable adsorption sites for H and O adatom, respectively. The analysis of electronic interactions indicate the charge transfer from host BAs monolayer to both adatoms. H adsorption conducts to the emergence of magnetic semiconductor nature in BAs monolayer with a total magnetic moment of 1.00 

μ

B

. Herein, the magnetism is originated mainly from H adatom and its neighbor As atoms. In contrast, the non-magnetic nature of BAs monolayer is preserved upon absorbing O atoms. In this case, the energy gap exhibits a slight reduction of 4%. Further, the effects of adatom coverage are also analyzed. The presented results suggest an effective modification of ground state electronic properties, as well as induction of new feature-rich properties to make new multifunctional 2D materials from non-magnetic BAs monolayer.
Design and realization of scanning probe microscope based on a T-shaped high-aspect-ratio probe
Authors: Xu Rui , Liu Yi , Ren Chao , Zhang Yanhui , Wang Jianli
Published: October 2023

With the growing importance of three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials and devices, the use of high-aspect-ratio (HAR) probes in atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging enables full-profile topography characterization. However, HAR-AFM probes are difficult to manufacture due to the expensive materials and complex processes. Inspired by the Wollaston scanning probe, we successfully fabricated a T-shaped tungsten probe and installed in a home-made scanning probe microscope system. Compared with commercial AFM, the home-made platform utilizes a set of LabVIEW control programs based on field programmable gate array hardware feedback, which improves the scanning speed and makes the control program more flexible. The reliability of the system was verified by comparing with the scanning results of commercial AFM. The T-shaped probe exhibits better fidelity in HAR-hole imaging compared to AFM standard pyramidal probes. This approach will likely find a convenient and material-saving fabrication route, especially for custom functional nanoprobes.
Machining surface roughness detection by adaptive deep fusion capsule network with low illumination and noise robustness
Authors: Huang Zhiwen , Zhang Qiang , Shao Jiajie , Li Weidong , Zhu Jianmin , Fang Dianjun
Published: October 2023

Surface roughness measurement is of great importance for monitoring machining quality. To address the performance degradation of deep models caused by low illumination and ambient noise, this study proposes a non-contact surface roughness detection method based on an adaptive deep fusion capsule network (ADFCNet) model. Firstly, principal competent analysis-based color image enhancement is employed to augment initial surface images collected from normal illumination. Then, consisting of a deep multi-model fusion for high-level feature representation and a capsule classifier for roughness recognition, the ADFCNet model is designed to detect roughness grades by using workpiece surface images. The key hyperparameters of the model are automatically determined by a genetic algorithm. Finally, laboratory and factory experiments under low illumination are carried out to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has strong low-illumination and noise robustness and generalization capability, indicating a better application prospect in actual scenarios.
Novel measurement method for full-field bridge strain and displacement with limited long-gauge strain sensors
Authors: Zhang Qingqing , Li Ruixiao , Yuan Huijun
Published: October 2023

In efforts to resolve the limitations of incomplete bridge measurements in accurately identifying structural parameters, this study introduces a novel approach for precise measurement of full-field bridge strain and displacement using a limited number of long-gauge fibre Bragg grating strain sensors. This method consists of two algorithms: a double reconstruction algorithm for strain reconstruction and an improved conjugate beam algorithm (ICBA) for displacement identification. The dual reconstruction algorithm exploits proper orthogonal decomposition to establish a comprehensive mapping relationship between units, thereby achieving precise strain estimation. This intricate mapping process enables the algorithm to accurately compute strain responses. By leveraging the derived full-field strain data, the ICBA effectively captures complete displacement responses. The conventional sensor placement configuration monitors only a limited number of units. To enhance full-field measurement accuracy, this method categorizes unmonitored units into two levels based on sensor placement. The double reconstruction algorithm then estimates the strain response sequentially, contributing to enhanced precision. Numerical simulations validate the proposed method (PM), which is demonstrated to be efficient and robust under various vehicle loads, impact loads, and noised levels. A physical experiment further demonstrates the efficacy of the PM in practice. The results underscore the potency of the PM as powerful theoretical and practical approach for full-field strain and displacement measurement.
Numerical simulation and experimental diagnostics of fast electron kinetics and plasma parameters in a microhollow cathode discharges in helium
Authors: Saifutdinov A I , Sysoev S S
Published: October 2023

The paper presents the results of studies of plasma parameters and kinetics of fast electrons in the region of negative glow of a discharge with a microhollow cathode at high pressures based on a hybrid model that includes a kinetic description of electrons and a fluid description of the heavy plasma component. The results of numerical calculations are compared with the results of probe studies. It is shown that the hybrid model makes it possible to accurately describe the formation of electron energy distribution function peaks from fast electrons produced as a result of Penning ionization reactions and superelastic collisions. The results of numerical calculations make it possible to predict the parameters of the negative glow plasma in discharges with a microhollow cathode in pure helium and in helium with impurities of various gases, including organic ones.