bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trust is Normal
Authors: Simpson Thomas W.
Published: September 2023

How is it that ‘She told me so’ is often a perfectly adequate defence of why a hearer believed a speaker? This chapter argues that the function of social norms of trustworthiness is to ensure that when a speaker commits to something, she has fulfilled or will fulfil her commitment. Thus, when these norms fulfil their function, hearers are entitled to segue directly from a speaker’s commitment to belief that her commitment will be fulfilled. The chapter develops this functionalist account, developing three senses (which build on each other) in which the normal response to a speaker is to trust her. Moreover, the kind of trust which is normal is that which follows the evidence and, perhaps surprisingly, it is also evidence-following trust that yields a distinctive kind of interpersonal value, in the context of trusting relationships. The trust which normally matters follows the evidence.
Cultures of Trust
Authors: Simpson Thomas W.
Published: September 2023

While the focus of the book until now has been on trust as it occurs between two people, getting clear on the reasons of trust has still required facts about the wider social context to be considered. This chapter shifts focus to this wider context in developing an application of the account, addressing what sustains a culture of trust. A culture of trust is sustained by embedded norms of trustworthiness, and these norms have certain ‘ideational’ conditions—conditions which concern the ideas and normative principles which predominate within a population. I divide the ideational component into conditions which concern its content and its legitimacy. That norms of trustworthiness have an ideational component also indicates ways that a culture of trust may be undermined, and the chapter closes by considering one solvent of trust, namely egoism.
Trust in God
Authors: Simpson Thomas W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter applies the account of trust developed hitherto in another novel area, addressing a current debate in the philosophy of religion. Many writers in recent years have argued that faith in God does not require any propositional belief, such as the belief that God exists, and of these, a number have used the notion of trust to develop a non-doxastic account of faith. This chapter addresses this debate indirectly, arguing that, by trusting in a speaking God, one normally commits oneself to believing a core of what is presented as divine speech. That is, trust in God normally has doxastic implications. This has the implication that, if faith in God involves trust, so faith is normally doxastic. Central to this claim is an argument about the rational implications of two-place trust for three-place trust relations, an argument which also has wider relevance for how to think about trust.
Phrasal Layering vs. Complex Heads
Authors: Wood Jim
Published: September 2023

This chapter starts with the conclusion that nominalizations contain at least a v head, but may or may not contain a voice head. It then compares two ways of accomplishing this. The first is the Complex Head analysis, where the verb is nominalized directly at the head level, before it combines with any phrasal complement. The second is the Phrasal Layering analysis, where a verb phrase is nominalized, complete with its arguments. Although the second approach is more widely adopted, this chapter shows that Icelandic raises problems for it and argues in favor of the Complex Head analysis. These problems include the failure to inherit case patterns, the properties objects expressed as PPs, verbs that take the -st clitic, and ditransitive verbs. Synthetic compounds are also briefly discussed. The chapter shows how the problems identified do not arise for the Complex Heads analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Bohren Craig F. , Albrecht Bruce A.
Published: September 2023

Conservation of internal and mass-motion mechanical energy follows from equations of motion for N≫1 molecules. Internal energy U, unique to thermodynamics, is motional (random) plus positional (potential). All forms are interconvertible. A single hypothesis reduces N vector equations to one scalar equation and a few measurable parameters such as temperature and pressure. Rates of heating–cooling Q and working W are distinct macroscopic processes that can change U and are on an equal footing in the first law. Q is driven by differences in temperatures between a system and its surroundings; W from mechanics is a force acting through a distance in time. Thermodynamics evolved in the mid-nineteenth century, and its laws were annunciated in different forms using different terms by different investigators. Heat was once thought to have a material existence as an ethereal fluid (caloric). Although officially dead, the caloric theory is kept alive in textbooks.
Water and Its Transformations
Authors: Bohren Craig F. , Albrecht Bruce A.
Published: September 2023

Because water vapor is a minor (≈1%) component it contributes little to the thermodynamic and transport properties of air. Unlike nitrogen and oxygen, water’s critical temperature (647 K) is above tropospheric temperatures, and hence, can change phase. Evaporation of liquid water and condensation of water vapor are independent processes; their difference, net evaporation, is readily measured. If evaporation equals condensation, the partial pressure of water vapor is called the equilibrium (saturation) vapor pressure. The partial pressure of water vapor in air is usually below saturation. Its value relative to what it would be at saturation is the relative humidity. The Clausius–Clapeyron equation predicts that evaporation of liquid water increases exponentially with absolute temperature. Water evaporates at all temperatures, not just the boiling point, Although the normal range at which pure liquid water exists (at sea level) is 0°C to 100°C, the actual range is about −40°C (subcooled) to 280°C (superheated). All phase changes, including boiling, require nucleation.
A Silent Persecution
Authors: de Boer David
Published: September 2023

This chapter identifies the conditions that were necessary for an episode of religious persecution to garner publicity. It does so by unraveling why between 1679 and 1685, the persecution of the French Huguenots by Louis XIV only received limited press coverage in the Dutch Republic. It reveals that, first, publicity strongly depended on whether the victims themselves regarded international attention as desirable to attain their political ends. Second, despite limited censorship, publicity nevertheless depended on the tacit approval or stimulation of the Dutch authorities. The chapter shows that news about the Huguenots led to conflicting humanitarian responses between different church and worldly authorities in the United Provinces, which had an effect on the role publicity played within the negotiation of this conflict. It then discusses the discursive strategies of Pierre Jurieu, who broke the relative silence surrounding the persecution, thereby laying the groundwork for later printed opposition against the policies of the Sun King.
Introduction
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the book by emphasizing how our perception of the universe is quite different from the actual laws that govern this universe. An attempt to understand the laws that govern our universe goes back to antiquity. The modern scientific revolution took place in the seventeenth century. All the phenomena that we observe in nature seem to follow the laws that were discovered by Newton, Maxwell, and others. Our intuition is based on these laws. The most remarkable developments that took place at the beginning of the twentieth century included Einstein’s theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. These laws, which are presented in this book, are highly counterintuitive and mysterious.
Vacuum is not “nothing”
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail
Published: September 2023

One of the surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is that the vacuum that we consider empty and devoid of any energy has indeed an infinite amount of energy stored in it. There are many interesting and important consequences. These include spontaneous emission inside an atom and the Lamb shift. Another dramatic consequence is that, if two plates are placed in vacuum with absolutely no force between them, they will be attracted to each other. This is called the Casimir effect. Some methods are discussed to extract energy from this sea of vacuum energy. One such method is via the Unruh effect.
Schrödinger’s cat and entanglement
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail
Published: September 2023

In this chapter, the notion of quantum superposition of states is introduced through the example of a polarized photon. This brings out the novel feature that the state of the system depends on how the experiment is set up. The paradoxical consequences of quantum superposition, such as that a cat can be simultaneously dead and alive, are also discussed. This is the essence of the famous Schrödinger’s cat paradox. This description motivates another important consequence of quantum mechanical description of multiple objects; namely, their ability to exist in an entangled state. The properties of the two objects can remain entangled no matter how far away they are from each other and thus have the ability to influence each other. After discussing these aspects of quantum mechanics, the application of quantum entanglement to novel phenomena of quantum teleportation and quantum computing are presented.
Stellar objects
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail
Published: September 2023

The cosmos is filled with novel and exotic objects. In this chapter, the Milky Way galaxy and the location of the sun and the solar system is discussed. The sources of energy in a star coming from a nuclear fusion process, with particular emphasis on the sun, is explained. Then the phases of the life of a star from its birth to its end are presented. The journey of a star toward the end of its life when it turns into a red giant, then a planetary nebula or supernova, and finally a white dwarf or a neutron star is explained.
The Zinc Finger Protein MaCCCH33-Like2 Positively Regulates Banana Fruit Ripening by Modulating Genes in Starch and Cell Wall Degradation
Authors: Song Zunyang , Chen Hangcong , Lai Xiuhua , Wang Lihua , Yao Yulin , Qin Jiajia , Pang Xuequn , Zhu Hong , Chen Weixin , Li Xueping , Zhu Xiaoyang
Published: September 2023

As zinc finger protein transcription factors (TFs), the molecular mechanism of Cys-Cys-Cys-His (CCCH) TFs in regulating plant development, growth and stress response has been well studied. However, the roles of CCCH TFs in fruit ripening are still obscure. Herein, we report that MaCCCH33-like2 TF and its associated proteins modulate the fruit softening of ‘Fenjiao’ bananas. MaCCCH33-like2 interacts directly with the promoters of three genes: isoamylase2 (MaISA2), sugar transporter14-like (MaSUR14-like) and β-d-xylosidase23 (MaXYL23), all of which are responsible for encoding proteins involved in the degradation of starch and cell wall components. Additionally, MaCCCH33-like2 forms interactions with abscisic acid–insensitive 5 (ABI5)-like and ethylene F-box protein 1 (MaEBF1), resulting in enhanced binding and activation of promoters of genes related to starch and cell wall degradation. When MaCCCH33-like2 is transiently and ectopically overexpressed in ‘Fenjiao’ banana and tomato fruit, it facilitates softening and ripening processes by promoting the degradation of cell wall components and starch and the production of ethylene. Conversely, the temporary silencing of MaCCCH33-like2 using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibits softening and ripening in the ‘Fenjiao’ banana by suppressing ethylene synthesis, as well as starch and cell wall degradation. Furthermore, the promoter activity of MaCCCH33-like2 is regulated by MaABI5-like. Taken together, we have uncovered a novel MaCCCH33-like2/MaEBF1/MaABI5-like module that participates in fruit softening regulation in bananas.
Composition patterns of surface mesozooplankton in the zonal fronts of Drake Passage
Authors: Esquivel-Garrote Octavio , Muxagata Erik
Published: September 2023

Zooplankton is the main food source for higher trophic levels in marine environments. In the Southern Ocean, the distribution of zooplankton is related to the physical gradient of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts. Our objective was to determinate the distribution of mesozooplankton in relation to the ACC fronts in the Drake Passage. Samples were collected with the Continuous Plankton Recorder in two transects. Mesozooplankton was associated with environmental variables. High mesozooplankton abundances were recorded in the Subantarctic Front in 2017 and in the Antarctic Zone in 2016. A total of 81 taxa and 23 species in 2016 and 31 in 2017 were identified. Copepoda was the most abundant group (89%), and Centropages brachiatus (3 872 ind. m−3) and Oithona spp. (2 916 ind. m−3) were the most abundant copepod taxa. Mesozooplankton abundance and composition were influenced by front variability. Taxa were contracted northward on 2016 and displaced southward in 2017 and linked to chlorophyll a (Chl a) values recorded in the coastal shelf of South America. Chl a values registered close to Antarctic Peninsula were not linked to mesozooplankton abundance. Changes in abundances of certain taxa may reflect distinct climate events. These changes may impact the availability of prey for higher trophic levels, either through displacement for food or food availability.
Patient-related barriers and enablers to the implementation of high-value physiotherapy for chronic pain: a systematic review
Authors: Dickson Cameron , de Zoete Rutger M J , Berryman Carolyn , Weinstein Philip , Chen Kexun Kenneth , Rothmore Paul
Published: September 2023

Objective

To identify and synthesize patient-related barriers to and enablers of the implementation of high-value physiotherapy (HVP) for chronic pain. Furthermore, to review what patient-related interventions have been used to facilitate the implementation of HVP for chronic pain, as well as their efficacy.

Methods

We systematically searched the APA PsycInfo, Embase, CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, and PEDro databases for peer-reviewed studies (published in English) of adults with chronic pain. We used the Theoretical Domains Framework of behavior change to synthesize identified themes relating to barriers and enablers. Outcomes from studies reporting on interventions were also qualitatively synthesized.

Results

Fourteen studies reported on barriers and enablers, 8 of which related to exercise adherence. Themes common to barriers and enablers included perceived efficacy of treatment, interrelationship with the physiotherapist, exercise burden, and the patient’s understanding of exercise benefits. Other barriers included fear of movement, fragmented care, and cost. Ten studies explored interventions, 9 of which aimed to improve exercise adherence. Of these, evidence from 4 randomized controlled trials of technology-based interventions demonstrated improved exercise adherence among intervention groups compared with controls.

Conclusion

Patients with chronic pain experience barriers to HVP, including their beliefs, the nature of their interaction with their physiotherapist, perceived treatment efficacy, and cost. Enablers include rapport with their physiotherapist, achievable exercises, and seamless cost-effective care. Technology-based interventions have demonstrated effectiveness at increasing exercise adherence. Our findings suggest that interventions seeking to enhance implementation of HVP need to consider the multifactorial barriers experienced by patients with chronic pain.

Study registration

Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/AYGZV).
Patient factors and health outcomes associated with illness perceptions in people with gout
Authors: Selvadurai Daniel , Coleshill Matthew J , Day Richard O , Briggs Nancy E , Schulz Marcel , Reath Jennifer , Aung Eindra
Published: September 2023

Objective

Illness perceptions are views and beliefs formed in response to a health threat, and they may influence self-management behaviours and chronic disease outcomes. Despite effective medication, sub-optimal outcomes in gout are common. This study aimed to quantitatively investigate illness perceptions in gout to examine how illness perceptions relate to health outcomes.

Methods

Data were obtained from a randomized controlled trial in which people with gout (n = 493) completed surveys measuring illness perceptions [Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ)], gout flares, medication adherence, health-related quality of life, health-care utilization, and productivity, alongside serum urate blood tests at baseline, and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Multivariable linear regression identified patient factors independently associated with each B-IPQ item score. Logistic and linear regression, adjusted for age and sex, determined whether baseline B-IPQ items could predict current and future health outcomes.

Results

Younger individuals and those with severe gout were more likely to experience pessimistic illness perceptions at baseline. Optimistic illness perceptions were associated with lower odds of having had at least one flare in the preceding 6 months. Every 1-point increase in B-IPQ treatment control, indicating an increasingly optimistic view that gout is treatable, decreased the odds of a recent flare prior to baseline by 33% [odds ratio (OR): 0.67; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.85; P < 0.001] and prior to the 12-month follow-up by 15% (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76,0.96; P = 0.01). Pessimistic illness perceptions also predicted poorer medication adherence, health-related quality of life, and productivity, but not serum urate levels.

Conclusion

Modifying pessimistic illness perceptions, including, but not limited to, patient education, may promote prudent self-management behaviours and better outcomes in gout.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; https://www.anzctr.org.au/, ACTRN12616000455460.
Addressing the unmet needs of transitional care in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Şahin Nihal , Sönmez Hafize Emine , Aktay Ayaz Nuray , Sözeri Betül
Published: September 2023

Objectives

We aimed to comprehensively analyse the available literature to identify the unmet requirements in transitional programs tailored specifically for patients diagnosed with JIA.

Methods

According to published guidance on narrative reviews, a systematic review of the literature on transitional care in rheumatology was conducted. Pertinent documents were collected from reputable databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE/PubMed. The search encompassed literature published from the inception of each database until January 2023.

Results

In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the findings of 34 studies was conducted. Among these, 12 studies focused on assessing the readiness of adolescents and young adults diagnosed with JIA. Additionally, 18 studies examined the effectiveness of structured transition programs in terms of adherence and satisfaction. Finally, 4 studies investigated disease-related outcomes in this population.

Conclusion

The need for transitioning children with rheumatic diseases to adult rheumatology services for continued care is clearly evident. However, the absence of established best practice guidelines presents a challenge in facilitating this transition effectively. Although several scoring systems have been proposed to ensure organized and seamless transfers, a consensus has not yet been reached. Furthermore, the socio-economic and cultural variations across countries further complicate the development of universal guidelines for transitioning children with rheumatic diseases. To address these concerns, our objective in conducting this literature review was to emphasize the significance of this issue and identify the specific requirements based on the unmet needs in the transition process.
Firm financing through insider stock pledges
Authors: Pan Xiaofei , Qian Meijun
Published: September 2023

This article documents fund usages of insider share pledge loans based on transactions data and subsequent corporate activities in Chinese firms. We find that the market has expanded 111 times since 2003, reaching 2.9 trillion RMB by 2017. The expansion is driven by share pledges for financing firms, including focal listed firms and other firms. Among transactions for financing focal listed firms (17.4 percent), 87 percent of the funds flow into the firms. Each 1 percent increase in controlling shareholders’ ownership is associated with a 7.8–11.7 percent increase in the likelihood of pledging shares to finance the focal listed firms and an additional 2.1–5.7 percent for financially constrained firms. The stock market reacts to transactions for financing focal listed firms with abnormal returns around 0.26–0.65 percent and an additional 0.29–4.37 percent for financially constrained firms. These patterns do not exist for share pledges for other purposes or by noncontrolling shareholders.
Multilocus phylogeny and morphological analyses illuminate overlooked diversity of Soriculus (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae), with descriptions of two new endemic species from the eastern Himalayas
Authors: Chen Zhongzheng , Pei Xiaoxin , Hu Jiangxiao , Song Wenyu , Khanal Laxman , Li Quan , Jiang Xuelong
Published: September 2023

The genus Soriculus is currently recognized as monotypic, containing only one species, Soriculus nigrescens, which is distributed mainly in the Himalayas and the southern Hengduan Mountains. The taxonomy of Soriculus is ambiguous due to insufficient taxonomic sampling. We conducted extensive surveys of Soriculus across the Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains. We sequenced two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, and the complete mitochondrial genomes of several selected specimens to infer the phylogenetic relationships of Soriculus and also analysed their morphological and morphometric variations. Our results indicate monophyly of Soriculus, and the diversity of the genus is greatly underestimated. We described two new species, Soriculus nivatus sp. nov. and Soriculus medogensis sp. nov., and elevated S. minor as a distinct species. Additionally, we found another putative new species of Soriculus in Medog County; however, we did not formally describe it because only one specimen was collected. Divergence time estimates suggest that the global cooling and desiccating events around the Miocene/Pliocene and Pliocene/Pleistocene boundaries and the Pleistocene climatic oscillations may have played major roles in the diversification of Soriculus. Our results highlight the overlooked diversity of small mammals in the eastern Himalayas, which warrants further surveys and taxonomic studies.
Initiatives to detect and prevent death from perioperative deterioration
Authors: Posthuma Linda M. , Preckel Benedikt
Published: September 2023

Purpose of review

This study indicates that there are differences between hospitals in detection, as well as in adequate management of postsurgical complications, a phenomenon that is described as ‘failure-to-rescue’.

In this review, recent initiatives to reduce failure-to-rescue in the perioperative period are described.

Recent findings

Use of cognitive aids, emergency manuals, family participation as well as remote monitoring systems are measures to reduce failure-to-rescue situations. Postoperative visit of an anaesthesiologist on the ward was not shown to improve outcome, but there is still room for improvement of postoperative care.

Improving the complete emergency chain, including monitoring, recognition and response in the afferent limb, as well as diagnostic and treatment in the efferent limb, should lead to reduced failure-to-rescue situations in the perioperative period.
Low-Dose Elagolix for the Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Patients With Uterine Leiomyomas
Authors: Brown Eric , Kroll Robin , Li Hong , Ng Juki , Pinsky Brett , Rodriguez Jose W. , Thomas James , Snabes Michael C.
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of elagolix 150 mg once-daily monotherapy in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine leiomyomas.

METHODS:

A phase 4, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-month treatment study was conducted in premenopausal patients aged 18–51 years with heavy menstrual bleeding (defined as menstrual blood loss greater than 80 mL during one menstrual cycle) associated with uterine leiomyomas. Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive elagolix 150 mg once daily or placebo. The primary endpoint was reduction in menstrual blood loss volume to less than 80 mL at the final month and at least a 50% reduction in menstrual blood loss volume from baseline to the final month.

RESULTS:

Of 82 randomized patients, 54 received elagolix 150 mg and 28 received placebo. With elagolix, 49.4% (95% CI 35.1–63.8%) of patients met the primary endpoint, compared with 23.3% (95% CI 7.2–39.5%) of patients who received placebo (P=.035). Statistically significant differences between elagolix and placebo in mean reduction of menstrual blood loss from baseline were seen as early as month 1 (P<.05 for months 1–3 and 5). Significantly more patients receiving elagolix experienced suppression of bleeding compared with placebo (P=.036). Greater improvements were observed in the elagolix group (vs placebo) in the proportion of patients with amenorrhea, in hemoglobin concentrations, and in health-related quality of life. No serious or severe adverse events were reported for elagolix, compared with 7.1% of participants in the placebo group having serious adverse events (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] n=1, enlarged uvula n=1). Three patients (5.6%) discontinued elagolix due to adverse events.

CONCLUSION:

Elagolix 150 mg once-daily monotherapy significantly improved heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine leiomyomas compared with placebo in premenopausal patients. Treatment with elagolix 150 mg once daily was generally well-tolerated in this study, with no new safety signals.

FUNDING SOURCE:

AbbVie Inc.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03886220.
The plaque hypothesis: understanding mechanisms of plaque progression and destabilization, and implications for clinical management
Authors: Ahmed Mona E. , Hakim Diaa , Stone Peter H.
Published: September 2023

Purpose of review

Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) typically arise from nonflow-limiting coronary artery disease and not from flow-limiting obstructions that cause ischemia. This review elaborates the current understanding of the mechanism(s) for plaque development, progression, and destabilization and how identification of these high-risk features can optimally inform clinical management.

Recent findings

Advanced invasive and noninvasive coronary imaging and computational postprocessing enhance an understanding of pathobiologic/pathophysiologic features of coronary artery plaques prone to destabilization and MACE. Early investigations of high-risk plaques focused on anatomic and biochemical characteristics (large plaque burden, severe luminal obstruction, thin cap fibroatheroma morphology, and large lipid pool), but more recent studies underscore that additional factors, particularly biomechanical factors [low endothelial shear stress (ESS), high ESS gradient, plaque structural stress, and axial plaque stress], provide the critical incremental stimulus acting on the anatomic substrate to provoke plaque destabilization. These destabilizing features are often located in areas distant from the flow-limiting obstruction or may exist in plaques without any flow limitation. Identification of these high-risk, synergistic plaque features enable identification of plaques prone to destabilize regardless of the presence or absence of a severe obstruction (Plaque Hypothesis).

Local plaque topography, hemodynamic patterns, and internal plaque constituents constitute high-risk features that may be located along the entire course of the coronary plaque, including both flow-limiting and nonflow-limiting regions. For coronary interventions to have optimal clinical impact, it will be critical to direct their application to the plaque area(s) at highest risk.
Long-term outcomes of sutureless intrascleral IOL fixation in children and adults: single surgeon case series with and without haptic flanging with up to 11 years of follow-up
Authors: Moore Spencer M , Bullock Brenna L , Walsh Mark K
Published: September 2023

Purpose:

Report and compare long-term outcomes and complications of sutureless scleral tunnel (SST) and flanged haptic (FH) scleral fixated IOLs (SFIOL), with spontaneous IOL dislocation as primary outcome measure.

Methods:

Retrospective single-surgeon case series of 95 SST and 458 FH eyes from 2011-2022 (553 total eyes). Demographics, surgical indications, ocular history, visual acuity and complication rates were collected.

Results:

Reoperation-requiring spontaneous IOL dislocation rate was significantly different (P=0.0167) between FH (3.7%) and SST (10.5%). Mean follow-up was 3.31±0.30 vs. 1.58±0.07 years for SST and FH, respectively. There was no significant difference between preoperative (20/305 vs. 20/300) or final postoperative (20/77 vs. 20/62) visual acuity. Other complications included any cystoid macular edema (20.0% vs. 25.3%), elevated IOP (16.8 vs. 9.6%), IOL tilt requiring re-operation (5.3 vs. 0%), haptic exposure (2.1 vs. 3.3%), and reverse pupillary block (4.2 vs. 1.1%).

Conclusions:

Haptic flanging resulted in fewer eyes meeting the primary endpoint of IOL dislocation. We report the longest-to-date follow-up of both non-flanged SST IOL fixation and our FH modified Yamane technique. Our FH modified Yamane technique represents a safe, durable, and potentially superior option for SFIOL.
Health Problems Related to Presenteeism Among Japanese Employees
Authors: Ozawa Sakiko , Monma Takafumi , Tsuchida Momoko , Kikuchi Ayako , Takeda Fumi
Published: September 2023

Objective

This study identified primary health problems related to presenteeism stratified by sex.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the relationship between 26 health problems and presenteeism using data from health-related data and World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire among 12,526 employees in Japan.

Results

Sex-stratified multiple regression analyses showed that presenteeism was associated with nine health problems in both sexes, depressive symptoms, followed by lack of appetite, insufficient sleep, heart palpitations, or shortness of breath demonstrated the strongest relationship. Men had five additional health problems associated with presenteeism; furthermore, the relationships of those were stronger than women.

Conclusions

The primary health problems related to presenteeism were depressive symptoms and indefinite complaints in both sexes. Men had more and stronger relationship between health problems and presenteeism than women.
The Impact of Musical Rehabilitation on Complex Sound Perception in Cochlear Implant Users: A Systematic Review
Authors: Abdulbaki Hasan , Mo Jonathan , Limb Charles J. , Jiam Nicole T.
Published: September 2023

Objective

Musical rehabilitation has been used in clinical and nonclinical contexts to improve postimplantation auditory processing in implanted individuals. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of music rehabilitation in controlled experimental and quasi-experimental studies on cochlear implant (CI) user speech and music perception.

Databases reviewed

PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycARTICLES, and PsycINFO databases through July 2022.

Methods

Controlled experimental trials and prospective studies were included if they compared pretest and posttest data and excluded hearing aid-only users. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were then used to extract data from 11 included studies with a total of 206 pediatric and adult participants. Interventions included group music therapy, melodic contour identification training, auditory-motor instruction, or structured digital music training. Studies used heterogeneous outcome measures evaluating speech and music perception. Risk of bias was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool.

Results

A total of 735 studies were screened, and 11 met the inclusion criteria. Six trials reported both speech and music outcomes, whereas five reported only music perception outcomes after the intervention relative to control. For music perception outcomes, significant findings included improvements in melodic contour identification (five studies, p < 0.05), timbre recognition (three studies, p < 0.05), and song appraisal (three studies, p < 0.05) in their respective trials. For speech prosody outcomes, only vocal emotion identification demonstrated significant improvements (two studies, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Music rehabilitation improves performance on multiple measures of music perception, as well as tone-based characteristics of speech (i.e., emotional prosody). This suggests that rehabilitation may facilitate improvements in the discrimination of spectrally complex signals.
IRF8 in Conjunction With CD123 and CD20 to Distinguish Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis From Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Wong Jahg , Roy Simon F. , McNiff Jennifer M. , Xu Mina L.
Published: September 2023

Distinguishing lupus erythematosus panniculitis (LEP) from subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a diagnostic challenge with important clinical implications. Immunohistochemical expression of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) has been shown to highlight cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation. Considering that the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells highlighted by CD123 immunolabeling is a well-described feature that supports LEP over SPTCL, we hypothesized that IRF8 immunohistochemistry can be used as a diagnostic test to improve accuracy in differentiating LEP from SPTCL. In this study, we assessed the expression of IRF8, CD123, and CD20 in 35 cutaneous biopsies from 31 distinct patients, which included 22 cases of LEP and 13 cases of SPTCL. We found that clusters of IRF8-positive cells within the dermis, and away from subcutaneous fat, could discriminate LEP from SPTCL (P=0.005). Similarly, CD123-positive clusters in any location were observed in LEP but absent in all cases of SPTCL. In addition, we found that dermal CD20-predominant lymphoid aggregates could help discriminate LEP from SPTCL (P=0.022). As individual assays, IRF8, CD123, and CD20 were highly specific (100%, 100%, and 92%, respectively) though poorly sensitive (45%, 29%, and 50%, respectively). However, a panel combining IRF8, CD123, and CD20, with at least 1 positive marker was more accurate than any individual marker by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Our study provides a rationale for potentially including IRF8 as part of an immunohistochemical panel composed of other currently available markers used to differentiate LEP from SPTCL.
Circulating Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA and Depressive Symptoms Among Low-Active Adults Who Smoke
Authors: Daniels Teresa E. , Zitkovsky Emily K. , Laumann Laura E. , Kunicki Zachary J. , Price Destiny J. , Peterson Abigail L. , Dennery Phyllis A. , Kao Hung-Teh , Parade Stephanie H. , Price Lawrence H. , Abrantes Ana M. , Tyrka Audrey R.
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Levels of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) are observed to be altered in depression. However, the few studies that have measured cf-mtDNA in depression have reported conflicting findings. This study examined cf-mtDNA and depressive symptoms in low-active adults who smoke.

Methods

Participants were adults 18 to 65 years old (N = 109; 76% female) with low baseline physical activity and depressive symptoms recruited for a smoking cessation study. Self-report measures assessed depression severity, positive and negative affect, and behavioral activation. Blood was collected and analyzed for cf-mtDNA. Relationships between depressive symptoms and cf-mtDNA were examined with correlations and linear regression.

Results

Levels of cf-mtDNA were associated with categorically defined depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score >15), lower positive affect, and decreased behavioral activation (p < .05). Relationships remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and nicotine dependence. In a linear regression model including all depressive symptom measures as predictors, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale group and lower positive affect remained significant.

Conclusions

This work suggests that mitochondrial changes are associated with depressive symptoms in low-active adults who smoke. Higher levels of cf-mtDNA in association with depression and with lower positive affect and decreased behavioral activation are consistent with a possible role for mitochondrial function in depressive symptoms.
Silvimonas soli sp. nov., a new member of Chromobacteriaceae isolated from soil in Norrbyskär island, Sweden
Authors: Jerabkova Martina , Smrhova Tereza , Lopez-Echartea Eglantina , Dresler Jiri , Suman Jachym , Kapinusova Gabriela , Cajthaml Tomas , Skrob Zdena , Kyclt Robin , Fagerman Jonas , Strejcek Michal , Uhlik Ondrej
Published: September 2023

A novel bacterial species is described that was isolated from the soil of Norrbyskär island (Sweden). This Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile rod, designated 17-6T, was classified in the family

Chromobacteriaceae

, class

Betaproteobacteria

, and further characterized by a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed the potential species novelty of the strain, with

Silvimonas terrae

(98.20 % similarity) and

Silvimonas amylolytica

(98.13 %) being its closest type strains. The phylogenetic novelty of the isolate at the level of species was confirmed using phylogenetic analyses based on the whole genome: average nucleotide identity values ranged from 79 to 81 %, average amino acid identity values from 75 to 81 % and percentage of conserved proteins values from 69–81 % with the members of genera

Silvimonas

and

Amantichitinum

. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic, functional and genotypic analyses, we propose the isolate as the type strain of a novel species within the genus

Silvimonas

with the designation Silvimonas soli 17-6T (=DSM 115342T=CCM 9308T).
The global expansion from southern Africa by modern humans? Its signal may be shown more through the cranial shape of males than females
Authors: Cenac Zarus
Published: September 2023

As the geographical distance between populations increases, populations are known to become more distant (dissimilar) in biological measures such as cranial shape. Relationships between geographical distance and biological distance are thought to be explained by modern humans having expanded from Africa. Expansion from Africa is also thought to explain why biological diversities (e.g., cranial shape diversity) decrease as geographical distance from Africa goes up. Research has suggested that modern humans expanded through different routes. If there were different routes, perhaps the relationship between geographical distance and cranial shape distance declines as the population (that distances are measured from) gets further away from Africa. This study used cranial shape measurements derived from the Howells data, and found that such a decline was suggested for males, unlike for females. It has been reasoned that variables which indicate the global expansion should signal an area of origin which is only in Africa. The relationship between geographical and cranial shape distances did not signal an exclusively African area. However, for males, the area was primarily in Africa. Overall, the relationship seemed to represent the expansion better amongst males than females. Congruently, cranial shape diversity declined more strongly for males than females as geographical distance from Africa accrued. To estimate which area of Africa the global expansion originated in, previous research pooled an estimate from genetic diversities, and suggested a southern origin. This estimate was supported when adding cranially-derived variables to the pooling, including the relationship between geographical distance and male cranial shape distance.
A 4D transcriptomic map for the evolution of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in the marmoset brain
Authors: Lin Jing-Ping , Brake Alexis , Donadieu Maxime , Lee Amanda , Kawaguchi Riki , Sati Pascal , Geschwind Daniel H. , Jacobson Steven , Schafer Dorothy P. , Reich Daniel S.
Published: September 2023

Single-time-point histopathological studies on postmortem multiple sclerosis (MS) tissue fail to capture lesion evolution dynamics, posing challenges for therapy development targeting development and repair of focal inflammatory demyelination. To close this gap, we studied experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in the common marmoset, the most faithful animal model of these processes. Using MRI-informed RNA profiling, we analyzed ∼600,000 single-nucleus and ∼55,000 spatial transcriptomes, comparing them against EAE inoculation status, longitudinal radiological signals, and histopathological features. We categorized 5 groups of microenvironments pertinent to neural function, immune and glial responses, tissue destruction and repair, and regulatory network at brain borders. Exploring perilesional microenvironment diversity, we uncovered central roles of EAE-associated astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and ependyma in lesion formation and resolution. We pinpointed imaging and molecular features capturing the pathological trajectory of WM, offering potential for assessing treatment outcomes using marmoset as a platform.

One sentence summary

A cross-modality study to identify the spatiotemporal-based diversity of primate brain cells during white matter inflammatory demyelination to inform lesion detection, stratification, and management in multiple sclerosis.
OSCAA: A Two-Dimensional Gaussian Mixture Model for Copy Number Variation Association Analysis
Authors: Yu Xuanxuan , Luo Xizhi , Cai Guoshuai , Xiao Feifei
Published: September 2023

Copy number variants (CNVs) are prevalent in the human genome which provide profound effect on genomic organization and human diseases. Discovering disease associated CNVs is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of diseases and aiding their diagnosis and treatment. However, traditional methods for assessing the association between CNVs and disease risks adopt a two-stage strategy conducting quantitative CNV measurements first and then testing for association, which may lead to biased association estimation and low statistical power, serving as a major barrier in routine genome wide assessment of such variation. In this article, we developed OSCAA, a flexible algorithm to discover disease associated CNVs for both quantitative and qualitative traits. OSCAA employs a two-dimensional Gaussian mixture model that is built upon the principal components from copy number intensities, accounting for technical biases in CNV detection while simultaneously testing for their effect on outcome traits. In OSCAA, CNVs are identified and their associations with disease risk are evaluated simultaneously in a single step, taking into account the uncertainty of CNV identification in the statistical model. Our simulations demonstrated that OSCAA outperformed the existing one-stage method and traditional two-stage methods by yielding a more accurate estimate of the CNV-disease association, especially for short CNVs or CNVs with weak signal. In conclusion, OSCAA is a powerful and flexible approach for CNV association testing with high sensitivity and specificity, which can be easily applied to different traits and clinical risk predictions.
CITE-seq reveals inhibition of NF-κB pathway in B cells from vitamin D-treated multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Galoppin Manon , Rival Manon , Louis Anaïs , Kari Saniya , Soldati Sasha , Engelhardt Britta , Astier Anne , Marin Philippe , Thouvenot Eric
Published: September 2023

Vitamin D deficiency is a recognized risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) and has been associated with disease activity and progression. Vitamin D treatment has emerged as potentially protective, despite conflicting results from randomized controlled trials. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) combined with barcoded antibodies targeting surface markers (CITE-seq) to uncover candidate genes and pathways regulated in PBMC subpopulations from MS patients receiving high-dose vitamin D (n=5) or placebo (n=5). Best candidates were combined with genes involved in immune function and vitamin D metabolism for validation in a new cohort (n=8 in each group) by high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR) in FACS-sorted naive CD4, Th1, Th17, Treg, naive CD8, memory and naive B cells, and MAIT cells. CITE-seq revealed no significant changes in the proportions of these subpopulations in response to vitamin D treatment. Out of the 92 candidate genes identified by CITE-seq, we validated differential expression of five genes (UXT, SNRPN, SUB1, GNLY and KLF6) using HT-qPCR. Furthermore, CITE-seq uncovered vitamin D-induced regulation of several pathways in naive and memory B cells, including MAPK, TLR and interleukin pathways, that may contribute to counteract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced resistance to apoptosis, notably through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.

Graphical Abstract
Capturing temporal heterogeneity of communities: a temporal β-diversity based on Hill numbers and time series analysis
Authors: Sánchez-Ochoa Daniel J. , González Edgar J. , Arizmendi María del Coro , Koleff Patricia , Martell-Dubois Raúl , Meave Jorge A. , Pérez-Mendoza Hibraim A.
Published: September 2023

Beta-diversity is a term used to refer to the heterogeneity in the composition of species through space or time. Despite a consensus on the advantages of measuring β-diversity using data on species abundances through Hill numbers, we still lack a measure of temporal β-diversity based on this framework. In this paper, we present the mathematical basis for a temporal β-diversity measure, based on both signal processing and Hill numbers theory through the partition of temporal ƴ-diversity. The proposed measure was tested in four hypothetical simulated communities with species varying in temporal concurrence and abundance and two empirical data sets. The values of each simulation reflected community heterogeneity and changes in abundance over time. In terms of ƴ-diversity,q-values are closely related to total richness (S) and show a negative exponential pattern when they increase. For α-diversity,q-value profiles were more variable than ƴ-diversity, and different decaying patterns in α-diversity can be observed among simulations. Temporal β-diversity shows different patterns, which are principally related to the rate of change between ƴ- and α-diversity. Our framework provides a direct and objective approach for comparing the heterogeneity of temporal community patterns; this measure can be interpreted as the effective number of completely different unique communities over the sampling period indicating either a larger variety of community structures or higher species heterogeneity through time. This method can be applied to any ecological community that has been monitored over time.