bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR A CONJUNCTIVE SURFACE‐GROUNDWATER SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW1
Authors: Perez Armando I. , Huber Wayne C. , Heaney James P. , Pyatt E. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A mathematical model to predict water quality in a surface‐groundwater system is under development. This project is being sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency. The ultimate goal of this study is to obtain cause and effect relationships between pollutant sources and the ensuing concentrations at different locations in a basin. Several programs are used to model the various hydrologic processes occurring in nature, namely: rainfall, runoff, flow in surface bodies of water, infiltration, and groundwater flow. At every time step in the simulation, the water quantity computations for the above hydrologic models are performed first. Subsequently, the results of these computations, typically in the form of flow velocities, are used as input to the water quality calculations. The water quality routines involve the modeling of the associated physical, chemical, and biological processes. In this study, emphasis is being placed on pollution in agricultural areas. Accordingly the Lake Apopka basin in Central Florida is being used as the application site.
A HYBRID COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PREDICTING THE CHEMICAL QUALITY OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS1
Authors: Thomas Jimmie L. , Riley J. Paul , Israelsen Eugene K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A hybrid computer program was developed to predict the water and salt outflow from a river basin in which irrigation is the major user of water. The model combines a chemical model which predicts the quality of water percolated through a soil profile with a general hydrologic model. The chemical model considers the reactions that occur in the soil, including the exchange of calcium, magnesium, and sodium cations on the soil complex, and the dissolution and precipitation of gypsum and lime. The chemical composition of the outflow is a function of these chemical processes within the soil, plus the blending of undiverted inflows, evaporation, transpiration, and the mixing of sub surface return flows with groundwater. The six common ions of western waters, namely calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), sodium (Na+), sulfate (SO4=), chloride (Cl−), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) were considered in the study. Total dissolved solids (TDS) outflow was obtained by adding the individual ions. The overall model operates on a monthly time unit. The model was tested on a portion of the Little Bear River basin in northern Utah. The model successfully simulated measured outflows of water and each of the six ions for a 24‐month period. The usefulness of the model was demonstrated by a management study of the prototype system. For example, preliminary results indicated that the available water supply could be used to irrigate additional land without unduly increasing the salt outflow from the basin. With minor adjustments the model can be applied to other hydrologic areas.
FLOOD CONTROL STORAGE ALLOCATIONS BY LINEAR PROGRAMMING1
Authors: Liu Chin‐shu
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The setting of rule curves for reservoirs or lakes operation requires balancing the flood control storages reserved against the storage requirements for various conservation uses. In this study, a linear programming model is developed to perform single purpose analysis that minimizes flood damages of a multi‐lake river system under various initial and input conditions. A flood control utility measure function is arrived from the resulting analysis, and the inclusion of the function in conservation analysis could provide the total functional analysis.

The river‐system transition function involving time‐lags of short duration is described. The function constitutes the basis for the optimization model, and also provides the transformation to reduce significantly the size of the problem. The application to a critical subsystem in the Oswego River System is reported.
EVALUATION OF CURRENT TECHNIQUES FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATERS1
Authors: Shindala Adnan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A comprehensive evaluation of current techniques for nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, removal from wastewaters was conducted by the author under a research project supported by the Office of Water Resources Research, Department of the Interior. The object of this study was to compile and evaluate, under one cover, the available information on current techniques for removing nutrients from wastewaters with emphasis on type of treatment (physical, chemical, biological, or any combination); economics (capital and operating costs); efficiencies, and applications. Due to space limitations, only a brief summary of this work is presented in this paper. A copy of the completion report may be obtained from the author.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF URBAN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Shih Chia Shun , Meier W. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. This paper will present a total water quality‐quantity management approach which has incorporated the costs of water pollution control and water treatment, the benefits of water‐based activities, and the trade‐off between low flow augmentation and water quality improvement in its consideration. The analytical framework is based on the decomposition procedures provided by dynamic programming within which the optimal management plans are developed.
DISTRIBUTED DISCHARGE OF COOLING WATER ALONG DIRECTION OF STREAM FLOW1
Authors: Fan L. T. , Hong S. N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A multiple‐outfall system for cooling water disposal which is distributed along the direction of stream flow is analyzed. The results provide a simple method of preliminary design of a cooling water discharge outfall system and for a quick extimate of water quality of a polluted stream. It is shown that a properly designed distributed discharge system is capable of preventing serious pollution due to localized discharge of wastes and waste heat; however, the final design of the discharge system should take into account alternative schemes of waste heat disposal and their economic consequences.
ONTARIO'S WATER TAKING PERMIT PROGRAM1
Authors: Jeffs Donald N. , Dennis R. Peter
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Most water takings in Ontario in excess of 10,000 gallons per day for purposes other than domestic, farm, or fire fighting require authorization by permit by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. The legislation imposes control beyond that under common law, but does not remove common‐law obligations. Permits may not be assigned without the Ministry's consent and do not create property rights in water. Permits to take ground‐water require permittees to ensure that sufficient water is made available for the needs of prior users who suffer serious water‐supply interference due to the taking, or to reduce the rate and amount of taking. Permits to take surface water require permittees to maintain sufficient downstream flow to protect downstream uses of water and natural functions of streams. Specific permit requirements for city wells in the rural Hunsburger Creek basin protect existing well supplies and require maintenance of streamflow for pond levels and fish. Tobacco irrigation in the Big Creek basin reduced streamflow significantly and requires development of more detailed water‐management plans for years of extreme demand. Ontario's permit program serves to resolve water‐use conflicts, furnishes information on use and provides one means for implementing management plans.
INVESTMENT SEQUENCING RECOGNIZING EXTERNALITIES IN WATER DESALTING1
Authors: Willis Cleve E. , Rausser Gordon C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The failure to recognize the learning process in new technologies such as desalting may lead to incorrect water resource investment decisions for two reasons. First, to neglect cost reductions stemming from “learning by doing” implies an overestimation of desalting costs. Second, since learning in a particular plant may result in external (learning) benefits to other plants, these may serve as the basis for a subsidy intended to internalize such benefits. Accordingly, the research reported below includes an estimation of learning functions for desalting and the results of a formulation designed to measure external benefits on the basis of these learning functions. These results are then incorporated into a decision framework for water resource investments which recognizes uncertainty in determining optimal timing of desalting construction.
WATER MANAGEMENT IN CHINA, TOP PRIORITY FOR 2500 YEARS1
Authors: Loeser C. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The civilization of China evolved as a result of interplay between irrigated regions in the higher reaches and flood prone lower basins of two major rivers, the Hwand and the Yangtze. The problems of water control remain central throughout the history of China. Early projects are described which involved men who, as hydrological engineers, became and remain culture heros to hundreds of millions of Chinese. Modern projects are described which promise to fulfill the most ancient ambitions in the organization of these river systems. In their heroic physical dimensions and their drama as historic culminations they deserve the attention of water management people throughout the world.
EXPANDING WASTE WATER TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS AT CORPS OF ENGINEERS RECREATION AREAS1
Authors: Ton Middle Edward E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. There have been many changes in the waste water treatment requirements at St. Louis District Corps of Engineers projects over the past few years. Discussed are the methods considered for treating these wastes. Extended aeration plant, followed by filtration, is the process used in most of the areas. The treatment plant operators have become key members of the project operation team. A discussion of the Districts operator training program is presented along with the operator's job requirements. Through a Spring inspection of all treatment plants in the District, a mechanism has been provided for encouraging feedback to the design engineer from the operator.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING USE FOR EVALUATING WATER RESOURCES AND COST AND BENEFIT ALLOCATION1
Authors: Andrews Richard A. , Weyrick Richard R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A linear programming model for a river basin was developed to include almost all water‐related economic activity both for consumers and producers. The model was so designated that the entire basin or basin sub‐division could be analyzed. The model included seven sectors, nine objective function criteria, and three river‐flow levels. Economic basis for conflicts among sectors over incidence of cost allocation and level of economic activity can be traced to some chosen objective. The disposal of untreated household waste water, particularly from the rural household, directly into the river was consistent with maximizing net benefits and minimizing costs. The optimum resource allocation, water‐treatment plants, farms and industry activities would change with flow level. For each of the three industries analyzed separately, paper, wool and tanning, public treatment of industrial waste water was the optimal treatment process in one or more of the solutions. Lake shoreline was the dominant feature determining lake‐resource valuation. Implied capital value varied from $126 per shoreline foot to over $250 depending on discount rate. Implied prices on lake surface ranged from $42 to $147 per acre. Strong economic forces encouraged small lot sizes for vacation cottages.
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN STORM HYETOGRAPHS FOR CINCINNATI, OHIO1
Authors: Preul Herbert C. , Papadakis Constantine N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A synthetic storm rainfall hyetograph for a one‐year design frequency is derived from the one‐year intensity‐duration curve developed for Cincinnati, Ohio. Detailed rainfall data for a three‐year period were collected from three raingages triangulating the Bloody Run Sewer Watershed, an urban drainage areas of 2380 acres'in Cincinnati, Ohio. The advancement of the synthetic storm pattern is obtained from an analysis of the antecedent precipitation immediately preceding the maximum period of three selected durations. Rains which produced excessive runoff at least for some duration were considered only. The same approach can be used for other design frequencies. The purpose of this study is to provide synthetic storm hyetographs to be used as input in deterministic mathematical models simulating urban storm water runoff for the design, analysis and possible surcharge prediction of sewer systems.
PRECISE WATER VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS USING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Wolf PaulR. , Keating Terrence J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Necessary input parameters for studying mixing zone characteristics of thermal plumes are horizontal surface and subsurface water velocities. Using time lapse aerial photography and analytical photogrammetric techniques, movements of drogues in an effluent plume were traced. From these traces accurate velocity vectors were obtained. Photographic coordinates of drogue images were measured using a glass scale. From the photo coordinates and the results of a ground control survey, an analytical solution was made for positions of drogues in the water at known intervals of time. Drogue positions were mapped for selected exposures thereby providing a visual display of velocity vectors in the study area. A rigorous error analysis was performed to determine the validity of the computed results.
EFFECTS OF TIME STEP SIZE IN IMPLICIT DYNAMIC ROUTING1
Authors: Fread D. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The effects of the size of the Δt time step used in the integration of the implicit difference equations of unsteady open‐channel flow are determined for numerous typical hydrographs with durations in the order of days or even weeks. Truncation errors related to the size of the Δt time step cause a numerical distortion (dispersion and attenuation) of the computed transient. The magnitude of the distortion is related directly to the size of the time step, the length of channel reach, and the channel resistance and inversely to the time of rise of the hydrograph. The type of finite difference expression which replaces spatial derivatives and non‐derivative terms in the partial differential equations of unsteady flow has an important influence on the magnitude of the numerical distortion, as well as the numerical stability of the implicit difference equations. Time step sizes in the range of 3 to 6 hrs generally tend to minimize the combination of required computation time and numerical distortion of transients having a time of rise of the order of several days.
CONSTRAINTS IN WATER MANAGEMENT ON AGRICULTURAL LANDS1
Authors: Radosevich George E. , Vlachos Evan C. , Skogerboe Gaylord V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Whether the goal is minimizing water quality degradation in receiving streams or maximizing agricultural production on existing croplands; the solutions are identical ‐ improved water management practices. Technology has succeeded in developing feasible solutions to improving irrigation water management, but the law has been slow to encourage or direct implementation. The villain of the western United States water problem is the property right concept of the appropriation doctrine. Improving water management also implies organizational improvements. Also, the so‐called “human factor” involves questions of inefficiency and ineffectiveness, that when examined under the criteria of efficacy, may dictate a policy of continuing present practices in certain localities or regions with little technological intervention. The present effort for improving water quality management implies, therefore, a manyfold attack aimed at increasing project irrigation efficiency and effectiveness, under the larger rubric of efficacy and the achievement of larger social goals.
THE NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES1
Authors: Airan Damodar S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Environmental resources can be managed properly only by adopting a comprehensive approach. The whole environment must be considered as a single system, and prior to any action, all types of environmental impacts caused by it should be studied in detail. This paper underlines the close relationship between different environmental problems, analyzes existing management patterns, and proposes new alternatives whenever applicable. The different constraints, which have to be considered in the decision‐making process while developing a plan, are also discussed. It is concluded that efforts neglecting the interaction among different aspects of the environment do not upgrade the quality of water, air, and land to any appreciable degree.
SOCIAL GOALS AND EVALUATION OF RESOURCE COMMITMENTS1
Authors: Bracken Darcia Dairies
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The field of water resources has become increasingly aware of public demands for evaluating alternative project commitments that consider environmental and social objectives in addition to traditional economic criteria. This has led to endeavors to identify the full array of social goals in Water Resources Council Special Task Force reports as well as in research funded through the Office of Water Resources Research and other agencies. It seems appropriate, however, to consider efforts already completed or currently underway in the social science disciplines, professional fields, and national commissions not affiliated with water resource interests. This report identifies and discusses major efforts to identify social goals as a logical input in evaluation procedures highlighted by Water Resources Council Special Task Force reports. The framework of the study was its contribution as background material for the Western Regional Social Goals Project funded by the Office of Water Resources Research of the Department of the Interior.
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1
Authors: Wengert Norman
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state‐of‐the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social‐psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”
ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES IN MINE DRAINAGE REDUCTION A COST‐EFFECTIVENESS APPROACH1
Authors: Crews James E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Twenty‐seven watersheds in the Susquehanna River Basin are severely degraded by acid mine drainage pollution. Approximately 620 miles of significant tributaries as well as 230 miles of principal rivers are either sterile or intermittently degraded by acid slugs. As a result of the acid discharges, many uses of the streams, such as water supply and recreation, are precluded. In the past, acid mine drainage abatement programs did not look beyond the immediate problem area. No considerations were given to the blending effect of natural alkalinity in other streams. Since the abatement of acid mine drainage pollution is extremely costly, a method of minimizing these costs was needed. The systematic, cost‐effectiveness approach, discussed in this paper presents such a method. This system allows the water resources planners to control the allocation of funds for maximizing the abatement of acid mine drainage.
SOME PROBLEMS IN STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Beard Leo R.
Published: June 2007

In order to decrease the uncertainty that results in water resource planning and management studies due to the assumed recurrence of historical hydrological sequences, considerable study of stochastic processes in hydrology has taken place during the past 10 or 15 years. The general objective has been to develop a capability for generating a number of valid sequences, each of which could as resonably occur as could a recurrence of past events. A number of serious problems have been encountered, the consequence of which has been a serious lag in the application of stochastic processes to real planning and management problems. These problems include: a. an inability to generate droughts in some cases that are as extreme as have occurred historically, b. the generation of inconsistent values of stream flow at 2 locations on the same stream, c. the lack of mathematical techniques for the management of incomplete data sets, d. a great increase in the required computation for planning and management studies, and e. theoretical and computational difficulties in expanding the scope of stochastic hydrology from monthly quantities to short‐period quantities. This paper discusses these problems and various approaches used in attempting their solution.
CHANGING TIMES FOR WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER1
Authors: Viessman Warren , Stork Karen E.
Published: June 2007

In recent years, important changes have occurred in water resources research. There have been major shifts in attitudes of Congress, state legislatures and the general public toward water and related resource issues. Future water research and development will have to be environmentally oriented. Emphasis is shifting to research productivity. To justify research expenditures, hard facts must be produced which demonstrate payoff. Technology transfer (getting research results into the hands of users in an understandable and usable form) is gaining prominence. Research projects must be designed for total problem solution and technology transfer must be incorporated as a part of project objectives. Research must be planned and conducted to meet users' needs. Guidelines for modern research design and technology transfer are presented.
MODERNIZATION OF NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RIVER FORECASTING TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Sittner Walter T.
Published: June 2007

The National Weather Service is nearing the conclusion of a five year period of transition from index type catchment modelling to the use of conceptual hydrologic models. The decision to make this technological change was based on an extensive research project in which various catchment models were tested in a wide variety of basins and their strong and weak points ascertained. This project is described. Some of the problems involved in the changeover, which are discussed, are practical parameter optimization methods, computer requirements for the more complex technology, data requirements, fitting of the catchment model to major river systems, training of personnel and staffing problems.
THE IMPACT OF POLICY VARIABLES ON RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND AND RELATED INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS1
Authors: Grima A. P. Lino
Published: June 2007

Increasing population and urbanization necessitate very large investments in municipal water supply. These investments could be more efficiently deployed if the impact of policy variables such as marginal pricing, metering, by‐laws on lawn watering and plumbing fixtures, and higher summer charges were known. The paper in particular advocates the replacement of the present declining block rate by an increasing block rate. In order to know the impact of policy variables, a multiple regression model is built; the fitted model is tested against some data not included in calibrating the model. Next the impact of selected policy variables on the target variable (residential water demand during summer) is worked out for a new urban community of 200,000 people. The investment requirements may decrease appreciably as a result of a price increase when marginal (or commodity) charges are low but the impact of price changes when commodity charges are already high is less evident and non‐price policy variables may be more effective in maintaining high quality water and also satisfying the constraint of limited budgets for municipal services.
THE WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL'S PROPOSED PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS ‐ AN ECONOMIC COMMENT1
Authors: Williams D. C. , Cartee Charles P.
Published: June 2007

The way the Water Resources Council proposes to measure the beneficial effects of national economic development and recreation is questioned and alternatives suggested. In measuring the former, the assumptions specified by the Council are questioned because they do not hold true in the market place. In addition, the Council's method of simulating a price per recreation day implies that an arbitrary price be selected from a range and multiplied times the number of days at no charge for use of the facilities. It is contended that these procedures would over state the economic benefits which in the real market would be measured by the selected price times the quantity demanded at that price.
CHEMICAL METHOD OF PREVENTING LOSS OF INDUSTRIAL AND FRESH WATERS FROM PONDS, LAKES AND CANALS1
Authors: Rosene Robert B. , Parks Christ F.
Published: June 2007

Preventing or markedly reducing the loss of aqueous fluids from a variety of reservoirs is becoming increasingly important. Fear of pollution from industrial waters and sewage impoundments as well as the economic factors involved in loss of fresh water add impact to this problem. This paper reviews the seriousness of the problem and methods that have been used to reduce loss of fluid are discussed. New materials for control of water loss are constantly being advocated, and chemical research has provided new systems that work extremely well. These systems, which combine unique chemicals and novel methods of application, are described. Specific case histories are also included.
THE IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES ON URBAN WATER SUPPLY PLANNING1
Authors: Walker Wynn R. , Skogerboe Gaylord V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Optimal policies for supplying rapidly expanding urban centers with additional water supplies are shown to be dependent on water quality goals for the urban effluent. As effluents are required to meet increasingly stringent standards, the unit costs associated with adding capacity to existing wastewater treatment systems to renovate some waters for reuse are shown to substantially decrease. A nonlinear elimination algorithm is developed to delineate optimal policies. A model employing the technique was applied to the wastewater treatment system of a typical urban system and the water quality objectives varied. A comparison of costs with and without various levels of reuse were made and unit costs of reused water under these conditions determined.
FLOOD PROTECTION BENEFITS AS REFLECTED IN PROPERTY VALUE CHANGES1
Authors: Soule Don M. , Vaughan Claude M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Measuring flood control benefits from estimated property damage in prior floods omits losses in the form of depressed values of land put to less valuable uses because of annual flooding. Covariance analysis of real property values in three urban areas differently situated around Lake Cumberland, Kentucky shows a much larger rate of increase, over a 15‐year period, for the area receiving flood protection. This suggests that the economic benefits from a flood protection facility include these additional property value increases as well as the prevented property damage.
STABILITY AND REACH LENGTH IN WATER SURFACE PROFILE DETERMINATION1
Authors: Tavener G. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Extension of basic step methods of backwater computation to reaches of finite length is examined. Accuracies of commonly accepted hydraulic loss equations under particular water surface profile conditions are compared. Simulation of energy lines within a reach by parabolic curves is found to minimize error provided orientation of the axis of the parabola is selected in accordance with prevailing hydraulic conditions. Theoretical basis for an index reach length beyond which single‐step computation from end to end of the reach must be in error is developed. Reduction of this reach length by suitable factors tailored to hydraulic conditions yields a mathematically defined allowable reach length for backwater computation. When reach length does not exceed this allowable reach length, no significant error may be detected. Automatic insertion of synthetic cross sections interpolated between surveyed cross sections when these are inadvertently spaced too far apart enables computation to proceed. This device is error‐free for prismatic channls but may introduce error for irregular natural channels. Preliminary trials indicate that results so obtained may be accepted provided the fall in the original reach does not exceed from one to two feet. When this is exceeded, additional cross sections should be surveyed.
SENSITIVITY OF GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELS TO VERTICAL VARIABILITY OF AQUIFER CONSTANTS1
Authors: DeVries Richard N. , Kent Douglas C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Ogallala aquifer in the Oklahoma Panhandle is in need of better management because of increased groundwater demand which has caused declines in static water levels at an alarming rate. A groundwater management computer model was developed for the Ogallala aquifer in the Texas Panhandle and treats the aquifer as a homogeneous system. In this study, the computer model has been modified in order to evaluate the effects of vertical layering on semi‐static water level changes which occur during the dewatering of a single unconfined aquifer. The modified model was applied to a study area near Guymon, Oklahoma, using both the homogeneous and the multilayered cases. The aquifer is characterized by a saturated thickness of 400 feet. The accumulated drawdown values of the homogeneous and the multilayered cases demonstrate that an average difference of approximately 22% of the original saturated thickness occurs between the two cases before the base of the aquifer is encountered. Approximately 25% more time is required to dewater the layered aquifer. Thus, vertical variations of lithology in an aquifer such as the Ogallala should be considered when prediction is made relative to groundwater management.
TEODORO ARDEMANS PIONEER WATER‐SUPPLY ENGINEER OF SPAIN1
Authors: Davis Stanley N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Teodoro Ardemans, first post‐Renaissance water expert of Spain, recognized problems of ground‐water contamination, influence of minerals on water quality, and mutual interference between closely spaced wells. He is also noted for his achievements in architecture and the writing of the first comprehensive building code for Madrid.
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL IN RURAL AREAS OF INDIA1
Authors: Airan Damodar S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Piped water supply and sewerage have been taken almost for granted in the developed countries. However, most people in the United States have little knowledge of the condition of public health amenities in the developing countries. The paper reviews the importance, background and current status of water and wastewater facilities in India. The relative situation in urban and rural areas, conventional practices in environmental hygiene, the programs for improvement and the problems involved with possible solutions are given. The case history of a town is also included for illustrative purposes.
EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION ON THE ALGAL FLORA OF A SMALL RECREATIONAL IMPOUNDMENT1
Authors: Samsel G. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Investigations were initiated to evaluate the effects of sedimentation on the algal composition, primary productivity rates and chemical nutrient concentrations of a 17 acre recreational impoundment in central Virginia. Comparisons during the winter seasons of 1972–1973 indicated that as a result of sedimentation, from lake front home construction, the total numbers of algal genera in the lake decreased from 24 to 16, productivity as measured by 14CO2 and total extractable chlorophyll decreased two fold, and several important nutrients, i.e. NH4+‐N, SiO2 and PO4‐P increased significantly.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN AND CONTROL OF METROPOLITAN WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1
Authors: Brandstetter Albin , Engel Roger L. , Cearlock Dennis B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive mathematical model (Urban Wastewater Management Model) has been developed to continuously simulate time‐varying wastewater flows and qualities in complex metropolitan combined sewerage systems. The model serves three functions: (1) assessment of existing or planned system performance in relation to other wastewater discharges in either a metropolitan or river basin area; (2) determination of the optium operation or automatic control of existing or planned systems during rainstorms; and (3) determination of the most economically feasible combination of design alternatives for improving or expanding existing systems to meet specified performance criteria. The model provides an efficient engineering tool for evaluating and controlling pollutant discharges from combined sewerage systems (including treatment plants) to receiving waters, while considering the time and spacial variations of rainfall and dry‐weather flows and qualities as well as economic constraints.
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IMPLEMENT PUBLIC POLICY RURAL COMMUNITY ACTION WITH A WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1
Authors: Montgomery Douglas G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This report summarizes the findings of a ten week study made by the eight member Urban and Environmental Studies Program student staff of the Rock Creek Area Community Projects Board to assist the Village in its search for funds to improve its inadequate water and sewage systems. The ten year history of the Village of Rock Creek in its previous attempts to secure funding from outside sources is summarized. An analysis of federal funding programs’criteria is developed. Recommendations and a step by step analysis of how to precure these funds by the Village Council is presented. This report highlights the ten week activity which successfully produced earmarked federal funds for the Village's water project.
NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF DISPERSION IN A FINITE, ADSORBING POROUS MEDIUM1
Authors: Marino Miguel A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Numerical and analytical solutions are developed for the distribution of a contaminant within an adsorbing porous medium in a unidirectional flow field subject to a step function for input concentration. The medium is considered to be homogeneous, isotropic, and areally finite. As a by‐product, solutions are also obtained for the case of a non‐absorbing porous medium. An example that demonstrates the applicability of the solutions is presented.
NEPA AND A STATE'S ROLE IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Curran Terence P. , King Thomas W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, has been called a revolutionary piece of legislation. It has changed, and is still changing the traditional ways of governmental decision‐making. NEPA has strongly influenced the field of water resources management. An environmental statement can now be seen not as a document to support or justify a plan, but an objective assessment of what environmental costs and benefits are involved. New York State has seized upon NEPA as an important feature of its environmental quality management programs and has used the opportunity to comment upon draft environmental statements under NEPA to increase its influences upon Federal decision‐making. The Department of Environmental Conservation coordinates and synthesizes all comments and provides one unified State response on a statement. At the State level, lacking a comprehensive “little NEPA”, an extensive environmental analysis program has been built by utilizing a wide spectrum of Federal and State Laws and administrative regulations.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTIONS IN THE DETERMINATION OF INDIAN WATER RIGHTS1
Authors: Beny Marvin P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The American Indian occupies a unique place in the federal system of government There are indications that this relationship will continue and that Indian reservations are at the threshold of economic development. As this occurs, the nature and extent of Indian water rights becomes more important to Indian and non‐Indian alike. The determination of these rights is a matter of more than judicial decisions. To a large degree the determination of these rights will rest in the non‐judicial arena and will be influenced by the perceptions of those rights held by Indians and water allocation officials, both state and federal. If the perceptions of these political actors are not congruent, then political conflict will occur as the rights become more important. To depend solely upon the judicial system to resolve these conflicts entails risks and costs to both Indians and to allocating officials. Indians are taking seriously the federal policy of Indian self‐determination, and water allocation officials run decided risks in failure to realize this. An alternative suggested is to include Indians as consulting parties when decisions are being made that affect Indian interests.
A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PRODUCTIVITY IN STANDING WATERS USING FREE OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS1
Authors: Hornberger George M. , Kelly Mahlon G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Continuous measures of net productivity at discrete depths in standing waters may be obtained using diurnal free oxygen measurements and estimates of the vertical mixing. If oxygen concentration and vertical mixing are known in a laterally homogeneous water body, the only unknown term in the oxygen mass‐balance equation is net productivity. If this is represented by a Fourier series, the equation may be solved and Fourier coefficients selected so that the sum of square errors between the oxygen measurements and predictions of the equation is minimized; the Fourier series then describes the diurnal variation of net productivity.
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION1
Authors: McHenry J. Roger
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Reservoirs, as well as lakes and estuaries, are subject to sediment accumulation. The rate at which sedimentation occurs is accelerated or diminished by man's activities. Acceptable rates of sedimentation are considered on the basis of costs of sediment storage and removal and a review of reservoirs constructed with sediment removal capabilities is given. The rates of reservoir sedimentation in the United States are summarized based on reliable data obtained from all sizes of reservoirs. Problems confronting the engineer concerning reservoir construction and maintenance are discussed on the basis of these data.
A FIELD EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF HEATED DISCHARGES ON FISH DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: Stauffer Jay R. , Dickson Kenneth L. , Cairns John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Studies were conducted to determine the distribution of fish in the New and East Rivers in relation to thermal discharges from Appalachian Power Company's fossil fuel plant at Glen Lyn, Virginia. Over 15,300 specimens representing 41 species were collected with seines, electrogear and rotenone at six sampling locations from February, 1973 to October 1973. Sampling frequency was designed to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature upon preferred temperature. Diversity indices were calculated for each location. There was a slight decrease in the diversity indices for those stations located in the thermal discharge. Condition coefficients calculated for Notropis albeolus Jordan, Notropis rubellus Aqasaiz, Notropis spilopterus Cope, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, and Etheostoma blennioides Rafuesque were found to be significantly (p =.05) lower in the thermal discharge for all species tested except E. blennioides. Temperatures were plotted against frequency of capture to determine a particular species temperature selection from field data and indicated that: (1) Some species avoided high temperatures (i.e., Curnpostoma anomalum Rafuesque). (2) Some species were attracted to high temperatures (i.e., Ictalurus punctatus). (3) Some species distribution was not effected by temperatures (i.e., Notropis spilopterus).
CONTRASTS IN COMMUNITY ACTION AND OPINION1
Authors: Smith Courtland L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Opinion or attitude surveys and observations of people's actions are complementary research tools, but they often provide different results. This was the case where two communities, one rural, one suburban, made waste water management decisions which would promote population growth while survey data indicated that community attitudes were neutral or slightly opposed to population growth. Observation of action, and expanding the range of survey response variation revealed that the structure of both community opinion and action was primarily influenced by small groups of people with very strong feelings favoring and disfavoring population growth. Those with very strong feelings were the ones observed to be acting to promote or retard growth.
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING STREAM WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN A TRANSIENT MODEL FROM STOCHASTIC DATA1
Authors: Radha Krishnan K. P. , Lizcano J.J. , Erickson L.E. , Fan L. T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In this study the estimation of parameters in water quality models represented by linear first order partial differential equations is investigated. Two sets of simulated input‐output data, one with input noise and the other with output measurement error, were used. The parameters were estimated by a gradient technique (Bard's method) and a pattern search technique. The results indicate that the output measurement error significantly affects the values of parameter estimates as compared to the noise added to the input. Bard's method consistently gave results with a smaller sum of square value.
THE PROBABILITY OF CONSECUTIVE RAINLESS DAYS1
Authors: Farmer E. E. , Homeyer J. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A major objective of this work was to develop a method applicable to the Intermountain region for estimating the probability of n consecutive dry days, where n ≤ 30 days. One result was a computationally simple method of producing the desired estimates directly from the rainfall record. For a consecutive dry‐day period of n days, these estimates are equivalent to those obtained from a Markov model of order n‐1. The efficacy of a simple Markov model was also evaluated. In this climatic region, the simple Markov model produces probability estimates of consecutive dry days that are too conservative, especially at long dry‐day periods. In this data set, it was found that the longer the dry‐day sequence, the more conservative the Markov estimate. The source of these conservative estimates is the strong dry‐day persistence, which is characteristic of summer weather in the Intermountain region. In this region, the best estimates of the probability of consecutive dry days are probably those obtained directly from a representative rainfall record and smoothed by the partial sums of a fourier Series.
WATER SUPPLY, TREATMENT, DISTRUBTION, AND REUSE OPTIMIZATION IN ARID URBAN AREAS1
Authors: Walker Wynn R. , Skogerboe Gaylord V. , Ward Robert C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A Management level model has been formulated in which a system analysis format is employed to answer some of the basic questions regarding urban water management strategies The model incorporates a multilevel optimization scheme to coordinate urban water supply, distribution, and wastewater management. A test of the model's utility is made in an application to the water management problems of the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. Denver has utilized both agricultural transfers and transmountain diversions to supplement the natural stream resources of the South Platte River. Although plans are being made to increase the capacity of these sources, increasingly stringent standards on the area's effluents are enhancing the feasibility of reclaiming and recycling a portion of the wastewater. The urban model used in this study indicates the decision points at which respective strategies are introduced. However, by formulating the model from a planner's viewpoint, the most important results gained from the analysis are the costs of various institutional constraints which may restrict the decision maker's ability to implement optimal policies.
AN ANALYSIS OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE UPPER ILLINOIS WATERWAY1
Authors: Lin Shundar , Evans Ralph L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the summer of 1971 about 150 water samples were examined for total and fecal coliform bacteria in the Upper Illinois Waterway at 19 river stations. The data per station were found to be normal geometric distributed. Bacteria densities changed with sampling dates and generally decreased with water movement downstream. Several sewage treatment effluents made marked pulses along the bacterial die‐off curves. The observed fecal coliform results were evaluated in terms of the Illinois Pollution Control Board's standards. The FC:TC ratio on the waterway for each station were presented. Using Chick's Law, coliforms death rates were estimated. Efforts to correlate observed total and fecal densities with temperature, flow, algal densities, dissolved oxygen, and 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand were not successful. (KEY TERMS: algae; biochemical oxygen demand; coliform bacteria; dissolved oxygen; flow; stream survey; temperature; water pollution; water quality standards)
A BASIS FOR ASSESSING DIFFERENTIAL PARTICIPATION IN WATER‐BASED RECREATION1
Authors: Field Donald R. , Cheek Neil H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Participation in water‐based recreation activities does not arise in random fashion nor simply as a result of having a water resource immediately available. Neither do individuals and groups engage in the same activities or a specific activity in the same way. The purpose of the present paper is to describe an alternative framework whereby differences among recreation users can be identified. Prior to this time, research directed toward understanding participation patterns at a recreational site have emphasized the activities while ignoring the human behavior factors which determine how participation arises. People consider recreation sites to be leisure settings in which the definition of such places has a broader socio‐cultural meaning than that the site was designed. These definitions are reflected within the context of the social group and can be observed in the subsequent orientation to leisure and play. When activities are considered in the context of a human group, differences in participation patterns can be discovered.
LAKE REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES AND EXPERIENCES1
Authors: Peterson James O. , Born Stephen M. , Dunst Russel C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The degradation of many lakes is the result of aging processes which have been accelerated by the activities of man. Where it is too late to prevent sedimentation and eutrophication problems, lake rehabilitation and protection comprise a resource management option warranting serious consideration. A Wisconsin Lake Renewal Demonstration Project has been evaluating several rehabilitation schemes for the past five years. A selected summary of Project lake rehabilitation activities, including nutrient inactivation, dilution, aeration, and several types of aquatic plant management, suggests the present status of lake rehabilitation.