bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SUMOylation of α-tubulin is a novel modification regulating microtubule dynamics
Authors: Feng Wenfeng , Liu Rong , Xie Xuan , Diao Lei , Gao Nannan , Cheng Jinke , Zhang Xu , Li Yong , Bao Lan
Published: December 2020

Microtubules (MTs) are regulated by a number of known posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on α/β-tubulin to fulfill diverse cellular functions. Here, we showed that SUMOylation is a novel PTM on α-tubulin in vivo and in vitro. The SUMOylation on α-tubulin mainly occurred at Lys 96 (K96), K166, and K304 of soluble α-tubulin and could be removed by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-specific peptidase 1. In vitro experiments showed that tubulin SUMOylation could reduce interprotofilament interaction, promote MT catastrophe, and impede MT polymerization. In cells, mutation of the SUMOylation sites on α-tubulin reduced catastrophe frequency and increased the proportion of polymerized α-tubulin, while upregulation of SUMOylation with fusion of SUMO1 reduced α-tubulin assembly into MTs. Additionally, overexpression of SUMOylation-deficient α-tubulin attenuated the neurite extension in Neuro-2a cells. Thus, SUMOylation on α-tubulin represents a new player in the regulation of MT properties.
Bulges in left-handed G-quadruplexes
Authors: Das Poulomi , Ngo Khac Huy , Winnerdy Fernaldo Richtia , Maity Arijit , Bakalar Blaž , Mechulam Yves , Schmitt Emmanuelle , Phan Anh Tuân
Published: December 2020

G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures with a left-handed backbone progression have unique and conserved structural features. Studies on sequence dependency of the structures revealed the prerequisites and some minimal motifs required for left-handed G4 formation. To extend the boundaries, we explore the adaptability of left-handed G4s towards the existence of bulges. Here we present two X-ray crystal structures and an NMR solution structure of left-handed G4s accommodating one, two and three bulges. Bulges in left-handed G4s show distinct characteristics as compared to those in right-handed G4s. The elucidation of intricate structural details will help in understanding the possible roles and limitations of these unique structures.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy Versus Watchful Waiting for World Health Organization Grade II Atypical Meningioma: A Single-Institution Experience
Authors: Bray David P , Quillin Joseph W , Press Robert H , Yang Yilin , Chen Zhengjia , Eaton Bree R , Olson Jeffrey J
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Atypical meningiomas (AMs) are meningiomas that have a higher rate of recurrence than grade I meningioma. Due to the higher risk of recurrence, adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) after resection of AM has been employed. At our institution, some neurosurgeons employ adjuvant RT on all primarily resected AMs, while others employ watchful waiting with serial imaging.

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of adjuvant RT on newly resected AMs.

METHODS

A retrospective review of all AMs primarily resected at our institution from 1996 to 2018 was completed. Data on patient demographics, radiographic findings, use of adjuvant RT, time of follow-up, and recurrences were collected. Adjuvant RT was defined as RT that occurred within 6 mo of initial resection.

RESULTS

A total of 162 patients met the inclusion criteria. Gross total resection was achieved in 73% of cases. Average time until recurrence in the cohort was 37 mo. A total of 108 patients had adjuvant RT, while 54 patients did not. On multivariate survival analysis, sex, Simpson grade resection, and use of adjuvant RT were independent predictors of recurrence. Mean time to recurrence in patients who received adjuvant RT was 43.7 mo versus 34.7 mo for those who did not receive adjuvant RT.

CONCLUSION

This study includes the largest retrospective cohort of patients who have received adjuvant RT after primary resection of AM. Our results suggest that the use of adjuvant RT is independently associated with a lower chance of recurrence. These data suggest that practitioners can consider the use of adjuvant RT for newly resected AMs, regardless of Simpson grade resection.
Predicting Discharge Disposition Following Meningioma Resection Using a Multi-Institutional Natural Language Processing Model
Authors: Muhlestein Whitney E , Monsour Meredith A , Friedman Gabriel N , Zinzuwadia Aniket , Zachariah Marcus A , Coumans Jean-Valery , Carter Bob S , Chambless Lola B
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Machine learning (ML)-based predictive models are increasingly common in neurosurgery, but typically require large databases of discrete variables for training. Natural language processing (NLP) can extract meaningful data from unstructured text.

OBJECTIVE

To present an NLP model that predicts nonhome discharge and a point-of-care implementation.

METHODS

We retrospectively collected age, preoperative notes, and radiology reports from 595 adults who underwent meningioma resection in an academic center from 1995 to 2015. A total of 32 algorithms were trained with the data; the 3 best performing algorithms were combined to form an ensemble. Predictive ability, assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration, was compared to a previously published model utilizing 52 neurosurgeon-selected variables. We then built a multi-institutional model by incorporating notes from 693 patients at another center into algorithm training. Permutation importance was used to analyze the relative importance of each input to model performance. Word clouds and non-negative matrix factorization were used to analyze predictive features of text.

RESULTS

The single-institution NLP model predicted nonhome discharge with AUC of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.74-0.86) on internal and 0.76 on holdout validation compared to AUC of 0.77 (95% CI = 0.73-0.81) and 0.74 for the 52-variable ensemble. The multi-institutional model performed similarly well with AUC = 0.78 (95% CI = 0.74-0.81) on internal and 0.76 on holdout validation. Preoperative notes most influenced predictions. The model is available at http://nlp-home.insds.org.

CONCLUSION

ML and NLP are underutilized in neurosurgery. Here, we construct a multi-institutional NLP model that predicts nonhome discharge.
Pathogenesis and Classification of Paracocidioidomycosis: New Insights From Old Good Stuff
Authors: Benard Gil
Published: December 2020

Different classifications of paracoccidioidomycosis emerged since its discovery in 1908, culminating in the proposition of a simplified and consensual one in 1987. However, by revisiting these classifications, case reports, or case series from which the authors based their own, we found many patients who did not fit in either the 1987 classification or in the correspondent natural history/pathogenesis view. In this report, the concepts of paracoccidioidomycosis infection, primary pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (PP-PCM), and other subclinical forms of PCM are reassessed. A classification is proposed to encompass all these subtle but distinct outcomes. I suggest a continuum between the PP-PCM and the overt chronic form of disease, and not the current view of quiescent foci, frozen in time and suddenly reactivated for unknown reasons. Failure to fully resolve the infection in its initial stages is a conceivable hypothesis for the chronic form. The proposed clinical classification might offer new insights to better characterize and manage PCM patients.
Introduction
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: December 2020

This chapter introduces the conflict in Syria, the various impediments to justice, and the book’s broad themes, including the observation that the paralysis in the U.N. Security Council has spurred a form of forced creativity that has generated a number of novel proposals for how to bring justice to Syria. In addition to providing an overview of the text, this introduction also presents the matrix of accountability that will structure the core of the book. This matrix is organized along two axes: the first (x) is premised on the distinction between criminal and civil liability; the second (y) compares the types of justice institutions and legal authorities that are available to bring individual perpetrators and even Syria as a sovereign state to justice. The remainder of the book explores different routes to accountability through this matrix and the various advantages presented by, and the challenges encumbering, the various justice options when it comes to the situation in Syria.
A Short History of a Long Conflict
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: December 2020

This introductory chapter offers a short history of the eight-year conflict in Syria, covering the arrival of the Arab Spring, the transformation of a long-overdue revolution into a full-scale armed conflict, and the evolution of the situation on the ground to date. This chapter prefaces the contemporary violence with a few historical events, surfacing atrocities committed in the 1980s that have never been the subject of any genuine accountability process as well as the entrenchment of authoritarianism under the House of Assad. It describes how the arrival of the Arab Spring reawakened long-dormant revolutionary impulses, which amplified the government’s repression. This, in turn, provoked an armed resistance and a full-scale conflict, which opened space for the arrival of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The chapter recounts this history with reference to several key events and factors: the response of the international community, the opposition’s perpetual rearrangements, the appearance of ISIL, the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity (including the infringement of the taboo against chemical weapons), the humanitarian catastrophe that ensued, forms of foreign intervention (aid, arms, and air strikes), and failed peace processes. In addition to recounting the involvement of major Western powers in the Syrian battlespace, it also touches upon the impact of spillover conflicts in the subregion. Others will write the definitive history of this tragedy; the goal here is to touch upon key milestones as this conflict unfolded and to set the scene for the efforts to promote justice and accountability for the atrocities underway.
Deconstructing the Would-Be Referral
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: December 2020

The previous chapter ended with France’s failed attempt to refer the situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court (ICC). After briefly surveying the history of the U.N. Security Council’s engagement with international justice, chapter 4 deconstructs the failed ICC referral draft proffered by France with an eye toward explaining the origins, import, impact, and criticism of several textual elements contained within prior Security Council referrals and France’s draft text (e.g., the provisions that seek to divest the ICC of jurisdiction over the nationals of non-state parties, the prohibition on U.N. funding, the endurance of immunities that potential ICC defendants might enjoy, and the anodyne state cooperation language). Although many (but not all) of these provisions reappeared in the Syria referral draft, subtle textual changes suggest movement on some of the more contentious issues. In an effort to achieve consensus, drafters also devised inventive yet inconspicuous means to cabin the ICC’s jurisdiction; these compromises may or may not be accepted by the Court if it were ever to be allowed to move forward. Because many of the most contentious provisions in the Council’s ICC referral resolutions owe their provenance to concerns of the United States, the draft resolution also presents a microcosm of the United States’ Security Council practice when it comes to advancing international justice.
Transitional Justice without Transition
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: December 2020

The penultimate chapter offers a discussion of the prospects for a genuine transitional justice process in Syria. Chapter 10 begins with a short history of the development of the archetypal tools within the transitional justice toolkit—criminal accountability, truth commissions, reparations, amnesties, lustration, institutional reform, and guarantees of nonrecurrence—and the way in which transitional justice efforts have become increasingly internationalized. This enhanced involvement of the international community in promoting transitional justice reflects the belief—premised on historical case studies and emerging empirical research—that societies in transition must address the crimes of the past in some capacity or risk their repetition. The chapter surveys the most recent research testing these claims, which has benefited from the creation of a number of new databases gleaned from states in transition. The chapter then describes ways in which the international community has tried to prepare for a future transitional justice process in Syria even in the absence of a political transition, including by training Syrian advocates, surveying Syrian communities to understand their knowledge of transitional justice and preferences for Syria, promoting psychosocial rehabilitation and solidarity among victims, and preparing for truth-telling exercises and institutional reform measures. The conclusion suggests ways in which the international community could still promote some form of transitional justice as part of the reconstruction process, even if Assad remains in power, which seems increasingly likely.
Human Self-Reflective Curse
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

Moral hypocrisy and duplicity are the rule rather than just exceptions. Both are inseparable from self-consciousness and humans’ unique concern for reputation. It is linked to face-maintenance (keeping apparent moral self-unity) in the midst of obvious contradictions. Powerful examples abound, such as the fact that Hitler was a vegetarian. We are indeed moral acrobats, and this has its roots in self-consciousness, the pillar of our human nature. Self-conscious psychology leads toward obligatory existential rumination of deeply unsettling existential truths. These truths shape our moral sense, in particular what we feel and construe as right or wrong and what we experience and reason as just or unjust.
Double Standards
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

Parochialism is universally irresistible, and we kid ourselves as well as others regarding the unity and consistency of our own morals. In reality, we cannot escape holding multiple standards depending on both situation and degree of affiliation. There is indeed much delusion and blind oversights regarding what we experience as our own moral consistency, and how we perceive and judge the moral consistency of others, the categorical way we experience our own moral self and the moral self of others. To avoid implosion under the weight of moral inconsistencies and blatant ambiguities, we are forced to operate along multiple, typically well-compartmentalized moral standards. We switch moral codes depending on people and situations, rarely losing the sense of our own moral unity. We grow to become very apt at juggling multiple standards. We are moral acrobats always about to lose balance, while dancing over shaky moral montages and other bricolages: “something constructed or created from a diverse range of available things” (Oxford English Dictionary). Historical evidence abounds, from Ben Franklin to Adolph Hitler.
A Heart Made of Abundance
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

The fictive story of John wearing multiple hats for one head and his sudden mental collapse is an illustration of what personhood might be, in particular the true nature of who we are as moral agents. The self as moral agent is a process, not a static thing. There is no objective moral agent in itself, just as there is no objective cloud in itself: there is just something revealed in transition. The self as moral agent is revealed in transition from code to code, sphere to sphere, like the cloud is revealed by the constant transition of air masses from gas to solid state.
Ingrained Essentialism
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: December 2020

We are compelled toward essentialism: the obligatory inference of illusive values and substances that we experience and represent as constitutive of things and people. We do have the obligatory tendency to infer and represent the essence of things: what ultimately constitutes these things and caused them to be. This inferential propensity pertains to nonobvious features that in our head make things intrinsically distinct. Our social perceptions are indeed affectively charged with inferred values based on previous coarse clustering and generalization. This biased process is universal and a fundamental mechanism of human psychology and moral decision-making. No one escapes it.
Freud, Dora, and Compulsory SexualityFreud, Dora
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

“Freud, Dora, and Compulsory Sexuality” examines Freud’s attempt to impose male sexuality onto a patient he renamed “Dora.” While Dora, an adolescent girl, did not begin seeing Freud to receive help with a sexual discrepancy issue, this chapter shows that a sexual discrepancy did surface during her treatment, the discrepancy between the way Dora’s male therapist interpreted her sexuality and the way she interpreted her own. The chapter shows how, in the name of treating Dora’s psychological symptoms, Freud imposed his sexual story onto Dora while simultaneously excluding and nullifying Dora’s own thoughts, feelings, and experiential reality.
Masters and Johnson and the Primacy of Intercourse
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

“Masters and Johnson and the Primacy of Intercourse” focuses on the therapists most responsible for launching the sex therapy discipline during the 1960s and 1970s. This chapter shows how Masters and Johnson, despite their emphasis on sexual behavior and scientific research, were not very different from their Freudian forebears in their treatment of women. They too neglected to consider that what men want most out of sex—a penis thrusting inside a vagina—is not necessarily what women want. This chapter shows that Masters and Johnson’s goal was not so much to influence women’s sexuality as it was to influence women’s resistance to men’s sexuality.
Male Identification
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

“Male Identification” examines how a prominent follower of Masters and Johnson, Helen Singer Kaplan, viewed her female patients much as Masters and Johnson viewed theirs, as less deserving, as less entitled, and less credible. Kathleen Barry called this bias “male identification,” a phenomenon of growing importance since the field of psychotherapy and the subfield of sex therapy have become increasingly dominated by female practitioners. Through examination of case studies written by Kaplan, the chapter highlights how this therapist pressured women to accept masculine versions of sexual normality. It shows how she encouraged her female patients to admit that, deep down, despite their repeated denials, what they really want and need is a penis—their husband’s penis—thrusting inside their vagina.
Doublethink
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

“Doublethink” reveals that after 1980 sex therapy continued to disadvantage women in much the same way they had been disadvantaged in earlier eras. This chapter shows that, as before, psychiatrists and other sex therapists skipped over the question of how power is divided and expressed in a woman’s heterosexual relationships. The chapter discusses how sex therapy survived using different, and seemingly contradictory, standards for diagnosing and treating sexual dysfunctions that disadvantaged women. The highlighted case studies show that sex therapists denied and dismissed information suggesting that a woman’s disinclination to copulate might be a situationally specific by-product of her relationship with her (male) partner.
Sex Therapy Without Male Privilege and Power
Authors: Margolin Leslie
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses the question of what sex therapy looks like when men are not involved as patients and partners. This chapter asks how professional wisdom about sex therapy with lesbian couples might differ from sex therapy with heterosexuals. The conclusion, based on examination of published case studies, is that when both partners are women, sex therapy appears more attentive to the couple’s relationship, more attentive to how sex fits into the relationship, the underlying meanings that sex has for the partners, and the possibility of working out compromises. In addition, when both partners are women, sex therapy applies fewer psychiatric labels, does not focus on improving either woman’s sexual technic and performance, and is less apt to identify one partner as the main problem.
First Encounters
Authors: Frankel Francine R.
Published: December 2020

Nehru’s forceful arguments that Asia would emerge from the retreat of British colonialism with new strength and vitality to become subjects of foreign policy found no place in Washington’s bipolar view of the world at the onset of the Cold War. Kennan’s famous formulation of containment viewed the newly independent states as backward and dependent peoples open to Soviet support and enabling Moscow to put their own puppet regimes in power. In contrast, Nehru assumed that India was destined to become a great power and the pivot around which security problems of Asia and the Indian Ocean would have to be considered. He looked toward China, still engaged in a civil war with the communists, as sharing a common outlook.
Art
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela
Published: December 2020

Bazin’s mainstream cinema dialogues with various art forms, such as painting in the post–World War II art documentary. The pictorial canvas is a static object within a centripetal frame that focuses on artistic virtuosity and separates itself from the rest of the world. By contrast, cinema’s centrifugal screen specializes in events unfolding in time and photographically grounded in the world. Two art documentaries, especially, challenge painting’s centripetal stillness: Alain Resnais’s Van Gogh (1948) explores objects’ power to appeal to cinema’s objectifying lens. Alternatively, Henri-Georges Clouzot’s The Mystery of Picasso (1956) is the first “Bergsonian” art documentary ever made. Its central topic is the creative evolution of autonomous surfaces, rather than the hand of the artist controlling the production of a static object.
Culture of Health in Practice
Authors: Plough Alonzo L.
Published: December 2020

This book concerns the importance of achieving health equity throughout the United States. Its publication is timely, given the major challenges in American health care in recent years. These include reductions in health care coverage, the loss of funding to tackle social determinants of health, and the growing risks associated with climate change. The abundant data that document health inequities in housing, education, incarceration, income, opportunity, and so much else in the United States reveal the extent of the health-based challenges the nation faces as a whole. With these issues in mind, this book tackles a variety of topics centered on a “Culture of Health,” and includes contributions from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's (RWJF) Sharing Knowledge to Build a Culture of Health conferences. The first part of this volume concerns the assets intrinsic to cultural identity and the contribution to the nation's well-being that this diversity brings. Next, the book calls attention to the places where people spend much of their time and shows how each setting has the power to generate health, or to undermine it. Finally, this book closes with a section on a broad range of interconnected topics that have drawn considerable attention from many fields and brought new perspectives to the table.
Incorporating “Culture” Within a Culture of Health
Authors: Plough Alonzo L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the values of two vibrant populations that are especially prominent in the conference setting of Arizona: Hispanics and Native Americans. Each has much to contribute to the health and well-being of all groups of people, and their experiences suggest areas of study and practice that can help share and scale their contributions. Population health data indicate that Hispanics live longer and have certain health advantages when it comes to chronic health conditions. The chapter then considers possible sources of those advantages. It also looks at a portrait of one agency—the Native American Connections—that seamlessly grounds behavioral health, employment, and housing services in deeply held Native traditions. Drumming ceremonies, sweat lodges, and other Native customs are among the strategies used to deliver evidence-based services that promote well-being and redress a history of policies aimed at undermining Native people and values.
The Opioid Epidemic
Authors: Plough Alonzo L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses the unprecedented public health crisis of opioid addiction and deaths by overdose. The opioid epidemic demonstrates just how far many regions are from achieving a Culture of Health. Advancing health equity requires addressing the multifaceted drivers of the opioid epidemic through innovative multisector programs that shift the emphasis from punishment and stigma to upstream solutions. Driven by an understanding of the unique cultural and historical contexts of their communities, front-line advocates and policymakers at all levels will need to collaborate on a package of well-coordinated strategies. The chapter then looks at states that are targeting both the supply of opioids and the demand for them with creative “whole community” approaches, shifting away from the criminal justice system, providing better access to treatment, and crafting innovative reimbursement strategies.
Climate Change, Environmental Stressors, and Resilience
Authors: Plough Alonzo L.
Published: December 2020

This chapter looks at the immediate effects and aftermath of disasters. Adverse environmental conditions resulting from climate change and human-made disasters are an increasingly serious health threat, especially to disenfranchised, vulnerable, and indigenous populations. The potential for community resilience is a bright spot among these challenges, especially where a commitment to social justice becomes the foundation for responding to the social and economic shocks associated with environmental catastrophes. As such, ensuring that communities are resilient enough to withstand the aftermath, consequences, and health impacts of these kinds of crises is foundational for building a Culture of Health. Experts in business, science, health, and philanthropy are now increasingly focused on strengthening a community's ability to withstand environmental events.
“There is going to be a permanent ballet company in Philadelphia.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Catherine tries to make ballet more appealing to Americans by recruiting and training “manly” men with no prior dance experience. She hires Alexis Dolinoff as her partner, répétiteur, and men’s teacher. The Littlefield Ballet gives its first performance on October 25, 1935. The Littlefield School moves into unassuming quarters at 1815 Ludlow Street. By the end of 1935, Catherine has changed the company’s name to the Philadelphia Ballet and premiered The Snow Queen at the Academy of Music. Karen Conrad and Joan McCracken emerge as leading soloists. Catherine choreographs new ballets of her own in 1936 and presents modernist works by Russian-Jewish choreographer Lasar Galpern. Jimmie Littlefield elopes with a Philadelphia widow and moves with her and her young son to a farm she owns called Zacata on the Potomac River in northern Virginia. Catherine eventually buys a bungalow nearby in Montross and the Littlefields use the area as a family retreat.
Eugene Izotov
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Eugene Izotov is currently the principal oboist of the San Francisco Symphony. He previously served as the principal oboist of the Metropolitan Opera and principal oboist of the Chicago Symphony. In this interview, he shares his thoughts on national schools, auditions, and keeping a job once you win it. He also describes his teaching philosophy and thoughts on support, embouchure, reeds, and warming up. He shares about his early career and inspirations.
Alex Klein
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Brazilian oboist Alex Klein won a 2002 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist with Orchestra and first prize at the International Competition in Geneva, the New York International Oboe Competition, and the Fernand Gillet International Competition. From 1995 to 2004, Klein was principal oboist of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a position he left after struggles with focal dystonia. He is currently artistic director of the Santa Catarina Music Festival (“FEMUSC”) in Brazil, principal oboe of the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra in Canada, and oboe instructor at DePaul University. In this interview, Klein talks about his start in music, his teaching, and the combination of solo and orchestral performing in his career. He describes his brand of “musical activism” and his mindset while playing. He offers ideas for developing technique and shares his difficulties with focal dystonia. Klein offers advice on the use of air and vibrato and shares memorable experiences.
David Walter
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

After obtaining first prize in oboe and chamber music at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Paris, David Walter won international prizes in Ancona, Prague, Munich, Belgrade, and Geneva. He is a founding member (1980) of the Quintette Moragues. At twenty-nine years old, he was appointed the youngest-ever oboe and chamber music professor at the Paris Conservatoire. In this interview, he examines the relationship between being a conductor and being a performer. He talks about ensemble playing skills and those specific to chamber music. Walter discusses competitions, teaching, “schools” of oboe playing, and finding your own voice. He shares artists who inspire him, reminiscences on his career, and his activities outside of music.
Robert Walters
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Robert Walters joined the Cleveland Orchestra as solo English horn in 2004. Prior to coming to Cleveland, Walters was the solo English horn player of the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra (2000–2004) and with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (1997–2000). In this chapter, he discusses his early career, performing on English horn, and professional auditions. He talks about teaching, air support, and ensemble skills. He closes by describing his inspirations and how his writing of poetry relates to music. The interview includes a poem of his.
David Weiss
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

David Weiss performed as principal oboe with the Los Angeles Philharmonic from 1973 to 2003. He taught at the University of Southern California and the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara and was also a published photographer. In this chapter, he discussed his early career, teaching, tone, and auditions. He told stories from his performances on the musical saw.
The Dress of Democracy: One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: Wasserman Herman
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers the link between media and democracy, which is often assumed to be a self-evident and universal truth. The chapter argues that the mismatch between normative models derived from the Global North and the lived realities in African societies is evident in many cases where media have failed to keep governments to account, where the media served sectional interests, and where media ethical norms imported from elsewhere did not adequately speak to African lived experiences. The chapter also notes the many cases of democratic regression in African societies, where the resurgence of authoritarian tendencies has increased pressure on media freedom and consequently on the ability of media to contribute to democratic debate and the deepening of democratic culture. The chapter uses Zimbabwe as an illustration of such repressive government control over the news media that has given rise to alternative forms of media.
Media Ethics, Professionalism, Codes, and Accountability
Authors: Wasserman Herman
Published: December 2020

This chapter develops one of the key arguments of the book, namely that an ethical course of action for the media in contexts of conflict can only be properly charted if it is done collaboratively between media producers and media users. It is argued that understanding the ethics of conflict mediatization only in terms of professional codes is not imaginative or flexible enough to understand the media’s responsibilities and obligations to societies where there are wide disparities in media access, low levels of trust in media, and a history of state control of information. For media to engage ethically with democratization conflicts in these contexts, it is argued, it needs to conceive of ethics in ways that involve citizens more broadly and cut across social divides. This chapter examines the question of the relationship between media ethics, codes, and accountability to society in the light of these contextual challenges.
Banking on a Revolution
Authors: Friedline Terri
Published: December 2020

Technological advancements are poised to completely transform the financial system, making it unrecognizable in just a few short decades. Banks are increasingly using financial technologies, or “fintech,” to deliver products and services and maximize their profits. Technology enthusiasts and some consumer advocates laude fintech for its potential to expand access to banking and finance. If history is any indication, however, fintech stands to reinforce digital forms of redlining and enable banks’ continued racialized exploitation of Black and Brown communities. Banking on a Revolution takes the perspective that the financial system needs a revolution—and not the impending revolution driven by technology. Studying various ways the financial system advantages whites by exploiting and marginalizing Black and Brown communities, Terri Friedline challenges the optimistic belief that fintech can expand access to banking and finance. Friedline applies the lens of financialized racial neoliberal capitalism to demonstrate the financial system’s inherent racism, and explores examples from student loan debt, corporate landlords, community benefits agreements, and banking and payday lending. She makes the case that the financial system needs a people-led revolution that centers the needs, experiences, and perspectives of those it has historically excluded, marginalized, and exploited.
Epilogue
Authors: Friedline Terri
Published: December 2020

As the epilogue to Banking on a Revolution, this final chapter challenges the social work profession to seize responsibility for issues of finance and the economy. Finance’s outsized role in the economy and its exploitation of marginalized communities are pressing concerns, with widespread implications for rendering racial, economic, and social justice. Although the profession has, on the whole, abdicated responsibility for macroeconomic issues, social work is uniquely positioned to bring understandings of racial, economic, and social justice to bear on issues of finance and the economy. Though, it is unlikely that the profession will fully realize its commitment to justice without training and preparing social workers to do this work.
Inner Democracy and Political Intolerance
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M.
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the shaky basis of political tolerance. There exists a contradiction between the broadly shared preference for democracy as a form of national politics and the evident unwillingness to grant democratic rights to disliked groups. This lack of political tolerance suggests that democracy is nothing more than a thin layer of varnish that can be easily scraped away. This observation leads to the question: What, in fact, is inner democracy? The answer lies in three characteristics of inner democracy: (1) space for opposition inside ourselves, (2) cooperation and learning from the diversity of positions we can assume, and (3) participation of a broad repertoire of inner positions, whose distinctive voices can be heard in the interactions with ourselves and with others.
Group Therapy and Healing in China
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen
Published: December 2020

This chapter reflects on what Chinese therapy students learned in the workshops. Predominant themes of learning involved self-expression, tolerance of feelings, and maintenance of personal boundaries. In China, the expectations for success are intense, and being strong means bearing the load without complaint and with little or no emotional support. simple emotional expression. Many of the patients had been suppressing grievance and pain for years, unable to disclose what had happened to them for fear of being judged or misunderstood. In the groups, the simple act of releasing this pain and receiving the support and affection of others was healing. It required, of course, a great deal of group cohesion and trust for them to be able to do this. The greater openness they felt in the group transferred very often to their lives. Discovering their own wishes and feelings was a powerful impetus to the group members’ emotional growth. As therapists, though, holding boundaries felt to them like displeasing people.
The Political Is Personal
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen
Published: December 2020

The author tried to make sense of the Chinese political world from their point of view. Their narrative of Chinese history was unlike any she had ever encountered and this chapter details her effort to empathically understand how they viewed the world, in particular how they related to democratic ideas. Chinese fears of chaos and disunity, born of their history, are central to their political organization. As the author tried to find common philosophical ground with the Chinese students, they labelled her a Daoist. They understood her approach to therapy as counseling action through inaction and stressing values of compassion, moderation, and humility, all quite similar to Daoist teaching.
Income and Wealth Inequality
Authors: Saez Emmanuel
Published: December 2020

According to the author of this chapter, the first job of economists is to enlighten the debate on income and wealth inequality by providing transparent measures that the broad public can understand. Once inequality is appropriately measured, we can then understand the drivers of inequality trends and the effects of public policy on inequality. Drawing on the author’s previously published works, this chapter presents evidence on US income and wealth inequality. It presents series for top income and wealth shares and for the distribution of economic growth by income groups. The author discusses the mechanisms behind the evolution of US income and wealth inequality from historical and comparative perspectives and analyzes the role of public policy and, in particular, taxation in the evolution of inequality.
The Possible
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

This book explores an eminently human phenomenon: our capacity to engage with the possible, to go beyond what is present, visible, or given in our existence. Possibility studies are an emerging field of research including topics as diverse as creativity, imagination, innovation, anticipation, counterfactual thinking, wondering, serendipity, the future, social change, hope, agency, and utopia, among others. The present contribution to this wide field is represented by a sociocultural and pragmatist account of the possible grounded in the notions of difference, position, perspective, dialogue, action, and culture. Put simply, this theory proposes that our explorations of the possible are enabled by our human capacity to relate to the world from more than one position and perspective and to understand that any perspective we hold is, at all times, one among many. Such an account transcends the long-standing dichotomy between the possible and the real, a sterile separation that ends up portraying possibility as separate from and even opposed to reality. On the contrary, the theory of the possible advanced in this book goes back to this notion’s etymological roots (the Latin possibilis—“that can be done,” from posse—“to be able”) and considers it as both a precondition and outcome of human action and interaction. Exploring the possible doesn’t take place outside of or in addition to our experience of the world; rather, it infiltrates it from the start, infuses it with new meanings, and ends up transforming it altogether. This book aims to offer conceptual, methodological, and practical tools for all those interested in studying human possibility and cultivating it in education, the workplace, everyday life, and society.
The Impossible
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P.
Published: December 2020

This final chapter addresses the question of what might be the opposite of the possible. The impossible emerges as a likely candidate, but a closer inspection of this notion reveals the fact that we can and do develop perspectives on what we consider impossible. As such, a distinction needs to be made between what is impossible to think about (the unthinkable) and what is impossible to do (the undoable). The former, rather than the latter, marks the absolute absence of possibility. However, in line with the sociocultural theory put forward in the book, the chapter proposes the notion of the “non-possible” as a more appropriate counterpart of the possible and describes it as the imposition of singular, hegemonic perspectives that do not recognize difference or allow dialogues to emerge. Some final thoughts about how spaces of possibility can be cultivated are offered toward the end of the chapter.
Monitoring and Review to Assess Human Rights Implementation
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Huffstetler Hanna , Bueno de Mesquita Judith
Published: December 2020

This chapter analyzes the fundamental importance of monitoring and review procedures to assess the implementation of human rights to advance public health. Recognizing monitoring and review as central to human rights accountability, the evolving functions of human rights monitoring highlight the range of national, regional, and international review mechanisms that provide oversight to support the realization of health-related human rights. While these mechanisms often do not have judicial powers—their recommendations are advisory rather than legally binding—the interpretive role entrusted to these review procedures has endowed their health-related recommendations with legitimacy in clarifying human rights treaty provisions and reviewing state efforts to meet treaty obligations. Assessing the implementation of international human rights law through national practice, monitoring institutions can facilitate human rights accountability for public health promotion and operationalize public health data to press governments to implement rights.
Human Subjects in Globalized Health Research
Authors: Constantin Andrés , Andorno Roberto
Published: December 2020

The clinical trials enterprise has expanded globally, involving research developed and owned by research institutions in wealthy countries but conducted with participants in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These LMICs commonly provide ready access to large pools of subjects who have never received a particular drug and have—at least historically—a more permissive regulatory environment, raising important questions about the rights of vulnerable participants. The unequal power dynamic and imbalances between researchers and human subjects require specific norms and procedures to respect and protect the human rights of trial participants. Complementing bioethics norms, human rights law offers a lens for understanding participant and public health interests, recognizing the unequal dynamic between the researcher and the individual subject, and furthering the participants’ autonomy and decision-making power. Framing these issues in human rights obligations additionally offers new forms of governance and accountability mechanisms, raising new opportunities for legally enforceable claims.
Global Health and Human Rights in the Age of Populism
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Constantin Andrés , Meier Benjamin Mason
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the threat of populism to global health and human rights. Out of the ashes of World War II, institutions of global health and human rights have brought the world together in unprecedented cooperation, giving rise to the successes and opportunities detailed throughout this text. However, the current populist age threatens these successes and raises obstacles to future progress. In violent contrast with the shared goals of a globalizing world, populism seeks to retrench nations inward, with right-wing populist nationalism directly challenging institutions of global health, violating the rights of vulnerable populations, and spurring isolationism in international affairs. Such retrenchment could lead to a rejection of both global governance and human rights as a basis for global health. Yet, with hope for the future, there remains enduring strength in institutions of global health and human rights, with these institutional bulwarks capable of facing the challenges to come.
Introduction: A Romantic Remembers the French Revolution
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

The introduction considers how a former terrorist dealt with the legacy of the Revolution. A macabre incident relating to the remains of Charlotte Corday, who murdered the journalist Jean-Paul Marat, sets up a discussion of how Alexandre Rousselin wanted his participation in the Revolution remembered. He wanted a reputation not as a perpetrator of the Terror, but as someone who resisted it by trying to save his mentors Camille Desmoulins and Georges-Jacques Danton from the guillotine. The introduction also sketches Rousselin’s decades-long transition from republican to liberal, underscoring both how unusual his trajectory was and how his life exemplifies the broader themes of the Age of Revolution.
Reading Roman Pride
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

Pride is pervasive in Roman texts, as an emotion and a political and social concept implicated in ideas of power. This study examines the Roman discourse of pride from two distinct complementary perspectives. The first is based on scripts, mini-stories told to illustrate what pride is, how it arises and develops, and where it fits within the Roman emotional landscape. The second is semantic, and draws attention to differences between terms within the pride field. The peculiar feature of Roman pride that emerges is that it appears exclusively as a negative emotion, attributed externally and condemned, up to the Augustan period. This previously unnoticed lack of expression of positive pride in republican discourse is a result of the way the Roman republican elite articulates its values as anti-monarchical and is committed, within the governing class, to power-sharing and a kind of equality. The book explores this uniquely Roman articulation of pride attributed to people, places, and institutions and traces the partial rehabilitation of pride that begins in the texts of the Augustan poets at a time of great political change. Reading for pride produces innovative readings of texts that range from Plautus to Ausonius, with a major focus on Cicero, Livy, Vergil, and other Augustan poets.