bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prions in control of cell glycosylation
Authors: HOUNSELL Elizabeth F.
Published: June 2004

Prion proteins that are normal cellular components or involved in pathology can vary little or not at all in primary amino acid sequence, but their glycosylation is different, e.g. in scrapie versus normal forms; in mouse strain-specific isolates; and in BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) and variant CJD (Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease) versus classical CJD. The results of Nielsen et al. published in this issue of the Biochemical Journal show that changes in glycosylation are not restricted to the prion. The paper comprehensively characterizes a decrease in the glycosylation of the insulin receptor in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells, but no change in glycosylation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Thus the scrapie prion can influence glycosylation, not only of itself, but also of other selected cell glycoproteins.
Quantification of mitochondrial sublimons in human fibrillating atria
Authors: MAAROUF Nidal , ARNO Gavin , CARTER Nicholas D. , SYRRIS Petros , YUSUF Shamil , CAMM John A. , POLEINIKI Jan , Al-SAADY Naab M.
Published: June 2004

Supraventricular tachycardias, including AF (atrial fibrillation), and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) deletions may lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. It is unknown whether mtDNA function is impaired in the human atrium in AF. In the present study, we investigated the role of rearranged mtDNA ‘sublimons’ in the pathogenesis of AF. Right atrial biopsies were collected from 38 patients in AF and 35 patients with SR (sinus rhythm) undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Total DNA was extracted by standard methods. The break-point regions of the two most prevalent classes of sublimon were amplified by PCR using fluorescent oligonucleotides for the 3.75 kb partial duplication and the 2.83 kb deletion. Multiplex reactions included additional primers to amplify an internal genomic standard for semi-quantitative analysis. Reaction products were quantified as peak areas in the electrophoretogram and ratios computed of the sublimon abundance relative to the genomic standard. There was no difference in SCN (sublimon copy number) between AF and SR patients [19.09±28.29 compared with 10.25±24.68, the difference was 0.28 (95% confidence interval, -0.04 and +0.61; P=0.08)]. SCN did not increase with age (P=0.207) and was unrelated to AF duration (P=0.661), left atrial diameter (P=0.560), post-operative AF (P=0.52), underlying disease (P=0.94), medication and gender (2.84±0.72 in females vs 2.97±0.67 in males; P=0.431). In conclusion, our findings do not indicate any role of mtDNA in the pathophysiology of AF.
Methotrexate induces interleukin-8 production by human bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: YAMAUCHI Yasuhiro , OKAZAKI Hitoshi , DESAKI Masashi , KOHYAMA Tadashi , KAWASAKI Shin , YAMAMOTO Kazuhiko , TAKIZAWA Hajime
Published: June 2004

Methotrexate (MTX) has been widely used for the treatment of a variety of tumours as well as for inflammatory diseases. MTX-induced pneumonitis has been a serious unpredictable side effect of the treatment and an important clinical problem. However, its mechanism remains largely unclear. Possible causes include allergic, cytotoxic or immunologic reactions to this agent. To elucidate the proinflammatory mechanism of MTX-induced pneumonitis, we evaluated the effect of MTX on the production of IL (interleukin)-8 by human bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells in vitro and the role of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) in order to clarify the intracellular signal regulating IL-8 expression. MTX induced IL-8 secretion by human bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner within the range of the clinically observed serum concentrations. Although addition of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and glucose showed no significant enhancing effect, addition of IL-1β or TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) with MTX to bronchial epithelial cells showed a significant augmenting effect. SB203580, the specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, inhibited MTX-induced IL-8 production. MTX induced the phosphorylation of Thr180 and Tyr182 on p38 MAPK. These results suggest that MTX activates bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells to induce IL-8 production through p38 MAPK, which might play an important role as one of the mechanisms of MTX-induced lung inflammation.
Can lymphatic drainage be measured non-invasively in human limbs, using plethysmography?
Authors: BAUER Andreas , CHRIST Frank , GAMBLE John
Published: June 2004

There is always rapid volume restitution of the accumulated interstitial fluid after a VCP (venous congestion plethysmography) protocol. It has been suggested that backward extrapolation of the relationship between applied hydrostatic pressure and fluid filtration may give a measure of tissue JvL (lymph flow); if so, this could be of immense value in pathophysiological investigations. We hypothesized that the congestion pressure decrease following the VCP protocol might be the stimulus for activating the observed rapid interstitial fluid removal mechanism. We investigated this hypothesis by using a cumulative small step VCP protocol to a maximum arterial diastolic pressure, followed by a mirror image of step pressure decreases. The increases and decreases in cuff pressure produced capillary filtration capacities that were not significantly different from one another [(3.8±1.0)×10-3 and (3.7±1.2)×10-3 ml·100 ml-1·min-1·mmHg-1 respectively]. However, we did observe a significant 3-fold increase in estimated lymph flow between the up and ‘mirror’ down protocol. Moreover, the calculated supine control value, reflecting interstitial fluid removal (JvL), of 0.03±0.03 ml·100 ml-1·min-1 was within the range of lymph flows in human limbs described by other workers, as was the 3-fold increase to 0.09±0.03 ml·100 ml-1·min-1 following the release of the venous congestion. These results support the notion that strain-gauge plethysmography might provide a non-invasive means of assessing peripheral lymph flow in human limbs.
Sympathetic neural hyperactivity and its normalization following unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction
Authors: GRAHAM Lee N. , SMITH Paul A. , STOKER John B. , MACKINTOSH Alan F. , MARY David A.
Published: June 2004

Impaired autonomic function occurs after AMI (acute myocardial infarction) and UA (unstable angina), which may be important prognostically. However, the pattern of sympathetic nerve hyperactivity has been investigated only after AMI. We aimed to quantify central sympathetic output to the periphery in patients with UA, investigate its progress over time relative to that after uncomplicated AMI and to explore the mechanisms involved. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) assessed from multiunit discharges and from single units (s-MSNA) was obtained in matched patients with UA (n=9), AMI (n=14) and stable CAD (coronary artery disease, n=11), patients with chest pain in which AMI was excluded (NMI, n=9) and normal controls (NCs, n=14). Measurements were obtained 2–4 days after UA or AMI, and repeated at 3 monthly intervals until they returned to normal levels. The respective MSNA and s-MSNA early after UA (72±4.0 bursts/100 beats and 78±4.2 impulses/100 beats respectively) were less than those after AMI (83±4.4 bursts/100 beats and 93±5.5 impulses/100 beats respectively). Relative to the control groups of NCs (51±2.7 bursts/100 beats and 58±3.4 impulses/100 beats respectively) and patients with CAD (54±3.7 bursts/100 beats and 58±3.9 impulses/100 beats respectively) and NMI (52±4.5 bursts/100 beats and 59±4.9 impulses/100 beats respectively), values returned to normal after 6 months in UA (55±5.0 bursts/100 beats and 62±5.5 impulses/100 beats respectively) and 9 months after AMI (60±3.8 bursts/100 beats and 66±4.2 impulses/100 beats respectively). In conclusion, both UA and AMI result in sympathetic hyper-activity, although this is of smaller magnitude in UA and is less protracted than in AMI. It is suggested that this hyperactivity is related to the degree of left ventricular dysfunction and reflexes.
Nephrocalcinosis: molecular insights into calcium precipitation within the kidney
Authors: SAYER John A. , CARR Georgina , SIMMONS Nicholas L.
Published: June 2004

Nephrocalcinosis may be defined as a generalized increase in the calcium content of the kidneys. This renal calcification may occur at a molecular, microscopic or macroscopic level leading to progressive amounts of renal damage. The major causes include those associated with an increase in urinary levels of calcium, oxalate and phosphate. Under these conditions, urine concentration and supersaturation leads to calcium crystal precipitation, which may be an intratubular event or initiate within the renal interstitium. The focus of discussion concerning renal calcification is often limited to factors that lead to renal stones (calculi and nephrolithiasis); however, nephrocalcinosis is a more sinister event, and often implies a serious metabolic defect. This review will discuss the hypotheses concerning initiating lesions of nephrocalcinosis using available laboratory and clinical studies and will examine whether new understanding of the molecular basis of tubulopathies, that lead to nephrocalcinosis, has given further insights.
A new dynamic subgrid eddy viscosity model with application to turbulent channel flow
Authors: Cui Guixiang , Zhou Haibing , Zhang Zhaoshun , Shao Liang
Published: June 2004

A new subgrid eddy viscosity model is proposed for large eddy simulation of turbulent flows. The new model is based on the exact energy transport equation between resolved and unresolved scale turbulence. The subgrid eddy viscosity of new model is proportional to the skewness of longitudinal velocity increment, which measures the ratio of cascade energy to the dissipation. The new model is verified in isotropic turbulence and tested in turbulent channel flow with satisfaction.
Towards effective control of deep drainage under border-check irrigated pasture in the Murray-Darling Basin: a review
Authors: Bethune Matthew
Published: June 2004

High watertables and land salinisation threaten the sustainability and prosperity of the irrigated dairy industry in the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia. High watertables and salinisation result from excessive deep drainage. Spatial and temporal trends in deep drainage data pertinent to the dairy industry in the Murray–Darling Basin are reviewed with a view towards reducing deep drainage. The reviewed data indicate that deep drainage under border-check irrigated pasture is generally greater than the leaching requirement and can be reduced without affecting pasture growth. Deep drainage through levee soils is likely to contribute significantly to regional groundwater. Consideration needs to be given to the appropriateness of using the border-check irrigation system on levee soils. Pressurised irrigation systems or land use change may be required to reduce deep drainage under these soils. The majority of deep drainage under floodplain soils occurs during winter and spring, when rainfall exceeds pasture water use. Developing a soil water deficit prior to winter will reduce deep drainage. This can be achieved by ending the irrigation season earlier. A later start to the irrigation season also offers potential to divert more winter rainfall into evapotranspiration rather than deep drainage.
Fruit production in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) using preserved pollen
Authors: Abreu I. , Oliveira M.
Published: June 2004

The influence of temperature and storage period on pollen quality of Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson was studied. Pollen collected from male flowers was stored under different conditions (20°C, 65% RH; –20°C, 51% RH; –80°C, 55% RH and –196°C by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen). During the preservation period, viability and in vitro germination percentages were evaluated at regular periods. The results show that –20°C was the best temperature at which to preserve pollen of A. deliciosa because it retains high viability and germination. At 20°C, germination was totally lost within 8 weeks, and at –80°C or –196°C germination drastically dropped over the same period of preservation. In the 2002 blossoming season, the pollen preserved at –20°C was used for hand pollination in order to estimate its seed set capacity. Thirty days after fruit-set, all fruits were long and well shaped, indicating a successful pollination. Our results indicate a simple and reliable method to preserve pollen of A. deliciosa that can be easily used by farmers.
Synthesis of antimicrofilament marine macrolides: Synthesis and configurational assignment of a C
5
–C
16
degradation fragment of reidispongiolide A
Authors: Paterson Ian , Britton Robert , Ashton Kate , Knust Henner , Stafford Jonathan
Published: June 2004

Reidispongiolide A is a representative member of the sphinxolide/reidispongiolide group of cytotoxic 26-membered macrolides of marine origin. By interacting with actin in the cell cytoskeleton, the reidispongiolides and sphinxolides are potent microfilament destabilizing agents that represent a promising mechanism of action for developing novel anticancer drugs. An aldol-based synthesis of a library of diastereomers of C
8
–C
16
and C
5
–C
16
fragments and detailed NMR comparison with a reported degradation fragment enabled a configurational assignment for a major part of the reidispongiolide macrocyclic core, thus setting a solid foundation for ongoing synthetic efforts.
Sorting inhibitors (Sortins): Chemical compounds to study vacuolar sorting in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Zouhar Jan , Hicks Glenn R. , Raikhel Natasha V.
Published: June 2004

Chemical genomics is an interdisciplinary approach that unites the power of chemical screens and genomics strategies to dissect biological processes such as endomembrane trafficking. We have taken advantage of the evolutionary conservation between plants and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
to identify such chemicals. Using
S. cerevisiae
, we screened a library of diverse chemical structures for compounds that induce the secretion of carboxypeptidase Y, which is normally targeted to the vacuole. Among 4,800 chemicals screened, 14 compounds, termed sorting inhibitors (Sortins), were identified that stimulated secretion in yeast. In
Arabidopsis
seedlings, application of Sortin1 and -2 led to reversible defects in vacuole biogenesis and root development. Sortin1 was found to redirect the vacuolar destination of plant carboxypeptidase Y and other proteins in
Arabidopsis
suspension cells and cause these proteins to be secreted. Sortin1 treatment of whole
Arabidopsis
seedlings also resulted in carboxypeptidase Y secretion, indicating that the drug has a similar mode of action in cells and intact plants. We have demonstrated that screening of a simple eukaryote, in which vacuolar biogenesis is not essential, can be a powerful tool to find chemicals that interfere with vacuolar delivery of proteins in plants, where vacuole biogenesis is essential. Our studies were done by using a sublethal dose of Sortin1, demonstrating the powerful ability of the chemical to control the induced phenotype in a manner that would be difficult to achieve using conventional genetics.
Effectiveness of the defence mechanism of the turnip sawfly,Athalia rosae(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), against predation by lizards
Authors: Vlieger L. , Brakefield P.M. , Müller C.
Published: June 2004

The turnip sawfly,Athalia rosaeLinnaeus, is a pest on cruciferous crops. Larvae sequester secondary plant compounds, namely glucosinolates, in their haemolymph. When attacked, their integument is easily disrupted and a droplet of haemolymph is exuded (‘easy bleeding’). This has been shown to be an effective, chemical-based, defence against invertebrate predators. The efficiency of this proposed defence was tested against a vertebrate predator, using groups of the iguanid lizardAnolis carolinensisVoigt as a model predator. Caterpillars ofPieris rapaeLinnaeus andPieris brassicaeLinnaeus served as control prey species that do not sequester glucosinolates. Lizards attacked far fewer sawfly larvae than pierid caterpillars. Several of the sawfly larvae were rejected after an initial attack, demonstrating unpalatability to the lizards, while thePierislarvae were not rejected. However,P. rapaelarvae topically treated with extracts of haemolymph ofA. rosaehad no deterrent effect on the lizards and no avoidance learning occurred over a period of two weeks. Adult sawflies do not easy bleed but have glucosinolates carried over from the larval stage. Lizards attacked them at a higher rate than larvae and they were never rejected. The results suggest that for the defensive effectiveness of the pest sawfly species against vertebrates the chemical cue is not necessarily sufficient. Movement and colour may be important additional factors triggering the behaviour of vertebrate predators.
The Cluster as Market Organisation
Authors: Maskell Peter , Lorenzen Mark
Published: June 2004

This paper views clusters as a specific spatial configuration of the economy suitable for the creation, transfer and usage of knowledge. It investigates how the modern exchange-economy becomes organised as rent-seeking firms build network relations to create knowledge and obtain resource efficiency while keeping transaction costs at bay. It moves on to consider the cluster as an emerging, self-organising, attractive alternative for interfirm relationships in cases where (global) network formation becomes a less feasible strategy. The paper empirically investigates two industries where clustering for different reasons might be considered superior to other forms of market organisation.
Clusters, Dispersion and the Spaces in Between: For an Economic Geography of the Banal
Authors: Phelps N.A.
Published: June 2004

While the geographical clustering of economic activities remains an enduring feature of the industrial landscape and a perennial source of theoretical and empirical interest, the geographical scale at which external economies and agglomerative effects are now claimed to operate is on the increase. Such changes in the spatial form and potential causes of agglomeration over time pose important questions. How should we analyse changes in the spatial extent of external economies and agglomerative effects? Ought we to pay more attention to the sorts of banal economic spaces thrown up as part of increasingly diffuse forms of agglomeration? To answer the first of these questions, it is noted how economists and geographers have explained agglomerations often in the rather singular and invariant categories of pecuniary and Marshallian externalities respectively. This paper considers the relevance of neo-Marshallian analysis and the concept of 'borrowed size'—as variations on these classical principles—to an analysis of the mobility and fixity of external economies and contemporary diffuse forms of agglomeration. Whilst reflecting important changes in the spatial extent of industrial agglomerations, they are insufficiently sensitive to the interaction of different types of external economies with different scale-dependencies. In answering the second question, it is noted that part of the value of analysing the economic basis of largely overlooked 'banal' intermediate places lies in what they may reveal about the functioning of diffuse forms of agglomeration.
Does More Mean Worse? Three Decades of Enterprise Policy in the Tees Valley
Authors: Greene Francis J. , Mole Kevin F. , Storey David J.
Published: June 2004

This paper argues that there have been three distinct phases of enterprise policy in the UK in the past 30 years: the 1970s saw no effective enterprise policy ('policy off'); the 1980s witnessed an attempt to increase the number of start-ups; and the 1990s saw a concentration on 'business quality'. This paper looks at how enterprise has evolved in Cleveland/Tees Valley over the past three decades. It suggests—and finds—that businesses in the 1980s were more numerous but of lower 'quality' (even if the influence of unemployment is accounted for) than those from the 1970s and 1990s. This implies that we should be cautious about the value of policy attempts to increase business formation rates in areas such as Cleveland/Tees Valley.
The Effects of Portland's Urban Growth Boundary on Urban Development Patterns and Commuting
Authors: Jun Myung-Jin
Published: June 2004

This research investigates the effects of Portland's urban growth boundary (UGB) on urban development patterns and mobility. Three different methods are adopted for evaluating Portland's UGB: intermetropolitan comparisons; comparisons inside and outside the UGB; and, statistical analyses utilising regression models. Intermetropolitan comparisons do not support the conclusion that Portland's UGB has been effective in slowing down suburbanisation, enhancing infill development and reducing auto use. A significant level of spillover from the counties in Oregon to Clark County of Washington took place during the 1990s, indicating that the UGB diverted population growth into Clark County. Results from the statistical analyses also support the above findings. The UGB dummy variable was not significant during the 1980s and 1990s, indicating that the UGB had little impact on the location of new housing construction during the 1980s and 1990s. Unlike the UGB, the Clark County dummy variable is significant for both models, supporting the spillover effects of the UGB.
ON THE PIGMENT OF THE NEGRO'S SKIN AND HAIR
Authors: Abel John J. , Davis Walter S.
Published: June 2004

The pigmentary granules of the negro's skin and hair can be freed in several ways from the cells in which they are lodged and collected in any desired amount.

As thus obtained, these granules are found to be insoluble in dilute alkalies, dilute hydrochloric acid (hot or cold), alcohol, or other organic solvents when applied in the order named. If, after they have been subjected to the action of dilute hydrochloric acid, they are again treated with dilute alkalies, they are found to give up their pigment, and, on the continued application of heat, the granules dissolve entirely in the alkaline solution, leaving only an insignificant residue.

The pigmentary granules are composed of a colourless ground substance or substratum, a pigment, and much inorganic matter. Their inorganic constituents, as thus far determined, are calcium, magnesium, iron, and silicic, phosphoric, and sulphuric acids; and these constituents possibly play an important part in the deposition and fixation of the colouring matter in the granules.

The pigment isolated from the granules, and sufficiently freed from adherent inorganic matter, contains only the merest trace of iron—so little, in fact, that we must think of it when entirely pure as free of iron. Heating the isolated pigment with barium hydrate at a temperature of 260° C. entirely frees it from the closely adherent ground substance, and it is then found that the vapours of pyrrol are no longer emitted when it is subjected to dry distillation, and the odour of burnt feathers is no longer discerned, although nitrogen is still present.

We can not conclude as the result of our work that the pigment is a derivative of hæmoglobin; it seems to us more probable that it is ultimately derived from the proteids of the parenchymatous juices.

The total quantity of soluble pigment in the skin of a negro of average size is found to weigh about 1 gramme; the weight of the pigmentary granules is about 3.3 grammes, if we are right in our assumption that they contain sixty-five per cent of water and five per cent of mineral constituents in their natural state in the epidermis.

The pigments of the epidermis and hair of the negro are very likely identical. In the present state of our knowledge we can only say that it seems highly probable that the pigment of the negro's hair is not different from the dark pigment found in the hair of the white races, and we may infer that the pigment of the black skin differs only in amount and not in kind from that deposited in the skin of the white man.
ON HÆMORRHAGIC CYSTS OF THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: Bradley W. I.
Published: June 2004

1. All the features peculiar to the gross cysts of the thyroid gland which possess fluid contents appear to indicate that they are essentially of hæmorrhagic origin.

2. While these gross cysts would seem more especially to occur in glands which already present the features of parenchymatous goitre, the theory of Wölfler that they originate as a consequence of spontaneous rupture of the vesicles is unsatisfactory.

3. It would seem more probable that these large cysts are due to rupture, traumatic or otherwise, of some of the vessels of the organ. The frequent signs of small hæmorrhages in cases of parenchymatous goitre without evidence of associated gross change in the surrounding vesicles, the structure of the organ and its exposed position, all appear to favour this view.
THE HISTOLOGIGAL LESIONS OF ACUTE GLANDERS IN MAN AND OF EXPERIMENTAL GLANDERS IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: Wright James Homer
Published: June 2004

The glanders nodule in the class of cases studied by us is in no sense analogous to the miliary tubercle in its histogenesis, and our studies afford no support to Baumgarten's views. The primary effect of the bacillus of glanders on a tissue we found to be not a production of epithelioid cells, which undergo necrosis and invasion by leucocytes, as happens in the cases in which the bacillus of tuberculosis is concerned, but to be the production of primary necrosis of the tissue, followed by inflammatory exudation, often of a suppurative character. Degenerative changes rapidly ensue in the inflammatory products. These conclusions are in harmony with the observations of Tedeschi, above referred to.
THE REGENERATION OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Hall Winfield S. , Eubank Marion D.
Published: June 2004

a. The blood of apparently normal animals undergoes considerable variations within physiological limits.

b. After a loss of blood the regeneration is more rapid if there has been a transfusion of an artificial serum.

c. Regeneration after transfusion is less rapid during the first half of the regeneration period than during the second half.

d. The regenerative processes once stimulated into activity carry the blood, qualitatively, considerably beyond the established normal. (See Plate XXXIII.) Otto (2) observed a similar phenomenon.

e. The quantity of hæmoglobin per volume of red blood-corpuscles is not constant.

f. The volume of red blood-corpuscles varies as the product of the average volume of individual corpuscles and the number of corpuscles per unit volume. (V ∝ v x n).

g. When the number of the corpuscles increases the size decreases, and conversely, (n ∝½).

h. The quantity of hæmoglobin varies in general with the number of red blood-corpuscles per unit volume. (Hb. ∝ n).
THE IMMUNIZING POWER OF NUCLEOHISTON AND OF HISTON
Authors: Novy F. O.
Published: June 2004

The results obtained in the preceding experiments may be briefly summarized as follows:

1. Nucleohiston does not protect against a separate and subcutaneous injection of tetanus toxin, diphtheria toxin, hog-cholera bacillus, or anthrax bacillus.

2. Mixtures of nucleohiston and either tetanus toxin or diphtheria toxin lose their specific toxic action—the latter much more rapidly than the former. Animals that recover after inoculation of such mixtures are not rendered immune.

3. In a mixture of nucleohiston and anthrax bacillus the latter is unaffected, even after the lapse of eleven days.

4. The destruction of specific toxins in a solution of nucleohiston, though in part due to sodium carbonate, is probably chiefly due to the nucleohiston.

5. Histon does not protect against a separate and subcutaneous injection of tetanus toxin, diphtheria toxin, hog-cholera bacillus, or anthrax bacillus.

6. In a mixture of histon and diphtheria toxin the latter is destroyed in a few minutes. This action is in part, if not wholly, due to the acidity of the histon solution. Similar mixtures of closely related bodies, serum globulin or albumoses, in Witte's pepton, give analogous results. The animals that recover from such inoculations are not rendered immune. Histon does not destroy the tetanus toxin as readily as the diphtheria toxin.

7. Histon possesses decided and marked toxic properties which are not due to the hydrochloric acid present.
RIGOR MORTIS AND THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM SALTS UPON ITS DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Meltzer S. J. , Auer John
Published: June 2004

Calcium salts hasten and magnesium salts retard the development of rigor mortis, that is, when these salts are administered subcutaneously or intravenously.

When injected intra-arterially, concentrated solutions of both kinds of salts cause nearly an immediate onset of a strong stiffness of the muscles which is apparently a contraction, brought on by a stimulation caused by these salts and due to osmosis. This contraction, if strong, passes over without a relaxation into a real rigor. This form of rigor may be classed as work-rigor (Arbeitsstarre).

In animals, at least in frogs, with intact cords, the early contraction and the following rigor are stronger than in animals with destroyed cord.

If M/8 solutions—nearly equimolecular to "physiological" solutions of sodium chloride—are used, even when injected intra-arterially, calcium salts hasten and magnesium salts retard the onset of rigor.

The hastening and retardation in this case as well as in the cases of subcutaneous and intravenous injections, are ion effects and essentially due to the cations, calcium and magnesium.

In the rigor hastened by calcium the effects of the extensor muscles mostly prevail; in the rigor following magnesium injection, on the other hand, either the flexor muscles prevail or the muscles become stiff in the original position of the animal at death.

There seems to be no difference in the degree of stiffness in the final rigor, only the onset and development of the rigor is hastened in the case of the one salt and retarded in the other.

Calcium hastens also the development of heat rigor. No positive facts were obtained with regard to the effect of magnesium upon heat vigor.

Calcium also hastens and magnesium retards the onset of rigor in the left ventricle of the heart. No definite data were gathered with regard to the effects of these salts upon the right ventricle.
AN INQUIRY INTO SOME MECHANICAL FACTORS IN THE PRODUCTION OF LYMPHOCYTOSIS
Authors: Rous F. Peyton
Published: June 2004

1. The lymph of the thoracic duct furnishes to the blood a larger proportion than is usually supposed of the lymphocytes in circulation. Gross variations in its output of such cells must affect very considerably the blood picture.

2. The quantity of lymphocytes supplied through the thoracic duct of the healthy dog remains practically constant from hour to hour, if the physiological conditions are not notably changed. Transient change in physiological conditions may alter the output of cells, but with the disappearance of this change the output tends to resume its previous rate. These facts indicate that the tissues producing lymphocytes are "set" at a rate of activity definite in the individual.

3. Muscular activity (struggle) produces a prompt increase in the output of lymphocytes through the thoracic duct.

(a) This is assured by the presence of an increased number of cells per cubic millimeter of lymph, combined with an increase in the amount of lymph voided.

(b) The lymphocyte-output may be tripled or quadrupled during a long-continued struggle.

(c) Following prolonged struggle the output of lymphocytes is for a short time less than previous to the exertion.

4. The increased lymph-flow caused by a lymphagogue of the second class (glucose) brings with it increased output of lymphocytes through the thoracic duct.

(a) The individual cubic millimeters of lymph are often poor in cells, during the rapid lymph-flow, yet the total number of elements transported is large.

(b) The results with glucose support the theory of Ehrlich, that a rapidly appearing lymphocytosis may be produced through the flushing effect of increased lymph-flow.

5. A comparison of the effects of struggle with those of glucose demonstrates that in the former some factor besides increase in lymph-flow per se (Ehrlich) works to cause the large output of lymphocytes. The nature of this factor has not yet been determined.

6. The variations caused by muscular exertion and by increased lymph-flow in the number of lymphocytes coursing through the thoracic duct are so pronounced as to suggest that the total number of lymphocytes in circulation must be considerably influenced by them. Clinical findings by other observers indicate that this is true; and the clinical findings themselves become much simpler of interpretation.

7. The results in general prove the existence, reserved from circulation, of a large fund of lymphocytes, which is quickly yielded to the blood under certain physiological conditions.
STUDIES IN RESUSCITATION: I. THE GENERAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING RESUSCITATION, AND THE RESUSCITATION OF THE BLOOD AND OF THE HEART
Authors: Pike F. H. , Guthrie C. C. , Stewart G. N.
Published: June 2004

Our results may be briefly summarized:

1. Blood, when defibrinated, soon loses its power to maintain the activity of the higher nervous centers, and its nutritive properties for all tissues quickly diminish.

2. Artificial fluids, as a substitute for blood, are not satisfactory.

3. The proper oxygenation of the blood is an indispensable adjunct in the resuscitation of an animal.

4. The heart usually continues to beat for some minutes after it ceases to affect a mercury manometer, and resuscitation of it within this period by extra-thoracic massage and artificial respiration is sometimes successful.

5. Resuscitation of the heart by direct massage is the most certain method at our command.

6. A proper blood-pressure is an indispensable condition for the continued normal activity of the heart.

7. Anæsthetics, hemorrhage and induced currents applied to the heart render resuscitation more difficult than asphyxia alone.
THE HUMAN SPLEEN AS AN HÆMATOPLASTIC ORGAN, AS EXEMPLIFIED IN A CASE OF SPLENOMEGALY WITH SCLEROSIS OF THE BONE-MARROW
Authors: Donhauser J. L.
Published: June 2004

1. The nodules found in the spleen are islands of active hæmatoplastic tissue.

2. The bone-marrow, at least in the case which has been described, has been the primary focus of disease; some toxin has probably produced a chronic inflammatory change.

3. The bone-marrow, owing to its enormous sclerosis, has lost its hæmopoëtic powers totally or to a marked degree and the spleen has reverted to its fœtal power to form blood.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE OPHTHALMO-TUBERCULIN REACTION IN CATTLE
Authors: McCampbell Eugene F.
Published: June 2004

Our conclusions differ in a few points from those of our first work on this subject. We are able to sum up our observations in this series of experiments as follows:

1. The ophthalmo-tuberculin test is of limited value in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle. In some cases the reaction is very slight (hyperæmia). In others more pronounced congestion with profuse exudates are noted. Accuracy of observation is important. We are inclined to rely primarily on the results of the first instillation of tuberculin. Second instillations in a few instances elicit reaction in non-tubercular animals.

2. In the majority of animals tested the reaction increased in its intensity with each subsequent instillation of tuberculin. This fact indicates the development of a local hypersusceptibility or anaphylaxis associated with a partial immunity; von Pirquet calls this condition "allergie" (9).

3. It is possible in some cases to create a condition of "allergie" in healthy cattle, when spaced instillations of tuberculin are made. It is evident, therefore, that the result of the first instillation of tuberculin should be made the only basis of diagnosis. Rosenau and Anderson (II) have recently called attention to this point in regard to the human subject.

4. When repeated instillations of tuberculin are made on the conjunctiva at short intervals (twenty-four hours, etc.) a local immunity results (No. 3D et al.). If the instillations are separated two weeks or more anaphylaxis results.

5. We, therefore, hold that if tuberculin (0.1 cubic centimeter) is carefully instilled into the conjunctival sac and if careful comparison of the instilled eye with the opposite eye shows that a reaction of varying intensity results in from ten to twelve hours after the first instillation, a tubercular lesion is present.

6. In our first report (7) we were inclined to believe that subcutaneous tubercular injection given previous to the ocular test would slightly inhibit it. We have since become convinced that this is true only to a limited extent, and that in some cases the ophthalmo-reaction is exaggerated by a subcutaneous injection of tuberculin.

7. The primary ophthalmo-tuberculin reaction is in direct proportion to the extent of the tubercular processes in the body. The more extensive the tubercular processes, the more anaphylactic the animal is. This is in direct variance with the condition in the usual subcutaneous tuberculin test. (See Necropsy Report.)

8. We are inclined to believe that the ophthalmo-tuberculin test will reveal tuberculosis at as early a state as the usual subcutaneous test.

9. The ophthalmo-reaction is of no value in determining whether vaccinated cattle are actively tubercular or not, or in demonstrating any hypersusceptibility in the offspring of tubercular cattle.

10. The cutaneous test from our brief series of experiments does not seem to be as accurate as the ophthalmic test. This conclusion has been reached by several investigators.
ON THE EFFECT OF COMPLETE ANEMIA OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN DOGS RESUSCITATED AFTER RELATIVE DEATH
Authors: Crile George , Dolley David H.
Published: June 2004

To determine the limits of recovery after a total anemia of the central nervous system, a series of thirty dogs was killed by chloroform and resuscitated after varying times from three to fourteen minutes. Under five minutes the recovery of function was rapid and strikingly free from the after effects which characterized longer periods. Of seven animals between the periods of five and six and one-half minutes, only one died apparently as a direct result of the anemia, but of twelve between the periods of seven minutes and eight and one-half minutes, only one, after seven and one-half minutes recovered. The remaining dogs all died. Further corroborative data are drawn from the previously published paper on the technique of resuscitation.

Histological examination both of presumptive recoveries and fatal cases was made by ordinary methods and those of Nissl and Marchi. The neurocytes of the fatal cases uniformly presented the greatest change, not merely chromolytic but here and there definitely indicative of cell death. Marchi's method further supported these findings by proving the existence of fiber degeneration. Finally, showing the narrowness of the escape, the animal with best result in recovery, seven and one-half minutes in time, which at the end of four weeks had apparently entirely returned to a normal state, by the Marchi method had a degeneration of a number of fibers localized in the pyramidal fasciculi which were traced from the cord to the cortex, and in Flechsig's fasciculus, as well as a more sparsely scattered degeneration of both ascending and descending fibers elsewhere.
THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD IN RELATION TO (1) THE FUNCTIONAL SUFFICIENCY OF THE KIDNEYS; (2) PERITONITIS
Authors: Winternitz M. C.
Published: June 2004

1. The inhibiting action of urine on catalase depends to a great extent on its reaction. The urine of a nephritic has no greater inhibiting power than normal urine provided the reaction of urines tested is neutral.

2. The catalytic activity of a single rabbit's blood is constant from day to day.

3. There is considerable variation in the catalytic action of the blood of different rabbits.

4. Following ligation of the ureters the catalytic activity of the blood gradually decreases; the tissues of an animal which has died as a result of ligation of the ureters show a decided decrease in catalytic activity, when compared with those of normal animals.

5. Following bilateral nephrectomy the same decline of the catalytic action of the blood is observed as after bilateral ligation of ureters.

6. Following unilateral nephrectomy the catalytic activity of the blood may temporarily fall and then rise above its previous level, or it may fall continuously. Wherever the continuous fall occurs the animal dies.

7. When the kidneys are allowed to function but the urine is drained into the peritoneal cavity there is no change in the catalytic activity of the tissues post-mortem but a marked rise in the catalytic activity of the blood accompanies the resulting peritonitis.

8. The same rise in the catalytic activity of the blood is obtained in experimental bacterial peritonitis. This might be of diagnostic importance in determining early inflammations of the peritoneum.

9. A kidney functioning normally changes substances circulating in the blood into urinary products devoid of any influence on catalase. If the kidney cannot effect this change, these substances remain unaltered in the circulating blood and by their presence inhibit the catalytic activity of the blood and organs.

10. Nephritis (Uranium Nitrate).—A. In acute nephritis there is a marked decrease in the catalytic activity of the blood and of the tissues post-mortem. The decrease in the catalytic activity of the blood may vary directly with the amount of urine excreted.

B. With the onset of uræmia the catalytic activity of the blood decreases markedly and follows in a general way the urinary findings, especially the total amount of urine. If the animal recovers the catalase gradually rises.

C. Although the catalytic activity of a normal rabbit's blood is constant from day to day, the activity of blood from a rabbit in which an experimental nephritis has been produced oscillates markedly. The catalytic activity of the blood may under certain conditions indicate the functional sufficiency of the kidneys much more accurately than the urinary findings.
THE BORDET-GENGOU BACILLUS OF PERTUSSIS
Authors: Wollstein Martha
Published: June 2004

The bacillus of Bordet and Gengou is present in the sputum in early cases of pertussis, and in the lungs at autopsy in fatal cases of the disease. After the second week it is not present in the sputum in sufficiently large numbers to be readily isolated. The influenza bacillus is found at as early a stage of pertussis as is the Bordet-Gengou bacillus, and it persists in the sputum for a longer time. The agglutinins in the blood of pertussis patients are not more regular and not always higher for the Bordet-Gengou bacillus than for B. influenzæ. The two organisms are culturally distinct and their action on laboratory animals different. Complement deviation tests with the serum of immunized rabbits show a further difference in the immune bodies produced by the two varieties of bacilli. The negative results of the complement deviation tests with the patients' serum in this study, compared with the positive results of similar tests made by Bordet and Gengou, I am not able to account for.

This study has contributed support to the view that the Bordet-Gengou bacillus is the possible cause of pertussis, but it has not produced any distinctively new evidence of this relationship beyond the proof of the wide dissemination of the peculiar bacillus in nature and its occurrence in pertussis. A study of bronchial secretions in other acute diseases of the respiratory tract for the bacillus has not yet been extensively made and is called for. I shall hope to report on this phase of the subject at another time.
THE EFFECT OF CONDITIONS UPON THE LATENT PERIOD AND RATE OF ASEPTIC POST MORTEM AUTOLYSIS DURING THE FIRST TEN HOURS
Authors: Jackson Holmes C.
Published: June 2004

1. Under certain conditions, general autolysis does not begin immediately upon the removal of the organ from its circulation. This latent period is more apt to be present in those cases in which the tissues have been temporarily cooled on account of the use of a cold saline diluent or in which the percentage concentration of the inorganic salts (calcium or potassium), of the tissues have been changed by dilution with a sodium chloride solution. The presence of blood and absence of fats and of glycogen in the cells act as important factors in prolonging the latent period.

2. Attempts to produce an alkaline reaction (phenolphthalein) in the tissue resulted negatively. Solutions of disodium hydrogen phosphate and of sodium bicarbonate when added to the liver tissues gave a mixture which was acid to phenolphthalein and had no apparent effect upon autolysis.

3. The addition of antiseptics—chloroform and toluol—markedly decreased the rate of autolysis. Ordinary light produced no effect.

4. Ethyl butyrate when added to the tissue became hydrolysed into butyric acid; the formation of this acid in the mixture caused a decided acceleration in the autolytic rate. The acidity of a solution of dihydrogen sodium phosphate failed to produce a similar result.

5. The figures for the changes in the depression of the freezing-point, non-coaguable nitrogen and reaction of the autolytic mixture do not parallel one another. In some experiments a marked increase in the depression of the freezing-point was unaccompanied by augmentation of non-coagulable nitrogen.

6. General autolysis is the sum total of proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic factors. Each of these autolytic factors may proceed alone for a time; the rate of one is decidedly influenced by the presence or absence of the others. The acid products which are the result of amylolytic (lactic acid) and of lipolytic (higher fatty acids) autolysis, exert a pronounced augmentative effect upon the commencement and rate of nitrogenous autolysis.
THE RELATION OF PROTEIN, LIPOIDS AND SALTS TO THE WASSERMANN REACTION
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

1. The high value in respect to complement-binding exhibited by blood sera from syphilitics and spinal fluids from general paralytics is associated with an excessively high content of globulin, but there does not exist a direct quantitative relation between the two. Cases of secondary syphilis which have been under prolonged and proper medication do not exhibit the globulin increase and usually fail to give the Wassermann reaction. The active substances entering into the Wassermann reaction are precipitable with the globulin and chiefly with the euglobulin fraction of the fluids.

2. Temperatures of 70° to 76° C. destroy the active substances. Exposed to sunlight the active substances deteriorate slowly. A photodynamic substance such as eosin, under the direct influence of the sun, brings about their complete and rapid destruction. This effect does not occur in the dark. The active substances are subject to tryptic and peptic digestion and are destroyed by weak acids and alkalies.

3. The active substances in the blood sera and spinal fluids cannot be separated from them or from the globulin precipitate by alcohol.

4. There are contained in the alcoholic extracts of normal and syphilitic blood and organs certain acetone-soluble lipoids which possess high antigenic values for the Wasserman reaction. Cholesterin is inactive and the bile salts less active than the lipoidal bodies.

5. Sodium cholate is about as active as sodium taurocholate and glycocholate, but neurin and cholin are inactive.