bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catégories populaires et catégories scientifiques. Le cas des oléagineux en Éthiopie ; Popular and scientific classifications of oil seeds in Central Ethiopia.
Authors: Chouvin Elisabeth
Published: September 2009

Résumé : Les oléagineux de l'Ethiopie Centrale du bord de la dépression du Rift constituent un sujet d'étude ethnobotanique d'importance compte tenu de leur grande diversité (19 espèces et de nombreuses variétés) et des valeurs économiques et sociales très fortes qui leurs sont associées. Dans le souci de définir précisément un objet d'étude pertinent pour les scientifiques et les populations locales, cet article montre que la catégorie plantes à huile des scientifiques (botanistes, agronomes...) ne se retrouve pas dans le système taxinomique élaboré et utilisé par les populations locales. Celles-ci distinguent en particulier les plantes dont les graines «sont grasses» (qebat nà'w) et celles dont les graines «contiennent du gras» (qebat allâw). Cette nomenclature renvoie à des usages et des représentations culturelles et intègrent des transformations variées sur le plan social, économique et politique.
The coronation of Nägus Mikael in Desse in May 1914: a photograph from the Nachlass Jensen and its historical background
Authors: Smidt Wolbert G.C.
Published: September 2009

FRE: Ethiopie! Allemagne! Ménélik! nàgus Mikael! lej Iyasu! Choa! Wâllo! Islam! Histoire.
La tempête de la guerre [Remarques sur l'heure et le lieu du combat dans l'Iliade]
Authors: Bouvier David
Published: September 2009

La tempête de la guerre (pp. 237-257)

A l'heure de la guerre, dans le ciel de l'Iliade, éclairs, vents, nuages et brumes n'obéissent plus à la logique du temps des saisons mais sont impliqués par les mouvements de la bataille, une bataille qui se déroule sur un champ clos, poussiéreux et singulièrement désertique. S'intéressant à la façon dont le phénomène de la guerre est pensé dans l'Iliade, cette étude considère plus particulièrement le fait que, dans un lieu qui est apparemment vide de toutenature, les héros qui combattent se trouvent constamment comparés à des vents tempétueux et des fleuves déchaînés ravageant terres, forêts et villes. Reléguée dans les comparaisons, mais rappelée tout au long du poème, la description d'une tempête bouleversant l'ordre du monde annonce la fureur du Scamandre lorsqu'Achille, dans l'excès de sa colère, portera le combat au dehors des limites du champ de bataille.
Le rite de passage du Ploutos d'Aristophane
Authors: Paradiso Annalisa
Published: September 2009

Le rite de passage du Ploutos d'Aristophane (pp. 249-267)

Chrémyle, citoyen athénien pieux et honnête mais pauvre va à Delphes interroger le dieu. Pour changer sa situation, Apollon lui conseille de marcher sur les traces du premier homme rencontré dans la rue. Chrémyle rencontre un aveugle et le suit jusqu'à sa maison. Il s'agit de Ploutos, dieu de la richesse qui, en tant qu'aveugle, ne peut pas être agrégé à demeurer au foyer de Chrémyle, car il ne le voit pas, donc il ne sait pas s'il est honnête ou non. Au préalable, donc, Ploutos doit recouvrer la vue: c'est pour cela que Chrémyle et son ami Blepsidème amènent le dieu au temple d'Asclépios. Ainsi, après avoir recouvré la vue pendant une incubation dans Xadyton du temple, Ploutos peut être agrégé au foyer de Chrémyle à travers l'aspersion des καταχύσματα. A la fin de la comédie, Ploutos est installé dans le temple d'Athéna Poliade sur l'Acropole, où se trouvait le dépôt du Trésor public. Il n'y a pas contradiction entre l'agrégation de Ploutos à un foyer et son installation dans le Trésor public, incarnation du Foyer Commun de la cité.
Images de divinités tenant une phiale ou patère [La libation comme "rite de passage" et non pas offrande]
Authors: Veyne Paul
Published: September 2009

Images de divinités tenant une phiale ou patère (pp. 17-29)

Les images grecques et romaines de divinités qui tiennent une phiale ou patère (les opfernde Götter d'Erika Simon), fréquentes surtout dans les arts mineurs, ne représentent pas un sacrifice: jamais le dieu n'offre sa libation à quelque destinataire que ce soit; au surplus, il fait moins une libation qu'il ne tient une phiale à la façon d'un attribut et le sens de cet attribut passe-partout est de le désigner comme sacré, à la manière d'une auréole dans l'iconographie chrétienne. En somme, la phiale est l'équivalent iconique de l'objet «saint». Cette dégradation de la libation en geste ou attribut paradoxalement prêté à un dieu a été possible parce que la libation est moins une offrande qu'un rite de passage, marquant la frontière du divin où résident les dieux et où pénètrent les fidèles (Nilsson; Burkert).
Asses and rams : dionysiac release in Aristophanes' wasps and attic vase-painting
Authors: Davies Mark I
Published: September 2009

Asses and Rams: dionysiac release in Aristophanes' Wasps andattic vasepainting (pp. 169-183)

Au début des Guêpes d'Aristophane (422 av J.-C), Philocléon a été emprisonné par son fils Bdélycléon, qui veut l'empêcher de satisfaire sa passion pour le Tribunal de la Cité. Pour réaliser son évasion Philocléon essaie vainement de s'échapper en se cachant sous un âne comme Ulysse qui, dans l'Odyssée, s'est servi d'un bélier pour s'enfuir de la caverne du Cyclope Polyphème. On a voulu suggérer ici que cette scène s'inspire d'un drame satyrique (ou d'une comédie) dont le sujet aurait été la libération d'un satyre, ou d'un autre dévot de Dionysos, au moyen d'un âne. Le thème de la libération dionysiaque, central dans l'action et dans les images de la pièce d'Aristophane, peut être rapproché de plusieurs peintures de vases attiques à figures rouges, ainsi que de rhyton plastiques associant une demi-tête de bélier à une demi-tête d'âne. On souligne ici les similarités de ces animaux plutôt que leur opposition dans le monde grec.
The spell of Orpheus [Orpheus and the orphic religious movement]
Authors: Christopoulos Menelaos
Published: September 2009

The Spell of Orpheus (pp. 205-222)

L'article traite de certains aspects du mythe d'Orphée et de l'orphisme. Il est question de l'aspect 'anti-héroïque' d'Orphée par rapport à l'expédition argonautique, de certaines valeurs relatives à la descente aux enfers, en particulier celles d'Ulysse et d'Orphée, du concept de 'voir' à travers l'ouïe, du rôle de la musique, du rôle de Dionysos et, enfin, de la signification sociale de certains traits des doctrines orphiques, à savoir la revendication d'une liberté individuelle face aux contraintes de la citoyenneté, l'idée de la blancheur et la conception d'un temps civique à travers le thème mythique de l'enfance.
La fable des poissons de Cyrus (Hérodote, I, 141) [Son origine et sa fonction dans l'économie des Histoires d'Hérodote]
Authors: Ceccarelli Paola
Published: September 2009

La fable des poissons de Cyrus (Hérodote, 1, 141): son origine et sa fonction dans l'économie des Histoires (pp. 29-57)

L'auteur se propose d'évaluer le rapport entre l'organisation narrative des Histoires et le "réel" tel qu'il a pu se présenter à Hérodote , en prenant comme point de départ un segment précis du texte, l'apologue adressé par Cyrus aux Ioniens (Hérodote, 1, 141). Une réponse à la question de l'existence de référents historiques est apportée par la présence d'éléments parallèles, aussi bien dans la tradition grecque que dans la tradition perse. D'autre part, une analyse interne au texte, soulignant le rôle de l'apologue de Cyrus dans la structure générale des Histoires, permet de donner un sens au choix d'Hérodote d'insérer justement cet apologue, sous cette forme, dans sa narration.
Astenersi dall 'Agora [Analogie istituzionali tra Tebe e Sparta]
Authors: Lupi Marcello
Published: September 2009

Astenersi dall'agorà (pp. 69-82)

L'interprétation de la loi thébaine, qui imposait à ceux qui voulaient accéder aux magistratures de se tenir pendant dix ans à l'écart de l'agora et des activités qui y avaient lieu, peut tirer profit de l'analyse d'une règle en vigueur à Sparte qui interdisait à quiconque n'avait pas encore trente ans de descendre dans l'agora. Sur la base de la comparaison entre des deux lois, cet article se propose de montrer que le statut des jeunes gens entre vingt et trente ans constituait le paradigme d'une condition civique caractérisée par l'interdiction d'accéder aux magistratures, et que l'aristocratie thébaine se servit de ce paradigme quand elle dut admettre parmi les citoyens de plein droit les nouveaux riches provenants des activités artisanales et commerciales, auxquels elle demandait, précisément, de s'abstenir pendant dix ans de l'agora.
Les temps d'une vie. Sparte, une société à classe d'âge
Authors: Christien-Tregaro Jacqueline
Published: September 2009

Les temps d'une vie (pp. 45-79)

En reprenant le dossier des sources disponibles sur le système d'éducation Spartiate par classes d'âge, en les restituant très précisément à leurs contextes respectifs et en définissant au plus près leur portée; en faisant également le point sur la bibliographie du sujet qu'elle commente minutieusement, cette étude s'efforce de montrer que c'est l'ensemble de l'élite Spartiate des «Semblables» et non pas seulement la jeunesse de ce groupe qui parcourt les étapes de l'agôgê. Elle établit aussi que, loin de constituer, dans le monde grec, une enclave hermétiquement close sur elle-même, Sparte a, de ce point de vue, servi de modèle au développement de l'éducation dans le monde hellénistique et que, loin d'être imputable au soi disant «archaïsme» de cette cité, les traits les plus étranges de son système de formation relèvent des événements d'une période plus récente de son histoire.
Kalé : le féminin facultatif
Authors: Frontisi-Ducroux Françoise
Published: September 2009

Kale : le féminin facultatif (pp. 173-187)

Y a-t-il, sur les peintures de vases, une contrepartie féminine de l'inscription kalos ? On étudie les différents cas de figures où apparaît l'adjectif kale, isolé ou employé comme épithète ou attribut, en relation avec le contexte iconique ou apparemment autonome. On constate que si les connotations erotiques sont analogues la symétrie entre masculin et féminin est loin d'être effective.
«Night and day,...» : Parmenides
Authors: Benardete Seth
Published: September 2009

«Night and day, ...»: Parmenides (pp. 193-225)

À partir du paradoxe inhérent à la quête de soi-même dans la poésie de Parménide - suivre les paroles de la déesse, être divinement guidé ou rechercher la voie de la vérité - l'auteur développe tout particulièrement une réflexion sur le chemin de la déesse.
L'Alcibiade de Thucydide et de Xénophon
Authors: Giraud J.M.
Published: September 2009

L'Alcibiade de Thucydide et de Xénophon (pp. 383-400)

Xénophon et Thucydide écrivent tous deux l'histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse. Ils veulent expliquer les causes de la défaite athénienne. Tous deux font d'Alcibiade un personnage de premier plan, très politique dans Thucydide, chef de guerre dans Xénophon. Au-delà de cette différence, les deux historiens font plutôt l'histoire d'une cité et d'un système politique que celui des grands hommes d'Athènes. Le personnage d'Alcibiade est le symptôme d'une crise morale ou sociale provoquée par le pouvoir excessif abandonné à la foule des citoyens. Xénophon est fasciné par le faste aristocratique d'Alcibiade, bien que l'image donnée soit globalement négative, puisque le chef de guerre ne parvient pas à redresser la situation militaire, victime d'un dysfonctionnement de l'Assemblée athénienne qui ruine sa propre patrie.
Quatre inscriptions sabéennes provenant d'un temple de Dhu-Samawi
Authors: Bron François
Published: September 2009

Publication of four bronze plates coming from a temple of the god dhu-Samawi, situated in the wadi Shudayf, to the north of the Jawf (Yemen). One is a commonplace dedication to the god, but the three others are penitential texts of the kind studied by J. Ryckmans. In two of them, the dedi- cant confesses to having contravened the rules of ritual purity. The last one is partly broken and seems to mention a pilgrimage.
Antioche sur l'Oronte, métropole de l'Asie
Authors: Will Ernest
Published: September 2009

The Ancients held up Antioch as one of the very great cities of the world. But is this consistent with the facts ? Although written documentation cannot be easily reconciled with archaeological findings, one can infer the structure of the city by its adjacent boroughs, enclosed by Tiberius' city walls. This was before the reconstruction that followed the earthquake in 116 and gave the city its Roman character. With almost 500 ha intra muros in addition to some very large suburbs (Daphne is 10 km away from the city centre), Antioch must have been home to 160,000 inhabitants at the very least during the 4th century and probably more than double that number, for whom provisioning should not have been a problem, except when particular crises occured. These figures certify that Antioch was indeed one of the largest four or five cities of the ancient world.
Une église byzantine découverte à Anâne (Liban Sud)
Authors: Alpi Frédéric , Kowalski Slawomir , Waliszewski Tomasz
Published: September 2009

In 1995, the remaining mosaic pavements of a Byzantine church were discovered in Anane (occupied southern Lebanon), now fortunately preserved in Saida's Greek- Catholic cathedral. We can guess through their study, along with some photographs taken on the site itself, that this church was a quite typical basilica, with a narthex leading to the three naves building. A dedicatory inscription gives the names of John, a priest and Damianos, a deacon — while their bishop's is missing; the year is 651 [AD 541]. By the main threshold, a monogram-cross reads Light, Life. The mosaics show mostly geometrical patterns and motives, but in the central nave birds, fruits, ducks and jars alternate on the carpet. Parallels are to be found in the area, especially along the Phoenician coast (Zahrani, Khalde-Shuefat, Khan Khalde).
Un nouveau reliquaire africain et l'évéché Midilensis (Notes d'archéologie chrétienne nord-africaine XXV)
Authors: Duval Noël , Saxer Victor
Published: September 2009

The exact expanse of the Vandalic kingdom and the Byzantine reconquest, especially in the south of Numidia, on the edge of the desert where the Romans have established their limes, have been the subject of discussion since the 19th century.

We only have a few clues: typology of the fortifications; some evidence in the epigraphy and documents (ostraka and hand-written tablets); sees of the bishops taking part in the meetings of Carthage; lists of the towns or forts that are rebuilt by Justinien, one of which could refer to M'dila (= Midili) where a fort does exist.

The typology of the citadel together with the mention of a bishop of Midili in 484 made us believe that the site (at the north west of Negrine) could have been put under Vandalic domination and actually fortified by the Byzantines.

The discovery of an inscribed reliquary apparently dating from the 6th century confirms this possibility and proves P. Trousset right in admitting the permanence of the limes at the Byzantine period.
L'apport français au développement de la préhistoire du Levant (1960-1997)
Authors: Aurenche O.
Published: September 2009

The paper relates the history of French Prehistory in the

Levant from the sixties to the present day and emphasizes

the specific contribution of the French school of

Prehistory in this field of research.
La troisième muraille antique de la "Colline Occidentale" de Jérusalem
Authors: Laperrousaz E.-M.
Published: September 2009

Thanks to archaeological excavations led by the English, then by the Israelis, in the sector of the 'Door of Damascus' in Jerusalem, the layout of the antique 'Third Wall' of the 'occidental hill' of this city appears more clearly.
Le relief néo-babylonien à Sela' près de Tafileh : interprétation historique
Authors: Zayadine Fawzi
Published: September 2009

At Al-Sela', 3km north of Buseirah, carved on the eastern cliff of the mountain, a sculptured relief represents a standing monarch, facing right and clad in a long robe and crowned with a conical pointed cap. A badly eroded cuneiform inscription is incised to the right. According to specialists, the cuneiform signs are Babylonian, not Assyrian. It is highly probable that the king is Nabonidus, who invaded the land of Edom in 552 BC, on his way to Tayma in north eastern Hidjaz.
Etude des monuments mégalithiques de Mengez (Liban) d'après les carnets de fouilles du R.P.Tallon (1959-1969)
Authors: Steimer-Herbet Tara
Published: September 2009

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Aphraate, le "Sage Persan" : la première historiographie syriaque
Authors: Inglebert Hervé
Published: September 2009

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Un pic de creusement du grès d'époque nabatéenne à Pétra
Authors: Bessac Jean-Claude
Published: September 2009

The 1999 Petra season was dedicated to the study of sandstone carving techniques. During the work, a complete and very well preserved iron pick (today in the Petra Museum) was discovered inside the so-called unfinished tomb (Brunnow n° 396), on the eastern flank of Al-Habïs. The tool was probably forgotten by one of the workmen when the tomb was abandoned, early in the building process. It is 32,6 cm long, double-pointed and would have had a wooden handle. It was used by the Nabataean masons in the initial phase of excavation of the chambers and was probably not suitable for work in the quarries.
An early arabic inscription from Petra carrying diacritic marks
Authors: Al-Ghul Omar
Published: September 2009

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Test-Retest Reliability of Patient Global Assessment and Physician Global Assessment in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: ROHEKAR GINA , POPE JANET
Published: September 2009

Objective.

As a guide to treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), physicians use measurement tools to quantify disease activity. The Patient Global Assessment (PGA) asks a patient to rate on a scale how they feel overall. The Physician Global Assessment (MDGA) is a similar item completed by the assessing physician. Both these measures are frequently incorporated into other indices. We studied reliability characteristics for global assessments and compared test-retest reliability of both the PGA and the MDGA, as well as other commonly used measures in RA.

Methods.

We studied 122 patients with RA age 17 years or older. Patients who received steroid injection or change in steroid dose at the visit were excluded. Patients completed the HAQ, PGA, visual analog scale for pain (VAS Pain), VAS Fatigue, and VAS Sleep. After seeing their physician, they received another questionnaire to complete within 2 days at the same time of day as clinic visit. Physicians completed the MDGA at the time of the patient’s appointment and at the end of their clinic day. Test-retest results were assessed using intraclass correlations (ICC). “Substantial” reliability is between 0.61–0.80 and “almost perfect” > 0.80.

Results.

Four rheumatologists and 146 patients participated, with 122 questionnaires returned (response rate 83.6%). Test-retest reliability was 0.702 for PGA, 0.961 for MDGA, and 0.897 for HAQ; VAS results were 0.742 for Pain, 0.741 for Fatigue, and 0.800 for Sleep. The correlation between PGA and MDGA was −0.172.

Conclusion.

PGA, MDGA, HAQ, and VAS Pain, VAS Fatigue, and VAS Sleep all showed good to excellent test-retest reliability in RA. MDGA was more reliable than PGA. The correlation between PGA and MDGA was poor.
BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF INTERBODY AND POSTEROLATERAL FUSION WITH TRANSPEDICULAR SCREW FIXATION FOR SPONDYLOLISTHESIS: A FINITE ELEMENT STUDY
Authors: Liu Heng-Liang , Sun Ming-Tsung , Lin Chun-Li , Cheng Hsin-Yi , Wei Kou-Chen , Su Wen-Kai
Published: September 2009

This study investigates and compares the mechanical response of interbody and posterolateral fusion along with the transpedicular screw fixation for the degenerative spondylolisthesis under different load conditions using finite element (FE) analysis. Image processing, computer aided design (CAD), and computer aided engineering techniques were applied to build a three-dimensional model of a functional spinal unit (L4–L5) with transpedicular screw fixation for the posterolateral fusion FE model. Additionally, the intervertebral disc was replaced by two cages to represent the interbody fusion FE model. A unit moment of 1 Nm was applied on the top of L4 in different directions to simulate the flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, respectively. The lower of L5 was fixed in all directions for constraint. The simulated results revealed that using cages obviously decreased (13%–58%) the stress imposed upon the instrumentations. The stress concentration occurred at the locking nut on the transpedicular screw head, the middle part of the bone plate, and the thread of transpedicular screw near the head. These findings were comparable to clinical observations. With the limited data, our results suggested interbody fusion in combination with transpedicular screw fixation demonstrated less stress on the instrumentations than the posterolateral fusion with only transpedicular screw fixation.
STUDY OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DIAMETER–PEAK STRESS RELATIONSHIP BEFORE AND AFTER VALVE REPLACEMENT OPERATION FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC AORTIC REGURGITATION
Authors: Yu Hsi-Yu , Wang Jaw-Lin
Published: September 2009

Background: Patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) usually have dilated left ventricle due to volume overload. Some of them will reduce in size after elimination of regurgitation, but others not. The present study evaluated the hypothesis that left ventricle end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricle end-systolic diameter (LVESD) are related to left ventricle's peak stress (σ) both before and after operation.

Methods: Sixty-eight patients with chronic aortic regurgitation receiving valve replacement were included in the study. LVEDD, LVESD, and σ were determined by echocardiography and cuff sphygmomanometer measurement before and beyond 6 months after operation.

Results: The results showed that LVEDD, LVESD, and σ were decreased after the operation. In addition, σ and LVEDD had good linear correlation (for pre-operative data, σ = -3.02 + 0.286* LVEDD , R = 0.556, P < 0.001; for post-operative data, σ = -11.4 + 0.474* LVEDD , R = 0.736, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: LVEDD and σ had a linear relationship before and after valve replacement operation for AR patients. The higher slope in linear regression equation for post-operative σ–LVEDD relationship than that for pre-operative data may indicate improved myocardial contractile efficiency after the operation.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL NETWORK TO CONTROL FROM AFAR: THE PREMATURE INFANT INCUBATOR'S STATES
Authors: Bouteraa Yassine , Ouali Mohamed , Derbel Nabil
Published: September 2009

The objective of this work consists in achieving an industrial pediatric incubator network. The realization requires a general survey of different industrial networks regarding some point of view such as the protocol, the topology, the transmission support, and some technical and strategic criteria to be fulfilled.

After this survey, a microcontroller network is achieved. The type of the structure network is the master/slave organized by bus. The used protocol for the communication is the RS485 in half duplex which limits the number of the slaves to only 32. The management of communications on the network is achieved by the master who uses the dialogue method of question/answer. Messages sent by the slaves are always destined only to the master. There is not a direct dialogue between the slaves. This property permits to guarantee the absence of collisions. The user is joined to the master through a link RS232. This link permits to know any slave's state.
RELATIONS OF ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC MODULI TO DENSITY AND CT NUMBER IN BOVINE CORTICAL BONE
Authors: Hsu Jui-Ting , Tsai Ming-Tzu , Huang Heng-Li
Published: September 2009

It would be useful to be able to determine the mechanical properties of bone using a noninvasive technique such as computed tomography (CT). However, in contrast to cancellous bone tissue, quantifying the elastic modulus of cortical bone from bone density and CT number has not been investigated extensively. This study measured the elastic moduli of cortical bone from eight bovine femora in the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial directions using mechanical compressive testing. Before testing, the CT number and wet apparent bone density were obtained. The experimentally determined coefficient of determination between CT number and bone density was around 0.6. Bone density was a good predictor of the elastic modulus of cortical bone in the longitudinal direction (r2 > 0.79), but it could not be used to predict the elastic moduli in the circumferential (r2 < 0.4) and radial (r2 < 0.22) directions. The coefficient of determination between CT number and the elastic modulus in the longitudinal direction was higher than 0.41. However, the correlations between CT number and elastic moduli were weak in the circumferential (r2 < 0.21) and radial (r2 < 0.19) directions. Moreover, the elastic modulus was much higher in the longitudinal direction than the circumferential and radial directions, and hence cortical bone can be considered a transversely isotropic property.
EDUCATION SYSTEM INTEGRATION IN CROSS-DISCIPLINARY WITH COLLEGES — VIRTUAL BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENT (VBI) FOR EXAMPLE
Authors: Hsiao Tzu-Chien , Chang Chia-Chi , Liu Chien-Sheng , Lin Chii-Wann , Wang Chih-Yu , Lin Jiun-Hung , Chen Shih-Chung , Tang Shih-Tsang , Lee Chih-Kung , Hsu Su-Ming , Chang Hsin-Hao
Published: September 2009

Due to the rapid development of computer science, software, and biomedical engineering, many clinical diagnosis instruments and control system improved accordingly. The minimization and practicality of sensors, as well as the efficiency and stability of computers make simulation control system in medical instruments become the most important part of developing items. The relevant subject of course, virtual biomedical instrumentations (VBI), which combined with computer science, electrical engineering, and medical science, has become a major developing course in biomedical education.

Cross-disciplinary research needs experts in different areas and most cross-disciplinary schools cannot afford it. So it requires integration and cooperation between schools. To address this issue, a graduated course has been designed to provide an opportunity for all professions in each field to discuss and share their resources on an e-learning platform.

With the progress of the project, VBI course integrates biomedical education resources from north to south colleges to reduce the request of manpower for cross-disciplinary course of biomedical. In addition, VBI courses initiate the cooperation between academic community and industry.
ELBOW LOAD DURING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BENCH-PRESS EXERCISE
Authors: Chou Pei-Hsi , Lou Shu-Zon , Chen Shen-Kai , Chen Hsin-Chieh , Hsia Tzu-Hsiang , Liao Teh-Lu , Chou You-Li
Published: September 2009

The bench press is one of the most popular weight training open-kinetic chain exercise (OKCE) for the upper extremity. Reviewing the literature, there is a very little research regarding the biomechanical analysis of the OKCE of the upper extremity. The purpose of this study is to develop an OKCE testing model of the upper extremity by using the 3D Motion Analysis System. Furthermore, elbow joint loading of two different hand grip position during the bench-press exercise will be investigated.

Thirteen male students volunteered for the study. Their average age was 26.1 years, with an average height of 170.6 cm, and an average weight of 70.3 kg. With both hands in neutral position, each subject was asked to perform bench-press type 1 (normal shoulder width), and bench-press type 2 (150% shoulder width).

During the type 2 bench-press exercise, there is a significant increase in anterior–posterior and medial–lateral force on the elbow joint loading than the type 1 bench-press exercise. The valgus–varus, flexion–extension moment, and supination–pronation moment of the type 2 bench-press exercise are also greater than the type 1 bench-press exercise.

As shown in this study, keeping the distance of both hand grips as shoulder width may reduce the elbow joint loading during bench-press exercise. These data will provide helpful information in clinical rehabilitation and treatment of the upper-extremity injures.
MICROFLUIDIC PATTERNING ENGRAVED BY THE DIRECT-WRITE CO2 LASER MICROMACHINING FOR CELL COCULTURE
Authors: Wang De-Yao , Huang Yi-You
Published: September 2009

Cells respond dynamically to their microenvironment with biochemical, mechanical, and topological cues. Microfluidic patterned cells and biological molecules are promising methods for evaluating the interactions among cells, signals, and substrates. In this study, direct-write CO 2 laser micromachining to engrave microchannels onto polydimethylsiloxane using 60% laser power from 12 W resource is introduced. The microfluidic channels are applied to pattern NIH 3T3 cell fibroblasts, neuron cells from the brain tissue of embryonic mice and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from mice expressing a green fluorescent protein. The patterned cells are organized at a width of 500 μm and separated by a width of 600 μm. MSCs and neuron cells were microfluidic patterned and cocultured at the same time to provide access for evaluating transdifferentiated MSCs after coculture with neuron cells. We study microfluidic patterned cells with laser engraved channels to evaluate the migration of proliferated cells, cross-talk between adjacent cells, induction from secreted factors, and documented the plasticity of cell behavior on the well-defined boundaries of seeded cells.
FUZZY PAIN DEMAND INDEX FROM AN i-PAIN SYSTEM FOR ASSESSMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN VIA PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA USING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS AND COMBINATION DRUGS
Authors: Shieh Jiann-Shing , Dai Chun-Yi , Wen Yeong-Ray , Lin Tzu-Yu , Sun Wei-Zen
Published: September 2009

In our previous study, a novel fuzzy pain demand (FPD) derived from the interval of each bolus of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) according to a fuzzy modeling algorithm can show the patients' dynamic demand and past efforts to overcome the postoperative pain. Hence, this study investigated whether FPD index can distinguish the analgesic efficacy using different amounts and combination drugs. Six hundred and seventy-nine patients with upper and lower abdominal, spinal, and extremity procedures receiving intravenous PCA were compared between morphine (1 mg/ml) alone and a combination of morphine (1 mg/ml) and ketorolac (1.2 mg/ml) in the postoperative setting of pain management. Moreover, we also compared the effect of dosage (1 ml versus 2 ml per delivery). The conventional parameters, standard mean drug consumption (MDC), demand/delivery ratio (D/D ratio), and clinical observation pain using the visual analog scale (VAS) measured at rest and during movements, were compared with the FPD index. The FPD index demonstrated a better sensitivity than the D/D ratio in the morphine and ketorolac combination group than morphine alone, regardless of the dosage (1 versus 2 ml per delivery). Moreover, it also demonstrated a better sensitivity than the MDC at 1 ml per delivery but similar results at 2 ml per delivery. However, when the FPD index is compared with the VAS score in terms of most pain and rest pain, there is no any relationship between these two parameters' pattern. This result indicates that the FPD index can only assess the intensity of pain better than the D/D ratio and MDC but it cannot replace the VAS which is not entirely determined by the nociceptive stimuli but rather as a result of both sensory-discriminative and emotional-cognitive components of patient's suffering.
MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE LABELING OF CULTURED CANCER CELL LINE WITHOUT TRANSFECTION AGENT
Authors: Hsiao Jong-Kai , Yang Chung-Yi , Wang Yiao-Hong , Lu Chen-Wen , Uttam Borade Prajakta , Liu Hon-Man , Wang Jaw-Lin
Published: September 2009

Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) labeling of stem cell has been proved its efficacy for cell trafficking. Most of the labeling technique requires mixture of iron oxide nanoparticles and transfection agent. Stem cells with ionic MNP without the aid of transfection agent were labeled previously. The possibility of high efficiency labeling of cultured cancer cell, HeLa cell, by using ionic MNP is proposed. The labeled cell morphology was observed and the intracellular iron content was determined by spectrophotometry. The cell character change was evaluated by flow cytometry where front scattering count and side scattering count (SSC) were recorded. The imaging ability of the labeling method was determined by T2 weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Labeled MNPs were accumulated at cytoplasm is observed and the iron content of labeled cell could reach 27 pg/cell. There is no cell diameter change but the cell granularity increased according to SSC data from flow cytometry. Under clinical 1.5T MR imaging, we could detect labeled cells easily were detected at the cell number of 1 × 105. It is concluded that labeling of cancer cell with ionic MNPs without transfection agent is an efficient labeling method which will provide non-invasive imaging method for monitoring cancer behavior.
THE IMPACT OF FACTOR TE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF T1 RELAXIVITY
Authors: Jao Jo-Chi , Chen Po-Chou , Ting Yun-Ni , Hsiao Chia-Chi , Pan Huay-Ben
Published: September 2009

Relaxivity is a very important indicator to evaluate the signal enhancement caused by MRI contrast agents. Many factors can affect the relaxivity values. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of factor TE in the curve-fitting equation for T1 measurements. A spin echo pulse sequence was used as the scanning method. The relaxivity of Gd -DTPA doped saline at a 1.5 T MR scanner was under investigation. Gd -DTPA is the most widely used MRI contrast agent nowadays. In this study, both computer simulations and phantom studies were performed. T1 values were calculated by using both spin echo MR signal equations: one with the TE factor included and the other with the TE factor omitted. Then, the relaxivity values obtained from these two sets of T1 values would be compiled and compared. The results show that the T1 values are longer and the relaxivity is smaller when the factor TE is omitted from the curve-fitting equation. Therefore, it is more desirable to keep the factor TE in the curve-fitting equation to obtain more accurate relaxivity values.
COMPARISON OF PLGA, PCL, AND CHITOSAN IN SALIVARY GLAND BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS
Authors: Yang Tsung-Lin , Hsiao Ya-Chuan , Young Tai-Horng
Published: September 2009

Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental morphogenetic process in generating glandular tissues. Although the mechanism of branching morphogenesis has been well-explored in the salivary gland development, its interaction with different biodegradable materials has never been investigated. For the purpose of salivary gland regeneration, recapitulation of morphogenetic processes on biodegradable materials might be requisite. Toward this aim, biodegradable biomaterials including poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), and chitosan were examined in the submandibular gland (SMG) culture systems to elucidate their possible impact on salivary morphogenesis. It was found that when SMG explants were cultured on PLGA and PCL, the explants failed to form well-developed branching phenotypes with limited cell migration (5.6 ± 8.8 μm; 10.0 ± 14.1 μm) and decreasing cell viability (56.9% ± 12.5%; 50.3% ± 8.1%). On the contrary, explants cultured on chitosan showed well-developed branches, which were superior in number to those on the control substrata, without any alteration of the morphogenetic phenotypes. Furthermore, the increased cell migration (267.8 ± 45.2 μm) and explants viability (146.8% ± 18.4%) along with the greater deposition of type III collagen, altogether account for better SMG morphogenesis on chitosan. According to the results, it was found that branching morphogenesis of SMG was affected by different biodegradable materials. Chitosan might be an appropriate biodegradable material for salivary morphogenesis, and has applicable potential in the regeneration of salivary tissue.
COMPARISON OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTICAL RESPONSES TO FOREPAW STIMULATION
Authors: Liao Chia-Chi , Yen Chen-Tung
Published: September 2009

Two cortical regions, primary somatosensory (S1) and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), are engaged in coding somatosensory information in all mammals. Although the role of S1 has been extensively reported, the anatomical and functional knowledge for S2 remained to be determined. Our aim was to investigate how S2 participates in information processing by comparing with corresponding S1 region. Ensemble neuronal activities of S1 and S2 forepaw regions were obtained by multiple-channel multiple single-unit recording method, and electrical stimulations of various intensities were applied to the forepaw. Several similarities between stimulation-evoked S2 and S1 neuronal responses were found. First, S2 neurons' activations were with similar onset and peak latencies in comparison with those of the S1 neurons at all intensities tested. Second, S2 and S1 neurons showed statistically indistinguishable half maximum duration. In addition, neurons in both areas responded to electrical stimulation with similar response magnitude. Finally, the response magnitude of S2 and S1 neurons showed comparable variation with increasing stimulation intensity. This similarity in response patterns between S1 and S2 neurons to peripheral stimulation suggested that S2 and S1 shared comparable hierarchy in anatomical and functional aspects in the somatosensory system.
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS OF CHONDROCYTES IN FIBRIN GLUE WITH GHC6S PARTICLES
Authors: Chou Cheng-Hung , Kuo Tzong-Fu , Lin Chien-Cheng , Tsai Jui-Che , Lin Feng-Huei
Published: September 2009

Articular cartilage provides functions of lubrication to shear stress and protection from compressive force, but it has poor ability to repair itself after suffering damage. The advanced method of tissue engineering is developed and used to maintain cell functions for tissue regeneration. In order to improve the ECM synthesis for the regeneration, many materials have been examined on chondrocytes or other cell sources. In this study, fibrinogen was concentrated from plasma cryoprecipitation and then polymerized by thrombin into fibrin. Gelatin/hyaluronic acid/chondroitin-6-sulfate (GHC6S) was prepared by the cross-linking reaction with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and ground in liquid nitrogen to particles. The GHC6S particles were mixed with fibrin glue as the tissue engineering scaffold. Porcine articular cartilage chondrocytes were expanded and seeded into the scaffolds. The engineered constructs were cultured and harvested after cultured for 1 and 2 weeks. Morphology of GHC6S particle was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Total glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and sulfated GAGs were quantified by p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reaction and 1,9-dimethymethylene blue (DMMB) assay, respectively. The results demonstrated that the total GAGs, especially the content of nonsulfated GAGs, hyaluronic acid, were increased with time in chondrocytes growing in fibrin glue with GHC6S particles. It suggested that the GHC6S in fibrin glue chondrocyte kept the GAGs synthesis, which could help resist the compressive force. Therefore, the GHC6S particles mixed within fibrin glue can be used as a promising scaffold for articular tissue engineering.
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Presenting as High Output Cardiac Failure during Pregnancy
Authors: Goussous Tareq , Haynes Alex , Najarian Katherine , Daccarett Marcos , David Shukri
Published: September 2009

High-output cardiac failure secondary to hepatic involvement is a rare complication of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Here we report a 43-year-old woman who presented at 29 weeks gestation of her second pregnancy with complications of right-sided heart failure and preterm labor. After delivery via cesarean section, the patient was found to have intrahepatic arteriovenous malformations through non-invasive imaging. Subsequently, a family history of vascular malformations and epistaxis was elucidated and a diagnosis of HHT was made. This case is presented, along with a review of the literature and discussion of hepatic involvement in HHT with particular focus on the pregnant patient.
Pediatric nurses' thinking in response to vignettes on administering analgesics
Authors: Van Hulle Vincent Catherine , Gaddy Erica J.
Published: September 2009

Pediatric nurses are not administering available and recommended analgesics to hospitalized children after surgery. This descriptive study was conducted to examine 30 pediatric nurses' thinking—in response to case study vignettes—about pain assessment and morphine administration for children experiencing postoperative pain. Nurses considered numerous factors when assessing and managing children's pain, including pain level, vital signs, and facial expression. Nurses frequently relied, however, on behavioral and physiological manifestations, as opposed to self‐report, when choosing whether to administer morphine. Nurses demonstrated misconceptions about pharmacokinetics and unwarranted concerns about the adverse effects of morphine. These findings partly explain why children continue to report high levels of pain after surgery and why nurses may not administer adequate analgesics to relieve children's pain. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:530–539, 2009
Benefits of Preoperative Education for Adult Elective Surgery Patients
Authors: Kruzik Nancy
Published: September 2009

Patient education is a major concern for perioperative nurses in an ambulatory surgery setting. It has proven difficult to develop formal preoperative teaching programs in this environment, but research has shown that preoperative education can improve patient outcomes and satisfaction with the surgical experience.

Typical patient education consists of pamphlets that are given to the patient before surgery and verbal instructions from the physicians and nurses on the day of surgery. Ideally, preoperative patient education should begin in the surgeon's office, continue through preadmission testing, and be completed at admission. Having a well‐designed preoperative education program enables perioperative nurses in ambulatory surgery centers to provide a thoughtful approach to perioperative teaching in a limited time. AORN J 90 (September 2009) 381‐387. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Prevention and Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adults
Authors: Conway Barbara
Published: September 2009

In early 2007, patients at our small community hospital's outpatient surgery center experienced postoperative nausea and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) at a rate of 27% to 35%. Many record reviews and a written survey of nurses in the postanesthesia care unit and same day surgery center revealed that little or no risk assessment and no consistent prophylaxis or treatment were in use by nurses, physicians, or anesthesia care providers.

After a review of the literature and discussions with anesthesia care providers, we developed and put into practice a risk assessment tool and perioperative care path. A formal evaluation to assess the effectiveness of the plan was performed one year after implementation. We found that the rates of PONV had decreased to 16%. AORN J 90 (September 2009) 391‐413. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Detecting Ischemic Danger at the Source
Authors: Stanton Carina
Published: September 2009

Using near‐infrared spectroscopy, the INVOS® (In‐Vivo Optical Spectroscopy) System provides real‐time, site‐specific cerebral/somatic measurements of de‐oxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells through a noninvasive oximeter. Perioperative professionals can use the vital sign information monitored by this technology to detect and correct site‐specific blood oxygenation issues that can lead to complications and poor outcomes. AORN J 90 (September 2009) 431‐433. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
p24 proteins play a role in peroxisome proliferation in yeast
Authors: Kurbatova Elena , Otzen Marleen , van der Klei Ida J.
Published: September 2009

Emp24 is a member of the p24 protein family, which was initially localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and COP vesicles, but has recently shown to be associated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae peroxisomes as well. Using cell fractionation and electron‐ and fluorescence microscopy, we show that in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha, Emp24 also associates with peroxisomes. In addition, we show that peroxisome numbers are strongly decreased in H. polymorpha cells lacking two proteins of the p24 complex, Emp24 and Erp3. Detailed fluorescence microscopy analyses suggest that emp24.erp3 cells are disturbed in peroxisome fission and inheritance.
An engineered zinc finger protein reveals a role for the insulin VNTR in the regulation of the insulin and adjacent IGF2 genes
Authors: Ferguson Laura A. , Docherty Hilary M. , MacKenzie Amanda E. , Docherty Kevin
Published: September 2009

An engineered zinc finger protein (eZFP) was isolated from a library based on its ability to activate expression of the endogenous insulin gene in HEK‐293 cells. Using a panel of insulin promoter constructs, the eZFP was shown to act through the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) region located 365 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. The eZFP also activated expression of the IGF2 gene that lies close to INS on chromosome 11p15. These results demonstrate that the INSVNTR controls expression of the insulin and IGF2 genes and provide a mechanistic explanation for previous studies that demonstrated an association between INSVNTR genotypes and placental levels of IGF2.
Acceleration of the ATP‐binding rate of F1‐ATPase by forcible forward rotation
Authors: Iko Yuko , Tabata Kazuhito V. , Sakakihara Shouichi , Nakashima Takako , Noji Hiroyuki
Published: September 2009

F1‐ATPase (F1) is a reversible ATP‐driven rotary motor protein. When its rotary shaft is reversely rotated, F1 produces ATP against the chemical potential of ATP hydrolysis, suggesting that F1 modulates the rate constants and equilibriums of catalytic reaction steps depending on the rotary angle of the shaft. Although the chemomechanical coupling scheme of F1 has been determined, it is unclear how individual catalytic reaction steps depend on its rotary angle. Here, we report direct evidence that the ATP‐binding rate of F1 increases upon the forward rotation of the rotor, and its binding affinity to ATP is enhanced by rotation.
Ce‐wts‐1 plays important roles in Caenorhabditis elegans development
Authors: Cai Qingchun , Wang Wenqing , Gao Ying , Yang Yongfei , Zhu Zuoyan , Fan Qichang
Published: September 2009

The Hippo–Warts pathway defines a novel signaling cascade involved in organ size control and tumor suppression. However, the developmental function of this pathway is less understood. Here we report that the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of Warts, Ce‐wts‐1, plays important roles during worm development. The null allele of Ce‐wts‐1 causes L1 lethality. Partial loss of Ce‐wts‐1 function by RNAi reveals that Ce‐wts‐1 is involved in many developmental processes such as larval development, growth rate regulation, gut granule formation, pharynx development, dauer formation, lifespan and body length control. Genetic analyses show that Ce‐wts‐1 functions synergistically with the TGF‐β Sma/Mab pathway to regulate body length. In addition, CE‐WTS‐1::GFP is enriched near the inner cell membrane, implying its possible membrane‐related function.