bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Okadaic Acid Induces Early Changes in Microtubule‐Associated Protein 2 and γ Phosphorylation Prior to Neurodegeneration in Cultured Cortical Neurons
Authors: Arias Clorinda , Sharma Nishi , Davies Peter , Shafit‐Zagardo Bridget
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Microtubules and their associated proteins play a prominent role in many physiological and morphological aspects of brain function. Abnormal deposition of the microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs), MAP2 and γ, is a prominent aspect of Alzheimer's disease. MAP2 and γ are heat‐stable phosphoproteins subject to high rates of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. The phosphorylation state of these proteins modulates their affinity for tubulin and thereby affects the structure of the neuronal cytoskeleton. The dinoflagellate toxin okadaic acid is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. In cultured rat cortical neurons and a human neuroblastoma cell line (MSN), okadaic acid induces increased phosphorylation of MAP2 and γ concomitant with early changes in the neuronal cytoskeleton and ultimately leads to cell death. These results suggest that the diminished rate of MAP2 and γ dephosphorylation affects the stability of the neuronal cytoskeleton. The effect of okadaic acid was not restricted to neurons. Astrocytes stained with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) showed increased GFAP staining and changes in astrocyte morphology from a flat shape to a stellate appearance with long processes.
Mechanisms Involved in the Neuroprotective Activity of a Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor During Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Buisson A. , Margaill I. , Callebert J. , Plotkine M. , Boulu R. G.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We have reported previously that posttreatment with NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), an inhibitor of the nitric oxide synthase, reduced the volume of cortical and striatal infarct induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which L‐NAME (3 mg/kg i.p.) is neuroprotective in this model of cerebral ischemia. First, we have shown the reversal of the neuroprotective effect of L‐NAME by a coinjection of L‐arginine. Second, in order to determine by which mechanism nitric oxide exacerbates neuronal damage produced by focal cerebral ischemia, we studied the effect of the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by L‐NAME on the histological consequences of a focal injection of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) in the striatum, and on the striatal overflow of glutamate and aspartate induced either by K+ depolarization or by focal cerebral ischemia. We have found that L‐NAME treatment reduced the excitotoxic damage produced by NMDA injection. By using microdialysis, we have shown that the K+‐ and the ischemia‐induced glutamate efflux was reduced by 52 and 30%, respectively, after the L‐NAME treatment. These results indicate that nitric oxide synthesis induced by the NMDA receptor overstimulation is one of the major events leading to neuronal damage. One possible mechanism by which nitric oxide may contribute to the excitotoxic process is by facilitating the ischemia‐induced glutamate overflow.
Rat‐1 Fibroblasts Engineered with GAD65 and GAD67 cDNAs in Retroviral Vectors Produce and Release GABA
Authors: Ruppert Christian , Sandrasagra Anthony , Anton Benito , Evans Christopher , Schweitzer Erik S. , Tobin Allan J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We have used a retroviral cDNA expression system to drive the expression of the different forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65, GAD67, or both). Individual clones of engineered Rat‐1 cells make the appropriate GAD mRNAs and GAD polypeptides, show GAD enzymatic activity, and make GABA. Clones expressing GAD65 had higher enzymatic activity than those expressing GAD67. As is the case for brain GADs and for GADs produced in engineered bacteria, the enzymatic activity of GAD66 is more responsive to added pyridoxal phosphate than that of GAD67. Immunostaining for both GADs is scattered throughout the cytoplasm. GAD65 immunostaining is less homogeneous than that of GAD67 and also appears to be associated with the surfaces of large vesicle‐like structures. Cells expressing GAD65 and GAD67 showed similar immunostaining patterns with anti‐GABA antibodies and contained substantial amounts of GABA (ranging from 7 to 18 pmol of GABA/106 cells), which was roughly proportional to their levels of GAD activity. GABA is released from the engineered cells into the surrounding medium under resting conditions, suggesting that cells programmed with GAD cDNAs might serve as effective sources of GABA in cell transplantation experiments.
DNA methylation and Yin Yang‐1 repress adenosine A2A receptor levels in human brain
Authors: Buira Sandra P. , Dentesano Guido , Albasanz José Luis , Moreno Jesús , Martín Mairena , Ferrer Isidre , Barrachina Marta
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 283–295.

Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are G‐protein coupled receptors that stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity. The most A2ARs‐enriched brain region is the striatum, in which A2ARs are largely restricted to GABAergic neurons of the indirect pathway. We recently described how DNA methylation controls basal A2AR expression levels in human cell lines. The present report provides clues about the molecular mechanisms that promote human brain region‐specific A2AR gene (ADORA2A) basal expression. The transcription factors ZBP‐89 and Yin Yang‐1 (YY1) have been characterized as regulators of ADORA2A in SH‐SY5Y cells by means of specific expression vectors/siRNAs transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. ZBP‐89 plays a role as an activator and YY1 as a repressor. No differences were found in ZBP‐89 levels with western blot between the putamen and cerebellum of human postmortem brains. However, increased YY1 levels and DNA methylation percentage in the 5′ untranslated region of ADORA2A, using SEQUENOM MassArray, were found in the cerebellum with respect to the putamen of human brains, showing an inverse relationship with A2AR levels in the two cerebral regions.
Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: importance for cerebral functions
Authors: Béard Elidie , Braissant Olivier
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 297–313.

Apart of its well known function of ‘energetic buffer’ through the creatine/phosphocreatine/creatine kinase system allowing the regeneration of ATP, creatine has been recently suggested as a potential neuromodulator of even true neurotransmitter. Moreover, the recent discovery of primary creatine deficiency syndromes, due to deficiencies in l‐arginine : glycine amidinotransferase or guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (the two enzymes allowing creatine synthesis) or in the creatine transporter, has shed new light on creatine synthesis, metabolism and transport, in particular in CNS which appears as the main tissue affected by these creatine deficiencies. Recent data suggest that creatine can cross blood‐brain barrier but only with a poor efficiency, and that the brain must ensure parts of its needs in creatine by its own endogenous synthesis. Finally, the recent years have demonstrated the interest to use creatine as a neuroprotective agent in a growing number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. This article aims at reviewing the latest data on creatine metabolism and transport in the brain, in relation to creatine deficiencies and to the potential use of creatine as neuroprotective molecule. Emphasis is also given to the importance of creatine for cerebral function.
The Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide during the Oxidation of Reduced Vat Dyes
Authors: ATHERTON W. , TURNER H. A.
Published: July 2010

An experimental method is described for the catalytic reduction of anthraquinone and anthraquinonoid vat dyes by which the sodium salt of the reduced form is obtained free from the oxidised form and from other impurities.

Evidence is given that, when the leuco‐compound so obtained is reoxidised by air or by sodium hypochlorite, one peroxide group is formed for each reduced quinone group oxidised.

The quantitative relation between reduced quinone groups reoxidised and peroxide groups formed appears to be independent of the tendering activity of the dye.
A Theoretical Discussion of Further Substitution in Disubstituted Naphthalenes. Part II– Heteronuclear Mononitronaphthylamines*
Authors: HODGSON H. H. , HATHWAY D. E.
Published: July 2010

Substitution by diazo‐coupling, halogenation, nitration, and mercuration of 5‐, 6‐, and 8‐nitro‐1‐ and ‐2‐naphthylamines is discussed from the standpoint of the Veselý and Jakeš quinonoid hypothesis of substitution modified by modern electronic and resonance theory. All the apparent anomalies are adequately explained by the modified treatment.
Studies in Wool Dyeing: Comparison of Metheds for Applying Chrome Dyes
Authors: Royer G. L. , Millson H. E. , Amick C. A.
Published: July 2010

When a wool staple is dyed with certain chrome dyes the tip portions are heavily dyed and the body portions are undyed or only lightly dyed. Cross‐sectional examination shows that the tip portions of such a staple are heavily dyed, the body portions are undyed and the intermediate portions are “ring” dyed, the thickness of the “rings” being greater toward the tip portions. This variation in dye penetration is caused by the condition of the epidermis of the wool fibre, and if this epidermal layer is broken or “damaged” the dye will penetrate the fibre more readily. When the dyed staple is carded or when wool is dyed after carding, the cross‐sections show unlevel distribution of dye from fibre to fibre. This fibre unlevelness causes poor colour values, skittery or heathery effects, and entails an inefficient use of dye. Exhaustion curves show that there are variations in wools from different regions and after physical and chemical processing. These variations increase the possibility of fibre unlevelness when various wools are blended together.

Wool exhibits reactivity in aqueous solutions and induo.09 changes in pH both above and below the isoelectric zone, viz. pH 4–5. When a wool dyebath is made alkaline with ammonia at the start of the dyeing operation there is a gradual change in pH during the dyeing process, which influences the chromation, the decomposition of dye by oxidation and the exhaustion.

Wool can be successfully dyed with chromable dyes which are not usually applied by the metachrome methed. This can be accomplished by dyeing in a bath which initially has a pH greater than 7, by using an optimum low percentage of bichromate, by having magnesium sulphate present, and by employing a surfaceactive agent as a dyeing assistant. This procedure has been called the Calcomet process. The addition of magnesium sulphate to the alkaline dyebath results in the formation of a magnesium‐dye complex without appreciably affecting the pH. The magnesium complex, however, appears to be unstable below a pH of about 7. The use of the specially designed surface‐active agent as a dyeing assistant promotes dye exhaustion from the alkaline bath and also causes the exhaustion of any chromium‐dye complex that is formed in the bath. Consequently, good penetration and levelness of shade are obtained.

The afterchrome, chrome mordant, metachrome and Calcomet metheds were compared in the laboratory using several chrome dyes, and a detailed comparison of the various metheds was made with Calcochrome lied ECB in regard to rate of dyeing, rate and extent of chromation, pH and the completeness of exhaustion.
The Action of Sulphuryl Chloride on Wool
Authors: FARNWORTH A. J. , SPEAKMAN J. B.
Published: July 2010

Sulphuryl chloride is known to make wool unshrinkable by canning disulphide bond breakdown in the surface scale structxire of the fibres. It has now been found that the aotion of sulphuryl chloride on commercial flannel is seriously impaired when residual oil and soap are removed by extraction with ether and alcohol. High reactivity with sulphuryl chloride can, however, be restored if sodium oleate or oleic acid, but not stearic acid, is added to the purified fabric from solution in alcohol. Within the limits of the experimental error, all the oleic acid added in this way can be removed by extraction with carbon tetrachloride without causing any serious fall in reactivity. It is obvious, therefore, that oleic acid does not itself promote the reaction between sulphuryl chloride and wool, but is the source of some substance, present in small quantity, which is the active compound. The latter can be isolated by extracting the fabric with alcohol, after first removing the oleic acid with carbon tetrachloride. When the alcohol extract is applied to a purified fabric, high reactivity with sulphuryl chloride is again observed.

These observations suggest that the active compound in oleic acid is an organic peroxide, and con. firmation has been found in the fact that benzoyl peroxide has the same effect as oleic acid when applied to purified wool from alcoholic solution. By analogy with the chlorination of alkyl groups with sulphuryl chloride in presence of organic peroxides, it is believed that the latter assist the reaction between sulphuryl chloride and the disulphide bonds of wool by initiating reaction chains involving free chlorine atoms. If, therefore, peroxides are deliberately introduced into wool before treatment with sulphuryl chloride, the rate of reaction should be high enough to make continuous processing possible.
Some Observations on the Levelling Properties of Acid Dyes II–Prechromed Dyes
Authors: LEMIN D. R. , RATTEE I. D.
Published: July 2010

The exhaustion of three selected prechromed dyes at different dyebath pH values has been measured, and the results show marked differences from those obtained with level–dyeing acid dyes under similar conditions. It is shown that the levelling properties of this type of dye increase with decrease in the dyebath pH. The boiling–off properties of the dyes examined have been shown to be better in the presence of sulphuric acid than hydrochloric acid at the same final dyebath pH.
Fast Colour Printing
Authors: Farrington F. , Davis F. V. , Smith P. W.
Published: July 2010

The development of fast‐ colour printing is traced from the discoveries of indanthrone and the formalde‐hyde‐sulphoxylates up to the present day. The relatively minor changes in machine printing technique since Bell's day are discussed, and screen printing is dealt with briefly.

Some of the printer's hopes for the future are then considered. These include provision of an effective discharge agent for anthraquinonoid vats, and a discharge agent which does not attack the disulphide bonds of wool. The possible improvement of pigment printing colours is discussed, and the deficiencies of agera are touched on. Finally, the problem of the ideal printing thickener is dealt with in some detail.
Experiments on the Chemistry of Anthraquinone Derivatives
Authors: Bradley W.
Published: July 2010

The results are summarised of work on the chemistry of the anthraquinone vat dyes which has been carried out during the past five years in the Department of Colour Chemistry and Dyeing of the University of Leeds.
The Principles governing the Efficiency of a Padding Mangle
Authors: Potter H.
Published: July 2010

One‐day Symposium on Continuous Dyeing held by the Manchester Section at the Manchester College of Technology on 19th March 1954, Mr. J. Boulton in the chair

A simple theoretical discussion shows how the take‐up of liquor in a fabric after passing through a squeeze mangle depends upon the distance of closest approach of the bowl surfaces. The mathematical relationship between this distance, the physical characteristics of the mangle, and the compressional characteristics of the fabric is worked out for an ideal case. How the final take‐up in any practical case might depend upon other important factors is also considered.
Some Observations on the Absorption of Alkali by Wool Keratin from Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Carbonate and Bicarbonate
Authors: HARKER R. P.
Published: July 2010

Sorption of alkali by wool from aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate has been examined by measurement of hydrogen‐ion concentrations. The effects of concentration of alkaline salt, time of immersion, liquor ratio, and temperature of equilibration have been studied in relation to subsequent measurement of the pH of an aqueous extract of a treated sample. A qualitative interpretation of results is given, and a quantitative treatment employing the Donnan theory of membrane equilibria has been attempted.
Errors in the Assessment of Colour Fastness
Authors: Bülow Ulf , Horrdin Sture
Published: July 2010

The different sources of variation in assessing fastness, especially light fastness, are discussed. By a variance component analysis the total variance and its components—the process variation, the testing variation, and the assessment variation—have been estimated for eight different dyeings on a cotton fabric. The assessment variation is found to be considerable, depending both on differences with one and the same observer (time factor) and on differences between different observers (observer factor). The possibility of obtaining a truer estimate of fastness is briefly discussed.
Some Investigations into the Application of Dyes to Acrylic Fibres
Authors: KRAMRISCH B.
Published: July 2010

The chief characteristics of polyacrylonitrile fibres are described briefly. Methods of application of disperse, basic (including Perkin's Mauve), Deorlene, acid, metal‐complex, and chrome dyes to acrylic fibres, particularly Orion 42 and Acrilan, are given in detail, and the main fastness properties of the dyeings are listed. Comparisons are made between the fastness properties, in particular to light and washing, of dyes on acrylic, natural, and other man‐made fibres. Methods of dyeing unions of wool with Orion 42 and Acrilan are detailed.
Reclamation of Fibres from Rags
Authors: Atkinson J. C. , Speakman J. B.
Published: July 2010

Wool may be recovered from mixtures of Terylene and wool by treatment with a 2% solution of hydrazine in butanol at 100°c. for 60 min. Whereas Terylene is completely destroyed under these conditions, the wool suffers only slight damage.
Flame‐resistant Finishing of Cellulosic Fabrics with Phosphorus‐containing Resins
Authors: Perfect J. R. W.
Published: July 2010

Methods of using phosphorus‐containing compounds to produce durable flame‐resistant finishes on cellulosic fabrics are discussed. Reference is made to finishes based on the use of amine—phosphate‐formaldehyde resins, esterification methods, phosphorylamide compounds, tetrakishydroxymethylphos‐phonium chloride (THPC) resins, triallyl phosphates, and aziridinylphosphines. Particular mention is made of the commercially successful Proban finish, which is based on the use of THPC. A brief summary is given of suggested mechanisms for the flame‐ and glow‐proofing action of phosphorus compounds.
Fast Dyeings on Wool‐Cellulosic Unions
Authors: Lemin D. R. , Collins J. K.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Scottish Section held at the St, Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 9th December 1958, Mr. W. G. B. Grant in the chair; of the West Riding Section held at the Victoria Hotel, Bradford, on 26th February 1959, Mr. R. Heaton in the chuir; and of the Huddersjield Section held at Silvio's Café Hudders field, on 17th March 1959, Mr. H. Boothroyd in the chair

In recent years, increased interest in wool‐cellulose unions has, in some cases, called upon the dyer to produce the same standards of fastness as ran be obtained on the separate fibres. It has been found that, by rareful selection of dyes and dyeing methods, it is possible to apply reactive, onium, vat, and azoic dyes satisfactorily to wool—cellulose unions without causing significant fibre damage.
Shrinkproofing of Wool with Reducing Agents
Authors: Farnworth A. J.
Published: July 2010

Wool can be shrinkproofed by treatment with ethanolic or aqueous solutions of ammonium thioglycollate or of mixtures of thioglycollic acid and organic bases. Preliminary extraction of the fabric with ethanol greatly increases the effectiveness of aqueous solutions of ammonium thioglycollate. Extracted fabric can also be shrinkproofed by treatment with aqueous solutions of sodium bisulphite, which are without effect on unextracted fabric. However, the shrink resistance, which withstands washing in hot water, is largely lost on washing in soap solution.

Shrinkproofing with reducing agents can be achieved under conditions where reaction very probably occurs only with disulphide bonds. Re‐building of disulphide, or formation of new covalent, bonds after the shrinkproofing reaction does not destroy the unshrinkability. Treatment with aqueous solutions of reducing agents leads to unshrinkability without the reaction being confined to the surface of the fibre, and without affecting the difference between the with‐scale and anti‐scale coefficients of friction. The effect cannot be explained in terms of the conventional theories of shrinkproofing.
The Sorption of Acids by Wool from Mixtures of Acids I—The Sorption of Hydrochloric Acid and Dichloroacetic Acid or Monochloroacetic Acid*
Authors: Larose P. , Donovan R.
Published: July 2010

The amounts of dichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid sorbed by wool from mixtures containing various amounts of the two acids in aqueous solution were measured. Some tests were also carried out in which monochloroacetic acid was used instead of dichloroacetic. The results show that the dichloroacetate ion competes with the chloride ion for the sorption sites on the wool fibre, but its higher affinity causes a higher acid uptake than when hydrochloric acid alone is used at the same pH. The amount of acid sorbed can be calculated from the final concentrations of the two acids in the solution in equilibrium with the wool.
Photochemistry of Sodium Chlorite in Solution, with Reference to Chlorite Bleaching
Authors: Kujrai C. , Fujita I.
Published: July 2010

At wavelengths less than 3700 Å, the absorption spectrum of an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite is that of the chlorite ion. This spectrum has two maxima, at 2600 and 2900 Å, and is strongly affected by exposure of the solution to ultraviolet radiation from the quartz mercury discharge lamp. The intensity of the maximum at 2600 Å decreases rapidly, whereas that at 2900 Å increases, and a new absorption maximum appears at 3600 Å, indicating that photochemical changes have occurred. Comparison of these spectra with those of chlorine dioxide and hypochlorite ion indicates that these two compounds are the primary photochemical decomposition products of chlorite ions. The amount of these products formed is strongly dependent on pH, chlorine dioxide being the chief product in an acid medium and hypochlorite ion in an alkaline one.

Kinetic studies show that the same empirical rate equation (—d[ClO]/dt = kI0[ClO]0.5) holds in both acid and alkaline media. The rate constant, however, is greater in an acid medium. The quantum yield, which was determined actinometrically, is 0.9 at pH 6 and 0.6 at pH 9. Reaction mechanisms are proposed and the kinetic equations derived from them are found to agree well with the experimental results.
Some Reminiscences of the early British Dyestuff Industry*
Authors: Greenwood J.
Published: July 2010

The author's personal experiences in the British dyestuffs industry in the period immediately following the First World War are described, and reference is made to the methods whereby anthraquinone intermediates and dyes, and in particular indanthrene, were manufactured. Attention is paid to the ways in which chemists and laboratory staff were recruited and trained, and the economic and professional status of chemists at that time is discussed.
The Sorption of Acids by Wool from Mixtures of Acids
Authors: Larose P. , Donovan R.
Published: July 2010

The amounts of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid sorbed by wool from mixtures containing various quantities of the two acids in aqueous solution were measured. The measurements were also carried out with solutions containing acetic acid only. The relationships between the amounts of acid sorbed and the concentrations of the acids in solution when equilibrium with the wool had been reached were of the same type as those previously observed for the chloro‐substituted acetic acids1, 2. The affinity of acetic acid in the concentration range investigated is lower than that of the chloro‐substituted acids and of the same order as that of hydrochloric acid. The change in amount of acetic acid sorbed as the concentration in the solution varies differs, however, from that observed for the other acids previously studied.
Colour Fastness to Dry‐cleaning
Authors: Rhodes W. K.
Published: July 2010

The effectiveness of various methods that have been proposed for the assessment of colour fastness to dry‐cleaning has been evaluated by comparison with the effects of actual dry‐cleaning on a wide range of dyed and printed textiles. None of the existing tests was considered to be entirely satisfactory. The main cause of their inadequacy was a failure to reproduce the mechanical effects in a commercial dry‐cleaning process. A new method is proposed in which the specimen is placed inside a cotton bag along with steel discs and shaken in 200 ml of perchloroethylene at 30°C for 30 min. This method has provided a realistic prediction of the effects of commercial dry‐cleaning and it has shown good reproducibility in interlaboratory trials. The use of undyed fabrics to assess staining can give misleading results and it is considered preferable to rely upon an assessment of the discoloration of the solvent at the end of the test to indicate a lack of fastness of the material that could lead to staining.
The Effect of Ferrous Ion in the Peroxide Initiation of Vinyl Polymerisation on Cellulose
Authors: Richards G. N.
Published: July 2010

An effective method of initiating graft polymerisation on cellulose utilises the hydrogen peroxide–ferrous ion redox system, in which the ferrous ion component is held predominantly within the cellulose fibres. The method was first used by Landells and Whewell1, and it has now been demonstrated that the success of their procedure depends on ion‐exchange between cellulose and ferrous ion. It has also been shown that the presence of ferrous ion in the cellulose fibres leads to a decrease in the rate of formation of homopolymer and an increase in grafting efficiency. The polymerisation of methyl methaerylate and of styrene by hydrogen peroxide has been shown to be accelerated by the presence of cellulose.
A Survey of Photochromism*
Authors: EXELBY R.
Published: July 2010

The different mechanisms of, and the factors affecting, photochromic change are outlined. Photochromic materials have numerous potential applications in various fields, e.g. as optical filters, in photography, data storage, dynamic display and decoration. The ways in which they are used are explained.
Steaming of Wool Yarn Packages
Authors: NORDON P. , BAINBRIDGE N. W.
Published: July 2010

Some of the physical principles of the steaming of wool yarn packages are discussed. Experimental results are reported for the penetration of moisture and heat into packages during vacuum and open steaming. The influence of residual air in vacuum steaming has been investigated. Finally, recommendations are made for carrying out effective vacuum steaming.
The Photochemistry of Dyes
Authors: Egerton G. S. , Morgan A. G.
Published: July 2010

The use of rigid solvents and flash photolysis in the study of photochemistry is described, including applications of the techniques and the problems involved. Fundamental photochemical processes are discussed in some detail, with particular reference to quinone compounds. The significance of the lowest excited state in determining the sensitivity to light of a molecule is emphasised and the relation between colour and sensitising ability is discussed on this basis.
Some Practical Observations on the Spectrophotometry of Dyes and Aggregation Effects
Authors: Tull Alan Gilbert
Published: July 2010

Absorbance curves are presented for eight dyes to illustrate the significant variations that can arise when the concentration of the dye is varied, when electrolytes are present, and when various disaggregating agents are used. A concentration range of about 105: 1 was explored, although some dyes in a limited part of the range may show changes in absorption when the concentration is varied by only 2:1. At a given concentration of dye, it is sometimes possible to produce mainly the monomer by introducing a disaggregating agent or mainly the dimer by adding an electrolyte. Attention is drawn to the effectiveness and economy of non‐ionic surfactants for disaggregation. A caution is given against the facile presentation of instrumental records of spectral absorptions without specifying dye concentration and electrolyte content.
Colour Fastness of Textiles to Daylight and Artificial Light
Authors: HINDSON W. ROBERT , SOUTHWELL GORDON
Published: July 2010

Exposure of 677 dyed cloths to daylight in Melbourne, Australia, and to radiation from carbon arc and xenon arc failed to support the commonly accepted view that xenon‐arc exposures more reliably reproduce daylight exposures than do carbon‐arc exposures. In contrast the results indicated that, for Melbourne daylight at least, the carbon arc is a more reliable indicator of light fastness than the xenon arc.
Wool – A Colour–difference Analysis of Fastness–test Data
Authors: KING MICHAEL G. , SELTZER IRWIN
Published: July 2010

The possibility of replacing visual assessments of the colour change of dyed wool fabrics subjected to a standard washing test with instrumentally measured colour differences is examined. Washing tests on a wide range of dyeings on Superwash wool were carried out, and the colour difference AE between the washed and unwashed patterns was calculated in AN40 units. The results were compared with routine visual assessments of three observers. Good agreement on ‘pass‐fail’ decisions was found between the instrumental and the visual techniques. The ‘pass‐fail’ limit of 3–4 on the ISO Grey Scale for Assessing Change in Colour in the Superwash test corresponded to 2. 2 AN40 units over the colour range investigated.
Screen Printing Machines for Carpets
Authors: Dunkerley K. , Hughes J. A.
Published: July 2010

A critical comparison is made between the squeegee systems currently used in rotary screen carpet printing. The advantages of each system are discussed. For the majority of carpets all the squeegee systems are capable of producing satisfactory prints.
The Economics of Transfer Printing
Authors: GIBSON L. J.
Published: July 2010

Consideration is given to four economic aspects, viz. investment requirement, fixed charges, operating costs and product value and a profile is presented for two printing systems ‐ rotary screen and transfer (Figure 1). A comparison is made between the different printing methods on the basis of a modern plant, with a capacity for producing 6 million yards p.a. on three shift operation and assuming an average four‐colour design on 62‐in wide polyester fabric.
Crystal Structure Analysis of Azo Pigments involving β‐Naphthol: A Review
Authors: WHITAKER A.
Published: July 2010

The crystal structures of six azo pigments involving β‐naphthol have been determinea by single crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. A review of these crystal structures indicates the existence of certain common features. It is found that the molecules exist as keto‐hydrazone tautomers with intramolecular hydrogen bonding which holds the molecule in the trans‐form. If the phenyl group is ortho substituted, this hydrogen bond is shared so as to hold the two ring systems, and hence the molecule, in the same plane. In the case of pigments where there is an anilide side group on the naphthol, the amido group is hydrogen bonded to the naphthol, but this bond may also be shared. The molecules are linked by van der Waals forces. A relationship between molecular stacking and the crystal morphology is pointed out.
Styryl Dyes for Synthetic‐polymer Fibres.
Authors: Peters Arnold T. , Wild Malcolm S.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of a series of dyes derived from reaction of 2‐methyl‐4‐(N‐ethyl‐N‐hydroxyethyl)amino, lidicyano‐styrene with acid chlorides, chloroformates, isocyanates and isothiocyanates is described. Data relevant to dye characterization by electron‐impact induced fragmentation is reported. Dyeing and fastness properties of the dyes on cellulose secondary acetate, cellulose triacetate, nylon 6.6 and polyester fibres are discussed in terms of dye structure. Comparison is made between some related dyes derived from 2‐methyl‐4‐(N‐ethyl‐N‐β‐aminoethyljamino‐β,βdicyanostyrene.
Kinetics of Colour Removal from Effluent Using Activated Carbon
Authors: McKay Gordon , Otterburn Michael S. , Sweeney Andrew G.
Published: July 2010

The rate processes for the adsorption of Disperse Blue 7 on activated carbon have been reported. A number of factors which affect the rate of adsorption of Disperse Blue 7 on activated carbon have been studied. The experimental variables investigated include: the effect of agitation, initial dye concentration, carbon particle size and temperature. The activated energy for the adsorption process was found to be 34 kJ/mol.
Method for the Assessment of the Dyeing Conditions of Modified Polyester with Cationic Dyes
Authors: Cegarra J. , Puente P. , Valldeperas J. , Posse R. , Carbonell J.
Published: July 2010

A study of the dyeing behaviour of modified polyester fibre in the presence of cationic dyes has been carried out. The initial and final dyeing temperatures and the rate of heating of the dyebath for different initial concentrations of dye have been calculated from the results of isothermal dyeings at different temperatures and the Arrhenius equation. The equivalent concentrations of the dyes tested, i.e. concentrations producing the same exhaustion curve, have been determined. The initial and final temperatures of the process for any given rate of dyeing have been calculated.
Determination of the Presence and Distribution of Polymers on Wool
Authors: Rothery Freda R , White Max A
Published: July 2010

The presence and distribution of a wide range of polymers on wool can be determined by preferentially staining the polymer‐treated wool with a selected fluorochrome, followed by observation, under u.v. light, using an optical microscope. The technique is a simple, rapid and less expensive alternative to the scanning electron microscope. It enables the spread of polymer along the fibre and the types of fibre—fibre bonds to be readily observed.
Updating the Dyehouse
Authors: Svenson Rolf
Published: July 2010

Presented at a joint meeting of the Society's Coloration Machinery Group and Midlands Region on 16 February 1983
The Biological Evaluation of Pyrethroids as Potential Mothproofing Agents. Part II ‐Esters of α‐Substituted Phenylacetic Acid
Authors: de Sousa Bernardo , Schrmid Werner , Hefti Heinz
Published: July 2010

A previous study evaluating the mothproofing activity of synthetic pyrethroids of the type 2‐substituted 3,3‐dimethylcyclopropane‐ 1‐carboxylates found this class of compounds to be active against the common clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella H.) and the black carpet beetle (Attagenus piceus Oliv.), but higher concentrations were required to protect keratinous materials from larval damage by the furniture carpet beetle (Anthrenus vorax Waterh., syn. Anthrenus flavipesie Conte var. seminiveus Casey). The present paper evaluates the mothproofing efficacy of the structurally related α‐substituted phenyl‐acetates. It has been found that this class of substances exhibits an activity pattern that is similar to that of the 2‐substituted 3,3‐dimethylcyclopropane‐ 1‐carboxylates. A representative of the phenylacetate class, S—5439, is compared with the corresponding cyclopropanecarboxylate, permethrin.
Kinetics of Dyeing Acrylic Fibres with Cationic Dyes in the Presence of Polyethoxylated Amines
Authors: Cegarra J. , Puente P. , Fiadeiro J M
Published: July 2010

The role of ethoxylated amines in retarding the rate of absorption of C.I. Basic Green 4 on acrylic fibres has been studied. The influence of degree of ethoxylation, amine concentration and application temperature have been studied. It has been found that these compounds act, in general, as retarders, the retarding effect increasing as the degree of ethoxylation decreases. The dyeing kinetics in the presence of these compounds obey the Williams, Landel and Ferry equation.
Structure correlation between diffusion coefficients of simple organic compounds and of anionic and cationic dyes in water
Authors: Hori Teruo , Kamon Noriaki , Kojima Hiroshi , Rohner Rolf M , Zollinger Heinrich
Published: July 2010

Diffusion coefficients of cationic and anionic dyes in aqueous buffer solutions have been measured by the modified diaphragm ceil method. The diffusion data obtained from the literature showed that the diffusion coefficients of simple organic compounds containing a sulphonate group are larger than those of the other compounds containing a carboxylate or a hydroxyl group, but that the diffusion coefficients of anionic dyes containing a sulphonate group are almost the same as those of cationic dyes. This was explained by the structural characteristics that a dye molecule is composed mainly of large hydrophobic groups, and therefore the existence of a small sulphonate group does not influence the water structure significantly.
The effect of finishing on the mechanical and thermal properties of wool fabrics. Part 2‐milling and interactions in piece dyeing
Authors: De Boos A G
Published: July 2010

The firmness, fullness and smoothness of wool fabrics all increase as a result of milling. These changes in handle are accompanied by large changes in the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the fabric. The weight and thickness of the fabrics used in this work increased at a relatively constant rate with milling. However, the stiffness‐related mechanical properties (shear, bending) increased slowly at first and then more rapidly at higher levels of milling. The objectively measured surface and thermal properties, on the other hand, changed rapidly at first, coming to limiting values, similar to those measured on a wool felt. The implication for the finisher is that short milling times are appropriate where changes in the surface‐related properties of the fabric are sought (smoothness, warmness, softness) but longer times are required for an increase in fabric firmness. There is also a milling time where control of both mechanical and surface properties can be most easily achieved. Subsequent piece dyeing significantly reduced the stiffness of milled fabric but had only a small effect on the surface and physical properties.
Contribution of counterions to the photofading of crystal violet lactone and related colorants
Authors: Oda Hironori , Kitao Teijiro
Published: July 2010

The influence of various counterions on the photofading of crystal violet lactone has been examined in solution and in the adsorbed state. It has been found that the dye counterions play a very important role in the retardation of the photofading of colour formers
People management fashions: match or mismatch to the demands of the 1990s
Authors: Eddy Ronald C
Published: July 2010

The idea of considering techniques of people management as ‘fashions' is explored. The appropriateness of this approach is challenged alongside selected examples of management techniques, with emphasis on the dramatically changing demands on organisations and the people that will either ensure their survival or precipitate their demise in the 1990s
The crucial charter
Authors: Lomas Mike
Published: July 2010

With a greater need for highly qualified technicians in today's coloration industry, the Society's chartered colourist status is recognised to indicate employees who are of the highest calibre. Mike Lomas considers the benefits to be derived from CCol.
Azobenzene disperse dyes‐past development and future prospects
Authors: Dawson J F
Published: July 2010

The development of azobenzene disperse dyes is briefly reviewed. Some factors affecting the current application of these dye types are examined and future developments are considered.
Products and intermediates formed during the biacetyl‐sensitised photo‐oxidation of some azo dyes
Authors: Neevel J G , van Beek H C A , van de Graaf B ,   (the late)
Published: July 2010

The flash irradiation for a few microseconds of aqueous aerobic solutions of biacetyl(2,3‐butanedione) and a number of different o‐arylazonaphthols resulted in the formation of the corresponding diazonium ions and α‐naphthoquinones. This was verified from the intermediate spectra obtained after the flash. Verification for the formation of diazonium ions was also obtained from flow experiments, in which the diazonium ion was identified by coupling it to H‐acid, forming a new azo compound. Less than equimolar formation of the diazonium ion from one of the azo dyes investigated indicated the occurrence of side reactions in which diazenyl radicals could play a role.
A general proof of Parish's washing hypothesis
Authors: Reed Colin M
Published: July 2010

There is a hypothesis, attributable to Parish, that states, for optimum washing, the units of a multistage continuous fabric washer should be identical. So far, a proof has been available only for the simplest of multistage washers, i.e. two‐tank individual flow and counterflow washers. In this article a general proof is given for all multistage washers.
Laundering shrinkage of wool fabric treated with low‐temperature plasmas under atmospheric pressure
Authors: Tokino Seiji , Wakida Tomiji , Uchiyama Hiroshi , Lee Muncheul
Published: July 2010

Wool fabrics have been treated with helium/argon and acetone/argon low‐temperature plasmas under atmospheric pressure. The plasma‐treated fabrics were laundered several times and their shrink resistances investigated according to standard methods. Very high levels of shrink resistance to laundering were obtained through use of these treatments.
An alkaline dyeing system for polyester
Authors: Imafuku Hideaki
Published: July 2010

Polyester is generally dyed in an acid medium, whereas the pre‐ and aftertreatments take place in alkali. In this article, Hideaki Imafuku talks about a new method for rationalising the process so the dyeing also happens in an alkaline medium.
Linear exhaustion versus migration: which is the better road to Rome?*
Authors: Etters J N
Published: July 2010

Dyeing technologists have devoted a significant amount of time in determining temperature/time ramps that are believed to result in linear exhaustion of dye. Such efforts originally were born of a belief that the very best levelness would result, in the shortest possible time, with the least expenditure of energy if dyebath exhaustion were synchronised with liquor circulation rates in various dyeing machines. Although many intellectually satisfying schemes have been devised in attempts to obtain linear exhaustion, in retrospect some of these schemes appear to border on technological naiveté. A re‐examination suggests that simple, auxiliary‐assisted migration is the better road to travel in attempting to reach the elusive goal of dyeing uniformity.
Preparation and properties of novel low‐foaming dyeing auxiliaries. Part 1 — Preparation and properties of ethoxylated hydroxysulphobetaines in nylon dyeing
Authors: Yen P H , Chen K M
Published: July 2010

A novel series of low‐foaming ethoxylated hydroxysulphobetaines has been prepared by the reaction of polyoxyethylenated stearylamine and sultone, and their structural features confirmed by infra‐red, nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. These compounds have good surface activity properties, including surface tension and wetting power. Complexes formed between them and acid dyes have greater solubility than the dye alone, decreasing the dye's affinity for nylon fibres, lowering the rate of dyeing and making them suitable for use as low‐foaming levelling agents.
Efficacy of Levetiracetam: A Review of Three Pivotal Clinical Trials
Authors: Privitera Michael
Published: July 2010

Summary: Levetiracetam is a novel antiepileptic drug (AED) with favorable pharmacologic characteristics and demonstrated activity in improving seizure control. Three multicenter double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies were conducted in 904 patients with refractory partial‐onset seizures. Patients were required to have a minimum of two or four seizures per week (depending on the study) and were maintained on a stable regimen of one or two AEDs at baseline that was continued during the study period. Patients ranged in age from 14 to 70 years, with a mean age of ∼37 years. After an 8‐ to 12‐week baseline period, patients were randomized and had doses titrated upward every 2 weeks over a period of 4 weeks to a target dose of 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 mg/day of levetiracetam or placebo. Treatment was continued for a 12‐ to 14‐week evaluation phase followed by an optional open‐label treatment phase. The treatment period consisted of the dose titration period combined with the evaluation period. The median percentage reduction in seizure frequency (over placebo) was calculated for each of the levetiracetam treatment groups over the entire treatment period. For all levetiracetam dose groups, in all studies, reduction in seizure frequency over placebo was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001). Median percentage reductions were 26.1% and 17.1% in the 1,000‐mg/day groups (study 1 and study 2, respectively), 21.4% in the 2,000‐mg/day group (study 2), and 30.1% and 23.0% in the 3,000‐mg/day groups (study 1 and study 3, respectively). The percentage of patients achieving a ≥50% reduction from baseline in seizure frequency compared with the treatment period was 37.1% and 20.8% in the 1,000‐mg/day groups (study 1 and study 2, respectively), 35.2% in the 2,000‐mg/day group (study 2), and 39.6% and 39.4% in the 3,000‐mg/day groups (study 1 and study 3, respectively). These responder rates were significantly higher than those for placebo (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Levetiracetam was generally well tolerated in all studies. Results from these three pivotal studies demonstrate that levetiracetam, as adjunctive therapy, is a safe and effective treatment for refractory partial‐onset seizures in adults.
Safety Profile of Levetiracetam
Authors: Harden Cynthia
Published: July 2010

Summary: Levetiracetam was approved in November 1999 as add‐on therapy for the treatment of partial‐onset seizures in adults (age 16 years and older). This review focuses on recently published data from four well‐controlled studies in patients with partial‐onset seizures with or without secondary generalization. When levetiracetam was given along with other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), the most frequently reported adverse events were central nervous system related. Adverse events were usually mild to moderate in intensity, with the most frequently reported events occurring predominantly during the first 4 weeks of treatment. No relationship was apparent between the dose of levetiracetam and the most commonly reported adverse events in well‐controlled clinical trials within the recommended dose range of 1,000–3,000 mg/day. Levetiracetam is a Pregnancy Category C drug. Overall, when used in combination with other AEDs, levetiracetam was generally well tolerated as add‐on treatment for partial‐onset seizures.
Use of Levetiracetam in Special Populations
Authors: French Jacqueline
Published: July 2010

Summary: A subset of the 27 safety and pharmacokinetic studies of levetiracetam has been conducted in selected special populations: children, the elderly, and people with renal or hepatic impairment. The results of these studies indicate that higher doses need to be used for children (on a per‐weight basis), and individuals with renal dysfunction require dosage modifications related to creatinine clearance. Individuals with hepatic impairment do not require modifications from standard doses. Little information is available on the effect of levetiracetam on the developing fetus, so cautious use during pregnancy is recommended until more information is available. Additional studies will refine the recommendations for use of levetiracetam in these special populations.