bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of realistic metal electronic structure on the lower limit of contact resistivity of epitaxial metal-semiconductor contacts
Authors: Hegde Ganesh , Chris Bowen R.
Published: August 2014

The effect of realistic metal electronic structure on the lower limit of resistivity in [100] oriented n-Si is investigated using full band Density Functional Theory and Semi-Empirical Tight Binding calculations. It is shown that the “ideal metal” assumption may fail in some situations and, consequently, underestimate the lower limit of contact resistivity in n-Si by at least an order of magnitude at high doping concentrations. The mismatch in transverse momentum space in the metal and the semiconductor, the so-called “valley filtering effect,” is shown to be sensitive to the details of the transverse boundary conditions for the unit cells used. The results emphasize the need for explicit inclusion of the metal atomic and electronic structure in the atomistic modeling of transport across metal-semiconductor contacts.
Remote atmospheric optical magnetometry
Authors: Johnson Luke A. , Sprangle Phillip , Hafizi Bahman , Ting Antonio
Published: August 2014

In this paper, an analysis of a remote atmospheric magnetometry concept is considered, using molecular oxygen as the paramagnetic species. The objective is to use this mechanism for the remote detection of underwater and underground objects. Kerr self-focusing is used to bring a polarized, high-intensity, laser pulse to focus at a remote detection site where the laser pulse induces a ringing in the oxygen magnetization current. This current creates a co-propagating electromagnetic field behind the laser pulse, i.e., the wakefield, which has a rotated polarization that depends on the background magnetic field. The detection signature for underwater and underground objects is the change in the wakefield polarization between different measurement locations. The coupled Maxwell-density matrix equations are used to describe the oxygen magnetization in the presence of an intense laser pulse and ambient magnetic field. The magnetic dipole transition line that is considered is the b1Σg+−X3Σg− transition band of oxygen near 762 nm. The major challenges are the collisional dephasing of the atmospheric oxygen transitions and the strength of the effective magnetic dipole interaction.
The residual zonal flow in tokamak plasmas toroidally rotating at arbitrary velocity
Authors: Zhou Deng
Published: August 2014

Zonal flows, initially driven by ion-temperature-gradient turbulence, may evolve due to the neoclassic polarization in a collisionless tokamak plasma. In our previous work [D. Zhou, Nucl. Fusion 54, 042002 (2014)], the residual zonal flow in a tokamak plasma rotating toroidally at sonic speed is found to have the same form as that of a static plasma. In the present work, the form of the residual zonal flow is presented for tokamak plasmas rotating toroidally at arbitrary velocity. The gyro-kinetic equation is analytically solved for low speed rotation to give the expression of residual zonal flows, and the expression is then generalized for cases with arbitrary rotating velocity through interpolation. The zonal flow level decreases as the rotating velocity increases. The numerical evaluation is in good agreement with the former simulation result for high aspect ratio tokamaks.
Bidirectional waveguide coupling with plasmonic Fano nanoantennas
Authors: Guo Rui , Decker Manuel , Staude Isabelle , Neshev Dragomir N. , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: August 2014

We introduce the concept of a bidirectional, compact single-element Fano nanoantenna that allows for directional coupling of light in opposite directions of a high-index dielectric waveguide for two different operation wavelengths. We utilize a Fano resonance to tailor the radiation phases of a gold nanodisk and a nanoslit that is inscribed into the nanodisk to realize bidirectional scattering. We show that this Fano nanoantenna operates as a bidirectional waveguide coupler at telecommunication wavelengths and, thus, is ideally suitable for integrated wavelength-selective light demultiplexing.
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction beam-induced structural and property changes on WO3 thin films
Authors: Du Y. , Zhang K. H. L. , Varga T. , Chambers S. A.
Published: August 2014

Reduction of transition metal oxides can greatly change their physical and chemical properties. Using deposition of WO3 as a case study, we demonstrate that reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), a surface-sensitive tool widely used to monitor thin-film deposition processes, can significantly affect the cation valence and physical properties of the films through electron-beam induced sample reduction. The RHEED beam is found to increase film smoothness during epitaxial growth of WO3, as well as change the electronic properties of the film through preferential removal of surface oxygen.
Lithium diffusion at Si-C interfaces in silicon-graphene composites
Authors: Odbadrakh Khorgolkhuu , McNutt N. W. , Nicholson D. M. , Rios O. , Keffer D. J.
Published: August 2014

Models of intercalated Li and its diffusion in Si-Graphene interfaces are investigated using density functional theory. Results suggest that the presence of interfaces alters the energetics of Li binding and diffusion significantly compared to bare Si or Graphene surfaces. Our results show that cavities along reconstructed Si surface provide diffusion paths for Li. Diffusion barriers calculated along these cavities are significantly lower than penetration barriers to bulk Si. Interaction with Si surface results in graphene defects, creating Li diffusion paths that are confined along the cavities but have still lower barrier than in bulk Si.
Dielectric and AC-conductivity studies of Dy2O3 doped (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 ceramics
Authors: Peddigari Mahesh , Thota Subhash , Pamu Dobbidi
Published: August 2014

(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 + x wt.% Dy2O3 (x = 0–1.5) ferroelectric ceramics were prepared by conventional solid state reaction method. XRD patterns revealed that orthorhombic symmetry has transformed into psuedocubic symmetry with increasing the substitution of Dy3+ in the Na+ site. Temperature and frequency dependences of relative dielectric permittivity maximum conforms the transformation from normal ferroelectric to relaxor ferroelectric behaviour. Frequency dependence of the relative dielectric permittivity maximum temperature observed for the samples with x ≥ 1.0 and satisfied the Vogel–Fulcher law. The diffuseness exponent γ (1.27–1.95) estimated from the high temperature slopes of the diffused dielectric permittivity data reveals that the degree of relaxor behavior increases with increasing the amount of Dy2O3. The temperature dependence of AC-conductivity σAC (T) analysis in the range 310 K < T < 470 K reveals the existence of variable range hopping of charge carriers with average hopping length RH and hopping energy EH are in the range 8.5–27 Å and 48–153 meV, respectively. Voltage dependent dielectric constant measurements confirm the ferroelectric nature of KNN+ x wt% Dy2O3 ceramics.
Opening and Closing the Future: Climate Change, Adaptation, and Scenario Planning
Authors: Rickards Lauren , Ison Ray , Fünfgeld Hartmut , Wiseman John
Published: August 2014

The gales of climate change blow the future open and closed. In response, we are having to learn to live with a renewed notion of limits and a novel level of uncertainty. One emerging governance response is a turn to scenario planning, which generates narratives about multiple futures refracted out from the present. Like climate change itself, scenario planning, and the broader field of futures studies it is part of, is historically and socially positioned, belying its application as a mere method or tool. This paper discusses the growing turn to scenario planning within government climate change adaptation initiatives in light of parallel shifts in governance (eg, interest in efficiency and wicked problems) and adaptation efforts (eg, framed as risk management or resilience) and their shared roots in the ambiguities of sustainable development. It provides an extended introduction to a theme issue that provides, overall, a nested discussion of the role of scenario planning by government for climate change adaptation, noting how governance, climate change adaptation, and scenario planning all fold together the motifs of openness and closedness. This paper engages with the emerging field of future geographies and critical interest in future orientations to highlight the way society's growing engagement on climate change adaptation exposes, critiques, replicates, and amplifies our existing orientations to the future and time and their politically contested and embedded character. It points to the way the motif of open futures can be both progressive and conservative, as political and economic interests seek to open up some futures while closing down others in the name of the ambivalent goals of adaptation and sustainable development.
Fluoropolymers: Origin, Production, and Industrial and Commercial Applications
Authors: Gardiner James
Published: August 2014

Fluoropolymers have had a profound effect on all aspects of industry since their discovery during the 1930s. This review briefly describes the historical development of the fluoropolymer industry, with a focus on traditional fluoroplastics, and lists the major industrial and commercial materials currently in use. These include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), the ethylene copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), the ethylene copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), polyvinylfluoride (PVF), polyvinyldifluoride (PVDF), Nafion, fluoroethylenevinylether (FEVE), a semicrystalline three component terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride (THV), Teflon-AF, Cytop, and Hyflon. The production, processing, and properties of these fluoropolymers are discussed, together with examples of the specific uses in chemical industry, manufacturing, electronics, architecture, energy, health and domestic sectors. Other related fluoropolymers such as fluoroelastomers, perfluoropolyethers, and fluorosurfactants are briefly mentioned. Environmental aspects of fluoropolymers are considered as is the current state of the fluoropolymer industry.
Yolk size and ovulation order determine fertility within double-yolked duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) eggs
Authors: Salamon Attila , Kent John P.
Published: August 2014

Herein we examined the effects of yolk size and ovulation order on the fertilisation of yolks within double-yolked (DY) duck eggs. Single-yolked (SY) duck eggs had high fertility (89.98%), whereas in DY duck eggs fertility was low (51.9% yolks). The yolks closer to the airspace (Yolk 1) in DY eggs had higher fertility (68.82% vs 34.98% for Yolk 2; P < 0.001). When only one of the two yolks was fertilised, Yolk 1 was fertilised in 99.12% of those eggs. Yolk 1 is presumed to be the first ovulated. The higher fertility of Yolk 1 is consistent with a primacy effect where the first ovulation has a higher probability of achieving fertilisation. Small DY eggs within the normal SY egg weight range (75–104.9 g) had significantly lower yolk fertility (47.91%; n = 550) compared with large (≥105 g) DY eggs (54.56%; n = 768; P < 0.001). Yolk 1 fertility was lower in small compared with large DY eggs (64.18% vs 72.14%, respectively; P = 0.003). Although Yolk 2 fertility was low, it was not affected by egg size. DY eggs with zero fertilised yolks were significantly lighter than DY eggs with one (P = 0.007) or two (P < 0.001) fertilised yolks (i.e. larger DY eggs were more likely to have fertilised yolks). Larger eggs (≥105 g) have larger yolks and the evidence here shows that an optimal yolk size is a significant positive factor in achieving fertilization by dislodging spermatozoa, after ovulation, from their storage sites.
Chapter 4. A constructional corpus-based approach to ‘weak’ verbs in French
Authors: Willems Dominique , Blanche-Benveniste Claire
Published: August 2014

‘Weak’ verbs, also known as ‘parenthetical’, ‘evidential’ or ‘epistemic’ verbs, have interested linguists and philosophers for many years. In recent analyses they are treated mainly from a pragmatic point of view, and, through a process of advanced grammaticalization, they are often grouped together with adverbs. But fine-grained linguistic analyses are still lacking. In this contribution, we present the main results of a usage-based syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis of the three most frequent ‘weak’ verbs used in the first person singular in modern French: je crois (‘I believe’), je pense (‘I think’), and je trouve (‘I find’). We argue that those verbs do not undergo a change of category but simply remain verbs and that they can be fruitfully described in a constructional framework. These ‘weak’ verbs, particularly frequent in spoken discourse, occur in a cluster of three related structures, revealing the same semantic meaning of ‘mitigation’. Other verbs can enter one of those syntactic patterns, but only the ‘weak’ verbs can partake in all three of them. Each of the three verbs also enters other constructions, with different meanings.
Chapter 5. The Narrative Infinitive Construction in French and Latin
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina
Published: August 2014

This chapter offers a Sign-Based Construction Grammar analysis of the French and Latin Narrative Infinitives, that is, syntactically independent infinitival structures that express assertions. The main claim is that these languages exhibit two types of fully formed infinitival words (feature structures) licensed by two different inflectional constructions, the regular infinitive and the narrative infinitive. Only in the latter do the morpho-syntactic features ensure that the clausal construction in which the infinitival word participates is temporally specified, informationally structured and has an overt referentially independent subject. In this it does not differ from finite clauses. According to the present analysis, finiteness is not defined by inflectional morphology: the verbal form is finite if it is associated with relevant functional information.
Chapter 6. Bringing together fragments and constructions
Authors: Gonzálvez-García Francisco
Published: August 2014

In this article, I argue that Thompson’s (2002) fragment analysis of (finite) complementation in English, while insightful, cannot be plausibly duplicated for all complementation strategies in English and Spanish. Specifically, this analysis cannot account for a number of semantico-pragmatic restrictions on the NP and the XPCOMP in secondary predication in English and Spanish. Moreover, the Thompsonian analysis alone cannot capture the grammatical relations holding between clitics and matrix verbs on the one hand, and matrix verbs and their XPCOMPs on the other hand, in dialogic Spanish data involving right or left dislocation. The Goldbergian constructional analysis of secondary predication in English and Spanish presented here under the rubric of a family of subjective-transitive constructions draws on the interaction of specific, locally-bound fragments as well as more abstract constructions, thus corroborating the need to reconcile usage and morpho-syntactic facts.
Chapter 7. A Romance perspective on gapping constructions
Authors: Abeillé Anne , Bîlbîie Gabriela , Mouret Francois
Published: August 2014

Focusing on two Romance languages, French and Romanian, we provide a detailed analysis of gapping and present several empirical arguments for preferring a construction-based approach of gapping (with semantic reconstruction of ellipsis) over alternative accounts that rely on movement or deletion. We then study parallelism constraints and show that syntactic parallelism is less strict than what is usually assumed, while discourse parallelism is clearly required. Syntax is not completely ignored though, as each remnant is required to match some subcategorization frame of the verbal predicate its correlate depends on. We show how those core properties can be accounted for within a construction-based framework relying on inheritance hierarchies of typed feature structures, such as HPSG in its more recent versions.
‘Khoisan’ linguistic classification today
Authors: Güldemann Tom
Published: August 2014

Proposed by Greenberg (1950, 1963) as a language family, the currently available evidence indicates that ‘Khoisan’ in a linguistic sense can be viewed, at best, as a negative entity. It comprises a diverse range of languages in southern and eastern Africa which share the typological feature of phonemic clicks, yet cannot all be related genealogically to each other or any established lineage. This makes them different from other languages with a similar areal and typological profile which belong to the Bantu (Niger-Congo) and Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) language families. This chapter attempts to give the state of the art about the inventory of Khoisan languages and the different types of linguistic classifications applied to them, namely within typological, areal, and historical-comparative linguistics. In addition, this introduction serves to provide a general background for the other contributions to this volume. Since these all address outstanding issues of genealogical and areal relations between Khoisan languages and peoples of southern Africa in particular, they are also embedded by the introduction within the complex problem of evaluating the population history of the Kalahari Basin before the Bantu expansion from a linguistic, anthropological, and genetic perspective.
Molecular anthropological perspectives on the Kalahari Basin area
Authors: Pakendorf Brigitte
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses the insights into Khoisan prehistory obtained from molecular anthropological data. It focuses on two major questions at the heart of ongoing interdisciplinary research into the history of the Kalahari Basin area: To which extent can the linguistic similarities among the three Khoisan language families be explained by areal convergence rather than by shared inheritance from a common ancestor? Is there any genetic evidence in favour of the hypothesis that the Khoe-Kwadi languages were brought to southern Africa by a pre-Bantu pastoralist immigration? The currently available data show clear evidence for intense contact and language shift in the Kalahari Basin area involving both Khoisan and Bantu-speaking groups. Furthermore, there is tentative evidence for a connection of the Khoe-speaking populations, and especially the Khwe, with East African pastoralists. The genetic data thus underline the importance of conducting detailed investigations of contact-induced changes and substratum effects in the Khoisan languages.
The Lower Nossob varieties of Tuu
Authors: Güldemann Tom
Published: August 2014

North of the confluence of the Nossob, Auob, and Molopo Rivers in the Kalahari, several speech varieties of San groups have been attested, if only poorly, by linguistic data, notably ǀ’Auni and (Ku)ǀHaasi. Their relationship to the Tuu family (earlier referred to as ‘Southern Khoisan’) and their closer affiliation with each other, allowing one to subsume them under the term ‘Lower Nossob’, are so far undisputed. However, their exact position within Tuu is equivocal. While most early scholars have assigned them to the !Ui branch of Tuu, there are robust linguistic and sociolinguistic indications that a closer genealogical relation to the Taa group of Tuu is more probable. This genealogical affiliation has been partly obscured by subsequent language contact with the northernmost !Ui language complex Nǁng.
Towards a genealogical classification of Taa dialects
Authors: Naumann Christfried
Published: August 2014

This paper briefly summarises the current state of research on the classification of Taa. It suggests a genealogical (historical) classification based on the evidence of grammatical and phonological features in the data from 20 varieties. The split between West !Xoon of Namibia and the remaining varieties is argued to be historically deeper than the division between western dialects and eastern dialects identified by Traill (1974b, 1985). The resulting tree suggests a scenario whereby Taa would have spread from west to east.
Plotting diachronic semantic maps
Authors: Luraghi Silvia
Published: August 2014

The paper discusses patterns of polysemy among semantic roles in cross-linguistic perspective, and the possible way in which such polysemies come into being through meaning extension of morphemes (cases and adposition) that encode semantic roles. Semantic extension is described based on commonly assumed metaphors, which are thought to account for frequent polysemies, such as the Companion Metaphor in the case of the Comitative-Instrument polysemy. Taking space as a basic domain, metaphors are shown to provide links among different cognitive domains, which account for the position of semantic roles relative to one another in the ensuing semantic map. Such map incorporates diachronic information, assuming that metaphorical extension reflects diachronic developments. Although the specific focus of the paper concerns the contribution of metaphors to semantic extension, it is also shown that other processes are involved, such as analogy and various kinds of metonymy, which can account for some specific patterns of polysemy among semantic roles. Keywords: Metaphor; semantic maps; polysemy; meaning extension
The (non-)prototypicality of Direction
Authors: Kittilä Seppo
Published: August 2014

The present paper examines the coding of Direction in Finnish. It will deal with both typical and less typical instances of Direction in light of features, such as animacy, size of the landmark and the nature of the reference to the landmark. The paper pursues two goals. First, it will show that the coding of Direction in Finnish is determined by markedness. In other words, the coding of Direction can be explained by referring to the typical vs. atypical nature of Direction (which depends on the landmark in question), and more importantly, canonical instances bear less elaborate coding than non-canonical instances. In so doing, the paper sheds more light on the semantic role of Direction, i.e. the question what the features are that should be considered in the studies dealing with Direction. Second, the paper aims at contributing to our understanding of the differences between cases and adpositions. Cases and adpositions unarguably share common features, and both of them can be used to express similar functions (such as coding of semantic roles). However, they differ crucially from each other as regards their use as markers of Direction, as already hinted at above. Keywords: Finnish; allative; illative; directional cases; markedness
The Morphosyntax of the Experiencer in Early Vedic
Authors: Dahl Eystein
Published: August 2014

This paper examines the encoding of Experiencer arguments in Early Vedic, the earliest attested stage of Indo-Aryan. Although Experiential predicates show a broad variety of case-marking patterns in this language, the Experiencer is primarily expressed by the nominative, the accusative or the dative. In this respect, this semantic role differs from other roles like Agent, Patient, Recipient or Benefactive which show a more restricted range of case-marking options. Examining the distribution of the three Experiencer constructions, I demonstrate that there is a strong tendency in Early Vedic for the Experiencer to be construed as subject with Experiential verbs, although some experiential verbs show an inverted argument realization construction, where the Stimulus is expressed as subject and the Experiencer as object. Keywords: Vedic Sanskrit; Experiencer; Proto-Roles; Argument realization; Case-marking
Semantic roles and word formation
Authors: Luján Eugenio R. , Abad César Ruiz
Published: August 2014

In functional-typological approaches to syntax the identification of semantic roles and the grammatical markers associated with them has been an important goal. In this paper it is argued that a similar approach to word formation patterns is possible and some criteria for the identification of the semantic roles in the domain of derivational morphology are provided. Agent, Instrument, and Location can be considered as different semantic roles in morphology, but polysemy between two or more of them is also frequent cross-linguistically. Deverbal suffixes employed in Ancient Greek for deriving instrumental and locative nouns are surveyed as a case study. The semantic analysis of the derivative nouns shows that those suffixes are also employed for building other nouns that are semantically related, but cannot be considered Instruments and Locations proper, such as non-prototypical instruments, prizes and rewards, and others. In general, when there is no specific suffix for a semantic role but a noun expressing it needs to be coined, suffixes for neighbouring semantic roles will be employed, depending on the available metaphor or metonymy that allows for the semantic extension. The comparison of these findings to the conceptual organization of grammatical morphemes in the same language (Greek) and in other languages in general reveals that both in syntax and morphology a similar semantic organization is found. However, the number of semantic roles that can be identified in syntax is higher than the number of semantic roles reflected in word formation patterns, so that semantic maps of word formation patterns are similar in shape but more reduced. Keywords: Semantic roles; word formation patterns; nominal morphology; derivation; Instrument; Location; Agent; Ancient Greek; semantic maps
From semantic roles to evaluative markers. The dative and affected possessors
Authors: Niclot Domenico
Published: August 2014

This paper targets the phenomenon of non valence-governed datives of affectedness linked to possession. By adopting a constructional approach based on Goldberg (1995) and a revision of Raineri and Evola (2008), I work out a grid that may be adopted for cross-linguistic purposes. By applying this model to German, French and Italian, I show that the latter language, contrary to the two former ones has thoroughly grammaticalized this function. I also propose a tentative account of the grammaticalization paths that may have led to the heterogeneous behavior of the languages under discussion with respect to this construction. Keywords: Construction Grammar; Dative; Beneficiary; Maleficiary; Affectedness; Grammaticalization
A Cluster ofMycobacterium wolinskyiSurgical Site Infections at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Nagpal Avish , Wentink Jean E. , Berbari Elie F. , Aronhalt Kimberly C. , Wright Alan J. , Krageschmidt Dale A. , Wengenack Nancy L. , Thompson Rodney L. , Tosh Pritish K.
Published: August 2014

Objective

To study a cluster ofMycobacterium wolinskyisurgical site infections (SSIs).

Design

Observational and case-control study.

Setting

Academic hospital.

Patients.

Subjects who developed SSIs withM. wolinskyifollowing cardiothoracic surgery.

Methods

Electronic surveillance was performed for case finding as well as electronic medical record review of infected cases. Surgical procedures were observed. Medical chart review was conducted to identify risk factors. A case-control study was performed to identify risk factors for infection; Fisher exact or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of proportions and medians, respectively. Patient isolates were studied using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Environmental microbiologic sampling was performed in operating rooms, including high-volume water sampling.

Results

Six definite cases ofM. wolinskyiSSI following cardiothoracic surgery were identified during the outbreak period (October 1, 2008–September 30, 2011). Having cardiac surgery in operating room A was significantly associated with infection (odds ratio, 40;P= .0027). Observational investigation revealed a cold-air blaster exclusive to operating room A as well a microbially contaminated, self-contained water source used in heart-lung machines. The isolates were indistinguishable or closely related by PFGE. No environmental samples were positive forM. wolinskyi.

Conclusions

No single point source was established, but 2 potential sources, including a cold-air blaster and a microbially contaminated, self-contained water system used in heart-lung machines for cardiothoracic operations, were identified. Both of these potential sources were removed, and subsequent active surveillance did not reveal any further cases ofM. wolinskyiSSI.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2014;35(9):1169-1175
Data Requirements for Electronic Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Authors: Woeltje Keith F. , Lin Michael Y. , Klompas Michael , Wright Marc Oliver , Zuccotti Gianna , Trick William E.
Published: August 2014

Electronic surveillance for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is increasingly widespread. This is driven by multiple factors: a greater burden on hospitals to provide surveillance data to state and national agencies, financial pressures to be more efficient with HAI surveillance, the desire for more objective comparisons between healthcare facilities, and the increasing amount of patient data available electronically. Optimal implementation of electronic surveillance requires that specific information be available to the surveillance systems. This white paper reviews different approaches to electronic surveillance, discusses the specific data elements required for performing surveillance, and considers important issues of data validation.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(9):1083-1091
The Origins and History of the Earth
Authors: Wakefield Andre
Published: August 2014

This chapter examines Leibniz’s contribution to the earth sciences. It focuses on his history of the earth, or Protogaea, written during the early 1690s. In this work, Leibniz used minerals and fossils to reconstruct prehistory, applying the methods of the historian to the archives of nature. The argument here is that Leibniz’s history of the earth helped to create conditions for the possibility of geology and paleontology as modern disciplines.
Optics
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: August 2014

Although often overlooked today, optics thrived in the early modern era as a science of first rank, engaging many of the best minds of the period and producing some of its most dramatic scientific results. This chapter attempts to shed light on Leibniz’s efforts to contribute to the development of early modern optics by focusing on his derivations of the laws of reflection and refraction. The first three sections examine his attempts to derive the central laws of geometrical optics in works drawn from his early, middle, and later optical studies. The fourth section briefly sketches his efforts to extend the sophisticated techniques found in his optical writings to related problems in natural philosophy. Connections to more familiar themes from Leibniz’s philosophy are drawn along the way.
The Complete Concept of an Individual Substance
Authors: Di Bella Stefano
Published: August 2014

This chapter examines the complete-concept theory central to Leibniz's Discourse on Metaphysics of 1686. It argues that this doctrine lies at the intersection of three great layers of thought: his reflections on individual history and destiny, his ontological intuition of what is considered a “complete being,” and his logically minded unified theory of concepts and truth. In addition, the chapter considers the relevance of the doctrine of complete concepts to Leibniz's concerns about theodicy, and argues that the complete-concept doctrine was never abandoned by Leibniz, even though it was sidelined after 1686 in favour of other approaches to the theory of substance.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Cohen Alex S. , Callaway Dallas A. , Auster Tracey L.
Published: August 2014

Depressive symptoms commonly occur in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Empirical investigation of this comorbidity has revealed a number of interesting and potentially confusing findings. The purpose of this review is to summarize this literature, focusing on clinical, cognitive, behavioral, phenomenological, and neurobiological processes that are common and potentially disparate to these disorders. Additionally, the review will discuss four depression-related paradoxes that have emerged within the schizophrenia literature. It concludes with a brief summary of treatment considerations for patients with schizophrenia with co-morbid depressive symptoms. It is hoped that this chapter can serve as an organizing framework for future research and can help focus efforts on designing new treatments for ameliorating depression-related symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
Depression and Comorbidity with Panic Disorder
Authors: Castriotta Natalie , Craske Michelle G.
Published: August 2014

Comorbidity between panic disorder and major depression is found in the majority of individuals with panic disorder and a substantial minority of individuals with major depression. Comorbidity between panic disorder and depression is associated with substantially more severe symptoms of each of the disorders, greater persistence of each disorder, more frequent hospitalization and help-seeking behavior, more severe occupational impacts, and a significantly higher rate of suicide attempts. These two disorders share many risk factors, such as neuroticism, exposure to childhood abuse, informational processing biases, and elevated amygdala activation in response to negative facial expressions. Research on the temporal priority of panic disorder and major depression has most frequently found that panic attacks and other symptoms of anxiety predate the onset of the first major depressive episode, but the first depressive episode predates the onset of full panic disorder. Treatment studies indicate that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective treatment for panic disorder. Other forms of treatment include medication, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Comorbid depression does not appear to affect the outcome of CBT for a principal diagnosis of panic disorder, and CBT for panic disorder has positive, yet limited, effects on symptoms of depression.
Museum Studies
Authors: Tucker Erica L.
Published: August 2014

This chapter describes and discusses the major research methods used to study museums. These include gallery analyses and interviews with museum visitors, professionals, and stakeholders, as well as ethnographic fieldwork at museums. Drawing from a range of case studies conducted by museum practitioners, anthropologists, historians, and other museum studies scholars at a variety of museums, the author explores how these qualitative methods can be adapted to the study of exhibits, programs, and museums as knowledge-generating institutions. Approaches to research design, data analyses, and writing up are also examined.
The Politics of Research
Authors: Giardina Michael D. , Newman Joshua I.
Published: August 2014

This chapter critically interrogates the politics of research currently dominating US higher education, a politics shaped as much by theoretical and methodological questions and debates as it is by prevailing social, cultural, political, and economic forces. The arguments are guided by four primary questions: (1) How and to what do the cultural and political priorities of the free-marketized, corporate university impact, direct, or confound the conduct of research?; (2) how and to what extent does politics situate methodologies?; (3) how and to what extent is the research act impinged upon by such particularities as institutional review boards, national funding councils, scholarly journals, and the promotion and tenure process?; and (4) how and where do academics fit into this new research climate? The authors also forward a series of practical recommendations for professors and students alike who seek to actively confront and challenge the academic-industrial complex.
Inflammatory features of melasma lesions in Asian skin
Authors: Noh Tai Kyung , Choi Seok Joo , Chung Bo Young , Kang Jin Soo , Lee Jong Hee , Lee Mi Woo , Chang Sung Eun
Published: August 2014

Melasma is triggered by various factors including ultraviolet radiation and estrogen; however, its pathogenesis is unclear. To investigate the inflammatory features of melasma lesions as triggers for this disorder, 197 women with melasma who attended Asan Medical Center and Kangskin Clinic, Seoul, from June 2011 to October 2011 completed a questionnaire concerning triggering or aggravating factors. These cases were divided into “non‐inflammatory” and “inflammatory” groups. Skin biopsies and immunostaining for CD68, CD117, and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) were performed in the lesional and peri‐lesional skin of ten cases in the non‐inflammatory group and nine cases in the inflammatory group. Among the 197 subjects (mean age, 41.5 years; mean age of melasma onset, 33.8 years), 50 patients (25.4%) were categorized into the inflammatory group. This group comprised cases that had inflammatory symptoms and events that triggered the melasma lesions. The lesional dermis contained more CD68+ melanophages, CD117+ mast cells, and LCA+ leukocytes in the inflammatory group than in the non‐inflammatory group. Inflammatory clinical features and an increased number of inflammatory cells in the lesion may be involved in the development of melasma in Asian skin.
Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis as a manifestation of familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Komatsu Shigetsuna , Honma Masaru , Igawa Satomi , Tsuji Hitomi , Ishida‐Yamamoto Akemi , Migita Kiyoshi , Ida Hiroaki , Iizuka Hajime
Published: August 2014

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a hereditary autoinflammatory disease, which is characterized by recurrent and paroxysmal fever, peritonitis, arthritis, myalgia, and skin rashes. Although various skin lesions such as “erysipelas‐like erythema”, urticaria, nonspecific purpura, and subcutaneous nodules have been described, cutaneous vasculitis is rare. We report a Japanese case of sporadic FMF accompanied by cutaneous arteritis at the time of febrile attacks of FMF. Gene analysis revealed M694I mutation in a single allele of the MEFV gene, and oral colchicine successfully controlled both periodic fever and subcutaneous nodules of arteritis. Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis repeatedly emerging with febrile attacks should be included among the skin manifestations of FMF.
Predator‐dependent functional response in wolves: from food limitation to surplus killing
Authors: Zimmermann Barbara , Sand Håkan , Wabakken Petter , Liberg Olof , Andreassen Harry Peter
Published: August 2014

The functional response of a predator describes the change in per capita kill rate to changes in prey density. This response can be influenced by predator densities, giving a predator‐dependent functional response. In social carnivores which defend a territory, kill rates also depend on the individual energetic requirements of group members and their contribution to the kill rate.

This study aims to provide empirical data for the functional response of wolves Canis lupus to the highly managed moose Alces alces population in Scandinavia. We explored prey and predator dependence, and how the functional response relates to the energetic requirements of wolf packs.

Winter kill rates of GPS‐collared wolves and densities of cervids were estimated for a total of 22 study periods in 15 wolf territories. The adult wolves were identified as the individuals responsible for providing kills to the wolf pack, while pups could be described as inept hunters.

The predator‐dependent, asymptotic functional response models (i.e. Hassell–Varley type II and Crowley–Martin) performed best among a set of 23 competing linear, asymptotic and sigmoid models. Small wolf packs acquired >3 times as much moose biomass as required to sustain their field metabolic rate (FMR), even at relatively low moose abundances. Large packs (6–9 wolves) acquired less biomass than required in territories with low moose abundance.

We suggest the surplus killing by small packs is a result of an optimal foraging strategy to consume only the most nutritious parts of easy accessible prey while avoiding the risk of being detected by humans. Food limitation may have a stabilizing effect on pack size in wolves, as supported by the observed negative relationship between body weight of pups and pack size.
Working with stakeholders to reduce conflict – modelling the impact of varying hen harrier Circus cyaneus densities on red grouse Lagopus lagopus populations
Authors: Elston David A. , Spezia Luigi , Baines Dave , Redpath Stephen M.
Published: August 2014

Conflict management is difficult and may benefit from scientists working closely with stakeholders. We worked with conservation and moorland management interests, to consider the potential use of a quota system to address the long‐standing conflict arising from hen harrier Circus cyaneus predation on red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus.

We modelled the impact of different harrier densities on grouse populations using a stochastic population dynamics model to inform the debate over the consequences of a quota system. The stakeholders commissioned the work and agreed on the underlying principles, the data sets and the approach.

The model covers the recovery phase from low grouse densities to a level at which driven shooting can recommence, as this phase is of paramount concern to the managers of grouse moors.

The model incorporated uncertainty in parameter values as well as for temporal and spatial variation in demographic rates. Multiple runs of the model enabled us to construct probability distributions, both for the population sizes in the first 2 years following cyclic lows in the grouse populations and for the number of years to recommencement of driven grouse shooting.

The model results quantified the extent to which high densities of harriers pose challenges for grouse management. At harrier densities of or below 0·025 km2, harrier impacts were predicted to reduce autumn grouse densities by <10%, suggesting that a quota scheme could theoretically support coexistence between grouse shooting and harrier conservation.

Synthesis and applications. Conflict management requires dialogue between conflicting parties and can benefit from objective inputs from scientists using an agreed evidence base and transparent derivation of relevant information from that evidence base. By discussing the principles of model development and eligibility of data sets with a stakeholder group in advance of producing model results, we achieved buy‐in from all parties involved. Our model informs the debate: whether this additional information will lead to the development and testing of a quota system in practice remains to be seen.
Changes in plant community composition, not diversity, during a decade of nitrogen and phosphorus additions drive above‐ground productivity in a tallgrass prairie
Authors: Avolio Meghan L. , Koerner Sally E. , La Pierre Kimberly J. , Wilcox Kevin R. , Wilson Gail W. T. , Smith Melinda D. , Collins Scott L.
Published: August 2014

Nutrient additions typically increase terrestrial ecosystem productivity, reduce plant diversity and alter plant community composition; however, the effects ofPadditions and interactions betweenNandPare understudied.

We added bothN(10 g m−2) and three levels ofP(2.5, 5 and 10 g m−2) to a native, ungrazed tallgrass prairie burned biennially in northeasternKansas,USA, to determine the independent and interactive effects ofNandPon plant community composition and above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP).

After a decade of nutrient additions, we found few effects ofPalone on plant community composition,Nalone had stronger effects, andNandPadditions combined resulted in much larger effects than either alone. The changes in the plant community were driven by decreased abundance ofC4grasses, perhaps in response to altered interactions with mycorrhizal fungi, concurrent with increased abundance of non‐N‐fixing perennial and annual forbs. Surprisingly, this large shift in plant community composition had little effect on plant community richness, evenness and diversity.

The shift in plant composition withNandPcombined had large but variable effects onANPPover time. Initially,NandNandPcombined increased above‐ground productivity ofC4grasses, but after 4 years, productivity returned to ambient levels as grasses declined in abundance and the community shifted to dominance by non‐N‐fixing and annual forbs. Once these forbs increased in abundance and became dominant,ANPPwas more variable, with pulses in forb production only in years when the site was burned.

Synthesis. We found that a decade ofNandPadditions interacted to drive changes in plant community composition, which had large effects on ecosystem productivity but minimal effects on plant community diversity. The large shift in species composition increased variability inANPPover time as a consequence of the effects of burning. Thus, increased inputs ofNandPto terrestrial ecosystems have the potential to alter stability of ecosystem function over time, particularly within the context of natural disturbance regimes.
Shoot competition, root competition and reproductive allocation in Chenopodium acuminatum
Authors: Wang Ping , Weiner Jacob , Cahill James F. , Zhou Dao Wei , Bian Hong Feng , Song Yan Tao , Sheng Lian Xi
Published: August 2014

Root and shoot competition affect plant growth in different ways, but their effects on reproductive allocation have not been investigated. If root and shoot competition affect reproductive output in a population differently, this will influence the evolution of plant populations growing under various competitive regimes.

We conducted a field experiment to investigate the effects of root, shoot and full competition from naturally occurring surrounding vegetation on growth and reproduction of an annual plant, Chenopodium acuminatum, under low and high soil fertility. Root competition was eliminated by inserting a PVC pipe vertically into the soil around target individuals, and shoot competition was removed by installing inverted wire cones above‐ground. Plants were measured after 11 weeks of growth. The relationships between reproductive (R) and vegetative (V) biomass among treatments were compared.

Without fertilizer, the competitive response of target plants to root competition was greater than that to shoot competition, while in the fertilized treatment, the opposite was the case. Fertilization increased target plant size under no or root competition, but did not affect mean plant size for individuals experiencing shoot or full competition. Variation in size among target plants was highest under shoot competition at high fertility.

The slope of log R–log V relationship under fertilized conditions was significantly higher than without fertilizer addition. The slope was higher under shoot and full competition than under root or no competition at both fertility levels. There were many more small individuals when competition was for light than for soil resources. These small individuals developed more slowly and had fewer flowering branches and lower reproductive allocation at harvest than large individuals.

Synthesis. Our results demonstrated that shoot competition affects the observed pattern of reproductive allometry among individuals in the field, and this has implications for the fitness of competing plants. The steeper log R–log V slope of populations competing above‐ground may intensify the role of directional selection under light competition, making the effects of shoot competition more important than those of root competition for the evolution of weeds in fertile environments.