bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hessian Fly Control with Granular Insecticides Applied at Planting, 1985
Authors: David Buntin G.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected seed treatment and granular formulations of insecticides was evaluated for Hessian fly control. Winter wheat was planted on 21 Oct at the Bledsoe Research Farm in Pike County, Ga. Plots measuring 25 × 7 ft were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seed was drill planted with a Tye drill in 8-inch rows at 90 lb of seed/acre. Granular insecticides were broadcast immediately after planting with a Gandy bicycle applicator equipped with two 10-inch banders. Granules were incorporated in to the upper 0.5 inches of soil by raking each plot. All plots were sampled 45 days after planting by digging al! plants in 2 random samples of 30 cm of row. The number of tillers and percentage of infested tillers were determined. Data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Armyworm Control in Wheat, 1985
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Salvaggio R. S. , Vinis L. , Grove J.
Published: March 2022

Wheat was planted 17 Oct near Burrsville, Caroline County, Md., in a high-management commercial field. Armyworms averaged 3-4/ft of row in the test plot area at the time of treatment on 24 May. Treatment plots were 10 × 20 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by hand-held C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Armyworms were sampled by counting the number of larvae/4 (3-ft of row) samples/plot taken at random. Posttreatment samples were taken on 28 and 30 May.
Control of Fungus Gnats on Chinese Evergreen, California, 1987
Authors: Garcia J. M. , Ali A. D.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-four Chinese evergreen plants growing in 6-inch plastic pots were selected for the study. ABG 6188 was applied as a soil drench on 24 and 31 Mar. Three treatments (high, low, and check) were used at 2 concentrations, and each treatment had 6 replications. For day 0 (24 Mar) the high rate was applied at 2 gal/100 gal water and low rate at 1 gal/100 gal water. For day 7 (31 Mar), high rate was at 1 gal/100 gal water and low rate at Vz gal/100 gal water. Unigro potting soil was used (redwood sawdust, ground fir bark, washed sand, peat moss, and vermiculite). Pots were placed in cages in a greenhouse that had an average temperature of 26.6°C and a relative humidity of -8%. Treatments were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT by counting the number of adults captured on yellow sticky cards. Each pot was watered with 00 ml of water on 14, 21, and 28 DAT.
Contact and Residue Efficacy Tests for Beet Armyworm Control, 1987
Authors: Harris M. , Warkentin D. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Contact-ingestion efficacy was tested by placing parly larval instars (laboratory colony generation 11) individually on clean chrysanthemum leaves and spraying with treatment solutions. After air drying, leaves with larvae were placed in plastic creamer cups with moist filter paper and covered with plastic lids. Residue efficacy was tested by placing leaves dipped in treatment solutions and air dried in plastic cups and adding individual larvae preconditioned on chrysanthemum leaves. Mortality was assessed at 24, 48, and 96 h posttreatment. All treatments were replicated 4 times with 10 cups/replicate.
Bendiocarb Screening Against Beet Armyworm, 1987
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Test insects were reared on artificial diet in a laboratory colony to third and fourth instars. To assess contact toxicity, larvae were placed in Petri dishes, sprayed with their respective treatment dilutions using a hand-held atomizer, then transferred to individual 1-oz creamer cups containing fresh diet and sealed with paper-insert lids. For the leaf-residue test, chrysanthemum leaves were dipped in treatment dilutions and allowed to air dry; larvae were introduced into individual creamer cups containing treated foliage and a section of moist filter paper. At each treatment level there were 5 replicate sets of 10 larvae/set. Mean percent mortalities were evaluated at 2-day intervals, and data were transformed by arcsin p prior to 1-way analysis of variance.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Butler, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment j plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with: 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held ! shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions < existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature, 86°F; RH, 78%; amount of thatch, 1.0 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil size separation: 26.2% sand, 53.6% i silt, 20.2% clay; soil moisture, 5.4%; soil pH 7.1; organic matter, 3.5%; water pH, slightly acidic; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period, j Posttreatment counts were made 3 Aug, 11 days after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10-min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to sq-ft count.
Laboratory Evaluation of Chemicals for Postharvest Control of Fuller Rose Beetle, 1986
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Brandl D. G.
Published: March 2022

Eggs (0-7 days old) oviposited on wax paper were placed in stainless steel screen cages 6 cm long × 18 mm diam closed with cork stoppers. Cages with eggs were dipped in test compounds at recommended strengths for 3 min, drip dired for 1 min, rinsed in tap water for 1 min, and air dried for 30 min. The tap water rinse was omitted for Dimilin. Treated eggs were held at 27°C and 85% RH for 30 days and examined for mortality. There was an average of 387 eggs/replicate, and each test was replicated 3 times. All data were corrected using Abbott's formula (1925).
Prevention of Japanese Beetle Defoliation with Foliar Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Redmond C. , Buxton M. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

Container-grown roses were trimmed prior to treatment to obtain uniform plant size. Blossoms were removed as they opened during the experiment. Eight replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block on 10 Jul and set out on a golf course rough in Lexington, Ky. Roses were sprayed to point of runoff on 10, 17, and 24 Jul. Plants were handwatered as needed. Injury was evaluated on 17 and 24 Jul by assigning plants to one of the following damage classes: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100% defoliation. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's mean separation procedure following arcsine transformation.
Winter Oil Spray to Control Fletcher Scale on Taxus, 1987
Authors: McClure M. S.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted in a commercial nursery in Broad Brook, Hartford County, Conn., to determine the effectiveness of a late-winter application of oil for controlling Fletcher scale on taxus and the degree of phytotoxicity caused by subfreezing temperatures following application. On 11 Mar, 30 1-m yews (15 each of'Densiformis' and 'Hicksii') heavily infested with Fletcher scale (x = 50 scales/12-cm branch) were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Two groups were treated that day with Scalecide 1:50 dilution (245 oz [AI]/100 gal); the other group served as the untreated check. Treatments were applied by a Solo Jetpak 425 backpack sprayer. Two liters of mixed solution was applied to each tree in 1 group, sufficient to drench the plants completely. Half as much mixed solution was applied to each tree in the other group, which provided only partial coverage of the plant. All living scales were second-instar nymphs at the time of treatment. Air temperature at the time of application and continuously for 12 days hence was monitored using a Foxboro hydrothermograph located on the ground among the treated trees. On 9 Apr each of the 30 yews was examined for phytotoxicity. The percentage of the total branches on each yew and the percentage of the total needles on an average branch on each yew that showed phytotoxicity were categorized in increments of 25%, Symptoms of phytotoxicity included yellowing, browning, and desiccating foliage. Each yew was sampled by removing 10 randomly selected 10-cm-long branches from the inner and outer positions of the crown. Branches were examined by microscope and the first 5 scales encountered on each branch were recorded as dead or alive. Air temperature at the time of application (12:15 to 2:00 P.M.) was 3.9°C (39°F), but within 5 h it fell below freezing, reaching a low of -3.3°C (26°F) overnight. During the subsequent 11-day period, daytime temperatures rose above freezing every day and fell below freezing on 8 nights. The maximum and minimum temperatures recorded for the period were 15.6°C (60°F) and -3.9°C (25°F), respectively.
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Efficacy of Methoxychlor for ELM Leaf Beetle Control, Delaware County, Ohio, 1987
Authors: Barger Jack H. , Hall Richard W.
Published: March 2022

Three-year-old potted trees of a single clone, Ulmus (hybrid '970'), growing under lathhouse conditions were sprayed with methoxychlor and subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments to determine whether insecticidal efficacy against elm leaf beetle (ELB) adults was affected. The experimental factors were as follows: methoxychlor applied at 0.5%, 3 SAR treatments (pH 3.0; pH 4.2; none), and 3 replicates each. Three elm trees not treated with methoxychlor or SAR served as controls. SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of deionized water with 2 parts H2S04 and 1 part HN03 and were applied through beta-fog nozzles at 90 kPa in chambers equipped with platforms 1.2 m diameter, revolving at 2.4 revolutions/min. SAR treatments began twice weekly on 4 Sep and continued for 12 wk. Each SAR event delivered 1.27 cm (0.5 inches) in 35 min (30.5 cm; 12 inches total). Trees were sprayed with methoxychlor to runoff on 3 Sept (20°C, 40% RH, winds 5 mph) using a compressed-CO2 R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a no. 5500 adjustable cone-tip nozzle opened one-half turn from full-closed at 206.8 kPa pressure. At 0, 7, 21, 42, and 84 days after treatment (DAT), 5 leaves were harvested from each tree for use in ELB bioassays. Each leaf was placed in a plastic Petri dish (15 mm) at 25°C on a 15:9 (L:D) schedule with 3 pair ELB reared on U. putnila and maintained as adults on an artificial diet. At each bioassay, ELB mortality was determined after 24 h. Insecticide phytotoxicity was determined at 1 and 84 DAT.
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Control Using Foliar Sprays, 1987
Authors: McClure Mark S.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted in Gillette Castle State Park located in East Haddam in Middlesex County and Hadlyme in New London County, Conn., to determine the effectiveness of foliar sprays for controlling hemlock woolly adelgid on eastern hemlock. In March when studies were initiated, trees were heavily infested and injured, indicated by discolored foliage and dead branches. Trees were sprayed with 7 pesticides on 3 dates: 14 Apr, when adelgids were adults and eggs; 13 May, when eggs and nymphs of various ages were present; and 16 Jul, when all adelgids were aestivating first instar nymphs. All treatments were applied with a SOLO® Jetpak 425 Knapsack Sprayer in sufficient volume to drench the foliage and branches completely but not excessively. Treatments were applied to each of 5 hemlocks that ranged in height from 3 to 7 m. Four branches were sampled from each of the 5 sprayed trees and 5 unsprayed trees 3 wk after treatments. Branches were examined microscopically, and the first 100 adelgids encountered on each branch were recorded as dead or alive. Therefore, 2,000 adelgids were examined for each treatment. Sprayed trees were examined periodically for phytotoxicity during the 6-month study period.
Control of Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine, Wayne County, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine (2-3 m tall) infested with pine needle scale growing in an abandoned Christmas tree plantation were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides against scale crawlers. A flag was placed near the highest density of scale for each tree; sprays were applied to that area 6 May, using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle on aperture setting 3 for 45 s, delivering 930 ml of finished spray to each of 4 replicate trees/treatment. Conditions were cloudy, 24°C, with 16-32 km/h winds. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 7, 13, and 28 days posttreatment by removing 5 needle fascicles from at least 3 locations within each sprayed area of each tree. N'eedles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory, where percent mortality was assessed with the aid of a dissecting microseope.
Evaluation of Residual Insecticides Against the German Cockroach, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of Dursban ME (11.7% chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated), Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos), and Orthene PCO Formula II (96% acephate, soluable powder). The evaluation of both Dursban formulations occurred in 1986, and these are compared statistically; the Orthene evaluation (1987) is included for information, but no analysis is presented. Multifamily public housing units located in Michigan City, Ind., served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Sprays were applied using 1-gal B&G compressed-air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general clean-out procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated and approximately 0.5 gal of spray was used per unit. The exact volume applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 10-13 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment cockroach counts. Prior to statistical analysis, negative percent reductions are converted to zero.
Efficacy of Lynx 25 WP and Tempo 2C (F) on Turf Against Adult Cat Fleas, 1986
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Turf grass was sprayed with Lynx 25 WP at the rates of 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24 oz (AI)/1000 ft2, and 25% Tempo 2C (F) at 0.27, and 0.33 oz (AI)/1000 ft2. Both formulations were dissolved in water and applied in a 20 × 90 inch swath using a 1 gal Hudson pressurized hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 0.6 oz/s at 30 psi. A similar area treated with water served as a control. Turf height during the studies was ca. 2 inches. After treatment, 3 5-gal buckets with the bottoms removed were firmly placed into the soil in each plot. Approximately 25 adult cat fleas were released into each bucket. After 24 h, the number of live adult fleas were determined by placing ones’ hand into each bucket, recording and removing the number of fleas that attached. This procedure was repeated until 3 consecutive hand samples were negative for the presence of fleas.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Aerosol Space Sprays on Eight Species of Insects, 1987
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Three 1200 ft3 rooms were itilized for comparing the effectiveness of F-533 (0.04% Bay FCR 1272, 0.72% tetramethrin, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1% MGK 264, and 10% petroleum distillates); F-534 (0.14% pyrethrins, 0.063% tetramethrin, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 0.98% MGK 264, 0.48% petroleum distillates); and F-535 (0.25% tetranethrin, 0.15% permethrin, 9.25% petroleum distillates) as indoor flying insect space sprays. Tests were conducted at 60-70° and 90-100°F against eight pedes of insects at a rate of 3.3 g of material/1000 ft3 from each aerosol container. This rate was also increased to 13 and 15 g/1000 ft3 at 60-70°F for Aedes legypti, Indianmeal moths, gnats, and house flies. Each species was placed separately in 6.5 (length) × 3.2 inch (diam) screen cages and suspended from he ceiling at a height of ca. 5 ft from the floor prior to testing. Three cages/species were exposed to each formulation. Knockdown and mortality was recorded at 0, 5, 10, and 15 min and 24 h. Rooms remained closed for the first 15 min, then opened and a cotton ball saturated with 1% sugar solution was placed on he top of each cage. Control cages (3 cages/species) were treated similarly in an untreated room.
Control of DBM, 1988:
Authors: Talekar N. S. , Yang J. C.
Published: March 2022

One-month-old seedlings of ‘K-Y Cross’ cabbage were transplanted in 4.5- by 3.3-m plots on 4 Jan in 2 identically designed experiments at the experimental farm of the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, in southern Taiwan. In each experiment there were 10 treatments replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Predetermined quantities of insecticide formulations were diluted in water and sprayed on designated plots with a 10-liter air-pressure sprayer charged to 2.7 kg/cm2 (40 psi) and fitted with a cone type nozzle. A 0.75-liter volume (50% of the designated quantity of the active ingredient [AI]) was applied/plot during the first 4 applications, and 1.5 liter/plot (1,000 liters/ha) was applied during the rest. Spraying was done on 22 and 29 Jan; 5, 12, 19, and 26 Feb; and 4 and 11 Mar. Insecticide efficacy evaluation was performed on 4 and 25 Feb and 3, 10, and 17 Mar. At each evaluation interval the number of DBM larvae and pupae found on 10 randomly selected plants in each plot was recorded. The crop was harvested on 25 Mar.
Chemical Control of PPGA, 1988:
Authors: Teague T. G. , Scott A. W.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was planted in Hidalgo fine sandy loam soil on 13 Oct 1987 at Rio Farms in Monte Alto, Tex. Row culture was 2 rows 10 inches apart on 40-inch beds. Plants within a row were thinned to a 12-inch spacing on 30 Oct. There were 6 treatments arranged in a randomized complete block experimental design and replicated 4 times. Plot size was 4 beds, 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys separating replications. The crop was irrigated as needed to avoid water stress. Insecticides were applied when plants were at the 5-leaf stage on 4 Nov. Either a soil application (sidedress) made in combination with a liquid fertilizer (32-0-0) or a foliar application was used. A commercial liquid fertilizer applicator equipped with 3 shanks per bed and calibrated to discharge 25 gal/acre delivered the sidedress treatments 1-3 inches below the soil surface. Outside shanks were positioned 3-6 inches from the crop plants. Soil temperature at the time of application was 26°C. Foliar applications consisted of a selective systemic aphicide applied using a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer fitted with a single-cone nozzle/bed and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre on a 20-inch band. The adjuvant Triton AG-98 Ag Emulsifler (0.125% vol/vol) was applied with the foliar sprays. Root aphid density was estimated using a simple flotation technique; roots from 5 randomly selected plants were immersed in a calcium chloride solution (1 tablespoon CaCl in 1 gal water), and insects floating to the surface were counted. Sampling commenced 2 wk after insecticide applications and continued at 2-wk intervals until harvest. Three 5-plant samples were taken from each plot. Yields were determined by hand-harvesting heads of commercially acceptable size in a 15-ft area in one bed near the center of each plot. Plots were harvested 4 times, and yield data were combined for each successive harvest to provide cumulative totals. Following the final harvest of marketable heads on 29 Feb, all remaining heads from the harvest area were cut. Yield data from that harvest were combined with total marketable yield to produce total yield values. All data were analyzed using ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1988:
Authors: Yalemar Juliana , Marutani Mari , Muniappan R.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings of ‘K-K Cross’ cabbage were transplanted 29 Mar, in a soil classified as clayey, gibbsitic, nonacid, isohvperthermic Lithic Ustorthents in Barrigada, Guam. Each plot consisted of 5 rows with 12 plants/row. The distances between rows and between plants within a row were 120 cm and 46 cm, respectively. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied with back-pack sprayers on 12 and 27 Apr and 6 and 16 May. On 20 May the percentage of plants with various insect damage was examined by observing 30 plants/plot. Insect damage rating was estimated on a 1-5 scale (1, no insect damage; 2, 25% insect damage; 3, 50% insect damage; 4, 75% insect damage; 5, 100% insect damage). On 23 May 20 heads/plot were harvested and weighed to determine yield.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Turner Cathy
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 6 single-tree plots (3 ‘Rome Beauty,’ 3 ‘Golden Delicious’) of 34-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 6 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 12 Apr (prepink [PP]), 12 May (petal fall [PF]), 26 May (first cover [1C]), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 24 Jun (third cover [3C]), 11 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 29 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 11 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 22 Aug (seventh cover [7C]) and 2 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200, NAA, Solubor, Streptomycin, and Topsin-M. Control of AA and SA was evaluated by counting infested leaves on each of 10 terminals and the number of aphids on the most infested leaf/terminal on each ‘Golden Delicious’ tree. The effect of treatments on ERM was determined by sampling 33 leaves from the periphery of each ‘Rome Beauty’ tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. WALH control was evaluated by counting nymphs found on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. The effect of treatments on fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 apples/treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 20 and 21 Sep. Fruit picked from ‘Golden Delicious’ trees were rated for finish on a scale of 1-5, 5 being worst.
Control of Collard Pests, 1988:
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Martin Phyllis A. W. , Linduska James L. , Bohm Howard
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ collards were direct seeded in 4-row plots 20 ft long on 13 Jul. Plants were spaced 2 inches apart in the row with 36 inches between the rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, and each sprayed row was buffered by an unspraved guard row. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 liter of water to which 0.01% of a liquid detergent was added as a spreader and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. The Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was applied in an unencapsulated formulation and several encapsulated formulations with different sunscreen materials to determine the effectiveness of these materials in protecting the virus from the ultraviolet and visible light just above the UV region. The NPVs do not infect ICW so that damage to plants in rows treated with virus was from ICW and CL. All rows were treated with their respective applications on 16 and 23 Aug. On 23 Aug 50 second-instar CL were released on each of the test rows. On 7 and 14 Sep the foliage injury ratings and insect counts were taken. Foliage ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows; 1, 0-3% damage (odd holes in leaves); 2, 4-10% damage (few leaves with holes); 3, 11-25% damage (moderate number of leaves with holes); 4, 26-50% damage (most leaves with holes); and 5, 51-100% damage (crown damage, all leaves with holes, or both).
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1988:
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W.
Published: March 2022

This study used ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn planted on the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, N.H. on 30 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 20-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. When the plants reached the 10% silking stage, silk spray applications of each treatment were initiated using an R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 28,8 gal/acre. The sprays were directed toward the silk zone on each side of the row on 18 Aug, 22 Aug, 26 Aug, 31 Aug, and 3 Sep. Evaluations were made on 14 Sep by examining 20 ears from each replicate for the presence of larvae or feeding injury.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 20 Apr near Georgetown, Del. Four-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl on 22 Jun. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheelbarrow sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 40 psi on 22 Jun. All plant whorls were removed from the center two rows of each plot, unrolled, and the number of infested plants counted on 27 Jun.
Control of Organophosphate Resistant Onion Thrips, 1986:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Schweissing Frank
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a grower’s field of transplant onions in Rocky Ford, Colo. Previous applications of ethyl parathion to the field gave poor thrips control indicating development of an insecticide resistant strain of the thrips. Plots were 4 rows, 25 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Applications were made 21 Jim using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 34.5 gal/acre at 34 psi. Treatments were directed into the whorls, and spray mixtures included Bond at the rate of 4 oz/acre. Plots were evaluated 2 and 4 DAT by counting all thrips found in 5 randomly selected plants/plot.
Potato Insect Control, 1988:
Authors: Ferro D. N. , Tuttle A. F. , Slocombe A. C.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 9 May in South Deerfield, Mass. Soil type was a fine sandy loam, pH 5.6. CPB pressure was heavy because potatoes were grown adjacent to CPB overwintering sites. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft rows with a 6-ft fallow area separating each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Applications were made on 21 and 28 Jun and 8 and 15 Jul. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5-10 whole stalks/plot. To evaluate microbial insecticides, larvae were counted and recorded as early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth). The performance of these materials was evaluated primarily by comparing late instar counts, as it took 4-5 d for the dead larvae to drop from the plants. On 20 Jul, the leafhoppers were counted on 5 leaves/plot. On 20 Jul, each plot was rated for defoliation on a scale of 0-100%.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1988:
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 23 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. The field, a Waukegan silt loam, had been in alfalfa the previous 3 yr. Treatments were 2 rows, 120 ft long, with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in furrow with a planter-mounted granular applicator. An untreated control was planted between every 2 insecticidal treatments. The plots were not sprayed with any foliar insecticide. On 1 Oct potatoes were harvested, counted, and scored for wireworm injury. Control for each treatment was calculated as the percentage of reduction in wireworm damage relative to the adjacent untreated control. The granular insecticides also were evaluated for nontarget species on 27 Jun, 6 Jul, 18 Jul, 28 Jul, 5 Aug, 11 Aug, and 23 Aug. Plots were sampled for PLH and PFB by counting 35 mid-plant leaves. CPB larvae were counted by instar on 20 randomly selected plants in each plot.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1988:
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates. Planting was done on 13 May for experiment CPB-A, 16 May for experiments CPB-B and CPB-C, and 19 May for experiment CPB-D at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1987. The 3.0-m space between blocks was bare soil, and the 4-row replicates were separated by 2 rows of untreated potatoes. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy seed pieces (75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by foliar applications of Dithane FZ (2338 ml/ha the weeks of 11, 18, and 25 Jul; 2806 ml/ha the weeks of 1, 8, and 15 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. CPB larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, insect counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for June, July, and August was 3.7, 8.3, and 13.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 15.7, 20.4 and 18.9°C.
Control on Fall Squash, 1987:
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Draeger E. A.
Published: March 2022

A pesticide efficacy trial was conducted at the University of Arizona Valley Experiment Station in Yuma to evaluate the ability of various insecticides to control the sweetpotato whitefly on squash. Plots were planted 25 Sept. Experimental materials were compared with untreated control plots and Thiodan 3 EC. A completely randomized design was used with 4 plots receiving each treatment. Plots measuring 6 by 2 m were separated by 22.25 m along the rows and 33.3 m across the rows. Test materials were applied 27 Oct using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at a pressure of 206.8 kPa and a rate of 83.3 liter/hectare. Three sampling methods were used to record the number of adult whiteflies: In the leaf counts 10 leaves from each plot were examined; in vacuum samples, whiteflies were collected using a hand vacuum for a period of 5 s/plot; sticky card trap was placed in each plot from 10 am to 11 am. The leaf count sampling was the only method to show separation between the treatment means, so these are the only data presented here.
Control on Tomato, 1987
Authors: Talekar N. S. , Lee S. T.
Published: March 2022

One-month-old seedlings of‘TN-3’ tomatoes were transplanted in 4.5- by 3.3-m plots on 1 Oct at the experimental farm of the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, in southern Taiwan. There were 10 treatments replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Predetermined quantities of insecticide formulations were diluted in water and sprayed on designated plots with a 10-liter air pressure sprayer charged to 2.7 kg/cm2 (40 psi) and fitted with a cone-type nozzle. A 0.75-liter volume (50% of the designated quantity of the active ingredient was applied/plot during the first 4 applications, and 1.5 liter/plot (1,000 liter/ha) was applied during the rest. Spraying was done on 29 Oct; 5, 13, 19, and 26, Nov; 3, 10, 17, 24, and 31 Dec 1987; and 7 Jan 1988. Insecticide efficacy evaluations were performed on 1, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Dec 1987 and 6 and 13 Jan 1988. At each evaluation interval, the number of H. armigera-damaged and healthy ripe fruit was recorded. Total and marketable yields also were recorded. All fruit damage and yield data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control in Seed Alfalfa, 1988
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were established near Hollister, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by surface flow. Five treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 12 by 25 ft. Treatments were applied 7 Jul, during bloom, as broadcast spray with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 30 psi and delivering 20 gal finished spray/acre. Nozzle type was X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow cone. Treatments were applied on 7 Jul during bloom period. Sampling was conducted by taking 590° pendulum sweeps/plot on each sampling date and counting the SAA in the net. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Red Clover Pest Control, 1988
Authors: Kamble Shripat T. , Byers Matthew E. , Manglitz George R.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted in Lincoln, Nebr., to determine the effectiveness of Ammo 2.5 EC as a foliar treatment against insect pests of red clover and to determine its effects on phytotoxicity and yield. The clover was second-year growth seeded on 16 Jun 1987. Ammo was applied at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre and at 0.2 lb (AI)/acre; untreated plots served as control. All treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design. Each plot consisted of 9 20-ft rows spaced 6 inches apart. The first cutting of clover was made 24 May. Pretreatment samples were taken 7 Jun by making 5 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. The first treatment was completed 8 Jun with a CO2-activated-pressure sprayer equipped with a 51/2-ft boom calibrated to deliver 24.44 gal water/acre at 20 psi. Insects were sampled 15 Jun by making 5 sweeps/plot. A second application was made 16 Jun. The second sampling was completed 27 Jun. Phytotoxicity was assessed for leaf burn and yellowing (chlorotic) effects. The clover was harvested (second cutting) 7 Jul and cured in a greenhouse for 7 d.
Western Tentiform Leafminer Vydate Rate Test, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a mature commercial orchard near East Wenatchee, Wash. The experimental design consisted of unreplicated 1-acre blocks. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul with an airblast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre. The number of WTLM was sampled by counting tissue-feeding mines from the upper surfaces of 100 leaves. The pretreatment count (17 Jul) coincided with the maximum number of mines of the second generation, and the posttreatment count (19 Aug) coincided with the maximum number of mines of the third generation. WTLM age structure at time of application was 36.0% sap-feeding larvae, 6.6% tissue-feeding larvae, 5.6% pupae, and 44.2% emerged, 7.6% dead, and 0% parasitized.
Second-Generation European Corn Borer Efficacy Trials, 1988
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Evans B. , McClain-Williams D.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested early-blister-stage field corn was treated 22 Jul. Three insecticides and one untreated control were replicated 4 times. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m long with 76-cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a CO2-powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. Each treated row received spray applied at 40 psi from 1 nozzle suspended over the row, perpendicular to the row (tip size HC-6). The growing season was characterized by severe drought and extreme temperatures. No rain fell for 18 d after the plots were treated. Twenty plants from the 2 center rows were destroyed and examined 16-17 Aug. Tunnels/20 plants and larvae/20 plants were recorded for each plot.
First-Generation European Corn Borer Efficacy Trials, 1988
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Evans B. , McClain-Williams D.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested whorl-stage yellow field corn was treated 14 Jun. Thirteen insecticides and 1 untreated control were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m long with 76-cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a CO2-powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. Each treated row received spray applied at 40 psi from 1 nozzle suspended over the row, perpendicular to the row (tip size HC-6). Granular products were applied manually with a funnel and band spreader system. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20-cm band. The 1988 growing season was characterized by severe drought and extreme temperatures. No rain fell for 2 wk after the treatments were applied. Twenty plants from the 2 center rows per plot were destroyed and examined from 8 through 14 Jul. Tunnels/20 plants, larvae/20 plants, and average percentage of plants infested with at least 1 tunnel/plant were recorded.
Control of Banks Grass Mite, 1988
Authors: Michels G. J. , Behle R. W. , Bible J. B.
Published: March 2022

Three Capture treatments were applied to field corn at the High Plains Research Station near Etter, Tex., and evaluated for BGM control. Applications were made 12 Aug with a 4-nozzle hand-held spray boom to plots that were a single row 50 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The spray boom was held vertically for 2 passes so that the spray was applied to both sides of corn. Total spray volume was 21.6 gal/acre at 30 psi and included 1 qt/acre of nonemulsifled crop oil (Sun Oil 11N). Efficacy evaluations taken at 7, 13, and 25 DAT were based on mite and mite egg counts from brushed leaf samples. Four plants that exhibited signs of mite damage were selected from each plot and the leaf below the lowest ear was excised to be brushed. The leaf-brushing machine collects the mites and eggs on a 7-inch glass plate coated with petroleum jelly. Four leaves from each plot were brushed onto 1 plate or into a labeled Petri dish and returned to the laboratory. There, eggs and mites were counted from one-quarter of each plate under a microscope. The numbers reported are mites and mite eggs/leaf.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1987
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S. , Borgmeier J.
Published: March 2022

Performance of liquid insecticides applied to foliage was evaluated in small plot trials on pretassel corn near Crookston, Minn. Plots of 2 rows (5 ft) by 50 ft were established 10 Jul in a commercial field planted 4 May. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal water/acre through Zytel LF-3-80 nozzles at 40 psi. Light winds (<2 mph) and warm temperatures (89°F) prevailed during application, but IV2 inches of rain began to fall within 6 h after application. Insecticide performance was evaluated 19 Aug by dissecting 10 plants/plot and counting all damage sites (tunnels in stalk, ear shank, and ear).
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Ross S. , Borgmeier J. , Barber Dan
Published: March 2022

This small-plot trial evaluated efficacy of granular insecticides in a commercial production field near Beardsley, Minn. Plots of 1 row (30-inch spacing) by 50 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granular insecticides were applied to whorl stage corn 8 Jul when temperatures were 70-75°F and there were light variable winds. A one-row, electrically driven Gandy granular insecticide applicator was used to apply all treatments. Insecticide performance was evaluated 9 Aug by dissecting 10 infested plants/plot and counting the tunnels.
Fungicide and Insecticide Interactions with In-Furrow Treatments, 1988
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Temik and Orthene were main plot treatments, applied in furrow at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, Subplot treatments were the fungicides Dithane, Ridomil, and Terraclor Super X (TSX) as well as tank mixtures of Dithane + Ridomil and Ridomil + Terraclor. The granular formulation of TSX applied at 10 lb (form.)/acre was the fungicide standard. Test plots of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Cotton was planted at a rate of 52,000 plants/acre 6 May on a Commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., and fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Granular treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter equipped with split applicator boxes. Liquids were applied with a CO2 system calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in late June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and aphids was measured by washing insects from 5 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations were made 18 May and 6 Jun. Data on insect populations are reported as the mean of these 2 dates. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the center 2 rows of each plot 23 May and 20 Jun. Plant population data reported are the means for these 2 dates. Leaf area data were recorded 6 Jun by randomly selecting 5 plants/plot and measuring all leaves with a LI-COR leaf area machine. Plant height data were recorded on 1 Jun. Ten plants/plot were randomly selected for the measurements. Yield was estimated by harvesting all 4 rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester on 9 Sep.
Bollworm Ovicide Trials, 1988
Authors: Frank W. A. , Slosser J. E. , Price J. R.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 25 May at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Munday. Azinphosmethyl at 0.28 kg (AI)/ha was applied 26 Jul to eliminate predators and parasites from the plots. Plots were fertilized before planting with 112 kg nitrogen/ha and irrigated 27-29 Jul. Treatments were applied 1 Aug with a John Deere HiCycle 6000 traveling at 5.2 km/h. Drops were used providing 3 nozzles/row, delivering a volume of 93.5 liters/ha at 275 kilopascals. Treatments were applied between 10:30 A.M. and 12:30 P.M., when the temperature was 32°C, 47% RH, and wind speed was 14-24 km/h gusting to 32 km/h.
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Boll Weevil, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to measure the efficacy of 6 treatments against tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage. Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Heliothis larvae (n = 50) were collected from the test plots and reared to adulthood for identification of species. Applications were made 17, 22, and 27 Jul. Inspections were made of 25 randomly selected squares or bolls in each plot for the presence of tobacco budworm larvae and damage and for boll weevil punctures on 21, 26, and 29 Jul. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Spider Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to compare new strains of Bacillus thuringiensis with Di-Beta and standard miticides for control of TSSM. Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 8 rows wide and 40 ft long in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Spray applications (6 gal/acre) were made with a Hi-boy sprayer with cone tips every 20 inches on the boom. Bidrin at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre was sprayed to control thrips and cotton fleahoppers 22 May and 19 Jun. Predators were controlled with Ammo 0.04 lb (AI)/acre on 7, 14, 22, and 28 Jul and 11 Aug to eliminate their interaction. Plots were infested 17 Jul by placing one infested bean plant on every 5 ft of row in the plots. The single application of control treatments was applied 21 Jul. TSSM infestation on the cotton was measured by examining 25 eighth leaves from the terminals to determine the presence of TSSM. The percentage of infested leaves was determined 27 Jul and 4, 11, and 18 Aug. Yield was determined by harvesting the center 2 rows with an IH brush stripper.
Activity of Selected Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Leonard B. Roger , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

An early-season small-plot trial was conducted on the J. E. Arceneaux farm near Newellton, La., which had been planted 9 Apr in a silty clay loam. No insecticides had been applied to the field of cotton prior to the study. All treatments were applied with a tractor equipped with a 4-row boom (2 Teejet X-6 hollow-cone nozzles/row) and a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre at 35 psi. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 100 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Freshly laid white Heliothis spp. eggs (10/plot) were randomly collected from each plot at 4, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment. The egg collection was transported to the laboratory, held at room temperature (80°F), and mortality to eggs and larvae was determined 96 h after collection. The survivors of the egg cohort in the untreated control were reared to adults and identified as 100% TBW. Eggs were considered dead if they did not hatch. Larval mortality was recorded if the insect was unable to move after being prodded. Numbers of other pests and beneficial arthropods were determined with a standard insect sweep net (15-inch dia) by taking 50 sweep samples/plot 72 h after treatment. For the duration of the study there was no rainfall recorded and relative humidity was low. The cotton plants were approximately 3 ft tall and averaged 3-5 squares per plant.
Control of Soybean Looper, 1988
Authors: Buckelew L. D. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University in Alabama. Eight treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.021-acre-plot was 6 rows wide (36-inch spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 10-ft mowed alley. Treatments were applied in water 13 Sep from a boom sprayer equipped with 2 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles/row operating at 60 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating both rows. Soybean looper larvae were identified and classified as small (first and second instar), medium (third and fourth instar), or large (fifth instar or older). They were then counted and recorded. Three samples from each plot were taken prior to treatment and at 5 and 7 DAT (18 and 20 Sep).
Stink Bug Control, 1988
Authors: Funderburk Joe , Brown A. L.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla., and planted 7 Jun. Plot size was 10 rows by 15 m with a 0.76-m row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied 20 Sep with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 D3 nozzles/row. Each treatment was applied at 36 psi at a rate of 25 gal/acre. Efficacy data were collected by taking 25 sweeps/plot with a 0.38-m-diam sweep net on each of 4 dates.