bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic-field-induced Wigner crystallization of charged interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Bondarev Igor V. , Lozovik Yurii E.
Published: December 2022

Ever since its inception, coherent excited states of semiconductors have been the focus of semiconductor materials research to evolve into a vibrant field of low-dimensional solid-state physics. The field is gaining new momentum these days due to emerging transdimensional semiconductors such as van der Waals bound layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) of controlled thickness. Here, we develop the theory of magnetic-field-induced Wigner crystallization for charged interlayer excitons (CIE) discovered recently in TMD heterobilayers. We derive the ratio of the potential interaction energy to the kinetic energy for the many-particle CIE system in the perpendicular magnetostatic field of an arbitrary strength and predict the crystallization effect in the strong field regime. We show that magnetic-field-induced Wigner crystallization and melting of CIEs can be observed in magneto-photoluminescence experiments with TMD bilayers of systematically varied electron-hole doping concentrations. Our results advance the capabilities of this new generation of transdimensional quantum materials.
Three types of incremental learning
Authors: van de Ven Gido M. , Tuytelaars Tinne , Tolias Andreas S.
Published: December 2022

Incrementally learning new information from a non-stationary stream of data, referred to as ‘continual learning’, is a key feature of natural intelligence, but a challenging problem for deep neural networks. In recent years, numerous deep learning methods for continual learning have been proposed, but comparing their performances is difficult due to the lack of a common framework. To help address this, we describe three fundamental types, or ‘scenarios’, of continual learning: task-incremental, domain-incremental and class-incremental learning. Each of these scenarios has its own set of challenges. To illustrate this, we provide a comprehensive empirical comparison of currently used continual learning strategies, by performing the Split MNIST and Split CIFAR-100 protocols according to each scenario. We demonstrate substantial differences between the three scenarios in terms of difficulty and in terms of the effectiveness of different strategies. The proposed categorization aims to structure the continual learning field, by forming a key foundation for clearly defining benchmark problems.
The Peruvian oxygen minimum zone was similar in extent but weaker during the Last Glacial Maximum than Late Holocene
Authors: Glock Nicolaas , Erdem Zeynep , Schönfeld Joachim
Published: December 2022

Quantifying past oxygen concentrations in oceans is crucial to improving understanding of current global ocean deoxygenation. Here, we use a record of pore density of the epibenthic foraminifer Planulina limbata from the Peruvian Oxygen Minimum Zone to reconstruct oxygen concentrations in bottom waters from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Late Holocene at 17.5°S about 500 meters below the sea surface. We found that oxygen levels were 40% lower during the Last Glacial Maximum than during the Late Holocene (about 6.7 versus 11.1 µmol/kg, respectively). A comparison with other reconstructions of oxygen concentrations in the region reveals a shallow Oxygen Minimum Zone during the Last Glacial Maximum that was similar in water depth and extent but weaker than during the Late Holocene. Increased glacial oxygen concentrations are probably related to lower temperatures (higher oxygen solubility), decreased nutrient and increased oxygen supply by source waters, and a decrease in coastal upwelling.
Biocide loaded shear-thinning hydrogel with anti-biofilm efficacy cures topical infection
Authors: Barman Swagatam , Mukherjee Sudip , Bhattacharjee Brinta , De Kathakali , Mukherjee Riya , Haldar Jayanta
Published: December 2022

The continuous intervention of biofilm associated infections by the multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria worsens and slows the dynamicity of natural wound healing processes.
Supramolecular localization in liquid–liquid phase separation and protein recruitment in confined droplets
Authors: Obayashi Hiroki , Wakabayashi Rie , Kamiya Noriho , Goto Masahiro
Published: December 2022

Artificial supramolecular polymers formed by hierarchical co-assembly localized in droplets in liquid–liquid phase separation and recruited proteins in droplets.
Synthesis, crystal polymorphism and spin crossover behavior of adamantylboron-capped cobalt(ii) hexachloroclathrochelate and its transformation into the CoIIICoIICoIII-bis-macrobicyclic derivative
Authors: Belov Alexander S. , Novikov Valentin V. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Pavlov Alexander A. , Bogomyakov Artem S. , Zubavichus Yan V. , Svetogorov Roman D. , Zelinskii Genrikh E. , Voloshin Yan Z.
Published: December 2022

Cobalt(ii) clathrochelate [Co(Cl2Gm)3(BAd)2] undergoes a temperature-induced spin crossover. Its prolonged crystallization unexpectedly gave the crystals of CoIIICoIICoIII-trinuclear bis-clathrochelate [[CoIII(Cl2Gm)3(BAd)]2CoII].
Selective recognition of Hg2+ ions in aqueous solution by a CdII-based metal–organic framework with good stability and vacant coordination sites
Authors: Cao Xiao-Qin , Wu Wei-Peng , Li Qiang , Zheng Teng-Fei , Chen Yong-Qiang , Chen Jing-Lin , Liu Sui-Jun , Wen He-Rui
Published: December 2022

A water and pH stable CdII-based MOF can be used as a good sensor for Hg2+ ions in aqueous solution. Intriguingly, LED lamps, test papers and luminescent films have been successfully developed to simply detect Hg2+ ions.
Interaction between sleep quality and dietary inflammation on frailty: NHANES 2005–2008
Authors: Sun Mengzi , Wang Ling , Wang Xuhan , Tong Li , Fang Jiaxin , Wang Yuxiang , Yang Yixue , Li Bo
Published: December 2022

There was an interaction between dietary inflammation and sleep quality on frailty. Anti-inflammatory diet may attenuate the detrimental impacts of poor sleep quality on frailty.
A comparison between partially peeled hulless barley and whole grain hulless barley: beneficial effects on the regulation of serum glucose and the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Meng Yantong , Meng Qingjia , Li Chang , Wang Mengqian , Li Siqi , Ying Jian , Zheng Hao , Bai Shuqun , Xue Yong , Shen Qun
Published: December 2022

Hulless barley can improve glucose metabolism, reduce fat accumulation and repair gut microbiota structure. And there was little loss of beneficial effects when hulless barley was moderately peeled.
Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a novel class of tetrahydrobenzothiophene derivatives
Authors: Lai Lin , Yang Jinhua , Sun Wanlin , Su Xiaoyan , Chen Jun , Chen Xinan , Pei Shuchen
Published: December 2022

In this study, a new series of tetrahydrobenzothiophene derivatives have been designed.
The relationship between bacterial outer membrane vesicles and halophilic adaptation
Authors: Barut Dilan , Enuh Blaise M. , Derkuş Burak , Güler Ülkü , Salih Bekir , Aytar Çelik Pınar
Published: December 2022

Membrane vesicle production in H. caseinilytica KB2 was studied under low, optimal, and high saline conditions. Vesiculation decreased with increase in salt concentration but suggested no direct adaptive role to changes in salinity
Co-catalyst and heterojunction dual strategies to induce photogenerated charge separation for efficient hydrogen evolution of CdS
Authors: Quan Yongkang , Wang Guorong , Chang Cancan , Jin Zhiliang
Published: December 2022

The introduction of the non-precious metal co-catalyst Cu3P effectively improved the charge separation and H+ trapping ability of the p–n heterojunction, thus significantly enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity and stability.
Immobilization of a flavin molecule onto poly(methacrylic acid)s and its application in aerobic oxidation catalysis: effect of polymer stereoregularity
Authors: Arakawa Yukihiro , Sogabe Yoshiko , Minagawa Keiji , Oshimura Miyuki , Hirano Tomohiro , Ute Koichi , Imada Yasushi
Published: December 2022

A flavin molecule immobilized onto poly(methacrylic acid)s exhibited aerobic oxidation catalysis with different catalytic activity depending on polymer stereoregularity.
A concise synthesis of thioauronesviaNBS-induced cyclization of MOM-protected 2′-mercaptochalcones
Authors: Nakamura Akira , Rao Fei , Ukiya Kazuchika , Matsunaga Riko , Ohira Shin-ichiro , Maegawa Tomohiro
Published: December 2022

Herein we present a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of thioaurones (hemithioindigos) from MOM-protected 2′-mercaptochalcones with NBS and pyridine.
Light transfer through bubble-filled electrolyte for solar water splitting
Authors: Bhanawat Abhinav , Pilon Laurent
Published: December 2022

Quantified the optical losses due to gas bubbles nucleating and rising through an absorbing electrolyte layer by simulating light transfer in a photoelectrochemical cell and assessed their impact on photoelectrode performance under solar radiation.
Chrysanthemum-like spinel nanomaterials assembled with bundled nanowires as an efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Yu Hongliang , Wang Jianzhi , Xu Tong , Yu Ningbo , Wu Li , Chen Siming , Cai Ning , Xue Yanan , Li Hui , Yu Faquan
Published: December 2022

Spinel oxides are mounted on nickel foam to form chrysanthemum-like crystal structures assembled from nanowires. The as-synthesized CuCo2O4–Co3O4/NF shows a high surface area, a large number of mesoporous structures and excellent charge transfer channels.
Schottky DC generators from polypyrrole nanocomposites of N-type semiconductor metal oxides and the multiple device connection effect
Authors: Ding Xiang , Shao Hao , Wang Hongxia , Chang Haibo , Bai Ruixi , Fang Jian , Yang Weidong , Lin Tong
Published: December 2022

Schottky DC generators from polypyrrole containing n-type inorganic semiconductors (SnO2, WO3, and CeO2) show improved current outputs. The way to connect multiple generators significantly impacts overall electrical outputs.
Insights into stability, transport, and thermoelectric properties of transparent p-type copper iodide thin films
Authors: Darnige Pablo , Thimont Yohann , Presmanes Lionel , Barnabé Antoine
Published: December 2022

Due to its transparency and its thermoelectric performances that imply significant temperature variations, stabilized γ-CuI presents a real interest as a transparent thermoelectric thin film.
Policy options to account for multiple chemical pollutants threatening biodiversity
Authors: Mueller Leonie K. , Ågerstrand Marlene , Backhaus Thomas , Diamond Miriam , Erdelen Walter R. , Evers David , Groh Ksenia J. , Scheringer Martin , Sigmund Gabriel , Wang Zhanyun , Schäffer Andreas
Published: December 2022

Chemical pollution poses a threat to biodiversity on a global scale.
Low-intensity low-temperature analysis of perovskite solar cells for deep space applications
Authors: Colenbrander Tyler , Peng Jun , Wu Yiliang , Kelzenberg Michael , Huang Jing-Shun , MacFarland Clara , Thorbourn Dennis , Kowalczyk Robert , Kim Wousik , Brophy John , Bui Anh Dinh , Nguyen Dang-Thuan , Nguyen Hieu T. , Atwater Harry A. , White Thomas P. , Grandidier Jonathan
Published: December 2022

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are studied in low-intensity low-temperature (LILT) conditions before and after low energy proton irradiation to characterize device performance at deep space mission-relevant light intensities and temperatures.
Evolution of SLiM-mediated hijack functions in intrinsically disordered viral proteins
Authors: Glavina Juliana , Palopoli Nicolas , Chemes Lucía Beatriz
Published: December 2022

Viruses and their hosts are involved in an ‘arms race’ where they continually evolve mechanisms to overcome each other. It has long been proposed that intrinsic disorder provides a substrate for the evolution of viral hijack functions and that short linear motifs (SLiMs) are important players in this process. Here, we review evidence in support of this tenet from two model systems: the papillomavirus E7 protein and the adenovirus E1A protein. Phylogenetic reconstructions reveal that SLiMs appear and disappear multiple times across evolution, providing evidence of convergent evolution within individual viral phylogenies. Multiple functionally related SLiMs show strong coevolution signals that persist across long distances in the primary sequence and occur in unrelated viral proteins. Moreover, changes in SLiMs are associated with changes in phenotypic traits such as host range and tropism. Tracking viral evolutionary events reveals that host switch events are associated with the loss of several SLiMs, suggesting that SLiMs are under functional selection and that changes in SLiMs support viral adaptation. Fine-tuning of viral SLiM sequences can improve affinity, allowing them to outcompete host counterparts. However, viral SLiMs are not always competitive by themselves, and tethering of two suboptimal SLiMs by a disordered linker may instead enable viral hijack. Coevolution between the SLiMs and the linker indicates that the evolution of disordered regions may be more constrained than previously thought. In summary, experimental and computational studies support a role for SLiMs and intrinsic disorder in viral hijack functions and in viral adaptive evolution.
Small-scale dynamo in cool stars
Authors: Witzke V. , Duehnen H. B. , Shapiro A. I. , Przybylski D. , Bhatia T. S. , Cameron R. , Solanki S. K.
Published: December 2022

Context. All cool main sequence stars including our Sun are thought to have magnetic fields. Observations of the Sun revealed that small-scale turbulent magnetic fields are present even in quiet regions. Simulations further showed that such magnetic fields affect the subsurface and photospheric structure, and thus the radiative transfer and emergent flux. Since small-scale turbulent magnetic fields on other stars cannot be directly observed, it is imperative to numerically study their effects on the near surface layers.

Aims. Until recently comprehensive three-dimensional simulations capturing the effect of small-scale turbulent magnetic fields only exist for the solar case. A series of investigations extending small-scale dynamo simulations for other stars has been started. Here we aim to examine small-scale turbulent magnetic fields in stars of solar effective temperature but different metallicity.

Methods. We investigate the properties of three-dimensional simulations of the magneto-convection in boxes covering the upper convection zone and photosphere carried out with the MURaM code for metallicity values of M/H = {–1.0,0.0,0.5} with and without a small-scale dynamo.

Results. We find that small-scale turbulent magnetic fields enhanced by a small-scale turbulent dynamo noticeably affect the subsurface dynamics and significantly change the flow velocities in the photosphere. Moreover, significantly stronger magnetic field strengths are present in the convection zone for low metallicity. Instead, at the optical surface the averaged vertical magnetic field ranges from 64G for M/H = 0.5 to 85G for M/H = –1.0.
Intrakranielle Blutungen unter oraler Antikoagulation
Authors: Stachulski Frank , Masuhr Florian
Published: December 2022

Bei intrakraniellen Blutungen unter einer oralen Antikoagulation (OAK) mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten (VKA) oder direkten oralen Antikoagulanzien (DOAK) besteht innerhalb der ersten Stunden das
Risiko einer frühen Hämatomexpansion mit konsekutiver klinischer Verschlechterung. Zur Antagonisierung der antikoagulatorischen Wirkung von VKA stehen die i. v. Gabe von Vitamin K (10 mg)
sowie von Prothrombin-Komplex-Konzentrat (PPSB, mindestens 30 U/kgKG) zur Verfügung. Bei Blutung unter dem Thrombininhibitor Dabigatran kann die Gabe des humanisierten monoklonalen
Antikörperfragments Idarucizumab (2 × 2,5 g i. v.) erwogen werden. Es bindet spezifisch und mit hoher Affinität an Dabigatran und unterbindet dessen antikoagulatorische Wirkung. Für die
Antagonisierung der Faktor-Xa-Hemmer Apixaban und Rivaroxaban steht Andexanet alfa zur Verfügung. Dies ist ein rekombinant hergestellter und biologisch inaktiver Faktor Xa, der als Antidot
Faktor-Xa-Hemmer unselektiv bindet und ihre Wirkung neutralisiert.
Determining the cognitive biases behind a viral linguistic universal: the order of multiple adjectives
Authors: Leivada Evelina
Published: December 2022

When people are asked to create a phrase with the elements {blue, earrings, beautiful}, they produce ‘beautiful blue earrings’. Several theories have been proposed about the origins of this universal tendency to order multiple adjectives in a specific way: an innate universal hierarchy with designated positions for each category of adjectives, sensitivity to the definiteness of the adjectival denotation, availability and psychological closeness of the adjective attributes to the speaker, the encoding of subjective vs. objective properties, and the adjective’s phonological weight. Although these theories have strong descriptive power, they often focus on what happens at the phenotypic level without explaining what cognitive needs trigger this behavior. Through a timed task that measures acceptability in ‘Adjective-Adjective-Noun’ sequences that either comply with the universal order or violate it, we adduce evidence for the high acceptability of the violating orders, whose processing did not take longer than that of the compliant orders, as should have happened if the former were non-canonical. The results suggest that ordering preferences exist but are not invariable, as one would expect if a strong linguistic universal was involved. We track the origin of adjective ordering preferences to the synergistic interplay of three cognitive biases: Zipf’s Law, Intolerance of Ambiguity, and Novel Information Bias. Last, we show that the linguistic manifestation of these preferences is sensitive to the statistical distribution of the input data, resulting to variation even among speakers of the same language.
Tracking riots with models of disease spread
Authors: Piccone Ashley
Published: December 2022

To accurately explain the evolution of civil unrest in October 2019 in.Santiago, Chile, models need to account for population displacement.
Accurate quantification of lattice temperature dynamics from ultrafast electron diffraction of single-crystal films using dynamical scattering simulations
Authors: Durham Daniel B. , Ophus Colin , Siddiqui Khalid M. , Minor Andrew M. , Filippetto Daniele
Published: December 2022

In ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments, accurate retrieval of time-resolved structural parameters, such as atomic coordinates and thermal displacement parameters, requires an accurate scattering model. Unfortunately, kinematical models are often inaccurate even for relativistic electron probes, especially for dense, oriented single crystals where strong channeling and multiple scattering effects are present. This article introduces and demonstrates dynamical scattering models tailored for quantitative analysis of UED experiments performed on single-crystal films. As a case study, we examine ultrafast laser heating of single-crystal gold films. Comparison of kinematical and dynamical models reveals the strong effects of dynamical scattering within nm-scale films and their dependence on sample topography and probe kinetic energy. Applying to UED experiments on an 11 nm thick film using 750 keV electron probe pulses, the dynamical models provide a tenfold improvement over a comparable kinematical model in matching the measured UED patterns. Also, the retrieved lattice temperature rise is in very good agreement with predictions based on previously measured optical constants of gold, whereas fitting the Debye–Waller factor retrieves values that are more than three times lower. Altogether, these results show the importance of a dynamical scattering theory for quantitative analysis of UED and demonstrate models that can be practically applied to single-crystal materials and heterostructures.
Exploring the effect of dielectric screening on neutral and charged-exciton properties in monolayer and bilayer MoTe2
Authors: Kutrowska-Girzycka J. , Zieba-Ostój E. , Biegańska D. , Florian M. , Steinhoff A. , Rogowicz E. , Mrowiński P. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Gies C. , Tongay S. , Schneider C. , Syperek M.
Published: December 2022

Dielectric engineering of heterostructures made from two-dimensional van der Waals semiconductors is a unique and powerful tool to tailor the electric and optical band gaps solely via the dielectric environment and the crystal thickness modulation. Here, we utilize high quality MoTe2 monolayer and bilayer crystals as a candidate for near-infrared photonic applications. The crystals are exfoliated on various technologically relevant carrier substrates: silicon/silicon dioxide, poly(methyl methacrylate), hexagonal boron nitride, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride. These substrates provide a large range of high frequency dielectric constants from 2.1 to 7.0 for MoTe2-containing heterostructures. We assess the relationship between the environmental dielectric function and Coulomb screening by combining detailed spectroscopic measurements, utilizing low-temperature and high-spatially resolved photoluminescence and contrast reflectivity, with microscopic many-body modeling, to explore the potential of this less-recognized material platform for applications in optoelectronics at photon wavelengths above 1 μm. We observe a redshift of the optical gap emission energy from the monolayer to bilayer regime on the order of 30 meV. Furthermore, the thickness controlled shift is slightly larger than the one induced by the local dielectric environment, which ranges on the order of 20 meV for the MoTe2 monolayers and on the order of 8 meV for the MoTe2 bilayers. We also show that the local dielectric screening barely affects the trion binding energy, which is captured by our microscopic model, accounting for the screened Coulomb potential for the heterostructures.
Surfactant spreading on liquid films in the Stokes regime
Authors: Lu Jiakai , Zhang Qian , Ubal Sebastian , Corvalan Carlos M.
Published: December 2022

Characterizing the spreading of surfactants on the surface of a liquid film is central to our understanding of natural and technological processes ranging from cell propulsion and drug delivery in pulmonary airways to cleaning food processing surfaces. In this work, we analyze the spreading dynamics of a drop of insoluble surfactants in a perfectly viscous (i.e., Stokes) regime. Using simple scaling arguments, we estimate that the size of a small surfactant drop grows as a power-law with time with an exponent of 1/3. The estimated scaling is then corroborated and better characterized using direct numerical simulations. Furthermore, the simulation results help establish the transition from the initial 1/3 scaling with time to the later 1/4 scaling that is expected when the spreading drop grows larger than the film thickness.
The propagation of shock waves with THz frequency in field-effect transistors
Authors: Feng Jiangxu , Zhang Liping , Li Jiani , Zheng Jiangqiong
Published: December 2022

The investigation on propagation of shock waves with terahertz frequency in field-effect transistors has promoted the development of terahertz radiators and detectors. In this paper, we analyze the nonlinear behavior of shock waves with THz frequency in field-effect transistors and study their propagation characteristics at different viscosity coefficients and times. Using reductive perturbation expansion, the hydrodynamic equations are reduced to a Burgers equation governing the characteristic of shock structures in field-effect transistors. We investigate the evolution of shock waves with different viscosity coefficients and times numerically. The analytical and numerical results show that there are monotone shock waves and oscillatory shock waves in this system and an increase in the viscosity coefficient will lead to the diminishment of oscillation. These properties could make the field-effect transistors advantageous for realization of practical terahertz radiation and detection.
Nonlinear vibration analysis and stability analysis of rotor systems with multiple localized nonlinearities
Authors: Choe Tongil , Ri Kwangchol , Yun Cholil , Kim Kumchol , Kim Kwangchol
Published: December 2022

This study proposes a methodology to analyze the nonlinear vibration characteristics of rotor systems with multiple localized nonlinearities adopting the Finite Element Method (FEM), free interface Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) method, and modified Incremental Harmonic Balance (IHB) method. The rotor system is supported by squeeze film dampers (SFDs) on both sides, and at the nodes of the SFD arrangement, strong local nonlinearities will appear due to fluid-film forces. The methodology to analyze the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the system by reducing the degree of freedom of the rotating system with multiple local nonlinear factors and combining with the IHB method is proposed for the first time in this paper. The FEM is used to write motion equations in components, and the CMS method is applied to reduce the degrees of freedom of linear components. The IHB method is used to solve the motion equations of the nonlinear system. The system has one linear component and two nonlinear components. For linear components, modal coordinates are used, and for nonlinear components, the original physical coordinate system is used. By synthesizing these three components, the motion equation of the whole system is created. In order to validate the effectiveness of the method, the results obtained by the proposed method are compared with the data in the published literature, and the system responses are considered when specific parameters are changed. The stability analysis of the calculated solutions is carried out using the Floquet theory.
I-LIFT (image-based laser-induced forward transfer) platform for manipulating encoded microparticles
Authors: Lee Sumin , Lee Wooseok , Lee Amos Chungwon , Nam Juhong , Lee JinYoung , Kim Hamin , Jeong Yunjin , Yeom Huiran , Kim Namphil , Song Seo Woo , Kwon Sunghoon
Published: December 2022

Encoded microparticles have great potential in small-volume multiplexed assays. It is important to link the micro-level assays to the macro-level by indexing and manipulating the microparticles to enhance their versatility. There are technologies to actively manipulate the encoded microparticles, but none is capable of directly manipulating the encoded microparticles with homogeneous physical properties. Here, we report the image-based laser-induced forward transfer system for active manipulation of the graphically encoded microparticles. By demonstrating the direct retrieval of the microparticles of interest, we show that this system has the potential to expand the usage of encoded microparticles.
A remarkable troglomorphic ant,
Authors: Griebenow Zachary Hayes , Isaia Marco , Moradmand Majid
Published: December 2022

The ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) consists of minute soil-dwelling species, with several genera within this clade being based solely upon males, including Yavnella Kugler. The dissociation of males and workers has resulted in taxonomic confusion for the Leptanillinae. We here describe the worker caste of Yavnella, facilitated by maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference from 473 partitioned ultra-conserved element loci, this dataset including 49 other leptanilline species, both described and undescribed. Yavnella laventa sp. nov. is described from seven worker specimens collected in south-western Iran from the Milieu Souterrain Superficiel, a subterranean microhabitat consisting of air-filled cavities among rock and soil fragments, which is subject to similar environmental conditions as caves. This species has bizarrely elongated appendages, which suggests that it is confined to cavities, in contrast with the soil-dwelling behaviour observed in other leptanilline ants. Based on its gracile phenotype relative to other Leptanillinae, Y. laventa shows remarkable adaptations for subterranean life, making it one of a very few examples of this syndrome among the ants. Moreover, the discovery of the worker caste of Yavnella expands our morphological knowledge of the leptanilline ants. We provide worker- and male-based diagnoses of Yavnella, along with a key to the genera of the Leptanillinae for which workers are known. The worker caste of Yavnella as known from this species is immediately recognisable, but the possibility must be noted that described workers of Leptanilla may in fact belong to Yavnella. Further molecular sampling is required to test this hypothesis. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A54A5766-F35A-4074-9353-1C70FE3955D3
Compulsive drug-taking is associated with habenula–frontal cortex connectivity
Authors: Duan Ying , Tsai Pei-Jung , Salmeron Betty Jo , Hu Yuzheng , Gu Hong , Lu Hanbing , Cadet Jean Lud , Stein Elliot A. , Yang Yihong
Published: December 2022

As a critical node connecting the forebrain with the midbrain, the lateral habenula (LHb) processes negative feedback in response to aversive events and plays an essential role in value-based decision-making. Compulsive drug use, a hallmark of substance use disorder, is attributed to maladaptive decision-making regarding aversive drug-use-related events and has been associated with dysregulation of various frontal–midbrain circuits. To understand the contributions of frontal–habenula–midbrain circuits in the development of drug dependence, we employed a rat model of methamphetamine self-administration (SA) in the presence of concomitant footshock, which has been proposed to model compulsive drug-taking in humans. In this longitudinal study, functional MRI data were collected at pretraining baseline, after 20 d of long-access SA phase, and after 5 d of concomitant footshock coupled with SA (punishment phase). Individual differences in response to punishment were quantified by a “compulsivity index (CI),” defined as drug infusions at the end of punishment phase, normalized by those at the end of SA phase. Functional connectivity of LHb with the frontal cortices and substantia nigra (SN) after the punishment phase was positively correlated with the CI in rats that maintained drug SA despite receiving increasing-intensity footshock. In contrast, functional connectivity of the same circuits was negatively correlated with CI in rats that significantly reduced SA. These findings suggest that individual differences in compulsive drug-taking are reflected by alterations within frontal–LHb–SN circuits after experiencing the negative consequences from SA, suggesting these circuits may serve as unique biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for individualized treatment of addiction.
Arachnoid granulations are lymphatic conduits that communicate with bone marrow and dura-arachnoid stroma
Authors: Shah Trishna , Leurgans Sue E. , Mehta Rashi I. , Yang Jingyun , Galloway Chad A. , de Mesy Bentley Karen L. , Schneider Julie A. , Mehta Rupal I.
Published: December 2022

Arachnoid granulations (AG) are poorly investigated. Historical reports suggest that they regulate brain volume by passively transporting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into dural venous sinuses. Here, we studied the microstructure of cerebral AG in humans with the aim of understanding their roles in physiology. We discovered marked variations in AG size, lobation, location, content, and degree of surface encapsulation. High-resolution microscopy shows that AG consist of outer capsule and inner stromal core regions. The fine and porous framework suggests uncharacterized functions of AG in mechanical CSF filtration. Moreover, internal cytokine and immune cell enrichment imply unexplored neuroimmune properties of these structures that localize to the brain–meningeal lymphatic interface. Dramatic age-associated changes in AG structure are additionally identified. This study depicts for the first time microscopic networks of internal channels that communicate with perisinus spaces, suggesting that AG subserve important functions as transarachnoidal flow passageways. These data raise new theories regarding glymphatic–lymphatic coupling and mechanisms of CSF antigen clearance, homeostasis, and diseases.
Strain-enabled control of chiral magnetic structures in MnSeTe monolayer
Authors: Wang Zhiwen , Liang Jinghua , Yang Hongxin
Published: December 2022

Chiral magnetic states are promising for the future spintronic applications. Recent progress of chiral spin textures in two-dimensional magnets, such as chiral domain walls (DW), skyrmions, and bimerons, have been drawing extensive attention. Here, via first-principles calculations, we show that biaxial strain can effectively manipulate the magnetic parameters of the Janus MnSeTe monolayer. Interestingly, we find that both the magnitude and the sign of the magnetic constants of the Heisenberg exchange coupling, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) and magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) can be tuned by strain. Moreover, using micromagnetic simulations, we obtain the distinct phase diagram of chiral spin texture under different strain. Especially, we demonstrate that abundant chiral magnetic structures including ferromagnetic skyrmion, skyrmionium, bimeron, and antiferromagnetic spin spiral can be induced in the MnSeTe monolayer. We have also discussed the effect of temperature on these magnetic structures. These findings highlight the Janus MnSeTe monolayer as a good candidate for spintronic nanodevices.
Reciprocal invisibility cloaking with self-collimation effect of phononic crystals
Authors: Ghoreshi Mahdiyeh , Bahrami Ali
Published: December 2022

In this paper, the combination of self-collimation property and the existence of band gap in two-dimensional phononic crystals are used to design the cloak and change the direction of waves for that the waves do not collide with the object. Because the waves do not hit the object, the performance of structure will not have any dependence on the shape of the hidden object. The operating fRequency for the structure is chosen as 3 kHz, which is part of the human audio frequency and can be used for sound insulation. To prove the invisibility, the pressure of the reflected waves, the waves reaching the invisibility area, and the waves reaching the back of the object are calculated. In this way, it is shown that the reflection from the structure is below 0.1 and the intensity of waves reached to the back of the structure is approximately the same as that waves reached there in the absence of the object. An obvious and important feature of this structure is that, if the hidden object is a source producing the same frequency as the external source, this invisibility coating prevents the waves from reaching the detectors. In other words, the sound waves of the person inside the invisibility area will not be detectable by detectors.
γ rays run on time, and propagate tailgating gravitational waves
Authors: Beltrán-Martínez Daniel , Llanes-Estrada Felipe J. , Tejedor-García Gloria
Published: December 2022

Significant absorption of radiation is usually accompanied by refraction.
This is not the case for γ rays travelling cosmic distances. We show that the real
and imaginary parts of the refraction index are indeed commensurable, as they are related
by dispersion relations, but when turning to physical observables, the (finite) optical depth
is way larger than the (infinitesimal) time delay of the gamma rays relative to gravitational radiation.

The numerically large factor solving the apparent contradiction is E

γ
/H
0
arising from basic wave properties (Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law)
and the standard cosmological model, respectively.
In consequence, no delay of the γ-ray propagation affects multimessenger astronomy. We particularly
predict no such delay between gravitational waves and γ photons from binary mergers such as GW170817,
save for that induced at the source, nor from more energetic events at cosmic distances.
HArtMuT—modeling eye and muscle contributors in neuroelectric imaging
Authors: Harmening Nils , Klug Marius , Gramann Klaus , Miklody Daniel
Published: December 2022

Objective. Magneto- and electroencephalography (M/EEG) measurements record a mix of signals from the brain, eyes, and muscles. These signals can be disentangled for artifact cleaning e.g. using spatial filtering techniques. However, correctly localizing and identifying these components relies on head models that so far only take brain sources into account. Approach. We thus developed the Head Artifact Model using Tripoles (HArtMuT). This volume conduction head model extends to the neck and includes brain sources as well as sources representing eyes and muscles that can be modeled as single dipoles, symmetrical dipoles, and tripoles. We compared a HArtMuT four-layer boundary element model (BEM) with the EEGLAB standard head model on their localization accuracy and residual variance (RV) using a HArtMuT finite element model (FEM) as ground truth. We also evaluated the RV on real-world data of mobile participants, comparing different HArtMuT BEM types with the EEGLAB standard head model. Main results. We found that HArtMuT improves localization for all sources, especially non-brain, and localization error and RV of non-brain sources were in the same range as those of brain sources. The best results were achieved by using cortical dipoles, muscular tripoles, and ocular symmetric dipoles, but dipolar sources alone can already lead to convincing results. Significance. We conclude that HArtMuT is well suited for modeling eye and muscle contributions to the M/EEG signal. It can be used to localize sources and to identify brain, eye, and muscle components. HArtMuT is freely available and can be integrated into standard software.
Comprehensive investigation of lattice dynamics of neutron multiplier beryllides: vibrational spectra and thermal performances
Authors: Ji Bao-Long , Wang Chi , Gu Shou-Xi , Qi Qiang , Li Xiao-Chun , Zhou Hai-Shan , Luo Guang-Nan
Published: December 2022

In order to realize tritium self-sufficiency during the operation of fusion reactors, neutron multiplier materials are needed to multiply the number of neutrons. Beryllium (Be) and beryllides (Be12V, Be12Ti) are considered as candidates for neutron multiplier materials in the tritium breeding blanket. Thermal performances are essential data to evaluate the service performance of materials in future fusion reactors. Due to the toxicity of beryllium, the preparation and analysis of neutron multiplier materials are challenging. As a result, the performance data of neutron multiplier materials are limited. It is essential to adopt the theoretical method to get the basic parameters for the design of a tritium breeding blanket and optimization of neutron multiplier. In the present work, the electron structure, vibrational spectra, and thermal performances have been theoretically investigated to understand thermal expansion and thermal conductivity properties. Experimental data are also included to compare with the calculated results and detailed analysis is presented. Due to the reactivity with water, BeO will form on the surface of Be. Therefore, BeO was studied as well. The bulk modulus of Be is the smallest of the four materials, while BeO is the largest. Higher bulk modulus has a better ability to restrain the deformation due to pressure. The c-axis of the Be12V has the largest thermal expansion coefficient, while the c-axis of the Be12Ti is the smallest. It has been found that the larger the lattice constant of crystal axes, the smaller the linear thermal expansion coefficient in same material. Electrons play a major role in the heat transfer of Be12V and Be12Ti. At high temperatures, phonon and electron coupling must be considered. Isotopeenrichment and enlarging the grain size cannot significantly improve the phonon thermal conductivity when the temperature is higher than room temperature. The calculated values can be adopted to predict the materials’ performances and support future fusion reactors’ neutron multiplier material preparation.
Interscale entanglement production in a quantum system simulating classical chaos
Authors: Haga Taiki , Sasa Shin-ich
Published: December 2022

It is a fundamental problem how the universal concept of classical chaos emerges from the microscopic description of quantum mechanics. We here study standard classical chaos in a framework of quantum mechanics. In particular, we design a quantum lattice system that exactly simulates classical chaos after an appropriate continuum limit, which is called the ‘Hamiltonian equation limit’. The key concept of our analysis is an entanglement entropy defined by dividing the lattice into many blocks of equal size and tracing out the degrees of freedom within each block. We refer to this entropy as the ‘interscale entanglement entropy (IEE)’ because it measures the amount of entanglement between the microscopic degrees of freedom within each block and the macroscopic degrees of freedom that define the large-scale structure of the wave function. By numerically simulating a quantum lattice system corresponding to the Hamiltonian of the kicked rotor, we find that the long-time average of the IEE becomes positive only when chaos emerges in the Hamiltonian equation limit, and the growth rate of the entropy in the initial stage is proportional to that of the coarse-grained Gibbs entropy of the corresponding classical system.
Charged particle tracking in real-time using a full-mesh data delivery architecture and associative memory techniques
Authors: Ajuha Sudha , Akira Shinoda Ailton , Arruda Ramalho Lucas , Baulieu Guillaume , Boudoul Gaelle , Casarsa Massimo , Cascadan Andre , Clement Emyr , Costa de Paiva Thiago , Das Souvik , Dutta Suchandra , Eusebi Ricardo , Fedi Giacomo , Finotti Ferreira Vitor , Hahn Kristian , Hu Zhen , Jindariani Sergo , Konigsberg Jacobo , Liu Tiehui , Fu Low Jia , MacDonald Emily , Olsen Jamieson , Palla Fabrizio , Pozzobon Nicola , Rathjens Denis , Ristori Luciano , Rossin Roberto , Sung Kevin , Tran Nhan , Trovato Marco , Ulmer Keith , Vaz Mario , Viret Sebastien , Wu Jin-Yuan , Xu Zijun , Zorzetti Silvia
Published: December 2022

We present a flexible and scalable approach to address the
challenges of charged particle track reconstruction in real-time
event filters (Level-1 triggers) in collider physics
experiments. The method described here is based on a full-mesh
architecture for data distribution and relies on the Associative
Memory approach to implement a pattern recognition algorithm that
quickly identifies and organizes hits associated to trajectories of
particles originating from particle collisions. We describe a
successful implementation of a demonstration system composed of
several innovative hardware and algorithmic elements. The
implementation of a full-size system relies on the assumption that
an Associative Memory device with the sufficient pattern density
becomes available in the future, either through a dedicated ASIC or
a modern FPGA. We demonstrate excellent performance in terms of
track reconstruction efficiency, purity, momentum resolution, and
processing time measured with data from a simulated LHC-like
tracking detector.
A comparative study on different background estimation methods for extensive air shower arrays
Authors: Wang Yan-Jin , Zha Min , Hu Shi-Cong , Gao Chuan-Dong , Zhang Jian-Li , Zhang Xin
Published: December 2022

Background estimation is essential when studying TeV 
γ-ray astronomy for extensive air shower arrays. In this
work, by applying four different methods including equi-zenith angle
method, surrounding window method, direct integration method, and
time-swapping method, the number of the background events is
calculated. Based on simulation samples, the statistical
significance of the excess signal from different background
estimation methods is determined. Following this, we discuss the
limitations and the applicability of the four methods under
different conditions. Under the detector stability assumption with
signals, the results from the above four methods are consistent at
the 1σ level. In the no signal condition, when the acceptance
of the detector changes with both space and time, the surrounding
window method is the most stable and hardly affected. In this
acceptance assumption, we find that the background estimation in the
direct integration and time-swapping methods are sensitive to the
selection of time window, and the shorter time window can reduce the
impact on the background estimation to some extent.
South Florida estuaries are warming faster than global oceans
Authors: Shi Jing , Hu Chuanmin
Published: December 2022

From extensive evaluations, it is found that, of all satellite data products of sea surface temperature (SST), MODIS SST is the most appropriate in assessing long-term trends of water temperature in the South Florida estuaries. Long-term SST data show significant warming trends in these estuaries during both daytime (0.55 °C/decade) and nighttime (0.42 °C/decade) between 2000 and 2021. The warming rates are faster during winter (0.70 °C/decade and 0.67 °C/decade for daytime and nighttime, respectively) than during summer (0.48 °C/decade and 0.28 °C/decade for daytime and nighttime, respectively). Overall, the South Florida estuaries experienced rapid warming over the past two decades, 1.7 and 1.3 times faster than the Gulf of Mexico (0.33 °C/decade and 0.32 °C/decade for daytime and nighttime), and 6.9 and 4.2 times faster than the global oceans (0.08 °C/decade and 0.10 °C/decade for daytime and nighttime).
Maxwell’s disappointment and Sutton’s accident
Authors: Klein Susanne , Elter Paul , Trujillo Vazquez Abigail
Published: December 2022

It has almost become somewhat of an urban legend or internet myth that James Clerk Maxwell created the first colour image and had demonstrated this at the Royal Institution in London in May 1861. He did present something, but what? In ‘The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell’ the experiment and resulting colour projection was regarded as a failure and barely mentioned. Thomas Sutton, a well-established and respected photographer, was tasked with carrying out Maxwell’s thought-experiment using the latest photographic processes. Sutton, himself author of various books on photography, does not mention the experiment in any of his publications. Move forward to the 1930’s and enter the photo-chemist Douglas Arthur Spencer, who gained access to the original lanternslides and made copies of the three colour separations. He made the first and only physical print of the 1861 tartan ribbon and it is this colour print that we now see everywhere as Maxwell’s first colour photograph. In 1961, the 100th anniversary, Ralph M Evans published a paper in Scientific American trying to solve the riddle of the famous tartan ribbon. The original glass plate photographs were made using the wet-collodion process which has a very narrow spectral sensitivity centered in the blue light wavelength. Sutton could not have recorded in the green and red part of the spectrum. Evans deduced from an experiment with modern materials that Sutton had possibly recorded the ultraviolet reflection present in the red of the tartan ribbon and ‘accidently’ presenting itself as the red slide and the resulting image can be considered a ‘false colour’ image. Now, 160 yr since that first experiment, we are exploring and executing some of the material and technical truths about wet-plate collodion and what might have actually been recorded and why is it that both Maxwell and Sutton regarded the experiment such a failure, but the rest of the world did not.