bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skill and uncertainty in surface wind fields from general circulation models: Intercomparison of bias between AGCM, AOGCM and ESM global simulations
Authors: Morim Joao , Hemer Mark , Andutta Fernando , Shimura Tomoya , Cartwright Nick
Published: October 2019

Understanding the reliability of global climate models (GCMs) to reproduce the historical surface wind fields is integral part of building robust projections of surface wind‐climate, and other wind‐dependent geophysical climatic variables. Understanding the skill of atmosphere‐only models (AGCM), coupled atmosphere–ocean models (AOGCM) and fully coupled earth system models (ESM) is likewise paramount to assess any systematic model improvements. In this paper, we systematically assess whether surface wind fields obtained from 28 CMIP5 GCMs can represent large‐scale spatial patterns and temporal variability of historical surface winds. We show that inter‐model uncertainty is typically 2–4 times larger than the uncertainty associated with GCM internal variability, although the latter can be significant within specific regions. We also find that CMIP5 models are typically capable of reliably reproducing large‐scale spatial patterns of historical near‐surface winds, but considerable uncertainty lies within the CMIP5 ensemble with strong latitudinal dependence. CMIP5 models show limitations in their ability to reliably represent inter‐annual and inter‐seasonal variability particularly within tropical‐cyclone‐affected regions. In further analysis, we quantify and intercompare historical wind bias from different types of models with different dynamical cores, based on multiple CMIP5 diagnostic experiments. We find that bias in surface wind fields are largely intrinsic to the atmospheric components of the models, and that the inclusion of carbon‐cycle dynamics has insignificant effect on simulated surface winds (at decadal time‐scales). Inconsistencies between AGCM and AOGCM simulations are largely driven by errors in sea surface temperatures (SST); though such differences are not statistically significant relative to the inter‐model uncertainty within the CMIP5 ensemble. These results show that the dominant source of bias in simulated wind fields lies in the underlying physics of the atmospheric component of the models.
A nomogram to predict node positivity in patients with thin melanomas helps inform shared patient decision making
Authors: Friedman Chloe , Lyon Madison , Torphy Robert J. , Thieu Daniel , Hosokawa Patrick , Gonzalez Rene , Lewis Karl D. , Medina Theresa M. , Rioth Matthew J. , Robinson William A. , Kounalakis Nicole , McCarter Martin D. , Gleisner Ana L.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To develop a nomogram to estimate the probability of positive sentinel lymph node (+SLN) for patients with thin melanoma and to characterize its potential impact on sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) rates.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with thin (0.5–1.0 mm) melanoma were identified from the National Cancer Database 2012 to 2015. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine factors associated with +SLN, and a nomogram to predict +SLN was constructed. Nomogram performance was evaluated and diagnostic test statistics were calculated.

Results

Of the 21 971 patients included 10 108 (46.0%) underwent SLNB, with a 4.0% +SLN rate. On multivariable analysis, age, Breslow thickness, lymphovascular invasion, ulceration, and Clark level were significantly associated with SLN status. The area under the receiver operating curve was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.65‐0.70). While 15 249 (69.4%) patients had either T1b tumors or T1a tumors with at least one adverse feature, only 2846 (13.0%) had a nomogram predicted probability of a +SLN ≥5%. Using this cut‐off, the indication for a SLNB in these patients would be reduced by 81.3% as compared to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging criteria.

Conclusions

The risk predictions obtained from the nomogram allow for more accurate selection of patients who could benefit from SLNB.
Non–lung cancer specific mortality after lobectomy or sublobectomy in patients with stage IA non–small cell lung cancer ≤2 cm: A propensity score analysis
Authors: Yin Jiacheng , Zhao Mengnan , Lu Tao , Huang Yiwei , Sui Qihai , Xi Junjie , Lin Zongwu , Xu Songtao , Wang Qun , Zhan Cheng
Published: October 2019

Background and Objectives

To investigate non‐lung cancer specific mortality between stage IA non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors less than and equal to 2 cm treated with lobectomy and sublobectomy.

Methods

Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database was queried for patients who underwent lobectomy and sublobectomy. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to achieve balance in clinicopathological characteristics. We used Fine‐and‐Gray hazard functions to analyze cause‐specific mortality and risk factors. Standardized mortality ratios were calculated to describe cause specific mortality relative to the general population.

Results

After PSM, 3,844 patients underwent lobectomy and 1,922 patients underwent sublobectomy. Three leading causes of non–lung cancer mortality were cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), and other cancers. The 5‐year cumulative non‐lung cancer mortality of lobectomy and sublobectomy groups were 11.4% and 14.0%, respectively (P = .090). Multivariate analyses revealed that age, sex, histology, tumor size, and marital status (P < .01) were independent predictors of non–lung cancer specific mortality. In both groups, risks of CVD specific mortality were comparable to that in the general population, whereas the risk of COPD specific mortality was higher relative to the general population.

Conclusions

As a significant competing event, non–lung cancer specific mortality is comparable between stage IA NSCLC tumors less than equal to 2 cm treated with lobectomy and sublobectomy.
Adequate nephroprotection reduces renal complications after hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy
Authors: Markowiak Till , Kerner Nadine , Neu Reiner , Potzger Tobias , Großer Christian , Zeman Florian , Hofmann Hans‐Stefan , Ried Michael
Published: October 2019

Background and Objectives

Hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITOC) is used for the treatment of malignant pleural tumors. Although HITOC proved to be safe, postoperative renal failure due to nephrotoxicity of intrapleural cisplatin remains a concern.

Methods

This single‐center study was performed retrospectively in patients who underwent pleural tumor resection and HITOC between September 2008 and December 2018.

Results

A total of 84 patients (female n = 33; 39.3%) with malignant pleural tumors underwent surgical cytoreduction with subsequent HITOC (60 minutes; 42°C). During the study period, we gradually increased the dosage of cisplatin (100–150 mg/m2 BSA n = 36; 175 mg/m2 BSA n = 2) and finally added doxorubicin (cisplatin 175 mg/m2 BSA/doxorubicin 65 mg; n = 46). All patients had perioperative fluid balancing. The last 54 (64.3%) patients also received perioperative cytoprotection. Overall 29 patients (34.5%) experienced renal insufficiency. Despite higher cisplatin concentrations, patients with cytoprotection showed significantly lower postoperative serum creatinine levels after 1 week (P = .006) and at discharge (P = .020). Also, they showed less intermediate and severe renal insufficiencies (5.6% vs 13.3%).

Conclusions

Adequate perioperative fluid management and cytoprotection seem to be effective in protecting renal function. This allows the administration of higher intracavitary cisplatin doses without raising the rate of renal insufficiencies.
Outcomes in children with down syndrome and mild obstructive sleep apnea treated non‐surgically
Authors: Howard Javier J.M. , Sarber Kathleen M. , Yu Wenwen , Smith David F. , Tikhtman Raisa O. , Simakajornboon Narong , Ishman Stacey L.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Nasal steroids, oral anti‐leukotrienes and supplemental oxygen are effective in the treatment of mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in otherwise healthy children. However, their efficacy is unknown in children with Down syndrome (DS). Here we examine the effect of single medication therapy versus observation versus oxygen on polysomnographic outcomes in these children.

Methods

We reviewed children (<18 years) diagnosed with DS and mild OSA (obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index [oAHI] ≥1 to <5 events/hour) treated non‐surgically (with supplemental oxygen, one medication, or observation) between 2012 and 2017. Demographic data, comorbid diagnoses, and pre‐ and posttreatment polysomnograms were analyzed. We assessed pre‐ and posttreatment oAHI, oxyhemoglobin saturation nadir, percent total sleep time (%TST) in rapid eye movement (REM), and end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) >50 mmHg.

Results

Twenty‐four children met inclusion criteria; 10 treated with medication, one with oxygen, and 13 with observation (baseline oAHI was 3.5, 3.3, and 2.9 events/hour, respectively). There was no significant change in oAHI, oxyhemoglobin saturation nadir, ETCO2, or percent TST in REM after treatment for any treatment group (P = .21–.94). There was no association between reported symptoms and AHI severity or change in AHI. OSA resolved in one patient treated with observation and two treated with medication, but worsened in two each in the medication and observation groups. Resolution of OSA occurred in 20% treated with medication, 7.7% with observation, and 0% with oxygen (P = .82).

Conclusion

In our cohort, resolution of mild OSA was low. This suggests that consideration should be given to multimodality treatments in children with DS and mild OSA. Prospective studies will help establish effectiveness in this cohort.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:1828–1835, 2020
Precise measurement of coronary stenosis diameter with CCTA using CT number calibration
Authors: Chen Zhennong , Contijoch Francisco , Schluchter Andrew , Grady Leo , Schaap Michiel , Stayman Web , Pack Jed , McVeigh Elliot
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Coronary x‐ray computed tomography angiography (CCTA) continues to develop as a noninvasive method for the assessment of coronary vessel geometry and the identification of physiologically significant lesions. The uncertainty of quantitative lesion diameter measurement due to limited spatial resolution and vessel motion reduces the accuracy of CCTA diagnoses. In this paper, we introduce a new technique called computed tomography (CT)‐number‐Calibrated Diameter to improve the accuracy of the vessel and stenosis diameter measurements with CCTA.

Methods

A calibration phantom containing cylindrical holes (diameters spanning from 0.8 mm through 4.0 mm) capturing the range of diameters found in human coronary vessels was three‐dimensional printed. We also printed a human stenosis phantom with 17 tubular channels having the geometry of lesions derived from patient data. We acquired CT scans of the two phantoms with seven different imaging protocols. Calibration curves relating vessel intraluminal maximum voxel value (maximum CT number of a voxel, described in Hounsfield Units, HU) to true diameter, and full‐width‐at‐half maximum (FWHM) to true diameter were constructed for each CCTA protocol. In addition, we acquired scans with a small constant motion (15 mm/s) and used a motion correction reconstruction (Snapshot Freeze) algorithm to correct motion artifacts. We applied our technique to measure the lesion diameter in the 17 lesions in the stenosis phantom and compared the performance of CT‐number‐Calibrated Diameter to the ground truth diameter and a FWHM estimate.

Results

In all cases, vessel intraluminal maximum voxel value vs diameter was found to have a simple functional form based on the two‐dimensional point spread function yielding a constant maximum voxel value region above a cutoff diameter, and a decreasing maximum voxel value vs decreasing diameter below a cutoff diameter. After normalization, focal spot size and reconstruction kernel were the principal determinants of cutoff diameter and the rate of maximum voxel value reduction vs decreasing diameter. The small constant motion had a significant effect on the CT number calibration; however, the motion‐correction algorithm returned the maximum voxel value vs diameter curve to that of stationary vessels. The CT number Calibration technique showed better performance than FWHM estimation of diameter, yielding a high accuracy in the tested range (0.8 mm through 2.5 mm). We found a strong linear correlation between the smallest diameter in each of 17 lesions measured by CT‐number‐Calibrated Diameter (DC) and ground truth diameter (Dgt), (DC = 0.951 × Dgt + 0.023 mm, r = 0.998 with a slope very close to 1.0 and intercept very close to 0 mm.

Conclusions

Computed tomography‐number‐Calibrated Diameter is an effective method to enhance the accuracy of the estimate of small vessel diameters and degree of coronary stenosis in CCTA.
Associations of Weight Bias with Disordered Eating Among Latino and White Men
Authors: Lydecker Janet A. , Cotter Elizabeth , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: October 2019

Objective

This study examined associations of different aspects of weight bias, which can include negative attitudes toward and beliefs about obesity, with eating/weight‐related psychopathology.

Methods

Participants (N = 544) were White (n = 376) and Latino (n = 168) men living in the United States who completed an online battery of established measures of weight bias (both attitudes toward and beliefs about obesity) and eating/weight‐related psychopathology.

Results

Among White men, negative attitudes toward obesity were associated significantly with dietary restraint, overvaluation of weight/shape, and body dissatisfaction, whereas among Latino men, negative attitudes toward obesity were associated significantly with overvaluation of weight/shape. Among White men, less negative attitudes toward people with obesity were associated with decreased use of compensatory behaviors, and weaker beliefs about the controllabilty of obesity were associated with decreased overeating and binge eating. Among Latino men, neither attitudes about people with obesity nor beliefs about the controllability of obesity were associated with eating‐disordered behaviors.

Conclusions

Weight bias was related to eating/weight‐related psychopathology in men, with fewer associations observed among Latino men than White men. This highlights that associations with psychopathology may vary by ethnicity. Future research is needed to clarify the mechanism by which weight‐biased attitudes and beliefs are associated with eating/weight‐related psychopathology and why this might differ between White and Latino men.
Interlayer Excitons in Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenide Heterobilayers
Authors: Nagler Philipp , Mooshammer Fabian , Kunstmann Jens , Ballottin Mariana V. , Mitioglu Anatolie , Chernikov Alexey , Chaves Andrey , Stein Frederick , Paradiso Nicola , Meier Sebastian , Plechinger Gerd , Strunk Christoph , Huber Rupert , Seifert Gotthard , Reichman David R. , Christianen Peter C. M. , Schüller Christian , Korn Tobias
Published: October 2019

In heterobilayers consisting of different transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers, optically excited electron–hole pairs can be spatially separated into the adjacent layers due to a type‐II band alignment. However, they remain Coulomb correlated and form interlayer excitons (ILEs), which recombine radiatively. While these ILEs are observed in several TMDC material combinations, their characters and properties depend on the specific system. Herein, some of these peculiarities are demonstrated by comparing studies performed on two different heterobilayer combinations: MoS2–WSe2 and MoSe2–WSe2.
Microfluidics for Biosynthesizing: from Droplets and Vesicles to Artificial Cells
Authors: Ai Yongjian , Xie Ruoxiao , Xiong Jialiang , Liang Qionglin
Published: October 2019

Fabrication of artificial biomimetic materials has attracted abundant attention. As one of the subcategories of biomimetic materials, artificial cells are highly significant for multiple disciplines and their synthesis has been intensively pursued. In order to manufacture robust “alive” artificial cells with high throughput, easy operation, and precise control, flexible microfluidic techniques are widely utilized. Herein, recent advances in microfluidic‐based methods for the synthesis of droplets, vesicles, and artificial cells are summarized. First, the advances of droplet fabrication and manipulation on the T‐junction, flow‐focusing, and coflowing microfluidic devices are discussed. Then, the formation of unicompartmental and multicompartmental vesicles based on microfluidics are summarized. Furthermore, the engineering of droplet‐based and vesicle‐based artificial cells by microfluidics is also reviewed. Moreover, the artificial cells applied for imitating cell behavior and acting as bioreactors for synthetic biology are highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future trends in microfluidic‐based artificial cells are discussed. This review should be helpful for researchers in the fields of microfluidics, biomaterial fabrication, and synthetic biology.
Cover Image
Authors: Peng Ting , Teotia Sachin , Tang Guiliang , Zhao Quanzhi
Published: October 2019

The cover image is based on the Advanced Review MicroRNAs Meet with QTLs: Small Powerful Players in Regulating Quantitative Yield Traits in Rice, by Guiliang Tang, Quanzhi Zhao, Sachin Teotia, Ting Peng. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1556

image
Purchases of medical therapy recommended for coronary artery disease before and after elective revascularisation
Authors: Heiskanen Jari , Hartikainen Juha , Martikainen Janne , Miettinen Heikki , Hippeläinen Mikko , Roine Risto P. , Tolppanen Anna-Maija
Published: October 2019

Aims

We studied the purchases of medical therapy recommended for coronary artery disease patients before and after elective revascularisation (percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary bypass grafting (CABG)).

Methods

All patients who underwent an elective PCI (N = 1557) or CABG (N = 1768) at the Heart Center, Kuopio University hospital between 2007 and 2014 were included. Data were collected from the hospital’s coronary register and national registers, and obtained for 3 years before and 1 year after the revascularisation.

Results

Altogether 85.2% of PCI patients and 88.1% of CABG patients had purchased lipid-modifying agents before the procedure, and 94.9% and 96.8% during the post-procedure follow-up year, respectively. Beta-blocking agents were purchased by 84.9% of PCI patients before and by 87.9% after the procedure and by 86.3% of CABG patients before and 97.1% after the operation. Of PCI patients, 64.3% had purchased organic long-acting nitrates before the procedure and 54.4% also after the procedure. Among CABG patients, the purchase of organic long-acting nitrates fell from 59.7% before to 10.1% after the operation. The use of ADP receptor blocking agents increased in PCI patients (26.3 to 83.9%) and the use of warfarin in CABG patients (9.4 to 21.3%). Medication purchases were more common among those who had greater use of hospital services before and after the procedures.

Conclusions

In both PCI and CABG patients, the use of medical therapy before and after revascularisation procedure complied with current guidelines. Purchases of long-acting nitrates were common in the PCI group even after the procedure.
Hybrid Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Partial Gastrectomy for Ulcerated GIST: Surgical Technique with Video
Authors: Ntourakis Dimitrios , Michalinos Adamantios , Schizas Dimitrios
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the gastric cardia pose several technical difficulties to their resection because they are difficult to access, and they must be removed respecting oncological principles, and due to their proximity to the gastroesophageal junction, excessive removal of gastric tissue may cause deformation with gastric dysfunction, or gastroesophageal reflux.

Method

Hybrid laparoscopic endoscopic partial gastrectomy is a technique that avoids these problems making use of three principles. First the tumor is pinpointed, marked, and resected under combined laparoscopic and endoscopic control to assure that it is completely resected without compromising the structure of the gastroesophageal junction. Second, a dissection of the abdominal esophagus is performed as during a Nissen fundoplication in order to increase the distance between the tumor and the gastroesophageal junction. Third the lesser curvature of the stomach is dissected, and the terminal branches of the left gastric vessels are controlled from the gastric incisura to the gastroesophageal junction exposing the lesser curvature and the posterior wall of the stomach. The tumor is resected under endoscopic control, tangentially with an endoscopic stapler applied parallel to the lesser curvature similarly to a sleeve partial gastrectomy.

Results

No abdominal drain is used, and a nasogastric tube is left in place for the first 24 h after surgery. The patient receives fluid diet on the first postoperative day, is discharged on the second postoperative day, and is followed up in the outpatient department for a week.

Conclusion

In this technical paper, the procedure is described in detail and demonstrated with video.
Risk Factors Associated with In‐Hospital Mortality for Patients with Acute Abdomen After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Djordjevic I. , Eghbalzadeh K. , Heinen S. , Schlachtenberger G. , Gerfer S. , Sabashnikov A. , Merkle J. , Weber C. , Kuhn E. , Zeriouh M. , Rahmanian P. , Mader N. , Liakopoulos O.‐J. , Wahlers T.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Management of acute abdomen (AA) differs due to the heterogeneity of underlying pathophysiology. Complications of AA and its overall outcome after cardiac surgery are known to be associated with poor results. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate risk factors for AA in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Methods

Between December 2011 and December 2014, a total of 131 patients with AA after cardiac surgery were identified and retrospectively analyzed using our institutional database. Statistical analysis of risk factors concerning in‐hospital mortality of mentioned patient cohort was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics.

Results

Overall in‐hospital mortality was 54.2% (71/131). Analyzing in‐hospital non‐survivors (NS) versus in‐hospital survivors (S) peripheral artery disease (28.2% vs. 11.7%; p = 0.03), the need for assist device therapy (33.8% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.03) and the requirement of hemodialysis (67.6% vs. 23.3%; p < 0.01) were significantly higher in NS. Furthermore, lactic acid values at onset of symptoms were shown to be significantly higher in NS (5.7 ± 5.7 mmol/L vs. 2.8 ± 2.9 mmol/L; p < 0.01). Assured diagnosis of mesenterial ischemia was strongly associated with worse outcome (odds ratio 10.800, 95% confidence interval 2.003–58.224; p = 0.006).

Conclusion

In conclusion, in critically ill patients after performed cardiac surgery peripheral vascular disease, need for supportive hemodynamic assist device systems and occurrence of renal failure are risk factors associated with worsen outcome. Additionally, rise of lactic acid could potentially be associated with onset of intestinal malperfusion and should be taken into account in therapeutic decisions preventing fatal mesenterial ischemia.
Surgical Management of Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Experience in 25 Patients
Authors: Spinelli Claudio , Strambi Silvia , Bakkar Sohail , Nosiglia Andrea , Elia GianMarco , Bertocchini Alessia , Calani Chiara , Leoni Matteo , Morganti Riccardo , Materazzi Gabriele
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To delineate the clinicopathologic features and biologic behavior of the diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSV‐PTC) and to report its outcome.

Methods

The clinical records of 25 patients who had surgery for DSV‐PTC from 2004 to 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Comparisons were made to similar studies in the literature reporting ≥8 cases and a cohort of classical PTC.

Results

There were 20 females and 5 males with an average age of 23 years (range 10–39 years). Bilateral disease occurred in 80% of cases. The mean size of the dominant mass was 4.2 ± 1.92 cm. In 92% of cases, therapeutic neck dissection was performed. Male sex significantly correlated with a higher yield of positive lymphadenopathy (p = 0.045). 62% of patients had recurrent disease. Recurrence significantly correlated with male sex, the number of metastatic lymph nodes (cutoff: 22 lymph nodes), and multifocality (p = 0.044, p ˂ 0.008, p ˂ 0.003, respectively). However, it did not correlate with the age at presentation. No disease‐specific mortality occurred after an average follow‐up of 77 months (range 12–168 months). The two comparisons made demonstrated a statistically significant greater tendency of the current series of DSV‐PTC toward more aggressive clinicopathologic features and biologic behavior. No differences in overall survival were observed.

Conclusion

The DSV‐PTC should be considered a high‐risk PTC that mandates an aggressive therapeutic strategy with the intent of optimizing disease‐free survival.
Capacity in Maritime Archaeology: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: MacKintosh Robert
Published: October 2019

Capacity development is a key tool that can be used to improve maritime archaeological research and underwater cultural heritage protection. Despite numerous capacity development initiatives there has been little written about the theoretical concept of capacity or capacity development in maritime archaeology or even archaeology more generally. This paper borrows a theoretical concept of capacity from the environmental sciences literature and demonstrates how it can be applied to maritime archaeology through the examination of the situation in three case study States: Croatia, Italy and Montenegro. It argues that all aspects of the concept of capacity need to be understood before successful capacity development initiatives can be planned, and that the development of strategies for capacity development could initiate long term positive changes in maritime archaeological capabilities.
Formation of Chromium Nitride and Intragranular Austenite in a Super Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Holländer Pettersson N. , Lindell D. , Lindberg F. , Borgenstam A.
Published: October 2019

Precipitation of chromium nitrides and formation of intragranular austenite were studied in detail for the super duplex stainless steel grade 2507 (UNS S32750). The situation of multipass welding was simulated by heat treatment at 1623 K (1350 °C) and quenching followed by short heat treatments at 1173 K (900 °C). The microstructural evolution was characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter, and transmission Kikuchi diffraction, and it was observed that the interior of the ferrite grains contained chromium nitrides after quenching. The nitrides were predominantly of CrN with a cubic halite-type structure and clusters of CrN-Cr2N where rod-shaped trigonal Cr2N particles had nucleated on plates of CrN. After heat treatment for 10 seconds at 1173 K (900 °C), the nitride morphology was transformed into predominantly rod-shaped Cr2N, and finely dispersed intragranular secondary austenite idiomorphs had formed in the nitride-containing areas within the ferrite grains. After 60 seconds of heat treatment, both the Cr2N nitrides and the secondary austenite were coarsened. Analysis of electron diffraction data revealed an inherited crystallographic relationship between the metastable CrN and the intragranular austenite. The mechanism of chromium nitride formation and its relation to secondary austenite formation in duplex stainless steels are discussed.
Measuring quality and outcomes of research collaborations: An integrative review
Authors: Tigges Beth B. , Miller Doriane , Dudding Katherine M. , Balls-Berry Joyce E. , Borawski Elaine A. , Dave Gaurav , Hafer Nathaniel S. , Kimminau Kim S. , Kost Rhonda G. , Littlefield Kimberly , Shannon Jackilen , Menon Usha ,   The Measures of Collaboration Workgroup of the Collaboration and Engagement Domain Task Force, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

Although the science of team science is no longer a new field, the measurement of team science and its standardization remain in relatively early stages of development. To describe the current state of team science assessment, we conducted an integrative review of measures of research collaboration quality and outcomes.

Methods:

Collaboration measures were identified using both a literature review based on specific keywords and an environmental scan. Raters abstracted details about the measures using a standard tool. Measures related to collaborations with clinical care, education, and program delivery were excluded from this review.

Results:

We identified 44 measures of research collaboration quality, which included 35 measures with reliability and some form of statistical validity reported. Most scales focused on group dynamics. We identified 89 measures of research collaboration outcomes; 16 had reliability and 15 had a validity statistic. Outcome measures often only included simple counts of products; publications rarely defined how counts were delimited, obtained, or assessed for reliability. Most measures were tested in only one venue.

Conclusions:

Although models of collaboration have been developed, in general, strong, reliable, and valid measurements of such collaborations have not been conducted or accepted into practice. This limitation makes it difficult to compare the characteristics and impacts of research teams across studies or to identify the most important areas for intervention. To advance the science of team science, we provide recommendations regarding the development and psychometric testing of measures of collaboration quality and outcomes that can be replicated and broadly applied across studies.
Work, Identity, and the Regulation of Markets: A Study of Trademark Law in the United States and Germany
Authors: Assaf-Zakharov Katya , Herzog Lisa
Published: October 2019

This article considers how legal systems capture different cultural perceptions of work in an individual’s life. We inquire how two models—“human capital,” based on the works of Adam Smith; and “vocation,” based on the works of G. W. F. Hegel—are reflected in legal regulations and judicial rhetoric in the United States and Germany. Specifically, we examine how these two legal systems treat the practice of using personal names—the most direct referents to individuals’ identities—in business. We discuss three sets of cases: cases involving the use of personal names as trademarks, cases involving conflicts between parties with similar names, and cases involving the transfer of rights in personal names. The article demonstrates that the US legal system treats work as a commercial asset, as “human capital” in Smith’s sense, whereas German law perceives work as an integral part of one’s identity, echoing the Hegelian line of “vocation.”
Forum: Shakespeare and Black America
Authors: CAHILL PATRICIA A. , HALL KIM F.
Published: October 2019

This introduction both models how one might read race, blackness, activism and Shakespeare and contextualizes the many “Shakespeares” that might be at work in the essays in this cluster, which emerge from the Shakespeare Association of America seminar Shakespeare and Black America. It suggests that scholars in this Shakespearean subfield have political, pedagogical and personal investments that both overlap with and diverge from Shakespeare study as traditionally understood. It addresses some of the complexities of performing, teaching and reading Shakespeare not as an agent of cultural dominion, but as part of resistance and activism in black America.
On Yearning: Reading Itinerant Shakespeare
Authors: HALL KIM F.
Published: October 2019

For years the best black Shakespeare performers in America were itinerant “readers” or elocutionists. Denied access to white-dominated theatrical venues and refusing the minstrel stage, they traveled the country, usually alone, reciting key speeches and scenes from Shakespeare's works in school auditoriums, church halls and the occasional rented venue. Little is known about their audience's experiences of Shakespeare (which was often performed with other authors like Paul Laurence Dunbar). This essay experiments with using the author's personal history to interpret an anecdote from actor Richard Berry Harrison's unpublished memoir in which he recounts Frederick Douglass performing scenes from Shakespeare's Othello.
Vigils of the saints and the stational liturgy of Milan
Authors: BAILEY TERENCE
Published: October 2019

Vigils, an important and eventually troublesome component of the cult of the saints, are attested to in the fourth century by Sts Ambrose, Jerome and Augustine. In Gregorian regions nearly all these penitential observances were prohibited by a synod in Rouen in 1231, and have been virtually ignored in the scholarly literature. In the Ambrosian orbit, Vigils remained an extraordinarily important part of the public liturgy until the end of the Middle Ages; however, the treatment of these offices in the Milanese service books presents a confused picture that can only be pieced together with some difficulty. In clarifying the practices of Vigils, certain details are brought to light concerning the two other examples of the external episcopal liturgy of Milan (the three-day Litany in the week following Ascension, and the daily stations at both the ancient baptistries of the city), and even important details about the practices in the cathedrals themselves, practices concerning which the ordinal is silent, ambiguous or even misleading.
The plenitude of the Roman camp: a diagrammatic inquiry
Authors: Teal Randall
Published: October 2019

The most common mistake of contemporary ‘experimental’ architecture is to turn the space of the diagram or graph literally into the space of the drawing, and, therefore, of the building.2

(Alejandro Zaera-Polo)

The diagram […] does not act as a code, but as a modulator.3

(Gilles Deleuze)

Often thought of in somewhat static, explanatory terms, the typical architectural diagram is used as a form of shorthand to succinctly communicate condensed information about a project and/or its conditions. In this way, the diagram functions as kind of coding device. Contrary to this typical coding function, Georges Teyssot describes the potential of a diagram that functions not as a code (mould) but rather as a modulator: ‘while molding leads to a permanent state of things, modulation introduces the factor of time’.4 Modulating is simply, as Deleuze says, ‘molding in a variable and continuous manner’.5 Critical to the modulating function is a degree of indeterminacy, which allows a diagram to be both responsive and flexible.
Does Process Matter? Direct Democracy and Citizens’ Perceptions of Laws
Authors: Ladam Christina
Published: October 2019

Does the process used to pass a law affect the way citizens evaluate the outcome? In a series of experiments, I manipulate the way in which a law is passed – ballot initiative or the legislative process – to test the effect of process on citizens’ evaluations of policy outcomes. The results show that people view the ballot initiative process as fairer than the legislative process, but that process has a negligible effect on outcome evaluations.
Celebrating Scientists and Other News of the Week
Authors:   AGU
Published: October 2019

What Earth and space science stories are we recommending?
Demystifying the manipulation of host immunity, metabolism, and extraintestinal tumors by the gut microbiome
Authors: Zhang Ziying , Tang Haosheng , Chen Peng , Xie Hui , Tao Yongguang
Published: October 2019

The trillions of microorganisms in the gut microbiome have attracted much attention recently owing to their sophisticated and widespread impacts on numerous aspects of host pathophysiology. Remarkable progress in large-scale sequencing and mass spectrometry has increased our understanding of the influence of the microbiome and/or its metabolites on the onset and progression of extraintestinal cancers and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Given the plasticity in microbial composition and function, microbial-based therapeutic interventions, including dietary modulation, prebiotics, and probiotics, as well as fecal microbial transplantation, potentially permit the development of novel strategies for cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Herein, we summarize the latest evidence on the involvement of the gut microbiome in host immunity and metabolism, the effects of the microbiome on extraintestinal cancers and the immune response, and strategies to modulate the gut microbiome, and we discuss ongoing studies and future areas of research that deserve focused research efforts.
Simultaneous solutions for first order and second order slips on micropolar fluid flow across a convective surface in the presence of Lorentz force and variable heat source/sink
Authors: Kumar K. Anantha , Sugunamma V. , Sandeep N. , Mustafa M. T.
Published: October 2019

This report presents the flow and heat transfer characteristics of MHD micropolar fluid due to the stretching of a surface with second order velocity slip. The influence of nonlinear radiation and irregular heat source/sink are anticipated. Simultaneous solutions are presented for first and second-order velocity slips. The PDEs which govern the flow have been transformed as ODEs by the choice of suitable similarity transformations. The transformed nonlinear ODEs are converted into linear by shooting method then solved numerically by fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Graphs are drowned to discern the effect of varied nondimensional parameters on the flow fields (velocity, microrotation, and temperature). Along with them the coefficients of Skin friction, couple stress, and local Nussel number are also anticipated and portrayed with the support of the table. The results unveil that the non-uniform heat source/sink and non-linear radiation parameters plays a key role in the heat transfer performance. Also, second-order slip velocity causes strengthen in the distribution of velocity but a reduction in the distribution of temperature is perceived.
Implications of including a magnetic ion (Cr3+ and Fe3+) at the vanadium site in a geometrically frustrated spinel MgV2O4: magnetic and catalytic properties
Authors: Shrivastava Vipul , Tripathi Vikash Kumar , Nagarajan Rajamani
Published: October 2019

The disordered spins of MgV2O4 become ordered (antiferromagnetic) and frustrated (spin-glass) by the partial substitution of V3+ with Cr3+ and Fe3+.
Proton-assisted air oxidation mechanisms of iron(ii) bis-thiosemicarbazone complexes at physiological pH: a kinetico-mechanistic study
Authors: Gonzálvez Miguel A. , Algarra Andrés G. , Basallote Manuel G. , Bernhardt Paul V. , Fernández-Trujillo María J. , Martínez Manuel
Published: October 2019

The kinetics of oxidation of different biologically-active FeIIbis-thiosemicarbazone complexes in water has been monitored at varying dioxygen concentration, temperature, pressure, and pH.
Correction: Impact of metal binding on the antitumor activity and cellular imaging of a metal chelator cationic imidazopyridine derivative
Authors: Roy Mithun , Chakravarthi Balabhadrapatruni V. S. K. , Jayabaskaran Chelliah , Karande Anjali A. , Chakravarty Akhil R.
Published: October 2019

Correction for ‘Impact of metal binding on the antitumor activity and cellular imaging of a metal chelator cationic imidazopyridine derivative’ by Mithun Roy et al., Dalton Trans., 2011, 40, 4855–4864.
cis-Selective synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines from N-sulfonyl N,S-acetals
Authors: Luo Shao-Xiong Lennon , Liu Yanzhou , Lambrecht Michael J. , Ortwine Daniel F. , DiPasquale Antonio G. , Liang Jun , Wang Xiaojing , Zbieg Jason R. , Li Jun
Published: October 2019

This paper corrects a previous study which incorrectly assigned the stereochemistry as trans rather than cis, thereby these are the first examples of cis-1,3-disubstituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines.
Full steam ahead: Biochemical Society Meeting No. 675 Joint with The Physiological Society, University of York
Authors: Burd Gary
Published: October 2019

The University of York provided the venue for this highly successful collaboration between the Biochemical Society and The Physiological Society, with over 800 attendees enjoying ten colloquia on subjects relevant to both societies. The meeting dinner was held at the National Railway Museum in York, which holds the award European Museum of the Year 2001. Diners were treated to a fabulous meal in the austere company of some of the country's finest locomotives, including the Mallard (pictured above), Evening Star, a reproduction of Stephenson's Rocket and Eurostar. New at the museum is the first ever Bullet train to be displayed outside of Japan. The report below is only a snapshot of what went on at the York Meeting. For papers from the speakers, take a look at Biochemical Society Transactions 30 (2) to be published in May.
Gender equity: Dr Colleen Crangle's story
Authors: Burd Gary
Published: October 2019

“So, has everybody lied?” asked the attorney. He was addressing the jury in the closing arguments of the sex-discrimination case Colleen Crangle had brought against Stanford University from SMI [Stanford Medical Informatics] in a Federal Court in San Jose, CA. “If you accept Dr Crangle's statement of the facts,” he continued, “you have to assume that everybody who got on the stand lied to you, lied to you under oath.” The next day, after only hours of deliberation, the jurors found unanimously in Colleen's favour on all matters put before them. They awarded the maximum allowed under federal law for punitive and compensatory damages, finding that she had made a good-faith claim of sex discrimination and that, in response, her employers had retaliated against her, acting with malice, or a reckless disregard to her protected rights.
Male erectile dysfunction: The biochemistry of ViagraTM
Authors: Stacey Peter , Mount Natalie
Published: October 2019

The chances are that you'll have heard something about sildenafil -- marketed under the trade name ViagraTM (Figure 1). Launched in 1998 as a tablet for treating male erectile dysfunction (MED), it's now been used by over 15 million men and has attracted plenty of publicity. As a biochemist however, you'll probably want to go one step further. This review will take a closer look at the interesting biochemical details of how sildenafil works.
Infertility with a vengeance: Polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Denham Simon
Published: October 2019

Infertility can be very distressing for many women; but when it is accompanied by obesity, acne and/or excessive facial and body hair, it seems as if Nature has dealt a doubly unkind blow. All these symptoms can occur to varying degrees in a condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age and a leading cause of infertility.
Pancreatic Islets and Type II Diabetes; St Michael's Hospital, Bristol: 19 October 2001
Authors: Rutter Guy
Published: October 2019

Diabetes mellitus affects almost 1 in 25 of the populations of Western Europe and North America, and the treatment of its complications presently consumes as much as 15% of the healthcare budgets of many countries. Both forms of the disease (Type I and Type II) are on the increase, with an incidence predicted to double by the year 2020. Against this backdrop, research into the biochemical mechanisms by which pancreatic islet -cells synthesize and secrete insulin has gathered significant momentum in recent years.
Dead and buried: Soil and the biochemical afterlife
Authors: Ostle Nick
Published: October 2019

Plants, animals and micro-organisms are the beating heart of our world. But what happens when they die? Is there life after death? The answer could very well be beneath your feet, in the soil. Soil is a part of our world that we tend to take for granted; it's the ‘gloop’ on your boots after a bracing country walk or the mud that makes your garden grow. What we don't necessarily realize is that soil is a living and breathing component of the terrestrial biochemical system, with a voracious appetite to boot.
Let's reward success: Supporting Excellence in the Science Base
Authors: Withnall Mike
Published: October 2019

The inability of the Funding Councils to fund fully the improved research performance found in the Research Assessment Exercise 2001 (RAE 2001) left many departments in a difficult financial position, and a number of important policy questions to be answered. These included how the biosciences community should regard the resulting drive to diversity of university missions; whether it is essential for teaching to be informed by research; and how research should be assessed in the future. Delegates attending the Society's annual Heads of Department Meeting in May were keen to discuss these issues.
A modern medal
Authors: Burd Gary
Published: October 2019

The new Biochemical Society Award is to be presented this year to Steven Rose and Bernard Dixon for their outstanding contribution to the field of science communication. This is the first year that this award has been given, and consequently, a new medal was needed. The Society enlisted the help of Martin Kemp, Professor of Art History at the University of Oxford, to choose an artist who would design a medal that pushed the boundaries of design. Consequently, Mirjam Mieras, a Dutch medal designer was commissioned.
Teaching the scientists of tomorrow
Authors: Dallimore Liz
Published: October 2019

Following on from the theme of careers in the August edition of The Biochemist, the Society held a Careers Advice Workshop for Young Researchers as part of its Cardiff meeting in July. The Workshop was held during an afternoon session and was aimed exclusively at postgraduate biological science students. It attracted over 60 delegates from a range of universities. Students from as far away as Scotland attended the event and a number from London organized a group to travel to Cardiff for the day. The students were very eager to gain as much insight as possible into various careers from the professionals present. Many students felt that entering the workforce after studying for such a long time, although exciting, was often a daunting prospect and advice on what is on offer was always useful.
Archivist's Annual Report 2001
Authors: Lagnado John
Published: October 2019

General information about the main holdings of the Society Archives, together with an indication of priorities for future developments, were set out in the April 2001 issue of The Biochemist. This article summarizes what progress has been achieved over the past year.
Hair necessities: Hair cell differentiation and regeneration
Authors: Holley Matthew
Published: October 2019

Human hearing is governed by approximately 15 500 mechanosensory hair cells in each ear. These cells are located within the organ of Corti, the elongated auditory sensory epithelium that is stretched inside the coiled cochleae of the inner ear. Despite the structural diversity between the organs of hearing throughout the animal kingdom, hair cells are instantly recognizable. Their shapes and sizes vary considerably, but their apices carry a characteristic bundle of actin-filled stereocilia, or hairs, whose tips are connected by stretch-sensitive ‘tip-links’1. However, unlike most other animals, mammals do not regenerate lost hair cells2, consequently most forms of deafness are irreversible.
How (not) to communicate science: Biochemical Society Award Event
Authors: Burd Gary
Published: October 2019

“Explaining things in simple terms is a great gift and art. It is something we must be thankful for,” says Tim Hunt, who was Chair for the evening's proceedings. The Biochemical Society Award for 2002 was awarded to Bernard Dixon and Steven Rose for their outstanding contribution to communicating science in the public domain. “I'm absolutely delighted that my very own Society has decided to honour these two brilliant practitioners of that difficult art,” says Tim. A description of the medal can be found in the The Biochemist (August 2002, 46–47).