bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic performance evaluation with deadlines: The role of commitment
Authors: Chen Chia‐Hui , Ishida Junichiro
Published: October 2018

We consider an environment in which a principal hires an agent and evaluates his productivity over time. The problem is embedded in a continuous‐time model with both hidden action and hidden information, where the principal must induce the agent to exert effort to facilitate her learning process. The value of committing to a deadline is examined in this environment, and factors which make the deadline more profitable are identified. Our framework generates a unique recursive equilibrium structure under no commitment which can be exploited to obtain a full characterization of the unique pure‐strategy equilibrium. The analysis allows us to evaluate the exact value of commitment for any given set of parameters and provides insight into when it is beneficial to commit to an evaluation deadline at the outset of a relationship.
Differences in productive performance and intestinal transcriptomic profile in two modern fast‐growing chicken hybrids
Authors: Zampiga Marco , Bertocchi Micol , Bosi Paolo , Trevisi Paolo , Meluzzi Adele , Sirri Federico
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to characterize growth performance and ileum transcriptomic profile of two fast‐growing chicken hybrids (HA and HB). A total of 1,170 one‐day‐old female chicks (n = 585 per genotype) were weighed and randomly divided into 18 pens (9 replications/group). Both the groups received the same commercial diet (starter, 0–9 days; grower I, 10–21 days; grower II, 22–34 days; and finisher, 35–43 days). Body weight (BW), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined on a pen basis at the end of each feeding phase. At the processing (43 days), incidence of footpad dermatitis (FPD) was evaluated on all the birds and ileum mucosa was collected from 1 bird/replication. Total mRNA was extracted to perform microarray analysis (Chicken Gene 1.1ST Array Strip), and an exploratory pathway analysis was then conducted (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis software). The two genotypes showed different growth patterns throughout the study. HA birds exhibited higher BW and better FCR than HB after 9 days (228 vs. 217 g and 1.352 vs. 1.419, respectively, p < 0.05). At 21, 34 and 43 days, HB birds reported higher BW (807 vs. 772 g; 1,930 vs. 1,857 g and 2,734 vs. 2,607 g, respectively; p < 0.01), DFI (74.9 vs. 70.6 g bird−1 day−1, p < 0.01; 144.4 vs. 139.6 g bird−1 day−1, p = 0.06; and 196.5 vs. 182.4 g bird−1 day−1, p < 0.01) and similar FCR compared to HA ones. HB group showed a higher percentage of birds with no FPD (75% vs. 48%; p < 0.001). Transcriptomic analysis revealed enriched gene sets for mitochondria, cellular energy metabolism, and cell structure and integrity in ileum mucosa of HA broilers and enriched gene sets for immune system activation, cell signalling and inflammation in HB ones. In conclusion, these results indicated that the two chicken genotypes are characterized by different growth patterns, feeding behaviour and gene expression profiles in the intestinal mucosa.
Conspecificity of the model organism Ulva mutabilis and Ulva compressa (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Steinhagen Sophie , Barco Andrea , Wichard Thomas , Weinberger Florian
Published: October 2018

As one of the most abundant and ubiquitous representatives of marine and brackish coastal macrophytobenthos communities, the genus Ulva is not only an important primary producer but also of ecological and morphogenetic interest to many scientists. Ulva mutabilis became an important model organism to study morphogenesis and mutualistic interactions of macroalgae and microorganisms. Here, we report that our collections of Ulva compressa Linnaeus (1753) from Germany are conspecific with the type strains of the model organism U. mutabilis Føyn (1958), which were originally collected at Olhão on the south coast of Portugal and have from that time on been maintained in culture as gametophytic and parthenogenetic lab strains. Different approaches were used to test conspecificity: (i) comparisons of vegetative and reproductive features of cultured material of U. mutabilis and German U. compressa demonstrated a shared morphological pattern; (ii) gametes of U. compressa and U. mutabilis successfully mated and developed into fertile sporophytic first‐generation offspring; (iii) molecular phylogenetics and species delimitation analyses based on the Generalized Mixed Yule‐Coalescent method showed that U. mutabilis isolates (sl‐G[mt+]) and (wt‐G[mt‐]) and U. compressa belong to a unique Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit. According to these findings, there is sufficient evidence that U. mutabilis and U. compressa should be regarded as conspecific.
Anaesthesia of brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Downing F. , Gibson S.
Published: October 2018

Brachycephalic breeds of dog have grown in popularity in the UK and so form an increasing proportion of cases requiring anaesthesia. These breeds are predisposed to several conditions, notably brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and gastro‐oesophageal reflux, that have important implications for anaesthetic management and carry high risk for complications. This review incorporates peer‐reviewed veterinary literature with clinical experience in a discussion on perioperative management of brachycephalic dogs. We focus on preoperative identification of common concurrent conditions, practical strategies for reducing anaesthetic risk and improving postoperative management. Comparisons of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome with the human condition of obstructive sleep apnoea are included where appropriate.
Ureteral ectopia and urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence: an update on diagnosis and management options
Authors: Owen L. J.
Published: October 2018

The two leading causes of urinary incontinence in dogs are ureteral ectopia in juveniles and urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in adults. While the accuracy of diagnosis of ectopic ureters has improved due to increased use of CT and/or cystoscopy, the diagnosis of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence largely remains one of exclusion. New treatment options have been developed for both conditions, which have reduced morbidity and mortality, although the rate of long‐term urinary continence has not significantly improved for either and neither has our understanding of the pathophysiology behind these failures. This review provides updates on the management of both of these conditions, with discussion of controversial areas and thoughts for future directions.
Dependency of Japanese harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) on salmon set nets at Cape Erimo, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Masubuchi Takahito , Kobayashi Mari , Ohno Kei , Ishikawa Akira , Kuramoto Yosuke
Published: October 2018

In this study, we observed the behavior of two age groups of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii), i.e., yearlings, which often become bycaught and individuals 2 yr or older, during their stays at salmon set nets at Cape Erimo, Japan. From July to November 2011–2015, acoustic receivers that track tagging seals were attached to three set nets located near the haul‐out site. Our observations showed that the mean visit interval and the mean stay of seals at the set nets during fishing operations were significantly higher than before operations. A cluster analysis, where Cluster 1 consisted of seals that spent a long time at the set nets and Cluster 2 consisted of the other seals, showed that seals in Cluster 1 visited the set nets every day, while Cluster 2 seals visited once every 3–5 d. In addition, age 2 + seals in Cluster 1 stayed longer at regular time frames (at night), suggesting that individuals of this age group in Cluster 1 are highly dependent on the salmon set nets as foraging sites at night. It is especially clear that the set nets near the haul‐out site have influenced the foraging ecology of some seals.
Ribosome profiles and riboproteomes of healthy and Potato virus A‐ and Agrobacterium‐infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants
Authors: Eskelin Katri , Varjosalo Markku , Ravantti Janne , Mäkinen Kristiina
Published: October 2018

Summary

Nicotiana benthamiana is an important model plant for plant–microbe interaction studies. Here, we compared ribosome profiles and riboproteomes of healthy and infected N. benthamiana plants. We affinity purified ribosomes from transgenic leaves expressing a FLAG‐tagged ribosomal large subunit protein RPL18B of Arabidopsis thaliana. Purifications were prepared from healthy plants and plants that had been infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying infectious cDNA of Potato virus A (PVA) or firefly luciferase gene, referred to here as PVA‐ or Agrobacterium‐infected plants, respectively. Plants encode a number of paralogous ribosomal proteins (r‐proteins). The N. benthamiana riboproteome revealed approximately 6600 r‐protein hits representing 424 distinct r‐proteins that were members of 71 of the expected 81 r‐protein families. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD011602. The data indicated that N. benthamiana ribosomes are heterogeneous in their r‐protein composition. In PVA‐infected plants, the number of identified r‐protein paralogues was lower than in Agrobacterium‐infected or healthy plants. A. tumefaciens proteins did not associate with ribosomes, whereas ribosomes from PVA‐infected plants co‐purified with viral cylindrical inclusion protein and helper component proteinase, reinforcing their possible role in protein synthesis during virus infection. In addition, viral NIa protease‐VPg, RNA polymerase NIb and coat protein were occasionally detected. Infection did not affect the proportions of ribosomal subunits or the monosome to polysome ratio, suggesting that no overall alteration in translational activity took place on infection with these pathogens. The riboproteomic data of healthy and pathogen‐infected N. benthamiana will be useful for studies on the specific use of r‐protein paralogues to control translation in infected plants.
Transcriptome analysis of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruits under osmotic stresses and identification of genes related to ascorbic acid pathway
Authors: Galli Vanessa , Messias Rafael S. , Guzman Frank , Perin Ellen C. , Margis Rogério , Rombaldi Cesar V.
Published: October 2018

Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) is an economically important fruit with a high demand owing to its good taste and medicinal properties. However, its cultivation is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants exhibit several intrinsic mechanisms to deal with stresses. In the case of strawberry, the mechanisms highlighting the response against these stresses remain to be elucidated, which has hampered the efforts to develop and cultivate strawberry plants with high yield and quality. Although a virtual reference genome of F. ananassa has recently been published, there is still a lack of information on the expression of genes in response to various stresses. Therefore, to provide molecular information for further studies with strawberry plants, we present the reference transcriptome dataset of F. ananassa, assembled and annotated from deep RNA‐Seq data of fruits cultivated under salinity and drought stresses. We also systematically arranged a series of transcripts differentially expressed during these stresses, with an emphasis on genes related to the accumulation of ascorbic acid (AsA). Ascorbic acid is the most potent antioxidant present in these fruits and highly considered during biofortification. A comparison of the expression profile of these genes by RT‐qPCR with the content of AsA in the fruits verified a tight regulation and balance between the expression of genes, from biosynthesis, degradation and recycling pathways, resulting in the reduced content of AsA in fruits under these stresses. These results provide a useful repertoire of genes for metabolic engineering, thereby improving the tolerance to stresses.
LprG and PE_PGRS33 Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factors induce differential mitochondrial dynamics in macrophages
Authors: Aguilar‐López Bruno A. , Correa Francisco , Moreno‐ Altamirano María Maximina B. , Espitia Clara , Hernández‐Longoria Rocío , Oliva‐Ramírez Jacqueline , Padierna‐Olivos Juan , Sánchez‐García Francisco J.
Published: October 2018

The interaction of a pathogen with its host cell takes place at different levels, including the bioenergetics adaptation of both the pathogen and the host cell in the course of an infection. In this regard, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of macrophages induces mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) changes and cytochrome c release, depending on the bacteria strain's virulence, and the mitochondrial dynamics is modified by pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Here, we investigated whether two M. tuberculosis virulence factors are able to induce distinguishable bioenergetics traits in human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDMs). Results showed that Rv1411c (LprG, p27) induced mitochondrial fission, lowered the cell respiratory rate and modified the kinetics of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in response to agonist stimulation. In contrast, Rv1818c (PE_PGRS33) induced mitochondrial fusion, but failed to induce any appreciable effect on cell respiratory rate or mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Overall, these results suggest that two different virulence factors from the same pathogen (M. tuberculosis) induce differential effects on mitochondrial dynamics, cell respiration and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in MDMs. The timing of differential mitochondrial activity could ultimately determine the outcome of host‐pathogen interactions.
An Activity Theory analysis of African American students’ experiences in advanced placement science courses
Authors: Kang Rui , Skinner Felicia , Hyatt Charles
Published: October 2018

African American students have been systematically discouraged from taking advanced courses in science and math. In addition, low Advanced Placement (AP) exam passing rates among African American students raise further concerns regarding whether accessibility alone adequately addresses the issue of equity. However, little research has been conducted to understand African American students’ learning experiences in AP science courses. The purpose of this research is twofold: (a) to gain deeper understandings of the behaviors and attitudes that African American students employ in their AP science courses, especially how they align their personal motives and goals with meaningful practices within the AP learning context, and (b) to offer an opportunity for science educators to re‐conceptualize AP science learning environment from an Cultural‐Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) perspective. The participants were four African American students enrolled in two AP courses: biology and environmental science. The primary data source was from semistructured interviews. Three major themes were identified: (a) exchange value dominating intrinsic value, (b) community support overcoming an oppositional cultural, and (c) metacognitive strategies disconnecting from conceptual understanding.
The common sources of business cycles in Trans‐Pacific countries and the US? A comparison with NAFTA
Authors: Aysun Uluc , Yagihashi Takeshi
Published: October 2018

This paper uses both a non‐structural and a structural approach to investigate the drivers of the business cycles in the US and 15 Trans‐Pacific (TP) countries. Our non‐structural analysis, based on a principal component methodology, reveals the shares of variation in macroeconomic variables that are due to factors common to both the US and the TP region, and factors that are region‐specific. We obtain similar measures by using a structural model (an estimated two‐country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model) that allows for common and correlated shocks across the two regions. The clear and common finding from our analyses is that common shocks explain a substantial amount of macroeconomic variation. Comparison with the NAFTA region, along this dimension, reveals that the US economy is more similar to the TP region (a wider region that also includes Mexico and Canada) than its two neighbours.
The Impact of an Unexpected Facility Closure on a Campus Community
Authors: Farneti Corinne , Ditch Denise
Published: October 2018

This case study examines the impact of an unexpected recreational facility closure. The university studied is a small Division I school, located in a rural area. Semi-structured interviews were used to elicit data from 22 people representing various groups around campus. Using grounded theory, the researchers coded statements and categories, resulting in six themes: socialization, performance, adaptability, management, communication and perception, and student satisfaction. The study includes an overview of the university and recreational culture, a description of the fieldhouse roof collapse, interview methods and study limitations, an analysis of stakeholder interviews, and suggestions for how to best handle a similar scenario.
Modulation of Cl
−
signaling and ion transport by recruitment of kinases and phosphatases mediated by the regulatory protein IRBIT
Authors: Vachel Laura , Shcheynikov Nikolay , Yamazaki Osamu , Fremder Moran , Ohana Ehud , Son Aran , Shin Dong Min , Yamazaki-Nakazawa Ai , Yang Chin-Rang , Knepper Mark A. , Muallem Shmuel
Published: October 2018

Different phosphorylation patterns regulate the activity of an epithelial transporter and its sensitivity to Cl
−
.
The RAS-ERK pathway: A route for couples
Authors: Santos Eugenio , Crespo Piero
Published: October 2018

Mutants that enhance MEK1 homodimerization increase RAF-ERK signaling and MEK inhibitor resistance (Yuan
et al.
, in 30 October 2018 issue).
Miltefosine Reduces the Cytolytic Activity and Virulence of
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Fiester Steven E. , Arivett Brock A. , Beckett Amber C. , Wagner Benjamin R. , Ohneck Emily J. , Schmidt Robert E. , Grier Jennifer T. , Actis Luis A.
Published: October 2018

Stagnation in antimicrobial development has led to a serious threat to public health because some
Acinetobacter baumannii
infections have become untreatable. New therapeutics with alternative mechanisms of action to combat
A. baumannii
are therefore necessary to treat these infections.
A Systematic Approach to Teaching Case Studies and Solving Novel Problems
Authors: Meyer Carolyn A. , Hall Heather , Heise Natascha , Kaminski Karen , Ivie Kenneth R. , Clapp Tod R.
Published: October 2018

Both research and practical experience in education support the use of case studies in the classroom to engage students and develop critical thinking skills. In particular, working through case studies in scientific disciplines encourages students to incorporate knowledge from a variety of backgrounds and apply a breadth of information. While it is recognized that critical thinking is important for student success in professional school and future careers, a specific strategy to tackle a novel problem is lacking in student training. We have developed a four-step systematic approach to solving case studies that improves student confidence and provides them with a definitive road map that is useful when solving any novel problem, both in and out of the classroom. This approach encourages students to define unfamiliar terms, create a timeline, describe the systems involved, and identify any unique features. This method allows students to solve complex problems by organizing and applying information in a logical progression. We have incorporated case studies in anatomy and neuroanatomy courses and are confident that this systematic approach will translate well to courses in various scientific disciplines.
Clinical indications and scanning protocols for chest CT in children with cystic fibrosis: a survey of UK tertiary centres
Authors: Gilchrist Francis J , Buka Richard , Jones Mary , Ho Sheng Ang , Lenney Warren , Carroll William D
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Chest CT is increasingly used to monitor disease progression in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) but there is no national guideline regarding its use. Our objective was to assess the indications for undertaking chest CT and the protocols used to obtain scans.

Design, Setting and participants

An electronic questionnaire was developed to assess clinicians views on chest CT in children with CF. It included general questions on perceived benefits and specific questions about its role in five clinical scenarios. It was sent to the clinical lead in 27 UK paediatric CF centres. A separate questionnaire was developed to collect the technical details of chest CT in children with CF. It was sent to the superintendent radiographer at each of the 27 centres.

Results

Responses were obtained from 27 (100%) clinical leads and 22 (81%) superintendent radiographers. 93% clinicians reported chest CT useful in monitoring disease progression and 70% said it frequently altered management. Only 5 (19%) undertook routine scans. To aid diagnosis, 81% performed chest CT in non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease and 15% in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. There was wide variation in the perceived need for and/or timing of chest CT in children with reduced lung function with no benefit from intravenous antibiotics, new cystic changes on chest X-ray, and lobar collapse. The radiographers reported using a mixture of helical (volumetric) and axial scans depending on the clinical question, the age and the cooperation of the child. When indicated, 6 (27%) used sedation and 16 (73%) general anaesthetic. Only 1 (5%) used intravenous contrast routinely and 3 (14%) obtained expiratory images routinely.

Conclusions

There is marked variation in the use of chest CT in children with CF and in the scan protocols. The lack of a national guideline is likely to be contributing to this lack of standardisation.
Gender-specific risk factors for incident sarcopenia: 8-year follow-up of the English longitudinal study of ageing
Authors: Yang Lin , Smith Lee , Hamer Mark
Published: October 2018

Background

The aetiology of age-related sarcopenia is not known.

Objectives

To investigate if risk of developing sarcopenia differs by gender and to identify gender-specific risk factors of incident sarcopenia in a large population-based cohort of older English adults.

Methods

The sample (n=3404; age 63.4 (SD 7.7) years; 54.1% women) comprised older community-dwelling adults recruited from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Sarcopenia was defined as handgrip <26 kg in men and <16 kg in women. Handgrip strength was assessed at baseline (2004/2005) and repeated at follow-up (2012/2013). Analysed risk factors included baseline anthropometric measures, smoking, vigorous and moderate physical activity, depressive symptoms, chronic illnesses and wealth. After excluding participants with sarcopenia at baseline, multivariable logistic regressions were used to explore baseline risk factors for incident sarcopenia.

Results

During 8-year follow-up, 208 and 287 cases of sarcopenia were identified in men (n=1564) and women (n=1840), respectively. Women were at 20% (age adjusted OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.47) higher risk of developing sarcopenia than men. The inverse association between physical activity and sarcopenia risk was observed at moderate (OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.67) and vigorous (0.53, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.82) intensities in men and only vigorous (OR=0.44, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.68) intensity in women. Social factors, such as wealth, and chronic health conditions appeared to be more strongly associated with sarcopenia in men.

Conclusion

Women are at higher risk of developing incident sarcopenia than men, and this is likely explained by a range of gender-specific risk factors.
Simplified selection criteria for patients with longer or unknown time to treatment predict good outcome after mechanical thrombectomy
Authors: Nagel Simon , Herweh Christian , Pfaff Johannes Alex Rolf , Schieber Simon , Schönenberger Silvia , Möhlenbruch Markus A , Bendszus Martin , Ringleb Peter Arthur
Published: October 2018

Objective

To identify simplified selection criteria for mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in longer and unknown time windows.

Methods

Patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the anterior circulation who underwent MT between January 2014 and November 2017 were identified from the local registry. Patients were selected for analysis if they met the current guideline recommendation for MT treatment except for time window (HERMES-like) and were divided according to time they were last seen well (LSW): LSW <6 hours or LSW >6 hours before MT. The primary endpoint, good outcome, was modified Rankin scale score 0–2 on day 90. Safety outcomes were mortality on day 90 and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed for good outcome in HERMES-like patients.

Results

In total, 752 patients were identified and 390 patients (51.9%) fulfilled the HERMES-like criteria. Despite differences in baseline parameters, more diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) (43.9% vs 11.3%, p<0.001) and fewer cases of thrombolysis (32.7% vs 77%, p<0.001), patients LSW >6 hours (n=107) did not differ in the primary and secondary endpoints: good outcome (44.9% vs 44.9%, p=1.0), mortality (14% vs 15.2%, p=0.87), and sICH (5.6% vs 6%, p=1.0). After multivariate regression analysis, independent predictors of good outcome remained: age, OR=0.96 (95% CI 0.95 to 0.98); National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, OR=0.92 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.96); Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS), OR=1.26 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.49); general anesthesia, OR=0.2 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.99), and successful recanalization, OR=12 (95% CI 4.7 to 30.5); but not treatment time and DWI or CT perfusion at baseline.

Conclusion

Patients with proven LVO in unknown and longer time windows may be selected for MT based on ASPECTS and clinical criteria.
Schwinger mechanism on de Sitter background
Authors: Hamil B. , Merad M.
Published: October 2018

In this paper, incorporating the effect of the deformed commutation relation on de Sitter background, we studied the deformed Schwinger mechanism in (1[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]1) dimensions for scalars particle of spin-0 in a constant electric field. The Klein–Gordon equation is solved exactly and the wave function is given in term of hypergeometric functions. The canonical method based on a Bogoliubov transformation is applied. The pair creation probability and the density number of created particles are calculated.
Partition functions for supersymmetric gauge theories on spheres
Authors: Bytsenko A. A. , Chaichian M. , Gonçalves A. E.
Published: October 2018

In this paper we briefly review the main idea of the localization technique and its extension suitable in supersymmetric gauge field theory. We analyze the partition function of the vector multiplets with supercharges and its blocks on the even- and odd-dimensional spheres and squashed spheres. We exploit the so-called Faà di Bruno’s formula and show that multipartite partition functions can be written in the form of expansion series of the Bell polynomials. Applying the restricted specialization argument we show that q-infinite-product representation of partition functions admits presentation in terms of the Patterson–Selberg (or the Ruelle-type) spectral functions.
The Aerodynamic Behavioral Study of Tandem Fan Wing Configuration
Authors: Siliang Du , Zhengfei Tang
Published: October 2018

The fan wing aircraft is a new concept based on a new principle, especially its wing which is based on a unique aerodynamic principle. A fan wing can simultaneously generate lift and thrust. In order to further improve its aerodynamic characteristics without changing its basic geometric parameters, two fan wings are installed along the longitudinal body, which is the composition of a tandem fan wing aircraft. Through numerical simulation, the lift and thrust of the fan wings were calculated with the distance, height, and installation angle of the front and rear fan wings changed, and the aerodynamic characteristic interaction rule between the front and rear fan wings was analyzed. In addition, the wind test model of a tandem fan wing was designed, and the results of the wind tunnel test and numerical calculation results were compared to verify the preliminary setup. The results show that at a certain height, distance, and installation angle, aerodynamic characteristics of a tandem fan wing have more advantages compared to the single fan wing. Therefore, the tandem fan wing aircraft’s advantages have good prospects for development and application.
Quantification of Nanoparticle Enhancement in Polarized Breast Tumor Macrophage Deposits by Spatial Analysis of MRI and Histological Iron Contrast Using Computer Vision
Authors: Leftin Avigdor , Koutcher Jason A.
Published: October 2018

Magnetic resonance imaging applications utilizing nanoparticle agents for polarized macrophage detection are conventionally analyzed according to iron-dependent parameters averaged over large regions of interest (ROI). However, contributions from macrophage iron deposits are usually obscured in these analyses due to their lower spatial frequency and smaller population size compared with the bulk of the tumor tissue. We hypothesized that, by addressing MRI and histological pixel contrast heterogeneity using computer vision image analysis approaches rather than statistical ROI distribution averages, we could enhance our ability to characterize deposits of polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We tested this approach using in vivo iron MRI (FeMRI) and histological detection of macrophage iron in control and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) enhanced mouse models of breast cancer. Automated spatial profiling of the number and size of iron-containing macrophage deposits according to localized high-iron FeMRI or Prussian blue pixel clustering performed better than using distribution averages to evaluate the effects of contrast agent injections. This analysis was extended to characterize subpixel contributions to the localized FeMRI measurements with histology that confirmed the association of endogenous and nanoparticle-enhanced iron deposits with macrophages in vascular regions and further allowed us to define the polarization status of the macrophage iron deposits detected by MRI. These imaging studies demonstrate that characterization of TAMs in breast cancer models can be improved by focusing on spatial distributions of iron deposits rather than ROI averages and indicate that nanoparticle uptake is dependent on the polarization status of the macrophage populations. These findings have broad implications for nanoparticle-enhanced biomedical imaging especially in cancer.
The Face Recognition Method Based on CS-LBP and DBN
Authors: Sun Kun , Yin Xin , Yang Mingxin , Wang Yang , Fan Jianying
Published: October 2018

At present, the face recognition method based on deep belief network (DBN) has advantages of automatically learning the abstract information of face images and being affected slightly by active factors, so it becomes the main method in the face recognition area. Because DBN ignores the local information of face images, the face recognition rate based on DBN is badly affected. To solve this problem, a face recognition method based on center-symmetric local binary pattern (CS-LBP) and DBN (FRMCD) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the face image is divided into several subblocks. Secondly, CS-LBP is used to extract texture features of each image subblock. Thirdly, texture feature histograms are formed and input into the DBN visual layer. Finally, face classification and face recognition are completed through deep learning in DBN. Through the experiments on face databases ORL, Extend Yale B, and CMU-PIE by the proposed method (FRMCD), the best partitioning way of the face image and the hidden unit number of the DBN hidden layer are obtained. Then, comparative experiments between the FRMCD and traditional methods are performed. The results show that the recognition rate of FRMCD is superior to those of traditional methods; the highest recognition rate is up to 98.82%. When the number of training samples is less, the FRMCD has more significant advantages. Compared with the method based on local binary pattern (LBP) and DBN, the time-consuming of FRMCD is shorter.
On the Output Regulation Problem: The Generalized Second-Order Underactuated Linear System Case
Authors: Aguilar-Ibanez Carlos , Meda-Campana Jesus A. , Suarez-Castanon Miguel S. , Rubio Jose de Jesus , Cruz-Cortes Nareli
Published: October 2018

In this work, we aimed to solve the control regulation problem for a generalized second-order underactuated linear system in order to induce a periodic or chaotic behavior or to cancel the external perturbations, generated by an exogenous system, in the nonactuated coordinate. Further, we showed that, in some cases, it is possible to bring to zero the regulation output errors of the underactuated linear plant, depending on the structure of the plant itself and the exogenous system. In the first stage, the solution was developed for the ideal scenario, in which the whole states of the plant and of the exogenous system were available. Secondly, we showed that in some cases it was possible to solve the regulation output problem when only the observable plant output was measurable. That is, the whole plant state and the exogenous signal could be recovered, if some assumptions were fulfilled. The Lyapunov method was used to perform the stability analysis. The proposed solution was assessed through numerical simulations.
Research on Performance Evaluation System of Shale Gas PPP Project Based on Matter Element Analysis
Authors: Luo Zhenhua , Yang Yufan , Pan Haize , Zhong Mengfan
Published: October 2018

The PPP model is a Public-Private Partnership and a pattern which provides product or service to the public; applying the PPP model to the shale gas development project helps to solve the difficult problem that exists in the shale gas project. Through extensive literature analysis and in-depth study of shale gas PPP projects, for performance evaluation of shale gas PPP project, based on the five dimensions of macroenvironmental characteristics, economic benefits, the project internal processes, innovation and environmental protection and sustainable development, and stakeholder satisfaction, an indicator system consisting of 22 secondary indicators was set up, and the weight of each index was determined by AHP, using the matter element analysis method to build the comprehensive evaluation of the shale gas PPP project performance evaluation model and set indicator evaluation standard of excellent, good, medium, general, and poor in five grades. We evaluate the performance of a shale gas PPP project and conclude that the evaluation grades of the project are good, which is in line with the reality, indicating that the evaluation system and the method are effective and credible.
Developing a Minimally Structured Mathematical Model of Cancer Treatment with Oncolytic Viruses and Dendritic Cell Injections
Authors: Gevertz Jana L. , Wares Joanna R.
Published: October 2018

Mathematical models of biological systems must strike a balance between being sufficiently complex to capture important biological features, while being simple enough that they remain tractable through analysis or simulation. In this work, we rigorously explore how to balance these competing interests when modeling murine melanoma treatment with oncolytic viruses and dendritic cell injections. Previously, we developed a system of six ordinary differential equations containing fourteen parameters that well describes experimental data on the efficacy of these treatments. Here, we explore whether this previously developed model is the minimal model needed to accurately describe the data. Using a variety of techniques, including sensitivity analyses and a parameter sloppiness analysis, we find that our model can be reduced by one variable and three parameters and still give excellent fits to the data. We also argue that our model is not too simple to capture the dynamics of the data, and that the original and minimal models make similar predictions about the efficacy and robustness of protocols not considered in experiments. Reducing the model to its minimal form allows us to increase the tractability of the system in the face of parametric uncertainty.
Discrete Bird Swarm Algorithm Based on Information Entropy Matrix for Traveling Salesman Problem
Authors: Lin Min , Zhong Yiwen , Lin Juan , Lin Xiaoyu
Published: October 2018

Although bird swarm optimization (BSA) algorithm shows excellent performance in solving continuous optimization problems, it is not an easy task to apply it solving the combination optimization problem such as traveling salesman problem (TSP). Therefore, this paper proposed a novel discrete BSA based on information entropy matrix (DBSA) for TSP. Firstly, in the DBSA algorithm, the information entropy matrix is constructed as a guide for generating new solutions. Each element of the information entropy matrix denotes the information entropy from city i to city j. The higher the information entropy, the larger the probability that a city will be visited. Secondly, each TSP path is represented as an array, and each element of the array represents a city index. Then according to the needs of the minus function proposed in this paper, each TSP path is transformed into a Boolean matrix which represents the relationship of edges. Third, the minus function is designed to evaluate the difference between two Boolean matrices. Based on the minus function and information entropy matrix, the birds’ position updating equations are redesigned to update the information entropy matrix without changing the original features. Then three TSP operators are proposed to generate new solutions according to the updated information entropy matrix. Finally, the performance of DBSA algorithm was tested on a large number of benchmark TSP instances. Experimental results show that DBSA algorithm is better or competitively outperforms many state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms.
Reimagining IDO Pathway Inhibition in Cancer Immunotherapy via Downstream Focus on the Tryptophan–Kynurenine–Aryl Hydrocarbon Axis
Authors: Labadie Brian W. , Bao Riyue , Luke Jason J.
Published: October 2018

Significant progress has been made in cancer immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)–programmed death-ligand 1 signaling pathways. Tumors from patients showing sustained treatment response predominately demonstrate a T cell–inflamed tumor microenvironment prior to, or early on, treatment. Not all tumors with this phenotype respond, however, and one mediator of immunosuppression in T cell–inflamed tumors is the tryptophan–kynurenine–aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Trp–Kyn–AhR) pathway. Multiple mechanisms of immunosuppression may be mediated by this pathway including depletion of tryptophan, direct immunosuppression of Kyn, and activity of Kyn-bound AhR. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a principle enzyme in Trp catabolism, is the target of small-molecule inhibitors in clinical development in combination with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors. Despite promising results in early-phase clinical trials in a range of tumor types, a phase III study of the IDO1-selective inhibitor epacadostat in combination with pembrolizumab showed no difference between the epacadostat-treated group versus placebo in patients with metastatic melanoma. This has led to a diminution of interest in IDO1 inhibitors; however, other approaches to inhibit this pathway continue to be considered. Novel Trp–Kyn–AhR pathway inhibitors, such as Kyn-degrading enzymes, direct AhR antagonists, and tryptophan mimetics are advancing in early-stage or preclinical development. Despite uncertainty surrounding IDO1 inhibition, ample preclinical evidence supports continued development of Trp–Kyn–AhR pathway inhibitors to augment immune-checkpoint and other cancer therapies.
Notations in passing - uma tese visual por Nathan Lyons
Authors: Bonduki Inês Pereira Coelho
Published: October 2018

Esse artigo parte da edição das fotografias do livro visual de autor Notations in Passing (1974), considerado a tese visual do fotógrafo e curador americano Nathan Lyons, para discutir o que ele compreende serem os cinco níveis de construção do discurso no livro visual: o contexto, a ordem, a justaposição, os símbolos e as características físicas. Apresentando brevemente a influência da idéia de ‘alfabetização visual’ de Moholy-Nagy na teoria de Lyons, discute-se em que medida o autor trabalhou a prática fotográfica enquanto ferramenta disparadora de questões teóricas ou as questões teóricas enquanto ferramentas disparadoras de fotografias.
A exposição “Artistas da URSS dos últimos 15 anos” e o combate aos 'formalistas'
Authors: Villela Thyago Marão
Published: October 2018

A exposição "Artistas da URSS dos últimos 15 anos" (1933-1934) foi um marco no processo de instituição do realismo socialista pelo governo soviético. Na segunda montagem da mostra, em Moscou, as obras dos artistas considerados "formalistas", como Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandr Drevin e Nadezhda Udal’tsova, foram expostas de modo difamatório e foram violentamente atacadas pela imprensa. Quais os dispositivos curatoriais mobilizados para operar tal perseguição? Porque expor e difamar os artistas referidos?
Marsilio Ficino, Francesco Cavalli e a música como remédio para o desgosto amoroso
Authors: Prins Jacomien
Published: October 2018

Neste artigo, o filósofo Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) e o compositor Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676) são apresentados como pertencentes a um e ao mesmo universo discursivo, no qual música, amor e imaginação cumprem um papel fundamental. A teoria do amor Neoplatônica de Ficino exerce uma função central em sua filosofia. Ele define o amor como o desejo pela beleza. Coisas belas, como a música harmoniosa, inspiram a alma com amor. Quando a música é adequadamente apreciada, o amante se distancia do mundo sensível, foca sua atenção em sua alma e, com isto, encontra seu fim último em Deus. Contudo, se a alma ama de modo impróprio e se fixa na beleza sensual da música, o resultado é a doença amorosa. Assim, para Ficino, o uso adequado do amor e da música repousa no âmago da felicidade humana. Um eco secularizado desta teoria pode ser ouvido na ópera Artemisia, de Cavalli.
A relação entre memória, afetos e performance de música instrumental
Authors: Paschoal Stéfano
Published: October 2018

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar uma relação possível entre memória, afetos e performance de música instrumental. Abrange a música composta predominantemente entre os séculos XVI e XIX e, por conseguinte, períodos que diferem significativamente entre si. Parte das discussões sobre memória, considerada aqui a quarta parte da Retórica (segundo sua divisão clássica) e também a arte da memorização (mnemônica), e sobre afetos, para, então, culminar na questão que motivou de forma mais intensa suas investigações: o papel da memória e da memorização dos afetos na performance de música instrumental. Através de uma revisão – de modo delimitado, pela natureza deste trabalho – da literatura sobre afetos na Retórica de Aristóteles, e apoiados em diversos outros filósofos e autores, traçamos uma relação entre memória, afetos e performance musical, indicando como o intérprete lida com os afetos da obra que executa – no momento da execução – e como deve se comportar, emocionalmente, para que sua audiência seja tomada por esses mesmos afetos. Por lidarmos de forma específica com as relações entre retórica e música – promovidas por Lutero nas reformas propostas às Lateinschulen – são numerosas as comparações entre o orador e o intérprete.
As árias de memória das velhas amas de leite da ópera veneziana do século XVII
Authors: Costa Ligiana
Published: October 2018

Entre os topoi da ópera veneziana emergente o caráter da velha enfermeira cômica molhada aparece com destaque importante. Durante um século de sua presença nos palcos venezianos foram 114 personagens. Umas das marcantes características desta tipologia de personagens é a nostalgia do passado que se concretiza no que chamamos aqui de árias de memória. Ao se lembrar de sua juventude a ama de leite provoca em sua jovem protegida o desejo pelo carpe diem, apoiada pelo conceito de memento mori, colabo-rando indiretamente para os desenlaces dramatúrgicos. Este artigo faz um percurso por algumas destas árias e das diferentes tipologias internas deste topos.
O diletantismo inglês: o violino na cultura britânica no século XVII
Authors: Held Marcus
Published: October 2018

A música para violino é tema recorrente em diversas pesquisas da musicologia histórica. No entanto, uma abordagem mais detalhada sobre os primeiros passos de seu repertório carece de atenção. Desde seu aparecimento na renascença tardia, a música para violino esteve ligada à música de dança. Seja nas tavernas, nas casas, ou nas ruas, a posição que esse instrumento conquistou na sociedade levou-o a um papel de destaque nas cortes europeias. Na Inglaterra, foco deste artigo, o violino serviu, primeiramente, como instrumento integrante das English Masques e dos consorts reais. Isto deu ao violino e sua família maior autonomia de repertório, de modo que este passou a atuar em gêneros essencialmente instrumentais, como a fantasia-suíte, a sonata e o trio-sonata. Neste estudo, observaremos como o instrumento em questão influenciou o panorama da dança na Inglaterra do século XVII, utilizando-se de obras de compositores representativos daquele período: John Playford (1623-1687) e Peter Prelleur (1705-1741). Em seguida, estudaremos, com mais detalhes, os gêneros citados previamente, a fim de esclarecer a relação do violino para com o estilo italiano em ascensão, bem como sua execução pelos músicos amadores, fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da popularidade e reputação desse instrumento além de sua perpetuação na cultura britânica
A música atonal livre de Berg como modelo de "Musique Informelle"
Authors: Baggio Igor
Published: October 2018

O artigo consiste de um comentário crítico do ensaio Descobertas composicionais de Berg, escrito por Theodor Adorno em 1961, ano em que, como professor de composição, o filósofo também apresentaria sua célebre conferência Vers une musique informelle nos Ferienkursen de Nova Música em Darmstadt. Trata-se principalmente de assinalar a importância da música atonal livre de Alban Berg para a formulação mais concreta das principais características de uma musique informelle, já que no ensaio homônimo este conceito carece, em vários momentos, de uma ilustração musical mais precisa. Além disso, um tópico estético musical de relevância que abordamos ao longo do comentário é o referente à noção de organicismo estético, ao qual Adorno fornece uma nova interpretação tendo em vista a música de Berg e o ideal de uma música informal.
Música e Cosmologia em Filolau de Crotona
Authors: Oliveira Guilherme Magalhães
Published: October 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre música e cosmologia no pitagorismo, mais especificamente nos fragmentos de Filolau de Crotona (470-385 a.C.), filósofo discípulo de Pitágoras que exerceu grande influência na filosofia platônica e aristotélica. Por meio da análise de alguns fragmentos de Filolau, explicaremos os princípios de sua cosmologia onde será abordado o significado de “limite” (peras), “ilimitado” (apeira) e harmonia, aqui entendida como um terceiro princípio de união necessário para formar um todo ordenado (kosmos). Ao investigarmos o significado de harmonia, também desenvolveremos o conceito de número (arithmos). Depois mostraremos como estes princípios estão vinculados com a música, ou seja, com as razões numéricas entendidas como intervalos musicais, e com a formação da escala diatônica entendida como uma imagem ou imitação da estrutura do kosmos.