bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Provisional Selves: Experimenting with Image and Identity in Professional Adaptation
Authors: Ibarra Herminia
Published: April 2006

This article describes how people adapt to new roles by experimenting with provisional selves that serve as trials for possible but not yet fully elaborated professional identities. Qualitative data collected from professionals in transition to more senior roles reveal that adaptation involves three basic tasks: (1) observing role models to identify potential identities, (2) experimenting with provisional selves, and (3) evaluating experiments against internal standards and external feedback. Choices within tasks are guided by an evolving repertory that includes images about the kind of professional one might become and the styles, skills, attitudes, and routines available to the person for constructing those identities. A conceptual framework is proposed in which individual and situational factors influence adaptation behaviors indirectly by shaping the repertory of possibilities that guides self-construction.
Competition in Multiple Geographic Markets: The Impact on Growth and Market Entry
Authors: Haveman Heather A. , Nonnemaker Lynn
Published: April 2006

We investigate the impact of contact between organizations in multiple geographic markets, focusing on two competitive behaviors: growth in current markets and entry into new markets. Drawing on sociological and economic theories, we propose that the extent of multimarket contact determines the level of competition experienced by a focal organization and therefore influences its growth and market entry. We also propose that market structure, specifically the extent to which markets are dominated by a few large firms, influences competition and therefore influences growth and market entry. Finally, we propose that market structure accentuates multimarket competitive dynamics, as mutual forbearance is more pronounced in markets dominated by a few large firms. Analysis of growth and market entry by a mixed population of multi- and single-market firms in the California savings and loan industry generally supports our model and shows that multipoint competition affects all rivals, multi- and single-market firms alike.
Legitimacy Building in the Evolution of Small-Firm Multilateral Networks: A Comparative Study of Success and Demise
Authors: Human Sherrie E. , Provan Keith G.
Published: April 2006

This article reports a longitudinal examination and comparison of two multilateral networks of small and medium-sized firms in the U.S. wood-products manufacturing industry. The research focused on how each of these networks built legitimacy over the course of their early evolution, from the pre-network field, to initial formation and growth, and toward sustainment, culminating in the success of one and the demise of the other. Our findings demonstrate that despite differences in their early bases of support, which resulted in very different strategic emphases, the two networks ultimately had to address three conceptually distinct dimensions of legitimacy—the network as form, the network as entity, and the network as interaction. Based on the findings, we develop specific propositions and draw some tentative conclusions about how legitimacy is established in multilateral networks and how the failure to build legitimacy across the three dimensions may lead to network collapse.
Metaphors and Meaning: An Intercultural Analysis of the Concept of Teamwork
Authors: Gibson Cristina B. , Zellmer-Bruhn Mary E.
Published: April 2006

This paper develops a conceptual framework to explain different understandings of the concept of teamwork across national and organizational cultures. Five different metaphors for teamwork (military, sports, community, family, and associates) were derived from the language team members used during interviews in four different geographic locations of six multinational corporations. Results indicated that use of the teamwork metaphors varies across countries and organizations, after controlling for gender, team function, and total words in an interview. Analyses of specific relationships between national cultural values and categories of metaphor use and between dimensions of organizational culture and categories of metaphor use revealed patterns of expectations about team roles, scope, membership, and objectives that arise in different cultural contexts. We discuss the implications of this variance for future research on teams and the management of teams in multinational organizations.
The Box Elder Mound in La Salle County, Illinois
Authors: Griffin James B.
Published: April 2006

Excavations carried on in 1931 under the University of Illinois archaeological program were directed by A. R. Kelly. One of the small mounds explored during the spring of that year was excavated by W. V. Kinietz. It was called the Box Elder Mound and was located near the town of Science, in Starved Rock State Park near Utica, La Salle County, Illinois.

During the summer of 1935 I was permitted by the late F. C. Baker, then Curator of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Illinois, to study and describe this material. The vessels to be described below are a part of the collections of the University of Illinois.
Maya Epigraphy: Methods of Interpretation
Authors: Weitzel R. B.
Published: April 2006

There are different methods of interpreting Maya time counts. The Tun-Ahau method means that the Ahau element of an inscription refers to the tun; the Katun-Ahau method means that the Ahau element of an inscription refers to the katun.

The Initial Series inscription at Chichen Itza has been interpreted by a Tun Ahau method.
Tool-Making at the Westfield Steatite Quarry
Authors: Fowler S. William
Published: April 2006

During the past several years, a steatite quarry in Westfield, Massachusetts, was excavated by the Connecticut Valley Chapter of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society under the writer's direction. This quarry is one of two known steatite deposits in this part of the Connecticut Valley worked by the aborigines, the other one being located at North Wilbraham. The Westfield steatite is finely grained with a high percentage of talc, a firm but soft stone, easily shaped into eating utensils and other articles. Only a small part of the original quarry has escaped damage from recent serpentine-marble quarrying. Enough has been left to provide factual evidence of the kind of steatite products and quarry tools that were made at this site.
The Typological Concept
Authors: Krieger Alex D.
Published: April 2006

This paper is an attempt to clarify the meaning of the terms “type” and “variation” when applied to archaeological materials. Although they are used constantly in speech and literature in almost every conceivable context, it must be admitted that archaeology has no generally accepted, impersonal methods of establishing the scope and application of these terms. Kluckhohn has recently written:

Our techniques of observing and recording are admittedly still susceptible of improvement, but they seem much further advanced than our development of symbols (verbal and otherwise) by which we could communicate to each other (without loss or inflation of content) the signs and symptoms we observe. In archaeology, for example, methods of classifying pottery wares on the basis of highly technical and rather precisely defined operations have been elaborated. But I am aware of but a single paper (by a Russian!) where there has been even a tentative and fumbling consideration of the implications of the typological method. Such archaeologists as Vaillant, Strong, Setzler, Gladwin, and Paul Martin are (but only very recently) evidencing searchings of their theoretical consciences, and this is a happy omen. Meanwhile typologies are proliferated without apparent concern as to what the concepts involved are likely to mean when reduced to concrete human behaviors ….
An Ossuary near Piscataway Creek with A Report on the Skeletal Remains
Authors: Ferguson Alice L. L. , Stewart T. D.
Published: April 2006

The ossuary described in this paper is believed to be at or near the site of Piscataway Fort. Piscataway Fort is of historic interest for it was there, in 1634, that Calvert obtained permission from the “Emperor of the Piscataways” to begin the actual settlement of Maryland.

It is thought that until 1623 the principal town of the Piscataways was at Moyaone on the Potomac just below the mouth of Piscataway Creek. In 1623 Governor Wyatt of Virginia burned Moyaone and the principal site of the tribe was probably moved to Piscataway on the south bank of Piscataway Creek two or three miles east of Moyaone. We know that Piscataway Fort was an important place in 1634 and it continued to be the headquarters of the Piscataways, the most important Indians on the Maryland side of the Potomac, until 1680.
The Wiccomiss Indians of Maryland
Authors: Marye William B.
Published: April 2006

That part of Maryland which lies east of the Chesapeake Bay has always, since the founding of the colony (1634), been known as the Eastern Shore; so, too, the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Most of it is a flat country of tidal rivers occupying “drowned valleys” into the heads of which flow sluggish freshwater streams. A low divide, or height of land, separates streams emptying into the Chespeake from streams flowing into the sounds of the Atlantic Ocean, or into Delaware Bay.
The Direct-Historical Approach in California Archaeology
Authors: Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

The field of California archaeology has long been considered an example of unproductive and timeless culture. This judgment has hardly been a fair one, yet the fault lay not with the anthropological public but rather with the local archaeologists, since field work was rare, intermittent, and unplanned. No scientific institution has ever found it possible or deemed it advisable to institute a long-term archaeological survey of the area. However, the past ten years have seen the recording of sufficient data to demand a retraction of the older viewpoint which offered little promise in future work. In 1929, David Banks Rogers published his volume on the archaeology of the Santa Barbara region; Olson's preliminary report followed a year later. Both treatises are in essential agreement as to the type and succession of prehistoric cultures on the Santa Barbara coast.
Lightning Spalling
Authors: Farmer Malcolm F.
Published: April 2006

Of interest to archaeologists is a recent paper by J. D. Laudermilk and T. G. Kennard on the little known subject of lightning as an agent of weathering of exposed rocks. As a locality for field study of this natural phenomenon, they chose an area in the Mohave Desert near Yermo, California, which is known as a place of a great deal of electrical display. Here they found rocks of various sizes and materials, such as jasper, silicified lava, chalcedony, rhyolite, and quartzite. Many of these had apparently been split by some force other than great fluctuations of temperature, or by man in the production of stone artifacts. A great abundance of flakes and spalls was found on the ridges, usually in more or less circular or oval areas from one foot to five feet in radius. From the arrangement of these fragments it appeared that they had been spread from a common center in each of the areas.
Jadeite from Manzanal, Guatemala
Authors: Foshag William F. , Leslie Robert
Published: April 2006

The use of jade by the ancient indigenous cultures of Mesoamerica was widespread and endured for a long time. The earliest jade objects from this region have been found in pre-Classic sites at Tlatilco, Zacatenco (Vaillant 1930), Ticoman (Vaillant 1930), Gualupita (Vaillant 1934), and El Arbollilo (Vaillant 1935) in Mexico; and Finca Arizona (Shook 1945) and Kaminaljuyii (Shook and Kidder 1952) in Guatemala. Radiocarbon dating of the Tlatilco site gave an age about 1500 B.C. (Libby 1952). The use of jade continued in Mexico until the early days of the Spanish colonial period when its use as a piedra de ijada or amulet for alleviating pain in the loins and for curing diseases of the kidney had a wide vogue. Fifty years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico, jade had become rare, largely because the supply obtainable from the nobles and chiefs was by then depleted (Monardes 1569), and very soon after the use and all knowledge of jade disappeared from Mesoamerica where but a short time before it was looked upon as the most precious of substances.
Stone Crosses with a Cuicuilco Burial
Authors: Hughes Jack T.
Published: April 2006

A recent article (Howard 1954) has described certain occurrences of cruciform artifacts in the Sierra Occidental from the Valley of Mexico to southern Arizona. The Valley of Mexico occurrence was reported in an earlier article (Haury 1945) which illustrates one of the objects (Fig. 2 x), and describes it as a “Cross (soft calcareous stone), Cuicuilco (Arizona State Museum collection, No. 13862)” (p. 61). I presume the specimen to be one found by Cummings during his excavations at the pyramid in 1924–25. The present article reports the discovery of 4 additional stone crosses at Cuicuilco in 1942.
Agriculture and the Theocratic State in Lowland Southeastern Mexico
Authors: Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

Shifting cultivation, which is the technique commonly followed by tropical agriculturists, while wasteful of land use in requiring a long fallowing period, will support variable population densities depending upon crops grown, farming tools used, and soil fertility. Twenty persons per square kilometer is accepted as the density for the region around the Preclassic La Venta site which was begun about 800 B.C. and abandoned about 400 B.C. The occupation area of the La Venta culture group is believed to lie between the Coatzacoalcos and Tonalá rivers and amounts to about 900 square kilometers, thus yielding a population figure of about 18,000, of which 3600 are family heads. The total man-days of labor required to build the La Venta site is estimated to be 1,100,000, and the four major rebuildings of the site features are suggested as having been done at completion of 52 and 104 year calendar rounds.
Curved Single-Piece Fishhooks of Shell and Bone in California
Authors: Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

Notwithstanding the numerous published works which have specifically or incidentally treated with the curved fishhooks of California, there is available at present no single source which draws together the accessible information and cites the relevant bibliography. The present article seeks to remedy this situation and seems justified on the grounds of making available the California data to local workers and to those who are further interested in the near identity of some of the California types with those of the Chilean coast in South America, on the one hand, and with those of the Oceanian area, on the other. Within North America the distribution of single-piece curved bone fishhooks is spotty, and a theoretical problem of historical community of these various occurrences also awaits analysis.

Curved hooks of shell and/or bone occur in California in archaeological sites on the Santa Barbara Channel islands (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz), on the islands farther south and more distant from the mainland shore (San Nicolas, San Clemente, San Miguel), and on the coast from Point Concepcion to Santa Ana.
A Copper Trade Object from the Headwaters Lakes Aspect in Manitoba
Authors: Vickers Chris , Bird Ralph D.
Published: April 2006

The spread of the Headwaters Lakes Aspect in a northwesterly direction through Manitoba, has been the subject of previous comment by the senior author. The manifestations of the aspect in this area, have a marked resemblance to the Black Duck Focus, and have been defined as the Manitoba Focus.

The factual data upon which this conclusion is based are derived from three controlled excavations in Manitoba. Hecker and Hlady excavated the Lockport site, north of the city of Winnipeg, in August, 1947. Hecker reports the presence of sherds that show a “close relationship” to the Black Duck Focus. During 1947 and 1948 the junior author conducted excavations on the Scott site near Brandon, Manitoba. This site is located on the S.W. Sec. 35, T. 10, R. 20, W. 1, and has yielded a good collection of Manitoba Focus sherds, with an associated artifact complex that closely corresponds to that outlined by Wilford for the Headwaters Lakes Aspect.
The Archaeology of the Lena Basin and its New World Relationships, Part I
Authors: Tolstoy Paul
Published: April 2006

In an earlier study (Tolstoy 1953b), we attempted to outline the Old World distributions of a limited number of ceramic elements and to make a case for their introduction into North America some 3000 to 4000 years ago. Russian reports that have appeared or become available to us since then (Okladnikov 1945, 1946, 1950b, 1955a, 1955b), as well as recent work this side of Bering Strait, prompt now a review of the sequence in the Lena Basin as a whole with North America parallels in mind. The main emphasis here is on the Neolithic of the Lena drainage and Archaic to Early Woodland developments in eastern North America.
The Pre-Columbian Stonecutting Techniques of the Mexican Plateau
Authors: Outwater J. Ogden
Published: April 2006

Although the problem of stonecutting techniques is but one key to understanding the civilizations of the Middle American people, it is through their stonework that they left their greatest mark and in order to fully appreciate the organization and magnitude of their achievements, we must examine this aspect. To this end the author, who is by training and experience a mechanical engineer, attempted to check in various centers in Mexico on the feasibility of estimating the man years required to build various monuments in order to test hypotheses concerning techniques of construction.
A Tubular Stone Pipe (?) from Sonora
Authors: Di Peso Charles C.
Published: April 2006

In December of 1954, Mr. and Mrs. Ruben Emrick of Conrad, Montana, found a broken sandstone object in an arroyo cut located 30 miles north of the town of Empalme near Ortiz in Sonora, Mexico (Fig. 1). They very graciously brought the artifact to the Amerind Museum for examination where it was repaired and studied. The object resembled the tubular stone pipes found in the Southwest (Figs. 2, 3). It had the exterior and inner proportions so characteristic of these pipes, which were produced by drilling out the pipe interior until it resembled a modern venturi tube having a constricted throat.
A Method for Chronologically Ordering Archaeological Deposits
Authors: Robinson W. S.
Published: April 2006

The statistical technique of this paper is based upon the empirically established fact that over the course of time pottery types come into and go out of general use by a given group of people. It is further based upon the established fact that in cultures where chronology has been determined the differential use of types takes on a form illustrated in Figure 89. The data of this diagram are hypothetical, the purpose being merely to illustrate the present discussion.
Comments on the Cultural Position of the Bintz Site, Campbell County, Kentucky
Authors: Griffin James B.
Published: April 2006

The ceramic material from the Bintz site, as MacCord has indicated, belongs to the Madisonville focus of the Fort Ancient aspect. He has given the Ceramic Repository for the Eastern United States at the University of Michigan a representative sample and in addition has allowed me to examine the negative painted specimens from the site. The pottery which is now available for study and my impressions of the site at the time I visited it indicate that it is more closely connected to Fox Farm than to Madisonville. The fabric impressed salt pan is more common at Bintz than at any other Fort Ancient site, and in this regard conforms more to the rare appearance of fabric impression on salt pans at Fox Farm. A common decorative style at Bintz is on vessels which can be called Madisonville Cordmarked. The incised decoration on these specimens is similar to that at Fox Farm (Griffin, 1943, Pl. CVI, Figs. 1-5).
The Archaeology of the Old Stone Mill in Newport, Rhode Island
Authors: Godfrey William S.
Published: April 2006

The origin of the old stone tower in Newport has been an important problem in the ancient history of American archaeology for something over a century. The argument swirls around two questions. Who built the tower? When was it built? There are two possible answers to the first of these questions; the second question can readily be answered if the first can be solved. Either the tower was built by persons unknown at some time in the pre-Colonial period; or it was erected in Colonial times shortly before it is first mentioned in the documents. And there is a shortage of the documents on this problem until the development of the nineteenth century romanticism. Either there was no interest or there was no problem. Up to about 1800, moreover, a clear line of legal documents traced the structure as well as the land on which it stood as belonging to Governor Benedict Arnold. The legal documents are supported by strong local tradition that the building was a stone mill. Specifically, in 1677, three documents, including Arnold's own will, mentioned the tower, and for the next 100 years other mention is rare. Thus, at the outset, we see that the controversy over the origin of the tower is recent.
Crystal River, Revisited, Revisited, Revisited
Authors: Smith Hale G.
Published: April 2006

In February of this year, James B. Griffin, Hale G. Smith, Raymond S. Price, A. T. Ewell, MacNeil Withers, and Ralph Barbour made a surface collection of the entire Crystal River complex and dug a five foot test (B) upon the occupational area designated by Moore (1903, , Fig. 16) as B.

Test B was made 140 feet from the north corner of the large shell temple mound A, at approximately the same place marked B by Moore (ibid.). It was found that the depth of this deposit was forty-eight inches. The test was taken down in the following levels: 1 through 8, and 10 were four inch levels, while 9 and 11 were six inch levels. The sherds collected from mound A and test B were similar in many respects.
Irrigation in East Central California
Authors: Patch Richard W.
Published: April 2006

There is considerable divergence of opinion among authorities regarding the distribution of the practice of irrigation by the prehistoric Indians of the Southwest. Martin, Quimby, and Collier (1947, p. 168) write that the irrigation of the Hohokam of central and southern Arizona is the only known instance of canal irrigation in pre-Columbian North America. Thomas (1948, p. 10), however, writes that canal system irrigation was not limited to the area of the Hohokam but that “in many ravines and valleys in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and Southern California are found the remains of canal systems which tapped the natural streams and carried water to the numerous small farms.” Wittfogel (Wittfogel and Goldfrank, 1943), has assembled published evidences of irrigation in the Anasazi area, north of the Hohokam, such as its practice west of the Wasatch Mountains in the Great Basin portion of Utah, described by Steward.
Comments on the San Jose Radiocarbon Date
Authors: Agogino George A. , Hester Jim
Published: April 2006

In 1937 John M. Goggin found a series of blow-outs in the San Jose river valley, western New Mexico, which produced serrated projectile points reminiscent of Pinto Basin material. The following year Joseph H. Toulouse, Jr., identified 3 distinct cultural horizons, each with an associated sand stratum (Bryan and Toulouse 1943). The most recent stratum, made up of loose drifting surface sand, contained Pueblo and recent cultural debris. Beneath this was a layer of consolidated buff to white colored sand identified as late dune. In this stratum were , found diagnostic milling stones and the distinctive small, serrated Lobo point. Under this buff sand lay a compact layer of red sand, old dune, with similar milling stones but with a larger serrated point type today known as the San Jose.
The First Sheguiandah Expedition, Manitoulin Island, Ontario
Authors: Lee Thomas E.
Published: April 2006

On a Wooded Hilltop overlooking Sheguiandah Bay on Manitoulin Island is one of the most remarkable Indian sites ever discovered in Canada. It was found in the course of archaeological survey work in 1951 (Lee 1953). Extensive surface collections were made; the materials indicated that the site might be one of the earliest known in Ontario. Hundreds of large quartzite blades were obtained and their apparent connections were with the George Lake 1 site at Killarney, some twenty miles away on the mainland (Greenman 1943). The Sheguiandah site, vastly richer in material, gave promise of yielding valuable information about the nature and cultural connections of the people who had worked and perhaps lived there. Further, despite the fact that the site had thus far escaped the attentions of souvenir hunters and relic collectors, it was believed that any delay in investigations might subject it to the destructive forces which have fallen upon so many important prehistoric features.
Ancient Settlements in the Main River Valley, Chukchi Peninsula
Authors: Okladnikov A. P. , Nekrasov I. A.
Published: April 2006

A newly discovered late Neolithic culture of riverine hunters and fishermen becomes the third major culture known in the Chukchi-Koryak region of Northeast Asia. The arctic maritime hunters ancestral to the Eskimo have long been known, and recently evidence for an inland group of hunters in the northern reindeer and fish areas has been encountered. The Neolithic hunters and fishers lived in temporary, probably winter camps of semisubterranean houses near the game-rich mouths of tributaries on the well-drained gravel floodplains of the river valleys of the Anadyr-Penzhina lowlands. Collections from Vakernaia 1 and 2 in the Main River valley are described. Chipped stone artifacts with pressure retouch include some obsidian knives, and trapezoidal and semilunar knives made on pebble flakes. There are grinder picks, polished slate knives of ulo type, and adzes including a form comparable to the splitting adz of the Chugach sequence in southern Alaska. Picks or mattocks were made of walrus tusk and antler. The bulk of the collection consists of pottery. Hemispherical vessels of great size variation are plain, textile-impressed, and stamped. Although house type, the walrus tusk, and the ulo knives suggest some connection with the Bering Sea hunting cultures, the basic traits appear to be of more local origin.
Problems of Urban Archaeology
Authors: Powell B. Bruce
Published: April 2006

A brief review of the rise of interest in historic sites preservation and of the use of archaeological techniques in this field, is followed by a discussion of the recent phenomenon of urban renewal as it applies to an increasing necessity for archaeological work in urban areas. Experience gained in the archaeological program at Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, provides the basis for a discussion of some of the specific problems encountered in urban sites: excavation costs, problems of public relations, the necessity for special equipment and specialized artisans, and the archeologists' training.
Cerrillos, an Early Paracas Site in ICA, Peru
Authors: Wallace Dwight T.
Published: April 2006

Excavations at Site PV62-63 (Cerrillos) uncovered a refuse accumulation several meters deep with two major stratigraphic units, the earlier termed the Cerrillos phase, the later termed the Isla phase. Cerrillos ceramics are of a style new to the Ica sequence and the earliest known in the valley; they represent an early development in the Paracas style, but also share various specific traits with Chavinoid ceramic styles in other areas. Ceramics of the Isla phase represent a local development out of Cerrillos but with many of the Chavinoid traits lacking. The Isla ceramic style had been previously recognized as the earliest known Paracas phase, although no refuse excavations had been made. Isla refuse is associated with a series of superimposed adobe structures, representing terraced habitations arranged in a complex apartment-house-like dwelling unit. The refuse of both stratigraphic units indicates very heavy dependence on agricultural produce, beans and a primitive type of maize being the staples. Various other artifact types were recovered, the Cerrillos textiles also showing similarities with early techniques in other areas.
Radiocarbon Dates from the Lodaiska Site, Colorado
Authors: Irwin Henry J. , Irwin Cynthia C.
Published: April 2006

Seven radiocarbon dates place the regional sequence from 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1000, validate partially the method determining complexes at the site, and date the beginning of maize agriculture in the area.
The Canon in Titian's Bacchanal
Authors: Smith Gertrude P.
Published: April 2006

The Bacchanal is one of the three paintings made by Titian for a room in the palace of Alfonso d'Este at Ferrara. At Alfonso's suggestion the painting followed a description by Philostratus of a painting he had seen which represented the mythical island of Andros. According to Philostratus, Dionysius so charged the earth of Andros with wine ‘that it bursts forth and sends up a river… . the men, crowned with ivy and byrony are singing to their wives and children, some dancing … some reclining. And very likely … this is the theme of their song— … that this river makes men rich, and powerful in the assembly, and helpful to their friends, and beautiful and, instead of short, four cubits tall; for when a man has drunk his fill of it he can assemble all these qualities and in his thought make them his own. This is what you should imagine you hear and what some of them are really singing, though their voices are thick with wine.’
Thomas Morley and the First Music for the English Burial Service
Authors: Uhler John E.
Published: April 2006

First to compose music for the burial service in English was Thomas Morley (1557-1603). The verbal text that he followed was that of the second Book of Common Prayer, pubhshed in 1559, one year after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I. The splendor of this piece of literature exalted Morley's genius to an equally magnificent piece of music.

About a century and a half afterward, his manuscript came to the hands of Doctor Maurice Greene (c. 1695-1755). In 1718 Greene became organist of St. Paul's, a position that Morley once occupied. In 1727 he was elected to the Chapel Royal, of which Morley had been a member. Three years later he was made Doctor of Music at Cambridge; Morley had been Bachelor of Music at Oxford.
Gardens of the Renaissance Painters
Authors: Nash Ray
Published: April 2006

The land of Italy is itself a garden.' From this opening statement of a book which is itself a garden, Mrs. Kennedy proceeds to survey the work of masters from Giotto to Belotto for their interest in lawns, sweet herbs and blossoms. A development from lectures prepared for Toledo garden clubs, the book generously shares a sensitive scholar's appreciation of details which as often as not go unnoticed in even the better known paintings of the Italian Renaissance. It is the work of a penetrating critic and historian on a sort of sabbatical, and the result is properly refreshing.
The Authorship of ‘An Advertisement written to a Secretarie of M. L. Treasurer of England…’
Authors: Loomie Albert J.
Published: April 2006

In the Catalogue of the British Museum and the Catalogue of Catholic Books in English Printed Abroad or Secretly in England, 1558-1640, the book An Advertisement written to a Secretarie . . . is assigned to Joseph Creswell, S.J. The ascription does not come from the title page since it was published under the pen name of ‘An Inglishe Intelligencer as he passed through Germanic towards Italie' but instead from a misleading reference in Felipe Alegambe's Biblioteca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu. Alegambe noted: ‘Joseph Creswell: In English under the name John Perney, a book opposing the Edict of Queen Elizabeth against the Catholics, also unless it is the same book, (one) against the letters of Cecil. However it is highly probable that Alegambe composed his entry from secondhand information without having seen the books he described.
Ravenscroft's ‘Melismata’ and the Children of Paul's
Authors: Sabol Andrew J.
Published: April 2006

The theatrical activities of Thomas Ravenscroft (ca. 1590- ca. 1633), a chorister at St. Paul's under Edward Pearce, have from time to time been commented upon, particularly with respect to some Paul's boys’ plays performed at the turn of the century for which a few stage songs survive in three of his music publications: Pammelia (1609), Deuteromelia (1609), and A Brief Discourse (1614). A songbook heretofore overlooked by stage historians is his Melismata (1611), which includes still another stage song for a Paul's play, and this—hitherto apparently neither identified nor reproduced—is for Thomas Middleton's A Trick to Catch the Old One (Q 1608; S. R. October 7, 1607).
Dametas' Song in Sidney's Arcadia
Authors: Cutts John P.
Published: April 2006

The ‘gentle’ Dametas, on seeing the Bear, thrust himself into a bush as far as he could go and, on Dorus' pushing him and bidding him be of good courage, thought Doras was the Bear and was with difficulty persuaded that the Bear was indeed dead. Then, like ‘a man of Revengefull spirite, hee gave the deade body many a wounde, swearing by muche yt was pitty, suche Beastes shoulde bee suffered in a Comon Welthe’. Finally, with immoderate joy ‘as before with feare (for his harte was framed never to bee withoute a passyon) hee went by his fayre charge, daunsing, pyping, and singing, till they all come to the presence of the carefull Company’, so near ‘as hee might bee hearde of the Duke’.
Which Don Alonso Venegas?
Authors: Spivakovsky Erika
Published: April 2006

Rfoulché-delbosc was the first to point out that Luis del Mármol Carvajal committed extensive plagiarism in his Historia del rebelion y castigo de los Moriscos del Reyno de Granada. As the French hispanist showed, Mármol lifted large parts out of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza's De la Guerra de Granada. At the time Mármol wrote his book—some time before 1580, according to Foulché-Delbosc— Mendoza's Guerra, unpublished until 1627 (about fifty-five years after it was written), was available in many manuscript copies. Unquestionably, the Guerra served Mármol as a major source, especially for reporting certain events at which he had not been present. Foulché-Delbosc, in 1894, expressed astonishment that no one seemed to have noticed this before him.
A Petrarchan Sonnet Imitated by Diego Dávalos y Figueroa
Authors: Fucilla Joseph G.
Published: April 2006

In Vol. 1, p . 73, of his Manuscritos Peruanos en las Bibliotecas Extrangeras (Lima, Peru, 193 5) Rubén Vargas Ugarte takes the following sonnet from MS 373 (Fonds espagnol) of the Paris Bibliothèque Nationale:

Pensando que ocupava fuerça y arteAmor, o hermosíssima señora,en no sufrir desorden como agoraque sufre a mi vajeza desearte;desarmado de aviso osé mirarte,mas el cruel que nunca se está un oraluego desde tus ojos donde él mora mepassó el coraçón de parte a parte.No sé qué premio espera ni qué gloriapor haberme vencido en tal estado,no sé qué palma sigue tal victoria.Suene el gran caso digno de memoria,hecho fuerte de su reyno a un desarmado;vencio el Amor, vien sonora es su victoria.
Elizabeth I as a Latin Poet: An Epigram on Paul Melissus
Authors: Phillips James E.
Published: April 2006

In praising the poetic talent of Queen Elizabeth the author of The Arte of English Poesie (1589) exclaims that she

easily surmounteth all the rest that have writte before her time or since, for sence, sweetnesse and subtillitie, be it in Ode, Elegie, Epigram, or any other kinde of poeme Heroick or Lyricke, wherein it shall please her Maiestie to employ her penne, …

Few examples of her work survive to provide a basis for measuring the relative amounts of critical judgment and expected flattery in this praise. To these few one more can now perhaps be added. It is a Latin epigram attributed to the Queen that was printed by Paul Melissus, the German humanist, poet, and musician, at the end of a collection of his own Latin poems entitled P. Melissi Mele sive Odae … Epigrammata, published at Nuremberg in 1580. So far as I can determine, modern scholars have not been aware of this poem or of the circumstances that make highly plausible its authenticity as the work of Elizabeth.
Italian Renaissance Plays
Authors: Corrigan Beatrice
Published: April 2006

In 1961 I published a Catalogue of Italian Plays, 1500–1700, in the Library of the University of Toronto (University of Toronto Press). Since then the Library has acquired several more plays, some of them of major importance in the history of Renaissance drama. Of outstanding interest are the first edition of Giordano Bruno's Il Candelaio, the first edition of the prose version of Ariosto's Gli suppositi, the first edition of Ottavio Rinuccini's L'Euridice, and the 1620 edition of Prospero Bonarelli's Il Solimano with the handsome plates etched by Jacques Callot.
Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Impact of Organizational Identification, Identity, and Image on the Cooperative Behaviors of Physicians
Authors: Dukerich Janet M. , Golden Brian R. , Shortell Stephen M.
Published: April 2006

We use an established model of organizational identification to try to understand the voluntary cooperative behavior of professionals in organizations. We examined the relationships among physicians' assessments of the attractiveness of a health care system's perceived identity and construed external image, strength of system identification, and cooperative behaviors. We surveyed 1,504 physicians affiliated with three health care systems and collected follow-up data from 285 physicians a year later. Attractiveness of perceived identity and construed external image were positively related to physicians' identification with the system, which in turn was positively related to cooperative behavior. Extensions to the model of organizational identification are suggested.
Uncertainty, Imitation, and Plant Location: Japanese Multinational Corporations, 1990‐1996
Authors: Henisz Witold J. , Delios Andrew
Published: April 2006

In a study of a sample of 2,705 international plant location decisions by listed Japanese multinational corporations across a possible set of 155 countries in the 1990-1996 period, we use neoinstitutional theory and research on political institutions to explain organizational entry into new geographic markets. We extend neoinstitutional theory's proposition that prior decisions and actions by other organizations provide legitimization and information to a decision marked by uncertainty, showing that this effect holds when the uncertainty comes from a firm's lack of experience in a market but not when the uncertainty derives from the structure of a market's policymaking apparatus.
Fool's Gold: Social Proof in the Initiation and Abandonment of Coverage by Wall Street Analysts
Authors: Rao Hayagreeva , Greve Henrich R. , Davis Gerald F.
Published: April 2006

This paper examines the dynamics of social influence in the choices of securities analysts to initiate and abandon coverage of firms listed on the NASDAQ national market. We show that social proof—using the actions of others to infer the value of a course of action—creates information cascades in which decision makers initiate coverage of a firm when peers have recently begun coverage. Analysts that initiate coverage of a firm in the wake of a cascade are particularly prone to overestimating the firm's future profitability, however, and they are subsequently more likely than other analysts to abandon coverage of the firm. We thus find evidence for a cycle of imitation-driven choice followed by disappointment and abandonment. Our account suggests that institutionalization rooted in imitation is likely to be fragile.
Evolution toward Fit
Authors: Siggelkow Nicolaj
Published: April 2006

This paper uses a longitudinal case study of the mutual fund provider, The Vanguard Group, to understand the developmental processes that lead to organizational configurations and fit. A new method for determining an organization's core elements is developed, and four processes are identified that describe the creation and subsequent elaboration of these core elements: thickening (reinforcement of an existing core element by new elaborating elements), patching (creation of a new core element and its reinforcement by new elaborating elements), coasting (no further elaboration of a new core element in a given period), and trimming (deletion of a core element and its elaborating elements). The four processes are used to describe organizations' development paths toward configurations and their transitions between configurations, including two new ideal types, termed thin-to-thick and patch-by-patch, as well as two known paths between configurations, the punctuated equilibrium path and reorientation through linear progression.
Process Management and Technological Innovation: A Longitudinal Study of the Photography and Paint Industries
Authors: Benner Mary J. , Tushman Michael
Published: April 2006

This research explores the impact of process management activities on technological innovation. Drawing on research in organizational evolution and learning, we suggest that as these practices reduce variance in organizational routines and influence the selection of innovations, they enhance incremental innovation at the expense of exploratory innovation. We tested our hypotheses in a 20-year longitudinal study of patenting activity and ISO 9000 quality program certifications in the paint and photography industries. In both industries, the extent of process management activities in a firm was associated with an increase in both exploitative innovations that built on existing firm knowledge and an increase in exploitation's share of total innovations. Our results suggest that exploitation crowds out exploration. We extend existing empirical research by capturing how process management activities influence the extent to which innovations build on existing firm knowledge. We suggest that these widely adopted organizational practices shift the balance of exploitation and exploration by focusing on efficiency, possibly at the expense of long-term adaptation.
Culture Contact on the Fringe of Civilization
Authors: A. T.  , Culwick G. M.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

It is natural that the urgent need for systematic study of culture contact should first and most forcibly be felt with regard to areas where the process of ‘civilization’ or modernization is already comparatively far advanced, whether it be in the form of detribalization in urban and industrial districts or of the adaptation of the tribal system among an important and powerful people like the Baganda. In the first place, those areas present the most pressing practical problems and exhibit the most acute symptoms of social, economic, and political strain. In the second place, as a corollary of their accessibility to exotic influences, they are the areas most easily accessible to observers trained and untrained, and their troubles often force themselves on the attention of the civilized world. They have, however, certain disadvantages from the point of view of the student of culture contact, in that, as Miss Mair has shown, the opportunity to study the stages in their development has gone for ever. By careful investigation a useful and reliable, if incomplete, picture can be drawn of the working of the social order just before the torrent of modern civilization broke in upon it, and the comparison between past and present which such a reconstruction makes possible provides us with knowledge which is both necessary for the explanation of existing phenomena and also of the greatest practical value. But just as one cannot tell by looking at the finished product whether a pot has been fashioned from the lump or by the coil method, so, in the absence of proper observation at the time, we cannot reconstruct a picture of the intermediate stages in the creation of the present situation, or ever know the details of the processes whereby native society adjusted itself to some innovations and was dislocated by others.
Generalised concentration fluctuations under diffusion equilibrium
Authors: Ruben Harold
Published: April 2006

Smoluchowski's classical analysis of the temporal fluctuation, under diffusion equilibrium, of the number of particles in a fixed region R of space is generalised to a set of disjoint regions; specifically, the single Smoluchowski region is divided into a finite number of non-intersecting subregions. The generalisation allows a more rigorous test of some of the consequences of the Einstein-Smoluchowski theory of Brownian motion to be carried out, and at the same time enables the Avogadro constant to be estimated with greater precision than is possible with the single region. In particular, the reversibility paradox of Loschmidt and the recurrence paradox of Zermelo are reexamined from the point of view of the fluctuation of configurations (a configuration being defined as the set of occupation numbers for the various subregions) rather than that of total concentration for the single region.
The distribution of Raunkiaer life forms in Israel in relation to the environment
Authors: Danin Avinoam , Orshan Gideon
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The distribution of Raunkiaer life forms along rainfall and temperature gradients was determined for the floras of 27 geomorphological districts in Israel. Phane‐rophytes and chamaephytes are relatively strongly represented in districts with very low rainfall, decrease up to 150 mm and 400 mm of mean annual rainfall respectively, and remain more or less constant at higher rainfall figures. Hemicryptophytes andgeophytes increase along the rainfall gradient. Therophytes show an optimum between 200 and 500 mm of rainfall. The distribution of life forms is less clearly correlated with mean annual temperature, though hemicryptophytes and geophytes show a negative correlation with mean annual temperature and with mean annual minimal temperature.
Small‐scale environmental heterogeneity and the analysis of species distributions along gradients
Authors: Palmer Michael W. , Dixon Philip M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The observed distribution of a species along an environmental gradient is strongly affected by environmental variability within a quadrat. Because a quadrat does not represent a point along an environmental gradient, but rather a range of conditions, it is likely to contain species not typically associated with the mean conditions in the quadrat. Systematic relationships exist between a species' true distribution, the observed distribution as a function of mean quadrat environment, and the frequency distribution of the environment within that quadrat. The observed species habitat breadth increases and the observed maximum abundance decreases as within‐quadrat environmental heterogeneity increases.

If species distributions or beta diversities are to be compared among species or coenoclines, they should be correctedforintra‐quadratheterogeneity.Wederive simple corrections for environmental heterogeneity. The distributions of hardwood forest understory species along a soil acidity gradient in the North Carolina piedmont are presented as an example.