bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW APPROACH TO CALCULATE EXTREME STORM SURGES
Authors: Gönnert Gabriele , Sossidi Kristina
Published: December 2011

Climate change and its consequences, for example for sea level, will have serious effects on the safety of people and economic assets in coastal areas. The uncertainties inherent in climate change necessitate new concepts of coastal protection and risk management. In the project Xtrem Risk, the ‘source pathway receptor’ concept will be used as a basis for risk analysis and the development of new strategies.

The objective of this paper is to determine relevant extreme events. The paper will give an overview of findings from the analyses which were conducted and the method which was developed for calculating extreme storm surge events at different tidal gauges. These extreme scenarios are necessary for risk analyses and can also be used for design levels.

Here a deterministic method will be used which takes the physics of storm surges into account. The most relevant contributions to a storm surge are spring tide, wind surge and sometimes an external surge that enters the North Sea from the Atlantic. With the method that has been developed, these three components will be analysed and their development and non‐linear interaction over the last 100 years will be assessed. Since the storm surge curve is necessary for analysis, the curve and its components are also analyzed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological studies on plant proteins: a review
Authors: Wu Wenbiao , Sun Rong
Published: December 2011

Nowadays, toxicological studies are contributing to human health more than ever. Reports on the toxicological studies of plant proteins, which are continuously growing in number in the literature, have been reviewed. Two important aspects are discussed: dietary safety evaluation, including toxicity tests and the maximum daily intake allowance, and the appropriate proportion in our daily diets of proteins from traditional foods and of new proteins from plant sources not traditionally employed as foods. Water hyacinth leaf proteins, sweet lupin proteins and canola proteins have not been shown to be toxic, although they are not traditionally employed as food proteins. These findings are very important for exploiting valuable new protein sources that are suitable for human or animal consumption and applicable to the food industry. Acutely toxic proteins, including lectins, ribosome‐inactivating proteins, inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes and glycohydro‐lases, have been isolated from plant materials and identified. Their toxicities and molecular characteristics have been described. The toxicity of proteins depends upon their specific native structures. Once they are denatured by appropriate treatment, such as heating, their toxicity can be reduced or even eliminated. These findings indicate that raw materials that contain this kind of toxic protein are not edible. However, after proper processing, they may be suitable for human or animal consumption. Although the toxicities of type 2 ribosome‐inactivating proteins reported by different authors vary, the maximum dosages are still trace amounts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heritability of prevalent vertebral fracture and volumetric bone mineral density and geometry at the lumbar spine in three generations of the framingham study
Authors: Liu Ching-Ti , Karasik David , Zhou Yanhua , Hsu Yi-Hsiang , Genant Harry K , Broe Kerry E , Lang Thomas F , Samelson Elizabeth J , Demissie Serkalem , Bouxsein Mary L , Cupples L Adrienne , Kiel Douglas P
Published: December 2011

Genetic factors likely contribute to the risk for vertebral fractures; however, there are few studies on the genetic contributions to vertebral fracture (VFrx), vertebral volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and geometry. Also, the heritability (h2) for VFrx and its genetic correlation with phenotypes contributing to VFrx risk have not been established. This study aims to estimate the h2 of vertebral fracture, vBMD, and cross-sectional area (CSA) derived from quantitative computed tomography (QCT) scans and to estimate the extent to which they share common genetic association in adults of European ancestry from three generations of Framingham Heart Study (FHS) families. Members of the FHS families were assessed for VFrx by lateral radiographs or QCT lateral scout views at 13 vertebral levels (T4 to L4) using Genant's semiquantitative (SQ) scale (grades 0 to 3). Vertebral fracture was defined as having at least 25% reduction in height of any vertebra. We also analyzed QCT scans at the L3 level for integral (In.BMD) and trabecular (Tb.BMD) vBMD and CSA. Heritability estimates were calculated, and bivariate genetic correlation analysis was performed, adjusting for various covariates. For VFrx, we analyzed 4099 individuals (148 VFrx cases) including 2082 women and 2017 men from three generations. Estimates of crude and multivariable-adjusted h2 were 0.43 to 0.69 (p < 1.1 × 10−2). A total of 3333 individuals including 1737 men and 1596 women from two generations had VFrx status and QCT-derived vBMD and CSA information. Estimates of crude and multivariable-adjusted h2 for vBMD and CSA ranged from 0.27 to 0.51. In a bivariate analysis, there was a moderate genetic correlation between VFrx and multivariable-adjusted In.BMD (−0.22) and Tb.BMD (−0.29). Our study suggests vertebral fracture, vertebral vBMD, and CSA in adults of European ancestry are heritable, underscoring the importance of further work to identify the specific variants underlying genetic susceptibility to vertebral fracture, bone density, and geometry. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Assessment of free energy predictors for ligand binding to a methyllysine histone code reader
Authors: Gao Cen , Herold J. Martin , Kireev Dmitri
Published: December 2011

Methyllysine histone code readers constitute a new promising group of potential drug targets. For instance, L3MBTL1, a malignant brain tumor (MBT) protein, selectively binds mono‐ and di‐methyllysine epigenetic marks (KMe, KMe2) that eventually results in the negative regulation of multiple genes through the E2F/Rb oncogenic pathway. There is a pressing need in potent and selective small‐molecule probes that would enable further target validation and might become therapeutic leads. Such an endeavor would require efficient tools to assess the free energy of protein–ligand binding. However, due to an unparalleled function of the MBT binding pocket (i.e., selective binding to KMe/KMe2) and because of its distinctive structure representing a small aromatic “cage,” an accurate assessment of its binding affinity to a ligand appears to be a challenging task. Here, we report a comparative analysis of computationally affordable affinity predictors applied to a set of seven small‐molecule ligands interacting with L3MBTL1. The analysis deals with novel ligands and targets, but applies widespread computational approaches and intuitive comparison metrics that makes this study compatible with and incremental to earlier large scale accounts on the efficiency of affinity predictors. Ultimately, this study has revealed three top performers, far ahead of the other techniques, including two scoring functions, PMF04 and PLP, along with a simulation‐based method MM‐PB/SA. We discuss why some methods may perform better than others on this target class, the limits of their application, as well as how the efficiency of the most CPU‐demanding techniques could be optimized. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
NBS‐Promoted Rearrangement of 1,1‐Diarylmethylenecyclopentane
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Lin Chung‐Han
Published: December 2011

The 1‐aroyl‐1‐aryl‐2‐bromocyclopentanes 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d (Ar = C6H5, 2‐FC6H4, 3‐FC6H4, 4‐FC6H4) were prepared from N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS)‐promoted rearrangement of 1,1‐diarylmethylenecyclopentane 2. The possible mechanism was proposed. Two 1‐phenyl‐cyclopentane carbamides 5a and 5b with the anti‐influenza effect were also accomplished from compound 3a.
Preparation of Cr‐doped TiO2/SiO2 Photocatalysts and their Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Chen Rufen , Liu Huating
Published: December 2011

Cr‐doped TiO2/SiO2 nanostructured materials were prepared employing a layer‐by‐layer assemblym technique. TiO2 colloids were synthesized by a sol‐gel method using TiCl4 as a precursor. The experimental results showed that sphere‐type TiO2 particles on SiO2 exhibited uniform shape and a narrow size distribution. The amount of Ti (wt %) increased as a function of the number of the coating layers. The coatingv layers was composed of anatase titania nanocrystals at 550 °C. The onset of band‐gap transition for Crdoped TiO2/SiO2 showed a red shift compared with that for the undoped TiO2/SiO2. And the photocatalytic activity of Cr‐doped TiO2/SiO2 was higher than that of undoped sample.
Efficient synthesis of flupirtine analogues derived from pyrimidine
Authors: Hansen Finn K. , Geffken Detlef
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of novel N2‐substituted 5‐alkoxycarbonylamino‐2,4‐diaminopyrimidines, 5‐acylamino‐2,4‐diaminopyrimidines, and 2,4‐diamino‐5‐ureidopyrimidines as analogues of the analgesic flupirtine is described. J. Heterocyclic Chem.,, (2012).
An Exploratory Study of the Propensity for South Koreans to take Cruises: Investigating Koreans' Perceptions of Cruise Ship Travel
Authors: Hur Yoonkyung (Katie) , Adler Howard
Published: December 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine Koreans' perceptions of cruise ship travel to ascertain the potential for future development of that tourism segment. An understanding of Koreans' perceptions is essential for determining the potential of the Korean cruise market. Using survey data, the study investigated Koreans' knowledge level, willingness and desired travel patterns regarding cruise ship travel. Findings from the study can assist practitioners to enhance their comprehension of Koreans' perceptions and behaviors concerning cruise ship travel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of fatigue crack growth under consideration of cyclic plasticity
Authors: Zerres P. , Döring R. , Vormwald M.
Published: December 2011

In this paper a procedure to simulate the crack growth under consideration of elastic‐plastic material behavior by means of the finite element method is described. Within this procedure, after each increment of crack advance, the structure is remeshed and the status variables, such as the components of the backstress‐tensor and the plastic strains, are transferred from the old mesh to the new one. Due to mapping of the variables, improper conditions are possibly prevailing at the beginning of the new analysis, which has to be captured by the used material routine. The main focus of this paper is to describe these necessary numerical adjustments.
Design review of a freight railway axle: fatigue damage versus damage tolerance
Authors: Beretta S. , Carboni M. , Cervello S.
Published: December 2011

Railway axles are designed for an infinite life with admissible stress levels which correspond to generous safety factors applied to full‐scale fatigue properties of materials. Nevertheless, in order to keep an adequate safety level for such a long‐lasting component (an axle can typically run for 3×106 km) subjected to surface deterioration or corrosion, the design is complemented by “damage tolerance” analyses, in which it is assumed that a flaw could grow under service loads, in order to define an appropriate inspection plan. The ultimate “damage tolerance” approach is to design an axle so that there is no need for periodic NDT inspections except those carried out at overhauls (the so called “one million miles axle”). The aim of this paper is to describe the application of this concept to the axle of a freight train comparing this new design concept with the traditional fatigue design.
High‐resolution human cervical spinal cord imaging at 7 T
Authors: Sigmund E. E. , Suero G. A. , Hu C. , McGorty K. , Sodickson D. K. , Wiggins G. C. , Helpern J. A.
Published: December 2011

We present high‐resolution anatomical imaging of the cervical spinal cord in healthy volunteers at the ultrahigh field of 7 T with a prototype four‐channel radiofrequency coil array, in comparison with 3‐T imaging of the same subjects. Signal‐to‐noise ratios at both field strengths were estimated using the rigorous Kellman method. Spinal cord cross‐sectional area measurements were performed, including whole‐cord measurements at both fields and gray matter segmentation at 7 T. The 7‐T array coil showed reduced sagittal coverage, comparable axial coverage and the expected significantly higher signal‐to‐noise ratio compared with equivalent 3‐T protocols. In the cervical spinal cord, the signal‐to‐noise ratio was found by the Kellman method to be higher by a factor of 3.5 with the 7‐T coil than with standard 3‐T coils. Cervical spine imaging in healthy volunteers at 7 T revealed not only detailed white/gray matter differentiation, but also structures not visualized at lower fields, such as denticulate ligaments, nerve roots and rostral–caudal blood vessels. Whole‐cord cross‐sectional area measurements showed good agreement at both field strengths. The measurable gray/white matter cross‐sectional areas at 7 T were found to be comparable with reports from histology. These pilot data demonstrate the use of higher signal‐to‐noise ratios at the ultrahigh field of 7 T for significant improvement in anatomical resolution of the cervical spinal cord, allowing the visualization of structures not seen at lower field strength, particularly for axial imaging. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constructing self‐modeling videos: Procedures and technology
Authors: Collier‐Meek Melissa A. , Fallon Lindsay M. , Johnson Austin H. , Sanetti Lisa M. H. , Delcampo Marisa A.
Published: December 2011

Although widely recommended, evidence‐based interventions are not regularly utilized by school practitioners. Video self‐modeling is an effective and efficient evidence‐based intervention for a variety of student problem behaviors. However, like many other evidence‐based interventions, it is not frequently used in schools. As video creation technology becomes increasingly accessible, school psychologists are better able to incorporate video self‐modeling into their practice. Built on a comprehensive review, this article describes the procedures for implementing a video self‐modeling intervention in educational settings. Video self‐modeling procedures described herein include (a) deciding whether video self‐modeling is an appropriate intervention for a situation, (b) planning for and preparing video self‐modeling procedures, (c) videotaping, (d) editing the video, (e) presenting the video, and (f) using video self‐modeling with other behavioral techniques. Additionally, further resources are offered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of self‐modeling to externalizing and internalizing disorders
Authors: Madaus Melissa Root , Ruberto Laura M.
Published: December 2011

The self‐modeling intervention has been studied for more than 40 years, most often through single‐subject research design. This article evaluates the use of the intervention with behaviors associated with both externalizing and internalizing disorders. It compares and summarizes the use of the self‐modeling intervention with behaviors such as: disruptive classroom and social‐setting behaviors. Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder‐associated behaviors, anxiety, depression, fear, and self‐efficacy. Behaviors associated with disorders such as stuttering, selective mutism, and autism are not included in this review as they are covered more in‐depth in other articles contained within this special issue. In general, the self‐modeling intervention is supported for use in a variety of behaviors associated with both internalizing and externalizing disorders. Practitioners are advised to use the methods outlined in this article as support for incorporating the self‐modeling intervention for school‐aged children with both internalizing and externalizing disorders. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Where does tight binding go from here?
Authors: Horsfield Andrew
Published: December 2011

Density functional tight binding (TB) has been successfully applied to a wide range of materials and problems. Here is asked the question: What is the next step for TB theory? One suggestion for a way forward is proposed that makes extensive use of gaussian expansions to ensure all integrals are analytic.
Electronic‐structure calculations of large cadmium chalcogenide nanoparticles
Authors: Frenzel Johannes , Joswig Jan‐Ole
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we will review our studies of large cadmium chalcogenide nanoparticles and present some new results on cadmium telluride systems. All calculations have been performed using density‐functional based methods. The studies deal with the structural properties of saturated and unsaturated nanoparticles where the surfactants generally are hydrogen atoms or thiol groups. We have focused on the investigation of the density of states, the Mulliken charges, the eigenvalue spectra, and the spatial distributions of the frontier orbitals. Optical excitation spectra of pure CdS and CdSe/CdS core–shell systems have been calculated using a linear‐response formalism. The reviewed studies are compared to the state of the art of modeling large cadmium chalcogenide particles.

magnified image

Optical excitations in large saturated cadmium chalcogenide nanoparticles with several thousand atoms.
Simulated coating of carbon nanotube networks by a beam of carbon atoms
Authors: Kaukonen Markus , Nieminen Risto
Published: December 2011

We have carried out MD simulations for coating of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a beam of energetic carbon atoms. At low energies Ebeam < 10 eV the sp2 network remains nearly intact and CNTs grow in diameter. The growth is not uniform but the deposited atoms tend to cluster (see figure). At intermediate energies (Ebeam = 10 and 20 eV) knock‐out events start to occur and carbon chains are observed. At the highest energy (40 eV) top and bottom surfaces of CNTs with respect to the beam are damaged (but not the sides) leading to graphitization and amorphization.

magnified image

The deposited atoms tend to cluster. This is because addition of an atom is energetically easier near an existing defect and because desorption probability is lower near existing defects.
Excitonic absorption on AlGaAs/GaAs superlattice solar cells
Authors: Nishinaga Jiro , Kawaharazuka Atsushi , Onomitsu Koji , Ploog Klaus H. , Horikoshi Yoshiji
Published: December 2011

The absorption characteristics of the solar cells with AlGaAs/GaAs superlattice active regions are investigated by external quantum efficiency measurements. The quantum efficiency spectra of the solar cells are well explained by the numerical analysis taking into account the excitonic effect on the photo‐absorption. Excitonic absorption shows a strong and sharp peak at the absorption edge, and the excitonic effect also enhances the absorption in the energy region above the bandgap. The experimental quantum efficiencies well correspond to the calculated absorption spectra, and these results clearly indicate that the absorption is increased by excitons even at room temperature. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Field‐oriented developments for LineScout Technology and its deployment on large water crossing transmission lines
Authors: Pouliot Nicolas , Montambault Serge
Published: December 2011

Condition assessments for power transmission line infrastructure and conductors are essential to maintain a reliable and efficient system. LineScout is a high‐performance robot designed to undertake detailed, comprehensive inspections of transmission lines, which contributes to maintaining the integrity of equipment and the safety of inspection crews. This paper outlines Hydro‐Québec's LineScout Technology, describing briefly the main systems and key design issues and discussing the technology's impact and benefits on power transmission line inspection and maintenance practices. The paper then focuses on field results gathered over the past 2 years with LineScout Technology. Very important lessons were learned from more than 20 field deployments of the robot on live transmission lines. An appreciable amount of significant feedback came from these field visits and was decisive in improving the technology. Specifically, transportation and installation methods and onboard energy management strategy are presented. Also discussed, for the first time, is a simplified wheel contact radius estimate, useful for improving the wheel odometer readings. Finally, one field deployment on a large water crossing transmission line is presented in detail. The paper discusses the importance of the work done and of newly implemented features in terms of the quality and efficiency of inspections, the reliability of systems, and the safe operation of the technology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bridge‐transported bilateral master–slave servo manipulator system for remote manipulation in spent nuclear fuel processing plant
Authors: Lee Jong Kwang , Lee Hyo Jik , Park Byung Suk , Kim Kiho
Published: December 2011

A bridge‐transported bilateral master–slave servo manipulator system called the Bridge‐Transported Dual‐Arm Servo‐Manipulator (BDSM) was developed for remote manipulation at the Pyroprocess Integrated Inactive Demonstration (PRIDE) facility. Its many innovative design concepts include a motion‐decoupled, cable‐drive mechanism, fully counterbalanced linkage structure, and interface system for easy attachment/detachment of the arms during remote maintenance. In addition, the manipulator is mounted at the end of a novel redundant‐drive extensible telescopic boom with a synchronized compact cabling management system. The BDSM is currently installed in the Remote Handling Evaluation Mock‐up (RHEM), where it has successfully completed operating tests with a remote control system incorporating a bilateral force‐reflection controller. Good tracking performance was confirmed regardless of the payload, allowing highly transparent control. The system is thus expected to achieve its design goals in dexterous remote handling tasks in PRIDE. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐reach articulated robots for inspection and mini‐invasive interventions in hazardous environments: Recent robotics research, qualification testing, and tool developments
Authors: Perrot Yann , Gargiulo Laurent , Houry Michael , Kammerer Nolwenn , Keller Delphine , Measson Yvan , Piolain Gérard , Verney Alexandre
Published: December 2011

The Interactive Robotics Laboratory of CEA LIST is in charge of the development of remote handling technologies to meet energy industry requirements. This paper reports the research and development activities in advanced robotics systems for inspection or light intervention in hazardous environments with limited access such as blind hot cells in the nuclear industry or the thermonuclear experimental Tokamak fusion reactor. A long‐reach carrier robot called the articulated inspection arm (AIA) and diagnostics and tools for inspection or intervention are described. Finally experimental field tests are presented and actual challenges in modeling the robot's flexibilities are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward automated power line corridor monitoring using advanced aircraft control and multisource feature fusion
Authors: Li Zhengrong , Bruggemann Troy S. , Ford Jason J. , Mejias Luis , Liu Yuee
Published: December 2011

The conventional manual power line corridor inspection processes that are used by most energy utilities are labor intensive, time consuming, and expensive. Remote sensing technologies represent an attractive and cost‐effective alternative approach to these monitoring activities. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into automated remote sensing–based power line corridor monitoring, focusing on recent innovations in the area of increased automation of fixed‐wing platforms for aerial data collection and automated data processing for object recognition using a feature fusion process. Airborne automation is achieved by using a novel approach that provides improved lateral control for tracking corridors and automatic real‐time dynamic turning for flying between corridor segments; we call this approach PTAGS (Power line Tracking Automatic Guidance System). Improved object recognition is achieved by fusing information from multisensor (LiDAR and imagery) data and multiple visual feature descriptors (color and texture). The results from our experiments and field survey illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed aircraft control and feature fusion approaches. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A portable, multiprocess, track‐based robot for in situ work on hydropower equipment
Authors: Hazel Bruce , Côté Jean , Laroche Yvan , Mongenot Patrick
Published: December 2011

In the hydropower industry, in situ maintenance work of turbine runners to address issues such as cavitation damage and cracking is mainly performed manually. Alternatively, the entire turbine requires disassembly and is repaired off site at greater cost. This paper presents the development and fundamentals of robotic technology designed to perform work in situ on hydroelectric equipment. A second paper surveys field implementations carried out with the technology over the past 15 years. A new portable manipulator was designed with unique track‐based kinematics well suited to accessing turbine blades in a confined space. The robot is driven by position‐controlled stepper motors but relies on a hybrid force/position controller to perform processes in contact with the work piece, such as grinding. A major obstacle for robotic repair is excessive programming time. As most work is done on curved surfaces, the robot relies on a model of curvilinear space for trajectory generation. The robot is coupled to an accurate measurement system to scan surface topography in three dimensions. It has been equipped to perform several processes, such as welding and grinding, to facilitate the manufacture and maintenance of hydropower equipment. Despite the robot's inaccuracy and flexibility, surface profiles may be reconstructed with great accuracy through the use of a controlled metal removal rate strategy that relies on an innovative dynamic model of the grinding process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TAO2000 V2 computer‐assisted force feedback telemanipulators used as maintenance and production tools at the AREVA NC–La Hague fuel recycling plant
Authors: Geffard Franck , Garrec Philippe , Piolain Gérard , Brudieu Marie‐Anne , Thro Jean‐François , Coudray Alain , Lelann Eric
Published: December 2011

During a 15‐year joint research program, French Atomic Energy Agency Interactive Robotics Laboratory (CEA LIST) and AREVA have developed several remote operation devices, also called telerobots. Some of them are now commonly used for maintenance operations at the AREVA NC (Nuclear Cycle)–La Hague reprocessing plant. Since the first maintenance operation in 2005, several other successful interventions have been realized using the industrial MA23/RX170 telemanipulation system. Moreover, since 2010, the through‐the‐wall tele‐ robot named MT200 TAO based on the slave arm of the MSM MT200 (La CalhèneTM), has been evaluated in an active production cell at the AREVA NC–La Hague fuel recycling plant. Although these evaluations are ongoing, the positive results obtained have led to an update and industrialization program. All these developments are based on the same generic control platform, called TAO2000 V2. TAO2000 V2 is the second release of the CEA LIST core software platform dedicated to computer aided force‐feedback teleoperation (TAO is the French acronym for computer aided teleoperation). This paper presents all these developments resulting from the joint research program CEA LIST/AREVA. The TAO2000 V2 controller is first detailed, and then two maintenance operations using the industrial robot RX170 are presented: the removal of the nuclear fuel dissolver wheel rollers and the cleanup of the dissolver wheel interbucket spaces. Finally, the new MT200 TAO system and its evaluations at the AREVA NC–La Hague facilities are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Field repair and construction of large hydropower equipment with a portable robot
Authors: Hazel Bruce , Côté Jean , Laroche Yvan , Mongenot Patrick
Published: December 2011

Field repair work on large hydropower equipment is rarely automated due to the high complexity of the task. Generally, the work is done manually or the equipment is dismantled and repaired off site at greatly added cost and time. This paper surveys work carried out with the SCOMPI robot in the field on large hydropower equipment. SCOMPI is a small, portable, multiprocess, track‐based robot. This paper is the continuation of another paper in which the fundamentals of the robot technology are described in greater detail. Over the past 15 years, SCOMPIs have been extensively employed for a variety of field applications on equipment such as turbines, head gates, spillway gates, and penstocks. Initially designed to repair cavitation damage to turbines, the robots are now applied to reinforce turbines or to improve their performance in terms of efficiency. More recently, they have been used for the refurbishment of gates and for the construction of penstocks. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design considerations of robotic system for cleaning and inspection of large‐diameter sewers
Authors: Walter Christoph , Saenz José , Elkmann Norbert , Althoff Heiko , Kutzner Sven , Stuerze Thomas
Published: December 2011

On behalf of the Emschergenossenschaft, a public wastewater utility based in Essen, Germany, the Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF) in Magdeburg has developed a novel robotic system, the damage measuring and cleaning system (SVM‐RS), for cleaning and inspecting large‐diameter sewers that are partially filled and in normal operation. The SVM‐RS was specifically designed and built for use in the Emscher sewer system and employs a multisensor approach for a high‐resolution inspection of the pipe, both above and below the water. Furthermore, robotics technologies are used in combination with traditional high‐pressure cleaning techniques to achieve high‐quality cleaning results. In addition to the hardware design, a number of software developments in the areas of software architecture, image processing, and data fusion for understanding and presenting the data, as well as teleoperation techniques, have been carried out in the course of the project. Here automatic detection of damage as well as other features present in the environment has proven to be of importance. Design considerations and solutions for individual components of the cleaning and inspection are described within the context of the whole system, and the results of specific tests and experiments are presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly compact robots for inspection of power plants
Authors: Caprari Gilles , Breitenmoser Andreas , Fischer Wolfgang , Hürzeler Christoph , Tâche Fabien , Siegwart Roland , Nguyen Olivier , Moser Roland , Schoeneich Patrick , Mondada Francesco
Published: December 2011

This paper reports on a 3‐year applied research project dealing with several inspection scenarios of power plants and resulting in many robot prototypes and three main achievements. The project is a common effort between industry and university, including ALSTOM and researchers from the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology. The goal is to generate knowledge and transfer technology to industry in the field of robot inspection. The method is to collect commercial scenarios, study them, make some exploratory prototypes, select the best scenarios, and develop enhanced prototypes for the most promising applications. The three most evolved robots are MagneBike for steam chest, AirGapCrawler for generators, and Tubulo for boiler tubes. The supporting technologies that have been developed are adhesion, locomotion, system integration, and localization. The paper describes the scenarios handled, the scientific knowledge generated, and the three best robotic systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bulk and surface analysis of Ti1–xFexO2/Fe2O3 composites prepared by solid state reaction for photocatalytic applications
Authors: Robles‐Águila M. J. , Elizalde‐González M. P. , Mendoza M. E. , Silva‐González R. , Yee‐Madeira H.
Published: December 2011

Ti1–xFexO2 / Fe2O3 (x = 0.3, 0.6, and 0.7 wt%) composites were prepared by solid state reaction of the oxides TiO2 (rutile phase) and Fe2O3 at 550 °C. The following techniques were applied for the characterization of the composites: X‐ray powder diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, SEM, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and adsorption of nitrogen. The anatase/rutile/hematite ratio and the abundance of Fe3+ were quantified. The results indicate that Fe3+ substituted Ti4+ in the rutile structure and that the α‐Fe2O3 phase was predominantly on the surface of the crystalline Ti1–xFexO2 powders. A substantial increase of the materials density, with respect to rutile, favoured the application of the composites in photocatalytic experiments. The performance of the solids upon the photodegradation of aqueous solutions of carbofuran was evaluated. The Lewis sites created in the composites correlated directly with the photodegradation rate constant of carbofuran and the decrease of the total organic carbon content in the treated solutions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflections on building capacity as a supervisor in college student services
Authors: McGraw Cathlene E.
Published: December 2011

This chapter explores the roles one's personal attributes play in determining one's style and beliefs about supervision.
Effective strategies for virtual supervision
Authors: Scarcia‐King Trisha J.
Published: December 2011

This chapter provides an analysis of the virtual workplace, including the dynamics of supervision across time and distance, and provides effective strategies to enhance your supervisory portfolio.
Synthesis, Characterization, DNA‐binding Properties, and ­Antioxidant Activity of a Copper(II) Complex with 1, 3‐Bis­(1‐allaylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐oxopropane
Authors: Wu Huilu , Kou Fan , Jia Fei , Liu Bin , Yuan Jingkun , Bai Ying
Published: December 2011

A new complex of copper(II) picrate (pic) with 1, 3‐bis(1‐allaylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐oxopropane (aobb), with the composition [Cu(aobb)2](pic)2, was synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure of the copper(II) complex revealed that the coordination environment around the central copper(II) atom is a distorted octahedral arrangement. Electronic absorption spectroscopy, ethidium bromide displacement experiments and viscosity measurements indicate that the ligand and the CuII complex can strongly bind to calf thymus DNA, presumably by an intercalation mechanism. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the CuII complex was determined by superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging method in vitro, which indicate that the CuII complex has the activity to suppress OH· and O2·–.
The (Ir)relevance of the Office of the Chair of the African Union Commission: Analysing the Prospects for Change
Authors: Fagbayibo Babatunde
Published: December 2011

Within the context of the current debate on the institutional transformation of the African Union (AU), this article examines the position of the chairperson of the AU Commission (Commission). The importance of the Commission chairperson cannot be over-emphasized. As the head of the “engine room” of the AU, it is pertinent that s/he is given the requisite powers to oversee the proper functioning of the secretariat, which would in turn propel the progressive development of African integration. This article argues that the current intergovernmental nature of the AU, where real decision making powers are held by member states, curtails the Commission chairperson from playing a meaningful role in the integration process. It highlights certain fundamental factors for ensuring the relevance of the chairperson. These include the institutional transformation of the AU, a review of the eligibility requirements for the Commission chairperson, a broad-based election process and hybridized functions.
Is children's acquisition of the passive a staged process? Evidence from six- and nine-year-olds' production of passives
Authors: MESSENGER KATHERINE , BRANIGAN HOLLY P. , McLEAN JANET F.
Published: December 2011

We report a syntactic priming experiment that examined whether children's acquisition of the passive is a staged process, with acquisition of constituent structure preceding acquisition of thematic role mappings. Six-year-olds and nine-year-olds described transitive actions after hearing active and passive prime descriptions involving the same or different thematic roles. Both groups showed a strong tendency to reuse in their own description the syntactic structure they had just heard, including well-formed passives after passive primes, irrespective of whether thematic roles were repeated between prime and target. However, following passive primes, six-year-olds but not nine-year-olds also produced reversed passives, with well-formed constituent structure but incorrect thematic role mappings. These results suggest that by six, children have mastered the constituent structure of the passive; however, they have not yet mastered the non-canonical thematic role mapping. By nine, children have mastered both the syntactic and thematic dimensions of this structure.
Rediscovery of the Timor Bush Warbler Locustella timorensis on Alor and Timor, Wallacea: clarifying taxonomic affinities, defining habitat and survey recommendations
Authors: TRAINOR COLIN R. , VERBELEN PHILIPPE , HOSTE SERGE
Published: December 2011

The Timor Bush Warbler Locustella timorensis was first collected by Georg Stein on Mount Mutis, West Timor in 1932, but there have been no confirmed field observations since. Here we report on the discovery of a new population of bush warbler on Alor (9 September 2009), which prompted a search for, and subsequent rediscovery, of the nominate Timor Bush Warbler (20 December 2009) in Timor-Leste. We also undertook the first bush warbler searches in the mountains on Atauro Island, and the first ornithological exploration of the mountains of Pantar and Wetar islands. On Alor, at least 13 male bush warblers were heard singing from shrub and grass beneath woodland and forest edge at 859–1,250 m. On Timor, at least 40 males were heard during December, April and July from tall grassland below Mount Ramelau (1,720–2,100 m), Timor-Leste. The song structure of the Alor and Timor birds is similar, and close to Javan Bush Warbler L. montis of Java and Bali, as well as to recordings of Russet Bush Warbler L. mandelli of mainland Asia and Benguet Bush Warbler L. seebohmi from the Philippines. The song of the Alor bird is substantially higher pitched (mean min/max 3,233–4,980 kHz) than the Timor bird (2,928–4,761 kHz) and both are substantially higher pitched than Javan birds. Recordings of Russet Bush Warbler from mainland Asia are higher pitched than songs of all insular taxa, and the song of Benguet Bush Warbler is of a similar pitch to the Timor bird. Recent molecular studies have found that divergences between Javan Bush Warbler and the Russet Bush Warbler are slight, and the high degree of song similarity of the Alor and Timor populations to Javan Bush Warbler places them close to the Benguet Bush Warbler complex. The Timor Bush Warbler is recognised as ‘Near Threatened’ by IUCN, but this will require re-evaluation. On Alor, suitable habitat is extensive and under little threat, but grassland in the uplands of West and East Timor is intensively grazed and regularly burnt. Further field surveys are needed on both Timor and Alor to capture birds, clarify taxonomic relationships using molecular approaches, and further define habitat use and conservation status. Bush warblers were not recorded from Pantar, Atauro and Wetar islands.
The Intergovernmental Constitution of the EU's Foreign, Security & Defence Executive
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: December 2011

European Union – Common Foreign and Security Policy – Changes with the abolition of the pillar structure by the Lisbon Treaty – Common Security and Defence Policy – Executive order of the EU – Between supranationalism and intergovernmentalism – The role of the High Representative – Joint political leadership – The European External Action Service as an administrative infrastructure – Constitutionalisation of foreign affairs
The Kadi II Judgment of the General Court: The ECJ's Predicament and the Consequences for Member States
Authors: Cuyvers Armin
Published: December 2011

Kadi – Autonomy – Supremacy – EU legal order – Relationship between EU and UN – Terrorism – (National) Freezing Measures – Effects of annulment – Fundamental Rights – Right to effective legal protection – Right to property – Substantive versus formal hierarchy of norms – Comity – Relationship between Court of Justice and General Court – Bosphorus – Solange – Role and function of the Court of Justice
Al Gore attends Fall Meeting session on Earth observing satellite
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: December 2011

Former U.S. vice president Al Gore, making unscheduled remarks at an AGU Fall Meeting session, said, “The reason you see so many pictures” of the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) satellite at this session is “that it already has been built.” However, “because one of its primary missions was to help document global warming, it was canceled. So for those who are interested in struggling against political influence,” Gore said, “the benefits have been documented well here.” Gore made his comments after the third oral presentation at the 8 December session entitled “Earth Observations From the L1 (Lagrangian Point No. 1),” which focused on the capabilities of and progress on refurbishing DSCOVR. The satellite, formerly called Triana, had been proposed by Gore in 1998 to collect climate data. Although Triana was built, it was never launched: Congress mandated that before the satellite could be sent into space the National Academies of Science needed to confirm that the science it would be doing was worthwhile. By the time the scientific validation was complete, the satellite “was no longer compatible with the space shuttle manifest,” Robert C. Smith, program manager for strategic integration at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, told Eos.
Protactinium‐thorium ratio as a proxy for ocean circulation
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2011

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) transports water and heat over long distances in the Atlantic Ocean and is believed to have an important effect on Earth's climate. Knowing how strong the AMOC was in the past is essential to understanding past climate. One proxy researchers have used to assess the past strength of the AMOC is the sedimentary protactinium‐ thorium ratio (231Pa/230Th). Both 231Pa and 230Th are produced through decay of uranium at a constant rate in the ocean water column, but230Th does not last long enough in the water to be transported away from the location where it was produced, while 231Pa has a longer residence time in the water. Therefore, sedimentary 231Pa/230Th ratios could provide information about the strength of past ocean circulation.
Spline analysis of Holocene sediment magnetic records: Uncertainty estimates for field modeling
Authors: Panovska S. , Finlay C. C. , Donadini F. , Hirt A. M.
Published: December 2011

Sediment and archeomagnetic data spanning the Holocene enable us to reconstruct the evolution of the geomagnetic field on time scales of centuries to millennia. In global field modeling the reliability of data is taken into account by weighting according to uncertainty estimates. Uncertainties in sediment magnetic records arise from (1) imperfections in the paleomagnetic recording processes, (2) coring and (sub) sampling methods, (3) adopted averaging procedures, and (4) uncertainties in the age‐depth models. We take a step toward improved uncertainty estimates by performing a comprehensive statistical analysis of the available global database of Holocene magnetic records. Smoothing spline models that capture the robust aspects of individual records are derived. This involves a cross‐validation approach, based on an absolute deviation measure of misfit, to determine the smoothing parameter for each spline model, together with the use of a minimum smoothing time derived from the sedimentation rate and assumed lock‐in depth. Departures from the spline models provide information concerning the random variability in each record. Temporal resolution analysis reveals that 50% of the records have smoothing times between 80 and 250 years. We also perform comparisons among the sediment magnetic records and archeomagnetic data, as well as with predictions from the global historical and archeomagnetic field models. Combining these approaches, we arrive at individual uncertainty estimates for each sediment record. These range from 2.5° to 11.2° (median: 5.9°; interquartile range: 5.4° to 7.2°) for inclination, 4.1° to 46.9° (median: 13.4°; interquartile range: 11.4° to 18.9°) for relative declination, and 0.59 to 1.32 (median: 0.93; interquartile range: 0.86 to 1.01) for standardized relative paleointensity. These values suggest that uncertainties may have been underestimated in previous studies. No compelling evidence for systematic inclination shallowing is obtained from the analysis of the available database of Holocene sediment magnetic records. The analysis highlights the importance of collecting oriented cores, publishing and archiving unprocessed raw paleosecular variation determinations, and presenting a detailed chronology so that changes in the sedimentation rate can be assessed. With regard to future field models, workers should consider rejection of anomalous cores through comparisons to other sources and ensure that realistically large uncertainties are allocated to high‐latitude declination records.
Using multiple bed load measurements: Toward the identification of bed dilation and contraction in gravel‐bed rivers
Authors: Marquis G. A. , Roy A. G.
Published: December 2011

This study examines bed load transport processes in a small gravel‐bed river (Béard Creek, Québec) using three complementary methods: bed elevation changes between successive floods, bed activity surveys using tags inserted into the bed, and bed load transport rates from bed load traps. The analysis of 20 flood events capable of mobilizing bed material led to the identification of divergent results among the methods. In particular, bed elevation changes were not consistent with the bed activity surveys. In many cases, bed elevation changes were significant (1 to 2 times the D50) even if the bed surface had not been activated during the flood, leading to the identification of processes of bed dilation and contraction that occurred over 10% to 40% of the bed surface. These dynamics of the river bed prevent accurate derivation of bed load transport rates from topographic changes, especially for low magnitude floods. This paper discusses the mechanisms that could explain the dilation and contraction of particles within the bed and their implications in fluvial dynamics. Bed contraction seems to be the result of the winnowing of the fine sediments under very low gravel transport. Bed dilation seems to occur on patches of the bed at the threshold of motion where various processes such as fine sediment infiltration lead to the maintenance of a larger sediment framework volume. Both processes are also influenced by flood history and the initial local bed state and in turn may have a significant impact on sediment transport and morphological changes in gravel‐bed rivers.