bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structures of 5α,6α-Epoxy and 2,3-Dihydro Derivatives of Physalin B, a 13,14-Seco-16,24-cyclosteroid, and Their 1H NMR Spectral Analysis
Authors: Kawai Masao , Makino Bunsho , Taga Tooru , Miwa Yoshihisa , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Furuta Tsunehiro , Yamamura Hatsuo , Butsugan Yasuo , Ogawa Kiyoshi , Hayashi Mitsuo
Published: July 2006

X-Ray crystallographic analysis of two steroid derivatives, 5α,6α-epoxyphysalin B and 2,3-dihydrophysalin B, have been undertaken, revealing their closely similar crystal structures to each other. Their 1H NMR spectra, as well as that of the parent compound physalin B, a 13,14-seco-16,24-cyclosteroid from Physalis alkekengi, have been analyzed based on the crystal structures of these derivatives.
Photoamination of 2-Alkoxynaphthalenes with Alkylamines via Electron Transfer and Its Application to Synthesis of 1-Alkylamino-2-tetralones
Authors: Yamashita Toshiaki , Tanabe Kimiko , Yamano Katsuhiko , Yasuda Masahide , Shima Kensuke
Published: July 2006

Photoaminations of 2-alkoxynaphthalenes (1) with ammonia and primary alkylamines were performed by irradiating an acetonitrile–water solution containing 1, an amine, and m-dicyanobenzene to give 1-alkylamino-2-alkoxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene (2) in relatively good yields. The conversion of 2 to N-acetyl-1-alkylamino-2-tetralones was performed by acetylation with Ac2O followed by a treatment with BF3·OEt2.
Preparation of Poly(thio-1,4-phenylene)s by Oxygen-Oxidative Polymerization of Diaryl Disulfides
Authors: Yamamoto Kimihisa , Jikei Mitsutoshi , Oyaizu Kenichi , Suzuki Fumiaki , Nishide Hiroyuki , Tsuchida Eishun
Published: July 2006

Oxygen-oxidative polymerization of diphenyl disulfides with vanadyl acetylacetonate (VO(acac)2) was studied by the kinetics based on oxygen uptake. Lineweaver-Burk plots reveal that the oxidation of diphenyl disulfide is a rate-determining step for the VO-catalyzed oxidative polymerization of diphenyl disulfide. Km (Michaelis constant) and Vmax were determined to be 1.6 × 10−2 mol dm−3 and 1.5 × 10−4 mol dm−3 min−1, respectively. The polymerization rate is influenced by the oxidation potential of disulfides. The reoxidation step of the catalyst by oxygen is the rate determining step in case of the polymerization of alkyl-substituted disulfides such as bis(3-methylphenyl)disulfide, bis(2,5-dimethylphenyl)disulfide, and bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)disulfide because the oxidation step of the disulfides is facilitated due to their lower oxidation potentials.
Formation of Carboxylic Acids from Elemental Carbon and Water by Arc-Discharge Experiments
Authors: Shimoyama Akira , Ikeda Hiroyuki , Nomoto Shinya , Harada Kaoru
Published: July 2006

Mono- and dicarboxylic acids formed from elemental carbon and water by arc-discharge experiments show a systematic decreases along with an increase in the carbon number. The formation of carbon chains of these acids likely proceeded by a progressive additon of one carbon species; this process is discussed in relation to those acids found in carbonaceous chondrites.
Preparation and Properties of the Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes Bridged by an Alkoxo and an Exogenous Bridging Ligand
Authors: Nakao Yasuo , Yamashita Masato , Itoh Toshiyuki , Mori Wasuke , Suzuki Shinnichiro , Sakurai Takeshi
Published: July 2006

Dinuclear copper(II) complexes, [Cu2(L1)(X)], 1—4 (X = N3−, OH−, OAc−, pyrazolate(Pz−)), [Cu2(L2)(X)], 5—8 (X = N3−, OH−, OAc−, Pz−), [Cu2(L3)(X)], 9—12 (X = N3−, OH−, OAc−, Pz−), and [Cu2(L4)(OH)], 13 have been prepared, where H3L1 is the Schiff base derived from acetylacetone and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, H3L2 the Schiff base derived from benzoylacetone and 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, H3L3 the Schiff base derived from acetylacetone and 1,5-diamino-3-pentanol, and H3L4 the Schiff base derived from benzoylacetone and 1,5-diamino-3-pentanol. An azide ion bridges in μ-1,3-fashion for 1 (diamagnetic) and 5 with 6-5-5-6 fused-chelate-rings. On the other hand, a μ-1,1-azide bridge has been observed for 9 (coupling constant, J = −126 cm−1, H = −2JS1·S2) with a 6-6-6-6-fused-chelate ring. The relationship between the various physical properties and the structures of fused-chelate rings is discussed.
An Easy Access to Stereodefined 2-Pentenyltins by Partial Hydrogenation of 2,4-Pentadienyltins with Diazene
Authors: Nishigaichi Yutaka , Ishida Noriyuki , Takuwa Akio
Published: July 2006

Tributyl-(2-pentenyl)tins were readily prepared in high yield by hydrogenation of tributyl-(2,4-pentadienyl)tins with diazene generated from 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonohydrazide. The terminal double bond was selectively hydrogenated in the conjugated diene system. The stereochemistry of the internal double bond was completely retained.
Generation and Reaction of (N-Aryltrifluoroacetimidoyl)zinc Halide
Authors: Tamura Kenji , Yan Fengyang , Sakai Takashi , Uneyama Kenji
Published: July 2006

(N-Aryltrifluoroacetimidoyl)zinc halides were easily generated at room temperature by the oxidative addition of imidoyl halides to activated zinc powder. [N-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)- and N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)trifluoroacetimidoyl]zinc halides react with aldehydes to give the corresponding alcohols smoothly in good to excellent yields. These adducts could be readily transformed to the α-amino ketones.
A Convenient Method for Introducing Oxo Group into the β-Position of Cyclic Amines and Its Application to Synthesis of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid
Authors: Matsumura Yoshihiro , Takeshima Yo-ichiro , Okita Hideki
Published: July 2006

Oxo group could be introduced into the β-position of N-methoxycarbonylated cyclic amines by utilizing electrochemical oxidation and/or m-chloroperbenzoic acid oxidation, and this method was applied to the preparation of δ-aminolevulinic acid, an intermediate of chlorophyll biosynthesis.
The Reaction of N-Cyanocarbonimidate and Related Compounds with Hydroxylamine
Authors: Suyama Takayuki , Ozawa Nobuyuki , Suzuki Noriyuki
Published: July 2006

O-ethyl S-methyl N-cyanocarbonimidothioate reacted with hydroxylamine to give 5-amino-3-ethoxy-1,2,4-oxadiazole, whereas diethyl N-cyanocarbonimidate reacted to give 3-amino-5-ethoxy-1,2,4-oxadiazole. The reaction of ethyl N-cyanocarbamate or S-methyl N-cyanothiocarbamate with hydroxylamine afforded 3-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one.
Calixarene-Catalyzed Permanganate Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Nomura Eisaku , Taniguchi Hisaji , Otsuji Yoshio
Published: July 2006

The calix[6]arene 1 bearing six trioxadecyl groups on the phenolic oxygens served as an effective catalyst for the oxidation of alkenes, alkynes, and alcohols with KMnO4 in CH2Cl2. The reaction of alkenes, alkynes, and primary alcohols gave carboxylic acids in high yields, but that of secondary alcohols gave ketones in high or moderate yields.
Characteristics of Monolayers of Ferrocene Derivatives and Estimation of Electrical Double Layers Formed in Langmuir Films
Authors: Kondo Toshihiro , Ahuja Ramesh C , Möbius Dietmar , Fujihira Masamichi
Published: July 2006

In order to estimate the potential difference of the electrical double layer formed in heterogeneous Sensitizer (S)/Electron Donor (D) Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films, the surface potentials of the constituent monolayers were measured simultaneously with the π–A isotherms. The S monolayer was a mixed [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex monolayer with a long alkyl fatty acid, while the D monolayer was one of three kinds of ferrocene monolayers with different signs of the hydrophilic head groups and with the same redox potential. The formation of the potential difference between the charged head group of the amphiphile and its counterion at the water-air interface was confirmed; those values were consistent with the electrical double-layer effect on the luminescent lifetime of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the S monolayer in contact with the D monolayer.
Fogwater Chemistry at a Mountainside in Japan
Authors: Hosono Tetsuya , Okochi Hiroshi , Igawa Manabu
Published: July 2006

Fogwater had been observed for 4.5 years from July 1988 to December 1992 at the midslope of Mt. Oyama at the southwest of the Kanto plains. Rainwater, aerosol, and gases had been also collected and analyzed at the fog sampling station to investigate the characteristics and acidification mechanism of fogwater. The pH of fogwater ranged from 2.61 to 7.00 and the fog with very low pH values and high ion and aldehyde concentrations were frequently observed in spring and summer. The fogwater at the site was acidified primarily by nitric acid gas absorbed in fogwater and the acid fraction of most of the fogwater ranged from 0.3 to 0.01. The acidity of fogwater is controlled by the amount of the acidic pollutants in the atmosphere, the concentrations of the neutralizing components for the acidic fogwater, primarily NH3 gas concentration, the liquid water content in air, and the distance between the sampling station and the lowest altitude of the fog in upslope fog.
Crystal Structure of Barium Tetrahydroxo Borate (Ba[B(OH)4]2)
Authors: Watanabe Koichi , Sato Shoichi
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure as well as the chemical and physical properties of a new compound, barium tetrahydroxoborate (Ba[B(OH)4]2), are described. The compound is prepared by the chemical reaction of BaCl2 + 2NaBO2 + 4H2O = Ba[B(OH)4]2 + 2NaCl in an aqueous solution. The crystal is monoclinic, space group P21/n with cell constants a = 8.332(2), b = 16.522(3), c = 10.216(3) Å, β = 106.63(2)°, V = 1347.51(6) Å3, Z = 8, Dm = 2.90(1), Dc = 2.85(4) g cm-3. Melting point=ca. 1075 °C; Transition point (γ- to β-form) = ca. 532 °C. Refraction indexes: α = 1.567(6), β = 1.547(6), and γ = 1.517(8).
Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies on the Formation of Triphenylmethanols from Triphenylmethane Dyes
Authors: Hagiwara Takuyuki , Motomizu Shoji
Published: July 2006

For five kinds of triphenylmethane dyes, the rate constants of hydration and dehydration reactions, and equilibrium constants in an aqueous solution were measured by a stopped-flow method. An increase in the number of dialkylamino groups caused a decrease in the rates and the equilibrium constants of the hydration, and the more the electron-donating effect of the dialkylamino groups, the slower the hydration rate became. The more protonated quinonoids were easily converted to the corresponding alcohols. On the basis of the equilibrium constants, Malachite Green was ascertained to be the best reagent of the five dyes for ion association with heteropolyacids in an aqueous medium.
Toluidine Blue Selective Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) Membrane Electrode for Colloidal Titration
Authors: Hattori Toshiaki , Kawanishi Teruhiko , Kato Masanao
Published: July 2006

A plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode was applicable to colloidal titration without selective substances. The change of potential in the end-point, however, was too small to measure accurately. We prepared a new type of electrode with toluidine blue as an indicator. It was found that the electrode was quite useful to the colloidal titration. At the end-point a large change of potential was observed, and a small amount of polyelectrolyte anion could be titrated directly. Potassium poly(vinyl sulfates) was titrated with errors not more than 0.7% of r.s.d. in the amount of several micro chemical equivalents. This method was used to measure some poly(isoplene sulfonates) used as a dispersant polymer and its results agreed with that of acid-base titration.
Solvent Extraction of Several Divalent Metal Ions with Benzoyltrifluoroacetone and 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone into Chloroform in the Presence of Tetrabutylammonium Ions
Authors: Sekine Tatsuya , Nguyen Thi Kim Dung , Noro Junji
Published: July 2006

The solvent extractions of manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), and cadmium(II) (M2+) in 0.1 mol dm−3 sodium nitrate solutions with benzoyltrifluoroacetone and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HA) into chloroform were studied in the absence and presence of tetrabutylammonium ions (tba+). The addition of tba+ enhanced the extraction, except that of copper(II). This enhancement could be explained in terms of the extraction of the ternary complex, MA3−tba+, in addition to the neutral complex, MA2. The data were treated on the basis of the formation equilibrium of the ternary complex from the neutral complex, MA2, with the extracted ion-pairs of the reagents, A−tba+, in the organic phase. It was concluded that the association constants of MnA2, FeA2, CoA2, NiA2, and CdA2 with the ion-pair, A−tba+, are not very much different from each other. However, that of ZnA2 is lower than those of the five divalent metal complexes. This trend is similar to that found among the adduct metal complexes of β-diketonates with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in synergistic extraction systems.
Carboxylation of Active Methylene Compounds Using Anilide, Potassium Carbonate, and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Chiba Koji , Tagaya Hideyuki , Karasu Masa , Ishizuka Masahiko , Sugo Toshiyuki
Published: July 2006

Active methylene compounds were effectively carboxylated with carbon dioxide in the presence of anilide (acetanilide or formanilide) and potassium carbonate at 20—40 °C for 0.5—10 h. In the carboxylation of fluorene, a high yield (48%) was obtained at 20 °C for 4 h. The yield of carboxylic acid using 2,6-dimethylacetanilide was 8.9%, and smaller than 26.6% when using acetanilide at 20 °C for 2 h, indicating the interference of a methyl group for the carboxylation.
Synthesis and Solid-State Polymerization of ω-(1,3-Butadiynyl) Substituted 1-Alkanol and Alkanoic Acid
Authors: Okada Shuji , Matsuda Hiro , Otsuka Masaaki , Kikuchi Naoto , Hayamizu Kikuko , Nakanishi Hachiro , Kato Masao
Published: July 2006

ω-(1,3-Butadiynyl) substituted 1-alkanol and alkanoic acid were synthesized and their polymerization behavior in crystals and in Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films were investigated. Polymerization, using UV or γ-ray irradiation or thermal treatment, resulted in red- or golden-colored polymers. Since the absorption edge in the visible spectra of these polymers appeared at shorter wavelengths than those of the well known blue-colored polydiacetylenes, π-conjugation is considered to be deteriorated to some extent. IR, X-ray diffraction, and solid-state 13C NMR measurements showed that the polymerization does not proceed in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transition manner via regular 1,4-addition but with deterioration of the crystalline lattice.
Synthetic Study of Lipoteichoic Acid of Gram Positive Bacteria. II. Synthesis of the Proposed Fundamental Structure of Enterococcus hirae Lipoteichoic Acid
Authors: Fukase Koichi , Yoshimura Takuya , Kotani Shozo , Kusumoto Shoichi
Published: July 2006

The proposed fundamental structure of Enterococcus hirae lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was synthesized in order to elucidate the chemical structure responsible for the cytokine-inducing activity described for the natural LTA fraction of this bacteria. Synthesis was accomplished by coupling of the glycolipid part with the poly(glycerol phosphate) (PGP) part by using a phosphoramidite method. The glycolipid part was constructed by coupling of the phosphatidic acid moiety with a kojibiosyl diacylglycerol which had been prepared by stepwise glycosidation with glycosyl fluorides. α-Selective glucosidations were effected by virtue of the 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) group introduced at the 6-hydroxyl function. p-Nitrobenzyl (NPM) and p-pivaloylaminobenzyl (PAB) groups were successfully applied to temporary protection of hydroxyl functions.
Synthesis and Solid-State Polymerization of ω-(4-Aryl-1,3-butadiynyl) Substituted 1-Alkanol and Alkanoic Acid
Authors: Okada Shuji , Matsuda Hiro , Otsuka Masaaki , Nakanishi Hachiro , Kato Masao
Published: July 2006

The amphiphilic diacetylenes with directly-bound aromatic substituents, i. e. 27-aryl-24,26-heptacosadiyn-1-ols and -diynoic acids, were synthesized and the solid-state polymerization of these compounds upon γ-ray and UV irradiation was investigated. More than half of the compounds synthesized are polymerizable because the packing effect of the methylene chains makes the diacetylene moieties align into polymerizable stack. It is found that the bulkiness of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends was an impotant factor for the polymerizability of this series of compounds.
Bridge Contraction of [4]Ferrocenophanes by Wolff Rearrangement and Synthesis of [34](1,2,3,4)Ferrocenophane via the Contraction Reaction
Authors: Hisatome Masao , Watanabe Jun , Yamashita Rin-ichi , Yoshida Shuichi , Yamakawa Koji
Published: July 2006

The bridge contraction of α-oxo[4]ferrocenophane via a Wolff rearrangement was examined; β-formylation with ethyl formate, diazotization with tosyl azide and then irradiation with a mercury lamp in ethanol gave α-ethoxycarbonyl[3]ferrocenophane. A sequence of the reactions was applied to di- and tribridged α-oxo[4]ferrocenophanes to afford the corresponding [3]ferrocenophanes. The same reaction of α-oxo[4][33](1,2,3,4)ferroceneophane yielded α-oxo[3][33](1,2,3,4)ferrocenophane (20), but no α-ethoxycarbonyl[3][33](1,2,3,4)ferrocenophane, which was an usual product in the Wolff rearrangement in ethanol. The production of an unexpected compound 20 is possibly brought about by the addition of dioxygen to an ketene intermediate in the rearrangement, followed by removal of carbon dioxide. Reduction of 20 has led to the first synthesis of 1, tetrabridged ferrocenophane with trimethylene chains in a C2v symmetric mode.
Silicon Effects. VI. β-Silicon Effect of Various Silyl Groups in Solvolysis for α-Alkylbenzyl and α-Silybenzyl Systems
Authors: Shimizu Nobujiro , Watanabe Sin-ichiro , Hayakawa Fumie , Yasuhara Sigefumi , Tsuno Yuho , Inazu Takahiko
Published: July 2006

The kinetic β-silicon effects of various silyl groups including Me3Si, Me3SiMe2Si, (C6H5)Me2Si, (i-PrO)Me2Si, and (CH3OCH2)Me2Si were measured in kc solvolysis of two different benzylic systems of the types, ArCH(OCOCF3)CH2R (3: Ar = phenyl or 3,5-dichlorophenyl, R = silyl group) and C6H5CH(Cl)SiMe2R (4: R = silyl group). The relative β-silyl accelerations were 1.0 : 5.57 : 0.309 for R = Me3Si; Me3SiMe2Si, and (C6H5)Me2Si, respectively, for the system 3, and 1.0 : 7.65 : 0.502 : 0.289 for R = Me3Si, Me3SiMe2Si, (i-PrO)Me2Si, and (CH3OCH2)Me2Si, respectively, for the system 4. The variation of the β-silicon effect with γ-substituents was interpreted as reflecting changes in hyperconjugating abilities of β-C–Si and β-Si–Si σ-bonds mainly due to the inductive effect of the γ-substituent groups.
Asymmetric Reduction of β-Keto Esters with an Enzyme from Bakers’ Yeast
Authors: Kawai Yasushi , Tsujimoto Munekazu , Kondo Shin-ichi , Takanobe Kousuke , Nakamura Kaoru , Ohno Atsuyoshi
Published: July 2006

Various β-keto esters have been reduced by one of β-keto ester reductases isolated from bakers’ yeast. The corresponding β-hydroxy esters have been obtained in excellent enantiomeric and diastereomeric excesses, respectively. It has also been elucidated that the reductase recognizes the stereochemistry not only at the β-carbon but also at the α-carbon affording one of the four possible diastereoisomers of α-substituted β-hydroxy esters predominantly. The stereoselectivity is excellent and chemical yields are moderate to good.
A Kinetic Analysis of Superoxide Adduct Formation in the Presence of Typical Scavengers
Authors: Mitsuta Keiichi , Hiramatsu Midori , Ohya-Nishiguchi Hiroaki , Kamada Hitoshi , Fujii Kanae
Published: July 2006

The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Cu,Zn-, Mn-, and Fe-SODs, and the SOD-like activity of ferricytochrome c, nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), epinephrine, pyrogallol, l-ascorbic acid, and hydroxylamine, were investigated by the method of kinetic competition against superoxide radicals (O2−•) using ESR spectroscopy with a nitrone spin-trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). These activities depended on the pH and/or kind of the O2−• generating system used. A comparison of the results obtained for two O2−• generating systems of KO2 and hypoxanthine–xanthine oxidase showed that the effective pH in the former system was 1 or more higher than that in the latter. A new competition kinetic theory which includes a parameter of the stoichiometric ratio has been developed. Consequently, the profile of the non-stoichiometric competition reaction between DMPO and scavengers for O2−• was theoretically clarified.
Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide over Cu–Zn–Cr Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Fujiwara Masahiro , Ando Hisanori , Tanaka Mutsuo , Souma Yoshie
Published: July 2006

The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide for methanol synthesis was studied over Cu–Zn–Cr oxide catalysts, which were prepared by using CrO3 as a source of chromium. From the results of improving this type of catalysts, a catalyst prepared by the addition of copper–zinc carbonate to an aqueous solution of CrO3 was confirmed to be the most effective in this study. The detailed reaction behaviors, such as the dependence on the pressure, temperature and space velocity, were studied using this catalyst.
Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Monoxide by Propene in the Presence of Oxygen over Cerium Ion-Exchanged Zeolites. I. General Characteristics of the Reaction and Effects of Alkaline Earth Metal Addition
Authors: Yokoyama Chikafumi , Misono Makoto
Published: July 2006

Catalytic reduction of dilute nitrogen monoxide by propene in the presence of excess oxygen was studied over various metal ion-exchanged zeolites. The presence of propene and oxygen was essential for the reaction. Ce–zeolites, particularly Ce–ZMS-5, showed a very high catalytic activity for the reduction of nitrogen monoxide. The high activity of Ce–ZSM-5 was attributed to its high selectivity (high efficiency of the use of propene for the reduction). The addition of alkaline earth metals to Ce–ZSM-5 enhanced the activity considerably and the Ce–ZSM-5 containing alkaline earth metals showed good performance even at a very high space velocity (GHSV = 105 h−1).
Synthesis of Heat-Resistant Polyester Containing Rigid Biphenyl Moiety by Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation-Polycondensation
Authors: Kubota Yoshihiro , Takeuchi Kazuhiko , Hanaoka Taka-aki , Sugi Yoshihiro
Published: July 2006

For the purpose of synthesizing heat-resistant polyesters, the one-step synthesis of a rigid biphenyl-containing polyester from dihalobiphenyl and diol by palladium-catalyzed carbonylation-polycondensation was examined. The reaction parameters, such as the base, solvent, palladium–phosphine catalyst and CO pressure in the reaction of 2,7-dibromo-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene and 4,4′-(1-methylethylidene)bisphenol (bisphenol A), were found to significantly affect the molecular weight of the resulting polyester. Under the optimum conditions, poly[oxy-1,4-phenylene(1-methylethylidene)-1,4-phenyleneoxycarbonyl(9,10-dihydro-2,7-phenanthrenediyl)carbonyl] (1) were obtained in 95% yield with high molecular weight (polystyrene equivalent Mw = 102600). By choosing the phosphine ligands and controlling the pressure of carbon monoxide, polymer 1 was obtained with a Mw of 10000—100000. The procedure was applied to various dihalobiphenyls and diols. Polycondensation with 1,10-decanediol gave poly[oxydecamethyleneoxycarbonyl(9,10-dihydro-2,7-phenanthrenediyl)carbonyl] (15) with a much lower molecular weight (Mw = 4900) than polyester 1. On the basis of a thermal analysis, a 5% weight-loss temperature (T5) and a 10% weight-loss temperature (T10) of 1 in air was 394 and 414 °C, respectively, whereas melting temperature (Tm), T5, and T10 of 15 were 148, 369, and 383 °C, respectively.
Pressure Effects on Equilibrium between Lactone and Zwitterion Forms of Rhodamine B in Primary Alcohols
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Sugiyama Yukie , Yamamoto Shunzo , Nishimura Norio
Published: July 2006

The equilibrium between lactone and zwitterion forms of Rhodamine B was studied in primary alcohols and at high pressures. The effects of solvent polarity and pressure on the equilibrium constant were examined by using a Kirkwood-type equation.
A New Synthesis of 3-Isochromanone Derivatives Based on the Reaction of o-Acylbenzyllithiums with Ethyl Chloroformate
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Mannami Tohru , Kawakita Masataka , Tokimatsu Junsuke , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: July 2006

A new method for the preparation of 3-isochromanone derivatives is reported. The method consists of the ethoxycarbonylation of o-acylbenzyllithiums with ethyl chloroformate and the subsequent NaBH4 reduction of the resulting o-acylphenylacetic acid derivatives.
Indirect Electrochemical Radical Cyclization of Bromo Acetals by the Combined Use of Cobaloxime and Sacrificial Electrode
Authors: Inokuchi Tsutomu , Kawafuchi Hiroyuki , Aoki Kenji , Yoshida Akihito , Torii Sigeru
Published: July 2006

An improved procedure for the electrochemical radical cyclization of 2-bromoethyl 2-alkynyl ethers has been developed by the combined use of chloro(pyridine)cobaloxime(III) and a zinc plate as a sacrificial anode in an undivided cell. The reaction is feasible with 5 mol% of the cobalt catalyst and applicable to a variety of bromo acetals under neutral conditions.
Thermal Rate Constants for SiH4→← SiH3 + H and CH4→← CH3 + H by Canonical Variational Transition State Theory
Authors: Takahashi Junko , Momose Takamasa , Shida Tadamasa
Published: July 2006

The thermal rate constants for SiH4 SiH3 + H and CH4 CH3 + H are calculated by the Canonical Variational Transition State Theory (CVTST). The minimum energy path potential and the deformation path potential along the reaction coordinate are calculated by the MCSCF-CI and UHF methods, respectively. The transitional bending mode which connects the bending vibrations of the parent molecules with the translational and rotational motions of the products of the dissociation is treated in terms of a two-dimensional quantum hindered rotor. The saddle points and the CVTST rate constants are determined by the maximum free energy criterion. Comparative discussions are made for the two systems. The calculated association rate constants for the SiH4 system are 8.4 × 1010 l mol−1 s−1 at 300 K and 12.5 × 1010 l mol−1 s−1 at 2000 K, while those for the CH4 system are 12.5 × 1010 l mol−1 s−1 and 18.6 × 1010 l mol−1 s−1 at the two temperatures. At all the temperatures studied the rate constant of the former system is smaller by 30—35% than the latter. The dissociation rate constants are evaluated to be 7.2 × 105 s−1 at 2000 K and 1.2 × 109 s−1 at 3000 K for the SiH4 system, while the constant for the CH4 system at 2000 K is about one order of magnitude smaller. This difference diminishes at higher temperatures. The results are also compared with experimental and other theoretical studies.
Studies on Some Lanthanoid Complexes of Heterocyclic Ligands: Complexes of 2-Pyrazinecarboxamide with Hydrogen-Bonding
Authors: Rao Thatavarthi Ramalingeswar , Kumar Poluri Anjana
Published: July 2006

Lanthanoid complexes of 2-pyrazinecarboxamide (PYZA) of the composition, [LnCl3(pyza)3] (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Y), were synthesized and the structures of the isolated complexes studied by elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, electronic, FT-IR and multinuclear NMR spectral techniques. Presence of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the non-complexed (free state) PYZA and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the complexed ligand (Ln(III) complex) was indicated by the FT-IR spectra (solution and solid states). Non-coordination through the >C=O and –NH2 groups in the Ln(III) complexes was implied by the FT-IR (solution state) and 13C NMR spectra. The 139La NMR spectrum implied a predominantly ionic bond and low symmetry in the complexes. The hypersensitive band profile of the Nd(III) complex remained uneffected with respect to pH and temperature variations.
Between Two Brands: A Goal Fluency Account of Brand Evaluation
Authors: Labroo Aparna A. , Lee Angela Y.
Published: July 2006

The authors present the results of two studies that show how consumers' evaluations of an advertised product can be influenced by the compatibility or conflict between the regulatory goals (promotion or prevention) addressed by the product and prior advertising of related products. Participants across both studies were exposed sequentially to the advertising of two products (prime and target), and they demonstrated a regulatory goal fluency effect in their evaluations of the target brand. When the regulatory goal serviced by the target matched (conflicted with) the regulatory goal serviced by the prime, participants indicated higher (lower) purchase intent (Experiment 1) and more favorable evaluations of the target brand (Experiment 2). These effects were not accounted for by differences in participants' involvement or affective state across the conditions. Instead, mediation analyses show that participants' ease of processing the target advertisement underlies the effect of goal compatibility on brand evaluation.
When Does Culture Matter? Effects of Personal Knowledge on the Correction of Culture-Based Judgments
Authors: Briley Donnel A. , Aaker Jennifer L.
Published: July 2006

Four experiments demonstrate that culture-based differences in persuasion arise when a person processes information in a cursory, spontaneous manner, but these differences dissipate when a person's intuitions are supplemented by more deliberative processing. North Americans are persuaded more by promotion-focused information, and Chinese people are persuaded more by prevention-focused information, but only when initial, automatic reactions to messages are given. Corrections to these default judgments occur when processing is thoughtful. These results underscore the idea that culture does not exert a constant, unwavering effect on consumer judgments. A key factor in determining whether culture-based effects loom large or fade is the extent to which a person draws on cultural versus more personal knowledge when he or she is forming judgments.
An Extended Paradigm for Measurement Analysis of Marketing Constructs Applicable to Panel Data
Authors: Baumgartner Hans , Steenkamp Jan-Benedict E.M.
Published: July 2006

In an effort to advance measurement analysis in marketing research, the authors propose three extensions of the current scale development paradigm. First, the authors focus attention on the trait-state distinction and present a model that separates stable sources of substantive variation in a construct from transient sources. Second, the authors develop a classification of measurement error that distinguishes six types of error on the basis of (1) whether the error is stable or transient and (2) whether the error affects individual items, subsets of items, or all items in a scale. They also show how these errors can be modeled using a factor-analytic specification. Third, the authors argue that marketing researchers should make the means of scale items an explicit component of measurement analysis and should test for the invariance of item loadings and intercepts as a prerequisite for meaningful comparisons of scale means across samples and over time. To illustrate the benefits of the proposed procedure, the authors present an extended application of the model to the constructs of brand loyalty and deal proneness.
A Hierarchical Bayes Error Correction Model to Explain Dynamic Effects of Price Changes
Authors: Fok Dennis , Horváth Csilla , Paap Richard , Franses Philip Hans
Published: July 2006

The authors put forth a sales response model to explain the differences in immediate and dynamic effects of promotional prices and regular prices on sales. The model consists of a vector autoregression that is rewritten in error correction format, which allows the authors to disentangle the immediate effects from the dynamic effects. In a second level of the model, the immediate price elasticities, the cumulative promotional price elasticity, and the long-term regular price elasticity are correlated with various brand-specific and category-specific characteristics. The model is applied to seven years of data on weekly sales of 100 different brands in 25 product categories. The authors find many significant moderating effects on the elasticity of price promotions. Brands in categories that are characterized by high price differentiation and that constitute a lower share of budget are less sensitive to price discounts. Deep price discounts increase the immediate price sensitivity of customers. The authors also find significant effects for the cumulative elasticity. The immediate effect of a regular price change is often close to zero. The long-term effect of such a regular price decrease usually amounts to an increase in sales. This is especially true in categories that are characterized by a large price dispersion and frequent price promotions and for hedonic, nonperishable products.
Flowable Fill as Geotechnical Material in Highway Cross-Drain Trenches
Authors: Zhang Z , Tao M
Published: July 2006

Controlled low strength materials (CLSM), also called flowable fills, have widely been used in infrastructure construction due to their inherent merits. However, the procedure of choosing proper constituents and proportions for CLSM is based on such criteria as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), flowability, ability to be re-excavated, and subsidence.A variety of flowable fills are available in design, but few works have been devoted to the soil environment adjacent to trench backfill even though soils' properties are equally important to satisfactory performance of highway cross-drains. A wide range of UCS values existing in CLSM trench backfills causes uncertainties for practitioners in mixture designs. This technical note presents a simple procedure to select an appropriate CLSM for highway cross-drain trenches that will be compatible with adjacent subgrade/embankment soils from perspective of strength and compressibility.A mixture design example illustrates that CLSM with 28-day UCS of 410 kPa is suitable for highway trenches in Louisiana, and such CLSM is also excavatable if sequential excavation is desired.
Detecting and Quantifying Leakage Through Defective Borehole Seals: A New Methodology and Laboratory Verification
Authors: Chesnaux R , Chapuis RP
Published: July 2006

A new method for quantifying leakage through poorly sealed boreholes is presented and verified using a laboratory scale sandbox experiment. The method applies to a leaky borehole between two aquifers separated by an aquitard. A nonreactive tracer is injected into an upper aquifer piezometer, and the lower aquifer is pumped at a fixed rate. First, the presence of the tracer in the recovered water indicates the existence of the hydraulic short-circuit and cross-contamination. The leakage rate associated with the pumping rate can then be determined by measurement of the recovered tracer concentration. By correlating the leakage rate with the pumping rate, the hydraulic properties of the defective seal can be determined and the degree of cross-contamination can be predicted for any pumping rate. The method will be useful for practitioners who need to evaluate the quality of a borehole seal. The method is successfully tested using a laboratory sandbox experiment.
Comparison of Different Methods for Fatigue Limit Evaluation by Means of the Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Minak G
Published: July 2006

Different methods for the determination of the fatigue or endurance limit of metallic materials are commonly used. They provide different results and it is not possible to know a priori which is more accurate. We tested numerically a number of these methods by means of Monte Carlo simulation, so that it was possible to compare the result to the known exact value. We performed uniaxial fatigue testing as well on a steel containing nonmetallic inclusions in two different states (annealed and hardened) and on a cast aluminum alloy, and we found the fatigue limit according to the methods considered. The results obtained confirmed that in cases of materials containing inclusions or voids the application of the methods analyzed could give inaccurate results.
Patient Visits to a National Practice-Based Research Network: Comparing Pediatric Research in Office Settings With the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Authors: Slora Eric J. , Thoma Kathleen A. , Wasserman Richard C. , Pedlow Steven E. , Bocian Alison B.
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. Our objective with this study was to assess the extent to which patients who are seen by practitioners in Pediatric Research in Office Settings, a national primary care practice–based research network, are representative of those who are seen in ambulatory office–based pediatric primary care in the United States.

METHODS. Pediatric Research in Office Settings patient data were collected from the offices of 57 randomly selected network practitioners as part of an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality–funded effort to describe primary care visits and replicate the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey in primary care practice–based research networks. These data were from 1706 randomly selected pediatric patient visits that occurred between March and June 2002. National comparison data were 948 randomly selected pediatric patient visits that occurred between March and June 2000 in the offices of the 33 primary care pediatric practitioners who had participated in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The groups were compared on patient demographics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, as represented by Medicaid status), visit characteristics (percentages of patients referred, practitioner designation of visit as acute versus nonacute, and continuity of care), the top patient/parent-articulated reasons for visit, and the top practitioner diagnoses.

RESULTS. Comparisons revealed substantial similarities between Pediatric Research in Office Settings and national data, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and visit characteristics. Differences were noted for age and race, with Pediatric Research in Office Settings children approximately 1 year older and comprising a significantly lower proportion of black patients than their National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey counterparts. Although the top 6 reasons that were articulated by parents for outpatient visits in the 2 groups were remarkably similar in rank order and proportions, there were overall differences, mostly attributable to a larger number of the “other” category in the Pediatric Research in Office Settings cases. There were no significant differences among the top 5 practitioner visit diagnoses between the Pediatric Research in Office Settings and National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data.

CONCLUSIONS. The Pediatric Research in Office Settings patient population is reasonably representative of patients who are seen in US ambulatory office-based pediatric primary care practices; therefore, the Pediatric Research in Office Settings is an appropriate laboratory for studies of care in such settings.
A Tale of two Estrogen Receptors (ERs): How Differential ER-Estrogen Responsive Element Interactions Contribute to Subtype-Specific Transcriptional Responses
Authors: Huang Jing , Li Xiaodong , Qiao Tao , Bambara Robert A. , Hilf Russell , Muyan Mesut
Published: July 2006

The interaction of ERα and ERβ with ERE constitutes the initial step in the canonical nuclear E2 signaling in which E2-ERβ is a weaker transactivator than E2-ERα. This perspective summarizes recent findings to discuss potential mechanisms that contribute to ER subtype-specific transcriptional responses.
Estrogen receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathways
Authors: Matthews Jason , Gustafsson Jan-Åke
Published: July 2006

Estrogen receptors (ERs) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) are ligand activated transcription factors and members of the nuclear receptor and bHLH-PAS superfamilies, respectively. AhR is involved in xenobiotic metabolism and in mediating the toxic effects of dioxin-like compounds. Crosstalk has been observed among AhR and nuclear receptors, but has been most well studied with respect to ER signaling. Activated AhR inhibits ER activity through a number of different mechanisms, whereas ERα has been reported to have a positive role in AhR signaling. Here we will discuss recent data revealing that dioxin bound AhR recruits ERα to AhR regulated genes. We will also consider the implications of ER recruitment to AhR target genes on ER and AhR signaling.
Zimp7 and Zimp10, two novel PIAS-like proteins, function as androgen receptor coregulators
Authors: Beliakoff Jason , Sun Zijie
Published: July 2006

The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in male sexual development and in normal and malignant prostate cell growth and survival. It has been shown that AR transcriptional activation is regulated through interactions with a variety of transcriptional co-regulators. The Protein Inhibitors of Activated STATs (PIAS) are transcriptional co-regulators, and have been shown to modulate AR-mediated transcription. In this brief, we summarize our recent studies on two novel PIAS-like proteins, Zimp7 and Zimp10. Particularly, we address the functional interactions between the AR and these two proteins, and potential mechanisms by which they regulate AR mediated transcription. In addition, we explore potential roles of Zimp10 in transcriptional regulation in vivo using a recent Zimp10 knockout mouse model. Taken together, our findings thus far suggest that Zimp7 and Zimp10 are functionally non-redundant and share unique characteristics that have not been described for the PIAS family. Further investigation into the functional roles of these two PIAS-like proteins may help to better understand prostate cancer progression, and yield possible new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Hic-5, an adaptor-like nuclear receptor coactivator
Authors: Heitzer Marjet D. , DeFranco Donald B.
Published: July 2006

In recent years, numerous nuclear receptor-interacting proteins have been identified that influence nuclear transcription through their direct modification of chromatin. Along with coactivators that possess histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or methyltransferase activity, other coactivators that lack recognizable chromatin-modifying activity have been discovered whose mechanism of action is largely unknown. The presence of multiple protein-protein interaction motifs within mechanistically undefined coactivators suggests that they function as adaptor molecules, either recruiting or stabilizing promoter-specific protein complexes. This perspective will focus on a family of nuclear receptor coactivators (i.e., group III LIM domain proteins related to paxillin) that appear to provide a scaffold to stabilize receptor interactions with chromatin-modifying coregulators.
Cartesian Corporeality and (Aesth)Ethics
Authors: Koch Erec R.
Published: July 2006

Founded on the dualism elaborated in Descartes's early metaphysical writings, such as theDiscours de la méthodeand theMéditations, most studies of corporeality in Descartes delimit the alienated body according to its mechanical functions. His later writings on ethics and the passions reappropriate the body for the subject and emphasize the sensible or “aesthetic” functions of corporeality. By analyzing Descartes's correspondence with Elisabeth of Bohemia during the last five years of his life and his late treatiseLes passions de l'âme, this study examines the construction of the Cartesian aesthetic body and explores the ways in which that body, rather than the mechanical body, produces the ethical individual in society, a subject–body. Displacing the Aristotelian concept ofsensus communis‘common sense,’ Descartes turns the body into the source and target of affective ethical habit. I argue that Descartes's ethical doctrine is based on the cultivation, development, and deployment of that aesthetic body. (ERK)
The Hitchhiker's Guide to Ecocriticism
Authors: Heise Ursula K.
Published: July 2006

The first few frames of the Belgian comic-strip artist Raymond Macherot's work “Les Croquillards” (1957) provide a shorthand for some of the issues that concern environmentally oriented criticism, one of the most recent fields of research to have emerged from the rapidly diversifying matrix of literary and cultural studies in the 1990s. A heron is prompted to a lyrical reflection on the change of seasons by a leaf that gently floats down to the surface of his pond (see the next p.): “Ah! the poetry of autumn … dying leaves, wind, departing birds…” This last thought jolts him back to reality: “But—I'm a migratory bird myself! … Good grief! What've I been thinking?” And off he takes on his voyage south, only to be hailed by the protagonists, the field rats Chlorophylle and Minimum (the latter under the spell of a bad cold), who hitch a ride to Africa with him. “Are you traveling on business?” he asks his newfound passengers. “No, for our health,” they answer.
The Rise of Periodical Studies
Authors: Latham Sean , Scholes Robert
Published: July 2006

Within or alongside the larger field of print culture, a new area for scholarship is emerging in the humanities and the more humanistic social sciences: periodical studies. This development is being driven by the cultural turn in departments of language and literature, by the development of digital archives that allow for such studies on a broader scale than ever before, and by what the producers of the Spectator Project have called “the special capabilities of the digital environment” (Center). Literary and historical disciplines engaged with the study of modern culture are finding in periodicals both a new resource and a pressing challenge to existing paradigms for the investigation of Enlightenment, nineteenth-century, and modern cultures. The forms of this new engagement range from Cary Nelson's suggestion, in Repression and Recovery, that periodicals should be read as texts that have a unity different from but comparable with that of individual books (219) to the organization of groups like the Research Society for Victorian Periodicals, founded in 1968, and the more recently established Research Society for American Periodicals. Every year new books are appearing that emphasize peri–odicals and investigate the ways in which modern literature and the arts are connected to the culture of commerce and advertising and to the social, political, and scientific issues of the time.
Three Croismare Documents: Weighing the Authenticity of Letters to Diderot's “Religieuse” and Mme Madin
Authors: de Croismare Marquis , Valahu Dan , Lloyd Heather
Published: July 2006

Thus does Denis Diderot express his skepticism about whether it was actually the Marquis de Croismare, an Ostensibly Innocent player in the machinations leading to the composition of La religieuse, who replied to letters to him by Diderot and company or whether Frédéric Grimm and friends tricked Diderot into believing it was Croismare. Counterbalancing the philosophe's questioning volley is Grimm's assertion in the “Préface”:

Vous voudrez bien vous souvenir que toutes ses [Madin's] lettres, ainsi que celles de sa recluse, ont été fabriquées par nous autres enfants de Bélial, et que toutes les lettres de son généreux protecteur sont véritables et ont été écrites de bonne foi, ce qu'on eut toutes les peines du monde à persuader à M. Diderot qui se croyait persiflé par le marquis et par ses amis.

(Diderot, Religieuse 33)