bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mandel'shtam's Farewell to Marina Tsvetaeva: “Ne veria voskresen'ia chudu”
Authors: Vitins Ieva
Published: April 2006

… tak znai zhe: tvoi Dmitrii
Davno pogib, zaryt — i ne voskresnet.

A. S. Pushkin, Boris Godunov

“Ne veria voskresen'ia chudu” is the last of the three poems that Osip Mandel'shtam addressed to Marina Tsvetaeva. The poets had met briefly in Koktebel' in the summer of 1915; they were reintroduced that December in Petrograd, and soon after Mandel'shtam made the first of several visits to Tsvetaeva in Moscow. He responded to her gift of the city, “Iz ruk moikh — nerukotvornyi grad/ Primi, moi strannyi, moi prekrasnyi brat” and to the affection of her “Otkuda takaia nezhnost'” with “V raznogolositse devicheskogo khora,” a celebration of his companion against the wondrously integrated Russo-Italian backdrop of the old capital. But in his next poem to her, “Na rozval'niakh ulozhennykh solomoi,” a sinister note is heard that relates their friendship to a darker side of Moscow's past, to Tsvetaeva's identification with Marina Mnishek and to his own confused identity at her side.
The Revolution of 1905 in the Baltic Provinces and Finland
Authors: Raun Toivo U.
Published: April 2006

Historical studies of the Russian empire in upheaval in the first two decades of the twentieth century have tended to be animated by a narrow centralist bias or an equally narrow regional one. Although it is clear that the primary impulse for revolutionary situations in 1905 and 1917 resulted from events in St. Petersburg/Petrograd, a Russocentric approach to a society that was less than 50 percent Russian is surely inadequate. At the same time, studies of individual minority nationalities, however thorough, tend to view these groups in isolation. A comparative perspective, which could identify broader uniformities as well as local peculiarities, is usually lacking. In this article I shall present a synthesizing and comparative overview of the Revolution of 1905 in the Baltic Provinces and Finland. Although these areas constituted only 2 percent of the land area of the Russian empire and had less than 4 percent of its population in 1905,2 they were among the most modernized in the country, and their ethnic diversity and differing histories provide abundant material for a comparative case study.
Televorot: The Role of Television Coverage in Russia's August 1991 Coup
Authors: Bonnell Victoria E. , Freidin Gregory
Published: April 2006

When the State Committee on the State of Emergency (henceforth the Emergency Committee) seized power in the early morning of 19 August 1991, it took steps immediately to assert control over Central Television, radio and the press. At one o'clock in the morning on 19 August, Gennadii Shishkin, first deputy director of TASS, was awakened by a phone call from Leonid Kravchenko, the conservative director of Gosteleradio (the State Committee on Television and Radio) and asked to come to Central Committee headquarters.2 By 2 a.m., the chief editor of the nightly news program "Vremia" had been awakened. Then, at dawn, military vehicles and paratroopers surrounded the Gosteleradio building at Ostankino.
Solov'ev's Androgynous Sophia and the Jewish Kabbalah
Authors: Deutsch Kornblatt Judith
Published: April 2006

The revival of Russian Orthodoxy at the turn of the century coincided with a wave of anti- Semitism, and many Russian intellectuals of the time, following Vladimir Solov'ev, understood the defense of the Jews as their Christian duty. For Solov'ev, however, interest in the Jews went beyond ethical considerations and ran deeper through his philosophy than even his Utopian vision of a theocracy based on Hebrew Scriptures. Indeed, the expression of what may be Solov'ev's central concept–the Divine Sophia–achieved clarity through his selective reading of the Jewish mystical tradition of Kabbalah. The argument that follows does not seek to prove influence, for Solov'ev approached the study of Kabbalah with well-formed philosophical convictions. Rather, Solov'ev's fascination with Jewish mysticism arises from affinity and recognition, as the Russian theologian sought a vocabulary with which to explain his own mystical intuitions.
Of Crime, Utopia, and Repressive Complements: The Further Adventures of the Ridiculous Man
Authors: Naiman Eric
Published: April 2006

"Therefore," I said, somewhat bewildered, "we would have to eat again from the Tree of Knowledge in order to return to the state of innocence?"

"Quite right," he answered. "And that's the last chapter in the history of the world."

Heinrich von Kleist, "On the Marionette Theatre"

On the morning of 11 May 1876, a young seamstress pushed her stepdaughter out the window of their Petersburg apartment. The apparent reason for this attempted infanticide (miraculously, the child survived her four-story plunge) was Ekaterina Kornilova's anger at her husband and jealousy of his deceased first wife. The case would seem undistinguished in its sordidness were it not for Fedor Dostoevskii's adoption of the affair as a cause celebre. Although he originally attacked Kornilova's defenders, Dostoevskii later defended her as well when he learned that Kornilova had been pregnant at the time of the attempted murder.
Nationalism and National Sentiment in Post-socialist Romania
Authors: Verdery Katherine
Published: April 2006

For western observers, a striking concomitant of the end of communist party rule was the sudden appearance of national movements and national sentiments. We were not alone in our surprise: even more taken aback were party leaders, somehow persuaded by their own propaganda that party rule had resolved the so–called "national question." That this was far from true was evident all across the region: from separatism in Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia and the Baltic and other Soviet republics; to bloodshed between Romania's Hungarians and Romanians, and between Bulgaria's Turks and Bulgarians; to Gypsy-bashing in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Poland and Bulgaria; and widespread anti-Semitism–even in countries like Poland where there were virtually no Jews.
Akhmatova's “Song of the Motherland”: Rereading the Opening Texts of Rekviem
Authors: Amert Susan
Published: April 2006

Pokoinyi Alig'eri sozdal by desiatyi krug ada.

Anna Akhmatova

Hostias et preces tibi,

Domine, laudis offerimus:

tu suscipe pro animabus illis,

quarum hodie memoriam facimus:

fac eas, Domine, de morte

transire ad vitam.

the requiem mass

Anna Akhmatova's Rekviem is a deceptively simple piece. Compared to the opacity and self-conscious literariness of Poema bez geroia, Rekviem seems transparent, much like Akhmatova's early lyrics, and appears to demand little in the way of commentary or elucidation.1 Its very form and scope, however, as well as the dates of its composition (1935-1961), identify it as a product of the "later Akhmatova"–the Akhmatova who resumed writing in the mid-1930s after a decade of relative poetic inactivity, the Akhmatova who created Poema bez geroia.
The Origins of Serfdom in Transylvania
Authors: Prodan David
Published: April 2006

The following article, a translation of an essay by Romanian historian David Prodan, summarizes his research concerning three and a half centuries of serfdom in Transylvania, a subject on which he has worked in minute detail for fifty years. The essay presents a global image of the Transylvanian variant of European serfdom, a variant that shows serfdom in its gravest form–that of personal servitude, in which the peasant is bound to both the lord and the soil–and considers how this bondage came about. In this brief introduction, I will place the essay within the context of Academician Prodan's writings and of other work on serfdom in Eastern Europe.
Mertvye Dushi: Fragment, Parable, Promise
Authors: Fusso Susanne
Published: April 2006

Literary history has to some extent spoiled our apprehension of the work we know as Mertvye dushi. Thanks to the author's letters, his friends' memoirs, and the carefully assembled fragments of his projected sequel, we cannot escape the awareness that Nikolai Gogol' left the novel incomplete, unachieved.1 In fact, however, when viewed in the context of other works by Gogol', this "unfinished" novel is marked by a special type of closure and formal unity. The text is modeled on the riddle, particularly the type of riddle known as parable, and the illusion of open-endedness is designed to mock the thirst for an answer awakened by the enigma.
Literacy and Literacy Texts in Muscovy: A Reconsideration
Authors: Marker Gary
Published: April 2006

For well over a century scholars with a variety of concerns have inquired into the level of literacy in pre-Petrine Russia with mixed success at best. The problem is well known: The array of sources upon which historians of other cultures typically rely to estimate levels of literacy–parish records, wills, service records, and tax lists–either do not exist for pre–Petrine Russia or do not provide the volume of data necessary for computing literacy in a statistically meaningful way.
Anatomy of a Public Campaign: “Academician Luzin's Case” in Soviet Political History
Authors: Levin Aleksey E.
Published: April 2006

In October 1985, when I first began research on the case of Academician Luzin, rumors had surfaced in the Soviet Union that new official regulations would require scientific articles containing no classified information to be published in Soviet journals before they could be cleared for publication abroad. The rumors were true. The effect of these new regulations clearly resembled the campaign against the mathematician Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin, which had taken place fifty years before. Luzin was the victim of the first Soviet mass media campaign against such publication. The case against him appears to be an insignificant moment in the witch-hunting mania of the 1930s, since the propaganda was apparently aimed only at one full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and his alleged misconduct.
Blok’s Nechaiannaia Radosť
Authors: White Duffield
Published: April 2006

Andrei Belyi, in Nachalo veka, recalls walks that he took with Aleksandr Blok through the back streets of Petersburg during the weeks that followed Bloody Sunday in January 1905. These walks reminded Belyi of the poems that Blok was writing at the same time and that he published in Nechaiannaia radosť in 1906.

Sometimes he would glance across at me, get up, come over to where I was sitting, and say, “Come on; I’ll show you the back streets.” He would then lead me from the Barracks along a winding back street full of people making their way wearily to and from factories. Occasionally we caught a glimpse of an exhausted prostitute; bright lights shown from cheap eating places; and he took it all in. Later I was to recognize this landscape of back streets in Nechaiannaia radosť.

Slender, his face flushed, in his fur coat and fur cap, he would look around at the gleams of glass, the workers with heavy loads, the police vans. . . .

Then he would stop me, take in the whole street at a glance, and say: “It’s a wretched life, very sad. They, the Merezhkovskiis don’t notice.”
Synthetic Nationality: Mandel'shtam and Chaadaev
Authors: Cavanagh Clare
Published: April 2006

“A world that is your own must be created for you since the one you inhabit has become foreign to you.”

Petr Chaadaev, “Second Philosophical Letter”

In "The Whisper of History and the Noise of Time in the Writings of Osip Mandel'shtam" Gregory Freidin writes that "only a cultural orphan growing up in the revolutionary years could possess such an insatiable need for a continuous construction of a gigantic vision of culture meant to compensate for the impossibility of belonging to a single place." Freidin's richly suggestive remark hints at both the nature of and the reasons for Mandel'shtam's "orphandom," and the means by which he sought to surmount or circumvent his pervasive homelessness and achieve a "homeland, a house, a hearth" in culture.
From Incompetence to Satire: Voinovich's Image of Stalin as Castrated Leader of the Soviet Union in 1941
Authors: Rancour-Laferriere Daniel
Published: April 2006

The narrator of Vladimir Voinovich's Zhizn’ i neobychainye prikliucheniia soldata Ivana Chonkina: roman-anekdot v piati chastiakh tells us on the first page that the events he is going to describe took place during the period from late May to early June 1941. For the knowledgeable reader, this information means something terrible is about to happen: On 22 June Adolf Hitler's forces invaded the Soviet Union, starting what was to be one of the most devastating wars in human history. Yet Voinovich's novel is hilariously funny. How does Voinovich do it?

To answer this question adequately, a comprehensive theory of humor would have to be applied to both Chonkin and its sequel, Pretendent na prestol: novye prikliucheniia soldata Ivana Chonkina. I will not attempt such a large task here, but I can undertake a more modest enterprise. I believe it is possible to explain why certain crucial passages in Voinovich's narratipn about the onset of the Great Fatherland War can actually provoke laughter. These passages concern the Father of Peoples himself, the Soviet dictator, Stalin.
Stricken by Infection: Art and Adultery in Anna Karenina and Kreutzer Sonata
Authors: Herman David
Published: April 2006

Resentment proceeds from powerlessness, said Rousseau. How true! A man is spiteful when he wants to do what is not in his power–he encounters obstacles and grows resentful. (57:136)

Lev Tolstoi had originally intended to open Anna Karenina with a scene in Princess Betsy’s salon, later moved to part 2 of the novel, in which the work’s central themes are all touched on in the conversation of the gathered guests. This introductory discussion primarily concerns illicit liaisons, but alongside the talk of adultery, one guest states, “The theme is everything. Once one has a theme, it is easy to embroider on it” (121). These words obliquely acknowledge a debt to one of the novel’s sources, Aleksandr Pushkin’s “Egyptian Nights,” a story about improvisation in which that art is conceived not merely as the instantaneous or impromptu invention we usually think of, but even more importantly as the appropriation of someone else’s topic. Anna Karenina, and some of Tolstoi’s later works as well, make important borrowings from Pushkin’s story about borrowing, employing both themes from “Egyptian Nights” and therefore the methods of the Italian improvisor in it.
Taking Monologism Seriously: Bakhtin and Tsvetaeva's “The Pied Piper”
Authors: Ciepiela Catherine
Published: April 2006

“Lyric dialogism” is a contradiction in terms, at least in Bakhtin's terms. His most influential essay, “Slovo v romane” (“Discourse in the Novel,” 1934-1935), forcefully characterizes poetry as inherently “monologic,” as excluding or suppressing that wealth of social languages from which the novel shapes itself. Bakhtin's attack on poetry is generally perceived as a tactical exaggeration that serves his argument about the novel. He himself suggested as much when, in another context, he mentioned the "prosification" of the lyric in the twentieth century. On these grounds, many critics, most notably those of the Lotman school, have imported Bakhtin's notion of dialogism to the study of poetry.
Postsocialist Nationalism: Rediscovering the Past in Southeast Poland
Authors: Hann Chris
Published: April 2006

Since the collapse of socialist regimes in 1989 few subjects in eastern Europe have attracted as much attention as nationalism. Detailed academic studies have been carried out from many disciplinary perspectives, by scholars native to the region as well as many from outside it. This is also a field in which governmental and nongovernmental organizations have undertaken numerous policy-oriented initiatives. Eastern European developments have figured prominently in global discussions of "ethnicity" and "identity politics," while a few scholars have used materials from this region to articulate more general frameworks of comparative analysis.
The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism
Authors: Slezkine Yuri
Published: April 2006

Soviet nationality policy was devised and carried out by nationalists. Lenin's acceptance of the reality of nations and "national rights" was one of the most uncompromising positions he ever took, his theory of good ("oppressed-nation") nationalism formed the conceptual foundation of the Soviet Union and his NEP-time policy of compensatory "nation-building" (natsional'noe stroitel'stvo) was a spectacularly successful attempt at a state-sponsored conflation of language, "culture," territory and quota-fed bureaucracy.
Attitudes toward the Market and Political Participation in the Postcommunist States
Authors: Mason David S.
Published: April 2006

In the aftermath of the anti-communist revolutions of 1989-1991, the new governments in eastern Europe faced the herculean task of attempting simultaneously to build market economies and democratic political institutions. Though capitalism and democracy are often considered to be natural allies, in the cases of these new states they sometimes pull against each other. The costs of the economic transition, in terms of growing unemployment, inequality and inflation, may erode support for the new governments and lead to calls for a "strong" government or leadership to cope with economic dislocations.
On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Daly Jonathan W.
Published: April 2006

Not one inhabitant is shielded from theproizvol[arbitrary power] of gendarmes.

—St. Petersburg Governor, 1906

We are incapable of imagining a governor who cannot, according to his discretion and without a trial, summarily arrest, exile and impose ruinous fines.

—Vladimir Gessen, 1908

Commentators on the imperial Russian polity have regarded the Security Law of 14 August 1881, which invested administrative officials with broad discretionary powers, as the keystone of the developing Russian police state, the virtual cause of the 1905 revolution, even “Russia's de facto constitution.” In truth, it merely codified and, in many respects, actually limited the powers granted by emergency measures adopted in the late 1870s, at the height of the terrorist campaign to murder Alexander II. The Judicial andZemstvoReforms of 1864 had marked the beginning of the development of the rule of law and a respect for civil rights in Russia, and the emergency legislation adopted between 1866 and 1881 was an only partially successful attempt by administrative Russia to return to traditional patterns of arbitrariness, orproizvol. Late imperial Russia's emergency legislation, in other words, was not a turning point on the path toward a modern “police state“ but a sign of that country's uneasy transition from an absolutist to a constitutional order.
Privilege and Prejudice: The Occupations of Jews in Russia in 1989
Authors: Paul Sacks Michael
Published: April 2006

Published census data on Jews have been very scarce, but these data and other sources leave no doubt that in comparison with other groups Soviet Jews were very distinctive in terms of such characteristics as their urban concentration and their educational and professional achievement. This level of achievement occurred despite popular and official anti-Semitism of varying intensity. With the recent release of new data from the 1989 census, a more precise understanding of the opportunities available to Jews in Soviet Russia is now possible. These data show the number of men and women by major ethnic groups (including Jews) in 257 job categories. Surprisingly, this new information is not referred to even in the most recent Russian scholarship on Jews, and it receives no mention in western sources. In this article, I use the new occupational data to evaluate differences between Russians and Jews and to explore the way in which employment disparities may have shaped interaction between the two groups.
Conflicting “Homeland Myths” and Nation-State Building in Postcommunist Russia
Authors: Tolz Vera
Published: April 2006

The second disintegration of the empire this century has reopened the debate over Russian state and nation building with direct implications both for Russia's reform process and for its relations with other newly independent states. In December 1991, the Russian Federation was transformed into an independent state as a historically formed regional entity, not as a nation state. Scholars argue that the Russian empire was built “at the cost of Russia's own sense of nationhood.” In the past, the efforts spent conquering and ruling vast territories and diverse populations diverted the Russian people and their leaders from the task of consolidation and nation building. This was true not only in the prerevolutionary but also in the Soviet period, during which the majority of Russians saw the entire USSR rather than the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) as their homeland. Now, after the disintegration of the USSR, the questions arise whether the majority of Russians can accept the borders of the Russian Federation as final, and, if not, what the alternative myths of Russia's national homeland are? The answers to these questions determine whether Russians will ever be able to define themselves other than as an imperial people.
Languages of Power: How the Saratov Bolsheviks Imagined Their Enemies
Authors: Raleigh Donald J.
Published: April 2006

The Bolsheviks made civil war inevitable by forcing a showdown with the Kerenskii government in October 1917—and concomitantly with the moderate socialist parties, the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) and Mensheviks. The resulting conflict accelerated complex processes underway since February that exacerbated social polarization and fostered political and economic localism. Following the local Soviet's siege of the city duma in the provincial capital of Saratov in October, opposition forces began to contest Soviet power, which before long was reduced to Bolshevik and Left SR rule. As a result, the Saratov Soviet spent all of 1918-19 battling a variety of manifestations of discontent with the new political order. The calculus of civil war in the province involved the sustained threat to strategically located Saratov of White armies, which succeeded in striking against and taking the uezd (district) towns of Khvalynsk, Vol'sk, Serdobsk, Tsaritsyn, Balashov, Kuznetsk, and Kamyshin. Opposition from within the province proved every bit as formidable. Anti-Bolshevik forces, inspired by both the socialist and nonsocialist resistance, mobilized uprisings in all of the towns of Saratov province during the civil war; moreover, not a single uezd escaped the throes of peasant violence and resistance before this turbulent chapter in Russian history drew to a close.
Tashkent 1917: Muslim Politics in Revolutionary Turkestan
Authors: Khalid Adeeb
Published: April 2006

The complex politics that convulsed Turkestan in 1917 remains one of the least understood aspects of the Russian revolution. A structure of dual power emerged along the familiar liberal-radical divide, but in Turkestan both sides represented the small European (largely Russian) settler population and both were united in an attempt to exclude the indigenous population from participation in the revolutionary process. Parallel political movements developed among the local population, but the axes of division were quite different than those among the settler population. The two political movements interacted in numerous ways throughout the year, producing a pattern of conflict that was in many ways unique in the Russian empire. Western scholarship, hamstrung by lack of access to primary materials, has generally paid little attention to the topic. The slim literature that does exist either attempts to find patterns common to the revolutionary process in the capitals (here visible only among the Russian settler population), and thus to affirm the universality of the revolutionary process; or to understand revolutionary Turkestan through analogy with other borderlands and, not finding patterns deemed normative for the borderlands (for example, a strong assertion of nationalism), is content to stress their absence, taking this as proof of the backwardness of Central Asia. Whether they be William Chamberlin's “primitive Asiatic tribesmen,” or Richard Pierce's “natives” who “stood apart from the revolutionary events,” Central Asians are usually written out of the story of 1917.
The Bronze HorsemanandThe Double: The Depoeticization of the Myth of Petersburg in the Young Dostoevskii
Authors: Rosenshield Gary
Published: April 2006

In his discussion ofThe Double,Joseph Frank remarks that Dostoevskii's decision to change the original subtitle fromThe Adventures of Mr. Goliadkin(Prikliucheniia Gospodina Goliadkina) toA Petersburg Poem(Peterburgskaia poema) had, among other things, the “advantage of correctly assigningThe Doubleits place in the Russian literary tradition initiated byThe Bronze Horseman.“IfThe Doubleis truly in the Petersburg tradition ofThe Bronze Horseman, it is curious that no one has studied the relationship between these works, each of which features a minor civil servant(chinovnik)who goes mad. The few comparative analyses of the Petersburg theme in Pushkin and Dostoevskii have invariably focused on the more obvious relationships betweenThe Queen of SpadesandCrime and Punishment.Scholars have often comparedThe Doublewith other works—for example, the tales of E. T. A. Hoffmann and Gogol'’s “Notes of a Madman,” “The Nose,” andDead Soulsbut not with those of Pushkin.
“A Woman is Not a Man”: The Culture of Gender and Generation in Soviet Russia, 1921-1928
Authors: Gorsuch Anne E.
Published: April 2006

The Russian revolution was intended to remove all limits to women's equality. Collective organizations were to take over the kinds of tasks–childcare, cooking, and cleaning–that had traditionally restricted women and limited their full participation in economic life, while legislative actions mandated equal economic, marital, and civil rights. Accompanying these changes was a "sexual revolution" (preached most famously by Aleksandra Kollontai) that encouraged equality in love and sex as well as in economics and politics.
"Dear Comrade, You Ask What We Need": Socialist Paternalism and Soviet Rural "Notables" in the Mid-1930s
Authors: Siegelbaum Lewis H.
Published: April 2006

In theirDictatorship over Needs, Ferenc Fehér, Agnes Heller, and Gyorgy Markus sought to analyze the nature of domination and subordination in Soviet-type societies in terms of the direct administration of production and distribution by a self-selecting corporate ruling group. This dictatorship, initially justified by the interests of the proletariat and the party's self-assigned role as its vanguard, was perpetuated not merely by coercion but also by various mechanisms of legitimation. Among these was the construction of a self-image of the state as a wise, stern, but also beneficent father. Thus, “everything that a subject may get (consumer goods, a flat, heating, clothes, theatre tickets, etc.) is ‘due to the state'; it is not granted as a right or given in exchange for something else, but provided as an amenity that can be revoked.” It follows that “Soviet subjects ask for favours, their right proper isius supplicationis.”
The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming Challenge for International Environmental Law?
Authors: Bodansky Daniel
Published: April 2006

This article is about a problem only just becoming visible: the legitimacy of international environmental law, and more specifically, the perception that the international environmental process is insufficiently democratic. Until now, international lawyers have tended to focus on what environmental standards are needed and how those standards can be made effective. But as decision-making authority gravitates from the national to the international level, the question of legitimacy will likely emerge from the shadows and become a central issue in international environmental law. This article seeks to clarify the nature of the legitimacy challenge and to survey possible sources of legitimacy for international institutions.
Newly Adopted Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
Authors: Dennis Michael J.
Published: April 2006

On May 25,2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted by consensus two Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: the Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (Children in Armed Conflict Protocol) and the Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Pornography and Child Prostitution (Sale of Children Protocol).1 These instruments represent major advances in the international effort to strengthen and enforce norms for the protection of the most vulnerable children, who desperately need the world's attention. The Children in Armed Conflict Protocol deals realistically and reasonably with the difficult issues of minimum ages for compulsory recruitment, voluntary recruitment, and participation in hostilities. The Protocol raises the age for military conscription to eighteen from fifteen years, as stipulated under existing international law; obliges states parties to raise the minimum age for voluntary recruitment to an age above the current fifteen-year international standard; and requires states parties to take all feasible measures to ensure that personnel in their national armed forces who are not yet eighteen do not take a direct part in hostilities.
The Contribution of Democracy to Rebuilding Postconflict Societies
Authors: Barnes Samuel H.
Published: April 2006

The central question of postconflict societies remains political: how to construct a stable form of domestic power sharing and governance. Adversaries mutually exhausted by conflict will still set an adequate degree of influence and voice in future political arrangements as the price of terminating the conflict. Where adversarial identities have become all-encompassing or the war has gone on for too long, the only available solutions may be more radical, including autonomy or partition.

The task of international mediators is to help the parties assess the available forms of sharing power. In the dominant view of the United Nations community and international financial institutions, the available choice set is the various forms of representative government—for both idealistic and practical reasons. Democracy has become the dominant political philosophy of the multilateral community, even where it is not always observed in practice, and its breadth of participation may be likeliest to placate former adversaries. But any social engineer or planner must also take into account the practical problems that democracy will probably encounter in the aftermath of conflict, including the conditions necessary for its stability and prestige. In addition, the portfolio of democracy has varied structures that may give greater confidence to both sides and persuade the combatants to lay down their arms.
Biogeographic patterns in Mediterranean and Macaronesian species of Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae) inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences
Authors: Vargas Pablo , Morton Cynthia M. , Jury Stephen L.
Published: April 2006

A biogeographic study of Saxifraga section Saxifraga was performed based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. ITS sequences from 21 species and 31 populations were examined to identify colonization patterns for the two species of Saxifraga occurring in Macaronesia and for S. globulifera in the west Mediterranean basin. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data yield a single most parsimonious tree with many of the major clades well supported by bootstrap and decay values. The ITS tree provided resolution at specific and populational levels that points to two biogeographic patterns within the genus. In contrast to the molecular evidence provided by other authors for a Mediterranean origin of several Macaronesian genera of angiosperms, our results indicate that the Madeiran archipelago was colonized a single time by a species of Saxifraga originating from the Eurosiberian region. On the other hand, the molecular evidence also suggests that populations of S. globulifera from North Africa have been isolated for a long time from populations occurring in the Iberian Peninsula, and that the endemic S. reuteriana has evolved from the Iberian populations of S. globulifera. The Mediterranean Sea has probably been an effective isolating barrier for some plant groups that occur in Europe and North Africa.
Physical mapping of ribosomal RNA genes in peonies (Paeonia, Paeoniaceae) by fluorescent in situ hybridization: implications for phylogeny and concerted evolution
Authors: Zhang Daming , Sang Tao
Published: April 2006

Physical maps of the 18S–5.8S–26S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were generated by fluorescent in situ hybridization for five diploid Paeonia species, P. delavayi and P. rockii of section Moutan, and P. emodi, P. tenuifolia, and P. veitchii of section Paeonia. Of five pairs of mitotic chromosomes, rDNA loci were mapped near the telomeres of chromosomes 3, 4, and 5 of P. rockii and P. tenuifolia, chromosomes 2, 3, 4, and 5 of P. delavayi, and all five pairs of chromosomes of P. emodi and P. veitchii. Combining this information with the previously obtained rDNA maps of P. brownii and P. californica of section Oneapia, we hypothesized that the most recent common ancestor of extant peony species had three rDNA loci located on chromosomes 3, 4, and 5. Increase in number of rDNA loci occurred later in each of the three sections, and the increase from three to four loci represents a parallel gain of an rDNA locus on chromosome 2 in P. delavayi of section Moutan and P. brownii of section Oneapia. The increase in number of rDNA loci likely resulted from the translocation of rDNA repeats from chromosomes bearing rDNA loci to chromosomes without them; such translocation is probably facilitated by the telomeric location of rDNA loci. For allotetraploid peony species lacking polymorphism in sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of rDNA, the rDNAs derived from divergent diploid parents may have been homogenized through concerted evolution among at least six rDNA loci in the allotetraploids. Chromosomal location of rDNA loci has a more substantial impact on the tempo of concerted evolution than the number of loci.
Patterns of fruit and seed set within inflorescences of Pancratium maritimum (Amaryllidaceae): nonuniform pollination, resource limitation, or architectural effects?
Authors: Medrano Mo´nica , Guitia´n Pablo , Guitia´n Javier
Published: April 2006

We investigated patterns of fruit and seed production on inflorescences of a population of Pancratium maritimum in northwest Spain over a 2‐yr period. Initial findings showed that the earliest opening flowers on an inflorescence are more likely to set fruit and produce more seeds than later opening flowers and that this pattern is maintained throughout the flowering season. Supplementary pollination and flower‐removal experiments were performed to investigate whether the observed pattern is attributable (a) to variation in pollen receipt, (b) to sequestration of resources by the earliest flowers on an inflorescence, and/or (c) to “architectural” limitations on the fruit/seed production of later flowers. Supplementary pollination did not improve fruit or seed production by late flowers in either of the 2 yr of study. In flower‐removal experiments, the remaining flowers showed improved fruit set and mean number of seeds per flower, by comparison with flowers in the same position on control inflorescences. When all flowers except the latest third were removed, these showed fruit set and seed production similar to those of early flowers on control inflorescences. These results strongly suggest that the observed within‐inflorescence patterns of fruit and seed production in P. maritimum are mainly attributable to competition for resources (i.e., explanation b), though other adaptive explanations cannot be ruled out.
The architecture ofMourera fluviatilis(Podostemaceae): developmental morphology of inflorescences, flowers, and seedlings
Authors: Rutishauser Rolf , Grubert Meinhard
Published: April 2006

Mourera fluviatilisfrom northern South America is a spectacular member of the Podostemaceae (river‐weeds). Its raceme‐like inflorescences are up to 64 cm long and have 40–90 flowers arranged in two opposite rows. Inflorescence development starts with the initiation of a double‐sheathed (dithecous) bract in a terminal position. All lateral bracts (again dithecous) are initiated in basipetal order along the two flanks of the inflorescence. Each gap between two neighboring bracts contains a single flower. The flowers are bisexual, each with a whorl of 16–20 ligulate tepals and 14–40 stamens, which are arranged in one or two whorls. Floral development starts with the formation of a girdling primordium rim around a two‐lobed primordial gynoecium. Stamen and tepal initiation is centrifugal on the girdling primordium. The anthers are introrse or extrorse, depending on stamen position. Seedlings develop two entire, threadlike cotyledons, followed by forked filamentous leaves, which arise from the plumular pole. The radicular pole of the hypocotyl develops into a claw‐shaped holdfast that fixes the young plant to the rock. The developmental morphologies ofMourera fluviatilisand other members of theMoureragroup (includingLonchostephusandTulasneantha) fit well with the Podostemoideae bauplan known from other New World genera, such asApinagiaandMarathrum.
Low levels of genetic variation within and high levels of genetic differentiation among populations of species of Abies from southern Mexico and Guatemala
Authors: Aguirre‐Planter Erika , Furnier Glenn R. , Eguiarte Luis E.
Published: April 2006

Populations of Abies in southern Mexico and Guatemala (A. flinckii, A. guatemalensis, A. hickeli, and A. religiosa) have a patchy distribution. This pattern is particularly clear in A. guatemalensis. Genetic diversity within populations, measured by average heterozygosity at 16 isozyme loci, is lower than the range reported for most conifers (mean Ho ranging from 0.069 in A. guatemalensis to 0.113 in A. flinckii), while differentiation among populations is higher than that observed in most conifer species studied (θ = Fst ranging from 0.073 in A. hickeli to 0.271 in A. flinckii). Estimated levels of gene flow are low (ranging from 0.672 in A. flinckii to 3.17 in A. hickeli). Populations in most cases had an excess of homozygosity over that expected under Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting some inbreeding (Fis ranging from 0.074 in A. flinckii to 0.235 in A. guatemalensis). A significant relationship between gene flow and geographic distance was observed in A. religiosa, but not in the other three taxa studied. The patterns of genetic variation appear to have been influenced by the distributions and histories of these species. Paleoclimatic evidence suggests that the ranges of these species retreated upwards during the Pleistocene glaciation and became fragmented during the warming period that followed. The populations could have passed through genetic bottlenecks that reduced genetic variation and led to interpopulation differentiation.
Genetic diversity and reproductive biology inWarea carteri(Brassicaceae), a narrowly endemic Florida scrub annual
Authors: Evans Margaret E. K. , Dolan Rebecca W. , Menges Eric S. , Gordon Doria R.
Published: April 2006

Carter's mustard (Warea carteri) is an endangered, fire‐stimulated annual endemic of the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida, USA. This species is characterized by seed banks and large fluctuations in plant numbers, with increases occurring in postdisturbance habitat. We investigated the mating system, patterns of isozyme variation, and effective population sizes ofW. carterito better understand its population biology and to comment on reserve designs and management proposals relevant to this species.Warea carteriis self‐compatible and autogamous, and probably largely selfing. Measures of genetic variation inW. carteriwere lower than values reported for species with similar ecological and life history traits (6.6% of loci polymorphic within populations, 1.87 alleles per polymorphic locus, and 0.026 and 0.018 expected and observed heterozygosity, respectively). The high average value for Nei's genetic identity (0.989) reflects the paucity of genetic diversity. Genetic variation within populations was not correlated with aboveground population size, effective population size estimates (Ne), or recent disturbance history. Much of the diversity detected was found among populations (FST= 0.304). A significant cline in allele frequencies at one locus and a significant negative correlation between geographic distance and Nei's genetic identity also point to spatial organization of genetic diversity. As a result we propose that reserve design should include the entire geographic range ofW. carteri.We also recommend that the natural fire regime be mimicked.
The response of arbuscular mycorrhizae to fertilization, mowing, and removal of dominant species in a diverse oligotrophic wet meadow
Authors: Titus Jonathan H. , Lepš Jan
Published: April 2006

In a wet oligotrophic meadow located in the Czech Republic, a factorial experiment with treatments consisting of fertilization, mowing, and removal of the dominant species (Molinia caerulea) was established in 1994. In 1997 Holcus lanatus, Molinia caerulea, Potentilla erecta, Prunella vulgaris, and Ranunculus auricomus were examined for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) hyphae, arbuscles, and vesicles three times over the season. Time had a significant effect on AM in all five species. Except for Molinia arbuscles, a modal effect occurred, with the second sampling having a greater level of AM structures than the first and the third. Fertilization had the greatest effect on AM levels by decreasing the level of Holcus hyphae and vesicles, Potentilla vesicles, Prunella hyphae, and Ranunculus hyphae and vesicles. Mowing significantly increased the number of Potentilla vesicles, and the removal of dominant species had no significant effects. Interactions between time and treatments were common. Significant effects to the arbuscle:vesicle ratio were infrequent, and those that occurred were related to changes over the season. Seasonal effects appear to have a more powerful effect on AM structures and the arbuscle:vesicle ratio than do treatment effects. In a second experiment, Ranunculus auricomus, R. acris, and R. nemorosus, sampled four times over the season, showed significant changes in AM colonization. Overall, AM structures either declined over the season or increased from April to May and then declined. There was no AM colonization response to a spring fertilization in the three species. It is postulated that the patterns observed are due to phosphorus availability and seasonal changes in soil moisture and rates of root growth and turnover.
Population genetics of two rare perennials in isolated wetlands: Sagittaria isoetiformis and S. teres (Alismataceae)
Authors: Edwards Adrienne L. , Sharitz Rebecca R.
Published: April 2006

We investigated genetic structure in two closely related perennial plants that occur in isolated wetlands: Sagittaria isoetiformis, restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain of North America, and S. teres, endemic to the northeastern Coastal Plain. Using horizontal starch‐gel electrophoresis, we screened 527 individuals from 11 populations of S. isoetiformis and 367 individuals from seven populations of S. teres. A high proportion of the 16 loci were polymorphic (%PS = 93.8% in S. isoetiformis and %PS = 75.0% in S. teres), with higher mean numbers of alleles per polymorphic locus and effective alleles per locus in S. isoetiformis (AP = 3.27, AE = 1.90) than in S. teres (AP = 2.58, AE = 1.30). Species‐ and population‐level expected heterozygosities were higher in S. isoetiformis (HES = 0.399, HEP = 0.218) than in S. teres (HES = 0.177, HEP = 0.101). Jackknife estimates of F statistics indicated moderate levels of inbreeding in S. teres (F̂IS = 23.1%). Strong differentiation characterized these geographically isolated populations (GST = 39.9% in S. isoetiformis, and GST = 26.1% in S. teres). Genetic identities varied substantially within (Ī = 75%, range = 0.558–0.963 in S. isoetiformis; Ī = 89%, range = 0.776–0.963 in S. teres) and among species (Ī = 81%, range = 0.506–0.882), leading to the discrimination of four regional population clusters using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). It appears that S. isoetiformis and S. teres are a progenitor‐derivative species pair.
Routes of origin of two recently evolved hybrid taxa:Senecio vulgarisvar.hibernicusand York radiate groundsel (Asteraceae)
Authors: Lowe Andrew J. , Abbott Richard J.
Published: April 2006

The possible pathways of origin of two recently arisen introgressant forms ofSenecio vulgaris(i.e., var.hibernicusand York radiate groundsel) were investigated in experimental crosses between tetraploidS. vulgarisvar.vulgarisand the normally diploidS. squalidus.Comparison of the morphology of synthesized hybrid progeny with established taxa, by discriminant function analysis, revealed that fertile hybrid offspring similar in morphology toS. vulgarisvar.hibernicusand York radiate groundsel could be synthesized: (1) following formation of genomically stable diploid gametes by the triploid hybrid; (2) through the production of unreduced gametes by diploidS. squalidus; and (3) when a tetraploid form ofS. squalidusacted as one of the parents. It was evident that hybrid offspring similar in morphology to the two introgressant taxa were more often produced in backcrosses toS. vulgaristhan in segregating F2 or F3 generations (53% as opposed to 36%), and that fertile hybrid progeny were formed within two generations. Because hybridization betweenS. vulgarisandS. squalidusoccurs regularly, although at very low frequency, in natural mixed populations in the British Isles, there is the potential for multiple origins to occur in the wild of bothS. vulgarisvar.hibernicusand York radiate groundsel.
The morphology of Cercophora palmicola (Lasiosphaeriaceae)
Authors: Hanlin Richard T.
Published: April 2006

A detailed study of ascomal morphology and development in Cercophora palmicola showed that ontogeny is ascohymeniaceous, giving rise to an ostiolate perithecium. Ascomal initials consist of a coiled ascogonium surrounded by several layers of hyphae whose cells become pseudoparenchymatous. The centrum of the young ascoma is composed of a few rows of large, thin‐walled pseudoparenchymatous cells that line the ascomal wall, with the central region filled by tightly packed, filamentous paraphyses. The ascogenous system forms along the inside of the layer of pseudoparenchymatous cells at the base of the paraphyses and gives rise to unitunicate asci that grow up among the paraphyses. The wall of the mature perithecium is greatly thickened. It is composed of three regions: a thin outer region of darkly pigmented, angular cells with thickened walls; a broad central region of cells with gelatinized walls; and a thin inner region of flattened cells. Ascomal ontogeny in C. palmicola conforms well to the Sordaria type of development, as defined by Huang.