bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions of Fire and Nonnative Species Across an Elevation/Plant Community Gradient in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Authors: Ainsworth Alison , Kauffman J. Boone
Published: April 2010

Invasive species interacting with fires pose a relatively unknown, but potentially serious, threat to the tropical forests of Hawaii. Fires may create conditions that facilitate species invasions, but the degree to which this occurs in different tropical plant communities has not been quantified. We documented the survival and establishment of plant species for 2 yr following 2003 wildfires in tropical moist and wet forest life zones in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Fires were ignited by lava flows and burned across a steep environmental gradient encompassing two previously burned shrub‐dominated communities and three Metrosideros polymorpha forest communities. Fires in all community types were stand replacing, where >95 percent of overstory trees were top killed. Over half (>57%) of the trees survived via basal sprouting, but sprout growth differed among forest communities. Sprout growth (>250,000 cm3) was greatest in the forest community where postfire understory cover was lowest presumably due to thick native Dicranopteris linearis fern litter that remained postfire. In contrast, M. polymorpha sprout growth was much slower (<100,000 cm3) in the two forest communities where there was rapid understory recovery of nonnative ferns Nephrolepis multiflora and invasive grasses Paspalum conjugatum. These results suggest that the rapid establishment of an invasive‐dominated understory limited recovery of the overstory dominant M. polymorpha. In contrast to the three forest communities, there were few changes in vegetation composition in the shrubland communities. Nonnative species invasions coupled with repeated fires selectively eliminated fire‐sensitive species thereby maintaining these communities in dominance of primarily nonnative, fire‐resilient, species.
The Canopy Starts at 0.5 m: Predatory Mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) Differ between Rain Forest Floor Soil and Suspended Soil at any Height
Authors: Beaulieu Frédéric , Walter David E. , Proctor Heather C. , Kitching Roger L.
Published: April 2010

Suspended soils in forest canopies are thought to harbor a substantial fraction of canopy biomass and many arboreal specialists, but do forest floor generalist predators with high vagility also use this habitat? We tested the hypothesis of no difference between forest floor and suspended‐soil predatory mite faunas (Acari: Mesostigmata) in an Australian rain forest. Our results show that instead of being habitat generalists, many predatory mites partition soil into two main strata: soil suspended aboveground irrespective of height (0.5–20 m) and soil on the ground. Of 53 species of Mesostigmata in suspended soil, 53 percent (28 species) were absent from or rarely found on the ground. This increased to 60 percent (15/25 species) if only common species are considered. Among these 15 ‘suspended‐soil specialists’, all but the three least abundant were found throughout the arboreal strata. Moreover, ten species also occurred in litter accumulated on the surface of decaying logs or boulders close to the forest floor. Thus, although the arboreal predatory mite fauna is distinct from that on the forest floor, it is not restricted to the high canopy: even slightly elevated substrate appears acceptable as habitat for these suspended‐soil specialists. Our data suggest that a substantial portion of a rain forest's soil and litter fauna is held above the forest floor.
Growth Response to Ionic and Osmotic Stress of NaCl in Salt‐tolerant and Salt‐sensitive Maize
Authors: Zhao Ke‐Fu , Song Jie , Fan Hai , Zhou San , Zhao Meng
Published: April 2010

Salt‐tolerant maize (STM) and salt‐sensitive maize (SSM) were treated with 100 mM NaCl for 1, 3 and 6 d and the contents of Na+ and Cl− (cps) of different organelles of leaf cells determined by X‐ray microanalysis. The results showed that Na+ and Cl− entered the cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplast and apoplast simultaneously. When STM and SSM were treated in 100 mM NaCl at atmospheric pressure (−P) and with pressure equivalent to the osmotic pressure of the NaCl (+P), the dry weights of STM (+P) and SSM (+P) plants were greater than that of STM (−P) and SSM (−P) plants, showing that the inhibitory effect of salt on plant growth was at least partially due to the osmotic effect of the NaCl. When STM and SSM were treated with NaCl and iso‐osmotic polyethlene glycol, the dry weights of plants given the iso‐osmotic polyethlene glycol treatment were lower for both maize lines than that of the NaCl‐treated plants. Our data show that under NaCl stress, both STM and SSM seedlings simultaneously suffered from osmotic and ion stresses.
MODELING THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROGENES SPORES UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE, pH AND NACl CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: DONG QING‐LI
Published: April 2010

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of temperature (101–121C), pH value (5.5–6.5) and concentration of sodium chloride (2–6%) on the heat resistance of Clostridium sporogenes spores under laboratory conditions. The inactivation curves of spore reduction from 1010 to 105 cfu/mL were fitted by Weibull frequency distribution model, and the primary fitting equations were obtained with R2 > 0.90. Moreover, the inactivation parameters δ and p of Weibull functions were modeled using a quadratic polynomial equation of response surface model (RSM). Mathematical evaluation demonstrated that the standard error of prediction (%SEP) obtained by RSM was 11.826 and 6.735% for model establishing δ and p, respectively, and 1.390 and 9.907% for model validation, respectively. The root mean square error was less than 0.05 for δ and p. Both the bias factor and accuracy factor were within acceptable range for model establishing and validation. Therefore, RSM provides a useful and accurate method of fitting the effects of experimental conditions on the thermal resistance of C. sporogenes spores, and could be referenced to ensure food safety with respect to C. sporogenes spores control.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Weibull frequency distribution model could be used for establishing nonlinear heat resistance models of Clostridium sporogenes spores under laboratory media conditions. The interacting effects of temperature, pH and NaCl concentration might be applied together for inactivating C. sporogenes spores growth in the food, and response surface model could be referenced to ensure food safety with respect to C. sporogenes spores control. Food producers would depend on these models for the decision‐making of food safety after established models are validated under real food environment.
Na+‐independent, nifedipine‐resistant rat afferent arteriolar Ca2+responses to noradrenaline: possible role of TRPC channels
Authors: Salomonsson M. , Braunstein T. H. , Holstein‐Rathlou N.‐H. , Jensen L. J.
Published: April 2010

Aim: In rat afferent arterioles we investigated the role of Na+entry in noradrenaline (NA)‐induced depolarization and voltage‐dependent Ca2+entry together with the importance of the transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) subfamily for non‐voltage‐dependent Ca2+entry.

Methods: R340/380Fura‐2 fluorescence was used as an index for intracellular free Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i). Immunofluorescence detected the expression of TRPC channels.

Results: TRPC 1, 3 and 6 were expressed in afferent arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cells. Under extracellular Na+‐free (0 Na) conditions, the plateau response to NA was 115% of the baselineR340/380(control response 123%). However, as theR340/380baseline increased (7%) after 0 Na the plateau reached the same level as during control conditions. Similar responses were obtained after blockade of the Na+/Ca2+exchanger. The L‐type blocker nifedipine reduced the plateau response to NA both under control (from 134% to 116% of baseline) and 0 Na conditions (from 112% to 103% of baseline). In the presence of nifedipine, the putative TRPC channel blockers SKF 96365 (30 μm) and Gd3+(100 μm) further reduced the plateau Ca2+responses to NA (from 117% to 102% and from 117% to 110% respectively).

Conclusion: We found that Na+is not crucial for the NA‐induced depolarization that mediates Ca2+entry via L‐type channels. In addition, the results are consistent with the idea that TRPC1/3/6 Ca2+‐permeable cation channels expressed in afferent arteriolar smooth muscle cells mediate Ca2+entry during NA stimulation.
The immature platelet fraction is a useful marker for predicting the timing of platelet recovery in patients with cancer after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: YAMAOKA G. , KUBOTA Y. , NOMURA T. , INAGE T. , ARAI T. , KITANAKA A. , SAIGO K. , ISEKI K. , BABA N. , TAMINATO T.
Published: April 2010

Prediction of the timing of platelet recovery after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) allows for optimal platelet transfusion. We assessed the clinical utility of the percentage value of the immature platelet fraction (IPF%) monitored using an XE‐2100 automated hematology analyzer to predict the timing of platelet recovery after chemotherapy and HSCT. The IPF% was serially monitored in 31 patients with cancer who received 66 courses of chemotherapy and HSCT. In patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy and HSCT, a transient increase in IPF% was observed 1–11 days prior to platelet recovery (>30 × 109/l). In patients undergoing chemotherapy with a peak IPF% >10%, platelet recovery occurred significantly earlier than in those with IPF% peak values ≤10% (median periods were 2 and 5 days; P < 0.05). Platelet recovery appears to occur earlier in patients undergoing HSCT with a peak IPF% >10% than in those with IPF% peak values ≤10% (median periods were 2 and 6 days). Thus, the IPF% peak value is a useful parameter for predicting the timing of platelet recovery after chemotherapy and HSCT and has the potential to facilitate optimal platelet transfusion.
New molecular microbiology approaches in the study of Campylobacter fetus
Authors: Kienesberger Sabine , Gorkiewicz Gregor , Wolinski Heimo , Zechner Ellen L.
Published: April 2010

Campylobacter fetus infection is a substantial problem in herds of domestic cattle worldwide and a rising threat in human disease. Application of comparative and functional genomics approaches will be essential to understand the molecular basis of this pathogen's interactions with various hosts. Here we report recent progress in genome analyses of C. fetus ssp. fetus and C. fetus ssp. venerealis, and the development of molecular tools to determine the genetic basis of niche‐specific adaptations. Campylobacter research has been strengthened by the rapid advancements in imaging technology occurring throughout microbiology. To move forward in understanding the mechanisms underlying C. fetus virulence, current efforts focus on developing suitable in vitro models to reflect host‐ and tissue‐specific aspects of infection.
Short‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase is a negative regulator of insulin secretion in response to fuel and non‐fuel stimuli in INS832/13 β‐cells
Authors: PEPIN Émilie , GUAY Claudiane , DELGHINGARO‐AUGUSTO Viviane , JOLY Erik , MADIRAJU S.R. Murthy , PRENTKI Marc
Published: April 2010

Background:  Hyperinsulinemia associated with non‐ketotic hypoglycemia is observed in patients with mutated β‐oxidation enzyme short‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HADHSC). In the present study, we investigated the mechanism underlying HADHSC‐mediated regulation of insulin secretion.

Methods:  Knockdown of HADHSC expression by RNA interference in INS832/13 β‐cells was achieved using short hairpin RNA and short interference RNA.

Results:  Knockdown of HADHSC increased both fuel‐ (glucose or leucine plus glutamine) and non‐fuel (high KCl)‐induced insulin secretion. Enhanced glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) induced by HADHSC knockdown was independent of changes in cytosolic Ca2+ and also occurred in the presence of fatty acids. l‐Carnitine, used in the formation of acyl‐carnitine compounds, increased GSIS in control cells, but was unable to further increase the augmented GSIS in HADHSC‐knockdown cells. The pan transaminase inhibitor amino‐oxyacetate reversed HADHSC knockdown‐mediated increases in GSIS. Oxidation of [1‐14C]‐palmitate and ‐octanoate was not reduced in HADHSC‐knockdown cells. l‐3‐Hydroxybutyryl‐carnitine (tested using its precursor l‐3‐hydroxybutyrate) and l‐3‐hydroxyglutarate, which accumulate in blood and urine, respectively, of HADHSC‐deficient patients, did not change insulin secretion.

Conclusions:  Insulin secretion promoted by both fuel and non‐fuel stimuli is negatively regulated by HADHSC. Enhanced secretion after HADHSC knockdown is not due to inhibition of fatty acid oxidation causing an accumulation of long‐chain fatty acids or their CoA derivatives. l‐3‐Hydroxybutyrate and l‐3‐hydroxyglutarate do not mediate enhanced secretion caused by reduced HADHSC activity. Transamination reaction(s) and the formation of short‐chain acylcarnitines and CoAs may be implicated in the mechanism whereby HADHSC deficiency results in enhanced insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia.
The effects of moxaverine on ocular blood flow in patients with age‐related macular degeneration or primary open angle glaucoma and in healthy control subjects
Authors: Pemp Berthold , Garhofer Gerhard , Lasta Michael , Schmidl Doreen , Wolzt Michael , Schmetterer Leopold
Published: April 2010

Purpose:  The phosphodiesterase inhibitor moxaverine has been shown to increase choroidal blood flow (BF) in young healthy subjects. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of intravenously administered moxaverine on ocular BF in patients with age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and in age‐matched control subjects.

Methods:  Twenty patients with AMD, 20 patients with POAG and 20 control subjects were included. Moxaverine 150 mg was applied intravenously over 30 min. BF was measured in the choroid and in the optic nerve head (ONH) using laser‐Doppler flowmetry and in retinal vessels combining laser‐Doppler velocimetry with retinal vessel analysis before and 30, 60 and 90 min after start of drug administration. BF velocities in the retrobulbar vessels were measured using colour Doppler imaging.

Results:  Moxaverine increased choroidal BF by 9 ± 22% (p = 0.012), ONH BF by 13 ± 33% (p = 0.021), mean flow velocity in the ophthalmic artery by 23 ± 34% (p < 0.001) and in the posterior ciliary arteries by 25 ± 35% (p < 0.001). Moxaverine had no significant effect on retinal vessel diameters and retinal BF. There were no significant differences in any of the measured parameters between the three groups.

Conclusion:  The present study indicates that systemic administration of moxaverine increases choroidal and ONH BF in elderly patients with eye diseases associated with hypoperfusion and in age‐matched controls. Further studies in patients are needed to investigate whether long‐term treatment with moxaverine is clinically beneficial for patients with ocular diseases.
Comparative cost‐effectiveness of three intrauterine devices: a multi‐center randomized trial
Authors: Wen Jin , Li Ying , Li Youping , Wang Li , Zhou Jian , Ba Lei , Shen Suqi , Wu Yulin
Published: April 2010

Objective To determine the relative cost‐effectiveness of three intrauterine devices (IUDs), MLCu375, TCu380A, and YuangongCu365.

Methods Cost‐effectiveness of three IUDs, namely MLCu375, TCu380A, and YuangongCu365, was analyzed from the provider's perspective by means of a randomized trial with one‐year follow‐up carried out in six centers in China.

Results YuangongCu 365 had the lowest termination and pregnancy rates (4.17% and 0.54%, respectively), followed by TCu380A (8.59% and 1.11%, respectively) and MLCu375 (14.17% and 2.04%, respectively). YuangongCu365 was more effective yet more costly than the MLCu375. There was a favorably dominating trend of cost‐effectiveness for TCu380A comparing with MLCu375 when taking continuation rate as the effectiveness indicator, but there was no difference in cost‐effectiveness between the two IUDs when using the pregnancy avoidance rate as the effectiveness measure.

Conclusions TCu380A is slightly more cost‐effective than the MLCu375. YuangongCu365 is the most effective of the three devices and be used provided it is economically affordable. The comparative long‐term safety and cost‐effectiveness of these devices need to be further investigated.
Conducting research in the aftermath of disasters: ethical considerations
Authors: O’Mathúna Dónal P
Published: April 2010

Disaster research focuses on the impact disasters have on people and social structures. Planning for and responding to disasters require evidence to guide decision‐makers. The need for such evidence provides an ethical mandate for the conduct of sound disaster research. Disaster research ethics draws attention to ethical issues common to all research involving human subjects. However, disaster research involves a number of distinctive factors, including the degree of devastation affecting participants and the urgency often involved in initiating research projects. Such factors generate ethical issues not usually encountered with other types of research, and create tensions that must be taken into account in designing and conducting disaster research so that it attains the highest ethical standards.

An overview of general research ethics issues is presented here in the context of disaster research. As with all research involving humans, protection of participants and minimizing harm is the highest ethical priority. Other ethical issues include formal ethical approval, informed consent, balancing burdens and benefits, participant recruitment, coercion, the role of compensation, and conflicts of interest. Using examples from specific studies, some of the distinctive features of disaster research ethics are discussed. These include cross‐cultural collaboration and communication, vulnerability of participants arising from the degree of devastation, avoiding exploitation of disaster victims, and protecting researchers. The article concludes with some of the major challenges facing disaster research ethics and how they might be addressed.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization ofBrachyspiraspp. isolated from wild rodents
Authors: Backhans Annette , Johansson Karl‐Erik , Fellström Claes
Published: April 2010

The occurrence of intestinal spirochaetes of genusBrachyspirain wild rodents was studied by cultivating 209 caecal samples. Spirochaetal cultures were obtained from 83% of rats and 33% of house mice. Biochemical characterization and six different species‐specific PCR methods were applied to 101 of 118 isolates and a selection of 34 brachyspiras were further studied by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that isolates representing all the established biochemical phenotypes could be cultured from the rodents, including the porcine pathogensBrachyspira hyodysenteriaeandBrachyspira pilosicoli. Phylogenetic studies indicated that rodents carryBrachyspiraspp. that are closely related to porcine and avian isolates, as well as variants previously not described. One group of hippurate‐negative rat isolates were shown to possess the 16S rRNA gene hexa(T) nucleotide segment, previously described only inB. pilosicoliand ‘Brachyspira corvi’, and phylogenetically they formed a sister lineage of theB. pilosicolicluster. Furthermore, a large number of the rodents were colonized by slowly growing, non‐ or weakly haemolytic spirochaetes. Most of these brachyspiras were isolated at 37°C and phylogenetically they formed two separate clusters. Sequence analysis of their 16S rRNA genes indicated that the new variants ofBrachyspiraspp. may constitute novel species of the genusBrachyspira.
Haemolytic Disease of the New Born Foal
Authors: JEFFCOTT L. B.
Published: April 2010

The clinical picture of haemolytic disease in foals, its laboratory diagnosis together with the haematological, immunological and pathological aspects are reviewed and discussed. Some details of the treatment and management of the disease both in a well‐equipped hospital and in general practice are described.

Le tableau clinique de la maladie hémolytique du foal (ictère hémolytique du foal nouveau né) est brossé. Les aspects hématologiques, immunologiques, pathologiques de cette affection et son diagnostic au laboratoire sont exposés et discutés. Des précisions sont apportées sur les méthodes de traitement tant pour un hopital bien équipé que dans les conditions d'une clientèle non spécialisée.

Das klinische Bild, die Labordiagnose und die haematologischen, imumologischen und pathologischen Besonderheiten der neonatalen Isoerytevolyse der Fohlen werden beschrieben. Einzelheiten der Behandlung in Spitälern und in der Praxis werden angegeben.
Studies on the Development of a New Lead System for Equine Electrocardiography
Authors: HOLMES J. R. , DARKE P. G. G.
Published: April 2010

Following the derivation of resultant cardiac dipole moments from the integration of body surface potentials throughout the cardiac cycle in three horses previously reported, this paper describes observations on the same animals to determine the siting of bipolar leads in the three body axes to produce vectorcardiograms similar to those from the dipole moment studies. The results were compared with those using Einthoven's system. The experimental leads gave more accurate portrayal of the cardiac electric field than the conventional Einthoven's triangle which particularly in the horizontal plane was not representative of the cardiac electric forces.

Cet article décrit l'emplacement des dérivations bipolaires suivant trois axes qui permettent d'obtenir des vectocardiogrammes comparables à ceux obtenus précédemment (étude de la résultante des moments du dipole cardiaque lors de la révolution cardiaque à partir du champ électrique superficiel).

Les résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenus par la méthode d'Einthoven.

Les dérivations expérimentales donnent une image plus précise du champ électrique du coeur que ne le font celles dessinant le triangle d'Einthoven. Ce dernier, notamment dans le plan horizontal, n'est point chez le Cheval représentatif des forces électriques du coeur.

In einem früheren Bericht wurde die Bestimmung kardialer Dipolmomente beschrieben, die auf Grund der Integration von Körperoberflächen‐Potentialen während des ganzen kardialen Zyklus bei 3 Pferden gewonnen werden konnten; der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt nun die Beobachtungen an den gleichen Pferden, die gemacht worden sind, um die Placierung bipolarer Ableitungen in den 3 Körperachsen zu bestimmen. Mit ihrer Hilfe können Vektorkardiogramme gewonnen werden, die mit denjenigen der Dipolmoment‐Untersuchungen vergleichbar sind. Die Resultate werden mit Befunden verglichen, die mit Einthoven's Ableitungen erhalten wurden. Die experimentellen Ableitungen haben eine genauere Analyse des kardialen elektrischen Feldes erlaubt als das konventionelle Einthoven'sche Dreieck, das besonders in der horizontalen Ebene nicht repräsentativ ist für die elektrischen, kardialen Kräfte.
The Heart Rates of Thoroughbred Horses during a Race
Authors: KRZYWANEK H. , WITTKE G. , BAYER A. , BORMAN P.
Published: April 2010

The heart rates of 19 Thoroughbred racehorses have been continuously recorded during racing. Before the start, heart rates are highly variable due partly to emotional influences. In the starting stall immediately prior to the race, frequencies averaging 132 ± 18 were recorded. This corresponds to an anticipated rise in heart rate of 50 per cent of the total rise recorded during the race. Maximal heart rates reached an average of 223 ± 11 (coefficient of variation 5 per cent).

Les rythmes cardiaques de dix neufs chevaux de Pur Sang ont été enregistrés de façon permanente durant la course. Avant le départ les rythmes cardiaques sont très variables, notamment sous l'influence de facteurs émotionnels. Dans les stalles de départ, immédiatement avant la course des fréquences de 132 ± 18 ont été enregistrées. Ceci correspond à une élévation anticipée du rythme cardiaque, de l'ordre de 50% de celui enregistré durant la course. Le rythme cardiaque maximum atteint une moyenne de 223 ± 11 (coefficient de variation 5%).

Die Herzschlagfrequenzen von 19 Rennpferden Englischen Vollbluts wurden kontinuierlich während der Rennen aufgezeichnet. Vor dem Start zeigten sich ausgeprägte Variationen, die zum Teil emotionellen Einflüssen zuzuschreiben waren. In den Startboxen wurden unmittelbar vor dem Rennen Frequenzen von 132 ± 18 gefunden. Dieser Befund stimmt mit einem vorausgesehenen Anstieg der Herzschlagfrequenz um 50% des totalen Anstiegs während des Rennens überein. Die maximalen Herzschlagfrequenzen erreichten einen Durchschnitt von 223 ± 11 (Variationskoeffizienz 5%).
Observations on Laryngeal Hemiplegia in the Horse and Treatment by Abductor Muscle Prosthesis
Authors: MARKS DANIEL , MACKAY‐SMITH M. P. , CUSHING L. S. , LESLIE J. A.
Published: April 2010

Laryngeal hemiplegia in the horse is discussed regarding incidence and pathologic findings. A hypothesis for its etiology is presented. The clinical and differential diagnosis of the condition is outlined and a new surgical technique, consisting of replacement of the paralyzed crico‐arytenoideus dorsalis muscle by an elastic prosthesis is described.

L'hémiplégie laryngée du cheval est étudiée en fonction des données pathologiques. Une hypothèse étiologique est avancée. Le diagnostic clinique et le diagnostic différentiel sont indiqués. Une nouvelle technique chirurgicale faisant intervenir le remplacement du muscle crico arytenoidien dorsal paralysé par une prothèse elastique est décrite.

Die Hemiplegia laryngis des Pferdes wird besprochen hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit ihres Auftretens und der pathologischen Befunde. Eine Hypothese für die Aetiologie wird vorgebracht. Die klinische Diagnose und die Differentialdiagnose des Zustandes werden angegeben. Eine neue chirurgische Technik bestehend aus dem Ersatz des gelähmten Musculus cricoarytaenoideus dorsalis durch eine elastische Prothese wird beschrieben.

Sumario

La Hemiplégia laríngea en el caballo es discutida en realcíon a su incidencia y resultados patológicos. Se presenta una hipótesis de su etiológia. El diagnóstico clínifo y diferencial de esta condicíon es subrayada y una nueva técnica quirurgica consistente en reemplazar el musculo dorsal del cricoaritenodeo utilizando una protesis elastica.
Occurrence of Leptospirosis in Thoroughbred Horses
Authors: TWIGG G. I. , HUGHES D. M. , McDIARMID A.
Published: April 2010

Agglutinins to Leptospira have been demonstrated in 18.7 per cent. of fit Thoroughbred horses from training stables in Berkshire and in 21.2 per cent. of fit Thoroughbreds from various parts of Britain. By contrast 65.2 per cent. of sick horses whose symptoms suggested leptospirosis carried agglutinins to the same organisms. In one case leptospirosis has contributed to poor racing performance and its possible significance for the Thoroughbred horse is discussed.

Sur 18,7 pour cent des Purs Sangs sains provenant du Berkshire et sur 21,2 pour cent des Purs Sangs sains entrainés dans différentes régions d'Angleterre on a trouvé des agglutinines correspondant aux Leptospires.

En comparaison 65,2 pour cent de Purs Sangs malades et dont la maladie évoquait cliniquement une Leptospirose ont été trouvés porteurs d'agglutinines. Dans un cas la Leptospirose a été rendue responsable de mauvaises performances et la signification pathologique possible de cette affection pour le Pur Sang est évoquée.

In Rennställen von Berkshire konnten bei 18.7% der Vollblütern im Training Leptospiren‐Agglutinine nachgewiesen werden. In verschiedenen Teilen Englands betrug der Prozentsatz “fitter” Vollblüter mit Leptospiren‐Agglutininen 21.2%. Im Gegensatz dazu fanden sich Leptospiren‐Agglutinine bei 65.2% kranker Pferde, deren Symptome Leptospirose vermuten liessen. In einem Fall hat Leptospirose zu ungenügenden Rennleistungen beigetragen. Die mögliche Bedeutung dieser Infektion für das Vollblut wird diskutiert.

Sumario

Aglutinacion a la leptospira ha sido demostrado en 18.7 por ciento de caballos pura sangre “puestos”en entrenamiento en Berkshire y 21.2% procedentes de otros partes de la Gran Bretaña. Por contraste el 65.2% de caballos enfer mos cuyos sintomas sugieren Leptospirosis mostraron la aglutinacion. Se sugiere que la baja de un caballo en carreras se debe a leptospira.
II Disturbances of Cardiopulmonary Function in Anaesthetised Horses
Authors: HALL L. W.
Published: April 2010

A large alveolar‐arterial oxygen tension difference has been demonstrated in horses anaesthetised with halothane/oxygen. Preliminary investigation of the factors responsible for this tension difference suggests that it is due to increased venous admixture, and a decrease in cardiac output with no simultaneous decrease in tissue oxygen consumption. It is possible that pressure gradients across the lung result in air‐trapping due to airway closure during part of the respiratory cycle. The main factors responsible for the oxygen tension difference are probably largely outside the control of the anaesthetist.

On a établi l'existence d'une grande différence de tension entre l'oxygène alvèolaire et l'oxygène artèriel chez les chevaux anesthésiés par un mélange halothane/ oxygène.

Il semble, d'après les premières recherches portant sur les causes de ce phénomène, que cette différence de tension soit due à un accroissement de la circulation veineuse, à une réduction du débit cardiaque avec maintien du taux de la cosommation tissulaire d'oxygène.

En raison de la fermeture des voies respiratoires supèrieures durant le cycle respiratoire et à cause de l'existense de gradients de pression dans le poumon, il est possible que de l'air reste emprisonné dans les alvéoles.

Les principaux facteurs responsables pour les différences de tension de l'oxygène sont probablement très peu controlables par l'anesthésiste.

Mit Halothan/Sauerstoff narkotisierte Pferde zeigen eine grosse, arterio‐alveoläre Sauerstoffdruckdifferenz. Erste Untersuchungen lassen vermuten, dass für die Sauerstoffdruckdifferenz eine erhöhte venöse Beimischung und ein vermindertes Minutenvolumen ohne gleichzeitig verminderte Sauerstoffversorgung der Gewebe verantwortlich sind.

Es ist möglich, dass die Druckgradienten in der Lunge zu Luftretention beim Schliessen der Luftwege während des Atemcyclus führen. Die wichtigsten Faktoren, die für die O2‐Spannungsdifferenz verantwortlich sind, können kaum vom Anaesthesisten beeinflusst werden.

Sumario

La diferencia de la tensión del oxigeno en la gran arteria alveolar ha sido demostrado en caballos anestesiados con alotane/oxigeno. Investigaciones preeliminares de los factores responsables de la diferencia de esta tensión sugiere que es debido al aumento de la mexcla venosa, y una disminución en la frecuencia cardia ca con la falta simultanea de la baja del consumo de oxigeno del tejido. Es posible que la presión a través del pulmón resulta en el aire atrapado debido al camino del aire encerrado durante las partes de la respiración en ciclo. Los factores más importantes responsables de la diferencia de la tensión del oxigeno estan probablemente muy fuera del control del anestesista.
Significance of Lesions of the Cornea and Lens in the Examination of Horses for Soundness
Authors: CRAVEN J. R.
Published: April 2010

Lesions of the equine cornea and lens are described. The relative significance of these lesions, their causes are discussed and assessed with special reference to Examination for Soundness. The methods, aids and tests employed to detect these conditions are explained.

Les lésions de la Cornée et du Cristallin chez le Cheval sont décrites. On analyse ensuite leurs causes et leur signification pathologique, dans le cadre en particulier des examens de Santé et d'Aptitude.

Les méthodes utilisées, les tests mis en oeuvre, pour déceler ces conditions font également l'objet de commentaires.

Der Artikel beschreibt Krankheiten der Hornhaut und der Linse. Die relative Bedeutung dieser Krankheiten und deren Aetiologie werden u.a. im Zusammenhang mit der Ankaufsuntersuchung besprochen. Die dabei verwendeten Methoden, Hilfsmittel und Tests werden erklärt.

Sumario

Se describen las lesiones de la cornea y del lente, la significancia y sus causas son discutidas asi como su importancia en el examen de salud. Los metodos, ayudan y los examenes empleados para detectar estas condiciones son explicados.
Significance of Clinical Abnormalities of the Heart in Soundness
Authors: GLENDINNING E. S. A.
Published: April 2010

The normal heart sounds heard on auscultation with a stethoscope are described. Abnormal heart sounds are described, and discussed with reference to their significance at soundness examination.

On décrit les bruits normaux du coeur recueillis à l'aide du stéthoscope.

Les bruits cardiaques anormaux sont passés en revue et analysés en tenant compte de l'importance qu'il faut leur accorder lors d'un examen sanitaire.

Die normalen Herztöne, die bei der Auskultation mit dem Stethoskop gehört werden können, werden in diesem Artikel beschrieben. Anschliessend werden abnorme Befunde diskutièrt in Bezug auf ihre Bedeutung bei einer Ankaufsuntersuchung.

SUMARIO

Se describen los sonidos normales del corazon al estetoscopio. Se describen y discuten los sonidos cardiacos en relación con el examen de salud.
Cardiac Pathology in the Horse
Authors: ELSE R. W. , HOLMES J. R.
Published: April 2010

The paper describes microscopic changes in the heart found on post‐mortem examination of 1557 horses. Particular attention is directed to the changes in the heart valves and in the light of the findings possible etiological factors are discussed.

Cet article décrit les modifications microscopiques du coeur trouvées lors de l'examen post mortem de 1557 chevaux.

Les modifications valvulaires ont été l'objet d'une particulière attention.

A la lumière des constatations faites d'éventuelles explications étiologiques sont envisagées.

Der Artikel beschreibt die mikroskopischen Veränderungen, die anlässlich der Untersuchung von 1557 Pferdeherzen festgestellt werden konnten. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt den Klappenveränderungen. Die möglichen aetiologischen Faktoren werden diskutiert.
(1) A Clinician's Views on the Use and Misuse of Phenylbutazone
Authors: DUNN P. SCOTT
Published: April 2010

The author gives his views on the use and misuse of phenylbutazone with particular reference to horses used for showjumping, combined training, dressage and polo. His views on the methods that could be taken to control and prevent the misuse of the drug are outlined.

L'auteur donne son point de vue sur l'emploi à bon escient et à mauvais escient de la phénylbutazone, notamment en ce qui concerne les chevaux de concours hippique, de concours complet, de dressage et de polo. Il exprime son opinion sur les méthodes qui pourraient etre utilisées pour controler et prévenir l'emploi abusif de ce médicament.

Der Autor vermittelt seine Ansichten über den Gebrauch und den Missbrauch von Phenylbutazon (Butazolidin) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Pferde, die im Springsport, bei Militaries, in der Dressur und im Polosport eingesetzt werden. Die Massnahmen, die getroffen werden könnten, um den Missbrauch des Medikaments zu kontrollieren und zu verhindern, werden gestreift.
(2) Uses and Misuses of Anti‐inflammatory Drugs in Racehorses ‐ I
Authors: HOPES RAYMOND
Published: April 2010

The anti‐inflammatory drugs used in racehorses and their uses are given. Misuse of these drugs from the scientific point of view and also that of the racing authorities is discussed. The role of the veterinary surgeon with regard to the control of drugs is outlined and a plea made for guidance on clearance times to prevent therapeutic use being confused with doping.

Les substances anti inflammatoires utilisées chez le Cheval de Course sont énumèrées en indiquant leur emploi. L'abus de ces médicaments tant d'un point de vue scientifique que du point de vue des autorités hippiques est envisagé.

Le rôle que peut jouer le Vétérinaire dans le controle de l'emploi de ces médicaments est esquissé.

La nécessité d'une information sur les temps d'élimination est indiquée, afin de pouvoir éviter toute confusion entre un emploi thérapeutique et un emploi dopant.

Die entzündungshemmenden Medikamente und ihre Anwendung beim Rennpferd werden beschrieben. Der Missbrauch derartiger Medikamente wird vom wissenschaftlichen Standpunkt und vom Standpunkt der Rennbehörden diskutiert.

Die Rolle des Tierarztes in der Ueberwachung der Medikamente wird gestreift und gleichzeitig werden Richtlinien über die Ausscheidungszeiten gewünscht, damit der therapeutische Gebrauch nicht mit Doping verwechselt werde.
Further Studies on a New Lead for Equine Electrocardiography
Authors: HOLMES J. R. , ELSE R. W.
Published: April 2010

This paper describes the development of a “semiorthogonal” lead system for equine electrocardiography and assesses its accuracy in portraying the direction of the cardiac electric field during ventricular depolarisation. This lead system is superior to the Einthoven method, appears to give an accurate representation of the cardiac electric field, is easy to apply and is now being used routinely in clinical electrocardiography in the horse.

Cet article décrit un nouveau systême de dérivations E.C.G. utilisable chez le Cheval. Et démontre l'aptitude de ce systême—dit semi orthogonal—à reproduire la direction du champ électrique cardiaque durant la dépolarisation ventriculaire.

Ce systême parait etre supèrieur au systême d'Einhoven puisqu'il donne une représentation fidèle du champ électrique cardiaque et puisqu'il est facile d'emploi, tant qu'on l'utilise déja couramment en electrccardiographie équine.

Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Entwicklung eines “semi‐orthogonalen” Ableitungssystems für die Elektro cardiographie beim Pferd und beurteilt dessen Genauigkeit in der Darstellung der Richtung des cardialen elektrischen Feldes während der ventrikulären Depolarisation. Das Ableitungssystem ist der Einthoven‐Methode überlegen, scheint eine exakte Darstellung des cardialen elektrischen Feldes zu liefern, ist einfach anzulegen und wird nun routinemässig für die klinische Elektrocardiographie beim Pferd verwendet.
(3) Modern Concepts of Neonatal Disease in Foals
Authors: ROSSDALE PETER D.
Published: April 2010

A suggested classification of neonatal disease is presented under four headings:

Group I: Infective conditions characterised by fever, lethargy and reduced strength of suck reflex.

Group II: Non‐infective conditions characterised by gross disturbances in behaviour.

Group III: Developmental abnormalities characterised by failure of a part or parts to develop normally.

Group IV: Immunological conditions characterised by a reaction between maternal and foetal tissues.

A summary of the knowledge of aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and pathology of each group is recorded, and the foetal environment and birth process are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of equine neonatal disease.

On suggère une classification des maladies néo‐natales en quatre groupes:

Groupe I: Conditions infectieuses caractérisées par de la fièvre, de la léthargie, et une diminution du réflexe de succion.

Groupe II: Conditions non‐infectieuses caractérisées par des troubles importants du comportement.

Groupe III: Anomalies de constitution caractérisées par l'absence de développement d'une ou de plusieurs parties du corps.

Groupe IV: Conditions immunologiques caractérisées par une réaction entre les tissus maternels et foetaux.

Un résumé des connaissances de l'étiologie, du diagnostic, du traitement et de la pathologie de chaque groupe est donné. Le rôle de l'environnement et de la mise bas sont envisagés dans la pathogénie de ces maladies néonatales.

Es wird eine Klassierung der Neugeborenenerkrankungen in vier Gruppen vorgeschlagen:

Gruppe I: Infektiöse Zustände mit Fieber, Lethargie und abgeschwächtem Saugreflex.

Gruppe 2: Nicht‐infektiöse Zustände mit starken Verhaltensstörungen.

Gruppe 3: Anomalien der Entwicklung eines oder mehrerer Körperteile.

Gruppe 4: Immunologische Krankheiten gekennzeichnet durch eine Reaktion zwischen mütterlichen und foetalen Geweben.

Es wird eine Zusammenfassung der Kenntnisse über die Aetiologie, die Diagnose, Behandlung und Pathologie jeder Gruppe gegeben; die foetale Umgebung und der Geburtsvorgang werden diskutiert in ihrem Zusammenhang mit equinen, neonatalen Krankheiten.

1 William R. Warner, Eastleigh, Hampshire, England.

2 Penbritin, Beecham Veterinary Products, England.

3 Orbenin, Beecham Veterinary Products, England.

4 Trivetrin, Burroughs Wellcome and Co., England.

5 Epanutin, Parke Davis and Co., England.

6 Sherwood Medical Industries Inc., Florida, U.S.A.

7 Armour Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., England.

8 Ames Company, England.

9 Lanoxin, Burroughs Wellcome and Co., England.

10 Konakion, Roche Products, England.

11 Sherwood Medical Industries Inc., Florida, U.S.A.

12 Armour Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., England.
Radiological Techniques in the Diagnosis of Navicular Disease
Authors: CAMPBELL J. R. , LEE R.
Published: April 2010

Various methods have been described for radiological investigation of navicular disease. These methods are examined and compared by means of specimens, projection drawings and radiographs. The high coronary route with the tube angled at 60° to the horizontal appears to be the most satisfactory.

On a décrit plusieurs méthodes d'investigations radiologiques de la maladie naviculaire. Ces méthodes sont étudiées et comparées à l'aide de dessins, de schémas et de radiographies.

L'approche coronaire haute sous un angle de 60° semble la méthode la plus satisfaisante.

Verschiedene Methoden für die radiologische Untersuchung der Strahlbeinlahmheit sind beschrieben worden. Diese Methoden werden miteinander aufgrund von Präparaten, Projektionszeichnungen und Röntgenaufnahmen verglichen. Ein Strahlengang durch die Krone mit der Röhre in einem Winkel von 60° zur Horizontalen scheint die zufriedenstellendsten Resultate zu ergeben.
Observations on Parturition in Crossbred Pony Mares
Authors: JEFFCOTT L. B.
Published: April 2010

No previous account of parturition in the pony mare is to be found in the literature. The paper describes 24 cases of foaling in 13 crossbred pony mares. The mean gestation length was 339 days, and colt foals were carried four days longer than filly foals. All the mares were stabled at the time of foaling and all except one gave birth during the night.

Parturition was short and no dystocia was noted. All the foals were presented anteriorly, in dorsal position and normal posture. First stage labour was not easy to assess in some cases but appeared shorter than in the larger breeds. Second stage labour lasted about 12 minutes and the afterbirths were passed at 60 (5–180) minutes. The newly born foals rested for a short period and were able to stand by 32 minutes and took 65 minutes to the time of first suck. The first meconium was passed at 145 minutes, and the time of first micturition was 8.5 hours.

On ne peut trouver dans la littérature aucun compte rendu de la mise bas chez le poney. Cet article décrit 24 cas de poulinage chez 13 poulinières poneys de croisement.

La durée moyenne de la gestation fur de 339 jours et les poulains de sexe mâle furent en moyenne portés quatre jours de plus que les pouliches. Toutes les juments furent mises au box à l'époque présumée de la mise bas et toutes, à l'exception d'une, accouchèrent la nuit.

La mise bas fut brève et aucune dystocie ne fut constatée. Tous les poulains avaient une présentation antèrieure normale. Le premier temps du travail ne fut pas toujours aiséà identifier mais paru plus bref que chez les grandes races. Le deuxième temps du travail dura en moyenne 12 minutes et l'expulsion des enveloppes eut lieu entre 5 et 180 minutes après la mise bas, moyenne 60 minutes. Les nouveaux nés se reposèrent durant une brève période, se tenaient debout après 32 minutes en moyenne et têtaient pour la première fois eprès 65 minutes en moyenne. Le début de l'explusion du meconium se produisit après 145 minutes, la première miction s'effectuait après 8 heures et demie.

In der Literatur ist keine Beschreibung der Geburt bei der Ponystute zu finden. Der Artikel bezieht sich auf 24 Geburten bei 13 nicht rein gezüchteten Ponystuten. Die durchschnittliche Trächtigkeitsdauer war 339 Tage, wobei die Hengstfohlen vier Tage länger getragen wurden als Stutfohlen. Alle Stuten befanden sich für die Geburt im Stall und fohlten mit einer Ausnahme während der Nacht ab.

Der Geburtsvorgang selber dauerte kurze Zeit und Dystokie kam nicht vor. Alle Fohlen wurden in Vorderendlage, oberer Stellung und normaler Haltung geboren. Die Eröffnungswehen waren in einigen Fällen nicht leicht zu erkennen, schienen aber weniger lang zu dauern als bei grösseren Equiden. Die Austreibungsphase dauerte etwa 12 Minuten und die Nachgeburt ging nach 60 (5–180) Minuten ab. Die neugeborenen Fohlen ruhten während kurzer Zeit, standen nach 32 Minuten und saugten nach 65 Minuten zum ersten Mal. Das erste Meconium ging nach 145 Minuten ab und der erste Harnabsatz fand nach 8 1/2 Stunden statt.
Chromosome Findings in Horses Treated with Phenylbutazone
Authors: STEVENSON A. C. , HASTIE P. S. , ARCHER R. K.
Published: April 2010

Horses treated with phenylbutazone (PBZ) at the usual therapeutic levels showed some evidence of damage to chromosomes, but not significantly more than in control horses. The possibility of genetic damage caused by drugs in horses which are inbred should nonetheless be borne in mind.

Les chevaux traités avec la phénylbutazone à des doses thérapeutiques normales montrent des lésions chromosomiques dans une proportion plus élevée mais non significative par rapport aux chevaux témoins.

La possibilité d'anomalies génétiques induites par certaines médications chez les chevaux issus de croisements consanguins devrait être considèrée avec attention.

Pferde, die mit Phenylbutazone (PB 7) in therapeutischen Dosen behandelt worden sind, zeigten Anzeichen einer Chromosomschädigung, die allerdings nicht signifikant häufiger waren als bei Kontrollpferden. Die Möglichkeit einer genetischen Schädigung durch Medikamente bei ingezüchteten Pferden sollte nicht vergessen werden.
Serum Iron and Total Iron‐binding Capacity of the Serum in Trotters
Authors: RAJAKOSKI E. , MERO M. , VALTONEN MAIJA
Published: April 2010

Serum iron and total iron‐binding capacity as well as total serum protein and haemoglobin content of blood were measured in samples collected from healthy working trotters at rest and after standard exercise. It is considered that the post exercise values give a more meaningful assessment of the whole body iron status.

The mean values obtained in this investigation were as follows: Serum iron 226.26 μg/100 ml. Total iron‐binding capacity 453.22 μg/100 ml. Total serum protein 7.10 Gm/100 ml and Haemoglobin 18.11 Gm/100 ml.

Le fer sérique, le fer total, les protéines sériques, l'hémoglobine du sang ont été mesurés sur des échantillons de sang recueillis sur des trotteurs en bonne santé, au repos et après un exercice standardisé.

Il apparait que les valeurs recueillies après exercice donnent une représentation plus significative des quantités de fer présentes dans l'organisme.

Les valeurs moyennes obtenues furent les suivantes: Hémoglobine: 18,11 Gm pour 100 ml—Fer serique: 226,26 g pour 100 ml—Protéines totales du serum: 7,10 gm pour 100 ml.

Der Serum‐Eisengehalt und die totale Eisenbindungskapazität, sowie der Gesamt‐Proteingehalt und den Haemoglobingehalt des Blutes wurden bei gesunden Trabern in Ruhe und nach standardisierter Arbeit gemessen. Es wird geschlossen, dass die nach Arbeit erhaltenen Werte eine bessere Beurteilung des Gesamtkörper‐Eisenstatus erlauben.

Die Durchschnittswerte lauten wie folgt: Haemoglobin 18,11 g/100 ml; Serum‐Eisen 226,26 μg/100 ml; totale Eisenbindungskapazität 453,22 μg/100 ml, Gesamteiweiss 7,1 g/100 ml.