bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE ON THE UNIFIED ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORK (UAF)
Authors: Hause Matthew , Bleakley Graham , Morkevicius Aurelijus
Published: July 2017

Architecture frameworks continue to evolve. The unified profile for the US Department of Defense (DoD) Architecture Framework (DoDAF) and the UK Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework (MODAF) (UPDM) provides a standard means of representing DoDAF, MODAF, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) architecture framework (NAF) conformant architectures using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and Systems Modeling Language (SysML). Since the UPDM V2.0 publication, further information has emerged such as the June 2011 NATO study entitled: “Development of The AMN (Afghanistan Mission Network) Architecture In 2010 – Lessons Learned,” by Torsten Graeber of the NATO C3 Agency. This report identified the following in section 4.1‐ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORKS, sub‐section 4.1.2 Observations (Need for a Unified Architecture Framework) and stated that:

Differences in DoDAF, MODAF, and NAF make it difficult to match the metamodel one to one.

Some of the concepts in the frameworks have the same name but different definitions, such as different semantics.

Difficult to crosswalk the concepts between the different frameworks lead to miscommunication between architects using different frameworks.

Based on the above, the NATO Architecture Capability Team (Architecture CaT) meeting on 10‐11 September 2012 committed to moving to a single worldwide architecture framework. Consequently, a new architecture framework profile supporting a unified framework is needed. It is intended that this framework bring the different architecture frameworks together. The UPDM V3.0 domain metamodel shall be derived from MODEM (the MODAF metamodel) and the DoDAF 2.0 metamodel (DM2), both of which are based on the International Defence Enterprise Architecture Specification Foundation (IDEAS). This paper will document the rationale behind the UPDM 3.0 as well as its new name of the unified architecture framework (UAF).
Simultaneous measurements of lymphatic vessel contraction, flow and valve dynamics in multiple lymphangions using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Blatter Cedric , Meijer Eelco F. J. , Padera Timothy P. , Vakoc Benjamin J.
Published: July 2017

Lymphatic dysfunction is involved in many diseases including lymphedema, hypertension, autoimmune responses, graft rejection, atherosclerosis, microbial infections, cancer and cancer metastasis. Expanding our knowledge of lymphatic system function can lead to a better understanding of these disease processes and improve treatment options. Here, optical coherence tomography (OCT) methods were used to reveal intraluminal valve dynamics in 3 dimensions, and measure lymph flow and vessel contraction simultaneously in 3 neighboring lymphangions of the afferent collecting lymphatic vessels to the popliteal lymph node in mice. Flow measurements were based on Doppler OCT techniques in combination with exogenous lymph labeling by Intralipid. Through these imaging methods, it is possible to study lymphatic function and pumping more comprehensively. These capabilities can lead to a better understanding of the regulation and dysregulation of lymphatic vessels in health and disease. The image depicts the dynamic measurements of lymphatic valves, lymphatic vessels cross‐sectional area and lymph velocity simultaneously measured in vivo with optical coherence tomography.
Developing Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool for label‐free antigen detection
Authors: Lewis Aaran T. , Gaifulina Riana , Guppy Naomi J , Isabelle Martin , Dorney Jennifer , Lloyd Gavin R. , Rodriguez‐Justo Manuel , Kendall Catherine , Stone Nicholas , Thomas Geraint M.
Published: July 2017

For several decades, a multitude of studies have documented the ability of Raman spectroscopy (RS) to differentiate between tissue types and identify pathological changes to tissues in a range of diseases. Furthermore, spectroscopists have illustrated that the technique is capable of detecting disease‐specific alterations to tissue before morphological changes become apparent to the pathologist. This study draws comparisons between the information that is obtainable using RS alongside immunohistochemistry (IHC), since histological examination is the current GOLD standard for diagnosing a wide range of diseases. Here, Raman spectral maps were generated using formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded colonic tissue sections from healthy patients and spectral signatures from principal components analysis (PCA) were compared with several IHC markers to confirm the validity of their localizations. PCA loadings identified a number of signatures that could be assigned to muscle, DNA and mucin glycoproteins and their distributions were confirmed with antibodies raised against anti‐Desmin, anti‐Ki67 and anti‐MUC2, respectively. The comparison confirms that there is excellent correlation between RS and the IHC markers used, demonstrating that the technique is capable of detecting compositional changes in tissue in a label‐free manner, eliminating the need for antibodies.
Enhanced volumetric imaging in 2‐photon microscopy via acoustic lens beam shaping
Authors: Piazza Simonluca , Bianchini Paolo , Sheppard Colin , Diaspro Alberto , Duocastella Martí
Published: July 2017

Three‐dimensional imaging at high‐spatiotemporal resolutions and over large penetration depths is key for unmasking the dynamics and structural organization of complex biological systems. However, the need to axially shift the focus, with consequent limitations in imaging speed, and signal degradation at large depths due to scattering effects, makes this task challenging. Here, we present a novel approach in 2‐photon excitation microscopy that allows fast volumetric imaging and enhanced signal‐to‐background (S/B) in thick tissue. Our technique is based on ultrafast beam shaping at each pixel by means of an acoustic optofluidic lens. Shaping the excitation beam with different phase profiles enables both high‐speed axial focus shifting, for continuous volumetric imaging, and controlled aberrated imaging, advantageous for out‐of‐focus background removal. We provide a theoretical description of our approach, and demonstrate volumetric imaging of neuronal cells from a mouse brain slice with enhancements in S/B up to a factor of 10 over a depth of 600 μm.
K‐distribution three‐dimensional mapping of biological tissues in optical coherence tomography
Authors: Sugita Mitsuro , Brown Robert A. , Popov Ivan , Vitkin Alex
Published: July 2017

Probability density function (PDF) analysis with K‐distribution model of optical coherence tomography (OCT) intensity signals has previously yielded a good representation of the average number of scatterers in a coherence volume for microspheres‐in‐water systems, and has shown initial promise for biological tissue characterization. In this work, we extend these previous findings, based on single point M‐mode or two‐dimenstional slice analysis, to full three‐dimensional (3D) imaging maps of the shape parameter α of the K‐distribution PDF. After selecting a suitably sized 3D evaluation window, and verifying methodology in phantoms, the resultant parametric α images obtained in different animal tissues (rat liver and brain) show new contrasting ability not seen in conventional OCT intensity images.
A hybrid clustering algorithm for multiple‐source resolving in bioluminescence tomography
Authors: Guo Hongbo , Yu Jingjing , Hu Zhenhua , Yi Huangjian , Hou Yuqing , He Xiaowei
Published: July 2017

Bioluminescence tomography is a preclinical imaging modality to locate and quantify internal bioluminescent sources from surface measurements, which experienced rapid growth in the last 10 years. However, multiple‐source resolving remains a challenging issue in BLT. In this study, it is treated as an unsupervised pattern recognition problem based on the reconstruction result, and a novel hybrid clustering algorithm combining the advantages of affinity propagation (AP) and K‐means is developed to identify multiple sources automatically. Moreover, we incorporate the clustering analysis into a general multiple‐source reconstruction framework, which can provide stable reconstruction and accurate resolving result without providing the number of targets. Numerical simulations and in vivo experiments on 4T1‐luc2 mouse model were conducted to assess the performance of the proposed method in multiple‐source resolving. The encouraging results demonstrate significant effectiveness and potential of our method in preclinical BLT applications.
A 15.6 frames per second 1‐megapixel multiple exposure laser speckle contrast imaging setup
Authors: Hultman Martin , Fredriksson Ingemar , Larsson Marcus , Alvandpour Atila , Strömberg Tomas
Published: July 2017

A multiple exposure laser speckle contrast imaging (MELSCI) setup for visualizing blood perfusion was developed using a field programmable gate array (FPGA), connected to a 1000 frames per second (fps) 1‐megapixel camera sensor. Multiple exposure time images at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 milliseconds were calculated by cumulative summation of 64 consecutive snapshot images. The local contrast was calculated for all exposure times using regions of 4 × 4 pixels. Averaging of multiple contrast images from the 64‐millisecond acquisition was done to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The results show that with an effective implementation of the algorithm on an FPGA, contrast images at all exposure times can be calculated in only 28 milliseconds. The algorithm was applied to data recorded during a 5 minutes finger occlusion. Expected contrast changes were found during occlusion and the following hyperemia in the occluded finger, while unprovoked fingers showed constant contrast during the experiment. The developed setup is capable of massive data processing on an FPGA that enables processing of MELSCI data in 15.6 fps (1000/64 milliseconds). It also leads to improved frame rates, enhanced image quality and enables the calculation of improved microcirculatory perfusion estimates compared to single exposure time systems.
Shear‐induced diffusion of red blood cells measured with dynamic light scattering‐optical coherence tomography
Authors: Tang Jianbo , Erdener Sefik Evren , Li Baoqiang , Fu Buyin , Sakadzic Sava , Carp Stefan A. , Lee Jonghwan , Boas David A.
Published: July 2017

Quantitative measurements of intravascular microscopic dynamics, such as absolute blood flow velocity, shear stress and the diffusion coefficient of red blood cells (RBCs), are fundamental in understanding the blood flow behavior within the microcirculation, and for understanding why diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements of blood flow are dominantly sensitive to the diffusive motion of RBCs. Dynamic light scattering‐optical coherence tomography (DLS‐OCT) takes the advantages of using DLS to measure particle flow and diffusion within an OCT resolution‐constrained three‐dimensional volume, enabling the simultaneous measurements of absolute RBC velocity and diffusion coefficient with high spatial resolution. In this work, we applied DLS‐OCT to measure both RBC velocity and the shear‐induced diffusion coefficient within penetrating venules of the somatosensory cortex of anesthetized mice. Blood flow laminar profile measurements indicate a blunted laminar flow profile and the degree of blunting decreases with increasing vessel diameter. The measured shear‐induced diffusion coefficient was proportional to the flow shear rate with a magnitude of ~0.1 to 0.5 × 10−6 mm2. These results provide important experimental support for the recent theoretical explanation for why DCS is dominantly sensitive to RBC diffusive motion.
Discounting: A practical guide to multilevel analysis of indifference data
Authors: Young Michael E.
Published: July 2017

Multilevel modeling provides the ability to simultaneously evaluate the discounting of individuals and groups using indifference point data. After considering the conditions when weaknesses emerge in estimating individual discounting as a prelude to estimating group discounting, examples are provided that indicate that multilevel modeling improves estimation in the presence of variability and missing data, and when trying to fit two‐parameter discounting functions. Concrete examples of how to fit nonlinear multilevel models are provided to help researchers in the adoption of these methods.
Cover Image, Volume 97, Issue 11
Authors: Wells Hannah C , Sizeland Katie H , Cooper Sue M , Kirby Nigel , Hawley Adrian , Mudie Stephen , Haverkamp Richard G
Published: July 2017

The cover image, by Hannah C Wells et al., is based on the Research Article Deer leather: analysis of the microstructure affecting pebble, DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8199.

image
Heterogeneous community perspectives of emotional solidarity with tourists: Considering Antalya, Turkey
Authors: Woosnam Kyle M. , Erul Emrullah , Ribeiro Manuel A.
Published: July 2017

This work examines emotional solidarity to determine to what extent residents' perceptions are heterogeneous by considering a host of sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. An on‐site survey instrument was administered to 660 residents living in the popular Turkish tourism destination, Antalya. Psychometric results provide support for the employment of the Emotional Solidarity Scale and its factor structure in an international context. Significant differences in Emotional Solidarity Scale factor means were found across five variables (e.g., gender, age, education level, tourism employment status, and level of tourism dependence). Theoretical and practical implications are offered, as are the limitations and potential future research opportunities.
The Moderating Effect of Childhood Maltreatment on the Relations Among PTSD Symptoms, Positive Urgency, and Negative Urgency
Authors: Price Matthew , Connor Julie P. , Allen Holley C.
Published: July 2017

Childhood maltreatment increases the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid substance use disorder (SUD). One pathway by which this occurs is through impaired emotion regulation. Past research has shown that negative urgency, a deficit in the regulation of negative emotions, is strongly related to PTSD in those with comorbid SUD. However, there is minimal research on the relation between positive urgency and PTSD in those with comorbid SUD. The current study investigated the association between childhood maltreatment, positive urgency, negative urgency, and PTSD symptoms among those with SUD. Results suggested that PTSD was associated with negative urgency and positive urgency overall. Childhood maltreatment did not moderate the association between negative urgency and PTSD. Childhood emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse moderated the relation between positive urgency and PTSD (ΔR2 = .04 to .10). The association between PTSD and positive urgency was only significant at lower levels of emotional abuse and neglect. Future research should further examine the processing of positive emotions in those with PTSD and comorbid SUD. Findings might inform clinical interventions among populations exposed to childhood maltreatment to reduce or prevent the development of psychopathology.
Improved autologous cortical bone harvest and viability with 2Flute otologic burs
Authors: Roth Adam A. , Tang Pei‐Ciao , Ye Michael J. , Mohammad Khalid S. , Nelson Rick F.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To determine if 2Flute (Stryker Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI) otologic burs improve the size, cellular content, and bone healing of autologous cortical bone grafts harvested during canal wall reconstruction (CWR) tympanomastoidectomy with mastoid obliteration.

Study Design

Institutional review board‐approved prospective cohort study.

Methods

Human autologous cortical bone chips were harvested using various burs (4 and 6 mm diameter; multiflute, and 2Flute [Stryker Corporation]) from patients undergoing CWR tympanomastoidectomy for the treatment of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. Bone chip size, cell counts, cellular gene expression, and new bone formation were quantified.

Results

Bone chips were significantly larger when harvested with 2Flute (Stryker Corporation) bur compared to multiflute burs at both 6 mm diameter (113 ± 14 μm2 vs. 66 ± 8 μm2; P < 0.05) and 4 mm diameter (70 ± 8 μm2 vs. 50 ± 3 μm2; P < 0.05). After 2 weeks in culture, cell numbers were significantly higher when harvested with 2Flute (Stryker Corporation) bur compared to multiflute burs at both 6 mm diameter (48.7 ± 3 vs. 31.8 ± 3 cells/μg bone; P < 0.05) and 4 mm diameter (27.6 ± 1.2 vs. 8.8 ± 1.2 cells/μg bone; P < 0.05). Bone‐derived cells express osteoblast markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin). Cultured cells are able to form new bone in culture, and bone formation is facilitated by the presence of bone chips.

Conclusion

Use of 2Flute (Stryker Corporation) otologic burs for human autologous cortical bone harvest results in more viable bone fragments, with larger bone chips and more osteoblasts. Future studies are needed to determine if this leads to improved bone healing.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E41–E46, 2018
Influence of multi‐wavelength laser irradiation of enamel and dentin surfaces at 0.355, 2.94, and 9.4 μm on surface morphology, permeability, and acid resistance
Authors: Chang Nai‐Yuan N. , Jew Jamison M. , Simon Jacob C. , Chen Kenneth H. , Lee Robert C. , Fried William A. , Cho Jinny , Darling Cynthia L. , Fried Daniel
Published: July 2017

Objective

Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) lasers can be used to specifically target protein, water, and mineral, respectively, in dental hard tissues to produce varying changes in surface morphology, permeability, reflectivity, and acid resistance. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of laser irradiation and topical fluoride application on the surface morphology, permeability, reflectivity, and acid resistance of enamel and dentin to shed light on the mechanism of interaction and develop more effective treatments.

Methods

Twelve bovine enamel surfaces and twelve bovine dentin surfaces were irradiated with various combinations of lasers operating at 0.355 (Freq.‐tripled Nd:YAG (UV) laser), 2.94 (Er:YAG laser), and 9.4 μm (CO2 laser), and surfaces were exposed to an acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and an acid challenge. Changes in the surface morphology, acid resistance, and permeability were measured using digital microscopy, polarized light microscopy, near‐IR reflectance, fluorescence, polarization sensitive‐optical coherence tomography (PS‐OCT), and surface dehydration rate measurements.

Results

Different laser treatments dramatically influenced the surface morphology and permeability of both enamel and dentin. CO2 laser irradiation melted tooth surfaces. Er:YAG and UV lasers, while not melting tooth surfaces, showed markedly different surface roughness. Er:YAG irradiation led to significantly rougher enamel and dentin surfaces and led to higher permeability. There were significant differences in acid resistance among the various treatment groups.

Conclusion

Surface dehydration measurements showed significant changes in permeability after laser treatments, application of fluoride and after exposure to demineralization. CO2 laser irradiation was most effective in inhibiting demineralization on enamel while topical fluoride was most effective for dentin surfaces. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:913–927, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Ozone Degradation of Alternating Copolymers ofN‐Substituted Maleimides with Diene Monomers
Authors: Nomura Kenta , Tsujii Asuka , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: July 2017

Radical copolymerization ofN‐substituted maleimides (RMIs) and maleic anhydride (MAn) in combination with 2,4‐dimethyl‐1,3‐pentadiene (DMPD) and 1,3‐pentadiene (PD) provides alternating copolymers with excellent thermal stability. Onset temperatures of decomposition are 280–331 and 336–371 °C for the copolymers with DMPD and PD, respectively. Glass transition temperatures of RMI copolymers are in a wide range of 54–138 °C depending on the bulkiness ofN‐substituents. MAn copolymers are transformed to the corresponding RMI copolymers by postpolymerization reactions, which consist of quantitative addition of an alkylamine to an anhydride moiety of MAn copolymers and the subsequent heating. The copolymers synthesized in this study include ozone‐degradable carbon‐to‐carbon double bonds in their main chain. Molecular weight of the copolymers rapidly decreases by ozone degradation. Surface modification of casted polymer films is also performed by exposure to ozone‐containing air.
Precipitable water vapour estimation using the permanent single GPS station in Zanjan, Iran
Authors: Abbasy Saeed , Abbasi Madjid , Asgari Jamal , Ghods Abdolreza
Published: July 2017

Meteorological investigations using the global positioning system (GPS) are based on expensive permanent networks and they are not developed globally on the Earth. In this study it is confirmed that single station GPS meteorology is feasible where there is no possibility for development of a sophisticated dense GPS network. Since 1 January 2011 a GPS station has been installed in the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences in the province of Zanjan, Iran, where upper air meteorological data are not available. The GPS data were processed in order to estimate the zenith total delay (ZTD) of GPS signals due to the troposphere. The estimated ZTD was then transformed to precipitable water vapour (PWV) using the ERA‐Interim globally available humidity and temperature vertical profiles. Three kinds of validation were applied to the estimated PWV and all of them reasonably proved the validity of the GPS results: (1) the measured surface water vapour pressure and dew point temperature show 87.8 and 86.6% correlation respectively with the estimated PWV; (2) the PWV measured using radiosondes in three neighbouring cities of Zanjan (Tabriz, Tehran and Kermanshah) with nearly the same climatic regime show 81.1, 71.7 and 66.4% correlation respectively with the GPS PWV time series, and (3) the global reanalysis datasets for Zanjan show 89.2% correlation with the GPS results. These validations indicate that, in the absence of permanent GPS networks, if proper data processing strategies are adopted the low cost single station GPS meteorology can be considered as a possibility for meteorological monitoring.
Anticipation of the winter wheat growth based on seasonal weather forecasts over France
Authors: Canal Nicolas , Deudon Olivier , Le Bris Xavier , Gate Philippe , Pigeon Grégoire , Regimbeau Mathieu , Calvet Jean‐Christophe
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to examine the ability of a crop model forced by seasonal weather forecasts to anticipate correctly the agrometeorological variables affecting the growth of winter wheat in France. The method is based on wheat growth simulations over 199 sites in France for the period 1981–2005 driven by seasonal weather forecasts, consisting of 6 month long, 45 member hindcasts starting on 1 February. These simulations were challenging a climatologically based wheat growth forecasting system currently used by ARVALIS − Institut du végétal. Both simulations were evaluated against a reference dataset. The simulations using the seasonal weather forecast present good skills for the dates of occurrence of the main growth stages: the ‘leaf sheaths strongly erect’ stage (also referenced as Zadoks scale Z30), the ‘head visible’ stage (Zadoks scale Z50) and the ‘kernel hard’ stage (Zadoks scale Z91). The simulations forced by the seasonal weather forecasts have lower bias than those forced by the climatological data: respectively −0.2 against 1.4 days for the Z30 stage, 1.1 against 3.2 days for the Z50 stage, 1.3 against 4.2 days for the Z91 stage. It is shown that the seasonal forecasting system provides more hit rates than the climatologically based method does. Thus, for the different events forecasted here, better predictability is found using the seasonal forecasting system. Despite shortcomings highlighted in this study, it is shown that a method based on seasonal weather forecasts could be applied in an operational context over France, in order to improve the method currently used in the agricultural sector.
Point verification and improved communication of the low‐to‐medium cloud cover forecasts
Authors: Tam Junella , Wong Wai‐kin
Published: July 2017

The amount of sunshine weighs heavily in our perception of the weather. It is largely determined by cloud cover, especially that at the low‐to‐medium level. Therefore, when reviewing the Hong Kong Observatory's weather symbol forecasting product, verification on the low‐to‐medium cloud field is carried out against the synoptic observations at the Hong Kong International Airport. Several metrics are used to examine the different aspects of the forecasts, and consideration is given to the non‐Gaussian nature of the reported cloud amount for a fairer assessment. Based on the data from January to mid‐August 2015, the median of the forecasts from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Ensemble Prediction System is found to outperform the other model forecasts, particularly when the performance is examined by forecast day. This paper presents these results and also discusses the potential of using the field in deriving site‐specific weather symbol forecasts.
Piperonal attenuates visceral adiposity in mice fed a high‐fat diet: potential involvement of the adenylate cyclase–protein kinase A dependent pathway
Authors: Chu Songyi , Narayan Vikram P. , Sung Mi‐Kyung , Park Taesun
Published: July 2017

Scope

Piperonal is an aromatic compound found in vanilla and has a floral odor resembling vanillin. This study was aimed to test whether piperonal attenuates visceral adiposity induced by a high‐fat diet (HFD) in mice and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods and results

Male C57BL/6N mice were fed a normal diet, HFD, or 0.05% piperonal‐supplemented HFD (PSD) for 10 weeks. PSD‐fed mice showed attenuation of body weight gain, total visceral fat pad weights, and plasma lipid levels compared to HFD‐fed mice. Piperonal supplementation of the HFD increased the mRNA expression of certain isotypes of adenylate cyclase (Adcy) and protein kinase A (PKA) in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice. The adipogenesis‐related genes were downregulated, whereas fatty acid oxidation‐ and thermogenesis‐related genes were upregulated in the WAT of PSD‐fed mice compared to those in HFD‐fed mice. Piperonal directly activated Adcy by decreasing the Km for its substrate (ATP) in plasma membranes prepared from the WAT of mice. Furthermore, piperonal‐induced inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and elevation of Adcy and PKA activities in 3T3‐L1 cells were abrogated by an Adcy inhibitor.

Conclusion

The anti‐adipogenic effect of piperonal in mice fed the high‐fat diet appears to be associated with increased Adcy–PKA signaling in WAT.
Synthesis and characterization of itaconic‐based epoxy resins
Authors: Kumar Sudheer , Samal Sushanta K. , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: July 2017

A trifunctional epoxy resin from itaconic acid (TEIA) was synthesized from a renewable resource‐based itaconic acid by allylation of itaconic acid to form diallyl itaconate by using m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid as oxidizing agents followed by epoxidation of allylic C═C bond of diallyl itaconate methylhexahydropthalic anhydride as curing agent in the presence of 2‐methyl imidazole as a catalyst. The chemical structure of the synthesized resins was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR and13C‐NMR) spectroscopy analysis. The mechanical, thermal, and rheological performances of the TEIA were also investigated and compared with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and a plant‐based epoxidized soybean oil bioresin cured with the same curing agent. The higher epoxy value of 1.02, lower viscosity (0.96 Pa s at 25°C), higher mechanical, and higher curing reactivity toward methylhexahydropthalic anhydride of TEIA as compared with epoxidized soybean oil and comparable with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A demonstrated significant evidence to design and develop a novel bio‐based epoxy resin with high performance to substitute the petroleum‐based epoxy resin.
Estimation of inelastic displacement factor of soil‐shallow‐foundation MDOF systems incorporating higher modes effect
Authors: Gholamrezatabar Abolfazl , Ghodrati Amiri Gholamreza , Shayanfar Mohsen A. , Ganjavi Behnoud
Published: July 2017

This study attempts to investigate the higher‐mode effects on the constant‐ductility inelastic displacement factors of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) systems considering soil‐structure interaction. These factors were computed for 12,600 two‐dimensional superstructure models of shear buildings and their corresponding equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom (ESDOF) systems under 26 ground motions recorded on alluvium and soft soil. An intensive parametric study was carried out for a wide range of non‐dimensional parameters, which completely define the problem. The underlying soil is considered as a homogeneous half‐space based on the concept of cone model. The higher‐mode effects were then investigated through defining the ratio of inelastic displacement factor of MDOF system to that of the corresponding ESDOF one. The influence of soil‐structure interaction key parameters, fundamental period, ductility ratio, the number of stories, and dispersion of the results are evaluated and discussed. Results indicate that as the base becomes very flexible, unlike to the fixed‐base systems, in which the defined ratios are greater than unity, using the inelastic displacement factors of ESDOF models for MDOF ones would result in a remarkable overestimation of maximum inter‐story displacement demand. A new expression is proposed to estimate the ratio of inelastic displacement factor of MDOF soil‐structure systems to that of SDOF counterpart.
Predicting Solid–Liquid Equilibrium of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Monoglyceride Mixtures as Biodiesel Model Fuels
Authors: Yoshidomi Shinichiro , Sugami Yuitsu , Minami Eiji , Shisa Noriko , Hayashi Hitoshi , Saka Shiro
Published: July 2017

Fatty acid methyl esters from plant oils are the main component of biodiesel and used as a substitute for petroleum diesel. Biodiesel generally contains a small amount of monoglycerides as intermediate compounds, which have high melting points and often solidify and clog fuel filters. The prediction of the cold‐flow property of biodiesel is of great importance for practical application. In this study, a thermodynamic study was conducted for mixtures of monoglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters. Temperatures of the solid–liquid equilibrium for the mixtures were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and visual observation, while the theoretical values were calculated using the modified Universal Quasi‐chemical Functional‐group Activity Coefficients (UNIFAC) model (Dortmund). The theoretical and experimental results were in good agreement, especially for binary mixtures of monoglycerides and methyl esters. The importance of monoglycerides on the cold‐flow properties of biodiesel was determined, and the effects could be well described by the modified UNIFAC model (Dortmund).
The Contents of Lignans in Sesame Seeds and Commercial Sesame Oils of China
Authors: Shi Long‐Kai , Liu Rui‐Jie , Jin Qing‐Zhe , Wang Xing‐Guo
Published: July 2017

In this study, the concentrations of three lignans in 100 sesame seeds and 56 sesame oils were determined using a newly developed method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with a UV/Vis detector. Total lignan contents in sesame seed and oil samples ranged from 2.52 to 12.76 and 3.38 to 11.53 mg/g, respectively. Black sesame seeds showed higher sesamin content (range 1.98–9.41 mg/g, mean 4.34 mg/g) and sesamolin content (range 1.06–3.35 mg/g, mean 1.92 mg/g) than the other three varieties of sesame seeds. Black sesame oils had higher contents of lignans than the white sesame oils, although remarkable differences were not observed. Hot pressed and small mill sesame oils expressed higher contents of sesamol, sesamin, and total lignans than the cold pressed and refined sesame oils. The results revealed that there is extensive variability in lignan concentration in sesame oils and seeds.
Altered coupling of default-mode, executive-control and salience networks in Internet gaming disorder
Authors: Zhang J.T. , Ma S.-S. , Yan C.-G. , Zhang S. , Liu L. , Wang L.-J. , Liu B. , Yao Y.-W. , Yang Y.-H. , Fang X.-Y.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Recently, a triple-network model suggested the abnormal interactions between the executive-control network (ECN), default-mode network (DMN) and salience network (SN) are important characteristics of addiction, in which the SN plays a critical role in allocating attentional resources toward the ECN and DMN. Although increasing studies have reported dysfunctions in these brain networks in Internet gaming disorder (IGD), interactions between these networks, particularly in the context of the triple-network model, have not been investigated in IGD. Thus, we aimed to assess alterations in the inter-network interactions of these large-scale networks in IGD, and to associate the alterations with IGD-related behaviors.

Methods:

DMN, ECN and SN were identified using group-level independent component analysis (gICA) in 39 individuals with IGD and 34 age and gender matched healthy controls (HCs). Then alterations in the SN-ECN and SN-DMN connectivity, as well as in the modulation of ECN versus DMN by SN, using a resource allocation index (RAI) developed and validated previously in nicotine addiction, were assessed. Further, associations between these altered network coupling and clinical assessments were also examined.

Results:

Compared with HCs, IGD had significantly increased SN-DMN connectivity and decreased RAI in right hemisphere (rRAI), and the rRAI in IGD was negatively associated with their scores of craving.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that the deficient modulation of ECN versus DMN by SN might provide a mechanistic framework to better understand the neural basis of IGD and might provide novel evidence for the triple-network model in IGD.
Violence and Restraint in Civil War
Authors: Stanton Jessica A.
Published: July 2017

Media coverage of civil wars often focuses on the most gruesome atrocities and the most extreme conflicts, which might lead one to think that all civil wars involve massive violence against civilians. In truth, many governments and rebel groups exercise restraint in their fighting, largely avoiding violence against civilians in compliance with international law. Governments and rebel groups make strategic calculations about whether to target civilians by evaluating how domestic and international audiences are likely to respond to violence. Restraint is also a deliberate strategic choice: governments and rebel groups often avoid targeting civilians and abide by international legal standards to appeal to domestic and international audiences for diplomatic support. This book presents a wide range of evidence of the strategic use of violence and restraint, using original data on violence against civilians in civil wars from 1989 to 2010 as well as in-depth analyses of conflicts in Azerbaijan, El Salvador, Indonesia, Sudan, Turkey, and Uganda.
Caria and Crete in Antiquity
Authors: Unwin Naomi Carless
Published: July 2017

A persistent tradition existed in antiquity linking Caria with the island of Crete. This central theme of regional history is mirrored in the civic mythologies, cults and toponyms of southwestern Anatolia. This book explains why by approaching this diverse body of material with a broad chronological view, taking into account both the origins of this regional narrative and its endurance. It considers the mythologies in the light of archaeologically attested contacts during the Bronze Age, exploring whether such interaction could have left a residuum in later traditions. The continued relevance of this aspect of Carian history is then considered in the light of contacts during the Classical and Hellenistic periods, with analysis of how, and in which contexts, traditions survived. The Carians were an Anatolian people; however, their integration into the mythological framework of the Greek world reveals that interaction with the Aegean was a fundamental aspect of their history.
The Book of Revelation and Early Jewish Textual Culture
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: July 2017

The Book of Revelation and Early Jewish Textual Culture explores the relationship between the writing of Revelation and its early audience, especially its interaction with Jewish Scripture. It touches on several areas of scholarly inquiry in biblical studies, including modes of literary production, the use of allusions, practices of exegesis, and early engagements with the Book of Revelation. Garrick Allen brings the Book of Revelation into the broader context of early Jewish literature, including the Dead Sea Scrolls and other important works. Arguing that the author of the New Testament Apocalypse was a 'scribal expert, someone who was well-versed in the content of Jewish Scripture and its interpretation', he demonstrates that John was not only a seer and prophet, but also an erudite reader of scripture.
The Origin of Divine Christology
Authors: Loke Andrew Ter Ern
Published: July 2017

In recent years, there has been considerable debate concerning the origin of divine Christology. Nevertheless, the proposed theories are beset with problems, such as failing to address the evidence of widespread agreement among the earliest Christians concerning divine Christology, and the issues related to whether Jesus' intention was falsified. This book offers a new contribution by addressing these issues using transdisciplinary tools. It proposes that the earliest Christians regarded Jesus as divine because a sizeable group of them perceived that Jesus claimed and showed himself to be divine, and thought that God vindicated this claim by raising Jesus from the dead. It also provides a comprehensive critique of alternative proposals, and synthesizes their strengths. It defends the appropriateness and merits of utilizing philosophical distinctions (e.g. between ontology and function) and Trinitarian concepts for explaining early Christology, and incorporates comparative religion by examining cases of deification in other contexts.
The Mechanics and Reliability of Films, Multilayers and Coatings
Authors: Begley Matthew R. , Hutchinson John W.
Published: July 2017

A wide variety of applications ranging from microelectronics to turbines for propulsion and power generation rely on films, coatings, and multilayers to improve performance. As such, the ability to predict coating failure - such as delamination (debonding), mud-cracking, blistering, crack kinking, and the like - is critical to component design and development. This work compiles and organizes decades of research that established the theoretical foundation for predicting such failure mechanisms, and clearly outlines the methodology needed to predict performance. Detailed coverage of cracking in multilayers is provided, with an emphasis on the role of differences in thermoelastic properties between the layers. The comprehensive theoretical foundation of the book is complemented by easy-to-use analysis codes designed to empower novices with the tools needed to simulate cracking; these codes enable not only precise quantitative reproduction of results presented graphically in the literature, but also the generation of new results for more complex multilayered systems.
American Mourning
Authors: Stow Simon
Published: July 2017

How does the way in which a democratic polity mourn its losses shape its political outcomes? How might it shape those outcomes? American Mourning: Tragedy, Democracy, Resilience answers these questions with a critical study of American public mourning. Employing mourning as a lens through which to view the shortcomings of American democracy, it offers an argument for a tragic, complex, and critical mode of mourning that it contrasts with the nationalist, romantic, and nostalgic responses to loss that currently dominate and damage the polity. Offering new readings of key texts in Ancient political thought and American political history, it engages debates central to contemporary democratic theory concerned with agonism, acknowledgment, hope, humanism, patriotism, and political resilience. The book outlines new ways of thinking about and responding to terrorism, racial conflict, and the problems of democratic military return.
Artificial Intelligence and Legal Analytics
Authors: Ashley Kevin D.
Published: July 2017

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) and the law is on the cusp of a revolution that began with text analytic programs like IBM's Watson and Debater and the open-source information management architectures on which they are based. Today, new legal applications are beginning to appear and this book - designed to explain computational processes to non-programmers - describes how they will change the practice of law, specifically by connecting computational models of legal reasoning directly with legal text, generating arguments for and against particular outcomes, predicting outcomes and explaining these predictions with reasons that legal professionals will be able to evaluate for themselves. These legal applications will support conceptual legal information retrieval and allow cognitive computing, enabling a collaboration between humans and computers in which each does what it can do best. Anyone interested in how AI is changing the practice of law should read this illuminating work.
Virtual and Augmented Reality in Public Archaeology Teaching
Authors: Ellenberger Kate
Published: July 2017

Two of the biggest challenges in public archaeology teaching are getting interlocutors' attention and getting them to feel connection to past people. Inspiring focus and empathy in the short interactions we have can be difficult, especially when the subjects are very distant in time. New and scholarly produced forms of virtual reality show particular promise for getting and keeping the attention of our publics. In this review, I discuss several forms of virtual or augmented reality and assess them as tools for public archaeology practice.
Necessary and surplus militarisation: Rethinking civil-military interactions and their consequences
Authors: Schulzke Marcus
Published: July 2017

Recent scholarship on militarisation suggests that Western democracies are threatened by military influence spreading into civilian domains. I contend that this research has identified problematic forms of militarisation, but that more careful attention should be given to different manifestations of this phenomenon. I borrow Herbert Marcuse’s distinction between necessary and surplus repression to show that militarisation can be excusable or excessive, depending on the context and its extent. Militarisation is potentially harmful and should be opposed when it is coercive or promotes militarism. By contrast, militarisation may be necessary if it is beneficial or ineliminable. A degree of militarisation may be desirable insofar as contact between civilians and soldiers promotes the spread of information, ensures that civilians have some influence on the military, and prevents members of the military from feeling detached and resentful. Some militarisation may also be indispensable for guarding against plausible threats or promoting social stability. Thus, militarisation should be treated as a process that has mixed costs and benefits depending on how it is enacted.
Association between maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
Authors: Darling Andrea L. , Rayman Margaret P. , Steer Colin D. , Golding Jean , Lanham-New Susan A. , Bath Sarah C.
Published: July 2017

Seafood intake in pregnancy has been positively associated with childhood cognitive outcomes which could potentially relate to the high vitamin D content of oily fish. However, whether higher maternal vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) in pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of offspring suboptimal neurodevelopmental outcomes is unclear. A total of 7065 mother–child pairs were studied from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort who had data for both serum total 25(OH)D concentration in pregnancy and at least one measure of offspring neurodevelopment (pre-school development at 6–42 months; ‘Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire’ scores at 7 years; intelligence quotient (IQ) at 8 years; reading ability at 9 years). After adjustment for confounders, children of vitamin D-deficient mothers (<50·0 nmol/l) were more likely to have scores in the lowest quartile for gross-motor development at 30 months (OR 1·20; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·40), fine-motor development at 30 months (OR 1·23; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·44) and social development at 42 months (OR 1·20; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·41) than vitamin D-sufficient mothers (≥50·0 nmol/l). No associations were found with neurodevelopmental outcomes, including IQ, measured at older ages. However, our results suggest that deficient maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy may have adverse effects on some measures of motor and social development in children under 4 years. Prevention of vitamin D deficiency may be important for preventing suboptimal development in the first 4 years of life.
A Matter of Representation: Spatial Voting and Inconsistent Policy Preferences
Authors: Stoetzer Lukas F.
Published: July 2017

The application of spatial voting theories to popular elections presupposes an electorate that chooses political representatives on the basis of their well-structured policy preferences. Behavioral researchers have long contended that parts of the electorate instead hold unstructured and inconsistent policy beliefs. This article proposes an extension to spatial voting theories to analyze the effect of varying consistency in policy preferences on electoral behavior. The model results in the expectation that voters with less consistent policy preferences will put less weight on policy distance when learning about candidates who should represent their political positions. The study tests this expectation for the 2008 US presidential election, and finds that for respondents with less consistent self-placements on the liberal–conservative scale, policy distance less strongly affects their voting decision. The results have implications for the quality of political representation, as certain parts of the electorate are expected to be less closely represented.
THE FLEXIBILITY RULE IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Authors: Perry Adam
Published: July 2017

Administrative officials are permitted to have policies as to the exercise of their discretionary powers, but those policies must be flexible, not rigid. The “flexibility rule”, as I call it here, is nearly a century old. Over time, it has become part of the furniture of judicial review: often used, rarely examined. That neglect has led to confusion, on display in recent cases. In this article I try to put the flexibility rule back on a sound footing. I argue, first, that the flexibility rule requires authorities to treat policies merely as rules of thumb. Second, the primary justification for the flexibility rule is neither legislative intent (as courts have said), nor the avoidance of error (as commentators tend to assume); it is the value of participation. Third, and as a result, the flexibility rule ought to apply to policies governing the use of prerogative and other non-statutory powers, as well as to policies governing the use of statutory powers.
UK GOVERNMENT CANNOT HIDE FROM COMPLICITY IN HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES
Authors: Sanger Andrew
Published: July 2017

IN the joined appeals of Belhaj v Straw and Rahmatullah (No 1) v Ministry of Defence [2017] UKSC 3, the UK Supreme Court held that state immunity and the foreign act of state doctrine did not prevent claims against the British Government alleging complicity in human rights abuses and breaches of peremptory norms of international law.