bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triphase Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts of Ni and Co for High‐Performing Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Karunarathne Shadeepa , Sandaruwan Chanaka , Kannangara Yasun Y. , Demko Denisa , Orange François , Mija Alice , Kamai Ali Reza , Abdelkader Amr M.
Published: February 2025

The limited energy density of the current Li‐ion batteries restricts the electrification of transportation to small‐ and medium‐scale vehicles. On the contrary, Li‐O2 batteries (LOBs), with their significantly higher theoretical energy density, can power heavy‐duty transportation, if the sluggish electrode kinetics in these devices can be substantially improved. The use of solid electrocatalysts at the cathode is a viable strategy to address this challenge, but current electrocatalysts fail to provide sufficient discharge depths and cyclability, primarily due to the formation of the film‐like discharge product, Li₂O₂, on catalytic sites, which obstructs charge transport and gas diffusion pathways. Here, we report that a triphase heterogeneous catalyst comprising NiCoP, NiCo2S4, and NiCo2O4, assembled into a hierarchical hollow architecture (NC‐3@Ni), efficiently modulates the morphology and orientation of the discharge product, facilitating the sheet‐like growth of Li2O2 perpendicular to the cathode surface. These modifications enable the assembled LOB to deliver a high discharge capacity of 25 162 mAh g−1 at 400 mA g−1, along with impressive cycling performance, achieving 270 cycles with a discharge depth of 1000 mAh g−1, exceeding 1350 h of continuous operation. This promising performance is attributed to the presence of individual electrophilic and nucleophilic phases within the heterogeneous microstructure of the triphase catalyst, collectively promoting the formation of sheet‐like Li2O2.

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Stockholm metro expansion
Authors: Jonsson Jekaterina , Leiner Peter , Nilsson Johanna
Published: February 2025

The article highlights the innovative engineering solutions for complex geological conditions within Stockholm's metro expansion project. Key technical methods included ground freezing in the Mårtensdal fault zone and the use of secant piles as deep retaining walls at Sofia station, set to become one of the world's deepest subway stations. For sub‐sea tunnelling at Ladugårdslandsviken, the observational method was utilized to mitigate risks of tunnel collapse and uncontrolled water ingress. Lessons learned provide invaluable insights to navigate complex geological and logistical challenges and advance civil engineering practices. The ground freezing method is highly effective for stabilizing ground but requires meticulous design, precise casing alignment, and thorough monitoring to maintain optimal temperature levels. Early risk assessments and detailed site investigations, sampling, and lab testing are crucial for reliable modelling and predicting challenges. Use of secant piles in challenging soil conditions can be successful but demands careful logistical planning and consideration of space constraints. On‐site adjustments, such as extending piles or modifying grouting techniques, may be necessary. Utilizing the observational method allows for real‐time monitoring and adaptive measures which can prevent delays and maintain safety. Using technology like FME software for 3D modelling with aggregated production data greatly improves productivity and risk mitigation strategies.
Does the Timing of the Initiation of Physical Therapy Post‐Rotator Cuff Repair Impact Shoulder Function?
Authors: Barillas Reivian Berrios , Irrgang James
Published: February 2025

Background

Rehabilitation typically restores shoulder function after a common rotator cuff repair; however, it is unclear when to initiate physical therapy (PT) post‐surgery. To understand effective start times, this study analyzed PT start times and their effect on shoulder function. The most effective shoulder outcomes were hypothesized to occur when PT started 0–4 weeks post‐surgery.

Methods

Data from 1002 patients who underwent rotator cuff repair were analyzed retrospectively from 52 outpatient clinics in the years of 2016–2021. The primary data of timings between surgery and the start of PT (0–2 weeks [0–14 days], 2–4 weeks [15–28 days], 4–6 weeks [29–42 days], and 6–14 weeks [43–100 days]), change in functional shoulder scores, number of PT visits utilized, and functional scores changed per visit were analyzed. Regression analyses of the impact of age, sex, payor source, and tear size were completed.

Results

The change in functional scores and functional scores changed per visit are not affected by the initiation timing of PT post‐ rotator cuff surgery, when controlling for baseline functional scores. This result is revealed despite initial functional scores being significantly different. Functional scores change per visit may have been affected by payor source (R2 = 0.004, p ≤ 0.010). PT start times may have been impacted by age (R2 = 0.010, p = 0.007), payor source (R2 = 0.016, p = 0.001), and tear size (R2 = 0.007, p = 0.026). Payor source may have influenced the number of PT visits (R2 = 0.060, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

After rotator cuff surgery, patients should choose to complete rehabilitation to optimize shoulder function. However, the initiation timing of PT may not affect functional shoulder outcomes.
Upper Aerodigestive Tract Liposarcoma: Four Cases of a Rare Entity and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Ramesh Uma , Nieves Antonio Bon , Feucht Maria , Wang Naomi , Alapati Rahul , Hamill Chelsea S. , Kraft Shannon , Garnett James , Shrock Devin , Karadaghy Omar , Craig Ethan , Bur Andrés M.
Published: February 2025

Background

Liposarcomas involving the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) are extremely rare. Consequently, consensus regarding the treatment approach and surveillance is not well established.

Methods

We present four cases of UADT liposarcoma. All patients presented with either dysphagia or respiratory difficulty and underwent endoscopic examination as part of their diagnostic workup. Surgical excision, either endoscopic or open resection, was performed for all patients.

Results

All patients had a pathologic diagnosis of well‐differentiated liposarcoma without nodal or distant disease involvement. One patient underwent complete resection with no recurrences. Another patient experienced several recurrences, and his tumor ultimately underwent rapid disease progression and pathologic transformation into dedifferentiated liposarcoma, necessitating total laryngectomy. Of the two patients with positive surgical margins at their initial resections, one was lost to follow‐up from our institution. The other three patients, including the second patient with positive margins, continue to follow up with endoscopic surveillance at our institution with no evidence of residual disease.

Conclusions

UADT liposarcoma is a locally aggressive tumor that may frequently recur. Stringent surveillance is necessary to monitor disease progression, particularly if positive margins are noted during surgical excision. The role of adjuvant therapy has yet to be established.
Rowell Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review on Pathogenesis of a Rare and Challenging Entity and the Horizon of Targeted Therapeutics
Authors: Khayyat Azadeh , Zohouri Seyed Amir , Esmaaeil Pour Mohammad Ali , Hatami Parvaneh , Smoller Bruce R.
Published: February 2025

Background

Rowell syndrome (RS), an infrequent illness characterized by a combination of erythema multiforme‐like manifestations and systemic lupus erythematosus, poses diagnostic and clinical issues to the healthcare system. Initially discovered by Dr. Virginie Rowell in 1963, the disorder manifests as an overlapping illness with various dermatological and rheumatological conditions, necessitating precise assessment.

Method

The review encompasses demographic characters, dermatological signs and symptoms, triggering or contributing factors, laboratory studies, diagnosis and therapy challenges, and the outcome of RS. Through an analysis of the literature, this study identifies sunlight, medication use, COVID‐19 vaccination, and bacterial infections as contributing predisposing risks. Laboratory abnormalities revealed positive antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor as common features, supporting the autoimmune origin of this illness.

Result

Medications vary, with systemic corticosteroids used as the initial therapy, and appropriate proper outcomes are observed with rituximab and hydroxychloroquine. Recent discoveries in biological agents and targeted immunotherapies have provided useful options for personalized care.

Conclusion

In summary, our study provides detailed and valuable data to deepen our knowledge about RS, showing the need for further investigations to discover the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and to identify novel targeted agents that can individualize the treatment plan.
Comparing Cesarean Incisional Complications in Women With and Without Enoxaparin: A Quasi‐Experimental Study
Authors: Hafizi Leili , Khoshniat Freshteh , Mirteimouri Masoumeh , Khazaeian Safoura
Published: February 2025

Background and Aims

Although some women who undergo cesarean section need to receive prophylactic Enoxaparin due to the increased risk of thromboembolism during their puerperium period, the question is always raised of whether this drug with the mechanism of increased bleeding may increase surgical wound complications. Hence, the present study was conducted with the aim of a comparative study on complications of abdominal incision in cesarean section patients with and without receiving Enoxaparin.

Methods

A quasi‐experimental study was conducted on 789 cesarean section participants (317 receiving Enoxaparin and 472 control subjects), 20–40 years pregnant women in Imam Reza and Ummal‐Banin hospitals in Mashhad, Iran. All participants who scored three or more for thromboembolism risk based on the National Protocol received Enoxaparin after surgery. Those with underlying wound complication risk factors were excluded from the study. Then, both groups were evaluated for abdominal incision complications up to 2 weeks after their delivery and were compared with each other. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

In total, 5% of patients in the Enoxaparin group and 5.5% in the control group had ulcer complications (p = 0.7). The frequency of the type of complication between the two groups was as follows: hematoma (p = 0.8), ecchymosis (p = 0.5), wound infection (p = 0.9), wound partial dehiscence (p = 0.09), wound total dehiscence (p = 0.3), secondary closure of the incision (p = 0.7) which had no meaningful statistical difference.

Conclusion

Based on the outcomes obtained in the present study, prescribing Enoxaparin after a cesarean in cases receiving this drug for thromboembolic prophylaxis did not significantly increase the complications of abdominal incision, and there was no need for more incision care.
Design and Testing of a Single‐Slope Solar Still With a Semi‐Elliptical Absorbent Base: An Experimental and Numerical Study
Authors: Saeed Muntadher Mohammed Ali , Hameed Hassanain Ghani , Abbass Assaad A.
Published: February 2025

In this article, a single‐slope solar still with a semi‐elliptical absorption base (SES) is designed, manufactured, and tested. The semi‐elliptical solar still (SES) design reduces the sun's shadow generated by the sharp walls on the absorbent base and makes the most of the available solar radiation. We compared the performance of the proposed solar still (SES) with the conventional square base absorption solar still (CSS). The two models were made of precisely the same materials and had the same area of the absorption part. The experimental results of semi‐elliptical stills showed that yield productivity increased by about 306.5% compared to conventional stills. This decreased the cost of producing a liter of fresh water from 0.0316 $ to 0.0092 $, up to 71%.
Development and validation of a transcription factor regulatory network‐based signature for individualized prognostic risk in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang Kai , Xiang Jun , Zhou Jun , Chen Congcong , Wang Zhoufeng , Qin Na , Zhu Meng , Bi Lingfeng , Gong Linnan , Yang Liu , Chen Yingjia , Xu Xianfeng , Dai Juncheng , Ma Hongxia , Hu Zhibin , Li Weimin , Wang Cheng , Jin Guangfu , Shen Hongbing
Published: February 2025

Despite significant progress in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) still exhibits a high recurrence risk and a low 5‐year survival rate. Reliable prognostic signatures are imperative for risk stratification in LUAD patients. This study encompassed 2740 patients from 23 LUAD cohorts, including one single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) dataset, five bulk RNA‐seq datasets, and 17 microarray datasets. Using scRNA‐seq dataset, we defined a group of epithelial‐specific transcription factors significantly over‐represented in the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene set (enrichment ratio [ER] = 5.80, Fisher's exact test p < .001), and the corresponding target genes were significantly enriched in the cancer driver gene set (ER = 2.74, p < .001), indicating of their crucial roles in the EMT process and tumor progression. We constructed a single‐cell gene pairs (scGPS) signature, composed of 3521 gene pairs derived from the epithelial cell‐specific transcription factor regulatory network, to predict overall survival (OS) of LUAD. High‐risk patients identified by scGPS in the discovery cohort exhibited significantly worse OS compared to low‐risk patients (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.29–2.46, log‐rank p = 1.80 × 10−4). The scGPS outperformed other established gene signatures and demonstrated robust prognostic stratification across various independent datasets, including microarray data and even early‐stage LUAD patients. It remained an independent prognostic factor after adjusting for clinical and pathologic factors. In addition, combining scGPS with tumor stage further enhanced prognostic accuracy compared to using stage alone. The scGPS signature offers individualized prognosis estimations, showing significant potential for practical application in clinical settings.
Cortisol Circadian Rhythm and Sarcopenia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Liu Fupeng , Yang Qing , Yang Kai , Sun Jing , Li Yanying , Ban Bo , Wang Yangang , Zhang Mei
Published: February 2025

Background

Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have elevated late‐night cortisol levels and a flattened circadian rhythm. Cortisol oversecretion mediates muscle breakdown and reduces muscle strength and mass, thus possibly leading to sarcopenia. This study first investigated the association between cortisol circadian rhythm and sarcopenia in patients with T2DM.

Methods

Patients with T2DM and adrenal nodules were screened for eligibility. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle density (SMD) were obtained by analysing computed tomography images at Lumbar 3 level. Sarcopenia was defined as the presence of both myopenia and myosteatosis. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels at 8 AM, 4 PM and 0 AM were measured. The cumulative logit models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to evaluate the association between cortisol circadian rhythm and sarcopenia.

Results

In total, 128 patients with T2DM and nonfunctional adrenal adenomas were enrolled in this study, of whom 25 were diagnosed with sarcopenia. The mean age was 54.4 years, and 83 (64.8%) patients were male. Patients with sarcopenia showed higher nighttime cortisol levels at 0 AM (Cor 0 AM) (4.91 [4.05, 9.95] vs. 2.44 [1.55, 4.77] μg/dL, p < 0.001) than those without. The Cor 0 AM was negatively correlated with both SMI and SMD (r = −0.318, p < 0.001 and −0.284, p < 0.001, respectively). As the Cor 0 AM tertiles increased, the odds ratios (ORs) for sarcopenia consistently increased (OR = 4.69 [0.93, 23.53], p = 0.061, for the intermediate group and OR = 11.39 [2.41, 53.84], p = 0.002, for the high group). After adjustment for multiple risk factors, the high Cor 0 AM group still showed a significantly higher risk of sarcopenia than the low group (OR = 7.92 [1.45, 43.29], p = 0.017). ROC curve analyses showed that Cor 0 AM had the highest predictive power for sarcopenia, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.760, compared to haemoglobin, age, alanine transaminase and sex (AUC = 0.703, 0.695, 0.679, and 0.633, respectively).

Conclusions

The cortisol circadian rhythm is associated with sarcopenia in patients with T2DM. Patients with higher levels of nighttime cortisol, rather than morning or afternoon cortisol, have a higher risk of sarcopenia. This result offers a new strategy for the further research of sarcopenia.
Comparison of 1‐Year Clinical Course in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Between Vietnam and Korea: A Multinational, Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dang Luan Minh , Soo Kim Eun , Kim Kyeong Ok , Lee Yoo Jin , Bui Hoang Huu , Nguyen Chuong Dinh , Nguyen Chi Thi , Nguyen Nam Hoai , Nguyen Hien Thi‐Thu , Dinh Nga Thi , Nguyen Lien Thi‐Phuong , Vu Khien Van , Duong Minh Cuong
Published: February 2025

Background/Aims

The differences in the clinical course of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) among Asian countries remain unknown. Thus, we compared the clinical characteristics, treatment, and one‐year outcomes of newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients between Vietnam and Korea.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted at seven tertiary hospitals in these countries between January 2020 and January 2021. Data on demographics, diseases, treatment, and outcomes during 1 year after diagnosis were collected.

Results

Among 225 patients (60 from Vietnam and 165 from Korea), 140 and 85 were diagnosed with UC and CD, respectively. Severe activity (p < 0.01) and extensive colitis (p < 0.01) in UC, along with complicated behavior in CD (p < 0.01), were more frequently observed in Vietnamese patients compared to Korean patients. The proportion of UC patients using corticosteroids (p < 0.01), immunomodulators (p < 0.01), and biologics (p = 0.026) was significantly higher in Vietnam. In contrast, the proportion of UC patients using topical mesalamine (p < 0.01) was significantly higher in Korea. The intervals from CD diagnosis to biologic therapy initiation (p = 0.04), as well as from UC diagnosis to corticosteroid (p < 0.01), immunomodulator (p < 0.01), and biologic therapy (p < 0.01) commencement, were significantly shorter in Vietnamese patients compared to Korean patients. However, the proportions of endoscopic healing and complications at 1‐year follow‐up did not significantly differ between the countries (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Although Vietnamese IBD patients had higher baseline clinical and phenotypic severity than their Korean counterparts, no significant differences in short‐term outcomes were observed, potentially reflecting the impact of the higher rate and early biologic usage in Vietnamese patients.
Mechanistic Insights Into the Dissociative Photoionization Pathways of Ethyl Propionate: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Approach
Authors: Wang Huanhuan , Shan Xiaobin , Liu Fuyi , Wang Zhenya , Sheng Liusi , Sui Ran
Published: February 2025

Ethyl propionate (C5H10O2, EP) has been extensively studied in the fields of biofuels and atmospheric chemistry. However, its vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization has not been investigated. This study examines the photoionization process of EP using tunable VUV synchrotron radiation, coupled with a reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. This method yielded the photoionization mass spectrum of EP and photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra of 10 identified fragment ions (i.e., C4H7O2+., C3H7O2+., C3H6O2+., C3H5O2+., C3H6O+., C3H5O+., C3H4O+., C2H5O+., C2H5+., and C2H4+.). The results, interpreted with the aid of high‐accuracy theoretical calculations, conclude possible formation mechanisms for each fragment ion. In the dissociation pathway of EP's cation, intramolecular hydrogen shifts and bond cleavage are the predominant processes. The C3H7O2+. and C2H4+. reaction channels do not arise from one‐step bond cleavage, but their reaction energy barriers are influenced by product energy, making them comparable to direct reaction channels. The active reaction sites within the molecules are elucidated using Laplacian bond order (LBO). Rate constants are calculated using RRKM theory, which confirms the kinetic factors governing the EP reaction process. This study provides a detailed understanding of the photoionization and dissociation of the main ions of EP within the 9.35–15.50 eV photon energy range.
Long‐Term Variability of Fog in Poland
Authors: Zawadzka‐Manko Olga , Markowicz Krzysztof M.
Published: February 2025

Fog phenomena are frequent natural hazards, sensitive to meteorological parameters, with significant impacts on visibility and transportation that may evolve under ongoing climate change. This study analyzes the spatial transformation and trends in fog properties in Poland from 1973 to 2020. The research utilises synoptic measurements from IMGW‐PIB, the Integrated Surface Database, and long‐term emissions data from the Peking University repository. To evaluate the influence of various factors on fog properties, a Random Forest Regressor model was employed. Results indicate regional variation in fog frequency, with higher occurrences (69–77 days/year) at certain stations (Zielona‐Góra, Chojnice, Kielce) and lower frequencies in coastal areas (below 40 days/year). The duration of fog events ranges from 3.7 to 6.1 h/day, with visibility between 380 and 590 m. Trends in fog days shifted from a decline of 8.4 days/decade before 1990 to 4.4 days/decade afterwards. While central and northern Poland experienced a reduction in fog days pre‐1990, an increase was observed in the southern regions. Post‐1990, fog duration decreased significantly (−0.45 h/decade). Meteorological factors were found to influence fog occurrence strongly. Days with low wind speeds (< 3 m/s) showed a moderate correlation (0.47) with annual fog days, while mountainous regions and elevation had strong positive correlations (0.91 and 0.84, respectively). High humidity (100%) correlated moderately (0.42), whereas temperature exhibited a negative correlation (−0.78). The Random Forest model effectively predicted fog days, achieving an R2 score of 0.64 for stations outside mountainous regions and 0.95 when including all stations, with minimal changes in the root mean square error (12 to 12.5 days/year).
The Evolution of Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Cancer Treatment
Authors: Contrera Kevin J. , Reddy Pooja D. , Helou Vanessa , Myers Jeffrey N. , Skinner Heath D. , Ferrarotto Renata , Myers Eugene N.
Published: February 2025

Objective

The management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has substantially changed over the past two centuries. This review explores the historical progression of HNSCC management focusing on the multidisciplinary treatment paradigm.

Data Sources

This review synthesizes data from historical and current clinical trials, books, scientific reports, public documents, and other written material relevant to HNSCC management.

Review Methods

Historical review.

Results

Although surgery was initially the only treatment available, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy have expanded the treatment landscape for HNSCC. Despite continuous evolution, modern treatment of HNSCC remains rooted in a multidisciplinary, personalized approach. This review highlights the clinical pioneers who established the standards of care and the landmark trials that progressed it. The optimal timing, application, and extent of different treatments, including the role of neoadjuvant therapy, remain under study. Immunotherapy has improved outcomes for recurrent/metastatic mucosal HNSCC and cutaneous malignancies, although its role in the curative management of mucosal HNSCC is still materializing.

Conclusions

Surgery and radiotherapy have made continued gains in reducing morbidity and treatment sequala. Platinum‐based chemotherapy remains the mainstay of systemic therapy for HNSCC, but there has been accelerated growth in the application of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Comprehensive head and neck cancer care depends on multidisciplinary management, usually requiring multiple treatment modalities while individualizing both the therapies and treatment goals. Additional phase III trials are needed to further define the optimal treatments for HNSCC.
Survival Associations of Timely Postoperative Radiotherapy Among Head and Neck Cancer High‐Risk Subgroups
Authors: Velez Velez Lisa M. , Corpuz Timothy V. , Schwetschenau Luke C. , Mazul Angela , Massa Sean T.
Published: February 2025

Objective

Effective implementation of timely postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) as a quality metric for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) care may reduce survival disparities in subgroups with the highest risk of mortality—advanced stage and Black race. We sought to determine if the association between timely PORT and survival varies among clinical and demographic high‐risk subgroups.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study using the National Cancer Database 2004–2020, patients with HPV‐negative HNSCC treated with surgery and PORT were identified. The association between PORT delay greater than 6 weeks with overall survival was assessed by Cox proportional hazards models with interaction effects for race, overall stage, and PORT delay.

Results

Among 54,035 patients included in the study, 62% (33491) had PORT delays. Black patients were more likely to have PORT delays (aOR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.10–1.27). Timely PORT was only associated with improved survival for all stage I patients and White stage IV patients (predicted mortality risk 2.53, 95% CI: 2.34–2.74 versus 2.88, 95% CI: 2.67–3.09, referenced to White, stage I). After adjusting for covariates, timely PORT was estimated to be associated with inferior overall survival in Black patients with stage IV disease although with low precision (predicted mortality risk 3.24, 95% CI: 2.87–3.66, versus 2.71, 95% CI: 2.47–2.98, referenced to White, stage I).

Conclusion

Timely, guideline‐adherent PORT may not reduce survival disparities in Black patients, especially those with advanced stage disease, suggesting other interventions are needed to address this disparity.

Level of Evidence

3.
Conversion of Farmland to Apple Orchards Modifies Water–Carbon–Nitrogen Trade‐Offs in Deep Loess Deposits
Authors: Jin Zhuohang , Ji Wangjia , Li Ruifeng , Li Zhi
Published: February 2025

Conversion of shallow‐ to deep‐rooted plants greatly alters the water–carbon–nitrogen coupling relationship in the deep soil, but has not been fully explored because of the difficulty and one‐variable‐at‐a‐time method in sample collection. This study aims to understand the effects of conversion of farmland (F) to apple orchards on deep soil water (SW)–carbon–nitrogen coupling in the loess covered region. We collected soil samples and determined SW, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil total nitrogen (STN) contents and other soil indicators (pH, ammonium nitrate nitrogen, and soil texture) within 0–20 m under F and apple orchards with trees of different stand ages (years of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 24; abbreviated as A5, A10, A15, A20, and A24, respectively) in China's Loess Plateau. We used the partial least squares structural equation to ascertain the influence of vegetation and edaphic factors on the water–carbon–nitrogen coupling relationship. The mean SW contents in old orchards (A15, A20, and A24) decreased by 14%–22% compared to those of F, A5, and A10. The contents of SOC showed insignificant differences between F and apple orchards (p > 0.05). While nitrate nitrogen (NO3−N) content in F was significantly lower than that in apple orchards (p < 0.01), no significant difference was identified in STN. Under F and apple orchards, the relative benefits of water storage were higher than those of carbon and nitrogen in 0–5 m. However, within 5–20 m, the water‐dominated benefits under F shifted to nitrogen‐ and carbon‐dominated benefits under orchards due to large water deficit caused by the planation of apple trees. Furthermore, the fertilization‐induced changes in soil properties dominated the water–carbon–nitrogen coupling processes within 0–5 m, while root density and soil texture had significant impacts on the coupling processes below 5 m. This indicates that the deep soil carbon and nitrogen fixation is at the expense of water consumption. This study provides valuable information for agricultural land management in arid regions with degraded soil quality and deep unsaturated zones.
NAVIGATORS IN BOUNDARY‐SPANNING ROLES: LEADERSHIP INSIGHTS FROM 12 INTERVIEWS
Authors: Scherer Juergen
Published: February 2025

The author, who has had an extensive career as a worldwide business executive and educator, discusses navigation, which in this leadership/organizational context means, in his words, the longing for finding bearings, for seeking sense and direction, and for steering toward safe harbors. The organizational actors in his survey come from Research & Development, Marketing & Sales, and Purchasing & Supply Management. A table provides additional information about the executives, including their organization, industry, and project. A second table provides vignettes from the interviews. He further describes, in his words Sensing—charting the course; Securing—enabling the journey; and Shifting—crossing the finish line. He writes that “matching the triangulated navigation process of sensing, securing and shifting, this skillset can be described by the triadic concept of head, heart and hands.” For instance, within the latter, “navigators personally stay on board, leading by example and with confidence, not taking their hands off until the task is accomplished in full.” He concludes that “considering the increasing volatility and uncertainty of the operating business context as well as the complexity and ambiguity of the respective tasks in boundary‐spanning roles, it is high time for business organizations to enable, promote, and reward navigation.”
Concentration and Temperature Level Influenced the Optical Properties of Citrus Peel‐Based Edible Film
Authors: Kusuma Gracella , Marcellino Vincensius , Wardana Ata Aditya , Setiarto R. Haryo Bimo
Published: February 2025

The use of plastic as a primary material for food packaging is on the rise. Edible films have been extensively developed as an alternative to replace plastic. This study aims to ascertain the formulation of edible film made from citrus peel pectin concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) and temperature treatments (80 and 25 °C). The results indicate that an increase in pectin concentration in the edible film formulation significantly influences an increase in thickness and a decrease in transparency and light transmittance in the entire visible light range (400–700 nm) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, heat treatment on the edible film has significantly impact only on the transparency and light transmission. The ∆E and light transmission values range from 3.48 to 9.69 (without heat), 3.59 to 11.52 (heat treatment) and 0.85 to 87.55 (without heat), 0.6 to 89.35 (heat treatment), respectively. Thus, the study concludes that orange peel‐based pectin demonstrates potential as a material for the development of edible film.
Development of Activated Carbon‐Ionic Imprinted Polymer Hybrid System in Water Filter to Remove Arsenic Species from Water
Authors: Abu Samah Nurlin
Published: February 2025

Activated carbon‐ionic imprinted polymer (AC‐IIP) is synthesized for the removal of arsenic from water. The IIP is constructed using allylthiourea (AT) as monomer and arsenic as template. The binding properties of the AC‐IIP are characterized and detected using Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) with parameters including comparison of the packing with IIP and without IIP in continuous flow mode, recyclability study and pH effect. The comparison between packing with IIP and without IIP shows an adsorption percentage of 99% until the third cycle, and then the adsorption efficiency drops during the fourth and fifth cycles. The value of adsorption for packing media with IIP is slightly lower than packing media without IIP which is at 98.6% and 98.9% removal efficiency. The optimum pH is at pH 5 which percentage removal is 99%. The recyclability study proves that the AC‐IIP can be recycled up to five times with 99% removal at an acidic condition which is at pH 5. Mild pH shows no impact in the recovery of arsenic species into free solution. As a conclusion, AC‐IIP shows a high quality of removal efficiency and sorption capacity loaded. Based on the performance demonstrated, AC‐IIP is a promising method for arsenic removal from water.
Intelligent Polymer Coatings: Enhancing Media Preservation through AI‐Driven Techniques
Authors: Kumari Priyanka , Singh Shishir Kumar , Sood Ritu S. , Kumar Sandeep , Dadhich Rahul , Upadhyay Rajesh , Kumar Rahul
Published: February 2025

The need for enhanced preservation strategies is highlighted by the growth of varied media formats and the media's increasing susceptibility to degradation caused by the environment and usage. This study examines how polymer science and artificial intelligence (AI) can work together to create intelligent coatings that will greatly enhance media preservation. By utilizing machine learning methods for data analysis, the research aims to comprehend environmental factors and degradation patterns in order to create polymer formulations that are suitable for a variety of media substrates. In order to lessen the effects of several deteriorative forces, the project also explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) for real‐time monitoring, adaptive response mechanisms, and self‐healing capabilities within polymer coatings. It is anticipated that the results of this study will aid in the creation of intelligent polymer coatings, improving the robustness, quality, and lifespan of media.
Study on the Immittance Response of Alginate‐PVA‐(NH4)2SO4 Biopolymer Complexed System for Application in Electrochemical Devices
Authors: Muhd Ghazali Nuraziliana , Azahar Siti Nor Azlin , Samsudin Ahmad Salihin
Published: February 2025

The recent surge in attention focuses on developing biopolymer materials as electrolytes for electrochemical devices due to the growing interest in green energy storage materials. This can bring numerous lucrative prospects and achieve lower costs while being environmentally benign. The work involves preparing a solid blend polymer electrolyte (SBE) system that conducts H+ ions. This system is made up of an alginate‐poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer blend and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], and it is created utilizing the solution casting approach. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis verifies the interaction between polymer‐salt complexes through the coordination of polymer blends. The electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique is employed to study the immittance response properties of the produced SBEs system at ambient temperature. The sample with a composition of 15 wt% of (NH4)2SO4, exhibits the optimum ionic conductivity and is measured at 1.27 × 10−4 S cm−1. Based on the dielectric analysis, it is evident that the SBEs system follows the trend of ionic conductivity and exhibits non‐Debye theory.
Band Gap Engineering of Nanocones via Mono‐Hydrogenation
Authors: El‐Barbary A. A. , Khurmy S. M. , Adawi Hind
Published: February 2025

The unique properties of nanocones attract increasing attention from a scientific point of view due to their wide range of electronic applications. Band gap engineering in nanocones is a powerful technique for designing new devices for lasers, light‐emitting diodes, flat panel displays, and solar cells. Therefore, in this research, a detailed theoretical study of the behavior of three different types of nanocones is presented, and one of its most notable findings is the band gaps reduction as a result of introducing the hydrogen atom outside nanocone. The study has presented a complete set of band gap calculations, considering not only pure nanocones, CNCs (carbon nanocones), BNNCs (born nitride nanocons), and SiCNCs (silicon carbide nanocons) but also endohedral and exohedral mono hydrogenated nanocones using density functional theory (DFT). The results show that the band reduction can be up to 72% due to mono hydrogenation of CBNCs as the band gap changes from 4.4 eV for pure BNNCs to 1.2 eV for mono hydrogenated BNNCs. The wide range of band gaps for various hydrogenated nanocones may allow the fundamental control needed to design next‐generation electronic components.
Comparative Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Modules: Roof‐Mounted Versus Floating with Polystyrene Material‐Based Floats
Authors: Shukla Aradhana , Yadav Satish Kumar , Misra Amit , Yaqub Adeeba , Singh Jyotsna , Singh Rajendra Bahadur
Published: February 2025

A novel method for generating energy known as floating photovoltaic technology, has gained significant attention due to its numerous advantages. Floating panels reduce water evaporation while simultaneously enhancing energy production. In this paper, it is compared that the performances of floating PV module and rooftop PV module on a sunny day in a composite climate. This study is an experimental analysis of the performance of 20 Wp of floating with a 20 Wp rooftop PV module. It is recorded weather parameters along with module output data for both the floating and rooftop setups. The experimental results show that the efficiency of the floating PV module is greater than that of the rooftop PV module by 0.68%. The floating PV module demonstrates a slightly lower average temperature of 49.23 °C compared to that of the rooftop PV module, which is 50.95 °C. Moreover, floating PV module has a marginal advantage in terms of power generation. The outcomes of this experiment suggest that the efficiency of the floating PV module is greater than that of the rooftop solar panel. This means that for the installation of floating PVs, there is no need for land, which gives them a unique identity.
Molecular Insights Into Adulteration Dynamics in Clarified Butterfat: An Image Based Approach
Authors: Awasthi Avinash Kaushal , Gupta Pallavi , Noor I. M.
Published: February 2025

Clarified butterfat, commonly known as desi ghee, is one of the most important edible products of the dairy industry. There are many types of materials used to adulterate the clarified butterfat. This study presents the development of a protocol for the image acquisition of various controlled pure and adulterated samples of clarified butterfat. Further, its analysis is proposed using image processing tools for developing a model to identify the various adulteration levels in clarified butterfat (cow ghee) that is adulterated with vegetable fat. The processed images are analysed for pixel intensity, crystalline structures, yellowness, and skeleton factors to evaluate the purity of butterfat (ghee) and matched with impure samples of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% adulteration levels using discriminant analysis. The study delves into the effects of varying adulteration levels on the molecular characteristics of clarified butterfat, considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Changes in crystalline values are accompanied by increasing levels of adulteration, attributed to shifts in triglyceride composition induced by the addition of hydrogenated vegetable fat. The selected parameters can be used as a substitute method at a standard temperature of 28–32 °C with benefits of ease, speed, accuracy, larger sample size for repeatability with an extent up to 90% of precision by critically following the developed protocol.
Propolis Edible Coating Improves Antibacterial Feature of Banana Leaf‐Based Traditional Packaging
Authors: Laurent Jeannette , Wardana Ata Aditya , Setiarto R. Haryo Bimo
Published: February 2025

The use of bioactive substances as coating material appears to be a promising way to create effective antimicrobial leaves‐based packaging. This study aims to characterize antibacterial activity and physical properties of propolis‐coated banana leaf packaging. Edible coatings with a 3% level of commercial propolis, originated from Indonesia and Brazil, are used for leaf surface coating. The color difference and thickness of leaf samples respectively range from 58.2 to 59.8 and 0.21–0.29 mm, where the coating layers are observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the surface and internal microstructure. Chemical properties are examined through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Propolis (Brazil) coated leaf show the highest zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria. The application of coated leaf confirm an extension of fresh lemper shelf life approximately by 10 h at room temperature and 18 h in the refrigerator.
Advancements in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Mavi Sheetal , Kadian Sarita , Sarangi Pradeepta Kumar , Sahoo Ashok Kumar , Singh Shruti , Yahya M. Z. A. , Abd Rahman Nor Mas Mira
Published: February 2025

Technology, health care, and transport are merely some of the industries that historically rely on polymer‐based materials. In past centuries, the creation of innovative polymer materials has been dependent upon extensive experiments and error procedures that require an extensive number of resources as well as time. With the objective to explore the transformative potential of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in material discovery, design, and optimization, this paper explores the integration of ML and AI in polymer‐based materials research. Researchers are able to speed the development of new polymer‐based materials with improved properties and functionalities by utilizing sophisticated algorithms and computational models. The use of ML and AI in polymer research is examined, with a focus on how these technologies may stimulate innovation and expand material science research.
Synthesis and Characterization of PEMA‐CNT‐Based Polymer Electrolyte Nanocomposite and Its Application in DSSC
Authors: Singh Palvinder , Sachdeva Amit , Singh Shruti , Yahya M. Z. A. , Rahman Nor Mas Mira Abd , Bhargava Cherry
Published: February 2025

The conductivity and structural properties of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)‐based plasticized electrolytes are modified by adding carbon nanotubes (CNT) as nanoparticle. The PEMA + KI (40% wt) and EC (60% wt) have maximum conductivity of 4.65×10−5 S/cm using solution casting technique. CNT is dissolved into this maximum conducting sample. On addition of 9% wt of CNT, we obtained maximum ionic conductivity of 3.5×10−4 S/cm. The morphology of the conductive sample is investigated using SEM technique, amorphicity is studied by FTIR technique, and a comparison of crystalline structure between maximum conducting samples of PEMA + KI + EC and PEMA + KI + EC + CNT is done by XRD technique to identify polymer composite's amorphous nature. DSSC is prepared using doctor blade method using maximum conducting sample, and it is observed that energy conversion efficiency is 2.27% at 1 sun condition with open circuit voltage of 0.6887 V, short circuit current density 3.88 A/cm2, and fill factor 81.11%.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenylephrine Macromolecule by Coupling with Diazotized 4‐Bromo Aniline
Authors: Sharif Assen N. , Mohammed Asmaa Ahmed
Published: February 2025

The present study outlines a meticulously devised and accurate spectrophotometric method for the determination of phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHEPH) in both its pure drug form and drop formulation. The methodology hinges upon a diazo‐coupling reaction, whereby PHEPH undergoes coupling with diazotized 4‐bromoaniline under alkaline conditions. The resulting yellowish‐orange azo‐dye demonstrates a remarkable sensitivity, quantified by the molar absorptivity value of 4.684 × 103 L mol−1 cm−1. The pinnacle of absorption occurs at 459 nm, and the linearity of the method is impeccably upheld within the concentration range of 3–48 µg 10 mL−1 of PHEPH, as dictated by Beer's law. An aspect of paramount significance is the enduring stability of the product's coloration, evincing minimal alteration in absorbance over duration of up to 60 min. Notably, the recovery percentage stands at an impressive 100.1376%, testifying to the method's accuracy, while the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of a mere 0.310178% underscores its precision. The applicability of this method extends seamlessly to the estimation of PHEPH within nasal drop formulations, yielding results of commendable reliability and consistency.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silver(I) Macromolecules Containing Macrocyclic Dithiocarbamate Ligand and Phosphines
Authors: Omar Hala Wathik , Mohammed Modher Y. , Ismail Yaseen Asra'a
Published: February 2025

This study delineates the synthesis of a series of macrocyclic dinuclear metal dithiocarbamate‐based complexes. The synthesis methodology encompasses the preparation of sodium uracil bis dithiocarbamate (U‐DTC) by a controlled addition of carbon disulfide (CS2) to uracil within a NaOH medium under refrigerated conditions (0–5 °C). The resultant U‐DTC ligand serves as the foundation for novel Ag(I) complexes, incorporating phosphine ligands, specifically dppe and dppp, at a stoichiometric ratio of 2:1 (phosphine: metal). Additionally, complexes are formed with PPh3 at a ratio of 4:1 (phosphine: metal). Detailed characterization through spectroscopic methodologies, including FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR analyses, reveals the coordination mode of U‐DTC with the Ag center. The spectroscopic evidence confirms the attachment of U‐DTC to the silver center through a bidentate fashion, involving both sulfur atoms in a chelating manner. This synthetic approach underscores the strategic utilization of U‐DTC as a precursor to engineer novel Ag(I) complexes, employing phosphine ligands in controlled ratios. The spectroscopic elucidation of the coordination mode provides crucial insights into the structural arrangement and bonding characteristics within the synthesized complexes, offering a foundation for further exploration and application of these complexes in diverse chemical contexts.
Environmental Concerns of Chemical Materials Usage: Balancing Progress and Law
Authors: Jameel Rahma R. , Jubair Ali A. , Hussain Ream A. , Nuaman Huda A. , Alheety Mustafa A.
Published: February 2025

The surge in chemical usage outside governorate centers has become a focal point of concern due to its profound environmental impact and potential threats to public safety. This comprehensive article delves into the intricate dynamics of this issue, exploring the current landscape of chemical usage trends, and their environmental repercussions. It critically assesses the existing legal framework on both national and international levels, highlighting challenges in enforcement and the associated public health, and safety concerns. The discussion extends to proposed reforms, emphasizing the need for a strengthened legal framework, and increased community engagement. Case studies offer valuable insights, examining successful models and failures that shape lessons for future policymaking. The article further explores the role of technological advancements in enhancing monitoring and regulatory efforts and advocates for collaborative approaches involving government bodies, industries, and local communities. In conclusion, the article underscores the necessity of finding a delicate balance between economic progress and environmental responsibility. Through a multifaceted approach that incorporates legal reforms, technological innovations, and collaborative strategies, the future outlook envisions a harmonious coexistence of development and sustainability in the regulation of chemical usage outside governorate centers.