bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired β-cell function in the adult offspring of rats fed a protein-restricted diet during lactation is associated with changes in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes
Authors: de Oliveira Júlio C. , Miranda Rosiane A. , Barella Luiz F. , Torrezan Rosana , Agostinho Aryane R. , Ribeiro Tatiane A. S. , Franco Claudinéia C. S. , Malta Ananda , Tófolo Laize P. , Gravena Clarice , Mathias Paulo C. F.
Published: July 2013

Impaired pancreatic β-cell function, as observed in the cases of early nutrition disturbance, is a major hallmark of metabolic diseases arising in adulthood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function/composition of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes, M2 and M3, in the pancreatic islets of adult offspring of rats that were protein malnourished during lactation. Neonates were nursed by mothers that were fed either a low-protein (4 %, LP) or a normal-protein (23 %, NP) diet. Adult rats were pre-treated with anti-muscarinic drugs and subjected to the glucose tolerance test; the function and protein expression levels of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were determined. The LP rats were lean and hypoinsulinaemic. The selective M2mAChR antagonist methoctramine increased insulinaemia by 31 % in the NP rats and 155 % in the LP rats, and insulin secretion was increased by 32 % in the islets of the NP rats and 88 % in those of the LP rats. The selective M3mAChR antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide decreased insulinaemia by 63 % in the NP rats and 40 % in the LP rats and reduced insulin release by 41 % in the islets of the NP rats and 28 % in those of the LP rats. The protein expression levels of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were 57 % higher and 53 % lower, respectively, in the islets of the LP rats than in those of the NP rats. The expression and functional compositions of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were altered in the islets of the LP rats, as a result of metabolic programming caused by the protein-restricted diet, which might be another possible effect involved in the weak insulin secretion ability of the islets of the programmed adult rats.
Salt and Revenue in Frontier Formation: State Mobilized Ethnic Politics in the Yunnan-Burma Borderland since the 1720s
Authors: MA JIANXIONG
Published: July 2013

This research reviews the formation of the Yunnan-Burma frontier since the 1720s, when the Qing government reformed the administrative systems from chieftainships to official counties in the middle and southern Yunnan mountains areas. One of some crucial political changes was the policy of salt revenue which directly stimulated large scale ethnic resistance in the region of salt wells. However, the social political context of continuing ethnic conflicts was not only rooted in the reshaping of the salt-consuming districts, but also rooted in social changes in the Yunnan-Burma borderland because of increasing Han Chinese immigration and their penetration into mining, long distance trade and local agriculture. In order to successfully control mountain resources as the base of revenue, the Qing government continued to gradually integrate native Dai chieftains into official counties. Local resistance continued and reached a peak from the 1790s to the 1810s. Pushed by the Qing government, and with the collaboration of different social actors, the synthesized mobilization of frontier formation had made ethnic politics a main style of social political reconstruction, even if commercial exchange, long distance trade, and demographic reshaping also continued to be mixed with ethnic politics as another layer of the Yunnan-Burma frontier formation.
How to Forge a Creative Student-Citizen: Achieving the Positive in Today's Vietnam
Authors: BAYLY SUSAN
Published: July 2013

The exaltation of achievement as a measure of collective and individual worth and moral agency has been one of the defining features of Asian developmentalism. Yet in today's age of globalized neoliberal attainment monitoring, the question of who and what an achiever actually is within an achievement-conscious society is far from straightforward or uncomplicated. In Vietnam, the notion of doing well and creditably for self and nation can be deeply problematic for those called upon, either officially or by living and ancestral kin, to embody qualities of attainment and creditable life-course functioning in ways recognizable to those who reward and monitor aspiring achievers. Building on recent fieldwork in Vietnam, this paper explores the ways young Hanoians have engaged with a rapidly changing set of ideas about how the country's tightly regulated schooling and examination system can both unleash and constrain the potential for new and ‘creative’ forms of attainment on the part of the nation's most promising and productive citizen-achievers.
Societal changes in the Hellenistic, Roman and early Byzantine periods. Results from the Sagalassos Territorial Archaeological Survey 2008 (southwest Turkey)
Authors: Kaptijn Eva , Poblome Jeroen , Vanhaverbeke Hannelore , Bakker Johan , Waelkens Marc
Published: July 2013

This contribution discusses the Hellenistic, Roman and early Byzantine pottery collected during archaeological survey in the Bereket valley (territory of ancient Sagalassos, southwest Turkey). This collection contains both pottery imported from as yet unknown production centres and wares produced in the Potters’ Quarter of Sagalassos. Changes in the proportions of pottery produced at Sagalassos and those produced at other locations become visible in the fourthcentury AD material and reflect the evolving relationship between the peripheral valley of Bereket and the regional centre of Sagalassos. Yet, the undiminished quantity of pottery collected suggests that human activity continued without significant changes in habitation density. However, pollen cores from the same valley show that at more or less the same time crop cultivation diminished and was largely replaced by pastoralism. This shift occured at a time when climatic conditions had become more favourable for crop cultivation. A somewhat similar decrease in crop cultivation is also observed in Gravgaz marsh. In both valleys, this shift occured about 300 years earlier than in the rest of the territory of Sagalassos. Although the reasons for these changes cannot be determined on the basis of the study of survey pottery alone, the results presented show the importance of intensive survey and the study of peripheral areas for understanding inter-regional interaction patterns.
NORM MANIPULATION, NORM EVASION: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Bicchieri Cristina , Chavez Alex K.
Published: July 2013

Using an economic bargaining game, we tested for the existence of two phenomena related to social norms, namely norm manipulation – the selection of an interpretation of the norm that best suits an individual – and norm evasion – the deliberate, private violation of a social norm. We found that the manipulation of a norm of fairness was characterized by a self-serving bias in beliefs about what constituted normatively acceptable behaviour, so that an individual who made an uneven bargaining offer not only genuinely believed it was fair, but also believed that recipients found it fair, even though recipients of the offer considered it to be unfair. In contrast, norm evasion operated as a highly explicit process. When they could do so without the recipient's knowledge, individuals made uneven offers despite knowing that their behaviour was unfair.
FOLK RETRIBUTIVISM AND THE COMMUNICATION CONFOUND
Authors: Nadelhoffer Thomas , Heshmati Saeideh , Kaplan Deanna , Nichols Shaun
Published: July 2013

Retributivist accounts of punishment maintain that it is right to punish wrongdoers, even if the punishment has no future benefits. Research in experimental economics indicates that people are willing to pay to punish defectors. A complementary line of work in social psychology suggests that people think that it is right to punish wrongdoers. This work suggests that people are retributivists about punishment. However, all of the extant work contains an important potential confound. The target of the punishment is expected to be aware of the punitive act. Thus, it's possible that people punish because they want to communicate something to the wrongdoer, e.g. disapproval, the presence of a norm, etc. In three studies, we examine whether people will punish even when the punishee will be ignorant. We find that people are no less likely to punish when the punishee will be ignorant. This finding emerges both in a survey study and in a monetized behavioural decision study.
Spatial behavior reflects the mental disorder in OCD patients with and without comorbid schizophrenia
Authors: Gershoni Anat , Hermesh Haggai , Fineberg Naomi A. , Eilam David
Published: July 2013

Objective

Resolving the entangled nosological dilemma of whether obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with and without schizophrenia (schizo-OCD and OCD, respectively) are two independent entities or whether schizo-OCD is a combined product of its parent disorders.

Methods

Studying motor activity in OCD and in schizo-OCD patients. Performance of the patients was compared with the performance of the same motor task by a matching control individual.

Results

Behavior in both schizo-OCD and OCD patients differed from controls in the excessive repetition and addition of acts, thus validating an identical OC facet. However, there was a significant difference in spatial behavior. Schizo-OCD patients traveled over a greater area with less focused activity as typical to schizophrenia patients and in contrast to OCD patients, who were more focused and traveled less in a confined area. While schizo-OCD and OCD patients share most of the OC ritualistic attributes, they differ in the greater spread of activity in schizo-OCD, which is related to schizophrenia disorder.

Discussion

It is suggested that the finding on difference in spatial behavior is a reflection of the mental differences between OCD and schizophrenia. In other words, this could be an overt and observable manifestation of the mental state, and therefore may facilitate the nosology of OC spectrum disorders and OCD.

Conclusion

It seems as if both the OCD patients’ focus on specific thoughts, and the contrasting wandering thoughts of schizophrenia patients, are reflected in the focused activity of the former and wandering from one place to the next of the latter.
The Maximal–Minimal Model: A framework for evaluating and comparing experience of voice in electroacoustic music
Authors: Bergsland Andreas
Published: July 2013

This article presents a framework for describing, understanding and evaluating the experience of voice in acousmatic electroacoustic music and related genres through themaximal–minimal model. This model, which is inspired by literary theory, theories of radiophonic voice as well as theories of electroacoustic music, presentsmaximalandminimalvoice as loosely defined poles constituting end points on a continuum on which experienced voices can be localised. Here,maximalvoice, which parallels the informative and clearly articulated speaking voice dominant in the radio medium, is described as the converging fulfilment of sevenpremises. These premises are seen as partly interconnected conditions related to particular aspects or features of the experience of voice. At the other end of the continuum,minimalvoice is defined as a boundary zone between voice and non-voice, a zone which is related to the negative fulfilment of the seven premises. The two poles are presented as centre and periphery, respectively, with the seven premises constituting multiple axes spreading out from the centre. These features, it is argued, parallel Lakoff's cluster model of categorisation. Lastly, the article briefly discusses the use of the framework in analysis of electroacoustic works with voice, and it demonstrates two ways in which the evaluations according to the framework can be visualised.
Investigating and comparing the patients’ and staff's perspectives on the usefulness of a head and neck radiotherapy patient education booklet
Authors: Chan Kitty , Davey Caroline
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Printed patient education material enhances verbal patient teaching. ‘Starting radiation therapy: helpful tips for patients with head and neck cancer’ is a booklet that facilitates head and neck (H&N) cancer patients’ orientation to the study hospital. This study examined and compared patients’ and staff's opinion on the distribution and usefulness of this booklet.

Methods

Patients starting radiotherapy treatment to their H&N cancer, and staff involved in their care, were recruited. A survey was designed to collect responses from both cohorts.

Results

Of the patients, 94% received the booklet before their first radiotherapy treatment. Of the staff, 67% referred to this booklet during patient education. Most patients (98%) found that the booklet increased their awareness of hospital and community services. Both groups indicated list of services and telephone number to be the most useful chapter. The staff suggested having this booklet available in different languages.

Conclusion

This booklet was useful as an orientation tool for the patients to navigate the hospital system. Patients and staff have similar opinion regarding the most useful sections in the booklet. Further studies needs to be conducted to validate the need of having this booklet available in other languages.
KARL POLANYI AT THE MARGINS OF ENGLISH SOCIALISM, 1934–1947
Authors: ROGAN TIM
Published: July 2013

Growing interest among historians and social scientists in the work of Karl Polanyi has yet to produce detailed historical studies of how Polanyi's work was received by his contemporaries. This article reconstructs the frustration of Polanyi's attempts to make a name for himself among English socialists between his arrival from Vienna in 1934 and his departure for New York in 1947. The most obvious explanation for Polanyi's failure to find a following was the socialist historians’ rejection of his unorthodox narrative of the rise of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution inThe Great Transformation(1944). But this disappointment was anticipated in earlier exchanges revealing that Polanyi's social theory, specifically his conception of the self and its social relations, differed markedly from the views prevailing among socialists of R. H. Tawney and G. D. H. Cole's generation. As well as casting new light on the intellectual history of English socialism and variegating our understanding of the contexts in which conceptions of the human person were invoked in the interwar period, this article seeks to illuminate by example the importance of deep-seated, often tacit, commitments to particular conceptions of the self and its social relations in structuring mid-century intellectual life.
Single-cell genomics reveals complex carbohydrate degradation patterns in poribacterial symbionts of marine sponges
Authors: Kamke Janine , Sczyrba Alexander , Ivanova Natalia , Schwientek Patrick , Rinke Christian , Mavromatis Kostas , Woyke Tanja , Hentschel Ute
Published: July 2013

Many marine sponges are hosts to dense and phylogenetically diverse microbial communities that are located in the extracellular matrix of the animal. The candidate phylum Poribacteria is a predominant member of the sponge microbiome and its representatives are nearly exclusively found in sponges. Here we used single-cell genomics to obtain comprehensive insights into the metabolic potential of individual poribacterial cells representing three distinct phylogenetic groups within Poribacteria. Genome sizes were up to 5.4 Mbp and genome coverage was as high as 98.5%. Common features of the poribacterial genomes indicated that heterotrophy is likely to be of importance for this bacterial candidate phylum. Carbohydrate-active enzyme database screening and further detailed analysis of carbohydrate metabolism suggested the ability to degrade diverse carbohydrate sources likely originating from seawater and from the host itself. The presence of uronic acid degradation pathways as well as several specific sulfatases provides strong support that Poribacteria degrade glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans, which are important components of the sponge host matrix. Dominant glycoside hydrolase families further suggest degradation of other glycoproteins in the host matrix. We therefore propose that Poribacteria are well adapted to an existence in the sponge extracellular matrix. Poribacteria may be viewed as efficient scavengers and recyclers of a particular suite of carbon compounds that are unique to sponges as microbial ecosystems.
Full-dimensional quantum calculations of the dissociation energy, zero-point, and 10 K properties of ${\rm H}_{7}^{+}$H7+/${\rm D}_{7}^{+}$D7+ clusters using an ab initio potential energy surface
Authors: Barragán Patricia , Pérez de Tudela Ricardo , Qu Chen , Prosmiti Rita , Bowman Joel M.
Published: July 2013

Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) and path-integral Monte Carlo computations of the vibrational ground state and 10 K equilibrium state properties of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_7^+$\end{document}H7+/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm D}_7^+$\end{document}D7+ cations are presented, using an ab initio full-dimensional potential energy surface. The DMC zero-point energies of dissociated fragments \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_5^+$\end{document}H5+(\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm D}_5^+$\end{document}D5+)+H2(D2) are also calculated and from these results and the electronic dissociation energy, dissociation energies, D0, of 752 ± 15 and 980 ± 14 cm−1 are reported for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_7^+$\end{document}H7+ and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm D}_7^+$\end{document}D7+, respectively. Due to the known error in the electronic dissociation energy of the potential surface, these quantities are underestimated by roughly 65 cm−1. These values are rigorously determined for first time, and compared with previous theoretical estimates from electronic structure calculations using standard harmonic analysis, and available experimental measurements. Probability density distributions are also computed for the ground vibrational and 10 K state of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_7^+$\end{document}H7+ and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm D}_7^+$\end{document}D7+. These are qualitatively described as a central \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm H}_3^+$\end{document}H3+/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm D}_3^+$\end{document}D3+ core surrounded by “solvent” H2/D2 molecules that nearly freely rotate.
Computational modeling of unsteady surfactant-laden liquid plug propagation in neonatal airways
Authors: Olgac Ufuk , Muradoglu Metin
Published: July 2013

Surfactant-free and surfactant-laden liquid plug propagation in neonatal airways in various generations representing the upper and lower airways are investigated computationally using a finite-difference/front-tracking method. Emphasis is placed on the unsteady surfactant-laden plug propagation as a model for Surfactant Replacement Therapy (SRT) and airway reopening. The numerical method is designed to solve the evolution equations of the interfacial and bulk surfactant concentrations coupled with the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Available experimental data for surfactant Survanta are used to relate surface tension coefficient to surfactant concentration at the interface. It is found that, for the surfactant-free case, the trailing film thickness is in good agreement with Taylor's law for plugs with plug length greater than the airway width. Mechanical stresses that could be injurious to epithelial cells such as pressure and shear stress and their gradients are maximized on the front and rear menisci with increasing magnitudes in the lower generations. These mechanical stresses, especially pressure and pressure gradient, are diminished with the introduction of surfactants. Surfactant is absorbed onto the trailing film and thickens it, eventually leading to either plug rupture or, if totally consumed prior to rupture, to steadily propagating plug. In the upper airways, initially small plugs rupture rapidly and plugs with comparable initial plug length with the airway width persist and propagate steadily. For a more effective SRT treatment, we recommend utilization of plugs with initial plug length greater than the airway width. Increasing surfactant strength or increasing the initially instilled surfactant concentration is found to be ineffective.
Broadband ultraviolet-visible transient absorption spectroscopy in the nanosecond to microsecond time domain with sub-nanosecond time resolution
Authors: Lang Bernhard , Mosquera-Vázquez Sandra , Lovy Dominique , Sherin Peter , Markovic Vesna , Vauthey Eric
Published: July 2013

A combination of sub-nanosecond photoexcitation and femtosecond supercontinuum probing is used to extend femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy into the nanosecond to microsecond time domain. Employing a passively Q-switched frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser and determining the jitter of the time delay between excitation and probe pulses with a high resolution time delay counter on a single-shot basis leads to a time resolution of 350 ps in picosecond excitation mode. The time overlap of almost an order of magnitude between fs and sub-ns excitation mode permits to extend ultrafast transient absorption (TA) experiments seamlessly into time ranges traditionally covered by laser flash photolysis. The broadband detection scheme eases the identification of intermediate reaction products which may remain undetected in single-wavelength detection flash photolysis arrangements. Single-shot referencing of the supercontinuum probe with two identical spectrometer/CCD arrangements yields an excellent signal-to-noise ratio for the so far investigated chromophores in short to moderate accumulation times.
The translational, rotational, and vibrational energy effects on the chemical reactivity of water cation H2O+(X 2B1) in the collision with deuterium molecule D2
Authors: Xu Yuntao , Xiong Bo , Chang Yih Chung , Ng C. Y.
Published: July 2013

By employing the newly established vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser pulsed field ionization-photoion (PFI-PI) double quadrupole-double octopole ion guide apparatus, we have examined the translational, rotational, and vibrational energy effects on the chemical reactivity of water cation H2O+(X2B1) in the collision with deuterium molecule D2. The application of a novel electric-field pulsing scheme to the VUV laser PFI-PI ion source has enabled the preparation of a rovibrationally selected H2O+(X2B1; $v_1^ + v_2^ + v_3^ +$v1+v2+v3+; N+Ka+Kc+) ion beam with not only high internal-state selectivity and high intensity but also high translational energy resolution. Despite the unfavorable Franck-Condon factors, we are able to prepare the excited vibrational states $(v_1^ + v_2^ + v_3^ +) = (100)\,{\rm and}\,{\rm (020)}$(v1+v2+v3+)=(100) and (020) along with the (000) ground vibrational state, for collisional studies, where $v_1^ +$v1+, $v_2^ +$v2+, and $v_3^ +$v3+ represent the symmetric stretching, bending, and asymmetric stretching modes of H2O+(X2B1). We show that a range of rotational levels from N+Ka+Kc+ = 000 to 322, covering a rotational energy range of 0–200 cm−1 of these vibrational states, can also be generated for absolute integral cross section (σ) measurements at center-of-mass collision energies (Ecms) from thermal energies to 10.00 eV. The Ecm dependences of the σ values are consistent with the prediction of the orbiting model, indicating that translational energy significantly hinders the chemical reactivity of H2O+(X2B1). Rotational enhancements are observed at Ecm < 0.30 eV for all the three vibrational states, (000), (100), and (020). While the σ values for (100) are found to be only slightly below those for (000), the σ values for (020) are lower than those for (000) and (100) by up to 20% at Ecm ≤ 0.20 eV, indicative of vibrational inhibition at low Ecm by excitation of the (020) mode. Rationalizations are proposed for the observed rotational enhancements and the bending vibrational inhibition. Rigorous theoretical calculations are needed to interpret the wealth of rovibrationally selected cross sections obtained in the present study.
Site-selective ionization of ethanol dimer under the tunable synchrotron VUV radiation and its subsequent fragmentation
Authors: Li Weixing , Hu Yongjun , Guan Jiwen , Liu Fuyi , Shan Xiaobin , Sheng Liusi
Published: July 2013

Site-selective ionization of ethanol dimer and the subsequent fragmentation were studied by synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry. With photoionization efficiency spectra measurements and theoretical calculations, the detailed mechanisms of the ionization-dissociation processes of ethanol dimer under VUV irradiation were explored. In 9.49–10.89 eV photon energy range, it was found that the ejection of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) electron from hydrogen bond donor induces a rapid barrierless proton-transfer process followed by two competitive dissociation channels, generating (C2H5OH)·H+ and CH2O·(C2H5OH)H+, respectively. The latter comes from a carbon–carbon bond cleavage in the donor. While the photon energy is 10.9–11.58 eV, the electron of HOMO-1 of the hydrogen bond acceptor, is removed. Besides the dissociation channel to produce C2H5OH and C2H5OH+, a new channel to generate (C2H5OH)·CH2OH+ is opened, where the cleavage of the carbon–carbon bond occurs in the acceptor. When the photon energy increases to 11.58 eV, the electron from HOMO-2 is ejected.
Tailoring relaxation time spectrum in soft glassy materials
Authors: Kaushal Manish , Joshi Yogesh M.
Published: July 2013

Physical properties of out of equilibrium soft materials depend on time as well as deformation history. In this work we propose to transform this major shortcoming into gain by applying controlled deformation field to tailor the rheological properties. We take advantage of the fact that deformation field of a certain magnitude can prevent particles in an aging soft glassy material from occupying energy wells up to a certain depth, thereby populating only the deeper wells. We employ two soft glassy materials with dissimilar microstructures and demonstrate that increase in strength of deformation field while aging leads to narrowing of spectrum of relaxation times. We believe that, in principle, this philosophy can be universally applied to different kinds of glassy materials by changing nature and strength of impetus.
The use of computational fluid dynamics in analysing the performance of an elliptical annular fin
Authors: Nagarani J. , Mayilsamy K. , Murugesan A.
Published: July 2013

The Elliptical Annular Fin (EAF) circumscribing circular tube could be a good choice where the space is restricted to one direction and enough space is present in perpendicular direction or one side for material saving. This paper presents the performance of the EAF circumscribing circular tube. In this work fins with constant base temperature by free, forced convection and with heat dissipation from the fin to the surroundings have been considered. The performance of the EAF is evaluated from the surface temperature. The Shaped Tube Efficiency (STE) and Fin Effectiveness (FE) with respect to Biot number are calculated using surface temperature. The result shows that STE and FE decrease with increase in Biot number. With the same parameter of the experimental setup, the surface temperature, STE, and FE are analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The surface temperature is calculated by experimental method, and CFD analysis is predicted with a maximum deviation of 0.4% and R2 values were 99.6%. For STE and FE, the average deviation between the present computations and the experimental computations was observed to be less than 1.8% and 2%—it is an acceptable range. Based on the above results, the thermodynamic model has been developed.
Barriers in front of solar energy plants in Turkey and investment analysis of solution scenarios-case study on a 10 MW system
Authors: Kıray Vedat , Şağbanşua Lütfü
Published: July 2013

The importance of the solar energy usage as a clean source of energy in Turkey is discussed, and combined small capital usage along with State support is analyzed within various scenarios in order to make the sector attractive for investors in every level. Recently, formulated legislations have set up the stage for the solar energy stations in Turkey. Although the price per kWh for which the State guarantees to buy the electricity for is at an acceptable level for small capital owners, high initial investment requirement constitutes a disadvantage because investments at the level of mega watts require millions of dollars. Solar energy investments are not necessarily attractive for local and foreign investors with large capitals. The main reason is the return of investment period being between 8 and 14 yrs. Life of the overall system depending on the structure of the solar panels being 20–24 yrs and even an average of 10 yrs for inverter is an another drawback. The resulting picture shows that the utilization of solar energy in Turkey might end up being less than expected. Various scenarios are produced and analysis is conducted to solve the aforementioned problems. At the first level of the produced solution, turning the small capitals with lower profit mindsets into larger capitals; at the second level, scenarios of State supports and their analysis for investors at any level; and at the third level, the effect of doubling the life of the established system by renewing itself on the scenarios is studied. While developing the scenarios, the profit rate determined for the investors is kept constant while changing the remaining parameters. The issues of how the State supports obtained for the solution be repaid in the long run and other gains for the State are also discussed. In order for the results of the research to be usable, the technical infrastructure of a 10 MW solar energy system and cost analysis are added into this research. The costs of the solar parks selected worldwide are considered in the cost analysis in generalizing the findings. Although the research discusses the setting up solar energy systems and management in Turkey, it is known that similar problems exist in many other places worldwide.
Liquid-vapor equilibrium and surface properties of short rigid chains with one long range attractive potential
Authors: Armas-Pérez Julio C. , Quintana-H Jacqueline , Chapela Gustavo A.
Published: July 2013

Liquid-vapor coexistence and interfacial properties of short lineal rigid vibrating chains with three tangent monomers in two and three dimensions are calculated. The effect of the range and position of a long ranged square well attractive potential is studied. Orthobaric densities, vapor pressures, surface tensions, and interfacial widths are reported. Two types of molecules are studied. Chains of three tangent hard sphere monomers and chains of three and five tangent hard sphere monomers interacting with a square well attractive potential with λ* = λ/σ = 1.5 in units of the hard core diameter σ. The results are reported in two and three dimensions. For both types of chains, a long ranged square well attractive potential is located at various positions in the chain to investigate its effect in the properties of the corresponding systems. Results for hard sphere chains are presented for a series of different sizes of λ* between 2.5 and 5. For square well chains the position in the chain of the long ranged potential has no influence in the coexistence and interfacial properties. Critical temperatures increase monotonically with respect to λ* and critical densities decrease systematically for both types of chains. When the long ranged potential is located in the middle monomer of the hard sphere chains no critical point is found for λ* < 2.4. No critical point is found when the long ranged potential is located in one of the extremes of the hard sphere chains.
Magnetotransport studies of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with two-dimensional electron gas in parallel with a three-dimensional Al-graded layer: Incorrect hole type determination
Authors: Desrat W. , Contreras S. , Konczewicz L. , Jouault B. , Chmielowska M. , Chenot S. , Cordier Y.
Published: July 2013

We report magnetotransport measurements performed on AlGaN/GaN devices with different buffer layers. Standard samples with a 1 μm thick GaN buffer show a linear Hall resistance and an almost constant magnetoresistance, as expected from a single two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the AlGaN/GaN interface. Other samples, with an AlxGa1–xN buffer (x = 5%) and a buried linear aluminium gradient, have an additional three-dimensional electron slab (3DES) close to the GaN substrate. In this case, the Hall resistance is strongly non-linear and presents an incorrect hole-type carrier signature, evidenced by low field mobility spectrum analysis. This effect is strengthened when the 3D layer, parallel to the mesa-etched 2DEG, is infinite. We suggest that the misplacement of the electrical contacts in the 3DES, i.e., far from the sample edges, could explain the wrong carrier type determination.
Refractive index dynamics of InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Crowley M. T. , Houlihan J. , Piwonski T. , O'Driscoll I. , Williams D. P. , O'Reilly E. P. , Uskov A. V. , Huyet G.
Published: July 2013

The refractive index dynamics of an InAs/InGaAs/GaAs dots-in-a-well semiconductor optical amplifier is calculated and compared with experimental results. The fast and slow recovery timescales together with the behaviour with increasing injection are reproduced and explained in terms of the density of carriers available in upper quantum dot and continuum states. Also, a Coulomb-mediated shift of the dot susceptibility is suggested as responsible for the fast recovery of the phase.
The effect of phase heterogeneity on thermoelectric properties of nanostructured silicon germanium alloy
Authors: Zamanipour Zahra , Salahinejad Erfan , Norouzzadeh Payam , Krasinski Jerzy S. , Tayebi Lobat , Vashaee Daryoosh
Published: July 2013

Detailed examination of the nanostructured bulk Si0.80Ge0.20 alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying and hot-press methods revealed that the alloy composition can unintentionally deviate from its nominal value. The phase deviation is difficult to be detected with x-ray diffraction due to the continuous solid solution characteristics of the Si-Ge alloy. Differential thermal analysis, in particular, showed that the synthesized nanostructured bulk Si0.80Ge0.20 alloy was a composition of two unintentional phases. The dominant phase was Si0.88Ge0.12 with admixture of Si0.58Ge0.42 in a much lower concentration. The two-phase structure is difficult to be detected in X-ray diffraction analysis and is often neglected. Thermoelectric properties of Si1−xGex significantly depend on the Ge content in the synthesized alloy. The thermoelectric properties of the synthesized material were studied experimentally and theoretically. The comparison of the data of the mixed phase nanostructured alloy with those of the single phase Si0.80Ge0.20 alloy showed enhancement in Seebeck coefficient and reduction in thermal conductivity of the former material. It was found using model calculations that these differences are due to the existence of the Si0.88Ge0.12 phase in the two-phase structure that results in the reduction of the bipolar diffusion part of the thermal conductivity and the bipolar effect in the Seebeck coefficient at high temperature. The results can stimulate a new route for enhancing the thermoelectric properties of silicon germanium alloy based on multicomponent material design.
A model used for Hugoniot prediction of material at high-temperature along isobaric path
Authors: Zhou Qiang , Chen Pengwan , Ma Danzhu , Dai Kaida
Published: July 2013

A model was derived in this paper to calculate the high-temperature Hugoniot of solid material along isobaric path by using an enthalpy-based equation of state (EOS) model. It provides a way and complements the Mie-Grüneisen EOS for studying high-temperature Hugoniot of materials. The Hugoniot of tungsten at 1223 K in moderate pressure range (0–10 GPa) and the Hugoniot of molybdenum at 1673 K in high pressure range (10∼300 GPa) were calculated using the presented model. The calculated results fit in with the literature data. The model can satisfactorily predict the Hugoniot of solid at high temperature over a wide pressure range. The model was also extended to predict the Hugoniot of porous materials with high initial temperature along isobaric path; and the Hugoniots of multi-component solids and porous materials at high temperature were also calculated combining with the pressure equilibrium method.
Powerful terahertz emission from Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ mesa arrays
Authors: Benseman T. M. , Gray K. E. , Koshelev A. E. , Kwok W.-K. , Welp U. , Minami H. , Kadowaki K. , Yamamoto T.
Published: July 2013

Stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions in high-temperature superconductors enable the fabrication of compact sources of coherent terahertz radiation. Here, we demonstrate that multiple stacks patterned on the same Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ crystal can—under optimized conditions—be synchronized to emit high-power THz-radiation. For three synchronized stacks, we achieved 610 μW of continuous-wave coherent radiation power at 0.51 THz. We suggest that synchronization is promoted by THz-waves in the base crystal. We note that synchronization cannot be achieved in all samples. However even in these cases, powers on the 100-μW scale can be generated.
An optically detectable CO2 sensor utilizing polyethylenimine and starch functionalized InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells
Authors: Chen Y. C. , Shih H. Y. , Chen J. Y. , Tan W. J. , Chen Y. F.
Published: July 2013

An optically detectable gas sensor based on the high surface sensitivity of functionalized polyethylenimine/starch In0.15Ga0.85N/GaN strained semiconductor multiple quantum wells (MQWs) has been developed. Due to the excellent piezoelectricity of the MQWs, the change of surface charges caused by chemical interaction can introduce a strain and induce an internal field. In turn, it tilts the energy levels of the MQWs and modifies the optical properties. Through the measurement of the changes in photoluminescence as well as Raman scattering spectra under different concentrations of carbon dioxide gas, we demonstrate the feasibility and high sensitivity of the sensors derived from our methodology.
Electronic band structure of wurtzite GaP nanowires via temperature dependent resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Panda Jaya Kumar , Roy Anushree , Gemmi Mauro , Husanu Elena , Li Ang , Ercolani Daniele , Sorba Lucia
Published: July 2013

Resonance Raman measurements are carried out on defect-free wurtzite GaP nanowires over the excitation energy range between 2.19 and 2.71 eV. Resonances of the E1(LO) and A1(LO) modes demonstrate the existence of energy states with Γ9hh and Γ7V (Γ7C) symmetries of the valence (conduction) band and enable us to measure wurtzite phase GaP band energies. In addition, we have performed temperature dependent resonant Raman measurements, which allowed us to extrapolate the zero temperature values of Γ point energies. Our results provide the necessary feedback required for refining the available theoretical calculations to derive the correct wurtzite III-V semiconductor band structure.
Gain analysis of higher-order-mode amplification in a dielectric-implanted multi-beam traveling wave structure
Authors: Gee Anthony , Shin Young-Min
Published: July 2013

A multi-beam traveling wave amplifier designed with an overmoded staggered double grating array was examined by small signal analysis combined with simulation. Eigenmode and S-parameter analyses show that the 2 cm long slow wave structure (SWS) has 1–5 dB insertion loss over the passband (TM31 mode) with ∼28% cold bandwidth. Analytic gain calculation indicates that in the SWS, TM31-mode is amplified with 15–20 dB/beam at 64–84 GHz with three elliptical beams of 10 kV and 150 mA/beam, which was compared with particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. PIC analysis on the analysis of instability with zero-input driving excitations demonstrated that background noises and non-operating lower order modes are noticeably suppressed by implanting equidistant dielectric absorbers; the overmoded structure only allowed the desired 3rd order mode to propagate in the structure. The designed circuit structure can be widely applied to multi-beam devices for high power RF generation.
Is the reptile community affected by Eucalyptus wandoo tree condition?
Authors: Moore T. L. , Valentine L. E. , Craig M. D. , Hardy G. E. S. J. , Fleming P. A.
Published: July 2013

Context
Large portions of the world’s forests and woodlands are currently affected by declines in canopy condition of dominant tree species; however, the effects of these declines on faunal communities are largely unknown. Eucalyptus wandoo woodlands in the south-west region of Western Australia have demonstrated declines in condition since the early 1990s. Such declines in tree condition can result in reduced understorey vegetation, increased leaf-litter cover and coarse woody debris, potentially altering the habitat and resource available to reptiles. Prescribed fire events, another mechanism of habitat change for reptiles, are a common occurrence in these woodlands.

Aims
The present research investigated whether reptile communities were influenced by E. wandoo tree condition, and the changes in the habitat associated with E. wandoo decline.

Methods
Reptile trapping was conducted at 24 E. wandoo-dominated sites (of varying condition) in Dryandra State Forest and Wandoo Conservation Park, Western Australia. Overall, reptile abundance, species richness and individual reptile species abundances (only those species captured in sufficient numbers for analysis) were compared with a range of habitat characteristics that are likely to be altered by changes in E. wandoo tree condition.

Key results
Overall, higher reptile abundance and species richness were observed at sites with longer time since fire and more site litter cover. There was also a greater abundance and diversity of reptiles at sites where E. wandoo trees exhibited fewer symptoms of tree decline. Similar analyses for the five most common skink species indicated species-specific relationships with tree-condition measures, time since last fire, site litter cover, distance to drift fence from E. wandoo trees, understorey vegetation density and the density of coarse woody debris.

Conclusions
Abundance and species diversity of the reptile communities in E. wandoo woodlands were strongly related to time since last fire, E. wandoo tree condition and habitat characteristics such as site litter cover and the density of coarse woody debris.

Implications
Decline in the condition of E. wandoo trees and the fire events in E. wandoo woodlands are both mechanisms of change correlated with reptile habitat and resources. Future management of E. wandoo woodlands may include reducing prescribed fire events in areas demonstrating symptoms of tree decline, to conserve reptile abundance and species richness.
Male-specific region of the bovine Y chromosome is gene rich with a high transcriptomic activity in testis development
Authors: Chang Ti-Cheng , Yang Yang , Retzel Ernest F. , Liu Wan-Sheng
Published: July 2013

The male-specific region of the mammalian Y chromosome (MSY) contains clusters of genes essential for male reproduction. The highly repetitive and degenerative nature of the Y chromosome impedes genomic and transcriptomic characterization. Although the Y chromosome sequence is available for the human, chimpanzee, and macaque, little is known about the annotation and transcriptome of nonprimate MSY. Here, we investigated the transcriptome of the MSY in cattle by direct testis cDNA selection and RNA-seq approaches. The bovine MSY differs radically from the primate Y chromosomes with respect to its structure, gene content, and density. Among the 28 protein-coding genes/families identified on the bovine MSY (12 single- and 16 multicopy genes), 16 are bovid specific. The 1,274 genes identified in this study made the bovine MSY gene density the highest in the genome; in comparison, primate MSYs have only 31–78 genes. Our results, along with the highly transcriptional activities observed from these Y-chromosome genes and 375 additional noncoding RNAs, challenge the widely accepted hypothesis that the MSY is gene poor and transcriptionally inert. The bovine MSY genes are predominantly expressed and are differentially regulated during the testicular development. Synonymous substitution rate analyses of the multicopy MSY genes indicated that two major periods of expansion occurred during the Miocene and Pliocene, contributing to the adaptive radiation of bovids. The massive amplification and vigorous transcription suggest that the MSY serves as a genomic niche regulating male reproduction during bovid expansion.
Measurement Error in Fish Lengths: Evaluation and Management Implications
Authors: Bunch Aaron J , Walters Carl J , Coggins Lewis G
Published: July 2013

A fundamental aspect of fisheries science is measuring body length. Humans are inherently prone to error despite systems and provisions made to reduce it. We evaluated length measurement error (herein, referred to as “error”) and digit preference from fish studies conducted on the Colorado River and Little Colorado River in Arizona. Empirical error estimates varied among fish species and generally increased with fish size. We identified a digit preference for numbers ending in zero and five, which was exacerbated with larger sizes. Error effects on growth estimates were largest for fish recaptured after a short time, and we suggest guarding against the error phenomenon by removing data from fish captured and recaptured within a minimum of 30 days. Human, situation, and specimen induced error factors are described. Fisheries professionals should be cognizant of error factors, especially in situations when high precision and accuracy are required and results have important management implications.

RESUMEN

un aspecto fundamental en las ciencias pesqueras es la medición de la talla corporal. Los humanos somos inherentemente propensos a cometer errores pese a los sistemas y medidas preventivas que se utilizan para reducirlos. En este trabajo se evalúa el error asociado a la medición de la talla (en lo sucesivo se le llamará “error”) y la preferencia en el número de dígitos en los estudios ícticos llevados a cabo en el Río Colorado y el Río Coloradito, Arizona. Los estimados empíricos del error variaron entre especies de peces y en general se incrementaron conforme la aumenta la talla de los peces. Se identificaron preferencias en cuanto al número de dígitos para los números con terminación cero y cinco, lo cual se amplificó en los peces más grandes. Los efectos del error en las estimaciones de crecimiento fueron más grandes en el caso de los peces recién recapturados. Se sugiere tratar el fenómeno del error mediante la remoción de los datos provenientes de peces recapturados en los primeros 30 días después de su liberación. Se describen los factores de error humano, de medición y asociado al espécimen. Los profesionales de las pesquerías deben ser conscientes de los factores de error, especialmente en situaciones en las que se requieren precisión y exactitud y cuando hay implicaciones importantes para el manejo.