bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cocktail Time
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

Despite Prohibition, over the course of the 1920s, increasing numbers of Americans, and southerners among them, saw drinking liquor as a modern and pleasurable pastime. Court records indicate significant arrests for drunkenness and court officials reported considerable disdain for Prohibition laws among the public. Many officials were particularly concerned about drinking among the nation's youth. On college campuses in the South, drinking became an expected aspect of socializing as men and women increasingly saw liquor as part of an evening's entertainment. Others travelled to locations like Miami and Havana, where liquor was widely available. Over the course of the decade, drinking became an accepted part of social life, severing the link between temperance and respectability.
Conclusion
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

Despite Prohibition's failure to end alcohol consumption, it fostered numerous important changes. Federal law enforcement efforts became more visible in the South, and even extended beyond the nation's borders. The strategies developed during Prohibition to counter the smuggling of liquor shaped efforts to prevent narcotics smuggling and immigrant smuggling through the end of the century. The liquor traffic established economic ties between enterprising southerners and partners both to the north and across the sea, while new consumption patterns tied the South to modern trends of leisure and consumption across the country. Prohibition began the rise of Havana as a tourist mecca that continued, with the help of the mob, until the Cuban Revolution. Prohibition helped make the South more modern, while it also expanded the scope of American power and influence at home and abroad.
De Lan’ of Sweet Dreams
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Suicide among the enslaved has been well documented, with most historians arguing that slave suicides were evidence of resistance. Adopting a ‘neo-abolitionist’ approach, this chapter, building on the exposes of abolitionists who wrote about slave suicides, takes seriously the individual reasons the enslaved killed or tried to kill themselves in order to move beyond attributing these acts ideologically. This approach honors the suffering and full humanity of the enslaved and the experiences that led some to self-murder. White southerners ignored evidence that the enslaved suffered from depression or committed suicide, in order to mask the many causes of slave suffering including rape and sexual assault, punishment, abuse, separation of families, hopelessness. The enslaved embraced self-murder because it ended their suffering.
Somethin’ Went Hard agin Her Mind
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Freedmen and freedwomen suffered emotionally and materially after emancipation, even while many of the circumstances related to enslavement that had triggered their suffering as slaves ended. Like southern whites, they had lived in a war zone and suffered from the exigencies of civil war: deprivation, starvation, and dislocation. New obstacles, too, emerged as the formerly enslaved experienced freedom: they lacked shelter, food, medical care, and stable employment. The path to freedom was strewn with new obstacles: uncertainty, negotiating new terms of employment, redefining marital roles and relationships, racial violence and abuse. Many freed African Americans struggled emotionally and psychologically under the new conditions of emancipation and entered insane asylums or became suicidal. Despite increasing numbers of black patients in asylums and a purported ‘rise in insanity’ among blacks, southern whites continued to believe the region’s black population was impervious to melancholy because they were an inferior, content, uncivilized race whose simple needs were met. Instead, insane blacks were deemed ‘manic,’ a condition resulting from ex-slaves receiving freedom and responsibilities they were ill-equipped to handle. A racialized construction of suffering and mental illness emerged after the war; melancholy and suicide were reserved for whites, madness and mania for southern blacks.
The Accursed Ills I Cannot Bear
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Confederate veterans returned home, many of them broken physically and mentally, their manhood obliterated. They suffered from war trauma, but also from the humiliation of defeat, the destruction of the Confederacy, loss of their slaves, uncertainty about their future, financial ruin and political impotence. Many veterans, with physical and mental wounds, struggled to reintegrate into civilian life. Their identities as men had been undercut by war and defeat. This chapter traces the trek of southern veterans -- including former POWs, amputees, alcoholics, and addicts -- as they struggled to regain status in the home and in their communities. The most severe cases of veterans suffering the effects of war trauma entered insane asylums with symptoms today we know to be associated with PTSD: violence, paranoia, startle reflex, depression, anxiety, alcoholism or addiction, suicidal thoughts or behavior. Yet Southerners largely failed to grasp the causal link between mental illness and veterans’ military experiences. Struggling veterans exhibited social pathologies like marital conflict and the inability to hold a job. Suicide provided an exit from failure and suffering.
All Is Dark before Me
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Surprisingly little attention has been paid to white women after the Civil War. This chapter explores the emotional and material suffering of white women in the postbellum South. Scholarly and popular treatments of Confederate women after the war, bolstered by Lost Cause efforts, have emphasized their resiliency and fortitude, which has obscured the extent to which many southern white women struggled in the wake of postwar economic disaster and personal tragedies tied to the war. They faced numerous challenges, which exacted a huge psychological toll from many women. Debt, high taxes, loss of property, dislocation, altercations with ex-slaves, troubled marriages, and grief contributed to profound individual suffering that hampered survival, reconstitution of families, and the reconstruction of communities. Wives of disabled or distressed veterans struggled with domestic abuse or discord and destitution. War widows without means who were left to support families adopted desperate strategies to survive including coresidence with other kin or even strangers, which disrupted and relocated families inducing stress. The psychological well-being of the region’s white women suffered in the face of prolonged hardship and frequently resulted in mental illness requiring institutionalization, substance abuse, or in suicidal ideation or behavior.
Cumberer of the Earth
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

This chapter surveys the long nineteenth century with an eye toward assessing how suffering and suicidal activity during the Civil War ushered in cultural and religious changes in ideas about suicide and the importance of those changes in laying groundwork for a new Confederate identity. The psychological crisis that grew out of the Civil War remapped the cultural, theological, and intellectual contours of the region. The scourge of war-related psychiatric casualties altered long-held axioms about suicide yielding a more tolerant, nuanced understanding of self-destruction as a response to suffering, one that found expression in sympathy and compassion for suicide victims. More routinely, denunciations of suicide were replaced with compassionate resignation. The writings of fire-eater Edmund Ruffin’s about suicide -- on the suicide of Thomas Cocke in 1840 and his own suicide note in 1854 -- are a window into how southerners thought about self-murder. His more tolerant views toward suicide before the war were out-of-step with most, but by war’s end more and more southerners dissented from rigid religious doctrine that cast self-murder as a mortal sin and came to share his view that sometimes circumstances justified death by one’s hand.
Community Priest
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter specifically reveals Fr. Olivares’ involvement with UNO as a community priest. He led the signature action that focused on discriminatory auto insurance rates in East Los Angeles. Olivares led and was the key voice of the committee to pressure the auto insurance companies to rescind their discriminatory rates. UNO had mass meetings with representatives of the companies to pressure them. As the key voice of UNO on this issue, Fr. Olivares became a well-known figure in the media. After two years of struggle, UNO finally forced the companies to establish fairer rates in East Los Angeles.
The Good Pastor
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Fr. Olivares’s pastoral duties. Besides working on sanctuary, Fr. Olivares as the pastor of La Placita Church alsohad to administer the religious services of his church. These included Masses, baptisms, weddings, and confessions, among other services. This chapter also looks at Fr. Olivares’s downtime when he could relax from the hectic pace of his work. On his off-day, he visited with families who invited him to their home for dinner. At the same time, political crises often got in the way of Fr. Olivares’s efforts to have some semblance of a normal life. This chapter also deals with Fr. Olivares’s dismissal as pastor of La Placita in 1989.
A Challenge to Our Manhood
Authors: Haywood D'Weston
Published: May 2019

This chapter reinterprets Robert F. Williams as a new kind of black male publisher, who challenged the civil rights establishment and the mainstream black press. Northern black papers had often challenged southern black papers to be as militant as they were, but Williams, a publisher based in the South, accepted this challenge, prompted by escalating racial violence in the South following the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision. Lacking the commercial resources of the mainstream black press, Williams used a mimeograph machine to publish The Crusader to address these issues and promote a vision of black manhood rooted in black self-defense against the non-violent strategy promoted by Martin Luther King, Jr. Williams came to believe in “print and practice,” and issued a challenge to mainstream black newspapers to do the same, which helped expose the black press for not being as militant as it had long claimed to be. Many black newspapers now sided with nonviolent activists, elevating Martin Luther King especially, a move that helped usher in the decline of mainstream black newspapers and the rise of radical ones.
The Fearless Firsts
Authors: Purdy Michelle A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter documents the first years of school desegregation at Westminster. By 1967, Westminster was a nationally known school whose alumni attended colleges and universities across the nation, but black students like Michael McBay and Dawn Clark endured overt racial harassment. Following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, the pivotal and tumultuous decade concluded with increased protest in the nation at the same time that NAIS further advanced its recruitment efforts of black students. At Westminster, Malcolm Ryder, Ron McBay (Michael’s younger brother), Joia Johnson, and others enrolled also experienced racial harassment. The first black students, however, began to find their niches inside and outside the classroom. The school culture included increased volunteer efforts in black neighborhoods, celebrations of black workers in the yearbooks and newspapers, and visits by notable black individuals. Nevertheless, some school traditions reflecting racial subordination continued. The fearless firsts found their way by largely relying on their skills and talents, the support of their families, and the dedication of black workers and select white administrators and teachers.
Good Neighbors, Tourism, and Nationalism, 1930–1948
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how tourism backers employed the transnational links of the Good Neighbor Era in Latin America to raise global interest in Machu Picchu and to promote travel to Cusco. Tourism interests used the cultural diplomacy of the Good Neighbor Policy to promote Cusco and Machu Picchu as symbols of an Andean Peru and to lobby the Peruvian state to invest in tourism development. However, these efforts also re-invented Hiram Bingham as a benevolent Pan-American figure and continued to overlook the demands of Cusco’s indigenous population.
Between Maoists and Millionaires, 1975–1996
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: May 2019

Burdened with debt, the national state withdrew its investment in tourism development in Cusco in the late 1970s. More ominously, the growth of the Maoist Shining Path rebellion and its attacks on travellers nearly brought the tourism economy to collapse by the end of the 1980s. Yet, this chapter also documents the grassroots innovations in Cusco’s tourism economy. As traditional tourists avoided Machu Picchu, expatriates and locals created a new adventure tourism economy based on backpacking and hiking. Using new transnational cultural and travel networks, these efforts reinvented Machu Picchu as an exotic and adventurous site. The neoliberal government of Alberto Fujimori of the 1990s employed the new imagery of Machu Picchu as it sought to attract new private investment into Peru. These efforts brought in a bonanza of new Lima-based and international investors. However, the new state policies provoked local anger who rallied against tourism development perceived as unjust and as a threat to the region’s historical heritage
Freedom Farmers
Authors: White Monica M.
Published: May 2019

In the late 1960s, internationally renowned activist Fannie Lou Hamer purchased forty acres of land in the Mississippi Delta, launching the Freedom Farms Cooperative (FFC). A community-based rural and economic development project, FFC would grow to over 600 acres, offering a means for local sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and domestic workers to pursue community wellness, self-reliance, and political resistance. Life on the cooperative farm presented an alternative to the second wave of northern migration by African Americans--an opportunity to stay in the South, live off the land, and create a healthy community based upon building an alternative food system as a cooperative and collective effort. Freedom Farmers expands the historical narrative of the black freedom struggle to embrace the work, roles, and contributions of southern black farmers and the organizations they formed. Whereas existing scholarship generally views agriculture as a site of oppression and exploitation of black people, this book reveals agriculture as a site of resistance and provides a historical foundation that adds meaning and context to current conversations around the resurgence of food justice/sovereignty movements in urban spaces like Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, New York City, and New Orleans.
Black Farmers, Agriculture, and Resistance
Authors: White Monica M.
Published: May 2019

Most accounts of African Americans’ relationship to the soil focus on oppression and exploitation. This book offers the untold history of Black farmers’ fight to stay on the land in the southern United States, using agricultural cooperatives as a basis for resistance and community self-determination. This chapter introduces slave gardens as resistance, the Colored Farmers Alliance, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and food and agriculture in the civil rights and Black Power movements as precursors to the examples of black agricultural cooperatives in Freedom Farmers. These cooperatives demonstrate what White calls collective agency and community resilience, using the primary strategies of prefigurative politics, economic autonomy, and commons as praxis. The archival, ethnographic, and interview-based methods of the book are grounded in the African principle of sankofa: investigating the past to understand the present as a basis of forging a future of our own making.
The Latino Migration Experience in North Carolina, Revised and Expanded Second Edition
Authors: Gill Hannah
Published: May 2019

Now thoroughly updated and revised—with a new chapter on the Dreamer movement and the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Program (DACA)—this book offers North Carolinians a better understanding of their Latino neighbors, illuminating rather than enflaming debates on immigration. In the midst of a tumultuous political environment, North Carolina continues to feature significant in-migration of Mexicans and Latin Americans from both outside and inside the United States. Drawing on the voices of migrants as well as North Carolinians from communities affected by migration, Hannah Gill explains how larger social forces are causing demographic shifts, how the state is facing the challenges and opportunities presented by these changes, and how migrants experience the economic and social realities of their lives. Gill makes connections between our hometowns and the globalization of people, money, technology, and culture by shedding light on the many diverse North Carolina residents who are such a vital part of the state’s population but are often unrecognized in many ways. This book is essential for everyone, including students and teachers, who wants to understand what is at stake for all parties and wants to work toward solutions.
Burying the Knife, Building Communities
Authors: Gill Hannah
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 profiles the migration stories and integration processes of three individuals from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean who have settled in different parts of the state, forming transnational communities linking North Carolina to cities and towns in Latin America. We observe how Latinos are building communities in North Carolina. We also witness how the migration process leaves an indelible imprint on immigrants’ communities of origin. These stories are emblematic of the challenges and opportunities that people face moving to the United States, settling and integrating into a community that may or may not be receptive to migrants, maintaining connection with home countries, and raising children in a new society. They highlight the diverse experiences of migrants that are shaped by circumstances in their countries of origin, their socioeconomic status and level of education, their experiences living in other parts of the United States, and their legal status.
Academic Medicine—The Elephant in the Room
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

The war on disease has been a primary animating purpose of higher education and the partnership with the public ever since Vannevar Bush wrote the influential paper, Science: The Endless Frontier, that led to the formation of the federal funding research enterprise. The academic medicine function of universities is politically popular and often seen as separate from the ideas that obtain in undergraduate education. Nonetheless, it is important for presidents and trustees to see the relationship closely. The governance of academic medicine is complex and can involve interlocking lay boards and tricky relationships with the board, chancellor or president, and provost.
The Case for Both Basic Research and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

The time is right for universities to undertake the internal changes necessary to create a culture supportive of innovation and entrepreneurship. These efforts cannot however come at the expense of basic research. The tension between basic research and the public expectation that research will impact the world’s biggest problems is another issue at the heart of effort to rebuild the partnership between higher education and the public. Applied research can be more easily explained and therefore can serve as a means of gaining political and financial support for research efforts. To achieve the cultural change required entrepreneurship must be defined broadly as a way of thinking, entrepreneurs must be integrated into the faculty and into the curriculum, and clear measures of success must be established and tracked carefully. All of this must be accomplished without compromising the values at the heart of American higher education.
Framing the Conversation
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

The conversation around rebuilding the partnership between America and its colleges and universities will be different each time it is undertaken. What is important is to get all with a vested interest around the table for a fact-based conversation. This includes students, faculty, administrators and policy makers including politicians. It is particularly important to involve a true cross-section of the public including those that feel universities have traditionally looked down on them, In general, universities need to do more to make the public welcome in order to dispel the elitist ethic that is often projected by institutions of higher education
Rolling: Grabbing Gears
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Truckers identify with their vehicle and its motion, and they often connect this to their sexual, gender, or racial embodiment, as well as to their American identity. These logics fuel their continued labour under discriminatory and challenging working conditions.
The effect of polyphenols and vitamin E on the antioxidant status and meat quality of broiler chickens fed low-quality oil
Authors: Mazur-Kuśnirek Magdalena , Antoszkiewicz Zofia , Lipiński Krzysztof , Kaliniewicz Joanna , Kotlarczyk Sylwia
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin E and polyphenols on the antioxidant potential and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with low-quality oil. The experimental materials comprised 120 male Ross 308 broilers (six treatments, 10 replications, two birds per replication). Dietary supplementation with vitamin E and/or polyphenols was applied in the following experimental design: group I (negative control) – without supplementation without low-quality oil; group II (positive control) – without supplementation + low-quality oil; group III – supplementation with 100 mg kg−1 of vitamin E+ low-quality oil; group IV – 200 mg kg−1 of vitamin E + low-quality oil; group V – 100 mg kg−1 of vitamin E and 100 mg kg−1 of polyphenols + low-quality oil; group VI – 200 mg kg−1 of polyphenols + low-quality oil. Rapeseed oil oxidised under laboratory conditions was added to the diets of broiler chickens from groups II to VI. The applied antioxidants had no effect on the growth performance of chickens fed oxidised oil. Increased dietary inclusion levels of vitamin E and/or polyphenols improved the antioxidant status in the blood and increased the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants in the liver and breast muscles of broilers fed low-quality oil. The tested antioxidants had no influence on carcass quality parameters in chickens fed oxidised oil. However, birds fed diets with the addition of vitamin E were characterised by a higher gizzard weight and higher pH of gizzard digesta. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E and polyphenols or polyphenols alone contributed to a lighter colour and lower pH of breast muscles and an increase in the content of fat and ash in the breast muscles of broilers fed oxidised oil. The breast muscles of birds given 100 or 200 mg kg−1 of supplemental vitamin E were characterised by higher concentrations of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and hypocholesterolemic fatty acids (DFAs), a more desirable DFA∕OFA ratio, and a lower atherogenicity index (AI). Polyphenols combined with vitamin E can be a valuable component of diets for broiler chickens when the problem of low-quality oil occurs.
Vertical observations of the atmospheric boundary layer structure over Beijing urban area during air pollution episodes
Authors: Wang Linlin , Liu Junkai , Gao Zhiqiu , Li Yubin , Huang Meng , Fan Sihui , Zhang Xiaoye , Yang Yuanjian , Miao Shiguang , Zou Han , Sun Yele , Chen Yong , Yang Ting
Published: May 2019

Abstract. We investigated the interactions between the air pollutants and
the structure of the urban boundary layer (UBL) over Beijing by using the data
mainly obtained from the 325 m meteorological tower and a Doppler wind lidar
during 1–4 December 2016. Results showed that the pollution episodes in
this period could be characterized by low surface pressure, high relative
humidity, weak wind, and temperature inversion. Compared with a clean daytime
episode that took place on 1 December, results also showed that the
attenuation ratio of downward shortwave radiation was about 5 %, 24 %
and 63 % in afternoon hours (from 12:00 to 14:00 local standard
time, LST) on 2–4 December, respectively, while for the net radiation
(Rn) attenuation ratio at the 140 m level of the 325 m tower was
3 %, 27 % and 68 %. The large reduction in Rn on
4 December was not only the result of the aerosols, but also clouds. Based on
analysis of the surface energy balance at the 140 m level, we found that the
sensible heat flux was remarkably diminished during daytime on polluted
days and even negative after sunrise (about 07:20 LST) till 14:00 LST on 4
December. We also found that heat storage in the urban surface layer played
an important role in the exchange of the sensible heat flux. Owing to the
advantages of the wind lidar having superior spatial and temporal resolution,
the vertical velocity variance could capture the evolution of the UBL well.
It clearly showed that vertical mixing was negatively related to the
concentrating of pollutants, and that vertical mixing would also be weakened
by a certain quantity of pollutants, and then in turn worsened the pollution
further. Compared to the clean daytime on 1 December, the maximums of the
boundary layer height (BLH) decreased about 44 % and 56 % on
2–3 December, when the average PM2.5 (PM1) concentrations in
afternoon hours (from 12:00 to 14:00 LST) were
44 (48) µg m−3 and 150 (120) µg m−3. Part
of these reductions of the BLH was also contributed by the effect of the heat
storage in the urban canopy.
Measurement of aerosol properties during wintertime in Beijing
Authors: Zamora Misti Levy , Peng Jianfei , Hu Min , Guo Song , Marrero-Ortiz Wilmarie , Shang Dongjie , Zheng Jing , Du Zhuofei , Wu Zhijun , Zhang Renyi
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Severe haze events with exceedingly high-levels of aerosols have occurred frequently in China in recent years, threatening human health and affecting regional and global radiative budget. A better knowledge of aerosol properties during haze events, particularly for those occurring during wintertime, will be helpful for elucidating the haze formation mechanism. In this study, we conducted a field measurement at an urban site in Beijing during January and February of 2015. A suite of aerosol instruments was deployed to measure a comprehensive set of aerosol chemical and physical properties. The haze events in winter, regulated by meteorological conditions, typically start with a new particle formation event and progress in terms of the subsequently continuous growth of the nucleation mode particles to submicron particles over the following multiple days. Particulate organic matters are primarily responsible for producing the nucleation mode particles, while secondary organic and inorganic components jointly contribute to the high aerosol mass observed during haze events. The average effective density and kappa value of ambient particles are approximately 1.37 g cm−3 and 0.25 during the clean days, and 1.42 g cm−3 and 0.4 during the severe haze episodes, respectively, indicating the formation of secondary inorganic species during the development of the severe haze events. Our results reveal that the periodic cycles of severe haze formation in Beijing during wintertime are attributed to the fast secondary aerosol formation due to the high gaseous precursor concentrations and the stagnant air mass, which are analogous to the severe haze events observed during autumn.
Societal breakdown as an emergent property of large-scale
behavioural models of land use change
Authors: Brown Calum , Seo Bumsuk , Rounsevell Mark
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Human land use has placed enormous pressure on natural resources and ecosystems worldwide, and may even prompt socio-ecological collapses under some circumstances. Efforts to avoid such collapses are hampered by a lack of knowledge about when they may occur and how they may be prevented. Computational models that illuminate potential future developments in the land system are invaluable tools in this context. While such models are widely used to project biophysical changes, they are currently less able to explore the social dynamics that will be key aspects of future global change. As a result, strategies for navigating a hazardous future may suffer from blind spots at which individual, social and political behaviours divert the land system away from predicted pathways. We apply CRAFTY-EU, an agent-based model of the European land system, in order to investigate the effects of human-behavioural aspects of land management at the continental-scale. We explore a range of potential futures using climatic and socio-economic scenarios, and present a coherent set of cross-sectoral projections without imposed equilibria or optimisation. These projections include various behavioural responses to scenarios including non-economic motivations, aversion to change, and heterogeneity in decision-making. We find that social factors and behavioural responses have dramatic impacts on simulated dynamics, and can contribute to a breakdown of the land system's essential functions in which shortfalls in food production of up to 56 % emerge. These impacts are largely distinct from, and at least as large as, those of projected climatic change. We conclude that the socio-economic aspects of future scenarios require far more detailed and varied treatment. In particular, the extent of economic irrationality at individual and aggregate scales may determine the nature of land system development, with established pathways being highly vulnerable to deviation from this theoretical optimum.
Long-term erosion rates as a function of climate derived from the impact crater inventory
Authors: Hergarten Stefan , Kenkmann Thomas
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Worldwide erosion rates seem to have increased strongly since the beginning
of the Quaternary, but there is still discussion about the role of glaciation
as a potential driver and even whether the increase is real at all or an
artifact due to losses in the long-term sedimentary record. In this study we
derive estimates of average erosion rates on the timescale of some tens of
millions of years from the terrestrial impact crater inventory. This approach
is completely independent from all other methods to infer erosion rates such
as river loads, preserved sediments, cosmogenic nuclides, and
thermochronometry. Our approach yields average erosion rates as a function of
present-day topography and climate. The results confirm that topography
accounts for the main part of the huge variation in erosion on Earth, but
also identifies a significant systematic dependence on climate in contrast to
several previous studies. We found a 5-fold increase in erosional efficacy
from the cold regimes to the tropical zone and that temperate and arid
climates are very similar in this context. Combining our results
into a worldwide mean erosion rate,
we found that erosion rates on the timescale of some tens of millions of
years are at least as high as present-day rates and suggest that glaciation
has a rather regional effect with a limited impact at the continental scale.
Impact of model improvements on 80-m wind speeds during the second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2)
Authors: Bianco Laura , Djalalova Irina V. , Wilczak James M. , Olson Joseph B. , Kenyon Jaymes S. , Choukulkar Aditya , Berg Larry K. , Fernando Harindra J. S. , Grimit Eric P. , Krishnamurthy Raghavendra , Lundquist Julie K. , Muradyan Paytsar , Pekour Mikhail , Pichugina Yelena , Stoelinga Mark T. , Turner David D.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. During the second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2; Oct 2015–Mar 2017, Columbia River Gorge and Basin area) several improvements to the parameterizations applied in the High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR – 3 km horizontal grid spacing) and the High Resolution Rapid Refresh Nest (HRRRNEST – 750 m horizontal grid spacing) Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models were tested during four 6-week reforecast periods (one for each season). For these tests the models were run in control (CNT) and experimental (EXP) configurations, with the EXP configuration including all the improved parameterizations. The impacts of the experimental parameterizations on the forecast of 80-m wind speeds (hub height) from the HRRR and HRRRNEST models are assessed, using observations collected by 19 sodars and 3 profiling lidars for verification. Improvements due to the experimental physics (EXP vs CNT runs) versus those due to finer horizontal grid spacing (HRRRNEST vs HRRR), and the combination of the two are compared, using standard bulk statistics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Bias Error (bias). On average, the HRRR 80-m wind speed MAE is reduced by 3–4 % due to the experimental physics. The impact of the finer horizontal grid spacing in the CNT runs also shows a positive improvement of 5 % on MAE, which is particularly large at nighttime and during the morning transition. Lastly, the combined impact of the experimental physics and finer horizontal grid spacing produces larger improvements in the 80-m wind speed MAE, up to 7–8 %. The improvements are evaluated as a function of the model's initialization time, forecast horizon, time of the day, season of the year, site elevation, and meteorological phenomena, also looking for the causes of model weaknesses. Finally, bias correction methods are applied to the 80-m wind speed model outputs to measure their impact on the improvements due to the removal of the systematic component of the errors.
Characterization of Ocean Mixing and Dynamics during the
2017 Maud Rise Polynya Event
Authors: Mojica Jhon F. , Faller Daiane , Francis Diana , Eayrs Clare , Holland David
Published: May 2019

Abstract. During 2017 Austral winter, an open ocean polynya appeared in the Lazarev Sea, centered over Maud Rise. The vertical structure of the water column presented temporal and spatial variability with a weak stratification during the period of observations from January 2015 to January 2019. While over the Northern Maud Rise area, a highly stratified layer was identified between 80–180 m depth. This layer works as a thermal barrier where the energy from summer months is stored, preventing the warm sub-surface waters from mixing with the shallow waters. So far, a complete description of the polynya formation and maintenance processes is still lacking. To characterize the internal structure of the ocean during the 2017 Maud Rise polynya event we use in situ observations and ocean model reanalysis data. The obtained results revealed that the incidence of thermobaric convection, diapycnal and isopycnal mixing processes over the Maud Rise drives the exchange of energy in the water column. We highlight three relevant factors that contribute to the energy flux for the open-ocean polynya preconditioning: level of instability, pycnocline fluctuation, and bathymetric influence. Another remarkable feature is the warmer summer surface layer over the Maud Rise, which transfers heat to intermediate layers accumulating energy for almost four months. Energy storage at the thermal barrier is evaluated based on heat flux calculations to quantify the exchange of energy between the different water layers. These processes together operate as an ocean preconditioning to the formation and maintenance of an open-ocean polynya event.
TECENDO REDES LINGUÍSTICAS - POR QUE A COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE IDIOMAS AUXILIA NO APRENDIZADO
Authors: Dengscherz Sabine , Eberspächer (tradutora) Gisele
Published: May 2019

No artigo, Sabine Dengscherz busca levantar a discussão da função da tradução e comparação entre língua materna ou outras línguas dominadas pelo o aluno e o idioma que está adquirindo em sala de aula. Partindo da leitura de bibliografia na área e de exemplos, a autora defende que a comparação é uma importante ferramenta para incentivar a criação de redes linguísticas, o que, por sua vez, auxilia no aprendizado de novos idiomas.
TRADUÇÃO ESCRITA E DIDÁTICA DE LÍNGUAS: ENTRE COMUNICAÇÃO E EDUCAÇÃO INTERCULTURAL
Authors: Carpi Elena , Daher (tradutor) Claudia Helena
Published: May 2019

Com a introdução dos métodos comunicativos, a tradução pedagógica – muitas vezes entendida como tradução literal – perdeu o papel que lhe era atribuído pelo método tradicional na didática das línguas. Contudo, a habilidade tradutora é típica da espécie humana, única dentre todas as espécies animais capaz de reformular conceitos por meio de operações intra e interlinguísticas. Além disso, as pesquisas em neurolinguística por um lado, e as experiências de ensino por outro, mostram que o recurso à língua materna é um passo necessário na construção do sentido. A tradução como prática didática deve, portanto, ser repensada à luz de uma pedagogia eclética capaz de integrar as diferentes abordagens sem opô-las umas às outras.
The Stages of the Method (i): Experience and Hypothesis
Authors: Reilly Francis E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the characteristics of the method which Charles Sanders Peirce judges most adapted to the needs of scientific inquiry. In particular, the chapter deals with the experience which precedes the formation of the explanatory hypothesis, and with the formation of that hypothesis. It treats Peirce's basic teaching on the formation of the hypothesis, some of the requirements for choosing a hypothesis, and certain relevant theoretical questions. The inquirer who follows the method of the sciences advocated by Peirce will look to nature for an answer to their questions. Here, experience becomes the occasion for wonder about nature, and nature herself will ultimately supply the answer to the scientist's wonder. The genuine person of science, however, must somehow go beyond experience; they must look for explanations, even unexperienced explanations of what they have experienced. The chapter then turns to the framing of the explanatory hypothesis, or abduction. This discussion is addressed on three considerations: Peirce's basic teaching on abduction, some requirements for choosing hypotheses, and some theoretical considerations.
Change and Permanence in Dewey’s Idealistic Period
Authors: Boisvert Raymond D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains how John Dewey spent seventy years of his life in active and copiously productive philosophical activity. Scholar Richard Bernstein has accurately characterized Dewey’s career as consisting of three periods. The first is the idealistic phase, beginning with the article of 1882 and lasting until 1903. At that time Dewey introduced his new methodology in Studies in Logical Theory. These studies inaugurate the experimental phase in which Dewey developed a novel methodology for dealing with philosophical issues. The third phase, the naturalistic, is one in which Dewey attempted to present a coherent articulation of a naturalistic ontology. This period was announced in 1925 with the publication of Experience and Nature.
Metaphysics and Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Boisvert Raymond D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates how John Dewey’s naturalistic period is characterized by the substitution of ontological issues for the methodological ones that dominated the experimentalist phase. This change in emphasis resulted from his continued preoccupation with certain concerns that had marked his idealistic period, two of which are relevant here: the recognition that consciousness must be viewed as active as well as passive; and organicism. From William Morris, Dewey had come to appreciate the active role of intelligence in the acquisition of knowledge; and in G.W.F. Hegel, he had found a well-worked-out expression of organicism, a doctrine that had attracted him since his undergraduate years at the University of Vermont.
Peirce on Normative Science
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates Charles Sanders Peirce's interest in the normative sciences. Although logic received most of Peirce's attention throughout his long career, he was always interested in ethical systems. Until the 1880s, however, he considered ethics to be nothing more than an art or a practical science which relied little upon theoretical principles. It should be remembered that the first formulation of the pragmatic maxim and his analysis of belief in terms of what one is willing to act upon appeared in the 1870s. Pierce says that he began to see the importance of ethical theory around 1882. As a result of this illumination he undertook a serious study of the great moralists and began to suspect that there was some important connection between ethics and logic.
Action Through Thought: The Ethics of Inquiry
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter talks about how Charles Sanders Peirce's philosophy might be judged by some to be “un-American” because it does not live up to the stereotype of “American.” According to this popular view, Americans are the great technicians; they have the know-how; they are successful in the practical world of business, commerce, and industry. But as speculative thinkers, as men of cosmic vision, Americans are a sorry lot—not a Kant nor a Hegel among them. The chapter shows how Peirce's pragmaticism is as sophisticated and serious as any philosophical movement abroad, indeed more so than some, and that the “American Mind” is speculative, complex, and rich.
Peirce on Continuity
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with “continuity” as a key mathematical notion and a central philosophical category to which Peirce gives much attention. From 1880 to 1911, his attempts to give continuity a precise mathematical expression show a clear development marked by several significant changes. Four main periods may be identified: pre-Cantorian: until 1884; Cantorian: 1884–1894; Kantistic: 1895–1908; and post-Cantorian: 1908–1911. According to Peirce, the accepted mathematical definition of continuity describes an “imperfect continuum,” but the “true continuum” is something other than any metrical or even ordinal relation of elements. The true continuum has no actual element.
James and Pascal
Authors: O'Connell Robert J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on William James' relationship to Blaise Pascal. One of the fiercest critics of James' contentions has gotten considerable mileage out of viewing his lecture through the lens provided by the famous Wager argument from Pascal's Pensées. The chapter shows that the view John Hick takes of Pascal, and the attitude he assumes James had to Pascal's Wager, color his entire criticism. It also aims to point out that a more careful study of the Pensées, combined with a wider and more sensitive appreciation of James' attitude toward that work, warrants scholars' drawing conclusions quite the reverse of those which Hick would urge upon them.
The Precursive Force of Over-beliefs
Authors: O'Connell Robert J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that, contrary to what has been almost universally supposed, William James did not mean to affirm that humans' passional nature should intervene in the formation of their over-beliefs onlyafter their dispassionate intellects have failed to resolve the issues one way or the other. The fact of the matter is that, early and late, James consistently taught that the passional or volitional side de facto exercises a precursive influence on all such intellectual surveys, and that it would be idly asking for the psychologically impossible to insist on the reverse scenario. James clearly held that the “will” to believe exerts its influence before, during, and after the formation of humans' over-beliefs, directing, influencing, and virtually commanding all such surveys.
The Structure of a Concrescence
Authors: Kraus Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes Part III of Process and Reality. It begins with a discussion of the nature of genetic analysis and states that in genetic analysis, the self-creative process of the subject is traced as it grows from phase to phase. Coordinate analysis, focusing on the fully determinate satisfaction achieved in concrescence, takes as its object the spatio-temporal standpoint in the extensive continuum which the entity has actualized. The former mode divides an occasion into prehensions, underscoring its final causality; the latter mode yields space–time regions through which chains of efficient causality are propagated. The reminder of the chapter explains the nature of feelings in general, primary feelings, propositions and feelings, and comparative feelings.
Difference, Otherness, and the Creation of Community
Authors: Singer Beth J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses the problem of conflict resolution, treating it in terms of the creation of community rather than negotiation or mediation as they are commonly understood and practiced. What the author is suggesting is a way of uniting the combatants in a new, inclusive community that will serve them both and, at the same time, preserve the integrity of each. Part of what this new perspective must accomplish is to help bring about a change in the attitudes of the opposing parties toward one another, to help them overcome their hostility and fear and the pervasive attitude of otherness. At the same time, if it is not to pose a threat to the parties involved, it is important not to jeopardize their sense of their own identity or their freedom to participate in determining their future. To this end, whatever steps they take must foster the mutual acceptance of difference.
Immortality: A Pragmatic-Processive Model
Authors: Fontinell Eugene
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers a model of the cosmic process that would justify belief in immortality as attractive and as life-enhancing. In keeping with the experiential character and this-worldly focus of pragmatism, any acceptable model will have to offer possibilities for the enhancement and enrichment of life. Readers might be aided by mentally placing the term “this life” in quotation marks, because the nature and scope of human life are precisely what has been and will likely continue to be a matter of intense dispute among reflective human beings. The chapter shows that a crucial aspect of the dispute centers on what ought to be the relationship between the present and future characteristics of this life.
Creative Transformation: The Work of Conversion
Authors: Ward Roger A. , Ward Roger A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter extends the critique of transformation in American philosophy by looking at conversion thematically. It argues that the American philosophers are convinced that a genuine transformation of the form, content, and character of habits and inquiry is possible in experience. The origin of this transformation transcends experience and complete conscious control, but this transcendence can be discovered only by approaching the limit of self-consciously controlled change. The remainder of this chapter contains, first, some considerations concerning the shared methods of approach to transformation, especially in light of the religious character of this discussion in the pragmatists; and second, a thematic account of the transformation that becomes conversion.