bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A relevant immunomagnetic assay to detect and characterize epithelial cell adhesion molecule‐positive cells in bone marrow from patients with breast carcinoma
Authors: Choesmel Valérie , Anract Philippe , Høifødt Hanne , Thiery Jean‐Paul , Blin Nathalie
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND

The efficient detection and characterization of micrometastatic cells in the bone marrow of patients with breast carcinoma are of prognostic and therapeutic importance. The technique used must overcome the challenges that result from the small number of target cells (1 per 1 million hematopoietic cells) and the heterogeneous expression of micrometastatic cell markers. In this study, the authors assessed and improved the current methods for purifying and characterizing rare disseminated carcinoma cells.

METHODS

The authors developed a single‐step assay that does not require density‐gradient separation. This assay can be performed directly on crude human bone marrow aspirates and is based on the use of immunomagnetic beads coated with an antibody that recognizes an epithelial cell‐surface epitope, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). To determine the specificity of the assay, the authors evaluated bone marrow specimens from 46 control patients.

RESULTS

The novel method was highly reproducible and was capable of detecting as few as 10 carcinoma cells among 50 million hematopoietic cells. The yield was nearly 100%, with only 0.01% nonspecific cell draining. The authors found that 68 ± 51 cells were trapped per 50 million cells in control crude aspirates and that density‐gradient separation increased this number by 2‐fold to 29‐fold. These trapped cells expressed EpCAM, represented 1.4 × 10−4 % of the sample, and were characterized as of hematopoietic cell origin (CD45 positive) or progenitor cell origin (CD34 positive).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors developed a highly efficient and reproducible, single‐step immunomagnetic assay that may be performed directly on crude human bone marrow aspirates. The authors believe the current study is the first to demonstrate that some rare bone marrow cells (CD45‐positive or CD34‐positive cells) may express EpCAM and, to some extent, may contaminate the purified micrometastatic cell fraction. Thus, a universal marker for micrometastatic cells remains to be discovered. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Vereinfachte Bemessungsverfahren für bewehrtes Mauerwerk
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Glock Christian
Published: June 2004

Für die Abschätzung der Wandverformungen und der daraus resultierenden Zusatzschnittgrößen nach Theorie II. Ordnung von schlanken Mauerwerkswänden wird das im Stahlbetonbau bewährte Modellstützenverfahren auf den Mauerwerksbau übertragen, so daß sich der Knicksicherheitsnachweis wie bisher auf einen Querschnittsnachweis an der maßgebenden Stelle unter Berücksichtigung der Schnittgrößen nach Theorie II. Ordnung reduziert. Vorteil gegenüber der bisherigen Näherungslösungen entsprechend DIN 1053‐3 /1/ und EC 6 /4/, /5/ ist einerseits die Konsistenz zu den Bemessungsnormen des Stahlbetonbaus und andererseits die Möglichkeit einer getrennten Berücksichtigung der Imperfektion und der Einflüsse aus Theorie II. Ordnung.

Für die Biegebemessung von bewehrten Mauerwerksquerschnitten werden allgemeingültige Bemessungsgleichungen vorgestellt, mit denen die erforderliche Bewehrung mittels einfacher Gleichungen geschlossen ermittelt werden kann. Vorteil der Bemessungsgleichungen ist zum einen die mögliche Anpassung an beliebige Materialansätze mittels weniger Materialkennwerte, so daß diese für verschiedene Mauerwerksarten gemäß EC 6 /4/, /5/ und DIN 1053‐3 /1/ angewendet werden können. Andererseits ist es nicht mehr notwendig, Bemessungstabellen zu verwenden, da die Bewehrung direkt ohne Iteration der Dehnungsebene berechnet werden kann. Da die Gleichungen auch für die Dimensionierung von Stahlbetonquerschnitten nach DIN 1045‐1 /9/ und EC 2 /10/ anwendbar sind, ist abermals die Konsistenz der Bemessungsnormen von bewehrtem Mauerwerk und Beton gewährleistet.
Local smoothing with robustness against outlying predictors
Authors: Einbeck Jochen , André Carmen D. S. , Singer Julio M.
Published: June 2004

Outlying pollutant concentration data are frequently observed in time series studies conducted to investigate the effects of atmospheric pollution on mortality/morbidity. These outliers may severely affect the estimation procedures and even generate unexpected results like a protective effect of pollution. Although robust methods have been proposed to downweight the effect of outliers in the response variable distribution, little has been done to handle outlying explanatory variable values. We consider a robust local polynomial smoothing technique which may be useful for such purposes. It is based on downweighting points with a small design density and may also be used as a diagnostic tool to identify outliers. Using data from a study conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, we show how an unexpected form of the relative risk curve of mortality attributable to pollution by SO2obtained via nonrobust methods may be completely reversed when the proposed technique is employed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space–time modeling of rainfall data
Authors: Velarde Luis Guillermo Coca , Migon Hélio S. , Pereira Basilio de B.
Published: June 2004

Climate variables assume non‐negative values and are often measured as zero. This is just the case when the rainfall level, in the dry season, is measured in a specified place. Then, the stochastic modeling demands the inclusion of a probability mass point at the zero level, and the resulting model is a mixture of a continuous and a Bernoulli distribution.

In this article, spatial conditional autoregressive effects dealing with the idea that neighbors present similar responses is considered and the response level is modeled in two stages. The aim is to consider spatial interpolation and prediction of levels in a Bayesian context. Data on weekly rainfall levels measured in different stations at the central region of Brazil, an area with two well‐marked seasons, will be used as an example. A method for comparing models, based on the deviance function, is also implemented. The main conclusion is that the use of space–time models improves the modeling of hydrological and climatological variables, allowing the inclusion of real life considerations such as the influence of other covariates, space dependence and time effects such as seasonality. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data analysis of environmental air pollutant monitoring systems in Europe
Authors: Voigt Kristina , Welzl Gerhard , Brüggemann Rainer
Published: June 2004

Public access to information about the environment is being strengthened across Europe. The concept of public's right to information gives the basis for the access to environmental information. In this paper the quality of air pollutant monitoring systems in the 15 European member states is analyzed. For pragmatic reasons only the capitals are looked upon. Comprehensive data on environmental monitoring programs concerning air pollutants like ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), and sometimes suspended dust, benzene and other environmental chemicals are available on the free Internet. As different monitoring information systems exist in the European member states a comparison of these systems with their pros and cons is of great interest to the public. Environmental air pollutant monitoring systems in the capitals of the 15 EEC member countries (objects) are evaluated by applying 5 evaluation criteria for the differentiation of these systems. The scores run from 0 = insufficient, 1 = medium, to 2 = excellent.

Different data‐analysis methods will be applied. As order theory is still not sufficiently presented in the scientific literature, a short overview about the so‐called Hasse diagram technique and POSAC method is outlined. In several steps the data‐matrix is analyzed coming to the conclusion that all methods (additionally PCA is used) identify one criterion as specifically important. Not unexpected, each method has its own advantage. The aim of this data‐analysis is the evaluation of the publicly available air quality monitoring systems in Europe with their pros and cons. This might help the interested public to find and understand the information given on the Internet. Furthermore our evaluation approach might give some recommendations for an improvement of the air quality monitoring systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition and in vitro toxicity of the essential oil of Tagetes terniﬂora HBK. (Asteraceae)
Authors: De Feo Vincenzo , Urrunaga Soria Emma , Urrunaga Soria Rosa , Pizza Cosimo
Published: June 2004

The essential oil from aerial parts of Tagetes terniﬂora HBK. (Asteraceae) was obtained by hydrodistillation. The oil content was 0.15% (v/w), on a fresh weight basis. The oil composition was analysed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty‐ﬁve compounds were identiﬁed accounting for 96.1% of the oil. Tagetones (22.4%), ocimenes (20.6%) and ocimenones (15.9%) predominated in the oil, with (E)‐β‐ocimene (12.8%) and trans‐tagetone (10.7%) as the main compounds. The oil contained considerable amounts of limonene (3.9%), isomenthone (3.1%), and of spathulenol (2.7%) in sesquiterpenoidic fraction. cis‐(4.1%) and trans‐Anethole (2.1%) are the main constituent of the phenylpropanoid group. A preliminary in vitro toxicity test, carried out with Artemia salina, showed an ED50 value of the essential oil of 3.16 µg/ml. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential effects of fluvoxamine, paroxetine and milnacipran for depression, especially with regard to age
Authors: Morishita Shigeru , Arita Seizaburo
Published: June 2004

Introduction

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and dual serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the most commonly prescribed classes of antidepressants, yet it is not known whether one is superior to the other. It seems that an investigation of the characteristics of patients being treated with SSRIs and SNRIs would be useful in determining which patients would be most likely to benefit from these antidepressant medications.

Aims

The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the response to fluvoxamine, paroxetine and milnacipran treatment for depression with regard to patient age.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis was carried out among depression outpatients treated in the Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan, in 2001. A total of 159 patients who met the criteria and who were receiving fluvoxamine, paroxetine and milnacipran were identified. To examine the influence of antidepressants with regard to patient age, the response rate of patients aged 50 years or older was compared with that of those aged 49 years or younger.

Results

In patients aged 49 years or younger, the clinical effect of fluvoxamine was greater than that of the other antidepressants. Conversely, in those aged 50 years or older, milnacipran had a tendency to be more effective than the others.

Conclusions

The differential response of SSRIs and SNRIs with regard to age should help to guide clinicians in determining the selection of antidepressants for depression. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspiration biopsy using new ceramic‐coated stainless steel puncture needle
Authors: Fukuda Hiroyuki , Inokuti Yukio
Published: June 2004

The aim of this study was to determine the medical applicability of a newly developed ceramic‐coated stainless steel puncture needle for performing liver biopsies. A ceramic coating was applied to a stainless steel needle using a high‐density plasma coating technique. The collected specimen was dipped in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sliced into 4 μm‐thick sections, and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (HE). Tissue specimens were observed under a low vacuum of 664 Pa using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM‐2700). The surface of the tissue severed by the ceramic‐coated needle was smoother than that by the stainless steel 21G ultrasonic biopsy needle according to microscopic image stained with HE, interference microscopic images, and ESEM images. In conclusion, damage to samples collected by the ceramic‐coated needle is less than that by the ordinary needle. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 392–397, 2004
Overfull conjecture for graphs with high minimum degree
Authors: Plantholt Michael
Published: June 2004

Chetwynd and Hilton showed that any regular graph G of even order n which has relatively high degree $\Delta (G)\,\ge\,((\sqrt{7}- 1)/2)\, n$ has a 1‐factorization. This is equivalent to saying that under these conditions G has chromatic index equal to its maximum degree $\Delta(G)$. Using this result, we show that any (not necessarily regular) graph G of even order n that has sufficiently high minimum degree $\delta(G)\,\ge\,(\sqrt{7}/3)\,n$ has chromatic index equal to its maximum degree providing that G does not contain an “overfull” subgraph, that is, a subgraph which trivially forces the chromatic index to be more than the maximum degree. This result thus verifies the Overfull Conjecture for graphs of even order and sufficiently high minimum degree. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 73–80, 2004
Evaluation of the female urethra with intraurethral magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Macura Katarzyna J. , Genadry Rene , Borman Tracy L. , Mostwin Jacek L. , Lardo Albert C. , Bluemke David A.
Published: June 2004

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate feasibility of intraurethral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for in vivo assessment of the female urethra and to determine the anatomy of the urethra and periurethral attachments as depicted using an endourethral MR coil. Twenty‐three continent volunteers were studied with a 14F endourethral MR coil. Intraurethral MRI allowed detailed visualization and measurements of the muscular layers of the urethral sphincter and permitted the evaluation of supporting ligaments. This technique may become useful in the evaluation of anatomical defects associated with female urethral sphincter deficiency. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:153–159. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo detection of hemorrhage in human atherosclerotic plaques with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Cappendijk Vincent C. , Cleutjens Kitty B.J.M. , Heeneman Sylvia , Schurink Geert Willem H. , Welten Rob J.Th.J. , Kessels Alfons G.H. , van Suylen Robert J. , Daemen Mat J.A.P. , van Engelshoven Jos M.A. , Kooi M. Eline
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To investigate the performance of high‐resolution T1‐weighted (T1w) turbo field echo (TFE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the identification of the high‐risk component intraplaque hemorrhage, which is described in the literature as a troublesome component to detect.

Materials and Methods

An MRI scan was performed preoperatively on 11 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy because of symptomatic carotid disease with a stenosis larger than 70%. A commonly used double inversion recovery (DIR) T1w turbo spin echo (TSE) served as the T1w control for the T1w TFE pulse sequence. The MR images were matched slice by slice with histology, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) of the MR images were calculated. Additionally, two readers, who were blinded for the histological results, independently assessed the MR slices concerning the presence of intraplaque hemorrhage.

Results

More than 80% of the histological proven intraplaque hemorrhage could be detected using the TFE sequence with a high interobserver agreement (Kappa = 0.73). The TFE sequence proved to be superior to the TSE sequence concerning SNR and CNR, but also in the qualitative detection of intraplaque hemorrhage. The false positive TFE results contained fibrous tissue and were all located outside the main plaque area.

Conclusion

The present study shows that in vivo high‐resolution T1w TFE MRI can identify the high‐risk component intraplaque hemorrhage with a high detection rate in patients with symptomatic carotid disease. Larger clinical trials are warranted to investigate whether this technique can identify patients at risk for an ischemic attack. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:105–110. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiquantitative analysis of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in cancer patients: Variability and changes in tumor tissue over time
Authors: Medved Milica , Karczmar Greg , Yang Cheng , Dignam James , Gajewski Thomas F. , Kindler Hedy , Vokes Everett , MacEneany Peter , Mitchell Myrosia T. , Stadler Walter M.
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To evaluate variability of a simplified method for measuring semiquantitative DCE‐MRI parameters in patients with cancer and to explore effects of treatment with a putative anti‐angiogenic compound.

Materials and Methods

A total of 19 patients enrolled on treatment trials with the putative anti‐angiogenic agent SU5416 underwent contrast enhanced examinations, and 11 had a second examination eight weeks post therapy. Contrast media concentration as a function of time was calculated using changes in signal and literature baseline T1 values in normal muscle or liver reference tissue. Semiquantitative DCE‐MRI parameters, including the area under the contrast concentration vs. time curve (AUC), were calculated for regions‐of‐interest in normal liver and muscle, and in tumors.

Results

The coefficients of variation for pretherapy parameters in normal tissue were 11% to 37%. No significant changes were detected in normal liver over two months of therapy. In tumors and muscle, a significant decrease in the AUC and maximum contrast concentration was observed.

Conclusion

Variability of semiquantitative DCE‐MRI parameters utilizing a method based on known T1 values in a reference tissue is low enough to detect changes in tumors during therapy. Use of this method as a pharmacodynamic marker should be further investigated. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:122–128. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and hemodynamic magnetic resonance assessment of early neonatal brain injury in a piglet model
Authors: Munkeby Berit H. , Lyng Kristin , Frøen Jahn Frederik , Winther‐Larssen Eldrid H. , Rosland Jan Henrik , Smith Hans‐Jørgen , Saugstad Ola Didrik , Bjørnerud Atle
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To investigate the utility of functional and morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the extent of brain injury in a hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) piglet model and further to validate that the desired ischemic injury was successfully induced.

Materials and Methods

MRI was performed at 1.5 T in anesthetized piglets (N = 10, age = 12‐36 hours). Relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF), time‐to‐peak (TTP) contrast, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were estimated at different time points pre‐, during, and post‐HI. The effect following bilateral clamping of the carotid arteries was assessed by contrast‐enhanced MR angiography (MRA) and phase contrast MR angiography (PCA) (N = 4).

Results

A linear correlation was observed between relative cerebral perfusion reduction and cerebral ADC during HI (r2 = 0.85, P < 0.05). There was no correlation between rCBF reduction during 30 minutes of HI and cerebral ADC after 30 or 150 minutes of reperfusion/reoxygenation (RR).

Conclusion

The combination of morphological and functional (perfusion and diffusion) MRI enabled consistent assessment of both the presence and absence of complete occlusion as well as the functional significance of the occlusion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:8–15. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Equivalent cross‐relaxation rate imaging of breast cancer
Authors: Yuen Sachiko , Yamada Kei , Kinosada Yasutomi , Matsushima Shigeru , Nakano Yasuhiko , Goto Mariko , Nishimura Tsunehiko
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To determine whether equivalent cross‐relaxation rate (ECR) imaging is a feasible method for demonstrating breast cancer.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen breast cancer patients underwent both ECR imaging, with off‐resonance saturation pulses at frequency offsets of 7 and 19 ppm (ECR‐7 and ECR‐19, respectively) from water resonance, and gadolinium (Gd)‐enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast. The mean tumor size was 26.5 mm. The tumor outlines defined by their shape and margin on ECR‐7 images were compared with the subtraction images produced by the dynamic study, and the distribution of hyperintensity areas and their shapes on ECR‐19 images were assessed. All patients had surgery and pathological findings were compared to ECR images.

Results

The tumor outline of 13/15 (87%) tumors on ECR‐7 images was nearly identical to that on subtraction images; ECR‐19 images demonstrated the location and degree of fibrosis. The tumor outline of the other two tumors was less clear on ECR‐7 images, and internal hyperintensity on ECR‐19 images reflected intratumoral fibrotic foci. ECR‐7 and ‐19 imaging findings allowed identification of four distinct tumor types that reflected the tumor growth patterns and their internal structures associated with fibrosis.

Conclusion

ECR imaging is a feasible imaging technique for demonstrating breast cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:56–65. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatio‐temporal bandwidth‐based acquisition for dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Krishnan Sumati , Chenevert Thomas L.
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To develop a k‐space formalism that provides a rationale for the design of variable‐rate acquisition schemes for dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI).

Methods and Materials

The formalism, termed spatio‐temporal bandwidth‐based (STBB) analysis, is demonstrated using a priori modeling of object and enhancement characteristics typically observed in DCE‐MRI of breast tumors. A temporally enhancing lesion is considered as a two‐dimensional (2D) space‐time object that possesses a corresponding spatio‐temporal (ky‐kt) energy spectrum. The ky‐kt space is segmented based on a threshold such that the total spectral energy in a finite number of k‐space samples, constrained by the imaging experiment, is maximized. This thresholded map contains a set of spatial and corresponding temporal sampling prescriptions. These prescriptions are used in designing an acquisition scheme that is adequate for a range of contrast‐enhancing breast lesions. The STBB scheme is compared to an equivalent “keyhole” acquisition, in terms of quantification of enhancement rate, Ktrans, extracellular volume fraction, νe, and spatial fidelity. We chose object sizes Npix = 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 pixels and enhancement rates Ktrans = 1.5, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 minute–1, and νe was held at 0.3.

Results

The STBB scheme results in more accurate estimation of the rate and extracellular volume fraction parameters when the object size is small (two and five pixels) and the enhancement rates are rapid (1.5 and 1 minute–1), compared to the keyhole acquisition. The STBB scheme provides higher spatial fidelity for very small objects. For large object and slow enhancements, the keyhole and STBB scheme perform comparably.

Conclusion

We have demonstrated an intuitive formalism applicable to DCE‐MRI for a set of targeted/anticipated dynamic events as well as spatial features. This formalism can be extended to any dynamic imaging condition, and a corresponding variable‐rate acquisition scheme can be designed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:129–137. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of preharvest sprays containing calcium, magnesium and titanium on the quality of peaches and nectarines at harvest and during postharvest storage
Authors: Serrano María , Martínez‐Romero Domingo , Castillo Salvador , Guillén Fabián , Valero Daniel
Published: June 2004

Peach and nectarine trees were foliar sprayed with a formulation containing Ca2+, Mg2+ and Ti4+. Parameters related to fruit quality were evaluated at harvest, after 7–28 days of cold storage and after subsequent ripening for 4 days at 20 °C (shelf life). At harvest, treated fruits from both cultivars had higher weight and pulp firmness than control fruits, while no effect was observed for either colour, total soluble solid content (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) or the time required to ripen on the tree. During cold storage, lower levels of weight loss, colour evolution, TSS/TA ratio and ethylene production and higher pulp firmness were found in treated peaches and nectarines compared with control fruits. Also, the storability of treated fruits was extended for up to 14 days more than that of control fruits. During ripening at 20 °C after different periods of cold storage, parameters related to ripening evolved faster in control than in treated fruits. Also, the occurrence of the climacteric peak of ethylene production was delayed and its intensity was lower in treated peaches and nectarines than in controls. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of limonene on the growth and physiology of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L) and carrot (Daucus carota L) plants
Authors: Ibrahim MA , Oksanen EJ , Holopainen JK
Published: June 2004

Monoterpenes are plant‐based alternatives for pest control in sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the phytotoxic effects of the monoterpene limonene on white cabbage (cv Rinda and Lennox) and carrot (cv Parano and Splendid) plants. The effects of increasing concentrations (from 10 to 120 ml l−1) of limonene on visible leaf injuries, growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were studied. Limonene concentrations of 90 and 120 ml l−1 were significantly phytotoxic in both cabbage and carrot, depending on the cultivar. However, there were major differences in limonene responses between the cultivars in both species. In carrot, lower shoot and root biomass was related to lower chlorophyll fluorescence (indicating lower efficiency of the photochemical processes) in cv Splendid, whereas in cv Parano it was related to lower stomatal conductance (indicating reduced gas exchange), suggesting that the mechanism behind the phytotoxicity may be different in different cultivars. In cabbage, better limonene tolerance and faster recovery processes in cv Lennox compared with cv Rinda were evident through increasing efficiency of photochemistry (chlorophyll fluorescence), and in the higher stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis rates, providing energy for defence and repair action. Since direct phytotoxic effects were detected on carrot and cabbage with limonene, we conclude that critical threshold concentrations for cultivated plants should be determined before monoterpenes are widely used as repellents and deterrents. These thresholds should, as far as possible, be species‐ and cultivar‐specific in order to provide full protection of plants. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Variability in axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer
Authors: Schaapveld Michael , Otter Renée , de Vries Elisabeth G.E. , Fidler Vaclav , Grond Joris A.K. , van der Graaf Winette T.A. , de Vogel Pieter L. , Willemse Pax H.B.
Published: June 2004

Background

The axillary nodal status may influence the prognosis and the choice of adjuvant treatment of individual breast cancer patients. The variation in number of reported axillary lymph nodes and its effect on the axillary nodal stage were studied and the implications are discussed.

Methods

Between 1994 and 1997, a total of 4,806 axillary dissections for invasive breast cancers in 4,715 patients were performed in hospitals in the North‐Netherlands. The factors associated with the number of reported nodes and the relation of this number with the nodal status and the number of positive nodes were studied.

Results

The number of reported nodes varied significantly between pathology laboratories, the median number of nodes ranged from 9 to 15, respectively. The individual hospitals explained even more variability in the number of nodes than pathology laboratories (range in median number 8–15, P < 0.0001). The number of reported nodes increased gradually during the study period. A decreasing trend was observed with older patient age. A higher number of reported nodes was associated with a markedly increased chance of finding tumor positive nodes, especially more than three nodes. The frequency of node positivity increased from 28% if less than six nodes to 54% if ≥20 nodes were examined, the percentage of tumors with ≥4 positive nodes increased from 4 to 31%. Multivariate analysis confirmed these results.

Conclusions

This population‐based study showed a large variation in the number of reported lymph nodes between hospitals. A more extensive surgical dissection or histopathological examination of the specimen generally resulted in a higher number of positive nodes. Although the impact of misclassification on adjuvant treatment will have varied, the impact with regard to adjuvant regional radiotherapy may have been considerable. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;87:4–12. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical relevance of parasternal uptake in sentinel node procedure for breast cancer
Authors: Fabry Hans F.J. , Mutsaers Pim G.N.J. , Meijer Sybren , Torrenga Hans , Pijpers Rik , Van Leeuwen Paul A.M. , van der Sijp Joost R.M.
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy contributes highly to the accuracy of the sentinel node procedure. Besides routing towards the axilla, in a number of patients additional parasternal focal accumulation may be observed. So far the clinical consequences of this parasternal uptake remains unclarified, i.e., whether any internal mammary lymph node uptake should be surgically biopsied. An analysis of all sentinel node procedures with parasternal uptake was performed.

Methods

Sixty‐nine patients with scintigraphic parasternal uptake and with a minimal follow‐up of 24 months, were selected from a prospective database. Tumor characteristics, treatment strategies, and recurrences of these patients were analyzed and subsequently matched against the present day indications for adjuvant treatment.

Results

During follow‐up (median 41 months) only four (6%) patients developed systemic disease. Initially, three of these patients did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Two are alive without evidence of disease after treatment of these recurrences. Currently these patients would, initially, all have been eligible for chemotherapy based on tumor characteristics and age according to international guidelines.

Conclusions

For the indication of adjuvant treatment, the status of the internal mammary lymph nodes was not relevant in our patients. Parasternal uptake is not an indication to extend the surgical procedure. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;87:13–18. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controversies in the management of metastatic melanoma to regional lymphatic basins
Authors: Mack Lloyd A. , McKinnon J. Gregory
Published: June 2004

The primary management of lymph nodes involved with metastatic melanoma is regional lymphadenectomy. Many controversies of regional lymph node dissection exist including extent and nature of the lymphadenectomy, treatment of lymphatic metastases in unusual locations and the role of adjuvant radiotherapy. Although radical neck dissection has been the gold standard for cervical disease, modified dissections do not seem to compromise regional control in appropriately selected patients. In the axilla, a Level I, II, and III dissection is most commonly performed. Combined superficial and deep groin dissection is justified for clinically palpable disease although management of patients with histologically positive yet clinically non‐palpable disease is more controversial. Burden of disease, imaging, patient co‐morbidity, and Cloquet nodal status must be considered. Many technical variations exist in an attempt to improve morbidity rates secondary to lymphadenectomy. Unfortunately, complication rates are difficult to compare secondary to variable study designs, definitions, and patient populations. Adjuvant radiation therapy appears warranted in patients with high risk of regional recurrence including bulky disease, extracapsular extension or cervical location. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:189–199. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lessons learned from the Sunbelt Melanoma Trial
Authors: McMasters Kelly M. , Noyes R. Dirk , Reintgen Douglas S. , Goydos James S. , Beitsch Peter D. , Davidson B. Scott , Sussman Jeffrey J. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Ross Merrick I.
Published: June 2004

The Sunbelt Melanoma Trial is an ongoing multicenter prospective randomized trial that involves 79 centers and over 3600 patients from across the United States and Canada. This is one of the first large randomized studies to incorporate molecular staging using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). While the results related to the primary endpoints of the study are not yet available, several analyses have shed light on many aspects of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and melanoma prognostic factors. In particular, we have developed a practical definition of sentinel nodes based on the degree of radioactivity. We have established the low rate of postoperative complications associated with SLN biopsy as compared to complete lymph node dissection. We have identified factors that predict the presence of SLN metastases. In contrast, we have been unable to identify factors that indicate a low risk of non‐sentinel node metastases in patients with a positive sentinel node, suggesting that completion lymphadenectomy is appropriate for such patients. We have further established the value of identifying interval or in‐transit sentinel nodes, which can be the only site of nodal metastasis. We have evaluated the particular challenges associated with SLN biopsy of head and neck melanomas, have evaluated the patterns of early recurrence, and have identified an interesting correlation between increasing patient age and a number of prognostic factors. Future analyses will evaluate the benefit of early therapeutic lymphadenectomy and early institution of adjuvant interferon alfa‐2b therapy, as well as the validity of molecular staging. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:212–223. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Australian experience in sun protection and screening for melanoma
Authors: McCarthy William H.
Published: June 2004

Australia has the world's highest incidence of skin cancer. Despite excellent prevention and early diagnosis education programs and an increasing percentage of the population with darker and more UV tolerant skins, skin cancer remains a major and expensive community medical problem. However, primary and secondary prevention programs are now showing positive outcomes, especially in melanoma incidence and survival. Primary and secondary prevention programs are conducted by a variety of non‐government organizations such as the Australian Cancer Council, which is comprised of state anticancer groups, with some assistance from State and Federal health agencies. Current and future campaigns are becoming focused on specific community groups, noticeably teenagers and the older population. The role of sunscreens as the primary preventative approach has been superceded by sunlight avoidance campaigns. In light of an increasing rate of early diagnosis, a low and falling morbidity of melanoma, improving general practitioner competence in skin cancer diagnosis and proliferation of skin cancer clinics throughout Australia, it is unlikely a national skin cancer screening program will be implemented.

Ozone depletion, a sunlight overloaded environment, increased leisure time and an outdoor lifestyle necessitate continued efforts to minimise the cost and morbidity of skin cancer in Australia. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:236–245. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inorganic reactions of iodine(+1) in acidic solutions
Authors: Schmitz Guy
Published: June 2004

We present a thorough analysis of the former works concerning the hydrolysis of iodine and its mechanism in acidic or neutral solutions and recommend values of equilibrium and kinetic constants. Since the literature value for the reaction H2OI+ ⇌ HOI + H+ appeared questionable, we have measured it by titration of acidic iodine solutions with AgNO3. Our new value, K(H2OI+ ⇌ HOI + H+) ∼ 2 M at 25°C, is much larger than accepted before. It decreases slowly with the temperature. We have also measured the rate of the reaction 3HOI → IO3− + 2I− + 3H+ in perchloric acid solutions from 5 × 10−2 M to 0.5 M. It is a second order reaction with a rate constant nearly independent on the acidity. Its value is 25 M−1 s−1 at 25°C and decreases slightly when the temperature increases, indicating that the disproportionation mechanism is more complicated than believed before. An analysis of the studies of this disproportionation in acidic and slightly basic solutions strongly supports the importance of a dimeric intermediate 2HOI ⇌ I2O·H2O in the mechanism. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36:480–493, 2004
Effect of solvent and structure on the kinetics and mechanism of the aquation of bromopentaamine cobalt(III) complex in binary aqueous mixtures
Authors: El‐Subruiti Gehan M. , Younes Ghassan O. , Zeitouni Farah S. , Amira Mohamed F.
Published: June 2004

The kinetics of aquation of bromopentaamine cobalt(III) complex have been investigated spectrophotometrically in aqueous‐organic solvent media using acetonitrile, urea, and dimethyl sulfoxide as co‐solvents at 45 ≤ T (°C) ≤ 65. The logarithms of rate constant of the aquation reaction vary nonlinearly with the reciprocal of the dielectric constant for all cosolvent mixtures, indicating a specific solute–solvent interaction. Also, the rate constants are correlated with the total number of moles of water and the organic solvents. However, the solvent effects on the solvation components of the enthalpy of activation, ΔH‡, and the entropy of activation, ΔS‡, have been studied. Analysis of the solvent effect confirmed a common Id mechanism for the aquation of the cobalt(III) complex. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36:494–499, 2004
Back Cover: Macromol. Biosci. 6/2004
Authors: Rodríguez Gema , Gallardo Alberto , Fernández Mar , Rebuelta Mercedes , Buján Julia , Bellón Juan M , Honduvilla Natalio G , Escudero Cristina , San Román Julio
Published: June 2004

Back Cover: Osteoblasts from Human Osteosarcoma cell line (HOS TE85) showed a good adherence and proliferation onto surfaces coated with the polymer THDMA22. Images a) and c) correspond to the control samples (Thermanox®) and images b) and d) to the polymer surfaces.

Further details can be found in the Full Paper by G. Rodríguez,* A. Gallardo, M. M. Fernández, M. Rebuelta, J. Buján, J. M Bellón, N. G Honduvilla, C. Escudero, J. San Román on page 579.
Alternating Crystalline‐Amorphous Layers in Hybrid Block Copolymers of Linear Poly(ethylene glycol) and Dendritic Poly(benzyl ether)
Authors: Duan Xuexin , Yuan Fei , Wen Xiaojing , Yang Miao , He Binglin , Wang Wei
Published: June 2004

Summary:In the present work, we have studied the crystalline morphology of hybrid di‐ and triblock copolymers consisting of linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and Fréchet‐type monodendrons of poly(benzyl ether). The linear blocks can crystallize to form spherulites under supercooling condition. Using atomic force microscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering method we found alternating crystalline and amorphous layers. The crystalline layers are formed by the PEG block, while the amorphous layers contain the miscible mixture of PEG and the monodendrons. Our analysis shows that the long period,d, of the layers scales asd ∝ Mwhere$M_{\rm D}$is the molecular weight of the monodendrons. As the radius of gyration of the monodendronsRg, also scales asRg ∝ M(B. M. Tande, et al.Macromolecules2001,34, 8580), we obtaind ∝ Rg, implying a linear increase of the long period with the radius of gyration of the monodendrons.

Model describing the crystalline morphology of the semicrystalline hybrid block copolymers.

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Model describing the crystalline morphology of the semicrystalline hybrid block copolymers.
On the Crystal Structure of the Clathrate Forms of Syndiotactic Polystyrene Containing Carbon Disulfide and Iodine
Authors: Tarallo Oreste , Petraccone Vittorio
Published: June 2004

Summary: The crystal structure of the clathrate form of syndiotactic polystyrene containing different amounts of CS2 has been analyzed, and compared with that of the clathrate containing I2. These two guest molecules, which are characterized by a similar shape and volume, give rise to the only two known examples of clathrate forms containing up to two molecules per cavity. The two structures are isomorphous both in the case of complete and of partial occupation of the cavities. In the second case, CS2 and I2 molecules when alone in the cavity occupy almost identical positions at its center. Some of the literature on the crystal structure of these two clathrates is ambiguous and this is discussed. A comparison with the CS2 clathrates of syndiotactic poly(p‐methylstyrene) and poly(m‐methylstyrene) is also made.

Schematic representation of the two ways in which guest molecules can be hosted in the cavities of the crystals of the s‐PS clathrate form containing carbon disulfide.

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Schematic representation of the two ways in which guest molecules can be hosted in the cavities of the crystals of the s‐PS clathrate form containing carbon disulfide.
Area enlargement of the gracilis muscle flap through microscopically aided intramuscular dissection: ideas and innovations
Authors: Huemer Georg M. , Dunst Karin M. , Maurer Herbert , Ninkovic Milomir
Published: June 2004

The gracilis muscle is one of the most extensively used muscles for free tissue transplantation. Its advantages are low donor‐site morbidity with a concealed donor scar, a constant anatomy with large‐diameter vessels, and the potential for a neurosensory flap as well as a large skin paddle. However, limitations comprise its limited size, and thus the muscle is limited to small‐to‐medium‐sized defects. We present a novel technique by which the muscle can be enlarged 3–4 times over the regular muscle width. This can be achieved by microscopically aided intramuscular dissection of connective tissue with preservation of the intrinsic vessels of the muscle. With this technique, the field of application of the versatile gracilis muscle in reconstructive surgery can be further expanded. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 24:1–4 2004.
Effect of number of fascicle on axonal regeneration in cable grafts
Authors: Okuyama Noriko , Nakao Yasushi , Takayama Shinichiro , Toyama Yoshiaki
Published: June 2004

The effect of number of fascicles on axonal regeneration in cable grafts was examined in the rat cable graft model. The study comprised three experimental groups: the 5f‐group, which received 5 fascicles, larger than the host; the 3f‐group, in which the total area of the graft fascicles was similar to that of the host; and the 1f‐group, which received one fascicle cable graft, smaller in diameter than the host nerve. At the graft segment, well‐myelinated fibers were observed both inside and outside the graft fascicles. The three groups showed no difference in morphometric and functional assessment, suggesting that the fibers which regenerated through the outside of the graft might be effectively induced into the distal host. The disproportionate enlargement of the graft fascicle of the 1f‐group also increased the fibers passing through it. These findings suggest that a small number of fascicles can induce a larger population of regenerated fibers in the 20‐mm cable graft model. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 24:1–8 2004.
Weighted proportional loss rate differentiation of TCP traffic
Authors: Aweya James , Ouellette Michel , Montuno Delfin Y.
Published: June 2004

Relative service differentiation refers to service models that provide assurances for the relative quality ordering between classes, rather than for the absolute service level in each class. An example is the proportional differentiation model which provides a way to control the quality spacing between classes locally at each hop. In this model, certain forwarding metrics are ratioed proportional to the class differentiation parameters that the network operator chooses. In this paper, we propose a new proportional loss rate differentiation mechanism that integrates relative loss rate differentiation directly into active queue management using random early detection. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Diverse and potent activities of HGF/SF in skin wound repair
Authors: Bevan Damon , Gherardi Ermanno , Fan Tai‐Ping , Edwards Dylan , Warn Richard
Published: June 2004

Genetic studies in the mouse have highlighted essential roles for several growth factors in skin repair and have offered a rationale for their use in therapy. The present study shows that the plasminogen‐related growth factor HGF/SF (hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor) promotes wound repair in homozygous diabetic db/db mice by recruiting neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells to the wound; by promoting the migration of endothelial cells to the injured area; and by enhancing keratinocyte migration and proliferation. As a result, granulation tissue formation, wound angiogenesis, and re‐epithelialization are all increased. The results demonstrate that HGF/SF affects and sustains all key cellular processes responsible for wound repair and point to a unique potential of this molecule for the therapy of chronic skin wounds. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct expression patterns of the transcription factor E2F‐1 in relation to tumour growth parameters in common human carcinomas
Authors: Zacharatos Panayotis , Kotsinas Athanassios , Evangelou Konstantinos , Karakaidos Panagiotis , Vassiliou Leandros‐V , Rezaei Nousin , Kyroudi Aspasia , Kittas Christos , Patsouris Eystratios , Papavassiliou Athanasios G , Gorgoulis Vassilis G
Published: June 2004

E2F‐1 is a pivotal transcription factor that integrates signals from a variety of G1/S phase regulators and modulates diverse cellular functions, such as DNA synthesis, repair, mitosis, and apoptosis. Its role in cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as depicted from experimental models and limited reports in human malignancies, remains a matter of debate. Recently, in non‐small cell lung cancer, it was observed that E2F‐1 overexpression was associated with tumour growth, implying an ‘oncogenic’ effect. To clarify further the role of E2F‐1 in carcinogenesis, the investigation was expanded in four of the most common human malignancies by examining its expression status and putative impact on tumour kinetics. These issues were addressed by immunohistochemical and molecular means in 52 breast carcinomas, 42 prostate adenocarcinomas, 58 colon adenocarcinomas, and 77 superficial bladder transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs). The following results were found: (i) in breast carcinomas, E2F‐1 expression correlated with proliferation (p < 0.001) and growth index (p = 0.001); (ii) in prostate adenocarcinomas, absence of E2F‐1 was noted, in contrast to its expression in normal and hyperplastic glands; (iii) in colon adenocarcinomas, E2F‐1 expression was inversely related to growth index (p = 0.001), being expressed in lesions with increased apoptosis (p = 0.001) and low proliferation (p < 0.001); and (iv) in superficial TCCs, E2F‐1 expression correlated with proliferation (p = 0.002). Taken together, these results suggest that E2F‐1 has a growth‐promoting effect in breast carcinomas and superficial TCC, whereas the opposite seems to be the case for colon and prostate cancer. To interpret the above findings, the status of the pRb and p53 tumour suppressor pathways, which are known to affect E2F‐1 activity, was further investigated. The results suggest that the actions of E2F‐1 are mainly dependent on the functionality of these pathways. Nevertheless, the data also imply that p53‐independent pathways may play a nodal role in the function of E2F‐1 in colon cancer. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.