bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Job Satisfaction among Public- and Private-Sector Employees
Authors: DeSantis Victor S. , Durst Samantha L.
Published: March 2007

Over the past several decades a number of empirical studies have demonstrated that job-satisfaction levels vary widely in the American labor force. The effect of age, tenure, salary, job type, job level, and work environment on an employee's job satisfaction has been extensively discussed. Studies have underscored the importance of identifying the determinants of employee job satisfaction by linking it to higher production and performance levels and to retention rates.

Renewed interest in increasing performance levels in government should interest public administrators in identifying factors that foster worker satisfaction. However little empirical attention has been given to evaluating job-satisfaction levels among public-sector employees. And given that the reward system in the public sector systematically differs from that of the private sector (in terms of pay, benefits, and psychic value), it seems likely that studies of satisfaction levels among private-sector employees may not be applicable to public-sector employees.

This paper utilizes analyses of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) to compare job-satisfaction levels among public-and private-sector employees. The NLSY is a representative sample of 12,686 men and women. Using this survey allows us to examine the actual work experiences, personal characteristics, and job-satisfaction levels of a selected set of public and private workers. If the factors that contribute to job satisfaction differ for public-and private-sector employees, as our results suggest they do, then such an analysis is long overdue.
The Dangers and Attractions of Theoretical Eclecticism
Authors: Foss Nicolai J.
Published: March 2007

Shelby Hunt’s A General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth is an extremely ambitious and challenging work. It attempts to construct a theory of competition, called resource-advantage theory, by collecting insights from diverse perspectives in economics and business administration. However, there is little reflection in the book with respect to how theories should be combined in the concrete, and resource-advantage theory does not seem to lead to results that are not contained in one or more of its constituent theories. Although Hunt’s work suffers from excessive eclecticism, it is an admirable starting point for further research.
Prospects for Developing Country Exports of Services to the Year 2010: Projections and Public Policy Implications
Authors: Oyewole Philemon
Published: March 2007

Internationalization of services has gained a great momentum in recent years. This article examines the prospects for developing countries in the international marketing of services. It analyzes past trends of service exports of developing countries and projects these to the year 2010. The projection was based on dynamic shift share analysis. The results show that the market share of developing countries will increase steadily up to the year 2010 in travel, financial, and communications services but will tend to decrease in transport services. A major policy implication of these findings is that developing countries need to change their priorities—from exports of primary commodities and soft manufactures to those of services—if they are to compete effectively in the international market and thrive economically in the twenty-first century. Specific policy initiatives that are required to achieve this goal are discussed.
Rejoinder to Comments by Boddewyn and Meade Regarding "A Macroeconomic Study of the Effects of Promotion on the Consumption of Infant Formula in Developing Countries"
Authors: Graham John L. , Gilly Mary C.
Published: March 2007

We very much appreciate the hard work and careful thought put into the comments by J. J. Boddewyn and William Meade regarding our article, "A Macroeconomic Study of the Effects of Promotion on the Consumption of Infant Formula in Developing Countries" (1988). Because their criticisms are quite divergent (that is, Boddewyn suggests we have overstepped the bounds of quality social science, particularly pushing our interpretation too far, whereas Meade argues that we have not studied the most important problem), we will respond to them separately.
Balkanization of America: Lessons from the Interstate Trade Barrier Experience
Authors: Hollander Stanley C. , Popper Kathleen M. LaFrancis
Published: March 2007

Interstate trade barriers—laws, regulations, and administrative practices that hamper the flow of goods and services from state to state—have been persistent elements of the U. S. economy. This article pursues some implications of the U.S. experience for the European Community and for macromarketing and managerial practice, theory, and policy.
Improving Life Quality for the Destitute: Contributions from Multiple-Method Fieldwork in War-Ravaged Transition Economies
Authors: Shultz Clifford J.
Published: March 2007

Life quality is a fundamental outcome of the macromarketing ethos, yet the majority of the world's population is impoverished. Consumers residing in war-ravaged transition economies are especially needy. Multiple-method fieldwork can enable macromarketers to collect data needed to affect policy change and thus to enhance life quality for some of these most destitute groups. The cases of rice production in Vietnam and explosive ordnance removal in the killing fields of Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Cambodia are used to support the arguments presented.

Since all our tools are imperfect, it is all the more important to know their limitations.
The Effectiveness of the Foreign-Trade Zone as an Export Promotion Program: Policy Issues and Alternatives
Authors: Mathur Lynette Knowles , Mathur Ike
Published: March 2007

Foreign-trade zones (FTZs) are used by international marketers to gain savings and increase) operational efficiencies. From a public policy viewpoint, FTZs are a part of governmental export promotion strategies, which are designed to stimulate exports and reexports. U.S. data indicate that new FTZs do not have a strong influence on increasing exports, although increased exports do result in the formation of new FTZs. Similarly, while new FTZs do affect reexports, U.S. reexports exert a much stronger influence on the formation of new FTZs. The evidence suggests that some FTZs may be formed primarily to capture certain financial benefits, related to their use, for already existing exports and reexports. The implications are that the FTZ aspect of the U.S. export promotion program is not achieving desired results. Ten export promotion alternatives to the FTZ are discussed; these hold the poten1tial to'r7 realizing export-promotion policy goals.
The Persistent Competitive Advantage of Traditional Food Retailers in Asia: Wet Markets’ Continued Dominance in Hong Kong
Authors: Goldman Arieh , Krider Robert , Ramaswami S.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this article is the persistent continued strength of “wet markets” in Hong Kong and the weakness of supermarkets in the fresh food area. This phenomenon is surprising because, based on the experiences in North America and Western Europe and given the well-developed economy of Hong Kong, one would have expected supermarkets to dominate fresh food retailing and wet markets to be in retreat. In this article, the authors explain the reasons for the continued dominance of wet markets. They argue that consumers’shopping and consumption culture, the effectiveness of wet markets in handling consumers’needs, and the appropriateness of the simple technology used by wet markets are at the basis of this dominance. An analysis of developments in the wet market system, in the supermarkets, and in consumers’ behavior leads to a conclusion that there are no indications of possible changes in wet markets’superiority.
Simulating Motion Elements of General-Purpose Robot Arms
Authors: Derby Stephen
Published: March 2007

Robot arm displacement curves are constructed, assuming that all links in the arm are rigid. This can be accomplished by using familiar, cam-motion profile techniques whenever possible. The benefits of these considerations can help achieve smoother motion while minimizing wear on and effort by the robot actuators. A set of motion primitives within the General Robot Arm Simulation Program ( GRASP) are presented as examples.
Surface Structure and Three-Dimensional Motion from Image Flow Kinematics
Authors: Waxman Allen M. , Ullman Shimon
Published: March 2007

This study concerns a new formulation and method of solu tion of the image flow problem. It is relevant to the maneu vering of a robotic system through an environment containing other moving objects or terrain. The two-dimensional image flow is generated by the relative rigid-body motion of a smooth, textured object along the line of sight to a monocular camera. By analyzing this evolving image sequence, we hope to extract the instantaneous motion (described by six degrees of freedom) and local structure (slopes and curvatures) of the object along the line of sight. The formulation relates a new local representation of an image flow to object motion and structure by twelve nonlinear algebraic equations. The repre sentation parameters are given by the two components of image velocity, three components of rate of strain, spin, and six independent image gradients of rate of strain and spin, evaluated at the point on the line of sight. These kinematic variables are motivated by the deformation of a finite element of flowing continuum. A method for solving these equations was devised and successfully implemented on a VAX com puter. A number of examples were explored revealing two classes of ambiguous scenes (i.e., nonunique solutions are ob tained). A sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate noise levels in the representation parameters that still yield acceptable solutions; indications are that the method is quite stable. Finally, an approach is suggested by which the kine matic variables may be extracted from evolving contours in an image sequence.
Dexterity Measures for the Design and Control of Kinematically Redundant Manipulators
Authors: Klein Charles A. , Blaho Bruce E.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we have proposed a number of measures for the quantification of dexterity of manipulators. The use of such measures is especially important for kinematically redundant manipulators since they can satisfy secondary cri teria in addition to satisfying a specification of end-effector motion. We will compare several measures for the problems offinding an optimal configuration for a given end-effector position, finding an optimal workpoint, and designing the op timal link lengths of an arm.
Planning Tactile Recognition Paths in Two and Three Dimensions
Authors: Ellis R.E.
Published: March 2007

A general problem in model-based object recognition is how the system should proceed when the available data are ambiguous (i.e., when either the object or its location in space are not uniquely identified), We show that this "best next view" problem can be solved for two-dimensional polygonal objects solely by touch. The solution is a low-order polynominal algorithm that in corporates uncertainty from the data-analysis level to the path-planning level. It has been tested both by simulation and by implementation on an experimental robot system.

In three dimensions, the problem becomes inherently nonlinear and quite difficult. We describe the three-dimensional problem, discuss possible approaches, present a taxonomy that subsumes previous attempts, and display simulation results that describe the efficacy of our approach. We show that the heuristic of attempting to decompose the three-dimensional, four-degree-of-freedom, non linear problem into a pair of two-degree-of-freedom linear problems produces perfect paths about half of the time and is the most efficient complete decomposition method that has been implemented to date.

1. We can rotate and translate an arbitrary starting line so that it coincides with the x-axis, and transform the edges accordingly.

2. These bounds are derived from physical properties of the sensor, such as the angle at which it will skid off a smooth surface.

3. If the sets do not intersect, then there is no line that obeys the constraints and passes through both edges.

4. Some of the critical points in this example have the same α value, so there are fewer dashes marked on the a-axis than dots in the figure.

5. For typical sensor uncertainty values propagated through the interpre tation process, rotational uncertainty vastly dominates translational uncer tainty. Once rotational uncertainty is managed, translational uncertainty can usually be incorporated in a straightforward manner, by offsetting in the appropriate direction.

6. The reader is reminded that the coordinate system is located and oriented for convenience of calculation.
The Planning of Robotic Optimal Motions in the Presence of Obstacles
Authors: Galicki Miroslaw
Published: March 2007

An approach to the planning of optimal robotic motions in the pres ence of obstacles is proposed. It is based on the use of nonclassical formulation of Pontryagin's maximum principle, which makes it possible to handle efficiently the state constraints resulting from the robotic tasks to be performed. The convergence properties of the algorithm are examined. A computer example involving a pla nar redundant manipulator of three revolute kinematic pairs, which performs two tasks in a two-dimensional work space including ob stacles, is given. A comparison of the proposed approach with the well-known method of penalty function is made.
Planning Shortest Paths among 2D and 3D Weighted Regions Using Framed-Subspaces
Authors: Szczerba Robert J. , Chen Danny Z. , Uhran John J.
Published: March 2007

The standard shortest path planning problem determines a collision- free path of shortest distance between two distinct locations in an environment scattered with obstacles. This problem, in fact, corre sponds to a special case of the weighted region problem, in which the environment is partitioned into a set of regions, with some regions (obstacles) having an associated weight of oo and other regions (free space) having a weight of 1. For the general weighted region problem, the environment consists of regions, each of which is as sociated with a certain weight factor. A path through the weighted region incurs a cost that is determined by the geometric distance of the path in that region times that region's weight factor. The weighted region problem can be used to model path planning for autonomous vehicles over different environmental terrains. This paper studies the problem of computing a shortest path between two distinct locations through a 2D or 3D environment consisting of weighted regions. The authors propose a novel cell decomposi tion approach based on new framed-subspace data structures: the weighted framed-quadtree and the weighted framed-octree.
On Optimizing the Kinematic Geometry of a Dextrous Robot Finger
Authors: Tischler Craig R. , Hunt Kenneth H. , Samuel Andrew E.
Published: March 2007

Building on previous work, where we identified kinematic chains suitable for application as dextrous robot hands, we now explore how to optimize the kinematic geometry of a multiloop, multifree dom mechanism so that simple equations of movement are achieved. Specifically, we wish to find the mechanism geometry that provides the simplest expressions for the movement of the fingertip. Being based in geometry, the approach described here is applicable to a wide range of mechanism-design problems.
Interaction Control of a Redundant Mobile Manipulator
Authors: Chung Jae H. , Velinsky Steven A. , Hess Ronald A.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the modeling and control of a spatial mobile manipulator that consists of a robotic manipulator mounted on a wheeled mobile platform. The Lagrange-d'Alembert formulation is used to obtain a concise description of the dynamics of the system, which is subject to nonholonomic constraints. The complexity of the model is increased by introducing kinematic redundancy, which is created when a multilinked manipulator is used. The kinematic redundancy is resolved by decomposing the mobile manipulator into two subsystems: the mobile platform and the manipulator. The re dundancy resolution scheme employs a nonlinear interaction-control algorithm, which is developed and applied to coordinate the two sub systems' controllers. The subsystem controllers are independently designed, based on each subsystem's dynamic characteristics. Sim ulation results show the promise of the developed algorithm.
Frequency-Domain Consequences of Low-Velocity Friction: The Nonminimum-Phase Behavior of Geared Transmissions
Authors: Ontanon-Ruiz J. , McAree P.R. , Daniel R.W.
Published: March 2007

We make several experimentally based observations that enhance the understanding of the dynamics of geared robot drives. We show that: (1) at low velocities, a gear transmission can behave as a nonminimum-phase system; (2) this nonminimum phase behavior is intimately related to the dynamics of friction at gear-tooth contact; and (3) by virtue of compliance in bearings and supports, gear drives do not have a constant transmission ratio over all frequencies, but in stead show step changes in transmission ratio. These findings guide the development of a new dynamic model of a gear transmission that captures these salient characteristics and makes explicit the different torque-transmission modes. We remark on the implications of these findings for robot force control.
Gendered Voice in the Cathedral Choir
Authors: Welch Graham F. , Howard David M.
Published: March 2007

The past decade has seen the initiation and growth in the number of cathedrals who have admitted girl choristers in addition to boys. Almost without exception, these initiatives have provoked considerable interest in the local, national and (in some cases) international communities. In large part, this interest stems from a concern that the "social justice" underpinning the entry of female choristers might be in conflict with a musical tradition in cathedrals that has apparently celebrated the "uniqueness" of the male chorister voice for over 1,500 years. A number of related studies have now been conducted in order to examine such an assumption of "uniqueness" and to see if this has any perceptual basis. The available data on child and adolescent vocal anatomy and physiology indicate considerable similarity between the sexes until the onset of puberty. Perceptually, gender differences in untrained children's singing voices become more evident as children progress through childhood. However, the trained chorister perceptual data is more equivocal, suggesting that there is considerable potential for female choristers to be confused as male, depending on the choir and the choice of repertoire. In part, this is believed to be a product of the particular traditions, expectations and cultural practices of the socio-musical environment to which choristers are inducted.
An Exploratory Study of the Effects of a Self-Instructional Programme Utilising the Pitch Master on Pitch Discrimination and Pitch Accuracy in Performance of Young Trombonists
Authors: Brick John S.
Published: March 2007

Students in an experimental group received training in aural/oral perception through the use of a pitch discrimination programme which utilised a technological innovation, the TAP Pitch Master. Trombonists who received the five-hour aural/oral instructional programme with the Pitch Master made significantly greater pre-test to post-test gains on two measures of pitch performance devised by the investigator than did trombonists who received only their regular band instruction. It was concluded that the instructional programme utilising the Pitch Master was effective in improving pitch accuracy in young trombonists' performance.
Mechanisms of Cue Extraction in Musical Groupings: A Study of Perception on Sequenza VI for Viola Solo by Luciano Berio
Authors: Deliege Irene , El Ahnmadi Abdessadek
Published: March 2007

Eighteen musicians and 18 non-musicians were asked to indicate perceived segmentations in a performance of Berio's Sequenza VI. Segmentations were marked during active listening by depressing a key oil a compLitCie console. The segmentations of both musicians and non-musicians were i general agreement with a reference analysis pi-ovided bv two compposers. These segmentations had a high degree of stability over two 1istenings. J'he results are discussed in terms of a theory of cue extraction allowing identification of the beginning and end of major compositioned units
Anticipation of Performance among Musicians: Physiological Arousal, Confidence, and State-Anxiety
Authors: Abel Jennifer L. , Larkin Kevin T.
Published: March 2007

Physiological responses (heart rate and blood pressure) and self-report measures of state-anxiety and confidence were obtained in 22 student musicians during a baseline-laboratory session and before a jury. All participants exhibited increased heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and self-reported anxiety from the laboratory to the jury. Males exhibited higher systolic blood pressure increases prior to the jury compared to females, but females exhibited higher self-reported anxiety than males. Additionally, females reported increased confidence prior to the jury and males did not. Individuals with higher heart rate increases before the jury reported less confidence and somewhat higher self-reported anxiety.
The Effect of Lessons in the Alexander Technique on Music Performance in High and Low Stress Situations
Authors: Valentine Elizabeth R. , Fitzgerald David F. P. , Gorton Tessa L. , Hudson Jennifer A. , Symonds Elizabeth R. C.
Published: March 2007

Twenty-five music students taking classes in performance were randomly assigned either to an experimental group who received a course of 15 lessons in the Alexander technique, or to a control. A variety of measures were taken on four occasions: in both high and low stress situations before and after treatment. The experimental group showed improvement relative to the control on the following measures: overall music and technical quality as judged by independent experts blind to subjects' condition assignment, heart rate variance, self-rated anxiety and positive attitude to performance. However, with the exception of heart rate variance, these effects were restricted to performance in the low stress class situations. There were no significant effects on height, peak flow or misuse as judged on the basis of videorecordings of behaviour by independent experts in the Alexander technique.
Does Formal Musical Structure Affect Perception of Musical Expressiveness?
Authors: Tillmann Barbara , Bigand Emmanuel
Published: March 2007

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of systematic modifications in global musical structures on perceived expressiveness. Recorded performances of piano pieces of Bach, Mozart and Schonberg were segmented into short chunks of six seconds in average. These chunks were linked either in a forward order (Original version) or in a backward order (Inverted version). In the inverted version, the formal global structure of the pieces was destroyed, but the superficial features and the local structures inside the chunks were unaltered. Forty non-musician subjects were required to rate the musical expressiveness of these pieces on 29 semantic scales. Half listened to the three original versions, the other half to the three inverted versions. For both groups there was a strong effect of omusical pieces on expressiveness. However, the effect of the version. i.e. forward or backward ordering of the chunks, was small and that was found for the Schonberg piece. For the Bach and the Mozart pieces, playing the chunks in a forward or backward order affected neither the expressiveness, nor the feeling of coherence. These findings suggest that short chunks contain enough information to define expressiveness for non-musician listeners. These results agree with previous ones reported by Gotlieb and Konecni(1985), Cook(1987), Karno and Konecni(1992), and raise the question of the psychological reality of global musial structures.
Effect of Tempo and Dynamics on the Perception of Emotion in Music
Authors: Kamenetsky Stuart B. , Hill David S. , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: March 2007

Adults (N = 96) with little or no training in music heard one of four possible MIDI versions of each of four musical excerpts. The four versions of each excerpt included one with unvarying tempo and dynamics, one with variations in tempo only, one with variations in dynamics only, and one with variations in tempo and dynamics. Participants rated each excerpt on a 7-point scale for likeability and emotional expressiveness. Variations in dynamics resulted in higher ratings on both measures but variations in tempo had no such effect. In general, women rated the musical excerpts as more emotionally expressive and more likeable than did men. Finally, musical preferences were highly correlated with ratings of emotional expressiveness.
The Decision-Making Constraints and Processes of Grant Peer Review, and Their Effects on the Review Outcome
Authors: Langfeldt Liv
Published: March 2007

When distributing grants, research councils use peer expertise as a guarantee for supporting the best projects. However, there are no clear norms for assessments, and there may be a large variation in what criteria reviewers emphasize - and how they are emphasized. The determinants of peer review may therefore be accidental, in the sense that who reviews what research and how reviews are organized may determine outcomes.

This paper deals with how the review process affects the outcome of grant review. The case study considers the procedures of The Research Council of Norway, which practises several different grant-review models, and consequently is especially suited for explorations of the implications of different models. Data sources are direct observation of panel meetings, interviews with panel members and study of applications and review documents.

A central finding is that rating scales and budget restrictions are more important than review guidelines for the kind of criteria applied by the reviewers. The decision-making methods applied by the review panels when ranking proposals are found to have substantial effects on the outcome. Some ranking methods tend to support uncontroversial and safe projects, whereas other methods give better chances for scholarly pluralism and controversial research.
Legal Engineering
Authors: Edmond Gary
Published: March 2007

Recently, in the case of Kumho Tire Co v. Carmichael, the US Supreme Court revisited the seminal Daubert judgment, and the meaning of the Federal Rules of Evidence (1975) when considering the appropriate admissibility standard for non-scientific expert evidence in US federal courts. This article examines the Kumho decision in relation to the evolving US federal jurisprudence surrounding the admission and use of expert evidence. In particular, inter-related representations of law, science and engineering, the jury, expertise, and the social costs of litigation, derived from amicus curiae briefs and briefs submitted on behalf of each of the parties, are contrasted with the eventual judgment in an attempt to map some of the social contours informing the decision. As part of an ongoing contest, the case of Kumho is interpreted as the latest in a series of judgments generally favourable to corporate defendants aspiring to raise the standard for the admissibility of expert evidence through strategically adumbrated images of evidentiary reliability, concerns about jury competence, and the prevalence of so-called `junk science'.
Citation Analysis of a Scientific Career: A Case Study
Authors: Ruff Imre
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive collection of papers citing the works of a leading theoretical molecular spectroscopist has been analyzed. Citations were collected in the period 1937-75, and classified by the following criteria: (a) cited in a 'cover-all' review; (b) cited among others; (c) cited extensively or as argumentation; (d) cited with some reservation; (e) cited with criticism; and (f) extensively used for further development Results indicate a constant citation frequency within the entire period studied. It seems that the effect of the increase of publication output in this field is just about compensated for by the decay of the citation frequency. Citations of type a are uniformly spread over all papers, with an average of one citation every ten years. The ratio of types a + b to types c + d + e + f is not inconsistent with a value of about 1:2 - that is, citations to this author reflect considerable real impact.
Politics and Science in the Laetrile Controversy
Authors: Petersen James C. , Markle Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

In an analysis of the dispute between the proponents of Laetrile and those opposing the substance, the Impact of both knowledge and value factors is explored. First, six related knowledge disputes are considered, with an emphasis on the difficulties of conflict resolution. It is suggested that when Laetrile supporters failed to obtain a favourable adjudication within the scientific community, they expanded the scope of the conflict through the use of the courts, state legislatures, and the freedom of choice appeal Government regulatory bodies and leading members of the American medical commumty have tried to limit the scope of the conflict through claims of specialized knowledge and expertise. Fmally, the concept of 'adjudication' is introduced to place the Laetrile dispute in an intellectual context which emphasizes the role of both knowledge and value factors in scientific controversies.
Skills, Deals and Impartiality: The Sale of Environmental Consultancy Skills and Public Perceptions of Scientific Neutrality
Authors: Yearley Steven
Published: March 2007

Voluntary organizations concerned with nature conservation and environmental protection clearly need a source of funding. Many receive governmental support in various ways, but a high degree of reliance on such largesse is felt to compromise their independence. They thus look to other fund-raising ventures, such as sponsored tree-planting and sales of wildlife holidays. Given the high standards of scientific expertise commonly available in these organizations, they are increasingly attracted to selling their skills in the form of consultancy services - to firms, to developers and to local authorities. This strategy is already yielding some financial successes, but it generates a potential problem - that of impartiality, or neutrality.

This paper reviews some of the developments made in the direction of environmental consultancy. It goes on to explore, through the use of case-study material from a recent public inquiry, how the issue of neutrality is treated by these groups, by the `customers' to whom they sell services, and by the legal authorities. The paper concludes with a review of the factors affecting the demonstrable impartiality of scientific advice: factors arising both from the nature of scientific knowledge and from the character of the legal process.
Goethe's `Protestant Reformation' as a Textual Demonstration: Comment on Jackson
Authors: Bjelic Dusan , Lynch Michael
Published: March 2007

This Comment takes its point of departure from Myles Jackson's historical study of Goethe's attempt to incite a `protestant reformation' in colour theory. According to Jackson, Goethe tried to unseat the remote authority of Newton's science in favour of a science grounded in non-specialized personal knowledge. Goethe's natural-philosophical texts, as we shall demonstrate, involve readers in a firsthand engagement with the actual experimental materials. Consequently, Goethe's physics is presented in the form of a reflexive anthropological inquiry. When Jackson proposes that Goethe respecifies Newton's optical experiments, he treats this as a substantive historic accomplishment. Although his paper nicely reviews how Goethe can be understood to be respecifying Newton's experiments, in this Comment we demonstrate the possibility of such respecification both as a way of reconceptualizing an event in the history of science, and as a distinctive mode of ethnomethodological inquiry. In other words, we invite readers to work with the materials of this text in order to demonstrate the possibility of a reformed experimental field.
The Social Construction of Facts and Artefacts: or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology might Benefit Each Other
Authors: Pinch Trevor J. , Bijker Wiebe E.
Published: March 2007

The need for an integrated social constructivist approach towards the study of science and technology is outlined. Within such a programme both scientific facts and technological artefacts are to be understood as social constructs. Literature on the sociology of science, the science-technology relationship, and technology studies is reviewed. The empirical programme of relativism within the sociology of scientific knowledge and a recent study of the social construction of technological artefacts are combined to produce the new approach. The concepts of `interpretative flexibility' and `closure mechanism', and the notion of `social group' are developed and illustrated by reference to a study of solar physics and a study of the development of the bicycle. The paper concludes by setting out some of the terrain to be explored in future studies.
Colonizing the Mind: Dilemmas in the Application of Social Science
Authors: Mulkay Michael , Pinch Trevor , Ashmore Malcolm
Published: March 2007

Health economists see their practice as the application of economics to the field of human health. One of the forms that the practical application of health economics takes is the attempt to persuade professionals in health care to accept and implement economists' recommendations for changes in their practice. This paper examines one such attempt by means of a detailed textual analysis of `The Essentials of Health Economics', a major series of articles written for doctors by two leading health economists. The `dilemma of application' faced by these authors is that if they are to persuade doctors to accept the positive benefits of economics, they must also persuade doctors to accept deficiencies in their current practice. This dilemma encourages the use of textual strategies such as `avoiding confrontation' and `criticism without offence'. This kind of rhetoric of application is seen to stem from the authors' skilful deployment of two distinct, though intertwined, programmes for health economics - namely, the `strong' and the `weak'.
Ludwik Fleck's Roles in Society: A Case Study Using Joseph Ben-David's Paradigm for a Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Freudenthal Gad , Löwy Ilana
Published: March 2007

In his early writings, the late Joseph Ben-David put forward a model accounting for certain kinds of cases of the emergence of new disciplines. We argue that Ben-David's explanations fall squarely within the sociology of knowledge — and, in fact, have many points in common with explanations in the tradition of the `strong programme' in that discipline. Specifically, Ben-David's central theoretical concept — that of `role hybridization' — overlaps the notion of `multifunctionality' of theories. Ben-David's approach is superior to that of the `strong programme' in as much as, being hermeneutical and not causal, it avoids the dangers usually besetting the sociology of knowledge — notably relativism.

In the second part of the paper we analyze the emergence of Ludwik Fleck's ideas and — using Ben-David's model — we relate them to the social context within which Fleck was working. We show that social conditions induced the outsider bacteriologist Fleck to adopt a strategy of role-hybridization. This strategy gave rise to `idea-hybridizations' which led to his original, multifunctional theory of scientific growth.
Representing Biotechnology: An Ethnography of Quebec Science Policy
Authors: Cambrosio Alberto , Limoges Camille , Pronovost Denyse
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the sociology of science has been profoundly renewed by the use of an ethnographic approach to the study of scientific practice. The same cannot be said of science policy studies. Only a limited number of authors have studied in detail the construction and application of particular science policy programmes, and their contributions are mostly based on the a posteriori examination of public documents. In this paper, we resort to an ethnographic approach in order to study how the science and technology staff of the Quebec Government, starting in 1981, went about devising policy measures as part of what they saw as a general science policy framework for biotechnology. Science policy practices, at least at that stage, appear to be first and foremost representational practices grounded in particular kinds of literary activities characterized by an extended intertextual web. In such a framework, the native category of file or dossier plays a central role, allowing for the basic classificatory operations in which representations are grounded.
The Rockefeller Foundation's Medical Policy and Scientific Research in Latin America: The Case of Physiology
Authors: Cueto Marcos
Published: March 2007

Some studies have challenged the role played by philanthropic agencies in the organization of scientific work in underdeveloped societies. This paper is intended to add to this literature by studying the relationships developed between the Rockefeller Foundation and physiological research in four Latin American countries. The latter received sizeable grants during the 1940s and 1950s, not only as a result of the degree of excellence achieved in some laboratories of the region, but also as a means of spreading an academic model inspired by the élite medical schools of the United States. Rockefeller's philanthropy failed to modernize Latin American research structures, mainly because of the difficulty of transferring a model of scientific work from one culture to another. The paper shows how local resistance and conflict, rather than imitation and passivity, characterized this process of attempted transfer.
Modern Creationism and Scientific Authority
Authors: Toumey Christopher P.
Published: March 2007

Much of modern creationist thought is obviously generated by fundamentalist theology, but there is another major influence at work — namely, the cultural-historical dynamics of the social role of scientific authority in American life. This paper describes a variety of modern creationist positions on the merits and credibility of scientific authority, and then analyzes that situation in terms of the history of three cultural models of science that circulate in American popular culture. It concludes, first, that creationist attitudes about scientific authority represent an interesting problem in their own right; and, second, that the social role of scientific authority is both varied and complex.
Consolation for the Scientist: Sometimes it is Hard to Publish Papers that are Later Highly-Cited
Authors: Campanario Miguel
Published: March 2007

A set of 316 commentaries by authors of highly-cited papers was reviewed, to identify any difficulty encountered by the authors in producing or publishing their articles. The commentaries were selected from those published each week in the Citation ClassicR feature of Current Contents. According to their commentaries, a small proportion (5.7%) of the authors of these papers had some difficulty when doing the research, or when trying to publish the results. Three more highly-cited papers which had also encountered difficulties in getting published were identified from Citation ClassicR commentaries: one of them was co-authored by a Nobel Prize winner. Three of the papers which encountered publication problems are the most cited from their respective journals. In part, the problematic papers reported innovative methods or theories, or presented new interpretations of previous data. Those in the peer review system should have access to these findings, to improve their review of innovative work. Evaluative criteria that are too narrow can sometimes lead to the initial rejection of very important papers.
Rendering Turbulence Orderly
Authors: Turnbull David
Published: March 2007

Turbulence research lacks an agreed paradigm and is riven with controversy, yet the practitioners are able to construct a coherent field of research. They succeed in this through the creation of assemblages. These ad hoc contingent linkages are contrived through the development of social strategies and technical devices for moving and connecting local knowledge/practices.
What Makes a Good Scientist?: Determinants of Peer Evaluation among Biologists
Authors: Sonnert Gerhard
Published: March 2007

This study explores the criteria by which biologists in the United States evaluate their peers' scientific performance. Six distinguished biology professors rated forty-two former National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellows on the basis of the latter's CVs and bibliographies. The most powerful predictor of these quality judgements was the rated scientist's annual productivity rate: this explained more than 40% of the variance in the evaluators' judgements.
Making the Pap Smear into the `Right Tool' for the Job
Authors: Casper Monica J. , Clarke Adele E.
Published: March 2007

Despite being a rather recalcitrant tool, the `Pap smear' is today the major cancer screening technology in the world. This paper examines how and why heterogeneous actors chose to advocate the Pap smear as a screen for cervical cancer in the late 1940s, and to tinker both in and far beyond the diagnostic laboratory for over 50 years to make the Pap smear `fit' as a screening and clinical technology. Tinkerings included gendering the division of labour, attempting to automate reading of smears, juggling costs, exploring alternative screening technologies, pushing for regulation of laboratories, and settling for locally-negotiated orders of clinical accuracy instead of global standardization, still elusive today.
Getting Serious about `Interrogating Representation'
Authors: Garroutte Eva Marie
Published: March 2007

Steve Woolgar has urged the sociology of scientific knowledge to `interrogate representation', and he has advocated an exploration of reflexivity issues as a means toward this end. However, ten years of scholarship addressing the meaning and purpose of a subdiscipline dedicated to displaying the social constructedness of all texts (including, at least by implication, its own) have yielded little. I propose an approach to the reflexivity dilemma, and to the larger question of `representation', which differs significantly from those previously attempted. This alternative requires the genuinely radical step of considering a very different philosophy of language than the one(s) currently shared by SSK researchers and the scientists whose accounts constitute SSK's `data'. Philosophies of language which might serve as instructive examples presently exist in the thought of some indigenous peoples, particularly American Indians. I explore one such philosophy as it is articulated by a Navajo student of traditional learning. I then show how such a philosophy of language reconfigures the reflexivity problem, and also offers SSK some ideas about how it might begin to do what it cannot presently do: formulate a genuinely radical interrogation of representation.
Scarce Resources and Jail Management
Authors: Pogrebin Mark
Published: March 2007

When there are cuts in public services, jails are usually the worst to suffer. Though there are continual calls for improvement in corrections, the community is in general very unwilling to spend money on them; this is particularly true of local rural jails. There is a need for jail managers to define and communicate the role of the jail to elected government officials, to show them to be the providers of services with a recog nizable and legitimate mission as providing some solutions to the increasing crime problem. Jails should try and integrate more into the community, using agencies for inmates that they can continue to use on release.
Homicide and Deterrence: The Japanese Case
Authors: Merriman David
Published: March 2007

This article uses the economic approach to examine the relationship between the Japanese homicide rate and penalty structures during the past half century. The empirical results give some support for the hypothesis that potential criminals are deterred by sanctions (proxies for the certainty and severity of punishment are inversely related to the homicide rate.) Virtually no support is found for the hypothesis that the decline in the Japanese homicide rate resulted directly from economic growth. The results indicate that, even after taking into account changes in the Japanese penalty structure, the single most important factor explaining the decline in homicide in Japan is the secular trend. This contrasts sharply with other industralized countries which have experienced secular trends toward higher homicide rates. Factors that caused Japan's secular trend to be so different from other industralized nations need further clarification and investigation.
Thoughts on Deterrence: Evolution of a Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Brown Stephen E. , Esbensen Finn-Aage
Published: March 2007

Research on deterrence has proliferated in recent years. This article reviews the development of deterrence thought through four historical epochs, delineating the context and assumptions of each. Theoretical and empirical advance of the last two decades are summarized and critiqued.
The Non-Monk's Tale: A Somewhat Modern Canterbury Tale
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

A favorite topic of the author has been Human Nature. The following is an attempt to "see it" by means of a tale-in sharp outline.
Axis II Comorbidity in Forensic Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Hillbrand Marc , Kozmon Alexis H. , Nelson Christine W.
Published: March 2007

The authors tested J. S. Wulach's suggestion that the criminal personality is a quadruple personality disorder (PD) consisting of antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PDs. First, forensic patients with antisocial PD were compared to patients without PD using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II). Second, mean MCMI-II PD scale scores of the antisocial group were examined for clinical significance. Lastly, correlations between the Antisocial scale and all other PD scales of the MCMI-II were computed to examine patterns of association. All comparisons support Wulach `s thesis that borderline and narcissistic pathologies coexist in antisocial individuals but provide only weak support regarding the role of histrionic pathology in antisocial individuals.
Content Stability in the Repertory Grid: An Examination Using a Forensic Sample
Authors: Horley James
Published: March 2007

The temporal reliability of the Role Construct Repertory Grid Technique (Rep Grid) was examined using a sample of incarcerated men who had committed violent offenses. The content of repeated administrations of a 10 x 20 Rep Grid was analyzed and then compared for common content. The average shared content of 64% agrees with earlier findings, but a wide range of individual variance was found. These results reveal moderate temporal reliability for this assessment technique.