bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principles of ER cotranslational translocation revealed by proximity-specific ribosome profiling
Authors: Jan Calvin H. , Williams Christopher C. , Weissman Jonathan S.
Published: November 2014

The wheres and whys of protein translation

Localized protein synthesis is important for a broad range of biological activities, from specifying the animal body plan to coordinating entry into the secretory pathway. Few tools are available that can investigate translation at specific subcellular sites. Jan
et al.
present a flexible ribosome profiling–based methodology to enable precise characterization of localized protein synthesis (see the Perspective by Shao and Hegde). Proximity-specific ribosome profiling provides a high-precision tool for looking at the mechanism of localized protein targeting and synthesis in living cells. The approach yielded a high-resolution systems-level view of cotranslational translocation at the endoplasmic reticulum. Williams
et al.
applied the technique to look at localized mRNA translation at the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.1257521
, p.
701
; see also p.
748
Brazil's environmental leadership at risk
Authors: Ferreira J. , Aragão L. E. O. C. , Barlow J. , Barreto P. , Berenguer E. , Bustamante M. , Gardner T. A. , Lees A. C. , Lima A. , Louzada J. , Pardini R. , Parry L. , Peres C. A. , Pompeu P. S. , Tabarelli M. , Zuanon J.
Published: November 2014

Mining and dams threaten protected areas
Journals unite for reproducibility
Authors: McNutt Marcia
Published: November 2014

Reproducibility, rigor, transparency, and independent verification are cornerstones of the scientific method. Of course, just because a result is reproducible does not necessarily make it right, and just because it is not reproducible does not necessarily make it wrong. A transparent and rigorous approach, however, can almost always shine a light on issues of reproducibility. This light ensures that science moves forward, through independent verifications as well as the course corrections that come from refutations and the objective examination of the resulting data.
A human vaccine strategy based on chimpanzee adenoviral and MVA vectors that primes, boosts, and sustains functional HCV-specific T cell memory
Authors: Swadling Leo , Capone Stefania , Antrobus Richard D. , Brown Anthony , Richardson Rachel , Newell Evan W. , Halliday John , Kelly Christabel , Bowen Dan , Fergusson Joannah , Kurioka Ayako , Ammendola Virginia , Del Sorbo Mariarosaria , Grazioli Fabiana , Esposito Maria Luisa , Siani Loredana , Traboni Cinzia , Hill Adrian , Colloca Stefano , Davis Mark , Nicosia Alfredo , Cortese Riccardo , Folgori Antonella , Klenerman Paul , Barnes Eleanor
Published: November 2014

A prime-boost HCV vaccine strategy induces durable and broad T cell responses, characteristic of those associated with viral control.
Encouraging a problem‐based approach to diagnosis
Authors: Maddison Jill
Published: November 2014

Jill Maddison is director of professional development and head of the CPD unit at the Royal Veterinary College (RVC). She also chairs the WSAVA's continuing education committee (see box on pii) and is encouraging clinicians in other parts of the world to take a problem‐based approach to cases
Pathways to specialising in animal welfare
Authors: Knight Andrew D.
Published: November 2014

Safeguarding animal welfare is an important aspect of the day‐to‐day work of almost all veterinarians; however, only some choose to pursue specific postgraduate qualifications in this area. Andrew Knight describes some of the routes to specialisation that are available around the world, highlighting in particular how suitably experienced individuals can currently seek accreditation in Europe and the USA without undertaking a formal programme of study
Climate- and soil-based models of site productivity in eastern US tree species
Authors: Jiang Huiquan , Radtke Philip J. , Weiskittel Aaron R. , Coulston John W. , Guertin Patrick J.
Published: November 2014

As concerns rise over potential effects of greenhouse gas related climate change on terrestrial ecosystems, forest managers require growth and yield modeling capabilities responsive to changing climate conditions. Our goal was to develop prediction models of site index for eastern US forest tree species with climate and soil properties as predictors for use in predicting potential responses of forest productivity to climate change. Species-specific site index data from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program were linked to contemporary climate data and soil properties mapped in the USDA Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database. Random forest regression tree based ensemble prediction models of site index were constructed based on 37 climate-related and 15 soil attributes. In addition to a species-specific site index, aggregate models were developed for species grouped into two broad categories: conifer (softwood) and hardwood (broadleaved) species groups. Species-specific models based on climate and soil predictors explained the most variation in site index of any models tested (R2= 62.5%, RMSE = 3.2 m). Comparable results were found when grouping species into conifer and hardwood groups (R2= 63.9%, RMSE = 4.6 m for conifers; R2= 35.9%, RMSE = 4.2 m for hardwoods). Model predictions based on multiple global circulation models (GCMs) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) development scenarios were tested for statistical significance using bootstrap resampling methods. Results showed significant increases over the 21st century in mean site index for conifers between +0.5 and +2.4 m. Over the same time period, mean hardwood site index showed decreases of as much as −1.7 m for the scenarios tested. The results demonstrate the utility of using climate and soils data in predicting site index across a large geographic region, and the potential of climate change to alter forest productivity in the eastern US. Additional investigation is needed to interpret spatial patterns and ecological relationships related to predictions from this type of model.
Consequences of deformation of the Heisenberg algebra
Authors: Faizal Mir
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we will demonstrate that like the existence of a minimum measurable length, the existence of a maximum measurable momentum, also influence all quantum mechanical systems. Beyond the simple one-dimensional case, the existence of a maximum momentum will induce non-local corrections to the first quantized Hamiltonian. However, these non-local corrections can be effectively treated as local corrections by using the theory of harmonic extensions of functions. We will also analyze the second quantization of this deformed first quantized theory. Finally, we will analyze the gauge symmetry corresponding to this deformed theory.
Congruences for q[p/8] (mod p) under the condition 4n2p = x2 + qy2
Authors: Sun Zhi-Hong
Published: November 2014

Let ℤ be the set of integers, and let p be a prime of the form 4k + 1 and so p = c2 + d2 with c, d ∈ ℤ. Let q be an integer of the form 4k + 3. Assume that 4n2p = x2 + qy2 with c, d, n, x, y ∈ ℤ and (q, n) = (x, y) = 1, where (a, b) is the greatest common divisor of integers a and b. In this paper, we establish congruences for (-q)[p/8] ( mod p) in terms of c, d, n, x and y, where [⋅] is the greatest integer function. In particular, we establish a reciprocity law and give an explicit criterion for (-11)[p/8] ( mod p).
Enucleation-Induced Rat Adrenal Gland Regeneration: Expression Profile of Selected Genes Involved in Control of Adrenocortical Cell Proliferation
Authors: Tyczewska Marianna , Rucinski Marcin , Ziolkowska Agnieszka , Szyszka Marta , Trejter Marcin , Hochol-Molenda Anna , Nowak Krzysztof W. , Malendowicz Ludwik K.
Published: November 2014

Enucleation-induced adrenal regeneration is a highly controlled process; however, only some elements involved in this process have been recognized. Therefore, we performed studies on regenerating rat adrenals. Microarray RNA analysis and QPCR revealed that enucleation resulted in a rapid elevation of expression of genes involved in response to wounding, defense response, and in immunological processes. Factors encoded by these genes obscure possible priming effects of various cytokines on initiation of regeneration. In regenerating adrenals we identified over 100 up- or downregulated genes involved in adrenocortical cell proliferation. The changes were most significant at days 2-3 after enucleation and their number decreased during regeneration. For example, expression analysis revealed a notable upregulation of the growth arrest gene, Gadd45, only 24 hours after surgery while expression of cyclin B1 and Cdk1 genes was notably elevated between days 1–8 of regeneration. These changes were accompanied by changes in expression levels of numerous growth factors and immediate-early transcription factors genes. Despite notable differences in mechanisms of adrenal and liver regeneration, in regenerating adrenals we identified genes, the expression of which is well recognized in regenerating liver. Thus, it seems legitimate to suggest that, in the rat, the general model of liver and adrenal regeneration demonstrate some degree of similarity.
Failed Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Caused by RecurrentCandida glabrataInfection with PriorSerratia marcescensCoinfection
Authors: Skedros John G. , Keenan Kendra E. , Updike Wanda S. , Oliver Marquam R.
Published: November 2014

This report describes a 58-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic male patient who initially sustained a proximal humerus fracture from a fall. The fracture fixation failed and then was converted to a humeral hemiarthroplasty, which became infected withCandida glabrataandSerratia marcescens. After these infections were believed to be cured with antibacterial and antifungal treatments and two-stage irrigation and debridement, he underwent conversion to a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Unfortunately, theC. glabratainfection recurred and, nearly 1.5 years after implantation of the reverse total shoulder, he had a resection arthroplasty (removal of all implants and cement). His surgical and pharmacologic treatment concluded with (1) placement of a tobramycin-impregnated cement spacer also loaded with amphotericin B, with no plan for revision arthroplasty (i.e., the spacer was chronically retained), and (2) chronic use of daily oral fluconazole. We located only three reported cases ofCandidaspecies causing infection in shoulder arthroplasties (twoC. albicans, oneC. parapsilosis). To our knowledge, a total shoulder arthroplasty infected withC. glabratahas not been reported, nor has a case of aC. glabrataandS. marcescensperiprosthetic coinfection in any joint. In addition, it is well known thatS. marcescensinfections are uncommon in periprosthetic joint infections.
Surgical Treatment of Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease: From Lay-Open to Cell-Based Therapy—An Overview
Authors: Pellino Gianluca , Selvaggi Francesco
Published: November 2014

Background. Perianal Crohn’s disease (CD) can be challenging. Despite the high incidence of fistulizing CD, literature lacks clear guidelines. Several medical, surgical, and combined treatment modalities have been proposed, but evidences are scarce.Methods. We searched the literature to assess the facets of perianal CD, with particular focus on complex fistulae. Disease epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, activity scoring systems, and medical-surgical treatments were assessed.Results. Perianal fistulizing CD is common, frequently associated with upper gastrointestinal and colorectal CD. Complex fistulas often require repeated treatments. Continence is a major concern when dealing with repeated procedures. A prudent pathway is to resolve active sepsis and to limit damages, delaying a definitive treatment to the time when acute phase has been controlled. The improved diagnostic techniques allow better preoperative planning and are useful in monitoring the response to treatment. Besides newer devices, cell-based treatments are promising tools which have recently enriched the treatment portfolio. However, the need for proctectomy is still disturbingly high in CD patients with complex perianal fistulae.Conclusions. Perianal CD can impair quality of life and lead to need for proctectomy. A staged approach is reasonable. Treatment success can be improved by multimodal treatment and collaborative management by experienced gastroenterologists and surgeons.
Prevalence of Calodium hepaticum and Cysticercus fasciolaris in Urban Rats and Their Histopathological Reaction in the Livers
Authors: Sinniah Bharathalingam , Narasiman Muniandy , Habib Saequa , Gaik Bei Ong
Published: November 2014

Humans can get infected with several zoonotic diseases from being in close contact with rats. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and histopathological changes caused by Calodium hepaticum and Cysticercus fasciolaris in infected livers of wild caught urban rats. Of the 98 urban rats (Rattus rattus diardii and Rattus norvegicus) autopsied, 64.3% were infected; 44.9% were infected with Caladium hepatica, 39.3% were infected with Cysticercus fasciolaris, and 20.4% were infected with both parasites. High infection rates suggest that urban rats are common reservoir for both parasites, which are potentially a threat to man. Calodium hepaticum infections were identified by the presence of ova or adults in the liver parenchyma. They appear as yellowish white nodules, measuring 1–7 mm in diameter or in streaks scattered widely over the serosal surface of the liver. Cysticercus fasciolaris infections are recognized morphologically by their shape (round or oval) and are creamy white in colour. Histological studies of Calodium hepaticum showed areas of granulomatous lesions with necrotic areas around the dead ova and adults. In almost all cases, the rats appeared robust, looked healthy, and showed no visible signs of hepatic failure despite the fact that more than 64.0% of their livers were infected by either one or both parasites.
Coenzyme Q0 from Antrodia cinnamomea in Submerged Cultures Induces Reactive Oxygen Species‐Mediated Apoptosis in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Chung Cheng-Han , Yeh Szu-Chien , Chen Chun-Jen , Lee Kung-Ta
Published: November 2014

We investigated the anticancer effects of Antrodia cinnamomea, a medicinal mushroom from Taiwan, on A549 human lung cancer cells using the ethyl acetate extract from submerged culture filtrates. Our results showed that 2,3‐dimethoxy‐5‐methyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (coenzyme Q0; CoQ0) derived from A. cinnamomea submerged culture filtrates has anticancer activity. CoQ0 treatment reduced the viability of A549, HepG2, and SW480 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, CoQ0 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis in A549 cells, which was inhibited by the antioxidant ascorbic acid. To our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time that CoQ0 derived from A. cinnamomea submerged culture filtrates exerts its anticancer effect through the induction of ROS‐mediated apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells.
Spatial Distribution and Dispersal Patterns of Central North American Freshwater Crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) with Emphasis on Implications of Glacial Refugia
Authors: Simon Thomas P. , Burskey Jacob L.
Published: November 2014

Spatial distributions of crayfish were evaluated in relation to glacial geography and possible modes of dispersal from refugia. Species dispersal patterns were a priori hypothesized and tested using principle components analysis (PCA). PCA factor loading plots were evaluated for hypothesized crayfish dispersal patterns. Cambarus laevis was limited to the unglaciated region, while Orconectes immunis, Orconectes virilis, and Procambarus gracilis may have dispersed from western glacial refugia in the upper Missouri drainage. Fallicambarus fodiens and Procambarus acutus dispersed from south of the glacial advance within the Mississippi embayment. Previous dispersal hypotheses for Orconectes propinquus recognized that northern refugia may have been from the Driftless Area in Wisconsin and Illinois and may have invaded more than one refuge since this species was common in unglaciated areas of southwestern Indiana. Orconectes indianensis center of abundance is in the unglaciated region. Disjunct populations likely dispersed into temporary glacial lakes that, when receded, left populations in previously glaciated areas. Cambarus polychromatus possibly dispersed from southern refugia, while Cambarus sp. A cf. diogenes dispersed from southern refugia not sympatric with C. polychromatus. The glacial refugia included western and southern areas of the glacial maximum; however, northern dispersal routes may be important with global climate change.
Behavioral Adjustments by a Small Neotropical Primate (Callithrix jacchus) in a Semiarid Caatinga Environment
Authors: De la Fuente María Fernanda Castellón , Souto Antonio , Sampaio Marilian Boachá , Schiel Nicola
Published: November 2014

We provide the first information on the behavior of a small primate (Callithrix jacchus) inhabiting a semiarid Caatinga environment in northeastern Brazil. We observed behavioral variations in response to temperature fluctuation throughout the day. Due to the high temperatures, low precipitation, and resource scarcity in the Caatinga, as well as the lack of physiological adaptations (e.g., a highly concentrated urine and a carotid rete to cool down the brain) of these primates, we expected that the common marmosets would exhibit behavioral adjustments, such as a prolonged resting period or the use of a large home range. During the six-month period, we collected 246 hours of behavioral data of two groups (10 individuals) ofCallithrix jacchus. Most of the observed behavioral patterns were influenced by temperature fluctuation. Animals rested longer and reduced other activities, such as foraging, when temperatures were higher. Both study groups exploited home ranges of 2.21–3.26 ha, which is within the range described for common marmosets inhabiting the Atlantic Forest. Our findings confirm that common marmosets inhabiting the Caatinga adjust their behavioral patterns to cope with the high temperatures that characterize this environment and highlight their ability to survive across a wide range of different environmental conditions.
Acute Onset Polymyositis after Prolactinoma Extirpation
Authors: Jakez-Ocampo Juan , Atisha-Fregoso Yemil , Llorente Luis
Published: November 2014

Hyperprolactinemia has been related to autoimmune diseases. Herein, we describe a case of a female with a prolactin producer pituitary macroadenoma who developed severe polymyositis one month after its removal. The patient had very high levels of CPK and muscle biopsy showed remarkable inflammatory infiltration. Steroid therapy was followed with total recovery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported of acute polymyositis after pituitary macroadenoma exeresis.
Vitamin B6 Supplementation Improves Oxidative Stress and Enhances Serum Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Activities in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Taş Sibel , Sarandöl Emre , Dirican Melahat
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin B6 (Vit B6) on oxidant and antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control + Vit B6 group (C + Vit B6), diabetes (D), and diabetes + Vit B6 group (D + Vit B6). Vit B6 (4 mg/kg body weight) was administered in drinking water for 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes. Vitamin B6 reduced serum total cholesterol level in the C + Vit B6 (P< 0.01) and D + Vit B6 (P< 0.05) groups. Plasma and tissue malondialdehyde levels were reduced in the C + Vit B6 and D + Vit B6 groups. Whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were higher in the D group (P< 0.05). GSH-Px and SOD activities were increased in C + Vit B6 group while these parameters decreased in the D + Vit B6 group. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were decreased in the D group while they were increased in C + Vit B6 and D + Vit B6 groups. The results of present study suggest that vitamin B6 supplementation might be a promising adjunctive agent for improving oxidative stress and metabolic disturbances and for preventing diabetic complications including atherogenesis.
Low Velocity Impact and Creep-Strain Behaviour of Vinyl Ester Matrix Nanocomposites Based on Layered Silicate
Authors: Alateyah A. I. , Dhakal H. N. , Zhang Z. Y. , Aldousiri B.
Published: November 2014

The impact properties of neat vinyl ester and the nanocomposites were performed using a low velocity impact testing. The addition of layered silicate into the polymer matrix shows that an optimum range of nanoclay reinforcement in the vinyl ester matrix can produce enhanced load bearing and energy absorption capability compared to the neat matrix. In addition, the amount of microvoids in the nanocomposites structure influences the overall properties. Likewise, the influence of the clay addition into the neat polymer on the creep relaxation behaviour at 25°C and 60°C was studied. In both cases, the presence of the layered silicate remarkably improved the creep behaviour. The improvement of these properties can be assigned to the stiff fillers and the configurational linkage between the polymer and the layered silicate which are supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterisations by showing a distinct change in surface morphology associated with improved impact toughness and creep response.
A Qualitative Study on Perceptions of Changes Reported by Caregivers of Patients in Vegetative State and Minimally Conscious State: The “Time Gap Experience”
Authors: Covelli Venusia , Cerniauskaite Milda , Leonardi Matilde , Sattin Davide , Raggi Alberto , Giovannetti Ambra Mara
Published: November 2014

Objective. Our purpose was to provide a comprehensive understanding of how women informal caregivers of patients in vegetative state (VS) or minimally conscious state (MCS) describe, represent, and experience changes that occurred in their life after the acute event of their family member.Methods. A qualitative study was conducted and fifteen women informal caregivers, mothers, or spouses of patients in VS or MCS were interviewed.Results. Caregivers’ narratives revealed (1) important personal and interpersonal changes and (2) difficulties while facing the complex situation and integrating past, present, and future, defined as a “time gap experience.” This difficulty is expressed in two ways. First, the reduction of variety of roles into one, caregiver’s role. Second, the relationship with the relative is characterised by fluctuation in the relational style between caregiver and relative; it shifts from an adult to adult interaction to an adult to child one. Another fluctuation can be observed in the mixed use of present and past tenses when caregivers speak about their relatives.Conclusions. Caregiving cause pervasive modifications in one’s life. Targeted interventions aiming to empower the caregivers, to support them after the acute event in caregiving activities together with patient-focused interventions, and to promote their health should be implemented.
WeightedLp-Inequalities for the Dunkl Transform
Authors: Abdelkefi Chokri , Rached Faten
Published: November 2014

We give, for1<p≤2, weightedLp-inequalities for the Dunkl transform, using, respectively, the modulus of continuity of radial functions and the Dunkl convolution in the general case. As application, we obtain, in particular, the integrability of this transform on Besov-Lipschitz spaces.
Automated Nanofiber Diameter Measurement in SEM Images Using a Robust Image Analysis Method
Authors: Öznergiz Ertan , Kiyak Yasar Emre , Kamasak Mustafa E. , Yildirim Isa
Published: November 2014

Due to the high surface area, porosity, and rigidity, applications of nanofibers and nanosurfaces have developed in recent years. Nanofibers and nanosurfaces are typically produced by electrospinning method. In the production process, determination of average fiber diameter is crucial for quality assessment. Average fiber diameter is determined by manually measuring the diameters of randomly selected fibers on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. However, as the number of the images increases, manual fiber diameter determination becomes a tedious and time consuming task as well as being sensitive to human errors. Therefore, an automated fiber diameter measurement system is desired. In the literature, this task is achieved by using image analysis algorithms. Typically, these methods first isolate each fiber in the image and measure the diameter of each isolated fiber. Fiber isolation is an error‐prone process. In this study, automated calculation of nanofiber diameter is achieved without fiber isolation using image processing and analysis algorithms. Performance of the proposed method was tested on real data. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by comparing automatically and manually measured nanofiber diameter values.
Maxillofacial Fractures: Etiology, Pattern of Presentation, and Treatment in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Udeabor S. E. , Akinbami B. O. , Yarhere K. S. , Obiechina A. E.
Published: November 2014

Objective. To retrospectively analyze the pattern of presentation and modalities of management of maxillofacial fractures in our center.Methods. The medical records of all the patients who sustained maxillofacial fractures presenting to a major referral hospital in Niger Delta region of Nigeria were retrieved and reviewed. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS statistical package.Results. Eighty-six patients presented with 135 maxillofacial fractures during the period under review. A male to female ration of 3 : 1 was recorded and patients in their third decade of life were mostly affected (46.5%). Road traffic accident (RTA) was the commonest etiology accounting for 46.5% whereas assault was second (19.8%). The mandible was the most frequently fractured bone (59.3%) followed by the zygoma (18.5%). The main stay of treatment was closed reduction with IMF (40.4%).Conclusion. Treatment modalities for maxillofacial fractures in our center have not witnessed any significant changes. Effort should be made to ensure the availability of miniplates to ensure adequate treatment for all categories of our patients.
Development and Application of TiO2 Nanoparticles Coupled with Silver Halide
Authors: Wan Xiaojia , Wang Ting , Dong Yamei , He Dannong
Published: November 2014

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is proposed to be effective photocatalyst for wastewater treatment, air purification, and self‐cleaning ability, because of its strong oxidation and superhydrophilicity. In order to conquer the limits of TiO2, a variety of methods have been used. This paper presents a critical review of novel research and achievements in the modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with silver halide (AgX, X = Cl, Br, I), which aims at enhancing the visible light absorption and photosensitivity. Herein we study the synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and the mechanism of this composite photocatalyst.
Temperature Field‐Wind Velocity Field Optimum Control of Greenhouse Environment Based on CFD Model
Authors: Li Yongbo , Sun Guoxiang , Wang Xiaochan
Published: November 2014

The computational fluid dynamics technology is applied as the environmental control model, which can include the greenhouse space. Basic environmental factors are set to be the control objects, the field information is achieved via the division of layers by height, and numerical characteristics of each layer are used to describe the field information. Under the natural ventilation condition, real‐time requirements, energy consumption, and distribution difference are selected as index functions. The optimization algorithm of adaptive simulated annealing is used to obtain optimal control outputs. A comparison with full‐open ventilation shows that the whole index can be reduced at 44.21% and found that a certain mutual exclusiveness exists between the temperature and velocity field in the optimal course. All the results indicate that the application of CFD model has great advantages to improve the control accuracy of greenhouse.
Near Infrared Radiation as a Rapid Heating Technique for TiO2Films on Glass Mounted Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hooper Katherine , Carnie Matthew , Charbonneau Cecile , Watson Trystan
Published: November 2014

Near infrared radiation (NIR) has been used to enable the sintering of TiO2films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass in 12.5 s. The 9 µm thick TiO2films were constructed into working electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) achieving similar photovoltaic performance to TiO2films prepared by heating for 30 min in a convection oven. The ability of the FTO glass to heat upon 12.5 s exposure of NIR radiation was measured using an IR camera and demonstrated a peak temperature of 680°C; glass without the 600 nm FTO layer reached 350°C under identical conditions. In a typical DSC heating step, a TiO2based paste is heated until the polymeric binder is removed leaving a mesoporous film. The weight loss associated with this step, as measured using thermogravimetric analysis, has been used to assess the efficacy of the FTO glass to heat sufficiently. Heat induced interparticle connectivity in the TiO2film has also been assessed using optoelectronic transient measurements that can identify electron lifetime through the TiO2film. An NIR treated device produced in 12.5 seconds shows comparable binder removal, electron lifetime, and efficiency to a device manufactured over 30 minutes in a conventional oven.
Effect of Zirconium Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Physicochemical Properties and Antibiofilm Activity of a Calcium Silicate-Based Material
Authors: Guerreiro-Tanomaru Juliane Maria , Trindade-Junior Adinael , Cesar Costa Bernardo , da Silva Guilherme Ferreira , Drullis Cifali Leonardo , Basso Bernardi Maria Inês , Tanomaru-Filho Mario
Published: November 2014

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibiofilm activity againstEnterococcus faecalis, compressive strength. and radiopacity of Portland cement (PC) added to zirconium oxide (ZrO2), as radiopacifier, with or without nanoparticulated zinc oxide (ZnO). The following experimental materials were evaluated: PC, PC + ZrO2, PC + ZrO2+ ZnO (5%), and PC + ZrO2+ ZnO (10%). Antibiofilm activity was analyzed by using direct contact test (DCT) onEnterococcus faecalisbiofilm, for 5 h or 15 h. The analysis was conducted by using the number of colony-forming units (CFU/mL). The compressive strength was performed in a mechanical testing machine. For the radiopacity tests, the specimens were radiographed together with an aluminium stepwedge. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests, with level of significance at 5%. The results showed that all materials presented similar antibiofilm activity (P>0.05). The addition of nanoparticulated ZnO decreased the compressive strength of PC. All materials presented higher radiopacity than pure PC. It can be concluded that the addition of ZrO2and ZnO does not interfere with the antibiofilm activity and provides radiopacity to Portland cement. However, the presence of ZnO (5% or 10%) significantly decreased the compressive strength of the materials.
Stiffener Layout Optimization of Inlet Structure for Electrostatic Precipitator by Improved Adaptive Growth Method
Authors: Ji Jin , Ding Xiaohong
Published: November 2014

The inlet structure is the main part of an electrostatic precipitator, so its mechanical properties, including the static strength, stiffness, and vibration characteristics, play an important role in the structural safety. In order to achieve good mechanical performance and lightweight of the inlet structure, an optimal design method, which is based on growth mechanism of the branching systems in nature and optimality criteria, named the improved adaptive growth method, is suggested. The method is applied to optimize the stiffener layout of the inlet structure, and the multiobjective optimization mathematical model which consists of the minimum compliance and the maximum natural frequency is considered. The optimality criteria method is applied to solve the design problem. The design result shows that the suggested method is effective, compared with the empirical design of the inlet structure, the weight of the optimal structure is reduced by 3.0%, while the global stiffness and the first natural frequency are increased by 18.83% and 4.66%, respectively.
Current Practice of Cord Clamping in The Netherlands: A Questionnaire Study
Authors: Boere Isabelle , Smit Marrit , Roest Arno A.W. , Lopriore Enrico , van Lith Jan M.M. , te Pas Arjan B.
Published: November 2014

Background: Recent meta-analyses recommend delayed cord clamping (DCC) after uncomplicated births as well as preterm births, but there is no clear definition of timing and uniform national guidelines are lacking. Objective: We aimed to investigate if guidelines for the timing of cord clamping (CC) are followed and what the national practice entails. Methods: A postal questionnaire concerning CC after uncomplicated vaginal, Caesarean term and preterm deliveries was sent to all midwifery practices (n = 526) and obstetrical departments (n = 94) in the Netherlands. Results: The response rate was 81% (500/620). CC protocols were present in 16 and 38% of midwifery and obstetric practices, respectively. Early cord clamping (ECC) was recommended in 54%, DCC in 33%, 6% indicated a specific time point and 7% did not specify. In current practice, DCC was applied after uncomplicated vaginal term deliveries in 90% and ECC in 6%, and no timing was specified in 4%. Midwives used DCC more often than obstetricians (97 vs. 75%). Cessation of cord pulsations was often (54%) used as a time point, 40% used a fixed time point, 2% waited for placental expulsion and 4% did not specify. ECC was preferred in obstetric practices after Caesarean deliveries (in 81%). In preterm births, ECC was practised by 36%, DCC by 54 and 10% did not specify. Conclusion: In the Netherlands, although often not protocolized, DCC is widely used after uncomplicated vaginal term and preterm deliveries, but not after Caesareans. Cessation of cord pulsation is often used as the time point for CC.
Haemostaseome-associated SNPs: has the thrombotic phenotype a greater influence than ethnicity?
Authors: Labrouche Sylvie , Hubert Christophe , Bauduer Frédéric , Freyburger Geneviève
Published: November 2014

The Genetic Markers for Thrombosis (GMT) study compared the relative influence of ethnicity and thrombotic phenotype regarding the distribution of SNPs implicated in haemostasis pathophysiology (“haemostaseome”). We assessed 384 SNPs in three groups, each of 480 subjects: 1) general population of Aquitaine region (Southwestern France) used as control; 2) patients with venous thromboembolism from the same area; and 3) autochthonous Basques, a genetic isolate, who demonstrate unusual characteristics regarding the coagulation system. This study sought to evaluate i) the value of looking for a large number of genes in order to identify new genetic markers of thrombosis, ii) the value of investigating low risk factors and potential preferential associations, iii) the impact of ethnicity on the characterisation of markers for thrombosis. We did not detect any previously unrecognised SNP significantly associated with thrombosis risk or any preferential associations of low-risk factors in patients with thrombosis. The sum of ϰ2 values for our 110 significant SNPs demonstrated a smaller genetic distance between patients and controls (321 cumulated ϰ2 value) than between Basques and controls (1,570 cumulated ϰ2 value). Hence, our study confirms the genetic particularity of Basques especially regarding a significantly lower expression of the non-O blood group (p< 0.0004). This is mitigated by a higher prevalence of factor II Leiden (p< 0.02) while factor V Leiden prevalence does not differ. Numerous other differences covering a wide range of proteins of the haemostaseome may result in an overall different genetic risk for venous thromboembolism.
Characterisation of patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia and identification of 17 novel mutations
Authors: Sandrock-Lang Kirstin , Oldenburg Johannes , Wiegering Verena , Halimeh Susan , Santoso Sentot , Kurnik Karin , Fischer Lars , Tsakiris Dimitrios A. , Sigl-Kraetzig Michael , Brand Brigitte , Bührlen Martina , Kraetzer Katharina , Deeg Niklas , Hund Martin , Busse Eileen , Kahle Anja , Zieger Barbara
Published: November 2014

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterised by quantitative and/or qualitative defects of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa complex, also called integrin αIIbβ3. αIIbβ3 is well known as a platelet fibrinogen receptor and mediates platelet aggregation, firm adhesion, and spreading. This study describes the molecular genetic analyses of 19 patients with GT who were diagnosed on the basis of clinical parameters and platelet analyses. The patients’ bleeding signs include epistaxis, mucocutaneous bleeding, haematomas, petechiae, gastrointestinal bleeding, and menorrhagia. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in ITGA2B or ITGB3 were identified as causing GT by sequencing of genomic DNA. All exons including exon/intron boundaries of both genes were analysed. In a patient with an intronic mutation, splicing of mRNA was analysed using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR of platelet-derived RNA. In short, 16 of 19 patients revealed 27 different mutations (ITGA2B: n=17, ITGB3: n=10). Seventeen of these mutations have not been published to date. Mutations in ITGA2B or ITGB3 were identified as causing GT in 16 patients. We detected a total of 27 mutations in ITGA2B and ITGB3 including 17 novel missense, nonsense, frameshift and splice site mutations. In addition, three patients revealed no molecular genetic anomalies in ITGA2B or ITGB3 that could explain the suspected diagnosis of GT. We assume that these patients may harbour defects in a regulatory element affecting the transcription of these genes, or other proteins may exist that are important for activating the αIIbβ3 complex that may be affected.
Low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent postpartum venous thromboembolism
Authors: Phillips Penny , Kahn Susan R. , James Andra H. , Konkle Barbara A. , Rodger Marc A. ,   for the PROSPER Investigators
Published: November 2014

The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is elevated in the postpartum period. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) reduces the risk of VTE in many settings but is costly, inconvenient and increases bleeding. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) are required to determine if LMWH prophylaxis provides a clinical benefit in high-risk postpartum women. We sought to determine if a placebo-controlled RCT was feasible. We conducted a multi-national, double-blind pilot RCT in “high risk” postpartum women comparing 21 days of prophylactic dose LMWH to identical saline placebo injections. The primary pilot outcome was mean number of recruited women per centre per month. The planned primary outcome for the full trial was symptomatic objectively confirmed VTE or asymptomatic proximal deep-vein thrombosis diagnosed by a screening bilateral leg vein ultrasound at day 21. In six centres, a total of 1,346 potentially eligible women were approached to participate; 968 were ineligible, leaving 378 (31.5%) eligible patients. Of these, only 25 (6.6%) were randomised at a rate of 0.7 per centre per month. The primary reasons for declining participation were to avoid study injections and being too overwhelmed to participate in research. None of the participants had a VTE during follow-up. In conclusion, despite an adequate number of eligible participants, our double-blind RCT design was not feasible due to a very low consent rate. Other experimental approaches may be necessary to generate evidence in this important area of research.
Interleukin-10 protects against atherosclerosis by modulating multiple atherogenic macrophage function
Authors: Han Xinbing , Boisvert William
Published: November 2014

Atherosclerosis is primarily a disorder of lipid metabolism, but there is also a prominent chronic inflammatory component that drives the atherosclerotic lesion progression in the artery wall. During hyperlipidaemic conditions, there is a rapid influx of circulating monocytes into the atherosclerosis-prone areas of the arterial intima. These infiltrated monocytes differentiate into macrophages and take up the atherogenic lipoproteins in the intima of the vessel wall that have been modified within the lesion environment. Interleukin (IL)-10 is a prototypic anti-inflammatory cytokine made primarily by the macrophages and Th2 subtype T lymphocytes. In terms of atherosclerosis its major roles include inhibition of macrophage activation as well as inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase, pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase- 2 expression in lipid-loaded and activated macrophage foam cells. Recent discoveries suggest another important role of IL-10 in atherosclerosis: its ability to alter lipid metabolism in macrophages. The current review will highlight the present knowledge on multiple ways in which IL-10 mediates atherosclerosis. As macrophages play a critical role in all stages of atherosclerosis, the review will concentrate on how IL-10 regulates the activities of macrophages that are especially important in the development of atherosclerosis.
ARBORVIROSES
Authors: Forattini Oswaldo P.
Published: November 2014

Relatório dos conhecimentos atuais sôbre as arboviroses, com especial atenção para as feições epidemiológicas nas Américas. Nesse sentido são passados em revista os dados de que se dispõem no momento na região americana.
MORTALIDADE POR DIABETES MELITO NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Wilson Donald
Published: November 2014

The author studies mortality data of diabetes mellitus over a period of 61 years. He finds that proportionate mortality rates increase progressively and in the last years markedly; crude death rates for diabetes mellitus are also on the rise and that the increase can not be explained on the basis of increased life expectancy of the population alone. His data suggest an increase in life expectancy for diabetics probably related to decrease in fatality. Age distribuition shows a shift to older age groups over the period under study. The data show a sex difference in mortality by diabetes mellitus from 1929 onward while before the mentioned year no such difference is apparent. He discusses a few factors that could answer for the difference considering pregnancy probably the most important.
Relative growth and sexual maturity of the pandalid shrimp Plesionika izumiae (Decapoda, Caridea) in Kagoshima Bay, southern Japan
Authors: Ahamed F. , Ahamed F. , Ohtomi J.
Published: November 2014

The pandalid shrimp Plesionika izumiae Omori, 1971 is widely distributed in the west Pacific region. This is a relatively common shrimp in the coastal waters of Japan, except off northern Honshu and Hokkaido, and it is commercially important for small-scale bottom seine fishery. The relative growth of secondary sexual characters (appendix masculina for the male and abdomen width for the female) of P. izumiae was studied in Kagoshima Bay, southern Japan, from December 2009 to November 2011. The length of the appendix masculina was measured for males, while abdomen width near the second pleopod was measured for females. The relationships between carapace length and the observed secondary sexual characters were studied using the least squares method. The appendix masculina showed positive allometric growth in relation to carapace length (CL), showing discontinuities at 7.3 mm CL. The width of the female abdomen showed positive allometric growth with CL, while indicating a discontinuity at 8.6 mm carapace length. The observed discontinuities in the growth rate of secondary sexual characters of P. izumiae might be attributed to sexual maturation.
On the Orientation of Prehistoric Sardinian Monuments: A Comparative Statistical Approach
Authors: González García A. César , Zedda Mauro , Belmonte Juan Antonio
Published: November 2014

On the basis of a recently updated data base of Sardinian Megalithic monuments, we perform two independent statistical analyses on several groups of these structures and confirm the existence of differences between the southern and northern halves of Sardinia, indicating that there seem to be different traditions of orientation in these two parts of the island. We then compare the orientation of these groups with other groups of contemporaneous sacred monuments in the central Mediterranean basin. The differences observed in Sardinia could be related to differences in the orientation customs between the north and south shores of the Western Mediterranean.
Co-pyrolysis behaviour and kinetic of two typical solid wastes in China and characterisation of activated carbon prepared from pyrolytic char
Authors: Ma Yuhui , Niu Ruxuan , Wang Xiaona , Wang Qunhui , Wang Xiaoqiang , Sun Xiaohong
Published: November 2014

This is the first study on the co-pyrolysis of spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus and coal tar pitch, and the activated carbon prepared from the pyrolytic char. Thermogravimetry (TG) analysis was carried out taking spent substrate, coal tar pitch and spent substrate–coal tar pitch mixture. The activation energies of pyrolysis reactions were obtained via the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose methods. The kinetic models were determined by the master-plots method. The activated carbons were characterised by N2-adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Experimental results demonstrated a synergistic effect happened during co-pyrolysis, which was characterised by a decreased maximum decomposition rate and an enhanced char yield. The average activation energies of the pyrolysis reactions of spent substrate, coal tar pitch and the mixture were 115.94, 72.92 and 94.38 kJ mol−1 for the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, and 112.17, 65.62 and 89.91 kJ mol−1 for the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method. The reaction model functions were f(α) = (1−α)3.42, (1−α)1.72 and (1−α)3.07 for spent substrate, coal tar pitch and the mixture, respectively. The mixture char-derived activated carbon had a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area up to 1337 m2 g−1 and a total pore volume of 0.680 cm3 g−1. Mixing spent substrate with coal tar pitch led to the creation of more micropores and a higher surface area compared with the single spent substrate and coal tar pitch char. Also, the mixture char-derived activated carbon had a higher proportion of aromatic stacking. This study provides a reference for the utilisation of spent substrate and coal tar pitch via co-pyrolysis, and their pyrolytic char as a promising precursor of activated carbon.
Operator P-class functions
Authors: Bakherad Mojtaba , Abbas Hassane , Mourad Bassam , Sal Moslehian Mohammad
Published: November 2014

We introduce and investigate the notion of an operator P-class function. We show that every nonnegative operator convex function is of operator P-class, but the converse is not true in general. We present some Jensen type operator inequalities involving P-class functions and some Hermite-Hadamard inequalities for operator P-class functions.

MSC:47A63, 47A60, 26D15.
Graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistor at high bias
Authors: Ghadiry Mahdiar , Ismail Razali , Saeidmanesh Mehdi , Khaledian Mohsen , Manaf Asrulnizam Abd
Published: November 2014

Combination of high-mean free path and scaling ability makes graphene nanoribbon (GNR) attractive for application of field-effect transistors and subject of intense research. Here, we study its behaviour at high bias near and after electrical breakdown. Theoretical modelling, Monte Carlo simulation, and experimental approaches are used to calculate net generation rate, ionization coefficient, current, and finally breakdown voltage (BV). It is seen that a typical GNR field-effect transistor's (GNRFET) breakdown voltage is in the range of 0.5 to 3 V for different channel lengths, and compared with silicon similar counterparts, it is less. Furthermore, the likely mechanism of breakdown is studied.