bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity among and within CIMMYT Wheat Landrace Accessions Investigated with SSRs and Implications for Plant Genetic Resources Management
Authors: Dreisigacker S. , Zhang P. , Warburton M. L. , Skovmand B. , Hoisington D. , Melchinger A. E.
Published: July 2010

Many wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landrace cultivars (LCs) conserved in seed banks are not sufficiently characterized to inspire breeders' interest for their efficient exploitation. Patterns of genetic variation within and among wheat LCs are usually unknown. Two sets of wheat LCs stored in CIMMYT's plant genetic resources center were assessed for genetic diversity by means of 76 (Set 1) and 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (Set 2). Set 1 included 36 LC accessions originating from different countries, either collected as bulks, composed of a single LC subline, or an unknown collection method. Set 2 consisted of three to 25 sublines of five Mexican and four Turkish LCs already included in Set 1. In a principal coordinate analysis based on modified Rogers' distance (MRD), only three Turkish LC accessions formed a distinct cluster in Set 1. The Mexican accessions clustered together with a Spanish accession and a close relationship between a Chilean and Nigerian accession was observed. In Set 2, gene diversity (He) among the Turkish LCs (0.43) was higher than among the Mexican LCs (0.35). Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed considerable genetic diversity within Mexican (52.7%) and within Turkish (67.6%) LCs. Pairwise fixation indices (FST) were significant, except between two Turkish LCs. Results were discussed in relation to the most suitable collection method of wheat LCs (bulk or individual sublines) as well as to the use of SSRs as a tool for seed bank management.
Combining Ability for Resistance to Maize Weevil among 14 Southern African Maize Inbred Lines
Authors: Dhliwayo Thanda , Pixley Kevin V. , Kazembe Vivian
Published: July 2010

Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, is an important pest of stored maize (Zea mays L.) in the tropics. We used 14 southern African maize inbred lines to assess (i) combining ability for resistance to maize weevil in F2 and F2–Syn 1 grain, (ii) the importance of maternal effects for resistance of F2 and F2–Syn 1 grain to maize weevil, and (iii) combining ability for grain yield of F1 hybrids. Maize weevil resistance of F2 grain was evaluated in 2000 for a 14‐parent diallel, and in 2002 for F2 and F2–Syn 1 grain of a 10‐parent subset diallel. Fifty‐gram grain samples of each hybrid were infested with 32 weevils for a 10‐d oviposition period, after which the samples were incubated in a laboratory. Grain yield was evaluated for the 14‐parent diallel during the summer of 1999–2000 at four locations in Zimbabwe. General combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal effects were highly significant (P < 0.01) for number of F1 weevils emerged from F2 grain samples for the combined 2000 and 2002 analysis for the 10‐parent subset diallel. For weevil resistance of F2–Syn 1 grain, GCA and SCA effects were significant (P < 0.01), while reciprocal effects were not important. The GCA was more important than SCA for grain yield, indicating that yield was controlled mainly by additive gene action among these lines. There was no significant relationship between grain yield and weevil resistance. Although inheritance of weevil resistance was complex, our results suggest using inbred lines with good GCA for weevil resistance as female parents for hybrids or as components of synthetic (open‐pollinated) cultivars for regions where farmers often store maize grain without chemical protection against weevils.
Biofuel Component Concentrations and Yields of Switchgrass in South Central U.S. Environments
Authors: Cassida K. A. , Muir J. P. , Hussey M. A. , Read J. C. , Venuto B. C. , Ocumpaugh W. R.
Published: July 2010

Optimizing biofuel production and quality from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) may require matching of ecotype and morphological type to environments, particularly in southern regions. Nine genotypes from four combinations of ecotype and morphological switchgrass type were harvested from 1998 to 2000 in five sites across Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana that varied in latitude and precipitation. An additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) method was used to evaluate genotype × environment interaction (G × E) patterns for traits important to biofuel production. Compared with upland genotypes across all site‐years, lowland genotypes had greater lignocellulose yields (3.26 vs. 7.40 Mg ha−1), greater removal rates of soil N (41 vs. 83 kg ha−1) and P (6 vs. 12 kg ha−1), greater concentrations of moisture (394 vs. 452 g kg−1) and cellulose (388 vs. 394 g kg−1), and lower concentrations of N (6.3 vs. 5.7 g kg−1) and ash (48 vs. 40 g kg−1). Compared with northern ecotypes, southern ecotypes had greater lignocellulose yields (4.95 vs. 6.85 Mg ha−1), greater removal rates of soil N (60 vs. 76 kg ha−1) and P (8 vs. 11 kg ha−1), greater moisture concentrations (417 vs. 445 g kg−1), and lower ash concentrations (45 vs. 40 g kg−1). Lignocellulose yield paralleled dry matter yield (DMY) patterns. Switchgrass biofuel production efforts in the south‐central USA should focus on improving DMY of southern lowland genotypes to maximize lignocellulose yields, but management factors may be more effective in optimizing moisture, ash, and mineral concentrations for combustion.
Assessment of the Genetic Diversity in Argentine Rice Cultivars with SSR Markers
Authors: Giarrocco L. E. , Marassi M. A. , Salerno G. L.
Published: July 2010

Genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars that are historically significance to rice breeding and production in Argentina were evaluated at the DNA level. Sixty‐nine accessions were surveyed with 26 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealing the genomic relationship among cultivars. A total of 219 polymorphic bands were detected. Cluster analysis based on pair‐wise comparisons of cultivar genetic similarities resolved the O. sativa accessions into two major O. sativa groups, indica and japonica, and the japonica group into the subgroups, tropical and temperate These clusters agree with the pedigree information available on the accessions and almost all Argentina‐released cultivars grouped within the japonica cluster. Application of DNA polymorphism analysis revealed genomic relationships in Argentine rice germplasm, generating a database useful for cultivar identification, local germplasm conservation, and breeding programs.
Expression Analysis and Physical Mapping of a cDNA Library of Fusarium Head Blight Infected Wheat Spikes
Authors: Hill‐Ambroz Kristi , Webb Craig A. , Matthews Angie R. , Li Wanlong , Gill Bikram S. , Fellers John P.
Published: July 2010

Resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum Schw.) is difficult to obtain because of the quantitative nature and the numerous types of resistance involved. cDNA expression arrays have become a rapidly growing area for the identification and characterization of genes involved in complex pathways. A cDNA library was made from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes of the variety ‘Sumai 3’, 24 h after inoculation with F. graminearum. Clones were sequenced and putative function assigned to each clone based on BLASTX alignments. Nylon membrane arrays were made from the 580 unigenes present in the library, of which 75 expressed clones were induced in the first 24 h after inoculation. Of these unigenes, 14 are involved in defense response, 9 in gene expression and regulation, 29 in other cell functions, and 24 are without a known function. The induced genes catalyze key steps in the formation of lignin, energy production, and production of phytoalexins suggesting that resistance in wheat to Fusarium is provided by a different pathway than that of the hypersensitive response. Two of the induced genes, BE585589 and BE585627, were physically mapped to regions of chromosomes 3AS and 6BL, respectively, known to contain major QTL for FHB resistance.
PCR Markers for Triticum speltoides Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr51 and Their Use to Develop Isogenic Hard Red Spring Wheat Lines
Authors: Helguera M. , Vanzetti L. , Soria M. , Khan I. A. , Kolmer J. , Dubcovsky J.
Published: July 2010

New leaf rust resistance genes are needed in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to provide additional sources of resistance to the highly variable and dynamic leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina Eriks. Leaf rust resistance gene Lr51, located within a segment of Triticum speltoides Taush chromosome 1S translocated to the long arm of chromosome 1B of bread wheat, is resistant to the current predominant races of leaf rust in the USA. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic length of the translocated 1S segment, develop a PCR marker for Lr51, and use this marker to generate isogenic lines for this gene. Characterization of two translocation lines (F‐7‐3 and F‐7‐12) with 10 molecular markers indicated that F‐7‐3 has an interstitial T. speltoides chromosome segment of 14 to 32 cM long including loci XAga7 and Xmwg710, whereas line F‐7‐12 has a complex series of translocations among chromosomes of homeologous group 1. On the basis of the DNA sequence of the A, B, D, and S alleles of the XAga7 locus, we designed a cleavage amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker for the S genome allele. Primers S30‐13L and AGA7‐759R preferentially amplified the XAga7 1S (819 bp) and 1B alleles (783 bp). These amplification products can be separated in agarose gels after digestion with PstI or BamHI restriction enzymes. This CAPS marker was validated in a collection of 32 common wheat cultivars and was used to develop three pairs of hard red spring isogenic lines from the donor parent F‐7‐3. These isogenic lines will be valuable for future assessment of the effect of this chromosome introgression on agronomic performance and end‐use quality.
An Open‐Source First‐Generation Molecular Genetic Map from a Sugarbeet × Table Beet Cross and Its Extension to Physical Mapping
Authors: McGrath J. Mitchell , Trebbi Daniele , Fenwick Ann , Panella Lee , Schulz Britta , Laurent Valerie , Barnes Steve , Murray Seth C.
Published: July 2010

In sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), many linkage maps have been constructed, but the availability of markers continues to limit utility of genetic maps in public domain programs. Here a framework genetic map is presented that is expandable and transferable to research programs interested in locating their markers on a consensus map. In its current framework, the primary markers used were amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) that were anchored to Butterfass chromosome‐nomenclature linkage groups using linkage group specific markers validated in other populations. Thus, a common framework has been established that anchors 331 markers, including 23 newly mapped simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, having a combined total of 526.3 cM among the nine beet linkage groups. The source of the mapping population was a sugarbeet × table beet population, and this is the first report of a map constructed with a relatively wide cross in B. vulgaris Segregation distortion was common (22% of loci), particularly extreme for Butterfass Chromosome 5, and predominantly favored the sugarbeet (seed parent) allele. Physical segments of the beet genome that carry mapped markers have been identified, demonstrating that physical and genetic mapping are facile and complementary applications for beet improvement.
Determination of Cultivar Coefficients of Peanut Lines for Breeding Applications of the CSM‐CROPGRO‐Peanut Model
Authors: Suriharn B. , Patanothai A. , Pannangpetch K. , Jogloy S. , Hoogenboom G.
Published: July 2010

Breeding applications of a crop simulation model require cultivar coefficients for a large number of breeding lines, making the recommendation to determine these coefficients from field experiments conducted over several environments impractical. The objective of this study was to confirm our earlier findings that experimental data from only two seasons are sufficient to determine the cultivar coefficients of peanut lines for breeding applications of the CSM‐CROPGRO Peanut model. Seventeen peanut lines varying in yield level, seed type and maturity duration were selected for this study and were grown during the 2002 rainy and 2003 dry seasons. Data were collected on plant development and growth characteristics and were then used for model calibration to determine the cultivar coefficients of the individual peanut lines. A separate experiment was conducted in the dry season of 2004 for model evaluation. The calibration resulted in cultivar coefficients that provided simulated values of the various traits that were close to their corresponding observed values. Similar results were obtained for model evaluation with an independent data set. Differences among peanut lines were also expressed in the derived cultivar coefficients. These results confirmed our earlier finding that the cultivar coefficients of peanut lines derived from detailed experimental data for two seasons are sufficiently accurate for breeding applications of the CSM‐CROPGRO‐Peanut model.
Re‐examining the Relationship between Degree of Relatedness, Genetic Effects, and Heterosis in Maize
Authors: Lee E. A. , Ash M. J. , Good B.
Published: July 2010

The dominance hypothesis is one of two major genetic hypotheses that have been proposed regarding heterosis in maize (Zea mays L.). This study examines two underlying tenets of the dominance hypothesis: (i) Dominant gene action must occur at many loci in order for heterosis to be expressed; and (ii) genetic diversity is a good predictor of heterosis (i.e., differences in gene frequency are required for the expression of heterosis). To examine these tenets, we used a unique set of genetic materials, sister‐line inbred lines. Sister‐line inbred lines are highly related inbred lines that are derived from a common parental cross. Three sets of six sister lines were used in this study, ranging between 47 and 77% identical‐by‐descent (IBD), creating a series of lines that potentially vary in gene frequency. The sister lines were mated using a partial diallel to form sister‐line hybrids. The sister‐line hybrids and the parental inbred lines were evaluated in replicated yield trials for grain yield, grain moisture, broken stalks, and test weight in five environments. The genotypic variance was partitioned using Gardner and Eberhart's Analysis III to examine additive and nonadditive genetic effects. Three relevant findings regarding heterosis for grain yield can be drawn from our results: Substantial genome‐wide heterozygosity is not a requirement for the expression of heterosis, there is not a consistent relationship between degree of relatedness and the magnitude of heterosis, and the presence of nonadditive genetic effects is not a requirement for the manifestation of heterosis.
Genotypic Correlation and Multivariate QTL Analyses for Cell Wall Components and Resistance to Stalk Tunneling by the European Corn Borer in Maize
Authors: Krakowsky M. D. , Lee M. , Holland J. B.
Published: July 2010

Correlations between concentrations of cell wall components (CWCs) in the leaf sheath and stalk and resistance to stalk tunneling by the European corn borer (ECB) [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)] have been reported in some maize (Zea mays L.) populations. Evaluations of resistance to ECB stalk tunneling (ECB‐ST) and concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) have been performed on recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from the cross of maize inbred lines B73 (susceptible to ECB‐ST, low to moderate CWC concentrations) and DE811 (resistant to ECB‐ST, high CWC concentrations). The objective of this study was to estimate genotypic correlations between ECB‐ST and CWC concentrations and compare locations and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for those traits. Genotypic correlations between ECB‐ST and CWCs were not significant, but clustering of QTL for ECB‐ST and CWCs was observed. Negative genotypic correlations between ECB‐ST and CWC concentrations were observed at some loci, and resistance to ECB‐ST may be associated with a subset of the QTL observed for CWCs and ADF in particular. Resistance to ECB‐ST may also be associated with starch concentration in the stalk, which could explain the detection of resistance alleles contributed by B73. Examination of temporal differences in CWC and starch concentrations, and marker‐assisted transfer of select alleles, could provide more information on mechanisms of resistance to ECB‐ST.
An Accelerated Postharvest Seed‐Coat Darkening Protocol for Pinto Beans Grown across Different Environments
Authors: Junk‐Knievel Donna C. , Vandenberg Albert , Bett Kirstin E.
Published: July 2010

Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) that darken more slowly than conventional pinto beans would be more desirable in the market place and have been identified in the bean breeding program at the University of Saskatchewan. To incorporate the slow‐darkening trait into new cultivars there is a need for a quick, reliable, and inexpensive method to accelerate darkening without affecting seed germination. Three different accelerated darkening protocols were compared. The greenhouse protocol was conducted in the greenhouse by placing the bean seeds in plastic bags with a 1‐cm2 piece of moistened felt. For the ultraviolet C (UVC) light protocol, bean seeds were placed 10 cm below a 254‐nm UVC lamp. For the third protocol, bean seeds were placed in a cabinet set at 30°C, 80% relative humidity, and full fluorescent light. All three protocols examined could be used to distinguish darkening beans from slow‐darkening beans, however the UVC protocol was considered superior as it was quick, consistent over years, and economical and, unlike the greenhouse and the cabinet protocols, had no effect on seed germination. A genotype by environment (g × e) study was conducted to validate the UVC light protocol. After accelerated darkening, line and environment effects were found to be significant (P < 0.0001) but the g × e interaction was not significant (P = 0.29), which indicated that the UVC protocol could be used to distinguish slow‐darkening pinto beans from darkening pinto beans, regardless of where the beans were grown.
Pilot Scale Milling Characteristics of Transgenic Isolines of a Hard Wheat Over‐Expressing Puroindolines
Authors: Martin J. M. , Meyer F. D. , Morris C. F. , Giroux M. J.
Published: July 2010

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain texture is an important determinant of milling properties and end product use. Two linked genes, puroindoline a (Pina) and puroindoline b (Pinb), control most of the genetic variation in wheat grain texture. Our goal was to examine milling characteristics of transgenic isolines of the hard red spring wheat cultivar Hi‐Line overexpressing Pina (HGA), Pinb (HGB), or both (HGAB), which have soft (HGAB and HGB), intermediate (HGA), and hard (Hi‐Line) grain texture. A second goal was to evaluate the flour quality of the genotypes for cookies and bread. Genotypes were grown in replicated trials in two environments. Grain was milled in a Miag Multomat pilot scale flour mill which closely emulates a commercial long flow mill. Stream yield and ash and protein content were determined from 10 flour and four bran streams. Cookie and bread quality was determined from straight grade flour. Break flour yield ranged from 404 g kg−1 for HGAB to 202 g kg−1 for Hi‐Line. Straight grade flour yield ranged from 711 g kg−1 for HGAB to 744 g kg−1 for Hi‐Line. Cumulative ash curves showed harder textured wheats (Hi‐Line and HGA) had greater ash content from break streams, but more horizontal slope than soft wheats (HGAB and HGB) for the portion of the curve describing the relationship between ash and flour extracted from the endosperm. Flours from the soft isolines, HGAB and HGB, suffered less starch damage than flour from intermediate HGA or hard Hi‐Line. Flours from HGAB and HGB were best suited for cookies. All three transgenic isolines overexpressing either or both puroindolines had smaller loaves of bread than Hi‐Line. Puroindolines directly impact milling properties and may indirectly affect end use properties such as cookie properties and loaf volume by modifying water hydration traits.
Crop Rotation and Soil Amendment Alters Sorghum Grain Quality
Authors: Mady Kaye Nanga , Mason Stephen C. , Jackson David S. , Galusha Tom D.
Published: July 2010

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation enhances grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] yield, but influence on grain quality has not been measured. The objective was to determine the effect of cropping sequence (CS) and soil amendment (SA) on grain yield and quality. Sorghum grain yield and quality, soil NO3–N and water were measured in a rotation study in 2003 and 2004 on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Cropping sequences were continuous sorghum, and sorghum rotated with non‐nodulating and nodulating soybean. Soil amendments consisted of no amendment, manure (17–26 Mg dry matter ha−1 yr−1), and N (84 kg ha−1 yr−1). CS × SA interaction effects were found for most parameters. Rotation with non‐nodulating soybean without SA increased yield by 2.6 to 2.8 Mg ha−1 over continuous sorghum without SA. Rotation without SA with nodulating soybean further increased yield by 1.7 to 1.8 Mg ha−1 over rotation with non‐nodulating soybean. Grain N increased by 0.5 to 1.0, 2.5 to 5.0, and 3.3 to 4.9 g kg−1 for N application to continuous sorghum and sorghum rotated with non‐nodulating and nodulating soybean, respectively. Tangential abrasive dehulling device (TADD) removal indicated that continuous sorghum without SA produced the softest grain with 43 to 44% TADD removal, and sorghum rotated with nodulating soybean with manure produced the hardest grain with 22 to 27% TADD removal. As food end‐use opportunities for sorghum grain evolve, use of crop rotation and SA application will be important to produce grain with desirable quality attributes.
Map Location of the Rpp1 Locus That Confers Resistance to Soybean Rust in Soybean
Authors: Hyten D. L. , Hartman G. L. , Nelson R. L. , Frederick R. D. , Concibido V. C. , Narvel J. M. , Cregan P. B.
Published: July 2010

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, was first discovered in North America in 2004 and has the potential to become a major soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] disease in the USA. Currently, four SBR resistance genes have been identified but not mapped on the soybean genetic linkage map. One of these resistance genes is the Rpp1 gene, which is present in the soybean accession PI 200492 The availability of molecular markers associated with Rpp1 will permit marker‐assisted selection and expedite the incorporation of this gene into U.S. cultivars. We compared simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers between ‘Williams 82’ and the BC5 Williams 82 isoline L85‐2378, which contains the Rpp1 resistance allele from the soybean accession PI 200492, for candidate regions that might contain Rpp1 One candidate region was found with the SSR marker BARC_Sct_187 on linkage group G. A population of BC6F2:3 lines segregating for the Rpp1 resistance locus was genotyped in this region on linkage group G followed by inoculation with the P. pachyrhizi isolate India 73‐1 in the USDA‐ARS Biosafety Level 3 Plant Pathogen Containment Facility at Ft. Detrick, MD. The Rpp1 gene was mapped between SSR markers BARC_Sct_187 and BARC_Sat_064 on linkage group G.
Estimating the Proportion of Nitrogen Remobilization and of Postsilking Nitrogen Uptake Allocated to Maize Kernels by Nitrogen‐15 Labeling
Authors: Gallais A. , Coque M. , Le Gouis J. , Prioul J. L. , Hirel B. , Quilléré I.
Published: July 2010

Estimating the proportion of N remobilization and postsilking N uptake allocated to kernels may help to improve N‐use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.). In this study, we show theoretically and experimentally, that 15N labeling at the beginning of stem elongation can be used in the field to estimate the proportion of N remobilized from the vegetative parts to the kernels of maize by measuring 15N distribution only at maturity. In the same way, 15N labeling at silking allows a determination of the proportion of postsilking N uptake allocated to the kernels by measuring 15N distribution only at maturity. Two 1‐yr experiments with three and four genotypes and one 2‐yr experiment with testcross progenies from 66 recombinant inbred lines were developed. Nitrogen‐15 labeling during vegetative growth provided an estimate of the proportion of N remobilized with a greater accuracy compared with the “balance” method, which computes the difference between the amount of N present in the stover at silking and the amount of N present in the stover at maturity. The validity of our 15N method is mainly based on the assumption that less than 15 to 20% of 15N is taken up after silking. The determination of the proportion of postsilking N uptake allocated to kernels requires assumptions that are more difficult to fulfill. Nitrogen‐15 labeling in the field at the beginning of rapid stem growth appears to be a useful tool for studying the genetic variability of N remobilization using a large number of genotypes.
Association Between Urinary Type IV Collagen Level and Deterioration of Renal Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Without Overt Proteinuria
Authors: Araki Shin-ichi , Haneda Masakazu , Koya Daisuke , Isshiki Keiji , Kume Shinji , Sugimoto Toshiro , Kawai Hiromichi , Nishio Yoshihiko , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Uzu Takashi , Maegawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE

Cross-sectional studies have reported increased levels of urinary type IV collagen in diabetic patients with progression of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to determine the role of urinary type IV collagen in predicting development and progression of early diabetic nephropathy and deterioration of renal function in a longitudinal study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 254, 185 with normoalbuminuria and 69 with microalbuminuria) were enrolled in an observational follow-up study. The associations of urinary type IV collagen with progression of nephropathy and annual decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were evaluated.

RESULTS

At baseline, urinary type IV collagen levels were higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in those with normoalbuminuria and correlated with urinary β2-microglobulin (β = 0.57, P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.15, P < 0.01), eGFR (β = 0.15, P < 0.01), and urinary albumin excretion rate (β = 0.13, P = 0.01) as determined by multivariate regression analysis. In the follow-up study (median duration 8 years), urinary type IV collagen level at baseline was not associated with progression to a higher stage of diabetic nephropathy. However, the level of urinary type IV collagen inversely correlated with the annual decline in eGFR (γ = −0.34, P < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis identified urinary type IV collagen, eGFR at baseline, and hypertension as factors associated with the annual decline in eGFR.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that high urinary excretion of type IV collagen is associated with deterioration of renal function in type 2 diabetic patients without overt proteinuria.
Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Translation From Population to Prevention
Authors: Meigs James B.
Published: July 2010

In the book Epidemiology of Diabetes and Its Vascular Lesions (1978), Kelly West summarized extant knowledge of the distribution and causes of diabetes. The 30 years of epidemiological research that followed have seen remarkable advances in the understanding of obesity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and diabetes and pre-diabetes as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Increasingly detailed understanding of these relationships has, unfortunately, been accompanied by an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. West recognized that pre-diabetes is recognizable as what we now call metabolic syndrome. He predicted that novel insight into diabetes pathogenesis would come from biochemical and genetic epidemiology studies. He predicted that type 2 diabetes could be prevented by healthy lifestyle change. The challenge now is for us to translate these insights into effective strategies for the prevention of the modern epidemic of diabetes and vascular disease.
Factors associated with hunter success for ducks on state‐owned lands in Illinois, USA
Authors: Stafford Joshua D. , Pearse Aaron T. , Hine Christopher S. , Yetter Aaron P. , Horath Michelle M.
Published: July 2010

Factors that influence hunter success for waterfowl are subject to varying levels of control by managers. The relative influence of these factors is poorly understood, but such information may be valuable to guide management actions intended to promote successful hunting and communicate management decisions to constituents. We used bag‐check data to investigate factors influencing hunter success for mallards Anas platyrhynchos and other dabbling ducks (tribe Anatini) during the period 1981‐2000 and 2002 at Illinois public waterfowl areas. Competing models of hunter success for mallards and other dabbling ducks included a negative association with average low temperature during the duck season (uncontrollable by managers) and positive associations with estimates of local and continental duck abundance, factors which we considered partially controllable by managers. Although a certain proportion of variation in hunter success for ducks cannot be directly influenced by managers, we suggest that programs and management efforts, which promote larger continental duck populations (e.g. Conservation Reserve Program) and local duck abundance (e.g. provide quality wetland foraging habitats), may positively influence hunter success.
Misbehavior Scenarios in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Arkoulis Stamatios , Marias Giannis F. , Frangoudis Pantelis A. , Oberender Jens , Popescu Alexandru , Fiedler Markus , Meer Hermann de , Polyzos George C.
Published: July 2010

Recent advances in the fields of Cognitive Radio and the proliferation of open spectrum access promise that spectrum-agile wireless communication will be widespread in the near future, and will bring significant flexibility and potential utility improvements for end users. With spectrum efficiency being a key objective, most relevant research focuses on smart coexistence mechanisms. However, wireless nodes may behave selfishly and should be considered as rational autonomous entities. Selfishness, pure malice or even faulty equipment can lead to behavior that does not conform to sharing protocols and etiquette. Thus, there is a need to secure spectrum sharing mechanisms against attacks in the various phases of the sharing process. Identifying these attacks and possible countermeasures is the focus of this work.
Coordination Games on Dynamical Networks
Authors: Tomassini Marco , Pestelacci Enea
Published: July 2010

We propose a model in which agents of a population interacting according to a network of contacts play games of coordination with each other and can also dynamically break and redirect links to neighbors if they are unsatisfied. As a result, there is co-evolution of strategies in the population and of the graph that represents the network of contacts. We apply the model to the class of pure and general coordination games. For pure coordination games, the networks co-evolve towards the polarization of different strategies. In the case of general coordination games our results show that the possibility of refusing neighbors and choosing different partners increases the success rate of the Pareto-dominant equilibrium.
Characterization of Destrins with Different Dextrose Equivalents
Authors: Sun Junliang , Zhao Ruixiang , Zeng Jie , Li Guanglei , Li Xinhua
Published: July 2010

Dextrins are widely used for their functional properties and prepared by partial hydrolysis of starch using acid, enzymes, or combinations of both. The physiochemical properties of dextrins are dependent on their molecular distribution and oligosaccharide profiles. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), rapid viscoanalysis (RVA), high-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize dextrins prepared by common neutral and thermostable α-amylase hydrolysis. The dextrin granules displayed irregular surfaces and were badly damaged by the enzyme treatment. They displayed A-type X-ray diffraction patterns with a decrease of intensity of the characteristic diffraction peaks. The RVA profiles showed that the viscosity of dextrin decreased with the increase of its Dextrose Equivalent (DE) value. According to HPLC analysis, the molecular weight, degree of polymerization and the composition of oligosaccharides in dextrins were different.
A Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Assessment of Calcium, Vitamin D and Vitamin K: A Pilot Validation Study
Authors: Pritchard Janet M. , Seechurn Tinasha , Atkinson Stephanie A.
Published: July 2010

The study objective was to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K intakes in overweight and obese postmenopausal community-dwelling women. The FFQ was validated against intakes derived from a 5-day diet record (5DDR) that also included assessment of supplement intake. Strong correlations between methods were observed for all nutrients (r = 0.63, 0.89, 0.54 for calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K, respectively) and cross-classification analyses demonstrated no major misclassification of participants into intake quartiles. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the FFQ overestimated intakes for calcium, by 576 mg/day (95% CI, −668 to 1,821 mg/day), for vitamin D by 75 IU/day (95% CI, −359 to 510 IU/day), and for vitamin K by 167 mcg/day (95% CI, −233 to 568 mcg/day). This pilot study showed promising validation evidence for the use of this FFQ, which focuses on calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K intakes in postmenopausal women, as a screening tool in clinical and research settings.
Bioavailability of Coffee Chlorogenic Acids and Green Tea Flavan-3-ols
Authors: Del Rio Daniele Del , Stalmach Angelique , Calani Luca , Crozier Alan
Published: July 2010

This paper reviews recent human studies on the bioavailability of chlorogenic acids in coffee and green tea flavan-3-ols in which the identification of metabolites, catabolites and parent compounds in plasma, urine and ileal fluid was based on mass spectrometric methodology. Both the chlorogenic acids and the flavan-3-ols are absorbed in the small intestine and appear in the circulatory system predominantly as glucuronide, sulfate and methylated metabolites. Even when absorption occurs in the small intestine, feeding studies with ileostomists reveal that substantial amounts of the parent compounds and some of their metabolites appear in ileal fluid indicating that in volunteers with a functioning colon these compounds will pass to the large intestine where they are subjected to the action of the colonic microflora. A diversity of colonic-derived catabolites are absorbed into the bloodstream and pass through the body prior to excretion in urine. There is growing evidence that these compounds, which were little investigated until recently, are produced in quantity in the colon and form a key part of the bioavailability equation of flavonoids and related compounds that occur in fruits, vegetables and beverages. Recent evidence indicates that some colon-derived phenolic acids have in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.
Detecting Ecosystem Performance Anomalies for Land Management in the Upper Colorado River Basin Using Satellite Observations, Climate Data, and Ecosystem Models
Authors: Gu Yingxin , Wylie Bruce K.
Published: July 2010

This study identifies areas with ecosystem performance anomalies (EPA) within the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) during 2005–2007 using satellite observations, climate data, and ecosystem models. The final EPA maps with 250-m spatial resolution were categorized as normal performance, underperformance, and overperformance (observed performance relative to weather-based predictions) at the 90% level of confidence. The EPA maps were validated using “percentage of bare soil” ground observations. The validation results at locations with comparable site potential showed that regions identified as persistently underperforming (overperforming) tended to have a higher (lower) percentage of bare soil, suggesting that our preliminary EPA maps are reliable and agree with ground-based observations. The 3-year (2005–2007) persistent EPA map from this study provides the first quantitative evaluation of ecosystem performance anomalies within the UCRB and will help the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) identify potentially degraded lands. Results from this study can be used as a prototype by BLM and other land managers for making optimal land management decisions.
Adaptive Compression of Slowly Varying Images Transmitted over Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Nikolakopoulos George , Kandris Dionisis , Tzes Anthony
Published: July 2010

In this article a scheme for image transmission over Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) with an adaptive compression factor is introduced. The proposed control architecture affects the quality of the transmitted images according to: (a) the traffic load within the network and (b) the level of details contained in an image frame. Given an approximate transmission period, the adaptive compression mechanism applies Quad Tree Decomposition (QTD) with a varying decomposition compression factor based on a gradient adaptive approach. For the initialization of the proposed control scheme, the desired a priori maximum bound for the transmission time delay is being set, while a tradeoff among the quality of the decomposed image frame and the time needed for completing the transmission of the frame should be taken under consideration. Based on the proposed control mechanism, the quality of the slowly varying transmitted image frames is adaptively deviated based on the measured time delay in the transmission. The efficacy of the adaptive compression control scheme is validated through extended experimental results.
Natural Toxins for Use in Pest Management
Authors: Duke Stephen O. , Cantrell Charles L. , Meepagala Kumudini M. , Wedge David E. , Tabanca Nurhayat , Schrader Kevin K.
Published: July 2010

Natural toxins are a source of new chemical classes of pesticides, as well as environmentally and toxicologically safer molecules than many of the currently used pesticides. Furthermore, they often have molecular target sites that are not exploited by currently marketed pesticides. There are highly successful products based on natural compounds in the major pesticide classes. These include the herbicide glufosinate (synthetic phosphinothricin), the spinosad insecticides, and the strobilurin fungicides. These and other examples of currently marketed natural product-based pesticides, as well as natural toxins that show promise as pesticides from our own research are discussed.
Communication Between Nurses and Unlicensed Assistive Personnel in Nursing Homes
Authors: Siegel Elena O. , Young Heather M.
Published: July 2010

Effective communication is at the core of quality improvement efforts. This study identified and explored the written guidelines for what, how, and when nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) are expected to communicate regarding residents’ status and care needs. Documents from six nursing homes were analyzed for this descriptive study, from which two primary themes emerged. First, extensive and explicit guidelines were identified for UAP-to-nurse communication, in comparison to few corresponding guidelines for nurses. Second, written guidelines for UAP communication were identified in multiple documents, with variations across sites in the situations requiring communication, the level of detail, and the format for how UAP-to-nurse communication should occur (i.e., verbal, written). This study raises the issue of the extent to which explicit organizational structures and written guidelines support and reinforce nurses’ scope of practice, the translation of UAP role expectations into actual practice, and the effectiveness of communication to promote quality care.
Continuous Curriculum Review in a Bachelor of Nursing Program: Preventing Curriculum Drift and Improving Quality
Authors: van de Mortel Thea F. , Bird Jennifer L.
Published: July 2010

Higher education institutions have rigorous internal accreditation processes for new courses and typically require thorough course reviews every 5 years. Courses such as nursing must also be accredited by professional registration boards. However, in the years between initial accreditation and formal reaccreditation cycles, the risk of a widening gap between the accredited curriculum and the taught curriculum is real when there is no process to monitor the changes that individual unit assessors make to their subjects as they teach them. This curriculum drift may interfere with the intended development of graduate attributes and the taxonomic structure of assessment tasks across the course. This article describes the implementation of a formative continuous curriculum review process that prevents curriculum drift and enhances the quality of a bachelor of nursing curriculum.
Nursing Student Perceptions of Intraprofessional Team Education Using High-Fidelity Simulation
Authors: Leonard Brenda , Shuhaibar Elaine L.H. , Chen Ruth
Published: July 2010

High-fidelity simulation in health professional programs helps educators and students meet the challenges of increasingly complex clinical practice settings. Simulation has been used primarily to train nursing students either in interprofessional teams or within their respective nursing training levels. However, students’ experiences of learning alongside others in different levels or years of the nursing program have not been explored. BSN students (
N
= 48) were placed in intraprofessional teams (i.e., one student from each nursing level) to manage acute pediatric and adult simulation scenarios. Students were instructed to manage the clinical scenario based on their level of clinical competence and education. Following debriefing, students responded to a satisfaction survey regarding their simulation experiences and their perceptions of learning within an intraprofessional nursing team. Project results suggest that intraprofessional educational experiences provide rich learning opportunities for both third-year and fourth-year nursing students. In addition, simulation provides a context within which to support intraprofessional nursing student education.
Reflective Journal Prompts: A Vehicle for Stimulating Emotional Competence in Nursing
Authors: Harrison Paula A. , Fopma-Loy Joan L.
Published: July 2010

This article focuses on the development and pilot-testing of 10 reflective journal prompts designed to stimulate reflection on emotional intelligence competencies. Goleman’s framework of emotional intelligence domains and 18 competencies was used to guide development of the prompts and analysis of student (
N
= 16) responses. A review of the literature related to emotional intelligence competencies and nursing education and practice is presented, and assumptions derived from the literature and guiding the project are summarized. Journal prompts are presented, and examples of student responses illustrating reflection on competencies are provided. The findings suggest that these progressive journal prompts are useful tools for introducing and stimulating reflection on emotional intelligence competencies in nursing students. Recommendations for use in a variety of nursing courses are discussed.
Ocular Parasitic Diseases: A Review on Toxocariasis and Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis
Authors: Cortez Rafael T. , Ramirez Gema , Collet Lucienne , Giuliari Gian Paolo
Published: July 2010

Parasitic infections may damage various ocular tissues, thereby causing visual dysfunction. In 1950, Wilder described the first case in which larval forms of nematodal intestinal roundworms (Ascaridoidea: Ascaris,Toxocara,Ancylostoma,Necator, andStrongyloides) were implicated as a cause of intraocular disease. This review focuses on two disorders associated with parasitic infections: ocular toxocariasis and diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.
Congenitally Dysplastic Inferior Rectus Muscle
Authors: Kekunnaya Ramesh , Bansal Rasheena , Vemuganti Geeta K.
Published: July 2010

The authors report an unusual presentation of an idiopathic congenitally dysplastic inferior rectus muscle that responded well to surgical correction. Isolated unilateral enlargement of extraocular muscles is rare in children, and there is no definite logical explanation for its cause. A 20-month-old child presented with a congenitally enlarged posterior part of the right inferior rectus muscle with prominent hypotropia and enophthalmos since 10 months of age. Systemic disease work-up, ultrasound B-scan, computed tomography of the orbit and brain, and inferior rectus muscle biopsy were performed. Preoperatively, the child had severe hypotropia of the right eye with retraction of the globe. Work-up for systemic diseases was negative. Computed tomography scan showed thickening of the posterior two-thirds of the inferior rectus muscle. Muscle biopsy showed non-specific fibrotic changes. Strabismus surgery was undertaken at 2 years of age. Hypotropia was reduced significantly postoperatively. Compensatory head position was eliminated.
Othello Syndrome
Authors: Miller Marcia A. , Kummerow Andreas M. , Mgutshini Tennyson
Published: July 2010

Othello syndrome, sometimes referred to as delusional, pathological, morbid, or erotic jealousy, is a rare delusional disorder with high-risk implications. This article provides an overview of Othello syndrome and includes an individual example as well as a review of the literature. Pharmacological interventions and dialectical behavior therapy are discussed as options for pathological jealousy. Nursing considerations and assessment strategies of delusional jealousy are described for identification and evaluation of risk factors. Patient safety is addressed, and collaborative interventions are proposed for treatment. Staff development for the treatment team is advocated to help staff identify delusional patients and act prudently to avert possible tragic consequences associated with Othello syndrome.
Modelos normativos de sociedad y migraciones
Authors: Vitale Ermanno
Published: July 2010

Este ensayo se propone delinear las relaciones que pueden darse entre algunos de los principales modelos normativos de sociedad que es posible encontrar en el pensamiento político occidental y las distintas maneras en que son afrontados, en perspectiva teórica, los fenómenos migratorios. En la primera parte, el ensayo se detiene sobre las complejas y contradictorias relaciones que existen entre modelos de sociedad y migraciones en Platón y Aristóteles, mientras que en la parte central, la atención se centra en el planteamiento individualista y contractualista de la relación entre ciudadanía y migraciones (Hobbes, Locke y Kant, en par ticular). Finalmente, se toma en consideración la perspectiva que aportan algunas teorías normativas contemporáneas (neo-utilitarismo, comunitarismo, neo-republicanismo y constitucionalismo de los derechos fundamentales) y se presentan, de forma crítica, algunos argumentos a favor de la ciudadanía por residencia y del derecho a migrar.
Tolerancia y hospitalidad. Una reflexión moral ante la inmigración
Authors: Thiebaut Carlos
Published: July 2010

La tolerancia y la hospitalidad son analizadas como dos formas de aceptación de las diferencias (la primera interna, la segunda externa) en una sociedad política y se analizan como resultado y como productoras de una experiencia reflexiva de autoextrañeza que, se sugiere, está en el corazón normativo de la modernidad. El artículo presenta un análisis de las lógicas –demandas y restricciones– de esas dos dimensiones y se presentan las maneras en que las demandas –epistémicas, normativas, políticas– de ambas dimensiones se cruzan en tiempos de globalización.