bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ways to Combat the Spread of «Fake Information»
Authors:   Belgorod State Technological University, Zyryanova Marina Olegovna
Published: August 2020

The rapid spread of fake information, mainly via the Internet is an enormous problem for the Russian Federation and the world community in general. All countries have been currently facing the spread of coronavirus and the emergence of «fake» news linked to this subject. In the article, the definition of «fake» information is given. Moreover, it analyses the technologies used to spread the news as well as the examples of combating the spread of «fake in-formation» with administrative methods, such as establishment of legislation acts, increasing ac-countability for the spread of «fake» information, activities undertaken by law enforcement communi-ty in this area. The article also provides recommen-dations on the use of additional features to prevent the spread of «fake information» using tools of pub-lic relations (PR). The easiest way to prevent the appearance of «fakes» is to fill the information space with official reliable information as much as possi-ble.
The Regional Beauty Pageant in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Content Analysis of Publications in Internet Media
Authors:   North-Eastern Federal University, Nikiforova Sardana Viktorovna
Published: August 2020

The author conducts a content analysis of publica-tions in federal and republican Internet media devot-ed to the beauty pageant “Miss Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) – 2020”. A total of 19 articles published on popular news websites from January 12, 2019 to January 27, 2020 are analyzed. It is established that the vast majority of articles are published during Internet voting and preparation for the final of the competition. Most of the articles are neutral in their coverage of the contest. It is concluded that the interest of the population in the regional beauty pageant is growing every year, as evidenced by nu-merous online views and comments. The results of the study can be useful for the organizers of the competition, as well as for the development of soci-ological research in the region.
The Reality of Limitations as an Archetypal Content of Mental Health
Authors:   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy  and Public Administration (RANEPA), Borodina Kira Aleksandrovna
Published: August 2020

The present research considers the concepts of slavery and freedom as mental contents perceived by a human and the society. The essence, interrela-tion and problems of these concepts are revealed through overlapping of the theory of archetypal con-tents with a series of historically significant events. The development of the idea of limitations through-out the history of mankind uncovers the psychic causes of mass actions of people, which are often of a destructive nature. The result of such an analysis makes it possible to rethink the current situation all over the world related to the outbreak of coronavirus disease and the return of significance of the borders between countries, introduction of self-isolation regimes and health protection measures. The scale of people’s actions under current conditions is mas-sive and such actions present a logical consequence of the changes that took place during the last few centuries. Bearing in mind such a historical relation-ship allows to reconsider the existing situation, as well as outline a new vector for the development of humanity.
The Features of Intellectual Unity of Nuclear Power Plants Operational Shifts
Authors:   Voronezh State University, Tolstikov Vitaly Vladimirovich
Published: August 2020

The paper presents the results of the study of intel-lectual unity of Novovoronezh NPP operational shifts. Intellectual unity, which is the similarity of opinions of members of the operational shift when discussing the situation at the NPP, as well as the coordinated decision-making, is considered as one of the components in the structure of group reliabil-ity, which, in turn, is one of the main prerequisites for safe and reliable work of the operational person-nel of the NPP. The results indicate that the opera-tional shifts in general are characterized by a fairly high level of intellectual unity. At the same time, some statistically significant differences were identi-fied between them, which are probably related, on the one hand, to different experiences of working together, and on the other – due to the peculiarities of cognitive styles and behavior of NPP operational shift personnel.
Stereotyping as a Mechanism of Social Perception in the Context of Intercultural and Interethnic Interaction
Authors:   North Ossetian State University, Khubeshty Artur Feliksovich
Published: August 2020

The study presents an analysis of the content of social perception from the perspective of a socio-psychological approach, which considers this phe-nomenon as a complex process of perception, un-derstanding and evaluation of social objects repre-senting other people, themselves, groups and social communities. The analysis of patterns of perception of social groups as selectivity and design is pre-sented. The paper reveals the structure of social perception in the conditions of interethnic interac-tion, which allows us to speak about the ethno-cultural features of social perception. One of the psychological mechanisms of social perception, stereotyping, which manifests itself in the process of establishing and maintaining interethnic relations is analyzed. The author pays special attention to the consideration of auto-and-hetero-ethnic stereotypes that reflect the ethno-cultural features of social per-ception, their formation and acquisition, as well as their positive and negative impact on the perception of their own and other ethno-cultural communities.
The Problem of Attracting and Professional Adaptation of Young Teachers: Analysis of Factors and Experience in Solving
Authors:   Far Eastern Federal University, Martynenko Oksana Olegovna , Karev Boris Anatolyevich ,   Far Eastern Federal University, Soboleva Elena Vasilievna ,   Far Eastern Federal University, Klyuchnikov Denis Aleksandrovic ,   Far Eastern Federal University
Published: August 2020

The is paper focused on the problem of attracting and retaining young teachers in schools in the con-text of a high demand for teachers. The relevance of the problem lies in the key role of teachers achieving the quality of education. Young teachers are the most active and receptive to innovation part of the teacher corps. The results of a study of factors af-fecting the attractiveness of work at school for graduates of higher education programmes and the success of professional adaptation of young teach-ers are presented. In addition to objective systemic factors, a number of subjective factors were identi-fied, which are dependent on the conditions of the regional and school environment, as well as related to the level of professional competence of young teachers. The experience of solving the problem is described on the example of the Primorsky Territory. Particular attention is paid to the possible contribu-tion of the university, which implements teacher education programmes, in solving the problem. The influence of changes in the organizational and ped-agogical conditions of practical training of future teachers on the success of professional adaptation is displayed.
The Analysis of the Development of the Inclusive Preschool Education System in Smolensk for 2016–2019
Authors:   Smolensk State University, Krylova Yelena Viktorovna , Mezhentseva Galina Nikolayevna ,   Smolensk State University
Published: August 2020

The analysis of the morbidity of school-age children and adolescents in the city of Smolensk revealed the leading positions of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the very low number of healthy stu-dents. The analysis of statistical data on the work of the territorial psychological, medical and pedagogi-cal commissions of the city of Smolensk showed an increase in the number of children with different nosologies, or an approximate preservation of the quantitative composition of the groups. The authors analyzed the state of the system of psychological and pedagogical support for children with disabili-ties in schools and in preschool educational institu-tions of Smolensk. The research showed that today unsolved problems remain for successful implemen-tation of the federal state educational standard for children with disabilities. Moreover, difficulties have been identified in creating special conditions for education and training children, reasons for non-compliance with the recommendations of the territo-rial psychological-medical-pedagogical commis-sions. The period under review: from 2016 to 2019 inclusive.
The Role of Self-regulation in the Organization of Independent Work of Bachelors in the Conditions of Education Digitalization
Authors:   Amur State University, Pavlova Ekaterina Viktorovna , Ivanova Elena Aleksandrovna ,   Amur State University, Khondoshko Yuliya Vladimirovna ,   Amur State University
Published: August 2020

The study considers the problem of organizing stu-dents’ independent work in the context of education digitalization. It is shown that traditional approaches to classification and organization of independent work need correction, taking into account the spe-cifics of the educational process implementation in an electronic informational and educational sphere. The results of a comparative empirical study of stu-dents’ regulatory qualities (self-regulation, rigidity, personal disruptors of time, experiences in activity) with a different general level of self-regulation are presented. The leading personality disorganizers of time, regardless of the level of self-regulation, are «emotional tension» and «emotional apathy». Stu-dents have the least formed qualities of electronic information and educational environment usage. The targets of psychological and pedagogical influ-ence for increasing the effectiveness of students’ independent work in the context of digitalization of education have been identified.
The Use of Graphic Design Technology in the Training of Future Doctors: a Practical Aspect
Authors:   Chita State Medical Academy  of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Chuprova Diana Vladimirovna , Starodubtseva Ksenia Anatolevna ,   Chita State Medical Academy  of the Ministry of Health of Russia
Published: August 2020

Changes in society’s requests for graduates of higher education programmes, the transition to a higher level of development of science, technologi-cal processes, society and new approaches to teach-ing and educating people, led to a change in educa-tional paradigms. In practice, the expression of these processes has been the introduction of educa-tional standards of the third generation, updated, at present, as professional ones. In the process of training doctors, the qualities that are most in de-mand for future professional activities, such as qual-ification skills, emotional intelligence and “non-technical skills” (soft skills), are highlighted. There-fore, the process of training doctors is mediated by the problem of an adequate ratio of professional and educational standards, a change in the approach to determining the content of education and the selec-tion of technologies that ensure the achievement of the planned results of training and education. The article provides an analysis of the practical aspect of the formation of general cultural and some profes-sional competencies. The standards for higher med-ical education through the implementation of graph-ic design technology with an “exit” to the develop-ment of “non-technical skills” provide a link be-tween professional competencies and labor func-tions.
Professional Dynasty in the Paradigm of Conflict of Interests: Experience of Self-preservation
Authors:   Institute of Socio-Political Research branch  of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied  Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanova Elena Yurievna
Published: August 2020

The paper analyzes the contradictions inherent in modern legislation that restricts the possibility of joint work of relatives in institutions and organiza-tions in the field of intellectual labor. Content analy-sis of legislative acts and administrative documents of ministries and departments of the Russian Feder-ation allowed us to systematize the problems that arise in various professional environments in con-nection with the implementation of anti-corruption law requirements, such as: culture, health, law, sci-ence. The role of professional associations, heads of institutions and organizations with political, cultural and educational resources in resolving conflict situ-ations generated by destructive law enforcement practices is evaluated. The industry features of forms of conflict of interest are assessed. Negative and positive assessments of professional continui-ty, which are realized in the phenomenon of nepo-tism, are systematized. The role of the instinct of self-preservation of dynastic surnames, as well as ways, methods and effectiveness of supporting his-torically established professional dynasties is con-sidered. The forms of self-preservation of profes-sional dynasties are analyzed; the influence on ex-ternal regulatory factors, intra-professional regula-tion of ethical norms and rules.
The Effectiveness of Dhikr to Intensity of Pain during Active Phase in Mothers Getting Inducing Labour
Authors: Mualimah Nurhidayatul , Nurbaeti Irma , Palupi Puspita
Published: August 2020

Women in labor process with induction are more painful than normal labor that need to applicate an intervention to reduce pain in stage I labor. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of dhikr towards intensity of pain of labor during the active phase of the mother with labour induction. The study was conducted since May until June 2018 with one group quasi-experimental design. Pain score is measured before and after dhikr using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) every 30 minutes during the active phase of first stage. The mothers who met criteria recruited as the samples. Fifteen muslim mothers who had first labor induction, starting cervical dilatation in 4 cm, gynecoid pelvis and completed cervical dilatation to 10 cm. Statistic analysis performed by ANOVA Repeated Measure test at α = 0.05. The result of the statistical test shows that dhikr has moderate effect of 32.5% to decrease the average score of induction pain at the active phase of first stage (value-p=0.08) after controlled with confounding variables; age and parity. Dhikr had an effect on the decrease of VAS score after 30 minutes intervention (p-value = 0.016), but did not affect the measurement at the end of the first stage of labour (p-value = 0.651). Therefore, dhikr could be used to control pain of induced labor during active phase of first stage. Suggested has teached pregnant women since the third trimester and combined with the other intervention to reduce labour pain.
France and Attempt to Resolve the Italo-Ethiopian Conflict in Late 1935: the Hoare–Laval Plan
Authors: Nesterova T. P.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the policy of France towards Italy and Ethiopia at the initial stage of the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935—1936. It is shown that in the autumn of 1935, the French government took a position aimed at a peaceful settlement of the Italian-Ethiopian conflict at the expense of Ethiopia, since relations with Italy were much more important for France than relations with Ethiopia, and “real policy” required France to reach an agreement primarily with Italy. It is noted that a similar position was taken by the United Kingdom. It is indicated that this resulted in the formation of a plan for the settlement of the conflict, put forward in December 1935 by the head of the French government, Pierre Laval, and the British foreign Minister, Samuel Hoare. It is proved that the Hoare–Laval plan was an early form of the policy of “appeasement of the aggressor,” which became the leading direction of French and British foreign policy during the collapse of the Versailles system of international relations in 1938—1939. The research is based on publications of Soviet, French, Italian and Canadian diplomatic documents, League of Nations documents, memoirs of political figures of that era, as well as unpublished documents from the Archive of Publicistic Activity (Germany).
Growth of Three Shade Tree Genera as Influenced by Irrigation and Nitrogen Rates
Authors: Wright R.D. , Hale E.B.
Published: August 2020

The influence of N rates and irrigation on shoot growth and trunk diameter were evaluated for red maple (Acer rubrum, L. ‘October Glory’), pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh) and dogwood (Cornus florida L. ‘Barton’). Irrigation increased shoot growth and trunk diameter for all 3 species during the first 2 growing seasons. Tree height and trunk diameter at the end of the third growing season were also greater for irrigated trees. Increasing the N levels from 168 to 329 Kg N/ha (150 to 300 lb N/A) resulted in a decrease in trunk diameter the first year and a decrease in shoot growth the second year in ‘October Glory’ maple. No significant differences in oak growth due to N rate were observed. Shoot growth and trunk diameter for dogwood were greater at 329 kg N/ha (300 lb N/A) than at 168 kg N/ha (150 lb N/A) only the first year. Neither height or trunk diameter at end of the third year were significantly increased from applying the higher level of N for any of the genera.
Response of Fraser's Photinia Stem Cuttings to Selected Rooting Compounds
Authors: Bonaminio V.P. , Blazich F.A.
Published: August 2020

Selected compounds applied to terminal, semi-hardwood cuttings of Fraser's photinia (Photinia x fraseri Dress) promoted rooting. Concentrated indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solutions were more effective in promoting rooting than either commercially prepared talc or liquid formulations.
A Sample Transfer Procedure For Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Krause Charles R.
Published: August 2020

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) preparation procedures can limit and restrict sampling and transportation of plant tissue for SEM analysis. At nurseries throughout the United States leaf samples of Acer rubrum L. ‘October Glory,’ were placed in glutaraldehyde and transported by parcel post at ambient temperatures in mailing sacks. Similar leaf samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde, shipped by small package air express in ice 4°C (40°F) within stainless steel thermos bottles. Upon receipt, both groups of samples were processed in the laboratory using standard SEM procedures and examined with an SEM. Laboratory controls were performed simultaneously at Delaware, OH under standard SEM procedures. Samples shipped by air express in ice appeared similar to specimens from the laboratory controls when evaluated with the SEM. Downy surface wax was not altered. Leaf surfaces of specimens that were shipped by parcel post at ambient temperatures were altered, lacking downy wax and possessing lesion-like areas. Rapid transfers of fixed specimens in ice reduces fixation and temperature-induced artifacts when shipped by express air freight.
Effects of Digging, Storage and Planting On Survival of Field Grown Bare-Root Mugo Pine in Containers
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E. , Pinney Thomas E.
Published: August 2020

Northern grown mugo pine Pinus mugo Turra. ‘Mughus’ died following the first 2 field digging dates when planted in containers. However, plants dug the last 4 dates survived and grew well. These data suggest that mugo pine can be dug bare-root in the fall, stored or planted into containers in the fall when labor is available with acceptable survival and performance if the plants are not dug too early. Root pruning had no effect on survival.
Effects of 2 Slow-Release Fertilizers on the Propagation and Subsequent Growth of 3 Woody Plants
Authors: Carney Michael , Whitcomb Carl E.
Published: August 2020

Three woody plants were propagated from cuttings with four levels each of slow-release 27 N-5.2P-0.OK (27-12-0) and 0N-0P-38.2K (0-0-46) fertilizer in factorial combination. Slow-release fertilizer added during propagation had little effect on rooting of cuttings, however, after rooting and before transplanting into larger containers in the spring, the 27-12-0 stimulated both root and top growth of all species. All growth parameters measured for all species grown in 3.8 1 (#1) containers were significantly increased after one growing season when treated with a combination of slow-release N and P during propagation or following transplanting.
Effects of Three Transplant Methods on Survival, Growth and Root Regeneration of Caliper Pin Oaks
Authors: Magley Steven B. , Struve Daniel K.
Published: August 2020

Twenty-nine 7–15 cm (3–6 in) caliper Quercus palustris Muenchh., pin oaks, were transplanted 1) bare root, 2) bare root, but treated with auxin impregnated toothpicks (toothpicks were soaked in a 10,000 ppm solution of the potassium salt of indolebutyric acid and one inserted into each of 15 roots per tree), or 3) with a Vermeer 44 Tree Spade. Transplant survival for all treatments was 100%. Leaf expansion, lateral shoot growth, and terminal shoot growth were greatest in mechanically dug trees. However, mechanically dug trees flushed once, while bare-root trees flushed twice. In bare-root trees, leaf expansion for both growth flushes, total lateral shoot growth, and terminal shoot growth were greater in auxin-treated trees than in bare-root trees. More roots of greater diameter and length were regenerated by auxin-treated trees than in untreated bare-root trees.
Resistance of Several Members of the Cupressaceae to the Cypress Tip Miner, Argyresthia cupressella
Authors: Koehler C.S. , Moore W.S.
Published: August 2020

Thirteen species and cultivars of Cupressaceae were evaluated outdoors at Berkeley, CA, for resistance to the cypress tip miner, Argyresthia cupressella Walsingham. This insect causes browning of foliage as a result of larval mining in the tips of susceptible plants. Plant resistance varied from highly resistant to highly susceptible. Unsightliness caused by larval mining was significantly correlated with the number of insects present, as determined by counts of cocoons.
Herbicide Combinations for Control of Prostrate Spurge in Container-Grown Landscape Plant
Authors: Ruter John M. , Glaze Norman C.
Published: August 2020

Studies were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate combinations of herbicides for control of prostrate spurge (Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ex. Gray) in container-grown landscape plants. In 1989, the combination of Ronstar 2G [oxadiazon (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A)] with Surflan 40 AS [oryzalin (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A] or Barricade 65 WG [prodiamine (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A)] resulted in 95% or better control of prostrate spurge. Combinations of Ronstar 2G [oxadiazon (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A)] and Pennant 5G [metalochlor (4.48 kg/ha) (4.0 lb/A] or Rout 3G [oxyfluorfen (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A) plus oryzalin (1.12 kg/ha) (1.0 lb/A)] controlled more than 80% of the weeds after 12 weeks in 1989. Some herbicide treatments containing oryzalin and pendimethalin reduced the root grade of Rhododendron cv. ‘Stewartsonian’ and Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’ in 1990. Herbicide treatments in the 1990 study had no effect on growth parameters of Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Pfitzeriana Glauca’. Rout (oxyfluorfen plus oryzalin) was the only herbicide in the 1990 study which reduced the number of prostrate spurge plants per pot in all three landscape species after 10 weeks. Dry weight of prostrate spurge was reduced approximately 3.6 × when Rout was used on ‘Stewartsonian’ azalea. Improved prostrate spurge control due to certain herbicide combinations did not result in increased foliar growth indices of the species used in this study. Dinitroanaline herbicides should be tested further for crop phytotoxicity and potential prostrate spurge control.
Economic Linkages of the U.S. Greenhouse and Nursery Products Industry
Authors: Harris Thomas R. , Rader Libby J. , Johnson Wayne S.
Published: August 2020

The greenhouse and nursery products sector is a growth industry. Economic linkages of this growth industry to other sectors of the national economy are of interest. The total economic activity generated by the greenhouse and nursery products sector is approximately equally divided between economic activity derived from input purchases by the greenhouse and nursery products sector (backward linkages) and processing and distribution of output by the greenhouse and nursery products sector (forward linkages).
Economic Factors Affecting Sales of U.S. Nursery Stock
Authors: Johnson Larry A. , Jensen Kim H.
Published: August 2020

The impacts of economic forces on the sales of U.S. nursery stock were identified and measured with graphical and statistical methods. Results demonstrate the effect of general economic conditions on the sale of domestically produced nursery plants. The sale of nursery stock tracks closely with changes in the Gross National Product (GNP), negatively with inflation, and positively with the share of private residential construction allocated to home renovations and additions. Results suggest that growers can use these economic indicators to gauge the outlook for their industry.
Timing, Acclimation Period, and Cupric Hydroxide Concentration Alter Growth Responses of the Ohio Production System
Authors: Arnold Michael A.
Published: August 2020

Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) was used as a model system to determine the effects of reduced greenhouse and acclimation phases of the Ohio production system for use in the mid-southern portion of the U.S. Initiation of the greenhouse phase could be delayed from early February to early March without reducing end-of-season growth. Eliminating the acclimation phase reduced seedling survival, but extending the acclimation phase beyond 7 days did not improve growth. In another experiment, common baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) were grown in straight-walled round plastic containers painted with 25, 50, or 100 g Cu(OH)2/l (0.83, 1.67, or 3.34 oz/qt) Spin Out™ carrier, in nontreated straight-walled round containers, in nontreated stepped-pyramid pots, or in stepped-pyramid pots painted with 100 g Cu(OH)2/l (3.34 oz/qt). Either container type treated with 100 g Cu(OH)2/l effectively controlled root deformation. Nontreated stepped-pyramid pots reduced root circling, but did not control kinking and matting of roots at container surfaces.
Landscape Architects as Related to the Landscape/Nursery Industry: I. Impact on Demand for Plant Material
Authors: Garber M. P. , Bondari K.
Published: August 2020

A survey of landscape architects in Georgia was conducted to help growers and landscape contractors work more closely with this group. We received 62 completed surveys for a 37% response. About 66% of the Georgia firms are located in the metro Atlanta area. We established three size classes of firms based on the 1990 wholesale value of plants specified, small (<$200 K), medium ($200–999 K), and large (≥$1 M). Comparisons are made among size classes and data are presented for each size class. Approximately 21% of the firms accounted for 67% of the plants specified in 1990. It is estimated that Georgia landscape architects specified about $85 M of plants in 1990. About 90% of the firms conduct a majority of their business in Georgia and indicated that 85% of all projects are in-state. However, 47% of the plant material specified by these firms is obtained from outside the state of Georgia. This implies that $34 M worth of plant material used in Georgia is sourced out-of-state.
Landscape Architects as Related to the Landscape/Nursery Industry: II. Selection of the Production Nursery and Plant Availability
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K.
Published: August 2020

Information concerning the role of the landscape architect in verifying plant availability and selection of the production nursery where landscape contractors obtain plants can help growers develop effective marketing plans. A survey of Georgia landscape architects indicates that about 84% of the respondents confirm availability of plant material specified. A higher percentage of large firms (about 92%) confirm availability compared to medium (85.7%) and small (79.3%) firms. The three most frequently used sources of information for landscape architects to confirm plant availability are favorite local grower, nursery catalogs, and landscape contractor likely to install plants. The top three choices are the same regardless of firm size. Survey results demonstrate that landscape architects not only confirm availability of plants but also play an important role in selecting the production nursery where landscape contractors obtain plants. Approximately 61% of all respondents indicate they determine/recommend the nursery where landscape contractors obtain plants. There is a significant difference among firm size in response to this question with large firms most active in selecting the production nursery (about 92%) followed by medium (57%) and small (50%) firms. The two factors that most influence the decision of large firms are plant quality and plant varieties. Large firms are more price conscious than medium or small firms. The results suggest that growers can enhance their sales by marketing their product directly to landscape architects.
Fertilizer Levels and Medium Affect Foliage Plant Growth in an Ebb and Flow Irrigation System
Authors: Poole R.T. , Conover C.A.
Published: August 2020

Three species of foliage plants were produced with three media, in an ebb and flow irrigation system (experiments 1 and 3) or with overhead manual irrigation (experiments 2 and 4). Expt. 1 used a constant feed program of 24N-3.5P-13K (24-8-16) soluble fertilizer added to the water supply at rates of 0.21, 0.42, 0.63 or 0.84 g/L. In experiments 2, 3 and 4, plants were fertilized with a constant feed program using the soluble fertilizer at 0.63 g/L or with a 19N-2.6P-10K (19-6-12) slow release fertilizer at rates of 2.5, 5.0 or 7.5 g/15 cm (6 in) pot. Plants produced in a Canadian sphagnum peat:pine bark mix were shorter and received lower plant grades compared to Fafard #4 and Vergro Container Mix. Height increase and plant grade for all plants was greater when fertilizer rate was increased from 0.21 to 0.42 g/L (0.79 to 1.58 g/gal), but height increase and plant grade did not improve much as fertilizer rates rose beyond 0.42 g/L (1.58 g/gal). In expt. 3, increase in height and plant grade for plants treated with 0.63 g/L (2.36 g/gal) soluble fertilizer was similar to height increase and plant grade for plants receiving the 5.0 and 7.5 g/15 cm pot slow release fertilizer.
Effects of Seed Priming on Plug Production of Coreopsis lanceolata and Echinacea purpurea
Authors: Finnerty Terry , Zajicek Jayne M.
Published: August 2020

Seeds of Coreopsis lanceolata (coreopsis) and Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower) were primed to determine whether improved plug production of these herbaceous perennials would result. Experiments were conducted at two locations: Texas A&M University (TAMU), College Station, Texas; and Buell's Inc., Cibolo, Texas. Location had a significant effect on emergence, with both species having greater emergence percentages at Buell's Inc. than at TAMU. This effect is attributed mainly to watering systems and plug aeration. Priming significantly increased emergence of only E. purpurea grown at TAMU. Seedlings from seeds primed in 50 mM potassium salts for nine days at 15°C (59°F) had more than twice the emergence percentage (47%) of seedlings from nonprimed seeds (21 %). Priming did have a significant effect on the root development of both species. Echinacea purpurea seedlings from primed seeds had a 44 to 51% increase in total root area compared to nonprimed seeds. Coreopsis lanceolata seedlings from primed seeds had up to an 85% increase in root area compared to seedlings from nonprimed seeds. In plug systems, relatively developed root systems may result in positive growth response after transplanting.
Taxol Concentration In Taxus Cultivars
Authors: Incorvia Mattina Mary Jane , Paiva Anthony A.
Published: August 2020

Taxol is a naturally occurring diterpene alkaloid which has significant anticancer activity. In order to assess the full chemotherapeutic potential of the drug, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) requires sufficient material for the treatment of 12,000 patients with a variety of cancers. The current principal source of the compound is the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. While NCI's short range goal may be achieved through the processing of T. brevifolia bark, it is imperative to identify alternative or supplemental sources of taxol for environmental, economic, and humanitarian reasons. One potential source of the drug is biomass from commercial Taxus plantings. In this study needles from 14 cultivars of Taxus were analyzed for taxol content. Samples were obtained from 7- to 12-year-old plants at four commercial nurseries, as well as 15-year-old plantings from the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station's test plots. Taxol concentrations in the needles varied from a low of 118 ppm in T. cuspidata ‘Sieboldii’ to a high of 882 ppm in T. x media ‘Nigra’ on a dry weight basis.
Performance of Landscape Plants from Yugoslavia in the North Central United States
Authors: Widrlechner Mark P. , Hasselkus Edward R. , Herman Dale E. , Iles Jeffery K. , Pair John C. , Paparozzi Ellen T. , Schutzki Robert E. , Wildung David K.
Published: August 2020

From 1975 through 1979, 38 new, landscape plant introductions from Yugoslavia were distributed for testing in the NC-7 Regional Landscape Plant Trials. Twenty-seven of these introductions were evaluated for 10 years at seven or more sites, representing a broad range of environmental conditions in the north central United States. For these 27 introductions, first-year survival averaged 71%. Only four introductions had less than 50% first-year survival. Tenth-year survival varied widely among introductions and trial sites. Eight populations were adapted to most trial sites, ten populations were adapted to some sites, and nine populations were not adapted to any site. The most promising and broadly adapted introductions were Viburnum opulus, Pinus sylvestris, and Pinus nigra. Temperature and moisture data from Yugoslavia and from trial sites were used to examine relationships between plant adaptation and climate. Statistically significant, multiple-regression models were calculated that describe the functional relationships of low temperatures and moisture conditions at trial sites with adaptation. The models predict that these plants are best adapted to sites with winters milder than those typical in the north central United States and with precipitation in excess of potential evapo-transpiration.
Importance of Five Natural Christmas Tree Characteristics as Related to Socioeconomic Variables and Opinions of Choose-and-Cut Farms' Customers
Authors: Florkowski W. J. , Lindstrom O.M. , Florkowska M.A.
Published: August 2020

Information about preferred tree features, purchasing habits, preference of a natural versus artificial tree, and socioeconomic characteristics was collected from customers of choose-and-cut Christmas tree farms in Georgia. The preferred tree features are shape, followed by density and height. Color and price are the least important. The test on means of consumers' socioeconomic characteristics revealed that male and female respondents differed in their preference for shape, height, and price; consumers' education impacted the importance of tree height and color; income influenced the importance attached to shape, density, and price. Estimation of models with preferred tree features (shape, density, height, color and price) as dependent variables identified significant negative and positive influences of independent variables. In general, college educated respondents were less concerned about the importance of tree features; female respondents were more concerned about tree shape and price than male respondents; respondents who felt that a natural tree made the season special were less concerned with density and height; an expected visit of a relative during Holidays had a negative impact on the importance of tree height and color suggesting that the visit may have encouraged the tree purchase, but tree features were considered less important.
Resistance of Selected Rose Cultivars to Variants of Marssonina rosae in Mississippi
Authors: Spencer James A. , Wood Opal W.
Published: August 2020

Seven isolates of Marssonina rosae (imperfect stage of Diplocarpon rosae) exhibited differences in colony color on potato-dextrose agar and in conidial measurements. Four of the isolates selected for pathogenicity tests differed in virulence when inoculated to 76 selected rose cultivars. The Chickasaw variant was the least virulent and the Oktibbeha variant was the most virulent. Cultivars ‘Brandy’, ‘Choo Choo Centennial’, and ‘First Prize’, showed resistance to all variants. ‘Coral Destiny’, ‘Golden Masterpiece’, ‘Goldilocks’, ‘Jennifer Hart’, and ‘Spartan’ showed resistance to three variants. Forty-two cultivars showed susceptibility to all variants tested.
Tolerance of Nineteen Species of Container Grown Landscape Plants to Postemergence Applications of Basagran
Authors: Wilson Chris , Whitwell Ted
Published: August 2020

Nineteen container grown landscape species were evaluated for tolerance to postemergence (topical) applications of Basagran (bentazon) at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ai/ha (1 and 2 lb ai/A). Visual injury ratings were made at 14 and 37 days after treatment and growth measurements at the end of the study. Both rates of Basagran were phytotoxic to Amagasa Azalea (Rhododendron satsuki ‘Amagasa’), Crimson Pygmy Barberry (Berberis thunbergii D.C. ‘Crimson Pygmy’), Coral Beauty Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. ‘Coral Beauty’), Heavenly Bamboo (Nandina domestica Thunb.) and Holmstrup Arbovitae (Thuja occidentalis L. ‘Homstrup’) 14 days after treatment. Azalea and Heavenly Bamboo treated with the low rate recovered from the earlier injury by 37 days after treatment. Sasanqua Camellia (Camellia sasanqua Thunb. ‘Cleopatra’), Rotunda Holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl. and Paxt. ‘Rotunda’) and Schellings Dwarf Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria Ait. ‘Schellings’), Hetzi Blue Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Hetzi I. Glauca’), and Wax-Leaf Privet (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.) exhibited no visual damage or growth reduction. The remaining species were injured to differing degrees.
Prodiamine Suppresses Spreading Dayflower (Commelina diffusa) Facilitating Hand-Weeding in Leatherleaf Fern (Rumohra adiantiformis) Ground Beds
Authors: Stamps Robert H.
Published: August 2020

Plots in a leatherleaf fernery uniformly infested with spreading dayflower were treated with prodiamine at 0, 2.2, 4.5 or 6.7 kg ai/ha (0, 2, 4 or 6 lb ai/A) to determine if it would suppress spreading dayflower and make weeding easier without adversely affecting leatherleaf fern. Dayflower suppression was determined by visually estimating weed coverage and by measurement of fresh weight, surface area, leaf number and root length. Morphological changes related to ease of removing dayflower were noted by counting the numbers of normal and stubby roots. By 120 days after prodiamine treatment, spreading dayflower coverage was reduced by at least 66%. Also spreading dayflower fresh weight, leaf number, surface area and root length were reduced by prodiamine and were positively correlated with the force required to remove stem segments from the soil. This weeding force declined logarithmically as prodiamine rate increased and was negatively correlated with the number of stubby roots. Less than 18% of the roots were normal in the prodiamine-treated plots and vine breakage during stem segment removal tests occurred only in the untreated plots. Leatherleaf fern frond color, vigor, and vase life were not affected by treatments.
Effect of Cold Storage on Bud Break, Root Regeneration and Shoot Extension of Douglas Fir, Paper Birch and Green Ash
Authors: Roger Harris J. , Bassuk Nina L. , Whitlow Thomas H.
Published: August 2020

Dormancy level, days to bud break, root regrowth and rate of shoot extension were determined for 18-in seedlings of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) subjected to varying durations of cold storage. Douglas fir seedlings did not break bud unless exposed to at least 4 weeks of cold storage, but bud break was unaffected by further time in cold storage. The number of regenerated roots increased with time in cold storage until 12 weeks of chilling and decreased sharply thereafter. Days to bud break of paper birch and green ash decreased as chilling time accumulated. Full dormancy release and maximum root regeneration of paper birch coincided at 10 weeks of chilling. Green ash achieved full dormancy release after 14 weeks of cold storage. The number of roots regenerated increased with cold storage duration for green ash. Shoot extension rate of all species was little affected by chilling duration. Implications for transplanting are discussed.
Effects of Fertilizer and Night Interruption on Overwinter Survival of Rooted Cuttings of Quercus L.
Authors: Drew John J. , Dirr Michael A. , Armitage Allan M.
Published: August 2020

The effects of night interruption (NI) and fertilizer (F) on the overwinter survival of rooted cuttings, collected on May 15 and June 18, of Quercus lyrata Walter, Q. phellos L., Q. robur L., Q. rubra L., and Q. virginiana Mill., were determined. Ideally, after Quercus cuttings root, a growth flush must be induced in order to insure overwinter survival (OS). For the May 15 cuttings that produced at least one flush of growth prior to dormancy, OS was 100%, regardless of species or treatment. Quercus lyrata survived 100% regardless of treatment or cutting date. Quercus phellos survived best under a night interruption-no fertilizer (NI-NF) treatment. When no growth flush occurred prior to overwintering, cuttings of Q. robur under short day-no fertilizer (SD-NF) and NI-NF survived in the highest percentages.

Cuttings from the June 18 sample data generally overwintered best under NI-NF treatment. Quercus lyrata OS was 100% under the SD-NF and NI-NF treatments. NI-NF produced the greatest OS of Q. phellos, Q. rubra and Q. virginiana. With the exception of Q. lyrata, all rooted cuttings that broke bud prior to overwintering survived 100%.

Shoot growth produced by the rooted cuttings was greatest under NI-F for all species except Q. rubra. The amount of growth varied according to species.
Suitability of Juniper Cultivars for Survival and Growth of the Bagworm
Authors: Johnson Monte P. , Potter Daniel A. , Gilmore Geoffrey S.
Published: August 2020

Relative suitability of 23 cultivars of juniper (Juniperus spp.) for growth and survival of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) was evaluated in laboratory and field experiments. Weight gain, developmental rate, and survival of bagworms differed significantly among groups of larvae fed foliage from different cultivars. By these criteria, cultivars ‘Expansa’ and ‘Hibemica’ were most unsuitable for survival and development of bagworms, whereas ‘Broadmoor’ and ‘Emerald Isle’ were consistently among the most suitable cultivars. This study suggests that use of certain juniper cultivars may be useful in managing this perennial insect pest in urban landscapes.
Herbicide Levels in Nursery Containment Pond Water and Sediments
Authors: Camper N. D. , Whitwell T. , Keese R. J. , Riley M. B.
Published: August 2020

Herbicide movement from broadcast granular applications via runoff waters into containment ponds was monitored over a two-year period. The nursery site was approximately 20 ha (50 A) and contained all runoff waters and recycled it for irrigation. Levels of pendimethalin, oryzalin and oxyfluorfen applied as either OH-2 or Rout herbicides were determined in containment pond water and sediment. Herbicides were extracted by a solid-phase column method and analyzed by HPLC with confirmation by GC-MS. Generally, low herbicide levels (highest level detected was 0.013 μg/ml in water and 12 μg/g in sediment) were detected compared to quantities applied [12 to 50 kg (26 to 110 lb) ai per year]. Results showed that herbicide levels did not accumulate in containment ponds following repeated applications and there was no correlation of herbicide levels detected with amount or timing of herbicide applications.
Development of a Computer Database for Vegetative Propagation of Trees and Shrubs
Authors: Burger David W. , Lee Choong I.
Published: August 2020

Rooting data from more than 40 different publications for the last 60 years were collected and organized into a computer database. The database contains 1400 records representing 300 genera, 700 species and 750 cultivars. Information can be retrieved from the database using keywords common to rooting literature including genus, type of cutting, time of year, rooting medium, time to root and location. The information in the database details specific propagation techniques which is retrieved using the MS-DOS software askSam™.
Evaluation of Three Imidazolinone Herbicides for Control of Yellow and Purple Nutsedge in Woody and Herbaceous Landscape Plants
Authors: Hurt R.T. , Vencill W.K.
Published: August 2020

Foliar-applications of Pursuit applied at 280 and 560 g/ha (4 and 8 oz/A) provided 97% purple nutsedge and 86% yellow nutsedge control at 560 g/ha (8 oz/A). Foliar-applications of Cadre applied at 70 g/ha(1 oz/A) provided 95% purple nutsedge and 61% yellow nutsedge control. Image provided 70 and 77% yellow nutsedge and 56 and 59% purple nutsedge control applied at 430 g/ha (6 oz/A) and 560 g/ha (8 oz/A), respectively. Azalea ‘Macrantha Orange’ was not tolerant to any of the imidazolinone herbicides tested. Likewise, shore juniper exhibited 17 to 35% growth reduction from the imidazolinone herbicides 4 WAT. Juniper growth reductions increased to between 25 and 37% 8 WAT. Redtip photinia was tolerant to Image at 430 and 560 g/ha (6 and 8 oz/A) and Cadre applied at 35 g/ha (0.5 oz/A). Pursuit-treated photinia exhibited 26 to 33% growth reductions 4 WAT. Green liriope was tolerant of all herbicide treatments 4 WAT. Of the 13 bedding plant taxa tested only French marigolds were found tolerant of Pursuit.
Cold Storage Method Affects Root and Shoot Water Potential of Bare-root Hawthorn and Maple Trees
Authors: Bates Rick M. , Niemiera Alexander X. , Seiler John R.
Published: August 2020

Desiccation of bare-root tree seedlings during storage can result in reduced growth and poor quality after transplanting. For 12 weeks, shoot and root water potentials of bare-root Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum Medic.) seedlings were measured in response to four cold storage treatments: whole plant exposed, roots exposed, shoots exposed, whole plant covered. In another experiment, water loss was measured from stem sections of both species during four weeks of cold storage. Shoot and root water potentials decreased during storage regardless of treatment or species. For maple, shoot and root water potentials of the exposed shoot treatment were the same as the whole plant covered treatment. In contrast, hawthorn shoot and root water potentials of the exposed shoot treatment were lower (more negative) than for the whole plant covered treatment. Most of the water stress experienced by roots and shoots of both species accumulated during the first six weeks of storage. Water loss was greater for hawthorn stem sections than for maple during the first two weeks of storage. Results indicated that while protection of roots of all bare-root stock reduces water loss, sensitive species such as Washington hawthorn require both root and shoot protection to minimize water loss.