bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Future of Lightning in Cloud‐Resolving Models
Authors: Romps David M.
Published: December 2019

Two proxies for lightning predict very different responses to global warming: the CAPE times precipitation proxy predicts a large increase in lightning over both the continental United States and the tropical oceans, while the ice flux proxy predicts a small increase over the United States and a decrease over the tropical oceans. To date, however, these proxies have been studied only in global climate models with parameterized convection. Here, cloud‐resolving simulations are used to assess their predictions of future lightning rates. Over the United States, all proxies predict a large increase in the lightning rate in the range of 8–16%/K. On the other hand, in the tropics as modeled by radiative convective equilibrium, half of the proxies predict an increase (of 5–12%/K), while the other half predict a decrease (of 1–4%/K). The reasons for the different responses of these proxies is explored, but it remains unclear which proxy is best suited to predicting future lightning rates.
Multilayer Observations and Modeling of Thunderstorm‐Generated Gravity Waves Over the Midwestern United States
Authors: Heale C. J. , Snively J. B. , Bhatt A. N. , Hoffmann L. , Stephan C. C. , Kendall E. A.
Published: December 2019

We present multilayer observations and numerical simulations of gravity waves (GWs) generated by a series of Mesoscale Convective Systems over the midwestern United States. Strong semiconcentric GWs were observed and modeled, which couple from their tropospheric sources to the thermosphere, displaying strong nonlinearity indicated by instability, breaking, and formation of turbulent vortices. GWs in the stratosphere display a large range of horizontal scales from 34–400 km; however, the smaller wavelength waves break rapidly in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Larger‐scale (≥150 km) waves dominate in the thermosphere and display northwestward propagation at 200–300 km altitude, opposing the mean winds. Despite strong molecular viscosity and thermal conductivity in the thermosphere, steepened wave fronts, which may indicate nonlinearity, is identified in 630 nm airglow imagers. The agreement between model and data suggests new opportunities for data‐constrained simulations that span multilayer observables, including mesosphere and lower thermosphere‐region airglow not captured for this event.
On Mechanisms Controlling the Seasonal Hypoxia Hot Spots off the Changjiang River Estuary
Authors: Zhang Wenxia , Wu Hui , Hetland Robert D. , Zhu Zhuoyi
Published: December 2019

Large areas of seasonal hypoxia have been detected off the Changjiang River Estuary over the last decade. Although seasonal bottom hypoxia was transient due to complex dynamical processes, it occurred with high frequency in certain regions. Summer hypoxia hot spots off the estuary were first identified using a comprehensive, high‐resolution ecosystem model and 17 years of observations collected from historical literature and research cruises. Comparisons between long‐term observations, a 4‐year averaged simulation, and a 1‐year simulation implied that the geographical locations of summer hypoxia hot spots were generally consistent. This ecosystem model suggested that the Changjiang River plume predominantly spread either over the Yangtze Bank or the Submarine Canyon and the Mud Belt depending on the direction of the wind; the temperature, salinity, and residence time of bottom water mass off the estuary depended highly on the properties of the Kuroshio subsurface intrusion. The dual effects of stratification and prolonged bottom water residence time created favorable condition for hypoxia to develop. The analysis in this study identified wind and the Kuroshio subsurface intrusion as the factors that facilitated the migration of seasonal hypoxia and the establishment of summer hypoxia hot spots off the estuary. In spite of the persistent hypoxia hot spots, the timing of individual hypoxia can be variable because of distinct dynamical processes over a wide range of time scales. Tidal advection was quantified as a secondary factor that influences the spatial extent and migration of bottom hypoxia.
Novel copper-containing membrane monooxygenases (CuMMOs) encoded by alkane-utilizing Betaproteobacteria
Authors: Rochman Fauziah F , Kwon Miye , Khadka Roshan , Tamas Ivica , Lopez-Jauregui Azriel Abraham , Sheremet Andriy , Smirnova Angela V , Malmstrom Rex R , Yoon Sukhwan , Woyke Tanja , Dunfield Peter F , Verbeke Tobin J
Published: December 2019

Copper-containing membrane monooxygenases (CuMMOs) are encoded by xmoCAB(D) gene clusters and catalyze the oxidation of methane, ammonia, or some short-chain alkanes and alkenes. In a metagenome constructed from an oilsands tailings pond we detected an xmoCABD gene cluster with <59% derived protein sequence identity to genes from known bacteria. Stable isotope probing experiments combined with a specific xmoA qPCR assay demonstrated that the bacteria possessing these genes were incapable of methane assimilation, but did grow on ethane and propane. Single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) from propane-enriched samples were screened with the specific PCR assay to identify bacteria possessing the target gene cluster. Multiple SAGs of Betaproteobacteria belonging to the genera Rhodoferax and Polaromonas possessed homologues of the metagenomic xmoCABD gene cluster. Unexpectedly, each of these two genera also possessed other xmoCABD paralogs, representing two additional lineages in phylogenetic analyses. Metabolic reconstructions from SAGs predicted that neither bacterium encoded enzymes with the potential to support catabolic methane or ammonia oxidation, but that both were capable of higher n-alkane degradation. The involvement of the encoded CuMMOs in alkane oxidation was further suggested by reverse transcription PCR analyses, which detected elevated transcription of the xmoA genes upon enrichment of water samples with propane as the sole energy source. Enrichments, isotope incorporation studies, genome reconstructions, and gene expression studies therefore all agreed that the unknown xmoCABD operons did not encode methane or ammonia monooxygenases, but rather n-alkane monooxygenases. This study broadens the known diversity of CuMMOs and identifies these enzymes in non-nitrifying Betaproteobacteria.
Quantification of HER1, HER2 and HER3 by time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer in FFPE triple-negative breast cancer samples
Authors: Ho-Pun-Cheung Alexandre , Bazin Hervé , Boissière-Michot Florence , Mollevi Caroline , Simony-Lafontaine Joëlle , Landas Emeline , Bleuse Jean-Pierre , Chardès Thierry , Prost Jean-François , Pèlegrin André , Jacot William , Mathis Gérard , Lopez-Crapez Evelyne
Published: December 2019

Background

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a worse prognosis compared with other breast cancer subtypes, and biomarkers to identify patients at high risk of recurrence are needed. Here, we investigated the expression of human epidermal receptor (HER) family members in TNBC and evaluated their potential as biomarkers of recurrence.

Methods

We developed Time Resolved-Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) assays to quantify HER1, HER2 and HER3 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumour tissues. After assessing the performance and precision of our assays, we quantified HER protein expression in 51 TNBC specimens, and investigated the association of their expression with relapse-free survival.

Results

The assays were quantitative, accurate, and robust. In TNBC specimens, HER1 levels ranged from ≈4000 to more than 2 million receptors per cell, whereas HER2 levels varied from ≈1000 to 60,000 receptors per cell. HER3 expression was very low (less than 5500 receptors per cell in all samples). Moderate HER2 expression was significantly associated with higher risk of recurrence (HR = 3.93;P = 0.003).

Conclusions

Our TR-FRET assays accurately quantify HER1, HER2 and HER3 in FFPE breast tumour specimens. Moderate HER2 expression may represent a novel prognostic marker in patients with TNBC.
Competitive ubiquitination activates the tumor suppressor p53
Authors: Li Xingyao , Guo Mengqi , Cai Lun , Du Tingting , Liu Ying , Ding Han-Fei , Wang Hongbo , Zhang Junran , Chen Xiaoguang , Yan Chunhong
Published: December 2019

Blocking p53 ubiquitination through disrupting its interaction with MDM2 or inhibiting the MDM2 catalytic activity is the central mechanism by which the tumor suppressor p53 is activated in response to genotoxic challenges. Although MDM2 is first characterized as the major E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53, it can also catalyze the conjugation of ubiquitin moieties to other proteins (e.g., activating transcription factor 3, or ATF3). Here we report that ATF3 can act as an ubiquitin “trap” and competes with p53 for MDM2-mediated ubiquitination. While ATF3-mediated p53 stabilization required ATF3 binding to the MDM2 RING domain, we demonstrated that ATF3 ubiquitination catalyzed by MDM2 was indispensable for p53 activation in response to DNA damage. Moreover, a cancer-derived ATF3 mutant (R88G) devoid of ubiquitination failed to prevent p53 from MDM2-mediated degradation and thus was unable to activate the tumor suppressor. Therefore, we have identified a previously-unknown mechanism that can activate p53 in the genotoxic response.
Big Five Personality Traits are Associated with Tinnitus Improvement Over Time
Authors: Simões Jorge , Schlee Winfried , Schecklmann Martin , Langguth Berthold , Farahmand Daria , Neff Patrick
Published: December 2019

Previous studies have shown that personality traits are related to tinnitus distress as measured by the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ). However, little is known about the role of personality on tinnitus distress over time. We collected the THI and the TQ of 388 patients who visited a tertiary tinnitus clinic between 2012 and 2017, and who filled in a survey with the same questionnaires plus the Big Five Index 2 in 2018. We used personality traits and facets to predict tinnitus distress cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, age and gender were significant predictors of the THI and TQ scores in cross-sectional linear regression setups. Next, based on previous literature, we clustered patients in three groups based in the difference THI and TQ between the two assessments: “clinically improved”, “clinically stable” and “clinically worsened”. The patients in the “clinically improved” and “clinically stable” groups scored statistically significantly lower in neuroticism and higher in extraversion than patients in the group “clinically worsened”. Our results suggest that personality is associated with tinnitus distress over time and could be used to statistically distinguish patient groups with clinically relevant changes of tinnitus distress.
Variations in terrestrial arthropod DNA metabarcoding methods recovers robust beta diversity but variable richness and site indicators
Authors: Porter Teresita M. , Morris Dave M. , Basiliko Nathan , Hajibabaei Mehrdad , Doucet Daniel , Bowman Susan , Emilson Erik J. S. , Emilson Caroline E. , Chartrand Derek , Wainio-Keizer Kerrie , Séguin Armand , Venier Lisa
Published: December 2019

Terrestrial arthropod fauna have been suggested as a key indicator of ecological integrity in forest systems. Because phenotypic identification is expert-limited, a shift towards DNA metabarcoding could improve scalability and democratize the use of forest floor arthropods for biomonitoring applications. The objective of this study was to establish the level of field sampling and DNA extraction replication needed for arthropod biodiversity assessments from soil. Processing 15 individually collected soil samples recovered significantly higher median richness (488–614 sequence variants) than pooling the same number of samples (165–191 sequence variants) prior to DNA extraction, and we found no significant richness differences when using 1 or 3 pooled DNA extractions. Beta diversity was robust to changes in methodological regimes. Though our ability to identify taxa to species rank was limited, we were able to use arthropod COI metabarcodes from forest soil to assess richness, distinguish among sites, and recover site indicators based on unnamed exact sequence variants. Our results highlight the need to continue DNA barcoding local taxa during COI metabarcoding studies to help build reference databases. All together, these sampling considerations support the use of soil arthropod COI metabarcoding as a scalable method for biomonitoring.
Insight into the preparation of the 2016 MS6.4 Menyuan earthquake from terrestrial gravimetry-derived crustal density changes
Authors: Xuan Songbai , Jin Shuanggen , Chen Yong , Wang Jiapei
Published: December 2019

Geophysical processes of the pre-earthquake activities are difficult to be determined since less pre-seismic signal is observed directly. Crustal density changes derived from the periodical terrestrial gravimetry may provide meaningful deep information for the pre-earthquake cue. In this study, the crustal density changes following the 2016 MS6.4 Menyuan earthquake are estimated using ground-based gravity-change data from 2011 to 2015 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The results show that negative density changes dominate the region between the South Longshou Mountain fault and the Daban Mountain fault except the southeast of this region (the seismic region) during 2011–2012. Positive density changes appeared in the middle crust near the epicenter during 2012–2013 and in the upper and middle crust east of the epicenter approximately 1.5 years before the earthquake (2013–2014), and then negative density changes appeared under and northeast of the epicenter approximately four months before the earthquake (2014–2015). The state of the crustal materials near the seismic region changed from convergence to expansion, in turn, indicating that the characteristics of the deep seismogenic process was corresponding to Amos Nur’s 1974 dilatancy-fluid diffusion model.
The “Central Vein Sign” on T2*-weighted Images as a Diagnostic Tool in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis using Individual Patient Data
Authors: Suh Chong Hyun , Kim Sang Joon , Jung Seung Chai , Choi Choong Gon , Kim Ho Sung
Published: December 2019

We aimed to evaluate the pooled incidence of central vein sign on T2*-weighted images from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and to determine the diagnostic performance of this central vein sign for differentiating MS from other white matter lesions and provide an optimal cut-off value. A computerized systematic search of the literature in PUBMED and EMBASE was conducted up to December 14, 2018. Original articles investigating central vein sign on T2*-weighted images of patients with MS were selected. The pooled incidence was obtained using random-effects model. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were obtained using a bivariate random-effects model. An optimal cut-off value for the proportion of lesions with a central vein sign was calculated from those studies providing individual patient data. Twenty-one eligible articles covering 501 patients with MS were included. The pooled incidence of central vein sign at the level of individual lesion in patients with MS was 74% (95% CI, 65–82%). The pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity for the diagnostic performance of the central vein sign were 98% (95% CI, 92–100%) and 97% (95% CI, 91–99%), respectively. The area under the HSROC curve was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.99–1.00). The optimal cut-off value for the proportion of lesions with a central vein sign was found to be 45%. Although various T2*-weighted images have been used across studies, the current evidence supports the use of the central vein sign on T2*-weighted images to differentiate MS from other white matter lesions.
Screening of X-ray responsive substances for the next generation of radiosensitizers
Authors: Moriyama Akihiro , Hasegawa Takema , Jiang Lei , Iwahashi Hitoshi , Mori Takashi , Takahashi Junko
Published: December 2019

X-ray responsivity resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated in 9600 organic compounds that were selected by considering their structural diversity. We focused on superoxides that were primarily detected using dihydroethidium (DHE) and hydroxyl radicals, that were identified fluorometrically using 3’-(p-aminophenyl) Fluorescein (APF). Many organic compounds were discovered that responded to the DHE and/or APF assay using X-ray irradiation. These results suggest that some of these organic compounds emit either superoxides or hydroxyl radicals whereas others emit both under the influence of X-ray irradiation. The response of the derivatives of a hit compound with a partial change in the structure was also investigated. The products produced from DHE by X-ray irradiation were identified by HPLC to confirm the integrity of the process. Although, the reactions were suppressed by the superoxide dismutase (SOD), not only 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E+), but also ethidium (E+) were detected. The results suggest that apart from a direct reaction, an indirect reaction may occur between DHE and the superoxides. Although X-ray responsiveness could not be inferred due to the molecular complexity of the investigated compounds, delineation of these reactions will facilitate the development of the next generation of radiosensitizers.
Agastache honey has superior antifungal activity in comparison with important commercial honeys
Authors: Anand Sushil , Deighton Margaret , Livanos George , Pang Edwin Chi Kyong , Mantri Nitin
Published: December 2019

There is an urgent need for new effective antifungal agents suitable for the treatment of superficial skin infections, since acquired resistance of fungi to currently available agents is increasing. The antifungal activity of mono-floral Agastache honey and commercially available honeys were tested against dermatophytes (T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum) and C. albicans (ATCC 10231 and a clinical isolate) by agar well diffusion and micro-dilution (AWD and MD). In AWD and MD assays, Agastache honey was effective at 40% concentration against dermatophytes (zone diameter, 19.5–20 mm) and C. albicans with the same MIC and MFC values indicating fungicidal activity. Tea tree honey was effective at 80% concentration (zone diameter, 14 mm) against dermatophytes and at 40% concentration against T. mentagrophytes and C. albicans. Manuka was effective at 80% concentration only against T. mentagrophytes (zone diameter, 12 mm) and at 40% against T. rubrum and C. albicans with fungistatic activity. Similar to the AWD results, Jelly bush, Super Manuka, and Jarrah showed no activity against dermatophytes but showed some activity against C. albicans. Headspace volatiles of six honeys were isolated by SPME and identified by GC-MS. The characteristic chemical markers for each honey were as follows: Agastache- Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) and Estragole; Manuka and Tea-tree- Acetanisole and Methyl 3,5-dimethoxybenzoate; Jelly bush- Linalool and Nonanal; Super Manuka- Methyl 3,5-dimethoxybenzoate and Nonanal; Jarrah- Isophorone and Nonanoic acid. Overall, analysis of the bioactive compound content and antifungal activity of Agastache honey indicated possible use as an antifungal agent for management of superficial fungal infections.
Effects of ink characteristics and piezo-electric inkjetting parameters on lysozyme activity
Authors: Biswas Tuser T. , Yu Junchun , Nierstrasz Vincent A.
Published: December 2019

Inkjet printing of enzymes can facilitate many novel applications where a small amount of materials need to be deposited in a precise and flexible manner. However, maintaining the satisfactory activity of inkjet printed enzyme is a challenging task due to the requirements of ink rheology and printhead parameters. Thus to find optimum inkjetting conditions we studied the effects of several ink formulation and jetting parameters on lysozyme activity using a piezoelectric printhead. Within linear activity range of protein concentrations ink containing 50 µg/mL lysozyme showed a satisfactory activity retention of 85%. An acceptable activity of jetted ink was found at pH 6.2 and ionic strength of 0.06 molar. Glycerol was found to be an effective viscosity modifier (10–15 mPa.s), humectant and protein structure stabilizer for the prepared ink. A non-ionic surfactant when used just below critical micelle concentration was found to be favourable for the jetted inks. An increase in activity retention was observed for inks jetted after 24 hours of room temperature incubation. However, no additional activity was seen for inkjetting above the room temperature. Findings of this study would be useful for formulating other protein-based inks and setting their inkjet printing parameters without highly compromising the functionality.
Loss of the serine protease HTRA1 impairs smooth muscle cells maturation
Authors: Klose Ralph , Prinz Alexander , Tetzlaff Fabian , Weis Eva-Maria , Moll Iris , Rodriguez-Vita Juan , Oka Chio , Korff Thomas , Fischer Andreas
Published: December 2019

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction is a hallmark of small vessel disease, a common cause of stroke and dementia. Two of the most frequently mutated genes in familial small vessel disease areHTRA1andNOTCH3. The protease HTRA1 cleaves the NOTCH3 ligand JAG1 implying a mechanistic link between HTRA1 and Notch signaling. Here we report that HTRA1 is essential for VSMC differentiation into the contractile phenotype. Mechanistically, loss of HTRA1 increased JAG1 protein levels and NOTCH3 signaling activity in VSMC. In addition, the loss of HTRA1 enhanced TGFβ-SMAD2/3 signaling activity. Activation of either NOTCH3 or TGFβ signaling resulted in increased transcription of theHESandHEYtranscriptional repressors and promoted the contractile VSMC phenotype. However, their combined over-activation led to an additive accumulation of HES and HEY proteins, which repressed the expression of contractile VSMC marker genes. As a result, VSMC adopted an immature phenotype with impaired arterial vasoconstriction in Htra1-deficient mice. These data demonstrate an essential role of HTRA1 in vascular maturation and homeostasis by controlling Notch and TGFβ signaling.
European Food Information Regulations: Recent Developments
Authors: Pugh Stephen
Published: December 2019

Since the introduction of supermarkets and prepackaged food, governments have been trying to encourage consumers to eat a healthier diet. The Regulation on the Provision of Food Information to Consumers, introduced in 2011, makes nutrition labelling mandatory for all prepackaged food except for food produced by the smallest producers. However, governments are concerned that the message of healthy eating is not getting to consumers and definitely is not changing consumer behaviour. The general consensus amongst professionals working in the field is that the stark details of the information given to consumers is difficult to understand and difficult to contextualise for the consumer. The technical format of the information is also easily overlooked by the consumer. Different governments have been addressing these issues in different ways. There has been a growth in interpretive labelling schemes such as the UK's traffic light scheme, while other governments have opted for a more positive endorsement of healthier foods, such as the keyhole logo in the Nordic countries. In the Regulation on the Provision of Food Information to Consumers, the European Commission is charged with looking at the effectiveness of these schemes. This chapter looks at the progress being made in different areas of nutrition labelling including interpretive nutrition labelling, the labelling of trans fatty acids, and the issue of health claims on labels. The chapter also address the issues being raised around tolerances and the work being undertaken to increase the scope of the rules on alcoholic drinks.
A facile synthesis of energetic salts based on fully nitroamino-functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole
Authors: Bian Chengming , Feng Wenjing , Lei Qunying , Huang Haifeng , Li Xia , Wang Jianlong , Li Chuan , Xiao Zhongliang
Published: December 2019

Promising high-energy-density materials: energetic salts based on fully nitroamino-functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole.
The effect of the layer-interlayer chemistry of LDHs on developing high temperature carbon capture materials
Authors: Manohara G. V. , Maroto-Valer M. Mercedes , Garcia Susana
Published: December 2019

(a) SEM image of the fresh MMOs, (b) carbonation/regeneration cycles, and (c) SEM image of the MMOs after 60 carbonation/regeneration cycles of the Ca–Al-ada LDHs.
Sulfur heteroatom-based MOFs with long-lasting room-temperature phosphorescence and high photoelectric response
Authors: Yang Xiao-Gang , Zhai Zhi-Min , Liu Xin-Yi , Li Jin-Yao , Li Fei-Fei , Ma Lu-Fang
Published: December 2019

Two Sulfur hetero atoms-based MOFs exhibit highly prolonged lifetimes, more than 400 times as long as that of the pristine phosphorescent ligand, and an abnormal increase in photocurrent with the removal of illumination.
Controlling dinitrogen functionalization at rhenium through alkali metal ion pairing
Authors: Lohrey Trevor D. , Bergman Robert G. , Arnold John
Published: December 2019

The rhenium(i) salt Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] can be cooled in solution under a dinitrogen atmosphere to selectively access complexes containing rhenium(iii) centers bound to direduced, doubly-bonded N2(i.e.diazenide) fragments.
Computational design and clinical demonstration of a copper nanocluster based universal immunosensor for sensitive diagnostics
Authors: Kurdekar Aditya Dileep , Sai Manohar Chelli , Chunduri L. A. Avinash , Haleyurgirisetty Mohan Kumar , Hewlett Indira K. , Kamisetti Venkataramaniah
Published: December 2019

Glutathione capped copper nanoclusters were bioconjugated to streptavidin protein using EDC-NHS coupling to engineer the Copper Nanocluster Immunosensor (CuNIS), which was tested for its efficiency by using HIV-1 p24 as the model analyte.
γ-Alumina-supported Pt17 cluster: controlled loading, geometrical structure, and size-specific catalytic activity for carbon monoxide and propylene oxidation
Authors: Negishi Yuichi , Shimizu Nobuyuki , Funai Kanako , Kaneko Ryo , Wakamatsu Kosuke , Harasawa Atsuya , Hossain Sakiat , Schuster Manfred E. , Ozkaya Dogan , Kurashige Wataru , Kawawaki Tokuhisa , Yamazoe Seiji , Nagaoka Shuhei
Published: December 2019

A Pt17 cluster was precisely loaded on γ-alumina and the resulting Pt17/γ-Al2O3 exhibited high catalytic activity for CO and C3H6 oxidation.
Probing the determinants of porosity in protein frameworks: co-crystals of cytochrome c and an octa-anionic calix[4]arene
Authors: Alex Jimi M. , Brancatelli Giovanna , Volpi Stefano , Bonaccorso Carmela , Casnati Alessandro , Geremia Silvano , Crowley Peter B.
Published: December 2019

In contrast to sulfonato-calix[4]arene (sclx4), which mediates close-packed assemblies, the higher charge carboxylate-containing sclx4mc induced a crystalline framework of cytochrome c.
Prediabetes predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Yong , Guo Min , Shi Gang
Published: December 2019

Background: Prediabetes has been related with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the prognostic efficacy of prediabetes for patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains undetermined. We aimed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of diabetes on the risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after PCI in a meta-analysis.

Methods: Longitudinal follow-up studies evaluating the association between prediabetes and risks of MACEs and mortality after PCI were identified by search of PubMed and Embase databases. A random-effect model was applied to pool the results. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the impacts of study characteristics on the outcome.

Results: Twelve follow-up studies including 10,048 patients that underwent PCI were included. Compared with patients with normoglycemia at admission, those with prediabetes were had significantly higher risk MACEs during follow-up (adjusted risk ratio [RR]: 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–1.87, P < 0.001). Further subgroup analyses indicated that the association between prediabetes and higher risk of MACEs remained regardless of the study design, sample size, CAD subtype, PCI type, definition of diabetes, or follow-up duration. Moreover, patients with prediabetes had higher significantly risk of MACEs in studies with adjustment of coronary lesion severity (RR: 1.79, P < 0.001), but the association became insignificant in studies without adjustment of the coronary lesion severity (RR: 1.23, P = 0.09).

Conclusions: Prediabetes is independently associated with increased risk of MACEs after PCI as compared with those with normoglycemia, even in studies with adjustment of coronary severity.
Evaluation of Swallow Function on Healthy Adults While Using High-Flow Nasal Cannula
Authors: Eng Kortney , Flores Maria Jose , Gerrity Elisabeth , Sinha Nupur , Imbeau Katherine , Erbele Laddie , Yeh Cary
Published: December 2019

Purpose

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is used increasingly in critically ill populations under respiratory distress. The interface between respiration and swallowing begs a better understanding of the effects of HFNC on swallow function. The current prospective cohort study investigated the effect of HFNC on swallow physiology in healthy adults.

Method

Eighty adults aged 35–65 years underwent modified barium swallow studies under varying flow rates of HFNC (0, 20, 40, and 60 liters per minute [lpm]). Modified barium swallow studies were scored by a blinded speech-language pathologist for 17 components of swallow function as defined by the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP) and severity of penetration and aspiration as defined by the 8-point Penetration-Aspiration Scale (
Rosenbek, Robbins, Roecker, Coyle, & Wood, 1996
).

Results

Total MBSImP scores were statistically significantly higher at the highest flow rate (60 lpm) than those at any other flow rate. MBSImP components 1 (lip closure), 2 (tongue control during oral bolus hold), and 5 (oral residue) demonstrated statistical relevance to various flow rates. MBSImP components 12 (pharyngeal stripping wave) and 15 (tongue base retraction) were significant to age group. The 8-Point Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores were not significantly associated with flow rate nor age group.

Conclusion

The current study demonstrated that oral swallowing changes occur in healthy adults wearing HFNC at a high-flow rate (60 lpm). We postulate that healthy adults are able to compensate for swallowing changes while wearing HFNC; we suggest that cognition is a critical factor when evaluating patient populations for safe initiation of oral alimentation.
Disturbance observer‐based distributed sliding mode control of multimotor web‐winding systems
Authors: Nian Xiaohong , Fu Xinran , Chu Xiaoyan , Xiong Hongyun , Wang Haibo
Published: December 2019

This study investigates a novel disturbance observer‐based distributed sliding mode control (DOB‐DSMC) strategy for the multimotor web‐winding system in the presence of model uncertainties and external disturbances. First, a disturbance observer is developed for each subsystem to generate the disturbance estimations, which can be incorporated in the controller to counteract the disturbances. After that, by choosing appropriate coordination variables, a DOB‐DSMC is designed, which ensures that the system states converge to the sliding surface in finite time. The proposed controller can not only reduce the effect of coupling between continuous subsystems on states but also restrain the influence of uncertainties and external disturbances. It only requires a smaller control input than linear control. The controller gain matrices are obtained by solving linear matrix inequalities, which are obtained by the control theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, some simulations and experimental tests are performed on the three‐motor web‐winding system to test the performance of the proposed DOB‐DSMC method.
Progress in control and coordination of energy storage system‐based VSG: a review
Authors: Othman Mohd Hanif , Mokhlis Hazlie , Mubin Marizan , Talpur Saifal , Ab Aziz Nur Fadilah , Dradi Mohamad , Mohamad Hasmaini
Published: December 2019

Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is an important concept toward frequency stabilisation of the modern power system. The penetration of power electronic‐based power generation in power grid reduces the total inertia, and thus increases the risk of frequency instability when disturbance occurs in the grid. VSG produces virtual inertia by injecting appropriate active power value to the grid when needed. This virtual inertia can stabilise the grid frequency in case of a power imbalance between generation and loads or any disturbances that affected frequency stability. Its intensive research can see the importance of VSG in inertia control and various intelligent controller techniques. Owing to the importance of VSG in the modern power grid, this study provides a comprehensive review on the control and coordination of VSG toward grid stabilisation in terms of frequency, voltage and oscillation damping during inertia response. A review on the type of energy storage system used for VSG and their benefits is also presented. Finally, perspective on the technical challenges and potential future research related to VSG is also discussed in this study.
Revived fossil plasma sources in galaxy clusters
Authors: Mandal S. , Intema H. T. , van Weeren R. J. , Shimwell T. W. , Botteon A. , Brunetti G. , de Gasperin F. , Brüggen M. , Di Gennaro G. , Kraft R. , Röttgering H. J. A. , Hardcastle M. , Tasse C.
Published: December 2019

It is well established that particle acceleration by shocks and turbulence in the intra-cluster medium can produce cluster-scale synchrotron emitting sources. However, the detailed physics of these particle acceleration processes is still not well understood. One of the main open questions is the role of fossil relativistic electrons that have been deposited in the intracluster medium (ICM) by radio galaxies. These synchrotron-emitting electrons are very difficult to study as their radiative lifetime is only tens of Myr at gigahertz frequencies, and they are therefore a relatively unexplored population. Despite the typical steep radio spectrum due to synchrotron losses, these fossil electrons are barely visible even at radio frequencies well below the gigahertz level. However, when a pocket of fossil radio plasma is compressed, it boosts the visibility at sub-gigahertz frequencies, creating what are known as radio phoenices. This compression can be the result of bulk motion and shocks in the ICM due to merger activity. In this paper we demonstrate the discovery potential of low-frequency radio sky surveys to find and study revived fossil plasma sources in galaxy clusters. We used the 150 MHz TIFR GMRT Sky Survey and the 1.4 GHz NVSS sky survey to identify candidate radio phoenices. A subset of three candidates was studied in detail using deep multi-band radio observations (LOFAR and GMRT), X-ray obserations (Chandra or XMM-Newton), and archival optical observations. Two of the three sources are new discoveries. Using these observations, we identified common observational properties (radio morphology, ultra-steep spectrum, X-ray luminosity, dynamical state) that will enable us to identify this class of sources more easily, and will help us to understand the physical origin of these sources.
Schilddrüse und Schwangerschaft
Authors: Koehler Viktoria Florentine , Auernhammer Christoph Josef , Spitzweg Christine
Published: December 2019

Was ist neu?

Physiologische Anpassungen der Schilddrüsenfunktion in der Schwangerschaft Die Schwangerschaft hat umfangreiche physiologische Auswirkungen auf die Schilddrüse und den Schilddrüsenhormonstoffwechsel. Dies muss bei der Beurteilung der Schilddrüsenlaborparameter unter Beachtung trimenonspezifischer Referenzbereiche sowie bei der Indikationsstellung für den Beginn einer Therapie berücksichtigt werden.

Schilddrüsen-Autoantikörper-positive euthyreote Schwangere Die Auswirkungen subklinischer Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen und/oder positiver Schilddrüsen-Autoantikörper auf die werdende Mutter sowie den Embryo/Feten werden weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert. Bei euthyreoten Schwangeren mit positiven Schilddrüsen-Autoantikörpern kann eine Levothyroxin (LT4)-Substitution, insbesondere bei Abortrezidiven, diskutiert werden.

Subklinische Hypothyreose Die Kombination aus erhöhten Thyreoperoxidase-Antikörpern (TPO-AK) und einer subklinischen Hypothyreose scheint das Risiko für schwangerschaftsassoziierte Komplikationen zu erhöhen, weshalb bei subklinischer Hypothyreose auch unter Berücksichtigung des TPO-AK-Status individuell, jedoch insgesamt großzügig, die Indikation zur LT4-Substitution gestellt wird. Bei einer Substitutionstherapie sollte aber nach der Schwangerschaft die Situation neu evaluiert werden, da viele Mütter keine dauerhafte Schilddrüsenhormongabe benötigen.

Manifeste Hypothyreose Die manifeste Hypothyreose ist immer eine klare Indikation für eine rasche LT4-Gabe mit dem Ziel, möglichst zügig eine Euthyreose zu erreichen.

Hyperthyreose Die häufig im 1. Trimenon auftretende – physiologische, durch humanes Choriongonadotropin (hCG) vermittelte – passagere Verminderung bis hin zur Suppression des Thyreoidea-stimulierenden Hormons (TSH) stellt keine Indikation für Thyreostatika dar. Bei anderen Formen der manifesten Hyperthyreose muss die Indikation für eine thyreostatische Medikation (Propylthiouracil oder Thionamide) in der Schwangerschaft aufgrund von möglichen teratogenen Effekten sowie der Gefahr der Induktion einer hypothyreoten Stoffwechsellage beim Feten sehr streng sowie trimenonspezifisch gestellt werden und erfordert ein interdisziplinäres Management.
Injury Incidence and Workloads during congested Schedules in Football
Authors: Howle Kieran , Waterson Adam , Duffield Rob
Published: December 2019

This study compared injury incidence and training loads between single and multi-match weeks, and seasons with and without congested scheduling. Measures of internal (session-Rating of Perceived Exertion × duration for training/match and % maximal heart rate) and external load (total, low-, high-, and very high-intensity running distances) along with injury incidence rates were determined from 42 players over 3 seasons; including 1 without and 2 (season 2 and 3) with regular multi-match weeks. Within-player analyses compared 1 (n=214) vs. 2-match (n=86) weeks (>75min in matches), whilst team data was compared between seasons. Total injury rates were increased during multi-match weeks (p=0.001), resulting from increased match and training injuries (50.3, 16.9/1000h). Between-season total injury rates were highest when congested scheduling was greatest in season 3 (27.3/1000h) and season 2 (22.7/1000h) vs. season 1 (14.1/1000h; p=0.021). All external load measures were reduced in multi-match weeks (p<0.05). Furthermore, all internal and external training loads were lowest in seasons with congestion (p<0.05). In conclusion, increased injury rates in training and matches exist. Total loads remain comparable between single and multi-match weeks, though reduce in congested seasons. Whether injuries result from reduced recovery, increased match exposure or the discreet match external loads remain to be elucidated.
One-Pot, Metal- and Azide-Free Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles from α-Ketoacetals and Amines
Authors: Zehnder Luke R. , Hawkins Joel M. , Sutton Scott C.
Published: December 2019

An efficient one-pot two-step synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from α-ketoacetals and amines is presented. The method does not use metals, azides, or oxidants, and is compatible with a variety of functional groups, including heterocycles, esters, nitriles, and carbamates.
Evidence-Based Studies and Perspectives of the Use of Brazilian Green and Red Propolis in Dentistry
Authors: Carvalho Claudemir de , Fernandes Wesley Henrique Cabral , Mouttinho Thays Barreto Freitas , Souza Daniela Martins de , Marcucci Maria Cristina , D’Alpino Paulo Henrique Perlatti
Published: December 2019

This review analyzes the evidence and perspectives of dental use of the green and red propolis produced in Brazil by Apis mellifera L. Multiple applications of propolis were found considering its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and healing properties. Its therapeutic effects are mainly due to the presence of alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic acids, aliphatic esters, amino acids, aromatic acids, aromatic esters, flavonoids, hydrocarbyl esters, ethers, fatty acids, ketones, terpenes, steroids, and sugars. Propolis has been mainly used in dentistry in the composition of dentifrices and mouthwashes. Studies have also demonstrated promising use against dentin hypersensitivity, root canal treatment, Candida albicans, and other microorganisms. Overall review of the literature presented here demonstrated that both Brazilian green and red propolis are effective for the problems of multiple etiologies that affect the oral cavity in different dental specialties.
Aspects of Clinical Malpractice in Endodontics
Authors: Alrahabi Mothanna , Zafar Muhammad Sohail , Adanir Necdet
Published: December 2019

The clinical dentistry and endodontic procedures involve very technique-sensitive procedures, therefore exposing the operator to risks of causes not only damage to patients but also leads to malpractice. Among various disciplines of dentistry, endodontics-related cases witness the most frequently filed malpractice claims. This is due to the fact that the endodontic treatment procedures involve operative and surgical procedures, using a variety of medicaments and techniques. The endodontic procedural errors can be preoperative errors (such as incorrect diagnosis and misinterpretation), intraoperative errors including root canal and pulp chamber perforations, ledge formation leading to apical transportation or zipping, hypochlorite accidents, and fracture of instruments. More critically, failure to use rubber dam may result in inhalation or ingestion of endodontic instruments. Under such circumstances, the endodontist may have to face legal consequences. Due to the increased healthcare load and patients’ awareness, it is important to know the legal ramifications of adverse effects, failed restorations, or other complications, to avoid any legal ramifications of endodontic procedures and associated techniques. Therefore, precautions must be taken to prevent any postsurgical complications, patient complaints, and/or failures. For this purpose, the operator must consider ethical principles and adhere strictly to the standards of healthcare while performing the diagnosis and treatment. A referral toward a specialist or consultant endodontist is always an appreciable option and should be considered in the best interest of the patient. The aim of the article is to highlight various aspects of malpractice in clinical endodontics, and associated materials and challenges. In addition, commonly occurring operating errors during endodontic treatment, possible consequences, precautions, and management have been discussed.
Predicting the launch and on-orbit performance of a peripheral driven filter wheel for geosynchronous satellite remote sensors
Authors: Wang Yue , Li Shiqi , Zhang Heng
Published: December 2019

To image optical information in different spectral bands, remote sensors for Earth observation require an active filter-wheel drive mechanism for time-shared switching of the optical path. This paper presents the details of a modeling and testing methodology developed to predict the launch and in-orbit performance of such a filter wheel. The present filter-wheel drive mechanism was designed to achieve a highly precise and stable cut-in and cut-out optical path by means of a large-diameter angular-contact ball bearing driven by a stepper motor. A numerical model is used to analyze the structural dynamic characteristics of the system; mechanical experiments comprising modal, scanning, and microvibration tests are performed to evaluate the launch and in-orbit stability performance; and accelerated life testing of the solid-lubricated bearing is performed to predict its reliability under accelerated conditions. The results indicate that the filter-wheel system has guaranteed structural safety and the required long lifetime. This type of peripheral driven filter wheel with large thin-walled bearings provides a new method for use with large-aperture satellite cameras in space applications.
Production performance of laying hens at peak lay, sulfur compounds in manure, and selected serum profiles: efficacy of Lactobacillus species as probiotics
Authors: Saksrithai K. , Willits N. H. , King A. J.
Published: December 2019

ContextProbiotics have potential to improve health of laying hens, thus improving the overall quality of eggs. AimsA study was conducted to evaluate the use of probiotics containing Lactobacillus species to improve egg quality and serum biochemistry, and to lower the concentration of sulfur-containing gas compounds from poultry manure. MethodsNinety-six White Leghorn W-36 laying hens (32 weeks old) were randomly assigned to two feeding treatments: Control and Control + Probiotics. A combination of probiotics (Lactobacillus paracasei, L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus totalling 1 × 1012 CFU/kg feed) was provided for 8 weeks. At Weeks 0, 4 and 8, eggs were analysed for weight, shell thickness, albumen height and Haugh unit. Faecal matter was analysed for total sulfur, sulfate-sulfur and 20 reduced sulfur compounds. Blood serum was analysed for amylase, calcium, phosphate, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Key resultsNo significant differences were observed between the two treatments for any of the parameters. Five sulfide gases were detected in manure: hydrogen sulfide (H2S), dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S, methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2). Ratios of various detectable gases were computed. Trends for ratios H2S:(CH3)2S, H2S:CS2, and H2S:COS from manure for both treatments were >1, whereas the ratios H2S:CH3SH and (CH3)2S:CH3SH were <1. ConclusionOverall, probiotics did not enhance production, egg quality or the serum profile. ImplicationsPossibly, the concentration of probiotics was too high, limiting bacterial colonisation and beneficial effects.