bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impossibility of ‘Possible’ Worlds
Authors: Harrison Jonathan
Published: July 2002

The gist of these objections to the possible world account of necessity is that, for it to be true, ‘possible’ would have to be a name for an attribute. But to say that something is possible is not to describe it, but to say that there could be such a thing. And possibilities are not classes of entities. Possible worlds have been described as ways, but a way of getting to London from Cambridge is not an entity, and that there is a way is entailed by facts such as that if you travel south along the M3, you will get there.
The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in
depression: an exploration of an evolutionary view
Authors: GILBERT PAUL , ALLAN STEVEN
Published: July 2002

Background. The social rank theory of psychopathology

suggests that with the evolution of social
hierarchies various psychobiological mechanisms became attuned to
the success or failure in conflict
situations. Specifically, subordinates and those who have lost status are

at greater risk of pathology
than winners and those of higher status. In this theory concepts of
defeat and entrapment are seen
to be of special relevance to the study of depression. We outline the
role of defeat and entrapment within the social rank theory of depression.

Methods. New self-report measures of entrapment and defeat
were
developed and used to test
predictions of the social rank theory of depression. Both a sample of
students and depressed patients
were assessed with these new scales and other social rank measures (e.g.
social comparison and
submissive behaviour).

Results. The entrapment and defeat measures were found to
have good psychometric properties and
significantly correlated with depression. They were also strongly associated
with other rank
variables. Defeat maintained a strong association with depression even
after controlling for
hopelessness (r=0·62), whereas the relationship between

hopelessness and depression was
substantially reduced when controlling for defeat. Entrapment and
defeat added substantially to the
explained variance of depression after controlling for the other social
rank variables.

Conclusions. Defeat and entrapment appear to be promising
variables for the study of depression.
These variables may also help to develop linkages between human and animal
models of
psychopathology.
American Editor
Authors: PAYKEL EUGENE
Published: July 2002

Psychological Medicine is proud to announce a major step forward. With this issue Dr Kenneth S.
Kendler joins as American Editor. Dr Kendler will be well known to the readership of Psychological
Medicine. One of the most distinguished of psychiatric genetic epidemiologists, he is Rachel Brown
Banks Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Human Genetics, and Co-Director of
Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics at the Medical College of Virginia,
Virginia Commonwealth University. He has been a contributor of papers to Psychological Medicine
for many years, and a member of the Editorial Board since 1995.

The proportion of papers which we publish from the Americas has been gradually increasing.
They are now nearly one-third of all papers, mostly from the USA. There will be an additional
editorial office in Richmond, Virginia and Dr Kendler will deal with submissions from the
Americas, together with all submissions in psychiatric genetics, whatever their origin. Revised
submission instructions are included in this issue. Our high standards for publication will
continue.

We also announce an additional smaller change. From now on each volume will include eight
rather than six issues. The total number of pages per year will be unchanged, with issues slightly
slimmer and a little more frequent. This will allow us to expedite publication of major papers, has
advantages for the printers, and is similar to the pattern of eight issues per year adopted by what
is now our sister Cambridge University Press publication, the Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry.

With this issue also a loss: after seven years Simon Wessely relinquishes the role of associate
editor and book review editor. We are grateful to him for his many contributions and pleased that
he has agreed to remain as a member of the Editorial Board.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay, Standards and variation
in urban speech: Examples from Lowland Scots. (Varieties
of English around the world, 20). Amsterdam: Benjamins,
1997. Pp. x, 201. Hb $65.00.
Authors: Cameron Deborah
Published: July 2002

The central idea that informs Macaulay's book
is aptly expressed in a passage he quotes from Sapir (1929:214):

Language is primarily a cultural or social product and must
be understood as such ... It is peculiarly important that
linguists, who are often accused, and accused justly, of failure
to look beyond the pretty patterns of their subject-matter, should
become aware of what their science may mean for the interpretation
of human conduct in general. (138)
Dreaming as an active construction of meaning
Authors: Ardito Rita B.
Published: July 2002

Although the work of Revonsuo is commendable for its attempt to use an evolutionary approach to formulate a hypothesis about the adaptive function of dreaming, the conclusions arrived at by this author cannot be fully shared. Particularly questionable is the idea that the specific function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events. I propose here a hypothesis in which the dream can have a different function.

[Revonsuo]
Reasoning strategies in syllogisms: Evidence for performance errors along with computational limitations
Authors: Bucciarelli Monica
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West interpret errors in syllogistic reasoning in terms of computational limitations. I argue that the variety of strategies used by reasoners in solving syllogisms requires us to consider also performance errors. Although reasoners' performance from one trial to another is quite consistent, it can be different, in line with the definition of performance errors. My argument has methodological implications for reasoning theories.
An embodied theory of cognitive development: Within reach?
Authors: Lockman Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2002

Thelen et al. not only offer an important new theoretical account of the Stage 4 object permanence error but provide the foundation of a new theory of cognitive development that is grounded in action. The success of dynamic field theory as a more general account of cognitive functioning, however, will depend on the degree to which it can model more generative capacities that are not limited to simple choice situations. Imitation and problem solving are suggested as two capacities that might be productively modeled within their approach.
Dual oscillations as the physiological basis for capacity limits
Authors: Jensen Ole , Lisman John E.
Published: July 2002

A physiological model for short-term memory (STM) based on dual theta (5–10 Hz) and gamma (20–60 Hz) oscillation was proposed by Lisman and Idiart (1995). In this model a memory is represented by groups of neurons that fire in the same gamma cycle. According to this model, capacity is determined by the number of gamma cycles that occur within the slower theta cycle. We will discuss here the implications of recent reports on theta oscillations recorded in humans performing the Sternberg task. Assuming that the oscillatory memory models are correct, these findings can help determine STM capacity.
Support for grouping-by-synchronization, the context-field, and its mechanisms, but doubt in the use of information theory by the cortex
Authors: Eckhorn Reinhard
Published: July 2002

Our work supports synchronization for binding within Phillips
& Singer's “contextual field” (CF) as well as the
type of its lateral interaction they propose. Both firmly agree with
our “association field” (AF) and its modulatory influences
(Eckhorn et al. 1990). However, the CF connections seem to produce
anticorrelation among assemblies representing unrelated structures,
whereas experimental evidence indicates decoupling. Finally, it is
unclear how the cortex can have access to the logistic function used
in the “coherent infomax” approach.
Nonlinear computation and dynamic cognitive generalities
Authors: Gregson Robert A. M.
Published: July 2002

Although one can endorse the complexity of the data and
processes that Phillips & Singer (P&S) review, their
mathematical suggestions can be compared critically with cases
in nonlinear psychophysics, where the theoretician is faced with
analogous problems. Owing to P&S's failure adequately
to recognise both the intricate properties of nonlinear dynamics in
networks and the constraints of metabolic demands on the temporal
generation of patterns in biological nets their conclusions fail to
meet the problems they properly address.
Is reflex sympathetic dystrophy a valid concept?
Authors: Elam Mikael
Published: July 2002

Patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) affecting
one limb show similar sympathetic traffic in nerves supplying the
affected and unaffected limb, despite unilateral autonomic effector
dysfunction. This argues against the notion that RSD is mediated by a
reflex change in the pattern of sympathetic discharge and underlines
the fact that autonomic effector disturbances give little information
about underlying nerve traffic. [blumberg et al.]
Phenomenal consciousness and what it's like
Authors: Rosenthal David M.
Published: July 2002

Even if A-consciousness and P-consciousness were conceptually
distinct, it is no fallacy for researchers relying on a suitable
theory to infer one from the other. But P-consciousness conceptually
implies A-consciousness – unless one or the other is mere ersatz
consciousness. And we can best explain mental states' being conscious,
in any intuitively natural sense, by appeal to higher-order
thoughts.
Concepts in artificial organisms
Authors: Cangelosi Angelo , Parisi Domenico
Published: July 2002

Simulations with neural networks living in a virtual
environment can be used to explore and test hypotheses concerning
concepts and language. The advantages that result from this approach
include (1) the notion that a concept can be precisely defined and
examined, (2) that concepts can be studied in both nonverbal and
verbal artificial organisms, and (3) concepts have properties that
depend on the environment as well as on the organism's adaptive
behavior in response to the environment.
What can externalism do for psychologists?
Authors: Gopnik Alison
Published: July 2002

I suggest several ways that externalism could influence
psychological theorizing. Externalism could just capture our everyday
intuitions about concepts and meanings. More profoundly, it could
enter into psychology through evolutionary theory, guide our
hypotheses about conceptual abilities, and, most significantly,
it could influence our accounts of learning and conceptual
change.
The source of universal concepts: A view from folk psychology
Authors: Lillard Angeline
Published: July 2002

The evidence Atran uses to support innate biological
principles could just as well support learning, just as in another
realm often cited as a candidate for innate knowledge, “naive
psychology.”
Is factuality a matter of content?
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner argue that there is a hierarchy of forms
of implicit knowledge. One level of their hierarchy involves factuality,
where it may be merely implicit that the state of affairs is supposed to
be a real one rather than something imagined or fictional. I argue that
the factual or fictional status of a thought or utterance cannot be a
matter of concept, implicit or explicit.
Semantic typing via neuronal assemblies
Authors: Kurthen Martin
Published: July 2002

One of the main aspects of a neurobiological theory of
language is the problem of meaning (or semantic content) in the brain.
A full explanation of meaning requires a combined approach to semantic
typing and the semantic success of cerebral states or processes.
Pulvermüller presents his Hebbian model of language in the
brain (HML) as an account of semantic success. If his proposal turns
out to be viable, however, it may also promote a theory of semantic
typing.
How is maternal survival related to reproductive success?
Authors: Wang X. T. , Hertwig Ralph
Published: July 2002

Campbell's target article is a stimulating attempt to
extend our understanding of sex differences in risk-taking behaviors.
However, Campbell does not succeed in demonstrating that her
account adds explanatory power to those (e.g., Daly & Wilson
1994) previously proposed. In particular, little effort was made to
explore the causal links between survival (staying alive) and
reproduction.
Bounded hyperbolic components of quadratic rational maps
Authors: EPSTEIN ADAM LAWRENCE
Published: July 2002

Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a hyperbolic component of quadratic rational maps possessing two distinct attracting cycles. We show that $\mathcal{H}$ has compact closure in moduli space if and only if neither attractor is a fixed point.
The Hausdorff dimension of bounded geodesics on geometrically finite
manifolds
Authors: STRATMANN B.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we study the set of bounded geodesics on a general,
geometrically finite $(N+1)$-manifold of constant negative
curvature. We obtain the result that the Hausdorff dimension of
this set is equal to $2 \delta$, where $\delta$ denotes the
exponent of convergence of the associated Kleinian group.
The proof of this shows, in particular, that if the group has
parabolic elements, then the set of limit points which are badly
approximable with respect to the parabolic fixed points has
Hausdorff dimension equal to $\delta$.
A heteroclinic bifurcation of Anosov diffeomorphisms
Authors: ENRICH HEBER
Published: July 2002

We study some diffeomorphisms in the boundary of the set of Anosov diffeomorphisms mainly from the ergodic viewpoint. We prove that these diffeomorphisms, obtained by isotopy from an Anosov $f:M \mapsto M$ through a heteroclinic tangency, determine a manifold ${\cal M}$ of finite codimension in the set of $C^r$ diffeomorphisms. We prove that any diffeomorphism $F$ in ${\cal M}$ is conjugate to $f$; moreover, there exists a unique SRB measure for $F$, and $F$ is Bernoulli with respect to this measure. In particular, if the dimension of $M$ is two, and $\mu $ is a volume element, we prove that the isotopy can be taken such that the measure is preserved.
A rigidity theorem for manifolds without conjugate points
Authors: CROKE CHRISTOPHER B. , KLEINER BRUCE
Published: July 2002

In this paper we show that some nonsimply connected manifolds without conjugate points exhibit rigidity phenomena similar to that studied in [BGS, section I.5]. This is a companion paper to [Cr-Kl1] that deals with the simply connected case. In particular, we show that one cannot make a nontrivial, compactly supported, change to a complete flat metric without introducing conjugate points.
Joseph P. Ward, Metropolitan Communities: Trade Guilds, Identity, and Change in Early Modern London. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. v + 203 pp. $45.00 cloth.
Authors: Como David
Published: July 2002

Joseph P. Ward's study explores the extensive but largely untapped
early modern records of London's trade guilds (known as livery companies).
In many respects, his work is intended as a corrective to previous
interpretations, which followed a time-honored Enlightenment tradition. These
tended to portray the guilds as hidebound, even retrograde institutions,
committed to perpetuating urban oligarchies through various arbitrary controls
whose ultimate effect was merely to dampen economic development. Ward seeks to
deflate this commonplace view by revealing the inner workings of the livery
companies and by examining their role in shaping the lives and identities of
working Londoners during a period of immense economic and demographic
upheaval.
Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. xi + 336 pp. $18.95 paper.
Authors: Barrett James R.
Published: July 2002

Few episodes in North American working-class history have attracted as
much attention as the rise and fall of the Molly Maguires. The term refers to a
secret movement of Irish miners who employed threats and violence in confronting
their adversaries in the anthracite coal fields in the decade after the US Civil
War. Most interpretations have been ideologically charged and focused mainly on
the violence itself, beginning with sensational newspaper accounts and Alan
Pinkerton's own book based on information from his operative James
McParland who infiltrated the movement. At least one study, J. Walter
Coleman's The Molly Maguire Riots (Richmond, 1936), showed a
healthy skepticism for McParland's biased sources—Pinkerton and
others who were more interested in hanging the Molly Maguires than in
understanding them. In The Molly Maguires (New York, 1983 [1964]),
however, Wayne Broehl, Jr., developed the more typical view that the Mollies
were terrorists and the Pinkertons heroes. Though he handled the evidence less
critically than Coleman, it is Broehl's account that has been viewed as the
standard, perhaps the definitive account for more than a generation. With all
this work and much more, why do we need another study of the Molly Maguires and
what is it that makes Kevin Kenny's by far the most valuable treatment of
them?
Time-optimal motions of robotic manipulators
Authors: Galicki Miroslaw , Uciński Dariusz
Published: July 2002

An approach to planning time-optimal collision-free motions of robotic

manipulators is presented. It is based on using a negative

formulation of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle which handles efficiently various

control and/or state constraints imposed on the manipulator motions, which

arise naturally out of manipulator joint limits and obstacle avoidance.

This approach becomes similar to that described by Weinreb and

Bryson, as well as by Bryson and Ho if no

state inequality constraints are imposed. In contrast to the penalty

function method, the proposed algorithm does not require an initial

admissible solution (i.e. an initial admissible trajectory) and finds manipulator

trajectories with a smaller cost value than the penalty function

approach. A computer example involving a planar redundant manipulator of

three revolute kinematic pairs is included. The numerical results are

compared with those obtained using an exterior penalty function method.
Ultrasound speed compensation in an ultrasonic robot tracking system
Authors: Kuang W. T. , Morris A. S.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a novel method for

ultrasound speed compensation in ultrasonic robot tracking. It employs optimization

algorithms to estimate the best value of the ultrasound speed

for every computation of the robot end-effector position. Compared with

the other existing method for ultrasound speed compensation, this method

has the advantage that no extra equipment is required to

monitor the environment conditions (temperature etc.). The simulation, which is

described at the end of this paper, shows that the

real trajectory is extracted with very good precision from a

set of distorted data caused by serious ultrasound speed drifting.
A model-based error recovery scheme for a multi-robot system
Authors: Woo Moon Chan , Hee Lee Beom
Published: July 2002

A work cell with multiple robots increases manufacturing flexibility and productivity. Robots in the work cell equipped in a sparse area usually share a motion path, resources and workspace. In this paper, an embedded Markov chain model for a multi-robot system that has a common workspace is constructed on the basis of the concept of a multi-processor system. With the presented model, we measure the performance of error recovery schemes under different workloads and analyze the sensitivity of the execution time with respect to the robot speed. We verify the presented model with an experimental multi-robot work cell. This study is useful in evaluating the performance of a robotic work cell and presents a guide for designing a complex work cell.
An adaptive locating problem for robotic grasping
Authors: Portman V. , Slutski L. , Edan Y.
Published: July 2002

The paper addresses a problem of “in-hand” locating parts of different shapes in robotic grasping. The goal of the process is to locate a part

of an arbitrary shape from an imprecisely determined initial position within a gripper to a final prescribed one. Two possible approaches to solve the problem are considered: non-adaptive, using ordinary rigid jaws of gripper and, adaptive, using an adaptive jaw

which improves the performance of the locating process. The latter approach is proposed to be solved by a new type of grasping mechanism. Its theoretical analysis enables to obtain formal conditions for part behavior during the successive steps of the locating process. This process was simulated and then experimentally investigated on an actual gripper model. The proposed new class of mechanisms opens a promising avenue to the creation of a practical class of universal robotic grippers for industry.
Discrete-event modelling, simulation and control of a distributed manipulation environment
Authors: Naghdy Fazel , Anjum Naeem
Published: July 2002

Conventional robotics has proved to be inflexible and non-generic. The concept of Distributed Manipulation Environment (DME) is introduced to overcome some of these shortcomings. This concept proposes a distributed approach to robotics and flexible automation. The work is concerned with modelling, simulation and event based control of DME. The modelling, conducted both at the atomic and the coupled level, is quite generic and provides a framework for static and dynamic behaviour analysis of DME systems. The simulation models serve as a mean of performance evaluation of the system on a computer before the actual implementation in real time. The event-based controller provides a simple and robust control scheme. The controller, itself, can be tested, validated and finely tuned through simulation before implementation. The feasibility of the modelling technique is demonstrated through a case study.
Manoeuvring highly redundant manipulators
Authors: Conkur E. Sahin , Buckingham Rob
Published: July 2002

A task based approach to the issue of redundant robots starts from the
premise that there are obstacles that cannot be removed from the working area
and which therefore must be avoided. This statement produces the requirement for
a device with a certain degree of mobility, and stresses the need to ensure that
the aim is twofold: reach the goal and avoid obstacles. But avoiding obstacles
is not the same objective as keeping as far away from an obstacle as possible;
the primary goal is still to reach the target. In fact humans use soft contact
to reach targets that are at the periphery of their reach. This soft distributed
contact has the effect of smoothing the surface of the object and hence there is
an element of only being interested in obstacle detail at the appropriate scale
to achieve the task.

This paper describes a new approach to collision
avoidance based on using a global path finding algorithm, in this case using
Laplacian potential fields, in conjunction with a simple local geometrically
based algorithm for avoiding obstacles and maximising the use of manoeuvring
space in a manner which is not limited by digital computation resolution issues.
This extra technique is in some ways analogous to the human soft contact
approach.

Three examples are presented to illustrate the robustness of
the algorithm. In order to be able to compare results with other techniques, an
environment measurement scheme is defined which gives an indication of the
difficulty of the trajectory being followed.
Neural network and fuzzy logic techniques based collision avoidance for a mobile robot
Authors: Zhang Minglu , Peng Shangxian , Meng Qinghao
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with a mobile robot reactive navigation in an
unknown cluttered environment based on neural network and fuzzy logic.
Reactive navigation is a mapping between sensory data and commands without
planning. This article's task is to provide a steering command letting a
mobile robot avoid a collision with obstacles. In this paper, the authors
explain how to perform a currently perceptual space partitioning for a mobile
robot by the use of an ART neural network, and then, how to build a
3-dimensional fuzzy controller for mobile robot reactive navigation.
The results presented, whether experimented or simulation, show that our
method is well adapted to this type of problem.
Manipulator Inverse Kinematics using an Adaptive Back-propagation Algorithm and Radial Basis Function with a Lookup Table
Authors: Morris A. S. , Mansor M. A.
Published: July 2002

This is an extension of previous work which used an
artificial neural network with a back-propagation algorithm and a lookup
table to find the inverse kinematics for a manipulator arm
moving along pre-defined trajectories. The work now described shows that
the performance of this technique can be improved if the
back-propagation is made to be adaptive. Also, further improvement is
obtained by using the whole workspace to train the neural
network rather than just a pre-defined path. For the inverse
kinematics of the whole workspace, a comparison has also been
done between the adaptive back-propagation algorithm and radial basis function.
A simplified hybrid force/position controller method for the walking robots
Authors: Song Jun , Low K.H. , Guo Weimiao
Published: July 2002

Force and position sensors have been widely used in robots to realize compliance and precise control. Traditional force/position control methods were studied and developed by the inverse dynamics for decades. Generally speaking, the controller contains two parts: One is the error-driven part that guarantees system stability; another is the identification model of inverse dynamics that can compensate for system influence. In practical control engineering, a system inverse dynamics or its identification model is not easy to obtain, even when using nonlinear estimation methods. Moreover, the complicated control algorithm cannot be implemented in on-board microprocessors because of the limited speed and memory. Thus, a simplified control method using a forward system model is introduced in this paper. Since the direct dynamics of the system can be more easily obtained than the inverse dynamics, this, in turn, simplifies the control structure and increases control speed. Therefore, the
proposed control policy has a wider practical application.
Two novel approaches for unmanned underwater vehicle path planning: constrained
optimisation and semi-infinite constrained optimisation
Authors: Wang Yongji , Lane David M. , Falconer Gavin J.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, two novel approaches to unmanned underwater vehicle path planning are presented. The main idea of the first approach, referred to as Constrained Optimisation
(CO) is to represent the free space of the workspace as a set of inequality constraints using vehicle configuration variables. The second approach converts robot path planning into a Semi-infinite Constrained Optimisation (SCO) problem. The function interpolation technique is adopted to satisfy the start and goal configuration requirements. Mathematical foundations for Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), Boolean operations and approximation techniques are also presented to reduce the number of constraints, and to avoid local minima. The advantages of these approaches are that the mature techniques developed in optimisation theory which guarantee convergence, efficiency and numerical robustness can be directly applied to the robot path planning problem. Simulation results have been presented.
SURVEILLANCE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Meikle Susan F. , Danel Isabella , Wilcox Lynne S.
Published: July 2002

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published the first Assisted
Reproductive Technology (ART) Pregnancy Success Rate Report in 1997. This
article presents a description of the law that initiated the public report, a
description of the surveillance system used to accumulate data for the report,
and some of the results from ART cycles intitiated in 1995.
PAMIDRONATE FOR THE PREVENTION OF SKELETAL- RELATED EVENTS IN MULTIPLE
MYELOMA
Authors: Dranitsaris George
Published: July 2002

Multiple myeloma is a disorder of the bone marrow that is associated with
bone pain and osteolytic lesions. These complications can lead to the
development of pathologic fractures and severe patient morbidity. However, the
results of a recent randomized trial in patients with multiple myeloma
demonstrated that single 90 mg monthly doses of pamidronate as an adjunct to
chemotherapy reduced the incidence of skeletal-related events and improved
patients' quality of life. A cost-benefit analysis using an ex-ante
insurance willingness-to-pay (WTP) approach was conducted from a Canadian
societal perspective to estimate the net cost or benefit of prophylactic
pamidronate therapy for patients with multiple myeloma. This included direct
costs for drug administration and hospital savings secondary to avoiding
skeletal-related events. One hundred Canadian taxpayers were then interviewed
to ascertain their maximum WTP for the benefits of pamidronate. The WTP survey
instrument was simple to administer and easily understood by participants.
Respondents stated that they would be willing to pay an average of Can $3,364
(95% CI: $2,096, $4,632) as an income tax increase to be paid over their
lifetime for the value offered by the product. The benefit was then subtracted
from the overall cost of nine monthly doses of pamidronate ($4,153) producing
a net societal cost of $789 per patient (95% CI: (−$479, $2,057). The
administration of monthly pamidronate therapy in multiple myeloma patients
produces a situation of cost neutrality (societal benefits = costs).
Additional clinical trials to identify high-risk patient subgroups that would
most benefit from the drug are needed.
USING APPROPRIATE COMPARISONS IN ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS
Authors: Van Tiggelen Olivier , Storme Guy , Torfs Koen , Van den Berge Dirk
Published: July 2002

This paper considers standard effective treatments for non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma and early breast cancer in premenopausal women. The literature
assesses the treatments' effectiveness, and expected charges for
different treatments in the context of the Belgian Health Insurance System are
compared. Ovariectomy in breast cancer (770 ECU) and conventional chemotherapy
in non-Hodgkin (2,745 lymphoma ECU) prove equally effective and are less
costly in comparison with chemotherapy (1,904 ECU) in breast cancer or
chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (19,262 ECU) in
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Further unbiased insights in competitive
treatments' costs and outcome could save money and enhance developments
in cancer care.
TESTING FOR EMBEDDABILITY BY STATIONARY REVERSIBLE CONTINUOUS-TIME
MARKOV PROCESSES
Authors: Florens Jean-Pierre , Renault Eric , Touzi Nizar
Published: July 2002

Given an observation of a discrete-time process
{Yi,i = 0...n}
assumed to be Markov, stationary, and time reversible, we develop
a (conservative) test procedure of embeddability by a continuous-time
reversible Markov process. The test statistic is derived
from a set of moment inequality restrictions implied by
the spectral properties of such continuous-time processes.
Most interesting is that the embeddability condition of
interest is a direct extension of the well-known embeddability
problem by a two-state Markov chain. Empirical experiments
show that the embeddability hypothesis is rejected more
frequently for exchange rate daily data than for stock
indices data.
Seed cleaning of Cupania vernalis (Sapindaceae) by ants: edge effect in a highland forest in south-east Brazil
Authors: Guimarães Jr Paulo Roberto , Cogni Rodrigo
Published: July 2002

The integrity of ecological interactions, such as pollination and seed dispersal,
has been recognized as important for long-term conservation of biodiversity
(Asquith et al. 1999, Buchmann & Nabhan 1997, Howe 1984, Pizo 1997). This
is illustrated by the fact that the loss of large-bodied animals like birds and
mammals after habitat fragmentation can result in population changes or even
extinction of many plant species (Silva & Tabarelli 2000). In the absence of
primary seed dispersers (vertebrates), the importance of invertebrates such as
ants, that can carry or clean seeds, probably increases.
Chemical defences of fruits and mast-fruiting of dipterocarps
Authors: Numata Shinya , Kachi Naoki , Okuda Toshinori , Manokaran N.
Published: July 2002

Mast-fruiting is the intermittent and synchronous production of large fruits
by a population of plants at long intervals (Herrera et al. 1998, Kelly 1994).
Several hypotheses have been proposed concerning the adaptive advantages of
mast-fruiting (Janzen 1971, 1974; Kelly 1994), and some field observations have
provided evidence for these hypotheses (Norton & Kelly 1988, Shibata et al.
1998, Sork 1993). The predator-satiation hypothesis is one well-known explanation for reproductive synchrony in plants and animals (Janzen 1971, 1974; Kelly
1994). This hypothesis claims that mast fruiting at irregular intervals of several
years is an effective means of satiating vertebrate fruit predators: low seed
production can only support low densities of predators during the periods
between mast-fruiting events, but more fruits are produced than predators can
consume in masting years (Janzen 1971, Kelly 1994). Thus, it may be said that
mast-fruiting is a defence strategy of plants against post-dispersal vertebrate
fruit predators.
Belief revision: from theory to practice
Authors: DRAGONI ALDO FRANCO
Published: July 2002

Belief revision is the process of rearranging a knowledge base to preserve global consistency whilst accommodating incoming information. Early approaches to belief revision used symbolic model theoretic methods, considering the problem as one of changi
ng a logical theory. More recent approaches have adopted qualitative syntactic methods, taking them into the area of truth maintenance systems, and numerical mathematical methods, thus moving into the mainstream literature of uncertainty management. Multi
-agent systems, in which information may come from a variety of human and artificial sources with different degrees of reliability, seem to be a natural domain for belief revision. The aim of this paper is to give a synoptic perspective of this composite
subject from the clear air of the high theoretical peaks down to the muddy plain of practical algorithms.
The application of computers to generate organic syntheses
Authors: HENDRICKSON JAMES B.
Published: July 2002

A major task of organic chemistry is the synthesis of compounds of interest (“targets”) from available starting compounds. We address here the generation by computer of the best synthesis routes, or sequences of reactions, to such compounds. The number of possible routes in the search space is enormous and so the reasoning is examined in some detail, leading to a protocol for the operation of our program, SYNGEN, which has been under development for some years. It requires a new representation of the data – molecular structures and their reactions – which is digital in format and quite unlike the usual graphical depictions of organic chemistry. This is presented as a problem in artificial intelligence, and every effort has been made to present it with a minimum background of organic chemistry required of the reader.
Rationality in Multi-Agent Systems
Authors: BINMORE KEN , CASTELFRANCHI CRISTIANO , DORAN JAMES , WOOLDRIDGE MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

This report is the result of a panel discussion at the Second UK Workshop on Foundations of Multi-Agent Systems (FOMAS'97). All members of the panel are authors, listed alphabetically.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION ON SECOND
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.Rick de Graaff. Leiden: Holland Institute of
Generative Linguistics, 1997. Pp. 234. NLG 40 paper.
Authors: Kupferberg Irit
Published: July 2002

Is there an interface between explicit and implicit knowledge in L2 acquisition? Rick de
Graaff's doctoral dissertation tests this question in an experimental study from a weak
interface position. This position indicates that explicit knowledge has a facilitative role in the
acquisition of implicit knowledge when it engages the attention of learners and makes them
notice input features (Schmidt, 1990). De Graaff studies the effect of explicit computer-aided
self-instruction on the acquisition of morphosyntax in Experanto (an artificial language, based on
Zamenhoff's Esperanto) and Spanish (as a foreign language) by adult native speakers of
Dutch. Acquisition is tested in interaction with five intervening factors that constitute a
controlled linguistic, psychological, and pedagogic context (i.e., complexity of structures,
rule-based learning in syntax and exemplar-based learning in morphology, familiarity with the
structures, availability of explicit knowledge, and learners' aptitude). Experanto is chosen
to control for the influence of previous knowledge and contact outside class, and Spanish is
chosen to make the results more generalizable.
INTERLANGUAGE AND LEARNABILITY: FROM CHINESE TO
ENGLISH.Virginia Yip. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995. Pp. xvi + 247. $65.00
cloth.
Authors: Yuan Boping
Published: July 2002

Interlanguage and Learnability, the published version of Yip's doctoral
dissertation, examines some salient aspects of Chinese speakers' English Interlanguage
(CIL) with insights from the Principles and Parameters Theory and research in language
typology. On the basis of the Subset Principle and the notion of preemption, the book addresses
learnability questions of how the second language learner progresses or fails to progress in the
acquisition of English. The author has presented the book carefully and logically with the goal of
readability in mind, which makes the book accessible to an audience interested in second
language research but with little theoretical background or knowledge of Chinese linguistics.
Another commendable quality of the book is the author's ability to interrelate CIL features
that can easily be wrongly treated as separate and independent and analyze them in a holistic
way.
BILINGUAL EDUCATION: TEACHERS' NARRATIVES.Nancy
Lemberger. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. ix + 206. $24.95 paper.
Authors: Paulston Christina Bratt
Published: July 2002

Nancy Lemberger's Bilingual education: Teachers' narratives is an
interesting book, although probably not to SLA-type scholars. Bilingual education is
written “to inform preservice and veteran teachers about the field of bilingual education
on a very personal level” (back cover), presumably to be used as a text.
Babies, buzzsaws and blueprints: commentary on review article by Sabbagh & Gelman
Authors: MENN LISE
Published: July 2002

The review article by S&G seems to me to take a very useful stance:
basically friendly but gently quizzical. My linguistics doctoral seminar gave
their review the same reception; we enjoyed many of the insights but
thought that a few of the assumptions, mostly ones that are common in
certain types of language acquisition studies, should be respectfully
challenged.
A characterization of the Petersen-type geometry of the McLaughlin group
Authors: BAUMEISTER B. , IVANOV A. A. , PASECHNIK D. V.
Published: July 2002

The McLaughlin sporadic simple group McL is the flag-transitive automorphism
group of a Petersen-type geometry [Gscr ] = [Gscr ](McL) with the diagram

diagram here

where the edge in the middle indicates the geometry of vertices and edges of the
Petersen graph. The elements corresponding to the nodes from the left to the right
on the diagram P33 are called points,
lines, triangles and planes, respectively. The residue in [Gscr ] of a point is the
P3-geometry [Gscr ](Mat22) of the Mathieu group of degree
22 and the residue of a plane is the P3-geometry [Gscr ](Alt7)
of the alternating group of degree 7. The geometries [Gscr ](Mat22) and
[Gscr ](Alt7) possess 3-fold covers [Gscr ](3Mat22) and
[Gscr ](3Alt7) which are known to be universal. In this paper we show that [Gscr ] is simply
connected and construct a geometry [Gscr ]˜ which possesses a 2-covering onto [Gscr ]. The
automorphism group of [Gscr ]˜ is of the form 323McL;
the residues of a point and a plane are isomorphic to [Gscr ](3Mat22) and
[Gscr ](3Alt7), respectively. Moreover, we reduce the classification problem of all
flag-transitive Pmn-geometries
with n, m [ges ] 3 to the calculation of the universal cover of [Gscr ]˜.
Feminism and Performance:
A Post-Disciplinary Couple
Authors: Case Sue-Ellen
Published: July 2002

Feminist studies resulted from activist challenges to the very institutionalization of knowledge. Feminist studies, like studies of performance imagine their ground in embodied actions performed, somehow, socially, breaking down disciplinary boundaries to create a ‘field’ of study regarded as ‘interdisciplinary’. However, the term ‘post-disciplinary’, now in current usage, announces a different relationship to fields of study than the earlier term ‘interdisciplinary’ might connote. ‘Interdisciplinary’ is a term that signals a sense of a unified field, produced through the historical convergence of subcultures, social structures, and training practices. ‘Post-disciplinary’ retains nothing of the notion that a shared consciousness, or a shared objective, brings together a broad range of discrete studies. Instead, it suggests that the organizing structures of disciplines themselves will not hold. Only conditional conjunctions of social and intellectual forces exist, at which scholarship and performance may be produced.
Exploring decisions' influence on life-cycle performance
to aid “design for Multi-X”
Authors: BORG JONATHAN C. , YAN XIU-TIAN , JUSTER NEAL P.
Published: July 2002

The problem addressed in this paper is that design
decisions can have a propagation effect spanning multiple
life-phases influencing life-cycle metrics such as cost,
time, and quality. It introduces a computational framework
of a “Knowledge of life-cycle Consequences (KC) approach”
aimed at allowing designers to foresee and explore effectively
unintended, solution specific life-cycle consequences (LCCs)
during solution synthesis. The paper presents a phenomena
model describing how LCCs are generated from two fundamentally
different conditions: noninteracting and interacting synthesis
decision commitments. Based on this understanding, the
KC approach framework has been developed and implemented
as a Knowledge-Intensive CAD (KICAD) tool named FORESEE.
The framework consists of three frames: an artefact life
modelling frame, an operational frame, and an LCC knowledge
modelling frame. This paper focuses on the knowledge modelling
frame, composed basically of synthesis elements, consequence
inference knowledge, and consequence action knowledge.
To evaluate the influence of design decision consequences
on artefact life-phases, cost, time and quality performance
measures are used within the frame. Using these metrics,
the life-cycle implications of a decision can be instantly
updated and fully appreciated. An evaluation of the approach
was carried out by applying FORESEE to thermoplastic component
design. The results provide a degree of evidence that the
approach integrates the activity of component design synthesis
with the activity of foreseeing artefact life issues including
fluctuations in life-cycle metrics. This makes the approach
fundamentally different from the conventional approach
in which first a candidate design solution is generated
and then, at a penalty of extra time, an analysis of the
solution for conflicts with artefact life issues is carried
out. The framework thus provides a significant step towards
the realization of a “Design Synthesis for Multi-X”
approach to component design, although further work is
required to exploit practically its utilization.
On combinatorial design spaces for the configuration design
of product families
Authors: SIDDIQUE ZAHED , ROSEN DAVID W.
Published: July 2002

For typical optimization problems, the design space of interest
is well defined: It is a subset of Rn,
where n is the number of (continuous) variables. Constraints
are often introduced to eliminate infeasible regions of this space
from consideration. Many engineering design problems can be formulated
as search in such a design space. For configuration design problems,
however, the design space is much more difficult to define precisely,
particularly when constraints are present. Configuration design spaces
are discrete and combinatorial in nature, but not necessarily purely
combinatorial, as certain combinations represent infeasible designs.
One of our primary design objectives is to drastically reduce the effort
to explore large combinatorial design spaces. We believe it is imperative
to develop methods for mathematically defining design spaces for
configuration design. The purpose of this paper is to outline our
approach to defining configuration design spaces for engineering design,
with an emphasis on the mathematics of the spaces and their combinations
into larger spaces that more completely capture design requirements.
Specifically, we introduce design spaces that model physical connectivity,
functionality, and assemblability considerations for a representative
product family, a class of coffeemakers. Then, we show how these spaces
can be combined into a “common” product variety design space.
We demonstrate how constraints can be defined and applied to these spaces
so that feasible design regions can be directly modeled. Additionally, we
explore the topological and combinatorial properties of these spaces. The
application of this design space modeling methodology is illustrated using
the coffeemaker product family.
Genotypic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from milk of dairy cows with mastitis in Argentina
Authors: BUZZOLA F. R. , QUELLE L. , GOMEZ M. I. , CATALANO M. , STEELE-MOORE L. , BERG D. , GENTILINI E. , DENAMIEL G. , SORDELLI D. O.
Published: July 2002

Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent pathogen causing mastitis of dairy ruminants. This study was developed to ascertain the genotypes and genealogical relationship among strains isolated from milk of bovines with mastitis in Argentina. Molecular epidemiological analysis of S. aureus was performed on 112 isolates from 21 districts. Clonality was assessed by SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, automated EcoRI ribotyping and restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid (REAP) DNA profiles. A total of 22 band patterns distributed in four clusters were found by SmaI PFGE analysis. The similarity of clusters 2, 3 and 4 with cluster 1 was 0·73, 0·69 and 0·33, respectively, and 101 of 112 isolates belonged in cluster 1. PFGE band patterns from 42 isolates within cluster 1 were indistinguishable from each other (type A). The second largest group of isolates with indistinguishable PFGE band patterns was subtype A11, which was composed of 19 isolates. Automated ribotyping assigned the 112 isolates into 13 ribotypes. Among these, the most prevalent ribotypes I and VI were composed of 49 and 35 isolates respectively. Although there was certain correspondence between PFGE genotypes and ribotypes, further discrimination was achieved by combining both methods. REAP DNA profile analysis was useful to provide even further discrimination between isolates with identical PFGE genotype and ribotype. The most prevalent S. aureus strains A/I and A11/VI were widely distributed in the country and were not restricted to individual nearby locations. Prevalence of these two strains varied consecutively within a period of 8 years. Whether the shift in type prevalence was due to selection of a phenotypic trait remains undisclosed.