bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of indium oxide nanoparticle film surfaces with ozone, oxygen and water
Authors: Himmerlich M. , Eisenhardt A. , Berthold T. , Wang Ch. Y. , Cimalla V. , Ambacher O. , Krischok S.
Published: January 2016

The interaction of defect‐rich nanocrystalline indium oxide films, which have previously shown to exhibit excellent ozone sensing properties, with O3, O2, and H2O molecules is investigated using ultra‐violet and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The investigated samples are grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at low temperatures resulting in high oxygen deficiency and high defect density. The ozone‐induced surface oxidation and UV‐induced photoreduction mechanisms of the ozone sensor active material are evaluated with respect to surface stoichiometry and electronic properties including adsorbate features, band bending and surface dipole formation. A strong interaction with ozone and water is found, whereas the interaction with O2 is relatively weak. In all cases the interaction results in the same negatively charged oxygen adsorbate species, which can either be removed by UV light or by annealing resulting in the capability of these films to be used in reversible adsorption induced oxidation and UV/thermal reduction cycles.
The GIGG‐EnKF: ensemble Kalman filtering for highly skewed non‐negative uncertainty distributions
Authors: Bishop Craig H.
Published: January 2016

Observations and predictions of near‐zero non‐negative variables such as aerosol, water vapour, cloud, precipitation and plankton concentrations have uncertainty distributions that are skewed and better approximated by gamma and inverse‐gamma probability distribution functions (pdfs) than Gaussian pdfs. Current Ensemble Kalman Filters (EnKFs) yield suboptimal state estimates for these variables. Here, we introduce a variation on the EnKF that accurately solves Bayes' theorem in univariate cases where the prior forecasts and error‐prone observations given truth come in (gamma, inverse‐gamma) or (inverse‐gamma, gamma) or (Gaussian, Gaussian) distribution pairs. Since its multivariate extension is similar to an EnKF, we refer to it as the GIGG‐EnKF or GIGG where GIGG stands for Gamma, Inverse‐Gamma and Gaussian. The GIGG‐EnKF enables near‐zero semi‐positive‐definite variables with highly skewed uncertainty distributions to be assimilated without the need for observation bias inducing log‐normal or Gaussian anamorphosis nonlinear transformations. In the special case that all observations are treated as Gaussian, the GIGG‐EnKF gives identical results to the original EnKF. A multi‐grid‐point and multi‐variable idealized system was used to compare and contrast the data assimilation performance of the GIGG with that of both the perturbed observation and deterministic forms of the EnKF. This test system featured variables and observation types whose uncertainty distributions approximate Gaussian, gamma and inverse‐gamma distributions. The normalized analysis error variance of the GIGG ensemble mean was found to be significantly smaller than that of the EnKFs. The higher moments of the analysed ensemble distributions were tested by subjecting the ensemble members to nonlinear ‘forecast’ mappings. The normalized mean square error of the mean of the corresponding GIGG forecast ensemble was found to be less than a 3rd of that obtained from either form of the original EnKF.
Certainty and Uncertainty in Framing the Risks and Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing in the Colorado News Media
Authors: Blair Benjamin D. , Weible Christopher M. , Heikkila Tanya , McCormack Larkin
Published: January 2016

Oil and gas development using hydraulic fracturing is an industrial activity that can impose risks to some communities and benefits to others. How policymakers permit, regulate and monitor hydraulic fracturing can be influenced by differing perceptions of the risks and benefits. The media can play a critical role in portraying these perceptions. This article examines how the news media covers different risks and benefits of hydraulic fracturing, which actors are associated with those risks and benefits, and how actors use certainty and uncertainty with risks and benefits. To explore these questions, we coded 198 articles from three Colorado newspapers. The analysis shows differences by newspaper in the coverage of the risks and benefits, particularly the economic and public health themes. The results also show that industry representatives argue for the benefits and safety of hydraulic fracturing with certainty; environmental groups highlight the risks of hydraulic fracturing with similar levels of certainty and uncertainty; and the general public expresses both the benefits and risks, but with greater uncertainty. The results illuminate how people may perceive hydraulic fracturing differently depending on the news media sources and how different actors may use certainty and uncertainty as a strategy to influence the policy process.
Protocells: Modular Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle‐Supported Lipid Bilayers for Drug Delivery
Authors: Butler Kimberly S. , Durfee Paul N. , Theron Christophe , Ashley Carlee E. , Carnes Eric C. , Brinker C. Jeffrey
Published: January 2016

Mesoporous silica nanoparticle‐supported lipid bilayers, termed ‘protocells,’ represent a potentially transformative class of therapeutic and theranostic delivery vehicle. The field of targeted drug delivery poses considerable challenges that cannot be addressed with a single ‘magic bullet’. Consequently, the protocell has been designed as a modular platform composed of interchangeable biocompatible components. The mesoporous silica core has variable size and shape to direct biodistribution and a controlled pore size and surface chemistry to accommodate diverse cargo. The encapsulating supported lipid bilayer can be modified with targeting and trafficking ligands as well as polyethylene glycol (PEG) to effect selective binding, endosomal escape of cargo, drug efflux prevention, and potent therapeutic delivery, while maintaining in vivo colloidal stability. This review describes the individual components of the platform, including the mesoporous silica nanoparticle core and supported lipid bilayer, their assembly (by multiple techniques) into a protocell, and the combined, often synergistic, performance of the protocell based on in vitro and in vivo studies, including the assessment of biocompatibility and toxicity. In closing, the many emerging variations of the protocell theme and the future directions for protocell research are commented on.
Comparative study: How annealing and heat‐moisture treatment affect the digestibility, textural, and physicochemical properties of maize starch
Authors: Liu Hang , Lv Manman , Wang Lijing , Li Yunlong , Fan Huanhuan , Wang Min
Published: January 2016

In this study, we investigated the effects of annealing (ANN) and heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) on the in vitro digestibility, textural, and physicochemical properties of maize starch. Both modification methods did not affect the typical “A”‐type XRD pattern of maize starch. However, the amylose content, relative crystallinity, water absorption capacity, and gelatinization temperature of maize starch significantly increased following modification, while the peak viscosity, hardness, adhesiveness, and gelatinization enthalpy decreased. Both the solubility and swelling power, which were temperature dependent, progressively decreased following ANN and HMT treatments. Compared to native starch, modified maize starch had higher contents of slowly digested starch and resistant starch, lower content of rapidly digested starch, and reduced hydrolysis. These results revealed that ANN and HMT treatments efficiently modified the in vitro digestibility, textural, and physicochemical properties of maize starch.
Peer-led live research demonstrations: challenging medical student misconceptions about research
Authors: O’Connor Stuart , Clarke Alexander Kenneth
Published: January 2016

Modern health care provision is now fundamentally evidence based, meaning competency in academic medicine is integral to medical training. The Integrated Academic Training pathway provides focussed training in this area at a postgraduate level but no such provision exists at an undergraduate level. A number of peer-led academic societies have emerged across the UK to provide education and support for undergraduates but there is little evidence about the type of peer-led interventions that are effective. We report here the findings of one such peer-led organization, the Warwick Academic Medicine Society. We found that traditional educational interventions, including didactic lectures and small-group teaching, are effective at inspiring students regarding academic medicine but poor at translating this enthusiasm into sustained involvement in research. We find this disparity to be centred on misconceptions amongst students regarding the time and skills required to meaningfully contribute to a research project. Further, we introduce the concept of the Live Research Demonstration (LRD), a novel peer-led educational intervention which aims to address these misconceptions and improve involvement of students in research. Initial pilots of the LRD concept have shown significant promise and we recommend a larger trial across multiple localities to confirm its educational benefits.
Relevance of progesterone receptor immunohistochemical staining to Oncotype DX recurrence score
Authors: Chaudhary Lubna N. , Jawa Zeeshan , Szabo Aniko , Visotcky Alexis , Chitambar Christopher R.
Published: January 2016

Objective/Background:

Progesterone-receptor negativity (PR–) is predictive of adverse outcomes in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. The Oncotype DX assay provides risk stratification for hormone receptor-positive (HR+) invasive breast cancer; however, the association of PR status and Oncotype DX recurrence scores (RSs) is less clear.

Methods:

We designed an analysis to determine whether a significant difference exists in the RS for ER+/PR– tumors when compared with ER+/PR+ breast cancer. Three hundred and fifty patients with HR+ invasive breast cancer who underwent Oncotype DX testing at our institution from December 2006 to October 2013 were included. We also examined the concordance in the HR status reported by immunohistochemical (IHC) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, F test, t test, and chi-square tests. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine significant predictors of Oncotype DX RS.

Results:

A total of 301 patients had ER+/PR+ tumors and 47 patients had ER+/PR– tumors by IHC. PR– tumors had a significantly higher RS than PR+ tumors (24.7 ± 8.53 vs. 17.3 ± 7.38; p < .001), predicting a greater 10-year risk of distant recurrence. Multivariate linear regression showed PR status and tumor grade to be significant predictors of Oncotype DX RS (p < .0001). A total of 284 patients had HR status reported by Oncotype DX assay. Concordance between IHC and RT-PCR was 99.3% for ER and 88.7% for PR.

Conclusion:

Our study shows that ER+/PR– breast cancer tumors are associated with a significantly higher Oncotype DX scores; this interprets into a higher risk of recurrence. Our data also show that the concordance between IHC and RT-PCR was 99.3% for ER and lower at 88.7% for PR.
Wilms tumor
Authors: Rabeh Wissam , Akel Samir , Eid Toufic , Muwakkit Samar , Abboud Miguel , Solh Hassan El , Saab Raya
Published: January 2016

Objective/background:

Management of Wilms tumor (WT) in children depends on a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, and outcomes have significantly improved as reported by cooperative group clinical trials. Here, we review the clinical outcomes of patients with WT and identify challenges and barriers encountered in multidisciplinary management outside of cooperative clinical trials.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 35 children with WT treated between April 2002 and June 2013 at the Children's Cancer Institute in Lebanon.

Results:

Upfront resection was performed in 23 cases. Biopsies were performed for Stage V tumors (n = 4), those with unresectable tumors or inferior vena caval thrombus (n = 5), and patients who had partial surgery performed elsewhere prior to presentation (n = 2). One patient died due to toxicity prior to surgery. The tumor was Stage I in eight patients, Stage II in five patients, Stages III and IV in nine patients each, and bilateral (Stage V) in four patients. Adherence to The National Wilms Tumor Study-5 recommendations was adequate. At the time of analysis, 30 patients were free of disease and four patients had relapse-all having metastatic disease initially.

Conclusion:

The National Wilms Tumor Study-5 therapy resulted in favorable outcomes in children with nonmetastatic Wilms tumor in the setting of a multidisciplinary approach to therapy and resolution of financial barriers to medical care. Upstaging due to prior intervention and lung radiation therapy to all those with computed tomography-detected lung nodules may both have resulted in overtreatment of a subset of patients. Finally, the relatively high incidence of bilateral tumors suggests the need for further genetic and molecular studies in this patient population.
Functional studies on circulating and disseminated tumor cells in carcinoma patients
Authors: Alix‐Panabières Catherine , Bartkowiak Kai , Pantel Klaus
Published: January 2016

Despite numerous clinical studies indicating the clinical relevance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow of cancer patients, the functional properties of these cells are largely unknown. The focus of this review is to emphasize how functional studies on viable CTCs and DTCs can enlarge the spectrum of applications of “liquid biopsies”. The low number of CTCs in the peripheral blood and DTCs in the bone marrow and the fact that carcinoma cells are difficult to culture are major challenges. Significant advances in the in vitro and in vivo expansion of CTCs and DTCs from cancer patients have been achieved, which enable us now to study the functional properties of these cells. Here, we discuss published data about functional studies on CTCs and DTCs using in vitro cultivation and in vivo xenograft models. Functional analyses on CTCs and DTCs offer the possibility to identify the metastasis‐initiating cells. Moreover, CTC‐derived cell lines and xenografts might point to new therapeutic targets and can be used for drug development.
A survey of knowledge and views concerning genetic and amyloid positron emission tomography status disclosure
Authors: Ott Brian R. , Pelosi Marissa A. , Tremont Geoffrey , Snyder Peter J.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

This survey characterizes viewpoints of cognitively intact at‐risk participants in an Alzheimer Prevention Registry if given the opportunity to learn their genetic and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) status.

Methods

A total of 207 participants were offered a 25‐item survey. They were asked if they wished to know their apolipoprotein E (APOE) and amyloid PET status and if so, reasons for wanting to know, or not, and the effects of such information on life plans.

Results

One hundred sixty‐four (79.2%) of the registrants completed the survey. Among those who were unaware of their APOE or amyloid PET results, 80% desired to know this information. The most common reasons for wanting disclosure were to participate in research, arrange personal affairs, prepare family for illness, and move life plans closer into the future. When asked if disclosure would help with making plans to end one's life when starting to lose their memory, 12.7% versus 11.5% responded yes for APOE and amyloid PET disclosures, respectively. Disclosure of these test results, if required for participation in a clinical trial, would make 15% of the people less likely to participate. Likelihood of participation in prevention research and the desire to know test results were not related to scores on brief tests of knowledge about the tests.

Discussion

These results suggest that stakeholders in AD prevention research generally wish to know biological test information about their risk for developing AD to assist in making life plans.
Impact of Changes in Urine Culture Ordering Practice on Antimicrobial Utilization in Intensive Care Units at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Sarg Mohamed , Waldrop Greer E. , Beier Mona A. , Heil Emily L. , Thom Kerri A. , Preas Michael Anne , Johnson J. Kristie , Harris Anthony D. , Leekha Surbhi
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

To assess antimicrobial utilization before and after a change in urine culture ordering practice in adult intensive care units (ICUs) whereby urine cultures were only performed when pyuria was detected.

DESIGN

Quasi-experimental study

SETTING

A 700-bed academic medical center

PATIENTS

Patients admitted to any adult ICU

METHODS

Aggregate data for all adult ICUs were obtained for population-level antimicrobial use (days of therapy [DOT]), urine cultures performed, and bacteriuria, all measured per 1,000 patient days before the intervention (January–December 2012) and after the intervention (January–December 2013). These data were compared using interrupted time series negative binomial regression. Randomly selected patient charts from the population of adult ICU patients with orders for urine culture in the presence of indwelling or recently removed urinary catheters were reviewed for demographic, clinical, and antimicrobial use characteristics, and pre- and post-intervention data were compared.

RESULTS

Statistically significant reductions were observed in aggregate monthly rates of urine cultures performed and bacteriuria detected but not in DOT. At the patient level, compared with the pre-intervention group (n=250), in the post-intervention group (n=250), fewer patients started a new antimicrobial therapy based on urine culture results (23% vs 41%, P=.002), but no difference in the mean total DOT was observed.

CONCLUSION

A change in urine-culture ordering practice was associated with a decrease in the percentage of patients starting a new antimicrobial therapy based on the index urine-culture order but not in total duration of antimicrobial use in adult ICUs. Other drivers of antimicrobial use in ICU patients need to be evaluated by antimicrobial stewardship teams.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):448–454
Yeast hydrolysate product enhances ruminal fermentation in vitro
Authors: Kettunen H. , Vuorenmaa J. , Gaffney D. , Apajalahti J.
Published: January 2016

The present study examined the mode of action of a patented Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast hydrolysate product (YHP) on the fermentation of bovine rumen in vitro. Three experiments were conducted. Fresh fluid from rumen-cannulated dairy cows was used as an inoculum to ferment a mixture of grass silage and concentrate feed with or without YHP. The first two experiments were batch fermentations of 12–24 h duration while the third experiment was a semi-continuous fermentation of six days. Production of gas, concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial cell density and pH were measured from the fermentation medium as a function of time. In experiment 1, YHP dose-dependently stimulated the production of gas, and increased the density of microbial cells and concentration of SCFAs. Experiment 2 studied the effect of YHP on the ruminal fermentation using three ratios of concentrate feed to grass silage (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25). Both YHP and the elevated proportion of concentrate in the feed mixture significantly increased the production of gas, microbial populations and SCFAs, including propionic acid, by the ruminal microbiota. In experiment 3, YHP increased the concentration and relative proportion of propionic acid in the fermentation medium. YHP stimulated the rate of microbial fermentation of bovine ruminal microbiota, indicated by the effects on gas and SCFA production and microbial mass in these experiments. In particular, YHP increased the production of propionic acid. These results, which were likely due to modulation of microbial community by YHP, suggest that YHP enhances bovine ruminal fermentation and may thus improve the performance of these animals.
A multiphase model for compressible granular–gaseous flows: formulation and initial tests
Authors: Houim Ryan W. , Oran Elaine S.
Published: January 2016

A model for predicting the behaviour of a compressible flow laden with shocks interacting with granular material has been developed and tested. The model consists of two sets of coupled Euler equations, one for the gas phase and the other for the granular phase. Drag, convective, heat transfer and non-conservative terms couple the two sets of governing equations. Intergranular stress acting on the grains is modelled using granular kinetic theory in dilute regimes where particle collisions are dominant and frictional–collisional pressure in dense regions where layers of granular material slide over one another. The two-phase granular–gaseous model, as a result, is valid from dilute to densely packed granular regimes. The solution of these nonlinearly coupled Euler equations is challenging due to the presence of the non-conservative nozzling and work terms. A numerical technique, based on Godunov’s method, was designed for solving these equations. This method takes advantage of particle incompressibility to simplify the nozzling terms. It also uses the observation that a Riemann problem is valid in the region where gas can flow between particles and can be used to provide a physically accurate approximation of the non-conservative terms. The model and solution method are verified by comparisons to test problems involving granular shocks and two-phase shock-tube problems, and they are validated against experimental measurements of shock and dense particle-curtain interactions and transmitted oblique granular shocks.
The Stone Age of Palestine
Authors: Garrod Dorothy A. E.
Published: January 2016

The archaeology of Palestine, though far less spectacular than that of its neighbours, Egypt and Iraq, can always rely on a certain public outside the circle of specialists. Even the most uninspiring potsherds, if they are dug up in Jericho or Samaria, are invested with a certain glamour by their association with Joshua or Ahab, and the hope of unearthing the Ark of the Covenant or the tomb of David has inspired more than one forlorn venture. Until recent years, however, the Stone Age of Palestine, which receives no adventitious help from association with the Bible, has suffered from neglect. It is true that a considerable amount of surface material was collected, and the names of Pére Germer-Durand, Pére Vincent, Pére Mallon and Dr Paul Karge stand out as pioneers of prehistoric studies in this region, but until 1925 no systematic excavation had taken place. Ten years ago an article on the prehistory of Palestine would have been a very brief affair; today it is difficult to compress into a limited space all there is to say, so rich has this small country proved in the short time that excavation has been carried out.
The Problem of the Hermes of Olympia
Authors: Cuttle W. L.
Published: January 2016

Praxiteles worked from perhaps about 370 B.C. to about 330 B.C. : he was a prolific sculptor, both in bronze and marble. To him was ascribed the chief part in the introduction of a psychological interest into Greek statues, whereby they became individual rather than typical : he exaggerated the slimness and the curvature of the human body, and employed in a certain measure the technique of impressionism. These general characteristics were long recognized in a number of copies of his works, which were much appreciated by the Romans.

About A.D. 174 Pausanias, compiling his guide-book to Greece, visited Olympia and saw there in the Heraeum a marble group which he described as a ‘Hermes carrying the infant Dionysos : the work of Praxiteles’. This is the only reference in ancient literature to such a work by that sculptor.
The Magic of Columba
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: January 2016

Columba was the virtual founder of the Church of Scotland, and the life by his successor Adamnan has almost the authority of a contemporary document. The author naturally extols the prowess of his hero ; and it is by no means easy to discern the real man through the hagiographical haze that now surrounds him. Opinions have differed widely, but all are agreed that he was quick-tempered. ‘Primitive Irish ecclesiastics, and especially the superior class, commonly known as Saints, were very impatient of contradiction, and very resentful of injury. Excommunication, fasting against, and cursing, were in frequent employment, and inanimate as well as animate objects are represented as the subject of their maledictions. St. Columba, who seems to have inherited the high bearing of his race, was not disposed to receive injuries, or even afionts, in silence. Adamnan relates (Lib. 11, cap. 22) how he pursued a plunderer with curses, following the retiring boat into the sea until the water reached to his knees. We have an account (Lib. 11, cap. 20) also of his cursing a miser who neglected to extend hospitality to him.
Forts and Farms on Margam Mountain Glamorgan
Authors: Cyril  , Fox Aileen
Published: January 2016

The progress of archaeology in Britain, as elsewhere, depends on excavation. This is a commonplace; but a more leisurely approach to that final arbitrament than is usually adopted would, we think, be advantageous. Until an area is studied, its visible antiquities planned, the evidence afforded by their geographical and topographical relationships weighed, the natural environmental conditions—forest and open country—assessed, and resultant possibilities discussed, the selection of particular sites for excavation in that area is premature. The following account of a field survey of a limited area in Glamorgan is a practical expression of this point of view.
Mr Myres on Saxon London: a reply
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: January 2016

This is where Mr Myres and I don our cardboard armour, rattle our wooden sabres, and join battle to the death or tea-time.

Let me parry blow by blow, and, first, that one about the street-plan. I give that precedence because Mr Myres is (relatively) so serious about it. He regards the ‘chaos of curvilinear lanes’ which is the medieval street-plan of London as, above all, a ‘piece of positive evidence’ which makes any survival of Roman London through the Dark Ages ’extremely improbable’. As Mr Myres well knows, this argument goes back through William Page to Noah, and the only surprising thing about it is that Mr Myres should still find himself using it in this year of grace. The reply, in part at least, is almost equally ancient, but has never perhaps been developed as fully as the argument appears to deserve.
Ur Excavations: a review
Authors: Speiser E. A.
Published: January 2016

In recent years Ur has figured prominently and often as an important witness of the Great Flood of prehistoric times. But whatever may have been the cause and extent of that particular upheaval, it appears that the ancient city perished, paradoxically enough, for lack of water. A sudden shift in the course of the Euphrates probably doomed to desiccation the strip of land on which Ur had risen to become at length a powerful royal centre. That fitful whim of a lazy river may be placed at some period near the end of the pre-that time, however, Ur had endured for perhaps apsr leo-nCgh arsis ftiivaen m eirlale. nnBiay. Nothing short of a natural catastrophe, it would appear, could bring to a close a career of such heroic proportions.
Excavations at Olbia, Crimea
Authors: Field Henry
Published: January 2016

Systematic excavations at Olbia, begun in 1896, from the very outset aroused much interest in all parts of the world. The collection of Olbian exhibits occupy a prominent place in the departments of the Hermitage, the Historical Museum in Moscow and many other museums of the USSR. Olbian collections, some of them of considerable size, are also represented in the largest museums of Germany, France, the United States and other countries.

In 1921, by decision of the government of the Ukrainian SSR, the territory of Olbia, located twenty miles from Nikolaiev, was declared a State preserve. A by-road, which branches off from the main highway leading to Odessa, brings one to Porutino village on the banks of the Bug river.
Sheep and Swine in the Husbandry of Prehistoric Europe
Authors: Clark Grahame
Published: January 2016

Since the classic work of Rütimeyer (1) and others on the fauna of the Swiss lake villages was first undertaken nearly a century ago, a vast amount of information has been assembled about the livestock of the prehistoric farmers of north-western and central Europe. Interest at first centred on distinguishing breeds of the various species in the hope of defining the routes by which farming spread from its early homelands into the European continent. In recent years more attention has been paid to the light which can be thrown on the economy of prehistoric communities through a study of their livestock : among the chief points which it has been sought to establish are the age at which various species were normally slaughtered, the relative proportions of wild and domestic forms and the proportions in which the different species of livestock were maintained by the people under investigation.
The Beginning of History: a Film
Authors: Hawkes Jacquetta
Published: January 2016

It was early in 1944 that the production of a film on British prehistory was agreed upon at the Ministry of Education. It may be that war conditions made it easier I to get this unorthodox project adopted—the attention of a possible opposition was distracted. Nevertheless it is remarkable that in the middle of a war two Government departments (the Ministry of Information is the producing agency) should undertake a work apparently so unpractical and so little urgent. It would have been interesting to be present in the Admiralty office in the then very strictly prohibited area of the Orkneys when the request came through for a permit for a film director to visit the island’s prehistoric monuments. He was permitted. If there is a racial generalization which has some truth, it is that the English are a tolerant people.
Hoshi-No-Tama
Authors: Riddell W. H.
Published: January 2016

Mani, the Sacred Jewel (Shansi in Chinese; Shinshi in Japanese) is that one of the Sapta Rapta (Seven Treasures) which is the emblematic symbol of the Buddha and his doctrine. Defined as a supernatural pearl, spherical, self-luminous, and of unfading lustre, it sheds a brilliant light on all its surroundings and is therefore an appropriate simile for the Enlightenment which Buddhists seek. In the Iconography of the Far East this fabulous gem is an attribute of several persons in the Ruddhist hierarchy; the principal one being K'shitigarhba (Chin: Ti Sang, Jap: Jizo Bosatsu) who is the Bodhisattva of Compassionate Help in the same way that Avalokitesvara (Chin: Kwanyin, Jap: Kwannon) is the Bodhisattva of Mercy. The latter may at times be shown as a holder of the Jewel—see for an example, the well-known Yumadono Kwannon of Horiuji (1)—but more often her chosen attribute is a slender vase. One of the sixteen Arhats (Chin: Lohan, Jap: Rakan) is also represented holding the Sacred Jewel in his hand. This is Panthaka, the tenth on the list, whose constant companion is a Dragon—the divinely appointed guardian of the Gem. Sometimes a Dragon alone holds the Gem in his claw: sometimes the Gem appears in solitary splendour with two Dragons in the role of heraldic supporters on either side. The illusion that they are fighting for it (like the Lion and Unicorn) is due to the querulous expression Dragons habitually wear, and not necessarily to rivalry.
Rock-paintings from the Libyan Desert. An Appendix to Dr H. A. Winklers's ‘Rock-drawings of Southern Upper Egypt II’
Authors: Peel R. F.
Published: January 2016

The two volumes of rock-drawings from southern Upper Egypt collected by Dr H. A. Winkler, and published by the Egypt Exploration Society, together form a work of the utmost interest and importance to all interested in the archaeology and ethnology of North Africa. In the first volume, published in 1938, Dr Winkler included a selection of the material collected from the deserts east of the Nile and from the Nile valley itself. In the second volume, just published, the drawings and paintings are all from the deserts west of the Nile and cover three main regions : first the edges of the Nile valley itself from Qena to Aswan ; secondly the regions between the Nile and Kharga; and thirdly certain parts of the central Libyan Desert towards the extreme south-western frontiers of Egypt, in particular the mountain ‘ desert oasis ’ of Gebel ’Uweinat.
Kilwa: a Review
Authors: Glueck Nelson
Published: January 2016

Transjordanien: voregneschichtliche Forschungen, edited by Hans Rhotert, with contributions by Prof. Franz M. Th. Böhl and Dr K. Willman. pp. XII, 251, 63 photographs, 294 line-drawings and 3 maps. Verlag Strecker und Schröder, Stuttgart, 1938.

During December 1932, a joint expedition of the Transjordan Department of Antiquities, and the American School of Oriental Research, Jerusalem, under the direction of Mr and Mrs George Horsfield and the reviewer, undertook a trip of archaeological reconnaissance through the desert of eastern Transjordan from Mafrak to Kilwa. The existence of ruins at Kilwa was known to us, and they formed the ultimate objective of our journey. Gertrude Bell seems to have been the first European to have visited these ruins on her way to Hayil in 1914, merely recording the fact in her Letters. We were able to establish the fact that the buildings there belonged to a Christian community of c. A.D. 1000. They housed a monastic settlement, marked also by numerous small cells in the vicinity of the main buildings, which existed in the midst of a Moslem world. The early Christian settlement at Kilwa was well situated.
Archaeology in the Philippines
Authors: Sullivan Michael
Published: January 2016

Little more than thirty years ago, when a
writer was invited to contribute an article to an
encyclopaedia on the Stone Age in the Philippines,
it was possible for the American Museum of Natural
History to inform him that, so far as was known,
there was no Stone Age in the Philippines. That
the position has so greatly altered during the
last three decades is largely due to the
indefatigable efforts of an American collector and
ethnologist, Professor H. Otley Beyer, to whom we
chiefly owe such systematic archaeological surveys
as have been carried out in the archipelago. Much
of his work, however, remains unpublished or is
not generally available, so there may be some
value in a short summary of what archaeology has
revealed of the cultural history of the
Philippines during these three decades.
Over-Taxation and the Decline of the Roman Empire
Authors: Jones A. H. M.
Published: January 2016

Rarely in recorded history has there been a louder and more persistent chorus of R complaint against the taxes than under the later Roman Empire. Already under Diocletian (284-305) Lactantius declares that the burden was intolerable, and under Justinian (527-565) Procopius raises the same lament. Nor was it only the taxpayers who complained. Valentinian III in 444-5 publicly admitted that ‘if we claim these expenses from the landowner in addition to what he pays already, such an exaction will crush his last feeble strength: if again we demand them from the merchants, they will inevitably sink under the weight of such a burden.’
New World Origins : A Reappraisal
Authors: Chard Chester S.
Published: January 2016

It has been the general assumption that all the oldest New World cultures were direct importations from Asia–more specifically, from Siberia–and that the prototypes for their distinctive features must be sought in this latter area. A number of successive migrations by very different groups have been taken for granted to account for the varied archaeological picture in Palaeo-Indian times, to say nothing of the subsequent linguistic and physical diversity, but any contacts with the Old World on the Neo-Indian horizon have been generally viewed with suspicion. No specific evidence in support of this viewpoint has ever been adduced, it is true, but so long as Siberia remained a terra incognita, it was assumed that the proofs must be there, awaiting only the spade of the excavator. The proposition was argued, as it were, on the grounds of historical necessity.
New World Origins Seen from the Old World
Authors: Bushnell Geoffrey , McBurney Charles
Published: January 2016

The last few years have seen a rapid advance in our knowledge of the early inhabitants of America, not of their bones, which are still elusive, but of the ways in which they lived and the things they made and used. The appearance of two important publications gives occasion for a brief review of the present state of the problem and how it appears from outside.

Dr Wormington’s book is a new edition of an old friend, which is, like its predecessors, indispensable to anyone who wants to keep up with the material. It gives concise factual accounts of a large number of finds ; it aims at inclusiveness rather than selection, and the material is becoming rather overwhelming in volume, but the evidence, or lack of it, for dating a site is always clearly set out and the reader has no difficulty in picking out those which are really significant. Wormington can now divide her material into Palaeoeastern and Palaeowestern Traditions, of which more will be said below, as well as a Palaeonorthern one which has not yet been proved to be so early in date. Professor Jennings’ monograph had not been published when her book appeared, but she had an idea of its significance from progress reports. It describes the excavation of three caves in western Utah, of which by far the most important is Danger Cave ; the evidence is fully but rather naïvely set out, and it would have gained by being more concisely expressed.
An Archaeological Study-tour in China, 1958
Authors: Needham Joseph
Published: January 2016

The general situation in archaeology in China today is one of enormous expansion. Intensive training of specialists is going on, so that it is possible to have teams accompany the builders of the great public works (roads, railways, canals, etc.) in order to deal scientifically with any remains which may be unearthed. Every large city in China now has a good historical and archaeological museum and the number of these is rapidly being extended to the smaller towns as well.
Dental Pathology and Archaeology
Authors: Emery G. T.
Published: January 2016

This investigation has been carried out to determine if any useful archaeological information can be obtained from the pathological features to be found in ancient human dentitions. Variations in dental decay, attrition, ante-mortem loss of teeth, and malocclusion have been observed in skulls from the Neolithic to Anglo-Saxon periods. Diet has been shown to be a major factor in the aetiology of dental disease and since diet is also related to social conditions it ought to be possible to derive some information from teeth concerning culture.

An intractable difficulty in this study is that the skeletal remains of the more ancient civilizations are comparatively rare (n. 1). The material that does exist is often unsatisfactory because of fragmentary condition and sometimes inadequate excavation reporting. Data has to be derived from small samples which may give a misleading picture. Another difficulty lies in the definition of pathological features; for example, the term malocclusion allows broad interpretation which has resulted in wide variations in frequencies observed. In this case specialist orthodontists tend to find a much greater incidence for a particular period than less experienced operators (n. 2). Post-mortem changes may also confuse the picture since in some soils erosion occurs which may simulate caries. Archaeological samples are nearly always drawn from widely differing backgrounds so that the size of the sample and the length of the period it represents may vary greatly. Brinch and Moller-Christensen say it is quite unjustifiable to compare results drawn from such samples (n. 3).
Frankish Royal Tombs in the Cathedrals of Cologne and Saint-Denis
Authors: Werner Joachim
Published: January 2016

The centuries between A.D. 400 and 800, which make the transition between Antiquity and the Middle Ages, are sparsely documented and have often been called by the English the ‘Dark Ages’, the dark centuries of Western European history. This paucity of written historical sources is greatly to be regretted, for these were decisive centuries for the formation of European society and in them occurred events whose results are to be seen even to the present day. The Roman Empire with its ancient civilisation collapsed; the countries on the southern shore of the Mediterranean went over to Islam; the Slavs settled in the Balkans, North-Central Europe, and the territory around the Danube as far as Austria; and these Danube-lands came under the domination of the Mongolian Avars.
Air Reconnaissance: Recent Results
Authors: Joseph J. K. St.
Published: January 2016

The two photographs (PL. XXXVIIw) hich are the subject of this note were obtained during reconnaissance sponsored by the Committee for Aerial Photography of the University of Cambridge. Both photographs record monuments apparently unnoted before. The first lies on the chalk of the Yorkshire wolds, in Burton Fleming parish (TA 097707), 2 miles north of Rudston (PL. XXXVII (a)). An oval enclosure defined by a broad ditch (dark) and bank (light coloured) is seen by differential growth of barley. A visit to the site after the field had been reaped established that the enclosure is plainly visible on the surface. The bank is much spread by ploughing: but still rises to a height of nearly 4 ft. above the level platform that it encloses.
The Azmak Mound in Southern Bulgaria
Authors: Georgiev Georgi
Published: January 2016

The Azmak settlement mound has T a very favourable position: it is situated in the midst of a fertile plain, surrounded on three sides by marsh land, from which it takes its name, Azmak being the Bulgarian for marsh. It is 7.94 m. high, with a diameter at its base of 80 m.; it covers an area of 5,500 sq. m.

The excavations between 1960 and 1963 yielded no less than 10,000 finds, mainly from the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods. The thickness of the accumulated cultural levels was 7-5 m., of which 3 m. belonged to the Neolithic period and 4-5 m. to the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. The 3 m. belonging to the Neolithic period consisted of six building levels, five of which can be attributed to the culture known as Karanovo I, and the sixth, much destroyed, to the culture known as Karanovo 111, especially as known from the Jassa Tepe I level at Plovdiv.
The Finglesham Man
Authors: Hawkes Sonia Chadwick , Davidson H. R. Ellis , Hawkes Christopher
Published: January 2016

The buckle (PL. Iva) was found during the latest season of excavation on the site of the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Finglesham [I]. It has not yet been sent for laboratory treatment, but though some of its constructional details are obscured by the corrosion of the bronze backplate, all its other surfaces, including the underside of the loop and tongue and the edges of the ornamental plate, have been protected during the long centuries underground by a layer of very good, bright yellow, gilding. As it lay in the grave, indeed, the metal gleamed with very nearly the incorruptible brilliance of gold itself, and the front of the buckle has since needed only the gentlest of washing to be revealed in its present smooth, glossy and almost unflawed state. The ornament of the plate, thus perfectly preserved in its pristine condition, could at once be seen as something out of the common, and something of the greatest interest for students not only of Germanic art and archaeology, but of Germanic religion and mythology too.
Prehistoric Art in the Gebel el-Akhdar (Cyrenaica)
Authors: Paradisi Umberto
Published: January 2016

In June 1964 some prehistoric rock-engravings of great interest and skilful execution were discovered in the Cyrenaican Gebel. They are the first works of rock-cut art of early prehistoric style found in this region after more than 30 years of research and survey carried out by Italian and English scholars in the field of prehistoric archaeology. In 1959 I had the opportunity of visiting several caves and shelters on the very steep rock walls of the widiàn notching the Gebel, and on the two big escarpments of this plateau facing north towards the Mediterranean. In none of the cavities thus explored have I found prehistoric art, except in a single case—of no absolute certainty—consisting of some line-engravings.

In the spring of 1964 I was informed of the existence of some rock-drawings of animals in a cave not far from Cyrene, and some weeks later I went to this site. No doubts about the authenticity of these engravings can be entertained, since, as we shall see, some of them are partially covered with stalactitic concretions.
Neolithic Painted Ware in the Adriatic
Authors: Bray Warwick
Published: January 2016

The neolithic pottery of peninsular Italy is known in England chiefly through Stevenson's classic paper of 1947 which established the sequence of styles in Apulia, and the Sicilian material through the work of Bernabò Brea [I]. Neither of these studies paid much attention to the Abruzzo-Molise region where Rellini had published material from Ripoli as long ago as 1934 [2] and where more recent work by Radmilli and his associates has provided new information about the local neolithic cultures. Excavations along the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia have led to the definition of the new cultures of Hvar and Danilo, and three painted ware provinces can now be recognized: ApuIia-Sicily, the Abruzzo, and Dalmatia. All three regions border the Adriatic and each was at some time in contact with the others (FIG. I).

The best starting-point is still south Italy where the sequence from impressed ware, through red-paintedfasce largheplus scratched, to black-bordered red bands (Capri) and finally Serra d'Alto remains valid, except in the region of Foggia where Trump has established a rather different local sequence [3].
The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: January 2016

The first indication of the 3rd temple's existence appears in the work of the 3rdcentury author Solinus. Writing of Britain he describes the hot springs, evidently at Bath, which he says are presided over by Minerva, in whose temple burns a perpetual fire. The work of Solinus was known to Geoffrey of Monmouth, from whom the idea of the existence of the temple passed into the minds of medieval historians. By the time of the later topographers, Camden, Guidott and Stukeley, the tradition was firmly established and it was further believed that the Temple lay beneath the Abbey church.

The first major archaeological discoveries were made in the autumn of 1790, when the western part of the Pump Room, fronting on to Stall Street, was rebuilt [I]. The new foundations, dug to a depth of 12 ft., were laid upon a Roman pavement and during the work a large quantity of sculptured stonework was recovered, including parts of two major monuments, the Pediment and the Faqade of the Four Seasons. In addition a flight of steps was noted, but no precise details or locations were recorded. Englefield, who visited the works at the time, informs us that on the Roman structures 'the foundation of the present new buildings is laid; and it will of course be for a long time covered from future excavations' [2]. In December 1964. during the recent series of research excavations,. the steps and part of the paving were again uncovered.