bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IFI16 induces inflammation in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Glomerulonephritis by Regulating the Caspase-1 /IL-1ß pathway
Authors: Liu Li , Zhao Xiuhua , Xie Shuangshuang , Li Cheng , Guo Yue , Liu Xiaoyan , Li Qiang , du wenjun
Published: July 2021

Aims & backgroundIFI16 plays an important role in innate immunity against invasive microbial infection by sensing double-stranded DNA viruses due to caspase-1-dependent inflammasome activation and subsequent maturation and secretion of IL-1β. However, the role of IFI16 in regulating the immune response to viruses in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Glomerulonephritis(HBV-GN), especially in sensing the hepatitis B virus (HBV), has not been determined. In this study,, we investigated the inflammatory role of IFI16 in HBV-GN.MethodsA total of 75 kidney tissues including 50 HBV-GN and 25 chronic glomerulonephritis (CCN) were collected to determine expression of IFI16, Caspase-1, and IL-1𝛽 by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and then the correlation between them was analyzed. In vitro, the overexpression or knockdown of IFI16 in regulating the immune response to HBV infection in the human glomerular mesangial (HGM) cell line and HEK-293T cell line. Quantitative Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to determine the expression of IFI16, Caspase-1 and IL-1β. The role effect of IFI16 in vivo was further investigated.ResultsIFI16 expression in HBV-GN biopsies (80.0%) was significantly higher than in CGN (24.0%) and was positively correlated with caspase-1 and IL-1𝛽 expression in HBV-GN. In vitro, over expression of IFI16 increased caspase-1 and IL-1𝛽 expression in HBV-infected HGM and HEK-293T cell lines, whereas knockdown of IFI16 mRNA by siRNA resulted in downregulation of the caspase-1 and IL-1𝛽 expression in both cell lines.ConclusionsThe elevation of IFI16 during HBV infection or replication may contribute to renal damage due to inflammation, thus providing a putative therapeutic target and a new avenue for studying the pathogenesis of HBV-GN.
Untargeted Metabolomic Profiles of Thai Herbal Sahatsatara Formula by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ziangchin Natchaya , Vannabhum Manmas , Thepnorarat Puthida , Akarasereenont Pravit
Published: July 2021

Thai herbal Sahatsatara formula (STF) has been used for more than three decades to relieve musculoskeletal pain, numbness and anti-flatulence in Thai traditional medicine (TTM). STF composed of 21 ingredients. Black pepper is the major constituent in this formula. Previous studies revealed that piperine was used for quality control assessment of STF. However, only one biomarker is not enough to assure quality determination of the poly-herbal medicine. In this work we established untargeted metabolomic profiling of STF using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and identification compounds with Traditional Chinese medicine (TCMs) library in UNIFI software. STF was extracted three concentrations. The untargeted metabolomics profiles of STF were represented A total of 21 natural products were detected in in all STF extract concentrations both positive and negative ionization modes Additionally, there were discovered new chemical markers for quality control. Moreover, the method was simplifying and reproducibility.
A Study on Corporate Governance Disclosures in Selected Housing Finance Companies in India
Authors: Margana Suguna , Paluri Sheela.p.
Published: July 2021

Every company across the globe today focuses on basic principles of good corporate governance for performing efficiently and to enhance their valuation in the market. A good corporate can generate the source of attracting capital, foreign investment, investors’ trust, confidence, and also take advantage of the vibrant stock market. Corporate governance is a code of business conduct and ethics that would greatly benefit the companies to thrive and prosper. The outcome of the literature review was that even though the disclosures are made mandatory, there is a large variation in the quality of corporate governance disclosure practices adopted by companies listed in different countries. Empirical research done earlier has also proved that good corporate governance practices being followed enhances the firm value. Housing finance companies face unique corporate governance challenges due to myriad reasons like ownership structures, lack of transparency, and insufficient checks on inappropriate activities. Despite the ‘corporate governance revolution’, there exists no universal benchmark for the effective level of disclosure and transparency. Corporate governance practices followed in business firms are communicated through the corporate governance section of annual reports. clause 49 of the listing agreement sets a detailed corporate governance provision to be followed by listed companies in India. This study aimed at evaluating the governance practices in Housing Finance Companies against disclosure requirements of clause 49. Housing Finance companies that are listed in the NSE are taken into consideration as the sample for the study. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance is used for determining the degree of association among several (k) sets of ranking of N objects or individuals.
SnpRecode: A versatile and fast genotype recoding and correlation function
Authors: Marete Andrew
Published: July 2021

Genotype imputation is an essential tool used in genomic selection in plants and animals. A popular imputation tool used in animal genomics is FImpute. FImpute, however, accepts a specific genotype format and produces dosages whose conversion to VCF or Plink format requires multiple software packages in a pipeline with a large amount of processing time. We have developed SnpRecode as a helper tool that bridges the gap between regular genotype files and the FImpute imputation software by allowing for fast and seamless conversion of genotypes to-and-from FImpute format. SnpRecode also implements a fast genotype correlation function to estimate and plot the imputation accuracy. We run tests on 6,000 samples with a step of 1,000 to determine the performance of SnpRecode on various sample sizes and runtime and memory usage used as performance measures. The performance of SnpRecode was modest at 10sec/1,000 samples. Written in Python programming language, SnpRecode provides users with great flexibility in implementation with other software packages in a pipeline.
International Organizations, Institutions and the Indigenous people
Authors: Bhowmik Dr. Debesh
Published: July 2021

The paper explains the role of international institutions and international organizations which usually have been working for the rights, freedom, survival, livelihood and financial assistances of the indigenous people since the inception of peoples’ democracy in India and abroad. The possible policies that can be helpful for indigenous people in the present world have been also discussed here. How do international financial institutions assist the indigenous people to maintain their social livelihood through their projects, how UNFCCC, IIPFCC, GFC, IAITPTF, IWGIA, IPLP have been working with tribal people in climate change, forest policies and assisting laws and other social and economic activities have been discussed in this paper. Generally, UNFCCC recommended policies on the victimized tribes due to climate change calamities. Since 2019, GFC with their 99 indigenous and non-indigenous member groups from 65 countries have been supporting the struggles of indigenous people by bringing their views, positions and proposals to the forefront of local, national, and global forest-related decision-making processes. IAITPTF has been protecting the tribal people of tropical forest areas in Africa and Latin America. IWGIA in collaboration with ECOSOC have been working for indigenous people in Amazon Basin, Asia, Africa, Latin America and Russia enacting of REDD+ and rights in forests in context of climate change. Since 1999, IPCB protects tribal genetic resources, knowledge, culture, human right and negative effects of biotechnology. The IITC has been organizing tribes to participate in local, regional, national and international events on their survival through human rights agendas. IPACC which consists of 135 tribal organisations in 20 African countries, has been fighting for human rights, legal rights and social inclusion of tribes. The World Bank and African Development Bank took various policies and projects for financing tribal development such as OD4.20. UNDP, ILO and IITC nourish the human rights in the process of development in education and health of tribal people.
FBG sensors for seismic control and detection in extradosed bridges
Authors: Saad Said
Published: July 2021

Robust fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors network to civil engineering structures is presented as real-time monitoring deviation against seismic effects. The network is based on FBG sensors. The base element is a special type of chirped FBG that is validated. The developed network is applied in one of the two towers of concrete and extradosed type of Rades-La Goulette Bridge in Tunisia that in aggressive environment, to enhance the installed conventional structural health monitoring system (SHMS). Precisely, tilt influences of seismic parameters are calculated. Test procedure and obtained results are discussed.
PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN PERPAJAKAN, SELF-ASSESSMENT SYSTEM, SANKSI PAJAK, PENERAPAN e-SPT DAN NASIONALISME TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK DALAM MELAPORKAN SPT TAHUNAN
Authors: Satyawati Endang
Published: July 2021

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris bahwa secara parsial dan simultan pemahaman Wajib Pajak terhadap pengetahuan perpajakan, self-assessment system, penerapan e-SPT dan nasionalisme berpengaruh positif terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak di PT BMK. Teknik pengumpulan data pada pemilihan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner dan diisi oleh 50 Wajib Pajak terdiri dari karyawan dan sales force PT BMK. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi analisis. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa variabel pengetahuan perpajakan berpengaruh positif terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak. Begitu juga untuk self-assessment system pengaruh positif terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak. Begitu juga untuk sanksi pajak berpengaruh positif terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak. Begitu juga penerapan e-SPT berpengaruh positif terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak. Begitu juga nasionalisme berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kepatuhan Wajib Pajak.Kata Kunci: e-SPT, sanksi pajak, kepatuhan, nasionalisme ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to obtain empirical evidence of understanding Taxpayers' knowledge of taxation, self assessment system, application of e-SPT and nationalism has a positive effect on taxpayer compliance at PT BMK partially and simultaneously.Data collection technique in the selection of samples in this study uses a questionnaire and filled by 50 taxpayers consisting of employees and sales force of PT BMK. Analysis of the data used is multiple regression analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the tax knowledge variable has a positive effect on taxpayer compliance. The self-assessment system has positive effect on compliance with Taxpayers. Tax sanctions has significantly positive effect on compliance with Taxpayers. The application of e-SPT has a significant positive effect on taxpayer compliance. Nationalism has a significant positive effect on PT BMK taxpayer compliance.Keywords: e-SPT, tax sanctions, compliance, nationalism
KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA
Authors: Sundari Retno Ika
Published: July 2021

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dan menganalisa pengaruh profitabilitas, leverage, ukuran perusahaan, pertumbuhan dan likuiditas terhadap kebijakan dividen pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di bursa Efek Indonesia dalam tahun amatan 2013-2017. Populasi penelitian adalah semua perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di BEI, dengan sampel yang diperoleh 37 perusahaan yang sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditetapkan. Data tersebut dianalisa dengan menggunakan pengujian asumsi klasik dan analisa berganda dengan menggunakan SPSS 25. Simpulan dari peneliian ini menyatakan bahwa profitabilitas berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kebijakan dividen, Pertumbuhan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap kebijakan dividen. Sementara itu, leverage tidak berpengaruh negatif signifikan, ukuran perusahaan dan likuiditas tidak berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kebijakan dividen.Kata kunci: kebijakan dividen, profitabilitas, pertumbuhan, teori sinyal ABSTRACT This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Profitability, Leverage, firm size, growth and liquidity on Dividend Payout Ratio, in manufacturer companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2013-2017. The population in this study were all manufacturer companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), while the samples that met the criteria for sampling for this study amounted to 37 companies. Analysis of sample data for this study is the Analysis of Multiple Linear Regression, Classical Assumption Test, Hypothesis Test, and Determinant Coefficient using SPSS 25 measuring instruments. The results showed that profitability show a positif significant on the Dividend Payout Ratio, Growth  show negative significant on the Payout Ratio Dividend. However, leverage did not show negative significant, size and liquidity did not show positive significant on Dividend Payout Ratio.Keywords: dividend policy, growth, profitability, signaling theory
Digital Technologies in Law-making Activity: Theoretical and Legal Aspect
Authors:   Ural State University of Economics, Yagofarova I. D.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the introduction of digital technologies in law-making activities. The process of digitalization has actively affected economic relations, which has led to the transformation of public administration. Law, being the main regulator of public relations, is also undergoing significant changes. The subject of the study is the results of the digitalization of law-making activities, which leave an imprint on the entire system of state and legal relations. The article presents a bibliographic review of modern works on this issue, describes the main trends in this area, and assesses the practical results of the digital technologies impact on law-making. The models of digitalization are analyzed: automation of all processes, which assumes the absolute exclusion of a person and the preservation of human participation at the stage of making the final decision. The author investigates the main stages of law-making activity, where the use of digital technologies is possible: the formation of law-making initiatives; the process of preparing a normative legal act; discussion of the draft normative legal act; the voting process; the process of promulgation and publication. The author provides the examples of specific electronic platforms: «Russian Public Initiative», the System for Ensuring Legislative Activity, Simplex+, Reaching everyone for active citizenship & home (REACH) and specific technologies (ML-model, LL-model, blockchain), both already used and developed in Russia and abroad. It is indicated that digital technologies can be used to systematize regulatory legal acts, and the question of using digital technologies in predicting the future directions of legal regulation is raised. It is concluded that it is necessary to determine the main directions and principles of digitalization of law-making, the goals and limits of the introduction of digital technologies in the law-making process.
Institutional Ensuring Anti-Corruption Measures: Problem Statement
Authors:   Volgograd State Technical University, Moskovtsev A.F.
Published: July 2021

According to the position taken by the author of the article, the main condition for achieving systematic and effective measures to combat corruption is to bring them to the level of specific social systems (state power, education, health, science, culture, etc.). Although the problem of corruption is of national and even global importance, but the prevalence of general measures among anti-corruption practices is an obvious source of formalization, companionship and inefficiency. This position is linked in the article with the provision that a corruption is not a separate social system. At its core, a corruption of social institutions is a violation of their normal functioning and the production of results that are not suitable for society, including economic and social ones. The normality of the institutional functions implementation involves maintaining the necessary correspondence between the elements or institutions that make up the institution. They are divided into formal and informal institutions that have legal significance and do not have one. According to the author, it is due to the lack of the necessary correspondence between institutions in the institutional structure of specific social systems that the latter begin to systematically produce mass violations of formal norms, including corruption, to which the state and society respond first of all. At the same time, even more large-scale violations of norms that capture the micro-level of society remain in the shadows. In conclusion, the article highlights the main problem in the institutional ensuring anti-corruption. If formal norms are largely subjected to administrative influence, then the informal institutional space of the social system is formed culturally and historically and mainly by the forces of the public. Therefore, without the productive interaction of the state and society, which are the main forces that form the institutional structure, neither the necessary systemic institutional support in combating corruption, nor the desired and resulting consistency in this counteraction, is achievable.
To the Matter of Procedural and Legal Problems of Detaining a Person on Suspicion of Committing a Crime
Authors:   Vladimir Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service, Bolshakov E.V. , Nazarov I.D. ,   JSC «Ivanovogorgaz»
Published: July 2021

The subject of the research within the framework of the article is the criminal procedure institute for the detention of a person on suspicion of committing a crime. The legal nature of this institution is analyzed, and comments are given on the normative legal acts and judicial practice regulating the issues of detention. The theoretical basis of the research is based on the publications of the last two decades on this problem, in particular, reflecting the discussion of the process scientists S. A. Shafer, S. B. Rossinsky and A. A. Tarasov, the subject of which was the issue of the legal nature of a suspect detention in a criminal case. In the paper, the authors ask the following questions: What is the detention of a person on suspicion of committing a crime in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation? From what moment does the detained person acquire the status of a suspect? Is it possible to detain a person before initiating a criminal case? The study concludes that a person acquires the actual status of a suspect from the moment of direct detention, that is, before documenting this status and, as a result, before initiating a criminal case. Amendments to the articles of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation are proposed, and the authors` versions of the definitions of the concepts «detention of a suspect», «the moment of actual detention» and «pre-trial proceedings» are given.
The Term «Computer Game»: The Experience of an Interdisciplinary Analysis
Authors:   Altai State University, Vasiliev A.A. , Pechatnova Yu.V. ,   Altai State University
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the term «game» and its relatively new variety – computer game. The need to use an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the term is explained by the versatility and multi-aspect nature of the phenomenon under study. The article reveals the meaning of the concept «game» in the philosophical, aesthetic, historical, cultural, linguistic, psychological, technological and legal dimensions. The research methodology includes historical, systematic methods, as well as the method of formal legal analysis. The author emphasizes the influence of the development of forms of game activity on the development of social evolution, as well as the interaction of the game and the achievements of scientific and technological progress. The relevance of studying the term «computer game» lies in the fact that computer games have become the most popular type of gaming activity and the most profitable commercial product on the modern market. In this regard, terminological certainty is necessary due to the economic feasibility and effective legal regulation of the development, implementation and use of computer games. The authors propose to identify the main features of the concept «game», in general, and the specific features of the term «computer game», in particular. Based on the set of features, the author's definition of the concept «computer game» is proposed. In order to distinguish the studied concept from related categories, the analysis of the terms «electronic game» and «video game» is carried out. In conclusion, the authors assess the approaches to the legal regulation of computer games from the point of view of domestic legislation. As a result of the analysis of the possibility of attributing a computer game to a variety of programs for electronic computers or a variety of multimedia products, the choice was made in favor of the latter. Thus, at present, in order to solve legal problems related to the development and use of a computer game, the authors propose the application of the law analogy.
Jurisdictional Non-Judicial Forms of Protection In Enforcement Proceedings: Regulatory Challenges and Solutions
Authors:   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Golubenko K.A.
Published: July 2021

The article substantiates the need to improve legal procedures in the framework of non-judicial forms of protection in enforcement proceedings (appeals by way of subordination and the prosecutor's office). The following specific measures are proposed: an introduction of a mandatory suspension of enforcement proceedings in the case of substantial grounds to assume that a gross violation of the applicant's rights was committed; a clarification of the terms for consideration and elimination of violations; an indication of the respectfulness of skipping the deadlines for applying to the court in the case of an appeal against decisions, actions (inactions) of bailiffs to the prosecutor's office; a mandatory account of violations identified during the prosecutor's check, when considering complaints in the chain of subordination. The proposed measures will make it possible to ensure the rights and interests enforcement proceedings parties to a greater extent, especially in cases where there are substantial grounds to assume gross violations of their rights. In addition, their implementation will contribute to more rapid complaints handling and will minimize the risks of abuse by bailiffs, including in terms of deliberately «delaying» the terms of complaints handling and ignoring the position of the highest judicial authorities. Ultimately, the implementation of the proposed measures will bring the procedures for appealing decisions, actions (inaction) of bailiffs to a qualitatively new level, as well as reduce the burden on the judiciary and social tension.
Ratio of Fainess and Competitiveness in Judicial Practice
Authors:   Penza State University, Katomina V.A.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the question of the ratio of fairness and competitiveness in judicial practice. The purpose of the article is to determine the general and distinctive features of fairness and competitiveness in the legal process, to establish the relationship in judicial practice, and to identify contradictions between them. The author notes that the unity of fairness and competitiveness lies in the fact that they have the same goals and objectives, act as the basic values of law, are externally expressed in the current legislation as a principle, and also include in their content the idea of equality of participants in procedural legal relations. Attention is drawn to the differences between fairness and competitiveness in the scope of application, variability of content, etc. As a research task, the author identified an attempt to establish the interaction of fairness and competitiveness in judicial practice. The author comes to the conclusion that an adversarial process can be fair if the parties are given the same opportunities to present their position. However, in judicial practice, there are often contradictions between the existing adversarial process and justice. This is due to the availability of procedural opportunities provided by the legislator to any one party to the trial and the restriction of the rights of participants in the presentation and examination of evidence by judges.
The Role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the Formation of the Taxpayer Integrity Concept
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University, Afanasyeva T.I.
Published: July 2021

The article investigates the influence of the positions of the Constitution-al Court of the Russian Federation on the formation of the taxpayer integrity presumption in Russian law. The research is conducted in the context of the implementation and protection of taxpayers` rights. The lack of a uniform un-derstanding of the constitutional principal content determines the problems as-sociated with the legal assessment of the actions of taxpayers aimed at opti-mizing the tax burden. Taking into account the place of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the political system of the country as the highest body of constitutional control, which approves the principles of legali-ty both in law-making and in law enforcement, it is concluded that the leading role in the formation of the taxpayer integrity concept belong to the Constitu-tional Court of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the analysis of the practical implementation of a number of provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, their interpretation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation showed a lack of consistency in its positions regarding the assessment of the legality (illegality) of tax benefits. The latter, in turn, has a negative impact on the law enforcement process in the field of taxation and makes us think about the mechanism for reviewing our positions by the Con-stitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Problems of Law Enforcement Practice of Antimonopoly Regulation in Digital Markets as an Indicator of the Need for Legislative Reform on the Competition Protection [
Authors:   Irkutsk Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice, Bychkov A.V. , Shram D.V. ,   Irkutsk Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk, the Russian Federation
Published: July 2021

Based on the analysis of law enforcement practice in the field of antimonopoly regulation in digital markets, the authors justify the necessity of reforming the current legislation on the competition protection, and provide statistical data on the scale of the introduction of digital technologies. It is pointed out that the prevailing forms of competition in the global digital market are either an oligopoly or a duopoly. The article provides an overview of the practice of applying the current Russian competition law in relation to IT companies (Yandex N. V., Apple Inc., Google LLC). The article analyzes the shortcomings of the Draft Federal Law «On Amendments to the Federal Law «On Protection of Competition» («the Fifth Antimonopoly Package of Amendments»), prepared by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation in 2018, and propose the ways to eliminate the shortcomings of some projected standards. The author points out the need to link the concept «digital platform» with the term «information system», designated in the Law of the Russian Federation «On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection», and to take as a basis the definition enshrined in the French Law on the Digital Republic of 2016. According to the authors` opinion, the concept «network effects» can appear in the legislation only after they are supported by the results of experimentally tested methods for calculating network effects. It is proposed to legally «link» network effects with the use of big data that restricts competition. The results of successive attempts of the FAS (Federal antimonopoly Service) of Russia to limit or cancel «intellectual immunities» are considered, and the correctness of introducing a rule on the removal of such immunities in certain cases is justified. The cases of unfair competition of digital platforms associated with the manipulation of search results algorithms (including the use of interactive enriched responses) are investigated. The article describes the risks of digital ecosystems, the development of which may exacerbate the issues of dominance, in particular, due to the monopolization of data. It is concluded that the FAS legislative initiatives of the sample of 2018 need to be carefully revised in the context of the new realities of the development of IT markets.
“PURGING THE ELITE” IN TYUMEN IN 1937-1938
Authors: KONONENKO Anatoly A. , Kononenko Artem A.
Published: July 2021

The political repressions of the 1930s in the USSR have repeatedly been the subject of interest of historians. Nevertheless, there are practically no studies of political repressions of the 1930s in relation to nomenklatura workers at the level of the provincial Siberian city of Tyumen. This article aims to reveal the cause-and-effect relationship in the issue of physical liquidation of the thinnest layer of the party-economic nomenklatura, using the case of the city party organization of the CPSU(b) of Tyumen in 1937-1938. We have restricted ourselves to one of the components of the “Great Terror”, namely to “purging the elite”.
The research was conducted using the documents from two regional departments of the USSR Federal Security Service (FSB), former party archives of the Tyumen and Omsk regions, and periodicals. This required employing prosopographic, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, and system-structural methods. Such approach allowed clarifying the biographical data of the leaders of the city in 1936-1938 and classifying the criminal acts, incriminated to the accused.
The results of a comprehensive analysis of the sources show that the cause of the personnel purge should be considered a violation of the imbalance between the limited collective leadership and the still limited one-man dictatorship of I. V. Stalin’s dictatorship. The limited collective leadership was no longer in line with the reality of one man’s increasing power. Rotation of undesirable workers as an alternative to personnel cleansing proved to be unsuccessful. The motive for repressions against workers who had never participated in the opposition was their casual contacts and acquaintances with former opposition figures described as “spies and terrorists” in 1937-1938. The party, Soviet, and Komsomol workers who had no such contacts, though subjected to repression, were rehabilitated. Finally, in terms of their educational and professional level, the new generation of city party workers did not differ from the previous one.
STUDY OF THE CONCEPTUAL SPACE “SUBJECTS OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY” IN AN ASSOCIATIVE EXPERIMENT
Authors: Litvinchuk Irina N.
Published: July 2021

This article presents the main results of a pilot study of the concept sphere “subjects of educational activity” through an associative experiment. Students of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky were involved as respondents. The resulting lexical associative material was analyzed and interpreted according to the criteria of compliance with various macro- and microcomponents of the concepts structure: “school”, “university”, “higher education institution”, “teacher”, “professor”, “pupil”, “student”. The core and periphery of these concepts are identified and described. The structure of each concept was investigated in accordance with the following criteria: a figurative component, differential encyclopedic features set of the concept, an interpretation field, which includes utilitarian, general evaluative, regulatory, socio-cultural, mythological and identification zones. As a result of the analy­sis of the associative reactions of the respondents, the hypothesis about the differences in the structure of the studied concepts was confirmed. The semantic features of verbal reactions, the mode of emotivity, as well as their correlation with the paradigmatic or syntagmatic type have been determined. Obvious differences are revealed mainly in the interpretational field of the considered concepts. The structure study of the concepts school, university, higher education institution, teacher, professor, pupil in an associative experiment allows us to describe their significant cognitive and perceptual features, thereby contributing to the description of the “state of affairs” in the education system through the eyes of students. This approach helps to identify the most problematic, confrontational zones in the interaction of educational activity with real subjects. One of these problems is the predominantly negative perception by the respondents of such subjects of educational activity as the teacher and the school.
LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATION OF THE EVERYDAY LIFE CATEGORY IN THE NOVEL WRITTEN BY G. SH. YAKHINA “ZULEIKHA OPENS HER EYES” AND IN ITS TRANSLATION INTO CHINESE
Authors: ANDREEVA Iana E.
Published: July 2021

This article examines the linguistic means of representing the category of everyday life in the novel by G. Sh. Yakhina “Zuleikha opens her eyes” and in its translation into Chinese. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the anthropology of everyday life, a broad line of research into everyday life. Comparative study of linguistic units, which reveal the essence of everyday human existence, makes it possible to identify lacunar units that are difficult to translate fiction in the context of the Russian-Chinese language pair. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the involvement in the analysis of linguistic methods of conveying the category of everyday life in the aspect of translating a Russian literary text into Chinese. The work used the methods of comparative, component, contextual analysis, the method of linguoculturological commenting. As a result of the study, the lexical-semantic, lexical-stylistic and grammatical lacunar units were identified, which demonstrate linguocultural barriers in the process of translating a text into Chinese.
A comparative analysis of the texts was carried out in order to comprehend the lexical and grammatical transformations performed in the process of translation. As a result, the main ways of compensating for the lacunae of everyday life in Russian-Chinese translation were identified: transcription, tracing, descriptive translation, lexical-semantic replacement. In addition, it was found that the study of various options for depicting everyday life in a literary text not only makes it possible to identify lacunar units of everyday life, but also reveals the artistic and philosophical intention of the work.
Geostrategic Border Territories of Russia: Small and Medium Business
Authors: Vilenskiy А. V.
Published: July 2021

Potentially, the participation of small and medium-sized businesses in cross-border cooperation in the border regions of the country should intensify its development, bring specificity to it. However, the analysis showed that there is no noticeable specificity in the dynamics of employment in the field of small and medium-sized businesses in non-priority geostrategic border areas in comparison with other regions of Russia, incl. the crisis year 2020. As in the country as a whole, the development of small and medium-sized businesses in these border areas is difficult, unstable, multidirectional, moreover, in line with the longterm tendency towards its curtailment. Against the background of a generally unfavorable economic, including entrepreneurial, climate, the specifics of the functioning of small and medium-sized businesses in the border areas are hardly distinguishable. This lack of distinction confirms the low estimates of the degree of openness of the Russian economy, the fact that a significant part of the border regions are depressed. With a low level of openness, the potential opportunities from cross-border and other economic cooperation with foreign countries in such Russian territories are poorly realized and play a secondary role. Nonpriority border regions to a greater extent perform “barrier functions” due to geostrategic reasons, rather than the functions of economic growth points.
Het effekt van de oppositie op het regeringsbeleid in België van 1965 tot 1971
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried , De Graeve-Lismont Edith , Tegenbos Guy
Published: July 2021

The government-opposition scheme of a two-party system does not function that clearly in a multiparty system which is the case in Belgium. To examine to what extent the opposition parties in a multi-partysystem are functional for policymaking, the period 1965-1971 was chosen for Belgium, providing a complete scale of government and opposition parties.A content analysis of all political parties' platforms in 1965 permits to determine the policy objectives, classified in policy areas, so that at the end of the six years a survey could be made about the completely andpartly realised planks of the platforms according to government and opposition parties, according to the party-strength which was congruent with the duration of government participation. In Belgium a distinctioncan also be made between the traditional opposition parties and the nonelitist opposition parties, which during the given period were not accepted as possible government parties by the political elite.To obtain a correct evaluation of the realisations, the approach took successively into account the absolute number of platform-planks, the number of specific items of a party and the degree of importance andsocial repercussion of the distinct planks that could be realised.Although respectively for 6, 4 and 2 years in the government the CVP, the BSP and the PVV realise approximately the same number of planks. The non-elitist opposition party Volksunie realised a smaller butstill considerable number of objectives. So did also, but to a smaller extent the RW, KP and FDP. The interpretation of these results could be the loss of distinctiveness of the government-opposition scheme in amultiparty system, the elite-consensus in Belgium, the function of the «zweeppartij» strategy and the definition of the opposition in terms of action.
La sexualité en tant que dernier mythe politique
Authors: Cotta Sergio
Published: July 2021

Sex has become to-day a sort of secular religion, i.e. a mass-belief in a new world entirely redeemed from its evils by revolution. Hope in revolution presupposes the ideas of man's original innocence and of society'sresponsibility for evil (as theorised by Rousseau and Nietzsche, Saint-Simon and Marx) . As no political or economical revolution can entirely liberate man from his aggressiveness (Freud), the sexual revolution isproposed (by Wilhelm Reich and his followers) as the basic step towards the new world. But a totally free sexuality, breaking the dialectics between Eros and Thanatos, gives way to the deathinstinct (Freud) and therefore to a world of struggle for domination, not of liberty.
Het publiek in de tribune : vormen van politieke informatie
Authors: Dierickx Guido
Published: July 2021

This contribution should be seen as an attempt to retrieve information from restcategories, such as «does not know» and «no answer».  From these, and from other data as well, we constructed 10, mostly summating, indexes of political ignorance. Among them is an index of objective ignorance, that is about political events, persons and situations.  The others aim at more subjective dimensions. Does the respondent feel informed about the political process : about government and party performance, partisan congeniality, modalities of voting, local politics social problems, political issues ?There seems to be some evidence in favor of the following hypotheses.1. The indexes tend to compensate each other: respondents who score low on one index, do not necessarily score low on the next one.2. I t is difficult to ascertain the validity of an index of objective ignorance. Moreover it does by no means express all the (relevant) dimensions of political information.3. A mong indexes of subjective ignorance one should distinguish between «policy» and «political» information ; the latter seems to refer to a situation where strictly political rules of the game, a.o. those of political conflict, prevail.4. Of all indexes the «political issues» index showed the most discriminating power, as well as the most expected associations.
Het oppositioneel gedrag van de Belgische staatsburger
Authors: De Graeve-Lismont Edith
Published: July 2021

Subject of this article is the Belgian citizen's oppositional behaviour taken in the largest sense and considered as an opportunity to express his preferences. Starting from the supposition that a policy decision is not perceived as being conform to the citizens' interests or beliefs, attention is focused on their propensity to engage in oppositional action and their preferences for different means of expression.Such propensity appears to be rather limited and therefore one has also examined their belief in the success of an oppositional action and their insight in contemporary societal problems.Those data are compared with the actual oppositional behaviour during the last five years, which was found to be even smaller than the propensity. Further, three scales are constructed, indicating similarities and dissimilarities, as far as means of expression are concerned, between the preferences of the whole population and the behaviour of the small number of opponents.In a second approach, the degree of politica! participation, dissatisfaction and information is successively examined in relation to the oppositional behaviour. This research reveals that each of these three elements induces a more intensive oppositional activity as well as a different behaviour concerning the use of oppositional means. Political participation however is the most infiuencing factor.  Oppositional behaviour is a complex phenomenon. Information on the content of the oppositional action, not included in this inquiry, would complete this approach.
Beeld van de machtsstruktuur in België
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried
Published: July 2021

Results from an opinion poll, held in mid-year 1975, with a representative sample of Belgian citizens, show that the oppositions the citizens perceive, are partly of a universal nature and partly specifically Belgian. Those who have gat power vs. those who have not, young vs. old, male vs. female are oppositions that complement more specifically Belgian conflict dimensions : socio-economic problems, religion, ethnicity.  The political parties are instrumental towards some poles on such confiict dimensions, but the instrumentality is not yet proportionalto the share of the poles in the total population; moreover, it is quite weak towards some poles. The image the public has about the power hierarchy in Belgium appears to coincide rather adequately with a ranking on the power hierarchy as established by the top-participants.  People do realize who really is powerful. Besides, the basic institutions of parliamentary democracy are fundamentally recognized and accepted.  One finds indeed quite unambiguous appreciations of the individual and social rights and freedoms, of the institutionalization of conflict solution and of the maintenance of the political entity.
The Great European Jamboree : The East, the West, the Non-Aligned and the Neutrals at the Pan-European Meeting (CSCE). (Helsinki-Geneva-Helsinki, November 1972-August 1975)
Authors: Walschap Hugo
Published: July 2021

lts early roots reaching as far as 1954, the great Buropean Post War Conference (CSCB), which lasted three years from 1972 to 1975, had to overcome the vicissitudes of the Cold War and the setbacks of thediplomatie normalization between Bast and West afterwards, before taking its final shape. Hence the multiple changes of its characteristics and purposes over the years.Resulting from a global rapprochement between the Super Powers and a cautious modus vivendi between the German twin States in Burope (Ostpolitik), the CSCB, although an old Russian dream, was finally seen by the other parties as a calculated risk and possibly a beneficial one.In the end, Western scepticism and criticism of the Helsinki Final Act were less founded on the actual outcome then on traditional reluctance towards the Bast and more vocal because of a darkening international outlook : the deepening economie crisis, the political disarray in Southern Burope (Portugal, ltaly, Greece, Turkey) and a disheartened public opinion (Watergate, Vietnam, etc.).A more sober view might nevertheless appreciate not only the balance of modest mutual gains for all participants, but moreover the outline and hope for a «rebirth of Europe's historical identity» (PresidentFord) as well as the first diplomatic acceptance of the BBC-entity and last, but not least, the «inevitability of reason», as expressed in the policy of détente and the general «vested interest» in it.
Gemeentelijke inspraak in het besluitvormingsproces inzake de samenvoeging van gemeenten : Een gevalstudie over het arrondissement Leuven
Authors: Deweerdt Mark
Published: July 2021

The administrative map of Belgium was fundamentally altered in 1975, when mergers reduced the number of municipalities from 2359 to 589. This article deals with the mergers of municipalities in the district of Leuven, and in particular with the share the municipalities themselves had in the decision-making process.Although there was a formal possibility of participating in the decision-making process the dissatisfaction has not decreased in comparison with earlier protests against the originally planned mergers.This appears to be logically linked to the scarce results of the municipal advices : only in 4.08 % of the cases the merger was adapted according to the wishes of the municipalities themselves. The lack of coordination among the various advices is certainly one of the reasons of this development, but nevertheless the question remains to what extent gerrymandering and compromises among political parties played a decisive role in the decision-making.
Le fédéralisme, de la Grèce antique aux Provinces Unies des Pays-Bas
Authors: Schepers Stefan
Published: July 2021

It is sometimes assumed that federal States are a novelty introduced at the end of the 18th century in America. The word «federal» is indeed a recent invention but since antiquity politica! structures have existed in Europe having characteristics which may be qualified as federal or confederal.Originally the only power given to the «supra-national institutions» was common defence, but later other powers were added such as external relations, money, federal taxation, direct applicability of federal decisions, common nationality. A bicameral parliament was not introduced until the United Provinces of the Netherlands, but a federal chamber and executif were in existence since the early greek federations. In somecases, there even was what may be called a supreme court.