bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved strength properties of LVL glued using PVAc adhesives with physical treatment-based Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis)
Authors: Sutrisno  , Alamsyah Eka Mulya , Gumilar Ginanjar , Tanaka Takashi , Yamada Masaaki
Published: November 2020

The properties of the laminated veneer lumber (LVL) composed of the boiled veneer of Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) using polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesives in various cold-pressing time and various conditioned time with loaded and unloaded were studied. Five-ply LVL was produced by boiling veneer at 100°C for 90 min as pretreatment and cold-pressing time at 12 kgf cm−2 for 1.5, 6, 18, and 24 h then conditioned at 20°C and 65% relative humidity (RH) with loaded (12 kgf cm−2) and unloaded for 7 days as physical treatment. Especially for the delamination test, the specimens were immersed at 70 ± 3°C for 2 h and dried in the oven at 60 ± 3°C for 24 h; then, the specimens were solidified at room temperature (20°C and 65% RH) with loaded (12 kgf cm−2) and unloaded for 7, 10, 12, and 14 days. To determine the performance of LVL, the density, moisture content (MC), delamination, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), horizontal shear strength, and formaldehyde emission tests were conducted according to the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS 2008) for structural LVL. The MOE and MOR values were significantly influenced by the physical treatment, however, neither to horizontal shear strength nor to formaldehyde emission. The best performance of LVL has resulted from unloaded LVL with cold-pressed time for 18 h; the MOE and MOR values were 9,345.05 ± 141.61 N mm−2 and 80.67 ± 1.77 N mm−2, respectively. The best value of the horizontal shear strength was obtained from the LVL with 18 h cold-pressing time and conditioned with loaded (13.10 ± 1.47 N mm−2) and unloaded (12.23 ± 1.36 N mm−2). The percentage of delamination values decreased with an increase in the cold-pressing time and conditioning time. The lowest value of delamination (19.06%) was obtained from the LVL with 24 h cold-pressing time and conditioned with loaded for 14 days. Except the delamination test, all other properties fulfilled the JAS.
Ein interpoliertes Textstück im neunten Kapitel der Aristotelischen Hermeneutik
Authors: Weidemann Hermann
Published: November 2020

The section 18b16–⁠25 of the famous chapter 9 of Aristotle’s De interpretatione presents two objections against the assumption that both members of a contradictory pair of future singular statements might be false. This section is unlikely to be genuine, because (1) the first objection is either directly begging the question or misusing a previous argument in a question-begging way, (2) the second objection includes irrelevant observations, and (3) the rebuttal of the said assumption interrupts the intimate connection between the immediately preceding and following sections.
Physiokratische Fiktionen
Authors: Meid Christopher
Published: November 2020

The article presents and discusses the reception of physiocratic thoughts in German literary texts of the Enlightenment. It shows how intensively authors such as Tscharner, Wieland and Klinger adapted physiocratic teachings and popularised them. It demonstrates how the perception of physiocratic argument changed during the years, especially in the context of the French Revolution.
»Eigentümlicher Denkzauber« und »die Aura der Begriffe«
Authors: Groß Pola
Published: November 2020

This article approaches Ludwik Fleck’s work from a literary perspective. It argues that Fleck is not only concerned with how scientific facts emerge, but, in accordance with his broader epistemology, with how different knowledges of reality emerge, through intra- and intercollective migrations of concepts and thoughts through different styles of thinking. Thus, in order to comprehend such cognitive traversal, interpretation, which I take to be suggested in Fleck’s work, is required. In this, I draw on the work of Andrzej Przyłębski and Dimitri Ginev, who see an implicit hermeneutics anticipated in Fleck’s work. These writings are supplemented and expanded by considering the concept of style, including Fleck’s own style, before examining what role literature, art, and language play in Fleck’s conception of thought style and thought collective. To this end, Fleck’s article »The Problem of Epistemology« from 1936, which has received little scholarly attention so far, is highlighted.
The extension of thixotropy of cement paste under vibration: a shear-vibration equivalent theory
Authors: Li Xiaotian , Gao Zhurui , Zhang Shengjun , Li Junshi
Published: November 2020

The rheology of cement paste under vibration follows the transformation from Bingham model to Hershel-Bulkly model to Power-Law model. Most of the existing research is obtained through a large number of experiments in the data fitting process, and cannot express the time-varying characteristics of viscosity. Furthermore, thixotropy of cement paste is based on static experiment and cannot be applied under vibration. In this paper a shear-vibration equivalent theory is proposed, which consider the effect of vibration is the same as the shear effect on the viscosity change of cement paste. Combining vibrational shear equivalent theory and HI theory, the rheological changes of cement paste under vibration are obtained through numerical simulation. This theory has been verified by a series of experiments with numerical simulations, and can be used to study the rheology of concrete under vibration.
Halogen bonding in crystals of free 1,2-diiodo-ethene (C2H2I2) and its π-complex [CpMn(CO)2](π-C2H2I2)
Authors: Torubaev Yury V. , Skabitsky Ivan V.
Published: November 2020

1,2-trans-diiodo-ethene (C2H2I2) – is an overlooked halogen bond donor, which demonstrate the distinct similarity of the geometry and directionality of I···I halogen bonds around the iodine atoms in its native and CpMn(CO)2(C2H2I2) π-complex crystals. Distortion of the planar geometry of C2H2I2 upon the π-coordination result the distortion of the native planar layered geometry of C2H2I2, so that [CpMn(CO)2](π-C2H2I2) features more complex I···I XB assisted 3D network. Unusual structural parallels between the native C2H2I2 crystals and solid iodine are discussed.
Failure Analysis of Industrial Discharge Hopper Pipe
Authors: Rajole S. , Sondar P.R. , Hiremath S. , Ravishankar K.S.
Published: November 2020

This work presents the detailed investigation and root cause analysis of catastrophic failure of an industrial discharge hopper pipe. The hopper pipe investigated in the present work is made of austenitic stainless steel, 316 grade, a commonly used grade for valves, pipes and heat exchanger tubes. The pipe fractured in transverse direction, leading to the failure of discharge pipe. Visual inspection, dye penetrant test, chemical analysis, microstructural analysis, and fractography analysis were carried out on the failed part and it was concluded that stress corrosion cracking led to the failure of hopper pipe. The pipe constantly being under the exposure of industrial water and the presence of chlorine content in it made it susceptible for stress corrosion cracking. Transgranular fracture was clearly observed in the microstructure of failed sample and spot EDX at the fracture location confirmed the presence of chlorine content. Further, fractography showed striations indicating fatigue loading. The work concluded that stress corrosion cracking as the root cause of failure.
Savour: Food Culture in the Age of Enlightenment
Authors: OConnor Jennifer
Published: November 2020

The current exhibition at the Gardiner Museum, Savour: Food Culture in the Age of Enlightenment, explores how eating, cooking, and dining were reimagined in England and France from the 1650s to the 1790s. Drawing from the Gardiner’s collection of ceramics as well as works on loan from other museums and private collections, curator Meredith Chiton, Curator Emerita at the Gardiner who specializes in “early European porcelain, dining, and social culture of the eighteenth century”, combines the functional with the curious and the historic with the contemporary.
Book Review: Civil Society and Social Movements in Food System Governance, Peter Andrée, Jill K. Clark, Charles Z. Levkoe, and Kristen Lowitt, Eds. London and New York: Routledge.
Authors: Price Mindy Jewell
Published: November 2020

Book review of Civil Society and Social Movements in Food System Governance, Peter Andrée, Jill K. Clark, Charles Z. Levkoe, and Kristen Lowitt, Eds. London and New York: Routledge.

It is easy to be discouraged by the ecological damages and social inequities caused by the contemporary food regime. Yet editors Peter Andrée, Jill Clark, Charles Levkoe and Kristen Lowitt resist this temptation. While many scholars focus on critiques of food systems, this collection draws attention to co-governance arrangements that contribute to greater equity and sustainability in food systems.
Sistematización de experiencias en el fortalecimiento de capacidades de Acueductos Comunales (Asadas) en Santa Cruz, Abangares, La Cruz y Nicoya
Authors: Baldioceda Garro Álvaro , Guillén Watson Anny , Rojas Conejo Johanna , Suárez Serrano Andrea , Golcher Benavides Christian , Gómez Solís William
Published: November 2020

This article describes the systematization process of the project titled “Enhancing capacities of Rural Aqueduct Associations (ASADAS) by implementing good practices, techniques, and innovation in community water management.” The article shares the different experiences lived by the extensionists and the significant highlights observed through the process. The project lasted four years and involved 32 community water operators from the Chorotega Region (Costa Rica’s North Pacific region), named ASADAS. Capacity -building processes were individually put in place to reduce vulnerability and define incoming goals addressing specific problems. We could observe differences between the participant water operators at the economic, infrastructure, and administrative levels. Therefore, interventions were adjusted for each ASADA, strengthening the relationship between these water stakeholders and the university.
La extensión universitaria crítica ante la avanzada neoliberal
Authors: Robles Barrantes Andrés Ariel
Published: November 2020

This essay represents a look at the university extension from a critical perspective. It aims to understand the economic challenges introduced by neoliberalism into the Latin-American universities. The extension in universities symbolizes a significant action that covers a dialectic bond between the communities and educational institutions. In this academic paper, the university characterizes a social investment validated by its work in the communities and regions, especially when there has been exclusion and limitation. Correspondingly, it remarks, from a historical point of view, the basis, goals, and effects of the university extension in Latin-American countries.
МІСТА МЕЗОАМЕРИКИ В СУЧАСНІЙ ІСТОРІОГРАФІЇ
Authors: Откидач Олексій
Published: November 2020

У статті висвітлено основні тенденції урбаністики в сучасній америндології. На основі аналізу публікаційавтор виокремлює головні наукові проблеми історії міст Доколумбової Америки, серед яких слід зазначитипро дослідження окремих типів будівель, їхньої будови, соціальних або релігійних функцій палаців, площ, май-данчиків для гри в мʼяч, храмів, фортець. Також у статті проаналізовано основні напрями зацікавленостівчених стосовно регіональної взаємодії міст Мезоамерики, а також кооперації з аграрною сільською пери-ферією у контексті функціонування локальних та регіональних торгівельних зв’язків, постійних та сезон-них міграцій населення. Крім цього, робота висвітлює таку особливу рису америндологічних урбаністичнихдосліджень, як вивчення символізму різних міських структур та просторів, виділення вченими рівнів мета-форичної та космогонічної значущості окремих частин міст як у Південній, так і в Центральній Америці.Водночас автор публікації простежує хронологічний розвиток та зміни в тематиці наукових праць, присвя-чених міським центрам Центральної Мексики та Юкатану протягом 2000–2020-х рр. Зокрема, у статтівиокремлено ті теми, що були актуальними у публікаціях 2000-х рр. і цікавили науковців у 2010- х рр. Йдетьсяпро дослідження структурних елементів міської архітектури, їхньої конструкції, призначення та функці-ональних змін протягом різних періодів часу, наприклад, гідротехнічних споруд, таких як дамби, мости,басейни, віадуки. Крім цього, у роботі зроблено огляд головних трендів урбаністичних студій ДоколумбовоїАмерики, що виникли або стали надзвичайно актуальними протягом останнього десятиліття. Серед ос-танніх варто зазначити про дослідження соціальної стратифікації населення у географічному районуванні міст та існування окремих «закритих» зон, призначених для специфічних етнічних чи суспільних груп міщан,господарської спеціалізації певних районів міст, а також праці, які присвячені аналізу змін міського просто-ру урбаністичних центрів Мезоамерики, що були спричинені впливом політичних та демографічних процесіву регіоні. Стаття охоплює публікації передових наукових америндологічних журналів та видань англійськоюта іспанською мовами як у Європі, так і в Америці.
НОВИЙ ПОГЛЯД НА РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЮ ПОЧАТКОВОГО ВИГЛЯДУ ТРОЇЦЬКОЇ НАДБРАМНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ
Authors: Лук'янченко Вадим
Published: November 2020

Вивчення будівельної еволюції Троїцької надбрамної церкви Києво-Печерської лаври охоплює багато важливих аспектів, що потребують серйозних архітектурних, археологічних та бібліографічних досліджень. Насамперед це виявлення і аналіз фактів, які б могли відповісти на питання про час її будівництва та початкове функціональне призначення. Висновки та припущення, подані в статті, вперше ґрунтуються не тільки на матеріалах із літературних та графічних джерел, а насамперед на натурних дослідженнях та візуальному обстеженні Троїцької надбрамної церкви. Спираючись на матеріали наукових архітектурних та археологічних досліджень, аналізуючи результати візуального обстеження, автор доходить висновку, що початково Троїцька надбрамна церква будувалася у єдиній оборонній лінії Печерського монастиря, як захисна споруда. Вона поєднувала в собі дві функції: культову і оборонну. Спочатку до неї підходила оборонна стіна у вигляді стовп’я, яку у другій половині ХІІ ст. було замінено на кам’яний мур. Саме з бойового рівня цих оборонних стін початково здійснювався вихід на другий оборонний поверх захисної башти над головною проїзною монастирською брамою. Спираючись на виявлені під час натурних досліджень беззаперечні факти (залишки будівельних конструкцій, їх конфігурацію та розташування), автор стверджує, що початково Троїцька надбрамна церква будувалася як оборонна триповерхова башта. На першому поверсі башти, в її центральній частині був проїзд, а у бокових частинах – господарські приміщення та оборонні бойові настили для захисту монастиря під час облоги. Другий поверх сполучався з бойовими рівнями прилеглих захисних монастирських стін та третім бойовим поверхом башти. Перекриття над другим поверхом башти – плоскі дерев’яні по дерев’яних балках та цегляних арках. На обстеження стін із метою пошуку початкових гнізд від дерев’яного перекриття між імовірними другим і третім початковими поверхами. третьому поверсі башти розташовувалася маленька Троїцька церква. Церква мала один неф і одну апсиду. У статті представлені гіпотетичні реконструкції планів поверхів, загальних виглядів фасадів та розрізів Троїцької надбрамної церкви на початковий будівельний період. Зважаючи на неможливість застосування традиційних методів наукових архітектурних натурних досліджень безпосередньо в інтер’єрі Троїцької церкви, автор пропонує застосувати прилади георадарної зйомки для обстеження стін із метою пошуку початкових гнізд від дерев’яного перекриття між імовірними другим і третім початковими поверхами.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER LEVELS AT LADNÁ HYDROPEDOLOGICAL PROFILE
Authors:   Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Hornová Hana , Černá Ivana ,   Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
Published: November 2020

The planned construction of Oder-Danube canal was one of the largest activities, which led to the realization of research projects, which also included construction of boreholes for monitoring groundwater levels. Hydropedological profiles (HP) consist of boreholes, which are situated usually across the route of the canal and across longitudinal axis of valleys or flat Moravian hollows. They belong to basins of Oder, Bečva, Dyje (Thaya) and Morava rivers. First observations started back in 1933, subsequent followed after 1940. Nowadays these objects serve for obtaining general idea about the groundwater regime in valley profiles of these rivers. From geological perspective, these HP profiles are in an area of Quaternary sediments. Groundwater level monitoring at HP is important especially because of relating the profile to a particular watercourse and duration of the continuous monitoring. It can be used for determination of hydraulic link between surface water and groundwater. These values can be very useful especially in the determination of spread of potential groundwater pollutants via surface waters. Aim of the work is to assess course of groundwater levels at the Ladná profile of interest and to evaluate the effect of river engineering of the Dyje River on the groundwater regime, taking into account the drought period. Next aim of the work was to show the relationship with surface waters and evaluate the relationship between individual boreholes and the watercourse in the entire profile. In addition, long-term data series of groundwater level monitoring were used to perform evaluation of course of groundwater levels during various time periods, in particular during the individual reference periods, as specified by the CHMI, i.e. 1931-1960, 1931-1980 and the current reference period 1981-2010. Subsequently, the period 1991-2018 was also analyzed as a period associated with the current situation and finally also the entire period of monitoring, i.e. 1948-2018, a total of 70 years.
ESTIMATION OF MINIMUM AVERAGE MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE: YANTRA RIVER, NORTH BULGARIA
Authors:   National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Kirilova Bojilova Elena
Published: November 2020

Yantra river basin situated in North Bulgaria, is a part of Danube river basin directorate. This investigation is performed in the framework of the project with Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water. From the Ministry the points for each effluent or water abstraction facility are provided. For all points it was requested to evaluate 95% probability of occurrence for minimum monthly average river discharge. The provided from the project cross section (points) are along the main river body and also on the main river tributaries: Vidima, Rositza, Belitza and Drianovska rivers. For the current study data from thirteen hydrological gauging stations in the drainage basin of Yantra river are used. Time series for the 1981-2014 study period are executed. Seven homogeneous regions were determined. Map with homogeneous regions for the Yantra river basin is elaborated and presented. Results are discussed.
AVERAGE ANNUAL RIVER DISCHARGE ASSESSMENT, YANTRA RIVER, NORTH BULGARIA
Authors:   National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Kirilova Bojilova Elena
Published: November 2020

The study was performed for the needs of Danube river basin directorate in Bulgaria. The object of investigation is Yantra river basin situated in North Bulgaria. The Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water was provided the points for each effluent or water abstraction facility. For all points it was requested to evaluate 10% of multiannual average river discharge. For the drainage basin of Yantra river the points are 195. The selected cross section (points) are along the main river body and also on the main river tributaries. The majority of the points are located in the drainage basins of Vidima, Rositza, Belitza and Drianovska rivers. Three homogeneous regions were determined: upper mountain tributaries; middle part and lower part of Yantra river basin. Map with determined homogeneous regions for the drainage river basin is elaborated. The obtained results are discussed.
ESTIMATION OF THE T-YEAR SPECIFIC DISCHARGE USING THE REGIONALISED SKEWNESS COEFFICIENT OF THE LOG-PEARSON TYPE III DISTRIBUTION
Authors:   Institute of Hydrology, Mészáros Jakub , Miklánek Pavol ,   Institute of Hydrology, Pekárová Pavla ,   Institute of Hydrology
Published: November 2020

In this paper the results are presented of estimation of T-year specific discharge of several streams in two regions in Slovakia. The Qmax time series used in the study were observed at water gauges from lowland Slovak part of the Morava River basin, and from the mountainous Belá River basin. For estimating the design values, we have studied the use of only one type of probability distribution, namely the Log-Pearson Type III Distribution (LP3 distribution). The use of only one type of distribution brings several benefits, e.g. possibility of the regionalization of the distribution parameters (in this study skew coefficient). In the first step the design values of the specific discharge series qmax (with historical data) were estimated and regional skew coefficients Gr of the LP3 distribution were computed. Regional skewness coefficient Gr was estimated to be 0.38 in the Morava River region, and 0.73 in the Belá River region. In many cases the estimate of the 1000-year specific discharge is two times higher than the value of the 100-year specific discharge. Then we have derived the empirical relations between station skew coefficient G and the elevation of the water gauge. In the second step we have derived the empirical relationships between 1000-years specific discharge q1000 and the elevation of the water gauge for both regions separately. The derived empirical regional equations can be used to estimate the 1000-years specific discharge of other streams in the region.
FUZZY LOGIC BASED FLASH FLOOD FORECAST
Authors:   Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Janál Petr , Kozel Tomáš ,   Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
Published: November 2020

The flash flood forecasting remains one of the most difficult tasks in the operative hydrology worldwide. The torrential rainfalls bring high uncertainty included in both forecasted and measured part of the input rainfall data. The hydrological models must be capable to deal with such amount of uncertainty. The artificial intelligence methods work on the principles of adaptability and could represent a proper solution. The application of different methods, approaches, hydrological models and usage of various input data is necessary. The tool for real-time evaluation of the flash flood occurrence was assembled on the bases of the fuzzy logic. The model covers whole area of the Czech Republic and the nearest surroundings. The domain is divided into 3245 small catchments of the average size of 30 km2. Real flood episodes were used for the calibration and future flood events can be used for recalibration (principle of adaptability). The model consists of two fuzzy inference systems (FIS). The catchment predisposition for the flash flood occurrence is evaluated by the first FIS. The geomorphological characteristics and long-term meteorological statistics serve as the inputs. The second FIS evaluates real-time data. The inputs are: The predisposition for flash flood occurrence (gained from the first FIS), the rainfall intensity, the rainfall duration and the antecedent precipitation index. The meteorological radar measurement and the precipitation nowcasting serve as the precipitation data source. Various precipitation nowcasting methods are considered. The risk of the flash flood occurrence is evaluated for each small catchment every 5 or 10 minutes (the time step depends on the precipitation nowcasting method). The Fuzzy Flash Flood model is implemented in the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) – Brno Regional Office. The results are available for all forecasters at CHMI via web application for testing. The huge uncertainty inherent in the flash flood forecasting causes that fuzzy model outputs based on different nowcasting methods could vary significantly. The storms development is very dynamic and hydrological forecast could change a lot of every 5 minutes. That is why the fuzzy model estimates are intended to be used by experts only. The Fuzzy Flash Flood model is an alternative tool for the flash flood forecasting. It can provide the first hints of danger of flash flood occurrence within the whole territory of the Czech Republic. Its main advantage is very fast calculation and possibility of variant approach using various precipitation nowcasting inputs. However, the system produces large number of false alarms, therefore the long-term testing in operation is necessary and the warning releasing rules must be set.
APPLICATION OF THE «CLIMATE-RUNOFF» MODEL TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN WATER RESOURCES IN THE XXI CENTURY ACCORDING TO THE CLIMATE SCENARIOS (A1B)
Authors:   Odessa State Environmental University, Loboda N.S. , Bozhok Y.V. ,   Odessa State Environmental University
Published: November 2020

The results of calculations of possible state of water resources within The Danube River in the XXI century were shown. This estimation was based on the model «climate-runoff», developed in Odessa State Environmental University. As the input to model data of climate scenario A1B (model REMO) were used. Average long-term annual flow values using meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) from the scenario for different climatic periods of XXI century were calculated. 32 points (grid nodes) which were uniformly distributed over the catchment area of The Danube River were studied. Projection of changes in water resources was given by comparing the calculation results in the past (before 1989) and in the future (1990-2030, 2031-2070, 2071-2100). The major trends in climatic factors of the flow formation and water resources were established. It is shown that the climatic conditions in the XXI century on the Danube River catchment is unfavorable for the formation of runoff. The positive component of the water balance (precipitation) remains unchanged and the negative component (evaporation) increases. Isolines of norms of climatic annual flow within the whole basin were constructed. It is established that by 2030 a significant reduction of water resources will not occur; during the 2031-2070 diminution will be 17,9%; during the 2071-2100 – 22,0%. Thus, in the XXI century, changes in the water resources of the Danube will not be destructive and irreversible.
DEVELOPMENT OF STREAMFLOW DROUGHT INDICES IN THE MORAVA RIVER BASIN
Authors:   Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Ledvinka Ondrej , Coufal Pavel ,   Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
Published: November 2020

The territory of Czechia currently suffers from a long-lasting drought period which has been a subject of many studies, including the hydrological ones. Previous works indicated that the basin of the Morava River, a left-hand tributary of the Danube, is very prone to the occurrence of dry spells. It also applies to the development of various hydrological time series that often show decreases in the amount of available water. The purpose of this contribution is to extend the results of studies performed earlier and, using the most updated daily time series of discharge, to look at the situation of the so-called streamflow drought within the basin. 46 water-gauging stations representing the rivers of diverse catchment size were selected where no or a very weak anthropogenic influences are expected and the stability and sensitivity of profiles allow for the proper measurement of low flows. The selected series had to cover the most current period 1981-2018 but they could be much longer, which was considered beneficial for the next determination of the development direction. Various series of drought indices were derived from the original discharge series. Specifically, 7-, 15- and 30-day low flows together with deficit volumes and their durations were tested for trends using the modifications of the Mann– Kendall test that account for short-term and long-term persistence. In order to better reflect the drivers of streamflow drought, the indices were considered for summer and winter seasons separately as well. The places with the situation critical to the future water resources management were highlighted where substantial changes in river regime occur probably due to climate factors. Finally, the current drought episode that started in 2014 was put into a wider context, making use of the information obtained by the analyses.
ESTIMATION OF THE FLOOD MAXIMUM VOLUMES FOR VARIOUS DURATIONS OF THE RIVER RUNOFF AND THEIR MUTUAL DEPENDANCES: A CASE STUDY ON HRON RIVER IN SLOVAKIA
Authors:   Institute of Hydrology Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bačová Mitková Veronika , Halmová Dana ,   Institute of Hydrology Slovak Academy of Sciences
Published: November 2020

This work deals with the determination of the annual maximum discharge volumes on the Hron River for the runoff time duration t = 2, 5, 10, and 20 days. The series of 84 years (1931–2015) mean daily discharges of the Hron River at Banská Bystrica station was used as input data to calculate the maximum annual volumes of runoff of the Hron River. Subsequently, the theoretical curves of exceedance of the maximal discharge volumes were determined by the LogPearson distribution of the Type III. This type of probability distribution is used to estimate maximum (extreme) values across a range of natural processes. The results of the estimated T-year volumes by using PL III distribution were compared to other types of theoretical distribution functions used in hydrological extreme analyses in Slovakia (Gamma, Log-normal, etc.). The second part of our work was focused on the bivariate modelling of the relationship between T-year maximum volumes with different duration and peak discharges. In the case of modelling without evaluating this mutual dependence of the flood wave characteristics, they may be overestimated (in the case of the negative dependence) or underestimated (in the case of the positive dependence). The Archimedean class of copula functions was used as mathematical tool for the dependence modelling. The LP III distribution was used as marginal probability distribution function. Subsequently joint and conditional return periods of the T-year maximum annual flows and T-year maximum volumes with different time duration were calculated. The first one defines joint return periods as: the return periods using one random variable equaling or exceeding a certain magnitude and/or using another random variable equaling or exceeding another certain magnitude. The second one is conditional return periods for one random variable, given that another random variable equals or exceeds a specific magnitude.
MAXIMUM RIVERINE RUNOFF IN THE BASIN OF TYSA AND PRUT WITHIN UKRAINE
Authors:   Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Malytska L. , Lukianets O. , Moskalenko S. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Published: November 2020

Research focuses on the objective assessment of maximum river runoff and its multi-annual variability in the basin of Tysa and Prut rivers within Ukraine. For this purpose, a database of maximum riverine water runoff (the highest daily values per year and the largest for one of the terms of daily measurement periods) from 36 measuring stations were created. The series were formed from the beginning of observations until 2015 and in most of them, the length is 50-70 years. Their representativeness for practical calculations has been evaluated. The main statistical parameters of the maximum runoff are determined – norms of water discharge and maximum specific discharges, coefficients of variation and skewness. A comparison was made between the maximum daily runoff values and their corresponding peak maxima. This is especially important for mountain rivers to calculate and predict dangerous peaks maxima on rivers. The multi-annual variability of the maximum runoff of rivers was examined by integral curves of differences, autocorrelation, and spectral functions. The result revealed the structure of cyclical fluctuations and an assessment of trends in the current period.
ANALYSIS OF LOW-FLOW CONDITIONS IN A HETEROGENEOUS KARST CATCHMENT AS A BASIS FOR FUTURE PLANNING OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Authors:   University of Ljubljana, Sapač Klaudija , Rusjan Simon ,   University of Ljubljana, Bezak Nejc ,   University of Ljubljana, Šraj Mojca ,   University of Ljubljana
Published: November 2020

Understanding and prediction of low-flow conditions are fundamental for efficient water resources planning and management as well as for identification of water-related environmental problems. This is problematic especially in view of water use in economic sectors (e.g., tourism) where water-use peaks usually coincide with low-flow conditions in the summer time. In our study, we evaluated various low-flow characteristics at 11 water stations in the non-homogenous Ljubljanica river catchment in Slovenia. Approximately 90% of the catchment is covered by karst with a diverse subsurface, consisting of numerous karst caves. The streams in the remaining part of the catchment have mainly torrential characteristics. Based on daily discharge data we calculated and analyzed values of 5 low-flow indices. In addition, by analyzing hydrograph recession curves, recession constants were determined to assess the catchment’s responsiveness to the absence of precipitation. By using various calculation criteria, we analyzed the influence of individual criteria on the values of low-flow recession constants. Recession curves are widely used in different fields of hydrology, for example in hydrological models, baseflow studies, for low-flow forecasting, and in assessing groundwater storages which are crucial in view of assessing water availability for planning water resources management. Moreover, in the study we also investigated the possible impact of projected climate change (scenario RCP4.5) on low-flow conditions in two sub-catchments of the Ljubljanica river catchment. For the evaluation we used the lumped conceptual hydrological model implemented in the R package airGR. For periods 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100 low-flow conditions were evaluated based on flow duration curves compared with the 1981-2010 period. The lowest discharges at all water stations in the Ljubljanica river catchment occur mostly during the summer months. Our results for the future show that we can expect a decrease of the lowest low-flows in the first two 30-year periods, while in the last one low-flows could increase by approx. 15%. However, the uncertainty/variability of the results is very high and as such should be taken into account when interpreting and using the results. This study demonstrates that evaluation of several low-flow characteristics is needed for a comprehensive and holistic overview of low-flow dynamics. In non-homogeneous catchments with a high karstic influence, the hydrogeological conditions of rivers should also be taken into account in order to adequately interpret the results of low-flow analyses. This proved to be important even in case of neighboring water stations.
Efectos de las medidas de confinamiento por COVID-19 en el grado de bienestar y la carga de entrenamiento de las jugadoras de la selección nacional de fútbol de Chile
Authors: Villaseca-Vicuña Rodrigo , Pérez-Contreras Jorge , Merino-Muñoz Pablo , González-Jurado José , Aedo-Muñoz Esteban
Published: November 2020

Introducción. Debido a la actual pandemia por COVID-19, muchos países tomaron medidas de control y prevención como el confinamiento obligatorio, afectando todas las esferas de la vida. Ya que los futbolistas profesionales no son una excepción, este tipo de medidas puede tener un impacto negativo en su bienestar y en su percepción sobre las cargas de entrenamiento.
Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de las medidas de confinamiento por COVID-19 en la carga de entrenamiento y el grado de bienestar de jugadoras de fútbol profesional de Chile.
Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal, exploratorio-descriptivo realizado en 32 jugadoras de la Selección Nacional de Fútbol de Chile. El grado de bienestar y la carga de entrenamiento se evaluaron mediante un cuestionario desarrollado en 2010 y mediante la escala de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) y el volumen de entrenamiento expresado en minutos, respectivamente. Ambas evaluaciones se realizaron en 2 periodos de 12 semanas: periodo preparatorio regular (12/12/2019-10/03/2020) y periodo de confinamiento (16/03/2020-07/06/2020). Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y la prueba de Wilcoxon se utilizó para determinar si hubo diferencias significativas entre ambos periodos.
Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) y umbrales de tamaño del efecto (TE) iguales a 1.2, 2.0 y 4.0 (grande, muy grande y extremadamente grande, respectivamente) entre ambos periodos en todas las variables evaluadas por el cuestionario de bienestar (a excepción de calidad de sueño): dolor muscular y nivel de estrés (TE=1.9), fatiga percibida (TE=2.5), bienestar general (TE=2.4) y estado de ánimo (TE=4.2). No se observaron diferencias en la PSE (TE=0.1) entre ambos periodos.
Conclusiones. El confinamiento obligatorio afectó negativamente el grado de bienestar de las participantes, por lo que es necesario que los cuerpos técnicos monitoreen constantemente, de manera individual y colectiva, el grado de bienestar de los futbolistas profesionales durante estos periodos; si bien la percepción en la carga de entrenamiento no se vio afectada, no es posible asegurar que un periodo mayor de confinamiento no la disminuya y esto resulte en una baja del rendimiento.
Rendimiento diagnóstico de la tomografía computarizada multidetector para la identificación de heridas diafragmáticas en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables. Resultados preliminares
Authors: Daza-Cajas Gabriel Fernando , Valdés-Torres Fabián
Published: November 2020

Introducción. Las heridas diafragmáticas son un hallazgo común en pacientes con trauma toracoabdominal penetrante. Su diagnóstico requiere exploración mediante cirugía abierta o laparoscópica. Sin embargo, la tomografía computarizada multidetector (TCMD) surge como una herramienta no invasiva útil para este propósito.
Objetivo. Determinar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la TCMD en la identificación de heridas diafragmáticas en pacientes con trauma toracoabdominal penetrante hemodinámicamente estables.
Materiales y métodos. Estudio prospectivo realizado en 119 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia, entre marzo de 2012 y junio de 2015. Para evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la TCMD, los resultados obtenidos mediante esta prueba fueron comparados con los reportados por el test de referencia (cirugía abierta). Se realizaron 2 lecturas de los estudios de imagen por 2 radiólogos. La concordancia intra e interobservador respecto a la lectura de las TCMD se analizó mediante el coeficiente Kappa de Fleiss.
Resultados. La TCDM tuvo una sensibilidad y especificidad de 94.4% y 46.8%, respectivamente. Sus valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) fueron 44.7% y 94.8%, respectivamente. La razón de verosimilitud positiva (LR+) fue 1.7765, y la razón de verisimilitud negativa (LR-), 0.1186. Respecto a la concordancia interobservador, el coeficiente Kappa de Fleiss entre la primera lectura de ambos radiólogos fue de 0.4425.
Conclusiones. La especificidad de la TCMD para el diagnóstico de heridas diafragmáticas encontrada en el presente estudio difiere considerablemente de lo reportado en la literatura. Teniendo en cuenta la sensibilidad, el VPN y la LR- obtenidos en el presente estudio, la TCMD podría constituir una herramienta importante en el manejo de estos pacientes, ya que en aquellos en los que no se detecte herida diafragmática mediante este tipo de tomografía podría considerarse un manejo conservador.
Anisákidos y anisakidosis: Reportes de caso y hospedadores en América del Sur. Revisión sistemática.
Authors: Falla-Zuñiga Luis Felipe , Castellanos-Garzón Jenniffer Alejandra , Salazar Liliana , Pustovrh María Carolina
Published: November 2020

Introducción. La anisakidosis es una parasitosis ocasionada por el consumo de pescado de mar crudo o semicrudo parasitado con larvas de nematodos de la familia Anisakidae. En Europa y Asia es un problema de salud pública; sin embargo, en América del Sur es poco conocida.Objetivo. Presentar los reportes de caso de anisakidosis y los hospedadores intermediarios de anisákidos reportados en América del Sur.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en Medline, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS y Scopus mediante la búsqueda estructurada de términos MeSH y DeCS. Estrategia de búsqueda: periodo de publicación: inicio de cada base de datos-septiembre de 2018; idiomas: inglés, español y portugués; tipos de estudio: reportes de caso y estudios transversales observacionales. La revisión fue complementada con una búsqueda no estructurada en SciELO y Google Scholar. Resultados. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 172 artículos. Una vez removidos los duplicados y revisados los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron 69 estudios para análisis completo: 19 reportes de caso y 50 registros de hospedadores. La forma de anisakidosis más reportada fue la gastrointestinal, con 45 casos, donde la parasitosis fue causada por una larva única en 41 (91.1%). Existen varios reportes de peces para consumo humano parasitados por los géneros Anisakis, Contracaecum, Pseudoterranova e Hysterothylacium en Argentina (22 especies de peces), Brasil (34 especies), Chile (15 especies), Colombia (17 especies), Ecuador (8 especies), Perú (7 especies), Uruguay y Venezuela (2 especies cada uno).Conclusión. La anisakidosis es un riesgo latente para América del Sur, por lo que es necesario instaurar normativas efectivas para el control eficiente de la aparición de esta parasitosis en la región, así como brindar más información a la población general sobre las precauciones necesarias en relación con el consumo de pescado de agua salada.
Conocimiento de odontólogos chilenos sobre la pérdida auditiva generada por exposición ocupacional al ruido
Authors: Yévenes-Briones Humberto , Carrasco-Alarcón Pablo , Sanhueza Hernán , Acevedo Nicole , Venturelli Rocío , Morales Camilo
Published: November 2020

Introducción. Los odontólogos son una población con un alto riesgo de desarrollar pérdida auditiva debido a la constante exposición a instrumentales que deben usar en su práctica profesional y que pueden generar ruidos de hasta 100 dB.
Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de conocimiento de odontólogos laboralmente activos en Chile respecto a la pérdida auditiva causada por la exposición al ruido generado por maquinarias dentales.
Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en 114 odontólogos, quienes diligenciaron una encuesta virtual de 22 preguntas relativas a la percepción y el nivel de conocimiento sobre pérdida auditiva por exposición a ruidos fuertes y sobre la normativa nacional respecto a exposición ocupacional al ruido. Se evaluaron las diferencias entre percepción y niveles de conocimiento según los años de ejercicio profesional y la carga promedio de trabajo semanal en boxes de atención. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial (prueba de chi-cuadrado).
Resultados. La mayoría de participantes eran chilenos (99.1%); el 58.8% fueron mujeres, y el 72.8% tenía menos de 10 años de ejercicio profesional. Además, el 97.4% desconocía las regulaciones nacionales sobre exposición ocupacional al ruido y el 50% reportó haber experimentado pérdida auditiva; de estos, 57.9% (n=32) lo asoció a su profesión.
Conclusiones. Un muy bajo porcentaje de los participantes sabe que hay disposiciones sobre exposición ocupacional al ruido, por lo que es importante que, tanto en su formación, como durante su ejercicio profesional, los odontólogos en Chile tengan un mayor acceso a información relativa a estas normativas y a medidas ocupacionales de protección auditiva.
Validación de un instrumento para medir la adherencia al tratamiento de ortodoncia en servicios odontológicos de facultades de odontología
Authors: Jaimes-Monroy Gustavo , Rojas-Rojas Ingrid Karina , Vega-Ruiz Andrea Yaneth , Franco-Galvis Claudia Marcela , Clavijo-Serrato Nathaly , Higuera-Pulido Carolina , Vesga-Sarmiento Juan Carlos
Published: November 2020

Introducción. La adherencia al tratamiento está relacionada con la calidad de la atención en salud dada al paciente, especialmente en instituciones con un alto volumen de trabajo, como las facultades de odontología, donde los tratamientos son prolongados y se requiere de una alta adherencia para que estos sean exitosos.
Objetivo. Validar, mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), un instrumento para medir la adherencia al tratamiento ortodóntico en clínicas odontológicas de facultades de odontología en las que se atiende un alto número de pacientes.
Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuantitativo en el que se validó un instrumento mediante un AFE y un AFC. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 27 preguntas (adaptado del instrumento original de 37 preguntas) a 601 pacientes atendidos en una facultad de odontología de una universidad colombiana en dos periodos diferentes: el segundo semestre de 2018 y el primer semestre de 2019. El AFE y el AFC se realizaron mediante los programas SPSS y LISREL, respectivamente.
Resultados. El análisis factorial permitió establecer un instrumento con 6 factores y 25 preguntas adecuado para recolectar información sobre la adherencia al tratamiento al obtener los siguientes valores de ajuste: χ2S-B=420.09 con gl=260 y p<0.05; χ2S-B/gl=1.62; CFI=0.99; RFI=0.98; NNFI=0.99; RMSEA=0.039 (IC90%: 0.032-0.046), y SRMR=0.057.
Conclusiones. El AFE y el AFC permitieron establecer un instrumento válido y con una alta confiabilidad para medir la adherencia al tratamiento ortodóntico en este escenario, por lo que su uso en instituciones similares permitirá determinar de manera confiable los niveles de adherencia en estos pacientes, y, de esta forma, cuando sea necesario, desarrollar e implementar acciones que fomenten un mayor compromiso de esta población con los tratamientos de ortodoncia para obtener mejores desenlaces.
Could Entrustable Professional Activities mediate community-based teaching in care integration services?
Authors: Francischetti Ieda , Bitu-Moreno José , Peters Harm
Published: November 2020

Competency-based medical education (CBME) is currently the most common type of curriculum used worldwide. However, its limitations include fragmented learning and difficulties to use properly the knowledge, skills, and attitudes acquired using this educational model. Having this in mind, Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) emerge as a tool to mediate the transfer of the competency-based curriculum into physicians’ professional practice in graduate medical education. Therefore, based on a narrative review of the existing literature on EPA and the authors’ experience in teaching community-based health care integration services, the aim of this paper is to reflect on the possible use of these activities in undergraduate medical education for the development of a CBME model integrated with primary health care and community medicine. The reflections presented here allow suggesting that, although it is a challenging process, incorporating EPA into undergraduate medical education is appropriate to improve the provision of primary health care to individuals, families, and communities in general.