bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible RFID Tag Metal Antenna on Paper‐Based Substrate by Inkjet Printing Technology
Authors: Wang Yan , Yan Chuan , Cheng Si‐Yuan , Xu Zhao‐Quan , Sun Xuping , Xu You‐He , Chen Jin‐Ju , Jiang Zhi , Liang Kun , Feng Zhe‐Sheng
Published: May 2019

A reliable and low‐cost solution‐processing procedure to synthesize a highly adhesive flexible metal antenna with low resistivity for radio‐frequency identification device (RFID) tags on paper substrates via inkjet printing combined with surface modification and electroless deposition (ELD) is demonstrated in this paper. Through the surface modification of colloidal solution of hydrolyzed stannous chloride and chitosan solution, the paper‐based substrate is able to reduce the penetration rate of ink and further increase the adsorption amount of silver ions, which could create a catalytic activating layer to catalyze the subsequent ELD of a conductive deposited metal antenna. The resulting metal antenna for RFID tags presents good adhesive strength and low resistivity of 2.58 × 10−8 Ω·m after 40 min of ELD, and maintains a reliable reading range of RFID tags even after over 1000 times of bending and mechanical stress. Consequently, the developed technology proposed allows for cheap, efficient, and massive production of metal antenna for paper‐based RFID tags with excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Furthermore, this process is especially advantageous for the fabrication of next‐generation flexible electronic devices based on paper substrates.
Negative Transconductance Heterojunction Organic Transistors and their Application to Full‐Swing Ternary Circuits
Authors: Yoo Hocheon , On Sungmin , Lee Seon Baek , Cho Kilwon , Kim Jae‐Joon
Published: May 2019

Multivalued logic (MVL) computing could provide bit density beyond that of Boolean logic. Unlike conventional transistors, heterojunction transistors (H‐TRs) exhibit negative transconductance (NTC) regions. Using the NTC characteristics of H‐TRs, ternary inverters have recently been demonstrated. However, they have shown incomplete inverter characteristics; the output voltage (VOUT) does not fully swing from VDD to GND. A new H‐TR device structure that consists of a dinaphtho[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f]thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (DNTT) layer stacked on a PTCDI‐C13 layer is presented. Due to the continuous DNTT layer from source to drain, the proposed device exhibits novel switching behavior: p‐type off/p‐type subthreshold region /NTC/ p‐type on. As a result, it has a very high on/off current ratio (≈105) and exhibits NTC behavior. It is also demonstrated that an array of 36 of these H‐TRs have 100% yield, a uniform on/off current ratio, and uniform NTC characteristics. Furthermore, the proposed ternary inverter exhibits full VDD‐to‐GND swing of VOUT with three distinct logic states. The proposed transistors and inverters exhibit hysteresis‐free operation due to the use of a hydrophobic gate dielectric and encapsulating layers. Based on this, the transient operation of a ternary inverter circuit is demonstrated for the first time.
Advancing emergency airway management practice and research
Authors: Goto Tadahiro , Goto Yukari , Hagiwara Yusuke , Okamoto Hiroshi , Watase Hiroko , Hasegawa Kohei
Published: May 2019

Emergency airway management is one of the vital resuscitative procedures undertaken in the emergency department (ED). Despite its clinical and research importance in the care of critically ill and injured patients, earlier studies have documented suboptimal intubation performance and high adverse event rates with a wide variation across the EDs. The optimal emergency airway management strategies remain to be established and their dissemination to the entire nation is a challenging task. This article reviews the current published works on emergency airway management with a focus on the use of airway management algorithms as well as the importance of first‐pass success and systematic use of rescue intubation strategies. Additionally, the review summarizes the current evidence for each of the important airway management processes, such as assessment of the difficult airway, preparation (e.g., positioning and oxygenation), intubation methods (e.g., rapid sequence intubation), medications (e.g., premedications, sedatives, and neuromuscular blockades), devices (e.g., direct and video laryngoscopy and supraglottic devises), and rescue intubation strategies (e.g., airway adjuncts and rescue intubators), as well as the airway management in distinct patient populations (i.e., trauma, cardiac arrest, and pediatric patients). Well‐designed, rigorously conducted, multicenter studies that prospectively and comprehensively characterize emergency airway management should provide clinicians with important opportunities for improving the quality and safety of airway management practice. Such data will not only advance research into the determination of optimal airway management strategies but also facilitate the development of clinical guidelines, which will, in turn, improve the outcomes of critically ill and injured patients in the ED.
Evolutionary “Experiments” in Symbiosis: The Study of Model Animals Provides Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Diversity of Host–Microbe Interactions
Authors: Bosch Thomas C. G. , Guillemin Karen , McFall‐Ngai Margaret
Published: May 2019

Current work in experimental biology revolves around a handful of animal species. Studying only a few organisms limits science to the answers that those organisms can provide. Nature has given us an overwhelming diversity of animals to study, and recent technological advances have greatly accelerated the ability to generate genetic and genomic tools to develop model organisms for research on host–microbe interactions. With the help of such models the authors therefore hope to construct a more complete picture of the mechanisms that underlie crucial interactions in a given metaorganism (entity consisting of a eukaryotic host with all its associated microbial partners). As reviewed here, new knowledge of the diversity of host–microbe interactions found across the animal kingdom will provide new insights into how animals develop, evolve, and succumb to the disease.
AKT1, PRDM4, and BAX are the natural markers of psychological endurance threshold
Authors: Xu Zhijian , Jing Qicheng , Zhang Houcan , Liu Yue
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Abnormal behavior can cause harm or loss to oneself, the family, and society and may be related to psychological endurance levels. With early identification and early intervention, the occurrence of harm can be prevented and the loss can be reduced. Now there is no clear definition of psychological endurance levels and no accurate measurement tools yet.

Methods

This study first proposes the concept of psychological endurance threshold (PET) and defines that as: “the psychological state threshold of human objective physiological characteristics and outbreaks of abnormal behavior led by subjective cognitive level difference”. The study hypothesizes that human behavior is related to it, and constructs multiple measurement method tools to measure it.

Results

Here we show PET exists objectively and can be measured exactly by methods such as psychological endurance threshold measurement table, experience evaluation, dopamine level detection, and genetic testing. In particular, PET is determined by AKT1, PRDM4, and BAX which are the natural markers of PET.

Conclusions

The significance of this study is to discover people with abnormal expression of AKT1, PRDM4, and BAX who have lower PET and tend to commit abnormal behavior more easily. Understanding PET will enable people to make self‐adjustment or to intervene by professionals as soon as possible and in a timely manner in the face of various negative stimuli in work and life, especially for people with lower PET, people should intervene as early as possible to reduce the harm to the individual, family and society.
Facile Fabrication of Amorphous Ni−P Supported on a 3D Biocarbon Skeleton as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Guo Xingmei , Zhang Wei , Shi Ruhua , Zhu Haowei , Qian Cheng , Yang Hongxun , Zhang Junhao , Yuan Aihua , Zhou Yazhou
Published: May 2019

Transition metals with intrinsic electrocatalytic activity usually suffer from low anodic instability when used as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This work draws inspiration from stainless metals to synthesize highly anticorrosive amorphous Ni−P via electroless deposition. Holly leaves with three‐dimensional micro/nanoarchitecture were firstly calcined at 800 °C in nitrogen to obtain self‐supporting biocarbon as the substrate for eletroless deposition. After depositing Ni−P for 30 min, the as‐obtained Ni−P/carbonized leaf (Ni−P/CL) composite showed an excellent electrocatalytic performance for the OER. Benefiting from the high electronic conductivity and catalytic activity of Ni−P, and the efficient mass transport behavior in the three‐dimensional architecture, a low overpotential of 300 mV was required to reach a current density of 40 mA cm−2. The anticorrosive amorphous and P‐doping feature of Ni−P can prevent catalytic active species from leaching out; and to some extent, can protect the biocarbon substrate from corrosion during the OER process. The current retained 85.7 % of the initial value after performing at 1.6 V (vs. RHE) for 12 h.
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Properties of Zn−Ag−In−Te Nanocrystals with High Energy Photon Excitation
Authors: Kameyama Tatsuya , Sugiura Kouta , Kuwabata Susumu , Okuhata Tomoki , Tamai Naoto , Torimoto Tsukasa
Published: May 2019

Multinary nanocrystals (NCs) of I‐III‐VI‐based semiconductors with less toxicity have attracted much attention for the fabrication of efficient light‐energy conversion systems. Here we report unique photoelectrochemical properties of ZnTe−AgInTe2 solid solution (ZAITe) NCs with a controllable energy gap in near‐IR region. The photoelectrochemical behavior of ZAITe NCs immobilized on an ITO electrode with a thickness of less than one monoparticle layer, resembling a p‐type semiconductor photoresponse, was remarkably different from that of ZAITe NC multilayer films: The onset of a cathodic photocurrent was shifted more positively than that of the valence band maximum of ZAITe NCs and the photocurrent generation efficiency was significantly increased, when photons with energy higher than ca. 2.5 eV were irradiated. These phenomena can be explained well by the direct hot hole transfer from ZAITe NCs to the ITO electrode.
Modulation of CYP450 Activities in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Gravel Sophie , Chiasson Jean‐Louis , Turgeon Jacques , Grangeon Alexia , Michaud Veronique
Published: May 2019

We conducted a comprehensive in vivo study evaluating the influence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on major cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activities. These activities were assessed in 38 T2D and 35 non‐T2D subjects after a single oral administration of a cocktail of probe drugs: 100 mg caffeine (CYP1A2), 100 mg bupropion (CYP2B6), 250 mg tolbutamide (CYP2C9), 20 mg omeprazole (CYP2C19), 30 mg dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), 2 mg midazolam (CYP3As), and 250 mg chlorzoxazone (alone; CYP2E1). Mean metabolic activity for CYP2C19, CYP2B6, and CYP3A was decreased in subjects with T2D by about 46%, 45%, and 38% (P < 0.01), respectively. CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 activities seemed slightly increased in subjects with diabetes, and no difference was observed for CYP2D6 or CYP2E1 activities. Several covariables, such as inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)‐1ß, IL‐6, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), genotypes, and diabetes‐related and demographic‐related factors were considered in our analyses. Our results indicate that low chronic inflammatory status associated with T2D modulates CYP450 activities in an isoform‐specific manner.
Late Quaternary paleo sea level geomorphological markers of opposite vertical movements at Salina volcanic island (Aeolian Arc)
Authors: Lucchi F. , Ricchi A. , Romagnoli C. , Casalbore D. , Quartau R.
Published: May 2019

Raised marine terraces and submerged insular shelves are used through an integrated approach as markers of relative sea level changes along the flanks of the Salina volcanic island (Aeolian Arc, southern Italy) for the purpose of evaluating its crustal vertical deformation pattern through time. Paleo sea level positions are estimated for the terrace inner margins exposed subaerially at different elevations and the erosive shelf edges recognized offshore at different depths. Compared with the eustatic sea levels at the main highstands (for the terraces) and lowstands (for the shelf edges) derived from the literature, these paleo sea level markers allowed us to reconstruct the interplay among different processes shaping the flanks of the island and, in particular, to quantify the pattern, magnitudes and rates of vertical movements affecting the different sectors of Salina since the time of their formation. A uniform uplift process at rates of 0.35 m ka−1 during the Last Interglacial is estimated for Salina (extended to most of the Aeolian Arc) as evidence of a regional (tectonic) vertical deformation affecting the sub‐volcanic basement in a subduction‐related geodynamic context. Before that, a dominant subsidence at rates of 0.39–0.56 m ka−1 is instead suggested for the time interval between 465 ka (MIS 12) and the onset of the Last Interglacial (MIS 5.5, 124 ka). By matching the insular shelf edges with the main lowstands of the sea level curve, a relative age attribution is provided for the (mostly) submerged volcanic centres on which the deepest (and oldest) insular shelves were carved, with insights on the chronological development of the older stages of Salina and the early emergence of the island. The shift from subsidence to uplift at the Last Interglacial suggests a major geodynamic change and variation of the stress regime acting on the Aeolian sub‐volcanic basement. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher Education Hot Spots: Using Local Indicators of Spatial Association
Authors: Lyke Austin
Published: May 2019

This chapter outlines conceptual and mathematical underpinnings of local indicators of spatial association, or LISA statistics. An empirical application shows how LISAs can be used to detect localized spatial processes impacting students and campuses.
The Statistical Power of “Zooming In”: Applying Geographically Based Difference in Differences Using Spatio‐Temporal Analysis to the Study of College Aid and Access
Authors: González Canché Manuel S.
Published: May 2019

The prevalence and emergence of college promise programs presents interesting and important methodological challenges. Based on their immediate access to de‐identified data of applicants and enrollees, institutional researchers are in a privileged position to rigorously assess the effect of these programs in a myriad of outcomes. This study is a resource for institutional researchers to begin implementing innovative analytic techniques, which not only would make them more marketable, but will also improve the conclusions reached.
Phytochemical composition and biological activities of differently pigmented cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) varieties
Authors: Koss‐Mikołajczyk Izabela , Kusznierewicz Barbara , Wiczkowski Wiesław , Płatosz Natalia , Bartoszek Agnieszka
Published: May 2019

Background

Brassica plants contain a wide spectrum of bioactive components that are responsible for their health‐promoting potential such as vitamins, polyphenols and glucosinolates. This study attempted to relate the composition of bioactive phytochemicals and chosen biological activities (antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti‐genotoxic, and influence on enzymatic activities) for extracts from differently pigmented cabbage (white and red) and cauliflower (white and purple) varieties. The assumption was that tested varieties of the same plant would exhibit similar chemical composition differing mostly in anthocyanin content and that the latter will be reflected in biological activity.

Results

Profiles of antioxidants obtained using post‐column derivatization with ABTS radical confirmed, that the content and composition of anthocyanins is strongly correlated with the antioxidant capacity of tested plant extracts measured by spectrophotometric methods (ABTS, FC, DPPH, FRAP), and Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) test. The results of determinations of other biological activities showed that opposite to purified bioactive phytochemicals, in the case of actual plant foods, there was no simple relationship between anthocyanin content and chemopreventive potential.

Conclusion

Obtained results suggest that there must be some kind of interaction between different phytochemicals, which decides on the final health promoting activity of edible plants as suggested by for example the food synergy concept. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Integrative resident education curriculum to adapt to the modern otolaryngology trainee
Authors: Moskowitz Howard S. , Hsueh Wayne D.
Published: May 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

To examine the perspectives of current otolaryngology–head and neck surgery residents and faculty members on educational formats and approaches. To assess the effects of a novel integrative educational curriculum for residents by examining results from the otolaryngology training examination (OTE). We hypothesized that altering the current curriculum to accentuate resident participation would result in improved performance on the OTE.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

We conducted a study from June 2015 to July 2018. All faculty attendings and residents were asked to participate in the study and were included. A novel educational curriculum founded on the principles of experiential learning and utilizing the PulseQD app to facilitate collaborative learning was implemented. The results of a questionnaire distributed within the department and yearly OTE scores were collected.

Results

Residents and faculty attendings reported comparable exposure to educational formats throughout their training, although residents had more experience with flipped classroom settings. Both groups had similar attitudes toward the importance and effectiveness of educational opportunities. There was a statistically significant improvement in OTE scores in each of the 2 years after implementation of the educational changes (P = .0296 and P = .00237, respectively), with all current residents improving their scores on the most recent OTE.

Conclusions

Through implementation of this integrative educational curriculum our residents showed significant improvement in OTE scores. Our results suggest that this type of curriculum, which combines a variety of approaches including a flipped classroom model with active participation and integrates app technology, can improve resident performance on educational assessments.

Level of Evidence

2

Laryngoscope, 130:615–621, 2020
Spectral statistics of random Schrödinger operator with growing potential
Authors: Dolai Dhriti Ranjan , Mallick Anish
Published: May 2019

In this work we investigate the spectral statistics of random Schrödinger operators
urn:x-wiley:0025584X:media:mana201600290:mana201600290-math-0001acting on where are i.i.d random variables distributed uniformly on [0,1].
Polyethylene composites filled with n‐alkyl‐functionalized siloxane‐silsesquioxane resins and sol‐gel silicas
Authors: Niemczyk Arkadiusz , Dziubek Katarzyna , Czaja Krystyna , Szatanik Roman
Published: May 2019

High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites filled with silicon‐based fillers were prepared by melt blending. The use of non‐functionalized and n‐octyl‐functionalized siloxane‐silsesquioxane resins and the sol‐gel silicas as fillers allowed us to evaluate the influence of functionalization of the fillers on the properties of the composites. The melting and crystallization temperatures of the composites were found to be only slightly affected by the addition of the silicon‐based fillers. In turn, the crystallization degree values were increased, in particular for the materials containing non‐functionalized fillers. The free‐volume properties of the composites did not change significantly in comparison with the neat polyethylene. The composites filled with the n‐octyl‐functionalized fillers were characterized by high thermal stability (in air) due to improved polymer/filler compatibility and consequently due to more uniform dispersion of the silicon‐based compounds in the polymer matrix. Better mechanical properties were obtained for the composites with functionalized fillers as compared to the materials with non‐functionalized ones.
The influence of the dispersed phase on the morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/PE‐LD and PLA/PE‐HD polymer blends and their nanocomposites with TiO2 and CaCO3
Authors: Lovinčić Milovanović Vedrana , Hajdinjak Ivana , Lovriša Ivona , Vrsaljko Domagoj
Published: May 2019

This research investigated the impact of different processing temperature (extrusion at 160°C and 180°C) and the influence of the TiO2 and CaCO3 fillers on morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of polylactide (PLA) blended with low‐density polyethylene (PE‐LD) and high‐density polyethylene (PE‐HD) in 90/10 weight ratio. The impact of the particle size of the filler was also examined with the three types of TiO2 filler. It has been shown that the different processing temperature has no significant impact on the morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of PLA/PE‐LD 90/10 and PLA/PE‐HD 90/10 polymer blends. It has also been shown that better phase interaction is not the crucial factor for the improvement of the mechanical properties but the domain size distribution of the dispersed phase within the matrix and the dispersion of the filler are. Samples with a narrow size distribution of the dispersed phase domain (5 to 10 μm) with the higher portion of larger domains that are uniformly distributed within the polymer matrix showed best mechanical properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1395–1408 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Analysis of a novel CuCl2 back contact process for improved stability in CdTe solar cells
Authors: Artegiani Elisa , Menossi Daniele , Shiel Huw , Dhanak Vin , Major Jonathan D. , Gasparotto Andrea , Sun Kai , Romeo Alessandro
Published: May 2019

One of the crucial points in the production of CdTe solar cells is the insertion of copper in the back contact and in the absorber. As demonstrated by the top performing devices presented in literature: copper is necessary for high efficiency devices. However, despite this, copper was found to be a fast diffuser degrading the cell in the long term. Different approaches for limiting this effect have been widely presented from several laboratories, from the preparation of CuxTe by the controlled evaporation of Cu and Te to the application of ZnTe, which incorporates Cu, blocking its diffusion in the bulk. We have developed a wet deposition method for inserting in the CdTe structure a quantity of copper equivalent to a 0.1‐nm‐thick Cu layer. We are able to reach similar efficiencies to the ones of devices with a standard 2‐nm‐thick evaporated copper layer, but with a dramatic improvement in performance stability.
Management of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Nadin Tom , Haque Ashraful , Akil Mohammed , Hughes Michael
Published: May 2019

The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) – comprising polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis – are a rare group of disorders characterised by muscle inflammation. This article discusses the causes, symptoms, assessment and treatment of these disorders, and the GP's role in management.
Tackling the declining uptake of childhood vaccinations
Authors: Dowden Angela
Published: May 2019

There has been a recent fall off in immunisation rates in England, and in 2017–18, coverage declined again in nine of the 12 routine vaccinations in preschool children. This article examines the reasons why, and looks at ways to combat the decline.
Combined Application of Graphene‐Family Materials and Silk Fibroin in Biomedicine
Authors: Sun Jiachen , Shakya Sujan , Gong Min , Liu Guoming , Wu Shuang , Xiang Zhou
Published: May 2019

The main graphene‐family materials used in biomedicine include graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide. They have been well documented for their distinctive microstructure and excellent physicochemical properties. Although they also have some shortcomings, such as slow biodegradation and dose‐dependent biotoxicity, these problems can be solved by using them in conjunction with other biomaterials. Silk fibroin (SF), a natural polymer material with many advantageous properties, has been used widely in biomedicine. However, SF requires modification by other biomaterials to improve its mechanical properties and control its degradation rate for further use. In recent years, the combined application of graphene‐family materials and SF has increased gradually, and the effects of it on cell behavior have been preliminary investigated, such as promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Further studies of the combined use have been conducted in biomedicine, including tissue engineering, biosensor, and other biomedical usage. In this paper, this combined application has been outlined and summarized, and some envisioned challenges and future perspectives have been mentioned. We hope that this review will provide some reference and inspiration for the combined application of graphene‐family materials and SF in biomedicine in the future.
Solvent‐Free One‐Pot Tandem Multicomponent Synthesis of Triazolothiadiazinyl Coumarins and Their Antimicrobial Properties
Authors: Vaarla Krishnaiah , Pavurala Sreenu , Arandkar Varun , Vedula Rajeswar Rao , Toopurani Murali Krishna
Published: May 2019

Here, we report the synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity evaluation of a series of triazolo‐thiadiazinyl coumarin derivatives 4 (a–j) and 6 (a–j). The triazolo thiadiazinyl coumarins were synthesized in a facile tandem solvent free one‐pot multi component reaction approach by taking various aliphatic/ aromatic/ heterocyclic carboxylic acids 1 (a–c) and 5 (a&b), Thiocarbohydrazide (2) and substituted 3‐(2‐bromoacetyl)coumarins 3 (a–h). The newly synthesized molecules were confirmed on the basis of physical, analytical and single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The triazolo thiadiazinyl coumarins exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram positive, Gram negative and fungi microbial strains. Among the tested compounds, compounds 4 f (6‐Bromo), 4 g (6,8‐Dibromo), 6e (6,8‐Dichloro), 6 f (6‐Bromo) and 6 g (6,8‐Dibromo) exhibited potent antimicrobial activity at 25 μg / mL concentration against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains.
An Efficient Phosphotungstic Acid Catalysed Synthesis of 4,5‐Dioxopyrrolidines and Study of the Mechanistic Effect of the Solvent on the Reaction
Authors: Basu Soumyadip , Ghosh Tanushree , Maity Suvendu , Ghosh Prasanta , Mukhopadhyay Chhanda
Published: May 2019

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of dioxopyrrolidine scaffolds has been established using phosphotungstic acid as an effective catalyst in a multicomponent reaction of aromatic primary amines, dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylates and formaldehyde at room temperature in alcohol as a green solvent. In this methodology, the reactant solvent has an important part and is involved in the reaction mechanism to increase the versatility of the product. This protocol involves environment friendly, cost effective methodology with a comparatively simple reaction mechanism.
Theory of mind in animals: Current and future directions
Authors: Krupenye Christopher , Call Josep
Published: May 2019

Theory of mind (ToM; a.k.a., mind‐reading, mentalizing, mental‐state attribution, and perspective‐taking) is the ability to ascribe mental states, such as desires and beliefs, to others, and it is central to the unique forms of communication, cooperation, and culture that define our species. As a result, for 40 years, researchers have endeavored to determine whether ToM is itself unique to humans. Investigations in other species (e.g., apes, monkeys, corvids) are essential to understand the mechanistic underpinnings and evolutionary origins of this capacity across taxa, including humans. We review the literature on ToM in nonhuman animals, suggesting that some species share foundational social cognitive mechanisms with humans. We focus principally on innovations of the last decade and pressing directions for future work. Underexplored types of social cognition have been targeted, including ascription of mental states, such as desires and beliefs, that require simultaneously representing one's own and another's conflicting motives or views of the world. Ongoing efforts probe the motivational facets of ToM, how flexibly animals can recruit social cognitive skills across cooperative and competitive settings, and appropriate motivational contexts for comparative inquiry. Finally, novel methodological and empirical approaches have brought new species (e.g., lemurs, dogs) into the lab, implemented critical controls to elucidate underlying mechanisms, and contributed powerful new techniques (e.g., looking‐time, eye‐tracking) that open the door to unexplored approaches for studying animal minds. These innovations in cognition, motivation, and method promise fruitful progress in the years to come, in understanding the nature and origin of ToM in humans and other species.

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

Psychology > Comparative Psychology

Neuroscience > Cognition
Predictive repair scheduling of wind turbine drive‐train components based on machine learning
Authors: Colone Lorenzo , Dimitrov Nikolay , Straub Daniel
Published: May 2019

We devise a methodology to predict failures in wind turbine drive‐train components and quantify its utility. The methodology consists of two main steps. The first step is the set up of a predictive model for shutdown events, which is able to raise an alarm in advance of the fault‐induced shutdown. The model is trained on data for shutdown events retrieved from the alarm log of an offshore wind farm. Here, it is assumed that the timely prediction of low‐severity events, typically caused by abnormal component operation, allows for an intervention that can prevent premature component failures. The prediction models are based on statistical classification using only supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. In the second step, the shutdown prediction model is combined with a cost model to provide an estimate of the benefits associated with implementing the predictive maintenance system. This is achieved by computing the maximum net utility attainable as a function of the model performance and efficiency of intervention carried out by the user. Results show that the system can be expected to be cost‐effective under specific conditions. A discussion about potential improvements of the approach is provided, along with suggestions for further research in this area.
Analytic form of the planar two-loop five-parton scattering amplitudes in QCD
Authors: Abreu S. , Dormans J. , Febres Cordero F. , Ita H. , Page B. , Sotnikov V.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We present the analytic form of all leading-color two-loop five-parton helicity amplitudes in QCD. The results are analytically reconstructed from exact numerical evaluations over finite fields. Combining a judicious choice of variables with a new approach to the treatment of particle states in D dimensions for the numerical evaluation of amplitudes, we obtain the analytic expressions with a modest computational effort. Their systematic simplification using multivariate partial-fraction decomposition leads to a particularly compact form. Our results provide all two-loop amplitudes required for the calculation of next-to-next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the production of three jets at hadron colliders in the leading-color approximation.
Liquidity constraints, spillovers, and entrepreneurship: evidence from a cash transfer program
Authors: Ribas Rafael P.
Published: May 2019

This paper exploits a liquidity shock from a welfare program in Brazil to investigate the role of financial constraints, in opposition to general equilibrium mechanisms, in explaining entrepreneurship. Previous research focuses exclusively on how liquidity changes recipients’ behavior through direct effects on reducing constraints. However, liquidity shocks may also produce spillovers from recipients to others and thereby indirectly affect entrepreneurial decisions. This paper presents a method for decomposing the liquidity shock into direct effects associated with relieving individual constraints, and indirect effects associated with spillovers to other individuals. Results suggest that the program, which assists 20 percent of Brazilian households, increased the number of small entrepreneurs by 10 percent. However, this increase is entirely driven by the indirect effect. Further tests suggest that this effect is associated with an increase in private transfers between households. Thus, entrepreneurship tends to respond more to the interaction between households than to financial constraints.
Membrane water treatment system developed to reduce toxic waste and disposal costs
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: May 2019

In this month's technology focus we look at a pilot plant that has been built to treat industrial wastewater. The researchers who have developed this system say that it has the potential to reduce the amount of liquid waste by over 90%. Located at a semiconductor company in Singapore, it is also capable of recovering precious metals from the treated water, enabling these materials to be sold and reused.
Fusion or hypertrophy?: the unusual arms of the Petalocrinidae (Ordovician-Devonian: Crinoidea)
Authors: Ausich William I. , Mao Yingyan , Li Yue
Published: May 2019

Using polarized light microscopy, the large, triangular or cylindrical second brachial plate of the Petalocrinidae is demonstrated to be a compound brachial formed through fusion of brachial plates along the distal margin of the growing arms. Based on the number of ambulacral bifurcations, brachials from the primibrachitaxis through at least the quintibrachitaxis may have been fused to form this large plate. In Petalocrinus, fused brachials form a second brachial that assumed the same crystallographic orientation, but in Spirocrinus, multidirectional extinctions preserve some of the original multiplate arrangement.
The recent trend of mortality in great britain
Authors: Daykin C. D.
Published: May 2019

This note continues a regular series on mortality rates in Great Britain, showing the mortality experienced in each age-group in 1990 and comparing this for broad age-groups, on a standardised basis, with mortality in earlier years.
Yosef Zerzevsky v. The Prime Minister (1991) 45(i) P.D. 749: A Summary
Authors: Landau Asher Felix
Published: May 2019

The petitioner, a member of the Likud central committee, moved the High Court of Justice to set aside a coalition agreement of April 11, 1990, between the Likud and a Knesset faction known as the Movement for the Promotion of the Zionist Idea. The agreement, regulating the relationship between the two bodies in parliamentary elections and in the Knesset, also provides that the Likud will have no monetary claims against the faction, and that the future expenses of their joint list in the Knesset will be shared according to their respective strengths.

The petitioner contended that the agreement is illegal and against public policy.
Alternatives to Withdrawal from an International Organization: The Case of The European Economic Community
Authors: Weiler Joseph H.H.
Published: May 2019

The practice of omitting withdrawal clauses from the constituent treaties of many international organizations was highlighted by Nathan Feinberg in his article on “Unilateral Withdrawal from an International Organization”, acknowledged as “…the most thorough study of the subject”. In a detailed study of both State Practice and La Doctrine, Feinberg drew the conclusion

that there exists no presumption in favour of the right of unilateral withdrawal, and that withdrawal is therefore permitted only if it is expressly provided for or can be inferred by implication.
Profligate spending exploits wildlife in Taiwan
Authors: Martin Chryssee Bradley , Martin Esmond Bradley
Published: May 2019

When the authors visited Taiwan in 1988 they discovered that much of the rhino horn on sale there had come from South Africa. Since then action by the South African Government and Taiwanese Customs has stopped these illegal imports. A return visit in 1990 revealed that the same is not true of horn from Asian rhinos; demand for this is increasing and wealthy Taiwanese, aware that prices will rise even higher as rhinoceros numbers decline, are buying it as an investment. Although imports of rhino horn have been prohibited in Taiwan since 1985, the smuggling goes on, encouraged by the fact that domestic sales of horn still continue despite a total ban initiated in 1989.
Conservation in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Thouless Chris
Published: May 2019

During the last 5 years a major conservation programme has been under way in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The author worked for the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development between 1987 and 1990, and in this article gives a personal view of the achievements of the organization and the problems it faces in trying to implement its policies.
Effects of Preemergence Herbicides on the Competitiveness of Selected Weeds
Authors: Adcock Timothy E. , Banks Philip A.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of preemergence herbicides on the growth characteristics and competitiveness of sicklepod and common cocklebur to soybean. Alachlor was applied at 1.1 or 2.2 kg ai ha–1and metribuzin at 0.2 or 0.4 kg ai ha–1in glasshouse and field experiments. Alachlor at 2.2 kg ha–1reduced sicklepod dry weight and leaf area 4 weeks after planting. Sicklepod water use was initially lowered by both rates of alachlor while soybean and common cocklebur water use was initially lowered by metribuzin at 0.4 kg ha–1. Sicklepod and common cocklebur fresh weights were reduced at soybean harvest by the high rates of alachlor and metribuzin. Soybean competing with sicklepod injured by 1.1 or 2.2 kg ha–1of alachlor produced yields greater than soybean competing with untreated sicklepod. Soybean yields were not improved when metribuzin was used on common cocklebur.
Residual Effects of CGA-131036 and Chlorsulfuron on Spring-Sown Rotational Crops
Authors: Friesen George H. , Wall David A.
Published: May 2019

Response of flax, canola, field pea, sunflower, field corn, lentils, and common buckwheat to soil residues of CGA-131036 and chlorsulfuron applied at 22 g ai ha–1was determined on two soil types at Morden, Manitoba. on a fine sandy loam with a pH of 7.4 and 4.5% organic matter, the length of time required before crops showed no phytotoxicity from CGA-131036 residues was: sunflower 4 yr; canola and common buckwheat 3 yr; flax 2 yr; field pea and field corn 1 yr. on a clay loam with a pH of 6.5 and 5.3% organic matter, the corresponding duration was: lentil, canola, and sunflower 3 yr; flax and field pea 1 yr. Chlorsulfuron residues persisted somewhat longer than CGA-131036 residues on the sandy loam but not on the clay loam.
Soil Moisture Effects on Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation in Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Authors: Waldecker Mark A. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: May 2019

Absorption and translocation of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] by moisture-stressed common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL. ♯ ASCSY) was studied in greenhouse and growth chamber experiments. Water-stressed [13% (w/w) soil moisture] common milkweed plants treated with glyphosate at 1.1 kg ae/ha produced shoot regrowth equal to untreated plants, whereas shoot regrowth of nonstressed [25% (w/w) soil moisture] glyphosate-treated plants was only 6% of untreated plants. All shoot regrowth originated from buds on the proximal half of roots. Common milkweed plants, maintained at 25% soil moisture, absorbed 44% of the14C-glyphosate applied and translocated 20% from the treated leaf, whereas plants at 13% soil moisture absorbed 29% and translocated 7%. Wiping the leaf with tissue paper wetted with distilled water or chloroform prior to14C-glyphosate application increased absorption from 35 (unwiped leaves) to 62 and 77%, respectively, for plants at 25% soil moisture, and increased absorption from 14 to 42 and 46%, respectively, for plants at 13% soil moisture. Wiping failed to increase translocation out of the treated leaf for plants at either soil moisture regime. Latex samples taken from the abaxial leaf surface opposite14C-glyphosate-treated leaves and from petioles of treated leaves did not contain14C, indicating that glyphosate did not enter laticifers. Proximal root buds accumulated less14C-radioactivity than distal root buds and had lower respiratory rates, suggesting that proximal root buds are more dormant than distal root buds and thus accumulate less glyphosate.
Seasonal Variations in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root Bud Growth and Root Carbohydrate Reserves
Authors: McAllister Ray S. , Haderlie Lloyd C.
Published: May 2019

Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] root samples were collected at monthly intervals over a 2-yr period from two locations to determine seasonal fluctuations in the presence and growth potential of root buds. Root bud growth was highest during late fall and winter months following death of the aerial shoots. Root fragments incubated at a constant 15 C for 2 weeks in continuous light consistently had more buds than nonincubated roots, which indicated active bud differentiation during the incubation period. Incubated roots produced 3 to 9 cm of new shoot length/cm root length. There were no obvious seasonal patterns in the presence of root buds or their ability to elongate at different times of the year. Carbohydrate reserves were stored preferentially in roots rather than in developing root buds or the bases of shoots. These reserves ranged from as low as 3% of root fresh weight during spring months to as high as 26% in late fall months, although the levels did not increase consistently during summer months over the locations and years of this study.
Interacting Effects of Imidazolinone Herbicide Mixtures on Translocation in Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa)
Authors: Shaw David R. , Riley Dennis G. , Minton Bradford W.
Published: May 2019

Individual herbicides and all double combinations of imazaquin, imazethapyr, and imazapyr were applied alone and in combination to the foliage of pitted morningglory plants in order to evaluate potential influences on translocation. Unlabeled imazethapyr at 5.62 μg plant−1stimulated basipetal translocation of both14C-imazaquin and14C–imazapyr. Unlabeled imazaquin at 7.49 μg plant−1also increased basipetal translocation of14C–imazethapyr but did not influence14C–imazapyr translocation. No combination affected the amount of14C herbicide remaining in treated leaves or moving into foliage above treated leaves. Unlabeled imazapyr at 0.11 μg plant−1did not affect movement of either imazaquin or imazethapyr.
Effect of Light, Watering Frequency, and Chlorsulfuron on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Zimdahl Robert L. , Lin Jingzhu , Dall'Armellina Armando A.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine effects of light, water, and chlorsulfuron on growth of Canada thistle. In the greenhouse, shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, and number of inflorescences decreased as light and water levels decreased. In the field, shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, and number of Canada thistle inflorescences were positively correlated with light intensity from 1832 to 30 μmol m−2s−1photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). The greatest effect of light was on inflorescence production which was eliminated at 30 μmol m−2s−1(PPFD). The combined effect of water stress and chlorsulfuron decreased root and shoot growth but did not eliminate it.
Interactions of Foliarly Applied Herbicides on Three Weed Species in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Moore J. David , Banks Philip A.
Published: May 2019

In the greenhouse, naptalam at 1.1 to 4.5 kg ai ha−1antagonized activity of paraquat at 0.04 to 0.14 kg ai ha−1in 14 of 16 rate combinations when applied to sicklepod. Sicklepod shoot fresh weight reduction was less compared to that obtained with paraquat alone when paraquat at 0.04 kg ha−1was mixed with bentazon at 0.42 to 0.84 kg ai ha−1or monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate at 14 to 58 kg ai ha−1. Paraquat activity on Florida beggarweed was antagonized by mixtures of paraquat at 0.04 or 0.07 kg ha−1with bentazon at 0.63 or 0.84 kg ha−1or paraquat at 0.04 to 0.14 kg ha−1with naptalam at 3.4 or 4.5 kg ha−1. Mixtures of lactofen at 0.06 to 0.22 kg ai ha−1with monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate at 14 kg ha−1or lactofen at 0.06 or 0.16 kg ha−1with alachlor at 1.4 to 2.8 kg ai ha−1synergistically increased tall morningglory shoot fresh weight reduction. In the field, excellent sicklepod shoot fresh weight reduction by paraquat applied alone masked most antagonistic effects of paraquat mixtures. Addition of alachlor to monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate at 29 kg ha−1improved activity on sicklepod compared to monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate applied alone.
RIFORME ISTITUZIONALI E GOVERNO: UN COMMENTO
Authors: Passigli Stefano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il dibattito sulle riforme istituzionali, dopo molti anni di andamento “carsico” con improvvise emersioni ed altrettanto rapide scomparse, sembra avere trovato con le campagne referendarie del Comitato promosso dall'on. Segni la via maestra per giungere ad un qualche sbocco. I promotori del referendum si propongono di modificare i sistemi elettorali in senso maggioritario con il triplice obiettivo di aumentare la governabilità, sottraendo la scelta dei governi al gioco dei partiti e rimettendone la formazione a forme più dirette di investitura popolare; favorire un più diretto rapporto tra eletti ed elettori; e migliorare la qualità della classe politica. Un evidente filo rosso lega questi obiettivi: la convinzione che ilparty governmentabbia fatto il suo tempo e che la nostra società richieda una democrazia meno mediata. Le concrete alternative sollevate nel dibattito e dai quesiti referendari sottendono dunque questioni più ampie, cui non possiamo dedicarci nel breve spazio di questorejoinder, e cui accenniamo solo per sottolineare che esse non potevano non destare l'attenzione di uno studioso che, come Sartori, ha fatto nella democrazia, e dei partiti e sistemi di partito, il focus principale dei suoi interessi. Nell'esaminare il saggio di Sartori va dunque innanzitutto detto che il suo è un contributo non solo estremamente topico, ma anche che discende direttamente da molte sue affermazioni teoriche.
Biotechnology and biosafety developments at the international agricultural research centres
Authors: Sawyer Richard L.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Advances in biotechnology are creating opportunities to increase food production in developing countries and reduce or eliminate the environmental problems associated with conventional farming practices. International agricultural research centres have used the techniques of modern molecular biology for more than a decade, mostly for tissue culture and the elimination of virus diseases in planting materials. As the centres expand their use of the new tools of biotechnology, the focus of their work is shifting. The centres are playing an even larger role in linking developing countries' scientists with colleagues in public and private sector institutions in the developed world. They are also using the new techniques to speed up the development of pest- and disease-resistant crop varieties. Whenever possible they are developing collaborative links with institutions that have the experience and infrastructure needed to carry out advanced molecular research, thus minimising the need for expensive, highly sophisticated in-house capabilities.