bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thailand Agromyzidae (Diptera)—2
Authors: SASAKAWA MITSUHIRO
Published: December 2013

The 29 species of the subfamily Agromyzinae in Thailand are revised, among these 13 species are described as new to science: Melanagromyza ancyla sp. nov., M. catalexis sp. nov., M. cirrappendicula sp. nov., M. lunulata sp. nov., M. macilenta sp. nov., M. multistriata sp. nov., M. pandiculata sp. nov., M. sexseriata sp. nov., M. spinuliloba sp. nov., M. turgida sp. nov., Ophiomyia flagellata sp. nov., O. quadrifida sp. nov., O. striata sp. nov.; and nine species (three species of Agromyza, two of Melanagromyza and four of Ophiomyia) are recorded as new to Thailand. One new synonym is established: Melanagromyza cordiophoeta Spencer, 1961, as a junior synonym of M. dolichostigma Meijere, 1922. Keys to the Thailand species of the genera Agromyza, Melanagromyza and Ophiomyia are given.
Radiative Forcing of Quadrupling CO2
Authors: Zhang Minghong , Huang Yi
Published: December 2013

An analysis method proposed by Huang is improved and used to dissect the radiative forcing in the instantaneous quadrupling CO2 experiment from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Multiple validation tests show that the errors in the forcing estimates are generally within 10%. The results show that quadrupling CO2, on average, induces a global-mean all-sky instantaneous top-of-the-atmosphere forcing of 5.4 W m−2, which is amended by a stratospheric adjustment of 1.9 W m−2 and a tropospheric adjustment of −0.1 W m−2. The resulting fully adjusted radiative forcing has an ensemble mean of 7.2 W m−2 and a substantial intermodel spread (maximum–minimum) of 2.4 W m−2, which results from all the forcing components, especially the instantaneous forcing and tropospheric adjustment. The fidelity of the linear decomposition of the overall radiation variation is improved when forcing is explicitly estimated for each model. A significant contribution by forcing uncertainty to the intermodel spread of the surface temperature projection is verified. The results reaffirm the importance of evaluating the radiative forcing components in climate feedback analyses.
Evaluating medically at-risk drivers: A survey of assessment practices in Canada
Authors: Vrkljan Brenda H. , Myers Anita M. , Crizzle Alexander M. , Blanchard Robin A. , Marshall Shawn C.
Published: December 2013

Background.

Assessing medical fitness to drive (FTD) can include both off- and on-road testing, although consistency of practice is unclear.

Purpose.

To examine actual practices being used to assess FTD at driver assessment centres (DACs) across Canada.

Method.

Surveys e-mailed to 90 DACs were returned by 47 assessors.

Findings.

The majority of respondents (89%) were occupational therapists. Assessors reported doing an average of eight FTD assessments per month (range = 1 to 40) at an average cost of $366 ( SD = $225; range = $40 to $985). Referrals came from physicians (96%), other health professionals (70%), and licensing authorities (66%). Clients with stroke, dementia, traumatic brain injury, mild cognitive impairment, and multiple sclerosis composed 62% of estimated caseloads. Assessments took 3 hr on average (range = 1.24 to 4.5 hr); 64% reported they always took clients on road regardless of clinic results.

Implications.

Evidence-based guidelines for training and assessment are clearly needed given the inconsistency in practice.
Honors Students’ Perceptions of Their High School Experiences
Authors: Siegle Del , Rubenstein Lisa DaVia , Mitchell Melissa S.
Published: December 2013

Academic motivation is important for students’ task persistence, academic performance, and college selection. The goal of this qualitative study was to understand academic motivation from the students’ perspective. Focus group discussions with 28 university honors freshman revealed that students most often attributed their interest and motivation in high school to their interactions with their teachers. These findings supported the theoretical foundations of the Achievement Orientation Model and demonstrated how effective teachers can influence all components of that model as they encourage students’ growth and satisfaction (building self-efficacy), as they make the content meaningful and challenging for their students (creating task valuation), and as they shape students’ perception of support in their environment through building positive relationships and being knowledgeable about the content (fostering a positive environmental perception). Teachers with extensive depth and breadth of content knowledge are better able to foster student motivation. These teachers have the background to be comfortable differentiating content, straying from the familiar textbook territory, and delving into a variety of instruction strategies, such as in-depth discussions, with their students.
US union revival, minority unionism and inter-union conflict
Authors: Harcourt Mark , Lam Helen , Wood Geoffrey
Published: December 2013

One option for reversing US union decline, requiring no legislative change, would involve re-legitimizing non-majority or minority union representation, allowing unions to organize without running the gauntlet of union certification. Such minority representation, applicable only to workplaces without majority union support on a members-only basis, could run in parallel with the existing system of exclusive representation in workplaces where majority support is achieved. The increased representation in the currently unrepresented workplaces would inevitably promote workers’ collective voice and contribute to union revival. However, minority unionism has been criticized for breeding union competition because it is non-exclusive. In this paper, the nature and extent of inter-union conflict under minority unionism are re-examined, using survey data from unions in New Zealand which already has non-exclusive, minority union representation. The low levels and consequences of conflict suggest that the benefits of minority unionism far outweigh any potentially unfavourable effects.
Investigation of failure in Kevlar fabric under transverse indentation using a homogenized continuum constitutive model
Authors: Manimala James M , Sun CT
Published: December 2013

Kevlar fabrics are extensively used in ballistic protection and containment applications. This study presents an investigation of failure for Kevlar fabrics under their in-service deformation mode of transverse indentation using a homogenized continuum constitutive model. Quasi-static indentation tests performed on uniaxial and 45° off-axial Kevlar K706 coupons with and without an elastic foundation were used to investigate failure modes and mechanisms. Two failure modes were identified – yarn breakage and yarn sliding, depending on the configurations of the tests. A stress-based failure criterion in conjunction with the constitutive model was implemented in numerical simulations to predict load–displacement behavior and failure load with good accuracy for the uniaxial case where the failure was due to yarn breakage. For the 45° off-axial case, an estimation of onset of failure due to yarn sliding is achieved based on a yarn locking parameter. The deformed shape and load–displacement behavior for the combined indentation tests with the elastic foundation are accurately captured by the model. This approach provides a relatively simple, computationally efficient means to predict failure due to yarn-scale phenomenon using homogenized properties for the fabric.
Effect of shear thickening fluid on the sound insulation properties of textiles
Authors: Li Shan , Wang Yan , Ding Juan , Wu Huimin , Fu Yaqin
Published: December 2013

A shear thickening fluid (STF) was prepared from SiO2/PEG200 by ball-milling and its effect on the sound insulation properties of textile materials investigated. The rheological properties of the STF were evaluated using a high-speed rotary rheometer and a field emission scanning electron microscope. Fabrics based on fibers of profiled cross-section were knitted on a computerized flat knitting machine, then dipped in the diluted STF and the microstructure and the sound insulating properties of the STF-treated fabrics were established using a two-channel acoustic analyzer. It was found that an increase in the SiO2 content of the STF decreased the critical shear rate, and the thickening effect of the STF system became effective once the SiO2 content reached 30 wt%. The sound insulation performance of the STF-treated fabrics was superior to that of the untreated fabrics, and their level of sound insulation level was particularly increased with increasing surface density.
Effects of wind and clothing apertures on local clothing ventilation rates and thermal insulation
Authors: Ke Ying , Havenith George , Zhang Xianghui , Li Xiaohui , Li Jun
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wind (0, 1.1 m/s) and clothing apertures (not closed, closed hem, closed hem and neck) and the combined effects of them on local clothing ventilation rates and localized thermal insulation. Nine working jackets with identical design but different garment sizes and fabric permeability were made. The results showed that wind and clothing apertures had distinct effects both on the local ventilation rates and the local thermal insulation. The local ventilation rates of the right arm were largest at 1.1 m/s wind speed with the clothing hem closed. Chest and back ventilation rates were higher at wind than at no wind. Closing the garment hem affected the local thermal insulation of the impermeable garments mostly. In addition to wind and garment apertures, garment sizes and fabric permeability also impacted the local ventilation rates and the thermal insulation.
Precarious Plasticity
Authors: Mauldin Laura
Published: December 2013

This article provides an ethnographic account of pediatric cochlear implantation, revealing an important shift in the definition of deafness from a sensory loss to a neurological processing problem. In clinical and long-term therapeutic practices involved in pediatric implantation, the cochlear implant (CI) is recast as a device that merely provides access to the brain. The “real” treatment emerges as long-term therapeutic endeavors focused on neurological training. This redefinition then ushers in an ensuing responsibility to “train the brain,” subsequently displacing failure from the device onto the individual’s ability to train his or her brain (in pediatric implantation, this most often falls onto the mother). New caregiving techniques that accompany implantation are understood through neuropolitics, showing how parents are encouraged to engage in neuro-self-governance, and how the concept of neuroplasticity is used to cultural ends.
Lower Incidence of Seizure Among Neonates Treated With Therapeutic Hypothermia
Authors: Orbach Sharon A. , Bonifacio Sonia L. , Kuzniewicz Michael W. , Glass Hannah C.
Published: December 2013

Animal studies suggest that hypothermia decreases seizure burden, whereas limited human data are inconclusive. This retrospective cohort study examines the relationship between therapeutic hypothermia and seizure in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Our center admitted 224 neonates from July 2004 to December 2011 who met institutional cooling criteria. Seventy-three neonates were born during the pre-cooling era, prior to November 2007, and 151 were born during the cooling era. Among neonates with moderate encephalopathy, the incidence of seizure in cooled infants was less than half the incidence in those not cooled (26% cooling, 61% pre-cooling era; risk ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval = 0.30-0.61). Among neonates with severe encephalopathy, there was no difference in the incidence (83% vs 87%; risk ratio = 1.05, 95% confidence interval = 0.78-1.39). These results support animal data and suggest a mechanism by which neonates with moderate encephalopathy can benefit more from cooling than neonates with severe encephalopathy.
Heavy Metal in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Rech Megan , To Long , Tovbin Alina , Smoot Thomas , Mlynarek Mark
Published: December 2013

Trace elements are essential for many physiologic processes. In recent years, supplementation has been studied for a variety of indications, including glycemic control, wound healing, antioxidant effect, and anemia. Critical illness, especially states such as burns, traumas, and septic shock, is associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and malnutrition. In these patients, enteral and parenteral nutrition or pharmaceutical supplementation is used to provide essential macronutrients, including trace elements. The purpose of this review is to describe trace element supplementation, including iron, copper, chromium, manganese, selenium, and zinc, and highlight their mechanism, pharmacology, outcome data, and adverse effects.
African Demography
Authors: Guengant Jean-Pierre , May John F.
Published: December 2013

Like many other countries worldwide, Africa faces a rapidly increasing elderly population; however, most African countries also still have very high levels of fertility, high rates of population growth, and very young populations. This means African countries will have to address the doubling or even the tripling, by 2050, of their working-age population and better prepare for the future of their upcoming young generations, while aiming for a “modern” demographic regime of low mortality and low fertility. Such a regime would put African countries in a position to capture a demographic dividend, realize inclusive growth, reduce poverty levels, and achieve economic convergence. Socioeconomic advances help foster demographic transformations, and improvements in demographic indicators also help trigger socioeconomic advances, but this process is not automatic. Authorities will need to intervene swiftly on mortality, and particularly on fertility, through adequate population and health policies and programs.
The Career Engagement Scale
Authors: Hirschi Andreas , Freund Philipp Alexander , Herrmann Anne
Published: December 2013

Careers today increasingly require engagement in proactive career behaviors; however, there is a lack of validated measures assessing the general degree to which somebody is engaged in such career behaviors. We describe the results of six studies with six independent samples of German university students (total N = 2,854), working professionals (total N = 561), and university graduates ( N = 141) that report the development and validation of the Career Engagement scale—a measure of the degree to which somebody is proactively developing his or her career as expressed by diverse career behaviors. The studies provide support for measurement invariance across gender and time. In support of convergent and discriminant validity, we find that career engagement is more prevalent among working professionals than among university students and that this scale has incremental validity above several specific career behaviors regarding its relation to vocational identity clarity and career self-efficacy beliefs among students and to job and career satisfaction among employees. In support of incremental predictive validity, beyond the effects of several more specific career behaviors, career engagement while at university predicts higher job and career satisfaction several months later after beginning work.
The Role of Consumer Confidence in Creating Customer Loyalty
Authors: Ou Yi-Chun , de Vries Lisette , Wiesel Thorsten , Verhoef Peter C.
Published: December 2013

How can firms retain customers during recessions? To answer this question, we investigate the moderating role of consumer confidence (CC) on the effects of three types of crucial customer loyalty strategies. These strategies are value equity (VE), brand equity (BE), and relationship equity (RE), collectively called customer equity drivers (CEDs). We build on economics and marketing theories to develop our hypotheses on the concerned moderating role. A meta-analysis is used to synthesize the multilevel results of 13 service industries and to test the hypotheses. In addition, we use several robustness checks to validate the findings of the meta-analysis. The results consistently show that CC partly influences the effects of CEDs on customer loyalty and this influence varies across industries. These findings suggest that managers in service industries should consider CC as an important criterion for effectively adjusting customer loyalty strategies to their specific situation. Specifically, during recessions, when CC is relatively low, VE is effective for retaining customers, but this is more apparent for noncontractual settings than for contractual settings. Also, BE is more effective but only for noncontractual firms.
Did the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 get it right? Are all honour killings revenge killings?
Authors: Doğan Recep
Published: December 2013

The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 substantially reshaped the law on provocation in England and Wales. The Act was prompted by the Government and guided by the Law Commission. It is unfortunate that the Commission and Government dismissed the issue of honour killings so quickly, on the basis of unconvincing research evidence. Honour killing cases were ruled out as potential provocation cases and left outside the scope of the defence of loss of control, by assuming that in honour killing cases the defendant must have acted in a considered desire for revenge. However, the Act is flawed by the assumption that all honour killing cases are revenge killings. In the light of the author’s research, this article will argue that there are honour killing cases the circumstances of which deserve to be left to the jury, as the desire for revenge is not the motive at all and the defendant was able to resist the pressure until the final triggering act.
From Separation to Integration
Authors: Doh Young Yim , Whang Sang-Min Leo
Published: December 2013

This research examined the identity development of Korean adult players in the online game world. Q methodology was used to investigate the subjectivity of self-development in Mabinogi (Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game). Thirty-seven adult players sorted 57 behavior statements to reflect the changes in their behaviors from past to present. Three types of self-development were found: achievement-oriented development, control-oriented development, and relational development. The behavior patterns of these three types were compared to identify similarities and differences among them in terms of psychological meanings and values in the online game life. The results illustrate that the online game world can be defined as a new behavioral setting, made possible by digital technology, in which individuals are able to experience three different paths of identity development.
Time and Temporality in the Mass Effect Series
Authors: Zakowski Samuel
Published: December 2013

This article discusses the role of time in the narrative of the Mass Effect games, employing tools derived from narratological approaches to literature. On the level of the story line, time functions as the engine of the narrative arc by opposing cyclical and linear temporality. On the level of the storyworld, characters and the narrative universe are endowed with a temporal extension into past and present beyond the scope of the main story line, which increases player immersion. On the meta-narrative plane of possible worlds, the player has considerable control not only over the decisions the main character takes but also the order in which events occur—as such, the player oversees an important part of the narrative itself.
A 30-year-old pregnant patient with massive haemoptysis and influenza A: Atypical presentation of a common pathogen
Authors: Nguyen Philippe , Weber Florence , Mahone Michèle
Published: December 2013

A 30-year-old woman presented at 19 weeks of gestation with symptoms of sore throat, rhinorrhea and haemoptysis that progressed to massive haemoptysis. Her medical history included asthma and a history of smoking prior to pregnancy. Investigations revealed no obvious cause of bleeding. Right lower lobe lobectomy was performed, given the suspicion of a lesion within the intermediate bronchus. The patient developed adult respiratory distress syndrome around 36 h postoperatively. Polymerase chain reaction testing on bronchoalveolar lavage samples was positive for influenza A. Therapy with oseltamivir was initiated. She was discharged two weeks later. This is a rare case of a severe complication from seasonal interpandemic influenza during pregnancy, which underscores the importance of immunization for pregnant women.
Timing positive-pressure ventilation during chest compression: the key to improving the thoracic pump?
Authors: Chalkias Athanasios , Xanthos Theodoros
Published: December 2013

Given the importance of increased coronary and cerebral perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the recommendation of limiting tidal volume and ventilation rate to 10 per minute in order not to inhibit venous return seems to be correct. However, although the resuscitation community believes that positive-pressure ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is bad for the circulation, proper timing of compression and ventilation may actually improve the circulation.
Characteristics, risk factors and case fatality rate of stroke in hospitalized patients in semi-urban South–South Nigeria
Authors: Okokhere Peter O , Bankole Idowu A , Erohubie Christian A
Published: December 2013

Background:

Stroke causes death and disability worldwide. Hypertension is the most prevalent risk factor. In Nigeria, studies on outcome and risk factors of stroke are from urban-based hospitals. This study aims to look at stroke outcome and the major modifiable risk factors of hospitalized stroke patients in semi-urban Nigeria.

Methods:

The medical records of stroke patients admitted between March 2008 and February 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. The relevant demographic, clinical and laboratory data of each patient were retrieved.

Results:

A total of 99 cases of stroke made up of 51 males and 48 females were reviewed. Mean age of the subjects was 66.22 ± 12.67 years. Mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at presentation were 171.41 ± 39.10 mmHg and 100.44 ± 21 mmHg, respectively. About 61.6% were known hypertensives, while 31.3%, not previously known to be hypertensive, had SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg. Overall, 85.9% of the subjects had SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. In all, 46.5% had SBP ≥ 180 mmHg, and 63% of this number had SBP ≥ 200 mmHg; 42.4% had DBP ≥ 110 mmHg. Other major risk factors were hypercholesterolaemia (34.4%), diabetes mellitus (16.6%), previous cerebrovascular accident (15.2%) and smoking (9.4%). In all, 31.3% had two or more modifiable stroke risk factors. 36.4% of the subjects were comatose. Overall case fatality rate was 45.8%, 75% of the subjects with coma died, compared to 27.6% without coma ( p < 0.01).

Conclusion:

Mortality in our stroke patients is high. Hypertension is the commonest modifiable risk factor, and the presence of coma at presentation is associated with poor prognosis.
Introducing endourology to a developing country: how to make it sustainable
Authors: Biyani Chandra Shekhar , Bhatt Jaimin , Taylor Joby , Gobeze Aberra A , McGrath John , MacDonagh Ruaraidh
Published: December 2013

Background:

Endourological procedures are not routinely performed in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The problems that are involved in introducing endoscopic services are low level of medical personnel trained in endoscopic procedures and infrastructure development in these countries.

Materials and methods:

Recently, endourological facilities were created at the Hawassa Referral Hospital in Ethiopia. This work is the result of close collaboration between the UROLINK and the Hawassa Referral Hospital Link coordinator. Between 2010 and 2012, the UROLINK team visited Hawassa three times to set up endourological services.

Results:

A local surgeon has been trained in basic endoscopic procedures. Optical urethrotomy and flexible and rigid cystoscopy have been successfully introduced. We discuss the difficulties involved in such a project like initial assessment, providing equipment, maintenance of equipment, and, particularly, training of the surgical team. The follow up from the trips is short and the sustainability of the goal remains to be seen.

Conclusions:

The introduction of endourological services in Hawassa offers a chance of improving urological care locally. The experience of Hawassa is representative of other low-income countries and may provide valuable lessons. A few key principles (need, equipment, cost, surgical technique, and training) should be kept in mind.
Molecular evidence for the localization of Plasmodium falciparum immature gametocytes in bone marrow
Authors: Aguilar Ruth , Magallon-Tejada Ariel , Achtman Ariel H. , Moraleda Cinta , Joice Regina , Cisteró Pau , Li Wai Suen Connie S. N. , Nhabomba Augusto , Macete Eusebio , Mueller Ivo , Marti Matthias , Alonso Pedro L. , Menéndez Clara , Schofield Louis , Mayor Alfredo
Published: December 2013

Key Points

In P falciparum–infected anemic children, immature gametocytes are more prevalent and abundant in bone marrow than in peripheral blood. P falciparum–infected anemic children are gametocyte carriers that can potentially contribute to malaria transmission.
DAYSLEEPER: a nuclear and vesicular-localized protein that is expressed in proliferating tissues
Authors: Knip Marijn , Hiemstra Steven , Sietsma Afke , Castelein Marina , de Pater Sylvia , Hooykaas Paul
Published: December 2013

Background

DAYSLEEPER is a domesticated transposase that is essential for development in Arabidopsis thaliana [Nature, 436:282–284, 2005]. It is derived from a hAT-superfamily transposon and contains many of the features found in the coding sequence of these elements [Nature, 436:282–284, 2005, Genetics, 158:949–957, 2001]. This work sheds light on the expression of this gene and localization of its product in protoplasts and in planta. Using deletion constructs, important domains in the protein were identified.

Results

DAYSLEEPER is predominantly expressed in meristems, developing flowers and siliques. The protein is mainly localized in the nucleus, but can also be seen in discrete foci in the cytoplasm. Using several vesicular markers, we found that these foci belong to vesicular structures of the trans-golgi network, multivesicular bodies (MVB’s) and late endosomes. The central region as well as both the N- and the C-terminus are essential to DAYSLEEPER function, since versions of DAYSLEEPER deleted for these regions are not able to complement the daysleeper phenotype. Like hAT-transposases, we show that DAYSLEEPER has a functionally conserved dimerization domain [J Biol Chem, 282:7563–7575, 2007].

Conclusions

DAYSLEEPER has retained the global structure of hAT transposases and it seems that most of these conserved features are essential to DAYSLEEPER’s cellular function. Although structurally similar, DAYSLEEPER seems to have broadened its range of action beyond the nucleus in comparison to transposases.
Association between polymorphisms in ERCC2 gene and oral cancer risk: evidence from a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Enjiao , Cui Zhigang , Xu Zhongfei , Duan Weiyi , Huang Shaohui , Tan Xuexin , Yin Zhihua , Sun Changfu , Lu Li
Published: December 2013

Background

Excision repair cross-complementing group 2 (ERCC2) plays important roles in the repair of DNA damage and adducts. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ERCC2 gene are suspected to influence the risks of oral cancer. We performed a meta-analysis to systematically summarize the possible association of ERCC2 rs1799793 and rs13181 polymorphisms with oral cancer risks.

Methods

We retrieved the relevant articles from PubMed and Embase databases. Studies were selected using specific criteria. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated to assess the association. All analyses were performed using the Stata software.

Results

Six studies were included in this meta-analysis. There were no significant associations between ERCC2 rs1799793 and rs13181 polymorphism with overall oral cancer risk. In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, no significant associations were found. In the stratified analysis by tumor type, the risk of oral leukoplakia was significant associated with rs13181 polymorphism (AC vs. AA: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.01-1.62, P = 0.546 for heterogeneity, I2 = 0.0%; CC vs. AA: OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 0.99-3.79, P = 0.057 for heterogeneity, I2 = 60.1%; dominant model AC + CC vs. AA: OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.08–1.69, P = 0.303 for heterogeneity, I2 = 17.6%; allele C vs. A: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.04–1.82. P = 0.043 for heterogeneity, I2 = 56.4%).

Conclusion

Rs13181 in ERCC2 gene might be associated with oral leukoplakia risk.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders with co-existing substance use disorder is characterized by early antisocial behaviour and poor cognitive skills
Authors: Bihlar Muld Berit , Jokinen Jussi , Bölte Sven , Hirvikoski Tatja
Published: December 2013

Background

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk of co-existing substance abuse. The Swedish legislation on compulsory healthcare can be applied to persons with severe substance abuse who can be treated involuntarily during a period of six months. This context enables a reliable clinical assessment of ADHD in individuals with severe substance use disorder (SUD).

Methods

In the context of compulsory care for individuals with severe SUD, male patients were assessed for ADHD, co-morbid psychiatric symptoms, psychosocial background, treatment history, and cognition. The data from the ADHD/SUD group (n = 60) was compared with data from (1) a group of individuals with severe substance abuse without known ADHD (SUD group, n = 120), as well as (2) a group with ADHD from an outpatient psychiatric clinic (ADHD/Psych group, n = 107).

Results

Compared to the general SUD group in compulsory care, the ADHD/SUD group had already been significantly more often in compulsory care during childhood or adolescence, as well as imprisoned more often as adults. The most common preferred abused substance in the ADHD/SUD group was stimulant drugs, while alcohol and benzodiazepine abuse was more usual in the general SUD group. Compared to the ADHD/Psych group, the ADHD/SUD group reported more ADHD symptoms during childhood and performed poorer on all tests of general intellectual ability and executive functions.

Conclusions

The clinical characteristics of the ADHD/SUD group differed from those of both the SUD group and the ADHD/Psych group in several respects, indicating that ADHD in combination with SUD is a particularly disabling condition. The combination of severe substance abuse, poor general cognitive ability, severe psychosocial problems, including indications of antisocial behaviour, and other co-existing psychiatric conditions should be considered in treatment planning for adults with ADHD and SUD.
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with concomitant sarcomatoid transformation and osseous metaplasia: a case report
Authors: Tanaka Yoshimi , Koie Takuya , Hatakeyama Shingo , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Ohyama Chikara
Published: December 2013

Background

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is the third most common form of adult renal epithelial neoplasm. A sarcomatoid component occurs in approximately 8% of all chromophobe renal cell carcinoma cases, while metaplastic bone formation is extremely rare.

Case presentation

An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a hypovascular tumor with focal calcification, measuring 2.5 × 2.3 cm, in the upper pole of the right kidney. The tumor was clinically diagnosed as a right renal cell carcinoma that showed signs of calcification, and a laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy was performed. The cut surface of the tumor was beige in color and indicated that the tumor was an extensively ossified mass. Histological analysis revealed three distinct morphological components of the tumor. The chromophobe renal cell carcinoma consisted of compact epithelial cells arranged in a nested pattern, and these were mixed with extensive areas of sarcomatoid spindle cells with marked nuclear pleomorphism and brisk mitotic activity. The tumor also contained multiple foci of metaplastic ossification.

Conclusion

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with concomitant osseous metaplasia and sarcomatoid transformation is a very rare occurrence.
miR-133b, a muscle-specific microRNA, is a novel prognostic marker that participates in the progression of human colorectal cancer via regulation of CXCR4 expression
Authors: Duan Fang-Ting , Qian Feng , Fang Ke , Lin Kang-Yu , Wang Wen-Tao , Chen Yue-Qin
Published: December 2013

Background

MicroRNA-133b (miR-133b), which is a muscle-specific microRNA, has been reported to be downregulated in human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) when compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue. However, its diagnostic value and role in CRC have yet to be described. CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4), which participates in multiple cell processes such as cell invasion-related signaling pathways, was predicted to be a potential target of miR-133b. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations and functions of miR-133b and CXCR4 in CRC initiation and invasion.

Methods

Mature miR-133b and CXCR4 expression levels were detected in 31 tumor samples and their adjacent, non-tumor tissues from patients with CRC, as well as in 6 CRC cell lines, using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Luciferase reporter assays and Western blots were used to validate CXCR4 as a putative target gene of miR-133b. Regulation of CXCR4 expression by miR-133b was assessed using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, and the effects of exogenous miR-133b and CXCR4 on cell invasion and migration were evaluated in vitro using the SW-480 and SW-620 CRC cell lines.

Results

A significant downregulation of miR-133b was observed in 93.55% of CRC tissues, and the expression of miR-133b was much lower in metastatic tumors (stage C and D, stratified by the Modified Dukes Staging System) than in primary tumors (stage A and B). In contrast, CXCR4 protein expression significantly increased in 52.63% of CRC samples, and increased CXCR4 expression in CRC was associated with advanced tumor stage. CXCR4 was shown to be a direct target of miR-133b by luciferase reporter assays, and transfection of miR-133b mimics inhibited invasion and stimulated apoptosis of SW-480 and SW-620 CRC cells.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that downregulated miR-133b contributed to increased cell invasion and migration in CRC by negatively regulating CXCR4. These findings may be significant for the development of therapy target for CRC.
Facile one-pot synthesis of polytypic CuGaS2 nanoplates
Authors: Liu Zhongping , Hao Qiaoyan , Tang Rui , Wang Linlin , Tang Kaibin
Published: December 2013

CuGaS2 (CGS) nanoplates were successfully synthesized by one-pot thermolysis of a mixture solution of CuCl, GaCl3, and 1-dodecanethiol in noncoordinating solvent 1-octadecene. Their morphology, crystalline phase, and composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Crystalline structure analysis showed that the as-prepared CGS nanoplates were polytypic, in which the wurtzite phase was interfaced with zincblende domains. The growth process of CGS nanoplates was investigated. It was found that copper sulfide nanoplates were firstly formed and then the as-formed copper sulfide nanoplates gradually transformed to CGS nanoplates with proceeding of the reaction. The optical absorption of the as-synthesized CGS nanoplates was also measured and the direct optical bandgap was determined to be 2.24 eV.
Interactions of peptide triazole thiols with Env gp120 induce irreversible breakdown and inactivation of HIV-1 virions
Authors: Bastian Arangassery Rosemary , Contarino Mark , Bailey Lauren D , Aneja Rachna , Moreira Diogo Rodrigo Magalhaes , Freedman Kevin , McFadden Karyn , Duffy Caitlin , Emileh Ali , Leslie George , Jacobson Jeffrey M , Hoxie James A , Chaiken Irwin
Published: December 2013

Background

We examined the underlying mechanism of action of the peptide triazole thiol, KR13 that has been shown previously to specifically bind gp120, block cell receptor site interactions and potently inhibit HIV-1 infectivity.

Results

KR13, the sulfhydryl blocked KR13b and its parent non-sulfhydryl peptide triazole, HNG156, induced gp120 shedding but only KR13 induced p24 capsid protein release. The resulting virion post virolysis had an altered morphology, contained no gp120, but retained gp41 that bound to neutralizing gp41 antibodies. Remarkably, HIV-1 p24 release by KR13 was inhibited by enfuvirtide, which blocks formation of the gp41 6-helix bundle during membrane fusion, while no inhibition of p24 release occurred for enfuvirtide-resistant virus. KR13 thus appears to induce structural changes in gp41 normally associated with membrane fusion and cell entry. The HIV-1 p24 release induced by KR13 was observed in several clades of HIV-1 as well as in fully infectious HIV-1 virions.

Conclusions

The antiviral activity of KR13 and its ability to inactivate virions prior to target cell engagement suggest that peptide triazole thiols could be highly effective in inhibiting HIV transmission across mucosal barriers and provide a novel probe to understand biochemical signals within envelope that are involved in membrane fusion.
Mycoplasma conjunctivae in domestic small ruminants from high mountain habitats in Northern Spain
Authors: Fernández-Aguilar Xavier , Cabezón Óscar , Marco Ignasi , Mentaberre Gregorio , Frey Joachim , Lavín Santiago , López-Olvera Jorge R
Published: December 2013

Background

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a clinical condition affecting eyes of domestic and wild Caprinae worldwide, and Mycoplasma conjunctivae is considered the primary causative agent of IKC in sheep, goats and wild Caprinae. Domestic ruminants from high mountain habitats share grazing areas with wild mountain ungulates, such as chamois (Rupicapra spp.), Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) and European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), and domestic sheep seem to act as M. conjunctivae reservoir. In this study, the presence of M. conjunctivae in domestic sheep and goats from the two main mountain ranges of Northern Spain, the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains, has been investigated.

Results

Eye swabs were obtained from 439 domestic small ruminants selected from flocks that seasonally graze in alpine meadows during three consecutive years (2011-2012-2013). Seventy-nine out of the 378 domestic sheep (20.9%) tested positive to a M. conjunctivae specific real time-PCR (rt-PCR) in at least one eye, whereas all the 61 sampled domestic goats were negative. Statistically significant higher prevalence and higher proportion of infected flocks (P < 0.001) was observed in the Pyrenees (25.7%; 12 flocks out of 13), where M. conjunctivae is widespread and probably endemic in domestic sheep, than in the Cantabrian Mountains (7.8%; one flock out of six). Twenty-five sheep (three from the Pyrenees and 22 from the Cantabrian Mountains) which showed clinical signs consistent with infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) were negative by rt-PCR. In contrast, 62 out of the 71 (87.3%) M. conjunctivae-positive sheep from the Pyrenees and the eight positive sheep from the Cantabrian Mountains were asymptomatic.

Conclusions

This study provides rt-PCR-based evidences of M. conjunctivae maintenance in domestic sheep, as well as a relationship between prevalence in domestic sheep and previously reported M. conjunctivae and IKC in wild ruminants. Domestic goats do not seem to play an important role in the epidemiology of M. conjunctivae in alpine habitats from Northern Spain.
Association between haptoglobin and IgM levels and the clinical progression of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep
Authors: Bastos Bruno L , Loureiro Dan , Raynal José T , Guedes Maria T , Vale Vera Lúcia Costa , Moura-Costa Lilia F , Guimarães José E , Azevedo Vasco , Portela Ricardo W , Meyer Roberto
Published: December 2013

Background

Sheep caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), caused byCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis(Cp), is associated with direct economic losses and presents significant zoonotic potential. Despite the importance of the disease, a satisfactory vaccine model has not been developed. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between haptoglobin (Hp) and IgM levels and the clinical progression of CLA in primarily infected sheep and in sheep immunized with Cp- secreted antigens adjuvanted withQuillaja saponariasaponins. These animals were kept with CLA-positive sheep to simulate natural exposure that occurs in field conditions. During the experiment, the Hp and IgM levels were monitored for 21 days, and the development of internal CLA lesions was investigated through necropsies on day182 post-immunization.

Results

Primarily infected sheep in Group 2 (inoculated with 2x105Cp virulent strain) had higher Hp values between the first and ninth days post inoculation (PI) than sheep in Group 1 (control; P < 0.05). Immunized animals in Group 3 had significantly higher Hp values between the third and seventh days PI, compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Binary logistic regression (BLR) analysis of primarily infected sheep indicated an association between Hp concentration and CLA clinical progression: animals with high Hp values had 99.9% less risk of having CLA abscesses than animals with low Hp levels (Odds ratio = 0.001, P < 0.05). Both experimental groups had significantly higher IgM titers than the control group around the ninth and eleventh days PI (P < 0.05). The BLR analysis for immunized sheep indicated an association between IgM levels and clinical progression: sheep with high IgM titers had 100.0% less risk of having CLA abscesses than animals with low IgM levels (Odds ratio = 0.000, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Resistance toC. pseudotuberculosisinfection is supported by the early acute phase response, in which up-regulation of Hp and IgM were predictive of a lower risk of CLA lesion development. Because the immunogen used in this study induced a high production of both Hp and IgM,Q. saponariasaponin should be considered a promising candidate in vaccine formulations against sheep CLA.
A new radiographic view of the hindfoot
Authors: Ikoma Kazuya , Noguchi Masahiko , Nagasawa Koji , Maki Masahiro , Kido Masamitsu , Hara Yusuke , Kubo Toshikazu
Published: December 2013

Background

A new radiographic view was proposed to evaluate the coronal plane alignment of the hindfoot under weightbearing conditions.

Methods

We studied 46 feet of individuals with normal appearing asymptomatic feet. On the antero‐posterior roentgenogram using this new method, the line from the top of the sustentaculum tali to the lateral‐inferior end of the posterior articular surface of the talus was obtained as the standard line showing varus or valgus of the calcaneus. We defined the angle between the longitudinal axis of the tibia and the standard line as described above as Varus‐Valgus angle (V‐V angle).

Results

The mean (±SD) V‐V angle of the 46 feet studied was 76.4 (±3.6) degrees.

Conclusion

The findings from this study indicate that it is possible to estimate the alignment of the hindfoot quantitatively by comparing individuals to the mean V‐V angle that we calculated in our sample, which was 76.4 degrees.
Scleral buckle infections: microbiological spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility
Authors: Chhablani Jay , Nayak Sameera , Jindal Animesh , Motukupally Swapna R , Mathai Annie , Jalali Subhadra , Pappuru Rajiv Reddy , Sharma Savitri , Das Taraprasad , Flynn Harry W , Pathengay Avinash
Published: December 2013

Background

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility in patients with scleral buckle infection. Medical records of all the patients diagnosed as buckle infection at L. V. Prasad Eye Institute between July 1992 and June 2012 were reviewed in this non-comparative, consecutive, retrospective case series.

Findings

A total of 132 eyes of 132 patients underwent buckle explantation for buckle infection during the study period. The incidence of buckle infection at our institute during the study period was 0.2% (31 out of 15,022). A total of 124 isolates were identified from 102 positive cultures. The most common etiological agent isolated was Staphylococcus epidermidis (27/124, 21.77%) followed by Mycobacterium sp. (20/124, 16.13%) and Corynebacterium sp. (13/124, 10.48%). The most common gram negative bacilli identified was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9/124, 7.26%). The median interval between scleral buckling surgery and onset of symptoms of local infection was 30 days. All eyes underwent buckle explantation and median time interval between primary SB surgery and explantation was 13 months. Recurrent retinal detachment was observed in two cases at 7 and 48 months, respectively, after buckle explantation. Gram positive, gram negative, and acid-fast organisms isolated from 2003 to 2012 were most commonly susceptible to vancomycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%), and amikacin (89%). Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin during the same time period was observed in 75% (15/20), 100% (13/13), and 87% (7/8) of gram positive, gram negative, and acid-fast isolates, respectively.

Conclusion

Scleral buckle infection is relatively rare and has a delayed clinical presentation. It is most commonly caused by gram positive cocci. Based on the current antimicrobial susceptibility, ciprofloxacin can be used as empirical therapy in the management of scleral buckle infections.
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-induced complement activation in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Otteby Kaisa E , Holmquist Emelie , Saxne Tore , Heinegård Dick , Hesselstrand Roger , Blom Anna M
Published: December 2013

Introduction

Complexes between cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and the complement activation product C3b have been found in the circulation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In systemic sclerosis (SSc) COMP expression in the skin is upregulated both in lesional and non-lesional skin, which is also reflected in an increased amount of circulating COMP. We investigated the presence of COMP-C3b complexes in serum and skin biopsies of patients with SSc.

Methods

The presence of COMP and COMP-C3b complexes in the serum of 80 patients with limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc, n = 40) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc, n = 40) and 97 healthy controls was measured by ELISA and correlated to different clinical parameters. Samples were collected both at baseline and after three to five years to assess longitudinal changes in COMP-C3b complex levels. Furthermore, skin biopsies from seven patients with dcSSc and three healthy controls were analyzed for expression of COMP and deposition of C3b and IgG.

Results

Serum levels of COMP-C3b were found to be elevated in both dcSSc and lcSSc compared to healthy controls and decreased at the second measurement in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. No co-localization of COMP and C3b was found in the skin biopsies, indicating that the COMP-C3b complexes are formed upon release of COMP into the circulation.

Conclusion

COMP-C3b complexes are found in the serum of patients with SSc. The lack of co-localization between COMP and C3b in the skin suggests that COMP does not drive complement activation in the skin in SSc.