bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Courtship behavior of phycitid moths. I. Comparison of Plodia interpunctella and Cadra cautella and role of male scent glands
Authors: Grant G. G. , Brady U. E.
Published: August 2008

Courtships of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, and the almond moth, Cadra cautella, were observed in the laboratory in petri dish arenas. The sequence of behavioral responses which alternate between male and female are released by tactile, visual, and pheromonal stimuli arising from both sexes. The courtship sequences are species specific if males approach females from the rear, but are quite similar if males approach from the front facing the females. For both species the most important feature of courtship is the female's acceptance posture (female stationary with abdomen elevated between wings), which releases male copulatory behavior and facilitates copulation.During courtship, male Indian meal moths release a sex pheromone from wing glands located at the base of each forewing. By completely amputating the female's antennae or the male's forewings including glands, it could be shown that the male pheromone induces the female to remain stationary and adopt the acceptance posture. In the absence of male pheromone, the female actively rejects the courting male and does not mate. These observations are supported by quantitative data. A male pheromone could not be demonstrated for male almond moths but it is argued that a pheromone is probably involved in the courtship of this species as well.
Histochemistry and the structure of the skin of a murrel, Channa striata (Bloch, 1797) (Channiformes, Channidae). II. Dermis and subcutis
Authors: Mittal A. K. , Banerjee T. K.
Published: August 2008

The structure and the cytochemistry of the dermis and the subcutis of Channa striata, which buries in mud to survive droughts, is described and correlated with its habitat. The dermis consists of an outer stratum laxum and an inner stratum compactum. The stratum laxum is mainly composed of well-developed scales lodged in connective tissue pockets which are characterized by the presence of huge deposits of lipids. These lipids may play important roles: in supplying energy during the period of fasting, acting as a barrier for water diffusion through the skin, and serving as shock absorbers, protecting the body from mechanical injury during burrowing. The presence of sulfated acid-mucopolysaccharides, the substantia amorpha in the stratum laxum, has been described as an adaptation to prevent desiccation. Alkaline phosphatase, sulfated acid-mucopolysaccharides, and calcium are closely associated in the osseous layer of the scales and probably play an important role in calcification. Numerous fine collagen fiber strands connecting the basement membrane to the scales provide firm attachment of the epidermis to the dermis. The presence of a relatively thin subcutis may be correlated with the well-developed layer of fat cells in the stratum laxum.
Synchrony of locomotion and ventilation in Cymatogaster aggregata
Authors: Webb P. W.
Published: August 2008

Ventilatory and locomotory movements are synchronized in Cymatogaster aggregata, a fish that swims using the pectoral fins. The mouth opens as the fish advances during pectoral fin adduction. A ventilatory/locomotory movement ratio of 1:1 was normal, increasing to 2:1 under hypoxia but not during exercise. The observations indicate that the propulsive system makes a significant contribution to ventilation in fish that show continual branchial movements during swimming.
Some embryogenic responses of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) (Cyprinodontidae), to continuous incubation in various combinations of temperature and salinity
Authors: Tay K. L. , Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

Embryos of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), were incubated in various combinations of constant salinity (0, 10, 20, 30, 60‰ S) and temperature (15, 20, 25, 30C) from fertilization to completion of hatching. In all instances, the velocity of embryonal development was accelerated at higher temperatures. In salinities of 0, 10, 20, 30‰, higher temperature had a similar accelerating effect on developmental rate throughout the embryonal term. However, the highest salinity (60‰) retarded embryonal development particularly after neurulation. This retarding effect increased with the increasing temperature. The onset of hatching and 50% hatching time were also retarded in 60‰ S. Embryos hatched with difficulty in the lowest incubation combination, 0‰ S, 15C. This observation is discussed in the light of pertinent literature.Highest percentage total hatch and viable (normal) hatch were obtained at 20C in all test salinities. Response surface analysis showed that optimum conditions for survival for mummichog embryos appeared to be associated with salinities and temperature of 19–20‰ and 18C.Larval length was greatest in groups incubated at 15 and 20C and 0–30‰ S.
Life history of Mysis stenolepis Smith (Crustacea, Mysidacea)
Authors: Amaratunga T. , Corey S.
Published: August 2008

A 17-month field study showed that Mysis stenolepis in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick lives for about 1 year. Young are released in shallow water early in spring and grow rapidly during the summer. In the fall, young adults migrate to deeper water where they reach sexual maturity. Transfer of sperm lakes place during winter in deeper regions of the Bay. soon after which the males die. Females survive and in spring migrate to shallow waters to release young after which they die. Females breed once and carry an average of 157 young per brood. Developmental stages of the postmarsupial young are described and discussed.
Rhabdochona kisutchi sp. nov. (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) from coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), of western Canada
Authors: Margolis L. , Moravec F. , McDonald T. E.
Published: August 2008

A new nematode species, Rhabdochona kisutchi sp. nov., is described from the intestine and pyloric caeca of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts from streams of British Columbia, Canada. It differs from all hitherto known members of the genus, except R. sulaki Saidov, 1953, in having eggs provided with polar caps. It can be distinguished from R. sulaki by the shape, origin, and infrequent occurrence of polar filaments; the position of the vulva; and the length of the esophagus and female tail.
Tactics of energy partitioning in breeding Peromyscus
Authors: Millar John S.
Published: August 2008

Food intake of females and gross body composition of females and their offspring in relation to stage of reproduction and development and litter size were used to evaluate the evolution of energy partitioning in breeding white-footed mice. Nestlings developed at a constant rate irrespective of litter size and an adaptive weaning size that did not vary with litter size was evident. Females supported offspring primarily through increased food intake. Fat deposited before the period of peak energy demand (late lactation) did not appear important to the support of captive offspring, although fat reserves of wild females were lowest during lactation. Captive females supporting relatively large litters consumed more food, but did not have lower fat reserves than females supporting relatively small litters. Shortage of food was reflected primarily in the survival and rate of growth of nestlings; offspring did not appear to be produced at any great risk to the female. It is suggested that the important parameters related to the breeding strategy of Peromyscus (and probably other mammals) include the availability of food, the number and adaptive weaning size of offspring, and the time to independence.
The behavior of nose bot flies (Cephenemyia apicata and C. jellisoni) when attacking black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and the resulting reactions of the deer
Authors: Anderson John R.
Published: August 2008

Larviposition behavior by Cephenemyia jellisoni involved a covert, inaudible hovering–"stalking" flight with attacking females usually remaining undetected until the moment of larviposition. In contrast. C. apicata landed on or near deer and became objects of attraction eliciting the curiosity of deer and causing them to orient to the fly in a position vulnerable to larviposition. The final phase of attack by C. jellisoni was initiated from a blind spot in front of. and below, the deer's nose, whereas visible C. apicata attacked from perched positions. After flies squirted larvae into deer's nostrils, deer jerked back their heads and sneezed as they simultaneously shook their heads and lowered their noses to the ground. A series of other post-larviposition behavioral responses of deer are described, as is their characteristic fly alert position and behavior. Encounters with C. apicata and C. jellisoni females that larviposited in their nostrils led to the recognition of these flies by educated deer and to their responding with anti-nose-bot-fly behavior resulting in their evading females attempting to tarviposit. Deer did not respond to flies presented for them to smell, but when tethered C. jellisoni hovered in view of experienced deer, deer exhibited the characteristic evasive reactions provoked when wild flies were spotted. Deer also responded similarly when Cephenemyia larvae were "finger inoculated" into their nostrils.
Isozymes and morphology of five amphibian hybrid embryo combinations which develop beyond gastrulation
Authors: Elinson Richard P.
Published: August 2008

Hybrid embryos were produced by inseminating R. clamitans or R. septentrionalis eggs with R. catesbeiana, R. pipiens, or R. septentrionalis sperm. They were examined for morphological development and for paternal enzyme expression. One of the hybrid combinations was viable while the others arrested after neurulation but before feeding. Gastrulation and neurulation did not guarantee further tissue differentiation nor even a well-formed neural tube. The internal and external morphology of an arrested hybrid was characteristic for that particular egg–sperm combination. Regardless of the degree of morphological development, expression of a paternal gene for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was detected in three of the hybrid combinations when control embryos were at stages 19 or 20. Paternal forms of three other enzymes were detected in some of the hybrids after control stage 20.In addition, a polymorphism in LDH was found in R. clamitans. As determined genetically, there are at least three alleles of the B gene of LDH in the R. clamitans population.
The caloric value of whole ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in relation to polar bear (Ursus maritimus) ecology and hunting behavior
Authors: Stirling Ian , McEwan Eoin H.
Published: August 2008

Throughout its circumpolar range, the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) feeds predominantly on the ringed seal (Phoca hispida). Despite seasonal variation in availability and distribution of seals, polar bears prefer to eat mainly the fat, often leaving substantial portions of seal meat and blubber. In the present study, 12 seals were minced and analyzed for water, fat, protein, and ash contents. The percentage composition varied from 23 to 58% protein, 34 to 76% fat, 2 to 5.5% ash, and 47.4 to 69.5% total body water. The caloric values varied from 2.3 to 5.3 kcal/g wet weight. Relationships between total body water and fat (%), body water (litres) and protein (kg) are presented. These results are discussed in relation to the ecology and hunting behavior of the polar bear.
A model of foregut activity in the blowfly Phormia regina Meigen. I. The crop contraction mechanism
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Holling C. S.
Published: August 2008

The mechanical properties of the crop musculature, in terms of muscle lengths, tensions, and shortening, are related to the analogous properties of volumes, pressures, and flows of pump function. Pumping activity of the crop is examined by consideration of the behavior of a mechanical analogue of the crop based on established principles of hydrodynamics, while the model of the mechanical properties of the crop musculature is based on the established dynamics of striated muscle. The output of the model is expressed as the change in pressure with time, and with variation of crop volume. Crop contraction rates are thus considered as frequency of pressure fluctuation. As the behavior of the model reflects the observed behavior of the crop, the model can serve as a framework for viewing experimental results, a background for theoretical speculation, and a basis for future experiments.
The occurrence of some endoparasites of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in insular Newfoundland
Authors: Ebsary Barry A. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

In 1971 and 1972, simuliids from 198 streams along the Trans-Canada Highway and Avalon Peninsula in insular Newfoundland were examined for endoparasites. The mermithids Gastromermis viridis, Isomermis wisconsinensis, and Neomesomermis flumenalis were recovered from blackfly larvae in 59 streams. The first two species were of restricted occurrence, recovered from only 8% of the streams carrying mermithids; N. flumenalis was widespread and is the most important mermithid parasite of Newfoundland simuliids. Five species of microsporidans (Thelohania bracteata, T. fibrata, Pleistophora simulii, Caudospora simulii, and C. brevicauda) were obtained from simuliids in 40 streams. Caudospora simulii and C. brevicauda were collected from overwintering larval simuliids; the remaining three species were obtained from spring and summer generation larvae. The fungal parasite Coelomycidium simulii was recovered from both overwintering and summer larvae in 14 streams. Both fungal and microsporidan parasites were widely distributed over the island.
The tapetum lucidum in the eyes of cusk-eels (Ophidiidae)
Authors: Nicol J. A. C. , Zyznar E. S. , Thurston E. L. , Wang R. T.
Published: August 2008

Eyes of cusk-eels Ophidion welshi and Lepophidium graellsi contain mostly short rods, arranged in five or six regular rows. In O. welshi, cones are single and double, whereas cones are lacking in L. graellsi. The pigment epithelium contains a lipid tapetum lucidum. In L. graellsi the tapetal spheres are 465 nm in diameter; in O. welshi most tapetal spheres have diameters of 187 nm; others, less frequent, are 86 nm. The tapetum of L. graellsi is white, that of O. welshi is blue; they reflect diffusely and reflectance at λmax is about 0.60. Increased tonicity causes the tapetum of O. welshi to turn darker blue and reduced tonicity causes it to become white. The lipid of the tapetum was examined by thin-layer and gas–liquid chromatography; it is a triglyceride containing mostly (88%) docosahexaenoic acid. The visual pigments are rhodopsins; L. graellsi λmax 494, O. welshi λmax 500 nm. Coastal waters where cusk-eels live were fairly turbid: maximal transmission of daylight occurred at 585 nm when the extinction coefficient was 0.6. Reference is made to the secretive and nocturnal habits of cusk-eels, and the functioning of their unusual eyes.
The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. X. Gammarus finmarchicus Dahl
Authors: Steele D. H. , Steele V. J.
Published: August 2008

Gammarus finmarchicus is an amphi-Atlantic species. In the western Atlantic it is found from the island of St. Pierre south to Long Island Sound. At St. Andrews, New Brunswick, 50% maturity occurs at 10.5 mm in the females. Reproduction is in progress throughout the year, but small females evidently are in a resting condition during September–October before breeding. The release of young by the population is greater in the spring, summer, and early autumn than it is in late autumn and winter. The young released in the spring and summer do not reproduce until the next year so that the life cycle is annual.
Polytene chromosomes of three species of blackflies in the Simulium pictipes group (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Bedo Daniel G.
Published: August 2008

The salivary gland chromosomes of members of the Simulium pictipes group were examined by conventional staining and quinacrine fluorescence staining methods which proved to be a useful tool to show otherwise hidden details, especially in expanded centromere regions. Three cytologically definable species were found, one of which must represent a previously unrecognized species. Simulium longistylatum Shewell was the only species among the three siblings identified with certainty. The remaining pair were designated as S. pictipes A and S. pictipes B. In all three siblings the haploid chromosome number was three. Specific differences include a simple and a complex inversion, a shift of basal bands between the short arms of the second and third chromosome, details of the sex chromosomes, and the amount of DNA in certain individual bands and expanded centromere regions. Y chromosome markers are located in a different element of the complement in each of the three species, a unique situation within closely related blackfly sibling species. These findings are discussed in connection with the evolution of sex chromosomes and sibling species. A cytophylogeny is presented.
Sequence of songs in repertoires of western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta)
Authors: Falls J. Bruce , Krebs John R.
Published: August 2008

The male western meadowlark has a repertoire of 5–12 song types and produces a bout of repetition of one song type before switching to another. Songs of neighboring birds were played to three territorial males to investigate the effect of playback on choice of song types. In contrast to findings on some other species, there was no tendency for responding birds to choose a song type that matched the playback. However, birds did tend to switch songs whenever the playback started. There was equal response to all song types, and little evidence of habituation between playback sessions.The sequence of switches from one song type to another was compared with a random sequence generated by computer simulation. Both during spontaneous singing, and in response to playback, there was significant avoidance of low recurrence intervals (the number of switches between two bouts of the same song). Thus, birds tended to cycle through their repertoires. The sequence more closely approximates a second- than a first-order Markov process.Song repertoires may function to decrease rate of habituation of receivers to whom the signal is directed. The sequential organization of switches is interpreted within this functional framework.
Two actions of juvenile hormone on the follicle cells of Rhodnius prolixus Stål
Authors: Abu-Hakima Randa , Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The follicular epithelium of vitellogenic oocytes from allatectomized females of Rhodnius fails to develop large intercellular spaces when exposed to juvenile hormone (JH) in vitro. This suggests that in the normal animal, the follicle cells require JH at two developmental stages. Differentiation of the cells in the presence of JH represents one requirement, and only those cells which have undergone this initial priming are fully competent to exhibit the second response, the development of intercellular spaces.
Induction of ovulation in goldfish by synthetic luteinizing hormone – releasing hormone (LH–RH)
Authors: Lam T. J. , Pandey S. , Hoar W. S.
Published: August 2008

Synthetic luteinizing hormone – releasing hormone was found to be effective in inducing ovulation in goldfish after three daily injections of 2 μg/g intracranially or of 10 μg/g intraperitoneally.
Uptake of tritiated leucine by the prolactin cell follicles of the coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch
Authors: McKeown B. A. , Hazlett C. A.
Published: August 2008

Uptake of tritiated leucine during various time intervals by prolactin cell follicles of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) acclimated to 30‰ artificial seawater was studied. Labelling in eta cells from fish transferred to freshwater immediately after injection was higher than in fish remaining in 30‰ seawater. Grains in individual eta cells were evenly distributed with the exception of some follicles where there were higher concentrations at the apical ends. This was interpreted as indicating the initial stage of active incorporation of leucine in the juxtaluminar region. Freshwater fish exhibited not only higher grain density but also apical grain concentration at earlier times than seawater fish, suggesting faster uptake and (or) incorporation of leucine, and therefore presumably of prolactin production, in the freshwater fish. No labelling was found in the follicular lumina except when hematoxylin-stained bodies were found in the lumina of adjacent sections of stained follicles. The significance of these bodies is unknown but it appears unlikely that the lumina are involved with the synthesis of prolactin.
Effect of light–dark cycles on adult emergence in the aphid parasite Aphidius smithi
Authors: Mackauer M. , Henkelman D. H.
Published: August 2008

Adult emergence in Aphidius smithi is asynchronous in continuous light. A regime of alternating light and dark phases during pupal development and emergence generates a population rhythm. Under long-day conditions (LD 16:8), eclosion is restricted to the photophase, or largely so. When the scotophase is extended (LD 12:12 and 8:16), a variable proportion of adults emerges in the absence of light. Estimates of the time-to-adult that are based on the mean of the discontinuous frequency distribution of emergence time in LD are biased and may not be biologically meaningful. It is suggested that an apparently longer mean developmental time of females than of males in A. smithi may be a statistical artifact that can be produced by the sampling schedule and the "gating" effect of the photoperiod.
Osmoregulation in Trichocorixa verticalis interiores Sailer (Hemiptera, Corixidae) — an inhabitant of Saskatchewan saline lakes, Canada
Authors: Tones Patricia I. , Hammer U. T.
Published: August 2008

Results of freezing point depression determinations of haemolymph show that first instars, third instars, and adults of Trichocorixa verticalis interiores have well-developed powers of osmoregulation and can hyporegulate in saline water. This species can osmoregulate equally well at 13, 20, and 25 °C but the mean tolerance limit decreases as the temperature increases. T. verticalis interiores is also tolerant to changes in ionic composition. The osmoregulation of this species is similar to that of Sigara stagnalis rather than most Corixidae which are unable to hyporegulate. T. verticalis interiores was collected quantitatively from six athalassic saline lakes which were selected to represent a wide range of salinities. The maximum adult population and conductivity and ionic composition of the water are reported for each lake.
An experimental study of the behavior of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). I. Differences between the founders from three populations
Authors: Bergerud Arthur T. , Hemus H. Dennis
Published: August 2008

In 1970 the authors compared the behavior of two low-density populations of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) with the behavior of a high-density population on Vancouver Island. They then introduced individuals from these populations onto four islands and compared the behavior of these founders in 1971 and 1972.One island received founders from all three populations, while the other three islands each received founders from a single population. Birds from two low-density populations were quite observable, and displayed frequently when approached by field workers, both at their capture sites on Vancouver Island and in different habitats on the release sites on islands. The high-density population was much less observable, and displayed less frequently than did the two low-density populations, both at the capture sites and on the release islands. Male founders from the low-density populations were more aggressive in interacting with their mirror image than were males from the high-density population. Male founders from the high-density population dispersed less from the release sites, had smaller territories, and settled closer together than did males from the two low-density populations. These findings are consistent with the view that animals have a form of behavior that spaces them out as numbers rise, and so prevents unlimited increase in numbers.
Ultraviolet-induced changes in cuticular waxes of American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blattidae)
Authors: Gingrich John B.
Published: August 2008

Dorsal cuticles of fully tanned American cockroaches irradiated with sublethal ultraviolet (UV) radiation (254 nm) were compared with nonirradiated cockroaches (UN) for wax composition. Of the six waxes compared, four (C18, C19, C25, and 3-methylpentacosane) showed increases of more than 50% in UV-irradiated cockroaches while C17 and C27 (heptacosa-6,9-diene) showed smaller increases of 27 and 11%, respectively. Traces of C20, C22, C23, and C24 hydrocarbons were indicated but these were not compared since their identification has not been substantiated by other authors. The possible explanations of cellular damage vs. stimulated production are discussed.
Molecular coding of olfactory specificity
Authors: Wright R. H. , Burgess R. E.
Published: August 2008

An analysis of the low-frequency vibrational modes of organic compounds in 19 odor categories indicates that the primary process of olfactory stimulation is common to both vertebrates and insects. Understanding the molecular basis of olfactory specificity may provide a clue to the physiological mechanisms and has immediate practical applications in the control of insect pests.
Comparative life history features of the western spotted frog, Rana pretiosa, from low- and high-elevation populations
Authors: Licht Lawrence E.
Published: August 2008

Comparisons are made of life history features of the western spotted frog, Rana pretiosa pretiosa, living at 70 m in southwestern British Columbia, and 2600 m in Yellowstone Park, Wyoming.Lowland tadpoles remain longer as larvae and transform at twice the body size as highland tadpoles.Growth rates of juveniles and adults are rapid in the lowland population and the same amount of growth achieved by them in 2–3 years takes 8–10 years for highland frogs.Body size at sexual maturity is the same for frogs from both populations, but B.C. frogs breed at half the age of Wyoming frogs. Female fecundity, the number of eggs at spawning, is the same, but lowland females breed annually, while high-elevation females breed only every 2 or 3 years.Various explanations are put forth to account for observed differences.
The breeding behavior of a crowded population of mallards
Authors: Titman Rodger D. , Lowther James K.
Published: August 2008

The breeding behavior of a population slightly in excess of 200 free-winged mallard ducks was observed during the breeding seasons of 1966 and 1967. These ducks frequented a 3.1-ha area at the Delta Waterfowl Research Station in Manitoba. The most notable behavioral abnormalities observed in this dense population were a great deal of strife, including fighting among males and females, and rape of females; a high frequency of nest parasitism; abandonment of nests; reduced broodiness of females; loss and abandonment of young; formation of large broods of mixed origin; and, renesting of hens already having produced a brood. Although egg production was high, productivity was low due to a small hatch and to high mortality of young less than 2 weeks old. Aggressive behavior and rape within this population appeared to be responsible for mortality and reduced breeding success.
The corpus luteum of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) and its functions
Authors: Khoo K. H.
Published: August 2008

This investigation of the role of pre- and post-ovulatory corpus luteum provided a better understanding of the various functions of follicular tissues in goldfish ovaries. When yolky oocytes become atretic, either naturally or under adverse conditions, the granulosa cells hypertrophy and serve a phagocytic function. This is evident in the α and β stages of the preovulatory corpus luteum. In addition to the removal of atretic oocytes, the follicular cells are involved in steroidogenesis, as demonstrated by the detection of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the granulosa of normal oocytes and the corpus luteum, both pre- and post-ovulatory. In the preovulatory corpus luteum the steroidogenic function was evident only after the complete removal of the atretic oocyte. Hence, steroidogenesis was observed only in the γ stage preovulatory corpus luteum. In the postovulatory follicles, steroidogenesis was evident immediately after ovulation. It is postulated that the steroid hormones synthesized by the pre- and post-ovulatory corpus luteum induced some of the corpora lutea cells to differentiate into oogonia. There are two major lines of evidence, one histological and the other from autoradiography, which suggest that corpora lutea cells ultimately differentiate into oogonia.
Intraspecific odor preferences between salamanders of the same sex: dependence on season and proximity of residence
Authors: Madison Dale M.
Published: August 2008

In an attempt to determine whether salamanders (Plethodon jordani) can discriminate between the odors of conspecifics based on proximity of residence, a two-choice system was used to measure the preference of salamanders for the odors of conspecifics of the same sex that occupied adjacent or more distant home ranges. Before the breeding season, the odors of the neighboring conspecifics were preferred to those of non-neighbors. During the breeding season, neither sex showed a significant odor preference, although the females showed a significant change in preference toward the odor of the non-neighboring conspecific. These results indicate the ability of salamanders to discriminate between the odors of conspecifics of the same sex, and suggest the discrimination of odors based on kinship relationships.
An evaluation of the tritiated water method for estimating body water in small rodents
Authors: Holleman D. F. , Dieterich R. A.
Published: August 2008

The total body water of 27 rodents (live weights less than 100 g) were estimated by a tritiated water method and by direct analysis. There was no significant difference between the values as estimated by the two methods. The 95% confidence interval for total body water as estimated by the tritiated water method was ±10% of the value estimated from direct analysis. The accuracy of the method is acceptable for most applications, however, investigators should be cognizant of the estimate error, especially when calculating other components of body composition from total body water, e.g. body fat.
Variability in the chemical content of waterfowl plumage
Authors: Kelsall John P. , Pannekoek W. J. , Burton Roland
Published: August 2008

Three species of waterfowl were held for 3 years on common rations in a common enclosure. Their primary flight feathers were clipped each October and each set was analyzed for a spectrum of nine chemical elements. Multivariate discriminant functions were calculated and canonical analysis was used to examine differences by species, sex, and year-class. Least discrimination was found between sexes, although even there most mean values were significantly different one from another. Mean values between species and year-classes were all significantly different. The greatest variability was found in year-class where 88.9% of known birds could be classified accurately and where 78.5% of unknowns could be assigned correctly on the basis of discriminant functions. Some of the reasons for variability are discussed.
Littoral Rotifera of Ontario—genus Trichocerca
Authors: Chengalath R. , Mulamoottil George
Published: August 2008

In this, the second paper on the littoral Rotifera of Ontario, 23 species belonging to the genus Trichocerca are presented. Short descriptions, drawings, and comprehensive measurements are given. Of the 23 species reported, 10 are new records for Canada.
Individual recognition by song in white-throated sparrows. II. Effects of location
Authors: Falls J. Bruce , Brooks Ronald J.
Published: August 2008

Male white-throated sparrows exposed to playback of recorded songs responded less strongly to a neighbor's than to a stranger's song when the speaker was located near the territorial boundary adjacent to the neighbor in question or in the center of the territory. However, when a neighbor's song was played from the boundary of the territory farthest from that neighbor's usual location but where another neighbor lived, response was as strong as to a stranger's song. This demonstrates individual recognition of neighbors by both song and location. Based on results obtained in the center of the territory cited above, it is suggested that recognition by song is independent of location. Responses to strangers' songs were stronger in the center of the territory than near the boundaries. A proximate mechanism and possible functions of this behavior are discussed.
Two new western Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) which are vectors of filaria in the California valley quail
Authors: Atchley William R. , Wirth Willis W.
Published: August 2008

Culicoides multidentatus n. sp. and C. lophortygis n. sp. are described from California and other western states. In California both species were trapped while blood-feeding on the California valley quail.
Serum corticoid levels relative to handling stress in Alaskan moose
Authors: Franzmann Albert W. , Flynn Arthur , Arneson Paul D.
Published: August 2008

Blood serum 11-hydroxycorticosteroids were compared to visual evaluation of handling stress in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas) at the Kenai Moose Research Center (MRC). Moose were evaluated for handling excitability before and during handling when trapped, and were graded on a scale from 1 (not excited) to 5 (highly excited). There were significant differences in corticosteroid levels (a = 0.1) between each class comparison, except between classes 4 and 5, suggesting that this analysis provided a means to classify and compare other blood chemistry values from similarly stressed moose. Other factors may influence the 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels, but handling stress had an overwhelming influence. Other methods to evaluate handling stress, such as body temperature, should also be considered, but when not feasible this method may be utilized.
Restricted movements and homing of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum) (Pisces: Labridae)
Authors: Green John M.
Published: August 2008

Tagging studies showed that cunners (Tautogolabrus adspersus) occupied small home ranges and that they would return to their home sites after displacements of at least 4 km. Cunners successfully homed after being held in aquaria for 9 months. They do not appear to be able to home across deep water.
Preliminary study of movements of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Bay of Fundy using radiotelemetry
Authors: Gaskin D. E. , Smith G. J. D. , Watson A. P.
Published: August 2008

Six harbor porpoises captured in herring weirs between September 1973 and September 1974 on the southern coast of New Brunswick were tagged and released. The three smallest animals were given visible dorsal fin tags, and the three larger specimens radiotelemetric packages attached to their dorsal fins. These animals were tracked using an ADFS-210 receiver coupled with a fixed-loop array on a 6.7-m mast antenna. Good signals were received at distances of up to 16 km using frequencies in the 26–28 MHz region. Most tracking problems resulted from interference from citizen-band operations and "skip" at certain times of the day and night. The transmitters appeared to cause little or no disruption of normal behavior in the larger animals. Intermittent contact was maintained for 2, 3, and 11 days respectively before the animals moved out of range. A total of 76 h, 29 min actual radiotracking time was recorded. Some tentative estimates of distances travelled per unit time, average swimming speeds, and apparent time spent foraging and feeding are tabulated.
A case of traumatic dermal myiasis in Quebec caused by Phormia regina (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Ali-Khan F. E. A. , Ali-Khan Z.
Published: August 2008

A case of human myiasis due to Phormia regina (Meigen) is reported from Montreal, Quebec. Large numbers of larvae were removed from a necrotic hip wound in a 44-year-old male. Larvae were reared to the adult stage; larval and pupal measurements and development times are given.
Fusion of the distal femoral epiphysis in male and female marten and fisher
Authors: Dagg A. I. , Leach D. , Sumner-Smith G.
Published: August 2008

The distal femoral epiphyses of 142 marten (Martes americana) and 391 fisher (Martes pennanti), all trapped from November to February in the Algonquin region of Ontario, were radiographed to determine their state of fusion and the presence or absence of scar lines. These criteria indicated that on the average fusion occurred first in female marten, then in male marten, female fisher, and finally in male fisher. Thus the time of fusion in these mustelids was a function of size and possibly also of sex. Radiography of the femur of winter-trapped marten and fisher is not a good method of aging these species because the degree of fusion does not necessarily differentiate juveniles from adults.
Spacing and calling in Pacific tree frogs, Hyla regilla
Authors: Whitney Carl L. , Krebs John R.
Published: August 2008

Calling male Pacific tree frogs space out more than if they were distributed at random on the available calling sites. When new frogs are added to an area that is already occupied by some calling males, fewer additional frogs call than in a control situation where frogs are added to an empty area. This shows that behavioral interactions between frogs limit the number that call in a local area. A further experiment showed that the mating call played through loudspeakers is sufficient to inhibit additional frogs from calling. We conclude that calling leads to spacing out, which in turn limits the density of calling frogs in a local area.
A pharmacological analysis of the adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms regulating branchial vascular resistance in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Wood Chris M.
Published: August 2008

The adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms regulating branchial vascular resistance in the trout have been studied using a whole gill preparation perfused at constant flow under approximately normal afferent and efferent levels of blood pressure. The receptors have been pharmacologically characterized by agonist potency comparisons within individual preparations and by the use of specific antagonists. The predominant response to adrenergic stimulation is vasodilation mediated by β-receptors, but a more rapid vasoconstriction mediated by α-receptors may also occur. The β-adrenoreceptors appear to be of the β1, variety, as in the homologous coronary vasculature of mammals. The cholinergic receptors of the gills are purely muscarinic in nature and mediate vasoconstriction. The possible functions of the mechanisms are discussed.
A cytological study of two closely related blackfly species: Cnephia dacotensis and Cnephia ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Procunier William S.
Published: August 2008

Cnephia dacotensis and C. ornithophilia are two closely related blackfly species. Their polytene chromosome complements differ in three interspecific inversions, in separate inversion polymorphisms, and the presence of specific sex chromosomes of C. dacotensis. These sex chromosomes comprise four structurally different X chromosomes and two structurally different Y chromosomes. A molecular model is proposed for their evolution. Light microscopy revealed that both species have male achiasmate meiosis. Male larvae of C. dacotensis lack synaptonemal complexes. Random association of inversions IIIS-1 and IIIL-1 and the presence of synaptonemal complexes indicate that crossing-over occurs in the female.
B-chromosomes of Cnephia dacotensis and C. ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Procunier William S.
Published: August 2008

B-chromosomes were studied in populations of Cnephia dacotensis and C. ornithophilia. The frequency of individuals having one or more B-chromosomes varied from 0 to 44% in C. dacotensis and from 15 to 52% in C. ornithophilia. Mitotically, B's are small metacentrics. In polytene complements the B's of the two species are not identical in banding. Those of C. ornithophilia can pair back on themselves, whereas B's of C. dacotensis are always rod-shaped. B's are somatically constant in ganglion, gonad, and salivary gland. Their frequency distribution deviates from the Poisson; there is an excess of individuals in even-numbered B classes and a deficiency of individuals in odd-numbered B classes, suggesting a doubling mechanism in transmission probably operating in the female.A novel finding is the presence of nucleolar organizers in the B's of both species suggesting that they have genetic activity. B-chromosomes appear to slow down larval development and to interact with members of the A-complement, specifically the sex chromosomes of C. dacotensis.
Ultrastructural observations on the granulocytic leucocytes of the teleost Catostomus commersoni
Authors: Lester R. J. G. , Desser S. S.
Published: August 2008

Leucocytes from the blood and inflammatory tissues of C. commersoni were examined with the electron microscope. Neutrophils in sections of blood were recognized by their lobed nucleus and numerous irregularly shaped granules approximately 0.5 μm in diameter. Many of the granules had electron-dense inclusions. Eosinophils were characterized by a compact eccentric nucleus and oval, uniformly electron-dense granules measuring 0.8 μm in diameter. Cells tentatively classed as basophils had a lobed nucleus and spherical, uniformly electron-dense granules about 0.75 μm in diameter.Inflammatory tissue produced within 24 h of making a small incision contained numerous neutrophils and eosinophils. Many of the eosinophils were "degranulating." Their granules were enlarged and contained both electron-dense and electron-lucid areas. Some granules had apparently coalesced and others, presumably at a later stage in degranulation, had lost the granule membrane. Intact cells filled with granule-derived material were observed.
The Rhodnius testis: hormonal effects on germ cell division
Authors: Dumser J. B. , Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The spermatogonial cells of the Rhodnius testis exhibit a basal level of division activity in the absence of morphogenetic hormones. Ecdysone, naturally induced by feeding or injected in physiological doses, approximately doubles the mitotic index as measured by colchicine-metaphase accumulation. Juvenile hormone production in the molting larvae or application of juvenile hormone mimic farnesyl methyl ether abolishes the ecdysone-stimulated increase in mitotic index, but has no effect on the basal level. Similar results are obtained in fed and unfed decapitates, and in surgically manipulated insects. In contrast, natural induction of ecdysone secretion is shown to be ineffective in altering the duration of the meiotic prophase.
Effects of carbofuran and a PCB on development of a bacteriophagous nematode Acrobeloides nanus
Authors: Wasilewska L. , Oloffs P. C. , Webster J. M.
Published: August 2008

Effects of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) and Aroclor 1254 (a chlorinated biphenyl) on the bacteriophagous nematode Acrobeloides nanus cultured on agar plates of Micrococcus luteus were examined. In the absence of the test chemicals the generation time of A. nanus was 6 to 7 days at 27 °C, and one female produced 2 to 3 × 105 nematodes within 1 month. The chemicals were applied to the agar surfaces at concentrations ranging from 0.77 to 3.06 μg/cm2 and their effects on A. nanus ascertained after 5, 10, or 13 days of incubation. Neither carbofuran nor Aroclor, at 3.06 μg/cm2, produced any detectable effects after 5 days of exposure. However, after 10 days, both compounds, even at 0.77 μg/cm2, caused significant decreases in all three parameters measured; namely, number and weight of nematodes and number of eggs produced. Effects increased with dose and consistently were more pronounced for carbofuran than for Aroclor. Both numbers of newly hatched progeny (F1 generation) as well as numbers of eggs produced by F1 females were decreased by carbofuran as well as Aroclor. Carbofuran produced stronger latent effects than Aroclor.
Growth and food of larval Ambystoma gracile from a lowland population in southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Licht Lawrence E.
Published: August 2008

Growth and food of larval Ambystoma gracile from a lowland population in southwestern British Columbia were studied.In late March the salamander larvae hatch at a snout–vent length of 8 mm. After 13 to 14 months, most larvae metamorphose at about 50 mm s–v length. A small percentage of the population is neotenous.Food eaten by both small and large larvae is similar. A few prey items, especially small dipteran larvae and crustaceans, are eaten in abundance during all months and represent the bulk of most food taken by all size larvae.
The behavior of actinians in symbiotic associations with pagurids in Japan
Authors: Ross D. M. , Wada T.
Published: August 2008

Behavior patterns were studied in four actinian species symbiotic with six species of Japanese pagurids. None of these actinians transferred to shells from other surfaces. Unattached Calliactis polypus clung to and settled actively on shells, whether empty or occupied by pagurids or living gastropods. After C. polypus were removed from shells, the formerly settled areas lost temporarily the capacity to elicit the settling response. Detached Paracalliactis japonica remained closed and unresponsive to shells, but when picked up by a pagurid, they relaxed and responded to shells, settling on them by blowing out an adhesive blister from the pedal disk. An unnamed actinian found only on the claw of Diogenes edwardsi responded to shells when detached but when already settled elsewhere it responded only to contact with its pagurid, detaching and settling quickly on the unoccupied chela. Unattached specimens of an unnamed species of the family Sagartiomorphidae clung to shells and settled by everting the pedal disk to form an adhesive umbrella. The discussion comments on (1) the contrast with some other symbiotic actinians which transfer to shells; and (2) the diverse ways by which actinians of different families climb on shells, suggesting that this behavior pattern evolved a number of times independently.
Larval development of the rodent botfly, Cuterebra tenebrosa, in bushy-tailed wood rats and its relationship to pupal diapause
Authors: Baird Craig R.
Published: August 2008

Rodent botflies, Cuterebra tenebrosa Coquillett, were reared through several generations in bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) in the laboratory. Eggs hatched in 10 days. Thirty-five days were required for complete larval development, with the first and second larval molts occurring at 9 and 19 days, respectively. Mature larvae formed puparia within 24 h after exit from host. Pupation look place 8 days later and diapausing characters were visible on the 12th post-exit day. Larvae from wood rat hosts kept on a long daylenglh ([Formula: see text] light) gave rise to a high percentage of non-diapausing pupae. Larvae reared on short daylengths produced diapausing pupae. Non-diapausing pupae emerged in 52 days, whereas diapausing pupae required up to 2 years to emerge. Attempts to terminate pupal diapause via temperature or photoperiod manipulation were unsuccessful.