bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I Say I Work at the University:” Norwegian Professors and Passing as Interaction Ritual
Authors: Vassenden Anders , Rusnes Ingrid
Published: January 2022

This paper extends the study of passing to a privileged identity. From qualitative interviews, we examine Norwegian professors' everyday self‐presentation. When in new encounters, like meeting other parents through their children's leisure activities, our respondents' leave their occupation and especially title undisclosed before cautiously negotiating possible disclosure. The existing literature mostly highlights passing that happens for self‐protection. While (soft) self‐protection is one concern for professors, they also pass for additional reasons: protecting interactants from insecurity or discomfort and preventing imbalance and “fuss.” Theoretically, we combine Goffman's treatise of passing with interaction ritual and facework. We discuss whether this analytical model may also help clarify instances of stigma passing and consider the consequences of privilege passing for social inequality.
A novel numerical approach for the stability of nanobeam exposed to hygro‐thermo‐magnetic environment embedded in elastic foundation
Authors: Jena Subrat Kumar , Chakraverty S. , Mahesh Vinyas , Harursampath Dineshkumar , Sedighi Hamid M.
Published: January 2022

In this paper, a novel numerical technique, namely, shifted Chebyshev polynomials based Rayleigh‐Ritz method has been employed to analyze the buckling characteristics of the nanobeam. The main advantage of the shifted Chebyshev polynomials is that, due to the orthogonality of the polynomials, ill‐conditioning of the system is being avoided with higher number of terms in the approximation. The nanobeam is exposed to both hygroscopic and thermal environments while being subjected to a longitudinal magnetic field. Further, the beam is modeled with Winkler‐Pasternak elastic foundation and nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The governing equation of motion of the proposed model has been derived using the Hamilton's principle, and critical buckling loads for Hinged‐Hinged (HH), Clamped‐Hinged (CH), and Clamped‐Clamped (CC) boundary conditions have been computed. The proposed model is validated against the existing model in special cases, exhibiting excellent agreement. Then a convergence study is performed to ensure the correctness and effectiveness of the method. Furthermore, a comprehensive parametric study has been carried out to determine the impact of various parameters such as the small scale parameter, Winkler modulus, shear modulus, magnetic field intensity parameter, hygroscopic parameter, and temperature parameter.
Motivic and $$\ell $$-adic realizations of the category of singularities of the zero locus of a global section of a vector bundle
Authors: Pippi Massimo
Published: January 2022

We study the motivic and$$\ell $$ℓ-adic realizations of the dg category of singularities of the zero locus of a global section of a line bundle over a regular scheme. We will then use the formula obtained in this way together with a theorem due to D. Orlov and J. Burke–M. Walker to give a formula for the$$\ell $$ℓ-adic realization of the dg category of singularities of the zero locus of a global section of a vector bundle. In particular, we obtain a formula for the$$\ell $$ℓ-adic realization of the dg category of singularities of the special fiber of a scheme over a regular local ring of dimensionn.
Intensivbeatmung – neue Norm legt einheitliche Nomenklatur für Beatmungsmodi fest
Authors: Kremeier Peter , Böhm Stephan H. , Woll Christian , Reuter Daniel A. , Pulletz Sven
Published: January 2022

Hintergrund

Die derzeitige Benennung der Beatmungsmodi in Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin ist geprägt von herstellerspezifischen, uneinheitlichen Akronymen. Dies ist für Anwender verwirrend und für Patienten potenziell lebensgefährlich. Mit der im August 2021 in ihrer deutschen Fassung als DIN EN ISO 19223:2021 veröffentlichten Norm soll eine einheitliche Klassifizierung mit entsprechender Nomenklatur eingeführt werden.

Ziel der Arbeit

Darstellung der neuen Norm und ihrer Konsequenzen für den Anwender.

Material und Methode

Review und Zusammenfassung der DIN EN ISO 19223:2021 mit kritischer Würdigung ihrer Stärken und Schwächen.

Ergebnisse

Ein vereinfachtes Schema zeigt die gruppenweise Klassifikation von Beatmungsmodi auf der Grundlage ähnlicher Merkmale. Diese werden durch zusätzliche Variablen weiter spezifiziert. Eine Referenztabelle stellt die neue Nomenklatur der Beatmungsmodi den aktuell gängigen gegenüber. Demnach erscheinen das neue Klassifizierungsschema uneinheitlich und die Variablen schwer zu unterscheiden.

Schlussfolgerungen

Eine genormte Terminologie und Semantik in der Beatmungsmedizin ist zur Fehlerreduzierung notwendig und erstrebenswert. Die jüngst vorgestellte Norm erfüllt diese Erwartungen jedoch nur im Ansatz und wird in ihrer jetzigen Form wahrscheinlich zu weiteren Unklarheiten und Problemen in der klinischen Routine führen. Entsprechend sollte diese erste Version der DIN EN ISO 19223:2021 zwingend als Startpunkt einer inhaltlichen Diskussion auch außerhalb der Normungsgremien verstanden werden, damit deren offensichtliche Schwächen ausgemerzt und die Nomenklatur alltagstauglich werden.
Ungewöhnliche Präsentation einer Psoriasis vulgaris bei einem 11-jährigen Patienten
Authors: Gruber Viktoria , Weger Wolfgang , Cerroni Lorenzo , Binder Barbara
Published: January 2022

Die Psoriasis vulgaris tritt mit einer Prävalenz von bis zu 2 % im Kindes- und Jugendalter auf. Größtenteils wird die Diagnose klinisch gestellt. Wir berichten über einen pädiatrischen Patienten, welcher uns aufgrund der für eine Psoriasis vulgaris eher untypischen Lokalisation vor eine diagnostische Herausforderung stellte. Diskutiert werden die wichtigsten Differenzialdiagnosen der verschiedenen Psoriasisformen sowie die aktuellen Therapieempfehlungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter.
Production of a newly discovered PHA family member with an isobutyrate-fed enrichment culture
Authors: Vermeer Chris M. , Bons Larissa J. , Kleerebezem Robbert
Published: January 2022

Using microbial enrichment cultures for the production of waste-derived polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is a promising technology to recover secondary resources. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) form the preferred substrate for PHA production. Isobutyrate is a VFA appearing in multiple waste valorization routes, such as anaerobic fermentation, chain elongation, and microbial electrosynthesis, but has never been assessed individually on its PHA production potential. This research investigates isobutyrate as sole carbon source for a microbial enrichment culture in comparison to its structural isomer butyrate. The results reveal that the enrichment of isobutyrate has a very distinct character regarding microbial community development, PHA productivity, and even PHA composition. Although butyrate is a superior substrate in almost every aspect, this research shows that isobutyrate-rich waste streams have a noteworthy PHA-producing potential. The main finding is that the dominant microorganism, a Comamonas sp., is linked to the production of a unique PHA family member, poly(3-hydroxyisobutyrate) (PHiB), up to 37% of the cell dry weight. This is the first scientific report identifying microbial PHiB production, demonstrating that mixed microbial communities can be a powerful tool for discovery of new metabolic pathways and new types of polymers.

Key points

• PHiB production is a successful storage strategy in an isobutyrate-fed SBR

• Isomers isobutyrate and butyrate reveal a very distinct PHA production behavior

• Enrichments can be a tool for discovery of new metabolic pathways and polymers

Graphical abstract
A phase I dose-escalation, safety/tolerability, and preliminary efficacy study of the intratumoral administration of GEN0101 in patients with advanced melanoma
Authors: Kiyohara Eiji , Tanemura Atsushi , Sakura Kazuma , Nakajima Toshihiro , Myoui Akira , Yamazaki Naoya , Kiyohara Yoshio , Katayama Ichiro , Fujimoto Manabu , Kaneda Yasufumi
Published: January 2022

Despite recent advance in immunotherapy agents, safe new therapies that enhance the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors are still required to develop. We previously demonstrated that hemagglutinating virus of Japan-envelope (HVJ-E) induced not only direct tumor cell death but also antitumor immunity through the activation of T and natural killer (NK) cells, thereafter, developed a manufacturing process of HVJ-E (GEN0101) for clinical use. We here performed a phase Ia clinical trial of intratumoral GEN0101 administration in six patients with stage IIIC or IV malignant melanoma. The primary aim was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of GEN0101, and the secondary aim was to examine the objective tumor response. Patients were separated into two groups (n = 3 each) and received a low dose of 30,000 and high dose of 60,000 mNAU of GEN0101. All patients completed a two-week follow-up evaluation without severe adverse events. The overall response rate was 33% (2 of 6), with 2 partial responses in the high-dose group and 2 with stable disease, and 2 with progressive disease in the low-dose group. Local complete or partial responses were observed in 11 of 18 (61%) target lesions. One patient demonstrated shrinkage of lung metastases after the treatment. The activity of NK cells and interferon-γ levels were increased in the circulation, indicating augmentation of antitumor immunity by GEN0101. This trial showed not only the safety and tolerability but also the significant antitumor effect of GEN0101, suggesting that GEN0101 might be a promising new drug for patients with advanced melanoma.
Quality of life in head and neck cancer patients at 5 years after free flap reconstruction: a significant decline during the follow-up
Authors: Lahtinen Sanna , Molnár Krisztina , Hietanen Siiri , Koivunen Petri , Ohtonen Pasi , Alakärppä Antti , Liisanantti Janne
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Free flap reconstructions following head and neck tumor resection are known to involve more than 50% rate of complications and other adverse events and up to 50% mortality during a 5-year follow-up.

We aimed to examine the difference in the long-term quality of life (QoL) between the 2-year and 5-year assessments after free flap surgery for cancer of the head and neck.

Methods

A total of 28 of the 39 eligible patients responded to the survey. QoL was assessed at 5 years after operation and compared with the assessment performed at 2 years after the operation using RAND-36, EORTC-C30 and H&N-35, and SWAL-QOL tools.

Results

The criteria for poor QoL using RAND-36 tool was met in 11 (39.3%) patients in contrast to 4 (14.3%, P = 0.003) patients in the 2-year assessment. EORTC-C30 global score was decreased from 83.9 (SD16.4) to 64.6 (SD 24.0, P < 0.001) during the follow-up. In both RAND-36 and EORTC-C30 surveys, decline was found in physical and role functioning together with energy and emotional well-being domains. SWAL-QOL showed poor swallowing-related QoL in both assessments.

Conclusion

We found a significant decline in QoL during a 5-year follow-up after free flap surgery for cancer of the head and neck.
Lactate-induced effects on bovine granulosa cells are mediated via PKA signaling
Authors: Baufeld Anja , Vanselow Jens
Published: January 2022

l-lactate acts as a signaling molecule in bovine granulosa cells (GCs). The initiated alterations depend on the transport of l-lactate into the cells via monocarboxylate transporters. In the present study, we further elucidated the intracellular actions of l-lactate and tested whether the PKA signaling pathway is involved. Therefore, we treated cultured bovine GCs with l-lactate and PKA inhibitors H-89 and KT5720, and with an activator of PKA, 6-Bnz-cAMP. l-lactate treatment resulted in decreased estradiol production and downregulation of CYP19A1, FSHR, and LHCGR as well as in the upregulation of the markers of early luteinization PTX3, RGS2, and VNN2. These specific l-lactate effects were almost completely abolished by pre-treatment of the GCs with both inhibitors of PKA signaling. In addition, also the l-lactate-induced upregulation of LDHA and of the monocarboxylate transporters SLC16A1 and SLC16A7 was abolished after PKA inhibition. An activation of the PKA with 6-Bnz-cAMP revealed similar effects on the gene expression like l-lactate alone. In summary, the presented data demonstrate that l-lactate-induced effects on GCs are mediated via PKA signaling thus supporting the role of l-lactate as signaling molecule during the folliculo-luteal transition.
Production and application of mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting linear epitopes in pB602L of African swine fever virus
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Liu Chunguo , Wang Shida , Wen Lili , Shi Zhibin , Chi Yue , Wang Ming , Liu Zaisi , Sun Zhenzhao , Wei Lili , Yang Decheng , He Xijun , Wang Jingfei
Published: January 2022

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. The causative agent of ASF, ASF virus (ASFV), is a double-stranded DNA virus, the sole member in the family Asfarviridae. The non-structural protein pB602L of ASFV is a molecular chaperone of the major capsid protein p72 and plays a key role in icosahedral capsid assembly. This protein is antigenic and is a target for developing diagnostic tools for ASF. To generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against pB602L, a prokaryotically expressed recombinant pB602L protein was produced, purified, and used as an antigen to immunize mice. A total of eight mouse mAbs were obtained, and their binding epitopes were screened by Western blot using an overlapping set of polypeptides from pB602L. Three linear epitopes were identified and designated epitope 1 (366ANRERYNY373), epitope 2 (415GPDAPGLSI423), and epitope 3 (498EMLNVPDD505). Based on the epitope recognized, the eight mAbs were placed into three groups: group 1 (B2A1, B2F1, and B2D10), group 2 (B2H10, B2B2, B2D8, and B2A3), and group 3 (B2E12). The mAbs B2A1, B2H10, and B2E12, each representing one of the groups, were used to detect pB602L in ASFV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and pig tissues, using an indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. The results showed that pB602L was detectable with all three mAbs in immunohistochemical staining, but only B2H10 was suitable for detecting the proteins in ASFV-infected PAMs by IFA. In summary, we developed eight anti-pB602L mouse mAbs recognizing three linear epitopes in the protein, which can be used as reagents for basic and applied research on ASFV.
Detecting economic insecurity in Italy: a latent transition modelling approach
Authors: Giambona Francesca , Grassini Laura , Vignoli Daniele
Published: January 2022

Economic insecurity has increased in importance in the understanding of economic and socio-demographic household behaviour. The present paper aims to analyse patterns of household economic insecurity over the years 2004–2015 by using the longitudinal section of the Italian SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) survey. In the identification of economic insecurity statuses, we used indicators of economic hardship in a latent transition approach in order to: (i) classify Italian households into homogenous classes characterised by different levels of economic insecurity, (ii) assess whether changes in latent class membership occurred in the selected time span, and (iii) evaluate the effect of employment status and characteristics of individuals on latent status membership. Empirical findings uncovered five latent statuses of economic insecurity from the best situation to the worst. The levels of economic insecurity remained quite stable over the period considered, but a non-negligible worsening can be detected for the unemployed and individuals with part-time jobs.
Old growth forests and large old trees as critical organisms connecting ecosystems and human health. A review
Authors: Gilhen-Baker Melinda , Roviello Valentina , Beresford-Kroeger Diana , Roviello Giovanni N.
Published: January 2022

Old forests containing ancient trees are essential ecosystems for life on earth. Mechanisms that happen both deep in the root systems and in the highest canopies ensure the viability of our planet. Old forests fix large quantities of atmospheric CO2, produce oxygen, create micro-climates and irreplaceable habitats, in sharp contrast to young forests and monoculture forests. The current intense logging activities induce rapid, adverse effects on our ecosystems and climate. Here we review large old trees with a focus on ecosystem preservation, climate issues, and therapeutic potential. We found that old forests continue to sequester carbon and fix nitrogen. Old trees control below-ground conditions that are essential for tree regeneration. Old forests create micro-climates that slow global warming and are irreplaceable habitats for many endangered species. Old trees produce phytochemicals with many biomedical properties. Old trees also host particular fungi with untapped medicinal potential, including the Agarikon,Fomitopsis officinalis, which is currently being tested against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Large old trees are an important part of our combined cultural heritage, providing people with aesthetic, symbolic, religious, and historical cues. Bringing their numerous environmental, oceanic, ecological, therapeutic, and socio-cultural benefits to the fore, and learning to appreciate old trees in a holistic manner could contribute to halting the worldwide decline of old-growth forests.
The European Turtle Dove in the ecotone between woodland and farmland: multi-scale habitat associations and implications for the design of management interventions
Authors: Carboneras Carles , Moreno-Zarate Lara , Arroyo Beatriz
Published: January 2022

The European Turtle Dove (turtle dove) is globally threatened after undergoing a sustained and generalised decline across its breeding range, with habitat loss suggested as the main driver. Here, we reviewed the scientific literature on habitat associations across its European breeding range, in relation to distribution, breeding numbers, nesting substrates, food and foraging habitats, to identify optimal habitat management measures. Large-scale distribution seemed related to the availability, but not dominance, of woodland landscapes; abundance was generally higher in woodland than on farmland. However, abundance in woodland increased with additional structural diversity and proximity to farmland, and abundance on farmland increased with greater availability of non-farmland features. Nesting occurred most frequently on trees (secondarily on bushes) but we found geographical differences in the type of nesting substrate, with thorny bushes being used more frequently in the north, and open canopy trees in the south. Turtle doves fed on a wide spectrum of seeds with a predominance of wild, particularly early-flowering, plants; but we could not identify a single plant species whose abundance determined turtle dove numbers. Across the distribution range, a shift from wild to cultivated seeds occurred as the season progressed. However, interventions should favour the availability and access to wild seeds. Efficient management interventions depend on the dominant habitat; overall, interventions should seek to augment landscape heterogeneity by increasing the mixing of farmland and woodland. Combined forestry and agricultural policies must provide the right conditions for ecotone species like the Turtle dove.
The nationwide Finnish anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation (FinACAF): study rationale, design, and patient characteristics
Authors: Lehto Mika , Halminen Olli , Mustonen Pirjo , Putaala Jukka , Linna Miika , Kinnunen Janne , Kouki Elis , Niiranen Jussi , Hartikainen Juha , Haukka Jari , Airaksinen Kari Eino Juhani
Published: January 2022

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major cause of ischemic stroke and the number of AF patients is increasing. Thus, up-to-date multifaceted data about the characteristics of AF patients, their treatments, and outcomes are urgently needed. The Finnish anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation (FinACAF) study has collected comprehensive data on all Finnish AF patients from 1st January 2004 to 31st December 2018. The aim of this paper is to describe the study rationale, the process of integrating data from the applied resources and to define the study cohort. Using national unique personal identification number, individual patient data is linked from nationwide health care registries (primary, secondary, and tertiary care), drug purchases, education, and socio-economic status as well as places of domicile, incomes, and taxes. Six regional laboratory databases (~ 282,000, 77% of the patients) are also included. The study cohort comprises of a total of 411,000 patients. Since the introduction of the national primary care register in 2012, 9% of all AF patients were identified outside hospital care registers. The prevalence of AF in Finland—4.1% of whole population—is for the first time now established. The FinACAF study allows a unique possibility to investigate the epidemiology and socio-medico-economic impact of AF as well as the cost effectiveness of different AF management strategies in a completely unselected, nationwide population. This article provides the rationale and design of the study together with a summary of the characteristics of the cohort.
Trends in intelligent manufacturing research: a keyword co-occurrence network based review
Authors: Yuan Chenxi , Li Guoyan , Kamarthi Sagar , Jin Xiaoning , Moghaddam Mohsen
Published: January 2022

In recent years, driven by Industry 4.0 wave, academic research has focused on the science, engineering, and enabling technologies for intelligent and cyber manufacturing. Using a network science and data mining-based Keyword Co-occurrence Network (KCN) methodology, this work analyzes the trends in data science topics in the manufacturing literature over the past two decades to inform the researchers, educators, industry leaders of knowledge trends in intelligent manufacturing. It studies the evolution of research topics and methods in data science, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and cyber manufacturing. The KCN methodology is applied to systematically analyze the keywords collected from 84,041 papers published in top-tier manufacturing journals between 2000 and 2020. It is not practically feasible to review this large body of literature through tradition manual approaches like systematic review and scoping review to discover insights. The results of network modeling and data analysis reveal important knowledge components and structure of the intelligent and cyber manufacturing literature, implicit the research interests switch and provide the insights for industry development. This paper maps the high frequency keywords in the recent literature to nine pillars of Industry 4.0 to help manufacturing community identify research and education directions for emerging technologies in intelligent manufacturing.
Survival of Plants During Short-Term BOA-OH Exposure: ROS Related Gene Expression and Detoxification Reactions Are Accompanied With Fast Membrane Lipid Repair in Root Tips
Authors: Laschke Laura , Schütz Vadim , Schackow Oliver , Sicker Dieter , Hennig Lothar , Hofmann Diana , Dörmann Peter , Schulz Margot
Published: January 2022

For the characterization of BOA-OH insensitive plants, we studied the time-dependent effects of the benzoxazolinone-4/5/6/7-OH isomers on maize roots. Exposure of Zea mays seedlings to 0.5 mM BOA-OH elicits root zone-specific reactions by the formation of dark rings and spots in the zone of lateral roots, high catalase activity on root hairs, and no visible defense reaction at the root tip. We studied BOA-6-OH- short-term effects on membrane lipids and fatty acids in maize root tips in comparison to the benzoxazinone-free species Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Decreased contents of phosphatidylinositol in A. theophrasti and phosphatidylcholine in maize were found after 10–30 min. In the youngest tissue, α-linoleic acid (18:2), decreased considerably in both species and recovered within one hr. Disturbances in membrane phospholipid contents were balanced in both species within 30–60 min. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) were also affected, but levels of maize diacylglycerols (DAGs) were almost unchanged, suggesting a release of fatty acids for membrane lipid regeneration from TAGs while resulting DAGs are buildings blocks for phospholipid reconstitution, concomitant with BOA-6-OH glucosylation. Expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and of ER-bound oleoyl desaturase (FAD2-2) genes were contemporaneously up regulated in contrast to the catalase CAT1, while CAT3 was arguably involved at a later stage of the detoxification process. Immuno-responses were not elicited in short-terms, since the expression of NPR1, POX12 were barely affected, PR4 after 6 h with BOA-4/7-OH and PR1 after 24 h with BOA-5/6-OH. The rapid membrane recovery, reactive oxygen species, and allelochemical detoxification may be characteristic for BOA-OH insensitive plants.
Development of a Once-Daily Modified-Release Formulation for the Short Half-Life RIPK1 Inhibitor GSK2982772 using DiffCORE Technology
Authors: Tompson Debra , Whitaker Mark , Pan Rennan , Johnson Geoffrey , Fuller Teresa , Zann Vanessa , McKenzie Litza , Abbott-Banner Kathy , Hawkins Simon , Powell Marcy
Published: January 2022

Purpose

GSK2982772 is a selective inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) with a short 2- to 3-h half-life. In a previous modified-release (MR) study, a matrix monolithic formulation (80% GSK2982772 released over 12 h) provided a once-daily (QD) pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in the fasted state; however, it was susceptible to food effects. The current study evaluated the safety and PK of MR formulations using GSK proprietary DiffCORE™ technology.

Methods

Part A evaluated PK following single-dose (240 mg) fasted and fed (high-fat meal) administration of three DiffCORE MR formulations within pre-defined in vitro extremes of 80% GSK2982772 released over 12 h (MR-12 h) to 80% GSK2982772 released over 18 h (MR-18 h) versus an immediate-release formulation. Part B evaluated MR-16 h (120–960 mg) in different prandial states.

Results

Pharmacokinetic profiles for all MR formulations and doses tested in the fasted and fed states were consistent with QD dosing.

Conclusions

The DiffCORE technology overcame the food effect vulnerability observed with the matrix monolithic formulation. The MR-16 h formulation was selected for further clinical development as a QD dosing regimen (NCT03649412 September 26, 2018).
Metabolic activity of Hordeum vulgare, Brassica napus and Vicia faba in Worm and Root type Biopore Sheaths
Authors: Petzoldt Lisa , Kroschewski Bärbel , Kautz Timo
Published: January 2022

Aims

Biopores offer favorable chemical, biological and physical properties for root growth in untilled soil layers. There they are considered as nutrient “hotspots” with preferential root growth. However, the literature lacks a quantification of metabolic activity due to nutrient acquisition of main crops while growing in the biopore sheath.

Methods

A pot experiment was performed to map the metabolic activity of roots, as indicated by pH change. The roots of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were growing through the biopore sheath influenced by an earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.) or a taproot (Cichorium intybus L.), in comparison to subsoil without a pore (bulk soil). pH sensitive planar optodes were applied in order to image a planar section of the sheath, while preserving an intact biopore sheath during the experiment.

Results Roots were first found in the field of view in worm biopore then root biopore and bulk soil. At time of the first measurement the pH value was highest in worm biopore sheath (LS-Mean±SEM: 7.16a±0.11), followed by root biopore sheath (6.99ab±0.12) and bulk soil (6.61b±0.12). In spring oilseed rape a significant alkalization (+0.80 Δ pH) was found over time in bulk soil. Faba bean significantly acidified the root biopore sheath (-0.73 Δ pH). Spring barley showed no significant pH changes.

Conclusions

The results of the current study reveal a trend of faster root growth through biopores and a higher initial pH value in the biopore sheaths compared to the bulk soil. Biopores serve not only as an elongation path for roots, but their sheaths also provide an environment for root activity in the subsoil.
Corporate entrepreneurship: a systematic literature review and future research agenda
Authors: Urbano David , Turro Andreu , Wright Mike , Zahra Shaker
Published: January 2022

This article analyzes the state of the art of the research on corporate entrepreneurship, develops a conceptual framework that connects its antecedents and consequences, and offers an agenda for future research. We review 310 papers published in entrepreneurship and management journals, providing an assessment of the current state of research and, subsequently, we suggest research avenues in three different areas: corporate entrepreneurship antecedents, dimensions and consequences. Even though a significant part of the overall corporate entrepreneurship literature has appeared in the last decade, most literature reviews were published earlier. These reviews typically cover a single dimension of the corporate entrepreneurship phenomenon and, therefore, do not provide a global perspective on the existing literature. In addition, corporate entrepreneurship has been studied from different fields and there are different approaches and definitions to it. This limits our understanding of accumulated knowledge in this area and hampers the development of further research. Our review addresses these shortcomings, providing a roadmap for future research.
Making the most of world talent for science? The Nobel Prize and Fields Medal experience
Authors: Rodríguez Juan Gabriel
Published: January 2022

Opportunities in science largely affect the accumulation of scientific knowledge and, therefore, technological change. However, there is little evidence of how much of people’s talent is actually wasted. Here we focus on scientists with the highest performance, the recipients of the Nobel Prize and Fields Medal. We found that the average age of scientists at the time of the breakthrough was higher for researchers from less developed countries. Moreover, individual opportunities in the world were extremely unequal by country of birth, gender significantly conditioned any participation in research, and the probability of becoming a top researcher more than doubled for individuals with parents belonging to the most favoured occupational categories. Thus, inequality of opportunity in science at the highest level was higher than in sports excellence (Olympic medals) and educational attainment. These findings would not be so negative if opportunities in science at the highest level had increased over time. Contrary to the expectations, our results show that opportunities in science, in contrast with humanities, have stagnated.
Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C:H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum
Authors: Yu Qingyuan , Chen Xinchun , Zhang Chenhui , Zhang Chenxi , Deng Wenli , Wang Yinhui , Xu Jianxun , Qi Wei
Published: January 2022

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films are capable of providing excellent superlubricating properties, which have great potential serving as self-lubricating protective layer for mechanical systems in extreme working conditions. However, it is still a huge challenge to develop a-C:H films capable of achieving robust superlubricity state in vacuum. The main obstacle derives from the lack of knowledge on the influencing mechanism of deposition parameters on the films bonding structure and its relation to their self-lubrication performance. Aiming at finding the optimized deposition energy and revealing its influencing mechanism on superlubricity, a series of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films were synthesized with appropriate ion energy, and systematic tribological experiments and structural characterization were conducted. The results highlight the pivotal role of ion energy on film composition, nanoclustering structure, and bonding state, which determine mechanical properties of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films and surface passivation ability and hence their superlubricity performance in vacuum. The optimized superlubricity performance with the lowest friction coefficient of 0.006 coupled with the lowest wear rate emerges when the carbon ion energy is just beyond the penetration threshold of subplantation. The combined growth process of surface chemisorption and subsurface implantation is the key for a-C:H films to acquire stiff nanoclustering network and high volume of hydrogen incorporation, which enables a robust near-frictionless sliding surface. These findings can provide a guidance towards a more effective manipulation of self-lubricating a-C:H films for space application.
Tuning the electronic states and superconductivity in alkali fulleride films
Authors: Ren Ming-Qiang , Wang Shu-Ze , Han Sha , Song Can-Li , Ma Xu-Cun , Xue Qi-Kun
Published: January 2022

The successful preparation of superconducting alkali fulleride (AxC60, A = K, Rb, Cs) films using state-of-the-art molecular beam epitaxy overcomes the disadvantages of the air-sensitivity and phase separation in bulk AxC60, enabling for the first time a direct investigation of the superconductivity in alkali fullerides on the molecular scale. In this paper, we briefly review recent cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy results of the structural, electronic, and superconducting properties of the fcc AxC60 films grown on graphitized SiC substrates. Robust s-wave superconductivity is revealed against the pseudogap, electronic correlation, non-magnetic impurities, and merohedral disorder. By controlling the alkali-metal species, film thickness, and electron doping, we systematically tune the C60x− orientational orderings and superconductivity in AxC60 films and then complete a unified phase diagram of superconducting gap size vs electronic correlation and doping. These investigations are conclusive and elucidated that the s-wave superconductivity retains in alkali fullerides despite of the electronic correlation and presence of pseudogap.
Microsurgical Denervation of the Spermatic Cord: A Historical Perspective and Recent Developments
Authors: Sun Helen H. , Tay Kimberly S. , Jesse Erin , Muncey Wade , Loeb Aram , Thirumavalavan Nannan
Published: January 2022

Introduction

The management of chronic scrotal pain is long and varied, with historical treatment algorithms typically ending with orchiectomy. Microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (MDSC) is a testicle-sparing option for patients who have failed conservative treatment options and over its forty-year history has seen many technical refinements.

Objectives

To review the history and development of MDSC and discuss the outcomes of different surgical techniques.

Methods

A literature review using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify studies pertaining to surgical treatment of CSP, MDSC, and outcomes. Search terms included “chronic,” “scrotal pain,” “orchialgia,” “spermatic cord,” “denervation,” and “microsurgery.”

Results

We included 21 case reports and series since the first seminal paper describing MDSC technique in 1978. Additional studies that challenged existing conventions or described novel techniques are also discussed. The current standard procedure utilizes a subinguinal incision and a surgical microscope. Open, robotic, and laparoscopic approaches to MDSC have been described, but access to minimally invasive instruments may be limited outside of developed nations. Pain reduction following preoperative spermatic cord predicts success of MDSC. Methods for identifying and preserving the testicular and deferential arteries vary depending on surgeon preference but appear to have comparable outcomes. Future developments in MDSC involve targeted denervation, minimizing collateral thermal injury, and alternative techniques to visualize arterial supply.

Conclusion

For patients suffering from CSP, MDSC is a well-studied technique that may offer appropriately selected patients’ relief. Future investigation comparing targeted vs full MDSC as well as in vivo study of new techniques are needed to continue to improve outcomes.
Nonlinear Photonics
Authors: Liu Jia-Ming
Published: January 2022

Suitable for both graduate and senior undergraduate students, this textbook offers a logical progression through the underlying principles and practical applications of nonlinear photonics. Building up from essential physics, general concepts, and fundamental mathematical formulations, it provides a robust introduction to nonlinear optical processes and phenomena, and their practical applications in real-world devices and systems. Over 45 worked problems illustrate key concepts and provide hands-on models for students, and over 160 end-of-chapter exercises supply students with plenty of scope to master the material. Accompanied by a complete solutions manual for instructors, including detailed explanations of each result, and drawing on the author's 35 years of teaching experience, this is the ideal introduction to nonlinear photonics for students in electrical engineering.
Engineering Design Optimization
Authors: Martins Joaquim R. R. A. , Ning Andrew
Published: January 2022

Based on course-tested material, this rigorous yet accessible graduate textbook covers both fundamental and advanced optimization theory and algorithms. It covers a wide range of numerical methods and topics, including both gradient-based and gradient-free algorithms, multidisciplinary design optimization, and uncertainty, with instruction on how to determine which algorithm should be used for a given application. It also provides an overview of models and how to prepare them for use with numerical optimization, including derivative computation. Over 400 high-quality visualizations and numerous examples facilitate understanding of the theory, and practical tips address common issues encountered in practical engineering design optimization and how to address them. Numerous end-of-chapter homework problems, progressing in difficulty, help put knowledge into practice. Accompanied online by a solutions manual for instructors and source code for problems, this is ideal for a one- or two-semester graduate course on optimization in aerospace, civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering departments.
Child attachment in adjusting the species-general contingency between environmental adversities and fast life history strategies
Authors: Lu Hui Jing , Liu Yuan Yuan , Chang Lei
Published: January 2022

Extrinsic mortality risks calibrating fast life history (LH) represent a species-general principle that applies to almost all animals including humans. However, empirical research also finds exceptions to the LH principle. The present study proposes a maternal socialization hypothesis, whereby we argue that the more human-relevant attachment system adds to the LH principle by up- and down-regulating environmental harshness and unpredictability and their calibration of LH strategies. Based on a longitudinal sample of 259 rural Chinese adolescents and their primary caregivers, the results support the statistical moderating effect of caregiver–child attachment on the relation between childhood environmental adversities (harshness and unpredictability) and LH strategies. Our theorizing and findings point to an additional mechanism likely involved in the organization and possibly the slowdown of human LH.
On being a PhD student of Robert Harper
Authors: DREYER DEREK , PIERCE BENJAMIN C.
Published: January 2022

The Robert Harper Festschrift includes articles by three of Bob’s students and colleagues—Karl Crary, Andrzej Filinski, and Jonathan Sterling. Each of these articles touches on themes that are central to Bob’s research: module system design, proof-directed program development, and (to use Bob’s term) “computational trinitarianism”.

In this foreword to the Festschrift, we have additionally compiled reminiscences of Bob Harper from his PhD students. We invited them to reflect on their experiences working with and learning from Bob. We believe these reminiscences, presented in chronological order of dissertation date, deliver a most fitting tribute to Bob in honor of his 64th birthday.
Cognitive Defusion as Strategy to Reduce the Intensity of Craving Episodes and Improve Eating Behavior
Authors: Hinojosa-Aguayo Irene , González Felisa
Published: January 2022

The elaborated intrusion theory of desire proposes that craving is a cognitive motivational process involving intrusive thoughts. Changing the way we react to them, cognitive defusion (CD), should limit thought elaboration and craving. We induced chocolate craving in female chocolate cravers before CD (Study 1). A decrease in craving measured by a single-item scale, Visual Analogical Scale (VAS; p < .001, ηp2 = .449) and as a state, State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-S; p = .029, ηp2 = .106) were found in the experimental group, while similar results were also found in group control. The reduction in craving (VAS) in group CD correlated negatively with chocolate consumption on a bogus taste test (r = –.439, p = .036), while the correlation was positive in the case of group control (r = .429, p = .047). Food craving as a trait, measured by the Trait Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T), showed negative correlations with measures of CD and mindfulness skills (lowest r = –.313, p = .018). In Study 2 participants made use of a smartphone application implementing the CD procedure in real contexts whenever they experienced food craving. A corresponding decline in self-reported craving was found, as well as in consumption of the craved food (indulgence) compared with the control condition. Our findings indicate that CD may be a promising intervention for tackling the elaboration of intrusive thoughts and eating behavior in young female food cravers, both in a controlled laboratory environment after a cue-food exposure craving induction procedure, as well as responding to naturally occurring food cravings in real-life settings.
COVID-19 Symptoms and Testing in the Swiss General Population: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Diaz Hernandez Laura , Giezendanner Stéphanie , Fischer Roland , Zeller Andreas
Published: January 2022

Abstract. We estimated the incidence of COVID-19-compatible symptoms, COVID-19 testing, and GP consultations during the first lockdown period in Switzerland (March–April 2020). A representative sample of the adult Swiss population completed an online survey. Of the 1022 respondents, 74 % reported at least one symptom, 5 % were tested for COVID-19, and 8 % contacted their GP regarding COVID-19. Testing was significantly associated with reduced sense of taste/smell, fever, cough with expectoration, and fatigue. Respondents at risk for severe COVID-19 were less likely to be tested but were five times more likely to contact their GP than those not at risk. We highlight the need to involve the appropriate health care setting to reach the vulnerable population when testing capacities are restricted (e.g. GPs).
Incontinence urinaire: un bon diagnostic comme base de traitement
Authors: Martinez Silvia , Martel Paul , Roth Beat , Grilo Nuno
Published: January 2022

Résumé. Tout le monde a connu l’incontinence, dès le plus jeune âge. Elle affecterait cependant encore 200 millions de personnes dans le monde à l’âge adulte. Cette pathologie du quotidien est relativement peu rapportée des patient(e)s, mais limite la vie sociale de façon parfois dramatique. Sous réserve d’un sous-diagnostic pertinent, l’incontinence urinaire est une pathologie traitable avec des résultats élevés. Cet article propose une revue de la sémiologie essentielle ainsi que des traitements actuels afin que tout clinicien confronté au problème adopte une prise en charge adéquate.
Degradation at theInSightLanding Site,Homestead Hollow, Mars: Constraints From Rock Heights and Shapes
Authors: Grant J. A. , Wilson S. A. , Golombek M. , Trussell A. , Warner N. H. , Williams N. , Weitz C. M. , Abarca H. , Deen R.
Published: January 2022

Rock shapes and heights around theInSightlander are examined to refine the degradation history of the 27 m‐diameterHomestead hollow. Results document decreasing average exposed rock height and increasing percentage of rocks where height comprises the short axis from outside to within the hollow and support prior models of ejecta deflation accompanied by hollow infilling. We estimate 0.3 m of deflation at the current rim that is realistic compared to rock relief, original ejecta thickness, and predicted aeolian contributions to infilling. We also find that shapes of embayed basalt rocks outside the hollow appear platy, bladed, and elongate in a triangular form factor plot, and more discoidal and bladed in an axes ratio plot. By contrast, expected shapes based on terrestrial studies of basalt rocks are mostly compact, compact platy, compact bladed, compact elongated, platy, bladed, and elongate in triangular form factor plots, and equant with lesser, but significant disc‐ and blade‐shaped rocks in axes ratio plots. We find addition of 10 cm to the heights of rocks near the hollow rim, to account for continued partial embedding in ejecta, yields the best match between observed and expected rock shapes. Exposure of small ejecta rocks in the hollow supports degradation rates of 10−4 m/Myr during most of hollow history. Results indicate that deflation from ejecta accompanied by downwind deposition in the hollow can account for the current degraded form of the crater. Our approach is a new tool for characterizing small crater degradation on regolith‐covered lava plains on Mars.
The Negative Impact of Excessive Moisture Contributes to the Seasonal Dynamics of Photosynthesis in Amazon Moist Forests
Authors: Chen Ruonan , Liu Liangyun , Liu Xinjie
Published: January 2022

Photosynthesis in Amazon rainforests is essential to the carbon and water cycle on a global scale, but its seasonal dynamics remain less understood. Using clear sky satellite products combined with in situ ground observations, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of photosynthesis in this unique region as well as the contribution of moisture to these dynamics. We confirmed the unique dry season increase in photosynthesis for most parts of the study region as well as small positive photosynthetic anomalies in relatively dryer years, such as El Niño years. Taking into account the contribution of increased light and new leaf flushing in dry seasons to the seasonal dynamics of photosynthesis, we found significant negative correlations between moisture variables (especially soil moisture) and photosynthesis in Amazon rainforests, especially for humid ecosystems such as primary moist forests and for humid periods such as wet seasons. Excessive moisture contributes to the seasonal dynamics of photosynthesis by changing the value of the peak and the position of the minimum values, but this process was not well‐documented in previous studies. Our study highlights the need to consider the negative impacts of excessive moisture on photosynthesis in wet ecosystems, and further research is required to support the determination of future changes in photosynthesis in different regions.