Future climate and runoff projections in the Naltar Catchment, Upper Indus Basin from CORDEX-South Asia regional climate models and hydrological modelling
Authors: Liaqat Muhammad Usman , Casanueva Ana , Grossi Giovanna , Ranzi Roberto 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;Energy budget-based distributed modelling in glacierized catchments is important to examine glaciological-hydrological regimes and compute flow rates in current and projected scenarios. Trends in ablation of snow and glaciers retreat depend upon snow and ice reserves, meteorological parameters and geographical features which vary across sub-basins in Upper Indus Basin. This study attempts to address these issues by employing [1] regional climate models (RCMs) and the Physical based Distributed Snow Land and Ice Model (Ranzi and Rosso 1991; Grossi et al. 2013) in the Naltar catchment (area of 242.41 km2, with 42 km2 glacierized), located in the Hunza river basin (Upper Indus Basin), to project snow and glacier melt and daily streamflow. The calibration and validation of the model were successfully carried out using observed historical meteorological data at hourly time resolution from high altitude meteorological stations (Liaqat et al. 2021). For each of the climate simulations, projections of near future (2040-2059) and far future (2080-2099) under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) namely RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 are presented[2]&amp;#160; with respect to corresponding present climate (1991-2010). We used all relevant meteorological variables from an ensemble of 37 simulations in total, which were performed by 3 RCMs driven by 11 different global climate models (GCMs) and were developed under the CORDEX Experiment, (Giorgi et al. 2009)-South Asia initiative. RCMs often present systematic biases and, despite their rather high spatial resolution (here approximately 50km x 50km) they are still too coarse for hydrological impact assessments. In order to produce localized and unbiased climate projections, we scaled the observed climate according to the simulated changes by means of the delta change method as described in R&amp;#228;is&amp;#228;nen and R&amp;#228;ty (2013) and R&amp;#228;ty et al. (2014). Correction factor [3]&amp;#160; in the mean and standard deviation for all for all meteorological variables were obtained for the near and far future periods compared to the historical period (1991-2010) for each simulation. [4] T[5] he joint analysis of climate projections and hydrological modelling, spanning different scenarios and other sources of uncertainty is essential to predict future changes in water resources availability to satisfy mainly irrigation demand in the downstream areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Giorgi F, Jones C, Asrar GR (2009) Addressing climate information needs at the regional level: the CORDEX framework World Meteorological Organization Bulletin 58:175&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Grossi G, Caronna P, Ranzi R (2013) Hydrologic vulnerability to climate change of the Mandrone glacier (Adamello-Presanella group, Italian Alps) Advances in water resources 55:190-203&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Liaqat MU, Grossi G, Ansari R, Ranzi R Modeling Hydrological Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Glacierized Naltar Catchment (Pakistan) Using a Distributed Energy Balance Model. In: AGU Fall Meeting 2021, 2021. AGU,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;R&amp;#228;is&amp;#228;nen J, R&amp;#228;ty O (2013) Projections of daily mean temperature variability in the future: cross-validation tests with ENSEMBLES regional climate simulations Climate dynamics 41:1553-1568&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ranzi R, Rosso R (1991) Physically based approach to modelling distributed snowmelt in a small alpine catchment IAHS PUBL, IAHS, WALLINGFORD:141-150&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;R&amp;#228;ty O, R&amp;#228;is&amp;#228;nen J, Ylh&amp;#228;isi JS (2014) Evaluation of delta change and bias correction methods for future daily precipitation: intermodel cross-validation using ENSEMBLES simulations Climate dynamics 42:2287-2303&lt;/p&gt;