bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in oral cavity carcinomas
Authors: Machado Jerry , Reis Patricia P , Zhang Tong , Simpson Colleen , Xu Wei , Perez-Ordonez Bayardo , Goldstein David P , Brown Dale H , Gilbert Ralph W , Gullane Patrick J , Irish Jonathan C , Kamel-Reid Suzanne
Published: March 2010

Background

Increasing evidence shows that Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is preferentially associated with some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), with variable infection rates reported.

Methods

We assessed HPV involvement in HNSCC using the Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, which can detect 37 different HPV types. We examined the prevalence of HPV infection in 92 HNSCCs (oropharynx, oral cavity, and other HNSCC sites).

Results

HPV was frequently detected in oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) (16/22, 73%), but was uncommon in oral cavity cancers (2/53, 4%), and in other HNSCC subsites (1/17, 6%). HPV positive tumors were associated with patients that were 40-60 years old (p = 0.02), and node positive (p = < 0.0001). HPV 16 was the most prevalent type, but other types detected included 6, 18, 33, 35, 45, and 52/58.

Conclusion

Our results show that in contrast to oropharyngeal cancers, oral cancers and other HNSCCs infrequently harbor HPV.
PICTURES ON THE MOON: YVETTE MATTERN’S SAFARI THROUGH BLACK POWER
Authors: Bey Sadiq
Published: March 2010

Electronic access to this article has been removed due to a request by the author.
Abnormal embryonic lymphatic vessel development in Tie1 hypomorphic mice
Authors: Qu Xianghu , Tompkins Kevin , Batts Lorene E. , Puri Mira , Baldwin H. Scott
Published: March 2010

Tie1 is an endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase that is essential for development and maintenance of the vascular system; however, the role of Tie1 in development of the lymphatic vasculature is unknown. To address this question, we first documented that Tie1 is expressed at the earliest stages of lymphangiogenesis in Prox1-positive venous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors. LEC Tie1 expression is maintained throughout embryonic development and persists in postnatal mice. We then generated two lines of Tie1 mutant mice: a hypomorphic allele, which has reduced expression of Tie1, and a conditional allele. Reduction of Tie1 levels resulted in abnormal lymphatic patterning and in dilated and disorganized lymphatic vessels in all tissues examined and in impaired lymphatic drainage in embryonic skin. Homozygous hypomorphic mice also exhibited abnormally dilated jugular lymphatic vessels due to increased production of Prox1-positive LECs during initial lymphangiogenesis, indicating that Tie1 is required for the early stages of normal lymphangiogenesis. During later stages of lymphatic development, we observed an increase in LEC apoptosis in the hypomorphic embryos after mid-gestation that was associated with abnormal regression of the lymphatic vasculature. Therefore, Tie1 is required for early LEC proliferation and subsequent survival of developing LECs. The severity of the phenotypes observed correlated with the expression levels of Tie1, confirming a dosage dependence for Tie1 in LEC integrity and survival. No defects were observed in the arterial or venous vasculature. These results suggest that the developing lymphatic vasculature is particularly sensitive to alterations in Tie1 expression.
Dendritic refinement of an identified neuron in the Drosophila CNS is regulated by neuronal activity and Wnt signaling
Authors: Singh Ajeet Pratap , VijayRaghavan K. , Rodrigues Veronica
Published: March 2010

The dendrites of neurons undergo dramatic reorganization in response to developmental and other cues, such as stress and hormones. Although their morphogenesis is an active area of research, there are few neuron preparations that allow the mechanistic study of how dendritic fields are established in central neurons. Dendritic refinement is a key final step of neuronal circuit formation and is closely linked to emergence of function. Here, we study a central serotonergic neuron in the Drosophila brain, the dendrites of which undergo a dramatic morphological change during metamorphosis. Using tools to manipulate gene expression in this neuron, we examine the refinement of dendrites during pupal life. We show that the final pattern emerges after an initial growth phase, in which the dendrites function as ‘detectors’, sensing inputs received by the cell. Consistent with this, reducing excitability of the cell through hyperpolarization by expression of Kir2.1 results in increased dendritic length. We show that sensory input, possibly acting through NMDA receptors, is necessary for dendritic refinement. Our results indicate that activity triggers Wnt signaling, which plays a ‘pro-retraction’ role in sculpting the dendritic field: in the absence of sensory input, dendritic arbors do not retract, a phenotype that can be rescued by activating Wnt signaling. Our findings integrate sensory activity, NMDA receptors and Wingless/Wnt5 signaling pathways to advance our understanding of how dendritic refinement is established. We show how the maturation of sensory function interacts with broadly distributed signaling molecules, resulting in their localized action in the refinement of dendritic arbors.
Perinuclear P granules are the principal sites of mRNA export in adultC. elegansgerm cells
Authors: Sheth Ujwal , Pitt Jason , Dennis Shannon , Priess James R.
Published: March 2010

Germline-specific granules of unknown function are found in a wide variety of organisms, including C. elegans, where they are called P granules. P granules are cytoplasmic bodies in oocytes and early embryos. Throughout most of the C. elegans life cycle, however, P granules are associated with clusters of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) on germ cell nuclei. We show that perinuclear P granules differ from cytoplasmic P granules in many respects, including structure, stability and response to metabolic changes. Our results suggest that nuclear-associated P granules provide a perinuclear compartment where newly exported mRNAs are collected prior to their release to the general cytoplasm. First, we show that mRNA export factors are highly enriched at the NPCs associated with P granules. Second, we discovered that the expression of high-copy transgenes could be induced in a subset of germ cells, and used this system to demonstrate that nascent mRNA traffics directly to P granules. P granules appear to sequester large amounts of mRNA in quiescent germ cells, presumably preventing translation of that mRNA. However, we did not find evidence that P granules normally sequester aberrant mRNAs, or mRNAs targeted for destruction by the RNAi pathway.
Slippery surfaces of pitcher plants: Nepenthes wax crystals minimize insect attachment via microscopic surface roughness
Authors: Scholz I. , Bückins M. , Dolge L. , Erlinghagen T. , Weth A. , Hischen F. , Mayer J. , Hoffmann S. , Riederer M. , Riedel M. , Baumgartner W.
Published: March 2010

Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes efficiently trap and retain insect prey in highly specialized leaves. Besides a slippery peristome which inhibits adhesion of insects they employ epicuticular wax crystals on the inner walls of the conductive zone of the pitchers to hamper insect attachment by adhesive devices. It has been proposed that the detachment of individual crystals and the resulting contamination of adhesive organs is responsible for capturing insects. However, our results provide evidence in favour of a different mechanism, mainly based on the stability and the roughness of the waxy surface. First, we were unable to detect a large quantity of crystal fragments on the pads of insects detached from mature pitcher surfaces of Nepenthes alata. Second, investigation of the pitcher surface by focused ion beam treatment showed that the wax crystals form a compact 3D structure. Third, atomic force microscopy of the platelet-shaped crystals revealed that the crystals are mechanically stable, rendering crystal detachment by insect pads unlikely. Fourth, the surface profile parameters of the wax layer showed striking similarities to those of polishing paper with low grain size. By measuring friction forces of insects on this artificial surface we demonstrate that microscopic roughness alone is sufficient to minimize insect attachment. A theoretical model shows that surface roughness within a certain length scale will prevent adhesion by being too rough for adhesive pads but not rough enough for claws.
Evaluation of the different forces brought into play during tube foot activities in sea stars
Authors: Hennebert Elise , Haesaerts Delphine , Dubois Philippe , Flammang Patrick
Published: March 2010

Sea star tube feet consist of an enlarged and flattened distal extremity (the disc), which makes contact with the substratum, and a proximal contractile cylinder (the stem), which acts as a tether. In this study, the different forces brought into play during tube foot functioning were investigated in two related species. The tube feet of Asterias rubens and Marthasterias glacialis attach to glass with a similar mean tenacity (0.24 and 0.43 MPa, respectively), corresponding to an estimated maximal attachment force of 0.15 and 0.35 N. The contraction force of their retractor muscle averages 0.017 N. The variation of the retractor muscle contraction with its extension ratio follows a typical bell-shaped length–tension curve in which a maximal contraction of approximately 0.04 N is obtained for an extension ratio of approximately 2.3 in both sea star species. The tensile strength of the tube foot stem was investigated considering the two tissues that could assume a load-bearing function, i.e. the retractor muscle and the connective tissue. The latter is a mutable collagenous tissue presenting a fivefold difference in tensile strength between its soft and stiff state. In our experiments, stiffening was induced by disrupting cell membranes or by modifying the ionic composition of the bathing solution. Finally, the force needed to break the tube foot retractor muscle was found to account for 18–25% of the tube foot total breaking force, showing that, although the connective tissue is the tissue layer that supports most of the load exerted on the stem, the contribution of the retractor muscle cannot be neglected in sea stars. All these forces appear well-balanced for proper functioning of the tube feet during the activities of the sea star. They are discussed in the context of two essential activities: the opening of bivalve shells and the maintenance of position in exposed habitats.
Video playback demonstrates episodic personality in the gloomy octopus
Authors: Pronk R. , Wilson D. R. , Harcourt R.
Published: March 2010

Coleoid cephalopods, including octopuses, cuttlefish and squid, rely mainly on visual signals when interacting with conspecifics, predators and prey. Presenting visual stimuli, such as models, photographs, mirrors and live conspecifics, can thus provide insight into cephalopod behaviour. These methods, however, have limitations – mirrors and live animals lack experimental control, whereas models and photographs sacrifice motion-based information. Video playback addresses these issues by presenting controlled, moving and realistic stimuli but, to date, video playback has not been used successfully with any cephalopod. Here, we developed a video playback technique for the gloomy octopus (Octopus tetricus) that incorporated recent advances in video technology. We then used this technique to test for personality, which we defined as behavioural differences between individuals that are consistent over time and across ecologically important contexts. We captured wild octopuses and tested them on 3 separate days over a 10 day period. On each test day, subjects were presented with videos of a food item, a novel object and a conspecific. These represented a foraging, novel and threatening context, respectively. A fourth video without a moving stimulus controlled for the playback monitor itself and potential artifacts associated with video playback. Experimental stimuli evoked unambiguous and biologically appropriate responses from the subjects. Furthermore, individuals' responses to the three experimental contexts were highly correlated within a given test day. However, within a given context, individuals behaved inconsistently across the 3 test days. The reordering of ranks suggests that rather than fulfilling the criteria for personality, gloomy octopus show temporal discontinuities, and hence display episodic personality.
Bicriteria p-Hub Location Problems and Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Köksalan Murat , Soylu Banu
Published: March 2010

In this paper, we present two bicriteria uncapacitated, multiple allocation p-hub location problems. In the first problem, our first objective is to minimize the total transportation costs of the uncapacitated multiple allocation p-hub median problem with a positive interhub transfer cost. Our second objective is to minimize the total traveling costs between hub points and origin–destination points. In this case, the interhub transfer cost is negligible, and the problem turns into a well-known facility location problem, i.e., the p-median problem. In the second problem, we address the delays occurring with the congestion during service at the hubs. We consider the trade-off between our first objective and a new objective function, which is to minimize the maximum delay at each hub. We propose bicriteria evolutionary algorithms to approximate the efficient frontiers of these problems. We test the performance of our algorithm on Turkish Postal System, Australian Post, and U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board data sets.
Where Do Creative Interactions Come From? The Role of Tie Content and Social Networks
Authors: Sosa Manuel E.
Published: March 2010

Understanding the determinants of creativity at the individual and organizational level has been the focus of a long history of research in various disciplines from the social sciences, but little attention has been devoted to studying creativity at the dyadic level. Why are some dyadic interactions more likely than others to trigger the generation of novel and useful ideas in organizations? As dyads conduit both knowledge and social forces, they offer an ideal setting to disentangle the effects of knowledge diversity, tie strength, and network structure on the generation of creative thoughts. This paper not only challenges the current belief that sporadic and distant dyadic relationships (weak ties) foster individual creativity but also argues that diverse and strong ties facilitate the generation of creative ideas. From a knowledge viewpoint, our results suggest that ties that transmit a wide (rather than narrow) set of knowledge domains (within the same tie) favor creative idea generation if exchanges occur with sufficient frequency. From a social perspective, we find that strong ties serve as effective catalysts for the generation of creative ideas when they link actors who are intrinsically motivated to work closely together. Finally, this paper also shows that dyadic network cohesion (i.e., the connections from the focal dyad to common contacts) does not always hinder the generation of creative ideas. Our empirical evidence suggests that when cohesion exceeds its average levels, it becomes detrimental to creative idea generation. Hypotheses are tested in a sociometric study conducted within the development department of a software firm.
Peyronie Disease Caused by Beta-Blocker; Cushing Syndrome Ascribed to High-Dose Topical Corticosteroids; Two Reports of Adverse Drug Reactions Caused by Long-Acting Risperidone Injections; Spontaneous Hematoma Associated with Diclofenac; Bevacizumab-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw; Varenicline-Associated Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Shuster Joel
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) MedWatch program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MedWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers. Your report will be published anonymously unless otherwise requested. This feature is provided by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) in cooperation with the FDA's MedWatch program and Temple University School of Pharmacy. ISMP is an FDA MedWatch partner.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Tablets
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri L. , Baker Danial E.
Published: March 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursinginservices. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The February 2009 monograph topics are on fospropofol disodium, rufinamide, eltrombopag, fenofibric acid, and carisbamate. The DUE is on rufinamide.
Subgroup identities as a key to cooperation within large social groups
Authors: Rabinovich Anna , Morton Thomas A.
Published: March 2010

We experimentally investigated the effect of superordinate (i.e. British) versus subordinate (i.e. English) identity salience on willingness to contribute to a resource shared at the superordinate level (the British coast). Contrary to what would be expected from straightforward application of self‐categorization theory, two studies demonstrated that willingness to contribute to this shared resource was higher when subordinate (rather than superordinate) identity was activated. To explain this effect, we suggest that subordinate identities sometimes provide a more meaningful basis for self‐definition and, when this is the case, activating subordinate level of identity might lay the foundation for enhanced cooperation within higher‐order identities. Indeed, consistent with this argument, Study 2 showed that increased meaningfulness and coherence of the self‐concept mediated the effect of subordinate identity salience on contributions to the shared (superordinate) resource. The results are discussed with respect to the role of meaning in determining categorization effects.
Declarations of Independents: On Local Knowledge and Localist Knowledge
Authors: Hess David J.
Published: March 2010

Localist movements support increased local ownership of regional economies and oppose the colonization of local economies by corporate firms, franchises, and agribusiness. Events organized by a "buy local" and "anti-big-box" organization in upstate New York provide the point of departure for an exploration of the meanings of the terms "local" and "independent." Drawing on the discussion of "knowledge practices" in this journal, the relationships among local knowledge, mainstream economic development knowledge, and the "localist knowledge" of social science research are explored. Strategic combinations of local knowledge and localist knowledge can provide a powerful basis for mobilizing political and consumer support for localist movements. Localist movements in the United States are situated in the broader currents of antiglobalization movements, new political coalitions, and neoliberalism.
Being in the World (of Warcraft): Raiding, Realism, and Knowledge Production in a Massively Multiplayer Online Game
Authors: Golub Alex
Published: March 2010

This paper discusses two main claims made about virtual worlds: first, that people become "immersed" in virtual worlds because of their sensorial realism, and second, because virtual worlds appear to be "places" they can be studied without reference to the lives that their inhabitants live in the actual world. This paper argues against both of these claims by using data from an ethnographic study of knowledge production in World of Warcraft. First, this data demonstrates that highly-committed ("immersed") players of World of Warcraft make their interfaces less sensorially realistic (rather than more so) in order to obtain useable knowledge about the game world. In this case, immersion and sensorial realism may be inversely correlated. Second, their commitment to the game leads them to engage in knowledge-making activities outside of it. Drawing loosely on phenomenology and contemporary theorizations of Oceania, I argue that what makes games truly "real" for players is the extent to which they create collective projects of action that people care about, not their imitation of sensorial qualia. Additionally, I argue that while purely in-game research is methodologically legitimate, a full account of member's lives must study the articulation of in-game and out-of-game worlds and trace people's engagement with virtual worlds across multiple domains, some virtual and some actual.
Digital Expertise in Online Journalism (and Anthropology)
Authors: Boyer Dominic
Published: March 2010

This article explores the connection between digital media practices and digital (self-) understandings in western news journalism today. I describe how German and US online journalists translate their experiential familiarity with a plethora of digital information and communication technologies into narratives of digital expertise that contrast their "non-linear," "iterative," "interactive," and "network" modes of thinking from the journalistic expertise of traditional (broadcast) journalism. I view online news journalists' narratives of digital expertise as exemplary of the cybernetic and informatic epistemologies that developed in the wake of the industrialization of computation before the Second World War and that exerted a profound influence over the analytic methods and theories of the postwar human sciences as well. I thus compare digital thinking in news journalism and postwar anthropology in order to illuminate how technically-enabled practices of knowledge formation influence expert modes of understanding human social life.
Promiscuous Girls, Good Wives, and Cheating Husbands: Gender Inequality, Transitions to Marriage, and Infidelity in Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Smith Daniel Jordan
Published: March 2010

The transition from premarital sexual relationships and courtship to marriage and parenthood in southeastern Nigeria involves particularly dramatic adjustments for young women who have absorbed changing ideas about sexuality, marriage, and gender equality, and who have had active premarital sexual lives. In the eyes of society, these women must transform from being promiscuous girls to good wives. This paper examines these adjustments and, specifically, how young married women's lives are affected by the reality of male infidelity and a persistent gendered double standard regarding the acceptability of extramarital sex.
Batman versus The Green Hornet : The Merchandisable TV Text and the Paradox of Licensing in the Classical Network Era
Authors: Santo Avi
Published: March 2010

This article analyzes the shifting positions and dispositions of licensers in the mid-1960s through a case study comparing the highly successful Batman (ABC, 1965–1967) TV series merchandising campaign with the struggles encountered in producing and merchandising The Green Hornet (ABC, 1966). As licensing moved inhouse, licensers lost the managerial autonomy and creative authority they had previously enjoyed.
Contraband Cinema: Piracy, Titanic , and Central Asia
Authors: Klinger Barbara
Published: March 2010

This essay examines piracy as a powerful means of circulating films transnationally. Titanic 's worldwide success, and in particular its underground popularity in Afghanistan, prompts consideration both of the impact of unlawful distribution on Hollywood cinema's global reception and of theoretical issues raised by discourses that invariably surround cases of media piracy.
"I Do Exist": From "Black Insurgent" to Negotiating the Hollywood Divide—A Conversation with Julie Dash
Authors: Martin Michael T.
Published: March 2010

This extended conversation with Julie Dash concerns her work as a filmmaker and projects in development since the release of her masterwork, Daughters of the Dust (1992). It examines Dash's film practice and ambivalent relationship to Hollywood, along with her take on black independent filmmaking from the 1960s to the present and its prospects during Spike Lee's ascendancy.
Flaming the Fans: Shame and the Aesthetics of Queer Fandom in Todd Haynes's Velvet Goldmine
Authors: Bennett Chad
Published: March 2010

Velvet Goldmine offers a trenchant queer theorization of shame in relation to fandom's affective reading practices. Through the film's representation and formal enactment of such reading practices, we can see the formative role fandom's shame-fueled pleasures play in the queer film aesthetic Haynes's oeuvre exemplifies.
Dangerous Fictions: Race, History, and King
Authors: Fuller Jennifer
Published: March 2010

This essay analyzes discourses around the controversial docudrama King (NBC, 1978), which portrayed Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement. A look at mainstream and black press coverage of the controversies surrounding King shows that the meaning of "history" and perceptions of why it mattered differed greatly along racial lines.
Practical Reason and the Status of Moral Obligation
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: March 2010

The power of skepticism depends on the apparent possibility of rationally asking, for virtually any kind of proposition commonly thought to be known,howit is known or what justifies believing it. Moral claims are among those commonly subjected to skeptical challenges and doubts, even on the part of some people who are not skeptical about ordinary claims regarding the external world. There may be even more skepticism about the possibility of justifying moralactions,particularly if they are against the agent's self-interest. Both problems-how to justify moral claims and how to justify moral action - come within the scope of the troubling question “Why be moral?” Even a brief response to moral skepticism should consider both kinds of targets of justification, cognitive and behavioural, and should indicate some important relations between the two types of skeptical challenge. I will begin with the cognitive case- with skepticism about the scope of theoretical reason in ethics - proceed to practical skepticism, which concerns the scope of practical reason, and then show how an adequate account of rationality may enable us to respond to moral skepticism.
Coalitions of Reasons and Reasons To Be Moral1
Authors: Black Sam
Published: March 2010

H.A. Prichard famously argued that philosophers who aim to answer the question “why are we bound, or why ought we, to do what is right?” are pursuing a vain quest. Prichard advertized this finding in a provocative way, asserting that moral philosophy is the mistaken enterprise of trying to reply to a question to which no replies are possible. Should we be skeptical about the resources of philosophy for addressing issues about morality's authority? In my view, Prichard was mistaken. But identifying his error requires getting clear about how reasons of autonomy contribute to a person's normative reasons for action.
Because It's Right
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: March 2010

Morality teaches us that, if we look on her only as good for something else, we never in that case have seen her at all. She says that she is an end to be desired for her own sake, and not as a means to something beyond. Degrade her, and she disappears. - F. H. Bradley

Morality can be painfully demanding, so much so that we sometimes question the wisdom of complying with it. Yet, arguments that we have good reason to be moral are as old as Plato's Republic. Indeed, according to H. A. Prichard, making this argument work is the central preoccupation of moral philosophy. But Prichard also believes that, to the extent this is true, the whole subject of moral philosophy rests on a mistake.
Applied Ethics, Moral Skepticism, and Reasons with Expiration Dates
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: March 2010

The question “Why be moral?” has been on philosophers’ agendas at least since Plato, and the antiquity of the Question (which is what I'll call it from here on out) reasonably prompts the suspicion that moral skepticism may not in the end be rebuttable. Haven't we waited long enough? Isn't it time to discard the pretense that we have reason to do what morality demands? And shouldn't we finally stop wasting our time on it?

Before buying into that conclusion, I want to point out a largely untapped source of reasons for being moral. It has been overlooked, I will suggest, in part because attention has been exclusively directed to providing a definitive refutation of moral skepticism. However, that fixation is attributable to a very basic error about what sort of creatures we are. Most of our reasons come with expiration dates; and, indeed, the Question is often answerable, but temporarily rather than definitively.
Introduction: Recovering from Recovery
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: March 2010

After a brief survey of the way feminist studies has influenced the field of eighteenth-century studies, this introduction turns to the question of women writers, where the debates began. Many women writers who were popular in the Restoration and eighteenth century were later excluded from literary tradition, presumably because of their gender. Feminists in the 20th century recovered these writers, specifically seeking female accomplishments and thus writing about their work in these terms. Using the examples of the reception of Aphra Behn and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, this introduction considers how women writers can be fully appreciated given this critical history.
Creating Transformational Spaces: High School Book Clubs with Inner-City Adolescent Females
Authors: Polleck Jody N.
Published: March 2010

Transformation is the act of changing in form, nature or character. It is the process in which we learn something new or are so affected by an event or a conversation that our own selves are no longer the same. Many experiences can cause this transformation: a loss, a tragedy, or an interaction with a friend, loved one or stranger. Transformation can also occur through watching a movie, seeing a play or reading a powerful book. As teachers and administrators, we continually hope that our students' lives are transformed through the power of education. Yet oftentimes, transformation may seem somewhat unattainable due to the increasing pressures and obstacles that are not under our control. Whether situated within the schools themselves, in the surrounding environments, or in the homes of our youths, these hurdles may seem insurmountable and overwhelming. The purpose of this article is to explore how we can create transformative spaces for young adults, and where we can enhance young adults' academic and social and emotional development simultaneously through the unique space of a book club. In highlighting the voices of 12 Latina and African-American inner-city high school girls, I work to demonstrate how a book club provides a forum where affective and cognitive development cannot be separated, in that these two processes are inseparable and enhance one another. In essence, this study is about efficiency and transformation, where educators can work to promote literacy while also addressing students' social and emotional issues.
Preparing Citizens for Multicultural Democracy in a U.S. History Class
Authors: DiCamillo Lorrei , Pace Judith L.
Published: March 2010

The authors extend the literature on multicultural democratic citizenship education (Marri, 2005) with a case study about how a highly esteemed high school teacher involved a heterogeneous group of students in a rigorous, engaging, critical study of U.S. History. Mr. Scott's teaching was noteworthy in its community building, thorough disciplinary content and deliberative pedagogies, yet obstacles to student engagement persisted. This study illustrates powerful pedagogical practice that informs research and practice and reveals ongoing challenges in high school teaching, even in a supportive environment. It adds to the research on teaching for multicultural citizenship and provides descriptive examples of how powerful pedagogical practice (Shulman, 1987) can be combined with multicultural democratic citizenship education (Banks, 1993; Parker, 1996).
More Than "Showing What Happened": Exploring the Potential of Teaching History with Film
Authors: Stoddard Jeremy D. , Marcus Alan S.
Published: March 2010

In a world where students and the general public are likely to access historical information from a television program, film, or even video game, it is important to equip students with the ability to view historical representation critically. In this essay we present arguments for using film to engage students in rigorous and authentic social studies pedagogy and support these arguments with data and examples from our research over the past ten years. Our goal is not to promote film as the ultimate classroom source or as a replacement for a teacher, but to highlight how effective the use of film can be in engaging students in authentic intellectual work with important content and issues. If we have learned anything from our research on using film to teach about the past, it is that it is important to have a clear purpose for selecting a film, both justifying the use of time and presenting the perspective that the teacher wants to portray.
"Free Trade and Sailors' Rights": The Rhetoric of the War of 1812
Authors: Gilje Paul A.
Published: March 2010

At the beginning of the War of 1812 Captain David Porter flew from his mast a banner with the phrase "Free Trade and Sailors' Rights." This slogan reflected ideas that derived from the Age of Revolution combining patrician interest in free trade with more plebeian concerns about rights and the protection of seamen from impressment. As such it aptly summarized the key diplomatic reasons why the United States entered the war. Throughout the conflict Americans used the phrase to explain their support for the war. After 1815 the phrase continued to be used in a wide variety of relevant and irrelevant contexts. By the 1840s for some Americans the phrase had become disembodied from its original meaning; for others, it retained much of its original poignancy as a statement of principle and an assertion of basic rights.
"The Right to Purchase Is as Free as the Right to Sell": Defining Consumers as Citizens in the Auction-house Conflicts of the Early Republic
Authors: Cohen Joanna
Published: March 2010

This article explores the commercial turf war over auction houses in the 1820s, a dispute which inadvertently altered how Americans imagined the civic rights and obligations of consumers. Beginning in 1817, east coast merchants embarked on a self-interested crusade to convince Congress to tax auction houses out of existence. As the auctioneers retaliated, this private conflict over profits escalated into a public debate on the state of the nation's political economy. Seeking public sympathy, both sides quickly focused on the needs of purchasers, arguing that their business alone upheld the rights of the consumer in a chaotic and corrupt marketplace. But this strategy failed as the choices and desires of individual shoppers forced both sides to reformulate their understanding of the consumer. As Americans continued to flock to shops that stocked goods bought at auction, merchants in particular conceded that championing the consumer did not serve their cause. Abandoning hope that a tariff would curb the success of the auction-house, the merchants began to argue that consumers must regulate themselves for the good of the nation. By 1828, this argument hardened into a new understanding, that placed the "right to purchase" alongside a set of new obligations, ones that made consumer choice and taste a requirement of good citizenship.
Punishing the Lies on the Rio Grande: Catholic and Immigrant Volunteers in Zachary Taylor's Army and the Fight against Nativism
Authors: Johnson Tyler V.
Published: March 2010

In May 1846, in the midst of the largest wave of immigration up to that point in its history, the United States went to war with Mexico. The nation's attention became focused on northern Mexico as General Zachary Taylor's army marched up the Rio Grande and fought Mexican forces in the major battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista. Hundreds of the same immigrants then pouring in to the country volunteered to serve under Taylor. Catholic and Democratic Party newspapers and leaders friendly to the immigrants used their service to fight nativist prejudice on the home front, defending Catholics and immigrants as loyal citizens. This study examines the efforts of Catholic and Democratic leaders by focusing on three phenomena of the war in northern Mexico: the fall 1846 riot on the Rio Grande between the Irish Jasper Greens of Savannah and their fellow Georgia company the Kennesaw Rangers, the exploits of immigrant volunteers in battle and the use of those who died as martyrs, and the service of two Jesuits, Reverends John McElroy and Anthony Rey, as chaplains to Taylor's men. Newspapers and letter writers defended the Greens from charges of riot and drunkenness, praised their valiant soldiers and the heroic dead, exalted the compassion and courage of the two Jesuits, and used all three scenarios to fight nativist prejudice and counteract anti-Catholic propaganda. This understudied corner of the U.S.-Mexican War sheds light on the continuing process of assimilation and acculturation for antebellum immigrants and points out the importance of religious and ethnic identity in deciding who could be an American.
Negotiating Domesticity in the Journals of Anna Larpent
Authors: Morris Marilyn
Published: March 2010

The seventeen volumes of journals left by Anna Margaretta Porter, married in 1782 to John Larpent, the Lord Chamberlain's Examiner of Plays, are a testament to the struggle of a woman who fiercely adhered the principle of wifely subordination while possessing strong scholarly inclinations and a compulsion to write. Analysis of Anna Larpent's journaling habits shows how writing aided her management of depression and disruptive emotions. Silences and omissions could be as revealing as words. Her diaries offer an evocative portrait of a woman's matrimonial experience considered happy by contemporary standards. Larpent's dedication to her family, which included a sister and stepson, help to explain why a traditional household tended to inhibit a woman's participation in intellectual circles and the publication of her writings. In assessing Larpent's degree of self-fulfillment, this article confronts the problem of how to interpret an individual's feelings within the emotional conventions of the past.
Something Old, Something New: Marital Roles and Relations in State Socialist Romania
Authors: Massino Jill
Published: March 2010

Utilizing socialist legislation, propaganda, and oral history interviews with urban women and men, this article explores how marital roles were refashioned in socialist Romania. Although the image of the idle husband and overburdened wife was perhaps more typical than not, family roles did undergo change over the course of socialist rule, evident in men's participation in household duties from food procurement to childcare. While related to women's increased economic autonomy and assertiveness within the home and the promotion of egalitarian family models, these changes were also rooted in the misapplication of socialist theory. Thus, the demands of labor force participation, combined with state failure to fully socialize childcare and substantially improve the material conditions of its subjects in some cases inadvertently fostered more equitable marital relations. By analyzing the diversity and fluidity of marital relations as well as the active engagement of women and men in reinforcing, challenging, or renegotiating family roles the article moves beyond the domineering husband/oppressed wife dichotomy toward a more nuanced understanding of marriage under state socialism.
Talking Sex: Deciphering Dialogues of American Female Sexuality in the Mosher Survey, 1892–1920
Authors: Tunc Tanfer Emin
Published: March 2010

The Mosher Survey (1892-1920) is an important historical source because it is the earliest known qualitative study of American women's sexuality. It not only provides us with a rare glimpse into the lives of turn-of-the-twentieth-century middle-class women, but also serves as an intimate window into an embedded series of "relationships"—between the physician (Mosher) and her subjects, between the respondents and American society, and between women of the same socioeconomic class. The survey also embodies the shift from the largely informal, private, sexual discourse that occurred among lay women during the nineteenth century, to the professional, medicalized sexual discourse of the twentieth century, in which physicians and sex researchers played key roles. It is a remarkable example of the "professionalization" of "women talking sex"—that is, the medicalization of dialogues which women had long been having with their mothers, sisters, female friends, and daughters.
Enchanting Rabbis: Contest Narratives between Rabbis and Magicians in Late Antiquity
Authors: Levinson Joshua
Published: March 2010

"Sorcerers," said R. Yochanan, "contradict the heavenly household" and oppose the divine will. So begins one of the major Talmudic discussions of magic (bSan 67b). This conception of magic bestows tremendous power in the hands of the magician creating an autonomous realm where the human and divine vie for supremacy. How did the Rabbis imagine the realm of magic and what brought them to so empower their adversaries? This is the question I wish to address by examining some of the 'contest-narratives' between rabbis and magicians in rabbinic literature, concentrating mostly on a comparison between a discussion that appears in the Babylonian Talmud (bSan 67b-68a) and its Palestinian parallel (ySan 25d). I suggest that there are marked differences between how the two Talmudic discussions represent magic and its menace. While the Palestinian Talmud presents these contests through a discourse of power and identity, the Bavli constructs its view of magic by means of a discourse of knowledge. This difference has important ramifications for rabbinic self-fashioning and its strategies for imagining and negotiating identity; both their's and their others.
Public Relations and Sports: Work Force Demographics in the Intersection of Two Gendered Industries
Authors: Whiteside Erin , Hardin Marie
Published: March 2010

Sports, largely considered the domain of men, and public relations, recently associated with women, intersect in college sports public relations, known as sports information. This study examines that intersection by using an online survey to explore the demographics, division of labor, earnings, career longevity and satisfaction among sports information practitioners and comparing results to data for public relations and sports journalists. The findings suggest that sports information is, unlike other areas of public relations, a staunchly masculine profession. Women are largely excluded from high-status positions and more often report less job satisfaction and shorter tenures than men. This study also provided the opportunity for exploratory research on racial minorities in sports information, with the findings showing sports information as a racially homogonous profession.
An Exploratory Study of the Relationships Between Televised Sports Viewing Habits and Conformity to Masculine Norms
Authors: Johnson Thomas C. , Schiappa Edward
Published: March 2010

In this exploratory study the relationships between televised sports viewing habits and conformity to masculine norms were examined through a single panel survey. The amount and types of sports programming an individual watches in a usual week were assessed, along with attitudes about masculinity as measured by the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory. A group of 183 U.S. college students completed the survey. Findings indicated that there are significant correlations between televised sports viewing habits and conformity to masculine norms, and more violent sports (such as “Ultimate Fighting Championships”) tend to be associated with a greater number of norms connected to Hegemonic Masculinity.
Major League Baseball and African American Participation: Is Free Television Part of the Solution?
Authors: Fortunato John A. , Williams Jerome D.
Published: March 2010

Major League Baseball (MLB) continues to address the challenge of African American participation in a sports environment with increasing competition for talent and spectators. The variable that MLB most controls is how it markets its games. This essay suggests MLB needs to provide more games available on free, over-the-air television because of low cable penetration into the African American community.
Whose Deaf Genes Are They Anyway?: The Deaf Community’s Challenge to Legislation on Embryo Selection
Authors: Emery Steven D. , Middleton Anna , Turner Graham H.
Published: March 2010

This article centers on the implications of genetic developments (as a scientific and technological discipline) for those Deaf people who identify as a cultural and linguistic minority group and are concerned with the preservation and development of sign language and Deaf culture. We explore the impact of one particular legislative initiative that is liable to directly affect the reproductive liberty of Deaf people in the UK. In particular, we document the challenge that was instigated by the international Deaf community toward this clause. Before outlining the item of legislation that renewed debate on this topic in the UK, we briefly review the current availability of genetic technologies pertaining to deafness. We then summarize the nature of the opposition to this initiative and describe the steps taken to campaign against it and discuss the prospects such legislation raises for Deaf people. We conclude by reviewing the outcome in terms of the landscape that remains following this matter.

In brief, our context is as follows. The United Kingdom’s Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (2008) contains a clause in it that (as originally written) sought to prevent people from choosing to keep certain embryos—including those with characteristics pertaining to deafness—when using assisted reproduction techniques. Within the UK Deaf community, this clause not only fueled ongoing fears that this technology was ultimately aimed at preventing the birth of deaf people but also raised an alarm that politicians could—openly and largely without challenge—revive the implication that deaf people are generally unwanted. Our article therefore looks at how genetic technologies have been seen to pose a severe risk to the future of the Deaf community and how the Deaf public and its allies have attempted to generate and participate in public debate on the issue.
Technology as a Learning Tool for ASL Literacy
Authors: Snoddon Kristin
Published: March 2010

This article discusses the role of technology in supporting ASL literacy. This attention to technology is part of an exploratory study of Deaf elementary school students participating in an ASL identity text project at a bilingual/bicultural school for Deaf students in Ontario, Canada. This study is a contribution to the cross-Canada Multiliteracies project, which proposes a new approach to literacy pedagogy that also includes an increased attention to technological applications. The Ontario ASL curriculum and its use of ASL technology are also elements of this exploratory study.