bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensory evaluation for broiler meat after addition Slovak bee pollen in their feed mixture
Authors: Haščí­k Peter , Elimam Ibrahim Omer Elamin , Garlí­k Jozef , Bobko Marek , Kročko Miroslav
Published: July 2013

The study aimed to investigate the impact of  Slovak bee pollen as supplement dietary in different doses (1000, 1500, 2500, 3500 and 4500 mg.kg-1 of feed mixture) on the sensory quality of broiler chickens. The study was carried out  180 one day-old  chickens, which were divided into 6 groups (n=30). From each halves were separately sensory evaluated part from a thigh and breast. Samples of heat treated meat were evaluated by a 6 member semi-trained panel of laboratory co-workers. Panelists evaluate aroma, juiciness, taste and tenderness on 5 point hedonic scale where 1 (the worst) and 5 (the best) were the extremes of each characteristic. The values of aroma, taste, juiciness and tenderness in breast and thigh muscles were higher in experimental groups in compare to control. The bee pollen has a positive impact on the taste, aroma, juiciness and tenderness of chickens thighs and breasts. Although the value of shear force in chicken thigh was significantly highest in E2 samples, addition of bee pollen to the diet for broiler chickens had no significatly negative effect on the thigh tenderness. Baking losses, as the second technological parameter, were also not significantly affected by nutrition with bee pollen supplement.
Evaluation of anthocynin changes in blueberries and in blueberry jam after the processing and storage
Authors: Mendelová Andrea , Mendel Ľubomí­r , Fikselová Martina , Czako Peter
Published: July 2013

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is worldwide famous as the healthy and desirable fruit. The most valuable nutritional components of fruits are polyphenols, which include anthocyanins. The aim of the study was to assess the content of anthocyanin dyes in selected varieties of blueberry fruit. We evaluated the changes in the content of colorants that occur after treatment for fruit jam and its subsequent storage at 21°C under the light. Varieties Ramcocas, Record, Iranka, Nelson, Pemberton, Jersey and Coville were observed. Content of anthocyanins was determined spectrophotometrically. In fresh fruits anthocyanin content ranged from 9.878 g kg-1 of dry matter (Jersey variety) to 18.555 g kg-1 of dry matter (Nelson variety). After treatment there was found a decrease in the anthocyanins content, in the product's content were determined in the amount 1.645 g kg-1 of dry matter (Jersey variety) to 3.476 g kg-1 of dry matter (variety Ramcocas). The decrease was due to decomposition of anthocyans at high temperatures in processed products and also by the replacement of dry matter by sucrose in the product. Mean color decrease in blueberry jam was 84.5%. After storage of the product, there were found further degradations of colorants, evaluated at 34.9%. The content of anthocyanin in jam was found to be 1.089 g kg-1 of dry matter (Jersey variety) to 2.199 g kg-1 of dry matter (Ramcocas variety).
Content of amino acids and minerals in selected sorts of legumes
Authors: Vojtí­šková Petra , Švec Pavel , Kráčmar Stanislav
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to determine amino acid composition and mineral content in selected legume samples. All analyses were carried out at the laboratory temperature of 21±2 °C in triplicate. Amino acid composition was determined using the automatic amino acid analyzer AAA 400 with post-column derivatization. To assess the nutritional value of protein, index of essential amino acids (EAAI) was calculated. Minerals were determined using the atomic absorption spectrometer AA 30. All results were statistically evaluated. The highest content of Cys, Glu, Asp, Leu, Lys and Arg was determined in seeds of G. max; only the content of Cys and His was lower than 10 g kg-1. The greatest total content of essential amino acids (EAA) was discovered in soybeans, almost 128 g kg-1. The majority (Na, K, Mg, and Ca), trace (Fe, Zn, and Cr) and toxic elements (Pb, Cd) were determined. Legumes were rich in Mg and Ca-mainly G. max and Ph. vulgaris. The content of Mg was 2.1 g/1000g in soybeans and 1.6 g/1000g in common beans. Also in these two legumes the greatest concentration of toxic Pb was found. Values obtained during the determination of the chemical composition in samples of legumes and buckwheat products can be influenced by many factors, e.g. climatic conditions, location etc.
Musical and Dramatic Design in Bernard Herrmann’s Prelude to Vertigo (1958)
Authors: Blim Dan
Published: July 2013

In Vertigo (1958), director Alfred Hitchcock repeatedly employs the motif of mirrors and spirals, both literal and figurative. This essay first traces how these motifs informed Bernard Herrmann’s approach to scoring the film, then offers a closer analysis of Herrmann’s iconic Prelude, arguing that Herrmann’s music foreshadows narrative events.
Can Shale Safely Host U.S. Nuclear Waste?
Authors: Neuzil C. E.
Published: July 2013

Even as cleanup efforts after Japan's Fukushima disaster offer a stark reminder of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) stored at nuclear plants worldwide, the decision in 2009 to scrap Yucca Mountain as a permanent disposal site has dimmed hope for a repository for SNF and other high‐level nuclear waste (HLW) in the United States anytime soon. About 70,000 metric tons of SNF are now in pool or dry cask storage at 75 sites across the United States [Government Accountability Office, 2012], and uncertainty about its fate is hobbling future development of nuclear power, increasing costs for utilities, and creating a liability for American taxpayers [Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future, 2012].
Hearing and Report Examine Measures to Reform Energy Department's National Laboratories
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

A new report that calls for reorganizing the management of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) national laboratory system generally received a favorable response during an 11 July hearing of the Subcommittee on Energy of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. The department is already moving forward with measures to address several recommendations, Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz stated in a 10 July letter to the subcommittee, which was released at the hearing.
Solar system's “heliotail”
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) has provided the first view of the solar system's tail, known as the heliotail, in the downwind region of the heliosphere, scientists announced at a 10 July briefing and in the 10 July issue of Astrophysical Journal. Scientists previously had presumed that the solar system had a heliotail and have observed “astrotails” around other stars.
Battle over proposed Keystone pipeline continues
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2013

Opposing sides in the battle over the proposed construction of the controversial Keystone XL pipeline continue to push their messages on the issue. The American Petroleum Institute (API) announced on 9 July that it has launched a new advertising campaign in support of the pipeline, which, if built, will ship oil from Canadian tar sands to refineries in the Gulf of Mexico.
Capacity Building for the Caribbean Region
Authors: Mesquita Michel d. S. , Robock Alan , Antuña Juan Carlos
Published: July 2013

Climate change and its impact was the subject of a recent workshop held in Havana, Cuba, as part of a project called The Future of Climate Extremes in the Caribbean (XCUBE). The project is a joint endeavor by Norway and Cuba, funded by the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection through Norway's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
An Update on AGU Publishing
Authors: van der Hilst Rob , Hanson Brooks
Published: July 2013

In the past year, AGU publishing has undergone substantial change, and we realize that this has caused some anxiety and concern among you, our members. As the start of a regular Eos series on issues in scientific publishing in general and AGU's content in particular, we provide here an overview and update of recent developments, with an emphasis on the partnership between AGU and Wiley. Topical entries, for instance on open access, will be published later.
Rock varnish points to Younger Dryas wet period in Dead Sea Basin
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

During the Younger Dryas period, from about 12,900 to 11,600 years ago, the North Atlantic region cooled rapidly. This cooling, one of several rapid periods of climate change in the Earth's history, had wide effects across the globe. However, in desert regions evidence for the Younger Dryas climate change has been hard to find.
Tropical storm Sandy was a 1‐in‐700‐year event
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2013

On 29 October 2012 tropical storm Sandy slammed into the New Jersey shoreline, bringing wind and water that killed more than 100 people and caused tens of billions of dollars in damage. Though its wind speeds were only equivalent to those of a low‐level hurricane, Sandy caused record‐breaking flooding in New Jersey, New York, and elsewhere. In lower Manhattan, water levels hit 4.28 meters above the mean low water level—the highest flood waters in the region since sensors were installed in 1920.
Identifying the chemical composition of “brown carbon” in the atmosphere
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2013

Aerosol particles in the atmosphere can either absorb or scatter incoming solar radiation, thus either heating or cooling the atmosphere. One of the most studied types of aerosols that absorb radiation is black carbon (also called soot), which comes from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass. Black carbon has been identified as a significant factor contributing to global warming. Somewhat less well studied is brown carbon, which also absorbs solar radiation but does so slightly differently than black carbon: Brown carbon absorbs light most strongly in ultraviolet and short visible wavelengths, giving it a yellowish or brownish appearance. Biomass burning is a major source of brown carbon.
Global adaptive linear control of the permanent‐magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Loria Antonio , Espinosa‐Pérez Gerardo , Avila‐Becerril Sofía
Published: July 2013

We contribute with a linear time‐varying controller for the permanent magnet synchronous motor. We solve the open problem of speed‐tracking control by measuring only stator currents and the rotor angular positions, under parametric uncertainty. Integral action is used to compensate for the effects of the unknown load‐torque, and adaptation is employed to estimate the unknown parameters. In the case that parameters are known (except for the load), we show that the origin of the closed‐loop system is uniformly globally exponentially stable. For the case of unknown parameters, we prove uniform global asymptotic stability; hence, we establish parametric convergence. In contrast to other adaptive control schemes for electrical machines, we use a reduced‐order adaptive controller. Indeed, adaptation is used only for the electrical dynamics equations. Moreover, not surprisingly, the closed‐loop system has a structure well‐studied in adaptive‐control literature. Performance is illustrated in a numerical setting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel D − π − A dye sensitizers of polymeric metal complexes based on 8‐hydroxyquinoline and phenylethyl or fluorene units: synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic applications for dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Yu Xiaoguang , Jin Xueliang , Tang Guipeng , Zhou Jun , Zhang Wei , Hu Jiaomei , Xie Qiufang , Zhong Chaofan
Published: July 2013

Four novel donor − π‐bridge − acceptor (D − π − A) polymeric metal complexes (P1–P4) based on 8‐hydroxyquinoline metal complexes were synthesized and tested for their performance in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The polymeric metal complexes dyes use alkoxy benzene or alkyl fluorene as the electron donor and C=C as π linker; the 8‐hydroxyquinoline derivative complex part was used as the electron acceptor and diaminomaleonitrile was used as ancillary ligand. The two strongly electron‐withdrawing cyano groups in the polymer structure can provide an efficient charge transport in the intramolecular between donor and acceptor parts. The thermal, photophysical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of these copolymers were investigated by TGA, differential scanning calorimetry, cyclic voltammetry and cureent density‐voltage curves, and the results showed that dye containing complex Zn(II) and alkoxy benzene unit benefited the generation of photocurrent and open‐circuit voltages, and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 1.91% (P2) was obtained, with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.71 V, a short‐circuit current density of 4.23 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 38.6% under AM1.5G irradiation. The study results also show that the four polymers exhibit good thermal stability, indicating that these polymeric metal complexes are suitable for the fabrication processes of optoelectronic devices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ligand‐free CuI‐catalyzed coupling and cyclization of β‐bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated amides with formamide leading to pyrimidinones
Authors: Ho Son Long , Cho Chan Sik
Published: July 2013

β‐Bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated amides were coupled and cyclized with formamide in DMF at 100°C in the presence of a catalytic amount of a copper(I) salt along with a base to give the corresponding pyrimidinones in good yields. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periodic mesoporous silica‐supported Ni(II) organometallic complex as an active and reusable nanocatalyst for water‐medium Sonogashira coupling reaction
Authors: Yin Jiewei , Chai Wei , Zhang Fang , Li Hexing
Published: July 2013

Phenyl‐bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) functionalized with diphenylphosphino (PPh2‐) ligands were synthesized via a surfactant‐directed self‐assembly approach, and were used as a support to immobilize Ni(II) organometallic complex by coordination interaction. In comparison with Ni‐PPh2‐SBA‐15 and Ni‐PPh2‐PMOs(Et) catalysts, the as‐prepared Ni‐PPh2‐PMOs(Ph) exhibited superior catalytic reactivity and selectivity in water‐medium Sonogashira reaction. A control experiment demonstrated that its high activity could be attributed to the high dispersion of Ni(II) active sites and ordered mesopore channels, which effectively diminished diffusion limitation. Meanwhile, the phenyl organic groups in the support wall enhanced surface hydrophobicity, which promoted the adsorption for organic reactant molecules. Moreover, it displayed almost the same catalytic efficiency with the corresponding homogeneous Ni(PPh3)2Cl2 catalyst and could be used repetitively, which was considered as a more environmentally friendly catalytic process since it simultaneously avoided the use of noble metal active species and toxic organic solvents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New cyano functionalized silanes: aggregation‐induced emission enhancement properties and detection of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene
Authors: Wang Linlin , Wang Dengxu , Lu Haifeng , Wang Hua , Xue Lei , Feng Shengyu
Published: July 2013

Two novel tetrahedral silicon‐centered cyano functionalized silanes, namely bis(4‐cyanophenylethynyl)dimethylsilane (CN-1) and bis(4‐cyanophenylethynyl) diphenylsilane (CN-2), have been synthesized and well characterized. They demonstrated unusual aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) properties in the H‐type aggregation state with nanoparticle aggregate formation. Further study shows that the 4‐cyanophenylethynyl unit is the structure base to induce the AIEE phenomenon and the silicon core may enhance the AIEE effect. By single‐crystal analysis, the twisted tetrahedral conformation of silicon core and restricted intramolecular motions are speculated as the AIEE mechanism for these unusual H‐type aggregates of CN-1 and CN-2. Moreover, both CN-1 and CN-2 show an obvious fluorescent quenching response to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) in THF solution, making them promising candidates in the application of explosive detection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of Pd(II) complexes of 2‐ and 3‐thiophenecarbaldehyde immobilized on silica obtained from sepiolite
Authors: Corral Jorge , Mora Manuel , Jiménez‐Sanchidrián César , Ruiz José Rafael
Published: July 2013

Silica obtained by acid treatment of sepiolite was used as a support for catalysts consisting of palladium complexes of 2‐ and 3‐thiophenecarbaldehyde. The support and the catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, and solid‐state 29Si and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The supported palladium catalysts were used in the Suzuki reaction of bromobenzene with phenylboronic acid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Culture and Language in Avoiding Misinformation: Pilot Findings
Authors: Aydin Cagla , Ceci Stephen J.
Published: July 2013

In two pilot studies, we investigate the possibility that patterns in our linguistic environment affect the likelihood of accepting misinformation. Turkish, which marks its verbs for the source of a speaker's evidence (first‐hand perception vs. hearsay), was contrasted with English which does not mark its verbs but which, to signal strength of evidence, must employ optional lexical marking. In the first pilot study, Turkish adults were shown to be affected by that language's obligatory evidential markings: their free recall for details of the events changed as a function of the type of the tense‐aspect marker in use, and strong evidential markers led to increased levels of suggestibility when employed with misleading questions. In the second pilot study, Turkish‐ and English‐speaking children were shown to be differentially suggestible depending on combinations of evidential markers in the story presented and the evidential marker employed in the misinformation subsequently provided. Together, these two pilot studies show promise in this area of research, which has been ignored by the forensic community and yet would seem to be relevant when interviewing, taking statements, and giving testimony in cross‐linguistic settings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memories of Shame Experiences with Others and Depression Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Experiential Avoidance
Authors: Carvalho Sérgio , Dinis Alexandra , Pinto‐Gouveia José , Estanqueiro Cátia
Published: July 2013

Background

Shame experiences have been suggested to be related with psychopathological symptoms and with self‐relevant beliefs. Recent studies also suggest that avoidant‐focused strategies (e.g., rumination, thought suppression and dissociation) mediate the impact of shame memories and depression symptoms. However, experiential avoidance has been found to mediate the relation between early experience of abuse and psychopathological symptoms.

Our goal was to test the mediating effect of experiential avoidance in the relation between both the nature of shame experiences at the hands of caregivers and the centrality of shame memories with others, and depression symptoms.

Method

Using structural equation modelling, we assessed the frequency and nature of recalled shame experiences at the hands of caregivers, the centrality of shame experiences with others throughout childhood and adolescence, experiential avoidance and depression symptomatology in 161 participants from general population.

Results

Experiential avoidance mediates the impact of shame experiences with caregivers and depression symptoms. Experiential avoidance also mediated the association between the centrality of shame experiences with others and depression symptoms.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that shame memories with others do notper seimpact on depression symptoms, but rather the unwillingness to experience them and the attempts to control them. Hence, our results emphasize the importance of addressing affect regulation processes such as avoidance when dealing with shame memories, particularly with patients who experience depression symptoms.

Key Practitioner Message

The recall of shame experiences with caregivers is associated with the experience of depression symptoms, even when these experiences are not perceived as central points to one's life identity and story. This seems to suggest a necessity to explore these experiences in a therapeutic setting.

Our findings suggest that experiential avoidance is a key process through which these memories of shame experiences impact on depression symptomatology. Hence, it seems to be of great importance to reduce experiential avoidance and help people change the way they relate with these memories.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor‐induced myeloid‐derived suppressor cell subsets exert either inhibitory or stimulatory effects on distinct CD8+T‐cell activation events
Authors: Schouppe Elio , Mommer Camille , Movahedi Kiavash , Laoui Damya , Morias Yannick , Gysemans Conny , Luyckx Ariane , De Baetselier Patrick , Van Ginderachter Jo A.
Published: July 2013

Tumor growth coincides with an accumulation of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which exert immune suppression and which consist of two main subpopulations, known as monocytic (MO) CD11b+CD115+Ly6G−Ly6Chigh MDSCs and granulocytic CD11b+CD115−Ly6G+Ly6Cint polymorphonuclear (PMN)‐MDSCs. However, whether these distinct MDSC subsets hamper all aspects of early CD8+ T‐cell activation — including cytokine production, surface marker expression, survival, and cytotoxicity — is currently unclear. Here, employing an in vitro coculture system, we demonstrate that splenic MDSC subsets suppress antigen‐driven CD8+ T‐cell proliferation, but differ in their dependency on IFN‐γ, STAT‐1, IRF‐1, and NO to do so. Moreover, MO‐MDSC and PMN‐MDSCs diminish IL‐2 levels, but only MO‐MDSCs affect IL‐2Rα (CD25) expression and STAT‐5 signaling. Unexpectedly, however, both MDSC populations stimulate IFN‐γ production by CD8+ T cells on a per cell basis, illustrating that some T‐cell activation characteristics are actually stimulated by MDSCs. Conversely, MO‐MDSCs counteract the activation‐induced change in CD44, CD62L, CD162, and granzyme B expression, while promoting CD69 and Fas upregulation. Together, these effects result in an altered CD8+ T‐cell adhesiveness to the extracellular matrix and selectins, sensitivity to FasL‐mediated apoptosis, and cytotoxicity. Hence, MDSCs intricately influence different CD8+ T‐cell activation events in vitro, whereby some parameters are suppressed while others are stimulated.
T‐bet is essential for Th1‐mediated, but not Th17‐mediated, CNS autoimmune disease
Authors: O'Connor Richard A. , Cambrook Helen , Huettner Katja , Anderton Stephen M.
Published: July 2013

T cells that produce both IL‐17 and IFN‐γ, and co‐express ROR‐γt and T‐bet, are often found at sites of autoimmune inflammation. However, it is unknown whether this co‐expression of T‐bet with ROR‐γt is a prerequisite for immunopathology. We show here that T‐bet is not required for the development of Th17‐driven experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The disease was not impaired in T‐bet−/− mice and was associated with low IFN‐γ production and elevated IL‐17 production among central nervous system (CNS) infiltrating CD4+ T cells. T‐bet−/− Th17 cells generated in the presence of IL‐6/TGF‐β/IL‐1 and IL‐23 produced GM‐CSF and high levels of IL‐17 and induced disease upon transfer to naïve mice. Unlike their WT counterparts, these T‐bet−/– Th17 cells did not exhibit an IL‐17→IFN‐γ switch upon reencounter with antigen in the CNS, indicating that this functional change is not critical to disease development. In contrast, T‐bet was absolutely required for the pathogenicity of myelin‐responsive Th1 cells. T‐bet‐deficient Th1 cells failed to accumulate in the CNS upon transfer, despite being able to produce GM‐CSF. Therefore, T‐bet is essential for establishing Th1‐mediated inflammation but is not required to drive IL‐23‐induced GM‐CSF production, or Th17‐mediated autoimmune inflammation.
Highly polarized Th17 cells induce EAE via a T‐bet independent mechanism
Authors: Grifka‐Walk Heather M. , Lalor Stephen J. , Segal Benjamin M.
Published: July 2013

In the MOG35–55 induced EAE model, autoreactive Th17 cells that accumulate in the central nervous system acquire Th1 characteristics via a T‐bet dependent mechanism. It remains to be determined whether Th17 plasticity and encephalitogenicity are causally related to each other. Here, we show that IL‐23 polarized T‐bet−/− Th17 cells are unimpaired in either activation or proliferation, and induce higher quantities of the chemokines RANTES and CXCL2 than WT Th17 cells. Unlike their WT counterparts, T‐bet−/− Th17 cells retain an IL‐17hiIFN‐γneg‐lo cytokine profile following adoptive transfer into syngeneic hosts. This population of highly polarized Th17 effectors is capable of mediating EAE, albeit with a milder clinical course. It has previously been reported that the signature Th1 and Th17 effector cytokines, IFN‐γ and IL‐17, are dispensable for the development of autoimmune demyelinating disease. The current study demonstrates that the “master regulator” transcription factor, T‐bet, is also not universally required for encephalitogenicity. Our results contribute to a growing body of data showing heterogeneity of myelin‐reactive T cells and the independent mechanisms they employ to inflict damage to central nervous system tissues, complicating the search for therapeutic targets relevant across the spectrum of individuals with multiple sclerosis.
Pore‐scale imaging of geological carbon dioxide storage under in situ conditions
Authors: Andrew Matthew , Bijeljic Branko , Blunt Martin J.
Published: July 2013

While geological carbon dioxide (CO2) storage could contribute to reducing global emissions, it must be designed such that the CO2 cannot escape from the porous rock into which it is injected. An important mechanism to immobilize the CO2, preventing escape, is capillary trapping, where CO2 is stranded as disconnected pore‐scale droplets (ganglia) in the rock, surrounded by water. We used X‐Ray microtomography to image, at a resolution of 6.4 µm, the pore‐scale arrangement and distribution of trapped CO2 clusters in a limestone. We applied high pressures and temperatures typical of a storage formation, while maintaining chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine, and rock. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with an average saturation of 0.18. The cluster sizes obeyed a power law distribution, with an exponent of approximately −2.1, consistent with predictions from percolation theory. This work confirms that residual trapping could aid storage security in carbonate aquifers.
Advancing universal coverage of healthcare in China: translating political will into policy and practice
Authors: Tang Shenglan , Brixi Hana , Bekedam Henk
Published: July 2013

China launched its new health system reform plan in 2009 to advance its universal coverage of healthcare, after more than 4 years' consultations and discussions with various stakeholders including the public. This paper aims to introduce and discuss the context and process of China's current health system reform and analyse how political will in China has been translated into policy practice over the past decade. The paper also shares the insights of World Health Organization's contribution to China's health system reform, as the authors advised the Chinese government on the reform options and process. Furthermore, the paper describes and discusses key challenges in the implementation of the reform plan over the past 3 years and draws lessons for other countries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bond detectors for molecular dynamics simulations, Part I: Hydrogen bonds
Authors: Stachowicz Anna , Korchowiec Jacek
Published: July 2013

Charge sensitivity analysis in AMBER force‐field resolution has been used in quest for detectors of hydrogen bonds (HBs). The process of HB formation was investigated on ab initio classical trajectories (B3LYP/6‐31G*) of different nucleobase pairs. Several charge sensitivities, namely: electronegativity, hardness, Fukui function (FF), and polarization matrix, were analyzed. The global and constrained equilibria were considered. It was demonstrated that FF indices and polarization matrix elements are good detectors of HB formation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Modified Grapefruit Juice Eliminates Two Compound Classes as Major Mediators of the Grapefruit Juice–Fexofenadine Interaction: An In Vitro–In Vivo “Connect”
Authors: Won Christina S. , Lan Tian , VanderMolen Karen M. , Dawson Paul A. , Oberlies Nicholas H. , Widmer Wilbur W. , Scarlett Yolanda V. , Paine Mary F.
Published: July 2013

The grapefruit juice (GFJ)–fexofenadine interaction involves inhibition of intestinal organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)‐mediated uptake. Only naringin has been shown clinically to inhibit intestinal OATP; other constituents have not been evaluated. The effects of a modified GFJ devoid of furanocoumarins (∼99%) and polymethoxyflavones (∼90%) on fexofenadine disposition were compared to effects of the original juice. Extracts of both juices inhibited estrone 3‐sulfate and fexofenadine uptake by similar extents in OATP‐transfected cells (∼50% and ∼25%, respectively). Healthy volunteers (n = 18) were administered fexofenadine (120 mg) with water, GFJ, or modified GFJ (240 mL) by randomized, three‐way crossover design. Compared to water, both juices decreased fexofenadine geometric mean AUC and Cmax by ∼25% (P ≤ .008 and P ≤ .011, respectively), with no effect on terminal half‐life (P = .11). Similar effects by both juices on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics indicate furanocoumarins and polymethoxyflavones are not major mediators of the GFJ–fexofenadine interaction.
Multiprobe estimation of field line curvature radius in the equatorial magnetosphere and the use of proton precipitations in magnetosphere‐ionosphere mapping
Authors: Liang Jun , Donovan E. , Spanswick E. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: July 2013

Nonadiabatic, chaotic motion of ions under a curved geomagnetic field geometry is well recognized as a key mechanism that leads to the pitch angle scattering of protons in the equatorial magnetosphere. The efficiency of such proton pitch angle scattering process is energy dependent and controlled by the radius of curvature of the magnetic field line (RCMFL). The protons scattered into the loss cone will precipitate into the ionosphere and excite proton auroras there. In this study, we propose techniques to calculate the RCMFL based upon multiprobe measurements under different probe geometries. We also demonstrate how to use the obtained RCMFL to evaluate the proton precipitation fluxes, and further use the proton precipitation features to help estimate the magnetosphere‐ionosphere mapping. Our procedures are summarized as follows: (1) We calculate the RCMFL using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) multiprobe measurements. (2) With the obtained RCMFL, we evaluate the scattering efficiency and in turn the loss cone fluxes of the magnetospheric protons at different energy levels. (3) The above evaluation of the in situ loss cone fluxes is compared to the ionospheric measurements of proton precipitation fluxes in various energy ranges and/or the optical proton auroras to estimate the possible footprint of THEMIS probes in the ionosphere.
A statistical study of electron acceleration behind the dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail
Authors: Wu MingYu , Lu QuanMing , Volwerk Martin , Vörös Zoltán , Zhang TieLong , Shan LiCan , Huang Can
Published: July 2013

We investigate the electron acceleration behind dipolarization fronts (DFs) in the magnetotail from −25 RE to −10 RE through the examination of the energetic electron energy flux (>30 keV) with the observations from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS). Statistical results of 133 DF events are presented based on the data set from January to April of the years 2008 and 2009. As the DFs propagate earthward, the acceleration of energetic electrons behind the DFs is found to take place over several RE along the tail. The increase in energetic electron energy flux can reach 2–4 orders of magnitude. The dominant acceleration mechanisms are different in the midtail (XGSM ≤ −15 RE) and the near‐Earth region (−15 < XGSM ≤ −10 RE). In the midtail, the majority of DF events show that the dominant electron acceleration mechanism is betatron acceleration. In the near‐Earth region, betatron acceleration is dominant in ~46% DF events while Fermi acceleration is dominant in ~39% DF events.
Simpson's paradox in trend analysis: An example from El Leoncito airglow data
Authors: Scheer Jürgen , Reisin Esteban R.
Published: July 2013

We use our mesopause region temperature data from El Leoncito (31.8°S, 69.3°W) to illustrate how the increased length of the data set alone does not simplify trend analysis. This is because the adequate interpretation of trend results does not only depend on the statistical characteristics of the data time series. A longer data set may make unexpected features stand out, which require an explanation before definite conclusions on long‐term trends can be drawn. While the rotational temperatures derived at El Leoncito from the OH(6–2) airglow band appear rather homogeneous at first sight, the O2temperatures measured with the same instrument and optical filter exhibit features strongly reminiscent of Simpson's classical statistical paradox, in that straightforward trends derived from parts show signs opposite to those of the complete data set. The resolution of this paradox requires more efforts to diagnose and remove the impact of instrumental artifacts besides taking any other geophysical variation that does not directly contribute to long‐term change into account. Intercomparison with other instruments is certainly useful but may warrant the elimination of new uncertainties discovered in the act.
Phase partitioning of soluble trace gases with size‐resolved aerosols in near‐surface continental air over northern Colorado, USA, during winter
Authors: Young Andrew H. , Keene William C. , Pszenny Alexander A. P. , Sander Rolf , Thornton Joel A. , Riedel Theran P. , Maben John R.
Published: July 2013

During the Nitrogen, Aerosol Composition, and Halogens on a Tall Tower campaign at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Atmospheric Observatory tower, Erie, CO, USA, in winter 2011, soluble trace gases, the ionic composition of size‐resolved aerosols, and the associated meteorological conditions were measured. Median gas‐phase mixing ratios of HCl, HNO3, and NH3 were 0.072, 0.202, and 5.79 nmol mol−1, respectively. Most aerosol Cl− was associated with supermicrometer size fractions whereas NO3− and NH4+ were associated primarily with submicrometer size fractions. Aerosol pHs inferred from the measured phase partitioning and thermodynamic properties of HNO3 and NH3 were similar both in terms of absolute values and variability as a function of size. Aerosols were acidic across all size fractions and throughout the duration of the campaign (mostly in the pH range of 2 to 3). The pHs inferred from the HCl/Cl− couple were consistently higher by about 1 to 2 pH units, suggesting possible bias in the associated thermodynamic evaluation of HCl. Specifically, relative to those for HNO3 and NH3, the Henry's law constant for HCl is associated with much greater uncertainty. Condensation of HCl replaced Cl− consumed in the production of ClNO2. Additionally, total Cl (HCl + Cl−) was greater than ClNO2 in sampled air parcels, suggesting that Cl availability was not the limiting factor in ClNO2 production. Median ClNO2 yields from N2O5 reaction with particulate Cl− associated with all size fractions were greater than 0.9.
Linking Crimes Using Behavioural Clues: Current Levels of Linking Accuracy and Strategies for Moving Forward
Authors: Bennell Craig , Mugford Rebecca , Ellingwood Holly , Woodhams Jessica
Published: July 2013

The number of published studies examining crime linkage analysis has grown rapidly over the last decade, to the point where a special issue of this journal has recently been dedicated to the topic. Many of these studies have used a particular measure (the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, or the AUC) to quantify the degree to which it is possible to link crimes. This article reviews studies that have utilised the AUC and examines how good we are currently at linking crimes (within the context of these research studies) and what factors impact linking accuracy. The results of the review suggest that, in the majority of cases, moderate levels of linking accuracy are achieved. Of the various factors that have been examined that might impact linking accuracy, the three factors that appear to have the most significant impact are crime type, behavioural domain, and jurisdiction. We discuss how generalisable these results are to naturalistic investigative settings. We also highlight some of the important limitations of the linking studies that we reviewed and offer up some strategies for moving this area of research forward. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical outcomes of early congenital cholesteatoma: Minimally invasive transcanal approach
Authors: Lee Sang H. , Jang Jeong H. , Lee Dongjun , Lee Hye‐Ryung , Lee Kyu‐Yup
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To introduce a simple and alternative surgical technique, minimally invasive transcanal myringotomy (MITM), for early stage congenital cholesteatoma in children and to evaluate the feasibility and results of MITM for management of early stage congenital cholesteatoma with respect to its effectiveness and safety.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

Between August 2008 and September 2012, a total of 36 patients with congenital cholesteatoma met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Patient medical records, including demographic characteristics, intraoperative findings, and follow‐up records, were reviewed.

Results

Subjects consisted of 23 males (64%) and 13 females (36%), and the age at operation ranged from 12 months to 6 years (mean age = 3 years and 6 months). The number of congenital cholesteatoma was as follows: 26 patients at stage I and 10 patients at stage II. The follow‐up duration was between 12 and 56 months, with an average of 30 months. There were no postoperative complications such as tympanic membrane perforation, dizziness, or secondary middle ear infection. Among 36 patients who had undergone the MITM approach for the treatment of congenital cholesteatoma, five (13.8%) showed recurrence and underwent a second‐look operation.

Conclusions

On the basis of our data, the MITM approach is a useful surgical technique for early stage congenital cholesteatoma in children. It has many advantages, in that there is no external wound and it is a simple surgical technique that involves easy postoperative care, a short operation time and hospitalization period, avoidance of serious complications, and easy repeatability for recurrence.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 124:755–759, 2014
Highly Oleophobic Properties of PEDOP Polymers with Short Perfluorobutyl Chains Separated by Long Alkyl Spacers and Amido Connectors
Authors: Darmanin Thierry , Guittard Frédéric
Published: July 2013

In order to find alternatives to long perfluorinated chains, due to their bioaccumulative potentials, in the elaboration of superoleophobic surfaces, an original 3,4‐ethylenedioxypyrrole (EDOP) derivative containing a perfluorobutyl chain (F‐butyl) is synthesized and characterized. The F‐butyl chain is separated from the EDOP moiety by a long undecyl spacer and an amido connector in order to reduce its mobility. The electrodeposition of the corresponding polymer leads to superhydro­phobic and highly oleophobic properties with contact angles of 158.5°, 137.0°, and 129.1° for water, diiodomethane, and hexadecane, respectively. Here, the presence of amido groups seems to specifically increase the oil‐repellent properties in comparison with the water‐repellent properties, due to the polarity of this group.

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D‐A Conjugated Polymers Based on Tetracyclic Acceptor Units: Synthesis and Application in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Jianhua , Liao Qiaogan , Ye Gang , He Dan , Du Xiaoyan , Zhu Weiguo , Liao Jianhe , Xiao Zuo , Ding Liming
Published: July 2013

Two electron‐deficient tetracyclic monomers, 6,9‐dibromo‐7,8‐bis(octyloxy)‐11H‐indeno[2,1‐b] quinoxalin‐11‐one (M1) and 1,3‐bis(5′‐bromo‐4′‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐9H‐indeno[1,2‐b]thieno[3,4‐e]pyrazin‐9‐one (M2), are synthesized through condensation of ninhydrin with aromatic diamines in good yields. Copolymerization of M1 with thiophene (Th) and dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole (DTS), and M2 with DTS affords three new D–A conjugated copolymers, P1–P3, respectively. The optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of P1–P3 are investigated. P3 exhibits a broad absorption (300–1100 nm) and a low bandgap of 1.24 eV. Solar cells based on P3/[6,6]‐phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) blends afford a power conversion efficiency of 1.93% and a very broad spectral response (300–1020 nm).

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Poly([1,4]Dithiino[2,3‐c]Furan): The Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Optoelectronic Properties of a Furan‐Containing Polymer
Authors: Kaur Sandeep , Findlay Neil J. , Coomer Fiona C. , Berridge Rory , Skabara Peter J.
Published: July 2013

The chemical synthesis of a novel polyfuran, poly(2,3‐bis(hexylthio)‐[1,4]dithiino[2,3‐c]furan) (PBDF), substituted at the 2,3‐positions with an S‐alkylated dithiin unit, is reported. The new polymer has been characterized in terms of its electronic absorption, electrochemical, and thermal properties. Employment of the dithiin moiety provides intrinsic additional electroactivity, as well as a functional handle for substitution with alkyl groups, enhancing the processability of the polymer. The new polymer is compared with the closely related and well‐established literature compounds PEDOT and PEDTT as well‐studied, highly chalcogenated polythiophenes.

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Green Polymer Chemistry VIII: Synthesis of Halo‐ester‐Functionalized Poly(ethylene glycol)s via Enzymatic Catalysis
Authors: Castano Marcela , Seo Kwang Su , Kim Eun Hye , Becker Matthew L. , Puskas Judit E.
Published: July 2013

Halo‐ester‐functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) are successfully prepared by the transesterification of alkyl halo‐esters with PEGs using Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) as a biocatalyst under the solventless conditions. Transesterifications of chlorine, bromine, and iodine esters with tetraethylene glycol monobenzyl ether (BzTEG) are quantitative in less than 2.5 h. The transesterification of halo‐esters with PEGs are complete in 4 h. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy with MALDI‐ToF and ESI mass spectrometry confirm the structure and purity of the products. This method provides a convenient and “green” process to effectively produce halo‐ester PEGs.

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Male mice express spermatogenic cell‐specific triosephosphate isomerase isozymes
Authors: Ijiri Takashi W. , Vadnais Melissa L. , Lin Angel M. , Huang Andy P. , Cao Wenlei , Merdiushev Tanya , Gerton George L.
Published: July 2013

Triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1) is a member of the glycolytic pathway, which is a critical source of energy for motility in mouse sperm. By immunoblotting, we detected two male, germ line‐specific TPI1 bands (Mr 33,400 and 30,800) as well as the somatic‐type band (Mr 27,700). Although all three bands were observed in spermatogenic cells, somatic‐type TPI1 disappeared from sperm during epididymal maturation. In vitro dephosphorylation analysis suggested that the two male, germ line‐specific TPI1 bands were not the result of phosphorylation of the 27,700 Mr TPI1 band. The Mr 33,400; 30,800; and 27,700 TPI1 bands corresponded to the respective sizes of the proteins predicted to use the first, second, and third possible initiation codons of the Tpi1 cDNA. We performed immunofluorescence on epididymal sperm and determined that TPI1 specifically localized in the principal piece. The antibody staining was stronger in cauda epididymal sperm than in caput epididymal sperm, a finding consistent with the identification of TPI1 as a cauda epididymal sperm‐enriched protein. Immunofluorescence with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐insoluble flagellar accessory structures showed a strong TPI1 signal only in the principal piece, indicating that TPI1 is a component of the fibrous sheath. Northern blot hybridization detected longer Tpi1 transcripts (1.56 kb) in mouse testis, whereas somatic tissues had shorter transcripts (1.32 kb). As there is only one triosephosphate isomerase gene in the mouse genome, we conclude that the three variants we see in sperm result from the use of alternative translation start codons in spermatogenic cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 862–870, 2013. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Multivariable confounding adjustment in distributed data networks without sharing of patient‐level data
Authors: Toh Sengwee , Reichman Marsha E. , Houstoun Monika , Ding Xiao , Fireman Bruce H. , Gravel Eric , Levenson Mark , Li Lingling , Moyneur Erick , Shoaibi Azadeh , Zornberg Gwen , Hennessy Sean
Published: July 2013

Purpose

It is increasingly necessary to analyze data from multiple sources when conducting public health safety surveillance or comparative effectiveness research. However, security, privacy, proprietary, and legal concerns often reduce data holders' willingness to share highly granular information. We describe and compare two approaches that do not require sharing of patient‐level information to adjust for confounding in multi‐site studies.

Methods

We estimated the risks of angioedema associated with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and aliskiren in comparison with beta‐blockers within Mini‐Sentinel, which has created a distributed data system of 18 health plans. To obtain the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), we performed (i) a propensity score‐stratified case‐centered logistic regression analysis, a method identical to a stratified Cox regression analysis but needing only aggregated risk set data, and (ii) an inverse variance‐weighted meta‐analysis, which requires only the site‐specific HR and variance. We also performed simulations to further compare the two methods.

Results

Compared with beta‐blockers, the adjusted HR was 3.04 (95% CI: 2.81, 3.27) for ACEIs, 1.16 (1.00, 1.34) for ARBs, and 2.85 (1.34, 6.04) for aliskiren in the case‐centered analysis. The corresponding HRs were 2.98 (2.76, 3.21), 1.15 (1.00, 1.33), and 2.86 (1.35, 6.04) in the meta‐analysis. Simulations suggested that the two methods may produce different results under certain analytic scenarios.

Conclusion

The case‐centered analysis and the meta‐analysis produced similar results without the need to share patient‐level data across sites in our empirical study, but may provide different results in other study settings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.