bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of suicide prevention on experienced Irish clinicians
Authors: Moore Heather , Donohue Gráinne
Published: December 2016

Background

Emerging research coming from the person‐centred and psychodynamic traditions in the past 15 years has examined the traumatic dimension of suicidal behaviour on clinicians. However, there is limited empirical literature on the impact of suicidality on Irish psychotherapists. In Ireland, it is estimated that 500 citizens die by suicide each year, while approximately 11,000 accident and emergency admissions are the consequence of suicide attempts.

Aim

This elicits the question, how does suicide prevention impact Irish mental health professionals who work solely with these vulnerable populations?

Method

In this article, the process of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was applied to the narratives of seven experienced therapists.

Findings

The Irish Poet W.B. Yeats coined the famous refrain ‘All changed, changed utterly, a terrible beauty is born’ in his poem ‘Easter 1916’ (as cited in Martin, ). This quote aptly encapsulates the reality of seven experienced Irish psychotherapists who work exclusively in the field of suicide prevention. Three salient superordinate themes emerged: (1) Overworking; (2) All changed, changed utterly/identity disruption; (3) A terrible beauty is born/A spiritual practice.

Discussion

Clinicians were ‘changed, changed utterly’ with identity disruption evident in their self, bodies, intimate relationships and professional identity. ‘A terrible beauty was born’ was demonstrated in the overarching theme of the restorative nature of client engagement in the life of the therapist. This was particularly evident in humanistic practitioners, who were acutely aware of their own sublimation of melancholia.

Conclusion

Most striking across all seven transcripts was the mix of the corrosive nature of suicide prevention on the self of the therapist, combined with unparalleled opportunities for personal growth and spiritual reformulation.
Analyzing the returns of the first transaction satisfaction on intention to purchase and willingness to pay: Evidence for new food products
Authors: Tudoran Ana Alina , Olsen Svein Ottar
Published: December 2016

The present study sheds light on the kind of relationships that link first transaction consumer satisfaction (CS), purchase intention, and willingness to pay for new food products. The article presents a comparative evaluation of linear and nonlinear quadratic and cubic specifications used to assess the relationships involved. The study uses empirical evidence from three product‐testing field experiments with consumers in different natural settings such as at‐home and out‐of‐home. Statistical tests with structural equation modeling reveal that, for new food products, the CS–purchase intention relationship is characterized by a nonlinear functional form with increasing marginal returns, while the CS–willingness to pay relationship is defined by a linear functional form with constant marginal returns. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge that so far has mainly described the relationship between cumulative CS and profit chain outcomes in the context of established products (brands). We discuss the implications for managers responsible for launching new food products and give hints on allocating resources to the most probable customers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbones as Ligands in Novel Main‐Group Compounds E[C(NHC)2]2 (E=Be, B+, C2+, N3+, Mg, Al+, Si2+, P3+): A Theoretical Study
Authors: Hermann Markus , Frenking Gernot
Published: December 2016

Quantum chemical calculations of the main‐group compounds E[C(NHCMe)2]2 (E=Be, B+, C2+, N3+, Mg, Al+, Si2+, P3+) have been carried out using density functional theory at the BP86/def2‐TZVPP and BP86‐D3(BJ)/def2‐TZVPP levels of theory. The geometry optimization at BP86/def2‐TZVPP gives equilibrium structures with two‐coordinated species E and bending angles C‐E‐C between 152.5° (E=Be) and 110.5° (E=Al). Inclusion of dispersion forces at BP86‐D3(BJ)/def2‐TZVPP yields a three‐coordinated beryllium compound Be[C(NHCMe)2]2 as the only energy minimum form. Three‐coordinated isomers are found besides the two‐coordinated energy minima for the boron and carbon cations B[C(NHCMe)2]2+ and C[C(NHCMe)2]22+. The three‐coordinated form of the boron compound is energetically lower lying than the two‐coordinated form, while the opposite trend is calculated for the carbon species. The theoretically predicted bond dissociation energies suggest that all compounds are viable species for experimental studies. The X‐ray structure of the benzoannelated homologue of P[C(NHCMe)2]23+ that was recently reported by Dordevic et al. agrees quite well with the calculated geometry of the molecule. A detailed bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods shows that the two‐coordinated neutral compounds Be[C(NHCMe)2]2 and Mg[C(NHCMe)2]2 possess strongly positively charged atoms Be and Mg. The carbodicarbene groups C(NHCMe)2 serve as acceptor ligands in the compounds and may be sketched with dative bonds (NHCMe)2C←E→C(NHCMe)2 (E=Be, Mg). Dative bonds in which the carbones C(NHCMe)2 are donor ligands are suggested for the cations (NHCMe)2C→E←C(NHCMe)2 (E=B+, Al+). The dications and trications possess electron‐sharing bonds in which the bonding situation is best described with the formula [(NHCMe)2C]+‐E‐[C(NHCMe)2]+ (E=C, Si, N+, P+).
Sulfamide‐Lattice Restructuring To Form Dimensionally Controlled Molecular Arrays and Gel‐Forming Systems
Authors: Raghava Saripalli V. , Gopinath Pushparathinam , Srivastava Bhartendu K. , Ramkumar Venkatachalam , Muraleedharan Kannoth M.
Published: December 2016

A design approach that incorporates structural requirements for the formation of a 1D assembly, fibril stability, and fibril–fibril interactions for gelation was attempted by using amino acid‐based sulfamides with the general structure Aa‐NH‐SO2‐NH‐Aa (Aa=amino acid). A preference for 1D assembly alone was not a sufficient condition for gelation, which became evident from studies involving sulfamide esters 1–5. Reducing the crystallization tendency without hindering unidirectional growth was executed through diacids of the sulfamide precursors with various amines that form an envelope around the sulfamide core through salt bridges. This strategy was fruitful, and gels of a wide variety of solvents could be formed by varying the acid and amine components. The use of dodecylamine or benzylamine, which could stabilize the molecular layers through alkyl‐chain segregation or π–π interactions improved the gelation tendency, whereas the nature of the amino acid side chain, especially the rotational freedom and hydrophobicity, had a direct role in dictating the solvent preference. Crystallographic studies of these two‐component systems gave molecular‐level insight into the assembly and showed the importance of anisotropy in the distribution of secondary interactions in gelation.
Access to Enantiopure Triarylmethanes and 1,1‐Diarylalkanes by NHC‐Catalyzed Acylative Desymmetrization
Authors: Lu Shenci , Song Xiaoxiao , Poh Si Bei , Yang Hui , Wong Ming Wah , Zhao Yu
Published: December 2016

We present herein an unprecedented, efficient and enantioselective synthesis of triarylmethanes and 1,1‐diarylalkanes through N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed acylative desymmetrization of bisphenols. This method utilizes readily available substrates, reagents and a simple procedure to deliver the valuable products in excellent enantiopurity. DFT calculations reveal that the selectivity is governed by the C−C bond cleavage step of the tetrahedral intermediate leading to the ester product. A transition state model featuring a combination of intramolecular hydrogen bond and steric effect is developed to explain the enantioselectivity.
Direct oral anticoagulant use in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation with valvular heart disease: a systematic review
Authors: Owens Ryan E. , Kabra Rajesh , Oliphant Carrie S.
Published: December 2016

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are indicated for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), which, according to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society atrial fibrillation (AF) guidelines, excludes patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, a mechanical or bioprosthetic heart valve, or mitral valve repair. However, the data regarding use of DOACs in AF patients with other types of valvular heart disease (VHD) are unclear. We aimed to summarize and evaluate the literature regarding the safety and efficacy of DOAC use in NVAF patients with other types of VHD. After an extensive literature search, a total of 1 prospective controlled trial, 4 subanalyses, and 1 abstract were identified. Efficacy of the DOAC agents in NVAF patients with VHD mirrored the overall trial results. Bleeding risk was significantly increased in VHD patients treated with rivaroxaban, but not for dabigatran or apixaban. Of the bioprosthetic valve patients enrolled in the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial, no safety or efficacy concerns were identified. In conclusion, subanalyses of DOAC landmark AF trials revealed that dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban may be safely used in AF patients with certain types of VHD: aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and mitral regurgitation. More evidence is needed before routinely recommending these agents for patients with bioprosthetic valves or mild mitral stenosis. Patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis or mechanical valves should continue to receive warfarin, as these patients were excluded from all landmark AF trials.
Myocardial tissue deformation is reduced in subjects with coronary microvascular dysfunction but not rescued by treatment with ranolazine
Authors: Nelson Michael D. , Sharif Behzad , Shaw Jaime L. , Cook‐Wiens Galen , Wei Janet , Shufelt Chrisandra , Mehta Puja K. , Thomson Louise E. J. , Berman Daniel S. , Thompson Richard B. , Handberg Eileen M. , Pepine Carl J. , Li Debiao , Bairey Merz C. Noel
Published: December 2016

Background

Patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) often have diastolic dysfunction, representing an important therapeutic target. Ranolazine—a late sodium current inhibitor—improves diastolic function in animal models and subjects with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that ranolazine would beneficially alter diastolic function in CMD.

Methods

To test this hypothesis, we performed retrospective tissue tracking analysis to evaluate systolic/diastolic strain, using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging cine images acquired in a recently completed, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial of short‐term ranolazine in subjects with CMD and from 43 healthy reference controls.

Results

Diastolic strain rate was impaired in CMD vs controls (circumferential diastolic strain rate: 99.9% ± 2.5%/s vs 120.1% ± 4.0%/s, P = 0.0003; radial diastolic strain rate: −199.5% ± 5.5%/s vs −243.1% ± 9.6%/s, P = 0.0008, case vs control). Moreover, peak systolic circumferential strain (CS) and radial strain (RS) were also impaired in cases vs controls (CS: −18.8% ± 0.3% vs −20.7% ± 0.3%; RS: 35.8% ± 0.7% vs 41.4% ± 0.9%; respectively; both P < 0.0001), despite similar and preserved ejection fraction. In contrast to our hypothesis, however, we observed no significant changes in left ventricular diastolic function in CMD cases after 2 weeks of ranolazine vs placebo.

Conclusions

The case‐control comparison both confirms and extends our prior observations of diastolic dysfunction in CMD. That CMD cases were also found to have subclinical systolic dysfunction is a novel finding, highlighting the utility of this retrospective approach. In contrast to previous studies in obstructive CAD, ranolazine did not improve diastolic function in CMD.
Gluing Eguchi‐Hanson Metrics and a Question of Page
Authors: Brendle Simon , Kapouleas Nikolaos
Published: December 2016

In 1978, Gibbons‐Pope and Page proposed a physical picture for the Ricci flat Kähler metrics on the K3 surface based on a gluing construction. In this construction, one starts from a flat torus with 16 orbifold points and resolves the orbifold singularities by gluing in 16 small Eguchi‐Hanson manifolds that all have the same orientation. This construction was carried out rigorously by Topiwala, LeBrun‐Singer, and Donaldson. In 1981, Page asked whether the above construction can be modified by reversing the orientations of some of the Eguchi‐Hanson manifolds. This is a subtle question: if successful, this construction would produce Einstein metrics that are neither Kähler nor self‐dual. In this paper, we focus on a configuration of maximal symmetry involving eight small Eguchi‐Hanson manifolds of each orientation that are arranged according to a chessboard pattern. By analyzing the interactions between Eguchi‐Hanson manifolds with opposite orientation, we identify a nonvanishing obstruction to the gluing problem, thereby destroying any hope of producing a metric of zero Ricci curvature in this way. Using this obstruction, we are able to understand the dynamics of such metrics under Ricci flow as long as the Eguchi‐Hanson manifolds remain small. In particular, for the configuration described above, we obtain an ancient solution to the Ricci flow with the property that the maximum of the Riemann curvature tensor blows up at a rate of , while the maximum of the Ricci curvature converges to 0.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychopathological Differences Between Suicide Ideators and Suicide Attempters in Patients with Mental Disorders
Authors: Pérez Sandra , Marco Jose H. , García‐Alandete Joaquin
Published: December 2016

Background

Although suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, there is a need for studies to identify variables that can differentiate patients with suicide ideation at risk of transitioning to an attempt.

Method

In this study, we assessed suicide ideation and attempts, non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI), hopelessness, borderline symptoms and meaning in life in a sample of 348 patients with different diagnoses of mental disorders. We divided the sample into four subgroups: patients without suicide ideation or suicide attempts; patients with current suicide ideation; patients with lifetime suicide attempts and patients with a suicide attempt in the previous year.

Results

The group with suicide attempts in the previous year showed higher levels of hopelessness, borderline symptoms and NSSI, and lower levels of meaning in life than the other groups.

Limitations

Groups were composed of unequal numbers of patients, and in some of them, the sample size was small. The sample was composed mainly of women with eating disorders. The study design was retrospective, and so the results must be considered in terms of correlates.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that hopelessness, borderline symptoms—including NSSI—and meaning in life play a key role in suicide attempts. Thus, psychotherapeutic interventions should focus on managing NSSI, searching for meaning and managing emptiness, loss of control and feelings such as self‐contempt in patients with suicide ideation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Recent suicide attempters show higher levels of hopelessness, borderline symptoms and NSSI than lifetime attempters and suicide ideators.

Clinicians should focus attention on assessing hopelessness, borderline symptoms and NSSI in those with suicide ideation.

Lower levels of meaning in life are related to recent suicide attempts.

Levels of hopelessness differentiate between recent and lifetime suicide attempters.
A Model Study to Unravel the Complexity of Bio‐Oil from Organic Wastes
Authors: Croce Annamaria , Battistel Ezio , Chiaberge Stefano , Spera Silvia , De Angelis Francesco , Reale Samantha
Published: December 2016

Binary and ternary mixtures of cellulose, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and tripalmitin, as biomass reference compounds for carbohydrates, proteins and triglycerides, respectively, were treated under hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conditions to describe the main reaction pathways involved in the process of bio‐oil production from municipal organic wastes. Several analytical techniques (elemental analysis, GC–MS, atmospheric‐pressure photo‐ionisation high‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and 13C cross‐polarisation magic‐angle spinning NMR spectroscopy) were used for the molecular‐level characterisation of the resulting aqueous phase, solid residue and bio‐oil, in particular. The main reaction pathways led to free fatty acids, fatty acid amides, 2,5‐diketopiperazines and Maillard‐type compounds as the main components of the bio‐oil. The relationship of such compounds to the original components of the biomass was thus determined, which highlights the fate of the heteroatom‐containing molecules in particular. Finally, the molecular composition of the bio‐oils from our reference compounds was matched with that of the bio‐oil from municipal organic waste biomass by comparing their high‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra, and we obtained a surprisingly high similarity. Hence, the ternary mixture acts as a reliable biomass model and is a powerful tool to clarify the degradation mechanisms that occur in the biomass under HTL treatment, with the ultimate goal to improve the HTL process itself by modulating the input of the organic starting matter and then the upgrading steps to bio‐fuels.
Strongly secure ID‐based authenticated key agreement protocol for mobile multi‐server environments
Authors: Tseng Yuh‐Min , Huang Sen‐Shan , You Meng‐Lin
Published: December 2016

To provide mutual authentication and communication confidentiality between mobile clients and servers, numerous identity‐based authenticated key agreement (ID‐AKA) protocols were proposed to authenticate each other while constructing a common session key. In most of the existing ID‐AKA protocols, ephemeral secrets (random values) are involved in the computations of the common session key between mobile client and server. Thus, these ID‐AKA protocols might become vulnerable because of the ephemeral‐secret‐leakage (ESL) attacks in the sense that if the involved ephemeral secrets are compromised, an adversary could compute session keys and reveal the private keys of participants in an AKA protocol. Very recently, 2 ID‐AKA protocols were proposed to withstand the ESL attacks. One of them is suitable for single server environment and requires no pairing operations on the mobile client side. The other one fits multi‐server environments, but requires 2 expensive pairing operations. In this article, we present a strongly secure ID‐AKA protocol resisting ESL attacks under mobile multi‐server environments. By performance analysis and comparisons, we demonstrate that our protocol requires the lowest communication overhead, does not require any pairing operations, and is well suitable for mobile devices with limited computing capability. For security analysis, our protocol is provably secure under the computational Diffie‐Hellman assumption in the random oracle model.
Stabilization of a salamander moving hybrid zone
Authors: Visser Michaël , de Leeuw Maarten , Zuiderwijk Annie , Arntzen Jan W.
Published: December 2016

When related species meet upon postglacial range expansion, hybrid zones are frequently formed. Theory predicts that such zones may move over the landscape until equilibrium conditions are reached. One hybrid zone observed to be moving in historical times (1950–1979) is that of the pond‐breeding salamandersTriturus cristatusandTriturus marmoratusin western France. We identified the ecological correlates of the species hybrid zone as elevation, forestation, and hedgerows favoring the more terrestrialT. marmoratusand pond density favoring the more aquaticT. cristatus. The past movement of the zone of ca. 30 km over three decades has probably been driven by the drastic postwar reduction of the “bocage” hedgerow landscape, favoringT. cristatusoverT. marmoratus. No further hybrid zone movement was observed from 1979 to the present. To explain the changing dynamics of the hybrid zone, we propose that it stalled, either because an equilibrium was found at an altitude of ca. 140 m a.s.l. or due to pond loss and decreased population densities. While we cannot rule out the former explanation, we found support for the latter. Under agricultural intensification, ponds in the study area are lost at an unprecedented rate of 5.5% per year, so that remainingTrituruspopulations are increasingly isolated, hampering dispersal and further hybrid zone movement.
Help to go: T cells transfer CD40L to antigen‐presenting B cells
Authors: Dustin Michael L.
Published: December 2016

Most immune cell communication takes place by intercellular transfer of cytokines or the contact‐dependent interaction of surface receptors in immunological synapses. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Gardell and Parker (Eur. J. Immunol. 2017, 47, 41–50) point to a new, hybrid mechanism for Th1‐cell delivery of help to B cells, based on contact‐dependent CD40L transfer. The transfer process and its specificity are both cell contact dependent and antigen dependent. CD40 expression is also required on the B‐cell surface to capture the CD40L presented by the Th1 cell. While further studies are needed to confirm the phenomenon in vivo and to test the role of transferred CD40L in other aspects of T‐cell help, this study provides an exceptional take‐off point and makes excellent use of mouse genetics to work out some possible rules for B cells being able to order help ‘to go’.
Transition‐Metal Complexes with (C–C)→M Agostic Interactions
Authors: Harvey Benjamin G. , Ernst Richard D.
Published: December 2016

The coordination of sigma bonding electron density to a Lewis acid was for some time largely the domain of boron hydride chemistry. Subsequently it was found that C–H bonds could undergo intramolecular coordination to metal centers, forming what are now known as “agostic bonds” and “agostic complexes”. Thereafter, even the H–H bond in molecular hydrogen was found to be capable of coordination, leading to what are commonly referred to as “sigma complexes”. Eventually, coordination by much more shielded C–C bonds was established, and is of particular significance with regard to to the interest in C–C bond activation. This review focuses on the key developments in this field, including the nature of the bonding interactions in these and some related species, as revealed by spectroscopic, structural, and theoretical studies, their involvement in important chemical reactions such as alkene polymerizations and metathesis, and comparisons with the other types of electron‐deficient bridge bonding.
Homoleptic Chiral Benzamidinate Complexes of Rare‐Earth Elements: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, and Magnetism
Authors: He Meng , Chen Zhi , Pineda Eufemio Moreno , Liu Xue , Bouwman Elisabeth , Ruben Mario , Roesky Peter W.
Published: December 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Peter Roesky at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. The cover image shows the Tb complex of the new enantiopure amidine ligand (S,S)‐N,N'‐bis[1‐(2‐naphthyl)ethyl]benzamidine [(S)‐HNEBA], whose chirality is illustrated by the axial chirality of the reflux condenser in the background.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Optical Properties, and Phase Transitions of the Layered Guanidinium‐Based Hybrid Perovskites [C(NH2)3]2MI4; M = Sn, Pb
Authors: Daub Michael , Haber Christoph , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: December 2016

The title compounds were obtained by the treatment of MI2 in conc. HI with stoichiometric amounts of [C(NH2)3]2CO3. They show several phase transitions. The Pb/Sn HT phases {[C(NH2)3]2PbI4‐I, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 13.04 Å, b = 13.62 Å, c = 9.36 Å} and {[C(NH2)3]2SnI4‐I: a = 13.04 Å, b = 13.57 Å, c = 9.45 Å}, as well as [C(NH2)3]2PbI4‐II (Pnnm, Z = 8, a = 27.03 Å, b = 9.31 Å, c = 12.92 Å) and [C(NH2)3]2SnI4‐II (a = 26.89 Å, b = 9.30 Å, c = 12.94 Å) and also [C(NH2)3]2PbI4‐III (P21/n, Z = 8, a = 9.21 Å, b = 26.88 Å, c = 12.68 Å, β = 90.49°) and [C(NH2)3]2SnI4‐III (a = 9.28 Å, b = 26.95 Å, c = 12.81 Å, β = 90.76°) are isotypic with each other. For [C(NH2)3]2SnI4 the LT phase realizes a triclinic variant (P1, Z = 4, a = 9.27 Å, b = 12.67 Å, c = 14.44 Å, α = 66.98°, β = 85.88°, γ = 88.26°). The structures are (110)‐oriented perovskites A2MX4 with corrugated layers of edge‐sharing MI6 octahedra. HT‐ and MT‐forms show a 2+4 pattern of M–I distances. [C(NH2)3]2SnI4‐IV represents a new structure type. The different modifications are distinguished by the ordering pattern of the cations and the tilt of the MI6 octahedra. The structural characterizations are amended by vibrational and optical spectroscopy as well as thermal analysis. The band gap of the Sn compound (2.06 eV) makes it a possible candidate as an absorber for the tandem solar cell. For the Pb compound an excitonic absorption peak is observed right below the band gap (2.49 eV) indicating stable excitons at room temperature.
Silver‐Catalyzed Cross‐Olefination of Donor and Acceptor Diazo Compounds: Use of N‐Nosylhydrazones as Diazo Surrogate
Authors: Liu Zhaohong , Liu Binbin , Zhao Xue‐Feng , Wu Yan‐Bo , Bi Xihe
Published: December 2016

The cross‐olefination reaction of donor and acceptor diazo compounds was explored. The use of N‐nosylhydrazones as diazo surrogates and the dependence on silver catalysis were crucial for the reaction development. A variety of (hetero)aryl N‐nosylhydrazones and α‐diazo esters, amides, and phosphonates were compatible, and the functionalized alkene products were afforded in good to high yields with moderate (Z)/(E) selectivities. The experimental and DFT calculation results suggest that the cross‐selectivity is due to selective activation of the silver catalyst for donor diazo compounds.
Flow‐directed PCA for monitoring networks
Authors: Gallacher K. , Miller C. , Scott E. M. , Willows R. , Pope L. , Douglass J.
Published: December 2016

Measurements recorded over monitoring networks often possess spatial and temporal correlation inducing redundancies in the information provided. For river water quality monitoring in particular, flow‐connected sites may likely provide similar information. This paper proposes a novel approach to principal components analysis to investigate reducing dimensionality for spatiotemporal flow‐connected network data in order to identify common spatiotemporal patterns. The method is illustrated using monthly observations of total oxidized nitrogen for the Trent catchment area in England. Common patterns are revealed that are hidden when the river network structure and temporal correlation are not accounted for. Such patterns provide valuable information for the design of future sampling strategies.
Cooperation, collective action, and the archeology of large‐scale societies
Authors: Carballo David M. , Feinman Gary M.
Published: December 2016

Archeologists investigating the emergence of large‐scale societies in the past have renewed interest in examining the dynamics of cooperation as a means of understanding societal change and organizational variability within human groups over time. Unlike earlier approaches to these issues, which used models designated voluntaristic or managerial, contemporary research articulates more explicitly with frameworks for cooperation and collective action used in other fields, thereby facilitating empirical testing through better definition of the costs, benefits, and social mechanisms associated with success or failure in coordinated group action. Current scholarship is nevertheless bifurcated along lines of epistemology and scale, which is understandable but problematic for forging a broader, more transdisciplinary field of cooperation studies. Here, we point to some areas of potential overlap by reviewing archeological research that places the dynamics of social cooperation and competition in the foreground of the emergence of large‐scale societies, which we define as those having larger populations, greater concentrations of political power, and higher degrees of social inequality. We focus on key issues involving the communal‐resource management of subsistence and other economic goods, as well as the revenue flows that undergird political institutions. Drawing on archeological cases from across the globe, with greater detail from our area of expertise in Mesoamerica, we offer suggestions for strengthening analytical methods and generating more transdisciplinary research programs that address human societies across scalar and temporal spectra.
The cost of diagnosis and early support in patients with cognitive decline
Authors: Pennington Mark , Gomes Manuel , Chrysanthaki Theti , Hendriks Jolijn , Wittenberg Raphael , Knapp Martin , Black Nick , Smith Sarah
Published: December 2016

Objective

Recent research indicates considerable heterogeneity in the provision of memory assessment services (MAS). However, little is known on the extent of variation in the costs of the services MAS provide. We investigated the costs of supporting patients with suspected dementia, including assessment and support over the following 6 months.

Methods

Clinic costs were estimated on the basis of an organisational survey reporting staff roll, grade and activities. Costs of primary health and social care were estimated from questionnaire data reported by carers of patients at baseline, 3 and 6 months after referral.

Results

Mean monthly staff costs at MAS were £73 000. Imaging at assessment costs an additional £3500 per month. Monthly clinic cost per new patient assessed varied from £320 to £5400 across clinics. Additional primary health and social care costs of £130–220 a month between baseline and 6 months were reported by carers. Costs of pharmacological and non‐pharmacological treatments reported by carers were small. Informal care costs dwarfed health and social care costs when valued at a modest unit cost. The overall mean cost of supporting a patient for 6 months varied from £1600 to £2500 dependent on assumptions regarding the proportion of MAS intervention and review costs accrued at 6 months.

Conclusions

There is considerable variation in the intensity and associated costs of services provided by MAS. Further research should ascertain to what extent such variation is associated with differences in patient outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High IKKα expression is associated with reduced time to recurrence and cancer specific survival in oestrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Bennett Lindsay , Quinn Jean , McCall Pamela , Mallon Elizabeth A. , Horgan Paul G. , McMillan Donald C. , Paul Andrew , Edwards Joanne
Published: December 2016

The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between tumour IKKα expression and breast cancer recurrence and survival. Immunohistochemistry was employed in a discovery and a validation tissue microarray to assess the association of tumour IKKα expression and clinico‐pathological characteristics. After siRNA‐mediated silencing of IKKα, cell viability and apoptosis were assessed in MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. In both the discovery and validation cohorts, associations observed between IKKα and clinical outcome measures were potentiated in oestrogen receptor (ER) positive Luminal A tumours. In the discovery cohort, cytoplasmic IKKα was associated with disease‐free survival (p = 0.029) and recurrence‐free survival on tamoxifen (p < 0.001) in Luminal A tumours. Nuclear IKKα and a combination of cytoplasmic and nuclear IKKα (total tumour cell IKKα) were associated with cancer‐specific survival (p = 0.012 and p = 0.007, respectively) and recurrence‐free survival on tamoxifen (p = 0.013 and p < 0.001, respectively) in Luminal A tumours. In the validation cohort, cytoplasmic IKKα was associated with cancer‐specific survival (p = 0.023), disease‐free survival (p = 0.002) and recurrence‐free survival on tamoxifen (p = 0.009) in Luminal A tumours. Parallel experiment with breast cancer cells in vitro demonstrated the non‐canonical NF‐κB pathway was inducible by exposure to lymphotoxin in ER‐positive MCF7 cells and not in ER‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Reduction in IKKα expression by siRNA transfection increased levels of apoptosis and reduced cell viability in MCF7 but not in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. IKKα is an important determinant of poor outcome in patients with ER‐positive invasive ductal breast cancer and thus may represent a potential therapeutic target.
Concordant and discordant familial cancer: Familial risks, proportions and population impact
Authors: Frank Christoph , Sundquist Jan , Yu Hongyao , Hemminki Akseli , Hemminki Kari
Published: December 2016

Relatives of cancer patients are at an increased risk of the same (concordant) cancer but whether they are at a risk for different (discordant) cancers is largely unknown – beyond well characterized hereditary cancer syndromes ‐ but would be of major scientific and clinical interest. We therefore decided to resolve the issue by analyzing familial risks when family members were diagnosed with any discordant cancers. We compared the population impact of concordant to discordant familial cancer. The Swedish Family‐Cancer Database (FCD) was used to calculate familial relative risks (RRs) for family members of cancer patients, for the 27 most common cancers. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were estimated for concordant and discordant family histories. Discordant cancers in the family were detected as significant risk factors for the majority of cancers, although the corresponding RRs were modest compared to RRs for concordant cancers. Risks increased with the number of affected family members with the highest RRs for pancreatic (2.31), lung (1.69), kidney (1.98), nervous system (1.79) and thyroid cancers (3.28), when 5 or more family members were diagnosed with discordant cancers. For most cancers, the PAF for discordant family history exceeded that for concordant family history. Our findings suggest that there is an unspecific genetic predisposition to cancer with clinical consequences. We consider it unlikely that shared environmental risk factors could essentially contribute to the risks for diverse discordant cancers, which are likely driven by genetic predisposition. The identification of genes that moderately increase the risk for many cancers will be a challenge.
Copy number variations in DCC/18q and ERBB2/17q are associated with disease‐free survival in microsatellite stable colon cancer
Authors: Sefrioui David , Vermeulin Thomas , Blanchard France , Chapusot Caroline , Beaussire Ludivine , Armengol‐Debeir Laura , Sesboué Richard , Gangloff Alice , Hebbar Mohamed , Copin Marie‐Christine , Houivet Estelle , Schwarz Lilian , Clatot Florian , Tuech Jean‐Jacques , Bénichou Jacques , Martin Laurent , Bouvier Anne‐Marie , Sabourin Jean‐Christophe , Sarafan‐Vasseur Nasrin , Frébourg Thierry , Lepage Côme , Michel Pierre , Di Fiore Frédéric
Published: December 2016

We conducted a prospective study to assess the prognostic impact of selected copy number variations (CNVs) in Stage II–III microsatellite stable (MSS) colon cancer. A total of 401 patients were included from 01/2004 to 01/2009. The CNVs in 8 selected target genes, DCC/18q, EGFR/7p, TP53/17p, BLK/8p, MYC/8q, APC/5q, ERBB2/17q and STK6/20q, were detected using a quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction of short fluorescent fragment (QMPSF) method. The primary end‐point was the impact of the CNVs on the 4‐year disease‐free survival (DFS). The recurrence rate at 4 years was 20.9%, corresponding to 14% Stage II patients versus 31% Stage III patients (p < 0.0001). The 4‐year DFS was significantly decreased in patients with a loss at DCC/18q (p = 0.012) and a gain at ERBB2/17q (p = 0.041). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that Stage III, a loss at DCC/18q and a gain at ERBB2/17q were independent factors associated with DFS. A combination of DCC/18q and ERBB2/17q was also associated with relapse, with the hazard ratio increasing from 1 to 2.4 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5–4.1) and 3.1 (95% CI, 1.2–8.4) in the presence of 0, 1 or 2 alterations, respectively (p = 0.0013). CNVs in DCC/18q and ERBB2/17q are significantly associated with DFS in Stage II–III MSS colon cancer.
REFLECTING ON THE PRACTICE OF INFANT MENTAL HEALTH AND THE REDUCTION OF RISK IN INFANCY AND EARLY PARENTHOOD: AN ESSAY
Authors: Weatherston Deborah J.
Published: December 2016

This essay discusses infant mental health (IMH) as well as its origins and relational framework. The author then reflects, professionally and personally, on the meaning of psychological vulnerability of boys under 5 years of age, the importance of early caregiving relationships to the reduction of risk, and implications for education and training in the IMH field.
DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIALIZATION OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN VERY YOUNG BOYS
Authors: Dayton Carolyn Joy , Malone Johanna C.
Published: December 2016

The expression of physical aggression is normative in early child development; it peaks in the second year of life, with steep declines for most children by the third and fourth years as children learn alternatives to aggression. Some children, however, fail to demonstrate declines in aggressive acts, and many of these are boys. The current review uses a dynamic systems (DS) approach to identify early individual and contextual factors that may dynamically influence trajectories of aggression as a characteristic way of engaging within communities and relationships. Within the DS framework, we focus on the parent–infant relationship as central to the development of adaptive emotion‐regulation capacities of the infant and young child. Biological sex differences that may influence this early relationship are highlighted, as is the influence of contextual processes such as family violence. Clinical implications suggested by both the empirical and theoretical literatures are then described.
Day Care: The Problem of the Working Mother
Authors: Cheeseright Mary
Published: December 2016

The need for full day care for children whose mothers worked was recognized in Australia early in this century when three groups were established by the Sydney Day Nursery Association in 1905, the Queensland Creche and Kindergarten Association in 1907, and the Victorian Day Nursery Association in 1913. At this time the need was largely from single‐parent families or from those in severely deprived circumstances. The number of centres remained small. Some subsidy was granted in certain cases by State governments.
Towards a Radical Critique of Social Work and Welfare Ideology
Authors: Pemberton Alec G. , Locke Ralph G.
Published: December 2016

A radical critique of social work and social welfare is proposed, and an outline is given of the process of mystification that occurs when the field of social problems is dominated by a welfare or consensual approach rather than by a conflictual model. With this analytical framework, the role of the social work profession as an agency of social control is examined in terms of its contribution to the persistence of the existing socio‐political order. Finally, the response of the profession is considered in relation to various minority and client groups organizing themselves for social action with a view to securing their civil and political rights.
The Generation Gap: Youth Programmes and the Family
Authors: Balmer Colin J.
Published: December 2016

Different combinations of the characteristics of sex, age, status and ethnicity underlie different preferred ways of living. Youth programmes that heed these characteristics might reduce the alienation often underlying the generation gap, but to be effective such programmes will need to offer youth creative and supportive opportunities for youth to experiment with living. The youth worker has the equally important opportunity to provide information which will enable adults to understand the problems faced by youth in urban society.
Some Observations on the Process of Dying
Authors: Baider Lea
Published: December 2016

The paper discusses the process of dying as observed in a sample of 30 patients in a cancer ward at a Massachusetts hospital. This process is found to involve changes in self‐identity and role‐definition; various modes of re‐adjustment of the patient to his new role; certain patterns of patient‐personnel and patient‐family communication and interaction; and typical reactions of patients' children to the situation. The last section of the paper discusses briefly the implications of societal attitudes toward death for medical institutions.
A National Superannuation Scheme for Australia?
Authors: Healey Derek T.
Published: December 2016

It is shown that the cost of pensions represents a significant transfer of funds, and that if pensions are to be increased to the ‘poverty line’ as a minimum at the same time as abolition of the Means Test, it will become essential to adopt a national contribution scheme. It is suggested that Australia adopt the two‐tier system of national superannuation such as is now in use in Sweden and is about to be adopted in Canada and the United Kingdom. This would provide for a basic pension for all, to which would be added an Earnings Related Supplement.
Contemporary Music, Drug Attitudes and Drug Behaviour
Authors: Douse Mike
Published: December 2016

Over 400 secondary school students and 50 contemporary musicians were interviewed or tested in a study of the relationship between ‘pop’ and drug attitudes and practices. In an analysis of students' musical preferences, ‘Blues’, ‘Folk’ and ‘Country’ factors were identifiable. Students—and also musicians—who preferred ‘Blues’ tended to be more attracted by such drugs as LSD, speed and tobacco than did the other students. There was little agreement between students as to the meaning of particular pop numbers.
How Equal is Equal?
Authors: Collins J. Maxwell , Collins Catherine
Published: December 2016

Some areas of educational inequality in the Australian school setting are explored. Crucial to the examination are two alternative definitions of ‘equality’. The educational implications of acceptance of one of these definitions rather than the other are explicated in relation to educational policy‐making and educational practice.
Land Rights or Death
Authors: Tomlinson John R.
Published: December 2016

The effect of the refusal to cede Aborigines title to land and the importance of land rights to Aborigines are considered. An examination is made of the past and the continuing alienation of Aborigines' land. Violence is placed in perspective. Suggestions are made as how the granting of land rights will need to be supplemented if the crisis confronting both white and black Australians is to be faced.
Paradoxes in Aboriginal Welfare
Authors: Mitchell Ian S.
Published: December 2016

Welfare is frequently seen as simply a question of providing aid to needy. In formulating welfare policy, however, the issue is not as clear cut, because with every handout comes a consequent loss to the dignity of the recipient. In this paper three such key paradoxes which confront the administrator, social worker or community agent operating in the field of Aboriginal welfare are discussed.
The Financing of the Proposed Australian Health Insurance Programme
Authors: Dixon J. E.
Published: December 2016

The Australian Labor Government has outlined how it intends to finance the proposed Health Insurance Programme in its recent white paper on Health Insurance, whilst the specific details are provided in the earlier Deeble Report. From these documents two important conclusions emerge. Firstly, the Government does not really know how much the scheme will cost. Secondly, the proposed methods of financing has a number of contentious aspects. It is with these two matters that this paper is concerned.
Country v. City: A Study of Attitudes to Country and City Living in a Small Country Town
Authors: Widdows R.
Published: December 2016

This paper represents an attempt, by sample survey, to assess the attitudes of the residents of a Queensland country town to city and country living. Responses to questions on a number of aspects of living suggest that country people see the city as economically advantageous to them, but that it is a ‘cold’, even hostile, place to live in. The country is relatively friendlier. The easy pace of country life, while its main asset, may be susceptible to a rapid growth policy of the ‘selective decentralisation’ type. This affords a dilemma for policymakers.
The Practice of Religion in Australia
Authors: Spencer Geraldine M.
Published: December 2016

Nominally most Australians are christians, but fewer than one‐third regularly attend church. Many privileges flow to christian churches and religious procedures are still imposed in some circumstances. It is commonly assumed that everyone has a religion, though it is doubtful whether the majority have any real belief. Australia should re‐examine the place of religion in society.
Pre‐School Intervention: A Brief Response to ‘Project Enrichment’
Authors: Brotherton Patricia L.
Published: December 2016

Pre‐school intervention programmes for disadvantaged groups are long overdue in Australia, and the Project Enrichment of Childhood Programme reported in the February, 1974, issue is one example. However, the conceptual bases and methods on which such programmes are based are also overdue for critical evaluation. This note is a preliminary response to the Bourke Project and offers a wider and alternative set of references to those which have been published in connection with that programme. It is argued that there is confusion about means and ends in the reports of the Bourke Project, and that results claimed for the criterion tests used in the programme may not be valid with respect to the stated aims of the programme.
Social Sanctions in the Comprehensive High School and Language Acquisition
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: December 2016

The organization of pupils in a boys' comprehensive high school into homogeneous teaching units in order to eliminate the psychological, social and academic effects of streaming by ability may be dysfunctional if the objectives of the institution include the attainment of higher verbal standards. A practising teacher identifies the establishment by pupils of a ‘verbal norm’, and describes the system of social sanctions imposed by the verbally less proficient against the above‐average pupil.
Social Philosophy of the Australian Assistance Plan
Authors: Brien Tom O
Published: December 2016

The basic philosophy of the AAP is often referred to in discussions about its implementation. Seldom, however, does one come across an intensive examination of relevant philosophical concepts. This paper takes three such ontological concepts—power, justice, concern—and examines them in themselves and in relation to each other in the context of the AAP.
Country Town Planning: Temporal, Regional and Organizational Perspectives
Authors: Walmsley D. J.
Published: December 2016

The types of planning needed in country towns, the appropriate regional scale for this planning, and the agencies able to undertake such planning are examined. A distinction is drawn between commitment, contingency and adaptive planning and each is associated with a different time perspective and a different type of knowledge of the future conditions in country towns. It is argued that although the present planning machinery, based on local government, is satisfactory for the day‐to‐day management of country towns, it is inadequate for long term planning.