bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving spectral‐based fault localization using static analysis
Authors: Neelofar Neelofar , Naish Lee , Lee Jason , Ramamohanarao Kotagiri
Published: March 2017

Debugging is crucial for producing reliable software. One of the effective bug localization techniques is spectral‐based fault localization (SBFL). It helps to locate a buggy statement by applying an evaluation metric to program spectra and ranking program components on the basis of the score it computes. SBFL is an example of a dynamic analysis – an analysis of computer program that is performed by executing it with sufficient number of test cases. Static analysis, on the other hand, is performed in a non‐runtime environment. We introduce a weighting technique by combining these two kinds of program analysis. Static analysis is performed to categorize program statements into different classes and giving them weights based on the likelihood of being buggy statement. Statements are finally ranked on the basis of the weights computed by statements' categorization (static analysis) and scores computed by SBFL metrics (dynamic analysis). We evaluate the performance of our technique on Siemens test suite and Flex (having seeded bugs seeded by expert developers), Sed (having mixture of real and seeded bugs), and Space (having real bugs). In our evaluation, proposed weighting technique improves the performance of a wide variety of fault localization metrics up to 20% on single bug datasets and up to 42% on multi‐bug datasets. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of Success of Employer Branding in a Start‐up Firm in Nigeria
Authors: Elegbe Joel Alemibola
Published: March 2017

This article aims at providing an understanding of factors that determine the success and failure of employer branding. An African steel‐producing start‐up company developed an employer brand image, which enabled it to effectively attract and hire talent from the labor market and inspired high engagement and productivity. A few years later, the firm lost its attractive brand image and its employer brand loyalty also declined. The study is a longitudinal investigation, and data were collected from policies and through structured interviews with the employees, ex‐employees of the organization, and prospective employees. Findings show amazing success of the employer brand in the first six years in talent attraction, hiring, engagement, and retention. Thereafter, the brand lost its potency, and its dysfunctionality significantly impacted on the future of the firm—employee dissatisfaction, decline in productivity, and increase in turnover. The reasons include a toxic organizational environment, overbranding, failure to keep promises, disconnect between employer branding and human resource strategy, shift of emphasis by senior management from people to production, and lack of a dynamic and differentiated employee value proposition. The study offers practical lessons to managers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognosis of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia using lung‐area‐to‐head‐circumference ratio: variability across centers in a national perinatal network
Authors: Senat M.‐V. , Bouchghoul H. , Stirnemann J. , Vaast P. , Boubnova J. , Begue L. , Carricaburu E. , Sartor A. , Jani J. , Benachi A. , Bouyer J. ,   for the Center for Rare Diseases: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Published: March 2017

Objective

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe anomaly. The observed‐to‐expected lung‐area‐to‐head‐circumference ratio (o/e‐LHR) has been shown to provide a useful prediction of subsequent survival of fetuses with CDH in referral centers with expertise and a large caseload. However, the accuracy of o/e‐LHR measurements in general fetal medicine units with less expertise is not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of o/e‐LHR to provide a useful prediction of mortality of fetuses with CDH when the measurement is performed in fetal medicine units with different levels of expertise.

Methods

Between January 2008 and November 2013, 305 live births with expectantly managed left‐sided isolated CDH were recorded in the database of the French National Center for Rare Diseases (31 centers) and followed up after birth. Centers were grouped into two categories according to their mean annual CDH caseload over the study period: large centers with an average of ≥ 14 cases and smaller centers with < 14 cases per year. The relationship between o/e‐LHR and 28‐day and 6‐month mortality was modeled using fractional polynomials and the predictive value of o/e‐LHR was quantified using the area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve. Comparisons between the two center categories were carried out. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders such as thoracic herniation of the liver and gestational age at birth and at diagnosis.

Results

During the study period, two large centers managed a total of 82 CDH cases and 29 smaller centers a total of 223 CDH cases. Overall, there was a significant inverse relationship between 28‐day mortality rate and o/e‐LHR, which decreased from 54% when o/e‐LHR was 20% to 6% when o/e‐LHR was 75% (P < 0.01). When the category of center was considered, adjusted associations between o/e‐LHR and 28‐day mortality were significantly different (P = 0.032) between large and smaller centers. The ability to predict survival at 28 days postpartum based on o/e‐LHR was better in large centers; for a specificity of 0.30, the sensitivity was 0.71 in large centers and 0.55 in smaller ones. The results were similar for 6‐month mortality.

Conclusions

Our results show that o/e‐LHR measured on two‐dimensional ultrasound is a good indicator of neonatal prognosis in cases of CDH that may be used even in fetal medicine centers with a small caseload. However, our results also suggest that LHR measurement may be difficult to perform correctly. Therefore, appropriate training should be offered to professionals. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Effect of change in posture on maternal functional hemodynamics at 35–37 weeks' gestation
Authors: Guy G. P. , Ling H. Z. , Machuca M. , Poon L. C. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of posture change from the supine to the sitting position and before and after passive leg raising on maternal functional hemodynamics in pregnant women at 35–37 weeks' gestation, and to compare the changes in pregnancies that subsequently developed pre‐eclampsia (PE) or gestational hypertension (GH) with those that remained normotensive.

Methods

In 2764 singleton pregnancies at 35–37 weeks' gestation, maternal cardiovascular parameters were measured using an automated non‐invasive cardiac monitor. The hemodynamic response to a change from the supine to the sitting position and before and after passive leg raising in the left lateral position was examined and compared between women who subsequently developed PE or GH and those who remained normotensive.

Results

In normotensive singleton pregnancies at 35–37 weeks' gestation, both change from the supine to the sitting position and passive leg raising were associated with an increase in cardiac index and stroke volume index and a decrease in total peripheral resistance index; there was a small increase in mean arterial pressure with both postural changes and a slight decrease in heart rate with passive leg raising. In pregnancies that subsequently developed PE or GH, compared with normotensive pregnancies, cardiac index and stroke volume index were lower and total peripheral resistance index was higher. In general, change from the supine to the sitting position and passive leg raising were associated with similar but less marked changes in cardiovascular parameters as in normotensive pregnancies.

Conclusions

Paradoxically, in late third‐trimester normal pregnancy, both change from the supine to a sitting position and passive leg raising may result in an increase in preload with a consequent increase in cardiac and stroke volume indices and a decrease in total peripheral resistance index. In pregnancies that develop PE or GH, the effects of postural change on cardiovascular parameters are similar but less marked than in normotensive pregnancies. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Novel Quaternary Ammonium‐Based Cationic Surfactants: Synthesis, Surface Activity and Evaluation as Corrosion Inhibitors for C1018 Carbon Steel in Acidic Chloride Solution
Authors: Abd El‐Lateef Hany M. , Tantawy Ahmed H. , Abdelhamid Antar A.
Published: March 2017

A novel class of quaternary ammonium‐based cationic surfactants is synthesized and characterized via spectroscopic methods (FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR). The surface properties, foaming power and biodegradability of the synthesized cationic surfactants are determined using the surface tension technique. The protection performance with their adsorption mechanisms for carbon steel is evaluated in a 15% HCl solution by a series of techniques including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization curves, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The surfactants are found to be excellent corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel. The results show that the inhibition efficiencies are increased by increasing the concentration and the hydrophobic chain length of the tested compounds reaching the maximum at 250 ppm. The potentiodynamic polarization curves suggested that the inhibitors behave as a mixed type with predominant cathodic inhibition and the corrosion behavior can be explained by the adsorption film mechanism. Moreover, the mode of adsorption obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm; also, the adsorbed layer on the surface of the metal is approved by using SEM.
Comparison of 627 patients with right‐ and left‐sided colon cancer in China: Differences in clinicopathology, recurrence, and survival
Authors: Qin Qiong , Yang Lin , Sun Yong‐Kun , Ying Jian‐Ming , Song Yan , Zhang Wen , Wang Jin‐Wan , Zhou Ai‐Ping
Published: March 2017

Objective

Recent studies have reported increased mortality for right‐sided colon cancers; however, the results are conflicting for different stage tumors. We examined the differences in clinicopathology between right‐ and left‐sided colon cancers and the relationships between colon cancer location (right‐ and left‐side) and 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Methods

We identified patients from 2005 to 2008 with stage II/III colon cancer who underwent surgery for curative intent. We explored the impact of the tumor location on the postoperative DFS and OS using univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Of 627 patients, 50.6% (317/627) had right‐sided colon cancer. These patients were more likely to have weight loss, second primary tumor, elevated preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9), increased incidence of non‐adenocarcinoma, more poorly differentiated tumors, vascular invasion, defective mismatch repair, and a lighter smoking history (P < 0.05). Right‐sided colon cancer had a higher recurrence incidence compared with left‐sided cancer (30.6% vs. 23.2%, P = 0.037), particularly with multiple metastatic sites in the first recurrence (17.5% vs. 5.6%, P = 0.020). Kaplan–Meier survival curves demonstrated a significant difference in the 5‐year DFS rate between right‐ and left‐sided cancers across all stages (68.1% vs. 75.2%, P = 0.043). However, there was no significant difference in the 5‐year OS rate between the two groups (73.8% vs. 79.0%, P = 0.103). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients with left‐sided colon cancer had a significantly better 5‐year DFS and OS rates compared with those with right‐sided disease at stage III (64.3% vs. 46.8%, P = 0.002; 69.5% vs. 53.5%, P = 0.006, respectively); there were no significant differences in the 5‐year DFS and OS rates at stage II (85.2% vs. 85.9%, P = 0.819; 89.8% vs. 88.5%, P = 0.803, respectively). Adjusted Cox regression analysis showed no significant differences in the 5‐year OS and DFS rates for stage II [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.203, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.605–2.391, P = 0.598; HR = 0.980, 95% CI: 0.542–1.774, P = 0.948, respectively] or all stages combined (HR = 0.867, 95% CI: 0.613–1.227, P = 0.421; HR = 0.832, 95% CI: 0.606–1.142, P = 0.255, respectively). However, stage III left‐sided cancer had higher 5‐year OS and DFS rates (HR = 0.626, 95% CI: 0.414–0.948, P = 0.027; HR = 0.630, 95% CI: 0.428–0.926, P = 0.019, respectively).

Conclusion

We found that right‐ and left‐sided colon cancers had significantly different clinicopathological characteristics. Right‐sided colon cancer had a higher incidence of recurrence than left‐sided disease. Patients with stage III right‐sided colon cancer had a worse prognosis compared with those with stage III left‐sided colon cancer.
A new degree for $S^1$-invariant gradient mappings and applications
Authors: Dancer E.N.
Published: March 2017

We construct a new degree for

S^1

-invariant gradient maps where the classical degree gives little information. The main technical result needed is a new result on generic homotopies. We apply this degree to obtain a global bifurcation theorem which applies to cases where classical results give limited information.

We apply our results to obtain a bifurcation theorem for periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems and for a problem in elasticity. We also obtain new results on bifurcation for elliptic equations on domains with an

S^1

symmetry.

Nous construisons un degré adapté à des applications

S^1

-invariantes de type gradient où la notion classique de degré ne donne que peu d’informations. On utilise pour cela un résultat nouveau sur les homotopies génériques. On applique ce degré pour obtenir un résultat de bifurcation globale.

Nous appliquons nos résultats pour obtenir un théorème de bifurcation de solutions périodiques de systèmes hamiltoniens, et à un problème d’élasticité. Nous obtenons également de nouveaux résultats sur la bifurcation d’équations elliptiques dans des domaines pourvus d’une symétrie

S^1

.
A class of convex non-coercive functionals and masonry-like materials
Authors: Anzellotti G.
Published: March 2017

We consider a class of functionals of the strain (or of the gradient), whose main feature is that they are not coercive when the forces are zero, while they are coercive under suitable assumptions for the load. The main application is to the problem of static equilibrium for a class of elastic materials in which the stress is constrained to be negative semi-definite. Functions of bounded deformation and measure theory are a basic technical tool in the paper.

Nous considérons une classe de fonctionnelles de la tension (ou du gradient) dont la caractéristique principale est qu’elles ne sont pas coercives lorsque les forces sont nulles, alors qu’elles le sont sous des hypothèses convenables pour la charge. On applique principalement ces résultats au problème de l’équilibre statique pour une classe de matériaux élastiques lorsque la tension est supposée semi-définie négative. Les fonctions de déformation bornée et la théorie de la mesure sont les outils techniques de base dans cet article.
Maximal monotone relations and the second derivatives of nonsmooth functions
Authors: Rockafellar R.T.
Published: March 2017

Maximal monotone relations serve as a prototype from which properties can be derived for the subdifferential relations associated with convex functions, saddle functions, and other important classes of functions in nonsmooth analysis. It is shown that the Clarke tangent cone at any point of the graph of a maximal monotone relation is actually a linear subspace. This fact clarifies a number of issues concerning the generalized second derivatives of nonsmooth functions.

Nous déduisons, grâce à l’étude de multi-applications monotones maximales, diverses propriétes relatives aux multi-applications sousgradients de fonctions convexes, fonctions de selle et autres types de fonctions importants en analyse sous-différentielle. Nous montrons, qu’en tout point du graphe d’une multi-application monotone maximale, le cône tangent, au sens de Clarke, est en réalité un sous-espace vectoriel. Ce fait éclaircit certaines questions concernant les dérivées généralisées du second ordre de fonctions non-différentiables.
Some remarks on quasi-variational inequalities and the associated impulsive control problem
Authors: Perthame B.
Published: March 2017

We study Quasi-Variational Inequalities:

\tag{1}
\begin{cases}
\mathrm{Max}(\mathrm{A}u−f,u−\mathrm{M}u) = 0, \\
u\mid_{∂\mathrm{\Omega }} = \varphi ,
\end{cases}

where

\tag{2}
\mathrm{M}u = k + \inf \limits_{\stackrel{\xi ≧0}{x + \xi \in \:\bar{\mathrm{\Omega}}}}
\left\{c_{0}(\xi ) + u(x + \xi )\right\}.

In general, (1) has no solution, we prove here that (1) has a unique maximum subsolution that we caracterize. Then we compare the implicit obstacle (2) and the obstacle:

\def\infess#1{\inf\limits_{#1}\hspace*{-8pt}\mathrm{ess}}
\mathrm{M}_+ u = k +
\infess{\stackrel{\xi ≧0}{x + \xi \in \:\mathrm{\Omega}}}
\left\{c_{0}(\xi ) + u(x + \xi )\right\}

and we finally show that, under general assumptions, the solution of (1) is Holder continuous.

Nous étudions les Inéquations Quasi-Variationnelles :

\tag{1}
\begin{cases}
\mathrm{Max}(\mathrm{A}u−f,u−\mathrm{M}u) = 0 &\text{dans}\:\mathrm{\Omega }\\
u\mid_{∂\mathrm{\Omega }} = \varphi ,
\end{cases}

où

\tag{2}
\mathrm{M}u = k + \inf \limits_{\stackrel{\xi ≧0}{x + \xi \in \:\bar{\mathrm{\Omega}}}}
\left\{c_{0}(\xi ) + u(x + \xi )\right\}.

En général (1) n’a pas de solution, nous montrons ici que (1) admet une unique sous-solution maximale que nous caractérisons. Nous comparons ensuite l’obstacle implicite (2) et l’obstacle :

\def\infess#1{\inf\limits_{#1}\hspace*{-8pt}\mathrm{ess}}
\mathrm{M}_+ u = k +
\infess{\stackrel{\xi ≧0}{x + \xi \in \:\mathrm{\Omega}}}
\left\{c_{0}(\xi ) + u(x + \xi )\right\}

et nous finissons par montrer que, sous des hypothèses générales, la solution de (1) est hölderienne.
A Walk through the Heavens
Authors: Heifetz Milton D. , Tirion Wil
Published: March 2017

What is that star called? Where is the Great Bear? A Walk through the Heavens is a beautiful guide to the pathways in the night sky, and which answers these questions and more. Written for complete beginners, this book introduces the reader to the patterns of the northern hemisphere's sky in a clear and memorable way. Its simplified maps and clear instructions make it easy to find the main constellations and identify the bright stars within them. This fourth edition adds color and a map of the Moon to its successful formula. Ancient myths and legends of the sky, some thousands of years old, are retold to add to the wonder and mystery of the stars. No equipment is needed to use this practical guide, just the naked eye and clear dark skies above - simply look up, relax and enjoy this journey across the sky.
Introduction to Plasma Physics
Authors: Gurnett Donald A. , Bhattacharjee Amitava
Published: March 2017

Introducing basic principles of plasma physics and their applications to space, laboratory and astrophysical plasmas, this new edition provides updated material throughout. Topics covered include single-particle motions, kinetic theory, magnetohydrodynamics, small amplitude waves in hot and cold plasmas, and collisional effects. New additions include the ponderomotive force, tearing instabilities in resistive plasmas and the magnetorotational instability in accretion disks, charged particle acceleration by shocks, and a more in-depth look at nonlinear phenomena. A broad range of applications are explored: planetary magnetospheres and radiation belts, the confinement and stability of plasmas in fusion devices, the propagation of discontinuities and shock waves in the solar wind, and analysis of various types of plasma waves and instabilities that can occur in planetary magnetospheres and laboratory plasma devices. With step-by-step derivations and self-contained introductions to mathematical methods, this book is ideal as an advanced undergraduate to graduate-level textbook, or as a reference for researchers.
Federal Intervention in American Police Departments
Authors: Rushin Stephen
Published: March 2017

For much of American history, the federal government has played a limited role in local police regulation. That all changed in 1994, when Congress passed a little known statute that permitted the US Attorney General to reform troubled police departments. Since then, many of the nation's largest police departments - including those in Los Angeles, Chicago, Seattle, Washington, DC, New Orleans, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Albuquerque - have been subject to federal oversight. But until recently, we've known little about how this federal process works. Drawing on original interviews, court documents, statistical data, and media reports, this book provides the first comprehensive account of federal intervention in American police departments. It shows that, under the right circumstances, federal intervention is uniquely effective at combating misconduct in police departments. However, federal intervention is far from perfect. This book concludes by arguing that Congress should expand and improve federal oversight of policing.
The Architecture of the Christian Holy Land
Authors: Moore Kathryn Blair
Published: March 2017

In the absence of the bodies of Christ and Mary, architecture took on a special representational role during the Christian Middle Ages, marking out sites associated with the bodily presence of the dominant figures of the religion. Throughout this period, buildings were reinterpreted in relation to the mediating role of textual and pictorial representations that shaped the pilgrimage experience across expansive geographies. In this study, Kathryn Blair Moore challenges fundamental ideas within architectural history regarding the origins and significance of European recreations of buildings in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth. From these conceptual foundations, she traces and re-interprets the significance of the architecture of the Holy Land within changing religious and political contexts, from the First Crusade and the emergence of the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land to the anti-Islamic crusade movements of the Renaissance, as well as the Reformation.
Transnationalism in Iranian Political Thought
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: March 2017

During the Iranian Revolution of 1978/9, the influence of public intellectuals was widespread. Many espoused a vision of Iran freed from the influences of 'Westtoxification', inspired by Heideggerian concepts of anti-Western nativism. By following the intellectual journey of the Iranian philosopher Ahmad Fardid, Ali Mirsepassi offers in this book an account of the rise of political Islam in modern Iran. Through his controversial persona and numerous public and private appearances before, during and particularly after the Revolution, Fardid popularised an Islamist vision militantly hostile to the modern world that remains a fundamental part of the political philosophy of the Islamic Republic to this day. By also bringing elements of Fardid's post-revolutionary thought, as well as a critical analysis of Foucault's writings on 'the politics of spirituality', Mirsepassi offers an essential read for all those studying the evolution of political thought and philosophy in modern Iran and beyond.
Hybridation normative et institutionnelle dans les coopératives minières. Entre pluralisme juridique et ineffectivité du droit coopératif congolais
Authors: Bahalaokwibuye Christian Bahati
Published: March 2017

Cette étude aborde les pratiques coopératives non officielles comme plombant l’effectivité du droit coopératif officiel ou une manière d’expression d’une normativité informelle au sein des coopératives minières du Sud-Kivu à l’Est de la République Démocratique du Congo. Elle se fonde sur des entretiens et une observation des pratiques des exploitants miniers artisanaux relativement à la création et à la gouvernance de leurs coopératives minières. L’étude de l’organisation normative des coopératives contribue aux réflexions sur une réforme participative des politiques publiques afin d’améliorer la gouvernance du secteur minier en RDC.
Topologically completely positive entropy and zero-dimensional topologically completely positive entropy
Authors: PAVLOV RONNIE
Published: March 2017

In a previous paper [Pavlov, A characterization of topologically completely positive entropy for shifts of finite type. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.34 (2014), 2054–2065], the author gave a characterization for when a $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$-shift of finite type has no non-trivial subshift factors with zero entropy, a property which we here call zero-dimensional topologically completely positive entropy. In this work, we study the difference between this notion and the more classical topologically completely positive entropy of Blanchard. We show that there are one-dimensional subshifts and two-dimensional shifts of finite type which have zero-dimensional topologically completely positive entropy but not topologically completely positive entropy. In addition, we show that strengthening the hypotheses of the main result of Pavlov [A characterization of topologically completely positive entropy for shifts of finite type. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.34 (2014), 2054–2065] yields a sufficient condition for a $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$-shift of finite type to have topologically completely positive entropy.
Basmajian-type identities and Hausdorff dimension of limit sets
Authors: HE YAN MARY
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we study Basmajian-type series identities on holomorphic families of Cantor sets associated to one-dimensional complex dynamical systems. We show that the series is absolutely summable if and only if the Hausdorff dimension of the Cantor set is strictly less than one. Throughout the domain of convergence, these identities can be analytically continued and they exhibit non-trivial monodromy.
ASYMPTOTIC BOUNDS FOR THE SIZE OF Hom(A, GLn(q))
Authors: BATE MICHAEL , GULLON ALEC
Published: March 2017

Fix an arbitrary finite group A of order a, and let X(n, q) denote the set of homomorphisms from A to the finite general linear group GLn(q). The size of X(n, q) is a polynomial in q. In this note, it is shown that generically this polynomial has degree n2(1 – a−1) − εr and leading coefficient mr, where εr and mr are constants depending only on r := n mod a. We also present an algorithm for explicitly determining these constants.
BATTLE DESCRIPTION IN THE ANCIENT HISTORIANS, PART I: STRUCTURE, ARRAY, AND FIGHTING
Authors: Lendon Jon E.
Published: March 2017

When Endymion, king of the Moon, devised war upon Phaethon, king of the Sun, he decreed that a race of spiders as big as the Cyclades should weave a web between Venus and his lunar dominion, to serve as the battlefield for their regal rumble. And in that region of the heavens he arrayed his army: the king himself led his elite Hippo-vultures in the clouds on the right wing, 80,000 strong; his other cavalry, mounted on giant birds with wings like lettuce leaves, held the left. The Moon's stalwart infantry held the centre, posted on the spider web: Millet-launchers and Garlic-fighters, and his light-armed Flea-archers and Wind-runners, whose long tunics carried them about like sailboats in the fierce winds of the celestial realm. To Endymion's Hippo-vultures, Phaethon opposed the Sun's Hippo-ants (and near two hundred feet long were the insects that bore these cavalry). On the opposite flank of the solar array came the Air-mosquitoes and the formidable radish-flinging Air-dancers. The spears of Phaethon's phalanx, in the centre, were stalks of asparagus, and their round shields were mushrooms. Phaethon's allies, the Cloud-centaurs, expected at any moment from the Milky Way, had not arrived in time for battle.
Greek Literature
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: March 2017

Mary Bachvarova's large, complex and ambitiousFrom Hittite to Homerargues for long-distance interactions linking the Near East to Anatolia to Greece, and constructs a model of ‘why, how, and when’ (198) those interactions operated. The general thesis is not seriously in doubt, and much of the model's detail seems plausible; but since that is beyond my competence to judge, I will stick to my remit as Greek literature reviewer and focus on what the model, if right in detail, might tell us about Greek narrative poetry. How useful is Bachvarova's speculative literary prehistory, and what is it usefulfor? Can it illuminate the texts we have? Referential ambiguities expose one problem. The claim that ‘the overarching plot and theme of theOdysseyspeak to the values of the warrior-traders that motivated the spread of Near Eastern epic motifs’ (296) is startling: Odysseus never engages in trade; indeed, to call him a trader is a calculated insult (Od. 8.159–64). It emerges a few pages later that the reference is not to theOdyssey, but to a hypothetical original: ‘TheOdysseymay have originally addressed the values of heroic trade…but as the values of the Greek aristocratic class changed and trade was viewed more negatively, the role of the hero would have lost its trader aspects’ (298). I'm not sure whether this explanation also applies to (e.g.) ‘Agamemnon rejects the interpretation of his seer, refusing to release Chryseis’ (193) or ‘it has become clear to Achilles that the gods’ intervention, the advice to avoid battle…has been at the cost of his own life’ (194). Contrast the extantIliad, in which Agamemnon agrees to release Chryseis (1.116–17) and Achilles withdraws on his own initiative (1.169–71). These may just be inaccurate recollections of ‘the supremely sophisticated and complex works that are known to us’ (396). But to the extent that Bachvarova's interpretation of extant texts is skewed by her speculative literary prehistory, or her reconstruction of lost texts is shaped by it, the parallels are not evidence for the hypothesis but artefacts of it. Parallelsper seare not, in any case, sufficient evidence of influence: Mesoamerican pyramids were not derived from Egypt. Yet Bachvarova's opening sentences jump directly from parallels to the how and why of influence (1). Is ‘negative reaction to speech’ (44) so distinctive a cultural phenomenon as to make its appearance in different narrative traditions evidence of influence? If parallels between hospitality narratives (142–5) reflect cognate hospitality cultures, why should we appeal to transmission by song to explain them? The similarities between Naram-Sin and Hector (191–5) could originate independently in any two cultures which regarded divination as a source of good advice if (as is likely) they had noticed that leaders sometimes fail to accept good advice. This is a stimulating book; but Bachvarova's approach to diagnosing influence lacks the methodological rigour of Christopher Metcalf'sThe Gods Rich in Praise (G&R63 [2016], 251).
Art and Archaeology
Authors: Spivey Nigel
Published: March 2017

The nineteenth-century French painter Gustave Courbet famously declared that he did not paint angels because he had never seen one. If artists of classical antiquity were ever troubled by such scruples regarding depictions of the supernatural, it is not (so far as I know) documented. This is not to say that the question of how an artist could represent, say, an Olympian deity, went completely unheeded: Dio Chrysostom's Olympic Discourse of ad 97 is one serious attempt to address that topic, with significant implications for the status of an artist (in this case, Pheidias) famed for ‘imagining’ the divine. Yet evidently the task of visualizing spiritual phenomena devolved no less to humble ‘craftsmen’ – as Hélène Collard shows in her monograph, Montrer l'invisible. This gathers a catalogue of 164 Athenian vases, mostly of the fifth-century bc, as case studies of the various formulations devised to show religious experience – many of them images upon objects, such as white-ground lekythoi, that may once have been used in particular rites and observances. Graphic traditions of mythology, and an established series of personification (e.g. Nike, Eros, Hypnos), assisted the process. However, many of the scenes collected by Collard do not apparently attempt to ‘show the invisible’. They seem, rather, to evoke the realities of regular practice – processions, libations, sacrifice, adornment of a stele. Such scenes only become ‘paranormal’ when invested with some extra knowing detail: for example, a large owl alighting upon an altar (presumably indicating the favour of Athena). And sometimes we simply have to look a little closer to apprehend the signs of divine agency. So a herm-head appears to lean forwards – as if to sip at the kantharos held up in propitiation – while the phallus of another herm seems distinctly to elongate in the presence of two ecstatic women.
Impact of sea spider parasitism on host clams: susceptibility and intensity-dependent mortality
Authors: Yamada Katsumasa , Miyazaki Katsumi , Tomiyama Takeshi , Kanaya Gen , Miyama Yoshifumi , Yoshinaga Tomoyoshi , Wakui Kunihiro , Tamaoki Masanori , Toba Mitsuharu
Published: March 2017

Nymphonella tapetis(Pycnogonida, Ascorhynchidae) is an endoparasitic sea spider affecting bivalves. Recently, sea spiders have been found on a massive scale in the commercially important Manila clams (Veneridae,Ruditapes philippinarum) in Japan (Tokyo Bay). Simultaneously, mass mortality has occurred in this area. Local fishers assumed that this mass mortality was caused by the parasitic sea spider, despite the effect of the parasite and parasite intensity on the host being unknown. To evaluate the susceptibility of the Manila clam to sea spider infestation and the impact on mortality levels, we established six treatments at different infection intensities (density of newly hatched larvae of sea spiders) over a 6-month long laboratory experiment. We monitored mortality and three susceptibility indices (clearance rate, sand-burrowing speed and adductor muscle strength) under sufficient food conditions. Parasitization by sea spider affected clearance rate and sand-burrowing speed. The pattern of parasitic intensity effects on survival of Manila clam hosts was shown to be dependent on the levels of parasite numbers, i.e. clams with lower parasitic levels (total of <200 hatching larvae of sea spider given to a host) have a higher survival rate, and high mortality of host clams was shown in excessively higher parasitic densities (400–4000 individuals). Such pattern of parasitic effects on host survival might be one of the causes of mass mortality of Manila clams occurring in the field.
Host associations and turnover of haemosporidian parasites in manakins (Aves: Pipridae)
Authors: FECCHIO ALAN , SVENSSON-COELHO MARIA , BELL JEFFREY , ELLIS VINCENZO A. , MEDEIROS MATTHEW C. , TRISOS CHRISTOPHER H. , BLAKE JOHN G. , LOISELLE BETTE A. , TOBIAS JOSEPH A. , FANTI REBEKA , COFFEY ELYSE D. , DE FARIA IUBATÃ P. , PINHO JOÃO B. , FELIX GABRIEL , BRAGA ERIKA M. , ANCIÃES MARINA , TKACH VASYL , BATES JOHN , WITT CHRISTOPHER , WECKSTEIN JASON D. , RICKLEFS ROBERT E. , FARIAS IZENI P.
Published: March 2017

Parasites of the generaPlasmodiumandHaemoproteus(Apicomplexa: Haemosporida) are a diverse group of pathogens that infect birds nearly worldwide. Despite their ubiquity, the ecological and evolutionary factors that shape the diversity and distribution of these protozoan parasites among avian communities and geographic regions are poorly understood. Based on a survey throughout the Neotropics of the haemosporidian parasites infecting manakins (Pipridae), a family of Passerine birds endemic to this region, we asked whether host relatedness, ecological similarity and geographic proximity structure parasite turnover between manakin species and local manakin assemblages. We used molecular methods to screen 1343 individuals of 30 manakin species for the presence of parasites. We found no significant correlations between manakin parasite lineage turnover and both manakin species turnover and geographic distance. Climate differences, species turnover in the larger bird community and parasite lineage turnover in non-manakin hosts did not correlate with manakin parasite lineage turnover. We also found no evidence that manakin parasite lineage turnover among host species correlates with range overlap and genetic divergence among hosts. Our analyses indicate that host switching (turnover among host species) and dispersal (turnover among locations) of haemosporidian parasites in manakins are not constrained at this scale.
Landowners and Democracy
Authors: Albertus Michael
Published: March 2017

Are large landowners, especially those engaged in labor-dependent agriculture, detrimental to democratization and the subsequent survival of democracy? This assumption is at the heart of both canonical and recent influential work on regime transition and durability. Using an original panel data set on the extent of labor-dependent agriculture in countries across the world since 1930, the author finds that labor-dependent agriculture was indeed historically bad for democratic stability and stunted the extension of suffrage, parliamentary independence, and free and fair elections. However, the negative influence of labor-dependent agriculture on democracy started to turn positive around the time of democracy's third wave. The dual threats of land reform and costly domestic insurgencies in that period—often with more potent consequences under dictators—plausibly prompted landowners to push for democracy with strong horizontal constraints and favorable institutions that could protect their property more reliably over the long term than could dictatorship. The shift in support for democracy by labor-dependent landowners is a major untold story of democracy's third wave and helps explain the persistent democratic deficit in many new democracies.
Research into practice: Scaffolding learning processes to improve speaking performance
Authors: Goh Christine C. M.
Published: March 2017

This article is a personal view of the application of results from three areas of research that I believe are relevant to developing second language speaking in the classroom: task repetition, pre-task planning and communication strategies. I will discuss these three areas in terms of level of research application – where research is not applied well (task repetition), where it is reasonably well applied (pre-task planning), and where it may have been over-applied (communication strategies). For each area I briefly review the relevant research to highlight how teachers can potentially apply the research findings to scaffold learning processes in speaking. I will also suggest how much of the research is getting through to teachers and being taken up in day-to-day teaching of English. I draw mainly on my own extensive experience as a teacher educator for over 20 years working with pre-service English teachers of bilingual students in Singapore schools and in-service teachers attending professional development courses or pursuing Master's degree studies, as well as college English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers from the People's Republic of China receiving postgraduate teaching certification in English language teaching (ELT) and higher degree qualifications in my university each year. I will also include some observations about classroom practice based on a survey of selected course books.
The role of (un)awareness in SLA
Authors: Leow Ronald P. , Donatelli Lucia
Published: March 2017

The construct ‘awareness’ is undoubtedly one of the more difficult constructs to operationalize and measure in both second language acquisition (SLA) and non-SLA fields of research. Indeed, the multi-faceted nature of awareness is clearly exemplified in concepts that include perception, detection, and noticing, and also in type of learning or learning conditions (implicit, explicit, incidental, subliminal), type of consciousness (autonoetic, noetic, anoetic), and type of awareness (language, phenomenal, meta-cognitive, situational). Given this broad perspective, this article provides, from a psycholinguistic perspective, a timeline on the research that addresses the role of awareness or lack thereof in second/foreign language (L2) learning.
NONPARAMETRIC INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES AND REGULAR ESTIMATION
Authors: Hahn Jinyong , Liao Zhipeng
Published: March 2017

This paper investigates whether there can exist regular estimators in models characterized by nonparametric instrumental variable (NPIV). We show by a number of examples that regular estimation is impossible in general for nonlinear functionals.
Lotka–Volterra models with fractional diffusion
Authors: Alves Michele O. , Pimenta Marcos T. O. , Suárez Antonio
Published: March 2017

We study Lotka–Volterra models with fractional Laplacian. To do this we study in detail the logistic problem and show that the sub–supersolution method works for both the scalar problem and for systems. We apply this method to show the existence and non-existence of positive solutions in terms of the system parameters.
Rights, Indigeneity, and the Market of Rastafari
Authors: Lewis Jovan Scott
Published: March 2017

This article is concerned with the ways in which discourses of rights serve to destabilize indigenous logics when used for gains in the market. It does so through examining a Rastafarian tour group who uses their participation in the tourism market to challenge what they believe are infringed cultural property rights. As a means of commercially defending these rights, the group employs a discourse of indigeneity. In this process, they have gained partial recognition from the World Intellectual Property Organization and increasing acknowledgement from the Jamaican government. However, while the basis of indigeneity strongly supports the case of intellectual and cultural property rights, this recognition ultimately further identifies the group, and Rastafari in general, with Jamaica.
The interaction between parenting and children's cortisol reactivity at age 3 predicts increases in children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms at age 6
Authors: Barrios Chelsey S. , Bufferd Sara J. , Klein Daniel N. , Dougherty Lea R.
Published: March 2017

Little is known about the role of stress reactivity in the emergence of psychopathology across early childhood. In this longitudinal study, we tested the hypothesis that child cortisol reactivity at age 3 moderates associations between early parenting and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms from age 3 to age 6. One hundred and sixty children were assessed at age 3, and 135 children were reassessed at age 6. At age 3, we exposed children to stress-inducing laboratory tasks, during which we obtained four salivary cortisol samples, and parental hostility was assessed using an observational parent–child interaction task. At ages 3 and 6, child psychiatric symptoms were assessed using a clinical interview with parents. The results indicated that the combination of high child cortisol reactivity and high observed parental hostility at age 3 was associated with greater concurrent externalizing symptoms at age 3 and predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms from age 3 to age 6. Findings highlight that increased stress reactivity, within the context of hostile parenting, plays a role in the emergence of psychopathology from preschool to school entry.
Surprise Probabilities in Markov Chains
Authors: NORRIS JAMES , PERES YUVAL , ZHAI ALEX
Published: March 2017

In a Markov chain started at a statex, thehitting timeτ(y) is the first time that the chain reaches another statey. We study the probability$\mathbb{P}_x(\tau(y) = t)$that the first visit toyoccurs precisely at a given timet. Informally speaking, the event that a new state is visited at a large timetmay be considered a ‘surprise’. We prove the following three bounds.

•

In any Markov chain withnstates,$\mathbb{P}_x(\tau(y) = t) \le {n}/{t}$.

•

In a reversible chain withnstates,$\mathbb{P}_x(\tau(y) = t) \le {\sqrt{2n}}/{t}$ for $t \ge 4n + 4$.

•

For random walk on a simple graph withn≥ 2 vertices,$\mathbb{P}_x(\tau(y) = t) \le 4e \log(n)/t$.

We construct examples showing that these bounds are close to optimal. The main feature of our bounds is that they require very little knowledge of the structure of the Markov chain.

To prove the bound for random walk on graphs, we establish the following estimate conjectured by Aldous, Ding and Oveis-Gharan (private communication): for random walk on ann-vertex graph, for every initial vertexx,$$ \sum_y \biggl( \sup_{t \ge 0} p^t(x, y) \biggr) = O(\log n). $$
Parent reports of health-related quality of life and heart failure severity score independently predict outcome in children with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: den Boer Susanna L. , Baart Sara J. , van der Meulen Marijke H. , van Iperen Gabriëlle G. , Backx Ad P. , ten Harkel Arend D. , Rammeloo Lukas A. , du Marchie Sarvaas Gideon J. , Tanke Ronald B. , Helbing Willem A. , Utens Elisabeth M. , Dalinghaus Michiel
Published: March 2017

Background

Dilated cardiomyopathy in children causes heart failure and has a poor prognosis. Health-related quality of life in this patient group is unknown. Moreover, results may provide detailed information of parents’ sense of their child’s functioning. We hypothesised that health-related quality of life, as rated by parents, and the paediatric heart failure score, as assessed by physicians, have both predictive value on outcome.

Methods and results

In this prospective study, health-related quality of life was assessed by parent reports: the Infant Toddler Quality of Life questionnaire (0–4 years) or Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form 50 (4–18 years) at 3–6-month intervals. We included 90 children (median age 3.8 years, interquartile range (IQR) 0.9–12.3) whose parents completed 515 questionnaires. At the same visit, physicians completed the New York University Pediatric Heart Failure Index. Compared with Dutch normative data, quality of life was severely impaired at diagnosis (0–4 years: 7/10 subscales and 4–18 years: 8/11 subscales) and ⩾1 year after diagnosis (3/10 and 6/11 subscales). Older children were more impaired (p<0.05). After a median follow-up of 3 years (IQR 2–4), 15 patients underwent transplantation. Using multivariable time-dependent Cox regression, “physical functioning” subscale and the Heart Failure Index were independently predictive of the risk of death and heart transplantation (hazard ratio 1.24 per 10% decrease of predicted, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.47 and hazard ratio 1.38 per unit, 95% CI 1.19–1.61, respectively).

Conclusion

Physical impairment rated by parents and heart failure severity assessed by physicians independently predicted the risk of death or heart transplantation in children with dilated cardiomyopathy.
CATEGORICAL HARMONY AND PATH INDUCTION
Authors: WALSH PATRICK
Published: March 2017

This paper responds to recent work in the philosophy of Homotopy Type Theory by James Ladyman and Stuart Presnell. They consider one of the rules for identity, path induction, and justify it along ‘pre-mathematical’ lines. I give an alternate justification based on the philosophical framework of inferentialism. Accordingly, I construct a notion of harmony that allows the inferentialist to say when a connective or concept is meaning-bearing and this conception unifies most of the prominent conceptions of harmony through category theory. This categorical harmony is stated in terms of adjoints and says that any concept definable by iterated adjoints from general categorical operations is harmonious. Moreover, it has been shown that identity in a categorical setting is determined by an adjoint in the relevant way. Furthermore, path induction as a rule comes from this definition. Thus we arrive at an account of how path induction, as a rule of inference governing identity, can be justified on mathematically motivated grounds.
Modeling Permafrost's Role in the Global Carbon Cycle
Authors: Witman Sarah
Published: March 2017

A team of international scientists surveyed an array of Earth ecosystem models, recommending several ways to reduce uncertainties.
Key House Member Makes a Conservative's Case for Water Projects
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2017

The White House and Democrats want to see an infrastructure package move through Congress. One House subcommittee chairman intends to make sure that water resource projects are part of the plan.