bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anterior Chest Wall Pain in Recent Inflammatory Back Pain Suggestive of Spondyloarthritis. Data from the DESIR Cohort
Authors: Wendling Daniel , Prati Clément , Demattei Christophe , Loeuille Damien , Richette Pascal , Dougados Maxime
Published: May 2013

Objective.

To determine the prevalence of anterior chest wall (ACW) pain in patients with recent inflammatory back pain (IBP) suggestive of spondyloarthritis (SpA), and to investigate the influence of ACW pain on the overall features of these patients.

Methods.

The DESIR cohort is a prospective, multicenter French cohort of patients with early IBP suggestive of SpA, including 708 patients (mean age 33.8 yrs, 53.8% females, 57.3% HLA-B27-positive). ACW pain was defined by at least 1 episode of chest wall pain attributed to SpA by the rheumatologist, after ruling out other causes of chest pain. Data on the baseline demographic characteristics, functional status and quality of life, imaging features, bone mineral density, and blood tests were compared in patients with and those without ACW pain. Factors associated with ACW pain were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression).

Results.

The prevalence of ACW pain in the DESIR cohort (n = 316/708 patients) was 44.6% (95% CI 40.9–48.3). ACW pain occurred after the first symptoms of IBP in 62%. Localization was diffuse in 41% of the positive cases. A stepwise multivariate analysis found an association between ACW pain and the enthesitis score, involvement of thoracic spine, diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and radiographic abnormalities of sacroiliac joints.

Conclusion.

In recent IBP suggestive of SpA, presence of ACW pain is associated with enthesitis, thoracic spine involvement, radiographic sacroiliitis, diagnosis of AS, and with a more severe disease. ACW pain could be interpreted as a diagnostic feature for AS.
Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Ferraz-Amaro Iván , González-Gay Miguel A. , García-Dopico José A. , Díaz-González Federico
Published: May 2013

Objective.

To investigate how cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), one of the enzymes involved in the reverse cholesterol transfer, is expressed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its potential relationship with both dyslipidemia and the risk of cardiovascular mortality observed in these patients.

Methods.

Plasma CETP concentrations and CETP activity were measured in 101 patients with RA and 115 sex- and age-matched controls. A multivariable analysis adjusted for standard cardiovascular risk factors, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, was performed to evaluate the influence of CETP on dyslipidemia and cardiovascular mortality risk, as assessed by the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) risk function.

Results.

Patients with RA showed lower CETP activity [beta coefficient = −10.82 (95% CI −19.56 to 2.07) pmol/3 h; p = 0.02] and an inferior CETP mass [β = −0.85 (95% CI −1.64 to 0.05)μg/ml; p = 0.03] versus controls. Divided into those taking and those not taking glucocorticoids, patients taking glucocorticoids revealed lower CETP activity and mass [β = −8.98 (95% CI −14.55 to 3.41) pmol/3 h; p = 0.00, for CETP activity; and β = −0.77 (95% CI −1.46 to 0.08)μg/ml; p = 0.03, for CETP mass]. Patients with RA not taking glucocorticoids showed no differences versus controls in either CETP activity or mass. Both current prednisone intake [β = −16.14 (95% CI −24.87 to 7.41) pmol/3 h; p = 0.00] and average daily prednisone intake during the last 3 months [β = −0.36 (95% CI −0.54 to 0.18)μg/ml; p = 0.01] were strongly and inversely correlated with CETP activity and mass, respectively. CETP activity showed an inverse trend compared to SCORE risk, demonstrating that lower levels were effective predictors of total mortality when a higher SCORE risk was found [β = −4.7 (95% CI −9.3 to 0.02) pmol/3 h; p = 0.04] in patients with RA.

Conclusion.

CETP is downregulated in patients with RA who are taking glucocorticoids. Low CETP activity is associated with an increased level of cardiovascular risk in patients with RA.
Human IL-2 Mutein with Higher Antitumor Efficacy Than Wild Type IL-2
Authors: Carmenate Tania , Pacios Anabel , Enamorado Michel , Moreno Ernesto , Garcia-Martínez Karina , Fuente Dasha , León Kalet
Published: May 2013

IL-2 has been used for the treatment of melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, but this therapy has limited efficacy and severe toxicity. Currently, it is assumed that part of the limited efficacy is due to the IL-2–driven preferential expansion of regulatory T cells, which dampen the antitumor immunity. In this study, we characterize a human IL-2 mutant with higher antitumor efficacy and lower toxicity than wild type human IL-2 (wtIL-2). The mutant differs from wtIL-2 by four mutations at the interface with the α subunit of IL-2R. The IL-2 mutant induces in vitro proliferation of CD8+CD44hi and NK1.1 cells as efficiently as does wtIL-2, but it shows a reduced capacity to induce proliferation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. The IL-2 mutant shows a higher antimetastatic effect than does wtIL-2 in several transplantable tumor models: the experimental metastasis model of MB16F0 melanoma and the experimental and spontaneous metastasis models for the mouse pulmonary carcinoma 3LL-D1222. Relevantly, the IL-2 mutant also exhibits lower lung and liver toxicity than does wtIL-2 when used at high doses in mice. In silico simulations, using a calibrated mathematical model, predict that the properties of IL-2 mutein are a consequence of the reduction, of at least two orders of magnitude, in its affinity for the α subunit of IL-2R (CD25). The human IL-2 mutant described in the present work could be a good candidate for improving cancer therapy based on IL-2.
Assembly of the TLR2/6 Transmembrane Domains Is Essential for Activation and Is a Target for Prevention of Sepsis
Authors: Fink Avner , Reuven Eliran M. , Arnusch Christopher J. , Shmuel-Galia Liraz , Antonovsky Niv , Shai Yechiel
Published: May 2013

TLR2, together with TLR1 and TLR6, is essential for detecting lipopeptides and bacterial cell wall components such as lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we report that transmembrane domain (TMD)–derived peptides from TLR2 and TLR6 specifically inhibit TLR2 activation. Secretion of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by cultured macrophages (RAW264.7 cell line) was inhibited by these peptides in response to TLR2 activation by lipoteichoic acid (TLR2/6 activator) or palmitoyl (3)-Cys-Ser-Lys(4)-OH (TLR2/1 activator) but not by LPS (TLR4 activator). Extensive biophysical and biochemical assays, combined with GALLEX experiments, show that these peptides heterodimerize with their complementary TMDs on their reciprocal protein. These results suggest that TLR2/6/1 TMD assembly is essential for activating this complex. Importantly, when administered to mice inflicted by TLR2, but not TLR4-driven lethal inflammation, a selected peptide rescued 60% of these septic mice, showing potent in vivo inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 secretion. Furthermore, this peptide also showed high protection in a whole bacteria model. Owing to the importance of TLR2 regulation under a variety of pathological conditions, compounds that can fine-tune this activity are of great importance.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Is a Human and Murine Neutrophil Chemorepellent
Authors: Herlihy Sarah E. , Pilling Darrell , Maharjan Anu S. , Gomer Richard H.
Published: May 2013

In Dictyostelium discoideum, AprA is a secreted protein that inhibits proliferation and causes chemorepulsion of Dictyostelium cells, yet AprA has little sequence similarity to any human proteins. We found that a predicted structure of AprA has similarity to human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). DPPIV is a serine protease present in extracellular fluids that cleaves peptides with a proline or alanine in the second position. In Insall chambers, DPPIV gradients below, similar to, and above the human serum DPPIV concentration cause movement of human neutrophils away from the higher concentration of DPPIV. A 1% DPPIV concentration difference between the front and back of the cell is sufficient to cause chemorepulsion. Neutrophil speed and viability are unaffected by DPPIV. DPPIV inhibitors block DPPIV-mediated chemorepulsion. In a murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome, aspirated bleomycin induces a significant increase in the number of neutrophils in the lungs after 3 d. Oropharyngeal aspiration of DPPIV inhibits the bleomycin-induced accumulation of mouse neutrophils. These results indicate that DPPIV functions as a chemorepellent of human and mouse neutrophils, and they suggest new mechanisms to inhibit neutrophil accumulation in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Canonical and Noncanonical Wnt Proteins Program Dendritic Cell Responses for Tolerance
Authors: Oderup Cecilia , LaJevic Melissa , Butcher Eugene C.
Published: May 2013

Ag-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) interpret environmental signals to orchestrate local and systemic immune responses. They govern the balance between tolerance and inflammation at epithelial surfaces, where the immune system must provide robust pathogen responses while maintaining tolerance to commensal flora and food Ags. The Wnt family of secreted proteins, which control epithelial and hematopoietic development and homeostasis, is emerging as an important regulator of inflammation. In this study, we show that canonical and noncanonical Wnts directly stimulate murine DC production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Wnt3A triggers canonical β-catenin signaling and preferentially induces DC TGF-β and VEGF production, whereas Wnt5A induces IL-10 through alternative pathways. The Wnts also alter DC responses to microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine induction in response to TLR ligands and promoting DC generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Moreover, although both Wnts suppress proinflammatory responses to bacterial endotoxin and to TLR1/2, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands, Wnt5A, but not Wnt3A, inhibits IL-6 production in response to the viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Thus, Wnt family members directly and differentially regulate DC functions, an ability that may contribute to the balance between tolerance and inflammation at epithelial sites of exposure to microbes and environmental Ags.
CD11chighCD8+ Regulatory T Cell Feedback Inhibits CD4 T Cell Immune Response via Fas Ligand–Fas Pathway
Authors: Chen Zhubo , Han Yanmei , Gu Yan , Liu Yanfang , Jiang Zhengping , Zhang Minghui , Cao Xuetao
Published: May 2013

Regulatory T cells can restrict the uncontrolled immune response and inflammation, avoiding pathologic immune injury to the host and thus playing important roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Until recently, many subsets of CD4 and CD8 regulatory T cells have been reported. In this study, we identified CD11chighCD8+ T cells as a new subset of CD8+ regulatory T cells. During Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus infection, two subsets of CD8 T cells were classified according to the expression level of CD11c, including CD11clowCD8+ and CD11chighCD8+ T cells. CD11clowCD8+ T cells, existing during the whole period of infection, act as conventional activated T cells to kill target cells in a perforin-dependent manner. Interestingly, CD11chighCD8+ T cells appeared only at a late stage of infection, expressed relatively high CD122 and low CD69, did not secrete IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β, and exhibited much more potent cytotoxicity against target cells via Fas ligand–Fas pathway in an Ag-independent manner. Ligation of CD11c was important in the cytotoxicity of CD11chighCD8+ T cells. Furthermore, CD11chighCD8+ T cells could directly kill the activated CD4 T cells both in vitro and in vivo, whereas CD11clowCD8+ T cells could not. Thus, we identified an infection-induced new subset of CD11chighCD8+ regulatory T cells, which might contribute to protect host from pathological immune injure. Our results indicate that CD11c+CD8+ T cells are constitute a heterogeneous population that can be divided further into regulatory CD11chighCD8+ T cell subset and effector CD11clowCD8+ T cell subset, thus adding insight to the role of CD8 T cells in immune response and regulation.
Accelerated Turnover of MHC Class II Molecules in Nonobese Diabetic Mice Is Developmentally and Environmentally Regulated In Vivo and Dispensable for Autoimmunity
Authors: De Riva Alessandra , Varley Mark C. , Bluck Leslie J. , Cooke Anne , Deery Michael J. , Busch Robert
Published: May 2013

The H2-Ag7 (Ag7) MHC class II (MHCII) allele is required for type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice. Ag7 not only has a unique peptide-binding profile, it was reported to exhibit biochemical defects, including accelerated protein turnover. Such defects were proposed to impair Ag presentation and, thus, self-tolerance. Here, we report measurements of MHCII protein synthesis and turnover in vivo. NOD mice and BALB/c controls were labeled continuously with heavy water, and splenic B cells and dendritic cells were isolated. MHCII molecules were immunoprecipitated and digested with trypsin. Digests were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to quantify the fraction of newly synthesized MHCII molecules and, thus, turnover. MHCII turnover was faster in dendritic cells than in B cells, varying slightly between mouse strains. Some Ag7 molecules exhibited accelerated turnover in B cells from young, but not older, prediabetic female NOD mice. This acceleration was not detected in a second NOD colony with a high incidence of T1D. Turnover rates of Ag7 and H2-Ad were indistinguishable in (NOD × BALB/c) F1 mice. In conclusion, accelerated MHCII turnover may occur in NOD mice, but it reflects environmental and developmental regulation, rather than a structural deficit of the Ag7 allele. Moreover, this phenotype wanes before the onset of overt T1D and is dispensable for the development of autoimmune diabetes. Our observations highlight the importance of in vivo studies in understanding the role of protein turnover in genotype/phenotype relationships and offer a novel approach for addressing this fundamental research challenge.
Comparison of the COBAS/Ampliprep Taqman and Amplicor HIV-1 monitor tests in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Amoo Oluemi S. , Taiwo Idowu A. , Salu Olumuyiwa O. , Okwuraiwe Azuka P. , Onwuamah Chika K. , Awe Morenike A. , Oforomeh Osaga O. , Onwujekwe Daniel I. , Ezechi Oliver C. , Ajuma Audu R.
Published: May 2013

Background: The use of real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology options is increasing in resource-limited settings because they are faster, improve assay sensitivity,have higher throughput, larger dynamic ranges and reduced rates of contamination. In 2010, UNAIDS ranked Nigeria as the second highest population of people living with HIV and AIDS (2.98 million people) in the world.Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the analytical performances of the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (version 1.5) and the COBAS Ampliprep/Taqman (version 2.0) usedin monitoring HIV disease progression in HIV-infected individuals.Method: In a cross-sectional study, HIV-1 RNA values obtained with the Amplicor HIV-1 monitor version 1.5 were compared with those of the COBAS/Ampliprep TaqMan HIV-1version 2.0 in a routine clinical setting. Between May and November 2011, 176 plasma samples collected were analysed in parallel using both techniques. Data analysis was done using statgraphics Centurion XVI and Medcalc version 12.0.Result: The correlation coefficient for the two assays was 0.83 and the level of agreement using a Bland–Altman plot was 94.2%.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the results from the two methods were comparable, hence the COBAS/Ampliprep Taqman version 2.0 is recommended for high-volume laboratories.
Non-adherence to diet and exercise recommendations amongst patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending Extension II Clinic in Botswana
Authors: Ganiyu Adewale B. , Mabuza Langalibalele H. , Malete Nomsa H. , Govender Indiran , Ogunbanjo Gboyega A.
Published: May 2013

Background: Patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Extension II Clinic in Botswana have difficulty in adhering to the lifestyle modifications recommended by healthcare practitioners. Poor adherence to lifestyle recommendations leads to poor control of the condition and consequently to complications.Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine reasons for poor adherence to lifestyle recommendations amongst the patients. The objectives were to determine: reasons for pooradherence to dietary requirements, exercise recommendations, the support they had in adhering to the recommendations, and their understanding of the role of dietary and exercise requirements in the management of their condition.Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample comprised of 105 participants. Data on participants’ baseline characteristics and adherence to dietary and exercise habits were analysed using the SPSS 14.0 version.Results: The sample of 104 participants comprised of 61 (58.7%) women. The rates of nonadherence to diet and exercise were 37% and 52% respectively. The main reasons for nonadherence to diet were: poor self-discipline (63.4%); lack of information (33.3%) and thetendency to eat out (31.7%). The main reasons for non-adherence to exercise were: lack of information (65.7%); the perception that exercise exacerbated their illness (57.6%) and lack of an exercise partner (24.0%).Conclusion: There was a relatively high rate of non-adherence to both diet and exercise recommendations by patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus at Extension II Clinic,Botswana, with non-adherence to exercise recommendations more common.
The nutritional status of Grade 1 pupils, in Bloemfontein, South Africa and its association with socio-demographic data
Authors: Brits Hanneke , Augustyn Riana , Bezuidenhout Elzette , Cillie Marisa , Vuuren Roelof J.v. , Joubert Gina
Published: May 2013

Background: Despite the fact that UNICEF declared freedom from hunger and malnutrition abasic human right in 1948, more than 20 million children were severely malnourished in 2010 and a further 170 million were stunted. Malnutrition attributes to > 50% of child deaths by potentiating infectious diseases.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the extent of malnutrition in Grade 1 pupils in public sector schools in Bloemfontein. An objective of the study was to identify relationships between socio-economic parameters and malnutrition.Method: Grade 1 pupils from ten public schools in Bloemfontein, selected from a random table, were included in the study. Their parents/caregivers gave informed consent and completed a questionnaire regarding baseline characteristics and feeding practices at home.The children were then weighed and measured, and the 2007 WHO Growth Reference forschool-aged children and adolescents used as reference.Results: A total of 187 children were included in the study. The combination of underweight, wasting and stunting gave an 18% prevalence of malnutrition in this study. A BMI of less than the fifth percentile occurred in 27% of the pupils. Factors positively associated withmalnutrition included: Absence of a fridge and/or running water in the house and loweducation and/or unemployment of parents. Illness in the previous month was reported by 41% of the malnourished children.Conclusion: As socio-economic factors that contribute to malnutrition are now known, teachers will be able to identify and refer children with or at risk of malnutrition and indirectly decrease child mortality.
The ability of health promoters to deliver group diabetes education in South African primary care
Authors: Botes Anna S. , Majikela-Dlangamandla Buyelwa , Mash Robert
Published: May 2013

Background: Diabetes makes a significant contribution to the burden of disease in South Africa.This study assesses a group diabetes education programme using motivational interviewingin public sector health centres serving low socio-economic communities in Cape Town.The programme was delivered by mid-level health promotion officers (HPOs).Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the experience of the HPOs and to observetheir fidelity to the educational programme.Methods: Three focus group interviews were held with the 14 HPOs who delivered theeducational programme in 17 health centres. Thirty-three sessions were observed directly andthe audio tapes were analysed using the motivational interviewing (MI) integrity code.Results: The HPOs felt confident in their ability to deliver group education after receiving thetraining. They reported a significant shift in their communication style and skills. They feltthe new approach was feasible and better than before. The resource material was found to berelevant, understandable and useful. The HPOs struggled with poor patient attendance and alack of suitable space at the facilities. They delivered the majority of the content and achievedbeginning-level proficiency in the MI guiding style of communication and the use of openquestions. The HPOs did not demonstrate proficiency in active listening and continued to offersome unsolicited advice.Conclusion: The HPOs demonstrated their potential to deliver group diabetes education despiteissues that should be addressed in future training and the district health services. Thefindings will help with the interpretation of results from a randomised controlled trial evaluatingthe effectiveness of the education.
Effects of internal mixing and aggregate morphology on optical properties of black carbon using a discrete dipole approximation model
Authors: Scarnato B. V. , Vahidinia S. , Richard D. T. , Kirchstetter T. W.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. According to recent studies, internal mixing of black carbon (BC) with other aerosol materials in the atmosphere alters its aggregate shape, absorption of solar radiation, and radiative forcing. These mixing state effects are not yet fully understood. In this study, we characterize the morphology and mixing state of bare BC and BC internally mixed with sodium chloride (NaCl) using electron microscopy and examine the sensitivity of optical properties to BC mixing state and aggregate morphology using a discrete dipole approximation model (DDSCAT). DDSCAT is flexible in simulating the geometry and refractive index of particle aggregates. DDSCAT predicts a higher mass absorption coefficient (MAC), lower single scattering albedo (SSA), and higher absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) for bare BC aggregates that are lacy rather than compact. Predicted values of SSA at 550 nm range between 0.16 and 0.27 for lacy and compact aggregates, respectively, in agreement with reported experimental values of 0.25 ± 0.05. The variation in absorption with wavelength does not adhere precisely to a power law relationship over the 200 to 1000 nm range. Consequently, AAE values depend on the wavelength region over which they are computed. The MAC of BC (averaged over the 200–1000 nm range) is amplified when internally mixed with NaCl (100–300 nm in radius) by factors ranging from 1.0 for lacy BC aggregates partially immersed in NaCl to 2.2 for compact BC aggregates fully immersed in NaCl. The SSA of BC internally mixed with NaCl is higher than for bare BC and increases with the embedding in the NaCl. Internally mixed BC SSA values decrease in the 200–400 nm wavelength range, a feature also common to the optical properties of dust and organics. Linear polarization features are also predicted in DDSCAT and are dependent on particle size and morphology. This study shows that DDSCAT predicts complex morphology and mixing state dependent aerosol optical properties that have been reported previously and are relevant to radiative transfer, climate modeling, and interpretation of remote sensing measurements.
Using ocean-glint scattered sunlight as a diagnostic tool for satellite remote sensing of greenhouse gases
Authors: Butz A. , Guerlet S. , Hasekamp O. P. , Kuze A. , Suto H.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Spectroscopic measurements of sunlight backscattered by the Earth's surface is a technique widely used for remote sensing of atmospheric constituent concentrations from space. Thereby, remote sensing of greenhouse gases poses particularly challenging accuracy requirements for instrumentation and retrieval algorithms which, in general, suffer from various error sources. Here, we investigate a method that helps disentangle sources of error for observations of sunlight backscattered from the glint spot on the ocean surface. The method exploits the backscattering characteristics of the ocean surface which is bright for glint geometry but dark for off-glint angles. This property allows for identifying a set of clean scenes where light scattering due to particles in the atmosphere is negligible such that uncertain knowledge of the lightpath can be excluded as a source of error. We apply the method to more than 3 yr of ocean-glint measurements by the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) onboard the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) which aims at measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations. The proposed method is able to clearly monitor recent improvements in the instrument calibration of the oxygen (O2) A-band channel and suggests some residual uncertainty in our knowledge about the instrument. We further assess the consistency of CO2 retrievals from several absorption bands between 6400 cm−1 (1565 nm) and 4800 cm−1 (2100 nm) and find that the absorption bands commonly used for monitoring of CO2 dry air mole fractions from GOSAT allow for consistency better than 1.5 ppm. Usage of other bands reveals significant inconsistency among retrieved CO2 concentrations pointing at inconsistency of spectroscopic parameters.
Asynchronism in leaf and wood production in tropical forests: a study combining satellite and ground-based measurements
Authors: Wagner F. , Rossi V. , Stahl C. , Bonal D. , Hérault B.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The fixation of carbon in tropical forests mainly occurs through the production of wood and leaves, both being the principal components of net primary production. Currently field and satellite observations are independently used to describe the forest carbon cycle, but the link between satellite-derived forest phenology and field-derived forest productivity remains opaque. We used a unique combination of a MODIS EVI dataset, a climate-explicit wood production model and direct litterfall observations at an intra-annual time scale in order to question the synchronism of leaf and wood production in tropical forests. Even though leaf and wood biomass fluxes had the same range (respectively 2.4 ± 1.4 Mg C ha−1yr−1 and 2.2 ± 0.4 Mg C ha−1yr−1), they occured separately in time. EVI increased with the magnitude of leaf renewal at the beginning of the dry season when solar irradiance was at its maximum. At this time, wood production stopped. At the onset of the rainy season when new leaves were fully mature and water available again, wood production quickly increased to reach its maximum in less than a month, reflecting a change in carbon allocation from short lived pools (leaves) to long lived pools (wood). The time lag between peaks of EVI and wood production (109 days) revealed a substantial decoupling between the irradiance-driven leaf renewal and the water-driven wood production. Our work is a first attempt to link EVI data, wood production and leaf phenology at a seasonal time scale in a tropical evergreen rainforest and pave the way to develop more sophisticated global carbon cycle models in tropical forests.
DETECTION OF PLANAR POINTS FOR BUILDING EXTRACTION FROM LIDAR DATA BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL MORPHOLOGICAL AND ATTRIBUTE PROFILES
Authors: Mongus D. , Lukač N. , Obrul D. , Žalik B.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. This paper considers a new method for building-extraction from LiDAR data. This method uses multi-scale levelling schema or MSLS-segmentation based on differential morphological profiles for removing non-building points from LiDAR data during the data denoising step. A new morphological algorithm is proposed for the detection of flat regions and obtaining a set of building-candidates. This binarisation step is made by using differential attribute profiles based on the sum of the second-order morphological gradients. Any distinction between flat and rough surfaces is achieved by area-opening, as applied within each attribute-zone. Thus, the detection of the flat regions is essentially based on the average gradient contained within a region, whilst avoiding subtractive filtering rule. Finally, the shapes of the flat-regions are considered during the building-recognition step. A binary shape-compactness attribute opening is used for this purpose. The efficiency of the proposed method was demonstrated on three test LiDAR datasets containing buildings of different sizes, shapes, and structures. As shown by the experiments, the average quality of the buildings-extraction was more than 95 %, with 96 % correctness, and 98 % completeness. In terms of quality, this method is comparable with TerraScan®, but both methods significantly differ when comparing correctness and completeness of the results.
SEQUENTIAL MODELLING OF BUILDING ROOFTOPS BY INTEGRATING AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA AND OPTICAL IMAGERY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Sohn G. , Jung J. , Jwa Y. , Armenakis C.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. This paper presents a sequential rooftop modelling method to refine initial rooftop models derived from airborne LiDAR data by integrating it with linear cues retrieved from single imagery. A cue integration between two datasets is facilitated by creating new topological features connecting between the initial model and image lines, with which new model hypotheses (variances to the initial model) are produced. We adopt Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle for competing the model candidates and selecting the optimal model by considering the balanced trade-off between the model closeness and the model complexity. Our preliminary results, combined with the Vaihingen data provided by ISPRS WGIII/4 demonstrate the image-driven modelling cues can compensate the limitations posed by LiDAR data in rooftop modelling.
Transitioning from CRD to CDRD in Bayesian retrieval of rainfall from satellite passive microwave measurements: Part 3 – Identification of optimal meteorological tags
Authors: Smith E. A. , Leung H. W.-Y. , Elsner J. B. , Mehta A. V. , Tripoli G. J. , Casella D. , Dietrich S. , Mugnai A. , Panegrossi G. , Sanò P.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. In the first two parts of this study we have presented a performance analysis of our new Cloud Dynamics and Radiation Database (CDRD) satellite precipitation retrieval algorithm on various convective and stratiform rainfall case studies verified with precision radar ground truth data, and an exposition of the algorithm's detailed design in conjunction with a proof-of-concept analysis vis-à-vis its theoretical underpinnings. In this third part of the study, we present the underlying analysis used to identify what we refer to as the optimal metrological and geophysical tags, which are the optimally effective atmospheric and geographic parameters that are used to refine the selection of candidate microphysical profiles used for the Bayesian retrieval. These tags enable extending beyond the conventional Cloud Radiation Database (CRD) algorithm by invoking meteorological-geophysical guidance, drawn from a simulated database, which affect and are in congruence with the observed precipitation states. This is guidance beyond the restrictive control provided by only simulated radiative transfer equation (RTE) model-derived database brightness temperature (TB) vector proximity information in seeking to relate physically consistent precipitation profile solutions to individual satellite-observed TB vectors. The first two parts of the study have rigorously demonstrated that the optimal tags effectively mitigate against solution ambiguity, where use of only a CRD framework (TB guidance only) leads to pervasive non-uniqueness problems in finding rainfall solutions. Alternatively, a CDRD framework (TB + tag guidance) mitigates against non-uniqueness problems through improved constraints. It remains to show how these optimal tags are identified. By use of three statistical analysis procedures applied to a database from 120 North American atmospheric simulations of precipitating storms (independent of the 60 simulations for the European-Mediterranean basin region used in the Parts 1 and 2 studies), we examine 25 separate dynamical-thermodynamical-hydrological (DST) and geophysical parameters for their relationships to rainfall variables – specifically, surface rain rate and columnar liquid/ice/total water paths of precipitating hydrometeors. The analysis identifies seven optimal parameter tags which exceed all others in the strengths of their correlations to the precipitation variables but also have observational counterparts in the operational global forecast model outputs. The seven optimal tags are (1 and 2) vertical velocities at 700 and 500 hPa; (3) equivalent potential temperature at surface; (4) convective available potential energy; (5) moisture flux 50 hPa above surface; (6) freezing level height; and (7) terrain height, i.e., surface height.
Analysis of extreme summers and prior late winter/spring conditions in central Europe
Authors: Träger-Chatterjee C. , Müller R. W. , Bendix J.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Drought and heat waves during summer in mid-latitudes are a serious threat to human health and agriculture and have negative impacts on the infrastructure, such as problems in energy supply. The appearance of such extreme events is expected to increase with the progress of global warming. A better understanding of the development of extremely hot and dry summers and the identification of possible precursors could help improve existing seasonal forecasts in this regard, and could possibly lead to the development of early warning methods. The development of extremely hot and dry summer seasons in central Europe is attributed to a combined effect of the dominance of anticyclonic weather regimes and soil moisture–atmosphere interactions. The atmospheric circulation largely determines the amount of solar irradiation and the amount of precipitation in an area. These two variables are themselves major factors controlling the soil moisture. Thus, solar irradiation and precipitation are used as proxies to analyse extreme sunny and dry late winter/spring and summer seasons for the period 1958–2011 in Germany and adjacent areas. For this purpose, solar irradiation data from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast 40-yr and interim re-analysis dataset, as well as remote sensing data are used. Precipitation data are taken from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project. To analyse the atmospheric circulation geopotential data at 850 hPa are also taken from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast 40-yr and interim re-analysis datasets. For the years in which extreme summers in terms of high solar irradiation and low precipitation are identified, the previous late winter/spring conditions of solar irradiation and precipitation in Germany and adjacent areas are analysed. Results show that if the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is not very intensely developed, extremely high solar irradiation amounts, together with extremely low precipitation amounts during late winter/spring, might serve as precursor of extremely sunny and dry summer months to be expected.
Neural Precursor Cells Cultured at Physiologically Relevant Oxygen Tensions Have a Survival Advantage Following Transplantation
Authors: Stacpoole Sybil R.L. , Webber Daniel J. , Bilican Bilada , Compston Alastair , Chandran Siddharthan , Franklin Robin J.M.
Published: May 2013

Traditionally, in vitro stem cell systems have used oxygen tensions that are far removed from the in vivo situation. This is particularly true for the central nervous system, where oxygen (O2) levels range from 8% at the pia to 0.5% in the midbrain, whereas cells are usually cultured in a 20% O2 environment. Cell transplantation strategies therefore typically introduce a stress challenge at the time of transplantation as the cells are switched from 20% to 3% O2 (the average in adult organs). We have modeled the oxygen stress that occurs during transplantation, demonstrating that in vitro transfer of neonatal rat cortical neural precursor cells (NPCs) from a 20% to a 3% O2 environment results in significant cell death, whereas maintenance at 3% O2 is protective. This survival benefit translates to the in vivo environment, where culture of NPCs at 3% rather than 20% O2 approximately doubles survival in the immediate post-transplantation phase. Furthermore, NPC fate is affected by culture at low, physiological O2 tensions (3%), with particularly marked effects on the oligodendrocyte lineage, both in vitro and in vivo. We propose that careful consideration of physiological oxygen environments, and particularly changes in oxygen tension, has relevance for the practical approaches to cellular therapies.
Perspectives on Stem Cell-Based Elastic Matrix Regenerative Therapies for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Bashur Chris A. , Rao Raj R. , Ramamurthi Anand
Published: May 2013

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are potentially fatal conditions that are characterized by decreased flexibility of the aortic wall due to proteolytic loss of the structural matrix. This leads to their gradual weakening and ultimate rupture. Drug-based inhibition of proteolytic enzymes may provide a nonsurgical treatment alternative for growing AAAs, although it might at best be sufficient to slow their growth. Regenerative repair of disrupted elastic matrix is required if regression of AAAs to a healthy state is to be achieved. Terminally differentiated adult and diseased vascular cells are poorly capable of affecting such regenerative repair. In this context, stem cells and their smooth muscle cell-like derivatives may represent alternate cell sources for regenerative AAA cell therapies. This article examines the pros and cons of using different autologous stem cell sources for AAA therapy, the requirements they must fulfill to provide therapeutic benefit, and the current progress toward characterizing the cells' ability to synthesize elastin, assemble elastic matrix structures, and influence the regenerative potential of diseased vascular cell types. The article also provides a detailed perspective on the limitations, uncertainties, and challenges that will need to be overcome or circumvented to translate current strategies for stem cell use into clinically viable AAA therapies. These therapies will provide a much needed nonsurgical treatment option for the rapidly growing, high-risk, and vulnerable elderly demographic.
O tutu da Bahia: transição conservadora e formação da nação, 1838-1850
Authors: Oliveira de Araújo Dilton
Published: May 2013

Desvendar aspectos obscuros da história política da bahia e do brasil, entre 1838 e 1850, período em que a nação brasileira adquiria seus contornos definitivos, baldados os esforços dos rebeldes para fazer valer as suas propostas de organização política e de reformas econômicas e sociais. ao final da década de 1830, os rebeldes baianos sofreram uma grave derrota das forças oficiais, tendo início uma fase que, apesar de não ter sido marcada pela ocorrência de novas rebeliões, caracterizou-se pela atuação continuada de uma imprensa democrática e republicana, e pelas constantes ameaças de conflagração que, diversamente do período anterior, não encontraram o ambiente político propício para a sua plena manifestação, mas provocaram temores que se constituíram em componente importante da realidade política, social e cultural do período.
O poder da cultura e a cultura do poder: a disputa simbólica da herança cultural negra no Brasil
Authors: Teles dos Santos Jocélio
Published: May 2013

O livro discute as políticas públicas na área de cultura, no período dos anos 60 aos anos 90, demonstrando como os símbolos afro-brasileiros foram sendo ressignificados, a partir do estabelecimento de novas demandas, seja pela política institucional ou pelos movimentos negros. Trata-se de um estudo pioneiro, principalmente quando analisadas a dinâmica da sociedade brasileira e as mudanças na adoção da simbologia de origem africana por distintos atores sociais.
Manual básico para atendimento ambulatorial em nutrição
Authors: Barreto Villela Nilze , Rocha Raquel
Published: May 2013

Trabalho educativo e esclarecedor acerca das mais variadas distorções alimentares que levam o indivíduo ao desequilíbrio nutricional. Foi elaborado com a finalidade de proporcionar melhoria no atendimento dos ambulatórios de nutrição, auxiliando não somente o entendimento das instruções fornecidas aos pacientes ou a seu cuidador, mas aos discentes (profissionais em formação) e outros profissionais da área da saúde. Obra de amplo interesse para a sociedade em gera
Deus ou seja a natureza: Spinoza e os novos paradigmas da física
Authors: Leon Ponczek Roberto
Published: May 2013

Livro do Prof. Roberto Leon Ponczek, que descreve a imensa influência que o filósofo judeu de origem portuguesa Baruch Spinoza exerceu sobre Albert Einstein.
Cultura negra em tempos pós-modernos
Authors: Aurélio Luz Marco
Published: May 2013

Reúne artigos e ensaios abordando o significado dos processos culturais das tradições africanas nas Américas, na atualidade.
Comida: prazeres, gozos e transgressões
Authors: Bulcão Nascimento Angelina
Published: May 2013

Neste livro a autora enfoca vários aspectos que se entrelaçam, para que o objetivo de ampliar a questão da alimentação para além da nutrição, seja alcançado. Este é um livro que, pela originalidade de seu enforque, pelo cuidado na pesquisa dentro de uma área que, afinal, atinge a todos, não pode deixar de despertar grande interesse. E de ensinar a ver aspectos da realidade em que as pessoas estão imersas e, por isso, cegas para eles. É uma leitura proveitosa, enriquecedora, erudita e, em grande parte - o que parece cada vez mais raro - despretensiosamente divertida.
Modelo de atenção a saúde: promoção, vigilância e saúde da família
Authors: Fontes Teixeira Carmen , Pereira Solla Jorge
Published: May 2013

Título discute a implementação de idéias que visam modificar a estrutura do sistema público de saúde, de forma a torná-lo mais humano e acessível para a população. Os autores reuniram os seus mais importantes textos sobre o tema, e publicam neste livro como mais um tentativa de mudança no modelo de atenção dado a saúde pública.
A Petrobrás e a gestão do território no Recôncavo Baiano
Authors: Brito Cristóvão
Published: May 2013

Estudo de geografia regional histórica que investiga o universo político, social, econômico, técnico-produtivo e espacial do Recôncavo Baiano em dois períodos: 1930 até meados de 1950 e a partir daí até o ano 2000. Parte do princípio da ressignificação do conceito de território para examinar a situação do Recôncavo pré-Petrobras e depois do impacto produzido com a sua introdução e expansão. Observa a atuação dos vários atores sociais no cenário territorial estudado.
Um rigor outro sobre a qualidade na pesquisa qualitativa: educação e ciências humanas
Authors: Sidnei Macedo Roberto , Galef Dante , Pimentel Álamo
Published: May 2013

A obra trata da importância da vivência diária na pesquisa acadêmica. Sua abordagem crítica é direta e mostra de forma prática a eficiência da pesquisa a partir das experiências vividas pelo pesquisado
A New Phase Boundary in (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3−BaTiO3 Revealed via a Novel Method of Electron Diffraction Analysis
Authors: Ma Cheng , Guo Hanzheng , Tan Xiaoli
Published: May 2013

A new phase boundary is revealed in (1–x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3−xBaTiO3, the most extensively studied lead‐free piezoelectric solid solution. This discovery results from a novel method of electron diffraction analysis, which allows the precise determination of oxygen octahedra tilting in multi‐domain perovskite ferroelectrics. The study using this method supports the recently proposed Cc symmetry for pure (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3, and, more importantly, indicates the crystal structure evolves into the R3c symmetry with the addition of BaTiO3, forming a Cc/R3c phase boundary at x = 3–4%. In the poling field Epol versus composition x phase diagram for polycrystalline ceramics, this phase boundary exists with Epol below 5.5 kV mm−1; the Cc phase is transformed to the R3c phase during poling at higher fields. The results reported here provide the microstructural origin for the previously unexplained strain behavior and clarify the low‐BaTiO3‐content phase relationship in this popular lead‐free piezoelectric system.
Intraphase Microstructure–Understanding the Impact on Organic Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Scholes Fiona H. , Ehlig Tino , James Michael , Lee Kwan H. , Duffy Noel , Scully Andrew D. , Singh T. Birenda , Winzenberg Kevin N. , Kemppinen Pete , Watkins Scott E.
Published: May 2013

A comprehensive study of the effect of intraphase microstructure on organic photovoltaic (OPV) device performance is undertaken. Utilizing a bilayer device architecture, a small molecule donor (TIPS‐DBC) is deposited by both spin‐coating and by thermal evaporation in vacuum. The devices are then completed by thermal evaporation of C60, an exciton blocking layer and the cathode. This bilayer approach enables a direct comparison of device performance for donor layers in which the same material exhibits subtle differences in microstructure. The electrical performance is shown to differ considerably for the two devices. The bulk and interfacial properties of the donor layers are compared by examination with photoelectron spectroscopy in air (PESA), optical absorption spectroscopy, charge extraction of photo‐generated charge carriers by linearly increasing voltage (photo‐CELIV), time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements, X‐ray reflectometry (XR), and analysis of dark current behavior. The observed differences in device performance are shown to be influenced by changes to energy levels and charge transport properties resulting from differences in the microstructure of the donor layers. Importantly, this work demonstrates that in addition to the donor/acceptor microstructure, the intraphase microstructure can influence critical parameters and can therefore have a significant impact on OPV performance.
Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothiazoles by Visible Light‐Driven Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Yu Chunghyeon , Lee Kyungyub , You Youngmin , Cho Eun Jin
Published: May 2013

An efficient method for synthesis of the widely applicable 2‐substituted benzothiazoles has been developed. The process requires only 0.1 mol% [Ru(bpy)3Cl2], O2, and visible light irradiation with substrates: 2‐aminothiophenol and a variety of aldehydes. We established an oxidative quenching of the photoredox catalyst as being the key process in this photoelectrocatalytic cycle.