bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of AI in MSMEs and Its Impact on Financial Performance and Business Sustainability
Authors: Bhalla Neba
Published: January 2025

The book chapter is a deep dive into the revolutionary impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on many small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) elements. Through a series of case studies, it examines how AI-driven solutions are not just transforming but revolutionizing critical areas of the SME sector, including credit scoring, inventory management, marketing campaigns, and fraud detection. It's not a question of if SMEs should adopt AI, but when and how. The chapter delves into the practical application of automated credit scoring for small firms. It showcases how AI algorithms can efficiently analyze large datasets to quickly and accurately assess creditworthiness, thereby enabling SMEs to easily access crucial financial resources. Shifting the focus to retail, the chapter explores AI-powered inventory management systems, illustrating how machine learning algorithms can optimize stock levels, reduce costs, and enhance customer satisfaction by ensuring products are always available when needed. The chapter also explores personalized marketing campaigns for e-commerce SMEs, illustrating how AI algorithms can analyze customer behavior and preferences to create targeted and effective marketing strategies, leading to increased sales and engagement. Lastly, the chapter addresses the critical issue of fraud detection and prevention in financial services SMEs. It demonstrates how advanced AI technologies, such as anomaly detection and predictive analytics, can quickly identify fraudulent activities, safeguarding businesses and customers. Through these compelling case studies, the chapter underscores the immense potential of AI in empowering SMEs to achieve operational efficiency, financial stability, and competitive advantage in the ever-evolving business landscape. However, it's important to consider the ethical implications of using AI in SMEs. These include specific ethical implications, which need to be carefully addressed. This reiteration of AI's potential serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative role it can play in the success of SMEs but also highlights the need for a responsible and ethical approach to its adoption.
Future of Language Learning
Authors: Sikhwari Matodzi , Thenga Nwakwana Emily
Published: January 2025

The mission of this proposed book chapter is to explore how historical theories of language learning can be effectively integrated with modern digital innovations to enhance the language learning experience. It aims to provide a comprehensive framework that leverages the strengths of both traditional and contemporary approaches, ensuring that language education becomes more engaging, personalized, and effective for 21st-century learners. The mission of this book chapter is to explore how historical theories of language learning can be effectively integrated with modern digital innovations to enhance the language learning experience. It aims to provide a comprehensive framework that leverages the strengths of both traditional and contemporary approaches, ensuring that language education becomes more engaging, personalized, and effective for 21st-century learners.
Stigma reduction in a disability and mental health programme in Ghana: Lessons in participation
Authors: Zuurmond Maria , Naami Augustina , Adwan-Kamara Lyla , Stephen Cathy , Basnet Sapana , Vanderick Caroline , Chantimah Mohammed , Nana Asamoah Abigail , Macdonald Daisy , Lund Crick
Published: January 2025

Background: Stigma is a barrier to inclusion for people with disabilities and mental health conditions. There is increasing recognition of the need to address stigma within disability inclusive programmes, but limited research is available on what are effective participatory approaches to stigma reduction interventions.Objectives: (1) To document participatory approaches used in the design and delivery of disability stigma reduction interventions in a disability and mental health programme in Ghana and (2) to understand the experience of programme implementers and participants in these processes, with particular attention to the leadership and involvement of people with disabilities.Method: A mixed-methods study was conducted. The data were drawn from a purposive sample of 20 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with programme staff, partners and key stakeholders, and 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) with self-help group (SHG) members, organisation of people with disabilities (OPD) members, and disability champions. We conducted thematic analysis using deductive and inductive approaches.Results: The programme adopted several approaches to participation at design and implementation stages, with a focus on the leadership of people with disabilities and people with mental health conditions. The process was seen to promote acceptability of stigma reduction approaches. Providing opportunities for building and strengthening relationships with a wide range of stakeholders was key to successful implementation. Understanding, and engaging with, power dynamics in the local context also provided important benefits.Conclusions: Participation of people with disabilities and mental health conditions is essential for the design and delivery of stigma reduction programmes in Ghana.Contribution: This study provided lessons from the field on the value of participation in reducing stigma, and the role of key stakeholders, particularly people with disabilities and mental health conditions.
Educational data mining in medical education: A five-level approach
Authors: Khoshgoftar Zohreh , Babaee Maryam , Rouzbahani Arian K. , Kalantarion Masomeh
Published: January 2025

The healthcare industry in each country has one of the most important and sophisticated educational systems that produces and stores a large amount of educational data daily. Data generated by the interaction of managers, patients, instructors, students, employees, and all those who are involved with educational systems can revolutionize medical education through analysis and prediction of the hidden patterns of knowledge, skills, and attitude that have been neglected in this massive amount of data. This study aims to review data mining in medical education and provide a comprehensive picture of it in different educational dimensions. In this study, we performed a literature review from 2010 to 2022 in IEEE, SSCI, Elsevier, CIVILICA, and Science Direct. Two hundred and fifty articles were identified. In total, 34 documents were included in the study. Interned articles’ methodological quality was assessed using the five-step method proposed by Carnwell and Daly. This method is used for summarizing texts, summarizing points of view, and finally providing a line of guidance for future research. A five-level taxonomy was developed in this study which includes educational policy and management, instructional designing and planning, educational technologies, learning content, and learning outcomes. To increase the efficiency of data mining techniques at each level, some useful recommendations were presented in more detail. Educational data mining (EDM) as a new methodology can lead to better policy-making, more proper planning, and more effective decisions. EDM by extracting data makes it easier to describe and predict educational trends, which can guarantee the success of medical education more than before.
Comparative Evaluation of Ozonated Water and 0.2% Chlorhexidine with Scaling and Root Planning in Chronic Periodontitis – A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Aggarwal Priyanka , Bhargava Akshay , Bali Shweta , Sharma Vaishali Rai , Garg Amit , Mittal Neeti
Published: January 2025

Objective:

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of ozonated water and 0.2% chlorhexidine as subgingival irrigant with scaling and root planing (SRP) in chronic periodontitis.

Subjects and Methods:

Thirty-one patients with at least one site of 4–6 mm periodontal pocket depth (PD), bilaterally (either maxillary or mandibular arch) were randomly divided into two groups (Group 1 [0.2% chlorhexidine + SRP], Group 2 [ozonated water + SRP]). Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), modified sulcular bleeding index (mSBI), PD, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline, 1, and 3 months and bacterial count at baseline and 3 months. Paired and unpaired t-test was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

Statistically significant reduction in PI, GI, mSBI, probing PD, and CAL was observed in control and test groups at all intervals of the study (P < 0.05). The intergroup comparison showed a more statistically significant reduction in the test group versus the control group in PI, GI, mSBI, PD, and CAL and microbial culture at 3 months from baseline.

Conclusion:

Significant improvement in clinical and microbiological parameters suggests that subgingival ozonated water irrigation can be an effective adjunct to SRP in chronic periodontitis.
To Evaluate the Relationship between Overweight/Obesity Status, Sugar Consumption, and Dental Caries among 12–15-year-old School Children of Moradabad City
Authors: Pandit Supurna , Tangade Pradeep , Josh Jeevan , Pradhan Sanchit , Muchhal Mohnish , Singh Aditya Veer
Published: January 2025

Background:

Childhood is alluring phase of everybody’s life. Sugar intake play an key role in dental caries. Childhood obesity leads to adolescent obesity if we do not change the habits and the lifestyle of a child.

Aim:

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between overweight/obesity status, sugar consumption and dental caries among 12–15-year-old school children of Moradabad city.

Setting and Design:

The cross-sectional study was undertaken in various schools of Moradabad city using random sampling.

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted on the 600 school-going kids of 12–15-year of the Moradabad city. Questionnaire was given to the school-going children to record their sugar consumption and their oral hygiene practice to record dentition status World Health Organization Oral health Assessment form for Children, 2013 was used. Intra-examiner variability was controlled by calibration of investigator before conducting the examination.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 20 (IBM software released since 2015). ANOVA, post hoc test was used.

Results:

Examination of 600 school-going kids was done. It was found that boys were more likely to have caries as compared to girls (Odds ratio [OR] =1.92, confidence interval [CI] =1.15–3.45). Similarly, overweight / obese children had 3.54 times higher chance of having carious than low/normal-weight children (CI = 1.83–7.26). Children with more than once a day sugar consumption had higher chance of caries than who consumed once per day (OR = 3.23, CI = 1.20–7.92).

Conclusion:

There was a significant association between overweight / obesity and caries experience among school children of 12–15 years of Moradabad city. Obesity and dental caries have common risk determinants and require a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to pediatric patients by both medical and dental healthcare professionals.
Knowledge and Perceptions of Stakeholders on the National Dental Commission Act, 2023 in India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Praveen Gadde , Akkaloori Anitha , Anusha Divvi , Kengadaran Shivashankar , Bhavana Kalava , Budumuru Anil
Published: January 2025

Background:

The gazette of the National Dental Commission (NDC) Act was recently published on August 11, 2023, and no studies were conducted to assess knowledge and perceptions about the act.

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and perceptions among dental students, academicians, and practitioners about the NDC Act, 2023 in India.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using Google Forms between August and September 2024. Data were collected using a well-designed and pretested questionnaire. The questionnaire had three sections. Section A had demographic details. Section B gathered participants’ awareness of the key provisions of the act. Section C consisted of questions to assess participants’ perceptions about the act. The data were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results:

In total, 493 participants responded to the survey. Of these, 56.6% of the participants were aware of the act. The majority of the participants agreed that the act would be an improvement over the previous dental regulatory body and would result in positive changes in dental education and practice. However, 60.2% of the participants were uncertain about whether the NDC would operate with sufficient autonomy and independence in decision-making. The National Exit Test (Dental) was perceived as the ideal method to get a practicing license and to apply for postgraduate courses by 68.8% of the participants.

Conclusions:

Dental professionals lack adequate knowledge about the NDC Act of 2023. The findings highlight both the positive and negative perceptions toward the NDC.
Evaluation of Knowledge and Perception of Dental Graduates Regarding Problem-based Learning Method: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Shyamsukha Bhawna , Reche Amit , Agrawal Anshu , Sonone Archana , Paul Priyanka , Chhabra Kumar Gaurav
Published: January 2025

Introduction:

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an approach to education in medical training that has benefits, such as enhanced information utilization, assimilation of basic and clinical scientific fields. There is a need to compare the training and expertise of college graduates or to scrutinize the influence of PBL on dentistry graduates’ clinical skills. Hence, the study aimed to assess the knowledge and perception of dental graduates attending the PBL curriculum and compare their knowledge and perception among different gender and academic years.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in a period of 6 months from May 2022 to October 2022 at Dental College, Maharashtra. This study design was planned to assess knowledge and perception of PBL among dental students with a sample size of 315 subjects. An online questionnaire was used and distributed. The questionnaire consisted of 23 statements of which 10 were knowledge based, 10 were for assessment of perception using 5-point Likert scale, and the remaining 3 were open ended.

Results:

Among 315 dental graduates enrolled for this study, the mean age was 23 ± 0.96 and year-wise mean was 63 ± 0.96.99.3%, 93.6% depicted correct for PBL’s background including elaboration, and theories, respectively. Responses of female students were statistically significant (P = 0.001) than males regarding PBL curriculum and consequently, according to the academic year (P = 0.001) of 1st, 3rd year, and Intern groups compared to 2nd and 4th year.

Conclusion:

The study emphasized the value of PBL in framework combination coursework and ways, in which it enables students to improve their comprehension, interpretation, and other educational skills.
Efficacy of Plantago major Homoeopathic Mother Tincture as Mouth Wash in Comparison with Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.2%) Mouthwash in Management of Oral Hygiene among Students: A Double-Blind, Parallel-group, Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Deshmukh Kunal , Shetiya Sahana Hegde , Aphale Parth , Dutta Anindita , Sharma Dharmendra B. , Singh Garvit
Published: January 2025

Background:

Plantago major (P. major) has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. It also augments the production of nitric oxide which plays a role in protecting the gingival tissues against infection.

Objective:

The present study was carried out to assess and compare the efficacy of P. major homeopathic mother tincture as mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) mouthwash for the treatment of gingivitis.

Materials and Methods:

A double-blind, randomized controlled parallel trial was conducted for 1 month. Sixty participants (15 males and 45 females) aged 18–22 years were randomly allocated into two groups by computer-generated random number; Group A: CHX gluconate 0.2% and Group B: P. major (mother tincture). Gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were assessed by modified GI and Quigley-Hein PI at baseline and postintervention.

Results:

Mean rank and difference in GI and PI within the intervention group from baseline to 30 days were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired t-test which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). However, there was no statistical significance between the P. major and CHX group postintervention for PI and GI.

Conclusion:

The double-blind trial conducted to confirm the anti-inflammatory properties of P. major mouthwash has shown efficacy in reducing both PI and GI from baseline to 30 days. However, there was no significant difference in GI and PI between the CHX mouthwash (0.2%) and P. major mouthwash group at the end of the trial.
Arusuvai and the taste receptor pharmacology in relation to clinical Siddha medicine
Authors: Veeraputhiran Balasubramaniyan , Arumugam Swaminathan , Venkatachalam Balamurugan
Published: January 2025

Background:

Taste is a chemoreception process and constitutes one of the five special senses in humans, and our reliance on taste for food consumption and habits can change over time. On a molecular level, the taste sensation is the process of chemoreception. This review aims to summarize and discuss the current knowledge of taste receptor pharmacology in relation to clinical Siddha medicine. Identification and confirmation of taste are purely initiated by interactions between tastants found in food and receptors located in taste buds. Even single-celled organisms possess sweet and salt receptors on their membranes. After crossing the tongue, the taste organ, chemoreceptive activity travels from the brain to the dermis. Although primitive times lacked concepts or theories of molecular identification, people relied solely on taste to understand the common content and effects of substances. This same concept was applied to the practice of medicine. Before understanding the specific medicinal effects of plants, ancient medical practitioners employed existing taste concepts for treating illnesses.

Conclusion:

According to the traditional Tamil medicine concept, in addition to four basic tastes accepted by modern science such as sweet, sour, salt, and bitter, pungent and astringent are also mentioned as primary taste sensations.
Management of Mulai Mookadaipu (nasal polyp) with Manjal Kara applications: A case study
Authors: Ganesan Sabaratnam , Sritharan Anpuchelvy , Sritharan Ganesh
Published: January 2025

The Siddha system of medicine, one of the oldest and most spiritually rooted healing traditions, integrates external therapies and internal medicines for managing health and disease. Nasal polyps, which commonly affect young and older adults, are closely associated with Mulai Mookadaipu in Siddha medicine. This condition is characterized by the abnormal growth of Oon (muscle) and kozhuppu (fatty tissue) within the nasal passages. This case study focuses on a 50-year-old female patient who presented with symptoms of nasal blockage, difficulties in breathing, and anosmia. Clinical examination revealed left maxillary sinus tenderness and nasal polyps in the left nostril, confirmed by a computerized tomography scan. The patient, who had a history of nasal blockage, had previously undergone allopathic treatment but declined the recommended surgical intervention, Instead, she opted for Siddha medicine, where her condition was treated as a chronic nasal polyp using a combination of nasal applications (Nasiyam and Karam Therapy) and internal medicines. The holistic Siddha treatment approach effectively managed the patient’s symptoms, leading to significant improvement in nasal blockage and breathing.
Retroperitoneal infections: Diagnosis, treatment, and the emphasis on peritoneum
Authors: Li Zhonghu , Jin Weidong
Published: January 2025

Retroperitoneal infections are secondary infections that arise within the retroperitoneal space, predominantly due to the spread of infections from adjacent organs. While a relatively uniform treatment approach exists for retroperitoneal infections attributable to urinary or lower gastrointestinal tract disorders, a consensus on the management of retroperitoneal infections resulting from upper gastrointestinal perforation remains elusive. We conducted a comprehensive review and synthesis of the existing literature and guidelines pertaining to retroperitoneal infections and duodenal perforation. English or non-English articles reporting on retroperitoneal infections perforated duodenal diverticula using PubMed (1990–2024) were performed. Retroperitoneal infections often present with an insidious onset during the early stages, lacking distinct clinical features and primarily manifesting as back pain and signs of infection. Computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis is the diagnostic modality of choice for this condition. The treatment paradigm encompasses antimicrobial therapy, management of the underlying disease, and control of the retroperitoneal infection focus, frequently utilizing ultrasound or CT-guided percutaneous drainage. Regarding the treatment of retroperitoneal infections caused by upper gastrointestinal tract perforation, there is a divergence in opinion; traditional recommendations favor early surgical intervention. Our review indicates that a planned percutaneous catheter placement with negative pressure irrigation can be an effective treatment strategy before the development of peritonitis. Throughout the treatment process, the preservation of peritoneal integrity and the exploitation of its barrier function are underscored as critical to the minimally invasive resolution of retroperitoneal infections.
The abdominal cocoon: A specific type of abdominal adhesion
Authors: Zheng Ruoqi , Zhang Jinpeng , Zhang Zherui , Li Sicheng
Published: January 2025

Abdominal adhesions are the most common complication of surgical procedures. Abdominal cocoon is an extremely specific type of abdominal adhesion. This article reports and discusses the clinical management of a patient with a typical abdominal cocoon for future clinical work.
responsabilidad penal de la sociedad matriz por el delito de su filial
Authors: Gatica Van de Velde Matías
Published: January 2025

El presente artículo analiza la posibilidad de sancionar penalmente a una sociedad matriz por los delitos cometidos por alguna de sus filiales, a la luz de la Ley de Delitos Económicos. Se abordan así algunas cuestiones generales referentes a los modelos de atribución de responsabilidad penal para las personas jurídicas, para luego ahondar en los principales supuestos en los que podría configurarse la responsabilidad penal de la sociedad matriz. Realizado lo anterior, el artículo examina qué debe entenderse por carencia de autonomía operativa como requisito para responsabilizar a la matriz por el hecho de su filial.
Driving Cycle Simulation and Performance Comparison of Hydrogen
Engine Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Bai Xueyan
Published: January 2025

As a clean energy, low carbon and pollution-free, hydrogen is the preferred
alternative fuel for traditional internal combustion engines. However, how to
use hydrogen internal combustion engine to achieve satisfactory performance
under vehicle conditions is still a challenge.In this paper, a vehicle
simulation model is established based on a modified 25-ton hydrogen internal
combustion engine truck, and the model is designed as a hybrid model by
selecting a suitable motor. The two models are used to simulate the CHTC (China
Heavy-duty Commercial Vehicle Test Cycle) cycle conditions. According to the
simulation results, compared with the original vehicle's power performance and
economy, the results show that the power performance is increased by 100%, and
the economy is increased by 20%. Hybrid technology can effectively improve the
performance of the vehicle.
Research on Thermal Management System of New Energy Vehicles Based on
Heat Pump Air Conditioner
Authors: Zhu Tengfei , Liu Ye , Chen Qinghua
Published: January 2025

With the popularity of electric vehicles, the application development of heat
pump type automobile air conditioning system has been focused. Meanwhile, the
traditional R134a needs to be replaced by more environmentally-friendly
refrigerants under the Kigali Amendment. In this paper, a novel direct expansion
heat pump air conditioning system with three circuit switching (DXACS) was
proposed, and three low GWP refrigerants R1234yf, R1234ze(E) and R290 were
carried out to evaluate the system performance. The results show that the winter
range attenuation ratio of DXACS is 26.9%, significantly lower than the
prototype EV360 (57.5%); the DXACS with R290 shows the best heating performance,
COPh and qcv are
2.3% and 57.3% higher than R134a in extremely cold conditions, respectively.
This study provides valuable insights for the development of efficient and green
thermal management technology of new energy vehicles.
Comparative Study of the Performance of R290 and R134a Dual-Side
Indirect Heat Pump Systems
Authors: Wang Zhiming , Yin Xiang , Cao Feng
Published: January 2025

Energy saving and emission reduction is an important part of the development of
electric vehicle technology. Thermal management system affects vehicle energy
consumption and carbon emissions, and it is necessary to develop the next
generation of thermal management systems to replace R134a with high-performance
and low GWP refrigerant. In this paper, a dual-side indirect heat pump system
architecture was designed to be compatible with R290 and R134a refrigerants.
According to the results of the system bench test, the cooling and heating
performance of the R290 system was better than that of the R134a system, and the
charge amount of R290 was no more than 150g, which was safe for vehicle
application. Therefore, the R290 dual-side indirect heat pump system can be used
as a feasible solution for the next-generation thermal management system.
Data Generation and Preliminary Fault Detection of Power Battery
Based on GAN Algorithm
Authors: Tan Piqiang , Yang Aoji , Liu Xiang , Yao Chaojie
Published: January 2025

The safety of power batteries is an important issue that has attracted widespread
attention in new energy vehicle technology. In this paper, Generative
Adversarial Networks (GAN) are introduced, and the data generation and fault
diagnosis of power battery life-cycle data are carried out. GAN is composed of a
pair of generators and discriminators, combining signal processing with neural
networks, using the discriminator architecture based on Fourier transform and
the generator architecture based on wavelet transform, so that the neural
network can learn the characteristics of power battery life-cycle data from the
perspective of time and frequency domain, and use the good performance of
wavelet transform in data denoising and repair to generate high-quality and
low-noise data, and use Fourier transform to target the characteristics of
periodicity. Identify and distinguish the periodic characteristics and
time-frequency domain data characteristics in the generated data and laboratory
data. The results show that the GAN architecture adopted in this paper can
generate high-quality power battery charge and discharge cycle data, and can
observe the location of power battery fault data.
Experimental and Modeling Investigation on Thermal Runaway
Propagation and Venting Gas in Cell-to-Chassis Lithium-Ion Battery
System
Authors: Ma Niya , Zhang Anwei , Zhou Wentai , Zhou You , Jia Yuan , Fan Zehong
Published: January 2025

Thermal runaway propagation (TRP) within lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses
critical barriers to the safe operation and large-scale application of
cell-to-chassis (CTC) batteries. Such events can lead to severe safety
incidents, including explosions and fires, in systems utilizing these batteries.
However, there is a lack of research on the thermal runaway model coupled with
vented gases at the CTC systems. In this study, a thermal runaway coupling model
for the battery pack system was established utilizing Star-CCM+ software,
allowing for the examination of thermal runaway propagation characteristics and
vented gas characteristics a within power battery systems based on the measured
parameters of battery thermal safety characteristic. The simulation results
indicated that once thermal runaway becomes uncontrollable, combustible flue
gases escape through the exhaust hole located on the side plate of the cell,
thereby facilitating heat transfer to adjacent cells. The primary components of
the gases emitted from lithium-ion batteries include CO2, CO,
H2, C2H2, CH4, O2,
among others. Notably, CO2 and CO constitute a significant proportion
of these emissions, accounting for 16.66% and 13.71%, respectively. This study
elucidates the dynamic mechanisms that underlie the propagation of thermal
runaway within a battery system, thereby providing suggestions for improving the
safety design of the CTC battery system and early warning in the CTC, and
contributing to trace the origin pattern of LIBs fire accident.
Advanced SOH and SOC Prediction Models for Lithium-Ion Batteries:
Integrating Machine Learning with Battery Management Systems
Authors: Yuan Chuo , Bao Zhiming , Li Weizhuo , Liu Zezheng , Zhao Xu , Jiao Kui
Published: January 2025

This paper focuses on the development and validation of predictive models for
battery management systems, specifically targeting State of Health (SOH) and
State of Charge (SOC) estimation, as well as the design of a comprehensive
Battery Management System (BMS). The study begins by establishing and evaluating
SOH prediction models, employing both linear regression and Long Short-Term
Memory (LSTM) algorithms. Comparative analysis is conducted to assess the
prediction accuracy between Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and LSTM,
highlighting the superior performance of the LSTM algorithm in forecasting
battery health. The second part of the paper addresses SOC estimation, outlining
common methods and introducing an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm for
real-time SOC prediction. The EKF model is constructed through three primary
stages: the establishment of the observed signal section, the ECU section, and
the algorithmic structure itself. Rigorous validation confirms the EKF model’s
effectiveness in providing accurate SOC predictions. Lastly, the paper delves
into the design and validation of a robust BMS model. Key components such as the
high- and low-limit trigger signal module and SOC subscription module are
integrated into the BMS framework. Validation results demonstrate that the
proposed BMS model can efficiently monitor and manage battery performance,
ensuring reliability and safety. The paper concludes with a discussion of future
work aimed at enhancing the predictive capabilities and real-time applications
of these models in battery management systems.
Cooling Characteristics and Optimization of an Air-Cooled Battery
Pack
Authors: Zhang Junhong , Liu Ting , Dai Huwei , Lin Jiewei
Published: January 2025

Lithium-iron phosphate batteries are widely used in energy storage systems and
electric vehicle for their favorable safety profiles and high reliability. The
designing of an efficient cooling system is an effective means of ensuring
normal battery operation, improving cycle life, and preventing thermal runaway.
In this paper, we proposed a forced-convection air cooling structure aiming at
uniform temperature distribution and reducing the maximum temperature. The
initial step was constructing a heating model for a single LiFeO4 battery. A
source function was derived from the experimental data, which described the
variation in heating power with discharge depth. This function was then used to
create a dynamic loading of the battery heating model. Subsequently, a
three-dimensional model of a 7-series and 2-parallel battery pack was
constructed. Seven schemes were designed on the basis of the traditional
Z-shaped structure, with the position of the air inlet and outlet altered. The
analysis found that the inlet and outlet positions affect the temperature of the
battery pack, and the optimal positional scheme can control the temperature rise
at the end of battery discharge within 18.54 K. On this basis, we added some
disturbing structures near the high-temperature battery, which reduced the
maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference by 4.32 K and 5.45 K,
respectively. This proves to be a highly efficient cooling structure, which
realizes the improvement of the cooling effect on the basis of not changing the
external structure of the battery. In addition to optimizing the structure, we
also investigated the effects of six different temperature levels and five
different air inlet velocities on the performance of the air-cooling system. The
results showed that both lowering the air temperature and increasing the air
velocity have a positive effect on the cooling performance.
Safety Analysis of Traction Batteries Based on Micro Internal Short
Circuit Damage
Authors: Wang Fang , Sun Zhipeng , Ma Tianyi , Dai Xiaoqian , Dai Ce , Yan Pengfei , Ma Xiaole , Chen Liduo , Ma Haishuo , Shen Shaopeng
Published: January 2025

The internal short circuit of a traction battery is one of the most typical
failure mechanisms that can lead to thermal runaway, potentially triggering
thermal propagation across the entire battery system. This phenomenon poses
significant safety risks, especially in electric vehicles and large-scale energy
storage systems. Therefore, it is essential to explore and understand the
internal short circuit behavior to mitigate these risks. One of the most
effective testing methods for reproducing an internal short circuit is the
penetration test, where specific test conditions must be carefully designed
based on the failure behavior. Among these conditions, the penetration step
length plays a crucial role, as it directly influences the short circuit
dynamics. Despite the importance of penetration step length, there is currently
no standardized test procedure that dictates how to select the appropriate step
size for different battery samples. This gap in standardization complicates the
ability to replicate internal short circuit behavior consistently across various
battery chemistries and configurations. In this study, penetration tests were
conducted using a thin nail with varying step lengths to better understand the
impact of these parameters on the electrical and thermal responses during
failure. The analysis of the evolution of electrical and thermal parameters
under different conditions provides valuable data for developing a universal
test procedure. Such a procedure would facilitate the accurate simulation of
internal short circuits, ultimately improving battery safety by helping
engineers design more resilient battery systems and establishing benchmarks for
industry-wide testing standards.
Core Temperature Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on
Extended Kalman Filter
Authors: Jin Yuntao , Liu Xuanzhuo , Zhang Zhengjie , Peng Zhaoxia , Yang Shichun
Published: January 2025

Lithium-ion batteries have become the preferred energy storage component for
electric vehicles due to their excellent overall performance. However, during
use, they generate heat, causing the battery temperature to rise and the
internal and surface temperatures to be inconsistent, affecting the battery’s
performance and even leading to thermal safety issues. It is difficult to obtain
real-time internal temperature measurements in actual vehicles. Therefore,
accurately estimating the internal temperature of the battery, promptly
detecting thermal faults, and ensuring efficient and safe operation of the
battery are of great importance. This paper establishes a dual-state thermal
model based on extended Kalman filtering for a square ternary lithium battery,
which achieves real-time updating of external thermal resistance and online
estimation of core battery temperature. For this type of lithium battery and its
battery module, an experimental platform was set up, and basic performance
experiments were designed to identify the thermal physical parameters of the
battery and dynamic condition experiments to evaluate the performance of the
model. The results show that the established dual-state thermal model has an
absolute temperature error of less than 0.7°C under constant power conditions.
Under different operating conditions and temperature conditions, the absolute
error in the estimated core temperature of the battery pack is within 1.3°C, and
the relative error is within 2.822%, proving that the method has high accuracy
and good robustness.
Direct Yaw Moment Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles
Based on Full-Order Terminal Sliding Mode
Authors: Zhou Minghao , Wu Weiwei , Fei Xueran , Chen Zhenqiang , Jiang Longbin , Cai William
Published: January 2025

Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles (DDEVs), as a significant development form of
electric vehicles, have garnered considerable focus owing to their excellent
energy utilization efficiency and the capability for flexible torque
distribution. However, DDEVs still face numerous challenges in practical
applications, particularly in the coordinated control of hub motors and system
stability. This paper focuses on the whole-vehicle control technology and
distributed control theory of DDEVs and researches the active safety function of
Direct Yaw-moment Control (DYC): acceleration and turning. A full-order terminal
sliding mode controller is utilized to suppress the chattering of sliding mode
control and to reduce torque fluctuations in the output. Results show that the
proposed method can enhance the vehicle’s yaw stability and driving safety with
the linear sliding mode.
Control Re-Optimization of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Powertrain Fueled
with High-Octane Gasoline
Authors: Tan Guikun , Li Ji , Li Yanfei , Wang Changhui , Sun Yuncai , Xu Anzhao , Shuai Shijin , Xu Hongming
Published: January 2025

High-octane gasoline has the potential to improve engine efficiency but has been
reported to marginally reduce and even increase vehicle fuel consumption. The
objective of this study is to evaluate the fuel-saving effect of high-octane
gasoline on series-parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) under the
re-optimized powertrain control, including engine control and energy management.
Firstly, a bench test was conducted on a spark ignition engine fueled with three
fuels with research octane numbers of approximately 92, 95, and 98, named 92#,
95#, and 98#. Then the engine control parameter (i.e., spark
advance) was re-optimized for maximum engine efficiency and acceptable particle
number emissions with the knock constraint. Finally, the energy management was
re-optimized for a series-parallel hybrid powertrain equipped with the engine.
It was found that 95# and 98# even increased vehicle fuel consumption by 0.2%
and 0.6% without the re-optimization of powertrain control compared with 92#,
but reduced the fuel consumption by 2.1% and 3.8% with the re-optimization. The
results indicated high-octane gasoline can reduce HEV fuel consumption but
requires the re-optimization of powertrain control. The engine control
re-optimization for high-octane gasoline increased the maximum torque and
expanded the high-efficiency area toward higher torque in the engine efficiency
map. Then the energy management re-optimization shifted the engine operating
points to area with higher engine efficiency and reduced powertrain operation
under low-efficiency series mode. The fuel-saving analysis indicated that, under
the condition of re-optimizing only the control, high-octane gasoline is
suitable for application in parallel or series-parallel HEVs rather than in
series HEVs.
Design and Analysis of a Novel Super-Fast Multi-Gear Power-Split
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Zou Yunge , Zhang Yuxin , Yang Yalian , Liu Changdong
Published: January 2025

Electrified powertrain configurations are critical to the fuel economy and
performance of hybrid vehicles. While single planetary gear (PG) configurations
- such as the Toyota Prius - have the advantage of simple control and excellent
fuel economy, the generator1 is unable to participate in the drive, resulting in
poor acceleration. To overcome these problems, we propose a new multi-gear
electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) due to its
high efficiency and excellent acceleration performance. It requires only one PG
and two synchronizers. For this type of multi-gear ECVT hybrid vehicle, this
paper describes in detail the synchronizer-based shift logic of the new
configuration. Furthermore, the power flow and dynamics modeling process in
different operating modes are systematically analyzed. In addition, the global
optimal Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm is presented and a new near-optimal
energy management strategy, Rapid-DP, is employed to evaluate the acceleration
and fuel consumption of the new design, respectively. The newly proposed design
is also qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed under Federal Test Procedure
72 (FTP72), Highway Fuel Economy Test Cycle (HWFET) and Worldwide Harmonized
Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) driving cycles. The case results show that
compared with the original Toyota Prius, the proposed multi-gear ECVT
configuration can effectively improve the overall performance, with a fuel
economy improvement of 4.01%-4.96%, a power improvement of 50% on average, and a
shift smoothness comparable to that of the Prius under different driving cycles,
which verifies the validity of the new configuration proposed in this study.
Meanwhile, this study provides a new theoretical basis for optimizing and
modifying the technology path of multi-gear power-split hybrid vehicles.
Experimental Study on Vibration Aging Performance of Vehicle Carbon
Canisters
Authors: Yu Xiaohong , Liu Yiyao , Feng Yifang , Zheng Yushuo , Chen Tao , Zhao Hua
Published: January 2025

Due to the vibration of the vehicle, the performance of the vehicle carbon
canisters will be changed, which will affect its control effect on the fuel
evaporation emission. In this study, a vibration test platform capable of
simulating vehicle vibration characteristics was used to simulate the possible
vibration effects of the vehicle carbon canisters, and to analyze the absorption
and desorption performance of the carbon canisters before and after long-term
operation and its influence on vehicle evaporation emissions. The results show
that the carbon canisters will precipitate the carbon powder after the
continuous action of the forward and backward vibration of the vehicle. As a
result, the ultimate adsorption and desorption amount of fuel vapor decreased,
and the adsorption amount decreased more obviously. In the 48-hour Diurnal
Breathing Loss (DBL) test, fuel vapor diffusion is more difficult due to the
increased flow resistance of the carbon canisters after vibration, and fuel loss
is reduced under unsaturated conditions, resulting in lower actual evaporative
emissions. In evaporative emission control, it is necessary to adjust the
control strategy reasonably according to the change of the working state of the
carbon canisters.
Machine Learning Prediction Based on Demand Power of
FPLG
Authors: Zhao Wenbo , Zhang Zhenyu
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a method for predicting the operating parameters of an FPLG
based on the demanded power. First, a 1D FPLG model was developed in AMESim,
based on established structural principles and a characterization of stable
operation. The model was validated at specific operating points using an
experimental prototype. Due to the limited number of available operating points
in the prototype, the model boundaries were explored, and the influence of input
variables was analyzed. Ultimately, injected mass, spark timing, and injection
timing were selected as the primary control parameters. Further analysis
examined how variations in these parameters affect the system’s steady-state
operation, and the relationship between input parameters, output efficiency, and
power was established. Based on this relationship, two rules—optimal efficiency
and stable operation—were proposed. These rules were integrated with a
three-layer coupled machine learning model to form an FPLG-specific prediction
and control strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of the machine learning
predictions was validated using a demand power curve based on the FTP75 test
driving cycle.

FPLG

Machine Learning
Prediction

Optimal
Efficiency

Stable
Operation
Prediction of Combustion Process Based on Physics-Informed
Data-Driven Model
Authors: Zheng Jiaao , Song Kang , Xie Hui , Zhou Shengkai , Sang Hailang , He Guanzhang
Published: January 2025

Predicting the ignition and heat release patterns during diesel combustion
processes is of great significance for improving engine efficiency, reducing
emissions, and enabling future low-carbon and zero-carbon flexible fuel control.
However, traditional Wiebe physical models face challenges in handling the
highly nonlinear nature and variable operating conditions of diesel combustion,
failing to achieve accurate real-time prediction. Pure data-driven models demand
large amounts of data and lack physical interpretability, while physical models
based on parameter learning have restricted fitting accuracy due to structural
and parameter constraints. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel
Physics-Informed Data-Driven Model. It defines data loss as the deviation
between neural network predictions and measured data, and physical loss as the
deviation between neural network derivatives and the differential form of the
physical model. By minimizing the combined loss, which is a weighted fusion of
these two loss terms through back propagation, the model effectively integrates
physical and data-driven approaches to estimate the heat release rate and
combustion phase instantaneously. Experimental results showcase the remarkable
performance of this model with a high CA50 prediction coefficient
(R2 = 0.9779), surpassing physical models based
on parameter learning in accuracy and demonstrating stronger generalization
capability than pure data-driven models, thus holding great promise for
advancing diesel engine technology and contributing to the broader goals of
sustainable energy use and environmental protection.