bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An impact evaluation study of a community mobilisation and HIV prevention programme among gay men
Authors: Douglas Nicola , Warwick Ian , Aggleton Peter , Whitty Geoff
Published: March 2007

Gay and bisexual men continue to be the group most affected by HIV and AIDS in the UK. In 1996, as part of an effort to address this situation, a consortium of London health authorities commissioned a gay men's HIV prevention project based on principles of community mobilisation which the research literature suggests offers considerable scope for achieving effective HIV prevention. This impact evaluation study, analysing responses to a self- completion nuestionnaire administered to a community-based sample of 674 men in London, found highest reported levels of contact with the awareness- raising interventions in the project. Much lower levels of engagement with more participative and involving activities were identified. In relation to the reported outcomes of the project, awareness-raising was achieved to a greater extent than behavioural outcomes for prevention. Future gay men's HIV prevention based on commmity mobilisation should be oriented to focus more specifically on the achievement of these more complex outcomes.
Effects of a school capacity-building intervention on children's heart health: evaluation of the Coalfields Healthy Heartbeat School Project in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Plotnikoff Ronald , Williams Phillip , Fein Allan
Published: March 2007

The authors evaluated the effects of a school capacity-building intervention, The Australian Coalfields Healthy Heartbeat Project, on heart-health out comes of 11- and 12-year-old children. The 15 primary schools involved in the project are situated in a socio-economically disadvantaged area with rates of cardiovascular disease significantly higher than the regional, state and national averages. Each school received a capacity-buildiag intervention which con sisted of: provision of curriculum materials and training of teachers; advice for schools regarding structural change; ongoing support and follow-up; and, community involvement and public relations. The evaluation consisted of pre- and post-school-year measures of heart-health knowledge, attitudes, self- reported behaviour and health-related fitness. In comparison with students from the control-school district, the capacity-building intervention reported significant gains in fitness; however, there were no significant effects on knowl edge, attitudes and behaviours. The implications of these findings, along with future research directions and practice, are discussed.
Caste as Maratha: Social categories, colonial policy and identity in early twentieth-century Maharashtra
Authors: Deshpande Prachi
Published: March 2007

In the light of recent scholarship emphasising the historicity of caste, this article tracks the transformation of the category 'Maratha' from its precolonial register as a military ethos to that ofa caste in the early twentieth century. Surveying the category's genealogy in non-Brahman literature and colonial ethnographic writings and policy, it argues that this caste-based register of 'Maratha' was shaped through a complex, interactive process by both colonial and Indian discourses. In doing so, the article attempts to historicise 'Maratha' and emphasises the impor tance of locating the modern history of caste and its encounter with colonialism in regional/ local contexts.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of British and Japanese Lay Theories of Schizophrenia
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Murao Masako
Published: March 2007

Nearly 300 matched British and Japanese participants completed an equivalent three-part questionnaire in their native language. The questionnaire covered general beliefs or conceptions about schizophrenia, causal explanations for the aetiology of schizophrenia, as well as the role of hospitals in particular, and society in general, in helping schizophrenics recover from their illness. It was predicted that the Japanese, who have more taboos about mental illness than the British, would see schizophrenics as more difficult, dangerous and "morally insane". Factor analysis of each of the three parts of the questionnaire yielded a clearly interpretable structure. The British were more concerned with the rights of schizo phrenics and believed them to be less dangerous and abnormal than did the Japanese. The Japanese favoured sociological (stress) explanations more than the British for the cause of schizophrenia. Whereas the Japanese saw micro- and macro-society change as the best way to help schizophrenics, the British stressed individual care and consideration as more relevant.
Psychological and Social Disorders of Turkish Women During an Unaccepted Pregnancy in a Foreign Country
Authors: Berzewski H.
Published: March 2007

Up to 1976, legal interruption of pregnancy was only possible for medical reasons. During a 2-year period, 113 women, almost exclusively from the lower social class, presented for the legally prescribed examination. The problems arising from an undesired pregnancy, culturally, within the family and individually, are described in detail. The considerable problems in communication, the different ideas about morals and ethics, and the magical and mystical ideas in connection with contraception and pregnancy, have proven to be of the greatest importance. The indications for the interruption: psychiatric diagnosis, occupational possibilities, housing and the education of the women are examined. It is shown that the findings are of special importance in present-day West Berlin, since in certain districts the percentage of Turks already amounts to 10% of the inhabitants. To date little information has been gathered about the social and psychic background of these women, since the relevant legislation has only been recently liberalized.
Suicide Attempts and Suicides in India
Authors: Adityanjee DR
Published: March 2007

Like everywhere else in the world suicide attempts in India have been increasing progressively. However, certain observations are diametrically opposite to those for the West. Males tend to predominate among attempters. The commonest agents used are organophosphates and other household poisons. More violent means for committing suicide are hanging, burning and drown ing. More suicide attempters come from joint families. Only 5-10% of the male attempters are under the influence of alcohol at the time of attempt. None of the studies has reported alcohol intoxication among female attempters. Traditionally, Hindu religion has given sanc tion to certain altruistic suicides.
Attitudes of Health Care Professionals towards Patients who Take Overdoses
Authors: Ghodse A Hamid , Ghaffari Kamran , Bhat Ashok Vaman , Galea Abraham , Hayat Qureshi Y.
Published: March 2007

The attitudes of health care professionals in Malta towards patients who take drug overdoses were studied. It was found that the intention of the overdose had a marked effect on the attitude of the health care professional towards the patients. Differences between different profes sionals were noted and the Maltese results were compared with those of a similar study in London.
Attitudes Towards Epilepsy in General Practice
Authors: Davies David , Scambler Graham
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the attitudes of general practitioners (GPs) towards epilepsy or of the attitudes they attribute to laypersons. Postal questionnaires returned by 50 GPs permitted an analysis of the main sources of their knowledge of epilepsy, the role of GPs in treating patients with epilepsy, the personalities and behaviour of peo ple with epilepsy, and the psychological and social consequences of having epilepsy. The results were compared with a recent Australian survey and the implications for care discussed.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: a Questionnaire Survey of a Self-Help Group
Authors: Hafner R. Julian
Published: March 2007

Ninety-three of 217 members of a self-help group for sufferers from obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) completed a detailed questionnaire concerning psychological symptoms, biographical data, and the family and social context of their disorder. Eighty-one respondents (49 women) met DSM-111-R criteria for OCD, and the data are based on these. The mean duration of OCD was 18 years, and 74% of respondents rated their symptoms as extremely, very, or fairly severe for at least 50% of the time since onset. Respondents had received a great deal of psychiatric and psychological treatment, and rated behaviour therapy and individual psychotherapy as the most effective. Women employed outside the home reported significantly less obsessional symptoms than those who were not. Significantly raised scores on a measure of perceived parental protection, and significant correlations between parental overprotection and the amount of psychiatric treatment, suggest avenues for new research in the area.
The Efficacy of an Information Group Intervention On Relatives of Schizophrenics
Authors: Cazzullo Carlo L. , Bertrando Paolo , Clerici Massimo , Bressi Cinzia , Da Ponte Christina , Albertini Egidia
Published: March 2007

Socio-therapy of schizophrenia cannot fail to consider such an important element as assistance to relatives. This report will review the main treatment methods used today and presents an intervention model which acts on the family of the schizophrenic at different levels. While the schizophrenic patient receives an individual treatment (pharmacological and psychotherapeutic), his/her relatives undergo a two-step group intervention. The first phase concerns an information group. This paper gives an early assessment as to the efficacy of the information groups for relatives. Particularly, it focuses on the actual ability of the group in conveying information to relatives. Such transfer of information is measured by means of a structured interview (Knowledge Interview). Results demonstrate that after an information group family members had a significant statistical increase of their information level (p<0.001). Some areas recorded a considerable increase in the knowledge levels, as far as the legitimacy of the illness and the management of symptoms are concerned.
Use of the CPI Structural Scales in Taiwan College Graduates
Authors: Ying Yu-Wen
Published: March 2007

The study examines the usefulness of the CPI vector scales in a cross-cultural setting. These scales assessing degree of internality (v.1), norm-abiding tendency (v.2) and self-actualization (v.3) were administered to a group of 215 recently college graduated Taiwan men and women. The Taiwan sample was found to be more norm-abiding and less actualized than American college students. This difference is discussed in the context of varying cultural values. Based on the raw scale scores, personality type and actualization level of the students were determined. Appropriateness of U.S. derived cutoff scores for determining type and actualization for this group is discussed.
Depression and Loneliness in Overseas Students
Authors: Oei Tian P. S. , Notowidjojo Farida
Published: March 2007

This paper compared the effect of life change in adjustment of overseas students with those of Australian students. 342 students were divided into 4 experimental groups. These were: Overseas students with residence of less than one year (OV1 group, N = 44), overseas students with residence of more than one year (OV2 group, N = 81), Australian students raised in Brisbane (A3, N = 105) and Australian students raised outside Brisbane (A4, N = 112). The result of discriminate analysis showed that overseas students (OV2) were significantly more likely to experience moderate to severe clinical depression and loneliness than the Australian students. Age and expectation of difficulty in study were the best predictors for depression in overseas students.
Is Day Hospital Treatment Effective, and Can Success Be Predicted?
Authors: Vidalis A.A. , Neuro-Psych BM , Preston T.D. , Baker G.H.B.
Published: March 2007

Clinical improvement is demonstrated in a group of 41 day patients of mixed diagnosis by changes in measures of depression, self-esteem, loquacity and sociability over a period of six weeks.

Staff predictions of success, made after 2 weeks, correlated positively (Spearman's rho=0.53) with an overall assessment of success after 6 weeks, which itself was positively correlated with improvements in scores on depression (rho=0.58) and sociability (rho=0.66 and 0.60.)

The patients for whom staff predicted least success were in 6 cases out of 7 men aged 20-51.
The Effect of Culture on the Sex Differences in Schizophrenia
Authors: Çetingök Muammer , Chu Chung-Chou , Park Doo-Byung
Published: March 2007

Cultural influences on sex differences in clinical characteristics and symptomatology of schizophrenia were studied among 369 schizophrenic patients from the United States and Turkey. Mate schizophrenics were more likely to be single, and were younger than female schizophrenics at onset of symptoms and when first diagnosed, treated and hospitalised in both cultures. Turkish male and female schizophrenics were more ambivalent, inappropriate, "silly", euphoric, depersonalised, dissociated, mute, conceptually disorganised, and exhibiting more flight of ideas and thought paucity than American male and female schizophrenics. Irrelevant thought and stereotypic behaviour were most severe in Turkish male and American female schizophrenics. Hallucinatory behaviour was most intense in Turkish separated, divorced, or widowed female schizophrenics and American married male schizophrenics. Turkish married female and Turkish separated, divorced, or widowed male schizophrenics were most disoriented. Turkish single female schizophrenics were most mute. Turkish separated, divorced, or widowed male schizophrenics showed most intense stupor behaviour.
DSM III in Outreach Psychiatry
Authors: Blansjaar Ben A. , Bruna Tijs
Published: March 2007

As making a diagnosis in emergency psychiatry is often difficult, whether the systematic use of a diagnostic classification is worthwhile can be questioned.

In the psychiatric emergency service in The Hague, The Netherlands, the use of a DSM III classification list was evaluated by comparing emergency service diagnoses during subsequent psychiatric treatments in 237 out of 300 consecutive contacts.

For Organic Mental Disorders, Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders, the Kappa coefficient of agreement was found to lie between 0.5 and 0.6. The application of DSM III categories is considered to be suited to diagnostic classification in outreach emergency psychiatry.
Knowledge and Attitude Concerning Mental Health of Primary Health Care Workers in Nigeria
Authors: Abiodun O.A.
Published: March 2007

Primary health care (PHC) in developing countries continues to rely heavily on paramedical personnel. Using a structured questionnaire, 207 PHC workers in Nigeria were assessed on the concept, attitude to, detection and treatment of mental disorders. PHC workers without previous exposure to mental health training were significantly more likely to hold on to traditional views on the aetiology of mental disorders. Most of the health workers (82%) indicated that mental disorders accounted for 5% or less of their patient load. Detection rate for the vignette on neurosis as a case of mental disorder was poorer than that for psychosis (36% vs. 71 % of respondents respectively). Psychopharmacological knowledge of the PHC workers was found to be poorest for antidepressant medication. Only 30% of the health workers could suggest specific types of mental health programme that could be introduced at PHC level. Many of them (72%) expressed a generally negative attitude towards mentally ill patients. Suggestions are made on the short and long term training requirements of the PHC workers in order to ensure the successful integration of mental health care into the primary health care programme in Nigeria.
Community-Based Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in U.S.a. and Norway: Insights for New Service Delivery Systems
Authors: Kleiner Robert J. , Drews Dale
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a successful community-based psychiatric treatment program in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and describes subsequent experiences seeking approval of similar programs in Philadelphia and in Oslo, Norway. Previous studies have shown that the Philadelphia community-based program, which used patient social networks and indigenous community workers assisted by psychologi cal and psychiatric professionals, provided better treatment outcomes than traditional hospital programs and socioenvironmental treatment programs.

On the basis of these experiences a new service delivery system was proposed which integrates patient social networks, community workers, and lay community organizations with mental health center professionals. Examination of differences in official responses to the proposal shows the importance of several factors, including the mental health bureaucracy's perception of patient potential, their openness to social psychological therapy, and the power struggles within the bureaucracy and the professional community.
Working Status and Anxiety Levels of Urban Educated Women in Calcutta
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Susmita , Dewanji Anup , Majumder Partha P.
Published: March 2007

The primary objective of the present study was to assess the impact of out-of-home employment on anxiety levels of mothers. A study group of working mothers resident in Calcutta (India) was compared with a socioeconomically similar group of non-working mothers with respect to their anxiety level, measured by the Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, in terms of the total anxiety score and its various personality components. The possible relationships between anxiety score and age of these mothers as well as their children were studied.

Non-working mothers showed higher anxiety levels than their working counterparts with respect to the total anxiety score as well as its components, although the differences were statistically non-significant. The anxiety scores of non-working mothers showed increasing values with increasing age of children. This trend was absent among the working mothers. The age of these mothers was not related to their anxiety level.
An Audit Study of Defaulters of Regular Psychiatric Outpatient Appointments in Hong Kong
Authors: Pang Alfred H.T. , Tso Steve , Ungvari Gabor S. , Chiu Helen , Leung Tony
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an audit study of general psychiatric outpatient defaulters in Hong Kong. Defaulters were increased among those who were married, unem ployed, housewives, seen within one year, receiving medications and previously admitted to hospital. Clinical diagnoses (ICD-10 Axis-1) of the F1, F2, F3 and F7 groups were also associated with increased defaulting behaviour. However, fewer defaulters were found among those who were aged below 19, single, employed, students, and had diagnostic groups of F4 and F9. These results added new information on the non-attendance behavioral pattern of Chinese patients.
Child Abuse: a Universal 'Diagnostic' Category? the Implication of Culture in Definition and Assessment
Authors: Maitra Begum
Published: March 2007

The professionalisation of the care and protection of children in the West has resulted from a complex of events that are particular to Europe, and that reflect Western cultural beliefs about the self, subjective experience and interpersonal connections. Attempts to universalise Western definitions of 'child abuse' fail to take into account the cultural and social realities of 'non-Western' children and families. Clinical material is presented from two South Asian families in Britain, and attributions of meaning by Western professionals and the South Asian family are discussed.
Present Tendencies in the Post-Entry Training of Higher-Grade Civil Servants: Xth International Congress of Administrative Sciences: (Madrid, 3–8 September 1956)
Authors: de Fontenay Henri Bourdeau
Published: March 2007

This article deals with Subject No. 2 of the Agenda of the Madrid Congress. Our preceding issue, No. 2, 1956, included an article in French by M.-A. Flamme, Lecturer at the University of Brussels, on Subject No. 1 of the Agenda, Contracts of Public Authorities for the Carrying-Out of Works.
Testing the Writing Skills of Engineering and Science Students
Authors: Williams Juanita H.
Published: March 2007

Results of the study reported here establish that contrary to the suspicions of some teachers of English, engineering and science students do not deteriorate in writing ability between the time they complete Freshman English and the time they graduate. The study was financed by the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
The Case: Milieu and Method
Authors: Little Dwight
Published: March 2007

Widely used in teaching business communication but rarely discussed in its literature, the case method is here described philosophically and historically and its applications to our field clearly implied.
BUNDY REVISITED: A Look at the Quality of Government Reports
Authors: Rachman David J.
Published: March 2007

Report writing teachers will be interested in this critique of a study (the Bundy Report) to determine whether New York City schools should be decentralized. The author traced the steps of the Ford Foundation research group and found their work erroneous, biased, and distorted, yet decentralization came about in 1970. This article is reprinted with permission from Marketing Review, May, 1969.
More on the Influence of End Constraints on Off-Axis Tensile Tests
Authors: Rizzo R.R.
Published: March 2007

An analytical investigation has been made of gripping effects on the off-axis tensile test results for flat specimens. It is an extension of the earlier work of Pagano and Halpin [1] and aims at establishing approxi mate bounds on the accuracy of the subject test. Considered are the cases of rigid clamping with and without end rotation for selected properties which are typical of glass, boron and graphite composites. Solutions of the corresponding mathematical models are effected numerically, utilizing a computerized finite-element approach.

The results support the findings of [1] in demonstrating that length/width ratio and type of constraint can significantly modify the intended uniform stress/strain fields in the subject test. Despite this adverse effect, the analysis suggests that if strain measurements can be properly recorded, reasonably accurate test results should be obtain able for even small length/width specimens. Moreover, though the numerical results lack the generality of closed-form solutions, it would still appear that the trends estimated for the special glass, boron, and graphite systems are typical of other hard composite systems in these respective families.
Development of Nitrided Boron Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Vidoz A.E. , Camahort J.L. , Crossmann F.W.
Published: March 2007

The development of a submicron boron nitride coating has sub stantially improved the stability of boron filaments in metallic matrices. It is now possible to think in terms of continuous casting techniques for the fabrication of low melting metal matrix composites like aluminum/ boron. The boron nitride coating also contributes to the formation of void-free nickel/boron composites by electroforming processes, and reaction-free nickel/boron and titanium/boron composites by diffusion bonding methods. Mechanical properties of 60-70 vol. % nitrided boron/6061 aluminum composites prepared by continuous liquid infiltration are discussed. The effects of heat treatment on these com posite strengths are also considered.
The Comintern's Seventh Congress and the Australian Labor Party
Authors: McKnight David
Published: March 2007

It cannot be expected that those Social-Democratic workers who are under the influence of the ideology of class collaboration with the bourgeoisie ... will break with this ideology of their own accord, by the actions of objective causes alone. No. It is our business, the business of Commumsts, to help them free themselves from reformist ideology ... there is no more effective way for overcoming the doubts and hesitations of Social Democratic workers than by their participation in the proletarian united front. (Georgi Dimitrov at the 33rd Sitting of the Seventh World Congress of the Communist International)
The Effect of Labour Market Programs on Wage Inflation
Authors: Webster Elizabeth , Sunlniers Peter
Published: March 2007

One explanation for concurrent levels of high unemployment and inflation during the 1980s and early 1990s has been the high incidence of long-term unemploy ment. It has been argued that employers regard the long-term unemployed as de-skilled and accordingly not as viable alternatives to more experienced workers. Therefore they become more likely to grant tbe latter pay increases rather than hire more workers when under pressure from demand or supply. Labour market programs are recom mended as policies to reverse this de-skilling effect. If employers come to consider tbe unemployed as substitutes for their incumbent workforce they will be less inclined voluntarily to grant wage increases. This paper aims to test whether the suite of Working Nation labour market programs affected Australian wage inflation between 1989 and 1997, by estimating a general bargaining model using panel data tech niques. We find that a doubling of labour market program participants per employee lends, at most, to a 1 per cent reduction in nominal wages.
Efficiency and Industrial Democracy: The Yugoslav System
Authors: Haddad L.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses very briefly the distinguishing features of the Yugoslav system of self-management and comments on its current problems, including the alleged conflict between economic efficiency and industrial democracy. In particular, it rejects the view that the conflict is a "trade-off" problem. This view is both misleading and unrealistic. Effciency and democracy are not always incompatible, and even if they were, are not to be traded off against each other. In any case, the Yugoslavs themselves regard self-management as the supreme goal to be achieved with, but not to be sacrificed for, maximum efficiency.
A Programme for Developing Small Scale Industries in Lesser Developed Countries
Authors: Verma J.D.
Published: March 2007

The role of small scale industries in the industrialization process is examined in relation to the industrial policies a country may adopt. A programme of action, geared towards fostering the growth of small-scale industries, is outlined, with attention to various sources of possible aid. It is argued that a Government authority is perhaps the best means of implementing and co-ordinating such a programme, at least in the initial stages.
Evaluation of Manpower Programs: Control Groups Versus Before-After Comparisons
Authors: Ziderman Adrian
Published: March 2007

The literature on the economic evaluation of manpower programs is virtually unanimous in preferring the use of the control group design for measuring the program effects on participants, to that of the alternative "before-after" comparison. This paper attempts to redress the balance of argument, more in favour of the "before-after" approach. The efficacy of the control group experiment in many instances is marred by the biassing effects of the self-selection of the experimental group. On the other hand, it is argued that the use of computer simulation techniques can transfer the before-after comparison from a somewhat naive method into a technical tool at least as powerful as the control group. An illustration of the approach is provided relating to an evaluative study of Skillcentres in Britain, using a Markov chain simulation model in lieu of a control group.
Technology as an Explanatory Variable in the Study of Workers' Attitudes
Authors: Vaughan Edward , Gardner Godfrey
Published: March 2007

In a study which compared the attitudes of two samples of factory workers to their jobs, the authors found only limited evidence to support the view that production technology provides an important explanatory variable for under standing workers' attitudes and motivations. Results showed substantial agree ment in the values held by workers whose jobs were governed by different technical systems. This suggests that extra-organizational factors such as social class membership may be more important than production technology as determinants of workers' responses.
Migrant Participation in Trade Union Leadership
Authors: Hearn June M.
Published: March 2007

Post-war migration to Australia has swelled the total population by almost three million and has accounted for more than 50 per cent of the increase in the workforce. In industries such as clothing, building, engineering, metal, vehicle building, food, drink and tobacco manufacturing there are heavy con centrations of migrant workers. Trade unions covering these industries have been similarly impacted and this has prompted an investigation of migrant experiences in trade unions, particularly at the leadership level. This paper presents the facts concerning the incidence of migrant union officials in Victoria in the period 1971-4, and discusses some of the most salient factors that have so far determined the degree of migrant participation in union leadership.
The Arbitration Commission's Conflict of Identity
Authors: Crawshaw Steven
Published: March 2007

The introduction of wage indexation in Australia has seen a renewal of the debate as to whether, and to what extent, the Arbitration Commission should act as an economic tribunal. This debate is not a new one. For 70 years the Arbitration Commission has faced the dilemma of deciding how much emphasis to place on its economic role at the expense of its prime role as a settlor of industrial disputes. The history and reality of industrial relations in this country shows that the Arbitration Commission is ill-equipped to act as an economic tribunal. When the Commission does attempt to carry out economic policy at the expense of its dispute-settling function, parties in dispute tend to find other means outside the arbitration system of settling disputes, thus diminishing the Commission's role in the industrial relations system and rendering useless any economic impact its decisions might have anyway.
The Internal Authority of the ACTU
Authors: Dabscheck Braham
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to examine the nature of the relationship that exists between the ACTU and its affiliated unions. After examining the ACTU's structure, and the pioneering work of Martin, it is argued that the ACTU essentially serves as an institutional mechanism through which Australian trade unions achieve their organizational goals. The distinctive feature of the relationship is the prepared ness of affiliates to avail themselves of the good offices of the ACTU. It is argued that such behaviour stems from the way in which Australia's system of conciliation and arbitration has affected Australian trade unions.
Attitudes Toward Worker Participation
Authors: Bull P.E. , Barton G.L.
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to examine the perceptions of non-management em ployees, management and chief executives to the concept of worker partici pation. A study was carried out in Brisbane and the results show differences between the perceptions of the three groups. The employee perceives participation in terms of financial objectives while management perceives participation in terms of the benefits it will give to the work situation. The probability of implementation of worker participation is perceived by em ployees in terms of an increase in financial knowledge while managers believe this employee perception is a reflection of the employees' desire for increased control over the work situation. Employees tend to associate participation with formal, representational structures while management and chief executives perceive it more in terms of an informal increase in communication. With the increased pressure for legislative provisions for worker participation, this study indicates that all leaders must clearly define their terms to avoid confusion, frustration, and increased industrial conflict.
The Labour Market Behaviour and Characteristics of a Group of Young Unemployed
Authors: Brosnan Peter , Wilson Kenneth G.
Published: March 2007

This study reports the findings of an investigation into the aspirations, atti tudes and previous job histories of a sample of young unemployed. A number of specific hypotheses are tested and it is found that there are substantial differences between males and females with respect to their labour market behaviour and characteristics. Various implications are drawn for future re search into the problem and the need to develop suitable policies.
Earnings of Migrants in Australia
Authors: Haig B.D.
Published: March 2007

Since World War II migrants have accounted for 45 per cent of the increase in the labour force. By the late 1970s about 20 per cent of the labour force comprised first generation migrants. This paper discusses the effect of dis crimination in the labour market on the earnings of these migrants.
Trade Unions, Technological Change and Redundancy Protection in Australia
Authors: Deery Stephen
Published: March 2007

Redundancy protection has become an important industrial issue in Australia over the past five years. Trade union interest in the question of job security has been heightened by fears that the greater use and application of computer technology will lead to significant reductions in the use of manpower. This article looks at the form and extent of redundancy protection in Australia and the ways in which trade unions have sought to press their claims for greater protection against the labour displacement effects of technological change. It concludes that in general Australian trade unions have met with very little success in establishing even minimum standards of employment security for their members.
Reason, Force or Compromise: Egalitarian Wage Structures under Bargaining and Arbitration
Authors: Rowe L.G.
Published: March 2007

It would appear that there is widespread acceptance, at face value, of the view that the Australian arbitration framework produces a more egalitarian wage structure than would exist in its absence. Further, this egalitarian role, which it is said must exist in compulsory arbitration, is to be contrasted with collective bargaining where power struggles are said to be the order of the day and the weak (in terms of bargaining power) fall by the wayside. The aim of this paper is to seek to establish whether this particular view of Australia's industrial relations system is a fact or a myth. Previous studies, the new evidence presented and the explanation of the forces at work in wage determination all combine to suggest that the Australian relative wage structure would not be very different under collective bargaining in times of either full employment or high unemployment. The widely held view of the compulsory arbitration system being more egalitarian than collective bargaining is contradicted. Support for a continuation of the present system in Australia should have to rely on other advantages offered or believed to be offered by Australia's centralised compulsory arbitration system.
Industrial Relations and Labour in Malaysia
Authors: Dunkley Graham
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the position of labour in the Malaysian economy and the fundamentals of the industrial relations system in that country as the situation was at the beginning of the 1980s. These questions are examined in the context of the evolution of economic development strategy in Malaysia and the position of labour generally in developing South-East Asia. The conclusion is that the early tradition of voluntarism, originating in British colonial Malaya, has gradually been eroded by government intervention, allegedly in the interests of the strategy of development though importation of capital and an increasing proportion of light manufactured exports. Although the paper primarily concentrates on charting the process of this intervention it also suggests some possible adverse repercussions for industrial relations.
One Brand of Workplace Democracy: The Workers' Congress in the Chinese Enterprise
Authors: Ng Sek Hong
Published: March 2007

The workplace institution of the 'workers' congress' has a long but staggering history in the People's Republic of China. Recently, the system has been revived in an enhanced form in order to give worker participation in enterprise management a new vitality. The congress is intended to buttress the practice of self-management in the factory as the Chinese economy moves closer towards the Yugoslav model of 'market socialism'. But it is questionable how much the party has abandoned its hegemonic control under the present attempt to superimpose the workers congress on the pre-existent authority structure of 'parly leadership and director accountability'. And other problems may be envisaged. This paper makes an exploratory enquiry into these problems and suggests that they may be compared to those that constrain the operation of the 'works council' formula in eastern Europe.
The Myth of Mateship: Aborigines and Employment
Authors: McCorquodale John
Published: March 2007

Historically, Aborigines have suffered legislative restrictions and discrimination in every phase of employment, from the kind of work they could lawfully undertake, to wages, accommodation and workers compensation. Unions have offered little or no support to black workers, and employers have been aided by court decisions based on racist stereotypes. Legislation enshrined unconscionable employment practices by government and private employers alike. An examination of all relevant legislation for Western Australia and New South Wales from the earliest times reveals a perpetuation of economic injustice against Aboriginal workers. All major Concilia tion and Arbitration Commission decisions between 1922 and 1968 on Aborigines- as-workers are analysed and reveal judicial bias. More recent examples of exploita tion are cited in support of the thesis that 'blood' or 'colour' alone were the criteria by which discrimination at the workface was practised and maintained.
Aspects of Casual and Part-Time Employment
Authors: Brooks Brian
Published: March 2007

Historically the legal system has been concerned to regulate work-patterns by paying almost exclusive attention to the master-servant relationship. The model has been that of the permanent, full-time contract of employment. That traditional model is fast disappearing under the twin pressures of inflation and technological change. Debate is now focusing on the effect of new work arrangements involving sub contractors and casual or part-time employees, in particular whether these arrange ments should be used to reduce unemployment. Both the common law and the arbitration system are being called on either to expand or contract the protection available to the parties to the new arrangements. Youth rates, penalty pay loadings and sub contracting are at the centre of the argument. Underlying the legal resol ution is the impact of new work arrangements on the structure of trade unions and on community attitudes to work and leisure.
Affirmative Action: A Challenge to Australian Employers and Trade Unions
Authors: Kramar Robin
Published: March 2007

The Australian government's attempts to ensure women have equal access to the opportunities and rewards available in the labour market will have major implications for Australian organizations. Policies traditionally regarded as areas of managerial prerogative will be prescribed by legislation and subject to trade union consultation. Affirmative action legislation requires that personnel policies be based on the principle of merit. This requirement will challenge some of the long-held principles of trade unions and increase the airing of grievances in the labour market. Although affirmative action and sex discrimination legislation will enhance equal opportunity for women, the improvement of women's position in the labour market will be slow.
Developing the Concept of Industrial Relations Climate
Authors: Blyton Paul , Dastmalchian Ali , Adamson Raymond
Published: March 2007

Taking the concept of organizational climate, this paper outlines a framework within which the climate concept can be applied to industrial relations activities at the organizational level. Industrial relations climate is portrayed as an intervening variable between industrial relations inputs and outputs. Based on the authors' previous research, six dimensions of industrial relations climate are outlined, relating to co operation, trust, mutual regard, joint participation, apathy and hostility. Suggestions for further empirical research are offered. In addition, it is argued that other branches of industrial relations research could benefit from similar cross-fertilization of concepts from allied disciplines such as organizational behaviour.
The Economic and Political Determinants of Trade Union Growth in Selected OECD Countries
Authors: Ng Ignace
Published: March 2007

Research on the growth of trade union membership has neglecled the comparison of variations in union growth between countries. This paper seeks to identify the political and economic variables affecting union growth in eight OECD countries from 1960 to 1974. The paper concludes that political parties do play a major role in union growth, but among the economic variables tested, only the employment growth rate had a significant effect on union growth.
Industrial Relationships at the Plant Level: A Case Study
Authors: Fells R.E.
Published: March 2007

An important aspect of plant level industrial relations is the nature of the relationship between the management and the unions. Various patterns of relationships have been suggested by Fox, Purcell and others. The dynamics of the processes by which good industrial relationships might be maintained is examined in this paper by means of a case study. Industrial relations in the BP Kwinana refinery during a time of difficulty for both management and unions are analysed and it is suggested that the lengthy negotiations consolidated the relationship between the parties However, in considering the future trends in industrial relations at the plant the paper concludes that the maintenance of good industrial relations cannot be assured without the continuing effort of both parties. Further areas of research are identified as part of a continuing development in our theoretical and practical understanding of plant level industrial relations.
Desired Occupational Change Among Working Women
Authors: Ahlburg Dennis A.
Published: March 2007

A study of desired occupational change among a sample of American working women showed that the average level of desired occupational change was high (51 per cent). 'Male' occupations, in general, had a higher desired inflow, lower desired outflow, and higher percentage of stayers than 'female' occupations. If desired occupational choices were fulfilled, the resulting occupational distribution would be radically different than at present, with significantly more wonten in 'male' occupations. Desired individual occupational change was found to be positively related to education, and negatively related to current salary, marriage, time out of the labour force, labour market experience, and current occtrpation.
Disputes Arising from. Non-Disclosure of Financial Information to Trade Unions
Authors: Craig Russell , George Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

Australian trade union use of financial information in second-tier bargaining may lead to information-disclosure disputes with employers. United Kingdom experience with the Employment Protection Act, 1975 is reviewed to identify the type of financial information likely to be the focus of such disputes. Prospects for resolution and policy options for mitigating the effects of similar financial information disclosure disputes in Australia are discussed.
Job Mobility and Earnings: An Internal Labour Market Analysis
Authors: Creedy John , Whitfield Keith
Published: March 2007

The analysis of job mobility and earnings has been dominated by human capital theory. This approach has been subject to considerable criticism in recent years, particularly about the manner in which it conceptualizes the processes that take place between the start and end of a job. An alternative is the internal labour market approach, which focuses on the very processes which are so problematic for human capital theory. Information from three specially designed surveys of professional scientists in Australia and Britain suggests that the processes that are central to internal labour market theory are crucial to generating the distribution of earnings. While the evidence presented is not necessarily incompatible with human capital theory, it does suggest that future research on the earnings distribution could usefully involve the development of the internal labour market approach.
Information Theory and Employer Recruitment Practices
Authors: Nowak Margaret J.
Published: March 2007

The results of an exploratory survey of employer recruitment practices, undertaken in the Melbourne metropolitan area in 1983, are considered in relation to the general propositions of information theory applicable to employer recruitment. They are broadly consistent with the theory and provide sound evidence of efficiency gains to specialization in information in labour recruitment.
Towards Tripartism: Industrial Relations in the Steel Industry 1978 to 1987
Authors: Kelly Diana
Published: March 2007

From 1982 union responses to the rapid downturn of the Australian steel industry focused on industrial action, a sequence of redundancy cases, and a public inquiry, until the Hawke government was elected in 1983 and union calls for an integrated tripartite approach were heeded. Subsequently, in the first half of the five-year tripartite Steel Industry Plan, industrial relations at BHP's Port Kembla steel works were notable for a marked decline in strike levels and generally improved industrial relations. These were aided by the Steel Industry Authority, which worked to facilitate relations previously characterized by confrontationism, mutual suspicion and ready recourse to the New South Wales Industrial Commission. The impact of the Steel Industry Plan is, however, diffused by other phenomena, such as changes in BHP management style and the effect of heavy job losses on the dependent steel regions. Nevertheless, despite some evidence of a return to higher strike levels in 1985-87, the plan has offered an integrated and positive approach to the industry's problems and enabled improved industrial relations at plant level.
Reluctant Conscripts? Small Business Management Attitudes to Employee Relations in Travel Agencies
Authors: McGraw Peter , Palmer Ian
Published: March 2007

The growing importance of the small business sector as a focus for economic policy is not reflected in the degree to which employee relations practices in the area are understood. This is particularly true in Australia. This paper reports the findings of study of the travel agency industry, which has recently become regulated by a federal award. It adds to the limited Australian data on small business attitudes to unions; perception of awards; knowledge of award content and political preferences. The paper concludes that the managers in this survey have broadly similar attitudes to unions and politics to those of their overseas counterparts. Although they voluntarily responded to an award, they did so on terms that were favourable to them and that have not, as yet, brought them into conflict with the union or challenged their conservative value system.