bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Driving Risk at the Second Phase of Overtaking on Two-Lane Highways for Young Novice Drivers Based on Driving Simulation
Authors: Pan Jie , Shen Yongjun
Published: February 2022

Overtaking on two-lane highways is a complex and multi-phase maneuver associated with high collision risk, especially for young novice drivers. Most of the relevant studies, however, focused mainly on the first phase, i.e., the lane-changing phase, such as willingness to overtake, while the second phase, i.e., the back-to-lane phase, has not been investigated systematically. It is a risky phase in which a driver faces the risk of collision with not only the approaching vehicle on the opposite lane but also the impeding vehicle at the original lane. In this study, by designing and conducting a driving simulator experiment, we assess the driving risk of 47 young novice drivers during their second phase of overtaking on two-lane highways. The time-to-collision (TTC) values at the two critical positions are calculated from a micro-geometric point of view, based on which a two-dimensional risk index is proposed and the fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm is applied to group all the samples and to assess their overtaking risk. Furthermore, a multi-class logistic model is developed to understand the potential factors related to the risky overtaking maneuvers at this phase. The results show that most of the young novice drivers cannot make accurate judgments during their second phase of overtaking. When turning back to the original lane, they are more likely to be aware of the opposite vehicle that is approaching them, while how to correctly avoid the collision risk with the impeding vehicle at this phase is probably a more critical issue for young novice drivers.
Safety of G2-S16 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimer as Possible HIV-1 Vaginal Microbicide
Authors: Martin-Moreno Alba , Ceña-Diez Rafael , Serramía María Jesús , Jiménez José Luis , Gómez-Ramírez Rafael , Muñoz-Fernández Mariángeles
Published: February 2022

The UNAIDS objective for 2020 was 500,000 new HIV-1 infections per year; however, the latest annual reported data confirmed 1.7 million new HIV-1 infections in that year. Those data evidences the need for new prevention strategies and prophylactic treatments. This prevention crisis occurred in spite of the knowledge and availability of efficient prevention strategies. The G2-S16 is a microbicidal polyanionic carbosilane dendrimer currently being tested for topical vaginal application, which has been shown to be efficient in the prevention of HIV-1 infection. However, safety tests were lacked. For this purpose, we injected intravenously G2-S16 dendrimer to CD1 mice, thereby analyzing the hemogram, blood biochemical markers of systemic damage, accumulation in the organs and organ-tissue damage in heart, spleen, kidney, liver and brain. This work shows that even if the G2-S16 dendrimer penetrates the epithelial tissue, it does not cause vaginal irritation or tissue damage. Moreover, the i.v. injection of the G2-S16 dendrimer did not cause a damaging effect on the studied organs and it did not modify the hemogram or the biochemical plasma markers. In conclusion, the G2-S16 dendrimer has a very good safety profile, indicating that this molecule can be a very safe and efficient vaginal microbicide.
Discrete Element Bonded-Block Models for Detailed Analysis of Masonry
Authors: Lemos José V. , Sarhosis Vasilis
Published: February 2022

A detailed modelling approach to represent masonry at the meso-scale is proposed, based on the discrete element method, considering the nonlinear behavior of the joints and the units. The fracture of units is represented by the bonded-block concept, in which a random network of potential cracks is created, allowing the progressive development of failure mechanisms. For simplicity, only the 2D case is presented, but the extension to 3D is straightforward. A key component of the proposed model is a framework for a joint or interface constitutive model, including the post-peak softening range, taking into account the experimental fracture energies. In this model, the softening curves in tension or shear are defined by piecewise linear segments, calibrated to reproduce the most common masonry constitutive models. The essential issues involved in the application of bonded-block models to masonry are examined, namely the block shape, either Voronoi polygons or triangles; size; deformability; and the influence of the main constitutive parameters. Uniaxial compression tests are analyzed in detail. The simulation of a well-known experiment of a brick panel under shear shows the good performance of the proposed approach. The investigation results demonstrate the model’s capabilities and provide guidelines for its application.
Immune Defense Mechanism of Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder (Blattodea: Isoptera) against Serratia marcescens Bizio
Authors: Luo Jian , Wang Zhiqiang , Tang Fang , Feng Kai
Published: February 2022

Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder is an important pest species in China. Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) is a potent biological bacterium. In our lab, we found that SM1 can kill R. chinensis. To date, the interaction between R. chinensis and SM1 has not been studied. Here, we explored immune responses of R. chinensis against SM1 using transcriptome sequencing. To elucidate immune-related genes, we identified 126,153 unigenes from R. chinensis. In total, 178 immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that many cellular responses were enriched in the top 20 terms. Then, we systematically analyzed several cellular immune pathways involved in the response of R. chinensis to SM1, including phagocytosis, autophagy, and endocytosis pathways. Furthermore, the expression profiles of the cellular immune-related genes were assessed using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, and the expression levels of the selected genes were upregulated. Further results revealed SM1-mediated activation of humoral immune responses genes, including Toll, IMD, and melanization pathways, which suggested the involvement of humoral immune responses in the defense against SM1. This research elucidated the mechanisms underlying the immune defense of R. chinensis against SM1, providing a solid theoretical basis for exploiting new immune suppressive agents to control R. chinensis. Moreover, this study will facilitate the better control of R. chinensis using SM1.
Monochrome Camera Conversion: Effect on Sensitivity for Multispectral Imaging (Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared)
Authors: Crowther Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Conversion of standard cameras to enable them to capture images in the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectral regions has applications ranging from purely artistic to science and research. Taking the modification of the camera a step further and removing the color filter array (CFA) results in the formation of a monochrome camera. The spectral sensitivities of a range of cameras with different sensors which were converted to monochrome were measured and compared with standard multispectral camera conversions, with an emphasis on their behavior from the UV through to the IR regions.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Electric Discharge Machinable 1.5Yb-1.5Sm-TZP-WC Composites
Authors: Walter Ella , Rapp Maximilian , Kern Frank
Published: February 2022

Electrically conductive zirconia tungsten carbide composites are attractive materials for manufacturing precision components by electrical discharge machining due to their high strength, toughness and electrical conductivity. In this study, nanocomposite ceramics with a ytterbia samaria co-stabilized zirconia 1.5Yb-1.5Sm-TZP matrix and 24–32 vol.% tungsten carbide dispersion were manufactured by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1400 °C for 15 min at 60 MPa pressure. The materials exhibited high strengths of 1300–1600 MPa, a moderate fracture resistance of 6 MPa√m and an ultrafine microstructure with grain sizes in the 150 nm range. Scanning electron microscopy and RAMAN spectroscopy revealed the in situ formation of carbon during the SPS process and carbon formation scales with tungsten carbide content, and this apparently impedes bending strength.
Description of Crinitomyces reliqui gen. nov., sp. nov. and Reassignment of Trichosporiella flavificans and Candida ghanaensis to the Genus Crinitomyces
Authors: Sakpuntoon Varunya , Péter Gábor , Groenewald Marizeth , Dlauchy Dénes , Limtong Savitree , Srisuk Nantana
Published: February 2022

The systematic position of 16 yeast strains isolated from Thailand, Hungary, The Netherlands, and the Republic of Poland were evaluated using morphological, physiological, and phylogenetic analyses. Based on the similarity of the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene, the strains were assigned to two distinct species, Trichosporiella flavificans and representatives of a new yeast species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Candida ghanaensis CBS 8798T showed a strong relationship with the aforementioned two species. The more fascinating issue is that Candida and Trichosporiella genera have been placed in different subphyla, Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina, respectively. The close relationship between Trichosporiella flavificans, Candida ghanaensis and the undescribed species was unexpected and needed to be clarified. As for morphological and physiological characteristics, the three yeast species shared a hairy colony appearance and an ability to assimilate 18 carbon sources. Based on phylogenetic analyses carried out in the present study, Crinitomyces gen. nov. was proposed to accommodate the new yeast species, Crinitomyces reliqui sp. nov. (Holotype: TBRC 15054, Isotypes: DMKU-FW23-23 and PYCC 9001). In addition, the two species Trichosporiella flavificans and Candida ghanaensis were reassigned to the genus Crinitomyces as, Crinitomyces flavificans (Type: CBS 760.79) comb. nov. and Crinitomyces ghanaensis (Type: CBS 8798) comb. nov., respectively.
Search for Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii Complexes and Related Genera (Filobasidium, Holtermanniella, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, Solicoccozyma, Vishniacozyma) spp. Biotope: Two Years Surveillance of Wild Avian Fauna in Southern France
Authors: Bertout Sébastien , Gouveia Tiphany , Krasteva Donika , Pierru Julie , Pottier Cyrille , Bellet Virginie , Arianiello Emilie , Salipante Florian , Roger Frédéric , Drakulovski Pascal
Published: February 2022

Fungi belonging to the Cryptococcus genus and related genera (Filobasidium, Holtermanniella, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, Solicoccozyma, Vishniacozyma) are encapsulated yeasts found in either the environment or animal sources. However, the precise biotopes of most species remain poorly defined. To assess whether wild birds from southern France can carry or spread the most pathogenic species (i.e., species belonging to the C. neoformans and C. gattii complexes), as well as lesser-studied species (non-neoformans/gattii Cryptococcus and former Cryptococcus spp.), 669 birds belonging to 89 species received for care over a two-year period at the Centre de Protection de la Faune Sauvage of Villeveyrac (Bird Protection League nongovernmental organization (NGO) care center) were sampled. Samples were cultured, and Cryptococcus and former Cryptococcus yeasts were identified by PCR sequencing. The purpose was to evaluate whether there was any health risk to local populations or care personnel in aviaries and gather new data on the ecological niches of lesser-known species. One hundred and seven birds (16%) were found to be positive for at least one Cryptococcus or former Cryptococcus species. No yeasts belonging to the highly pathogenic C. neoformans or C. gattii complexes were isolated. However, diversity was notable, with 20 different Cryptococcus or former Cryptococcus species identified. Furthermore, most bird–yeast species associations found in this study have never been described before.
The Research Development of Hedonic Price Model-Based Real Estate Appraisal in the Era of Big Data
Authors: Wei Cankun , Fu Meichen , Wang Li , Yang Hanbing , Tang Feng , Xiong Yuqing
Published: February 2022

In the era of big data, advances in relevant technologies are profoundly impacting the field of real estate appraisal. Many scholars regard the integration of big data technology as an inevitable future trend in the real estate appraisal industry. In this paper, we summarize 124 studies investigating the use of big data technology to optimize real estate appraisal through the hedonic price model (HPM). We also list a variety of big data resources and key methods widely used in the real estate appraisal field. On this basis, the development of real estate appraisal moving forward is analyzed. The results obtained in the current studies are as follows: First, the big data resources currently applied to real estate appraisal include more than a dozen big data types from three data sources; the internet, remote sensing, and the Internet of things (IoT). Additionally, it was determined that web crawler technology represents the most important data acquisition method. Second, methods such as data pre-processing, spatial modeling, Geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis, and the evolving machine learning methods with higher valuation accuracy were successfully introduced into the HPM due to the features of real estate big data. Finally, although the application of big data has greatly expanded the amount of available data and feature dimensions, this has caused a new problem: uneven data quality. Uneven data quality can reduce the accuracy of appraisal results, and, to date, insufficient attention has been paid to this issue. Future research should pay greater attention to the data integration of multi-source big data and absorb the applications developed in other disciplines. It is also important to combine various methods to form a new united evaluation model based on taking advantage of, and avoiding shortcomings to compensate for, the mechanism defects of a single model.
Structural Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Polyphenols and Depsidone Derivatives from Melastoma malabathricum subsp. normale
Authors: He Rui-Jie , Wang Ya-Feng , Yang Bing-Yuan , Liu Zhang-Bin , Li Dian-Peng , Zou Bi-Qun , Huang Yong-Lin
Published: February 2022

The roots of Melastoma malabathricum subsp. normale (D. Don) Karst. Mey have been used in traditional ethnic medicine systems in China to treat inflammation-triggered ailments, such as trauma, toothache, and fever. Therefore, the aim of this study is to screen for compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in the title plant. The extract of M. malabathricum subsp. normale roots was separated using various chromatographic methods, such as silica gel, ODS C18, MCI gel, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, as well as semi-preparative HPLC. One new complex tannin, named whiskey tannin D (1), and an undescribed tetracyclic depsidone derivative, named guanxidone B (2), along with nine known polyphenols (2–10) and three known depsidone derivatives (12–14) were obtained from this plant. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by extensive NMR and CD experiments in conjunction with HR-ESI-MS data. All these compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. Moreover, compounds 1–4, 8, and 10–14 were obtained for the first time from the genus Melastoma, and compounds 1, 2, and 11–14 have not been reported from the family Melastomataceae. This is the first report of complex tannin and depsidone derivatives from M. malabathricum subsp. normale, indicating their chemotaxonomic significance to this plant. Compounds 1–12 were investigated for their anti-inflammatory activities on the production of the nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and compounds 1, 11, and 12 showed anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 values of 6.46 ± 0.23 µM, 8.02 ± 0.35 µM, and 9.82 ± 0.43 µM, respectively. The structure–activity relationship showed that the catechin at glucose C-1 in ellagitannin was the key to its anti-inflammatory activity, while CH3O- at C-16 of aromatic ring A in depsidone derivatives had little effect on its anti-inflammatory activity. The study of structure–activity relationships is helpful to quickly discover new anti-inflammatory drugs. The successful isolation and structure identification of these compounds, especially complex tannin 1, not only provide materials for the screening of anti-inflammatory compounds, but also provide a basis for the study of chemical taxonomy of the genus Melastoma.
Magnetic Nanoparticles in Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Dasari Akshith , Xue Jingyi , Deb Sanjukta
Published: February 2022

Large bone defects with limited intrinsic regenerative potential represent a major surgical challenge and are associated with a high socio-economic burden and severe reduction in the quality of life. Tissue engineering approaches offer the possibility to induce new functional bone regeneration, with the biomimetic scaffold serving as a bridge to create a microenvironment that enables a regenerative niche at the site of damage. Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a potential tool in bone tissue engineering that leverages the inherent magnetism of magnetic nano particles in cellular microenvironments providing direction in enhancing the osteoinductive, osteoconductive and angiogenic properties in the design of scaffolds. There are conflicting opinions and reports on the role of MNPs on these scaffolds, such as the true role of magnetism, the application of external magnetic fields in combination with MNPs, remote delivery of biomechanical stimuli in-vivo and magnetically controlled cell retention or bioactive agent delivery in promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In this review, we focus on the role of magnetic nanoparticles for bone-tissue-engineering applications in both disease modelling and treatment of injuries and disease. We highlight the materials-design pathway from implementation strategy through the selection of materials and fabrication methods to evaluation. We discuss the advances in this field and unmet needs, current challenges in the development of ideal materials for bone-tissue regeneration and emerging strategies in the field.
An Assessment of Serum Selenium Concentration in Women with Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Janowska Magdalena , Potocka Natalia , Paszek Sylwia , Skrzypa Marzena , Wróbel Andrzej , Kluz Marta , Baszuk Piotr , Marciniak Wojciech , Gronwald Jacek , Lubiński Jan , Zawlik Izabela , Kluz Tomasz
Published: February 2022

Background: Numerous studies have shown a relationship between low serum selenium levels and an increased risk of developing cancer. Methods: A total of 306 women participated in the study: 153 patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer and 153 healthy women who were matched, in terms of birth year (+/−3 years), to the patients from the study group. The quantitative measurement of selenium content in the collected blood samples was performed using a mass spectrometer with excitation in inductively coupled plasma. In order to determine the relationship between the risk factors and the incidence of endometrial cancer, analyses based on single- and multi-factor conditional logistic regression models were performed. Results: The mean concentration of selenium was lower in patients with endometrial cancer than in healthy controls (60.63 µg/L (0.77 µmol/L) vs. 78.74 µg/L (0.99 µmol/L), respectively). When compared in quartiles, a significant association of lower selenium concentration with the incidence of endometrial cancer was recorded. The highest OR was observed in the first and second quartiles (OR-22.0, p-value < 0.001; medium selenium level 46.95 µg/L (0.59 µmol/L), and OR-5.94; p-value < 0.001; medium selenium level 63.60 µg/L (0.80 µmol/L), respectively). Conclusion: A strong correlation between the level of selenium in the blood serum and the risk of endometrial cancer indicates that patients with low levels should be a candidate group requiring appropriate preventive examinations. Further research on a larger group of patients is required.
Black Sea Mussels Qualitative and Quantitative Chemical Analysis: Nutritional Benefits and Possible Risks through Consumption
Authors: Mititelu Magdalena , Neacșu Sorinel Marius , Oprea Eliza , Dumitrescu Denisa-Elena , Nedelescu Mirela , Drăgănescu Doina , Nicolescu Teodor Octavian , Roșca Adrian Cosmin , Ghica Manuela
Published: February 2022

Mussels have a particular nutritional value, representing a highly valued food source and thus sought after worldwide. Their meat is a real culinary delicacy, rich in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, trace elements, enzymes, and vitamins. The seasonal variation of mussels’ biochemical composition has been studied to determine the best harvesting period to capitalize on various biologically active fractions. In this work biochemical determinations have been performed on fresh flesh samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis specimens from the Black Sea coast to study seasonal variations in mussels’ biochemical compounds. An analysis of significant lipid classes and the fatty acid composition of lipid extracts obtained from mussel flesh has also been performed. Since mussels retain pollutants from the marine environment, in parallel, the concentration of heavy metals in the meat of mussels collected for the analysis of the chemical composition was investigated. The impact and risk of heavy metal poisoning due to food consumption of mussels contaminated due to pollution of the marine harvesting area was evaluated by the bio-concentration factor of metals and estimated daily intakes of heavy metals through mussel consumption.
Anti-Obesity Effect of Nostoc commune Ethanol Extract In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Tsai Sheng-Chieh , Huang Yu-Wen , Wu Chih-Chung , Wang Jyh-Jye , Chen Ya-Ting , Singhania Reeta Rani , Chen Chiu-Wen , Dong Cheng-Di , Hsieh Shu-Ling
Published: February 2022

Nostoc commune is an edible terrestrial blue-green alga. It has shown many beneficial effects on human health. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical assay of N. commune ethanol extract (NEE) and its anti-obesity effects. The effect of a high-calorie diet on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes is investigated, and a Wistar rat model is used to demonstrate the anti-obesity effect of NEE and its mechanism. The results showed that the NEE has phytochemical compounds, such as total polyphenol, total flavonoids, and total terpenoids. NEE was also shown to suppress cell proliferation and lipid accumulation (26.9%) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, NEE reduced the body weight (13.5%), fat tissue weight (13.3%), and the serum FFA (19.4%), TG (14.2%), TC (11.8%), and LDL-C (16.4%) of rats. In histopathology, NEE was shown to diminish the size of adipocytes and hepatic lipid droplets. The NEE downregulated the mRNA expression of adipogenesis (PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c) and lipid lysis-related genes (ATGL, HSL) in epididymal adipose tissue. The NEE also upregulated the mRNA expression of β-oxidation related genes (AMPK, CPT-1, PPAR-α) in the liver. Overall, this study suggests NEE has the potential to be developed as a functional food for anti-obesity.
Obesity Risk-Factor Variation Based on Island Clusters: A Secondary Analysis of Indonesian Basic Health Research 2018
Authors: Thamrin Sri Astuti , Arsyad Dian Sidik , Kuswanto Hedi , Lawi Armin , Arundhana Andi Imam
Published: February 2022

Obesity has become a rising global health problem affecting quality of life for adults. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of obesity in Indonesian adults based on the cluster of islands. The study also aims to identify the risk factors of obesity in each island cluster. This study analyzes the secondary data of Indonesian Basic Health Research 2018. Data for this analysis comprised 618,910 adults (≥18 years) randomly selected, proportionate to the population size throughout Indonesia. We included 20 variables for the socio-demographic and obesity-related risk factors for analysis. The obesity status was defined using Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2. Our current study defines 7 major island clusters as the unit analysis consisting of 34 provinces in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the characteristics of the population and to calculate the prevalence of obesity within the provinces in each of the island clusters. Multivariate logistic regression analyses to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) was performed using SPSS version 27. The study results show that all the island clusters have at least one province with an obesity prevalence above the national prevalence (35.4%). Six out of twenty variables, comprising four dietary factors (the consumption of sweet food, high-salt food, meat, and carbonated drinks) and one psychological factor (mental health disorders), varied across the island clusters. In conclusion, there was a variation of obesity prevalence of the provinces within and between island clusters. The variation of risk factors found in each island cluster suggests that a government rethink of the current intervention strategies to address obesity is recommended.
Structure–Activity Relationship of N-Phenylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide Derivatives Designed as Forkhead Box M1 Inhibitors: The Effect of Electron-Withdrawing and Donating Substituents on the Phenyl Ring
Authors: Huerta-García César Sebastian , Pérez David J. , Velázquez-Martínez Carlos A. , Tabatabaei Dakhili Seyed Amirhossein , Romo-Mancillas Antonio , Castillo Rafael , Hernández-Campos Alicia
Published: February 2022

We report synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation, and molecular-docking studies of 18 thieno[2,3-b]pyridines with a phenylacetamide moiety at position 2, which is disubstituted with F, Cl, Br, or I at position 4, and with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups (-CN, -NO2, -CF3, and -CH3) at position 2, to study how the electronic properties of the substituents affected the FOXM1-inhibitory activity. Among compounds 1–18, only those bearing a -CN (regardless of the halogen) decreased FOXM1 expression in a triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), as shown by Western blotting. However, only compounds 6 and 16 decreased the relative expression of FOXM1 to a level lower than 50%, and hence, we determined their anti-proliferative activity (IC50) in MDA-MB-231 cells using the MTT assay, which was comparable to that observed with FDI-6, in contrast to compound 1, which was inactive according to both Western blot and MTT assays. We employed molecular docking to calculate the binding interactions of compounds 1–18 in the FOXM1 DNA-binding site. The results suggest a key role for residues Val296 and Leu289 in this binding. Furthermore, we used molecular electrostatic potential maps showing the effects of different substituents on the overall electron density.
Antidepressant-like Effects of BDNF and NGF Individual Loop Dipeptide Mimetics Depend on the Signal Transmission Patterns Associated with Trk
Authors: Mezhlumyan Armen G. , Tallerova Anna V. , Povarnina Polina Y. , Tarasiuk Aleksey V. , Sazonova Nellya M. , Gudasheva Tatiana A. , Seredenin Sergey B.
Published: February 2022

Neurotrophins are considered as an attractive target for the development of antidepressants with a novel mechanism of action. Previously, the dimeric dipeptide mimetics of individual loops of nerve growth factor, NGF (GK-6, loop 1; GK-2, loop 4) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF (GSB-214, loop 1; GTS-201, loop 2; GSB-106, loop 4) were designed and synthesized. All the mimetics of NGF and BDNF in vitro after a 5–180 min incubation in a HT-22 cell culture were able to phosphorylate the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) or B (TrkB) receptors, respectively, but had different post-receptor signaling patterns. In the present study, we conduct comparative research of the antidepressant-like activity of these mimetics at acute and subchronic administration in the forced swim test in mice. Only the dipeptide GSB-106 that in vitro activates mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and phospholipase C-gamma (PLCγ) post-receptor pathways exhibited antidepressant-like activity (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg, ip) at acute administration. At the same time, the inhibition of any one of these signaling pathways completely prevented the antidepressant-like effects of GSB-106 in the forced swim test. All the NGF mimetics were inactive after a single injection regardless of post-receptor in vitro signaling patterns. All the investigated dipeptides, except GTS-201, not activating PI3K/AKT in vitro unlike the other compounds, were active at subchronic administration. The data obtained demonstrate that the low-molecular weight BDNF mimetic GSB-106 that activates all three main post-receptor TrkB signaling pathways is the most promising for the development as an antidepressant.
Experimental Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhalers during Inhalation and Exhalation Using a Model of the Human Respiratory System (xPULM™)
Authors: Pasteka Richard , Schöllbauer Lara Alina , Santos da Costa Joao Pedro , Kolar Radim , Forjan Mathias
Published: February 2022

Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by four dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. To simulate patients undergoing inhalation therapy, the active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured, and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung, while particles with the size of (>0.5 μm) are least influenced by deposition mechanisms. The fraction of exhaled particles ranges from 2.13% (HandiHaler®) over 2.94% (BreezHaler®), and 6.22% (Turbohaler®) to 10.24% (Ellipta®). These values are comparable to previously published studies. Furthermore, the mechanical upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and acts as a filter for larger particles (>3 μm). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract regarding applicable deposition mechanisms. The model strives to support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provides an alternative to experiments with human subjects.
An Optimal Scheme for the Number of Mirrors in Vehicular Visible Light Communication via Mirror Array-Based Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces
Authors: Zhan Ling , Zhao Hong , Zhang Wenhui , Lin Jiming
Published: February 2022

The optimization problem of the number of mirrors under energy efficiency (EE) maximization for vehicular visible light communication (VVLC) via mirror array-based intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is investigated. Under considering that the formulated optimization problem is subject to the real and non-negative of the transmitted signal, the maximum power consumption satisfied luminous ability and eye safety, the minimum achievable rate, and the required bit error ratio (BER), EE is proved to be a unimodal function of the number of mirrors. Then, the binary search-conditional iteration (BSCI) algorithm is proposed for quickly finding the optimal number of mirrors with maximum EE. Numerical results demonstrate that fewer mirrors can obtain the maximum EE, and the computational complexity of the BSCI algorithm is reduced by 105 orders of magnitude, compared with the Bubble Sort method.
Automatic Detoxification Medicine Delivery by Thermo-Sensitive Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Nanogels
Authors: Fu Ting , Shen Jing , Meng Yuting , Wang Jun , Wang Siping , Zhang Yuhui , Wang Tongwen , Zhang Xufeng
Published: February 2022

During the medication-assisted treatment of drug abuse, side effects and addiction liabilities are commonly observed. Thus, control of the medication dose is very important. According to body temperature abnormalities in drug abusers, a thermo-sensitive nanogel was synthesized as a drug carrier to automatically deliver detoxification medicines. This nanogel was prepared through the synthesis of polystyrene (PS) core microspheres, followed by coverage with a nonlinear poly(ethylene glycol)-based copolymer shell. The PS core microspheres were found to be an ideal hydrophobic core for loading the detoxification medicines effectively. The nonlinear poly(ethylene glycol)-based copolymer shell layer consisted of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates (Mn = 300 g mol−1, MEO5MA). The monomer feeding molar ratio n(MEO2MA)/n(MEO5MA) of 1:3 enabled PS@P(MEO2MA-co-MEO5MA) nanogels to exhibit a distinguished colloidal stability and an adjustable volume phase transition temperature which is within the drug addicts’ abnormally fluctuating temperature range. Importantly, it was found that the obtained PS@P(MEO2MA-co-MEO5MA) nanogels displayed good biocompatibility with rat aortic endothelial cells in the given concentration range. The nanogels also exhibited a satisfactory loading efficiency and thermo-sensitive/sustained release characteristics for three detoxification medicines: sinomenine, diltiazem and chlorpromazine.
Rapid Removal of Acid Red 88 by Zeolite/Chitosan Hydrogel in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Hidayat Endar , Harada Hiroyuki , Mitoma Yoshiharu , Yonemura Seiichiro , A Halem Hadi Imran
Published: February 2022

In the present study, we developed a new adsorbent product with zeolite crosslinked chitosan (ZL–CH hydrogel) to remove acid red 88 (AR88) in an aqueous solution. The effects of several factors, such as the comparison of ZL–CH hydrogel and the absence of chitosan, pH, adsorbent dosage, initial AR88 concentration, contact time, and ion strength, were determined. Obtained results showed that ZL–CH hydrogel improved AR88 removal compared to the absence of chitosan, with an adsorption capacity of 332.48 mg/g in equilibrium time of 1 min, and adding ionic strength had no significant effect. However, with optimal conditions at pH 2.0, dry ZL–CH became hydrogel due to protonation of amino and hydroxyl groups through hydrogen bonds in the AR88 solution. Volume fraction and interaction force decreased with increasing porosity, leading to an increase in adsorption capacity and swelling ratio. Experimental data of the adsorption process showed the Freundlich isotherm model. The equilibrium for adsorption and swelling kinetics studies showed and fitted a pseudo-second-order model. NaOH was successful as a desorbing agent with 93.8%, and it followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The recycling process indicates great potential for AR88 removal.
A Study of Wave Confinement and Optical Force in Polydimethlysiloxane–Arylazopyrazole Composite for Photonic Applications
Authors: Uba Ikemefuna , Geddis Demetris , Ghebreyessus Kesete , Hömmerich Uwe , Dumas Jerald
Published: February 2022

A refractive index of dielectrics was modified by several methods and was known to have direct influence on optical forces in nanophotonic structures. The present contribution shows that isomerization of photoswitching molecules can be used to regulate refractive index of dielectrics in-situ. In particular, spectroscopic study of a polydimethylsiloxane–arylazopyrazole (PDMS–AAP) composite revealed that refractive index of the composite shifts from 2.0 to 1.65 in trans and cis states, respectively, of the embedded AAP. Based on this, a proposition is made for a waveguide structure, in which external UV/Vis source reversibly regulates the conformation of the PDMS–AAP core. Computational study is performed using Maxwell’s equations on buried waveguide structure. The simulation, implemented in PYTHON, sequentially utilizes empirical refractive indices of the composite in the isomeric states in lieu of regulation by a source. The simulation revealed highly confined wave propagations for injected signals of 340 and 450 nm wavelengths. It is observed that the cis state suppresses higher order mode when propagating UV wavelength but allows it for visible light. This modal tuning demonstrated that single mode can be selectively excited with appropriate waveguide dimensions. Further impact of the tuning is seen in the optical force between waveguide pair where the forces shift between attractive and repulsive in relation to the isomeric state of the PDMS–AAP core. These effects which stem from the adjustment of refractive index by photoisomerization suggests that in-situ regulation of index is achievable by successful integration of photoswitching molecules in host materials, and the current PDMS–AAP composites investigated in this study can potentially enhance nanophotonic and opto-mechanical platforms.
Experimental Investigation of the Solid Conveying Behavior of Smooth and Grooved Single-Screw Extruders at High Screw Speeds
Authors: Johann Kai S. , Mehlich Stephan , Laichinger Marcus , Bonten Christian
Published: February 2022

Single-screw extrusion at high screw speeds is established nowadays since it allows for a high mass throughput at a comparatively small extruder size. Compared to conventional extrusion at low screw speeds, a considerable non-linearity in mass throughput appears by exceeding a certain threshold screw speed. In this study, the solid conveying behavior of different plastic granules with varying geometries was investigated in a smooth, a helically and an axially grooved solid conveying zone for screw speeds up to 1350 rpm. These experimental findings are compared to classical analytical predictions in the literature. It is found for the first time that both the shape and size of the plastic granules play a decisive role in determining the threshold screw speed at which a non-linear mass throughput is observed. It is shown that small and spherical granules exhibit a later onset of non-linear throughput compared to larger lenticular and cylindrical shaped granules. Moreover, it is revealed that the mass throughput equalizes for an axially and a helically grooved solid conveying zone at high screw speeds. This is contrary to the low screw speed range where the axially grooved barrel results in a significantly higher throughput than the helically grooved barrel. Thus, the maximum throughput at high screw speeds is limited by the granule stream provided by the hopper opening and is no longer governed by the groove angle.
Effect Mechanism and Simulation of Voids on Hygrothermal Performances of Composites
Authors: Liu Zhu , Lei Yongpeng , Zhang Xiangyang , Kang Zhenhang , Zhang Jifeng
Published: February 2022

Voids are comment defects generated during the manufacturing process and highly sensitive to moisture in the hygrothermal environment, which has deleterious effects on the mechanical performances. However, the combined impact of void content and water-absorbed content on mechanical properties is not clear. Based on the random sequential adsorption algorithm, a microscale unit cell with random distribution of fibers, interfaces and voids was established. The quantitative effects of voids content on strength and modulus under the loading of transverse tension, compression and shear were investigated by introducing a degradation factor dependent on water content into the constitutive model, and the different failure mechanisms before and after hygrothermal aging were revealed. Conclusively, before hygrothermal aging, voids induce the decrease in mechanical properties due to stress concentration, and every 1% increase in the void content results in a 6.4% decrease in transverse tensile strength. However, matrix degradation due to the absorbed water content after hygrothermal aging is the dominant factor, and the corresponding rate is 3.86%.
The Effect of Phenyl Content on the Liquid Crystal-Based Organosilicone Elastomers with Mechanical Adaptability
Authors: Liu Zhe , Wang Hua , Zhou Chuanjian
Published: February 2022

An elastomer with mechanical adaptability is a new kind of polymer material in which the increasing stress under continuous deformation is significantly inhibited in a large deformation area. Liquid crystal-based organosilicone elastomers, which can dissipate energy through reversible internal phase transition under external stimulation and have recoverable large deformation capacity, have drawn much interest as mechanical adaptability materials. However, there is no good way to control the mechanical adaptability at present. For this purpose, we prepared a new liquid crystal-based phenyl silicone rubber (LCMVPQ) using two-step click reactions and systematically explored the effect of phenyl content on its mechanical adaptability to achieve the regulation of mechanical adaptability. With an increase in phenyl content in the LCMVPQs, phenyl can hinder the rearrangement of the mesogenic units along the applied stress direction, which enables the adjustment of mechanical adaptability to meet the needs of different situations. In addition, the introduction of the liquid crystal phase impedes the internal friction of the molecular chain movement of the LCMVPQs and reduces the damping performance of silicone rubber. This research achieves the regulation of elastomers with mechanical adaptability and is expected to be applied in practical application fields.
Influence of Acrylonitrile Content on the Adhesive Properties of Water-Based Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
Authors: Márquez Irene , Paredes Núria , Alarcia Felipe , Velasco José Ignacio
Published: February 2022

A series of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) were prepared by emulsion polymerization in order to obtain a PSA that meet with the current label market requirements. For it, the effect of the incorporation of acrylonitrile (ACN) as hard monomer was investigated in a n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) and acrylic acid (AA) system. Great differences were found in the adhesive performance according to the ACN weight ratio. Its increased resulted in a considerable rise in the average sol molecular weight and in the glass transition temperature. This was reflected in a decrease of adhesion forces (peel resistance and tack) and an increase of the cohesion forces (shear resistance). Moreover, the incorporation of the minimum amount of ACN studied showed a great change in the elastic modulus determined by dynamic shear resistance with respect to the based formulation that did not contain ACN. Finally, the ice bucket test was carried out to check the adhesive performance in cold and wet environments.
A Study on Pei Yue and His Poems Written to Monks
Authors: Wang Ludi , Huang Yongfeng
Published: February 2022

Pei Yue 裴説 is a poet who flourished in the Late Tang (618–907) and Five Dynasties (907–960). The historical literature contains relatively limited information about his life, and his poems handed down to this day are also rare. To date, he has not been a major focus in the academic literature. Eight complete poems and two remnants from Pei Yue’s existing poems were addressed to monks, including the renowned monk and calligrapher Huaisu 懷素 (737–?), the two outstanding monks and poets Guanxiu 貫休 (832–912) and Shangyan 尚顏 (fl. 881), as well as the lesser known Chubin 處賓, Chumo 處默, Zhiqian 知乾, a nameless monk always in his monastery (bu chuyuan seng 不出院僧), and Su Zhan 蘇瞻, who was an advanced scholar (jinshi 進士) and planned to become a monk. It can be seen from these poems that Pei Yue often associated with monks: he discussed Buddhist concepts and artistic skills with them, and he both praised and mourned them. Moreover, Pei Yue was strongly averse to worldly life and yearned for a peaceful and pure land. He understood the intricacies of a number of Buddhist concepts, such as “emptiness” (wu 無) and “mind” (xin 心). He sometimes compared and combined Buddhist theories with poetic creation.
A Critical and Historical Overview of the Sīrah Genre from the Classical to the Modern Period
Authors: Sertkaya Suleyman
Published: February 2022

Sīrah (the life and biography of Prophet Muhammad) has been the point of focus and writing since the Prophet passed away. Approaches to sīrah have evolved in the Muslim and non-Muslim worlds over the centuries. This has had a significant impact on how the Prophet and even Islam are viewed in the Muslim and non-Muslim worlds. While Muslim scholars have focused on details of the exact biography, what and why a particular incident occurred in his life, his leadership, reverence of his teachings and other aspects of his life as a role model as well as lessons that can be derived from his life to emulate in daily life, non-Muslim authors have approached sīrah quite differently. Some are extremely critical to the point of ridicule and slander, while others approach it in a more authentic and genuine manner. The sources to which they have access, namely Arabic sources, play a critical role in the way sīrah is approached. Similarly, interactions with Muslims, scientific developments and globalisation have had significant impacts on the way sīrah is perceived, particularly in modern times. This article provides a chronological and systematic review and analysis of the major sīrah works written by Muslims and non-Muslims since the 7th century. It traces the evolvement of sīrah literature in Muslim and non-Muslim scholarship by documenting the reasons and fundamental factors affecting various approaches to sīrah across the centuries.
Identifying Reservoirs and Estimating Evaporation Losses in a Large Arid Inland Basin in Northwestern China
Authors: Xia Qian-Qian , Chen Ya-Ning , Zhang Xue-Qi , Ding Jian-Li , Lv Guang-Hui
Published: February 2022

Reservoirs play a vital role in agricultural irrigation, food security, and ecological protection in arid and semi–arid areas where water resources are scarce. In the Tarim Basin (TB) in northwestern China, a large number of reservoirs have been built or are being built, resulting in significant evaporation losses. However, information about the distribution, area and evaporation rate of the reservoirs in TB is limited. To contribute, we present an inventory of reservoirs and calculate their monthly surface area and evaporation rate during the study period of 1990–2019, using the TerraClimate dataset, Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, Landtrendr algorithm, Penman method, and Landsat images. The results suggest: (1) The inventory of 167 reservoirs in TB consists of 142 existing reservoirs (built before 1990), 5 new reservoirs (mountain reservoirs, built during 1990–2019), and 20 dried–up reservoirs (plain reservoirs that went extinct during 1990–2019). (2) The reservoir types in TB are mainly plain reservoirs with an altitude of less than 1500 m and an area of less than 10 km2, accounting for about 88% of the total number of reservoirs. (3) The surface area of the reservoirs increased at a significant rate (p < 0.05) of 12.45 km2/y from 401 km2 in 1990 to 766 km2 in 2019. (4) The evaporation rate of the reservoirs increased at a slight trend of 0.004 mm/d/a and varied from 2.57 mm/d in 1990 to 2.39 mm/d in 2019. Lastly, (5) The evaporation losses of reservoirs in TB significantly increased (p < 0.05) from 4.72 × 108 m3 to 4.92 × 108 m3 due to the significant increase in reservoir surface area (p < 0.05) and the slight increase in evaporation rate from 1990 to 2019. This study provides essentials of the reservoir inventory, surface area, and evaporation rate with considerable baseline inferences for TB that may be beneficial for long–term investigations and assist in local water resources decision support and sustainable management in arid regions.