bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Brief Introduction of Physics of Glaciers and Avalanches
Authors: Lamsal Min Raj
Published: October 2017

This article deals with the introduction and types of snow as well as glaciers and the basic mechanism of glacial move­ment and avalanches which is one of the most burning issues on the context of our Himalayan region. Because of such avalanches, which are more frequently occurring in the Himalayan region, many animals, plants, farmer's small buildings etc. are being carried away and the death of many people is being caused which is due to lack of knowledge of the factors responsible for avalanche occurrence. This article also deals with such factors and the safest way to deal with the ava­lanche control.The Himalayan PhysicsVol. 3, No. 3, July 2012Page : 60-63
Mobile Communication
Authors: Lamichhane Sanjita
Published: October 2017

Today’s technology is essential tools of the teaching trade. Many using technology young children in particular make effective use of the technology to acquire, create and display the knowledge that they are gaining. Study focuses on how action learning sets help pre-service teachers (PSTs) to use mobile phones for developing pedagogy. These school-based, action-learning group of PSTs allocate five schools are participate in the study. The findings indicated that the m-learning sets provide a vehicle for critical discussion and feedback for their learning and hence support sustain to target professional growth.The Himalayan PhysicsVol. 3, No. 3, July 2012Page : 74-77
Effect of Applied Voltage in Electron Density of Homogeneous Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Atmospherice Pressure
Authors: Shrestha R. , Tyata R. B. , Subedi D. P.
Published: October 2017

A homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was produced in air with a mixture with argon by applying high voltage A.C. source of potential difference (0-20) kV and frequency (20-50) kHz across two parallel disc electrodes with glass as dielectric barrier. In this paper, the determination of electron density in glow mode based on power balanced method is presented. Significant effects in electron density were found with the variation applied voltage.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 4, No. 4, 2013 Page: 10-13 Uploaded date: 12/22/2013
An Atom Laser over Optical Lasers
Authors: Sah Arbind Kumar
Published: October 2017

An atom laser is a coherent state of propagating atoms. They are created out of a Bose Einstein Condensation (BEC) of atoms which are output coupled using various techniques. An optical laser or conventional laser generates a coherent beam of light waves where as an atom laser produces a coherent beam of matter waves. An atom laser will have a major impact on the fields of atom optics, atom lithography and precision measurements.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 4, No. 4, 2013 Page: 99-101 Uploaded date: 12/23/2013
Noise Level Status in Siddharthanagar Municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Lakshmi Nath
Published: October 2017

Undesirable sound for human hearing is called as noise. It was measured at the selected locations of silent, residential and commercial zones of Siddharthanagar Municipality by using Dick Smith Digital Sound Level Meter Q 1362 for ‘A’ weighting in day time at 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM in the month of November and December 2012. The result shows that at each location the Leq noise levels are above than the noise level standard prescribed by Government of Nepal and WHO. Maximum Leq of 81.9 dB(A) was observed at the Bus park of commercial area and minimum 54.5 dB(A) was observed at Medical College area of silent zone. In other places, the Leq lie in the range 56.2 dB(A) to 81.9 dB(A). The study showed that the places lying along highways have high level of noise which is due to bad condition of roads, vehicles and unnecessary use of horns  The Himalayan Physics Vol. 5, No. 5, Nov. 2014 Page: 69-74
Introduction to Numerical Experiment on Plasma Focus using Lee Model Code
Authors: Gautam P. , Khanal R.
Published: October 2017

A dense plasma focus is table top machine producing short-lived very hot plasma and can cause nuclear fusion. Lee Model Code is a computer simulation package, which was successfully used in Mather and Fillipov type plasma focus. Lee Model couples the electrical circuit with the plasma focus dynamics, radiation and thermodynamics to simplify the complicated dynamics of plasma focus. This package enables us to simulate and analyze all of the gross properties. In this paper we present the importance of current fitting and the relation of it with other plasma focus parameter and overview of Lee Model Code together with physical basis, scope and the results obtained from the Lee Model Code. The Himalayan Physics Year 5, Vol. 5, Kartik 2071 (Nov 2014)Page: 137-141
Thermocouple: Facts and Theories
Authors: Adhikari Krishna Raj
Published: October 2017

In reality, thermocouples are extremely versatile and rugged. They are primarily simple devices and can be made to very small dimensions to convert heat into electricity. They are capable of operating over a wide range of temperatures. In addition, they are low in cost and are readily interchanged or replaced. However they do need to be tacit, so that they will measure the quantity that is desired with the precision that is required. In this context, the article presents an explanation about the thermocouple.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 6 & 7, April 2017 (10-14)
Assessment of Surface Tension and Viscosity of In-Zn melt
Authors: Koirala R. P. , Yadav S. K. , Singh B. P. , Jha I. S. , Adhikari D
Published: October 2017

A comparative study of the concentration dependence of surface tension and viscosity of molten In-Zn alloys at 700 K has been performed using energetics, obtained from thermodynamic analysis in the framework of self-association model. The surface tension of the alloys has been calculated from the two methods, layered structure approach and self associating mixture method, and viscosity from Moelwyn-Hughes equation and Kaptay equation. The theoretically computed results for the thermodynamic properties of the alloys are found in excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental results showing that the alloy is segregating in nature. Both surface tension and viscosity of the In-Zn alloy are found to increase with the addition of Zn atoms.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 6 & 7, April 2017 (15-19)
Variation of Solar Wind Parameters During Intense Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Subedi Ayush , Adhikari Binod , Mishra Roshan Kumar
Published: October 2017

Geomagnetic disturbances are caused by enhanced solar wind magnetospheric energy coupling process. The principal cause of geomagnetic disturbance is the magnetic reconnection that establishes an electrodynamical coupling between the solar wind plasma and magnetosphere. Around solar maximum, the main structures emanating from the sun are sporadic Coronal Mass Ejection (CMEs) and their interplanetary counterparts (ICMEs). During the descending and minimum solar cycle phases, coronal holes occur more often. They appear as dark regions confined to Solar poles during the solar maximum but expand in size and moves toward the solar equator during the descending phase. In this work, we have taken three different geomagnetic storms during solar maxima. For the interpretation of events, we used interplanetary solar wind data and geomagnetic indices. These satellite data and Dst indices (ranging from -100nT to above) are interpreted by using the method of cross correlation. The values of Bz found approximately 20nT, -50nT and -20nT respectively. Similarly, the value of Dst is -250nT, -400nT and -300nT which shows very intense effect. Likewise, the correlation coefficient we obtained from this research work strongly suggest that interplanetary magnetic field Bz has strong impact for the cause of geomagnetic storms.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 6 & 7, April 2017 (80-85)
Background Radiation: Detection, Measurement and Hazards
Authors: Chhetri Rajan Paudel
Published: October 2017

Radiation is a form of energy. It is of two types: non-ionizing and ionizing. Among them, ionizing radiations have hazardous health effects upon human beings. Different types of cancers may arise from the overexposure to ionizing radiations like alpha- particles, beta-particles, gamma- rays, x-rays etc. Further, ionizing radiations have very important utilities in case of paper handling and use. Radiations can be used for various beneficial purposes like medical imaging, radiation therapy, improvement of quality of agriculture, industry etc. The overall radiation from various sources on a specific location on earth's surface refers to the background radiation level of that zone. Exposure to background radiation is an inescapable feature of the environment. A portable GM counter was used to quantify the total radiation level at different places. The finding of this shows a variation of radiation level. Comparatively large values of radiation counts at high altitude and low values at river side. There is no any abnormal value of radiation counts for all sample places. So, there is, generally, no significant risk of public exposure to the background radiation for sample places.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 6 & 7, 2017 (119-122)
Postpartum Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome  A Case that can Press Hard an Obstetrician
Authors: Rashid Fahmida , Sattar Md Abdus
Published: October 2017

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a recently described clinicoradiologic entity that is associated with several medical conditions like hypertensive encephalopathy and eclampsia. It present with headache, confusion, visual disturbances or blindness, and seizures. Parieto-occipital white matter changes due to vasogenic edema can be observed on imaging modalities. It rarely occurs without seizures. There have been reports about PRES associated with pregnancy, especially peripartum. It is often, but not always, associated with high blood pressure. The pathophysiology of PRES is not still clear. Here we report a 23-yearold primigravida with unremarkable antenatal period but complicated by PRES with seizures at her 5th postpartum day. Postictal findings reported headache and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings suggested that PRES were evident. Clinical improvement with complete resolution without any complications was observed on the 8th post operative day with supportive treatment. This case report highlights the importance of awareness, prompt diagnosis and treatment to improve the outcome in this potentially life-threatening, but reversible condition.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2016; Vol. 31(1) : 46-49
International News Vol.31(2)
Authors: Chowdhury Saleha Begum
Published: October 2017

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2016; Vol. 31(2) : 112-113
Arsenic Accumulation in Rice and Probable Mitigation Approaches: A Review
Authors: Mitra Anindita , Chatterjee Soumya , Moogouei Roxana , Gupta Dharmendra
Published: October 2017

According to recent reports, millions of people across the globe are suffering from arsenic (As) toxicity. Arsenic is present in different oxidative states in the environment and enters in the food chain through soil and water. In the agricultural field, irrigation with arsenic contaminated water, that is, having a higher level of arsenic contamination on the top soil, which may affects the quality of crop production. The major crop like rice (Oryza sativa L.) requires a considerable amount of water to complete its lifecycle. Rice plants potentially accumulate arsenic, particularly inorganic arsenic (iAs) from the field, in different body parts including grains. Different transporters have been reported in assisting the accumulation of arsenic in plant cells; for example, arsenate (AsV) is absorbed with the help of phosphate transporters, and arsenite (AsIII) through nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein (NIP) by the silicon transport pathway and plasma membrane intrinsic protein aquaporins. Researchers and practitioners are trying their level best to mitigate the problem of As contamination in rice. However, the solution strategies vary considerably with various factors, such as cultural practices, soil, water, and environmental/economic conditions, etc. The contemporary work on rice to explain arsenic uptake, transport, and metabolism processes at rhizosphere, may help to formulate better plans. Common agronomical practices like rain water harvesting for crop irrigation, use of natural components that help in arsenic methylation, and biotechnological approaches may explore how to reduce arsenic uptake by food crops. This review will encompass the research advances and practical agronomic strategies on arsenic contamination in rice crop.
Soil–Structure–Equipment Interaction and Influence Factors in an Underground Electrical Substation under Seismic Loads
Authors: Wen Bo , Zhang Lu , Niu Ditao , Zhang Muhua
Published: October 2017

Underground electrical substations play an increasingly significant role in urban economic development for the power supply of subways. However, in recent years, there have been few studies on the seismic performance of underground electrical substations involving the interaction of soil–structure–equipment. To conduct the study, three-dimensional finite element models of an underground substation are established. The implicit dynamic numerical simulation analysis is performed by changing earthquake input motions, soil characteristics, electrical equipment type and structure depths. According to a seismic response analysis, acceleration amplification coefficients, displacements, stresses and internal forces are obtained and analyzed. It is found that (1) as a boundary condition of soil–structure, the coupling boundary is feasible in the seismic response of an underground substation; (2) the seismic response of an underground substation is sensitive to burial depth and elastic modulus; (3) the oblique incidence of input motion has a slight influence on the horizontal seismic response, but has a significant impact on the vertical seismic response; and (4) the bottom of the side wall is the seismic weak part of an underground substation, so it is necessary to increase the stiffness of this area.
Cosmetic Potential of Marine Fish Skin Collagen
Authors: Alves Ana , Marques Ana , Martins Eva , Silva Tiago , Reis Rui
Published: October 2017

Many cosmetic formulations have collagen as a major component because of its significant benefits as a natural humectant and moisturizer. This industry is constantly looking for innovative, sustainable, and truly efficacious products, so marine collagen based formulations are arising as promising alternatives. A solid description and characterization of this protein is fundamental to guarantee the highest quality of each batch. In the present study, we present an extensive characterization of marine-derived collagen extracted from salmon and codfish skins, targeting its inclusion as component in cosmetic formulations. Chemical and physical characterizations were performed using several techniques such as sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy rheology, circular dichroism, X-ray diffraction, humidity uptake, and a biological assessment of the extracts regarding their irritant potential. The results showed an isolation of type I collagen with high purity but with some structural and chemical differences between sources. Collagen demonstrated a good capacity to retain water, thus being suitable for dermal applications as a moisturizer. A topical exposure of collagen in a human reconstructed dermis, as well as the analysis of molecular markers for irritation and inflammation, exhibited no irritant potential. Thus, the isolation of collagen from fish skins for inclusion in dermocosmetic applications may constitute a sustainable and low-cost platform for the biotechnological valorization of fish by-products.
Evidence of Recent Fine-Scale Population Structuring in South American Puma concolor
Authors: Saranholi Bruno , Chávez-Congrains Karla , Galetti Pedro
Published: October 2017

Habitat loss and fragmentation are considered the major treats to worldwide biodiversity. Carnivores in particular can be more sensitive to landscape modification due to their low occurrence density and large home ranges. Population structuring of Puma concolor has been already reported as a consequence of extensive human activities in the North American continent. Here, we investigated the occurrence of fine-scale population structuring in the South American cougar population, contrasting two conservation areas immersed in a highly human-fragmented landscape dominated by the presence of sugar cane monoculture, roads, and urbanization, including a series of dams in the Tietê River which enlarges its water body. Seven microsatellites were amplified using non-invasive DNA obtained from fecal samples. We conducted genetic clustering analyses using Bayesian and factorial components. We also performed genetic differentiation analyses by fixation indices (Fst and Dest). Two genetic clusters represented by individuals from each area were found, indicating the occurrence of gene flow reduction between the areas. The intense human-induced landscape modification—which includes the Tietê River water body enlargement, imposing physical barriers to the movement of the individuals—could explain the gene flow reduction. Increasing connectivity among the preserved areas can mitigate such effects, and the creation of corridors or further management actions such as individual translocation to ensure gene flow in the highly-modified landscape may be essential for maintaining the genetic and demographic health of the species and its long-term persistence.
A Review on Opportunities To Assess Hydration in Wireless Body Area Networks
Authors: Asogwa Clement , Lai Daniel
Published: October 2017

The study of human body hydration is increasingly leading to new practical applications, including online assessment techniques for whole body water level and novel techniques for real time assessment methods as well as characterization for fitness and exercise performance. In this review, we will discuss the different techniques for assessing hydration from electrical properties of tissues and their components and the biological relations between tissues. This will be done mainly in the context of engineering while highlighting some applications in medicine, mobile health and sports.
A Model of Polarisation Rotations in Blazars from Kink Instabilities in Relativistic Jets
Authors: Nalewajko Krzysztof
Published: October 2017

This paper presents a simple model of polarisation rotation in optically thin relativistic jets of blazars. The model is based on the development of helical (kink) mode of current-driven instability. A possible explanation is suggested for the observational connection between polarisation rotations and optical/gamma-ray flares in blazars, if the current-driven modes are triggered by secular increases of the total jet power. The importance of intrinsic depolarisation in limiting the amplitude of coherent polarisation rotations is demonstrated. The polarisation rotation amplitude is thus very sensitive to the viewing angle, which appears to be inconsistent with the observational estimates of viewing angles in blazars showing polarisation rotations. Overall, there are serious obstacles to explaining large-amplitude polarisation rotations in blazars in terms of current-driven kink modes.
Geoarchaeological Core Prospection as a Tool to Validate Archaeological Interpretation Based on Geophysical Data at the Roman Settlement of Auritz/Burguete and Aurizberri/Espinal (Navarre)
Authors: Garcia-Garcia Ekhine , Andrews James , Iriarte Eneko , Sala Roger , Aranburu Arantza , Hill Julian , Agirre-Mauleon Juantxo
Published: October 2017

Geophysical survey methods are broadly used to delimit and characterize archaeological sites, but the archaeological interpretation of geophysical data remains one of the challenges. Indeed, many scenarios can generate a similar geophysical response, and often interpretations can not be validated without access to the subsoil. In large geophysical surveys many anomalies are detected and validation through archaeological trenches can not be afforded. This paper analyses the validity of geoarchaeological core survey to check the archaeological interpretations based on geophysical results. The Roman site located at Auritz/Burguete and Aurizberri/Espinal (Navarre), provides a great case of study as many investigations have been carried out. After the gradiometer survey performed in 2013 a sediment core survey was designed. 132 cores were drilled using a hand-held coring machine and the sediments were analysed in situ. Site delimitation and archaeological interpretations based on magnetic data could be improved or corrected. In this regard, the core survey proved to be an useful methodology as many anomalies could be checked within reasonable time and resources. However, further geophysical investigations trough GPR revealed unexpected remains in areas where no archaeological deposits were identified through coring. Excavations showed poor conservation level in some of those areas, leading to thin archaeological deposits hard to identify at the cores. The sediment core survey, therefore, was proved to be inconclusive to delimit the archaeological site.
The Effects of Data Collection Method and Monitoring of Workers’ Behavior on the Generation of Demolition Waste
Authors: Cha Gi-Wook , Kim Young-Chan , Moon Hyeun , Hong Won-Hwa
Published: October 2017

The roles of both the data collection method (including proper classification) and the behavior of workers on the generation of demolition waste (DW) are important. By analyzing the effect of the data collection method used to estimate DW, and by investigating how workers’ behavior can affect the total amount of DW generated during an actual demolition process, it was possible to identify strategies that could improve the prediction of DW. Therefore, this study surveyed demolition waste generation rates (DWGRs) for different types of building by conducting on-site surveys immediately before demolition in order to collect adequate and reliable data. In addition, the effects of DW management strategies and of monitoring the behavior of workers on the actual generation of DW were analyzed. The results showed that when monitoring was implemented, the estimates of DW obtained from the DWGRs that were surveyed immediately before demolition and the actual quantities of DW reported by the demolition contractors had an error rate of 0.63% when the results were compared. Therefore, this study has shown that the proper data collection method (i.e., data were collected immediately before demolition) applied in this paper and monitoring on the demolition site have a significant impact on waste generation.
Financial Market Integration: Evidence from Cross-Listed French Firms
Authors: Mehanaoui Mohamed
Published: October 2017

Using high frequency data we investigate the behavior of the intraday volatility and the volume of eight cross-listed French firms. There is a two hour “overlap” period during which French firms are traded in Paris and their related American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are traded in New York. Using concurrent 15-min returns, this article examines the extent of market integration—defined as prices in both markets reflecting the same fundamental information—involving these firms. Our results suggest that these markets are not perfectly integrated. A significant rise in volatility and volume is observed during the two hour “overlap” period. This suggests the existence of informed trading. An error correction model (ECM) is then used to examine changes in prices of French firms in Paris and New York. These temporary changes appear to converge over time.
1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-trichloromethylimidazolidine
Authors: Stack Darcie , Masuda Jason
Published: October 2017

A new chloroform adduct of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene (SIPr) has been prepared via C–H bond activation of the chloroform at the carbene carbon. This redox product was crystallized and was characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data are in agreement with the crystal structure. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed as a means for comparison to experimental data and the computational results are in agreement with those obtained experimentally.
Carbon-Based Oxamate Cobalt(III) Complexes as Bioenzyme Mimics for Contaminant Elimination in High Backgrounds of Complicated Constituents
Authors: Li Nan , Zheng Yun , Jiang Xuemei , Zhang Ran , Pei Kemei , Chen Wenxing
Published: October 2017

Complex wastewater with massive components is now a serious environmental issue facing humanity. Selective removal of low-concentration contaminants in mixed constituents holds great promise for increasing water supplies. Bioenzymes like horseradish peroxidase exhibit oxidizing power and selectivity. Here, we manufactured its mimic through immobilizing non-heme oxamate anionic cobalt(III) complex ([CoIII(opba)]−, opba = o-phenylenebis(oxamate)) onto pyridine (Py) modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes ([CoIII(opba)]−-Py-MWCNTs, MWCNTs = multiwalled carbon nanotubes), where MWCNTs captured substrates and Py functioned as the fifth ligand. We chose typical azo dye (C.I. Acid Red 1) and antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) as model substrates. Without •OH, this catalyst could detoxify target micropollutants efficiently at pH from 8 to 11. It also remained efficient in repetitive tests, and the final products were non-poisonous OH-containing acids. Combined with radical scavenger tests and electron paramagnetic resonance result, we speculated that high-valent cobalt-oxo active species and oxygen atom transfer reaction dominated in the reaction pathway. According to density functional theory calculations, the electron spin density distribution order showed that electron-withdrawing ligand was beneficial for inward pulling the excess electron and lowering the corresponding energy levels, achieving an electrophilic-attack enhancement of the catalyst. With target removal property and recyclability, this catalyst is prospective in water detoxication.
The Stability of Parabolic Problems with Nonstandard p(x, t)-Growth
Authors: Erhardt André
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we study weak solutions to the following nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation ∂ t u − div a ( x , t , ∇ u ) + λ ( | u | p ( x , t ) − 2 u ) = 0 in Ω T , where λ ≥ 0 and ∂ t u denote the partial derivative of u with respect to the time variable t, while ∇ u denotes the one with respect to the space variable x. Moreover, the vector-field a ( x , t , · ) satisfies certain nonstandard p ( x , t ) -growth and monotonicity conditions. In this manuscript, we establish the existence of a unique weak solution to the corresponding Dirichlet problem. Furthermore, we prove the stability of this solution, i.e., we show that two weak solutions with different initial values are controlled by these initial values.
Quantification of Representative Ciguatoxins in the Pacific Using Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Kato Tsuyoshi , Yasumoto Takeshi
Published: October 2017

The absolute quantification of five toxins involved in ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in the Pacific was carried out by quantitative 1H-NMR. The targeted toxins were ciguatoxin-1B (CTX1B), 52-epi-54-deoxyciguatoxin-1B (epideoxyCTX1B), ciguatoxin-3C (CTX3C), 51-hydroxyciguatoxin-3C (51OHCTX3C), and ciguatoxin-4A (CTX4A). We first calibrated the residual protons of pyridine-d5 using certified reference material, 1,4-BTMSB-d4, prepared the toxin solutions with the calibrated pyridin-d5, measured the 1H-NMR spectra, and quantified the toxin using the calibrated residual protons as the internal standard. The absolute quantification was carried out by comparing the signal intensities between the selected protons of the target toxin and the residual protons of the calibrated pyridine-d5. The proton signals residing on the ciguatoxins (CTXs) to be used for quantification were carefully selected for those that were well separated from adjacent signals including impurities and that exhibited an effective intensity. To quantify CTX1B and its congeners, the olefin protons in the side chain were judged appropriate for use. The quantification was achievable with nano-molar solutions. The probable errors for uncertainty, calculated on respective toxins, ranged between 3% and 16%. The contamination of the precious toxins with nonvolatile internal standards was thus avoided. After the evaporation of pyridine-d5, the calibrated CTXs were ready for use as the reference standard in the quantitative analysis of ciguatoxins by LC/MS.
Correction: Li, H. et al. Research on Design and Simulation of Biaxial Tensile-Bending Complex Mechanical Performance Test Apparatus. Micromachines, 2017, 8, 286
Authors: Li Hailian , Zhao Hongwei , Luo Chunyang , Li Lijia , Zhang He
Published: October 2017

In the published paper [1], there is an error in Figure 8. The labels in Figure 8 was incorrect, it should be corrected as follows [...]
Design and Performance Testing of a Novel Three-Dimensional Elliptical Vibration Turning Device
Authors: Lin Jieqiong , Han Jinguo , Lu Mingming , Zhou Jiakang , Gu Yan , Jing Xian , Feng Da
Published: October 2017

A novel three-dimensional (3D) elliptical vibration turning device which is on the basis of the leaf-spring-flexure-hinges-based (LSFH-based) double parallel four-bar linkages (DPFLMs) has been proposed. In order to evaluate the performance of the developed 3D elliptical vibration cutting generator (EVCG), the off-line tests were carried out to investigate the stroke, dynamic performance, resolution, tracking accuracy and hysteresis along the three vibration axes. Experimental results indicate that the maximum stroke of three vibration axes can reach up to 26 μm. The working bandwidth can reach up to 1889 Hz. The resolution and hysteresis tests show that the developed 3D EVCG has a good tracking accuracy, relative high resolution and low hysteresis, which is appropriate for micro/nano machining. Kinematical modeling is carried out to investigate the tool vibration trajectory. Experimental results shown that the simulation results agree well with the experimental one, which indicate that the developed 3D EVCG can be used as an option for micro/nano machining.
Novel Anti-Tuberculosis Nanodelivery Formulation of Ethambutol with Graphene Oxide
Authors: Saifullah Bullo , Chrzastek Alina , Maitra Arundhati , Naeemullah Bullo , Fakurazi Sharida , Bhakta Sanjib , Hussein Mohd
Published: October 2017

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease responsible for millions of infections and preventable deaths each year. Its treatment is complicated by patients’ noncompliance due to dosing frequency, lengthy treatment, and adverse side effects associated with current chemotherapy. However, no modifications to the half-a-century old standard chemotherapy have been made based on a nanoformulation strategy to improve pharmacokinetic efficacy. In this study, we have designed a new nanodelivery formulation, using graphene oxide as the nanocarrier, loaded with the anti-TB antibiotic, ethambutol. The designed formulation was characterized using a number of molecular analytical techniques. It was found that sustained release of the drug resulted in better bioavailability. In addition, the designed formulation demonstrated high biocompatibility with mouse fibroblast cells. The anti-TB activity of the nanodelivery formulation was determined using whole-cell resazurin microtiter plate assay, modified-spot culture growth inhibition assay, and biofilm inhibition assay. The nanodelivery formulation showed good anti-mycobacterial activity. The anti-mycobacterial activity of Ethambutol was unaffected by the drug loading and release process. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of this new nanodelivery formulation strategy to be considered for modifying existing chemotherapy to yield more efficacious antibiotic treatment against TB.
Nano-Formulation of Ethambutol with Multifunctional Graphene Oxide and Magnetic Nanoparticles Retains Its Anti-Tubercular Activity with Prospects of Improving Chemotherapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Saifullah Bullo , Maitra Arundhati , Chrzastek Alina , Naeemullah Bullo , Fakurazi Sharida , Bhakta Sanjib , Hussein Mohd
Published: October 2017

Tuberculosis (TB) is a dreadful bacterial disease, infecting millions of human and cattle every year worldwide. More than 50 years after its discovery, ethambutol continues to be an effective part of the World Health Organization’s recommended frontline chemotherapy against TB. However, the lengthy treatment regimens consisting of a cocktail of antibiotics affect patient compliance. There is an urgent need to improve the current therapy so as to reduce treatment duration and dosing frequency. In this study, we have designed a novel anti-TB multifunctional formulation by fabricating graphene oxide with iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles serving as a nano-carrier on to which ethambutol was successfully loaded. The designed nanoformulation was characterised using various analytical techniques. The release of ethambutol from anti-TB multifunctional nanoparticles formulation was found to be sustained over a significantly longer period of time in phosphate buffer saline solution at two physiological pH (7.4 and 4.8). Furthermore, the nano-formulation showed potent anti-tubercular activity while remaining non-toxic to the eukaryotic cells tested. The results of this in vitro evaluation of the newly designed nano-formulation endorse its further development in vivo.
Rational Design of Nucleoside–Bile Acid Conjugates Incorporating a Triazole Moiety for Anticancer Evaluation and SAR Exploration
Authors: Navacchia Maria , Marchesi Elena , Mari Lara , Chinaglia Nicola , Gallerani Eleonora , Gavioli Riccardo , Capobianco Massimo , Perrone Daniela
Published: October 2017

Herein we report a study on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a library of nucleoside-bile acid conjugates prepared by combining 2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-deoxyuridine as well as adenosine and guanosine derivatives with cheno-, urso-, nor-cheno-, nor-urso- and taurourso-desoxycholic acid derivatives by means of the click reaction. The new nucleoside-bile acid conjugates incorporating a triazole moiety were tested in vitro against leukemic K562 and HCT116 colon carcinoma, as well as on normal fibroblast cells. Six compounds displayed interesting anti-proliferative activity against the selected cancer lines and no cytotoxic effects against normal fibroblasts. A possible structure activity relationship was also investigated.
Novel Synthesis of Core-Shell Silica Nanoparticles for the Capture of Low Molecular Weight Proteins and Peptides
Authors: Hernandez-Leon Sergio , Sarabia-Sainz Jose , Montfort Gabriela , Guzman-Partida Ana , Robles-Burgueño Maria , Vazquez-Moreno Luz
Published: October 2017

Silica nanoparticles were functionalized with immobilized molecular bait, Cibacron Blue, and a porous polymeric bis-acrylamide shell. These nanoparticles represent a new alternative to capture low molecular weight (LMW) proteins/peptides, that might be potential biomarkers. Functionalized core-shell silica nanoparticles (FCSNP) presented a size distribution of 243.9 ± 11.6 nm and an estimated surface charge of −38.1 ± 0.9 mV. The successful attachment of compounds at every stage of synthesis was evidenced by ATR-FTIR. The capture of model peptides was determined by mass spectrometry, indicating that only the peptide with a long sequence of hydrophobic amino acids (alpha zein 34-mer) interacted with the molecular bait. FCSNP excluded the high molecular weight protein (HMW), BSA, and captured LMW proteins (myoglobin and aprotinin), as evidenced by SDS-PAGE. Functionalization of nanoparticles with Cibacron Blue was crucial to capture these molecules. FCSNP were stable after twelve months of storage and maintained a capacity of 3.1–3.4 µg/mg.
Screening a Natural Product-Based Library against Kinetoplastid Parasites
Authors: Zulfiqar Bilal , Jones Amy , Sykes Melissa , Shelper Todd , Davis Rohan , Avery Vicky
Published: October 2017

Kinetoplastid parasites cause vector-borne parasitic diseases including leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Chagas disease. These Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) impact on some of the world’s lowest socioeconomic communities. Current treatments for these diseases cause severe toxicity and have limited efficacy, highlighting the need to identify new treatments. In this study, the Davis open access natural product-based library was screened against kinetoplastids (Leishmania donovani DD8, Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi) using phenotypic assays. The aim of this study was to identify hit compounds, with a focus on improved efficacy, selectivity and potential to target several kinetoplastid parasites. The IC50 values of the natural products were obtained for L. donovani DD8, T. b. brucei and T. cruzi in addition to cytotoxicity against the mammalian cell lines, HEK-293, 3T3 and THP-1 cell lines were determined to ascertain parasite selectivity. Thirty-one compounds were identified with IC50 values of ≤ 10 µM against the kinetoplastid parasites tested. Lissoclinotoxin E (1) was the only compound identified with activity across all three investigated parasites, exhibiting IC50 values < 5 µM. In this study, natural products with the potential to be new chemical starting points for drug discovery efforts for kinetoplastid diseases were identified.
TiO2 Nanowire Networks Prepared by Titanium Corrosion and Their Application to Bendable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Jin Saera , Shin Eunhye , Hong Jongin
Published: October 2017

TiO2 nanowire networks were prepared, using the corrosion of Ti foils in alkaline (potassium hydroxide, KOH) solution at different temperatures, and then a further ion-exchange process. The prepared nanostructures were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The wet corroded foils were utilized as the photoanodes of bendable dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 1.11% under back illumination.
Nanometric MIL-125-NH2 Metal–Organic Framework as a Potential Nerve Agent Antidote Carrier
Authors: Vilela Sérgio , Salcedo-Abraira Pablo , Colinet Isabelle , Salles Fabrice , De Koning Martijn , Joosen Marloes , Serre Christian , Horcajada Patricia
Published: October 2017

The three-dimensional (3D) microporous titanium aminoterephthalate MIL-125-NH2 (MIL: Material of Institut Lavoisier) was successfully isolated as monodispersed nanoparticles, which are compatible with intravenous administration, by using a simple, safe and low-cost synthetic approach (100 °C/32 h under atmospheric pressure) so that for the first time it could be considered for encapsulation and the release of drugs. The nerve agent antidote 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-1-methyl-pyridinium chloride (2-PAM or pralidoxime) was effectively encapsulated into the pores of MIL-125-NH2 as a result of the interactions between 2-PAM and the pore walls being mediated by π-stacking and hydrogen bonds, as deduced from infrared spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulation studies. Finally, colloidal solutions of MIL-125-NH2 nanoparticles exhibited remarkable stability in different organic media, aqueous solutions at different pH and under relevant physiological conditions over time (24 h). 2-PAM was rapidly released from the pores of MIL-125-NH2 in vitro.
Addressing “Wicked Problems” through Governance for Sustainable Development—A Comparative Analysis of National Mineral Policy Approaches in the European Union
Authors: Endl Andreas
Published: October 2017

The achievement of sustainable development (SD) in the supply of minerals poses significant challenges for governments and public administrations on all levels, because ensuring a sustainable supply constitutes a “wicked” problem that has no clear set of alternative solutions due to its social, institutional and scientific complexities. This paper explores how this problem is addressed through “governance for SD” principles (horizontal policy integration and participation; long-term vision/short-term action; and reflexivity and learning) in the design and delivery of national mineral policy strategies (NMS) in five EU Member States (Austria, Finland, Greece, Portugal and Sweden). Following a grounded theory approach on data collected through document analysis and complementary qualitative interviews, the author identified several analytical categories for the selected governance for SD’ principles. Although no “one-size-fits-all” recipe for best practice on governance for SD exists in the five NMS, Finland, Portugal and Sweden meet high standards: These NMS display practical examples of governance for SD integration and, thus, lay the foundations for achieving policy outcomes in the sectoral policy strategies of the mineral supply.
Multi Criteria Credit Rating Model for Small Enterprise Using a Nonparametric Method
Authors: Chi Guotai , Zhang Zhipeng
Published: October 2017

A small enterprise’s credit rating is employed to measure its probability of defaulting on a debt, but, for small enterprises, financial data are insufficient or even unreliable. Thus, building a multi criteria credit rating model based on the qualitative and quantitative criteria is of importance to finance small enterprises’ activities. Till now, there has not been a multicriteria credit risk model based on the rank sum test and entropy weighting method. In this paper, we try to fill this gap by offering three innovative contributions. First, the rank sum test shows significant differences in the average ranks associated with index data for the default and entire sample, ensuring that an index makes an effective differentiation between the default and non-default sample. Second, the rating equation’s capacity is tested to identify the potential defaults by verifying a clear difference between the average ranks of samples with default ratings (i.e., not index values) and the entire sample. Third, in our nonparametric test, the rank sum test is used with rank correlation analysis made to screen for indices, thereby avoiding the assumption of normality associated with more common credit rating methods.
Responses of Soil Seed Bank and Vegetation to the Increasing Intensity of Human Disturbance in a Semi-Arid Region of Northern China
Authors: Li Cui , Xiao Bo , Wang Qinghai , Zheng Ruilun , Wu Juying
Published: October 2017

To provide more insights into the responses of the soil seed bank and vegetation to human disturbance intensity, we selected four land use types, including: native grassland (no human disturbance), abandoned artificial grassland (light human disturbance), artificial grassland (moderate human disturbance), and farmland (severe human disturbance) in a semi-arid climate of northern China. The species composition and density of the soil seed bank were measured, as well as the species composition and amount of vegetation. The native grassland had a significantly higher soil seed density and species richness than the other land use types. Moreover, the common species both in the soil seed bank and vegetation between the native grassland and other land use types gradually decreased as disturbance intensity increased. The abandoned artificial grassland and artificial grassland still had abundant soil seed banks according to their seed density (≥28.2% of the native grassland) and species richness (≥70.0% of the native grassland) to restore the vegetation. Conversely, it was hard to restore the vegetation on the farmland due to its low soil seed density (10.0% of the native grassland) and species richness (40.0% of the native grassland). In conclusion, human disturbance would generate significant negative effects on the soil seed bank in desertified regions in a semi-arid climate; however, the soil seed bank in land use types with light/moderate disturbance are more adapted to vegetation restoration compared with land use types with severe disturbance in a semi-arid region.
Effects of a Tariff Reduction on Grain Self-Sufficiency: Evidence from Country-Level Panel Data
Authors: Jeon Younghyeon , Ahn Byeong-il
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates the effects of a tariff reduction on the grain self-sufficiency and the sustainability of domestic grain production. We develop a theoretical model in which trade, tariff, and supply-demand equations are explicitly included, with the classification of food importing and exporting countries. Estimation results based on panel data for 150 countries over 17 years show that the effects of domestic tariff of food-importing countries on the grain self-sufficiency rate (SSR) are positive. This implies that market expansion through tariff reduction will have a negative effect on the importing country’s food SSR and sustainable domestic supply. Using the estimated coefficients on the empirical equations, we derived the elasticities of grain SSR with respect to the tariff rate of food-importing countries. Those are in the ranges of 0.221–0.387.
A Measure of the Non-Determinacy of a Dynamic Neighborhood Model
Authors: Shmyrin Anatoliy , Sedykh Irina
Published: October 2017

In this paper we define a non-deterministic dynamic neighborhood model. As a special case, a linear neighborhood model is considered. When a non-deterministic neighborhood model functions, it is possible to introduce a restriction on the number of active layers, which will allow the variation of the non-determinism of the model at each moment of time. We give the notion of the non-determinacy measure and prove that it has the properties of a probability measure. We formulate the problem of reachability with partially specified parameters, layer priorities, and the non-determinacy measure. An algorithm for solving the attainability problem for a neighborhood model with variable indeterminacy and layer priorities is presented. An example of its solution is shown, which shows that when the priorities are compared and the measure of non-determinism is used, the solution of the problem can be obtained more quickly than by a method that does not use priorities.
Heavy Metal Pollution of Chari River Water during the Crossing of N’Djamena (Chad)
Authors: Nambatingar N’garam , Clement Yohann , Merle Alain , New Mahamat Tchadanaye , Lanteri Pierre
Published: October 2017

This study was carried out to identify and assess the water quality of the Chari River. The Chari, 1200 km long, is Chad’s major water source. Municipal sewage, industrial wastewater discharge, and seasonal run-off from agriculture are regularly fed into the river. Several trace metals such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Cd, were measured in different sampling stations located along the Chari River at N’Djamena in different campaigns from 2008 to 2010. Overall, manganese, zinc, chromium, and copper concentration levels were mainly in the range of the permissible limits prescribed by WHO guidelines (WHO 2011). Nickel, iron, and cadmium concentrations were still high. This preliminary study allowed us to identify the magnitude of toxic pollutants, which are responsible for Chari River water contamination in the study area. This study revealed that urgent measures must be taken to protect the local people from health problems resulting from high concentrations of heavy metals.