68 TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENOME ACTIVATION IN CANINE EMBRYOS COLLECTED IN VIVO
Authors: Chastant-Maillard S. , Viaris de Lesegno C. , Thoumire S. , Chebrout M. , Reynaud K. 
Published: December 2011

Early embryonic stages are supported by maternal transcripts from the oocyte cytoplasm. Progressive transcription of embryonic genome is a key step for further embryonic development, especially during in vitro culture. To date, in vitro culture from fertilization to the blastocyst stage is inefficient in the canine species. The objective of this work was to identify minor and major activation in in vivo-produced dog embryos. Ovariectomies were performed in 31 Beagle bitches from 102 to 266 h after ovulation (post-ov), precisely timed by transabdominal ultrasonography. Embryos were collected by tubal flushing with M199-Hepes and immediately transferred into transcription buffer. Transcriptional activity was evaluated through 5-bromouridine 5′-triphosphate (BrUTP) incorporation in nascent RNA, without microinjection (Aoki et al. 1997). Oocytes from anoestrus ovaries were used as positive controls. 5-Bromouridine 5′-triphosphate incorporation was revealed by immunocytochemistry (anti-bromodeoxyuridine primary antibody) and embryonic DNA was stained by ethidium homodimer-2. Staining was quantified under laser scanning confocal microscopy. Transcriptional activity was calculated as (mean nuclear intensity – cytoplasmic mean intensity) × nuclear area and expressed in arbitrary units (AU). It was compared to 1 (similar intensity in nucleus and cytoplasm; i.e. no transcriptional activity) by t-test; levels of transcriptional activity were compared between stages by variance analysis. Seventy embryos (from 7 to 21 per stage) from 31 bitches were analysed, from 2 pronuclei to morula stage. Between 28 and 125 nuclei were quantified per stage. At each stage, transcriptional activity was calculated per embryo and per nucleus. A significant transcriptional activity was detected as early as the 2 pronuclei stage (102–132 h post-ov; 1.15 ± 0.05 AU). Transcriptional activity per embryo significantly increased between the 2- and the 4-cell stage and between the 8-cell and the morula stage. In early 8-cell embryos, staining intensity of the various nuclei was markedly heterogeneous within the same embryo, all nuclei being intensively stained from the late 8-cell stage onwards. Transcriptional activity per nucleus increased also from the 2- to the 4-cell stage (respectively, 120–161 h post-ov, 1.15 ± 0.02 AU and 133–154 h post-ov, 1.35 ± 0.04 AU) until the 8-cell stage (153–225 h post-ov, 5.12 ± 0.55 AU). Transcriptional levels at these 3 stages differed significantly. It decreased between the 8-cell and the morula stage (230–266 h post-ov, 3.06 ± 0.13 AU), probably reflecting the acquisition of a selectivity in gene expression at major activation, as in other species; Nothias et al. 1995). Addition of the transcriptional inhibitor α-amanitin during BrUTP incubation decreased the transcriptional activity by 60% (P < 0.05). Embryonic gene expression (minor activation) thus begins in the canine embryo as early as the 2 pronuclei stage, with major activation taking place during the 8-cell stage.