bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POTENSI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN METABOLIT SEKUNDER DARI BAKTERI ENDOFIT PADA DAUN Moringa oleifera L
Authors: Yati Susi Juni , Sumpono Sumpono , Candra I Nyoman
Published: July 2021

[POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM ENDOPHYTE BACTERIA ON Moringa oleifera L LEAF] This research aims to know the similarities between secondary compound metabolites produced by endophyte bacterial on host leaves and from  Moringa oleifera L (kelor) leaves as well as determine the magnitude of antioxidant activity compounds of secondary metabolites produced by bacterial endophyte. Based on the results of the test compound is secondary metabolite in both samples, for secondary metabolite compounds in the extract of the leaves of M. oleifera L. contains identified steroid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds, while for metabolites secondary bacterial endophyte undetectable on the existence of any secondary metabolite compounds.For testing of antioxidants on endophyte bacterial extracts of leaves of M. oleifera L is done using the DPPH method, performed on variations of the concentration of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm with Ascorbic acid as a comparison. The results of the test get an IC50 of M. oleifera L leaf extract at 243.67 ppm, and supernatan extract from endophyte bacterial at 492 ppm. The IC50 values showed antioxidant activity in secondary metabolite compounds derived from extracts of the leaves of M. oleifera L which has an extreme antioxidant category. The amount of antioxidant activity for secondary metabolite compound extracts of bacterial endophyte on leaves of M. oleifera L category is feeble, and to extract the supernatan activity is weak compared to the value of the antioxidant activity of Ascorbic acid.
HUBUNGAN IMPLEMENTASI CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) DENGAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA MATA PELAJARAN KIMIA DI KELAS X MIA SMA NEGERI 8 KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Andiko Pebri Tri , Rohiat Salastri , Elvinawati Elvinawati
Published: July 2021

This study aims to analyze the relationship of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) implementation with students' learning outcomes in X class MIA SMA Negeri 8 Kota Bengkulu at 2017/2018 Academic year. This type of research is correlational research. The population in this research is class X MIA SMA Negeri 8 Kota Bengkulu 2017/2018 Academic year and research using total sampling technique where all population used also become sample of research with total 166 students. Data collection techniques in this study using questionnaires, observation sheets and students' chemistry learning results. Data analysis using Pearson correlational analysis and validation test, reliability, normality, linearity (with F test) , and hypothesis test. Based on the results of data analysis that has been done, obtained general conclusion of a positive relationship between the application of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) with the results of students learningoutcomes in X class MIA SMA Negeri 8 Kota Bengkulu at 2017/2018 Academic year, indicated by the value rhitung obtained greater than the value of tabell r (0.704> 0.1281) with the level of correlation into the category of strong / high, it means there is a positive and strong relationship between the application of Contextual Teaching and Learning with student learning outcomesin X class MIA SMA Negeri 8 Kota Bengkulu at 2017/2018 Academic year.
PERBANDINGAN HASIL BELAJAR KIMIA SISWA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN JIGSAW DAN THINK PAIR SHARE (TPS) DENGAN PENDEKATAN SCIENTIFIC PADA KELAS X IPA DI SMAN 3 KOTA BENGKULU TAHUN AJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: Pepi Pepi , Amir Hermansyah , Elvia Rina
Published: July 2021

This study aims to compare the Think Pair Share (TPS) and Jigsaw learning models with the Scientific approach to the results and interest in learning chemistry in the mole concept material in class X MIPA SMAN 3 Kota Bengkulu. This research was carried out in January-April 2019. This type of research was a quasi-experimental study with a population of all classes of X MIPA totaling 180 students. How to obtain samples through normality and homogeneity tests through cluster random sampling technique, where two classes of research samples were obtained, namely Experiment 1 class which applied Think Pair Share (TPS) learning model and experimental class 2 which applied the Jigsaw learning model. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the two learning models proved to be able to increase students' learning outcomes and interest in chemistry and reach KKM, namely 76 with the acquisition of the N-Gain Score in the Think Pair Share (TPS) learning model of 0.71 and in the Jigsaw learning model of 0, 79 where both values of N-Gain Score have a high category. The results of students' interest in learning chemistry in the experimental class 1 were 75.93% with good categories and the results of the learning interest in the experimental class 2 were 82.01% with very good categories. The results of hypothesis testing through t test on the cognitive aspect sig. (2-tailed) of 0.002 and in the affective aspect of 0,000. It states that there are significant differences in the results and interest in learning chemistry that apply Think Pair Share (TPS) and Jigsaw learning models with the Scientific approach.
ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT DARI MAKANAN TRADISIONAL SUKU REJANG DI PROVINSI BENGKULU: “LEMEA”
Authors: Kurnia Moga , Amir Hermansyah , Handayani Dewi
Published: July 2021

This study aims to specify the genus of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in "lemea" and measure the activity of LAB isolates in producing lactic acid. The sample "lemea" came from one of the home industries in Daspetah Village, Ujan Mas District, Kepahiang Regency which was fermented for 7 days. The research was conducted from February to May 2019, at the Learning Laboratory of Biology and Chemistry, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Bengkulu. Isolation of LAB from "lemea" using selective media De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) supplemented with 0.5% CaCO3 using the pour plate method. The steps of this study include, sampling "lemea", isolation of LAB, identification of macroscopic and microscopic bacteria (Gram staining) and determining% of lactic acid levels using the titration method to measure the activity of LAB isolates. The results identification of BAL isolates in "lemea" obtained two LAB isolates with codes of LK1 and LK2 isolates that had cocci, Gram positive and did not have spores. The measurements results of LAB activity in producing lactic acid, for LK1 isolates, obtained lactic acid levels of 1.92% while LK2 isolates were 1.56% of the local mass. According to the results identification,LK1 and LK2 isolates are the genus Leuconostoc and the highest activity in producing lactic acid in LK isolates.
Place in therapy of innovative drugs in multiple myeloma in 2021 and 2023 according to an expert panel Delphi consensus
Authors: Boccadoro Mario , Berto Patrizia , Bringhen Sara , Zamagni Elena , Tosi Patrizia , Cascavilla Nicola , Giuliani Nicola , Mannina Donato , Zambello Renato , Patriarca Francesca , Montefusco Vittorio , Grasso Mariella , Di Raimondo Francesco , Offidani Massimo , Petrucci Maria Teresa , Musto Pellegrino
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The objective of this study was to understand the potential use of single agents and drug combinations in multiple myeloma (MM) across treatment lines in the years 2021 and 2023.

Methods: The method used was Delphi Panel Method survey, administered to European Myeloma Network (EMN) Italy Working Group centres. Future treatments were identified assessing all available web-based information sources, including therapies (single drugs or combinations) with strong evidence of efficacy, likely to be on the Italian market in 2021 and 2023. Participants were asked to report on the likelihood of prescription for MM therapies, across treatment lines.

Results: Across the 15 centres taking part in the survey, about 890 patients per year are forecasted to receive a new diagnosis of MM. In 2021, the Panel forecasted 66% of 1L-TE (transplant eligible) patients will be treated with bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) and 32% of patients with daratumumab-bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (DVTd), with a substantial decrease of VTD (15%) and a marked increase of DVTd (81%) forecasted for 2023. The 2L and 3L R(lenalidomide)-based combination treatments are expected to drop and will likely be substituted by a steep increase in P(pomalidomide)-based regimes (from 7% to 23%). On the contrary, in 3L treatment, all combination therapies (with the exception of IsaPd – isatuximab-pomalidomide-dexamethasone) are expected to lose market share in favour of the most recent new therapies.

Conclusions: Expert Panel agrees that many different new drugs and combinations will be used in MM, with different mechanisms of action, both at diagnosis and in subsequent phases of the disease, with a corresponding decline of the drugs currently used.
Computer Assisted Learning Media and Decimal Board: How it Impact on Elementary Students’ Concept Mastery?
Authors: Rahmawati Helmi
Published: July 2021

The lack of students' mastery of decimal fractions has become a current issue among researchers. The comparisin of decimal fraction values was still an obstacle for students. The use of learning media in this study is the Computer Assisted Learning Media and Decimal Board can be a solution to these problems. This study aimed to describe the increase of elementary students’ concept mastery on decimal fractions subject matter. Descriptive-quantitative method with pre-test and post-test was carried out to achieve the research objectives. The subjects in this study were the 4th grade students (22 students) in the East Lombok area. The students' concept mastery was measured using a multiple-choice test instrument of 10 items. The research data were analyzed descriptively and statistically using paired sample t-test. The results showed that students' concept mastery increased after learning (pre-test: 54.5%; post-test: 77.27%). The results of statistical tests using the paired sample t-test also showed that students' concept mastery had increased significantly after learning (p < 0.05). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that learning using Computer Assisted Learning Media and Decimal Boards can improve elementary school students' concept mastery on decimal fractions subject matter.
Penerapan Model Problem Based Learning untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah dan Motivasi Siswa
Authors: Teguh Budianto Untung
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the application of PBL learning model to improve problem -solving skills and motivation on line and series material for students of class XI MIPA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Moga Pemalang Regency 2019/2020 school year. This class of action research consists of two cycles with stages of planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data collection was done by observation techniques, tests, and documentation. This research data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis technique. The results showed that students' problem -solving abilities improved both in cycle I and in cycle II when compared to the initial conditions. The average problem -solving ability in the initial condition is 46.36 increased to 69.88 in cycle I increased again in cycle II to 76.03. Similarly, students' learning motivation increases from cycle I to cycle II.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Berbantuan Media Power Point untuk Meningkatkan Aktivitas dan Hasil Belajar Siswa di SDN Pandean Lamper 02 Semarang
Authors: Mandasari Novita Arum
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to increase student activity and learning outcomes using a problem-based learning model assisted by power point media for third grade students at SDN Pandean Lamper 02 Semarang. The research method used is classroom action research consisting of 3 cycles with 4 stages, namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. The subjects of this study were third grade students with a total of 30 people. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, tests, and documentation, while the data analysis techniques used descriptive analysis. The results showed that the average percentage of student activity classically increased. In the pre-cycle before treatment it was 65%, in the first cycle it was 70%, in the second cycle it was 74% while in the third cycle it was 87%. While the percentage of mastery learning outcomes in the pre-cycle is 37%, in the first cycle it is 57%, in the second cycle it is 73%, while in the third cycle it is 90%. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that learning in Theme 8 using a problem-based learning model assisted by power point media can improve student activities and learning outcomes.
Clinical Manifestations and Prognostic Factors of Fungal Keratitis: Analysis in Patients Over a 20-year Period
Authors: Cho Sang Il , Park Young Myoung , Ahn Min , Cho Nam Chun , You In Cheon
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To describe the clinical manifestations, causative organisms, treatment, and prognostic factors of fungal keratitis based on analysis of patients over the past 20 years. Methods: A total of 177 patients (177 eyes) with fungal keratitis, who were diagnosed by smears and cultures, were reviewed retrospectively. Sex, age, predisposing factors, causative organisms, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis were evaluated. The patients were divided into three groups: only potassium hydroxide (KOH)-positive, only culture-positive, and KOH- and culture-positive. Logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with a poor clinical outcome. Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.4 ± 11.3 years; 107 (60.5%) patients were men. The most common predisposing factor was ocular trauma (57.6%), especially by plants (29.4%). The most prevalent filamentous fungi were Fusarium species (31.6%, 49 isolates), and the most prevalent yeasts were Candida species (11.0%, 17 isolates). In cases of bacterial and fungal keratitis, filamentous fungus with Gram-positive bacterial infection (70.7%, 29/41) was the most common presentation. Visual improvement after treatment was common in the KOH-positive group (79.2%, 19/24), while visual deterioration after treatment was common in the culture-positive group (40.4%, 36/89). Previous ocular disease (odds ratio [OR]: 3.744, p = 0.010), hypopyon (OR: 2.941, p = 0.030), and surgical treatment (OR: 24.482, p < 0.001) were risk factors for a poor clinical outcome in the multivariate logistic regression model. Conclusions: Clinical prognosis was good in the KOH-positive only group, but poor in the culture-positive group. If fungal keratitis is suspected, diagnostic KOH staining and culture tests should be performed initially. Early intensive antifungal medical treatments are necessary for patients with risk factors for poor clinical outcomes.
Şiddete Maruz Bırakılan Kadınlara Yönelik Vaka Yönetimi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamaları
Authors: Yalçın Melike
Published: July 2021

Şiddetin kadınlar üzerinde fiziksel, psikolojik, sosyal, ekonomik alanlarda olmak üzere pek çok olumsuz etkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle uygun destek mekanizmaları harekete geçirilmediğinde kadınların şiddetin meydana getirdiği söz konusu olumsuz etkilerle başa çıkması oldukça zorlaşmaktadır. Kadının, sorun ve ihtiyaçlarının tespitiyle birlikte, iç ve dış kaynaklarını kullanması, gücünü fark etmesi, şiddet döngüsünü sonlandırarak şiddetin olmadığı bir yaşam sürdürmesi konusunda desteğe ihtiyacı vardır. Bu noktada kadınlara sunulacak hizmetlerin bütüncül bir anlayışla güçlenme temelinde olması önem taşımaktadır. Söz konusu destekleri sağlamak için çoklu sistemlerin proaktif bir biçimde harekete geçirilmesinde en uygun yöntemin ise vaka yönetimi olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.
Sosyal hizmet alanında uzun yıllardır var olan vaka yönetimi, şiddete maruz bırakılan kadınların ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesi, sorunlarının çözümlenmesi ve güçlenme temelli kapsamı ile yapılandırılmış bir metodoloji sunmaktadır.
Günümüzde kadına yönelik şiddet giderek artmakta, çözüm mekanizmalarının hayata geçirilmesiyle birlikte, destek hizmetlerinin geliştirilmesine de ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Ülkemizde şiddete maruz bırakılan kadınlara vaka yönetimi temelli hizmetlerin henüz yeterli seviyede olmadığı düşünülmektedir. Buradan yola çıkarak bu çalışmada uygulayıcılar ve politika yapıcılara yol göstermesi amacıyla şiddete maruz bırakılan kadınlara yönelik vaka yönetimi temelli müdahale süreçlerine güncel literatür bilgileri ışığında yer verilmektedir.
Awareness of HPV Infection and Vaccination Among Teens in Urban School, Nigeria
Authors: Diorgu Faith C. , Diorgu Kelechim N
Published: July 2021

To assess the level of awareness and knowledge of HPV infection and vaccination among 648 Teens from secondary schools and colleges in four metro cities of Port Harcourt Nigeria. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by from 1st March to 31st August, 2018. Girls of 13–19 years, with an average of 16 years are targeted. A written questionnaire with two parts has been applied. A preliminary written questionnaire included questions of HPV infection and vaccination awareness. Results: The study participants are poorly aware about HPV infection and vaccination but are intensely willing to know about it. 98% (n-632) are not aware of HPV infection, while, 98% (n–636) is not aware of the vaccination. Conclusions: This study brings out the unawareness about HPV infection and vaccination in urban adolescent in four metro cities in Port Harcourt Nigeria. Adolescent understanding and being aware of the HPV virus is needed to have successful vaccination programs in Nigeria.
A 4 Year Experience with Copper T Intrauterine Contraceptive Device at Federal Medical Centre (Fmc), Katsina
Authors: Lawal Abdulfattah Mohammed , Igbokwe Nnadozie , Nura Abdulkarim , Habib Ibrahim
Published: July 2021

Background: The prevalence of contraceptive use is still very low in Nigeria. Use of modern contraceptive methods has been shown to reduce unwanted pregnancy, high parity and maternal mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the acceptance rate of intrauterine contraceptive method, the socio-demographic characteristics of its users, side-effects, discontinuation and the reason thereof, at Federal Medical Centre, Katsina. Method: A retrospective study that reviewed records of all clients who used intrauterine contraceptive method at the family planning clinic over a 4-year period (1st January 2011 to 31st December 2014). Results: Out of the 1892 family planning clients, 111 used IUCD, with IUCD acceptance rate of 5.87%. The modal age group was 20-24 years (30.0%). Most of them (n=54) were grandmultiparous (48.6%), and of Islamic faith (98%). Almost all the clients were married (97.8%), and majority had secondary education (71%). Thirty- ive (31.5%) of the users discontinued the method, with the commonest indication being desire for pregnancy (45.7%). No contraceptive failure was recorded during the study period. Conclusion: IUCD is the fourth commonly used method. Its use is influenced by maternal age, parity and literacy level. In spite of its long duration of action, most of the reversal was due to the desire for pregnancy. Acceptability of IUCD can be improved by health education, adequate counseling and careful client selection.
Tradescantia pallida L. (Commelinaceae) influences the activity of oviposition and feeding of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Rocha Aline Nascimento , Carvalho Emerson Machado de , Mauad Juliana Rosa Carrijo , Mussury Rosilda Mara
Published: July 2021

Diamondback moth represents one of the major Brassicaceae plagues and the main current control method relies on the agrotoxins use. The search for alternative phytosanitary control methods demonstrates that the vegetal extracts have  broadly studied and now represent a relevant option to control insects-plagues in small cultivation areas. Was evaluated the effect of the aqueous extract Tradescantia pallida 10% in oviposition and the feeding preference of Plutella xylostella, in laboratory conditions. That plant does not present herbivory reports, which raises the hypothesis of representing an efficient control alternative. P. xylostella couples introduced in experimentation cages for 10 days, to assess the activity of oviposition, being exposed to the botanic extract in the feeding and the oviposition substrate, with the eggs average number per day and fertility being assessed. To assess feeding, two tests developed: free choice and no choice of food source during 48 hours of evaluation. The results indicate that the aqueous T. pallida extract changes the oviposition activity of P. xylostella, reducing the average number of eggs per day and the fertility. It was also possible to observe the non-preference, regarding feeding, for substrates that were treated with the extract. The results observed in the study can contribute to amplify the small producers decision-making processes and the involved sectors regarding the choice of supplies that respect environmental and human health.
Particle acceleration in space: a universal mechanism?
Authors: Panasyuk M I , Miroshnichenko L I
Published: July 2021

Experimental evidence in favor of or against the existence of a universal mechanism for the acceleration of charged particles in the Universe is analyzed from the modern standpoint. We adopt a purely phenomenological approach to this very intricate problem, discussing spatial scales that range from the magnetospheres of Earth and other planets of the Solar System to the Sun’s atmosphere, the heliosphere, supernovae, and extragalactic objects responsible for the generation of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We demonstrate a great variety of acceleration mechanisms operating in the Universe. However, data on the nuclear composition of accelerated particles obtained in numerous experiments may be indicative of a global nature of the Fermi-type stochastic acceleration mechanism inherent in various astrophysical objects. This mechanism may well be dominant over others, but a number of experimental observations are nevertheless inconsistent with that idea. It is possible that a hierarchy of accelerating mechanisms operates in some space objects, with preliminary acceleration by one mechanism followed by other mechanisms, acting sequentially or alternatively. We therefore discuss all currently available data for and against the global ‘presence’ of a Fermi-type acceleration mechanism.
Advances in Enhanced Menaquinone-7 Production From Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Liao Chaoyong , Ayansola Hammed , Ma Yanbo , Ito Koichi , Guo Yuming , Zhang Bingkun
Published: July 2021

The production of nutraceutical compounds through biosynthetic approaches has received considerable attention in recent years. For example, Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a sub-type of Vitamin K2, biosynthesized from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), proved to be more efficiently produced than the conventional chemical synthesis techniques. This is possible due to the development of B. subtilis as a chassis cell during the biosynthesis stages. Hence, it is imperative to provide insights on the B. subtilis membrane permeability modifications, biofilm reactors, and fermentation optimization as advanced techniques relevant to MK-7 production. Although the traditional gene-editing method of homologous recombination improves the biosynthetic pathway, CRISPR-Cas9 could potentially resolve the drawbacks of traditional genome editing techniques. For these reasons, future studies should explore the applications of CRISPRi (CRISPR interference) and CRISPRa (CRISPR activation) system gene-editing tools in the MK-7 anabolism pathway.
Evaluation and Validation of Thorax Model Responses: A Hierarchical Approach to Achieve High Biofidelity for Thoracic Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Zeng Wei , Mukherjee Sayak , Caudillo Adrian , Forman Jason , Panzer Matthew B.
Published: July 2021

As one of the most frequently occurring injuries, thoracic trauma is a significant public health burden occurring in road traffic crashes, sports accidents, and military events. The biomechanics of the human thorax under impact loading can be investigated by computational finite element (FE) models, which are capable of predicting complex thoracic responses and injury outcomes quantitatively. One of the key challenges for developing a biofidelic FE model involves model evaluation and validation. In this work, the biofidelity of a mid-sized male thorax model has been evaluated and enhanced by a multi-level, hierarchical strategy of validation, focusing on injury characteristics, and model improvement of the thoracic musculoskeletal system. At the component level, the biomechanical responses of several major thoracic load-bearing structures were validated against different relevant experimental cases in the literature, including the thoracic intervertebral joints, costovertebral joints, clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages. As an example, the thoracic spine was improved by accurate representation of the components, material properties, and ligament failure features at tissue level then validated based on the quasi-static response at the segment level, flexion bending response at the functional spinal unit level, and extension angle of the whole thoracic spine. At ribcage and full thorax levels, the thorax model with validated bony components was evaluated by a series of experimental testing cases. The validation responses were rated above 0.76, as assessed by the CORA evaluation system, indicating the model exhibited overall good biofidelity. At both component and full thorax levels, the model showed good computational stability, and reasonable agreement with the experimental data both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is expected that our validated thorax model can predict thorax behavior with high biofidelity to assess injury risk and investigate injury mechanisms of the thoracic musculoskeletal system in various impact scenarios. The relevant validation cases established in this study shall be directly used for future evaluation of other thorax models, and the validation approach and process presented here may provide an insightful framework toward multi-level validating of human body models.
SCA-1/Ly6A Mesodermal Skeletal Progenitor Subpopulations Reveal Differential Commitment of Early Limb Bud Cells
Authors: Marín-Llera Jessica Cristina , Lorda-Diez Carlos Ignacio , Hurle Juan Mario , Chimal-Monroy Jesús
Published: July 2021

At early developmental stages, limb bud mesodermal undifferentiated cells are morphologically indistinguishable. Although the identification of several mesodermal skeletal progenitor cell populations has been recognized, in advanced stages of limb development here we identified and characterized the differentiation hierarchy of two new early limb bud subpopulations of skeletal progenitors defined by the differential expression of the SCA-1 marker. Based on tissue localization of the mesenchymal stromal cell-associated markers (MSC-am) CD29, Sca-1, CD44, CD105, CD90, and CD73, we identified, by multiparametric analysis, the presence of cell subpopulations in the limb bud capable of responding to inductive signals differentially, namely, sSca+ and sSca– cells. In concordance with its gene expression profile, cell cultures of the sSca+ subpopulation showed higher osteogenic but lower chondrogenic capacity than those of sSca–. Interestingly, under high-density conditions, fibroblast-like cells in the sSca+ subpopulation were abundant. Gain-of-function employing micromass cultures and the recombinant limb assay showed that SCA-1 expression promoted tenogenic differentiation, whereas chondrogenesis is delayed. This model represents a system to determine cell differentiation and morphogenesis of different cell subpopulations in similar conditions like in vivo. Our results suggest that the limb bud is composed of a heterogeneous population of progenitors that respond differently to local differentiation inductive signals in the early stages of development, where SCA-1 expression may play a permissive role during cell fate.
Integrative Analysis Identified a 6-miRNA Prognostic Signature in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Yunqin , Wang Zhen , Li Hong , Li Yixue
Published: July 2021

Background

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein–Barr virus-associated epithelial malignancy, which is rare in America but endemic in China. The current clinical gold TNM-based standard for prognosis may not be enough. Although some studies have reported that some miRNAs have a prognostic power in NPC, there is a scarcity of independent validation for these miRNAs.

Methods

In this work, we firstly conducted a literature review of all miRNA profiling datasets with survival information, then integrated miRNA expression data across different profiling platforms and built prognostic models using machine learning methods. The Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank tests were applied to estimate correlations of the miRNA signature with survival, and the area under the time-dependent ROC curve (AUC) and concordance index (C-index) were used to assess the predictive power of prognostic models. We also investigated the biological roles of the prognostic miRNAs through identifying their regulated genes and association with immune infiltration.

Results

We constructed a prognostic model based on 6-miRNA signature (ebv-miR-BART12, ebv-miR-BART15, miR-29c-3p, miR-30e-5p, hsa-miR-375-3p, has-miR-93-5p) using the elastic net penalized Cox regression model. The AUCs of our model predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 0.90, 0.73, and 0.70 for the external validation dataset and showed better prognostic power than models using previously reported miRNA signatures. The 6-miRNA risk score was an independent prognostic predictor for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS). It could stratify patients into low-risk and high-risk groups; patients in the low-risk group treated with concurrent chemotherapy had a better survival. On the basis that the 6-miRNA risk score improved the current clinical gold standard for prognosis, we built a nomogram integrating both clinical characterizations and the risk score to predict 3-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival. Functional analysis suggested that the six miRNAs mainly play roles in virus infection pathways and oncogenic signaling pathways and associated with B-cell expression.

Conclusion

We identified a 6-miRNA prognostic signature in nasopharyngeal carcinoma across miRNA profiling platforms and patient geographical difference, which showed good prediction capability in terms of OS, DFS, and MFS. The 6-miRNA risk score might be helpful for clinicians to make treatment strategies and predict patient outcomes.
Source and Impact of the EGF Family of Ligands on Intestinal Stem Cells
Authors: Abud Helen E. , Chan Wing Hei , Jardé Thierry
Published: July 2021

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) has long been known for its role in promoting proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. EGF is produced by epithelial niche cells at the base of crypts in vivo and is routinely added to the culture medium to support the growth of intestinal organoids ex vivo. The recent identification of diverse stromal cell populations that reside underneath intestinal crypts has enabled the characterization of key growth factor cues supplied by these cells. The nature of these signals and how they are delivered to drive intestinal epithelial development, daily homeostasis and tissue regeneration following injury are being investigated. It is clear that aside from EGF, other ligands of the family, including Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), have distinct roles in supporting the function of intestinal stem cells through the ErbB pathway.
Caspases in the Developing Central Nervous System: Apoptosis and Beyond
Authors: Nguyen Trang Thi Minh , Gillet Germain , Popgeorgiev Nikolay
Published: July 2021

The caspase family of cysteine proteases represents the executioners of programmed cell death (PCD) type I or apoptosis. For years, caspases have been known for their critical roles in shaping embryonic structures, including the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, recent findings have suggested that aside from their roles in eliminating unnecessary neural cells, caspases are also implicated in other neurodevelopmental processes such as axon guidance, synapse formation, axon pruning, and synaptic functions. These results raise the question as to how neurons regulate this decision-making, leading either to cell death or to proper development and differentiation. This review highlights current knowledge on apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions of caspases in the developing CNS. We also discuss the molecular factors involved in the regulation of caspase-mediated roles, emphasizing the mitochondrial pathway of cell death.
Recent Progress in (Photo-)-Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 With Metal Porphyrinoid-Systems
Authors: Dedić Dženeta , Dorniak Adrian , Rinner Uwe , Schöfberger Wolfgang
Published: July 2021

Since decades, the global community has been facing an environmental crisis, resulting in the need to switch from outdated to new, more efficient energy sources and a more effective way of tackling the rising carbon dioxide emissions. The activation of small molecules such as O2, H+, and CO2 in a cost—and energy-efficient way has become one of the key topics of catalysis research. The main issue concerning the activation of these molecules is the kinetic barrier that has to be overcome in order for the catalyzed reaction to take place. Nature has already provided many pathways in which small molecules are being activated and changed into compounds with higher energy levels. One of the most famous examples would be photosynthesis in which CO2 is transformed into glucose and O2 through sunlight, thus turning solar energy into chemical energy. For these transformations nature mostly uses enzymes that function as catalysts among which porphyrin and porphyrin-like structures can be found. Therefore, the research focus lies on the design of novel porphyrinoid systems (e.g. corroles, porphyrins and phthalocyanines) whose metal complexes can be used for the direct electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to valuable chemicals like carbon monoxide, formate, methanol, ethanol, methane, ethylene, or acetate. For example the cobalt(III)triphenylphosphine corrole complex has been used as a catalyst for the electroreduction of CO2 to ethanol and methanol. The overall goal and emphasis of this research area is to develop a method for industrial use, raising the question of whether and how to incorporate the catalyst onto supportive materials. Graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and activated carbon, to name a few examples, have become researched options. These materials also have a beneficial effect on the catalysis through for instance preventing rival reactions such as the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) during CO2 reduction. It is very apparent that the topic of small molecule activation offers many solutions for our current energy as well as environmental crises and is becoming a thoroughly investigated research objective. This review article aims to give an overview over recently gained knowledge and should provide a glimpse into upcoming challenges relating to this subject matter.
Swallowing in Conversation
Authors: Ogden Richard
Published: July 2021

Swallowing—a complex physical process that involves closure of the mouth and nasal cavities, as well as the glottis, and the raising and lowering of the larynx—is at the boundary between speech and the body, yet almost nothing is known about how it works in conjunction with speech in spoken interaction. Research into swallowing, mostly in speech therapy, has explored the articulations required, how long it takes the bolus to pass through the mouth to the stomach, and the sounds that occur on the way. In the phonetics literature, swallowing is regularly excluded from study: in experiments, tokens with swallowing are excluded; and while swallowing is used to set up certain experiments, its effect on speech is not the object of such studies, though it is sometimes mentioned as a possible action during a stretch of silence, as in word search. Although speaking and swallowing are mutually incompatible, in conversation, swallowing has to be coordinated around the processes of speaking. It can be part of the preparations for speech; it can also occur within and after stretches of speech. While swallowing has been marked in conversation analytic transcripts in several languages, it is almost never commented on. Like sniffing, crying or laughing, swallowing occurs in the vocal tract and may accompany speech, but is not considered as part of the stream of speech. It is clearly related to drinking, which (Hoey, 2015; Hoey, 2017; Hoey, 2020b) shows is strategically placed in the sequential unfolding of talk. In the same spirit, this paper will treat swallowing as an interactional resource which is bound up with language, and which has particular affordances and demands. This paper fills a gap in our knowledge, by focusing on swallowing that is embedded within, before, or after stretches of speech. It considers the phonetic, linguistic and interactional features of swallowing. It thus explores how verbal conduct is intertwined with one aspect of bodily conduct.
Digital Scientist 2035—An Outlook on Innovation and Education
Authors: Barbazzeni Beatrice , Friebe Michael
Published: July 2021

With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution accompanied by the Internet of Things, the implementation of smart technologies and digitalization already had a great impact in our society, especially when considering exponential innovation and human development. In this context, some types of employment have already been replaced or have been enhanced by the use of robots, human-machines interfaces and Artificial Intelligence systems. And there is likely more to come. If innovation can be viewed as a direct or indirect outcome of scientific research, which role will a scientist play in 2035? We developed a survey to investigate the opinions of scientists with respect to the possible future implementation of disruptive technologies, their feelings and approaches to digitalization, and particularly the impact of digital transformation on scientific education. In a futuristic scenario, we can imagine that scientists will be supported by technologies, carrying out numerous experiments, managing big datasets, producing accurate results, increasing communication, openness and collaboration among the worldwide scientific community, where ethics, regulations and social norms will always be observed. The new era of Digital Science is coming, in which humans will start to incorporate more disruptive and advanced technologies into their daily life; essential aspects for exponential innovation and development.
Analyzing Assessment Practices for Indigenous Students
Authors: Preston Jane P. , Claypool Tim R.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this article is to review common assessment practices for Indigenous students. We start by presenting positionalities—our personal and professional background identities. Then we explain common terms associated with Indigeneity and Indigenous and Western worldviews. We describe the meaning of document analysis, the chosen qualitative research design, and we explicate the delimitations and limitations of the paper. The review of the literature revealed four main themes. First, assessment is subjugated by a Western worldview. Next, many linguistic assessment practices disadvantage Indigenous students, and language-specific and culture-laden standardized tests are often discriminatory. Last, there is a pervasive focus on cognitive assessment. We discuss how to improve assessment for Indigenous students. For example, school divisions and educators need quality professional development and knowledge about hands-on assessment, multiple intelligences, and Western versus Indigenous assessment inconsistencies. Within the past 20 years, assessment tactics for Indigenous students has remained, more or less, the same. We end with a short discussion addressing this point.
Effects of Gender on Basic Numerical and Arithmetic Skills: Pilot Data From Third to Ninth Grade for a Large-Scale Online Dyscalculia Screener
Authors: Räsänen Pekka , Aunio Pirjo , Laine Anu , Hakkarainen Airi , Väisänen Eija , Finell Jonatan , Rajala Teemu , Laakso Mikko-Jussi , Korhonen Johan
Published: July 2021

In this study, we analyzed the development and effects of gender on basic number skills from third to ninth grade in Finland. Because the international comparison studies have shown slightly different developmental trends in mathematical attainment for different language groups in Finland, we added the language of education as a variable in our analysis. Participants were 4,265 students from third to ninth grade in Finland, representing students in two national languages (Finnish, n = 2,833, and Swedish, n = 1,432). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the subtasks in the dyscalculia screener formed two separate factors, namely, number-processing skills and arithmetic fluency. We found a linear development trend across age cohorts in both the factors. Reliability and validity evidence of the measures supported the use of these tasks in the whole age group from 9 to15 years. In this sample, there was an increasing gender difference in favor of girls and Swedish-speaking students by grade levels in number-processing skills. At the same time, boys showed a better performance and a larger variance in tasks measuring arithmetic fluency. The results indicate that the gender ratio within the group with mathematical learning disabilities depends directly on tasks used to measure their basic number skills.
The Art of Tacit Learning in Serious Location-Based Games
Authors: Sheahan Jacob , Davies Hugh , Hjorth Larissa
Published: July 2021

Over the past two decades, location-based games have moved from media art fringes to the mass cultural mainstream. Through their locative affordances, these game types enable practices of wayfaring and placemaking, with the capacity to deliver powerful tacit knowledge. These affordances suggest the potential for the development of location-based games in educational contexts. This paper presents three cases studies—TIMeRandWayfinder LiveandPet Playing for Placemaking—to illustrate how each uses elements of wayfaring and placemaking to bring new opportunities for education through a tacit knowledge approach.
The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications and Related Epigenetic Mechanisms
Authors: Xiao Mengjie , Tang Yufeng , Wang Shudong , Wang Jie , Wang Jie , Guo Yuanfang , Zhang Jingjing , Gu Junlian
Published: July 2021

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), is an emerging metabolic regulator mediates multiple beneficial effects in the treatment of metabolic disorders and related complications. Recent studies showed that FGF21 acts as an important inhibitor in the onset and progression of cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Furthermore, evidences discussed so far demonstrate that epigenetic modifications exert a crucial role in the initiation and development of DM-related cardiovascular complications. Thus, epigenetic modifications may involve in the function of FGF21 on DM-induced cardiovascular complications. Therefore, this review mainly interprets and delineates the recent advances of role of FGF21 in DM cardiovascular complications. Then, the possible changes of epigenetics related to the role of FGF21 on DM-induced cardiovascular complications are discussed. Thus, this article not only implies deeper understanding of the pathological mechanism of DM-related cardiovascular complications, but also provides the possible novel therapeutic strategy for DM-induced cardiovascular complications by targeting FGF21 and related epigenetic mechanism.
Th2/Th1 Cytokine Imbalance Is Associated With Higher COVID-19 Risk Mortality
Authors: Pavel Ana B. , Glickman Jacob W. , Michels James R. , Kim-Schulze Seunghee , Miller Rachel L. , Guttman-Yassky Emma
Published: July 2021

A major component of COVID-19 severe respiratory syndrome is the patient’s immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the consequential multi-organ inflammatory response. Several studies suggested a potential role of CD4+ T cells in COVID-19 severe respiratory syndrome. We first hypothesized that there is a type 2 helper (Th2)/type 1 helper (Th1) imbalance in older age, male, asthma, smokers, and high ACE2 expression phenotype in the airway of non-infected patients. Next, we hypothesized that a Th2/Th1 imbalance may predict higher mortality in COVID-19 infected hospitalized patients with and without patient reported current asthma. We first analyzed publicly available gene expression from the sputum of 118 moderate-to-severe asthma patients and 21 healthy controls, and from nasal epithelium of 26 healthy current smokers and 21 healthy never smokers. Secondly, we profiled 288 new serum proteomics samples measured at admission from patients hospitalized within the Mount Sinai Health System with positive SARS-CoV-2 infection. We first computed Th1 and Th2 pathway enrichment scores by gene set variation analysis and then compared the differences in Th2 and Th1 pathway scores between patients that died compared to those that survived, by linear regression. The level of Th2/Th1 imbalance, as determined by the enrichment score, was associated with age, sex, and ACE2 expression in sputum, and with active smoking status in nasal epithelium (p < 0.05). Th2/Th1 imbalance at hospital admission in sera of patients was not significantly associated with death from COVID-19 (p = 0.11), unless evaluated in the asthmatic strata (p = 0.01). Using a similar approach we also observed a higher Th17/Th1 cytokine imbalance in all deceased patients compared to those that survived (p < 0.001), as well as in the asthmatic strata only (p < 0.01). Th2/Th1 imbalance is higher in the sera of asthma patients at admission that do not survive COVID-19, suggesting that the Th2/Th1 interplay may affect patient outcomes in SARS-CoV2 infection. In addition, we report that Th17/Th1 imbalance is increased in all patients that die of COVID-19.