bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
North American acetone sources determined from tall tower measurements and inverse modeling
Authors: Hu L. , Millet D. B. , Kim S. Y. , Wells K. C. , Griffis T. J. , Fischer E. V. , Helmig D. , Hueber J. , Curtis A. J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. We apply a full year of continuous atmospheric acetone measurements from the University of Minnesota tall tower Trace Gas Observatory (KCMP tall tower; 244 m a.g.l.), with a 0.5° × 0.667° GEOS-Chem nested grid simulation to develop quantitative new constraints on seasonal acetone sources over North America. Biogenic acetone emissions in the model are computed based on the MEGANv2.1 inventory. An inverse analysis of the tall tower observations implies a 37% underestimate of emissions from broadleaf trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and an offsetting 40% overestimate of emissions from needleleaf trees plus secondary production from biogenic precursors. The overall result is a small (16%) model underestimate of the total primary + secondary biogenic acetone source in North America. Our analysis shows that North American primary + secondary anthropogenic acetone sources in the model (based on the EPA NEI 2005 inventory) are accurate to within approximately 20%. An optimized GEOS-Chem simulation incorporating the above findings captures 70% of the variance (R = 0.83) in the hourly measurements at the KCMP tall tower, with minimal bias. The resulting North American acetone source is 11 Tg a−1, including both primary emissions (5.5 Tg a−1) and secondary production (5.5 Tg a−1), and with roughly equal contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. The North American acetone source alone is nearly as large as the total continental volatile organic compound (VOC) source from fossil fuel combustion. Using our optimized source estimates as a baseline, we evaluate the sensitivity of atmospheric acetone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) to shifts in natural and anthropogenic acetone sources over North America. Increased biogenic acetone emissions due to surface warming are likely to provide a significant offset to any future decrease in anthropogenic acetone emissions, particularly during summer.
Meteorological observations on the northern Chilean coast during VOCALS-REx
Authors: Rutllant J. A. , Muñoz R. C. , Garreaud R. D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Surface coastal observations from two automatic weather stations at Paposo (~25° S) and radiosonde observations at Paposo and Iquique (~20° S) were carried out during VOCALS-REx (VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment). Within the coastal marine boundary layer (MBL), sea–land breezes are superimposed on the prevailing southerlies, resulting in light northeasterly winds from midnight to early morning and strong southwesterlies in the afternoon. The prevailing northerlies above the MBL and below the top of the Andes are modulated by the onshore-offshore (zonal) flow forced by the diurnal cycle of surface heating/cooling along the western slope of the Andes. The daytime phase of this diurnal cycle is consistent with an enhanced afternoon coastal subsidence manifested in afternoon warming near the top of the subsidence inversion (~1.8 K at 800 hPa), lowering (~130 m) of its base (top of the MBL), and clearing of coastal Sc (stratocumulus) clouds. Results from a numerical simulation of the atmospheric circulation in a mean zonal cross section over the study area capture the afternoon zonal wind divergence and resulting subsidence of about 2 cm s−1 along a narrow (~10 km) coastal strip maximizing at around 800 hPa. Day-to-day variability in the MBL depth during VOCALS-REx shows sub-synoptic oscillations, aside from two major disruptions in connection with a deep trough and a cutoff low, as described elsewhere. These oscillations are phase-locked to those in sea-level pressure and afternoon alongshore southerlies, as found in connection with coastal lows farther south. From 24-h forward trajectories issued from significant points at the coast and inland at the extremes of the diurnal cycle, it can be concluded that the strong mean daytime Andean pumping prevents any possibility of continental sulfur sources from reaching the free troposphere above the Sc cloud deck in at least a one-day timescale, under mean conditions. Conversely, coastal sources could contribute with sulfur aerosols preferentially in the morning, provided that the weak daytime inland flow becomes partially blocked by the coastal terrain.
Online measurements of the emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from aircraft
Authors: Cross E. S. , Hunter J. F. , Carrasquillo A. J. , Franklin J. P. , Herndon S. C. , Jayne J. T. , Worsnop D. R. , Miake-Lye R. C. , Kroll J. H.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. A detailed understanding of the climate and air quality impacts of aviation requires detailed measurements of the emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) from aircraft. Currently both the amount and chemical composition of aircraft I/SVOC emissions remain poorly characterized. Here we characterize I/SVOC emissions from aircraft, using a novel instrument for the online, quantitative measurement of the mass loading and composition of low-volatility organic vapors. Emissions from the NASA DC8 aircraft were sampled on the ground, 143 m downwind of the engines and characterized as a function of engine power from ground idle (~4% maximum rated thrust) through 85% power. Results show that I/SVOC emissions are highest during engine-idle operating conditions, with decreasing but non-zero I/SVOC emissions at higher engine powers. Comparison of I/SVOC emissions with total hydrocarbon (THC) measurements, VOC measurements, and an established emissions profile indicates that I/SVOCs comprise 10–20% of the total organic gas phase emissions at idle, and an increasing fraction of the total gas phase organic emissions at higher powers. Positive matrix factorization of online mass spectra is used to identify three distinct types of I/SVOC emissions: aliphatic, aromatic and oxygenated. The volatility and chemical composition of the emissions suggest that unburned fuel is the dominant source of I/SVOCs at idle, while pyrolysis products make up an increasing fraction of the I/SVOCs at higher powers. Oxygenated I/SVOC emissions were detected at lower engine powers (≤30%) and may be linked to cracked, partially oxidized or unburned fuel components.
Bathymetrical distribution and size structure of cold-water coral populations in the Cap de Creus and Lacaze-Duthiers canyons (northwestern Mediterranean)
Authors: Gori A. , Orejas C. , Madurell T. , Bramanti L. , Martins M. , Quintanilla E. , Marti-Puig P. , Lo Iacono C. , Puig P. , Requena S. , Greenacre M. , Gili J. M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Submarine canyons are known as one of the seafloor morphological features where living cold-water coral (CWC) communities develop in the Mediterranean Sea. We investigated the CWC community of the two westernmost submarine canyons of the Gulf of Lions canyon system: the Cap de Creus Canyon (CCC) and Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon (LDC). Coral associations have been studied through video material recorded by means of a manned submersible and a remotely operated vehicle. Video transects have been conducted and analyzed in order to obtain information on (1) coral bathymetric distribution and density patterns, (2) size structure of coral populations, and (3) coral colony position with respect to the substrate. Madrepora oculata was the most abundant CWC in both canyons, while Lophelia pertusa and Dendrophyllia cornigera mostly occurred as isolated colonies or in small patches. An important exception was detected in a vertical cliff in LDC where a large L. pertusa framework was documented. This is the first record of such an extended L. pertusa framework in the Mediterranean Sea. In both canyons coral populations were dominated by medium and large colonies, but the frequent presence of small-sized colonies also indicate active recruitment. The predominant coral orientation (90° and 135°) is probably driven by the current regime as well as by the sediment load transported by the current flows. In general, no clear differences were observed in the abundance and in the size structure of the CWC populations between CCC and LDC, despite large differences in particulate matter between canyons.
The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid chromatography marine pigment measurements
Authors: Peloquin J. , Swan C. , Gruber N. , Vogt M. , Claustre H. , Ras J. , Uitz J. , Barlow R. , Behrenfeld M. , Bidigare R. , Dierssen H. , Ditullio G. , Fernandez E. , Gallienne C. , Gibb S. , Goericke R. , Harding L. , Head E. , Holligan P. , Hooker S. , Karl D. , Landry M. , Letelier R. , Llewellyn C. A. , Lomas M. , Lucas M. , Mannino A. , Marty J.-C. , Mitchell B. G. , Muller-Karger F. , Nelson N. , O'Brien C. , Prezelin B. , Repeta D. , Jr. Smith W. O. , Smythe-Wright D. , Stumpf R. , Subramaniam A. , Suzuki K. , Trees C. , Vernet M. , Wasmund N. , Wright S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. A global pigment database consisting of 35 634 pigment suites measured by high performance liquid chromatography was assembled in support of the MARine Ecosytem DATa (MAREDAT) initiative. These data originate from 136 field surveys within the global ocean, were solicited from investigators and databases, compiled, and then quality controlled. Nearly one quarter of the data originates from the Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), with an additional 17% and 19% stemming from the US JGOFS and LTER programs, respectively. The MAREDAT pigment database provides high quality measurements of the major taxonomic pigments including chlorophylls a and b, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, alloxanthin, divinyl chlorophyll a, fucoxanthin, lutein, peridinin, prasinoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, which may be used in varying combinations to estimate phytoplankton community composition. Quality control measures consisted of flagging samples that had a total chlorophyll a concentration of zero, had fewer than four reported accessory pigments, or exceeded two standard deviations of the log-linear regression of total chlorophyll a with total accessory pigment concentrations. We anticipate the MAREDAT pigment database to be of use in the marine ecology, remote sensing and ecological modeling communities, where it will support model validation and advance our global perspective on marine biodiversity. The original dataset together with quality control flags as well as the gridded MAREDAT pigment data may be downloaded from PANGAEA: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.793246.
Remote sensing techniques for predicting evapotranspiration from mixed vegetated surfaces
Authors: Nouri H. , Beecham S. , Kazemi F. , Hassanli A. M. , Anderson S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) as the key component of hydrological balance is the most difficult factor to quantity. In the last decades, ET estimation has been benefitted from advances in remote sensing particularly in agricultural fields. However, quantifying evapotranspiration from mixed landscape vegetation environs is still complicated and challenging due to the heterogeneity of plant species, canopy covers, microclimate, and because of costly methodological requirements. Extensive numbers of studies have been conducted in agriculture and forestry that alternatively ought to be borrowed for mixed landscape vegetation studies with some modifications. This review describes general remote sensing-based approaches to estimate ET and their pros and cons. Considering the fact that most of them need extensive time investment, medium to high level of skills and are quite expensive, the simplest approach; interface, is recommended to apply for mixed vegetation. Then, VI-based approach was discussed for two categories of agricultural and non-agricultural environs. Some promising studies were mentioned to support the suitability of the method for mixed landscape environs.
Precision of Disability Estimates for Southeast Asians in the American Community Survey 2008-2010 Microdata
Authors: Siordia Carlos , Le Vi Donna
Published: March 2013

Detailed social data about the United States (US) population was collected as part of the US decennial Census up until 2000. Since then, the American Community Survey (ACS) has replaced the long form previously administered in decennial years. The ACS uses a sample rather than the entire US population and therefore, only estimates can be created from the data. This investigation computes disability estimates, standard error, margin of error, and a more comprehensive “range of uncertainty” measure for non-Latino-whites (NLW) and four Southeast Asian groups. Findings reveal that disability estimates for Southeast Asians have a much higher degree of imprecision than for NLW. Within Southeast Asian groups, Vietnamese have the highest level of certainty, followed by the Hmong. Cambodians and Laotians disability estimates contain high levels of uncertainty. Difficulties with self-care and vision contain the highest level of uncertainty relative to ambulatory, cognitive, independent living, and hearing difficulties.
Learning Curve Analysis of the Collum Femoris Preserving Total Hip Surgical Technique
Authors: van Oldenrijk Jakob , Schafroth Matthias U. , Rijk Elisa , Runne Wouter C. , Verheyen Cees C.P.M. , van Egmond Cees , Bhandari Mohit , Poolman Rudolf W.
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to determine whether femoral neck preserving total hip arthroplasty would become less difficult and more efficient during the first 20 cases and to identify potential pitfalls during the introduction of this procedure. The difficulty and efficiency of the initial 20 procedures performed by four surgeons was prospectively determined by analysing a total of 68 video recordings using time-action analysis. This method measures the duration and efficiency of individual actions needed for a surgeon to achieve his or her goal. Afterwards, we reviewed all actions with a long duration and discussed possible causes of delay with the surgeons to identify possible pitfalls. We found a decrease of difficulty and an increase of efficiency during the first 20 cases and a more consistent execution after the initial five cases. Estimating the correct osteotomy level and stem curvature was often difficult, which resulted in a variable stem position. Radiologic analysis demonstrated a tendency for varus position and increased leg length throughout the series, even after the surgeons demonstrated technical proficiency.
Life to the Power of Two: A review of Mary M Talbot and Brian Talbot's Dotter of Her Father's Eyes
Authors: Powell Lucy
Published: March 2013

An analysis of the Costa Award winning graphic novel Dotter of Her Father's Eyes as biography, as autobiography, and as it explores and underlines the ontological specificities and potential of the graphic novel genre.
Just culture: “Evidence”, power and algorithms
Authors: Dekker Sidney W. A. , Nyce James M.
Published: March 2013

Background: The notion of “just culture” has become a way for hospital administrations to determine employee accountability for medical errors and adverse events. Method: In this paper, we question whether organizational justice can be achieved through algorithmic determination of the intention, volition and repetition of employee actions. Results and conclusion: The analysis in our paper suggests that the construction of evidence and use of power play important roles in the creation of “justice” after iatrogenic harm.
Developing a Mathematical Model to Assess the Liveablity in Blighted Mega City
Authors: M. Arif Hussain  , Syed Ghayasuddin  , Shaheen Abbas  , M. Rashid Kamal Ansari
Published: March 2013

Karachi (24° 37.38¢ N, 66° 54.42¢ E) is one of the mega cities of Pakistan. In general, deteriorating urban air quality in developing countries is a worsening environmental problem and causing damage to human health. The urban atmospheric pollution is several times higher than the limits set by the WHO. Being industrial city, the rate of increase of traffic volume has been exponential during the last decade in Karachi. More or less, 90% atmospheric pollution is related to vehicle emissions. To gauge and forecast future traffic volume and urban pollution level mathematical models are needed. This communication attempts to model the urban traffic population evolution and the atmospheric pollution levels during the past 25 years. The traffic model shows that total traffic volume in Karachi was 1 million in 1999. In 2008 it reached 2 million and in 2012 the traffic volume crossed 3 million verifying published data. According to this forecast model, it is also important to note that the total traffic volume in Karachi will go to 4 million, 5 million, and 6 million in the years 2015, 2018, and 2020 respectively. Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average, ARIMA (2, 1, 2) model is found to be adequate model to capture Karachi urban atmospheric pollution variation. The model is the first of its kind for the region considered. As a further application, we develop an empirical model of local atmospheric pollution fluctuations as determined by urban traffic volume. The work should provide a basis for other applications, including urban planning,urban-regional air quality management, design of efficient energy programs, etc.
Appartenances professionnelles et vie familiale : une entrée analytique particulière
Authors: Fusulier Bernard , Tremblay Diane-Gabrielle
Published: March 2013

De nombreuses études montrent que la relation travail-famille varie en fonction des sociétés ; qu’elle se décline de façon différente selon le genre et les situations personnelles; qu’elle est tributaire des caractéristiques et attitudes des entreprises et organisations ... Cependant, une autre dimension qui pèse sur cette articulation est encore peu étudiée : l’appartenance à un groupe professionnel ou à une profession. Cette appartenance exprime l’existence d’une entité sociale qui possède certaines caractéristiques propres et qui n’est potentiellement pas sans influence sur la façon dont prend sens et forme l’articulation de la vie professionnelle avec la vie familiale. Dans cet article introductif, nous exposons tout d’abord l’intérêt et la spécificité de cette entrée analytique. Nous soulignons ensuite les lignes de force des articles contenus dans le présent numéro qui traite d’une diversité de groupes professionnels : les enseignants, les travailleurs sociaux, les conductrices de train, les médecins, les infirmières et les policiers.
Gestion de l’interface emploi-famille. Pourquoi les pratiques des enseignantes françaises et espagnoles ne se ressemblent-elles pas ?
Authors: Jarty Julie
Published: March 2013

Cet article propose de penser la différenciation des expériences d’articulation de l’interface travail/famille chez les enseignantes françaises et espagnoles par le prisme de la structuration du groupe professionnel et de son éthos. Agrémenté de récits de vie, l’article fait émerger deux manières d’être enseignante, avec pour conséquences bien distinctes en termes d’aménagement des temps de vie et de relations entre les sexes. En France, l’autonomie temporelle du métier s’appuie sur une culture professionnelle privilégiant les carrières centrées sur l’excellence disciplinaire, menées individuellement. Du point de vue de l’articulation des temporalités sociales, ces normes impliquent une présence limitée au sein de l’établissement scolaire et produisent une réactivation des hiérarchies de genre caractérisée par une organisation du travail (féminin) fréquemment centrée sur la famille. De l’autre côté des Pyrénées, la valorisation d’une figure polyvalente de l’enseignante, enseignant vecteur de connaissances et de culture, éducateur mais aussi administrateur, favorise le travail en équipe ainsi que des temps plus longs sur le lieu de travail, nécessitant souvent la mise en place d’arrangements plus ou moins innovants dans la sphère privée, en particulier pour gravir la hiérarchie.
Les articulations famille-travail à l’aune du groupe professionnel et du genre : l’exemple des conductrices de train en France
Authors: Bonnet Estelle , Milly Bruno , Verley Élise
Published: March 2013

Comment les conductrices de train gèrent-elles en France l’articulation entre travail et famille au regard des conditions et rythmes de travail spécifiques qui pèsent sur le groupe professionnel? Si les normes professionnelles, associées à une faible régulation organisationnelle, interdisent de demander des aménagements de services en raison de contraintes « familiales », la récente politique de féminisation de ce « bastion masculin » conduit à une réinterrogation de ces pratiques. Les nouvelles conductrices ne demandent pas d’aménagements spécifiques, leur présence soulève toutefois la question de l’articulation travail/famille, qui jusque-là était sinon taboue, du moins reléguée au rang de contrainte professionnelle incontournable et laissée à la charge des seuls professionnels.
Devenir adulte : le rapport à la religion dans la construction identitaire des jeunes de la diaspora palestinienne au Canada
Authors: Gaudet Stéphanie , Hird-Younger Miriam , Thériault Marie-Andrée , Thibeault Karine
Published: March 2013

Dans cet article, les auteurs explorent le rapport à la religion dans la construction identitaire des jeunes adultes de la diaspora palestinienne canadienne. En sociologie de la jeunesse, peu de recherches s’intéressent au rapport à la religion des jeunes au cours du processus d’entrée dans l’âge adulte. Pourtant, la religion occupe un rôle important dans la vie de plusieurs jeunes, notamment celle de jeunes immigrants. Nos résultats préliminaires suggèrent que si ces jeunes expérimentent l’injonction à « répondre de soi » que vivent les autres jeunes des sociétés post-industrielles, s’ajoute pour eux une négociation avec les aspects culturels et cultuels de la religion dans leur construction identitaire.
« Être un vrai orthodoxe ». L’identité religieuse au carrefour des registres d’authenticité
Authors: Moisa Daniela
Published: March 2013

Une analyse ethnographique de la sémantique pratique et discursive de l’authenticité religieuse révèle que la définition du « vrai orthodoxe » chez les immigrants russes établis au Québec dépasse les frontières du religieux. Elle est traversée par des références culturelles, spatiales, linguistiques, familiales ou encore politiques, qui s’avèrent essentielles dans l’affirmation de l’identité religieuse orthodoxe. Ces registres d’authenticité jouent un rôle essentiel dans le fonctionnement des communautés culturelles immigrantes de même que dans les rapports entre les groupes religieux et culturels différents. Ils stabilisent aussi l’identité fragilisée par la migration, en aidant les Russes orthodoxes à délimiter et à fonder dans le pays d’accueil, des lieux qui leur sont propres – orthodoxes et russes –, mais qui sont aussi reconnus et respectés par les orthodoxes d’autres origines culturelles, par les convertis ou par une majorité catholique.
Has There Been a She-covery? The Financial Crisis of 2008 and Its Impact on the Ontario Labour Market
Authors: Lewchuk Wayne
Published: March 2013

The labour market turmoil associated with the financial crisis that began in late 2008 provides an opportunity to test the effect of the feminization of labour markets on how modern labour markets function in times of crisis (Armstrong, 1996; Vosko, 2000; Korkki, 2011). This paper will focus on two related questions. The first is whether men and women had different experiences as labour markets began to recover in November 2010. The second is whether the standard employment contract, that implies that workers with more seniority will be offered a degree of employment security in exchange for loyalty to a company, has frayed.

These questions are explored by comparing the pre- and post-financial crisis labour market outcomes of 791 individuals employed in an area centred on Toronto and bounded by Hamilton in the west and Oshawa in the east. Evidence is presented on changes in having paid employment, the degree of employment security, the form of the employment relationship, and the characteristics of the employment relationship. Study participants completed a detailed survey describing their employment in June 2005 and again in November 2010. The paper assesses the accuracy of reports that suggest that the quality of employment had returned to pre-financial crisis levels by the spring of 2011 (Tal, 2011; Cross, 2011).

The findings suggest there has been a gendered dimension to the post-financial crisis recovery in labour markets. However, the nature of this effect is not as simple as women finding more secure, better paying employment, or men being forced into less secure employment. For the sample as a whole, men were marginally more likely than women to be in paid employment. Young men were the most successful in finding more secure employment. Middle-aged men were the most likely to remain in paid employment in the post-financial crisis labour market, but at the cost of accepting less secure employment and employment that was less likely to have the characteristics of the standard employment relationship.
Contribution à un modèle explicatif de la charge de travail : le cas du service à la clientèle
Authors: Fournier Pierre-Sébastien , Montreuil Sylvie , Villa Julie
Published: March 2013

La rapidité des changements qui s’opèrent dans les organisations engendre une intensification du travail qui se traduit par une augmentation de la charge de travail. La littérature scientifique identifie de plus en plus clairement la charge de travail comme un facteur de risques dont les répercussions affectent les individus et les organisations. Bien que les connaissances actuelles portant sur la charge de travail permettent de quantifier des conséquences humaines ou organisationnelles, elles sont difficiles à utiliser pour agir dans l’amélioration des situations de travail. Cet article a pour objectif de contribuer à la modélisation de la charge de travail dans sa globalité et sa complexité à l’intérieur de la dynamique de l’individu, de son activité professionnelle et de son contexte organisationnel. Elle vise à définir des composantes de la charge de travail et à cerner des facteurs qui l’influencent directement ou indirectement à partir de situations de travail réelles. Une recherche terrain s’est déroulée dans une organisation du secteur de l’assurance auprès de préposés au service à la clientèle en privilégiant des observations, des entretiens individuels et de groupe. Les activités réelles de travail des préposés ont été analysées en privilégiant le modèle de l’activité réelle de travail tel qu’utilisé en ergonomie. Cinq facteurs dynamiques de la charge de travail émergent de la recherche et ils permettent de réviser et d’enrichir un modèle explicatif de la charge de travail.
Nursing and midwifery regulation and HIV scale‐up: establishing a baseline in east, central and southern Africa
Authors: McCarthy Carey F , Voss Joachim , Verani Andre R , Vidot Peggy , Salmon Marla E , Riley Patricia L
Published: March 2013

Introduction

Shifting HIV treatment tasks from physicians to nurses and midwives is essential to scaling‐up HIV services in sub‐Saharan Africa. Updating nursing and midwifery regulations to include task shifting and pre‐service education reform can help facilitate reaching new HIV targets. Donor‐supported initiatives to update nursing and midwifery regulations are increasing. However, there are gaps in our knowledge of current practice and education regulations and a lack of information to target and implement regulation strengthening efforts. We conducted a survey of national nursing and midwifery councils to describe current nursing and midwifery regulations in 13 African countries.

Methods

A 30‐item survey was administered to a convenience sample of 13 national nursing and midwifery regulatory body leaders in attendance at the PEPFAR‐supported African Health Profession Regulatory Collaborative meeting in Nairobi, Kenya on 28 February, 2011. The survey contained questions on task shifting and regulations such as registration, licensure, scope of practice, pre‐service education accreditation, continuing professional development and use of international guidelines. Survey data were analyzed to present country‐level, comparative and regional findings.

Results

Task shifting to nurses and midwives was reported in 11 of the 13 countries. Eight countries updated their scope of practice within the last five years; only one reported their regulations to reflect task shifting. Countries vary with regard to licensure, pre‐service accreditation and continuing professional development regulations in place. There was no consistency in terms of what standards were used to design national practice and education regulations.

Discussion

Many opportunities exist to assist countries to modernise regulations to incorporate important advancements from task shifting and pre‐service reform. Appropriate, revised regulations can help sustain successful health workforce strategies and contribute to further scale‐up HIV services and other global health priorities.

Conclusions

This study provides fundamental information from which to articulate goals and to measure the impact of regulation strengthening efforts.
The use of learning in fast adaptation algorithms
Authors: Cooper John , Che Jiaxing , Cao Chengyu
Published: March 2013

Recently, an adaptive control algorithm was proposed to handle time‐varying parameters with transient characterization. Using fast and robust adaptation, the unknown time‐varying parameters are no longer restricted to having slow change rates. As unknown nonlinear functions can be simply expressed by a few time‐varying parameters, they can be handled by the adaptive framework easily without resorting to learning techniques such as artificial neural networks. This motivates a fundamental question about whether learning is still useful in algorithms using fast adaptation. This paper provides an answer to this question. An adaptive controller is presented that uses a radial basis function neural network in addition to the currently used piecewise constant adaptive law of the algorithm to approximate uncertainties. Even though the fast and robust adaptation of control can handle unknown nonlinear functions, there is still an advantage to using neural networks. This advantage is that certain design parameters related to the adaptation rate can be relaxed while still achieving good performance. It is shown that performance improves with better function approximation, and the inclusion of the neural network in the control architecture cannot degrade performance but only improve it. Fast adaptation requires a small integration step size. In the presence of artificial neural network learning, the same performance can be achieved at a lower adaptation rate or enlarged integration step size. This benefit is important for practical implementation of fast adaptation algorithms by relaxing the often stringent constraints on hardware CPU speed. Theoretical results are supported by simulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secular trends in the maturation of permanent teeth in 5 to 6 years old children
Authors: Jayaraman Jayakumar , Wong Hai Ming , King Nigel , Roberts Graham
Published: March 2013

Objectives

This investigation aimed to evaluate the secular trend exhibited by developing permanent teeth in 5 to 6 years old southern Chinese children.

Methods

Four hundred radiographs of children born in the years 1981 (n=200) and 2001 (n=200) were randomly selected, and then age and gender matched. Maxillary and mandibular teeth on the left side were scored. The number of tooth developmental stages (n‐tds) for each stage of development and total n‐tds in crown and root development was calculated. Logistic regression, X2 test for occurrence of trend and Fisher's exact test were used to evaluate the variations in n‐tds between crown and root maturation and also maturation among different teeth. Dental maturation between boys and girls was also compared.

Results

In the maxillary dentition, children born in 2001 showed advanced dental maturation (odds ratio, 1.29; P=0.001), and girls exhibited earlier maturation than boys (odds ratio, 1.43; P=0.001). In the mandibular dentition, no significant difference between the years was observed (odds ratio, 0.97; P=0.761), however, girls showed accelerated development than boys (odds ratio, 1.26; P=0.002). Variations in maturation were also observed between individual tooth in the same arch and between the arches.

Conclusions

Children born in 2001 demonstrated accelerated dental development only in the maxillary dentition. Girls born in 1981 and 2001 exhibited advanced maturation than boys. Variations in development among different teeth in the year groups indicate the need for inclusion of all developing teeth to establish a secular change. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:329–334, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Pharmacology of Proteasome Inhibitors
Authors: Rentsch Andreas , Landsberg Dirk , Brodmann Tobias , Bülow Leila , Girbig Anna‐Katharina , Kalesse Markus
Published: March 2013

Shortly after the discovery of the proteasome it was proposed that inhibitors could stabilize proteins which ultimately would trigger apoptosis in tumor cells. The essential questions were whether small molecules would be able to inhibit the proteasome without generating prohibitive side effects and how one would derive these compounds. Fortunately, “Mother Nature” has generated a wide variety of natural products that provide distinct selectivities and specificities. The chemical synthesis of these natural products finally provided access to analogues and optimized drugs of which two different classes have been approved for the treatment of malignancies. Despite these achievements, additional lead structures derived from nature are under investigation and will be discussed with regard to their biological potential and chemical challenges.
Meniscus Body Position, Size, and Shape in Persons With and Persons Without Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis: Quantitative Analyses of Knee Magnetic Resonance Images From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Wenger Andrea , Wirth Wolfgang , Hudelmaier Martin , Noebauer‐Huhmann Iris , Trattnig Siegfried , Bloecker Katja , Frobell Richard B. , Kwoh C. Kent , Eckstein Felix , Englund Martin
Published: March 2013

Objective

To quantitatively evaluate the position, size, and shape of the menisci in subjects with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) compared to subjects without OA, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

We studied the right knees of 39 Osteoarthritis Initiative participants (24 women and 15 men with a mean age of 59.6 ± 8.7 years) with medial compartment radiographic tibiofemoral OA (Kellgren/Lawrence grade of 2 or 3). Subjects were matched individually for age, sex, and height to controls without knee OA and without risk factors for knee OA. The right knees of the controls were used as references. One observer performed manual segmentation of the tibial plateau and the medial and lateral meniscus based on a coronally reconstructed double‐echo steady‐state sequence with water excitation, focusing on 5 central 3T MRIs.

Results

In OA knees, there was less meniscal coverage of the medial tibial plateau (435 mm2 versus 515 mm2; P = 0.0004), the medial meniscus body showed more extrusion (2.64 mm versus 0.53 mm; P < 0.0001), and the peripheral margin had a more convex shape, i.e., bulged more (mean 0.61 mm versus 0.27 mm; P < 0.0001). The thickness or volume of the medial meniscus body of OA knees did not differ substantially from reference knees. In contrast, in OA knees the lateral meniscus body had a larger volume (mean 266 mm3 versus 224 mm3; P = 0.0005) and extruded more (mean 1.16 mm versus −1.01 mm; P < 0.0001), and the external margin bulged more (mean 0.53 mm versus 0.35 mm; P < 0.0001), than in reference knees.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate altered meniscal position and shape (i.e., more bulging) in both compartments in medial compartment knee OA. These changes may be important features of OA pathogenesis and/or disease consequences.
Recent Advances in Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Mixed Matrix Membranes
Authors: Erucar Ilknur , Yilmaz Gamze , Keskin Seda
Published: March 2013

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) combine easy processability and low cost of polymers with the high selectivity of nanoporous filler particles. These membranes represent an important avenue for enhancing the performance of polymeric membranes in gas separations. Recently, a new group of nanoporous materials called metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used as filler particles in MMM applications, and significant improvements in gas selectivity and permeability have been reported for these MOF‐based membranes. We discuss the recent developments in MOF‐based MMMs by reviewing both the experimental studies and computational modeling methods that can accelerate selection of MOF/polymer combinations for high‐performance gas separations.
Microwave‐assisted one‐step green synthesis of amino‐functionalized fluorescent carbon nitride dots from chitosan
Authors: Xiao Deli , Yuan Danhua , He Hua , Lu Jinrong
Published: March 2013

We present an economical, facile and effective microwave pyrolysis approach to synthesize highly amino‐functionalized fluorescent carbon nitride dots (CNDs). The formation and the functionalization of CNDs was accomplished simultaneously through the dehydration of chitosan. It is suggested that these CNDs have good water solublility and exhibit strong fluorescence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transfection efficiency of normal and cancer cell lines and monitoring of promoter activity by single‐cell bioluminescence imaging
Authors: Horibe Tomohisa , Torisawa Aya , Akiyoshi Ryutaro , Hatta‐Ohashi Yoko , Suzuki Hirobumi , Kawakami Koji
Published: March 2013

The bioluminescence system (luciferase reporter assay system) is widely used to study gene expression, signal transduction and other cellular activities. Although transfection of reporter plasmid DNA to mammalian cell lines is an indispensable experimental step, the transfection efficiency of DNA varies among cell lines, and several cell lines are not suitable for this type of assay because of the low transfection efficiency. In this study, we confirm the transfection efficiency of reporter DNA to several cancer and normal cell lines after transient transfection by single‐cell imaging. Luminescence images could be obtained from living single cells after transient transfection, and the calculated transfection efficiency of this method was similar to that of the conventional reporter assay using a luminometer. We attempted to measure the activity of the Bip promoter under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions using both high and low transfection efficiency cells for plasmid DNA at the single‐cell level, and observed activation of this promoter even in cells with the lowest transfection efficiency. These results show that bioluminescence imaging of single cells is a powerful tool for the analysis of gene expression based on a reporter assay using limited samples such as clinical specimens or cells from primary culture, and could provide additional information compared with the conventional assay. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC‐FLD determination of NBD‐cholesterol, its ester and other metabolites in cellular lipid extracts
Authors: Cao Xiu‐zhen , Mi Ting‐yan , Li Lin , Vermeer Mario A. , Zhang Chen‐chen , Huang Nan , Manoj Joshi K.
Published: March 2013

22‐[N(−7‐Nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino]‐23,24‐bisnor‐5‐cholen‐3β‐ol (NBD‐cholesterol), a fluorescent cholesterol analog, was an extragenous cholesterol tracer used to study cholesterol absorption and metabolism in cultured cells. In order to measure free intracellular cholesterol and its esters, a precise and sensitive method employing high‐performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection (HPLC‐FLD) was developed for the first time. Method validation showed a limit of detection at 30 ng/mL. The calibration curve was linear within the range of 0.0625–10.0 µg/mL (r2 = 0.999). Accuracy and precision were highlighted by good recovery and low variations. Apart from NBD‐cholesteryl oleate, two additional cellular metabolites of NBD‐cholesterol, probably an isomer and an oxidation product, were determined in the lipid extracts of Caco‐2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells according to mass spectrometry. In AC29 mouse malignant mesothelioma cells overexpressing acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase‐1 (ACAT1) or ACAT2, only the oxidized metabolite was detected. Using the newly developed method, YIC‐C8‐434, a known ACAT inhibitor, was shown to inhibit ACAT activity in Caco‐2 cells, as well as in AC29/ACAT1 or AC29/ACAT2 cells. In conclusion, the sensitive and specific HPLC‐FLD method is a powerful tool for simultaneous quantification of intracellular NBD‐cholesterol and its oleoyl‐ester. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dye Degradation by Layer‐by‐Layer Immobilised Peroxidase/Redox Mediator Systems
Authors: Saladino Raffaele , Guazzaroni Melissa , Crestini Claudia , Crucianelli Marcello
Published: March 2013

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilised on Eupergit C 250 L resin coated with poly‐electrolytes, or by entrapment inside pre‐formed layer‐by‐layer (LbL) micro‐capsules of poly‐electrolytes. In these systems, namely HRP/E‐LbL, HRPm/LbL and HRPm/LbLp, the native enzyme retained its catalytic activity. Immobilised HRP showed a significant activity in the oxidation of selected azo, quinoline and fluorone dyes with H2O2 as the primary oxidant under mild experimental conditions, and HRPm/LbL was the best catalyst. A comparison between the catalytic efficiency of different redox mediators for HRP activity was made by using 1‐hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), violuric acid (VLA) and veratrylic alcohol (VA). As a general trend, azo dyes were degraded in higher yields, and HOBt was the best mediator for the oxidation. The degradation yield increased on increasing the reaction time and reached the highest value after 12 h, which is comparable with that observed for native HRP. Notably, HRPm/LbL retained its catalytic activity for more runs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pyrazolines Using a Bifunctional Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquid under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Safaei Shirin , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Khosropour Ahmad R. , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah
Published: March 2013

A novel, environmentally benign, fast, and efficient three‐component one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of the title compounds (IV) is reported by using an ionic liquid as a safe, inexpensive, and reusable catalyst (four times).
ChemInform Abstract: Hantzsch 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Synthesis in Aqueous Ethanol by Visible Light.
Authors: Ghosh Somnath , Saikh Forid , Das Jhantu , Pramanik Arun Kumar
Published: March 2013

The one‐pot three component reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, aldehydes and ammonia proceeds in aqueous ethanol under visible light to furnish 1,4‐dihydropyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Assembly of Pentacyclic Pyrido[4,3,2‐mn]acridin‐8‐ones via a Domino Reaction Initiated by Au(I)‐Catalyzed 6‐endo‐dig Cycloisomerization of N‐Propargylaminoquinones.
Authors: Yin Hao , Kong Fanji , Wang Shaozhong , Yao Zhu‐Jun
Published: March 2013

The reaction conditions (silver‐free) are optimized for the preparation of the alkaloid scaffolds.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Approach for the Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines from Alcohols.
Authors: Ramesha Ajjahalli B. , Raghavendra Goravanahalli M. , Nandeesh Kebbahalli N. , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S. , Mantelingu Kempegowda
Published: March 2013

Imidazopyridines and related compounds are synthesized through in situ oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, which in turn undergo three component reaction with aminopyridines and isocyanides.
ChemInform Abstract: Noninnocent Behavior of PCP and PCN Pincer Ligands of Late Metal Complexes
Authors: Poverenov Elena , Milstein David
Published: March 2013

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Chemistry of β‐Lactam and Its Medicinal Applications.
Authors: Kamath Anushree , Ojima Iwao
Published: March 2013

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bulk Gold (Non‐nanogold) Catalysis of Aerobic Oxidations of Amines, Isocyanides, Carbon Monoxide, and Carbene Precursors
Authors: Angelici Robert J.
Published: March 2013

Review: 102 refs.
Internal Cohesion in Response to Institutional Plurality: The Administrative Sciences Association of Canada
Authors: McLaren Patricia Genoe , Mills Albert J.
Published: March 2013

Addressing the underdeveloped area of the interrelationships between institutional logics, organizational legitimacy, and organizational identity, we undertake a critical hermeneutic analysis of the archives of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada (ASAC) and the context in which the association exists. Through our analysis we show how ASAC's response to the conflicting institutional logics of Canadianism and business schools has been one of internal cohesion, with continuous attempts to create collaborative synergies between the logics, rather than succumbing to internal conflict and fragmentation. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
tert‐Butylcarbamate‐Containing Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Apoptosis Induction, Cytodifferentiation, and Antiproliferative Activities in Cancer Cells
Authors: Valente Sergio , Trisciuoglio Daniela , Tardugno Maria , Benedetti Rosaria , Labella Donatella , Secci Daniela , Mercurio Ciro , Boggio Roberto , Tomassi Stefano , Di Maro Salvatore , Novellino Ettore , Altucci Lucia , Del Bufalo Donatella , Mai Antonello , Cosconati Sandro
Published: March 2013

Herein we report novel pyrrole‐ and benzene‐based hydroxamates (8, 10) and 2′‐aminoanilides (9, 11) bearing the tert‐butylcarbamate group at the CAP moiety as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Compounds 8 b and 10 c selectively inhibited HDAC6 at the nanomolar level, whereas the other hydroxamates effected an increase in acetyl‐α‐tubulin levels in human acute myeloid leukemia U937 cells. In the same cell line, compounds 8 b and 10 c elicited 18.4 and 21.4 % apoptosis, respectively (SAHA: 16.9 %), and the pyrrole anilide 9 c displayed the highest cytodifferentiating effect (90.9 %). In tests against a wide range of various cancer cell lines to determine its antiproliferative effects, compound 10 c exhibited growth inhibition from sub‐micromolar (neuroblastoma LAN‐5 and SH‐SY5Y cells, chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells) to low‐micromolar (lung H1299 and A549, colon HCT116 and HT29 cancer cells) concentrations. In HT29 cells, 10 c increased histone H3 acetylation, and decreased the colony‐forming potential of the cancer cells by up to 60 %.
Tomographic Reconstruction of Designer Free‐Electron Wave Packets
Authors: Wollenhaupt Matthias , Lux Christian , Krug Marc , Baumert Thomas
Published: March 2013

We review the generation and tomographic reconstruction of designer electron wave packets, that is, electron wave packets with a tailored momentum distribution in the continuum. Generation is accomplished by means of multiphoton ionization of an atomic prototype using polarization‐shaped femtosecond laser pulses. Both the electronic structure of the neutral and interference of matter wave packets in the continuum contribute to the final shape. For the measurement of the resulting three‐dimensional photoelectron angular distributions (3dPAD) we combine the established technique of velocity map imaging (VMI) with a tomographic reconstruction method. This novel experimental approach can be employed to characterize the 3dPAD in the laboratory frame as well as in the molecular frame of larger molecules. Due to its sensitivity to electronic structure this method can be further developed to highly sensitive analytic techniques in the gas phase, for instance for the identification of chiral molecules.