bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental Support and Positive Mood Buffer Adolescents’ Academic Motivation During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Klootwijk Christel L. T. , Koele Iris J. , van Hoorn Jorien , Güroğlu Berna , van Duijvenvoorde Anna C. K.
Published: August 2021

School closures during the first COVID‐19 lockdown in 2020 severely disrupted adolescents’ lives. We used a daily diary method for 20 days, including online and physical school days, assessing daily mood, social support and conflict, and academic motivation in 102 adolescents aged 12–16 years. We found that adolescents’ academic motivation was lower on online compared with physical school days. In general, positive mood was positively associated with academic motivation, and friend conflict related negatively to academic motivation. Moreover, lower levels of parental support were related to lower academic motivation on online versus physical school days. Overall, these findings identified some critical changes in adolescents’ daily experiences during the COVID‐19 school closure and social‐emotional factors that may buffer decreases in adolescents’ academic motivation.
Friend Support and Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adolescence During COVID‐19
Authors: Bernasco Esther L. , Nelemans Stefanie A. , van der Graaff Jolien , Branje Susan
Published: August 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment and social relationships across the world. This prospective longitudinal study examined whether internalizing problems during the pandemic could be predicted by precrisis friend support, and whether this effect was moderated by the time adolescents spent with their friends and COVID‐19‐related stress. 245 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 11.60) participated before and during COVID‐19. Higher pre‐COVID‐19 friend support predicted less (self‐reported and parent‐reported) internalizing problems during COVID‐19, and this effect was not moderated by the time adolescents spent with friends or COVID‐19‐related stress. Friends may thus protect against developing internalizing symptoms in times of crisis. We also found the reverse effect: Internalizing problems before COVID‐19 were predictive of friend support during COVID‐19.
The Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Adolescent Emotional, Social, and Academic Adjustment
Authors: Branje Susan , Morris Amanda Sheffield
Published: August 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a strong impact on adolescents worldwide. This special issue aimed to increase our understanding of the factors that explain interindividual differences in how adolescents are affected by the pandemic. The special issue includes 21 empirical articles from four continents on the role of the pandemic in changes in emotional, social, and academic adjustment during adolescence. The studies demonstrate that many adolescents experienced increased depressive symptoms, negative affect, and loneliness, and lower academic adjustment during the pandemic, particularly those that were already at risk before the pandemic. At the same time, many adolescents had individual, family, and community resources that made them resilient and helped them to continue to function well despite the adverse circumstances.
Adolescence Amid a Pandemic: Short‐ and Long‐Term Implications
Authors: Hussong Andrea M. , Benner Aprile D. , Erdem Gizem , Lansford Jennifer E. , Makila Leunita Makutsa , Petrie Rachel C. ,   The SRA COVID‐19 Response Team
Published: August 2021

Members of the Society for Research on Adolescents COVID‐19 Response Team offer this commentary to accompany this special issue of the Journal of Research on Adolescence regarding the impact of the pandemic on adolescents’ social, emotional, and academic functioning. In addition to outlining the critical need for scholarly collaboration to address the global impact of this crisis on adolescent development, we argue that a broad investigative lens is needed to guide research and recovery efforts targeting youth development. We then use this broad lens to consider dimensions of the pandemic impact relative to developmental implications within community and policy contexts, educational contexts, social contexts, and family contexts. Finally, we describe guideposts for setting a global, shared research agenda that can hasten research to recovery efforts surrounding the pandemic and youth development.
Decreasing delivery room intubations: A quality improvement project
Authors: Jardine Luke , Bates Karina , Bates Amanda , Muirhead Renee , Bischoff Elise , Sly Angela , Cross Tenille , Barrett Jade , Newman Tracey , Birch Pita , Woodgate Paul , Mausling Richard , Roberts Tamsin , Dixon Kelly , Hutchinson Fiona , Beker Friederike , Gately Callum , Domingo‐Bates Joy
Published: August 2021

Aim

The delivery room intubation rate for babies born less than 32 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) at the Mater Mothers' Hospital in 2017 was 51%. Delivery room intubation of preterm infants may be associated with an increased risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This quality improvement project aimed to decrease the rate of delivery room intubation for infants born less than 32 weeks PMA.

Methods

A quality improvement process using the evidence‐based practice for improving quality framework and Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act cycles was undertaken from October 2018 to December 2019. Commencing bubble continuous positive airway pressure for initial resuscitation in the delivery room was the principal change idea.

Results

The delivery room intubation rate for infants born less than 32 weeks PMA before the commencement of this project was 48% (cohort 1, n = 221). There was a significant decrease in the rate to 37.2% while the project was being conducted (cohort 2, n = 277) and a further significant reduction to 28.2% after introducing bubble continuous positive airway pressure in the delivery room (cohort 3, n = 202). There was a significant improvement in admission temperatures and a significant decrease in mortality rate between cohort 1 and cohort 2 but not between cohort 2 and cohort 3. There was no change in the rate of discharge home on oxygen between cohorts.

Conclusions

This quality improvement project led to a significantly decreased delivery room intubation rate in infants born less than 32 weeks PMA. There was no evidence of any adverse outcomes with this approach.
The whip and the Bible: Punishment versus internalization
Authors: Dutta Rohan , Levine David K. , Modica Salvatore
Published: August 2021

A variety of experimental and empirical research indicate that prosocial behavior is important for economic success. There are two sources of prosocial behavior: incentives and preferences. The latter, the willingness of individuals to “do their bit” for the group, we refer to as internalization, because we view it as something that a group can influence by appropriate investment. This implies that there is a trade‐off between using incentives and internalization to encourage prosocial behavior. By examining this trade‐off we shed light on the connection between social norms observed inside the laboratory and those observed outside in the field. For example, we show that a higher value of cooperation outside the laboratory may lower the use of incentives inside the laboratory even as it increases their usage outside. As an application we show that the model calibrated to experimental data makes reasonable out‐of‐sample quantitative forecasts.
Dental care use and other population characteristics of older Americans with self‐reported chronic conditions in the health and retirement study
Authors: Moeller John , Manski Richard , Chen Haiyan , Meyerhoefer Chad , Pepper John , Terrin Michael
Published: August 2021

Objectives

To analyze relative differences in oral health care utilization, oral health, and other population characteristics of older Americans with respect to self‐reported chronic conditions in the health and retirement study.

Methods

Differences in estimated percentages of those with specific chronic conditions by selected attributes were tested for statistical significance with standardized normal Z tests and logistic regressions. All estimates were based on weighted data from 1992 to 2016 Early Release RAND HRS Longitudinal file. SE estimates for the percentages accounted for the complex sample design of the survey.

Results

We establish that the strength of the associations between regular use of dental care and the absence of a chronic condition is similar in magnitude to having a college education, living in a high‐income family, never smoking, not having certain functional limitations, and being under 65 years of age.

Discussion

These cross‐sectional findings establish the relative strength of relationships between dental care use, oral health status, and other population characteristics and eight diagnosed conditions. Further work beyond the scope of this paper is needed to confirm these results as either attributes of those with the disease or causal risk factors for the onset of the condition.
Chemical and nutritional characteristics of Cannabis sativa L. co‐products
Authors: Vastolo Alessandro , Calabrò Serena , Pacifico Severina , Koura Bossima Ivan , Cutrignelli Monica Isabella
Published: August 2021

Cannabis sativa L. is an annual herbaceous plant. It was used for centuries to obtain different products. In the last century, hemp cultivation was forbidden due to the psychoactive effects of tetrahydrocannabinol acid (THCA). In the last years, new strains, characterized by high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and low THCA level, were developed renewing the interest in hemp cultivation to obtain food or to extract essential oils from flowers. All these processes produce many residues with different chemical–physical characteristics. In order to evaluate their potential use also in animal nutrition, some hemp co‐products were evaluated. Two different co‐products of seed processes (flour and oil) and two co‐products obtained trimming the flowers, differing in granulometry were used. The samples were analysed for chemical composition and evaluated in vitro using the gas production technique with buffaloes' ruminal inoculum. All hemp co‐products showed interesting nutritional characteristics, such as crude protein content always higher than 20% on a dry matter basis, and high neutral detergent fibre concentration partially lignified. The in vitro gas production parameters at 120 h of incubation showed quite low fermentability testified by the low organic matter degradability and cumulative gas volume (OMD from 28.09 to 45.64% and OMCV from 110 to 164 ml/g, respectively). Also, the methane produced after 24 h of incubation was particularly low (from 1.78 to 11.73 ml/g dOM). These results could be due to the high lipid and ash amounts or to the CBDA content that probably affected the CH4 formation processes. According to preliminary results obtained by this study, it is possible to hypothesize that these co‐products could be useful to mitigate the methane production into the rumen. Further studies are necessary in order to evaluate the correct inclusion into the diet for ruminants.
Effects of dietary citrus extract on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of pigs
Authors: Cui Yi‐Yan , Tian Zhi‐Mei , Deng Dun , Liu Zhi‐Chang , Wang Gang , Chen Wei‐Dong , Ma Xian‐Yong
Published: August 2021

This study investigated the effects of citrus extract on growth, carcass and meat quality of Duroc × Landrace × Large White pigs. One hundred and eight pigs (54 barrows, 54 females) were assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 138 days. The dietary treatments were (1) basic diet; (2) basic diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline; and (3) basic diet supplemented with citrus extract (0.25 ml/kg during 56–112 days of age and 0.20 ml/kg during 113–194 days of age). No significant differences among treatments were found for growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and free amino acids (p > 0.05). Feeding citrus extract tended to increase intramuscular fat (p = 0.052). Citrus extract and chlortetracycline increased C15:0 concentration (p = 0.016) and superoxide dismutase activity (p = 0.004). The pigs that received chlortetracycline exhibited the lowest (p = 0.033) muscle malondialdehyde concentration. Overall, citrus extract ameliorated some meat quality indicators without adverse effects on pig growth or carcass performance.
Taxonomic revision of the Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta): Circumscribing the authentic Peyssonnelia clade and proposing four new genera and seven new species
Authors: Pestana Edilene Maria dos Santos , Nunes José Marcos de Castro , Cassano Valéria , Lyra Goia de Mattos
Published: August 2021

The Peyssonneliaceae represents the only family in the order Peyssonneliales, a clade of red encrusting algae distributed worldwide, including 136 species in eleven currently accepted genera. Delineation of genera in the Peyssonneliaceae has mostly been based on vegetative characteristics. Previous molecular phylogenies have shown that some traditionally circumscribed genera are not monophyletic and relationships among them are uncertain. We contribute to the knowledge of the evolutionary history of this clade, presenting a robust rbcL phylogeny that provides new insights on the origin and diversification of the Peyssonneliales. Based on a broad dataset and morphological analyses, we propose a revised taxonomic scheme for the Peyssonneliales resolved as monophyletic with well‐supported main lineages. Our results show that Peyssonnelia is polyphyletic, and, therefore, we propose three new genera, Agissea, Olokunia, and Rhodowynnea to accommodate species currently assigned to Peyssonnelia, but distantly related to the clade with the type species of the genus. Additionally, barcoding techniques and analyzed criteria for specific delimitation supported the establishment of one new genus, Brasilophycus, and seven new species, from northeastern Brazil: Agissea amadoi, A. densissima, A. taberniforma, A. villatlantica, A. yemonjasagbae, Brasilophycus similis, and B. roseomarginatus. Our integrative taxonomic approach reveals underestimated diversity of Brazilian Peyssonneliales. Investment in broader sampling along the Brazilian coast and other tropical areas may reveal that its marine biodiversity can be expanded, enlightening our knowledge about this ecologically important group of red algae.
Cross‐sectional comparisons of subgingival microbiome and gingival fluid inflammatory cytokines in periodontally healthy vegetarians versus non‐vegetarians
Authors: Khocht Ahmed , Orlich Michael , Paster Bruce , Bellinger Denise , Lenoir Leticia , Irani Crissy , Fraser Gary
Published: August 2021

Background

Vegetarian diets are known to reduce inflammation. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduced inflammation associated with a vegetarian diet would promote a more commensal subgingival bacterial profile.

Methods

A total of 39 periodontally healthy subjects (PD ≤3 mm, bleeding on probing <10%) were enrolled. Dietary intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. A comprehensive periodontal examination was performed. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque samples were collected. GCF samples were assessed for interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, and interleukin‐10. Plaque samples were analyzed for bacteria using 16S rDNA sequencing on an Illumina platform. GenBank database was used for taxonomy classification.

Results

Twenty‐three subjects were categorized as vegetarian and 16 non‐vegetarians. Clinical periodontal measures and GCF cytokine levels were statistically comparable between the two groups. Measures of microbial richness and alpha diversity were also comparable between the two dietary groups. Vegetarians harbored higher levels of phyla associated with gingival health (Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria). Two species known to be associated with periodontitis (Mogibacterium timidumandVeillonella rogosae) were prominent in non‐vegetarians. Pearson's correlations between GCF inflammatory cytokines and microbial taxa differed between vegetarians and non‐vegetarians. In vegetarians, the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 positively correlated with two species known to be associated with periodontal health (Peptidiphagasp. HMT183 andRothia aeria).

Conclusions

Diet is directly and indirectly associated with the microbial composition of subgingival plaque. A vegetarian diet may promote a subgingival microbiota associated with periodontal health.
Long‐term benefits of interferon‐α therapy in children with HBeAg‐positive immune‐active chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Wang Limin , Zhao Jinfang , Liu Jiaye , Zhen Cheng , Zhang Min , Dong Yi , Gan Yu , Xu Zhiqiang , Li Yuanyuan , Zhu Shishu , Wang Fu‐Sheng
Published: August 2021

The long‐term benefits of interferon‐α (IFN‐α) treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective and real‐world study to evaluate the safety and long‐term clearance rates of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in CHB children who received IFN‐α monotherapy for 72 weeks and were with 13‐year follow‐up visit. Participants treated with IFN‐α (n = 316) were more likely to become HBeAg negatve (39.87% vs. 27.37%; p < .05) and HBsAg negative (11.08% vs. 3.16%; p < .05) by the end of the treatment period than untreated participants (n = 95). Treated participants also had higher cumulative rates of HBeAg loss (74.13% vs. 59.27%; p < .05) and HBsAg loss (46.95 vs. 33.11%; p < 0.05) than untreated participants in parallel by the end of 13‐year follow‐up. In particular, the cumulative rate of HBsAg loss was higher in treated children aged 1–7 years than in those aged 8–17 years (71.40% vs. 39.0%; p < .01). Children who were HBeAg‐negative at the end of IFN‐α treatment or who had serum alanine aminotransferase levels of ≥80 IU/L at baseline were likely to have higher cumulative HBsAg loss rates. Accordingly, HBeAg loss at 72 weeks was positively associated with the cumulative HBsAg loss rate in untreated children. There were no serious adverse events of IFN‐α therapy for the treated patients throughout the study period. Overall, IFN‐α therapy was effective in obtaining higher long‐term cumulative rates of HBeAg and HBsAg loss in children with HBeAg‐positive immune‐active CHB, especially among those aged 1–7 years.
Cooperative Accomplishment of Multilingual Language Tutorial: An Intercultural Pragmatics Study
Authors: KIMURA DAISUKE
Published: August 2021

Using conversation analytic methods and concepts, this article examines a language tutorial among Thai and Japanese college students, focusing on the use of multilingual repertoires for organizing this activity. The study responds to a call for dialogic studies of multilingual interactions. A 79‐minute video‐recorded session was analyzed for the coordinated use of multilingual and multimodal resources as well as the role of sequential routines in the cooperative pursuit of relevant interactional projects. Findings demonstrate the contingent and variable nature of cooperative behaviors that are shaped not simply by a priori goals, but emergent interactional projects. They also exemplify reciprocal language learning wherein the participants alternate between expert and novice roles with respect to Thai and Japanese. The article concludes with the implications of the study for language learning and teaching in the context of globalization.
Localized Globalization: Directives in Augmented Reality Game Interaction
Authors: SYDORENKO TETYANA , THORNE STEVEN L. , HELLERMANN JOHN , SANCHEZ AMBER , HOWE VANESSA
Published: August 2021

In what has been termed the global era, individuals from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds frequently participate in joint activities that require intercultural communication. Concomitantly, research on communication in contexts involving mobile technologies is nascent, and investigations addressing pragmatics in particular are few. In this article, we examine place‐based mobile augmented reality (AR) apps, which have been shown to provide learners with valuable opportunities for location‐situated social and collaborative interaction and embodied experience of place. We focus on cataloguing social actions, specifically directives, in 4 groups of mobile AR game players using English as a lingua franca (ELF) to communicate. We uncovered a variety of directive strategies, both verbal and nonverbal, that are rarely discussed in pragmatics teaching and learning yet were critical to the unfolding communicative action. Implications of the study findings for pragmatics instruction are provided within the broader recommendations for ELF pragmatics.
Elevated and sustained anti‐feeding effect of Scalibor® deltamethrin collar against the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs confirmed for 1 year following treatment
Authors: Evans A. , Bongiorno G. , Fourie J. J. , Lekouch N. , Bianchi R. , Khoury C. , Thomas E. , Chiummo R. , Gradoni L.
Published: August 2021

Dogs are reservoir hosts for Leishmania infantum, a protozoan parasite transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The anti‐feeding and fast‐killing efficacy of Scalibor® deltamethrin collars against experimental Phlebotomus perniciosus challenges on dogs was determined over 1 year. Two groups of 8 dogs each were fitted with placebo (control) or deltamethrin collars (treated) on Day 0 and exposed to sand flies approximately every 28 days up to Day 364. After each exposure, anti‐feeding and fast‐killing efficacy rates were determined by comparing blood‐fed or live insects, respectively, in the treated vs. the control group. Blood‐fed and live sand flies were significantly less in treated dogs as compared to control dogs at each assessment. The anti‐feeding efficacy rate exceeded 90% except on Day 337 (89%) but increased again (96%) on Day 364. Fast killing efficacy was <74% over the study when considering all flies. However, this value increased cumulatively to 98% when only blood‐fed flies were compared between groups. Scalibor® collars are highly effective at preventing P. perniciosus blood‐feeding and in fast‐killing flies taking a blood meal for up to 1 year after application. These strong and long‐lasting effects are an important strategic component for L. infantum transmission control.
A Meloidogyne incognita C‐type lectin effector targets plant catalases to promote parasitism
Authors: Zhao Jianlong , Sun Qinghua , Quentin Michaël , Ling Jian , Abad Pierre , Zhang Xiaoping , Li Yan , Yang Yuhong , Favery Bruno , Mao Zhenchuan , Xie Bingyan
Published: August 2021

Root‐knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., secrete effectors to modulate plant immune responses and establish a parasitic relationship with host plants. However, the functions and plant targets of C‐type lectin (CTL)‐like effectors of Meloidogyne incognita remain unknown. Here, we characterized a CTL‐like effector of M. incognita, MiCTL1a, and identified its target and role in nematode parasitism.

In situ hybridization demonstrated the expression of MiCTL1 in the subventral glands; and in planta, immunolocalization showed its secretion during M. incognita parasitism. Virus‐induced gene silencing of the MiCTL1 reduced the infection ability of M. incognita in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ectopic expression in Arabidopsis not only increased susceptibility to M. incognita but also promoted root growth.

Yeast two‐hybrid and co‐immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MiCTL1a interacts with Arabidopsis catalases, which play essential roles in hydrogen peroxide homeostasis. Knockout or overexpression of catalases showed either increased or reduced susceptibility to M. incognita, respectively. Moreover, MiCTL1a not only reduced catalase activity in vitro and in planta but also modulated stress‐related gene expressions in Arabidopsis.

Our data suggest that MiCTL1a interacts with plant catalases and interferes with catalase activity, allowing M. incognita to establish a parasitic relationship with its host by fine‐tuning responses mediated by reactive oxygen species.
The leaf polarity factors SGS3 and YABBYs regulate style elongation through auxin signaling in Mimulus lewisii
Authors: Ding Baoqing , Li Jingjian , Gurung Vandana , Lin Qiaoshan , Sun Xuemei , Yuan Yao‐Wu
Published: August 2021

Style length is a major determinant of breeding strategies in flowering plants and can vary dramatically between and within species. However, little is known about the genetic and developmental control of style elongation.

We characterized the role of two classes of leaf adaxial–abaxial polarity factors, SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 (SGS3) and the YABBY family transcription factors, in the regulation of style elongation in Mimulus lewisii. We also examined the spatiotemporal patterns of auxin response during style development.

Loss of SGS3 function led to reduced style length via limiting cell division, and downregulation of YABBY genes by RNA interference resulted in shorter styles by decreasing both cell division and cell elongation. We discovered an auxin response minimum between the stigma and ovary during the early stages of pistil development that marks style differentiation. Subsequent redistribution of auxin response to this region was correlated with style elongation. Auxin response was substantially altered when both SGS3 and YABBY functions were disrupted.

We suggest that auxin signaling plays a central role in style elongation and that the way in which auxin signaling controls the different cell division and elongation patterns underpinning natural style length variation is a major question for future research.
Protection mutualists affect colonization and establishment of host‐associated species in a coral reef cryptofauna community
Authors: Counsell Chelsie W. W. , Donahue Megan J.
Published: August 2021

Protection mutualists display territorial behaviors, which also act as protective services for their host species. These territorial behaviors may inhibit the ability of other organisms to use the habitat provided by the host species. Coral guard crabs (Trapeziidae) and snapping shrimps (Alpheidae) form a guild of protection mutualists that aggressively defend their obligate host corals from predators. Here, we investigate how these protection mutualists affect the colonization and/or establishment of the community associated with the host coral. We found that Trapezia intermedia and Alpheus lottini both had species‐specific effects on the probability of colonization. Alpheus lottini inhibited recruitment by conspecifics, but did not affect the settlement of Trapezia spp. T. intermedia did not affect recruitment by Trapezia spp. or Alpheus spp. Both T. intermedia and A. lottini limited colonization by some other decapod species, including xanthid and portunid crabs. The presence of protection mutualists affected the trajectory of communities associated with host corals such that the initial presence of protection mutualists explained 20% of variation in community composition six‐months later. The communities on corals with protection mutualists had similar richness but lower beta‐diversity than control corals after six months. Host response to protection mutualists was mixed. Over the two‐month colonization study when the mutualist treatments were maintained and colonizing species were removed, host corals with both protection mutualists had lower growth rates than control corals or corals with only T. intermedia; however, coral growth did not differ between treatments over the six‐month establishment study when community trajectories were followed without interference.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma exacerbation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mallah Narmeen , Turner Julia May , González‐Barcala Francisco‐Javier , Takkouche Bahi
Published: August 2021

Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is highly prevalent and often coexists with asthma exacerbation. Divergent findings about the association between the two diseases were reported. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine whether there exists an association between GORD and asthma.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and other databases and then performed a manual search, to identify eligible studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed‐ and random‐effect models. We evaluated the quality of included studies, explored heterogeneity between studies, undertook subgroup analyses, assessed publication bias, and performed sensitivity analyses.

Results

We identified 32 eligible studies, conducted in 14 countries and including a total of 1,612,361 patients of all ages. Overall, GORD shows a weak association with asthma exacerbation (OR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.18–1.35). This association was observed in cohort, case‐control, and cross‐sectional designs and in European as well as non‐European populations. Subgroup analyses show that GORD is associated with frequent asthma exacerbations (≥3 exacerbations, OR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.13–2.24) and with exacerbations needing oral corticosteroid therapy (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.09–1.41). GORD pediatric patients are at higher odds of asthma exacerbation than adults. We did not detect any evidence of publication bias and the association between GORD and asthma exacerbation held in all undertaken sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma exacerbation are weakly associated.
Genomic signatures of vegetable and oilseed allopolyploid Brassica juncea and genetic loci controlling the accumulation of glucosinolates
Authors: Yang Jinghua , Wang Jing , Li Zhangping , Li Xuming , He Zhesi , Zhang Lili , Sha Tongyun , Lyu Xiaolong , Chen Sheng , Gu Yuanguo , Li Zaiyun , Hu Zhongyuan , He Hongju , Bancroft Ian , Zhang Mingfang
Published: August 2021

Allopolyploid Brassica juncea crops in Brassicaceae are becoming increasingly revitalized as vegetables and oilseeds owing to wide adaptability and significant economic values. However, the genomic differentiation of diversified vegetables and oilseed B. juncea and the genetic basis underlying glucosinolates accumulation have yet to be elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, we report the sequencing of pairwise genomes of vegetable and oilseed B. juncea at chromosome scale. Comparative genomics analysis unveils panoramic structural variation footprints, particularly the genetic loci of HSP20 and TGA1 associated with abiotic and biotic stresses responses between oilseed and vegetable subgroups. We anchored two major loci of MYB28 (HAG1) orthologues caused by copy number variations on A02 and A09 chromosomes using scored genomic SNPs‐based GWAS that are responsible for seed oil quality‐determining glucosinolates biosynthesis. These findings will provide valuable repertories of polyploidy genomic information enabling polyploidy genome evolution studies and precise genomic selections for crucial traits like functional components of glucosinolates in B. juncea crops and beyond.
A mechanistic view on lodging resistance in rye and wheat: a multiscale comparative study
Authors: Muszynska Aleksandra , Guendel Andre , Melzer Michael , Tandron Moya Yudelsy Antonia , Röder Marion S. , Rolletschek Hardy , Rutten Twan , Munz Eberhard , Melz Gilbert , Ortleb Stefan , Borisjuk Ljudmilla , Börner Andreas
Published: August 2021

The development of crop varieties that are resistant to lodging is a top priority for breeding programmes. Herein, we characterize the rye mutant ´Stabilstroh’ (‘stable straw’) possessing an exceptional combination of high lodging resistance, tall posture and high biomass production. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging displayed the 3‐dimensional assembly of vascular bundles in stem. A higher number of vascular bundles and a higher degree of their incline were the features of lodging‐resistant versus lodging‐prone lines. Histology and electron microscopy revealed that stems are fortified by a higher proportion of sclerenchyma and thickened cell walls, as well as some epidermal invaginations. Biochemical analysis using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry further identified elevated levels of lignin, xylan, zinc and silicon as features associated with high lodging resistance. Combined effects of above features caused superior culm stability. A simplistic mathematical model showed how mechanical forces distribute within the stem under stress. Main traits of the lodging‐resistant parental line were heritable and could be traced back to the genetic structure of the mutant. Evaluation of lodging‐resistant wheat ‘Babax’ (‘Baviacora’) versus contrasting, lodging‐prone, genotype ´Pastor´ agreed with above findings on rye. Our findings on mechanical stability and extraordinary culm properties may be important for breeders for the improvement of lodging resistance of tall posture cereal crops.
CARD14‐associated papulosquamous eruption (CAPE) in pediatric patients: Three additional cases and review of the literature
Authors: Frare Cindy P. , Blumstein Alli J. , Paller Amy S. , Pieretti Lia , Choate Keith A. , Bowcock Anne M. , Larralde Margarita
Published: August 2021

CARD14‐associated papulosquamous eruption (CAPE) is a proposed term that encompasses features ranging from psoriasis to pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) in association with CARD14 mutations. The early onset of the disease, prominent facial involvement, family history of an autosomal dominant trait, and poor response to conventional treatment are characteristics of CAPE that distinguish it from classical psoriasis and PRP. We describe the clinical features, family history, and response to therapy in three unrelated children with CAPE and compare these characteristics with those of previously described pediatric patients. Testing for CARD14 mutations in children with early onset of features of psoriasis or pityriasis rubra pilaris and resistance to conventional therapy should be considered.
Trade‐In or Sell in My P2P Marketplace: A Game Theoretic Analysis of Profit and Environmental Impact
Authors: Vedantam Aditya , Demirezen Emre M. , Kumar Subodha
Published: August 2021

As more customers purchase pre‐owned apparel, firms are increasingly adopting resale based business models. These models typically operate as either (i) a trade‐in and resale program, wherein a firm offers a trade‐in discount on a new product and resells the traded‐in products, or (ii) a P2P resale marketplace where customers can buy and sell used products to each other. Since different firms choose different resale strategies, it is not clear which strategy is more profitable. Furthermore, although firms that adopt each resale model also promote their environmental benefits, there are concerns that these firms are greenwashing, that is, misrepresenting the environmental benefits of their business models. Hence, we investigate the profitability and environmental impacts of these resale marketplace models and find that the trade‐in model may be more profitable despite the lower reverse logistics cost in the P2P model, and the P2P resale marketplace may be more profitable despite the trade‐in program having direct control over the supply and demand of used products. Furthermore, both models can be better for the environment depending on the product characteristics and perceived quality difference between the used products sold in these programs. We further identify when each model is better for profitability and environment concurrently and when there is misalignment. Other results and managerial insights include comparative pricing of new and used products, market coverage, total sales, and resales, and the impact of product durability on pricing. The insights presented in this study provide useful guidelines for firms, non‐governmental organizations, and environmental advocacy groups.
Morphology, phylogeny, and pathogenicity of Trichothecium, Alternaria, and Fusarium species associated with panicle rot on Chenopodium quinoa in Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Yin Hui , Zhou Jian‐Bo , Chen Ya‐Lei , Ren Lu , Qin Nan , Xing Yan‐Li , Zhao Xiao‐Jun
Published: August 2021

Quinoa panicle rot (QPR) is a novel disease that poses a significant threat to quinoa production in China. Typical symptoms on panicles include a film of pale pink, grey‐white, or dark brown mould on the grains during the grain‐filling stage. Furthermore, QPR causes quinoa grain discolouration, unfilling, and malformation. In total, 37 isolates were identified as belonging to three species: Trichothecium roseum (nine isolates), Alternaria alternata (12), and Fusarium citri (16) based on morphology, and phylogenetic and pathogenicity characterization. The present study shows for the first time that T. roseum, A. alternata, and F. citri are the pathogens responsible for QPR. An evaluation of the growth and germination rates revealed a significant difference among the three species, with T. roseum and F. citri isolates having higher fitness in warmer (25–30℃) and humid conditions (water activity ≥0.98). However, A. alternata preferred cooler (20–25℃) and more arid conditions, and germinated in a wide range of water activities (water activity of 0.90–1.00). Among the three species, T. roseum and F. citri are probably responsible for the pink and grey diseased grains in humid regions, and A. alternata for the black‐brown diseased grains in arid regions. Pathogenicity tests showed that all three species could infect the quinoa panicles. The results of this study provide a basis for the recognition and management of QPR.
Algorithmic regulation: A maturing concept for investigating regulationofandthroughalgorithms
Authors: Ulbricht Lena , Yeung Karen
Published: August 2021

This paper offers a critical synthesis of the articles in this Special Issue with a view to assessing the concept of “algorithmic regulation” as a mode of social coordination and control articulated by Yeung in 2017. We highlight significant changes in public debate about the role of algorithms in society occurring in the last five years. We also highlight prominent themes that emerge from the contributions, illuminating what is distinctive about the concept of algorithmic regulation, reflecting upon some of its strengths, limitations, and its relationship with the broader research field. In closing, we argue that the core concept is valuable and maturing. It has evolved into an analytical bridge that fosters cross‐disciplinary development and analysis in ways that enrich its early “skeletal” form, thereby enabling careful and context‐sensitive analysis of algorithmic regulation in concrete settings while facilitating critical reflection concerning the legitimacy of existing and proposed regulatory regimes.
Assessing the Impacts of COVID‐19 on the Industrial Sectors and Economy of China
Authors: Tan Ling , Wu Xianhua , Guo Ji , Santibanez‐Gonzalez Ernesto D.R.
Published: August 2021

Since December 2019, the COVID‐19 epidemic has been spreading continuously in China and many countries in the world, causing widespread concern among the whole society. To cope with the epidemic disaster, most provinces and cities in China have adopted prevention and control measures such as home isolation, blocking transportation, and extending the Spring Festival holiday, which has caused a serious impact on China's output of various sectors, international trade, and labor employment, ultimately generating great losses to the Chinese economic system in 2020. But how big is the loss? How can we assess this for a country? At present, there are few analyses based on quantitative models to answer these important questions. In the following, we describe a quantitative‐based approach of assessing the potential impact of the COVID‐19 epidemic on the economic system and the sectors taking China as the base case. The proposed approach can provide timely data and quantitative tools to support the complex decision‐making process that government agencies (and the private sector) need to manage to respond to this tragic epidemic and maintain stable economic development. Based on the available data, this article proposes a hypothetical scenario and then adopts the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to calculate the comprehensive economic losses of the epidemic from the aspects of the direct shock on the output of seriously affected sectors, international trade, and labor force. The empirical results show that assuming a GDP growth rate of 4–8% in the absence of COVID‐19, GDP growth in 2020 would be ‐8.77 to ‐12.77% after the COVID‐19. Companies and activities associated with transportation and service sectors are among the most impacted, and companies and supply chains related to the manufacturing subsector lead the economic losses. Finally, according to the calculation results, the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: disaster recovery for key sectors such as the labor force, transportation sector, and service sectors should be enhanced; disaster emergency rescue work in highly sensitive sectors should be carried out; in the long run, precise measures to strengthen the refined management of disaster risk with big data resources and means should be taken.
Uniform asymptotic expansions for Lommel, Anger‐Weber, and Struve functions
Authors: Dunster T. M.
Published: August 2021

Using a differential equation approach, asymptotic expansions are rigorously obtained for Lommel, Weber, Anger–Weber, and Struve functions, as well as Neumann polynomials, each of which is a solution of an inhomogeneous Bessel equation. The approximations involve Airy and Scorer functions, and are uniformly valid for large real order and unbounded complex argument . An interesting complication is the identification of the Lommel functions with the new asymptotic solutions, and in order to do so, it is necessary to consider certain sectors of the complex plane, as well as introduce new forms of Lommel and Struve functions.
Continuous renal replacement therapy under special conditions like sepsis, burn, cardiac failure, neurotrauma, and liver failure
Authors: Davenport Andrew , Honore Patrick M.
Published: August 2021

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in sepsis does have a role in removing excessive fluid, and also role in removal of mediators although not proven today, and to allow fluid space in order to feed. In these conditions, continuous renal replacement therapy can improve morbidity but never mortality so far. Regarding sepsis, timing has become a more important issue after decades and is currently more discussed than dosing. Rationale of blood purification has evolved a lot in the last years regarding sepsis with the discovery of many types of sorbent allowing ideas from science fiction to become reality in 2021. Undoubtedly, COVID‐19 has reactivated the interest of blood purification in sepsis but also in COVID‐19. Burn is even more dependent about removal of excessive fluid as compared to sepsis. Regarding cardiac failure, ultrafiltration can improve the quality of life and morbidity when diuretics are becoming inefficient but can never improve mortality. Regarding brain injury, CRRTs have several advantages as compared to intermittent hemodialysis. In liver failure, there have been no randomized controlled trials to examine whether single‐pass albumin dialysis offers advantages over standard supportive care, and there is always the cost of albumin.
Brexit, COVID‐19, and attitudes toward immigration in Britain
Authors: Pickup Mark , de Rooij Eline A. , van der Linden Clifton , Goodwin Matthew J.
Published: August 2021

Objective

A key issue in Britain's referendum on European Union membership was the free movement of labor into Britain, with Brexit “Leavers” having more negative attitudes toward immigrants than “Remainers.” Such anti‐immigrant attitudes are driven by feelings of threat. The coronavirus pandemic presented a new threat in the context of ongoing Brexit negotiations. This paper examines how the COVID‐19 pandemic affected anti‐immigrant attitudes and how these effects differ between Leavers and Remainers.

Methods

Using an online survey in Spring 2020 of 3,708 individuals residing in the UK, we experimentally test the effect of priming COVID‐19 thoughts on anti‐immigrant attitudes, and examine whether this effect varies by Brexit identity.

Results

We show that COVID‐19 may exacerbate anti‐immigrant attitudes among Leavers while having little effect on Remainers.

Conclusion

These findings support the idea that the coronavirus pandemic might have presented a new, viral, threat that heightened anti‐immigrant attitudes among certain political identities.
Conservatism and infrequent mask usage: A study of US counties during the novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic
Authors: Gonzalez Kelsey E. , James Rina , Bjorklund Eric T. , Hill Terrence D.
Published: August 2021

Objective

Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention eventually recommended wearing masks in public to slow the spread of the coronavirus, the practice has been unevenly distributed in the United States.

Methods

In this article, we model county‐level infrequent mask usage as a function of three pillars of conservatism: (1) Republican political leadership (percentage of votes for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election), (2) conservative Protestantism (percentage evangelical Christian), and (3) right‐wing media consumption (Google searches for Fox News).

Results

Our analyses indicate that mask usage tends to be lower in counties with greater support for President Trump (in majority Trump counties), counties with more evangelical Christians, and areas with greater interest in Fox News.

Conclusion

Given the effectiveness of masks in limiting the transmission of respiratory droplets, conservative ideological resistance to public health and recommended pandemic lifestyles may indirectly support the spread of the coronavirus.
Empowering equity: Striving for socio‐economic equity in the Aotearoa New Zealand health workforce
Authors: Thomson Rob , Baxter Joanne , Bristowe Zoë , Crampton Peter , Rangi Ana , Spears Angela
Published: August 2021

Background

The lack of diversity in the health workforce is partly due to selection criteria for health professional programmes that have not selected students from a wide range of backgrounds. Consequently, health care professionals from minority groups and lower socio‐economic backgrounds are under‐represented in the workforce.

Approach

The Socioeconomic Equity (EQ) support programme aims to increase the participation, retention and academic success of students from low socio‐economic communities studying in health professional programmes at the University of Otago. At the start of the academic year, students who had attended a secondary school from a low socio‐economic community were invited to take part in the EQ Programme. This includes group workshops on study skills, guidance from peer mentors, subject specific academic support, one‐on‐one course advice and pastoral support and activities to enhance self‐esteem and self‐efficacy.

Evaluation

Comparing the first two years of the EQ project with the previous year, there was an increase in the percentage of students from schools in low socio‐economic communities that passed HSFY. It was also found that more EQ students were offered places in health professional programmes than in the previous year.

Implications

The percentage of students passing HSFY has increased, and importantly, the percentage of students from low socio‐economic backgrounds entering professional health programmes has doubled. This is a small start to building a health workforce that fairly reflects people from all communities.