bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbonate mineralogy and geochemistry of bryozoans along the South African coast
Authors: Krzemińska Małgorzata , Piwoni-Piórewicz Anna , Boonzaaier-Davids Melissa K. , Florence Wayne , Waeschenbach Andrea , Najorka Jens , Jenkins Helen L. , Kukliński Piotr
Published: December 2024

The main aim of this study was to investigate whether environmental or biological factors predominantly influence bryozoan biomineralization along the South African coast (spanning from 29.263°S; 16.87°E to 27.540°S; 32.677°E), a region known for its diverse oceanographic conditions. New data into the mineralogical (calcite vs. aragonite) and geochemical (Mg content in calcite) composition of bryozoans are provided, enhancing the global database and understanding of biomineralization patterns. To date, there has been a notable scarcity of data on bryozoan skeletal composition in tropical and subtropical regions, representing a significant gap in our knowledge and understanding of the impacts of climate change on marine, calcifying organisms. Our research reveals a diverse array of carbonate skeletons across nearly half of the known bryozoan species in the region, with calcitic forms dominating, followed by bimineralic and aragonite-based forms. The prevalence of aragonite-containing skeletons, particularly within the Cheilostomatida, mirrors global patterns, indicating a correlation with sea temperature gradients. Significant mineralogy and magnesium calcite variability exists within the Flustrina and Membraniporina suborders (Cheilostomatida). Despite exploring various environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, or impact of currents (Agulhas, Benguela, or mixed), no clear correlation with mineralogical patterns emerged. Instead, the study underscores the substantial influence of biological control on bryozoan skeletal carbonate mineralogy and geochemistry. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive, multi-parametric analyses to unravel environmental signals in bryozoan biomineralization, contributing to a deeper understanding of the impacts of climate and local conditions on marine calcifiers.
Karrierewege und Arbeitszufriedenheit in der Schmerzmedizin
Authors: Erlenwein Joachim , Kube Benedikt , Boujong Dirk , Nadstawek Joachim , Hüppe Michael , Jürgens Tim P. , Meißner Winfried , Petzke Frank
Published: December 2024

Hintergrund

Schmerzmedizin ist eine interdisziplinäre und interprofessionelle Spezialisierung. Aufgrund von Nachwuchssorgen und Überalterung, insbesondere bei Ärzten, ist es von Bedeutung, berufliche Entwicklung und Karrierewege in die Schmerzmedizin besser zu verstehen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die beruflichen Wege von Menschen, die in einer Einrichtung der spezialisierten schmerzmedizinischen/schmerztherapeutischen Versorgung tätig sind, deren Motivation und Arbeitszufriedenheit zu erfassen.

Material und Methoden

Mit einem standardisierten Online-Fragebogen wurden über kooperierende Fachgesellschaften und Verbände deren Mitglieder befragt.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden Angaben von 398 Ärzten, 78 Psychologen, 62 Physiotherapeuten, 3 Ergotherapeuten und 23 Pflegefachpersonen in die Auswertung einbezogen. Die Altersverteilung lag eher in höheren Altersgruppen, der größte Anteil an Antwortenden war zwischen 51 und 60 Lebensjahren. Auf den Karrierewegen kamen die Teilnehmenden erst nach vielen Jahren Berufstätigkeit klinisch mit der Schmerzmedizin in Kontakt. Gerade bei Ärzten zeigt sich dabei eine Latenz von fast einem Jahrzehnt nach Approbation (8 ± 6 Jahre (max. 30) bzw. 5 ± 6 (min. 0, max. 28) Jahre), bzw. bereits als Facharzt gearbeitet zu haben, bis zur ersten klinischen Tätigkeit in einer spezialisierten schmerzmedizinischen Einrichtung (Psychologen 5 ± 5 (min. 0, max. 22) Jahre nach ihrem Studienabschluss bzw. 4 ± 5 (min. 0, max. 16) Jahre nach Approbation; PEP 1 ± 9 (min. 0, max. 37) Jahre nach Ausbildungsabschluss). Hinsichtlich motivationaler Faktoren werden intrinsische Aspekte höher bewertet als monetäre. Vereinbarkeitsfragen standen eher im Mittelfeld der Gewichtung. Bzgl. der Arbeitszufriedenheit in der Schmerzmedizin zeichnet sich bei den Antwortenden ein Bild mit insgesamt höheren Werten bei der Angabe der Zufriedenheit ab, wobei in den Kategorien „Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten“, „Zusatzverdienstmöglichkeiten“ und „Anerkennung der Tätigkeit bei Vorgesetzten“ die niedrigsten Zufriedenheitswerte angegeben werden. Über 1/3 der Befragten gab an, dass berufliche Änderungen mit Wechsel aus der Schmerzmedizin anstehen, insbesondere der Rentenbeginn.

Diskussion

Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Wahrnehmung kritischer Zukunftsaussichten und lassen Risiken hinsichtlich der zukünftigen Versorgungssicherung von Menschen mit chronischen Schmerzen erkennen. Sie liefern erstmals einen Einblick in die Wege von Mitarbeitenden in die Schmerzmedizin und zu deren Motivationen und Arbeitsplatzzufriedenheit, die bei der Diskussion um die personelle Zukunftssicherung Berücksichtigung finden sollten.
Th22 cells promote the transition from homeostatic to reactive microglia in diabetic encephalopathy
Authors: Yu Sheng-Xue , Yu Hong Dan , Wang Yu-Fei , Yao Tie-Feng , Lv Song-Ze , Wang Yan-Chuan , Li Jun-Qi , Liu Wen-Qiang , Ding Jia-Yuan , Liu Xue-Zheng , Zuo Zhong-Fu , Liu Wan-Peng
Published: December 2024

Background

Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), and its pathogenesis has not yet been clarified. Th22 cells are a newly discovered class of CD4+ T cells that play important roles in inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, it is unclear whether Th22 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of DE.

Methods

We established a T2DM mouse model in vivo and cocultured Th22 cells with microglia under high glucose (HG) conditions in vitro. Cognitive dysfunction was evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM) test; blood‒brain barrier (BBB) integrity was evaluated using the Evans blue (EB) extravasation assay; Th22 cells and IL-22 receptors were detected by immunofluorescence; and IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, CD86, Arg-1, and CD206 protein expression was measured by Western Blot (WB) analysis.

Results

Th22 cells passed through the BBB into the hippocampus and secreted interleukin-22 (IL-22), and the mice subsequently exhibited decreased learning and memory abilities. In the DE model, IL-22 promoted the transformation of homeostatic microglia into reactive microglia as well as the inflammatory response. Additionally, coculture of Th22 cells with BV2 microglia cultured under HG conditions increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and the microglia showed reactive changes. Mechanistically, IL-22Rα1 acted as a ligand, and IL-22 bound to IL-22Rα1 on microglia to drive primary microglia-induced inflammatory responses. Interestingly, interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) directly binds to IL-22Rα1 on microglia to inhibit the proinflammatory effects of IL-22.

Conclusion

Th22 cells secrete IL-22 after passing through the BBB into the hippocampus and promote the transformation of homeostatic microglia into reactive microglia, which induces an inflammatory response, exacerbates learning and memory impairment and cognitive deficits, and contributes to and accelerates the development of DE.
First-price auction with a stochastic head start
Authors: Klunover Doron
Published: December 2024

We consider a two-player first-price sealed-bid auction for an item with a common value, where one player has a head start with a stochastic value. We show that under mild conditions, there exists a unique Bayesian Nash equilibrium in pure strategies in which the player with the head start buys the item at a price equal to its value minus the minimal value of the head start rather than its expected value. Thus, the seller extracts an information rent. Applications of the results in professional sports are considered.
Conversion to community-supported agriculture—pathways, motives and barriers for German farmers
Authors: Schmidt Jana , Egli Lukas , Gaspers Maite , Zech Mirco , Gastinger Miene , Rommel Marius
Published: December 2024

During the last 30 years, the number of farms in Germany has decreased by more than 50%. Due to socioeconomic pressures, particularly small- and medium-sized farms are forced to close down. A partial or full conversion to community-supported agriculture (CSA) might be an approach to increase the economic viability of a farm in the long term, as the costs related to CSA are covered by the members and, therefore, risks are shared. Moreover, CSA can contribute to a transformation towards sustainable and resilient food systems and to a revitalisation of structurally weak regions. Based on a quantitative analysis of nearly 500 CSA farms in Germany and semi-structured interviews with ten CSA farms that originated from a conversion of an existing farm, we investigated pathways, motives and barriers for German farmers to convert to CSA. We found that only one quarter of the existing CSA farms originated from a conversion. Most of the converted farms were organically certified and focused on mixed cropping and horticulture. Economic stability, consistency with own values and the pleasure of working in an appreciative community were the main drivers for conversion. Major barriers included uncertainty about the membership potential in a region, the shortage of skilled labour, inappropriate funding legislation and bureaucratic obstacles. Cooperation between various actors is needed to overcome these barriers and to promote the diffusion of the CSA model.
Bio-synthesis of nano-zero-valent iron using barberry leaf extract: classification and utilization in the processing of methylene blue-polluted water
Authors: Natrayan L. , Kalam Sd. Abdul , Sheela Santha , Paramasivam Prabhu , Shanmugam Kirubanandan
Published: December 2024

This study explores an eco-friendly and efficient approach to remediate water contaminated with methylene blue dye by leveraging green adsorption techniques. Specifically, we employed barberry leaf extract, a renewable biomass resource, as a reduction and capping agent to synthesize nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) for targeted methylene blue dye adsorption. State-of-the-art analytical methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), steady-state absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray crystallography, were employed to elucidate the structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nZVI. The study achieved a remarkable adsorption efficiency of 97.52% at optimal pH 7 and 30 °C conditions, highlighting its potential for real-world applications. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process follows a pseudo-first-order model, aligning well with the principles of biorefinery systems. The Freundlich isotherm model was effectively used to describe the adsorption process, with a maximum sorption capacity of 56.37 mg/L. Optimal system constants were also derived, offering valuable insights for scaling the process. Significantly, our nZVI showed high reusability, affirming its suitability as a cost-effective and environmentally responsible adsorbent. The methodology and findings of this study have promising implications for the biomass conversion industry, particularly in the design of sustainable water treatment technologies.
Cranial ontogenetic development and sexual dimorphism of the extant water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus
Authors: Hartung Josephina , Böhme Madelaine
Published: December 2024

Tragulids or mouse-deer live in tropical Asia and Africa. They are the sister group of Pecora and have a long fossil record dating back into the Eocene. The extant African species, Hyemoschus aquaticus, is the sister taxon of all other extant tragulids and is therefore often used for comparison with fossil mouse deer. However, although many fossil tragulid skulls were found and studied within the last years, no attempt has been made for a comprehensive and comparative study of the ontogenetic development of cranial sexual dimorphism of H. aquaticus. Based on 39 extant skulls we establish an ontogenetic categorization of this species, comprising nine stages of tooth wear. We show that (I) in H. aquaticus upper canine development remains the main character for distinction of male and female, (II) that the eruption of the permanent upper canines and the development of sagittal crests starts before sexual maturity after the eruption of the second upper molar, and (III) that the development of further cranial crests (nuchal crests, temporal lines) varies greatly within the same age class and among the sexes. Thus cranial ornamentation is not useful as a primary distinction feature between the sexes and of limited importance in identifying ontogenetic age. The newly established categories of wear stages and the observed sexual similarity in cranial crest development can be used in future comparative studies with the other extant mouse-deer and especially with their fossil representatives.
Osmotic dehydration kinetics of plantain (Musa paradisiaca) using a low-calorie sugar
Authors: Eyembe Lobe Elias , Nde Divine Bup , Jean Sonchieu
Published: December 2024

Plantain is consumed as a stable food in most sub-Saharan countries and to some extent in southern America and Asia. To avoid deterioration of the plantain after harvest and to provide food variety, a reasonable quantity of plantain is now being transformed into flour. Osmotic dehydration (OD) is a critical step in the flour production process because it enhances the nutritional and sensory quality of the flour. There are efforts to use alternative osmotic dehydration agents to sucrose and salts to avoid their high content in the final product which is believed to have serious negative effects on the health of consumers. Suitable alternatives are low-calorie sugars (LCS) because they have low glycemic indices but which unfortunately have not been tested for the OD of plantain. This work investigated osmotic dehydration process of unripe plantain using a commonly consumed commercial LCS (Sussli) as an osmotic agent. The effect of slice thickness, solution concentration, sample solution ratio and temperature on water loss (WL) and solute gain (SG) on the osmotic dehydration of plantain (Musa paradisiaca) were evaluated. All parameters had a significant influence on water loss and solid gain. The osmotic dehydration was modeled using the Azuara, Peleg and Page models. Plantain slice of thickness 5 mm, LCS solution concentration of 50% at ambient temperature (25 ± 2 °C), and a sample/solution ratio of 1:10 (w/v) were judged best for osmotic treatment of plantains in LCS. Under these conditions, the water loss and solid gain were 20% and 1.73% respectively. The best-fitted model was Peleg model with the highest R2 (0.999) and the least RMSE values.
Entertainment, Pleasure, and Meaning in Early England
Authors: Bayless Martha
Published: December 2024

The people of early England (c. 450–1100 CE) enjoyed numerous kinds of entertainment, recreation and pleasure, but the scattered records of such things have made the larger picture challenging to assemble. This volume illuminates the merrier aspects of early English life, extending our understanding of the full range of early medieval English culture. It shows why entertainment and festivity were not merely trivial aspects of culture, but had important functions, in ritual, in community-building, in assuming power, and in resistance to power. Among the activities explored are child's play; drinking and feasting; music, dance, and performance; the pleasures of literature, festivals and celebrations; hunting and sport; and games.
The Cambridge Introduction to Literary Posthumanism
Authors: Tabbi Joseph
Published: December 2024

At a time when scholars in both literary and scientific disciplines are advancing the term posthumanism, this book offers a through-line. Beginning with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and continuing into the post-print, born-digital excursions of Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl, this literary introduction defines posthumanism and provides a summary account of the key literary and cultural theorists in the field. It embraces humanist refusals from Melville's Bartelby to Thomas Pynchon's authorial surrogation, and more recent evasions and avoidances in the writing of William Gibson, Tom McCarthy, Coleson Whitehead, Jeanette Winterson, and Claire-Louise Bennett. This book also provides close readings of key posthuman fiction, poetry, and conceptual approaches that help ground the discipline.
Controlled Experiments
Authors: Schickore Jutta
Published: December 2024

Control is a key ingredient of scientific experimentation; arguably, an uncontrolled intervention or manipulation is not even a genuine experiment. Experiments in the life sciences, however, are notoriously difficult to control due to the complexity and variability of living things. This Element discusses general features of controlled experimentation, epistemic and practical aspects, and historical perspectives. It argues that controlled experimentation has a material-technical and a conceptual side. It shifts the focus from control experiments, comparisons with a control, to the broader issue of controlling for background factors as the epistemologically fundamental issue in experimentation. To understand the nature of controlled experimentation, one needs to consider the making – the design phase – of controlled experiments, particularly the conceptualization and treatment of background factors. The making of controlled experiments is at the same time constitutive for the knowledge that can be gained in the experiment, contingent on a research situation, and historically shaped.
China's State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Leutert Wendy
Published: December 2024

Why do Chinese state-owned enterprises routinely respond to central-level goals and policies in different ways, and why do their reform trajectories often vary significantly across firms and over time? This book introduces a leadership approach to studying the politics, process, and outcomes of economic reform in China's public sector. Using a series of in-depth case studies, Wendy Leutert analyses the exercise and effects of leadership in Chinese state-owned enterprises. She uncovers the 'intra-organizational politics of reform': the daily dynamics of cooperation and conflict between leaders and their subordinates inside public-sector organizations. She also identifies common tactics that Chinese state-owned enterprise leaders use to execute their agendas and ways their subordinates respond. Updating and expanding existing knowledge, this book highlights the growing global consequences of leadership in Chinese state-owned enterprises and why leadership remains vital for understanding China today.
On the Proposed Measures to Regulate Third Country Interest Representation Activities in the European Union
Authors: Veraldi Jacquelyn
Published: December 2024

The 2022–2023 Qatargate scandal – which entailed the widespread undermining of Union democracy by members of the European Parliament acting on behalf of third countries – has rocked the European Union to its core. The proposal by the Commission aimed at establishing transparency and accountability surrounding such activities cannot therefore come at a more appropriate time. But does the proposal live up to its objectives? Here, this piece casts doubt on whether that is the case, with this piece exploring Qatargate as an example, as well as the content, constitutionality, and criticism of the proposal. This Article also makes comparisons to Union-based representation activities and the Commission’s approach to antidumping, and shines light on the Commission’s treatment of third-country actors and representatives thereof.
Participatory modelling across Kenyan villages facilitates insights into the complexity of human–elephant interactions
Authors: Von Hagen Lynn , Gray Steven A. , Schulte Bruce A. , Githiru Mwangi , Kiute Helena I. , Lepczyk Christopher A.
Published: December 2024

Negative human–wildlife interactions are a growing problem, particularly for people living near protected areas and wildlife refuges. In Kenya, African savannah elephants Loxodonta africana threaten food security for subsistence farmers by crop foraging, which can jeopardize conservation efforts if farmers retaliate against elephants. To inform conservation and management, this study had three objectives: (1) to evaluate stakeholder participatory models of human–elephant conflict; (2) to note any novel or underrepresented variables in the models; and (3) to determine if there were indicators for assessing the success of mitigation programmes using a biocultural approach. We conducted participatory modelling sessions in six villages in rural Kenya using fuzzy cognitive mapping (n = 206 participants). Farmers created group visual models with variables related to conflict with elephants. A total of 14 variables were common across all six villages, with the two highest centrality scores (a measure of importance to overall dynamics) associated with income and feelings of security. Most variables fell into two categories: environmental interactions, and policy and management. Multiple variables such as road infrastructure (drivers) and soil compaction (consequences) were identified as aspects of conflicts that are under-reported or absent in scientific literature, as well as potential socio-cultural indicators. The participatory method used is a tool for gaining more refined insights into interactions with elephants, with implications for other complex conservation issues or wildlife interactions. A more holistic view of the impacts of human–elephant interactions as demonstrated here can lead to sustainable, co-developed programmes that benefit both farmer livelihoods and elephant conservation.
Inequalities in health and health-care accessibility among older people in China
Authors: Zhu Huoyun , Walker Alan
Published: December 2024

While health inequalities among older people have long been a research focus and are now high on policy agendas in developed societies, they have often been neglected in less developed ones, despite them experiencing rapid population ageing since the turn of the century. Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) cohort study (N = 63,578), this paper measures the health status of older people using the Quality of Well-Being scale, and estimates time trends in health inequality with concentration indices, followed by an investigation of their social determinants. Its specific focus is health care accessibility (HA) in the period 2005–2018, when China experienced an unprecedented advance in health-related social policy reform. The analysis reveals pro-rich inequalities in health among older people, but also shows that these have narrowed gradually over the past two decades, which is largely attributable to greater equity in access to health care. Within this general trend of inequality reduction, however, the role of HA has declined and social determinants such as education now have an increasing influence on health inequalities. These findings suggest that social policies targeting not only health improvements among older people but also health inequalities earlier in the life course are required if policy makers want to promote health equity in later life.
Wounds and Vulnerabilities. The Participation of Special Operations Forces in Experimental Brain–Computer Interface Research
Authors: Gielas Anna M.
Published: December 2024

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) exemplify a dual-use neurotechnology with significant potential in both civilian and military contexts. While BCIs hold promise for treating neurological conditions such as spinal cord injuries and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the future, military decisionmakers in countries such as the United States and China also see their potential to enhance combat capabilities. Some predict that U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF) will be early adopters of BCI enhancements. This article argues for a shift in focus: the U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM) should pursue translational research of medical BCIs for treating severely injured or ill SOF personnel. After two decades of continuous military engagement and on-going high-risk operations, SOF personnel face unique injury patterns, both physical and psychological, which BCI technology could help address. The article identifies six key medical applications of BCIs that could benefit wounded SOF members and discusses the ethical implications of involving SOF personnel in translational research related to these applications. Ultimately, the article challenges the traditional civilian-military divide in neurotechnology, arguing that by collaborating more closely with military stakeholders, scientists can not only help individuals with medical needs, including servicemembers, but also play a role in shaping the future military applications of BCI technology.
Robust mortality forecasting in the presence of outliers
Authors: Richards Stephen J.
Published: December 2024

Stochastic mortality models are important for a variety of actuarial tasks, from best-estimate forecasting to assessment of risk capital requirements. However, the mortality shock associated with the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020 distorts forecasts by (i) biasing parameter estimates, (ii) biasing starting points, and (iii) inflating variance. Stochastic mortality models therefore require outlier-robust methods for forecasting. Objective methods are required, as outliers are not always obvious on visual inspection. In this paper we look at the robustification of three broad classes of forecast: univariate time indices (such as in the Lee-Carter and APC models); multivariate time indices (such as in the Cairns-Blake-Dowd and newer Tang-Li-Tickle model families); and penalty projections (such as with the 2D P-spline model). In each case we identify outliers using quantitative methods, then co-estimate outlier effects along with other parameters. Doing so removes the bias and distortion to the forecast caused by a mortality shock, while providing a robust starting point for projections. Illustrations are given for various models in common use.
Predicting Papiamento and Dutch reading comprehension development in a post-colonial context
Authors: van der Elst-Koeiman Melissa , Segers Eliane , Severing Ronald , Verhoeven Ludo
Published: December 2024

The current research aims to predict L1 Papiamento and L2 Dutch reading comprehension development in 180 children in the upper primary grades (4–6) in a post-colonial Caribbean context from initial language of decoding instruction, cognitive and linguistic child characteristics, and linguistic transfer. Overall, children showed better reading comprehension proficiency in L1 as compared to L2 Dutch. Over the grades, strong autoregression effects in reading comprehension development in both languages were evidenced. Language of decoding instruction was found to predict L2 reading comprehension, but not L1 reading comprehension. The development of L2 reading comprehension showed better outcomes in the case of initial decoding instruction in L2. Word decoding, reading vocabulary, and grammar in respectively L1 and L2 were related to L1 and L2 reading comprehension in Grade 4, while L2 reading comprehension was additionally related to L2 basic oral vocabulary. Moreover, only reading vocabulary was related to L1 and L2 reading comprehension development across the grades. Finally, evidence of cross-linguistic interdependencies in the development of reading comprehension in L1 and L2 was found.
Dosimetric comparison of 6 MV and 10 MV flattening filter-free beams using small diameter cone for trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery
Authors: Apaza Blanco Oscar Abel , Venencia Carlos Daniel , Díaz Moreno Rogelio Manuel , Muñoz Fabian , Barolo Franco , Muriano Oscar
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To compare the dosimetric characteristics and treatment delivery efficiency of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) patients previously treated with a 6 MV-FFF (flattening filter-free; radiation beam obtained by removing the flattening filter) beam versus those re-planned with a 10 MV-FFF beam using a conical collimator on the TrueBeam Novalis STx linear accelerator.

Methods:

Eleven patients with TN previously treated with a 6 MV-FFF beam following the SRS protocol of 90 Gy in a single fraction were selected. Plans were recalculated using 10 MV-FFF beam, maintaining the same dose prescription and beam angle configuration used with 6 MV-FFF beam. The dose gradient, volumes receiving 20 and 10 Gy, maximum dose and dose to 10% of the brainstem were recorded for both the energies. Efficiency was assessed by the average monitor unit (MU) and time per arc. The 10 MV-FFF machine was configured in the treatment planning system (TPS) to measure the tissue phantom ratio (TPR), dose profiles and scatter factors using RAZOR, PTW-60012 diodes and EBT3 radiochromic films.

Results:

Compared to the 6 MV-FFF, the 10 MV-FFF plans exhibit average increments in dose gradient, volume of 20 Gy and volume of 10 Gy of 3.8, 17.1 and 17.8%, respectively. Average increases of 6.5 and 18.1% were obtained for maximum dose and dose to 10% of the brainstem, respectively. An average increase of 31 MU/arc was observed for the 10 MV-FFF plans, with a 40% reduction in treatment time per arc. The TPR for the 10 MV-FFF beams increased by 10%, and a penumbra width of 0.3 mm was observed. Scatter factor increments of 15, 13.5, 12.7 and 10.3% were observed for the 6 MV-FFF over the 10 MV-FFF for cones of 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm, respectively.

Conclusions:

In TN SRS, the utilisation of 10 MV-FFF beams reduces treatment duration but results in an increased brainstem radiation dose. To mitigate this increase in brainstem dose, it is necessary to adjust the isocentre position.
Populism, backlash morality and immigrants
Authors: Nayyeri Mohammad
Published: December 2024

The social and political contexts in many countries are affected by dangerous trends and forces of populism. Populist hostility is most observable in connection with issues of immigration, where it functions as a pretext for scrapping legal protections in increasingly hostile immigration laws. What is particularly insidious about these developments is the claim, articulated by some theorists, that the popular resentment and backlash against immigrants and refugees are justified. That populists are hostile towards immigrants and human rights laws, the claim seems to go, is the fault of the legal norms and institutions that allow in the immigrants and protect them. This article challenges those approaches and argues that legal constraints on popular biases towards immigrants are necessary and need to be defended against popular moralism. It is also argued that although community values are important, they should not be considered as trumps against the rights of immigrants and refugees.
Updraft Width Modulates Ambient Atmospheric Controls on Convective Cloud Depth
Authors: Varble A. C. , Feng Z. , Marquis J. N. , Zhang Z. , Geiss A. , Hardin J. C. , Jo E.
Published: December 2024

The depth of convective clouds affects vertical transport of atmospheric constituents, influencing downstream weather and climate. Atmospheric controls on the maximum depth reached by moist convection are investigated with radar‐tracked convective cells tagged with sounding‐derived atmospheric parameters from a field campaign in central Argentina. Regression analyses show that narrow (<12‐km diameter) and wide (>16‐km diameter) cell depths respond to disparate factors, where cell areas are defined using composite reflectivity signatures. Undiluted lifted parcel indices including convective available potential energy (CAPE) and level of neutral buoyancy (LNB) are top predictors of wide cell maximum depth while mid‐tropospheric relative humidity is the top predictor of narrow cell maximum depth. Because narrow cells are more numerous than wide cells, the overall outcome of the full cell population does not strongly correlate with CAPE and LNB conditions. Tracked cells and atmospheric conditions in a simulation with 3‐km grid spacing covering the field campaign produce similar results to those observed. Narrow cells that are relatively deep have a cooler and moister mid‐troposphere with weaker free tropospheric subsidence, while relatively deep wide cells have much warmer and moister lower tropospheric conditions. These atmospheric differences are present 1 hr before cell initiation at both a fixed observing site and variable cell initiation locations. Simulated narrow cell maximum equivalent potential temperature decreases with height at a rate similar to the ambient vertical gradient, causing these cells to fall short of their LNB and supporting the view that entrainment‐driven dilution is a dominant control on their depth.
Poisson’s ratio transition in strain crystallizing elastomer: from rubbery amorphous to semicrystalline
Authors: Naraoka Takuho , Tanaka Ruito , Takagi Hideaki , Tsunoda Katsuhiko , Mai Thanh-Tam , Sakurai Shinichi , Urayama Kenji
Published: December 2024

The Poisson’s ratio (μ) of natural rubber (NR) undergoing strain-induced crystallization (SIC) during uniaxial stretching was investigated as a function of the applied stretch ($${\lambda }_{{||}}$$

λ

∣
∣

) over a broad $${\lambda }_{{||}}$$

λ

∣
∣

range, encompassing the SIC onset stretch ($${{\lambda }_{{||}}}^{* }$$

λ

∣
∣

*

≈ 4.1). Below $${{\lambda }_{{||}}}^{* }$$

λ

∣
∣

*

, μ remains near 1/2, indicating the incompressible behavior of NR in its fully rubbery amorphous state. However, once $${\lambda }_{{||}}$$

λ

∣
∣

exceeds $${{\lambda }_{{||}}}^{* }$$

λ

∣
∣

*

, μ decreases as the degree of crystallinity (χc) increases. As $${\lambda }_{{||}}$$

λ

∣
∣

increases from $${{\lambda }_{{||}}}^{* }$$

λ

∣
∣

*

to fracture stretch ($${\lambda }_{{||}}$$

λ

∣
∣

≈ 7.1), χc increases to 18%, and μ gradually decreases to 0.33. This reduction in μ reflects the transformation of the NR matrix from a rubbery amorphous state to a semicrystalline state. In fact, the true stress (force per cross-sectional area in the deformed state) at the fracture point, obtained via actual lateral contraction, is approximately 85% of that estimated under the assumption μ = 1/2. These findings provide a critical foundation for accurately modeling the mechanical behavior of strain-crystallizing elastomers.
A landscape of X-inactivation during human T cell development
Authors: Gylemo Björn , Bensberg Maike , Hennings Viktoria , Lundqvist Christina , Camponeschi Alessandro , Goldmann Dóra , Zhang Huan , Selimović-Pašić Aida , Lentini Antonio , Ekwall Olov , Nestor Colm E.
Published: December 2024

Females exhibit a more robust immune response to both self-antigens and non-self-antigens than males, resulting in a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases but more effective responses against infection. Increased expression of X-linked immune genes in female T cells is thought to underlie this enhanced response. Here we isolate thymocytes from pediatric thymi of healthy males (46, XY), females (46, XX), a female with completely skewed X-chromosome inactivation (46, XX, cXCI) and a female with Turner syndrome (45, X0). Using whole exome sequencing, RNA sequencing and DNA methylation data, we present a sex-aware expression profile of T cell development and generate a high-resolution map of escape from X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). Unexpectedly, XCI is transcriptionally and epigenetically stable throughout T cell development, and is independent of expression of XIST, the lncRNA responsible for XCI initiation during early embryonic development. In thymocytes, several genes known to escape XCI are expressed from only one X-chromosome. Additionally, we further reveal that a second X-chromosome is dispensable for T cell development. Our study thus provides a high-resolution map of XCI during human development and suggests a re-evaluation of XCI in sex differences in T cell function.
High proton conductivity through angstrom-porous titania
Authors: Ji Yu , Hao Guang-Ping , Tan Yong-Tao , Xiong Wenqi , Liu Yu , Zhou Wenzhe , Tang Dai-Ming , Ma Renzhi , Yuan Shengjun , Sasaki Takayoshi , Lozada-Hidalgo Marcelo , Geim Andre K. , Sun Pengzhan
Published: December 2024

Two dimensional (2D) crystals have attracted strong interest as a new class of proton-conducting materials that can block atoms, molecules and ions while allowing proton transport through the atomically thin basal planes. Although 2D materials exhibit this perfect selectivity, the reported proton conductivities have been relatively low. Here we show that vacancy-rich titania monolayers are highly permeable to protons while remaining impermeable to helium with proton conductivity exceeding 100 S cm−2 at 200 °C and surpassing targets set by industry roadmaps. The fast and selective proton transport is attributed to an extremely high density of titanium-atom vacancies (one per square nm), which effectively turns titania monolayers into angstrom-scale sieves. Our findings highlight the potential of 2D oxides as membrane materials for hydrogen-based technologies.
Pyroptotic cell corpses are crowned with F-actin-rich filopodia that engage CLEC9A signaling in incoming dendritic cells
Authors: Holley Caroline L. , Monteleone Mercedes , Fisch Daniel , Libert Alexandre E. S. , Ju Robert J. , Choi Joon H. , Condon Nicholas D. , Emming Stefan , Crawford Joanna , Lawrence Grace M. E. P. , Coombs Jared R. , Lefevre James G. , Bajracharya Rinie , Lahoud Mireille H. , Yap Alpha S. , Hamilton Nicholas , Stehbens Samantha J. , Kagan Jonathan C. , Ariotti Nicholas , Burgener Sabrina S. , Schroder Kate
Published: December 2024

While apoptosis dismantles the cell to enforce immunological silence, pyroptotic cell death provokes inflammation. Little is known of the structural architecture of cells undergoing pyroptosis, and whether pyroptotic corpses are immunogenic. Here we report that inflammasomes trigger the Gasdermin-D- and calcium-dependent eruption of filopodia from the plasma membrane minutes before pyroptotic cell rupture, to crown the resultant corpse with filopodia. As a rich store of F-actin, pyroptotic filopodia are recognized by dendritic cells through the F-actin receptor, CLEC9A (DNGR1). We propose that cells assemble filopodia before cell rupture to serve as a posthumous mark for a cell that has died by gasdermin-induced pyroptosis, or MLKL-induced necroptosis, for recognition by dendritic cells. This study reveals the spectacular morphology of pyroptosis and identifies a mechanism by which inflammasomes induce pyroptotic cells to construct a de novo alarmin that activates dendritic cells via CLEC9A, which coordinates the transition from innate to adaptive immunity1,2.
Machine learning evaluation of a hypertension screening program in a university workforce over five years
Authors: Adeleke Olumide , Adebayo Segun , Aworinde Halleluyah , Adeleke Oludamola , Adeniyi Abidemi Emmanuel , Aroba Oluwasegun Julius
Published: December 2024

The global prevalence of hypertension continues excessively elevated, especially among low- and middle-income nations. Workplaces provide tremendous opportunities as a unique, easily accessible and practical avenue for early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension among the workforce class. The evaluation of such a Workplace Screening Strategy can give insight into its possible effects. Innovative machine learning approaches like k-means clustering are underutilized for such assessments. We set out to use this technology to analyze the results of our university’s yearly health checkup of the employees for hypertension. An anonymized dataset including the demographics and blood pressure monitoring information gathered from workers in various departments/units of a learning organization. The overall amount of samples or data values is 1, 723, and the supplied dataset includes six attributes, such as year group (2018, 2019, 2021, 2022), Department/Unit (academic and non-academic), and gender (male and female), with the intended output being the blood pressure status (low, normal, and high). The dataset was analyzed using machine learning approaches. In this longitudinal study, it was discovered that the average age for the workforce is 42. Similarly, it was revealed that hypertension was common among employees over the age of 40, regardless of gender or occupational type (academic or nonacademic). The data also found that there was a consistent drop in the prevalence of hypertension from 2018 to 2022. According to the study findings, the use of machine learning algorithms for periodic evaluations of workplace health status monitoring initiatives (particularly for hypertension) is feasible, realistic, and sustainable in diagnosing and controlling hypertension among those in the workforce.
Incorporating immune cell surrogates into a full-thickness tissue equivalent of human skin to characterize dendritic cell activation
Authors: Hölken Johanna Maria , Wurz Anna-Lena , Friedrich Katja , Böttcher Patricia , Asskali Dounia , Stark Holger , Breitkreutz Jörg , Buhl Timo , Vierkotten Lars , Mewes Karsten Rüdiger , Teusch Nicole
Published: December 2024

In the past decades studies investigating the dendritic cell (DC) activation have been conducted almost exclusively in animal models. However, due to species-specific differences in the DC subsets, there is an urgent need for alternative in vitro models allowing the investigation of Langerhans cell (LC) and dermal dendritic cell (DDC) activation in human tissue. We have engineered a full-thickness (FT) human skin tissue equivalent with incorporated LC surrogates derived from the human myeloid leukemia-derived cell line Mutz-3, and DDC surrogates generated from the human leukemia monocytic cell line THP-1. Topical treatment of the skin models encompassing Mutz-LCs only with nickel sulfate (NiSO4) or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) for 24 h resulted in significant higher numbers of CD1a positive cells in the dermal compartment, suggesting a sensitizer-induced migration of LCs. Remarkably, exposure of the skin models encompassing both, LC and DDC surrogates, revealed an early sensitizer-induced response reflected by increased numbers of CD1a positive cells in the epidermis and dermis after 8 h of treatment. Our human skin tissue equivalent encompassing incorporated LC and DDC surrogates allows the investigation of DC activation, subsequent sensitizer identification and drug discovery according to the principles of 3R.
Hu similarity coefficient: a clinically oriented metric to evaluate contour accuracy in radiation therapy
Authors: Hu Harold Yang , Hu Shaw Yang , Yang Min , Hu Yanle
Published: December 2024

To propose a clinically oriented quantitative metric, Hu similarity coefficient (HSC), to evaluate contour quality, gauge the performance of auto contouring methods, and aid effective allocation of clinical resources. The HSC is defined as the ratio of the number of boundary points of the initial contour that doesn’t require modifications over the number of boundary points of the final adjusted contour. To demonstrate the clinical utility of the HSC in contour evaluation, we used publicly available pelvic CT data from the Cancer Imaging Archive. The bladder was selected as the organ of interest. It was contoured by a certified medical dosimetrist and reviewed by a certified medical physicist. This contour served as the ground truth contour. From this contour, we simulated two contour sets. The first set had the same Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) but different HSCs, whereas the second set kept a constant HSC while exhibiting different DSCs. Four individuals were asked to adjust the simulated contours until they met clinical standards. The corresponding contour modification times were recorded and normalized by individual’s manual contouring times from scratch. The normalized contour modification time was correlated to the HSC and DSC to evaluate their suitability as quantitative metrics assessing contour quality. The HSC maintained a strong correlation with the normalized contour modification time when both sets of simulated contours were included in analysis. The correlation between the DSC and normalized contour modification time, however, was weak. Compared to the DSC, the HSC is more suitable for evaluating contour quality. We demonstrated that the HSC correlated well with the average normalized contour modification time. Clinically, contour modification time is the most relevant factor in allocating clinical resources. Therefore, the HSC is better suited than the DSC to assess contour quality from a clinical perspective.
Rarγ-Foxa1 signaling promotes luminal identity in prostate progenitors and is disrupted in prostate cancer
Authors: De Felice Dario , Alaimo Alessandro , Bressan Davide , Genovesi Sacha , Marmocchi Elisa , Annesi Nicole , Beccaceci Giulia , Dalfovo Davide , Cutrupi Federico , Medaglia Stefano , Foletto Veronica , Lorenzoni Marco , Gandolfi Francesco , Kannan Srinivasaraghavan , Verma Chandra S , Vasciaveo Alessandro , Shen Michael M , Romanel Alessandro , Chiacchiera Fulvio , Cambuli Francesco , Lunardi Andrea
Published: December 2024

Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is a master regulator of vertebrate development with crucial roles in body axis orientation and tissue differentiation, including in the reproductive system. However, a mechanistic understanding of how RA signaling governs cell lineage identity is often missing. Here, leveraging prostate organoid technology, we show that RA signaling orchestrates the commitment of adult mouse prostate progenitors to glandular identity, epithelial barrier integrity, and specification of prostatic lumen. RA-dependent RARγ activation promotes the expression of Foxa1, which synergizes with the androgen pathway for luminal expansion, cytoarchitecture and function. FOXA1 mutations are common in prostate and breast cancers, though their pathogenic mechanism is incompletely understood. Combining functional genetics with structural modeling of FOXA1 folding and chromatin binding analyses, we discover that FOXA1F254E255 is a loss-of-function mutation compromising its transcriptional function and luminal fate commitment of prostate progenitors. Overall, we define RA as an instructive signal for glandular identity in adult prostate progenitors. Importantly, we identify cancer-associated FOXA1 indels affecting residue F254 as loss-of-function mutations promoting dedifferentiation of adult prostate progenitors.
Commercial Awareness
Authors: Yee Rebecca
Published: December 2024

Many STEM students do not have a strong grasp of commercial awareness because the concept is often missing from most STEM degrees. This chapter introduces the basics of commercial awareness, as well as why and how commercial awareness is important for young STEM professionals. Concepts include market forces, intellectual property, different work sectors, and how the commercial world works for all types of employers, not just for-profit companies. This is done with accessible examples you may have seen in the media.
Networking – AKA Meeting People, Learning Things, and Making Connections
Authors: Ziebell Angela
Published: December 2024

This chapter helps students and graduates understand how networking works and explores different approaches to networking for each personality. We dispel some myths about networking, which has a bad name in many people’s minds, and help you plan for different types of networking; from casual to formal, one-on-one to big events, and everything in-between. Lastly, this chapter will help you prepare questions and answers to minimise the chance that you are stuck without something to say or ask.
Addressing Key Selection Criteria and Interviews
Authors: Herbert Rosemarie I. , Ziebell Angela
Published: December 2024

Interviews might be many people’s least favourite part of the job application process. In this chapter, you will be guided through how to prepare for, and practice for, interviews no matter whether you have no experience or years of experience. Key selection criteria are also explained in this chapter. Key selection criteria are a little bit like a written interview question response, so practicing these together can help you develop both. This chapter should be read in close proximity to Chapter 6 for the best outcome, as key selection criteria and interviews are heavily influenced by what you put in your resume and cover letter.