bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Investigations on the High-Temperature Corrosion of Spinel-Forming Alumina Castables by Steel Slags
Authors: Ramult Jakub , Wiśniewska-Tobiasz Klaudia , Prorok Ryszard , Madej Dominika
Published: January 2022

This study investigated the effect of the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio of steel slag on the corrosion behavior of spinel-forming alumina-based castables with a content of MgO (3–7 wt.%). Equiweight mixtures of castables and slags were calculated by FactSage, observed by HMTA, fired at 1350 °C, and investigated by XRD. From these results, we conclude that the presence of SiO2-rich phases accelerates the growth of the liquid phase in a narrow temperature range for the tested samples, which accelerates the degradation of castables. The static corrosion test was conducted by means of the coating method at 1450 °C. The corrosion index (IC) in the regions of castables affected by slags was calculated. Phases and phase distributions were evaluated by SEM-EDS. From these results, we conclude that for the slag with the lowest mass ratio of CaO/SiO2 (1.1), the reaction zone occurs only below the slag-refractory interface, which indicates the aggressive character of this slag.
Xylella fastidiosa and Drought Stress in Olive Trees: A Complex Relationship Mediated by Soluble Sugars
Authors: De Pascali Mariarosaria , Vergine Marzia , Negro Carmine , Greco Davide , Vita Federico , Sabella Erika , De Bellis Luigi , Luvisi Andrea
Published: January 2022

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) subsp. pauca “De Donno” is the etiological agent of “Olive Quick Decline Syndrome” (OQDS) on olive trees (Olea europaea L.); the presence of the bacterium causes xylem vessel occlusions inducing a drought stress and the development of leaf scorch symptoms, which may be worsened by water shortage in summer. In order to evaluate how the two stress factors overlap each other, the carbohydrate content and the expression patterns of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism have been evaluated in two olive cvs trees (Cellina di Nardò, susceptible to Xf, and Leccino, resistant to Xf) reporting transcriptional dynamics elicited by Xf infection, drought, or combined stress (drought/Xf). In the Xf-susceptible Cellina di Nardò plants, Xf and its combination with drought significantly decrease total sugars compared to control (−27.0% and −25.7%, respectively). In contrast, the Xf-resistant Leccino plants show a more limited reduction in sugar content in Xf-positive conditions (−20.1%) and combined stresses (−11.1%). Furthermore, while the amount of glucose decreases significantly in stressed Cellina di Nardò plants (≈18%), an increase was observed in Leccino plants under drought/Xf combined stresses (+11.2%). An opposite behavior among cvs was also observed for sucrose, as an accumulation of the disaccharide was recorded in stressed Leccino plants (≈37%). The different response to combined stress by Xf-resistant plants was confirmed considering genes coding for the sucrose or monosaccharide transporter (OeSUT1, OeMST2), the cell wall or vacuolar invertase (OeINV-CW, OeINV-V), the granule-bound starch synthase I (OeGBSSI) and sucrose synthase (OeSUSY), with a higher expression than at least one single stress (e.g., ≈1-fold higher or more than Xf for OeMST2, OeINV-CW, OeINV-V, OeGBSSI). It is probable that the pathways involved in drought stress response induce positive effects useful for pathogen resistance in cv Leccino, confirming the importance of investigating the mechanisms of cross-talk of biotic and abiotic responses.
PPAR Ligands Induce Antiviral Effects Targeting Perturbed Lipid Metabolism during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV Infection
Authors: Fantacuzzi Marialuigia , Amoroso Rosa , Ammazzalorso Alessandra
Published: January 2022

The manipulation of host metabolisms by viral infections has been demonstrated by several studies, with a marked influence on the synthesis and utilization of glucose, nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids. The ability of virus to perturb the metabolic status of the infected organism is directly linked to the outcome of the viral infection. A great deal of research in recent years has been focusing on these metabolic aspects, pointing at modifications induced by virus, and suggesting novel strategies to counteract the perturbed host metabolism. In this review, our attention is turned on PPARs, nuclear receptors controlling multiple metabolic actions, and on the effects played by PPAR ligands during viral infections. The role of PPAR agonists and antagonists during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV infections will be analyzed.
Synergistic Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Reveals Prognostic Signatures in Pilot Study of Treatment-Naïve Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Patients
Authors: Owen Sarah , Prantzalos Emily , Gunchick Valerie , Sahai Vaibhav , Nagrath Sunitha
Published: January 2022

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is typically diagnosed at late stages and has one of the lowest five-year survival rates of all malignancies. In this pilot study, we identify signatures related to survival and treatment response found in circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Patients with poor survival had increased mutant KRAS expression and deregulation of connected pathways such as PI3K-AKT and MAPK signaling. Further, in a subset of these patients, expression patterns of gemcitabine resistance mechanisms were observed, even prior to initiating treatment. This work highlights the need for identifying patients with these resistance profiles and designing treatment regimens to circumvent these mechanisms.
Dynamic Intercell Communication between Glioblastoma and Microenvironment through Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Krapež Gloria , Kouter Katarina , Jovčevska Ivana , Videtič Paska Alja
Published: January 2022

Glioblastoma is simultaneously the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor in the central nervous system, with poor patient survival and scarce treatment options. Most primary glioblastomas reoccur and evolve radio- and chemoresistant properties which make them resistant to further treatments. Based on gene mutations and expression profiles, glioblastoma is relatively well classified; however, research shows that there is more to glioblastoma biology than that defined solely by its genetic component. Specifically, the overall malignancy of the tumor is also influenced by the dynamic communication to its immediate and distant environment, as important messengers to neighboring cells in the tumor microenvironment extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified. EVs and their cargo can modulate the immune microenvironment and other physiological processes, and can interact with the host immune system. They are involved in tumor cell survival and metabolism, tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. However, on the other hand EVs are thought to become an effective treatment alternative, since they can cross the blood–brain barrier, are able of specific cell-targeting and can be loaded with various therapeutic molecules.
Short-Term Treatment with Alirocumab, Flow-Dependent Dilatation of the Brachial Artery and Use of Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Evaluate Vascular Structure: An Exploratory Pilot Study
Authors: Metzner Thomas , Leitner Deborah R. , Dimsity Gudrun , Gunzer Felix , Opriessnig Peter , Mellitzer Karin , Beck Andrea , Sourij Harald , Stojakovic Tatjana , Deutschmann Hannes , März Winfried , Landmesser Ulf , Brodmann Marianne , Reishofer Gernot , Scharnagl Hubert , Toplak Hermann , Silbernagel Günther
Published: January 2022

Background: Short-term effects of alirocumab on vascular function have hardly been investigated. Moreover, there is a scarce of reliable non-invasive methods to evaluate atherosclerotic changes of the vasculature. The ALIROCKS trial was performed to address these issues using standard ultrasound-based procedures and a completely novel magnetic resonance-based imaging technique. Methods: A total of 24 patients with an indication for treatment with PCSK9 antibodies were recruited. There were 2 visits to the study site, the first before initiation of treatment with alirocumab and the second after 10 weeks of treatment. The key outcome measures included the change of carotid vessel wall fractional anisotropy, a novel magnetic resonance-based measure of vascular integrity, and the changes of carotid intima-media thickness and flow-dependent dilatation of the brachial artery measured with ultrasound. Results: A total of 19 patients completed the trial, 2 patients stopped treatment, 3 patients did not undergo the second visit due to the COVID pandemic. All of them had atherosclerotic vascular disease. Their mean (standard deviation) LDL-cholesterol concentration was 154 (85) mg/dL at baseline and was reduced by 76 (44) mg/dL in response to alirocumab treatment (p < 0.001, n = 19). P-selectin and vascular endothelial growth factors remained unchanged. Flow-dependent dilatation of the brachial artery (+41%, p = 0.241, n = 18), carotid intima-media thickness (p = 0.914, n = 18), and fractional anisotropy of the carotid artery (p = 0.358, n = 13) also did not significantly change. Conclusion: Despite a nominal amelioration for flow-dependent dilatation, significant effects of short-term treatment with alirocumab on vascular function were not detectable. More work would be needed to evaluate, whether fractional anisotropy may be useful in clinical atherosclerosis research.
Revealing Hydrogen States in Carbon Structures by Analyzing the Thermal Desorption Spectra
Authors: Nechaev Yury S. , Denisov Evgeny A. , Shurygina Nadezhda A. , Cheretaeva Alisa O. , Kostikova Ekaterina K. , Davydov Sergei Yu. , Öchsner Andreas
Published: January 2022

An effective methodology for the detailed analysis of thermal desorption spectra (TDS) of hydrogen in carbon structures at micro- and nanoscale was further developed and applied for a number of TDS data of one heating rate, in particular, for graphite materials irradiated with atomic hydrogen. The technique is based on a preliminary description of hydrogen desorption spectra by symmetric Gaussians with their special processing in the approximation of the first- and the second-order reactions. As a result, the activation energies and the pre-exponential factors of the rate constants of the hydrogen desorption processes are determined, analyzed and interpreted. Some final verification of the results was completed using methods of numerical simulation of thermal desorption peaks (non-Gaussians) corresponding to the first- and the second-order reactions. The main research finding of this work is a further refinement and/or disclosure of poorly studied characteristics and physics of various states of hydrogen in microscale graphite structures after irradiation with atomic hydrogen, and comparison with the related results for nanoscale carbon structures. This is important for understanding the behavior and relationship of hydrogen in a number of cases of high energy carbon-based materials and nanomaterials.
Biophotocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in Anaerobic Biogas Produced from Wastewater Treatment Using an Integrated System
Authors: Tetteh Emmanuel Kweinor , Rathilal Sudesh
Published: January 2022

This study presents the bio-photocatalytic upgrading of biogas utilising carbon dioxide (CO2) as a potential option for beginning fossil fuel depletion and the associated environmental risks in the pursuit of sustainable development. Herein, magnetite photocatalyst (Fe-TiO2) was employed with an integrated anaerobic-photomagnetic system for the decontamination of municipality wastewater for biogas production. The Fe-TiO2 photocatalyst used, manufactured via a co-precipitation technique, had a specific surface area of 62.73 m2/g, micropore volume of 0.017 cm3/g and pore size of 1.337 nm. The results showed that using the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) photomagnetic system as a post-treatment to the anaerobic digestion (AD) process was very effective with over 85% reduction in colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity. With an organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.394 kg COD/L·d and hydraulic retention time (HTR) of 21 days, a 92% degradation of the organic content (1.64 kgCOD/L) was attained. This maximised the bioenergy production to 5.52 kWh/m3 with over 10% excess energy to offset the energy demand of the UV-Vis lamp. Assuming 33% of the bioenergy produced was used as electricity to power the UV-Vis lamp, the CO2 emission reduction was 1.74 kg CO2 e/m3, with good potential for environmental conservation.
Visible-Light-Driven Room Temperature NO2 Gas Sensor Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance: The Case of Gold Nanoparticle Decorated Zinc Oxide Nanorods (ZnO NRs)
Authors: Qomaruddin  , Casals Olga , Wasisto Hutomo Suryo , Waag Andreas , Prades Joan Daniel , Fàbrega Cristian
Published: January 2022

In this work, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensors based on zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) working under visible-light illumination with different wavelengths at room temperature are presented. The contribution of localized surface plasmon resonant (LSPR) by Au NPs attached to the ZnO NRs is demonstrated. According to our results, the presence of LSPR not only extends the functionality of ZnO NRs towards longer wavelengths (green light) but also increases the response at shorter wavelengths (blue light) by providing new inter-band gap energetic states. Finally, the sensing mechanism based on LSPR Au NPs is proposed.
Effect of Channel Radius on Fluorescent Nanoparticle Based Molecular Communication
Authors: Calì Federico , Fichera Luca , Tuccitto Nunzio
Published: January 2022

The effect of the communication channel size on the transport and subsequent detection of chemical messengers is investigated on millimetric and micrometric channels. The transport of the information carriers, being characterized by an advective and a diffusive contribution, was simulated by varying the flow velocity and the diffusion coefficient. Then, to evaluate the information quality, the Intersymbol Interference (ISI) between two consecutive signals at a specific release delay was estimated. This allowed us to verify that operating under micrometric channel conditions has a larger flow velocity range to obtain completely separated successive signals and smaller release delays can be used between signals. The theoretical results were confirmed by developing a prototype molecular communication platform operating under microfluidic conditions, which enables communication through fluorescent nanoparticles, namely Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs).
Enteral Sodium Chloride Supplementation and Fluid Balance in Children Receiving Diuretics
Authors: Ortmann Laura , Mauch Teri J. , Ballweg Jean
Published: January 2022

The use of sodium chloride (NaCl) supplementation in children being prescribed diuretics is controversial due to concerns that supplementation could lead to fluid retention. This is a single-center retrospective study in which fluid balance and diuretic dosing was examined in children prescribed enteral NaCl supplements for hyponatremia while receiving loop diuretics. The aim of this study was to determine whether significant fluid retention occurred with the addition of NaCl. Fifty-five patients with 68 events were studied. The median age was 5.2 months, and 82% were hospitalized for cardiac disease. Daily fluid balance the seven days prior to NaCl supplementation was lower than the seven days after, with measurement of: median 17 mL/kg/day (7–26) vs. 22 mL/kg/day (13–35) (p = 0.0003). There was no change in patient weight after supplementation (p = 0.63). There was no difference in the median loop diuretic dose before and after supplementation, with the diuretic dose in furosemide equivalents of 3.2 mL/kg/day (2.3–4.4) vs. 3.2 mL/kg/day (2.2–4.7) (p = 0.50). There was no difference in the proportion of patients receiving thiazide diuretics after supplementation (56% before vs. 50% after (p = 0.10)). NaCl supplementation in children receiving loop diuretics increased calculated fluid balance, but weight was unchanged, and this was not associated with an increase in diuretic needs, suggesting clinicians did not consider the increase in fluid balance to be clinically significant.
To Mask or Not to Mask—Evaluation of Cognitive Performance in Children Wearing Face Masks during School Lessons (MasKids)
Authors: Schlegtendal Anne , Eitner Lynn , Falkenstein Michael , Hoffmann Anna , Lücke Thomas , Sinningen Kathrin , Brinkmann Folke
Published: January 2022

In the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, wearing a face mask is mandatory again during school lessons. There are no controlled studies in children to date indicating an effect on cognitive performance from wearing face masks. In a randomized controlled trial, we analysed the influence of face masks on cognitive performance of pupils during regular school lessons. Pupils (n = 133, fifth to seventh grade) were randomized by alternating allocation into control (with masks, n = 65) and intervention groups (without mask, n = 68). After two school lessons with (control) and without (intervention) face masks in class, all pupils performed digital tests for cognitive performance regarding attention and executive functions (switch, Corsi block-tapping, 2-back and flanker task). Overall, there were no significant differences in cognitive performance between both groups, masks vs. no masks. Wearing face masks has no significant influence on attention and executive functions of pupils and can still be recommended during school lessons.
Parental Disease Specific Knowledge and Its Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Stasch Luisa , Ohlendorf Johanna , Baumann Ulrich , Ernst Gundula , Lange Karin , Konietzny Christiane , Pfister Eva-Doreen , Sautmann Kirsten , Goldschmidt Imeke
Published: January 2022

Objective: Structured education programs have been shown to improve somatic outcome and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a variety of chronic childhood diseases. Similar data are scarce in paediatric liver transplantation (pLTx). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of parental disease-specific knowledge and psychosocial disease outcome in patients after pLTx. Methods: Parents of 113 children (chronic liver disease n = 25, after pLTx n = 88) completed the transplant module of the HRQOL questionnaire PedsQL, the “Ulm quality of life inventory for parents of children with chronic diseases” ULQUI, and a tailor-made questionnaire to test disease-specific knowledge. Results: Parental knowledge was highest on the topic of “liver transplantation” and lowest in “basic background knowledge” (76% and 56% correct answers respectively). Knowledge performance was only marginally associated with HRQOL scores, with better knowledge being related to worse HRQOL outcomes. In contrast, self-estimation of knowledge performance showed significant positive correlations with both PedsQL and ULQUI results. Conclusion: Patient HRQOL and parental emotional wellbeing after pLTx are associated with positive self-estimation of parental disease-specific knowledge. Objective disease-specific knowledge has little impact on HRQOL. Parental education programs need to overcome language barriers and address self-efficacy in order to improve HRQOL after pLTx.
Lack of Maternal Social Capital Increases the Likelihood of Harsh Parenting
Authors: Kim Sangwon , Runyan Desmond K. , Lee Yanghee
Published: January 2022

Does low maternal social capital increase the likelihood of parents using harsh parenting behaviors? We analyzed random digit dial telephone survey data from 661 female primary caregivers across Colorado. Positive reports of the use of either physically or psychologically harsh parenting methods were classified as harsh parenting. Absence of social capital was assessed within the family and the community; lack of social capital within the family was measured in terms of an absence of support from a partner and an additional caregiver. Absence of social capital within the community was measured as lack of interpersonal resources from neighbors and religious activities. Nearly 30% admitted to one or more physically harsh parenting behaviors in the prior year, and 85.8% reported at least one psychologically harsh parenting behavior. Lower levels of neighborhood connectedness were associated with physically harsh parenting (odds ratio = 1.50). Conflict between partners (odd ratio = 2.50) and the absence of an additional caregiver (odds ratio = 1.88) increased psychologically harsh parenting. One practical implication is that mental health and medical providers should help new parents value, access, or develop social networks within the community to prevent children from experiencing harsh parenting.
Ultrasound Imaging of Acquired Myometrial Pseudoaneurysm: The Role of Manipulators as an Unusual Cause during Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Buonomo Francesca , de Almeida Fiorillo Clarice , Oliveira de Souza Danilo , Mucelli Fabio Pozzi , Biffi Stefania , Romano Federico , Di Lorenzo Giovanni , Bussolaro Sofia , Ricci Giuseppe
Published: January 2022

An acquired uterine artery myometrial pseudoaneurysm can occur due to inflammation, trauma, or iatrogenic causes, such as surgical procedures, and can lead to profuse bleeding. The efficacy of uterine manipulators in gynecological surgery, particularly as a cause of a pseudoaneurysm, has been poorly discussed in the literature. In this paper, we discuss a case of a 39-year-old woman with profuse uterine bleeding that occurred seven days after operative laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. The color Doppler ultrasound better evoked the arterial-like turbulent blood flow inside this cavity. These sonographic features were highly suggestive of uterine artery pseudoaneurysm, presumably related to a secondary trauma caused by the manipulator. The diagnosis was subsequently re-confirmed by angiography, and the patient was treated conservatively with uterine artery embolization. Ultrasound has been shown to be a valuable and safe tool for imaging pseudoaneurysm and guiding subsequent interventional procedures. Accordingly, we briefly review the most suitable manipulators used in benign gynecological surgeries to verify if the different types in use can guide the surgeon towards the correct choice according to surgical needs and thus prevent potentially dangerous trauma.
An In-Vitro Evaluation of Articulation Accuracy for Digitally Milled Models vs. Conventional Gypsum Casts
Authors: Lee Jason D. , Gallucci German O. , Lee Sang J.
Published: January 2022

With the advent of a digital workflow in dentistry, the inter-occlusal articulation of digital models is now possible through various means. The Cadent iTero intraoral scanner uses a buccal scan in maximum intercuspation to record the maxillomandibular relationship. This in-vitro study compares the occlusion derived from conventionally articulated stone casts versus that of digitally articulated quadrant milled models. Thirty sets of stone casts poured from full arch polyvinyl siloxane impressions (Group A) and thirty sets of polyurethane quadrant models milled from digital impressions (Group B) were used for this study. The full arch stone casts were hand-articulated and mounted on semi-adjustable articulators, while the digitally derived models were pre-mounted from the milling center based on the data obtained from the buccal scanning procedure. A T-scan sensor was used to obtain a bite registration from each set of models in both groups. The T-scan data derived from groups A and B were compared to that from the master model to evaluate the reproducibility of the occlusion in the two groups. A statistically significant difference of the contact region surface area was found on #11 of the digitally articulated models compared to the master. An analysis of the force distribution also showed a tendency for a heavier distribution on the more anterior #11 tooth for the digitally articulated models. Within the limitations of this study, the use of a digitally articulated quadrant model system may result in a loss of accuracy, in terms of occlusion, the further anteriorly the tooth to be restored is located. Care must be taken to consider the sources of inaccuracies in the digital workflow to minimize them for a more efficient and effective restorative process.
Effect of Central Line Duration and Other Risk Factors on Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection in Severe Adult Burns Patients at a Large Tertiary Referral Burns Centre: A 5-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Miller Alexandra , Vujcich Elizabeth , Brown Jason
Published: January 2022

Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CLABSI with a positive catheter tip culture, CRBSI) are preventable causes of morbidity and mortality for severe adult burns patients. Routine central line changes as a CLABSI prevention strategy in burns patients is controversial due to the paucity of evidence to guide the appropriate timing of line changes. This study aimed to address this evidence gap by investigating risk factors associated with central line sepsis, including the duration of central line insertion, in a population of severe adult burns patients (burns involving ≥20% total body surface area (TBSA)) admitted to the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Intensive Care Unit over five years (2015–2019 inclusive). On multivariate analysis, central line duration and burn TBSA were identified as independent risk factors for CLABSI, with central line duration the most significant predictor (p = 0.0008; OR 1.177, 95% CI 1.072–1.299). No risk factor independently predicted CRBSI. CLABSI detection occurred a median of 8.5 days (IQR 6.0–11.0) post central line insertion. These findings suggest further research to assess the efficacy of routine line changes prior to the at-risk period of 6–11 days post central line insertion in reducing CLABSI in severe adult burns patients may be beneficial.
A Machine Learning Based Model for Energy Usage Peak Prediction in Smart Farms
Authors: Venkatesan SaravanaKumar , Lim Jonghyun , Ko Hoon , Cho Yongyun
Published: January 2022

Context: Energy utilization is one of the most closely related factors affecting many areas of the smart farm, plant growth, crop production, device automation, and energy supply to the same degree. Recently, 4th industrial revolution technologies such as IoT, artificial intelligence, and big data have been widely used in smart farm environments to efficiently use energy and control smart farms’ conditions. In particular, machine learning technologies with big data analysis are actively used as one of the most potent prediction methods supporting energy use in the smart farm. Purpose: This study proposes a machine learning-based prediction model for peak energy use by analyzing energy-related data collected from various environmental and growth devices in a smart paprika farm of the Jeonnam Agricultural Research and Extension Service in South Korea between 2019 and 2021. Scientific method: To find out the most optimized prediction model, comparative evaluation tests are performed using representative ML algorithms such as artificial neural network, support vector regression, random forest, K-nearest neighbors, extreme gradient boosting and gradient boosting machine, and time series algorithm ARIMA with binary classification for a different number of input features. Validate: This article can provide an effective and viable way for smart farm managers or greenhouse farmers who can better manage the problem of agricultural energy economically and environmentally. Therefore, we hope that the recommended ML method will help improve the smart farm’s energy use or their energy policies in various fields related to agricultural energy. Conclusion: The seven performance metrics including R-squared, root mean squared error, and mean absolute error, are associated with these two algorithms. It is concluded that the RF-based model is more successful than in the pre-others diction accuracy of 92%. Therefore, the proposed model may be contributed to the development of various applications for environment energy usage in a smart farm, such as a notification service for energy usage peak time or an energy usage control for each device.
MLSS-VO: A Multi-Level Scale Stabilizer with Self-Supervised Features for Monocular Visual Odometry in Target Tracking
Authors: Wang Zihao , Yang Sen , Shi Mengji , Qin Kaiyu
Published: January 2022

In this study, a multi-level scale stabilizer intended for visual odometry (MLSS-VO) combined with a self-supervised feature matching method is proposed to address the scale uncertainty and scale drift encountered in the field of monocular visual odometry. Firstly, the architecture of an instance-level recognition model is adopted to propose a feature matching model based on a Siamese neural network. Combined with the traditional approach to feature point extraction, the feature baselines on different levels are extracted, and then treated as a reference for estimating the motion scale of the camera. On this basis, the size of the target in the tracking task is taken as the top-level feature baseline, while the motion matrix parameters as obtained by the original visual odometry of the feature point method are used to solve the real motion scale of the current frame. The multi-level feature baselines are solved to update the motion scale while reducing the scale drift. Finally, the spatial target localization algorithm and the MLSS-VO are applied to propose a framework intended for the tracking of target on the mobile platform. According to the experimental results, the root mean square error (RMSE) of localization is less than 3.87 cm, and the RMSE of target tracking is less than 4.97 cm, which demonstrates that the MLSS-VO method based on the target tracking scene is effective in resolving scale uncertainty and restricting scale drift, so as to ensure the spatial positioning and tracking of the target.
Multi-Objective Optimization Models to Design a Responsive Built Environment: A Synthetic Review
Authors: Manni Mattia , Nicolini Andrea
Published: January 2022

A synthetic review of the application of multi-objective optimization models to the design of climate-responsive buildings and neighbourhoods is carried out. The review focused on the software utilized during both simulation and optimization stages, as well as on the objective functions and the design variables. The hereby work aims at identifying knowledge gaps and future trends in the research field of automation in the design of buildings. Around 140 scientific journal articles, published between 2014 and 2021, were selected from Scopus and Web of Science databases. A three-step selection process was applied to refine the search terms and to discard works investigating mechanical, structural, and seismic topics. Meta-analysis of the results highlighted that multi-objective optimization models are widely exploited for (i) enhancing building’s energy efficiency, (ii) improving thermal and (iii) visual comfort, minimizing (iv) life-cycle costs, and (v) emissions. Reviewed workflows demonstrated to be suitable for exploring different design alternatives for building envelope, systems layout, and occupancy patterns. Nonetheless, there are still some aspects that need to be further enhanced to fully enable their potential such as the ability to operate at multiple temporal and spatial scales and the possibility of exploring strategies based on sector coupling to improve a building’s energy efficiency.
Explosive Burning of a Mechanically Activated Al and CuO Thermite Mixture
Authors: Dolgoborodov Alexander , Yankovsky Boris , Ananev Sergey , Valyano George , Vakorina Galina
Published: January 2022

The results of experiments to determine the role of structural schemes for the ignition of a mechanically activated thermite mixture Al–CuO and the formation of its combustion flame are presented. The reaction initiated in the bulk of the experimental assembly transforms into torch combustion in an open space. The dynamics of the volume of the flame reaction region was determined. The stage of flame formation has a stochastic character, determined by the random distribution of the reaction centres in the initial volume of the components. A high-speed camera, a pyrometer and electro contact sensors were used as diagnostic tools. The ultimate goal of the study was to optimize the conditions for the flame formation of this mixture for its effective use with a single ignition of various gas emissions.
Biomass Valorization of Walnut Shell for Liquefaction Efficiency
Authors: Jovičić Nives , Antonović Alan , Matin Ana , Antolović Suzana , Kalambura Sanja , Krička Tajana
Published: January 2022

Globally, lignocellulosic biomass has great potential for industrial production of materials and products, but this resource must be used in an environmentally friendly, socially acceptable and sustainable manner. Wood and agricultural residues such as walnut shells as lignocellulosic biomass are one of the most affordable and important renewable resources in the world, which can partially replace fossil resources. The overall objective of the research is to provide background information that supports new applications of walnut shells in a biorefinery context and to increase the economic value of these non-wood forest products. This paper presents the properties characterization of liquefied biomass according to their chemical composition. All results were compared to liquefied wood. In this study, the liquefaction properties of five different walnut shell particle sizes were determined using glycerol as the liquefaction reagent under defined reaction conditions. The liquefied biomass was characterized for properties such as percentage residue, degree of liquefaction, and hydroxyl OH numbers. The chemical composition of the same biomass was investigated for its influence on the liquefaction properties. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to determine the liquefaction properties of different particle sizes as a function of their chemical composition, also in comparison with the chemical composition of wood. The study revealed that walnut shell biomass can be effectively liquefied into glycerol using H2SO4 as the catalyst, with liquefaction efficiency ranging from 89.21 to 90.98%.
Phase-Independent Reactive Power Compensation Based on Four-Wire Power Converter in the Presence of Angular Asymmetry between Voltage Vectors
Authors: Zieliński Dariusz , Stefańczak Bartłomiej , Jędrys Konrad
Published: January 2022

The paper presents the reactive power compensation method that allows for reducing the active power flow even in the presence of angular asymmetry between voltage vectors of the utility grid. Reactive power compensation ensures the reduction of power transmission losses and therefore brings significant economic benefits to electricity consumers. The concept of the alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) converter for prosumer applications operating as a local reactive power compensator has been proposed. The system is driven by a multi-resonant algorithm, allowing for independent control of the reactive power in each phase. The proposed method was validated experimentally by using a prototype of the converter, programmable AC source, and grid impedance model. The method made it possible to cover the reactive power demand without unnecessary active power generation and thus to improve the efficiency of the analyzed prototype. This solution can be implemented particularly in radial grids and non-urban areas.
Quasi-Analytical Calculation of Frequency-Dependent Resistance of Rectangular Conductors Considering the Edge Effect
Authors: Tabei Barzan , Ametani Akihiro , Gole Aniruddha , Kordi Behzad
Published: January 2022

This paper presents an accurate quasi-analytical approximation of frequency-dependent ac resistance of single rectangular conductors. In this work, first, a two-dimensional analytical ac resistance of rectangular conductors is derived. Unlike circular conductors, where current density distributes evenly in each layer of the conductor’s cross-section, the edge effect is involved for rectangular conductors. Due to the edge effect, one cannot define an accurate boundary condition for solving the two-dimensional partial differential equation of magnetic field or current density of rectangular conductors. Hence, the calculated two-dimensional analytical current density result is not accurate and is modified and fitted on FEM simulation, taking the conductor’s thickness into account using the least-square problem to improve its accuracy. Unlike numerical approaches, the proposed method yields an easy-to-use formula applicable to industrial applications in different fields. Contrary to the one-dimensional approach, which is only valid for very thin rectangular conductors, this method takes edge effect into account and can be used for any thickness (from square to very thin rectangular conductors). The proposed method can be used in applications where an accurate ac resistance of rectangular conductors over a wide frequency range is required, such as white-box modeling of power transformers and interpreting its frequency response analysis (FRA), and calculating the resistance of electric machine winding, busbars, and printed circuit board traces.
Design of a Functional Pea Protein Matrix for Fermented Plant-Based Cheese
Authors: Masiá Carmen , Jensen Poul Erik , Petersen Iben Lykke , Buldo Patrizia
Published: January 2022

The production of a fermented plant-based cheese requires understanding the behavior of the selected raw material prior to fermentation. Raw material processing affects physicochemical properties of plant protein ingredients, and it determines their ability to form fermentation-induced protein gels. Moreover, the addition of oil also influences structure formation and therefore affects gel firmness. This study focuses on identifying and characterizing an optimal pea protein matrix suitable for fermentation-induced plant-based cheese. Stability and gel formation were investigated in pea protein matrices. Pea protein isolate (PPI) emulsions with 10% protein and 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% olive oil levels were produced and further fermented with a starter culture suitable for plant matrices. Emulsion stability was evaluated through particle size, ζ-potential, and back-scattered light changes over 7 h. Gel hardness and oscillation measurements of the fermented gels were taken after 1 and 7 days of storage under refrigeration. The water-holding capacity of the gels was measured after 7 days of storage and their microstructure was visualized with confocal microscopy. Results indicate that all PPI emulsions were physically stable after 7 h. Indeed, ζ-potential did not change significantly over time in PPI emulsions, a bimodal particle size distribution was observed in all samples, and no significant variation was observed after 7 h in any of the samples. Fermentation time oscillated between 5.5 and 7 h in all samples. Higher oil content led to weaker gels and lower elastic modulus and no significant changes in gel hardness were observed over 7 days of storage under refrigeration in closed containers. Water-holding capacity increased in samples with higher olive oil content. Based on our results, an optimal pea protein matrix for fermentation-induced pea protein gels can be produced with 10% protein content and 10% olive oil levels without compromising gel hardness.
Preparation of Curcumin Hydrogel Beads for the Development of Functional Kulfi: A Tailoring Delivery System
Authors: Sharma Minaxi , Inbaraj Baskaran Stephen , Dikkala Praveen Kumar , Sridhar Kandi , Mude Arjun Naik , Narsaiah Kairam
Published: January 2022

Curcumin has been demonstrated to have biological activities and its fortification in food products is an important strategy to deliver bioactive ingredients at target sites. However, studies have documented a curcumin low bioavailability and low intake. Hence, combining functional ingredients with food should be needed to prevent widespread nutrient intake shortfalls and associated deficiencies. Thus, curcumin was encapsulated in calcium-alginate and their characteristics as well as in vitro release behavior of curcumin hydrogel beads (CHBs) was studied. Moreover, CHBs were fortified in development of functional Kulfi and their quality characteristics were studied. The encapsulation efficiency was up to 95.04%, indicating that most of the curcumin was entrapped. FTIR shifts in the bands were due to the replacement of sodium ions to the calcium ions. In vitro release (%) for CHBs was found to be 67.15% after 2 h, which increased slightly up to 67.88% after 4 h. The average swelling index of CHBs was found to be 10.21 to 37.92 from 2 to 12 h in PBS (pH 7.40). Control and Kulfi fortified with CHBs showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in colour (L = 73.03 and 75.88) and the melting rate (0.88 mL/min and 0.63 mL/min), respectively. Standard plate count was reduced in the Kulfi fortified with CHBs (13.77 × 104 CFU/mL) with high sensory score for overall acceptability (8.56) compared to the control (154.70 × 104 CFU/mL). These findings suggested the feasibility of developing CHBs to mask the bitterness, enhance the solubility, and increase the bioavailability in gastrointestinal conditions. Additionally, Kulfi could be a suitable dairy delivery system for curcumin bioactive compounds.
Techno-Functional and Gelling Properties of Acha (Fonio) (Digitaria exilis stapf) Flour: A Study of Its Potential as a New Gluten-Free Starch Source in Industrial Applications
Authors: Deriu Aloisa G. , Vela Antonio J. , Ronda Felicidad
Published: January 2022

Fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf) is an ancient African cereal that represents a rich source of carbohydrate, fat, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and sulfur-containing amino acids. Processing and utilization of fonio require adequate knowledge of its structural, chemical, and nutritional characteristics. The present work evaluates the structural, techno-functional, and gelling properties of fonio and compares them to other major gluten-free cereals (rice, maize, sorghum, and millet). Fonio flour presented significantly higher water absorption index and swelling power, while it scored a lower water solubility index than the reference flours. The pasting viscosity profile of fonio was similar to that of rice, with equivalent peak viscosity but a breakdown viscosity 24% lower than rice, indicative of higher stability and resistance to shearing and heating. Rheological properties demonstrated that fonio generates gels with remarkably strong structures. At 15% concentration, fonio gel withstood stress 579% higher than those observed in the reference flours without breaking its structure. Fonio flour presented the highest gelatinization enthalpy (11.45 J/g) and a narrow gelatinization temperature range (9.96 °C), indicative of a better-packed starch structure than the other analyzed flours. The texture of the gels made with fonio showed higher firmness over the evaluated period. These combined results suggest that fonio is a suitable ingredient for gel-like food formulations.
A Review of Recent Developments in Autotuning Methods for Fractional-Order Controllers
Authors: Muresan Cristina I. , Birs Isabela , Ionescu Clara , Dulf Eva H. , De Keyser Robin
Published: January 2022

The scientific community has recently seen a fast-growing number of publications tackling the topic of fractional-order controllers in general, with a focus on the fractional order PID. Several versions of this controller have been proposed, including different tuning methods and implementation possibilities. Quite a few recent papers discuss the practical use of such controllers. However, the industrial acceptance of these controllers is still far from being reached. Autotuning methods for such fractional order PIDs could possibly make them more appealing to industrial applications, as well. In this paper, the current autotuning methods for fractional order PIDs are reviewed. The focus is on the most recent findings. A comparison between several autotuning approaches is considered for various types of processes. Numerical examples are given to highlight the practicality of the methods that could be extended to simple industrial processes.
Identification and Fine-Mapping of Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) Resistant QTL in Brassica rapa
Authors: Zhang Hui , Ma Xiaochao , Liu Xitong , Zhang Shifan , Li Fei , Li Guoliang , Sun Rifei , Zhang Shujiang
Published: January 2022

European fodder turnips (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera) were identified as sources of clubroot resistance (CR) and have been widely used in Brassica resistance breeding. An F2 population derived from a cross between a resistant turnip and a susceptible Chinese cabbage was used to determine the inheritance and locating the resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs). The parents showed to be very resistant/susceptible to the field isolates (pathotype 4) of clubroot from Henan in China. After inoculation, 27 very resistant or susceptible individuals were selected to construct bulks, respectively. Next-generation-sequencing-based Bulk Segregant Analysis Sequencing (BSA-Seq) was used and located resistance QTL on chromosome A03 (3.3–7.5 Mb) and A08 (0.01–6.5 Mb), named Bcr1 and Bcr2, respectively. Furthermore, an F3 population including 180 families derived from F2 individuals was phenotyped and used to verify and narrow candidate regions. Ten and seven Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers narrowed the target regions to 4.3–4.78 Mb (A03) and 0.02–0.79 Mb (A08), respectively. The phenotypic variation explained (PVE) of the two QTLs were 33.3% and 13.3% respectively. The two candidate regions contained 99 and 109 genes. In the A03 candidate region, there were three candidate R genes, namely Bra006630, Bra006631 and Bra006632. In the A08 candidate region, there were two candidate R genes, namely Bra030815 and Bra030846.
Modeling the Impact of Climate and Land Use/Land Cover Change on Water Availability in an Inland Valley Catchment in Burkina Faso
Authors: Idrissou Mouhamed , Diekkrüger Bernd , Tischbein Bernhard , Op de Hipt Felix , Näschen Kristian , Poméon Thomas , Yira Yacouba , Ibrahim Boubacar
Published: January 2022

Water scarcity for smallholder farming in West Africa has led to the shift of cultivation from uplands to inland valleys. This study investigates the impacts of climate and land use/land cover (LULC) change on water resources in an intensively instrumented inland valley catchment in Southwestern Burkina Faso. An ensemble of five regional climate models (RCMs) and two climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) was utilized to drive a physically-based hydrological model WaSiM after calibration and validation. The impact of climate change was quantified by comparing the projected period (2021–2050) and a reference period (1971–2000). The result showed a large uncertainty in the future change of runoff between the RCMs. Three models projected an increase in the total runoff from +12% to +95%, whereas two models predicted a decrease from −44% to −24%. Surface runoff was projected to show the highest relative change compared to the other runoff components. The projected LULC 2019, 2025, and 2030 were estimated based on historical LULC change (1990–2013) using the Land Change Modeler (LCM). A gradual conversion of savanna to cropland was shown, with annual rates rom 1 to 3.3%. WaSiM was used to simulate a gradual increase in runoff with time caused by this land use change. The combined climate and land use change was estimated using LULC-2013 in the reference period and LULC-2030 as future land use. The results suggest that land use change exacerbates the increase in total runoff. The increase in runoff was found to be +158% compared to the reference period but only +52% without land use change impacts. This stresses the fact that land use change impact is not negligible in this area, and climate change impact assessments without land use change analysis might be misleading. The results of this study can be used as input to water management models in order to derive strategies to cope with present and future water scarcities for smallholder farming in the investigated area.