bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Relations Training and Task-Orientation of Individuals
Authors: Hardy Robert C. , Flatter Charles H.
Published: September 2011

The problem was to investigate the effect of human relations training on individuals' relation-orientation as measured by the Least Preferred Co-worker scale. Experimental and control groups were matched on sex and teaching experience. Both groups were administered the Least Preferred Co-worker scale at the beginning and end of the experiment. The experimental group was given an 8 mo. human relations training program while the control group did not receive any training. Relation-oriented (high score) individuals became more task-oriented (low score) after human relations training than the control sample without such training. The reverse occurred for individuals who were initially task-oriented.
Characteristics of Early Readers
Authors: Briggs Chari , Elkind David
Published: September 2011

33 early (before kindergarten) reading children and 33 matched control children were given a battery of tests and their parents were interviewed about 47 items dealing with demography, parenting practices, and child characteristics. Results showed that early readers were superior to controls on measures of conservation, on two measures from the Illinois Test of Psycho-linguistics, and on one measure of creativity. Parental interview data suggested that parents' achievement orientation and the environment of the home were more important than the child's interest as motivation for early reading. It was concluded that the presence of operativity in children, combined with high achievement motivation on the part of their parents, facilitates the attainment of reading skills at an early age.
Task Productivity of Continuing and Zero-History Groups in Two Communication Networks
Authors: Sypher Howard E.
Published: September 2011

Two continuing and zero-history groups of 5 undergraduate male students each completed sentence-completion problems in two communication networks, the comcon and the wheel. Content analysis of these tape-recorded sessions showed significant differences in the types and number of messages each group used in problem solving. For the wheel, network subjects were also significantly slower in sentence-completion than for the comcon. The results indicate that members of highly cohesive groups require “sociability” messages which detract somewhat from task productivity in order to facilitate interpersonal warmth.
A Microgenetic Approach to Cognitive Inflexibility
Authors: Cohen Howard , Rappoport Leon , Gilbert Gary S.
Published: September 2011

Microgenesis was discussed with respect to Werner's theory of percept development. An experiment was designed to test the effects of premature percept development. One group of subjects was trained to use a conceptual-analytic schema in solving a finger-maze problem while another group was trained to use a motor-perceptual set. Results indicate that the conceptual analytic group was significantly slower and less accurate than either a control group negotiating the criterion maze for the first time or the motor-perceptual group. It was concluded that cognitive flexibility is weakened by premature conceptualization.
Stroop Effect: Interference and Facilitation with Verbal and Manual Responses
Authors: Redding Gordon M. , Gerjets Deborah A.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 12 volunteers manually (button pushing) or verbally identified the ink color of 5, randomly ordered and tachistoscopically presented, kinds of stimulus conditions, specified by the nature of the noncolor information and the relationship between color and noncolor information: Congruent Color Words, Noncolor Words, Scrambled Color Words, Nonword Geometric Shapes, and Noncongruent Color Words. With verbal response, facilitation of reaction time occurred for Congruent Color Words compared to Scrambled Color Words and Noncolor Words but not when compared to the Nonword Control, while with manual response facilitation appeared for all comparisons. Interference appeared for both groups, with Noncongruent Color Words having the slowest reaction time. The present design corrected for inadequacies in previous studies and more firmly established the conclusion of parallel perceptual processing of color and noncolor information, with facilitation/interference effects being localized in postperceptual decision operations of signal summation and response competition.
Effect of Selected Movement Skills on Positive Self-Concept
Authors: Bruya Lawrence D.
Published: September 2011

36 boys and 36 girls in 4 fourth grades were exposed to basketball movement conditions which included the skills of dribble, chest pass, lay-up, pivot, guarding, and two-hand set shot. Eight 1/2-hr. treatment periods were spread evenly over 4 wk. and took place within the regularly assigned school physical education period. Two class groups, which included 9 boys and 9 girls each, were randomly assigned by class to an experimental group which received treatment while two class groups were assigned by class to the control group. No differences between changes in self-concept as estimated by the Piers-Harris scale for treatment and control conditions were significant.
Field Independence and Laterality in the Perception of Faces
Authors: Oltman Philip K. , Ehrlichman Howard , Cox Patricia W.
Published: September 2011

For a sample of 28 college males the degree of left visual-field bias in the perception of faces correlated .45 ( p < .01) with extent of field-independent performance, as assessed by a composite score based on the Embedded-Figures Test, the Rod-and-Frame Test, and ratings on the Articulation-of-Body-Concept Scale. In a second study with 16 female and 10 male college subjects using the Group Embedded-Figures Test, field-independent subjects again showed greater left visual-field lateralization of face perception ( r = .43, p < .05). Based on Witkin's view of field independence as a manifestation of psychological differentiation, possible links between extent of differentiation at the psychological and neurophysiological levels are suggested.
Cognitive Differences between the Sexes in Memory for Names and Faces
Authors: Borges Marilyn A. , Vaughn Linda S.
Published: September 2011

22 male and 22 female college students were shown 30 pairs of faces and names to learn. Subsequent tests indicated that all students recognized more female stimuli than male stimuli and more names than faces. On the name-face matching test, female subjects performed better than did males, and male and female stimuli were matched equivalently.
Visual following in Newborns: Role of Figure-Ground Contrast and Configurational Detail
Authors: Rose Susan , Katz Phyllis A. , Birke Marilyn , Rossman Ellen
Published: September 2011

Visual pursuit was used in studying the ability of newborn infants to discriminate levels of contrast. Ratings of the degree of eye and head following were made as subjects pursued facial targets which varied in terms of the degree of figure-ground contrast and the degree of contrast internal to the figure as defined by the presence or saliency of facial features. Differential pursuit mirrored the degree of contrast such that the strongest pursuit occurred to stimuli which had clearly discriminable facial detailing in addition to strong figure-ground contrast. These results suggest that the newborn is sensitive not only to large border areas of high contrasting illumination but to finer configurational details of stimuli as well.
Visual Organization Ability in Brain-Damaged Adults
Authors: Wang Paul L.
Published: September 2011

49 brain-damaged patients (15 with left-hemisphere lesions, 19 with right-hemisphere lesions, and 15 with bilateral lesions) and 17 non-brain-damaged patients were administered the Hooper Visual Organization Test. Non-brain-damaged patients performed significantly better than the brain-damaged patients; however, the differences among the brain-damaged patients were not significant. Hooper Visual Organization Test seems valuable for identifying organicity but its usefulness for determining lateralization is limited. It is also suggested that both hemispheres form a close functional loop in subserving visual organization ability. A hypothetical diagram has been proposed to describe the functional dynamics of the visual synthesis ability measured by the Visual Organization Test.
WISC Patterns and other Characteristics of Reading Disabled Children
Authors: Johnson David A. , Wollersheim Janet P.
Published: September 2011

Theoretical positions and significant factors associated with reading disability are noted. Review of WISC studies indicates that retarded readers as a group generally perform more poorly on Information, Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Coding and more highly on Picture Completion in comparison with nonretarded readers. These results are related to factorial studies of the WISC and methodological suggestions for future research are specified.
Lateral Recognition of Abstract and Concrete Kanji in Japanese
Authors: Hatta Takeshi
Published: September 2011

Abstract and concrete non-phonetic logographic symbols ( Kanji) were unilaterally presented in either the left or right visual field. Subsequent recognition performance of 15 male and 15 female students was superior for both abstract and concrete Kanji in the left visual field. Concrete Kanji were more correctly recognized than abstract Kanji in the left visual field. These results suggest that the right hemisphere possesses some ability to process verbal materials.
The Errant Spouse: A Study in Person Perception
Authors: Hartnett Jack , Mahoney John , Bernstein Alice
Published: September 2011

College students rated protagonists of vignettes involved in extra-marital affairs in two separate studies. In the first study, where the affair resulted in the errant spouse falling in love, both the husband and wife were perceived more favorably when they cheated than when they were being cheated. The results of the second study, where the affair did not involve love, were opposite from those of the first. The cheating spouse was viewed negatively. No significant differences were found between married and unmarried subjects' perceptions. Results indicated that the motivation for an extramarital affair may be crucial in evaluation. Implications of perceived competence of the spouse were considered.
Differences between Mexican-American and White Children in Interpersonal Distance and Social Touching
Authors: Ford J. Guthrie , Graves James R.
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined differences in children's social immediacy tendencies expressed through interpersonal distance and touching. It was predicted that Mexican-Americans would space closer and touch more frequently than whites. Study 1 showed among 40 second graders that 20 Mexican-Americans did space significantly closer than 20 whites. Among 40 eighth graders the ethnic difference disappeared. Study 2 indicated among second graders that the greatest tactual behavior occurred for Mexican-American females (16 boys, 16 girls). Extensive measures were taken in Study 1 to avoid a number of confounds that characterized previous research. Results were discussed in terms of social learning and ethnic socialization.
Organization of Spontaneous Behaviors of Sleeping Neonates
Authors: Myers Antoinette
Published: September 2011

The time intervals between spontaneous behaviors of 209 infants were tallied. The frequency distributions of time intervals between spontaneous behaviors showed that behaviors were usually spaced closely in time. However, none of the spontaneous behaviors occurred with a set interval between successive behaviors. All spontaneous behaviors conformed to a single pattern of temporal organization, regardless of the particular behaviors displayed, the infant's sex, or sleep state. The pattern approximated a systematic alternation of periods of increasing and decreasing time intervals between successive behaviors. These data conflict with Wolff's theory of neural discharge but support Wolff's hypothesis about substitution.
Perception of Hue Re-Examined: An Analytical Consideration of Color-Oddity Test Results
Authors: Little Angela C. , Gaines Rosslyn
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate an earlier finding wherein more than 100 subjects in four age groups responded systematically but differently to Munsell hues. According to the theoretical construction of the Munsell Color System, the spacing of the 10 hues is in perceptually equal intervals; the error responses to all hues at constant chroma should therefore be equal. The mean error rates were compared with Munsell hue distribution on seven linear and non-linear transformations of the International Commission on Illumination chromaticity diagram to uniform chromaticity systems. Hue intervals are not equal: red and green have the smallest intervals and largest error, and yellow and yellow-red the largest intervals and smallest error rate. These observations were substantiated by results from multidimensional scaling experiments reported elsewhere.
Reactive Schizophrenia and Perceptual Sensitization
Authors: Sappington John
Published: September 2011

The perceptual behavior of process and reactive schizophrenics under neutral and stress conditions suggests an hypothesis that the former employ a repressive ego defensive mode in these conditions while reactives employ a sensitization mode. The Repression-Sensitization scale of the MMPI was administered to a sample of hospitalized process and reactive schizophrenics to test the hypothesis. Scores of the process group did not indicate modal repression. Reactives' scores were, however, well toward the sensitization pole and significantly higher than those of the process group. Results support the concept of a sensitization defensive mode as a characteristic dimension in the etiology of reactive schizophrenia.
Rejection, Motivation and Athletic Performance: Is There a Traded Player Syndrome?
Authors: Kopelman Richard E. , Pantaleno James J.
Published: September 2011

It is widely held that the professional athlete who is traded tends to perform better against the trading team than against other teams. Two psychological explanations for this hypothesis were advanced (a separation-hostility mechanism and an esteem loss-counteraction mechanism). Data were examined for 47 (30) professional baseball players over a 2-yr. (3-yr.) period. Support for the hypothesis was weak across the entire sample; however, some support appeared among players who (a) were traded for the first time, (b) had long tenure with the trading team, (c) were young, and (d) had high ability. Somewhat stronger positive results were found for individuals who met two or more of the conditions favorable to the hypothesis. As predicted, results attenuated over time.
Motivation for Participation, Success in Performance and Their Relationship to Individual and Group Satisfaction
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Ball James R. , Chelladurai P.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the interactive effects of participation motivation (task, self, and interaction) expressed in early season and successful performance ( n = 183) experienced throughout the collegiate hockey season upon satisfaction expressed post-season with individual and team performance. The experimental design consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial comprising two levels of motivation (high vs low) and two levels of success (successful vs unsuccessful). The results indicated that success, motivations, and the various interactions had no effect upon satisfaction with individual performance. Both success and high task-motive resulted in heightened levels of satisfaction in regard to team performance.
Study of Graves Design Judgment Test and Barron-Welsh Revised Art Scale
Authors: Rump E. E.
Published: September 2011

Previous research suggests that scores on both the Graves Design Judgment Test and the Barron-Welsh Revised An Scale correlate with education in art and with aspects of creativity but have little validity with respect to artistic performance. With a heterogeneous group of 48, the Graves test correlated significantly with fine-arts education, interest in the arts, artistic achievement, and creative independence. The Barron-Welsh scale correlated significantly with only fine-arts education in a similar group of 47.
Autokinetic Word Technique and Personality
Authors: Frigon Jean-Yves
Published: September 2011

24 male subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of their scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and were administered the autokinetic word technique test as elaborated by Rechtschaffen and Mednick (1955), with numbers of words and letters reported constituting the response measures. Stable introverts reported significantly more words and letters than stable extraverts; there was no difference between neurotic introverts and neurotic extraverts. On the basis of the large inter-subject variability, the usefulness of the autokinetic-word situation in the investigation of projection is doubted.
Some Factors Affecting the Perceived Ordering of Natural Speech Stimuli
Authors: Tuller Betty , Lackner James R.
Published: September 2011

Primary auditory stream segregation—the perceptual segregation of acoustically related elements of a continuous auditory sequence into spatially distinct streams—disrupts recovery of the relative temporal order of repeated sequences of consonant and vowel syllables. Three experiments were performed to determine why the apparent temporal order of natural speech is not similarly disrupted. Exp. 1 ( N = 24) showed that the disruption is not dependent on repetition of the 32 experimental sequences of consonant and vowel syllables. Exps. 2 ( N = 48) and 3 ( N = 20) showed that when 4 English monosyllables are used as stimuli and syntactic and intonational structure is present then the temporal integrity of the acoustic signal is preserved perceptually. Despite accurate resolution of order for the 40 experimental sequences, errors of words were common. These errors often imposed a syntactic organization on the resulting sequence.
Effects of Size of Home Town on Environmental Perception
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

168 subjects used a 23-item semantic differential to rate forest, beach, small town, desert, and large city. The ratings served as dependent variables for 23 3 × 56 × 5 analyses of variance employing size of home town, subjects within size of home town, and type of environment. Size of home town was a significant effect on one of 23 scales; subjects from large and medium-sized cities rated environments more toward the good end of the good-bad scale than subjects from small towns. All main effects for type of environment were significant. The order in which environments were rated depended upon the particular rating scale. Significant interactions of home town by environment were examined in terms of the differential patterns of environmental ratings produced by subjects from various sized home towns.
Comparison of the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Brown Mary Jane
Published: September 2011

The Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration (Beery) and the Bender-Gestalt test (Bender) were administered to 44 second-grade children. Developmental age scores (Koppitz scoring) and age equivalents (Beery) were compared. The correlation of .43 between Bender (Koppitz scoring) and Beery scores was moderate but statistically significant. A t test for dependent groups indicated a significant difference between the means on the Bender and Beery tests. These results confirm that neither test should be utilized as the sole indicator of visual-motor perception.
Relationship of Lateral Eye-Movement to Cognitive Mode, Hemispheric Interaction, and Choice of College Major
Authors: Combs Allan L. , Hoblick Patricia J. , Czarnecki Michael J. , Kamler Paula
Published: September 2011

The direction and frequency of lateral eye-movements and frequency of midline crossovers, while reflecting on selected questions, are related to college major. Students in language-related fields produce larger ratios of right to left lateral movements, and fewer left movements, than do other students. Students in visual arts produce greater total numbers of movements as well as more frequent midline crossovers. Moreover, cognitive demands of questions (verbal or nonverbal) influence direction of movement most prominently in students majoring in other than art and language-related fields. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive mode, hemispheric interaction, and choice of college major.
On Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: II. Interpretation of Card IV as “Father” Card and Card VII as “Mother” Card
Authors: Frank George
Published: September 2011

Research testing the validity of the hypothesis that Card IV of the Rorschach can be viewed as the “father” card and Card VII, the “mother” card was reviewed. Essentially the research suggests that such symbolic interpretation of the Rorschach stimuli is most characteristic of children and in particular emotionally disturbed children, but not adults, either normal or schizophrenic. The assumption that Cards IV and VII have universal symbolic meaning was, thus, called into question. A critical analysis of the research stratagems used in testing this hypothesis was offered and some suggestions made for future research.
Personality Correlates of Successful Biofeedback Training
Authors: Pardine Peter , Napoli Anthony
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to examine the role of personality in effectiveness of biofeedback training. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 37 subjects assigned to Accurate Information and Misinformation groups in a heart-rate conditioning experiment. The treatment effect was not significant, but personality variables of exhibition, succorance, deference, and aggression were reliable predictors of success in biofeedback training. Post hoc analyses for treatment × high-low score classification on the Edwards variables indicated that accurately informed subjects high in succorance or exhibition demonstrated significantly greater heart-rate reduction than subjects given other treatment.
Relationships between Area-Specific Measures of Self-Concept, Self-Esteem and Academic Achievement for Junior High School Students
Authors: Muller Douglas , Chambliss Jack , Wood Martha
Published: September 2011

Physical maturity, peer relations, academic success and school adaptiveness self-concept and self-esteem measures were correlated with reading, language, mathematics, and composite achievement scores for 26 male and 48 female junior high school students. Academic success self-concept was significantly correlated with each of the achievement measures. Peer relations self-concept and self-esteem correlated with language, math, and composite achievement. Academic success self-esteem measures did not correlate with any of the measures of achievement.
Matching of Normally Oriented and Mirrored Words by Good and Poor Readers
Authors: Curtis Dwight W. , Elkins Wallace
Published: September 2011

10 good and 10 poor Grade 6 readers judged tachistoscopically presented word pairs to be “same” or “different” when the words making up the pairs were both normally oriented, both mirrored, or one was oriented and the other was mirrored. Good readers made fewer errors than poor readers on normally oriented “same” pairs but showed no advantage on other configurations. Poor readers were more accurate in detecting mismatches than good readers. These results were discussed in terms of the mechanism that may have been implicated.
Inter- vs Intra-Modal Performance of College Men and Women
Authors: Gould Jonathan
Published: September 2011

Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes within the temporal dimension was investigated with 19 male and 18 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 32 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: Auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance was conducted for three main effects: sex, modality, and sensory mode. Women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performances on intramodal and intermodal functioning tasks. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that modal functioning reaches asymptote prior to adulthood. Results indicating a difference in modal functioning between the sexes were unexpected.
Brunswik Ratios: A Ratio Scale for Comparative Analyses of Size Constancy Data from Different Experiments
Authors: Smith O. W. , Smith P. C. , Zimmermann R. R. , Geist C.
Published: September 2011

The literature on visual size constancy implicitly assumes that the perceived size of any dimension of a thing is evidence of how well (a) any other dimension of the thing will be perceived and (b) any visible dimension of any other thing will be perceived under comparable conditions of perception. For tests of these assumptions Brunswik ratios (1956) are described as a common conceptual and numerical basis, a ratio scale, for testing statistically for differences among or the equivalence of two or more sets of data from different experiments on visual size constancy.
Global Detection of Symmetry
Authors: Carmody Dennis P. , Nodine Calvin F. , Locher Paul J.
Published: September 2011

Two experimental approaches examined observers' ability to characterize shape symmetry based upon the information obtained within a single fixation. Exp. I tested observers' ability to discriminate among three levels of symmetry on the basis of a 25-msec. presentation. Results indicated that identification accuracy was higher for symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes than for mixed shapes, which contained both symmetrical and asymmetrical components. Exp. II tested observers' ability to detect a given level of symmetry by means of a signal-detection approach. Symmetrical shapes were detected better than asymmetrical shapes. Detectability of mixed shapes was lower than that for both symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes. The results of Exps. I and II demonstrate that observers can characterize shape symmetry on the basis of information available within a single fixation. The data are supportive of the hypothesis that a global response to the over-all configuration of the shape serves to facilitate form perception.
Achievement Test Correlates of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C. , Boone Katherine E.
Published: September 2011

Children in regular Grades 4 and 5 were given the WISC and WISC-R, in counterbalanced order, along with the Wide Range Achievement Test. Correlations were computed among all major subscales. WISC IQ averaged five points higher than WISC-R. The two scales intercorrelated (.61 to .85) at significant levels. WISC and WISC-R correlations with the Wide Range Achievement Test were similar, with WRAT correlation slightly larger with the WISC than WISC-R.
Spatial Grouping and Retroactive Inhibition in Free Recall
Authors: Decker Wayne H.
Published: September 2011

72 young adults learned two lists of unrelated words. The lists were presented on study pages either in a single vertical column or in three groups of five words each. More retroactive inhibition occurred when Lists 1 and 2 were spatially arranged in the same manner than when they were arranged differently. The results were consistent with previous studies varying similarity along other dimensions.
Maximum Duration of Phonation: Objective Tool for Assessment of Voice
Authors: Shanks Susan J. , Mast Donald
Published: September 2011

30 male and 30 female adults sustained the vowel /a/ under specified conditions. Analysis of the data for 10 trials suggests that four trials produced at a comfortable pitch and loudness level and interrupted by a 60-sec. rest would reliably evaluate prolonged vocalization. Males' superior performance was noted. Clinical applications and research implications are discussed.
Influence of an Infant Walker on Onset and Quality of Walking Pattern of Locomotion: An Electromyographic Investigation
Authors: Kauffman Ira B. , Ridenour Marcella
Published: September 2011

Acquisition of bipedal locomotor skill in human infants was studied electromyographically with regard to the deprivation or enrichment behavior resulting from the frequent and regular use of an infant walker. Subjects were six sets of male, fraternal twins. One randomly selected sibling from each set underwent a training program, commencing at the age of 300 days, spending a total of 2 hr. per day in a walker. Siblings not included in this group were subjected to no special training. EMG recordings were taken of all subjects at specified intervals in order to establish a model of the typical motor pattern at various stages of skill development. These data were then contrasted with EMG data similarly obtained from the walker-trained subjects. Use of an infant walker modified the mechanics of the infant's locomotion in a number of important ways. It was shown that use of the walker enables an infant to commit substantial mechanical errors yet succeed in bipedal locomotion. Inasmuch as the mechanics of walker-assisted and non-assisted bipedal locomotion are dissimilar in so many important ways, positive transfer from walker-training appears questionable.
Laboratory Apparatus for Studying Visual Space Perception of the Pilot in Simulated Night Approaches to Landing
Authors: Mertens Henry W.
Published: September 2011

The device provides a relatively inexpensive means of assessing a number of perceptual and human factors parameters in the night approach to landing situation. A technique for modeling airport runway lighting is described along with electromechanical and optical systems for precise control of simulated approach speed, model slant, and direction in the visual field of the simulated radial approach axis. The realism of this display is enhanced by preservation of the natural relations of size and brightness of simulated runway lights to distance.
Physical Activity, Motor Development and Self-Concept: Race and Age Differences
Authors: Martinek Thomas J. , Cheffers John T. F. , Zaichkowsky Leonard D.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effect of organized physical activity on the development of specific motor skills (body coordination and self-concept) of elementary age children, 344 children from the ethnic origins, black and white, were administered the Schilling Body Coordination Test and the Mattinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale for Children. Motor development (body coordination) and self-concept scores were significantly higher for the group who participated in the physical activity program than for controls who did not. There was a linear trend in motor skill improvement, with Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 showing significantly higher gains than Grade 1. The self-concept scores indicated a significant decline for Grades 3, 4, and 5. There were no significant differences between blacks and whites. A two-way interaction was found between grade and race in motor development, with blacks demonstrating lower mean scores than whites in Grade 2 but higher mean scores in Grade 5. Correlations between self-concept and motor development were non-significant.
Arterial Blood Gases in Pranayama Practice
Authors: Pratap V. , Berrettini W. H. , Smith C.
Published: September 2011

Pranayama is a Yogic breathing practice which is known experientially to produce a profound calming effect on the mind. In an experiment designed to determine whether the mental effects of this practice were accompanied by changes in the arterial blood gases, arterial blood was drawn from 10 trained individuals prior to and immediately after Pranayama practice. No significant changes in arterial blood gases were noted after Pranayama. A neural mechanism for the mental effects of this practice is proposed.
Lifted-Weight Difference Thresholds as a Function of Hand
Authors: Siders William A. , Hoffman Harry , Glanville Bradley B.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to determine if the two hands of right-handers are differentially sensitive to changes in perceived weight. Using the method of limits, the left and right hands of 20 college students were tested at each of three reference weights: 90, 100, and 110 gm. Results indicated that, over-all, difference thresholds for the two hands were not reliably different, though a trend did emerge toward greater right-handed sensitivity to weight changes at smaller weights and greater left-handed sensitivity at greater weights.
Visual Processing of Simultaneously Presented Peripheral and Foveal Stimuli
Authors: Dennis Paul M.
Published: September 2011

Results are reported for an experiment in which subjects were required to detect simple stimuli presented tachistoscopically to the periphery and/or fovea. Three modes of stimulus presentation were employed: an SM f mode in which foveal stimuli were presented alone; an SM p mode in which peripheral stimuli were presented alone; and an SIM fp mode in which foveal and peripheral stimuli were presented simultaneously. Stimulus detection was significantly better under SM f and SM p modes of presentation than under an SIM fp mode of presentation. Results are discussed in terms of a limited-capacity attentional model in which selective factors operate in the initial processing of visual stimuli and prior to short-term memory.
Sex Differences in Predictions of Confidence in Marksmanship Performance
Authors: Cartner J. A. , Tierney T. J.
Published: September 2011

Males (about 3,400) and females (about 960) were asked to estimate confidence and abilities in an upcoming training program and in performing the task for which they were to be trained. Based on prior research it was hypothesized that due to the masculine nature of the task and training (Army Rifle Marksmanship) women would have lower confidence estimates than men. Results tend to confirm this hypothesis. Implications are discussed and related to use of previously attained knowledge by both males and females.
Stability/Instability and Change of Expectancy, a Test for Cognitive Determinants of Psychomotor Performance
Authors: McCaughan L. R.
Published: September 2011

Four experimental groups performed a psychomotor task and received non-contingent feedback (success, failure, random and none) during intertrial intervals. Subjects rated attribution and expectancy questionnaires following feedback. Multiple regression analyses indicated that attributions to stable elements best predicted changes in expectancy, and produced a greater magnitude of change.
Performance on a Reciprocal Tapping Task with Variations in Intertapping Interval
Authors: MacLeod Shelton , Martin Wayne L.
Published: September 2011

Fitts' law was investigated in a study of the effect of the index of difficulty (ID) and intertapping interval upon reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) for a reciprocal tapping task. ID showed its well-established relationship with MT as described by Fitts' law: MT = aID + b. Improvement in the linearity of this relationship was, however, demonstrated by expressing MT in logarithmic units. While ID had an unsubstantial (though significant) effect on RT, increases in intertapping interval from zero to any level of discrete tapping led to significant increases in RT of about 135 msec. The results are interpreted as lending support to Fitts' thesis that RT and MT reflect independent phases of information processing.
Motor Development Profiles of Preschool Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: Geddes Dolores
Published: September 2011

11 deaf and hard-of-hearing preschool children generally exhibited normal or at-age profiles of motor development The few delays in certain functional areas were assumed to be due partially to lack of training and play experience rather than to deafness or hearing impairment. Two boys had a variety of motor and physical problems. Also some of the at-age children functioned above-age in a few skill areas. Two of the 4 children who demonstrated specific balance skill deficits had had meningitis at an early age; this supported the rationale that there was a relationship between etiology of meningitis and specific balance difficulties.
Sex-Role Self-Perceptions and Sex-Role Stereotypes
Authors: Bergum Bruce O. , Bergum Judith E.
Published: September 2011

827 undergraduate students, 549 males and 278 females, responded to a set of 18 questions relating to individual self-perceptions. A second group of 35 males and 29 females responded to the questions in terms of population sex-role stereotypes for both sexes. It was hypothesized that the sexes would demonstrate convergence in self-perceptions when compared with their sex-role stereotypes. The results tended to support the hypothesis, with females demonstrating a greater deviation from the traditional sex-role stereotypes than males. The possible relationship to much publicized social movements was noted.
An Exploratory Study of the Draw-a-Person as a Measure of Racial Identity
Authors: Schofield Janet W.
Published: September 2011

The race of the figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person Test is proposed as a measure of acceptance of racial identity. Reliability and validity of this measure were explored in a two-part study. Part 1 confirmed the hypothesis that the race of the figure drawn is related to the race of the child producing the drawing. Comparison of the figures drawn by black ( n = 157) and white ( n = 167) children confirmed three other hypotheses based on the voluminous literature suggesting that black children are less accepting of their racial group membership than whites. These hypotheses were: (a) whites should be more likely to draw figures that are clearly white than blacks are to draw figures that are clearly black, (b) whites should be less likely to draw blacks than blacks are to draw whites, and (c) blacks should be more likely to avoid giving clear indication of the race of the figures they draw than are whites. Inter-rater reliability for the race of the figure drawn was .79. Five weeks after the initial drawing, a subsample of 28 black children drew a second figure and performed a picture choice task designed to assess acceptance of racial identity. The race of the figure drawn showed a test-retest reliability of .53 and correlated significantly with the other measure of racial identity ( r27 = .39).
Correlation between Handedness and Birth Order: Compilation of Five Studies
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Evans Elizabeth A. , Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Bakan has suggested that left-handedness is the result of left hemispheric pyramidal motor dysfunction following perinatal hypoxia. To a degree support for the validity of this hypothesis rests on Bakan's (1971, 1977a) findings that left-handed college students were more likely the progeny of birth orders designated as “high-risk” than right-handed students. Attempts by others to replicate Bakan's data have been unsuccessful. To achieve a more powerful test of this relationship than has been provided by any single study, the data from the five studies which have considered it were pooled and tested. The resulting correlation between birth order and handedness was near zero.
An Empirical Test of Judgments and Explanations in Piagetian-Type Problems of Conservation of Continuous Quantity
Authors: Gallagher Jeanette McCarthy , Reid D. Kim
Published: September 2011

Three Piagetian-type problems were used to determine: (a) the relation between success on the check test of conservation of continuous quantities and an overt manifestation of reversibility, (b) the relation between that overt manifestation and explanation criteria, and (c) grade and task differences. 48 kindergarten, first- and second-grade children were tested. On two of the three problems conservation was related to the performance-based solution. Explanations accounted for considerable variance even after the effects of judgments had been removed. The second-graders performed significantly better across tasks than did the kindergarten children. It was suggested that both judgment and explanation criteria are needed to assess cognitive structures.
Effects of Room Hue on Ratings of Self, Other, and Environment
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Johnson Michael , West John H.
Published: September 2011

51 subjects were exposed to one of three experimental rooms which were decorated using either warm (yellow, orange, red), neutral (white), or cool (blue, green) hues. A 25-item semantic differential and a questionnaire requesting three size estimates, a temperature estimate, and two room and color preference ratings were administered. The semantic differential was used to rate the room, the self, and the experimenter after the subjects had been exposed to one of the rooms. Analyses of variance produced significant room-hue effects for eight of the scales. The neutral room was like the cool room, and both were different from the warm room in terms of smooth, like, and light, whereas, the neutral room was like the warm room and different from the cool room on adequate, pleasant, and good. Most of the expected effects of room hue were not observed. However, across rooms self and experimenter were rated mote favorably than the room on all except those scales which were physical descriptors.
Formal and Acoustic Correspondence in Free Recall and Clustering
Authors: Phelan Michael J. , Seidenstadt Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Using the free recall procedure, 75 female undergraduates were tested for recall and clustering on lists constructed on either an acoustic, formal, or formal-acoustic basis. The formal-acoustic list had significantly more words recalled than the other lists and also was the only list to show clustering beyond chance. Results show the necessity of differentiating between acoustic rhyme and formal-acoustic rhyme.
The Cognitive World Structure Game
Authors: Tivendell John
Published: September 2011

The Cognitive World Structure Game is a social psychological measure of individual differences, originally developed within the framework of an occupational research model. The purpose was to develop a non-diagnostic tool to distinguish among individuals and sets of individuals within various organizations. The game is briefly described and can be distinguished from traditional personality measures by its underlying assumption as well as its methodological components. Although primarily a research tool, an example of its use in a counseling situation is included to illustrate its use in analysis of the multidimensional complexity of personality.
Cognitive Functioning and Socio-Politico Ideology: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sidanius Jim
Published: September 2011

An exploratory investigation of several indices of cognitive functioning within a political domain and their relationship to socio-politico ideology is reported. The term cognitive functioning was sub-divided into three main components, cognitive complexity, cognitive flexibility, and intolerance of ambiguity, and two minor components, cognitive coping and predictive accuracy. The subjects were 46 university students. Correlations and factor analysis showed essentially two general factors of cognitive functioning, neither of which was related to socio-politico ideology. Socio-politico ideology, however, was related to the Budner Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale indicating that the greater one's conservatism, the greater one's intolerance of ambiguity. Socio-politico ideology was defined by the S4 Conservatism Scale recently developed for use within Scandinavian contexts.
Construct Comprehensiveness and Cognitive Complexity
Authors: O'Keefe Barbara J. , Delia Jesse G.
Published: September 2011

Personal construct theory distinguishes between incidental and comprehensive constructs; in the interpersonal domain role-related constructs can be seen as relatively incidental as compared to abstract, dispositional constructs. This paper presents a grid measure of construct comprehensiveness which assesses the degree to which a perceiver employs his constructs incidentally (in a role-restricted manner) or comprehensively (across persons regardless of role category). Since developmentally advanced perceivers characteristically use more abstract (and thus, more comprehensive) constructs, it was hypothesized that comprehensiveness would be positively related to cognitive complexity. Significant positive correlations between comprehensiveness and cognitive complexity (.39, .48, .55) were obtained in three groups of subjects ( ns = 21, 31, 18).
Field Dependence and the Effect of Rem Deprivation on Thirst
Authors: Koulack David , De Koninck Joseph , Oczkowski Gene
Published: September 2011

Recently a number of studies have concerned the possible function of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and the mastery of stress. The present study was designed to explore the possibility that REM sleep might play a function in reducing the potency of a stressful physiological stimulus, thirst, as well as the possibility that such a function might be specific to individuals falling at different points along the field-dependence dimension. While there was no difference between REM deprivation and non-REM awakening nights in subsequent morning thirst, there was a significant interaction between field dependence and night on morning thirst measures for 10 college students. These results are discussed in light of previous work on stylistic differences in dreaming and their possible role in adaptation to stress.
Perceptual versus Mediational Learning in a Total Change Concept-Shift Paradigm
Authors: Harpur John G. E. , Estabrooks Karen A. , Allen Natalie J. , Asaph Catherine A.
Published: September 2011

The experiment investigated the effects of language acquisition by children in Grades 1 to 4 on performance in a concept-shift task in which the relevant stimulus attributes were either the colour of ink in which a word was written or the meaning of the word. Both English stream and French Immersion children served as subjects. The results indicated a developmental sequence from perceptual learning to verbal mediation. This process was demonstrated at an earlier stage in the French Immersion students who formed a more highly selected group, and intellectual or socio-economic explanations for these differences may be feasible. The relative speed of acquisition of intradimensional and extradimensional shifts interacts with the perceptual/mediational process.
Visual Short-Term Memory, Age, and Imaging Ability
Authors: Adamowicz J. K.
Published: September 2011

Visual short-term memory of young and older adults was studied in relation to imaging ability. Both recall and recognition memory tasks were used and additional variables included stimulus complexity and response delay (recognition tasks) and stimulus complexity and visual masking (recall tasks). Young and older participants were matched on visual discrimination, verbal intelligence, and imaging ability. Stimuli consisted of abstract visual patterns. Age-related decrements in recognition and recall were observed but performance was related to imaging ability only with recall tasks and only for older adults. The results were discussed with reference to mediational strategies and locus of occurrence of age-related decrements in short-term memory.