bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of antithrombin concentrate in treatment of hereditary antithrombin deficiency
Authors: Rodgers George
Published: March 2009

Antithrombin (AT) functions as a potent natural anticoagulant and serine protease inhibitor that inactivates many enzymes in the coagulation cascade. Antithrombin also possesses anti-inflammatory properties, many of which are mediated by its actions as an anticoagulant. Hereditary AT deficiency is a rare, underrecognised medical condition that is associated with inadequate endogenous anticoagulation thought to result from impaired inhibition of serine protease coagulation factors. Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, congenital AT deficiency typically reduces functional AT levels to 40–60% of normal. As a result, individuals with hereditary AT deficiency have a ≥50% lifetime risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Specifically, AT deficiency is associated with a three- to seven-fold higher risk of VTE compared with other thrombophilias. Thus, maintaining adequate levels of AT during high-risk periods is an important treatment goal. Long-term anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis is not recommended in asymptomatic patients with AT deficiency because of the increased risk of haemorrhage. However, treatment guidelines recommend short-term thromboprophylaxis in high-risk clinical settings, including surgery, trauma, and management of pregnancy, labour, and delivery. The goal of treatment for patients with hereditary AT deficiency is an initial increase in AT activity to ≥120% of normal levels followed by maintenance of AT activity at ≥80% of normal levels. Plasma-derived AT, heparin, fresh frozen plasma, and human recombinant AT are treatment options for individuals with hereditary AT deficiency. The objective of this review is to discuss hereditary AT deficiency and the role of AT replacement therapy in the treatment of patients with this congenital disorder.
The role of circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells (fibrocytes) in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders
Authors: Keeley Ellen , Mehrad Borna , Strieter Robert
Published: March 2009

Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells that express markers of leukocytes, haematopoietic progenitor cells, and fibroblasts. They play a pivotal role in tissue remodelling and fibrosis in both physiologic and pathologic settings. Fibrocytes are unique in that they are capable of differentiating into fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, as well as adipocytes. In this review we will present data supporting the critical role they play in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory fibrotic diseases of the lungs, heart and vasculature.
In-hospital symptomatic venous thromboembolism and antithrombotic prophylaxis in Internal Medicine
Authors: Campanini Mauro , Silingardi Mauro , Scannapieco Gianluigi , Mazzone Antonino , Magni Giovanna , Valerio Antonella , Iori Ido , Ageno Walter , Gussoni Gualberto ,   the GEMINI Study Group
Published: March 2009

Hospitalised medical patients are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but the incidence of hospitalisation-related VTE in unselected medical inpatients has not been extensively studied, and uncertainties remain about the optimal use of thromboprophylaxis in this setting. Aims of our prospective, observational study were to assess the prevalence of VTE and the incidence of symptomatic, hospitalisation-related events in a cohort of consecutive patients admitted to 27 Internal Medicine Departments, and to evaluate clinical factors associated with the use of thromboprophylaxis. Between March and September 2006, a total of 4,846 patients were included in the study. Symptomatic VTE with onset of symptoms later than 48 hours after admission (”hospital-acquired” events, primary study end-point) occurred in 26 patients (0.55٪), while the overall prevalence of VTE (including diagnosis prior to or at admission) was 3.65٪. During hospital stay antithrombotic prophylaxis was administered in 41.6٪ of patients, and in 58.7% of those for whom prophylaxis was recommended according to the 2004 Guidelines of the American College of Chest Physicians. The choice of administering thromboprophylaxis or not appeared qualitatively adherent to indications from randomised clinical trials and international guidelines, and bed rest was the strongest determinant of the use of prophylaxis. Data from our real-world study confirm that VTE is a relevant complication in patients admitted to Internal Medicine Departments, and recommended tromboprophylaxis is still under-used, in particular in some patients groups. Further efforts are needed to better define risk profile and to optimise prophylaxis in the heterogeneous setting of medical inpatients.
Serine proteases, inhibitors and receptors in renal fibrosis
Authors: Eddy Allison
Published: March 2009

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect one in eight adults. Their kidney function progressively deteriorates as inflammatory and fibrotic processes damage nephrons. New therapies to prevent renal functional decline must build on basic research studies that identify critical cellular and molecular mediators. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a potent fibrosis-promoting glycoprotein, is one promising candidate. Absent from normal kidneys, PAI-1 is frequently expressed in injured kidneys. Studies in genetically engineered mice have demonstrated its potency as a pro-fibrotic molecule. Somewhat surprising, its ability to inhibit serine protease activity does not appear to be its primary pro-fibrotic effect in CKD. Both tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen deficiency significantly reduced renal fibrosis severity after ureteral obstruction, while genetic urokinase (uPA) deficiency had no effect. PAI-1 expression is associated with enhanced recruitment of key cellular effectors of renal fibrosis – interstitial macrophages and myofibroblasts. The ability of PAI-1 to promote cell migration involves interactions with the low-density lipoprotein receptor-associate protein-1 and also complex interactions with uPA bound to its receptor (uPAR) and several leukocyte and matrix integrins that associate with uPAR as co-receptors. uPAR is expressed by several cell types in damaged kidneys, and studies in uPAR-deficient mice have shown that its serves a protective role. uPAR mediates additional anti-fibrotic effects – it interacts with specific co-receptors to degrade PAI-1 and extracellular collagens, and soluble uPAR has leukocyte chemoattractant properties. Molecular pathways activated by serine proteases and their inhibitor, PAI-1, are promising targets for future anti-fibrotic therapeutic agents.
An Inferred Climatology of Icing Conditions Aloft, Including Supercooled Large Drops. Part II: Europe, Asia, and the Globe
Authors: Bernstein Ben C. , Le Bot Christine
Published: March 2009

Because of a lack of regular, direct measurements, limited information is available about the frequency and the spatial and temporal distribution of icing conditions aloft, including supercooled large drops (SLD). Research aircraft provide in situ observations of these conditions, but the sample set is small and can be biased. Surface observations of freezing fog and freezing precipitation provide additional insight, but cannot be used alone to assess the presence of icing aloft. Climatologies based solely on such observations can underestimate their presence in areas where subfreezing temperatures are uncommon. Other techniques can be used in an effort to reduce some of these biases and limitations. Expanding upon results for North America reported in Part I, the frequencies of icing and SLD over Europe and Asia are inferred here using 1) surface weather observations in conjunction with vertical profiles of temperature and moisture and 2) model reanalyses of temperature and moisture. Icing maxima and minima are found to migrate seasonally, both geographically and in the vertical, and to vary in their intensity. They are linked to the location of common storm tracks and other forcing, such as that associated with sloped terrain. After establishing reasonable consistency between the methods over data rich regions, the model analyses are used to examine icing frequencies over the remainder of the globe.
Aerosol Remote Sensing over Clouds Using A-Train Observations
Authors: Waquet F. , Riedi J. , Labonnote L. C. , Goloub P. , Cairns B. , Deuzé J-L. , Tanré D.
Published: March 2009

The detection of aerosol above clouds is critical for the estimate of both the aerosol and cloud radiative impacts. In this study, the authors present a new method to retrieve the aerosol properties over clouds that uses the multiangle polarization measurements of the Polarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances (POLDER)–Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences Coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) instrument. The method is illustrated and applied to a case study exploiting the coincident observations from other passive and active sensors of the NASA A-Train satellite constellation. The case study is relative to an elevated biomass burning aerosol layer that originates from southern Africa and is then transported over low-level clouds extending over the Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that the comparison between the cloud-top heights retrieved with the different passive techniques developed for the A-Train sensors can be used to detect the presence of aerosols above clouds. The analysis of the PARASOL observations showed that the aerosols significantly affect the polarized light reflected by the clouds over the 80°–120° scattering angle range and in the rainbow region. A single scattering model permitted the reproduction of the polarization observations and the retrieval of an estimate of the aerosol layer optical thickness of 0.225 at 0.865 μm. The retrieved aerosol optical thicknesses over clouds agree quantitatively with the closest ones retrieved over clear-sky ocean (±0.04 as a maximum departure), demonstrating the value of the method. This innovative technique based solely on passive measurements is expected to provide a better understanding of aerosol properties in regions where significant cloud cover usually prevents the retrieval of aerosol optical thickness. As such, this new retrieval method can provide significant and valuable information about the radiative impact of clouds and aerosols, especially where they can potentially interact strongly with each other.
Stochastic Subgrid Parameterizations for Simulations of Atmospheric Baroclinic Flows
Authors: Zidikheri Meelis J. , Frederiksen Jorgen S.
Published: March 2009

A stochastic subgrid modeling method is used to parameterize horizontal and vertical subgrid-scale transfers in large-eddy simulations (LESs) of baroclinic flows with large-scale jets and energy spectra typical of the atmosphere. The approach represents the subgrid-scale eddies for LES (at resolutions of T63 and T31) by a stochastic model that takes into account the memory effects of turbulent eddies. The statistics of the model are determined from a higher-resolution (T126) direct numerical simulation (DNS). The simulations use a quasigeostrophic two-level model and the subgrid terms are inhomogeneous in the vertical and anisotropic in the horizontal and are represented by 2 × 2 matrices at each wavenumber. The parameterizations have the largest magnitudes at a cusp near the largest total wavenumbers of the truncations. At T63 the off-diagonal elements of the matrices are negligible (corresponding to effectively decoupled levels) and the diagonal elements are almost isotropic. At the lower resolution of T31 the off-diagonal elements are more important and even the diagonal elements are more anisotropic. At both resolutions, and for anisotropic or isotropized subgrid terms, LESs are in excellent agreement with higher-resolution DNS.
On the Role of Radiative Processes in Stratosphere–Troposphere Coupling
Authors: Grise Kevin M. , Thompson David W. J. , Forster Piers M.
Published: March 2009

Climate change in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) polar stratosphere is associated with substantial changes in the atmospheric circulation that extend to the earth’s surface. The mechanisms that drive the changes in the SH troposphere are not fully understood, but most previous hypotheses have focused on the role of atmospheric dynamics rather than that of radiation.

This study quantifies the radiative response of temperatures in the SH polar troposphere to the forcing from long-term temperature and ozone trends in the SH polar stratosphere. A novel methodology is employed that explicitly neglects changes in tropospheric dynamics and hence isolates the component of the tropospheric temperature response that is radiatively driven by the overlying stratospheric trends. The results reveal that both the amplitude and seasonality of the observed cooling of the middle and upper SH polar troposphere over the past few decades are consistent with a reduction in downwelling longwave radiation induced by cooling in the SH polar stratosphere. The results are compared with analogous calculations for trends in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar stratosphere. Both the observations and radiative calculations imply that the comparatively weak trends in the NH polar stratosphere have not played a central role in driving NH tropospheric climate change.

Overall, the results suggest that radiative processes play a key role in coupling the large trends in SH polar stratospheric temperatures to tropospheric levels. The tropospheric radiative temperature response documented here could be important for triggering the changes in internal tropospheric dynamics associated with stratosphere–troposphere coupling.
Estimating the Influence of Evaporation and Moisture-Flux Convergence upon Seasonal Precipitation Rates. Part II: An Analysis for North America Based upon the NCEP–DOE Reanalysis II Model
Authors: Anderson Bruce T. , Ruane Alex C. , Roads John O. , Kanamitsu Masao
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a diagnostic metric—termed the local-convergence ratio—is used to analyze the contribution of evaporation and atmospheric moisture-flux convergence to model-based estimates of climatological precipitation over the North American continent. Generally, the fractional evaporative contribution is largest during spring and summer when evaporation is largest and decreases as evaporation decreases. However, there appears to be at least three regions with distinct spatiotemporal seasonal evolutions of this ratio. Over both the northern and western portions of the continent, the fractional evaporative contribution peaks in spring and early summer and decreases during fall and into winter. Over the northern portion, this fall decrease is related to an increase in atmospheric moisture-flux convergence associated with enhanced meridional moisture fluxes into the region; over the western coastal regions, the fall decrease in evaporative contribution is associated with a decrease in evaporation and an increase in total moisture-flux convergence, most likely associated with increased storm activity. In contrast, over the central portions of the continent, the fractional evaporative contribution to precipitation remains relatively low in spring—when enhanced low-level jet activity increases the low-level atmospheric moisture flux convergence into the region—and instead peaks in summer and fall—when the moisture-flux convergence associated with the low-level jet decreases and precipitation is balanced predominantly by local evaporation. Finally, over the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, the fractional evaporative contribution to precipitation is found to contain a wintertime minimum as well as a secondary minimum during summer. This latter feature is due to a substantial increase in low-level atmospheric moisture-flux convergence associated with the large-scale monsoon circulation that influences this region during this time.
Follow-Up with Students After 6 Years of Participation in Project EXCITE
Authors: Lee Seon-Young , Olszewski-Kubilius Paula , Peternel George
Published: March 2009

Project EXCITE is a program for minority students that supplements the regular school offerings with an emphasis on enhancing students' interest and performance in math and science. This study examines the experience and perceptions of 14 student participants in the program and their parents. In student and parent interviews, Project EXCITE was deemed fun and challenging and as enabling the students to enrich and improve academic performance. A desire for placement in advanced academic settings and better preparation for schoolwork in high school motivated the students to persist in the program for 6 years. The perceptions of expanded social networks with high ability minority peers, enhanced social support for high achievement, and confidence to successfully compete academically with peers were other positive outcomes. Negative peer pressure was not identified as a concern, but balancing academic work and social interaction with peers outside the program was a major concern for students.

Putting the Research to Use: There is a growing demand for programs and initiatives to achieve the goal of reducing or eliminating the achievement differences between high-potential White or Asian students and high- potential African-American or Hispanic students. Designing effective programs requires attention to and understanding of not only the cognitive variables involved, but also the affective variables. Studying the feelings and perceptions of Project EXCITE students who invested over 400 hours of their time over a six-year period by attending out-of-school classes and studying the feelings and perceptions of their parents offer a new look at some key affective variables that impact the achievement gap. Variables such as a student's sense of belonging, self-confidence, and social network, as well as parental aspirations, must be considered in the design of any program that intends to close the achievement gap.
Core Social Values in Contemporary Societies
Authors: Wei Pan
Published: March 2009

This essay intends to build an analytical tool for understanding social values. It proceeds by defining the term ‘social value’, differentiating ‘core’ and ‘non-core’ social values and discussing their respective functions in society. Then, it extracts from social values a seven-tier system of core social values, built on seven basic social relationships: self–other, man–nature, individual–community, community–society, people–government, people–(state) nation, and (state) nation–world system. The corresponding views of right and wrong on these types of relationships are ‘core values’ and concern perceptions of morality, nature, groups, society, politics, nation, and the world. The very core of the construct is the universal morality of human beings, and the outermost tier is the perception of world affairs. In a further section, the functional connection between the tiers is explored, to show how a core value system collapses. Lastly, the author presents a rudimentary idea of how a core social value system might be built or rebuilt.
Under the Same Sky: A New World-view from China
Authors: Sisci Francesco
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the geo-political implications of neo-universalist tendencies in current Chinese political philosophy. It is stated how Chinese philosophy can contribute to overcome a ‘clash’ theory of intercultural relations. The author underlines that the growing economic and political role of China in this century forces China to develop a real global world-view tradition, and discusses Zhao Tingyang's philosophy of Tian-xia as a paradigmatic example of such new universalism.
The Feminist Concept of Self and Modernity
Authors: Wei Xiao
Published: March 2009

The relationship between community and individual is the key issue in contemporary political philosophy and ethics. The concept of self seems very important for individualism, communitarianism and feminism when they respond to relationships, particularly when we have to situate selfhood in the conditions of modernity. Consequently, this paper can be divided into seven parts. First it introduces the debate about the concept of the self between individualism and communitarianism. Second, it discusses the feminist critique of this issue and analyses the feminist concept of self, and then addresses modernity as the condition of women. Next it attempts to analyze how women situate themselves in the conditions of modernity. Then it discusses how Chinese women are reshaping their selfhood under the conditions of modernity, and finally draws some brief conclusions claiming that neither communitarian nor individualist self is adequate in contemporary society. Chinese women, it is argued, are expected to reshape their own selfhood resting on the positive side of Confucian ethics and a feminist concept of self.
Thermoelastic Analysis of an Annular Sandwich Disk with Metal/Ceramic Faces and Functionally Graded Core
Authors: Zenkour Ashraf M.
Published: March 2009

Thermoelastic analysis of a functionally graded annular sandwich disk subjected to nonuniform steady-state thermal load is carried out in this paper. The inner and outer faces of the present disk are made from metal and ceramic materials, respectively. While the core is made from a metal-ceramic functionally graded material. Thermal and mechanical properties of the functionally graded material are assumed to be temperature independent and continuously vary in the radial direction of the disk. The variation of Young's modulus, thermal expansion and conductivity coefficients are represented by a novel exponential law distribution through the radial direction of the disk, but Poission's ratio is kept constant. The governing differential equations are exactly satisfied at every point of the disk. Closed form solutions for the temperature and stress fields are derived in terms of an exponential integral and Whittaker's functions. Some results for stress, strain, and displacement components are presented due to the thermal bending. The distribution of these results during the radial direction of the disk are graphically presented and remarking conclusion is made.
Effect of Laboratory Aging on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood-Polymer Composites
Authors: Bajwa Sreekala G. , Bajwa Dilpreet S. , Anthony Alexander S.
Published: March 2009

The long-term performance of wood-polymer composites (WPC) under severe weather conditions is not well known. This study evaluates the changes in physical and mechanical properties of three commercially available WPC and treated southern yellow pine (SYP) under a modified 6-cycle accelerated aging process. The accelerated aging causes warping, splitting, discoloration, and significant changes in physical and mechanical properties of SYP. The compressive and flexural strength of the WPCs show negligible changes whereas stiffness, hardness, and screw withdrawal force show considerable deterioration and some recovery during accelerated aging. The composition and manufacturing process influence the performance of WPC under accelerated aging.
Sustainability and improvement: a problem `of' education and `for' education
Authors: Clarke Paul
Published: March 2009

In this short discussion article I develop some earlier writing on the theme of education, improvement and sustainability (see references). It builds upon my primary criticism of the school improvement movement that it is accustomed to thinking of education as good in and of itself. As David Orr suggests candidly in his essay in the early 1990s, `It is not education that will save us, but education of a certain kind (Orr, 1994/2004). My assertion is that the type of education that is being advanced through the school improvement movement is simply not the kind that we need to tackle some of the most pressing challenges we now face in the form of environmental change and the looming post-oil economy (Stern Review, 2006).
Schools in trouble again: a critique of the National Challenge (2008)
Authors: Riddell Richard
Published: March 2009

The National Challenge, whereby all secondary schools had to attain 5 A*—Cs by 2011, was launched in June 2008. In this article, Richard Riddell outlines the main provisions of the National Challenge, which he characterizes as shallow, mechanistic and playing an old `performativity' tune. Although the new benchmark will be achieved by many more schools, this will often be at the expense of the more fundamental, longer term changes necessary for social justice, particularly in urban or socially disadvantaged communities. And schools not likely to achieve the benchmark will be forced to take on a new organizational form which, unless the schools' intakes are changed, will still have to address the same issues.
Landscapes of the body: Burials of the Middle Bronze Age in Hungary
Authors: Sørensen Marie Louise Stig , Rebay-Salisbury Katharina
Published: March 2009

Middle Bronze Age Hungary provides an opportunity to investigate prehistoric ‘landscapes of the body’, as perceptions and attitudes to the body affect burial practices and other body practices, including the wearing of dress and the use of pottery. This article explores the cultural diversity expressed by the roughly contemporary and neighbouring groups of the Encrusted Ware, Vatya, and Füzesabony Cultures. Amongst others, differences between the three groups are articulated through their burials (scattered cremations, urn burials as well as crouched inhumations) and the diverse use of material culture. At the same time, despite formal differences in the burials, the analysis shows that cremations and inhumations in this area share a number of characteristics, and it is the other practices through which the dead body is manipulated that are the primary means of expressing regional differences. Simultaneously, whilst being a means of formulating understandings of the deceased body, burial practices are also tied into subtle differences in lifestyles, daily routines and regional subsistence strategies, as the landscapes of the living provide metaphors, know-how and practical understanding.
New knowledge versus consensus – a critical note on their relationship based on the debate concerning the use of barrel-vaults in Macedonian tombs
Authors: Chilidis Konstantinos
Published: March 2009

The association of Tomb II at Vergina, Greece, with Philip II initiated a debate concerning the use of barrel-vaults in Macedonian tombs. The accepted theory at the time held that, since no Macedonian tomb was dated prior to the last quarter of the 4th century BC, Macedonians copied the barrel-vault from the Persians after the military campaign of Alexander the Great in Asia, and therefore Tomb II should be dated to a later period. After an intense dispute, fresh archaeological evidence proved that this theory was false. This article examines the ways we structure knowledge in archaeology from hypothesis to theory that can develop to consensus, and how later consensus exercises a conservative influence on the production of new knowledge. New evidence that contradicts consensual theories is approached with stronger hostility and is confronted with higher demands of confirmation. I suggest that the same amount of scrutiny should be applied to the established theories, which are not unchangeable representations of reality, but conventionally shared property of archaeologists.
Why sociocultural anthropology needs John Dewey's evolutionary model of experience
Authors: Brereton Derek P.
Published: March 2009

This article identifies shortcomings in contemporary sociocultural anthropological theory, and proposes that John Dewey's evolutionary model of experience can begin to rectify them. Dewey's work foreshadowed many aspects of current critical realism, an alternative to both positivism and relativism/culturism, as laid out by philosopher Roy Bhaskar and utilized by social scientists such as Margaret Archer and Berth Danermark. Recent attention to experience in anthropology has largely overlooked Dewey's great contribution, the keystone of which is his grounding of experience in the nature of humanness as evolved in nature. I augment Dewey's model by explicating 12 trans-cultural features of experience.
The political dimensions of coexistence
Authors: Gagné Natacha
Published: March 2009

This article was written partly in response to the denunciation by social scientists, in recent years, of the essentialism of indigenous elites. It looks at the multiple and dialogically interconnected factors that have contributed to the present-day essentialist tendencies among indigenous peoples and particularly among indigenous leaders, taking the Maaori of New Zealand as a case study. The article shows that the `problems' as well as the solutions relating to coexistence between Maaori and non-Maaori in New Zealand are mainly political, a fact that is often underestimated or minimized by social scientists and which seems relevant in rethinking many other cases of coexistence within nation-states around the world. The discussion is in part based on an article by Elizabeth Rata titled `Rethinking Biculturalism' (2005), in which she examines the shifting meanings of biculturalism in New Zealand that have implied an ethnicization and essentialization of Maaori identity and politics.
Data-Based Interval Throwing Programs for Baseball Players
Authors: Axe Michael , Hurd Wendy , Snyder-Mackler Lynn
Published: March 2009

Context:

Baseball throwing injuries are common. Emphasis on injury prevention and rehabilitation is made in an attempt to keep athletes on the field of competition. Interval throwing programs are an integral part of training, conditioning, and returning an injured baseball player to the game.

Evidence Acquisition:

Development of data-driven programs was based on the number, type, distance, and intensity of throws during games, across the spectrum of ages and positions for baseball athletes at all levels of play. Statistical analysis by age, position, and level of play determined the need for separate throwing programs. Means, the high range, game rules, and practical considerations were used to develop each data-based interval throwing program.

Results:

Data-based age and level-of-play interval throwing programs for pitchers, catchers, infielders, and outfielders have been developed, tested, and implemented for more than 10 years. Progression is based on type and location of injury, symptoms in response to throwing, and preinjury performance profile. Although the throwing programs are highly structured, there is ample opportunity to modify them to meet the needs of individual athletes.

Conclusion:

Data-based interval throwing programs for baseball athletes are an integral training and conditioning element for both injured and uninjured athletes who are preparing for sports participation. Medical team members should equip themselves with an understanding of how to use the programs for safe training, conditioning, and return to play.
The different effects of asymmetric rolling and surface friction on formation of shear texture in aluminium alloy AA5754
Authors: Jin H. , Lloyd D. J.
Published: March 2009

Conventional rolling and asymmetric rolling (ASR) processes were applied to aluminium alloy AA5754 with different roll metal frictional conditions. The rolling textures were determined by X-ray diffraction technique and the formation of shear texture was studied. It has been demonstrated that the ASR and friction have different effects on the generation of shear texture. The ASR forces the deformation texture to rotate about the transverse direction from the fcc plane strain compression texture, while a high friction generates a so called ideal fcc shear texture consisting of the {001}〈110〉 and {111}〈uvw〉 components. The effect of ASR penetrates throughout the sheet thickness, but that of friction exists only from the sheet surface to one-quarter thickness.
Austempering study of unalloyed and alloyed ductile irons
Authors: Sidjanin L. , Rajnovic D. , Eric O. , Smallman R. E.
Published: March 2009

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) proved to be an advanced material as it possesses remarkable combination of high strength, ductility and toughness with good wear resistance and machinability. These properties can be achieved upon adequate heat treatment which yields optimum microstructure for a given chemical composition. In the present paper, an investigation has been conducted on unalloyed ADI and alloyed with 0·47%Cu and 1·6%Cu + 1·5%Ni, austempered at 350°C for the time up to the 6 h. The microstructure and fracture mode developed throughout these treatments have been studied by means of light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction. It was shown that the strength, elongation and impact energy strongly depend on amount of ausferritic ferrite and stable, high carbon enriched retained, reacted austenite. Based on the results, optimal processing windows for alloyed ductile irons used, have been established. In addition, for alloyed ADIs with maximum amount of reacted, retained austenite, transition temperature was also obtained.
Unique Molecular Arrangement in Semiconducting Layer and FET Characteristics of Thin Film Transistors Based on 2,6-Dialkylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diselenophenes (Cn-BDSs)
Authors: Shinamura Shoji , Kashiki Tomoya , Izawa Takafumi , Miyazaki Eigo , Takimiya Kazuo
Published: March 2009

2,6-Dialkylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diselenophenes developed as soluble organic semiconductors gave a unique molecular arrangement in bulk single crystals, where π-stacking dimeric pairs and monomeric molecules are arranged in a similar manner to herringbone packing. Such unique structure was preserved in thin films on Si/SiO2 substrate, and the thin films fabricated by solution- or vapor-deposition acted as an active channel of field-effect transistors with mobility up to 8.4×10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 for solution- and 2.3×10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1 for vapor-processed devices, respectively.
Periodic DFT Calculation of the Energy of Ammonia Adsorption on Zeolite Brønsted Acid Sites to Support the Ammonia IRMS–TPD Experiment
Authors: Suzuki Katsuki , Sastre German , Katada Naonobu , Niwa Miki
Published: March 2009

Periodic DFT calculation supports quantitatively the energy of ammonia adsorption on zeolite Brønsted acid sites, which was measured by ammonia IRMS–TPD experiment as an index of the acid strength.
Sun-Climate Linkage Now Confirmed
Authors: Mazzarella Adriano
Published: March 2009

We are experiencing a period of intense anthropocentrism: humans flatter themselves they can govern the thermal machine of the ocean-atmosphere system and build models of atmospheric circulation (that solve hundreds of non-linear equations for each box of a three-dimensional grid covering the globe) to demonstrate that Earth's recent warming is attributable to anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, the results of such a reductionist approach are questionable, since the atmosphere and oceans form a complex interactive system that cannot be recreated in a laboratory experiment, and where the many physical and chemical processes are regulated by dynamic and thermodynamic parameters, interconnected in a non-linear way, and there are various positive and negative feedback processes. Only a holistic approach that analyses the system in its entirety, and drastically reduces the number of degree of freedom, can provide information on the way in which the global environmental system operates. When the Sun, atmospheric circulation, Earth's rotation, and sea temperature have been investigated as a single unit, the linkage between the Sun and climate is confirmed (Mazzarella, 2007, 2008); application of this integrated model provides a forecast estimate for a gradual cooling of the Earth's atmosphere in this decade.
Earth's Heat Source - The Sun
Authors: Manuel Oliver K.
Published: March 2009

The Sun encompasses planet Earth, supplies the heat that warms it, and even shakes it. The United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assumed that solar influence on Earth's climate is limited to changes in solar irradiance and adopted the consensus opinion of a hydrogen-filled Sun – the Standard Solar Model (SSM). They did not consider the alternative solar model and instead adopted another consensus opinion: Anthropogenic greenhouse gases play a dominant role in climate change. The SSM fails to explain the solar wind, solar cycles, and the empirical link of solar surface activity with Earth's changing climate. The alternative solar model-molded from an embarrassingly large number of unexpected observations that space-age measurements revealed since 1959-explains not only these puzzles but also how closely linked interactions between the Sun and its planets and other celestial bodies induce turbulent cycles of secondary solar characteristics that significantly affect Earth's climate.
Solar Cycle 24: Expectations and Implications
Authors: Archibald David C.
Published: March 2009

Archibald (2006) predicted that climate during the forthcoming Solar Cycles 24 and 25 would be significantly cold. As at late 2008, the progression of the current 23/24 solar minimum indicates that a severe cool period is now inevitable, similar to that of the Dalton Minimum. A decline in average annual temperature of 2.2° C is here predicted for the mid-latitude regions over Solar Cycle 24. The result will be an equator-ward shift in continental climatic conditions in the mid-latitudes of the order of 300 km, with consequent severe effects on world agricultural productivity.
Climate Policy : Quo Vadis?
Authors: Labohm Hans
Published: March 2009

Climate change has become a major issue of our time. While Earth history clearly demonstrates that there has always been climate change, the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) keeps reminding us that the current climate change, i.e. the measured recent warming of the Earth, is something exceptional and alarming and is mainly caused by mankind. Jumping on IPCC's bandwagon, politics, media and climate gurus, such as Al Gore, George Monbiot and David Suzuki, reinforce and grossly exaggerate IPCC's message with their warnings of an imminent climate disaster, which can only be prevented if we fundamentally alter our societal order and lifestyles. And even from within the climate science community voices can now be heard that consider IPCC warnings too modest, which is e.g. the position of Stefan Rahmstorf and Hans Joachim Schellnhuber.
The Australian Temperature Anomaly, 1910 - 2000
Authors: Quirk Tom
Published: March 2009

Australian temperatures for the twentieth century show a three stage progression with moderate temperature increases before and after a significant temperature step in the period 1976 to 1979. This may be associated with the Great Pacific Climate Shift and shows complications beyond the reach of climate models.
Lysenkoism and Global Warming
Authors: Ollier Cliff
Published: March 2009

A classic instance of the baleful effect of political interference in science is provided by the Lysenko Affair. There are, unfortunately, close parallels between that example and the modern politics of Global Warming. Significantly, Trofim Lysenko introduced his ideas first through politics. Some think his ideas had Marxist backing because biology could be then modified in the way that Soviet communists wanted – in order to control people's behaviour. Furthermore, Lysenko demonised conventional genetics, which again suited his masters - who believed this to be the basis behind Fascist eugenics.
Climate Change and the Earth's Magnetic Poles, a Possible Connection
Authors: Kerton Adrian K.
Published: March 2009

Many natural mechanisms have been proposed for climate change during the past millennia, however, none of these appears to have accounted for the change in global temperature seen over the second half of the last century. As such the rise in temperature has been attributed to man made mechanisms. Analysis of the movement of the Earth's magnetic poles over the last 105 years demonstrates strong correlations between the position of the north magnetic, and geomagnetic poles, and both northern hemisphere and global temperatures. Although these correlations are surprising, a statistical analysis shows there is a less than one percent chance they are random, but it is not clear how movements of the poles affect climate. Links between changes in the Earth's magnetic field and climate change, have been proposed previously although the exact mechanism is disputed. These include: The Earth's magnetic field affects the energy transfer rates from the solar wind to the Earth's atmosphere which in turn affects the North Atlantic Oscillation. Movement of the poles changes the geographic distribution of galactic and solar cosmic rays, moving them to particularly climate sensitive areas. Changes in distribution of ultraviolet rays resulting from the movement of the magnetic field, may result in increases in the death rates of carbon sinking oceanic plant life such as phytoplankton.
Frequent Expression of CD99 in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Buxton Daniel , Bacchi Carlos E. , Gualco Gabriela , Weiss Lawrence M. , Zuppan Craig W. , Rowsell Edward H. , Huang Qin , Wang Jun
Published: March 2009

Originally described as a diagnostically useful marker for Ewing sarcoma, CD99 immunoreactivity has also been documented in a variety of other tumors, including hematopoietic neoplasms. By using conventional paraffin immunoperoxidase staining and tissue microarrays, we retrospectively investigated CD99 expression in a series of 160 anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cases. Of the 160 cases, 103 (64.4%) were positive for CD99. The distribution of CD99 positivity was similar for nodal (66/103 [64.1%]), extranodal, (21/32 [66%]), and primary cutaneous lesions (16/25 [64%]). CD99 expression was present in 96 (64.4%) of 149 of the common type, 4 (80%) of 5 of the small cell variant, and 3 (50%) of 6 of the lymphohistiocytic variant cases. CD99 expression was slightly more frequent in anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ cases compared with ALK– cases (43/54 [80%] vs 44/81 [54%]). With 2 exceptions, ALK+ ALCL was seen only in patients younger than 41 years. We conclude that CD99 is frequently expressed in ALCL, with a slightly increased frequency in the younger age ALK+ cases. Nodal and extranodal ALCL should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a CD99+ neoplasm is encountered.
Chiral π-conjugated organoboron polymers
Authors: Matsumoto Fukashi , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: March 2009

A novel π-conjugated organoboron polymer with a chiral side chain was prepared by way of hydroboration polymerization between an optically active diyne monomer and triisopropylphenylborane. The achiral analog of this organoboron polymer was also prepared as reference material. Optical properties and optical activity were investigated by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Concentration dependence and the influence of solvent effects upon chiroptical activity are described.
Experimental Technique for Heat Transfer Measurements on Fast Moving Sprayed Surfaces
Authors: Pohanka M. , Bellerova H. , Raudensky M.
Published: March 2009

An experimental technique for the measurements of heat transfer distribution at spray cooled surfaces is described. The measurements were done at moving surfaces up to a velocity of 12 m/s. The samples of different cross sections (flat, profile, rail, etc.) can move linearly. Different approaches are used for the measurements of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) distribution or heat flux distribution at rotating cylindrical body. An inverse task for the computation of surface temperature, HTC, and heat flux distribution obtained from the measurements conducted for internal transient temperature is described. The paper describes necessary demands on experiment configuration and temperature measurements when studying highly transient processes (fast moving objects under spraying nozzles or high circumferential velocities of rotating surface). The results of HTC distribution for spray cooling are shown and are compared to water impingement density. Influence of water impingement density, water pressure, spray configuration, and surface velocity is studied. Examples for water nozzles and for mist nozzles (water-air) are given. Emulsions and oils are beneficial for some industrial applications of spray cooling. The cooling experiments performed with these liquids provide information about decrease of cooling intensity even for a low concentration of the oils in water. The results comparing the cooling properties of these liquids and their comparison to water are presented.
Testing for Wind Forces on Mobile Homes
Authors: Harris RB
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on a series of wind tunnel tests conducted in 1961 at The University of Michigan using models of mobile homes. The objective of the research was to develop an understanding of the magnitude of wind forces on mobile homes and to make recommendations for securing these units against high winds. The paper reviews these tests and recommendations and suggests further full-scale evaluations which could lead to increased economy in anchoring mobile home units, increased reliability of the anchoring system, and greater safety assurance.

The research resulted in sets of manometer readings which were reduced by computer to obtain characteristic lift and drag coefficients caused by winds acting on the unit from eight directions. Anchorage requirements were computed and a recommended wind velocity-anchorage curve was developed. Nomographs were prepared relating anchorage requirements and soil conditions.

Subsequent analysis of the data in 1975 showed that the 1961 results may be applied to current mobile home units without serious error.

The paper concludes with a discussion of major considerations for a full-scale testing program to verify the results and recommendations from the wind tunnel tests.
Practical Experiences of the Handling and Disposal of Water-in-Oil Emulsions
Authors: Holmes PD
Published: March 2009

The problems associated with the disposal of oils recovered from accidental spillage are rarely appreciated fully until they are encountered in realistic practical situations. This paper draws on the world-wide experiences of teams handling the problems in the field and utilizes several spill incidents to illustrate the range of problems and some of their solutions.

The physical changes leading to handling problems are defined and consideration is given to the mechanism, the variability of the problem, and the fundamental factors (temperature, crude source, energy input, etc.) which lead to difficult handling situations, for example, the pumpability of water-in-oil emulsions. The resulting loss of equipment efficiency often requires a compromise to be made and a decision commensurate with existing circumstances.

Examination of schemes for handling, treating, and recovery of emulsified oils in an oil refinery complex leads to the conclusion that there are no universal standardized procedures, and the treatment of such materials requires a unique solution for their satisfactory disposal at each location.