bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Carbon Emission Constraint on Container Quay Crane Allocation
Authors: Wang Wen Yuan , Peng Yun , Tang Guo Lei , Song Xiang Qun
Published: September 2013

As one of the important handling equipments in container terminal, the quayside container crane is a major energy consumer. Therefore, the optimization allocation of crane is studied in the paper considering the carbon emission. First, based on the classic method from the economical aspect, an optimization model is established with the goal of minimizing the total loss of vessel waiting for berth and idle berth. Second, a constraint condition for carbon emission of handling unit container by quayside crane is added. Finally, this paper analyses the influence of carbon emission constraint on quay crane allocation. The results show that the allocation optimization model will influence the original plan after considering the carbon emission constraint, and the goal of decreasing carbon emission can be achieved by rearranging quayside crane with the optimization model.
An Empirical Research on the Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Carbon Dioxide Emission Intensity of China
Authors: Ren Xiao Yan , Yang Shui Li
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the method of carbon emissions coefficient is used to have measured the total amount of CO2 emissions and to have calculated the CO2 emissions intensity of China from 1995-2010. The relationship between FDI and CO2 emissions intensity of China is also analyzed in the paper by means of cointegration test, error correction model and granger causality test. The results indicate that there is a long-term relationship between FDI and CO2 emissions intensity of China. Furthermore, the growth of FDI makes effect on CO2 emissions intensity of China, but CO2 emissions intensity of China doesnt make effect on the growth of FDI conversely.
Discussion of Marine Ecological Compensation Development in China
Authors: Cao Hong Jun , Gong Xiao Wei
Published: September 2013

The 21stcentury is the century of ocean. The ocean as terminal receptor is bearing grim pollution with the new round development of marine economy. As a late-mode of environmental management, Marine ecological compensation (MEC) is gradually drawing attention all over the world, and theoretical research and practice exploration are actively carrying out. This paper briefly discusses the development of MEC at home and abroad, and analyzes the current situation and the existing problem of MEC. Meanwhile, this paper presents a feasible way to improve our country's MEC system through the financial, tax, government management, law and market.
Analysis of “Low-Carbon Tourism" Development Problem Based on the Environmental Protection
Authors: Liu Hong , Gu Ming Chong
Published: September 2013

With the advancement of human ecology civilization construction process, low-carbon economies is increasingly influence and guide the human production and way of life. Since the carbon tourism been put forward at the end of 2009, it received widespread attention at home and abroad. As a new type of environmentally friendly travel mean, low-carbon tourism becomes the future strategic direction of the development of the tourism industry. Based on the related theory of low-carbon tourism, the paper, puts forward the problems existing in the development of low-carbon tourism, and puts forward some suggestions on its development.
The Characterization of Stainless Steel Particles under the Sliding Motion
Authors: Bootchai Pornpiroon , Tuchinda Karuna , Jornsanoh Pijarn
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this research is to study the characteristic of stainless steel particles under the sliding motion. The effects of effective stress and relative velocity on the characteristic of stainless steel wear particles were studied. The is aiming to monitor possible failure mode in various machine elements, especially in the case of a closed system or contamination sensitive processes such as the hard disk drive manufacturing process, etc. The research results showed that the particles smaller than 1 micron generated from material surface asperities. Moreover, the stress magnitude and velocity have the influence on the size and shape of the stainless steel particles, respectively. The increase in stress and speed will result in a larger particle size and more slender shape, respectively. It can be seen that the size and the shape of wear particles vary according to the sliding conditions. Therefore, the results could be used to identify the process in which the contaminated particles were generated for sliding motion.
Constitutive Analysis to Predict Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of TC21 Titanium Alloy
Authors: Jia Li Bin , Li Lin , Ru Yi
Published: September 2013

In order to study the hot workability of TC21 titanium alloy, isothermal hot compression tests were conducted in the temperatures range of 1123~1203K and strain rates range of 0.01~10s-1. The influence of strain was incorporated in hyperbolic sine constitutive equation by considering the effect of strain on material constants. Correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative error (AARE) were introduced to verify the validity of the developed hyperbolic sine constitutive equation. The values of R and AARE were determined to be 0.9891 and 7.753% respectively, which indicated that the developed hyperbolic sine constitutive equation considering strain compensation could precisely predict the flow behavior of TC21 titanium alloy throughout the entire range of temperatures and strain rates.
Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Red Phosphor BaY2O4: Eu3+ for White Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wu Lan Tu Ya
Published: September 2013

The rare-earth Eu3+doped BaY2O4red phosphor synthesized by citric acid sol-gel method. The structure, morphology and composition of the red phosphor were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the distribution of the pure phase BaY2O4: Eu3+particles after annealing at 800 °C was irregular, small size of particle is 0.2 μm to 0.4 μm. The excitation spectra of synthesized phosphor at 610 nm monitoring were composed of a broadband and a series of sharp peaks, the strongest excitation peak at 466 nm, the secondly at 395nm. It was indicated that BaY2O4: Eu3+phosphor matching with the widespread applied the output wavelengths of UV LED and blue LED chips. The main emission spectra of samples under blue light excitation is Eu3+ions5D07F2electric dipole transition with a strong red light, so that the BaY2O: Eu3+phosphor may be a better candidate for red component for white LED.
Analysis of the Cement-Stabilized Ash by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction)
Authors: Ma Guo Xian , Zhang Hai Ying
Published: September 2013

APC (air pollution control) fly ash, generated in incineration process of municipal solid waste, is regarded as a hazardous waste because of enrichment of heavy metals. In this work, stabilization of the ash with cement was studied. In addition, XRD analysis of the cement stabilized body was performed as a function of conservation time period. It was It was found that the hydration products cement fly ash and other particles together, which rises with increase of the cement / ash ratio and duration of conservation. Major mineralogical compositions CaCO3, Ca (0H)2 and C-H-S hydration products. Content of Ca (0H)2 and C-H-S rises with increase of conservation period and cement / ash ratio.
Analysis of Microstructure of Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) in Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Hai Ying
Published: September 2013

Experiments on influence of species of aggregate and mixing method on interfacial zone in recycled aggregate concrete were investigated. SEM observations revealed that a recycle normal-strength concrete aggregate consist of loose and porous interfacial structure, whereas a recycled high performance concrete (HPC) aggregate and a triple mixing (TM) consist mainly of dense hydrates. Various admixtures on ITZ was produced that consumed CH in the pore, modified attached cement mortar. Strength of recycled concrete was explained by interaction between cements paste and recycled aggregate. The result verified that the relatively dense pore structure of the recycled concrete benefit to development of mechanical properties.
Experimental Study on First Flush Effects of Storm-Runoff on Slope Field
Authors: Chen Shu Fen , Wang He Li , Liu Jing , Kong Xiang Rui
Published: September 2013

Precipitation runoff is the main driving factor which leads to soil erosion and nutrient transfer. In the experiment, an artificial rainfall simulator was used to study the migration amount of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, volume of the soil erosion and its particle size composition in the earlier runoff, under a certain condition of rainstorm intensity and different slopes. The test results show that the migration amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. is more than 70% of the respectively total loss in the first 30 minutes of runoff. Under different slope conditions, clay content in the runoff sediment within the first ten minutes is more than subsequent 10min and the rest time. According to the test results, under different slope conditions, there are obvious initial flushing effects of storm-runoff.
Colour Properties of Plasma-Induced Ozone Fading of Cotton Fabric
Authors: Cheung H.F. , Lee Y.S. , Kan Chi Wai , Yuen C.W.M. , Yip J.
Published: September 2013

This study concerned with colour fading of cotton fabric by plasma-induced ozone treatment. Cotton knitted fabrics were dyed with reactive dye of red colour with a depth of 0.5% and were subjected to ozneo generated by a plasma machine for colour fading. In order to investigate the colour properties of the plasma-induced ozone treated cotton fabric. The plasma-induced ozone treatment was conducted with different parameters: (i) air concentration = 10%, 30%, 50% and 70%; (ii) water content in fabric = 35% and 45% and (iii) treatment time = 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. After the plasma-induced ozone treatment, the colour properties of the fabric were measured by spectrophotometer under illuminant D65to obtain the CIE L*, CIE a* and CIE b* values.
A Fast Digital Printing Method for Silk Book
Authors: Zhou Jin Feng , Jin Zeng Kai , Zhang Mei Fei , Chen Hui Ying
Published: September 2013

Silk fabric was first developed in ancient China, and Chinese silk also promoted the first world large-scale commercial exchanges between the East and the West. Digital printing is a technical breakthrough in the field of traditional printing and dyeing industry, which can also improve the value of the silk. There is a long history of making books by silk, and the recent revival of silk books also put forward new demands to digital printing. There exist two methods for printing book, both of which have their disadvantages. We propose a fast digital printing method for silk book which combines the advantages of the previous two methods. As the silk book has become a new choice for book collection, we believe that the proposed method will largely accelerate the popularity of silk book.
Disc Brake Optimization Design and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Meng Guo Qiang , Zhang Zhu Lin , Dai Ru Quan
Published: September 2013

Disc brake with the advantages of simple structure and good braking performance is widely used. But the design method of the existing brake needs a lot of calculation, test and modify repeatedly, manpower cost and long development cycle. This paper establishes a brake temperature minimum and maximum braking torque multi-objective optimization mathematical model, and then uses MATLAB optimization solution; and the finite element method (fem) is used for the transient temperature field validation. Research shows that the method is feasible, which can effectively improve the disc brake braking performance, and improve the efficiency of development.
Segmentation by Local Binary Fitting Active Contour Model for Activated Carbon Fibers Material Microscopic Images
Authors: Zhao Jiang Kun , Zhu Yu , Yu Jian Feng
Published: September 2013

Many bubbles and pores are appeared on Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs) material microscopic images. The morphology of ACFs surface image is complicated. Some widely used traditional methods are difficult to segment the object correctly. In this paper, an implicit active contour driven by local binary fitting energy is used to segment the objects for ACFs micro-images. This method is based on local image edge information to obtain optimal level set active contour model. Experimental results show that this active contour model is flexible for analyzing images with complex porous structure.
3D Metallic Surface Acquisition for Inspection and Reading Character
Authors: Suesut T. , Gulphanich S. , Roonprasang K.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a real-time implementation of 3D acquisition for reading text and inspection the metallic surface based on light sectioning. A measurement is achieved with a standard low cost CMOS camera. Surface defects are modeled as deviations in the local relief from a smooth approximation of the surface. Discrete orthogonal bases are used to generate a smoothed global model of the surface structure. Modified discrete Tchebychev polynomials are used as orthogonal basis functions to perform least square approximations of the geometry. QR decomposition is used to obtain a unitary basis, minimizing the numerical effort when modeling surfaces. The result of test measurements on copper sheets in a production environment is presented to demonstrate the surface inspection. Another result is shown the readable character on the textured metallic surface after the proposed processing. A prototype system of the laser scanning instrument can be implemented in a production line as well.
Research on Optimized Clustering Analysis Algorithm
Authors: Tong Lin , Wu Di
Published: September 2013

In this paper an improved clustering analysis algorithm is proposed on the basis of randomly selected data in the CURE algorithm and the cluster centers setting in the K-NN algorithm. The combination of the two algorithms conquers the poor clustering accuracy in the CURE algorithm and the clustering deficiency on large data set in the K-NN algorithm. This paper first introduces the concept of clustering analysis and its real-life applications, then proceeds to describe the method of clustering analysis, and then introduces optimized CURE_KNN algorithm described in pseudo-code, at last the advantages of the algorithm are summarized.
Cooperative Time Synchronization Based on Mining Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Xue Qin
Published: September 2013

With the energy market demand increasing, coal mine safety production monitoring system based on wireless sensor network has been widely used. The traditional wireless sensor network synchronization method based on packet switching is very difficult to achieve synchronization accuracy and energy consumption at the same time. Paper presents a cooperative time synchronization method based on packet message exchange (CTS), Analysis of synchronous packet information interaction process, the introduction of cooperative relay will not change the synchronization precision. Synchronous grouping information for sending and receiving ends for receiving and forwarding to reduce the transmission power, reduce energy consumption through cooperative relay. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation show that in the condition of not reducing the synchronization precision, it can achieve the purpose of reducing energy consumption by introducing the cooperative relay in the horizon channel model can reach 4 times the energy efficiency.
The Performance of Eye Diagrams and Bit Error Rates of Optical Fiber Communication System
Authors: Chen Jing Xia , Li Meng
Published: September 2013

In order to better understanding of the process of optical fiber transmission, a software package which called VPI will be developed to help to investigate the characteristics of the individual communications system components. The system includes source, transmitter, fiber, attenuator, amplifier and receiver that examine and interpret the whole system performance imposed by attenuation and dispersion, conduct the system design and performance analysis at the end. To further reinforce the analysis of experimental process in the fiber optic communications, the bit error rate (BER) will be introduced that enables to evaluate the signal quality performance by examining eye diagram, and explore the bit-rate value imposed on communication systems by noise, attenuation and dispersion. This paper will discuss the design procedure and experimental results associated with particular emphasis on BER.
Research on Rapid Interactive Top-Level Design Support Environment for Complex System of Systems
Authors: Rong Chen
Published: September 2013

The Safety City of the Internet of Things (SCIOT) is a kind of multi-level, multi-service, polymorphic and multi-mechanism complex system of systems. The SCIOT system is so complex that the risk of system development is high. Thus, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the risk. This paper proposed a Rapid Interactive top-level Design & Demonstration Environment (RID2E) for the risk reducing of this kind of complex system of systems. RID2E adopts a feedback-based top-level design method which divided the design process into six sub-processes consisting of top-level design, rapid prototype development, system integration test, system simulation & emulation, visualization demonstration and sequential feedback. RID2E provided a platform that can achieve cooperative top-level design, full dimensions simulation &emulation, interactive demonstration, systematization display and sequential feedback for SCIOT system. As a typical design process, an emergency command and control system was constructed quickly and effectively based on the RID2E and it proves the method is feasible.
A Research on Dynamic Scheduling Strategy for Aperiodic Tasks in Multiprocessor
Authors: Ding Jun , Li Na
Published: September 2013

This paper in-depth analyses the existing multiprocessor dynamic scheduling algorithms for aperiodic task, andproposes a moderately grouping algorithmbased on grouping and selecting appropriate strategy for the multiprocessor system.Satisfyingthe task deadline ofthe smaller objective function value, grouping strategy give priority to the taskshared access to the resources, improving the utilization rate of resources. Based on the earliest available time between therequired task and theprocessor in system, selecting appropriate strategy will schedule the task to the processor, improvingthe processor utilization.Compared with the existing algorithms, moderately grouping algorithm has a better performance.
Microstructure Evolution during Sintering of Aluminium in Nitrogen
Authors: Pieczonka Tadeusz , Kazior Jan
Published: September 2013

High purity aluminium powder was sintered in a dilatometer in flowing high purity nitrogen. The distinct shrinkage segments observed on the dilatometry curves were the basis of experiments consisting of interrupted sintering. In this way compacts with microstructure frozen at different steps of sintering cycle were produced. Optical microstructure examinations and LECO analysis of nitrogen content showed the development of aluminium nitriding. Additionally, X-ray diffraction was used to examine phases appearing in the system investigated. Microstructure analysis of structural components revealed evidence that isothermal sintering proceeds in the presence of a liquid phase, despite taking place below the melting point of aluminium. It seems that aluminium nitrogen interactions are responsible for the appearance of this phase, which is accompanied by extensive shrinkage.
A Improved Structure for Injection Hybrid Active Power Filter
Authors: Ma You Jie , Min Pan , Zhou Xue Song
Published: September 2013

As the additional injection type hybrid active power filter (IHAPF) may exist fundamental circulation between the active part and fundamental harmonic branch, a new topology of injection type hybrid active power filter is proposed to enhance the safety of IHAPF in the paper, this paper discusses the principle of fundamental circulation and the advantage of the novel structure on harmonic voltage of series resonant subcircuit.
Optimization of Distribution Network
Authors: Ma You Jie , Wang Cai Ming , Zhou Xue Song
Published: September 2013

Distribution network is the design of closed loop, open loop operation,which segment equipped with a normally closed and normally open switch contact switch,By changing these disconnect switches and contact switch status, the structure of the distribution network reconfiguration, you can achieve a balanced load, reducing network losses and improve voltage quality role.Distribution Network Reconfiguration in mathematics is a multi-objective high-dimensional nonlinear optimization problem, has a great solution space, using the general optimization method is difficult to obtain a good solution.Existing optimization methods such as optimal flow pattern method, branch exchange method, particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithms, computational efficiency and optimization results in other aspects worthy of improvement.
Properties of Precipitation Hardening 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Manufactured by Powder Metallurgy Technology
Authors: Kazior Jan , Szewczyk-Nykiel Aneta , Pieczonka Tadeusz , Hebda Marek , Nykiel Marek
Published: September 2013

Alloys from austenitic and ferritic stainless steel found to be satisfactory for a great many applications. However, for applications that require higher levels of strength and hardness from the martensitic grades are frequently specified. Martensitic stainless steels offer significantly higher strengths but have to low ductility. For this reason for application where high levels of strength and a moderate ductility is required, the precipitation strengthened stainless steels are often considered. One of the most popular alloy of this kind of stainless steel is 17-4 PH. The aim of the present paper was to examined the influence the process parameters in conventional powder metallurgy processing on the mechanical properties of the 17-4 PH alloy in both as-sintered and heat treated conditions. In was found that temperature of aged is a very sensitive parameter for obtained high strength and acceptable ductility.
Fabrication of Silicon Oxide Base Powders for Anode of Lithium Ion Battery by Hydrolysis Flame Synthesis
Authors: Parka Chan Hwi , Leeb Kyung Sub , Shina Dong Wook
Published: September 2013

SiOx based composite powders were fabricated by flame hydrolysis synthesis method employing an oxygen-hydrogen flame torch. The SiCl4 gas was used as a precursor and carried into the central tube of the torch by dry Ar gas. As-synthesized SiOx based composite powders had spherical shape with the size of about 3040 nm. To control the structure of the incompletely oxidized SiOx based composite powders, the as-synthesized SiOx based composite powders were heat-treated under 5 % H2 and 95 % Ar mixed gas atmosphere at a temperature of 1000 °C to 1400 °C for 3h. The properties of as-synthesized and post heat-treated SiOx based composite powders at various temperatures were investigated by XRD, TEM, SEM, FT-IR and XPS analysis. And through the post-treatment effects, structural controlled the incomplete oxidized SiOx based composite powders. The formed particles in SiOx based powders had sphere shape and the size of 30 ~ 40 nm. TEM analysis revealed that the amorphous phase and crystalline phase were mixed in SiOx based composite powders by post-heat treatment. And the Si and SiO2 crystalline phases were detected in amorphous phase.
Thermal Properties and Crystallisation Behaviour of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber (TPNR) Nanocomposites
Authors: Surip Siti Norasmah , Zhang Z.Y. , Dhakal H.N. , Bonnia N.N. , Ahmad S. H.
Published: September 2013

The effect of preparation technique on the crystallisation behavior and thermal properties of TPNR filled nanoclay nanocomposites was investigated. The nanocomposites were prepared via melt blending method using internal mixer (Haake 600P). Two types of nanocomposites preparation technique were employed which is method A and B. In method A, the nanoclay was pre-mixed with liquid natural rubber (LNR) before it was charged into the other materials. For method B, the nanoclay was directly charged into the molten TPNR matrix. The result shows, preparation methods were significantly affect the crystallinity and thermal properties of TPNR nanocomposites. DSC thermogram revealed that nanocomposites crystallinity was increased when prepared by method A but decreased with method B. An increment in polypropylene crystallinity was attributed by the nanoclay which is believed to be as a nucleating agent. DMA thermogram suggested that the preparation method has affected the storage modulus and tan δ but not the glass transition temperature (tg).
Effect of Rice Husk Particle Size on Tensile and Density of Recycled PPVC Composite
Authors: Farah Nordyana Azizul Rahman , Romli Ahmad Zafir , Abidin Mohd Hanafiah
Published: September 2013

This study is to measure the effect of various rice husks particle size on density, tensile strength, Youngs modulus and elongation at break of PPVC composite. Rice husk was grind before being sieved to particle sizes of 60 μm, 60 μm < particle size 80 μm, and 80 μm < particle size 100μm. Each size was compounded with PPVC at same filler loading which is 20 % rice husk and being pressed using hot press machine. Tensile strength, Youngs modulus and elongation at break increased as particle size increases. The highest value for tensile strength, Youngs modulus and elongation at break are 21.48 MPa, 1344.88 MPa and 2.29 % respectively. However, it is different for density result which decreased as particle size increases. The results obtained from the study shows that the bigger the size of the rice husks, the better the composite tensile properties.
Epoxidation of Palm Oil Catalyzed by Titanium-Grafted Silica Catalyst
Authors: Sharifah Nafisah Syed Ismail , Mohd Ahmad Faiza , Rahmah Mohamed , Firdaus Yhaya , Roslinda Fauzi , Kamarun Dzaraini
Published: September 2013

Epoxidation reaction is an important reaction in organic synthesis because the formed epoxides are intermediates that can be converted to a variety of products. Catalytic palm oil epoxidation using titanium-grafted silica, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxoformic acid was carried out at 60 °C in a fixed batch reactor. Titanium-grafted silica with different percentages of silica content was prepared through sol-gel hydrolysis and was utilized in epoxidation of palm oil. Titanium-grafted silica particles and Epoxidized palm oil were characterized by techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The TiOSi bonds were detected at 960 cm-1in Ti-Si 0.5 and exhibited highest yield of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) in the epoxidation process which is 84% conversion of unsaturation in palm oil to epoxy groups. New peaks observed in the range of δ 2.4 ppm to 3.6 ppm in the NMR spectrum of EPO belong to protons of the epoxy cyclic ring group, CH-O-CH confirming successful epoxidation of palm oil using the prepared catalyst.
Distribution of Representative Impurities in Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Using CaO-SiO2-CaF2 and CaO-SiO2-CaCl2 Slags
Authors: Huang Liu Qing , Lai Hui Xian , Lu Cheng Hao , Fang Ming , Chen Juan , Lin Yan Xu , Yu De Qin , Li Jin Tang , Ma Wen Hui , Shen Jian Ning , Luo Xue Tao
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a detailed analysis of impurities distribution in metallurgical-grade silicon after CaO-SiO2-CaF2 and CaO-SiO2-CaCl2 slags refining. It demonstrates that the impurities removal efficiency generally increase in metallurgical-grade silicon after CaO-SiO2-CaCl2 slag refining compared to that after CaO-SiO2-CaF2 slag refining. It is also determined that metallic impurities like Fe, Al and Ca tend to co-deposit with Si to form Si-Ca based intermetallic compounds in the precipitate phase after slag refining.
The Effect of Alloying Elements on Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Alloys in High Pressure Die Casting
Authors: Kim Cheol Woo , Cho Jae Ik , Choi Se Weon , Kim Young Chan
Published: September 2013

Recently, demand of aluminum alloys for manufacturing in components with high thermal conductivity application increases. However, the most aluminum die casting alloys exhibit very lower thermal properties, about only a half of pure aluminum. In die casting alloys, alloying elements are essential to obtain sufficient fluidity and mechanical strength, therefore, in this study, the effect of alloying elements, Si, Cu, Mg, Fe and Mn, on thermal conductivity, die casting characteristics and mechanical properties were analyzed and the appropriate amount of each alloying element were investigated. The results showed that Mn had the most deleterious effect in thermal conductivity and Si and Fe contents were important to improve fluidity and strength. The alloy with 1.5~2.0wt.%Si and 0.6wt.%Fe showed very good combination of high thermal conductivity and sufficient casting characteristics.
Numerical Simulation of Cathodic Protection for Jack-Up Platform
Authors: Hu An Kang , Guo Yu , Wang Wei , Jiang Wei
Published: September 2013

For the jack-up platforms' huge size and complex structure, as well as the variation and complexity of their ambient corrosion environment, problems often arise in cathodic protection (CP) systems. The rise of the computer and the numerical simulation technology provide a new technical method to the prediction, evaluation and optimization of CP system for jack-up platform. Numerical simulation method has the advantage of examining potential maps of the entire structure easily and then the designer can determine the number and placement of anodes required to provide protection from the under and over protection regions based on a generic polarization response. In this paper the 3-D boundary element method was used to calculate the mathematical model of sacrificial anode CP system for a jack-up platform. Introduced piecewise quasi linearized method to deal with nonlinear problem of boundary conditions. Adopt block boundary element method to solve electrolyte inconsistency problem and points regional modeling to solve electrolyte discontinuous. From the results we can conclude that the jack-up platform sacrificial anode CP system meets the protection targets.
The Flotation Test of Collophanite in Yunnan Province
Authors: Xiao Hong , Liu Quan Jun , Jiang Mei Guang , Yang Jun Long
Published: September 2013

The samples belong to low grade siliceous collophanite. Main useful mineral is cellophane and main gangue minerals are quartz , calcite and dolomite. The grade of P2O5 is 21.98% and the grade of SiO2 is 31.34%. Through the straight-reverse flotation, the phosphate concentrates with a grade of 27.68% and the recovery of 83.04% were obtained. The content of MgO is 0.92% in phosphate concentrates.
The 2D and 3D Stability Analysis of Spreader for Open-Pit Iron Mine
Authors: Qian Xiao Lei , Ren Yun Peng , Gao Su He , Wang Guo Qiang
Published: September 2013

To determine the safe distance between spreader and the upper verge of dump slope, a 2D and 3D slope model was built respectively, the limit equilibrium method and the finite element method with shear strength reduction technique (FEM-SSR) were introduced to analyze the stability of the spreader. For the slope under the action of variable external loads, the simple genetic algorithm (SGA) sometimes fails to converge to the global optimum, for this reason, an improved optimum maintaining simple genetic algorithm (OMSGA) was utilized to search for the critical slip surface, and the probability of the global convergence was improved greatly. On the basis of the three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element model of the dump slope, the minimum sinkage of spreader track which interferes the spreaders normal operation was taken as the criterion to determine the safety factor, according to this idea, the deformation in the elastic stage during the process of strength reduction was considered, and a more reliable safety factor by the variable stiffness method was obtained.
Effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on Floatability of Smithsonite and Hemimorphite
Authors: Li Ming Xiao , Jian Sheng , Zhao Wen Juan
Published: September 2013

In this paper the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the floatability of smithsonite and hemimorphite were investigated through microflotation. The flotation tests were performed using purified samples from Lanping mine of China by the microflotation technique. The Ca2+ flotation results showed that the recovery of smithsonite decreased from 89.81% to 83.92% and the recovery of hemimorphite decreased from 84.83% to 76.03% when increasing Ca2+ concentration from 200mg/L to 1000mg/L. Also, while increasing Mg2+ concentration from 200mg/L to 1000mg/L the smithsonite and hemimorphite recoveries declined to reach 80.03% and 71.75%, respectively. It can be concluded that the recoveries of smithsonite and hemimorphite showed a decreasing trend with the increasing of Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration, and the effect on the recovery of hemimorphite was larger. Moreover, the effects of Mg2+ on the smithsonite and hemimorphite are greater in the same test condition, which could be attributed to the solubility product difference of Ca (OH)2and Mg (OH)2.
Discussion of Track Tension for Heavy Tracked Vehicles
Authors: Zhou Ming Xing , Ren Yun Peng , Ye Long , Zhou Yu , Wang Guo Qiang
Published: September 2013

This paper aims at getting a way to obtain the suitable track tension by analyzing a heavy tracked vehicles driving prototype which is consisted of the sprocket and the meshing tracks. First, by analyzing the force state in the driving part in the multi-body dynamics simulation tool: RecurDyn, a critical condition to judge the peel-off of tracks in heavy tracked vehicle is proposed. Second, by comparing the different models built in RecurDyn, an ideal track distribution around the sprocket is obtained and also the relationship between the driving torque and the track tension under that ideal situation is concluded. Third, basing on the data from the simulation, the force state of each track meshed with the sprocket is analyzed, and an assumption about the proportion between each tracks upper and bottom pulling force is proposed.
Research on Manufacturing Process of Carbon-Carbon Composites as Ablation Resistance Materials
Authors: Liu Jun Cong , Wang Dan Yong , Chen Yi Wei , Li Shu Hu , Wei Hua Zhen
Published: September 2013

C/C composites are being used as high-temperature structural material due to the superior characteristics of low density, high specific strength, high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion coefficient and excellent anti-ablation. The state of research into the manufacturing processes of Carbon-Carbon composites is critically reviewed with emphasis in this paper. The processes include several kinds of methods, for example, CVD, CVI, Liquid Impregnation and etc. And the usages of some corresponding methods in manufacturing Carbon-Carbon materials as ablation resistant materials are shown in this paper too. It will provide the references for the further development of weaponry materials in the coming years.
Mechanical Behavior of 3-ply Cu-Ni-Zn/Cu-Cr/Cu-Ni-Zn Composite Plate Processed by Roll Bonding
Authors: Kim Hob Yung , Song Jae Sook , Hong Sun Ig
Published: September 2013

3-ply Cu-Ni-Zn/Cu-Cr/Cu-Ni-Zn clad composite plates were prepared by roll bonding at 823K and their properties were characterized. No intermetallic compounds were observed at Cu-Ni-Zn/Cu-Cr interfaces in the as-rolled and heat-treated Cu/Ni-Zn/Cu-Cr/Cu-Ni-Zn clad plates. The strength of as-rolled clad plate reached up to 420MPa with the ductility of 13%. After heat treatment at 723K for 1.5 hours, the strength of Cu-Ni-Zn/Cu-Cr/Cu-Ni-Zn clad composite plate dropped to 340 MPa and the ductility increased to 20%. With annealing at 723K, there is no drastic drop of the stress before final fracture, meaning three plates were bonded together until the last part of the stress-strain curve. The peak of the conductivity (>70% of IACS) was attained after aging for 1.5 hrs, compatible with the typical peak aging condition of Cu-Cr alloy.
Effects of Chloride and Sulphate Ions on the Experimental E-pH Diagrams of AISI 316L Stainless Steel in Deaerated Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Somrerk Chandra Ambhorn , Wachirasiri Wisarut , Lothongkum Gobboon
Published: September 2013

A cyclic polarisation method was applied to construct the E-pH diagrams of AISI 316L stainless steel in deaearted solutions containing 1000 and 2000 ppm of sodium sulphate without and with 3550 ppm of sodium chloride. Addition of chloride ions to the sulphate solutions caused a region of imperfect passivation regime to appear, and its addition to the 1000-ppm sulphate solution considerably reduced the transpassive potential. Furthermore, the addition of sulphate ions to the 3550-ppm chloride solution enlarged the passivation regime, mainly by shifting the transpassive potentioal to the noble direction. However, the imperfect passivation regime also enlarged by the positive shift of that potential and by reduction of the protection potential. This negative role of sulphate is discussed in comparison with the role of sulphate on accelerating pit growth studied by the critical-pitting-temperature technique reported in literature.
Surface Quality Prediction of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Arc Cleaning Based on Least Square Support Vector Machine
Authors: Yin Zhan Min , Dong Xiao Juan , Meng Jian Bing
Published: September 2013

The theory of Least Squares Support Vector Machines was applied to metal surfaces cleaning by atmospheric pressure plasma arc. An intelligent predictive model of the non-linear relationship between cleaning quality and process parameters was established with the k-fold cross training of sample data. An orthogonal experiment was conducted to assess the effect of processing parameters on surface quality. The experimental results and predicted values show that the atmospheric pressure plasma arc (APPA) cleaning is effective in reducing considerably the amount of lubricant. Furthermore, it is feasible to apply LS-SVM in forecasting the cleaning quality and determining processing parameters, and the mean absolute percent error eMAPE between predictive value and experimental value of water contact angle is 6.09%. Otherwise, the eMAPE of working current is 4.46%.
Study on Surface Pre-Treatment of FeCrAl Metallic Substrate for Hydrogen Production Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Xiao Xiao , Su Kun , Zeng Fan Lin , Zhang Yu Wen , Zhang Qi Fei , Ding Wei Zhong
Published: September 2013

Metal supported catalysts in hydrogen production reactor has a very broad application prospect. However, the film adhesion of active coating with the metal support is the key problem which needed to be solved urgently. In this paper, FeCrAl alloy was chosen as the metallic substrate. The effects of oxidation temperature and time on the morphology, crystal phase and element composition of the metal surface were investigated by XRD, SEM and EDAX. The results show that after pre-treatment of FeCrAl Metallic Substrate,a dense transition layer of α-Al2O3 formed on the surface of the metallic support. Thus the oxidized α-Al2O3 layer and the γ-Al2O3 coating could combine together better. The optimum pre-treatment condition is at 950°C for 10h in air atmosphere.
Optimization of the Electrode Processing Methodology for Resistance Spot Welding of Aluminium
Authors: Müller Marc , Cramer Heidi , Bschorr Thomas
Published: September 2013

Lightweight construction materials such as aluminium are being increasingly utilised in new vehicle concepts, with the objective of reducing the CO2 emissions by saving weight. At the same time, the components should, however, be fabricated at favourable cost and with a high quality. In many applications the mechanical joining (clinching, riveting) is applied with great success. Mechanical welded joints show great potential and are especially preferred used for mixed or hybrid joints. In comparison to steel, the resistance spot welding of aluminium have a lower electrode life. Thats an important argument against the widely used, high economically and save welding process.
Investigations with various electrode processing systems were conducted at GSI mbH, branch SLV München. In this contribution an overview of the possibilities to achieve a better electrode life is given. The aim was to develop a suitable electrode processing method for the resistance spot welding of aluminium alloys by conducting systematic and scientific investigations in order to substantially increase not only the previously inadequate electrode life but also the electrode tip life. A large number of indications about the effective utilisation of the grinding, polishing, milling and sandblasting processing methods were created by varying the boundary conditions in a defined way and analysing the effect on the life of the electrodes.
Friction Stir Lap Welding of Light Alloy Sheets
Authors: Cojocaru Radu , Botila Lia-Nicoleta , Ciucă Cristian , Dascau Horia , Verbiţchi Victor
Published: September 2013

Aluminum alloys are widely used in aerospace, automotive, railway and shipbuilding industry, as materials having remarkable properties for applications in these fields. For this reason, in recent years the interest for friction stir lap welding of sheets from these alloys increased.The behaviour of welding materials from the plastic and mechanic viewpoint are different in case of friction stir lap welding compared to friction stir butt welding.The welding tools for friction stir lap welding can have different configurations and sizes compared to butt welding. The used welding parameters must be reconsidered in order to obtain a proper flow of material for obtaining a friction stir lap welded joint.In addition, it is very important how to prepare the sheets surfaces that come into contact and their placement (relative to each other).The paper presents considerations regarding friction stir lap welding, with examples/concrete results obtained in welding of similar and dissimilar light alloys (alloys of aluminum, magnesium and titanium). It also presents data on the characteristics of obtained welded joints, related with particularities of friction stir lap welding.The obtained results showed that light alloys sheets used in various industrial fields can be joined with respect of basis conditions specific for the friction stir lap welding process.
Experimental Research Regarding the Tensile Properties of some Polypropylene Based Biocomposites Reinforced with Hemp Shives
Authors: Pernevan Maria Silvia , Marşavina Liviu , Pernevan Ioan , Sîrghie Cecilia , Popescu Mihaela
Published: September 2013

The paper analyzes the tensile behavior of some new biocomposite materials based on polypropylene reinforced with hemp shives for different volume fractions and sizes. The aim of this study is to make a comparison between the tensile properties of these materials and to determine in which way the values of the tensile strength and tensile modulus are influenced by the volume fraction and dimensions of the reinforcement elements. The analyzed materials are new materials based on renewable and recyclable resources and from this point of view these materials have a less harmful impact on the environment compared to the conventional composites. By analyzing the tensile properties of polyproylene based biocomposites reinforced with hemp shives it can be observed in which way these materials could replace conventional materials in various fields of applications.
Technological Characteristics of a Dual-Phase Steel with 0.09% C and 1.90% Mn Obtained by Intercritical Quenching
Authors: Dulucheanu Constantin , Bancescu Nicolai , Severin Traian
Published: September 2013

With this article, the authors present a number of technological characteristics determined for a dual-phase steel with 0.09% C and 1.90% Mn. This steel was obtained through intercritical quenching: heating at 740, 780 and 820 °C, maintaining for 30 minutes and then cooling in water, oil, oil in magnetic field of direct current (DC) and oil in ultrasonic field. It was determined the degree of cold upsetting, the ultimate tensile strength of the resistance butt welded joints and the cutting property based on the study of cutting forces and surface roughness; it was analyzed the influence of heat treatment parameters (heating temperature, quenching medium) and ferrite-martensite structure on these characteristics.
Research of Combined Process “Rolling-Pressing” Influence on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium
Authors: Lezhnev Sergey , Panin Evgeniy , Volokitina Irina
Published: September 2013

In the development of new technology forming the ultimate goal is increasing of productivity, expansion of range, creating a compact production, capable of rapid reconfiguration for mobile release of the new product. But the main purpose, of course, is improvement the quality of the source material. When used as a raw material of various grades of steel, non-ferrous metals and their alloys, the main aspect of quality improvement is increasing the strength characteristics. Often to increase the strength of deformable metal should be given reduced grain structure, up to subultra and even nano-level. There are several ways to obtain sub-ultra-fine-grain structure of metals and alloys, and one of those ways is a method of severe plastic deformation of the metal, implemented in the whole volume of the deformable metal.On the department "Plastic Metal Working" of Karaganda State Industrial University was previously developed and proposed a new method of combined rolling and pressing in equal-channel step die, which compared to conventional compression in the traditional equal-channel step die ensures the continuity of the process and removes the restrictions on the size of the original pieces. The essence of the method is that workpiece which is pre-heated to a temperature of the beginning of deformation is applied to the forming rolls, which due to contact friction forces captured it in roll gap and pushed through the channels of equal- channel step die. At the exit from the die installed a second pair of rolls, which pulls the workpiece from the die.In the research of the process were made theoretical studies, after which were received the empirical formulas to determine the rolling force in the rolls and pressing force in the matrix. Also were obtained formulas for the kinematic state of the process.Also conducted a simulation of the process in the software package Deform-3D, in which produced the picture of stress - strain state and analyzed the resulting force.In this work, laboratory studies were performed of the combined process. In particular, a laboratory experiment was conducted to implement the combined process of "rolling-compaction", whose main purpose was to research the effect of the scheme on the deformation changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the original pieces, made of aluminum alloy AK6.Research of the mechanical properties and microstructure of deformed aluminum billet by this way was found that the implementation of the combined process of "rolling-compression" increases strength properties of aluminum, and reduced plastic properties, and the original grain during deformation is reduced.