bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic pressure based mid-course guidance scheme for hypersonic boost-glide vehicle
Authors: Kumar G Naresh , Sarkar AK , Talole SE
Published: August 2018

In this study, a guidance scheme for an aerodynamically controlled hypersonic boost-glide class of flight vehicle is proposed. In this work, optimum glide dynamic pressure corresponding to maximum L/ D throughout the flight is calculated and a mid-course guidance law formulation to track the dynamic pressure while suppressing phugoid oscillations is proposed for real-time flight trajectory shaping. Efficacy of the proposed guidance scheme has been demonstrated through simulation studies. Robustness analysis on the proposed guidance algorithm is carried out using Monte Carlo technique. Lastly, a pattern search algorithm-based offline generated maximum L/ D optimal trajectory existing in literature, which meets minimum dynamic pressure, maximum airframe skin temperature, as well as other in-flight and terminal constraints is used as reference trajectory to evaluate the performance of the proposed guidance scheme.
Conceptual design methodology of a box wing aircraft: A novel commercial airliner
Authors: Kaparos Pavlos , Papadopoulos Charalampos , Yakinthos Kyros
Published: August 2018

In this work, the development of a conceptual design methodology of an innovative aircraft configuration, known as box wing, is presented. A box wing aircraft is based on a continuous-surface nonplanar wing formation with no wing-tips. The A320 medium range conventional cantilever wing aircraft is used as both the reference aircraft and the main competitor of the box wing aircraft. Based on the A320 characteristics and dimensions, a complete aerodynamic analysis of the box wing configuration is made by means of layout design and computational fluid dynamics studies, highlighting the aerodynamic and operating advantages of the box wing configuration compared to the A320 aircraft. The aspect ratio and the Oswald factor of a box wing aircraft differ significantly from the corresponding ones of A320 and provide increased aerodynamic performance. The increased aerodynamic performance leads by consequence, to lower fuel consumption, thus allowing longer range for the same payload or greater payload for the same range, contributing to the efforts for greener environment. In this work, the design methodology begins by estimating the critical initial design parameters, such as aspect ratio, dihedral angle, sweep angle, and taper ratio, which are continuously refined via an iterative process based on a conceptual design study. Various flying scenarios are studied using computational fluid dynamics and analytical calculations, in order to compare the performance of the box wing and the conventional A320, having always the same mission and payload conditions. The conceptual results show that the novel box wing configuration has considerable aerodynamic performance advantages compared to the conventional A320 aircraft.
CXCR3-deficient mesenchymal stem cells fail to infiltrate into the nephritic kidney and do not ameliorate lupus symptoms in MRL.Faslpr mice
Authors: Lee J H , Lee H K , Kim H S , Kim JS , Ji A Y , Lee J S , Kim K S , Lee T Y , Bae S C , Kim Y , Hong J T , Han S B
Published: August 2018

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy is a promising candidate for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To exert their efficacy fully, mesenchymal stem cells must infiltrate efficiently into the lesion sites. Here, we examined the role of CXCR3 in mesenchymal stem cell infiltration into the kidney of MRL. Faslpr mice, which highly expressed CXCL10. The phenotypes, production of immunosuppressive mediators, and capacity to inhibit T and B cells of CXCR3-deficient mesenchymal stem cells were similar to those of wild-type mesenchymal stem cells. However, they showed less infiltration into the nephritic kidney, less conjugation with endothelial cells and weaker MMP-9 expression than did wild-type mesenchymal stem cells. Consequently, CXCR3-deficient mesenchymal stem cells did not ameliorate lupus symptoms in MRL. Faslpr mice in comparison with wild-type mesenchymal stem cells. In summary, our data suggest that upregulation of CXCR3 in mesenchymal stem cells will be a good strategy to increase their infiltration into the kidney, which will improve therapeutic outcomes in SLE.
Near infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric algorithms for predicting chemical components in black goji berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)
Authors: Arslan Muhammad , Xiaobo Zou , Xuetao Hu , Elrasheid Tahir Haroon , Shi Jiyong , Khan Moazzam Rafiq , Zareef Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Fourier-transform near infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric algorithms was applied comparatively for the quantification of chemical compositions in black wolfberry. The compositional parameters, i.e. total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, total carotenoid content, total sugar, and total acid were performed for quantification. Model results were evaluated using the correlation coefficients of determination for calibration (R2) and prediction (r2), root-mean-square error of prediction and residual predictive deviation. The findings revealed that the performances of models based on variable selection such as synergy interval-PLS, backward interval-PLS and genetic algorithm-PLS were better than the classical PLS. The performance of the developed models yielded 0.88 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.97, 0.87 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.94 and 1.75 ≤ RPD ≤ 4.00. The overall results showed that the FT-NIR spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometric algorithms could be used for the quantification of the chemical composition of black wolfberry samples.
Network Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs: Density, Hierarchy, and Success in China and the West
Authors: Burt Ronald S.
Published: August 2018

This article is about the network theory of advantage applied to entrepreneurship and an area-probability sample of 700 Chinese entrepreneurs, using 2,193 American and European managers as a baseline comparison group. The article deals with how certain entrepreneurs are disadvantaged by their networks, the contrasting forms that disadvantage takes in China and the West, the role of family in the Chinese networks, and ultimately the robustness of network theory to the cultural, structural, and content variations discussed.
Recurrent seizures in cats: Diagnostic approach – when is it idiopathic epilepsy?
Authors: Hazenfratz Michal , Taylor Susan M
Published: August 2018

Practical relevance:

Seizures are one of the most common neurologic problems recognized in cats, affecting approximately 1–3% of the general population. Treatment options and prognosis are closely related to the underlying cause, so it is important that veterinarians are familiar with the diagnostic approach to cats with seizures and options for medical management.

Series outline:

This is the first of a two-part article series that reviews the diagnosis and treatment of seizures in cats. Part 1 outlines the classification and terminology used to describe epilepsy and epileptic seizures in cats, and discusses some of the most common and unique causes of recurrent seizures in cats. The diagnostic approach to cats with recurrent seizures is addressed, as are criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy.

Audience:

This review of recurrent seizures in cats is intended for all veterinarians who are facing the challenges of seizure diagnosis and management in the feline patient.

Evidence base:

Recommendations for diagnosis and management of feline seizure disorders have historically been extrapolated from the canine and human literature. The information and guidance provided in this two-part series is based on a review of the recent published literature addressing seizure disorders and antiepileptic treatment in cats, as well as the authors’ clinical experience.
Between Mobility and Belonging: The Meanings of Locality among Youth in Lapland in the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Juvonen Tarja , Romakkaniemi Marjo
Published: August 2018

The article analyses mobility and belonging to a place among young people living in rural areas in Finnish Lapland. Our focus is on the meanings of locality when young people make decisions concerning education, work and their living environment. The data consist of 24 interviews of persons in the transition stage to adulthood and in need of support in finding educational or training opportunities. The article highlights the diversity of young people’s aspirations as regards leaving, staying in or returning to their home region. We challenge the cultural discourse urging young people to move to growth centres from sparsely populated areas. Locality was found to play an important role in their lives and transitions. The key factors identified in the decisions of young people were embeddedness in one’s home region and local, social relations and the prospects of meaningful life choices in either the rural or urban context.
Reconstructing Changes in Agency in the Young People’s Social Biographies Through Longitudinal Qualitative Research
Authors: Tomanović Smiljka
Published: August 2018

The article is based on the longitudinal qualitative research (LQR) with 20 young people from the two social strata in two urban neighbourhoods of Belgrade carried out in four waves from 1993 to 2014. It deals with interpretation of changes in agency within social biographies through analysis of the narratives from two biographies. Its aim is exploration of agency as a response to changing contexts, and of its biographization—the interpretation of how the young people relate their agency to their identity and subjectivity. The last goal of the article is to discuss the advantage of LQR for exploring and interpreting changing agency. It is argued that interpretation of contextualization and biographization of agency contributes to its understanding as embedded into changing contexts within the social biography. It points that LQR provides invaluable methodological approach for understanding the complexity of interrelations of contexts, agency and meanings in time perspective.
Novel treatment of a totally occluded venous outflow tract of an arteriovenous graft
Authors: Farrington Crystal A , Abdel-Aal Ahmed K , Almehmi Ammar
Published: August 2018

Introduction:

Conventional guidewire techniques are not always sufficient to restore arteriovenous graft patency in patients with challenging vascular scenarios. We discuss a novel approach to the treatment of chronic total occlusion of the venous outflow tract to enable successful arteriovenous graft thrombectomy.

Case presentation:

A 28-year-old female with end-stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis and recurrent arteriovenous graft thromboses presented with a clotted thigh graft. An existing ipsilateral common femoral vein stent was found to be chronically occluded, causing persistent venous outflow obstruction and rendering an initial attempt at thrombectomy unsuccessful due to wire buckling and the inability to navigate through the stent chronic total occlusion.

Results:

After establishing femoral vein access, a vibrational recanalization device was used to cross the occluded stent. The device was then removed, permitting routine angioplasty. Post-angioplasty angiogram revealed persistent intra-stent stenosis, so a covered stent was deployed with good angiographic results. Routine pharmaco-mechanical thrombectomy of the arteriovenous graft was then performed. Two additional stents were placed due to stenotic recoil in the venous limb of the graft. Angioplasty was also performed at the arteriovenous graft arterial anastomosis. Repeat imaging demonstrated marked improvement in the graft blood flow.

Discussion:

Total occlusion of the venous outflow tract prevents adequate blood flow through an arteriovenous graft and undermines successful thrombectomy. We describe the use of the Crosser vibrational recanalization device for the safe and effective treatment of a chronic total occlusion of the venous outflow tract, thus extending the life of the patient’s vascular access for hemodialysis.
Sorting Out the Role of α-Synuclein in Retromer-Mediated Endosomal Protein Sorting
Authors: Patel Dhaval , Witt Stephan N
Published: August 2018

Retromer is a phylogenetically conserved, multisubunit coat complex that controls endosomal protein trafficking and sorting. Mutations in the retromer gene VPS35 cause late-onset Parkinson disease, suggesting that trafficking defects cause neurodegeneration. Sorting nexins assist retromer to guide cell surface proteins to their assigned destinations, and our interest here is sorting nexin 3 (Snx3). Snx3 binds to membranes via a phox homolog (PX) domain that binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), and in human cells its cargo proteins are the transferrin and Wnt receptors and the divalent metal ion transporter, whereas in yeast the best characterized cargo is the iron permease Ftr1. We recently discovered that α-synuclein inhibits Snx3-retromer recycling of Ftr1 in an unexpected way: α-synuclein, which avidly binds to negatively charged lipids, blocks the association of Snx3 to early endosomes. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which α-synuclein can disrupt Snx3-retromer–mediated recycling.
Toward a low-cost, in-home, telemedicine-enabled assessment of disability in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bove Riley , Bevan Carolyn , Crabtree Elizabeth , Zhao Chao , Gomez Refujia , Garcha Priya , Morrissey John , Dierkhising Jason , Green Ari J , Hauser Stephen L , Cree Bruce AC , Wallin Mitchell T , Gelfand Jeffrey M
Published: August 2018

Background:

Remote assessment of neurological disability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) could improve access to clinical care and efficiency of clinical research.

Objective:

To develop and validate a telemedicine-based MS disability examination that does not require an in-home examiner.

Methods:

Adults with MS were recruited after a standardized in-person Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) evaluation, and within 1 week underwent a blinded televideo-enabled EDSS examination with a different clinician. EDSS and tele-EDSS scores were compared.

Results:

Overall, 41 adults participated (mean (standard deviation (SD)) age: 47.0 years (11.6); median EDSS: 2 (range: 0–7)); 37 required no in-home assistance for the tele-EDSS evaluation (e.g. help positioning camera). Mean difference between EDSS and tele-EDSS was 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07–0.61). For 88% of evaluations, tele-EDSS and EDSS scores were within 1 point (similar to reported in-person inter-rater differences). Unweighted kappa for agreement within 0.5 point was 0.72. Correlation for individual functional systems (FS) ranged from modest (vision: 0.37) to high (bowel/bladder: 0.79). Overall correlation between EDSS and tele-EDSS was 0.89 ( p < 0.0001); and 0.98 ( p < 0.0001) at EDSS range: 4–7.

Conclusion:

In this proof of principle study, disability evaluation in mild to moderate MS is feasible using telemedicine without an aide at the patient’s location.
An asymmetric burden: Experiences of men and women as caregivers of people with psycho-social disabilities in rural North India
Authors: Mathias Kaaren , Kermode Michelle , San Sebastian Miguel , Davar Bhargavi , Goicolea Isabel
Published: August 2018

Caring for a family member with a psycho-social disability can be both rewarding and burdensome. This study analyses the experiences of caregivers of people with psychosocial disabilities (PPSDs) in rural communities in North India using relational gender theory. In-depth interviews with 18 female and male caregivers of PPSDs probed the social, emotional and health impacts of their caregiving role. Nine themes were identified that were grouped under three meta-themes: intra-personal, inter-personal and institutional impacts. Under the intra-personal meta-theme, all caregivers experienced high tension, with women describing almost overwhelming stress. Women minimised their role as caregivers, and felt negative and hopeless about their futures, while men had a more positive view of the future and themselves. Embodied experiences of psychological and social distress were consistently described by women, but not by men. Within the interpersonal meta-theme, men experienced opportunity for social connection and social support that was seldom available to women. Interpersonal violence with other household members was described by both men and women. Within the institutional meta-theme, both men and women described strength in unity, and gestures leading to the reordering of gender relations. These findings underline the significant and diffuse impacts of a gender order that values males and disadvantages females as caregivers of PPSDs, with the asymmetry of a greater burden for women. The findings point to the urgent need for global mental health policies that support and empower caregivers and that strengthen gender equality.
Becoming Neolithic in words, thoughts and deeds
Authors: Mithen Steven
Published: August 2018

How did people come to ‘think Neolithic’? While there has been considerable progress in reconstructing the environmental, economic, technological and social changes associated with the transition from mobile hunter-gathering to sedentary farming and herding communities, we remain limited in our understanding of how Neolithic culture in its most profound sense arose. I suggest that the formation of new words required for that new lifestyle was as much a driver as a consequence of the Neolithic transition, illustrating this with a sample of Neolithic innovations from the southern Levant that appears likely to have required new words. Such words, I argue, helped to establish new concepts in the mind, shaped thought, influenced perception and ultimately the human deeds in the world that left an archaeological trace.
Constructing a kingdom: Architectural strategies and the nature of leadership at Postclassic Xaltocan, Mexico
Authors: Farah Kirby
Published: August 2018

This paper explores the diverse motivations, limitations, and political strategies that informed the architectural decisions made by the Postclassic (ad 900–1521) leaders of Xaltocan, Mexico. In the early 13th century—a period of political florescence at Xaltocan—local leaders embarked on an ambitious building program that included the construction of a monumental adobe platform which served as a base to the residential structures of Xaltocan’s leaders. This paper investigates the significance of adobe bricks as a construction medium and outlines the various economic, social, and political factors that influenced the architectural decisions of Xaltocan’s leaders. Analysis of these factors reveals the diverse strategies employed by Xaltocan’s leaders to establish their legitimacy among their regional peers, assert their political dominance over their constituents, and foster a sense of unity within their home community.
When the parent imitates the child: Strategic renewal through separation and reintegration of subsidiaries
Authors: Friesl Martin , Garreau Lionel , Heracleous Loizos
Published: August 2018

This article shows how the separation and subsequent reintegration of a subsidiary becomes a source of strategic renewal for the parent company. We develop a process model that reveals how structural ambidexterity can generate “proximate isomorphism” that gives rise to parent level exploration and the parent’s gradual convergence with the subsidiary. This creates the conditions for reintegration, and ultimately, strategic renewal. We identify the triggers for proximate isomorphism as well as the mechanisms through which it unfolds. We draw on the longitudinal analysis of strategic renewal of Immochan between 2006 and 2018. Our findings contribute to extant research by developing the link between structural ambidexterity and strategic renewal and, particularly, by showing that proximate isomorphism acts as an integrating mechanism between the parent and the explorative unit.
Effects of Peer Sexual Health Education on College Campuses: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wong Tara , Pharr Jennifer R. , Bungum Tim , Coughenour Courtney , Lough Nancy L.
Published: August 2018

Objective. College peer health education groups have grown in popularity to provide information about health and wellness topics. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of peer education groups on reducing sexual health risks and increasing sexual health knowledge on a college campus. Method. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed in searching, extracting, appraising, and synthesizing the evidence. A quality assessment was also conducted. The review was conducted in April 2017. Results. The initial search yielded 2,503 records. After critical appraisal, eight articles remained. Peer education was beneficial for increasing knowledge of sexual health topics and creating some behavior change such as increased condom use and HIV testing. Additionally, interventions developed specifically for women were effective. Conclusions. Peer education is an effective way to disseminate sexual health information and can be a reliable resource for college students.
Referenda on Hosting the Olympics: What Drives Voter Turnout?
Authors: Streicher Tobias , Schmidt Sascha L. , Schreyer Dominik
Published: August 2018

Public referenda have recently put an end to the ambitions of several cities to host the Olympic Games. The outcome of referenda depends on two major decisions: a content decision whether to support hosting the Olympics and a turnout decision whether or not to cast a vote. Unlike the content decision, the turnout decision has received little attention in sports economics, even though it can distort the outcome of a referendum, lead to a misrepresentation of minorities, and reduce the acceptance of referendum results. We therefore examine the determinants of turnout at Olympic referenda using a population-representative data set from 12 democratic countries. Our findings suggest a nonlinear and robust relationship between individual support and voter turnout.
How Messages About Gender Bias Can Both Help and Hurt Women’s Representation
Authors: Brooks Deborah Jordan , Hayes Danny
Published: August 2018

Gender bias in elections is both a source of debate in the political science literature and a prominent topic in U.S. political discourse. As a result, Americans are exposed to differing messages about the extent to which women face disadvantages in their campaigns for office. We argue that such messages can have differing effects—some of which benefit female candidates, but others that may perpetuate the gender gap in political ambition. Using a survey experiment administered on samples of the U.S. public, campaign donors, and college students, we show that messages portraying women as facing gender bias boosts female candidates’ support and young people’s willingness to engage in campaign activism on their behalf. Simultaneously, it does not affect female candidates’ fundraising ability. But paradoxically, such messages also reduce young women’s confidence in their own ability to run a political campaign. These results suggest important implications for women’s underrepresentation.
Common Pathogens and Antibiotic Sensitivity Profiles of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Ayed Mousab Yousef , Ababneh Mutasem , Alwin Robert Asirvatham , Alzaid Aus , Ahmed Rania Ahmed , Salman Ahmed , Musallam Maha Ali , Al Dawish Mohamed Abdulaziz
Published: August 2018

We sought to define the type and antibiotic sensitivity response of pathogens isolated from diabetic foot ulcers based on ulcer location and Wagner classification. This retrospective analysis was done among 126 patients between 40 and 70 years of age at the Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using the swab culture method for microbiological assessment. Data on demographic variables, ulcer sites (location), and depth of ulcer (Wagner classification) were also collected. A total of 134 pathogens were isolated from 126 patients. The most common gram-negative pathogen identified was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.6%), followed by Klebsiella spp (6.7%). The most common gram-positive pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (35%), followed by Streptococcus (8.9%). The most widely accepted antibiotic to which the gram-negative bacteria were sensitive was gentamycin (20.1%), followed by ciprofloxacin (19%). The most routinely used antibiotic in the treatment of the gram-positive bacteria was erythromycin (16%), with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14.1%) being the next most effective. In conclusion, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus were the most common causes of diabetic foot infections. However, the frequency of encountered pathogens and respective sensitivity to antibiotic therapy may be influenced by the location site and severity of the ulceration.
Comparison of Fracture Location and Extent of Comminution in Isolated Scaphoid Fractures Versus Transscaphoid Fracture-Dislocations
Authors: Suszynski Thomas M. , Ben-Amotz Oded , Kargel Jennifer S. , Bass Robert , Sammer Douglas M.
Published: August 2018

Background: Isolated scaphoid fractures (ISFs) are common, whereas transscaphoid fracture-dislocations (TSFDs) are not. Scaphoid fracture location and the extent of comminution are factors that affect treatment and outcome. The purpose of this study is to compare the radiographic characteristics of ISFs with TSFDs associated with greater arc injury. Methods: This study is a retrospective review of all ISFs and TSFDs that presented to our institution during a 5-year period. Fracture location (along the long axis of the scaphoid) was calculated by dividing the distance from the proximal pole to the fracture by the entire length of the scaphoid. The extent of comminution was measured in millimeters along the mid-axis of the scaphoid and divided by the entire length of the scaphoid. Results: One-hundred thirty-eight scaphoid fractures in 137 patients were identified. One-hundred twelve fractures (81%) were ISFs, and 26 (19%) were associated with a TSFD. The mean fracture location was more proximal in TSFDs than in ISFs. However, fractures occurred in the distal third of the scaphoid in 12% of ISFs compared with 0% of TSFDs. Nine percent of ISFs demonstrated comminution as compared with 12% of TSFDs. Extent of comminution was 16% and 28% for ISFs and TSFDs, respectively. Conclusion: Scaphoid fractures associated with greater arc injuries are located more proximally and are more comminuted than ISFs, and distal pole fractures rarely occur in the setting of TSFDs. The increased incidence and extent of comminution in TSFDs may be suggestive of a higher energy injury mechanism.
Moving forward toward standardizing analysis of quality of life data in randomized cancer clinical trials
Authors: Bottomley Andrew , Pe Madeline , Sloan Jeff , Basch Ethan , Bonnetain Franck , Calvert Melanie , Campbell Alicyn , Cleeland Charles , Cocks Kim , Collette Laurence , Dueck Amylou C , Devlin Nancy , Flechtner Hans-Henning , Gotay Carolyn , Greimel Eva , Griebsch Ingolf , Groenvold Mogens , Hamel Jean-Francois , King Madeleine , Kluetz Paul G , Koller Michael , Malone Daniel C , Martinelli Francesca , Mitchell Sandra A , Moinpour Carol M , Musoro Jammbe Z , O’Connor Daniel , Oliver Kathy , Piault-Louis Elisabeth , Piccart Martine , Pimentel Francisco L , Quinten Chantal , Reijneveld Jaap C , Schürmann Christoph , Smith Ashley Wilder , Soltys Katherine M , Sridhara Rajeshwari , Taphoorn Martin J B , Velikova Galina , Coens Corneel
Published: August 2018

Background

There is currently a lack of consensus on how health-related quality of life and other patient-reported outcome measures in cancer randomized clinical trials are analyzed and interpreted. This makes it difficult to compare results across randomized controlled trials (RCTs) synthesize scientific research, and use that evidence to inform product labeling, clinical guidelines, and health policy. The Setting International Standards in Analyzing Patient-Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life Endpoints Data for Cancer Clinical Trials (SISAQOL) Consortium aims to develop guidelines and recommendations to standardize analyses of patient-reported outcome data in cancer RCTs.

Methods and Results

Members from the SISAQOL Consortium met in January 2017 to discuss relevant issues. Data from systematic reviews of the current state of published research in patient-reported outcomes in cancer RCTs indicated a lack of clear reporting of research hypothesis and analytic strategies, and inconsistency in definitions of terms, including “missing data,”“health-related quality of life,” and “patient-reported outcome.” Based on the meeting proceedings, the Consortium will focus on three key priorities in the coming year: developing a taxonomy of research objectives, identifying appropriate statistical methods to analyze patient-reported outcome data, and determining best practices to evaluate and deal with missing data.

Conclusion

The quality of the Consortium guidelines and recommendations are informed and enhanced by the broad Consortium membership which includes regulators, patients, clinicians, and academics.
‘A Good Woman of Business’: The Female Manager in the Portable Theatre
Authors: Featherstone Ann
Published: August 2018

The portable theatre embraced and valorised women throughout its 150-year history (from around 1800 to 1950), taking dramatic performances to towns and cities throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland. Mothers, wives and daughters were also actors and managers in these travelling companies, in close family units, and their career paths reflected both their skills and opportunities. Their working lives were physically hard, often organising theatrical licenses and recruiting professionals, as well as performing themselves. Many women combined the leading lady roles with management and caring for their children. Others were forced to relinquish an acting career to concentrate upon business. Mrs Marie Livesey, with six children to care for, fulfilled her late husband’s ambition to build a permanent theatre and did so, in part, with revenue from her portable theatre. Women managers of portable theatres were respected in their business and their achievements challenge the perception that all theatrical women laboured under ‘restricted conditions’.
Upregulation of LGALS1 is associated with oral cancer metastasis
Authors: Li Ji-Min , Tseng Chien-Wei , Lin Chi-Chen , Law Ching-Hsuan , Chien Yu-An , Kuo Wen-Hung , Chou Hsiu-Chuan , Wang Wen-Ching , Chan Hong-Lin
Published: August 2018

Background:

Oral cancer metastasis is a devastating process that contributes to poor prognosis and high mortality, yet its detailed underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate metastasis-specific markers in oral cancer and to provide comprehensive recognition concerning functional roles of the specific target in oral cancer metastasis.

Methods:

Lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1 (LGALS1) was identified by secretomic analysis. LGALS1 expression of patient samples with oral cancer on the tissue microarray were examined by immunochemical (IHC) staining. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of LGALS1 revealed the role of LGALS1 in oral cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo.

Results:

LGALS1 was observed to be upregulated in highly invasive oral cancer cells, and elevated LGALS1 expression was correlated with cancer progression and lymph node metastasis in oral cancer tissue specimens. Functionally, silencing LGALS1 resulted in suppressed cell growth, wound healing, cell migration, and cell invasion in oral cancer cells in vitro. Knockdown of LGALS1 in highly invasive oral cancer cells dramatically inhibited lung metastasis in an in vivo mouse model. Mechanistic studies suggested p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, upregulated MMP-9, and mesenchymal phenotypes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in highly invasive oral cancer cells, whereas siRNA against LGALS1 resulted in the inactivation of p38 MAPK pathway, downregulated MMP-9, and EMT inhibition.

Conclusions:

These findings demonstrate that elevated LGALS1 is strongly correlated with oral cancer progression and metastasis, and that it could potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker and an innovative target for oral cancer therapy.
Comparison of Electrophysiological Properties and Gene Expression between Human Chondrocytes and Chondroprogenitors Derived from Normal and Osteoarthritic Cartilage
Authors: Kachroo Upasana , Livingston Abel , Vinod Elizabeth , Sathishkumar Solomon , Boopalan P. R. J. V. C.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes are currently used for cell-based therapy in cartilage repair. Chondroprogenitors (CPs), resident cells of articular cartilage, demonstrate likeness to stem cells. Reports suggest that chondrocytes phenotype is altered in culture, thus making differentiation between the two cell populations difficult. Our objectives were to electrophysiologically assess chondrocytes and CPs, compare their mRNA expression with that of ionic channels already reported in MSCs, and to observe the effect of time in culture and osteoarthritic damage on cells.

Design and Results

Chondrocytes and CPs at passages 0 (p0) and 5 (p5) derived from normal and osteoarthritic (OA) knee joints were used. Ionic currents were recorded by subjecting cells to depolarizing voltage pulses, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for studying ion channel expression. Our results demonstrated that both chondrocytes and CPs showed the presence of similar currents belonging to voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily, with RT-PCR confirming high mRNA expression of Maxi K, HKv1.1, HKv1.4, HKv4.2, and hEAG1 channels. Our finding also suggested that CPs were comparatively more sensitive to increased time in culture and inflammatory processes as observed in OA, as was evidenced by the significant decrease in mean current density (p0 normal CP: 183.171 ± 50.80 pA/pF; p5 normal CP: 50.225 ± 17.63 pA/pF; P = 0.0280) and significant increase in cellular size (p0 normal CP: 21.564 ± 2.98 pF; p0 OA CP: 37.939 ± 3.55 pF; P = 0.0057).

Conclusion

Both cell types appear to be optimal candidates for cell-based therapy although initial seeding density, cell source (normal vs. OA), and time in culture are matters of concern, prior to cell-type selection.
Delving Deeper Into Color Space
Authors: Jraissati Yasmina , Douven Igor
Published: August 2018

So far, color-naming studies have relied on a rather limited set of color stimuli. Most importantly, stimuli have been largely limited to highly saturated colors. Because of this, little is known about how people categorize less saturated colors and, more generally, about the structure of color categories as they extend across all dimensions of color space. This article presents the results from a large Internet-based color-naming study that involved color stimuli ranging across all available chroma levels in Munsell space. These results help answer such questions as how English speakers name a more complex color set, whether English speakers use so-called basic color terms (BCTs) more frequently for more saturated colors, how they use non-BCTs in comparison with BCTs, whether non-BCTs are highly consensual in less saturated parts of the solid, how deep inside color space basic color categories extend, or how they behave on the chroma dimension.
Clinical and genetic associations with prostacyclin response in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Halliday Stephen J. , Xu Meng , Thayer Timothy E. , Mosley Jonathan D. , Sheng Quanhu , Ye Fei , Farber‐Eger Eric H. , Pugh Meredith E. , Robbins Ivan R. , Assad Tufik R. , West James D. , Brittain Evan L. , Hemnes Anna R.
Published: August 2018

Parenteral prostacyclin therapy is the most efficacious pharmacologic treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but clinical response is variable. We sought to identify clinical, hemodynamic, and genetic associations with response to prostacyclin therapy. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients within a de‐identified electronic health record and associated DNA biobank. Patients with PAH and a right heart catheterization (RHC) in the six months before initiation of a parenteral prostacyclin were included. Responders were defined a priori by attainment of World Health Organization (WHO) functional class (FC) 2 or better at the time of repeat RHC within two years. We performed exploratory analyses to identify genomic associations with prostacyclin response. Of 129 patients identified, 54 met our criteria for “responders.” These patients were younger, more likely to be male, and were less likely to have connective tissue disease‐related PAH. At follow‐up, responders had improved hemodynamics, 6‐min walk distance, and long‐term survival. Baseline PA oxygen saturation (hazard ratio [HR] 0.568 [0.34–0.95]) and follow‐up FC (HR = 2.57 [1.22–5.43]) were associated with survival. Prostacyclin responders were enriched in alleles related to cell development and circulatory system development and pathways related to aldosterone metabolism, cAMP signaling, and vascular smooth muscle contraction (P < 0.001). Age at treatment initiation, WHO FC at short‐term follow‐up, and PA O2% are associated with survival in patients with PAH exposed to parenteral prostacyclins. Exploratory genetic analysis yielded associations in biologically relevant pathways in the pathogenesis of PAH.
The perils of plurality rule and the major(itarian) effect of cabinet composition on human rights in presidential democracies
Authors: Holzer Joshua
Published: August 2018

I argue that when presidents are able (or forced) to cobble together broad-based coalitions to win an absolute majority, their administrations are less likely (and less able) to violate human rights, in comparison to presidential administrations whose victories are the result of a narrow plurality. Consistent with this argument, I find cabinets comprised of a higher percentage of individuals from parties other than that of the president to be associated with greater government respect for human rights. Additionally, I find that in the years after a presidential election won by an absolute majority, states are more likely to experience an increase in government respect for human rights, in comparison to the years after a presidential election won by a mere plurality. Utilizing an original dataset of cabinet composition for 35 presidential democracies spanning from 2001 to 2011, this study concludes that it may prudent for non-majoritarian systems to consider adopting a mandatory majority rule so to encourage the types of conciliatory alliances that appear to promote high human rights respect.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Masquerading as Uremia: An Educational Case Report
Authors: Klassen Judith , Wilson Gail
Published: August 2018

Rationale:

With marijuana legalization, clinicians need to be aware of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS), which may masquerade as other disease states such as uremia.

Presenting concerns of the patient:

A 37-year-old man with bipolar affective disease treated with lithium had progressive renal insufficiency presumably on the basis of interstitial fibrosis. He developed persistent and severe nausea and vomiting which was assumed to be on the basis of uremia. Predating the nausea and vomiting was a history of daily marijuana use.

Diagnoses:

Renal insufficiency, bipolar affective disease, and intractable nausea and vomiting.

Interventions:

Dialysis was initiated but did not improve his symptoms and multiple investigations revealed no other cause. Abstinence from marijuana use resulted in complete resolution of symptoms.

Outcomes:

The patient elected to discontinue dialysis and was still alive 7 months later. We concluded the nausea and vomiting were not on a uremic basis but more likely due to CHS.

Lessons learned:

With more widespread use of marijuana, it is important to be aware of CHS, which may be confused with uremia in patients with concomitant renal insufficiency.
Sibling Roles in Family–School Partnerships for Students With Disabilities During Transition Planning
Authors: Hagiwara Mayumi , Palmer Susan B. , Hancock Christine L. , Shogren Karrie A.
Published: August 2018

Strong family–school partnerships are crucial throughout K–12 education as they enable the development and implementation of meaningful educational programs for students with disabilities. This is especially true during transition planning. In many families, youth with disabilities have siblings that are a core part of the family unit, are likely to have the longest relationships with their sibling with disabilities, and may take over supporter roles as parents age. However, siblings are frequently neglected members of family–school partnerships. Siblings of students with disabilities have many unique insights to offer, particularly during the transition planning. This article describes benefits of including siblings of students with disabilities in family–school partnerships and offers school professionals suggestions on how to include siblings during transition planning.
Effectiveness of a Job Search Training Program for Youth With Visual Impairments
Authors: Cmar Jennifer L. , McDonnall Michele C.
Published: August 2018

Early work experiences predict future employment for youth with visual impairments, particularly when youth find jobs independently, but research has not supported the efficacy of sponsored work for this population. The most effective work experience programs include additional components such as job search assistance, and job search interventions are effective at improving employment outcomes. Thus, we conducted a quasi-experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of adding job search training to a summer work experience program with 42 youth with visual impairments. Intervention group youth significantly increased job search knowledge and behavior compared with comparison group youth, and both groups increased in job search self-efficacy. Although additional research is needed, this study provides initial evidence of the job search program’s effectiveness.
Influence of Built Environment Quality and Social Capital on Mental Health of Residents of Assisted Living Communities in Louisville, Kentucky
Authors: Walsh Sarah E. , LaJoie A. Scott
Published: August 2018

Objectives: Prior research has shown social capital and built environment quality are associated with overall health status and the incidence of mental illness. This study explores the relationship between social capital, built environment, and quality of life specifically for assisted living residents, currently a gap in the literature. Method: A total of 76 assisted living residents were interviewed for the study using researcher-administered questionnaires. In addition, site audits were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the built environment surrounding 12 assisted living communities in the Louisville Metro region. Results: There was a moderate, positive correlation between social capital and mental health, r = .473, p < .001. Built environment quality for the neighborhood immediately surrounding the assisted living community was not significantly correlated with quality of life for assisted living residents. Other population characteristics, including demographic characteristics, self-rated health status, and instrumental activities of daily living were not significantly predictive of mental health scores. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that social capital is associated with happiness and self-rated quality of life. Specifically, increased social capital is associated with increased mental well-being for older adults residing in assisted living communities, with social capital explaining about 20% of the variation in quality of life scores.
Non-cardioembolic stroke/transient ischaemic attack in Asians and non-Asians: A post-hoc analysis of the PERFORM study
Authors: Hoshino Takao , Sissani Leila , Labreuche Julien , Bousser Marie-Germaine , Chamorro Angel , Fisher Marc , Ford Ian , Fox Kim M , Hennerici Michael G , Mattle Heinrich P , Rothwell Peter M , Gabriel Steg Philippe , Vicaut Eric , Amarenco Pierre
Published: August 2018

Introduction

We aimed to compare the characteristics and vascular outcomes between Asian and non-Asian patients with non-cardioembolic stroke/transient ischaemic attack receiving antiplatelet monotherapy and to identify population-specific predictors for recurrent events.

Patients and methods

We conducted a post-hoc analysis of data from the PERFORM study, in which 19,100 patients (mean age, 67.2 years; male, 63%; 2178 Asian and 16,922 non-Asian patients) with non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack were randomised to aspirin or terutroban and followed for two years. The primary outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke and cardiovascular death).

Results

There was no difference in major adverse cardiovascular events risk between Asian and non-Asian populations (11.1% vs. 10.5%; p = 0.39). However, Asian patients were at significantly higher risk of intracranial haemorrhage (2.4% vs. 1.3%; hazard ratio (HR) 1.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34–2.60; p < 0.001) and major bleeding (5.4% vs. 4.1%; HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.04–1.61; p = 0.02). Stroke risk was significantly higher in Asian than in non-Asian populations among patients with lacunar stroke (7.4% vs. 4.5%; p = 0.02). In multivariable analysis, diastolic blood pressure (HR per 5 mm Hg 1.08; 95% CI 1.01–1.16; p = 0.03) and diabetes (HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.22–1.52; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events for Asian and non-Asian patients, respectively. Conclusion: Compared with non-Asian patients, Asian patients had significantly higher risk of haemorrhagic events when given antiplatelet monotherapy for secondary prevention after non-cardioembolic stroke/transient ischaemic attack. Lacunar stroke and elevated diastolic blood pressure were more associated with recurrence risk in Asian patients.
Minimally Invasive Surgery Using the Circular External Fixator to Correct Neglected Severe Stiff Equinocavus Foot Deformities
Authors: Ferreira Ricardo Cardenuto , Costa Marco Túlio , Lotti Cleber , Pistorello Lysie
Published: August 2018

Background:

Stiff equinocavus deformities of the foot are challenging to treat, often requiring extensive soft tissue dissection and bone removal. These procedures frequently yield suboptimal results and not infrequently amputation. Minimally invasive surgery using a circular external fixator potentially avoids the trauma to the soft tissue and may lead to improvement in outcomes and a lower amputation rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of minimally invasive surgery using a circular external fixator and limited soft tissue release to correct stiff equinocavus deformities.

Methods:

The treatment outcome of 29 patients (31 feet) with stiff equinocavus deformities of the foot and ankle treated with minimally invasive surgery and circular external fixation were reviewed after a mean follow-up period of 63 months. Patients’ demographics and cause of the deformities were recorded. Weight bearing radiographs of the foot were compared pre and postoperatively.

Results:

Outcome was satisfactory (plantigrade foot with improvement/resolution of pain) in 21 of 31 extremities, fair in 6 of 31 extremities, and poor in 4 of 31 extremities. In the majority of patients, a significant improvement in the equinocavus deformities was achieved with a statistically significant improvement in calcaneus and navicular height. Two patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth and severely insensate feet had a poor outcome, resulting in transtibial amputation.

Conclusion:

Minimally invasive surgery with gradual correction of neglected stiff equinocavus deformities using a modular circular external fixator is a reliable initial limb salvage strategy. Minimally invasive surgery and gradual correction of neglected severe stiff equinocavus deformities using the modular circular external fixator to gradually correct neglected severe stiff equinocavus deformities, is a safe initial limb salvage strategy which may simplify secondary procedures such as arthrodesis.

Level of evidence:

IV.