bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
hMSC-Derived VEGF Release Triggers the Chemoattraction of Alveolar Osteoblasts
Authors: Proksch Susanne , Bittermann Gido , Vach Kirstin , Nitschke Roland , Tomakidi Pascal , Hellwig Elmar
Published: July 2015

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are promising candidates for regenerative periodontal strategies, due to the broad spectrum of supportive effects on cells and tissues at the site of application. Although positive effects are visible, the understanding of their underlying mechanisms still requires further elucidation. Recently, we have shown that hMSCs are capable to prompt osteogenic differentiation of alveolar osteoblasts, thereby presumably contributing to alveolar bone regeneration. Another issue that is critical in this context is the attraction of hard tissue-forming cells to regeneration sites, but it is an open question whether hMSCs can afford this. In the present manuscript, we show by life cell imaging that in interactive cocultures, hMSCs successfully trigger osteoblast chemotaxis. Gene expression analysis for hMSC-innate chemoattractive biomolecules, orchestrating this process, revealed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), PgE synthase, osteoprotegerin (OPG), monocyte colony-stimulating factor, and transforming growth factor β1, which was confirmed for VEGF and OPG on the protein level. Noteworthy, we showed that only corresponding levels of VEGF but not OPG attracted alveolar osteoblasts similar to hMSC coculture, while VEGF inhibitor abolished both the VEGF and the hMSC-triggered chemoattraction. In summary, we have identified secreted OPG and VEGF proteins as potential chemoattractants, of which further characterization yielded VEGF as a causative for hMSC-directed osteoblast chemotaxis. With respect to the better understanding of potential hMSC-based periodontal regeneration strategies, we propose hMSC-derived VEGF release as a mechanism in the recruitment of hard tissue-forming cells to alveolar bone sites in need of regeneration. Stem Cells  2015;33:3114—3124
Biogenesis, identification, and function of exonic circular RNAs
Authors: Chen Iju , Chen Chia‐Ying , Chuang Trees‐Juen
Published: July 2015

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) arise during post‐transcriptional processes, in which a single‐stranded RNA molecule forms a circle through covalent binding. Previously, circRNA products were often regarded to be splicing intermediates, by‐products, or products of aberrant splicing. But recently, rapid advances in high‐throughput RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) for global investigation of nonco‐linear (NCL) RNAs, which comprised sequence segments that are topologically inconsistent with the reference genome, leads to renewed interest in this type of NCL RNA (i.e., circRNA), especially exonic circRNAs (ecircRNAs). Although the biogenesis and function of ecircRNAs are mostly unknown, some ecircRNAs are abundant, highly expressed, or evolutionarily conserved. Some ecircRNAs have been shown to affect microRNA regulation, and probably play roles in regulating parental gene transcription, cell proliferation, and RNA‐binding proteins, indicating their functional potential for development as diagnostic tools. To date, thousands of ecircRNAs have been identified in multiple tissues/cell types from diverse species, through analyses of RNA‐seq data. However, the detection of ecircRNA candidates involves several major challenges, including discrimination between ecircRNAs and other types of NCL RNAs (e.g., trans‐spliced RNAs and genetic rearrangements); removal of sequencing errors, alignment errors, and in vitro artifacts; and the reconciliation of heterogeneous results arising from the use of different bioinformatics methods or sequencing data generated under different treatments. Such challenges may severely hamper the understanding of ecircRNAs. Herein, we review the biogenesis, identification, properties, and function of ecircRNAs, and discuss some unanswered questions regarding ecircRNAs. We also evaluate the accuracy (in terms of sensitivity and precision) of some well‐known circRNA‐detecting methods. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:563–579. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1294

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms

RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of SrNi2–xSb2
Authors: Gvozdetskyi Volodymyr , Hlukhyy Viktor , Gladyshevskii Roman , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: July 2015

The intermetallic phase SrNi2–xSb2 was synthesized by arc melting mixtures of the elements and subsequent annealing under argon, and its structure was investigated by means of both powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes with the ThCr2Si2 type (tI10, I4/mmm) and has a homogeneity range of x = 0.15(1)–0.28(1), which does not include the exact stoichiometric 1:2:2 composition. The crystal structure of the phase SrNi2–xSb2 is built from layers of edge‐sharing Ni1–xSb4 tetrahedra, which are separated by Sr atoms along the c direction. Magnetic measurements of SrNi2–xSb2 showed no superconductive transition above 1.8 K.
A novel method to identify topological domains using Hi‐C data
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Yanjian , Gao Juntao , Zhang Michael Q.
Published: July 2015

Over the last decade the 3C‐based (Chromosome Conformation Capture, 3C) approaches have been developed to describe the frequency of chromatin interaction. The invention of Hi‐C allows us to obtain genome‐wide chromatin interaction map. However, it is challenging to develop efficient and robust analytical tools to interpret the Hi‐C data. Here we present a new method called Clustering based Hi‐C Domain Finder (CHDF), which is based on the difference of interaction intensity inside/outside domains, to identify Hi‐C domains. We also compared CHDF with existing methods including Direction Index (DI) and HiCseg. CHDF can define more chromatin domains validated by higher resolution local chromatin structure data (Chromosome Conformation Capture Carbon Copy (5C) data). Using Hi‐C data of lower sequencing depth, chromatin structure identified by CHDF is closer to that discovered by data of higher sequencing depth. Furthermore, the implement of CHDF is faster than the other two. Using CHDF, we are potentially able to discover more hints and clues about chromatin structural elements at domain level.
Assessing dictionary skills
Authors: Campoy-Cubillo Mari Carmen
Published: July 2015

This article discusses the role of dictionary skills in language learning as part of professional reference skills and as life-long language learning skills. It advocates for the integration of these skills in the language teaching and assessment cycle in a systematic way. Drawing on Nesi’s (Dictionaries in language learning. Recommendations, national reports, and thematic reports from the TNP sub-project 9: dictionaries, 1999) and Lew’s (Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: thinking outside the paper, 2013a) stages of dictionary use skills, it suggests that assessing dictionary skills is necessary if we want to study and analyze these skills in dictionary users under a common framework. Research on the use of dictionary skills in different countries and under several situations as well as responding to different reference needs can only be systematized if dictionary skill assessment is carried out under the same general assessment criteria. Several dimensions for assessing dictionary skills are considered.
Caution! MTurk Workers Ahead—Fines Doubled
Authors: Harms P. D. , DeSimone Justin A.
Published: July 2015

Landers and Behrend (2015) are the most recent in a long line of researchers who have suggested that online samples generated from sources such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) are as good as or potentially even better than the typical samples found in psychology studies. It is important that the authors caution that researchers and reviewers need to carefully reflect on the goals of research when evaluating the appropriateness of samples. However, although they argue that certain types of samples should not be dismissed out of hand, they note that there is only scant evidence demonstrating that online sources can provide usable data for organizational research and that there is a need for further research evaluating the validity of these new sources of data. Because the target article does not directly address the potential problems with such samples, we will review what is known about collecting online data (with a particular focus on MTurk) and illustrate some potential problems using data derived from such sources.
Inattentive Responding in MTurk and Other Online Samples
Authors: Fleischer Avi , Mead Alan D. , Huang Jialin
Published: July 2015

The focal article by Landers and Behrend (2015) makes the case that samples collected on microtask websites like Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) are inherently no better or worse than traditional samples of convenience from university students or organizations. We wholeheartedly agree. However, having successfully used MTurk and other online sources for data collection, we feel that the focal article was insufficient regarding the caution required in identifying inattentive respondents and the problems that can arise if such individuals are not removed from the dataset. Although we focus on MTurk, similar issues arise for most “low-stakes” assessments, including student samples, which seem to be increasingly collected online.
Bridging Science and Practice: Toward a Standard, Evidence-Based Framework of 21st Century Skills
Authors: Su Rong , Golubovich Juliya , Robbins Steven B.
Published: July 2015

In the past few years, the term “21st century skills” has gained increasing popularity in educational research and business practice. Neubert, Mainert, Kretzschmar, and Greiff (2015) advocated for the utility of assessing 21st century skills in industrial–organizational psychology (I-O psychology) and its superiority over assessing basic psychological constructs, using application-oriented constructs, or conducting job analysis to determine relevant skills for individual work settings. We argue, however, that the issues identified and discussed in the focal article are rather threefold and that, to integrate 21st century skills into I-O psychology and to bridge organizational science and practice, we need to have (a) a standard framework of clearly defined constructs, (b) innovative assessments, and (c) evidence for validity generalization. We elaborate below.
Do We Really Need New Constructs? An Argument for Adapting Individual Predictors to Dynamic Environments
Authors: Varghese Lebena , Lindeman Meghan I. H. , Santuzzi Alecia M.
Published: July 2015

Neubert, Mainert, Kretzschmar, and Greiff (2015) argue that the variable and dynamic nature of new job roles requires employees to demonstrate skills such as complex problem solving (CPS) or collaborative problem solving (ColPS). We argue that assessing CPS and ColPS in place of traditional assessment would be criterion deficient. We argue that traditional personnel assessments are important even for 21st century jobs. In this commentary we attempt to (a) highlight the contribution of currently assessed individual predictors and job skills in relation to personnel selection and (b) discuss how those traditional assessments can inform performance even in dynamic environments, such as those experienced in team-based work.
Dynamics of isolated vortex cavitation
Authors: Pennings P. C. , Bosschers J. , Westerweel J. , van Terwisga T. J. C.
Published: July 2015

The dynamic behaviour of vortex cavitation on marine propellers may cause inboard noise and vibration, but is not well understood. The main goal of the present study is to experimentally analyse the dynamics of an isolated tip vortex cavity generated at the tip of a wing of elliptical planform. Detailed high-speed video shadowgraphy was used to determine the cavity deformations in combination with force and sound measurements. The cavity deformations can be divided in different modes, each of which show a distinct dispersion relation between frequency and wavenumber. The dispersion relations show good agreement with an analytical formulation. Finally, experimental support is given to the hypothesis that the resonance frequency of the cavity volume variation is related to a zero group velocity.
Faraday pilot-wave dynamics: modelling and computation
Authors: Milewski Paul A. , Galeano-Rios Carlos A. , Nachbin André , Bush John W. M.
Published: July 2015

A millimetric droplet bouncing on the surface of a vibrating fluid bath can self-propel by virtue of a resonant interaction with its own wave field. This system represents the first known example of a pilot-wave system of the form envisaged by Louis de Broglie in his double-solution pilot-wave theory. We here develop a fluid model of pilot-wave hydrodynamics by coupling recent models of the droplet’s bouncing dynamics with a more realistic model of weakly viscous quasi-potential wave generation and evolution. The resulting model is the first to capture a number of features reported in experiment, including the rapid transient wave generated during impact, the Doppler effect and walker–walker interactions.
Political Strategy and Market Capabilities: Evidence from the Chinese Private Sector
Authors: Jia Nan
Published: July 2015

In this article, I argue that in emerging markets firms' market capabilities are positively related to the political strategies that they employ to reduce the risks of expropriation by public and private entities. I focus specifically on the moderating conditions, including institutional environments that have direct constraint on governmental power, supportive policies that promote private sector growth, and developed legal systems. My empirical analysis utilizes data on privately owned Chinese enterprises. The results show that firms' market capabilities – as indicated by their asset turnover ratios and R&D intensity – are positively related to their likelihood of participating in key policymaking political organizations but this relationship is weaker in provinces that have more effective constraints on governmental power, more supportive policies for private sector growth, and more developed legal systems.
A re-appraisal of the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Ordovician Fishguard Volcanic Group, SW Wales
Authors: PHILLIPS BETHAN A. , KERR ANDREW C. , BEVINS RICHARD
Published: July 2015

The Fishguard Volcanic Group represents an excellently preserved example of a volcanic sequence linked to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean. This study re-examines the petrogenesis and proposed tectonic setting for the Llanvirn (467–458 Ma) Fishguard Volcanic Group, South Wales, UK. New major and trace element geochemical data and petrographic observations are used to re-evaluate the magma chamber processes, mantle melting and source region. The new data reveal that the Fishguard Volcanic Group represents a closely related series of basalts, basaltic andesites, dacites and rhyolites originating from a spinel lherzolite source which had been modified by subduction components. The rocks of the Fishguard Volcanic Group are co-genetic and the felsic members are related to the more primitive basalts mainly by low-pressure fractional crystallization. The geochemistry of the lavas was significantly influenced by subduction processes associated with a coeval arc, while significant amounts of assimilation of continental crust along with fractional crystallization appear to have contributed to the compositions of the most evolved lavas. The Fishguard Volcanic Group was erupted into a back-arc basin where extensive rifting but no true seafloor spreading had occurred.
OUTSOURCING: ENERGY AND EMPIRE IN THE AGE OF COAL, 1820–1911
Authors: Barak On
Published: July 2015

During the long 19th century, British coal proliferated throughout the Ottoman Empire in increasing quantity, rapidity, and regularity via junctions and political arrangements that became evermore stable and dominant. The British used coal export to project their power elsewhere, offshoring the Industrial Revolution by building an infrastructure that could support it overseas and connect it to existing facets of the imperial project. Examining this “outsourcing” and the importance of foreign coal markets to industrialization helps provincialize the steam engine and anchor it in a global context. It also allows us to explore the impact of fossil energy on the Middle East and the ways coal both set the stage for the arrival of oil and informed the possibilities for translating carbon power into politics. Coal, the article suggests, animated political participation in England while reinforcing authoritarian tendencies in the Middle East.
The Body and the Body Politic: Medicine, Public Health, and Healing as History in the Modern Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Amster Ellen
Published: July 2015

Medicine and healing are intertwined with history, because the body is the precondition of human sovereignty. The body is the base of the body politic.
The End of Ottoman Positivism: The Gökalp-al-Husari Debate of 1916
Authors: Zakar Adrien
Published: July 2015

In the midst of World War I, a group of Ottoman scientists published a debate entitled “National Education” in the 1916 issue of the periodicalMuallim(The Teacher). The exchange between the sociologist Ziya Gökalp (1876–1924) and the psychologist Satiʾ al-Husari (1882–1968) started out with different agendas for imperial education and culminated with an outburst regarding the definition of modern science. In his conclusive remarks, al-Husari declared: “I consider [his] way of thinking to be a form of metaphysics and mystics that resembles pantheism.” Al-Husari was a positivist who professed the exclusive authority of empirical data over all immaterial evidence acquired through metaphysics and mystical experience. Yet, his opponent was nothing less, and the accusation was all the more provocative because Gökalp believed that his positivist sociology could become the organizing principle of educational reform.
Color banding in the Triassic terebratulid brachiopodCoenothyrisfrom the Muschelkalk of Central Europe
Authors: Hagdorn Hans , Sandy Michael R.
Published: July 2015

The Triassic terebratulid brachiopodCoenothyrisfrequently displays preserved color patterns; such patterns have commonly been recorded from Paleozoic terebratulid brachiopods. Despite the frequency with which color patterns are preserved inCoenothyris, there has been no recent investigation of the cause and significance of this phenomenon. Shell material is well-preserved; energy-dispersive spectroscopy and microprobe analysis has been unable to detect compositional differences between colored and noncolored shell. This supports the organic origin of the color patterns as suggested for Devonian terebratulids by Richter (1919); color patterns originate from organic pigment in the primary shell layer.

Three subtypes of radial color banding are identified: subtype A with a relatively large number (up to 80) of delicate color bands on each valve; subtype B with fewer and generally wider color bands (less than 20) on each valve of adult specimens; subtype C with faint to fairly wide but very short color bands along the anterior margin (ranging from a few to more than 50 in number). Serial sections prepared from subtypes A and B confirm their congeneric status.

As shell form (length/width/thickness ratio) and maximum size varies, color pattern types differ in various stratigraphic horizons and also in isochronous populations from different geographic localities, indicating different facies. However, the variation in color patterns is not due to systematic differences at the species or subspecies level but rather reflects a tendency amongCoenothyris vulgaristo respond to different environmental parameters. This variation in color patterns is ecophenotypic.
Kobayashiceras gifuense, a new actinocerid cephalopod from the Lower Devonian of Japan
Authors: Niko Shuji
Published: July 2015

A new actinocerid genus, Kobayashiceras, is defined on the basis of Kobayashiceras gifuense new species from the Lochkovian (Early Devonian) of the Fukuji Formation, central Japan. This genus shares with known actinocerids in the apical shell morphology, but is diagnosed by its orthocerid like stenosiphonate form in the adoral shell. Its taxonomic and paleobiogeographic implications are discussed.
Ichnology of an Upper Carboniferous fluvio-estuarine paleovalley: The Tonganoxie Sandstone, Buildex Quarry, Eastern Kansas, USA
Authors: Buatois Luis A. , Mangano M. Gabriela , Maples Christopher G. , Lanier William P.
Published: July 2015

Tidal rhythmites of the Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation, Douglas Group) at Buildex Quarry, eastern Kansas, contain a relatively diverse ichnofauna. The assemblage includes arthropod locomotion (Dendroidichnites irregulare, Diplichnites gouldi types A and B, Diplopodichnus biformis, Kouphichnium isp., Mirandaichnium famatinense, and Stiaria intermedia), resting (Tonganoxichnus buildexensis) and feeding traces (Stiallia pilosa, Tonganoxichnus ottawensis); grazing traces (Gordia indianaensis, Helminthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis hieroglyphica); feeding structures (Circulichnis montanus, Treptichnus bifurcus, Treptichnus pollardi, irregular networks), fish traces (Undichna britannica, Undichna simplicitas), tetrapod trackways, and root traces. The taxonomy of some of these ichnotaxa is briefly reviewed and emended diagnoses for Gordia indianaensis and Helminthoidichnites tenuis are proposed. Additionally, the combined name Dendroidichnites irregulare is proposed for nested chevron trackways. Traces previously regarded as produced by isopods are reinterpreted as myriapod trackways (D. gouldi type B). Trackways formerly interpreted as limulid crawling and swimming traces are assigned herein to Kouphichnium isp and Dendroidichnites irregulare, respectively.

Taphonomic analysis suggests that most grazing and feeding traces were formed before the arthropod trackways and resting traces. Grazing/feeding traces were formed in a soft, probably submerged substrate. Conversely, the majority of trackways and resting traces probably were produced subaerially in a firmer, dewatered and desiccated sediment.

The Buildex Quarry ichnofauna records the activity of a terrestrial and freshwater biota. The presence of this assemblage in tidal rhythmites is consistent with deposition on tidal flats in the most proximal zone of the inner estuary, between the maximum landward limit of tidal currents and the salinity limit further towards the sea.
Geniculigypa, a new gypidulid (Brachiopoda) genus from the Middle Devonian of Michigan
Authors: Blodgett Robert B. , Boucot A. J.
Published: July 2015

A new genus, Geniculigypa, and a new subfamily, the Geniculigypinae, are established. Both taxa are monotypic and have as their type species, Sieberella newtonensis Imbrie, 1959, from the Newton Creek Limestone (early Givetian) of Michigan. This species dramatically differs from all other known gypiduloid species in its possession of a prominent geniculation in both valves and by its radially grooved micro-ornament.
Marsupial mammal from the Upper Cretaceous North Horn Formation, Central Utah
Authors: Cifelli Richard L. , De Muizon Christian
Published: July 2015

Little is known of the non-dinosaurian fauna from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) part of the North Horn Formation, despite its biogeographic importance. Herein we describe a new marsupial mammal from the unit, founded on an exceptionally complete specimen of a juvenile individual, and present new information on the incisor region of early marsupials, based on comparison with complete specimens from the early Paleocene of Bolivia.Alphadon eatoni, new species, is the smallest Lancian species of the genus, and departs from a presumed marsupial morphotype in having the second lower incisor enlarged. The species is, however, primitive in lacking a “staggered” pattern to the incisor series and in having a labial mandibular foramen, and in these respects it differs from Paleocene and later marsupials. Poor representation of other taxa precludes meaningful comparison to most other North American Cretaceous marsupials, althoughEodelphis, thought to be distantly related, also has an enlarged i2. AlthoughAlphadonis characterized by many primitive features, the relative development of the incisors is not what would be predicted in a morphological antecedent to later Marsupialia.
New goniodomacean dinoflagellates with a compound hypotractal archeopyle from the late Cenozoic:CapisocystaWarny and Wrenn, emend.
Authors: Head Martin J.
Published: July 2015

Two new species of dinoflagellate are described from the upper Cenozoic of the North Atlantic region. They are assigned to the goniodomacean genusCapisocystaWarny and Wrenn, 1997 emend., whose archeopyle uniquely forms by the extensive and exclusive dissociation of hypocystal plates.Capisocysta latanew species is recorded from the upper lower Pliocene Coralline Crag Formation of eastern England, the lower and upper Pliocene of the subsurface Great Bahama Bank, and as a living cyst from Phosphorescence Bay, Puerto Rico.Capisocysta lyelliinew species is reported from the Coralline Crag Formation of eastern England.Capisocystaprovides the only unambiguous example of a hypocystal archeopyle in the order Gonyaulacales and the only example of a hypotractal archeopyle in the division Dinoflagellata.

The spherical, proximate cysts have pre-formed lines of weakness that occur exclusively on the hypocyst, where they follow plate boundaries. Upon excystment, these sutures facilitate the separate release of plates 2–6″′, ps, 1p, and 1″″. Sulcal plates 1s and rs and postcingular plate 1″′ typically remain attached to the epicyst, forming a distinctive hyposulcal tab. The single antapical plate inC. latais represented inC. lyelliiby two plates (left and right first antapical homologues) that are released separately.

Capisocystahas a tropical to warm temperate distribution today. It thrived and perhaps formed blooms in tropical carbonate platform environments of the Bahamas during the Pliocene, and might prove to be a useful indicator of very warm intervals within the Pliocene of higher latitude regions including the southern North Sea basin.

To facilitate discussion ofCapisocysta, several morphological terms have been modified or newly introduced. These terms more precisely describe archeopyle position and extent in dinoflagellates.
Implications of intracolonial variation in a Paleozoic bryozoan
Authors: Holdener Eric J. , Hageman Steven J.
Published: July 2015

Relative differences between environmentally controlled variation and genetically controlled variation are important when investigating morphologic variation in general, especially when establishing species concepts. The colonial nature of bryozoans provides a means for distinguishing between the two sources; variation can be partitioned into within-colony (microenvironmental) and among-colony (environmental + genetic) components. For the Paleozoic order Cryptostomata, biologically and taxonomically significant morphologic characters are well defined and methods for recognizing morphotaxa are well established.

The importance of within-colony variation to the morphometric treatment of fenestrate species was assessed after the discovery of a large specimen of Hemitrypa sp. Variation within the colony was compared to variation among and within two congeneric species. The distribution of study segments across the colony allowed assessment of variation both along the growth axis and laterally between segments of approximately equivalent generational age. Repeatability of methods was assessed using data measured independently from identical segments by three workers.

Variation within the large colony is less than variation among congeneric species, indicating that genetic differences among species exceed variation resulting from combined phenotypic and genotypic sources within species. Neither astogenetic nor ontogenetic morphologic gradients are recognized. Variation between data collected from identical segments by pairs of workers falls within the range of variation for the entire colony. Thus, multiple workers can reproduce data to the finest level of meaningful resolution. Cryptostome morphospecies concepts are validated.

The potential for partitioning genotypic versus environmental variation in reduced, multidimensional morphospace is reinforced. Studies of microevolution and speciation may be designed that account for these factors.
New genera of Cenozoic muricid gastropods, with comments on the mode of formation of the labral tooth
Authors: Vermeij Geerat J.
Published: July 2015

Analysis of previously unstudied shell characters reveals the existence of three new genera of Cenozoic muricid neogastropods. These are the new generaMuregina(type species:Murex lugubrisBroderip, 1833; ?early Miocene, Pliocene to Recent, eastern tropical Pacific);Kestocenebra(type species:Murex curvicostaGrateloup, 1840; early to late Miocene, Europe); andEdithais(type species:Concholepas dreziVokes, 1972; early to late Miocene, circumtropical).

A review of muricids with a labral tooth (a ventrally directed projection on the outer lip) shows that this structure forms in several distinct ways. It may form at the end of an external groove (as inMuregina) or cord (as inKestocenebra), grow continuously or discontinuously, and lie at positions ranging from the upper end of the siphonal canal to just below the middle of the outer lip. The labral tooth evidently evolved independently several times, often quite recently in genera such asMuregina, in which older representatives lack a labral tooth.
Wall structure and growth of fusulinacean Foraminifera
Authors: Hageman Scott A. , Kaesler Roger L.
Published: July 2015

Scanning electron microscopy of tests of Triticites ventricosus and Schwagerina sp. shows that the microgranular wall was secreted rather than agglutinated. Grains range in size from 0.5 to 6.0 μm, but grains larger than 4 μm are rare. Evidence that grains were secreted includes tight packing, uniform size and shape, and apparently homogeneous composition. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy confirms the perforate nature of the antetheca and the nature of the keriothecal wall. Alveoli taper toward the tectum and pass through the tectum as tiny pores, enhancing communication between chambers and with the external environment.

The traditional model for the addition of chambers is rejected. Three ways in which new chambers may have been added to the test that are consistent with observations made here: 1) The antetheca may have thickened differentially, creating a substrate to which the keriotheca of the new chamber was attached; 2) Part of the tectum, septum, and keriotheca of the previous chamber may have been resorbed before calcite forming the new chamber was secreted, perhaps necessary because the tectum was an unsuitable substrate on which to attach the keriotheca of the new chamber; 3) A combination of the above may have occurred wherein the antetheca thickened differentially and was resorbed locally, providing a suitable substrate on which to attach the keriotheca of the new chamber. The last model is favored here because it best explains the shape of the septa and the configuration of the keriotheca of the chambers of most specimens. Nevertheless, the other two models are consistent with the morphology of some specimens.
Trilobites of the Pabos Formation (Ashgillian, Upper Ordovician), Percé area, Quebec
Authors: Lespérance Pierre J. , Weissenberger John A. W.
Published: July 2015

The Ashgillian Pabos Formation underlies the Ashgillian-Llandoverian White Head Formation and consists, in the immediate Percé area, of 21 trilobite taxa. Of these, 11 are left in open nomenclature, four of which are summarily described, commented upon, and illustrated. Ten species are specifically determined and three of these are new:Remopleurides arenosus, Achatella(Achatella)clivosa,andMeadowtownella sacerdos. Hibbertia whittingtoni(McNamara, 1979) is a junior secondary homonym and renamedH. conistonensis.The Ashgillian-Llandoverian cheirurines of the Percé area are reviewed and new generic assignments suggested; these are a major component of the Pabos trilobite fauna. Revision ofCeraurinus icarus,a widely distributed North American species, shows its inherent variability; limits of variation, more complete descriptions, and stratigraphic distribution of most previously described species are also given. The distinctive trinucleidNovaspis elevataoccurs in the Pabos, outside the immediate Perce area. Almost all of the Pabos trilobites are also present in the coeval Grande Coupe beds of the Matapedia Group; otherwise they are a mixture of taxa with greatest faunal affinities with North American or northwestern European taxa of the same age.
Color patterns in Mississippian (Chesterian) blastoids
Authors: Beaver Harold H. , Fabian Alexander J.
Published: July 2015

Ninety-one specimens of Pentremites Say from the Mississippian Chesterian display color patterns. The darker color patterns represent a thin veneer of pigmented calcite which is barely visible on a polished surface or thin section, but which can be removed with dilute hydrochloric acid. Preservation appears to be best in specimens from shallow marine clays and shales. The patterns represent four color patterns, each consisting of different shades of calcite, and ranging in color from tan to black. Color patterns generally, but not always, cross growth lines. Type 1 has arched chevron patterns on the deltoids, horizontal lines on the radials, and triangular bands on the basals. Type 2 has darkened deltoids or concave chevrons on the deltoids and darkened areas concentric to the radials, and sometimes alternating light and dark bands conforming to growth lines on the radials. Type 3 has sloping lines crossing the radials, concave chevrons on the deltoids, and darkened areas on the lower radials, concentric to the ambulacra and on the basals. Type 4 has dark dots concentric to the lower ambulacra, arched chevrons on the deltoids and transverse lines abutting the radials and on the basals. The color patterns are original and may have been exposed on the outside of the integument.
Systematics of the Acanthoparyphinae (Trilobita), by species from the Silurian of Arctic Canada
Authors: Adrain Jonathan M.
Published: July 2015

Cladistic analysis of the trilobite subfamily Acanthoparyphinae Whittington and Evitt, 1954, yields an explicit hypothesis of relationship for the group. All Silurian species together form a robustly supported monophylum including the generaHyrokybeLane, 1972,ParayoungiaChatterton and Perry, 1984, andYoungiaLindström, 1885. Sister to this is the Ordovician type species ofAcanthoparyphaWhittington and Evitt, 1954. Remaining species that have historically been assigned to eitherAcanthoparyphaorPandaspinapygaEsker and Levin, 1964, form a rather labile paraphylum. Nevertheless, the entire group thus identified is definitely monophyletic, and supported by several prominent synapomorphic character-states.

The basal structure and basal node of the subfamily are more difficult to assess. The relationships of the generaHammannopygePřibyl, Vaněk, and Pek, 1985,HoliaBradley, 1930, andNieszkowskiaSchmidt, 1881, need to be addressed within the wider context of the family as a whole. The traditional assignment ofHoliato the acanthoparyphines is followed.

Wenlock acanthoparyphines from the Cape Phillips Formation of the central Canadian Arctic islands include several species ofHyrokybeandParayoungia.They are similar to, and in one case conspecific with, coeval forms to the southwest in the southern Mackenzie Mountains.

Five species are new:Holia glabra, Hyrokybe lightfooti, Hyrokybe youngi, Hyrokybe mitchellae,andParayoungia mclaughlini.At least four other potentially new species are reported in open nomenclature.
Hyaenodon venturae (Hyaenodontidae, Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Early Chadronian (Latest Eocene) of Wyoming
Authors: Lavrov Alexander V. , Emry Robert J.
Published: July 2015

Two new specimens of Hyaenodon venturae from the early Chadronian (latest Eocene) of Wyoming provide new information about this rare, miniature hyaenodont, and extend the upper end of the temporal range of the species. The significant difference between H. venturae and H. microdon, the two smallest North American species of Hyaenodon, is the absence of synostosis of the mandibular symphysis in adult H. venturae. In Hyaenodon microdon, from the middle Chadronian, on the contrary, fusion of the symphysis is complete while the individual is still in the juvenile stage of ontogenesis, before the eruption of m3. Within the genus Hyaenodon the ml becomes relatively smaller as the length of the tooth row (pl-m3) increases; this relationship can be demonstrated in the series of species from the miniature H. venturae to the giant H. megaloides.
The effects of salinity on the density, shell size and survival of a mangrove gastropod: laboratory and field evidence
Authors: Maia Rafaela Camargo , Coutinho Ricardo
Published: July 2015

The macro-detritivore gastropod Melampus coffeus plays an important role in energy transfer in neotropical mangroves and, because it consumes tree leaves, it may be a potential ecological indicator of degraded mangrove areas. The objective of this study was to analyse the spatial-temporal distribution and population dynamics parameters of M. coffeus in mangroves and correlate environmental variables with population density, shell morphology and survival. Samples were collected monthly in two mangrove forests with different salinities, located on the north-eastern coast of Brazil. Height, width and aperture height of the animals’ shell were measured. The effects of salinity on population density and size distribution in M. coffeus were evaluated in field and laboratory experiments. The results showed that populations of M. coffeus present low density and are composed of large individuals during the dry season in both mangrove forests. These populations are denser and show predominance of small individuals during the rainy season when salinity decreases. The results obtained in the experiments confirm the observations in the field. Animals at extreme sizes (small and large) subjected to different salinity treatments over a moderate period showed higher mortality rates than individuals of intermediate size.
Transcriptional profiling of chronic clinical hepatic schistosomiasis japonica indicates reduced metabolism and immune responses
Authors: GOBERT GEOFFREY N. , BURKE MELISSA L. , MCMANUS DONALD P. , ELLIS MAGDA K. , CHUAH CANDY , RAMM GRANT A. , WANG YUANYUAN , LI YUESHENG
Published: July 2015

Schistosomiasis is a significant cause of human morbidity and mortality. We performed a genome-wide transcriptional survey of liver biopsies obtained from Chinese patients with chronic schistosomiasis only, or chronic schistosomiasis with a current or past history of viral hepatitis B. Both disease groups were compared with patients with no prior history or indicators of any liver disease. Analysis showed in the main, downregulation in gene expression, particularly those involved in signal transduction via EIF2 signalling and mTOR signalling, as were genes associated with cellular remodelling. Focusing on immune associated pathways, genes were generally downregulated. However, a set of three genes associated with granulocytes, MMP7, CLDN7, CXCL6 were upregulated. Differential gene profiles unique to schistosomiasis included the gene Granulin which was decreased despite being generally considered a marker for liver disease, and IGBP2 which is associated with increased liver size, and was the most upregulated gene in schistosomiasis only patients, all of which presented with hepatomegaly. The unique features of gene expression, in conjunction with previous reports in the murine model of the cellular composition of granulomas, granuloma formation and recovery, provide an increased understanding of the molecular immunopathology and general physiological processes underlying hepatic schistosomiasis.
THE EARLY BYZANTINE SETTLEMENT AT LEUKOS, KARPATHOS
Authors: Nelson Michael C. , Kelly Amanda , Ian Begg D.J. , Brenningmeyer Todd
Published: July 2015

This article presents the methodology and results of archaeological fieldwork conducted at the small fifth to sixth centuryadport settlement at Leukos on the island of Karpathos in the Dodecanese. Fieldwork, undertaken from 2008 to 2011, comprised topographic, architecture and artefact surveys of the visible remains.
Longitudinal changes in social networks, health and wellbeing among older Koreans
Authors: KIM BORIN , PARK SOJUNG , ANTONUCCI TONI C.
Published: July 2015

This study investigates the changes in social network types among older adults in South Korea, and it examines whether, and to what extent, these changes influence their health and psychological wellbeing. Data were obtained from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The sample was restricted to respondents over 65 years of age who participated in both the 2006 and 2008 surveys (N = 3,501). The social network types for both years were derived by Latent Class Analysis. Changes in network types over time were then identified. A series of multivariate regression analyses were conducted to examine the effects of social network changes on self-rated health, depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Restricted, Family, Friend and Diverse network types were derived in each wave of the study. Although the direction of social network changes was not always towards the Restricted type, the Restricted network was the most prevalent and stable type among older Koreans. Older adults who remained in or transitioned to restricted types of social networks were more likely to have poor self-rated health, higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of life satisfaction. This study adds to the limited body of literature on longitudinal network typology, and it expands the knowledge of social network types among older adults in diverse social and cultural contexts.
Delirious Hopes: Napoleonic Milan and the Rise of Modern Italian Operatic Criticism
Authors: Senici Emanuele
Published: July 2015

This article explores the relationship between politics, society and culture in Napoleonic Milan (1796–1814) on the one hand, and opera reviews published in the city’s periodical press at the time on the other. This relationship is worth discussing for two reasons: first, Milan under French rule constituted the earliest, embryonic instance of the modern city in Italy; second, it was there that for the first time in Italy operatic criticism shifted from an undivided focus on the performance, mostly treated as a social occasion, to a prominent concern for the work being performed, which became the object of lengthy critical scrutiny. The article focuses specifically on the function of the periodical press as a crucial link between the discourse of opera and that of the city, exploring the complex ways in which Milanese society, culture and ideology, especially as represented in the city’s newspapers, are connected to the epoch-making shift from performance to work in the opera reviews published there.
SOME NOTES ON “AVICENNA AMONG MEDIEVAL JEWS”
Authors: Harvey Steven
Published: July 2015

In an article published in Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 22 (2012), pp. 217–87, by Gad Freudenthal and Mauro Zonta, “Avicenna among Medieval Jews: the reception of Avicenna's philosophical, scientific and medical writings in Jewish cultures, East and West,” the authors promise to present “a preliminary but comprehensive picture of Avicenna's reception by medieval Jewish cultures.” As such, it seemed to offer the “comprehensive study” referred to as a desideratum by Zonta at the conclusion of his groundbreaking and very important survey, “Avicenna in medieval Jewish philosophy” (2002). Zonta explained that such a future “comprehensive study of the many and different interpretations given to his doctrines by Jewish thinkers would allow us to evaluate the real role played by [Avicenna] in medieval thought.” Surprisingly, the recent article adds little that is new to the previous studies of Zonta and others on the subject, and omits useful information found in them. The main point of the present notes is to try to correct several oversimplifications, questionable assumptions, and misleading statements in the article under consideration. Its purpose is to help readers of the article to attain a fuller and more accurate – although certainly not comprehensive – picture of the reception of Avicenna among medieval Jews.
A new record of ascidians in Indian waters, from the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Authors: Ananthan Gnanakkan , Stalin Chinnathambi , Raghunathan Chelladurai
Published: July 2015

The ascidian fauna at Campbell Bay, Bquary Beach and Laxman Beach, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, was surveyed. A total of six species –Botrylloides leachi, Botrylloides pizoni, Clavelina picta, Clavelina robusta, Phallusia julineaandPolycarpa pigmentate– were newly recorded in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the generaClavelinawas recorded for the first time in India. It is likely that the Andaman and Nicobar Islands provide a better environment for the growth of ascidians and this area in particular is populated by a greater variety of these ascidians than any of the other areas of the islands. This paper details their morphological and taxonomical features.
Der Herzschrittmacher der Zukunft – technische Visionen
Authors: Haeberlin Andreas , Zurbuchen Adrian , Pfenniger Aloïs , Fuhrer Jürg , Vogel Rolf
Published: July 2015

Zusammenfassung. Herzschrittmacher sind die therapeutischen Grundpfeiler bradykarder Herzrhythmusstörungen. Moderne Schrittmacher sind zuverlässig und bieten eine Vielzahl an Möglichkeiten zur patientenspezifischen Therapie. Schrittmacherwechsel aufgrund von Batterieerschöpfung sind allerdings häufig (~25 % aller Implantationen) und können Komplikationen nach sich ziehen. Batterielose Herzschrittmacher wären wünschenswert um die Anzahl der Schrittmacherwechsel zu minimieren. Ein solches Gerät müsste seine Energie im Körper selbst mittels eines speziellen Generators gewinnen. Dieser Generator könnte beispielsweise aus subkutan implantierten Solarzellen bestehen, welche die kleine Menge Licht, die in unseren Körper eindringt, in elektrische Energie umwandeln. Alternativ könnte der Blutfluss mittels kleiner intravaskulärer Turbinen als Energiequelle genutzt werden. Ein dritter Ansatz verfolgt die direkte Umwandlung eines Teils der mechanischen Energie der Ventrikelkontraktion in elektrische Energie, wozu ein spezielles mechanisches Uhrwerk auf das Myokard aufgebracht wird. Alle diese Ansätze wurden in ersten in vivo Studien erfolgreich getestet. Speziell erfolgsversprechend für die Zukunft scheinen miniaturisierte Generatoren, welche katheterbasiert intraventrikulär implantiert werden können und somit gleichzeitig erlauben, auf Schrittmacherelektroden zu verzichten – eine andere Achillesferse gegenwärtiger Schrittmacher.