bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperkalaemia in Heart Failure
Authors: Ismail Umar , Sidhu Kiran , Zieroth Shelley
Published: May 2021

Hyperkalaemia has become an increasingly prevalent finding in patients with heart failure (HF), especially with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and angiotensin–neprilysin inhibitors being the cornerstone of medical therapy. Patients living with HF often have other comorbidities, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease, which predispose to hyperkalaemia. Until now, we have not had any reliable or tolerable therapies for the treatment of hyperkalaemia to facilitate implementation or achievement of target doses of RAAS inhibition. Patiromer sorbitex calcium and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate are two novel potassium-binding resins that have shown promise in the management of patients predisposed to developing recurrent hyperkalaemia, and their use may allow for further optimisation of guideline directed medical therapy.
CALCULATION OF THE BEARING CAPACITY OF A TWO-SLOT STRIP FOUNDATION
Authors: Bogomolova O. A
Published: May 2021

The results of computer modeling of the process of formation and development of areas of plastic deformations in the connected base of a double-slit ribbon foundation are presented. All calculations are performed using computer programs developed with the participation of the author. These programs allow you to take into account all the variety of physical and mechanical properties of the foundation soil (volume weight, internal friction angle, specific adhesion, lateral pressure coefficient and deformation modulus) and the foundation material (elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio). In the calculations, it is assumed that the value of the lateral pressure coefficient of the soil is 0.75, as is typical for cohesive clay soils, and the same value for the foundation material is assumed to be 0.43 (converted through the Poisson's ratio). Based on the results of calculations, it was possible to determine the features of the stress state of the base of the double-slit foundation and the process of development of plastic areas in the core of the foundation. First of all, the part of the bearing capacity of the base of the double-slit foundation that contacts its side surface is realized, and the inclusion of the side surface of the slit foundation in the work occurs from the bottom up. Then the part of the base that is located directly under the soles of the walls in the ground (cracks) is included in the work. It is established that the smaller the distance between the slits, the greater the bearing capacity of the base and the greater its part falls on the side surface. The bearing capacity of the base of a double-slit foundation is directly proportional to the depth of its foundation (the height of the cracks). The part of the load-bearing capacity realized on the side surface of the foundation can reach 60 % or more of its full value. An engineering method for calculating the load-bearing capacity of the base of a double-slit foundation, including simple formulas and graphs, is proposed. The method is formalized in a calculator program. The verification calculations showed a high degree of accuracy in approximating the results of the numerical experiment.
Dragonflies and Damselflies in a region of the Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais: checklist and taxonomic additions
Authors: Venâncio Henrique , Vilela Diogo Silva , Barbosa Marcela Silva , Santos Jean Carlos
Published: May 2021

Abstract: Remaining freshwater systems are historically under threat mainly due to human activities such as agriculture and urbanization. The consequences of such activities are innumerous, and among them there is a decrease of suitable habitats for threatened fauna. In the Brazilian Cerrado, the odonatofauna of palm swamps and riparian forests are still poorly explored, a fact that difficult conservation efforts of the group. Thus, we performed an inventory in several urban and rural sites containing these phytophysiognomies in Uberlândia, Triângulo Mineiro region, western Minas Gerais state. In total, we found 101 Odonata species, seven families and 46 genera in the municipality, with 76 and 66 species, respectively, belonging to palm swamp and forest sites. From this diversity, eight species were first records in the state of Minas Gerais: Neuraeschna claviforcipata Martin, 1909, Phyllocycla cf. medusaBelle, 1988, Diastatops intensa Montgomery, 1940, Oligoclada pachystigma Karsch, 1890, O. xanthopleura Borror, 1931, Angelagrion nathaliaeLencioni, 2008, Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert, 1909 and Telebasis simulacrum (Calvert, 1909). We also sampled Erythrodiplax anaGuillermo-Ferreira & Vilela 2016, a species listed as endangered (EN) by the IUCN red list. Additionally, we include some taxonomic notes of Forcepsioneura machadorum females, a newly discovered species in the region. Our results contribute to the Odonata database in Brazil and highlights the importance inventories in poorly explored aquatic ecosystems.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT: KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT CONSIDERING THE ARTICULATION OF ACTIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES
Authors: Silva Aline Roberta da , Nascimento Juliana da Siva Garcia , Nascimento Kleiton Gonçalves do , Torres Gabriel Andrés Segura , Pinotti Claúdia Carvalho Moreira , Dalri Maria Celia Barcellos
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the effect of an educational intervention called “Basic Life Support with the use of the automated external defibrillator” on knowledge development in Nursing professionals, considering the articulation of active teaching and learning strategies. Method: a quasi-experimental intervention study, without a control group and of before-and-after type, carried out with 113 nurses working in the Urgency and Emergency Network of an inland city in the state of São Paulo, through a course presented between March and June 2019 on cardiopulmonary resuscitation with Basic Life Support and use of automated external defibrillator. Three active teaching and learning strategies were articulated: inverted classroom, video lesson, and clinical simulation. Knowledge was assessed by applying a pre- and post-test, and the paired t test was used for the analysis. Results: the best performance regarding knowledge development was presented by the nurses from the hospital area, identifying a mean of 11.90 points in the pre-test and of 16.9 points in the post-test. In general, better scores of knowledge regarding Basic Life Support were obtained, evidenced by statistically significant results, with a p-value<0.001. Conclusion: the articulation of the adopted strategies can enhance knowledge development in Nursing regarding Basic Life Support in adult patients, due to the emphasis on the development of critical thinking, the encouragement of clinical judgment, reflective discussion and active participation of individuals in their learning process, factors that positively impact on the acquisition of the individuals' cognitive ability/knowledge.
Cuidado emancipador
Authors: Barros Nelson
Published: May 2021

Resumo A humanização do cuidado tem sido um desafio presente no campo da saúde em geral e no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o constructo sociológico de cuidado emancipador. Enquanto o cuidado tem forte identificação com o senso comum e com os conhecimentos tácitos, a prática clínica biomédica associou-se ao conhecimento científico resultante de uma ruptura epistemológica racionalista. O cuidado emancipador é uma hibridização entre senso comum e conhecimento científico, ou cuidado e clínica, sustentado pelo posicionamento ético-político do profissional, para a substituição da heteronomia pela autonomia no processo de saúde-doença-cuidado. A intencionalidade deste artigo é apresentar uma perspectiva inovadora sobre a discussão do cuidado, que não é nova, trazendo algumas referências históricas, não com o propósito de desenvolver uma análise epocalista ou cronológica. O objetivo é alargar o espaço de reflexões sobre os cuidados heterônomos como um evento hegemônico da cultura contemporânea, bem como ampliar os debates sobre as possibilidades de construção de práticas de cuidado que privilegiem a autonomia das pessoas e apontem para a sua emancipação. Conclui-se que o conceito de cuidado emancipador pode fazer avançar uma segunda ruptura epistemológica com o desenvolvimento de práticas emancipadoras no processo saúde-doença-cuidado.
Phytotoxicity in soybean crop caused by simulated dicamba drift
Authors: Alves Guilherme Sousa , Cunha João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues da , Silva Sérgio Macedo , Vieira Gustavo de Souza , Santos Mariana Pistore , Landim Thiago Nunes , Alves Thales Cassemiro
Published: May 2021

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate injury symptoms on soybean not tolerant to dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), as well as crop yield, after the application of sub-rates of the herbicide to simulate physical drift in tropical conditions. Dicamba rates of 0, 5.8, 14.4, 28.8, 57.6, and 576 g acid equivalent per hectare were applied at the vegetative (V3) and reproductive (R1) stages of soybean, using a backpack sprayer pressurized with CO2, equipped with air-induction flat fan spray nozzles; the pressure and rate of application were 250 kPa and 200 L ha-1, respectively. Visible injury, the soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) index (leaf chlorophyll content) at 14 days after herbicide application, and soybean crop yield were evaluated. These variables were influenced by the crop stage in which the dicamba rates were applied. Rates below 28.8 g ha-1 caused less injury to soybean when applied at the R1 stage; however, there were no differences in yield between stages. A 1% dicamba drift in tropical conditions reduces soybean yield by 12%.
Centralidade de vínculos familiares na experiência de mulheres de meia-idade
Authors: Rodrigues Larissa Silva de Abreu , Coelho Edméia de Almeida Cardoso , Aparício Elena Casado , Silva Denise Maria Guerreiro Vieira da , Almeida Mariza Silva , Cabral Letícia da Silva
Published: May 2021

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar sentidos atribuídos à meia-idade a partir da experiência de mulheres que a vivenciam em suas relações familiares. Método Estudo qualitativo do tipo Pesquisa Convergente Assistencial. Gênero foi utilizado como categoria analítica, desenvolvida com treze mulheres de meia-idade de área de cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família em um município do sudoeste baiano, por oficinas de reflexão e entrevistas. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de discurso. Resultados Expressam a relação afetiva com filhos/as e netos/as como maior marca da meia-idade em sobreposição à relação com parceiros e outros vínculos, o que inviabiliza sua singularidade e identificação de demandas para o cuidado à saúde. Conclusão A meia-idade feminina é marcada por concepções de feminilidade que emergem a partir da sua condição de mulher-mãe, de completa doação. A pesquisa aponta para uma necessidade urgente de agregar gênero como referencial para o cuidado à mulher de meia-idade, de modo a considerar os entrelaçamentos biopsíquicos e sociais na sua experiência de vida e que delineiam demandas para o cuidado.
EDUCATION REFORM: PHILOSOPHY, METHODOLOGY, PRACTICE
Authors: Yakymchuk Oksana
Published: May 2021

The first steps in reforming education after the declaration of independence, provided by the State National Program «Education» («Ukraine of the XXI century»), revealed the first contradictions, the overcoming of which required a new philosophy and methodology reform activities. Their contours for a ten-year period of state-building processes, defined by the Decree of the President of Ukraine «On urgent measures to ensure functioning and development of education in Ukraine » (2005) turned out to be quite contradictory. On the one hand, the ideas of integration of our state into the European one were actively implemented educational space. On the other hand, the reform processes that began to slow down began in the first half of the first decade of the new century. How could such contradictory tendencies be combined and what did it eventually lead to in the context of the qualitative growth of Ukrainian education? The research is devoted to this problem, set out in this article.
Education researchers emphasize the timeliness and the need to modernize education, brought to life by the Bologna Process, which opens the possibility of building an innovative model of higher education that would be able not only to adequately respond to the challenges of the time, but also to work for the future, while expressing the need for a harmonious mix of European innovation traditions. After joining the Bologna Declaration, Ukrainian educators not only became acquainted with the concepts developed within the framework of the Bologna Process, which are aimed at improving the quality of education, but also witnessed and participated in real reforms. Although there are some difficulties and contradictions, among which the uncertainty of the prospects and principles of relations between Ukraine and the EU plays an important role. Prospects for further research are in the field of building fruitful cooperation between educators of Ukraine and the EU in the so-called post-Bologna process.
Extinction Ratio and the Fiber Optic Transmission Networks
Authors: Ved Nath Jha Ved Nath Jha, Supriya Rani,
Published: May 2021

In the fiber optic communication network for example,- FTTH, EPON, NBN, OTN and so on, the most important components are fiber length between transmitter and receiver point. So, to make, cheap and meaningful communication through optical fiber it must be required to calculate how and what amount of signal is transmitted with the given length of the fiber. Finally, it is said that the optical fiber network have several limitations like extension ratio. So, it is necessary to investigate its affect on the performance of the Optical Network. This research is based on simulation by OptiSystem 0.17 on the basis of Dense wavelength division multiplex (DWDM) technology, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) and single mode fiber of length 50–100 km.
Efficient of Floading Approach for Resource Allocation and Optimization in Mobile Edge Computing Environment
Authors: M. Ponnavaikko C. Anuradha,
Published: May 2021

Cloud computing provides a platform for services and resources over the internet for users. The large pool of data resources and services has enabled the emergence of several novel applications such as smart grids, smart environments, and virtual reality. However, the state-of-the-art of cloud computing faces a delay constraint, which becomes a major barrier for reliable cloud services. This constraint is mostly highlighted in the case of smart cities (SC) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Therefore, the recent cloud computing paradigm has poor performance and cannot meet the low delay, navigation, and mobility support requirements.Machine-to-machine (M2M) connectivity has drawn considerable interest from both academia and industry with a growing number of machine-type communication devices (MTCDs). The data links with M2M communications are usually small but high bandwidth, unlike conventional networking networks, demanding performance management of both energy consumption and computing. The main challenges faced in mobile edge computing are task offloading, congestion control, Resource allocation, security and privacy issue, mobility and standardization .Our work mainly focus on offloading based resource allocation and security issues by analyzing the network parameters like reduction of latency and improvisation of bandwidth involved in cloud environment. The cloudsim simulation tool has been utilized to implement the offload balancing mechanism to decrease the energy consumption and optimize the computing resource allocation as well as improve computing capability.
Quick and Dirty (and Accurate) 3D Paleoseismic Trench Models Using Coded Scale Bars
Authors: Delano Jaime E. , Briggs Rich W. , DuRoss Christopher B. , Gold Ryan D.
Published: May 2021

Structure-from-motion (SfM) modeling has dramatically increased the speed of generating geometrically accurate orthophoto mosaics of paleoseismic trenches, but some aspects of this technique remain time and labor intensive. Model accuracy relies on control points to establish scale, reduce distortion, and orient 3D models. Traditional SfM methods use total station or Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveys to constrain models, but collecting control points along a vertical trench wall is often inhibited by poor line of sight to the survey sensor or limited sky view and requires many hours in the field and office. We used physical scale bars printed with coded targets to constrain SfM models of a dusty, 46-m-long trench excavation across the Teton fault (Wyoming, U.S.A.). We present a workflow for generating quick and accurate 3D SfM models and orthophoto mosaics and compare the effectiveness of using scale bar, GNSS, and total-station control in the models. Our results show that the scale bar model deviates from total station survey points by an average of 3.1 cm (maximum of 5.3 cm). In addition, the scale-bar model only deviates an average of 1.7 cm (maximum 3.5 cm) when compared to the best model alternative, the SfM model controlled by the total station survey. Scale bars eliminate several hours needed to collect and incorporate control points from total station or GNSS surveys and significantly simplify the workflow, at the cost of slightly increased 3D model and orthophoto mosaic error. Our results further suggest that trench models can be constrained with at least four physical scale bars, but using five to six physical scale bars provides redundant control for field deployment and model optimization. The scale bar method for paleoseismic trenches proves to be portable and fast, minimizes the need for specialized survey equipment, and maintains model accuracy needed for mapping trench walls.
Construction of Teaching Quality Evaluation System of Higher Vocational Project-Based Curriculum Based on CIPP Model
Authors:   Wuxi Institute of Technology, China, Jiang Hongcheng , Liu Yiting
Published: May 2021

The project-based classroom teaching has entered the connotative development stage in the development process of Higher Vocational Education in China. It is necessary to evaluate the comprehensive teaching quality including the implementation background, implementation conditions, implementation process and implementation results, but there are few studies on this aspect at present. Therefore, this paper introduces the CIPP evaluation model, based on the analysis of the necessity and applicability of CIPP model in Higher Vocational project-based curriculum teaching quality evaluation, constructs the evaluation index system of Higher Vocational project-based curriculum teaching quality based on CIPP, and discusses the multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model on the basis of weighting the evaluation index by using AHP. Finally, it takes the teaching quality of cost accounting and practice project in Higher Vocational Colleges as an example to discuss the application of the model.
Significance increase of services in world's economy
Authors: Jovančević Radmila
Published: May 2021

The aim of this research is to present the changes which are happening in the second half of the 20th Century, in the matter of significance of service companies in developed economies. This paper starts with the classification of services accompanied by the statistics of OECD, which are: I- trade, hospitality industry and hotel industry, II- transport, storage and communication, III- finances, insurance, immovables and business services, IV- communal, social and personal services and V- administration services. The research results are presented through quantitative analysis, and they are pointing out the amount of potentials of services which Croatia has to applicate according to the intention to develop towards the West. The results of this countries, have to become the guiding light which will enable the Croatian economy to rise towards prosperity by putting into function its comparative advantages in functions of profit.
Low Geomagnetic Field Paleointensity on the Permian–Triassic Boundary from Study of the Kuznetsk Basin Traps (Southern Siberia)
Authors: Eliseev A.A. , Shcherbakova V.V. , Metelkin D.V. , Mikhaltsov N.E. , Zhidkov G.V. , Abashev V.V. , Rogov A.M.
Published: May 2021

––Here we report the first data on the absolute intensity value of the geomagnetic field on the Permian–Triassic boundary from basalts of the Kuznetsk basin. The latter are considered as one of the manifestations of the initial stage of trap magmatism during the formation of the Siberian large igneous province. The good preservation of information on the ancient geomagnetic field in the Mal’tsevskaya Formation basalts is due to the presence of small single domain and pseudo-single domain grains of primary magmatic titanomagnetite in the groundmass. The paleointensity values obtained following the Thellier-Coe method correspond to the generally accepted criteria of reliability and indicate that the geomagnetic field intensity during the formation of the Kuznetsk basin traps on the Permian–Triassic boundary was almost an order of magnitude lower than the present-day one. Moreover, the mean values of the virtual dipole moment for the Kozhukhta and the Vlasov units in the lower and middle Mal’tsevskaya Formation ((1.9 ± 0.6) ⋅ 1022 A ⋅ m2 and (1.1 ± 0.7) ⋅ 1022 A ⋅ m2, respectively) are in good alignment with determinations of the paleointensity during the accumulation of the Ivakinsky Formation of the Norilsk Region in the Siberian province, which confirms the accuracy of traditional regional correlations.
O trabalho do coordenador na Hora de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo (HTPC): um olhar para a formação docente em serviço
Authors: Amorim Neuraci Rocha Vidal , Abreu-Tardelli Lília Santos
Published: May 2021

Este artigo objetiva apresentar a síntese da análise de três textos sobre o trabalho do coordenador pedagógico: a lei municipal que regulamenta a função da Hora de Trabalho Pedagógico (HTPC), um diário de campo de uma professora-pesquisadora no momento da HTPC e um comentário escrito pela coordenadora e que compõe o método de instrução ao sósia. As análises foram feitas com base no folhado textual do interacionismo sociodiscursivo (BRONCKART 1999, 2006, 2008; MACHADO; BRONCKART, 2009) e complementado pela teoria polifônica da enunciação de Ducrot (1984). Nosso objetivo com as análises é discutir a formação docente a partir da investigação do trabalho do coordenador pedagógico e do espaço da HTPC. Os resultados apontam a falta de autonomia do coordenador na HTPC e a amputação de suas decisões em relação à formação continuada dos professores.
Os usos do presente do indicativo: reflexões teóricas e proposta didática para um estudo contemporâneo da linguagem
Authors: Almeida Regislene Dias de
Published: May 2021

O presente artigo traz uma reflexão teórica sobre os usos do presente do indicativo, levando em consideração o que os documentos oficiais norteadores do ensino apontam como práticas desejáveis para o ensino de gramática, na educação básica. Analisamos algumas abordagens desse tempo verbal em materiais didáticos e apresentamos uma proposta didática voltada ao estudo do presente do indicativo no ensino fundamental. A proposta didática apresentada pretende contribuir com o estudo do verbo, à medida que aproxima esse estudo das práticas linguísticas correntes. Os resultados apontam que, mesmo os documentos oficiais e os estudos acadêmicos indicando a necessidade de uma aprendizagem linguística mais próxima da realidade, com práticas que superem a descontextualização e a mera descrição da norma, essa abordagem ainda prevalece em muitos materiais e práticas pedagógicas.
Saberes docentes no Ensino de Português Língua Estrangeira: proposta para ação pedagógica
Authors: Izaki Gómez Marina Ayumi
Published: May 2021

Neste artigo, objetivamos apresentar e discutir os saberes docentes necessários para operacionalizar o ensino de Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE) na prática pedagógica de professores em formação. Levando em consideração que a reflexão é imprescindível na formação de professores, a abordagem reflexiva foi o aporte teórico que fundamentou o estudo. Sob o paradigma qualitativo de base etnográfica e interpretativista, os dados foram analisados considerando o processo de construção de significados. Os participantes são graduandos em Letras, que ministraram cursos de PLE, e a pesquisadora no papel do par mais experiente. Dentre os resultados do estudo, destacamos a necessidade de realizar acompanhamento presencial da prática dos professores em formação e de criar espaços para ampliar reflexão sobre a ação pedagógica, por meio de trabalho colaborativo.
Orações adverbiais mirativas em português brasileiro
Authors: Nunes Juliana Fernandes Corrêa , Rodrigues Patrícia de Araujo
Published: May 2021

O objetivo principal deste artigo é propor uma descrição inicial, com base nos estudos gerativistas, de um tipo de oração infinitiva do português brasileiro introduzida pelo conectivo para (Ana foi até o banco só para descobrir que esqueceu o cartão), que denominamos de oração mirativa (cf. JĘDRZEJOWSKI, 2018). Essas orações se assemelham às orações adverbiais finais infinitivas em sua forma, mas, diferentemente das finais, não expressam um sentido de finalidade, denotando sobretudo um desfecho contrário às expectativas. Mostramos que, além da diferença de sentido, as mirativas também se distinguem das finais no que se refere ao controle do sujeito do infinitivo e à sensibilidade a certas operações sintáticas, como deslocamento da oração. Mostramos ainda que, quando mirativas e finais coocorrem em uma sentença, a ordem entre elas deve ser finais-mirativas, o que indica que as mirativas estariam adjungidas a uma posição mais alta na estrutura.
Diálogos entre enunciação e ensino de língua estrangeira
Authors: Passarelli França João Daniel , Onofre Marília Blundi
Published: May 2021

Este trabalho se insere no quadro da Teoria das Operações Predicativas e Enunciativas e visa avaliar a possibilidade de a enunciação contribuir para o ensino de língua estrangeira. Confrontamos duas metodologias de ensino, uma, instrumental, reconhecidamente presente no ensino de línguas que, grosso modo, privilegia o ensino da forma sobre o sentido; e outra, interacional/dialógica, proposta defendida aqui como um caminho a ser aplicado ao ensino por meio da enunciação. Para tanto estudamos os verbos frasais da língua inglesa, que constituem uma questão problemática por serem estruturas absolutamente típicas deste idioma, dotadas de características estranhas a falantes não nativos, o que os tornam um grande desafio didático. Para embasar nossa discussão, levantamos algumas questões acerca das abordagens tradicionais presentes em livros didáticos de língua inglesa, bem como sugerimos a aplicação de práticas enunciativas como forma de reflexão sobre a língua. Para desenvolver nossas análises, empregamos como exemplo uma manchete do jornal The New York Times, ocorrências em dicionários, entre outras fontes.
Marcadores discursivos de base verbal: duas hipóteses de mudança em casos do verbo “crer”
Authors: Cristiano Lucas Borel , Fortilli Solange de Carvalho
Published: May 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é tratar de duas possíveis trajetórias de mudança geradoras de marcadores discursivos (MD) no português, em específico, marcadores de base verbal. À primeira, encabeçada por Thompson e Mulac (1991) e bastante aceita em estudos sobre o tema, será relacionada uma segunda, advinda de Brinton (1996, 2008, 2017). Esboçando uma possível associação a quadro de mudança mais recente, contemplado pelos estudos da gramática de construções diacrônica (TRAUGOTT; TROUSDALE, 2013), apontamos a diferença entre reanálise e neoanálise dentro das trajetórias levantadas. Utilizamos o verbo crerMD para a demonstração de uma outra análise acerca da mudança linguística envolvendo o percurso verbo > marcador. Nossos encaminhamentos são no sentido de considerar outras fontes para a emergência de marcadores de base verbal, diferentes das que são mais amplamente defendidas até o momento.
Avaliações e percepções sociolinguísticas
Authors: Oushiro Livia
Published: May 2021

Este artigo discute a importância dos estudos sobre avaliações e percepções sociolinguísticas, relativamente menos produtivos do que estudos sobre produção linguística, e apresenta alguns métodos e cuidados necessários para o desenvolvimento desse campo. Argumenta-se que, não obstante o consenso entre linguistas de que as formas linguísticas não se diferenciam em termos de correção, beleza ou agradabilidade, diferentes variantes adquirem, no uso linguístico, múltiplos significados, que fazem parte da competência comunicativa (HYMES, 1991 [1979]) dos membros da comunidade – daí a ineficácia do discurso de combate ao preconceito linguístico pautado meramente na reiteração da diversidade linguística. O combate ao preconceito linguístico deve incorporar os resultados dos estudos sobre avaliações e percepções que se debruçam sobre os mecanismos de associação entre determinadas variantes e certos significados sociais.
Apresentação
Authors: Barros Mariana Luz Pessoa de
Published: May 2021

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Elucidation of the Mechanism for Maintaining Ultrafast Domain Wall Mobility Over a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Ranjbar Sina , Sumi Satoshi , Kambe Sota , Thach Pham Van , Tanabe Kenji , Awano Hiroyuki
Published: May 2021

To realize a data rate of 20 Gbps in the communication standard 5G with a racetrack memory, it is crucial to stably recognize a domain-wall (DW) velocity (vDW) of 1200 m/s when the minimum bit length is 60 nm. However, general vDW is as slow as about 100 m/s. Recent reports indeed showed that the fast DW motion occurs using an in-plane external magnetic field however, this mechanism is unsuitable because the rear-edge vDW decelerated, which contrary to the front-edge of DW velocity. Therefore, we designed magnetic wires by bringing the g values of rare-earth and transition-metals close to each other and suppressing the Joule heat generation distribution due to short pulse current, we successfully demonstrated the vDW of 1200 m/s in a wide temperature range without using an external magnetic field. Moreover, the current density (J) is low, and the DW mobility (vDW/J) is significantly improved 10-times over a wide temperature range compared to other reports.
Online Faculty Development in low- and middle-income countries for Health Professions Educators: A rapid realist review
Authors: Keiller Lianne , Nyoni Champion , Wyk Chantel van
Published: May 2021

Background
Health professions educators require support to develop teaching and learning, research, educational leadership, and administrative skills to strengthen their higher education role through faculty development initiatives. Where administration has pursued face-to-face and online faculty development initiatives, results have positively influenced health professions educators. There is limited evidence demonstrating how online faculty development works for health professions educators in low- and middle-income countries who engage in online health professions education (HPE) faculty development.
Methods
A Conjecture Map for online HPE faculty development courses identified candidate theories for a rapid realist review. The Conjecture Map and candidate theories, Community of Inquiry and the Conversational Framework guided the development of search terms and analysis for this review. Three searches using EbscoHost databases yielded 1 030 abstracts. A primary and secondary research team participated in a multi-reviewer blinded process in assessing abstracts, selecting full-text articles, and data extraction. The primary research team analysed eight articles for this rapid realist review to answer the research question: How do online HPE faculty development courses work, or not work, in low- and middle-income countries? Data were analysed and mapped to the initial Conjecture Map and the research question.
Results
The research references US-based organisations forming partnerships with low- and middle-income countries, and who provide funding for online HPE faculty development initiatives. These initiatives design courses that facilitate learning through engagement from which participants report beneficial outcomes of professional and career development. The review does not clarify if the reported outcomes are generalisable for facilitators from low-and middle-income countries. The findings of this review demonstrate the role of a community of practice as the dominant mechanism through which the outcomes are achieved, based on a design that incorporates six triggering events. The design aligns the triggering events with the three categories of the Community of Inquiry—a theory for designing online learning environments.
Conclusion
Health professions educators in low- and middle-income countries can develop professional and interpersonal skills through a well-designed, specifically constructed online community that prioritises active discussion.
Indexes of tobacco smoke contribution to environmental particulates based on molecular fingerprints of alkanes
Authors: Cecinato Angelo , Bacaloni Alessandro , Romagnoli Paola , Perilli Mattia , Balducci Catia
Published: May 2021

Tobacco smoking is a very common habit and causes the spreading into the atmosphere of a number of toxicants, which heavily affect also health of no smokers. Hence, chemical, physical and toxicological features of smoking products (vapours as well as mainstream, sidestream and third hand smoke) have been extensively investigated. In particular, attention has been paid to organic compounds (individuals, or in combination giving raise to peculiar molecular fingerprints), potentially suitable to act as “chemical signature” of tobacco smoke (TS). At this regard, the signature of long-chain iso and anteiso alkanes has known since long time as typical of TS. Nevertheless, until now no indexes have been identified as suitable to estimate the contribution of TS to environmental pollution, e.g. the TS percentage in carbonaceous aerosol as well as in settled dusts, nor in the respective organic fractions. This paper describes the results of an extensive investigation conducted on non-polar lipid fraction of soot and dust collected in interiors and outdoors. Six potential quantities associated to iso, anteiso and normal C29-C34 alkanes were tested, and finally a cumulative index (TSI) was defined through averaging the three most promising ones in order to estimate TS contribution to organic particulate. The behaviour of TSI was plotted vs. a further parameter, i.e. the exceedance of normal C31 alkane with respect to average of C29 and C33 homologues, revealing a link in the case of aerosols but not of dusts. According to back analysis carried out on several sets of particulate matters, traces of TS seemed to affect even rural areas, while inside smokers’ homes the contributions of TS to PM could account for up to 12.3% and 3.2%, respectively, in aerosols and dusts. This suggests the importance of further investigations aimed at assessing the potential risk for humans associated to tobacco smoking, by means of reliable TS indexes.
Preoperative Prognostic Nutritional Index and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index for Predicting the Long-Term Recurrence-Free Survival of Patients with High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Transurethral Resection of a Bladder Tumour: A Cohort Study
Authors: Bi Huifeng , Jia Chunsong , Shang Zhenhua , Feng Zhongwen , Ning Xinrong , Ou Tongwen
Published: May 2021

Background The predictive values of preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) for long-term recurrence-free survival (RFS) in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have not been fully elucidated. Hence, this study aimed to examine the associations between PNI and SII as well as RFS in patients with high-risk NMIBC who received intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT).Methods We retrospectively collected data on 387 high-risk NMIBC patients between January 2004 and December 2014. Preoperative PNI was calculated as albumin concentration (g/L)+5×total lymphocyte count (109/L), while preoperative SII was defined as neutrophil count (109/L)×platelet count (109/L)/lymphocyte count (109/L). The optimal cut-off values of PNI and SII were determined via a receiver operating characteristic analysis. RFS was evaluated via a Kaplan–Meier analysis. Between-group differences were compared using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the predictive values of PNI and SII for RFS.Results Patients were divided into two groups according to the cut-off values of PNI (<50.17 vs ≥50.17) and SII (<467.76 vs ≥467.76). Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that low PNI and high SII were associated with poor RFS in patients with high- and higher-risk NMIBC. Furthermore, based on univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, PNI and SII were independent predictive factors of RFS in patients with high-risk NMIBC.Conclusion Preoperative PNI and SII are simple, noninvasive, inexpensive and useful tools for predicting long-term RFS among patients with high-risk NMIBC who received intravesical instillation of BCG after TURBT.
Awareness, Uptake and factors associated with NHIF uptake in Western Kenya: A case of 4 counties - Busia, Trans Nzoia, Vihiga and Siaya
Authors: Mwaura Grace Wandia , Kamano Jemima Hoine , Mwangi Ann W. , Lusimbo Lilian , Mugo Richard , Too Kenneth , Andale Thomas , Itsura Peter , Kibachio Joseph , Gathecha Gladwell , Aruasa Wilson
Published: May 2021

Background

Kenya is in the process of implementing universal health care whose success and sustainability will be determined by its funding mechanism and by uptake of National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) by its populace. Unfortunately, NHIF enrollment is currently voluntary hence geared to those in formal employment who represent only 16.4% of the population. To improve the voluntary uptake of the scheme, it is important to have increased awareness as well as implement strategies that address factors that currently affect NHIF uptake.
Methods

This was a cross sectional community-based survey conducted in Busia, Trans Nzoia, Vihiga and Siaya counties between October and December 2018. It utilized multistage stratified sampling technique. Interviewer assisted questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic, socio-economic, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) knowledge, NHIF awareness and uptake data. Descriptive statistical analysis and multiple logistic regression were conducted using STATA version 15.
Results

Out of a representative sample of 3597 participants interviewed, NHIF awareness was noted to be 81.5%, with low uptake in the four counties ranging between 21–25%. Being older than 69 years, having a low level of education and income status as well as lower health risk were significantly associated with low rates of NHIF uptake.
Conclusion

Despite high rates of NHIF awareness noted in this study, there is still very low uptake to this scheme in rural western Kenya especially among those with low socioeconomic status and risk of chronic illnesses. There is need for further qualitative studies to explore contextual factors affecting NHIF uptake.
Hidden Pandemic: COVID-19-Related Stress, SLC6A4 Methylation and Infants’ Temperament at 3 Months
Authors: Provenzi Livio , Mambretti Fabiana , Villa Marco , Grumi Serena , Citterio Andrea , Bertazzoli Emanuela , Biasucci Giacomo , Decembrino Lidia , Falcone Rossana , Gardella Barbara , Longo Roberta , Nacinovich Renata , Pisoni Camilla , Prefumo Federico , Orcesi Simona , Scelsa Barbara , Giorda Roberto , Borgatti Renato
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a collective trauma that may have enduring stress effects during sensitive periods, such as pregnancy. Prenatal stress may result in epigenetic signatures of stress-related genes (e.g., the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4) that may in turn influence infants’ behavioral development. In April 2020, we launched a longitudinal cohort study to assess the behavioral and epigenetic vestiges of COVID-19-related prenatal stress exposure in mothers and infants. COVID-19-related prenatal stress was retrospectively assessed at birth. SLC6A4 methylation was assessed in thirteen CpG sites in mothers and infants’ buccal cells. Infants’ temperament was assessed at 3-month-age. Complete data were available from 108 mother-infant dyads. Greater COVID-19-related prenatal stress was significantly associated with higher infants’ SLC6A4 methylation in seven CpG sites. SLC6A4 methylation at these sites predicted infants’ temperament at 3 months. Clinicians and policymakers should promote timely preventive actions to promote infant well-being during and after the present pandemic.
Effect of Different Storage Solutions on Oxidative Stress in Human Saphenous Vein Grafts
Authors: TEKİN İLKER , DEMİR MELTEM , ÖZDEM SEBAHAT
Published: May 2021

Background: Ischemic injury of saphenous vein grafts (SVG) during coronary artery bypass grafting surgery negatively impacts endothelial integrity and functionality and is associated with vein graft disease and failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of oxidative stress in human SVG segments following ischemic storage in three intraoperative graft storage solutions: physiological saline (PS), autologous heparinized blood (HB) and DuraGraft.Methods: 3 mm tissue rings derived from surplus SVG segments from 50 patients were stored at room temperature for 30 min in DuraGraft, PS and HB. Total oxidative status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were determined and the oxidative stress index (OSI: TOS/TAS ratio) calculated. A p-value <0.017 was considered significant implementing a Bonferroni correction.Results: TOS values were significantly lower for DuraGraft stored samples in comparison to both PS and HB; there was no difference between PS and HB (DuraGraft: 32.6±1.8, PS: 39.6±2.8 and HB: 40.6±2.4 µmol H2O2 eqv.; DuraGraft vs. PS and DuraGraft vs. HB p<0.0001, PS vs. HB p=0.047). TAS was higher for both DuraGraft and HB in comparison to PS (DuraGraft: 8.9±0.9, PS: 6.9±1.0 and HB: 8.6±0.9 mmol Trolox eqv.; DuraGraft vs PS p<0.0001, DuraGraft vs. HB p=0.263, PS vs. HB p<0.0001). OSI differed between all groups with the lowest value for DuraGraft (DuraGraft: 3.7±0.2, PS: 5.8±0.4 and HB: 4.7±0.2 µmol H2O2 eqv./mmol Trolox eqv.; all p<0.0001).Conclusions: saphenous veins grafts stored in DuraGraft had a lower oxidative stress level, higher antioxidant level and lower oxidative stress index in comparison to saphenous vein grafts stored in physiological saline or heparinized blood.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02922088
Development and Validation of Prognostic Nomograms for Patients with Colon Neuroendocrine NeoplasmsPrognostic Nomograms for Colon Nens’ Patients
Authors: Xu Ruitong , Zhou Bingrong , Hu Ping , Xue Bingyan , Gu Danyang , Li Xiaolin , Tang Qiyun
Published: May 2021

Background
Colon neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have one of the poorest median overall survival (OS) rates among all NENs. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) staging system—currently the most commonly used prediction model—has limited prediction accuracy because it does not include parameters such as age, sex, and treatment. The aim of this study was to construct nomograms containing various clinically important parameters to predict the prognosis of patients with colon NENs more accurately.
Methods
Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, we performed a retrospective analysis of colon NENs diagnosed from 1975 to 2016. Data were collected from 1196 patients, most of which were female (617/1196, 51.6%), and the average age was 61.94 ± 13.05 years old. Based on the optimal cutoff value in age (age 0–55 y, 55–67 y, age ≥ 68 y), 396 (33.1%) patients were between 0–55 y, 408 (34.1%) were between 56–67 y and 392 (32.8%) were ≥ 68 y. Patients were randomized into training and validation cohorts (3:1). Independent prognostic factors were used for construction of nomograms to precisely predict OS and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with colon NENs.
Results
Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 68 years, sex, tumor size, grade, chemotherapy, N stage, and M stage were independent predictors of OS. In the validation cohort, the Concordance index (C-index) values of the OS and CSS nomograms were 0.8345 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8044–0.8646) and 0.8209 (95% CI, 0.7808–0.861), respectively. C-index also indicated superior performance of both nomograms (C-index 0.8347 for OS and 0.8668 for CSS) compared with the AJCC TNM classification (C-index 0.7159 for OS and 0.7366 for CSS).
Conclusions
We established and validated new nomograms for more precise prediction of OS and CSS in patients with colon NENs to facilitate individualized clinical decisions.
Multi-scale determinants of small mammal and lizard dimensions of diversity across Amazonian insular forest fragments
Authors: Palmeirim Ana Filipa , Farneda Fabio , Vieira Marcus Vinicius , Peres Carlos A.
Published: May 2021

Context
Hydropower development is one of the primary drivers of habitat loss and insular fragmentation. Yet, studies quantifying such effects on biodiversity are mostly limited to taxonomic metrics, often overlooking species identity and their functional and phylogenetic roles.
Objectives
We examined taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic responses to habitat loss and insular fragmentation of small mammals and lizards within (α) and between sites (β).
Methods
Both taxa were surveyed across 25 islands within the Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir, and adjacent continuous forest, in Central Amazonia. Each dimension of diversity was related to spatial and habitat variables. We also examined functional composition using community-weighted mean trait values, and community redundancy using functional uniqueness. β-diversity was partitioned into their richness (βrich) and replacement (βrepl) components.
Results
Functional and phylogenetic α−diversities of both taxa mirrored the taxonomic dimension, all of which increased with forest area. Individual small mammal (body mass and matrix tolerance), and lizard traits (heliothermic mode and habitat type) were also predicted by forest area. For both taxa, species functional uniqueness decreased with forest area, and all dimensions of β-diversity were predominantly partitioned in βrich.
Conclusions
The environmental filter created by forest area resulted in the low conservation value associated with small forest islands, only occupied by a small set of species comprised by generalist lizards and matrix-tolerant small mammals. On the other side, large forest sites ensured ecosystem resilience to disturbance. To maintain ecosystem integrity, creating a myriad small island over large expanses of floodwaters should be avoided in future hydropower development.