bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
浅论商用车后处理线束防水性的提升
Authors: 周 茂清
Published: March 2020

在社会快速发展的带动下，使得我国各个行业和各个领域都得到了显著的发展，汽车制造行业也随之取得了可喜的发展成绩，有效的促进了汽车电器性能的整体水平的提升，整车线束的防水型插接器的使用越发的广泛，这就需要我们不但要严格遵照规范标准来对防水型插接器的生产材料进行切实的选择，并且还应针对线束中存在的极易出现虹吸的结构进行切实的处理，这样才能有效的增强防水型插接器的综合性能，从而促进车辆整体性能的提升。笔者主要对商用车后处理线束防水性提升进行研究分析，供参考。
Strong Converse Inequalities and Qantitative Voronovskaya-Type Theorems for Trigonometric Fej\'er Sums
Authors: Bustamante Jorge , Flores De Jesús Lázaro
Published: March 2020

Let $\sigma_n$ denotes the classical Fej\'er operator for trigonometric expansions.
For a fixed even integer $r$, we characterize the rate of convergence of the iterative operators
$(I-\sigma_n)^r(f)$ in terms of the modulus of continuity of order $r$ (with specific constants)
in all $\mathbb{L}^p$ spaces $1\leq p \leq \infty$. In particular, the constants depend not on $p$.
Moreover, we present a quantitative version of the Voronovskaya-type theorems for the operators
$(I-\sigma_n)^r(f)$.
The Role of Keuchik in Activity of City without Slum (Kotaku) in Gampong Lampulo Kuta Alam Regency Banda Aceh (2018 Research Results)
Authors: Ismail  , Salahuddin  , Fuady
Published: March 2020

Keuchik is the Head of Government at Gampong (village) level, which is tasked with holding village government, carrying out development, and being involved in village cleaning activities through mutual assistance activities to carry out slum-free settlement activities to give birth to clean communities. Therefore, Keuchik Gampong (Village Head) in planning involves community members. The City without Slums Program (KOtaku) is a strategic effort of the government in dealing with slums especially in Banda Aceh. In this case, Keuchik's effort in making planning is basically a deliberate, directed, coordinated and integrated process with the aim of improving the welfare of the community so that they are responsible for the plans that have been made. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of Keuchik Gampong (Village Head) in implementing the City without Slum (KOtaku) program in Lampulo Village, Kuta Alam District, Banda Aceh City and examine various obstacles when Keuchik (Village Head) performs its role in implementing the City Without Slum (KOtaku) program. This study uses qualitative methods to describe the social reality of KOtaku. To obtain representative data, the researchers used data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation studies. Next analyze the data, reduce the data, conclude or verify. Checking the validity of the researchers' data is done by way of participation and extension of observations. The results showed that the existence of keuchik can give birth to a city free from slums because it can maintain good hygiene. This is part of the success of the development achieved because Keuchik Gampong (Village Head) also carries out supervision in every activity, so that it can provide various alternatives to various problems that arise. While the obstacles for Keuchik Gampong (Village Head) are in carrying out their role, many community members cannot be physically involved in KOtaku activities due to the density of other activities that are difficult to leave. However, with the role of Keuchik Gampong (Village Head), the community who could not physically attend made other contributions in the form of the budget needed in my KOtaku activities.
Improving critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes by using comic
Authors: Putri Mufida Awalia , Prodjosantoso Anti Kolonial
Published: March 2020

The objective of the study is to identify the fitness and the effectiveness of the comic that has been developed using Guided Inquiry Technique in improving the students’ critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes for the learning process of Natural Science. The study itself is a research and development initiative that has adapted the model proposed by Borg & Gall. Within the conduct of the study, the limited experiment by means of one-group pre-test and post-test design had been conducted. On the other hand, within the conduct of the operational test, the quasi-experiment design in the form of non-equivalent pre-test post-test control group design had been adopted. The results of the study, thus, show that: (1) the Natural Science comic media has been fit for implementation with the “Very Good” category; and (2) the Natural Science comic media has been active in significantly improving the students’ critical thinking skills. The mean score for the critical thinking skills of the students in the control group is 0.74 with the “High” category. In contrast, the mean score for the critical thinking skills of the students in the experimental group is 0.87 with the “High” category. In the same time, it is apparent that the improvement of the scientific attitude between the students in the control group and the students in the experimental group has been significant.
OPTIMIZATION OF TOTAL CAROTENOIDS, PHENOLIC CONTENT, AND SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY OF JAVA TEA-BASED FUNCTIONAL DRINK ENRICHED WITH RED FRUITS’ OIL EMULSION
Authors: Wijaya Hanny , Natania Natania , Sonatha Mei Diana , A'yuni Qurrata , Caroline Cindy
Published: March 2020

Red fruits’ oil contains 12,000 ppm carotenoid compounds and among them β-karoten was found as the major carotenoid compound. However, the application of red fruits’ oil as the food ingredient is rarely investigated due to its low solubility in aqua-phase, phenolic aroma and bitter aftertaste. Therefore , emulsification of red fruits’ oil in water (oil in water, o/w emulsion) using CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) as the emulsifier and stabilizer agent considered as alternative to  overcome those limitations. In the present work, the optimum concentration of red fruits’ oil emulsion added into Java tea-based  functional drink increased the  total carotenoid content,  gave red color and might enhanced its antioxidant activity. The optimum formula was performed  by  Response Surface Methodology approach utilizing Design Expert 10.0.7® (DX10) Trial software whereas the emulsion concentration of red fruits’ oil as the variable factor. Red fruits’ oil emulsion which has been prepared  from 20% red fruits’ oil and 1.50% CMC as emulsifier and stabilizer was having total carotenoid content of 72.93±1.33 ppm. The optimum concentration of red fruits’ oil emulsion added to  Java-tea based functional drink  was 5.86%. The addition of red fruits’ oil emulsion increased the total carotenoid content from 0.37±0.13 ppm to5.28±0.05 ppm. The results showed that red fruits’ oil emulsion could be used as red colorant agent in the functional drink while increasing the total carotenoid content, however, reduced the flavor sensory acceptance in high amount
Simple Photometer Development For Educational Purposes in Natural Pigment Analysis
Authors: Adhiwibawa Marcelinus AS , Kurniawan Jovine M
Published: March 2020

In this paper we will discuss the making of the simple photometer instrument to measure the absorbance of natural pigment crude extract. To make simple photometer, cuvette holder was printed using 3D Printing Machine, the development of simple photometer instrument also uses some components such as LED light (633 nm) as the light source, Photodiode-TSL250 as a detector and a variable resistor to set the initial intensity of light source. In this development, Arduino Uno was also used as USB data acquisition device to capture the signal from the instrument. The results of sample measurements between simple photometer instrument and UV-Vis 1800 spectrophotometer showed 98% regression coefficient of determination and simple photometer has a LOD and LOQ absorbance at 0.0267 and 0.0344. Simple photometer instrument was able to show similar response as commercial instrument. Through the development of simple photometer, student can easily understand the working principles of a spectrophotometer in natural pigment analysis that difficult to studied in detailed before.
A MORPHOSEMANTIC STUDY OF TOPONYM WITH PREFIX ‘CI’ IN SUNDANESE ETHNIC – INDONESIA
Authors: Komara Ujang , Sobarna Cece , Gunardi Gugun , Sya Ahman
Published: March 2020

The study highlights the morphosemantic analysis (morphological classification and semantic category) of toponym with prefix ‘ci’ in Sundanese ethnic of West Java-Indonesia. The results of analysis are used as substantive sources to describe the former local wisdom values reflected on the social and cultural paradigm, such as norms, ethics, people’s mental capacity, and local traditions. The study also attempts to  examine the contemporary evidence of values in the community to ensure its sustainability. The research methodology uses a descriptive qualitative by collecting the data with field observation, depth-interview, and documents. It contributes to the debates of rethinking the agenda of political toponymy stated by Reuben Rose-Redwood. The findings indicate that the morphological classification of Cikalong toponym includes a derivative form referring to a poly-morphemic word. The denotative meaning of toponym  includes a complex category that reflects the complex ways of thinking in naming the place. Toponym is contemporary signified by the destructions of local wisdom values due to the incoming new social and cultural shapes. It offfers some arguments for the preservation process.
ERRORS FOUND ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION SENTENCES OF THE THIRD-YEAR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH AT IKIP BUDI UTOMO
Authors: Fitriani Enis
Published: March 2020

This study aimed to describe and classify the grammatical errors found on English translation sentences in terms of syntax and morphology. The analysis procedure applied was based on the surface strategy taxonomy proposed by Dulay et al. in which errors were categorized into errors of: omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. The result of this study indicated that the highest frequency is errors of misformation which covers 58 errors (46%), followed by omission which covers 47 errors (27%), addition with 12 errors (10%), and the lowest is misordering, 9 errors (7%). In terms of syntax and morphology, the researcher found 17 errors (18%) in articles, 7 errors (7%) in pronouns, 21 errors (22%) in prepositions, 15 errors (16%) in inflectional endings, 26 errors (28%) in tenses, and 8 errors (9%) in derivational endings. Thus, errors in tenses are the highest frequency of errors, and, errors in derivational morphemes are the lowest.
EFL COLLEGE TEACHERS’ AWARENESS ON CAR
Authors: Huda Tanzil , Afrida Indah Rakhmawati , Chelong Mariyae
Published: March 2020

Nobody can claim that all instructions are free from problems. Realizing that all instruction are potential to have problems, college teachers should do reflective practices.  One of the do reflective practices which can be done integratively and sytematically with their instructions is classroom action research (CAR). The present study tried to investigate the lecturers’ perception on CAR. The study focused on the indentifi-cation of  the lecturers’ awareness on CAR and digging up the the factors affected the lecturers perception on CAR. The study employed survey method which posited qualitative   approach. The study  revealed that the leacturers’ awareness on CAR was relatively low. It also indicated that  there were some factors which affected the lecturers’ awareness on CAR i.e., 1) the lecturer’s prior education or pre-service education; 2) their involvement in scientific forums; 3) self-regulated learning by reading books on CAR.
Trophic overlap between marine mammals and fisheries in subtropical waters in the western South Atlantic
Authors: Machado R , de Oliveira LR , Ott PH , Haimovici M , Cardoso LG , Milmann L , Romero MA , dos Santos RA , Borges-Martins M
Published: March 2020

Marine mammals and humans are apex predators and both may compete for fish in ecosystems under continuous fishing pressure. We assessed the degree of trophic overlap between prey species found in the diet of 5 marine mammals (39 specimens of sea lion Otaria flavescens, 61 fur seals Arctocephalus australis, 76 franciscana dolphins Pontoporia blainvillei, 25 bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus and 28 Lahille’s bottlenose dolphins T. gephyreus) and the catches of the 6 main commercial fishing gears used in southern Brazil (coastal gillnets, oceanic gillnets, purse seine, demersal pair trawling, bottom [single] trawl and double-rig trawling) between 1993 and 2016. An adjusted general overlap index indicated an overall moderate to high overlap. Specific overlap analysis showed that O. flavescens and T. truncatus presented high trophic relationships with fisheries, followed by T. gephyreus. Smaller interactions were observed for A. australis and P. blainvillei, even though they also exploit commercial fishing resources. Coastal gillnet and pair bottom trawling are the fisheries that most target the fish species favoured by O. flavescens, T. gephyreus and T. truncatus. The information presented in this study on trophic interactions may assist decision making for both fishery management and conservation measures for these apex predators. Commercial fishing activities are a major threat to marine mammals both regionally and globally. Current levels of fishing or its intensification may lead to dramatic changes in the coastal marine food web, including additional threats to coastal marine mammal populations in southern Brazil.
Brown Fat Activity Determined by Infrared Thermography and Thermogenesis Measurement Using Whole Body Calorimetry (BRIGHT Study)
Authors: TAY S. , GOH H. , GOVINDHARAJULU P. , CHENG J. , CAMPS S. , HALDAR S. , VELAN S. , SUN L. , LI Y. , HENRY C. , LEOW M.
Published: March 2020

To assess BAT activity in humans at a population level, infrared thermography (IRT) represents a safe, readily repeatable and affordable alternative to 18F-FDG-PET. Building upon a previously proposed method by our laboratory, we further refined the image computational algorithm to quantify BAT activation in the cervical-supraclavicular (C-SCV) region of healthy young men under thermo-neutral and cold exposure conditions. Additionally, we validated the whole-body calorimeter (WBC) in reliably measuring cold-induced thermogenesis. The temperature gradient between C-SCV-deltoid regions, and the corresponding difference in heat power output, increased upon cold air exposure relative to thermo-neutral conditions (by 74.88 %, p<0.0001; and by 71.34 %, p<0.0001 respectively). Resting and cumulative energy expenditure (EE) rose significantly (by 13.14 % and 9.12 % respectively, p=0.0001) while positive correlations between IRT measures and EE were found with cold air exposure (percentage change in heat power gradient between ROI and deltoid, cold air: r2=0.29, p=0.026, Pearson's correlation). IRT and WBC can be used to study BAT activation. The refined algorithm allows for more automation and objectivity in IRT data analysis, especially under cold air exposures.
Evaluation of Serum Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 (MKRN3) Levels in Girls With Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty and Premature Thelarche
Authors: GE W. , WANG H.-L. , SHAO H.-J. , LIU H.-W. , XU R.-Y.
Published: March 2020

This study aims to investigate serum makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) levels in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) and premature thelarche (PT), in order to determine whether circulating MKRN3 level is associated with ICPP and PT. A total of 90 girls were enrolled in the study. 30 age-matched girls were allocated for each group (ICPP, PT and healthy controls [HC], respectively). The base LH (B-LH) and E2 levels were higher in ICPP girls than those in HC and PT girls. The peak LH (P-LH) levels and P-LH/P-FSH values were obviously higher in ICPP girls than those in PT girls, while higher peak FSH (P-FSH) levels were detected in PT girls when compared to those in ICPP girls. Kisspeptin levels were lower in HC girls than those in ICPP and PT girls. MKRN3 levels were the highest in HC girls among the three groups. There were relatively strong negative correlations among MKRN3, kisspeptin and P-LH/P-FSH. Circulating MKRN3 can have an important role in the onset of ICPP and PT. However, this should not be used as an independent diagnostic criterion for diagnosing ICPP or differentiating ICPP from PT, but should be used only as an adjunctive diagnostic biomarker.
Upload File Security on the Server Using LSB and Hill Cipher
Authors: Handoko Lekso Budi , Umam Chaerul , Anindita Adelia Syifa
Published: March 2020

The rapid development of technology not only has a positive impact, but also can have a negative impact such as the development of cyber crime that can cause messages to be unsafe. Message security can be protected using cryptography to convert messages into secret passwords. Steganography is a technique of hiding messages by inserting messages into images that are used to increase message security. In this study, it discusses a combination of hill cipher and LSB algorithms to secure messages. The message used is a 3-bit grayscale image for steganography and text messages with 32, 64 and 128 characters for cryptography. The measuring instruments used in this study are MSE, PSNR, Entropy and travel time (CPU time). Test results prove an increase in security without too damaging the image. This is evidenced by the results of the MSE trial which has a value far below the value 1, the PSNR is> 65 dB with a range of entropy values of 5 to 7, and travel times are almost the same.
Cataract Disease Diagnosis System Using Artificial Neural Network Learning Vector Quantization Method
Authors: Waas Chrisani , Rahakbauw D. L. , Lesnussa Yopi Andry
Published: March 2020

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing system that has certain performance characteristics that are artificial representatives based on human neural networks. ANN method has been widely applied to help human performance, one of which is health. In this research, ANN will be used to diagnose cataracts, especially Congenital Cataracts, Juvenile Cataracts, Senile Cataracts and Traumatic Cataracts based on the symptoms of the disease. The ANN method used is the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) method. The data used in this research were 146 data taken from the medical record data of RSUD Dr. M. Haulussy, Ambon. The data consists of 109 data as training data and 37 data as testing data. By using learning rate (α) = 0.1, decrease in learning rate (dec α) = 0.0001 and maximum epoch (max epoch) = 5, the accuracy rate obtained is 100%.
Securing Digital Color Image based on Hybrid Substitution Cipher
Authors: Hidajat Moch Sjamsul , Setiarso Ichwan
Published: March 2020

This study proposes securing digital color images with hybrid substitution cryptographic methods combined with the Vigenere and Beaufort methods. The hybrid process is carried out using the help of two randomly generated keys. The first key is a matrix with an 8-bits value and the second key is a matrix with a binary value. The binary key is used to determine the Vigenere or Beaufort process, while the 8-bit key is used for modulus operations based on the Vigenere or Beaufort algorithm. At the test stage used a standard image that has an RGB color channel as a dataset. The quality of the cryptographic method is measured by several measuring instruments such as MSE, PSNR, and SSIM to determine the quality of encryption visually and the perfection of decryption, besides that it is used Entropy, NPCR and UACI to determine the probability of encryption resistance and quality against differential attacks. The TIC TOC function is also used to measure the computing speed of the encryption and decryption process. Measurement results using all measuring instruments indicate that the proposed method has very satisfying results and has fast computing. Keywords – Cryptography, Substitution Cipher, Modulus Function, Encryption, Decryption, Image Transmission
The Practice of Teaching Composition
Authors: Biró Dániel Péter
Published: March 2020

In this essay, composer Dániel Péter Biró reveals his methodology and trajectory as a professor of music composition in the last 16 years. Biró explains how can one teaches a creative artistic process nowadays, in a globalized musical culture, which is full of possibilities for development of cultural diversity while simultaneously providing students distractions driven by capitalist paradigms. How can one help each student to develop his/her own musical language? For this task, Biró talks about how composition today is creative process highly grounded in intellectual and interdisciplinary approaches, sharing similarities with other areas of research such as philosophy and history. For this task, the composer relies on musical analysis in his seminars and individual lessons as one of the strongest methodologies to learn composition, alongside integrating music technology and contemporary performance practice research. [note by editor].
El razonamiento proporcional en educación básica
Authors: Butto Cristianne Maria , Delgado Fernández Joaquín , Calderón Araujo Deysi , Bazán Ramírez Aldo
Published: March 2020

Este artículo de investigación es el resultado de un proyecto de investigación sobre el pensamiento algebraico temprano en entornos tecnológicos de aprendizaje y se reportan resultados sobre el razonamiento proporcional como una ruta de acceso al pensamiento algebraico temprano. El estudio fue realizado con 109 estudiantes de educación básica de escuelas públicas, del Estado de México y de la Ciudad de México y uno de los  objetivos del estudio fue  validar un instrumento sobre el razonamiento proporcional.  Para ello, se utilizó una metodología mixta, un  estudio de tipo observacional, longitudinal y comparativo con tres etapas: 1. Evaluación inicial sobre el razonamiento proporcional, 2.Validación de un instrumento sobre el razonamiento proporcional, 3. Entrevista clínica abierta. Los resultados revelan  que los alumnos logran comprender ideas de proporcionalidad aritmética y geométrica y variación proporciona, y comprenden los problemas que involucran la relación funcional, como una consecuencia del tránsito del pensamiento aditivo al multiplicativo.  En lo que respecta al instrumento de evaluación, se propuso un modelo hipotético de validez convergente y divergente de constructo en la medición del razonamiento proporcional y el modelo resultante obtuvo aceptables indicadores prácticos de bondad de ajuste y coeficientes de confiabilidad altos. Además el instrumento mostró tener validez convergente y divergente de constructo. Finalmente, podemos concluir que el razonamiento proporcional es una ruta viable hacia el pensamiento algebraico, a  pesar de que los estudiantes no han desarrollado aún todas las estructuras cognitivas y matemáticas para comprender la complejidad del pensamiento proporcional, los resultados de este estudio permitieron dilucidar etapas tempranas en el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños con  tareas y enfoques pertinentes.
An Extensive Review of Mobile Agricultural Robotics for Field Operations: Focus on Cotton Harvesting
Authors: Fue Kadeghe , Porter Wesley , Barnes Edward , Rains Glen
Published: March 2020

In this review, we examine opportunities and challenges for 21st-century robotic agricultural cotton harvesting research and commercial development. The paper reviews opportunities present in the agricultural robotics industry, and a detailed analysis is conducted for the cotton harvesting robot industry. The review is divided into four sections: (1) general agricultural robotic operations, where we check the current robotic technologies in agriculture; (2) opportunities and advances in related robotic harvesting fields, which is focused on investigating robotic harvesting technologies; (3) status and progress in cotton harvesting robot research, which concentrates on the current research and technology development in cotton harvesting robots; and (4) challenges in commercial deployment of agricultural robots, where challenges to commercializing and using these robots are reviewed. Conclusions are drawn about cotton harvesting robot research and the potential of multipurpose robotic operations in general. The development of multipurpose robots that can do multiple operations on different crops to increase the value of the robots is discussed. In each of the sections except the conclusion, the analysis is divided into four robotic system categories; mobility and steering, sensing and localization, path planning, and robotic manipulation.
Use of Plant Water Extracts for Weed Control in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. Subsp. durum Desf.)
Authors: Carrubba Alessandra , Labruzzo Andrea , Comparato Andrea , Muccilli Serena , Spina Alfio
Published: March 2020

The use of plant water extracts to control weeds is gaining attention in environmentally-friendly agriculture, but the study of the effect that such extracts may exert on the yield of durum wheat is still unexplored. In 2014 and 2016, the herbicidal potential of several plant water extracts was field tested on durum wheat (cv Valbelice). In 2014, extracts obtained from Artemisia arborescens, Rhus coriaria, Lantana camara, Thymus vulgaris, and Euphorbia characias were used, whereas in 2016 only A. arborescens and R. coriaria were tested as “donor” plants. In both years, weed incidence was evaluated, together with the major yield parameters of wheat. None of the treatments (including chemicals) could eradicate weeds from the field. In 2014, dicots were in general prevailing in plots treated with extracts of E. characias, while monocots prevailed after treatments with L. camara and R. coriaria. In 2016, lower weed biomass and diversity level were found, and only Avena and Phalaris were detected at harvest time. Treatment with plant water extracts affected grain yields, but it seems likely that those effects are not due to the diverse incidence of weeds in treated and untreated plots, rather to some direct action exerted by allelopathic substances.
Correlation Analysis between AK1 mRNA Expression and Inosine Monophosphate Deposition in Jingyuan Chickens
Authors: Zhang Juan , Hu Honghong , Mu Tong , Wang Weizhen , Yu Baojun , Guo Ju , Wang Ying , Zhou Zihang , Gu Yaling , Huang Zengwen , Cai Zhengyun , Xin Guosheng
Published: March 2020

In this study, we examined correlations between the deposition of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and mRNA expression of the adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) gene in Jingyuan chicken. The IMP content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Transcriptome sequencing was used to screen the differentially expressed gene AK1 and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the expression level of AK1 mRNA associated with IMP synthesis. IMP and inosine content in the breast muscles of both Jingyuan cocks and hens was found to be significantly higher than that in the leg muscles. Similarly, the expression of AK1 mRNA in the breast muscles of cocks and hens was significantly higher than that in the leg muscles. Moreover, AK1 mRNA expression in cock breast muscles was negatively correlated with IMP content, whereas its expression in cock leg muscles was positively correlated with IMP content. In contrast, the expression of AK1 mRNA in hen breast and leg muscles was significantly positively correlated with IMP content. These findings provide a scientific basis for enhancing the meat flavor of Jingyuan chicken and promoting the development and utilization of local variety resources, as well as constituting a basis for screening IMP-regulated genes. Our study will advance our current understanding of AK1 function.
Association Analysis to Copy Number Variation (CNV) of Opn4 Gene with Growth Traits of Goats
Authors: Li LiJuan , Yang Peng , Shi ShuYue , Zhang ZiJing , Shi QiaoTing , Xu JiaWei , He Hua , Lei ChuZhao , Wang ErYao , Chen Hong , Huang YongZhen
Published: March 2020

Extensive research has been carried out regarding the correlation between the growth traits of livestock and genetic polymorphisms, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations (CNV). The purpose of this study was to analyze the CNV and its genetic effects of the Opn4 gene in 284 Guizhou goats (Guizhou black goat: n = 186, Guizhou white goat: n = 98). We used qPCR to detect the CNV of the Opn4 gene in Guizhou goats, and the classification results were correlated with the corresponding individual growth traits by SPSS software. The results showed that the Opn4 gene had a superior effect on growth traits with multiple copy variants in Guizhou black goats, and there was a significant correlation between copy number variation sites and body length traits. Contrary to the former conclusion, in Guizhou white goats, individuals with the Normal copy number type showed superior growth traits and copy number variant sites were significantly associated with body weight traits. Therefore, the CNV of the Opn4 gene can be used as a candidate molecular genetic marker to improve goat growth traits, speeding up the breeding process of goat elite varieties.
Detecting Lithium (Li) Mineralizations from Space: Current Research and Future Perspectives
Authors: Cardoso-Fernandes Joana , Teodoro Ana C. , Lima Alexandre , Perrotta Mônica , Roda-Robles Encarnación
Published: March 2020

Optical and thermal remote sensing data have been an important tool in geological exploration for certain deposit types. However, the present economic and technological advances demand the adaptation of the remote sensing data and image processing techniques to the exploration of other raw materials like lithium (Li). A bibliometric analysis, using a systematic review approach, was made to understand the recent interest in the application of remote sensing methods in Li exploration. A review of the application studies and developments in this field was also made. Throughout the paper, the addressed topics include: (i) achievements made in Li exploration using remote sensing methods; (ii) the main weaknesses of the approaches; (iii) how to overcome these difficulties; and (iv) the expected research perspectives. We expect that the number of studies concerning this topic will increase in the near future and that remote sensing will become an integrated and fundamental tool in Li exploration.
The “PV Rooftop Garden”: Providing Recreational Green Roofs and Renewable Energy as a Multifunctional System within One Surface Area
Authors: Sattler Stefan , Zluwa Irene , Österreicher Doris
Published: March 2020

In urban areas, summer temperatures are continuously increasing, and cities are aiming at implementing measures to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Reducing sealed surfaces and adding plants have been shown to be beneficial for urban microclimates. Green roofs are thus a viable alternative to standard roofs made out of materials that completely seal the top layer. However, roofs are, at the same time, also ideal for the integration of photovoltaics (PVs), as they are mostly unshaded. With both applications competing for the same surface area, solutions must be found that symbiotically combine the benefits of vegetation and renewable energy. Using an interdisciplinary study, various designs were developed for prototypical applications to integrate PV systems into rooftop gardens, with a specific focus on retrofitting flat roofs. The prototypes were analyzed and tested based on structural design aspects, suitable plant choices, and energy output. The results showed that the concurrent integration of PVs and green roofs into the same surface area can be achieved with lightweight construction, which is particularly suitable for existing buildings. The system can contribute to much-needed urban renewable energy generation, the mitigation of the UHI effect, and the provision of recreational spaces.
An Improved Scheme for Vibration-Based Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using Feature Integration and AdaBoost Tree-Based Ensemble Classifier
Authors: Zhao Bingxi , Yuan Qi , Zhang Hongbin
Published: March 2020

Bearings are key components in modern power machines. Effective diagnosis of bearing faults is crucial for normal operation. Recently, the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) with 2D visualization technology has shown great potential in bearing fault diagnosis. Traditional DCNN-based fault diagnosis mostly adopts a single learner with one input and is time-consuming in sample and network construction to obtain a satisfied performance. In this paper, a scheme combining diverse DCNN learners and an AdaBoost tree-based ensemble classifier is proposed to improve the diagnosis performance and reduce the requirement of sample and network construction simultaneously. In this scheme, multiple types of samples can be constructed independently and employed for diagnosis simultaneously; next, the same number of DCNN learners are built for underlying features extraction and the obtained results are integrated and finally fed into the ensemble classifier for fault diagnosis. An illustration based on the Case Western Reserve University datasets is given, which proves the superiority of the proposed scheme in both accuracy and robustness. Herein, we present a universal scheme to improve the diagnosis performance, and give an example for practical application, where the signal preprocessing and image sample construction methods can also be applied in other vibration-based analysis.
Intensity Evolution of Cosine-Gaussian-Correlated Schell-Model Pulse Scattered by a Medium
Authors: Wang Haixia , Yan Xumin , Feng Xiaotong , Zhao Zhiguo , Pan Liuzhan
Published: March 2020

According to first-order Born approximation, the scattering of a partially coherent pulse with cosine-Gaussian correlation by a medium was studied. On the basis of analytic expression, the changes in intensity evolution of the scattered pulse are discussed. The influences of pulse and medium characteristics on the intensity of the scattered pulse were investigated. The intensities of a Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) pulse and a cosine-Gaussian-correlated Schell-model (CGSM) pulse, both scattered by the same medium, are compared, and their similarities and differences are examined in detail. The effective angular width of the scattered pulse could be modulated by the parameters of the pulse and medium. The obtained results could find potential applications in pulsed beam scattering.
Books, Scrolls and Ripples: In Search of an Audience through the Printed Works of Helen Douglas
Authors: Taylor Chris
Published: March 2020

In this interview, artist and small press publisher Dr. Helen Douglas appraises the development of the artist’s book from its emergence in the 1950s and 1960s to seeking public recognition as a bone fide art form in the mid-1970s, through to the current global attention that it now attracts. Notions of the mass-produced and the handmade are questioned and examined in light of the freedom, cheapness and accessibility of digital technologies versus the time and labour of the artist in search of the haptic, intimate and conceptually complex experience.
Fog Droplet Size Distribution and the Interaction between Fog Droplets and Fine Particles during Dense Fog in Tianjin, China
Authors: Liu Qing , Wu Bingui , Wang Zhaoyu , Hao Tianyi
Published: March 2020

From November 2016 to January 2017, there were large-scale dense fog processes in Tianjin area on the west coast of Bohai Bay, China, even strong dense fog with visibility less than 50 m occurred. Based on the observation data of fog droplet spectrum monitor, visibility sensor, environmental particle monitoring equipment and meteorological automatic station, the characteristics of fog droplet size distribution and the interaction between the fog droplets and fine particles during dense fog events were analyzed. The results show following characteristics: (1) The average concentration of fog droplets (Na), the average liquid water content (La) and the maximum liquid water content (Lmax) in the strong dense fog process are larger than those in the dense fog. The average spectrum of fog droplet size distribution conforms to Junge distribution, and they are all broad-spectrum fog with a spectrum width of about 45 μm. The average spectrum is similar to the dense fog of heavily industrialized inland in the world. (2) The maximum of fog droplet diameter during the formation stage have a good indication for the outbreak of strong dense fog. (3) The mass concentration of PM2.5 (CPM2.5) is ranged from 121–375 μg/m3, and the interaction between fog droplets and fine particles is analyzed. During the formation, development and maturity stages, fog process can scavenge atmospheric fine particles, and the scavenging efficiency of PM2.5 is more remarkable than PM10. When CPM2.5 does not exceed 350 μg/m3, the increase in the concentration of fine particles is conducive to the rapid growth of fog droplets and the sharp drop of visibility. However, when CPM2.5 exceeds the critical value, the increase has a negative feedback effect on the development of the fog process. More investigations and cases are necessary to fully assess the mechanisms related to the dense fog events in Tianjin area and further analysis will be done.
Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Surface Energy and CO2 Fluxes over a Site in Western Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhao Xingbing , Liu Changwei , Yang Nan , Li Yubin
Published: March 2020

Land surface process observations in the western Tibet Plateau (TP) are limited because of the abominable natural conditions. During the field campaign of the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment (TIPEX III), continuous measurements on the four radiation fluxes (downward/upward short/long-wave radiations), three heat fluxes (turbulent sensible/latent heat fluxes and soil heat flux) and also CO2 flux were collected from June 2015 through January 2017 at Shiquanhe (32.50° N, 80.08° E, 4279.3 m above sea level) in the western Tibetan Plateau. Diurnal and seasonal variation characteristics of these surface energy and CO2 fluxes were presented and analyzed in this study. Results show that (1) diurnal variations of the seven energy fluxes were found with different magnitudes, (2) seasonal variations appeared for the seven energy fluxes with their maxima in summer and minima in winter, (3) diurnal and seasonal variations of respiration caused by the biological and chemical processes within the soil were found, and absorption (release) of CO2 around 0.1 mg m−2 s−1 occurred at afternoon of summer (midnight of winter), but the absorption and release generally canceled out from a yearly perspective; and (4) the surface energy balance ratio went through both diurnal and seasonal cycles, and in summer months the slopes of the fitting curve were above 0.6, but in winter months they were around 0.5. Comparing the results of the Shiquanhe site with the central and eastern TP sites, it was found that (1) they all generally had similar seasonal and diurnal variations of the fluxes, (2) caused by the low rainfall quantity, latent heat flux at Shiquanhe (daily daytime mean always less than 90 W m−2) was distinctively smaller than at the central and eastern TP sites during the wet season (generally larger than 100 W m−2), and (3) affected by various factors, the residual energy was comparatively larger at Shiquanhe, which led to a small surface energy balance ratio.
Characterization of Total OH Reactivity in a Rapeseed Field: Results from the COV3ER Experiment in April 2017
Authors: Bsaibes Sandy , Gros Valérie , Truong François , Boissard Christophe , Baisnée Dominique , Sarda-Esteve Roland , Zannoni Nora , Lafouge Florence , Ciuraru Raluca , Buysse Pauline , Kammer Julien , Gomez Lais Gonzaga , Loubet Benjamin
Published: March 2020

Croplands remain poorly studied ecosystems in terms of total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity, especially when compared to forests. As part of the COV3ER project, total OH reactivity (ROH), defined as the total loss rate of OH due to its reaction with reactive species in the atmosphere, was characterized in a rapeseed field (Grignon, France) during the blooming season in April 2017. Measurements were performed in a dynamic chamber as well as in ambient air using the Comparative Reactivity Method (CRM). Complementary measurements of organic (including a proton transfer reaction quadrupole ion–time of flight mass spectrometry, PTRQi-ToFMS) and inorganic compounds were also performed in order to calculate the expected OH reactivity and evaluate the missing fraction. Measured ROH varied diurnally in the dynamic chamber (mROHchamber) with maxima around 20 to 30 s−1 at midday and minima during dark hours, following the variability of the enclosed branch VOCsrapeseed, which is light- and temperature-dependent. Oxygenated VOCs were the major compounds emitted by the rapeseed crop. However, in terms of contribution to OH reactivity, isoprene accounted for 40% during the daytime, followed by acetaldehyde (21%) and monoterpenes (18%). The comparison between mROHchamber and calculated ROH (cROHchamber) exhibited little or no difference during dark hours, whereas a maximum difference appeared around midday, highlighting a significant missing fraction (46% on average during daytime) mainly related to biogenic temperature- and/or light-dependent emissions.
The Long-Term Change of Latent Heat Flux over the Western Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Na , Zhao Ping , Wang Jingfeng , Deng Yi
Published: March 2020

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been experiencing warming and wetting since the 1980s. Under such circumstances, we estimated the summer latent heat flux (LE) using the maximum entropy production model driven by the net radiation, surface temperature, and soil moisture of three reanalysis datasets (ERA5, JRA-55, and MERRA-2) at the Ali site over the western TP during 1980–2018. Compared with the observed LE of the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment, the coefficient of determination, root-mean-square error, and mean bias error of the estimated summer LE are 0.57, 9.3 W m−2, and −2.25 W m−2 during 2014–2016, respectively, which are better than those of LE of the reanalysis datasets. The estimated long-term summer LE presents a decreasing (an increasing) trend of −7.4 (1.8) W m−2 decade−1 during 1980–1991 (1992–2018). The LE variation is closely associated with the local soil moisture influenced by precipitation, glacier, and near-surface water conditions at the Ali site. The summer soil moisture also presents a decreasing (an increasing) trend of −0.082 (0.022) decade−1 during 1980–1991 (1992–2018). The normalized difference vegetation index generally shows the consistent trend with LE at the Ali site.
The Molten Globule, and Two-State vs. Non-Two-State Folding of Globular Proteins
Authors: Kuwajima Kunihiro
Published: March 2020

From experimental studies of protein folding, it is now clear that there are two types of folding behavior, i.e., two-state folding and non-two-state folding, and understanding the relationships between these apparently different folding behaviors is essential for fully elucidating the molecular mechanisms of protein folding. This article describes how the presence of the two types of folding behavior has been confirmed experimentally, and discusses the relationships between the two-state and the non-two-state folding reactions, on the basis of available data on the correlations of the folding rate constant with various structure-based properties, which are determined primarily by the backbone topology of proteins. Finally, a two-stage hierarchical model is proposed as a general mechanism of protein folding. In this model, protein folding occurs in a hierarchical manner, reflecting the hierarchy of the native three-dimensional structure, as embodied in the case of non-two-state folding with an accumulation of the molten globule state as a folding intermediate. The two-state folding is thus merely a simplified version of the hierarchical folding caused either by an alteration in the rate-limiting step of folding or by destabilization of the intermediate.
Flumazenil-Insensitive Benzodiazepine Effects in Recombinant αβ and Neuronal GABAA Receptors
Authors: Lian Jing-Jing , Cao Yan-Qing , Li Yu-Lei , Yu Gang , Su Rui-Bin
Published: March 2020

Gamma-aminobutyric acid, type A (GABAA) receptors are complex heterogeneous pentamers with various drug binding sites. Several lines of evidence suggest that benzodiazepines modulate certain GABAA receptors in a flumazenil-insensitive manner, possibly via binding sites other than the classical ones. However, GABAA receptor subtypes that contain non-classical benzodiazepine binding sites are not systemically studied. The present study investigated the high-concentration effects of three benzodiazepines and their sensitivity to flumazenil on different recombinant (α1β2, α2β2, α3β2, α4β2, α5β2 and α1β3) and native neuronal GABAA receptors using the whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology technique. The classical benzodiazepine diazepam (200 μmol/L) and midazolam (200 μmol/L) produced flumazenil-insensitive effects on α1β2 receptor, whereas the imidazopyridine zolpidem failed to modulate the receptor. Flumazenil-insensitive effects of diazepam were also observed on the α2β2, α3β2 and α5β2, but not α4β2 receptors. Unlike β2-containing receptors, the α1β3 receptor was insensitive to diazepam. Moreover, the diazepam (200 μmol/L) effects on some cortical neurons could not be fully antagonized by flumazenil (200 μmol/L). These findings suggested that the non-classical (flumazenil-insensitive) benzodiazepine effects depended on certain receptor subtypes and benzodiazepine structures and may be important for designing of subtype- or binding site- specific drugs.
Overcoming Path Dependency in an Industrialised House-Building Company through Entrepreneurial Orientation
Authors: Uusitalo Petri , Lavikka Rita
Published: March 2020

Although it is well-established that industrialised construction can improve construction companies’ productivity, the uptake of industrialised ways of working has been slow and traditional construction companies remain unwilling to move towards industrialisation. One key reason is that there is little understanding of how construction companies can overcome path dependency (PD). Drawing on a longitudinal case study looking at an industrialised house-building (IHB) company, this work investigates how entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has influenced the development of a construction company that was able to transform from a traditional construction company to an IHB company over 25 years and to overcome PD in the process. The study found that by focusing on a niche market segment, developing a platform in collaboration with external actors, and an entrepreneurial mindset supported the company in overcoming its PD. However, being the “first-mover” in the industry created new path dependencies that may hinder other companies from entering this specific niche market area and the development of the industry as a whole. This study contributes to the theoretical buildup of EO, PD and strategic orientations of IHB companies, and contributes to practitioners’ understanding of IHB companies from a strategic management contingency perspective.