bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic Identification and Characterization of African Nightshades (Solanum L. Section Solanum)
Authors:   Maseno University, Mwai Gideon N. , Onyango John C. , A-O Mary
Published: October 2021

African nightshades play an important role in meeting the nutritional needs of rural households, and are reported as being particularly rich in protein, vitamin A, iron and calcium . Nightshades are among three top priority African indigenous vegetables identified for improvement and promotion through research. A ma jor constraint facing this objective is the scantiness of taxonomic and nomenclatural knowledge on African nightshades resulting in extensive synonymy and confusion. As a consequence , the toxic species are difficult to discriminate from those with high nutritional value . It is also difficult to identify species with good agronomic traits for genetic enhancement. This study was conducted to identify, characterize, and delimit African nightshade species . Fifty accessions of Solanum section Solanum from eastern, southern and western Africa were raised in a greenhouse at the Botanical and Experimental Garden, Radboud University , Nijmegen , the Netherlands . A descriptor list with 48 vegetative and reproductive characters was developed and used to characterize flowering and fruiting plants. Counting of chromosome was done on root squash preparations from one week - old seedlings , aided by digital enhancement of microscopic images . Nine species were represented in the study material , including two diploid s: Solanum americanum, and Solanum chenopodioides ; five tetraploid s: Solanum retroflexum, Solanum villosum, Solanum florulentum , Solanum grossidentatum and Solanum tarderemotum ;and two hexaploid s: Solanum nigrum and Solanum scabrum . Most of the section Solanum species were distinguishable and easily identified. T he exception was S. florulentum and S. tarderemotum which were identified tentatively and assigned respective names, but are difficult to differentiate and require further studies . The S. florulentum/tarderemot um group has three distinguishable variants and further studies are needed to determine the taxonomic status of each as a separate species, subspecies or genotypic/phenotypic variants . Furthermore, S. retroflexum, S. villosum and S. scabrum each had a high degree of within -species variation , and further studies are recommended to determine whether the variations within each constitute subspecies.
Opportunities for Increased Production, Utilization and Income Generation from African Leafy Vegetables in Zambia
Authors:   Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Ng'uni Dickson , Mwila Godfrey ,   SADC Plant Genetic Resource Centre
Published: October 2021

In order to promote the production and marketing of African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) and help realize their potential as sources of food and income, a case study was undertaken under the IPGRI programme on ALVs. The study was aimed at determining the priority ALVs and assessing their status in terms of genetic diversity, production, processing and marketing through a household survey. Three communities of Hoffmeyer, Subcentre and Chikumbi in Nyimba, Siavonga and Chibombo districts respectively were covered. Information was gathered from 280 households across the communities through participatory rural appraisal using guided household interviews and focused group discussions. Amaranthus spp. Wild spinach (English) Bboonko (Tonga), Libondwe (Lenje), Bondwe (Nyanja); Cleome gynandra Cat’s whiskers, spiderplant (English), Shungwa/ Luyuni-yuni (Tonga), Lubanga (Lenje), Suntha (Nyanja); Abelmoschus esculentus, Okra (English), Mudelele/ Mutezi (Tonga), Delele/ Mulembwe (Lenje), Delele (Nyanja); Brassica carinata, Ethiopian Mustard (English) Tanta a chulu/ Chishu chituba (Tonga), Mupilu/ Nchembele (Lenje), Mupilu (Nyanja) and Cucurbita spp., Pumpkin (English) Bboobbo, Lutanga, Muchile (Tonga), Buchisa bwa nyungu (Lenje), Chiwawa, Mthopo (Njanja) were identified as priority ALVs. It was found that within species variability based on morphological markers of the target ALVs was generally low except for Abelmoschus esculentus and Cucurbita spp which had more than three known varieties. Although 63% of households cultivated both ALVs and exotic vegetables, 33% of the households cultivated ALVs while only 4% exclusively grew exotic vegetables. Farm saved seed for all ALVs except Abelmoschus esculentus was used by 81% of households across communities while 10% obtained their seed from neighbours/relatives within their communities. Direct sowing was the commonest planting method while the application of organic manure to the crop was prominent in Subcentre followed by Chikumbi. Application of mineral fertilizers to ALVs was uncommon practice except in Abelmoschus esculentus. It was revealed that the most preserved ALVs were Abelmoschus esculentus and Cucurbita spp. Open markets and supermarkets in Lusaka sold ALVs such as Abelmoschus esculentus, Amaranthus spp and Cucurbita spp. The main sources of these vegetables in Lusaka were local farmers in the peri-urban areas of the town. A total of 33 different recipes and eleven preservation methods for ALVs were documented across communities while 7 recipes were documented from commercial restaurants. The ALVs play an increasing role in the diets and as source of income for many households and efforts required for stimulating production include improvements in access to improved varieties and availability of urban markets.
The Importance of Traditional Leafy Vegetables in South Africa
Authors:   ARC-Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, H.J Voster Ineke , Willem Jansen van Rensburg , J.J.B Van Zijl , L Venter Sonja
Published: October 2021

The use of traditional leafy vegetables in communities has been noted in several studies. These studies highlighted concerns about the loss of knowledge. The aim of this work was to enhance the role of African leafy vegetables in the nutrition of vulnerable groups in South Africa through improved preparation, promotion of consumption, processing, landrace improvement program, and management of their genetic diversity. Researchers needed to establish the extent of the use, conservation status and awareness of these plants, to ensure effective research decisions. The results from these studies are reported on here. Localities that differed in ethnicity and climate were targeted. The data collection phase used a questionnaire survey, rapid and participatory methodologies to collect information from the women. Traditional leafy vegetables were found to be a very important source of food in summer, but especially in winter. Several drying methods are used to ensure the availability of these vegetables during the winter. Pumpkins and cowpeas were the only crops grown, with some of the others occasionally broadcast. The most popular crops for consumption with all the age groups were amaranth and pumpkins, with jute mallow (Chorcorus sp.) and spider plant (Cleome gynandra) popular in the northern areas in South Africa. Where cowpeas were available, they were seen as the most valuable dried leaf product, as they were used as a safety crop due to their long shelf life. Ethnicity and gender had an effect on the use and preferences of the different crops, with men preferring the more bitter taste and women and children preferring the milder taste. Different ethnic groups showed differences in terms of bitterness of the taste and composition of the leaf mixes. In many areas seed systems were poor as the traditional role of keeper of the seed had been lost. Constant downgrading of traditional vegetables and associated knowledge by research and extension had led to the labels of ‘backward knowledge’ and ‘poverty foods’. This led to a shift in food use and willingness of the youth to learn about and eat these crops. Awareness creation contributed to a change in the perceptions amongst the youth and adults, leading to increased demand for information and seed. It was determined that traditional leafy vegetables played an important role in food security in rural South Africa, but the status of the crops, as well as their conservation, need to be addressed to ensure sustainable use.
​Standardization of Cold Solvent Extraction Parameters for Natural Red Pigments
Authors: Mini C. , Nath S.S. Aparna , Lekshmi S.G.
Published: October 2021

Background: Selecting an appropriate extraction technique and optimization of extraction conditions must be done to improve the efficiency and productivity of natural colorant. Methods: Flesh and peels of four different raw materials viz., beetroot, carrot, pomegranate and grape were extracted independently using 100% ethyl alcohol using cold solvent extraction method adopting 1: 1 and 1: 2 w/v solid to solvent ratio for 24 and 48 hrs, forming 8 treatments replicated thrice in three factorial CRD. The collected extracts were evaporated at 60oC; per cent yield and pigment content were calculated. Result: Extract yield and pigment content were significantly influenced by raw material, solid to solvent ratio and duration of extraction. Extract yield was higher in flesh of carrot and beetroot as well as in peels of grape and pomegranate. Anthocyanin content in grape and pomegranate and betalain content in beetroot were high in peel where as β-carotene content was higher in carrot flesh extract. Per cent yield and pigment content increased with increased duration of extraction and solid to solvent ratio. Requirement of more solvent and longer extraction time are the drawback of conventional extraction methods and there is a growing demand for non-conventional techniques to enhance yield and maintain pigment stability.
Denial-of-Service Attack
Authors: BALABAN Ioana
Published: October 2021

A denial-of-service (DoS) is any type of attack where the attackers (hackers) attempt to prevent legitimate users from accessing the service. In a DoS attack, the attacker usually sends excessive messages asking the network or server to authenticate requests that have invalid return addresses. The network or server will not be able to find the return address of the attacker when sending the authentication approval, causing the server to wait before closing the connection. When the server closes the connection, the attacker sends more authentication messages with invalid return addresses. Hence, the process of authentication and server wait will begin again, keeping the network or server busy. This paper presents how DoS attacks are performed, the techniques used, the attack tools, the prevention of an attack and the some of the famous DoS attacks.
Preventive Measures of Cyberbullying on Adolescents in Indonesia: A Legal Analysis
Authors: Wahanisa Rofi , Prihastuty Rahmawati , Dzikirullah H. Noho Muhammad
Published: October 2021

The increasing internet penetration in Indonesia has provided adolescents to expose pornographic content advertently. It inevitably includes other adverse impacts like fraud and violence, which begin with cyberspace. Also, cyberbullies on the internet have become a serious concern on how the government has anticipated it to prevent more practices in this cross-border experience. This study aimed to address the causes and impacts of online-based media on adolescents with the following preventive measures to reduce increasing cases of cyberbullying in Indonesia. This study used legal research in assessing the issue by sourcing primary data from statutory regulations and secondary data from academic resources. This study showed that cyberbullying continues to become an annoying issue among children, adolescents, and adults. The existing regulations provide insufficient protection preventing these practices because it does not specifically regulate its types and forms at defining cyberbullying. It suggested introducing a more specific regulation that outlines cyberbullying in ensuring the protection amidst the more borderless communication to prevent more adverse impacts on victims.

KEYWORDS: Cyberbullying, Information and Technology Law, Child Protection.
The Perception of Gender Equality Practices among CV Milzam Multi Sejahtera Jember Employees
Authors: Widayanti Nike , Hidayat Nurul , Handayani Baiq Lily
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to describe the practice of gender equality for plywood mill employees at CV Milzam Multi Sejahtera in Jember. The method used is a qualitative method with a feminist social science approach. The researcher selects the informants by using purposive techniques, with the criteria of workers who have worked in factories at least one year. Data collection techniques are done by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Test the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. The analysis technique uses the interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The theory used is the Marxist / Socialist feminist theory. The results of the study show that: 1) In a work distribution system because women are considered to have a cautious nature, they are given easy jobs, but require accuracy, while work for men requires heavy work. 2) In the salary system, women are considered cheap labor, so they deserve a cheap salary. It is because the involvement of women in this work is only a side job. 3) Right to leave, the company does not distinguish between leave rights for male and female workers. However, workers who were given leave did not receive a replacement salary. 4) Promotion of position. Anyone can obtain the development of jobs by the requirements for appointment. So, based on research results at the CV Milzam Multi Sejahtera Jember plywood factory, there is relatively no gender inequality. 

Keywords: Perception, Equality Practices, Gender, Workers, Factory

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Konstruksi Sosial Penambang Marmer Mengenai Lingkungan IMIT di Kabupaten Tulungagung
Authors: Ayuni Fitri , Jannah Raudlatul
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh pengelolaan sumber daya alam masyarakat yang tinggal di lingkungan Industri Marmer Indonesia (IMIT) Tulungagung. Penambangan IMIT menyebabkan pencemaran air, tanah dan udara. Hubungan antara IMIT dengan masyarakat sekitar membentuk konstruksi sosial dari proses IMIT yang ditolak, kemudian diterima bahkan saat ini dapat terjalin kerjasama. Masyarakat yang tinggal di lingkungan IMIT memiliki strategi bertahan hidup dengan memanfaatkan limbah yang mencemari lingkungan atau sebagai penambang marmer. Pengetahuan yang dimiliki masyarakat terhadap lingkungan mempengaruhi tindakan sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis konstruksi sosial penambang marmer tentang lingkungan “Industri Marmer Indonesia Tulungagung (IMIT)” yang berlokasi di Desa Besole Kecamatan Besuki Kabupaten Tulungagung. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Teknik yang digunakan dalam menentukan informan adalah purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa pengetahuan masyarakat yang terbangun dan mempengaruhi tindakan sosial masyarakat di lingkungan sekitarnya.

Kata Kunci: Konstruksi Sosial, Penambangan Marmer, Lingkungan
On Chaplygin’s theorem for an implicit differential equation of order n
Authors: Benarab Sarra
Published: October 2021

We consider the Cauchy problem for the implicit differential equation of order n
g(t,x,(x,) ̇…,x^((n)) )=0,t ∈ [0; T],x(0)= A.
It is assumed that A=(A_0,…,A_(n-1) )∈R^n, the function g:[0,T] × R^(n+1)→ R is measurable with respect to the first argument t∈[0,T], and for a fixed t, the function g(t,∙)×R^(n+1)→ R is right continuous and monotone in each of the first n arguments, and is continuous in the last n+1-th argument. It is also assumed that for some sufficiently smooth functions η,ν there hold the inequalities
ν^((i) ) (0)≥ A_i ≥ η^((i) ) (0),i= (0,n-1,) ̅ ν^((n) ) (t)≥ η^((n) ) (t),t∈[0; T];
g(t; ν(t),ν ̇(t),...,ν^((n) ) (t) )≥ 0,g(t,η(t),η ̇(t),…,η^((n)) (t))≤ 0,t∈[0; T].
Sufficient conditions for the solvability of the Cauchy problem are derived as well as estimates of its solutions. Moreover, it is shown that under the listed conditions, the set of solutions satisfying the inequalities η^((n) ) (t)≤x^((n) ) (t)≤ν^((n) ) (t), is not empty and contains solutions with the largest and the smallest n -th derivative. This statement is similar to the classical Chaplygin theorem on differential inequality. The proof method uses results on the solvability of equations in partially ordered spaces. Examples of applying the results obtained to the study of second-order implicit differential equations are given.
Eckland and Bishop-Phelps variational principles in partially ordered spaces
Authors: Zhukovskaya Zukhra T. , Zhukovskaia Tatiana V. , Filippova Olga V.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, an assertion about the minimum of the graph of a mapping acting in partially ordered spaces is obtained. The proof of this statement uses the theorem on the minimum of a mapping in a partially ordered space from [A.V. Arutyunov, E.S. Zhukovskiy, S.E. Zhukovskiy. Caristi-like condition and the existence of minima of mappings in partially ordered spaces // Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications. 2018. V. 180. Iss. 1, 48–61]. It is also shown that this statement is an analogue of the Eckland and Bishop-Phelps variational principles which are effective tools for studying extremal problems for functionals defined on metric spaces. Namely, the statement obtained in this paper and applied to a partially ordered space created from a metric space by introducing analogs of the Bishop-Phelps order relation, is equivalent to the classical Eckland and Bishop-Phelps variational principles.
Perturbation of the fixed point problem for continuous mappings
Authors: Zhukovskaya Zukhra T. , Zhukovskiy Sergey E.
Published: October 2021

We consider the problem of a double fixed point of pairs of continuous mappings defined on a convex closed bounded subset of a Banach space. It is shown that if one of the mappings is completely continuous and the other is continuous, then the property of the existence of fixed points is stable under contracting perturbations of the mappings. We obtain estimates for the distance from a given pair of points to double fixed points of perturbed mappings. We consider the problem of a fixed point of a completely continuous mapping on a convex closed bounded subset of a Banach space. It is shown that the property of the existence of a fixed point of a completely continuous map is stable under contracting perturbations. Estimates of the distance from a given point to a fixed point are obtained. As an application of the obtained results, the solvability of a difference equation of a special type is proved.
Asociación de la enfermedad periodontal con factores de riesgo en adolescentes de 15 años de una institución educativa
Authors: Yataco Barreda Danitza Geraldine , Gomez Diaz Wendy Alejandra , Carrasco Loyola Milagros Bertha , Orejuela Ramirez Francisco Jose
Published: October 2021

La enfermedad periodontal es una condición inflamatoria que destruye de forma irreversible a los tejidos que soportan al diente, siendo las principales características la profundidad al sondaje, inflamación, edema y eritema. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de la enfermedad periodontal con factores de riesgo en adolescentes de 15 años de una institución educativa. Material y Métodos: El estudio fue observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal basado en los registros de la base de datos del levantamiento epidemiológico de salud bucal     del año 2018, contando con una muestra de 29 escolares de 15 años matriculados en el año académico 2018. Las variables fueron enfermedad periodontal, profundidad al sondaje, sangrado gingival, sexo, frecuencia de cepillado, frecuencia de visita al dentista, frecuencia de consumo de tabaco y frecuencia de consumo de alcohol. Para el manejo de los datos se utilizó Excel versión 10 y se exportó a Stata versión 15 en donde se realizaron las pruebas estadísticas. Resultados: La frecuencia de cepillado menor a dos veces al día y el consumo de tabaco se comportaron como factores que aumentan la posibilidad del desarrollo de la enfermedad periodontal con RP: 4,684, IC 95% (0,406 - 54,002) y RP: 1,468, IC 95% (0,489 – 4,412), respectivamente; sin embargo, los valores obtenidos no son estadísticamente significativos (p>0,05). Conclusión: Existe una asociación de la enfermedad periodontal tanto con el cepillado menor de dos veces al día como con el consumo de tabaco en adolescentes de 15 años de una institución educativa.
Revisión bibliográfica: Investigación de ortopedia y ortodoncia en animales como modelos de experimentación
Authors: Pérez-Flores Antonieta , Alarcón Daniela , Lai Pi-Shan , Quiñones Pía , Sanhueza Viviana , Rojas Joaquín
Published: October 2021

El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es identificar los estudios de ortodoncia y ortopedia en modelos animales. Describiendo su metodología, analizando los resultados y comparando los diferentes estudios. El uso frecuente de animales de experimentación ha permitido el desarrollo de la biomedicina a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad. El modelo de estudio más utilizado en investigaciones de medicina y odontología con modelo animal, han sido las ratas. Los campos más estudiados son ortodoncia; interacción de los movimientos de ortodoncia con otros procesos biológicos o agentes que influyen como cirugías, toma de medicamentos o enfermedades. En cambio, en el área de ortopedia no ha presentado tantas investigaciones en modelo animal, por lo que podría ser un área a desarrollar en futuras investigaciones.
Polinomial Pembangun dari Ideal dan Dimensi dari Kode Siklik
Authors: Janan Tuhfatul , Utoyo Mohammad Imam , Fatmawati Fatmawati
Published: October 2021

Dalam penelitian ini, diberikan hubungan antara ideal dan kode siklik serta sifat-sifat polinomial pembangun dari ideal dan dimensi dari kode siklik. Sifat-sifat tersebut antara lain hubungan antara polinomial pembangun dari ideal dengan polinomial monik dengan derajat terkecil di ideal, eksistensi dan ketunggalan dari polinomial pembangun dari ideal, hubungan antara polinomial pembangun dari ideal dengan pembagi monik dari , dan hubungan antara derajat dari polinomial pembangun dari ideal dan dimensi dari kode siklik.
Masyarakat Adat dan Diskursus Representasi di Lingkar Artik: Tinjauan Kosmopolitanisme dan Geopolitik Kritis
Authors: Probotrianto Andy Fernanda
Published: October 2021

The Arctic Circle, without a doubt, has turned into a region of various complexities and holds a huge prominence in the contemporary world; especially if one link it with discourses regarding energy, resources, and maritime issues which have helped in triggering wide international contestations. These discourses, consequently, are getting more proliferated as the polar ice melting. However, the existing paradigm carried about within the research of the region tends to be ignorant of those whom are marginalized, yet distinctly significant to the shaping of the Arctic environment, under the shadows of nation-states and high politics agendas: the indigenous peoples. This article, therefore, would contribute to the political discourse of the Arctic by elaborating the perspective of indigenous people in regards of the ongoing dynamics. Utilizing Critical Cosmopolitanism as a normative basis, as well as taking the approach offered by Critical Geopolitics, this writing will try to deconstruct how the nation state’s prolonged hegemony impacting the Arctic Circle, displaying the significance held by indigenous communities, as well as factors leading to its heighten representation—with a more through focus on Inuit Peoples in regard of their population and prominence within the discourse. This article reveals that the shifting global paradigm which, in time, echoing Cosmopolitanism values, such as inclusivity, paves a way to the growing representation to the indigenous peoples.
ASEAN Aggrement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. Effective ?
Authors: Yogaswara Ligar , Yogaswara Ligar
Published: October 2021

This paper analyzes how ASEAN can deal with the haze problem caused by its member countries and then cross their borders so that it becomes a common focus in ASEAN countries. Then ASEAN made an agreement for its member countries with the aim of overcoming the haze problem which was referred to in the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. Based on the question of the effectiveness of the agreement, the authors assume that the agreement is considered ineffective in solving the haze problem in the Southeast Asia Region. The reason for this is considered to be due to a set of norms adopted by ASEAN member countries in the ASEAN Way. These norms then make member countries solve problems by adhering to the principles of the ASEAN Way including non-intervention, consensus and so on. Responding to problems in developing countries in ASEAN which tend to prioritize their economy, making environmental problems such as smog tend to be sidelined. Therefore, this paper will explain more about the effectiveness of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in particular to address the haze problem in ASEAN member countries based on the ASEAN way.
Lignocellulosic wastes of Carya illinoinensis (Juglandaceae) inhibit germination and seedling develop-ment of Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae)
Authors: Bremm Neiva , Ferraz Ramos Rodrigo , Bremm Nestor , Bellé Cristiano , Kaspary Tiago Edu , Chassot Tatiane , Betemps Débora Leitzke
Published: October 2021

The study evaluated the effect of Carya illinoinensis plant extracts on lettuce seed germination and development. Experiment was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and replications. Plant extracts were prepared from the dry ground vegetable waste. The concentration was adjusted to 10% m.v-1. The treatments were classified into: heterogeneous pruning residues (HPR), leaves residues (LR), epicarp residues (ER), mesocarp residues (MR), and control treatment (CT, 100% water). The variables evaluated were: first germination count (GP4%), final germination count (GP7%), germination speed index (GSI), germination inhibition (PGI), frequency of abnormal seedlings (FAS), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), and total length of seedling (TLS). Extracts obtained from residues of C. illinoinensis decreased the lettuce seed germination, but their effect depends on the plant tissue (e.g. leaf, epicarp or mesocarp) used at production of plant extracts. Plant extracts from HPR and MR do not result in drastic allelochemical effects. Aqueous extracts from LR and ER reduced significantly the seed germination and the normal development of lettuce seedlings, with an absolute reduction in germination of 90.2% and 79.2%, respectively. Only plant extracts from leaf residues and epicarp residues from C. illinoinensis inhibit the germination and seedling development of L. sativa.
Controle biológico no manejo de Pratylenchus brachyurus em diferentes tratamentos na cultura da soja
Authors: Coelho Thayane Nascimento , Martins Warlyton Silva , Miranda Flávia Fernandes Ribeiro de
Published: October 2021

A cultura da soja possui grande importância para a economia brasileira e pode enfrentar entraves dos fatores bióticos e abióticos em sua produção, sendo os nematoides expoentes na redução da produtividade desta cultura. Desse modo, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de produtos biológicos para o controle de Pratylenchus brachyurus na cultura da soja. O experimento foi realizado na casa de vegetação e no Laboratório de Fitopatologia e Nematologia do Centro Universitário Católica do Tocantins. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado consistindo em cinco tratamentos com diferentes produtos biológicos: T1 – testemunha (sem tratamento), T2 - Presence® (Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis), T3 - Votivo Prime® (Bacillus firmus), T4 - Ecotrich® (Trichoderma harzianum) e T5 – Nemat® (Paecilomyces lilacinus) com quatro repetições. Para avaliação da eficiência do controle biológico de nematoides, procedeu-se o tratamento prévio das sementes de soja no momento da semeadura. O tratamento das sementes foi realizado individualmente, adicionando os produtos conforme dosagem estabelecida na recomendação da bula. Aos 30 dias após a inoculação, foram avaliadas a características, comprimento da raiz, tamanho de planta, número de nematoides e severidade. Os produtos utilizados não interferiram no comprimento da raiz e no número de nematoides. O produto T3 – Votivo Prime®, apresentou melhor resultado quando se avalia o comprimento de planta. A severidade foi menor quando se faz uso de algum tipo de produto para controle biológico.
INCREASING TEACHERS' CAPABILITIES IN INTERACTIVE VIDEO LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC USING WHATSAPP THROUGH GROUP GUIDANCE AT SD NEGERI TRAYU KAPANEWON SAMIGALUH
Authors: Asih Asih
Published: October 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the education sector, especially elementary school education. Online learning is of course carried out with various platforms and media to support teaching and learning activities. This study aims to review the use of interactive videos with WhatsApp, the learning used in learning for students at the elementary school level, and determine the ability of teachers and the content of online learning videos used as learning media at SD Negeri Trayu Kapanewon Samigaluh during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research method uses qualitative descriptive research, namely describing the use of learning media with interactive video with WhatsApp used and its application in SD Negeri Trayu Kapanewon Samigaluh. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study are media using WhatsApp as online learning in the form of interactive videos. The stages of making online learning videos are in the form of planning, procurement, storage, and evaluation in the learning media, and also explaining the contents of online learning videos, so it can be concluded that online learning videos contain the results of teacher videos in classroom teaching activities that are made by the teacher in turns. then shared via Whatsapp media. With this media, teachers are more confident and students become more confident and it seems as if they are studying in a normal school. So that students and parents understand the activities or material presented by the teacher in the video.
IMPROVING TEACHERS' ABILITY IN USING WHATSHAPP VOICE NOTE FACILITIES AS A MEDIA FOR DISTANCE LEARNING THROUGH INTEGRATED GUIDANCE ACTIVITIES AT SD BOROSUCI KAPANEWON KALIBAWANG KABUPATENKULON PROGO ACADEMIC YEAR 2020/2021
Authors: Suprihatin Suprihatin
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine and describe the teacher's ability to use the WhatsApp Voice Note application program in the distance learning process through integrated mentoring. The sample in this study was 9 teachers consisting of 6 classroom teachers and 3 subject teachers who were selected based on criteria using the WhatsApp Voice Note application program. This research was conducted in 2 cycles. Each cycle consists of 2 meetings and research procedures include; planning, implementation, observation and reflection. Meanwhile, to find out the teacher's activities at work, the researchers completed measuring instruments with observation instruments based on their ability to use the WhatsApp Voice Note application. The next aspect observed was the implementation of mentoring activities for researchers (principals). The results of the first cycle of research on the teacher's ability to use WhatsApp Voice Notes in Distance Learning obtained the lowest average score of the first cycle of 70.86%, the conversion value of 3, the "Good" category the highest average score of 77.55%, the conversion value; 3, category “Good”. The lowest average score in cycle II; 86.86%, value conversion; 4, “Very Good” category, the highest average score; 91.30%, value conversion; 4, “Very Good” category. As for the increase in the results of the first cycle to the second cycle; 13.75%. Furthermore, the results of the research cycle I the average score based on the percentage obtained the lowest average score of 82.04%, the conversion value was 3, the category "Satisfactory" while the highest average score reached 87.89%, the conversion value was 4, the category "Very Satisfactory" cycle II obtained the lowest average score of 89.72%, conversion value of 4, category "Very Satisfactory" the highest average score of 94.63%, conversion value of 4, category "Very Satisfactory". The results of the research cycle I and II there was an increase of 6.74%. The results of interviews with participants and researchers related to the implementation of the guidance program are contained in the interview transcript table for the WhatsApp Voice Note application program material considering that during the pandemic it was not only SD Negeri Borosuci Kalibawang that experienced difficulties, but every elementary school in the Kulon Progo Regency area. Research through integrative guidance is very helpful for teachers to add new knowledge about the WhatsApp Voice Note application. Furthermore, the principal also feels that it provides new experiences and is helped by all teachers who have a passion for learning to do distance learning in the era of the covid-19 pandemic.
EHMT2 (G9a) activation in mantle cell lymphoma and its associated DNA methylation and gene expression
Authors:   Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China, Wang Jun ,   Department of Pathology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250300, China
Published: October 2021

Objective: The function of euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2) has been studied in several cancers; however, little is known about its role in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Thus, this study aimed to characterize the significance and function of EHMT2 in MCL. Methods: EHMT2 expression in MCL and reactive hyperplasia (RH) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation was performed on EHMT2 + MCL samples. The function of EHMT2 was determined by CCK8, flow cytometry, and western blot assays. Gene expression profile analysis was performed before and after EHMT2 knockdown to search for EHMT2-regulated genes. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments were conducted to identify the proteins interacting with EHMT2. Results: EHMT2 was expressed in 68.57% (24/35) of MCLs but not in any RHs. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation on EHMT2 + MCLs revealed that multiple members of the HOX, FOX, PAX, SOX, and CDX families were hypermethylated or hypomethylated in EHMT2 + MCLs. BIX01294, a EHMT2 inhibitor, inhibited MCL cell growth and stalled cells in the G1 phase. Additionally, BIX01294 downregulated the expressions of cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1, CDK4, and P21, but upregulated the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins, Bax and caspase-3. Co-IP experiments revealed that EHMT2 interacted with UHRF1, HDAC1, and HDAC2 but not with HDCA3. After EHMT2 knockdown, multiple genes were regulated, including CD5 and CCND1, mostly enriched in the Tec kinase signaling pathway. In addition, several genes (e.g., MARCH1, CCDC50, HIP1, and WNT3) were aberrantly methylated in EHMT2 + MCLs. Conclusions: For the first time, we determined the significance of EHMT2 in MCL and identified potential EHMT2-regulated genes.
Microsurgery vs. radiosurgery for the treatment of multiple metastases in the brain: a retrospective cohort study
Authors:   Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin&, Liu Qun ,   #x2019,   s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
Published: October 2021

Objective: Multiple brain metastases are a severe condition for cancer patients. To date, no general consensus exists regarding the optimal treatment procedure for multiple brain metastases. Radiotherapy is the most commonly used treatment option. The role of surgical resection for multiple brain metastases is unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of patients with multiple brain metastases treated with either surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methods: The medical records of 279 consecutive adult patients with multiple brain metastases treated with either surgery (26 patients) or SRS (253 patients) were retrospectively reviewed. Propensity score matching was conducted to correct for discrepancies in the baseline characteristics, and 78 patients (26 receiving surgery and 52 receiving SRS) were chosen for comparison of outcomes, such as overall survival, local tumor control rate, and symptom improvement. Results: The tumor size in the surgery group was significantly greater than that in the SRS group after propensity score matching. However, the neurological recovery rate, incidence of leptomeningeal metastasis after surgery, 1-year local tumor control rate, and overall survival were not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that surgery and radiosurgery have identical overall survival and local tumor control rates in patients with 2 to 4 brain metastases. Although SRS remains the primary and standard option for patients with brain metastasis, surgery offers several distinct advantages, such as establishing a diagnosis or relieving mass effects, and may additionally be beneficial in carefully selected patients with 2–4 brain metastases.
Akt isoforms differentially provide for chemoresistance in prostate cancer
Authors: Ma Bo , Shao Hanshuang , Jiang Xia , Wang Zhou , Wu Chuanyue (Cary) , Whaley Diana , Wells Alan
Published: October 2021

Objective: Early prostate cancer micrometastatic foci undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial reverting transition, not only aiding seeding and colonization, but also rendering the tumor cells generally chemoresistant. We previously found that upregulated E-cadherin in the epithelial micrometastases activated canonical survival pathways, including PI3K-Akt, that protected the tumor cells from death; however, the extent of protection from blocking the pathway in its entirety was modest, because different isoforms may have alternately affected cell functioning. Here, we characterized Akt isoform expressions in primary and metastatic prostate cancers, as well as their individual contributions to chemoresistance. Methods: Akt isoforms and E-cadherin were manipulated with drugs, knocked down, and over expressed. Tumor cell killing was determined in vitro and in vivo. Overall survival was calculated from patient records and specimens. Results: Pan-Akt inhibition sensitized tumor cells to chemotherapy, and specific blockade of Akt1 or/and Akt2 caused cells to be more chemoresponsive. Overexpression of Akt3 induced apoptosis. A low dose of Akt1 or Akt2 inhibitor enabled standard chemotherapies to significantly eradicate metastatic prostate tumors in a mouse model, acting as chemosensitizers. In human specimens, we found Akt1 and Akt2 positively correlated, whereas Akt3 inversely correlated, with the overall survival of prostate cancer patients. Akt1high/Akt2high/Akt3low tumors had the worst outcomes. Conclusions: E-cadherin-induced activation of Akt1/2 isoforms was the essential mechanism of chemoresistance, whereas Akt3 made cells more fragile. These findings emphasized the need to target Akt1/2, rather than pan-Akt, as a rational therapeutic approach.
Development and evaluation of the screening performance of a low-cost high-risk screening strategy for breast cancer
Authors: Huang Yubei , Wang Huan , Lyu Zhangyan , Dai Hongji , Liu Peifang , Zhu Ying , Song Fengju , Chen Kexin
Published: October 2021

Objective: To develop and evaluate the screening performance of a low-cost high-risk screening strategy for breast cancer in low resource areas. Methods: Based on the Multi-modality Independent Screening Trial, 6 questionnaire-based risk factors of breast cancer (age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first live birth, oral contraceptive, obesity, family history of breast cancer) were used to determine the women with high risk of breast cancer. The screening performance of clinical breast examination (CBE), breast ultrasonography (BUS), and mammography (MAM) were calculated and compared to determine the optimal screening method for these high risk women. Results: A total of 94 breast cancers were detected among 31,720 asymptomatic Chinese women aged 45–65 years. Due to significantly higher detection rates (DRs) and suitable coverage of the population, high risk women were defined as those with any of 6 risk factors. Among high risk women, the DR for BUS [3.09/1,000 (33/10,694)] was similar to that for MAM [3.18/1,000 (34/10,696)], while it was significantly higher than that for the CBE [1.73/1,000 (19/10,959), P = 0.002]. Compared with MAM, BUS showed significantly higher specificity [98.64% (10,501/10,646) vs. 98.06% (10,443/10,650), P = 0.001], but no significant differences in sensitivity [68.75% (33/48) vs. 73.91% (34/46)], positive prediction values [18.54% (33/178) vs. 14.11% (34/241)], and negative prediction values [99.86% (10,501/10,516) vs. 99.89% (10,443/10,455)]. Further analyses showed no significant difference in the percentages of early stage breast cancer [53.57% (15/28) vs. 50.00% (15/30)], lymph node involvement [22.73% (5/22) vs. 28.00% (7/25)], and tumor size ≥ 2 cm [37.04% (10/27) vs. 29.03% (9/31)] between BUS and MAM. Subgroup analyses stratified by breast densities or age at enrollment showed similar results. Conclusions: The low-cost high-risk screening strategy based on 6 questionnaire-based risk factors was an easy-to-use method to identify women with high risk of breast cancer. Moreover, BUS and MAM had comparable screening performances among high risk women.
Super-enhancer receives signals from the extracellular matrix to induce PD-L1-mediated immune evasion via integrin/BRAF/TAK1/ERK/ETV4 signaling
Authors: Ma Panpan , Jin Xinxin , Fan Zhiwei , Wang Zhou , Yue Suhui , Wu Changyue , Chen Shiyin , Wu Yuanyuan , Chen Miaomiao , Gu Donghua , Zhang Siliang , Mao Renfang , Fan Yihui
Published: October 2021

Objective: PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression levels determine immune evasion and the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. The factors that drive inducible PD-L1 expression have been extensively studied, but mechanisms that result in constitutive PD-L1 expression in cancer cells are largely unknown. Methods: DNA elements were deleted in cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout. Protein function was inhibited by chemical inhibitors. Protein levels were examined by Western blot, mRNA levels were examined by real-time RT-PCR, and surface protein expression was determined by cellular immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Immune evasion was examined by in vitro T cell-mediated killing. Results: We determined the core regions (chr9: 5, 496, 378–5, 499, 663) of a previously identified PD-L1L2-super-enhancer (SE). Through systematic analysis, we found that the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) variant transcription factor (ETV4) bound to this core DNA region but not to DNA surrounding PD-L1L2SE. Genetic knockout of ETV4 dramatically reduced the expressions of both PD-L1 and PD-L2. ETV4 transcription was dependent on ERK activation, and BRAF/TAK1-induced ERK activation was dependent on extracellular signaling from αvβ3 integrin, which profoundly affected ETV4 transcription and PD-L1/L2 expression. Genetic silencing or pharmacological inhibition of components of the PD-L1L2-SE-associated pathway rendered cancer cells susceptible to T cell-mediated killing. Conclusions: We identified a pathway originating from the extracellular matrix that signaled via integrin/BRAF/TAK1/ERK/ETV4 to PD-L1L2-SE to induce PD-L1-mediated immune evasion. These results provided new insights into PD-L1L2-SE activation and pathways associated with immune checkpoint regulation in cancer.
Comparative profiling of immune genes improves the prognoses of lower grade gliomas
Authors: Wang Zhiliang , Cheng Wen , Zhao Zheng , Wang Zheng , Zhang Chuanbao , Li Guanzhang , Wu Anhua , Jiang Tao
Published: October 2021

Objective: Lower grade gliomas (LGGs), classified as World Health Organization (WHO) grade II and grade III gliomas, comprise a heterogeneous group with a median survival time ranging from 4–13 years. Accurate prediction of the survival times of LGGs remains a major challenge in clinical practice. Methods: We reviewed the expression data of 865 LGG patients from 5 transcriptomics cohorts. The comparative profile of immune genes was analyzed for signature identification and validation. In-house RNAseq and microarray data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset were used as training and internal validation cohorts, respectively. The samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE16011 cohorts were used as external validation cohorts, and the real-time PCR of frozen LGG tissue samples (n = 36) were used for clinical validation. Results: A total of 2,214 immune genes were subjected to pairwise comparison to generate 2,449,791 immune-related gene pairs (IGPs). A total of 402 IGPs were identified with prognostic values for LGGs. The HOXA9-related and CRH-related scores facilitated identification of patients with different prognoses. An immune signature based on 10 IGPs was constructed to stratify patients into low and high risk groups, exhibiting different clinical outcomes. A nomogram, combining immune signature, 1p/19q status, and tumor grade, was able to predict the overall survival (OS) with c-indices of 0.85, 0.80, 0.80, 0.79, and 0.75 in the training, internal validation, external validation, and tissue sample cohorts, respectively. Conclusions: This study was the first to report a comparative profiling of immune genes in large LGG cohorts. A promising individualized immune signature was developed to estimate the survival time for LGG patients.
Ain't Nothing Like Family - Brown Bears Share their Home Range with Relatives
Authors: Olejarz Astrid , Aspi Jouni , Kojola Ilpo , Nivala Vesa , Niskanen Alina , Harmoinen Jenni
Published: October 2021

Sociality in animal populations is a continuum, and interactions between conspecifics are meaningful for all vertebrates. Ignorance of social structures can lead to misunderstanding their ecology and, consequently, to unsuccessful species management. Here, we combined genetic and spatial data on radio-collated brown bears (Ursus arctos) to investigate kin-related home range overlap and kin-related centroid distance within central and eastern Finland. We found that the extent of overlap of home ranges was positively linked with relatedness among adult females. A similar positive correlation could be detected between home range centroid distance and relatedness among adult females. Moreover, there were significant differences between the two studied regions: female brown bears in central Finland were more closely related to each other, and the sizes of their home ranges were larger than those in eastern Finland. The smaller home ranges and lower degree of relatedness among bears in eastern Finland might be a result of the substantially higher hunting pressure in the area, combined with immigration of new unrelated individuals from Russia.