bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The simple analytics of tobacco taxation with illegal supply
Authors: Irvine Ian , Sims William
Published: June 2015

This paper examines the impact of tobacco excise taxes where legal and illegal supplies coexist. The government's objective is to minimize cigarettes smoked in the economy (or to maximize revenue or to minimize illegal activity). It reacts to a competitive illegal supply in an adjoining jurisdiction. A model of consumer choice is used to demonstrate how demand response to tax changes can yield counterintuitive results. While the model mimics the Canadian market, similar situations characterize the US and European markets. A novel element of the paper is the treatment of externalities on the supply side rather than the demand side.
Allergen‐induced early and late asthmatic responses to inhaled seasonal and perennial allergens
Authors: Boulet L.‐P. , Gauvreau G. , Boulay M.‐E. , O'Byrne P.M. , Cockcroft D. W.
Published: June 2015

Background

The allergen bronchoprovocation (ABP) test is a validated model to study asthma pathophysiology and response to treatments. The inhibitory effect of agents on the allergen‐induced late asthmatic response (LAR) is a predictor of their efficacy in asthma treatment. However, it is difficult to predict the magnitude of a LAR, which may vary according to immune responsiveness and the type of allergen used for ABP.

Aim

To determine the relationship between the magnitudes of early asthmatic response (EAR) and LAR in mild asthmatic subjects according to the type of allergen inhaled and its determinants.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of a large database of ABPs, all performed with a common standardized methodology. Patients were either challenged with house dust mites (HDMs), animals or pollens allergens. EAR was defined as a ≥ 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) < 3 h following ABP and LAR as a ≥ 15% fall in FEV1 between 3 and 7 h post‐ABP. The ratio of EAR % fall in FEV1/LAR % fall in FEV1 was compared between the groups of subjects according to the allergen used for ABP.

Results

Data from 290 subjects were analysed: 87 had an isolated EAR and 203 had a dual response (EAR + LAR). Dual responders had a significantly lower baseline PC20, a more marked fall in FEV1 at EAR, and a trend towards higher baseline sputum eosinophil percentages. The ratio of EAR over LAR was significantly lower in HDM compared with pollen ABP, indicating a larger LAR for a similar EAR. No correlations were observed between the ratio of EAR over LAR and the various parameters recorded in the different groups analysed.

Conclusion

Different mechanisms may be involved in modulating the magnitude of the LAR, according to the type of allergen. HDM seems to induce a stronger LAR than pollens, animal allergens being intermediary in this regard.
The morphology of the foetal sigmoid colon in the African population: a possible predisposition to sigmoid volvulus
Authors: Madiba T. E. , Aldous C. , Haffajee M. R.
Published: June 2015

Aim

This study aimed to determine the morphological types of the foetal sigmoid colon and establish if the anatomical predisposition to sigmoid volvulus is present in Black African foetuses. Sigmoid volvulus affects Black Africans in our province more frequently than other ethnic groups, and males more than females. Its aetiology remains speculative, with factors being proposed that do not suggest the pathogenetic mechanisms or the gender bias. Previous anatomical studies have suggested that Black Africans have a predisposition to sigmoid volvulus due to an elongated sigmoid colon. We investigated whether this phenomenon occurred during foetal development.

Method

Foetuses were donated from local hospitals. Population groups were defined as Black African and non‐African. After dissection, the anatomy of the sigmoid colon was described according to level of origin, classic or elongated type and shape (broad or narrow).

Results

A total of 296 Black African foetuses and 37 non‐African foetuses were donated. The sigmoid colon in the majority of foetuses in all gestational age groups had a low level of origin. An elongated colon was seen in 68% of Black African and 17% of non‐African foetuses (P < 0.0001). Among Black Africans there was a higher proportion of elongated sigmoid colon among male (73%) than female foetuses (62%) (P = 0.044). In foetuses with an elongated sigmoid colon the broad shape was more common in females than males and the long‐narrow shape was more common in males (P = 0.038).

Conclusion

The elongated sigmoid colon seen in Black Africans is present in utero and occurs more frequently in Black African males. A narrow shape is more common in male foetuses and the broad shape is more common in female foetuses. These anatomical features may be the cause of the predisposition to sigmoid volvulus in Black African adults.
Population genetics affected by pest management using fruit‐bagging: a case study with Grapholita molesta in China
Authors: Zheng Yan , Qiao Xianfeng , Wang Kang , Dorn Silvia , Chen Maohua
Published: June 2015

Fruit‐bagging is being used as a pest management tool to control fruit moths on several continents. However, nothing is known about how this physical control method affects population genetics of these moths. Focusing on the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita (= Cydia) molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), we used five polymorphic microsatellite loci and two mitochondrial gene sequences to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic structure of populations from three fruit‐bagged and two unbagged apple orchards in five regions of a major fruit‐growing area of China. We sampled each orchard 3× during the season and found high genetic diversity in the samples of populations collected. Populations from fruit‐bagged and unbagged orchards were genetically significantly differentiated, indicating a clear effect of the pest management method applied. Genetic structures of the populations under a given management regime changed in the course of the season in a characteristic manner, and within the same regime, patterns were always similar at a given sampling time. There was no significant isolation by geographical distance. Population genetics from both orchard types did not resemble one another at the beginning of the season, but they did rather at the end. Potential reasons for this unexpected direction of change in population genetic structure are discussed, and we hypothesize that diapause‐related characteristics may account for the patterns observed. The current study documents that pest management methods applied can have an important impact on the genetic diversity and genetic structure of targeted pest insect populations.
Leafminer egg distribution at decreasing leaf availability levels: do females avoid intraspecific competition?
Authors: Aparicio María Lourdes , Fenoglio María Silvina , Videla Martín
Published: June 2015

Female oviposition choices are expected to maximize offspring fitness. Leafminers often lay their eggs in an aggregated fashion, leading to exploitative or interference competition among larvae. However, few studies have explored whether egg distribution patterns vary with leaf availability and whether these changes are an attempt to reduce competition effects on offspring fitness. Here, we evaluated the egg distribution patterns of the specialist leafminer Liriomyza commelinae Frost (Diptera: Agromyzidae) for decreasing levels of leaf availability of their host plant Commelina erecta L. (Commelinaceae). Competition effects on insect performance were evaluated at various leaf larval densities in the laboratory and egg distribution was investigated for a wide range of leaf availability levels, both in the laboratory and in the field. Liriomyza commelinae performance indicated that larvae competed for resources (exploitative competition), with a negative impact on survival and adult size at emergence when four or more larvae shared a leaf. The distribution of the immature stages of the leafminer was aggregated in both the laboratory and in the field. As this pattern did not change with leaf availability, increasing levels of larval competition occurred when available leaves were scarce. Moreover, the proportion of total individuals subjected to the strongest competition level (six or more larvae per leaf) increased exponentially at the lower levels of leaf availability. Competition was found to be irrelevant as a selective force in shaping L. commelinae oviposition decisions, as egg distribution was aggregated and did not vary with leaf availability, leading to relatively strong levels of competition. The egg distribution patterns observed in L. commelinae may have resulted from trade‐offs between competition and factors such as enemy‐free space and leaf quality.
Analysis of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells used for acute graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis
Authors: Kuzmina Larisa A. , Petinati Nataliya A. , Shipounova Irina N. , Sats Natalia V. , Bigildeev Alexey E. , Zezina Ekaterina A. , Popova Maria D. , Drize Nina J. , Parovichnikova Elena N. , Savchenko Valery G.
Published: June 2015

Background

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are used for prophylaxis of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo‐HCT). Not all samples of MSC are efficient for aGvHD prevention. The suitability of MSCs for aGvHD prophylaxis was studied.

Methods

MSCs were derived from the bone marrow (BM) of HCT donor and cultivated for no more than three passages. The characteristics of donor BM samples including colony‐forming unit fibroblast (CFU‐F) concentration, growth parameters of MSCs, and the relative expression levels (REL) of different genes were analyzed. MSCs were injected intravenously precisely at the moment of blood cell reconstitution.

Results

MSCs infusion induced a significant threefold decrease in aGvHD development and improved overall survival compared with the standard prophylaxis group. In ineffective MSC samples (9.4%), a significant decrease in total cell production and the REL of CSF1, FGFR1, and PDGFRB was observed. In all studied BM samples, the cumulative MSC production and CFU‐F concentrations decreased with age. The expression levels of FGFR2, PPARG, and VEGF differed by age.

Conclusions

A universal single indicator for the prediction of MSC eligibility for aGvHD prophylaxis was not identified. A multiparameter mathematical model for selecting MSC samples effective for the prevention of aGvHD was proposed.
Decadal‐scale rates of reef erosion following El Niño‐related mass coral mortality
Authors: Roff George , Zhao Jian‐xin , Mumby Peter J.
Published: June 2015

As the frequency and intensity of coral mortality events increase under climate change, understanding how declines in coral cover may affect the bioerosion of reef frameworks is of increasing importance. Here, we explore decadal‐scale rates of bioerosion of the framework building coral Orbicella annularis by grazing parrotfish following the 1997/1998 El Niño‐related mass mortality event at Long Cay, Belize. Using high‐precision U‐Th dating and CT scan analysis, we quantified in situ rates of external bioerosion over a 13‐year period (1998–2011). Based upon the error‐weighted average U‐Th age of dead O. annularis skeletons, we estimate the average external bioerosion between 1998 and 2011 as 0.92 ± 0.55 cm depth. Empirical observations of herbivore foraging, and a nonlinear numerical response of parrotfish to an increase in food availability, were used to create a model of external bioerosion at Long Cay. Model estimates of external bioerosion were in close agreement with U‐Th estimates (0.85 ± 0.09 cm). The model was then used to quantify how rates of external bioerosion changed across a gradient of coral mortality (i.e., from few corals experiencing mortality following coral bleaching to complete mortality). Our results indicate that external bioerosion is remarkably robust to declines in coral cover, with no significant relationship predicted between the rate of external bioerosion and the proportion of O. annularis that died in the 1998 bleaching event. The outcome was robust because the reduction in grazing intensity that follows coral mortality was compensated for by a positive numerical response of parrotfish to an increase in food availability. Our model estimates further indicate that for an O. annularis‐dominated reef to maintain a positive state of reef accretion, a necessity for sustained ecosystem function, live cover of O. annularis must not drop below a ~5–10% threshold of cover.
Measurement challenges in shared decision making: putting the ‘patient’ in patient‐reported measures
Authors: Barr Paul J. , Elwyn Glyn
Published: June 2015

Measuring clinicians' shared decision‐making (SDM) performance is a key requirement given the intensity of policy interest in many developed countries – yet it remains one of the most difficult methodological challenges, which is a concern for many stakeholders. In thisViewpointArticle, we investigate the development of existing patient‐reported measures (PRMs) ofSDMidentified in a recent review. We find that patients were involved in the development of only four of the 13 measures. This lack of patient involvement inPRMdevelopment is associated with two major threats to content validity, common to all 13PRMs ofSDM: (i) an assumption of patient awareness of ‘decision points’ and (ii) an assumption that there is only one decision point in each healthcare consultation. We provide detailed examples of these threats and their impact on accurate assessment ofSDMprocesses and outcomes, which may hamper efforts to introduce incentives forSDMimplementation. We propose cognitive interviewing as a recommended method of involving patients in the design ofPRMs in the field ofSDMand provide a practical example of this approach.
Malignant sweat gland tumours: an update
Authors: Cardoso José C. , Calonje Eduardo
Published: June 2015

Cutaneous adnexal tumours can be a diagnostic challenge for the pathologist. This is particularly true in the case of tumours with sweat gland differentiation, due to a large number of rare entities, a multiplicity of names to designate the same neoplasms and consequent lack of consensus regarding their classification and nomenclature. In the traditional view, sweat gland tumours were divided into eccrine and apocrine. However, this has been challenged in recent years, and in fact many of these tumours may have both eccrine and apocrine variants. Some display more complex features and defy classification, due to the presence of other lines of differentiation, namely follicular and/or sebaceous (in the case of apocrine tumours, due to the close embryological relationship between apocrine glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands). The present paper reviews and updates the basic concepts regarding the following malignant sweat gland tumours: apocrine carcinoma, porocarcinoma, hidradenocarcinoma, spiradenocarcinoma, cylindrocarcinoma, microcystic adnexal carcinoma and related entities, squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma, digital papillary adenocarcinoma, primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma, endocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma and primary cutaneous signet ring cell carcinoma. Particular emphasis is put in recent findings that may have implications in the diagnosis and management of these tumours.
The use of gene arrays and corresponding connectivity mapping (Cmap) to identify novel anti‐ageing ingredients
Authors: Gillbro J. M. , Merinville E. , Olsson M. , Al‐Bader T. , Klack A. , Visdal‐Johnsen L. , Mavon A.
Published: June 2015

Synopsis

Objective

The need for effective ‘anti‐ageing’ treatments, in particular for the management of photodamaged skin, prompted us to develop a novel method to identify new active ingredients. The model utilized a gene profiling study with corresponding connectivity mapping (Cmap) to identify novel anti‐ageing compounds using all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) as the lead compound due to its beneficial effect on photodamaged skin and skin firmness.

Method

A vehicle‐controlled clinical study including nine healthy Caucasian female volunteers aged 57 ± 7 (mean ± SEM) exhibiting photodamage on their lower outer forearms was conducted. The volunteers applied RA once daily on photodamaged skin for 7 days, and biopsies were subjected to Affymetrix gene arrays. Connectivity mapping (Cmap), examining hundreds of gene expression profiles, was run on the gene signature of RA‐treated photodamaged skin to identify small bioactive compounds.

Results

Affymetrix gene array identified 19 genes significantly differentially expressed after application of RA. Corresponding Cmap analysis revealed six natural bioactive compounds including N‐acetyl aspartic acid (A‐A‐A) showing similar activity to RA on the differentially expressed genes identified.

Conclusion

Based on RA mimicking gene array activity, potential use within skincare on molecular size, safety assessment and sourcing, we identified the natural amino acid, A‐A‐A as a potential candidate to treat ageing skin.
Influence of facial skin ageing characteristics on the perceived age in a Russian female population
Authors: Merinville E. , Grennan G. Z. , Gillbro J. M. , Mathieu J. , Mavon A.
Published: June 2015

Synopsis

Objective

The desire for a youthful look remains a powerful motivator in the purchase of cosmetics by women globally. To develop an anti‐ageing solution that targets the need of end consumers, it is critical to understand which signs of ageing really matter to them and which influence their age perception. To date, such research has not been performed in a Russian population. The aim of this work was to identify the signs of ageing that contribute the most to an ‘older’ or ‘younger’ look for Russian women aged 40 years old and above.

Methods

The age of 203 Russian female volunteers was estimated from their standard photographs by a total of 629 female naïve assessors aged 20–65 years old. Perceived age data were related to 23 facial skin features previously measured using linear correlation coefficients. Differences in average severity of the correlating skin ageing features were evaluated between women perceived older and women perceived younger than their chronological age. Volunteers' responses to a ranking question on their key ageing skin concerns previously collected were analysed to provide an additional view on facial ageing from the consumer perspective.

Results

Nine facial skin ageing features were found to correlate the most with perceived age out of the 23 measured. Such results showed the importance of wrinkles in the upper part of the face (crow's feet, glabellar, under eye and forehead wrinkles), but also wrinkles in the lower half of the face associated with facial sagging (upper lip, nasolabial fold). Sagging was confirmed of key importance to female volunteers aged 41–65 years old who were mostly concerned by the sagging of their jawline, ahead of under eye and crow's feet wrinkle. The severity of hyperpigmented spots, red and brown, was also found to contribute to perceived age although to a weaker extent.

Conclusion

By providing a clear view on the signs of ageing really matter to Russian women who are aged 40 years old and above, this research offers key information for the development of relevant anti‐ageing solutions specifically targeting their needs and their desire to achieve younger‐looking skin.
Acetyl aspartic acid, a novel active ingredient, demonstrates potential to improve signs of skin ageing: from consumer need to clinical proof
Authors: Mavon A.
Published: June 2015

Synopsis

Background

The megatrend of population ageing is leading to a growing demand for “anti‐ageing” treatments, especially to prevent or treat skin ageing. Facing an increasing offer, consumers are choosing more and more skin care products supported by a scientific rationale, active ingredients and clinical proof of efficacy.

Objective

Considering consumer expectations, this research led to the discovery of acetyl aspartic acid (A‐A‐A), a novel active ingredient to improve sagging skin and loss of skin firmness.

Results

This supplement is featuring seven manuscripts aiming at presenting the research and investigations from consumer insights, discovery of A‐A‐A, its in vitro activity confirmation, safety assessment, formulation and its dermal absorption to the clinical proof of efficacy, investigated through two pilots' double bind randomized and placebo controlled studies on photo‐aged skin.

Conclusion

This extensive research enabled us to discover A‐A‐A, as an active ingredient with potential to repair sign of skin ageing and supported by clinical proof of efficacy. This active ingredient will be soon launched in a commercial innovative skin care range, delivering desirable anti‐wrinkle and skin lifting benefits.
Free Trade Agreements, Institutions and the Exports of Eastern Partnership Countries
Authors: Gylfason Thorvaldur , Martínez‐Zarzoso Inmaculada , Wijkman Per Magnus
Published: June 2015

Following popular protests at home and the fall of the government, Ukraine reversed course and joined Georgia and Moldova in signing Association Agreements in June 2014. This article has two main aims. First, using a gravity model of trade, it estimates the effects of deep and shallow free trade agreements for the EaP (Eastern Partnership) states with Russia and the EU respectively. Second, by relating the outcomes of the first estimation to the quality of institutions, proxied with the level of democracy and the level of corruption in the selected countries, the paper estimates the effect on exports of changes in the quality of institutions. The main results show that the EaP countries gain significantly from free trade agreements with the EU but little if anything from free trade agreements with Russia, and that improvements in the quality of institutions in EaP countries have played an important role in fostering exports.
Conformance to Depression Process Measures of Medicare Part B Beneficiaries in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Pfoh Elizabeth R. , Mojtabai Ramin , Bailey Jennifer , Weiner Jonathan P. , Dy Sydney M.
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To evaluate conformance to depression screening, management, and outcome quality indicators and to evaluate individual characteristics associated with conformance to these indicators.

Design

Cross‐sectional study using electronic health record (EHR) data.

Setting

Thirty‐four clinics in one healthcare system.

Participants

Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older with at least one primary care visit between September 2010 and August 2012 (N = 5,000).

Measurements

Seven measures, current as of 2013, were found for which all the necessary specifications were available in the EHR: general screening, screening within 4 months of diagnosis, screening after stroke, screening after heart disease, depression reassessment, depression response, and depression remission. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with conformance.

Results

Screening for depression in Medicare beneficiaries was low (17%). Conformance to measures varied from 10% for the depression response measure to 77% for the depression remission measure. In the adjusted regression analyses for the general screening (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–2.08), depression reassessment (AOR = 4.19, 95% CI = 1.16–15.19), and screening after heart disease (AOR = 5.57, 95% CI = 1.37–22.57) measures, black participants were more likely to be given care that conformed to the numerator criteria than white participants. A strong site effect was found, with 90% of the depression screens being administered at three sites.

Conclusion

Only a small proportion of Medicare beneficiaries received the recommended screening and follow‐up care needed to conform to the quality measures for depression in the primary care setting. Further evaluation of measures of depression care should be conducted before these measures are implemented widely.
Postdischarge Communication Between Home Health Nurses and Physicians: Measurement, Quality, and Outcomes
Authors: Press Matthew J. , Gerber Linda M. , Peng Timothy R. , Pesko Michael F. , Feldman Penny H. , Ouchida Karin , Sridharan Sridevi , Bao Yuhua , Barron Yolanda , Casalino Lawrence P.
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To use natural language processing (NLP) of text from electronic medical records (EMRs) to identify failed communication attempts between home health nurses and physicians, to identify predictors of communication failure, and to assess the association between communication failure and hospital readmission.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Visiting Nurse Service of New York (VNSNY), the nation's largest freestanding home health agency.

Participants

Medicare beneficiaries with congestive heart failure who received home health care from VNSNY after hospital discharge in 2008–09 (N = 5,698).

Measurements

Patient‐level measures of communication failure and risk‐adjusted 30‐day all‐cause readmission.

Results

Identification of failed communication attempts using NLP had high external validity (kappa = 0.850, P < .001). A mean of 8% of communication attempts failed per episode of home care; failure rates were higher for black patients and lower for patients from higher median income ZIP codes. The association between communication failure and readmission was not significant with adjustment for patient, nurse, physician, and hospital factors.

Conclusion

NLP of EMRs can be used to identify failed communication attempts between home health nurses and physicians, but other variables mostly explained the association between communication failure and readmission. Communication failures may contribute to readmissions in more‐serious clinical situations, an association that this study may have been underpowered to detect.
Reduced dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens of quinpirole‐sensitized rats hints at inhibitory D2 autoreceptor function
Authors: Escobar Angélica P. , Cornejo Francisca A. , Olivares‐Costa Montserrat , González Marcela , Fuentealba José A. , Gysling Katia , España Rodrigo A. , Andrés María E.
Published: June 2015

Dopamine from the ventral tegmental area and glutamate from several brain nuclei converge in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to drive motivated behaviors. Repeated activation of D2 receptors with quinpirole (QNP) induces locomotor sensitization and compulsive behaviors, but the mechanisms are unknown. In this study, in vivo microdialysis and fast scan cyclic voltammetry in adult anesthetized rats were used to investigate the effect of repeated QNP on dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission within the NAc. Following eight injections of QNP, a significant decrease in phasic and tonic dopamine release was observed in rats that displayed locomotor sensitization. Either a systemic injection or the infusion of QNP into the NAc decreased dopamine release, and the extent of this effect was similar in QNP‐sensitized and control rats, indicating that inhibitory D2 autoreceptor function is maintained despite repeated activation of D2 receptors and decreased dopamine extracellular levels. Basal extracellular levels of glutamate in the NAc were also significantly lower in QNP‐treated rats than in controls. Moreover, the increase in NAc glutamate release induced by direct stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex was significantly lower in QNP‐sensitized rats. Together, these results indicate that repeated activation of D2 receptors disconnects NAc from medial prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area.

image

Repeated administration of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (QNP) induces locomotor sensitization. We found that the NAc of QNP‐sensitized rats has reduced glutamate levels coming from prefrontal cortex together with a decreased phasic and tonic dopamine neurotransmission but a conserved presynaptic D2 receptor function. We suggest that locomotor sensitization is because of increased affinity state of D2 post‐synaptic receptors.
Outcome measures in neuromuscular disease: is the world still flat?
Authors: Lunn Michael P. , Van den Bergh Peter Y. K.
Published: June 2015

Valid, responsive, and meaningful outcome measures for the measurement of the impairment, activity limitations, and quality of life in patients with neuromuscular disease are crucial to identify the natural history of disease and benefits of therapy in clinical practice and trials. Although understanding of many aspects of neuromuscular diseases has advanced dramatically, the development of outcome measures has received less attention. The scales developed from Rasch theory by the PeriNomS Group represent the biggest significant shift in thought in neuromuscular outcome measures for decades. There remain problems with many of them, and further developments are required. However, incorporating them into our outcome sets for daily use and in clinical trials will lead to the more efficient capture of meaningful change and will result in better assessment of individuals and groups of patients in both clinical trials and neurological practice.
Resilience in families in which a member has been diagnosed with schizophrenia
Authors: Bishop M. , Greeff A. P.
Published: June 2015

Due to the extensive focus of the literature on the burden placed on families in which a member has been diagnosed with a mental illness such as schizophrenia, there is a need to identify factors that may help these families to be resilient and adapt to their crisis. The aim of this study was to identify family resilience qualities in families in which a member has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. The study comprised 42 families, represented by 33 parents and 9 siblings of the diagnosed family member. Families were recruited from three support groups within the Cape Metropolitan area, Western Cape, South Africa. Qualitative data were obtained through an open‐ended question and quantitative data were collected with seven self‐report questionnaires. The following family resilience qualities were identified: family income; finding support in their community; family togetherness; family communication style during crises; affirming and supportive communication patterns; family hardiness; commitment to the family; reframing crises as a challenge; and an internal locus of control within the family. The findings may be used by professionals and support group facilitators to enhance the resilience and functioning of families living with a member with schizophrenia.

Accessible summary

With approximately 1% of the world's population diagnosed with schizophrenia, it is clear that many families are affected when a member has been diagnosed. There is a need to identify factors that may help these families to be resilient.

The aim of this study was to identify family resilience qualities in families in which a member has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.

The following family resilience qualities were identified as resources that helped them to adapt to the many challenges put to them: family income, finding support in their community, the availability of hospitals, churches and professionals, family togetherness, family communication, family hardiness, commitment to the family, reframing crises as a challenge, and an internal locus of control within the family.

Due to the limited studies on resilience in families in which a member has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, we suggest that the current study may contribute to this literature and provide a more comprehensive look at resilience in these families. Furthermore, the current study may contribute to knowledge about factors and resources that are associated with resilience in families in which a member has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Finally, the findings of this study may be used in interventions to help families from different cultures and socio‐economic statuses to adapt and hence be resilient.
Constructing the Rights of Nature: Constitutional Reform, Mobilization, and Environmental Protection in Ecuador
Authors: Akchurin Maria
Published: June 2015

In 2008, Ecuador became the first country to grant legal rights to nature. In this article, I examine how this happened. I show that while proponents of nature's rights acted during a key political moment, their efforts were successful due to the presence of environmentalist social movements that elevated the environmental agenda at the national level during prior decades, and due to the power of indigenous organizations and their call to recognize Ecuador as a “plurinational” polity, demanding respect for indigenous territories and ways of life and incorporating politicized versions of indigenous beliefs about the environment. The study considers the consequences of mobilization for legal innovation and institutional change, and shows the complexity of struggles over the environment in the global South. It is based on research at the Ecuadorian National Legislative Assembly archive, semistructured interviews with respondents involved in the politics of nature and the constitutional assembly, and secondary historical sources.
Range expansion of the invasive house mouseMus musculus domesticusinSenegal,WestAfrica: a synthesis of trapping data over three decades, 1983–2014
Authors: Dalecky Ambroise , Bâ Khalilou , Piry Sylvain , Lippens Cédric , Diagne Christophe A. , Kane Mamadou , Sow Aliou , Diallo Mamoudou , Niang Youssoupha , Konečný Adam , Sarr Nathalie , Artige Emmanuelle , Charbonnel Nathalie , Granjon Laurent , Duplantier Jean‐Marc , Brouat Carine
Published: June 2015

The worldwide intensification of human‐associated exchanges favours the multiplication of biological invasions. Among mammals, rodent species, including the house mouseMus musculus, are identified as major invaders with profound impacts on native biodiversity, human health and activities. Though contemporary rodent invasions are described on several islands, there are few data describing ongoing house mouse invasions in continental areas.

We first outline the known picture of the distribution of the house mouse inAfrica. We then describe the ongoing range expansion of the house mouse inSenegal, in order to update its distribution area, assess the location of the invasion front, describe the spatio‐temporal dynamics of the invasion at the country scale and evaluate its impact on native small mammal communities.

We briefly review the worldwide status of the house mouse, with special focus on its situation inAfrica. Focusing onSenegal, we then use historical records and a large body of spatio‐temporal indoor trapping data obtained from small mammal communities over the last 30 years to analyse the invasion dynamics of the subspecies at the scale of the country.

The geographic range of the invasive house mouse is surprisingly poorly known in Africa. InSenegal, we document a large range expansion of the subspecies in human settlements over the whole country within the last 30 years. The invasion is still ongoing further east and south within the country, and has major consequences for small mammal communities and thus probably for risks associated with zoonotic diseases.
Comparative analyses of plastid and AFLP data suggest different colonization history and asymmetric hybridization between Betula pubescens and B. nana
Authors: Eidesen Pernille Bronken , Alsos Inger Greve , Brochmann Christian
Published: June 2015

Birches (Betula spp.) hybridize readily, confounding genetic signatures of refugial isolation and postglacial migration. We aimed to distinguish hybridization from range‐shift processes in the two widespread and cold‐adapted species B. nana and B. pubescens, previously shown to share a similarly east–west‐structured variation in plastid DNA (pDNA). We sampled the two species throughout their ranges and included reference samples of five other Betula species and putative hybrids. We analysed 901 individual plants using mainly nuclear high‐resolution markers (amplified fragment length polymorphisms; AFLPs); a subset of 64 plants was also sequenced for two pDNA regions. Whereas the pDNA variation as expected was largely shared between B. nana and B. pubescens, the two species were distinctly differentiated at AFLP loci. In B. nana, both the AFLP and pDNA results corroborated the former pDNA‐based hypothesis that it expanded from at least two major refugia in Eurasia, one south of and one east of the North European ice sheets. In contrast, B. pubescens showed a striking lack of geographic structuring of its AFLP variation. We identified a weak but significant increase in nuclear (AFLP) gene flow from B. nana into B. pubescens with increasing latitude, suggesting hybridization has been most frequent at the postglacial expansion front of B. pubescens and that hybrids mainly backcrossed to B. pubescens. Incongruence between pDNA and AFLP variation in B. pubescens can be explained by efficient expansion from a single large refugium combined with leading‐edge hybridization and plastid capture from B. nana during colonization of new territory already occupied by this more cold‐tolerant species.
Social network analysis of mating patterns in American black bears (Ursus americanus)
Authors: Moore Jennifer A. , Xu Ran , Frank Kenneth , Draheim Hope , Scribner Kim T.
Published: June 2015

Nonrandom mating can structure populations and has important implications for population‐level processes. Investigating how and why mating deviates from random is important for understanding evolutionary processes as well as informing conservation and management. Prior to the implementation of parentage analyses, understanding mating patterns in solitary, elusive species like bears was virtually impossible. Here, we capitalize on a long‐term genetic data set collected from black bears (Ursus americanus) (N = 2422) in the Northern Lower Peninsula (NLP) of Michigan, USA. We identified mated pairs using parentage analysis and applied logistic regression (selection) models that controlled for features of the social network, to quantify the effects of individual characteristics, and spatial and population demographic factors on mating dynamics. Logistic regression models revealed that black bear mating was associated with spatial proximity of mates, male age, the time a pair had coexisted, local population density and relatedness. Mated pairs were more likely to contain older males. On average, bears tended to mate with nearby individuals to whom they were related, which does not support the existence of kin recognition in black bears. Pairwise relatedness was especially high for mated pairs containing young males. Restricted dispersal and high male turnover from intensive harvest mortality of NLP black bears are probably the underlying factors associated with younger male bears mating more often with female relatives. Our findings illustrate how harvest has the potential to disrupt the social structure of game species, which warrants further attention for conservation and management.
Preserved Cerebral Microcirculation After Cardiac Arrest in a Rat Model
Authors: Secher Niels , Østergaard Leif , Iversen Nina K. , Lambertsen Kate L. , Clausen Bettina H. , Tønnesen Else , Granfeldt Asger
Published: June 2015

Objective

Recent studies show that sublingual microcirculation is altered in patients resuscitated from CA. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the cerebral microcirculation is disturbed in the early post‐resuscitation period.

Methods

Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized to either 10 minutes of CA or uninterrupted circulation, and observed to 120 or 360 minutes after ROSC. At 120 and 360 minutes, cerebral microcirculation was evaluated by SDF microscopy through a craniectomy. Plasma samples were analyzed for endothelial adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers, and brains were fixated for histological analysis.

Results

Cerebral microcirculation, evaluated by TVD, PVD, PPV, and MFI did not differ between groups (p > 0.16). Plasma samples drawn 360 minutes after ROSC displayed a significant increase in sE‐selectin, sL‐selectin, sI‐CAM1, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, and elastase compared to controls. In the CA animals, sE‐selectin and elastase increased between 120 and 360 minutes after resuscitation (p < 0.007). Histological analysis revealed neuronal death in hippocampus layer CA1 360 min after resuscitation.

Conclusion

When evaluated by SDF, the cerebral microcirculation appears unaffected in the early post‐CA period despite hypotension, systemic inflammation, endothelial activation, and neuronal injury.
Relative efficiency of maize and Imperata cylindrica for haploid induction in Triticum durum following chromosome elimination‐mediated approach of doubled haploid breeding
Authors: Mahato Anima , Chaudhary Harinder Kumar
Published: June 2015

Intergeneric hybridization in seven diverse durum wheat genotypes was carried out using two composite varieties of Himalayan maize, viz., Bajaura Makka and Early Composite, and a wild grass, Imperata cylindrica, as pollen sources. Observations related to various haploid induction parameters put forth I. cylindrica as significantly better pollen source for haploid induction in durum wheat over maize in terms of pseudoseed formation (46.93%), embryo formation (38.06%), haploid regeneration (40.42%) and haploid formation efficiency (7.44%). The line x tester analysis revealed that both male and female genotypes had significant effects on all haploid induction parameters except haploid formation frequency in later. Among the pollen sources, I. cylindrica emerged as best combiner based on GCA values when compared with the two Himalayan maize composites. Durum wheat genotype, A‐9‐30‐1 was recognized as the best general combiner followed by PDW 314. The present investigation proposed durum wheat × I. cylindrica as a superior technique over maize‐mediated system, and its large‐scale use can open a new horizon in the sphere of durum wheat doubled haploidy breeding programme.
Additional patients with 4q deletion: Severe growth delay and polycystic kidney disease associated with 4q21q22 loss
Authors: Sakazume Satoru , Kido Yasuhiro , Murakami Nobuyuki , Matsubara Tomoyo , Numabe Hironao
Published: June 2015

Background

To the best of our knowledge, this is the third report concerning 4q21q22 deletions. In this report, we describe the cases of two girls with 4q deletion and polycystic kidney disease. G‐banding confirmed the deletion in one patient but not in the other.

Methods

We describe the cases of two girls with 4q deletion and polycystic kidney disease. Chromosomal deletions were mapped to 4q21‐22. One patient had a simple 4q contiguous gene deletion, whereas the other patient had a complicated chromosomal rearrangement. In patient 1, a smaller part of the 4q deletion was translocated to the 3p region.

Results

Fifty‐four genes and 72 genes were deleted in patients 1 and 2, respectively. In both patients, 52 genes were consistently deleted.

Conclusion

The present two patients had a similar phenotype, including severe growth and developmental retardation, and a characteristic facial appearance. The loss of RPKG2 and RASGEF1B causes severe growth defect. PKD2 loss causes kidney cysts.
Prevalence and prognosis of prodromal Alzheimer's disease as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography in a community: reanalysis from the Osaki‐Tajiri Project
Authors: Meguro Kenichi , Akanuma Kyoko , Meguro Mitsue , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Hiroshi , Tashiro Manabu
Published: June 2015

Background

Dubois et al. proposed the criteria for prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) to detect dementia in its very early stage. Because detection requires magnetic resonance imaging and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (PET), the prevalence and prognosis have not been fully investigated.

Methods

Our database included 346 healthy participants (Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0), 119 with questionable dementia (CDR 0.5), and 32 dementia participants (CDR 1+) and was applied to investigate the prevalence of prodromal AD. Forty‐four CDR 0.5 participants (37%) were randomly selected to undergo 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐PET. The same percentage was applied to select 128 CDR 0 and 12 CDR 1 + participants (total: n = 184) to calculate the prevalence. A neuroradiologist classified the PET images in a blinded manner based on the criteria of Silverman et al. Participants were considered to have prodromal AD if they exhibited ‘parietal/temporal +/− frontal hypometabolism’ (PET) with hippocampal atrophy (magnetic resonance imaging).

Results

Eighteen CDR 0.5 participants (40.9%) met the criteria for prodromal AD, which was a prevalence rate of 9.8% among older adults aged ≥65 years. Thirteen prodromal AD participants (72%) converted to AD during the 5‐year follow‐up period.

Discussion

The concept and criteria for prodromal AD are useful for predicting which subjects in a community will convert to AD.
Computed Tomography Determined Changes in Position of the Urogenital System After CO2 Insufflation to Determine Optimal Positioning for Abdominal Laparoscopy
Authors: Elliott Ross C. , Kirberger Robert M.
Published: June 2015

Objective

To evaluate changes, using computed tomography (CT), in position of the urogenital system before and after CO2 abdominal insufflation for the most commonly used body positions to determine the optimal laparoscopic approach.

Study Design

Experimental study.

Animals

Healthy intact female Beagles (n = 6) of similar age, weight, and body condition score.

Methods

Dogs had urinalysis, peripheral blood smear, and abdominal ultrasonography. Pre‐insufflation (PrI) CT scans were performed in ventrodorsal routine (VDR), ventrodorsal Trendelenburg (VDT), left lateral (LL) and right lateral (RL) recumbency, and repeated post insufflation (PoI). Pre‐determined measurements were made on PrI and PoI scans and differences compared.

Results

The position of the uterus and ovaries was mainly determined by gravitational effects and the attachment of the suspensory ligament. VDT provided best exposure of the uterine body. The kidneys remained in the non‐dependent part of the abdomen when the dog was positioned in the opposite lateral position. The bladder remained in the ventral part of the abdomen in all positions.

Conclusions

The best approach to the kidney and associated ovary and uterine horn would be the opposite lateral position to the side being approached. For ovariohysterectomy, this would require the dog to be rotated into each lateral position for the left and right uterine horn and ovary. VDT was best to access the bladder and uterine body.
Expected Safety Performance of the Supercritical Water Reactor Fuel Qualification Test
Authors: Raqué Manuel , Schulenberg Thomas , Zeiger Tobias
Published: June 2015

The supercritical water reactor (SCWR) fuel qualification test is an in-pile test of a four-rod fuel assembly at supercritical pressure inside a research reactor, which is operated at atmospheric pressure. The risk of radioactive release from this new test facility should not exceed the accepted risk of the existing research reactor. A large number of safety analyses have been performed to assess this risk, which are summarized in this paper. Among them are studies of design basis accidents, assuming different failure modes of the high-pressure system, as well as an assessment of consequences of postulated accidents beyond the design basis. Results show that the safety objectives can be met.