bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cross‐layered scheme for multichannel and reactive routing in vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Chbib Fadlallah , Khoukhi Lyes , Fahs Walid , Haydar Jamal , Khatoun Rida
Published: February 2022

Recently, with the different issues encountered in road mobility, the presence and development of the Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a necessity. VANETs have various positive impacts on vehicular safety, road security, traffic management, drivers' comfort, and passengers' convenience. However, the expansion in the world's population has led to enormous traffic congestion on multiple roads. This congestion results in uncontrollable delays affecting economics, society and the environment. In this paper, we propose two routing protocols that depend on the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), differing from existing ones by introducing a new metric to select the best route from a source to a destination. In the first protocol, we choose the best route based on the maximum level of SIR at each node. Besides, we select the Backup SIR to minimize the number of SIR calculations at the channel update process. While in the second protocol, we design a hybrid Markov chain model composed of two Markov models; the first one aims at predicting the SIR value of the next round, while the second one is an analytical model that targets managing the number of channel update process. In order to validate our solution, extensive simulations are realized in considering the real scenario of the city of Beirut (Lebanon). The results show that our proposed protocols perform better with regard to overhead, packet delivery ratio, throughput and end‐to‐end delay.
Single MHC‐I Expression Promotes Virus‐Induced Liver Immunopathology
Authors: Xu Haifeng C. , Huang Jun , Pandyra Aleksandra A. , Pandey Piyush , Wang Ruifeng , Zhang Zeli , Zhuang Yuan , Gertzen Christoph G.W. , Münk Carsten , Herebian Diran , Borkhardt Arndt , Recher Mike , Gohlke Holger , Esposito Irene , Oberbarnscheidt Martin , Häussinger Dieter , Lang Karl S. , Lang Philipp A.
Published: February 2022

Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC‐I) molecules present epitopes on the cellular surface of antigen‐presenting cells to prime cytotoxic clusters of differentiation 8 (CD8)+ T cells (CTLs), which then identify and eliminate other cells such as virus‐infected cells bearing the antigen. Human hepatitis virus cohort studies have previously identified MHC‐I molecules as promising predictors of viral clearance. However, the underlying functional significance of these predictions is not fully understood. Here, we show that expression of single MHC‐I isomers promotes virus‐induced liver immunopathology. Specifically, using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model system, we found MHC‐I proteins to be highly up‐regulated during infection. Deletion of one of the two MHC‐I isomers histocompatibility antigen 2 (H2)–Db or H2‐Kb in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in CTL activation recognizing the remaining MHC‐I with LCMV epitopes in increased paucity. This increased CTL response resulted in hepatocyte death, increased caspase activation, and severe metabolic changes in liver tissue following infection with LCMV. Moreover, depletion of CTLs abolished LCMV‐induced pathology in these mice with resulting viral persistence. In turn, natural killer (NK) cell depletion further increased antiviral CTL immunity and clearance of LCMV even in the presence of a single MHC‐I isomer. Conclusion: Our results suggest that uniform MHC‐I molecule expression promotes enhanced CTL immunity during viral infection and contributes to increased CTL‐mediated liver cell damage that was alleviated by CD8 or NK cell depletion.
AI‐based abstractive text summarization towards AIoT and edge computing
Authors: Ma Jun , Li Tong , Zhang Yanling
Published: February 2022

The task of text summarization has been widely concerned in the fields of news, document indexing and literature retrieval. Recently, due to the rise of mobile Internet devices, natural language processing for AIoT and edge computing has become a hot spot. This paper focuses on the research of text summarization for AIoT and edge computing. For a long time, abstractive summarization is limited to academic research due to the lack of controllability of the generated content. Recently, the appearance of Transformer has changed the current situation of abstractive text summarization. Transformer follows encoder‐decoder architecture, including attention mechanism and feed‐forward network. The encoder encodes the semantic information of source text, and decoder adaptively selects the effective context information through the attention mechanism to generate a coherent summary. To extract more semantic information and control the generated text better, this paper proposes multi‐scale semantic information Transformer (MSIT). Specifically, we introduce depth‐wise separable convolution to the encoder to extract more local semantic information, so that the attention mechanism can make better use of contextual semantic information. Additionally, we combine the encoding vector of encoder and target summary as the input to the attention layer of the decoder, and introduce time series mechanism so that the decoder can consider context information when generating text. Experiments on CNN‐Daily Mail Dataset show that this model is superior to other methods.
Prefabrication technique by preserving a muscular pedicle from masseter muscle as an in vivo bioreactor for reconstruction of mandibular critical‐sized bone defects in canine models
Authors: Nokhbatolfoghahaei Hanieh , Bastami Farshid , Farzad‐Mohajeri Saeed , Rezai Rad Maryam , Dehghan Mohammad Mehdi , Bohlouli Mahboubeh , Farajpour Hekmat , Nadjmi Nasser , Khojasteh Arash
Published: February 2022

In vivo bioreactors serve as regenerative niches that improve vascularization and regeneration of bone grafts. This study has evaluated the masseter muscle as a natural bioreactor for βTCP or PCL/βTCP scaffolds, in terms of bone regeneration. The effect of pedicle preservation, along with sole, or MSC‐ or rhBMP2‐combined application of scaffolds, has also been studied. Twenty‐four mongrel dogs were randomly placed in six groups, including βTCP, βTCP/rhBMP2, βTCP/MSCs, PCL/βTCP, PCL/βTCP/rhBMP2, and PCL/βTCP/MSCs. During the first surgery, the scaffolds were implanted into the masseter muscle for being prefabricated. After 2 months, each group was divided into two subgroups prior to mandibular bone defect reconstruction; one with a preserved vascularized pedicle and one without. After 12 weeks, animals were euthanized, and new bone formation was evaluated using histological analysis. Histological analysis showed that all β‐TCP scaffold groups had resulted in significantly greater rates of new bone formation, either with a pedicle surgical approach or non‐pedicle surgical approach, comparing to their parallel groups of βTCP/PCL scaffolds (p ≤ .05). Pedicled β‐TCP scaffold groups that were treated with either rhBMP2 (48.443% ± 0.250%) or MSCs (46.577% ± 0.601%) demonstrated the highest rates of new bone formation (p ≤ .05). Therefore, masseter muscle can be used as a local in vivo bioreactor with potential clinical advantages in reconstruction of human mandibular defects. In addition, scaffold composition, pedicle preservation, and treatment with MSCs or rhBMP2, influence new bone formation and scaffold degradation rates in the prefabrication technique.
Linking body condition and thermal physiology in limping crickets: Does limb autotomy incur costs concerning behavioral thermal tolerance?
Authors: Díaz‐Ricaurte Juan C. , Guevara‐Molina Estefany C. , Alves‐Nunes João M. , Serrano Filipe C. , Hrncir Michael
Published: February 2022

Many ectotherms have the ability to voluntarily detach a body part, known as autotomy, usually in response to predator attacks. Autotomy can have an immediate benefit for survival, but it can also involve costs related to the individual's body condition. Even though the effects of autotomy have been studied in many ecophysiological aspects, its short‐term costs on the ability to tolerate high environmental temperatures are still unexplored. Herein, we evaluated the effects of autotomy on the behavioral thermal tolerance (VTMax) in the cricket Gryllus assimilis. We hypothesized that, due to the increased energetic costs to maintain homeostasis, autotomized crickets have a lower VTMax than intact ones. Additionally, we investigated differences in VTMax between sexes, as well as the effects of heating rates and body mass on their VTMax. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no differences between VTMax of autotomized and intact individuals. However, we observed that females have a higher VTMax than males, regardless of their condition (i.e., autotomized and intact). Moreover, we detected significant effects of body mass and heating rate on behavioral thermal tolerances. The results of our study indicate that costs associated with limb autotomy at high environmental temperatures might be intricate and not immediately impactful. Furthermore, important aspects of reproduction and ecology might be responsible for differences in VTMax between males and females. Our results contribute to understanding the ecological and physiological aspects of ectotherms and how they respond to changing climatic conditions.
Development of a novel hospitalist advanced practice provider assessment instrument: A pilot study
Authors: Singh Amteshwar , Klimpl David , Kisuule Flora , Cardin Tracy , Tackett Sean , Gupta Ishaan , Blum Kimberly , Wimmer Kinsey , Wright Scott , Colbert‐Getz Jorie
Published: February 2022

Advanced practice providers (APPs) graduate from school with variable hospitalist experience. While hospitalist‐specific onboarding is recommended for hospitalist APPs, no standard method currently exists to assess their readiness for practice. We created a 17‐item instrument called the Cardin Hospitalist Advanced Practice Provider‐Readiness Assessment (CHAPP‐RA) to assess APPs'; readiness for practice using a milestones‐based scale. We piloted CHAPP‐RA at a single site where 11 APPs with varied experience were rated by 30 supervising physicians. Supervisors also provided global ratings for overall performance. We investigated the feasibility of CHAPP‐RA and collected validity evidence for the interpretation of scores. The mean time to complete one CHAPP‐RA was 10.5 min. Supervisors rated novice APPs lower than more experienced APPs, p ≤ .001. CHAPP‐RA ratings also correlated strongly with global ratings. CHAPP‐RA is feasible to implement and has initial validity evidence.
Interpreting the nonstationary relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the winter precipitation over southeast China
Authors: Tang Wenqian , Geng Xin , Zhao Yan , Gao Yurong , Huang Yiwan , Ning Shuchang
Published: February 2022

The amount of winter precipitation over southeast China (SCWP) is significantly affected by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with generally an enhanced SCWP response to El Niño events. In this paper, we find that this relationship shows remarkable nonstationarities on the multidecadal timescale. Running ENSO–SCWP correlation maintains statistically significant before the mid‐1960s and after the mid‐1990s but not during the interim period, which exhibits an approximate synchronized temporal evolution with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). A statistical method for interpreting nonstationary relationships is then applied to quantitatively verify and measure this possible AMO modulation. It is demonstrated that the nonstationary ENSO–SCWP correlation can be expressed to a large extent by the influence of the AMO–ENSO nonlinear effect (AMO*Niño3.4) on the SCWP. This influence intensifies the ENSO–SCWP relationship during the positive AMO phase but weakens it during the negative AMO phase. Therefore, the nonstationarity in the ENSO–SCWP relationship comes predominantly from an AMO modulation via this key nonlinear effect. We further suggest that a positive AMO favours a westward shift of ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern in the tropical Pacific. Correspondingly, the anomalous western North Pacific (WNP) anticyclone also migrates westward, which gives rise to pronounced moisture transports and vertical motions over the adjacent southeast China, thereby resulting in a significant ENSO–SCWP relationship. In contrast, during the negative AMO phase, the eastward‐shifted ENSO SST and WNP anticyclonic anomalies produce significant atmospheric anomalies primarily to the east of the Chinese mainland, thus having less effect on the SCWP.
CESM simulation of monsoon low pressure systems over India
Authors: Thomas Tresa Mary , Bala Govindasamy , Vemavarapu Srinivas Venkata
Published: February 2022

Monsoon low pressure systems (LPS) during the summer monsoon season (June–September) over India are a lifeline for the agriculture‐dependent country. We use the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.2.2) to simulate the LPS characteristics (genesis, propagation direction, tracks, intensity, and precipitation) over India and the Bay of Bengal and analyse the influence of Southeast Asian mountains (SAMs) on these characteristics. CESM reproduced most of the LPS characteristics. However, a southward latitudinal shift of about 4° is simulated in the median of the tracks, which is likely due to the weaker simulated upper tropospheric meridional temperature gradient (MTG) in the Indian region. Removal of SAMs is found to have little influence on LPS characteristics. Further, it causes only a slight reduction in mean summer monsoon precipitation (by 5%) and LPS‐related precipitation (from 10.7 ± 1.0 to 10.3 ± 0.8 mm/day) over India, as SAMs have negligible influence on in situ westward propagating LPS which are the major contributors to LPS‐related precipitation. The insensitivity of LPS characteristics and precipitation over India to the removal of SAMs can be attributed to their low height and the insensitivity of MTG to the height of these mountains.
Extreme precipitation events in the Austral Chaco region of Argentina
Authors: Lovino Miguel A. , Müller Gabriela V. , Pierrestegui María Josefina , Espinosa Edna , Rodríguez Leticia
Published: February 2022

This study assesses the intensity, spatial distribution and temporal variability of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) on different time scales relevant to agriculture and water resources during the 1901–2016 period over Argentina's Austral Chaco (ACh). EPEs were identified using a nonparametric approach for the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The leading modes of SPI's variability were detected using the Singular Spectrum Analysis. We also compile and control the quality of precipitation observations in a scarcely monitored region. The limited number of stations conditions the interpolation of the GPCC v2018 database here used, mainly during the early twentieth century. The EPEs characterized by SPI at a 24‐month time scale, which favour long‐lasting water excesses or deficits with hydrological impacts, underwent two differentiated long‐term periods: a dry one before 1960 and a wet one from 1960 to 2005. Consistently, seasonal wet EPEs were more frequent during the wet period while seasonal droughts were more frequent and with larger spatial extent during the dry period. Seasonal EPEs, represented by the SPI at 3‐month time scale, can impact agriculture during the crops' critical growth period. Since 2006, the long‐term wetting trend has been reversed. If this behaviour continues into the coming decades, more droughts and less wetness might be expected. The EPEs present a large interannual variability with 6.3‐ and 9‐year significant cycles that, combined with long‐term trends, favoured extremely wet/dry EPEs. Most of the wet/dry EPEs occurred during El Niño/La Niña events. Although this relationship is not straightforward, we found a discriminant ENSO signal between October of the year when an ENSO event starts and February of the next year. Finally, severely dry/wet EPEs tend to have large spatial extent in the ACh region. The central‐eastern ACh region experiences the most extreme wet and dry conditions, which makes this area more prone to extreme EPEs.
Evaluation of Laryngeal Motor Neuropathy Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation‐Mediated Evoked Potentials
Authors: Sadoughi Babak , Andreadis Katerina
Published: February 2022

Objectives/Hypothesis

Contemporary evaluation of vocal fold motion impairment largely relies on clinical laryngoscopy, with the diagnoses of vocal fold paresis (VFPa) and paralysis (VFP) being based on identification of partial and complete restriction of gross vocal fold motion, respectively. No consensus exists on the diagnostic criteria of VFPa. Laryngeal electromyography does not offer any insight into nerve conduction velocity without the adjunction of nerve conduction studies, which are impractical to perform on laryngeal nerves due to their anatomic location. The present study aims to assess the feasibility of laryngeal nerve conduction studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)‐mediated myogenic evoked potentials in the evaluation of laryngeal motor nerve function.

Study Design

Prospective controlled cohort study.

Methods

Enrollment of three groups of subjects defined as healthy volunteers, subjects with clinically diagnosed unilateral VFP, and subjects with clinically diagnosed unilateral VFPa of peripheral etiology. Electrodiagnostic studies consisting of bilateral stimulation of the laryngeal motor cortex, proximal cisternal, and peripheral portions of the vagus nerves were performed using figure‐of‐eight magnetic stimulation coils, and myogenic evoked potentials recorded from bilateral thyroarytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles using indwelling hook wire electrodes. Conduction latencies were plotted against demographic and anthropometric variables. Values obtained in healthy volunteers were used as normative references and compared to aggregated latencies of VFP and VFPa groups.

Results

Enrolled subjects included 19 healthy volunteers, 5 subjects with VFP, and 4 subjects with VFPa. Normative laryngeal nerve conduction latency ranges measured in healthy subjects were comparable to prior published values, and recorded latencies increased in positive correlation with age. VFPa subjects exhibited increased latencies in affected nerve sites, while VFP subjects presented more variability in electrophysiologic manifestations, mostly dependent on their degree of compensatory reinnervation. Aberrant and synkinetic reinnervation patterns were more predominant in the VFP group than the VFPa group.

Conclusions

Laryngeal nerve conduction studies using TMS‐mediated myogenic evoked potentials are safely feasible. They may serve as a useful complement to laryngeal electromyography in the evaluation of motor laryngeal neuropathy and represent a promising diagnostic modality in the evaluation of VFPa. Based on the present study's findings, the commonly accepted notion of VFPa as a manifestation of a less severe form of neuropathy than VFP may be unsubstantiated. Aging may contribute to progressive motor nerve dysfunction. Future investigations are needed to ascertain the role of nerve conduction studies in clinical laryngology practice.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:S1–S12, 2022
Topological Photonic Crystals: Physics, Designs, and Applications
Authors: Tang Guo‐Jing , He Xin‐Tao , Shi Fu‐Long , Liu Jian‐Wei , Chen Xiao‐Dong , Dong Jian‐Wen
Published: February 2022

Recent research in topological photonics has not only proposed and realized novel topological phenomena such as one‐way broadband propagation and robust transport of light, but also designed and fabricated photonic devices with high‐performance indexes, which are immune to fabrication errors such as defects or disorders. Photonic crystals, which are periodic optical structures with the advantages of good light field confinement and multiple adjusting degrees of freedom, provide a powerful platform to control the flow of light. With the topology defined in the reciprocal space, photonic crystals have been widely used to reveal different topological phases of light and demonstrate topological photonic functionalities. This review presents the physics of topological photonic crystals with different dimensions, models, and topological phases. The design methods of topological photonic crystals are introduced. Furthermore, the applications of topological photonic crystals in passive and active photonics are reviewed. These studies pave the way for applying topological photonic crystals in practical photonic devices.
The SHOnet learning health system: Infrastructure for continuous learning in pediatric rehabilitation
Authors: Koscielniak Nikolas , Jenkins Diane , Hassani Sahar , Buckon Cathleen , Tucker Joshua S. , Sienko Susan , Tucker Carole A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

To describe the development and implementation of learning health system (LHS) infrastructure for a pediatric specialty care health system to support LHS research in pediatric rehabilitation settings.

Methods

An existing pediatric common data model (eg, PEDSnet) of standardized medical terminologies for research was expanded and leveraged for this stud, and applied to SHOnet, a clinical research data resource consisting of deidentified data extracted from the electronic health record (EHR) from the Shriners Hospitals for Children speacialty pediatric health care system. We mapped EHR data for laboratory, procedures, drugs, and conditions to standardized vocabularies including ICD‐10, CPT, RxNorm, and LOINC to the common data model using an established extraction‐transformation‐loading process. Rigorous quality checks were conducted to ensure a high degree of data conformance, completeness, and plausibility. SHOnet data elements from all sources are de‐identified and the server is managed by the SHC Information Systems Department. SHOnet data are refreshed monthly and data elements are continually expanded based on new research endeavors.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Results

The Shriners Health Outcomes Network (SHOnet) includes data for over 10 000 distinct observational data elements based on over two million patient encounters between 2011 and present.

Conclusion

The systematic process to develop SHOnet is replicable and flexible for other pediatric rehabilitation research settings interested in building out their LHS capabilities. Challenges and facilitators may arise for building such LHS infrastructure for rehabilitation in areas of (a) data capture, curation, query, and governance, (b) generating knowledge from data, and (c) dissemination and implementation of new institutional knowledge. Further research studies are needed to evaluate these data resources for scalable system‐learning endeavors.

SHOnet is an exemplar of an LHS for rehabilitation and specialty care settings. The success of an LHS is dependent on engagement of multiple stakeholders, shared governance, effective knowledge translation, and deep commitment to long‐term strategies for engaging clinicians, administration, and families in leveraging knowledge to improve clinical outcomes.
Aperture coupled CPW feed for high gain and broadband circularly polarized slot loaded square patch metasurface antenna
Authors: Guthi Srinivas , Damera Vakula
Published: February 2022

A single layer planar antenna is designed for high gain and broadband circular polarization. The metasurface antenna consists of 3 × 3 arrays of 45° rotated slot‐loaded square patches on one side of the substrate. The stub loaded CPW fed aperture is designed on another side of the substrate to excite the metasurface antenna. Moreover, the size of square patches in the middle row is increased to achieve broadband bandwidth in −10 dB reflection coefficient and 3 dB axial ratio. Furthermore, the size of slots in the middle patches is increased to further enhance the bandwidth of −10 dB reflection coefficient and 3 dB axial ratio. The designed antenna has attained an impedance bandwidth of 30% (4.56–6.21 GHz) with an axial ratio bandwidth of 8.6%(5.23–5.7 GHz). Moreover, the peak value of antenna gain is 10.21 dBi which is incredibly very large in single layer planar antennas. The measured and simulated results are almost close to each other.
Patient beliefs about who and what influences their hip and knee osteoarthritis symptoms and progression
Authors: Kennedy Bryanne L. , Currie Gillian R. , Kania‐Richmond Ania , Emery Carolyn A. , MacKean Gail , Marshall Deborah A.
Published: February 2022

Background

Osteoarthritis management aims to reduce pain and improve function. Many factors affect whether patients follow recommended strategies. Locus of control refers to individual beliefs around who and what influences health. Locus of control is related to the treatment strategies patients prefer. Currently, no studies explore locus of control in non‐surgical management of osteoarthritis.

Objectives

To explore patients' beliefs about the influences on their osteoarthritis symptoms and disease progression.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with individuals experiencing self‐reported hip and/or knee osteoarthritis who had at least one joint that had not undergone replacement surgery. We used a qualitative description approach and the Braun and Clarke method for thematic analysis. Participants’ locus of control classifications—internal, chance, doctors, or other people—were based on the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales Form C score.

Results

Locus of control was discussed in relation to aetiology, progression, and symptoms. Participants’ opinions varied on whether their osteoarthritis progression could be influenced. 46% of participants attributed control to other people. Most participants believed that a previous injury had caused their osteoarthritis and that both themselves and others had some influence over their osteoarthritis symptoms, regardless of their locus of control classification.

Conclusion

This research highlights the need for education about: the aetiology of osteoarthritis, the link between management and progression, and patient management of osteoarthritis. Further research is required to discern why expected patterns were not observed between participants’ beliefs and locus of control classifications.
Synthesis of research on ENFit gastrostomy tubes with potential implications for US patients using these devices
Authors: Guha Suvajyoti , Herman Alexander , Antonino Mark , Silverstein Joshua S. , Venkataraman‐Rao Priya , Myers Matthew R.
Published: February 2022

Misconnections between enteral devices and other medical devices have been associated with patient death and serious injuries. To minimize such misconnections, the design of connectors on enteral devices has been standardized. The most common adaptation of the standardized enteral connector is called ENFit. Gastrostomy tubes (G‐tubes), which may or may not possess the ENFit connector, are increasingly used to deliver commercial and blenderized diets in home settings to enteral device users. To investigate and compare the performance of G‐tubes with and without ENFit connectors, research investigations have recently been performed. However, synthesis of such investigations and quantitative discussion of the consequences of transitioning to ENFit‐based G‐tube devices has not yet occurred. Here we review the research findings from these studies, with data on patient practices from a Mayo Clinic survey, to estimate the impact on tube feeders in home settings of transitioning to ENFit‐based G‐tube devices. Extrapolating the findings from these studies to US enteral G‐tube patients, 1.5%–8.6% of adult patients and 0.2%–1.9% of pediatric patients may experience perceptible slowing in their gravity feeds if using ENFit‐based G‐tube devices. About 2.5%–8.6% of adult patients and 0.5%–5.5% of pediatric patients (or their caregivers) may need to push with perceptibly more force for syringe push‐based feeding using ENFit‐based G‐tube devices. Lastly, the article offers suggestions for patients and device manufacturers. [Correction added on 2 May 2022, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, the percentage of adult patients was revised from 2.5%‐8.6% to 1.5%‐8.6%.]
Economic nonlinear model predictive control of fatigue—Formulation and application to wind turbine control
Authors: Loew Stefan , Obradovic Dragan , Bottasso Carlo L.
Published: February 2022

In this article, the estimation of fatigue is implemented in the cost function of a gradient‐based model predictive controller (MPC). This is a challenging problem, because calculating fatigue leads to a non‐standard and discontinuous cost function. Based on a brief previous publication, in the present work the method is derived, explained, and assessed in detail. The key enablers of the proposed method are a sequential implementation of MPC, the periodic substitution of discontinuous aspects of the cost function by linear functions, and the assumption of a sufficiently infrequent switching of this substitution. Fatigue cost gradients are obtained efficiently by automatic differentiation. The method is implemented in an economic nonlinear model predictive controller (ENMPC), which optimally balances revenue and fatigue cost. This novel formulation is applicable to a very wide range of domains, and it is demonstrated here on the control of a wind turbine. The proposed ENMPC is fully parameterized by physical and monetary variables, and outperforms a conventional ENMPC based on the literature. The method is assessed by considering various metrics, including frequency spectra, damage estimation, switching, and gradient dynamics, which together provide useful insight into its main characteristics and an initial assessment of its performance.
Significant improvement of thermal and tribological performance with polyimide as the matrix of paper‐based friction materials
Authors: Tian Haochen , Fei Jie , Li Chang , Qi Lehua , Cai Xiaohang , Li Bo , Fu Yewei
Published: February 2022

Paper‐based friction materials with phenolic resin as the matrix are prone to thermal damage under harsh working conditions easily leading to materials failure. To satisfy the requirements of high speed and heavy load service situations, paper‐based friction materials with different polyimide resin content were prepared by wet forming technology to reveal the effect of polyimide resin on the properties of composites. And a paper‐based composite with phenolic resin was used for comparison. Results show that compared with the phenolic composite, tensile strength, and shear strength of the polyimide composite were increased by 50.5% and 36.4%, respectively. Due to the strong hydrogen bond in the imide ring of polyimide, the temperature of the polyimide composite at 2% weight loss was 292.7°C, which was 106.3°C higher than that of the phenolic composite. Moreover, the wear rate was reduced by 30.3% because the friction transfer film was produced during friction. To sum up, polyimide resin has the potential to replace phenolic resin under the condition of high speed and heavy load. Besides, the composite with polyimide resin content of 40.0 wt% demonstrated the best wear resistance and considerable strength attributed to the best interface combination. This research lays a theoretical foundation for the application of polyimide resin to paper‐based friction materials.
Mechanical, fracture toughness, and fatigue behavior of spinifex littoreus fiber on echinoidea‐spike toughened epoxy composite
Authors: Senthil Kumar S. , Anil Kumar T. CH , Chokkalingam Mohan , Kaliappan S. , Boopathi S. , Srinivas Chidurala , Patil Pravin P.
Published: February 2022

Novel spinifex littores fiber‐reinforced echinoidea spike particle dispersed epoxy resin hybrid composite has been prepared and characterized. The main objective of this research work was to prepare a new system of epoxy hybrid composite comprises of surface‐treated novel spinifex littores fiber (SLF) and echinoidea spike powder (ESP) for sustainable material development. The fiber was treated with alkali and silane for effective adhesion with matrix. The composites were prepared using hand layup method and post cured at 120°C. The mechanical properties were improved with increasing particle content. The wear result shows a lowest coefficient of friction and sp. wear rate of 0.43 and 0.004 mm3/Nm for SP5 composite designation. Fracture toughness of 32.1 ± 0.69 MPa √m and energy release rate of 1.257 ± 0.071 mJ/m2 was observed for composite designation SP4. A highest fatigue life count of 26,832 was observed for composite contains 1 vol% of silane‐treated ESP and 8 h alkali cum silane‐treated SPF. The fractographs reveals toughness improved matrix phase via shear cup formation. These marine based eco‐friendly reinforcement based epoxy composites could be used in various applications in the cadre of automobile, mini‐aircrafts, structural, sports, and domestic.
Multiple psychological characteristics predict housing mortgage loan behavior: A holistic model based on machine learning
Authors: Gui Wenjing , Wang Lei , Wu Han , Jian Xiaoqian , Li Dusha , Huang Na
Published: February 2022

The factors that influence consumers' house choice are debatable. Previous studies have examined the effects of demographic and socioeconomic attributes, physical and environmental features of the house, and isolated single psychological characteristics on housing behavior. However, these factors are still not sufficient to predict consumer housing behavior, particularly when they are measured separately. We construct a holistic model that integrates psychological characteristics including values, personality traits, motivation, decision‐making style, and risk‐seeking together with demographic and socioeconomic factors to jointly predict housing mortgage loan behavior. This study aims to use a newly developed statistical method, “machine learning,” to examine the relationship between multiple psychological characteristics and consumer housing mortgage loan behavior. Data were collected through an online survey (N = 2,270). The results show that the holistic psychological model is effective for predicting consumer housing mortgage loan behavior in the life context. Moreover, by analyzing and comparing the relative impact of all predictors, we find that psychological characteristics made a more important contribution to predicting housing mortgage loan behavior than did traditional factors (demographic and socioeconomic factors). The results provide a new perspective for understanding the effects of how multiple psychological characteristics integrally predict consumers' housing mortgage loan behavior in the real estate market. Theoretical and practical implications for marketing and sales are discussed.
The impact of guanidine carbonate incorporation on the molecular structure of polyacrylonitrile precursor fiber stabilized by a multistep heat treatment strategy
Authors: Tunçel Kemal Şahin , Rahman Md. Mahbubor , Demirel Tuba , Karacan Ismail
Published: February 2022

Thermal‐oxidative stabilization of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor was performed employing a multi‐step heat treatment strategy in an air circulating furnace. In this approach, the applied temperature was gradually increased from 200°C to 250°C employing several stages for different stabilization durations. Fifteen percent guanidine carbonate (GC) was found as optimum to incorporate with the PAN precursor fibers to accelerate the thermal‐oxidative stabilization process. Characterization techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile strength, volume density, linear density, fiber thickness, and burning test have been performed to monitor the changes in PAN structure. Test results of the stabilized samples were compared with the reference sample results to demonstrate the accelerating effect of GC integration. Findings showed that GC pretreatment enhanced and accelerated the cyclization of nitrile groups in the PAN polymer structure and allowed the quicker formation of a thermally stable structure. The analysis of the experimental results revealed that GC integration and employing the multi‐step heat treatment strategy helps greatly to cut the overall PAN‐based carbon fiber production cost.
Toxicity of a novel dsRNA‐based insecticide to the Colorado potato beetle in laboratory and field trials
Authors: Pallis Samuel , Alyokhin Andrei , Manley Brian , Rodrigues Thais B. , Buzza Aaron , Barnes Ethann , Narva Kenneth
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the most notorious pests of the potato, Solanum tuberosum. Potato beetles are capable of developing resistance to various insecticides in relatively few generations. Novel and effective means of controlling Colorado potato beetle populations are constantly required to protect potato crops and prevent loss of yield. The knockdown of gene function through ribonucleic acid interference has been demonstrated in Colorado potato beetles, suggesting the use of this technology as a means of beetle management. A novel double‐stranded RNA‐based insecticide with the active ingredient, ledprona, has been tested in variable dose laboratory bioassays, followed by field studies.

RESULTS

Exposure to ledprona resulted in both increased beetle mortality and decreased foliage consumption in all four instars and adult beetles. Effects decreased from earlier to later life stages. No ovicidal activity was detected. Onset of mortality was slower compared with existing chemical insecticides. Nevertheless, field applications of formulated ledprona to potato plots resulted in their protection comparable with that provided by spinosad and chlorantraniliprole.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of this study, formulated ledprona has attributes to become a useful tool in controlling Colorado potato beetle populations that is likely to be a good fit in integrated pest management protocols. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Erectile dysfunction therapy after prostate cancer treatment
Authors: Stainer Victoria , Skews Rachel , Aning Jonathan J
Published: February 2022

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common complication of prostate cancer treatment. In the second of this two‐part series on the management of erectile dysfunction following treatment for localised prostate cancer, the authors discuss the therapeutic options available for ED after prostate cancer treatment and their advantages and disadvantages.
Non‐medical use of prescription‐only and OTC medicines: part 2
Authors: Parsons Graham
Published: February 2022

In the second of this two‐part series on the non‐medical use of prescription‐only medicines (POM) and over‐the‐counter (OTC) medicines, Graham Parsons discusses how to identify and reduce the risk of non‐medical use of medicines, and provides an overview of the treatment options for managing dependence.
NHS overprescribing: the national review recommendations
Authors: Ogden Joy
Published: February 2022

In September 2021, the Department of Health and Social Care published the report of their national review on overprescribing in the NHS, Good for You, Good for Us, Good for Everybody. Joy Ogden outlines some of the key recommendations of the report and talks to healthcare professionals and members of the review's Short Life Working Group about the practicalities of implementing the proposals.
A breath of fresh air
Authors: Head Steve
Published: February 2022

Asthma management has advanced greatly since the 50s, 60s and 70s, when it was common for patients and healthcare professionals to adopt a more experimental approach, recalls Dr Steve Head.
Measurement of the surface excitation parameter of Kapton, polyethylene (PE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Authors: Werner Wolfgang S.M. , Helmberger Fabian , Schürrer Manuel , Eisenmenger‐Sittner Christoph , Ridzel Olga Y.
Published: February 2022

Reflection electron energy loss spectra (REELS) were measured for five insulating organic compounds: Kapton, polyethylene (PE), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), as well as for Ni and Si, in the energy range between 200 and 1600 eV. The average number of surface excitations for a single surface crossing were determined from the experimental data and were found to be considerably smaller than for earlier studied materials, which mainly consisted of elemental metals [Surf. Sci. 486(2001)L461]. The surface excitation parameter, a material parameter used to quantify the relative intensity of surface losses in (photo)electron spectroscopy, was extracted from the data and compared with values found in the literature. The results indicate that surface excitations only have a minor influence on quantification of XPS spectra of polymers. On the other hand, a correction for surface excitations turns out to be essential for measurements of the electron inelastic mean free path of polymers when a metal is used as reference material.
A survey on security challenges and protocols of electric vehicle dynamic charging system
Authors: Babu Ponnuru Raveendra , Palaniswamy Basker , Reddy Alavalapati Goutham , Odelu Vanga , Kim Hyun Sung
Published: February 2022

Electric vehicle (EV) has emerged as the future of transport worldwide, with the rising need for greener and energy‐efficient transportation solutions. The adoption of EVs can accommodate a clean atmosphere, dropping conventional fuel dependence. During the charging process, the EV will have to interact with various entities that are presented in the dynamic charging station to get charged. This emerging technology grabbed the attention of several researchers to propose authentication protocols for the dynamic EV charging system to protect the information exchanged between the EVs and the dynamic charging station. Considering the complexities associated with communications among EV and other involved entities, security researchers have proposed diverse authentication protocols vital for the EV charging system to protect the information exchanged. However, several existing authentication protocols either suffer from prominent security threats or limit themselves to static charging. This review paper discusses security aspects, security threats, the typical network model, and the threat model in the EV dynamic charging system. Next, we studied and analyzed various security protocols that are needed to provide authentication, privacy preservation, secure billing, and payment among the involved entities in the EV dynamic charging system. A comparative analysis of several state‐of‐the‐art security protocols that offer authentication, privacy preservation, and secure billing and payment facilities in EV dynamic charging systems is demonstrated with their efficacy as well as security and functionality aspects. In addition, some future challenges for EV dynamic charging system security protocols are also highlighted.
A Recognition Method for the Coil Plunger Motion Resist Force Based on Coil Current in Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Authors: Wang Xuezong , Ruan Jiangjun
Published: February 2022

Jams in the tripping devices are common faults in circuit breakers, which will lead to the failures in circuit breaker. The resist force of the coil plunger in the tripping device could effectively reveal the jam faults. In this paper, a recognition method for the coil plunger motion resist force based on coil current is proposed. The electromagnetic motion model of the coil is established, and the plunger resist force in VS1‐12 is recognized. According to the recognition result and the moving process of the coil plunger, the fitting formula of the resist force is proposed. The resist force from the coil is 5 N, while the force from the latch is 52 N. Based on the fitting formula, the trip coil current of the circuit breaker is simulated. The result is in good agreement with the test result, which verifies the validity of the fitting formula and the recognition method. The method can be applied to the circuit breaker with spring operating mechanism and effectively extract the resist force from the coil current. This research can provide reference for the condition detection and fault warning of coils in circuit breaker. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis: Principles and Pitfalls
Authors: Nedergaard Jan , Cannon Barbara
Published: February 2022

Concerning diet-induced thermogenesis, methodological issues relate mainly to the interpretation of measurements, rather than to the technical methodology as such. In the following, we point to a series of issues where the analysis often suggests the occurrence of UCP1-related diet-induced thermogenesis but where the observations are often the consequences of a process that has induced leanness rather than being the cause of them. We particularly emphasize the necessity of focusing on the total organism when interpreting biochemical and molecular data, where the concept of total tissue values rather than relative data better reflects physiologically important alterations. We stress the importance of performing experiments at thermoneutrality in order to obtain clinically relevant data and stress that true thermogenic agents may be overlooked if this is not done.
Festina-Lente bound on Higgs vacuum structure and inflation
Authors: Lee Sung Mook , Cheong Dhong Yeon , Hyun Sang Chul , Park Seong Chan , Seo Min-Seok
Published: February 2022

Abstract

The recently suggested Festina-Lente (FL) bound provides a lower bound on the masses of U(1) charged particles in terms of the positive vacuum energy. Since the charged particle masses in the Standard Model (SM) are generated by the Higgs mechanism, the FL bound provides a testbed of consistent Higgs potentials in the current dark energy-dominated universe as well as during inflation. We study the implications of the FL bound on the UV behavior of the Higgs potential for a miniscule vacuum energy, as in the current universe. We also present values of the Hubble parameter and the Higgs vacuum expectation value allowed by the FL bound during inflation, which implies that the Higgs cannot stay at the electroweak scale during this epoch.
One-loop gluon amplitudes in AdS
Authors: Alday Luis F. , Bissi Agnese , Zhou Xinan
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We initiate the study of one-loop gluon amplitudes in AdS space. These amplitudes were recently computed at tree level for a variety of backgrounds of the form AdSd+1× S3. For concreteness, we compute the one-loop correction to the massless gluon amplitude on AdS5×S3, which corresponds to the four-point correlator of the flavor current multiplet in the dual 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SCFT. This requires solving a mixing problem that involves tree-level amplitudes of arbitrarily massive Kaluza-Klein modes. The final answer has the same color structure as in flat space but the dependence on Mandelstam variables is more complicated, with logarithms replaced by polygamma functions.
Path integrals in quadratic gravity
Authors: Belokurov Vladimir V. , Shavgulidze Evgeniy T.
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Using the invariance of Quadratic Gravity in FLRW metric under the group of diffeomorphisms of the time coordinate, we rewrite the action A of the theory in terms of the invariant dynamical variable g(τ).

We propose to consider the path integrals ∫F(g) exp {−A}dg as the integrals over the functional measure μ(g) = exp {−A2}dg, where A2 is the part of the action A quadratic in R. The rest part of the action in the exponent stands in the integrand as the “interaction” term. We prove the measure μ(g) to be equivalent to the Wiener measure, and, as an example, calculate the averaged scale factor in the first nontrivial perturbative order.