bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biology, Contingency and the Problem of Racism in Feminist Discourse
Authors: Blencowe Claire Peta
Published: May 2011

In the 1970s and 1980s a strong opposition and anxiety towards biological and naturalizing knowledges was the norm in feminist discourse. In the past decades the certainties of that ‘anti-biologism’ have been challenged, in part because of a new recognition of the role of contingency in both biological determination and biological science. What seems to have survived the shift is a set of normative assumptions concerning the role of determinacy and contingency (or being-born and becoming) in the political implications of ontological claims: an assumed political valorization of contingency. This article challenges those assumptions. It draws attention to the embrace of contingency and processuality on the part of supremacist biopolitical discourse, and suggests the need to think again about the politics of contingency and becoming (in constructivist as well as biologistic discourses). Focusing on the issue of racism and supremacist-specification, the article takes a genealogical look at ‘second-wave’ feminist anti-biologism. Monique Wittig’s materialist feminist attack on naturalizing ideology and ‘the myth of woman’ provides the (ideal-typical) historical example. The article draws attention to curious absences in Wittig’s (and Rosalind Rosenberg’s) anti-biologistic statements concerning early 20th-century biologistic feminism: the absence of a critique of eugenics, racism and supremacism. Arguably the condemnation of biology as a conservative ‘ideology of the status quo’ created masks for biopolitical ontology, obscuring the progressive, dynamic, processual character of biologism and of modern racism. While dislodging some powers of biologistic discourse, feminist anti-biologism might also have played a part in facilitating the revitalization of biopolitical racism within the constructivist culturalist rubric. The aim of the article is not to critique ‘second-wave’ feminism from the perspective of contemporary scholarship, but to help generate new ways of thinking and feeling about the role of ontology, contingency and temporality in the present politics of classification.
The Role of the Intellectual in Liquid Modernity: An Interview with Zygmunt Bauman
Authors: Dawes Simon
Published: May 2011

The 85th birthday of Zygmunt Bauman in November 2010 presented the occasion for TCS to publish a special section of commissioned commentary pieces on a number of central themes in his work. The section, edited and introduced by editorial board member Roy Boyne, featured articles by Martin Jay, John Milbank and Julia Hell, and concentrated respectively upon the themes of modernity, the role of the intellectual, and the gaze of/at the other, highlighting the dependence on metaphor and the significance of ‘looking’ in his writing. This interview takes that special section as its starting point, and asks Bauman to respond to some of the claims and suggestions made in those articles. In doing so, he argues for the continuing salience of the ‘liquid modernity’ concept for understanding the ‘purpose behind the effort’, and explains in detail his view of the intellectual (and, specifically, the sociologist) and the role such an intellectual should play in the context of liquid modernity.
Many Renaissances, Many Modernities?
Authors: Nederveen Pieterse Jan
Published: May 2011

This article discusses Eurocentric history, its focus on the Renaissance and modernity, which continues also in recent global history perspectives. Goody’s argument regarding renaissances in the plural situates Europe in the wider field of Eurasia and deeper in time, going back to the Bronze Age, characterized by plough agriculture, the use of animal traction and urban cultures. Goody’s perspective includes viewing renascences as accelerations and leaps in the circulation of information. Since it is always the trope of the modern that marks Eurocentric claims, unpacking modernity is central to scrutinizing this construction. Goody shows that Europe is a late-comer rather than a forerunner to major strands of modernity. A wider question this account poses is: if Renaissance in the singular produces modernity in the singular, do renaissances in the plural produce modernities in the plural?
Market and Regulatory Trends Call for Improvements in Defined Contribution Plans
Authors: Dunfee Brian D.
Published: May 2011

Recent market and regulatory trends suggest plan sponsors face some new responsibilities to maximize the performance of defined contribution plans. With new regulations on the horizon that will give plan sponsors some new fiduciary duties regarding educating and informing their participants about their benefits, it is the ideal time to look beyond minimum regulatory requirements and consider more proactive improvement opportunities. Plan sponsors should consider more passive investment strategies, develop or improve investment policy statements and enhance their educational offerings to improve the overall performance of their defined contribution plans.
Was the Rejection of Gifts One of the Reasons for the Outbreak of the Maccabean Revolt? A Preliminary Note on the Role of Gifting in the Book of 1 Maccabees
Authors: Mendels Doron
Published: May 2011

The article deals with the role of gift-giving during the period of the first Hasmoneans. Whereas Mattathias rejected gifts and other grants offered by the Seleucids (and by doing so sharpened the rift between Jews and Seleucids), from Jonathan onwards the Hasmoneans became players within this framework of gifting on the international scene and enter into the complex network of gifting and reciprocity. A distinction between gift, grant and concession is drawn, taking into account various aspects such as valuability (value of gift), status (the social stature of giver and receiver), supplementation (rhetoric that is considered to be part and parcel of gifting in Hellenistic etiquette), as well as compatibility (whether the gift is in proportion to the wealth of the giver and to the occasion it was given). The article concludes with a reference to the possible critical stance of the narrator of 1 Maccabees concerning gifts and gifting adopted by the later Hasmoneans in their relationships with Hellenistic powers.
Procopius of Caesarea and the Girgashite Diaspora
Authors: Amitay Ory
Published: May 2011

Procopius of Caesarea reports the existence of an inscription in Numidia, allegedly written by the refugees from Canaan’s conquest by Joshua. While this claim cannot be taken at face value, it raises interesting questions as to its provenance and purpose. Regarding provenance, the complicated situation of the sources (especially the ongoing debate about the real date of Moses of Khorene) unfortunately prevents a firm conclusion. Regarding purpose, the inscription seems to reflect the political and religious tensions, which accompanied Belisarius’ campaign to regain North Africa for the Roman Empire and Justinian’s attempts to Christianize those parts of African society who abided by their polytheistic ancestral custom.
The Question of Coherence in Philo’s Cultic Imagery: A Socio-literary Approach
Authors: Gupta Nijay
Published: May 2011

This article examines Philo’s cultic metaphors with a view towards finding coherence. Many scholars have turned to the works of Philo for insight into the world of the New Testament or early Judaism, but a standard assumption is that the search for coherence in his works is a fruitless endeavor. However, using Philo’s temple, priesthood, and sacrificial metaphors as a specific subject of interest, a socio-literary approach is taken in an attempt to reassess this assumption. In particular, this article draws from insights gained from cognitive linguistics, where metaphors are viewed as resources that have the capacity to influence cognitive frameworks. From this perspective, Philo’s cultic metaphors are consistently used to engage rhetorically in a set of common problems, including his apologetic and tropological concerns.
Phinehan Zeal: A Consideration of James Dunn’s Proposal
Authors: Ortlund Dane
Published: May 2011

This article considers James Dunn’s understanding of Phinehas’s zeal. Dunn has given special attention to Jewish zeal in his writings, and this study considers specifically his view of Phinehan zeal in Numbers 25, Sirach 45, and 1 Maccabees 2. Dunn argues that the focus of this zeal is its ethnic or nationalistic dimension; it is a zeal for Israel’s set-apartness from the nations (horizontal). Upon a close reading of these three texts, it is concluded that Dunn makes primary what is in fact secondary. The focus of these texts is instead obedience to God through Torah-loyalty (vertical).
Parametric study on self-sustained oscillation characteristics of cavity flameholders in supersonic flows
Authors: Sun M B , Wang H B , Chen T , Liang J H , Liu W D , Wang Z G
Published: May 2011

Large eddy simulations were performed to study cavity self-sustained oscillation characteristics in supersonic flows. Calculations use the hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)/large-eddy simulation (LES) method to predict unsteady-state flowfields. The calculations consider the effects of various flow or geometry parameters, including the inflow boundary layer thickness, Reynolds number, freestream Mach number, three dimensionality, and cavity configurations (length-to-depth ratio and cavity aft wall angle included). The results show that thick inflow boundary layer changes the oscillation mechanism in high-Mach-number flows while affects little at low Mach number. Reynolds number has little influence on the oscillation mechanism and the resonance frequencies. The simulated results suggest that the coupling between the shear-layer dynamics and the cavity acoustics is greatly reduced at high Mach numbers. The physical mechanisms in cavity oscillations shift from the vortex-acoustics resonance mechanism (Rossiter's model) to closed-box acoustics mechanism with the Mach number increase. Calculations on three-dimensional (3D) cavity configurations have further verified the validity of the 2D calculation results. Increasing cavity length-to-depth ratio makes the resonance frequency bands more complex. Decreasing the aft wall angle does not change the resonance frequency modes a lot except in the high-Mach-number flow.
An improved streamline curvature approach for transonic axial compressor performance prediction
Authors: Hu J F , Ou-Yang H , ZHu X Ch , Qiang X Q , Du Zh H
Published: May 2011

An improved streamline curvature (SLC) throughflow analysis method is presented based on the predecessor's works to simulate the flow fields of a certain transonic axial compressor. The improvements of this method are embodied centrally in minimum loss incidence angle (MIA) model and total pressure loss (TPL) model that ensure accurate and reliable performance prediction at both design and off-design conditions. The improved MIA is set up as a function of inlet Mach number, solidity, thickness, camber angle, etc. according to low-speed minimum incidence angle. Therefore, TPL is divided into two parts, the first one is the minimum loss which considers the revise of Mach number and Reynolds number, and the second one is the additional loss when real incidence angle deviates from MIA. Finally, the internal flow field of a single-stage compressor is simulated. The characteristic curves and spanwise aerodynamic parameters distribution at design and off-design points are illustrated in this article. Compared to the experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data, this improved SLC method gives reasonable performance trends and generally accurate results, also the MIA and TPL models are demonstrated in this article.
Aeroelastic analysis of twin turboprop utility aircraft
Authors: Cecrdle J , Malecek J , Cerny O
Published: May 2011

This article deals with aeroelastic certification analyses of the new-generation Czech twin turboprop utility aircraft. The article is focused on the first phase of analyses before the ground vibration test (GVT) of the prototype. It describes the analytical model as well as the used tools and methods. The description of specific blocks of analyses follows afterwards. It includes the preliminary flutter analyses, static aeroelastic analyses (control reversal and divergence), modal analyses, and large parametric flutter analyses (surface, control surfaces, and tab flutter). The flutter characteristics of the structure with respect to changes of the selected parameters are presented. Furthermore, the preparation of the GVT (i.e. the optimization of the exciter and accelerometer positions based on the analytical results, and the whirl flutter analyses by means of an optimization-based approach to find the critical stability boundaries are explained). Finally, the performed activities are summarized and the next phase of aeroelastic certification (GVT, final analyses, and flight flutter tests) and the aircraft development are outlined.
Optimization of area navigation noise abatement approach trajectories
Authors: Hogenhuis R H , Hebly S J , Visser H G
Published: May 2011

This article describes the development of a novel tool for the design of environmentally optimized area navigation (RNAV) approach procedures. This new development is an extension of a tool called NOISHHH which was developed earlier for the analysis and design of noise abatement procedures around airports. The NOISHHH tool is essentially a framework that combines a noise model, a geographic information system, an emission inventory model, and a dynamic trajectory optimization algorithm to generate flight paths that minimize the noise impact in the vicinity of an airport. The RNAV-extended version of NOISHHH offers the possibility to calculate routes that can be programmed into the flight management system currently available in many aircraft cockpits. The capabilities of the RNAV-compliant version of NOISHHH are illustrated in an example scenario based on an instrument approach to one of the runways of Schiphol airport in the Netherlands.
Shear-lag influence on maximum specific bending stiffness and strength of composite I-beam wing spar
Authors: Visnjic G , Nozak D , Kosel F , Kosel T
Published: May 2011

Beams with low height and high strength, used in modern unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be especially problematic considering the efficiency of material usage. This FEM study analyses the influence of shear-lag effect on maximum specific bending stiffness and strength of a composite I-beam wing spar with unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced plastic flanges. Elliptical load distribution, which is characteristic of airplane wings, was used. For 12 different flanges, width-to-thickness aspect ratios and three different web skin thicknesses, stresses, and end deflections were observed. The flanges cross-section area and beam height were kept the same and constant in all cases. After a certain value of the flanges aspect ratio, the bending stiffness starts to decrease, because the shear-lag effect starts dominating over the still increasing moment of inertia of the cross-section. Maximum specific bending stiffness was reached at much lower aspect ratios of flanges than maximum bending stiffness. Maximum axial stresses start to increase in an almost linear fashion beyond a certain aspect ratio. The highest specific strength was found at relatively low aspect ratios. The influence of web shear stiffness on shear-lag magnitude was also analysed. Changing web stiffness in a selected range showed a negligible influence on shear-lag magnitude for all aspect ratios.
Heuristics for a runway-queue management problem
Authors: Stiverson P , Rathinam S
Published: May 2011

Reducing the delays of the departing aircraft can potentially lead to improving the efficiency of surface operations at airports. This article addresses a runway-queue management problem that aims to assign the departing aircraft to runway-queues and find a departing time for each aircraft at the runway such that the total delays of all the aircraft are minimized subject to the timing, safety, en route and ordering constraints of the aircraft. Novel, local search heuristics that find runway sequences of high solution quality in milliseconds are developed for the runway-queue management problem. A mixed integer linear program that can compute an optimal solution for the runway-queue management is also presented. Computational results show that the developed heuristics run very fast and find sequences whose delays are, on average, at most 2 per cent away from the optimal cost for all the tested instances. Moreover, the heuristics are able to find an optimal sequence in at least 50 per cent of all the tested instances.
The impact of training on teacher knowledge about children with an intellectual disability
Authors: Rae Helen , Mckenzie Karen , Murray George
Published: May 2011

The present study examines the impact of a short training session on the knowledge of teaching staff in Scotland about children with an intellectual disability. Despite the majority of participants reporting that they had a child with an intellectual disability in their classroom, the initial level of knowledge concerning intellectual disability was low. This was partly considered to be due to terminology differences that exist between the health and education sectors and a lack of training specific to the needs of children with an intellectual disability. Training was shown to significantly improve the basic knowledge needed to understand intellectual disability immediately after training and at a 1 month follow-up, suggesting that the knowledge gains would be sustained in the longer term.
Service evaluation of an integrated assessment and treatment service for people with intellectual disability with behavioural and mental health problems
Authors: Richings Ceri , Cook Rachael , Roy Ashok
Published: May 2011

In response to rising local need and national drivers such as the Mansell Report, an isolated inpatient ward for people with an intellectual disability and additional mental health and behavioural problems was developed into a more flexible service integrating inpatient beds, day assessment, outreach and the local community learning disability teams. The functioning of the new service is evaluated on the basis of the way it was utilized in its first 2 years, and its outcomes, and compared with the pre-existing, more traditional inpatient ward. Although the new service model treated a higher number of people, it was more able to prevent or shorten inpatient admissions and to prevent placement breakdown and reduce aggressive incidents amongst inpatients during their stay. The integrated model described, whilst not being immune to the problem of delayed discharge, has in its first 2 years been a more effective, more flexible and safer service than the previous more traditional model.
Massage as therapy for persons with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature
Authors: Chan Jenny Sau-Lai , Tse Sonny Hing-Min
Published: May 2011

Persons with intellectual disabilities record a higher incidence of challenging behaviours than the general population. Massage therapy has frequently been applied to such persons to induce relaxation. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of massage therapy on relaxation and reduction of challenging behaviours. A literature search was conducted through various electronic databases; a total of 64 articles was generated but only seven met all inclusion criteria. These studies were evaluated in terms of (a) number of participants, (b) study setting, (c) methodology, (d) intervention pattern, (e) outcome measure of the intervention, and (f) major results. Evidence-based literature demonstrating the effectiveness of massage therapy in supporting clinical practice is extremely limited. Case study designs, large amounts of qualitative data and small sample sizes meant that the therapeutic effect of massage therapy could not be substantiated. Hence, future studies with randomized clinical trials or of experimental design are recommended.
Identification of a non-linear F/A-18 model by the use of fuzzy logic and neural network methods
Authors: Boely N , Botez R M , Kouba G
Published: May 2011

The aim of this article is to determine the mathematical model between control deflections and structural deflections in an F/A-18 modified aircraft in the active aeroelastic wing programme. One future application would be the design of a flutter suppression model based on flight flutter tests. Five excited sources were provided by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center from flight flutter tests. These excitations, given by aircraft control surfaces, are: differential and collective ailerons, collective and differential stabilizers, and rudders. The neural network and fuzzy logic algorithms were chosen in order to identify the multi-input multi-output system for the F/A-18 aircraft. One main contribution of this article is the mapping of fuzzy logic algorithm results into neural network data. Then, these methods were applied for the F/A-18 model identification and validation for sixteen flight conditions expressed in terms of Mach numbers variations between 0.85 and 1.30 and altitudes varying between 5000 and 25 000 ft. Accurate results were obtained, expressed in terms of fit coefficients between estimated and measured signals greater than 99 per cent, which allows one to conclude that these new methodologies are very efficient for an aircraft identification and validation.
Exploring the aerodynamic characteristics of a blown annular wing for vertical/short take-off and landing applications
Authors: Saeed B , Gratton G
Published: May 2011

This article explores, theoretically and experimentally, a new wingform, based on an annular wing wrapped around a radial flow generator, potentially creating a vehicle with no external moving parts, reduced vehicle aerodynamic losses compared to previous vertical/short take-off and landing technologies, and substantially eliminating induced drag. Concentrating on hovering and slow flight, it is shown that such a wing works best with a thick aerofoil section and appears to offer greatest potential at a micro-aerial vehicle scale. Experimental methods are described along with results, and this work shows that wing efficiency can be substantially improved by the use of upper surface blowing technology and the Coanda effect. The main causes of efficiency loss are annular flow expansion and problems with achieving acceptable slot heights. Experimental efficiency remains below theoretical efficiency, partly due to flow asymmetry but possibly also other factors. This work is also very early in the development of this technology, and so recommendations are made for future work.
Effects of thermochemical modelling and surface catalyticity on an Earth re-entry vehicle
Authors: Viviani A , Pezzella G , Golia C
Published: May 2011

A numerical study has been conducted to assess the effects of thermochemical modelling and surface catalyticity on the design of a crew return vehicle re-entering from low Earth orbit. The effects of: complexity of chemical models, kinetics of reactions, vibrational relaxation, and wall reaction mechanism on vehicle aerothermodynamics and aerodynamics performances, and on some flowfield features, are highlighted. To this end, several numerical results derived for perfect and non-equilibrium reacting gas approximations are provided and compared. In this framework, a possible Earth-entry scenario for the proposed capsule-type vehicle is reported and extensively analysed by means of Navier–Stokes computations, performed both in trajectory-based and in space-based design approaches. Numerical results highlight that the accuracy of aerodynamic coefficients depends on the complexity of reaction mechanism considered in flowfield computations. For example, if the Zeldovich model is considered, the results produced are within 1 per cent of that of a solution with complete reaction mechanism, while the simulation speed up efficiency reaches about 40 per cent. This work underlines the fact that the CPU speed up depends, in particular, on the accuracy expected in vehicle pitching moment assessment, thus confirming that this parameter is one of the most critical vehicle aerodynamic performances to address in the case of a real gas-dominated flow. On the contrary, vehicle aerothermodynamic results show that, for a reliable heat flux evaluation, flowfield computations require a full reaction mechanism, as wall catalyticity plays a significant role when assessing vehicle aeroheating.
A theoretical model evaluating leading order vortex decay behind an aircraft
Authors: Chadwick E , Rahulan T
Published: May 2011

A theoretical model in this article which is used to evaluate leading order vortex decay behind an aircraft, is presented. This model is then applied to two important problems. The first evaluates safety separation distances for the super class of aircraft exemplified by the Airbus A380. The second evaluates the swirl parameter which is shown to decay to a sufficiently low level that short-wave instabilities are likely to be instigated. The model uses the Oseen approximation, which assumes that in the far-field the ratio of the perturbed velocity to the aircraft velocity is small, and developed from recent publications by the first author. The atmospheric turbulence is incorporated into the model by using effective viscosity.
Air traffic complexity for a distributed air traffic management system
Authors: Brázdilová S L , Cásek P , Kubalčík J
Published: May 2011

An appropriate balance between strategic and tactical air traffic management (ATM) is one of the key factors affecting the performance of an ATM system. Complexity metrics are a powerful strategic tool for reducing the number of tactical interventions and preventing excessive tactical manoeuvres. Current air traffic complexity metrics are almost exclusively designed for human-based tactical separation provided by air traffic controllers. However, new separation modes in future ATM systems are based on the delegation of separation tasks to the flight crew, which requires novel complexity metrics that are suitable for a distributed ATM system. In this study, an air traffic complexity metric was developed and analysed. Moreover, potential applications of the complexity metric were evaluated in centralized and distributed ATM systems.
Unsteady compressible flow simulation around low-aspect-ratio rectangular flat wings
Authors: Durmuş G , Kavsaoğlu M Ş , Kaynak Ü
Published: May 2011

Unsteady compressible flow solutions around a sharp-edged rectangular flat wing of an aspect ratio of 1.0 are obtained using a parallel Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes algorithm. The simulated cases are obtained for Mach numbers of 0.42–0.87 and Reynolds numbers of the order of 200 000–300 000 in the transitional flow regime up to an angle of attack of 15°. A Degani–Schiff modification for the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model is used to distinguish between the boundary layers and the primary and secondary vortices over the flat plate. Unsteady vortex shedding frequencies and Strouhal number variation with the angle of attack are obtained by using the fast Fourier transform. The flow around the low-aspect-ratio rectangular flat wing is strongly dominated by the leading- and side-edge vortices and flow separations. The numerical results are compared with the prior experimental data acquired at the von Karman Institute that shows a mix of laminar/transitional flow. In the simulations, top surface pressures of the rectangular flat wing are well predicted except in the leading-edge region. Time-mean averaged surface flow topologies are also found to be in good agreement with the experiment. Complex flow structures, including the primary and secondary separation bubbles and the footprints of the primary and secondary vortex cores, are well captured through the use of the modified algebraic turbulence model.
On-line guidance with trajectory constraints for terminal area energy management of re-entry vehicles
Authors: Morani G , Cuciniello G , Corraro F , Di Vito V
Published: May 2011

In this article, an on-line guidance strategy for terminal area energy management phase of a re-entry flight is proposed. In order to fulfil the objectives of this flight phase, the algorithm continuously performs long- and short-term on-line trajectory generation, also accounting for the most relevant vehicle and trajectory constraints. Long-term guidance computes a reference trajectory which minimizes the distance from the final target. Short-term guidance generates the control commands by computing a trajectory that minimizes the displacement from the reference one, thus compensating for the errors due to the environmental disturbances and to the uncertainties of the vehicle model. In the proposed guidance strategy, the main vehicle performance constraints are appropriately accounted for, thus guaranteeing adaptivity in the failure situations where the manoeuvring capabilities are reduced. The proposed guidance strategy has been developed in the framework of the unmanned space vehicle program of the Italian Aerospace Research Centre for the execution of Dropped Transonic Flight Test second mission. In this article, the algorithm performances and robustness to the vehicle initial state have been assessed through a preliminary Monte Carlo analysis. Furthermore, several simulations with bank angle and angle of attack limitations have shown the effectiveness of the algorithm in the presence of reduced manoeuvring capabilities.
The biojetfuel industry: its rapid emergence, future development, and likely profile
Authors: Whitfield R
Published: May 2011

This article describes an industry in rapid transition. Using a model of both the upstream and downstream elements of the current aviation fuel industry, it compares the state of the industry in April 2010 with the state of the industry 2 years earlier. The rapid progress achieved in most elements of the model is described, and an assessment is made of the rate of change of production to 2050 and the key factors influencing this rate of change. In particular, the availability of sustainable feedstocks, the availability of funding in the short term, the role of governments, the pro-activeness of the airlines, and the responsiveness of the oil majors are all seen as key determinants of this new industry. Finally, the emerging structure of the industry is assessed, with particular emphasis on the role of the oil companies and the significance of the new opportunities that the industry structure offers to airlines for the first time. The ability of airlines to start to take much greater control of their own fuel costs, and reduce price volatility, is seen as a prime driver of the ultimate structure of the industry.
Clozapine-related EEG changes and seizures: dose and plasma-level relationships
Authors: Varma Seema , Bishara Delia , Besag Frank M. C. , Taylor David
Published: May 2011

Clozapine is a widely used atypical antipsychotic with a unique effectiveness in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. An important adverse effect is seizures, which have been observed at all stages of clozapine treatment. Valproate has traditionally been considered the drug of choice for the prophylaxis of clozapine seizures, however it may not be the most suitable choice for all patients. There is disagreement as to the best point to prescribe valproate or a suitable antiepileptic: as seizure prophylaxis at a certain clozapine dose or level, or only as remedial treatment. In this review, we examine the relevant literature with an aim to evaluate the following relationships: clozapine dose and electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities, plasma levels and EEG abnormalities, dose and occurrence of seizures and plasma levels and occurrence of seizures. Weighted linear regression models were fitted to investigate these relationships. There was a strong relationship between clozapine dose and plasma level and occurrence of clozapine-induced EEG abnormalities. However, a statistically significant relationship between dose and occurrence of seizures was not found. A relationship between clozapine plasma level and occurrence of seizures was not established because of the scarcity of useful data although our review found three case reports which suggested that there is a very substantial risk of seizures with clozapine plasma levels exceeding 1300  µg/l. Seizures are more common during the initiation phase of clozapine treatment, suggesting a slow titration to target plasma levels is desirable. An antiepileptic drug should be considered when the clozapine plasma level exceeds 500  µg/l, if the EEG shows clear epileptiform discharges, if seizures, myoclonic jerks or speech difficulties occur and when there is concurrent use of epileptogenic medication. The antiepileptics of choice for the treatment and prophylaxis of clozapine-induced seizures are valproate (particularly where there is mood disturbance) and lamotrigine (where there is resistance to clozapine).
Increased use of antipsychotic long-acting injections with community treatment orders
Authors: Patel Maxine X. , Matonhodze Jane , Baig Mirza K. , Gilleen James , Boydell Jane , Holloway Frank , Taylor David , Szmukler George , Lambert Tim , David Anthony S.
Published: May 2011

Background: Community treatment orders (CTOs) are increasingly being used, despite a weak evidence base, and problems continue regarding Second Opinion Appointed Doctor (SOAD) certification of medication.

Aims: The aim of the current study was to describe current CTO usage regarding patient characteristics, prescribed medication and CTO conditions.

Method: A 1-year prospective cohort study with consecutive sampling was conducted for all patients whose CTO was registered in a large mental health trust. Only the first CTO for each patient was included. Measures included sociodemographic variables, psychiatric diagnosis, CTO date of initiation and conditions, psychotropic medication and date of SOAD certification for medication. This study was conducted in the first year of CTO legislation in England and Wales.

Results: A total of195 patients were sampled (mean age 40.6 years, 65% male, 52% black ethnic origin). There was significant geographical variability in rates of CTO use ( χ2 = 11.3, p = 0.012). A total of 53% had their place of residence specified as a condition and 29% were required to allow access into their homes. Of those with schizophrenia, 64% were prescribed an antipsychotic long-acting injection (LAI). Of the total group, 7% received high-dose antipsychotics, 10% were prescribed two antipsychotics and only 15% received SOAD certification in time.

Conclusions: There was geographical and ethnic variation in CTO use but higher rates of hospital detention in minority ethnic groups may be contributory. Most patients were prescribed antipsychotic LAIs and CTO conditions may not follow the least restrictive principle.
Curved-wave prestack depth migration
Authors: Chen Xiumei , Ma Zaitian , Wang Huazhong , Nie Guohua
Published: May 2011

Conventional prestack depth migration (PSDM) based on point-source shot data involves a huge number of time-consuming wave extrapolations. Areal-source prestack data generated by a synthesis procedure can provide an alternative migration scheme that is efficient and accurate. We have developed a curved-wave synthesis method to implement curved-wave PSDM technology. A base-kernel synthesis operator is defined as a relative curved source-excitation datum. A general synthesis operator is constructed by disturbing the illumination directions of a base-kernel operator. The curved wavefields are synthesized by synthesis operators and then migrated by combination with a common-shot depth-migration algorithm. Curved wavefields can be constructed according to the configuration of a geologic structure to obtain a high-quality image of the target. Curved-wave records arising from different curved-source wavefields with different illumination properties are stacked after depth migration to produce an accurate image. A synthesis operator can be designed by simulating the configuration of target structures, or by velocity constraint in a target-oriented way, to efficiently achieve a high-quality image of a complex target area. Characteristic of curved excitation surface and space-variant illumination, the method is more adaptable to a complex medium than the plane-wave technique and more efficient than shot migration. Numerical demonstrations on synthetic and real data have proved effective and given good results.
Wide-azimuth angle gathers for wave-equation migration
Authors: Sava Paul , Vlad Ioan
Published: May 2011

Extended common-image-point (CIP) gathers contain all of the necessary information for decomposition of reflectivity as a function of the reflection and azimuth angles at selected locations in the subsurface. This decomposition operates after the imaging condition applied to wavefields reconstructed by any type of wide-azimuth migration method, e.g., using downward continuation or time reversal. The reflection and azimuth angles are derived from the extended images using analytic relations between the space-lag and time-lag extensions. The transformation amounts to a linear Radon transform applied to the CIPs obtained after applying the extended imaging condition. If information about the reflector dip is available at the CIP locations, then only two components of the space-lag vectors are required, thus reducing computational cost and increasing the affordability of the method. Applications of this method include the study of subsurface illumination in areas of complex geology where ray-based methods are not usable and the study of amplitude variation with reflection and azimuth angles if the subsurface illumination is sufficiently dense. Migration velocity analysis could also be implemented in the angle domain, although an equivalent implementation in the extended domain is less costly and more effective.
Quantitative interpretation of pulsed neutron capture logs: Part 2 — Inversion of measurements in thinly bedded formations
Authors: Mimoun Jordan G. , Torres-Verdín Carlos , Preeg William E.
Published: May 2011

We have developed an inversion method to reduce shoulder-bed effects on pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logs for estimating layer-by-layer-capture cross sections Σ. The method is based on a previously developed rapid approximation of PNC logs. Tests performed on synthetic examples that include a variety of lithology, saturating-fluid, and bed-thickness configurations confirm the efficiency, reliability, and stability of the inversion procedure. Inversion consistently improves the vertical resolution and Σ definition of PNC logs across beds thinner than 45 cm. Our fast, iterative algorithm inverts Σ logs in seconds of CPU time and is therefore suitable for joint petrophysical interpretation with other open- and cased-hole logs.
2008 Presidential Address: Indian History from the End of the Alphabet; And What Now?
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: May 2011

Reflecting on developments in Native American history over the past generation and on my own work, this article considers the limitations of trying to “fit” Indian history into American history. Instead, it suggests placing the history of the United States in a longer and larger continental history and viewing Indian history as a part of global history.
2009 Presidential Address: What Is “History”? An Anthropologist's Eye View
Authors: Darnell Regna
Published: May 2011

The synergy between anthropology and history in the interdiscipline of ethnohistory has been productive in stretching the methods and reciprocal pre-occupations of both disciplines. Archival history may be considered as a field site for the anthropologist as situated participant-observer. Alternatively, fieldwork in contemporary societies may be contextualized in local history using the methods and sources of the traditional historian. Anthropologists characteristically rely heavily on oral history, narrative, and life history to supplement written documentary records. Increasingly, they also extend the time depth of their analyses through community collaboration and consensus about local understandings of history. Such local understandings, often incorporating cosmology and myth-time, challenge the presumptive universality of the concept of “history” in ways that can only enrich the practice of ethnohistory.
The History of Time in the Northern Arapaho Tribe
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey D.
Published: May 2011

The imposition of Euro-American orders of time has had a major impact on indigenous North American peoples throughout the history of contact. To demonstrate that impact, this article examines some of the complex ways in which multiple types and levels of time have reshaped Northern Arapaho society from the late eighteenth century to the present as well as how Arapaho people have actively adapted to contact-induced changes in time throughout that period. Investigated are directly and indirectly imposed changes in interactional, daily, seasonal, life-historical, historical, and long-durational levels of time as well as, at a higher level of analysis, the divergent and often contradictory ways in which Arapahos and Euro-Americans have constructed and interrelated those dimensions. Such a history of time is revealed to be essential for a fuller understanding of past and present changes in cultural identity, social space, communication, social relations, decision making, policy, and many other aspects of Arapaho life. While this study does not purport to be comprehensive for the context at hand, it does aim to open suggestive paths for ethnohistorical investigations of time as a historical reality. The analysis thus offers possibilities for transcending past or prevailing approaches that have tended to reduce analysis to (1) one type of time, such as experiential durational time in the work of Alfred Gell (1992), considered to be empirical, universal, and singular, when in fact it is none of those things; (2) in ethnohistory especially, chronological time disconnected from other types and dimensions of time; (3) one type of time in cultural contact, such as clock time or work-discipline, to the exclusion of others; or (4) simple binaries of cultural difference (e.g., linear versus cyclical) without concern for the complex and various shapes of time on either side of and in the intercultural encounter between Euro-Americans and indigenous peoples.
Revisiting the Highland Guatemala Títulos: How the Maya-K’iche’ Lived and Outlived the Colonial Experience
Authors: Quiroa Néstor I.
Published: May 2011

The highland Guatemala títulos are part of a corpus of colonial Mesoamerican indigenous texts composed by native authors in the middle of the sixteenth century. These texts present an “official” version of native “history” based on the precolonial oral tradition and influenced by the mytho-historical content of the better-known indigenous text, the Popol Vuh. Although the títulos were created for territorial disputes and claims to rights before the Spanish legal system, they also represented Maya-K’iche’ responses to colonial domination and reveal how the Maya K’iche’ perceived themselves and redefined their identity in relation to colonial power. More specifically, the títulos highlight the social and interethnic complexities that the colonial situation presented in highland Guatemala and in Mesoamerica in general. This comparative analysis of the Título de Totonicapán and the Título de C’oyoi demonstrates that these narratives, primarily considered as ethnohistorical sources, are excellent illustrations of the array of indigenous responses to colonial domination, particularly during the early colonial period in highland Guatemala. More specifically, it shows how differently each Maya-K’iche’ ethnic group lived and outlived the colonial experience according to their particular circumstances. It is argued that despite three hundred years under Spanish colonial rule, the Maya-K’iche’ did not collapse under the sociocultural and religious coercive forces of colonization. Rather, they ensured the continuity of the Maya-K’iche’ religion, history, and identity throughout the colonial period through partial assimilation, hybridization, and co-optation or resistance to European culture and religion.
Not an Exceptional Country: Russia and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009
Authors: Sharma Shalendra D.
Published: May 2011

What began as a downturn in the US housing sector in summer 2007 mushroomed into a global financial crisis by September 2008—the most severe since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Initially, Western European governments, including the Russian government, blamed the crisis on US financial excesses and felt that their economies would remain immune from the contagion. However, this proved to be a false comfort. The subprime-induced contagion spread to Europe with unprecedented ferocity, rapidly engulfing the entire continent. This essay explains why Russia, deemed to be the most immune, succumbed so quickly to the contagion, and includes lessons policymakers can learn from the Russian experience to better insulate their economies from the vagaries of the global financial markets.
Hydrocarbons and the Law of the Sea in the Eastern Mediterranean: Implications for Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey
Authors: Kariotis Theodore C.
Published: May 2011

The issue of Cypriot oil seems to be gathering importance, and interested parties are trying to place themselves in positions of advantage. Large oil companies from the United States, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, and Russia seem to be interested in investing in the prospect of hydrocarbon deposits in Cyprus's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Turkey has not recognized the EEZ of Cyprus and, for decades, has not only opposed the United Nations' Convention on the Law of the Sea but it has interpreted and attempted to distort it to make gains in its maritime conflict with Greece and Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean. Greece and Cyprus, on the other hand, were almost completely satisfied with the benefits of the Constitution of the Oceans, as it has also been known, and voted in favor of the convention.
The Crisis in the Greek Economy and Its National Implications
Authors: Choupis Michail
Published: May 2011

The author traces the current economic decline of Greece to domestic and foreign factors but argues persuasively that the collapse of the global economic system was by far the worst cause for the economic issues Greece faces and for that reason he doubts whether the involvement of International Monetary Fund and the European Union in Greece's domestic affairs will resolve the current crisis.
A DNA-dependent stress response involving DNA-PK occurs in hypoxic cells and contributes to cellular adaptation to hypoxia
Authors: Bouquet Fanny , Ousset Marielle , Biard Denis , Fallone Frédérique , Dauvillier Stéphanie , Frit Philippe , Salles Bernard , Muller Catherine
Published: May 2011

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) signalling and repair. We report that DNA-PK is activated by mild hypoxia conditions (0.1–1% O2) as shown by (1) its autophosphorylation on Ser2056, and (2) its mobilisation from a soluble nucleoplasmic compartment to a less extractable nuclear fraction. The recruitment of DNA-PK was not followed by activation and recruitment of the XRCC4–DNA-ligase-IV complex, suggesting that DSBs are not responsible for activation of DNA-PK. To unravel the mechanism of DNA-PK activation, we show that exposure of cells to trichostatin A, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, leads to DNA-PK autophosphorylation and relocalisation to DNA. Histone acetylation (mainly H3K14) is increased in hypoxic cells and treatment with anacardic acid, an inhibitor of histone acetyl transferase, prevented both histone modifications and DNA-PK activation in hypoxic conditions. Importantly, in using either silenced DNA-PK cells or cells exposed to a specific DNA-PK inhibitor (NU7026), we demonstrated that hypoxic DNA-PK activation positively regulates the key transcription factor HIF-1 and one subsequent target gene, GLUT1. Our results show that hypoxia initiates chromatin modification and consequently DNA-PK activation, which positively regulate cellular oxygen-sensing and oxygen-signalling pathways.