bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Psychological Estimation of the Effects of Certain Drugs Upon the Syntonic and Schizophrenic Psychoses
Authors: Ewen John H.
Published: August 2008

Reactions produced by experience fall into two great groups. The larger group consists of the reactions of those individuals whose mental mechanisms are accurately attuned to the demands of life; the smaller group is composed of the reactions of those unfortunates who are unable to adjust or adapt their mental processes to the ever-increasing complexities of civilization. The individuals forming the former group are called normal. Kræpelin termed the mal-adjustments of those in the latter group the “biogenic psychoses.”
Observations Upon Abnormalities of the Pupils and Iris in Tabes Dorsalis, General Paralysis and Tabo-Paresis: With a Consideration of [Their Bearing Upon the Pathogenesis of the Argyll Robertson Pupil
Authors: McGrath W. M.
Published: August 2008

The tell-tale facies of the subject of long-standing tabes is familiar to all clinical observers, and is the sum of several components. The pallor and thinness of the face are, in all probability, largely related to the impaired state of the patient's nutrition, and this in turn is often an expression of chronic infection of the urinary tract. The remaining components, namely, the ptosis, the pupillary anomalies and the equally constant changes in the appearance of the iris, are of neurogenic origin.
The Development of the Care of the Insane in Scotland
Authors: Campbell Robert Brown
Published: August 2008

My first duty is to thank you most sincerely for the great honour you have done me in electing me to the Presidential Chair of this great Association, which, in its ninety years of existence, has numbered among its Presidents so many illustrious pioneers of progress in the world of psychiatry. Fully conscious of my limita tions, .1 deeply appreciate the honour, and will endeavour, during my term of office, to fulfil to the best of my ability the responsible duties laid upon me.
Some Critical Reflections on Prevalent Notions Regarding “Affect” and “Emotion.”
Authors: MacDonald J. H.
Published: August 2008

The physicist, in his endeavour to explain natural phenomena, has, in the course of his investigations and observations, discovered certain laws which appear to be constant and applicable to the phenomena in question. On the basis of those laws he has evolved theories which provide him with an intelligible appreciation of the mechanism involved. The law embraces and synthetizes a large number of observations, but it also serves as a point of departure for new observations. Whilst the law may be constant, the theories may undergo modification, as new facts come to light, as has occurred, for example, in the case of the atomic theory. Amongst physicists there is, however, a readiness to consider new discoveries, to put them to the test, and, if they are found to be in harmony with determined laws, to incorporate them in the theoretical scheme.
A Review of Seven Years' Malarial Therapy in General Paralysis
Authors: Nicol W. D.
Published: August 2008

Shortly after the introduction of therapeutic malaria into this country, the Ministry of Health and the Board of Control, in consultation with the London County Council Mental Hospitals Department, established a special centre for this treatment at Horton Mental Hospital. A separate villa in the hospital grounds was set apart for the work, and, through the interest, advice and help of Col. S. P. James, M.D., F.R.S., of the Ministry of Health, a laboratory was equipped and arrangements were made for the supply of malarial infective material to all parts of Great Britain. The work was begun in April, 1925, and during the seven years that have elapsed since then, 200 cases have been treated. These cases are all women, drawn from the various London County Mental Hospitals; recently, however, an annexe has been added to the centre, and facilities are now available for treating men also.
A Study in Pyretotherapy
Authors: Power T. D.
Published: August 2008

The treatment of diseased conditions by means of induced pyrexia is now so frequently carried out that it is surprising how little we know of the biological processes involved. It is not an exaggeration to say that the beneficial effects of malaria in general paralysis are as gratifying as those of liver in pernicious anæmia, and of insulin in diabetes, but we still await a satisfactory explanation of its mode of action. An attempt in this direction was made by Eddison (1), who observed a failure of leucopoiesis in untreated cases of paralytic dementia, which he attributed to degeneration in the reticulo-endothelial system. He considered that, in general, pyrexia was associated with leucocytic reactions, and that this resulted indirectly in reticulo-endothelial stimulation. It is not proposed to consider here the arguments put forward by Eddison, but he should be given credit for being the first person in this country to draw attention to a very important aspect of pyretotherapy.
Amnesia in Relation to Crime
Authors: Hopwood J. S. , Snell H. K.
Published: August 2008

When a defence of insanity is put forward in answer to a criminal charge amnesia for the crime is not infrequently affirmed, in fact East (2) states that it is more often alleged than any other mental anomaly. The defence of amnesia is at times raised when there are no grounds for supposing that the prisoner is suffering from loss of memory, but there are undoubted cases where the crime, generally homicidal in character, has been committed during a disorder of consciousness or the memory of it subsequently has been lost. It is therefore of the greatest importance from a medico-legal point of view to distinguish between real and simulated amnesia. While amnesia may be simulated in cases where there is no mental disorder present, there are also instances where loss of memory is feigned by individuals in whom there are other reasons for regarding them as mentally abnormal. In this connection it must be realized that memory also is sometimes malingered; a prisoner who by reason of insanity accompanied by amnesia has escaped the responsibility for his crime may presently arrive at the conclusion that a persistence of his loss of memory will tend to keep him confined in an asylum, and therefore he asserts a remembrance of his crime, the story of which he is likely to have become familiar with at his trial or elsewhere. Not all such false memories, however, are definitely malingered. A patient may have heard the story of his crime so often that in the end he becomes convinced that he actually remembers it.
The Depressive Reaction Types
Authors: Harrowes W. McC.
Published: August 2008

“Dysphoria, or misery, in various degrees, is perhaps the most frequent and most widespread of all disorders of mind, and that with the most numerous associations with other disorders.”—Mercier's Text-book of Insanity.
The Human Figure Drawings of Adult Defectives
Authors: Earl C. J. C.
Published: August 2008

The drawings of children have been studied by many observers during the past forty years, and have yielded valuable information for the psychologist, the ethnologist and the pedagogue. Many of the studies were concerned with the development over a period of years of the drawings of a single child (Luquet (12), Stern (19), Eng (3)). Others were concerned with drawings taken from a large number of children of varying ages. Principal among these studies is that of Rouma (17) in 1912, drawn from a wide field, carefully and accurately observed, and published with a wealth of illustration. More recent researchers have employed the quantitative method, and McCarty's (14) study, published in 1924, is of value principally for its elaborate statistical survey.
Emotional Factors in Intellectual Retardation
Authors: Miller Emanuel
Published: August 2008

It is necessary at the outset to define the limits of this paper. For those profound disorders of mind to which imbecility and idiocy belong, sufficient causes have been found in neural degeneration or acquired disease. Although the fundamental cyto-architectonics of these cerebral degenerates has not been clearly worked out, we can separate off, as a result of post-mortem findings, a group of cases, both congenitally and acquired, which belong to neurology rather than to psychology. Admitting the fact that both imbeciles and idiots have exhibited disturbances of behaviour and emotional control, there is no reason to deny that such phenomena are secondary to neural defects and to such glandular disorders as accompany these neural defects, or occur concurrently as indication of general congenital inferiority. Furthermore, a class of defectives of high grade can be marked off in whom the primary defect is glandular, and in whom the psychological shortcomings are also to be regarded as secondary. But when we turn to that considerable group of children with intelligence quotients of about 80%, the problem of cause assumes a different complexion. Cases that fall within the statutory limits can be enumerated because they require special supervision and control, or, at least, special educational treatment; but of those children who cannot be dealt with legally, or who merely pass muster within the school as dullards, very little can be said as regards their number and distribution, and unless they die of intercurrent illnesses and are brought to post-mortem, nothing can be stated as to the presence of cerebral degeneration, however minor in degree.
Report on Gheel by the Commission of the Medico-Psychological Society of Paris, read at the sitting of the Society, December 30th, 1861
Authors: Loiseau Ch.
Published: August 2008

[The French alienists, as deeply interested as we have been in this country, in the much-mooted question of the value of the Gheel system, have preceded us in an earnest and praiseworthy effort to solve it with an impartial and educated judgment. At the meeting of the eminent Medico-Psychological Society of Paris, held in July last, the society formed a commission to visit Gheel and to report. The commission consisted of the following eminent alienists:—MM. Michèa, Moreau, Mesnet, and Jules Falret, Trelât and Baillarger. The report has been drawn up by M. Jules Falret. The multiplied writings upon Gheel which have hitherto been put before the general and medical public have dealt, for the most part, only with the surface of the system, and too frequently with its sentimental appearances; this careful consideration, therefore, of its merits and demerits, founded upon a minute investigation made by a commission of eminent psychologists, is of great value. The early pages of the report, in which the details of the Gheel system are described, have been omitted by us, because they do not differ materially from the descriptions given in these pages by the able pens of Dr. Cox and Dr. Sibbald, and even in the present number by Dr. Carmichael McIntosh.—Ed.]
Personal Identity, and its Morbid Modifications
Authors: Browne J. Crichton
Published: August 2008

The answer to Shakespeare's question, “What's in a name?” as conveyed in Juliet's subsequent remarks, is, at least in some points of view, unsatisfactory; for placing aside all regard to beauty or euphony of sound, there is yet much either of good or evil connected with every name that rises to our lips or is silently repeated in our minds. There is, to a sensitive being, a pleasure or a pain connected with it, in which memory, experience, and association have wrapped it round. True, the pleasure or the pain may be of infinite and almost imperceptible minuteness, but it is nevertheless an atom in our emotional existence, and is added to the sum of our mental experiences. This is the case with the words used to designate the objects which surround us, but is more obvious with those applied to places which we have visited or known, and to persons whom we have encountered, or with whom we have been familiar. But the importance and significance of a name are most clearly appreciated and understood, when viewed with reference to the articulate sound by which we ourselves are called by our fellow men. This we will find, upon reflection, to be a very important part of ourselves, to be intimately united to our “dear perfection,” and to adhere to us with wonderful tenacity, so that it is difficult to throw it aside. At the same time it is well known that a man may be legally stripped of his name, that on a sufficient payment, he may be permitted to denude himself of a beggarly appellation and to clothe himself in one of aristrocratic splendour. Yet even after this has been formally accomplished, the savour of his rags will still, we opine, hang about him. The memory of his discarded title will still, ever and anon, come back upon him like vestiges of a state of former existence, and will probably produce a mental confusion bordering upon double consciousness. Nor does it seem wonderful that a man's name should stick very closely to him and be difficult of divorce, when it is remembered how intimately it has been connected with all his conscious states from his very baptism, and how he has come to associate it almost indissolubly with the first person singular, the Ego, simple and concrete. Firmly grafted, as a man's name is upon his belief in his own personal identity, and being almost the sole expression of personal identity, as it certainly is, to many of the uneducated masses of mankind; it is not wonderful that it should be a permanent and persistent fact, difficult to be got rid of. For amongst the most fundamental principles of mind, is the conviction, out of which all names have arisen, that a man continues to be always himself; that he is at any given moment the same person that he was the moment before, and that he has always been, since he came into existence. This belief is, in fact, the very essence of mind, and arises necessarily out of the succession of momentary conscious states; just as corporeal identity springs out of a succession of material atoms endowed with certain vital functions.
I.—Foreign Psychological Literature
Authors: Arlidge J. T.
Published: August 2008

The system of exchange with other journals has enabled us to increase the number of periodicals from which we may cull matter for these excerpta, and may hope to maintain and to increase their interest and usefulness among our readers. Moreover, we shall not restrict our choice of extracts to the contents of foreign journals only, but extend it also to essays, brief memoirs, and to the summaries of the contents of works of more considerable magnitude which come before us, with the intention of more fully representing the state of opinion and practice prevailing on the Continent and in America, with regard to whatever concerns the pathology and treatment of insanity and the management of asylums. And it is another portion of our design, when detailing the opinions and labours of our fellow-workers in psychiatry in other countries, as far as practicable, to form an estimate of them by the light of, and in comparison with, those of our own countrymen; in other words, to attempt a critical examination of their value and importance.
An Analytical Review of a Series of Cases of Insanity with Pregnancy
Authors: Bamford C. B.
Published: August 2008

It has generally been considered by obstetricians and psychiatrists that the insanity of pregnancy, in common with other forms of insanity associated with the reproductive function, offers a favourable prognosis from the point of view of complete mental recovery of the mother. This standard view is to be found in most text-books on midwifery and mental diseases.
An Attempt at a Physiological Interpretation of Obsessional Neurosis and Paranoia
Authors: Pavlov I. P.
Published: August 2008

The starting-point for a physiological understanding of the above-mentioned diseases consisted in some new laboratory facts obtained in the course of the study of conditioned reflexes in dogs.
Blood and Urine Chemistry During the Specific Dynamic Action of Glycine in Normal Subjects and in Schizophrenics
Authors: Reid Charles
Published: August 2008

It has been stated that in schizophrenia the usual specific dynamic action (S.D.A) of foodstuffs is not shown. In order to be certain that the S.D.A. of foodstuffs is less in schizophrenics than in normal subjects, it was considered desirable to attempt a form of examination in which information would be available not only concerning the rate of absorption of the ingested material, but also concerning the excretion of products of metabolism which would be increased during and after the period in which the S.D.A. was evident. Accordingly the results dealt with in this paper are based entirely on the findings of chemical changes in the blood and urine of the subjects investigated after administration of the selected agent.
Anxiety: Its Nature and Treatment
Authors: Harris Henry
Published: August 2008

In the psychological field, the two significant streams of thought are the Pavlovian and the Freudian, the physiological approach of Leningrad and the psycho-analytic approach of Vienna. It will be suggested here that they are not divergent streams as is often thought, but convergent, and that in the impact between them lies the more immediate future of psychology.
The Occupational Therapy Programme in the State of New York
Authors: Slagle Eleanor C.
Published: August 2008

Before proceeding with the subject of this paper, it is my very great privilege to extend to the distinguished members of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association the cordial greetings of my own Chief of Service, Dr. W. Parsons, the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, who has long held in high respect his European acquaintances in the field of psychiatry; in particular, those residing in the British Isles. For purpose of clarity it should be explained that the Department of Mental Hygiene is a branch of the State Government, and the Commissioner is charged with the execution of the laws relating to the custody, care and treatment of the insane, mental defectives and epileptics in all public and private licensed institutions.
Educational Principles in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Van Der Scheer W. M.
Published: August 2008

In the care and treatment of mental patients there has been great progress. In our fight against the disease, the psychosis, which disorganizes the higher mental functions, we have achieved numerous therapeutic successes. I need only mention malarial therapy in dementia paralytica, salvarsan and trypar-samide for cerebral syphilis, the treatment of the digestive organs in cases of toxæmic psychoses, the removal of focal infections in numerous cases of schizophrenic derangement, the somnifaine prolonged narcosis treatment in manic-depressive psychosis, non-specific stimulation in various other psychotic conditions. The great importance of underlying somatic causes and of a rational somatic therapy are fully recognized, and it remains the principal task of the psychiatrist to search for the causes of the psychoses and for the means of combating and preventing them.
The Amylolytic Power of the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid
Authors: Moulson Norman
Published: August 2008

Examinations of the cerebro-spinal fluid, with a view to determining its starch-splitting power, have been carried out with varying success for the past thirty years, but the results which have been recorded are meagre and unsatisfying.
An Investigation into the After-Histories of Discharged Mental Patients
Authors: Wootton L. H. , Armstrong R. W. , Lilley Dorothy
Published: August 2008

This is an investigation to ascertain the ultimate fate of certified patients who have been discharged from a mental hospital as “recovered” or “relieved”.
Depression: Normal and Abnormal
Authors: Eddison H. Wilfred
Published: August 2008

In a recent short paper an attempt was made to indicate what happens to the love-object in the manic phase of manic-depressive psychosis. Reference was made to the view that the depressed phase represents failure of adaptation, with introjection of the reproaches which are concerned with being cut off from loved ones and which were originally directed against the mother. The manic phase, it was suggested, represents an attempt at adjustment to reality, with externalization of the mother, not on to definite people, for the manic is incapable of transference, but on to others in general. This attempt at adjustment being unsuccessful, regression to the oral phase occurs again and the depressed phase returns.
The Syndrome of Neurotic Anxiety: The Somatic and Psychic Components of its Genesis and Therapy
Authors: Misch Walter
Published: August 2008

While the best accounts of anxiety appear in the French literature, which contains a number of monographs on anxiety (19, 23, 32, 34, 40), psychoanalysis regards anxiety as the primitive reaction of the pain principle, and deals with it in a fair proportion of its investigations.
The Fate of 150 Psychiatric Out-Patients
Authors: Skottowe Ian , Lockwood Madeline R.
Published: August 2008

This contribution is an attempt to express in numerical terms the value of out-patient consultation and treatment. The group of cases considered are the first 150 who presented themselves at the Psychiatric Out-Patient Department of the Swansea General Hospital, and they are consecutive and unselected. The period during which these cases came under observation for the first time extends from March, 1933, to October, 1934; and, in assessing results, the state of the patients is taken as at December 31, 1934.
Some Recent Investigations into the Hæmatology of the Psychoses
Authors: Beccle H. C.
Published: August 2008

For many years past, much research has been undertaken into the structure and functions of the blood-cell elements with a view to ascertaining whether there are any regular quantitative and qualitative changes in the cells, which would prove of diagnostic and prognostic value in the psychoses.
On the Value of the Rorschach Test
Authors: Guirdham Arthur
Published: August 2008

My aim in abstracting the material for this article from experiments with upwards of 350 subjects has been to offer a few additions to the deductions it is possible to make from the Rorschach test, and to criticize and evaluate its general aims. The number of subjects studied approached that from which Rorschach derived the conclusions embodied in his monograph Psychodiagnostik. Among these is a group of 100 normals, the investigation of which should afford an interesting combination with the findings obtained by P. E. Vernon from an equal number of similar subjects.
A Note on the Potential use of Temporary Treatment
Authors: Marshall J. K.
Published: August 2008

Since the passing of the Mental Treatment Act of 1930 the use made of Section 5, dealing with temporary treatment without certification, has varied considerably in different areas, and has, in general, been much less than had been hoped for. In a discussion of this section of the Act held at a quarterly meeting of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association on November 20, 1934, Sir Hubert Bond stated that, while in the opinion of the Board of Control temporary patients should form 15% of the admissions to a mental hospital, in 1933 the proportion of such patients to total admissions was 6·5% in registered hospitals and licensed houses, and only 1·8% in the public mental hospitals.
A Case of Capgras's Syndrome in the Male
Authors: Murray J. R.
Published: August 2008

It was in 1923 that J. Capgras (1) first described the syndrome of non-recognition which has since come to be associated with his name.
Narco-Analysis
Authors: Horsley J. S.
Published: August 2008

Narco-analysis is an eclectic technique based on the observation (6) that a combination of narcosis with psycho-therapy is quicker and sometimes more effective than the formal methods of analytical psychology. The earlier attempts of this kind were limited to the non-analytical methods of overt suggestion augmented by drugs.
Melancholia: Prognostic Study and Case-Material
Authors: Lewis Aubrey
Published: August 2008

I hope it will not be a waste of time to begin by seeing what can be meant by prognosis in this difficult kind of illness. Prognosis is often conceived as the natural history of disease—or the course it will follow if it is not interfered with. Treatment is valued for the good modification it produces in this “natural” course of events; it may hurry up the processes of recovery or it may bring about recovery that would not otherwise occur, or it may lessen the harm the disease does; in other words, the efficacy of treatment is assessed by the changes produced in the time the illness takes and the shape it takes. In the case of such a disease as malaria, this conception of prognosis, and this use of it for assessing treatment, can be demonstrated. In psychiatry, however, one is not as a rule dealing with parasites, bacteria, or other exogenous agents which live and exert their influence in a definite order of time and place. Causes of mental illness have no set sequence or constancy. Those external to the patient are as variable and manifold as the pattern of daily life around us, and those intrinsic in him are seldom capable of forcing their way and becoming manifest as illness, no matter what befalls the patient. They are for the most part dependent on circumstance, and of their particular transmission and manifestation we know little; we infer hereditary and constitutional causes with good grounds, but of the details of heredity in any of the individual forms of mental illness we cannot be sure. Consequently we cannot find now any accuracy of prognosis, in the sense of predictable sequence in an individual, based on comparable experience of many others; the variations will be too many; we may expect such accuracy when we know more of the nature and mode of transmission, and of the influence of external circumstances upon time and form and degree of manifestation of each kind of mental illness. Without accurate knowledge of how the causal and modifying factors act, prognosis must be uncertain to a greater extent than in many other illnesses. In medicine, it is true, prognosis can hardly ever be exact, but here it is more inexact than usual.
The Effect of Benzedrine on Depressive States
Authors: Guttmann E.
Published: August 2008

Dr. Tómasson's interesting remarks on the therapeutic effect of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs lead me to mention some experiments with benzedrine recently carried out at the Maudsley Hospital. These experiments primarily originated from different considerations. They were part of more extensive investigations into the connection between mental phenomena and blood-pressure and its fluctuations. Benzedrine seemed to be suitable for experimental alterations of the blood-pressure because its effect on arterial tension lies between that of adrenaline and ephedrine with regard to rapidity and intensity of action. Experiments on normal persons demonstrated a peculiar stimulating and euphorizing effect of the drug. The experimental subjects were selected as normal in regard to blood-pressure. They included several cases of mild depression. These also showed either a slight elation, or at least a decrease of their depression after the administration of the drug. This result encouraged further experiments on depressives of various kinds. These were always carried out in the following way: Patients whose mental state was well known and who had been constant for a period with regard to their blood-pressure were given at first small, and later slowly increasing doses of the drug. There were intervals without medication in which the subjects received inert tablets of the same appearance and taste as the benzedrine. The blood-pressure was taken several times daily.
Mental Deficiency and Manic-Depressive Insanity
Authors: Duncan A. Glen
Published: August 2008

The material on which this communication is based was obtained during a survey of all the patients in Severalls Mental Hospital, one of the objects of which was to obtain information about the incidence of the various types of mentally disordered and mentally defective patients. An account of this survey was published in the Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology for January, 1936. For the purpose of the present more detailed analysis of the results relating to manic-depressive insanity and mental deficiency, mental ability has been graded as (1) feeble-mindedness, including all patients certifiably defective, (2) dullness, i.e., subnormal ability without certifiable defect, (3) normal.
Irritability as a Symptom in the Manic-Depressive Psychoses
Authors: Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

The occurrence of irritability has been described in most text-books as a symptom in manic and depressive states. The causation of this symptom and the circumstances in which it is observed, have not received much close attention. Most authors put the states of irritability under the heading of mixed states. They cannot, however, be regarded as such in a strict sense, because the effect of irritability brings into the picture something new which cannot be derived from a mixture of the basal manic-depressive symptoms.
Simple Psychological Data in Melancholia
Authors: Guirdham Arthur
Published: August 2008

The material for this paper was obtained by using the Rorschach test. Purely as an introduction to this paper it may be said that the test differentiates individuals according to their preference for perceptions of form, colour and movement. This separation into categories is obtained by the exhibition to the patients of ink-blots of different colours and shapes. For details of the technique the best source of reference is Rorschach's Psychodiagnostik, though no English translation of the original German is available in print. For those unfamiliar with the test the articles of P. E. Vernon, McCalman, and the present author may be found useful.
Further Observations on Apraxia
Authors: Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

In dealing with the question of visual impairment in cases of so-called constructional apraxia in a previous paper, I had occasion to discuss arguments put forward by Erich Feuchtwanger, who had proposed to abandon the term “apraxia” for this condition and to call the disturbance “agnosia”. My conclusion was in favour of the original concept of Kleist, who had put the ailment among the apractic syndromes. This, however, makes a detailed analysis of the motor activities and their disturbance in constructional apraxia necessary in order to define its place among the known kinds of apraxia.
Some Problems of Pathogenesis in Schilder's Disease
Authors: Meyer Alfred , Pilkington Francis
Published: August 2008

Since we do not yet know the real nature of Schilder's disease nor see a direct way of investigating it, research on this problem can usefully be carried out in two ways: (1) careful description of cases in all possible clinical and pathological detail, and (2) broad comparative studies. That collection of further case-material is still useful was shown, we hope, in the description of a family by one of us (A. M.) in collaboration with Tennent (24). In this family there was a pronounced tendency to gastro-intestinal troubles preceding the nervous symptoms, and the same has been reported by Globus and Strauss (15), Globus (14), and F. Bielschowsky (2). Too much importance must not be attached to such findings, as the onset of the disease just as often follows measles, influenza and other acute infectious conditions; and there is the striking familial taint of tuberculosis in the families described by Symonds (45) and van Bogaert and Scholz (47), and atrophy of the suprarenals was associated with the disease in the latest case reported by R. Pfister (29). The great variety of such preceding illnesses makes us rather chary of regarding them as of direct ætiological or pathogenic significance. It is, on the other hand, of the greatest importance to keep such occurrences carefully in mind, because we do not know yet what common pathogenic factor may lie hidden behind these various initial symptoms. As regards gastro-intestinal troubles, their significance in various avitaminous and other deficiency conditions is generally known, and they have been a very obvious initial symptom in the demyelinizing disease of monkeys, the histopathological kinship of which to Schilder's disease has already been shown in A. Meyer and Tennent's paper, and which will be discussed later in this contribution. This kinship appears to us to be closer than was recognized by Schob (35), Spielmeyer (42), Scherer (33), and Davison (9).
Irritability as a Symptom in Manic-Depressives
Authors: Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

Irritability is used in this paper in its popular sense as “the quality or state of being easily annoyed or excited to anger”, according to the definition of the Oxford English Dictionary. I leave it an open question how far other meanings of the word—especially “the condition of being excessively or morbidly excitable by or sensitive to the application of an external stimulus”—have anything to do with the definition of irritability as an affective state. A detailed description of the specific emotional quality of irritability would be of little help to someone who had never experienced it. Irritability might be characterized by its accelerated time factor (in contrast, e.g., to sadness, with its slow time factor), by its tension and proneness to release in outward expressions, and by its unrest. But all such characteristics are only descriptions of the same happening looked at from different angles.
The Enumeration of the Blood-Platelets in Mental Disorders
Authors: Bruce D. K.
Published: August 2008

On looking through the literature relating to the blood-picture in various types of mental disorders, one finds that most workers have confined themselves to the red and white cells only. Relatively little attention has been given to the study of the third element of the blood, namely, the blood-platelet. It is now almost universally accepted that the blood-platelet is a constant element in normal blood, and it has been shown both clinically and experimentally that in health and in disease the platelets fluctuate independently of the red and white cells. In toxic conditions there is agreement that the platelets fall in the acute stages, and that during convalescence their numbers tend to increase, after which there is a gradual fall to the normal limits. This constant behaviour of the platelets has been observed in certain acute infectious diseases, in pneumonia and in typhoid fever. Certain writers think that the platelets have an important function in eliminating foreign bodies from the blood, or play some part in establishing a state of immunity to infection. This part played by the platelets in the sterility of the blood-stream suggests an explanation for the reduced numbers in acute infections. Diminution would be due to the using-up of the platelets in removing and destroying the infective agents or their products. The present work gives the results of an attempt to show that this same relation between the platelets and toxins also exists during certain phases of mental disorder and, in these particular cases, a toxin from a focus of infection can be assumed to be the causative agent in producing the psychosis.
Hypnosis in Mental Hospital Practice
Authors: Copeland C. L. , Kitching E. Howard
Published: August 2008

The Mental Treatment Act of 1930 has brought within the purview of the mental hospital that large class of psychoneurotic and “early psychotic” patients who formerly drifted despairingly in the wilderness between orthodox medicine and the quack. The purpose of this paper is to show how an attempt is being made in this hospital to deal with this heterogeneous class of patients by means of psychotherapy, carried out by the ordinary medical staff of the hospital, without interference with their routine duties.
An Undecided Compensation Claim Arising from the Suicide of a Voluntary Patient
Authors: Drury K. K. , Freer C. E. J.
Published: August 2008

The case reported here concerns the suicide of a voluntary patient and a subsequent claim for damages for “negligence, breach of contract and warranty”, which, after many delays, was struck out of the Assize List on account of the non-appearance of the plaintiff.
Some Observations on the Care of the Insane
Authors: McRae Douglas
Published: August 2008

My address to you to-day consists of observations on a number of subjects connected with the care of the insane, which may be of interest to you either because they are specially associated with Scottish administration, or because of their topicality at the present time.
The Relative Vascularity of Different Areas of the Mammalian Brain
Authors: Campbell A. Colin P.
Published: August 2008

Though many of the earlier workers made statements based on general impressions from injected preparations about the relative vascularity of different parts of the brain, only comparatively recently has an attempt been made to measure and express numerically the capillary development in different areas, by methods similar to those used by Krogh in studying the vascularity of muscle. Craigie has made an extensive study of the rat brain by such methods, Cobb, and Cobb and Talbot have investigated certain areas of the rabbit brain, and Dunning and Wolf certain parts of the nervous system of the cat. In the present paper a personal investigation (undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. Cobb) is reported, comparing the basal ganglia, cerebral and cerebellar cortex of the cat as regards capillary vascularity. The capillaries were demonstrated by Indian ink injection, and results expressed in millimetres of capillary per cubic millimetre of tissue. Substantiating observations were made on similar areas of monkey and human brains, but without attempting accurate measurement as in the cat material.
The Control of Dysentery by Prophylactic Inoculation
Authors: Paddle K. C. L.
Published: August 2008

The term “dysentery” in mental hospitals may be regarded as applicable to a clinical entity characterized by symptoms of abdominal pain, rise of temperature and passage of blood and mucus. The causative organisms are various, but that occurring most frequently and persistently is the Bacillus dysenteriæ of Flexner. This paper deals exclusively with this type of asylum dysentery.
Imagery and its Relations to Schizophrenic Symptoms
Authors: Cohen Louis H.
Published: August 2008

Of fundamental importance in the problem of symptom-formation in schizophrenia is the question of the relationship of given symptoms to specific aspects of the personality. The present paper bears on this question in that it is concerned with the investigation of the imagery of the schizophrenic, and the relationship of certain symptoms to specific imagery characteristics. More specifically stated, interest here is in the questions of (1) whether or not the imagery of schizophrenics is different from that of normal individuals, and of (2) the relationships of the imagery of schizophrenics to such symptoms as hallucinations, delusions, and activity disturbances. It is believed that these observations may serve the psychiatrist in understanding the nature of the schizophrenic process by its indication of the importance of imagery in schizophrenic symptom-formation.
Neurogenesis and the Development of “Synapses”, with Particular Reference to the Conditions inLepidosiren Paradoxa
Authors: Jones Tudor
Published: August 2008

Since the appearance of von Baer's work on animal development in 1828 (1), the mode of origin and development of the nerves has been continuously under discussion. A vast number of observations has been made concerning the visible evidences presented by fixed and sectioned material, and very many experiments have been performed to elucidate the nature of the processes at work. Yet no account of nerve development has so far received general assent, and for some time the advantages ensuing from the adoption of an agreed opinion appear to have been allowed to work in favour of its acceptance. These advantages have been found to be academic rather than real. While the formulation of hypotheses is not a proceeding which can be stigmatized as unscientific or unsound, in the absence of useful developments their retention discourages inquiry. This discouragement is the more likely to occur when, as in neurology, more than a century of effort by many workers has not succeeded in establishing beyond question facts which are of fundamental importance. It is a reason why the central problems of neurogenesis have come to occupy a field not wholly favourable to fruitful discussion.
Mental Testing in Male Adolescent Delinquents
Authors: Taylor F. H.
Published: August 2008

In this paper an account is given of the results of investigation of the use of the Columbian group test in a series of 10,000 male adolescent prisoners between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two years.
Histamine and Insulin in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Other Mental Diseases
Authors: Hill Horace
Published: August 2008

Early Work.

About twelve years ago, apart from mental work, I had occasion to use insulin to some considerable extent for the treatment of diabetes and the preparation of diabetic cases for operation, and acquaintance was thus made with hypoglycæmic shock. Most of us have had that experience. Insulin has been tried more recently in a large field, being used as a remedy in conditions of all sorts, even as a dressing for septic ulcers. But the writer's scope has been more confined, the extent being limited to mental cases.
The Range of Mental Reaction States Influenced by Cardiazol Convulsions
Authors: Cook L. C.
Published: August 2008

In a 15-minute contribution it is only possible to deal with a single aspect of cardiazol therapy. I am confining myself to some observations on the diversity of mental reactions influenced by cardiazol convulsions. My remarks are based on approximately 130 complete courses and a number of incomplete courses given at Bexley Hospital during the last 12 months.
Some Genetical Problems in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

The popular conception of mental defect is that it is a common abnormality of a kind fairly easy to understand and to study, and for whose ætiology simple rules can be laid down. Textbooks on general medicine usually dismiss the subject in a few paragraphs, and even those devoted to diseases of the mind rarely find room for more than one short chapter on mental defect.
Consanguinity and Mental Disorder
Authors: Munro T. A.
Published: August 2008

One difficulty which hinders the advance of psychiatry is that the facts of a mental disorder are not easy to describe and to record accurately. Many of the descriptive words used, such as “depression”, “confusion”, are taken from common speech and carry with them vague meanings. Out of sympathy with the sufferer, we tend to read our own emotions into the clinical picture. Moreover, because a disorder of thought and behaviour is a disorder of adaptation to living, the description of a mental disease involves not only the recording of the symptoms, but also a description of the circumstances and life-setting in which they occur. Another difficulty lies in the great variation in the clinical pictures of mental disorder. These vary so much that a diagnostic label such as affective psychosis or schizophrenia does not convey, and indeed is not intended to convey, an idea of a specific disease. These difficulties are somewhat more marked in the investigation of mental disorder in contrast to the investigation of mental defect. The statement that a patient is a Mongol or a cerebral diplegic conveys the idea of a fairly definite clinical syndrome, whereas a statement that a person suffers from schizophrenia calls up a much less clear mental picture. It seems that the only way out of this difficulty is to give a short statement of the clinical facts about each psychotic whom one discusses.
Analytic and Synthetic Processes in the Different Phases of Life
Authors: Van Der Hoop J. H.
Published: August 2008

The development of psycho-analysis can be considered as a reaction against an exaggeration of the synthetic point of view in suggestive psychotherapy and moral education. If the result should be that the synthetic point of view is considered unscientific in theory and arbitrary and bad technique in practice, this would mean another exaggeration. Even in psycho-analytic circles the problem of synthesis has arisen in relation with child-analysis and with influencing the super-ego.
Personal Studies in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Wittkower E.
Published: August 2008

Patients suffering from this disorder (ulcerative colitis) more frequently than usual refer its onset and relapses to “worry”, and frequently appear mentally abnormal even to the casual observer.
Open Clinic Treatment for Problems of Juvenile Behaviour
Authors: Wile Ira S.
Published: August 2008

An open clinic makes provision for the psychological treatment of children and parents in the presence of other parents and individuals.
Stage Fright and Neuroses in Professional Life
Authors: Völgyesi F.
Published: August 2008

Stage fright is according to our present nomenclature and present-day knowledge, a neurosis belonging to the group of diseases caused by a profession. It may be looked upon as the most classical, sovereign human neurosis. The phenomena of. stage fright demonstrate very well a long series of psycho-vegetative, psycho-organic and psycho-somatic reciprocal effects and correlations. Besides vasomotor, vagotonic and sympatheticotonic relations, serological and humoral alterations, there is also a radical change of matter and various peculiarities of the glandular function associated with this apparently innocuous kind of neurosis which is often treated so lightly. Stage fright as well as other occupational neuroses, oratorical troubles, the “esprit d'escalier”, aphasic disturbances in speaking, stuttering, stammering, etc., which were considered hitherto as “nervous”, “fictitious” functional diseases deprived of an organic basis, cause in every-day life grievous sufferings, and form cultural problems which are too grave to be overlooked.
Psychotherapy for Patients with Circulatory Diseases
Authors: Stokvis B.
Published: August 2008

Next to its physiological function, every organ of our body has still another function, a psychological one. Having mentioned the psychological significance of the circulatory apparatus in general, and the psycho-physiological and psycho-pathological significance of the heart, the author summarizes the results of investigations into the relationship between psychical processes and the vascular system of the heart with normal people and with patients both waking and in hypnosis. The structure of a man's personality and his temperamental qualities play a part in his susceptibility to the contents of psychical experiences and in his psycho-physiological way of reacting.
Psychotherapeutic Possibilities in Organic Disease
Authors: Annau D.
Published: August 2008

Two cases of severe organic disease were markedly benefited by psychotherapy.
Observations on Two Hundred Dartmoor Convicts
Authors: Landers John J.
Published: August 2008

Society's attitude towards those who commit crime is undergoing a fundamental change. Interest in criminals has changed from the moral and legal to the psychological and sociological aspects, with the result that the criminal to-day has acquired a new importance. In the old days the community set out to punish the criminal and did so with considerable severity. The Law still continues to keep as its first consideration the protection of the community, and the claims of society are considered greater than those of the individual. Nevertheless, intensive study of individual offenders is essential if we hope to be able to advise society as to the best methods of dealing with those members who will not or cannot obey its rules.