bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Ideal and Real Self-Concept on the Same Scale, Based on a Multifaceted, Hierarchical Model of Self-Concept
Authors: Waugh Russell F.
Published: July 2003

Self-concept was conceptualized as composed of three first-order facets, each with three second-order facets, with ideal and real aspects: academic self-concept (capability, achievement, and confidence), social self-concept (same-sex peer, opposite-sex peer, and family), and self-concept presentation of self (personal confidence, physical, and honest/trustworthy). Data from a convenience sample of 400 university students were analyzed with the extended logistic model of Rasch. The 45 real items, together with 21 ideal items (66 items), fit the model and formed a scale with valid and reliable ( r = .94) scores. The ideal items were all “easier” than their corresponding real items. This supported a multifaceted, hierarchical model of self-concept, with ideal and real aspects making an unequal contribution, as an ordered unidimensional latent trait.
Lonely but Not Alone: Emotional Isolation and Social Isolation as Two Distinct Dimensions of Loneliness in Older People
Authors: van Baarsen Berna , Snijders Tom A. B. , Smit Johannes H. , van Duijn Marijtje A. J.
Published: July 2003

The unidimensional nature of the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale is investigated. The internal properties of the scale scores were studied using item response theory, supplemented by an external validity study. In line with the theory of relational loneliness, the results stress the significance of distinguishing between emotional loneliness and social loneliness.
Select-and-Fill-in Concept Map Scores as a Measure of Students’ Connected Understanding of Science
Authors: Schau Candace , Mattern Nancy , Zeilik Michael , Teague Kathleen W. , Weber Robert J.
Published: July 2003

This article describes two related studies that began to explore the validity of scores from select-and-fill-in (SAFI) concept map assessments as measures of students’ connected understanding of science. Scores from SAFI maps created for this purpose and used with middle school students and undergraduate astronomy students possessed high internal consistency and exhibited large mean increases with increased domain exposure. SAFI scores were strongly related to scores from a standardized multiple-choice (MC) achievement measure for middle school students; work with individual students suggested that they used strategies requiring connected understanding to successfully complete the maps. SAFI scores from undergraduate students exhibited large relationships with scores from direct-instruction MC exams and scores from a relatedness ratings measure, taken together and separately. Results provide initial evidence of the validity of scores from SAFI maps as measures of connected understanding of science in middle school and undergraduate introductory science students.
Selecting Tomorrow’s Forensic Psychologists: a Fresh Look at Some Familiar Predictors
Authors: Fenster Abe , Markus Keith A. , Wiedemann Carl F. , Brackett Marc A. , Fernandez John
Published: July 2003

The present study examined the use of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE-Verbal and GRE-Quantitative) and undergraduate grade point average (UGPA) to predict long-term performance in an MA program in forensic psychology. The criterion measures were graduate grade point average (GGPA) and time to completion (TTC). Data were available for 206 graduates. Regression analysis indicated that a linear combination of GRE-V, GRE-Q, and UGPA correlated 0.63 with GGPA. Predictive efficiency was reduced by only 2% of the variance when GRE subscores are combined into a total score. The correlation with TTC was smaller ( R = 0.31) but nonetheless translated into meaningful differences in student performance. Most noteworthy, GRE scores and UGPA appear to predict better for forensic psychology than for social sciences in general.
The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , Mangione Salvatore , Nasca Thomas J. , Cohen Mitchell J. M. , Gonnella Joseph S. , Erdmann James B. , Veloski Jon , Magee Mike
Published: July 2003

The present study was designed to develop a brief instrument to measure empathy in health care providers in patient care situations. Three groups participated in the study: Group 1 consisted of 55 physicians, Group 2 was 41 internal medicine residents, and Group 3 was composed of 193 third-year medical students. A 90-item preliminary version of the Empathy scale was developed based on a review of the literature and distributed to Group 1 for feedback. After pilot testing, a revised and shortened 45-item version of the instrument was distributed to Groups 2 and 3. A final version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy containing 20 items based on statistical analyses was constructed. Psychometric findings provided support for the construct validity, criterion-related validity (convergent and discriminant), and internal consistency reliability (coefficient alpha) of the scale scores.
A Reliability Generalization Study of the Teacher Efficacy Scale and Related Instruments
Authors: Henson Robin K. , Kogan Lori R. , Vacha-Haase Tammi
Published: July 2003

Teacher efficacy has proven to be an important variable in teacher effectiveness. It is consistently related to positive teaching behaviors and student outcomes. However, the measurement of this construct is the subject of current debate, which includes critical examination of predominant instruments used to assess teacher efficacy. The present study extends this critical evaluation and examines sources of measurement error variance in the Teacher Efficacy Scale (TES), historically the most frequently used instrument in the area. Reliability generalization was used to characterize the typical score reliability for the TES and potential sources of measurement error variance across studies. Other related instruments were also examined as regards measurement integrity.
Computerized and Paper-and-Pencil Versions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: A Comparison of Psychometric Features and Respondent Preferences
Authors: Vispoel Walter P. , Boo Jaeyool , Bleiler Timothy
Published: July 2003

Although the use of computerized assessment tools in educational and psychological settings has increased dramatically in recent years, limited information is available about the properties of computerized self-concept measures. The authors evaluated the characteristics of computerized and paper-and-pencil versions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES)—one of the most widely used self-concept measures in educational and psychological research. Results showed that administration mode (computerized versus paper and pencil) had little effect on the psychometric properties of the SES (i.e., score magnitude, variability, and factor structure) but that the computerized version took longer and was preferred by examinees. With the exception of administration time, these results support the use of the computerized SES and its comparability to the paper-and-pencil version.
The Reliability and Validity of Rapid Automatized Naming Scoring Software Ratings for the Determination of Pause and Articulation Component Durations
Authors: Neuhaus Graham F. , Carlson Coleen D. , Jeng Weimin M. , Post Yolanda , Swank Paul R.
Published: July 2003

The reliability and validity of a time-domain, amplitude-based automatic Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) scoring software program were investigated in two studies. The software was designed to mark the articulations and pauses inherent in rapid-naming tasks. In Study 1, the RAN letters subtest digital wave files of 44 primary grade students were scored using the automatic scoring software program. The pause and articulation component durations were statistically compared to pause and articulation durations that had previously been manually scored. Software-scored pause and articulation component times were not found to be significantly different from the manually scored times. Ratings from both software-scored components demonstrated internal consistency and statistically significant correlations with the manually scored components. In Study 2, statistically significant correlations among the computer-scored RAN letters pause component, the RAN letters pause consistency, and concurrent reading ability of 144 second-, third-, and fourth-grade students were demonstrated.
Book Review
Authors: Graham James M.
Published: July 2003

The present book review of Statistics With Confidence is framed in terms of both the recent report of the APA Task Force on Statistical Inference and ongoing movements in the field. The review is structured in terms of two major issues: the interpretation of confidence intervals (null hypothesis significance testing [NHST] versus non-NHST) and the ethics of statistics.
Power and Sample Size for the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation Test of not Close Fit in Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Hancock Gregory R. , Freeman Mara J.
Published: July 2003

Targeted toward the applied modeler, this article provides select power and sample size tables and interpolation strategies associated with the root mean square error of approximation test of not close fit under standard assumed conditions. It is hoped that researchers conducting structural equation modeling will be better informed as to power limitations when testing a model given a particular available sample size or, better yet, that they will heed the sample size recommendations contained herein when planning their study to ensure the most accurate assessment of the degree of close fit between data and model.
Expectancies for Success as a Multidimensional Construct among Employed Adults
Authors: Ward Edward A.
Published: July 2003

The Generalized Expectancy for Success–Revised (GESS-R) scale was administered in the United States to 547 full-time employees. An exploratory factor analysis yielded four distinct factors. Scores on the four subscales were minimally related to demographics of the subjects and had adequate internal consistency. These results indicated that GESS-R scores measured a multidimensional construct when administered to the present sample of employed adults.
A Study Strategies Self-Efficacy Instrument for Use with Community College Students
Authors: Silver Bethany B. , Smith Everett V. , Greene Barbara A.
Published: July 2003

Theories of self-efficacy and self-regulation were used to examine scores from an instrument that measures self-efficacy for using self-regulatory study strategies. The authors investigated the dimensionality of responses to the Study Skills Self-Efficacy Scale using exploratory factor analysis and Rasch measurement. They also investigated the utility of the Rasch measures in differentiating between groups of students who report being academically successful or at risk. The participants were 550 social science students at a midsized northeastern community-technical college. Results indicated that responses define three related dimensions and that measures were able to differentiate between students reporting to be academically successful or at risk. Additional items need to be developed to increase measurement precision along various portions of the self-efficacy dimensions.
The Efficacy of two Improvement-Over-Chance Effect Sizes for Two-Group Univariate Comparisons under Variance Heterogeneity and Nonnormality
Authors: Hess Brian , Olejnik Stephen , Huberty Carl J
Published: July 2003

The efficacy of two improvement-over-chance or I effect sizes, derived from predictive discriminant analysis (PDA) and logistic regression analysis (LRA), was investigated for two-group univariate mean comparisons. Data were generated under selected levels of population separation, variance pattern, sample size, and distribution shape. Based on the accuracy of sample estimates, both I indices are acceptable under optimal conditions except when both population separation and sample size are small. Under variance heterogeneity and normality, I derived from LRA is acceptable if n sizes are equal. When n sizes are unequal, I derived from LRA is acceptable only if variance heterogeneity is moderate and population separation is not small. Under nonnormality, I derived from LRA is acceptable regardless of the variance pattern provided n sizes are equal. Finally, for greater precision, I derived from LRA should be used under large sample sizes.
Type I Error Rate and Power of Some Alternative Methods to the Independent Samples t Test
Authors: Nthangeni Mbulaheni , Algina James
Published: July 2003

Several tests exist for use in treatment-control studies in which a larger treatment mean may be accompanied by a larger treatment variance. Type I error rates and power were estimated for four of these tests and for the independent samples t test and the Welch test. Five factors were manipulated: heteroscedasticity, total sample size, sample size imbalance, distribution, and power. The test due to Brownie, Boos, and Hughes-Oliver may not control the Type I error rate when the data are skewed. Among the other tests, one due to Conover and Salsburg and one due to Johnson, Verrill, and Moore had the best power advantage when compared to the independent sample t test and the Welch test. In the Johnson et al. test, a parameter that strongly affects power is specified, and a poor choice can reduce power below that for the Conover and Salsburg test.
The Fifth edition of the Apa Publication Manual: Why its Statistics Recommendations are so Controversial
Authors: Fidler Fiona
Published: July 2003

The fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) draws on recommendations for improving statistical practices made by the APA Task Force on Statistical Inference (TFSI). The manual now acknowledges the controversy over null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and includes both a stronger recommendation to report effect sizes and a new recommendation to report confidence intervals. Drawing on interviews with some critics and other interested parties, the present review identifies a number of deficiencies in the new manual. These include lack of follow-through with appropriate explanations and examples of how to report statistics that are now recommended. At this stage, the discipline would be well served by a response to these criticisms and a debate over needed modifications.
Structural Models of Abilities Measured by the Ball Aptitude Battery
Authors: Tirre William C. , Field Kevin A.
Published: July 2003

The authors investigated the constructs underlying the Ball Aptitude Battery (BAB) in four studies. In Studies 1 through 3, a confirmatory factor-analytic approach was used to jointly analyze the BAB and three additional ability batteries, that is, the Comprehensive Ability Battery, the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), and the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB). In Study 4, the BAB data reported by Neuman, Bolin, and Briggs were reanalyzed. For each data set, the authors tested the fit of a nested hierarchical model. Goodness-of-fit indices suggested that the factor models were a good fit of the data for each sample. The factor structure remained largely consistent across samples, with differences primarily reflecting the composition of the particular ability subtests. Overall, g plays a significant but not dominant role in the BAB, which measures abilities needed for assessing person-job fit that are not measured by the ASVAB or GATB.
Revising the Jdi Work Satisfaction Subscale: Insights into Stress and Control
Authors: Stanton Jeffrey M. , Bachiochi Peter D. , Robie Chet , Perez Lisa M. , Smith Patricia C.
Published: July 2003

The Job Descriptive Index (JDI) is a widely used facet measure of job satisfaction that has undergone several revisions since its first publication in 1969. A revision in 1985 added items that, in subsequent research, appeared to tap work stress rather than work satisfaction. To illuminate the contaminating effect of these items, the authors analyzed two samples ( n = 1,623 and n = 314) that also contained test items hypothesized to tap job control. A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor solution and provided evidence supporting the removal of the contaminating items from the JDI. The presence of factorially complex items, however, indicated that some content overlap remains in the measure. Hierarchical regression results supported predictions about relationships between satisfaction, stress, and control. Results of the study have implications for development of occupational satisfaction measures and further refinement of stress, control, and satisfaction constructs.
Hierarchical Factor Analysis of the Quick Discrimination Index
Authors: Burkard Alan W. , Jones James A. , Johll Michael P.
Published: July 2003

Prior factor analytic studies of the Quick Discrimination Index (QDI) have used principal components factor analysis to develop and validate a three-factor structure with a racially heterogeneous sample. In this investigation, Study 1 explored the factor structure of the QDI with a sample of 428 White university students using a hierarchical factor analysis. The analysis showed that a structure with four first-order factors and one second-order factor was the best fit for the data. Study 2 tested the original three-factor structure and a higher order factor structure from Study 1 in a confirmatory factor analysis using a sample of 363 White students. The implications for interpretation and future research are discussed.
Correcting Effect Sizes for Score Reliability: A Reminder that Measurement and Substantive Issues are Linked Inextricably
Authors: Baugh Frank
Published: July 2003

The present article emphasizes that measurement issues must be explicitly considered even in studies that focus on substantive questions. First, dynamics associated with insufficient attention being paid to score reliabilities in substantive studies are discussed. Next, reasons to adjust effect size indices for score unreliability are presented. Finally, some procedures for adjusting effect sizes for score reliability are briefly reviewed.
A Factorial Analysis of Scales Measuring Competitiveness
Authors: Houston John M. , Mcintire Sandra A. , Kinnie Judy , Terry Christeine
Published: July 2003

This study examined the construct of competitiveness, which has been variously defined and operationalized by psychologists for more than 100 years, and its relation to other constructs. Four hypotheses regarding multidimensionality and related constructs were proposed and tested by administering 10 different paper-and-pencil measures to 140 undergraduate students. Two factor analyses (principal axis with varimax rotation) provided evidence of two factors that were labeled Self-Aggrandizement and Interpersonal Success. The results suggest that researchers should carefully define competitiveness and choose measures that reflect their own definition to improve interpretation of the results.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability Across: Studies a Meta-Analytic Reliability Generalization Study
Authors: Capraro Robert M. , Capraro Mary Margaret
Published: July 2003

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was submitted to a descriptive reliability generalization (RG) analysis to characterize the variability of measurement error in MBTI scores across administrations. In general, the MBTI and its scales yielded scores with strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability estimates, although variation was observed.
Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Barnes Laura L. B. , Harp Diane , Jung Woo Sik
Published: July 2003

A reliability generalization study for Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was conducted. A total of 816 research articles utilizing the STAI between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed and classified as having (a) ignored reliability (73%), (b) mentioned reliability or reported reliability coefficients from another source (21%), or (c) computed reliability for the data at hand (6%). Articles in medically oriented journals were shorter and somewhat less likely to mention or compute reliability than nonmedically oriented articles, perhaps due to paradigm differences. Average reliability coefficients were acceptable for both internal consistency and test-retest, but variation was present among the estimates. State test-retest coefficients were lower than internal consistency coefficients. Score variability was predictive of internal consistency reliability for scores on both scales. Other predictors were the age of research participants, the form of the STAI, and the type of research design.
Reliability Generalization: An Examination of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Nilsson Johanna E. , Schmidt Christa K. , Meek William D.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of the present study was to explore the variability in reliability scores on a commonly used career scale, the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (CDMSE). Reliability generalization was employed to identify typical score reliability, variability of score reliability, and variables explaining this variability. Forty-nine pieces of work were examined, and the results revealed that 41% of them reported score reliability of their own data. Of the five subscales, Problem Solving showed the lowest score reliability. In addition, higher score reliability was associated with age, sample racial/ethnic demographics, and standard deviation of total mean score.
Expanding Reliability Generalization Methods with KR-21 Estimates an RG Study of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Lane Ginny G. , White Amy E. , Henson Robin K.
Published: July 2003

A reliability generalization (RG) study was conducted on the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI) to (a) examine the variability of reliability estimates across studies and (b) identify study characteristics that may predict this variability. Typical RG methodology was extended by estimating internal consistency reliability with KR-21 in cases when authors did not report reliability for their obtained scores. Accordingly, the present study investigated the psychometric properties of the CSEI and serves as a model to extend typical RG methods in some cases when examining dichotomously scored instruments.
Variability and Prediction of Measurement Error in Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory Scores a Reliability Generalization Study
Authors: Henson Robin K. , Hwang Dae-Yeop
Published: July 2003

The Learning Style Inventory (LSI) is a commonly employed measure of learning styles based on Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model. Nevertheless, the psychometric soundness of LSI scores has historically been critiqued. The present article extends this critique by conducting a reliability generalization study across studies and versions of the test. Results indicated that internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities for LSI scores fluctuate considerably and contribute to deleterious cumulative measurement error. Reliability variation was predictable by test version and several study features.
Examining the Measurement Quality of Tests Containing Differentially Functioning Items: Do Biased Items Result in Poor Measurement?
Authors: Roznowski Mary , Reith Janet
Published: July 2003

This study investigated effects of retaining test items manifesting differential item functioning (DIF) on aspects of the measurement quality and validity of that test’s scores. DIF was evaluated using the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, which allows one to detect items that function differently in two groups of examinees at constant levels of the trait. Multiple composites of DIF-and non-DIF-containing items were created to examine the impact of DIF on the measurement, validity, and predictive relations involving those composites. Criteria used were the American College Testing composite, the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) verbal (SATV), quantitative (SATQ), composite (SATC), and grade point average rank percentile. Results indicate measurement quality of tests is not seriously degraded when items manifesting DIF are retained, even when number of items in the compared composites has been controlled. Implications of results are discussed within the framework of multiple determinants of item responses.
Confidence Intervals and F Tests for Intraclass Correlations Based on Three-Way Random Effects Models
Authors: Wong S. P. , Mcgraw Kenneth O.
Published: July 2003

This article gives equations for computing confidence interval estimates and conducting F tests for intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) defined using three-way random effects models for crossed and nested designs. The estimates and tests employ mean squares from analyses of variance. The equations are generalized so that data from an initial pilot study (G study) can be used to prophesy the confidence limits for ICCs in data with more or fewer factor levels. Equations also are included for determining the optimal number of factor levels to use in a design that will offer confidence of 1-[.alpha] that the population ICC is equal to or exceeds a fixed lower limit.
Iasga: A Sas Macro Program for Interrater Agreement Studies of Qualitative Data via a Generalizability Approach
Authors: Li Mao-Neng Fred , Lautenschlager Gary J.
Published: July 2003

This article describes a SAS MACRO for computing various indices of interrater agreement, including a new generalizability coefficient, for categorical data in a single-facet, crossed design.
Self-Concept of High School Students in China: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Longitudinal Data
Authors: Yeung Alexander Seeshing , Lee Frances Laimui
Published: July 2003

This study examined the factor structure of high school students’responses to the Verbal, Math, Academic, and General self-concept scales of the Self-Description Questionnaire-II (SDQ-II) administered in China at two time points. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that these students clearly distinguished the four scales. Math and Chinese self-concepts were positively correlated with Academic self-concept and with General self-concept. However, Math and Chinese self-concepts were negatively correlated with each other. The stability coefficients for each construct over time was high. The inclusion of Chinese and math achievement scores as well as teachers’ratings of general academic performance in CFA models further confirmed the validity of the multidimensional constructs by demonstrating a high correlation with each matching self-concept construct. All patterns of relations were replicated in a second collection of data 6 months later. The results support the multidimensionality and domain specificity of academic self-concepts found in Western countries.
The Development and Validation of the International Aids Questionnaire-Chinese Version (Iaq-C)
Authors: Davis Cindy , Tang Catherine So-Kum , Chan Shui-Fun Fiona , Noel Beth
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop and standardize an AIDS questionnaire for Chinese adolescents and to provide normative data on this instrument for use by clinicians, educators, and researchers. The International AIDS Questionnaire-Chinese Version (IAQ-C) was developed and tested with 1,667 Chinese adolescents and 277 Chinese university students in Hong Kong. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that four factors underlie the IAQ-C: transmission myths, attitudes, personal vulnerability, and facts. Confirmatory factor analysis on two independent samples then confirmed this four-factor structural model. The IAQ-C appears to yield valid and reliable scores measuring HIV and AIDS knowledge and attitudes among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong.
Conditions Affecting Integrity of a Factor Solution under Varying Degrees of Overextraction
Authors: Lawrence Frank R. , Hancock Gregory R.
Published: July 2003

Simulated data were employed to test the integrity of orthogonal factor solutions when varying sample size, factor pattern/structure coefficient magnitude, method of extraction (principal component vs. common factor), number of variables, number of factors, and degree of overextraction. Factor solutions’ integrity was operationalized by comparing sample factor/component patterns to known population factor patterns, from which measures of nonzero coefficient bias and variability, and zero coefficient bias and variability, were determined. Slopes of each of these measures across degrees of overextraction were determined and related to the experimental condition variables. Results showed that nonzero pattern/structure coefficients generally degrade with increased overextraction, with PCA coefficients exhibiting this property to a greater degree than CFA coefficients. With smaller sample size and small coefficient magnitude, the degradation was greater; with higher sample size and larger coefficients, coefficient degradation was usually not enough to yield incorrect factor/component structure interpretations.
Construct Validity of Attributional Style: Modeling Context-Dependent Item Sets in the Attributional Style Questionnaire
Authors: Higgins N. C. , Zumbo Bruno D. , Hay Jana L.
Published: July 2003

The format of the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) lends itself to a consideration of context-dependent item sets (CDIS) and a reevaluation of the factor structure of the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis of data from 1,346 ASQ respondents revealed that adequate fit was provided by a three-factor (locus, stability, globality) attributional style model that included CDIS. The findings demonstrated that CDIS introduced extra covariation in people’s responses to the ASQ events—covariation that has been accounted for in the past as person (latent) variables or not accounted for at all. The authors argue for the inclusion of CDIS in psychometric models of the ASQ and in models of other attributional style measures that have the same format as the ASQ. In addition, when measuring attributional style, one must account for the person in the situations that are relevant to the style—CDIS allow one to do so.
Reliability and Construct Validity of Scores on the Behavioral Competence Inventory: A Measure of Adaptive Functioning
Authors: Jarjoura David , Hartman-Stein Paula , Speight Joan , Reuter Jeanette
Published: July 2003

The present study examined the reliability and construct validity in an older adult population of scores on the Behavioral Competence Inventory (BCI), a seven-scale informant measure of adaptive functioning. Study participants included 149 older adults and their informants who participated in a neuropsychological assessment. Results indicated that scores on the seven scales showed adequate internal consistencies and represented seven overlapping but distinct constructs in this population. The BCI’s seven scales also discriminated among recommended levels of care. A statistically significant interaction between recommended level of care and current living situation (independent or with family) suggested that the BCI’s utility depends on context.
Meta-Analysis Calculations Based on Independent and Nonindependent Cases
Authors: Martinussen Monica , Bjørnstad Jan F.
Published: July 2003

Meta-analysis calculations, including both validity generalization and reliability generalization, are based on the assumption that the correlations or standardized mean differences are statistically independent. This assumption is frequently violated because studies often report more than one correlation or effect size based on the same sample. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of including nonindependent correlations in Hunter and Schmidt’s meta-analysis method on the estimated population standard deviation. First, the method for estimating the population standard deviation was examined and four new estimation methods were suggested and evaluated. The evaluation indicated that the Hunter and Schmidt method will underestimate the true population standard deviation, and the new methods were developed to correct for this. Second, a pseudo–Monte Carlo study consisting of 36 different simulated cases was conducted to illustrate the behavior of both the Hunter and Schmidt estimators and the new methods.
How Selective are Psychology Graduate Programs? the Effect of the Selection Ratio on Gre Score Validity
Authors: Chernyshenko Oleksandr S. , Ones Deniz S.
Published: July 2003

This study examined the selection ratio for 253 doctorate-level psychology programs. On average, the selection ratio for psychology Ph.D. programs was .11 ( SD = .12). This information was used to estimate the existing range restriction on General Record Examination (GRE) scores in validation studies. Results of the investigation showed the importance of correcting for range restriction in GRE validation research. The low selection ratio of graduate programs restricted the GRE variance in the validation sample, decreasing the observed mean correlations with graduate school performance criteria reported in the literature. Appropriate range restriction corrections were made using previous research data. Revised estimates of the GRE validity for predicting performance in psychology graduate programs were computed taking into account range restriction. Results showed that the GRE is a valid predictor of graduate school performance. We offer a GRE range restriction distribution that can be employed in future research on the validity of the GRE.
Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment: A Comparison of Two Scales
Authors: Kacmar K. Michele , Carlson Dawn S. , Brymer Robert A.
Published: July 2003

The structural properties of two measures of organizational commitment, the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire and the Organizational Commitment Scale, were examined to establish similarities and differences in the measures. Next, the antecedents of age, gender, marital status, leader-member exchange, and justice and the consequences of job satisfaction, life satisfaction, nonwork satisfaction, intent to turnover, and job involvement were examined in relation to each scale. Results indicated that the scales differed with respect to the components of commitment each measured and the strength of the relationships each had with the antecedents and consequences. Suggestions for when the use of each scale might be appropriate are provided.
A Community-Wide Intervention to Improve Pedestrian Safety
Authors: Boyce Thomas E. , Geller E. Scott
Published: July 2003

An A-B-A reversal design with a long-term follow-up evaluated a community-wide commitment and incentive program to improve pedestrian safety. The campaign encouraged residents of a college community to sign promise cards to use crosswalks when crossing campus roads and to yield to pedestrians in crosswalks when driving. Crosswalk use increased during a 6-week intervention period to 68% ( n = 1,718) from a baseline mean of 58% ( n = 2,038). Driver-yielding behavior significantly increased throughout the study, from a baseline mean of 23% ( n = 979) to a mean of 44% ( n = 272) for 2 weeks after the removal of intervention materials and termination of publicity. Observations of crosswalk use and yielding behavior 1 year after the intervention revealed that crosswalk use returned to near baseline levels (61%, n = 1,954), but driver-yielding behavior (53%, n = 602) remained high, substantially above the baseline. Recommendations for institutionalizing pedestrian safety campaigns are offered.
Complexity, Age, and Building Preference
Authors: Herzog Thomas R. , Shier Ronda L.
Published: July 2003

The authors explore the role of complexity in the relation between building age and preference. Age was assessed as a categorical (via stimulus selection) and a continuous (via ratings of 64 color slides of urban buildings) variable. In either case, the authors replicated earlier research in showing that modern buildings were preferred over older buildings when building maintenance was not controlled, but when it was controlled, the relation reversed, and the older buildings were better liked. However, when a composite-rating measure of complexity was introduced, a somewhat different pattern emerged. Complexity interacted with rated age. The nature of the interaction was that throughout most of the range of complexity scores, age was negatively related to preference, but at the higher end of the complexity range, there was no relation between age and preference. Other findings: Buildings with visible entrances were preferred to those without, and distant views were preferred over near views.
The Study of Environmental Beliefs by Facet Analysis
Authors: Hernández Bernardo , Suárez Ernesto , Martínez-Torvisco Juan , Hess Stephany
Published: July 2003

The relation between different levels of public concern about the environment and sociodemographic and behavioral variables are main issues in several recent investigations. Many of these are based on the idea that environmental interest is shaped by personal beliefs. However, the internal structure of those beliefs is not well understood. In this investigation, 3 studies ( N = 96; N = 397; N = 400) explored what different types of beliefs concerning people/environment relationships exist and how they are internally organized. Multidimensional techniques such as INDSCAL and facet theory were used to analyze the similarity structure of items asking for beliefs toward the environment. Three viewpoints were identified: ecocentric, anthropocentric, and beliefs based on an interest in material progress. Most participants reported an ecocentric belief. Results concerning the structural analyses are compatible with a strong relation between the anthropocentric and material progress approaches and with the assumption of independence of all 3 beliefs.
Spatial Factors Affecting Wayfinding and Orientation
Authors: Dogu Ufuk , Erkip Feyzan
Published: July 2003

Although wayfinding and orientation in complex buildings is an important criterion for environmental behavior, research on the subject remains limited and the issue is not considered sufficiently during the design process. This article examines the factors that affect wayfinding behavior of individuals in a shopping mall and explains how their behaviors are influenced by factors such as building configuration, visual accessibility, circulation systems, and signage. The case study conducted in a mall in Turkey draws a sample profile of Turkish society from a wayfinding point of view. The relation between wayfinding behavior and shopping activity is discussed. The results show that people did not find the signage system sufficient. Although they found the mall an easy setting from the wayfinding point of view, they still required better solutions to find specific destinations such as telephone booths, restrooms, or stores located in parts of the building that were not visually accessible.
Use of Knowledge and Heuristics for Wayfinding in an Artificial Environment
Authors: Murakoshi Shin , Kawai Miho
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to explore wayfinding behavior in an unfamiliar environment. The participants were 24 university freshmen. The main task was returning to the starting point after an 8-minute walk within complex buildings. The participants were encouraged to use the shortest path possible. A photo memory task, a route memory task, a pointing task and a sketch map of the route were also completed. Wayfinding performance was found to correlate with performances in the sketch map task and the pointing task, and with route scene memory. However, some participants who either drew incomplete sketch maps or had an inaccurate homing vector could also find their way with a minimum of errors. Their verbal explanations of their choices revealed that using route scenes, schema-like knowledge, environmental constraints, and information-seeking heuristics enabled them to find their way in the artificial environment.
Polar Bonds
Authors: Steel G. Daniel
Published: July 2003

Based on similarities between the concepts of place attachment and interpersonal relationships, these studies take as their starting points Sternberg’s (1988a) triangular theory of love and Walster and Walster’s (1978) passionate-to-companionate model of love’s stages. In Study 1, interviews were collected from sojourners to the Arctic and Antarctic. These interviews were assessed by judges for the amount of passion for, intimacy with, and commitment to the polar region. In Study 2, a self-report form was used to collect data from 30 Arctic sojourners regarding their feelings toward their polar work site. Results from Study 1 indicated that the passionate-to-companionate progression occurred in environmental relationships; Study 2 failed to confirm this finding. In Study 2, analysis of work site type indicated that field workers had the greatest degree of love for the Arctic. In both studies, analysis of the 3 dimensions indicated that environmental love is best viewed as a monolithic construct.
Satisfaction in a Dormitory Building
Authors: Kaya Naz , Erkip Feyzan
Published: July 2003

This article examines the effects of floor height on the perception of room size and crowding as an important aspect of satisfaction with a dormitory building. The analysis was carried out by means of a survey research designed for dormitory residents at Bilkent University, Ankara. Two 5-story dormitory buildings, one housing men and the other women, in which all rooms are of identical size and have equal density, were chosen for the survey. The highest (fifth) and the lowest (ground) floor were included in this research with a sample of an equal number of male and female students for each. As predicted, residents on the highest floor perceive their rooms as larger and feel less crowded than residents of the lowest floor. Overall, when the room is perceived as larger and the feeling of privacy in a room increases, the satisfaction with a dormitory room also increases.
Coping with add
Authors: Taylor Andrea Faber , Kuo Frances E. , Sullivan William C.
Published: July 2003

Attention Restoration Theory suggests that contact with nature supports attentional functioning, and a number of studies have found contact with everyday nature to be related to attention in adults. Is contact with everyday nature also related to the attentional functioning of children? This question was addressed through a study focusing on children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). This study examined the relationship between children’s nature exposure through leisure activities and their attentional functioning using both within and between-subjects comparisons. Parents were surveyed regarding their child’s attentional functioning after activities in several settings. Results indicate that children function better than usual after activities in green settings and that the “greener” a child’s play area, the less severe his or her attention deficit symptoms. Thus, contact with nature may support attentional functioning in a population of children who desperately need attentional support.
Technological Disasters in Natural and Built Environments
Authors: Levi Daniel , Kocher Sara , Aboud Roger
Published: July 2003

Although research has examined differences in people’s responses to natural versus technologically caused disasters, research has not examined the differences in people’s attitudes toward disasters in natural versus built environments. This study examined the effects of the type of environment and awareness of the problem on attitudes toward the cleanup of oil spills. The results showed that the type of environment did not affect ratings of the importance of the environmental problem or how it should be cleaned up. However, people were more concerned about the environmental and community impacts of the cleanup process in the built environment. Awareness of the problem was a more important factor than type of environment for understanding attitudes toward the oil spill cleanup. People who were more aware of the oil spills viewed the problems as more important and were more concerned that the environments be returned to their previous states.
Polar Moods
Authors: Steel G. Daniel
Published: July 2003

It has been suggested that personnel in isolated environments experience a drop in mood shortly after the midpoint of their stay. This drop, dubbed the “third-quarter phenomenon,” was investigated in two studies at a remote Antarctic base. Subjects in Study 1 completed 12 retrospective mood measures, based on Russell’s circumplex model of affect, one for each month of their year-long stay. In Study 2, subjects completed one mood scale for each of their 12 months’ deployment. The results of both studies indicate moderate empirical support for the existence of the third-quarter phenomenon, but certain dimensions of mood may be more susceptible to temporal effects. These results are discussed in light of the possible links between arousal and isolation, and implications for Antarctic crews are suggested.
Residential Density and Psychological Health among Children in Low-Income Families
Authors: Evans Gary W. , Saegert Susan , Harris Rebecca
Published: July 2003

The authors provide data on mental health sequelae of residential crowding among children, demonstrating significant associations between the number of persons per room and an index of psychological health. These relations are shown in two independent samples of urban and rural children living in poverty. The density–mental health link among the rural, low-income sample is qualified by a gender interaction indicating that boys are more vulnerable to negative outcomes. This interaction was not found among the smaller, inner-city sample. In both samples, children from higher density homes are less likely to persist in an achievement, problem-solving context. The authors did not find support for their hypothesis that learned helplessness would at least partially account for the relation between residential crowding and mental health among children.
Improving Environmental Behavior in Companies
Authors: Daamen Dancker D. L. , Staats Henk , Wilke Henk A. M. , Engelen Mirjam
Published: July 2003

Workshop managers in garages (N = 153) received a message by mail with recommendations on how their subordinates should behave to reduce oil pollution of wastewater. The recommendations were either tailored or not tailored to the current behavior routines in each specific workshop. Tailored messages resulted in more accurate knowledge (assessed 1 week postintervention) and in more pro-environmental behavior (assessed 3 months postintervention and compared to pretest data). Tailored messages were as effective with or without additional information on behavior routines in other garages. Compared to no message (control group, n = 60), the tailored messages resulted in more pro-environmental behavior. The nontailored messages were hardly more effective than no message. The nontailored messages remained as ineffective when readers were helped (via a routing procedure) to select those parts of the message relevant to their workshop. It is concluded that tailoring is a promising new approach when campaigning for pro-environmental behavior in organizations.
Old and New Ideas about the Environment and Science
Authors: Castro Paula , Lima Maria Luísa
Published: July 2003

Using the framework of social representations theory, this article examines predictors of two belief systems linking beliefs about the environment with beliefs about scientific knowledge. In a survey study with 460 Portuguese respondents, the following four hypotheses were tested: (a) New ecological beliefs were expected to receive higher levels of agreement than old anthropocentric ones, (b) social identities (not only objective positions) were expected to be important predictors of respondents’ beliefs, and (c) the explanatory power of social identity variables was expected to be higher for those beliefs receiving lower levels of agreement (d) and for respondents expressing coherent representations. Analyses reconstructed two belief systems: prudence, linking new ecological ideas with a relativist view of science, and confidence, linking old anthropocentric ideas with a positivist view of science. Results support the hypothesis and show that although these systems can be viewed as contradictory, some respondents manage to agree with both.