bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population Viability in the Presence and Absence of Cowbirds, Catastrophic Mortality, and Immigration
Authors: Arcese Peter , Marr Amy B
Published: November 2023

Isolation, catastrophic mortality, small average population size, and exposure to nonnative enemies all influence the dynamics of Mandarte Island song sparrows (see chapters 3-5). Several populations of song sparrows of concern to conservation also face similar threats (Chan and Arcese 2002), as do other small and isolated populations of vertebrates. In this chapter we describe a simple model to rank the potential influence of some of these factors on the expected size and viability of the Mandarte Island song sparrow population. Because catastrophic mortality events affect all ages of song sparrows on Mandarte Island, we expected that the frequency of catastrophes would have an overriding influence on population viability. We also expected that immigration to the island might occasionally rescue the population from extinction. Finally, because cowbirds reduced the reproductive rate of song sparrows on Mandarte Island, we expected their presence to reduce the average population size and increase the risk of extinction. Below, we begin by providing some background to demographic analysis and the assessment of potential threats in the context of population viability analysis (PYA). Whenever we try to conserve populations of plants or animals, questions naturally arise about the hierarchy of threats facing those populations, the alternative approaches to ameliorate those threats, and the likelihood that the amelioration of key threats will result in recovery (Beissinger 2002; Boyce 2002). Answering questions such as these requires that we understand the mechanisms of population growth and stability and their influence on population persistence. So far, however, few populations worldwide have been studied in sufficient detail to answer such questions with precision (Ludwig 1999; Beissinger 2002).
Gene Characterization
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Suppose that we have identified a locus as a likely causal gene for the disease under study, a candidate gene. There are now a number of things we might wish to learn about that gene, including:

whether in fact it is associated with the disease, after controlling for other risk factors such as ethnicity (see Chapter 9)

the spectrum of mutations that occur among cases, as well as any neutral polymorphisms that occur no more commonly among cases than among the general population

the biological effect of each mutation

the genetic relative risks and dominance associated with each polymorphism

the absolute age-specific penetrance function for each polymorphism

the population allele frequencies for the different polymorphisms

the molecular function of the gene
Tying It All Together: The Genetic Epidemiology Of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

This concluding chapter will illustrate the entire process of genetic epidemiology with the colorectal cancer story and show how the study of familial cancer sheds light on fundamental mechanistic processes. We begin with a historical perspective and insights from the descriptive epidemiology of familial and sporadic cancers and the role of nongenetic risk factors. We then explore the role of germline and somatic mutations in cancer, the two-hit hypothesis, and the different types of cancer genes that are involved. The two major forms of familial colorectal cancer—familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)—are then discussed separately, showing the role that familial aggregation, segregation, linkage, and association studies have played and discussing ongoing efforts to characterize the relevant genes. This section concludes with a discussion of apparently sporadic cancers and the role that other genes and complex pathways might play in some of them. Finally, we look ahead to the future and speculate on the potential impact of high-volume genotyping methods, gene expression arrays, DNA methylation, imprinting, and proteomics.
Aspects of the Low IP Area
Authors: Belletti Adriana
Published: November 2023

This chapter reconsiders and develops a proposal presented in Belletti (2001). The discussion that follows leaves the core insight of the original proposal essentially unchanged, although some aspects of the implementation are revised in a way that leads to changes in some areas; the overall empirical coverage of the proposal itself is also widened. Recent studies on the cartography of the left periphery of the clause, started with Rizzi (1997) and subsequent work (Poletto 2000; Beninca ‘ 2001; Beninca’ and Poletto [chapter 3 in this volume], and Poletto and Pollock [chapter 9 in this volume] and references cited therein), have come to the conclusion that the clause (IP, henceforth for simplicity) external area, traditionally labeled CP, is indeed a much richer and articulated space than traditionally assumed. Several dedicated positions split the single head C, including positions indicating the Force of the following clause and its Fin(itness). As extensively discussed in Rizzi (1997) and related work, between Force and Fin various other CP internal positions are identified: crucially a Focus position surrounded by (possibly iterated) Topic positions. Processes of Focalization and Topicalization are thus analyzed as involving movement of a phrase to the dedicated position in the left periphery. In this view, the different interpretations of the peripheral constituent, either as a topic or as a focus with respect to the following sentence, are automatic reflexes of the derived configuration.
On the Left Periphery of Some Romance Wh-Questions
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Pollock Jean-Yves
Published: November 2023

This chapter sketches out the fine structure of the left periphery of questions as it emerges from our ongoing research on French, Bellunese, and Italian wh-questions (see Pollock et al. 1999; Poletto and Pollock 1999, 2000; Pollock 2000). The two basic principles that have guided our inquiry are simply stated. The first is standard in comparative work in generative grammar; it claims that the considerable variation in spell-out sequences exhibited by the wh-configurations across (those three) languages is not random; rather, it can be profitably (re)analyzed as reflecting the interplay of the invariant structure of the complementizer domain (in Romance) and a small number of morphologically based differences that are part of the primary linguistic data to which the language learners are necessarily exposed.
A Most Important Form of Commerce: The Rise of the Cotton Kingdom
Authors: Deyle Steven
Published: November 2023

In the first two weeks of January 1832, an extraordinary debate over the future of slavery took place in the Virginia state legislature. Held in response to the Nat Turner rebellion of the previous August, this was the first and only time in the nineteenth century that a southern state openly considered abolishing the institution of chattel slavery. For many white Virginians, this most successful of all North American slave insurrections shook their confidence in the slave system and its presumption that their “people” were happy with their lot. Yet, slavery had been a part of their society for more than 200 years, and it defined their very way of life. This debate carried ramifications for the rest of the South as well, since Virginia was not only the oldest slave state but also the largest. In the end, the slaveholders in the state managed to thwart this challenge to their identity and their livelihood, but just barely, as the legislature came within fifteen votes of abolishing the institution.
Introduction
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

Loose talk about globalization seems to have spawned a new historical specialty, “global history,” and an interesting discussion among historians about its utility. A global historian keeps “a global vision,” specializing in a problem that can be “conceived globally” but investigated locally. According to historian Bruce Mazlish, there is no single global history but “many global experiences,” each of which merits its own history. Although not much of anything could have been globalized before about 1500, it seems clear enough that certain institutions have been globalized— that is, diffused around the globe—at different times at distinctive rates.
El Salvador: Distrustful Collaborator
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

Just as it did for the rest of Latin America, World War II forced an abrupt about-face in El Salvador’s military training and supply lines, with the United States replacing Europe. Gen. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, whose government declared war on Germany and Italy immediately after the United States did so, had already consolidated his dictatorship. Rolling back the modest social welfare legislation of the 1920s, he outlawed labor unions and all political parties but his own and imposed censorship while strengthening the power of the central government at the expense of the municipalities. Like his fellow dictator General Ubico in Guatemala, Hernández Martínez, an alumnus of Guatemala’s Escuela Politécnica Militar, was a pioneer in the technique of “disappearing” recalcitrant dissidents that South American military dictatorships would perfect in the 1970s.
Weighing the Evidence
Authors: Godbeer Richard
Published: November 2023

William Jones, Connecticut’s deputy-governor and a member of the special court appointed to deal with the witch accusations in Stamford and Compo, did not take his responsibilities lightly. There survives in the archives a memorandum in William Jones’s handwriting that summarizes carefully the established procedures for prosecuting an accused witch. It includes two sets of requirements: one for arresting and examining someone suspected of witchcraft, the other for convicting and hanging an indicted witch. Mister Jones most likely compiled this guide in preparation for the trials that would take place at the end of the summer in Fairfield. Like most other New England magistrates, William Jones had no legal training; he sat on the bench as a part-time public service, not as a full-time professional career. But he had devoted considerable time and energy to reading legal manuals and theological works that discussed the issues involved in witchcraft cases. He would now presumably compare the requirements for examination and conviction outlined in these texts with the evidence against Elizabeth Clawson and Mercy Disborough.
Tory Chancellor
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The two years which followed were the most unsettled and among the most uncomfortable of Churchill’s life. He lost his seat at the November 1922 general election. Only at the third attempt to get back to Parliament did he succeed, at the end of November 1924. The nervous strain was heightened by his feeling obliged to change parties again. He left the House of Commons as a Liberal and returned as a Constitutionalist: a Conservative who didn’t want to be taken as dyed-in-the-wool. That took a good deal of planning and explaining. To complete the tale of this accumulation of discomforts, they began with a serious operation and a prolonged convalescence. The operation was for appendicitis. When stomach pains began on 16 October, they were at first set down to gastroenteritis, but on the 17th appendicitis was diagnosed. Moved into a nursing home, he was operated upon on the evening of the 18th. Appendicitis then was a much more dangerous and painful matter than it has since become. Sulfphonamides and antibiotics were yet to be invented, anaesthetics were cruder, painkillers more primitive; the patient was expected to be incapacitated and at risk for many days, and frail for a long time thereafter.
Russia and Stalin
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The news of Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 came as a surprise to all Britons and a moral perplexity to some. There seemed to be advantage in the German military machine’s commitment on another front, but what if Germany were to defeat Russia and return with doubled strength to the assault on Britain? Hitler would not have launched the operation named Barbarossa had he not expected his armies to outclass Stalin’s, and the greater part of British military opinion reckoned that indeed they would. Churchill for many months feared that they might. The only sector of British opinion which knew exactly what to think about the prospect was the Communist Party. Since September 1939 it had denounced the war as a capitalists’ war. Its instant new line was that Britain should do all it could to help the Soviet Union. Non-Communists might come to the same conclusion, but some of them only with difficulty and embarrassment. Soviet Communism having been judged bad for so long, how could it so quickly become good? Churchill made his mind up at once. He distinguished between the Russian people and the Soviet regime. He had disliked what he persisted in calling Bolshevism as much as anyone and more than most. He had immensely resented the material aid that the Soviet Union had given to Germany over the past eighteen months, aid that among other things had rendered nugatory the British blockade. What made him ready now to rally to Russia, as he liked to call it, was above all his urgent desire to keep Hitler’s armies engaged.
Victory Overcast
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Events in Britain from May to July 1945 brought Churchill back with a bump from his global soaring. He had to give his mind to domestic matters which he had been glad to leave to others since the formation of his coalition five years before. The terms on which the coalition had been formed required it to come to an end with the achievement of victory in Europe; a commitment that Churchill confirmed when in October 1944 he proposed yet again the prolongation of the Parliament. With great issues of world order queuing up to be settled, victory over Japan still to be won, and in any case preferring to withhold from party what was meant for mankind, Churchill was far from eager to return to the ding-dong of ordinary parliamentary politics, but there was no avoiding it now. The Conservatives who had acclaimed him as leader in 1940 had no objection to being in a government labelled ‘National’ or ‘Coalition’ so long as they dominated it, but Labour unsurprisingly thought differently. The Labour Party’s annual conference was scheduled for mid May 1945, and although Clement Attlee and Ernest Bevin might personally have been willing to carry on in coalition for a bit longer, their party gave them no choice. It had long been looking forward to the return of peacetime politics and wanted to get on with them.
Summitry and the Bomb
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The general election of October 1951 brought the Conservatives back into power with a small but sufficient majority and with Churchill still at their head, determined, although now in his later seventies, to lead from the front. There were domestic crises to be dealt with immediately but, as soon as he could get clear of them, he turned with new energy to what had become the most intractable and momentous international problem of the age: the Soviet Union and the nuclear arms race. His trumpet-blast at Fulton, once the message had sunk in, had the effect of rearming the West, and he was proud to have figured so prominently in it. For a few years, western Europe had been able to begin to put itself into order again. Stalin showed no interest in extending his sphere of military influence beyond where it had reached in early 1948 (Czechoslovakia), but the language in which the Soviet Union conducted its external relations continued to be hostile; and the Berlin Blockade from June 1948 to May 1949 was an unmistakably hostile act of a carefully controlled kind. Churchill lost no sleep over the fact that the Americans had atomic bombs and were prepared in certain circumstances to use them. He even thought it might be helpful if they were used pre-emptively. Pending the West’s recovery of means of ‘conventional’ defence, the Bomb was presumed to warn Stalin off hostile gestures that could get out of control.
Return to Downing Street
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The later 1940s were good years for Churchill. Having, so to speak, won the war, he was free to help win the peace. The three campaigns that most obviously marked his doing that on the world stage—the European Movement, the rally to resist Soviet and Communist expansion, and the beginnings of nuclear arms control—have already been described. Now we must attend to his activities nearer home. The Conservative defeat in the 1945 Election turned out to be just what Clementine hoped it would be, a blessing in disguise. He was freed from the fears, demands and disappointments that had been his companions for the past five years: disasters reported, opportunities missed, demands that could not be met, inefficiencies and bungles more numerous than his minutes could correct, the sense of his beloved country’s resources in manpower and everything else being squeezed till the pips squeaked. That squeaking (far from stopping in August 1945, it went on remorselessly) now ceased to be his responsibility. He would observe the work of those whose responsibility it had become from the seat he had never occupied before, that of Leader of His Majesty’s Loyal Opposition. Beyond that, he was free to do what he wished.
Sunset and Nightfall
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Churchill’s family and friends experienced his second retirement from the Premiership as a rerun in slower motion of the first retirement ten years before. By now a great deal slower and frailer, he took longer to emerge from the initial period of depression and a kind of bewilderment; as in 1915 and again in 1945, everyone close to him could see, what he himself was all too aware of, that his mind and body worked together best when he was under pressure and in a state of permanent excitement and high tension. On the two previous occasions when he seemed to suffer from the release of pressure (he vividly likened it to what happened to a deep-sea creature brought suddenly to the surface), a high road to recovery had been the justification of the historical role he had just been playing and its publication at the earliest opportunity. In 1955, no such work of justification was called for. The only literary task remaining to be done was to finalise the draft of his A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. For that, and for a tired old man’s epilogue (drafted for him by one of his regular assistants and his private secretary) to The Second World War, done for a huge sum of money early in 1957, he had just enough vitality left. I The vitality was now flowing much less strongly than in 1945, and his family would have suffered sorely had this not been the case. The immediate prospect then was of a return to his earlier situation of having to live by his pen.
Assessment
Authors: Wahlgren Carol A , Metsger Linda , Brittain Charmaine
Published: November 2023

Assessment is an essential ingredient for appropriate and adequate intervention with families. The goal of assessment is to gather and analyze information that will support sound decision-making regarding the safety, permanency, and well-being of children and to determine appropriate services for the family. This chapter contains practical suggestions regarding how to approach assessment, including recommended issues to address and examples of key questions to ask in order to understand how to conduct comprehensive and accurate safety, risk, and family assessments. Information from this chapter should be used in tandem with that in chapter 5.
Child Development
Authors: Murphy Kimberlee C
Published: November 2023

In order to work effectively with families, you need to become well versed in child development. Every aspect of a worker’s job, from assessment to decision, is influenced by the needs of the child. When you are required to go into a family’s home to assess the safety of a child, you will need to understand the child’s developmental stage and how that stage may reduce or exacerbate current and future risk of maltreatment. When you are faced with the decision of whether to remove a child from a parent’s or caregiver’s home temporarily to assure child safety, you will need to weigh safety concerns against the potential consequences to the child of such removal. When you work toward helping a family assure child safety and well-being, you will need to assess and make efforts to meet any unmet needs related to the child’s level of development that may be contributing to the safety concerns. Finally, if you determine that a child must be removed from the home to assure safety, you will need to understand normal grief reactions and know how to help that child cope with separation and loss. Therefore, in order for you to work effectively with families and children, you will need to have a good working knowledge of child development.
The Hippocratic Oath and The Ethics of Medicine
Authors: Miles Steven H
Published: November 2023

This engaging book examines what the Hippocratic Oath meant to Greek physicians 2400 years ago, and reflects on its relevance to medical ethics today. Drawing on the writings of ancient physicians, Greek playwrights, and modern scholars, each chapter explores one of its passages and concludes with a modern case discussion. The Oath proposes principles governing the relationship between the physician and society and patients. It rules out the use of poison and a hazardous abortive technique. It defines integrity and discretion in physicians’ speech. The ancient Greek medical works written during the same period as the Oath reveal that Greek physicians understood that they had a duty to avoid medical errors and learn from bad outcomes. These works showed how and why to tell patients about their diseases and dire prognoses in order to develop a partnership for healing and to build the credibility of the profession. Miles uses these writings to illuminate the meaning of the Oath in its day and in so doing shows how, and why it remains a valuable guide to the ethical practice of medicine. This is a book for anyone who loves medicine and is concerned about the ethics and history of this profession.
Abortion
Authors: Milees Steven H
Published: November 2023

Opponents of medical abortion cite this passage from the Oath as evidence that medical ethics has disavowed abortion since the inception of the profession. Excepting Jansen, contemporary bioethicists largely accept an interpretation of the Oath that opposes abortionsz. Verhey claims that the Oath marks an ethical turning point in medicine: “For centuries before the Oath, ancient physicians had provided poison for those whom they could not heal, had counted abortifacents among the tools of their trade, and had been disposed to the use of the knife instead of the less invasive use of dietetics and pharmacology.” The National Catholic Bioethics Center’s “Restatement of the Oath of Hippocrates, circa 400 B.C.” amends these words to read: “I will maintain the utmost respect for every human life from fertilization to natural death and reject abortion that deliberately takes a unique human life.” The medical ethics of abortion in ancient Greece and the meaning of this passage from the Oath are not so clear.
Consent and Truth-Telling
Authors: Milees Steven H
Published: November 2023

This passage contains two elements, a shift of scene (“Into as many houses as I may enter”), and a statement of the purpose of the clinical encounter (“I will go for the benefit of the ill”). As noted in the introduction to Part II, “I enter” is the only time that the Oath uses verbs that are not part of a moral vow or assessments; as such, this verb signals a shift in moral sphere, specifically to the house.

This entering of the house appears to represent the physician’s movement into the private and personal sphere of the patient and his or her family. Three lines of evidence support this reading. First, the Oath uses the feminine form of the word for house, oikia. Some scholars believe that the masculine form had a narrower connotation, referring simply to a dwelling structure.
Exploiting Patients
Authors: Miles Steven H
Published: November 2023

Medical ethicists simply accept the latter part of this passage as a disavowal of sexual relations with patients. There is little scholarship on what this pledge might have been saying in its own time. It exceeded the standard set by Athenian law, which is not known to have forbidden voluntary sexual relations between physicians and patients or members of a patient’s household. The passage did not give latitude to consensual or purchased sexual services. The rigor of this vow may have partly reflected the fact that a guardian or head of household who hired out the services of a free woman, girl, or boy for sexual purposes could be charged with prostitution, a potentially capital offence. Thus, the allegation that a head of household had bartered a household member’s sexual services for a physician’s services would be dangerous indeed.
Tissue Banking-Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Anderson Martha W , Bottenfield Scott
Published: November 2023

How did tissue banking grow from a cottage industry to a multimillion dollar multinational enterprise? It is difficult to determine which was the chicken and which the egg: Did increased tissue availability spur expanded clinical use or did clinical demand promote increased procurement? What is clear is that as demand has grown, tissue banking has changed dramatically. Coupled with changes within the industry has been a growing interest from the government, media, and general public in tissue banking practices. This increased scrutiny has caused many tissue banks to reevaluate their practices in order to best assure their ability to serve their stake holders, and ultimately, their very survival.
Evidence-Based Practice Manual: Research and Outcome Measures in Health and Human Services
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The Evidence-Based Practice Manual includes 104 original chapters, each specially written by the most prominent and experienced medical, public health, psychology, social work, criminal justice, and public policy practitioners, researchers, and professors in the United States and Canada. This book is specifically designed with practitioners in mind, providing at-a-glance overviews and direct application chapters. This is the only interdisciplinary volume available for locating and applying evidence-based assessment measures, treatment plans, and interventions. Particular attention has been given to providing practice guidelines and exemplars of evidence-based practice and practice-based research. The Evidence-Based Practice Manual emphasizes and summarizes key elements, issues, concepts, and how-to approaches in the development and application of evidence-based practice. Discussions include program evaluation, quality and operational improvement strategies, research grant applications, validating measurement tools, and utilizing statistical procedures. Concise summaries of the substantive evidence gained from methodologically rigorous quantitative and qualitative research provide make this is an accessible resource for a broad range of practitioners facing the mandate of evidence-based practice in the health and human services.
Overview Of Evidencebased Practice
Authors: Rosenthal Richard N
Published: November 2023

In the good old days clinicians defined best practices from the guild’s platform, and then the public tacitly accepted them. When the doctor ordered something, it was accepted as correct; if a specialist offered it, it was implicitly accepted as the best approach (Kramer, Glazer, 2001). Without detracting from the role of clinical experience and mentoring for the honing of clinical judgement in trainees, today’s Dr. Welby is faced with the unlikely proposition of having to read an estimated 19 articles a day in his or her field just to keep up with the advances in clinical research. As such, without higher-level strategies to organize and evaluate qualitatively the increasing torrent of information, the knowledge base of any clinician is likely to drift away from the center or be doomed to become ever more specialized and restricted over time. Although there is a clear place for individual expertise, it has become apparent that expert intuitions and opinions are not necessarily correspondent with the results of systematic reviews of high quality research. Even the most experienced clinicians need help from reliable studies and other sources of statistical data in order to complement their clinical experience with accurate estimates of benefit and harm (Donald, 2002). Given the rapid pace with which practice is evolving, “without current best evidence, practice risks becoming rapidly out of date, to the detriment of patients” (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, Haynes,, Richardson, 1996).
Methodological, Practical, And Ethical Challengestoinne City Health Research
Authors: Hwang Stephen W
Published: November 2023

Population growth is increasingly concentrated in metropolitan centers, with more than half the world’s population expected to be living in cities by the year 2008 (United Nations Human Settlements Programme, n.d.). These large urban centers often consist of geographic communities that span a broad range of social and demographic characteristics, from neighborhoods of affluence and prosperity to those of severe and concentrated poverty. In the latter, sometimes referred to as the inner city, residents contend with distinctive environmental, social, and health problems.
Evidence-Based Treatments For Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Deciding What Treatment Method Works for Whom?
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S , Schwartz Stefanie A
Published: November 2023

Effective treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be divided into two broad categories: biological and cognitive-behavioral. Biological treatments include pharmacotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRis) and neurosurgery. Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) includes exposure, response prevention, and cognitive therapy. These procedures can be delivered on an individual, group, or inpatient basis. Moreover, the frequency of therapy sessions may vary from weekly to daily. We begin this chapter with a brief description of the strengths and limitations of the principal treatment approaches. Next, we review the factors to be considered in deciding which treatment may be most beneficial for a given patient (Table 28.1). A brief discussion of decision factors that are less specific to OCD patients is followed by a more extensive examination of factors specifically related to OCD.
Evidence-Based Couples Therapy With Depressed Clients
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Evidence-based involves a process of comprehensively gathering and then synthesizing treatment outcome studies in a particular problem area or with a certain population in order to find the treatment with the best available empirical support. A second aspect to evidence-based practice involves the quantitative assessment and evaluation of the individual client’s progress in response to the treatment chosen (Cournoyer, Powers, 2002). Following an evidence-based approach, this chapter explores the treatments designed and tested for patients whose depression and marital problems co-occur. Available outcome studies are reviewed, and cognitivebehavioral marital therapy is presented, along with a case illustration.1 According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2001), in any 1-year period, almost a tenth (9.5%) of the U.S. population, translating into 18.8 million adults, experience depression. Depression is often associated with marital problems (Beach, Fincham,, Katz, 1998; O’Leary, Christian,, Mendell, 1994; Weissman, 1987). Indeed, a review of the literature indicates that 40% to 50% of individuals suffering with depression also present with significant marital discord (Prince, Jacobson, 1995). The relationship seems to be reciprocal in nature in that marital problems can lead to depression (Beach, Harwood, Horan, et al., 1995, cited in Beach et al., 1998; Fincham, Beach, Harold,, Osborne, 1997) and depression can result in marital problems (Prince, Jacobson, 1995).
Psychosocial Measures For Asian Pacific Americans
Authors: Yoshioka Marianne R , Shibusawa Tazuko
Published: November 2023

Asian Pacific Americans (APAs) are one of the fastest growing minority groups in the United States. According to the 2000 census, there are approximately 12.5 million APAs, who constitute 4.5 percent of the U.S. population. In 2020 this number is expected to increase to 6% (Lai, Arguelles, 2003). APAs are a diverse population embracing approximately 50 ethnic groups (Chun, Enomoto,, Sue, 1996) and several religions, including Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. These ethnic groups are often categorized within four large subgroups: East Asians (e.g., Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese); South Asians (e.g., Indians and Pakistanis); Southeast Asians (e.g., Vietnamese and Cambodians); and Pacific Islanders (e.g., native Hawaiian and Samoans). Currently, 15% of APAs identify as multiracial (Lai, Arguelles, 2003).
Crisis assessment measures and tools
Authors: Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

Throughout society, individuals, couples, and families are confronted with acute and situational crises. Millions of individuals and families encounter stressful life events and traumatic events. A growing number of these people are unable to cope with the traumatic event or accumulation of stressors and perceive themselves as being in a crisis state. The most important first step in crisis intervention is a lethality and biopsychosocial assessment. Crisis intervention with persons in acute crisis must begin with a rapid and accurate assessment of lethality (i.e., level of suicide or homicide risk). This assessment should focus on affective reactions (i.e., anger, fear, sadness); cognitive perceptions (i.e., emotions and feelings, relationship losses); and behavioral actions (e.g., avoidance, immobility, drug abuse). Crisis assessment can provide necessary information to behavioral clinicians on the client’s immediate needs. Accurate assessment requires the ability to gather information for rapid assessment in a manner that assures the individual that he or she has made the right decision and is in exactly the right place. Skilled clinicians working to complete an initial assessment are also establishing and building rapport while trying to bolster hope and confidence in the individual caller.
Development Of The Fatherhood Scale
Authors: Dick Gary L
Published: November 2023

Fatherhood is evolving, and how a man is expected to act as a father has changed dramatically over time (Cabrera, Tamis-Lemonda, Bradley, Hofferth,, Lamb, 2000; Frank, 1998; Griswold, 1993; Lamb, 2000). Historically, in the broadest and most generalized conceptualization of fatherhood, the role of the father has evolved from the moral and stern patriarch of colonial days to the playful, nurturing, and involved father of today (Pleck, Pleck, 1997). However, these broad conceptualizations of fatherhood fail to take into consideration the various types of father involvement, which are influenced by ethnicity, race, geographic region, economics, and culture. Fathers play out different roles in different social contexts, and what constitutes the good father varies greatly between cultures (Lamb, 1997). In addition to refining ideal conceptualizations of the father role, it is also important to examine negative paternal involvement. Not all fathers today are good providers; some are cold, distant, abusive, and emotionally detached from their children. The paternal bond a father has with his child and the child’s perception of the father’s emotional availability, especially with adults, has long been overlooked as an aspect of fatherhood. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the patterns of fatherhood, which has led to an increase in the development of programs and services for fathers (Fagan, 2002).
The Seven Secrets Of A Successful Veteran Evaluator
Authors: Mcneece C Aaron
Published: November 2023

How do we know whether or not a program works, under certain conditions? Planning and implementing systematic program evaluations is the answer. According to one leading text (Royse, Thyer, Padgett,, Logan, 2001), program evaluation is “applied research used as a part of the managerial process” (p. 11). It is a formalized step-by-step strategy to assess an agency’s effort, measure a program’s effectiveness in reaching its goals, or compare the relative efficiency of two or more programs in the use of resources (Tripodi, 1983). Practitioners and administrators use program evaluations to assess client progress, to make decisions about agency operations and program changes, and to measure costs and outcomes of a program. That is the technical side of program evaluation.
Needs Assessments: A Step-By-Step Approach
Authors: Leigh Douglas
Published: November 2023

Public and private sector organizations alike are increasingly aware of the usefulness of collecting data regarding their effectiveness, not only after program implementation through evaluation but also as part of organizational planning initiatives. Needs assessment provides a means for providing clear direction in selecting the right solutions to the challenges and opportunities at hand, while building shared commitment to an organization’s future direction. It is a formal process that identifies needs as gaps in results between what is and what should be, prioritizes those needs on the basis of the costs and benefits of closing versus ignoring those gaps in results, and selects the needs to be reduced and eliminated (Kaufman, Oakley-Browne, Watkins,, Leigh, 2003). Needs assessment is not a technique that identifies only the current situation of an organization without also identifying what should be (Kaufman, Watkins, 1999). Doing so tends to justify preferred solutions and initiatives simply because they are popular or have been the methods of choice in the past. In addition, needs assessment is not a wishes, wants, demand, or market analysis (Watkins, Leigh, 2001).
Program Evaluation: This Is Rocket Science
Authors: Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

How could the space shuttle Challenger catastrophe and the deaths of all crew members have been prevented? How safe is health care? Can medical errors be prevented? Can process measurement and effective quality programming prevent unnecessary fatalities? This chapter examines processes associated with estimation of safety in arenas where minimal tolerance exists for error. Process measurement and evaluation is recommended as a tool to contribute to reduction of critical errors. The space shuttle program was begun in the early 1970s with the concept of creating reusable craft for transporting people and cargo into space. When the first shuttle, Columbia, was launched in 1981, it represented the realization of a new era of reusable spacecraft. One year following the introduction of Columbia, the space shuttle Challenger rolled off the assembly line as the second of the new U.S. fleet of reusable spacecraft. Two others were to follow: Discovery in 1983 and Atlantis in 1985.
Qualitative Evaluation Application Of Reflective Practice In Direct Care Settings
Authors: Shaw Ian
Published: November 2023

I am no longer sure that it is worth expending too much effort on trying to agree on what we mean by qualitative evaluation. The diversity and lack of realistic shared expectations about evaluation frustrated the late Lee Cronbach and his colleagues quite some time ago. They were only slightly exaggerating when they remarked that If any single intellectual sin is responsible for the present chaos, it is the readiness to make general assertions that supposedly apply to all evaluations. (Cronbach et al., 1980, p. 51) I suspect they were right when they argued that “a theory of evaluation must be as much a theory of political interaction as it is a theory of how knowledge is constructed.” Within this climate, evaluation’s “role is not to produce authoritative truths but to clarify, to document, to raise new questions, to create new perceptions” (pp. 52-53). In carrying this out, the boundaries between research and evaluation are none too clear. Cronbach had himself previously espoused a distinction between conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented research, with evaluation falling in the latter category, but came to reject that as overly simple in that evaluation rarely enables a direct decision.
Developing Treatment Programs For Drug Courts And Evaluating Effectiveness
Authors: McCarthy Sherri , Waters Thomas Franklin
Published: November 2023

Court-mandated treatment delivered through drug court models is a natural venue for practice-based research. The data already routinely collected by criminal justice agencies and the behavioral control exerted by court sanctions simplify the research process while creating special challenges for therapists. According to DeAngelis (2001), psychologists have vastly underestimated the impact we can have in the area of substance abuse treatment. As rehabilitative measures such as drug courts are implemented by court systems internationally, this statement appears well-founded. There is a need for trained substance abuse counselors who can work within court systems. This is an important area for forensic psychologists to familiarize themselves with, especially in rural areas. Drug courts are effective models for delivering treatment for substance abuse and are also appropriate venues for practice-based research. Psychologists should be involved not only in delivering treatment but also in planning and evaluation of drug court models. Each drug court will have unique needs based on location, agency, and clients that must be considered in planning. For evaluation of success, a phenomenological approach to research that combines quantitative and qualitative data is optimum. This chapter provides a historical overview of drug courts in the United States and offers suggestions and guidelines to psychologists involved in planning, delivering, and evaluating treatment in drug courts. Two examples of planning, one of a juvenile drug court and one of a DUI court, are provided for consideration.
Framework For Institutionalizing Quality Assurance
Authors: Silimperi Diana R
Published: November 2023

The quest for quality of health care services has become a focal point for many health care systems, fueled in part by growing costs of medical care, concerns about medical safety, issues of choice and access to services for different population groups, and patient satisfaction. No longer is there a need to convince policymakers and health professionals about the importance of quality health care. In fact, in some developing countries, health sector reforms are mandating measures to improve the quality of health care through performance contracts that include patient satisfaction and quality measurements, or regulatory mechanisms such as accreditation (Pan American Health Organization and Quality Assurance Project (draft 2003). Our experience in a wide range of health care organizations and countries has often shown that the critical question is not so much a technical one-how to do quality improvement activities-but rather how to establish and maintain quality assurance (QA) as an integral, sustainable part of a health care practice or system.
The Biology of Human Survival
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

The range of environments in which people can survive is extensive, yet most of the natural world cannot support human life. The Biology of Human Survival identifies the key determinants of life or death in extreme environments from a physiologist’s perspective, integrating modern concepts of stress, tolerance, and adaptation into explanations of life under Nature’s most austere conditions. The book examines how individuals survive when faced with extremes of immersion, heat, cold or altitude, emphasising the body’s recognition of stress and the brain’s role in optimising physiological function in order to provide time to escape or to adapt. In illustrating how human biology adapts to extremes, the book also explains how we learn to cope by blending behaviour and biology, first by trial and error, then by rigorous scientific observation, and finally by technological innovation. The book describes life-support technology and how it enables humans to enter once unendurable realms from the depths of the ocean to the upper reaches of the atmosphere and beyond. Finally, it explores the role that advanced technology might play in special environments of the future, such as long journeys into space.
Life and Death on the Crystal Desert
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

The Earth’s most forbidding terrestrial climate, the southernmost continent of Antarctica, is so cold that its winter temperatures do not differ substantially from those on the surface of Mars. On the Antarctic plateau, the elevation averages 2300 meters (7500 feet), and gravitational katabatic winds whip strongly across the ice. The barometric pressure is lower than expected from the altitude on the plateau; effective altitude is 300 meters higher than true altitude and averages almost 2700 meters (9000 feet). Some regions receive less than two inches of snowfall per year, yet the ice sheet averages more than a mile (2 km) deep and pushes the land below sea level. Antarctica is the highest, coldest, driest, and windiest continent. It is also the world’s fifth-largest continent, larger than Europe and Australia and one-and-a-half times the area of the United States (see Fig. 8.1). Most of the continent is technically a desert, even though it contains 70% of the fresh water and 90% of the ice on Earth.
Air as Good as We Deserve
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A
Published: November 2023

The evolution of advanced forms of animal life on Earth would not have been possible without molecular oxygen (O2), but too much of it is toxic to virtually all cells and organisms. Oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium. It is formed at the heart of stars by the fusion of helium with carbon. More than 90% of the known universe is made up of hydrogen, whereas the other four major molecular building blocks of life, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, collectively account for less than a quarter of 1% of its composition. The abundance of hydrogen implies that the cooler spots in the universe are, in chemical terms, reducing environments. This means chemical energy is exchanged primarily by reactions that transfer electrons from hydrogen to suitable acceptors, such as carbon and nitrogen. These reductive processes are responsible for the production of many common, simple compounds in the universe, such as methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3). This condition was certainly the case on Earth for billions of years, until photosynthesis appeared, which led to the generation of most of the O2 present in the atmosphere today (Gilbert, 1996).