bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytotoxic activity of aqueous extracts of ruderal plants and its potential application to tomato crop
Authors: Miranda-Arámbula Mariana , Reyes-Chilpa Ricardo , Anaya L. Ana L.
Published: May 2021

Background: The application of synthetic pesticides to the tomato crop ( Solanum lycopersicum -Solanaceae-) increases fruit production, but also carries risks for the environment, human and animal health.
Hypothesis: local ruderal plant extracts could be an alternative for weed control, with potential applications in agroecology and organic agriculture.
Methods: Organic and aqueous extracts (1 and 10% w/v) were prepared with the fresh (FAE) and dry (DAE) aerial parts of five ruderal species from Tlaxcala, Mexico: Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae), Baccharis salicifolia Pers. (Asteraceae), Lepidium virginicum L. (Brassicaceae), Leucena leucocephala S. Zárate (Fabaceae) and Reseda luteola L. (Resedaceae). Their phytotoxic activity was evaluated in vitro with the seeds of three model plants (amaranth, lettuce, and tomato).
Results: DAE of B. salicifolia and L. virginicum (1 % w/v) showed the highest potential as natural herbicides. These inhibited 100 % seed germination and radicle elongation in the three model plants but did not affect the growth of tomato seedlings of 8 and 12 weeks in greenhouse conditions. Both extracts analyzed by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS showed two major peaks. Bacharis salicifolia with m/z 432.9 and 725.4. Lepidium virginicum with m/z 532.9 and 527.1.
Conclusions:DAE of local ruderal plants B. salicifolia and L. virginicum (1 % w/v) are potential natural herbicides, without harmful effects on tomato cultivated seedlings, awaiting the precise identification of their active compounds.
Fossil record of Celastraceae: evaluation and potential use in molecular calibrations
Authors: Hernández-Damián Ana Lilia , Gómez-Acevedo Sandra Luz , Cevallos-Ferriz Sergio Rafael Silvestre
Published: May 2021

Background: Celastraceae is a morphologically heterogeneous family. For this reason, the inclusion of some taxa within this group is controversial. Recently this problem has become significant since its fossil record is recognized as an important source of information for evolutionary studies, especially those using molecular clocks which require a robust, reliable fossil record.
Questions: What are the most reliable fossil records of Celastraceae? What morphological characters are used to assign fossils in the family?
Study site and dates: Compilation of records contained in paleontological databases, and paleobotanical literature, covering publications from 1869 to 2018.
Methods: Published information on the Celastraceae fossil record was compiled and analyzed using the most recent classification system and specialized literature on the family.
Results: A total of 168 fossil records were examined, of which nine are proposed for use as molecular clock calibration points. Each specimen has a description based on a character set used for its identification, a photograph and/or illustration, their geological age is well supported, their geographic origin is known, and the specimens are in accredited home institutions with publicly accessible collections.
Conclusions: The identification and establishment of relationships between fossil and extant taxa have important limitations that depend on the critical interpretation of morphology in a phylogenetic context. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate only those morphological studies in Celastraceae that help clarify its fossil record.
The trade of Pannonia in the light of amphorae (1st – 4th century AD)
Authors: Magyar-Hárshegyi Piroska
Published: May 2021

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Archaeological research of the Hussite castles in the Sajó Valley
Authors: Szörényi Gábor András
Published: May 2021

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Öcsöd-Kováshalom. A retrospective look at the interpretations of a Late Neolithic site
Authors: Raczky Pál , Füzesi András
Published: May 2021

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Instruments of beauty care from the Hungarian part of Pannonia
Authors: Bózsa Anikó
Published: May 2021

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Tiszaug-Railway-station. An archaic Middle Neolithic community on the Great Hungarian Plain
Authors: Füzesi András , Faragó Norbert , Raczky Pál
Published: May 2021

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Theory into practice: basic connections and stylistic affiliations of the Late Neolithic settlement at Pusztataskony-Ledence 1
Authors: Sebők Katalin , Faragó Norbert
Published: May 2021

Despite being positioned in the western fringes of the Tisza culture’s occupation area, the Late Neolithic settlement at Pusztataskony-Ledence 1 is seemingly well separated from the communities of the Lengyel complex. The character of its archaeological record however, together with recent results in the research of connections between the two cultural complexes raises the possibility of an amalgamation of these traditions at some point. In 2016, a grant of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office allowed us to start a threeyear-long project, aimed to process the data gained at Pusztataskony over three seasons in order to reveal foreign cognitive elements in the archaeological record of the site other than the ones observed in the burials. To match possible population movement with the appearance of Lengyel type cultural traits and understand the situation observed here classical archaeological and bioarchaeological analyses had been carried out. The current study surveys the first results of the investigations focusing on the archaeological record from one of the house clusters in the settlement. The examinations include a basic typological and resource analysis of the lithics and a stylistic analysis of the ceramic material. The interpretation focuses on the site’s contact system as outlined by the archaeological record, on the ceramic inventory as a medium of everyday symbolic communication here, as well as on our recent understanding of the character of contacts between the Tisza and Lengyel populations in the Middle and Upper Tisza Region.
“Looted Warriors” from Eastern Europe
Authors: Tarbay Gábor János
Published: May 2021

The study discusses and calls attention to assemblages that are recent victims of illicit metal detectoring in Eastern Europe. The first one is a Ha B1 sword hoard, allegedly from Mátészalka (Hungary, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County). The assemblage was looted in 2017. In less than a year, two of the finds have entered the British antiquities market and they were sold under fake provenance. The second find could have been a late Period V (Ha B3) elite burial. The looted assemblage has appeared on the domongol.org metal detectorist blog, and it is allegedly originating from “Ternopil Oblast” (Ukraine). It contains a bell helmet with solar barge decoration and a fragment of a unique Hajdúböszörmény-type situla, the parallels of which relate this find to the Rivoli (Italy) burial and the metallurgical sphere of the Eary Iron Age.
Short report on a rescue excavation of a prehistoric and Árpádian Age site near Tura (Pest County, Hungary)
Authors: Simon Bence , Joháczi Szilvia , Kis Zita
Published: May 2021

The staff of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences of Eötvös Loránd University conducted a rescue excavation in the northern territory of Tura (Pest County, Hungary) in the spring and autumn of 2018. The works revealed settlement and burial features of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, settlement features of the Árpádian Age, one feature from the early modern period, and some traces of military activity in the Second World War. The unexpected scientific novelty of the excavation is the discovery of an extensive Árpádian Age settlement and a brick oven in one of the pit-houses.
Transformations of the human communities in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin between the middle of the 5th and 7th century
Authors: Dobos Alpár
Published: May 2021

Abstract of PhD thesis submitted in 2018 to the Archaeology Doctoral Programme, Doctoral School of History, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest under the supervision of Tivadar Vida.
New researches carried out in the Járdányi-Paulovics István Ruin Garden in Szombathely. The stone ornaments of the governor’s palace from Savaria
Authors: Polgár-Nyerges Anita
Published: May 2021

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Horse-dog burials from preventive excavations at Dombóvár TESCO
Authors: Daróczi-Szabó Márta , Bartosiewicz László
Published: May 2021

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Vorläufige herstellungstechnische Beobachtungen zu den frühawarenzeitlichen halbmondförmigen Ohrringen
Authors: Blay Adrienn
Published: May 2021

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Kutatások Szarvas-Arborétum-Rózsakert és Szarvas-Arborétum-Filagória-dombja lelőhelyeken - Research of the Archaeological Sites of Szarvas-Arborétum-Rózsakert and Szarvas-Arborétum-Filagória-dombja Preliminary report
Authors: Gulyás András Zoltán , Sümegi Pál
Published: May 2021

Szarvas-Arborétum-Filagória-dombja és -Rózsakert lelőhely a szarvasi Arborétum területén fekvő középső bronzkori tell és a hozzá tartozó külső település. 2013-ban geoarcheológiai kutatófúrásokat végeztünk a területen, hogy megismerjük és feltérképezzük a két lelőhelyet. A régészeti kutatófúrások után a két lelőhelyegymással való kapcsolatának vizsgálatára 2014-ben feltárásokat végeztünk a külső telep északi részén. Három kutatóárokban nem észleltünk régészeti jelenséget, a negyedikben három nagyméretű szemetesgödröt tártunk fel. A kutatófúrások és a feltárások alapján bemutatjuk a tellt és a hozzá kapcsolódó külső telepet.
Az urnás-hamvasztásos temetkezés eseménysorának elemzése az urnamezős időszak balatonendrédi temetőjének példáján - Event Analysis of Cremation Burials by the Example of the Urnfield Period Cemetery at Balatonendréd
Authors: Váczi Gábor
Published: May 2021

A tanulmány annak a lehetőségével foglalkozik, hogy egy hagyományos módszerekkel feltárt, urnás-hamvasztásos rítusú temető sírjai elemezhetők-e tárgybiográfiai és eseményrégészeti szempontok szerint. A régészeti adatok alapján, a hamvasztásos temetkezés eseménysorát négy olyan fázisra lehet osztani, melyek kutathatók a sírokból előkerült leletanyagokon keresztül. Ezek a test égetés előtti kezelése, az égetés, a felszedés és a sír berendezésének folyamata. A sírokból előkerült tárgyak állapota, a magukon hordozott használati és sérülésnyomok, illetve a sírban elfoglalt pozíciójuk alapján – statisztikai módszerekkel leválogatva – felvázolható, hogy a sírban talált tárgyak a temetés eseményének mely szakaszában, mely tárgyakkal együtt, milyen korcsoportot preferálva és milyen állapotban kerültek a sírokba. Ezzel felvázolható annak az összetett eseménynek több részlete, melynek általában csak az utolsó rögzített fázisával, az urnás-hamvasztásos rítusú sírral foglalkozik a kutatás.
Grindstone: Grinding... and Human Sacrifice? Why?
Authors: Ilon Gábor
Published: May 2021

Three features, dated to diverse periods of prehistory (Neolithic: Transdanubian Linear Pottery Culture; Bronze Age: Tumulus culture; Iron Age: Celtic Period) are presented in the current study. One of our main goals is to encourage the introduction of an otherwise generally accepted protocol for the investigation and sampling of similar phenomena to Hungarian archaeological research. The method focuses on the examination of 1, complete or partial human skeletal remains; 2, complete or partial animal skeletal remains;3, offerings according to social position; 4, tools for food preparation and equipment of the ritual feast; 5, traces of burning or fire; 6, patterns of the action sequence burning–fragmenting–scattering, together with material analyses for all samples. This way a categorization of the results might open a possibility for a more adequate interpretation. The features under study fall into category A in Joanna Brück’s classification system of human skeletal remains,1 but I regard the phenomena also containing grindstones a subcategory. The ritual in the course of which these were created might have been practiced for millenia in an unchanged form; its possible interpretation was described by István Tóth. According to our view such actions represent the liminal zone between the worlds of the living and the dead.
A Baradla-barlang mint rituális tér - The Baradla Cave as a Ritual Space
Authors: Rezi Kató Gábor
Published: May 2021

A Baradla-barlang egyike a legrégebb óta ismert régészeti lelőhelyeinknek, kutatása bő másfél évszázados múltra tekint vissza. Áttekintve azonban a kutatás eddigi eredményeit arra a megállapításra juthattunk,hogy a köztudatba beépülő toposzok mellett a legtöbb releváns kérdés a mai napig megválaszolatlan maradt. Két fő kérdéscsoportról beszélhetünk: a kronológiai kérdésekről és a Baradla – mint „funkcionális”tér – településtörténeti és/vagy rituális helyként értelmezhető szerepéről. A jelen tanulmány a neolitikumés a bronzkor időszakában az utóbbi kérdéskört vizsgálja. A régi információk újraértékelésével és a legfrissebb eredmények figyelembe vételével a kutatás korábbi álláspontjához képest úgy véljük, hogy a barlang e korszakokban különleges, rituális tér volt, nem profán cselekmények helyszíne. Az is kimondható, hogy a két időszak rituális cselekedetei, a barlang szakrális jelentőségei is eltérnek egymástól.
Optimization of the Distribution of Hash Calculation Tasks Flow at a Priori Given Complexity
Authors:   Institute of EMIT of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the Russian President (RANEPA), Moscow, Russian Federation, Golosov P. E. , Gostev I. M. ,   Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), Moscow, 127051, Russian Federation
Published: May 2021

The increasing number of computationally intensive tasks induced by digital economy development (within the framework of implementing block-chain solutions, distributed ledgers, etc.) requires more and more computational resources. At the same time users tend to move the computational process to the cloud in order to minimize costs, and the owners of cloud services are forced to look for solutions to improve their efficiency. In this paper we consider approaches that allow optimize the use of parallel computing resources for incoming sets of resource-intensive tasks, analyze different approaches to the strategy of assigning tasks to computing resources. The results of modelling experiments are provided taking into account task distribution, parameterized by execution time limit within modeling the service level agreement with the user.
Object-Attribute Approach for Semantic Analysis of Natural Language
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation, Salibekyan S. M.
Published: May 2021

he article describes the methodology of semantic analysis of natural language (NL) and semantic search in it, which includes: the general stages of analysis of NL, the format of the semantic network for presenting the meaning of the text, words polysemy analysis, semantic and syntactic agreement of words, etc. The method is based on the object-attribute principle of organization of calculations and data structures, belonging to the dataflow class.
Kendinden Nefret Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Psikometrik Yönden İncelenmesi
Authors: KARDAŞ Selami , OKAN Nesrullah , GÜNER Halim
Published: May 2021

Nefret etmek olumlu bir karakter olmasa da insanın doğasında var olan duygulardandır. Başkasından nefret etme gibi insanın kendinden nefret etmesi de yaşanılan duygulardandır. Kişinin kendinden nefret düzeyinin bilinmesi kişinin duygu durumunu ölçmede önemlidir. Bu amaçla bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, geliştirilen bu yedi maddelik kendinden nefret ölçeğinin kısa versiyonun Türkçeye uyarlanması yapılmıştır. Uyarlamada dil eşdeğerliliği literatürdeki basamaklar takip edilerek sağlanmıştır. Yapı geçerliliği için 465 üniversite öğrencisinden toplanan veri ile açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ve 282 öğrenciden toplanan veri ile de doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Her iki analizde de anlamlı ve yeterli düzeyde sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Ölçüt geçerliliği için de DASS-21 ölçeğinin stres alt boyutu kullanılmıştır. Doksan öğrenciden toplanan veriler ile kendinden nefret ölçeği ile stres arasındaki ilişkiye bakılmış ve korelasyon değeri r=,449 çıkmıştır. Uyarlama yapılan ölçeğin güvenirliği için Cronbach alfa değerine ve %27’lik alt ve üst dilimlerin ayırıcılık özelliğine bakılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda α=,91 ve anlamlı bir t-testi değeri (t= 23,90; p
EDUCATIONAL FACTOR OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF A NETWORK OF SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS)
Authors: Nych Tetyana , Trusij Oksana
Published: May 2021

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the impact of networks of educational institutions on local development through the mechanism of their formation.

Research methodology. The study used general scientific methods, including analysis, scientific synthesis, analytical method, methods of comparison and generalization. The structure of basic educational institutions as an element of the social system can be considered in component-functional and territorial-functional aspects. Accordingly, the need to identify opportunities for network development requires scientific justification, taking into account the specifics of geographical understanding.

Research results. The article examines the impact of the educational factor through the formation of educational institutions on local development. The mechanisms of formation of basic educational institutions, which are one of the elements of the mechanism of reforming the system of general secondary education and streamlining the school network, rational and efficient use of resources, and designed for equal access of children to the educational process.

The scientific novelty of the work is the disclosure of the mechanism of formation of directions of local development of OTG through creation of basic educational institutions. The practical significance of the work is that the article develops the mechanism of influence of educational institutions on local development, taking into account territorial differences, opportunities for training competitive workers, creating an effective system of quality education in basic schools and their branches, improving their funding, involvement and taking into account the opinion of civil society, taking into account the trends of demographic and migration processes in the region.
FEATURES OF ORGANIZATION MEDICAL TOURS
Authors: Batychenko Svitlana , Uliganets Sergey , Melnik Lyudmila
Published: May 2021

Goal. Disclosure of theoretical aspects of technology and organization of medical tours.

Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive.

Results. The definition of the concepts "medical tourism" and "health tourism" is revealed, according to which the structure of the medical tourism industry is given. Signs of medical tourism are defined. Elements of the market of medical tourism are defined. It is established that the list of works on creation of a medical tour (product, program) includes: research of the market of potential demand; search for partners; checking the availability of services and establishing the adequacy of previously received information; preparation of agreements (contracts) on cooperation with suppliers / sellers of tourism products and negotiations; information and methodological support of the tour; realization of medical rounds to consumers; registration of documents for travel; direct service of tourists and control over the provision of a certain quantity and quality of services; other types of work. The main stages of development of a medical round are offered. The generalized actions at concrete stages of process of the organization and realization of a medical round are resulted.

Scientific novelty. Generalized measures at specific stages of the process of organization and implementation of the treatment tour. Development of a medical product, includes: marketing research; analysis of market segments and competitors; proposed consumer demand; resort locations; market conditions of tourist services; estimation of real costs for development, advertising and promotion of services.

Practical significance. Based on the study of international experience of spa resorts, in order for sanatoriums of Ukraine to more actively implement progressive international principles and standards of medical tourism, we have developed the following generalized recommendations for the management of domestic sanatoriums: to develop variable season tickets for complex medical services; pay attention to the formation of individual training programs with the subsequent control of the instructor; to improve the system of medical service with new programs for a specific material and technical base; to intensify the organization of short-distance tourism in the conditions of sanatorium treatment; systematically improve the network and develop new tourist routes of hiking, cycling, equestrian tourism, terrain routes, Nordic walking; to develop walking medical tourism, hippotherapy.
Effects of Nonlinear Soil Behavior on Kappa (κ): Observations from the KiK-Net Database
Authors: Ji Chunyang , Cabas Ashly , Bonilla Luis Fabian , Gelis Céline
Published: May 2021

Soil nonlinear behavior is often triggered in soft sedimentary deposits subjected to strong ground shaking and has led to catastrophic damage to civil infrastructure in many past earthquakes. Nonlinear behavior in soils is associated with large shear strains, increased material damping ratio, and reduced stiffness. However, most investigations of the high-frequency spectral decay parameter κ, which captures attenuation, have focused on low-intensity ground motions inducing only small shear strains. Because studies of the applicability of the κ model when larger deformations are induced are limited, this article investigates the behavior of κ (both κr per record and site-specific κ0 estimates) beyond the linear-elastic regime. About 20 stations from the Kiban–Kyoshin network database, with time-average shear-wave velocities in the upper 30 m between 213 and 626  m/s, are used in this study. We find that the classification scheme used to identify ground motions that trigger soil nonlinear behavior biases estimates of κ0 in the linear and nonlinear regimes. A hybrid method to overcome such bias is proposed considering proxies for in situ deformation (via the shear-strain index) and ground shaking intensity (via peak ground acceleration). Our findings show that soil nonlinearity affects κr and κ0 estimates, but this influence is station dependent. Most κ0 at our sites had a 5%–20% increase at the onset of soil nonlinear behavior. Velocity gradients and impedance contrasts influence the degree of soil nonlinearity and its effects on κr and κ0. Moreover, we observe that other complexities in the wave propagation phenomenon (e.g., scattering and amplifications in the high-frequency range) impose challenges to the application of the κ0 model, including the estimation of negative values of κr.
Seismicity Rate Change as a Tool to Investigate Delayed and Remote Triggering of the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, New Zealand
Authors: Yin Yifan , Wiemer Stefan , Kissling Edi , Lanza Federica , Rinaldi Antonio P. , Gerstenberger Matthew , Fry Bill
Published: May 2021

Crustal earthquakes in low-strain-rate regions are rare in the human life span but can generate disastrous consequences when they occur. Such was the case in the Canterbury earthquake sequence that began in 2010 and eventually led to almost 200 fatalities. Our study explores this earthquake sequence’s origins by producing an enhanced earthquake catalog in the Canterbury Plains and Otago, South Island, New Zealand. We investigate seismicity rate changes from 2005 to before the 2010 Mw 7.2 Darfield earthquake. During this time, major subduction-zone earthquakes, such as the 2009 Mw 7.8 Dusky Sound earthquake, created measurable coseismic and postseismic strain in the region. We use template matching to expand the catalog of earthquakes in the region, and use a support vector machine classifier to remove false positives and poor detections. We then compare the newly obtained seismicity rates with the coseismic and postseismic crustal strain fields, and find that seismicity rate and crustal strain are positively correlated in the low-stress, low-seismicity region of the northern Canterbury Plains. In contrast, near fast-moving plate-boundary faults, the seismicity rate changes rise without much change in the strain rate. Our analysis reveals a substantial seismicity rate decrease in the western rupture area of the Darfield earthquake, which we infer to be an effect of coseismic and postseismic deformation caused by the Dusky Sound earthquake. We show in low-strain-rate regions, stress perturbation of a few kPas creates substantial seismicity rate change. However, the implication that such seismic quiescence is responsible for the nucleation of the Darfield earthquake requires further studies.
Multiscale Temporal and Spatial Estimation of the b-Value
Authors: García-Hernández Rubén , D’Auria Luca , Barrancos José , Padilla Germán D. , Pérez Nemesio M.
Published: May 2021

The estimation of the b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter law is of great importance in different seismological applications. However, its estimate is strongly dependent upon selecting a proper temporal and spatial scale, due to the multiscale nature of the seismicity. For this reason, we propose a novel approach (MUltiscale Spatial and Temporal estimation of the B-value [MUST-B]), which allows consistent estimation of the b-value, avoiding subjective “a priori” choices, by considering simultaneously different temporal or spatial scales. A reliable appraisal of the b-value is obtained by applying a robust median over the estimates computed over all the considered scales.

We validate the method using a synthetic dataset, showing its superior performances, compared to traditional approaches, in detecting sharp changes in the b-value as well as inconsistently mapping it for highly heterogeneous catalogs.

We apply MUST-B to study the temporal and spatial variations of the b-value during the complex 2016–2017 seismic sequence in central Italy, revealing various interesting patterns. In particular, we observe a marked drop of the b-value after the Accumoli (24 August 2016 M 6.0) mainshock. The drop is also observed when realizing a tridimensional mapping of the b-values, showing the drop occurs mainly in the proximity of major earthquake hypocenters. In accordance with previous studies, we interpret these variations as the effect of the release of crustal fluids following the major earthquakes.

We maintain that MUST-B can also be applied to other contexts, such as volcanic and induced seismicity, because of its capacity of dealing consistently with highly heterogeneous seismicity patterns.
An approximate solution of the steady forced vibration of a system of one degree of freedom under the influence of various types of damping1
Authors: Jacobsen Lydik S.
Published: May 2021

In this paper the author presents a general method of obtaining approximate solutions of the steady forced vibration of a damped system of one degree of freedom for the case of sinusoidally varying disturbing forces.

The approximation consists in expressing all the damping terms of the original differential equation by a single equivalent damping term, proportional to the first power of the velocity of motion.

In the case of a system influenced by a centrifugal disturbing force and damped by constant friction and by friction proportional to the first power of the velocity, experimental evidence is in good agreement with the approximate solution.

While the paper deals solely with a system of one degree of freedom, there is no reason aside from complexity why the approximate solution cannot be applied to systems of several degrees of freedom.
A study of blasting recorded in Southern California
Authors: Wood Harry O. , Richter Charles F.
Published: May 2021

As an outcome it is found:

The need of further data to extend and test these conclusions is apparent.
Discussion of fundamental factors involved in the underwriting of earthquake insurance*
Authors: Chick Alton C.
Published: May 2021

This discussion of the fundamental factors involved in the underwriting of earthquake insurance is presented as a focus for constructive criticism and further discussion.

The underwriting of earthquake insurance at the present time calls for the best judgment that can be exercised in order to be fair to the insurance company as well as to the property-owner. Long strides are now being made in gathering data upon the magnitude and type of earthquake motions, and more comprehensive analyses are being made upon the effect of earthquakes upon various types of structures, so that in the future we may anticipate having much more information upon which to promulgate proper rates to be charged for earthquake insurance.
A simplification in the conditions for the zero-length-spring seismograph*
Authors: LaCoste Lucien J. B.
Published: May 2021

It has been found that for the zero-length-spring seismograph recently described the length of the arm need not equal the distance from the pivot to the point of attachment of the spring. The proof of the infinite period is given for the more general case, and the effect on the period of slight deviations from the conditions for infinite period is shown.
The Richmond Quarry blast of August 16, 1934
Authors: Byerly Perry , Wilson James T.
Published: May 2021

The records of the Richmond Quarry blast of August 16, 1934, indicate that the speed of longitudinal waves in the Franciscan formation of the San Francisco Bay region is 4.3 km/sec. The speed of transverse waves in the same medium is very probably 2.4 km/sec. The speed in the underlying medium is 5.4 km/sec. for the longitudinal waves and possibly 3.1 km/sec. for the transverse waves. The medium may therefore be identified as granite, which was to be expected from geological considerations.

The thickness of the Franciscan formation in the region as computed from data given by this blast is about one kilometer.
Local earthquakes in New England*
Authors: Collins Mary P.
Published: May 2021

During 1934 and 1935, records of approximately 150 definitely local disturbances were obtained on the Benioff seismographs at the Harvard Seismograph Station. Because of a curious concentration in the daytime hours and the few earthquakes reported felt during this interval, an attempt was made to establish criteria by which records of blasts and of local earthquakes might be distinguished from each other. Three, the ratio of the maximum P to the maximum S, the character of the surface waves, and the angle of emergence are discussed. The records of 32 of these disturbances, well recorded on all three Benioff components, are described. It is concluded that, although some of New England's seismic activity is artificial, there is, nevertheless, a greater amount of natural activity than is ordinarily attributed to this region.
The New Hampshire earthquakes of November 9, 1936, and further data on New England travel times*
Authors: Collins Mary P.
Published: May 2021

Two earthquakes were reported felt in northern and central New Hampshire on the evening of November 9, 1936. These were the third and fourth reported from the state in fourteen months. The epicenters of these two shocks have been determined as 43° 33′ N, 71° 26′ W, and 44° 39′ N, 71° 40′ W. The previous seismic history of the state and the relation of these earthquakes to the geology of the region are discussed.
The Alaskan earthquake of July 22, 1937*
Authors: Adkins John N.
Published: May 2021

The study of the Alaskan earthquake of July 22, 1937, is based on the examination of original seismograms and photographic copies from seismological observatories throughout the world.

The arrival times of P at 71 stations were used in locating the epicenter. By Geiger's method and the use of Jeffreys' travel times, the position of the epicenter was found to be: geographical latitude, 64.67±.04° N, longitude, 146.58±.12° W, and the time of occurrence to be 17h 9m 30.0±.25s, U.T. The epicenter lies in the Yukon-Tanana upland in central Alaska, which is not a region of frequent major earthquakes.

The disagreement caused by the apparently early arrivals at College and Sitka was reduced by replacing the standard travel-time curve of P by a linear travel-time curve in the interval of epicentral distance 0° to 16° and by interpreting the first arrival at College as P.

It was possible to determine the direction of the first motion of P for 51 stations. The observed distribution of first motion and the geological trends in the region of the epicenter are consistent with the earthquake's having been caused by movement along a fault with strike between N 30° E and N 37° E, and dip between 64° and 71° to the southeast, in which the southeast side of the fault was displaced relatively northeastward with the line of movement pitching between 12° and 16° northeast.

A wave designated F (for “false S”) was found to precede S on the records by 20 to 55 seconds, depending on the epicentral distance. The wave is longitudinal in type and the arrival times define a linear travel-time curve. It is suggested that this wave may be a longitudinal surface wave, of the type proposed by Nakano, produced at the surface of the earth by the arrival of a transverse wave which has been reflected at a surface of discontinuity within the earth.

The records show two impulses near the time when S is expected. The average time interval between the two impulses is 11.3 sec. The first, called S1, has a plane of vibration intermediate in direction between the plane of propagation and the normal thereto. The second impulse, called S2, is nearly pure SH movement.

The writer wishes to express his indebtedness to Professor Perry Byerly for invaluable suggestions and criticism during the course of the investigation.
On the very large Pacific earthquake of November 10, 1938*
Authors: Mukherjee S. M. , Rangaswami M. R.
Published: May 2021

Using the observed times of P, the epicenter of the very large shock of November 10, 1938, is located at 55°.3N and 158°.5W, about 80 miles to the south of the Alaskan Peninsula, in the Pacific. The time of occurrence is obtained as 20h 18m 40s, G.M.T.

Analysis of P and S residuals reveals that there were three successive shocks, the second and the third occurring 7 and 12 sec. after the first. Examination of the Indian seismograms points to a fourth shock, about 20 sec. after the first. The multiple character of the shock is brought out more conspicuously when the observed times are compared with Jeffreys' surface-focus tables and corrected for ellipticity, than when compared with normal tables. The epicenters of the first three shocks are found to be the same.

The possibility of identifying the second movement of P with sP or pP, and that of S with sS, was considered, but was found to be untenable in view of the depth of focus and available noninstrumental observations. The hypothesis of “surface focus” appears to fit in best with the present series of observations. The magnitude of the shock is calculated as 8.2.

In conclusion, we tender our respectful thanks to Dr. S. R. Savur, M.A., Ph.D. (Lond.), for his continued interest and some helpful criticisms.
A mechanical analyzer for the prediction of earthquake stresses*
Authors: Biot M. A.
Published: May 2021

The earthquake stresses in a structure are generally greater than those which would be produced by a constant acceleration equal to the maximum value reached during the earthquake; there is an amplification due to resonance. This effect depends on the period of the structure and is measured by a function of the period, designated here as the spectrum of the earthquake. A mechanical analyzer is described by which the spectrum curves for several strong-motion earthquakes have been plotted. It is shown how the spectrum can be used for the evaluation of earthquake stresses in complicated structures, and the particular example is treated of a multistory building with an elastic first story.
Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration*
Authors: Gutenberg B. , Richter C. F.
Published: May 2021

The paper investigates the principal physical elements of earthquakes: the magnitude M, energy E, intensity I, acceleration a, and their relation to the depth h and radius of perceptibility r. (r2 + h2 = R2. Subscript zero (0) refers to the epicenter.) Equations

log ⁡ a = I 3 − 1 2

and

A D 2 T 2 = constant

(A = ground amplitude, T = period, D = hypocentral distance for a given shock) are established empirically for California shocks. Equation (9) holds very generally, and offers a basis for a more accurate definition of I, like that suggested by Cancani. Equation (4) is here used very generally at short distances; but it is approximate only, may differ regionally, and bridges over the probably discontinuous transition of the maximum acceleration from S̄ to some other transverse wave, with increasing distance. However, consequences derived from (4) nowhere conflict seriously with observation.

The instrumental earthquake-magnitude scale has been extended to cover short distances. The results enter into an empirical relation

M = 2.2 + 1.8 log ⁡ a 0

from which and (9) follows

M = 1.3 + 0.6 I 0

These two equations are established and verified for the California region; they should also hold in other regions of similar structure for earthquakes originating at about the same depth (which is roughly 18 km.).

The simplest possible assumptions (constant velocity, negligible absorption, sinusoidal waves) lead to the general equation

log ⁡ E = 14.9 + 2 log ⁡ h + log ⁡ t 0 + 2 log ⁡ T 0 + 2 log ⁡ a 0

(t0 = duration, T0 = period, of sinusoidal wave train at the epicenter).

Equations (27), (9), and (4) give the generally applicable results

a 0 h 2 = a D 2 = a r R 2

I 1 − I 2 = 6 log ⁡ D 2 D 1

I 0 − 1.5 = 6 log ⁡ R h

ar, the minimum perceptible acceleration, is approximately 1 gal.

For shocks at the usual depth in California

log ⁡ E = 11.3 + 1.8 M

For other depths, and probably for other regions,

log ⁡ E = 9.5 + 3.2 log ⁡ h + 1.1 I 0

log ⁡ E = 11.1 + 6.4 log ⁡ R − 3.2 log ⁡ h

A summary of the physical elements for shocks in California is given in table 10.

Equation (13) is used to calculate apparent depths for earthquakes in the United States and Europe. The results tend to confirm the relatively shallow origin of shocks on the Pacific Coast compared with those occurring elsewhere, particularly under the Canadian Shield, the central Mississippi Valley, and the southern Appalachians.
The amplitude ratio, PP/P, as recorded by Galitzin seismographs*
Authors: Mei Alexis I.
Published: May 2021

The ratio of the amplitude of the longitudinal wave reflected at the surface of the earth to that of the direct wave as recorded by Galitzin seismographs was examined to find whether it might be used as a means of distinguishing between Pacific and continental reflections.

Theoretically, assuming that equal energy is radiated in all directions from the source, the amplitude ratio, PP/P, for Pacific reflections should be smaller than for continental reflections at all epicentral distances, if the speed of P waves near the surface is higher under the Pacific than under the continents.

The records of 194 earthquakes with epicenters at distances from 19° to 103°, and having reflections under the continents or the Pacific Ocean, were examined for the purpose. No such pattern as expected by theory was observed; on the contrary there resulted a general scattering when these ratios were plotted, for both types of reflection, against epicentral distances.

The observed values of the apparent angle of incidence agreed better with those calculated for V = 8.00 km/sec. than with those for V = 6.00 km/sec., where V is the velocity of P waves near the surface of the earth. Since 8.00 km/sec. is the velocity of longitudinal waves below the surface layers of the continents, while 6.00 km/sec. is an intermediate velocity within the layers, it was concluded that the waves recorded by the Galitzin seismographs were not refracted into the surface layers of the earth and consequently that the amplitudes of waves of the periods recorded on Galitzin seismographs (4 sec. to 12 sec.) do not afford a means of differentiating between reflections at a layered surface such as the continent and at an unlayered surface such as Gutenberg considers the Pacific to be.

However, comparison of some twenty records of the vertical Benioff seismograph of approximately 0.7 sec. free period (recorded waves of periods 1 sec. to 2 sec.) with those of the same earthquakes recorded by the Galitzins of 12 sec. free period showed no essentially different behavior.

It was observed that the Berkeley, California, and Florissant, Missouri, stations, both using Galitzin instruments of nearly the same constants, were situated at the same distances from eight Mexican epicenters, and both received impulses from these earthquakes over the same kind of continental paths. An examination of their respective values of PP/P showed this to be larger at one station or another according as the first recorded motion at Berkeley was a condensation or a rarefaction. This variation in the values of PP/P shows that energy is not sent out equally in all directions from the source, as was assumed, and therefore that the mechanism at the focus plays an important part in the value of this ratio.
Further developments in the wavelet theory of seismogram structure*
Authors: Ricker Norman
Published: May 2021

In this paper the wavelet theory of seismogram structure previously proposed by the author has been extended to obtain the form of the seismic disturbance (due to a sharp seismic pulse) at various distances from the source. The solution of Stokes's differential equation is given in the form of a series of wavelet functions, and calculated seismograms are presented to show the manner in which the shape, breadth, and amplitude of the disturbance vary with the distance from the source. Tables are given of the wavelet functions and wavelet-form functions used in the calculations.
Tanned and Synthetic Leather Classification Based on Images Texture with Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Faiz Faadihilah Ahnaf , Azhari Ahmad
Published: May 2021

Tanned leather is an output from complex processes called tanning. Leather tanning is an important step that used to protect the fiber or protein structure of animal’s skin. Another reason of tanning process is to prevent the animal’s skin from any defect or rot. After the tanning is complete, the leather can be applied to produce a wide variety of leather products. Thus, the leather prices usually more expensive because it takes longer time in process. Another way to get cheaper price is make non-animal leather that usually known as synthetic or imitation leather. The purpose of this paper is to classify the tanned leather and synthetic leather by using Convolutional Neural Network. The tanned leather consist of cow, goat and sheep leathers. The proposed method will classify into four class, they are cow, goat, sheep and synthetic leathers. In each class consist of 160 images with 448x448 pixels size as the input data. With CNN method, this research shows a good result for the accuracy about 92.1%.
Simple Modification for an Apriori Algorithm With Combination Reduction and Iteration Limitation Technique
Authors: Gama Adie Wahyudi Oktavia , Widnyani Ni Made
Published: May 2021

Apriori algorithm is one of the methods with regard to association rules in data mining. This algorithm uses knowledge from an itemset previously formed with frequent occurrence frequencies to form the next itemset. An a priori algorithm generates a combination by iteration methods that are using repeated database scanning process, pairing one product with another product and then recording the number of occurrences of the combination with the minimum limit of support and confidence values. The a priori algorithm will slow down to an expanding database in the process of finding frequent itemset to form association rules. Modification techniques are needed to optimize the performance of a priori algorithms so as to get frequent itemset and to form association rules in a short time. Modifications in this study are obtained by using techniques combination reduction and iteration limitation. Testing is done by comparing the time and quality of the rules formed from the database scanning using a priori algorithms with and without modification. The results of the test show that the modified a priori algorithm tested with data samples of up to 500 transactions is proven to form rules faster with quality rules that are maintained.Keywords: Data Mining; Association Rules; Apriori Algorithms; Frequent Itemset; Apriori Modified;
Eficacia de los comités de convivencia laboral como instrumento de prevención del acoso laboral en las medianas empresas del municipio de Girardot
Authors: Gaitán Julián Andrés , Palacio Rodríguez Luperly
Published: May 2021

El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo principal analizar el Comité de Convivencia Laboral como herramienta suficiente e integral para la protección y reconocimiento efectivo de los derechos de las víctimas de acoso laboral en las medianas empresas del municipio de Girardot, examinando la eficacia y la funcionalidad de esta herramienta socio-jurídica. El tipo de investigación realizada fue descriptiva con un enfoque mixto. La muestra de la investigación es intencional, con 250 participantes mayores de 18 años, de diferentes niveles de formación académica y estrato socioeconómico heterogéneo. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: observación no participante, grupos focales, entrevistas semiestructuradas y encuesta escala Likert. Como resultado, el estudio revela un panorama de ineficacia socio-jurídica, al identificarse que los reglamentos internos de trabajo no contemplan mecanismos distintos al Comité de Convivencia Laboral para prevenir el acoso laboral, se observa que existe temor de denuncia ante Comité de Convivencia Laboral por falta de protección jurídica a la víctima, la dificultad al probar las conductas consideradas acoso laboral. La investigación permite concluir que la poca imparcialidad que podría presentarse al momento de constituir el Comité de Convivencia Laboral, así como su legitimidad se ve afectada, dado que las decisiones adoptadas favorecen al acosador. Asimismo, carecen de efectividad práctica las decisiones, en el sentido que no soluciona de fondo el conflicto entre el acosador y acosado.
E-justice in civil cases and economic disputes in the Russian Federation
Authors: Burova Inna Leonidovna , Volkova Maria Alexandrovna , Lenkovskaya Renata Romanovna
Published: May 2021

The authors of the article have analyzed the latest amendments made to the legislation of the Russian Federation aimed at the development of e-justice in civil and arbitration cases. The main methods of this study were formal-legal, comparative-legal and systematic. The authors positively assess the introduction of digital technologies into the field of judicial protection of the rights and interests of citizens and organizations in the Russian Federation. It seems that the informatization of legal proceedings and records management will serve as an effective means of implementing the principles of transparency and accessibility of justice in the Russian Federation. The use of e-justice aims at improving the quality of justice in the Russian Federation. Its components are as follows: filing documents in electronic form, meetings held through video conferencing, audio and video recording, receiving audio and video protocols through electronic communication systems by parties to some case, notifying parties using such resources as “Guard Arbiter”, SMS, etc. Despite the general positive assessment of the amendments made to the Russian legislation on e-justice, the authors emphasize its certain shortcomings. The article dwells on the statutory regulation of e-justice in the Russian Federation and suggests possible ways to resolve legal conflicts.