bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focus and Flexibility in a Model of Conflict Resolution
Authors: Levi A. M. , Benjamin A.
Published: January 2017

This article illustrates the need for optimal balance between focus and flexibility, as well as task and process, in a model of conflict resolution. Our model consists of initial stages of defining the conflict, ratings, and gathering information. Thereafter, participants themselves decide among the options of creating new solutions, ratings, redefining the conflict, gathering more information, and influence attempts. Until the conflict is resolved, the model recycles through these options, searching for the cognitive and emotional elements which constitute a mutually satisfactory solution.
Cooperation in the Decomposed Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Authors: Pincus Jeffrey , Bixenstine V. Edwin
Published: January 2017

The question of whether the changes in cooperative behavior resulting from decomposing a standard Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game matrix are due to information revealed by the decomposition or information that is concealed by the decomposition is considered. Two experiments were conducted in which subjects were shown either a standard PD matrix along with one of its decomposed derivatives or a decomposed matrix by itself. The results suggest that the effect on cooperation produced by decomposing a PD matrix is due to the revealing of information that is not readily grasped from the standard matrix presentation format.
Cooperation and the Use of Coercion by Groups and Individuals
Authors: Lindskold Svenn , McElwain Douglas C. , Wayner Marc
Published: January 2017

In two experiments, male and female subjects, either as individuals or as groups, participated in a Prisoner's Dilemma and could communicate either threats of punishment for target noncooperation or promises of their own cooperation. In Experiment 1 they opposed a live target; in Experiment 2 they opposed a simulated target who was either cooperative or competitive in response to the subjects' messages. The major finding was that groups more strongly preferred the use of threats than did individuals. Groups were more competitive than individuals at the outset in both experiments; in Experiment 2 the difference was found consistently on message-related trials. In Experiment 2 there was also a series of interactions generally showing that individual women opposing a cooperative target were most cooperative and conciliatory, while men in groups opposing a competitive target were most competitive and coercive. Postexperimental ratings of the simulated target indicated a polarization of impressions in the groups. Women targets in Experiment 1 were more cooperative against individuals than against groups; there was no difference for men. Targets opposing groups rated the opponent as less likable and less credible than targets opposing individuals.
Canadian Coal in International Markets
Authors: Downing D. O.
Published: January 2017

Canada represents a comparatively unique case in the world coal industry, being a significant importer of both metallurgical and thermal coals as well as an exporter. The vast distances between the major coal producing areas in western Canada and the industrial heartland to the east, and commensurate high freight costs explain this apparent dichotomy. Eastern US coals supply much of the industrial requirement in eastern Canada, chiefly the Province of Ontario, the major consumer of imported coals. Only about 25% of this requirement is met with western Canadian coal. Overall, Canada is not a coal based economy. Because of large reserves of oil and natural gas, coal supplies only 10% of Canada's energy needs.

Despite the long-standing reliance on US imports, Canada has become a net exporter of coal on the basis of a comparatively young industry that has blossomed in western Canada since 1970. Metallurgical coal, the foundation of the Canadian export industry, was initially the sole export product but has been joined since the late 1970s by thermal coal. The growth in thermal coal exports is expected to exceed the growth of metallurgical coal exports over the remainder of the 1980s, but metallurgical coal will retain its major share of exports even by 1990.

Not to be forgotten is the relatively modest export trade of metallurgical coal from the east of Canada, where coal has been produced in the mines of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, for many decades. The extent to which growth of exports from this region can be expected is uncertain at present, although expanded Nova Scotia exports could displace some US exports if expansion can take place economically.

The western Canadian industry is well placed to participate in existing and new world-markets for coal, particularly in the Far East, due to the locational advantages on the Pacific, but also importantly in Europe due to the size and quality of the Canadian resource base and due to competitive mining costs.

In addition, over a decade and a half have been dedicated to the placement of a modern and efficient infrastructure of rail and port facilities in the west to promote the development of a viable export business.

The major portion of this paper addresses the main features of the Canadian coal industry, highlighting the export industry. The main features include: the large, well-located coal resources, growing production, consistent quality, competitive mine costs, modern infrastructure, labour stability and supportive government.
Stirling Machines
Authors: Tailer Peter
Published: January 2017

The operation of a basic Stirling engine is explained along with the theoretical advantages of these engines compared to other energy conversion devices. Some recent research and development programs are briefly described which have produced or evaluated Stirling engines for automobiles, submarines, space vehicles, and solar thermal electricity generation. Smaller engines include one designed to power an artificial human heart. Stirling coolers, heat pumps, and other devices may contribute to more efficient energy use.
Indian Coal Exploration Scenario
Authors: Manjrekar V.D.
Published: January 2017

The Indian Coal Mining Industry, which now ranks 5th in the world, was started in 1975. After initial sporadic efforts the thrust for coal exploration was given only after independence. The real impetus to the exploration was received after industrialisation of the coal industry in 1971–72 and 1973–74. The National Policy of coal exploration is well defined and is subjected to national level co-ordination by the Planning Commission of the country.

For the purpose of exploration, coalfields have been divided into types which consider basinal area of coalfields and category-based on coverage by exploration of potential coal bearing areas. About seventy four coalfields are covered under various exploration systems. India has a three tier system of coal exploration viz. regional, detailed and production support exploration. Most modern techniques are being employed for coal exploration including remote-sensing, HRSS, well logging, geo-engineering investigations, physico-chemical and physico-mechanical studies, hydrogeological investigations and computer applications. The National Coal Inventory placed the reserves of the nation at about 196 billion tonnes which could be augmented by further exploration to about 239 billion tonnes. To this about, 620 billion tonnes of futuristic resources could also be added in the distant future.
Healing Stories and Medical Anthropology: A Reading of Mark 10:46–52
Authors: Gaijarro Santiago
Published: January 2017

The healing stories of the Gospels have been studied by exegetes from a literary and a theological point of view. Both approaches have contributed greatly to a better understanding of them. Nevertheless none of these methodologies has been able to interpret those stories from their native point of view. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this native understanding of the healing stories. This aim is pursued by using some cross-cultural models taken from medical anthropology. These models can help us to imagine how Jesus and his contemporaries experienced and understood illness and healing. The first step is to elaborate a reading scenario combining these models and some literary and archaeological evidence. Then this model is applied to the story of the blind man of Jericho (Mark 10:46–52). This example shows how medical anthropology can be a tool for a more fruitful reading of the healing stories.
The Impact of Verifiability on Contracts
Authors: Gode Dhananjay (Dan) K. , Singh Rajdeep
Published: January 2017

We show how the verifiability of signals affects their use in mitigating adverse selection. With verifiable signals, the observed practice of investigating agents before contracting is inferior to writing contingent contracts. This holds regardless of the agent's risk aversion, bounded penalties, or investigation costs. With risk-neutral agents, contingent contracts yield first-best outcomes. We further show that even unverifiable signals can be gainfully used in contingent contracts by removing a principal's incentives to distort signals or by removing an agent's incentives to demand verification.
Foreign Ownership Restrictions, Depositary Receipt Supply, and Investor Sentiment on Taiwanese Depositary Receipt Premiums
Authors: Li Shu-Hsing , Teruya Jenny , Tsai Bi-Huei
Published: January 2017

This paper focuses on the price difference between depositary receipts (DRs) and the underlying securities issued by Taiwanese firms under foreign ownership restrictions. We examine two issues: (1) the price relationships between DRs and their underlying securities, and (2) the determinants of the price differences between DRs and their underlying securities.

The empirical results show that large daily price differences are observed between DRs and their underlying Taiwanese securities. However, these price differences do not exist for DRs traded in different free-entry countries. We examine the determinants of the price differences between DRs and their underlying securities, and find that the time-series qualified foreign institutional investor (QFII) surplus, defined as the QFII ownership limit ratio minus the actual QFII ownership ratio, is inversely associated with the DR premium. As the foreign ownership restrictions become tighter, the QFII surplus decreases and the DR premium increases.

The results also indicate that a structural change in the relationships between DR premiums and investor sentiment variables occurred in 1997. The DR premiums are sensitive to non-QFII holdings, defined as the total foreign holdings minus the QFII holdings, before 1997. However, post 1997 the DR premiums become more sensitive to firm size, but less sensitive to non-QFII holdings post 1997. The change in demand caused by regulation and investor sentiment is reflected in DR prices, which leads to the variations in DR premiums. Furthermore, this study finds a supply-side effect on DR premiums. As firms increase DRs issues, the DR premiums become smaller. This study concludes that regulation, investor sentiment (both can be viewed as demand for DRs), and supply conditions explain the DR premiums.
Market Reaction to Earnings Surprise Warnings: The Incremental Effect of Shareholder Litigation Risk on the Warning Effect
Authors: Atiase Rowland K. , Supattarakul Somchai , Tse Senyo
Published: January 2017

We examine the incremental effect of shareholder litigation risk on market reaction to earnings surprise warnings, that is, the warning effect. Prior research examines earnings warnings by firms reporting large earnings news (at least 1% of share price), and finds a negative warning effect for bad news firms but no warning effect for good news firms. We find similar results for a larger sample of firms. In addition, we find negative and positive warning effects, respectively, for firms reporting small bad and good earnings news, suggesting that the insignificant warning effect for good news firms is restricted to large earnings news. More importantly, we find that litigation risk magnifies the warning effect—for bad news firms, the warning effect is more negative for high-litigation-risk firms than for low-litigation-risk firms, but for good news firms, the warning effect is more positive for high-litigation-risk firms than for low-litigation-risk firms.
Capital Budgeting in a Multidivisional Firm
Authors: Arya Anil , Glover Jonathan , Young Richard A.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this paper is to study capital budgeting in a setting where emphasis is on control over project selection. We construct a model of a multidivisional firm in which there are no constraints on investment and all projects have a positive net present value. Nevertheless, we show that it is optimal for the center to use relative project ranking in determining which projects are to be funded.
Gluconeogenic Response During Glucose Infusions in Patients Following Skeletal Trauma or During Sepsis
Authors: Long C. L. , Schiller W. R. , Geiger J. W. , Blakemore W. S.
Published: January 2017

In order to quantitate the effect of sepsis and skeletal trauma on gluconeogenesis, four septic and five skeletal trauma patients were evaluated for their ability to convert 14 C‐L‐alanine to 14 C‐glucose while receiving 5% dextrose by peripheral vein. In the septic group, the mean glucose pool size increased by 35% and the glucose turnover rate increased by 85% over normal. The alanine conversion averaged 11.1% of the dose. The skeletal trauma group showed a glucose pool size increase of 61%, a 100% increase in glucose turnover rate and a 11.7% conversion of the alanine dose to glucose. The increased conversion of 14 C‐alanine to 14 C‐glucose in both sepsis and skeletal trauma in the face of an exogenous glucose infusion indicates an abnormal unsuppressible response. Each of the above parameters when compared to normal values was found to be significant at levels greater than 97.5%. The percentages of the dose expired as 14 CO2 in three hours were not significantly different from the normals.
The Comparative Oxidation of Glucose, Fructose, Sorbitol and Xylitol in Normal Man
Authors: Pellaton M. , Acheson K. , Maeder E. , Jequier E. , Felber J. P.
Published: January 2017

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of fructose, sorbitol and xylitol with those of glucose on blood glucose and insulin levels and carbohydrate utilization in man. The experiment was performed by means of continuous indirect calorimetry in five groups of five to six normal volunteers during infusion of either glucose, fructose, sorbitol, xylitol or a mixture of fructose, glucose and xylitol in the proportion of 2:1:1. Glucose and insulin did not present any important variations during the fructose, sorbitol and xylitol infusions. However, carbohydrate oxidation rose significantly during administration of these substrates. Carbohydrate oxidation rose 80mg/min for fructose, 27mg/min for sorbitol, 39mg/min for xylitol and 75mg/min for the carbohydrate mixture, in comparison to 101mg/min for glucose. It is concluded that fructose, sorbitol and xylitol provoke an increase in carbohydrate utilization without a corresponding rise in glycemia and insulinemia.
Factors Influencing Essential Fatty Acid Requirement in Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
Authors: Wolfram Prof Dr.med G. , Eckart Prof Dr.med J. , Walther Dr.med B. , Zöllner. Prof Dr.N.
Published: January 2017

Twenty patients, after major injuries or elective abdominal surgery, were studied with respect to essential fatty acids in total serum and lipoprotein fractions. The regimen of total parenteral nutrition was altered in its content of energy, carbohydrates or fat. In all patients the linoleic acid levels decreased and the 20:3/20:4 ratio increased. Serum low density lipoproteins developed remarkable alterations of the biochemical composition and of morphology by electronmicroscopy. The degree of these alterations depended on the kind of illness, the amount of carbohydrates infused, special hormonal situation due to surgery and linoleic acid supply. As a consequence of these results, the supply of a sufficient amount of linoleic acid should be considered in every case of total parenteral nutrition.
Human Granulocyte and Reticuloendothelial System Function During Intra lipid Infusion
Authors: Jarstrand Connie , Berghem Lars , Lahnborg Gordon
Published: January 2017

In six patients, the phagocytic and catabolic functions of the RES (reticuloendothelial system), as measured by using 125 I‐micro‐aggregated human serum albumin as a test substance, were not affected by Intralipid infusion. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction of granulocytes, the NBT reduction and the bac‐plasma, was significantly lower in eight patients during Intralipid infusion than before this treatment. When heat‐killed E. coli were added for phagocytic stimulation in vitro, the same result was obtained only in the absence of plasma. The bactericidal capacity of granulocytes was significantly decreased in six patients during Intralipid infusion. When Intralipid was added in vitro to granulocytes, the NBT reduction, and the bactericidal capacity of these cells were decreased and the effect was mainly dose‐dependent. Electron micrographs show that granulocytes phagocytize Intralipid. The loading of granulocytes with lipid particles may block the engulfment of bacteria and may be a reason for the decreased bactericidal capacity of these cells. An influence exerted by the lipid on the cell membrane is the most conceivable reason for the decreased NBT reduction.
Continuous vs Discontinuous Enteral Nutrition: Compared Effects on Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins in Humans
Authors: Beau Philippe , Labat Jacques
Published: January 2017

The present study was designed to assess the cholesterol‐lowering effect of enteral nutrition when administered either as discontinuous or as continuous infusion. Twelve neurologic patients were randomly assigned to receive exclusive continuous (n = 6) or discontinuous (n = 6) enteral feeding for 7 days. Serum lipids, apoproteins, and 24‐hour urinary C‐peptide concentrations were determined on days 0 and 7. The fall during continuous nutrition was significantly greater than that during discontinuous nutrition for serum cholesterol (14% vs 2.4%; p <.05), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (17.4% vs 3.9%; p =.02), and apoprotein B (19% vs 0.2%; p <.05) concentrations. Mean 24‐hour urinary C‐peptide excretion increase was significantly greater (p <.05) during discontinuous (78%) than during continuous enteral nutrition (15.6%). These results suggest that the cholesterol‐lowering effect of enteral nutrition was induced mainly by the continuous delivery of the nutrients and was related to changes in insulin secretion. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 18:331–334, 1994)
Rat Pancreatic Secretory Response to Intraduodenal Infusion of Elemental vs Polymeric Defined‐Formula Diet
Authors: Guan Difu , Ohta Hideki , Green Gary M.
Published: January 2017

Pancreatic protein and fluid secretion in response to intraduodenal infusion of polymeric and elemental liquid defined‐formula diets were studied in conscious rats. Rats were prepared with chronic pancreatic, biliary, and duodenal cannulas and had their pancreatic secretions collected and continuously returned to the intestine during intraduodenal infusion with commercial liquid defined‐formula diets. Ensure HN, a polymeric defined‐formula diet containing intact protein, and two elemental diets, in which the protein component consisted of enzymatically hydrolyzed protein and free amino acids, were tested. Ensure HN strongly stimulated pancreatic protein and fluid secretion, causing a maximal 10‐fold increase in protein secretion. In contrast, the elemental diets stimulated only 30% to 47% of the protein secretion caused by Ensure HN. Separate infusion of the fat, protein, and carbohydrate components of one elemental diet, RTF Elemental, showed that fat was the major stimulant, but the responses to the separate components were not significantly different from each other and none caused more than 50% of the response to the complete diet. The results demonstrate that defined‐formula elemental diets are much less stimulatory for pancreatic enzyme secretion than defined‐formula polymeric diets in rats. The probable explanation for this difference is the replacement of intact protein by hydrolyzed protein and amino acids in the elemental diets. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 18:335–339, 1994)
Total Parenteral Nutrition Decreases Luminal Mucous Gel and Increases Permeability of Small Intestine
Authors: Iiboshi Yasuhiko , Nezu Ruchiro , Kennedy Michelle , Fujh Makoto , Wasa Masafush , Fukuzawa Masahiro , Kamata Shinhchi , Takagi Yoji , Okada Akira
Published: January 2017

The distribution of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 70,000 (FITC‐dextran) and mucous gel across the lumen of small intestine was observed as an investigation into the role of mucous gel on permeability in total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Thirty‐two rats were randomly divided into two groups fed with either TPN or oral rat food. On day 4 or 7, FITC‐dextran (750 mg/kg body weight) was given through the gastroduodenal tube. After 1 hour, blood samples were taken by aortic puncture to analyze plasma FITC‐dextran by fluorescence spectrometry. Samples of small intestine with luminal contents were frozen and sectioned in a cryostat for fluorescence microscopy; the same sections were placed in a 0.2% celloidin solution for 3 minutes to preserve mucous gel and stained by periodic acid‐Schiff reaction for light microscopy. The plasma level of FITC‐dextran after 1 hour of this marker injection showed a significant increase (p <.01) in the TPN group compared with the rat food group on days 4 and 7. Morphologic findings on days 4 and 7 were similar in both the jejunum and ileum: The mucous gel filled the spaces between villi and FITC‐dextran centered in the lumen in the rat food group, whereas the mucous gel decreased and FITC‐dextran filled the spaces between villi in the TPN group. FITC‐dextran and mucous gel showed complementary distributions in both groups. These data suggest that TPN decreases luminal mucous gel and increases permeability of small intestine in rats. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 18:346–350, 1994)
Morphologic and Cytoproliferative Patterns of Duodenal Mucosa in Two Patients After Long‐term Total Parenteral Nutrition: Changes With Oral Refeeding and Relation to Intestinal Resection
Authors: Pironi Loris , Paganelli Gian Maria , Miglioli Mario , Biasco Guido , Santucci Renato , Ruggeri Enrico , Febo Giulio Di , Barbara Luigi
Published: January 2017

The morphologic and cytoproliferative patterns of the duodenal mucosa of two adult patients, one of whom had a short bowel, were evaluated after more than 2 months of postoperative total parenteral nutrition and 2 and 12 months after the resumption of oral alimentation. Morphometric analysis was performed on routinely processed duodenal biopsies. Cell proliferation was evaluated by means of in vitro bromodeoxyuridine uptake. The results were compared with those obtained in five healthy controls. After parenteral nutrition, patients showed significantly lower villus height and crypt depth than those of controls and a normal bromodeoxyuridine labeling index. After 2 months of refeeding, villus and crypt returned to normal, and the labeling index was increased. After 12 months of oral refeeding, labeling index, villus height, and crypt depth were similar to those of controls. The patient with the short bowel showed a number of cells per unit length of villus and crypt significantly greater than those of the controls and of the patient who underwent shorter intestinal resection. In human duodenal mucosa, (1) hypoplasia develops after long‐term total parenteral nutrition; (2) mucosal recovery occurs through an increased cell proliferation after oral refeeding; and (3) extensive small bowel resection determines the development of relative hyperplasia. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 18:351–354, 1994)
Discussion Paper Measuring the Size of the Informal Economy: Some Critical Comments
Authors: Georgiern George M.
Published: January 2017

There has been a burgeoning number of studies attempting to measure the size of the ‘black’ economy. These are based on a variety of methodologies and provide a range of estimates, not just across countries but within the same countries. This raises a number of issues: What is meant by the term ‘black’ economy? Is it an appropriate description? What is the theory underlying the estimates of informal economic activity? This paper examines these and other issues, and concludes that whilst the existence of what we prefer to call the ‘informal’ economy in most countries is. incontrovertible, there is a lack of consensus on the appropriate methodology for estimating its size. More importantly, the large number of studies are simply exercises in measurement without theory, though we are sceptical that even with strong theoretical underpinnings it is possible to provide accurate estimates of a complicated web of informal activities.
Barriers to Improved Capability for Low-income Canadians
Authors: Buckland Jerry , Fikkert Antonia , Eagan Rick
Published: January 2017

This article examines barriers to improved well-being for low-income Canadians. It uses the capability approach to explore how personal, institutional and banking factors interact to create obstacles to improved capability. It does this by relying on financial life histories from 15 low-income people living in inner-cities in Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg. The financial life histories are a qualitative method in which respondents were recruited using a snowball sampling method, and asked to share personal stories about their life and financial goals. Respondents are, by Canadian standards, acutely poor and several faced multiple personal barriers including mental illness and substance abuse. The results indicate that participants experienced many more periods of declining, as compared with improving, capability. Respondents identified a series of personal (e.g., illness and addiction), structural (e.g., poorly funded education and low-levels of social assistance support), and banking (e.g., high banking fees and limited appropriate services) obstacles to their improved capability. Most respondents noted that they faced several obstacles at once that created powerful unfreedoms to improved capability. Weak banking services in the neighbourhoods was an important factor in limiting the capability of the respondents.
Book Review: Strategic Value Management: Stock Value Creation and the Management of the Firm
Authors: Edvinsson Leif
Published: January 2017

Strategic Value Management: Stock Value Creation and the Management of the Firm – Juan Pablo Stegmann, 2009, Wiley Finance, 298 pages, ISBN 10: 04 7046710X
Book Review: Japan’s Silk Road Diplomacy – Paving the Road Ahead
Authors: Curtin Sean
Published: January 2017

Japan’s Silk Road Diplomacy – Paving the Road Ahead, Edited by Christopher Len, Tomohiko Uyama and Tetsuya Hirose, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, and The Silk Road Studies Program (Institute for Security and Development Policy), Washington/Stockholm, 2008, ISBN: 978-91-85937-46-2
Book Review: Deciphering the Rising Sun: Navy and Marine Corps Codebreakers
Authors: Nash Ian
Published: January 2017

Deciphering the Rising Sun: Navy and Marine Corps Codebreakers, Translators and Interpreters in the Pacific War by Roger Dingman. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2009, 340 pages, including notes, bibliography and index ISBN 10: 1591142113 £18.99 (Hardcover)
Book Review: How I Caused the Credit Crunch: An Insider’s Story of the Financial Meltdown
Authors: Hamilton Natasha
Published: January 2017

How I Caused the Credit Crunch: An Insider’s Story of the Financial Meltdown by Tetsuya Ishikawa. Icon Books Ltd, 2009 ISBN 978-1848310674 £8.99
Economies of Scale in the UK Wind Energy Research, Development and Demonstration Programme
Authors: Boyle Godfrey
Published: January 2017

The UK Research Development and Demonstration (R,D & D) programme on wind energy has concentrated most of its resources on large, multi-megawatt machines. Evidence is presented which suggests that such large machines are uneconomic, and likely to remain so, Medium-scaled machines (in the sub-megawatt range) offer much more attractive economic prospects, especially when the economies of mass production are taken into consideration. It is argued that the Department of Energy, as part of its programme of assessment of wind energy, should encourage the establishment of several “wind farms”, each consisting of at least 100 medium-scaled turbines, in order adequately to evaluate their environmental impact and the savings obtainable through series production.
Explaining Budgetary Trends in Military Regimes
Authors: Shidlo Gil
Published: January 2017

The conventional literature on the military generally believes that military, non-competitive regimes have a tendency to spend more for national-security purposes and less on welfare provision. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate why do Argentina and Brazil, military non-competitive regimes, have tendencies similar to those of Western democracies where the state’s economic expansion extends beyond that required by strictly economic considerations?

In contrast to the rational-comprehensive or ‘technocratic’ model which is often assumed to predominate in bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes an analysis of social and economic policies in Brazil and Argentina highlights the essentially political nature of the policy process in non-democratic regimes.
Not Any Old Numbers: an Examination of Practical Reasoning in an Accountancy Environment
Authors: Harper Richard R.
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses an investigation into the methods of practical accounting. It was observed that some of these methods were essential to the task but remained unspecified in methods’ definitions. It is suggested that this was because these methods were so typical, routine and everyday, that it was not considered necessary to include them in programmatic glosses. It is argued that in the light of this any notions about the nature of accountancy that derive from programmatic glosses, for instance certain aspects about objectivity, need to be revised.
The Methodology of Cartesian Economics: Some Thoughts on the Nature of Economic Theorising
Authors: Anderson R.J. , Hughes J.A. , Sharrock W.W.
Published: January 2017

The arguments advanced in this paper raise some questions to do with the character of conventional economic theorising, its metaphysical underpinnings and its relationship to ‘real world’ activities. At the heart of what is termed Cartesian Economics is a conception of science which stresses the criterial status of mathematics in the formulation of scientific theories. This is embodied in the methodology of ‘inductive axiomatics’ by which theoretically pure types are connected to ‘real world’ events through successive relaxation of theoretical axioms. However, it is argued here that the mathematical character of Ecomomics is a metaphysical stipulation not a discovery and raises again the question of Economic’s empirical reference.
Book Review: Money and Votes: Constituency Spending and Election Results
Authors: Rush Michael
Published: January 2017

Money and Votes: Constituency Spending and Election Results, R.J. Johnston, Croom Helm, London, 1987. xvi + 218pp. j30.00hbk. ISBN 0-7099-1466-0.
Book Review: Russia and America: the Roots of Economic Divergence
Authors: Al-Timimi Walid
Published: January 2017

Russia and America: the Roots of Economic Divergence, Colin White, Croom Helm 1987. £30 hardback.
Adsorption of Some Unsaturated Fatty Acid Salts on Fluorite Mineral — Effect of Temperature
Authors: Yehia Ahmed
Published: January 2017

The adsorption of some fatty acid salts on fluorite mineral was investigated as a function of temperature. These fatty acids differed in their hydrocarbon chain configuration. The adsorption isotherms were characterized by three distinct regions: region I which occurred at lower equilibrium concentration (< 100 mg/l) where the adsorption density increased at elevated temperature as the number of double bonds increased in the fatty acid; region II where the adsorption density increased sharply due to the surface precipitation of calcium carboxylate; and region III where a decrease in adsorption density was exhibited as the equilibrium concentration reached the CMC of the soaps. The oxidative effect of temperature on the double bond appeared to be the reason for the polymerization of the soap species on the mineral surface which led to the increase in adsorption in region I. The effect of temperature on adsorption in region II could be related to the relative solubility of the precipitated calcium salt of each soap and micelle formation in region III was also affected by temperature which caused a decrease in CMC formation at elevated temperatures.
Adsorption of Benzene and Ethanol on Activated Carbon, MCM-41 and Zeolite Y
Authors: Nguyen C. , Do D.D.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption of benzene and ethanol at 0, 15 and 30°C on to a number of adsorbents were studied to investigate their performance in the removal of VOCs. The isotherms were measured over a wide range of relative pressure in order to study the contribution of the micropore adsorption and the capillary condensation in mesopores. A model describing the adsorption of subcritical vapours was tested against the isotherm data. It was found that results obtained from the isotherm fitting of benzene and ethanol experimental data were consistent with each other and also with the results of nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Among the adsorbents studied, Ajax active carbon was found to be the most practical adsorbent for the removal of VOCs.
Adsorption Equilibria of Single-Component and Multi-Component Metal Ions on to Scrap Rubber
Authors: Zarraa Mahmoud A.
Published: January 2017

The ability of scrap rubber to adsorb the three metal ions, copper, cadmium and zinc, in single-component and multi-component mixtures in aqueous solutions has been studied. A comparison has been made between the single-component saturation uptake and the multi-component uptakes. The experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson isotherms. The correlation coefficients obtained from plotting these isotherms gave a measure of the conformity of the data to a linear trend and corresponded to a perfect fit. The isotherms indicated a competitive uptake, with copper being preferentially adsorbed by scrap rubber in multi-component solutions. The capacity of scrap rubber for the single-component metals was in the order: Cd > Cu > Zn. On the other hand, the order of preference of scrap rubber for metals in multi-component mixtures was: Cu > Cd > Zn.
Physicochemical Study of 'Dolomitic' Sorbents Prepared under Different Thermal Conditions. Part II. Sintering as a Result of Long-term Heating
Authors: Stefaniak Elzbieta , Biliński Bogdan , Staszczuk Piotr , Wójcik Jan
Published: January 2017

The influence of prolonged heating (12,24 and 46 h) on the porous structure and surface properties of 'dolomitic' sorbents was investigated. No important changes in the specific surface areas were found. However, increasing the heating time resulted in a decrease in the total pore volume and the average pore radius as well as considerable differences in the pore size distributions. These changes may be explained by the effect of sintering which accompanies many gas-solid reactions. The adsorption properties of the sorbents towards hydrocarbons were also investigated and the adsorption energy distribution functions calculated. The investigated surfaces appeared to be strongly heterogeneous.
Chemisorption of Lewis Bases on Zeolites – A New Interpretation of the Results
Authors: Patrylak L.K.
Published: January 2017

The chemisorption of pyridine, the 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxypiperidine-1-oxyl radical and ammonia on the cationized and decationized forms of X and Y zeolites, as used for the determination of BrSnsted and Lewis acidity using infrared spectroscopy, ESR spectroscopy and the temperature programmed desorption of ammonia, has been investigated. A new approach, based on a detailed quantitative analysis of the experimental data, is proposed. It was found that the sodium cations are not the Lewis acid sites, but that on the outer surface of zeolite crystals such sites correspond to coordinatively unsaturated aluminium atoms. These amount to 17% and 14%, respectively, of the entire surface aluminium for NaX and NaY zeolites. The remaining coordinatively unsaturated aluminium in the heart of a zeolite structure decationized to 84% make little contribution to the overall percentage.

It was shown that the temperature programmed desorption of ammonia is the most effective method for providing a quantitative determination of the BrOnsted acidity of zeolites. The overwhelming majority of Lewis acid sites on zeolites whose sodium ions had been exchanged for di- and tri-valent cations was provided by these latter cations. The quantitative accuracy of the determination of Lewis acid sites was not noticeably affected by the presence of BrOnsted sites on the zeolite.
Adsorption of Copper on Transcarpathian Clinoptilolite
Authors: Vasylechko V.O. , Gryshchouk G.V. , Lebedynets L.O. , Kuz'ma Yu.B. , Vasylechko L.O. , Zakordonskiy V.P.
Published: January 2017

The adsorption properties of Ukrainian Transcarpathian clinoptilolite in aqueous copper(H) solutions under dynamic conditions have been investigated. Under optimum conditions (pH of Cu2+ solution = 7.1; adsorbent thermally modified at 120-170°C for 2.5 h; flow rate of Cu2+ solution through adsorbent = 3 ml/min), the adsorption capacity of the clinoptilolite towards copper amounted to 725 ng/g. The conditions for the desorption of copper(II) from clinoptilolite have been studied. Of the desorbents tested, the best were HNO3 (1:1) and HNO3 (1:2) solutions. Their effectiveness in extracting copper(II) ions under the desorption conditions employed amounted to 100%.
Preparation of Porous Alumina through the Precipitation of Aluminium Hydroxide in the Presence of Surfactants
Authors: Radwan Nagi R.E. , Atia Asem A. , Youssef A.M.
Published: January 2017

Different aluminas were prepared through the precipitation of aluminium hydroxide in the absence and presence of various surfactants, followed by calcination at different temperatures. Examples of anionic and cationic surfactants employed were sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate (AOT) and dodecylamine hydrochloride (DAH), respectively. The surface properties of the samples obtained were evaluated through measurements of their BET surface areas using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and the adsorption of Methyl Orange from aqueous solution at 30°C. The addition of cationic surfactant during the precipitation process produced alumina with a high surface area, whereas only a limited change in the surface properties was induced by the anionic surfactant.
Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution on to Activated Carbon. Effect of Solvent, Temperature and Particle Size
Authors: Leyva-Ramos R. , Zuñiga J.H. Soto , Barron J. Mendoza , Coronado R.M. Guerrero
Published: January 2017

The effects of solvent, particle size and temperature on the adsorption isotherm for phenol on to activated carbon were investigated in this work. The first two effects were studied by determining the adsorption isotherm at 298 K in both aqueous and cyclohexane solutions, and using particle diameters of 0.338, 0.635, 0.940 and 1.494 mm. The last effect was analyzed by measuring the adsorption isotherm at temperatures of 283 K, 298 K and 313 K in both solvents, and using a particle diameter of 0.940 mm. It was found that in the aqueous solution the amount of phenol adsorbed is greater than that in the cyclohexane solution, which was attributed to the fact that phenol has a higher affinity for cyclohexane than for water. Furthermore, the results revealed that in aqueous solution the amount of phenol adsorbed increased when the particle size decreased and was slightly reduced by an increase in the temperature; however, in cyclohexane solution, the amount of phenol adsorbed was independent of particle size and considerably reduced by increasing temperature.
Surface Area and Pore Structure of Hardened Portland Cement/Silica Fume Pastes Containing a Superplasticizer
Authors: Khalil Kh.A.
Published: January 2017

Surface characteristics such as specific surface area, total pore volume, hydraulic pore radius and pore size distribution have been evaluated for hardened Portland cement/silica fume pastes containing different amounts of BVF superplasticizer (naphthalene sulphonate addicrete). The derived parameters indicate that the surface properties were greatly affected by the amount of superplasticizer employed. The pozzolanic reaction between silica fume and the free lime released during the hydration of Portland cement, as well as the production of a more dense structure produced by the addition of BVF superplasticizer accompanied by decreasing initial water/solid ratios, resulted in hardened cement pastes with a close-textured structure and the predominance of micropores and/or mesopores with a limited size. Such a structure produced dense pastes with improved mechanical properties.
The Forgotten Nonvictim
Authors: Sessar Klaus
Published: January 2017

One main target of victim surveys is to draw a more realistic picture of crime by asking people whether they had suffered a criminal incident during a given reference period (mostly twelve months). The same instrument is usually employed for the study of the causes and consequences of victimization as well. This leads to some serious methodological and substantive problems. The differentiation between victims and nonvictims might be erroneous because by using short reference periods victims are excluded and thereby turned into nonvictims, although they may display the behavior and attitudes of victims. On the other hand, the commonly observed memory decay is treated as a methodological bias although forgetting can be a decision not to accept the role of a victim as well. Thus, the victim in a legal sense is ‘in fact’ a nonvictim. These problems will be discussed by using some empirical data from a German study on restitution and punishment, with victimization as one of the independent variables.
New Methodological Perspectives for Victimization Surveys: The Potentials of Computer-Assisted Telephone Surveys and Some Related Innovations
Authors: Killias Martin
Published: January 2017

Victimization surveys conducted outside the United States have largely followed the design of the American National Crime Survey (NCS). Due to financial constraints, however, they have consistently used far smaller samples, and they never adopted the panel design (bounding of interviews) of the NCS. Drawing on experiences from the Swiss Crime Survey, it is argued that computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) offer interesting solutions to the methodological difficulties resulting from these constraints. Also CATI may allow for a more precise location of incidents in time and space, and may be more efficient in controlling attrition rate (and interviewer behavior). Taken together, the suggested methodological innovations may result in more valid estimates of victimization rates.
Threats: Findings from the British Crime Survey
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: January 2017

This paper has two themes. The first concerns the status of phenomena counted by crime surveys: using threats as an example, it argues that surveys can count phenomena which are more inclusive than ‘crime’ either as operationally or nominally defined. Secondly, findings are presented from the British Crime Survey about threats and threatening behaviour. Though threats are often very upsetting experiences, there is not much evidence from the survey that victims perceive an unmet need for criminal justice services. The legal status of threats in England and Wales is discussed in an introductory section.
Sanctioning the Selfish: The Operation of Portugal's New ‘Bad Samaritan’ Statute
Authors: Geis Gilbert
Published: January 2017

In 1982, Portugal followed the precedent of most European legal systems by criminally penalizing persons who fail to provide aid or summon help for those requiring such assistance. Anglo-American legal codes, with rare exceptions, have resisted penalizing such acts of omission, and jurisprudents have defended this position with a variety of ethical and legal explanations. The article examines the initial cases which came before the courts under the new Portuguese law in order to provide empirical information bearing on traditional objections to criminalizing failure-to-rescue. It then critically reviews general reservations about duty-to-rescue provisions
Interaction Between the Police and Minority Group Members: Victimization through the Incorrect Interpretation of Nonverbal Behavior
Authors: Winkel Frans Willem
Published: January 2017

Research findings reveal a differential treatment by police officers of Dutch citizens and foreign born citizens belonging to minority groups. Differences in the degree to which both targets make a suspicious impression on the observing officer are hypothesized to be its main determinant. Theoretically this determinant is linked with the occurrence of nonverbal communication errors, which are a common source of misunderstanding in cross-cultural interactions. Three experiments, in which culturally determined nonverbal behaviors were systematically manipulated (defensive behavior, rhythmic behavior and gaze behavior) are presented. Experimental outcomes underline the importance of nonverbal communication errors in cross-cultural interactions. Results support the hypothesis that police-officers wrongfully interpret these behaviors of the interacting citizen as expressions of being a suspect, and thus victimize these citizens. These results are finally integrated in the theoretical framework of correspondence theory.
Clinical Trial of Amikacin in Infections Due to Bacteria Resistant to Two or More Other Antibiotics
Authors: Cedrato A
Published: January 2017

Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day given in two divided intramuscular injections was used in the treatment of thirty children with various bacterial infections. Disc diffusion tests indicated that all pathogens were susceptible to amikacin. All but one of the isolates, a D. pneumoniae strain, were Gram-negative and all were resistant to two or more of the other antibiotics tested: gentamicin, kanamycin, polymixin and carbenicillin. Pre-and post-treatment laboratory tests of hepatic, renal and hematopoietic functions yielded no evidence of amikacin toxicity. The clinical and bacteriologic cures achieved in ail the cases indicate that amikacin is a valuable antibiotic for populations in which Gram-negative bacteria resistant to other antibiotics are frequently encountered.
A Dose-Response Study of Xipamid in Hypertension Used in Combination with other Anti-Hypertensive Drugs
Authors: Davies P S , Prichard B N C
Published: January 2017

Xipamid has been found to exert an effective anti-hypertensive effect in combination with methyldopa ( four patients), propranolol ( five patients), methyldopa and propranolol ( one patient) and bethanidine ( one patient), also bethanidine and propranolol ( two patients). A double-blind study was performed in ten patients and xipamid 40 mg and 20 mg produced a significant fall in blood pressure, but the difference in effect between the two dosages was insignificant. Xipamid produced a fall in serum potassium below the normal range in half the patients. Xipamid is an effective anti-hypertensive drug that exerts an additive effect with other anti-hypertensive drugs in common with many other diuretic agents.