bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Transcrystalline Regions in Two Polyolefins
Authors: Kwei T.K. , Schonhorn H. , Frisch H.L.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic Young's moduli E of molded films of a polyethylene and a polypropylene were found to decrease with increasing thickness t. An upper limit of E appears to exist when the film thickness is reduced to less than 1 mil. For thicker films, E is inversely proportional to t. Finally, the modulus approaches a lower asymptotic value when t is in excess of 20 mil. The results can be represented quantita tively by a model in which the surface transcrystalline region and the bulk phase of the polymer respond in a parallel com bination to the applied stress. The modulus of the trans crystalline region in each polymer is higher than that of the bulk phase. The thickness of a surface region is about 12μ in polypropylene and 15μ in polyethylene. The effects of thermal history and the nature of the molded surface were examined briefly.
Why Urethanes in the Transportation Industries
Authors: Ross Marshall W.
Published: March 2007

An explanation is given of the ability to vary the properties of urethane materials. Examples are shown where four different compounds have been developed to give the best possible per formance for a number of specific applications. A list is given of specific applications in the automotive, railroad, aircraft and materials handling industries. Many of these are shown on 35mm color slides.
Copolymerization of 3,3,3,-Trichloro-Propylene Oxide with 1,3-Butadiene
Authors: Vogt H.C. , Davis P. , Frisch K.C. , Fujiwara E.J.
Published: March 2007

The copolymerization of 3,3,3-trichloro-propylene oxide (TCPO) with 1,3-butadiene (BD) has been described. Copolymers with different chlorine content have been prepared in good yields, vary ing the mole ratio of the two monomers. TCPO/BD copolymers can be co-vulcanized with elastomers containing unsaturated linkages. The addition of TCPO/BD copolymers to natural rubber does not appear to have a detrimental effect on the physical properties and results in improved retention of tensile strength on heat aging at 100°C.
The Photoelastic Stress Analysis of Elastomers for Use in Construction
Authors: Cook John P.
Published: March 2007

Photoelasticity offers definite advantages in the analysis of complex shapes used in plastics in construction. It enables the analyst to see magnitude and direction of stresses, as well as lo cation. Applications include cast-in-place joint seals, highways, butt joints, and lap joints.
Polyurethane Film Formers
Authors: Bailey Maurice E.
Published: March 2007

Development and understanding of the principles of polyure thane science has led to new progress in the technology of film formers. Of particular current interest are those compositions de signed to provide finishes for microcellular and integral skin foams and for fabrics. Primarily as a result of stimulus arising from introduction of the polyurethane rubber bumper, new polyurethane lacquers have been demonstrated to possess acceptable per formance but could stand improvement in application engineering. Flexible polyurethane-melamine copolymers exhibit promise in performance in these uses and are easier to apply. The prosaic oil modified urethanes provide a basis for further development of flexible types in approaches which maximize urethane rather than oil.
Studies on the Curing Behavior of Polyurethane Elastoplastics
Authors: Lewis Armand F. , Pietsch Gerhard J.
Published: March 2007

Torsional Braid and Infrared analysis were used to examine the curing behavior of a model Polyurethane prepolymer (reaction product of poly ethylene adipate glycol and 2 4-toluene diisocyanate) with a triol (tn methylol propane) and an amine (MOCA). These analytical methods were used to follow the mechanical and chemical conversion of the curing sys tem. The results were interpreted in terms of the formation of "physical" and chemical cross-links. It was concluded that with the triol cure, both chemical and physical cross-links characterize the mechanical conversion of the polymer; with the amine cure, a two-step mechanical conversion mech anism is proposed.
Changing the Rate of Crystallization of Trans-1, 4-Polysoprene By Sulfur Crosslinks
Authors: Morrissey R.T. , Wilkes C.E. , Peklo Maria J.P.
Published: March 2007

The effect of vulcanization on unstretched natural rubber in retarding crystallization is well known. The present study has shown the crystallization rate of balata and a synthetic trans-1, 4-polyisoprene can be likewise decreased by crosslinking. Two types of cure systems with sulfur were studied using (1) N, N, oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide (OBTS) and (2) a combination of mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and tetra methylthiuram disulfide (TMTD). Included in this study was the effect of increasing cure times for each compound at temperatures of 140°C and 160°C. The results have shown the feasibility of varying the amount of crystallinity as well as delaying its formation for periods of one to two weeks for compounds cured with MBT-TMTD and sulfur. An increase in the percent monosulfide linkages has been shown to occur in the case of the compounds with OBTS cured at 160°C compared to those cured at 140°C. In contrast, a high percentage of monosulfide linkages was present in the compounds with MBT-TMTD cured at both 140°C and 160°C. Our studies have shown that the higher the crosslink density the slower the rate of crystallization. We speculate that the monosulfide linkages in the polymer matrix may play an important role in changing the crystallization rate. These observations have been substantiated by (1) hardness measure ments with time, (2) X-ray diffraction scans of the crystallization, and (3) crosslink density studies. The results obtained for both balata and the synthetic trans-1, 4-polyisoprene have shown good agreement.
Development and Characterization of En-7: a Ferric Acetylacetonate Catalyzed Polybutadiene-Based Elastomer
Authors: Arnold Charles
Published: March 2007

Improved cure efficiency of polybutadiene based-polyol cured elastomers was achieved by replacing the organomercury catalyst of the commercial formulation (EN-4) with small concentrations of ferric acetylacetonate [Fe(AcAc) 3]. Although the pot life of the Fe(AcAC)3 catalyzed formulation, designated EN-7, was 20% shorter than that of EN-4, the pot life could be doubled by addition of minute quantities of acetylacetone without adversely affecting the improved cure efficiency. Spectroscopic analyses were carried out which corroborate that the Fe(AcAc)3 catalysis of the isocyanate-alcohol reaction involves alcoholysis of the metal acetylacetonate. Characterization studies indicate that, if me chanical strength at elevated temperatures is not a requirement, EN-7 appears to be a viable replacement for Adiprene elastomers which are under suspension because of the alleged carcinogenic nature of the curing agent, MOCA.
Choosing Liquid Encapsulants for Electronics
Authors: Lequin Doris S.
Published: March 2007

The selection of encapsulants for specific applica tions requires careful evaluation of both resin properties and hardward requirements. The intent of this paper is to present some of the more important elements of this evaluation tech nique. Guidelines for selection of tests to determine the en capsulants properties, as well as evaluation of the test results, is included.
Methyl Glucoside Based Rigid Urethane Polyols and Foam
Authors: Cimerol J.J. , Fuzesi S.
Published: March 2007

The properties of urethane polyols and urethane foam based on methyl glucoside are discussed.
Discovery and Development of Epichlorohydrin Elastomers
Authors: Vandenberg E.J.
Published: March 2007

The epichlorohydrin elastomers were discovered in early 1957 when the author's new vinyl ether coordination catalyst was explored for epichlorohydrin polymerization and yielded a new rubber, amorphous polyepichlorohydrin. This work quickly led to the discovery of unique new organometallic catalysts which facilitated the development of the epichlorohydrin elastomers. Laboratory studies indicated that amorphous polyepichlorohydrin had merit as a specialty oil resistant elastomer. Limited market contacts on amorphous polyepichlorohydrin (called chlorohydrin rubber or CHR) with rubber producers, users, and epichlorohydrin producers indicated some problems and some interest. We made progress in solving the problems but Hercules decided not to proceed with the development at that time. Instead, Hercules know-how and patents were licensed to B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company. We subse quently made larger samples of epichlorohydrin—ethylene oxide copolymers and found the 1:1 mol copolymer to be an outstanding candidate with greatly improved low- temperature and other rubber properties, and with no sacrifice in oil resistance. A process was developed and scaled up to a 500-gallon reactor to provide large samples for further study. Goodrich announced commercialization of the epichlorohydrin elastomers in October 1965 under the trademark Hydrin.
Research On Polyelectrolyte Stabilized Clay Compositions
Authors: Usmani A.M.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes interaction of clay with a polyelectrolyte. Because of the formation of polymer-clay interacted product it was possible to produce bricks, roofing tiles without any firing or baking. The mechanical properties of such products were excellent but the water resistance was only marginal. The water resistance was improved by incorporation of minor amounts of wax.
Effect of Elastomer Level and Resin Molecular Weight On Properties and Weatherability of Olefin Modified Styrene-Acrylonitrile
Authors: Wefer J.M.
Published: March 2007

Olefin modified styrene-acrylonitrile (OSA) polymers are high impact thermo plastics designed for resistance to changes in mechanical properties and ap pearance when exposed outdoors. The effects of changes in elastomer level and SAN molecular weight on initial properties and retention of toughness during weathering were studied for a series of OSA blends. Specimens were exposed in Miami, Florida and in a fluorescent sunlamp/blacklight device. Changes in mechanical properties were tracked by means of a chip impact test. Changes in surface morphology were also monitored.
Injection Molding of Polyacrylic Gasketing Requiring No Postcure
Authors: Chang Eugene , Dunn Gary E.
Published: March 2007

A new single-package curative for polyacrylate elastomer allows the fabricator to achieve a short molding cycle, improved processability, and the elimination of postcure by an injection molding process. The molded articles show good mechanical properties and excellent aging characteristics.
Designing Extrusion Dies for Thermoplastics
Authors: Covas J.A. , Carneiro O.S. , Brito A.M.
Published: March 2007

An extrusion die must be able to produce, at the highest possible flow rate, a specific cross-section of an homogeneous melt that, after cooling, is well within the dimensional tolerances defined. The correct design of such a tool will have to consider the relevant physical and rheological phenomena that take place during the flow of the polymer melt through the die and upon stretching and cooling. This paper presents a possible strategy for die design that considers the most important physical and rheological phenomena in volved in the process without too complex or time consuming computation tech niques. Since an appropriate die design requires extensive data on the polymer properties, useful procedures for characterizing the rheological behaviour of polymer melts are also discussed.
Rheological Changes in the Processing of Rubber-Carbon Black Compounds
Authors: Deiber Julio A. , Roig Fernandez Daniel
Published: March 2007

This work shows that the apparent viscosity and the effective relaxation time of rubber-carbon black compounds can be used to evaluate the quality of mixing along the mixing-milling-extrusion process. These rheo metric functions allow one to estimate the degree of carbon black dispersion in relation to mechanical degradation of polymer chains along the production line. It is found that the Occluded Rubber Model is consistent with experimen tal results, which are obtained through capillary rheometry.
Effect of Gamma Radiation on EPDM/LDPE Blends
Authors: Abdel-Aziz M.M. , Abdel-Bary E.M. , Abou Zaid M.M. , El Miligy A.A.
Published: March 2007

Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) rubber was blended with different amounts of low density polyethylene (LDPE) up to 400 phr and subjected to different gamma radiation doses. Changes in the mechanical properties of the resulting blends were determined. An equation representing the effect of both radiation dose and LDPE concentration on the tensile strength of corresponding blend was empirically derived. Such an equa tion allows one to predict the tensile strength of the blend, knowing the radia tion dose and LDPE concentration.
Thermostability of Urethane Elastomers Based on p-Phenylene Diisocyanate
Authors: Xiao H.X. , Yang S. , Kresta J.E. , Frisch K.C. , Higley D.P.
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane (PU) elastomers based on p-phenylene diisocyanate (PPDI), poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol or poly(1,6 hexamethylene adipate) gly col and 1,4-butanediol were prepared at different NCO/OH ratios, and the mechanical property changes of these elastomers after heat aging at 150 °C were examined in the presence and absence of various antioxidants. It was found that the highest retention of mechanical properties of the polyether based PU elastomers were achieved with Irganox 1010 followed by Irganox 1024. There was no synergism observed in the combinations of antioxidants. The thermal oxidation stability of PUs based on polyester polyol was better than one based on polyether polyol. Both NCO/OH ratio and the methods of ad dition of antioxidants to PU elastomers affect the final thermostability of the elastomers.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Properties of Coloured Vinyl Chloride-Methylmethacrylate Copolymer
Authors: El-Borollosy Salah M. , Safy El-Din Nabil M. , Fahmy A.M.
Published: March 2007

The effect of different doses of gamma irradiation (3-18 Mrad) on the infrared spectra, spectral absorption in the visible region and viscosity of the known coloured sample of vinyl chloride-methylmethacrylate copolymer were studied. The atomic absorption measurements for elemental analysis revealed that the sample contains Ni, Co and Cr. The irradiation of the sample with gamma ray doses produced various changes in the IR spectra.
The Social Organization of Lie-Detector Tests
Authors: DAVIS PHILLIP W. , McKENZIE-RUNDLE PAMELA
Published: March 2007

Most research on polygraphy has examined the technique's laboratory success in singling out deceptive from truthful subjects. This article, in contrast, views lie-detector tests as a social control convention and focuses upon the technique's social organization and interactive context. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with polygraph examiners and the second author's lengthy experience as a practicing examiner, the article describes the examiner's craft and the test encounter. The setting and interaction are organized toward two interrelated goals: to produce “good charts” and to generate admissions and confessions. These ends in turn are sought by “selling” the subject on the polygraph's ability to detect deception, overcoming subjects' “countermeasures,” and presenting test results to subjects in ways that can induce confessions. These everyday features of polygraph work must be understood before we can appreciate the wider legal, ethical, and policy meanings of lie detection.
Coerced Voluntarism
Authors: PEYROT MARK
Published: March 2007

The concept of coerced voluntarism is developed to analyze the micropolitical dynamics of drug abuse treatment at a community agency offering outpatient counseling services. Clients are coerced by criminal justice agents into “volunteering” for treatment and are generally unwilling to make serious commitments to therapeutic objectives. Unable to establish either voluntary or involuntary treatment models, clients and treatment personnel must negotiate working agreements regarding the character of their relationships. Using ethnographic materials, this article examines factors influencing the outcomes of these negotiations and the resulting course of treatment. Claiming they do not need treatment, clients attempt to persuade treatment personnel to side with them against criminal justice agents. Counselors tend to cooperate with clients because they need every possible client due to financial circumstances. Although they intercede for clients with criminal justice agents, treatment personnel also pursue a secondary strategy aimed at enticing some clients to participate actively in therapy.
Record-Keeping Practices in the Policing of Juveniles
Authors: MEEHAN ALBERT J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the record-keeping practices of two suburban police departments. It is argued that the projected organizational career and anticipated use of a record shapes its form and content in significant ways. Police officers orient, as record keepers, to the prospective uses and careers of the documents they produce. Record work also includes understanding the role of the officer's personal records and the interactional “running record” to the organization. In sum, understanding the production and use of these various records is indispensable to making sense of what the record “really” means.
Super-Apostles, Servants of Christ, and Servants of Satan
Authors: Thrall Margaret E.
Published: March 2007

The term 'super-apostles' denotes the Jerusalem apostles. Paul uses it of the visiting missionaries in Corinth because he thinks it just possible that some of the Jerusalem apostles might be included amongst them. The visiting missionaries are both the 'servants of Christ' and the 'servants of Satan'. They represent themselves as associates of Peter, whom they regard as the model apostle. In Paul's view, they imitate the dual role of Peter (in the synoptic tradition) as spokesman of God and spokesman of Satan.
The Genesis of the Gospel
Authors: Powell J. Enoch
Published: March 2007

Internal evidence of a detailed textual character points to the first of the Synoptic Gospels, Matthew, having been the sole source of the other two and consequently prime evidence for the evolution of the contents. Analysis of Matthew, especially study of the recurrent phenomenon of duplication, discloses that an alternative to a basic text has been subsequently re-combined with it. This textual genesis reflects the rise and the eventual settlement of a crucial struggle between the pro-Gentile and pro-Jewish wings of the Christian Church over the identity of the Saviour and the mechanism of redemption. The basic text had marked affinities with the figure of Peter and reveals the existence of a Gentile church already possessing a fixed liturgy, the recognizable forerunner of the Catholic mass. The critical stage would fall most naturally after the Roman destruction of the Temple in AD 70.
'After Not Many Days' in Acts 1.5 and Its Hellenistic Context
Authors: Mealand David
Published: March 2007

The strange phrase 'after these not many days' has been claimed as a Latinism or Semitism. Searching TLG with Ibycus, I found close Greek parallels. The litotes with prepositive negative can be paral leled in Greek. The other part of the phrase 'these many' seems more strange. Similar phrases exist in the LXX but also in Latin and in the Greek of Dionysius of Halicarnassus and earlier writers. No single parallel in any language matched the whole phrase but both main components can now be clearly documented in Hellenistic Greek.
The Authenticity of 1 Thessalonians 2.13-16: Additional Evidence
Authors: Weatherly Jon A.
Published: March 2007

Various points of evidence corroborate the hypothesis that 1 Thess. 2.13-16 is authentic. Careful syntactical analysis demonstrates the text's formal consistency with its context. Several details indicate that the expression 'the Jews' refers only to the persecutors of the Judean church and that the judgment of v. 16 is imminent, not realized. Con sequently, the alleged theological contradiction with Rom. 11.25-32 is ameliorated. Further examination of alleged linguistic inconsis tencies between the text and the rest of 1 Thessalonians reveals that the text is entirely consistent with the style of other, undisputed Pauline texts. The balance of the evidence thus favors the text's authenticity, especially in light of its universal external attestation.
The Flow of Thought in Luke 22.24-27
Authors: Nelson Peter K.
Published: March 2007

This study traces the progression of thought in Luke 22.24-27 by focusing on the role of the contrasted positions described in vv. 26-27, particularly the place of Jesus' reference to himself as 'the servant' (v. 27c) in relation to that progression. From the perspective of this contrast framework the apostles' prizing of greatness (v. 24) is seen to be cast by Luke in a distinctly negative light, and the pattern of authority ascribed to kings and rulers (v. 25) is firmly rejected. Verse 26a ('But not so with you') is thus taken as prescriptive, not descriptive (against D.J. Lull, NovT 28 [1986], p. 296). The Lukan Jesus opposes the apostles' ambition for greatness which reflects a mentality associated with political authorities, and commends instead a style of leadership transformed by a commitment to service.
Subversive Narrator/Victimized Reader: a Reader Response Assessment of a Text-Critical Problem, John 18.12-24
Authors: Staley Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

This article takes the old text-critical and interpretive problem of Jn 18.12-24 (who interrogates Jesus—Annas or Caiaphas?), and evaluates it from the perspective of reader response criticism. In this approach the textual variants and the more recent source-critical solutions become the data for constructing a reception history, a window into a way of reading. This reception history is empirical evidence of reader- felt gaps and confusions, and is examined from the perspective of pragmatics, not semantics. The questions become: 'What does this text do to the reader, and why?'

By viewing this text-critical problem within the larger issue of Johannine narrative rhetoric, there is evidence to suggest that it fits into a victimizing strategy found else where. Once again, like the Socratic είρων, the narrator undermines the reader's grasp of the story in order to lead the reader into a deeper faith experience.
The Use of the Term (? ) in the Aramaic Translations of the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Casey Maurice
Published: March 2007

(? ) is used, with varying frequency, in the Peshitta and in the majority of extant Targums. It may render ?, ?, ?, ?, ? or ?. Occasionally, it renders another word, and it is used in free composition. It is a normal term for 'man'. Sometimes it refers to an unspecified individual, sometimes it refers to man in general, and with a negative it means 'nobody'. It is used in contextual association with death, and in contrast with God, but it does not have such associations every where. It is used with particular reference to Ezekiel, Daniel and Noah, and in general statements with particular reference to Adam, the chief butler, Joseph, Moses and Zerah and his army; it is used with reference to King Messiah at Targ. Ps. 80.18, it does not carry such reference to other contexts, and it is not so used at Targ. Ps. 8.5. Six passages in which it renders ? are general statements, five of which have particular reference to the speaker, an idiom noted in two other Targum passages.
The Separate Gentile Mission in Mark: a Narrative Explanation of Markan Geography, the Two Feeding Accounts and Exorcisms
Authors: Wefald Eric K.
Published: March 2007

Various explanations for the apparent disregard for the continuity of the story line and geography within Mark's Gospel have centered on the question of redaction. This article proposes a straightforward narrative understanding, and assumes that geographical references in Mark have meaning, especially within a narrative informed by Jewish thought patterns of the time period of Mark's first audience. Further, this article posits that meaningful geographical references reveal a geographically and chronologically separate mission by Jesus in his exorcistic activity, the two feeding accounts, and the bread conversations, which flesh out a clear narrative of parallel yet different missions to the Jews and non-Jews. The separate Gentile mission is necessary for Jesus, for although neither Jews nor non-Jews knew who Jesus was at the start, the Jewish people already worshipped Yahweh, while the Gentile people did not know Yahweh and were still engaged in worship of heathen demons and idols.
Form and Function in the Passion Story: the Issue of Genre Reconsidered
Authors: Broadhead Edwin K.
Published: March 2007

While literary-critical approaches have become an accepted part of biblical criticism, skeptics continue to ask about the ultimate value of such procedures. Thus far the 'payoff has been limited largely to alternate readings and to different perspectives on redactional intent, and traditionsgeschichtliche questions of origin and development are rarely addressed through literary-critical tools.

This investigation demonstrates how formalistic analysis of the passion story not only raises issues of interpretation and intentionality, but also requires careful recon sideration of the form and genre of this tradition. This study identifies in Mark 14-16 a formal pattern which controls ten of the twelve scenes and influences the other two. Sayings material is shown to exert a surprising influence upon the narration of Jesus' final days. This literary pattern requires a restatement of the defining traits of the passion story: its genre, its function, its origin. Each of these issues will be reformu lated in light of the literary characteristics of the scenes in Mark 14-16. As a conse quence this study demonstrates that literary-critical tools may be used to illuminate enduring foundational questions such as the origin and identity of the passion story.
Theological Principle or Christological Praxis? Pauline Ethics in 1 Corinthians 8.1-11.1
Authors: Horrell David
Published: March 2007

This article offers a coherent reading of a complex and difficult passage (1 Cor. 8.1- 11.1). It is argued that Paul accepts as legitimate the 'right' of the strong to eat idol- meat and does not rule out participating in activities at the temples, but offers his own example (in chapter 9) as a Christ-like pattern of the giving up of legitimate rights in the interests of others. He calls the strong Corinthians to imitate him in imitation of Christ (11.1). Paul agrees with the theological principles cited by the strong in sup port of their right (8.1-6), but argues that Christian ethical conduct is founded not upon such principles, but upon a Christological praxis—a pattern of action shaped by the self-giving of Christ.
The Jesus of Orthodoxy and the Jesuses of the Gospels: a Critique of Luke Timothy Johnson's the Real Jesus
Authors: Miller Robert J.
Published: March 2007

A central thesis of L.T. Johnson's The Real Jesus is that the gospels manifest a uniform pattern that discloses the meaning of Jesus' life and death and the paradigm of discipleship. This pattern, Johnson claims, is the same in all four gospels. This essay demonstrates that Johnson's thesis is wrong. I argue that the gospels have dis tinctive patterns that differ significantly from one another. Furthermore, no one gospel actually contains the pattern Johnson describes. Johnson's uniform pattern depends on a selectivity that suppresses contrary evidence and ignores the integrity and dis tinctiveness of the individual gospels.

Johnson also contends that the historical Jesus is irrelevant to Christian faith, which must be directed toward the risen Christ. However, by asserting that the gospel pattern he proposes is 'embedded in the earliest Christian experience and memory', Johnson covertly appeals to the historical Jesus as the authoritative grounding for the object of Christian faith.
Displacement and informativeness in child-directed talk
Authors: Veneziano Edy
Published: March 2007

Caregivers' here-and-now talk may help children to learn the meaning of words and other aspects of the language system. However, if this talk were referring only to the here-and-now, it would at the same time obscure one of the major characteristics of language, namely its displaced and informative use. Results of analysis of child-directed speech (CDS) addressed to four children learning French - followed longitudinally from the time they were between 1;3 and 1;5 to the time they were between 1;8 and 2;3 - confirm that CDS refers most often to the here-and-now. Detailed analyses show, however, that a sizeable proportion of this talk makes reference to moments and/or entities other than the immediately present ones or refer to aspects that are not given as such in the situation, suggesting that CDS, while contextually situated, preserves one of the characteristic uses of language. Moreover, displaced and informative uses of language, though present from the early period, increase with children's own developing ability to use language informatively
Pronominal semantic confusion in a hearing-impaired child: a case study
Authors: Oshima-Takane Yuriko , Cole Elizabeth , Yaremko Rosalie L.
Published: March 2007

The present paper reports a case study of a hearing-impaired girl who made persistent first and second person pronoun errors for about eight months. Comprehension and production of first and second person pronouns were systematically examined from 28 months to 39 months of age to evaluate two hypotheses concerning pronominal errors: (a) that they are due to semantic confusion, or (b) that they result from temporary adoption of addressee's perspective. It was expected that her reduced ability to benefit from overhead conversations due to hearing loss as well as her spoken language learning environment would promote semantic confusion such that a pronoun is a type of name. Consistent with our expectation, the results revealed that pronominal errors she made were due to semantic confusion: me/my referred to her mother and you referred to herself.
The performance of eight- to ten-year-olds on measures of conversational skilfulness
Authors: Schober-Peterson Debra , Johnson Cynthia J.
Published: March 2007

At present, limited data concerning the conversational skilfulness of school-age children have been available. The purpose of this paper is to describe the topical structure and content of conversations produced by 8- to 10-year-old children during casual interaction with peers. Data were also collected to determine whether dyads with academically low-achieving children differed from dyads with normally achieving children in their conversational performance. Thirty children participated in the study. Dyads were videotaped in a 20-minute conversational task. Videotapes were transcribed and coded for five measures of topic: total number of topics, number of topic progressions, proportion of topics within progression, mean length of progression, and proportion of task-related topics. Statistical comparisons were performed to determine differences among dyads. No statistically significant differences were found among the groups of children for any of the measures examined. Findings suggest that 8- to 10-year-old children have knowledge of rules for establishing conversational relevance.
On the overgeneralization of progressive marking on stative verbs: bioprogram or input?
Authors: Shirai Yasuhiro
Published: March 2007

Although several researchers have claimed that overgeneralization of progressive markers rarely, if ever, occurs, the validity of such claims has been questioned. In this study, the spontaneous speech of three children acquiring English, and of their mothers, was analysed for their use of verbs with respect to stativity and progressive marking. The results show that overgeneralization of progressive inflections to stative verbs does occur, and that the mother of a child who frequently produced stative progressives also used stative progressives substantially, while the other two mothers never used them in speech addressed to their children. The strong association observed between maternal speech and the pattern of children's use of verb morphology casts doubts on the claim that the lack of overgeneralization is innate (Bickerton 1981). A prototype account of the phenomenon is proposed as an alternative.
Making concepts of print symbolic: understanding how writing represents language
Authors: Bialystok Ellen
Published: March 2007

Preschool children were given an opportunity to produce pseudocursive scribbles and then assessed for their concepts of print. Prereading children who could identify letters and print their own names participated in four tasks examining their beliefs about what made written material readable. The tasks evaluated children's perceptual distinctions between writing and non-writing as well as more subtle distinctions between printed and cursive forms of writing. Children were first placed in situations that might result in their producing pseudocursive writing and then were asked questions about whether it could be read and who could read it. Following this, they solved three tasks in which they were asked to make judgements about what kinds of material could be read, who could read it, and what letters were represented in a sample of cursive writing. The tasks were progressively more difficult but showed that the children knew a lot about the forms of writing. In spite of this, virtually all the children produced pseudocursive scribbles and believed they could be read. The interpretation is that the knowledge these children have of the forms of writing does not include understanding the symbolic function by which these forms represent language.
Developmental changes in real-time sentence processing
Authors: Von Berger Erich , Wulfeck Beverly , Bates Elizabeth , Fink Nancy
Published: March 2007

This study examines syntactic, semantic and morphologic cues that English-speaking children and young adults use to determine agent roles during sentence interpretation. Processing times associated with these cues are also examined. Both agent choice and reaction times indicate a developmental progression in agent role assignment, with earliest reliance on canonical word order (SVO) followed by later emerging non-canonical strategies (VOS and OSV). Converging information from subject-verb agreement and animacy cues increased use of these non-canonical word orders; however, weaker agreement and animacy cues also appeared to slow down reaction times. Non-canonical VOS, followed by OSV strategies, stabilized between 7-12 years of age, when adult-like patterns of competition and convergence emerged in the interaction between strong and weak cues. Results of this study are considered within the framework of the Competition Model (Bates & MacWhinney 1989).
Five-year-olds' interactions with fathers versus mothers
Authors: Davidson Rosalind G. , Snow Catherine E.
Published: March 2007

The input of mothers and fathers to five-year-old children was examined, in both dyadic and whole-family interactions, to determine whether paternal input to five-year-olds was more challenging and less finely tuned than maternal input, as has been reported for interactions with younger children. Previous work has suggested that fathers' input might be particularly helpful in the development of the distanced communicative skills that develop after toddlerhood. Language of all speakers (in both family and dyadic settings) was analysed for evidence of complexity, for conversational function, and for cognitive challenge, variables that previous investigations have suggested might differentiate fathers' from mothers' language. However, in both interaction settings these mothers spoke more and more complexly than fathers and at mealtimes they were more active in initiating varied conversation topics in which the child could participate.
Children's and adults' understanding of the locative prepositions 'next to' and 'near to'
Authors: Sowden Steve , Blades Mark
Published: March 2007

Previous researchers have implied that young children understand the locative term next to (or beside) in a similar way to adults. Yet, the scant research into the term near to has indicated that children first use this locative in a very different way from adults. However, none of the previous studies have tested the same children's understanding of both terms, and very few studies have included adult groups for comparison. We asked three-year-olds, four-year-olds, six-year-olds and adults to place objects near to or next to other objects, then recorded the distance between these objects. Three- and four-year-olds did not differentiate between the two locatives. Six-year-olds and adults placed objects closer together when instructed with next to than when instructed with near to. There were few developmental differences in subjects' responses to next to, supporting previous theories that young children soon achieve a prototypical understanding of this term. There were marked developmental changes in subjects' responses to near to, confirming the distinction between the two locatives. However, contrary to previous research, there were fewer differences between children's and adults' responses to near to than expected.
Referent introductions in Spanish narratives as a function of contextual constraints: a crosslinguistic perspective
Authors: Kail Michèle , Lopez Ines Sanchez Y
Published: March 2007

This study investigates referent introductions in narratives produced by Spanish children of 6, 9 and 11 years and adults in two situations, where they either could assume mutual back ground knowledge of the narrated content (Situation MK) or could not make this assumption (Situation NMK), while holding this content constant by means of a picture book. Overall, situation NMK elicits more indefinite first mentions than situation MK and this effect is more marked for the main characters than for the secondary ones. The developmental pattern indicates that 9 years is the critical age at which Spanish children begin to use more indefinite first mentions in both situations. For all animate referents, Spanish children's and adults' introductions occur significantly more often in VN clause structures than in NV ones. Situation NMK elicits more VN first mentions than situation MK, but this contrasted effect concerns only the main characters. For these referents, the dominant pattern is Indefinite/Non Subject/VN clause structure; this pattern increases regularly with age. For main characters, Spanish children and adults tend to choose some predicates as a function of the situation: estar + auxiliaries in MK and estar + locations in NMK. These results compared with previous ones obtained with French children in identical conditions (Kail & Hickmann 1992) are discussed in the light of various constraints: linguistic, especially clause structure as a
The role of input vs. universal predispositions in the emergence of tense-aspect morphology: evidence from Turkish
Authors: Aksu-Koc Ayhan
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the role of input, both in terms of distri butional tendencies and contexts of use, in the acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. Longitudinal data from three children, with mother's input for only one, constitute the data base. Results showed that (1) the distribution of different inflections with verbs of different inherent aspect in the child's speech corresponds to that in the mother's speech, (2) the child has stronger preferences for, and first uses the past inflection with, achievement and the present/imperfective inflection with activity and stative verbs. Findings suggest that input and universal cognitive-processing strategies play an interactive role. The nature of this interaction is discussed by considering how mother-child discourse provides the situational and linguistic contexts necessary for learning to talk about temporality.
Comprehension of directives in young children: influence of social situation and linguistic form
Authors: Babelot Géraldine , Marcos Haydée
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyse the emergence and development of the ability to relate message form to the production context during the transition between the prelinguistic period and the linguistic period. The study focuses on utterances used to express a request, directly or indirectly. Two groups of 20 children aged 1;7 and 2;5 were observed in a play situation with the experimenter who produced four types of requests: imperative, embedded imperative, expression of a desire and question directive. Each type of utterance was produced twice, once referring to an object that was relevant to the current activity and once referring to an object that was irrelevant. The main results showed that (1) the context of the utterance had an influence on the children's responses by the middle of the second year, and (2) children aged two-and-a-half are able to relate the context of an utterance to its form.
Spatial and temporal systems in child language and thought: a cross-linguistic study
Authors: Weist Richard M. , Atanassova Marja , Wysocka Hanna , Pawlak Aleksandra
Published: March 2007

This research was designed to evaluate the interaction of conceptual and linguistic factors during the acquisition of the spatial and temporal systems of Polish, English and Finnish from 3 to 6 years of age. In the conceptual-spatial task, children reconstructed a layout from a 180-degree change in perspective, and in the conceptual-temporal task they arranged three picture cards in a sequence while telling a story. In the linguistic domain, there were two comprehension tests and one production test containing spatial and temporal contrasts requiring either a single or multiple referent object(s)/event(s). The main effects (i.e., age, dimension, complexity) were always significant. There was clear evidence for a Language x Dimension interaction in the linguistic
An investigation of delayed echoing in a child with autism
Authors: Wootton Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

Delayed echoing represents one kind of imitative speech which occurs frequently in childhood autism. Previous research has shown that it can be used as a communicative device by children with autism, but less attention has been paid to echoes which are non-communicative. Investigation of these in the recordings of one such child reveals how they are identifiable and how they are differentially organized in comparison with the other forms of talk of which the child is capable. The analysis shows how, for this child, the concerns of delayed echoing and those motivating talk- in-interaction are separate and non-equivalent. Through the ways in which he constructs and co-ordinates these two kinds of involvement, he demonstrates that his principal, enduring concern is with those matters indexed through his echoing.
Children's Psychological Rights
Authors: Catterall Calvin D.
Published: March 2007

A worldwide process of defining the psychological rights of the child has been initiated. At the Third International Colloquium in School Psychology in York, England, this July, a Declaration of the Psychological Rights of the Child will be passed. This article discusses plans for disseminating information about these Rights and for implementing programmes which will improve psychological conditions in children.
An Empirical Study of Children's Psychological Rights
Authors: Nixon Mary
Published: March 2007

Groups of psychology students, parents and children in Melbourne, Australia, were recently asked to judge the importance of the psychological rights of children drafted in 1978 by the International School Psychology Committee by ranking them or selecting the rights that they regarded as most important. The derived ranks for the three groups of subjects showed quite high positive relationships but some psychologically significant discrepancies appeared between children and adults. Psychology students appeared to expect conflicts with schools over children's rights.

A comparison of empirical results with the Declaration of the Psychological Rights of the Child accepted at the 3rd International Colloquium in School Psychology in July, 1979, showed fair agreement.
Educable Mentally Retarded Pupils in Israel — Policy and Research
Authors: Milgram Norman A. , Milgram Norman A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to show that (a) policy in Israel with respect to special education for educable mentally retarded children and adolescents has been based on the prevailing cultural zeitgeist rather than upon research and evaluation of current and past programmes; (b) the modest amount of research that has been done in Israel does not justify recent changes in this educational policy; and (c) it is in the best interest of pupils, teachers, parents, and society as a whole that there be closer cooperation between those who determine and institute educational policy and those who empirically evaluate current and contemplated programmes.

The editors consider it to be an interesting and pertinent account of a topic which is probably of concern to a majority of the readership, and would welcome other similar contributions for publication either describing practice elsewhere or discussing the issues involved.
Response of Diabetic Patients to a Community-Based Education Program
Authors: Sprafka J. Michael , Crozier Michelle , Whipple David , Bishop Donald , Kurth Donna
Published: March 2007

A community-based diabetes education program was developed in rural Minnesota in conjunction with the Minnesota Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control, Division of Diabetes Control. A patient education program was a part of this effort and was structured to provide information according to the needs of the diabetic individual. Patient progress was measured at four intervals (base line, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months) throughout a one-year period using standardized behav ioral and physiologic measures. Preliminary results demonstrated improvements in dietary com pliance among all program participants, and improvements in home glucose monitoring com pliance among Type II diabetic participants only. Among Type II participants, total glycosylated hemoglobin values demonstrated a statistically significant decrease from the baseline measure. These results suggest that educational efforts have been successful and that the program appears to be a viable model for rural communities.
Empirical Identification of Techniques Useful for Counseling Patients with Diabetes
Authors: Lange Marcia H. , Heins Joan , Fisher E.B. , Kopp Judy
Published: March 2007

Instruction for counseling patients with diabetes is based primarily on intuition from clinical experience and inferences from related research. To identify potentially useful counseling techniques, we elicited descrip tions of effective skills from analogue patients (APs) who played the roles of diabetic patients in practice counseling sessions with nurse and dietitian course participants. APs were first- and second-year graduate students in psychology, trained to play one offour patient roles. After each role play, the APs provided written feedback regarding "three things the counselor did that I felt best about. " The two most frequently cited behaviors were (1) consid ering needs other than those related to diabetes in making adherence recommendations, and (2) providing clear, concrete advice. Further research with actual diabetic patients is needed to validate the present findings and to explore such ambiguities as when to give advice versus when to ask questions.