bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
There’s No Such Thing as Free Love
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

In 1982 and 1983, feminist lawyer and scholar Catharine MacKinnon shot across the bow of the libertine consensus. “(S]exuality is to feminism what work is to marxism,” she wrote. Adapting the approach of Foucault and the social constructionists to the analysis of heterosexual sexual relations, MacKinnon argued that sexuality is a social institution and not a natural phenomenon, and described the particular social relations creating heterosexuality as relations of dominance and· submission. Powerful players create a sexuality that eroticizes hierarchy, she wrote, and also persons of”masculine” and “feminine” identities to act out these sexual roles. By fusing “normal” sexuality with these relations of power, men face the choice of dominance or celibacy, and women the choice of submission or celibacy. To the extent that people choose to be sexual rather than celibate, they reinforce gender hierarchy. MacKinnon thus situated heterosexuality at the heart of women’s oppression.
Aplastic Anemias
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Aplastic anemias are marrow hypoplasias affecting one or more cell lines. Aplastic anemia, without further qualification, refers to marrow panhypoplasia. Selective hypoplasia of erythroid elements is termed pure red cell aplasia. Aplastic anemia and pure red cell aplasia may be acquired or congenital. Selective aplasias of granulocytic elements or of megakaryocytic elements are extremely rare and occur as congenital syndromes. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemogloblinuria (PNH) is also considered in this chapter because of its association with aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia, without further qualification, refers to marrow panhypoplasia due to exposure to drug, toxin, virus, or unknown factor. Aplastic anemia is a life-threatening marrow panhypoplasia associated with severe pancytopenia. Patients frequently present with infection, bleeding, or symptoms of severe anemia. Recognized etiologies of aplastic anemia include exposure to toxic chemicals (benzene), idiosyncratic reactions to drugs (chloramphenicol), and following certain viral infections (Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus). Most cases are idiopathic, however. Immunologically mediated suppression of hematopoiesis has been postulated as a possible etiology in idiopathic cases and is lent support by the response of some patients with aplastic anemia to immunosuppression. The association of aplastic anemia with the development of acute granulocytic leukemia suggests a stem cell abnormality.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Myelodysplastic syndromes are clonal disorders of hematopoiesis characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and variable progression to acute granulocytic leukemia. Acute granulocytic leukemia is not infrequently preceded by a hematologic disorder, characterized by varying degrees of anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia or occasionally thrombocytosis, and termed the “preleukemic syndrome” (Linman and Bagby, 1976). This syndrome, characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis with evidence of stem cell abnormalities, is now recognized to constitute a spectrum of disorders classified as the myelodysplastic syndromes. Patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome are typically older adults who present with anemia or thrombocytopenia. Myelodysplastic syndromes may also follow treatment with alkylating agents and other chemotherapy. The anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes is most frequently macrocytic and may be associated with evidence of ineffective erythropoiesis or sideroblasts. Characteristically, there is no response to vitamin B12 or folic acid. The platelet count is often decreased but may occasionally be elevated, particularly in association with abnormalities of chromosome 5 and the 5q - syndrome (Boultwood et al, 1994). The white blood cell count is frequently low, and neutropenia may be present. Pseudo-Pelger cells (hypolobulated bilobed polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and monocytosis are frequently present. Blasts may be seen on the peripheral blood smear but constitute fewer than 5% of the cells. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase may be low. Serum iron is elevated, and serum lysozyme may be elevated.
Mature B Cell Leukemias
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Mature lymphocytic leukemias are clonal proliferations of differentiated lymphoid cells that express the phenotype of mature B or T lymphocytes. The mature B cell leukemias express B cell markers and surface immunoglobulin with clonal light chain restriction. The mature T cell leukemias are much less common and will be considered separately. The French-American-British Cooperative Group has proposed a classification of the mature lymphocytic leukemias (Bennett et al, 1989). The mature B cell leukemias are divided into ten categories: (1) typical chronic lymphocytic leukemia, (2) chronic lymphocytic leukemia with pleomorphic lymphocytes, (3) chronic lymphocytic leukemia of mixed cell type with 10%-55% prolymphocytes, (4) prolymphocytic leukemia, (5) hairy cell leukemia, (6) hairy cell leukemia variant, (7) splenic lymphoma with circulating villous lymphocytes, (8) leukemic phase of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, (9) lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with peripheral blood disease, and (10) plasma cell leukemia. In this chapter, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its variants---prolymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, splenic lymphoma with circulating villous lymphocytes, and leukemic phase of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma-will be considered. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and plasma cell leukemia are considered with the plasma cell disorders in Chapter 21. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a clonal proliferation of small mature B lymphocytes of characteristic phenotype involving the blood and bone marrow.
Prologue: “Temple of Liberty” The Capitol in Overview
Authors: Scott Pamela
Published: October 2023

When Congressman James Wilson of Pennsylvania prophesied in 1787 that America’s new federal government would “lay a foundation for erecting temples of Liberty in every part of the earth,” he based his expectation on widespread Enlightenment ideas and ideals (Plate 1, Cat. 225). Wilson’s analogy was not an isolated metaphor, but a genuine expression of the excitement and sense of purpose among Euro-Americans. The Marquis de Lafayette, in his farewell address to the Continental Congress in Trenton, New Jersey, on December 11, 1784, had proclaimed that the entire United States was a moral allegory: “May this Immense temple of freedom Ever Stand a lesson to oppressors, an Example to the oppressed, a Sanctuary for the Rights of Mankind.” By the mid-1780s, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were already planning a new capital city under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress where the Revolution’s great civic achievement, government of and by the people, would be permanently located.
Epilogue
Authors: Scott Pamela
Published: October 2023

Westward expansion and secure settlements during the 1810s and 1820s brought many new states into the union, with the result that the Capitol was simply too small to accommodate the new members almost as soon as it was finished. As early as the mid-183Os, Robert Mills and Alexander Jackson Davis suggested extending the Capitol with an east wing to balance the west one, creating a Greek cross-shaped building.
“Of One Blood God Created All the Nations of Men”: African-Americans Respond to the Rise of Ideological Racism, I789-I830
Authors: Bay Mia
Published: October 2023

In protesting that they were no different than their white masters, these African-American slaves spoke to the heart of the issue that would frame American debates over the status of black people in the nation’s life and politics through the slavery era and long after. Were the races the same? Or were black people natural underlings whose inferior capacities doomed them to forever serve the white race?
The Image of Man
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The stereotype of masculinity embraces many qualities. To be manly one must be brave, daring, and cool under fire. A man must be physically strong - tough, skilful, dexterous. And one must also be honourable, honest, and courteous. A man must not complain. A man must not lose control of his emotions. A man must not cry. Even today, many men would accept these qualities as defining masculinity. But how did our idea of manliness evolve? How long have these qualities been the norm? And will they continue to be our basic image of man? In The Image of Man, noted historian George L. Mosse provides the first historical account of the masculine stereotype in modern Western culture. He reveals how stresses on physical beauty, courage, moral restraint, and a strong will originated in the tumultuous social changes of the eighteenth century, and describes how the manly ideal manifested itself in England and on the continent. The important role of women and the so called ‘unmanly men’ from Jews to homosexuals in maintaining the stereotype are also examined, as well as the possible erosion of the stereotype in our own time.
Masculinity In Crisis: The Decadence
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The stereotype of modem manliness has now been established as it built upon an ideal of bodily beauty, symbolizing the attributes that a true man ought to possess. At the same time, the means of reaching true manliness, of “getting there,” were made explicit. The imagined presence. of a countertype reinforced and further clarified the manly ideal. The stereotype of manliness, once popularized by Winckelmann’s Greek youths, remained singularly stable, surmounting all challenges, defining normative masculinity for the nineteenth century and during most of the twentieth. Many contemporary men will have recognized their own ideal of masculinity as it emerged from the preceding pages.
Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven
Authors: Twain Mark
Published: October 2023

Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven was published as a Christmas gift book in October 1909, six months before Twain’s death. Combining science fiction with a satiric look at conventional views of the afterlife, Twain delivers an amusing and trenchant commentary on human vanity and pretensions. Much of the humor of the story rests on the sharp discrepancies between Stormfield’s cocksure expectations of heaven and its reality. The Captain discovers, for instance, that the planet Earth, far from being the “crown of creation,” is merely one of countless planets sending its departed inhabitants to the heavenly precincts. Indeed, we are so far from the center of things that it takes Stormfield 30 years of hurtling through space to get to heaven, only to find, when he arrives, that the head clerk cannot find our planet on his huge map. In his introduction, writer Frederik Pohl writes of this imaginative and thought-provoking story, “It’s funny, it’s colorful and it does the things that Twain intended it to do—one of them being to illustrate the silliness of the backwoods versions of Heaven and of religion in general.”
Closely Watched Targets: The Nightly News, the Military, and Lenin
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

Television reflected and conferred status. That applied not only to the top leadership, scrambling to be on the small screen, but also to the portrayal of state interests. Television was an instrument of international diplomacy expressing the priority accorded by the Soviet state to other states and foreign dignitaries. Failure to include their visits and activities on state television bespoke a decision to downgrade the entire political and economic relationship.
Between Putsch and Revolt
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

With great dispatch, Yegor Yakovlev was named head of state television. His was to be the first post-Soviet leadership of the giant institution. Yakovlev, the former editor of Moscow News, had used that weekly to press well beyond the limits of glasnost. He could do so because his circulation was mainly foreign (it was published in a number of foreign languages and the Russian edition was very limited at first), and his appeal in Moscow was to a narrow swath of intellectuals. Even so, he was frequently called on the carpet. During the 1991 coup attempt, he defied the ban on nonconforming newspapers by publishing the underground paper, Obshchaya gazeta.
Pictures, Parties, and Leaders:Television and Elections in the New Russia
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

The pattern of television coverage of electoral campaigns in Russia was basically set in December 1993. In that and subsequent elections, television played a critical role in affecting turnout and influencing voters’ party preferences. Whatever the merits or demerits of the way television coverage was designed, to a large extent the scheme came into being as a particular kind of reaction to an earlier use of television in a major national campaign-the referendum of April 1993. It was a referendum to settle the parliamentary-presidential question of the constitution: Who had power over whom? Would the future look like the communist past or take a new, more democratic shape? The referendum did not resolve the distribution of power, but, what is sometimes forgotten, it did decisively affect the role television was to play in elections ahead. In an important way, the April 1993 referendum was the first part of the two-part effort to settle a revolution peacefully. It did so only incompletely, and the presidential election of 1996 was its continuation. In the intervening three years much had happened in Russian society and politics, and two parliamentary elections had taken place. But the stark choice of 1993 was much the same one as 1996.
Room for Views: Television and the Play of Controversial Positions
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: October 2023

When Alexander Yakovlev proposed to the ruling Politburo and Mikhail Gorbachev, the newly installed General Secretary, that the media begin a campaign to legitimize pluralism-contending points of view-he was urging a way of thinking that the Soviet system had decisively rejected. After all, the basis on which information was strictly con­ trolled was the belief that only one view merited attention-that promulgated by the Communist Party leadership on the basis of its superior knowledge in achieving the economic and social goals the Bolshevik Revolution promised.
Reflections On Human Development
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul
Published: October 2023

This book is based on several talks and papers presented by the author in recent years. It is organized in two parts, the first dealing with an emerging development paradigm, and the second with the imperative for a new international dialogue in topics central to human development such as a peace agenda for the Third World.
Beating The Odds
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L
Published: October 2023

Today, young Black men are more likely to be killed or sent to prison than to graduate from college. Yet, despite all the obstacles, some are achieving at the highest academic and professional levels. Beating the Odds tells their remarkable stories and shows us what African American families have done to raise academically successful sons, sons who are among the top two percent of African American males in terms of SAT scores and grades. The result of extensive and innovative research, Beating the Odds goes beyond mere analysis—and beyond the relentlessly negative media images—to show us precisely how young Black men can succeed despite the roadblocks of racism, the temptations of crime and drugs, and a popular culture that values being “cool” over being educated. By interviewing parents and children from a range of economic and educational backgrounds and from both single and two-parent homes, the authors identify those constants that contribute to academic achievement and offer step-by-step guidance on six essential strategies for effective parenting: child-focused love; strong limit-setting and discipline; continually high expectations; open, consistent, and strong communication; positive racial identity and positive male identity; and full use of community resources. The proof of the effectiveness of such strategies is in the sons themselves, who speak eloquently in these pages about their struggles and successes in both the classroom and the often hostile world that surrounds it. Essential reading for parents, teachers, and school administrators, Beating the Odds offers insight, guidance, and hope for anyone concerned about the plight of young African American men and the society they live in.
̒̒I Think the Union Army Had Something to Do with It̓̓: The Pickett̓s Charge Nobody Knows
Authors: Reardon Carol
Published: October 2023

The veterans of the 149th Pennsylvania Infantry who returned to Gettysburg to unveil their regimental monument had a bone to pick with history. “The battle of Gettysburg has served to magnify the glory of the rebels at the expense of the Union troops,” the orator complained. Moreover, he continued, “The great event of the battle in the popular mind is the magnificent charge of Pickett’s Division. … So much has been said of the courage of his men that the sublime sacrifices of the first day and the brilliant charges and stubborn resistance of the Union troops on the second and third days, on all parts of the field, are over-looked.”
Dom Casmurro
Authors: Gledson John
Published: October 2023

A palm tree, seeing me troubled and divining the cause, murmured in its branches that there was nothing wrong with fifteen-year old boys getting into corners with girls of fourteen; quite the contrary, youths of that age have no other function, and corners were made for that very purpose. It was an old palm-tree, and I believed in old palm-trees even more than in old books. Birds, butterflies, a cricket trying out its summer song, all the living things of the air were of the same opinion. So begins this extraordinary love story between Bento and Capitu, childhood sweethearts who grow up next door to each other in Rio de Janeiro in the 1850s. Like other great nineteenth century novels-- The Scarlet Letter, Anna Karenina, Madame Bovary--Machado de Assis's Dom Casmurro explores the themes of marriage and adultery. But what distinguishes Machado's novel from the realism of its contemporaries, and what makes it such a delightful discovery for English-speaking readers, is its eccentric and wildly unpredictable narrative style. Far from creating the illusion of an orderly fictional "reality," Dom Casmurro is told by a narrator who is disruptively self-conscious, deeply subjective, and prone to all manner of marvelous digression. As he recounts the events of his life from the vantage of a lonely old age, Bento continually interrupts his story to reflect on the writing of it: he examines the aptness of an image or analogy, considers cutting out certain scenes before taking the manuscript to the printer, and engages in a running, and often hilarious, dialogue with the reader. "If all this seems a little emphatic, irritating reader," he says, "it's because you have never combed a girl's hair, you've never put your adolescent hands on the young head of a nymph..." But the novel is more than a performance of stylistic acrobatics. It is an ironic critique of Catholicism, in which God appears as a kind of divine accountant whose ledgers may be balanced in devious as well as pious ways. It is also a story about love and its obstacles, about deception and self-deception, and about the failure of memory to make life's beginning fit neatly into its end. First published in 1900, Dom Casmurro is one of the great unrecognized classics of the turn of the century by one of Brazil's greatest writers. The popularity of Machado de Assis in Latin America has never been in doubt and now, with the acclaim of such critics and writers as Susan Sontag, John Barth, and Tony Tanner, his work is finally receiving the worldwide attention it deserves. Newly translated and edited by John Gledson, with an afterword by Joao Adolfo Hansen, this Library of Latin America edition is the only complete, unabridged, and annotated translation of the novel available. It offers English-speaking readers a literary genius of the rarest kind.
Dom Casmurro, the Fruit and the Rind: An Afterword
Authors: João Adolfo Hansen
Published: October 2023

Dom Casmurro (1899) completes the trilogy formed by Quincas Borba (1891) and Mem6rias p6stumas de Br4s Cubas (1881). The three books can be classified as “allcgorico-satirical novels.” Their style is characterized by a mixture of high and low registers, in which differing perspectives arc taken on themes of his own time by Madlado de Assis, who grew up in the reign of the Emperor Pedro II (184,0-1889) and died in 1908, under the first Brazilian Republic. In the words of Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, it is a style in which the “pen of merriment” is dipped in the “ink of melancholy.” In fact, the “merriment” and the “melancholy” arc inseparable, and neither is independent of, or dominates the other.
Substitute Decision Making For Incompetent Patients
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

When patients lose the capacity to make treatment decisions, unless they have previously indicated their desires, other people substitute decision makers must assume that role. Only in emergencies, when there is no time to seek consent from third parties, will physicians be called on to make choices on behalf of their patients. Depending on the circumstances, the judgment as to what constitutes an appropriate course of medical care for incompetent patients may fall to family members and friends, the courts, or to patients themselves, if they have formulated directives in advance.
Introduction
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

Street foods are sold in almost every country in the world; they are so familiar that there is a tendency to look past the vendors without registering their existence, unless of course you are hungry. Then you see vendors selling foods for quick meals or snacks from daybreak until night. In Senegal, women sit on the ground outside the market place to sell monie, porridge made from millet, from large calabashes. In Peru, fried fish is a cheap and satisfying meal; women cook it before the customer so it is crisp and fresh. Men push carts to major intersections and sell kebabs of different types with different spices in different countries: in Indonesia, the small chunks of meat or chicken or rows of shrimp are served with peppery peanut sauce and called sate; meat chunks, usually beef, are larger in Senegal; ground lamb is encased in dough for samosas served in Bangladesh. Fried bean curd is a favorite lunch food for school-children in Indonesia; flatbread sandwiches of foul and tamia, both made from dried beans, are preferred in Egypt. Soup meals are ubiquitous throughout Southeast Asia: the stock is kept hot, with noodles and meat added to order. Soup is really a thick sauce served over farina or corn pudding in Nigeria; it is sold from gaily painted road-side stalls called buka that provide shaded tables for customers.
The Right of Autonomy and the Bonds of Community
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

Any appeal to human rights must in some way act as a solvent on more particular or parochial loyalties and attachments. Those who appeal to human rights, and particularly to the right of autonomy, should certainly expect to find themselves criticizing and opposing social and political practices, at home and abroad, that violate these rights. So the question must arise: Are we giving up too much when we accept a fundamental right of autonomy? Are we surrendering an equally fundamental belief in the importance of belonging, of membership in a particular group or community or society-a belief that seems essential to a republican liberalism?
Civic Virtues and Republican Liberalism
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

To classify republican liberalism as a perfectionist theory is in some ways misleading. Those who are not versed in the debate between liberal neutralists and perfectionists may take the term “perfectionist” to suggest that republican liberalism holds out a vision of a utopian society free from strife, struggle, and frustration. But that is not at all what republican liberalism aims to do. Nor is it the only way in which “perfectionist” may be misleading, for someone familiar with the neutrality-perfectionism debate may conceive of perfectionism as the attempt to maximize some form of human excellence or virtue-and republican liberalism certainly does not aim to do that.
Turning Culture into News: Science
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

Real press freedom-the freedom to follow political issues-did not arrive in England with the Revolution of 1688. The implications of the revolution for a news industry were not realized until 1695. But in the meantime, in the less sensitive area of intellectual culture, periodical publication began to change the tempo of the arts, science, and scholarship. The demands of a publishing schedule began a long process by which England would exchange culture for news about culture. Novelty would move up the scale of values involved in artistic expression and philosophy. First, we may note that it is understandable that the revolution should not immediately lead to press freedom. The new regime owed much to the pressure of periodical media, and therefore knew it could not trust such a potentially powerful force. Even a very limited press had helped push the country toward revolution in 1679 and again a decade later. Parliament, which had protected the media in 1680 when Parliament itself needed support, was no longer interested in sharing the power it had gained.
Who Are the Bishops?
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

A11 leadership groups in Mexico share certain characteristics that set them apart from the general population. The most tangible differences between elites and masses can be measured according to their geographic, social, and economic origins. Priests who become bishops are not representative of priests as a whole, nor are they representative of the Mexican population when measured according to these variables. Nevertheless, these distinctions are worth identifying because they may have significant consequences for the careers of future priests and their road to success as bishops and, more important, they may contrast substantially with those of other leadership groups, particularly political and military, linking bishops to the Mexican populations in ways that other groups do not share.
Church-State Interlocks
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

No single interest group in Mexico can claim to have had a historical importance exceeding that of the Catholic Church in both the 19th and 20th centuries. Yet despite its significance, including the Church’s influence on the Mexican populace, linkages between clergy and politicians and the Church and the state have been weak, informal, and founded on mutual ignorance.
W.E. B. Du Bois and the Critique of Liberal Nationalism
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of “race” as a modern category of social recognition and self-representation. Various meanings have been assigned to the term “race” in contemporary analyses, each of which implies a particular set of social commitments.1 Taken as a whole, the writings of W. E. B. Du Bois constitute a lengthy, engaged, and public confrontation with the terms set forth in the contemporary critical debate about race. As a practitioner of William James’s pragmatic method, Du Bois did not simply advocate the truth of a particular concept of race. Rather, his contribution consists in his consideration of the question of the difference it practically makes to say that a particular concept of race is or is not true. Reading Du Bois, we may trace the practical consequences of embracing the truth of the biological concept of race-for Du Bois, the meaning of “race” has been shaped by the history and possibilities of its use.
A Modern History of Japan
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

In this sweeping narrative, Andrew Gordon paints a richly nuanced and strikingly original portrait of the last two centuries of Japanese history. Gordon takes us from the days of the shogunate--the feudal overlordship of the Tokugawa family--through the modernizing revolution launched by midlevel samurai in the late nineteenth century, the adoption of Western hairstyles, clothing, and military organization, and the nation's first experiments with mass democracy after World War I. Gordon offers the finest synthesis to date of Japan's passage through militarism, World War II, the American occupation, and the subsequent economic rollercoaster. But the true originality and value of his approach lies in his close attention to the non-elite layers of society. Here we see the influence of outside ideas, products, and culture on home life, labor unions, political parties, gender relations, and popular entertainment. Gordon shows the struggles to define the meaning of Japan's modernization, from villages and urban neighborhoods, to factory floors and middle managers' offices, to the imperial court. Most important, he illuminates the interconnectedness of Japanese developments with world history, demonstrating how Japan's historical passage represents a variation of a process experienced by many nations. Japan forms one part of the interwoven fabric of modern history. As head of the prestigious Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at Harvard University, Gordon is one of the foremost American authorities on Japanese society. In this striking book, he brings all his knowledge and deep personal experience to bear, providing the most comprehensive portrait to date of Japan and its place in the wider world.
Social and Economic Transformations
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

The formal status order of the Tokugawa system hardly changed for over two centuries. But this structure of political institutions rested on shifting socioeconomic ground. Two centuries of economic growth and social change eroded the boundaries between status groups and generated new tensions among the primary status groups of farmer and samurai. These tensions produced intense pressures for reform.
Rationing the Respirator
Authors: Rothman David J
Published: October 2023

The challenge that dialysis in the late 1970s and 1980s posed for traditional American attitudes and policies toward life-saving technologies soon emerged in still more acute form around the artificial ventilator, more popularly known as the respirator. By the early 1990s, the pressing question had become how to establish boundaries around the use of the machine, not how to maximize its availability. A significant cadre of health economists, health care administrators, and, more surprisingly, bioethicists and physicians were concluding that the goal of policy should not be to provide patients with full and ready access to medical technologies but to circumscribe access to these technologies. And it appeared, at least insofar as the respirator was concerned, that the general public agreed with this approach. The driving question had become how to say no to technology.

The new critics went well beyond Aaron and Schwartz in designing detailed blueprints for limiting access to advanced medical technologies. For some of them, the goal was to save taxpayers’ dollars; for others it was to make funds available for a national health insurance program. For still others it was the occasion to try to bring new dimensions of spirituality to American life and the American way of death. But whatever their purpose, the arguments they presented all gave the idea of restraint, or in the term of the day, rationing, an unprecedented centrality and a moral legitimacy in policy thinking and policy initiatives.
On the Revenue Potential and Phasing in of the Tobin Tax
Authors: Felix David , Sau Ranjit
Published: October 2023

The recent surge of interest in James Tobin’s 1978 proposal to tax global foreign exchange transactions is producing two distinct clusterings of tax and revenue estimates, each assigning a different primary function to the tax. If the tax is taken purely as a source of funding for the United Nations and its peacekeeping functions (for example, Walker 1993) or for financing the social development and environ mental proposals emanating from recent UN summit conferences (for example, d’ Orville and Najman 1995), estimates have moderate revenue goals and thus work with very low tax rates. Such estimates can disregard the effect that the tax has on the overall volume and structure of global foreign exchange trading, since even for high elasticity coefficients, the effects are likely to be minimal. Indeed, Peter Kenen, in his contribution to this volume (Kenen 1996), proposes that in the case of swaps, the small tax be applied to only one leg of the spot-for ward round trip in order to further minimize the decline of swap volume.
Key Methodologic Concepts and Issues
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Petitti Diana B , King Abby C
Published: October 2023

As described in Chapter 1, epidemiology is used for many purposes. One is to determine the magnitude and impact of diseases or other conditions in populations or in certain segments of populations. This information can help to set priorities for investigation and control, to decide which subgroups of the population should be the focus of investigation, and to determine what types of treatment facilities are needed. Epidemiologic studies can also be used to ascertain the natural history, clinical course, and pathogenesis of disease.
Communicating Epidemiologic Information
Authors: Remington Patrick L
Published: October 2023

Although epidemiologic research has profound public health and policy implications, its meaning must be communicated effectively to a wide variety of technical and nontechnical audiences. Epidemiology courses and texts teach important research skills, but few provide the practical skills needed to communicate to a diverse public. The data may speak for themselves, but epidemiologists can translate what they say for practitioners of public health and clinical medicine.
Collateral Circulation of the Heart
Authors: Schaper Wolfgang , Piek Jan J , Munoz-Chapuli Ramon , Wolf Claudia , Ito Wulf
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the process of cardiac angiogenesis and neoarteriogenesis in response to coronary artery disease and to discuss the role of growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and circulating angiogenic cells. IL is clearly desirable to understand the extent of spontaneous collateral development to appreciate changes induced by exogenous growth factor application or gene therapy. Thus this chapter will build on presentation of animal models discussed in Chapter 10 and will lay the foundation for subsequent discussions of therapeutic angiogenesis in Chapters 13 and 14.
Coronary Microcirculation and Angiogenesis
Authors: Sellke Frank W , Harrison David G
Published: October 2023

Because of its obvious importance in terms of delivery of blood and nutrients to the myocardium, there has been a long-standing interest in properties of the resistance circulation of the heart. Prior to the midl 980s, due to technical limitations, it was difficult to directly study coronary microvessels either in situ or in vitro. Traditionally, therefore, studies of the coronary microcirculation had been limited to indirect assessments using measurements of coronary flow and calculations of coronary resistance. While these provided a great deal of insight into the properties of the intact coronary circulation, significantly more has been learned in the last 10 years as new approaches have been developed for direct study of coronary microvessels. Further, methods have recently been developed for study of the coronary circulation in humans which have increased our understanding of coronary pathology.
False Arguments for Protection
Authors: Krauss Melvyn
Published: October 2023

Protectionists cannot take from the many to give to the few without the active complicity of government. Only government has the power to redistribute income from domestic consumers to domestic producers by restricting imports. Only government has the power to tax the general public to subside special interests.

Sometimes, protectionists and government collude in secret to accomplish their objectives. But they often operate in the open-not only in full public view but sometimes even with the public’s willful compliance.
Connections to the Larger Culture
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

The building culture displays both autonomy and interdependence with respect to the larger culture to which it belongs. People in the building culture, in other words, have two kinds of knowledge.
Agreements, Contracts, and Control
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

The building contract is a map of one of the most fundamental relationships in the building culture: that between the builder and the client. A modern building contract formalizes that relationship by precisely specifying the building. Even for small buildings, contracts can be extensive, with many pages of general conditions and agreements, dozens of sheets of drawings, and a sheaf of specifications. Historically, such contracts were much shorter and often verbal. This difference is indicative of fundamental changes in building cultures over time: changes in shared understandings and in the nature of control over the building operation. The more explicit contract is necessary in order to enforce centralized control over the building’s construction, in a situation in which shared cultural understandings and informal social sanctions are not strong enough to guide construction.
The Evolving Story of Justice in Federal Research Policy
Authors: McCarthy Charles R
Published: October 2023

This chapter attempts to describe the diverse meanings and applications of justice as it has come to be understood and implemented in federal policies pertaining to human subjects who participate in biomedical research. However, even after 30 years of public efforts to create a framework of laws, regulations, and guidelines to protect the rights and welfare of research subjects, the role that justice plays, or should play, in research policy is far from clear. The term “justice” as applied to human subjects was discussed in The Belmont Report, issued in 1979.1 But, in other public policy documents and proceedings concerning human subjects research, this term has rarely been used. Meanings of justice that can be discerned in public policy are varied and individually incomplete.
Race, Justice, and Research
Authors: King Patricia A
Published: October 2023

Race is an elusive and ambiguous concept that has played a prominent role in biomedicine and research. Historically, the concept has been used as an explanation of human differences in ways that subordinated and oppressed African-Americans.1 This chapter focuses on the concept of race in connection with the experiences of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to African slaves. Other racial and ethnic groups have separate and distinct experiences with American medicine.2 The major theoretical issue has been whether race is a biological or a socially constructed concept. The biological concept has not been substantiated.
The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

Brennan’s book surveys the history of the Roman praetorship, which was one of the most enduring Roman political institutions, occupying the practical center of Roman Republican administrative life for over three centuries. The study addresses political, social, military and legal history, as well as Roman religion. Volume I begins with a survey of Roman (and modern) views on the development of legitimate power--from the kings, through the early chief magistrates, and down through the creation and early years of the praetorship. Volume II discusses how the introduction in 122 of C. Gracchus’ provincia repetundarum pushed the old city-state system to its functional limits.
The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

Brennan’s book surveys the history of the Roman praetorship, which was one of the most enduring Roman political institutions, occupying the practical center of Roman Republican administrative life for over three centuries. The study addresses political, social, military and legal history, as well as Roman religion. Volume I begins with a survey of Roman (and modern) views on the development of legitimate power—from the kings, through the early chief magistrates, and down through the creation and early years of the praetorship. Volume II discusses how the introduction in 122 of C. Gracchus’ provincia repetundarum pushed the old city-state system to its functional limits.
Cultural and Ethical Relativism
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

A long-standing debate surrounds the question whether ethics are relative to time and place. One side argues that there is no obvious source of a universal morality and that ethical rightness and wrongness are products of their cultural and historical setting. Opponents claim that even if a universal set of ethical norms has not yet been articulated or agreed upon, ethical relativism is a pernicious doctrine that must be rejected. The first group replies that the search for universal ethical precepts is a quest for the Holy Grail. The second group responds with the telling charge: If ethics were relative to time, place, and culture, then what the Nazis did was “right” for them, and there is no basis for moral criticism by anyone outside the Nazi society.
Death and Birth
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

Every culture has customs, norms, rituals, and ethical requirements and prohibitions surrounding death. Practices that would be considered routine or morally neutral in one society or group may be prohibited in another. Autopsy is one example. Although family members in the United States sometimes refuse to consent to a physician’s request to perform an autopsy, no cultural stigma surrounds this practice. In Orthodox Jewish medical ethics, however, autopsy is strictly forbidden, and in Japan it is considered a violation of the taboo against violence to the body, which causes imbalance. As the criteria for determining death have shifted over the past 30 years from cessation of heart and lung activity to the cessation of brain waves, the very concept of death has been scrutinized and debated. Nevertheless, brain death as a criterion remains unacceptable to some, both within societies and cross-culturally.
Faces of Inequality
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

The distinctive thesis of Faces of Inequality is that a state’s racial and ethnic composition, as much as any other factor, shapes its political processes and policies. To understand state politics, therefore, we must consider them from the perspective of social diversity. Scholars have broadly acknowledged that racial and ethnic diversity are central to American political history, but Rodney E. Hero is the first to posit and systematically examine this diversity as essential to our understanding of contemporary American politics. In these pages, Hero regards race/ethnicity as an American “dilemma” whose importance transcends state boundaries, yet whose impact upon U.S. politics varies widely. He classifies states’ social diversity patterns as homogenous, heterogeneous, or bifurcated, and demonstrates how these patterns influence political tendencies. Social diversity, he finds, is strongly related not only to political processes, but also to specific policies and outcomes, such as educational policies, incarceration rates, and infant mortality. Hero’s interpretation provides a new way of looking at state politics, one that causes us to broadly rethink U.S. politics from the standpoint of social diversity. A bold interpretation of the American political experience (especially at the state level) that is as challenging as it is timely, Faces of Inequality will be of interest to all students of race and politics in contemporary America.
Social Diversity and Political Institutions, Political Processes, and Attitudes
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

Political processes and political institutions in the states encompass a number of activities. Most commonly these include processes associated with voting, levels of voter participation, the nature and impact of political parties and party systems, and interest groups. This chapter considers an array of such issues from the standpoint of the social diversity interpretation. Matters such as political participation and parties are often considered part of state processes.1 But they can also be thought of more specifically as political institutions or organizations because each of these processes has a set or rules, structures, and mechanisms that are important rules of the game in state politics. Their significance as such is commonly understood at a general level, but it is not always incorporated into thinking about and studies of state politics. Yet theoretical leverage may be gained by thinking about such processes as institutions or organizations because the processes may reflect and/or institutionalize certain factors or social forces, including social diversity.
Diagnostic Histopathology of the Lymph Node
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

This is a comprehensive text and atlas of lymph node pathology. It is intended primarily for pathologists, pathologists-in-training, and fellows in hematologic pathology, but may be of interest to hematologists and medical oncologists. The classic approach to biopsy interpretation, including histopathology and clinical features, has been integrated with the newer immunophenotypic and molecular biologic techniques. There are over 350 colour photographs integrated into the text.
Planning the Trial
Authors: Murray David M
Published: October 2023

Planning a group-randomized trial is a complex process. Because it involves many of the same steps that are required to plan other types of research, the familiar resources for the design and conduct of clinical trials and observational studies will be of help to those who want to plan a group-randomized trial (e.g., Meinert, 1986; Kelsey et al., 1996; Schlesselman, 1982). This chapter will focus on the adaptations that must be made to accommodate group- randomized trials. It will review each of the major components of the planning process and outline the development of a formal proposal for the study.
The Virtues Of Liberalism: Christianity, Republicanism, and Ethics in Early American Political Discourse
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

Historians Sometimes Forget that Dante reserved a special place in the Inferno for sowers of discord. Having spent their lives tearing apart families, communities, and religions, such lost souls spend eternity with a demon who slices their bodies in two. Their wounds do slowly heal, Dante tells us, but no sooner has “the gashed flesh reunited its grain” than their bodies are again split by the fiend’s sharp sword. So it goes forever. A visitor from outside the circles of American colonial and early national history, observing the polemics in which partisans of competing interpretations carve each other up, might well wonder what students of American political culture have done to deserve a fate similar to the one Dante prescribed for schismatics.
Why History Matters To Political Theory
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

For Much Of The twentieth century, American philosophers and social scientists have thirsted for certainty. The natural sciences provided an attractive model for inquiry of all sorts, generating through systematic, rigorous research a reliable body of knowledge commanding respect and assent from specialists and non specialists alike. Not only were scientists sure of themselves and their findings but they also seemed capable of providing blueprints for social reform that promised results every bit as predictable as their laboratory experiments.