bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of myocytes from normal and mdx mice iPS cells
Authors: Chen Fei , Cao Jiqing , Liu Qiang , Qin Jie , Kong Jie , Wang Yanyun , Li Yaqin , Geng Jia , Li Qiuling , Yang Liqing , Xiang Andy Peng , Zhang Cheng
Published: October 2011

Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) have been derived from various techniques and show great potential for therapy of human diseases. Furthermore, the iPS technique can be used to provide cell models to explore pathological mechanisms of many human diseases in vitro, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which is a severe recessive X‐linked form of muscular dystrophy without effective treatment. In this study, we try to determine whether there are different characteristics of myocytes from mdx iPS cells and C57BL/10 iPS cells. Our results showed that both of mdx and C57BL/10 cells could be induced into iPS cells in vitro, whereas colony‐forming ability of mdx iPS cells was much weaker than that of C57BL/10 iPS cells. Meanwhile, mdx iPS cells could be induced to differentiate into myocytes, whereas their differentiation efficiency was much lower than that of C57BL/10 iPS cells. And, the number of apoptotic cells in differentiated myocytes from mdx iPS cells was significantly higher than that from C57BL/10 iPS cells. More importantly, treatment of a pan‐caspase inhibitor (Z‐VAD) produced a significant decrease in apoptotic cells. This study might add some insight to the biology study of dystrophin gene. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 678–684, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation strategies for untargeted metabolomics
Authors: Patti Gary J.
Published: October 2011

Metabolomics has rapidly become a profiling technique of choice for biomarker elucidation and molecular diagnostics in addition to studies focused on understanding disease pathogenesis. Key to the success of metabolomics in these areas has been the techniques to separate and analyze the chemically diverse group of compounds comprising the metabolome by using global and untargeted approaches. Untargeted metabolomic efforts have the goal of examining as many metabolites as possible simultaneously and most frequently use an LC/MS‐based approach. Here, the importance of LC in an untargeted metabolomic workflow is outlined and separation strategies for optimization are reviewed within the context of these criteria.
In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Study of Positively and Negatively Charged States in a Donor/Acceptor EDOT/Benzotriazole‐Based Polymer
Authors: Meana‐Esteban Beatriz , Balan Abidin , Baran Derya , Neugebauer Helmut , Toppare Levent , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar
Published: October 2011

Positively and negatively charged states in cPBEBT, which consists of EDOT/benzotriazole/EDOT as the building block, are studied using CV, in situ UV‐Vis, and FTIR‐ATR spectroscopy. The results show that cPBEBT is an ambipolar D‐A‐type polymer capable of conducting both holes and electrons. The injected positive and negative charges are distributed over the whole polymer backbone, which is proven by in situ FTIR‐ATR where spectral signatures associated with the benzotriazole unit are observed in both p‐ and n‐doped cPBEBT. HOMO and LUMO values obtained from CV and FTIR‐ATR experiments during oxidation and reduction are compared. cPBEBT is an example of the D‐A approach towards the improvement of the electronic properties of the resultant polymer.
Hydrogen‐Bonding‐Induced One‐Handed Helical Polynorbornenes Appended With Chiral Alaninegland
Authors: Kao Ming‐Jui , Chen Chih‐Hsien , Tsai Po‐Yu , Lim Tsong‐Shin , Lin Kin‐Chuan , Luh Tien‐Yau
Published: October 2011

Polynorbornenes appended with anthracene and chiral alanine linkers are synthesized. Hydrogen bonding between the adjacent bisamidic linkers brings adjacent anthracene chromophores in a more suitable orientation for exciton coupling and renders one‐handed helical structures for these polymers. Excimer formation is observed from their emission spectra. Monoamidic linkers provide only one hydrogen bond, which would be less robust and result in much lower circular dichroic response.
Associations of lifestyle‐related factors, hsa‐miR‐149 and hsa‐miR‐605 gene polymorphisms with gastrointestinal cancer risk
Authors: MW Zhang , MJ Jin , YX Yu , SC Zhang , B Liu , X Jiang , YF Pan , QL Li , XY Ma , K Chen
Published: October 2011

To explore the associations of SNPs within hsa‐miR‐605 (rs2043556) and hsa‐miR‐149 (rs2292832) and lifestyle‐related factors with gastrointestinal cancer, a case–control study including 762 cases and 757 controls was conducted. Marginally significant associations were found both for hsa‐miR‐149 rs2292832 with gastric cancer risk (TC + CC vs. TT, OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.44–1.04) and for hsa‐miR‐605 rs2043556 with colorectal cancer risk (AG + GG vs. AA, OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.48–1.02) in males. Tea drinking showed a protective effect on gastric cancer risk (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.13–0.60), while smoke inhalation increased the risk of gastric cancer (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.08–3.47). Irritability was found to be a risk factor for both colorectal cancer (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02–2.53) and gastric cancer (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.17–3.29). Among those that engaged in smoke inhalation, miR‐149 CT/CC and miR‐605 AG/GG genotype carriers had increased susceptibilities to colorectal cancer (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.11–3.25) and gastric cancer (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.03–3.42), respectively. Among the tea drinkers, there exists a marginally protective effect of miR‐605 AG/GG genotypes on colorectal cancer incidence (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.47–1.06) and a significantly protective effect of miR‐149 CT/CC on gastric cancer incidence (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29–0.77). The SNPs of rs2292832 and rs2043556 might be able to modify the susceptibility to male gastric and colorectal cancers, respectively. Tea drinking is a protective factor, while smoke inhalation is a risk factor for gastric cancer, and they might have the potential to modify the associations between miR‐149 and miR‐605 polymorphisms with gastrointestinal cancer risk. In addition, irritability was shown to be a risk factor for both gastric and colorectal cancers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ATR controls the p21WAF1/Cip1 protein up‐regulation and apoptosis in response to low UV fluences
Authors: Al‐Khalaf Huda H. , Hendrayani Siti‐Faujiah , Aboussekhra Abdelilah
Published: October 2011

The universal cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/Cip1 promotes cell cycle arrest and inhibits apoptosis in response to UV‐induced DNA damage. Since the protein kinase ATR plays a major role in the cellular response to these carcinogenic lesions, we investigated the possible role of ATR in the modulation of p21WAF1/Cip1 expression in response to UVC radiation. We have shown that p21WAF1/Cip1 is up‐regulated in human fibroblast and epithelial cells, but only in response to low UV fluences and low passage cells. Importantly, this up‐regulation is ATR‐dependent. In fact, in ATR‐deficient or caffeine‐treated cells UV light rather down‐regulated the p21WAF1/Cip1 protein through SKP2‐dependent ubiquitination and degradation via the proteasomal pathway. Furthermore, we present evidence that ATR inhibits apoptosis in response to low fluences of UV light, through inhibiting the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP as well as the repression of the proapoptotic proteins BAX and BAK. Interestingly, ATR is also required for the stability of the p21WAF1/Cip1 protein in absence of genotoxic stress. Together, these results indicate that during the cellular response to low UVC fluences the ATR protein kinase up‐regulates p21WAF1/Cip1 and inhibits apoptosis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A long‐term assessment of precipitation forecast skill using the Fractions Skill Score
Authors: Mittermaier Marion , Roberts Nigel , Thompson Simon A.
Published: October 2011

The Fractions Skill Score (FSS) is a spatial verification metric routinely computed in the operational verification suite. It enables the comparison of forecasts of different resolutions against a common spatial truth (radar rainfall analyses) in such a way that high‐resolution forecasts are not penalized for representativeness errors that arise from the ‘double penalty’ problem. Officially Met Office model precipitation forecast accuracy is monitored using the Equitable Threat Score (ETS) at gauge locations. These precipitation scores form part of a basket of measures assessing six surface parameters known as the UK index, which forms the basis for making decisions regarding model upgrades (especially over the UK). It is used to monitor the impact of continuous model improvements. This framework and the methodology underlying it, is less appropriate for high‐resolution forecasts for reasons as described above. For precipitation forecasts in particular, a new framework for long‐term monitoring is necessary and the FSS provides such a potential framework.

This paper provides an objective critique of FSS results to date. It has been shown that the ‘convection‐permitting’ (4 km) Unified Model (MetUM) forecasts are better than the 12 km MetUM (significant at the 5% level). The scale at which the models have sufficient practical skill is typically 10 km better for the high‐resolution forecasts, and are better at forecasting afternoon convection exceeding 4 mm (6 h)−1. The use of frequency (percentile) thresholds is recommended because of the implicit bias removal this approach provides, as any rain in a forecast period is treated as ‘the event of interest’. © 2011 British Crown Copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
DAS28 and Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Need for Standardization
Authors: Porter Duncan , Gadsby Kate , Thompson Paul , White Jo , McClinton Catherine , Oliver Sue
Published: October 2011

Disease Activity Score in 28 Joints (DAS28) scoring in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is now recommended as a basis for clinical decisions about treatment initiation and alteration. The British Society of Rheumatology suggests that most RA patients should have a DAS28 assessment at every clinic visit, to monitor disease activity and the impact of therapy. Establishing an accurate baseline assessment of DAS28, with regular re‐evaluation, is considered crucial, so that progress towards a defined target of remission (or low disease activity) can be measured. The Treat‐to‐Target initiative, launched in March 2010, is now impacting on clinical practice throughout the UK and Europe. One of its key recommendations is that patients should be regularly monitored using validated composite measures of disease activity that include joint assessments. DAS28 is recommended as one of the most useful of these methods but, although it is becoming more widely adopted and training is ongoing, supported by materials produced by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), the variability inherent in the four components of DAS28 means that standardization of practice methods is now an important issue. This short report details some of the pitfalls that can occur when applying DAS28 in clinical practice and suggests some workable solutions to enable departments to set up their own standard operating procedure Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lebensmittelassoziierten Bakterientoxinen auf der Spur
Authors: Aust Olivier
Published: October 2011

Wenn Krankheiten ausbrechen, die von Bakterien auf Lebensmitteln ausgehen, stellt sich für Lebens mittelüberwachungs‐ und Gesundheitsbehörden die Frage nach der Herkunft und damit nach der Nachweismethode. Das gilt für epidemieartige Ausbrüche wie die Ehec‐Infektionen durch kontaminiertes Sprossengemüse in diesem Frühsommer ebenso wie für Einzelfälle etwa von Botulismus durch verdorbene Lebensmittelkonserven.
Increased Attentional Control for Emotional Distractors Moderates the use of Reflective Pondering in Times of Life Stress: A Prospective Study
Authors: Vanderhasselt Marie–Anne , Koster Ernst H. W. , Goubert Liesbet , De Raedt Rudi
Published: October 2011

According to the response styles theory, rumination is a cognitive response to a stressor with repetitive and self–focused attention on a negative mood state. The attentional disengagement theory highlights that attentional processes are critical, underlying individual differences in ruminative thinking, such as reflective pondering and depressive brooding. Using a prospective design, the current study sought to determine whether attentional control for negative material was differently associated with brooding and reflection upon life stress. Spanning a period of three months, 76 never depressed undergraduate students completed a baseline measurement of attentional bias by using an emotional modification of the exogenous cueing task (T1) and subsequently, six weeks after T1, completed Internet questionnaires during their final examinations at four weekly fixed moments (T2–T5). Data were analysed with a series of multilevel regression analyses. Results revealed that the relation between stress and the use of reflective pondering is stronger when participants allocate less attention to emotional information (negative and positive stimuli). On the other hand, attentional control did not moderate the relation between stress and depressive brooding. On the basis of the current research findings, it might be important to train attentional control to disengage from emotional distractors, which in turn may increase the use of more self–controlling thinking in response to stress. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decontamination of Microbiologically Contaminated Specimen by Direct and Indirect Plasma Treatment
Authors: Schnabel Uta , Niquet Rijana , Krohmann Udo , Winter Jörn , Schlüter Oliver , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter , Ehlbeck Jörg
Published: October 2011

Gentle sanitation of fresh fruits and vegetables is highly demanded. Currently used methods lead to losses in product amounts and quality. Furthermore, these methods go along with high costs and chemical residues. One reason for such problems is microbial contamination. Due to the fact that conventional decontamination processes are not suitable for preservation of fresh produce, alternatives such as plasma technology can be helpful. Three different artificial specimen and seeds of Brassica napus were contaminated with endospores of Bacillus atrophaeus and afterwards plasma treated directly with DBD plasma and indirectly with microwave plasma processed air. After a treatment time of 15 minutes reduction rates between 0.5 and 5.2 log were achieved. The viability of seeds was not affected. The advantages of plasma and promising results offer a wide range of possible uses in food industry.

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Tissue Engineering Using Novel Rapid Prototyped Diamond‐Like Carbon Coated Scaffolds
Authors: Lantada Andres Díaz , Endrino José Luis , Vaquero Vanessa Sánchez , Mosquera Adolfo , Lafont Pilar , García‐Ruiz Josefa Predestinación
Published: October 2011

In this study we investigate an alternative method for designing and obtaining novel scaffolds for analyzing the influence of geometries on tissue engineering processes. The method is based on the combination of conventional and accessible rapid prototyping technologies with plasma processing using a hydrogen‐free diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coating in order to improve cell–tissue interactions. The proposed method allows a precise control of scaffold structure and enables in vitro studies linked to cell growth and tissue formation because of the highly biocompatible DLC surface. Several designs with different hole sizes and surface topographies have been manufactured for subsequent in vitro study of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) growth and aggregation, so as to validate our approach.

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The Fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata Suppress Development of Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice
Authors: Lee Hoyoung , Ha Hyekyung , Lee Jun Kyung , Seo Chang‐seob , Lee Nam‐hun , Jung Da‐Young , Park Sang‐Joon , Shin Hyeun Kyoo
Published: October 2011

The fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata are a medicinal herb in Korea, known for its antiatherosclerotic and antiinflammatory effects. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the influx of lymphocytes into the dermis. Using an animal model of AD, we assessed whether C. tricuspidata suppresses the development of AD‐like skin lesions. Cudrania tricuspidata was administered orally to NC/Nga mice with Dermatophagoides‐farinae‐induced AD‐like lesions for 49 days. The effects of C. tricuspidata were assessed by measuring clinical symptoms, swelling of the skin on the back and ears, and plasma concentrations of mTARC (mouse thymus and activation regulated chemokine), histamine and immunoglobulin E (IgE). We found that C. tricuspidata (60 mg/kg/day) inhibited the development of AD‐like skin lesions, reduced skin dermatitis scores and inhibited the histological changes induced by repeated application of D. farinae. In addition, C. tricuspidata inhibited the increases in plasma concentrations of mTARC, histamine and IgE induced by D. farinae. These findings indicate that C. tricuspidata inhibits the development of AD‐like skin lesions induced by repeated applications of D. farinae in sensitized NC/Nga by suppressing plasma concentrations of mTARC, histamine and IgE. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decursin, an Active Compound Isolated from Angelica gigas, Inhibits Fat Accumulation, Reduces Adipocytokine Secretion and Improves Glucose Tolerance in Mice Fed a High‐Fat Diet
Authors: Hwang Jin‐Taek , Kim Sung Hee , Hur Haeng Jeon , Kim Hyun Jin , Park Jae Ho , Sung Mi Jeong , Yang Hye Jeong , Ryu Shi Yong , Kim Young Sup , Cha Mi Ran , Kim Myung Sunny , Kwon Dae Young
Published: October 2011

Decursin (De), an active component of Angelica gigas, is known to exert anticancer and neuroprotective effects. However, its antiobesity and antidiabetic potential has not yet been investigated. This study evaluated the antiobesity effect of decursin, particularly focusing on its ability to inhibit adipocyte differentiation in 3 T3‐L1 cells. Decursin treatment resulted in the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and the expression of fatty acid synthase. The study further investigated these antiobesity effects using mice fed a normal diet (ND), a high‐fat diet (HFD) and a HFD plus decursin 200 mg/kg diet (HFD + De) for 7 weeks. Mice administered HFD plus decursin showed a drastic decrease in weight gain, triglyceride content, total cholesterol content and fat size compared with those that received the HFD alone; this was observed despite similar quantities of total food intake. Furthermore, decursin improved glucose tolerance in mice fed a HFD. Finally, administration of decursin along with the HFD significantly reduced the secretion of HFD‐induced adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, IL‐6 and MCP‐1. These results suggest that decursin might be useful for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethanol Extract of Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina Inhibits HMGB1 Release by Induction of Heme Oxygenase‐1 in LPS‐activated RAW 264.7 Cells and CLP‐induced Septic Mice
Authors: Jun Min Soo , Kim Hee Sook , Kim Young Min , Kim Hye Jung , Park Eun Jung , Lee Jae Heun , Lee Kang Ro , Kim Yeong Shik , Chang Ki Churl
Published: October 2011

The ethanol extract of the flower of P. vulgaris var. lilacina (EEPV) has been used traditionally as an antiinflammatory agent in many countries. Inducers of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) reduce high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a late phase cytokine, in sepsis. Although EEPV has been used as an antiinflammatory agent, no report is available as to whether it modifies HMGB1 in sepsis due to HO‐1 induction. It was found that EEPV increased HO‐1 protein expression in RAW 264.7 cells, which was significantly inhibited by LY294002, but not PD98059, SB203580 or SP600125. In addition, EEPV activated NF‐E2‐related factor (Nrf2) to move from the cytosol to the nucleus, and EEPV‐induced HO‐1 and activation of ARE‐luciferase activity were significantly reduced by siNrf2 transfection and LY294002 but not SB203508. EEPV also significantly inhibited NF‐κB luciferase activity, and decreased both iNOS/NO and COX‐2/PGE2 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages which was reversed by siHO‐1 RNA transfection. Importantly, EEPV inhibited HMGB1 release in LPS‐activated macrophages in a PI3K‐sensitive manner and reduced serum HMGB1 level and lung HMGB1 expression in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)‐induced septic mice. It is concluded that EEPV induces HO‐1 expression through PI3K/Nrf2 signal pathways, which may be beneficial for the treatment of sepsis due to a reduction of HMGB1 release. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A single crystal of YALO3: Ce3+ as a fast scintillator in SEM
Authors: Autrata R. , Schauer P. , Kvapil Jiři , Kvapil Josef
Published: October 2011

A new single‐crystal scintillator intended for applications in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is presented. It is a single‐crystal disc of yttrium aluminium perovskite activated by trivalent cerium free of traces of Fe ions. The single crystals of YAlO3: Ce3+ (YAP: Ce3+) were prepared by the Czochralski method in a reducing atmosphere of Ar and H2 with an excess amount of Y3+ ions. Effective methods of purification and purity control of the raw material are described. The highest achievable concentration of Ce3+ ions in as grown crystals amounted to 0.3 wt%, concentration in the melt was 8–9 times higher. The best properties were found with samples of the maximum possible concentration of Ce3+. Compared with the previous aluminate Y3 Al5 O12: Ce3+ (YAG: Ce3+) these samples showed higher efficiency, a shorter decay time of luminescence (40 ns) and an emission band in a more advantageous spectral region (378 nm). Because of high resistance to radiation damage, high chemical resistance and applicability to ultra‐high vacuum it is also suitable for detection of other kinds of ionizing radiation.
Alterations in surface morphology caused by centrifugation of cells fixed with glutaraldehyde
Authors: Lin Wen‐Lang , Hoyer L. C. , Bucana C.
Published: October 2011

The surface morphology of nonadherent normal and neoplastic cells settled or centrifuged onto poly‐L‐lysine‐coated coverslips was examined. We found varying degrees of change in the surface morphology after centrifugation, depending upon cell type and the force and duration of centrifugation.
A low energy electron beam annealing system: Design, capability and use
Authors: Kozicki M. N. , Dinnis A. R. , Robertson J. M.
Published: October 2011

The paper discusses how an experimental low energy electron‐beam annealing system may be constructed from SEM components for use in semiconductor research. The system is essentially very simple in design but is adequate for selective transient annealing of areas of bulk materials and features within specially fabricated test integrated circuits. Some experimental results obtained with such a system are detailed to illustrate its use and capabilities.
Investigation of fluorescent lamp phosphors using the combined CL and EDS modes of the SEM
Authors: Richards B. P. , Trigg A. D. , King W. G.
Published: October 2011

The phenomenon of cathodoluminescence (CL) potentially offers the ideal tool for studying the phosphor materials used in fluorescent lamps, since it can be used directly on processed or unprocessed powders, on coatings in tubes, or on sections cut from tubes. Using examples of both single component materials and multi‐component blends, it is demonstrated how a relatively unsophisticated dispersive CL system attached to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used expediently in the extensive study of such phosphors. These studies can be significantly enhanced when other complementary modes of the SEM (e. g. the energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis facility) are combined with the CL mode. The strength of the combined technique lies in the major role it can play in materials and processing aspects of the powders themselves, in the processing of the lamps (e.g. by optimising such parameters as coating thickness, packing density etc.), and in diagnostic studies of poor materials or lamps (e.g. by locating rogue particles/components and identifying their origin). The technique also provides a convenient method of studying the temperature stability of selected phosphors.
Improvement to critical point drying technique for SEM
Authors: Boyde A. , Tamarin A.
Published: October 2011

We have developed an improved method for dehydration and critical point drying which leads to a marked reduction in morphological artefact in at least two classes of problematical specimen: Foetal enamel and avian embryonic heads. Water is replaced by ethanol and ethanol by C2C13F3 by refluxing in a Soxhlet apparatus. Containers are designed to prevent air drying on transfer to the CPD bomb. We concluded that the thorough removal of both water and ethanol prior to CPD can reduce the types of artefact associated with post‐CPD shrinkage (superdrying).
Digital beam control for fast differential voltage contrast
Authors: Sardo A. , Vanzi M.
Published: October 2011

A new method for voltage contrast enhancement by image subtraction is presented. It is based on a modification of a commercial column automation system that digitizes beam positions and intensity signals in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The new modulus performs via hardware all the operations of bias control and signal differentiation at each image point, resulting in a minimum acquisition time of 4 μs per point, that is less than 0.3 seconds to obtain a 256 × 256 pixels image with 8 bit gray resolution.

The digital handling of intensity data, gives high precision differential images and the control of beam position prevents spatial differentiation effects, enabling noise reduction by time integration of intensity data in each point.
The CL mode as a tool for defect characterization of GaAs substrate in the SEM
Authors: Koschek G.
Published: October 2011

The macroscopic properties of materials used for electronic device fabrication, such as the electrical conductivity or the frequency behaviour, are often caused by inhomogeneities which appear at microscopic locations on the specimen. In particular, the defect distribution (vacancies, dopants) can alter these properties substantially. Therefore, by controlling this distribution, the material properties can be controlled and improved. Control of defect distribution requires a measuring method capable of investigating the defects on a micrometer scale. Methods commonly used for microcharacterization (e.g., x‐ray analysis) are not applicable to all cases (e.g., vacancies). Most semiconductors and insulators, however, show local changes in the energy gap structure due to the presence of defects. In general, additional energy levels appear which can give rise to specific radiative recombinations after energetic excitation by the electron beam in the scanning electron microscope (cathodoluminescence, CL). Therefore, investigation of defect distribution in such materials can be successfully performed using CL measurements. One such material is a semi‐insulating GaAs substrate which is of increasing importance worldwide in the field of high‐speed integrated circuit (IC) applications. Major technical difficulties arise from detrimental electrical properties which are thought to be due to inhomogeneous distributions of intrinsic defects in this material. This report describes how CL investigations can contribute to the recognition and the characterization of these defects, and to the avoidance of their influence on device properties by suitable fabrication parameters.
Use of micromanipulator for continuous observation of frozen samples by cryoscanning electron microscopy and freeze replicas
Authors: Fujikawa S. , Suzuki T. , Sakurai S.
Published: October 2011

Our previous report described how a new cryoscanning electron microscope (cryo‐SEM) allowed for continuous observation of certain areas of any particular frozen sample, first, by cryo‐SEM and, after dissolution of the sample, by freeze replication using a transmission electron microscope. However, the latter procedure made continuous observation of individual areas which were selected by cryo‐SEM impossible, because the selective withdrawal of replicas, containing the desired areas could not be accomplished. Here we report how this problem was resolved using a cryo‐SEM equipped with a micromanipulator. Specimen surfaces, including areas of interest, were cut out by a thin needle attached to the micromanipulator while under observation with the SEM. Replicas from the cut areas alone were withdrawn and used for the structural correspondence studies. Using this process, continuous observation of the selected areas was successfully performed.
Bayesian analysis of the structural equation models with application to a longitudinal myopia trial
Authors: Wang Yi‐Fu , Fan Tsai‐Hung
Published: October 2011

Myopia is becoming a significant public health problem, affecting more and more people. Studies indicate that there are two main factors, hereditary and environmental, suspected to have strong impact on myopia. Motivated by the increase in the number of people affected by this problem, this paper focuses primarily on the utilization of mathematical methods to gain further insight into their relationship with myopia. Accordingly, utilizing multidimensional longitudinal myopia data with correlation between both eyes, we develop a Bayesian structural equation model including random effects. With the aid of the MCMC method, it is capable of expressing the correlation between repeated measurements as well as the two‐eye correlation and can be used to explore the relational structure among the variables in the model. We consider four observed factors, including intraocular pressure, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and axial length. The results indicate that the genetic effect has much greater influence on myopia than the environmental effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polynomial search
Authors: Shneiderman Ben
Published: October 2011

By plotting the key value against the record position in a sorted file and then fitting a least squares polynomial through the points, a fast retrieval technique is determined. The target key of a search is inserted in the polynomial and the first access from the file is made on the basis of the evaluation. Since the maximum deviation can be determined, an efficient local search can be made. If the maximum deviation is less than half the size of the file, polynomial searching is more efficient than binary searching. While this method can be applied in many cases, it is most useful in disk oriented file systems where the goal is to minimize the number of accesses even at the expense of some additional calculation.
FORTRAN—As provided by some major machine manufacturers in 1970
Authors: Good J. , Moon B. A. M.
Published: October 2011

In 1970 the authors carried out a FORTRAN benchmark analysis of various medium and large scale computer systems in order to assist the New Zealand universities in choosing new computer equipment. This paper gives the authors' opinions of the quality of the different FORTRAN systems then provided by six major machine companies.
AEDBAR—A software system for designing and analysing planar bar mechanisms
Authors: Vlietstra J. , Lucassen J. B. M.
Published: October 2011

This article deals with a specific application of the computer for a design and evaluation process which concerns the design of planar bar mechanisms by a ‘trial and error’ method.

An introductory section deals with the complexity of controlled motions.

The second section describes the problems the designer is faced with when he wants to generate a certain motion using a four bar mechanism.

The software system, called ‘AEDBAR’, is discussed in the third section. In particular the AED ‘tools’ used to design and program the system are emphasized. The interactive capabilities of AEDBAR and the data structures in which the mechanisms are represented are discussed, followed by a brief description of the total system and a concise description of the major packages and features of the AED system used.

The final section contains an example of a bar mechanism that has been designed and analysed using AEDBAR.
Design of an interactive debugger for FORTRAN: MANTIS
Authors: Ashby Gordon , Salmonson Loren , Heilman Robert
Published: October 2011

MANTIS is a natural debugging facility for the FORTRAN language subsystem on the PDP‐10. It was designed and implemented in an existing language subsystem in order to facilitate program preparation and debugging in the time sharing environment available on the PDP‐10.

Suitable debugging facilities should be included in the initial design of language subsystems. Language subsystems to run in time sharing operating systems should offer debugging facilities that exploit the interactive environment available to the user. This paper describes experience gained in designing and adding a useful interactive debugger to an existing FORTRAN subsystem. Objectives, implementation experience and system features are discussed and are related to the general problem of designing debuggers for language subsystems.
Testing a multiprogramming system
Authors: Hansen Per Brinch
Published: October 2011

A central problem in program design is to structure a large program such that it can be tested systematically by the simplest possible techniques. This paper describes the method used to test the RC 4000 multiprogramming system. During testing, the system records all transitions of processes and messages between various queues. The test mechanism consists of fifty machine instructions centralized in two procedures. By using this mechanism in a series of carefully selected test cases, the system was made virtually error free within a few weeks. The test procedure is illustrated by examples.
A pre‐processor using rule mask techniques for extended entry decision tables
Authors: Davies G. , Welland R.
Published: October 2011

The implementation of a pre‐processor for extended entry decision tables is described. If ambiguities exist in the decision tables they are detected by the pre‐processor. The paper discusses what actions should be taken in this case.
Integrierte und nachhaltigkeitsorientierte Deckensysteme im Stahl‐ und Verbundbau
Authors: Hegger Josef , Claßen Martin , Feldmann Markus , Döring Bernd , Schaumann Peter , Sothmann Jörg , Bohne Dirk , Hargus Steen , Barben Daniel , Aarden Erik , Schielke Sabine
Published: October 2011

Moderne Geschossbauten erfordern ganzheitliche und nachhaltige Gebäudekonzepte, die ein hohes Maß an Nutzungsflexibilität und Multifunktionalität bieten und somit die Bauwerkslebensdauer und ‐wirtschaftlichkeit erhöhen. Dabei spielen die Geschossdecken eine große Rolle. In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung eines innovativen Verbunddeckensystems dargestellt, das sich durch große Spannweiten sowie optimierte bauphysikalische und brandschutztechnische Eigenschaften auszeichnet und zudem die vollständige Integration gebäudetechnischer Anlagen mit zugehöriger Installationsführung in die Tragkonstruktion ermöglicht. Im Vorfeld des vorgestellten Forschungsprojektes wurde bereits ein Evaluierungsprozess von Verbunddeckensystemen durchgeführt [1].

Integrated and sustainability‐oriented ceilings in steel and composite. Modern multi‐storey buildings require holistic and sustainable building conceptions to ensure a high degree of flexibility of use and multi‐functionality and augment the economic structure life. In this paper, the development of an innovative composite floor system is outlined, which is characterized by large spans and improved physical and fire protection properties and also allows complete integration of HVACR installations in the supporting structure. In the run‐up of the proposed research project an evaluation process of composite floor systems has been conducted [1].
Nachhaltige Bürogebäude mit Stahl
Authors: Mensinger Martin , Hogger Heidrun , Breit Manfred , Eisele Johann , Lang Frank , Feldmann Markus , Pyschny Dominik , Lingnau Volker , Kokot Katharina , Stroetmann Richard , Franz Christine , Zink Klaus J. , Baudach Tino
Published: October 2011

Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes P881 “Nachhaltige Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäude in Stahl und Stahlverbundbauweise“ werden von einem interdisziplinären Forschungsteam Planungshilfsmittel und Methoden für den Entwurf und die Bewertung dieser Gebäude entwickelt. Neben ökologischen und ökonomischen werden auch architektonische, soziokulturelle und soziotechnologische Kriterien berücksichtigt. Der Nutzen der Flexibilität und deren Bewertung bilden einen besonderen Schwerpunkt, da sich hieraus wesentliche Konsequenzen für die Baukonstruktionen und die spätere Vermarktungsfähigkeit der Gebäude ergeben.

Im folgenden Beitrag werden relevante Themen und Fragestellungen für den nachhaltigen Entwurf von Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäuden erörtert. Ausgehend von den verschiedenen Nutzungsformen, Entwicklungen und Trends der strukturellen Organisation von Bürogebäuden werden soziotechnologische und soziokulturelle Anforderungen formuliert. Es werden Strategien zur lebenszyklusorientierten ökonomischen Bewertung unter Einbeziehung der Wertschöpfungsrechnung beschrieben. Zu den baukonstruktiven Themenfeldern gehören die Einflüsse aus Fassade, Bauphysik, technischer Gebäudeausstattung und die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Tragstrukturen in Stahl‐ und Stahlverbundbauweise. Es werden die vorgesehenen Instrumente für die Planung von Tragwerksentwürfen und deren ökologische und ökonomische Bewertung vorgestellt.

Sustainable office buildings in steel construction. Within the research project P881 “Sustainable office and administration buildings in steel and steel‐composite construction” planning tools and methods for the design and evaluation of such buildings are being developed by an interdisciplinary research team. In addition to ecological and economic issues, also architectural, socio‐cultural and socio‐technological criteria are being considered. The benefit from flexibility and its evaluation constitute main aspects influencing the structure and the future marketability of the buildings.

Relevant topics and issues for sustainable design of office buildings are being discussed in this paper. Based on diverse ways of usage, development and trends in the structural organization of office buildings, socio‐technological and socio‐cultural requirements are formulated. Strategies for the life cycle‐oriented economic evaluation are being described including an added value assessment. Related research fields in building construction such as façade, building physics, technical building equipment as well as the development of sustainable structures in steel construction are being discussed. The intended instruments for the planning phase of design concepts and their ecological and economic evaluation are being introduced.
Yeast RNA viruses as indicators of exosome activity: human exosome hCsl4p participates in RNA degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae'
Authors: Ramírez‐Garrastacho Manuel , Esteban Rosa
Published: October 2011

The exosome is an evolutionarily conserved 10‐mer complex involved in RNA metabolism, located in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic exosome plays an important role in mRNA turnover through its 3′→5′ exonucleolytic activity. The superkiller (SKI) phenotype of yeast was originally identified as an increase of killer toxin production due to elevated levels of the L‐A double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) Totivirus and its satellite toxin‐encoding M dsRNA. Most SKI genes were later shown to be either components of the exosome or modulators of its activity. Variations in the amount of Totivirus are, thus, good indicators of yeast exosome activity, and can be used to analyse its components. Furthermore, if exosome proteins of higher eukaryotes were functional in S. cerevisiae, these viruses would provide a simple tool to analyse their function. In this work, we have found that hCSL4, the human orthologue of SKI4 in the yeast exosome, rescues the null phenotype of the deletion mutant. hCsl4p shares with Ski4p conserved S1 RNA‐binding domains, but lacks the N‐terminal third of Ski4p. Nevertheless, it interacts with the Dis3p exonuclease of yeast exosome, and partially complements the superkiller phenotype of ski4‐1 mutation. The elimination of the N‐terminal third of Ski4p does not affect its activity, indicating that it is dispensable for RNA degradation. We have also identified the point mutation G152E in hCSL4, equivalent to the ski4‐1 mutation G253E, which impairs the activity of the protein, thus validating our approach of using yeast RNA virus to analyse the exosome of higher eukaryotes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of the inflow and outflow system during liver resection
Authors: Otsubo Takehito
Published: October 2011

Control of blood loss is a serious problem during liver resection. Bleeding from the inflow system can be controlled by the Pringle maneuver. The time limit for clamping is up to 10–15 min. A shortcoming of the Pringle maneuver is that it causes blood congestion in the portal vein. To avoid this problem other techniques have been developed including selective vascular occlusion and selective clamping of segmental branches. Bleeding from the outflow system is closely related to central venous pressure (CVP). Lowering the CVP reduces blood loss; in particular, keeping CVP <5 cmH2O by anesthesiological management is a simple and effective way to reduce blood loss. CVP remains high in some cases despite anesthesiological efforts, but in these circumstances other techniques are available including inferior vena cava clamping below the liver and intraoperative blood salvage.
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas
Published: October 2011

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 29 contains the fourth volume of a collection of critical essays.
Rat Cities and Beehive Worlds: Density and Design in the Modern City
Authors: Adams Jon , Ramsden Edmund
Published: October 2011

Nestled among E. M. Forster's careful studies of Edwardian social mores is a short story called “The Machine Stops.” Set many years in the future, it is a work of science fiction that imagines all humanity housed in giant high-density cities buried deep below a lifeless surface. With each citizen cocooned in an identical private chamber, all interaction is mediated through the workings of “the Machine,” a totalizing social system that controls every aspect of human life. Cultural variety has ceded to rigorous organization: everywhere is the same, everyone lives the same life. So hopelessly reliant is humanity upon the efficient operation of the Machine, that when the system begins to fail there is little the people can do, and so tightly ordered is the system that the failure spreads. At the story's conclusion, the collapse is total, and Forster's closing image offers a condemnation of the world they had built, and a hopeful glimpse of the world that might, in their absence, return: “The whole city was broken like a honeycomb. […] For a moment they saw the nations of the dead, and, before they joined them, scraps of the untainted sky” (2001: 123). In physically breaking apart the city, there is an extent to which Forster is literalizing the device of the broken society, but it is also the case that the infrastructure of the Machine is so inseparable from its social structure that the failure of one causes the failure of the other. The city has—in the vocabulary of present-day engineers—“failed badly.”
Whose Makassar? Claiming Space in a Segmented City
Authors: Sutherland Heather
Published: October 2011

During the long nineteenth century, emerging bureaucratic states sought to align boundaries of space, political authority, and social identity. According to the normative ideal, ramified systems of delegated control should be consolidated into a single government, state power evenly applied throughout the entire area, and patchworks of local identities replaced with uniform citizenship. However, as Bayly has observed, states remained composite, negotiating with subordinates who retained their own spheres of influence. Integration was contested, uneven, and by no means linear. These tensions were evident in cities, with their traditions of trade and migration, and in colonial societies, characterized by the symbiosis between communal leaders and imported officials. However, even here informal controls were supplemented by state-sponsored social discipline as military power, managerial capacity, and populations expanded. Social categorizations were more rigidly enforced. Settlements and regulations became more closely packed, shrinking unclaimed space, both physical and social.
Cycles of Empowerment? The Bicycle and Everyday Technology in Colonial India and Vietnam
Authors: Arnold David , DeWald Erich
Published: October 2011

In recent years, discussion of technology in the nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century colonial world has moved away from earlier insistence on the centrality of imperial agency and the instrumentality of empire's technological “tools” of conquest and exploitation. There has been a broad shift from diffusionist preoccupations with a one-way traffic in “technology transfers” that privileged Euro-American innovation and entrepreneurship, to consideration of the “social life of things” within the colony. This has corresponded with a move away from understanding technology through European representations of machines as the measure of the imperial self and colonized other, to rethinking technology's role in reconfiguring social hierarchies and cultural practices in colonized or semi-colonized non-Western societies. Without ignoring empire's importance in facilitating change or restricting the socio-economic parameters within which innovative technologies might operate, there has been a growing tendency to identify colonialism as a conduit for technological modernity rather than its primary embodiment. The colony is understood as a locally constituted, rather than merely imperially derivative, site for engagement with techno-modernity and its discontents. Scholars now commonly eschew emphasis on the implanting of “big technologies” such as railroads, telegraphs, steamships, modern weaponry, major irrigation works, and electrification systems (capital-intensive, often state-managed technologies that figured proudly in the rhetoric of imperial achievement), in favor of the ways in which these were understood, assimilated, and utilized by local agency. There has also been growing interest in small-scale, “everyday technologies,” from the sewing machine, wristwatch, and radio, to the typewriter, camera, and bicycle. Colonial regimes were unable to monopolize or disinclined to control these, and they passed with relative ease into the work-regimes, recreational activities, social life, and cultural aspirations of colonized and postcolonial populations.