bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wirkung von 2,2′,5,5′ Tetrachlorbiphenyl, Benzo‐a‐pyren, Cadmium und Kupfer in einem Rieselfeldboden und Aufnahme dieser Stoffe durch Roggen (Secale cereale)
Authors: Dorn Jana , Koch Claudia , Metz Reinhart , Wilke Berndt‐Michael
Published: February 2007

Roggen wurde auf einem niedrig belasteten Rieselfeldboden (R) und stoffspezifischen Anreicherungsvarianten im Gefäßversuch geprüft, um die kombinierte Wirkung ausgewählter organischer Schadstoffe (PCB, PAK) und Schwermetalle (SM) auf bodenbiologische Parameter, Biomasseertrag und Boden‐Pflanze‐Transfer aufzutrennen. Dazu wurde R sowohl einzeln mit 2,2′,5,5′ Tetrachlorbiphenyl (PCB 52), Benzo‐a‐pyren (BaP), Cadmium (Cd) und Kupfer (Cu) als auch mit Kombinationen dieser Schadstoffe in Höhe der jeweiligen Gehalte eines hochbelasteten Rieselfeldbodens kontaminiert. Auf allen Cu‐Anreicherungsvarianten ( > 60 ppm pflanzenverfügbares Cu im Boden) reagierte Roggen mit signifikanten Ertragsdepressionen. Als Ursache hierfür und für die Störungen der mikrobiellen Aktivität im Boden konnte Cu als Einzelstoff erkannt werden. Die Ertragsdepressionen gingen mit erhöhten Cu‐Gehalten aber auch infolge eines Konzentrationseffektes höheren Cd‐Gehalten von Roggen einher. Zugeführtes Cu bewirkte eine Erhöhung der Mobilität bzw. Pflanzenverfügbarkeit von Cd im Boden. Die kombinierte Anreicherung von R mit Cu und den organischen Schadstoffen führte ebenfalls zu einer erhöhten Cd‐Pflanzenverfügbarkeit.
Agronomical and physiological aspects of ammonium and nitrate nutrition of plants
Authors: Wiesler Franz
Published: February 2007

Field studies comparing yield responses of crops treated with different nitrogen fertilizer types have led to very contradictory results. This can be explained by the fact that the application of different forms of nitrogen may affect plant growth via numerous processes in the soil and within the plant. In this review the significance of these processes for nutrient availability in soil are briefly outlined. Then, data from literature and own results are used to show that an enhanced ammonium supply may promote certain yield components such as the number of ears per plant in wheat or the number of kernels per plant in maize whereas other yield components such as the number of grains per ear in cereals or the number of tillers in linseed may be adversely affected by ammonium supply. These different effects of ammonium and nitrate supply on yield structure of plants are related to physiological changes in the plant using a model.
Interactions between Inorganic Nitrogen Nutrition and Root Development
Authors: Bloom Arnold J.
Published: February 2007

Root development responds not only to the quantity of inorganic nitrogen in the rhizosphere, but to its form, NH4+or NO3−. Root growth of tomato showed a hyperbolic response to soil levels of inorganic nitrogen: very few roots were found in soil blocks depleted in inorganic nitrogen, roots proliferated as soils increased to 2 μg NH4+‐N g−1soil or 6 μg NO3−‐N g−1soil, and root growth declined in soils with the higher levels of inorganic nitrogen. High NH4+concentrations inhibited root growth, but low concentrations promoted the development of an extensive, fine root system. Supply with NO3−as the sole nitrogen source led to a more compact root system.

These differences in root morphology under NH4+and NO3−nutrition may be mediated through pH. Rice and maize roots absorbed NH4+most rapidly right at the apex and appeared to assimilate this NH4+in the zone of elongation. During NH4+assimilation, root cells must release protons, and the resulting acidification around the walls of cells in this region should stimulate root extension. By contrast, NO3−absorption reached a maximum in the maturation zone of rice and maize roots, and this NO3−was probably assimilated in more basal regions. Absorption of NO3−requires proton efflux, whereas NO3−assimilation requires proton influx. The net result under NO3−nutrition was only subtle shifts in rhizosphere pH that probably would not influence root elongation.

The signal through which roots detect changes in rhizosphere NH4+and NO3−levels is still obscure. It is proposed that a product of nitrogen metabolism such as nitric oxide serves as a signal.
Über die Sorptionseigenschaften von Waldböden bezüglich gelöster organischer Substanzen
Authors: Kaiser Klaus , Zech Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Ziel der Untersuchungen war die Charakterisierung der wichtigsten Bodentypen (Rendzinen, Pelosole, Braunerden, Parabraunerden, Podsole, Terrae fuscae, Pseudogleye, Gleye) unter forstlicher Nutzung als Sorbenten für gelöste organische Substanzen (DOM). Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Sorptionsisothermen von DOM an 135 Horizonten von 36 Profilen ermittelt.

Die Freisetzung von organischem C nach Zugabe von Lösungen, die selbst keinen gelösten organischen Kohlenstoff (DOC) enthielten, war besonders hoch in den Corg‐reichen Ah‐, Aeh‐ und Bh‐Horizonten. In den Corg‐ärmeren Unterböden war die DOC‐Freisetzung sehr viel geringer.

Die meisten der untersuchten Oberböden (Ah‐, Al‐, Ae‐Horizonte) sowie die Bh‐, Gr‐ und Cv‐Horizonte wiesen eine geringe Bindung von DOC auf. Dafür sind geringe Gehalte an potentiellen Sorbenten (Ton, Sesquioxide) und/oder hohe Gehalte an Corgverantwortlich. Letztere scheinen die Sorption durch Belegung von Bindungsplätzen zu behindern. Gute Sorptionseigenschaften wiesen P‐, Bv‐, Bt‐, Bs‐ und T‐Horizonte auf. Unter aeroben Versuchsbedingungen zeigten auch Sw‐, Sd‐ und Go‐Horizonte eine hohe Bindung von DOC. Wurden aber die Sorptionsexperimente nach einer anaeroben Inkubation durchgeführt war das Ausmaß der Sorption deutlich reduziert.
NH3 and N2O Emissions after Landspreading of Slurry as Influenced by Application Technique and Dry Matter‐Reduction. I. NH3 Emissions
Authors: Vandré Robert , Clemens Joachim , Goldbach Heiner , Kaupenjohann Martin
Published: February 2007

Ammonia volatilization from slurry is undesirable because of environmental N eutrophication and loss of fertilizer value. The dry matter content of slurry, the application technique and the weather conditions are the main factors influencing NH3 losses from landspread slurry. In a field of winter wheat a two factor plot experiment was conducted to study single and combined effects of slurry separation and application techniques, including broadcast and banded application, as well as incorporation by injection and the flexible harrow. Ammonia volatilization from all treatments could be measured simultaneously, and at ambient climatic conditions by an indirect, open measurement technique. The experiment was repeated four times. Due to varying weather conditions and treatment effects, cumulative NH3 volatilization from the slurry during the first 48 hours ranged from 4 to 90% of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN). Both separation and incorporation significantly decreased NH3 losses, but only the combination of dry matter reduction and injection or harrowing reduced NH3 volatilization to about 30% of TAN in all weather conditions. Banding alone did not efficiently conserve slurry N, but even enhanced NH3 volatilization in wet conditions.
Changes in the rhizospheric pH induced by arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in onion (Allium cepa L.)
Authors: Bago B. , Azcón‐Aguilar C.
Published: February 2007

Rhizospheric pH changes induced by arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in onion plants fertilized either with NO3− or NH4+ were studied. The pH changes promoted by either mycorrhizal or non‐mycorrhizal roots were studied by means of a non‐destructive technique using the pH indicator bromocresol purple. Results showed that the pH changes observed depended on i) the symbiotic status of the root and ii) the N form amended to the soil.

When growing in a NH4+‐supplied soil, mycorrhizal onion roots produced more intense and wider acidification halos than non‐mycorrhizal plants did. These differences were maintained throughout the whole experiment (60 days). NO3−‐supplied mycorrhizal roots initially promoted a more intense alkalinization on their surface, compared to the control roots (30 days); however, at the end of the experiment (60 days), intense acidification halos were observed in the mycorrhizosphere, whereas this acidification was almost absent in the non‐mycorrhizal rhizosphere. The link between these mycorrhiza‐induced pH changes in the soil and the higher efficiency in the exploitation of nitrogen in the rhizosphere by the arbuscular‐mycorrhizal plants is discussed.
Die Oberflächenladung der Ton‐Humusfraktion aus Schwarzerden als Funktion von pH und Ca‐Konzentration
Authors: Böckenhoff Klaus , Gall Stefan , Fischer Walter R.
Published: February 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Ladungseigenschaften der Ton‐Humusfraktionen aus A‐Horizonten unterschiedlicher Schwarzerden als Funktion der Ca‐Konzentration und des pH‐Wertes der Bodenlösung charakterisiert. Die Oberflächenladung wurde durch Titration mit einem ladungsneutralisierenden Polyelektrolyten bis zum Nulldurchgang des elektrokinetischen Potentials bestimmt. Es zeigt sich für Ton‐Humusfraktionen eine logarithmische Abhängigkeit der Oberflächenladung von der Ca‐Konzentration der Bodenlösung im Bereich ⩽, 2 mmol/L. Der Einfluß des pH‐Wertes auf die Oberflächenladung kann über einen weiten pH‐Bereich linear angenähert werden, wobei die Veränderung der pH‐abhängigen Ladung bei den Horizonten mit geringer Ca‐Belegung am Austauscher am stärksten ausgeprägt ist. Ebenso nimmt durch die Konkurrenz zwischen Protonen und Ca‐Ionen um Austauscherplätze der Einfluß der Ca‐Konzentration in der sauren Bodenlösung deutlich ab. Die Ursache der Verschlämmbarkeit der Bodenoberfläche und der Verlagerung von Ton‐Humuspartikeln in Schwarzerden könnte auf die Zunahme der Oberflächenladung mit sinkender Ca‐Konzentration nach der Entkalkung zurückgeführt werden. Nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen könnte auch die verringerte Mobilität der Ton‐Humusfraktion bei stärkerer Versauerung mit der ladungsneutralisierenden Wirkung der Protonen bzw. Aluminiumionen in Zusammenhang stehen.
Extraktion eines kupferbelasteten Bodens unter Verwendung eines aminosäurehaltigen Reststoffhydrolysats. 1. Cu‐Elutionsdynamik und bindungsspezifische Freisetzung
Authors: Blay Karlheinz , Fischer Klaus , Mölter Kerstin , Filser Juliane , Kettrup Antonius
Published: February 2007

Ein Cu‐belastetes (Cu‐Gehalt: 294 mg kg‐1) Bodenmaterial aus einem ehemaligen Hopfenanbaugebiet wurde während eines 16‐tägigen Zeitraums in einer Säulenversuchsreihe (Säulenfüllung ca. 4,1 kg TM) mit einem aminosäurehaltigen Blutmehlhydrolysat extrahiert. Neben der Aufzeichnung des Zeitverlaufs der Cu‐Elution und der Bestimmung des erzielten Cu‐Abreichungsgrades stand die Erfassung der bindungsspezifischen Cu‐Extrahierbarkeit im Vordergrund der Untersuchung.

Die Entwicklung der Kupferkonzentration im Säuleneffluat verläuft in der Anfangsphase der Reaktion parallel mit der Aminosäurekonzentrationsentwicklung, so daß hier die Cu‐Elutionsgeschwindigkeit im wesentlichen vom hydrodynamischen Fluß der applizierten Lösung bestimmt wird.

Durch Hydrolysateinwirkung werden insgesamt 62% des bodengebundenen Kupfers entfernt. Die bindungsspezifische Analyse weist nach, daß eine überproportionale Abreicherung von Cu aus der leicht nachlieferbaren Fraktion sowie aus Bindungen an Manganoxide und an die organische Bodensubstanz (Bindungsformen 2–4 entsprechend dem Fraktionierungsschema von Zeien und Brümmer [1989]) stattgefunden hat. Damit konnte der kurz‐ und mittelfristig mobile und potentiell bioverfügbare Cu‐Gehalt des Bodenmaterials in erheblichem Umfang herabgesetzt werden.
Estimation of the Influence of Soil Moisture on Soil Colour
Authors: Bhadra S. K. , Bhavanarayana M.
Published: February 2007

Soil colour was expressed in terms of chromaticity coordinates instead of traditional Munsell notations which facilitated correlation with the moisture content of soils. Spectral reflectance of twenty‐one soil samples was measured in the visible region from saturation to air‐dryness from which the colour coordinates for each soil at various moisture levels were calculated. The data were transformed to metric lightness, metric chroma and Munsell values using the tables of Wyszecki and Stiles (1982). All the colour coordinates, metric lightness, metric chroma and Munsell value were negatively correlated with the moisture content. For dark soils, the rate of change of colour parameters with moisture is less compared to red and light coloured alluvial soils. An interesting feature of the study is that all the colour parameters converged to a characteric value for a group of soils at zero moisture level (intercept), which will be useful to assess the moisture status of a soil in that group from the regression equations, if the colour of soil is estimated in terms of spectral parameters.
Influence of climatic conditions and soil properties on 137Cs vertical distribution in selected Chilean soils
Authors: Schuller Paulina , Ellies Achim , Handl Josef
Published: February 2007

Long‐term downward distribution of global fallout 137Cs was studied in different soil types, in natural and semi‐natural environments of four Chilean climatic zones. The 137Cs soil content showed an exponential decrease with depth; relaxation depth ranged from 0.9 cm in the polar climate environment up to 6.8 cm in the mesothermal warm summer one. In the Antarctic and Westpatagonic ecosystems the long freezing periods delayed the 137Cs leaching. In temperate and tropical climate zones, primarily the rates of annual rainfall and volume of coarse soil pores control the radionuclide's distribution in the soil profiles.
Stability of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and mineral nitrogen in bulk precipitation and throughfall
Authors: Michalzik Beate , Dorsch Tanja , Matzner Egbert
Published: February 2007

Stabilität gelöster organischer (DON) und mineralischer Stickstoffverbindungen in Freilandniederschlägen und Kronentraufe

Freilandniederschläge und Kronentraufe unter Fichte wurden an 4 Terminen von Mai bis August 1996 für jeweils 4 Wochen im Freiland in Standardregensammlern inkubiert, um die Stabilität der mineralischen und organischen Stickstoffverbindungen zu untersuchen. Eine Zunahme der mineralischen Stickstoffkomponenten, v.a. von NH4+, erfolgte mit der Zeit und war besonders in Kronentrauflösungen ausgeprägt. Dies wird auf die wahrscheinliche Mineralisation von partikulärem organischem Stickstoff zurückgeführt. Die Konzentrationen an gelöstem (< 0.45 μm) organischem Stickstoff (DON) erwiesen sich hingegen als relativ stabil. Um eine Überschätzung der NH4+‐Einträge zu vermeiden, sollte der Probenahmezeitraum so kurz wie möglich sein und die Regensammler mit Feinporenfiltern bzw. chemischen Inhibitoren versehen werden.
Zur Definition von Humusformen ackerbaulich genutzter Böden. II. Quantität und Qualität der organischen Bodensubstanz
Authors: Beyer Lothar , Blume Hans‐Peter
Published: February 2007

Die Ackerhumusformen: Kryptomull, Wurmmull und Ackermoder wurden aus den Definitionen für „Ochric”︁, „Mollic”︁ und „Umbric”︁ der Soil Taxonomy und der FAO‐Klassifikation abgeleitet, um die Standortökologie näher zu charakterisieren. 45 Oberböden unter landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung wurden diesen Humusformen zugeordnet und Aufbau und Zusammensetzung ihrer organischen Substanz mittels naßchemischer Verfahren und CPMAS13C‐NMR‐ Spektroskopie untersucht. Wurmmull bedeutet einen höheren Carbonyl‐bzw. Carboxylanteil aus Proteinen, Polysacchariden und Huminstoffen gegen‐über Ackermoder. Die Wurmmull‐Horizonte besitzen darüber hinaus 10% mehr Streustoffe als die Ackermoder‐Horizonte. In diesen dominieren die Huminsäuren, die bei der Humusform Wurmmull als Humine vorliegen. Im Wurmmull stehen mehr leicht abbaubare Substanzen zur Verfügung als abgebaut werden. Der humusarme Kryptomull zeigt einen erhöhten Anteil an leichtlöslichen Verbindungen und einen erhöhten Aromaten‐ und Carboxylgehalt der Huminstoffe. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß sich Quantität und Qualität der organischen Bodensubstanz bei den untersuchten Ackerhumusformen deutlich voneinander unterscheiden. Die vorgeschlagene Differenzierung im Rahmen der Bodenaufnahme ackerbaulich genutzter Böden (Blume & Beyer, 1996) sollte als Diskussionsgrundlage für die Entwicklung und spätere Ausweisung von Ackerhumusformen behandelt werden, um spezifische Aussagen zur Standortökologie bzw. ‐qualität machen zu können.
Field Trials for in Situ Decontamination of Heavy Metal Polluted Soils using Crops of Metal‐Accumulating Plants
Authors: Felix Hansruedi
Published: February 2007

Certain wild plants as well as crop plants, so‐called hyperaccumulators, are able to accumulate large amounts of heavy metals in aerial parts. This property may be exploited for the clean‐up of soil contaminated by metals (phytoremediation), if the yield and metal accumulation are big enough to finish remediation within a reasonable period (e.g. five years). Therefore, the ability of various plants to accumulate zinc and cadmium were compared in field trials. The wild species Thlaspi caerulescens and Alyssum murale as well as the tree Salix viminalis showed a strong ability to accumulate zinc and cadmium. However, phytoremediation of investigated soils contaminated with cadmium (6.6 ppm) or zinc (810 ppm) lasts too long based on present technology. Literature data and preliminary experiments indicate that major obstacles could be overcome: Yield and metal‐uptake rates have to be increased dramatically in order to allow remediation within reasonable periods.
Amino sugars in soils of the North American cultivated prairie
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Amelung Wulf , Yuan Ying , Zech Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Characterizing amino sugar dynamics in cultivated soils helps to further understand the influence of cultivation on soil organic matter turnover. This study was designed to evaluate accumulations and patterns of four amino sugars in 17 surface (0–10 cm) soil samples along a climosequence in the North American long‐term cultivated prairie from Saskatoon, Candada, to Texas, USA. Mean annual temperature (MAT) ranged from 0.9 to 22.2°C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 300 to 1308 mm. Samples were analyzed for glucosamine, mannosamine, galactosamine, and muramic acid.

Amino sugar contents (mg kg−1 soil) varied markedly among the 17 sites and were controlled by mean annual temperature (MAT) and clay and silt contents, mainly. The relationship between amino sugar‐N proportions to total N (%) and MAT followed parabolic regression models. Compared with native sites, amino sugars were depleted by 53% and the amino sugar‐N by 18% of the total, on average, after long‐term cropping. The intensity of amino sugar‐N depletion correlated positively with MAT (r = 0.77***). Bacterially‐derived galactosamine and muramic acid declined preferentially to mainly chitin‐derived glucosamine after long‐term cropping. The glucosamine‐to‐galactosamine and glucosamine‐to‐muramic acid ratios can be used, therefore, as indicators for the identification of land use effects on microbially‐derived SOM residues.
Auswirkungen einer Temperaturerhöhung in einem Freilandexperiment auf den Stickstoffaustrag aus Bodensäulen mit verschiedenartiger Humusform
Authors: Kolb Eckart , Rehfuess Karl E.
Published: February 2007

Eine Klimaerwärmung könnte die Eigenschaften von Böden nach‐haltig verändern. Nach dem bisherigen Kenntnisstand ist zu erwarten, daß ein Temperaturanstieg unter sonst vergleichbaren Bedingungen zu einer Abnahme der Stickstoffvorräte bis zur Einstellung eines neuen Gleichgewichtes führt. Zu dieser Arbeitshypothese legten wir in den Tegernseer Alpen ein Freilandexperiment an. In fichtenreichen Bergmischwäldern wurden insgesamt 60 ungestörte Bodenblöcke (= Monolithe) in 1250 bzw. 1320 m über NN sorgfätlig ausgegraben und entlang eines Gebirgshanges auf 1250, 1010 und 740 m über NN wieder bodengleich eingebaut, um so einen durchschnittlichen Temperaturanstieg von ca. +1 bzw. +2°C zu simulieren. Dabei verglichen wir die beiden sauren Bodenformen Rohhumus‐Braunerde (RH) aus Reiselsberger Sandstein und tonreiche Moder‐Braunerde (MO) aus Quarziten und Mergeln des Flysch‐Gault. Jedes der 6 Prüfglieder war mit 10 Monolithen vertreten. In 2‐ bis 4‐wöchigen Abständen entnahmen wir von August 1992 bis Dezember 1995 mittels Saugkerzen Sickerwasserproben und analysierten sie auf alle wichtigen Bioelemente ein‐schließlich Aluminium sowie pH und elektrische Leitfähigkeit. Aus beiden Bodenformen wurde nach Erwärmung von ca. 1 bzw. 2°C vermehrt Stickstoff überwiegend als Nitrat freigesetzt. Dabei reagierte die Moder‐Braunerde mit der umsatzaktiveren Humusform stärker als die Braunerde mit Rohhumus (Mehraustrag > 40 vs. 34 kg ha−1 a−1 bei +2°C). In beiden Bodenformen war die Nitratauswaschung im Sommer beschleunigt, und zwar in der Rohhumus‐Braunerde um durchschnittlich 55 auf 92 ppm (RH) bzw. um 37 auf 86 ppm (MO) bei +2°C. MO setzte aber Stickstoff vermehrt auch im Winter frei und erreichte so einen insgesamt höheren N‐Austrag. Al war in allen Fällen mit durchschnittlich 75% (RH) bzw. 54% (MO) Anteil an der Kationen‐Äquivalentsumme das wichtigste Begleitkation von NO3−. Das Experiment belegt somit auch schon bei einem Anstieg der mittleren Jahrestemperatur von nur 1 bis 2°C eine nennenswerte Beschleunigung der Nitrifikation. Sie sollte bei Ausschluß der Vegetation auf durchlässigen Böden zu verstärkter Nitratauswaschung und damit Versauerung führen.
Soil organic matter transformation in Argentinian Hapludolls
Authors: Zech Wolfgang , Guggenberger Georg , Zalba Pablo , Peinemann Norman
Published: February 2007

Distribution and transformation of SOM in an Argentinian Hapludoll under arable land use and afforested withPinus radiatawas investigated by a combined approach using particle‐size fractionation, wet‐chemical analysis and13C NMR spectroscopy. The soils showed thick mollic A horizons and had high organic carbon (OC) contents even in the subsoil, clay‐sized separates having the highest OC concentrations. Under pine, a thick forest floor was built up. CuO oxidation data indicated low transformation of lignin in the forest floor, but advanced oxidative decomposition in the mineral soil horizon. In contrast, non‐cellulosic carbohydrates, appeared to be stabilized in the mineral soil horizon against mineralization. Humic acids extracted from the mineral soil horizons showed an extremely high aromaticity. We assume that this was due to the production of pyrogenic aromatic moieties (black carbon) as a result of frequent fires in this ecosystem. No clear profile differentiation with respect to SOM quality was obtained. Composition of SOM in the mineral soil appeared not yet influenced from land use.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Forest Floors of the Northern Czech Mountains
Authors: Wilcke Wolfgang , Zech Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Forests of the Northern Czech mountains decline due to industrial emissions. To examine the state of soil contamination with PAHs we analyzed the concentrations of 20 PAHs in the O and A horizons of 4 lower and 4 upper slope sites under beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Western (WE) and the Eastern Erzgebirge (EE, Krušné Hory), the Isergebirge (IS, Jizerské Hory), and the Riesengebirge (RI, Krkonoše) at microsites affected and not affected by stem flow. Average PAH sum concentrations in the organic layers ranged between 2000 and 30000 μg kg−1 increasing in the line WE <RI<EE<IS. PAH concentrations were significantly higher at upper than at lower slope sites indicating long‐distance transport. Microsites affected by stem flow had significantly higher PAH concentrations but lower percentages of lower molecular PAHs than microsites not affected by stem flow. This was due to the water collecting effect of the beech bark. Lower molecular PAHs preferentially were sorbed to the bark or leached from the organic layers. PAH concentrations increased from Oi to Oa horizons but decreased in the mineral soil. This was the more pronounced the higher the molecular weight was. The slope of the regression line between the enrichment factors (concentration of a single PAH in the Oa divided by that in the Oi horizon) and the octanol‐water partition coefficient decreased as the PAH concentration of the soils increased. This indicates that the microbial activity of organic layers may be reduced by soil contamination. Cluster analysis suggested that the sources of the PAH contamination in the WE were different from the other sites.
Response of laying Japanese quails to graded levels of essential amino acids profile with reduced dietary protein
Authors: Kaur Sarabmeet , Mandal Asit B , Singh Kunwer B , Kadam Mukund M , Elangovan Arumbackam V
Published: February 2007

The effect on egg production of graded levels of ideal amino acids, combined with reduced protein in the diet, was investigated in 312 laying quails aged 6–18 weeks. The quails were offered six diets, each of which contained one of three levels of amino acids (85, 100 and 115% of essential amino acids (EAAs)) together with 5% or without fishmeal (FM) (3 × 2 factorial design). Each diet was offered to 26 replicated groups of two quails each. Hen‐day and hen‐housed egg production did not differ as a result of EAA level, protein type or their interaction during the overall period of egg production. Egg weight improved linearly (P < 0.01) with increased EAA levels, while egg mass output per bird per day remained similar at the 100 and 115% EAA levels. Quails fed higher (100 and 115%) EAA levels had an improved feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) compared to birds fed 85% EAA. The gain in body weight during the laying period was higher (P < 0.01) at the 100 or 115% than at 85% EAA levels The ratio of egg mass or egg mass and live weight gain, together, to protein intake improved (P < 0.01) linearly with a decrease in EAA levels in the diets, while better (P < 0.01) energy efficiency (EE, energy intake: egg mass) and net EE (energy intake: egg mass plus gain) was obtained in higher EAA levels (100 or 115%). Protein and energy efficiencies remained similar due to protein type or interaction. Shape index, albumen index, yolk index, yolk colour and relative shell weight did not differ due to EAA levels, protein type or their interaction. Eggs laid from quails fed diets with 100% EAAs without FM and 115% EAAs with or without FM had higher shell thickness than those on 85% EAAs irrespective of protein type. The retention of nitrogen and calcium retention was higher (P < 0.01) at the 115% EAA level. The results indicated a dietary level of 100% EAA (185 g kg−1 crude protein (CP)) with 12.13 MJ kg−1 was suitable for laying quails of 6–18 weeks of age. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Extreme breeding: Leveraging genomics for crop improvement
Authors: Brady Siobhan M , Provart Nicholas J
Published: February 2007

The genomic revolution has led to dramatic increases in our understanding of plant biology in the past 10 years, especially in model plant species such as Arabidopsis. The technologies associated with this revolution, such as tilling, array mapping, and association mapping, will see widespread application to crop improvement in the near future. The genes for desirable traits identified through such efforts may be introgressed at an accelerated rate into elite germplasm by marker‐assisted breeding. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of farming conditions on colour and texture of European catfish (Silurus glanis) flesh
Authors: Hallier Arnaud , Chevallier Sylvie , Serot Thierry , Prost Carole
Published: February 2007

The colour of raw fillets and the texture of cooked fillets of European catfish (Silurus glanis) were studied. The catfish fillets resulted from two types of farming conditions used in France. Sensory and instrumental analyses were performed on the fillets. Two farming parameters were found to affect the colour and texture of European catfish fillets: water temperature and farming time. The shorter the farming time was, the lighter the fillets were, while a higher water temperature produced yellower and greener fillets. A higher water temperature and a longer farming time produced softer cooked fillets, while the higher the water temperature was, the less juicy the cooked fillets were. A good correlation and complementarity were observed between sensory and instrumental analyses of the colour and texture of European catfish fillets. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Cleaner production technologies for the palm oil industry
Authors: Puah Chiew Wei , Choo Yuen May , Ma Ah Ngan , Chuah Cheng Hock
Published: February 2007

This paper discusses some potential cleaner production technologies for the palm oil industry. These include supercritical fluid extraction, short path distillation and membrane separation. Over the last two decades, palm oil and minor components especially phytonutrients such as carotenoids, tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols), sterols, squalene and phospholipids have received much attention for their nutritional properties. The recovery of these phytonutrients is a challenging task because (i) some of them (e. g. carotenoids and vitamin E) are sensitive to heat, light and air; (ii) they are of different polarity, from non‐polar (e. g. squalene) to relatively polar (e. g. phospholipids) and (iii) they are of differing molecular weights. Suitable technologies are needed to recover all these phytonutrients without damage. The paper discusses the latest development of these technologies.
Anisotropic curve shortening flow in higher codimension
Authors: Pozzi Paola
Published: February 2007

We consider the evolution of parametric curves by anisotropic mean curvature flow in ℝn for an arbitrary n⩾2. After the introduction of a spatial discretization, we prove convergence estimates for the proposed finite‐element model. Numerical tests and simulations based on a fully discrete semi‐implicit stable algorithm are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive stabilization of Kirchhoff's non‐linear strings by boundary displacement feedback
Authors: Kobayashi Toshihiro , Sakamoto Tetsuzo
Published: February 2007

This paper is concerned with adaptive global stabilization of an undamped non‐linear string in the case where any velocity feedback is not available. The linearized system may have an infinite number of poles and zeros on the imaginary axis. In the case where any velocity feedback is not available, a parallel compensator is effective. The adaptive stabilizer is constructed for the augmented system which consists of the controlled system and a parallel compensator. It is proved that the string can be stabilized by adaptive boundary control. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to make your article more acceptable for the statistical reviewer
Authors: Herbison Peter
Published: February 2007

Many medical articles have problems with methodological aspects. To help prevent this, medical statisticians should be more involved in all aspects of medical research. Having more statistical reviewing of manuscripts submitted to journals should also help, but will not cure the problem. This paper makes some suggestions that may help authors make manuscripts more acceptable methodologically, but there is no substitute for statistical involvement throughout the research process. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:318–322, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study on the performance of natural neighbour‐based Galerkin methods
Authors: Alfaro I. , Yvonnet J. , Chinesta F. , Cueto E.
Published: February 2007

In this paper we address the problem of improving natural element simulations in terms of computational cost. Several problems are discussed, that include an efficient natural neighbour search algorithm and a comparison of different natural neighbour‐based interpolation algorithms. In particular, we review the so‐called pseudo‐NEM, a moving least squares‐like approximation scheme that employs natural neighbours, and compare it with traditional Sibson and Laplace interpolation schemes in terms of both accuracy and computational cost. Some examples in linear Elasticity and visco‐plasticity are analysed in order to test the proposed schemes in engineering problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foetal magnetic resonance imaging and echogenic bowel
Authors: Carcopino Xavier , Chaumoitre Kathia , Shojai Raha , Akkawi Reem , Panuel Michel , Boubli Léon , D'ercole Claude
Published: February 2007

Objectives

To evaluate how foetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may change the diagnosis in cases of ultrasound (U/S) findings of echogenic bowel (EB).

Methods

Seventeen foetuses with EB underwent serial U/S examinations, foetal MRI, cystic fibrosis screening and maternal viral serologic tests. MRI protocol included T2‐weighted half‐Fourier acquired single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (HASTE) sequence and gradient echo (GE) T1‐weighted images. Foetal abdominal MRI analyzed patterns were size and signal of small bowel, colon and rectum, ascites and abdominal mass. All neonates had complete clinical examination, abdominal sonography, and a 6 months clinical follow‐up.

Results

Eleven foetuses with isolated EB had normal MRI and normal outcome. In comparison, all the 6 foetuses whose U/S patterns showed associated signs had abnormal MRI (p < 0.001). Five had proven pathology (83.3%: 5/6) and only 1 (16.7%: 1/6) had no proven pathology and normal postnatal outcome (p = 0.001). For those five, foetal MRI showed bowel abnormalities with one case of bowel duplication and four cases of bowel obstruction. Two out of the four cases of bowel obstruction were genetically diagnosed as cystic fibrosis. The two remaining cases were diagnosed as ileal atresia.

Conclusion

MRI could provide additive information in cases of EB associated with bowel dilatation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passivating thin bifacial silicon solar cells for industrial production
Authors: Janßen L. , Rinio M. , Borchert D. , Windgassen H. , Bätzner D. L. , Kurz H.
Published: February 2007

A scheme for passivating thin multi‐crystalline silicon solar cells compatible to mass production is presented. Wafers with a thickness of 180 µm were processed into solar cells. The otherwise severe bowing has been avoided by reduced aluminium coverage on the rear surface. The process scheme includes a silicon nitride firing through step for conventional screen printed contacts, where a silicon nitride layer on the rear surface acts as surface passivation layer and enables a gain in efficiency of 0.6% [abs.]. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of the rates of solvolysis of diphenylphosphinyl chloride using an extended form of the Grunwald–Winstein equation
Authors: Kevill Dennis N. , Koh Han Joong
Published: February 2007

The specific rates of solvolysis of diphenylphosphinyl chloride (1) have been measured at 25.0 °C in 30 solvents. For six representative solvents, studies were made at several temperatures and activation parameters determined. These were used to calculate a value at 25.0 °C in 100% 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) from values at higher temperatures. The 31 solvents gave a reasonable extended Grunwald–Winstein plot, correlation coefficient (R) of 0.920, which improved to 0.956 when the four TFE–ethanol points were excluded. The sensitivities (l and m) were similar to those obtained for dimethyl phosphorochloridate and phosphorochloridothionate and for N,N,N′,N′‐ tetramethyldiamidophosphorochloridate. As with the three previously studied solvolyses, an SN2 pathway is proposed for the solvolyses of 1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular structure of alkali metal 4‐nitrobenzoates
Authors: Regulska E. , Samsonowicz M. , Świsłocka R. , Lewandowski W.
Published: February 2007

The influence of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium on the electronic system of the 4‐nitrobenzoic acid molecule was studied. The vibrational (FT‐IR, FT‐Raman) and NMR (1H and 13C) spectra for 4‐nitrobenzoic acid salts of alkali metals were recorded. The assignment of vibrational spectra was done. Characteristic shifts of band wavenumbers and change in band intensities along the metal series were observed. Good correlation between the wavenumbers of the vibrational bands in the IR and Raman spectra for 4‐nitrobenzoates and ionic potential, electronegativity, atomic mass, and affinity of metals were found. The chemical shifts of protons and carbons (1H, 13C NMR) in the series of studied alkali metal 4‐nitrobenzoates were observed too.

Optimized geometrical structures of studied compounds were calculated by HF, B3PW91, B3LYP methods using 6‐311++G** basis set. The theoretical IR, Raman, and NMR spectra were obtained. The theoretical vibrational spectra were interpreted by means of potential energy distributions (PEDs) using VEDA 3 program. The calculated parameters were compared to experimental characteristic of studied compounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐pressure effects on the Diels–Alder reaction in room temperature ionic liquids
Authors: Vidiš Ana , Laurenczy Gábor , Küsters Ernst , Sedelmeier Gottfried , Dyson Paul J.
Published: February 2007

The effect of pressure on the Diels–Alder reaction was examined in room temperature ionic liquids, followed by high‐pressure FT‐IR spectroscopy using pressures up to 150 MPa. Pressure enhances the kinetic sensitivity of the reaction. The kinetic effect of fluorophobic interactions was examined using ionic liquids with fluorous cations. Ionic liquids in combination with ZnI2 as a Lewis acid catalyst were also studied under high pressure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation of substituted triazines by sulfate radical anion (SO) in aqueous medium: a laser flash photolysis and steady state radiolysis study
Authors: Manoj P. , Prasanthkumar K. P. , Manoj V. M. , Aravind Usha K. , Manojkumar T. K. , Aravindakumar C. T.
Published: February 2007

Laser flash photolysis has been used to determine the bimolecular rate constants and the spectral nature of the intermediates obtained by the reaction of sulfate radical anion (SO) with 1,3,5‐triazine (T), 2,4,6‐trimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazine (TMT), 2,4‐dioxohexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazine (DHT), and 6‐chloro N‐ethyl N'‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine (atrazine, AT). The rate constants determined were in the range 4.6 × 107–3 × 109 dm3 mol−1 s−1 at pH 6. The transient absorption spectra obtained from the reaction of SO with T, TMT, DHT and AT has an absorption maximum in the region 320–350 nm and was found to undergo second‐order decay. The intermediate species is assigned to N‐yl C(OH) radical of T (TOH•), carbon centered neutral radical of TMT, an OH‐adduct of AT and an N‐centered radical in the case of DHT. The interpretations on the experimental results obtained from TMT are supported by DFT calculation using Gaussian 03. Steady state radiolysis technique has also been used to investigate the degradation of AT induced by SO. The degradation profile indicated that about 99% of AT has been decomposed after an absorbed gamma‐radiation dose of 7.5 kGy. The degradation yield of AT (expressed as G(‐AT)) was found to be 0.26 µ mol J−1. The degradation reactions initiated by SO may thus be employed as a potential alternative for •OH‐induced degradation of triazines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical studies of the structures and optical properties of the bifluorene and its derivatives
Authors: Wang Ji‐Fen , Feng Ji‐Kang
Published: February 2007

The ground and excited structures of the molecules are compared basis on the calculated by HF and CIS, respectively. The ionization potentials (IPs), electron affinities (EAs) and HOMO–LUMO gaps (ΔEHOMO–LUMO) of the oligomers are studied by the density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP functional while the vertical excitation energies (Egs) and the maximal absorption wavelength λabs of oligomers of bifluorene and its derivatives DFE, DFA, DFBT, FDBO, and FSCHD are studied employing the time dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) and ZINDO. Compared with BF, the derivatives DFE, DFA, and DFBT are better conjugated, easier to give an electron or a hole, as well as get an electron or a hole. Their HOMO–LUMO gaps are narrower and they have lower vertical excitation energies. The absorption and emission spectra of them are red shifting. However, FDBO and FSCHD are in the other way round. It is important that FDBO and FSCHD are good blue emitters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis(salicylaldiminate)copper(II)/methylaluminoxane catalysts for homo‐ and copolymerizations of ethylene and methyl methacrylate
Authors: Galletti Anna Maria Raspolli , Carlini Carlo , Giaiacopi Simone , Martinelli Marco , Sbrana Glauco
Published: February 2007

Bis(salicylaldiminate)copper(II) complexes, when activated with methylaluminoxane, catalyzed the homo‐ and copolymerizations of ethylene and methyl methacrylate (MMA). The activity in the MMA homopolymerization was influenced by the electronic and steric characteristics of the Cu(II) precursors as well as the cocatalyst concentration. The same systems revealed modest activity also in the homopolymerization of ethylene, giving a highly linear polyethylene, and in its copolymerization with MMA. These copolymers exhibited a very high content of polar groups (MMA units > 70 mol %) and were characterized by a high molecular weight and polydispersity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1134–1142, 2007
Radical graft polymerization of vinyl monomers onto nanoparticles in ionic liquid initiated by azo groups introduced onto the surface
Authors: Ueda Jun , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Yamauchi Takeshi , Tsubokawa Norio
Published: February 2007

The radical graft polymerization of vinyl monomers, such as styrene and methyl methacrylate, initiated by azo groups introduced onto silica nanoparticle and carbon black surfaces in room temperature ionic liquid (IL) were investigated. In this work, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim][PF6]) was used as IL. The percentage of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) grafting onto silica nanoparticle and carbon black increased with increasing reaction time. The percentage of grafting in IL was much larger than that in 1,4‐dioxane. The molecular weight of polystyrene grafted onto the silica surface in IL was almost equal to that in 1,4‐dioxane. The result indicates that the amount of grafted polystyrene in IL is five times that in 1,4‐dioxane. This may be due to the fact that lifetime of the surface radical formed by the group of azo is prolonged because of high viscosity of IL. Therefore, the surface azo groups were effectively used as initiating sites for the graft polymerization. In addition, the reduction of waste solvent was achieved by use of IL as reaction solvent, because unreacted monomer could be removed under vacuum after the reaction and the reuse of IL was easily achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1143–1149, 2007
Parenthood after cancer—a population‐based study
Authors: Syse Astri , Kravdal Øystein , Tretli Steinar
Published: February 2007

Many cancer forms today have good prognosis, and parenthood after cancer diagnosis and treatment has become a central research topic. Previous research has mainly focused on reproductive cancers, and few population‐based studies exist.

The effect of several cancer forms on fertility at a population level was explored. Discrete‐time hazard regression models were used to analyse register and census data for complete Norwegian birth cohorts. Men and women 17–44 years in the period 1965–2001 were included. Models for first‐ and higher‐order birth rates, for men and women, were estimated.

Overall, first‐birth rates among persons with cancer were reduced by only about 25% when compared with the general population. Male cancer survivors' second‐ and third‐birth rates were similarly reduced, whereas higher‐order birth rates for females were 36% below those of the general population. Significant decreases in cancer survivors' fertility disadvantage relative to the general population were seen from 1965 to 2001.

Reductions in fertility were most pronounced for reproductive cancer forms, presumably related to subfecundity. However, also cancer forms unrelated to reproductive function led to reduced fertility, perhaps suggesting underlying social mechanisms. This is further supported by the difference in probability between first and subsequent births observed for women. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geomorphic impact of spring avalanches in Northwest Spitsbergen (79° N)
Authors: André Marie‐Françoise
Published: February 2007

Using persistent snow cover as a debris trap enables isolation of snow avalanching from the combination of processes involved in debris transfer. In glacial cirques of Spitsbergen, accretion rates recorded in sample squares generally ranged from 0.04 mm/yr to 8.13 mm/yr, with extreme values close to 40 mm. Field observations carried out between 1982 and 1986 suggest that differences in erosional effects of spring avalanches primarily depend on morphostructural factors. For instance, rates of denudation presented here imply that the geomorphic impact of snow avalanching is at least twenty times higher on dissected mica schist walls than on steep and smooth gneissic walls. Moreover, it is noticeable that the average accretion rate of 0.3 mm/yr is roughly the same for pellicular avalanches studied in this paper and for major slush avalanches observed in Central Spitsbergen. However, if numerical values are similar, morphogenic effects are very different. While annual snow avalanches only rearrange debris by scraping scree slopes, episodic slush avalanches form long‐lasting boulder tongues.
Alpine debris flows and their sedimentary properties. A case study from the French Alps
Authors: Nieuwenhuijzen M. E. , van Steijn H.
Published: February 2007

Debris‐flow tracks are present at many sites within the French Alps. The vertical zonation (mainly between 1700 m and 2800 m altitude) of these medium‐scale debris flows means that they are active within a mild periglacial environment, where the flows are triggered by high‐intensity summer rainstorms.

The present paper describes the grain‐size distribution, particle shape and fabric of some recent to fresh (1 day old) flow deposits. It was found that characteristic differences exist between the different parts of the levees and the terminal lobes. An interpretation of these phenomena is given with regard to processes involved in their origin.

It is concluded that the coarse openwork external parts of the debris‐flow levees are formed during the passage of the flow surge(s), and that the matrix‐rich, coarsening upward, channel‐side parts of the levees, as well as the terminal lobes, mainly consist of material transported in the waning phases of the surges.

The existence of these sedimentologically different zones within thedeposits of a debris flow that are related to flow morphology has consequences for the recognition of debris‐flow sediments within fossilized deposits. A correct interpretation is only possible if sections allow a sufficiently detailed analysis.