bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change in the Order of Activation of Lower Limb Muscles Relative to Spinal Extensors During the Janda Test and Change in Postural Balance in Patients with LBP After Muscle Energy Techniques
Authors: Wegner-Czerniak Katarzyna , Mączyński Jacek , Błaszczyk Anna , Ogurkowska Małgorzata B.
Published: February 2025

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate change in the order activation of leg muscles in relation to the spinal extensors during the Janda test and change postural balance in patients with low back pain (LBP) after muscle energy techniques (METs). Methods: The study included fifteen men (mean age 41.9 years) working on an assembly line. The activity and recruitment of the following muscles: biceps femoris (BF), gluteus maximus (GM) and erector spinae (ES) were measured with the use of surface electromyography (sEMG) during the prone hip extension (PHE) test. Pain levels and postural balance were analysed. Results: MET translated into a reduction in muscle activation time in both the left and right side of the body (p < 0.001). The change was observed in the following muscles: BF (p = 0.003) and GM (p = 0.004). A reduction in pain was obtained post application of the MET therapy (p < 0.001). It was observed that after the therapy, along with the later activation time of the GM muscle, the range of motion of the COP along the x-axis increased (p = 0.0368). Increased activation time of the RES (p = 0.0411) and the LES (p = 0.0350) muscles influenced a decrease in the COP range of motion along the x-axis. Conclusions: The use of MET in people with LBP improves the sequence of activation of the ES, GM and BF muscles, affects postural balance, allows for the restoration of muscle balance in the lumbar spine and lower limbs, and reduces pain.
Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome After CAR T-Cell Therapy and Other Psychiatric Manifestations: A Review and Case Series
Authors: Buciuc Adela Georgiana , Tran Sabrina , Weber Mary , Padilla Vanessa , Rueda-Lara Maria , Espinel Zelde
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has transformed the treatment of hematologic malignancies, achieving durable remissions in cases refractory to standard therapies. A potentially life-threatening complication is immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), which poses significant challenges to clinical management. ICANS encompasses a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including delirium, mood disorders, psychosis, seizures, and cerebral edema. The psychiatric dimensions of ICANS remain underreported, and their interplay with neurologic manifestations is poorly understood. This study reviews the psychiatric manifestations of ICANS and presents a case series illustrating its clinical complexity. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar for studies published between 2020 and 2024. Search terms included “ICANS”, “delirium”, “CAR T-cell”, “neurotoxicity”, and “psychiatric”. The inclusion criteria included studies published in English that focused on adult patients experiencing neuropsychiatric symptoms of ICANS. Two clinical cases of ICANS with prominent psychiatric features are presented. Results: The literature review found three relevant studies, which emphasized agitation, hypoactivity, and mood disturbances as often-overlooked psychiatric symptoms linked to ICANS. The case series highlights psychiatric manifestations, including delirium, irritability, and cognitive impairment. Recovery was supported through interventions such as corticosteroid tapering, antipsychotic treatment, and multidisciplinary care. Conclusions: ICANS is a multifaceted syndrome with significant neuropsychiatric sequelae that complicate its diagnosis and management. An enhanced recognition of its psychiatric dimensions and interdisciplinary approaches are critical to improving outcomes.
Radial Peripapillary Capillary Vessel Density as a New Biomarker in Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema
Authors: Rinaldi Michele , Cennamo Gilda , Concilio Marina , Aurilia Alessandro , Alfano Antonio , Russo Emilia Chiara , Costagliola Ciro
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Our aim was to investigate the vessel density (VD) of the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) plexus in eyes with early pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) and controls using OCT angiography (OCTA). Methods: Patients with PCME and controls underwent structural OCT to assess the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and central macular thickness (CMT) and 6 × 6 mm2 macular OCTA to record the superficial (SVP), deep (DVP) vascular plexus, and choriocapillaris. A scan area of 4.5 × 4.5 mm2 was centered on the optic disk to analyze the RPC plexus VD. Fluorescein angiography was performed in PCME patients. Results: Data from 30 PCME and 30 control eyes, matched for age, were analyzed. The mean CMT was larger in PCME eyes than in control eyes (450 ± 6.5; 243 ± 3.5 micron, p < 0.001). The mean RNFL thickness was significantly greater in terms of global thickness in the PCME group compared to the control group (103 ± 5.2; 91 ± 2.5 micron, p < 0.001). The PCME group had a statistically significant increase in the VD of the RPC in the whole image, peripapillary region, and inside disk compared to the control group (p < 0.001). There was no difference in SVP (p = 0.660) or DVP (p = 0.480) VD between the two groups. A significant correlation was found between the average RNFL thickness and the VD of the RPC (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Eyes with PCME showed increased VD of the RPC and a correlation between this parameter and RNFL thickness; the VD of the RPC shows potential as a reliable non-invasive biomarker for the early diagnosis of PCME.
Evaluating the Impact of Pontic Geometry on Load to Failure and Displacement in Implant-Supported Monolithic Zirconia Prostheses: An In Vitro Analysis
Authors: Cruz-Jiménez Silvia de la , Martínez-Alcaraz Paloma , Flores-Fraile Javier , Agustín-Panadero Rubén , Lobo-Galindo Ana Belén , Carbonell-López Concepción , Zubizarreta-Macho Álvaro
Published: February 2025

The pontic design may influence the load-to-failure performance of fixed implant-supported screw-retained monolithic zirconia prostheses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pontic geometry on the fracture resistance of such restorations. Forty restorations were designed using dental CAD software and divided into four groups (n = 10 each): (A) Flat + Wide—pontics with a flat contour, 10 mm in width and 8 mm in height; (B) Concave + Wide—pontics with a concave contour, 10 mm in width and 5.5 mm in height; (C) Flat + Narrow—pontics with a flat contour, 6 mm in width and 8 mm in height; and (D) Concave + Narrow—pontics with a concave contour, 6 mm in width and 5.5 mm in height. All specimens underwent thermal and mechanical cycling, followed by a fracture load test using a three-point bending setup. Maximum fracture loads and displacements were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Statistically significant differences were observed among the groups for both load to failure (p = 0.001) and displacement (p = 0.002). These findings indicate that pontic geometry significantly influences the fracture resistance and deformation behavior of monolithic zirconia prostheses.
Enhancing Aerodynamic Performance of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade Aerodynamic Performance Under Rough Wall Condition Using Vortex Generators
Authors: Yang Yingjian , Wang Dian , Zhang Hairui , Zha Rongyu , Wu Guangxing , Cai Chang , Zhang Jianhua , Li Qing’an
Published: February 2025

In the complex and harsh working environment of wind turbines, the horizontal axis wind turbine blade is increasingly confronted with the issue of surface roughening. It leads to a decrease and instability in the output power of the horizontal axis wind turbine. Vortex generator have emerged as a potential solution to this problem by regulating the flow patterns on the blade surface. This research focuses on exploring the impact of vortex generator on the aerodynamic performance of blades under rough wall condition by wind tunnel experiment and computational fluid dynamics simulation. It is important to improve the aerodynamic performance of horizontal axis wind turbine under rough condition. The results show that vortex generator changes the airfoil aerodynamic performance by slowing the stall angle of attack and increasing the ratio of lift-drag in some angles of attack. vortex generator delays the flow separation of the suction surface under the rough wall condition. It is able to counteract the reduction in the aerodynamic performance of blade under rough wall condition. At tip speed ratio is 5.83, vortex generator increased power coefficient by 47.8% under rough wall condition by reducing the flow separation area of 33% radius and weakening the spanwise flow. The study found that the vortex generator effectively eliminated the negative effects of blade surface roughening on aerodynamic performance, improved the roughness insensitivity of the blade, and has good potential for future applications.
Trichoderma Species from Semiarid Regions and Their Antagonism Against the Microorganisms That Cause Pepper Wilt
Authors: Rodríguez-Martínez Erika Sireni , Rios-Velasco Claudio , Sepúlveda-Ahumada David Roberto , Buenrostro-Figueroa José Juan , Correia Kamila C. , Guigón-López César , Alvarado-González Mónica
Published: February 2025

Chili wilt is a significant challenge in producing jalapeño peppers, which has led to the implementation of strategies to help counteract or combat the microorganisms responsible for it. One of these strategies is the use of biological control microorganisms, such as Trichoderma, a fungus recognized as a natural enemy of the microorganisms that cause chili wilt. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and identify Trichoderma species from the soils and roots of different plants, and evaluate their antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora capsici, and Fusarium sp. Due to the complexity in identifying Trichoderma at the species level, performing a multilocus phylogenetic analysis was necessary, using the ITS, RPB2, and TEF1 regions. The species isolated were T. afroharzianum, T. lentiforme, T. rifaii, T. brevicompactum, T. arundinaceum, and T. longibrachiatum. Subsequently, they were used in three antagonism tests (dual culture, non-volatile organic compounds, and volatile organic compounds) against the phytopathogenic microorganisms. The tests demonstrated that the Trichoderma isolates could inhibit the mycelial growth of all three tested pathogens, obtaining the best results with the strains T. brevicompactum (19RCS), T. lentiforme (63DPS), T. longibrachiatum (71JES), T. rifaii (77JCR), and T. afroharzianum (24RQS, 87CCS, 88CCS and 17RCS). The strain with the best results in all three tests was 17RCS.
Obeticholic Acid Improves Cholestasis, Liver Fibrosis, and Liver Function in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis with Inadequate Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid
Authors: Buechter Matthias , Manka Paul , Bulut Kerem , Gerken Guido , Kahraman Alisan
Published: February 2025

Background and Aims: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) leads to the slow, progressive destruction of the small bile ducts with consecutive cholestasis and intrahepatic cholangitis. If this disease remains untreated, liver parenchyma will be damaged resulting in fibrosis and end-stage liver disease with the need for transplantation. The approval of the Farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid (Ocaliva; OCA) in early 2017 expanded the drug therapy options of PBC, which previously consisted primarily of the administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Patients and Methods: Included in our prospective pilot study were 16 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PBC who were treated with an add-on therapy with OCA (5 mg/d). None of the patients had an overlap to autoimmune hepatitis. Patients were investigated between 09/2022 and 09/2023. Results: The majority of patients was female (15/16, 93.75%), and the mean age was 57.63 ± 9.59 (43–77) years. OCA treatment led to a statistically significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase (AST; AST baseline: 38.50 [26.25; 50.00] IU/L vs. AST 6-month follow-up: 23.50 [21.50; 44.25] IU/L, p = 0.0012), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; ALT baseline: 55.50 [28.75; 97.00] IU/L vs. ALT 6-month follow-up: 36.50 [28.00; 57.25] IU/L, p = 0.0035), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT; GGT baseline: 168.00 [100.30; 328.50] IU/L vs. GGT 6-month follow-up: 88.00 [44.50; 259.80] IU/L, p = 0.0063), while the decrease in alkaline phosphatase (AP) was not statistically significant (AP baseline: 197.00 [170.00; 253.30] IU/L vs. AP 6-month follow-up: 196.00 [134.00; 227.00] IU/L, p = 0.0915). In addition, liver stiffness measurement (LSM) showed a statistically significant decrease after six months of treatment with OCA (LSM baseline: 7.85 [5.55; 10.13] kPa vs. LSM 6-month follow-up: 5.95 [4.55; 8.225] kPa, p = 0.0001). However, the increase in enzymatic liver function measured by LiMAx failed to reach statistical significance, but showed a positive trend (LiMAx baseline: 402.50 [341.50; 469.80] μg/kg/h vs. LiMAx 6-month follow-up: 452.50 [412.50; 562.00] μg/kg/h, p = 0.0625). In none of our patients did therapy with obeticholic acid have to be stopped due to pruritus or poor tolerability. Conclusions: In patients with PBC without adequate response to UDCA, OCA is a promising alternative, which in our group of 16 patients led to a significant improvement of liver enzymes, the amelioration of liver fibrosis, and an increase in liver function capacity in a short-term clinical course.
Identifying Barriers to Implementation of Regenerative Agricultural Solutions Through Convergence Research
Authors: McCarthy Sarah G. , Rushforth Richard R.
Published: February 2025

Aridification in the U.S. Southwest has led to tension about conservation and land management strategy. Strain on multi-generational agricultural livelihoods and nearly 150-year-old Colorado River water adjudication necessitates solutions from transdisciplinary partnerships. In this study, farmers and ranchers in a small San Juan River headwater community of southwestern Colorado engaged in a participatory, convergent research study prioritizing local objectives and policy. Acknowledging the historic and sometimes perceived role of academic institutions as representing urban interests, our goal was to highlight how research can support rural governance. This process involved creating community partnerships, analyzing data, and supporting results distribution to the surveyed population through social media. The survey was designed to support a local waterway management plan. Survey results showed lack of water availability and climate changes were selected by producers as most negatively affecting their operations, and many were extremely interested in agroforestry methods and drought-resistant crop species. Statistical analysis identified that satisfaction with community resources was positively correlated with scale of production, satisfaction with irrigation equipment, and familiarity with water rights. We hope to contribute our framework of a convergent, place-based research design for wider applications in other regions to uncover solutions to resource challenges.
Driving Factors of Post-Fire Vegetation Regrowth in Mediterranean Forest
Authors: Pinheiro Catarina de Almeida , Martins Bruno , Nunes Adélia , Bento-Gonçalves António , Laranjeira Manuela
Published: February 2025

Large wildfires have increased in the Mediterranean region due to socio-economic and land-use changes. The most immediate and concerning consequence of the wildfires is the loss of vegetation. However, there are few studies on the relationship between wildfire and vegetation recovery, especially on the complex relationship between species composition, burn severity and geo-environmental context. This study focuses on the analysis of post-fire vegetation regrowth (RV) in Mediterranean forests. Therefore, two objectives were set: (i) to analyse the influence of pre-fire conditions, burn severity and topographic variables on growth rates for each stage of recovery and (ii) to identify the drivers of post-fire vegetation recovery. The results show that NDVI increases rapidly in the first two years after the wildfire and more slowly in the following years. Except for the first year, RV shows a positive relationship with burn severity. In the first year, the importance of topographical features, especially curvature and flow accumulation, stands out. In the fourth year, when NDVI values are highest, RV is mainly explained by the presence of pre-fire vegetation, followed by burn severity and altitude. These results can be an important step towards more effective local management strategies leading to a resilient and sustainable territory.
Diet-Induced Obesity Alters Granulosa Cell Transcriptome and Ovarian Immune Environment in Mice
Authors: Lee Minseo , Son Sujin , Oh Surim , Shin Eunbin , Shin Hyejin , Kwon Ohrim , Hwang Sohyun , Song Haengseok , Lim Hyunjung Jade
Published: February 2025

Obesity affects female reproductive performance by impairing the ovarian and uterine environments. Using a diet-induced obesity mouse model, we examined whether a high-fat diet (HFD) regimen affects the gene expression profile in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and whether short-term HFD has similar effects on gene expression as long-term HFD. C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD or normal diet (ND) for 16–18 weeks (long-term group) or 4 weeks (short-term group). GCs were collected from each group of mice for RNA-sequencing. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining were performed to validate the results. RNA-sequencing analyses of the GCs revealed that several immediate early genes, including early growth response 1 (Egr1), an important mediator of ovulation, were significantly downregulated in HFD GCs. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (Ptprc) and hematopoietic type prostaglandin D synthase (Hpgds), both of which are associated with increased inflammation, were significantly upregulated in HFD GCs. Downregulation of Egr1 was also confirmed in the GCs of short-term HFD mice, suggesting that it constitutes an early change in response to a HFD. Increased expression of several transcription factors in HFD GCs suggests that a HFD may affect the overall transcriptional landscape. The results may indicate possible modulation of the immune environment in HFD ovaries. These results provide novel insights into the molecular changes in GCs in obese environments.
Sex-Specific Adaptations in Alzheimer’s Disease and Ischemic Stroke: A Longitudinal Study in Male and Female APPswe/PS1dE9 Mice
Authors: Lohkamp Klara J. , Timmer Nienke , Solé Guardia Gemma , Shenk Justin , Verweij Vivienne , Geenen Bram , Dederen Pieter J. , Bakker Lieke , Egitimci Cansu , Yoldas Rengin , Verhaeg Minou , Kothuis Josine , Nieuwenhuis Desirée , Wiesmann Maximilian , Kiliaan Amanda J.
Published: February 2025

The long-term impact of stroke on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression, particularly regarding sex-specific differences, remains unknown. Using a longitudinal study design, we investigated transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in 3.5-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) and wild-type mice. In vivo, we assessed behavior, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and structural integrity by neuroimaging, as well as post-mortem myelin integrity (polarized light imaging, PLI), neuroinflammation, and amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition. APP/PS1 mice exhibited cognitive decline, white matter degeneration (reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) via diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)), and decreased myelin density via PLI. Despite early hypertension, APP/PS1 mice showed only sporadic hypoperfusion. Cortical thickening and hippocampal hypertrophy likely resulted from Aβ accumulation and neuroinflammation. Stroke-operated mice retained cognition despite cortical thinning and hippocampal atrophy due to cerebrovascular adaptation, including increased CBF in the hippocampus and thalamus. Stroke did not worsen AD pathology, nor did AD exacerbate stroke outcomes. Sex differences were found: female APP/PS1 mice had more severe Aβ deposition, hyperactivity, lower body weight, and reduced CBF but less neuroinflammation, suggesting potential neuroprotection. These findings highlight white matter degeneration and Aβ pathology as key drivers of cognitive decline in AD, with stroke-related deficits mitigated by (cerebro)vascular adaptation. Sex-specific therapies are crucial for AD and stroke.
Correction: Grosu et al. New Insights Concerning Phytophotodermatitis Induced by Phototoxic Plants. Life 2024, 14, 1019
Authors: Grosu (Dumitrescu) Cristina , Jîjie Alex-Robert , Manea Horaţiu Cristian , Moacă Elena-Alina , Iftode Andrada , Minda Daliana , Chioibaş Raul , Dehelean Cristina-Adriana , Vlad Cristian Sebastian
Published: February 2025

In the published publication [...]
Nutrient Load Fluctuations in the Bottom Water of Estuarine Lakes Under the El Niño Phenomenon: Possible Connections and Coping Strategies—Based on the Preliminary Studies of Lake Nakaumi
Authors: Wang Xizhe , Kurata Kengo
Published: February 2025

Estuarine lakes possess significant ecological value. Their complex hydrological environments give rise to diverse habitats, providing a home to numerous life forms. However, with the intensification of the impacts of global climate change, the estuarine lake ecosystem is facing severe challenges. Through trend analysis and differential analysis, this paper elaborates on the changes in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the bottom water of Lake Nakaumi from 2013 to 2017. It analyzes the differences between the El Niño period and the non-El Niño period, speculates on the possible connections between the changes in nutrient load and the El Niño phenomenon, and uses the traditional water quality assessment method of the WQI to more intuitively demonstrate the fluctuations in nutrient load. Based on the analysis of the case of Lake Nakaumi, possible environmental management suggestions are put forward. Additionally, the paper compares and discusses the differences in the changes of lakes at adjacent latitudes during similar periods. As for the bottom water of Lake Nakaumi, there may be the following connections between the changes in its nutrient load and the El Niño phenomenon: (1) DPO4-P was most sensitive to the peak intensity of the El Niño phenomenon. (2) Compared with NO3-N, the changes in NO2-N and DPO4-P were more sensitive to the start of the El Niño cycle. (3) The El Niño phenomenon had differential impacts on various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Nakaumi. The focus of this paper is to explore the connection between the El Niño phenomenon and the changes in the nutrient load of the bottom water of estuarine lakes and to find a method beneficial to environmental management. However, due to the limitations of the currently available data, there are still many deficiencies that need to be further addressed. It is hoped that this paper can attract the attention of relevant researchers to this issue.
((1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-9-Acetoxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-(prop-1-en-2-yl)icosahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-3a-yl)methyl 2-Bromo-3-methylbenzoate
Authors: Guo Yuzhu , Xiao Yang , Coluccini Carmine , Coghi Paolo
Published: February 2025

In this report, we discuss the synthesis of modified betulin through the chemical derivatization of a natural compound. The compound was fully characterized by proton (1H), carbon-13 (13C), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and distortionless enhancement through polarization transfer (DEPT) NMR and elemental analysis. We investigated the optical properties through ultraviolet (UV) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
Effects of Granulated Cork with Bark on the Microstructure and Resistance to Extreme Environmental Conditions of Concrete for Non-Structural Precast Elements
Authors: Pacheco Menor María Concepción , Arévalo Caballero María José , Macías García Antonio , Serna Ros Pedro
Published: February 2025

The building sector is responsible for major environmental impacts. Utilising bio-based raw materials, such as bio-aggregates, in concrete production could address to this environmental challenge. While the physical and mechanical properties of various bio-based concretes have been explored, research on their microstructure and resistance to extreme conditions is limited. Cork is a light, renewable and biodegradable material. Cork industries produce a considerable number of solid wastes, among them is granulated cork with bark (GCB) that is not adequate to produce agglomerated cork. To reduce this waste volume, it is possible to use GCB as a bio-based aggregate in the production of concrete for applications in non-structural precast elements that are lighter and/or have thermal properties. The influence of GCB on the microstructure and resistance to extreme conditions of concrete for non-structural use is presented here. Concrete mixes with GCB are compared with a concrete mix made with natural aggregates (RC). Replacements of 20% and 30% of natural aggregate (2–5 mm) by GCB were considered. The microstructure shows the good integration of the GCB in the cement matrix. Freeze–thaw and wet–dry cycle tests do not affect the variation in mass and compressive strength of concrete mixes with GCB in comparison to RC mixes, although they do affect its visual appearance and microstructure somewhat. Concrete mixes with GCB present a greater variation in mass and compressive strength, 30% for RC mix and 43–49% for concrete mixes with GCB, under high temperatures. Concrete mixes with GCB did not show spontaneous combustion.
Research on the Modification Process of Jute Fiber as a Strengthening Material for the Structure of Solidification Substrate
Authors: Zhou Ronglin , Zhou Wanlai , Bai Qi , Liu Juncheng , Qi Zhiyong
Published: February 2025

Substrate is the key material of soilless culture. The physical and chemical properties of the solidified cultivation medium are good and relatively stable, and there is no need to use plastic cultivation containers in the cultivation process, which has a broad application prospect in three-dimensional greening and fruit and vegetable planting. We have developed a novel substrate solidified process with high-frequency electromagnetic heating, which significantly reduces energy consumption compared to the traditional curing process with steam heating. In this study, the effects of three modification methods (alkali modification, APTES modification, and alkali + APTES combined modification) on the physicochemical properties of jute were studied, and the strengthening effects of different modified jute fibers on solidification substrate were investigated. The results showed that the addition of jute fiber could improve the mechanical properties of the solidification substrate. Compared with the control group, the modified jute fiber could increase the breaking tension by 13.1~24.2 N, the impact toughness by 0.85~2.09 KJ/m2, and the hardness by 21.6~35.6 HA. Moreover, the addition of a small amount of jute fiber can effectively improve the mechanical properties and will not affect the growth of plant roots.
Experimental Study on Hydrogen-Induced Crack Propagation of X80 Steel Under Alternating Pressure Fluctuations
Authors: Wang Ailing , Wang Baogang , Jiang Ruijing , Nie Ruyu , Cui Gan , Liu Jianguo , Zhang Yi , Zhang Hao , Xing Xiao
Published: February 2025

When hydrogen is transported in a pipeline, the fatigue loading in the pipeline will enhance hydrogen accumulation and diffusion, thus increasing the risk of hydrogen-induced fracture. In this study, specimens are subjected to cyclic loading within an autoclave, where hydrogen gas pressure is varied to examine its impact on fatigue crack growth. The influence of hydrogen pressure and stress variations on the fatigue crack growth rate is investigated. The findings show that as hydrogen pressure increases, the crack growth rate also rises, and at 3 MPa hydrogen pressure the rate is elevated by one order of magnitude compared to that in air, reaching 10−2 mm/cycle. In hydrogen, the fatigue crack propagation rate decreases with increasing loading frequency. When the frequency is 0.02 Hz, the crack propagation rate reaches a maximum of 10−2 mm/cycle, whereas at 0.5 Hz, the fatigue crack propagation rate is generally below 10−3 mm/cycle. With the maximum stress held constant during cyclic loading, the fatigue crack growth rate increases as the stress range widens, and when the stress ratio reaches 0.5, the crack propagation rate can increase to a maximum of 10−1 mm/cycle. Based on these experimental results, a predictive model is proposed to estimate the crack growth rate under different hydrogen pressures and loading conditions, and the average relative errors of predictive values and experimental data are limited below 10%.
Comparison of Three Methods of Measuring Residual Stresses in Welded Joints of High-Strength Steel S960QL
Authors: Manjgo Mirza , Lojen Gorazd , Gubeljak Nenad , Karpe Blaž , Vuherer Tomaž
Published: February 2025

The influence of residual stresses as a result of the welding process in the overall stress state of the weld joint is of great importance because they significantly affect the creation and growth of cracks, the occurrence of brittle fracture, and material fatigue. Previous experiences indicate that it would be necessary to provide an assessment of the deformation and stress state in the critical zones of the weld joints using a suitable test method, which will not endanger the structural integrity of the tested places. There are different methods for measurement of residual stress in welded constructions: destructive, semi-destructive and non-destructive. To choose one method over another, it is necessary to take into account the advantages and limitations of these techniques for practical application. This paper considers and analyzes the residual stresses in the welded joint of high-strength steel S960QL. MAG welding was performed by a robot. Three methods were used to measure the residual stresses: the magnetic method (MAS), the X-ray diffraction method (XRD), and the hole drilling method (HD). By all three methods, the highest residual stresses were measured in the weld metal and in the heat-affected zones. Nevertheless, the measured values differed considerably. The differences can be contributed to (a) the kind of stress that the individual method measures, (b) to the volume of material from which each method captures the signal and averages it, and (c) to the different sensitivities of the applied methods to coarse-grained microstructure and microstructural gradients.
Study on Preparation and Performance of Aerated Concrete Using Spodumene Mining Residue as Silicious Material
Authors: Li Xiaoying , Zeng Qiang , Zhu Zhongtao , Ren Jie , Lu Zhongyuan
Published: February 2025

In this research, the spodumene mining residue was used as siliceous material, completely replacing quartz sand, to prepare aerated concrete. The mechanical properties, pore structure, hydration characteristics of the aerated concrete, and the spodumene mining residue–cement paste interaction mechanism were studied by orthogonal experiment, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and mercury-injection test methods. The result showed that the water–cement ratio significantly affected the mechanical properties and dry density of the aerated concrete. The content of aluminum powder paste, spodumene mining residue, and water-cement ratio significantly affected the pore structure of aerated concrete. The pore size was mainly distributed in the range of less than 100 nm in hardened samples. The main hydration products of the aerated concrete containing spodumene mining residue were xonotlite, tobermolite, and C-S-H gel (or its derivatives). Spodumene mining residue had a small amount of active silicon and aluminum components, which could be motivated by an alkaline environment. In the simulation pore solution, the weak pozzolanic reaction was produced to generate C-S-H and its derivatives, which adhered to the surface of the spodumene mining-residue particle and filled in the interface between spodumene mining residue and cement paste, to improve the density of aerated concrete.
Effect of Yb on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu-Mn Heat-Resistant Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Huang Chifu , Yang Hailong , Xiong Yu , Jia Nannan , Nong Junhong , Pan Liwen
Published: February 2025

The effect of Yb on the microstructure and tensile properties at room temperature and high temperature (350 °C) of as-cast and T6 heat-treated Al-6Cu-0.4Mn alloys was investigated. The results show that Yb can refine the α-Al primary grain and α-Al + Al2Cu eutectic structure. The eutectic structure of the alloy containing 0.3 wt.%Yb has the best refining effect. After the T6 heat treatment, most of the network α-Al + Al2Cu eutectic structure disappeared, and many dispersed (200–400 nm) θ′-Al2Cu phases were precipitated in the matrix. With the addition of Yb, the amount of θ′-Al2Cu phases increases, and the average size decreases from 260 nm in the base alloy to 176 nm in the Yb-containing alloy, which indicates that Yb can promote the precipitation and refinement of the θ′-Al2Cu phase; after adding Yb, the high-temperature ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) of the as-cast and heat-treated alloy significantly increase. Both reached their highest when the Yb additions were 0.3 wt.%, reaching 95.5 MPa and 142.3 MPa, respectively, 13.66% and 17.71% higher than the base alloy. The thermal exposure test at 350 °C shows that Yb can improve the θ′-Al2Cu phase’s coarsening resistance. Analysis shows that the improvement of mechanical properties at room temperature is due to solid solution strengthening and grain refinement of Yb. The reason for improving mechanical properties at high temperatures is that adding Yb promotes the precipitation, refinement, and thermal stability of the θ′-Al2Cu phase.
Construction of Antibacterial MoS2-ACF Phenotype Switcher for Bidirectionally Regulating Inflammation–Proliferation Transition in Wound Healing
Authors: Mao Mengxin , Li Diyi , Wu Yunyun , Li Bing , Han Xiaoqing , Yan Jiao , Shang Lei , Zhang Haiyuan , Li Xi
Published: February 2025

The transition between the inflammatory phase and the proliferative phase is critical for wound healing. However, the development of proper switchers that can regulate this transition is facing great challenges. Macrophages play versatile roles in all wound healing phases because they can readily switch from pro-inflammatory M1 phenotypes to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes in response to different microenvironment stimuli. Herein, taking advantage of enhanced electron transfer by coupling MoS2 with a highly conductive activated carbon fiber (ACF) network, a MoS2-ACF heterojunction structure was constructed as a macrophage M1-M2 phenotype switcher (MAPS) for regulating inflammation–proliferation transition to accelerate wound healing. In the early stages of wound repair, MAPS-mediated photothermal effects with near-infrared laser irradiation could promote macrophage reprogramming to the M1 phenotype, which can expedite inflammation. NIR photo-induced hyperthermia, together with M1 macrophages, directly and indirectly kills bacteria. Later, during the healing process, the MAPS could further reprogram macrophages towards the M2 phenotype via its inherent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability to resolve inflammation, promoting cell proliferation. Therefore, MoS2-ACF heterojunction structures provide a new strategy to modulate inflammation–proliferation transition by rebalancing the immuno-environmental equilibrium of macrophage M1/M2 phenotypes.
The Impact of Chitinase Binding Domain Truncation on the Properties of CaChi18B from Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1
Authors: Gu Chenxi , Chen Jianrong , Huang Xinyue , Jiang Yongqiang , Ou Na , Yang Dengfeng , Jiang Mingguo , Pan Lixia
Published: February 2025

The chitinase binding domain (ChBD) plays a crucial role in the properties of enzymes. To assess its impact, we cloned a truncated mutant of the chitinase gene CaChi18B from the novel chitinase-producing facultative anaerobic bacterium Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1, designated as CaChi18B_ΔChBDs. The recombinant chitinase was successfully expressed and purified, exhibiting a specific activity of 3.48 U/mg on colloidal chitin, with optimal conditions at 45 °C and pH 6.0, and retaining over 80% activity at temperatures up to 40 °C. Kinetic analysis revealed that the Km value was 1.159 mg mL−1 and the Vmax was 10.37 μM min−1 mg−1. Compared to CaChi18B_ΔChBD1, which has only the first ChBD truncated at the N-terminus, CaChi18B_ΔChBDs exhibited minor changes in the optimal temperature and pH, while the Km and Vmax values increased significantly. CaChi18B_ΔChBDs exhibited tolerance to various metal ions, with K+ and NH4+ enhancing activity, while Cu2+ significantly inhibited it. Most organic reagents had minimal impact, except for formic acid, which severely reduced activity. The primary hydrolysis product in the initial phase was GlcNAc, contrasting with (GlcNAc)2 for CaChi18B_ΔChBD1. These findings indicated that the ChBD influences the enzyme’s Km, Vmax, and product distribution, enhancing our understanding of ChBD’s roles and advancing chitin utilization.
Characterization of Flexusin A, a Novel Circular Bacteriocin Produced by Marine Bacterium Bacillus flexus R29-2
Authors: Qiao Xiaoni , Sun Xiaowen , Wang Shuting , Zhai Chen , Tang Wei , Tang Tao , Zhang Jun , He Zengguo
Published: February 2025

Circular bacteriocins are potent antimicrobials against pathogenic Gram-positives. In searching for marine bacteriocins, an antibacterial peptide (flexusin A) was purified from the fermentation broth of marine bacterium Bacillus flexus R29-2. Genome sequencing and gene annotation revealed the chromosome contained an unknown circular bacteriocin gene cluster. Approaches including shot-gun proteomics analysis, AntiSMASH and BAGEL4 predication as well as the comprehensive sequence alignment, were then conducted, respectively, to verify the correlation of flexusin A with the gene-encoded precursor peptide. The results confirmed that flexusin A was the mature circular bacteriocin of the predicated precursor peptide with six amino acids as leader peptide. Flexusin A was 6098.4 Da in size, with a net charge of +3 and PI of 9.60. It shared the typical saposin-like fold spatial conformation features as commonly found in other circular bacteriocins. Flexusin A was pH, thermal, and protease tolerant. It exhibited a narrow antimicrobial spectrum against Gram-positives, and it can strongly inhibit Staphylococcus aureus by causing cell destruction via membrane destabilization. Taken together, a novel circular bacteriocin flexusin A was identified in this work. The characterization of flexusin A has extended circular bacteriocins family to 26 members. This is also the first report on bacteriocin production by B. flexus.
The Influence of Process Parameters on the Density, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of TA15 Titanium Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Jiang Junjie , Liang Chuang , Chen Yuanchao , Wang Yongbiao , Cui Hongyang , Xu Jianlin , Zhou Fang , Wang Pengpeng , Zhang David Z.
Published: February 2025

With superior manufacturing freedom capability, Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology is capable of fabricating high-strength Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) complex titanium alloy parts, thereby finding extensive applications in the aerospace sector. This paper primarily investigates the influence of process parameters on the relative density, microstructure, and mechanical properties of SLMed TA15 under conditions of similar laser linear energy density. The results indicate that the laser linear energy density significantly affects the single-track morphology of SLMed TA15; excessive energy density leads to keyhole defects, while insufficient energy density causes balling phenomena, resulting in discontinuous clad tracks. When the laser linear energy density is appropriate, the scanning spacing affects the forming density of the parts, with both excessively large and small spacings having adverse effects. With a fixed scanning spacing of 100 μm, high-density samples can be produced within a suitable range of linear energy density. However, when the laser linear energy density is comparable, a lower scanning speed leads to heat accumulation, causing in situ decomposition of the α’ martensite and the formation of coarser α + β phases, which reduces strength and hardness but improves plasticity. At a laser power of 90 W, a scanning speed of 400 mm/s, and a scanning spacing of 100 μm, the specimen exhibits a tensile strength of 1233 MPa and an elongation of 8.4%, achieving relatively excellent comprehensive properties.
Classification of Packaged Vegetable Soybeans Based on Freshness by Metabolomics Combined with Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Makino Yoshio , Kurokawa Yuta , Kawai Kenji , Akihiro Takashi
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Effectiveness of modified atmosphere (MA) packaging for the preservation of the freshness of vegetable soybeans was confirmed by using metabolomics combined with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Methods: Stored under a low O2, high CO2 environment, the vegetable soybeans’ freshness was tracked through changes in hue angle on the surface of the crops and metabolite levels compared to those stored under normoxia. Results: MA packaging slowed respiration and reduced pectin decomposition, succinic acid oxidation, and fatty acid consumption, all linked to freshness maintenance. Using 62 key metabolite concentrations as inputs, CNNs classified vegetable soybean freshness into seven categories with 92.9% accuracy, outperforming traditional linear discriminant analysis by 14.3%. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate MA packaging’s effectiveness in extending freshness of vegetable soybeans by monitoring specific metabolic changes. This will contribute to the advancement of research aimed at elucidating the relationship between freshness and metabolism in horticultural crops.
Sedimentary Environment and Organic Matter Enrichment Mechanism of the Silurian Gaojiabian Black Shales in the Lower Yangtze Region, South China
Authors: Wang Wenjuan , Chen Jianwen , Feng Xiuli , Ge Xiangying , Zhang Yinguo , Liang Jie , Xu Lei
Published: February 2025

A set of organic-rich black shales has developed in the lower Gaojiabian Formation (Lower Silurian) in the Lower Yangtze region, South China. However, limited research on its paleoenvironment and the mechanisms of organic matter enrichment has hindered further analysis of shale gas exploration prospects in this area. Utilizing samples from the Akidograptus ascensus to Cystograptus vesiculosus graptolite biozones in the Gaojiabian Formation obtained from well SY-1, we analyzed geochemical elements and pyrite framboids to reconstruct paleoenvironmental characteristics and paleoproductivity, revealing factors influencing organic matter enrichment. The results indicate that the total organic carbon (TOC) content and paleoproductivity levels of the shale are both high, with a significant enrichment of redox-sensitive elements. Additionally, the pyrite framboids are well developed, characterized by small particle sizes and a narrow range of variation. This study reveals that during this period, the region generally developed a perennial oxygen minimum zone (P-OMZ) environment, accompanied by transient euxinic conditions during the Akidograptus ascensus and the early stages of Parakidograptus acuminatus and Cystograptus vesiculosus. This situation represents the extension of the Rhuddanian Oceanic Anoxic Event (R-OAE) into the Lower Yangtze region, where the water body exhibited moderate restrictions. Compared to paleoproductivity indicators, there is a stronger positive correlation between TOC and the redox-sensitive elements vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), and uranium (U) in the samples. This finding indicates that the P-OMZ and euxinic environments of the Lower Yangtze Sea were the key factors influencing organic matter enrichment in the Akidograptus ascensus to Cystograptus vesiculosus biozones. Consequently, the overall pattern of organic matter enrichment was predominantly determined by preservation conditions.
Exploring the Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Eastern China Plateau in the Mesozoic Through Machine Learning
Authors: Cai Yuyu , Xu Hongsheng , He Yongsheng
Published: February 2025

The possible uplift of a plateau in eastern China during the Mesozoic was closely associated with variations in crustal thickness. High-Sr and low-Y granites, regarded as products of thickened lower crust melting, have been used to infer the evolution of the plateau, but their formation conditions and implications remain debated. We trained a crustal thickness estimation model by employing machine learning methods and integrating multiple geochemical features. The model achieved an R2 of 0.87 on the test set and was consistent with previous crustal thickness constraints in external validations in the Gangdese orogen and Andes arc. Based on the model and igneous rock data from the North China Craton and its surrounding orogenic belts, we reveal that crustal thickening during the Middle Jurassic facilitated the uplift of a proto-plateau centered on the Jiaodong–Liaoning region. By the Late Jurassic, the plateau matured, with a crustal thickness of 55 ± 3 km, a paleo-elevation of ~4.2 km, and likely coverage spanning the entirety of the studied areas in eastern China. During the Early Cretaceous, extensional tectonics led to the plateau’s collapse, ultimately evolving into plains. This study provides new evidence for the existence and evolution of the Mesozoic plateau in eastern China.
Improvement in the Thermal Stability of IsMHETase by Sequence and Structure-Guided Calculation
Authors: Duan Shuyan , Chao Tianzhu , Wu Yaoyao , Wei Zhaoyi , Cao Sheng
Published: February 2025

In the degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) hydrolase (IsMHETase) plays a crucial role in the complete degradation of PET. Although IsMHETase was discovered concurrently with IsPETase, its structural and functional properties are not well understood. To enhance the thermal stability of IsMHETase, we selected six homologous proteins that share the closest evolutionary relationship for structure-based protein rational design, all exhibiting over 60% amino acid sequence identity with IsMHETase. Using FireProt, PROSS, and Consensus analysis, we identified the key mutation sites of IsMHETase. Sequence and structural analyses indicate that, among these seven proteins, all amino acids within 5 Å of the substrate-binding site are identical, with the exception of Ser131 and Phe415. Additionally, the amino acids within a 4 Å range of the catalytic triad are nearly identical. Through integrated free energy calculations, phylogenetic tree analysis, sequence analysis, and conservation analysis, we have identified a variant with four key mutations (termed IsMHETase-M1: N156G, T159V, E110A, A493P) that exhibits improved thermal stability. The selection of mutations during the protein modification process often requires considerable time. Our predictions have established a foundation for the rational design of IsMHETase and its homologous proteins.