bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strengthening the evaluation of public policies in Brazil and the political aspects of this process
Authors: Vianna Iara Lima , Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Avaliação de políticas públicas no Brasil: Aspectos políticos e fortalecimento da atividadeAbstract: The evaluation of public policies in Brazil is still a developing process regarding conceptual and methodological aspects. Further research relating to this activity and the recognition of its importance would culminate in a deeper discussion about the evaluation process of public policies, as well as in the enhancement of the state management capacity. Utilizing a literature review, this study presents key concepts related to the subject of public policies, evaluates the political aspects about the policy cycle of public policies in Brazil, and examines the importance of strengthening the evaluation of public policies in the country.Resumo: A avaliação de políticas públicas no Brasil é uma área ainda incipiente do ponto de vista conceitual e metodológico. Acredita-se que o fortalecimento desta atividade e o reconhecimento de sua importância culminariam em uma maior preocupação e discussão a respeito do processo avaliativo de políticas públicas, além de um aprimoramento da capacidade de gestão do Estado. Com base em uma revisão bibliográfica, este trabalho apresenta conceitos-chave ligados ao tema das políticas públicas, avalia os aspectos políticos do ciclo da política pública no Brasil e examina a importância do fortalecimento da atividade de avaliação de políticas públicas no País.
Method and Madness in Copyright Law
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Black letter copyright law holds that methods and processes, as well as facts and ideas, are excluded from the subject matter of copyright. This doctrine extends back at least to the iconic Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Selden. But recent copyright cases have protected as copyrightable subject matter compilations of numerical values that are the products of calculation processes, such that protection of the final results seems tantamount to protection of the underlying process. These cases not only tread the line between fact and original expression, but underscore the difficulty of separating process from product in copyright. A careful examination of these decisions uncovers powerful but questionable philosophical assumptions embedded in copyright jurisprudence, and reveals hidden lacunae within the copyright statute that call into question the continuity and viability of current copyright doctrine.
Linguistic Dissent on Jordanian Radio: Implicature and Stance as Ambiguous Subversion
Authors: Fras Jona
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the mobilisation of linguistic ideologies as a form of dissent from dominant discourses of identity in contemporary Middle Eastern media. As part of my broader doctoral research on non-government Jordanian radio today, it takes a linguistical anthropological perspective focused on the notion of indexicality: the non-referential meanings that are invoked contingently in language use, and thus articulate links to broader social and cultural ideologies, including stereotypes of identity categories such as gender and geographic origins.I examine two case studies in which speakers problematise and reframe such stereotypes. The first involves the indexical mechanism of implicature, whereby a talk show caller mounts a challenge to dominant discourses of urban linguistic refinement through the ironic use of a ‘sanitised’ pronunciation of a local Jordanian dish (ča‘āčīl / ka‘ākīl). The second, from a programme in honour of a Jordanian pilot executed by the Islamic State (IS) in Syria, exhibits the performance of an evaluative stance towards Jordanian military activity as a form of patriotic nationalism, through the use of the [g] pronunciation of the sound /q/ (qāf) by a female broadcaster – a usage that defies gendered linguistic norms Jordanian radio, which require female speakers to use the [ʔ] (glottal stop) pronunciation instead.While these contingent uses of implicature and stance form challenges to certain dominant discourses, they are nevertheless ambiguous in that they draw on other problematic ideologies, including localist linguistic ‘authenticity’ and patriotic Jordanian nationalism. Thus, while details of language use provide important potential for dissent, this paper also problematises this potential – asking whether (1) subversive linguistic practices always need to draw on other dominant discourses in order to be meaningful, and (2) whether such references necessarily make dissent compromised or illegitimate.
Interculturality in ESP Classrooms: A Contributing Strategy to Meet the Job-Market Expectations
Authors: Journal Arab World English , ZAGHAR Fatma
Published: July 2018

In the present time’s globalized atmosphere, the need for intercultural communicative competence in the workplace runs high. Accordingly, in the area of foreign language education, English teachers need more than ever to incorporate intercultural awareness and cross-cultural understanding in their syllabi. This article reports on a case study that involves the use of many research instruments including questionnaires, classroom observation, and assessment of assignments and exam sheets. This paper tends to suggest a cultural teaching based on standards for intercultural learning elicited from related literature in an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) setting, addressed to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Master students approaching the end of their course of study and getting ready to enter the world of job-market. It proposes ways of instilling multicultural awareness into these language learners through the implementation of intercultural activities, helping them better understanding diversity and developing positive attitudes in the workplace. The research goals comprise increasing students’ intercultural global awareness, promoting their tolerance, and helping them remedy negative attitudes towards the target culture and other alien cultures. Findings of the study show that the proposed intercultural approach stimulates students’ thinking, helps them better comprehend how to immerse in diverse perspectives on complicated international issues, and how to become global citizens able to deal effectively with multiculturalism in the work environment.
Evidence of a Winning-cohesion Tradeoff under Multi-winner Ranked-choice Voting
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: July 2018

New interest in "multi-winner ranked-choice voting" raises old questions about effects on party cohesion. Earlier writers thought this single transferable vote (STV) rule was net-problematic for parties. This paper consults the roll-call record in Cincinnati (1929-57) and Worcester, Mass. (1949-60), two of three American STV implementations that produced conventional wisdom. First, I show how party cohesion could be high or low. Then I show how low-cohesion terms followed elections in which candidates campaigned for themselves over their parties. Finally, I show that parties endorsed such candidates when they needed the votes to expand their seat shares. In sum, the data suggest a strategic environment in which majority-seeking parties reach beyond their traditional bases -- potentially at the expense of legislative cohesion.
Exploring EFL Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices Regarding Pronunciation Teaching in a Saudi Setting
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alsofyani Maram , Algethami Ghazi
Published: July 2018

Recent research has shown that explicit pronunciation teaching is effective in improving learners’ speech comprehensibility, and many studies have presented effective ways to teach pronunciation (Thomson & Derwing, 2014). However, it is still not yet known in many EFL (English as a foreign language) settings whether this finding has any effect on the current beliefs and practices of English language teachers. The current study examines what EFL teachers in a Saudi EFL context believe about teaching pronunciation, how they teach pronunciation, and what pronunciation training they have. Fifty-five English language teachers at the English Language Center at Taif University in Saudi Arabia were asked to complete an online survey regarding pronunciation teaching. Their responses were subjected to quantitative descriptive analysis. The results revealed that the teachers highly valued pronunciation teaching, and most of them considered it as important as teaching other language skills. In addition, most of the teachers reported incorporating pronunciation teaching into their English classes. The unavailability of pronunciation materials and technological recourses forced the teachers to employ traditional strategies to teaching pronunciation. The findings also showed a lack of specific pronunciation training available to the teachers, though the teachers desired to have more training opportunities.
The Use and Evaluation of Vocabulary Learning Strategies among Sudanese EFL Learners
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Hamza Fatima Salaheldeen Ahmed , Yasin Mohamad Subakir Mohd , Aladdin Ashinida
Published: July 2018

The learning of new vocabulary as a part of English for Foreign Language (EFL) teaching and learning has not been investigated thoroughly because its effectiveness has been questioned by various researchers in the past. However, in recent years, various studies have shown that proper strategies in acquiring new words could be one of the keys to effective language learning among EFL learners. This study investigates how Sudanese EFL learners at Khartoum University, Sudan use and evaluate vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs). The three selected categories of vocabulary learning strategies - metacognitive, discovery, and consolidation - were chosen according to taxonomies proposed by Al-Fuhaid (2004), Schmitt (1997) and Nation (2001). These VLSs were then evaluated using Han’s Information Processing Theory and Craik and Lockhart’s Depth of Processing Theory (1972) to meet the two objectives of this study. The first objective was to examine the most frequently used VLSs employing a set questionnaire designed to elicit the necessary data. The second objective was to evaluate the usefulness of each of these VLSs by conducting in-depth interviews with the respondents. The results showed that metacognitive strategies were the most frequently used VLS among the three. In-depth interview data revealed that respondents evaluated all three VLS positively and considered them very useful in acquiring as well as understanding words. These findings suggest that language learners in Sudan should be taught vocabulary enhancing techniques while language instructors should use and teach these VLS to learners explicitly.
Summary Analysis of the 2017 GitHub Open Source Survey
Authors: Geiger R. Stuart
Published: July 2018

This report is a high-level summary analysis of the 2017 GitHub Open Source Survey dataset, presenting frequency counts, proportions, and frequency or proportion bar plots for every question asked in the survey. This report was generated from a Jupyter notebook that can be found on OSF at http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ENRQ5.
The ‘New Jungle Law’: Development, Indigenous Rights and ILO Convention 169 in Latin America (2016, PolDev)
Authors: Larsen Peter Bille
Published: July 2018

This article explores the relationship between indigenous rights, international standards, and development in Latin America with a specific focus on ILO Convention 169 on the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples and its application in the region. Whereas, on the one hand, democratic change, constitutional reforms and the recognition of indigenous peoples signal the emergence of a new rights era, on the other hand, deep-running inequalities, persistent poverty and development conflicts reveal structural tensions and the ambiguities of recognition. While such ambiguity is often explained as a consequence of poor implementation and compromised rights standards, this article analyses trends in both orthodox and heterodox polities as well as in the international arena in order to draw further attention to how rights regimes are being renegotiated. Rights under this ‘new jungle law’ are no longer characterised by neglect and poor implementation, but through reappropriation, strategic attention and regulatory negotiations, revealing a sliding scale of potentialities between empowerment and normalisation.
The Impact of Digital tools on Motivating young Arab EFL Learners to Improve Their Speaking Skills
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Al.kandari Asmaa Ahmad Mohammad
Published: July 2018

Kuwait has a very low rate of English proficiency and ranks 65 out of 70 in the global English foreign language proficiency index for schools. A number of factors account for this including the amount of time allocated to spoken English in the curriculum and the lack of students' interest and subject confidence by the time they reach Grade 5. This study uses the Research Onion methodology to explore the potential for using digital tools (Apps and tablets) to increase the motivation and engagement of 5th grade young Arab EFL learners in Kuwait, improve their levels of spoken English and expand their learning space beyond the classroom into the home and everyday activities. It adopts the mixed methods approach and uses sample groups of students, parents and teachers from one school in Kuwait, including an online quantitative survey and semi-structured qualitative oral interviews, to gain insights into the topic. The results showed that the digital tools can have a positive impact on EFL learners speaking proficiency, and the increase of their sense of motivation to communicate but the newness of the idea in the Kuwaiti context raises questions for some parents and teachers in relation to their expectations based on the traditional teaching methods and curriculum.
Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

Can Crowds serve as useful allies in policy design? How do non-expert Crowds perform relative to experts in the assessment of policy measures? Does the geographic location of non-expert Crowds, with relevance to the policy context, alter the performance of non-experts Crowds in the assessment of policy measures? In this work, we investigate these questions by undertaking experiments designed to replicate expert policy assessments with non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We use a set of ninety six climate change adaptation policy measures previously evaluated by experts in the Netherlands as our control condition to conduct experiments using two discrete sets of non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We vary the composition of our non-expert Crowds along two conditions: participants recruited from a geographical location directly relevant to the policy context and participants recruited at-large. We discuss our research methods in detail and provide the findings of our experiments.Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., & Melton, J. (2014). Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - IPP 2014 - Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy.
Autonomous Space Exploration Online in a Writing SAC or OWL
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Denekamp Carmen
Published: July 2018

Virtual spaces to help learn a language or write autonomously have become common and are only likely to increase. Multiple resources can be placed on a site easily accessible 24/7 and computer mediated communication in various forms can supply needed human interaction spaces. But how are these sites used by the local students? Following the path of several individuals in detail can allow more understanding and depth of the precise usage of space.This paper tracks two Arab students exploring and using a newly formed online self-access centre (SAC) for writing or online writing lab (OWL) for the best part of a semester. As an exploratory action research study, it was data driven and multiple data sources were mainly unobtrusive so that the study could proceed very naturally. The choices, learning style, autonomy types and personality differences between the two students suggest a range of support is ideal in an online SAC to cater for individuals in this context, including resources, how to learn, 1-1 asynchronous with advisor (emails), forums, electronic writing raters, and a high profile test. Ongoing action research should help to keep the online facility relevant to needs and open to new ways.
Consumer demand for time of use electricity tariffs - a systematized review of the empirical evidence
Authors: Nicolson Moira , Fell Michael James , Hubner Gesche M
Published: July 2018

Time of use (TOU) tariffs, if widely adopted, could help make electricity more secure, clean and affordable. However, little is known about whether consumers will switch to a TOU tariff or what might increase uptake if switching rates are lower than required. This paper presents the results of a systematized review and meta-analysis combining the results of 66 measures of uptake to a variety of TOU tariffs across 27 studies conducted in six countries. It provides the first robust estimate of consumer demand and correlates of demand for TOU tariffs that is not based on the results from just a single study or tariff. Four main conclusions emerge. First, if consumers are left to opt-in to TOU tariffs, uptake could be as low as 1% unless efforts are made to close the intention-action gap, otherwise enrolment could reach 43%. Second, if enrolment is opt-out, uptake could approach 100%. Third, whilst national surveys indicate the potential appetite for TOU tariffs in a population, they are insufficient for predicting future TOU tariff adoption rates; the median proportion of domestic energy bill payers who say they would be willing to switch to a TOU tariff in national surveys is five times higher than the median enrolment rate to commercially available TOU tariffs. Fourth, real-time pricing tariffs, in which the price of electricity varies freely throughout the day, are less popular than static TOU tariffs which have fixed peak and off-peak rates. This paper discusses the limitations of opt-out enrolment for TOU tariffs and presents results suggesting that small upfront financial payments, bill protection and automation are promising alternative methods of increasing opt-in enrolment. Policymakers and researchers should now consider how recruitment will be performed, weighing up the benefits to society as a whole against the distributional impacts for individuals and groups.
Pathways to Carbon Pollution: The Interactive Effects of Global, Political, and Organizational Factors on Power Plants’ CO2 Emissions
Authors: Grant Don , Jorgenson Andrew , Longhofer Wesley
Published: July 2018

Climate change is arguably the greatest threat to society as power plants, the single largest human source of heat-trapping pollution, continue to emit massive amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. Sociologists have identified several possible structural determinants of electricity-based CO2 emissions, including international trade and global normative regimes, national political–legal systems, and organizational size and age. But because they treat these factors as competing predictors, scholars have yet to examine how they might work together to explain why some power plants emit vastly more pollutants than others. Using a worldwide data set of utility facilities and fuzzy-set methods, we analyze the conjoint effects of global, political, and organizational conditions on fossil-fueled plants’ CO2 emissions. Findings reveal that hyperpolluters’ emission rates are a function of four distinct causal recipes, which we label coercive, quiescent, expropriative, and inertial configurations, and these same sets of conditions also increase plants’ emission levels.
Gendered Religiosity
Authors: Schnabel Landon
Published: July 2018

This study uses measures of cognitive and expressive aspects of gender as a social identity from the General Social Survey to examine whether and how they relate to religiosity. I find that religiosity is clearly gendered, but in different ways for women and men. Consistent with the feminine-typing of religion in the Christian-majority context of the United States, gender expression is linked with more religiousness among women but not men. Consistent with religion being a sometimes patriarchal institution, those with more pride in being men are more religious. I conclude that religiosity is gendered, that degendering and secularization processes could go hand-in-hand, and that future research on gender differences in religiosity should further examine variation among women and among men.
"Las almenas en la ciudad antigua de Teotihuacan (versión corregida)" (2015)
Authors: Smith Michael E. , Bautista Clara Paz
Published: July 2018

NOTE: This paper was published in Mexicon 37 (5):118-125. I was told that some last-minute changes (from discovery of new boxes of artifacts in the ASU lab at Teotihuacan) would be incorporated into the published paper. But then the paper was published without the changes. This version on SocArXiv is the corrected version.
Promising without Speaking: Military Realignment and Political Promising in Japan
Authors: Nilep Chad
Published: July 2018

Preprint of chapter from Hodges, Adam (ed) Discourses of War and Peace. 2013 Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-993727-1This chapter discusses a plan to relocate US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, and focuses particularly on charges that former Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama failed to deliver on a promise to remove the base from Okinawa in 2010. The promise of action came not from any particular speech by Mr. Hatoyama, but was an interdiscursive achievement involving many individuals. A metaphorical promise is defined as an expectation of future action created not through any specific speech act but through complexes of social interaction.
Personality and student self-handicapping: A cross-validated regression approach
Authors: Bobo Jennifer , Whitaker Keila , Strunk Kamden K
Published: July 2018

Researchers have suggested that self-handicapping is a function of personality. According to theFive Factor Model, personality can be understood in terms of openness, conscientiousness,extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Ross, Canada, and Rausch (2002) found lowerconscientiousness predicted higher self-handicapping. However, their study was limited by theuse of concurrent data. As a result, the purpose of this study was to 1) replicate the findings ofRoss, Canada, and Rausch (2002) in predicting self-handicapping from conscientiousness andneuroticism, and 2) extend on those findings by cross-validating the prediction equation in alongitudinal sample. The results essentially replicated the findings of Ross, Canada, and Rausch(2002), and demonstrated the relationship between personality and self-handicapping tendencieswas stable over a one-semester timeframe.
The unbalanced theoretical toolkit: Problems and partial solutions to studying culture and reproduction but not culture and mobility
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: July 2018

Many theories explain how culture is linked to class reproduction but few explain how culture is linked to class mobility. This article argues that this theoretical imbalance is problematic as it ignores key stratification processes. The article then develops three concepts that link culture to downward mobility and three concepts that link culture to upward mobility. These concepts offer initial steps toward understanding how cultural differences between the classes are associated with class mobility as well as class reproduction.
An efficient counting method for the colored triad census
Authors: Lienert Jeffrey , Koehly Laura , Reed-Tsochas Felix , Marcum Christopher Steven
Published: July 2018

The triad census is an important approach to understand local structure in network science, providing The triad census is an important approach to understand local structure in network science, providing comprehensive assessments of the observed relational configurations between triples of actors in a network. However, researchers are often interested in combinations of relational and categorical nodal attributes. In this case, it is desirable to account for the label, or color, of the nodes in the triad census. In this paper, we describe an efficient algorithm for constructing the colored triad census, based, in part, on existing methods for the classic triad census. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm using empirical and simulated data for both undirected and directed graphs. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed algorithm reduces computational time by approximately many-fold over the naive approach. We also apply the colored triad census to the Zachary karate club network dataset. We simultaneously show the efficiency of the algorithm, and a way to conduct a statistical test on the census by forming a null distribution from 1,000 realizations of a mixing-matrix conditioned graph and comparing the observed colored triad counts to the expected. From this, we demonstrate the method's utility in our discussion of results about homophily, heterophily, and bridging, simultaneously gained via the colored triad census. In sum, the proposed algorithm for the colored triad census brings novel utility to social network analysis in an efficient package.comprehensive assessments of the observed relational configurations between triples of actors in a network. However, researchers are often interested in combinations of relational and categorical nodal attributes. In this case, it is desirable to account for the label, or color, of the nodes in the triad census. In this paper, we describe an efficient algorithm for constructing the colored triad census, based, in part, on existing methods for the classic triad census. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm using empirical and simulated data for both undirected and directed graphs. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed algorithm reduces computational time by approximately many-fold over the naive approach. We also apply the colored triad census to the Zachary karate club network dataset. We simultaneously show the efficiency of the algorithm, and a way to conduct a statistical test on the census by forming a null distribution from 1; 000 realizations of a mixing-matrix conditioned graph and comparing the observed colored triad counts to the expected. From this, we demonstrate the method's utility in our discussion of results about homophily, heterophily, and bridging, simultaneously gained via the colored triad census. In sum, the proposed algorithm for the colored triad census brings novel utility to social network analysis in an efficient package.
An ethnographic approach to the study of folklore of Barumal village in India
Authors: Gupta Avinash , Roy Sneha
Published: July 2018

The focus of this ethnographic expedition is to study the folklore and traditions amongst the existing tribal populations of Barumal village in southern Gujarat, India. The fieldwork revolves around cultural and socio-economic aspects of their livelihood and this paper encompasses the knowledge from one such lens out of many. It tries to identify the importance of mythology and its roots. The data collected from three different population groups are Varlis, Kukanas, Dhodiya Patels that are set within the caste system based hierarchy inhabiting in the same region. The interview method was employed throughout with open-ended questions. The varied customs and traditions appearing in their lifestyle, occupation, and festivals are always associated with one god or another. The key informants felt the need to distinguish the history of their own tribe from the others by taking the help of myths passed down from their ancestors. Most of the key informants were mature adults including both males and females.
Technology, Diversity, Web Accessibility, and ALA Accreditation Standards in MLIS
Authors: Mulliken Adina
Published: July 2018

Published in: The International Journal of Information Diversity and Inclusion. http://publish.lib.umd.edu/IJIDI/article/view/300 This paper discusses an interconnection between diversity and technology: web accessibility for all, including people with disabilities. Qualitative interviews were conducted with eight MLIS professors and two students or recent alumni. Findings showed attitudes regarding teaching web accessibility and recruitment of a diverse student body varied between professors who were familiar with web accessibility and those who were not. Participants who were familiar with web accessibility often thought it should be included within ALA Standards for Accreditation. Findings suggested that, in one school, incorporating diversity in their curriculum, including web accessibility, allowed recruitment of a more diverse student body and was furthering diversity-related curriculum content. At another school, a professor expressed concern about recruiting a diverse student body, particularly students with disabilities. The research suggests that stronger practices for teaching technology, teaching diversity, and recruiting diverse students could assist the field of LIS to further realize its inclusive goals. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (CC-BY-NC-ND)
¿Qué es una constitución fiscal?
Authors: MARTINEZ-VILLA BASILIO A
Published: July 2018

La norma constitucional puede ser entendida desde una perspectiva eminentemente formal – que es la manera en que la tradición positivista mexicana lo ha hecho – o en un sentido más amplio: así formal como material. Para algunos autores mexicanos como Terán y Arteaga la constitución es un conjunto de normas, dispuestas sistemáticamente con el propósito de organizar al Estado; pero como bien sabemos, no es sólo la característica de organizar los poderes del estado y otorgar una esfera mínima de inviolabilidad al ciudadano. La norma constitucional constituye y funda, además de mandar, permitir, castigar, prohibir, disponer y regular. La Constitución en este sentido más amplio – formal y material – es objeto de una polisemia; múltiples significados. En cuanto al aspecto fiscal, una forma de entenderla es procurando un equilibrio entre los recursos que el Estado obtiene por medio de las diversas aportaciones económicas que recibe por parte de los contribuyentes y los servicios que proporciona a la ciudadanía.
Education and technology: critical questions
Authors: Selwyn Neil
Published: July 2018

The use of digital technology is a central component of most forms of contemporary education provision and practice. Crucially, educational technology is now a multi billion dollar business – involving global technology corporations in local educational provision and practice. The need for critical questions to be asked of education and technology is more pressing than ever. This chapter lays out some fundamental questions that need to be voiced in the face of such advances. In particular, it reconsiders seven critical challenges raised by the media critic Neil Postman. While Postman was concerned with the effect of computers and the internet on schools in the 1990s, much of what he argued for could be seen as having continued relevance to our current era of smartphones, big data and cloud computing. The chapter outlines the implications of these lines of critical questioning for making sense of the current state of education and technology. These are discussed in terms of: central topics of concern; key actors and interests; methods of inquiry; and likely outcomes of asking critical questions of education and technology.
The Effect of the Use of Technology on the nature of Teacher’s Profession
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Kondos Sally
Published: July 2018

Educational programmes have recognized the growing need to use computers in the classes as it presents unprecedented challenges that help the students to acquire an inquiring, critical and creative mind to capitalize on the opportunities driven by the growth of information, knowledge and technology. The computer knowledge has begun influencing student’s learning experience for more than 25 years ago, but it was in a moderate manner (Cuban, 2001). However, the past decade has witnessed major trend toward integrating computer technology in all the language classes. The integration has increased because the computer technology represents an accessible and instant information, enormous potential for interactivity and media–rich communication, as well as educational tools which engage the students in the classroom (Mouza, 2002). Undoubtedly the recent advancement in information technology and computer usage in the classroom is rapidly transforming the environment of the classroom. The teachers cannot ignore the reality the today’s classroom must provide technology-supported learning (Angers & Machtmes, 2005). Being prepared to integrate the technology in the classroom has become a paramount skill in every teacher’s professional repertoires. The traditional role of the teacher as the center of the schooling is changing recently with all the introduction of the new technologies in the classroom. One of the effects of the new technologies is the decentralization of teachers in the learning environment (Damrian, 1998). This introduces a very valid point of how the teaching profession will change in the era of digital technologies. What is the role of the teacher in a classroom where he/she is no longer the only source of knowledge? How can he/ she teach effectively in a class, where every student has his/her computer and can Google any piece of information? The following study will investigate the effect of the implementation of the technology in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classes on the nature of the teachers’ profession.
Local Ties in Spatial Equilibrium
Authors: Zabek Mike
Published: July 2018

Someone who lives in an economically depressed place was probably born there. And having workers with local ties – who prefer to live in their birthplaces – leads to smaller migration responses in depressed places. Smaller migration responses lead to lower real incomes and make incomes more volatile, a form of hysteresis. Local ties can also persist for generations. Additionally, subsidies to economically depressed places cause smaller distortions, since few people want to move to depressed places. Finally, subsidies to productive places increase aggregate productivity, since they induce more migration.
The Theory of Crowd Capital
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

We are seeing more and more organizations undertaking activities to engage dispersed populations through IS. Using the knowledge-based view of the organization, this work conceptualizes a theory of Crowd Capital to explain this phenomenon. Crowd Capital is a heterogeneous knowledge resource generated by an organization, through its use of Crowd Capability, which is defined by the structure, content, and process by which an organization engages with the dispersed knowledge of individuals –the Crowd. Our work draws upon a diverse literature and builds upon numerous examples of practitioner implementations to support our theorizing. We present a model of Crowd Capital generation in organizations and discuss the implications of Crowd Capital on organizational boundary and on IS research.Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2013). The Theory of Crowd Capital. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences #46. January 2013, Maui, Hawaii, USA. IEEE Computer Society Press.
SCHOOL DROPOUT: AN ENQUIRY IN THE RURAL AREAS OF PALGHAR TALUKA
Authors: pimpale vinita
Published: July 2018

Abstract Schooling has been made compulsory for all children under fourteen. The government spending on education is being raised to six per cent of the GDP. Incentives are being given to schools with best student and teacher attendance. The Government sponsored Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Universal Elementary Education), focuses on increasing enrolment rates and reducing drop-out rates. The reasons for dropout in the primary education system have been persistently disturbing not only in an emerging economy like India but also in other developing countries. Dropout by children does not mean mere refusal of attending school. It leads to wastage of the funds invested in school buildings, teachers’ salaries, equipment, textbooks and so on. This paper reports the results of a survey conducted to examine the root causes leading to student dropout in Palghar district Maharashtra.
Where Have All the (White and Hispanic) Inmates Gone? Comparing the Racial Composition of Private and Public Adult Correctional Facilities
Authors: Burkhardt Brett C
Published: July 2018

A great deal of research has documented racial disparities in imprisonment rates in the United States, but little work has been done to understand the process by which inmates are assigned to individual correctional facilities. This article extends research on racial disparities in imprisonment rates to consider racial disparities in inmate populations across prisons. Specifically, it examines the racial pattern of inmate placement in privately operated and publicly operated correctional facilities. Analysis of American adult correctional facilities reveals that, in 2005, white inmates were significantly underrepresented (and Hispanic inmates overrepresented) in private correctional facilities relative to public ones. Results from multilevel models show that being privately operated (as opposed to publicly operated) decreased the white share of a facility's population by more than eight percentage points and increased the Hispanic share of a facility's population by nearly two percentage points, net of facility- and state-level controls. These findings raise legal questions about equal protection of inmates and economic questions about the reliance of private correctional firms on Hispanic inmates.
Learning from “Female Genital Mutilation”: Lessons from 30 Years of Academic Discourse
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

At the intersection of feminism and postcolonial theory is an acrimonious debate over female genital cutting (FGC). I subject this debate to an analysis in order to separate productive from destructive discursive strategies. I find that both FGC and the literature about the practice are frequently mischaracterized in consequential ways. Especially prior to the mid-1990s, scholars frame FGC as an example of either cultural inferiority or cultural difference. In the 1990s, postcolonial scholars contest the framing of FGC as a measure of cultural inferiority. However, they often argue that Western feminist engagement with FGCs, writ large, is ‘imperialist.’ I contend that both accusations of African ‘barbarism’ and of Western feminist ‘imperialism’ are empirically false and inflammatory. Furthermore, reifying ‘African’ and ‘Western’ perspectives erases African opposition to FGC and Western feminist acknowledgement of transnational power asymmetry. I conclude with a discussion of the role of outrage in academic scholarship.
Could Java Change Everything? The Competitive Propriety of a Proprietary Standard
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The Internet software market is characterized by strong network effects andomnipresent intellectual property rights. In this paper, we attempt toexplore the relationship between the two, focusing on two examples: thegovernment's antitrust proceeding against Microsoft for browser tying, andSun's suit against Microsoft for altering Java. We conclude that the socialvalue of the Internet lies in its ability to facilitate interoperation, andthis in turn argues in favor of open access to network standards. Such openstandards may be achieved in the open market. Where they are not, the lawmay intervene, but it must be cautious not to overreach and to avoiddisturbing the incentives provided by intellectual property protection.
From Economic to Social Regulation: How the Deregulatory Moment Strengthened Economists’ Policy Position
Authors: Berman Elizabeth Popp
Published: July 2018

The deregulatory moment of the late 1970s increased the policy influence of economics in the United States by linking the efforts of two distinct communities of economists: a systems analytic group and an industrial organization (I/O) group. The systems analytic group, which used cost-benefit analysis to improve government decision-making, had considerable success in the 1960s and helped create offices of economists throughout the executive branch, but was losing momentum by 1970. The I/O group was, by the mid-1970s, working from the White House to reduce economic regulation—eliminating price and entry controls across a range of industries—but its ability to act was limited. After 1975, the I/O group increasingly focused on social regulation—rules meant to improve health, environmental, or safety conditions—and pushed for cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis of such regulations. In the process, its efforts became linked with the legacy of systems analysis, leading to legal requirements for cost-benefit analysis of regulation and the expansion of executive-branch offices oriented toward economics—changes which opened doors to the future exchange of ideas between academia and the policy domain.
The Burden of Knowledge
Authors: Turner Christian
Published: July 2018

A paper concern the virtues of ignorance and law's role in maintaining it
Weaponization: Metaphorical Ubiquity and a Shared Rejection of Politics
Authors: Mattson Greggor
Published: July 2018

This paper presents a discourse analysis of metaphor emergence from coinage to conventionality, responding to calls for metaphor analysis that take social context and chronology into account. It does this through a case study of the career of the metaphor of weaponization that became ubiquitous around the United States’ 2016 presidential election. As a concept, the word originated in the Cold War defense industry as a literal description of the logistical deployment of weapons systems. As its use mutated into a metaphor between 1999-2003, it took on its contemporary moral meaning of over-politicizing things that had been, and should remain, neutral or peaceful. By 2017 “the weaponization of everything” implied that all aspects of social life were newly embroiled in illegitimate politics, making the metaphor a profound act of nostalgia that erased even recent conflicts. Weaponization demonstrates that a metaphor can retain its meaningfulness when it becomes ubiquitous by marshalling a temporal narrative tension against widely shared perceptions of recent social change. This is surprising because contemporary metaphor theory implies that ubiquitous metaphors become mere descriptions or concepts if they are not used in different ways that are embedded in competing discursive communities. Because metaphors derive their meaningfulness through tension, weaponiz- shows how temporality, or social time, can be marshalled to attempt to create a shared public that understands itself as deeply divided. Weaponization is thus instructive as an act of folk sociology that exposes as social and conflicted, things that were previously natural or innocuous. Weaponization indicates a yearning for a shared polity in divided times, and shows that political metaphors can create broad publics that share the same meaning for all sides among competing political groups, even if that meaning is a naïve or utopian rejection of politics altogether.
Opting Out, Scaling Back, or Business-As-Usual? An Occupational Assessment of Women’s Employment
Authors: Landivar Liana Christin
Published: July 2018

After decades of growth, women’s labor force participation stagnated in the 2000s, prompting widespread interest in work-family balance and opting out. However, much of the research and media attention is limited to small samples of women in managerial and professional occupations. Using data from the 2009 American Community Survey, this study examines mothers’ labor force participation and work hours across 92 occupations to assess whether mothers in non-managerial and non-professional occupations exhibit similar work patterns. I find that mothers in managerial and professional occupations are the least likely to remain out of the labor force but most likely to work reduced hours. The results indicate that there is significant occupational variation in women’s work-family strategies, and these comparisons provide insight into the differential structures of disadvantage that encourage different work-family outcomes.
The geometry of mortality change: Convex hulls for demographic analysis
Authors: Lai Audrey F. , Noymer Andrew , Tai Tsuio
Published: July 2018

We introduce convex hulls as a data visualization and analytic tool for demography. Convex hulls are widely used in computer science, and have been applied in fields such as ecology, but are heretofore underutilized in population studies. We briefly discuss convex hulls, then we show how they may profitably be applied to demography. We do this through three examples, drawn from the relationship between child mortality and adult survivorship (5q0 and 45p15 in life table notation). The three examples are: (i) sex differences in mortality; (ii) period and cohort differences and (iii) outlier identification. Convex hulls can be useful in robust compilation of demographic databases. Moreover, the gap/lag framework for sex differences or period/cohort differences is more complex when mortality data are arrayed by two components as opposed to a unidimensional measure such as life expectancy. Our examples show how, in certain cases, convex hulls can identify patterns in demographic data more readily than other techniques. The potential applicability of convex hulls in population studies goes beyond mortality.
Digital Sources & Digital Archives: The Evidentiary Basis of Digital History
Authors: Owens Trevor
Published: July 2018

What happens to history when the basis of its sources and evidence becomes increasingly digital? Similarly, what happens to history when it’s archives become digital? Given how the very form of archives as institution is anchored in the management of paper documents, what does it even mean to have a “digital archive”? This essay is an attempt to identify and discuss issues in the evidentiary basis of history that arise as the materials and systems that manage those materials become digital. In looking at different kinds of sources and archives I work to suggest practical advice on the kinds of issues and questions one should ask when working to interpret, to find out what one can say, based on digital sources and digital archives.