bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"CODIFICATION PROCESS IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES: SOME THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES "
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Axmedshaeva Mavlyuda
Published: January 2025

"In today’s era, the adoption of many legal documents regulating rapidly developing social relations is observed, as a result of which certain difficulties arise in the process of applying the law. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the need to systematize legislation. Legislation systematization is to some extent an objective process. There are such types as incorporation, consolidation, and codification, among which codification has a special place. The article presents and analyzes the opinions of a number of scientists on the issue of legal systematization. At the same time, in the author’s opinion, theoretical developments about the systematization of legislation and its types, including codification and codes, which are its important form, are not being realized in the national legal literature today. In the article, the author analyzed the process of codification in the legal systems of Central Asian countries and its general and specific aspects with the help of specific examples. The legal system of these countries belongs to the Romano-Germanic family of law, and this process shows many common aspects. This commonality is seen in the process of regulating social relations, including the similarity and closeness of the system of codes aimed at regulating legal relations in the fields. At the end of the article, appropriate conclusions are drawn on the analyzed topic.
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"CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS "
Authors:   Law Enforcement Academy, Bazarova Dildora
Published: January 2025

"This research aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the constitutional guarantees of individual rights in criminal proceedings in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The research examines the extent to which these guarantees are reflected in national legislation, their implementation in practice, as well as problems and opportunities for reform. The relevance of the study lies in the urgent need to address issues related to practices such as torture, arbitrary detention, and violations of the rights to due process in the criminal justice system of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which are brought to attention by international human rights bodies. The study employs methodology that combines legal analysis, practical assessment, comparative analysis, and stakeholder evaluation. It relies on primary sources, including the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, national legislation, and international human rights treaties, as well as secondary sources such as academic articles, reports, and judicial practice. The research findings reveal both strengths and weaknesses of the existing system of constitutional guarantees and their implementation. The study proposes targeted recommendations for strengthening the protection of individual rights in criminal proceedings, aimed at enhancing the independence, professionalism, and accountability of key actors in criminal justice, improving access to legal remedies and redress, as well as fostering a culture of respect for human rights through education and training. The recommendations are based on international human rights standards, best practices, and the specific context of the criminal justice system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study contributes to the ongoing efforts to promote the rule of law, protect human rights, and ensure a fair and effective criminal justice system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Its conclusions and recommendations are relevant for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars engaged in criminal justice reform and human rights advocacy in the Republic of Uzbekistan and beyond.
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"REASONS FOR COMMITTING CRIMES AGAINST THE SEXUAL INTEGRITY OF MINORS "
Authors:   Law Enforcement Academy, Niyozova Salomat
Published: January 2025

"In this article, the causes of crimes against the sexual integrity of minors are analyzed. In addition, this article examines the objective and subjective factors that cause crimes against the sexual integrity of minors, as well as the conditions that cause them. In particular, this type of crime was studied from a criminological point of view, and an analysis of social surveys was also given. In particular, opinions on the negative influence of the unhealthy environment in the family, economic and political instability in the society, the environment outside the family (school, neighborhood, small groups), the criminogenic area, as well as mass media (internet, social networks) on the objective factors of sexual integrity of minors are stated. Demographic and socio-psychological characteristics, in particular, character, temperament, age, gender, education, health status (disability), legal capacity, as well as the creation by the minor of conditions favorable for the commission of the crime, are listed as subjective factors in the commission of sexual crimes against minors. In this regard, the opinions of scientists were analyzed, and recommendations were given to eliminate the causes.
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Effects of Aerobic Strength Training on Physical Fitness and Weight Loss of Female University Students
Authors: Riaz Junaid , Ma Kai , Sharif Nabila , Batool Nerges
Published: January 2025

There is still a growing global trend of physical inactivity despite several research showing the positive effects of exercise on health. Furthermore, the most effective weight-loss or weight-control approach is still in debate. The literature has proven that suggested aerobic strength training (AST) enhances a variety of physical performance outcomes in sports, which helps to validate the effectiveness of AST on physical fitness and weight reduction. Even though AST is one of the most popular strength training techniques, more research is needed to fully understand how it affects female university students’ ability to lose weight and perform physically. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of 8 weeks of aerobic strength exercises in female students for physical fitness and weight loss. The study sample comprised overall female students of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Baghdad-ul-jaded Campus). The participants of the study were (n = 30) females with ages between (M = 25.45; SD = 30.58 years) were divided into two groups: The experimental group (EG; n=15), and the control group (CG; n=15). Prior to and after the intervention, participants experienced physical and anthropometric measurements. Data were analyzed by applying descriptive, paired sample t-test, and independent t-test. Only a significant improvement for Left Hand Grip Strength (LHGS) (p = 0.05), Agility (p = 0.00), Flexibility (p = 0.01), Skipping (p = 0.01), 30-m Shuttle Run Test (p = 0.00) Were found in all physical fitness parameters and participants significantly losing weight for the EG (p<0.05) As compared to the control group. The findings suggest that AST improves female students’ physical fitness and helps to reduce weight.
PERAN MUSYAWARAH GURU MATA PELAJARAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI PROFESIONALISME GURU: STUDI DI MA DARUL ULUM KOTA SEMARANG
Authors: SARI FITA AYU PUSPITA , MAULIDIN SYARIF
Published: January 2025

This study aims to analyze the role of the Teacher Subject Group (MGMP) in improving the professional competence of teachers at MA Darul Ulum Semarang. The background of this research is related to the importance of MGMP as a platform for communication and professional development for teachers. The focus of the research is how MGMP functions as an agent of change, mediator, and evaluator in enhancing the quality of teaching and sustainable professional development. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. The findings show that MGMP plays a strategic role in helping teachers develop competencies, both pedagogical and professional. Teachers who are actively involved in MGMP are better equipped to address teaching challenges and improve teaching quality. Additionally, MGMP also plays an essential role in fostering collaboration among teachers and enhancing skills in preparing relevant learning materials in line with curriculum development. The conclusion of this study is that MGMP significantly contributes to the improvement of teachers' professional competence, which positively impacts the quality of education in schools.
ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran (MGMP) dalam meningkatkan kompetensi profesional guru di MA Darul Ulum Kota Semarang. Latar belakang penelitian ini berkaitan dengan pentingnya peran MGMP sebagai wadah komunikasi dan pengembangan profesionalisme guru. Fokus masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimana MGMP dapat berfungsi sebagai agen perubahan, mediator, dan evaluator dalam meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran serta pengembangan keprofesian berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MGMP memiliki peran yang sangat strategis dalam membantu guru mengembangkan kompetensi, baik dalam aspek pedagogik maupun profesional. Guru yang aktif dalam MGMP lebih mampu menghadapi tantangan pembelajaran dan meningkatkan kualitas pengajaran. Selain itu, MGMP juga berperan penting dalam menciptakan kolaborasi antar guru dan meningkatkan keterampilan dalam menyusun materi pembelajaran yang relevan dengan perkembangan kurikulum. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa MGMP memiliki kontribusi besar dalam peningkatan kompetensi profesional guru, yang pada akhirnya berdampak positif terhadap kualitas pendidikan di sekolah.
БОЛАШАҚ МЕКТЕПКЕ ДЕЙІНГІ ҰЙЫМ ПЕДАГОГТЕРІНІҢ ЭРГОНОМИКАЛЫҚ ДАҒДЫЛАРЫН ДАМЫТУ
Authors: Абдримова Ф.А. , Кыякбаева У.К.
Published: January 2025

Мақaлада бiлiм беру жүйесiндегi бaсым бaғыт –денсaулықты сақтау және жеке тұлғаны дамыту жағдайында, болашақ педaгогтерді бiлiм беру эргономикaсының негiздерiне оқыту жүйесi қарастырылaды. Бүгінгі тaңда білім беру жүйесі жайлы және қауіпсіз оқу ортасын қамтамасыз етудің әлемдік трендтерін ескеретін эргономикaлық білім беру ортасын құрудa эргономикaлық білімі бар педaгогтерді талап етеді.Эргономикa–жaйлылық, қaуіпсіздік және тиімділікке қол жеткізу үшін осы өзара әрекеттесуді оңтaй-ландыру мaқсатында адaмның қоршаған ортамен әрекеттесуін зерттейтін пәнaралық салa. Бaсқаша айтқанда, эргономикa –бұл өмір мен жұмысты ыңғайлы және өнімді ету турaлы ғылым.Қaзіргі мектепке дейінгі ұйымдa арнайы ұйымдастырылғaн, бейімделген эргономикaлық ортaны құру мәселесі өзекті болып тaбылады. Бұл мәселені болaшақ мектепке дейінгі ұйым педaгогтерінің эргономикaлық дағдыларын қaлыптастыру арқылы шешуге болады. Мақалада «эргономика», «педагогикалық эргономика» және «эргономикалық дағдылар» ұғымдарының мәні ашылып, олардың қалыптасу және даму үдерісіне шолу жасалады. Болашақ мектепке дейінгі ұйым педагогтері эргономикалық дағдыларының қаншалықты қалыптас-қандығы сауалнама әдісімен анықталды.
КРИТЕРИАЛДЫ БАҒАЛАУ ЖҮЙЕСІ: БАСТАУЫШ БІЛІМ БЕРУДЕГІ САПАНЫ АРТТЫРУДЫҢ ҚҰРАЛЫ
Authors: Амирова А.С. , Измагамбетова Р.К. , Жарикбаева Д.Р.
Published: January 2025

Қоғам мен ғылымда болып жатқан әлеуметтік-экономикалық өзгерістер өзін-өзі дамытуға және өзін-өзі жүзеге асыруға қабілетті оқушылардың жеке басын қалыптастыру саласындағы заманауи білім беру саясатын өзектендіреді. Бұл жағдайда бастауыш мектеп оқушылардың өзіндік іс-әрекеті мен жеке жауапкершілігінің білімі, дағдылары мен тәжірибесінің тұтас жүйесін қамтамасыз етеді. Мақалада бастауыш сынып оқушыларының өзін-өзі бағалауын қалыптастыру мәселесі қарастырылады. Бұл зерттеудің мақсаты бастауыш мектеп жасындағы балалар арасындағы өзін-өзі бағалау мен оқу үлгерімі арасындағы байланысты зерттеу болды. Зерттеу әдістемесі мен әдістері. Зерттеудің негізінде жүйелік, жеке, құндылық-әдістемелік және белсенділік тәсілдері жатыр. Мақалада бастауыш сынып оқушыларының өзін-өзі бағалау түрлерін және ұмтылыс деңгейін зерттеу кіреді. Зерттеуге 107 оқушы қатысты. Анықтау кезеңінде бастауыш сынып оқушыларының өзін-өзі бағалауының қалыптасу деңгейіне диагностика жүргізілді. Оқу кезеңінде когнитивті, бағалау және мінез-құлық компоненттерін жақсарту үшін бірқатар педагогикалық жағдайлар жүзеге асырылды. Авторлар нәтижесінде келесі ұғымдарды анықтайды: өзін-өзі бағалау, өзін-өзі бағалау түрлері, бастауыш сынып оқушыларының өзін-өзі бағалауы, ұмтылыс деңгейі, бағалау критерийлері. Бастауыш сынып оқушыларының өзін-өзі бағалауының қалыптасу деңгейін диагностикалау бағдарламасы ұсынылған. Бастауыш сынып оқушыларының өзін-өзі бағалауының көрсеткіштері (когнитивті, бағалау, мінез-құлық) және қалыптасу деңгейлері (төмен, жоғары) анықталды. Мақалада бастауыш сынып оқушыларының өзін-өзі бағалау деңгейін арттыру үшін педагогикалық жағдайларды жүзеге асыру бойынша эксперименттік жұмыстың нәтижелері келтірілген. Бұл жағдайларға: бастауыш сынып оқушыларын өзін-өзі тану процесіне қосу, рефлексивті қызметке біртіндеп тарту, олардың критериалды бағалауды қалыптастыруға қатысуы жатады. Алғаш рет бастауыш сынып оқушыларының өзін-өзі бағалауын арттыруға ықпал ететін педагогикалық жағдайлар ұсынылды.
Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring Deteksi Dini Kebakaran Ruang Server Berbasis Iot
Authors: Candra Supriadi  , Priyadi
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sistem monitoring deteksi dini kebakaran pada ruang server. Kebakaran merupakan ancaman serius yang dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan fatal pada peralatan di ruang server dan potensi kehilangan data pada storage. Untuk menunjang penelitian yang memanfaatkan otomatisasi dan hal yang bersifat real time, maka diperlukan komunikasi antara sensor-sensor dan software yang juga disebut teknologi Internet of Things (IoT). Dalam penelitian ini, sensor-sensor yang dimaksud yaitu Flame Sensor yang berguna sebagai pendeteksi radiasi dari nyala api, Sensor MQ 2 sebagai  pendeteksi asap dan Sensor DHT 11 untuk mendeteksi perubahan suhu yang  signifikan. Untuk mempermudah dalam pemantauan, juga di lengkapi dengan laman web server yang dapat diakses dengan mudah serta menggunakan beberapa output, antara lain buzzer sebagai sirine bahaya, pilot lamp untuk memberikan sinyal visual adanya suhu yang tidak normal serta outpur exhaust fan untuk membantu sirkulasi udara di dalam ruang server. Implementasi dalam rancang bangun sistem monitoring ini diharapkan dapat membantu memastikan performa server dalamkondisi yang selalu optimal dan mengurangi resiko kebakaran yang lebih fatal serta dapat mengurangi beban kerja staf pengelola di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Semarang.
Perancangan Sistem Informasi Penjualan Berbasis Web Pada UMKM Nata Nugros Singkong
Authors: Yuli Fitrianto  , Daniel Rudjiono
Published: January 2025

Dengan kemajuan teknologi saat ini, bisnis harus lebih kreatif dan inovatif dalam menjalankan operasi mereka. Sistem penjualan adalah salah satu contoh teknologi ini, yang dapat mengatur produksi dan mencatat transaksi penjualan. Usaha UMKM Nata Nugros Singkong memproduksi dan menjual produk olahan singkong seperti Gethuk Crispy, Gemblong Cotot, dan Singkong Keju. Lokasi bisnis ini adalah di Dusun Krajan, Desa Doplang, Kecamatan Bawen, Kabupaten Semarang. UMKM Nata Nugros Singkong menghadapi masalah dalam mengelola transaksi penjualan produk, memantau stok dan ketersediaan produk, dan membuat laporan dengan cara yang lebih konvensional atau berbasis kertas. Menurut pendapat kami, penerapan sistem informasi penjualan adalah langkah yang tepat untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang ada. Sistem informasi ini berbasis web menggunakan PHP dan MySQL.
The Small Mobile Ozone Lidar (SMOL): instrument description and first results
Authors: Chouza Fernando , Leblanc Thierry , Wang Patrick , Brown Steven S. , Zuraski Kristen , Chace Wyndom , Womack Caroline C. , Peischl Jeff , Hair John , Shingler Taylor , Sullivan John
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Ozone profile measurements at high temporal and vertical resolution are needed to better understand physical and chemical processes driving tropospheric ozone variability and to validate the tropospheric ozone measurements from spaceborne missions such as TEMPO (Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring Pollution). As part of the Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) efforts allocated to provide such measurements and leveraging on the experience of more than 20 years of ozone lidar measurements at Table Mountain Facility, the JPL lidar group developed the SMOL (Small Mobile Ozone Lidar), an affordable differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system covering all altitudes from 200 to 10 km above ground level (a.g.l.). The transmitter is based on a quadrupled Nd:YAG laser, which is further converted into a 289/299 nm wavelength pair using Raman shifting cells, and the receiver consists of three ozone DIAL pairs, including one that is 266/289 nm and two that are 289/299 nm. Two units were deployed in the Los Angeles basin area during the Synergistic TEMPO Air Quality Science (STAQS) and Atmospheric Emissions and Reactions Observed from Megacities to Marine Areas (AEROMMA) campaigns in summer 2023. The comparison with airborne in situ and lidar measurements shows very good agreement, with systematic differences below 10 % throughout most of the measurement range. An additional comparison with nearby surface ozone measuring instruments indicates unbiased measurements by the SMOL lidars down to 200 m a.g.l. Further comparison with the Goddard Earth Observing System Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) model suggests that such lidars are a critical tool to perform model validation and can potentially be used for assimilation to air quality forecasts.
Decomposing the Tea Bag Index and finding slower organic matter loss rates at higher elevations and deeper soil horizons in a minerogenic salt marsh
Authors: Reddy Satyatejas G. , Farrell W. Reilly , Wu Fengrun , Pennings Steven C. , Sanderman Jonathan , Eagle Meagan , Craft Christopher , Spivak Amanda C.
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Environmental gradients can affect organic matter decay within and across wetlands and contribute to spatial heterogeneity in soil carbon stocks. We tested the sensitivity of decay rates to tidal flooding and soil depth in a minerogenic salt marsh using the Tea Bag Index (TBI). Tea bags were buried at 10 and 50 cm depths across an elevation gradient in a subtropical Spartina alterniflora marsh in Georgia (USA). Plant and animal communities and soil properties were characterized once, while replicate tea bags and porewaters were collected several times over 1 year. TBI decay rates were faster than prior litterbag studies in the same marsh, largely due to rapid green tea loss. Rooibos tea decay rates were more comparable to natural marsh litter, potentially suggesting that is more useful as a standardized organic matter proxy than green tea. Decay was slowest at higher marsh elevations and not consistently related to other biotic (e.g., plants, crab burrows) or abiotic factors (e.g., porewater chemistry), indicating that local hydrology strongly affected organic matter loss rates. TBI rates were 32 %–118 % faster in the 10 cm horizon than at 50 cm. Rates were fastest in the first 3 months and slowed 54 %–60 % at both depths between 3 and 6 months. Rates slowed further between 6 and 12 months, but this was more muted at 10 cm (17 %) compared to 50 cm (50 %). Slower rates at depth and with time were unlikely due to the TBI stabilization factor, which was similar across depths and decreased from 6 to 12 months. Slower decay at 50 cm demonstrates that rates were constrained by environmental conditions in the deeper horizon rather than the composition of this highly standardized litter. Overall, these patterns suggest that hydrological setting, which affects oxidant introduction and reactant removal and is often overlooked in marsh decomposition studies, may be a particularly important control on organic matter loss in the short term (3–12 months).
Global projections of aridity index for mid and long-term future based on CMIP6 scenarios
Authors: Crapart Camille , Anquetin Sandrine , Blanchet Juliette , Diedhiou Arona
Published: January 2025

Abstract. This study evaluates and projects global aridity index (AI) and dryland distribution using the FAO Aridity Index based on Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration. A multimodel ensemble of 13 CMIP6 models, with a horizontal resolution of 100 km, was selected for analysis. The ensemble was validated against WorldClim and ERA5 reanalysis datasets for the reference period (1970–2000), showing strong correlations in key variables and consistent geographic representation of drylands, with some regional discrepancies, notably in North-Eastern Brazil. Future projections of AI were generated for three socio-economic pathways (SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) and two timeframes (2030–2060 and 2070–2100). Results indicate that most regions will maintain their current climate classification but face decreasing AI values, signifying drier conditions. Under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, significant drying is projected for the mid-term, with continued but slower changes by century's end, affecting regions such as North and Central America, the Mediterranean Basin, and areas adjacent to present-day deserts. In contrast, SSP3-7.0 shows limited drying or localized wetting in the mid-term, followed by extensive drying in the long-term. Comprehensive maps and tables detailing dryland proportions and distributions are provided to support these findings.
Climatic Feedbacks and Vegetation Changes Driven by Orbital Forcing and Sea Surface Temperature During Interglacials
Authors: Gurjão Carlos Diego , Justino Flávio Barbosa , Pereira Marcos Paulo , Senna Mônica C. Alves
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Climatic feedbacks associated with orbitally driven Sea Surface Temperature (SST) lead to a profound impact on the Southern Hemisphere (SH) vegetation cover during the Mid-Holocene, MIS5e, MIS11c, and MIS31 interglacials. Results are based on a suite of coupled climate simulations conducted with the ICTP-CGCM (Speed-Nemo), which provides the boundary conditions for the CCM3/IBIS vegetation model. The CCM3/IBIS model was run from the Speed-Nemo output of the global ocean and individualized Atlantic, Pacific and Indian ocean basins forcing, in addition to orbital parameters and greenhouse gases. For interglacials, MH, MIS 5e, and 11c, areas have been found to be significantly reduced in tropical evergreen forests, but more extensive savanna and grasslands, over parts of the southern and central African region and into northern South America (Amazon region). In another important period, the results showed that there have been changes in vegetation cover due to insolation forcing during MIS31 compared to other interglacials, but the impact was greater in Australia and central South America. However, the southern tropical climate became drier due to negative SST anomalies, induced by the Atlantic and Tropical Pacific basins, and thus reduced continental precipitation. This study demonstrates that vegetation responses across tropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere are not solely driven by orbital variations but are also significantly modulated by internal changes in Atlantic and Pacific SST patterns. In the study regions, in particular, during the MH, MIS5e and MIS11c, the seasonality of insolation was reduced in the SH, leading to the cooling of the southern tropical ocean basins, resulting in the migration of the summer precipitation zone to boreal latitudes. Therefore, combined with increased low-latitude summer temperatures and a prolonged dryer period, the forcing led to a slow retraction, but steady in the rainforests of Congo and Amazonia, causing an effect of extreme aridity.
Ozone (O3) observations in Saxony, Germany for 1997–2020: Trends, modelling and implications for O3 control
Authors: Wang Yaru , van Pinxteren Dominik , Tilgner Andreas , Hoffmann Erik Hans , Hell Max , Bastian Susanne , Herrmann Hartmut
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Given its importance for human health, vegetation, and the climate, the trends of ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations in eastern Germany were systematically analysed making use of the long-term O3 data from 16 measurement stations. The findings indicate that despite reductions in NOx concentrations across all sites, O3 pollution in Saxony has in fact worsened over the past 10 years, especially in densely populated urban areas. The strongest O3 trend is observed at a traffic-dominated station, with an annual ozone increase of 1.2 µg m-3 year-1 (or 3.5 % year-1), while urban and rural background stations show more moderate rises, of, on average, 0.5 µg m-3 year-1 (or 1.1 % year-1) over the last decade. To diagnose O3 formation and the controlling effects of NOx and VOCs over the past decades in this target region, for the first time, detailed photochemical box modelling was performed by means of the complex MCM (Master Chemical Mechanism). Analysis of isopleth diagrams for two seasons indicates that O3 formation was predominantly VOC-limited at traffic and urban sites from 2000 to 2019. The observed rise in O3 levels suggests that current efforts to reduce total non-methane volatile organic compound (TNMVOC, including NMVOCs and oxygenated VOCs) emissions and NOx from various sources unfortunately remain insufficient. Based on anthropogenic and biogenic emission data, we recommend that continued NOx abatement and further additional VOCs controls, with a focus on solvent use, be implemented in densely populated areas to mitigate O3 pollution in the coming years.
Collapse of Deep-Sea Circulation during an Eocene Hyperthermal Hothouse – A DeepMIP Study with CESM1.2
Authors: Winguth Arne M. E. , Brown Mikaela , Hull Pincelli , Griffith Elizabeth , Shields Christine , Thomas Ellen , Winguth Cornelia
Published: January 2025

Abstract. During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma), a rapid injection of greenhouse gases (with isotopically depleted carbon) into the atmosphere led to a ~5 °C global temperature rise, ocean acidification, and perturbation of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we carried out a series of DeepMIP climate sensitivity experiments t using the Community Earth System Model CESM1.2 to evaluate how changes in the radiative forcing could have contributed to Eocene hyperthermal events. An atmospheric change from 3xCO2 relative to pre-industrial levels (PAL) equivalent during the latest Paleocene to 6xCO2 PAL in response to a carbon input pulse of 1680 PgC resulted in equatorial warming to 36.9 °C consistent with proxy estimates. The lower equator-to-pole temperature gradient in this 6xCO2 PAL scenario as compared to the pre-industrial experiment with 1x CO2 PAL is due to the lack of an ice sheet, the increase in greenhouse gases, and a lower cloud optical depth. The climate simulations suggest an intensified hydrological cycle with higher precipitation in the tropics, particularly over the Indian Eocene continent, and in mid-latitude. In contrast, mega-droughts are prominent in the subtropics, particularly in Africa and South America. Topographic effects such as the closure of the Drake Passage and the more southern location of Australia as well as a lower-than-present meridional temperature gradient contribute to a much weaker surface ocean circulation near the Antarctic continent, as compared to the current pronounced Antarctic Circumpolar Current. In response to the increase in greenhouse gas forcing to 6xCO2 PAL, deep water formation in the Southern Ocean nearly collapsed and changed from a southern-dominated deep-sea ventilation to a weak deep water formation in the North Atlantic Ocean and further to a polar collapse of deep water formation and a shallow haline-mode ventilation in the subtropics at 12xCO2 PAL. Bipolar convective overturning in the Pacific Ocean is not supported and remains uncertain, but southern component water mass formation in the Pacific Ocean has been simulated with 1x CO2 PAL. Increased stratification and reduced solubility of dissolved oxygen caused by warming may have contributed to lower abyssal dissolved oxygen concentrations and thus stresses on the marine ecosystem. However, decreased upwelling and productivity may have decreased the apparent oxygen utilization and thus could have increased the oxygen concentration in the twilight zone.
Statistical analysis of ocean currents in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Ashkenazy Yosef , Gildor Hezi , Solodoch Aviv
Published: January 2025

Abstract. We examined the probability density function (pdf) of current speeds in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, near the central coast of Israel. The currents cover depths from the surface to over 1.3 km and span a period from November 2016 to March 2024. We estimated the parameters of three typical distributions that are usually used to model the pdfs of currents and wind speed; the Weibull, the General Extreme Value, and the Generalized Gamma. We find that the three-parameter Generalized Gamma distribution best describes the pdfs of the observed current speed series. Still, the studied current speed time series may not be long enough to assess the exact values of the underlying pdf, as some years exhibit stronger currents that affect the distribution. The time series of the difference between consecutive current speeds exhibit less long-term variability; we studied their statistics and found that the stretched exponential pdf describes better (than the normal distribution) their statistics. Comparison of the measured current speed pdfs to current speed pdfs of a high-resolution (1 km) regional circulation model (ROMS) and Copernicus Mediterranean reanalysis daily mean currents (~4.6 km resolution) indicates discrepancies from the data. Our results may help to improve statistical models for ocean currents and the estimation of extreme current events.
Regional modeling of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia. Part 2: Tidal incoherence and implications for sea surface height observability
Authors: Bendinger Arne , Cravatte Sophie , Gourdeau Lionel , Vic Clément , Lyard Florent
Published: January 2025

Abstract. New Caledonia, in the southwestern tropical Pacific, has recently been identified as a hot spot for energetic semidiurnal internal tides. In a companion paper, the life cycle of coherent internal tides, characterized by fixed amplitude and phase, was investigated in the regions through harmonic analysis of a year-long, hourly time series from numerical simulation output. In this study, we investigate temporal variability of the internal tide by decomposing the semidiurnal signals into coherent and incoherent components. We show that the departure from coherence, in both generation and propagation of internal tides, is linked to the presence of mesoscale eddies and attempt to identify the underlying mechanisms. Our results suggest that temporal variability of the barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion is largely governed by the coherent component (>90 %) through the astronomically forced fortnightly modulated spring-neap cycle, which induces biweekly conversion variations by a factor between 3 and 7. The incoherent component – negligible in the annual mean – can explain on monthly to intraseasonal scales a notable fraction of variability while reducing or enhancing semidiurnal conversion by up to 20 %. We find that it is dominated by local effects such as the work of the barotropic tide on baroclinic bottom pressure amplitude variations, and linked to mesoscale-eddy-induced stratification changes. Away from the generation sites, tidal incoherence becomes increasingly important, manifesting as refraction and altered orientation of tidal beams due to interactions with mesoscale currents and varying group and phase speeds. The incoherent sea surface height signature, with a root-mean-square amplitude of 1–2 cm, is widespread across the domain. In tidal beam propagation direction, this incoherent component introduces limitations in the spectral observability of mesoscale to submesoscale dynamics below 80 km wavelength. Along altimetry tracks that are not aligned with the predominant propagation direction, the incoherent tide tends to dominate over the coherent tide due to its more isotropic nature. Consequently, transition scales estimating the wavelength at which balanced motion becomes dominant over unbalanced motion should be interpreted with caution in regions with pronounced internal-tide activity and well-defined propagation directions.
Multi-spatial scale assessment and multi-dataset fusion of global terrestrial evapotranspiration datasets
Authors: Wu Yi , Miao Chiyuan , Wang Yiying , Zhang Qi , Ji Jiachen , Chai Yuanfang
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the terrestrial water cycle, carbon cycle, and energy balance. Currently, there are four main types of ET datasets: remote sensing–based, machine learning–based, reanalysis–based, and land–surface–model–based. However, most existing ET fusion datasets rely on a single type of ET dataset, limiting their ability to effectively capture regional ET variations. This limitation hinders accurate quantification of the terrestrial water balance and understanding of climate change impacts. In this study, the accuracy and uncertainty of thirty ET datasets (across all four types) are evaluated at multiple spatial scales, and a fusion dataset BMA(Bayesian model averaging)-ET, is obtained using BMA method and dynamic weighting scheme for different vegetation types and non-common cover years among ET datasets. ET from FLUXNET as reference, the study recommends remote sensing– and machine learning–based ET datasets, especially Model Tree Ensemble Evapotranspiration (MTE) and Penman-Monteith-Leuning (PML), but the optimal selection depends on season and vegetation type. At the basin scale, land–surface–model–based ET datasets have less relative uncertainty compared to other types of ET. At the global scale, the uncertainty is lower in regions with larger ET, such as the Amazon, Central and Southern Africa, and Southeast Asia. The BMA-ET dataset accurately captures trends and seasonal variability in ET, showing a global terrestrial increasing trend of 0.21 mm·yr−1 over the study period. BMA-ET has higher correlation coefficients and lower root-mean-square errors than most individual ET datasets. Validation using ET from FLUXNET as reference shows that correlation coefficients of more than 70 % of the flux sites exceed 0.8. Overall, BMA-ET provides a comprehensive, long-term resource for understanding global ET patterns and trends, addressing the limitation of prior ET fusion efforts. Free access to the dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28034666.v1 (Wu and Miao, 2024).
Coupling the urban canopy model TEB (SURFEXv9.0) with the radiation model SPARTACUS-Urbanv0.6.1 for more realistic urban radiative exchange calculation
Authors: Schoetter Robert , Hogan Robin James , Caliot Cyril , Masson Valéry
Published: January 2025

Abstract. The urban canopy model Town Energy Balance (TEB) is coupled with the radiation model SPARTACUS-Urban to improve the urban geometry simplification and the radiative transfer calculation. SPARTACUS-Urban assumes that the probability density function of wall-to-wall and ground-to-wall distances follows a decreasing exponential. This better matches the distributions in real cities than in the infinitely long street canyon employed by the classical TEB. SPARTACUS-Urban solves the radiative transfer equation using the discrete ordinate method. This allows us to take into account physical processes such as the interaction of radiation with the air in the urban canopy layer and the spectral dependence of urban material reflectivities or specular reflections. Such processes would be more difficult to account for with the radiosity method used by the classical TEB. With SPARTACUS-Urban, the mean radiant temperature, a crucial parameter for outdoor human thermal comfort, can be calculated from the radiative fluxes in the vertical and horizontal directions incident on the human body in an urban environment. TEB–SPARTACUS is validated by comparing the solar and terrestrial urban radiation budget observables with those simulated by the Monte-Carlo-based HTRDR-Urban reference model for procedurally generated urban districts that mimic the local climate zones. Improvement is found for almost all radiative observables and urban morphologies for direct solar, diffuse solar, and terrestrial infrared radiation. The TEB mean radiant temperature diagnostic for a person in the urban environment is also improved with TEB–SPARTACUS compared with the classical TEB. Based on these results, TEB–SPARTACUS could lead to more realistic results for building energy consumption, outdoor human thermal comfort, or the urban heat island effect.
Evaluating the performance of CE-QUAL-W2 version 4.5 sediment diagenesis model
Authors: Almeida Manuel , Coelho Pedro
Published: January 2025

Abstract. This study set out to assess the performance of the state-of-the-art CE-QUAL-W2 v4.5 sediment diagenesis model. The model was applied to a reservoir in Portugal using observed sediment particulate organic carbon values corresponding to a six-year period (2016–2021). The model was calibrated by comparing its results with 35 observed dissolved oxygen and water temperature profiles, as well as annual total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, and chlorophyll-a measurements corresponding to three different depths. In addition to model calibration, a sensitivity analysis was also conducted by varying the input particulate organic carbon values and applying a user-specified sediment oxygen model (zero-order model). The results demonstrated the overall effectiveness of the sediment diagenesis model, which accurately simulated dissolved oxygen profiles, nutrient concentrations, and organic matter levels (Dissolved oxygen profiles: NSE = 0.41 ± 0.67; RMSE = 1.73 mg/L ± 0.69), highlighting its potential as an effective tool for simulating lakes and reservoirs and supporting water management processes. The study further suggests that the zero-order model is able to serve as an effective starting point for implementing the sediment diagenesis model, providing an initial estimate for mean reservoir sediment oxygen demand (SOD) values.
Spatially explicit assessment of water stress and potential mitigating solutions in a large water-limited basin: the Yellow River basin in China
Authors: Zhang Weibin , Zhao Xining , Gao Xuerui , Liang Wei , Li Junyi , Zhang Baoqing
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Comprehensive assessment of the long-term evolution of water stress and its driving factors is essential for designing effective water resource management strategies. However, the roles of water withdrawal and water availability components in determining water stress and potential mitigating measures in large water-scarce basins are poorly understood. Here, an integrated analytical framework was applied to the Yellow River basin (YRB), where the water crisis has been a core issue for sustainable development. The analysis suggests that the YRB has experienced unfavorable changes in critical water stress indicators over the past 56 years. Compared to the period from 1965 to 1980, the regional water stress index (WSI) and the frequency and duration of water scarcity increased by 76 %, 100 %, and 92 %, respectively, over the most recent 2 decades. Water withdrawal was the primary driver of the increased WSI before 2000; however, it has since contributed as much as water availability. Meanwhile, local water management and climate change adaptation were shown to be important in determining total water availability at the sub-basin scale. Water demand in the 2030s is predicted to be 6.5 % higher than during 2001–2020 (34.2 km3) based on the trajectory of historical irrigation water use and corrected socio-economic data under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). To meet all sectoral water needs, a surface water deficit of 8.36 km3 is projected. Potential improvements in irrigation efficiency could address 25 % of this deficit, thereby alleviating the pressure on external water transfer projects. Such efficiency gains would enable the WSI of the YRB in the 2030s to be maintained at the current level (0.95), which would worsen conditions for 44.9 % of the total population while easing them for 10.7 % compared to in the 2000s. Our results have vital implications for water resource management in basins facing similar water crises to that in the YRB.
Technical note: A fast and reproducible autosampler for direct vapor equilibration isotope measurements
Authors: Pyschik Jonas , Seeger Stefan , Herbstritt Barbara , Weiler Markus
Published: January 2025

Abstract. To investigate water movement in environmental systems, stable isotope (2H and 18O) ratios of water are commonly used tracers. Analyzing the isotopic ratios of water in or adsorbed to substances like soil or plant tissue necessitates the extraction or equilibration of water prior to analysis. One such method, direct vapor equilibration, is popular due to its cost-effectiveness and straightforward sample processing. However, sample analysis requires significant manual labor, thereby limiting the number of samples that can be analyzed. This limitation is compounded by the fact that stored samples undergo evaporative isotopic changes over time. Moreover, manual measurements require many laborious procedural steps that can easily compromise reproducibility. The operator has to subjectively decide if the measurements are stable and then record the analyzer readings. To address these challenges, we have developed a system that automates the analysis process. Our autosampler for vapor samples, named VapAuSa, features a modular design that allows for up to 350 ports for direct vapor equilibration samples. These ports sequentially connect the prepared samples to a laser isotope analyzer, enabling continuous automated measurements. Within the accompanying software, measurement criteria can be specified, facilitating reproducible analysis. The developed system was tested by co-measuring 90 soil samples and 21 liquid water samples with known δ values. VapAuSa measurements have a negligible measurement bias (<1×10-13 ‰ for both δ2H and δ18O) and similar measurement repeatability compared to manual analysis of identical samples (δ2H=±4.5 ‰ and δ18O=±0.58 ‰ for VapAuSa measurements vs. δ2H=±5.7 ‰ and δ18O=±0.37 ‰ for manual analysis). However, the increased sample throughput minimizes storage-induced isotopic changes. Moreover, VapAuSa triples sample throughput per week while also reducing the direct labor time to just 10 % of that required for manual processing.
Convolutional neural networks for sea surface data assimilation in operational ocean models: test case in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Zavala-Romero Olmo , Bozec Alexandra , Chassignet Eric P. , Miranda Jose R.
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Deep learning models have demonstrated remarkable success in fields such as language processing and computer vision, routinely employed for tasks like language translation, image classification, and anomaly detection. Recent advancements in ocean sciences, particularly in data assimilation (DA), suggest that machine learning can emulate dynamical models, replace traditional DA steps to expedite processes, or serve as hybrid surrogate models to enhance forecasts. However, these studies often rely on ocean models of intermediate complexity, which involve significant simplifications that present challenges when transitioning to full-scale operational ocean models. This work explores the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in data assimilation within the context of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) in the Gulf of Mexico. The CNNs are trained to correct model errors from a 2-year, high-resolution (1/25°) HYCOM dataset, assimilated using the Tendral Statistical Interpolation System (T-SIS). The CNNs are trained to replicate the increments generated by the T-SIS data assimilation package, aiming to correct model forecasts of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH). The inputs to the CNNs include real satellite observations of SST from the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST), along-track altimeter SSH observations (ADT), the model background state (previous forecast), and the innovations (differences between observations and background). We assess the performance of the CNNs across five controlled experiments, designed to provide insights into their application in environments governed by full primitive equations, real observations, and complex topographies. The experiments focus on evaluating (1) the architecture and complexity of the CNNs, (2) the type and quantity of observations, (3) the type and number of assimilated fields, (4) the impact of training window size, and (5) the influence of coastal boundaries. Our findings reveal significant correlations between the chosen training window size – a factor not commonly examined – and the CNNs' ability to assimilate observations effectively. We also establish a clear link between the CNNs' architecture and complexity and their overall performance. This research uses artificial intelligence to enhance ocean forecasting in the Gulf of Mexico. By using convolutional neural networks, the study improves predictions of sea temperatures and heights by integrating real satellite data with existing models. Through five comprehensive experiments, the team found that the amount of training data and the design of the neural networks significantly affect accuracy. These insights pave the way for faster, more reliable ocean models, benefiting environmental monitoring and maritime operations.
Understanding uncertainties in the satellite altimeter measurement of coastal sea level: insights from a round-robin analysis
Authors: Birol Florence , Bignalet-Cazalet François , Cancet Mathilde , Daguze Jean-Alexis , Fkaier Wassim , Fouchet Ergane , Léger Fabien , Maraldi Claire , Niño Fernando , Pujol Marie-Isabelle , Tran Ngan
Published: January 2025

Abstract. The satellite radar altimetry record of sea level has now surpassed 30 years in length. These observations have greatly improved our knowledge of the open ocean and are now an essential component of many operational marine systems and climate studies. But the use of altimetry close to the coast remains a challenge from both a technical and scientific point of view. Here, we take advantage of the recent availability of many new algorithms developed for altimetry sea level computation to quantify and analyze the uncertainties associated with the choice of algorithms when approaching the coast. To achieve this objective, we did a round-robin analysis of radar altimetry data, testing a total of 21 solutions for waveform retracking, correcting sea surface heights and finally deriving sea level variations. Uncertainties associated with each of the components used to calculate the altimeter sea surface heights are estimated by measuring the spread of sea level values obtained using the various algorithms considered in the round-robin for this component. We intercompare these uncertainty estimates and analyze how they evolve when we go from the open ocean to the coast. At regional scale, complementary analyses are performed through comparisons with independent tide gauge observations. The results show that tidal corrections and uncertainties in the mean sea surface can be significant contributors to uncertainties in sea level estimates in many coastal regions. However, improving the quality and robustness of the retracking algorithm used to derive both the range and the sea state bias correction is today the main factor to bring accurate altimetry sea level data closer to the shore than ever before.