bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Transaction Footprints of Scottish Food And Drink SMEs
Authors: Copus Andrew , Hopkins Jonathan , Creaney Rachel
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a survey approach to measuring the “transaction footprints” of rural small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Combined with a graphical presentation of results, this contributes to the evidence base on the roles of local and global linkages. Findings suggest that the food and drink industry of Scotland is relatively localised in its input and sales interaction pattern, although substantial variations, associated with product specialisms, remoteness/accessibility, input purchasing and marketing strategies, exist. Localised SMEs have weathered the recession slightly better, but more outward-looking in firms tend to have greater optimism about the future. Transaction footprint analysis should be viewed as component of an ongoing process of re-mapping the network infrastructure of the rural economy, alongside analysis of untraded interdependencies, and institutional networks in the realm of governance.
Sarajevo-Romanija Region: A Fluid Space between the Rural and Urban
Authors: Mutabdzija Goran
Published: October 2016

In this paper, emphasis is placed on the complexity of rural-urban relations and their reflection on the important socio-geographical processes, from de-agrarian and migration to the creation of new settlements and strengthening nodality individual centres. A clear polarization in urban and rural areas is more difficult due to the lack of adequate statistical indicators or deployment of institutions with different degree of importance, population density and distance from major city, providing sufficiently clear evidence of the degree of urbanity of local communities. This can be best seen in the Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) which is sparsely populated country with an average of 74 inhabitants/km2. Since there is a clear correlation between this indicator and sustainable development, increasing urbanization rates, which can stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty, is set as the primary social objective. Many developing countries looking for a way better governance of rural-urban relations, as one of the elements of inclusive growth, as a crucial element in the development of any society through innovation (industry) and harmonious territorial relations (urban-rural). Since BiH has a negative historical heritage but also unfavourable indicators of the degree of urbanization (40%), macroeconomic stability (29% of the GDP of the EU average) and the degree of innovation (44% compared to Switzerland) it is clear that should be analyzed and rural-urban relations as one of the signposts along the way of creating a better and healthier society.
Effect of Nitrates, Thiocyanates and Selenium on the Iron and Iodine Status of Postpartum Women
Authors: Bivolarska Anelia V. , Maneva Ana I. , Gatseva Penka D. , Katsarova Mariana N.
Published: October 2016

Aim:To find correlations between high thiocyanate and nitrate levels and low selenium levels and the indicators of the iodine and iron status of postpartum women.

Materials and methods:The study included 41 mothers aged 26.4±5.9 yrs from Asenovgrad and nearby villages. Urinary iodine was determined by the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction and thiocyanate – by the interaction of these ions with acidic solution of KMnO4; for serum nitrates we used the colorimetric method; serum selenium was assessed by electro-thermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry; thyroxin (FT4), the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), serum ferritin (SF), and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) were determined using ELISA; Hb levels were determined by hematology analyzer.

Results:Assessing the iodine status, we found a negative correlation between the levels of iodine and thiocyanates in urine (R=−0.717, р<0.0001), a positive correlation between nitrates and TSH (R=0.487, р=0.003) and a negative correlation between nitrates and FT4 (R=−0.312, р=0.06). For the iron status, we found a negative correlation between nitrates and SF (R=−0.429, р=0.009) and between nitrates and Hb (R=−0.383, р=0.021). The Mann-Whitney U-test showed that in women with nitrate levels higher than the mean value there was low FT4 level (р=0.06), high TSH level (р=0.013), low Hb concentration (р=0.061) and low SF concentration (р=0.005). The combined effects of environmental factors (elevated nitrate levels and low selenium level) on the iodine and iron status are manifested by low concentrations of FT4 (р=0.033), Hb (р=0.06) and SF (р=0.05) and high level of TSH (р=0.05).

Inconclusion, we found that environmental factors, especially when combined, have a negative impact on the iron and iodine status of females.
The Distribution and Structure of the Microvasculature of the Phallus in the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Elias M. Z. J. , Petrovová E. , Vdoviaková K. , Maloveská M. , Teleky J. , Krešáková L.
Published: October 2016

This study determined the distribution and specialized morphology (gaps and fenestrations, irregular endothelium, internalization of luminal material) of vessels in the spongy and erectile tissue of the phallus in the ostrich. Specimens from the phallus harvested from 18 sexual mature and active ostriches were utilized. General routine fixation was used for tissue blocks and then they were processed conventionally for observation under the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The spongy tissue in the root of the phallus exhibited several blood vessels (mainly venules) within connective tissue strands. The capillaries displayed thick and attenuated endothelial profiles, whereas the venules were lined with an attenuated endothelium. Both vessel types displayed fenestrations and prominent gaps supported by a continuation of the basal lamina. Numerous cytoplasmic processes extended from the capillary endothelium, in places appearing to enclose and sequestrate luminal contents by phagocytosis. The internalized material appeared in the form of relatively large, pale vesicles. The endothelium was extremely irregular in profile, in some instances appearing to be composed of more than one layer of squamous cells. The erectile tissue lining the phallic sulcus presented relatively few capillaries and venules. These vessels exhibited features similar to those seen in the spongy tissue but the endothelial cells were markedly more complex and irregular in design.
Occurrence of Endoparasites in Indigenous Zambian Dogs
Authors: Bruce-Miller M. , Goldová M.
Published: October 2016

This study was conducted in the country of Zambia, Southern Africa, to investigate the occurrence of endo-parasites in indigenous Zambian dogs. Faecal samples were collected from 41 indigenous Zambian dogs from different areas of the Mbabala region in the Southern province of Zambia during the “hot wet” season, although at the time that the samples were collected, the country was experiencing a drought. Faecal samples were analysed using the concentration flotation method with zinc sulphate for the determination of the presence of gastrointestinal parasites. The most prevalent parasites were species from the family Ancylostomatidae (65.0 % infection rate) which followed by: Isospora canis (9.8 %), Dipylidium caninum (4.8 %), and Toxascaris leonina (2.4 %). There were in addition, two cases of co-infections with the family Ancylostomatidae and D. caninum, as well as the family Ancylostomatidae and I. canis.
Reference Values for the Ophthalmic Schirmer Tear Test and the Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Chinchillas
Authors: Richards M. , Trbolová A.
Published: October 2016

The objective of this study was to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production before and after topical anaesthesia in healthy chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Thirteen healthy non-sedated chinchillas (eight males and five females) were used in this study. The tear production was measured by the novel endodontic paper point tear test (PPTT) using Roeko Colour No. 30 Paper points. Following the PPTT, one drop of 0.4 % oxybuprokainium chloride was added to the eye to anaesthetise the cornea and the IOP was measured using the Tono-Pen Avia®Vet. Excess anaesthetic was removed from the conjunctival fornix using a sterile cotton tipped applicator and the PPTT II was performed. The PPTT I and II were measured in 26 eyes, mean ± standard deviations (SD) were 7.98 ± 1.95 mm.min−1, and 9.71 ± 3.52 mm.min−1respectively. The IOP was measured in 20 eyes, and the mean ± SD was 28.52 ± 12.48 mmHg (35.50 ± 9.31 mmHg in males and 21.53 ± 11.57 mmHg in females). There was no significant difference in the PPTT results between the left and right eyes or between the male and female groups. The males were found to have a significantly higher IOP than females and the PPTT II was significantly greater than the PPTT I. The PPTT test proved to be effective, easy to use, and reliable, causing little apparent discomfort to the chinchillas and could prove to be a much more effective tool than the Schirmer tear test for the evaluation of the tear production in animals with small eyes and/or low aqueous tear production. The mean intraocular pressure proved to be much higher in this population of chinchillas than those previously studied and so further investigation is warranted before a reliable reference range may be produced.
IMF Lending and Poverty in Developing Countries
Authors: Makedonas Eleftherios , Bellos Sotirios , Turan Subasat
Published: October 2016

An arduous debate has developed around the question of whether the multiple IMF’s ‘stabilization’ interventions in developing countries have actually met one of the most important of its initial programmatic goals, i.e., the provision of resources to members, with a view to eliminating temporary Balance of Payments maladjustments, avoiding at the same time destroying ‘national or international prosperity’. More importantly, there have been many voices claiming that these programs have rather accentuated poverty than alleviated it. We explore this claim both theoretically and empirically. Our results show an unequivocal negative relationship between IMF lending and poverty in the developing world.
Extreme Learning Machine-Based Traffic Incidents Detection with Domain Adaptation Transfer Learning
Authors: Elhatri Chaimae , Tahifa Mohammed , Boumhidi Jaouad
Published: October 2016

Traffic incidents in big cities are increasing alongside economic growth, causing traffic delays and deteriorating road safety conditions. Thus, developing a universal freeway automatic incident detection (AID) algorithm is a task that took the interest of researchers. This paper presents a novel automatic traffic incident detection method based on the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm. Furthermore, transfer learning has recently gained popularity as it can successfully generalise information across multiple tasks. This paper aimed to develop a new approach for the traffic domain-based domain adaptation. The ELM was used as a classifier for detection, and target domain adaptation transfer ELM (TELM-TDA) was used as a tool to transfer knowledge between environments to benefit from past experiences. The detection performance was evaluated by common criteria including detection rate, false alarm rate, and others. To prove the efficiency of the proposed method, a comparison was first made between back-propagation neural network and ELM; then, another comparison was made between ELM and TELM-TDA.
Factors influencing passengers’ choice of transport mode to Warsaw Chopin Airport
Authors: Górecka Aleksandra
Published: October 2016

Airport accessibility is an important factor for airport choice and therefore also for airport competition. When air passengers choose an itinerary, they reflect on the transport chain from door to door. Therefore, factors affecting the traveller’s decision for a particular option go beyond the price and quality of air services from airport to airport. The decision for or against a particular air service and a particular airport is to a certain extent dependent on the accessibility of the airport.

The aim of the article is to present the preliminary research of factors which influence choice of transport mode used in order to reach Warsaw Chopin Airport (WAW). The hypothesis of the paper is that the most common transport modes to WAW is private transport. The data were collected based on survey distributed within passengers in May 2015. The results show that there is a relation between flight destination from WAW and distance from the point of origin to airport and also between kind of traveller and transport mode used by his/her. There is also the conclusion that the most common transport modes from and to the airport in Europe is used very rarely in Warsaw.
Partial support for the classical ring species hypothesis in the Chaerephon pumilus species complex (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from southeastern Africa and western Indian Ocean islands
Authors: Naidoo Theshnie , Goodman Steven M. , Schoeman M. Corrie , Taylor Peter J. , Lamb Jennifer M.
Published: October 2016

We examined phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships (cyt
IPO in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council
Authors: Zein Aidrous Irina Ahmed , Grigorievna Sofya Glavina
Published: October 2016

The Arab States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) host one of the fastest developing, yet one of the most closed groups of securities markets in the EMEA region. This study provides an analysis of the regional securities market and compares it with global securities’ market trends for the period 2000 to 2014. The study refers to regional IPO activity as a reflection of the level of maturity of the local economy. An IPO Market Ratio is introduced in this study as an instrument for measuring the national economy so as to be able to further compare it to other economies. The study provides descriptions of the financial markets of all GCC economies, outlines their developmental history, and develops a ranking of GCC countries based upon weighted normalized IPO Market Ratio data. The collected information and the results of the analysis are presented both in table and graphical formats.
Preliminary estimate for reinforcement steel quantity in residential buildings
Authors: Mahamid Ibrahim
Published: October 2016

The objective of this study was to develop prediction mathematical equations to compute reinforcement steel quantity in traditional residential buildings based on 158 sets of data collected in the West Bank in Palestine. The records related to the quantities were collected from consultancy firms that provide reinforced concrete design services. The data were collected for residential buildings up to four floors. Linear regression analysis was chosen to show the correlation between the included variables. The following variables were used in the regression models: quantity of reinforcement steel (dependent variable), structural element volume (independent variable) and floor area (independent variable). Fourteen models were developed; nine models were developed to compute the quantity of reinforcement steel in different structural elements: slabs, beams, columns and footings. The other five models were used to estimate the total steel quantity in a residential building. The coefficient of multiple determination (R
2) of the developed models ranged from 0.70 to 0.82. This confirms a good correlation between the dependent and the independent variables. The accuracy of the developed models was tested using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) test. With MAPE values ranging from 21% to 36%, the results compare favourably with past research that indicated that accuracy between ±25% and ±50% at the early stages is acceptable. The results also show that the models built on structural element size have better accuracy than the models using floor area. Such types of equations are very useful, especially in their simplicity and ability to be handled by calculators or simple computer programmes.
Viscous flow and heat transfer over an unsteady stretching surface
Authors: Ene Remus-Daniel , Marinca Vasile , Marinca Valentin Bogdan
Published: October 2016

In this paper we have studied the flow and heat transfer of a horizontal sheet in a viscous fluid. The stretching rate and temperature of the sheet vary with time. The governing equations for momentum and thermal energy are reduced to ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformation. These equations are solved approximately by means of the Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM) which provides us with a convenient way to control the convergence of approximation solutions and adjust convergence rigorously when necessary. Some examples are given and the results obtained reveal that the proposed method is effective and easy to use.
Relevance of Molecular Changes in the ND4 Gene in German Shepherd Dog Tumours
Authors: Ślaska B. , Grzybowska-Szatkowska L. , Bugno-Poniewierska M. , Gurgul A. , Śmiech A. , Różańska D. , Dudka J.
Published: October 2016

The aim of the study was to identify polymorphisms and mutations in the mitochondrial ND4 gene and to analyse the associations between the occurrence of molecular changes in mtDNA and phenotypic traits in tumours in German Shepherd dogs. Fifty samples obtained from blood and tumour tissues of German Shepherd dogs with diagnosed tumours were analysed. DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing of the mtDNA ND4 gene, and bioinformatics, statistical, and in silico protein coding SNP analyses were performed. ND4 mutations and/or polymorphisms were noted in eleven nucleotide positions in nearly half of the examined dogs. All the changes were substitution mutations. A majority of the changes identified were homoplasmic. In one dog with osteosarcoma, blood heteroplasmy was detected. In two positions of the ND4 gene, presence of non-synonymous mutations leading to amino acid changes in the ND4 protein was reported. Analyses carried out to determine the deleterious effect of mutations indicated an almost 97 and 62% probability that a single amino acid substitution (p.G239V and p.I401T, respectively) in the protein has a negative impact on its function. The results of statistical analyses indicate a significant association between the occurrence of mutations in three loci of the ND4 gene and the location of tumours. The mutations identified may be a result of cell adaptation to the changes in the environment occurring during carcinogenesis. The high frequency of mutations in the tumours may indicate genetic instability of mtDNA, which may also play a role in carcinogenesis.
Non-invasive Pregnancy Diagnosis from Urine by the Cuboni Reaction and the Barium Chloride Test in Donkeys (Equus asinus) and Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Kubátová A. , Fedorova T. , Skálová I. , Hyniová L.
Published: October 2016

The aim of the research was to evaluate two chemical tests for non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis from urine, the Cuboni reaction and the barium chloride test, in donkeys (Equus asinus) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos). The research was carried out from April 2013 to September 2014. Urine samples were collected on five private Czech farms from 18 jennies and 12 alpaca females. Urine was collected non-invasively into plastic cups fastened on a telescopic rod, at 6-9 week intervals. In total, 60 and 54 urine samples from alpacas and jennies, respectively, were collected. The Cuboni reaction was performed by the State Veterinary Institute Prague. The barium chloride test was done with 5 ml of urine mixed together with 5 ml of 1% barium chloride solution. Results of the Cuboni reaction were strongly influenced by the reproductive status of jennies; the test was 100% successful throughout the second half of pregnancy. However, no relationship was found between the real reproductive status of alpaca females and results of the Cuboni reaction. It was concluded that the barium chloride test is not suitable for pregnancy diagnosis either in donkeys, due to significant influence of season on the results, or in alpacas, because no relationship between results of the test and the reproductive status of alpaca females was found. In conclusion, the Cuboni reaction has potential to become a standard pregnancy diagnostic method in donkeys.
Reproductive Performance of Rabbit does Artificially Inseminated with Semen Supplemented with GnRH Analogue [des-Gly10, D-Ala6]-LH-RH Ethylamide
Authors: Gogol P.
Published: October 2016

The aim of the study was to evaluate, the ability of a GnRH synthetic analogue [des-Gly10, D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide to induce ovulation in rabbit does using intravaginal administration. A total of 138 primiparous lactating does were randomly divided into 4 groups that at the time of insemination received following treatments for ovulation induction: 1 μg of buserelin administered intramuscularly (control group); 5 μg of [des-Gly10, D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide added to the semen dose (D5 group); 10 μg of [des-Gly10, D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide added to the semen dose (D10 group); 15 μg of [des-Gly10, D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide added to the semen dose (D15 group). Kindling rates were 68.8% in D10 and 66.7% in D15 groups and were comparable to that obtained in the control group (72.2%). The kindling rate in group D5 (29.4%) was significantly lower than those recorded in the other groups. The number of live born kits was not significantly affected by the ovulation induction treatment. The results of this study show that [des-Gly10, D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide added directly into the semen dose can effectively stimulate ovulation in rabbits. The dose of 10 μg of [des-Gly10, D-Ala6]-LH-RH ethylamide per doe was sufficient to produce results comparable to those obtained by intramuscular administration of buserelin.
Runoff Variability in the Scott River (SW Spitsbergen) in Summer Seasons 2012–2013 in Comparison with the Period 1986–2009
Authors: Franczak Łukasz , Kociuba Waldemar , Gajek Grzegorz
Published: October 2016

River runoff variability in the Scott River catchment in the summer seasons 2012 and 2013 has been presented in comparison to the multiannual river runoff in 1986–2009. Both in particular seasons and in the analysed multiannual, high variability of discharge rate was recorded. In the research periods 2012–2013, a total of 11 952 water stages and 20 flow rates were measured in the analysed cross-section for the determination of 83 daylong discharges. The mean multiannual discharge of the Scott River amounted to 0.96 m3·s−1. The value corresponds to a specific runoff of 94.6 dm3·s−1·km2, and the runoff layer 937 mm. The maximum values of daily discharge amounted to 5.07 m3·s−1, and the minimum values to 0.002 m3·s−1. The highest runoff occurs in the second and third decade of July, and in the first and second decade of August. The regime of the river is determined by a group of factors, and particularly meteorological conditions affecting the intensity of ablation, and consequently river runoff volume. We found a significant correlation (0.60 in 2012 and 0.67 in 2013) between the air temperature and the Scott River discharge related to the Scott Glacier ice melt.
Predictive Brain Mechanisms in Sound-to-Meaning Mapping during Speech Processing
Authors: Lyu Bingjiang , Ge Jianqiao , Niu Zhendong , Tan Li Hai , Gao Jia-Hong
Published: October 2016

Spoken language comprehension relies not only on the identification of individual words, but also on the expectations arising from contextual information. A distributed frontotemporal network is known to facilitate the mapping of speech sounds onto their corresponding meanings. However, how prior expectations influence this efficient mapping at the neuroanatomical level, especially in terms of individual words, remains unclear. Using fMRI, we addressed this question in the framework of the dual-stream model by scanning native speakers of Mandarin Chinese, a language highly dependent on context. We found that, within the ventral pathway, the violated expectations elicited stronger activations in the left anterior superior temporal gyrus and the ventral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for the phonological–semantic prediction of spoken words. Functional connectivity analysis showed that expectations were mediated by both top-down modulation from the left ventral IFG to the anterior temporal regions and enhanced cross-stream integration through strengthened connections between different subregions of the left IFG. By further investigating the dynamic causality within the dual-stream model, we elucidated how the human brain accomplishes sound-to-meaning mapping for words in a predictive manner.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn daily communication via spoken language, one of the core processes is understanding the words being used. Effortless and efficient information exchange via speech relies not only on the identification of individual spoken words, but also on the contextual information giving rise to expected meanings. Despite the accumulating evidence for the bottom-up perception of auditory input, it is still not fully understood how the top-down modulation is achieved in the extensive frontotemporal cortical network. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the neural substrates underlying sound-to-meaning mapping and demonstrate how the dual-stream model functions in the modulation of expectations, allowing for a better understanding of how the human brain accomplishes sound-to-meaning mapping in a predictive manner.
A GABAergic Projection from the Centromedial Nuclei of the Amygdala to Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Reward Behavior
Authors: Seo Dong-oh , Funderburk Samuel C. , Bhatti Dionnet L. , Motard Laura E. , Newbold Dillan , Girven Kasey S. , McCall Jordan G. , Krashes Michael , Sparta Dennis R. , Bruchas Michael R.
Published: October 2016

The neural circuitry underlying mammalian reward behaviors involves several distinct nuclei throughout the brain. It is widely accepted that the midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are critical for the reward-related behaviors. Recent studies have shown that the centromedial nucleus of the amygdala (CeMA) has a distinct role in regulating reward-related behaviors. However, the CeMA and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) interaction in reward regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we identify and dissect a GABAergic projection that originates in the CeMA and terminates in the vmPFC (VGat-CreCeMA-vmPFC) using viral-vector-mediated, cell-type-specific optogenetic techniques in mice. Pathway-specific optogenetic activation of the VGat-CreCeMA-vmPFCcircuit in awake, behaving animals produced a positive, reward-like phenotype in real-time place preference and increased locomotor activity in open-field testing. In sucrose operant conditioning, the photoactivation of these terminals increased nose-poking effort with no effect on licking behavior and robustly facilitated the extinction of operant behavior. However, photoactivation of these terminals did not induce self-stimulation in the absence of an external reward. The results described here suggest that the VGat-CreCeMA-vmPFCprojection acts to modulate existing reward-related behaviors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany studies have shown that the interactions between the centromedial nucleus of the amygdala (CeMA) and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) have critical roles for emotional regulation. However, most studies have associated this circuit with fear and anxiety behaviors and emphasized top-down processing from vmPFC to CeMA. Here, we provide new evidence for bottom-up CeMA to vmPFC influence on reward-related behaviors. Although previous work implicated the CeMA in incentive salience, our results isolate the investigation to a specific CeMA GABAergic projection to the vmPFC. This long-range GABAergic interaction between amygdala and frontal cortex adds a new dimension to the complex regulation of reward-related behaviors.
Separate Perceptual and Neural Processing of Velocity- and Disparity-Based 3D Motion Signals
Authors: Joo Sung Jun , Czuba Thaddeus B. , Cormack Lawrence K. , Huk Alexander C.
Published: October 2016

Although the visual system uses both velocity- and disparity-based binocular information for computing 3D motion, it is unknown whether (and how) these two signals interact. We found that these two binocular signals are processed distinctly at the levels of both cortical activity in human MT and perception. In human MT, adaptation to both velocity-based and disparity-based 3D motions demonstrated direction-selective neuroimaging responses. However, when adaptation to one cue was probed using the other cue, there was no evidence of interaction between them (i.e., there was no “cross-cue” adaptation). Analogous psychophysical measurements yielded correspondingly weak cross-cue motion aftereffects (MAEs) in the face of very strong within-cue adaptation. In a direct test of perceptual independence, adapting to opposite 3D directions generated by different binocular cues resulted in simultaneous, superimposed, opposite-direction MAEs. These findings suggest that velocity- and disparity-based 3D motion signals may both flow through area MT but constitute distinct signals and pathways.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent human neuroimaging and monkey electrophysiology have revealed 3D motion selectivity in area MT, which is driven by both velocity-based and disparity-based 3D motion signals. However, to elucidate the neural mechanisms by which the brain extracts 3D motion given these binocular signals, it is essential to understand how—or indeed if—these two binocular cues interact. We show that velocity-based and disparity-based signals are mostly separate at the levels of both fMRI responses in area MT and perception. Our findings suggest that the two binocular cues for 3D motion might be processed by separate specialized mechanisms.
Development of Neural Sensitivity to Face Identity Correlates with Perceptual Discriminability
Authors: Natu Vaidehi S. , Barnett Michael A. , Hartley Jake , Gomez Jesse , Stigliani Anthony , Grill-Spector Kalanit
Published: October 2016

Face perception is subserved by a series of face-selective regions in the human ventral stream, which undergo prolonged development from childhood to adulthood. However, it is unknown how neural development of these regions relates to the development of face-perception abilities. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain responses of ventral occipitotemporal regions in children (ages, 5–12 years) and adults (ages, 19–34 years) when they viewed faces that parametrically varied in dissimilarity. Since similar faces generate lower responses than dissimilar faces due to fMRI adaptation, this design objectively evaluates neural sensitivity to face identity across development. Additionally, a subset of subjects participated in a behavioral experiment to assess perceptual discriminability of face identity. Our data reveal three main findings: (1) neural sensitivity to face identity increases with age in face-selective but not object-selective regions; (2) the amplitude of responses to faces increases with age in both face-selective and object-selective regions; and (3) perceptual discriminability of face identity is correlated with the neural sensitivity to face identity of face-selective regions. In contrast, perceptual discriminability is not correlated with the amplitude of response in face-selective regions or of responses of object-selective regions. These data suggest that developmental increases in neural sensitivity to face identity in face-selective regions improve perceptual discriminability of faces. Our findings significantly advance the understanding of the neural mechanisms of development of face perception and open new avenues for using fMRI adaptation to study the neural development of high-level visual and cognitive functions more broadly.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFace perception, which is critical for daily social interactions, develops from childhood to adulthood. However, it is unknown what developmental changes in the brain lead to improved performance. Using fMRI in children and adults, we find that from childhood to adulthood, neural sensitivity to changes in face identity increases in face-selective regions. Critically, subjects' perceptual discriminability among faces is linked to neural sensitivity: participants with higher neural sensitivity in face-selective regions demonstrate higher perceptual discriminability. Thus, our results suggest that developmental increases in face-selective regions' sensitivity to face identity improve perceptual discrimination of faces. These findings significantly advance understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the development of face perception and have important implications for assessing both typical and atypical development.
The Cowboy and the Mountain
Authors: Torosian Jeffery M. Der , Hart Bradley W.
Published: October 2016

Chinese Peak sits in the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Fresno and is home to a ski resort. While many similarly named peaks derived their nomenclature from Chinese settlements nearby, Chinese Peak is named after an individual, Charley Lee Blasingame, who defied the racial discrimination of his time. A prominent rancher named J.A. Blasingame recruited Lee to the area, and Lee became a manager in the family’s livestock empire. The Blasingames referred to Lee as part of their “family”—a word they used to signify their esteem for the skills that he brought to their organization. Lee befriended Sierra Club members, meeting John Muir and Joseph LeConte. While most Chinese Americans in this period faced increasing prejudice, Lee enjoyed wide respect in the local area for his expertise as a rancher and manager. On his deathbed, Lee asked the Blasingames to return his bones to China, but they refused. His successes are commemorated in the mountain peak named in his honor, though his wishes were denied by those who no longer saw him as Chinese.
Effect of static active stretching for 30 s on anaerobic power evaluated by Wingate test
Authors: OSHITA Kazushige , YAMAGUCHI Kyohei , ARIYOSHI Kohei
Published: October 2016

Stretching is performed not only with assistance, but also without assistance while warming up prior to physical activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 30 s of active static stretching on anaerobic power using the Wingate test (WT). Ten healthy men performed two WT trials under a no stretching (CON-) and active static stretching (SS-) condition. Participants sat in a chair for 8 min during CON-condition. During the SS-condition, participants sat in a chair for 5 min, and performed three stretching exercises. Following each condition, participants performed a standard 30 s WT. Although peak performance (peak power and peak revolutions per minute) during the WT was not significantly different between the CON- and SS-conditions, the mean power in the SS-condition (579.2 ± 15.8 W) was significantly higher than that in the CON-condition (560.3 ± 17.8 W). Heart rate in pre WT was significantly higher in SS-condition (96 ± 5 bpm) than in CON-condition (63 ± 2 bpm). These results suggest that active static stretching for 30 s prevents power decline compared with peak performance by eliciting an aerobic warm-up effect.
miR-375 mediates CRH signaling pathway in inhibiting E2 synthesis in porcine ovary
Authors: Yu Chulin , Li Meiling , Wang Yue , Liu Ying , Yan Chengzhi , Pan Jirong , Liu Jiali , Cui Sheng
Published: October 2016

The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling system is involved in numbers of stress-related physiological and pathological responses, including its inhibiting effects on estradiol (E2) synthesis and follicular development in the ovary. In addition, there are reports that microRNAs (miRNAs) can control the function of animal reproductive system. The aim of present study was to investigate the functions of miR-375 and the relationship between miR-375 and CRH signaling molecules in the porcine ovary. First, our common PCR results show that miR-375 and the CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) are expressed in porcine ovary, whereas CRH receptor 2 (CRHR2) is not detected. We further have located the cell types of miR-375 andCRHR1byin situhybridization (ISH), and the results show that miR-375 is located only in the granulosa cells, whereasCRHR1is positive in all of granulosa cells and oocytes, inferring that miR-375 and CRHR1 are co-localized in granulosa cells. Second, we show that overexpression of miR-375 in cultured granulosa cells suppresses the E2 production, whereas miR-375 knockdown demonstrates the opposite result. Besides, ourin vitroresults demonstrate that miR-375 mediates the signaling pathway of CRH inhibiting E2 synthesis. Finally, our data show that the action of miR-375 is accomplished by directly binding to the 3′UTR of specificity protein1 (SP1) mRNA to decrease the SP1 protein level. Thus, we conclude that miR-375 is a key factor in regulating E2 synthesis by mediating the CRH signaling pathway.
Measurement of the Value for the Economic Benefits from Leisure-An Application of Nested Logit Model
Authors: Chich-Ping Hu
Published: October 2016

Most of the employees in Taiwan now have two days off per week, increased participations in leisure and sport have raised the utilizing on the environmental resources at maple-watching sites for viewing maple trees. Therefore, a balance policy between environmental conservation and economic growth must be considered. Specifically, what will be the result of removing these maple-watching spots? Comparatively, what is to be gained when leisure activities increase? This study adopts six maple tree viewing sites and uses questionnaires to survey tourist experiences. The Nested Logit model is applied to construct a nested choice structure and estimate the value of economic benefits from leisure and sport using a Random Utility model. Finally, this study shows the economic benefits of leisure participation in these sites and proves that these values will increase by improving each maple tree viewing site’s characteristics. Additionally, various economic benefits are to be derived when the maple tree viewing sites are removed in case of requests from public policy.
A case study of the translation processes of five experienced translators in Malaysia
Authors: Gurdial Singh Kulwindr Kaur a/p , Khadim Kais Amir
Published: October 2016

This qualitative study examines the translation processes involved in translating five kinds of documents – informative-cum-operative, political, legal, literary, and technical – by interviewing five experienced translators in Malaysia. The five interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed, and then matched against the translation processes proposed by Dolet (1997 [1540]), Nord (1991, 2002), Vinay and Darbelnet (2004 [1958]), Nida (1964), Newmark (1988), Vermeer (2004 [1989]), Bell (1991), and Darwish (2003). The findings show that the translators generally followed Darwish's (2003) translation process and Nida's formal and dynamic equivalence orientations, and that one of them used all of the five principles first identified by Dolet in the sixteenth century. All the interviewees agreed that they must be knowledgeable in the content that they are translating, be proficient in both languages they are working with, and know the cultures of both the source language (SL) speakers and the target language (TL) speakers in order to translate competently and naturally in the given context. They all agreed with Venuti's ‘domestication’ approach (Venuti 1998, 2008; both discussed in Munday 2012: 218–225) and agreed with applying the skopos theory to ensure that their target readers are satisfied with their translation.
Participation across distance
Authors: Halvorsen Kristin
Published: October 2016

Team decision-making across geographical distance is increasingly common in the global workplace, often taking place via multiple location videoconference. Participation in these meetings is challenging, as claiming the floor requires coordination with numerous other participants and occurs in the absence of nonverbal information such as direct gaze. The present study examines how participants in a daily morning meeting in the offshore oil and gas industry claim the floor and how these turns at talk contribute to the daily adjustment of operational decisions. A discourse analytic approach emphasizing the relevance of the activity type (Levinson 1979) is taken. A systematic mapping of the encounter shows a highly structured and routinized activity type. Micro-analysis of interaction shows the meeting's collaborative nature, evidenced in participants claiming the floor without having been assigned speaking turn and thematically orientating to a shared communicative project. By offering local information and operational details that have consequences for other participants, the speakers contribute to the continuous adjustment of inter-related decisions. The study contributes to our understanding of team decision-making in an empirical site rarely studied, with relevance for professional practice. The connection between activity type structure and the participants’ ability to claim the floor might encourage practitioners to reflect on the availability of the floor in existing activity types.
When boundaries become permeable
Authors: Forster Rosalie
Published: October 2016

Parent–teacher conferences are an annual ritual, in which the knowledge of parents about their child comes up against the professional knowledge of the teacher. Parents attend the conferences in order to receive confirmation of what they already think about their child's progress. Their influence at the conferences at first sight seems limited and the conversations appear to follow a strict scheme imposed by the school. However, this paper explores the hypothesis that it is not just the case that the school context restricts the conversations; the conversations also influence the school as an institution. The school, in order to fulfill its role as an educating/socializing institution properly, needs to find agreement with the environment – here, the parents – and these conversations form a moment where the institution is constituted. This paper contributes to the literature on boundary-work by applying ideas of permeable boundaries that are (re-)created in interaction. It uses qualitative data and conversation analytical methods based on a corpus of 80 audio recordings from parent–teacher conferences to show the actual processes of this boundary-work on the micro level and its effects on the institution.
Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Analysis of the Posterior and Anterior Mandibular Lingual Concavity for Dental Implant Patients
Authors: Yoon Thomas Y. H. , Patel Mitesh , Michaud Richard A. , Manibo Alexandra M.
Published: October 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate variations in and the prevalence of the lingual concavity. Images were taken between January 1, 2011, and August 31, 2015, from a total of 104 patient charts randomly selected from a private practice. These images were acquired from a single cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) machine. The CBCTs were reviewed in cross-sectional images in both the left and right anterior incisor and posterior molar regions. These scans were classified into 1 of 3 categories—parallel, concave, or convex—based on the measurements of the level of concavity degree as well as the mandibular morphology observed. Lingual concavity characteristics including depth, angulation, and vertical location were also measured. Most of the posterior mandibular CBCT scans were classified as concave. Although there was no significant difference detected for race or gender, statistical significance was noted with regard to age, with an increase in prevalence observed at age 63 years and older. Of the 3 different morphological classifications used, the vast majority were identified as concave in the posterior mandibular regions and parallel in the anterior mandibular region. There was a significant decrease in concavity VL/height (bone loss) associated with age, which was most commonly seen in edentulous areas.
Teaching non-clinical topics: lessons from a public health module for medical students
Authors: Whittaker Paula , Williams Greg
Published: October 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. BackgroundA new public health teaching for medical students in year four was introduced. This paper evaluates the planning and implementation of the first year of delivery.MethodsKern et al's six step approach to curriculum development was used as an evaluation framework:• Problem identification• Needs assessment• Goals and objectives• Educational strategies• Implementation• Evaluation and feedback The delivery of the programme was assessed by direct observation of teaching and the end of year teaching review meeting, plus data from student feedback questionnaires.ResultsProblem identification was based on student feedback and gap analysis of the medical school curriculum against the standards set out in the GMC's Outcomes for Graduates. The public health learning needs of the medical students were examined from the perspectives of the students, the medical school and the NHS. Goals and objectives were chosen using the Outcomes for Graduates set out by the GMC as a basis. The module used a mixture of face-to-face and online teaching using a range of pedagogic approaches. The teaching was very interactive throughout and emphasised the links between public health and clinical medicine. Students completed anonymous feedback questionnaires which were overwhelmingly positive. The student feedback, plus feedback from the student representative, was used to inform changes in the programme implemented the following academic year.ConclusionThis new public health module has successfully integrated into the clinical curriculum. Lessons learnt from the first year of implementation are transferable to the delivery of other non-clinical topics.
Uso de psicofármacos na atenção psicossocial: uma análise à luz da gestão do cuidado
Authors: Bezerra Indara Cavalcante , Morais Jamine Borges de , Paula Milena Lima de , Silva Tatiana Maria Ribeiro , Jorge Maria Salete Bessa
Published: October 2016

RESUMO O estudo discute o cuidado em saúde na atenção psicossocial, com foco na gestão do medicamento. O eixo teórico articula a reforma psiquiátrica com o cotidiano dos sujeitos, no serviço de saúde mental. Realizado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (Caps) de Fortaleza (CE). Participaram da pesquisa cinco profissionais, dez usuários e nove familiares. As técnicas utilizadas foram: entrevista semiestruturada, observação sistemática e grupo focal. A análise hermenêutica dialética seguiu os pressupostos de Minayo. No campo, observou-se um sujeito-usuário perdido, em confronto com uma realidade institucionalizante, evidenciando a hegemonia da clínica biomédica, representada pela prática prescritiva de medicamentos e pela gestão desarticulada de cuidados.
A (re)organização do núcleo de cuidado familiar diante das repercussões da condição crônica por doença cardiovascular
Authors: Azevedo Pollyana Alves Colman de , Modesto Closeny Maria Soares
Published: October 2016

RESUMO Este artigo objetivou compreender a (re)organização do núcleo de cuidado familiar diante das repercussões da condição crônica por doença cardiovascular. Trata-se de estudo de caso norteado pela abordagem familiar concebida como Modelo Calgary de Avaliação na Família. A unidade de análise desta pesquisa foi uma família que vivencia a condição crônica por doença cardiovascular de um de seus membros. Evidenciou-se que, conforme o cotidiano se modifica pelas mudanças geradas com a internação, começa uma nova configuração no modo de vida da família. Sugere-se a implementação de estratégias que envolvam os familiares no planejamento da alta hospitalar.