bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Open Versus Closed Reduction of Maxillary Fractures: Complications and Resource Utilization
Authors: Zoghbi Yasmina , Gerth David J. , Tashiro Jun , Lee Albert , Thaller Seth R.
Published: August 2017

Introduction:

Maxillary fractures are frequently managed depending on the surgeon's preferences, nature of the injury, presence of associated injuries, and comorbidities. Current literature advocates open reduction with plating versus closed techniques. However, data defining associated costs and complications comparing the 2 approaches remains lacking.

Methods:

National Inpatient Sample (2006–2011) was examined for patients undergoing closed or open (76.73–76.74) reduction of maxillary fractures. Treatment-related complications were regarded as re-exploration of surgical site, hemorrhage, hematoma, seroma, wound infection, and dehiscence.

Results:

Overall, 22,157 patients were identified. There were 18,874 closed and 3283 open procedures. Median age was 35 (interquartile range 27). Median length of stay (LOS) was 4 days. Median total charges were reported as 51486.80 USD. Males comprised 77% of the cohort. 68% of patients were Caucasian. Private payer/HMO accounted for the largest source of health care coverage (43.5%). On risk-adjusted multivariate analysis, there was no difference in surgical approach regarding incidence of postoperative complications. Males (2.73), nonprivate insurer payer (P = 0.002), South region (2.49), and transferred patients (2.55) had higher incidence of complications. Presence of chronic pulmonary disease (2.87) and coagulopathy (6.62) also increased risk of complications. Length of stay was shorter for open reduction (0.68) versus closed. Total charges were also less for open approach (0.37).

Conclusion:

While surgical approach did not affect complications, open approach favorably affected LOS and total charges. Future studies should focus on comorbidities, demographics, and associated injuries in relation to resource utilization for maxillary fractures. In current economic environment, such information might further dictate management options.
Anatomical Relationship of the Inferior Bundle of the Incisivus Labii Inferioris With the Depressor Labii Inferioris and the Platysma
Authors: Hur Mi-Sun
Published: August 2017

The current study examined the inferior bundle of the incisivus labii inferioris muscle (ILI) and its morphologic and spatial relationships with regard to the depressor labii inferioris muscle (DLI) and the platysma. Incisivus labii inferioris muscles and their inferior bundles were investigated in 50 specimens from embalmed Korean adult cadavers. The inferior bundle of the ILI was divided from the originating fibers of the ILI, and it was present in all specimens (100%). The inferior bundle of the ILI could be distinguished into the transverse and inferolateral slips according to their courses and locations. The inferior bundle of the ILI was classified into 3 types according to the presence of the transverse and inferolateral slips. In Type I (44%), the inferior bundle of the ILI had both the transverse and inferolateral slips. In Type II (48%), the inferior bundle of the ILI had only the transverse slip. In Type III (8%), the inferior bundle of the ILI had only the inferolateral slip. The transverse and inferolateral slips were usually attached to the deep fibers of both the platysma lateral to the DLI and the lateral portion of the DLI via aponeurosis, just below the ILI and above the inferior margin of the mandible, respectively. The new anatomical findings of the present study might contribute to the understanding of the detailed movements required to raise the lower lip. This knowledge will be useful for botulinum toxin type A therapies, various facial surgeries, orthodontic treatment, and electromyographic analyses in this area.
From slow to fast faulting: recent challenges in earthquake fault mechanics
Authors: Nielsen S.
Published: August 2017

Faults—thin zones of highly localized shear deformation in the Earth—accommodate strain on a momentous range of dimensions (millimetres to hundreds of kilometres for major plate boundaries) and of time intervals (from fractions of seconds during earthquake slip, to years of slow, aseismic slip and millions of years of intermittent activity). Traditionally, brittle faults have been distinguished from shear zones which deform by crystal plasticity (e.g. mylonites). However such brittle/plastic distinction becomes blurred when considering (i) deep earthquakes that happen under conditions of pressure and temperature where minerals are clearly in the plastic deformation regime (a clue for seismologists over several decades) and (ii) the extreme dynamic stress drop occurring during seismic slip acceleration on faults, requiring efficient weakening mechanisms. High strain rates (more than 104 s−1) are accommodated within paper-thin layers (principal slip zone), where co-seismic frictional heating triggers non-brittle weakening mechanisms. In addition, (iii) pervasive off-fault damage is observed, introducing energy sinks which are not accounted for by traditional frictional models. These observations challenge our traditional understanding of friction (rate-and-state laws), anelastic deformation (creep and flow of crystalline materials) and the scientific consensus on fault operation.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Faulting, friction and weakening: from slow to fast motion’.
Control of lineage-specific gene expression by functionalized gRNA barcodes
Authors: Al’Khafaji Aziz , Brock Amy
Published: August 2017

Lineage tracking delivers essential quantitative insight into dynamic, probabilistic cellular processes, such as somatic tumor evolution and differentiation. Methods for high diversity lineage quantitation rely on sequencing the population of DNA barcodes. However, molecular analysis of specific individual lineages is not possible with this approach. To address this challenge, we developed a functionalized lineage tracing tool that enables high diversity lineage tracing and lineage-specific manipulation of gene expression. This modular platform utilizes expressed barcode gRNAs to both track cell lineages and direct lineage specific gene expression.
A subset of UPR-induced transmembrane proteins are prematurely degraded during lipid perturbation
Authors: Ng Benjamin S.H. , Shyu Peter , Ho Nurulain , Chaw Ruijie , Ling Seah Yi , Thibault Guillaume
Published: August 2017

Background

Phospholipid homeostasis in biological membranes is essential to maintain functions of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Phospholipid perturbation has been associated to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and other metabolic disorders. However, in most cases, the biological significance of lipid disequilibrium remains unclear. Previously, we reported thatSaccharomyces cerevisiaeadapts to lipid disequilibrium by upregulating several protein quality control pathways such as the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway and the unfolded protein response (UPR).

Results

Surprisingly, we observed certain ER-resident transmembrane proteins (TPs), which form part of the UPR programme, to be destabilised under lipid perturbation (LP). Among these, Sbh1 was prematurely degraded by fatty acid remodelling and membrane stiffening of the ER. Moreover, the protein translocon subunit Sbh1 is targeted for degradation through its transmembrane domain in an unconventional Doa10-dependent manner.

Conclusion

Premature removal of key ER-resident TPs might be an underlying cause of chronic ER stress in metabolic disorders.
Exploring the role of stimulus similarity on the summation effect in causal learning
Authors: Pérez Omar D. , Martín Rene San , Soto Fabián A.
Published: August 2017

Several contemporary models of associative learning anticipate that the higher responding to a compound of two cues separately trained with a common outcome than to each of the cues alone -a summation effect-is modulated by the similarity between the cues forming the compound. Here, we explored this hypothesis in a series of causal learning experiments with humans. Participants were presented with two visual cues that separately predicted a common outcome and later asked for the outcome predicted by the compound of the two cues. Importantly, the cues’ similarity was varied between groups through changes in shape, spatial position, color, configuration and rotation. In variance with the predictions of these models, we observed similar and strong levels of summation in both groups across all manipulations of similarity (Experiments 1-5). The summation effect was significantly reduced by manipulations intended to impact assumptions about the causal independence of the cues forming the compound, but this reduction was independent of stimulus similarity (Experiment 6). These results are problematic for similarity-based models and can be more readily explained by rational approaches to causal learning.
Detection of whole-field luminance changes by superficial interneurons in the zebrafish tectum
Authors: Barker Alison J. , Helmbrecht Thomas O. , Grob Aurélien A. , Baier Herwig
Published: August 2017

The superficial interneurons, SINs, of the zebrafish tectum, also known as tectal horizontal cells, have been implicated in a range of behavioral responses to visual cues, including prey capture and looming-evoked escape. However, there is limited information on their tuning properties, synaptic connectivity and molecular diversity. We have begun to close this gap in our knowledge by performing functional GCaMP6 imaging and electrophysiological recordings of SIN responses to simplified stimuli. We found that a large subset of the SINs strongly responded to luminance changes, with a preference for OFF steps. Although SINs were generally tuned to any dark-light, or light-dark, transition, they were often most sensitive to a narrow range of luminance steps. Tuning properties did not vary with the position of the SIN cell body along the depth of the tectal neuropil or with the orientation of the cell’s neurites within the neuropil. Receptive field (RF) mapping revealed that SINs sample over large areas of the visual field (>20°, typically 50°). RFs of individual SINs were sometimes spatially incoherent, indicating that SINs may receive sparse inputs from multiple RGCs scattered widely over the retina. Lastly, we found that, while most SINs express GABAergic markers, as reported before, a substantial minority express a vesicular glutamate transporter. We propose that the role of the SINs is more complex than previously reported, and provide evidence that at least one SIN subtype could function as a multi-purpose circuit element for signaling changes in ambient luminance for subsequent processing in the tectum.
Cryo-ET reveals nucleosome reorganisation in condensed mitotic chromosomesin vivo
Authors: Cai Shujun , Chen Chen , Tan Zhi Yang , Huang Yinyi , Shi Jian , Gan Lu
Published: August 2017

Chromosomes condense during mitosis in most eukaryotes. This transformation involves rearrangements at the nucleosome level and has consequences for transcription, but the details remain unclear. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to determine the 3-D arrangement of nucleosomes and other large nuclear features in frozen-hydrated fission-yeast cells. Nucleosomes can form irregular clusters in both interphase and mitotic cells, but they are smaller than expected for Hi-C domains. The nucleosomes are co-mingled with two features: nucleosome-free pockets and megadalton-sized “megacomplexes”. Compared to interphase, the nucleosomes in mitotic chromosomes pack into slightly larger clusters. However, nearest-neighbor distance analysis reveals that mitotic nucleosome clusters have the same internal packing density as in interphase. Furthermore, mitotic chromosomes contain fewer megacomplexes. This uneven chromosome condensation helps explain a longstanding enigma of mitosis: most genes are repressed but a subset is upregulated.
Genomic imprinting mediates dosage compensation in a young plant XY system
Authors: Muyle Aline , Zemp Niklaus , Fruchard Cécile , Cegan Radim , Vrana Jan , Deschamps Clothilde , Tavares Raquel , Hobza Roman , Picard Franck , Widmer Alex , Marais Gabriel AB
Published: August 2017

This preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology (http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100044).

Sex chromosomes have repeatedly evolved from a pair of autosomes1. Consequently, X and Y chromosomes initially have similar gene content, but ongoing Y degeneration leads to reduced Y gene expression and eventual Y gene loss. The resulting imbalance in gene expression between Y genes and the rest of the genome is expected to reduce male fitness, especially when protein networks have components from both autosomes and sex chromosomes. A diverse set of dosage compensating mechanisms that alleviates these negative effects has been described in animals2–4. However, the early steps in the evolution of dosage compensation remain unknown and dosage compensation is poorly understood in plants5. Here we show a novel dosage compensation mechanism in the evolutionarily young XY sex determination system of the plantSilene latifolia. Genomic imprinting results in higher expression from the maternal X chromosome in both males and females. This compensates for reduced Y expression in males but results in X overexpression in females and may be detrimental. It could represent a transient early stage in the evolution of dosage compensation. Our finding has striking resemblance to the first stage proposed by Ohno for the evolution of X inactivation in mammals.
Sex-related differences in behavioral and amygdalar responses to compound facial threat cues
Authors: Im Hee Yeon , Adams Reginald B. , Cushing Cody A. , Boshyan Jasmine , Ward Noreen , Kveraga Kestutis
Published: August 2017

During face perception, we integrate facial expression and eye gaze to take advantage of their shared signals. For example, fear with averted gaze provides a congruent avoidance cue, signaling both threat presence and its location, whereas fear with direct gaze sends an incongruent cue, leaving threat location ambiguous. It has been proposed that the processing of different combinations of threat cues is mediated by dual processing routes: reflexive processing via magnocellular (M) pathway and reflective processing via parvocellular (P) pathway. Because growing evidence has identified a variety of sex differences in emotional perception, here we also investigated how M and P processing of fear and eye gaze might be modulated by observer’s sex, focusing on the amygdala, a structure important to threat perception and affective appraisal. We adjusted luminance and color of face stimuli to selectively engage M or P processing and asked observers to identify emotion of the face. Female observers showed more accurate behavioral responses to faces with averted gaze and greater left amygdala reactivity both to fearful and neutral faces. Conversely, males showed greater right amygdala activation only for M-biased averted-gaze fear faces. In addition to functional reactivity differences, females had greater bilateral amygdala volumes, which positively correlated with behavioral accuracy for M-biased fear. Conversely, in males only the right amygdala volume was positively correlated with accuracy for M-biased fear faces. Our findings suggest that M and P processing of facial threat cues is modulated by functional and structural differences in the amygdalae associated with observer’s sex.
Insulin resistance in cavefish as an adaptation to a nutrient-limited environment
Authors: Aspiras Ariel , Riddle Misty , Gaudenz Karin , Peuß Robert , Sung Jenny , Martineau Brian , Peavey Megan , Box Andrew , Tabin Julius A. , McGaugh Suzanne , Borowsky Richard , Tabin Clifford J. , Rohner Nicolas
Published: August 2017

Periodic food shortage is one of the biggest challenges organisms face in natural habitats. How animals cope with nutrient limited conditions is an active area of study, of particular relevance in the context of the current increasing destabilization of global climate. Caves represent an extreme setting where animals have adapted to nutrient-limited conditions, as most cave environments lack a primary energy source. Here we show that cave-adapted populations of the Mexican Tetra,Astyanax mexicanus,have dysregulated blood glucose homeostasis and are insulin resistant compared to the river-adapted population. We found that multiple cave populations carry a mutation in the insulin receptor that leads to decreased insulin bindingin vitro. Surface/cave hybrid fish carrying the allele weigh more than non-carriers, and zebrafish genetically engineered to carry the mutation similarly have increased body weight and insulin resistance. Higher bodyweight may be advantageous in the cave as a strategy to cope with infrequent food. In humans, the identical mutation in the insulin receptor leads to a severe form of insulin resistance and dramatically reduced life-span. However, cavefish have a similar lifespan to surface fish (of greater than fourteen years) and do not accumulate advanced glycated end products (AGEs) in the blood that are typically associated with progression of diabetes-associated pathologies. Our findings raise the intriguing hypothesis that cavefish have acquired compensatory mechanisms that allow them to circumvent the typical negative effects associated with failure to regulate blood glucose.
Fast and Powerful Genome Wide Association Analysis of Dense Genetic Data with High Dimensional Imaging Phenotypes
Authors: Ganjgahi Habib , Winkler Anderson M. , Glahn David C. , Blangero John , Donohue Brian , Kochunov Peter , Nichols Thomas E.
Published: August 2017

Genome wide association (GWA) analysis of brain imaging phenotypes can advance our understanding of the genetic basis of normal and disorder-related variation in the brain. GWA approaches typically use linear mixed effect models to account for non-independence amongst subjects due to factors such as family relatedness and population structure. The use of these models with high-dimensional imaging phenotypes presents enormous challenges in terms of computational intensity and the need to account multiple testing in both the imaging and genetic domain. Here we present method that makes mixed models practical with high-dimensional traits by a combination of a transformation applied to the data and model, and the use of a non-iterative variance component estimator. With such speed enhancements permutation tests are feasible, which allows inference on powerful spatial tests like the cluster size statistic.
R2DGC: Threshold-free peak alignment and identification for 2D gas chromatography mass spectrometry in R
Authors: Ramaker Ryne C. , Gordon Emily , Cooper Sara J.
Published: August 2017

Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a powerful method for analyzing complex mixtures of volatile compounds. This method produces a large amount of raw data that requires downstream processing to align signals of interest (peaks) across multiple samples and match peak characteristics to reference standard libraries prior to downstream statistical analysis. To address the paucity of applications addressing this need, we have developed an R package that implements retention time and mass spectra similarity threshold-free alignments, seamlessly integrates retention time standards for universally reproducible alignments, performs common ion filtering, and provides compatibility with multiple peak quantification methods. We demonstrate the packages utility on a controlled mix of metabolite standards separated under variable chromatography conditions and data generated from cell lines.

Availability and documentation

R2DGC can be downloaded athttps://github.com/rramaker/R2DGCor installed via the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).

Contact

sjcooper@hudsonalpha.org

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Divergent genome evolution caused by regional variation in DNA gain and loss between human and mouse
Authors: Buckley Reuben M , Kortschak R Daniel , Adelson David L
Published: August 2017

The forces driving the accumulation and removal of non-coding DNA and ultimately the evolution of genome size in complex organisms are intimately linked to genome structure and organisation. Our analysis provides a novel method for capturing the regional variation of lineage-specific DNA gain and loss events in their respective genomic contexts. To further understand this connection we used comparative genomics to identify genome-wide individual DNA gain and loss events in the human and mouse genomes. Focusing on the distribution of DNA gains and losses, relationships to important structural features and potential impact on biological processes, we found that in autosomes, DNA gains and losses both followed separate lineage-specific accumulation patterns. However, in both species chromosome X was particularly enriched for DNA gain, consistent with its high L1 retrotransposon content required for X inactivation. We found that DNA loss was associated with gene-rich open chromatin regions and DNA gain events with gene-poor closed chromatin regions. Additionally, we found that DNA loss events tended to be smaller than DNA gain events suggesting that they were more tolerated in open chromatin regions. GO term enrichment in human gain hotspots showed terms related to cell cycle/metabolism, human loss hotspots were enriched for terms related to gene silencing, and mouse gain hotspots were enriched for terms related to transcription regulation. Interestingly, mouse loss hotspots were strongly enriched for terms related to developmental processes, suggesting that DNA loss in mouse is associated with phenotypic changes in mouse morphology. This is consistent with a model in which DNA gain and loss results in turnover or “churning” of regulatory regions that are then subjected to selection, resulting in the differences we now observe, both genomic and phenotypic/morphological.
Progressive reconfiguration of resting-state brain networks as psychosis develops: Preliminary results from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) consortium
Authors: Cao Hengyi , Chung Yoonho , McEwen Sarah C. , Bearden Carrie E. , Addington Jean , Goodyear Bradley , Cadenhead Kristin S. , Mirzakhanian Heline , Cornblatt Barbara A. , Olvet Doreen M. , Mathalon Daniel H. , McGlashan Thomas H. , Perkins Diana O. , Belger Aysenil , Seidman Larry J. , Thermenos Heidi , Tsuang Ming T. , van Erp Theo G.M. , Walker Elaine F. , Hamann Stephan , Anticevic Alan , Woods Scott W. , Cannon Tyrone D.
Published: August 2017

Mounting evidence has shown disrupted brain network architecture across the psychosis spectrum. However, whether these changes relate to the development of psychosis is unclear. Here, we used graph theoretical analysis to investigate longitudinal changes in resting-state brain networks in samples of 72 subjects at clinical high risk (including 8 cases who converted to full psychosis) and 48 healthy controls drawn from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) consortium. We observed progressive reduction in global efficiency (P= 0.006) and increase in network diversity (P= 0.001) in converters compared with non-converters and controls. More refined analysis separating nodes into nine key brain networks demonstrated that these alterations were primarily driven by progressively diminished local efficiency in the default-mode network (P= 0.004) and progressively enhanced node diversity across all networks (P< 0.05). The change rates of network efficiency and network diversity were significantly correlated (P= 0.003), suggesting these changes may reflect shared underlying neural mechanisms. In addition, change rates of global efficiency and node diversity were significantly correlated with change rate of cortical thinning in the prefrontal cortex in converters (P< 0.03) and could be predicted by visuospatial memory scores at baseline (P< 0.04). These results provide preliminary evidence for longitudinal reconfiguration of resting-state brain networks during psychosis development and suggest that decreased network efficiency, reflecting an increase in path length between nodes, and increased network diversity, reflecting a decrease in the consistency of functional network organization, are implicated in the progression to full psychosis.
Fibroblasts and Alectinib switch the evolutionary games played by non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kaznatcheev Artem , Peacock Jeffrey , Basanta David , Marusyk Andriy , Scott Jacob G.
Published: August 2017

Heterogeneity in strategies for survival and proliferation among the cells which constitute a tumour is a driving force behind the evolution of resistance to cancer therapy. The rules mapping the tumour’s strategy distribution to the fitness of individual strategies can be represented as an evolutionary game. We develop a game assay to measure effective evolutionary games in co-cultures of non-small cell lung cancer cells which are sensitive and resistant to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor Alectinib. The games are not only quantitatively different between different environments, but targeted therapy and cancer associated fibroblasts qualitatively switch the type of game being played by the in-vitro population from Leader to Deadlock. This observation provides empirical confirmation of a central theoretical postulate of evolutionary game theory in oncology: we can treat not only the player, but also the game. Although we concentrate on measuring games played by cancer cells, the measurement methodology we develop can be used to advance the study of games in other microscopic systems by providing a quantitative description of non-cell-autonomous effects.
Supplement comprising of laccase and citric acid as an alternative for antibiotics –in vitrotriggers of melanin production
Authors: Chaali M. , Lecka J. , Suresh G. , Salem M. , Brar S. K. , Hernandez-Galan L. , Sévigny J. , Avalos Ramirez A.
Published: August 2017

An indiscriminate use of antibiotics in humans and animals has led to a widespread selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. A possible solution to counter this problem could be to develop alternatives that may boost the host immunity, thus reducing in the quantity and frequency of antibiotic use. In this work, for the first time, citric acid and laccase were used as extracellular inducers of melanin production in yeast cells and human cell lines. It is proposed that the formulation of laccase and citric acid together could further promote melatonin stimulated melanocyte derived melanin production. Melanization test as a probe of immunity, described in this study, is an easy and a quicker test than the other immunity tests and is statistically significant. The results showed the synergistic effect of citric acid and laccase on melanin production by the yeast cells, with significant statistical differences compared to all other tested conditions (P: 0.0005- 0.005). Laccase and citric acid together boosted melanin production after 8 days of incubation. An increase in melanin production by two colon human cells lines (Cacao-2/15 and HT-29) was observed when both laccase and citric acid were present in cell growth medium. A formulation with citric acid and laccase may prove to be an excellent alternative to reduce the antibiotic load in human and animal subjects.

Summary statement

This study shows, for the first time, that production of melanin in yeast and human intestinal cells is induced by extracellular addition of laccase and citric acid.
PI3K regulates intraepithelial cell positioning through Rho GTP-ases in the developing neural tube
Authors: Torroba Blanca , Herrera Antonio , Menendez Anghara , Pons Sebastian
Published: August 2017

SUMMARY STATEMENT

During neural tube development, PI3K pathway promotes cell survival and provides the apical-basal navigation clues that define the final location of neurons in the epithelium.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are signal transducers of many biological processes. Class 1A PI3Ks are hetero dimers formed by a regulatory and a catalytic subunit. We have used the developing chicken neural tube (NT) to study the roles played by PI3K during the process of cell proliferation and differentiation. Notably, we have observed that in addition to its well characterized anti apoptotic activity, PI3K also plays a crucial role in intra epithelial cell positioning, and unlike its role in survival that mainly depends on AKT, the activity in cell positioning is mediated by Rho GTPase family members. Additionally, we have observed that activating mutations of PI3K that are remarkably frequent in many human cancers, cause an unrestrained basal migration of the neuroepithelial cells that end up breaking through the basal membrane invading the surrounding mesenchymal tissue. The mechanism described in this work contribute not only to acquire a greater knowledge of the intraepithelial cell positioning process, but also give new clues on how activating mutations of PI3K contribute to cell invasion during the first stages of tumour dissemination.
Crystal structures of two bicyclo[5.1.0]octanes: potassiumtrans-bicyclo[5.1.0]octane-4-carboxylate monohydrate andcis-bicyclo[5.1.0]octan-4-yl 4-bromobenzenesulfonate
Authors: Corfield Peter W. R. , Kershaw Richard A.
Published: August 2017

The crystal structures of thetrans-fused compound potassiumtrans-bicyclo[5.1.0]octane-4-carboxylate monohydrate, K+·C9H13O2−·H2O, (I), and ofcis-bicyclo[5.1.0]octan-4-yl 4-bromobenzenesulfonate, C14H17BrO3S, (II), have been determined. Compound (I) represents the smallesttrans-fused cyclopropane structure known to date, and features the expectedshorteningof the bridging C—C bond relative to the other cyclopropane bond lengths, in contrast to thecis-fused system, (II), where all of the cyclopropane bond lengths are the same. The bicyclic ring system of (I) is disordered across a crystallographic mirror plane. The geometries of thecis-fused andtrans-fused ring systems are compared.
Managing people and learning in organisational change projects
Authors: Shaw David
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the influence of people management practices on the outcomes of organisational change projects through their contributions to organisational learning. The contributions to their outcomes of particular corporate and project-specific people management practices are considered.

Design/methodology/approach

Case studies of two organisational change projects undertaken by Arts Council England during 2006-2007 are used to examine how far and in what ways people management practices influence the outcomes of such projects. Organisational change is considered as an instance of organisational learning, which in turn is examined in relation to the twin activities of developing new ideas and internal sense-making.

Findings

Evidence is presented that certain people management practices, individually and in combination, influence the outcomes of organisational change projects significantly through their contributions to organisational learning.

Research limitations/implications

Research into the influence of particular people management practices, and the contexts and processes through which it is exerted, is necessary to develop more generalisable conclusions. This influence is liable to be invisible to less granular research into people management as a general construct.

Originality/value

Research into the use of project management methods specifically to implement organisational change is sparse. The findings of this paper contradict findings from research into the influence of people management on project outcomes in general, which suggest that it does not have a significant effect.
Apparel sourcing in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Adikorley Ruth Dede , Thoney-Barletta Kristin , Joines Jeff , Rothenberg Lori
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine why Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is not currently a major player in producing apparel for the US market and determine if SSA is likely to become one because of several opportunities that the region offers, including relatively low labor wages, an ample labor force and duty-free access to the USA through the 10-year renewal of AGOA.

Design/methodology/approach

In-depth interviews were conducted with eight high-level executives in apparel sourcing and trade agencies to obtain their views on the opportunities and challenges of sourcing in SSA in relation to other major apparel sourcing regions. A descriptive analysis of the qualitative data was used to answer three research questions.

Findings

The findings reveal that SSA is a competitive region to source from, because of low labor wages and the duty-free benefits through AGOA. However, several challenges hinder a significant increase in sourcing from SSA. The executives recommended that for SSA to be a significant force in the global apparel market, vertical supply chains should be developed, where raw materials like fabric are sourced from within the country/region and SSA governments should become more involved in business environment improvements.

Originality/value

At present, there is limited academic literature on sourcing and supplier selection in Africa, particularly in textile and apparel sourcing in SSA. Based on interviews from high-level executives engaged in the sourcing decision-making process, this study reveals the benefits, challenges and opportunities for sourcing apparel from SSA countries.
Sleepwalking through the Anthropocene
Authors: Sklair Leslie
Published: August 2017

This article reviews seven recent books on the Anthropocene, from which three major narratives are extracted. First, while posing problems, the Anthropocene is seen as a ‘great opportunity’ for business, science and technology; second, it is recognised that the planet and humanity itself are in danger, but if we are clever enough we can save ourselves and the planet with technological fixes; third, we are in great danger, humanity cannot go on living and consuming as we do now, we must change our ways of life radically – by ending capitalism and creating new types of societies.
Association of Varroa destructor females in multiply infested cells of the honeybee Apis mellifera
Authors: Beaurepaire Alexis L. , Ellis James D. , Krieger Klemens J. , Moritz Robin F. A.
Published: August 2017

The genetic diversity of Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman) is limited outside its natural range due to population bottlenecks and its propensity to inbreed. In light of the arms race between V. destructor and its honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) host, any mechanism enhancing population admixture of the mite may be favored. One way that admixture can occur is when two genetically dissimilar mites coinvade a brood cell, with the progeny of the foundresses admixing. We determined the relatedness of 393 pairs of V. destructor foundresses, each pair collected from a single bee brood cell (n = five colonies). We used six microsatellites to identify the genotypes of mites coinvading a cell and calculated the frequency of pairs with different or the same genotypes. We found no deviation from random coinvasion, but the frequency of cells infested by mites with different genotypes was high. This rate of recombination, coupled with a high transmission rate of mites, homogenized the allelic pool of mites within the apiary.
Prognostic significance of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society classification of stage I lung adenocarcinoma: A retrospective study based on analysis of 110 Chinese patients
Authors: Zhao Xin , Zhang Yi , Qian Kun , Zhao Lan , Wang Wei , Teng Liang H.
Published: August 2017

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between predominant subtype, classification, and prognosis in Chinese stage I lung adenocarcinoma patients according to the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) International Multidisciplinary Lung Adenocarcinoma Classification.

Methods

Between 2000 and 2010, 110 patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma underwent surgery at Xuanwu Hospital. Two pathologists independently reclassified all resected specimens according to the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis.

Results

There were no cases of adenocarcinoma in situ, and three cases of minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. There were 107 cases of invasive adenocarcinoma: 12 lepidic, 32 acinar, 30 papillary, 18 micropapillary, and 15 solid predominant subtypes. Patients with micropapillary and solid predominant tumors had significantly poorer disease‐free survival compared to those with other subtypes of predominant tumors (P = 0.021). Multivariate analysis revealed that the new classification (P = 0.003) and T stage (P = 0.034) were independent predictors of disease‐free and overall survival, respectively.

Conclusion

The predominant subtype in the primary tumor was associated with prognosis in resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
microPop: Modelling microbial populations and communities in R
Authors: Kettle Helen , Holtrop Grietje , Louis Petra , Flint Harry J.
Published: August 2017

Microbial communities perform highly dynamic and complex ecosystem functions that impact plants, animals and humans. Here we present an R‐package, microPop, which is a dynamic model based on a functional representation of different microbiota.

microPop simulates the dynamics and interactions of microbial populations by solving a system of ordinary differential equations that are constructed automatically based on a description of the system.

Data frames for a number of microbial functional groups (MFG) and default functions for rates of microbial growth, resource uptake, metabolite production are provided but can be modified or replaced by the user.

microPop can simulate growth in a single compartment (e.g. bio‐reactor) or “compartments” in series (e.g. human colon) or in a simple 1D application (e.g. phytoplankton in a water column). Furthermore, an MFG may contain multiple strains in order to study adaptation and diversity or parameter uncertainty. Also simple interactions between viruses (bacteriophages) and bacteria can be included in microPop.

microPop is hosted on CRAN and can be installed directly from within R. This paper describes version 1.3 of microPop. The code is also hosted on GitHub for future development (https://github.com/HelenKettle/microPop).
ToxTrac: A fast and robust software for tracking organisms
Authors: Rodriguez Alvaro , Zhang Hanqing , Klaminder Jonatan , Brodin Tomas , Andersson Patrik L. , Andersson Magnus
Published: August 2017

Behavioural analysis based on video recording is becoming increasingly popular within research fields such as; ecology, medicine, ecotoxicology and toxicology. However, the programs available to analyse the data, which are free of cost, user‐friendly, versatile, robust, fast and provide reliable statistics for different organisms (invertebrates, vertebrates and mammals) are significantly limited.

We present an automated open‐source executable software (ToxTrac) for image‐based tracking that can simultaneously handle several organisms monitored in a laboratory environment. We compare the performance of ToxTrac with current accessible programs on the web.

The main advantages of ToxTrac are as follows: (i) no specific knowledge of the geometry of the tracked bodies is needed; (ii) processing speed, ToxTrac can operate at a rate >25 frames per second in HD videos using modern computers; (iii) simultaneous tracking of multiple organisms in multiple arenas; (iv) integrated distortion correction and camera calibration; (v) robust against false positives; (vi) preservation of individual identification; (vii) useful statistics and heat maps in real scale are exported in image, text and excel formats.

ToxTrac can be used for high speed tracking of insects, fish, rodents or other species, and provides useful locomotor information in animal behavior experiments. Download ToxTrac here: https://toxtrac.sourceforge.io (Current version v2.61).
Sex differences in lifespan extension with acarbose and 17‐α estradiol: gonadal hormones underlie male‐specific improvements in glucose tolerance and mTORC2 signaling
Authors: Garratt Michael , Bower Brian , Garcia Gonzalo G. , Miller Richard A.
Published: August 2017

Interventions that extend lifespan in mice can show substantial sexual dimorphism. Here, we show that male‐specific lifespan extension with two pharmacological treatments, acarbose (ACA) and 17‐α estradiol (17aE2), is associated, in males only, with increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Females, which show either smaller (ACA) or no lifespan extension (17aE2), do not derive these metabolic benefits from drug treatment. We find that these male‐specific metabolic improvements are associated with enhanced hepatic mTORC2 signaling, increased Akt activity, and phosphorylation of FOXO1a – changes that might promote metabolic health and survival in males. By manipulating sex hormone levels through gonadectomy, we show that sex‐specific changes in these metabolic pathways are modulated, in opposite directions, by both male and female gonadal hormones: Castrated males show fewer metabolic responses to drug treatment than intact males, and only those that are also observed in intact females, while ovariectomized females show some responses similar to those seen in intact males. Our results demonstrate that sex‐specific metabolic benefits occur concordantly with sexual dimorphism in lifespan extension. These sex‐specific effects can be influenced by the presence of both male and female gonadal hormones, suggesting that gonadally derived hormones from both sexes may contribute to sexual dimorphism in responses to interventions that extend mouse lifespan.
Spontaneous testicular atrophy occurs despite normal spermatogonial proliferation in a Tp53 knockout rat
Authors: Dai M. S. , Hall S. J. , Vantangoli Policelli M. M. , Boekelheide K. , Spade D. J.
Published: August 2017

The tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53) has many functions in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair and is also involved in spermatogenesis in the mouse. To evaluate the role of p53 in spermatogenesis in the rat, we characterized testis biology in adult males of a novel p53 knockout rat (SD‐Tp53tm1sage). p53 knockout rats exhibited variable levels of testicular atrophy, including significantly decreased testis weights, atrophic seminiferous tubules, decreased seminiferous tubule diameter, and elevated spermatocyte TUNEL labeling rates, indicating a dysfunction in spermatogenesis. Phosphorylated histone H2AX protein levels and distribution were similar in the non‐atrophic seminiferous tubules of both genotypes, showing evidence of pre‐synaptic DNA double‐strand breaks in leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes, preceding cell death in p53 knockout rat testes. Quantification of the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) proliferation rate with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, in addition to staining with the undifferentiated type A spermatogonial marker GDNF family receptor alpha‐1 (GFRA1), indicated that the undifferentiated spermatogonial population was normal in p53 knockout rats. Following exposure to 0.5 or 5 Gy X‐ray, p53 knockout rats exhibited no germ cell apoptotic response beyond their unirradiated phenotype, while germ cell death in wild‐type rat testes was elevated to a level similar to the unexposed p53 knockout rats. This study indicates that seminiferous tubule atrophy occurs following spontaneous, elevated levels of spermatocyte death in the p53 knockout rat. This phenomenon is variable across individual rats. These results indicate a critical role for p53 in rat germ cell survival and spermatogenesis.
Intrapartum obstetric care in the United States military: Comparison of military and civilian care systems within TRICARE
Authors: Ranjit Anju , Jiang Wei , Zhan Tiannan , Kimsey Linda , Staat Bart , Witkop Catherine T. , Little Sarah E. , Haider Adil H. , Robinson Julian N.
Published: August 2017

Background

Expectant mothers who are beneficiaries of TRICARE (universal insurance to United States Armed Services members and their dependents) can choose to receive care within direct (salary‐based) or purchased (fee‐for‐service) care systems. We sought to compare frequency of intrapartum obstetric procedures and outcomes such as severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) and common postpartum complications between direct and purchased care systems within TRICARE.

Methods

TRICARE (2006‐2010) claims data were used to identify deliveries. Patient demographics, frequency of types of delivery (noninstrumental vaginal, cesarean, and instrumental vaginal), comorbid conditions, SAMM, and common postpartum complications were compared between the two systems of care. Multivariable models adjusted for patient clinical/demographic factors determined the odds of common complications and SAMM complications in purchased care compared with direct care.

Results

A total of 440 138 deliveries were identified. Compared with direct care, purchased care had higher frequency (30.9% vs 25.8%, P<.001) and higher adjusted odds (aOR 1.37 [CI 1.34‐1.38]) of cesarean delivery. In stratified analysis by mode of delivery, purchased care had lower odds of common complications for all modes of delivery (aOR[CI]:noninstrumental vaginal: 0.72 [0.71‐0.74], cesarean: 0.71 [0.68‐0.75], instrumental vaginal: 0.64 [0.60‐0.68]) than direct care. However, purchased care had higher odds of SAMM complications for cesarean delivery (aOR 1.31 [CI 1.19‐1.44]) compared with direct care.

Conclusion

Direct care has a higher vaginal delivery rate but also a higher rate of common complications compared with purchased care. Study of direct and purchased care systems in TRICARE may have potential use as a surrogate for comparing obstetric care between salary‐based systems and fee‐for‐service systems in the United States.
Academic research and engagement with the Canadian public service: Insights from three surveys
Authors: Migone Andrea R. , Brock Kathy L.
Published: August 2017

This article explores the area of research engagement between two very important communities in the Canadian public policy landscape: academics and senior public service executives. Using data from three surveys, we argue that while public sector executives may be more receptive to academic research than the literature suggests, academic advice and knowledge remain underutilized. While there does not seem to be a strong cleavage between the two groups, they also tend to come together mostly under very specific conditions. Oddly enough, academics do not seem to be troubled by the underutilization of their research.
Close Friendship Strength and Broader Peer Group Desirability as Differential Predictors of Adult Mental Health
Authors: Narr Rachel K. , Allen Joseph P. , Tan Joseph S. , Loeb Emily L.
Published: August 2017

Middle adolescents’ close friendship strength and the degree to which their broader peer group expressed a preference to affiliate with them were examined as predictors of relative change in depressive symptoms, self‐worth, and social anxiety symptoms from ages 15 to 25 using multimethod, longitudinal data from 169 adolescents. Close friendship strength in midadolescence predicted relative increases in self‐worth and decreases in anxiety and depressive symptoms by early adulthood. Affiliation preference by the broader peer group, in contrast, predicted higher social anxiety by early adulthood. Results are interpreted as suggesting that adolescents who prioritize forming close friendships are better situated to manage key social developmental tasks going forward than adolescents who prioritize attaining preference with many others in their peer milieu.