bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
This Utility Business
Authors: Clark E. M.
Published: February 2018

In this article, E.M. Clark of Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., St. Louis, MO, addresses the 1963 AWWA Annual Conference. He begins by providing a brief history of water supply, along with a discussion on the characteristics of public utilities focusing on the function of providing a service or commodity to any and all members of a community. He discusses utility operations, profits, personnel, competition, obligations of a monopoly, advances in telephone communications, public relations, customer relations, publicity, news media, and public speakers.
Determination of Optimum Storage in Distribution System Design
Authors: Brock Dan A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses distribution system storage that is provided for hourly load leveling, or equalization, and as a reserve against fire and interruption of service. In larger cities the pressure system storages provided for equalization are relatively large, and portions of such storage held in reserve will generally be larger than the National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU) fire flow reserve requirements. The volume of equalization storage required is a function of demand pattern. Storage may be in the immediate pressure system, or upstream of it on the ground at input points. In‐system storage is generally elevated; the apportionment of total storage between ground and elevated storage depends on economic and hydraulic factors. Transmission main cost is the only substantially significant economic factor dictating in‐system storage. Investigation of the Dallas water demand pattern in conjunction with examination of the Dallas electric‐power billing rate eliminates peak electric‐power demand charges as a factor in sizing in‐system elevated storage. Elevated storage is intrinsically useful in the operation of a pressure system; therefore, a certain amount of elevated storage can always be justified. The determination of the capacities of all storage facilities is not complete until due consideration is given to the cycle of discharge and replenishment.
Effect of Flow Rate on Carbon Filter Performance
Authors: Rambow Carl A.
Published: February 2018

This study investigates the fraction of an adsorbed contaminant that can be subsequently removed from an activated carbon filter for analysis and measurement. The study investigated whether the flow rate of 10.2 gpm/sq ft could be substantially increased without seriously reducing the efficiency of removal of organic materials from the water. For the purposes of this study, the variable was flow rate. It was also necessary to explore the effect of adsorbate concentration at some length, as the proposed application of the carbon filters (field sampling for organic pesticides) involved extremely small concentrations of adsorbate. Such concentrations (1 ppb or less) are difficult to work with in the laboratory, and much of the experimentation was done at adsorbate concentrations two to four orders of magnitude greater, and predictions of performance at lower concentrations were made, in part, by extrapolation of results.
Wichita's Past, Present, and Future Water Supply
Authors: Lawrence Ray E. , Hess Robert H.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the water supply of Wichita, Kansas, and the development of the Equus Beds water supply. The Cheney Reservoir water supply project is discussed, particularly water management considerations.
Community Water Supply Development in Iran
Authors: Stevens Charles S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses community water supply development in Iran, beginning with its early development prior to 1950, and continuing on to cover modern development since 1950, Iranian development agencies, present status of development, projected development, planning and design, and currently active programs.
Water Utility Financing and Rate Making
Authors: Slater Harry G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the basic elements of rate cases. The article discusses how rates and the financing of a municipally owned water utility are complementary to each other. No program to finance the expansion of a water utility can succeed unless the revenues of the utility are sufficient to cover the debt created. Three types of bonds for financing the acquisition or expansion of a water utility are presented, along with two types of bond issues, factors related to a utility rate case, class rates, and the effect of fire protection.
Function and Value of an Automotive Safety Program
Authors: Summers Oliver W.
Published: February 2018

This article relates some of the author's experiences of the past 25 years that bear on safety in order to inspire others to be more active in making their utilities safer places to work in. The article focuses on maintenance of a utility's automotive fleet as one of the most important phases of a safety program. The objectives and administrative responsibility of a motor vehicle maintenance program are presented, along with committee inspection of the fleet, provision of proper vehicle safety equipment, an employee training program, driver physical fitness, accident reports, recognition of safe drivers, the importance of drivers' records, costs of accidents, effect of safety on public relations, and off‐the‐job safety.
Water Utility Safety Program at Long Beach
Authors: McCallister Robert C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Long Beach Water Department's (LBWD's) safety program. Program support is discussed at four levels of management starting with the Board of Water Commissioners for the City of Long Beach, California, the executive management level, the performance management level, and the immediate supervisory level. In addition to the support of these management levels, LBWD has two safety committees: the accident prevention committee; and, the employees' safety committee. The duties and purposes of both committees are provided.
1962 USPHS Summary of Municipal Water Facilities in Communities of 25,000 or More
Authors: Jenkins Kenneth H.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a summary of the 1962 U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Inventory of Municipal Water Facilities in Communities of 25,000 or More. The inventory includes 781 communities of 25,000 or more served by water supply facilities, an increase of 153 communities, almost 25 per cent more than in 1960. The number of water supply facilities included in the inventory is 905, an increase of 199 from 1960.
Public Relations and Water Utilities
Authors: West Madison F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of public relations in the water industry, and presents a formula which is helpful in thinking about public relations, credited to Dan Forrestal, former president of the Public Relations Society of America. Requirements of a good public relations program are also provided.
Distribution Main Extension Policy in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Baarslag Hendrik S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a survey of 110 cities in the Pacific Northwest regarding policies for the extension of residential distribution mains. The particular policy followed is not as important as its equitable administration and equal treatment of all residential consumers. The survey results show average conditions throughout the Northwest, and cities and water utilities were categorized according to population served. In some instances, the data was also broken down by states. Efforts were made to show regional rather than local municipal conditions.
Progressing Toward AWWA's Objectives
Authors: Copley John G.
Published: February 2018

In his address to AWWA's 1963 Annual Conference, John G. Copley, President, American Water Works Association, hopes he can carry forward a balanced program, continuing the past areas of emphasis and bringing on new ideas. The topics he focuses on include: the education needs of the water supply profession, specifically a certification program for operators; management seminars and conferences to keep managers up with the changing times; the proper use of research funding; and, the broader goals of membership promotion, water quality standards and realistic water rates to finance construction to meet the needs of a growing population.
Source and Persistence of Nematodes in Surface Waters
Authors: Chaudhuri N. , Siddiqi R. , Engelbrecht R. S.
Published: February 2018

This paper consists of: an evaluation of methods used in sampling, collecting, and counting nematodes from water; a study of the proportional contribution of seepage, runoff, and waste treatment plants to the total nematode concentration in streams; and, an investigation of the persistence of nematodes in streams. Initially, three separate studies were conducted to evaluate the contribution of nematodes from waste treatment plants and from surface and subsurface drainage. A comprehensive study was then made of the Boneyard‐Saline Branch drainage system in central Illinois to investigate the relative contribution of nematodes of the sources mentioned and the persistence of nematodes in streams.
Modified Form of Diatomite Filtration Equation
Authors: Baumann E. Robert , Oulman Charles S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a modified form of the diatomite filtration equation. The use of average specific resistances a1, and a2 in the diatomite filtration equation corresponds to established filtration practice and it relates the resistance of the clean filter aid in the precoat to that of the dirty filter aid in the rest of the cake.
Varieties of In‐Service Training
Authors: Kraras Jack N.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing the importance of in‐service training. The Arkansas Power and Light Company is presented as an example of how an in‐service development plan works. Topics covered include: specialized training; preparation for a program; and, outside community resources.
Quality and Cost Evaluation of Treatment Processes for a Specific Water
Authors: Hanson Loring E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study by the East Bay Municipal Utility District to determine whether any of several other methods of treatment would provide qualitative or economic advantages over the rapid sand filtration process that has been used with the same raw water for the past 28 years. Treatment methods considered for the new Walnut Creek treatment plant were: rapid sand filtration; anthracite, sand and anthracite, and diatomaceous‐earth filtration; microstrainers; and, high‐ and conventional‐rate sedimentation. The use of these methods was studied both as single‐stage processes and as one stage of two‐stage processes. The present‐worth method was selected for making the economic evaluation, as this seemed the most convenient method of accounting for the four types of costs that include constant costs, such as those for construction.
History and Description of the Oahu Water Plan
Authors: Morgan Edward J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the history and development of the Oahu Water Plan, for the island of Oahu in the state of Hawaii.
Improvement of Customer Relations Through Public Opinion Surveys
Authors: Longman William M.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing the importance of public opinion to organizations and institutions, and specifically to utilities. Four major procedures are discussed for systematically assessing public opinion, including mail surveys, telephone interviews, group meetings, and face‐to‐face interviews. The fourth category, face‐to‐face surveys, is the focus of the article. The three steps to this kind of survey are questionnaires, a sampling plan, and interviews. Customer complaints, results of polls, and do‐it‐yourself surveys are all discussed.
Increased Scope for Customer Service
Authors: Burzell Linden R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a new aspect of customer service that has become increasingly important to the industry, that of positive public relations. It also discusses increasing the level of service offered by the water utilities, and provides examples of new water service trends in San Francisco, along with new trends at gas and electric utilities. The complexity of domestic water systems requires professional services, and special inspection of low pressure service calls are discussed.
Types of Variable‐Speed Pump Controls in Water Service
Authors: Ambrosini Arnold
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the types of variable‐speed pump controls in water service including: fluid coupling; eddy current clutch; liquid rheostat with wound‐rotor motor; mechanical pulleys; and, saturable‐core reactors.
Cathodic Protection in Congested Areas
Authors: West Lewis H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses cathodic protection of buried pipeline. Galvanic anodes are discussed, along with rectifiers, joint operation, and a comparison of alternatives.
Effects of Synthetic Detergents on Lime–Soda Ash Treatment
Authors: Malina Joseph F. , Tiyaporn Supote
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study to evaluate the effects of a standard alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) solution, condensed phosphates, orthophosphate, and a commercial syndet on the softening of lake water by lime treatment alone and by lime‐soda ash treatment, and investigates the removal of phosphates and ABS by lime and soda ash. Water samples were analyzed before and after treatment and the concentration of alkalinity, hardness, ABS, hydrogen ions, orthophosphate, and total phosphate was recorded. The analytic procedures used in these studies were in accordance with Standard Methods.
Application of Fluorescent Tracing Techniques to Hydrologic Studies
Authors: Wright Robert R. , Collings Michael R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of Rhodamine B as a suitable tracer in hydrologic studies.
Effect of Impurities on Precipitation of Calcium
Authors: Schonfeld Ernest
Published: February 2018

This article describes studies conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) of the effects of impurities such as sodium hexametaphosphate, alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS) and various phosphates, fluorides, oxalates, and the chelating agent ethylenediamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) and the elimination of these effects by modifications of both the lime‐soda ash and alkali phosphate softening processes. In some of the tests, the impurities were added to ORNL tap water to determine their individual effects on the final calcium concentrations. These results are pertinent because the process wastewater has nearly the same gross composition as the tap water. In other tests, the softening of process wastewater itself, with its variety of impurities and algae, was studied.
Then as Now–Better Men for Better Service
Authors: Copley John G.
Published: February 2018

This article presents an address made by the then Past‐President Peter Milne on the occasion of the opening of the Sixth Annual Conference of the Association in 1886 in Denver. John Copley, AWWA Past‐President and author of this article, uses the address to kick off the theme of the 1964 AWWA Conference in Toronto, “Better Men for Better Service.”
New Concept in Water Service for Developing Countries
Authors: Borjesson E. K. G. , Bobeda Carlos M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses three small areas of the city of Asuncion, Paraguay, where a new concept of water service and distribution was developed that provided for a permanent healthful water supply in adequate amounts to individual dwellings at a price that the customer could afford and that would also pay for the service.
Determination of Service Life of Mass Plant Items
Authors: Adams John C.
Published: February 2018

In the regulation of water utilities by state agencies, the useful service life of the several types and classifications of operating property plays a critical part in the determination of rates and charges. In nonregulated water utilities, the expected service life is important in financing and in long‐range planning. The life expectancy of proposed improvements is a prime consideration in determining their feasibility and size. The often wide variance in estimated service lives given by engineers emphasizes the need for a more scientific approach that will reduce the judgment factor in such estimates. The selection of the applicable survivor curve and the determination of the average service life can be made by the following four actuarial analyses: retirement rate, original‐group, individual‐unit, and simulated plant balances methods. This article focuses on the retirement rate method, considered the most reliable, as it is based on the collection and compilation of data on all property in service during a recent period, usually 3‐30 years.
Application of Engineering to Well Construction and Development at Vernon
Authors: Williams James W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses engineering techniques that aided in the completion of a well for the city of Vernon, California, with a greater specific capacity and far less sand production than any previous city well. The well has been equipped with a 300‐hp, 1,700‐gpm turbine, has been pumping directly into the distribution main, and during its brief 24 months in production, has been performing excellently. Tested sand production has been averaging less than 10 ppm at 10 min after startup and less than 0.01 ppm during continuous operation. These characteristics result in substantially reduced costs as compared to the best of the other city wells.
Streaming Potentials in Diatomite Filtration of Water
Authors: Oulman Charles S. , Baumann E. Robert
Published: February 2018

The purposes of this study were to: determine from streaming potential measurements the zeta potential of representative grades of diatomite used in water filtration; determine the effect of chemically treated water on the zeta potential of diatomite filter aids; and, determine the effect of electropositive materials used for coating diatomite on the zeta potential of coated filter aids. A smal1 acrylic plastic filter equipped with silver‐silver chloride electrodes was used as a streaming potential cell in this study. Streaming potentials were measured and recorded with a recording potentiometer that was connected across the two electrodes. Head losses were measured with a differential manometer containing bromoform for a manometer fluid. Filtration rates were indicated with a rotameter and were checked volumetrically during each filter run with a graduated cylinder as a check on the rotameter.
Reevaluation of the Significance of the Coliform Bacteria
Authors: Clark Harold F. , Kabler Paul W.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to develop criteria for interpreting the significance of the coliform group or some of its subdivisions in the investigation of polluted waters. A brief review of the scientific basis for the use of the coliform group as a pollution indicator is presented, along with suggested criteria for resolving some of the difficulties in the interpretation of data with respect to the presence of coliform bacteria in various types of waters. The scientific basis for the use of the coliform groups as pollution indicators is reviewed and the various methods used in interpreting coliform data are discussed.
Waterborne‐Disease Outbreaks, 1946–60
Authors: Weibel S. R. , Dixon F. R. , Weidner R. B. , McCabe L. J.
Published: February 2018

During the 15‐year period of 1946‐ 1960, there were 228 known outbreaks of disease or poisoning attributed to drinking water. This article reviews the outbreaks, with particular emphasis on the types of deficiencies in water supply systems or personnel that allowed the outbreaks to occur.
Freshening of Deer Point Lake, Bay County, Florida
Authors: Toler L. G. , Musgrove R. H. , Foster J. B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a water resources study in Florida conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Florida Geological Survey. It describes the construction of a saltwater barrier across the inland extension of North Bay, a saline estuary of the Econfina Creek drainage basin. The barrier consists of a sheet piling dam and extends across the estuary at Deer Point. A 24‐in. siphon extending from the bottom of the lake through the dam provides a means for the removal of saline water from the bottom of the lake. The filling of the reservoir provided an opportunity to observe the freshening of the lake and the effect of the higher lake levels on the local groundwater supplies.
Analog and Digital Computers in Distribution System Analysis
Authors: Loehr Raymond C.
Published: February 2018

The study reported in this article summarizes distribution system analyses made by four consulting engineers for four different communities. These analyses were made with both an analog computer and a digital computer. The costs, time, advantages and disadvantages of each computer, and suggestions for their possible combined use are discussed.
Evaluation of Diatomite Filters for Water Plants
Authors: Schmitt Richard P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses experimental studies conducted by the U.S. Army at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, to evaluate rapid sand, pressure diatomite, and vacuum diatomite filters with coagulated water under conditions where transportability was not a principal requirement. In all of the filter operations, routine measurements of turbidity and color reductions were made and samples were examined periodically for algae count and bacteriologic content. Characteristics of the three different filter systems are summarized, and analysis of the data reveals that the sand filter produced the longest run and the best average run, with the least power requirement. This article includes a discussion by J. Ray Scrivener with BIF Industries, Philadelphia, Pa.
Distribution Personnel Improvement Program at Indianapolis
Authors: Williams Raymond L.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a program at the Indianapolis Water Company to improve the performance and morale of its distribution department employees. Selection of employees is discussed, along with employee training, supervisory development, establishing work standards, motivating employees, and employee evaluation.
Color Suppression in the Hollywood, Florida, Water Supply
Authors: Laurie Gavin W. , Southwell Firmin
Published: February 2018

This article presents a study on the origin of color in the potable water supply of Hollywood, Florida, and remedial measures for reducing it to within required limits. Raw water obtained directly from the wells had a color of 10‐20 units, indicating that the subsequent color increase was the result of additional iron pickup in the system or improper water treatment. It was determined that the ferrous iron present in the raw water was oxidized to ferric upon aeration and was imparting additional color to the supply. Extensive experimentation and pilot plant studies indicated the use of polyphosphates as the most effective method of treatment.
Effect on Filtration of Polyelectrolyte Coatings of Diatomite Filter Media
Authors: Oulman Charles S. , Burns Donald E. , Baumann E. Robert
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study to determine and evaluate the properties of synthetic organic polyelectrolytes for coating diatomite. Three cationic polyelectrolytes were tested and evaluated in terms of the amount needed to form a coating, the effect of the coatings on the hydraulic permeability of the filter cake formed, and the effect on the properties of the coated media of the pH of the water being filtered. Those coated media that were not made materially less permeable by the coating will be field tested to evaluate their effectiveness for removing suspended solids from water.
Cold‐Weather Problems of Surface Water Plants
Authors: King Jack H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses cold weather problems of surface water plants and solutions that include basin de‐icers, multifunctional filters, heated intake structures, and retardation of chemical reactions.
USPHS Activities and the Water Industry
Authors: Atkins Callis H.
Published: February 2018

Among major issues of concern to the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) are the increasing amounts and kinds of pollutants being discharged into U.S. waters; the effects on man, animals, fish, and wildlife of exposure to these wastes; the need for improved methods of sewage and industrial waste treatment; the low efficiency of some water purification plants in the removal of viruses and dissolved pollutants; and, the lack of adequate water supply and sewerage facilities in urban fringe areas. The article discusses methods used by the USPHS to combat the effects of water pollution.
Chemical Analysis of Radioactive Materials in Water
Authors: Craft T. F. , Erb T. L. , Hill D. F.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the quantitative analysis of water for radioactive elements. Chemical procedures are presented, along with such topics as radiostrontium, radiocesium, radioiodine, total rare‐earth activity, instrumentation, preconcentration methods, and detector development.
Corrosion Characteristics of Ductile Iron
Authors: Que F. L. La
Published: February 2018

This article discusses corrosion characteristics of ductile iron. Topics covered include: ferritic and pearlitic matrices; corrosion resistance; galvanic effects; cathodic protection; soil corrosion tests; and, strength.
Watersheds and Recreational Land Use in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Benedetti A. J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the municipal watershed areas in the Pacific Northwest that are coming under increasing pressure from government agencies and proponents of recreational interests who believe there is a need to utilize these areas for unrestricted access and recreational development. The article cites current federal government studies and statistical information regarding the recreational potential and utilization of the areas presently set aside and available for recreation. Topics covered include: Washington watersheds and recreation; disease transmission; misuse and overuse; treatment and costs; and, federal recommendations.
Programed Instruction
Authors: Kramer Harry P.
Published: February 2018

Programmed instruction is a new technique in the field of education, a radical departure from classic teaching approaches. It presents the first technologic approach to education. The method's emphasis is placed on the behavior of the trainee at the conclusion of the course. What this behavior should be is detailed in specific language so there can be no misconception regarding the trainee's capabilities at the end of the instruction. A programmed course is prepared for the trainee and tested with trainees; most conventional textbooks are written for the teacher.
Guardian System for the Continuous Operation of Large Soxhlet Extractors
Authors: Buxton Kenneth S. , Cox William S.
Published: February 2018

The carbon adsorption method is used by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and other investigators of water quality to recover dissolved organic constituents from water. This process involves the slow passage of water through activated carbon to achieve adsorption. Desorption is accomplished in the laboratory by use of large Soxhlet extractors and requires 24 hrs. or more of extraction. An automatic guardian system, designed to permit safe unattended operation of the apparatus, is described in this article.
Water, Men, and Management
Authors: Allen E. Jerry
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the need for management within the water utilities that recognizes the economics involved in the water industry and makes use of technologic developments to solve the problems of local water shortages. The growing need for top‐level water works men has been recognized by AWWA, as evidenced by the programs and management seminars sponsored by AWWA to develop managers. The article also discusses the need for greater public awareness of the growing costs of providing high quality water to the public where it wants it, when it wants it, and in the quantity it wants.
Research Needs for Drinking Water
Authors: Kramer Harry P.
Published: February 2018

This article provides an analysis of the status of research needs in the area of drinking water quality. It emphasizes factors relating to water reuse in areas of high population density and intensive industrialization. The article includes a discussion by A.P. Black and J.J. Morgan that summarizes the major themes in the author's discussion of research needs in drinking water, and discusses how to focus on the high‐priority problems that require immediate attention. The article recommends that all conventional treatment processes be re‐examined to make them more effective in achieving the goal of producing safe and aesthetically pleasing water.
New York State Water Law
Authors: Adams Armand L.
Published: February 2018

New York State has both a common law of water rights, and a great body of statutory law to supplement it. The principal statutory provisions are found in Article 5 of the state Conservation Law, now known as the Water Resources Law, which sets forth the powers, duties, and responsibilities of the Water Resources Commission, as well as other provisions of the Conservation Law generally. Other principal state laws having provisions affecting the use of water are listed in the article. The current Water Resources Law demonstrated early on the policy of the legislature to regulate and control the use of water as much as possible and still retain the basic common‐law water doctrines. The Water Resources Commission has general control of the water over which the state has jurisdiction. As stated before, this jurisdiction is only over state‐owned waters or waters once privately owned, the water rights to which have been purchased and subjected to controlled public use. The article lists the major responsibilities of this commission.
Detection of Coliform Organisms by the Fluorescent‐Antibody Method
Authors: Lieber Maxim , Martin Alice Joan
Published: February 2018

This article discusses experimentation with the use of the fluorescent‐antibody (FA) technique as a test for the presence of coliform organisms in water. The method involves the use of a fluorescence microscope on unknown cultures (antigens) treated with solutions of fluorescein‐labeled antisera. The basic principle of the FA technique is presented and discussed in the article.
Stream Pollution by Chemical Spills From Common Carriers
Authors: Gillenwater Lyhle E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses chemical spills entering the streams of West Virginia resulting from accidents involving common carriers. The Interstate Commerce Commission's (ICC's) classification of poisons is presented, along with shipping and handling regulations. Three examples of chemical spills in accidents involving common carriers are provided.
Determination of Radioactive Cobalt
Authors: Hahn Richard B. , Marsh Richard H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a method for the determination of Cobalt‐60 (Co60) that uses a spectrophotometric measurement to determine the recovery of cobalt carrier, rather than the gravimetric method used in other procedures. Radiocobalt is concentrated from the water sample by precipitation as cobalt hydroxide. The precipitate is dissolved in nitric acid and then converted to the complex thiocyanate, which is extracted into methylisobutyl ketone. The cobalt is back extracted into water and precipitated as potassium cobaltinitrite, which is dissolved in nitric acid to form soluble cobalt nitrate. This solution is gamma counted with a well‐type scintillation counter. Recovery of cobalt carrier is determined by measuring the absorbance of the cobalt nitrate solution at 510 mμ.
Basis for Rates
Authors: Hatcher Melvin P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses and compares two reports on water use and the basis for water rates. The first is a 1956 water rate report for Kansas City, Missouri, and contains a listing of average and maximum residential daily demand. The second report is an extensive water use research project that is being carried out at Johns Hopkins University. Its first phase, which was centered in the Baltimore metropolitan area and is now complete, was aimed mainly at improving design criteria for water distribution systems. The project's second phase is in its third year. This phase will include a study of water use patterns in 40 areas within eleven major cities.
Handling of Delinquent Accounts in Michigan
Authors: Harrington Stanford E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how to handle delinquent accounts. Michigan laws pertaining to delinquent water utility accounts are discussed, and presents Nankin Township's experience with delinquent accounts. The article also presents the questions and answers from a survey of Michigan communities in regard to their method of handling delinquent accounts.
Expansion of Treatment Facilities at Groton, Conn.
Authors: Cobb Edwin B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the expansion of water treatment facilities at Groton, Connecticut. In addition to a new reservoir and more water treatment capacity, a new 20‐in. main was needed to augment the supply of the large industrial plants in the area. Plant design alternatives are presented, along with alternative oxidation methods, the final design decision, and construction and operation.
Use of Liquid Alum in Water Plants
Authors: Ockershausen B. W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of liquid alum in water treatment plants. Topics covered include: past practice; reasons for interest; description; shipping; storage; distribution; and, cost of installations.
Experiences With Multiple‐Bed Filters
Authors: Shull Kenneth E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a long‐range experimental program by the research department of the Philadelphia Suburban Water Company on the possibilities of the new concept of multiple‐bed filters. This consisted first of laboratory experiments using glass column filters and then, following the excellent results obtained in the laboratory, a rebuilding of one of the standard filters at the company's Crum Creek plant. The results of nearly a year's operation with the two experimental filters were so encouraging that it was decided to rebuild all 22 filters at the Pickering Creek plant. The renovation program, which was begun in December 1963 and completed in February 1964, consisted of removing all existing sand and gravel from the filters and replacing them with new gravel, sand, and anthracite coal as previously described. It also included installation of a polyelectrolyte aid system.
Development and Dissipation of Ground Water Mounds Beneath Square Recharge Basins
Authors: Haskell E. E. , Bianchi W. C.
Published: February 2018

The shape and size of the groundwater mound are important in the selection and evaluation of a recharge facility. The rate of rise, height the mound reaches, and its lateral extent may be a concern in the operation of the recharge facility. A reasonable first step in the geometric description of the mound associated with a recharge basin is the instrumentation and observation of a field location through a recharge cycle. A square 2‐acre plot was instrumented to obtain field information for this description.
Earthquake Recovery at Anchorage
Authors: Duynslager William A.
Published: February 2018

The Anchorage, Alaska, water department has received many requests from interested utilities in other cities for information about its response to last year's earthquake. This article attempts to answer recurring questions about immediate steps taken for recovery, material failures, rehabilitation procedures, and lessons learned from the disaster.
Similar Hydraulic Characteristics of Three Sand Textures
Authors: Behnke Jerold J.
Published: February 2018

The author cautions that predicting the hydraulic characteristics of sand mixtures based solely on grain size without considering critical‐particle‐diameter ratios may lead to large errors. The author discusses similar velocity (saturated) and hydraulic conductivity values that were found for three different sand textures while conducting preliminary sedimentation studies.
Construction of the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct
Authors: Socha Max K.
Published: February 2018

The construction of the second Los Angeles aqueduct will complete the third and final phase of a project conceived and begun more than 60 years ago. The first two phases consisted of the original aqueduct and the Mono Basin Extension. The construction of the second Los Angeles aqueduct will achieve the full development of the water resources of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada in the Owens Valley and Mono Basin regions. This project is an important facet of the ultimate development of the statewide water program.
Supervisory‐Control System for the New Haven Water Co.
Authors: Henderson Kenneth W.
Published: February 2018

In 1962, the New Haven (Connecticut) Water Company installed a complete supervisory control system. A supervisory control system requires the transmission of a large number of different functions, either intermittently or continuously, in either or both directions. In order for a supervisory control system to be economically feasible, the transmission must be accomplished over a single interconnecting circuit. Of the several methods available, New Haven selected the method of frequency discrimination using audiotone equipment. The supervisory control systems that were installed by the New Haven utility provide for the operation of remote pumping stations and remote system‐regulating valves. In this article, only the control of remote pumping stations is discussed.
Control of Hydraulic Gradients by Automatic Valves
Authors: Lescovich Joseph E.
Published: February 2018

Hydraulic gradients can be controlled by using valves located strategically on a pipeline to reduce flow or pressure or both. This article discusses possible valve arrangements including those using pressure‐reducing valves, back‐pressure control valves, and throttling valves, operated either manually or by remote control.
Effects of Population Changes on Environmental‐Health Problems and Programs
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

The current revival of interest in the impact of environment upon man seems to be motivated by urbanization and industrialization. The purpose of this article is to examine the environment, with particular reference to its major changes, and the presumed consequent influence of such changes upon public health. The author proposes to accomplish this by using the methodology of the medical practitioner, through an examination of the patient (urban man in his environment), a diagnosis of his ills, and an attempt at suggested therapy.
Trends in Water Engineering in Great Britain
Authors: Skeat William O.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses water resources in the United Kingdom, particularly in England and Wales, and the current trend of dividing the old regime from the new order now being ushered in through the passing of the Water Resources Act of 1963. This legislation, the most advanced of its kind in the world, brings every water use in every river basin under a new controlling body, the river authority, which is responsible for all withdrawals in the area whether domestic, industrial, or agricultural.
Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Developments in the Far North
Authors: Boyd William L. , Boyd Josephine W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the establishment of the Arctic Research Laboratory near Barrow, Alaska, and the use of cold weather operations in the development of the water supply, water treatment, distribution, and sewage disposal.
Operating Options for Pumped Equalizing Storage
Authors: McPherson Murray B. , Wood Gary
Published: February 2018

There are two basic ways in which equalizing storage can be used by the operator of a service district with a pumped supply. Either the storage is unregulated and “floats” on the system for an extended period of time, or the storage is replenished, perhaps once each day, by manipulating the pumping schedule. This article discusses a hypothetical system comprised of a single pumped sendout, a distribution network, a single elevated storage site, and a constant‐suction water level. The pump shutoff and design heads, the volume, and the total depth and height of elevated storage have been held constant. Essentially, the pump design capacity was investigated to determine the effect of its quantity on recoverability of equalizing storage. Two operating options were considered: full daily recovery of storage by using higher‐capacity pumps; and, full recovery over about half of the year using a lower‐capacity pump, permitting the storage to float on the system. In the example presented, the annual power cost for the former appears to be 8 per cent higher. The range of pumping rates is greater, and the volume of storage utilized is less, for the daily full‐recovery option.
Suggested Rapid Method for Nitrate With Rhenium and Syn‐Phenyl‐2‐Pyridyl Ketoxime
Authors: Bloomfield Richard A. , Guyon John C. , Murmann R. Kent
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a method for the determination of nitrate that does not require extensive equipment, is free of the usual interferences, and requires no cumbersome heating or extraction steps. When syn‐phenyl‐2‐ pyridyl ketoxime and stannous chloride are added to an acidic solution containing the perrhenate ion, a color is formed from the complexation of the ligand with a reduced form of the rhenium. This procedure has been used as a method for the determination of rhenium. In this method it was found that the nitrate ion inhibited color formation. This interference has been investigated, and a quantitative spectrophotometric method for the nitrate ion has been developed.
75 Years of Too Cheap Water–9 Years Later
Authors: Murdoch John H.
Published: February 2018

This article argues the point that water is too cheap if its price is an impediment to good service and if its price is the reason for failure to provide the quality of water service the public needs. The low price may be commensurate with the existing quality, but the water is too cheap if its low cost blocks or discourages needed improvements.
Work Area Safety on Streets and Highways
Authors: Wyss Gerard A.
Published: February 2018

Water utilities are doing a good job in providing protection for their own employees, the motorists, and the pedestrians, but there is always room for improvement. There has been a great advancement in warning systems for both day and night use. On large jobs, the diverse protection arrangements show more planning and forethought, which reduce confusion among motorists and result in fewer accidents. It has been demonstrated conclusively that no one system is ideal, but that each work location requires special combinations of protective devices to achieve the most effective overall protective scheme.
Determination of Water Supply Investment Priorities in Developing Countries
Authors: Kally Elisha
Published: February 2018

Capital investments in water resources projects in newly developing countries always involve the problem of lack of funds, as the available means of financing in these lands always lag far behind the needs of the population. This gap between the possible and the desirable raises the question of what is to be given priority. An approach to the question of priorities grading has been outlined by Aaron Wiener at international gatherings dealing with the relevant problems, and constitutes the basis of the system suggested in this article. According to this approach, the benefit of a water supply project lies in its total water output. This quantity is measured, not by its absolute physical volume, but by awarding greater importance to immediate supply and lesser importance to future supply.
Method for Estimating Probable Maximum Rainfall
Authors: Hershfield David M.
Published: February 2018

This article is both an extension and revision of a paper in which a large number of 24 hour rainfall data was analyzed for determining an enveloping rainfall. A series of annual maximum rainfalls for seven durations ranging from 5 min to 24 hrs. were selected for the following reasons: they are closer to the required results than any other statistic series; they are amenable to probability analysis because the items in the series are independent of each other and occur in a random fashion; and, they can be extracted from publications that are readily available.
Role of Water in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Bodhaine George L.
Published: February 2018

This study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey at the request of the Bonneville Power Administration as one component of the Pacific Northwest Economic Base Study. The specific objectives of the study were to: analyze and describe briefly the major elements of the regional hydrologic system, and the relations of those elements to each other and to the supplies of water available; determine and compare the quantities of freshwater available and the water requirements in subareas of the region as of 1960; and, determine whether the water supplies in the Pacific Northwest will be adequate to satisfy requirements to the year 2010.
Watershed and Reservoir Management
Authors: Fjeldsted Ezra J.
Published: February 2018

Because the nation depends upon streams for the great bulk of its water supply, this article provides a brief overview of their origin and of the many factors that influence them. Also, the function of watersheds is discussed as that of intercepting and converting large amounts of rain and snow to streamflow. The article presents Utah as an example of the immensely important relationship between publicly owned watershed lands and water yield, where nearly 80 per cent of the streamflow or manageable water supply is produced from about 20 per cent of the state's land area. The need for applying conservation practices to the management of watersheds is discussed.
Siltation and Pollution Problems in Spring Creek, Shasta County, Calif.
Authors: Prokopovich Nikola P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Trinity River Division of California's Central Valley Project. The diversion of Trinity River water into the Sacramento River Basin was accomplished by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation by means of several dams and tunnels. The main problems involved were the high erosion‐sedimentation rates in the Spring Creek Basin, which led to a rapid development and growth of the Spring Creek Delta in Keswick Reservoir, and the highly acidic, polluted character of the creek water, which caused serious damage to the fishery in the Sacramento River. Both problems were related to geologic history and mining developments in the basin.
Control of Sulfate‐Reducing Bacteria
Authors: Lewis Ronald F.
Published: February 2018

Sulfate‐reducing bacteria have been implicated in numerous instances of damage, as recorded by Postgate. One of the most important of these situations is the corrosion of buried pipelines. Von Wolzogen Kuhr, in 1937, proposed the first widely accepted theory of the corrosion activity of sulfate‐ reducing bacteria. This thesis has been tested by Starkey and Wight and further discussed by Starkey, Updegraff, and Sharpley. Although the importance of sulfate‐reducing bacteria in the external corrosion of pipelines is well known, their activity inside water mains is often overlooked. Rusty water or offensive odors at isolated points in a distribution system are often attributable to sulfate‐reducing bacteria.
Emergency Water Supplies for New York City
Authors: Romer Harold , De Zuane John , Schaible George J.
Published: February 2018

An emergency water supply should be made available to sustain life during times of disaster. Local available groundwater might provide such an emergency source. This article discusses a study of groundwater availability in New York City as part of that municipality's preparation for disaster conditions.