bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the University of Portsmouth on the Local Economy
Authors: Harris Richard I. D.
Published: July 2002

This study measures the local impact using various detailed databases which allow more accurate measurement of, for example, the amount the University spends in the local economy rather than elsewhere. In order to assess the total (i.e. direct, indirect and induced) effects of direct University spending, an input-output table was constructed. This table is not based on the more usual non-survey approach, but on direct information on sales, imports and exports which were collected through survey work. Thus, it is argued that the present estimates provide more accuracy than has generally been possible in other studies. Using these various databases, it was estimated that in 1994/95 total expenditure by the university sector in the local economy amounted to £38.5m. This direct expenditure was estimated to result in an output multiplier effect of between 1.24 and 1.73, although it is argued that the higher (type 2) multipliers are more likely to reflect the full impact of the University. In terms of employment, between 1029 and 1490 jobs are dependent on the university sector, in addition to the 1885 directly employed by the University. Thus, in the absence of the University it is estimated that the local economy would employ something like 3375 fewer people.
The Effectiveness of Public Intervention in the Property Market
Authors: Zhu Jieming
Published: July 2002

By examining the property market and its contextual socio-economic development in 1980s Singapore, this paper tackles the issue of effectiveness of government intervention in an inefficient property market within the framework of a free market economy. Induced by seemingly perpetual economic growth and by the drive for structural upgrading of the economy, development of property across all sectors responded by an upsurge in volume at the beginning of the 1980s. However, oversupply of property loomed consequently as supply overtook demand. Vacant floor areas were accumulated until the market hit the sudden unexpected recession of 1986 when property values were dampened down in the doldrums. The government decided to intervene with comprehensive measures, intending to prevent the market from further deterioration. Based on a conceptual framework, the effectiveness of the intervention in the property market is evaluated. It is found that the Central Provident Fund and property tax rebate are helpful to some extent in encouraging demand for investment and occupation. Nevertheless, market fundamentals should be taken into consideration in interpreting why the private housing market is more responsive than non-residential property markets to the interventions. Government interventionist instruments only serve as catalysts which work together with other right ingredients. On the whole, the total recovery of the property market is due to the reviving of the economy.
Cycles within the System: Metropolitanisation and Internal Migration in the US, 1965-90
Authors: Elliott James R.
Published: July 2002

This paper uses a typology of local metropolitan development to examine population redistribution trends in the US over the past three decades. Theories of systemic maturation and urban life-cycles are discussed and evaluated. Analysis of population and inter-county migration data reveals that localised deconcentration has become an increasingly common sub-process of metropolitanisation, but that this sub-process cannot be fully explained by a life-cycle model of metropolitan development. More importantly, results indicate that metro-based migration varies significantly with local patterns of metropolitanisation. The nature of this variation implies that declining metropolitan areas tend to redistribute migrants to relatively distant metropolitan and non-metropolitan territory in a manner consistent with extended processes of population deconcentration.
Property in a Global-risk Society: Towards Marketing Research in the Office Sector
Authors: Guy Simon , Harris Robert
Published: July 2002

This paper suggests that the current uncertainty hovering over the property industry is not simply the result of an internal economic dynamic, dooming the industry to damaging booms and slumps. Rather, the novel sense of 'risk' colouring contemporary development activities is the consequence of wider cultural, technical and commercial shifts from which property development is not immune. The current supply-oriented interests of property research, predominantly concerned with the collection and analysis of statistical data, are unable to respond to these wider questions. Simply creating more 'data banks' will not help. The paper argues that in order to understand the shifting nature of demand, property research needs to complement econometric modelling with a more occupier-focused 'marketing research'—one that is sensitive to the dynamics of the 'risk society' we now inhabit. Accordingly, the paper provides a detailed account of structured market research, which should form part of a broader property research agenda. In particular, structured demand analysis is shown to provide a framework for understanding the complex dynamics of the demand market, so demonstrating how the supply industry can improve its efficiency. The paper suggests that the scale of the latest property crash offers an opportunity for the industry to improve the efficiency of supply by blending intimate knowledge of changing market demand with established dynamics of provision. Such a research strategy may provide the key to a more stable, mutually profitable property business, appropriate to a rapidly changing world economy of risk.
A Quality of Life Based Ranking of Canadian Cities
Authors: Giannias Dimitrios A.
Published: July 2002

This paper uses a hedonic equilibrium model to provide a quality of life based ranking of 13 Canadian cities. The empirical results show that the quality of life based rankings and the variations of the indices are affected by the differences in the distribution of housing characteristics across cities. The results place Calgary at the top of the ranking followed by Vancouver, Edmonton, and Winnipeg. These four cities remain on the top of the ranking in the same order when the housing characteristics are held constant across cities.
Housing Turks and Moroccans in Brussels and Amsterdam: The Difference between Private and Public Markets
Authors: Kesteloot Christian , Cortie Cees
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the settlement patterns of Turks and Moroccans in Brussels will be compared with the patterns of the same groups in Amsterdam. It will be argued that housing market variables explain a lot of the differences between the two cities. The large number of (affordable) social dwellings in Amsterdam forms a significant contrast with the virtual lack of these dwellings in the Brussels area. Historical variables account for these different kinds of housing stock. Cultural variables, differences between and within the categories of Turks and Moroccans, can be seen as an additional explanatory factor for the segregation and concentration patterns of Turks and Moroccans in both cities.
In the Margin of the Welfare State: Labour Market Position and Housing Conditions of Undocumented Immigrants in Rotterdam
Authors: Burgers Jack
Published: July 2002

Undocumented immigrants form a substantial share of minority populations. Data on the city of Rotterdam show that the fate of undocumented immigrants to a large degree is dependent on established migrant communities. Differences between migrant communities in terms of numbers and access to social housing seem to have significant effects on the position of undocumented immigrants with the same ethnic or national background. Undocumented immigrants both feed on and contribute to migrant communities in terms of housing opportunity and segregation. In the age of migration, any serious study of migrant communities has to take into account the presence and social position of undocumented immigrants.
Explaining Size Differentiation of Business Service Centres
Authors: Bennett Robert J. , Graham Daniel J.
Published: July 2002

This paper assesses the differentiation between business centres in Britain using data on business location from the Census of Employment analysed at postcode district level. The paper uses a combination of micro-analytical, central place theory and interregional trade theory to argue that centres can be expected to be differentiated from each other in the form of a hierarchy. The paper uses a spatial interaction model to test various possible forms of hierarchy. A five-level hierarchy is demonstrated for national/international, regional, sub-regional and local centres, as well as sub-regional centres that are 'shadowed' by nearby regional centres. Whilst the paper is exploratory, so that we would not argue that any one centre is rigidly at any single position in the hierarchy, the paper strongly demonstrates the continued importance of urban hierarchy in business location.
Reasons for the Development of 'Islands of Innovation': Evidence from Hertfordshire
Authors: Simmie James
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses why innovations often cluster in a few metropolitan islands of innovation. The reason for this interest is that a growing body of neo-Schumpeterian economic theory argues that economic recovery after periods of economic recession and depression, such as we have seen during the 1980s and early 1990s, is driven by innovations. These do not spring up all over the country but are spatially concentrated in a small number of metropolitan regions. It is therefore important to know why this is so in order to evaluate the effectiveness of various UK and EU public policies whose specific objectives are to stimulate local and regional economic development. Agglomeration theory is used in order to understand the driving forces behind the spatial clustering of new innovations. This leads to four explanatory hypotheses. These are that innovation is facilitated by agglomeration in order to reduce distance transaction costs between firms in different spaces; or by local factor conditions which provide factor cost efficiencies within given localities; or by continuous production hierarchy negotiation within particular spaces; or by demand pull conditions that lead to agglomeration behaviour which maximises the coincidence between both production hierarchies and markets. These hypotheses were tested on a small sample of award-winning firms in the highly innovative county of Hertfordshire. It is one of the most innovative parts of the Western Arc around London which is UK's most innovative metropolitan region. The main findings are that, in this case study, innovations were concentrated in Hertfordshire for two main groups of reasons. The first was that the county is able to acquire important contributions to innovation production. These include high-quality human resources, venture and risk capital, knowledge and information, and new science and technology. These are not necessarily embedded in the area to start with but are comparatively available in the South East region as a whole. The second main group of findings is that innovation in Hertfordshire is facilitated by the ability to arrange simultaneously both production and consumption. Purchasers of military, health and welfare, and intermediate production goods have strong impacts on the design and development of innovations in Hertfordshire. Many of them are located in the core metropolitan regions of other advanced economies. Hertfordshire provides an innovative production node in global markets.
Revolution, Evolution and Local Government Structure: An Empirical Analysis of London
Authors: Boyne George A. , Cole Michael
Published: July 2002

Conventional analyses of local government structure focus on the revolutionary changes that result from deliberate reorganisations. We propose a new perspective on structural change that emphasises the importance of evolutionary processes as well as radical reforms. Evolutionary changes in structure are caused, for example, by population growth or decline and reallocations of service responsibilities between tiers. The argument is illustrated by an empirical analysis of fragmentation and concentration in the structure of local government in London. The evidence reveals that structural change is the norm rather than the exception: it occurs even when the absolute number of local government tiers and units is constant.
Mass Migration and Local Outcomes: Is International Migration to the United States Creating a New Urban Underclass?
Authors: Clark William A. V.
Published: July 2002

For earlier migrant streams, labour migration was a means of economic advancement. Moreover, migrants by and large were welcomed by the host societies, even recruited in the widely used guest worker programmes in Europe. Now, in the late 20th century, with changing economic conditions and very large-scale migrant flows, the context is changing; immigrants are less welcome and appear less well equipped to deal with the changing economies of post-industrial societies. An analysis of flows to a sample of large metropolitan areas in the US shows that the new immigrants are substantially poorer in educational levels than both earlier immigrants and the native-born population, with consequently lower incomes and greater likelihoods of being in poverty. If the new immigrant groups do not constitute a new underclass, it certainly raises the possibility that a larger number of new immigrants are likely to have a more difficult time making the transition to self-sufficiency than was true of earlier groups.
The Distribution of SRB Challenge Fund Expenditure in Relation to Local-area Need in England
Authors: Brennan Angela , Rhodes John , Tyler Peter
Published: July 2002

During the 1980s and the 1990s there were a number of policy initiatives designed to tackle the problems of the urban areas in the UK. By the early 1990s these initiatives represented the commitment of over £1 billion of public expenditure each year. The initiatives encompassed 'area'-based approaches like Enterprise Zones and Urban Development Corporations at one extreme through to more 'people'-orientated, project-led approaches as in the case of the Task Force Initiative. In 1994 the organisation of local-area regeneration policy was changed radically. Some 20 independently operated regeneration programmes were brought together into a Single Regeneration Budget (SRB) to be run by a single government department. A critical feature of the SRB approach to urban regeneration is its competitive nature whereby local partnerships bid for funds from government. Whatever the merits of such an approach in terms of local involvement and value for money turn out to be, there could be drawbacks from a competitive system since there is no automatic presumption that the allocation of regeneration resources will reflect the distribution of deprivation and thus the relative needs of local areas across England. The aim of the research has been to assess how well the allocation of regeneration funds under a competitive approach has, in practice, gone to meet relative needs and what the implications are for the evolution of local-area regeneration initiatives.
On Minimum Rents: Part 1, Marx and Absolute Rent
Authors: Evans Alan W.
Published: July 2002

Marx suggests that land would not be rented to a tenant at less than some minimum rent which he calls absolute rent. This concept and Marx's arguments are analysed in this paper. It has been argued by some that absolute rent in Marxian economics derives from the fact that investment in agriculture is lower so that the organic composition of capital is lower. It is argued here that the low organic composition of capital in the Marxian schema is rather a consequence of the existence of absolute rent, and this in turn results from the landlord-tenant relationship. Marx himself stressed that if land were owner-occupied absolute rent would not exist—that it is a consequence of the system of land tenure—but provides no explanation as to why it should have this consequence. In an associated paper, modern economic analysis is used to explain why minimum rents will occur.
Social Networks and the Employment Problem of the Urban Poor
Authors: Reingold David A.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the link between social networks and the ability to find a job through a personal contact among adult inner-city residents. Using data collected by the National Opinion Research Center that interviewed 2490 adult inner-city residents, the impact of network structure and composition on finding a job through word-of-mouth is estimated. Ethnic differences in the rate of finding jobs through word-of-mouth were found, as well as interesting ethnic and racial differences in the way social networks operate to connect job-seekers and job vacancies. Overall, the findings suggest that social networks account for some of the employment problems that many inner-city residents face.
Longitudinal Monitoring of Housing Renewal in the Urban Core: Reflections on the Experience of Glasgow's Merchant City
Authors: Rosenburg Louis , Watkins Craig
Published: July 2002

This paper is broadly concerned with monitoring the development of markets for new and converted housing in city centres over the longer term, and with assessing the implications for housing renewal strategies. These themes are addressed through a case study of housing market trends in Glasgow's Merchant City, which is generally recognised as an important example of housing-led city-centre regeneration. The analysis places the Merchant City experience in context by comparing the relative performance of selected segments within the wider Glasgow housing market. The results indicate that the weakened performance of the Merchant City sub-market in the face of economic and housing market recession is part of a more general phenomenon affecting other competing inner-area segments. The findings also draw attention to the need for more detailed understanding of the linkages between economic forces, demographic trends, housing preferences and stock characteristics in evaluating the performance of local housing systems.
Supporting Ethnic Minority Business: A Review of Business Support for Ethnic Minorities in City Challenge Areas
Authors: Oc Taner , Tiesdell Steven
Published: July 2002

In England, the use of targeted training and employment initiatives directed at particular localities, particular sectors of the local economy or particular social groups characterised both mainstream urban regeneration initiatives of the early and mid-1990s, such as Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), and special urban regeneration initiatives, such as City Challenge and the Single Regeneration Budget Challenge Fund (SRBCF). This paper focuses specifically on business support for ethnic minority groups in City Challenge areas.
The Closure of the Brazilian Housing Bank and Beyond
Authors: Valença Marcio M.
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses the continuing crisis of the Brazilian housing finance system in the second half of the 1980s and early 1990s. The paper assesses the impact of the closure of the Brazilian National Housing Bank in 1986 on future developments within the circuit of housing finance and in relation to social housing production. The paper briefly analyses the SEAC scheme, set up during the Sarney government (1985-89) and the MAS/CEF housing programme, set up during the Collor government (1990-92). The paper adds to a previous Urban Studies paper which focuses on developments in the first half of the 1980s.
Convergence and Difference in Regional Office Development Cycles
Authors: Henneberry John
Published: July 2002

In this paper, data and analytical techniques not hitherto employed for the purpose have been used to explore the particularities of the role played by finance capital in influencing the spatio-temporal patterning of office construction in British regions. There was little variation in the supply of long-term finance to the property sector by investment capital over the last property cycle. Investors' influence was nevertheless substantial, but was exerted indirectly via the property price mechanism. Rents, reflecting demand for accommodation from local industrial capital, set the basic dynamic of regional property markets. However, investment yields were relatively insensitive to regional variations in rental trends. The interaction of rents and yields produced a price-induced set of regional office development cycles which were paradoxically both more similar and more different. Temporal cyclical convergence contrasted with growing interregional differences in office construction. These effects were contingent upon banking capital supplying sufficient short-term debt finance to support developers' responses to price signals and upon the rented sector forming an important part of the wider office property market.
Commercial Housing Development in Urban China
Authors: Wang Ya Ping , Murie Alan
Published: July 2002

Housing privatisation has been one of key features of reform during the 1980s and the 1990s in many countries. Chinese housing reform has attracted attention because of its distinctive features and there have been a number of commentaries on the general progress of urban housing reform policies. However, there has been no systematic study of the development of commercial housing in Chinese cities. The aim of this paper is to provide an up-to-date account of commercial housing development. It examines the scale of investment during the early 1990s, the development process, quality and design standards, the commercial housing market and the management of residential estates. The conclusions draw attention to several important problems of commercial housing development including the lack of appropriate legislation and control, the mismatch of housing supply and affordability, and the underdeveloped nature of the urban housing market.
Urban Restructuring, Polarisation and Immigrants' Opportunities: The Case of Russian Immigrants in Tel-Aviv
Authors: Menahem Gila
Published: July 2002

The study deals with restructuring processes in the city of Tel-Aviv and examines several of the major arguments of the restructuring approach through the investigation of the occupational integration of immigrants from the former Soviet Union into the economy of the city. The study examines hypotheses on occupational and income polarisation in the restructuring economy of Israel's main business centre. Using data from censuses and income surveys which were conducted by Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics over the period 1983-94, the study compares distributions of veteran Israelis and recent immigrants among economic sectors and occupations in the city of Tel-Aviv and the country as a whole. The findings show that both occupational and income polarisation are greater in the city than in the country as a whole. It is also demonstrated that this trend of occupational and income polarisation is more pronounced among the new immigrants. The findings lend support to the restructuring approach.
Male-Female Urban Income Distributions in Canada: The Service Sector in a Dependency Model
Authors: Soroka Lewis A.
Published: July 2002

International trends of increasing income inequality have not occurred equally for male and female income distributions in Canadian cities. Urban male income inequality declined from 1970 to 1980; it increased in the next decade, but only to its 1990 level. Female income inequality has declined consistently. These urban income distributions can be well-explained using a dependency model in which the female income distribution is influenced by the male income distribution and the income gap between males and females. This dependence effect is modified by urban characteristics. Male and female income distributions are more alike in larger cities and in cities with relatively higher female median incomes. Beginning in 1990, service-sector employment contributes significantly to income inequality for both gender groups, with a slightly greater effect for females.
Home-owner Residential Property Taxes and their Burden on Net Personal Wealth: An Empirical Study for Australia
Authors: Wood Gavin A.
Published: July 2002

Domestic residential property taxes can be viewed as a substitute for a tax on personal wealth. This paper measures the formal distributional characteristics of residential property taxes in Australia with respect to the net wealth of home-owners, and the net wealth of all households in the personal sector. Net wealth is estimated by a combination of investment income and survey methods. The study emphasises three major findings. First, on controlling for stage in the life-cycle, the formal incidence of residential property taxes on home-owners' net wealth is clearly regressive with respect to the income of home-owners. Secondly, residential property taxes are a relatively high burden on young home-owner households' net personal wealth. Finally, though tenants are not liable for residential property taxes in Australia and the choice of owner-occupation is income-elastic, the residential property tax burden on personal-sector wealth is not distributed progressively.
Modelling Urban Population Densities in Beijing 1982-90: Suburbanisation and its Causes
Authors: Wang Fahui , Zhou Yixing
Published: July 2002

The existing empirical research of urban population density is rich on developed countries but much less so on developing countries. On cities in a planned economy such as that of China, very little is reported. Part of the reason is the lack of reliable data sources. This research models the population densities in Beijing 1982-90. Data are from the third and fourth national population censuses in 1982 and 1990 respectively, and are aggregated at the level of sub-district (jie-dao). Spatial boundaries of these sub-districts are obtained from various sources of local governments and numerous field trips. The research shows that the negative exponential function also fits the density distributions in Beijing, the density gradient becomes flatter, and the city-centre intercept drops over time. The results are consistent with the findings on Western cities, implying that even a socialist city cannot escape the universal forces shaping urban structure. In addition, GIS surface modelling is used to analyse the spatial patterns. While central-city sub-districts have experienced significant loss of population, suburban sub-districts have gained growth at various scales. This signals the beginning of suburbanisation in Beijing. However, some of the causes are different from those in Western countries.
Willingness to Pay for Better Housing in Hong Kong: Theory and Evidence (of Dwelling Space)
Authors: Hui Eddie Chi Man
Published: July 2002

The standards of Hong Kong's public housing have been widely criticised and today housing improvement is a major on-going concern. The cost of redeveloping early public housing presses hard on the territory, and the task is complicated by the fact that the households have diverse demands and preferences, amid their dissatisfaction. Although improved housing gives tenants a better living environment, the Hong Kong Housing Authority seems to have been reluctant to raise housing standards because of high costs. One way of recovering these costs is to charge higher rents—that is, to let tenants pay a greater share of the cost of public housing. But how much are households willing to pay for better housing? This paper addresses these problems by investigating the willingness to pay for housing amongst the tenants of existing early housing estates in Hong Kong, given their dissatisfaction with the current standards. First, we present the background of this study. Section two then provides an analytical framework which spells out the notion of willingness to pay in the context of demand for better housing; and specifies the willingness to pay model and its assumptions for demand analysis. Section three presents empirical evidence on satisfaction and willingness to pay for more dwelling space among tenants, and tests the relationship between willingness to pay and independent variables. Finally, the concluding part looks at the supply-side questions: if the tenants are willing to pay more, what is the housing authority's capacity to supply, having regard to the cost of provision? This final section also makes recommendations.
Sites, Jobs and Portfolios: Economic Development Discourses in the Planning System
Authors: Healey Patsy
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on the development and dissemination of policy discourses in the context of the English planning system. The discursive subject is the identification and justification for the allocation of large sites for economic development purposes. The way this discourse has been developed in two case study areas (the West Midlands and Lancashire) is summarised, drawing out the institutional contexts of discourse development, the functions of the discourses (persuasive, co-ordinative and justificatory), the different discursive levels which are affected by changes in the discourses, the ways in which discourses are disseminated and translated from one institutional arena to another and the institutional work that discourses perform.
Ageing-related influences on personal need for structure
Authors: Hess Thomas M.
Published: July 2002

The need for structure construct was examined in relation to adult age using the Personal Need for Structure scale (PNS; M.M. Thompson, M.E. Naccarato, & K. Parker, 1989). The results of a series of confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the two intercorrelated-factor structure of the PNS scale held up well across individuals aged 21 to 85, validating its use for the examination of ageing effects. Structural equation modelling analyses found that ageing was associated with lower levels of physical health and cognitive skill, which in turn were related to higher PNS scores. It was also found, however, that the impact of reductions in these resources on need for structure were counteracted by high levels of social activity and emotional health. The argument is made that ageing-related changes in personal resources impact everyday behaviour through changes in motivation, such as need for structure.
Young children’s perceptions of their relationships with family members: Links with family setting, friendships, and adjustment
Authors: Sturgess Wendy , Dunn Judy , Davies Lisa
Published: July 2002

A total of 258 children aged 4-7 years, from 192 families of diverse structure (stepfather, single parent, stepmother/complex stepfamilies, and nonstep families), participated in this study of young children’s perceptions of their family relationships. Children completed a Four Field Map, in which they placed their family members and friends in a series of concentric circles representing the closeness of the relationship. Biological relatedness and family type affected the placement of fathers, but not mothers or siblings; children in stepfather families were more likely to place their stepfathers as “not close”. Links were found between the quality of child-mother and child-sibling relationships and the closeness of children’s friendships. Children’s externalising problems were related to their perceptions of their relationships with fathers and their prosocial behaviour to their closeness with both fathers and mothers.
Yoruba toddlers’ engagement in errands and cognitive performance on the Yoruba Mental Subscale
Authors: Ogunnaike Oluyomi A. , Houser Robert F.
Published: July 2002

Responsibility training is an essential component of child-rearing practices in several African societies. To inculcate responsibility, caregivers allocate their children household duties and send them on errands; these include (but are not limited to) fetching objects and purchasing items. Such errands foster the acquisition of cognitive, social, and economic competencies. In this paper, the relationship between the types of errands engaged in by Yoruba toddlers of southwest Nigeria and cognitive performance using an adapted version of the Bayley Mental Scales of Development, referred to as the Yoruba Mental Subscale, is examined. Findings revealed that children who engaged in purchasing items and retrieving specific objects for the caregiver had a significantly higher performance on the Yoruba Mental Subscale compared to children who did not engage in such errands. With regard to performance on the Bayley Mental Scales, findings revealed no significant association with the errands examined. The implications of these findings for cross-cultural research and early childhood education are discussed.
Language and Symbolic Play in Toddlers
Authors: Lyytinen P. , Poikkeus A. -M. , Laakso M. -L.
Published: July 2002

Language-play relations were examined in 110 18-month-old toddlers by observing their play actions in the Symbolic Play Test and assessing their language skills with the CDI parental report and the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Significant associations between both language comprehension and production (vocabulary, use of suffixes, utterance length) and play were found when percentage of symbolic play was used as the measure of play competence. The total play score which included both functional-relational toy manipulation and symbolic play was not as strongly associated with the language measures. In both play measures relations were, however, higher between play and language comprehension than between play and language production. Out of the symbolic play categories other-directed pretence discriminated children’s play best. The relation between language and play was also supported by a subgroup analysis which showed that early talkers displayed significantly more symbolic play than late talkers. Children belonging to the latter group had a small productive vocabulary and they did not yet exhibit any sentence combinations or grammatical suffixes. The total play score correlated significantly with language comprehension among late talkers, whereas a significant connection was found between language comprehension and percentage of symbolic play among early talkers. Methodological issues concerning the assessment of toddlers’ play will be discussed.
From Substages to Moral Types and Beyond: An Analysis of Core Criteria for Morally Autonomous Judgements
Authors: Krettenauer Tobias , Edelstein Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

Based on Kohlberg’s typological distinction between heteronomous versus autonomous moral types (Type A vs. B), the study proposes a refined strategy for the assessment of autonomous morality that aims at overcoming methodological ‘aws of Kohlberg’s typological approach. Theoretically, two conceptually crucial criteria of autonomous morality were distinguished: (1) prescriptiveness; and (2) universality of moral reasoning. Empirically, measures of prescriptiveness and universality of moral reasoning were examined to determine whether or not they yield important empirical findings that were associated with the concept of moral types. In a study of 348 German adolescents from grades 9 and 12, both prescriptive and universalised moral reasoning were assessed by two standard probe questions of the Moral Judgment Interview. Both aspects of moral reasoning predicted readiness to take moral responsibility in the context of sociopolitical action. In addition, both measures were moderately correlated with moral stage, largely independent of SES, and unrelated to gender. There was significant longitudinal change towards prescriptive and universalised moral reasoning over a three-year interval. The findings demonstrate that the construct validity of Kohlberg’s approach to the assessment of autonomous morality can be significantly improved by using measures of the prescriptiveness and universality of moral reasoning.
The Impact of Family Resources and Satisfaction with Division of Labour on Coping and Worries after the Birth of the First Child
Authors: Wicki Werner
Published: July 2002

Data on spouse support, family environment (cohesion and conflict), worries and depressed mood, parental coping, ”nancial resources, and employment status were recorded longitudinally by means of questionnaires among Swiss first-time parents. The first data collection was administered when the first-born child was aged between two and six months, the second one year later. Both mothers ( n = 164) and fathers ( n = 164) completed separate questionnaires. Structural equation models suggested both cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of cohesion, conflicts, and partner support on parental coping and worries/mood. Additional LISREL analyses revealed that both mothers’ perceptions of family resources and their worries/mood were affected by the couples’ satisfaction with division of labour (SWDL), and that the latter was related to the perception of ”nancial resources. Among fathers, these findings were paralleled with respect to the impact of SWDL on perceived family resources but SWDL did not affect worries/mood.
Personality, Marital Relationships, and Parenting in Two Generations of Mothers
Authors: Olsen Susanne Frost , Martin Peter , Halverson Charles F.
Published: July 2002

It has been suggested that early experiences in families may be related to one’s parenting as an adult. Conceptual models were tested that investigated how personality and marital relationships are linked to parenting within and between generations. Eighty mother-grandmother pairs completed questionnaires concerning personality, marital relationships, and parenting. Restrictive and nurturant parenting of grandmothers was positively correlated with restrictive and nurturant parenting of mothers, but these relationships were attenuated in the presence of marital relationship and personality variables when structural equation models were tested. Personality characteristics and marital relationships were linked to parenting within and across generations.
Bringing Britain Together?
Authors: Chatterton Paul , Bradley David
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the extent to which the new tranche of area-based policy initiatives from New Labour can address deprivation. We argue that such policies are likely to meet the failures of previous initiatives as they continue to simplify the complex processes underlying regeneration: they arbitrarily draw boundaries around regeneration areas; they represent a continuation of place commodification; and, they continue to represent accountability structures which rest with statutory bodies rather than the community. Without reinventing the wheel, urban policy needs to revisit conventional wisdom relating to territorial development: namely, that local regeneration is determined by factors inside and outside particular localities.
Naltrexone and Dysphoria: Fact or Myth?
Authors: Miotto Karen , McCann Michael , Basch Janice , Rawson Richard , Ling Walter
Published: July 2002

Naltrexone is an opiate antagonist used as a pharmacologic adjuvant for the treatment of opiate and alcohol addiction. It has been hypothesized that naltrexone blocks the stress‐response and well‐being effects associated with opioid peptides. This raises the clinical concern that naltrexone may cause dysphoria. The authors reviewed pharmacological and clinical data in alcohol, opioid, and nicotine studies to determine if an association between naltrexone and dysphoria exists. These studies did not reveal dysphoria to be a serious side effect produced by naltrexone treatment. Additional studies to evaluate long‐term endocrine effects and antidepressant combination therapy are warranted.
Electrophysiological Detection of the Neurotoxic Effects of Acrylamide and 2,5-Hexanedione on the Rat Sensory System
Authors: Towell Todd L. , Shell Linda , Inzana Karen Dyer , Jortner Bernard S. , Ehrich Marion
Published: July 2002

Brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), recorded from subcutaneously placed electrodes in anesthetized rats, were used to detect neurotoxic effects of acrylamide and 2,5-hexanedione on the sensory nervous system. Both neurotoxicants were administered for 21 days by the intraperitoneal route, using dosages of 20 mg/kg/day for acrylamide and 350 mg/kg/day for 2,5-hexanedione. Recordings were made before and 1, 2, and 3 weeks after dosing was initiated. Both food-restricted and ad libitum-fed rats served as controls. Results demonstrated that SEP waveforms generated in rats were sufficiently variable that differences among the groups were not detected. However, BAEP latencies were longer than those seen in control rats after 3 weeks of acrylamide treatment and after both 2 and 3 weeks of 2,5-hexanedione treatment. The effects of 2,5-hexanedione were more pronounced than those of acrylamide, and increased with length of the dosing period.
Anonlethal, Anesthetized Canine Model for Efficacy Evaluation of Anticyanide Therapy
Authors: Reid F. M. , Menton R. G. , Audet K. K. , Marino M. , Brewer T. G. , Korte D. W.
Published: July 2002

Efficacy evaluations of anticyanide therapeutic compounds historically have used lethality in unanesthetized animals as the toxic endpoint, and a nonlethal, repeated-testing, anesthetized canine model has been reported. Time to respiratory arrest (TRA) induced by a continuous, slow intravenous (IV) infusion of sodium cyanide (Na CN) was shown to be a consistent, well-defined endpoint in anesthetized canines. Thirty seconds after respiratory arrest (RA), an IV bolus of a methemoglobin-forming compound reversed the respiratory effects. This study was designed to determine the variability in TRA, survivability of anesthetized dogs repeatedly infused with Na CN and treated with hydroxylamine, replicability of the procedure within an animal and between animals, and development of trends in data. Four animals were anesthetized, intubated, catheterized, and instrumented to record respiratory rate and heart rate. Immediately following baseline data collection, a 4-mgl m L. Na CN solution w as infused at a rate of 2 m Llmin. Following a 10-s period without functional respiration, infusion was stopped and this moment was designated as RA. Hydroxylamine therapy was administered 30 s after RA. There were 4 replicate experiments per animal with a 1-week washout period between replicates. Interanimal variability in TRA was significant (p = <.04). The average variability in TRA within an animal was less than 10%. Baseline heart and respiratory rates were not altered significantly. Data confirm, by replicate testing, the utility of this model.
Apoptosis induction by phencyclidine in the brains of rats of different ages
Authors: Milošević Javorina , Veskov Rosica , Vasilev Vesna , Rakić Ljubiša , Ruždijić Sabera
Published: July 2002

We examined whether acute administration of phencyclidine (PCP), an antagonist of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐channel complex, can cause neuronal toxicity that is associated with apoptosis. Three‐ and 24‐month‐old rats were placed in locomotor activity chambers. PCP (50 mg/kg) or saline (0.15 M NaCl) were simultaneously administered to the treated and age‐matched controls. After observing changes of locomotor activities, the animals were killed 24 h after treatment. The brains were processed for in situ analysis of apoptosis either by propidium iodide (PI) staining, or for the terminal dUTP nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) method. The regional distribution of apoptotic nuclei was established using PI staining. Apoptosis was additionally confirmed and quantified by the TUNEL technique. PI and TUNEL staining revealed that PCP‐mediated neurotoxicity in the prefrontal and enthorhinal cortices, the striatum and hippocampus was associated with a significant number of neurons exhibiting apoptotic morphology. We found that the total number of apoptotic cells was higher in the brains of 24‐month‐old rats. Compared to the respective controls the number of apoptotic cells was 3.8‐fold greater in the cortex of old rats, followed by the striatum (three‐fold), and hippocampus (1.4‐fold). Accordingly, we concluded that ageing was accompanied by DNA‐damage that was most pronounced in the prefrontal cortical neurones. The most prominent elevation in the degree of apoptosis in the young‐treated compared to young‐untreated rats was detected in the striatum. Comparison of the number of TUNEL‐positive cells in treated‐aged versus treated‐young rats revealed that in all the examined regions of the brain PCP exerted a stronger apoptotic effect in younger animals.
Reliability Of Speech And Language Therapists Using Therapy Outcome Measures
Authors: John Alexandra , Enderby Pamela
Published: July 2002

The Therapy Outcome Measure (TOM) aims to provide Speech and Language Therapists (SLT) with a practical tool to measure outcomes of care by providing a quick and simple measure which can be used over time with patients and clients in a routine clinical setting. The TOM allows therapists to reflect their clinical judgement on the dimensions of impairment, disability/activity, handicap/participation and well‐being on an 11‐point ordinal scale. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reliability and the influences on reliability of SLT using this measure. Three studies are presented and give information on 73 SLT using the measure with different client groups. Study one assesses the degree of reliability of six SLT using the TOM following training and practice. Reliability was studied on three occasions and the results demonstrate the influence of training and practice. Study two included 56 SLT to examine reliability over a broader range of client groups and to investigate the effect of the SLT specializing on rating patients from within or‐out that specialism. Eleven therapists were included in the study, which examined the influence of a specific training approach. The participating SLT achieved a substantial‐moderate level of reliability; this was established in all domains. The degree of reliability achieved on the TOM was affected by some, but not extensive, training and experience.
An Analysis Of Referrals To Speech And Language Therapy In 11 Centres, 1987‐95
Authors: Enderby Pam , Petheram Brian
Published: July 2002

This retrospective study analyses data collected on an information system developed specifically for the use of speech and language therapists in the management of their services. Eleven healthcare providers have used the system since 1985. This paper reflects data on 73000 clients referred to these speech and language therapy services between 1987 and 1995. The annual referral rate to these 11 trusts in 1987 was 4129, rising to 11944 in 1995. The percentage referrals per head of population per year varies between 0.32 and 0.58% of the population. Of referrals to speech and language therapy, 96% comes from 24 different sources, including self referrals and referrals from other agencies, such as education. The top five referrers in 1987 were health visitors, educational service, general medicine/geriatrics, general practitioners (GPs), and other speech and language therapists. In 1995 ear, nose and throat (ENT) services replaced speech and language therapists in the top five referrers.