bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Programming material compliance and actuation: hybrid additive fabrication of biocomposite structures for large-scale self-shaping
Authors: Cheng Tiffany , Wood Dylan , Kiesewetter Laura , Özdemir Eda , Antorveza Karen , Menges Achim
Published: July 2021

We present a hybrid approach to manufacturing a new class of large-scale self-shaping structures through a method of additive fabrication combining fused granular fabrication (FGF) and integrated hygroscopic wood actuators (HWAs). Wood materials naturally change shape with high forces in response to moisture stimuli. The strength and simplicity of this actuation make the material suitable for self-shaping architectural-scale components. However, the anisotropic composition of wood, which enables this inherent behavior, cannot be fully customized within existing stock. On the other hand, FGF allows for the design of large physical parts with multi-functional interior substructures as inspired by many biological materials. We propose to encode passively actuated movement into physical structures by integrating HWAs within 3D-printed meta-structures with functionally graded stiffnesses. By leveraging robotic manufacturing platforms, self-shaping biocomposite material systems can be upscaled with variable resolutions and at high volumes, resulting in large-scale structures capable of transforming from flat to curved simply through changes in relative humidity.
Quantifying the demographic distribution characteristics of ecological space quality to achieve urban agglomeration sustainability
Authors: Chen Xinchuang , Li Feng , Li Xiaoqian , Hu Yinhong , Hu Panpan
Published: July 2021

Human activities are changing the quality of ecological spaces continually, and creating increasing imbalances in ecosystem services. Hence it is necessary to identify the distribution equity in ecological spaces. In 2018, the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration was used as a test case to analyze the distribution characteristics of ecological space quality (ESQ) among different demographic groups and explore socioeconomic factors’ determining forces. The imbalance in ESQ distribution was less than that in income. At the urban and rural scales, the difference in ESQ was not significant, but rural areas had both the best and worst ecological space. Further, the equality of urban ESQ was higher than that in rural areas. Higher-quality ecological spaces were concentrated both in low-income groups, in addition to the cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen. In areas with higher income gaps, the ecological pressure was concentrated primarily on low-income counties, but more ecological health risks were detected among high-income counties. Limiting rural population density and increasing rural residents’ income can improve the ESQ significantly. The government should improve ecological protection consciousness and ecological compensation policies, particularly with respect to the supervision of, and compensation for, ecological spaces for low-income counties in rural areas to reduce the imbalance in ecosystem services and the burden on those counties.
The impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on the Indian summer monsoon
Authors: Fadnavis Suvarna , Sabin T P , Rap Alexandru , Müller Rolf , Kubin Anne , Heinold Bernd
Published: July 2021

Aerosol concentrations over Asia play a key role in modulating the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall. Lockdown measures imposed to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial reductions in observed Asian aerosol loadings. Here, we use bottom-up estimates of anthropogenic emissions based on national mobility data from Google and Apple, along with simulations from the ECHAM6-HAMMOZ state-of-the-art aerosol-chemistry-climate model to investigate the impact of the reduced aerosol and gases pollution loadings on the ISM. We show that the decrease in anthropogenic emissions led to a 4 W m−2increase in surface solar radiation over parts of South Asia, which resulted in a strengthening of the ISM. Simultaneously, while natural emission parameterizations are kept the same in all our simulations, the anthropogenic emission reduction led to changes in the atmospheric circulation, causing accumulation of dust over the Tibetan plateau (TP) during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. This accumulated dust has intensified the warm core over the TP that reinforced the intensification of the Hadley circulation. The associated cross-equatorial moisture influx over the Indian landmass led to an enhanced amount of rainfall by 4% (0.2 mm d−1) over the Indian landmass and 5%–15% (0.8–3 mm d−1) over central India. These estimates may vary under the influence of large-scale coupled atmosphere–ocean oscillations (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole). Our study indicates that the reduced anthropogenic emissions caused by the unprecedented COVID-19 restrictions had a favourable effect on the hydrological cycle over South Asia, which has been facing water scarcity during the past decades. This emphasizes the need for stringent measures to limit future anthropogenic emissions in South Asia for protecting one of the world’s most densely populated regions.
Long-term ozone variability in the vertical structure and integrated column over the North China Plain: results based on ozonesonde and Dobson measurements during 2001–2019
Authors: Zhang Jinqiang , Li Dan , Bian Jianchun , Xuan Yuejian , Chen Hongbin , Bai Zhixuan , Wan Xiaowei , Zheng Xiangdong , Xia Xiangao , Lü Daren
Published: July 2021

Ozonesonde launches were routinely performed in Beijing from March 2001 to February 2019 to generate a unique long-term (18 years) vertical ozone profile dataset over mainland China. This study elucidates the vertical ozone structure on various temporal scales during this 18 years period by using the entire ozonesonde data product for the first time. Moreover, the long-term variability in the integrated ozone column over the North China Plain (NCP) is also explored by comparing the retrievals from ozonesonde at the Beijing urban site and a Dobson ozone spectrometer at the Xianghe suburban site. Our results indicate that vertical ozone exhibited clear monthly variability characterized by high values of tropospheric ozone during warm seasons and high values of stratospheric ozone during cold seasons. Stratospheric intrusions frequently occurred during spring and effectively transported cold air masses with high ozone from the lower stratosphere downward into the upper troposphere. Evident interannual variability in the lower troposphere and in ozone-rich areas of the stratosphere was revealed by vertical ozone distributions. The integrated total ozone columns retrieved from ozonesonde and Dobson bear close resemblance and exhibit strong sinusoidal monthly variations. In the troposphere and boundary layer, the integrated ozone column presented a significant positive trend during 2001–2012 in Beijing; a sudden decline occurred between 2011 and 2013, which was followed by a slow and insignificant increase after the implementation of the Clean Air Action plan in 2013 on the NCP.
Attaining material sustainability by incorporating nanoparticles additives to improve the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites: data driven modelling
Authors: Alsaffar May Ali , Ali Jamal M. , Abdel Ghany Mohamed A , Ayodele Bamidele Victor
Published: July 2021

Polypropylene is commonly employed in several industrial applications such as packaging, cable insulation and automotive. Research interest has focused on how to improve its mechanical properties to reduce the effect of low impact toughness of polypropylene. One of the sustainable ways to achieve this is by incorporating graphene nanoplatelets to form a composite. This study investigates the application of a hybrid support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) model to predict the effect of incorporating graphene on the mechanical properties of polyproline composites. The effect of parameters such as maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP), Talc, and exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets on the tensile strength and modulus of the polypropylene composites was modelled by using ANN. Testing various topologies was accomplished. An optimized ANN structure of 3-7-2 indicating 3 input-layer, 7 hidden layer, and 2 output-layer was tested. Both the SVM and the ANN predict well the mechanical properties of polyproline composites. However, the ANN with R2 of 0.999 offers the best predictions.
The effect of mixing rice with mung bean in different food meals on postprandial blood glucose level in healthy adults
Authors: Basim H F , Dhuha J. M. , Mohammed MTA , Al-Hiyaly A K Sedik , Afaf A A
Published: July 2021

Rice is known as carbohydrate rich food and may tend to increase blood glucose levels rapidly. This work was designed to mix rice grains with mung beans to control releasing blood glucose and to keep a normal blood sugar level. Five food meals of rice and mung bean were prepared. The first meal was just 100% cocked rice, the second was 75% rice and 25% mung bean, the third was 50% rice and 50% mung bean, the fourth was 25% rice and 75 % mung bean and the fifth was 100% mung bean. 25 volunteers aged between 18 – 22 years were subjected to the test and systematically given these food meals where they all had these food meals at intervals. The blood glucose of each volunteer was measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes using the glucocard-01 device. It was found that mean blood glucose levels were varied between measuring times and examined treatments. However, minimum blood glucose was 80.0±2.2 mg/dL in individuals who had an only mung bean meal only after 180 minutes to a maximum of 146±4.4 mg/dL in those who had a rice meal only but after 90 minutes. From the obtained results, it seems clear that blood glucose levels were correlated negatively with increasing mung bean quantity to rice meals where higher levels were recorded in those volunteers who had a rice meal only and started to decrease with increasing mung bean percentages.
Green packaging for durable engineering products in Iraqi markets
Authors: Al-Kindi Luma A. H. , Al-Baldawi Zainab
Published: July 2021

Packaging plays a significant role in the environmental influence of a product and packaging combination. The distribution and transportation around separate places in different times of the produced goods lead to packaging development. Nowadays supermarkets and shops focus upon modern expressive packaging for link connection between consumption and production. An extensive variety of materials is often used for packaging applications; such as glass, metal, wood, paper, ceramics, plastics or a combination of two or more materials as composites. The fourth source of pollution in China is due to the packing waste; this is one of the reasons that cause the development of green packaging in the packaging industry in many developed countries. In this paper Green packaging for durable engineering products is studied highlighting the four R’s; Reducing, Recovering, Recycling and Reusing material for sustainable packaging toward choosing an ecological package material and standardization of packaging for waste reduction. The research methodology takes into consideration three main factors categorization; these are eco-material selection, minimize waste and minimize cost, and then a choice is decided upon ten factors for assessment by applying analytical hierarchy process technique (AHP). A case study in Iraqi industrial companies is accomplished taking into consideration experts’ opinions for different affecting factors to compare different packaging materials and styles for green packaging. AHP is applied according to the predefined steps using excel sheets for calculations and plotting. Based on AHP assessment and discussion the choice is for Cartonas the most preferable green packaging material, followed by plastic.
Sewage sludge reuse in concrete industry: a review
Authors: Al-Obaidi Alaa R. , Al-Anbari Riyad H. , Hassan Maan S.
Published: July 2021

In any industrial or municipal population areas, the excess sewage sludge produced by wastewater treatment plant WWTP creates significant problems due to its growing quantity and possibly containing toxic materials or heavy metals. The concrete industry is one of the fields where wastewater sludge, as well as other wastes, could be utilized inefficient way. The inclusion of wastewater sludge in materials incorporated with cement reduces some of the costly and high energy stages of usage, and the obtained product is often safe and stable. Several studies promoted that the reuse of sludge in concrete can be an ideal solution to get rid of its negative effects, especially the hazardous ones, as it is an effective alternative to reuse the sludge for land applications. The main aim of this study is to present the recent methods of utilizing wastewater dried, dehydrated, and/or raw sludge in concrete industries. The present review revealed the difficulty of choosing the most general technique of utilizing sludge in the concrete industry, due to its various physical and chemical properties.
Green spaces in residential communities: the potential for ecological and health
Authors: Abass Zainab Ibrahim
Published: July 2021

Urban green spaces, involve gardens, vegetation cover and trees, contribute to ecosystem services. Green spaces enhance residents’ public health through promoting physical activities and psychological well-being particularly contributing in protecting people’s health from the negative effects caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between perceived green space and health with interaction of green space correlation and its socio-economic features. This paper investigates how the provision of green spaces and correlated features are associated with the improved residents’ health in residential areas. However, this association varies according to urban design quality. The analysis and its interpretation that include environmental and socio-economic variables suggest that green spaces play a vital role in benefiting residents’ health and providing more greening communities. Ecological factors include quality and access to green spaces that affect its uses for physical activities. Walking for recreational could explain the association between green space and general health. Urban designers and ecologists thus need to pay attention to greenery that can promote environmental sustainability.
Impacts of heat stress on blood metabolic in different periods of lactation and pregnancy in Holstein cows
Authors: Saeed O A , Jaber B T , Mohammed MTA , Sani U M , Ziara K S , Saad H M
Published: July 2021

Heat stress (HS) greatly affects sustainable livestock production, thereby affecting the productive performance and welfare of animals. The effect of summer heat on lactating Holstein cows at different lactation, pregnancy phases, and blood metabolism were investigated in this study. Eighteen Holstein cows were selected randomly and housed in the cow farm. Climatic reads and blood parameters were measured. The temperature-humidity index has been designed as a measure of animal comfort and is a simple combination of temperature and humidity. The study showed that heat stress has a significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on hematological and biochemical parameters. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were reduced significantly (P ≤ 0.01) during lactation. There was a significant increase in creatinine level at 45 days in milk. A significant inverse correlation between HS with milk production and feed intake. So far, it was concluded that certain hematological and biochemical parameters were substantially altered by HS. A negative effect of HS on milk production and feed intake was observed.
A review on wastes as sustainable construction materials
Authors: Fahad M. Besma , Abdulkarem A. Mais , Hamed T. Huda
Published: July 2021

The necessity of construction materials is growing year by year. The construction materials are developing, but on the other hand, its cost is increasing too. The utilisation of proper waste as construction materials will reduce cost, conserving the natural resources, protecting the environment from waste impact and hazards, etc. The presented study provides exploitation related to wastes as replacing material in construction site and shows the opportunity of waste employment as a promising material to construct with it.
Evaluation of mobile trickle irrigation and sub-surface nanotechnology trickle irrigation by irrigating bean (cv. Veto)
Authors: Edna AL-issawi Hameed H. , Al-Abaied Abd Al-Whhab I. , Abdul Hameed Isam M.
Published: July 2021

Water resources are suffering from scarcity and deterioration their quality due to environmental dilution. Trickle irrigation is the best efficiency systems because it focuses on the root space only, omitting surface runoff and minimizing deep percolation losses.

A field study was carried out in clay loam soil in Ramadi city (College of Agriculture- University of Anbar) during the fall season of 2018 using two trickle irrigation systems, mobile system and under surface drip irrigation by using Nano-Root guard drippers.

Current study aims to evaluate the physical properties effects, water consumption of bean (cv. Veto) and water use efficiency. for the purpose of comparing the yield of bean irrigated by these two methods.

Seeds of bean were sown on 20th of October 2018 and the harvest time was on 13th of March 2019. Evaporation pan was used to estimate the irrigation dates when the depletion of the soil reaches 50% of its water content. Bean productivity significantly increased under surface trickle irrigation with 7.71-ton ha-1 in comparison to 6.32-ton ha- 1 that was obtained from mobile trickle irrigation method. The crop water requirement was 446 mm according to evaporation pan data. Regarding the method of irrigation, they were affected. As a result, the soil water content average for the three replications along growing season was 21.75% under mobile device while it was 24.96% in the sub-surface drip irrigation.
Self-Compaction concrete behaviour containing nano fly ash used in rigid pavement
Authors: Jabbar Dhiaa Neama , Hasan Abdulhadi Meteab , Abed Mohammed Kareem
Published: July 2021

As cement production causes 7% to 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions, many efforts have been made to reduce the consumption of cement. Using pozzolan (usually fly ash) as additional material with cement is one of these methods. In this paper, the impact of adding Nano fly ash as a partial substitution of cement weight was studied in self-compacting concrete for rigid pavement. Three replacement ratios were used which are (5,10 and 15) % of cement weight. The results showed that the greater substitution ratio gave better workability with higher d slump flow value and better passing ability of concrete. Also, the use of Nano fly ash improved the mechanical properties of the self-compacting concrete by increasing the compressive and splitting tensile strength. The best increase in the strength at the replacement ratio (10%) of cement weight. The slump flow for concrete mixes is between (658 to 732) mm and the compressive strength was improved with the increase of Nano fly ash replacement (10%) by about (20%) compared with conventional concrete. The rigid pavement strength able to provide a surface of good riding quality.
Alternatives to sustainable transportation system in campus of The University of Baghdad
Authors: Saeed Ahmed Adnan , Mahdi Wijdan Abdulmuttalib
Published: July 2021

Research developed system of transportation at the University of Baghdad campus, based on indicators, although main goal for a clean environment with economical returns, but it can be beneficial for environmental sustainability as well as economic profits. Consequently, there is a need to submit new proposals on sustainable transportation based on policies determined by research objective in reducing number of parking spaces and increasing clean transportation options in walking, biking and an electric train. Research problem is environmental pollution due to transportation system within the University of Baghdad and lack of equity in distribution of parking lots, and thus a difference in arrival time to buildings. First, it was touched upon sustainable transportation policies and features in high-frequency places of movement such as universities, and then analyzing general plan of the University of Baghdad and methods of movement and parking that were previously designed to determine whether it meets requirements of building users. Then assessing quality environment of master plan by modelling to find out the relationship between required road area and number parking lots, by a set of variables have an effect on realization sustainable transportation policies, as well as to estimate needs in relation to parking lots. The results concluded that the parking lot distribution is neither environmentally sustainable nor social justification, given clear difference in duration of arrival for students and staff on foot from parking to building and lack of equity in distribution. However, a group over 23% can contribute to sustainable transportation by walking. Therefore, research recommends preparing and implementing design for transportation programs, parking lots and biking paths according to the effects of variables in statistical model to reduce problems of planning, environmental, social and economic on campus.
Human body high resolution and accurate temperature FBG sensor
Authors: Ali Mohamed J. , Ali Alaa H. , Mahmood Aseel I. , Hussien Mohammed A.
Published: July 2021

A fiber Brag grating-based temperature sensor FBG together with high accuracy, resolution and compact size interrogation system using a short period grating was presented in this work. The designed sensor measures the temperature from 35 °C temperature to 41 °C which is represented the ranges of human body temperature for use in medical applications. In this paper, we present some results obtained from experiments within a measurement range from (35°C to 40°C) which is from hypothermia to hyperthermia) that the sensor has high sensitivity and high resolution of (85.9%) for FBG sensor. After the results we obtained and the features that the sensor enjoys, such as small size, immunity from electrical influence, and the ability to work in environments Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) environments. The sensor can be used in hospitals and clinics for improvement and monitoring of patients. The importance of this work increases due to the COVID-19 pandemic we are going through, so this work can be proposed to contribute to monitoring patients’ cases and considered as a new equipment in studying temperature sensor in human.
Effects of magnetic treatment of different qualities of irrigation water on plant growth
Authors: Abdulraheem Liqaa Hussein , Jameel Wefaa
Published: July 2021

This study aims at evaluating the effects of magnetic treatment of different qualities of irrigation water on growth of sunflower plant. Three different levels of water salinity were used to irrigate this plant. The electrical conductivity of these three different salinity irrigation were 0.7, 4, and 8 dS/m. The lower limit of the electrical conductivity represents the salinity of tap water. A magnetic treatment device was used to treat the irrigation water with two intensities of 1000 and 3000 Gauss. Replicated pot experiment sets were conducted in a field conditions environment. These experiments include irrigation sun flower plant with magnetically treated and untreated irrigation water. The experiments continued for 20 days after seeding. In general, the results showed that the low limit of EC of the used untreated irrigation water is the best for the plant growth in all its life stages among other used irrigation water. The growth of the sunflower is affected negatively by the salinity of the untreated irrigation water. Exposing the used irrigation water to a magnetic field has valuable effects on the sunflower growth. These effects are in different levels that depend on the salinity of used irrigation water. For the irrigation water of the three EC values of 0.7, 4, and 8 dS/m, the achieved maximum increase in germination was 7.2%, 57.3%, and 150.4%, the root depth increased by 14.3%, 10.2%, 16%, the stem height was increased by 29.6%%, 60%%, and 28%%, respectively, when compared to the sunflower plant irrigated by untreated water. Moreover, the maximum increases in the wet weight of the green part of the plant were 79.7%, 53.5%, and 82.7%, and that for the wet weight of the root part were 79.4%, 46%, and 3.8% for the three types of water, respectively. Finally, the overall conclusion that was achieved is that it is possible to use a magnetic field to treat salty water that can improve sunflower growth.
Flexibility in sustainable architecture output Resistance to epidemics
Authors: Salman Abdullah S. , Hameed Tuqa M.
Published: July 2021

The research deals with the concept of sustainable architecture beyond pandemic diseases. As there is a motivation to reduce the number of occupants of buildings and reconsider the space arrangement at the level of corridors and internal and external spaces as well as focus on natural factors such as ventilation and insolation. Also, the death of a group of architects due to Corona virus will motivate them to form an architectural product that is friendly to the natural environment. Thus, the aim of the research was to uncover the interrelationship between flexibility and epidemics and the role of each one to shape a sustainable architectural output. Accordingly, the research problem was to explore the role of Flexibility in Sustainable epidemic-resistant design. The research approach is to clarify the foundations of epidemic-resistant architecture as well as its characteristics and standards by building a knowledge framework, then a comprehensive theoretical framework from architectural literaturetos to be embodied in its final form in three main vocabulary, namely: foundations of epidemic-resistant architecture, characteristics of sustainable flexible architecture, and the standard for social spacing architecture. It has been applied to elected projects to clarify the extent to which these indicators have been achieved and to reach the conclusions, which made clear that flexibility and resisting architectural output is the extent of its ability to survive in the face of disasters and epidemics, and this is an ideal time to rethink how to develop new design standards and address existing structures to achieve the sustainability.
Assessment of sustainable renewable energy technologies using analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Mohammed Husam Jasim , Naiyf Athmar Thamer , AL-Jadir Thaer , Khbalah Sura Khalaf
Published: July 2021

The investment of sustainable renewable energy has become an essential element in every modern country’s survival and well-being. This study aims to establish a framework for the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to select the best investment in sustainable renewable energy in Iraq. A survey was conducted with a panel of experts from different backgrounds and affiliations in the renewable energy field to assess seven criteria and four alternatives using the AHP technique. The findings showed that the results highlight the importance of power and environmental criteria and determine the best investment to achieve solar energy desired as the highest priority and can be carried out by organizations.
Role of daylight in local hospitals design
Authors: Alboadam Hasan Shakir M. , Mohamed Younas Mahmoud
Published: July 2021

Environmental sustainability is one of the most important, and one of the sustainability criteria is Daylight that trying to provide it in hospital spaces and which improve the patients status(healing of patients), by looking at studies concerned with the role of Daylight in the design of local hospitals, we find a knowledge gap emerged regarding the lack of studies that dealt with the design of Daylight in local hospitals and its effect on the healing of patients (a special problem for the research). The goal of the research is to determine the role of Daylight in hospital design. Research hypothesis: the Daylight affect the healing of patients at local hospitals by achieving comfortable zone at patient room and this affected by the orientation of these rooms and relationships between the location of head of patient and the TV wall at these rooms, in the practical side we select two hospitals and prepare the sites measurements by using LUX meter instrument, In this aspect, the intensity of the light and the indicators associated with it were measured, as a group of patients rooms were elected on multiple facades of the hospital building, as these rooms were numbered and their location in the plans based on the numbering system in the hospitals and then the details of the room were determined dimensions, the window’s location and its relationship with the bed, the location of the patient’s head in the room and the location of the TV wall (the front facing the patient’s head), as a mock net was drawn 95 cm from the ground level and the net was 50 cm away from the walls and the distance between One point and another is approximately 85 cm in both directions, and a mock square grid (2 meters * 2 meters) was drawn on the wall opposite the patient’s head (the TV wall) and the distance between one point and another is 50 cm. If the hospitals’ engineering plans were obtained, then the rooms for the patients’ rest were elected in the wards, provided that every two rooms were facing each other in the same wing after the sun’s movement was determined. The direction of those rooms was determined. The research reached a number of conclusions on designing natural lighting in local hospitals and determining within measures specific to the Iraqi environment. The most important conclusions of the eastern and southern directive were the orientation of the eastern and southern patient rooms to better rooms for patients, which in turn helps to heal patients.
City architecture after war: a study of the impact of the war event on the architecture of the city of Mosul
Authors: Salman Abdullah Saadoon , Hussein Anwar Fadhil , Nassif Haidar Adnan , Kadhim Ibrahim Jawad
Published: July 2021

The research discusses the impact of the events represented in the act of war that occurs on the urban system of cities, which leads to a forced shift in its morphology due to the collapse of important landmarks after the end of the event. The urban programs work with cities destroyed by wars with them in terms of commitment and liberation in a way that restores the identity to the place and is restore the life that was lost due to the war. Or urban programs work to forge new relationships whose basis is the new positions that emerged after the war, and which constitute a new history for the city. The new urban positions carry a double architectural value, because they express two important events: the first in considering it a distinctive landmark that was essential in the emergence of the city, the second, considering this landmark was affected by the war, which led to its demise or losing a large part of its elements. The research problem arose in the presence of the need to activate and revive the landmarks and sites on which the city was formed and the places affected by the act of war, in a way that the recipient can read the event of the war in the city’s architecture, and the research aims at reading the war event in the city’s architecture and the strategies that integrate the archaic sites with the sites produced by the event of the war.
The Impact of Habitat changes on the Mesopotamian Marshlands Fishery from 2003 to 2018
Authors: Hussain Najah A. , Resen Amjed K. , Reiss Peter
Published: July 2021

This article demonstrates how deliberate and unintended interventions can have a disastrous impact on a once flourishing ecosystem. Iraq’s southern marshlands were historically the richest inland fishing ground in the Middle East and Southwest Asia. During the 1960s, fish catches in the marshes consisted of only native species, but decisions by the government to drain the marshlands in the 1990s had cataclysmic results. By 2006, fish catches were largely exotic species. In 2018, the catches in all three marshes were dominated by exotic tilapia and carp species and one of the three marshes was shifting from a freshwater to an estuarine ecosystem. Some native species are dangerously dwindling in number, and others have disappeared entirely. Key reasons for the change include the introduction and spread of exotic species, deterioration of water quality and quantity due to upstream withdrawals, and illegal fishing methods. Many native fish species were rare or very rare in 2018, although they had been fished frequently in 2006, especially in Huwaizah and central marshes. East Hammar marsh differs from the other two for the presence of four migratory marine species that were not seen in 2006 and were becoming very common in 2018.
Levels of some Heavy Elements in Tissues and Shells of Aquatic Mollusca (Viviparous and Anodonta) in Baghdad City, Iraq.
Authors: Jasim Israa. M.
Published: July 2021

Some heavy elements accumulated levels, such as Lead, Zinc, Copper, Iron, Cobalt, Cadmium and Mercury were measured in molluscs that inhabitant the irrigation channel of University of Baghdad in AL- Jadriya districts. The shells and tissues of two Molluscs groups, gastropods genus Viviparous and bivalve genus Anodonta, as well as samples of gastropods eggs and water, were analyzing. The results showed that the highest concentration of Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Iron were recorded in Viviparous shells compared to Anodonta shells, but both Cadmium and Cobalt concentrations were identical in both genera shells, any presence of mercury was not recorded in any of these samples. The tissue samples recorded a rise in Zinc and Copper concentration in Viviparous in comparison with Anodonta, but the Lead, Iron and Cadmium concentrations recorded the highest values in Anodonta. Both elements Cobalt and Mercury concentration showed a similarity in both genera. The gastropods eggs were recorded high concentrations of heavy elements as follows Iron (550.00 ±0.57), Lead (128.00±0.57), Zinc (54. ±000.57), Copper (84.00±0.57), Cadmium (0.300±0.05), Cobalt (0.050±0.01) and Mercury (0.001±0.00) ppm. But water samples showed low concentrations in these elements, Iron (0.200±0.05), Lead (0.033±0.008), Zinc (0.025±0.001), Copper (0.008±0.001), Cadmium (0.004±0.001) and Cobalt (0.001±0.00) ppm.
Experimental study of porcelain and toughened glass suspension insulators under desert contamination
Authors: Al-Mahdawi Emad
Published: July 2021

In this paper, the performance of porcelain and toughened glass suspension insulators artificially polluted with desert contamination is investigated experimentally. The withstand flashover voltage (FOV), and equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) of desert contaminated insulators have been studied and reported. Artificial pollution testing was carried out, and desert contaminations were prepared in advance for four solutions (NaCl, CaSO4, KCl, and CaO) of different concentration levels to investigate the influence of desert contamination on the insulators of transmission lines. The flashover analyses are completed on 11 kV insulators with artificial pollution coatings. The contaminations materials are (a) Desert Salt Pollution-Dry pollution (b) Natural Fog Condition. Results have proven that flashover voltage decreased with the increase in the dry dessert pollution level at constant pressure and temperature condition. However, the study has also revealed that in the case of natural fog conditions, the flashover voltage of porcelain and toughened glass disc insulator became much lower than the dry test. From the results, it can be detected that engineers can predict and plan for the maintenance schedule of the poor performance of the insulators under different effluence environmental conditions. The study tested the effect of AC voltage flashover on the suspension insulators. However, the DC voltage is suggested to be used and results to be compared with the current study.
Unsteady state contaminants transport in sandy mediums using CFD model
Authors: Hussein Nibras Q , Muhsun Sadiq S. , Al-Sharify Zainab T , Hamad Huda T
Published: July 2021

This study was conducted to provide a CFD simulation model to simulate the transfer of pollutants through sandy soils. A physical model and simulation model were designed and implemented with the help of CFD programs using COMSOL 5.4 software to study the process of transporting pollutants within the porous medium. To study the pollutant transmission in the porous media, a sand size of less than 0.36 mm diameters was used as porous media. For an analysis of the problem, several groups of factors were considered and assumed. The first group concerned with the physical properties of the media likes coefficient of adoption Kd. The second group represented the hydraulic factor of flow likes velocity. The results of the physical and CFD models showed there is a clear effect of soil physical properties due to the coefficient of adsorption Kd action. The velocity has a significant effect on the concentrations of pollutants and the time of transmission where the lower velocities produce lower concentrations and delayed transport of pollutants in the soil. The CFD simulated model showed that the change in the Kd-value has a significant impact on the results. The study also showed a good agreement between the results of the laboratory work provided by the physical model and that of the CFD model depending on several statistical indexes. This indicates that the CFD models could be considered as an efficient tool to simulate the complex problems of contaminates transport through a porous medium.
Solid Waste Characterization at University of Technology-Iraq - Step for Sustainable Development
Authors: Mohammed Thamer J. , ALMukhtar Riyadh. , Elias Niran M. , Fakhri Layla , Sameer Abeer , Dawoud Eveleen A.
Published: July 2021

Solid waste accumulation is increasing each year rapidly and composes a crucial threatens to a healthy life, and exhausts natural resources. Major steps must be taken to initiate a new human manner and habits to reduce, recycle, and reuse waste as a part of sustainable development. This research discusses the activity initiate at the Chemical Engineering Department - University of Technology - Baghdad /Iraq to engage faculty members and students at solid waste management’s approaches through adopt classification and sorting of the solid waste at the source. The second stage was to analyze the amounts and types of accumulated solid waste at the chemical engineering department building for one semester starting from 1st February to 30th June. In the same year, the waste examination was recorded each week. The final stage was a questionnaire to some participants (faculty, staff, and students) to investigate staff reluctance to be involved actively in solid waste sorting and motivate more university staff to participate in waste sorting at the source. The results show that the separated solid waste material represented only 35% of the department’s total generated waste through the research period. The total weight of the characterized waste was 448 Kg. Waste paper is the largest percentage of waste with a total weight (155.5 kg), followed by organic (110 kg), plastic (100 kg) and metal (82.5 kg). This research encouraged students to engage in reuse / recycle programs. They formed groups. The first group produced fuel oil from waste plastic by pyrolysis. The second student’s group converted waste paper to card paper.
Adsorption of heavy metal ions using activated carbon derived from Eichhornia (water hyacinth)
Authors: Salman Sami D. , Rasheed Israa M. , Mohammed Alaa K.
Published: July 2021

Removal of heavy metal ions such as, cadmium ion (Cd 2+) and lead ion (Pb 2+) from aqueous solution onto Eichhornia (water hyacinth) activated carbon (EAC) by physiochemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as the activating agents were investigated. The Eichhornia activated carbon was characterized by Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. Whereas, the effect of adsorbent dosage, contact time of pH, and metal ion concentration on the adsorption process have been investigated using the batch process technique. The kinetic data of the adsorption were fitted with the pseudo-first order and, pseudo-second-order models as well as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results were found to be well fitted with pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models. The results also reveal that activated carbon derived from Eichhornia was an efficient adsorbent for the adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from solutions whereas, the maximum sorption capacities of the Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ ions were detected as 102 and 49.5 (mg/g), respectively.
Reusing industrial iron wastes in production of ferrous Sulphate that utilizes in manufacturing of food supplements by selective leaching method
Authors: Ahmed Mohammed Abdulateef
Published: July 2021

After do the research in variety sources for get some information about food supplement which belong to ferrous Sulphate and how can get this material that got from industrial material waste by selective leaching method, by reaction between industrial waste of iron with sulfuric acid. Iron waste used here got from work shop. After preparation these wastes then processing and recycling by dissolving these industrial wastes in sulfuric acid. According to standard diagrams of X-ray diffraction (XRD) for ferrous Sulphate found that results of ferrous Sulphate are conformable. Besides hydrogen gas was resulted from that reaction as by-product and utilizable. Thereupon the environment protection from industrial wastes will be done. In addition, this method does not consume electrical energy, and industrial iron waste is invested in it instead of using expensive iron ores, meaning it is an economical method that supports the environment and sustainability.
Evaluate the Antifungal and detoxification activity of silver nanoparticles prepared with the Curcuma plant extract against Aflatoxin B1 in broiler feed.
Authors: Al-zubaidi Labeeb Ahmed , Wsain Shurooq Mahmood , Ibrahim Suha Mohamed
Published: July 2021

The research was carried out in the laboratories of the Ministry of Science and Technology/Iraq. Green nanoparticles were prepared using turmeric (Curcuma plant) extracted by using biological methods and were characterized by using some techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and zeta potential Analyzer. The results showed that the spherical particles were shown individually or in the aggregate, crystalline, and the value zeta voltage at -33.22 mV. The inhibition activity of green nanoparticles was tested againstAspergillus flavusgrowth and compared with Basten fungicide as a comparison treatment and negative control sample. The results of nanoparticles showed high inhibitor activity in the 590.33 ppm concentration compared to negative control and comparative treatment in concentration 750 ppm. Feeds contaminated withA. flavusisolate were treated with cur. AgNPs at 590.33 ppm for a four-week (incubation period) and Aflatoxin B1. The results showed no Aflatoxin in feed samples were treated with nanoparticles while showing Aflatoxin B1 at a concentration of 38 ppb in control samples. To study the effect of cur. AgNPs against the fungal toxicity in meat broilers feeding to feeding contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 by using some blood and histopathological signs of bird’s liver. The results showed the nanoparticles treatment samples significant superiority compared with the positive control (contaminated with Aflatoxin B1) (p ≤0.01), and no significant differences with control treatment (feed free from any addition). We conclude that the use of green nanoparticles (Curcuma longa L.)produced by biological method as good alternatives to fungicides that harmful to public health and inhibitory activity ofA. flavusand prevent the production of Aflatoxin B1 and improve the blood and histopathological signs of birds.
Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): A case study of the Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Al-Mayah Wisam Thamer , Maiws Al-Mayyahi Sattar Obaid , Al-Shammary Sarteel Hamid
Published: July 2021

This work deals with the monitoring and assessment of water quality of the Tigris River within Baghdad. Samples were taken monthly from September 2018 till August 2019 for a year, from eleven sites in Baghdad city. The National Sanitation Foundation Index (NSF-WQI) values of river water deteriorated from “medium” to “bad” to “very bad” in almost all the eleven sampling sites. The water quality is found to be most deteriorate during the summer season with an average NSF-WQI value of 34.9 as compared to spring, winter and autumn seasons, having an average NSF-WQI value of 40.8, 43.1 and 44, respectively. Out of the eleven sampling sites, Al-Wathba site (S7) and Al-Rasheed site (S11) is observed to be the most polluted sites. The metal pollution index (MI) model is categorized the water quality of the Tigris as seriously affected where the Iron (Fe) and Lead (Pb), are prominent parameters and most deteriorated in this model. Based on these indices, it is concluded that industrial facilities, city wastewater and intensives communities that living along the river bank are negatively affecting the water quality of the Tigris River.
An Experimental Study on Investigating and Controlling Salt Wedge Propagation
Authors: Al-Fuady Mohammed Faisel , Azzubaidi Riyadh Zuhair
Published: July 2021

This study aims to investigate the variation of profiles and propagation of salt wedge. It also aims to investigate the use of air and water curtains in controlling its propagation. A laboratory flume system was prepared to simulate the propagation of the salt wedge. Relations between the profiles and propagation of salt wedge and the discharge of fresh water, longitudinal slope of bed of flume, the concentration of the salt, and the depth of salt water were obtained and analysed. Seventy-seven experiment runs were carried out to investigate the propagation of salt wedge. Moreover, a set of sixteen experimental runs were conducted to investigate controlling the salt wedge using air or water curtains. It was found that by increasing the discharge of fresh water or the slope of the flume bed leads to a reduction in the length of the salt wedge. This reduction reached a maximum percentage of 95%. The propagation of the salt wedge varies proportionally and linearly with the concentration of salt water and its variation with depth of salt water follows a power function. Furthermore, a maximum reduction of 87% was achieved in the salt wedge propagation when the EC is reduced by about 49%. The salt wedge propagation was reduced by 95.3%% when the salt water depth reduced by 40%. It was found that both of the air and water curtains are efficient methods in controlling the propagation of salt wedge. A minimum discharge of air or water curtains to prevent the propagation of the salt wedge was obtained.