bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Telepractice Supported Delivery of LSVT®LOUD
Authors: Theodoros Deborah , Ramig Lorraine
Published: October 2011

This article outlines the essential features and underlying principles of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT®LOUD) and explores the delivery of this treatment via telepractice. A detailed summary of the core features of LSVT®LOUD and the principles underpinning this treatment are presented. Current evidence to support the feasibility and validity of synchronous and asynchronous delivery of LSVT®LOUD to people with Parkinson disease (PD) is reviewed. Technology specifications, cost-benefit analyses, and patient satisfaction are discussed. The challenges involved in delivery of LSVT®LOUD via telepractice, such as inconsistent audio and video quality during videoconferencing, accurate measurement of vocal parameters, technical skill level of the clinician, and patient candidacy, are highlighted. LSVT®LOUD can be effectively and reliably delivered via telepractice. Improvements in telecommunications are required to overcome some of the technology challenges encountered in this mode of delivery. Positive benefits of online treatment in relation to savings in time and money and reduced carer burden are emerging. Patient satisfaction with telepractice in the management of the speech disorder associated with PD is high. The uptake of LSVT®LOUD into telepractice is likely to steadily increase with advances in mobile technologies and web-based applications designed to deliver this treatment.
Humidity effect on BaTiO3 c-domain surface potential inversion induced by electric field
Authors: He D. Y. , Qiao L. J. , Volinsky Alex A.
Published: October 2011

The potential distribution of ferroelectric domains on a (001) BaTiO3 single crystal surface was investigated via scanning Kelvin probe microscopy at room temperature, with and without an electric field applied parallel to the (001) surface. A reversal of the c domain charge was observed after reaching a critical electric field intensity of 6 V/mm, which was much lower than the 200 V/mm coercive field. An immediate recovery was observed upon switching off the electric field. The humidity has a significant effect on the intensity of the inversion electric field. Surface adsorbates significantly affected the ferroelectric surface potential behavior. Due to a low 4 kJ/mol desorption energy, the electric field successfully removed surface adsorbates, allowing for the surface potential to reflect the actual domain polarization state.
Small-energy analysis for the self-adjoint matrix Schrödinger operator on the half line
Authors: Aktosun Tuncay , Klaus Martin , Weder Ricardo
Published: October 2011

The matrix Schrödinger equation with a self-adjoint matrix potential is considered on the half line with the most general self-adjoint boundary condition at the origin. When the matrix potential is integrable and has a first moment, it is shown that the corresponding scattering matrix is continuous at zero energy. An explicit formula is provided for the scattering matrix at zero energy. The small-energy asymptotics are established also for the related Jost matrix, its inverse, and various other quantities relevant to the corresponding direct and inverse scattering problems.
Global strong solutions of a simplified two-fluid model in plasma
Authors: Guo Boling , Huang Daiwen
Published: October 2011

The existence and uniqueness of global strong solutions to the initial boundary value problem of a simplified two-fluid model in plasma are proved for the small data case.
A possible mechanism to tune magneto-electroluminescence in organic light-emitting diodes through adjusting the triplet exciton density
Authors: Chen P. , Song Q. L. , Choy W. C. H. , Ding B. F. , Liu Y. L. , Xiong Z. H.
Published: October 2011

At 15 K, the high field decay of magneto-electroluminescence (MEL) in tris (8-hydroxyquinoine) aluminum (Alq3)-based organic light-emitting diodes is greatly suppressed by mixing hole transport material N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-y)-N,N′-bis(phenyl) benzidine (NPB) into Alq3 emission layer. The positive correlation between the MEL decay and the triplet exciton density indicates the reduced triplet exciton density is the major contributing factor. The change of triplet exciton density and then the MEL upon NPB mixing may result from the strengths change of charge-triplets interaction, in which the injected charges flowing through the exciton formation zone without forming static space charges play the most important role.
A solution processed nonvolatile resistive memory device with Ti/CdSe quantum dot/Ti-TiOx/CdSe quantum dot/indium tin-oxide structure
Authors: Kannan V. , Rhee J. K.
Published: October 2011

We report a Ti-TiOx/quantum dot based bipolar nonvolatile resistive memory device. The device has ON/OFF ratio 100 and is reproducible. The memory device showed good retention characteristics under stress and excellent stability even after 100 000 cycles of switching operation. The memory devices are solution processed at room temperature in ambient atmosphere. The operating mechanism is discussed based on charge trapping in quantum dots resulting in Coulomb blockade effect with the metal-oxide layer acting as the barrier to confine the trapped charges. The mechanism is supported by negative differential resistance (NDR) observed exclusively in the ON state.
High electric breakdown strength and energy density in vinylidene fluoride oligomer/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend thin films
Authors: Rahimabady Mojtaba , Chen Shuting , Yao Kui , Eng Hock Tay Francis , Lu Li
Published: October 2011

Dense α-phase blend films of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) oligomer and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) of various compositions were prepared from chemical solution deposition. The dielectric constant of the films was unexpectedly lower, and the mechanical strength was higher than either of the two components, leading to high electromechanical dielectric breakdown strength (>850 MV/m vs. 300∼500 MV/m for typical PVDF-based films). The properties were attributed to the unique blend structure with high crystallinity and densely packed rigid amorphous phase incorporating long and short chains. A maximum polarization of 162 mC/m2 and a large electric energy density up to 27.3 J/cm3 were obtained.
Control of dense carbon nanotube arrays via hierarchical multilayer catalyst
Authors: Fisher C. , Han Z. J. , Levchenko I. , Ostrikov K.
Published: October 2011

Effective control of dense, high-quality carbon nanotube arrays using hierarchical multilayer catalyst patterns is demonstrated. Scanning/transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and numerical simulations show that by changing the secondary and tertiary layers one can control the properties of the nanotube arrays. The arrays with the highest surface density of vertically aligned nanotubes are produced using a hierarchical stack of iron nanoparticles and alumina and silica layers differing in thickness by one order of magnitude from one another. The results are explained in terms of the catalyst structure effect on carbon diffusivity.
Bio-inspired artificial iridophores based on capillary origami: Fabrication and device characterization
Authors: Manakasettharn Supone , Ashley Taylor J. , Krupenkin Tom N.
Published: October 2011

Cephalopods have evolved complex optical mechanisms of dynamic skin color control based on mechanical actuation of micro-scale optical structures such as iridophores and chromatophores. In this work, we describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of bio-inspired artificial iridophores, which resemble microflowers with flexible reflective petals, based on capillary origami microstructures. Two methods of petal actuation have been demonstrated—one based on the electrowetting process and the other by volume change of the liquid droplet. These results were in good agreement with a model derived to characterize the actuation dynamics.
Incoherent effect of Fe and Ni substitutions in the ferromagnetic-insulator La0.6Bi0.4MnO3+δ
Authors: Kundu Asish K. , Motin Seikh Md. , Srivastava Akhilesh , Mahajan S. , Chatterjee R. , Pralong V. , Raveau B.
Published: October 2011

A comparative study of the effect of Fe and Ni doping on the bismuth based perovskite La0.6Bi0.4MnO3.1, a projected spintronics magnetic semiconductor has been carried out. The doped systems show an expressive change in magnetic ordering temperature. However, the shifts in ferromagnetic transition (TC) of these doped phases are in opposite direction with respect to the parent phase TC of 115 K. The Ni-doped phase shows an increase in TC ∼200 K, whereas the Fe-doped phase exhibits a downward shift to TC∼95 K. Moreover, the Fe-doped is hard-type whereas the Ni-doped compound is soft-type ferromagnet. It is observed that the materials are semiconducting in the ferromagnetic phase with activation energies of 77 & 82 meV for Fe & Ni-doped phases, respectively. In the presence of external magnetic field of 7 T, they exhibit minor changes in the resistivity behaviors and the maximum isothermal magnetoresistance is around −20% at 125 K for the Ni-phase. The results are explained on the basis of electronic phase separation and competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions between the various mixed valence cations.
Plasma treatments to improve metal contacts in graphene field effect transistor
Authors: Choi Min Sup , Lee Seung Hwan , Yoo Won Jong
Published: October 2011

Graphene formed via chemical vapor deposition was exposed to various plasmas (Ar, O2, N2, and H2) in order to examine its effects on the bonding properties of graphene to metal. After exposing patterned graphene to Ar plasma, the subsequently deposited metal electrodes remained intact, enabling the successful fabrication of field effect transistor arrays. The effects of the enhanced adhesion between graphene and metals were more evident from the O2 plasma than the Ar, N2, and H2 plasmas, suggesting that a chemical reaction of O radicals imparts hydrophilic properties to graphene more effectively than the chemical reaction of H and N radicals or the physical bombardment of Ar ions. The electrical measurements (drain current versus gate voltage) of the field effect transistors before and after Ar plasma exposure confirmed that the plasma treatment is quite effective in controlling the graphene to metal bonding accurately without the need for buffer layers.
Effect of carbon doping on the structure of amorphous GeTe phase change material
Authors: Ghezzi G. E. , Raty J. Y. , Maitrejean S. , Roule A. , Elkaim E. , Hippert F.
Published: October 2011

Carbon-doped GeTe is a promising material for use in phase change memories since the addition of C increases the stability of the amorphous phase. By combining x-ray total scattering experiments and ab initio molecular dynamics, we show that carbon deeply modifies the structure of the amorphous phase through long carbon chains and tetrahedral and triangular units centered on carbon. A clear signature of these units is the appearance of an additional interatomic distance, around 3.3 Å in the measured pair distribution function. Besides, the first Ge-Ge and Ge-Te distances are almost not affected by doping.
Current underestimation of the optical gap and Burstein-Moss shift in CdO thin films: A consequence of extended misuse of α2-versus-hν plots
Authors: Segura A. , Sánchez-Royo J. F. , García-Domene B. , Almonacid G.
Published: October 2011

This paper reports on the optical and transport properties of undoped and In-doped CdO films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Film thickness (around 150 nm) was chosen to allow for an accurate measurement of the absorption coefficient spectrum up to 2-3 eV above the direct bandgap. The imaginary part of the dielectric function, as determined from absorption spectra, is consistent with ellipsometry results in the literature. The optical gap and transition width are determined from a gaussian fit to the first derivative of the absorption spectrum. CdO optical gap so determined increases from 2.3 to 3.4 eV for electron concentrations increasing from 1.8 × 1019 to 1.1 × 1021 cm−3 with a Burstein-Moss shift of 1.1 eV, much larger than those currently found in the literature for similar or larger carrier concentration ranges. We discuss this discrepancy and show that the origin of the current underestimation is related to an extended misuse of α2-versus-hν plots to determine the optical gap. A clear correlation between the optical transition width and electron mobility is also shown and discussed.
Ultrafast spin-induced polarization oscillations with tunable lifetime in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
Authors: Gerhardt N. C. , Li M. Y. , Jähme H. , Höpfner H. , Ackemann T. , Hofmann M. R.
Published: October 2011

We report spin-induced polarization oscillations in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers above threshold and at room temperature. The oscillation frequency is 11.6 GHz, which is significantly higher than the modulation bandwidth of less than 4 GHz in the device. The oscillation frequency is determined by an additional resonance frequency in birefringence containing microcavities, which is potentially much higher than the conventional relaxation oscillation frequency. The damping of the oscillations can be controlled by the current, allowing for oscillation lifetimes much longer than the spin lifetime in the device as well as for short bursts potentially interesting for information transmission.
Habitat differentiation between estuarine and inland Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) as revealed by retrotransposon-based SSAP marker
Authors: Tang Tian , He Lian , Peng Feng , Shi Suhua
Published: October 2011

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) is a pantropical coastal tree that extends to the tidal zone. In this study, the retrotransposon sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (SSAP) technique was used in order to understand the genetic variation between four population pairs of H. tiliaceus from repeated estuarine and inland habitat contrasts in China. The estuarine populations were consistently more genetic variable compared with the inland ones, which may be attributed to extensive gene flow via water-drifted seeds and/or retrotransposon activation in stressful estuarine environments. An AMOVA revealed that 8.9% of the genetic variance could be explained by the habitat divergence within site, as compared with only 4.9% to geographical isolation between sites, which indicates significant habitat differentiation between the estuarine and inland populations. The estuarine populations were less differentiated (ΦST = 0.115) than the inland (ΦST = 0.152) implying frequent gene interchange in the former. Accordingly, the principal coordinate analysis of genetic distance between individuals revealed that genetic relationships are not fully consistent with the geographic association. These results suggest that despite substantial gene flow via sea-drifted seeds, habitat-related divergent selection could be one of the primary mechanisms that drive habitat differentiation in H. tiliaceus at a local ecological scale.
Wildfires and the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index system for the Daxing'anling region of China
Authors: Tian Xiaorui , McRae Douglas J. , Jin Jizhong , Shu Lifu , Zhao Fengjun , Wang Mingyu
Published: October 2011

The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) system was evaluated for the Daxing'anling region of northern China for the 1987–2006 fire seasons. The FWI system reflected the regional fire danger and could be effectively used there in wildfire management. The various FWI system components were classified into classes (i.e. low to extreme) for fire conditions found in the region. A total of 81.1% of the fires occurred in the high, very high and extreme fire danger classes, in which 73.9% of the fires occurred in the spring (0.1, 9.5, 33.3 and 33.1% in March, April, May and June). Large wildfires greater than 200 ha in area (16.7% of the total) burnt 99.2% of the total burnt area. Lightning was the main ignition source for 57.1% of the total fires. Result show that forest fires mainly occurred in deciduous coniferous forest (61.3%), grass (23.9%) and deciduous broad leaved forest (8.0%). A bimodal fire season was detected, with peaks in May and October. The components of FWI system were good indicators of fire danger in the Daxing'anling region of China and could be used to build a working fire danger rating system for the region.
Sexual selection by female immunity against paternal antigens can fix loss of function alleles
Authors: Ghaderi Darius , Springer Stevan A. , Ma Fang , Cohen Miriam , Secrest Patrick , Taylor Rachel E. , Varki Ajit , Gagneux Pascal
Published: October 2011

Humans lack the common mammalian cell surface moleculeN-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) due to aCMAHgene inactivation, which occurred approximately three million years ago. Modern humans produce antibodies specific for Neu5Gc. We hypothesized that anti-Neu5Gc antibodies could enter the female reproductive tract and target Neu5Gc-positive sperm or fetal tissues, reducing reproductive compatibility. Indeed, female mice with a human-likeCmah(−/−) mutation and immunized to express anti-Neu5Gc antibodies show lower fertility with Neu5Gc-positive males, due to prezygotic incompatibilities. Human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies are also capable of targeting paternally derived antigens and mediate cytotoxicity against Neu5Gc-bearing chimpanzee sperm in vitro. Models of populations polymorphic for such antigens show that reproductive incompatibility by female immunity can drive loss-of-function alleles to fixation from moderate initial frequencies. Initially, the loss of a cell-surface antigen can occur due to drift in isolated populations or when natural selection favors the loss of a receptor exploited by pathogens, subsequently the same loss-of-function allele can come under sexual selection because it avoids being targeted by the female immune system. Thus, we provide evidence of a link between sexual selection and immune function: Antigenicity in females can select against foreign paternal antigens on sperm and rapidly fix loss-of-function alleles. Similar circumstances existed when theCMAHnull allele was polymorphic in ancestral hominins, just before the divergence ofHomofrom australopithecines.
Rab5 GTPase controls chromosome alignment through Lamin disassembly and relocation of the NuMA-like protein Mud to the poles during mitosis
Authors: Capalbo Luisa , D'Avino Pier Paolo , Archambault Vincent , Glover David M.
Published: October 2011

The small GTPase Rab5 is a conserved regulator of membrane trafficking; it regulates the formation of early endosomes, their transport along microtubules, and the fusion to the target organelles. Although several members of the endocytic pathway were recently implicated in spindle organization, it is unclear whether Rab5 has any role during mitosis. Here, we describe that Rab5 is required for proper chromosome alignment during
Drosophila
mitoses. We also found that Rab5 associated in vivo with nuclear Lamin and mushroom body defect (Mud), the
Drosophila
counterpart of nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA). Consistent with this finding, Rab5 was required for the disassembly of the nuclear envelope at mitotic entry and the accumulation of Mud at the spindle poles. Furthermore, Mud depletion caused chromosome misalignment defects that resembled the defects of Rab5 RNAi cells, and double-knockdown experiments indicated that the two proteins function in a linear pathway. Our results indicate a role for Rab5 in mitosis and reinforce the emerging view of the contributions made by cell membrane dynamics to spindle function.
Cellular prion protein conformation and function
Authors: Damberger Fred F. , Christen Barbara , Pérez Daniel R. , Hornemann Simone , Wüthrich Kurt
Published: October 2011

In the otherwise highly conserved NMR structures of cellular prion proteins (PrP
C
) from different mammals, species variations in a surface epitope that includes a loop linking a β-strand, β2, with a helix, α2, are associated with NMR manifestations of a dynamic equilibrium between locally different conformations. Here, it is shown that this local dynamic conformational polymorphism in mouse PrP
C
is eliminated through exchange of Tyr169 by Ala or Gly, but is preserved after exchange of Tyr 169 with Phe. NMR structure determinations of designed variants of mouse PrP(121–231) at 20 °C and of wild-type mPrP(121–231) at 37 °C together with analysis of exchange effects on NMR signals then resulted in the identification of the two limiting structures involved in this local conformational exchange in wild-type mouse PrP
C
, and showed that the two exchanging structures present characteristically different solvent-exposed epitopes near the β2–α2 loop. The structural data presented in this paper provided a platform for currently ongoing, rationally designed experiments with transgenic laboratory animals for renewed attempts to unravel the so far elusive physiological function of the cellular prion protein.
To qualify as a social partner, humans hide severe punishment, although their observed cooperativeness is decisive
Authors: Rockenbach Bettina , Milinski Manfred
Published: October 2011

Conflicts of interest between the community and its members are at the core of human social dilemmas. If observed selfishness has future costs, individuals may hide selfish acts but display altruistic ones, and peers aim at identifying the most selfish persons to avoid them as future social partners. An interaction involving hiding and seeking information may be inevitable. We staged an experimental social-dilemma game in which actors could pay to conceal information about their contribution, giving, and punishing decisions from an observer who selects her future social partners from the actors. The observer could pay to conceal her observation of the actors. We found sophisticated dynamic strategies on either side. Actors hide their severe punishment and low contributions but display high contributions. Observers select high contributors as social partners; remarkably, punishment behavior seems irrelevant for qualifying as a social partner. That actors nonetheless pay to conceal their severe punishment adds a further puzzle to the role of punishment in human social behavior. Competition between hiding and seeking information about social behavior may be even more relevant and elaborate in the real world but usually is hidden from our eyes.
Extended surfaces modulate hydrophobic interactions of neighboring solutes
Authors: Patel Amish J. , Varilly Patrick , Jamadagni Sumanth N. , Acharya Hari , Garde Shekhar , Chandler David
Published: October 2011

Interfaces are a most common motif in complex systems. To understand how the presence of interfaces affects hydrophobic phenomena, we use molecular simulations and theory to study hydration of solutes at interfaces. The solutes range in size from subnanometer to a few nanometers. The interfaces are self-assembled monolayers with a range of chemistries, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. We show that the driving force for assembly in the vicinity of a hydrophobic surface is weaker than that in bulk water and decreases with increasing temperature, in contrast to that in the bulk. We explain these distinct features in terms of an interplay between interfacial fluctuations and excluded volume effects—the physics encoded in Lum–Chandler–Weeks theory [Lum K, Chandler D, Weeks JD (1999)
J Phys Chem B
103:4570–4577]. Our results suggest a catalytic role for hydrophobic interfaces in the unfolding of proteins, for example, in the interior of chaperonins and in amyloid formation.
Identifying critical regions in small-world marine metapopulations
Authors: Watson James R. , Siegel David A. , Kendall Bruce E. , Mitarai Satoshi , Rassweiller Andrew , Gaines Steven D.
Published: October 2011

The precarious state of many nearshore marine ecosystems has prompted the use of marine protected areas as a tool for management and conservation. However, there remains substantial debate over their design and, in particular, how to best account for the spatial dynamics of nearshore marine species. Many commercially important nearshore marine species are sedentary as adults, with limited home ranges. It is as larvae that they disperse greater distances, traveling with ocean currents sometimes hundreds of kilometers. As a result, these species exist in spatially complex systems of connected subpopulations. Here, we explicitly account for the mutual dependence of subpopulations and approach protected area design in terms of network robustness. Our goal is to characterize the topology of nearshore metapopulation networks and their response to perturbation, and to identify critical subpopulations whose protection would reduce the risk for stock collapse. We define metapopulation networks using realistic estimates of larval dispersal generated from ocean circulation simulations and spatially explicit metapopulation models, and we then explore their robustness using node-removal simulation experiments. Nearshore metapopulations show small-world network properties, and we identify a set of highly connected hub subpopulations whose removal maximally disrupts the metapopulation network. Protecting these subpopulations reduces the risk for systemic failure and stock collapse. Our focus on catastrophe avoidance provides a unique perspective for spatial marine planning and the design of marine protected areas.
Bovine rickettsial genomes: prospects for new control measures.
Authors: Rodríguez S. D. , García M. Á. , Preciado J. F. , Vega C. A. , Rojas E. E.
Published: October 2011

Rickettsial diseases of cattle are a major constraint in developing countries, leading to severe economic losses. Bovine anaplasmosis and heartwater are the two most important pathogens across a wide area of the world. Available vaccines are based on live virulent or attenuated vaccines, but have a number of drawbacks. Vaccination with individual antigens may induce adequate protection against homologous challenge but poor protection against heterologous challenge. The complete genome sequences of
Anaplasma marginale
,
Ehrlichia ruminantium
and other Rickettsiales are now available and new tools are being developed for the study of DNA sequences and comparison between different species, but more importantly between members of the same species. In the present review, a brief comparison of the genomes of
A. marginale
and
E. ruminantium
is presented, with special attention to the use of this information in detailing new antigens, finding differences between virulent and non-virulent organisms and understanding the interactions between the pathogens and their vectors, with the aim of finding new ways of controlling these diseases.
Managing salts while irrigating with wastewater.
Authors: Qadir M. , Drechsel P.
Published: October 2011

Where freshwater resources are scarce for reasons of climate or water pollution, urban waste-water is often used to irrigate a range of crops in support of urban markets as well as the livelihoods of farmers. As in many developing countries wastewater treatment is insufficient, the water can contain different types and levels of mostly undesirable constituents. In this review, the focus is on elevated salt concentrations from domestic or industrial origin, which can especially in long-term irrigation systems result in environmental and productivity constraints. As treatment options to reduce water salinity are resource-intensive, off- and on-farm management strategies are needed to offset the implications of saline wastewater. The sources of salts in wastewater can be reduced before it reaches the farm by (1) technologies in industrial sector that reduce salt consumption vis-à-vis discharge into the sewage system; (2) separation of high-salt releasing industries' wastewater from domestic and municipal wastewater; (3) reduced evaporation in wastewater treatment ponds; and (4) restrictions on using certain domestic products that are major sources of salts in wastewater. Besides the off-farm interventions, on-farm management strategies may address (1) selection of crops or crop varieties capable of producing profitable yield with saline wastewater; (2) selection of irrigation methods reducing salt levels or crop exposure to salts; (3) application of wastewater in excess of crop water requirement to leach excess salts from the root zone; (4) irrigation of wastewater in conjunction with freshwater through cyclic and/or blending interventions; (5) use of different agronomic interventions; (6) the application - where possible - of calcium-supplying amendments while irrigating with highly sodic wastewater to mitigate sodium effects on soils and crops; and (7) potential use of saline wastewater, if containing adequate proportion of calcium, to ameliorate sodic and saline-sodic soils. Since saline wastewater can also contain other contaminants than salts it is different from saline drainage or groundwater, and its long-term irrigation may result in the movement of, for example, nitrates, metal ions and metalloids to groundwater. Therefore, monitoring of groundwater quality in well-drained wastewater irrigation schemes is important, particularly where groundwater is used elsewhere for drinking purposes. In addition, crop and soil quality analyses are necessary to determine potential negative implications of wastewater irrigation on crop growth and food safety in general and for microbiological and/or other chemical constituents.
Assessing biosafety of GM plants containing lectins.
Authors: Poulsen M. , Pedersen J. W.
Published: October 2011

The introduction of genetic engineering has already shown its benefits in transferring genes into crop plants and conferring resistance towards pests. Most of these crop plants on the market have been transformed with the
cry
genes from
Bacillus
species, conferring resistance towards certain insects. However, since the
cry
genes are not active against all insects, e.g. sap-sucking insects, other genes coding for proteins such as lectins show promise of complementing the
cry
genes for insect resistance. As with other novel plants, lectin-expressing plants will need to be assessed for their potential risks to human and animal health and the environment. The expressed lectin protein should be assessed on its own for potential toxicity and allergenicity as for any other new protein. Although not many lectins have been thoroughly tested for their toxicity, our evaluation suggests that most of the lectins that are potentially useful for insect resistance will pose no health risk in genetically modified (GM) plants. Since some lectins are known for their toxicity to humans, the insertion of lectin genes in food crop plants will have to be assessed carefully. It is expected that in some cases there will be a need to perform animal tests of such GM plants in order to eliminate any uncertainties about potential safety issues for these plants. A 90-day study designed and optimized for this purpose is suggested as one way to cope with these uncertainties.
The potential for proteomics in cereal science.
Authors: Copeland L. , Wilkes M. A.
Published: October 2011

Proteomics is the separation, detection, identification and bioinformatic analysis of all of the proteins expressed in a biological tissue under a defined set of conditions. This technology is one of the suite of bioinformatics approaches that are being widely employed to answer fundamental questions on the genetics and biochemistry of living cells. Proteomics provides a wealth of new knowledge on the genetic potential of food plants and animals, how that potential is expressed and how that expression is influenced by external factors such as soil, climate, weather, management practices, pests and diseases. Proteomic studies are performed to analyse temporal and spatial changes in the protein complement of a tissue including proteins concerned with quality attributes and nutritional value, Proteomics is a readily accessible technology, much of which can be performed with relatively simple equipment and access to a service facility for mass spectrometry identification of proteins. The focus of this review article is on the applications of proteomics in cereal science. The intention is to provide the reader with an overview of (i) the accessibility of this technology and recent developments in the methodology involved, and (ii) how proteomics may be used to advance knowledge for the production of cereal crops and to optimize the use of their harvested products.
Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation and Reforestation projects: implications for local agriculture.
Authors: Green A. G. , Unruh J. D.
Published: October 2011

The potential of Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation and Reforestation (CDM A/R) projects to contribute to climate change mitigation and sustainable development is widely recognized. Yet, problems with the design and implementation of CDM A/R projects have limited analyses of project outcomes. In fact, of the nearly 1400 registered CDM projects in early January 2009, there was only one A/R project. Yet, as of May 2010, the number of registered CDM A/R projects had rapidly grown to 14 with 41 more CDM A/R projects in the pipeline. This rapid increase in A/R activities may provide some early indications of whether CDM A/R projects are successfully meeting their potential to contribute to sustainable development goals. This review specifically examines the literature that documents the positive and negative impacts of CDM A/R projects on local agriculture. It finds that while half of the current CDM A/R projects are credited with generating carbon offsets from 2007 or earlier, there is little published evidence of their specific impacts on local agriculture or sustainable development. This review recommends that future research should focus on (1) developing field surveys with criteria and indicators that evaluate the performance of individual CDM A/R projects in meeting stipulated outcomes, (2) increasing critical scrutiny of CDM A/R project validation documentation and procedures and (3) developing criteria and indicators to analyse the impacts of all CDM A/R projects on broad issues (such as tenure security and institutional capacity) and specific demographic groups, geographic regions or livelihoods.
Factors Influencing Habitat Shifts of Age‐0 Yellow Perch in Southwestern Lake Michigan
Authors: Miehls Scott M. , Dettmers John M.
Published: October 2011

Yellow perch Perca flavescens exhibit a consistent early life history across most lakes, with hatching in spring followed by a brief pelagic phase that ends with an ontogenetic shift to benthic habitat. This shift occurs with consistent timing and at consistent sizes in most freshwater systems. In Lake Michigan, however, the pelagic phase is prolonged and age‐0 yellow perch undergo the transition to benthic habitat at variable sizes, the reasons for which are unknown. We investigated whether prey resources, diet preferences, and physical environment affected the habitat shift of pelagic, age‐0 yellow perch. The shift to nearshore benthic habitat between 1998 and 2005 was strongly correlated with the occurrence of onshore wind events, a surrogate for transport by onshore currents. The timing of this habitat shift was not strongly related to prey resources. Abiotic factors structured the habitat shifts of age‐0 yellow perch in Lake Michigan, a pattern atypical of freshwater systems but consistent with the patterns seen in marine systems.
Conclusion
Authors: Prunty Wyatt
Published: October 2011

This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters and presents some concluding thoughts. It argues that the strongest poetry that this generation has produced has not precluded the possibility of more finished arrangements. Possibility is the other side of doubt. Holding what is lacked in question, in play, keeps the thing missed from being lost. The tropes that liken are the means for exploring similitude. They are also the preliminaries for greater certainty, maybe, on occasion, even consensus, however problematical that kind of certainty remains, and probably ought to remain.
The First Edition of the New Testament
Authors: Trobisch David
Published: October 2011

This book argues that the New Testament is not the product of a centuries-long process of development. Its history, the author finds, is the history of a book—an all-Greek Christian bible—published as early as the second century AD and intended by its editors to be read as a whole. The author claims that this bible achieved wide circulation and formed the basis of all surviving manuscripts of the New Testament. Redactional frame, editorial concepts, and other such ideas can be found throughout the book as these aid in explaining how editors, publishers, and even readers may have already incorporated thoughts and modified the original texts to come up with the modern Canonical Edition of the Christian Bible that we know today.
Impurity and Sin in the Literature of Qumran
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter addresses the literature of Qumran, focusing on the texts that were not only unearthed at Qumran, but also generally recognized to have been composed by the group that settled here. The analysis emphasizes most closely the Community Rule (1QS), a major theme of which is the defiling force of sin. Habakkuk Pesher (1QpHab), the Thanksgiving Scroll (1QH), the War Scroll (1QM), the Damascus Document (CD),1 and some of the more fragmentary texts that were discovered in Qumran Cave Four, including the recently published halakhic letter, 4Q Miqsat Ma'aseh ha—Torah (4QMMT), are the other texts that are assessed. It also examines the pertinent literature from Qumran in light of the conceptual framework and historical analyses. Moreover, an analysis of what is most distinctive about the approach taken to ritual and moral impurity at Qumran is described: the nearly complete integration of the two once distinct ideas into one single conception of impurity that has both ritual and moral connotations. Finally, Qumran's innovative approach to ritual and moral impurity is taken into account.
Siluk Ha-Shekhinah:Sin, Defilement, and the Departure of the Divine Presence
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the tannaitic treatment of the idea of moral defilement. It begins by offering some general observations about the tannaitic passages that form the basis of analysis. The first general observation is that there are very few passages in the tannaitic corpus that articulate the idea of moral defilement. The second is that the bulk of the tannaitic passages which discuss moral defilement are midrashim on scriptural verses dealing with moral impurity. The third point to be made regarding the passages is that they typically articulate a rather literal reading of the biblical verses. Topics discussed include the sources of moral impurity in tannaitic literature, effects of moral impurity in tannaitic literature, the date of the doctrine of moral defilement, and the meaning of the doctrine of moral defilement. In general, a number of tannaitic traditions relating to the biblical doctrine of moral defilement are shown.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: October 2011

The distinction between ritual and moral defilement is important—even essential—simply for understanding the biblical text itself. At least four distinct approaches to the question of the relationship between ritual and moral impurity are identified. The study of ancient Judaism concerns not ancient Jewish literature strictly speaking, but the Hebrew Bible. The complexity of the concept of defilement is also addressed. It is hoped that the present study has at least contributed to that process by clarifying the dynamic between impurity and sin in an important period of the history of both Judaism and Christianity.
The Reception of Ancient Texts in the Carolingian Era
Authors: Atkinson Charles M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers the ways ancient texts treating tone-system, mode, and notation were received and taught in the Carolingian era. The terms and concepts from the works of Boethius, Martianus Capella, Cassiodorus, Isidore of Seville, and Donatus discussed under the rubric of “the heritage of antiquity” were important as objects of study during the Carolingian era. Starting with manuscripts from the first part of the 9th century, it is shown that Carolingian schoolmasters, such as John Scottus Eriugena and Remigius of Auxerre made concentrated attempts to understand and explain such concepts as tonus, tropus, accentus, and seminarium musices. They grappled with them, moreover, on their own terms, that is, as they had been understood in Antiquity. At the same time, their commentaries could not help but reflect—and in turn influence—the milieu in which they were written and the directions in which musical thought was heading.
Reasoning the Fast and Frugal Way
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2011

This chapter proposes a class of heuristics that exhibit bounded rationality based on Herbert Simon’s ideas. These “fast and frugal heuristics” operate with simple psychological principles that satisfy the constraints of limited time, knowledge, and computational might, rather than those of classical rationality. At the same time, they are designed to be fast and frugal without a significant loss of inferential accuracy because they can exploit the structure of environments. It begins by describing the task the cognitive heuristics are designed to address, the Take The Best heuristic, and the real-world environment on which its performance will be tested. Next, it reports on a competition in which the heuristic competes with “rational” strategies in making inferences about a real-world environment. Finally, it studies variants of the heuristic that make faster inferences and get by with even less knowledge.
Rationality
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2011

Social rationality is a specific form of ecological rationality, one in which the environment consists of other humans. The program of social rationality explains human judgment and decision making in terms of the structure of social environments. This chapter illustrates how behaviors that look irrational from an individualistic point of view can turn out to be well adapted to a specific social environment. Social environments foster different strategies than physical environments, such as imitation instead of deliberation, and demand attention to information that is unique to social interaction, such as cues that could reveal that one is being cheated or bluffed. The examples demonstrate that only by referring to something external to the rules or axioms, such as social objectives, values, and norms, can one decide whether an axiom or choice rule entails rational behavior.
Introduction
Authors: Myers Kathleen Ann
Published: October 2011

This volume examines six representative 17th-century women whose lives and life narratives serve as case studies that illustrate how a single church role for women to be saintlike in fact generated multiple life paths. It shows how these women's lives and texts were integral to the building of colonial society, most of them were heralded as symbols of America. These women were suggestive of the possibilities found in colonial Spanish American women's life writings. In order to elucidate the inner workings of the processes of canonization, inquisition, and confession, Part I examines two lay holy women and a nun. Part II examines three women who spent time in the convent, but redefined or rejected the path of the perfecta religiosa.
La China Poblana
Authors: San Jaun Catarina De
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks at the subject of a hagiographic biography, Catarina de San Juan. Her case reveals more about post-Tridentine guidelines on sanctity and their textual representation. Although first brought to America as a slave, she was central to local citizens' lives because of her intercessory powers. Upon her death in Puebla, she had lots of followers from all walks of life and was promoted by the powerful Jesuit order. One Jesuit wrote a biography of Catarina that became the longest work published in the colonial Americas—Alonso Ramos's De los prodigios … New Spanish clergy further advanced her cause by approving the three-volume tome, while the laity began to venerate a painted portrait of her.
Criteria for Analysis II
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses three more rubrics. These are periodicity, three modes of enunciation, and narrative. Along with the three other rubrics discussed in the previous chapter, they facilitate an exploration of the immediately perceptible dimensions of Romantic compositions. These six rubrics together are best thought of as enabling mechanisms, as schemes for organizing intuited insights, and as points of departure for further exploration.
Bridges to Free Composition
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the idea of bridges to free composition through several stylistic contexts. The chapter looks at Corelli, J.S. Bach, Schubert, Chopin, Mahler, and Richard Strauss. It shows that these bridges connect the structures of an actual composition with a set of models or proto-structures. It also attempts to give some indication of how “speaking” music fluently might work, in order for people to be able to understand its production processes.
Liszt,Orpheus(1853–1854)
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter gives a semiotic analysis of Lizst's Orpheus. It begins by identifying the work's building blocks one after another. The second part of the analysis includes comments on the discourse of form and meaning that this particular disposition of blocks makes possible. The analysis is able to determine that although Orpheus resists a reading as a continuously illustrative work, certain features encourage speculation about its illustrative potential.
The Go-Between
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

In a familiar phrase, Luke speaks of “the ministry of the word”. The term “word”, which means so much to the Christian church, has made the phrase memorable, but was an emphasis on “word” Luke's main intention? Or, for him, could the main thing have been “diakonia”? This chapter assesses what the term “ministry” contributed to the phrase “ministry of the word” in Luke's mind. Would the term have come naturally to a Greek writing about a preaching ministry or would a Greek have needed to be a Christian to use it? To resolve these and other queries arising from similar usage elsewhere in early Christian sources, this chapter examines the connection of “diakonia” to Hermes' role as messenger of the gods, the conveying of messages from one place to another, and the performance of errands.
Post/modern: On the Gay Sensibility, or the Pervert's Revenge on Authenticity—Wilde, Genet, Orton, and Others
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

The anarchic and the political, the anger and the boredom, are all active in Oscar Wilde's transgressive aesthetic. Which brings one to camp, considered by some to be the essence of the homosexual sensibility. The definition of camp is as elusive as the sensibility itself. This chapter discusses post-modern issues of gay sensibility and the like according to Wilde, Jean Genet, and Joe Orton, among others. The search for the nature of the distinctively gay sensibility can be productively redirected as an exploration of the limitations of the aesthetic as conventionally understood, especially the way it is said to transcend the socio-political, and used in support of the proposition that discrimination is the essence of culture. Further, rather than seeking such a sensibility in an ‘inner condition’, one might more usefully identify it outwardly and in relation to other strategies of survival and subversion, especially the masquerade of femininity, and the mimicry of the colonial subject.