bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nachhaltigkeit beim Einkauf von Komponenten
Authors: Roloff Bernd , Hentschel Arne
Published: May 2023

Milliardenschwere Investitionen sind für den Aufbau der Wasserstoffwirtschaft geplant, insbesondere in der Wasserstoffprozesskette vom Elektrolyseur bis zur Brennstoffzelle und darüber hinaus. Gerade hier sollte sich der Einkauf fragen, wie nachhaltig die eingesetzten Produkte sind. Die TA Roloff ist Hersteller von elektrischen Stellantrieben für Industriearmaturen und hat einen hohen Anspruch an die Nachhaltigkeit seiner Produkte.
Prüfaufwand reduzieren und systematische Fehler vermeiden
Authors: Rützel Christian
Published: May 2023

Die wiederkehrende, manuelle Prüfung von SIL‐Sicherheitseinrichtungen ist aufwendig und fehleranfällig. Die Wiederholprüfung lässt sich mit der Kombination mit der Hima‐Sicherheitssteuerung HIMax und der Endress+Hauser Heartbeat Technology den Prüfprozess automatisieren. Das vermeidet systematische Fehler, verlängert die Anlagenlaufzeiten und reduziert den Prüfaufwand.
Überflüssige Stillstandzeiten vermeiden
Authors: Lange Nils
Published: May 2023

Mit nicht‐invasiven Signalisierungen und in die Berstscheibe integrierten Signalisierungen können auch Prozesse mit kritischen Drücken und anspruchsvollen Medien zuverlässig überwacht werden.
Photocatalytic Metal‐Free Radical Hydrosilylation for Polymer Functionalization†
Authors: Huang Zhujun , Liu Kaiwen , Liu Mingyuan , Yun Jie , Dong Jin , Chen Zhe , Xie Zhikang , Pan Xiangcheng
Published: May 2023

Comprehensive Summary

Post‐modification of polymers offers a route to prepare functionalized polymers through efficient chemical reactions, and hydrosilylation is one of the most effective strategies. Silane‐functionalized polymers have found a wide range of potential applications, such as adhesives, rubbers, and drug delivery agents. For decades, the hydrosilylation for the post‐modification of polymers has typically used transition metals as catalysts. Metal‐free hydrosilylation strategies that can avoid metal residues in polymers are largely lacking in this field. Herein, we report the photocatalytic metal‐free radical hydrosilylation strategy for the post‐modification of polymers bearing pendant vinyl groups using the organic photocatalyst and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst under blue light irradiation. We used monofunctional silanes to functionalize polymers and the bis(silane)s as crosslinkers to prepare crosslinked polymers.
Self‐assembly Promoted Crystallization of Diblock Copolypeptoids in Solution†
Authors: Li Rongye , Zhao Yue , Lin Min , Sun Jing
Published: May 2023

Comprehensive Summary

Great efforts have been lately devoted to fabricating well‐defined nanostructures using crystallization‐driven self‐assembly (CDSA) strategy. The influence of self‐assembly on crystallization is also of great interest. Here, a series of amphiphilic diblock copolypeptoids poly(N‐allylglycine)‐b‐poly(N‐octylglycine) modified with cysteamine hydrochloride ((PNAG‐g‐NH2)‐b‐PNOG) were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and post‐polymerization functionalization. The diblock copolypeptoid is comprised of one hydrophobic crystalline PNOG block and one hydrophilic amorphous block, which can aggregate into nanostructured assemblies with soluble PNAG‐g‐NH2 as the corona layer and PNOG as the inner core in aqueous solution. With a systematic study by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), we demonstrated that the self‐assembly of the block copolymers strengthens the crystallization of the PNOG block.
Scanning electron microscopic analysis of adherent bacterial biofilms associated with peri‐implantitis
Authors: Chang Jae W. , Bi Jiarui , Owen Gethin , Shen Ya , Haapasalo Markus , Wiebe Colin , Tarzemany Rana , Larjava Hannu
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Peri‐implantitis (PI) is caused by bacteria in the peri‐implant space but the consensus on microbial profile is still lacking. Current microbial sampling of PI lesions has largely focused on analyzing bacterial species that have been shed from the implant surface and captured in the pocket fluid. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the morphotypes of bacteria in biofilm covering the implant threads and explore whether certain morphotypes were associated with PI.

Methods

Fourteen failed implants were removed and instantly processed for scanning electron microscope analysis. The implants were imaged at three equally divided sub‐crestal levels of the exposed area. Bacterial morphotypes were identified and quantified by three examiners. Mobility and years in function were correlated to the presence of different morphotypes.

Results

The implants demonstrated the presence of variable bacterial morphotypes that did not correlate to disease progression in our study. Some implants were dominated by filaments and others showed the presence of combinations of cocci/rods or spirilles/spirochetes. In general, all implants showed variable morphologic biofilm composition. However, individual implants tended to have similar composition throughout the entire implant. Rods and filaments were dominant morphotypes throughout the surfaces and cocci showed increased presence toward the apical third. There were some differences in the biofilm morphology with mobility and time in function.

Conclusions

The profiles of bacterial biofilm morphotypes in failing implants with similar clinical presentations were highly variable. While there were significant differences between implants, similar morphotypes in individual implants were often found throughout the entire surface.
To mitigate primary user emulation attack trajectory using cognitive single carrier frequency division multiple access approaches: Towards next generation green IoT
Authors: Mazumdar Hirak , Kaushik Ajeet , Gohel Hardik A.
Published: May 2023

The growing cognizance of spectrum scarcity has become a more significant concern in wireless radio communications. Due to the exponential growth of data transmission in intelligent wireless sensor networks, energy spectrum detection has become a promising solution for resolving spectrum shortages. Primary user emulation attack (PUEA) has been identified as a significant attack vector in the cognitive radio (CR) domain's physical layer. In comparison, the CR is a promising method to increase spectrum efficiency by allowing unlicensed secondary users (SUs) to access licensed frequency bands without interfering with approved primary users (PUs). The study's primary findings are the methodology for preventing PUEA using authentication tags, which are unique sequences. This research blends SC‐FDMA with CR to protect CR networks from PUEA attacks, a Latin square (LS) matrix tag generation system is proposed to mitigate the PUEA effect. The technology is meant to provide effective authentication and protection against malicious users. In a secured environment, the LS tag technique is utilized to track and estimate the PU. For example, the BER of both techniques is virtually identical between 0 and 4 dB, while the BER performance of the suggested LS tag generation improves with increasing signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). As a result, the suggested LS tag generation is less susceptible to PUEA. To diminish the influence of PUEA in CR networks, an efficient enlightening approach for making the future Green Cognitive Radio Wireless networks structure is proposed. The simulation results also demonstrate the resilience of the proposed CR spectrum sensing techniques for energy‐efficient knowledge at varying degrees to reduce the adverse effects of environmental technologies.
Assessing the ability of adaptive designs to capture trends in hard coral cover
Authors: Thilan AWLP , Menéndez P , McGree JM
Published: May 2023

Coral reefs have become one of the most vulnerable ecosystems worldwide due to rising environmental and anthropogenic pressures. Methods from experimental design can be used to furnish our ability to monitor such ecosystems efficiently. Recently, adaptive design approaches have been proposed for monitoring coral reefs; however, questions have surfaced around the ability of such approaches to capture trends over time. The aim of this study was to develop an approach to assess trends in hard coral cover and evaluate the effectiveness of adaptive designs for estimating such trends in coral reef communities within a region of the Great Barrier Reef. Our approach was couched within a Bayesian design and inference framework such that uncertainty was captured rigorously and so that information from accumulating data can be incorporated straightforwardly to inform future data collection. The designs found under this approach were compared to historical non‐adaptive designs which surveyed all locations over time. Through this comparison, we show that adaptive designs can maintain trends over time with little to no loss in information, even when sampling effort is substantially reduced. Accordingly, this research serves to further promote adaptive design methods for efficiently and effectively sampling in ecological monitoring.
A family of total Lagrangian Petrov–Galerkin Cosserat rod finite element formulations
Authors: Eugster Simon R. , Harsch Jonas
Published: May 2023

The standard in rod finite element formulations is the Bubnov–Galerkin projection method, where the test functions arise from a consistent variation of the ansatz functions. This approach becomes increasingly complex when highly nonlinear ansatz functions are chosen to approximate the rod's centerline and cross‐section orientations. Using a Petrov–Galerkin projection method, we propose a whole family of rod finite element formulations where the nodal generalized virtual displacements and generalized velocities are interpolated instead of using the consistent variations and time derivatives of the ansatz functions. This approach leads to a significant simplification of the expressions in the discrete virtual work functionals. In addition, independent strategies can be chosen for interpolating the nodal centerline points and cross‐section orientations. We discuss three objective interpolation strategies and give an in‐depth analysis concerning locking and convergence behavior for the whole family of rod finite element formulations.
One simplified method for seismic stability analysis of an unsaturated slope considering seismic amplification effect
Authors: Huang Shuai , Tao Ran , Wang Rong
Published: May 2023

Seismic amplification effect in soil slope is not considered by traditional Newmark method; therefore, there will be some deviation in soil slope seismic stability analysis. In order to determine the effect of seismic amplification effect, a simplified method for unsaturated slope stability evaluation is proposed by coupling the Sweden slice method and Newmark method. Research results show that the seismic amplification effect has a great influence on yield acceleration of the slope while it exerts a little influence on critical slip surface shape; if the seismic amplification effect is not considered, permanent displacement of the slope will be underestimated, and there is potential danger in seismic design of slope engineering. Finally, an unsaturated slope model with 1:20 scale is designed through derivation of similarity law, and progressive failure process of the slope under seismic action is simulated. The results of our proposed method are in good agreement with experimental results, which proves the feasibility of our proposed method. This study can provide a simple and reliable method for evaluating the seismic stability of an unsaturated slope.
The effects of a theory‐informed intervention on physical activity behaviour, motivation and well‐being of frontline aged care workers: A pilot study with 6‐month follow‐up
Authors: Lock Merilyn , Post Dannielle , Dollman James , Parfitt Gaynor
Published: May 2023

Issue addressed

Due to the nature of their jobs, frontline aged care workers may be a population at risk of poor health and lifestyle habits. Support of their well‐being through the workplace is likely to be complex. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a need‐supportive program for changing physical activity and psychological well‐being via the motivational processes of behavioural regulations and perceived need satisfaction.

Methods

Frontline aged care workers (n = 25) participated in a single cohort, pre–post pilot trial. The program included a Motivational Interviewing style appointment, education on goal setting and self‐management, the use of affect, exertion and self‐pacing for regulating physical activity intensity and practical support activities. Outcomes (7‐day accelerometery, 6‐min walk, K10 and AQoL‐8D), and motivational processes (BREQ‐3 and PNSE) were measured at baseline, 3 and 9 months, and analysed using linear mixed models for repeated measures.

Results

There were significant increases in perceived autonomy at 3 months (Δ .43 ± SE: .20; p = .03) and 6‐min walk distance at 9 months (Δ 29.11 m ± SE: 13.75; p = .04), which appeared to be driven by the relative autonomy index (behavioural regulations in exercise questionnaire [BREQ‐3]). Amotivation increased at 3 months (Δ .23 ± SE:.12; p = .05); which may have been due to low scores at baseline. No other changes were demonstrated at any timepoint.

So what?

Participants demonstrated positive changes in motivational processes and physical function, however, due to the low levels of participation in the program, the program had a negligible impact at the organisational level. Future researchers and aged care organisations should aim to address factors impacting participation in well‐being initiatives.
Relating economic openness and export diversification to eco‐efficiency: Is green innovation critical?
Authors: Ahmad Munir , Jabeen Gul
Published: May 2023

A critical debate on whether macro economies would achieve sustainability targets via green innovations could reach some informed consensus, given it is explicit how those innovations, directly and indirectly, interact with both economic and ecological systems through international economic activities. To unriddle this puzzle, this work is the initial attempt to examine how green innovation moderates the influence of economic openness and export diversification on eco‐efficiency in selected 13 European Union (EU) economies from 1995 to 2014. We employ advanced second‐generation econometric approaches robust to cross‐section dependence, slope heterogeneity, and the omitted variable bias concerns in panel data. The main results are firstly, economic openness and export diversification tend to deteriorate eco‐efficiency in the absence of a green innovation moderator. Secondly, in green innovation moderation models, both economic openness and export diversification are likely to improve eco‐efficiency. Thirdly, green innovation not only directly promotes eco‐efficiency but also positively moderates the influence of economic openness and export diversification on eco‐efficiency. Fourthly, a one‐way causality exists from green innovation moderators to eco‐efficiency, while economic openness, export diversification, green innovation, and other control variables establish a two‐way causal relationship with eco‐efficiency. Finally, for green innovation in place, the policy shocks of economic openness and export diversification are predicted to achieve the eco‐efficiency effects in more than 1 year in the EU members, while green innovation catalyses this convergence speed. Besides, economic openness and export diversification policies should be integrated with the green innovation framework to achieve eco‐efficiency for sustainable development
shinyCircos‐V2.0: Leveraging the creation of Circos plot with enhanced usability and advanced features
Authors: Wang Yazhou , Jia Lihua , Tian Ge , Dong Yihan , Zhang Xiao , Zhou Zhengfu , Luo Xiang , Li Yang , Yao Wen
Published: May 2023

We previously developed shinyCircos, an interactive web application for creating Circos diagrams, which has been widely recognized for its graphical user interface and ease of use. Here, we introduce shinyCircos‐V2.0, an upgraded version of shinyCircos that includes a new user interface with enhanced usability and many new features for creating advanced Circos plots. To help users get started with shinyCircos‐V2.0, we provide detailed tutorials and example input data sets. The application is available online at https://venyao.xyz/shinyCircos/ and https://asiawang.shinyapps.io/shinyCircos/, or can be installed locally using the source code deposited in GitHub (https://github.com/YaoLab-Bioinfo/shinyCircos-V2.0).
Multi‐stakeholder approach to implementing water stewardship: The case of the Ghod River basin
Authors: Binoy Karuthedathe , Yadav Akhilesh Kumar , Vardhan V. Vijay
Published: May 2023

ITC Limited, an Indian conglomerate company under the Water Stewardship Programme, works to achieve water security for all the stakeholders in its manufacturing unit and agriculture value chain catchments. Under the programme, ITC has developed a methodology for implementation: (1) assessment and creation of an annual water balance in basins and aquifers; (2) develop a plan for making water balance positive throughout the year for today and tomorrow; (3) collaborative action by engaging with the community and other stakeholders for achieving a positive water status. Accordingly, ITC works with government in public private partnership (PPP) mode to merge resources and expertise for enhanced outreach. The Ghod River is a tributary of the Krishna River which flows in Maharashtra, a prominent agricultural state in India. The upper ridges of the basin receive 3000 mm while lower areas receive 450–500 mm rainfall annually. The basin has a total storage potential of 1280 MCM (million cubic metres) in reservoirs in the upper ridges. The Ghod River basin has a positive water balance on an annual basis, but in the post‐monsoon season it has a deficit of 61.9 MCM. To manage the water deficit in the post‐monsoon season, there is a need to: (i) restore upstream reservoirs to their original storage capacity by reducing silt load; (ii) increase subsurface flows into reservoirs throughout the year through managed aquifer recharge; (iii) reduce demand for water primarily from agriculture. ITC has initiated work on those lines based on scientifically rigorous and socially inclusive approaches.
Adolescent experiences of sexting: A systematic review of the qualitative literature, and recommendations for practice
Authors: Dully Jessica , Walsh Kevin , Doyle Caoimhe , O'Reilly Gary
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Sexting among adolescents continues to garner interest across disciplines due to its prevalence in the lives of young people and the potential for extremely negative outcomes associated with the behavior. The present review aimed to integrate the existing qualitative research on adolescent sexting experiences, to provide empirically‐supported recommendations for professionals working with adolescents.

Methods

A search of four databases relating to adolescent experiences of sexting was conducted, resulting in the inclusion of 28 studies in the review. Quality appraisal of these studies was completed in line with the Critical Appraisal Skills Profile qualitative checklist.

Results

Major themes in the qualitative studies were synthesized to generate recommendations for professionals. These recommendations are categorized as (a) “proactive” (enhancing positive and contextualized education and attempting to mitigate the likelihood of young people having negative experiences with sexting), (b) “responsive” (management of disclosures of distressing experiences with sexting, including image‐based sexual abuse [IBSA]), and (iii) “clinical” (increasing awareness among clinicians of pertinent issues concerning intervention with young people who are engaging in sexting, or who have been victimized by IBSA).

Conclusions

The qualitative literature was found to provide rich insight into adolescent experiences of sexting, thus allowing for the generation of evidence‐based recommendations which are consistent with young peoples' own interests and preferences. Limitations in the existing literature base were discussed (e.g., lack of specificity in methodological reporting), and suggestions were given for future research (including the need to explore sexting experiences of LGBTQ + adolescents in more depth).
Desing, synthesis, and characterization of some 5,6‐dichloro benzimidazole derivatives with investigation of their antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities
Authors: Albay Canan , Tekbaş Gülhan
Published: May 2023

Starting from the 5,6‐dichloro‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazole, new benzimidazole derivatives having schiff base, carbothioamide, thiadiazole, and triazole moiety were synthesized and characterized. Synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and elemental analyses techniques. Antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities of compounds were also investigated. The inhibitory effects on elastase activity of the synthesized molecules were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activities of molecules were investigated by both methods as DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and iron reducing power capacities. All synthesized compounds showed good antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activity. Compound 2 showed the highest elastase inhibition. Compound 3 and compound 2 showed the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH method, and iron reducing power method, respectively.
The potential advantages and workflow challenges of long axial field of viewPET/CT
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ting J. , Rae William I. D. , Kench Peter L. , Meikle Steven R.
Published: May 2023

Recently developed Long (≥100 cm) axial field of view (AFOV) PET/CT scanners are capable of producing images with higher signal‐to‐noise ratio, or performing faster whole‐body acquisitions, or scanning with lower radiation dose to the patient, compared with conventional PET/CT scanners. These benefits, which arise due to their substantially higher, by more than an order of magnitude, geometric efficiency, have been well described in the recent literature. The introduction of Long AFOV PET/CT technology into the clinic also has important implications for the design and workflow of PET/CT facilities and their effects on radiation exposure to staff and patients. Maximising the considerable benefits of this technology requires a thorough understanding of the relationships between these factors to optimise workflows while appropriately managing radiation exposure. This article reviews current knowledge on PET/CT facility design, workflows and their effects on radiation exposure, identifies gaps in the literature and discusses the challenges that need to be considered with the introduction of Long AFOV PET/CT into the clinic.
Targeting p53 for neuroinflammation: New therapeutic strategies in ischemic stroke
Authors: Gao Juan , Liu Jifei , Li Yonghong , Liu Junxi , Wang He , Chai Miao , Dong Ying , Zhang Zhenchang , Su Gang , Wang Manxia
Published: May 2023

Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by high incidence, high recurrence, and high mortality and places a heavy burden on society and families. The pathological mechanisms of IS are complex, among which secondary neurological impairment mediated by neuroinflammation is considered to be the main factor in cerebral ischemic injury. At present, there is still a lack of specific therapies to treat neuroinflammation. The tumor suppressor protein p53 has long been regarded as a key substance in the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis in the past. Recently, studies have found that p53 also plays an important role in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as IS. Therefore, p53 may be a crucial target for the regulation of the neuroinflammatory response. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the potential of targeting p53 in the treatment of neuroinflammation after IS. We describe the function of p53, the major immune cells involved in neuroinflammation, and the role of p53 in inflammatory responses mediated by these cells. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies of targeting p53 in regulating the neuroinflammatory response after IS to provide new directions and ideas for the treatment of ischemic brain injury.
Weakened western Pacific teleconnection pattern caused a decrease in spring persistent rainfall in north of 26°N over Southeast China
Authors: Chen Yao , Wang Chongqing , Zhou Feifei , Jiang Shixiong , Li Xi , Weng Sunxian , Wan Xinyuan , Xiao Rongyang , Liu Qiang , Fang Keyan
Published: May 2023

The spring persistent rainfall (SPR) is a unique synoptic and climatic phenomenon before the onset of the Asian summer monsoon over Southeast China (SEC). The warming climate has caused notable interdecadal changes of various climate systems, such as the Asian summer monsoon. However, it is still unclear whether there is a regime shift within the SPR band. To fill this knowledge gap, the boreal spring (March–May) rainfall data across SEC from the Climate Research Unit TS 4.05 are used herein to reveal its spatio‐temporal variations for 1951–2019 with the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The EOF1 pattern exhibits a spatial monotonic variability of the SPR over SEC, which is jointly impacted by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. The EOF2 pattern, a south–north dipole pattern, highlights a marked decrease (increase) of the SPR approximately to north (south) of the 26°N. We find that the decrease in the northern SPR band is closely modulated by western Pacific teleconnection pattern (WPP). Recent weakening WPP is coincident with a decline of the East Asian subtropical jet over this area, causing anomalous descending motions and thus accounts for persistent decline of the SPR over north of 26°N.
Utilization of El Niño–Southern Oscillation projected by climate models in improvement of seasonal precipitation predictability
Authors: AlMutairi Bandar S. , Small Mitchell J. , Grossmann Iris
Published: May 2023

Improved seasonal precipitation forecasts can enable more effective water resource management decisions in a number of sectors, including municipal supply, agriculture, hydropower generation, and tourism. This study develops an effective straightforward statistical approach to enhance the quality of seasonal precipitation forecasts through the utilization of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) information projected by Coupled General Climate Models (CGCMs). A stochastic weather generation (WG) model is developed to predict seasonal precipitation condition on ENSO condition. The WG model links a nonhomogeneous Markov Chain representing ENSO occurrence model to a bivariate normal distribution for seasonal precipitation conditioned on ENSO phase. Two verification metrics are suggested to measure the degree of predictability of raw, calibrated and climatological seasonal precipitation forecasts over northwest Costa Rica as a case study. Results indicate the potential to narrow the uncertainty of seasonal precipitation forecasts by incorporating CGCMs ENSO cycle information. Precipitation during the late part of the wet season (LS) has more predictability than precipitation in the early part of the wet season (ES). In addition, the degree of predictability decreases with an increase in lead time for a given forecast. A lead time of 1 year maintains a moderate level of predictability likely to support tangible benefits to various decision‐making processes.
Validation of the detected Dry–Wet Abrupt Alternation by developing a weighting analysis method
Authors: Fu Jianyu , Liu Bingjun , Lu Yang , Liang Manlin , Tan Xuejin , Li Dan , Huang Zeqin
Published: May 2023

The phenomenon of sudden drought after pluvial (or heavy pluvial after drought) is known as the Dry–Wet Abrupt Alternation (DWAA). This kind of disaster has been evaluated globally based on various DWAA indices. However, few validations have been performed to compare the various DWAA indices. Given that directly validating the identified DWAA events remains difficult because of the limited historical records of DWAA events, in this study, we developed a simple weighting analysis method to cross‐validate the detected DWAA events using three widely‐used indices. The weighting analysis method can be used to estimate the effectiveness of the DWAA indices by calculating the ratio of the synchronous DWAA events (the DWAA events could be synchronously detected by different indices) to the total number of the detected DWAA events. Results suggest that the standard weighted average of precipitation (SWAP) index has better performance for detecting DWAA events in the Pearl River Basin (PRB) compared to other indices. The soil moisture synchronization, meteorological concentration and real DWAA records further testify that the SWAP is more capable of detecting the DWAA events in the PRB. Based on the validation, the SWAP‐derived DWAA events show that both dry–wet (D–W) events and wet–dry events are severe in the upstream sub‐basins in the PRB, while D–W events are more frequent in the downstream PRB. Our study provides a simple but effective method to validate the detected DWAA. The finding underscores the need to validate DWAA detection generated from multiple indicators before further research, and it could help develop adaptation strategies to improve resilience to combined extremes under changing climate.
Landscape degradation and development as a result of touristic activity in the fragile, high‐mountain environment of Vinicunca (Rainbow Mountain), Andes, Peru
Authors: Tomczyk Aleksandra M. , Ewertowski Marek W.
Published: May 2023

This study documented land degradation resulting from initial trail development and further high‐intensity touristic activity in a high‐altitude setting (>4000 m a.s.l.) in the Andes. Peru's Rainbow Mountain (also named Vinicunca or Montaña de Siete Colores) only became a world‐renowned tourist destination in recent years (after 2015/2016). A high‐mountain setting as such is fragile and does not recover fast, meaning the rapid influx of visitors has caused severe landscape degradation from which it will take several decades to recover. The main objectives of the study were to (1) characterise and map different types of impacts related to direct visitor pressure, (2) document and evaluate activities aimed at limiting degradation while enhancing visitors' experience, and (3) propose a conceptual model of trail functioning in the tropical high‐mountain environment. Data were collected using ground‐based surveys, unmanned aerial vehicles and high‐resolution satellite images. We identified eight dominant morphogenetic processes responsible for the transformation of landscape surface: (1) trampling, (2) abrasion/shearing by visitors and service animals and (3) transformation of water and sediment circulation—these direct human activities can initiate and/or intensify further degradation by the following natural processes: (4) water erosion, (5) freeze–thaw cycles, (6) dry‐wet cycles, (7) aeolian activities and (8) mass movements. The five main trail impacts identified were: trail widening, trail incision, formation of braided trail networks, development of muddy sections and development of informal (visitor‐created) trails. These observed impacts have left a clear imprint on the landscape after just one to two seasons of intensive recreational use.
Differences Among Native Hawaiian, Asian, and White Patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Kannan Ashok , Ishikawa Kyle , Chen John , Krening Emma , Gao Fay , Ross G. Webster , Bruno Michiko Kimura
Published: May 2023

Background

Most studies of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have been conducted in White populations.

Objective

The objective of this study was to identify whether differences exist for patients with PSP among Whites, East Asians (EAs), and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) in Hawaii.

Methods

We conducted a single‐center, retrospective study of patients meeting Movement Disorder Society probable PSP criteria (2006–2021). Data variables included age of onset and diagnosis, comorbidities, and survival rate. Variables were compared across groups using Fisher's exact test, Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test, and log‐rank tests.

Results

A total of 94 (59 EAs, 9 NHPIs, 16 Whites, and 10 Others) patients were identified. Mean age ± standard deviation (in years) of symptom onset/diagnosis were both youngest in NHPIs (64.0 ± 7.2/66.3 ± 8.0) followed by Whites (70.8 ± 7.6/73.9 ± 7.8), then EAs (75.9 ± 8.2/79.2 ± 8.3) (P < 0.001). Median survival from diagnosis was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in NHPIs (2 years) compared with EAs (4 years) and Whites (6 years).

Conclusions

There may be racial disparities for PSP, and studies are needed to identify genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic contributions. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to two rare CYP21A2 variant alleles, including a novel attenuated CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimera
Authors: Lao Qizong , Burkardt Deepika D. , Kollender Sarah , Faucz Fabio R. , Merke Deborah P.
Published: May 2023

Background

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21‐hydroxylase (21OH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of cortisol biosynthesis, with varying degrees of aldosterone production. There is a continuum of phenotypes which generally correlate with genotype and the expected residual 21OH activity of the less severely impaired allele. CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimeric genes caused by recombination between CYP21A2 and its highly homologous CYP21A1P pseudogene are common in CAH and typically associated with salt‐wasting CAH, the most severe form. Nine chimeras have been described (CH‐1 to CH‐9).

Aims

The aim of this study was to genetically evaluate two variant alleles carried by a 22‐year‐old female with the non‐salt‐wasting simple virilizing form of CAH and biallelic 30‐kb deletions.

Methods

The haplotypes of the CYP21A2 heterozygous variants, as well as the chimeric junction sites, were determined by Sanger sequencing TA clones of an allele‐specific PCR product.

Results

Genetic testing revealed two rare CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimeras: allele 1 matches the previously described CAH CH‐1 chimera but without the P30L variant, and allele 2, termed here as novel CAH CH‐10, has a junction site between c.293‐37 and c.29314, which is expected to retain partial 21OH activity.

Conclusion

These two variant alleles further document the complex nature of RCCX modules and highlight that not all CYP21A1P/CYP21A2 chimera severely impair 21OH activity.
Initial boundary value problem for a Kirchhoff wave model with strong nonlinear damping
Authors: Ding Hang , Zhou Jun
Published: May 2023

This work is concerned with a Kirchhoff wave equation with strong nonlinear damping. We establish the local existence of the solution and provide some sufficient conditions for the global existence and finite time blow‐up of the solution. Moreover, we derive the exponential decay estimation of the energy functional and the upper and lower bounds of the blow‐up time.
Association between the month of starting a weight management program and weight change in people at high risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Koutoukidis Dimitrios A. , Barron Emma , Stevens Richard , Aveyard Paul , Valabhji Jonathan , Jebb Susan A.
Published: May 2023

Objective

Weight loss is one of the most common New Year's resolutions, but it is unclear whether attempting to lose weight in January is more successful than attempting it at other times of the year.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study from the English National Health Service (NHS) Diabetes Prevention Program, adults with nondiabetic hyperglycemia were enrolled in a structured behavioral weight management program. Repeated measures models assessed the mean difference between baseline and follow‐up weight adjusting for monthly variation in weight among those with ≥1 weight measurement.

Results

Among 85,514 participants with a mean baseline BMI of 30.3 kg/m2 (range: 13.4 to 84.2), mean weight change at the end of the program after an average 7.9 (SD: 4.5) sessions over 6.4 (SD: 5.6) months was −2.00 kg (95% CI: −2.02 to −1.97 kg) or −2.33% (95% CI: −2.35% to −2.32%). Compared with participants starting in January, participants starting in other months lost less weight, ranging between 0.28 kg (95% CI: 0.10 to 0.45 kg) less weight in those starting in March and 0.71 kg (95% CI: 0.55 to 0.87 kg) less weight in those starting in November. April and May were the only exceptions, in which the estimates followed the same direction but were not statistically significant. Higher session attendance mediated the effects, with participants starting in January attending, on average, 0.2 to 0.7 more sessions than those starting in other months.

Conclusions

People starting a weight management program in January lost 12% to 30% more weight than people starting it at other times of the year.
Eponyms in Otology: A Historical Narrative of Commonly Used Surgical Instruments
Authors: Caraway J. Joseph , Yang Alex W. , Tolisano Anthony M.
Published: May 2023

Numerous eponymous instruments are regularly used in the otology surgical suite. This manuscript uses a tympanoplasty to highlight 10 frequently used instruments and the remarkable surgeons behind their creation. Many of these names will be familiar, but we hope our readers will gain an appreciation of these landmark figures that have transformed the practice of otology.
Upward mobility implications on the aspirant middle class in emerging economies
Authors: Mushayanyama Tinashe , Chitiga‐Mabugu Margaret , Mazenda Adrino , Mangai Mary S.
Published: May 2023

This article unearths the salient factors that trap the aspiring middle class in their progression towards a stable middle class in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. The study utilises a quantitative case study design, drawing on a sample of 449 aspirants and 578 middle‐class heads of households from the 2021 Gauteng City‐Region Observatory Quality of Life Survey. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyse these salient factors (key determinants) and their impact on the social mobility of the aspirant middle class. Findings reveal a significant relationship between social mobility and education, racial inequality, asset ownership, access to economic opportunities and proximity to amenities. We suggest local government policies that positively influence the conditions of these determinants for sustained mobility of the aspirant middle class over time.
A qualitative exploration of fear of cancer recurrence in caregivers
Authors: Banks Hannah , Webb Kyra , Sharpe Louise , Shaw Joanne
Published: May 2023

Objective

Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is one of the most common unmet needs for cancer patients and caregivers. Yet little is known about the potentially unique nature of caregiver FCR. Our research aimed to address this gap by qualitatively exploring the features and impact of caregiver FCR.

Methods

Eighteen semi‐structured telephone interviews with cancer caregivers were conducted to explore the content and impact of caregiver fears and worries about cancer recurrence or progression. Data analysis used a Framework Approach.

Results

Qualitative analysis identified three themes (1) fear of the patient suffering, (2) the need to protect the patient from a recurrence and/or cancer‐related distress, and (3) caregiver's sense of unpreparedness and uncertainty. Underpinning these themes was an overarching sense of personal responsibility for the life of the patient. This overarching theme was identified as a key driver of caregivers' personal and patient‐centred fears.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm the conceptual differences between patient and caregiver FCR. Future research must therefore acknowledge the unique experiences of caregivers and prioritise the development of empirically driven theoretical models, instruments, and interventions for caregiver FCR.
Additive and synergistic antifungal effects of copper and phenolic extracts from grape cane and apples
Authors: Besrukow Paul , Will Frank , Dussling Stefan , Berkelmann‐Löhnertz Beate , Schweiggert Ralf
Published: May 2023

Background

Organic viticulture seeks sustainable alternatives for eco‐toxic copper fungicides to control downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola. (Poly)phenol‐rich extracts of agricultural byproducts are known to possess antifungal activity, but high production costs often limit their actual implementation.

Results

We developed and produced novel ligninsulfonate‐based grape cane extract (GCE) formulations and an apple extract on a pilot plant scale, including a detailed (poly)phenol characterization by high‐performance liquid chromatography photodiode array mass spectrometry (HPLC‐PDA‐MS). Our GCE formulations alone reduced downy mildew disease severity in greenhouse trials by 29%–69% in a dose‐dependent manner, whereas a standard application of the copper‐based agent alone reached ~56%. When applied together, disease severity was diminished by 78%–92%, revealing a synergistic effect that depended on the mixture ratio. Combining GCE formulations with the apple extract, additive effects were found (80% disease severity reduction).

Conclusion

The studied plant extracts are proposed to both substitute for and synergistically reinforce copper fungicides in grapevine downy mildew control. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A comparative study of adaptive trial designs for dose optimization
Authors: Zhang Jingyi , Chen Xin , Li Bosheng , Yan Fangrong
Published: May 2023

Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration Oncology Center of Excellence initiated Project Optimus to reform the dose optimization and dose selection paradigm in oncology drug development. The agency pointed out that the current paradigm for dose selection—based on the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)—is not sufficient for molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies, for which efficacy may not increase after the dose reaches a certain level. In these cases, it is more appropriate to identify the optimal biological dose (OBD) that optimizes the risk–benefit tradeoff of the drug. Project Optimus has spurred tremendous interest and urgent need for guidance on designing dose optimization trials. In this article, we review several representative dose optimization designs, including model‐based and model‐assisted designs, and compare their operating characteristics based on 10,000 randomly generated scenarios with various dose‐toxicity and dose‐efficacy curves and some fixed representative scenarios. The results show that, compared with model‐based designs, model‐assisted methods have advantages of easy‐to‐implement, robustness, and high accuracy to identify OBD. Some guidance is provided to help biostatisticians and clinicians to choose appropriate dose optimization methods in practice.
Edible mushrooms as potential functional foods in amelioration of hypertension
Authors: Rauf Abdur , Joshi Payal B. , Ahmad Zubair , Hemeg Hassan A. , Olatunde Ahmed , Naz Saima , Hafeez Nabia , Simal‐Gandara Jesus
Published: May 2023

Edible mushrooms are popular functional foods attributed to their rich nutritional bioactive constituent profile influencing cardiovascular function. Edible mushrooms are omnipresent in various prescribed Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean diet, and fortified meal plans as they are rich in amino acids, dietary fiber, proteins, sterols, vitamins, and minerals. However, without an understanding of the influence of mushroom bioactive constituents, mechanism of action on heart and allergenicity, it is difficult to fully comprehend the role of mushrooms as dietary interventions in alleviating hypertension and other cardiovascular malfunctions. To accomplish this endeavor, we chose to review edible mushrooms and their bioactive constituents in ameliorating hypertension. Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are interrelated and if the former is managed by dietary changes, it is postulated that overall heart health could also be improved. With a concise note on different edible varieties of mushrooms, a particular focus is presented on the antihypertensive potential of mushroom bioactive constituents, mode of action, absorption kinetics and bioavailability. Ergosterol, lovastatin, cordycepin, tocopherols, chitosan, ergothioneine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, quercetin, and eritadenine are described as essential bioactives with hypotensive effects. Finally, safety concerns on allergens and limitations of consuming edible mushrooms with special reference to chemical toxins and their postulated metabolites are highlighted. It is opined that the present review will redirect toxicologists to further investigate mushroom bioactives and allergens, thereby influencing dietary interventions for heart health.
Surface Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid Brushes to Fabricate Hierarchical Ag and Au Microstructures as SERS Substrates
Authors: Li Xuan , Huang Kaige , Zhou Yumeng , Wang Wenqin
Published: May 2023

In this work, we reported the spontaneous growth of Ag and Au microstructures on the surface of the graphene oxide‐grafted‐polystyrene sulfonic acid brushes (GO‐g‐PSSA) in Ag(NH3)2OH solution and HAuCl4 solution, respectively. The influences of reaction time and temperature on the morphology and size of Ag (Au) particles were investigated. By optimizing reaction conditions, Ag nanosheet‐assembled microstructures and sea urchin‐like Au microspheres were obtained. These hierarchical Ag (Au) microstructures with highly nanotextured topographies could provide many “hot spots” for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The as‐prepared GO‐g‐PSSA/Ag (Au) composites exhibited excellent SERS performances using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as the probe molecules and the detection limit of R6G was up to 10−12 m.
Synergistic Effect of ZnO and Acid‐Functionalised Carbon Nanotubes on Improving the Specific Capacitance of Poly(ortho‐Phenylenediamine‐co‐Aniline)‐Based Wearable Electronics
Authors: Chakraborty Sohini , Simon Remya , Vadakkekara Anoop , Mary N. L.
Published: May 2023

The fabrication of highly conducting composites which can be seamlessly integrated into fabric substrates is exceedingly imperative for the development of versatile wearable electronics with long cycling stability and high specific capacitance. Previously, our group has reported the synthesis of poly(ortho‐phenylenediamine‐co‐aniline) using microwave irradiation and we have evaluated the electrochemical properties of both the copolymer and its nanocomposite with acid functionalized carbon nanotubes as wearable electronics. Herein, we design a nanocomposite of zinc oxide decorated acid functionalized carbon nanotubes and the aforementioned copolymer with the aim to evaluate the simultaneous effects of pseudocapacitance and electrical double layer capacitance in the copolymer matrix. The samples were comprehensively characterized using various techniques. These materials were coated on fabric substrates to evaluate their applicability as wearable electronics. A high specific capacitance of 225.95 F g−1 at 0.50 A g−1 was obtained and 88 % of the initial capacitance was retained after 1000 cycles. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies for the nanocomposite showed lower cytotoxicity between the concentration ranges of 50–200 μg/mL. Combination of biocompatibility and enhanced electrochemical performance establishes the unprecedented application of these devices in the field of biocompatible wearable electronics.