bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual selection studies: A NESCent catalyst meeting
Authors: Roughgarden Joan , Adkins-Regan Elizabeth , Akçay Erol , Crawford Jeremy Chase , Gadagkar Raghavendra , Griffith Simon C. , Hinde Camilla , Hoquet Thierry , O’Connor Cailin , Prokop Zofia M. , Prum Richard O. , Shafir Sharoni , Snow Samuel S. , Taylor Daniel , Van Cleve Jeremy , Weisberg Michael
Published: January 2018

A catalyst meeting on sexual selection studies was held in July 2013 at the facilities of the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent) in Durham, NC. This article by a subcommittee of the participants foregrounds some of the topics discussed at the meeting. Topics mentioned here include the relevance of heritability estimates to assessing the presence of sexual selection, whether sexual selection is distinct from natural selection, and the utility of distinguishing sexual selection from fecundity selection. A possible definition of sexual selection is offered based on a distinction between sexual selection as a frequency-dependent process and fecundity selection as a density-dependent process. Another topic highlighted is a deep disagreement among participants in the reality of good-genes, sexy-sons, and run-away processes. Finally, the status of conflict in political-economic theory is contrasted with the status accorded to conflict in evolutionary behavioral theory, and the professional responsibility of sexual-selection workers to consider the ethical dimension of their research is underscored.
Sexual selection studies: A NESCent catalyst meeting
Authors: Roughgarden Joan , Adkins-Regan Elizabeth , Akçay Erol , Crawford Jeremy Chase , Gadagkar Raghavendra , Griffith Simon C. , Hinde Camilla A , Hoquet Thierry , O’Connor Cailin , Prokop Zofia M. , Prum Richard O. , Shafir Sharoni , Snow Samuel S. , Taylor Daniel , Van Cleve Jeremy , Weisberg Michael
Published: January 2018

A catalyst meeting on sexual selection studies was held in July 2013 at the facilities of the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent) in Durham, NC. This article by a subcommittee of the participants foregrounds some of the topics discussed at the meeting. Topics mentioned here include the relevance of heritability estimates to assessing the presence of sexual selection, whether sexual selection is distinct from natural selection, and the utility of distinguishing sexual selection from fecundity selection. A possible definition of sexual selection is offered based on a distinction between sexual selection as a frequency-dependent process and fecundity selection as a density-dependent process. Another topic highlighted is a deep disagreement among participants in the reality of good-genes, sexy-sons, and run-away processes. Finally, the status of conflict in political-economic theory is contrasted with the status accorded to conflict in evolutionary behavioral theory, and the professional responsibility of sexual-selection workers to consider the ethical dimension of their research is underscored.
Morphology of the suspensorial, jaw, and opercle musculature of Beloniformes and related species (Teleostei: Acanthopterygii), with a special reference to the m. adductor mandibulae complex
Authors: Werneburg Ingmar
Published: January 2018

The taxon Beloniformes represents a heterogeneous group of teleost fishes that show an extraordinary diversity of jaw morphology. I present new anatomical descriptions of the jaw musculature in six selected beloniforms and four closely related species. A reduction of the external jaw adductor (A1) and a changed morphology of the intramandibular musculature were found in many Beloniformes. This might be correlated with the progressively reduced mobility of the upper and lower jaw bones. The needlefishes and sauries, which are characterised by extremely elongated and stiffened jaws, show several derived characters, which in combination enable the capture of fish at high velocity. The ricefishes are characterised by several derived and many plesiomorphic characters that make broad scale comparisons difficult. Soft tissue characters are highly diverse among hemiramphids and flying fishes reflecting the uncertainty about their phylogenetic position and interrelationship. The morphological findings presented herein may help to interpret future phylogenetic analyses using cranial musculature in Beloniformes.
Modeling the irrigation requirements for an experimental site in Northern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Rahbeh Michel , Chanasyk David , Patterson Shane
Published: January 2018

A combined methodology of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM), the generation of stochastic rainfall realizations, and an historical meteorological record were used to determine the supplementary irrigation requirement for an experimental site located in northern Alberta. The site receives an annual rainfall of approximately 500 mm yr -1, and contains a fluctuating water table. The simulated results showed maximum irrigation requirements of 270 mm, however, half that amount can be required during an average or wet growing season of mean rainfall of 350 and 500 mm, respectively. The irrigation requirements were influenced by rainfall amount and distribution, downward flux and the subsequent fluctuation of the water table and the depth of water table at the beginning of the growing season, which was influenced by the winter season precipitation. The simulated results suggested that a water table less than 2 m deep from the ground surface can significantly reduce the irrigation requirements. Therefore, the winter precipitation and initial depth of the water table are suitable indicators of the likely requirement of irrigation during the growing season.
An elaborate data set on human gait and the effect of mechanical perturbations
Authors: Moore Jason K , Hnat Sandra K. , van den Bogert Antonie J.
Published: January 2018

Here we share a rich gait data set collected from fifteen subjects walking at three speeds on an instrumented treadmill. Each trial consists of 120 seconds of normal walking and 480 seconds of walking while being longitudinally perturbed during each stance phase with pseudo-random fluctuations in the speed of the treadmill belt. A total of approximately 1.5 hours of normal walking (> 5000 gait cycles) and 6 hours of perturbed walking (> 20, 000 gait cycles) is included in the data set. We provide full body marker trajectories and ground reaction loads in addition to a presentation of processed data that includes gait events, 2D joint angles, angular rates, and joint torques along with the open source software used for the computations. The protocol is described in detail and supported with additional elaborate meta data for each trial. This data can likely be useful for validating or generating mathematical models that are capable of simulating normal periodic gait and non-periodic, perturbed gaits.
An elaborate data set on human gait and the effect of mechanical perturbations
Authors: Moore Jason K , Hnat Sandra K. , van den Bogert Antonie J.
Published: January 2018

Here we share a rich gait data set collected from fifteen subjects walking at three speeds on an instrumented treadmill. Each trial consists of 120 seconds of normal walking and 480 seconds of walking while being longitudinally perturbed during each stance phase with pseudo-random fluctuations in the speed of the treadmill belt. A total of approximately 1.5 hours of normal walking (>5000 gait cycles) and 6 hours of perturbed walking (>20,000 gait cycles) is included in the data set. We provide full body marker trajectories and ground reaction loads in addition to a presentation of processed data that includes gait events, 2D joint angles, angular rates, and joint torques along with the open source software used for the computations. The protocol is described in detail and supported with additional elaborate meta data for each trial. This data can likely be useful for validating or generating mathematical models that are capable of simulating normal periodic gait and non-periodic, perturbed gaits.
Quantization of mental stress using various physiological markers
Authors: Apoorvagiri  , Nagananda Mandya Sannegowda , Veerabhadrappa Sandekere Tippeswamy
Published: January 2018

The aim of this study is to quantize mental stress by integrating different physiological markers like reaction time, photoplethysmograph (PPG), heart rate variability (HRV) and subjective markers like questionnaire. The study included 10 subjects of age between 22 and 26 years. Study materials include the results of PSS questionnaire, simple reaction time, PPG data, HRV data during a stress inducing stroop test. The study suggests that mental stress can be quantized when stress is induced acquisitively and more accurate quantification of stress can be achieved by integrating many physiological parameters.
Sequencing 16S rRNA gene fragments using the PacBio SMRT DNA sequencing system
Authors: Schloss Patrick D , Westcott Sarah L , Jenior Matthew L , Highlander Sarah K
Published: January 2018

Over the past 10 years, microbial ecologists have largely abandoned sequencing 16S rRNA genes by the Sanger sequencing method and have instead adopted highly parallelized sequencing platforms. These new platforms, such as 454 and Illumina's MiSeq, have allowed researchers to obtain millions of high quality, but short sequences. These platforms have allowed researchers to significantly improve the design of their experiments. The tradeoff has been the decline in the number of full-length reference sequences that are deposited into databases. To overcome this problem, we tested the ability of the PacBio Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT) DNA sequencing platform to generate sequence reads from the 16S rRNA gene. We generated sequencing data from the V4, V3-V5, V1-V3, V1-V6, and V1-V9 variable regions from within the 16S rRNA gene from a synthetic mock community and natural samples collected from human feces, mouse feces, and soil. The synthetic mock community allowed us to assess the actual sequencing error rate and how that error rate changed when different curation methods were applied. We developed a simple method based on sequence characteristics and quality scores to reduce the observed error rate for the V1-V9 region from 2.16% to 0.32%. Unfortunately, this error rate was still 16-times higher than the error rate that has been observed for the shorter reads generated by 454 and Illumina's MiSeq sequencing platforms. Although the longer reads frequently provided better classification, the wider adoption of this approach for 16S rRNA gene sequencing is likely limited by its high sequencing error and low yield of sequencing data relative to the other available platforms.
Co-father relationships among the Suruí (Paiter) of Brazil
Authors: Walker Robert S , Yvinec Cédric , Ellsworth Ryan M , Bailey Drew H
Published: January 2018

Partible paternity refers to the conception belief that children can have multiple fathers (“co-fathers”) and is common to indigenous cultures of lowland South America. The nature of social relationships observed between co-fathers reveals information about the reproductive strategies underlying partible paternity. Here we analyze clan, genealogical, and social relationships between co-fathers for the Suruí, an indigenous horticultural population in Brazil. We show that co-fathers roughly assort into two separate categories. In the affiliative category, co-father relationships are amicable when they are between close kin, namely brothers and father-son. In the competitive category, relationships are more likely of avoidance or open hostility when between more distant kin such as cousins or unrelated men of different clans. Results therefore imply multiple male mating strategies, including both cooperative and competitive contexts, under the rubric of partible paternity. The complexities of partible paternity institutions add to our knowledge of the full range of cross-cultural variation in human mating/marriage arrangements and speak to the debate on whether or not humans should be classified as cooperative breeders.
Number of sex acts matters for heterosexual transmission and control of Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Althaus Christian L , Choisy Marc , Alizon Samuel ,   the CSF group
Published: January 2018

Mathematical models are instrumental in controlling Chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Modeling approaches that stratify the population by the number of individuals' sex partners often assume the transmission risk per partner to be constant. Sexual behavior data shows, however, that people with many partners share less sex acts per partner than people with fewer partners. This should lower the risk of transmission per partner for highly sexually active individuals and could have important epidemiological consequences for STI transmission and the projected impact of control scenarios. We devise a new epidemiological model that we fit to chlamydia prevalence data from Natsal-2 and CSF, two population-based probability sample surveys of sexual behavior in Britain and France. Compared to a standard model where the transmission risk per partner is constant, a model with realistic numbers of sex acts per partner provides a better fit to the data. Furthermore, the improved model provides evidence for strong assortative mixing among individuals with different numbers of sex partners. Our results suggest that all chlamydia infected individuals with one or more new heterosexual partners per year contribute to ongoing transmission, underlining that control interventions should be aimed towards all sexually active young adults.
Ship noise in an urban estuary extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales
Authors: Veirs Scott , Veirs Val , Wood Jason D
Published: January 2018

Combining calibrated hydrophone measurements with vessel location data from the Automatic Identification System, we estimate underwater sound pressure levels for 1,582 unique ships that transited the core critical habitat of the endangered Southern Resident killer whales during 28 months between March, 2011, and October, 2013. Median received spectrum levels of noise from 2,812 isolated transits are elevated relative to median background levels not only at low frequencies (20-30 dB re 1 mPa2/Hz from 100-1000 Hz), but also at high frequencies (5-13 dB re 1 mPa2/Hz from 10,000-96,000 Hz). Thus, noise received from ships at ranges less than 3 km extends to frequencies used by odontocetes like the Southern Resident orcas for communication and echolocation. Broadband received levels (20-96,000 Hz) near the shoreline in Haro Strait (WA, USA) for the entire ship population were 111 ± 6 dB re 1 mPa on average. Mean ship speed was 14.4 ± 4.1 knots. Most ship classes show a linear relationship between received level and speed with a slope near +1 dB/knot. Assuming near-spherical spreading based on a transmission loss experiment, we compute mean broadband source levels for the ship population of 173 ± 7 dB re 1 mPa @ 1 m without accounting for frequency-dependent absorption, and 177± 13 dB re 1 mPa @ 1 m with absorption. Spectrum, 1/12-octave, and 1/3-octave source levels for the whole population have median values that are comparable to previous measurements and models at most frequencies, but for select studies may be relatively low below 200 Hz and high above 20,000 Hz. Median source spectrum levels (without accounting for absorption) peak near 50 Hz for all 12 ship classes, have a maximum of 159 dB re 1 mPa2=Hz @ 1 m for container ships, and vary between classes by over 25 dB re 1 mPa2=Hz @ 1 m at low frequencies (50 Hz), 10 dB re 1 mPa2=Hz @ 1 m at mid-frequencies (1,000 Hz), and about 5 dB re 1 mPa2=Hz @ 1 m at high frequencies (10,000 Hz). Below 200 Hz, the class-specific median spectrum levels bifurcate with large commercial ships grouping as higher power noise sources. Within all ship classes spectrum levels vary more at low frequencies than at high frequencies, and the degree of variability is almost halved for classes that have smaller speed standard deviations.
Green Revolution: A Review
Authors: Ameen Ayesha , Raza Shahid
Published: January 2018

The Green Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between 1943 and the late 1970s in Mexico, which increased industrialized agriculture production in many developing nations. The initiatives involved the development of high-yielding cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, and distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers. The term "Green Revolution" was first used in 1968 by former USAID director William Gaud. The goal of the Green revolution was to increase the efficiency of agricultural processes so that the productivity of the crops was increased and could help developing countries to face their growing population’s needs.
DNA barcode-based survey of Trichoptera in the Crooked River reveals three new species records for British Columbia
Authors: Erasmus Daniel J. , Yurkowski Emily A. , Huber Dezene P.W.
Published: January 2018

Anthropogenic pressures on aquatic systems have placed a renewed focus on biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates. By combining classical taxonomy and DNA barcoding we identified 39 species of caddisflies from the Crooked River, a unique and sensitive system in the southernmost arctic watershed in British Columbia. Our records include three species never before recorded in British Columbia:Lepidostoma togatum(Lepidostomatidae),Ceraclea annulicornis(Leptoceridae), and possiblyCheumatopsyche harwoodi(Hydropsychidae). Three other specimens may represent new occurrence records and a number of other records seem to be substantial observed geographic range expansions within British Columbia.
Response of methane production via propionate oxidation to carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes in paddy soil enrichments
Authors: Zhang Jianchao , Xia Xingxuan , Li Siliang , Ran Wei
Published: January 2018

Carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) have become a growing concern in terms of their fate and toxicity in aqueous environments. Methane (CH4) is a major product of organic matter degradation in waterlogged environments. In this study, we determined the effect of MWCNTs-COOH on the production of CH4 from propionate oxidation in paddy soil enrichments. The results showed that the methanogenesis from propionate degradation was accelerated in the presence of MWCNTs-COOH. In addition, the rates of CH4 production and propionate degradation increased with increasing concentrations of MWCNTs-COOH. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that the cells were intact and maintained their structure in the presence of MWCNTs-COOH. In addition, SEM and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) images revealed that the cells were in direct contact with the MWCNTs and formed cell-MWCNTs aggregates that contained both bacteria and archaea. On the other hand, nontoxic magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) had similar effects on the CH4 production and cell integrity as the MWCNTs-COOH. Compared with no nanomaterial addition, the relative abundances of Geobacter and Methanosarcina species increased in the presence of MWCNTs-COOH. This study suggests that MWCNTs-COOH exerted positive rather than cytotoxic effects on the syntrophic oxidation of propionate in paddy soil enrichments and affected the bacterial and archaeal community structure at the test concentrations. These findings provide novel insight into the consequences of nanomaterial release into anoxic natural environments.
Lithiophilic Cu‐CuO‐Ni Hybrid Structure: Advanced Current Collectors Toward Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Wu Shuilin , Zhang Zhenyu , Lan Minhuan , Yang Shaoran , Cheng Junye , Cai Junjie , Shen Jianhua , Zhu Ying , Zhang Kaili , Zhang Wenjun
Published: January 2018

Metallic lithium (Li) is a promising anode material for next‐generation rechargeable batteries. However, the dendrite growth of Li and repeated formation of solid electrolyte interface during Li plating and stripping result in low Coulombic efficiency, internal short circuits, and capacity decay, hampering its practical application. In the development of stable Li metal anode, the current collector is recognized as a critical component to regulate Li plating. In this work, a lithiophilic Cu‐CuO‐Ni hybrid structure is synthesized as a current collector for Li metal anodes. The low overpotential of CuO for Li nucleation and the uniform Li+ ion flux induced by the formation of Cu nanowire arrays enable effective suppression of the growth of Li dendrites. Moreover, the surface Cu layer can act as a protective layer to enhance structural durability of the hybrid structure in long‐term running. As a result, the Cu‐CuO‐Ni hybrid structure achieves a Coulombic efficiency above 95% for more than 250 cycles at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 and 580 h (290 cycles) stable repeated Li plating and stripping in a symmetric cell.
Electrospinning Nanofiber on an Insulating Surface with a Patterned Functional Electrolyte Electrode
Authors: Kim Geon Hwee , Nam Hyoryung , Choi WooSeok , An Taechang , Lim Geunbae
Published: January 2018

Electrodes in traditional electrospinning processes have been used to directly collect nanofibers, or to induce a modified electric field to collect aligned nanofibers. In this context, many studies have been carried out to overcome the limitations of simple metal electrodes. In this study, a sub‐millimeter‐scale electrospun nanofiber patterning technique is proposed, which uses a functional electrolyte as a collector electrode between an electrospun nanofiber and a collector substrate. Adhesion between nanofibers and substrate is promoted by using polydopamine solution as a functional electrolyte. In this method, after the electrospinning process is completed, the electrolyte used as the collector electrode is evaporated so that the nanofiber and the substrate are in direct contact, without any trace of the metal electrode. Nanofibers can also be patterned on a thick insulator using this fabrication method. This fabrication method combines the advantages of conventional wet‐electrospinning and electrospinning techniques with metal electrodes in terms of nanofiber patterning.
Thalamic atrophy in multiple sclerosis: A magnetic resonance imaging marker of neurodegeneration throughout disease
Authors: Azevedo Christina J. , Cen Steven Y. , Khadka Sankalpa , Liu Shuang , Kornak John , Shi Yonggang , Zheng Ling , Hauser Stephen L. , Pelletier Daniel
Published: January 2018

Objective

Thalamic volume is a candidate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based marker associated with neurodegeneration to hasten development of neuroprotective treatments. Our objective is to describe the longitudinal evolution of thalamic atrophy in MS and normal aging, and to estimate sample sizes for study design.

Methods

Six hundred one subjects (2,632 MRI scans) were analyzed. Five hundred twenty subjects with relapse‐onset MS (clinically isolated syndrome, n = 90; relapsing–remitting MS, n = 392; secondary progressive MS, n = 38) underwent annual standardized 3T MRI scans for an average of 4.1 years, including a 1mm3 3‐dimensional T1‐weighted sequence (3DT1; 2,485 MRI scans). Eighty‐one healthy controls (HC) were scanned longitudinally on the same scanner using the same protocol (147 MRI scans). 3DT1s were processed using FreeSurfer's longitudinal pipeline after lesion inpainting. Rates of normalized thalamic volume loss in MS and HC were compared in linear mixed effects models. Simulation‐based sample size calculations were performed incorporating the rate of atrophy in HC.

Results

Thalamic volume declined significantly faster in MS subjects compared to HC, with an estimated decline of −0.71% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.77% to −0.64%) in MS subjects and −0.28% per year (95% CI = −0.58% to 0.02%) in HC (p for difference = 0.007). The rate of decline was consistent throughout the MS disease duration and across MS clinical subtypes. Eighty or 100 subjects per arm (α = 0.1 or 0.05, respectively) would be needed to detect the maximal effect size with 80% power in a 24‐month study.

Interpretation

Thalamic atrophy occurs early and consistently throughout MS. Preliminary sample size calculations appear feasible, adding to its appeal as an MRI marker associated with neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol 2018;83:223–234
Correlated evolution between climate and suites of traits along a fast–slow continuum in the radiation ofProtea
Authors: Mitchell Nora , Carlson Jane E. , Holsinger Kent E.
Published: January 2018

Evolutionary radiations are responsible for much of Earth's diversity, yet the causes of these radiations are often elusive. Determining the relative roles of adaptation and geographic isolation in diversification is vital to understanding the causes of any radiation, and whether a radiation may be labeled as “adaptive” or not. Across many groups of plants, trait–climate relationships suggest that traits are an important indicator of how plants adapt to different climates. In particular, analyses of plant functional traits in global databases suggest that there is an “economics spectrum” along which combinations of functional traits covary along a fast–slow continuum. We examine evolutionary associations among traits and between trait and climate variables on a strongly supported phylogeny in the iconic plant genusProteato identify correlated evolution of functional traits and the climatic‐niches that species occupy. Results indicate that trait diversification inProteahas climate associations along two axes of variation: correlated evolution of plant size with temperature and leaf investment with rainfall. Evidence suggests that traits and climatic‐niches evolve in similar ways, although some of these associations are inconsistent with global patterns on a broader phylogenetic scale. When combined with previous experimental work suggesting that trait–climate associations are adaptive inProtea, the results presented here suggest that trait diversification in this radiation is adaptive.
Non‐classical Design of High‐Efficiency Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Nguyen The‐Duy , Wu Chun‐Guey
Published: January 2018

The dye regeneration step in a dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) affects significantly the device efficiency. To be able to predict the dye regeneration efficiency by the electrolyte this paper provides a facile way to design high‐efficiency sensitizers for DSSC. This paper proposes, for the first time, a simple and ingenious way to identify the dye regeneration sites and their relative efficiencies when a specific electrolyte is used. Two steps are proposed to identify the dye regeneration sites and their relative regeneration efficiencies: (1) drawing all the resonance structures of the oxidized dye to determine the regeneration sites, and (2) choosing the most favored site for dye regeneration as the chemically softest (when the redox couple used is soft I−/I3− pair) and the least spatially hindered site. The regeneration sites identified by the resonance structures are consistent with the β‐LUSO (β lowest unoccupied spin orbital) distribution, which is generally used for identifying the dye regeneration sites, calculated with DT‐DFT theory. The relative dye regeneration efficiency and photovoltaic performance of both ruthenium and metal‐free organic dyes predicted by the method reported here are supported by experimental data and the proposed dye regeneration mechanism. Several types of dye molecules are used to demonstrate the correctness of this new tool. This non‐classical tool, which uses the well‐known chemical knowledge of the resonance structure and hard–soft acid–base principle, without any computer calculation or physicochemical measurement, provides a very simple and powerful tool to quickly conceive high‐efficiency sensitizers for DSSCs.
Proliferation, Kinetics, and Fate of Monocytes in Rat Liver During a Zymosan- Induced Inflammation
Authors: Bouwens L , Wisse E
Published: January 2018

The fate and kinetics of monocytes, recruited to the liver by a single zymosan injection, were investigated by light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopy combined with peroxidase cytochemistry and latex phagocytosis. Ultrastructural and cytochemical differences between these cells and resident Kupffer cells persisted during a 7-day period, demonstrating the existence of two types of hepatic mononuclear phagocytes. Both cell types exhibited a pronounced mitotic activity during their numerical increase. Next to peroxidase-positive (POP) Kupffer cells and monocytes, peroxidase- negative (PON) mononuclear phagocytes were observed. These may represent a monocyte subset and/or possibly Kupffer cell precursors.
Cyclosporin A Directly Inhibits Human B-Cell Proliferation by More Than a Single Mechanism
Authors: Hannam-Harris Anne C , Taylor Douglas S , Nowell Peter C
Published: January 2018

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent that inhibits T-cell proliferation and lymphokine production. There is less information on the direct effect of CsA on B-cells. We investigated the proliferative responses of human tonsillar B-lymphocytes to a “T dependent” mitogen, pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and to a “T independent” mitogen, Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Both responses were strongly inhibited by CsA. Nonspecific cytotoxicity was ruled out, and the inhibition was not reversed by adding IL1, IL2, or BCGF individually or in combination. Maximal inhibition of the PWM response occurred when CsA was added early in the culture period. Cyclosporin A added 18 hours after the start of culture was less effective, and adding CsA after 36 hours resulted in only minimal inhibition. However, with SA as mitogen, addition after 36 hours still affected substantial inhibition. These results, on the time of action and resistance to reversal by exogenous growth factors, suggest that CsA can directly inhibit human B-cells by a mechanism similar to its action on T-lymphocytes, blocking an early event critical to entry into cell cycle, but an additional mechanism of inhibition later in the cell cycle may also operate when the proliferative signal is provided by the T-independent mitogen SA.
FACS Quantitation of Leucine Aminopeptidase and Acid Phosphatase on Tumor-Associated Macrophages From Metastatic and Nonmetastatic Mouse Mammary Tumors
Authors: Mahoney Keith H , Miller Bonnie E , Heppner Gloria H
Published: January 2018

Macrophages were isolated by adherence from tumors produced by a number of murine mammary carcinoma lines and were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for quantitation of leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase. The tumors included three lines, 66, 67, and 168, which were originally derived from a single, spontaneously arising tumor in a BALB/cfC3H mouse and two other lines, D2A1 and D2F2, which were derived from a single tumor arising from the transplantable hyperplastic alveolar nodule line, D2. These five lines differ from one another in a number of characteristics, including the ability to metastasize spontaneously to the lung from subcutaneous implants and to form experimental metastases in lungs following intravenous injection. Line 67 is nonmetastatic under both circumstances, whereas lines 66, D2A1, and D2F2 are metastatic under the same conditions. Intermediate to these is line 168, which is nonmetastatic from the subcutaneous site but capable of colonizing the lung with an efficiency similar to 66 when injected IV. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) from lines 66, D2A1, and D2F2 contained the greatest amounts of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and those from line 67 the least, with TAM from 168 being intermediate. Conversely, the TAM from line 67 had the greatest amounts of acid phosphatase (APTase) and those from line 168 the least. In addition to differences among tumors in enzyme levels of the adherent TAM, the precentages of TAM that were adherent were also different among the tumors. Only 12% of TAM from line 67 were recovered in the adherent fraction as opposed to 35–38% of TAM from lines 66 and 168.

These results confirm and extend our previous findings that TAM from metastatic tumors have increased levels of LAP compared to TAM from nonmetastatic tumors. They also demonstrate noncoordinate expression of LAP and APTase in TAM, and illustrate how a population of TAM can be homogeneous for one enzyme and heterogeneous for another. Furthermore, the difference in the percentage of macrophages that are adherent between metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors is another indication both of the heterogeneous nature of TAM and of the role of a tumor in determining the type of host infiltrate with which it is associated.
Characterization of Human Pericardial Macrophages
Authors: Benhaiem-Sigaux Nicole , Mina Elie , Sigaux François , Lambré Claude R , Valensi Françoise , Allégret Catherine , Bernaudin Jean-François
Published: January 2018

This paper deals with the study of the cell population in 13 samples of normal human pericardial fluid. Large mononuclear cells (LMC) constituted 74.1 ± 18.5% of the total cell population. These LMC possess the characteristics of macrophages: 1) firm adherence to glass, 2) intracytoplasmic presence of vimentin without keratin, 3) ultrastructural observation of a lysosomal apparatus, 4) cytoenzymatic activities: acid phosphatases, naphthol AS.D acetate esterase and peroxidases, and 5) phagocytosis of Baker's yeasts. All these data clearly show that macrophages are the main component of the pericardial fluid cell population and can be of great significance in the defense mechanisms and physiology of the pericardial space.
Activation of Rat Alveolar Macrophages by Gamma Interferon to Inhibit Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro
Authors: Badger Alison M , Hutchman John S , Sung Cheng-Po , Bugelski Peter J
Published: January 2018

We have investigated the effects of murine interferons on the ability of rat alveolar macrophages (AM) to inhibit the proliferation of the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. This activity was determined by measuring suppression of 3H-uracil uptake into the Toxoplasma and by microscopic enumeration of the intracellular organisms. Recombinant gamma interferon (rMuIFN-γ), but not alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) was able to activate AM for antimicrobial activity in vitro. Maximum activation was achieved by incubation with 50-200 units/ml rMuIFN-γ and the activity was lost at one unit/ml. The highest levels of activation were obtained when macrophages were incubated with interferon for 48-72 h prior to the challenge with Toxoplasma organisms. Activation could still be obtained, however, when the interferon was added to the cultures as late as 2 h after the phagocytosis of Toxoplasma. Neither MDP nor low concentrations (1-1-ng/ml) of S. typhosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were able to activate these cells to inhibit the growth of Toxoplasma. Phagocytosis of Toxoplasma by AM did not result in the release of O2−, in fact the spontaneous release of O2  − by these cells was inhibited by Toxoplasma. This inhibition was reversed by preincubation of the cells with rMuIFN-γ.
Immunohistochemical Characterisation of Macrophages in Human Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract: Expression of CD4, HLA-DR, OKM1, and the Mature Macrophage Marker 25F9 in Normal and Diseased Tissue
Authors: Hume David A , Allan William , Hogan Patrick G , Doe William F
Published: January 2018

This report describes the immunocytochemical characterisation of macrophages in sections of human liver, gastrointestinal tract, and associated lymphoid tissue and the inflammatory lesions of Crohn’s disease. 25F9 is an antigen reported to be induced during the maturation of blood monocytes in vitro. The antigen was concentrated in cytoplasmic vesicular structures of isolated gastrointestinal macrophages. Similar labelled cells were observed in the apical regions of lamina propria in both small and large intestine in vivo. Their numbers and size were greatly increased in specimens of colon from patients with melanosis coll. Mucosal inflammatory lesions in specimens from patients with Crohn’s disease did not contain 25F9-positive cells. The antigen was absent from giant cells and epithelioid cells in granulomata but was expressed on histiocytes in submucosal microgranulomata. In lymphoid organs, 25F9-positive cells were found in germinal centres, in the dome region of Peyer’s patch, and in the medulla, but were largely excluded from T cell areas. In reactive nodes from Crohn’s disease patients, the number of labelled cells in germinal centres and T cell areas was greatly increased. 25F9 was absent from the majority of typical liver Kupffer cells, but was expressed on cytoplasmic granules in a minor subpopulation of larger, more rounded cells in the liver. The results suggest that 25F9 is a marker for endocytosis rather than maturation. In parallel sections, resident macrophages of both liver and gastrointestinal tract labelled with Leu 3a/OKT4 (CD4) and with OKIa (HLA-DR antigen) but did not express OKM1 (type III complement receptor). By contrast, OKM1 was present on inflammatory cells, epithelioid cells, and giant cells in mucosal lesions of Crohn’s disease.
Inhibition of Neutrophil Shape Change by an Inhibitor of Chemotaxis
Authors: Donabedian Haig , Sawyer Thomas , Senitzer David
Published: January 2018

Human mononuclear cells exposed to staphylococcal peptidoglycan in serum-free culture rapidly produce an inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis which we have previously described. We found that this inhibitor of chemotaxis has its most potent effect on the inhibition of neutrophil shape change from a spherical to a polarized configuration. In order to quantify this shape change inhibition, we developed an assay using flow cytometric techniques. Neutrophils exposed to a chemoattractant simultaneously change their shape and decrease their forward angle light scattering intensity (δFLS) with a correlation coefficient of 0.886 (p < 0.001). In 51 experiments, neutrophils pretreated with the inhibitor of chemotaxis decreased their FLS by only 6.8 ±1.3 channels, while neutrophils pretreated with medium or control culture supernatants decreased theirs by 26.4 ±1.9 and 20.5 ± 3.0 channels respectively (p < 0.001). The factor which causes inhibition of shape change was indistinguishable from the inhibitor of chemotaxis by physical properties and chromatography. We conclude that this inhibitor of chemotaxis may act by inhibiting a physiologic step at or before shape change.
Comparison of Bone Marrow Progenitors Responsive to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor and Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor-1
Authors: Falk Lydia A , Vogel Stefanie N
Published: January 2018

The responsiveness of bone marrow progenitors (BMP) from C3H mice to highly purified or recombinant preparations of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1) and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was compared by counting the number of colonies (≥ 50 cells) after 10 days in culture with CSF. Cells responsive to CSF-1 or GM-CSF exhibited maximum colony formation over a wide dose range, although GM-CSF supported colony formation at lower concentrations. The response of BMP to optimal concentrations of CSF-1 was ≥5 times greater than the response of BMP to GM-CSF. Analysis of the kinetics of colony formation revealed that, at day 5, the number of BMP responsive to GM-CSF or CSF-1 was approximately equal; the number of CSF-1 colonies increased significantly through day 10, while those cultured in GM-CSF did not. The response of BMP to CSF-1 and GM-CSF was also studied in liquid culture; the differences in yield of mature macrophages was consistent with the differences observed in agar culture. Although both cell populations were shown to be 100% mononuclear by day 7, Coulter Channelyzer analysis of these mature macrophages showed marked differences in cell size distribution. By day 7, cells grown in CSF-1 resulted in a homogeneous population of large cells, whereas GM-CSF cultures showed a heterogeneous distribution. Finally, CSF-1-derived cells possessed increased nonspecific and specific phagocytic capabilities when compared to GM-CSF-derived macrophages. These findings indicate that the actions of GM-CSF and CSF-1 upon the bone marrow compartment results in the generation of mature macrophages which differ morphologically and functionally and may account for the heterogeneity in macrophage populations.
The L-Arginine Dependent Effector Mechanism Is Induced in Murine Adenocarcinoma Cells by Culture Supernatant From Cytotoxic Activated Macrophages
Authors: Amber Ina J , Hibbs John B , Taintor Read R , Vavrin Zdenek
Published: January 2018

Culture medium conditioned by incubation with murine cytotoxic activated macrophages causes release of iron-55 label from viable murine EMT-6 tumor cells as well as inhibition of DNA replication and aconitase activity. These metabolic changes occur in parallel with L-citrulline, nitrite, and nitrate synthesis from L-arginine by EMT-6 cells. Protein synthesis is required for activation of this effector mechanism. Once the effector pathway is induced in EMT-6 cells in the presence of amino acids, L-arginine is the only amino acid required for its function. Arginase inhibits the effector mechanism, which is additional evidence for its specific L-arginine requirement. The results show induction, in a non-macrophage cell line, of a novel effector pathway which, in addition to other effects, inhibits cellular proliferation.
Isolation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization of the Porcine Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophage
Authors: Morton Daniel , Bertram Timothy A
Published: January 2018

Porcine intravascular macrophages were isolated by perfusion of the pulmonary vasculature with 0.1% collagenase solution. The isolated cells formed intercellular adhesion plaques with endothelial cells when incubated with porcine pulmonary artery, aorta, and corneal cups. Intercellular adhesion plaques were focal junctionlike membrane specializations consisting of paired submembranous amorphous densities subjacent to 15-20 nm gaps between parallel apposing cell membranes. The intermembranous space was filled with moderately electron dense, finely granular material. Adhesion plaques formed in 4-8 hours and resembled the adhesion plaques formed between pulmonary intravascular macrophages and endothelium in vivo. Alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes did not form intercellular adhesion plaques with endothelial cells. Intravascular macrophages had histologic and ultrastructural features of macrophages, were alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase positive, adhered to plastic coverslips after 1 hour of incubation, and were smaller than alveolar macrophages and endothelial cells. The formation of intercellular adhesion plaques in vivo and in vitro by cells with morphologic and histochemical features of macrophages distinguishes intravascular macrophages from monocytes and alveolar macrophages.
Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion in P388D1 Macrophages Infected With Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Eissenberg Linda Groppe , Schlesinger Paul H , Goldman William E
Published: January 2018

The issue of whether or not phagocytized Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts evade phagosome-lysosome fusion (P-LF) has been debated by several investigators. To resolve this problem, yet avoid drawbacks associated with the conventional assays of P-LF (electron microscopy and the acridine orange assay), we used fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FITC-dextran) to monitor P-LF in the macrophage-like cell line P388D1.D2. Controls indicated that FITC-dextran could be used to distinguish between evasion of P-LF by Toxoplasma gondii and phagolysosome formation following ingestion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phagosomes containing H. capsulatum clearly fused with FITC-dextran-labeled lysosomes at a rate comparable to that observed for S. cerevisiae. This was true for several strains of H. capsulatum including two avirulent strains derived in this laboratory. Varying the dose of H. capsulatum did not alter the percentage of phagolysosomes formed. Our results indicate that H. capsulatum is one of a small number of organisms which is able to survive in phagolysosomes.
Membrane-Associated Protein Kinase C Activity in Superoxide-Producing Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Christiansen Niels Obel , Larsen Carsten Schade , Juhl Henning , Esmann Viggo
Published: January 2018

Protein kinase C activity was studied in superoxide-producing human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Using equivalent cell concentrations, superoxide production and particulate fraction-associated protein kinase C activity increased in parallel in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), oleoyl-acetyl-glycerol (OAG), opsonized zymosan, and A23187-activated leukocytes. Also, an increase in particulate fraction-associated phospholipid-independent kinase activity was observed upon stimulation with these activators. In contrast, in formyl-methionyl-leucine-phenylalanine (FMLP)-activated cells the increase in superoxide production was only accompanied by an increase in particulate fraction-associated protein kinase C activity if the cells were pretreated with cytochalasin B. Purified protein kinase C activity was stimulated by OAG and PMA, whereas no stimulation was observed using A23187 or opsonized zymosan. It is suggested that the activation induced in human neutrophils by PMA, OAG, opsonized zymosan, and A23187 involves a thight membrane association of phospholipid-dependent and -independent protein kinase activity. This contrasts to FMLP-activated neutrophils, in which a membrane-bound form is only observed after pretreatment with cytochalasin B.
Characterization of a Monocyte Differentiation Factor Distinct From Gamma-Interferon, Tumor Necrosis Factor, or G,M-Colony-Stimulating Factor That Regulates the Growth and Functional Capabilities of the U937 Monocytic Cell Line
Authors: Clement Loran T , Roberts Robert L , Martin Audrey M
Published: January 2018

We have analyzed the characteristics and cellular sources of the T cell-derived lymphokines that affect the proliferation and the oxidative metabolic capabilities of the U937 monocytic cell line. Although gamma-interferon (gIFN) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa) can, in high doses, inhibit the proliferation of U937 cells, the predominant antiproliferative factor produced by activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells has a MW=45-55 Kd, is resistant to heat treatment, and is distinct and independent from gIFN, TNFa, and GM-CSF. The inhibitory effect of this lymphokine on U937 cell growth requires an 18-24-hr induction period; thereafter, this growth arrest persists for up to 5 d, even in the absence of the factor. The lymphokine responsible for inducing oxidative metabolic capabilities in U937 cells is also a non-gIFN, heat-resistant, 45-55-Kd factor secreted by CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and we postulate that this differentiation factor is identical to the factor responsible for inhibiting U937 growth. These data demonstrate the prominent role of T cell-derived factors distinct from gIFN, TNFa, or GM-CSF in regulating the growth and functional capabilities of monocyte-lineage cells. Furthermore, the data suggest it may be appropriate to distinguish monocyte activation, in which cells at a given maturational stage develop a heightened ability to perform a particular function, from changes in the functional repertoire of cells acquired as a consequence of lymphokine-induced differentiation.