bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of, for, and by the People: Taward a Post-Professional Order
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale
Published: November 2023

How much would workers and consumers be able to learn and do if the class barriers linked to professionalism were dismantled? We cannot know. Much evidence, however, suggests that present skill hierarchies could be radically reduced. Knowledge cannot be “socialized” in the same way that capital can-by simply distributing it equally. But new social arrangements could allow the uncredentialed majority to use their human potential far more than is now possible.
Introduction
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

In 1937, the United States Supreme Court sustained a Georgia law that allowed women to pay a lower poll tax than men.1 This was quite fair, argued the majority, “in view of the burdens necessarily borne by them for the preservation of the race.” Convinced that marriage and childbearing were the normal conditions of women, the majority argued that women’s taxes would, in any event, be paid by their husbands. A law that distinguished between men and women thus quite reasonably benefited men as well as their wives. In 1948, the Court approved Michigan’s prohibition against women working as bartenders unless they happened to be the wives or daughters of male bar owners, who could be expected to protect the morals of their kin.2 Justice Felix Frankfurter, speaking for the Court’s majority, thought Michigan’s desire to exclude “wives and daughters of non-owners” from an occupation that might “give rise to moral and social problems” so reasonable that “to state the question is in effect to answer it.”
The Responsibilities of Life
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

Robert F. Wagner, distinguished senior senator from New York, chair of a duly constituted subcommittee of the Committee on Banking and Currency, and political midwife to much of the labor legislation of the Roosevelt years, opened the hearings on the Full Employment Act of 1945 with an appropriately inspiring statement. Quoting his own words from a 1930s debate on a bill to legislate a thirty-hour workweek, he declared that “the right to work is synonymous with the inalienable right to live” and then added, “Whoever believes in this right to work, believes in it for every adult who is looking for an honest job at decent pay.”1 The bill’s cosponsor, Senator James Murray of Montana, concurred. “No thoughtful American,” Murray insisted, “would deny that every man or woman in the country who is willing to work and capable of working has the right to a job.”2
Introduction
Authors: Lembke Janet , Reckford Kenneth J
Published: November 2023

When Polybius, the historian, asked the younger Scipio what he meant in quoting these lines from Homer and weeping, after the last Roman conquest of Carthage, he replied that, as he contemplated human fortune, it was his own country, Rome, for which he felt afraid. This probably apocryphal story (Polybius 38,22) illustrates the spirit of Roman humanitas, which was nourished on Greek poetry, art, and philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Critchlow Donald T
Published: November 2023

In the years between 1965 and 1974, the federal government’s role m family planning policy underwent a dramatic shift from nonmtervention to active mvolvement. This change occurred with the support of both political parties, Republican and Democratic, under the admmistrations of Lyndon Baines Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. Initially federal family planning meant artificial contraception and sterilization, but after 1973 it included abortion. Although the legalization of abortion by the Supreme Court in Roe v. de (1973) led to the emergence of an antiabortion movement and fierce political debate, federal involvement in family planning remained established policy, even though Congress placed restrictions on funding for abortion services. By 1997 federal and state funding for family plannmg, mcluding contraception, sterilization, and therapeutic abortion, reached over $700 million annually. This book explores the transformation of federal family planning policy m modern America since 1945. By examining federal family planning within the context of policy history, this book follows the development of this policy through a process of mnovation, legislative enactment and administration imposition, program implementation, reappraisal, and politicization.
Slavery and Slave Trading in the Colonial North
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

One afternoon, while Money Vose was selling his baskets at the market, he disappeared—taken by white men. He never returned home. Sold and resold, he finally left his native West Africa aboard a slave ship bound for a “new world.” It was the late-eighteenth century, the exact date and his exact age are not known, but he was not much older than the new nation taking shape and calling itself the United States.

Fortunately for Money, the slave ship on which he arrived did not enter an American port immediately but lay offshore somewhere along the eastern coast, probably off New England. It was then, guided only by the light of the moon, that he and a companion plunged into the sea in a desperate bid for freedom. After a long swim they reached shore, exhausted and frustrated by underwater vegetation, which slowed their progress and made their escape even more perilous. They collapsed almost at the point of their landfall, sleeping under some bushes until daybreak when they awoke to find a white face framed in a broad-brimmed hat staring down at them. “Hallo boys! You are from that ship at anchor?” the man asked, indicating the vessel from which they had escaped only a few hours be fore. What was to be said at this moment? They indicated the affirmative, trusting to luck and to the gods whom they hoped watched over them even in this foreign place.
Culture, Race, and Class in the Colonial North
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

During the more than eight generations of black life in the colonial North, African customs and traditions mingled with those of Europeans and Native American Indians to produce a new culture. Each group, whether African or European, retained aspects of their own heritage and contributed to and produced a variation on a common tradition—creating a multilayered American culture. African ways blended with but did not totally succumb to the pressures of European customs and Christian beliefs. European missionaries working among blacks in the eighteenth century complained that their work was greatly hampered by “the prejudices of the slaves themselves.” These dedicated churchmen were particularly frustrated by the tenacity with which Africans clung to their Old World ways. “Those born in Guinea [were] strangely prepossessed in favor of superstition and Idolatry,” declared one Anglican minister in 1748. Their ethnocentrism prevented these clergymen from appreciating or even being curious about African beliefs, many of them hundreds of years older than Christianity, though some did recognize a “false Religion to be combated with.”
Coping with Urban Life: Poverty, Work, and Regional Differences
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

The abolition of slavery in the North raised twin fears for officials in the free states of the new republic-dependency and disorder. Although many African Americans possessed skills and had a long history of doing the work for which they were brought to America, many whites saw slavery as the only way to make blacks productive. The apprenticeship arrangements that accompanied gradual emancipation in some northern states were, at least in part, an attempt to counter the imagined slavery-induced dependency. Bostonian Jeremy Belknap, who had sup ported immediate emancipation in Massachusetts, later feared that “many [free blacks were] in a far worse condition than when they were slaves, being incapable of providing for themselves the means of subsistence.” In the early spring of 1788, the Massachusetts legislature adopted a familiar solution to the problem of dependency. Assuming blacks to be incapable of supporting themselves, it passed a vagrancy law that required the expulsion of all African Americans who were not citizens of the state. Officials identified 158 blacks and 76 Indians and mulattoes by their city or country of origin and warned them out of Massachusetts. The list included fourteen Africans and thirty-three West Indians. If those identified did not leave the state within two months, they could be confined in the house of correction at hard labor, held there for trial and, if convicted, whipped.
Culture, Politics, and the Issue of African-American Identity
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

In 1787 Philadelphia physician and patriot Benjamin Rush gave voice to Americans’ assurance that their new nation stood on the brink of a great adventure. “The American war is over,” he observed, “but this is far from being the case with the American revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed.” America had won its political independence but had not yet established a national identity. During the next two generations Americans struggled to articulate a unique identity and to create lasting institutions. what did it mean to be a democratic nation? What were the implications of expanding rights and individual liberties? How could a national identity be forged from a diverse population with increasingly important racial distinctions? These were difficult questions for a nation which could not admit, even to itself, that racial diversity was integral to its identity or that Africanisms had become part of American culture, shaping it in particular ways. Almost all white Americans believed and reassured themselves that, as one historian put it, “America was meant to be a homogeneous white nation, inhabited chiefly by members of the Anglo-Saxon and closely related races.” Yet, in reality, the emerging American identity of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was increasingly fashioned not of a single Old World European tradition but of many Old World traditions, traditions that included those of Africa and the ancient “New World” cultures of Native Americans, mingled and merged in various proportions in different locations.
Sophocles Electra
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael
Published: November 2023

Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly recreate the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the general editorship of Peter Burian and Alan Shapiro, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the play. Although it has been at times overshadowed by his more famous Oedipus Tyrannus and Antigone, Sophocles’ Electra is remarkable for its extreme emotions and taut drama. Electra recounts the murders of Clytemnestra and Aegisthus by Clytemnestra’s son Orestes, to avenge their murder of his father Agamemnon, commander of the Greeks at Troy, upon his return home. Sophocles’ version is presented from the viewpoint of Electra, Orestes’ sister, who laments her father, bears witness to her mother’s crime, and for years endures her mother’s scorn. Despite her overwhelming passion for just revenge, Electra admits that her own actions are shameful. When Orestes arrives at last, her mood shifts from grief to joy, as Orestes carries out the bloody vengeance. Sophocles presents this story as a savage though necessary act of vengeance, vividly depicting Electra’s grief, anger, and exultation. This translation equals the original in ferocity of expression, and leaves intact the inarticulate cries of suffering and joy that fill the play.
For The Soul Of The People Protestant Protest Against Hitler
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

Organized religion is often justly accused of hypocrisy and complacency, of which there can be no better example than the acquiescence of German Christians in Hitler’s genocidal persecution of the Jews. One church, however, has long been explicitly exempted from this charge. The Confessing Church, which broke away from the state church to protest against Nazi interference in church affairs, was labelled a `resistance movement’ and produced many examples of moral heroism and not a few martyrs. As the book reveals, however, the `resistance’ of the Confessing Church was neither unqualified nor unanimous. Victoria Barnett has interviewed more than sixty Germans who were active in the Confessing Church. They reflect on what happened to them politically and morally during the Third Reich and how those experiences affected their values and politics after 1945. The resulting frank testimony provides the material for an engrossing case-study in moral behaviour that is not only an important contribution to our understanding of German behaviour under Nazism, but a timely addition to the ongoing debate about the proper relation of religion to political belief and action.
Nationalism, Nazism, and the Churches: The Early Period
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

He Mass Display of enthusiasm at Tempelhof Field on May 1 demonstrated the two kinds of responses Hitler drew from his admirers. One was jubilant hysteria, which Hitler’s personal charisma triggered in those who believed in him. In rigid contrast were the rows upon rows of brown- and black-shirted SA and SS members standing in the broad center of the field. Their emotions were betrayed only by the hundreds of right arms that simultaneously jutted into the air and the hundreds of voices that bellowed “Sieg Heil” as one voice. Both responses represented Hitler’s power: the spontaneous emotions of the masses and the controlled obeisance of his disciplined party-in the locked step, the uniforms, the unquestioning loyalty to his dictates.
Convictions and Conflicts
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

He Ways in which individuals confronted Nazism depended upon their backgrounds and personalities as well as upon their political persuasions. Both theological and temperamental differences among the leaders of the various churches played a major role in the alliances and divisions within the church opposition to Hitler. The radically different situations of the regional churches in 1934 magnified these personal differences. Germany’s churches were divided regionally along borders that often reflected confessional differences as well. Some regional churches were predominantly Lutheran; in others, the Reformed tradition had played a stronger historical role. In the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union, the Reformed and Lutheran traditions had been united since 1817.
Christian Faith And Political Vision In Germany
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

There Is One Aspect of religious belief that invariably sets it apart from the rest of society: The human soul, however bound it becomes by worldly powers, ultimately possesses the capacity to free itself. However religious institutions may affirm and participate in the political systems in which they find themselves, religion remains an inherently revolutionary force (this is what Iwand meant by a confessing church being “in opposition in every system”). This is why religious groups pose such a threat in totalitarian societies, which either persecute religious groups or try to co opt them ideologically (perhaps Hitler failed to transform the Protestant church into a Reich church because he tried to do both). It is why one measure of a free society is the extent to which it protects the freedom of different religious groups.
Faith And The Fatherland
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

Since 1945, German National Identity has been bound inseparably with the process of Vergangenheitsbewiiltigung. The kind of “Germanness” that people claim for themselves and wish for their country is one indicator of how they have chosen to examine their past. Many of those who most explicitly wish to atone for Germany’s Nazi past also deliberately reject any continued claim on a territorial or symbolic Fatherland.
Point Defects and Ionic Crystals: Color Centers as the Key to Imperfections
Authors: Teichmann Jurgen , Szymborski Krzysztof
Published: November 2023

Point defects are localized positions of atomic dimensions in a crystal in which the perfection of the crystal lattice is interrupted—say, because an atom is out of place. One especially interesting class of these imperfections came to be called “color centers.” There are several reasons why ionic crystal point defects in general, and alkali halide color centers in particular, occupy an important place in the history of solidstate physics.
The German Professions in History and Theory
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: November 2023

During the last two centuries, paid work has become a central dimension of the human experience. While the hours of toil have decreased and leisure time has been more sharply differentiated, a person’s occupation has turned from a series of intermittent jobs into a lifelong full-time pursuit. “Our work is always our mistress,” a German high school teacher typically reflected in 1937. “In this regard every true man is a kind of bigamist who is not as faithful in marriage as his wife. . . . He has something that he loves beyond her and to which he dedicates more time, energy, and often more passion. . . .” Crucial for material wellbeing, the occupational role has come to exert a considerable formative influence upon its members.
A Struggle for Existence: The Professionalization of German Architects
Authors: Clark Vinc ent
Published: November 2023

In the forty or fifty years since scholars began studying the professions, they have employed two basic approaches. One academic approach considered professions in an ethical perspective; thus, for these scholars, professions were distinguished from other occupations by higher ethical considerations, which they believed motivated professional practice.1 The other approach, which has been dominant perhaps since the late 1960s, has emphasized professionalization as a means of achieving domination over a particular area of work and its economic rewards.
Conflict Within the Legal Profession: Simultaneous Admission and the German Bar, 1903-1927
Authors: Ledford Kenneth E
Published: November 2023

In recent years, historians of Germany have turned increasingly toward a study of the professions as a means of understanding the Burgertum (middle class), especially theBildungsburgertum (educated middle class), as a whole. Interest in the professions and professionalization has produced a series of studies treating specific occupational groups and illustrating particular aspects of the professionalization process.
Introduction
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A
Published: November 2023

This book has several goals. There has been interest in high temperature superconductivity since well before the breakthrough in 1986 by Georg Bednorz and Alex Mueller [1] that started the recent revolution. In fact, from the theoretical standpoint there are many ways to achieve superconductivity at very high temperatures, even well beyond what has been achieved experimentally.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

Much of the impetus for change in modern history can be traced to a form of social consciousness which matured and unfolded in the Enlightenment. A common characteristic of the American and French Revolutions was the professed objective of humanity’s liberation from oppression and deprivation. In the Declaration of Independence, the people were said to have a right to establish governments that seemed to them “most likely to effect their safety and happiness.” The first of the king’s “repeated injuries and usurpations” listed in that document was his refusal to “assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.”
World Revolution and American Reform
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

In The First Few Months Of Publication, Benjamin Franklin Bache attempted to follow his announced plans for making the General Advertiser an educational newspaper. The second issue, for instance, had articles on calculating erosion and checking the quality of gunpowder. Having promised in the first issue “to gratify the Public” with anecdotes about his grandfather, he also inserted an account from an English newspaper of some of Franklin ‘s accomplishments.
Missiles and Magnolias
Authors: Schulman Bruce J
Published: November 2023

“Our economy is no longer agricultural,” William Faulkner observed in 1956. “Our economy is the Federal Government.” In characteristic fashion, Faulkner likened the South’s surrender of its pastoral heritage to the Edenic Fall. The South, he contended, had “sold state’s rights” during the Depression in return for the fruits of the New Deal. In Faulkner’s conception, the historical experience of his native land after 1945 recapitulated the path of his characters, the denizens of fictional Yoknapatawpha County. Southern leaders, motivated by pride and avarice, reenacted the drama of the Original Sin. They exchanged the richness of the region’s land and people for the foolish promise of progress.
“Shadows on the Sunbelt”
Authors: Schulman Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Roads—Tobacco Road, “Dixie Highway,” “Crossroads Blues,” “On the Road Again.” Highways have long claimed a place of distinction in southern culture. They have also dominated political debate and concentrated economic effort. The region, Mississippi senator Pat Harrison admitted in the 1930s, had an obssession with “climbing out of the mud.” Pavement symbolized progress. For visitors to the region, nothing so altered the face of the South as the construction of the National Defense Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s. Federal-aid roads paved the South, laying more road below the Mason-Dixon line in three years than southerners themselves had cleared in the years from 1789 to 1930.
Conclusion: Place Over People
Authors: Schulman Bruce J
Published: November 2023

In 1939, David Lilienthal, chairman of the TVA and devoted New Dealer, took stock of his own and his President’s recent actions in the South. “How could TVA help change the income level, not only of the section,” Lilienthal wondered, “but of the low income groups—how could we increase the income which remains in the hands of the great masses of miserable people, most of them darned good stuff, too?” But policies aimed at aiding poor people seldom materialized. Instead, from 1940 until the 1980s, federal economic policy stressed regional development rather than human development. Originally designed to secure an “American standard of living” for the southern people, federal policy increasingly concentrated on ensuring an American standard of industrial progress for southern places.
Imaging by Light Optical Microscopy
Authors: Vandervoort G F
Published: November 2023

The light optical microscope, a relatively simple instrument compared with most of the other instruments discussed in this book, is still the single most important, most widely used instrument for the study of microstructure. Nearly all studies of micro-structure should begin with examination by light microscopy. Such examinations are relatively rapid, compared with electron microscopy techniques, and efficient. Such an examination will permit categorization of the basic microstructural constituents present; definition of their relative size, shape, and quantity; assessment of the normalcy or abnormality of the microstructure relative to composition, processing history, and service conditions; and an indication of the need for further examination by more specialized techniques.
Prologue: Readings Old and New-A Critique
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: November 2023

This study offers a new way of reading Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics one not previously developed in detail. A number of attempts have been made in the past to discover a single overriding conception that would serve as a key to reading Barth. Such a conception, if it could be found, would have a number of advantages. Not only would it serve to guide the reader through the nearly ten thousand pages of labyrinthine argument which constitute Barth’s masterwork. It would also make it possible to bring Barth more readily into dialogue with other theologies and other fields of discourse than might otherwise be the case. It could even ease the task of developing responsible and penetrating criticisms.
Truth as Mediated: Revelation
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: November 2023

As the motif of objectivism signifies, in Barth’s theology truth is always conceived as ‘‘mediated.’’ Truth is not immediately apprehensible in matters of revelation and salvation; it is not directly accessible to us on the basis of general considerations or by our own innate powers of cognition and perception. Whether it is a question of God’s identity in relation to us (“revelational objectivism”) or of our identity in relation to God (“so teriological objectivism”) the truth is never something that is accessible to us except as mediated by Jesus Christ. In matters of revelation and salvation, Jesus Christ must be regarded as the sole Mediator of truth.
Truth as Mediated: Salvation
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: November 2023

Soteriological objectivism, the other major category pertaining to christological mediation in Barth’s theology, signifies that Jesus Christ is regarded as the sole Mediator not only of revealed truth, but also of saving truth. Truth in Barth’s theology is a category that governs not only our knowing of God’s identity, but also God’s knowing of our identities in Jesus Christ. Soteriological objectivism, briefly stated, means that there is finally no other truth about us than the truth of who we are before God in Jesus Christ. We have no existence before God that stands in independence of Jesus Christ. ‘‘The truth of our existence is simply this-Jesus Christ has died and risen again for us. It is this and this alone which is to be proclaimed to us as our truth” (11/1, 167 rev.).
Greater Syria
Authors: Pipes Daniel
Published: November 2023

Pan-Syrian nationalism—the dream of creating a Greater Syria out of what is now Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and a part of Turkey—has profoundly, if quietly, affected Middle Eastern politics since the end of the First World War. This is the first full account of Pan-Syrian nationalism and its role in Middle Eastern politics. The book provides the historical context for understanding such important political episodes as the Syrian occupation of Lebanon and its confrontation with Israel.
Failed Efforts To Constitute Greater Syria, 1920-1973
Authors: Pipes Daniel
Published: November 2023

Although the Syrian Kingdom lasted a scant hundred days, never to be recreated, its brief existence had a lasting impact on the politics and imagination of many residents in Greater Syria. Passions and dreams aroused by the kingdom retained power for decades. Most expectations of Pan-Syrian unity, even those of antimonarchists, referred back to the ephemeral but exciting success of Prince Faysal in 1920. Conversely, the division of Greater Syria decided on at San Remo met a resistance that has never disappeared. Indeed, the reluctance to accept the imposed boundaries of 1920 to 1923 has proved an abiding theme of politics in the area and a major source of political turmoil. The following two chapters record some of the tumult between 1920 and the present.
Fluid Dynamics for the Study of Transonic Flow
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J
Published: November 2023

This new title leads readers step-by-step through the transition from subsonic to supersonic flow, and will help them develop an understanding of the complex theoretical principles involved. The work provides complete information on the fundamentals as well as matters of increasing complexity demonstrating the logic behind the computer analysis that is a necessary part of such a study. The book will be of use to anyone who needs to acquire an understanding of transonic flow, practising engineers as well as students of fluid mechanics.
The Theory of Inviscid Transonic Flow
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J
Published: November 2023

Some of the important characteristics of transonic flow can readily be derived from inviscid one-dimensional gas dynamics. The shape of the Laval nozzle (Fig. 2.1) for the establishment of supersonic flow, for instance, is the result of the peculiar behavior of the flow at the Mach number of 1. In a Laval nozzle, the Mach number increases steadily, reaching the value M = 1 at the nozzle “throat,” the station of minimum cross-sectional area A, and becomes supersonic in the diverging part of the nozzle. As the Mach number increases in the nozzle, the flow properties pressure p, density p, and temperature T decrease monotonically.
Steps Toward The Optimum Transonic Aircraft
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J
Published: November 2023

This chapter can only give a few outstanding problems in transonic aircraft design. The reader is encouraged to acquaint himself with this important discipline from the extensive literature. For a general study of aircraft performance and the special problems in the transonic speed range, see, for example, ref. 39.

The realization that the shock wave-boundary layer interaction has an outstanding effect on the performance of transonic flight articles was found to lead to studies trying to accomplish two major tasks: (1) to develop a computational method for the accurate determination of the shock wave-boundary interaction in terms of the pressure coefficient distribution on the body surface; and (2) to find body geometries for which the shock strength or the location of the shock wave would discourage separation and minimize the shifting of the shock wave during aircraft maneuvers.
Sources and Agents of Religious Reform
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

Changes in Damascene ulama’s status constituted one stimulus for subjecting prevailing religious beliefs and practices to reexamination. An additional stimulus came from their interaction with Islamic intellectual trends originating outside Damascus. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries religious reform movements that sprang up throughout the Muslim world appeared to represent a ubiquitous urge to revive "true" Islamic beliefs and practices.1 The “WahhiibI” movement in Arabia is the best-known example of the early modem religious reform movements (its first phase lasted from 1744 until 1818). Scholars have traced the roots of reform movements from West Africa to India to the Wahhiibts’ influence on ulama from those lands who visited Medina and Mecca and returned home imbued with WahhabI ideas. The question of whether the Arabian reform movement influenced Damascene ulama arises because of the Wahhiibts’ proximity to Syria and because Syrian opponents of religious reform accused the salafis of propagating Wahhabism. Another possible source of influence on Damascene salafis lay to the east in Baghdad, where the AliisI family of ulama led a reform movement in the nineteenth century.
Conservative Ulama and Antisalafi Action
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

The stiffest opposition to the salafis came from ulama who defended customary practices and beliefs. These ulama constituted a distinct faction of religious scholars who shared a common interpretation of Islam, loyalty to Sultan Abdiilbamid, and a strong aversion to European manners and ideas. They may also have shared a common social identity anchored in wealth and status in the Damascene ulama corps.
Heart of Darkness
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: November 2023

The Negro, for sufficient reason, has felt himself outside American society. And white Americans, on the other hand, while intent on excluding Negroes from the mainstream of American life, were nevertheless dimly conscious of the black man within it. “Negroes,” as Henry May has said, “like white Southerners, had to break into the dominant respectable culture of the day before they could break out of it.” 1 Yet the black-white relationship has been symbiotic; blacks have been essential to white identity (and whites to blacks). This interdependence has been too profound to be measured by the simple meting out of respective contributions to American culture. Whites have needed blacks as they have needed the blackface minstrel mask-a guise of alter ego. And blacks-sensing this psychic dependency-have been all too willing to join in the charade, hiding behind that minstrel mask, appearing to be what white men wanted them to be, and finding pleasure in the deception which too often was a trick on themselves. The way that the Negro has been used by whites, and the way he has permitted himself to be used, exposes the deep moral tensions that have characterized American race relations. Harlem in the 1920s gave to this interdependency a sophistication and charm, but at its very core the game of masks remained the same.
The Iron Fist Meets the Invisible Hand
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Government production of goods and services is often defended as being a necessary response to market failure. Where the “invisible hand”of the market fails to produce goods and services of adequate quality, or in sufficient quantity, or at an appropriate price, or to distribute them properly, the “iron fist”of the state must take action. Conversely, privatization is often seen as a remedy for government failure in these matters. Does imprisonment represent an area of “government failure”today? Imprisonment, since it serves the public as a whole rather than individual consumers, can be characterized as a public good. Public goods are generally financed and arranged for (but not necessarily produced) by government.
Issues of Cost and Efficiency
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Among claims made for the superiority of proprietary prisons, the most frequent and most salient-but not necessarily the strongest-is that they will be less expensive, or at least more efficient. So far, very little systematic empirical evidence exists either for or against this premise. As a result, both advocates and critics of proprietary prisons base their contentions on theoretical (or often ideological) grounds and on analogies to privatization in other areas. Those arguments will be reviewed here, along with all the empirical evidence available at this time. The relative cost and efficiency merits of public and proprietary prisons can be examined within three areas: finance, construction, and operation. Greatest attention here will be given to the area of operation.
Issues of Flexibility
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

A major promise of proprietary prisons is that they will bring with them the flexibility and innovation typical of entrepreneurial activity and commonly found among small businesses. They will have less of the bureaucracy that tends to preserve the status quo in government and other large organizations. As enterprises subject to competition and market discipline, they will be more free to engage in purchasing and subcontracting without the bureaucratic regulations that are needed to control government spending.
Solving "the Indian Problem"
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

The consequences of the fur trade were devastating, in their own way, for the Indian nations, but they emerged in a context of willful Indian participation. In contrast, Native Americans fiercely resisted the second phase of incorporation, whose consequences were far more costly. Again a commodity lay at the heart of the matter. This time it was land.
New Music, New Partners, A New Dance
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

Ira Katznelson has suggested that the study of intergroup relations can profit by attention to what he calls “critical historical periods.” These are times when structured linkages between groups-links that shape the distribution of power, the opportunities for action, the pattern of domination and subordination-are set in place or transformed.
Setting the Scene: The Highland Environment of Ancient Israel
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2023

Many of the biases interfering with an evaluation of any aspect of life in antiquity stem from our temporal distance from that life. Time alone is the symbol but not the substance of the problem. We live today in a postindustrial and highly technological society. The weather may be a recurrent item of news and conversation, but for the majority of people the ecological milieu rarely impinges directly and regularly on the central aspects of daily life.
The Genesis Paradigms for Female Roles, Part I: Genesis 2-3
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2023

The early chapters of Genesis challenge our ability to be open-minded in dealing with biblical texts relevant to gender. Perhaps more than any other part of the Bible, those chapters have influenced western notions of gender identity and roles. But we must remember that Genesis 2-3 antedate by a millennium or more the religious traditions that have appropriated those texts as normative statements about human nature. That is, the earliest Jewish and Christian communities used the Genesis stories, as they used many other parts of the already ancient and sacred literature of Israel, to help them deal with their own sociological and theological concerns.
Reconstructing Gender Relationships
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2023

It has become fashionable among educated western women to want to “have it all.” Life is seen as consisting of three compartmentalized are nas: career, marriage, and motherhood. Many women struggle to com bine all three, when only one alone might be construed as a full-time occupation for at least part of a woman’s life. What a different reality existed for Everywoman Eve, whose life intrinsically encompassed all aspects (although one would hardly characterize her work load as a “career”) and who might have willingly relinquished some of her broad responsibilities.
Confrontation and Direct Action
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

By 1970, the women’s liberation movement was a national phenomenon. Feminists were attracting media and public attention by staging demonstrations and raising controversial demands. Abortion was a central feminist issue that was dramatized through direct action: In New York in 1969 the feminist Redstockings held “counter-hearings” to protest the biased state legislative hearings on abortion reform. In Detroit in 1970 a “funeral march” was held by women’s liberation activists to protest the deaths of women killed by back-alley abortionists while the legislature debated abortion reform. In Chicago, feminists disrupted the convention of the American Medical Association to protest the AMA’s lack of support for abortion law repeal.
The Webster Ruling and Its Aftermath
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

In July 1989 a Supreme Court reconstituted with Reagan appointees upheld important provisions of a Missouri anti-abortion statute in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. Although the Court did not overturn Roe v. Wade, it allowed the states significant leeway in limiting abortion rights and seemed to invite other challenges that might further dismantle the 1973 Court ruling.’ The Webster decision was a critical event marking the beginning of a new round of intense conflict over abortion in which the state legislative and political arenas would become the primary battlefields.
Stationary State Methods and Phase Methods
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss a number of methods for handling stationary state problems in quaternionic quantum mechanics and then consider more generally methods in which the phase of the wave function plays a primary role. We first describe exact methods for reducing the anti Hermitian quaternionic Hamiltonian H to a complex Hermitian Hamiltonian H for an equivalent complex quantum mechanics problem. We then develop stationary state perturbation theory, and as an application compute the leading approximation to the Hamiltonian phase operator I  H. We also give a quaternionic analog of the Rayleigh-Ritz variational principle. We proceed next to an extended discussion of the geometric phase in quaternionic quantum mechanics, in both the adiabatic and the nonadiabatic cases. Finally, we give the quaternionic generalization of the eikonal or WKB approximation.
Methods for Time Development
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we develop methods, both exact and approximate, for timedependent problems (Adler, 1988), which complement the methods for stationary state problems given in Chapter 5 and their application to scattering theory in Chapter 6. We begin by giving the general equations for time-dependent perturbation theory in quaternionic quantum mechanics. By making an appropriate choice of initial conditions, these equations are applied successively to the problems of scattering theory and of decaying state theory. We next discuss the use of the interaction and Heisenberg pictures, particularly in the context of the quaternionic forced harmonic oscillator. We conclude by briefly discussing the use of quaternionic quantum mechanics as a model for time reversal violation in elementary particle physics (Adler, l 986a,b).
Single-Channel Time-Dependent Formal Scattering Theory
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

A key result established in Chapters 6 and 7 is that the S-matrix in quaternionic quantum mechanics is ℂ( 1, i), when the energy eigenstates are chosen in the standard ray representation of Sec. 4.2.
The Predatory Society
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Who knows more about a business's shady practices than the people who work there? In this pioneering study, Paul Blumberg examines a wide variety of evidence, including over 600 accounts written by workers who disclose in elaborate detail the deceptions their employers practiced on the public. Employed in a wide variety of business enterprises--supermarkets, restaurants, fish markets, department stores, gas stations, drug stores, pet stores, and many more--these workers pull back the curtain and reveal the hidden recesses of the American marketplace. Blumberg documents these deceptions in numerous vivid stories, providing readers with a trenchant handbook on survival in America. He tells of stores that routinely mark prices up before a sale; gas stations that sell regular gas as high test; auto mechanics who spray-paint customers' old car parts and then charge them for new parts (in one gas stations, the workers claimed that the mechanic's best tool was his paint can); and pharmacists who sell generic drugs and charge name-brand prices. But equally important, he provides an insightful analysis of why deception pervades the American marketplace. Though at times amusing, The Predatory Society is also frequently disturbing for what it says about private capitalism: how dishonesty is all but built into the American marketplace, and how this dishonesty has potentially disastrous effects on trust and community in our society.
Ignorance: Dumb Customers and Distracted Customers
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Some firms are honest, some are not. Of those that are not, some are more dishonest than others. What explains the wide variations in deceptive behavior in the marketplace? The most obvious generalization one can make about the propensity to deceive is that, broadly speaking, the more ignorant the customer, the more likely he is to be cheated, just as in the wild, the weaker and more vulnerable the prey, the more likely it is to be set upon. In a sense, ignorance is a pre condition of every successful swindle, for if the victim were not ignorant, the ruse could not be carried off. Ignorance, however, as Caesar said of Gaul, can be divided into three parts.
Helpless Customers and Potemkin Villages
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

In the marketplace, the strong subdue the weak. As we ‘ve seen, one form of weakness is ignorance. Another form of weakness is ... weakness itself. Especially victimized are those persons who are not so much ignorant of their exploitation as helpless to do anything about it. Inmates of mental hospitals, prisons, nursing homes, and schools for retarded and handicapped children all have two things in common: their essential helplessness vis-a-vis the institution, and their susceptibility to abuse by the personnel because of it.
Scarcity
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Even the most casual observer of social behavior knows that when the good and necessary things of life are scarce, people rarely behave in a commendable manner. When things are abundant, people can afford to be generous; when things are scarce, watch out. True, scarcity may occasionally bring out the best and most unselfish in people, especially during a temporary crisis as they share and help others, but over the long haul it usually brings out the worst.
Perishability
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Certain businesses trade in perishable commodities. I am not referring here simply to such obviously perishable goods as food. Photographic film ages and is thus perishable. Clothing styles are not eternally fashionable. In establishments that sell perishable products, there is always the danger that goods will spoil, rot, go sour, go stale, go out of date or out of style, or become obsolete. In such firms, depending on how perishable the goods are, there is a constant undercurrent of urgency to sell the product, for if the goods cannot be passed off on the customer quickly enough, they will perish, and large economic losses will ensue.
Filth
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Of all the violations of public trust found in these essays, one of the most widespread is the pervasiveness of filth in establishments where food is either sold or served. In one account after another, workers employed in restaurants, cafeterias, catering establishments, ice-cream stores, fast food outlets, large supermarkets, small groceries, bakeries, fruit and vegetable stores, delis, nursing homes, and bottling plants report a level of filth that would give pause to even the least fastidious customer.
The Maculate Muse
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In 1971, when I began the dissertation that would become The Maculate Muse, scorn of the old taboos about human sexuality and its social expressions had become socially fashionable among many members of my generation, even a badge of cultural liberation. For me, an academic who had never thought that human sexuality should be a shameful secret and who had always been amused and fascinated by erotic art and literature, that era of “sexual revolution” seemed an opportune time to explore the sexual dimensions of my favorite classical artform.
Varieties of Obscene Expression: An Overview
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Before we attempt an examination of the dramatic and literary functions of obscene language in the extant plays of Aristophanes, it is necessary to make a preliminary analysis of the various kinds of obscenity that appear in the remains of Attic Comedy and are cataloged in the final chapters of this book.