bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competition Before Sunset: The Case of the Finnish ATM Market
Authors: Kopsakangas-Savolainen Maria , Takalo Tuomas
Published: November 2014

We study service fee and network size competition in an ATM market between an incumbent and an independent deployer, and its optimal regulation. We also analyze an actual regulation of such a market by competition authorities in Finland. Compared with the first-best regulation, we find unregulated foreign and interchange fees too high and an unregulated size of the incumbent’s ATM network too small. However, if network sizes cannot be directly regulated, then competitive fees may also be too low from the welfare point of view. The Finnish regulation caps the incumbent’s foreign fee which, according to our model, results in an increased interchange fee and a larger ATM network. In contrast with the actual regulation, it would also be essential to regulate the interchange fee.
Lean Blow-out Studies in a Swirl Stabilized Annular Gas Turbine Combustor
Authors: Mishra R. K. , Kishore Kumar S. , Chandel Sunil
Published: November 2014

Lean blow out characteristics in a swirl stabilized aero gas turbine combustor have been studied using computational fluid dynamics. For CFD analysis, a 22.5° sector of an annular combustor is modeled using unstructured tetrahedral meshes comprising 1.2 × 10
Low Intake of Vegetables, High Intake of Confectionary, and Unhealthy Eating Habits are Associated with Poor Sleep Quality among Middle‐aged Female Japanese Workers
Authors: Katagiri Ryoko , Asakura Keiko , Kobayashi Satomi , Suga Hitomi , Sasaki Satoshi ,   the Three‐generation Study of Women on Diets and Health Study Group
Published: November 2014

Low Intake of Vegetables, High Intake of Confectionary, and Unhealthy Eating Habits are Associated with Poor Sleep Quality among Middleaged Female Japanese Workers: Ryoko KATAGIRI, et al. Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo—

Objectives

Although workers with poor sleep quality are reported to have problems with work performance, few studies have assessed the association between dietary factors and sleep quality using validated indexes. Here, we examined this association using information acquired from validated questionnaires.

Methods

A total of 3,129 female workers aged 34 to 65 years were analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed using a self‐administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ), and subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The relationship between the intake of several food groups and nutrients and sleep quality was examined using multivariable logistic regression models. The effect of eating habits on sleep quality was also examined.

Results

Poor sleep quality was associated with low intake of vegetables (p for trend 0.002) and fish (p for trend 0.04) and high intake of confectionary (p for trend 0.004) and noodles (p for trend 0.03) after adjustment for potential confounding factors (age, body mass index, physical activity, depression score, employment status, alcohol intake and smoking status). Poor sleep quality was also significantly and positively associated with consumption of energy drinks and sugar‐sweetened beverages, skipping breakfast, and eating irregularly. In addition, poor sleep quality was significantly associated with high carbohydrate intake (p for trend 0.03).

Conclusions

A low intake of vegetables and fish, high intake of confectionary and noodles and unhealthy eating habits were independently associated with poor sleep quality. Poor sleep quality was also associated with high carbohydrate intake in free‐living Japanese middle‐aged female workers.
The “individual” in Johann Friedrich Overbeck’s and Franz Liszt’s Seven Sacraments
Authors: Pesce Dolores
Published: November 2014

In the preface to his Septem sacramenta (1878–1884), Franz Liszt acknowledged its stimulus — drawings completed in 1862 by the German painter J. F. Overbeck (1789–1869). This essay explores what Liszt likely meant by his and Overbeck’s “diametrically opposed” approaches and speculates on why the composer nonetheless acknowledged the artist’s work. Each man adopted an individualized treatment of the sacraments, neither in line with the Church’s neo-Thomistic philosophy. Whereas the Church insisted on the sanctifying effects of the sacraments’ graces, Overbeck emphasized the sacraments as a means for moral edification, and Liszt expressed their emotional effects on the receiver. Furthermore, Overbeck embedded within his work an overt polemical message in response to the contested position of the pope in the latter half of the nineteenth century. For many in Catholic circles, he went too far. Both works experienced a problematic reception. Yet, despite their works’ reception, both Overbeck and Liszt believed they had contributed to the sacred art of their time. The very individuality of Overbeck’s treatment seems to have stimulated Liszt. True to his generous nature, Liszt, whose individual voice often went unappreciated, publicly recognized an equally individual voice in the service of the Church.
A writing that dictates the choreography: Dante sonata by Frederick Ashton
Authors: Zicari Ida
Published: November 2014

If Liszt’s early work Don Sanche ou le Château d’Amour, that includes danced parts, is not taken into account, he never composed music for dance. In the twentieth century, however, the composer’s music became an interesting material for choreographers and dancers. My paper is focused on a choreographic interpretation of Liszt’s Dante Sonata, made by Frederick Ashton. This choreography was realized by Ashton in 1940 in London, in collaboration with Constant Lambert. Ashton’s Dante Sonata is an abstract and symbolic ballet. He created the association between dance and music on a relationship of correspondence point to point of the two languages and on a cultural and emotive communion with Liszt. My study wants to show what the Ashtonian choreography highlights: Liszt renews the traditional sonata form from its inside; he gives it a new lymph by making it go through a symbolic content; the symbolized literary content is the Dantesque medieval allegory of the Christian ascensional course transformed by Hugo in metaphor of the restless walk of the romantic man. So, Liszt invests the medieval epic literary model of the great themes of the Romantic generation and renews, under its influence, the sonata form.
Acadêmicos na berlinda ou como cada um escreve a História?: uma reflexão sobre o embate entre historiadores acadêmicos e não acadêmicos no Brasil à luz dos debates sobre Public History
Authors: Malerba Jurandir
Published: November 2014

Indicadores diversos sugerem uma crescente demanda por história pelo público leigo nos últimos anos, demanda que vem sendo suprida por profissionais não treinados na academia. Os objetivos deste texto são os de pensar o próprio conceito de história pública e sua aplicabilidade no Brasil, assim como analisar três autores leigos que se tornaram best-sellers como escritores de história no Brasil. Nosso argumento é o de que a difusão massiva dessas obras tem implicações de ordem técnica e ética diante das quais cabe aos historiadores treinados no sistema de pós-graduação se manifestar.
Observing the effects of sustained loading on spudcan footings in clay
Authors: STANIER S.A. , RAGNI R. , BIENEN B. , CASSIDY M.J.
Published: November 2014

Spudcan foundations of mobile jack-up rigs are penetrated into the seabed under seawater ballast preload, which is shed prior to rig operations commencing. During pauses in the installation process and during operation, soil beneath the spudcan foundations stiffens and strengthens due to consolidation. On the application of further loading or during spudcan extraction, this causes increased resistance, which in extremis can result in punch-though type failure. This note reports results from a series of experiments with particle image velocimetry measurements that were performed in a drum centrifuge to facilitate observation of the effects of a load-hold period on the soil movements around a model spudcan during subsequent further loading. The results show that the dimensionless load-hold period dominates the enhancement in the penetration resistance, due to significantly more soil being mobilised following a long load-hold period. These observations might be useful to (a) predict the enhancement in bearing capacity factor due to a load-hold period during installation or operation and (b) predict the footing extraction resistance during jack-up re-deployment.
Publicidade na ética profissional: uma comparação do CEPC com os códigos de ética da IFAC, OAB e CFM
Authors: Santos Ivan Antonio Kretzer , Alberton Luiz , Limongi Bernadete
Published: November 2014

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a comparação das determinações relativas à publicidade constantes do Código de Ética Profissional do Contabilista (CEPC), do Código de Ética para Contadores da Federação Internacional de Contadores (IFAC), do Código de Ética e Disciplina (CED), da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB) e do Código de Ética Médica (CEM), do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM). Quanto à metodologia, foi realizada uma pesquisa do tipo exploratório, abordando-se o assunto de forma qualitativa, com o emprego de dados levantados de forma bibliográfica. Com estes procedimentos chegou-se aos resultados desta pesquisa. O ordenamento ético atual da classe contábil no Brasil é canhado quanto à previsão de se realizar publicidade profissional. Acrescente-se a isto o fato do número de profissionais na área contábil ser relativamente grande. Conseqüência natural é a equiparação da contabilidade a uma atividade puramente mercantil, confundindo-se publicidade com mera propaganda se não forem observadas algumas regras de conduta. Contrariamente à regra pátria, o ordenamento ético internacional do contador veda literalmente a publicidade não institucional, rejeitando qualquer forma de publicidade puramente mercantil. Ainda, do mesmo modo que a regra internacional, os outros ordenamentos profissionais pátrios mencionados neste trabalho também restringem a publicidade profissional.
Global biogeographic regions in a human‐dominated world: the case of human diseases
Authors: Just Michael G. , Norton Jacob F. , Traud Amanda L. , Antonelli Tim , Poteate Aaron S. , Backus Gregory A. , Snyder-Beattie Andrew , Sanders R. Wyatt , Dunn Robert R.
Published: November 2014

Since the work of Alfred Russel Wallace, biologists have sought to divide the world into biogeographic regions that reflect the history of continents and evolution. These divisions not only guide conservation efforts, but are also the fundamental reference point for understanding the distribution of life. However, the biogeography of human‐associated species—such as pathogens, crops, or even house guests—has been largely ignored or discounted. As pathogens have the potential for direct consequences on the lives of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife it is prudent to examine their potential biogeographic history. Furthermore, if distinct regions exist for human‐associated pathogens, it would provide possible connections between human wellbeing and pathogen distributions, and, more generally, humans and the deep evolutionary history of the natural world. We tested for the presence of biogeographic regions for diseases of humans due to pathogens using country‐level disease composition data and compared the regions for vectored and non‐vectored diseases. We found discrete biogeographic regions for diseases, with a stronger influence of biogeography on vectored than non‐vectored diseases. We also found significant correlations between these biogeographic regions and environmental or socio‐political factors. While some biogeographic regions reflected those already documented for birds or mammals, others reflected colonial history. From the perspective of diseases caused by pathogens, humans have altered but not evaded the influence of ancient biogeography. This work is the necessary first step in examining the biogeographic relationship between humans and their associates.
Vertical Distribution of Corn Biomass as Influenced by Cover Crop and Stover Harvest
Authors: Mourtzinis Spyridon , Arriaga Francisco , Balkcom Kipling S. , Price Andrew J.
Published: November 2014

Corn (Zea mays L.) production for grain is important given its many uses for human food, animal feed, and other industrial products. Additionally, the abundance and potentially large biomass yield makes corn an attractive bioenergy feedstock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of in‐season weather conditions, rye (Secale cereale L.) as a winter cover crop, and corn residue harvest on grain yield and biomass distribution across two soil types. Grain, as well as, total and partial stover yields (below the ear, above the ear excluding cobs, cobs alone, and above the ear including top and cobs) were measured from 2009 to 2011 at two sites with different soil types: loamy sand and silt loam, in central and northern Alabama, respectively. Significant differences in grain and biomass yields were observed among individual years and locations. Grain yields were positively correlated with seasonal cumulative precipitation and negatively with seasonal average temperature at both locations. In central Alabama, the 3‐yr use of a rye cover crop increased corn biomass yields compared to rye removal while there was no difference compared to plots without a rye cover crop. The 3‐yr corn residue management effect was not significant at any location. Based on this study, harvesting the above‐ear corn plant fraction could be an attractive option for partial biomass harvesting in southeastern United States.
Evident Response of the Soil Nematode Community to Consecutive Peanut Monoculturing
Authors: Li Xiao‐gang , Ding Chang‐feng , Liu Jin‐guang , Zhang Tao‐lin , Wang Xing‐xiang
Published: November 2014

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield and quality are seriously compromised by consecutive monoculturing in southeastern China. This work investigated the population size and community structure of soil nematodes in 3‐, 6‐, and 20‐yr‐old peanut monoculturing systems. A grass pasture was used as the control. The results showed that continuous peanut monocropping had detrimental effects on the soil nematode abundance and functional composition compared with the control. The reductions in the abundance of total and microbivorous nematodes with increasing years of monocropping are likely to reduce bioturbation and nutrient mineralization, and an elevated abundance of plant parasitic nematodes may result in serious damage to peanut roots, thus aggravating root rot. Furthermore, the significant variations in soil nematode functional indices across the three monocropped peanut fields may produce negative effects on sustainable agroecosystems. Our study also contributes to the identification of locally applicable indicator species of soil nematodes, i.e., Tylenchus, Doryllium, and Mesorhabditis, which can be applied in the assessment of soil status within monocropped peanut fields. Our results suggest that the soil nematode community exhibits evident responses to peanut monocropping.
Prognostic factors of primary cutaneus melanoma
Authors: Noveski Lazo , Zhivadinovik Julija , Matveeva Niki
Published: November 2014

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to identify tumor characteristics
of primary malignant melanoma predictive of sentinel lymph node positive
status, and then to determine whether sentinel lymph node status has an
impact on recurrence and survival. Material and Methods. A total of 100
patients with primary malignant skin melanoma were analyzed. The prospective
melanoma database identified patients with histologically confirmed cutaneus
melanoma, clinically negative and clinically positive regional lymph nodes
with no evidence of distant disease, who had undergone surgery between April
2001 and May 2012. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to
assess factors that predict sentinel lymph node positive status, recurrence
and survival. Results. We identified Breslow?s thickness and lymphocytic
response as independent predictors of sentinel lymph node status in cutaneous
melanoma patients. Sentinel lymph node status was a significant predictor of
disease free survival. Conclusion. Despite the limitation, this study
confirms Breslow?s thickness and tumor lymphocytic infiltration as two
factors predictive of sentinel lymph node metastasis in cutaneous melanoma
patients. We also found sentinel lymph node status to be the most significant
independent predictor of disease free survival and identified sentinel lymph
node status as an important variable to consider when estimating the risk of
regional recurrence.
Tick on the tympanic membrane
Authors: Djeric Dragoslava , Pavlovic Bojan , Folic Miljan , Blazic Srbislav , Cvorovic Ljiljana
Published: November 2014

Introduction. Different foreign bodies can reach the lumen of the external
auditory canal. Clinical presence of the foreign bodies depends on the nature
of the foreign body, localization, morphological features, and the presence
of pathological process. Case Report. This study gives a report on a rare
foreign body - a tick on the eardrum, which is a very rare localization in
European countries. Conclusion. Identification, determination of the nature
of the foreign body and the way of extracting it depend on the application of
adequate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Liraglutide Promotes Natriuresis but Does Not Increase Circulating Levels of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Hypertensive Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lovshin Julie A. , Barnie Annette , DeAlmeida Ariana , Logan Alexander , Zinman Bernard , Drucker Daniel J.
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVE

GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists induce natriuresis and reduce blood pressure (BP) through incompletely understood mechanisms. We examined the effects of acute and 21-day administration of liraglutide on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), urinary sodium excretion, office and 24-h BP, and heart rate (HR).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Liraglutide or placebo was administered for 3 weeks to hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial in the ambulatory setting. End points included within-subject change from baseline in plasma ANP, Nt-proBNP, office BP, and HR at baseline and over 4 h following a single dose of liraglutide (0.6 mg) and after 21 days of liraglutide (titrated to 1.8 mg) versus placebo administration. Simultaneous 24-h ambulatory BP and HR monitoring and 24-h urine collections were measured at baseline and following 21 days of treatment.

RESULTS

Plasma ANP levels did not change significantly after acute (+16.72 pg/mL, P = 0.24, 95% CI [−12.1, +45.5] at 2 h) or chronic (−17.42 pg/mL, 95% CI [−36.0, +1.21] at 2 h) liraglutide administration. Liraglutide significantly increased 24-h and nighttime urinary sodium excretion; however, 24-h systolic BP was not significantly different. Small but significant increases in 24-h and nighttime diastolic BP and HR were observed with liraglutide. Body weight, HbA1c, and cholesterol were lower, and office-measured HR was transiently increased (for up to 4 h) with liraglutide administration.

CONCLUSIONS

Sustained liraglutide administration for 3 weeks increases urinary sodium excretion independent of changes in ANP or BP in overweight and obese hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
Traffic-Calming Measures Affecting Perceived Speed in Approaching Bends
Authors: Rossi Riccardo , Gastaldi Massimiliano , Gecchele Gregorio , Biondi Francesco , Mulatti Claudio
Published: November 2014

With the aim of reducing the number of road traffic deaths around the world, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 2011–2020 the Decade of Action for Road Safety. Excessive speed is one of the main problems to overcome. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of traffic-calming measures in reducing drivers’ speed along a road with a dangerous bend in an inland area near Venice, Italy. The driving simulator of the Transportation Laboratory of the University of Padua and the simulated scenario were validated by reproducing the study site environment. A driving simulator experiment was conducted to analyze changes in speed profiles associated with various countermeasures: evenly spaced guideposts, tall guideposts, narrowing guideposts, and dragon's teeth markings. Tall and narrowing guideposts served to reduce drivers’ speed by up to 2.7 km/h. Unlike tall guideposts, which produced no detrimental effect on drivers’ behavior, narrowing guideposts led drivers to occupy more variable positions within the lane. In view of this at-risk behavior, the convenience of the option to produce an apparent narrowing of the lane on real roads was discussed. This study found that the use of driving simulators was a reliable research tool to reproduce drivers’ real behavior. The study also provided effective, low-cost measures to counteract excessive speed on dangerous road sections.
Effect of Cholesterol Anchoring Group on the Properties of G-Quadruplex-Based FRET Probes for Potassium Ion
Authors: Swiatkowska Angelika , Juskowiak Bernard
Published: November 2014

In this study we report on the spectral properties and G-quadruplex folding ability of fluorescent oligonucleotide probes modified by the attachment of a cholesterol moiety. These probes were designed and studied in order to verify their potential as potassium-sensing devices that can be incorporated into the cellular membrane. The 19-meric guanine-rich deoxyoligonucleotide was labeled with reporter fluorescent FRET groups (FAM and TAMRA) and a cholesterol anchor was attached using different approaches. The probes exhibited abilities to fold into a quadruplex structure and to bind metal cations (Na+ and K+). In an unbound state, both termini of the oligonucleotide are separated, thus fluorophores do not interact with each other and the probe exhibits an unperturbed fluorescence spectrum. In the presence of K+, the quadruplex structure is developed such that it enables fluorophores to be arranged in close proximity, causing generation of a different fluorescence spectrum (FRET signal). Folding properties of probes and their spectral behavior were examined by recording the UV-Vis, fluorescence emission, and excitation spectra (FRET efficiency), and the temperature stability of G-quadruplex structures adopted by probes (melting profiles). Fluorescence energy transfer efficiency increased with increases in sodium or potassium ion concentrations in an aqueous solution, which indicated that the probes retained their cation-binding properties and could be promising candidates for potassium sensing at the cell membrane interface.
What You See Is What You Get
Authors: Paris Jeff
Published: November 2014

This paper corrects three widely held misunderstandings about Maxent when used in common sense reasoning: That it is language dependent; That it produces objective facts; That it subsumes, and so is at least as untenable as, the paradox-ridden Principle of Insufficient Reason.
Predicting Composition Dependence of Glass Forming Ability in Ternary Al-Cu-Y System by Thermodynamic Calculation
Authors: Wang Qi , Li Jiahao , Liu Jianbo , Liu Baixin
Published: November 2014

The composition dependence of glass forming ability in the ternary Al-Cu-Y system is predicted by thermodynamic calculations based on the Miedema’s model and Alonso’s method. By comparing the relative energetic status of the amorphous phase versus the solid solution phase, a hexagonal composition region that energetically favoring the metallic glass formation is predicted. The glass formation driving force and crystallization resistance are further calculated and the composition of Al72Cu10Y18 is pinpointed with the largest glass forming ability in the Al-Cu-Y system. The calculation results are well supported by the experimental observations reported in the literature.
Strategies for Sustainability: Institutional and Organisational Challenges
Authors: Burger Paul , Frecè Jan , Scherrer Yvonne , Daub Claus-Heinrich
Published: November 2014

Sustainable Development (SD) is a global role model that claims to function as a general orientation for shaping societal processes, i.e., local, regional, national and international development. This is in line with the Brundtland and justice-oriented understanding of the term. It is understood as a role model and sometimes also interpreted as a regulative ideal. However, it does not state how exactly “sustainable” societies will or should look. It does not give us a step-by-step pattern to follow, but something like a frame of what ought to be done in order to transform today’s societies, including their economies. [...]
Les conditions de l’articulation entre recherche et expertise
Authors: Granjou Céline , Arpin Isabelle , Daccache Michel
Published: November 2014

L’organisation de l’expertise scientifique à destination politique a donné lieu à toute une littérature normative à la frontière entre sociologie des sciences et sociologie politique. En revanche, rares sont les travaux qui s’attachent à éclairer de manière pragmatique la façon dont les scientifiques s’investissent– ou pas– dans des activités de conseil, de support et d’expertise. À partir de l’exemple du champ de recherches émergent sur la biodiversité, nous entendons ici montrer que l’investissement des chercheurs dans des activités de conseil, support ou expertise à destination des gestionnaires est tout particulièrement lié aux stratégies qu’ils développent, ou pas, pour articuler ces activités avec le reste de leur travail de recherche. Nous nous appuyons ici sur la notion d’articulation telle qu’elle a été développée par Fujimura (1987). Après avoir décrit certaines spécificités des biodiversity studies, nous mettons en lumière deux niveaux conditionnant l’investissement dans l’expertise, le niveau de l’organisation du travail et celui de sa valorisation. Au niveau organisationnel, il s’agit que la réalisation des activités d’expertise puisse être rendue compatible avec la gestion du temps et du personnel de travail ainsi qu’avec l’organisation logistique des investigations empiriques ; au niveau de la valorisation du travail, il s’agit qu’elles puissent s’accompagner de la possibilité de valoriser des résultats par la publication. Ces résultats permettent de nuancer l’idée que les convictions personnelles ou l’ancienneté au sens strict sont les paramètres essentiels de l’investissement des chercheurs dans l’expertise et soulignent le poids des logiques organisationnelles et des impératifs professionnels du monde académique.
Les typologies traditionnelles sont-elles fonctionnelles ?
Authors: Jankowski Frédérique
Published: November 2014

À partir de données recueillies dans le cadre d’une recherche participative sur la vulnérabilité des sols au Sénégal, le lien existant entre typologie, usages et connaissance des sols agraires est questionné. L’étude décrit la nature distincte des critères utilisés par les agriculteurs pour, d’une part, différencier des types de sols et pour, d’autre part, définir leur qualité et les exploiter. Il apparaît que la seule prise en compte de la typologie locale des sols ne permet pas d’en déduire celle de leurs usages. L’utilisation qui est habituellement faite des typologies locales des sols dans les projets participatifs, relève de différents processus de décontextualisation par rapport : (i)aux usages des sols, (ii) à la dynamique évolutive des typologies et (iii) à l’hétérogénéité des savoirs qui structurent la connaissance locale des sols. Dans cette recherche, la valeur heuristique de la typologie locale des sols est apparue moins en tant que « langage commun », que comme un objet d’apprentissage mutuel entre les scientifiques et les agriculteurs.
Towards pragmatic, ecological and political app roaches to expertise
Authors: Barbier Marc , Cauchard Lionel , Joly Pierre-Benoít , Paradeise Catherine , Vinck Dominique
Published: November 2014

The article offers a retrospective look at the study and sociological critique of expertise. The research has focused on its role in society, its legitimacy and its links to academic knowledge. As its legitimacy and credibility have been challenged by controversy and the issue of conflict of interest, the research was interested in its relationship to the functioning of politics and markets, as well as how to become an expert and the practice of expertise in the situation. Expertise is then studied as a social practice that combines know-how, understanding and assembling to reveal a problematic situation. The article gives an account of the constitution of two research orientations: one deals with the joint constitution of the statements and the infrastructures on which their creation is based; the other qualifies the situations in which ordinary knowledge is not sufficient to form a judgment or find a solution. It also deals with the transformations of the places of expertise (the emergence of think tanks in particular) and their practices (in particular the system of check and balance and advocacy), as well as policies (technical democratization) and forms of expertise management. The text aims to decentralise the way in which expertise has been seen to be owned by scientists. Instead, it proposes a reconstitution of relations and transfers of knowledge between the academic and "profane" (non-expert) worlds, between society and its respective authorities. The article advocates a pragmatic, ecological and political approach to expertise. Viewing expertise from a pragmatic approach, the heterogeneity of practices, the transformation of the knowledge-power relationship, in which the generation of knowledge is related to the inclusion of different groups of experts and the generation of new relationships, should be studied. The ecological approach describes the mechanisms of expertise and its governance and the construction of spaces for dialogue, resulting in the consolidation of expert knowledge in different problem situations. Finally, the text gives us a look at the modes of existence of the politics of expertise, its institutional and performative dimension, and its regulation. Therefore, the article suggests studying the devices of expertise and the perspectives that the actors deploy as experts.
Producing knowledge in times of health crises
Authors: Forster Paul , Charnoz Olivier
Published: November 2014

Examining efforts to control avian influenza in Indonesia between 2005 and 2010, this article investigates why the internationally funded and designed response initially focused so much on community level “backyard” poultry farming, thus excluding, or excusing, a large and poorly regulated industrial sector from involvement in responding to disease spread and persistence. A range of biases acting on national and international agencies are identified that contributed to distorted production of knowledge and led to a focus on small farmers instead of all relevant stakeholders. These include too rapid acceptance of the intrinsic “biosafety” of industrial poultry production, a “pro-poor” development stance, the unwillingness of public and private sectors to co-ordinate, and a human rather than animal health framing. These biases were reinforced by the organisational arrangements and incentives within donor and implementing organisations. If global health emergencies are to be more effectively addressed, global and national health governance routines must better acknowledge how knowledge is produced and used in times of crisis.
Existe-t-il une manière de voir organisationnelle ?
Authors: Grosjean Sylvie
Published: November 2014

L’objectif de cet article est de saisir les « practices of seeing » s’accomplissant au sein d’une organisation et de suivre la constitution progressive d’une manière de voir organisationnelle soutenant la production de connaissances. Notre étude contribue à l’analyse de « practices of seeing » dans leur dimension située, incarnée et matérialisée. Pour ce faire, nous présenterons une étude ethnographique qui a eu lieu dans une compagnie d’arpentage, au cours de laquelle nous avons observé et filmé les activités quotidiennes de professionnels (techniciens d’arpentage, géomètre, dessinateurs). Nous montrons que le travail d’arpentage repose sur la capacité des acteurs organisationnels à « voir » et « faire voir » des indices pertinents afin de pouvoir produire des connaissances relatives à l’espace sur lequel ils enquêtent. Pour conclure, nous discuterons le fait que les acteurs organisationnels sont engagés dans un travail de fabrication de « prises visuelles » qui leur permet de construire une manière de voir partagée et de produire un jugement sur un terrain donné.
De la période coloniale au développement durable
Authors: Pinton Florence
Published: November 2014

Cet article se place du côté des « savoirs locaux » sur la nature et retrace les approches menées par l’anthropologie et la sociologie françaises, deux disciplines marquées par la dualité nature/culture. La première partie confronte le regard posé par l’Occident sur ses populations rurales à la pensée coloniale qui a accompagné la naissance de l’anthropologie. La deuxième partie retrace, après la décolonisation, l’émergence d’une vision renouvelée du changement social qui engage différemment l’anthropologie en reliant le développement des sociétés à la problématique des rapports nature/culture. Plusieurs champs de recherche se sont ainsi constitués autour des savoirs traditionnels et des savoirs locaux, confortés par les évolutions sociétales et la constitution de nouveaux objets de gouvernement – biodiversité et agrobiodiversité, déforestation, changement climatique, services écosystémiques – dans lesquels les populations locales et leur savoir sur le vivant sont mis à contribution. Ces évolutions s’insèrent dans un processus de mondialisation du savoir dont la fabrication, la circulation et l’appropriation doivent être interrogées compte tenu de la position relative des pays du Sud qui avancent dans un monde économique et scientifique façonné par les Occidentaux.
La didactique saisie par l’anthropologie
Authors: Doussot Sylvain
Published: November 2014

La part belle faite aux contextes par les principales approches en didactique de l’histoire est une version du problème général, en sciences sociales, de la dualité contextes/actions. Son rejet peut aider à comprendre certains écarts aux pratiques ordinaires en identifiant l’action comme simultanément déterminée par et déterminante pour le contexte. Une problématique similaire préside à des théories fondamentales des sciences sociales qui visent à rendre compte de l’autonomisation de la science. Les concepts qui en sont issus peuvent donc servir à comprendre didactiquement ce qui se joue en classe, au-delà du singulier des situations. Nous esquissons, à partir d’un cas, les implications de l’usage de la théorie des champs de Bourdieu : penser le passage de la classe d’histoire à un champ historique scolaire donne à voir le processus de différenciation sociale nécessaire à l’élaboration critique du savoir.
La diffusion de savoirs agro-écologiques dans l’état de Oaxaca (Mexique)
Authors: Jankowski Frédérique
Published: November 2014

À partir d’un projet d’agro-écologie de restauration des sols dans l’État de Oaxaca (Mexique), cette étude décrit les formes concrètes d’articulations entre savoirs scientifiques et savoirs paysans et leurs justifications par des agronomes. Il s’agit de questionner tant les modalités des traductions opérées que les espaces d’incommensurabilité auxquelles elles sont confrontées. L’analyse de deux types de dispositifs pour la diffusion des savoirs agro-écologiques (ateliers de formation et feria de la milpa) montre la mobilisation par les agronomes de valeurs, représentations, pratiques, davantage que des savoirs per se propres aux agriculteurs. Un ensemble de redéfinitions est réalisé au travers de l’articulation des savoirs. La catégorie « savoirs paysans actuels » (qui regroupe selon les agronomes des savoirs nuisibles à l’environnement) apparaît comme une catégorie cognitive « politisée » servant un objectif de transformation socio-environnementale. Il semble que l’une des principales contraintes à la définition de savoirs agro-écologiques véritablement « pluri-épistémologiques » réside dans une conception de la traduction entendue comme un moyen de valoriser, autant que de valider, les savoirs paysans.
Maladaptive Processing of Maladaptive Content: Rumination as a Mechanism Linking Cognitive Biases to Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Wisco Blair E. , Gilbert Kirsten E. , Marroquín Brett
Published: November 2014

Cognitive theories propose that negatively biased thinking is an important factor in the development and maintenance of depression. The mechanisms by which cognitive biases lead to depression, however, have not been thoroughly researched. One potential mechanism is that negatively biased thoughts trigger rumination, or the process of focusing passively and repetitively on the causes and consequences of one's mood, a well-established risk factor for depression. In a series of three studies, we examined rumination and other cognitive emotion regulatory strategies as mechanisms of the relationship between cognitive biases and depressive symptoms. We found consistent evidence that rumination mediates the relationship between interpretation and memory biases and depressive symptoms. The indirect effects through rumination were stronger than indirect effects through other cognitive emotion regulation strategies (dampening and worry). These findings indicate that negatively biased thinking may increase risk for depression by increasing rumination, supporting the notion that rumination is a useful target for intervention with depressed clients.
Profiles of second- to third-order moments of turbulent temperature fluctuations in the convective boundary layer: first measurements with Rotational Raman Lidar
Authors: Behrendt A. , Wulfmeyer V. , Hammann E. , Muppa S. K. , Pal S.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The rotational Raman lidar of the University of Hohenheim (UHOH) measures atmospheric temperature profiles during daytime with high resolution (10 s, 109 m). The data contain low noise errors even in daytime due to the use of strong UV laser light (355 nm, 10 W, 50 Hz) and a very efficient interference-filter-based polychromator. In this paper, we present the first profiling of the second- to forth-order moments of turbulent temperature fluctuations as well as of skewness and kurtosis in the convective boundary layer (CBL) including the interfacial layer (IL). The results demonstrate that the UHOH RRL resolves the vertical structure of these moments. The data set which is used for this case study was collected in western Germany (50°53'50.56′′ N, 6°27'50.39′′ E, 110 m a.s.l.) within one hour around local noon on 24 April 2013 during the Intensive Observations Period (IOP) 6 of the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE), which is embedded in the German project HD(CP)2 (High-Definition Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction). First, we investigated profiles of the noise variance and compared it with estimates of the statistical temperature measurement uncertainty Δ T based on Poisson statistics. The agreement confirms that photon count numbers obtained from extrapolated analog signal intensities provide a lower estimate of the statistical errors. The total statistical uncertainty of a 20 min temperature measurement is lower than 0.1 K up to 1050 m a.g.l. at noontime; even for single 10 s temperature profiles, it is smaller than 1 K up to 1000 m a.g.l.. Then we confirmed by autocovariance and spectral analyses of the atmospheric temperature fluctuations that a temporal resolution of 10 s was sufficient to resolve the turbulence down to the inertial subrange. This is also indicated by the profile of the integral scale of the temperature fluctuations, which was in the range of 40 to 120 s in the CBL. Analyzing then profiles of the second-, third-, and forth-order moments, we found the largest values of all moments in the IL around the mean top of the CBL which was located at 1230 m a.g.l. The maximum of the variance profile in the IL was 0.40 K2 with 0.06 and 0.08 K2 for the sampling error and noise error, respectively. The third-order moment was not significantly different from zero inside the CBL but showed a negative peak in the IL with a minimum of −0.72 K3 and values of 0.06 and 0.14 K3 for the sampling and noise errors, respectively. The forth-order moment and kurtosis values throughout the CBL were quasi-normal.
First and second derivative atmospheric CO2, global surface temperature and ENSO
Authors: Leggett L. M. W. , Ball D. A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. A significant gap now of some 16 years in length has been shown to exist between the observed global surface temperature trend and that expected from the majority of climate simulations, and this gap is presently continuing to increase. For its own sake, and to enable better climate prediction for policy use, the reasons behind this mismatch need to be better understood. While an increasing number of possible causes have been proposed, the candidate causes have not yet converged. The standard model which is now displaying the disparity has it that temperature will rise roughly linearly with atmospheric CO2. However research also exists showing correlation between the interannual variability in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 and temperature. Rate of change of CO2 had not been a causative mechanism for temperature because it was concluded that causality ran from temperature to rate of change of CO2. However more recent studies have found little or no evidence for temperature leading rate of change of CO2 but instead evidence for simultaneity. With this background, this paper reinvestigated the relationship between rate of change of CO2 and two of the major climate variables, atmospheric temperature and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Using time series analysis in the form of dynamic regression modelling with autocorrelation correction, it is demonstrated that first-derivative CO2 leads temperature and that there is a highly statistically significant correlation between first-derivative CO2 and temperature. Further, a correlation is found for second-derivative CO2, with the Southern Oscillation Index, the atmospheric-pressure component of ENSO. This paper also demonstrates that both these correlations display Granger causality. It is shown that the first-derivative CO2 and climate model shows no trend mismatch in recent years. These results may contribute to the prediction of future trends for global temperature and ENSO. Interannual variability in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 is standardly attributed to variability in the carbon sink capacity of the terrestrial biosphere. The terrestrial biosphere carbon sink is created by photosynthesis: a major way of measuring global terrestrial photosynthesis is by means of satellite measurements of vegetation reflectance, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This study finds a~close correlation between an increasing NDVI and the increasing climate model/temperature mismatch (as quantified by the difference between the trend in the level of CO2 and the trend in temperature).
The CU 2-dimensional MAX-DOAS instrument – Part 1: Retrieval of NO2 in 3 dimensions and azimuth dependent OVOC ratios
Authors: Ortega I. , Koenig T. , Sinreich R. , Thomson D. , Volkamer R.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. We present an innovative instrument telescope, and describe a retrieval method to probe 3-D distributions of atmospheric trace gases that are relevant to air pollution and tropospheric chemistry. The University of Colorado (CU) two dimensional (2-D) Multi-AXis-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CU 2D-MAX-DOAS) instrument measures nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), glyoxal (CHOCHO), oxygen dimer (O2-O2, or O4) and water vapor (H2O); also nitrous acid (HONO), bromine monoxide (BrO), iodine monoxide (IO) among other gases can in principle be measured. Information about aerosols is derived through coupling with a radiative transfer model (RTM). The 2-D telescope has 3 modes of operation: (mode 1) measures solar scattered photons from any pair of elevation angle (−20° < EA < +90° or zenith; zero is to the horizon) and azimuth angle (−180° < AA < +180°; zero being North), (mode 2) measures any set of AA at constant EA (almucantar scans); and (mode 3) tracks the direct solar beam via a separate view port. Vertical profiles of trace gases are measured, and used to estimate planetary boundary layer height (PBL). Horizontal distributions are then derived using PBL and parameterization of RTM (Sinreich et al., 2013). NO2 is evaluated at different wavelengths (350, 450, and 560 nm), exploiting the fact that the effective path length varies systematically with wavelength. The area probed is constrained by O4 observations at nearby wavelengths, and has an effective radius of 7.5 to 20 km around the instrument location; i.e., up to 1250 km2 can be sampled near-instantaneously, and with high time resolution. The instrument was deployed as part of the Multi Axis DOAS Comparison campaign for Aerosols and Trace gases (MAD-CAT) in Mainz, Germany from 7 June to 6 July 2013. We present first measurements (modes 1 and 2 only) and describe a four-step retrieval to derive (a) boundary layer vertical profiles of NO2 and PBL; (b) near-surface horizontal distributions of NO2; (c) range resolved NO2 horizontal distribution measurements using an "onion peeling" approach; and (d) the ratios HCHO-to-NO2 (RFN), CHOCHO-to-NO2 (RGN), and CHOCHO-to-HCHO (RGF) at 14 pre-set azimuth angles distributed over a 360° view. 2D-MAX-DOAS provides an innovative, regional perspective about trace gases, their spatial and temporal concentration gradients, and maximizes information to compare near-surface observations with atmospheric models and satellites.
High resolution leaf wax carbon and hydrogen isotopic record of late Holocene paleoclimate in arid Central Asia
Authors: Aichner B. , Feakins S. J. , Lee J. E. , Herzschuh U. , Liu X.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Central Asia is located at the intersection of large scale atmospheric circulation systems. It is thus likely to be highly susceptible to changes in the dynamics of those systems, however little is still known about the regions paleoclimate history. Here we present carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanoic acids from a late Holocene sediment core from Lake Karakuli (eastern Pamir, Xinjiang Province, China). Instrumental evidence and isotope-enabled climate model experiments with the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Zoom model version 4 (LMDZ4) demonstrate that δ D values of precipitation in the region are influenced by both temperature and precipitation amount. We find that those parameters are inversely correlated on an annual scale; i.e. climate varies between cool/wet and dry/warm over the last 50 years. Since the isotopic signals of these changes are in the same direction and therefore additive, isotopes in precipitation are sensitive recorders of climatic changes in the region. Additionally, we infer that plants are using year round precipitation (including snow-melt) and thus leaf wax δ D values must also respond to shifts in the proportion of moisture derived from westerly storms during late winter/early spring. Downcore results give evidence for a gradual shift to cooler and wetter climates between 3.5 and 2.5 cal kyr BP, interrupted by a warm/dry episode between 3.0–2.7 kyr BP. Further cool and wet episodes occur between 1.9–1.5 kyr BP and between 0.6–0.1 kyr BP, the latter coeval with the Little Ice Age. Warm and dry episodes between 2.5–1.9 kyr BP and 1.5–0.6 kyr BP coincide with the Roman Warm Period and Medieval Climate Anomaly, respectively. Finally, we find a drying tend in recent decades. Regional comparisons lead us to infer that the strength and position of the Westerlies, and wider Northern Hemispheric climate dynamics control climatic shifts in arid Central Asia.