bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Amazon Rainfall on the Atlantic ITCZ through Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves
Authors: Wang Hui , Fu Rong
Published: April 2007

Using outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) daily rain-rate data, systematic changes in intensity and location of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) were detected along the equator during boreal spring. It is found that the changes in convection over the tropical Atlantic may be induced by deep convection in equatorial South America. Lagged regression analyses demonstrate that the anomalies of convection developed over the land propagate eastward across the Atlantic and then into Africa. The eastward-propagating disturbances appear to be convectively coupled Kelvin waves with a period of 6–7.5 days and a phase speed of around 15 m s−1. These waves modulate the intensity and location of the convection in the tropical Atlantic and result in a zonal variation of the Atlantic ITCZ on synoptic time scales. The convectively coupled Kelvin wave has substantial signals in both the lower and upper troposphere. Both a reanalysis dataset and the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) ocean surface wind are used to characterize the Kelvin wave. This study suggests that synoptic-scale variation of the Atlantic ITCZ may be linked to precipitation anomalies in South America through the convectively coupled Kelvin wave. The results imply that the changes of Amazon convection could contribute to the large variability of the tropical Atlantic ITCZ observed during boreal spring.
Robust Bayesian Uncertainty Analysis of Climate System Properties Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Tomassini Lorenzo , Reichert Peter , Knutti Reto , Stocker Thomas F. , Borsuk Mark E.
Published: April 2007

A Bayesian uncertainty analysis of 12 parameters of the Bern2.5D climate model is presented. This includes an extensive sensitivity study with respect to the major statistical assumptions. Special attention is given to the parameter representing climate sensitivity. Using the framework of robust Bayesian analysis, the authors first define a nonparametric set of prior distributions for climate sensitivity S and then update the entire set according to Bayes’ theorem. The upper and lower probability that S lies above 4.5°C is calculated over the resulting set of posterior distributions. Furthermore, posterior distributions under different assumptions on the likelihood function are computed. The main characteristics of the marginal posterior distributions of climate sensitivity are quite robust with regard to statistical models of climate variability and observational error. However, the influence of prior assumptions on the tails of distributions is substantial considering the important political implications. Moreover, the authors find that ocean heat change data have a considerable potential to constrain climate sensitivity.
Formation Mechanism for Isopycnal Temperature–Salinity Anomalies Propagating from the Eastern South Pacific to the Equatorial Region
Authors: Nonaka Masami , Sasaki Hideharu
Published: April 2007

Equatorward propagation of temperature–salinity (or spiciness) anomalies on an isopycnal surface emanating from the eastern subtropical South Pacific and their formation mechanism are investigated based on a hindcast simulation with an eddy-resolving quasi-global ocean general circulation model. Because of density-compensating meridional distributions of temperature and salinity, the meridional density gradient is weak at the sea surface in the eastern subtropical South Pacific. With these mean fields, cool sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) can make the outcrop line of an isopycnal surface migrate equatorward more than 5° and induce warm and salty anomalies on the isopycnal surface. Subducted warm, salty anomalies propagate to the equatorial region over approximately 5 yr and may influence equatorial isopycnal temperature–salinity anomalies. Although the associated effects are unclear, if these anomalies could further induce warm eastern equatorial SSTAs that are positively correlated with eastern South Pacific SSTAs, opposite sign temperature–salinity anomalies would be formed in the subtropical South Pacific, and a closed cycle having a decadal time scale might be induced.
Observed Relationship of Spring and Summer East Asian Rainfall with Winter and Spring Eurasian Snow
Authors: Wu Renguang , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: April 2007

This study investigates the relationship between spring and summer rainfall in East Asia and the preceding winter and spring snow cover/depth over Eurasia, using station rainfall observations, satellite-observed snow cover, satellite-derived snow water equivalent, and station observations of the number of days of snow cover and snow depth. Correlation analysis shows that snow-depth anomalies can persist from winter to spring whereas snow cover anomalies cannot in most regions of Eurasia. Locally, snow cover and snow-depth anomalies in February are not related in most regions to the north of 50°N, but those anomalies in April display consistent year-to-year variations. The results suggest that the winter snow cover cannot properly represent all the effects of snow and it is necessary to separate the winter and spring snow cover in addressing the snow–monsoon relationship.

Spring snow cover in western Siberia is positively correlated with spring rainfall in southern China. The circulation anomalies associated with the western Siberian spring snow cover variations show an apparent wave pattern over the eastern Atlantic through Europe and midlatitude Asia. Spring snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau shows a moderate positive correlation with spring rainfall in southern China. Analysis shows that this correlation includes El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects. In contrast to the Indian summer monsoon rainfall for which the ENSO interferes with the snow effects, the Tibetan Plateau snow cover and ENSO work cooperatively to enhance spring rainfall anomalies in southern China. In comparison, ENSO has larger impacts than the snow on spring rainfall in southern China.
Influence of Low-Frequency Indonesian Throughflow Transport on Temperatures in the Indian Ocean in a Coupled Model*
Authors: Potemra James T. , Schneider Niklas
Published: April 2007

The relationship between 3- and 10-yr variability in Indian Ocean temperatures and Indonesian throughflow (ITF) volume transport is examined using results from a 300-yr integration of the coupled NCAR Parallel Climate Model (PCM). Correlation and regression analyses are used with physical reasoning to estimate the relative contributions of changes in ITF volume transport and Indian Ocean surface atmospheric forcing in determining low-frequency temperature variations in the Indian Ocean. In the PCM, low-frequency variations in ITF transport are small, 2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), and have a minimal impact on sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Most of the low-frequency variance in Indian Ocean temperature (rms > 0.5°C) occurs in the upper thermocline (75–100 m). These variations largely reflect concurrent atmospheric forcing; ITF-induced temperature variability at this depth is limited to the outflow region between Java and Australia extending westward along a band between 10° and 15°S.
Comparison of the Structure of Adolescent Problem Behavior in the United States and Australia
Authors: Hemphill Sheryl A. , Herrenkohl Todd I. , LaFazia Andrea N. , McMorris Barbara J. , Toumbourou John W. , Arthur Michael W. , Catalano Richard F. , Hawkins J. David , Bond Lyndal
Published: April 2007

Some extant theory and empirical research suggests that youth problem behaviors, such as substance abuse and delinquency, reflect a single underlying dimension of behavior, whereas others suggest there are several different dimensions. Few studies have examined potential international differences in the structure of problem behavior, where cultural and policy differences may create more variation in behavior and different structures. This study explored the structure of problem behavior in two representative samples of youth (ages 12-17) from Maine and Oregon in the United States (N = 33,066) and Victoria, Australia (N = 8,500). The authors examined the degree to which data from the two countries produce similar model structures using indicators of problem behavior. Results show that the data are best represented by two factors, substance use and delinquency, and there appear to be more similarities than differences in the models across countries. Implications for understanding problem behavior across cultural and developmental groups and practical and policy implications are discussed.
Who Participates in the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS)?
Authors: Fletcher Bennett W. , Lehman Wayne E. K. , Wexler Harry K. , Melnick Gerald
Published: April 2007

The national Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) is a multisite research program to improve outcomes for offenders with drug problems who are reentering the community after incarceration. Baseline data from three ongoing CJ-DATS studies were pooled to examine the characteristics of study participants. These analyses suggest that CJ-DATS study participants have serious drug problems, criminal histories, and mental health problems that can decrease the likelihood of successful community reentry unless addressed. HIV-risk behavior was associated with several categories of criminal acts, suggesting that the relationship between sexual risk behaviors and crime may need further investigation.
Developing a Multimedia HIV and Hepatitis Intervention for Drug-Involved Offenders Reentering the Community
Authors: Inciardi James A. , Surratt Hilary L. , Martin Steven S. , O'Connell Daniel J. , Salandy Anthony D. , Beard Ronald A.
Published: April 2007

Estimates of HIV and hepatitis rates in correctional populations are 8 to 10 times higher than in the general population, the result of risky drug-using and sexual behaviors prior to incarceration. Many offenders resume these risk behaviors after release from the institution, attempting to “make up for lost time.” Thus, reentry is a pivotal period for prevention, yet effective programs for offenders in transitional correctional settings are lacking. Based on past research and with guidance from qualitative studies, a peer-facilitated, multimedia HIV and hepatitis protocol was developed to address risk reduction and barriers of concern to correctional populations. The rationale, theoretical underpinnings, and current study design are described.
Measuring Elders' Symptoms With Daily Diaries and Retrospective Reports
Authors: Aroian Karen J. , Vander Wal Jillon S.
Published: April 2007

The current study investigated the sufficiency of symptom data collected for 7 days from a daily diary and the comparability and validity of data obtained from daily diaries and retrospective reports. Three hundred and five older persons completed a daily symptom diary, a retrospective symptom questionnaire, and a measure of health status. The number of symptoms endorsed each day on the diary declined, F(6, 214) = 13.51, p< .0001. New symptoms were endorsed 15%, and previous symptoms were no longer endorsed 1.9% of the time. More symptoms were endorsed on retrospective reports than on daily diaries, t(304) = 8.48, p < .0001. Symptoms from both methods were significantly correlated with health status ( p <.0001) and differences in the correlations were not statistically significant, t(304) = 1.62, p = ns . Because of comparable criterion validity, less burdensome retrospective reports should be used, unless the focus is new symptoms or how symptoms unfold over time.
Health Behaviors of Low-Income Pregnant Minority Women
Authors: Esperat Christine , Du Feng  , Yan Zhang  , Owen Donna
Published: April 2007

Preventive and health promoting behaviors in pregnant minority women can be used to develop approaches to encourage healthy lifestyle and optimal utilization of health services, and to obtain better outcomes of pregnancy. Using the Health Promotion Model as a theoretical framework, this study employed a cross-sectional survey design to investigate factors that related to health behaviors of low-income pregnant Mexican American and African American women in selected sites in the southeast portion of the state of Texas. Results showed that Mexican American women had a significantly higher mean on the Powerful Others Locus of Control measure than the African American women. For African American subjects, the strongest effect was exerted by the social support variable, which had a negative effect on the health behavior variable. Findings suggest that more studies are needed to identify specific determinants of health promoting activities during pregnancy in ethnic minority groups. Designing programs that would motivate early involvement of low-income pregnant minority women in health care should be a top priority for professionals in maternity practice.
Abused African American Women's Processes of Staying Healthy
Authors: Laughon Kathryn
Published: April 2007

Fifteen African American women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV) were interviewed to examine (a) the ways in which poor, urban African American women stay healthy, and particularly how they protected themselves from sexually transmitted diseases and HIV while in abusive relationships; and (b) the roles of intersecting contextual factors such as lifetime experiences of violence, mental health symptoms, and substance use in women's processes of maintaining their health. Data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. Women were managing numerous, complex problems as they actively worked to maintain their mental and physical health and that of their children. The turning point at which women made substantial changes came when women were “tired” and believed that a new beginning was needed. Racism, poverty, multiple experiences of violence, and health and mental health problems influenced women's health care decisions. Women's health maintenance strategies were often not visible to health care providers and included some behaviors that may place women at greater risk of violence or disease from the point of view of the health care provider.
Deep Space Formation Flying Spacecraft Path Planning
Authors: Sultan Cornel , Seereram Sanjeev , Mehra Raman K.
Published: April 2007

Efficient algorithms for collision-free energy sub-optimal path planning for formations of spacecraft flying in deep space are presented. The idea is to introduce a set of way-points through which the spacecraft are required to pass, combined with parameterizations of the trajectories which are energy-optimal for each spacecraft. The resulting constrained optimization problem is formulated as a quasi-quadratic parameter optimization problem in terms of the way-points parameters. The mathematical structure of the problem is further exploited to develop gradient-based algorithms in which the gradients are computed analytically. The collision avoidance constraints are approximated such that closed form solutions are generated. This combination results in fast and robust numerical algorithms which work very well for scenarios involving a large number of spacecraft (e.g. 20).
Motion Planning for a Class of Planar Closed-chain Manipulators
Authors: Shvalb N. , Shoham M. , Liu G. , Trinkle J.C.
Published: April 2007

The paper reports studies on the motion planning problem for planar star-shaped manipulators. These manipulators are formed by joining k “legs” to a common point (like the thorax of an insect) and then fixing the “feet” to the ground. The result is a planar parallel manipulator with k - 1 independent closed loops. A topological analysis is used to understand the global structure of the configuration space so that the planning problem can be solved exactly. The worst-case complexity of the algorithm is O(k3 N 3 ), where N is the maximum number of links in a leg. Examples illustrating the method are given.
Humeral Avulsion of the Glenohumeral Ligaments
Authors: Bui-Mansfield Liem T. , Banks Kevin P. , Taylor Dean C.
Published: April 2007

Background

Anterior instability of the shoulder is a frequently encountered clinical problem that is seen after avulsion of the capsulolabral complex from the glenoid rim (Bankart lesion). Recently, it has been determined that avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments is an infrequent but important cause of recurrent instability after shoulder injury. Although the various forms of this injury have been described in the literature, no standardized nomenclature exists. This is of concern given the need for different surgical approaches to repair the various forms of this injury and therefore the inherent need to accurately convey the location of the avulsion and presence of concomitant injuries.

Hypothesis

Based on the available literature for humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesions, a nomenclature can be created to enhance the understanding and improve communication about these uncommon but important pathologic changes that occur with shoulder instability.

Study Design

Systematic review.

Methods

The findings pertaining to 6 patients with humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesions encountered at our institution were combined with a literature search of the MEDLINE database conducted using the PubMed search engine of the National Library of Medicine and National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Results

The West Point nomenclature was developed to clearly describe the various forms of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesions encountered as well as their associated injuries.

Conclusions

The West Point nomenclature provides a practical and easy to understand means by which to classify humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament lesions. This allows for more effective communication, which should result in improved clinical care.
A Comparison of the Police Response to Heterosexual Versus Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Pattavina April , Hirschel David , Buzawa Eve , Faggiani Don , Bentley Helen
Published: April 2007

It has been argued that the police do not respond to domestic calls involving same-sex couples in the same manner as they respond to calls involving heterosexual couples. A major problem facing researchers examining the police response to cases involving same-sex couples has been the lack of adequately sized samples. In this article, the authors utilize the 2000 National Incident Based Reporting System database, which contains 176,488 intimate partner assaults and intimidation incidents reported to 2,819 police departments in 19 states. The key issue examined is whether similar cases involving same-sex and heterosexual couples result in the same police response.
Employee Surveys Administered Online
Authors: Foster Thompson Lori , Surface Eric A.
Published: April 2007

This field study of military and civilian workers offers a multimethod approach for studying nonrespondents while investigating (a) how employees feel about taking surveys online, (b) whether dissatisfaction with Web-based survey media discourages response, and (c) the representativeness of attitudinal data produced by workers who opt to complete an online climate survey. Results suggested that employees were not as comfortable with Web-based surveys as suggested in previous research. Moreover, issues pertaining to the online medium discouraged workers from completing the Web-based climate survey. Additional factors driving active and passive nonresponse were also uncovered. Overall, those who did and did not complete the survey held similar views of organizational climate. Results are discussed in terms of the factors driving nonresponse bias.
Cultural Values and Potential Nonresponse Bias
Authors: Lyness Karen S. , Brumit Kropf Marcia
Published: April 2007

Using data from a prior survey of managers in 20 European countries, the authors conducted multilevel analyses to illustrate the value of examining relationships of both individual characteristics and country characteristics to likelihood of responding. Consistent with inferences about likely salience of the survey topic, they found that likelihood of responding was higher for women than for men and was also higher in countries with more gender equality than in countries with less gender equality. These findings underscore the need to examine national cultural values that might be related to both survey topic salience and country response rates as potential sources of nonresponse (and nonresponse bias) in international survey-based research.
Introduction
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G. , Stanton Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2007

A survey is a potentially powerful assessment, monitoring, and evaluation tool available to organizational scientists. To be effective, however, individuals must complete the survey and in the inevitable case of nonresponse, we must understand if our results exhibit bias. In this article, the nonresponse bias impact assessment strategy (N-BIAS) is proposed. The N-BIAS approach is a series of techniques that when used in combination, provide evidence about a study's susceptibility to bias and its external validity. The N-BIAS techniques stem from a review of extant research and theory. To inform future revisions of the N-BIAS approach, a future research agenda for advancing the study of survey response and nonresponse is provided.
Application of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Long-Standing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Law Enforcement Personnel
Authors: Cornelius Tara L. , Kenyon-Jump Rita
Published: April 2007

The development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be understood as a function of learning and cognitive processes. This case report addresses treatment of PTSD with a 72-year-old former police officer who was experiencing intrusive thoughts, nightmares, experiential and affective avoidance, and hyperarousal resulting from witnessing a series of traumatic events during his time in law enforcement. Although the latency between events and treatment was more than 20 years, this patient was responsive to a cognitive-behavioral, exposure-based treatment. Several other factors, including the client's age and chronic pain, complicated this case. The aim of this study was to identify the conceptual framework for treatment, explore the course of therapy, and identify socially valid means of treatment and assessment in outpatient therapy. At the termination of treatment, this patient evidenced improvements in overall anxiety, depressive symptoms, and frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms. Recommendations for clinicians and treatment implications are also presented.
Clinical Applications of Feminist Identity Development
Authors: Rederstorff Juliette C. , Levendosky Alytia A.
Published: April 2007

This case study applies feminist identity development (FID) theory to a feminist-oriented psychotherapy treatment. Although there is a strong body of literature on the principles of feminist psychotherapy, the concept of FID must be further integrated into this work. As a link between psychiatric symptoms and different levels of FID has been empirically supported, FID has a natural connection with psychotherapeutic treatment. This case presentation follows Tara, a working-class woman in her midtwenties, who initially presented in psychotherapy with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and some indication of thought disorder. During her 3½ year treatment, she confronted issues of her mental health, employment and education, and issues related to pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting. These topics were addressed in the context of Tara's emerging understanding of her identity as a woman in a patriarchal society. Attention to issues related to FID facilitated understanding of key issues in treatment.
Habit Reversal Treatment of Vocal and Motor Tics in a Child With Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Woods Jessica E. , Luiselli James K.
Published: April 2007

Habit reversal (HR) is a multicomponent treatment for tic disorders. This case study incorporated elements of HR (awareness training, self-monitoring, response competition), combined with relaxation, as an intervention for vocal and motor tics in a 10-year-old boy with Tourette's syndrome (TS). Therapy was provided on an outpatient basis at a pediatric clinic. In-home data collection by the boy's mother documented decreased tic frequency during the course of treatment. Clinical improvement was maintained at a 3-month follow-up. These results support previous research demonstrating efficacy of simplified HR in controlling multiple tics associated with TS.
Rituximab Added to First-Line Mitoxantrone, Chlorambucil, and Prednisolone Chemotherapy Followed by Interferon Maintenance Prolongs Survival in Patients With Advanced Follicular Lymphoma: An East German Study Group Hematology and Oncology Study
Authors: Herold Michael , Haas Antje , Srock Stefanie , Neser Sabine , Al-Ali Kathrin Haifa , Neubauer Andreas , Dölken Gottfried , Naumann Ralph , Knauf Wolfgang , Freund Mathias , Rohrberg Robert , Höffken Klaus , Franke Astrid , Ittel Thomas , Kettner Erika , Haak Ursula , Mey Ulrich , Klinkenstein Christian , Aβmann Michael , von Grünhagen Ullrich
Published: April 2007

Purpose

Rituximab has been shown to be active in follicular lymphoma (FL), both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy. We conducted a randomized trial comparing mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone (MCP) chemotherapy plus rituximab with MCP alone.

Patients and Methods

Previously untreated patients with stage III or IV CD20+ indolent or mantle cell lymphoma were randomly assigned to either eight 28-day cycles of MCP plus rituximab (R-MCP; n = 181) or eight cycles of MCP alone (n = 177). All patients who achieved a complete or partial remission were treated with interferon maintenance until relapse. Herein, we report the results from the primary analysis population of patients with FL, who constituted the majority of patients (56%) recruited to the trial (n = 201; R-MCP, n = 105; MCP, n = 96).

Results

Rates of overall and complete response were significantly higher in the R-MCP arm than the MCP arm (overall response, 92% v 75%, respectively; P = .0009; complete response, 50% v 25%, respectively; P = .004). With a median follow-up time of 47 months, median event-free survival (EFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) times were significantly prolonged with R-MCP compared with MCP (EFS, not reached v 26 months, respectively; P < .0001; PFS, not reached v 28.8 months, respectively; P < .0001), and overall survival (OS) was significantly improved with R-MCP compared with MCP (4-year OS rate, 87% v 74%, respectively; P = .0096).

Conclusion

The R-MCP regimen significantly improves complete and overall response rates, EFS, PFS, and OS in patients with previously untreated advanced FL, without a clinically significant increase in toxicity.
Patterns of Survival in Multiple Myeloma: A Population-Based Study of Patients Diagnosed in Sweden From 1973 to 2003
Authors: Kristinsson Sigurdur Yngvi , Landgren Ola , Dickman Paul W. , Derolf Åsa Rangert , Björkholm Magnus
Published: April 2007

Purpose

To define patterns of survival among all multiple myeloma (MM) patients diagnosed in Sweden during a 30-year period.

Patients and Methods

A total of 14,381 MM patients (7,643 males; 6,738 females) were diagnosed in Sweden from 1973 to 2003 (median age, 69.9 years; range 19 to 101 years). Patients were categorized into six age categories and four calendar periods (1973 to 1979, 1980 to 1986, 1987 to 1993, and 1994 to 2003). We computed relative survival ratios (RSRs) as measures of patient survival.

Results

One-year survival improved (P < .001) over time in all age groups and RSRs were 0.73, 0.78, 0.80, and 0.82 for the four calendar periods; however, improvement in 5-year (P < .001) and 10-year (P < .001) RSR was restricted to patients younger than 70 years and younger than 60 years, respectively. For the first time, in analyses restricted to MM patients diagnosed at age younger than 60 years, we found a 29% (P < .001) reduced 10-year mortality in the last calendar period (1994 to 2003) compared with the preceding calendar period (1987 to 1993). Females with MM had a 3% (P = .024) lower excess mortality than males.

Conclusion

One-year MM survival has increased for all age groups during the last decades; 5-year and 10-year MM survival has increased in younger patients (younger than 60 to 70 years). High-dose melphalan with subsequent autologous stem-cell transplantation, thalidomide, and a continuous improvement in supportive care measures are probably the most important factors contributing to this finding. New effective agents with a more favorable toxicity profile are needed to improve survival further, particularly in the elderly.
Outcome of Patients Experiencing Progression or Relapse After Primary Treatment With Two Cycles of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Favorable Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Sieniawski Michal , Franklin Jeremy , Nogova Lucia , Glossmann Jan-Peter , Schober Thomas , Nisters-Backes Hiltrud , Diehl Volker , Josting Andreas
Published: April 2007

Purpose

To evaluate treatment outcome of patients with early-stage favorable Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) who experience disease relapse after primary treatment with two cycles of chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (RT).

Patients and Methods

Of 1,129 patients with early-stage favorable HL enrolled onto the HD7/HD10/HD13 trials of the German Hodgkin Study Group, 42 patients were identified with treatment failure, of whom eight had primary progressive disease, seven had early relapse (≤ 12 months), and 27 had late relapse (> 12 months). We analyzed this group of patients for risk factors, salvage therapy, and treatment outcome.

Results

The median age was 41 years (range, 19 to 72 years); 24 patients were male, 15 patients had outfield relapse, 13 patients infield relapse, and nine patients outfield and infield relapse. At relapse, 24 patients were treated with conventional salvage chemotherapy, 14 patients were treated with high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation, and four patients were treated with RT alone. At 36 months median follow-up, freedom from second treatment failure (FF2F) and overall survival (OS) were 52% and 67%, respectively. According to the prognostic score for relapsed HL (duration of first remission, clinical stage, and anemia at relapse), patients with two or three poor prognostic features had a significantly worse outcome compared with patients with none or one of these factors (P < .05 for FF2F and OS).

Conclusion

Relapse after primary treatment with two cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine followed by RT is rare. In our analysis, results were influenced by a high treatment-related mortality rate. Additional studies are needed to define the optimal salvage therapy.
Application of Bond Energy Density Analysis (Bond-EDA) to Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Baba Takeshi , Ishii Motoki , Kikuchi Yasuaki , Nakai Hiromi
Published: April 2007

The bond energy density analysis (Bond-EDA), which can evaluate bond energies in molecules by using the results of theoretical calculations, is applied to investigate chemical bonds in Diels–Alder (DA) reaction. Evaluation of the bond energies confirms the bond alternation in the reactant and product quantitatively, and shows that the TS structure is close to the reactant. In the case of regioselective reaction, local stabilities in newly formed bonds in the TS show significant differences, which correspond to the relationship of the bond distances.
Tetrathiaselenepin Ring Fused to Benzene and Naphthalene
Authors: Alam Ashraful , Ogawa Satoshi , Muraoka Hiroki , Kon-no Masaru , Nakajo Shiduko , Sato Ryu
Published: April 2007

Benzo[1,2,3,4,5]tetrathiaselenepin is an unstable cyclic polychalcogenide. Isopropyl and/or methoxy groups at the neighboring of polychalcogen ring sterically stabilized the unstable ring. Replacing of aromatic unit from benzene to naphthalene also gave thermodynamic stability to the ring. Synthesis, characterization, and stability of some novel polychalcogenides are reported.
Popcorn-like Morphology of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Particles Formed in Dispersion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate
Authors: Zhou Li-min , Shi Shan , Kuroda Shin-ichi , Kubota Hitoshi
Published: April 2007

The formation of nonspherical, popcorn-like particles in the dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate is reported. The essential synthesis conditions of such particles are relatively low temperature and low initiator concentration.
Polyacrylamide-based Functional Polymer-immobilized Perruthenate for Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Hamamoto Hiromi , Kudoh Masahiro , Takahashi Hideyo , Natsugari Hideaki , Ikegami Shiro
Published: April 2007

A novel polymer-bound perruthenate catalyst for aerobic oxidation was designed utilizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). The catalyst is highly effective to oxidize primary alcohols into aldehydes and can be reused without any significant loss of catalytic activity.
Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Alkenylphosphines by Lewis Acid-mediated Silylphosphination of Substituted Propiolates
Authors: Hayashi Minoru , Matsuura Yutaka , Kurihara Katsutoshi , Maeda Daisuke , Nishimura Yasunobu , Morita Emi , Okasaka Miho , Watanabe Yutaka
Published: April 2007

A synthesis of highly substituted alkenylphosphines by Lewis acid-mediated silylphosphination of substituted propiolates is described. The addition proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding acrylates, where the phosphino group attached at the β and the silyl group located at the α position of the resulting acrylate, in exclusively syn-stereochemistry.
A New Access to 3-Halo-3,3-difluoropropanoic Acid Derivatives via Fluorine–Halogen Exchange Reaction of Silyl Enolates of 3,3,3-Trifluoropropanoic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Shimada Taichi , Konno Tsutomu , Ishihara Takashi
Published: April 2007

On the treatment of silyl enolates derived from N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropanoyl)oxazolidinones with 2.0 equiv. of titanium(IV) halide at −20 °C for 2 h, a novel fluorine–halogen exchange reaction occurred efficiently to give 3-halo-3,3-difluoropropanoic imides in high yields.
Contact, configural coding and the other‐race effect in face recognition
Authors: Hancock Kirsten J. , Rhodes Gillian
Published: April 2007

The other‐race effect (ORE) in face recognition describes a well‐established finding of better recognition for own‐race than other‐race faces. Although widely thought to reflect differences in contact between own‐ and other‐race faces, little is known about how different contact levels relate to changes in processing of those faces. This study investigated how contact affects the size of the ORE and the use of expert configural face‐coding mechanisms. Using inversion decrements as an index of configural coding, we predicted that increased self‐reported contact would be associated with greater use of configural‐coding mechanisms. Chinese and Caucasian participants varying in contact with other‐race faces were recruited. The Chinese participants also varied in their length of residence in a Western country. Results showed that higher levels of contact were associated with a reduction in the ORE in both face recognition and configural coding. Importantly, smaller cross‐race differences in configural coding were also associated with a smaller ORE in face recognition.
Post‐disaster physical symptoms of firefighters and police officers: Role of types of exposure and post‐traumatic stress symptoms
Authors: Slottje Pauline , Witteveen Anke B. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Smidt Nynke , Huizink Anja C. , van Mechelen Willem , Smid Tjabe
Published: April 2007

Objectives. To examine the relationships between exposure to the air disaster in Amsterdam and multiple physical symptoms among firefighters and police officers, and to explore the role of post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) herein.

Design. Historic cohort study.

Methods. On average 8.5 years post‐disaster, exposed professional firefighters (N = 334) and police officers (N = 834) and their nonexposed colleagues (N = 194 and N = 634, respectively) completed questionnaires on disaster exposure and current symptoms. Logistic regression with adjustment for background characteristics was used to compare exposed and nonexposed workers. PTSS were added to these models, as was the interaction between exposure and PTSS, to explore potential mediating and modifying effects, respectively.

Results. Exposed workers reported multiple physical symptoms significantly more often. Multiple physical symptoms seemed to have particularly affected the exposed firefighters who rescued people, and the exposed police officers who supported injured victims and workers, who were involved in the identification of or search for victims and human remains, who witnessed the immediate disaster scene or had a close one affected by the disaster. These exposure effects were essentially independent of PTSS, and no significant interactions between exposure and PTSS were found.

Conclusions. In conclusion, the excess in post‐disaster multiple physical symptoms in exposed workers could not be attributed to PTSS.
The Anthropology of the U.S.: Cited Not Nearly Enough and Still Earning Respect
Authors: Masley Kate
Published: April 2007

This article provides an overview of some significant trends and developments in the anthropology of the U.S. The author, a young North Americanist, highlights the ongoing need to acknowledge and cite the extensive body of work that seems to get lost with each new cohort of anthropologists seeking to do ethnography “at home” in the U.S. Tracing the origins of American anthropology to its “Indianology” roots, the author sketches changes that came with World War II and the post‐war generation of anthropologists calling for new, U.S.‐based research. The role of black anthropologists in developing an activist anthropology located in the U.S. is often overlooked and underrated. The work of AAA sections such as SANA and ABA have helped provide a corrective to the erasure of pioneering scholarship based on U.S. research and of the pioneers and those who followed them. As more anthropologists engage in U.S. fieldwork, we must build on the scholarship of our anthropological forebears, especially those who may not have received prominence in their own time, but whose works have proven to be visionary.
Healing of Hymenal Injuries in Prepubertal and Adolescent Girls: A Descriptive Study
Authors: McCann John , Miyamoto Sheridan , Boyle Cathy , Rogers Kristen
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to identify the healing process and outcome of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls.

METHODS. This multicenter, retrospective project used photographs to document the healing process and outcome of hymenal trauma that was sustained by 239 prepubertal and pubertal girls whose ages ranged from 4 months to 18 years.

RESULTS. The injuries that were sustained by the 113 prepubertal girls consisted of 21 accidental or noninflicted injuries, 73 secondary to abuse, and 19 “unknown cause” injuries. All 126 pubertal adolescents were sexual assault victims. The hymenal injuries healed at various rates and except for the deeper lacerations left no evidence of the previous trauma. Abrasions and “mild” submucosal hemorrhages disappeared within 3 to 4 days, whereas “marked” hemorrhages persisted for 11 to 15 days. Only petechiae and blood blisters proved to be “markers” for determining the approximate age of an injury. Petechiae resolved within 48 hours in the prepubertal girls and 72 hours in the adolescents. A blood blister was detected at 34 days in an adolescent. As lacerations healed, their observed depth became shallower and their configuration smoothed out. Of the girls who sustained “superficial,” “intermediate,” or “deep” lacerations, 15 of 18 prepubertal girls had smooth and continuous appearing hymenal rims, whereas 24 of 41 adolescents' hymens had a normal, “scalloped” appearance and 30 of 34 had no disruption of continuity on healing. The final “width” of a hymenal rim was dependent on the initial depth of the laceration. No scar tissue formation was observed in either group of girls.

CONCLUSIONS. The hymenal injuries healed rapidly and except for the more extensive lacerations left no evidence of a previous injury. There were no significant differences in the healing process and the outcome of the hymenal injuries in the 2 groups of girls.
Single Event–Driven Export of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Suspended Matter from Coal Tar–Contaminated Soil
Authors: Totsche Kai Uwe , Jann Steffen , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid
Published: April 2007

Mobile colloidal and suspended matter is likely to affect the mobility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the unsaturated soil zone at contaminated sites. We studied the release of mobile particles and dissolved organic matter as a function of variable climatic boundary conditions, and their effect on the export of PAHs at a coal tar–contaminated site using zero‐tension lysimeters. Seepage water samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, and particles larger than 0.7 μm. The 16 Environmental Protection Agency PAHs were analyzed in the filtrate <0.7 μm and in the particle fraction. Our results show that extended no‐flow periods that are followed by high‐intensity rain events, such as thunderstorms, promote the mobilization of particles in the size 0.7 to 200 μm. Mobilization is enforced by extended drying during summer. High particle concentrations are also associated with freezing and thawing cycles followed by either rain or snowmelt events. The export of PAHs is strongly connected to the release of particles in the 0.7‐ to 200‐μm size fraction. During the 2‐yr monitoring period, up to 0.418 μg kg−1 PAHs were mobilized in the filtrate (<0.7 μm) while the eightfold mass, 3.36 μg kg−1, was exported with the retentate (0.7–200 μm). Equilibrium dissolution of PAHs and transport in the dissolved phase seem to be of minor importance for the materials studied. Extreme singular‐release events occurred in January 2003 and January 2004, when up to 55 μg L−1 PAHs per one single seepage event were observed within the retentate. Freezing and thawing cycles affect the PAH source materials, that is, the remnants of the nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL). High mechanical strain during freezing results in the formation of particles. At the onset of the thawing and following rain or snowmelt events, PAHs associated with these particles are then exported from the lysimeter.
PARSWMS: A Parallelized Model for Simulating Three‐Dimensional Water Flow and Solute Transport in Variably Saturated Soils
Authors: Hardelauf H. , Javaux M. , Herbst M. , Gottschalk S. , Kasteel R. , Vanderborght J. , Vereecken H.
Published: April 2007

Three‐dimensional vadose zone models are used more and more for solving hydrological problems on a broad range of scales with large amount of nodes. Currently, the problems we can solve in reasonable computational time may have up to 5 · 106 nodes. However, distributed models may need up to 1010 nodes to properly predict flow and transport at the watershed scale. The speed and efficiency of current flow and transport models therefore need to be improved. The parallelization of the code is one possible way to decrease the computational time by distributing a complex large geometry problem over multiple processors working in parallel. This is the solution we implemented by developing PARSWMS, a parallelized version of SWMS_3D (Simunek et al., 1995). The objective of this technical note is to describe the PARSWMS model, test its reliability, and show its performance and efficiency compared with single processor runs.
The relation between water-wells productivity and lineaments morphometry: selected zones from Lebanon
Authors: Shaban Amin , El-Baz Farouk , Khawlie Mohamad
Published: April 2007

Several approaches have been applied to groundwater exploration. In some instances positive results occur, but this is not always the case. This led hydrogeologists to look for a credible approach upon which they can rely during preliminary surveys for groundwater exploration. The development of remote sensing tools along with GIS methodologies gave rise to many new approaches. Most significant among these is the mapping of linear features (lineaments), which appear on satellite images. These features mainly reflect fracture traces, faults or lithologic boundaries and, therefore, are considered as major hydrogeologic parameters to be taken into account.

The aim of this paper is to define an empirical relationship between lineament morphometric properties and the productivity of water wells. The three major properties of lineaments, i.e. frequency (Lf), density (Ld) and fault-lineaments (Fl), were analysed using Landsat 7 ETM+ images and GIS techniques. The resultant maps were correlated with the location of water wells in 90 sites from different regions of Lebanon. The resulting output showed an obvious relationship between productive wells and their proximity to fault lineaments. The closer the location of water wells to a ault trace the higher the water productivity. However, this hypothesis can be preliminary utilized in surveys for groundwater exploration, notably in a terrain with intensive rock deformation like that in Lebanon.
Membrane technology revolutionizes water treatment
Authors: Wilderer P.A. , Paris S.
Published: April 2007

Membranes play a crucial role in living cells, plants and animals. They not only serve as barriers between the inside and outside world of cells and organs. More importantly, they are means of selective transport of materials and host for biochemical conversion. Natural membrane systems have demonstrated efficiency and reliability for millions of years and it is remarkable that most of these systems are small, efficient and highly reliable even under rapidly changing ambient conditions. Thus, it appears to be advisable for technology developers to keep a close eye on Mother Nature. By doing so it is most likely that ideas for novel technical solutions are born. Following the concept of natural systems it is hypothesized that the Millennium Development Goals can be best met when counting on small water and wastewater treatment systems. The core of such systems could be membranes in which chemical reactions are integrated allowing recovery and direct utilization of valuable substances.
Biological risks to food crops fertilized with Ecosan sludge
Authors: Jiménez B. , Austin A. , Cloete E. , Phasha C. , Beltrán N.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents the microbial effects of using Ecosan sludge in agriculture. Sludge from KwaZulu Natal in South Africa having a helminth ova content of around 30 HO/gTS, faecal coliforms of 106 CFU/gTS, faecal streptococi of 106 CFU/gTS and Salmonella spp. of 105 CFU/gTS were applied to soils to grow carrots and spinach at different rates. Results showed that helminth ova content in crops was always greater in leaves than in stems, with a content varying from 2 to 15 HO/gTS for spinach and sludge application rates of sludge of 0–37.5 ton/ha and from 2–8 HO/gTS in carrots crops for sludge application rates varying from 0 to35 ton/ha. Health risks resulting from crop consumption were calculated using the β-poisson and the single-hit exponential models for Salmonella and helminths eggs, respectively. For Salmonella, no risks were found when consuming carrots for all the sludge rates studied while for spinach, risks were high but results were not deemed conclusive due to the technical methods used to measure bacteria. Concerning helminths, it was found that the morbidity rate will increase by 9% for the higher sludge application rates. To increase regional risks by 1% the egg content in crops needs to be less than 0.2 HO/gTS.