bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurements
Authors: Hixson E. L. , Ripperger E. A.
Published: February 2015

The four independent standards that have been defined are length, time, mass, and temperature. Temperature is one of four fundamental quantities in the international measuring system. Temperature is fundamentally different in nature from length, time, and mass. In measurement practice four terms are frequently used to describe an instrument. They are accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and linearity. Two basic questions that must be considered when any measurement is made are: How has the measured quantity been affected by the instrument used to measure it? Is the quantity the same as it would have been had the instrument not been there? There are two ways of estimating the error in a measurement. The first is the external estimate. This estimate is based on knowledge of the experiment and measuring equipment and to some extent on the internal estimate. The internal estimate is based on an analysis of the data using statistical concepts.
Mathematical Models of Dynamic Physical Systems
Authors: Preston White K.
Published: February 2015

The design of modern control systems relies on the formulation and analysis of mathematical models of dynamic physical systems. Physical systems are represented by connecting the terminals of pure elements in patterns that approximate the relationships among the properties of component devices. The element laws and system relations together constitute a complete mathematical description of a physical system. There are two fundamental approaches to the analysis of linear, time‐invariant systems. Transform methods use rational functions obtained from the Laplace transformation of the system I/O equations. State‐variable methods use the vector state and output equations directly. Simulation is almost always carried out with the assistance of computing equipment. Four methods can be used to construct a phase portrait: (1) direct solution of the differential equation, (2) the graphical method of isoclines, (3) transformation of the second‐order system into an equivalent first‐order system, and (4) numerical solution using simulation.
Basic Control Systems Design
Authors: Palm William J.
Published: February 2015

The purpose of a control system is to produce a desired output. The control system is seen to provide two basic functions: to respond to a command input that specifies a new desired value for the controlled variable and to keep the controlled variable near the desired value in spite of disturbances. This chapter presents a brief overview of some available transducers and error detectors. It discusses actuators and devices that are used to implement the control logic. The control logic elements are designed to act on the error signal to produce the control signal. The algorithm that is used for this purpose is called the control law, the control action, or the control algorithm. The chapter provides an overview of the general categories of digital controllers that are commercially available. This is followed by a summary of the software currently available for digital control and for control system design.
General‐Purpose Control Devices
Authors: Christensen James H. , Kretschmann Robert J. , Chand Sujeet , Yokoyama Kazuhiko
Published: February 2015

The responsibility of the general‐purpose control devices (GPCD) is the coordinated control of one or more machines or processes. To be truly general purpose, a GPCD must be programmable; that is, its operation is controlled by sequences of instructions and data stored in internal memory. Communication interfaces for programmable controllers provide many different combinations of connectors, signal levels, signaling rates, and communication services. Programmable controllers have historically been used as programmable replacements for relay and solid‐state logic control systems. Distributed numerical control (DNC) has two primary functions: (1) computer‐assisted programming and storage of NC programs in computer memory and (2) transfer, storage, and display of status and control information from the numerical controllers. A computer‐aided design (CAD) system typically comprises a graphics display terminal, a computer, and several software packages. The chapter explains the composition of a typical robot system and the procedure for developing its working program.
Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS): Design and Application
Authors: Zaghloul M. E.
Published: February 2015

This chapter discusses some aspects of the design of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices, and describes the structure of some of those devices. The fact that the field of MEMS largely grew out of the integrated circuit (IC) industry has been noted often. To verify that the devices function, the designer has to model the MEMS device. The modeling involves writing the equation of motion or physical modeling of the performance of the device. Finite‐element techniques are used to solve these modeling equations. There are a variety of computer‐aided design (CAD) tools to aid the designer in the simulation and modeling of the device. After designing and simulating MEMS and deciding on the materials they will contain and the processes needed to make them, the next concern is which fabrication facility to employ. The materials and microfabrication processes used are unlimited to realize MEMS devices.
Steam Turbines
Authors: Peng William W.
Published: February 2015

Energy conversion from thermal form (heat) to mechanical form (force or torque) are generally done through the fluid medium of either water/steam or air/gas. Cogeneration and combined‐cycles plants have become more popular in recent years due to their higher overall plant efficiency. Most turbines are designed at the high‐power condition (but not the maximum power) and are required to operate at a constant speed for some variation of output power. In a combined‐cycle power plant, the hot gas exhausted from a shaft power gas turbine is used to generate steam to drive a steam turbine. It can generally be designed such that the required equipment can be selected from the existing models (including gas turbine, steam turbine, and heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)). For the steam turbine driving an electric generator, the shaft rotating speed has to be constant in order to generate electrical output of constant frequency.
Electromyography of crural and pedal muscles in tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella): Implications for hallucal grasping behavior and first metatarsal morphology in euprimates
Authors: Patel Biren A. , Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T.
Published: February 2015

A hypertrophied peroneal process of the hallucal metatarsal, as seen in prosimians, has been linked to a powerful hallucal grasp via the contraction of the peroneus longus (PL) muscle causing adduction of the big toe. Electromyography (EMG) studies of lemurs and lorises, however, have concluded that PL is not substantially recruited during small branch locomotion when powerful hallucal grasping is needed most, and have suggested that there is no link between PL activity and peroneal process size. If this is correct, then we should also observe no change in PL activity when strong hallucal grasping is required in anthropoids because they have a relatively smaller peroneal process for PL to act on. This study addresses this hypothesis by evaluating EMG of crural and pedal muscles in capuchins (Sapajus apella) walking on substrates of different diameters. During locomotion on the narrow substrate (3.1 cm) that should elicit a strong hallucal grasp, we observed an intense increased recruitment of adductor hallucis, but only sustained, rather than markedly increased, PL activity. This indicates that PL is not involved in powerful hallucal grasping in capuchins, and confirms similar findings previously documented in prosimians. We continue to reject the hypothesis that a large peroneal process is an adaptation for powerful grasping and further argue that its morphology may not be related to PL's ability to adduct the hallux at all. In addition, the morphology of the peroneal process should not be used to assess hallucal grasping performance in fossils. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:553–564, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fouling control on microfiltration/ultrafiltration membranes: Effects of morphology, hydrophilicity, and charge
Authors: Kumar Rajesha , Ismail A. F.
Published: February 2015

Membrane‐based separation processes are very susceptible to flux decline because of concentration polarization and fouling problems. Despite the immense applications of low‐pressure driven microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in various fields, fouling is considered a major negative aspect, and it renders the membrane with a reduced lifetime. The important membrane properties, hydrophilicity, charge, and morphology mainly gained by the membrane during its formation process are considered to be deciding factors in fouling. In this review, we spotlight the effects of the hydrophilicity, charge, and morphology on MF and UF fouling, the principles of the most frequently used instrumentation techniques in predicting these factors, and measures that can be taken for fouling control. The review also focuses on the UF and MF membrane modification techniques used to attain high antifouling characteristics. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42042.
Recurrence rate after absorbable tack fixation of mesh in laparoscopic incisional hernia repair
Authors: Christoffersen M W , Brandt E , Helgstrand F , Westen M , Rosenberg J , Kehlet H , Strandfelt P , Bisgaard T
Published: February 2015

Background

The mesh fixation technique in laparoscopic incisional hernia repair may influence the rates of hernia recurrence and chronic pain. This study investigated the long-term risk of recurrence and chronic pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic incisional hernia repair with either absorbable or non-absorbable tacks for mesh fixation.

Methods

This was a nationwide consecutive cohort study based on data collected prospectively concerning perioperative information and clinical follow-up. Patients undergoing primary, elective, laparoscopic incisional hernia repair with absorbable or non-absorbable tack fixation during a 4-year interval were included. Follow-up was by a structured questionnaire regarding recurrence and chronic pain, supplemented by clinical examination, and CT when indicated. Recurrence was defined as either reoperation for recurrence or clinical/radiological recurrence.

Results

Of 1037 eligible patients, 84·9 per cent responded to the questionnaire, and 816 were included for analysis. The median observation time for the cohort was 40 (range 0–72) months. The cumulative recurrence-free survival rate was 71·5 and 82·0 per cent after absorbable and non-absorbable tack fixation respectively (P = 0·007). In multivariable analysis, the use of absorbable tacks was an independent risk factor for recurrence (hazard ratio 1·53, 95 per cent c.i. 1·11 to 2·09; P = 0·008). The rate of moderate or severe chronic pain was 15·3 and 16·1 per cent after absorbable and non-absorbable tack fixation respectively (P = 0·765).

Conclusion

Absorbable tack fixation of the mesh was associated with a higher risk of recurrence than non-absorbable tacks for laparoscopic mesh repair of incisional hernia, but did not influence chronic pain.
Association of hospital structures with mortality from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Ozdemir B A , Karthikesalingam A , Sinha S , Poloniecki J D , Vidal-Diez A , Hinchliffe R J , Thompson M M , Holt P J E
Published: February 2015

Background

There is significant variation in the mortality rates of patients with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) admitted to hospital in England. This study sought to investigate whether modifiable differences in hospital structures and processes were associated with differences in patient outcome.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with rAAA between 2005 and 2010 were extracted from the Hospital Episode Statistics database. After risk adjustment, hospitals were grouped into low-mortality outlier, expected mortality and high-mortality outlier categories. Hospital Trust-level structure and process variables were compared between categories, and tested for an association with risk-adjusted 90-day mortality and non-corrective treatment (palliation) rate using binary logistic regression models.

Results

There were 9877 patients admitted to 153 English NHS Trusts with an rAAA during the study. The overall combined (operative and non-operative) mortality rate was 67·5 per cent (palliation rate 41·6 per cent). Seven hospital Trusts (4·6 per cent) were high-mortality and 15 (9·8 per cent) were low-mortality outliers. Low-mortality outliers used significantly greater mean resources per bed (doctors: 0·922 versus 0·513, P < 0·001; consultant doctors: 0·316 versus 0·168, P < 0·001; nurses: 2·341 versus 1·770, P < 0·001; critical care beds: 0·045 versus 0·019, P < 0·001; operating theatres: 0·027 versus 0·019, P = 0·002) and performed more fluoroscopies (mean 12·6 versus 9·2 per bed; P = 0·046) than high-mortality outlier hospital Trusts. On multivariable analysis, greater numbers of consultants, nurses and fluoroscopies, teaching status, weekday admission and rAAA volume were independent predictors of lower mortality and, excluding rAAA volume, a lower rate of palliation.

Conclusion

The variability in rAAA outcome in English National Health Service hospital Trusts is associated with modifiable hospital resources. Such information should be used to inform any proposed quality improvement programme surrounding rAAA.
Progress in Violence Risk Assessment and Communication: Hypothesis versus Evidence
Authors: Harris Grant T. , Rice Marnie E.
Published: February 2015

We draw a distinction between hypothesis and evidence with respect to the assessment and communication of the risk of violent recidivism. We suggest that some authorities in the field have proposed quite valid and reasonable hypotheses with respect to several issues. Among these are the following: that accuracy will be improved by the adjustment or moderation of numerical scores based on clinical opinions about rare risk factors or other considerations pertaining to the applicability to the case at hand; that there is something fundamentally distinct about protective factors so that they are not merely the obverse of risk factors, such that optimal accuracy cannot be achieved without consideration of such protective factors; and that assessment of dynamic factors is required for optimal accuracy and furthermore interventions aimed at such dynamic factors can be expected to cause reductions in violence risk. We suggest here that, while these are generally reasonable hypotheses, they have been inappropriately presented to practitioners as empirically supported facts, and that practitioners’ assessment and communication about violence risk run beyond that supported by the available evidence as a result. We further suggest that this represents harm, especially in impeding scientific progress. Nothing here justifies stasis or simply surrendering to authoritarian custody with somatic treatment. Theoretically motivated and clearly articulated assessment and intervention should be provided for offenders, but in a manner that moves the field more firmly from hypotheses to evidence. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communicating the Risk of Violent and Offending Behavior: Review and Introduction to this Special Issue
Authors: Hilton N. Zoe , Scurich Nicholas , Helmus Leslie‐Maaike
Published: February 2015

How to communicate risk of recidivism in correctional and forensic contexts has been a subject of scholarly discussion for two decades. This emerging literature, however, is sparse compared with studies on the assessment of risk for violent and offending behavior. In this special issue of Behavioral Sciences and the Law, we have gathered together empirical and review papers exemplifying promising directions and methodologies. We begin with a review of the state of the field, and lessons that can be drawn from research into medical risk assessment and risk communication, finding that many of the same principles apply to the forensic context. How risks are framed, and how numerate assessors are, affects how risk information is understood and applied. We discuss the existing research bearing on these issues, as well as the conceptual, practical, empirical, and legal implications of communicating risk using numerical or categorical risk terms. Along with the seven articles in this volume, we suggest directions for future research on measuring and communicating change, understanding and managing the statistical literacy of those who use and communicate risk assessments, and developing a theoretical framework for forensic risk communication research. We hope this volume will help integrate and invigorate research into forensic risk communication. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating EMDR into an evolutionary‐based therapy for depression: a case study
Authors: Krupnik Valery
Published: February 2015

Key Clinical Message

We present an intervention in a case of major depression, where eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy was integrated into an evolutionary‐based psychotherapy for depression. At the end of the treatment and at follow up assessment we observed a more accepting disposition and decreased depressive but not anxiety symptoms.
ChemInform Abstract: A New 12L‐Hexagonal Perovskite Cs4Mg3CaF12: Structural Transition Derived from the Partial Substitution of Mg2+ with Ca2+.
Authors: Wang Zheng , Jing Qun , Zhang Min , Dong Xiaoyu , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua
Published: February 2015

Single crystals of 12L‐hexagonal perovskite Cs4Mg3CaF12 are grown by spontaneous crystallization from a mixture containing CsF, MgF2, CaF2, and H3BO3 in the molar ratio of 5:1:1:9 (Pt crucible, 720 °C, 8 h; cooling to 650 °C at a rate of 2 °C/h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural, and Transport Properties of Cr‐Doped BaTi2As2O.
Authors: Mu Gang , et al. et al.
Published: February 2015

Cr‐doped BaTi2‐xCrxAs2O (x = 0—0.154) is synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of CrAs (obtained from Cr and As at 700 °C for 20 h), BaO, Ti, and As (950 °C, 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Stability of Two‐Dimensional Ge/Sn Graphane Alloys.
Authors: Arguilla Maxx Q. , Jiang Shishi , Chitara Basant , Goldberger Joshua E.
Published: February 2015

Alloyed Ge/Sn graphane analogues are prepared by topochemical deintercalation of CaGe2‐2xSn2x (x = 0—0.09) in conc.
ChemInform Abstract: Perovskite Oxide Nanosheets with Tunable Band‐Edge Potentials and High Photocatalytic Hydrogen‐Evolution Activity.
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Eguchi Miharu , Oshima Takayoshi
Published: February 2015

Perovskite nanosheets of HCa2‐xSrxNb3O10 and HCa2Nb3‐yTayO10 with controlled band‐edge potentials are prepared by H+ exchange (1 M HNO3, 1 week) of KCa2‐xSrxNb3O10 which itself is prepared by a polymerized complex method involving a MeOH solution of NbCl5 and TaCl5 to which CaCO3, SrCO3, KCl, ethylene glycol, and anhydrous citric acid are added (400 K) followed by calcination of the produced transparent resin in air (Al2O3 crucible, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclobutene Formation in PtCl2‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of Heteroatom‐Tethered 1,6‐Enynes.
Authors: Ni Zhenjie , Giordano Laurent , Tenaglia Alphonse
Published: February 2015

A variety of diastereomerically pure azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes and oxazabicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes is readily prepared by Pt‐catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction of corresponding enynes (I) and (III), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Reactions of C1‐Substituted Oxabenzonorbornadienes.
Authors: Raheem Mohammed Abdul , Edmunds Michael , Tam William
Published: February 2015

Palladium‐catalyzed ring‐opening reactions of C1‐substituted oxabenzonorbornadienes with aryl iodides are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild, Copper‐Catalyzed Amide Deprotection Strategy: Use of tert‐Butyl as a Protecting Group.
Authors: Evans Vikki , Mahon Mary F. , Webster Ruth L.
Published: February 2015

A catalytic amount of Cu(OTf)2 can be used to affect a mild de‐tert‐butylation of N,N‐disubstituted amides, e.g. (I), (III), and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Phospho Sulfonic Acid as an Efficient and Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst for the Solvent‐Free Preparation of Acylals.
Authors: Kalla Reddi Mohan Naidu , Park Huiju , Hoang Trinh Thi Kim , Kim Il
Published: February 2015

The cost effective, mild, and efficient catalyst is recycled and reused in nine additional cycles with only slightly decreasing reaction yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Chiral Heteroleptic Magnesium Amides; Asymmetric Deprotonations Mediated by Six‐Membered Metallocyclic Amidomagnesium Naphtholates.
Authors: Carswell Emma L. , Kerr William J. , McArthur Duncan , Pazick� Marek , Watson Allan J. B.
Published: February 2015

A series of chiral six‐membered metallocyclic amidomagnesium naphthalates is prepared and used in the asymmetric deprotonation of prochiral ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Aminomethylation of Imines.
Authors: Fujii Shintaro , Konishi Takehito , Matsumoto Yusuke , Yamaoka Yousuke , Takasu Kiyosei , Yamada Ken‐ichi
Published: February 2015

The title reaction is used for the preparation of 1,2‐diamine units as important structural synthons.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of N‐Alkyl‐N‐arylputrescines and Cadaverines
Authors: Mollo Maria C. , Gruber Nadia , Diaz Jimena E. , Bisceglia Juan A. , Orelli Liliana R.
Published: February 2015

via N‐alkylation of aryl amines with ω‐haloalkyl nitriles (I) followed by reduction of the crude amination products
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Aromatic Homoallylic Alcohols from Aldehydes and Grignard Reagents Promoted by Titanium(IV) Tetraisopropanolate.
Authors: Song Xiao‐Nan , Lu Lei , Hua Si‐Kai , Chen Wei‐Dong , Ren Jiangmeng
Published: February 2015

Aromatic‐, heteroaromatic‐, and aliphatic‐aldehydes can be used in the presented efficient method to yield the title products in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: First Example of the Intermolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Hydroxyacrylates: Synthesis of All‐Carbon α‐Aryl Quaternary Aldehydes.
Authors: Asad Sharif A. , Ulicki Joseph , Shevyrev Maria , Uddin Nazim , Alberch Eduardo , Hossain M. Mahmun
Published: February 2015

A novel intermolecular asymmetric Pd‐catalyzed alkylation of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐arylacrylates is developed using a C2‐symmetric diphenylphosphine derivative as catalytic ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Enones via a Titanium‐Promoted Coupling of Unsymmetrical Alkynes with Weinreb Amides.
Authors: Silwal Sajan , Rahaim Ronald J.
Published: February 2015

In the presented enone synthesis a large scope of internal symmetric and asymmetric alkynes can be applied as substrates with good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Benzofuran‐2‐carboxamides by Ugi Four‐Component Reaction and Microwave‐Assisted Rap—Stoermer Reaction.
Authors: Han Weiwei , Wu Jinlong , Dai Wei‐Min
Published: February 2015

Depending on the nature of the aryl aniline, application of salicyl aldehydes with electron‐withdrawing substituents, such as (VIII), may favor the formation of the hydantoin instead of the benzofuran‐2‐carboxamide, such as (IX) vs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Oxidative Amidation of Benzyl Alcohols with Amines Catalyzed by NaI: A New Method for the Synthesis of Benzamides.
Authors: Karimi Meghdad , Saberi Dariush , Azizi Kobra , Arefi Marzban , Heydari Akbar
Published: February 2015

The formation of a tertiary amide using imidazole is unsuccessful.
ChemInform Abstract: A Catalyst‐Free Protocol for Direct Oxidative Esterification of Alcohols and Aldehydes.
Authors: Rajbongshi Kamal Krishna , Sarma Manas Jyoti , Phukan Prodeep
Published: February 2015

Application of cinnamyl alcohol furnishes 2‐bromo‐3‐methoxy‐3‐phenylpropan‐1‐ol instead of methyl cinnamate.
ChemInform Abstract: Beyond Directed ortho Metalation: Ru‐Catalyzed CAr—O Activation/Cross‐Coupling Reaction by Amide Chelation.
Authors: Zhao Yigang , Snieckus Victor
Published: February 2015

A base free one‐step ortho‐directed arylation of anisoles under mild conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Phenylnaphthalenes from Styryl‐2‐methoxybenzenes
Authors: Mudududdla Ramesh , Sharma Rohit , Abbat Sheenu , Bharatam Prasad V. , Vishwakarma Ram A. , Bharate Sandip B.
Published: February 2015

[via TFA‐catalyzed C—C bond cleavage followed by intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition of in situ formed styrenyl trifluoroacetate intermediates; 27 examples].
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium/Click Ferrophos‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Domino Allylstannylation—Heck Reaction of o‐Formylaryl Triflate.
Authors: Tada Atsuo , Tokoro Yuichiro , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi
Published: February 2015

The reaction of 4‐substituted substrates [e.g. (I)] give the 3‐methylene‐indan‐1‐ols in good yields with high enantioselectivities whereas, 5‐ and 6‐substituted substrates occasionally afford the corresponding Stille coupling product.
ChemInform Abstract: Diisobutylaluminum Hydride Promoted Cyclization of o‐(Trimethylsilylethynyl)styrenes to Indenes.
Authors: Kinoshita Hidenori , Hirai Nobuyoshi , Miura Katsukiyo
Published: February 2015

The reaction of o‐(trimethylsilylethynyl)styrenes with diisobutylaluminum hydride efficiently provides trimethylsilyl‐1H‐indenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective α‐Hydroxylation of β‐Keto Esters Catalyzed by Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Yakun , Li Zhi , Xiong Ting , Zhao Jingnan , Meng Qingwei
Published: February 2015

In contrast to the five‐membered tetrahydroindenes, six‐membered tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives are unreactive.
ChemInform Abstract: Iminoxyl Radical‐Promoted Dichotomous Cyclizations: Efficient Oxyoximation and Aminooximation of Alkenes.
Authors: Peng Xie‐Xue , Deng Yun‐Jing , Yang Xiu‐Long , Zhang Lin , Yu Wei , Han Bing
Published: February 2015

A metal‐free oxyoximation of allyloximes using tBuONO as the NO‐source is developed to yield a variety of isoxazoline substituted aldoximes and ketoximes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Benzothiazol‐2‐yl‐amides by an Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative C(sp2)—H Functionalization.
Authors: Wang Junke , Zong Yingxiao , Zhang Xuexin , Gao Yang , Li Zhengliang , Yue Guoren , Quan Zhengjun , Wang Xicun
Published: February 2015

In contrast to the cyclization of 1‐acetyl‐3‐arylthioureas, 1‐benzoyl‐arylthioureas form complex reaction mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: A Metal‐Free Three‐Component Reaction for the Regioselective Synthesis of 1,4,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Thomas Joice , John Jubi , Parekh Nikita , Dehaen Wim
Published: February 2015

Functionalized triazoles which are difficult to access otherwise are formed in good yields by a three‐component reaction of readily available building blocks.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Alkynyl 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles by Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐ Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Salvanna N. , Das Biswanath
Published: February 2015

The transformation of 2‐chloro instead of 2‐bromo‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles requires longer reaction times and affords the products in lower yields.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1′‐Butylenebis(3‐methyl‐3H‐imidazol‐1‐ium) Dihydrogensulfate as a Halogen‐Free and Reusable Binuclear Broensted Ionic Liquid Catalyzed the Synthesis of Pyrano[4,3‐b]pyran Derivatives
Authors: Khaligh Nader Ghaffari
Published: February 2015

via multicomponent reaction of 4‐hydroxypyran‐2‐one with aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Regioselective Arylation of 2‐Pyrones, Pyridones, Coumarins and Quinolones by C—H Bond Functionalization.
Authors: Nolan Marie‐Therese , Bray Joshua T. W. , Eccles Kevin , Cheung Man Sing , Lin Zhenyang , Lawrence Simon E. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Fairlamb Ian J. S. , McGlacken Gerard P.
Published: February 2015

The regioselective Pd‐catalyzed cyclization of a number of heterocyclic substrates without added phosphine ligands is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C—C Bond Formation of Quinoline N‐Oxides at the C‐8 Position under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Jeong Jisu , Patel Pitambar , Hwang Heejun , Chang Sukbok
Published: February 2015

The Rh‐catalyzed alkylation of a variety of substituted quinoline N‐oxides with activated methylene compounds (II) and (VI) is investigated to give C‐8 substituted products selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented Catalytic Activity of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O: Regioselective Synthesis of 2‐Nitroimidazopyridines via Oxidative Amination.
Authors: Monir Kamarul , Bagdi Avik Kumar , Ghosh Monoranjan , Hajra Alakananda
Published: February 2015

The reaction of nitrostyrenes with 2‐aminopyridines proceeds via a regioselective Mannich addition followed by a unique Fe(NO3)3·9H2O catalyzed intramolecular oxidative amination to provide a regioselective synthesis of 2‐nitro‐3‐arylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Free Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydro‐1H‐indazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐1,6,11(2H,13H)‐triones Promoted by 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoro‐2‐propanol.
Authors: Maleki Behrooz , Ashrafi Samaneh Sedigh , Tayebee Reza
Published: February 2015

All products are purified by recrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: Diversity‐Oriented Decoration of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazines.
Authors: Park Sujin , Jung Youngeun , Kim Ikyon
Published: February 2015

A chemical library based on a pyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazine core is synthesized by direct C6‐arylation of pyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazines with various aryl bromides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium(III)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Coupling of 2‐Hydroxychalcones and Polyphenols: An Efficient Domino Approach Towards Synthesis of Novel Dibenzo‐2,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes.
Authors: Chand Ganguly Nemai , Roy Sushmita , Mondal Pallab
Published: February 2015

The reaction proceeds through regioselective Michael addition‐bicyclization cascade.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Aryl Boronates via Zinc‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Alkoxy Diboron Reagents with Aryl Halides at Room Temperature.
Authors: Bose Shubhankar Kumar , Marder Todd B.
Published: February 2015

A novel Zn/NHC‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of aryl and hetaryl iodide and bromides with diboron compounds (II) and (V) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Panthogenins A and B, Two Novel Norergostanol Steroids from Dioscorea panthaica.
Authors: Shan Xiao‐Qing , Peng Shu‐Lin , Shi Hai‐Li , Wang Xiao‐Ling , Ding Li‐Sheng , Liao Xun
Published: February 2015

Panthogenins A (I) and B (II), two novel norergostanol steroids containing a unusual seven‐membered ring, are isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Modification of Oximes with N‐Protected Amino Acids.
Authors: Barbakadze Nana N. , Jones Rachel A. , Rosario Nicole Rivera , Nadaraia Nanuli Sh , Kakhabrishvili Meri L. , Hall C. Dennis , Katritzky Alan R.
Published: February 2015

The modification of oximes, including steroids, with protected amino acids proceeds with good yields also in the presence of alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(III) Chloride Catalyzed Synthesis of Chiral Substituted 3‐Formyl Furans from Carbohydrates: Application in the Synthesis of 1,5‐Dicarbonyl Derivatives and Furo[3,2‐c]pyridine.
Authors: Mal Kanchan , Sharma Abhinandan , Das Indrajit
Published: February 2015

A series of 3‐formylfurans such as (II) and (VII) (17 examples in all), is prepared by treatment of alkynes (I) and (VI) with a gold catalyst followed by quenching with water as nucleophile.
ChemInform Abstract: Unsymmetrical vic‐Tricarbonyl Compounds for the Total Syntheses of Cladoniamide G and Cladoniamide F.
Authors: Schuette Julia , Kilgenstein Frank , Fischer Michel , Koert Ulrich
Published: February 2015

Synthetic studies towards the preparation of cladoniamides F (Ia) and G (Ib) are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Speradines F—H, Three New Oxindole Alkaloids from the Marine‐Derived Fungus Aspergillus oryzae.
Authors: Hu Xiao , Xia Qi‐Wen , Zhao Yang‐Yang , Zheng Qiu‐Hong , Liu Qin‐Ying , Chen Li , Zhang Qi‐Qing
Published: February 2015

isolation, structural elucidation and cytotoxicity of a rare hexacyclic oxindole alkaloid, speradine F (I), together with two novel tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids, speradines G (II) and H (III)
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Synthesis of Mupirocin H Using a Cross‐Metathesis‐Based Strategy.
Authors: Sengupta Sandip , Sim Taebo
Published: February 2015

The target compound is synthesized in 17 steps and 10.1% overall yield starting from (+)‐Roche ester.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Spinel Li4Ti5O12 Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sun Xiangcheng , Radovanovic Pavle V. , Cui Bo
Published: February 2015

Review: 243 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: First Principles Calculations on Oxide‐Based Heterogeneous Catalysts and Photocatalysts: Problems and Advances
Authors: Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: February 2015

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Assembly of Steroidal Tetracyclic Skeletons
Authors: Gupta Preeti , Panda Gautam
Published: February 2015

Review: [recent advances in the enantioselective synthesis of carbocyclic steroidal skeletons; 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enamide Derivatives: Versatile Building Blocks for Highly Functionalized α,β‐Substituted Amines
Authors: Bernadat Guillaume , Masson Geraldine
Published: February 2015

Review: [93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical‐radical Rotaxanes with Tetracationic Cyclophane Ring, and Quaternary Azaaromatic Rotaxanes with Cage Macrocycles
Authors: Deska M. , Nowik‐Zajac A. , Sliwa W.
Published: February 2015

Review: properties and possible applications; 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approaches to Coniine and Other 2‐Alkyl Piperidines
Authors: Denic Marija , Blagojevic Polina , Radulovic Niko
Published: February 2015

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactivity and Chemical Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Its Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Pengxuan , Tang Yuping , Li Nian‐Guang , Zhu Yue , Duan Jin‐Ao
Published: February 2015

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Properties of Nitrenium Ions
Authors: Falvey Daniel E.
Published: February 2015

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene Supported Heterogeneous Catalysts: An Overview
Authors: Julkapli Nurhidayatullaili Muhd , Bagheri Samira
Published: February 2015

Review: 468 refs.
Choosing chemical markers for quality assurance of complex herbal medicines: Development and application of the herb MaRS criteria
Authors: Bensoussan A , Lee S , Murray C , Bourchier S , van der Kooy F , Pearson JL , Liu J , Chang Dennis , Khoo CS
Published: February 2015

With increasing use of herbal medicines for chronic or serious illness, relevant quality assurance methods are essential for making claims of therapeutic benefit. Adequate demonstration of safety and efficacy based on chemical composition and ensuring consistency between manufactured batches is critical. To date, there has been no uniform standard approach or detailed framework provided to industry for selecting relevant chemical markers used to standardize herbal products. We developed the Herbal Marker Ranking System (Herb MaRS) providing guidance on prioritizing the selection of chemical markers for quality control of complex multi‐herb mixtures, while also taking into account the bioactivity in relation to the symptoms of the disease and its concentration in the formula. We apply the Herb MaRS evaluation criteria to a seven‐herb formulation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Our ranking scale accommodates the clinical and pharmacological use of the formulation and its claimed indications.
Soft tissue myoepithelial carcinoma with rhabdoid‐like features andEWSR1rearrangement: Fine needle aspiration cytology with histologic correlation
Authors: Machado Isidro , López‐Soto María Victoria , Rubio Luis , Navarro Lara , Llombart‐Bosch Antonio
Published: February 2015

A new case of soft tissue myoepithelial carcinoma (MEC) with rhabdoid‐like differentiation is presented including cytologic, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular biologic features. A 45‐year‐old woman was admitted to the Hospital with nodular mass involving the lower part of the abdominal wall. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology showed a round cell tumor with abundant cytoplasm in the myxoid background. The nuclei were uniform, round to ovoid, with finely distributed chromatin, nucleoli, and pale, vacuolated, or eosinophilic cytoplasm with rhabdoid‐like appearance resembling a soft tissue malignant rhabdoid tumor. The surgically removed tumor was poorly demarcated, yellow, soft, and myxoid. The histopathology revealed sheets of poorly differentiated round malignant cells with focal myxoid stroma and rhabdoid‐like morphology. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for CK (AE1/AE3), EMA, S100, vimentin, CD99, and SMA; however desmin, CD34, and gliofibrilar acid protein (GFAP) were negative. Tumor cells revealed loss of INI1 expression. TheEWSR1gene rearrangement was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), but molecular biology failed to detectEWSR1/ETS, EWSR1/NR4A3, EWSR1/DDIT3, EWSR1/ATF1, EWSR1‐POU5F1, EWSR1/ZNF444, EWSR1‐PBX1gene fusions. The final diagnosis was soft tissue malignant myoepithelioma with rhabdoid changes andEWSR1gene rearrangement. The differential diagnosis included soft tissue malignant rhabdoid tumor, cellular extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, proximal epithelioid sarcoma, and other soft tissue tumor withEWSR1rearrangement. To our knowledge, this is the first case of MEC with rhabdoid features and description of fine‐needle aspiration cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:421–426. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research and Development on Underwater Visible Light Communication Systems
Authors: Uema Hideki , Matsumura Tomokuni , Saito Shinya , Murata Yukio
Published: February 2015

The main subject of this investigation is to perform research and development and verification experiments on underwater communications (underwater visible light communications; VLCs) under the assumption that VLC can be used for tourism and environmental protection under the ocean conditions of the Okinawa region (Zamami village), which is one of the most popular diving spots, with the most transparent water and abundant coral and fish. Radio is rarely used as a communications tool underwater because the attenuation rate of radio signals is high. The only communications tool now available under water is sonic (ultrasonic) communications, although it has not spread among divers because it is subject to noise from reflections of the water surface or the sea floor, and its use is not simple. Another disadvantage of this mode of communication is that it is very difficult to identify the speaker when several divers are present in the same area. With the underwater VLC device, most of the underwater communications problems are already solved, for the following reasons: (1) the device is easy to move and does not involve cables; (2) it is much easier to capture another person's words because communication does not diverge as sonic communication does; (3) conversation is much easier since the other party can recognize the speaker visually.
Audio Watermarking Based on Vector Quantization Index Modulation Using Audio Fingerprint
Authors: NAKAYA SHOGO , WADA SHIGEO
Published: February 2015

Development of high‐quality digital audio watermarking with robustness to data compression and watermark attacks such as cropping is an important research topic. Recently, an effective watermarking method using vector quantization index modulation (VQIM) was proposed to improve the watermark performance. In this paper, a new auditory‐band MDCT‐based VQIM‐type watermarking using audio fingerprint (AFP) is proposed to enhance the performance. The parameter values of VQIM are essential for audio quality and robustness, which are determined as individual codebook parameters. The parameters are estimated using AFP in the watermark detection process. In simulations, the effectiveness of the method was examined to show its robustness to watermark attacks. The audio quality was evaluated based on PEAQ.
Monitoring odour of heated extra‐virgin olive oils from Arbequina and Manzanilla cultivars using an electronic nose
Authors: Messina Valeria , Sancho Ana , Walsöe de Reca Noemi
Published: February 2015

It is known that fats and oils, when submitted to prolonged heat, are subjected to a series of chemical–physical modifications, generating changes in sensory and nutritional characteristics. The aim of the present research was to develop an accurate and repeatable method to predict appearance of undesired odour when extra‐virgin olive oils from Arbequina and Manzanilla are submitted to heating processes, using an electronic nose. Among the metal oxide sensor response (electronic nose) an odour index was performed. Emissions of several volatile organic compounds released during the process were analysed by SPME‐Gas chromatography. Linear discriminant analysis was applied on the sensor response; it was found that among eight sensors, four sensors were more specific for detecting release of volatile organic compounds during the heating process. The Mahalanobis distance method was adopted to create an odour index and was correlated with emissions of n‐pentanal, n‐hexanal, n‐heptanal and n‐nonanal. Data showed that the methodology accurately and rapidly predicted changes in odour pattern between cultivars.

Practical applications: Changes in odour pattern of different cultivars of extra‐virgin olive oil subjected to heating processes can be performed quickly and easily by applying electronic nose. Appearance of undesired odour due to thermo‐oxidation can be detected applying an odour index based on the metal oxide sensors response. High correlations can be observed when linear regressions are applied to odour index and volatile compounds (VOCs) content. New markers of oxidation can be obtained applying this methodology. Electronic nose instruments are attractive for a number of significant features: the relatively fast assessment of headspace, a quantitative representation or signature of a gas and cheap sensors which can be easily integrated to quality control. The motivation of the present research was to incorporate metal oxide sensors in electronic nose as a useful tool to analyse the odour pattern and quality of different products.

An odour index was performed using a metal oxide sensors signal. Linear regressions were performed with emissions of several volatile compounds, assessing content and odour index to predict appearance of undesired odour in extra‐virgin olive oil.
Lewis‐Acid‐Catalysed Tandem Meinwald Rearrangement/Intermolecular [3+2]‐Cycloaddition of Epoxides with Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes: Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Kumar Pandey Ashok , Ghosh Asit , Banerjee Prabal
Published: February 2015

A Lewis‐acid‐catalysed tandem Meinwald rearrangement/[3+2]‐cycloaddition of epoxides with donor–acceptor cyclopropanes to synthesize varieties of cis‐2,5‐aryl‐benzyl‐substituted tetrahydrofurans is described. An enantioselective version of the same transformation was achieved using an InCl3–PyBOX catalyst system.
Synthesis of Condensed Tetrahydroisoquinoline Class of Alkaloids by Employing TfOH‐Mediated Imide Carbonyl Activation
Authors: Selvakumar Jayaraman , Rao Ramana Sreenivasa , Srinivasapriyan Vijayan , Marutheeswaran Srinivasan , Ramanathan Chinnasamy Ramaraj
Published: February 2015

Isoquinoline‐based polycyclic lactams such as isoindoloisoquinolinones, pyrroloisoquinolinones, and benzo[a]quinolizinones were successfully assembled from the corresponding imides by using a TfOH‐mediated (TfOH = trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) imide carbonyl activation and cyclization strategy. By employing this simple method, the isoquinoline alkaloids crispine A, trolline/oleracein E, and erythrinarbine were successfully synthesized in racemic form. The reaction of unsymmetrical N‐phenethylphthalimides with TfOH displayed excellent regioselectivity, which was rationalized by DFT calculations.
Stimuli‐Responsive Cyclopenta[ef]heptalenes: Synthesis and Optical Properties
Authors: Ghazvini Zadeh Ebrahim H. , Woodward Adam W. , Richardson David , Bondar Mykhailo. V. , Belfield Kevin D.
Published: February 2015

We report the one‐pot synthesis, 1D and 2D NMR characterization, and UV/Vis study of a series of cyclopenta[ef]heptalenes 4a–c that exhibit strong stimuli‐responsive behavior, with a tunable energy gap as a result of perturbation of HOMO, LUMO, and LUMO+1 energies upon doping/dedoping with TFA/Et3N. The approach employed allows for the extension of conjugation at C‐4 of the cyclopenta[ef]heptalene skeleton from X = H (4a) to X = CN (4b) and X = 2‐thiophenyl (4c), resulting in longer absorption maxima and smaller optical energy gaps of the cyclopenta[ef]heptalenium cations 4a–c+. Additionally, in the presence of a UV‐activated (< 300 nm) photoacid generator (PAG), protonation of 4c can be indirectly achieved by intermolecular photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) from the excited state of 4c to the PAG, upon which the latter undergoes photodecomposition resulting in the generation of acid. This phenomenon facilitates the use of cyclopenta[ef]heptalenes 4a–c as visible sensitizers of commercial PAGs.
Morphometric MRI alterations and postoperative seizure control in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Keller Simon S. , Richardson Mark P. , O'Muircheartaigh Jonathan , Schoene‐Bake Jan‐Christoph , Elger Christian , Weber Bernd
Published: February 2015

Refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a debilitating condition potentially amenable to resective surgery. However, between 40 and 50% patients continue to experience postoperative seizures. The development of imaging prognostic markers of postoperative seizure outcome is a crucial objective for epilepsy research. In the present study, we performed analyses of preoperative cortical thickness and subcortical surface shape on MRI in 115 of patients with mTLE and radiologically defined hippocampal sclerosis being considered for surgery, and 80 healthy controls. Patients with excellent (International League Against Epilepsy outcome (ILAE) I) and suboptimal (ILAE II–VI) postoperative outcomes had a comparable distribution of preoperative atrophy across the cortex, basal ganglia, and amygdala. Conventional volumetry of whole hippocampal and extrahippocampal subcortical structures, and of global gray and white matter, could not differentiate between patient outcome groups. However, surface shape analysis revealed localized atrophy of the thalamus bilaterally and of the posterior/lateral hippocampus contralateral to intended resection in patients with persistent postoperative seizures relative to those rendered seizure free. Data uncorrected for multiple comparisons also revealed focal atrophy of the ipsilateral hippocampus posterior to the margins of resection in patients with persistent seizures. This data indicates that persistent postoperative seizures after temporal lobe surgery are related to localized preoperative shape alterations of the thalamus bilaterally and the hippocampus contralateral to intended resection. Imaging techniques that have the potential to unlock prognostic markers of postoperative outcome in individual patients should focus assessment on a bihemispheric thalamohippocampal network in prospective patients with refractory mTLE being considered for temporal lobe surgery. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1637–1647, 2015. © 2015 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.