bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidative Activity of Wakouba, a Salt Extracted from Elaeis guineensis Jacq in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Calixte Bahi , Bernadin Dro , Felix Kouame , Konan Kouassi , Justine Tiepka
Published: December 2021

Background: Oxidative stress plays a major role in the chronic complications of diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer etc. free radicals such as superoxyde anions, hydrogen peroxides cause severe cell damage. The use of plants is increasingly recommended to treat diseases related to oxidative stress.

Aims: This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Wakouba, a salt extracted from Elaeis guineensis Jacq on biochemical markers of oxidative stress.

Place and Duration of Study: Pharmacodynamie-biochemical UPR, Biology and Health Laboratory and Department of Radiology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Services Hospital Lahore, between March 2017 and July 2018.

Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) by streptozotocin 55 mg / kg bw. The biochemical parameters such as insulin and glycemia, the activities and the level of markers of oxidative stress such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the aorta, heart and the kidney were determined in the absence and presence of different doses of WAKOUBA (1000 and 2500 mg / kg bw) and GLIBENCLAMIDE, a reference product at 10 and 20 mg / kg bw.

Results: The results showed that the administration of streptozotocin at 55 mg / kg bw in rats caused a significant drop (P<0.05) in insulin production followed by a significant increase (P < 0.05) in blood glucose. Similarly, during diabetes, the activities, and levels of oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT and MDA) increased significantly (P < 0.05). WAKOUBA, at 1000 and 2500 mg / kg bw, significantly normalized insulin production, blood sugar levels, SOD and CAT activities and MDA levels in the aorta, heart, and kidneys in diabetic rats. The same results were obtained with GLIBENCLAMIDE at 10 and 20 mg / kg bw.

Conclusion: This study showed that WAKOUBA, a salt extracted from Elaeis guineensis Jacq, lowered and normalized the activities of SOD, CAT and the level of MDA which are markers of oxidative stress in rats made diabetic by streptozocin. WAKOUBA also normalized insulin production and blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. WAKOUBA would have antioxidant properties coupled with antidiabetic properties, which might support its use in traditional medicine to treat diabetes.
Antioxidant and Anti α-amylase Activities of Polar Extracts of Mitracarpus hirtus and Saba senegalensis and the Combinason of their Butanolic Extracts
Authors: Faye Ousmane , Sall Cheikh , Ndong Awa , Sene Madieye , Dioum Mbaye Diaw , Cabral Matild , Sy Gata Yoro , Sarr Fatou Bintou
Published: December 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health disease, and it affects all segments of the population around the world. The progression of this disease is worrying, 460 million in 2019, the number of diabetics is estimated in 2045 at 700 million worldwide. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the ethyl acetate (EA) and Butan-1-ol (But-ol) fractions of M hirtus and Saba senegalensis are studied in this work. The results revealed that the fractions possessed flavonoid, tannins, terpenes and sterols; and exhibit potent radical scavenging activity using DPPH as substrate. The butanolic fractions exhibited more significantly α-amylase inhibitory activities than the ethyl acetate fractions. The IC50 values of butanolic fractions are 0.099 and 0.41 mg/ml respectively for M hirtus and S Senegalensis versus 0.44 and 1.45mg/ml ethyl acetate fractions. The combined butanol fractions of the two plants do not lead to the expected synergetic activities. Thus, it could be concluded that due to the presence of antioxidant components in the plant, extracts have well prospective for the management of diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress.
Frequency of Thrombocytopenia in Neonates Following Phototherapy in Neonatology Unit of Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Naqvi Hina , Memon Shazia , Shah Mushtaque Ali , Chohan Muhammad Nadeem , Shaikh Numra , Shah Fiza
Published: December 2021

Aim: To determine the frequency of thrombocytopenia and its severity in relation to level of indirect hyperbilirubinemia in neonates following phototherapy at tertiary care hospital.

Study Design: Descriptive study

Place and duration:  This study was conducted at Paediatric department (neonatal ward), Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, from 1st August 2020 till 31st Jan 2021

Methodology: All neonates who fulfilled the inclusion criteria presented at pediatric department (neonatal ward), Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad were included in the study. After written consent, brief history was taken from the mother or family member and complete blood count (CBC) was sent to check the baseline platelet count along with total serum bilirubin, it was repeated after 48 hours of phototherapy.

Results: Out of 231 neonates 70 (30.3%) developed thrombocytopenia after phototherapy. In our study 117 neonates (50.6%) were males & 114 neonates (49.4%) were females with the mean age of 5.9307+1.6640 days. The thrombocytopenia was seen in 70 neonates (30.3%) and type of severity was mild, moderate & severe in 52(22.5%), 13(5.6%) & 5(2.2%) respectively.

Conclusion: There was a decline in mean platelet count after phototherapy but it was not statistically significant. The treating doctor should also keep in mind, other causes of thrombocytopenia when the patient is receiving phototherapy.
Infertility Riding on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Review of Treatment Modalities
Authors: Jauhari Reenoo , Mathur Prashant , Gupta Vineeta
Published: December 2021

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest cause of anovulatory infertility. Depending on the population studied between 5 and 18% of women of reproductive age suffer from PCOS, however not all of them are anovulatory or experience subfertility. PCOS has been associated with numerous reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. Despite enormous advances in the management of reproductive dysfunction, insight into the metabolic implications of PCOS is limited by the lack of uniform diagnostic criteria, the heterogeneity of the condition and the presence of confounders including obesity. Obesity clearly has a role in long term health and may best predict both reproductive and metabolic dysfunction as well as negatively affect the response to treatment in women with PCOS. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer are also at the forefront of any risk assessment or comprehensive treatment strategy for these women. Lifestyle modifications including dietary changes, increased exercise and weight loss are appropriate first line interventions for many women with PCOS. Pharmaceuticals including metformin, lipid lowering agents and oral contraceptives should be tailored to the individual’s risk profile and treatment goals. The fertility treatment in women with subfertility and PCOS aimed to safely induce monofollicular ovulation resulting in the birth of a singleton child. Women with PCOS undergoing fertility treatment are at risk of multi-follicular development as well as ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS), so they must be carefully counselled and monitored during fertility treatment. It is imperative that prior to embarking on fertility treatment, a patient’s health and weight is optimised. This chapter will explore the latest evidence for fertility treatments for women with PCOS.
Influence of Some Antibiotics and Essential Oils Used Alone or in Combination on the Vitality of Presumptive Probiotic Lactic acid Bacteria
Authors: Kemegne Gislaine Aurelie , Ngahmi Aurore Vanessa Nana , Tong Abraham Nkoue , Kamdem Sylvain Leroy Sado , Ngang Jean Justin Essia
Published: December 2021

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of selected antibiotics and essential oils alone or in combination, on selected presumptive probiotic lactic acid bacteria.

Study Design: Experimental studies.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology of the University of Yaounde I between August 2017 and December 2017 (5 months).

Methodology: The chemical composition of five essential oils was determined by gas chromatography coupled with Solid-phase micro extraction. Then the sensitivity of four lactic acid bacteria to the essential oils and four antibiotics was assessed by the well diffusion and macrodilution method. Subsequently, two essential oils active on these bacteria and broad spectrum antibiotics were combined according to the central composite design plan.

Results: In general, the chemical composition of essential oils is very diverse, with the example of carvacrol found only in Origanum compactum at 53.24% and thymol in Thymus vulgaris at 56.19% and in Origanum compactum at 15.28%. The antibacterial activity shows that the majority of antibiotics used are active on the bacteria in the study compared to the essential oils where two were active (Origanum compactum and Cymbopogon winterianus). The evaluation of the combinations of essential oils and antibiotics in terms of kinetics has given us three cases: the first case is the one with no acidity or no growth at all; the second is the one where growth is normal; the third where growth is delayed with a more pronounced latency phase.

Conclusion: This study suggest that the effect of essential oils and medicinal plant used alone or in combination to antibiotics on the gut microbiota have to be evaluated for validation as well as their toxicity activities before using them for human therapy.
On the class of stone vessels known in Scotland as Druidical Paterae
Authors: Wilson Daniel
Published: December 2021

Dr Wilson suggests that by studying the traditional methods used by indigenous peoples in the Faroe Islands and Greenland, archaeologists could better understand the construction of examples of stone patera found in Scotland. He begins with an overview of the type of stone vessels he is focusing on, relating a detailed account of the unearthing of a patera in Aberdeenshire and listing other examples of this kind of vessel found in the Society's collections. He goes on to compare the design of these ancient vessels to contemporary objects from the Faroe Islands and Greenland, with reference to their function and manufacture.
Notes relating to 'A.Z.,' The Anonymous correspondent of the Society, by whom the collection of Books and Mss. relating to the Orkney and Shetland Islands, were presented to the Library (see Archaeologia Scotica, vol. iii., p.267.)
Authors: Fotheringhame W H
Published: December 2021

W. H. Fotheringhame speculates on the identity of an anonymous correspondent (A. Z.) who provided manuscripts relating to Orkney and Shetland to the Society's library, as listed in the Archaeologia Scotica. He suggests that A. Z. was John Munro, a clerk from Kirkwall. Fortheringhame lists his evidence, including handwriting comparisons and a personal anecdote found in the notes to one of his volumes alluding to A. Z.'s early life in a tenement in Kirkwall. Unfortunately, John Munro's sister had all his papers destroyed when she died, but Fotheringhame concludes that the evidence in this article should be enough to prove that A. Z. was John Munro.
Notices of the Oriental Coins in the Society's Collections
Authors: Scott W H
Published: December 2021

The Society's Assistant Curator provides a detailed list of the Middle Eastern, North African, Spanish and Asian coins in the Society's collections at this time. His article includes the material that each coin is made of, its place of origin and any identified rulers depicted on the coin.
Notice of recent discoveries of Roman Remains at Cadder, on the Antonine Wall
Authors: Buchanan John
Published: December 2021

Mr Buchanan discusses a section of the Antonine wall near Glasgow where antiquarians expected to find a Roman fort. Traditionally, it was assumed that this fort was located somewhere near the parish church of Cadder, although there is no mention of the fort in Gordon's 1726 text on Roman sites. Buchanan suggests that this fort was located between the wall and the parish minister's manse, based evidence from Hamilton of Wishaw's publication (1710) and on recent finds in the area. He lists some of these finds including a Roman causeway, various pieces of pottery and nails. An inscribed stone tablet that the author believes may have belonged to the Second Legion Augusta and what may have been the garrison well were also uncovered.
Notice respecting the original brass of the Regent Earl of Murray, removed from St Giles' Church in 1829
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

The Secretary exhibited the original brass of the Regent Earl of Murray from St. Giles' Church, noting that this was an example of palimpest brass. The brass was probably originally struck in the fifteenth century and some details of the previous design remain.
On the Ancient Sculptured Monument discovered at St Andrews, in 1833
Authors: Buist George
Published: December 2021

This article describes a stone sarcophagus discovered beneath St. Andrew's Cathedral in 1833. The author notes that although illustrations of the sarcophagus were made when it was unearthed, little care was taken to properly excavate or preserve it after that. He argues that the monument was probably displayed prominently, based on its elaborate carved design, so it must have been interred before the 12th century construction of the Cathedral. He therefore argues that this and other similarly designed object should be dated to the early medieval period, although he does acknowledge that he has access to very little knowledge of this time period.
On the Coinage of Ceylon during the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Scott W H
Published: December 2021

W. H. Scott provides a short history of the rulers of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) through the coins in the Society's collections. In doing this he challenges a previous interpretation of the Society's Ceylonese coins put forward by Mr Vaux.
Preliminaries for Part I
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

Illustrations credits

Office-bearers (1851–2)

List of honorary members of the Society (1852)

List of the Fellows (1852)
Inedited Notices, from the Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum, of John Barbour, Archdeacon of Aberdeen, Author of 'The Bruce,'
Authors: Robertson Joseph
Published: December 2021

The author collates the available information regarding the pensions paid to John Barbour as a result of his historical writings about the Scottish royal family. He uses this evidence to suggest when 'The Bruce' may have been completed, as well as a potential date of Barbour's death. The last section of the article argues against the suggestion that Barbour could not have journeyed abroad for research due to his position as an Archdeacon.
Notices of Ancient Gaelic Poems and Historical Fragments in a Ms. Volume (written in the years 1512 to 1529) called 'The Dean of Lismore's Book,' in the Advocates' Library
Authors: MacLauchlan Thomas
Published: December 2021

This manuscript volume is thought to have belonged to James MacPherson, the author of the Ossian cycle. As such, only some of the contents of the manuscript have been examined for their historical accuracy. The article's author is confident that this manuscript is one of the earliest written examples of Scots Gaelic, despite the similarities between the manuscript’s contents and the contents of the Ossianic poems. The article also includes notes on the condition of the volume and its table of contents, as well as extracts of the poems themselves.
Preliminaries for Part III
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

Prelims for the full second volume of the Proceedings. Includes a table of contents and a list of illustrations.
Estacionamentos rotativos, expansão dos serviços financeiros e fintechs
Authors: Manocchio Fernando Guilherme Silveira , Di Genova Barberio Leandro , Gallo Fabricio
Published: December 2021

O atual estágio de desenvolvimento das tecnologias da informação permite o crescimento exponencial das transações financeiras realizadas por meios digitais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir teoricamente, a partir de trabalhos acadêmicos nacionais e internacionais, sobre fintechs e bancos digitais, além de problematizar a expansão dos serviços financeiros e das finanças digitais pelo território brasileiro. Nossa metodologia consiste no levantamento de dados secundários, quantitativos e qualitativos, obtidos através de artigos científicos e relatórios sobre o tema. Desta forma, buscaremos interpretar quais são os impactos territoriais dos processos de digitalização financeira sobre diferentes usos do território. Assim, nossa base empírica de análise consiste na atuação da empresa de estacionamento rotativo Estapar no estado de São Paulo. Conclui-se que esta empresa se encontra inserida no processo de expansão dos serviços financeiros e das novas formas de pagamento digital.
Toward Individualized Prediction of Response to Methotrexate in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Pharmacogenomics‐Driven Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Myasoedova Elena , Athreya Arjun P. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Davis John M. , Warrington Kenneth J. , Walchak Robert C. , Carlson Erin , Kalari Krishna R. , Bongartz Tim , Tak Paul P. , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Padyukov Leonid , Emery Paul , Morgan Ann , Wang Liewei , Weinshilboum Richard M. , Matteson Eric L. ,   Pharmacogenetics of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium
Published: December 2021

Objective

To test the ability of machine learning (ML) approaches with clinical and genomic biomarkers to predict methotrexate treatment response in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Demographic, clinical, and genomic data from 643 patients of European ancestry with early RA (mean age 54 years; 70% female) subdivided into a training (n = 336) and validation cohort (n = 307) were used. The genomic data comprised 160 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with RA or methotrexate metabolism. Response to methotrexate monotherapy was defined as good or moderate by the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) response criteria at the 3‐month follow‐up. Supervised ML methods were trained with 5 repeats and 10‐fold cross‐validation using the training cohort. Prediction performance was validated in the independent validation cohort.

Results

Supervised ML methods combining age, sex, smoking, rheumatoid factor, baseline Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) scores and 160 SNPs predicted EULAR response at 3 months with the area under the receiver operating curve of 0.84 (P = 0.05) in the training cohort and achieved a prediction accuracy of 76% (P = 0.05) in the validation cohort (sensitivity 72%, specificity 77%). Intergenic SNPs rs12446816, rs13385025, rs113798271, and ATIC (rs2372536) had variable importance above 60.0 and along with baseline DAS28 scores were among the top predictors of methotrexate response.

Conclusion

Pharmacogenomic biomarkers combined with baseline DAS28 scores can be useful in predicting response to methotrexate in patients with early RA. Applying ML to predict treatment response holds promise for guiding effective RA treatment choices, including timely escalation of RA therapies.
Layered 2D Nanomaterials to Tailor Friction and Wear in Machine Elements—A Review
Authors: Marian Max , Berman Diana , Rota Alberto , Jackson Robert L. , Rosenkranz Andreas
Published: December 2021

Recent advances in 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, boron nitride, MXenes, allow not only to discover several new nanoscale phenomena but also to address the scientific and industrial challenges associated with the design of systems with desired physical properties. One of the great challenges for mechanical systems is associated with addressing friction and wear problems in machine elements. In this review, the beneficial properties of layered 2D materials that enable the control of their tribological behavior and make them excellent candidates for efficient friction and wear reduction in dry‐running and boundary lubricated machine components are summarized. The recent studies highlighting the successful implementation of 2D structures when used as solid lubricant coatings or reinforcement phases in composites for various machine components including sliding and rolling bearings, gears, and seals are overviewed. The examples presented in the studies demonstrate the great potential for 2D materials to address the energy‐saving needs by friction and wear reduction.
Electrothermally‐Driven Elongating‐Contracting Film Actuators Based on Two‐Way Shape Memory Carbon Nanotube/Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate Composites
Authors: Xu Lu , Li Zhao , Lu Haohao , Qi Xiaoming , Dong Yubing , Dai Hongbo , Islam Md Zahidul , Fu Yaqin , Ni Qingqing
Published: December 2021

Electrothermally‐driven shape‐memory composites (EDSMCs) are promising candidates in the field of actuators; however, they are still unable to deliver both substantial stretching strain and precise strain control, which limits their potential applications. A carbon nanotube (CNT) EDSMC composite made from ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) is fabricated in this study using a novel hot‐pressing and xylene‐aided ultrasonic adsorption two‐step procedure to overcome this problem. Because of the outstanding electrical response of the CNT/EVA EDSMC, even at 50% tensile strain, it can accomplish electrothermally‐driven melting‐induced contraction (an extraordinary working limit for shape memory polymers‐based actuators). A large reversible strain and precise strain control can be integrated simultaneously with crystallization‐induced elongation at different cooling time. In addition, programmable actuation behaviors are made possible by the CNT/EVA EDSMC, which can generate predictable and diverse strain changes. Furthermore, the lightweight CNT/EVA EDSMC demonstrates good load capacity and can lift an object to 1000 times its weight. The CNT/EVA EDSMC shows durable performance under repeated elongation and contraction cycles tests over 100 times, without significant reduction of the strain precision, and had broad prospects for both engineering devices and robotics.
A Self‐Degradable Conjugated Polymer for Photodynamic Therapy with Reliable Postoperative Safety
Authors: Huang Hongye , Xie Wensheng , Wan Qing , Mao Liucheng , Hu Danning , Sun Hua , Zhang Xiaoyong , Wei Yen
Published: December 2021

As a noninvasive therapeutic technique, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted numerous research interests for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the residual photosensitizers (PSs) still produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage normal cells under sunlight after PDT, which limits their practical application in clinic. Herein, the authors propose a self‐degradable type‐I PS based on conjugated polymer, which is composed of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and imidazole units. Due to the effective conjugated skeleton and unique AIE properties, thus‐obtained polymers can effectively generate superoxide radical (O2−•) through the type‐I process under light irradiation, which is ideal for hypoxic tumors treatment. Intriguingly, under light irradiation, O2−• produced by the conjugated polymers can further lead to the self‐degradation of the polymer to form nontoxic micro‐molecules. It not only helps to resolve the potential phototoxicity problems of residual PSs, but also can accelerate the metabolism of the conjugated polymers to avoid the potential biotoxicity of drug accumulation. This work develops a self‐degradable type‐I PS, which can turn off the generation of ROS in time after PDT, providing a novel strategy to balance the PDT effect and postoperative safety.
A microRNA Cluster Controls Fat Cell Differentiation and Adipose Tissue Expansion By Regulating SNCG
Authors: Rodríguez‐Barrueco Ruth , Latorre Jessica , Devis‐Jáuregui Laura , Lluch Aina , Bonifaci Nuria , Llobet Francisco J. , Olivan Mireia , Coll‐Iglesias Laura , Gassner Katja , Davis Meredith L. , Moreno‐Navarrete José M. , Castells‐Nobau Anna , Plata‐Peña Laura , Dalmau‐Pastor Miki , Höring Marcus , Liebisch Gerhard , Olkkonen Vesa M. , Arnoriaga‐Rodríguez Maria , Ricart Wifredo , Fernández‐Real José M. , Silva José M. , Ortega Francisco J. , Llobet‐Navas David
Published: December 2021

The H19X‐encoded miR‐424(322)/503 cluster regulates multiple cellular functions. Here, it is reported for the first time that it is also a critical linchpin of fat mass expansion. Deletion of this miRNA cluster in mice results in obesity, while increasing the pool of early adipocyte progenitors and hypertrophied adipocytes. Complementary loss and gain of function experiments and RNA sequencing demonstrate that miR‐424(322)/503 regulates a conserved genetic program involved in the differentiation and commitment of white adipocytes. Mechanistically, it is demonstrated that miR‐424(322)/503 targetsγ‐Synuclein (SNCG), a factor that mediates this program rearrangement by controlling metabolic functions in fat cells, allowing adipocyte differentiation and adipose tissue enlargement. Accordingly, diminished miR‐424(322) in mice and obese humans co‐segregate with increased SNCG in fat and peripheral blood as mutually exclusive features of obesity, being normalized upon weight loss. The data unveil a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of fat mass expansion tightly controlled by the miR‐424(322)/503 through SNCG.
Laparoscopic Surgery for Acute Diffuse Peritonitis Due to Gastrointestinal Perforation: A Nationwide Epidemiologic Study Using the National Clinical Database
Authors: Hoshino Nobuaki , Endo Hideki , Hida Koya , Kumamaru Hiraku , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Ishigame Teruhide , Kitagawa Yuko , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Miyata Hiroaki , Sakai Yoshiharu
Published: December 2021

Background

Elective laparoscopic surgery is now widely accepted in the treatment of abdominal diseases because of its minimal invasiveness and rapid postoperative recovery. It is also used in the emergency setting for the diagnosis and treatment of acute diffuse peritonitis regardless of the causative disease. However, the value of laparoscopy in acute diffuse peritonitis remains unclear. In this study we aimed to show trends in the use of laparoscopy over time and compare the real‐world performance of laparoscopic surgery with that of open surgery for acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastrointestinal perforation.

Methods

We extracted data from the National Clinical Database, a nationwide surgery registration system in Japan, for patients with a diagnosis of acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastroduodenal or colorectal perforation between 2016 and 2019. Trends in the use of laparoscopy over time were identified. Patient characteristics, laboratory findings, surgical findings, and postoperative complications were compared between laparoscopic surgery and open surgery.

Results

Patients in poor condition and those with abnormal laboratory findings tended to undergo open surgery. Anesthesia time and operating time were longer for laparoscopic surgery in patients with gastroduodenal perforation but shorter in those with colorectal perforation. Fewer complications occurred in patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery. The number of institutions where laparoscopic surgery was performed and the proportion of the use of laparoscopy at each institution increased over time.

Conclusion

The use of laparoscopy is becoming common in surgery for acute diffuse peritonitis due to gastrointestinal perforation. This approach may be a useful option for acute diffuse peritonitis.
KI‐assisted Sulfur Activation/Insertion/Denitration Strategy towards Dual C−S Bond Formation for One‐pot Synthesis of β‐Carboline‐tethered 2‐Acylbenzothiophenes
Authors: Singh Manpreet , Jamra. Rahul , Paul Avijit K. , Malakar Chandi C. , Singh Virender
Published: December 2021

A simple and efficient KI promoted sulfur activation‐insertion/de‐nitration strategy has been developed for the synthesis of β‐carboline C1 tethered 2‐acylbenzothiophenes via one‐pot assembly of 1‐acetyl β‐carbolines (an alkaloid based scaffold), 2‐nirobenzaldehydes and elemental sulfur. This expeditious reaction proceeds through the formation of β‐carboline linked nitro‐chalcones followed by embodiment of elemental sulfur to generate the multifunctional β‐carboline linked benzothiophene derivatives. The highlighted features of this efficient methodology are transition metal‐free conditions, use of inexpensive and non‐toxic catalyst, easy procedure, short reaction time, and broad substrate scope with good yields. The scope of this protocol has been extended for the synthesis of a range of novel compounds with significant diversity.
Identification of subgroups via partial linear regression modeling approach
Authors: Zhou Yizhao , Yuan Ao , Tan Ming T.
Published: December 2021

In clinical trials, treatment effects often vary from subject to subject. Some subjects may benefit more than others from a specific treatment. One of the aims of subgroup analysis is to identify if there are subgroups of subjects with differential treatment effects. As in standard analysis, we first test if subgroups with differential treatment effects exist; if they do, we classify the subjects into different subgroups based on their covariate profiles; otherwise, we conclude no subgroups have differential treatment effects in this population. Existing methods utilize regression models, particularly linear models, for such analysis. However, in practice, not all effects of covariates on responses are linear. To address this issue, the article proposes a more flexible model, the partial linear model with a nonlinear monotone function to describe some specific effects of covariates and with a linear component to describe the effects of other covariates, develops model‐fitting algorithm and derives model asymptotics. We then utilize the Wald statistic to test the existence of subgroups and the Neyman–Pearson rule to classify subjects into the subgroups. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed method by comparing it with the commonly used linear models. Finally, we apply the methods to analyzing a real clinical trial.
Designing a virtual reality programming environment for quantum computers
Authors: Hakan Genç Hasan , Aydın Serkan , Erdal Hasan
Published: December 2021

Quantum computation based on quantum physics is spreading rapidly with many interdisciplinary studies from machine learning to genetics. After the unveiling of real quantum computers, this process has been rising almost exponentially. We are about to experience an effect with quantum computers similar to the effect created by the process from the first electromechanical computers to very large‐scale integrated circuit computers. In the programming of quantum computers, we are in a similar place to programming classical computers at an early stage. There are various models in quantum computing, and the most widely used model is quantum gates. Therefore, an easy and practical understanding of the behavior of the gates used in the programming of quantum computers is of great importance. To realize this process, a virtual reality (VR)‐based teaching platform of quantum computer programming called QU‐VR Education Tool was designed by using Unity 3D VR. In the creation of this design, IBM's so‐called Quantum Composer platform and Microsoft Quantum Katas were taken as a reference. In this study, the design process and usage of a novel VR‐based platform are presented in detail.
Activity, Selectivity and Initial Degradation of Iron Molybdate in the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethanol
Authors: Oefner Niklas , Heck Franziska , Dürl Marcel , Schumacher Leon , Khatoon Siddiqui Humera , Kramm Ulrike I. , Hess Christian , Möller Angela , Albert Barbara , Etzold Bastian J. M.
Published: December 2021

Iron molybdate catalysts are applied in the industrial FormOx process to produce formaldehyde by oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of methanol. Only few studies are available about the applicability of iron molybdate catalysts for the ODH of ethanol to produce acetaldehyde. Herein, an iron molybdate synthesized by co‐precipitation (p) and an iron molybdate prepared by a ball‐milling solid‐state synthesis (bm) are applied as ethanol ODH catalysts. Both materials show attractive acetaldehyde selectivites of >90 % (280 °C: p‐Fe2(MoO4)3: YAcH=90.3 %; bm‐Fe2(MoO4)3: YAcH=60.4 %) and a stable performance. The bulk composition and crystal structure could be confirmed by various characterization techniques and is maintained during ethanol ODH. XPS reveals an enrichment of Mo on the catalyst surface which is slightly decreasing after the catalytic tests. This observation could be a first sign of long‐term deactivation like known from methanol ODH. Comparing the performance of both materials, p‐Fe2(MoO4)3 shows higher activity and aldehyde selectivity. We propose the higher Mo/Fe surface ratio and the lower acidity to be the reasons for these differences.
Novel insights into exosomal circular RNAs: Redefining intercellular communication in cancer biology
Authors: Lin Huimin , Yu Jie , Gu Xiang , Ge Shengfang , Fan Xianqun
Published: December 2021

Exosomes, a special type of membrane‐bound extracellular vesicle regarded as an ideal carrier for intercellular messages, play an essential role in intercellular communication both locally and systematically. Recent studies have reported that circular RNAs (circRNAs), members of the noncoding RNA family, are abundant and stable in exosomes. As an essential mediator of intercellular communication within cancer cells or between cancer cells and noncancerous cells, exosomal circRNAs participate in multiple aspects of cancer. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis, properties and functions of exosomal circRNAs. In particular, we describe their intercellular transfer in the tumour microenvironment and associate their biological functions with different phenotypes of cancer. Finally, we discuss potential clinical applications in the future.
Predicting the suitable habitats of parasitic desert species based on a niche model with Haloxylon ammodendron and Cistanche deserticola as examples
Authors: He Ping , Li Yunfeng , Xu Ning , Peng Cheng , Meng Fanyun
Published: December 2021

Haloxylon ammodendron, an excellent tree species for sand fixation and afforestation in the desert areas of western China, is threatened by climate change and anthropogenic activities. The suitable habitat of this species is shrinking at a remarkable rate, although conservation measures have been implemented. Cistanche deserticola is an entirely parasitic herb that occurs in deserts, is a source of “desert ginseng” worldwide, and has extremely high medicinal value. Little is known about using niche models to simulate habitat suitability and evaluate important environmental variables related to parasitic species. In this study, we modeled the current suitable habitat of H. ammodendron and C. deserticola by MaxEnt based on occurrence record data of the distributions of these two species in China. We grouped H. ammodendron and C. deserticola into three groups according to the characteristics of parasitic species and modeled them with environmental factors. The results showed that bioclimate was the most important environmental parameter affecting the H. ammodendron and C. deserticola distribution. Precipitations, such as annual precipitation, precipitation seasonality, and precipitation in the driest quarter, were identified as the most critical parameters. The slope, diurnal temperature range, water vapor pressure, ground‐frost frequency, and solar radiation also substantially contributed to the distribution of the two species. The proportions of the most suitable areas for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 1.2%, 1.3%, and 1.7%, respectively, in China. When combined with cultural geography, five hot spot conservation areas were determined within the distribution of H. ammodendron and C. deserticola. The comprehensive analysis indicated that by using MaxEnt to model the suitable habitat of parasitic species, we further improved the accuracy of the prediction and coupled the error of the distribution of a single species. This study provides a useful reference for the protection of H. ammodendron forests and the management of C. deserticola plantations.
Applying synthetic biology strategies to bioelectrochemical systems
Authors: Dong Fangyuan , Simoska Olja , Gaffney Erin , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: December 2021

Although the past 20 years have seen significant advances in tailoring materials for improving the performance of bioelectrochemical systems, recently, there have been efforts in utilizing the synthetic biology toolkit for engineering organisms for bioelectrochemical systems. This review discusses the use of synthetic biology to engineer non‐native properties into bioelectrochemical systems for increasing the diversity of fuel utilization in energy applications, allowing for novel electrosynthetic strategies, and improving the selectivity of biosensors. The review also discusses synthetic biology strategies for improving the abiotic/biotic interface, which improves the performance of bioelectrochemical systems. Both strategies are required and need to be combined with materials innovation to produce commercially viable bioelectrochemical systems in the future.
Monitoring the apical growth characteristics of hairy roots using non‐invasive laser speckle contrast imaging
Authors: Schott Carolin , Bley Thomas , Walter Thomas , Brusius Janis , Steingroewer Juliane
Published: December 2021

Hairy roots are used to produce plant agents and additives. Due to their heterogeneous structure and growth characteristics, it is difficult to determine growth‐related parameters continuously and in real time. Laser speckle contrast analysis is widely used as a non‐destructive measurement technique in material testing or in medical technology. This type of analysis is based on the principle that moving objects or particles cause fluctuations in stochastic interference patterns known as speckle patterns. They are formed by the random backscattering of coherent laser light on an optically rough surface. A Laser Speckle Imager, which is well established for speckle studies of hemodynamics, was used for the first time for non‐invasive speckle measurements on hairy roots to study dynamic behavior in plant tissue. Based on speckle contrast, a specific flux value was defined to map the dynamic changes in the investigated tissue. Using this method, we were able to predict the formation of lateral strands and to identify the growth zone in the apical root region, as well as dividing it into functional regions. This makes it possible to monitor physiological processes in the apical growth zone in vivo and in real time without labeling the target structures.
Rocking incremental dynamic analysis
Authors: Lachanas Christos G. , Vamvatsikos Dimitrios
Published: December 2021

The seismic response assessment of rocking systems via Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is investigated, focusing on the issues that arise in the analysis and postprocessing stages. Rocking IDA curves generally differ from those of hysteretic structural systems due to (i) the frequent appearance of resurrections; (ii) their highly weaving non‐monotonic behavior; and (iii) their overall high variability. Hence, including or ignoring analysis results above the first resurrection level, deriving statistics given a response level versus an intensity measure level, as well as selecting an adequate number of ground motion records and runs per record, become challenging issues with non‐trivial impact on the probabilistic characterization of rocking response. This necessitates a fresh view on analysis choices and post‐processing techniques, aiming to assure the accuracy and fidelity of rocking IDA results. As an example, the effect of different choices and techniques are showcased on two‐dimensional rigid blocks that are assumed to represent simplified models of monolithic ancient columns of different slenderness.
Modified African buffalo and group teaching optimization algorithm‐based clustering scheme for sustaining energy stability and network lifetime in wireless sensor networks
Authors: A. Balamurugan , Janakiraman Sengathir , M. Deva Priya
Published: December 2021

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are capable of offering data dissemination among the nodes such that the exploration of a network's potential could be performed based on the frequency range. It is highly difficult for recharging sensor devices under adverse situations. The main drawbacks of WSNs concern to the issues of network lifetime, coverage, scheduling and data aggregation. Prolonging network lifetime confirms energy conservation of sensor nodes, data transmission reliability and scalability of their operation in data aggregation. Clustering schemes are highly suitable for effectively utilizing the resources with lower overhead, such that energy consumption is enhanced for upgrading the network lifespan. This problem of energy‐aware optimization included in the clustering process is an NP optimization problem. At this juncture, metaheuristic optimization algorithms are potential candidates for optimizing energy that attributes towards predominant sustenance in network lifetime. In this article, a modified African buffalo and group teaching optimization algorithm (MABGTOA) is proposed for achieving energy stability and maintaining network lifetime by efficient cluster head (CH) selection during the process of clustering. This MABGTOA scheme is developed for sustaining the tradeoff existing between the rate of exploitation and exploration that aids in efficient selection of CHs, thus maintaining lifetime and energy stability in the network. The simulation experiments of the proposed MABGTOA confirm its predominance by offering increased throughput by 18.21% and sustenance in residual energy by 15.48% when compared to the benchmarked schemes taken for comparative investigation.
Establishing seeded tall fescue with covers and drip irrigation methods
Authors: Bach Alex P. , Bremer Dale J. , Lavis Cathie C. , Keeley Steven J.
Published: December 2021

The use of covers may improve the establishment of seeded turfgrass but their use in combination with drip irrigation techniques has not been evaluated. In this study, repeated twice in the spring of 2020 near Manhattan, KS, we investigated the effects of two cover types and three irrigation methods on the establishment of seeded tall fescue turfgrass [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.]. Turfgrass cover types included (a) polyester mesh, (b) a straw blanket, and (c) no cover as a control. Irrigation treatments were (a) subsurface drip irrigation, (b) aboveground drip irrigation, and (c) overhead sprinkler irrigation (control). Measurements of green cover, ground and drone‐based normalized difference vegetation indices, and visual turfgrass quality ratings indicated that establishment was improved with both cover types compared with uncovered plots, in the order polyester > straw > uncovered in both trials, but polyester and straw became similar over time. The soil surface temperature averaged higher in polyester (14 °C) than in straw (9.5 °C) and uncovered (8.6 °C) plots during the first 12 d after seeding when the covers were installed. The results indicate that covers improved the spring establishment of seeded, cool‐season turfgrass in a fine‐textured soil and in a U.S. transition zone climate by mitigating low temperature extremes and reducing erosion during rainfall. Establishment was similar between drip (subsurface and aboveground) and sprinkler‐irrigated treatments, but the use of protective covers is recommended when establishing turfgrass from seed.
Fluoxetine‐induced hepatic lipid accumulation is mediated by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 1 and is linked to elevated 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14PGJ2
Authors: Ayyash Ahmed , Holloway Alison C.
Published: December 2021

Major depressive disorder and other neuropsychiatric disorders are often managed with long‐term use of antidepressant medication. Fluoxetine, an SSRI antidepressant, is widely used as a first‐line treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, fluoxetine has also been shown to increase the risk of metabolic diseases such as non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fluoxetine has been shown to increase hepatic lipid accumulation in vivo and in vitro. In addition, fluoxetine has been shown to alter the production of prostaglandins which have also been implicated in the development of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of fluoxetine exposure on the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway and lipid accumulation in a hepatic cell line (H4‐II‐E‐C3 cells). Fluoxetine treatment increased mRNA expression of prostaglandin biosynthetic enzymes (Ptgs1, Ptgs2, and Ptgds), PPAR gamma (Pparg), and PPAR gamma downstream targets involved in fatty acid uptake (Cd36, Fatp2, and Fatp5) as well as production of 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14PGJ2 a PPAR gamma ligand. The effects of fluoxetine to induce lipid accumulation were attenuated with a PTGS1 specific inhibitor (SC‐560), whereas inhibition of PTGS2 had no effect. Moreover, SC‐560 attenuated 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14PGJ2 production and expression of PPAR gamma downstream target genes. Taken together these results suggest that fluoxetine‐induced lipid abnormalities appear to be mediated via PTGS1 and its downstream product 15d‐PGJ2 and suggest a novel therapeutic target to prevent some of the adverse effects of fluoxetine treatment.
3D Sub‐Diffraction Printing by Multicolor Photoinhibition Lithography: From Optics to Chemistry
Authors: He Minfei , Zhang Zhimin , Cao Chun , Zhou Guozun , Kuang Cuifang , Liu Xu
Published: December 2021

Photoinhibition lithography (PIL) is a nanoscale fabrication technique that uses multicolor visible light to enable the printing of arbitrary 3D structures beyond the diffraction limit. Photoinhibition allows the control and confinement of the exposed region for photoinitiation during the photolithographic process, thus improving the resolution of existing lithographic techniques, such as direct laser writing. Because PIL enables super‐resolution 3D printing, it has a multitude of applications. In this review, practical applications of PIL in the areas of photonics, data storage, and biotechnology are highlighted; in addition, its unique features are revealed. The theory and recent advances in PIL for sub‐diffraction printing and high‐throughput fabrication are also discussed. Besides, challenges and tentative solutions are discussed with the hope of providing a preliminary roadmap for technological breakthroughs in PIL to enable developments of resolution and throughput.
The impact of self‐service versus interpersonal contact on customer–brand relationship in the time of frontline technology infusion
Authors: Lee Heekyung , Yi Youjae
Published: December 2021

In response to the widespread utilization of contact‐free technology in service interactions, this study compares the tradeoffs between self‐service technology and interpersonal contact by demonstrating the mediating effects of social comfort and perceived empathy, which eventually impact the overall brand evaluation. Specifically, this study reveals social comfort as an underlying mechanism behind digital customers' preference for self‐service technology over interpersonal contact. Also, it recognizes that the relational cost of self‐service technology is its lack of empathy with customer needs and that the benefit of human contact is a fulfillment of the consumer need for caring. This study further reveals the moderating role of the service provider's persuasive intent that can increase the benefit and reduce the drawback of interpersonal contact.