bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Awareness, Attitude and Practices Related to COVID-19 Pandemic in General Public of Province Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Akhtar
Published: June 2020

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 started from Wuhan, China and spread throughout the world, from the day it infected first person until now it has been the leading cause of death in 2020. It has changed the daily life routine of people and is responsible for the adaptation of practices as precautionary measures the current study was aimed “to assess the knowledge of the public about COVID-19 and to investigate their attitude and practices during lockdown”.

Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted by the Masters in Healthcare Management students of Ziauddin University Karachi, from 28 March to 5 April 2020 during COVID-19 Pandemic Lock down. The sample size was n=384. A questionnaire based on three forms was formulated to record the Knowledge Attitude and Practice of people about COVID-19 and data was analyzed.

Results: In the study, 53.5% (316) were male and 46.8% (282) were female participants, most of them were from Karachi 62.1% (374), 42.4% (255) were highly educated (masters) and 47% (283) were health care providers (Doctors, Nurses, and Paramedic Staff etc.). As far as, attitude is concerned people showed a positive response towards Government policies announced for this pandemic and they were following a good hygiene practice.

Conclusion: The participants showed much (76%) awareness regarding this pandemic i.e., COVID-19, its outbreak and basic knowledge about it. Most of them were satisfied by the measures taken by the Government of Province Sindh.
A Rare Presentation of Primary Hydatid Cyst in an Adolescent – A Case Report
Authors: Aziz Asad
Published: June 2020

The aim of this case study was to report a very uncommon and rarely seen, but serious condition, involving spine. Hydatid cyst is caused by Echinococcus granulosus mainly. It is rarely found in spine, lumbar spine is least commonly involved in spine. A 14 years old boy with lower back pain radiating to both lower limbs observed in the hospital. Associated with progressive weakness and sensory deficit in both lower limbs investigations showed a space occupying lytic lesion extending from L3-S1 with cystic nature, showing nerve root compression at L3, L4 and L5. Managed with excision of cyst through posterior approach to lumbar spine and stabilized with posterior spinal instrumentation L2-L5 and S2AI screw. Hydatid cyst in lumbar spine should be considered as differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of spine. Treatment of hydatid cyst in spine is primarily removal of lesion. Postoperatively the patient improved, mobilized on first post-operative day and has been complication free in one-week follow up.
Biological Role of CDK 11 and 12 in Cell Cycle and its Function in Tumorigenesis
Authors: Mushtaq Shamim
Published: June 2020

Uninhibited proliferation and abnormal cell cycle regulation are the hallmarks of cancer. The main role of cyclin dependent kinases is to regulate the cell cycle and cell proliferation. These protein kinases are frequently down regulated or up regulated in various cancers. Two CDK family members, CDK 11 and 12, have contradicting views about their roles in different cancers. For example, one study suggests that the CDK 11 isoforms, p58, inhibits growth of breast cancer whereas, the CDK 11 isoform, p110, is highly expressed in breast tumor. Studies regarding CDK 12 show variation of opinion towards different parts of the body, however there is a consensus that upregulation of cdk12 increases the risk of breast cancer. Hence, CDK 11 and CDK 12 need to be analyzed to confirm their mechanism and their role regarding therapeutics, prognostic value, and ethnicity in cancer. This article gives an outline on both CDKs of information known up to date from Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science search engines, which were explored and thirty relevant researches were finalized.
ASSIOMI SURRETTIZI E CHIMERE NELLA DISSERTAZIONE DE MUNDI SENSIBILIS ATQUE INTELLIGIBILIS FORMA ET PRINCIPIIS (1770)
Authors: AGOSTINI Igor
Published: June 2020

Questo intervento ha per oggetto la teoria kantiana degli assiomi surrettizi della seconda specie nella sectio V ed ultima della Dissertatio de mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma etprincipiis del 1770.
PSICOLOGIA EMPÍRICA E ANTROPOLOGIA NO PENSAMENTO CRÍTICO DE KANT: A DÉCADA DE 1780
Authors: ARAUJO Saulo De Freitas , LEITE Diego Azevedo
Published: June 2020

Apesar de a relação entre a psicologia empírica e a antropologia pragmática ser amplamente reconhecida na literatura especializada, não há consenso entre os pesquisadores a respeito da natureza exata dessa relação. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar este tema no pensamento crítico de Kant durante a década de 1780, de forma a contribuir para um maior esclarecimento sobre este ponto. Especificamente, buscamos compreender a afirmação de Kant, feita na Crítica da Razão Pura (1781), a respeito da inserção da psicologia empírica em uma antropologia pormenorizada. Nossa análise sugere que na década de 1780 é mantida a ligação entre a psicologia empírica e o ponto de vista teórico do conhecimento do homem. Essa ligação explica a afirmação de Kant. Ela significa que a psicologia empírica deve ser considerada antropologia escolástica (teórica) e deve ser mais bem desenvolvida de modo a constituir um campo de investigação autônomo. Além disso, mostramos que há também uma forte ligação entre os conhecimentos teóricos da psicologia empírica e a antropologia do ponto de vista pragmático.
"DO GÉNIO" (LIÇÃO DE ANTROPOLOGIA DE KANT)
Authors: SILVA Fernando M. F.
Published: June 2020

O presente texto, de que se dá aqui a tradução portuguesa, consiste numa lição de antropologia versando génio [Genie], intitulada “Vom Genie”. A lição foi proferida por Kant durante o ano lectivo de 1781/82 [Menschenkunde], e colocada entre o grupo de liçõestranscritas no volume 25.2 da Akademie Ausgabe, respeitante às Lições de Antropologia do filósofo, mais especificamente, em AA, 25.2: 1055-1066.
TECHNOLOGY OF THE MAINTENANCE OF ACOUSTIC COMFORT ON THE TRANSCAUCASIAN HIGHWAY IN THE ZONE OF THE RESIDENTIAL AREAS ADJUSTING THE MOTOR ROAD
Authors: Alborov Ivan , Burdzieva Olga , Zaalishvili Vladislav
Published: June 2020

The article presents the results of scientific research on the assessment of the acoustic characteristics of the interstate highway of the Central Caucasus, passing through the mountainous territory of the Republic of North Ossetia Alania in the residential area where the miners of the Sadon Lead-Zinc Plant live. A schematic diagram of the highway in the zone is shown, and a design diagram is given to determine the acoustic parameters of the impact of traffic noise on the habitat of the resident population. On the basis of the studies performed, the most effective design parameters of the acoustic shield are set, providing sanitary permissible sound pressure levels in apartments without additional sound insulation and in the zone of influence of roadside noise in the settlement at the maximum intensity of the traffic flow along the road. Recommendations on the effective operation of the acoustic shield and the method for estimating the noise factor in the mountain zone with a highly dissected relief are given.
ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF OPERATIONAL TESTS OF LOCOMOTIVE TRACTION PASSENGER CARS IN TERMS OF INFRASOUND AND INTERNAL NOISE
Authors: Ovechkina Zhanna , Sachkova Oksana , Sharaban Anatoly
Published: June 2020

The analysis of opportunities of forecasting of vibroacoustic characteristics of cars of locomotive draft is presented in article.
Transcatheter methods of treatment of mitral valve pathology: current state of the problem
Authors: Имаев Т.Э. , Комлев А.Е. , Кучин И.В. , Акчурин Р.С.
Published: June 2020

Во второй части обзора, посвященного транскатетерным методам лечения патологии митрального клапана (МК), рассматриваются вопросы транскатетерного протезирования МК (TMVI), в том числе: имплантация протеза в кальцинированное нативное фиброзное кольцо (valve-in-MAC), в ранее установленные хирургический биопротез (valve-in-valve) и опорное кольцо МК (valve-in-ring). Также кратко обсуждаются сравнительные преимущества и недостатки двух стратегий хирургического лечения - протезирования и пластической реконструкции – в контексте транскатетерной хирургии МК.

Issues of transcatheter mitral valve (MV) implantation (TMVI) including implantation of a prosthesis into calcified native fibrous ring (valve-in-
MAC), into previously implanted surgical bioprosthesis (valve-in-valve) and MV support ring (valve-in-ring) are considered in the second part of the
review devoted to transcatheter methods of treatment of MV pathology. The comparative advantages and disadvantages of two surgical treatment
strategies — prosthetics and plastic reconstruction — are also briefly discussed in the context of MV transcatheter surgery.
STRATEGI LEARNING START WITH A QUESTION DAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS
Authors: Rusdiana Rina , Holisin Iis , Mursyidah Himmatul
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh strategi pembelajaran Learning Start with a Question terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII E dan VII F SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya yang berturut-turut sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Masing-masing kelas terdiri dari 22 siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan instrumen berupa RPP, LKS, soal pretest/posttest, lembar observasi aktivitas siswa, dan angket respon siswa. Data hasil penelitian diolah dengan uji t dan teknik persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) strategi Learning Start with a Question berpengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa; (2) aktivitas siswa dominan pada “menyimak dan mampu menyebutkan kembali materi yang telah disampaikan” dengan persentase 50,5%; (3) respon siswa terhadap pembelajaran matematika menggunakan strategi Learning Start with a Question menunjukkan respon positif.
KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH PADA MATERI BANGUN DATAR DITINJAU DARI PERBEDAAN GENDER
Authors: Rika Wahyuningsih  , Pujiastuti Heni
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan pemecahan masalah pada materi bangun datar yang ditinjau berdasarkan perbedaan gender. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Waktu penelitian dilaksanakan pada semester genap tahun ajaran 2019/2020. Subjek penelitian ini berjumlah 6 siswa, 3 siswa laki-laki dan 3 siswa perempuan. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah berbentuk uraian sebanyak tiga soal dengan materi bangun datar, dan wawancara. Data yang diperoleh menunjukkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa perempuan lebih unggul dibandingkan siswa laki-laki. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil perolehan skor rata-rata yang diperoleh per soal. Siswa perempuan biasanya cenderung lebih cermat dan teliti dalam menghadapi suatu permasalahan soal pemecahan masalah dibandingkan siswa laki-laki yang terburu-buru-buru dan kurang teliti.
ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL HOTS BERDASARKAN KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN MATEMATIS
Authors: Dinda Amalia  , Windia Hadi
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan faktor penyebab kesalahan yang dilakukan siswa yang mempunyai kemampuan penalaran tinggi dan rendah dalam menyelesaikan soal HOTS berdasarkan teori Newman. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 36 siswa kelas VIII di salah satu SMP Jakarta semester ganjil tahun ajaran 2019/2020 untuk menentukan kategori kemampuan penalaran matematis. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes dan wawancara. Kerangka analisis dikembangkan berdasarkan kategori kesalahan Newman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan siswa kemampuan penalaran tinggi matematis (SKPT) memiliki kesalahan dalam memahami soal dan kesalahan keterampilan proses serta mampu menyelesaikan soal HOTS dengan benar tanpa ada kesalahan, sedangkan siswa kemampuan penalaran rendah (SKPR) rendah memiliki kesalahan memahami soal HOTS dan kesalahan dalam keterampilan proses. Faktor yang menyebabkan kesalahan SKPT adalah kekeliruan dalam melakukan perhitungan dalam menyelesaikan soal HOTS sedangkan, faktor penyebab kesalahan SKPR adalah pada segi kognitif yaitu kurang memahami soal dengan baik.
PROSES PENYEBARAN KONDUKSI PANAS 1-DIMENSI PADA PIPA BESI
Authors: El Maghfiroh Rofila , Zaman Muhammad Badaruz
Published: June 2020

Dalam aplikasi bidang teknik, sangat sering digunakan bahan logam terutama besi sebagai bahan pembuatan pipa. Salah satu manfaat pipa besi yaitu dalam proses transfer gas. Dalam proses tersebut, gas serta pipa transfer sangat rentan terhadap panas.

Skema beda hingga yang diterapkan pada metode numerik Crank-Nicoson memiliki tingkat ketelitian yang sangat baik. Skema tersebut digunakan untuk analisis proses penyebaran konduksi panas pada pipa besi yang berisi gas oksigen.

Proses penyebaran panas pada pipa besi terjadi dengan mempertahankan syarat batas yang telah ditentukan.
Direito fundamental de acesso à informação pública, improbidade administrativa e os desafios do Ministério Público
Authors: Souza Anderson Batista de
Published: June 2020

A Lei nº 12.527, de 18 de novembro de 2011 (Lei de Acesso à Informação), que regulamenta o direito fundamental de acesso à informação pública, catalogada no art. 5°, XXXIII; art.37, § 3º; e art. 216, § 2º, da Constituição Federal, trouxe inovações no combate aos atos de improbidade administrativa. A inserção da lei no ordenamento jurídico traz novas condutas consideradas como atos de improbidade administrativa, a ensejar reflexos na Lei nº 8.429, de 2 de junho de 1992 (Lei de Improbidade Administrativa), tais como a relação de complementariedade, aplicação das sanções, aferição de dolo e culpa e da atribuição da responsabilidade por comportamentos ilícitos frente a transparência ativa e passiva. Das inovações e dos reflexos apontados, ressalta os dois desafios ao Ministério Público brasileiro, enquanto estratégia de fomento para estruturação da organização e procedimento e da imputação de responsabilidade por ato de improbidade administrativa.
Conflito de atribuições entre Ministério Público Federal e Estadual para a investigação dos atos de improbidade administrativa e a definição da competência da Justiça Federal ou Estadual para o ajuizamento da respectiva ação civil pública
Authors: Cambi Eduardo
Published: June 2020

O artigo analisa precedentes do Supremo Tribunal Federal em relação ao conflito de atribuições entre o Ministério Público Federal e Estadual para compreender a interpretação conferida ao art. 102, I, f, da Constituição
Federal, bem como os padrões definidos pelo STF para a resolução desses
conflitos. O texto também examina como se fixa a competência da Justiça
Federal e Estadual para as ações de improbidade administrativa. Com base
nessas premissas, procura definir critérios para a atuação do Ministério
Público para aperfeiçoar a defesa do patrimônio público brasileiro.
Foro por prerrogativa de função e ações de improbidade administrativa: limites ao poder constituinte estadual à luz do Sistema Constitucional Federal
Authors: Coura Alexandre , Miranda Gustabo
Published: June 2020

O presente artigo busca analisar a (in)constitucionalidade das tentativas de extensão da prerrogativa de foro às ações de improbidade
administrativa pelo poder constituinte derivado reformador nos estados-
membros da federação. Aplicando-se método indutivo, foi realizado estudo de caso e avaliado o cenário evidenciado no Espírito Santo, a partir da promulgação da Emenda Constitucional Estadual nº 85/2012. Dessa forma, serão tratados a teoria das competências implícitas e o princípio da simetria, como limites ao poder constituinte estadual. Serão também apresentados argumentos pragmáticos juridicamente relevantes para o controle de constitucionalidade cabível nessa matéria e discutido o risco de retrocesso social e da proteção insuficiente a bens fundamentais nesses casos.
Cidades são possíveis? A ordenação do solo urbano e a corrupção urbanística
Authors: Ribeiro Carlos
Published: June 2020

Os problemas enfrentados pela população e pelas Administrações
Públicas nos centros urbanos é enfrentado com a lente da corrupção urbanística, que, desvirtuando a finalidade dos institutos administrativos e urbanísticos, afasta cada vez mais as cidades de suas finalidades sociais e ambientais.
The concept of the Ukrainian national state-making in the scientific work of Professor Sergiy Shelukhin
Authors: Muzyka Iryna
Published: June 2020

The scientific achievements and social and political activity of Sergiy Shelukhin and its influence on the formation of the concept of independent state of Ukraine in the political and legal thought and state-making practice of the governments and political figures of the UNR, the Directory and public political organizations of Ukrainian political emigration are considered.

The figure of Sergiy Shelukhin in the history of Ukraine has been symbolic for over a century, as his scientific and socio-political activities have largely contributed to the restoration of the sovereign right of the Ukrainian people to an independent state. His conception of Ukrainian statehood, the origin of the name "Ukraine" is today an integral part of the ideological basis for determining priority directions in contemporary Ukrainian politics, in the context of building an independent independent Ukraine, in terms of forming state ideology and national dignity.

In the period of national liberation competitions the main topic of scientific research of the scientist was the origin of the Ukrainian state. It was his intelligence that formed the basis for memoranda, statements, and international treaties of the time.

Shelukhin proved that for the Ukrainian people the right of state sovereignty was restored not only as a result of the renunciation of the tsar and release from the oath of nationality, but also on the contractual grounds of the act of 1654 connection between Ukraine and Russia, since this connection was only the face of the tsar-protector. Thus, on February 28, 1917, the Ukrainian people, on the basis of their historical rights and legal consequences, renounced the tsar and exempted him from the oath by legal means, regained his sovereignty over himself and his Ukrainian statehood.

Scientist in historical monographs "Where does Russia come from:" Names: Rus, Galicia, Ukraine and Little Russia "(1928)," The Theory of Celtic Origin of Kievan Rus from France "(1929)," Ukraine - the Name of Our Land from the Ancient Times "(1936) for the first time explores the problem of the origin of the terms "Rus", "Ukraine", "Russia", "Mala Rus". These studies have played and play an extremely important role in refuting political speculation and falsification regarding the origin of Ukrainians and the emergence of Ukrainian statehood. During his life, S. Shelukhin's works have gained recognition among lawyers, historians, and political figures both in Ukraine and abroad.
Formation of the legal system theory in Legal science (Part 2)
Authors: Udovyka Larysa
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the theory of the legal system in legal science. The third stage in the development of the theory of law is characterized system, which begins at the beginning of the second decade of the XXI century. and continues to this day. t this stage, the interpenetration of ideas, provisions, conclusions about the development of the legal system within the legal sciences and areas that study the legal systems: the theory of state and law, comparative law, international law, philosophy of law is increasingly being traced. This stage is characterized by the search for answers to the question of approximation of the domestic legal system to European law; the mechanism of interaction between the national legal system and the EU legal system; features of systematization and unification of legislation at the stage of legal integration; directions of transformation and modernization of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of European integration and globalization, etc. The interpenetration of ideas and provisions largely reflects the objective process of strengthening and deepening the interaction of national and international legal systems, the inability to answer the vast majority of questions that arise in this regard, limited only to national or international law

In recent years, the legal system of Ukraine, along with the traditional ones, has faced fundamentally new problems caused by external factors, including such as the establishment and consolidation of European foreign policy priorities, the search for effective legal means to counter threats to independence, national sovereignty, territorial integrity, territorial integrity, territorial integrity, energy threats, protection of citizens' rights violated as a result of annexation of Crimea, occupation in eastern Ukraine. Solving these and other problems is possible only through a comprehensive, systematic understanding, based on the achievements of the general theory of law, comparative law, international law, philosophy of law with the use of new approaches and methods, that is, within the framework of the general (universal) theory of law. The peculiarities of the development of legal science at this stage at the present day raise the question of the need to form a universal (general) theory of law as a conceptual basis of the theories of national and international law.
Legislative regulation of museums activity in the Second Rzechpospolita Polska
Authors: Zakharchyn Nataliia
Published: June 2020

The article considers the creation of the legislative basis regarding the museums’ activity in interwar (1918-1939) Poland. Temporary organization of common government authorities in 1918 suggested subordination of museums of interwar Poland to the Ministry of religion andpopular education. It also describes changes in subordination of the museums and some features of law-making process. In April 1918, the Department of Art of the Ministry processed and offered the first project of temporary law on museums. According to the legislative proposal, state politics in the museum industry had to be implementedusing the special museum abstract within Department of Art. In the draft, there were a few types of museum identified: the main ones (national) and regional, educational and special.

It was necessary to legislate on determining andidentifying main directions of the activity, to organizationally form the framework of their functioning, for the sake of museum professional work activization, controlling their activity, help with creation of new collections and support of some old ones. It is stated that his fact was understood by the representatives of the organizations that were either connected to museum industry or played a catalytic role in museum reforms in the interwar period, for instance, The Union of Museums of Poland.It was the Union that the draft law “Onthe trusteeship for the public museums” was prepared by. Apart from the draft law, the project of the implementing regulation to the bill regarding establishment and activity of the Museum State Council was adopted. In the article, the process of establishing the draft law is considered.

The article reflects the representation of modified law “On the trusteeship for the public museums” in the Parliament of Second Rzechpospolita Polska. In the parliament, the draft bill was considered as a framework, which determines the concept of a public museum. According to the bill, Minister of religion and education implemented the trusteeship and control of the activity of the public museums and approved theirstatutes. The articlealso reviews the aims and tasks of the adopted law and further implementing regulations, particularly, on the establishment of Museum State Council.
Ideological and Political Legal Bases for the Russian Expansion in Kazakhstan (1714 – mid-XIX century)
Authors: Ivanov Oleksandr
Published: June 2020

The article deals with the methods used by the Russian Empire for the expansion towards the Kazakh Khanate and its future incorporation. Special attention is drawn to the ideological bases of the Russian statehood caused peculiarities of those methods’ contents and normative background for their implementation.

The Kazakh Khanate was founded in 1465. There were united diversified tribes having complicated administrative systems and quite different economic specializations. Several decades later khanate was divided into three various subjects called juzes. There were created Minor, Middle and Senior juzes. Each of them occasionally had economic and political relationships with the Moscow Tsardom. That state leaders found out the great strategic interest the Kazakh steeps posed for them. Peter the Great, the first Russian emperor proclaimed in 1721, looked for the new trade way to India. The Kazakh territories fit well enough for that goal. That’s why there were arranged two military expeditions to examine possible means to create that way and to settle well-equipped fortresses along the rivers Amu Darya and Sirdarya. During the reign of Anna (1730–1740) the Minor (1731) and the Middle (1740) juzes were incorporated into the Russian Empire due to their requests. The Senior juze was incorporated in 1818 under the reign of Alexander I without any requests. Each juze was given a charter guaranteeing its status within the empire and proscribing obligations as a pay for the emperor’s adherence to them.

The Russian Empire authorities used all the possible means to break traditional Kazakh governing bodies, customs, land use system and culture. There were special Emperor’s rescripts implementing militarized system of government for juzes and establishing all-Russian courts’ jurisdiction there. Local legal customs were being gradually excluded from use. Such way measures collided with charters given to juzes after their incorporation. They were aimed to make Kazakhs and their territories unalienable integrated parts of the Russian Empire. Its state policy was based on the ideological principles dating back to the Mongol-Tatar statehood and to the concept of “Moscow – the Third Rome”.
Social obligations: theoretical and legal aspects
Authors: Popovych Tereziia
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the nature of social obligation, its genesis and variants. It has been established that historically social obligations have arisen with the emergence of the beginnings of morality in human society and the awareness of human responsibility towards one another within their community. In the future, with the development of humanity and the diversity of social interactions, the institute of obligation was modified to take on new features. Thus, if in the early periods of existence of human society, it was impossible to speak about their belonging to the legal field, given the absence of any, at least minimal, fixation of this category at the normative level, then the development of law and legislation led to the emergence of legally binding obligations. It has been researched that social obligation means a socially recognized need for a certain behavior of a person, a kind of proper or useful, which is objectively conditioned by the needs of existence and development of other persons, social groups, nations, humanity.

The article also analyzes that, depending on the particular nature of the emergence of specific social obligations, the characteristics of the subject that establishes them, and defines the guarantees of its implementation, distinguish varieties of social obligation. Allocated moral obligations, religious obligations, corporate, professional, legal and other obligations. Moreover, the author considers it inappropriate to completely differentiate between these phenomena, since all of them, as embodiments of certain socially necessary behavior, are interconnected and can be considered as a logical continuation of each other.

In addition, it is emphasized that the substantive characteristic of a legal obligation as a special type of social obligation is a "legal necessity". The latter, on the one hand, indicates that the obligation exists and develops within the limits of the lawful and statutory conduct required by law. On the other hand, it expresses the content of the obligation and its inherent behavior. The "need" to disclose the obligation plays the same role that the "opportunity" plays in the concept of the rights and freedoms of the individual.
Functioning and development of civil society under constitutional basis
Authors: Akulenko Danylo
Published: June 2020

This article was studied the сonstitutional norms for civil society, which, in the author's view, should be the doctrinal basis for its functioning.

The question arises because of the critical need of society in legal and political movements for a European model of relations between the state and the citizen, the urgency is determined not only by the author’s personal convictions, but also by the unstable situation inside the Ukrainian politics, according to which only anti-democratic pseudosocial post-Soviet movements have unity and one point of view. In such conditions, the uncertainty of the Basic Law does not leave an opportunity to develop new, more effective legal norms that could increase the effectiveness of civil society.

The scientific basis for this article were the works of V. Batanov, A. Krusyan, N. Onishchenko, T. Podorozhna, S. Petkov, O. Skripniuk, S. Sunegin, Y. Shemshuchenko.

The aim of the work is to study the possible instruments of constitutional influence to achieve the ultimate goal of each democratic and legal state - building an effective civil society with a self-regulatory function.

The analysis of the real situation inside the country shows that the level of efficiency of civil society is currently critically low. Indicators of this are the following negative socio-legal phenomena:

- legal and political nihilism;

- the dependence of the media on the so-called "tycoons";

- a small number of non-state entities of legal relations (organizations, foundations, unions, associations, federations, consumer societies, etc.) especially in sparsely populated rural areas;

- low level of labor protection and social guarantees;

- ineffective financing of political movements, parties and youth party cells;

- low level of civil self-identification in certain regions of the country;

- ineffective distribution of financial resources to state monopolies, which are unprofitable to preserve employment.

This article provides possible ways of overcoming problems which can positively affect the further development of interaction between society and the state with an integrated approach to their implementation and strike a balance between state influence and civil pressure, the purpose of which is to ensure a decent level of protection of the rights, freedoms and interests of citizens.
Problems of implementation of the constitutional complaint in Ukraine and ways to resolve them
Authors: Shcherbanyuk Oksana
Published: June 2020

The article explores the problems of implementation of the constitutional complaint in Ukraine and proposes ways of its solving. The article analyses the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine clarifies the admissibility criteria of the constitutional complaint in Ukraine, the procedural filters and proposed solutions of problems to improve the protection of rights and lawful interests of persons. The analysis of the content of the constitutional complaint indicates that the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is most often addressed the citizens of Ukraine with a petition regarding the implementation of the right of everyone to judicial review (in particular, cassation in cases of minor difficulties in administrative proceedings). Also appealed to the citizens with constitutional complaints in relation to social issues to protect their rights stipulated in the legislative acts that have undergone changes, in particular, with respect to the social (pension) insurance of certain categories of citizens (police, military, civil servants, prosecutors).

While the Board and the Senate of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine often refused to open constitutional proceedings on the grounds of inadmissibility of the constitutional complaint (paragraph 4 of article 62 of the law of Ukraine on the constitutional Court of Ukraine), which is indicated at 136 decisions of Collegium of judges and 8 resolutions of the Senates.

It is concluded that the mechanism of the submission and consideration of the constitutional complaint, the algorithm of selection (filtering) of the constitutional complaints needs significant improvement with consideration for the European experience. In our opinion, the legal effect of the constitutional-legal institution will be made only in connection with the introduction of a complete, not normative constitutional complaint, which will significantly increase the responsibility of subjects of law-making, law enforcement, protection of human rights and ensure the authority of the Constitution of Ukraine.
International standards for the right to freedom of association: classification criteria
Authors: Gayeva Nadezhda
Published: June 2020

In the legal literature has long been a classification of legal phenomena. International standards on the right to freedom of association are not an exception, which is due to both cognitive reasons and practical importance. However, to date, sufficient generally accepted, generally accepted criteria for their classification have not yet been found in the theory of constitutional law.

 The classification of international standards for the right to freedom of association is the basis for classifying international human rights standards as a method of cognition. The latter makes it possible to evaluate the holistic view of the classification of international standards on the right to freedom of association, its internal quality, comparing its essential and formal characteristics.

At present, there are no uniform criteria for classifying international standards on the right to freedom of association, and therefore it is not possible to establish a single classification. At the same time, in view of the application of international standards on the right to freedom of association in the law and law practice in Ukraine, the most important criteria for their classification are the content and legal significance of the legal norm - the standard. Accordingly, international standards on the right to freedom of association are divided into: 1) factual and nominal; 2) mandatory and advisory. However, it is obvious that without consideration of other criteria it will not be possible to delineate qualitatively the essence of the investigated question.

Integrating the criteria proposed by domestic researchers for the classification of international human rights standards, which are also acceptable for the classification of international standards on the right to freedom of association, we refer to others: 1) subject of their establishment - UN, Council of Europe, European Union, etc. ; 2) by scope - standards of general action and special action; 3) depending on the ways of their implementation - those that are self-implemented and those that are not self-implemented and require special measures for their implementation; 4) in the form of implementation - international treaties, documents of international organizations; 5) by territory - world (national, requirements of international acts of universal character) and regional (in particular, continental).

The above list of varieties of international standards for the right to freedom of association is certainly not exhaustive, as other criteria for their classification are possible.
The constitutional principle of establishing taxes and levies exclusively by the laws of Ukraine
Authors: Khudyk Andriy
Published: June 2020

The article covers one of the aspects of the problem of constitutionalizing public finances in Ukraine, namely the legal construction and content of the fundamental, enshrined in the Constitution, principle of the legal regulation of the tax system of Ukraine - the principle of establishing taxes and levies exclusively by the laws of Ukraine. The article argues that state taxes and levies, in accordance with Article 67 of the Constitution of Ukraine, can be considered to be established by law if they are established by the proper subject, the legislative body, in the proper form of the law on amendments and additions to the Tax Code of Ukraine and in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law and enacted in accordance with the legislation in force. It is emphasized that the necessity of establishing taxes by the laws is dictated not so much by the task of ensuring the reality of their collecting and contributing to the budget as by the purpose of guaranteeing the protection of the owner from unauthorized interference by public authorities (the state and local self-government institutions). Only through the adoption of the appropriate law one can oblige the taxpayer to transfer part of his revenue (property) to the state revenue, without violating the constitutional guarantees of the inviolability of the right of private property.

Taxing is a necessary condition for the existence of the state. The imposition of taxes by the law is of great practical importance due to public relations in the field of public finances. It is concluded that the constitutional purpose of the taxation system is to protect rights of property from public entities pursuits, which are limitless in principle, and to keep the balance of public needs and interests. From the standpoint of constitutional values, tax law is intended to limit the fiscal sovereignty of the state and to protect taxpayers from arbitrarily, groundlessly imposed taxes. The taxation system established by the law must have sufficient constitutional justification to determine clearly what specific part of the taxpayer's property a public entity can lay claim to and why. The establishment of taxes cannot be arbitrary, that is, taxes should not interfere with the exercise by individuals of their constitutional rights. Macro- and microeconomic implications both for the state and municipal budgets and for a particular taxpayer should be taken into account when establishing the tax and determining its essential elements.
Realization of res judicata principle in civil proceedings: the experience of foreign countries
Authors: Tsuvina Tetiana
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of res judicata as an essential element of the legal certainty. Res judicata is considered to be one of the main guaranties of the legal certainty principle in civil procedure which allows a stability of the court decisions in democratic society and increase the public confidence to judiciary. 

The author analyzes national characteristics of the realization of the principle of res judicata in civil procedure of foreign countries. The author explores the preclusion effect of court decisions, highlighting two effects of the res judicata principle: positive and negative one. The negative effect of res judicata is aimed at preventing the re-consideration of identical disputes between the parties if the dispute has already been resolved by the court, in turn, the positive effect of res judicata allows the parties to refer to circumstances that have already been established by a court decision in the dispute between them, in new proceedings, where they are involved.

It is concluded that there are significant differences in the understanding of this principle in common law and civil law legal systems. The common law countries have a broad understanding of the res judicata principle, which includes positive and negative effects, and is implemented through such institutions as the claim preclusion and the issue preclusion. Civil law countries follow a narrow approach to understanding of res judicata principle, which is limited only by the negative effect and is reflected in the claim preclusion, which blocks filing an identical claim if there is a final court decision on the dispute between the parties.

In common law jurisdiction there is a wider conception of the “claim”, according to which it is understood in the context of entire dispute and comprise all claims based on the legal relationship between the parties, whether or not they were the subject of court proceedings. At the same time in civil law countries identity of the claims can be notified with the help of the triple identity test, which contains the identity of the subject of the claim, the identity of the cause of action and the identity of the parties of the claim.
Trademarks and Commercial Names: Trouble Aspects of Legal Regulation
Authors: Petriaiev Sergii , Kogut Natalya
Published: June 2020

Trademarks and commercial names, their regulation drawbacks are investigated in the article. The main attention the authors pay to appearance right to trademarks and commercial names and their protection. Possibility to protect commercial names after their first using without procedure of registration that is provided by Paris Convention led to plenty claims and issues about its correct using and right owners. Also, it is forbidden to register as a trademark any sign which was ever used by any kind of entity or individual entrepreneur as a commercial name despite of how long ago it was. The law doesn’t anticipate that using should be constant and any kind of possibility to annul right on commercial name under its non-use for some period of time as it is done for trademarks (three years of non-use is the ground to annul right on trademark). Besides Ukrainian law protects name of the entity together with its legal form but exactly name, not the legal form, has an identifying role, that’s why the authors propose to provide legal norms, which will ban a possibility to register the same names for different entities despite of their legal form.

In addition, Ukrainian and European legislation allow protecting trademarks under the ground of announcing them well known through courts. Such procedure isn’t provided for commercial names but the law doesn’t forbid to use the same commercial names by different entities in different kinds of activity. However, any entity may freely change or extend its activity without any special procedure and commercial names cannot be registered because there is no registration and even Paris Convention doesn’t provide different classes of products and services for commercial names as it is done for trademarks (Nice Classification under Nice Agreement). Ukraine has more than 25 kinds of legal forms of entities and their unions all of them may have the same name despite of kind and sphere of their activity, this leads to troubles with protection against unfair competition and troubles with identification of different entities. Thus, the authors propose to protect only registered trademarks and commercial names and to provide unique names and unique commercial names for every entity.

Problems of domain names protection, defense against unfair competition and cybersquatting are investigated. In Ukraine exists ban for using in domain names the same or very similar signs with registered trademark in connection with the same or similar class of products and services. But there is no ban for using in domain names the same or very similar sign with existing commercial name. It needs revising both for protecting commercial name owners and consumer rights against mislead. It is also worth to provide a possibility to protest cybersquatting in meaning to protest the same with famous character or product trademark registration ones using of its sign preceded the trademark registration by another person than the person who registered it.
The analysis of psychological structure of female crime
Authors: Serkevych Iryna , Bronevytska Oksana
Published: June 2020

The article investigates the problems of female crime and makes a psychological analysis of this phenomenon. It is emphasized that today female crime has a faster growth rates than male crime, which cannot but cause concern in the society. A woman is a caretaker, influences her husband’s behavior and upbringing of children, she mainly determines relationships in the family. Therefore, without exaggeration, one can say that women’s involvement in criminal activities and the spread of female crime affects the morals of society more than the spread of male crime. It is especially terrible when a woman is behind bars, losing her biological and social designation.In examining the identity of the sentenced woman, it is necessary to analyze and summarize the psychological and specific characteristics of women with persistent criminal attitude, where a penal institution can significantly affect the process of preventing crimes among women. The study of sentenced women and their psychological characteristics should be the focus of attention not only of scientists,but also of workers of the penal system and law enforcement agencies, and it is important to consider them as interdependent.Female crime has a higher latency. Women’s crime rates are the highest in the areas where women are the most involved in, like in the family and in the professions traditionally considered to be “female”. Women who have been imprisoned have more difficulties in resocializing. It is noted that women are more emotional, so they prefer to argue out loud and without leaving the scene, although their fights are mostly not bloody, but shrill and noisy. Given the emotionality of women, they often experience feelings of stress, frustration, depression, anguish, doom, etc. At the same time, most women having been imprisoned feel guilty and anxious about their future. Wariness,anxiety, vulnerability, the desire to change their position is a range of mental states of women who have been imprisoned. It is concluded that female crime is an important social problem because, in addition to the traits inherent to crime in general, it has additional negative consequences for society. First of all, it destructively affects the family institution and the younger generation, thus forming a “reserve” for future criminals. That is why we support scientists who emphasize that the crime rates among women is a kind of an indicator of the health of public life.