bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient simulation of hybrid systems: A hybrid bond graph approach
Authors: Roychoudhury Indranil , Daigle Matthew J , Biswas Gautam , Koutsoukos Xenofon
Published: April 2010

Accurate and efficient simulations facilitate cost-effective design and analysis of large, complex, embedded systems, whose behaviors are typically hybrid, i.e. continuous behaviors interspersed with discrete mode changes. In this paper we present an approach for deriving component-based computational models of hybrid systems using hybrid bond graphs (HBGs), a multi-domain, energy-based modeling language that provides a compact framework for modeling hybrid physical systems. Our approach exploits the causality information inherent in HBGs to derive component-based computational models of hybrid systems as reconfigurable block diagrams. Typically, only small parts of the computational structure of a hybrid system change when mode changes occur. Our key idea is to identify the bonds and elements of HBGs whose causal assignments are invariant across system modes, and use this information to derive space-efficient reconfigurable block diagram models that may be reconfigured efficiently when mode changes occur. This reconfiguration is based on the incremental reassignment of causality implemented as the Hybrid Sequential Causal Assignment Procedure, which reassigns causality for the new mode based on the causal assignment of the previous mode. The reconfigurable block diagrams are general, and they can be transformed into simulation models for generating system behavior. Our modeling and simulation methodology, implemented as the Modeling and Transformation of HBGs for Simulation (MoTHS) tool suite, includes a component-based HBG modeling paradigm and a set of model translators for translating the HBG models into executable models. In this work, we use MoTHS to build a high-fidelity MATLAB Simulink model of an electrical power distribution system.
Real-time deformation simulation of non-linear viscoelastic soft tissues
Authors: Dogan Firat , Serdar Celebi M.
Published: April 2010

Real-time soft-tissue simulation has gained great interest recently as a result of advancements in areas such as surgery planning and surgical simulations. Linear deformation models may not provide the required accuracy in such areas whilst non-linear models do not serve the real-time needs. Therefore, there is a common need for a computationally simplified yet accurate, non-linear, large deformable viscoelastic model of soft tissues to be used in these real-time applications. To date, standard non-linear finite-element methods are incapable of providing the real-time performance needs. Addressing this we propose a new hybrid technique that acts on the reduced order static model acquired through the model reduction technique known as Karhunen—Loéve (KL). The dynamic behavior is then obtained by overlaying pre-calculated displacement responses of surface nodes accounting for the time-dependent viscoelastic properties. The results of deformation simulation of viscoelastic soft tissue are compared with the linear approach.
The Impact of High-Performance Human Resource Practices on Employees’ Attitudes and Behaviors
Authors: Kehoe Rebecca R. , Wright Patrick M.
Published: April 2010

Although strategic human resource (HR) management research has established a significant relationship between high-performance HR practices and firm-level financial and market outcomes, few studies have considered the important role of employees’ perceptions of HR practice use or examined the more proximal outcomes of high-performance HR practices that may play mediating roles in the HR practice–performance relationship. To address recent calls in the literature for an investigation of this nature, this study examined the relationships between employees’ perceptions of high-performance HR practice use in their job groups and employee absenteeism, intent to remain with the organization, and organizational citizenship behavior, dedicating a focus to the possible mediating role of affective organizational commitment in these relationships. Data in this study were collected from surveys of employees at a large multiunit food service organization. The model was tested with CWC(M) mediation analysis (i.e., centered within context with reintroduction of the subtracted means at Level 2), which accounted for the multilevel structure of the data. Results indicate that employees’ perceptions of high-performance HR practice use at the job group level positively related to all dependent variables and that affective organizational commitment partially mediated the relationship between HR practice perceptions and organizational citizenship behavior and fully mediated the relationship between HR practice perceptions and intent to remain with the organization. The discussion reviews the implications of these results and suggests future directions for research in this vein.
The Novel Carbohydrate Tumor Antigen C2-O-sLex Is Upregulated in Canine Gastric Carcinomas
Authors: Janke L. , Carlson C. S. , St. Hill C. A.
Published: April 2010

Sialyl Lewis x–modified core 2 branched O-glycans (C2-O-sLex) on human leukocytes mediate much higher-affinity adhesion to selectins on activated vascular endothelium than does sialyl Lewis x on other structures. In some canine and human carcinomas, high expression of sLex-decorated carbohydrates has been associated with metastasis and, in humans, a poor prognosis, but detection in canine gastric carcinomas is unreported. The authors hypothesized that these carbohydrates are highly expressed in more malignant types of canine gastric carcinomas, they promote metastasis, and they are associated with a poorer prognosis for dogs. The objectives were to determine the presence and importance of C2-O-sLex expression in canine gastric carcinomas. Routine histological sections of 16 canine gastric carcinomas were categorized on the basis of 3 classification schemes: World Health Organization, Lauren, and Goseki. Serial sections were stained with antibodies directed against C2-O-sLex (CHO-131 monoclonal antibody), cytokeratin (Lu-5 monoclonal antibody), and stains to detect neutral and acid mucins (periodic acid–Schiff and alcian blue). Whereas normal gastric mucosal epithelial cells were negative for C2-O-sLex, 56% of the tumors examined were positive for C2-O-sLex. Importantly, the majority of more poorly differentiated tumor types had more numerous and larger intensely stained areas of C2-O-sLex expression compared with moderate to well-differentiated tumor types. Signet ring–type carcinomas had markedly higher distribution and intensity of periodic acid–Schiff and alcian blue staining than did tubular carcinomas. These findings suggest that C2-O-sLex is a tumor-associated antigen that may play a role in the invasiveness and metastatic potential of certain types of canine gastric carcinomas.
The Combined Expression Pattern of BMP2, LTBP4, and DERL1 Discriminates Malignant From Benign Canine Mammary Tumors
Authors: Klopfleisch R. , Klose P. , Gruber A. D.
Published: April 2010

Several markers of malignancy have been proposed for canine mammary tumors on the mRNA and protein levels. However, their association with tumor malignancy applies only for mean values of large groups of tumors, but no single marker identified to date can be used to reliably predict malignancy for individual tumors. A quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction array was established to quantify the expression levels of 49 genes relevant to carcinogenesis in laser-microdissected tumor cells of 10 benign and 13 metastatic canine mammary tumors. Analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used to identify relevant gene expression patterns that differentiate adenomas from metastatic carcinomas and their lymph node metastases. Seventeen genes with significant ( P < .05) differences in gene expression levels between benign and malignant tumors were identified—including ERBB1, SLIT2, progesterone receptor, MIG6, SATB1, and SMAD6—but correct classification of each tumor as benign or malignant was impossible on the basis of any of these genes alone. However, the combined expression patterns of BMP2, LTBP4, and DERL1 (Derlin-1) correctly classified each individual tumor as benign or malignant. This pilot study identified a complex mRNA expression pattern of 3 genes that was able to identify malignancy in laser-microdissected tumor cells for each individual tumor, instead of group means as used in previous studies.
Transport Policies, Automobile Use, and Sustainable Transport: A Comparison of Germany and the United States
Authors: Buehler Ralph
Published: April 2010

The automobile contributes to costly trends like pollution, oil dependence, congestion, and obesity. This article investigates determinants of individual car travel through a comparison of Germany and the USA. Even controlling for socioeconomic variables and spatial development patterns, two comparable national travel surveys show that Germans are less car-dependent than Americans. Multivariate analysis reveals that car travel demand in the USA is more responsive to price than in Germany. Results suggest Americans may more easily reduce driving when faced with increasing gasoline prices. Low costs of driving in the USA may contribute to more discretionary driving, whereas higher costs of car travel in Germany may have already encouraged prudent car use.
Engaging Urban Youth through Technology: The Youth Neighborhood Mapping Initiative
Authors: Santo Charles A. , Ferguson Nathan , Trippel Andrew
Published: April 2010

Processes designed to capture youth perspectives and engage young people in community development decisions can improve planning outcomes, support the development of sustainable and family-friendly urban areas, and foster civic-minded future leaders. This article reflects on the Youth Neighborhood Mapping Initiative, a university-community partnership that sought to foster civic engagement among urban teens and help them voice their perspectives while providing training and exposure to careers in city planning and geographic information systems. Participants identified assets and liabilities in their neighborhoods and learned to use technology to tell their stories through maps, photography, and blogs.
The Virtualization of Citizenship
Authors: Schinkel Willem
Published: April 2010

This article illustrates the difference between formal citizenship and moral citizenship, and traces the shift in focus from formal to moral citizenship in Dutch national and local policy. The mixing of ‘citizenship’ with ‘integration’ has given rise to what can be termed a virtualization of citizenship. When ‘integration’ becomes ‘citizenship’, the citizenship status of those persons that are formal citizens but supposedly lack ‘integration’ both shifts from an actual to a virtual possession, and also becomes defined as a ‘virtue’. The moralization of citizenship is largely state-initiated and is accompanied by a neoliberal focus on ‘individual responsibility’. Thus the state, whose position is endangered in times of globalization, finds a new functional potential in securing the in- and exclusion of ‘society’ through the pronunciation of moral citizenship in paternalist policies.
Covert Racism and the Formation of Social Capital among a Volunteer Youth Corps
Authors: Hampton Lynn A.
Published: April 2010

In this ethnographic case study, I examine the race-ethnic and educational network patterns of association and subsequent social capital formation of 41 youth volunteers working for a national leadership program. Findings indicate that race-ethnic minority youth are more likely than white youth to cross race-ethnic and educational boundaries in their network (discussion partner) choices. White college-educated men report the highest levels of social capital benefits from their year-long program. White college-educated females, black high-school (and GED only) males, and white high-school males reported relatively lower levels of social capital formation and opportunities, with black males least satisfied with their experiences. The ethnographic data reveal how powerful racial identity is in the formation of social networks. The findings demonstrate the subtle ways in which covert racism continues to shape the reproduction of race-ethnic inequalities even in this civic organization that explicitly seeks to equalize opportunities.
The Changing Face of Racial Discrimination: Hispanics as the Dominant Minority in the USA - a New Application of Power-Threat Theory
Authors: Markert John
Published: April 2010

According to Hubert Blalock’s 1967 power-threat theory, the larger the minority group’s size the greater the threat to the majority group. Most of Blalock’s examples, and much of the subsequent empirical investigation into the power-threat thesis, focus on Anglo and African American relations. Changing demographics will likely alter existing majority-minority relations as Hispanics displace African Americans as the largest minority. This will change the face of racial discrimination in the country. Indeed, this paper suggests that the animosity toward Latinos by both the majority white and minority black populations may be more intense than those shaping contemporary white-black relations. Two key lifestyle features that have not contaminated black-white relations may exacerbate hostility toward Hispanics: their perceived illegal status in the country, and the perception that Hispanics resist learning English. The role of the media in perpetuating these stereotypes and inflaming hostility toward Latinos is also discussed.
A Case Report of Atrial Fibrillation Potentially Induced by Hydroxycut
Authors: Karth Abigail , Holoshitz Noa , Kavinsky Clifford J. , Trohman Richard , McBride Brian F.
Published: April 2010

Multicomponent dietary weight loss supplements comprise the single largest segment of herbal preparations available to the public. As a result of limited de novo regulatory oversight, supplement-related adverse events are underreported secondary to the lack of adequate pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical data. Here we report the case of an obese 63-year-old caucasian female with a 2-day history of symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) with rapid ventricular response following a 2-week course of therapy with hydroxycut, a multicomponent dietary weight loss supplement devoid of sympathomimetic amines. Upon presentation, the patient received 2 doses of intravenous diltiazem, was loaded with intravenous digoxin, and spontaneously converted to normal sinus rhythm 36 hours following her last dose of the product. Epigallocatechin (EGCG), a principal ingredient in the hydroxycut preparation is the suspected causative component. EGCG blocks the atrial-specific KCNA5 potassium channel. Loss of KCNA5 function has been reported in patients with familial lone AF. Thus, causal relationship between hydroxycut and AF in this patient is probable. Given the serious risks associated with AF, patients at risk of developing AF should avoid dietary supplements containing EGCG until more information on the adverse effects of EGCG is known.
Ameliorative effect of vitamin C on chronic chlorpyrifos-induced erythrocyte osmotic fragility in Wistar rats
Authors: Ambali Suleiman F , Ayo Joseph O , Ojo Samuel A , Esievo King AN
Published: April 2010

Chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) has been shown to cause increased lipoperoxidative changes in the erythrocyte membranes. The relationship between chronic CPF-induced lipoperoxidative changes and erythrocyte fragility has not been elucidated. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of lipoperoxidation on CPF-induced erythrocyte fragility and the ameliorative effect of vitamin C. Twenty animals divided at random into four groups of five animals each served as subject for this study. Rats in group I served as the control group and were given only soya oil at a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight (b.w.). Rats in group II were dosed with vitamin C (100 mg/kg b.w.) and then supplemented with soya oil (2 mL/kg b.w.), while those in group III were administered with CPF only at a dose of 10.6 mg/kg b.w. (∼one-eighth of the previously determined median lethal dose [LD50]). Rats in group IV were pretreated with 100 mg/kg b.w. of vitamin C, and then dosed with CPF at a dose of 10.6 mg/kg b.w., 30 min later. The different treatment regimens were orally administered daily for a period of 17 weeks. Blood collected from the animals at the end of the test period were analyzed for erythrocyte osmotic fragility and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration as an index of lipid peroxidation. The study showed that CPF caused significant increase in erythrocyte fragility and MDA concentration, which were ameliorated by pretreatment with vitamin C. In conclusion, the study showed that CPF-evoked erythrocyte fragility due to increased lipoperoxidative changes was ameliorated by pretreatment with vitamin C.
Influence of commonly used clinical antidotes on antioxidant systems in human hepatocyte culture intoxicated with α-amanitin
Authors: Magdalan Jan , Piotrowska Aleksandra , Gomułkiewicz Agnieszka , Sozański Tomasz , Szeląg Adam , Dziegięl Piotr
Published: April 2010

α-Amanitin (α-AMA) is the main toxin of Amanita phalloides and its subspecies (A. virosa and A. verna). The primary mechanism of α-AMA toxicity is associated with protein synthesis blocking in hepatocytes. Additionally, α-AMA exhibits prooxidant properties that may contribute to its severe hepatotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of α-AMA on lipid peroxidation and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in human hepatocyte culture. The effects of benzylpenicillin (BPCN), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (ACC), and silibinin (SIL) on SOD and CAT activities and on lipid peroxidation in human hepatocyte culture intoxicated with α-AMA were also examined. In human hepatocyte culture, 48-hour exposure to α-AMA at a 2-μM concentration caused an increase in SOD activity, a reduction of CAT activity, and a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. Changes in SOD and CAT activity caused by α-AMA could probably enhance lipid peroxidation by increased generation of hydrogen peroxide combined with reduced detoxification of that oxygen radical. The addition of antidotes (ACC or SIL) to the culture medium provided more effective protection against lipid peroxidation in human hepatocytes intoxicated with α-AMA than the addition of BPCN, possessing no antioxidant properties.
(M)Others in Altered States: Prenatal Drug-Use, Risk, Choice, and Responsible Self-Governance
Authors: Gregory Julie
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this article is four-fold. Firstly, it is meant to draw attention to Project Prevention, an American-based program funded largely by private donations used to offer people — mostly poor, racialized, drug-using women — up to $200 for limiting their reproductive abilities. Secondly, it highlights links between Project Prevention’s mandate and prevailing discriminatory scientific-medical, legal, political, and media discourses which serve to constitute certain ‘Truths’ about the dangers of prenatal drug-use and parenthood, particularly for women. Thirdly, Project Prevention is framed and theorized within its neo-liberal context in order to underscore the ways that contemporary (pregnant) bodies often become governed through social initiatives which implode state/non-state agencies, public/private distinctions. Finally, to ensure readers are not left with overly simplistic readings of the issues at hand, the article concludes by considering the potential role of counterclaims in terms of who does and does not get constructed as a ‘risky’ reproductive agent.
GMOs and the Crisis of Objectivity: Nature, Science and the Challenge of Uncertainty
Authors: Alessandrini Donatella
Published: April 2010

This article contributes to the current debate on the meaning and regulation of biotechnology by focusing on the role that the concepts of nature and sound science play in framing struggles against agricultural biotechnology in India. It contends that the political work of these concepts consists of limiting democratic deliberation by neatly separating facts from values and scientific certainty from politics. In particular, it aims to show that both the invocation of nature and reliance on sound science are counterproductive for the more interesting challenges opponents are already articulating outside the boundaries drawn by the nature/society, science/politics and facts/ values distinctions. Indeed, the political significance of the collective experimentations going on in India (as elsewhere) is that they signal a shift from a risk mentality, centred on ‘hard facts’ supposed to settle the debate, to novel approaches to uncertainty that recognize the increasing controversies surrounding GMOs. These approaches, it is argued, provide a more interesting space for thinking about the uncertainty surrounding biotechnological crops and the relations we (might) share with them.
Law, Ideology and Modernization in Turkey: Kemalist Legal Reforms in Perspective
Authors: Özman Aylin
Published: April 2010

This article aims to re-assess the relationship between law and ideology, with a view to identifying the foundational policies established within the judicial-legal sphere in Turkey at the birth of the Republic in 1923. A central focus of the article is the historical project to create a new class of legal professionals, particularly attorneys, as an exemplary case for the interaction between law, ideology and modernization. Firstly, it is argued that Kemalist legal and judicial reforms were an essential part of the general social-engineering project which intended to Westernize/modernize the newly established Republic. Accordingly, reforms were dominated by two closely interrelated themes of legal ideology: the consolidation of the new order and the development of a statist understanding of justice. In turn, legal professionals were remoulded by modernizing cadres in order to secure/promote the modernist perspective within legal foundations as delineated by official ideology. Secondly, the article argues that statist policy towards attorneys was so dominated by modernizing ideology that Weberian formalism was undermined. The idiosyncratic statist concerns outweighed universalistic legal values, which intensified rather than balanced, the ongoing tension between substantive and formalist rationality that is inherent to Weberian notions of justice.
Vetting Sexual Offenders: State Over-Extension, the Punishment Deficit and the Failure to Manage Risk
Authors: McAlinden Anne-Marie
Published: April 2010

This article examines the state regulation of sexual offenders in the particular context of pre-employment vetting. A successive range of statutory frameworks have been put in place, culminating in the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006, to prevent unsuitable individuals from working with the vulnerable, and children in particular. Contemporary legislative and policy developments are set against a backdrop of broader concerns in the area of crime and justice, namely risk regulation, preventative governance and ‘precautionary logic’. Proponents of these approaches have largely ignored concerns over their feasibility. This article specifically addresses this fissure within the specific field of vetting. It is argued that ‘hyper innovation’ and state over-extension in this area are particularly problematic and have resulted in exceptionally uncertain and unsafe policies. These difficulties relate principally to unrealistic public expectations about the state’s ability to control crime; unintended and ambiguous policy effects; and ultimately the failure of the state to deliver on its self-imposed regulatory mandate to effectively manage risk.
High-velocity Impact Location on Aircraft Panels Using Macro-fiber Composite Piezoelectric Rosettes
Authors: Salamone Salvatore , Bartoli Ivan , Di Leo Patrizia , Lanza Di Scala Francesco , Ajovalasit Augusto , D'Acquisto Leonardo , Rhymer Jennifer , Kim Hyonny
Published: April 2010

In this article, an approach based on an array of macro-fiber composite (MFC) transducers arranged as rosettes is proposed for high-velocity impact location on isotropic and composite aircraft panels. Each rosette, using the directivity behavior of three MFC sensors, provides the direction of an incoming wave generated by the impact source as a principal strain angle. A minimum of two rosettes is sufficient to determine the impact location by intersecting the wave directions. The piezoelectric rosette approach is easier to implement than the well-known time-of-flight-based triangulation of acoustic emissions because it does not require knowledge of the wave speed in the material. Hence, the technique does not have the drawbacks of time-of-flight triangulation associated to anisotropic materials or tapered sections. The experiments reported herein show the applicability of the technique to high-velocity impacts created with a gas-gun firing spherical ice projectiles.
The Five-String Banjo in the Music Classroom
Authors: Smith Kenneth H.
Published: April 2010

The banjo is an instrument of unique image and sound. It has a long history in North America from its arrival on slave ships from North Africa to its contemporary use in jazz and popular music. Adding the instrument to the general music classroom can open new realms of timbre and new avenues of exploration into the instruments of cultures around the world. Two popular styles of playing the banjo are the clawhammer style of strumming and the Scruggs style that uses finger picking. Both styles are simple to learn, and students can begin making music and accompanying singing in a few short lessons. However, these styles will take years of practice to master, and they lend themselves to experimentation and improvisation that lead to each player’s development of unique personal styles. This article provides basic instruction and directions to start playing in both banjo styles.
The Prevalence of ADHD-Like Symptoms in a Community Sample
Authors: Alloway Tracy , Elliott Julian , Holmes Joni
Published: April 2010

Objective: The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of ADHD symptoms in a community sample of children in the United Kingdom. Method: There were 964 ten year olds (55% boys; M = 10.4 years; SD = 0.6) from mainstream schools in the United Kingdom in this study. The ADHD Rating Scale-IV, which provides ratings on the frequency of ADHD symptoms drawn from DSM-IV criteria, was administered to class teachers. Results: The findings indicated an overall 8% prevalence rate, with the majority of children identified as the Hyperactive/Impulsive subtype (5%). Almost half of these children were receiving additional support in the classroom as a result of learning difficulties. Conclusion: It is therefore of value for educators to be able to conduct early screening to support these children before problems worsen. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 14(1) 52-56)
Methylphenidate and Comorbid Anxiety Disorder in Children With Both Chronic Multiple Tic Disorder and ADHD
Authors: Gadow Kenneth D. , Nolan Edith E.
Published: April 2010

Objective: To determine if comorbid anxiety disorder is associated with differential response to immediate release methylphenidate (MPH-IR) in children with both ADHD and chronic multiple tic disorder (CMTD). Method: Children with ( n = 17) and without ( n = 37) diagnosed anxiety disorder (ANX) were evaluated in an 8-week, placebo-controlled trial with rating scales and laboratory measures. Results: The +ANX group obtained more severe parent, teacher, and child ratings of anxiety and more severe parent ratings of depression, tics, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and peer aggression than the —ANX group. Treatment with short-term MPH-IR was associated with improvement in ADHD, ODD, and peer aggression in the +ANX group. When controlling for ODD severity, there were no apparent group differences in therapeutic response to MPH-IR in children ±ANX. There was little evidence that MPH-IR contributed to improvement in anxiety or depression symptoms in the +ANX group. There was some indication that children with comorbid anxiety may differentially experience greater increase in systolic blood pressure (0.5 mg/kg of MPH-IR >" xbd="1850" xhg="1827" ybd="1414" yhg="1388"/> placebo). Conclusion: Findings suggest that the co-occurrence of diagnosed CMTD+ADHD+ANX represents a particularly troublesome clinical phenotype, at least in the home setting. Comorbid anxiety disorder was not associated with a less favorable response to MPH-IR in children with ADHD+CMTD, but replication with larger samples is warranted before firm conclusions can be drawn about potential group differences. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2011; 15(3) 246-256)
Impact of the Impairment Criterion in the Diagnosis of Adult ADHD: 33-Year Follow-Up Study of Boys With ADHD
Authors: Mannuzza Salvatore , Castellanos Francisco X. , Roizen Erica R. , Hutchison Jesse A. , Lashua Erin C. , Klein Rachel G.
Published: April 2010

Objective: To investigate the relationship between ADHD symptoms and impairment among adults diagnosed as having ADHD in childhood (ages 6-12). Method: Clinicians blindly interviewed 121 White males; the mean age was 41 years across the sample. DSM-IV adult ADHD behaviors were systematically rated, and impairment resulting from symptoms was scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Results: Correlations between degree of impairment and number of behaviors were high ( r’s = .83 to .85, p < .001). The impairment criterion had no effect on classifying any participants as having, or not having, adult ADHD. All participants who reported experiencing 5 or more inattention or hyperactive-impulsive behaviors as “ often” or “ very often” in adulthood were significantly impaired by their symptoms. Conclusions: Contrary to results reported in children, there was a strong relationship between number of ADHD symptoms and degree of impairment. However, for several reasons (discussed in the article), it should not be concluded that the impairment criterion is superfluous. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2011; 15(2) 122-129)
Toward a New Measure of Organizational Legitimacy: Method, Validation, and Illustration
Authors: Vergne Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2010

Measures of organizational legitimacy fall in three categories, based, respectively, on the observation of code adoption, firm linkages, and media coverage. Such variety reflects the absence of consensus definitions. Because legitimacy involves perceptions of social congruence, the author argues in favor of a perceptual measure based on media content analysis. The author extends existing media-based indicators by offering a multidimensional measure of legitimacy, the raw legitimacy vector (RLV), which accounts for the heterogeneity of perceptions across space and time. The article details a three-step methodology to compute RLV and illustrates its applicability using data on the global defense industry. The author finds strong support for RLV’s factorial, convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity and demonstrates that RLV performs better than alternative measures. The paper contributes to research by identifying four stable dimensions of legitimacy (environment, competition, accountability, and transactions), by distinguishing empirically legitimacy and reputation, and by offering a measure suited for international comparison in both legitimate and contested industries.
An Interactional Approach to Organizations’ Success in Socializing Their Intern Newcomers: The Role of General Self-Efficacy and Organizational Socialization Inventory
Authors: Zibin Song  , Chathoth Prakash K.
Published: April 2010

Using an interactionist approach, this study examined the effects of the general self-efficacy (GSE) and the organizational socialization inventory (OSI) domains, as well as the GSE × OSI domains on tourism and hospitality organizations’ success—newcomer perceived general job satisfaction (GJS) and intent to return (ITR)—in socializing their intern newcomers. The sample included 352 senior tourism and hospitality undergraduates from two institutions of higher education in tourism and hospitality in China’s Hainan Island who just experienced organizational socialization in their respective placement organizations. Results indicated that intern newcomers’ GJS and ITR can be significantly predicted by GSE and all OSI domains, respectively; that GJS can be incrementally explained by all the interactions between GSE and the four OSI domains, except for the GSE × OSI_training; and that ITR can be incrementally explained by the interactions of GSE × OSI_training and GSE × OSI_future prospect. The study’s findings as well as their theoretical and practical implications are discussed within the context of organizational socialization research, GSE-related social cognitive career theory and core self-evaluation theory, and human resource development practices in tourism and hospitality organizations.
Disease onset in familial and sporadic primary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Koch M. , Zhao Y. , Yee I. , Guimond C. , Kingwell E. , Rieckmann P. , Sadovnick D. , Tremlett H. ,   UBC MS Clinic Neurologists
Published: April 2010

The pathophysiology of primary progressive (PP) multiple sclerosis (MS) involves diffuse axonal degeneration which is believed to start early in the disease process, even before the onset of clinical symptoms. Symptomatic onset then occurs when this process reaches a threshold after which the axonal loss can no longer be compensated. A preliminary study showed that patients with familial PPMS had an earlier clinical onset than patients with sporadic disease, suggesting a hereditary component to the disease process of PPMS. In this study, we combined data from two large, population-based, longitudinal MS databases to investigate disease onset in familial and sporadic PPMS. We examined 411 patients with PPMS. There were no differences in gender distribution or onset symptoms between familial and sporadic PPMS. Patients with familial PPMS were significantly younger at disease onset ( n = 84, median age: 37.6 years) than patients with sporadic disease ( n = 327, median age: 42.7, p = 0.007). This difference was due to a greater proportion of familial cases with a disease onset before the age of 30 and a smaller proportion with disease onset between 40 and 50 years of age ( p = 0.002). Gender had no significant effect on the age at disease onset. Further analyses showed that these findings were unlikely to be due to ascertainment bias towards an earlier diagnosis in familial cases. Our findings suggest a hereditary component to the disease process of PPMS. It would be worthwhile to identify patients with familial PPMS for future research on disease modifying genes in MS.
Communal Beingness and Affect: An Exploration of Trauma in an Ex-industrial Community
Authors: Walkerdine Valerie
Published: April 2010

The article explores the place of affect in community relations with respect to trauma following the closure of a steelworks for a working-class community in the South Wales valleys in 2002. A review of sociological approaches to community demonstrates the poor handling of relational and affective aspects which, it is argued, are central to the way in which community relations were formed and provided a safe and containing skin against the uncertainty of industrial production. Using psychoanalytic approaches to affect which stress the importance of skin, particularly the work of Bick, Tustin, Winnicott and Anzieu, the article explores how a sense of a containing skin provides a feeling of ontological security for a community beset by uncertainty and insecurity. It is argued that, following the closure of the steelworks in 2002, this skin is ruptured and that it is difficult for the members of the community to find a way forward. Using examples taken from psychosocial interviews with community members, the case is made for a range of affective relations and practices through which the skin is created. The absence of these practices and relations creates a profound sense of lack of safety and fear of death within the inhabitants, which needs to be addressed, but is rarely discussed in approaches to community or regeneration.
Individuation, Relationality, Affect: Rethinking the Human in Relation to the Living
Authors: Venn Couze
Published: April 2010

This article searches for a way of theorizing the interconnectedness of processes of individuation, relationality and affect, with the aim of clearing the ground for an approach that establishes the basis of this interconnectedness by reference to mechanisms common to all living things. It establishes a number of shifts that enable us to think the categories and concepts like the individual, the subject, the group, the threshold, relationality, co-implication and so on according to a fundamental decentring, finally breaking with both subject-centredness and its privilege of the individual as model or starting point; the same epistemological shift implies the rejection of the anthropocentric divide between humans and animals, while avoiding species of sociobiologism, pre-formationism, geneticism and other monocausal paradigms. What the new problematic of life enjoins us to rethink are the standpoint of singularity rather than that of the individual, coupled to the standpoint of relationality as a principle enabling us to think the self—other, human—animal, nature—culture and human—world in terms of compossibility and complex becoming. This view about the co-constitution of all life has major implications regarding responsibility for the other and responsibility for the world, grounded in the standpoint of the temporality and historicity of being as existential condition circumscribing the relation to the other. This shift at the level of ontology is explored via an engagement with the work of Simondon and his conceptual apparatus, particularly ideas of psychic and collective individuation, the pre-and transindividual, the associated milieu; this perspective is re-articulated by way of the work of Merleau-Ponty, Haraway’s notion of ‘companion species’, Ettinger’s concept of the ‘I—other plurality’, and cognate concepts that point to a new terrain for theorizing affect.
Biology’s Gift: Interrogating the Turn to Affect
Authors: Papoulias Constantina , Callard Felicity
Published: April 2010

This article investigates how the turn to affect within the humanities and social sciences re-imagines the relationship between cultural theory and science. We focus on how the writings of two neuroscientists (Antonio Damasio and Joseph LeDoux) and one developmental psychologist (Daniel Stern) are used in order to ground certain claims about affect within cultural theory. We examine the motifs at play in cultural theories of affect, the models of (neuro)biology with which they work, and some fascinating missteps characterizing the taking up of scientific literature. While neuroscience frames the affective as part of a system of regulation that makes both self and social coherence possible, in cultural theory’s narratives, by contrast, affectivity becomes a placeholder for the inherent dynamism and mutability of matter. The article interrogates the consequences of cultural theory’s strange borrowings from neuroscience and developmental psychology in their institution of a model of subjectivity preoccupied with a lived present in excess of the hold of habit and embodied history.
Agreement, acknowledgment, and alignment: The discourse-pragmatic functions of hao and dui in Taiwan Mandarin conversation
Authors: Wang Yu-Fang , Tsai Pi-Hua , Goodman David , Lin Meng-Ying
Published: April 2010

This study draws on Relevance Theory (Sperber and Wilson, 1986/1995), Conversation Analysis (Sacks et al., 1974), and Politeness Theory (Brown and Levinson, 1987) in investigating a full range of discourse functions for hao and dui with reference to recurrent patterns, distributions, and forms of organization in a large corpus of talk. Special emphasis is placed on a comparison of hao and dui in combination with a small subset of discourse particles: in particular hao/hao le/ hao la/hao a/hao ba and dui/dui a/dui le in spoken discourse. We find that both of the markers signal special sequential relatedness in talk and carry information which is relevant in determining the boundaries of conversational exchange. However, in interaction hao is used for expressing acceptance of the other speaker’s move or act, whereas dui conveys acknowledgment of the propositional content of the utterance produced by the other speaker.
Wandering and the Physical Environment
Authors: Algase Donna L. , Beattie Elizabeth R. A. , Antonakos Cathy , Beel-Bates Cynthia A. , Lan Yao
Published: April 2010

Background/Rationale: Guided by the need-driven dementia-compromised behavior (NDB) model, this study examined influences of the physical environment on wandering behavior. Methods: Using a descriptive, cross-sectional design, 122 wanderers from 28 long-term care (LTC) facilities were videotaped 10 to 12 times; data on wandering, light, sound, temperature and humidity levels, location, ambiance, and crowding were obtained. Associations between environmental variables and wandering were evaluated with chi-square and t tests; the model was evaluated using logistic regression. Results: In all, 80% of wandering occurred in the resident’s own room, dayrooms, hallways, or dining rooms. When observed in other residents’ rooms, hallways, shower/baths, or off-unit locations, wanderers were likely (60%-92% of observations) to wander. The data were a good fit to the model overall (LR [logistic regression] χ2 (5) = 50.38, P < .0001) and by wandering type. Conclusions: Location, light, sound, proximity of others, and ambiance are associated with wandering and may serve to inform environmental designs and care practices.
Survival and Immunogenicity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From the Green Fluorescent Protein Transgenic Rat in the Adult Rat Brain
Authors: Moloney Teresa C. , Dockery Peter , Windebank Anthony J. , Barry Frank P. , Howard Linda , Dowd Eilís
Published: April 2010

Background. A major technical limitation in preclinical cell replacement research is the ability to discriminate between donor and host tissue after transplantation. This problem has been lessened by the availability of transgenic animals that express “reporter” genes, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). Objective. We determined the usefulness of one such transgenic reporter rat to assess the survival of bone marrow—derived rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) following direct transplantation into the intact adult brain. We also sought to determine if the expression of GFP in the brain affected the survival of the MSCs or the host’s neuroimmune response to the cells. Methods. Rats received intrastriatal injections of sterile transplantation medium, 100 000 normal MSCs, or 100 000 GFP-MSCs and were killed humanely 1, 4, 7, 28, and 42 days posttransplantation for astrocyte and microglial immunohistochemical staining. Results. GFP-MSCs were evident at each examination, although their survival declined over time. Graft volume estimates comparing normal and GFP-MSCs revealed that GFP expression did not adversely affect the survival of the stem cells in the brain. Furthermore, immunostaining for astrocytes and microglia revealed that expression of the reporter protein did not affect the immunogenicity of the stem cells. Conclusions. These data indicate the usefulness of GFP for investigating the survival of MSCs following transplantation to the brain. However, the mechanisms responsible for the poor survival of the stem cells must be elucidated if these cells are to serve cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders.
In situ determination of the moisture buffer potential of room enclosures
Authors: Vereecken Evy , Roels Staf , Janssen Hans
Published: April 2010

Indoor air quality, occupant’s comfort, durability of building parts, and energy consumption are highly related to the variations in indoor relative humidity. Since interior finishes and objects assist in dampening the peaks in relative humidity, the knowledge of the moisture buffer potential of room enclosures is necessary to include its effect in whole-building simulations. In this article, a method for the in situ determination of the moisture buffer potential of room enclosures is presented. During a period of some days, a humidifier is placed in a room and a moisture production scheme is implemented. Based on the measured RH-increase and decrease during loading and unloading steps, the ventilation rate and moisture buffer potential of the room are determined inversely by solving the moisture balance of the room using the effective capacitance and effective moisture penetration depth models. The methodology is validated by well controlled experiments in a large climatic chamber with known hygric inertia, and afterwards applied to real room enclosures. Main advantage of the proposed method is that a simple and fast experiment allows obtaining a comprehensive characterization of the hygric inertia of the whole building enclosure — including all interior finishes and multidimensional interior objects such as furniture, carpets, drapes, books, etc.
Review: Articular Cartilage Injury in Athletes
Authors: McAdams Timothy R. , Mithoefer Kai , Scopp Jason M. , Mandelbaum Bert R.
Published: April 2010

Articular cartilage lesions in the athletic population are observed with increasing frequency and, due to limited intrinsic healing capacity, can lead to progressive pain and functional limitation over time. If left untreated, isolated cartilage lesions can lead to progressive chondropenia or global cartilage loss over time. A chondropenia curve is described to help predict the outcome of cartilage injury based on different lesion and patient characteristics. Nutriceuticals and chondroprotective agents are being investigated as tools to slow the development of chondropenia. Several operative techniques have been described for articular cartilage repair or replacement and, more recently, cartilage regeneration. Rehabilitation guidelines are being developed to meet the needs of these new techniques. Next-generation techniques are currently evaluated to optimize articular cartilage repair biology and to provide a repair cartilage tissue that can withstand the high mechanical loads experienced by the athlete with consistent long-term durability.
Blockade of interleukin-23 signaling results in targeted protection of the colon and allows for separation of graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia responses
Authors: Das Rupali , Komorowski Richard , Hessner Martin J. , Subramanian Hariharan , Huettner Claudia S. , Cua Daniel , Drobyski William R.
Published: April 2010

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the most potent form of effective adoptive immunotherapy. The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect mediated by the allogeneic graft, however, is typically coexpressed with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is the major complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In this study, we used genetic and antibody-based strategies to examine the effect that blockade of interleukin 23 (IL-23) signaling had on GVH and GVL reactivity in murine transplantation recipients. These studies demonstrate that the selective protection of the colon that occurs as a consequence of inhibition of IL-23 signaling reduces GVHD without loss of the GVL effect. The separation of GVH and GVL reactivity was noted in both acute and chronic hematologic malignancy models, indicating that this approach was not restricted by the kinetic profile of the underlying leukemia. Furthermore, a potent GVL response could be mounted in the colon under conditions where tumor cells migrated to this site, indicating that this organ did not serve as a sanctuary site for subsequent systemic relapse in GVHD-protected animals. These studies demonstrate that blockade of IL-23 signaling is an effective strategy for separating GVH and GVL responses and identify IL-23 as a therapeutic target for the regulation of alloresponses in humans.