bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of product quality through graphical interpretation of the Kano model
Authors: Madzík Peter , Pelantová Vera
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Product verification and validation are integral to quality management. Product verification means verifying the conformity between a product’s actual and planned characteristics whereas validation means determining whether and to what extent it satisfies customers’ requirements. One of the key forms of product validation is testing with a group of customers. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a graphical method of product validation based on the Kano model.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach is based on a proposed method for categorising requirements based on a Kano questionnaire and then applies this method for the validation of a product – a website. The proposed method is based on three steps: graphical determination of requirements in a Kano model; determination of requirement fulfilment degree and prioritisation of corrective measures and improvements.

Findings

The study opens space for discussion of the potential for improving a product and methods for identifying critical faults in products. The proposed method also permits an assessment of the potential effectiveness of an improvement because it is able to quantify the effect of the product on the consumer resulting from a given quantity of effort. A case study demonstrated that the resulting priority of corrective measures and improvements was affected not only by the level of fulfilment of the requirements but also by the type, the most critical being non-fulfilment of must-be requirements.

Research limitations/implications

The requirement curves are based on a verbal assessment of satisfaction in two states – if the requirement were fulfilled and if it were not fulfilled. The values of the start and end points may not be precise and could be affected by the natural character of subjective variables.

Practical implications

The proposed method is particularly suited to the initial testing of a product that is intended to lead to measures to eliminate customer dissatisfaction or increase their satisfaction – that is, to improve the product. The method also permits an assessment of the extent to which customers feel that their expectations have been satisfied and the effect that will be felt if the organisation decides to increase fulfilment.

Originality/value

The Kano model has not yet been applied to product validation, although it contains all the information necessary for this task. Knowing how satisfied customers are is an important part of product validation. At the same time, knowing a mechanism for “creating” this satisfaction is also very valuable information.
Exploration of Iron ore deposits in Patagonia. Insights from gravity, magnetic and SP modelling
Authors: Christiansen Rodolfo , Kostadinoff José , Bouhier Julia , Martinez Patricia
Published: August 2018

The Sierra Grande region in northern Patagonia is considered the largest iron ore reserve in Argentina; however, the extension of the non‐outcropping deposits as well as the depth of the basins that contain them remains unknown. Utilizing 3D litho‐constrained inversion of gravity and magnetic data, we delimited an area with good prospects for iron ore deposits. In this region, high‐resolution magnetic and self‐potential profiles were acquired over the most important anomalies. Correlating both methodologies, it was possible to specify the possible existence of iron oxides (martite–hematite) in the form of 2D inclined sheets.
3D multi‐fractal analysis of porous media using 3D digital images: considerations for heterogeneity evaluation
Authors: Karimpouli Sadegh , Tahmasebi Pejman
Published: August 2018

Pore structure heterogeneity is a critical parameter controlling mechanical, electrical and flow transport behaviour of rock. Multi‐fractal analysis method was used for a heterogeneity comparison of three‐dimensional rock samples with different lithology. Six real digital samples, containing three sandstones and three carbonates, were used. Based on the mercury injection capillary pressure test on these samples, we found that the carbonate samples are more heterogeneous than sandstones, but primary results of multi‐fractal behaviours for all samples were similar. We show that if multi‐fractal is used to evaluate and compare heterogeneity of different samples, one needs to follow some considerations such as (1) all samples must have the same size in pixel, (2) samples volume must be bigger than representative volume element, (3) multi‐fractal dimensions should be firstly normalized to a determined porosity value and (4) multi‐fractal results should be interpreted based on resolution of the imaging tool (effects of fine scale sub‐resolution pores are missed). Results revealed that using normalized fractal dimensions, the real samples were divided to less and high heterogeneous groups. Moreover, the study of scale effect also showed that porous structures of these samples are scale invariant in a wide range of scales (from one to eight times bigger).
Rock physics modelling based on depositional and burial history of Barents Sea sandstones
Authors: Bredesen Kenneth , Avseth Per , Johansen Tor Arne , Olstad Richard
Published: August 2018

Understanding how physical properties and seismic signatures of present day rocks are related to ancient geological processes is important for enhanced reservoir characterization. In this paper, we have studied this relationship for the Kobbe Formation sandstone in the Barents Sea. These rocks show anomalous low shear velocities and high VP/VS ratios, which does not agree well with conventional rock physics models for moderately to well consolidated sandstones. These sandstones have been buried relatively deeply and subsequently uplifted 1–2 km. We compared well log data of the Kobbe sandstone with velocity–depth trends modelled by integrating basin modelling principles and rock physics. We found that more accurate velocity predictions were obtained when first honouring mechanical and chemical compaction during burial, followed by generation of micro‐cracks during uplift. We suspect that these micro‐cracks are formed as overburden is eroded, leading to changes in the subsurface stress‐field. Moreover, the Kobbe Formation is typically heterogeneous and characterized by structural clays and mica that can reduce the rigidity of grain contacts. By accounting for depositional and burial history, our velocity predictions become more consistent with geophysical observables. Our approach yields more robust velocity predictions, which are important in prospect risking and net erosion estimates.
Pneumococcal sepsis requiring mechanical ventilation: Cohort study in 38 patients with rapid progression to septic shock
Authors: Ursin Rein Pernille , Jacobsen Dag , Ormaasen Vidar , Dunlop Oona
Published: August 2018

Background

The aim was to study the course of severe pneumococcal sepsis in patients who rapidly developed septic shock with multiorgan failure.

Methods

Combined retrospective and prospective cohort study of all patients with pneumococcal sepsis requiring mechanical ventilation admitted to our Medical Intensive Care Unit at Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, during an 8‐year period (01 January 2006 to 31 December 2013). The inclusion criteria were growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae in blood culture and respiratory failure treated with invasive mechanical ventilation.

Results

Thirty‐eight patients were included. Median age was 57 years (interquartile range 49‐68, range 22‐79). For 84% (32/38), it took <24 hours from the first medical evaluation until they were in septic shock. Initial clinical features were variable; none were treated with antibiotics before hospital admission. Median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at admission was 11 (range 1‐15) and maximum 15 (range 5‐22), all patients developed multiorgan failure. Mutilating complications were seen in 47% (18/38) of the patients: six with amputations, 11 had adverse neurological complications and one patient both. In‐hospital mortality was 40% (15/38), 20% (8/38) survived with sequelae and 40% (15/38) returned to their habitual state. Poor outcome was associated with meningitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Conclusion

In this patient cohort with pneumococcal sepsis and respiratory failure rapid development of septic shock was seen in all cases, even in young healthy individuals. Initial clinical features were variable; none were treated with antibiotics before admission. Mortality was high (40%), as was morbidity with limb amputations and neurological complications.
Erythropoietin in traumatic brain injury associated acute kidney injury: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Skrifvars Markus B. , Moore Elizabeth , Mårtensson Johan , Bailey Michael , French Craig , Presneill Jeffrey , Nichol Alistair , Little Lorraine , Duranteau Jacques , Huet Olivier , Haddad Samir , Arabi Yaseen , McArthur Colin , Cooper David J. , Bellomo Rinaldo ,   The EPO‐TBI Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group
Published: August 2018

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is poorly understood and it is unknown if it can be attenuated using erythropoietin (EPO).

Methods

Pre‐planned analysis of patients included in the EPO‐TBI (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00987454) trial who were randomized to weekly EPO (40 000 units) or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride) subcutaneously up to three doses or until intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. Creatinine levels and urinary output (up to 7 days) were categorized according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) classification. Severity of TBI was categorized with the International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI.

Results

Of 3348 screened patients, 606 were randomized and 603 were analyzed. Of these, 82 (14%) patients developed AKI according to KDIGO (60 [10%] with KDIGO 1, 11 [2%] patients with KDIGO 2, and 11 [2%] patients with KDIGO 3). Male gender (hazard ratio [HR] 4.0 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4‐11.2, P = 0.008) and severity of TBI (HR 1.3 95% CI 1.1‐1.4, P < 0.001 for each 10% increase in risk of poor 6 month outcome) predicted time to AKI. KDIGO stage 1 (HR 8.8 95% CI 4.5‐17, P < 0.001), KDIGO stage 2 (HR 13.2 95% CI 3.9‐45.2, P < 0.001) and KDIGO stage 3 (HR 11.7 95% CI 3.5‐39.7, P < 0.005) predicted time to mortality. EPO did not influence time to AKI (HR 1.08 95% CI 0.7‐1.67, P = 0.73) or creatinine levels during ICU stay (P = 0.09).

Conclusions

Acute kidney injury is more common in male patients and those with severe compared to moderate TBI and appears associated with worse outcome. EPO does not prevent AKI after TBI.
Ultrasound‐assisted Lumbar Punctures: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Holladay Dallas , Peksa Gary D.
Published: August 2018

Background

Lumbar punctures (LPs) are a common procedure in emergency medicine. However, studies have found that failed procedure rates can be as high as 50%. Ultrasound has been suggested to improve success rates by visually identifying the location and trajectory for the LP procedure. This systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to determine whether the use of ultrasound improved the rate of successful LP performance.

Methods

PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and bibliographies of selected articles were assessed for all randomized controlled trials comparing the success rates of ultrasound‐assisted LP with landmark‐based LP. Secondary outcomes included the rate of traumatic LPs, time to procedural success, number of needle passes, and patient pain score. Data were dual extracted into a predefined worksheet, and quality analysis was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Data were summarized and a meta‐analysis was performed with subgroup analyses by pediatric versus adult patients and by operator training level.

Results

Twelve studies (n = 957 total patients) were identified. Ultrasound‐assisted LP was successful in 90.0% of patients and landmark‐based LP was successful in 81.4% of patients. The calculated risk difference (RD) was 8.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2% to 16.7%) with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.22 (95% CI = 1.03 to 4.77) in favor of the ultrasound‐assisted group. There were fewer traumatic LPs in the ultrasound‐assisted group (10.7% vs. 26.5%; RD = –16.4%, 95% CI = –27.6% to –5.2%; OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.45). Ultrasound‐assisted LP was also associated with a shorter time to successful LP (6.87 minutes vs. 7.97 minutes), fewer mean needle passes (2.07 vs. 2.66), and lower patient pain scores (3.75 vs. 6.31).

Conclusions

Ultrasound‐assisted LPs were associated with higher success rates, fewer traumatic LPs, shorter time to successful LP, fewer needle passes, and lower patient pain scores. Ultrasound should be considered prior to performing all LPs, especially in patients with difficult anatomy. Further studies are recommended to determine whether this effect is consistent in both adult and pediatric subgroups, as well as the impact of transducer type and body habitus on this technique.
Increased number of monocytes and plasma levels ofMCP‐1 andYKL‐40 in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Orhan F. , Schwieler L. , Fatouros‐Bergman H. , Malmqvist A. , Cervenka S. , Collste K. , Flyckt L. , Farde L. , Sellgren C. M. , Piehl F. ,   Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP) Consortium, Engberg G. , Erhardt S.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Accumulating evidence implicates immune activation in the development of schizophrenia. Here, monocyte numbers, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (YKL‐40) were investigated in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in first‐episode psychosis (FEP) patients.

Method

CSFand blood were sampled from 42 first‐episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 22 healthy controls. The levels ofYKL‐40 andMCP‐1 were measured using electrochemiluminescence assay, and blood monocytes were counted using anXN‐9000‐hematology analyzer.

Results

We found higher plasma levels ofMCP‐1 andYKL‐40 inFEPpatients compared with healthy controls, a condition that was unrelated to antipsychotic and/or anxiolytic medication. This was combined with an increased number of blood monocytes and a borderline significant increase inYKL‐40 levels in theCSFof tobacco‐freeFEPpatients. Plasma orCSFchemokines or blood monocytes did not correlate with the severity of symptoms or the level of functioning.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate activation of monocytes inFEPand strengthens the idea of an immune dysfunction of psychotic disorders. Further studies are required to perceive a role ofYKL‐40 andMCP‐1 in the initiation and progression of schizophrenia.
Ant associations in the Neotropical shrub Turnera subulata (Turneraceae): Costs or benefits to the host plant?
Authors: Cruz Nayara G. , Almeida Camilla S. , Bacci Leandro , Cristaldo Paulo F. , Santana Alisson S. , Oliveira Alexandre P. , Ribeiro Efrem J. M. , Araújo Ana P. A.
Published: August 2018

The results of ecological interactions depend on the costs and benefits involved in different ecological contexts. Turnera subulata is a shrubby plant with extrafloral nectaries that are associated with ants. Here, we test the hypotheses that the association between T. subulata and ants results in: (i) positive effects on host plant growth and reproduction; (ii) plant herbivory reduction and (iii) inhibition of the host plant visitation by beneficial organisms. Thirty experimental plots were established in northeastern Brazil, either in association with ants or without ants (N = 15 plots/treatment), with four plants each (total 120 plants). Vegetative growth (plant height and number of leaves), reproductive investment (flowers and fruits), herbivory rates and numbers of beneficial visitors were quantified during all phenological stages of the host plant. Data were analysed using generalized linear mixed models. At the host plant maturation stage, we found a trade‐off between growth and reproduction. Plants with ants had lower mean height; however, they invested more in reproduction (a higher number of flowers and fruits) compared to plants without ants. During the flowering stage, the abundance of sucking herbivores was higher in plots without ants but chewing herbivore abundance increased in the maturation stage in plots with ants. The cumulative proportion of leaves with herbivore damage did not differ between treatments, and the presence of ants reduced the number of beneficial visitors (e.g. pollinators and natural enemies) to the host plants. Our results show that association with ants results in some costs for the host plant, however, these costs appear to be offset by the defensive role of ants, which favours plant reproductive investment. In general, our results help to elucidate mechanisms involved in trophic interactions within the complex network of interactions involving ants and plants.
Independent risk factors for ovarian metastases in stage IA‐IIB cervical carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Le , Sun Chun‐Tang , Lin Lin , Xie Yao , Huang Yan , Li Qiao , Liu Xinghui
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor in women; most cervical cancer patients are premenopausal. Ovarian resection or preservation remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to discover the risk factors for ovarian metastasis in women with stage I‐II cervical cancer.

Material and methods

A total of 3292 women with cervical carcinoma who had undergone radical hysterectomy, with pelvic lymphadenectomy and bilateral oophorectomy or wedge resection of ovaries, were included in this multicenter retrospective study. We analyzed patients’ demographics, International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology stage, and histopathologic records to determine clinicopathologic risk factors of ovarian metastasis.

Results

Of the patients, 115 (3.49%) were confirmed to have ovarian metastasis. The ovarian metastasis rate was 2% (56/2794) for squamous cell carcinoma and 11.8% (59/498) for nonsquamous cell carcinoma. The risk factors independently associated with ovarian metastasis were histologic type (odds ratio [OR] 8.76, 95% CI 2.09‐19.24), lymph node metastasis (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.76‐4.89), lymphovascular space invasion (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.98‐4.24), and corpus invasion (OR 6.34, 95% CI 2.37‐11.42).

Conclusions

The histologic type, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular space invasion, and corpus invasion were independently associated with ovarian metastasis. Histologic type and corpus invasion were the most important risk factors. Therefore, we suggest that corpus invasion might be a strong contraindication for preservation of the ovaries.
Use of Bedside Ultrasonography and Saline Flush Technique for Evaluation of Central Venous Catheter Placement in Children
Authors: Yesilbas Osman , Sevketoglu Esra , Kihtir Hasan S. , Talip Petmezci Mey , Akcay Nihal , Kocoglu Barlas Ulkem , Palabiyik Figen
Published: August 2018

Our study investigated the reliability of appearance of rapid atrial swirl flow (RASF) by ultrasonography (US) in the right atrium (RA), which occurred as a result of rapid isotonic saline infusion (RISI) into the central venous catheter (CVC), in predicting catheter tip position. This prospective observational study included 95 CVC procedures performed on 77 pediatric patients (41 boys and 36 girls) with a median age of 0.6 (0.29–1.53) years. Seventy‐three (76.84%) catheter tips were found to be correctly placed, and 22 (23.15%) catheter tips were misplaced. While ultrasonographic examination revealed RASF in the RA after 93 catheterization procedures, it was not observed after two catheterization procedures. One of these two catheters was an arterial catheter, and the other was a catheter that was directed toward the subclavian vein after curling around itself. There was no significant difference between the groups with incorrect and correct positioned catheter tip in terms of the appearance of RASF by US after RISI. There was no significant difference between the groups with upward (n = 8) and downward (n = 86) positioned catheter tip in terms of the time until the first appearance of RASF after RISI and the phase of RASF (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference between these two groups in terms of the disappearance time of RASF in the RA (P < 0.001). The mean disappearance time of RASF was 3 (2–3) s for downward positioned catheters and 5 (4–7) s for upward positioned catheters, respectively. When the cut‐off for the disappearance time of RASF was set to 3 s, US had a sensitivity of 85.71% and a specificity of 77.91% for detecting upward positioned catheters. In conclusion, the appearance of RASF in the RA in a short time by US is not a reliable finding for correct positioning of the CVC tip in the pediatric patient group. The fact that the disappearance time of RASF in the RA is longer than 3 s indicates upward positioned CVCs. These catheters must never be used without radiological confirmation. In CVCs in which the disappearance time of RASF in the RA is shorter than 3 s, we think that the catheter can be used until radiological confirmation in emergency cases. According to the available literature, our study is the first study in children. There is a need for new studies on this subject.
Effect of Continuous‐Flow Mechanical Circulatory Support on Microvasculature Remodeling in the Failing Heart
Authors: Saito Tetsuya , Miyagawa Shigeru , Toda Koichi , Yoshikawa Yasushi , Fukushima Satsuki , Saito Shunsuke , Yoshioka Daisuke , Sakata Yasushi , Daimon Takashi , Sawa Yoshiki
Published: August 2018

Left ventricle (LV) unloading caused by a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been shown to enhance reverse LV remodeling in end‐stage cardiomyopathy. Several reports consistently suggest that a pulsatile‐flow LVAD has more profound effects compared to continuous‐flow LVAD, though the responsible mechanisms are not fully understood. We hypothesized that arterial pulsatility, being affected by the type of LVAD, may affect microvasculature and functional/pathological LV remodeling in end‐stage cardiomyopathy. The study included 18 patients with chronic heart failure who underwent LVAD implantation. Eight patients were implanted with pulsatile‐flow LVAD, and 10 patients were implanted with continuous‐flow LVAD. The results of serial echocardiograms and histopathological assessment of transmural LV tissues, which were collected during the implantation and removal of LVADs, were compared between the groups. The results of echocardiography showed that LV systolic dimension and LV ejection fraction improved greatly in the pulsatile‐flow LVAD group compared to the continuous‐flow LVAD group. Histological analysis showed that in both groups, increased microvasculature density and decreased cardiomyocyte size during LVAD support had no significant difference. In contrast, only the patients with continuous‐flow LVADs had presented with significant increase in α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA)‐positive layer thickness and the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive cells of myocardial arterioles. We concluded that the use of long‐term continuous‐flow LVAD support, having less pulsatility, had induced more thickening to the medial layer of myocardial arterioles compared to the use of pulsatile‐flow LVADs. Our findings suggest that the pathological impairment of myocardial microvascular structure during continuous‐flow LVAD support may be a novel mechanism which accounts for the difference in LV remodeling depending on the type of LVAD.
Integrating Social Comparisons into Perceived Organisational Support (POS): The Construct of Relative Perceived Organisational Support (RPOS) and its Relationship with POS, Identification and Employee Outcomes
Authors: Tsachouridi Irene , Nikandrou Irene
Published: August 2018

Incorporating the perspective of social comparison processes into the study of organisational support, we propose a new construct, namely, Relative Perceived Organisational Support (RPOS). This construct captures an employee’s global perceptions that the organisation supports him/her more than others. Further, we examine whether RPOS is an antecedent of POS, as well as the role of organisational identification in the RPOS‐POS relationship. Moreover, we examine the effects of RPOS on employee outcomes (intent to quit and willingness to support the organisation), investigating whether POS explains such effects. Our study incorporates three field studies; the first validated the measurement instrument (RPOS) and the other two tested our hypotheses. Our results indicated that RPOS is an antecedent of POS. Organisational identification plays an important role in such a relationship, mediating the effects of RPOS on POS and interacting with RPOS regarding the prediction of POS. Last, RPOS was found to be negatively related to intent to quit and positively related to willingness to support the organisation. According to our findings, POS fully mediated such effects.
Letter: cohort study examining the association between proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan—authors’ reply
Authors: Shao Yu‐Hsuan Joni , Wu Szu‐Yuan
Published: August 2018

This article is linked to Shao et al and Liao et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14835 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14905.
Safety of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunt
Authors: Ichikawa Yoshitoshi , Matsuda Chu , Mizushima Tsunekazu , Takahashi Hidekazu , Miyoshi Norikatsu , Haraguchi Naotsugu , Hata Taishi , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki
Published: August 2018

Introduction

This study retrospectively investigated the safety of laparoscopic colorectal surgery in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) based on the experiences within our department.

Methods

A total of 866 patients underwent laparoscopic colorectal surgery for colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and acute appendicitis at Osaka University during the study period. Laparoscopic colorectal surgery cases were collected from the Osaka University database. Among them, four (0.5%) had VPS when they underwent surgery. In these four cases, we consulted a neurosurgeon and checked the route of the VPS catheter to determine whether it had a unidirectional valve to prevent backflow and whether it was working normally. We retrospectively investigated the clinical characteristics of these four cases.

Results

All cases were safely treated, with the pneumoperitoneum pressure set at 10 mmHg under routine anesthetic monitoring and without any manipulations such as clamping or externalization of the VPS catheter. The four patients were discharged without any VPS‐related complications such as increased intracranial pressure, shunt failure, or infection.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that laparoscopic colorectal surgeries in patients with VPS without any manipulations may be safe. Future studies should aim to better standardize the perioperative management of VPS during laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
Registration for Exponential Family Functional Data
Authors: Wrobel Julia , Zipunnikov Vadim , Schrack Jennifer , Goldsmith Jeff
Published: August 2018

We introduce a novel method for separating amplitude and phase variability in exponential family functional data. Our method alternates between two steps: the first uses generalized functional principal components analysis to calculate template functions, and the second estimates smooth warping functions that map observed curves to templates. Existing approaches to registration have primarily focused on continuous functional observations, and the few approaches for discrete functional data require a pre-smoothing step; these methods are frequently computationally intensive. In contrast, we focus on the likelihood of the observed data and avoid the need for preprocessing, and we implement both steps of our algorithm in a computationally efficient way. Our motivation comes from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, in which accelerometer data provides valuable insights into the timing of sedentary behavior. We analyze binary functional data with observations each minute over 24 hours for 592 participants, where values represent activity and inactivity. Diurnal patterns of activity are obscured due to misalignment in the original data but are clear after curves are aligned. Simulations designed to mimic the application indicate that the proposed methods outperform competing approaches in terms of estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. Code for our method and simulations is publicly available.
Young children, digital media and smart toys: How perceptions shape adoption and domestication
Authors: Brito Rita , Dias Patrícia , Oliveira Gabriela
Published: August 2018

Contemporary homes are filled with digital technologies, and children are exposed to them almost since birth, initiating their first digital experiences at very early ages (Chaudron et al., , Young children (0–8)). This trend is expected to become stronger, as our future has been envisioned around the concept of the IoT (Internet of Things), and the first smart toys are arriving at the homes of digitally savvy families. This study focuses on the digital practices of young children, looking particularly at smart toys, aiming to: a) explore how smart toys are being adopted by families, considering the perceptions of children and parents about drivers and barriers to adoption; and b) understand the domestication of smart toys. Our research is exploratory and builds on the theoretical framework, methodological protocols and ethical guidelines of the international projects “Young Children (0–8) and Digital Technologies” (Chaudron et al., , Chaudron et al., Young children (0–8); Dias and Brito, 2016, 2017, Crianças (0 a 8 anos)) and “Media and Social Discourses around Young Children and IoToys” (Mascheroni & Holloway, 2017). Our methodology is qualitative, based on visits to families including interviews with children and parents and participant observation. We selected a purposive sample of 21 medium‐ or high‐income and digitally savvy families in Portugal. Concerning drivers and barriers for adoption, most children identify several smart toys and express interest in having them. Parents are motivated by the amount of satisfaction that the toy will afford the children and the added‐value in terms of learning or developing skills. However, most parents prefer mechanical toys, sports or outdoors activities and the high price is an obstacle. Concerning domestication, smart toys are still scarce in homes and perceived as novelty, thus being in a very early stage of domestication.
Ibrutinib induces rapid down‐regulation of inflammatory markers and altered transcription of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia‐related genes in blood and lymph nodes
Authors: Palma Marzia , Krstic Aleksandra , Peña Perez Lucia , Berglöf Anna , Meinke Stephan , Wang Qing , Blomberg K. Emelie M. , Kamali‐Moghaddam Masood , Shen Qiujin , Jaremko Georg , Lundin Jeanette , De Paepe Ayla , Höglund Petter , Kimby Eva , Österborg Anders , Månsson Robert , Smith C. I. Edvard
Published: August 2018

In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients, treatment with the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib induces a rapid shift of tumour cells from lymph nodes (LN) to peripheral blood (PB). Here, we characterized in depth the dynamics of ibrutinib‐induced inflammatory, transcriptional and cellular changes in different compartments immediately after treatment initiation in seven relapsed/refractory CLL patients. Serial PB and LN samples were taken before start and during the first 29 days of treatment. Changes in plasma inflammation‐related biomarkers, CLL cell RNA expression, B‐cell activation and migration markers expression, and PB mononuclear cell populations were assessed. A significant reduction of 10 plasma inflammation markers, the majority of which were chemokines and not CLL‐derived, was observed within hours, and was paralleled by very early increase of CD19+ circulating cells. At the RNA level, significant and continuous changes in transcription factors and signalling molecules linked to B‐cell receptor signalling and CLL biology was observed in both PB and LN CLL cells already after 2 days of treatment. In conclusion, ibrutinib seems to instantly shut off an ongoing inflammatory response and interfere with diverse sensitive pathways in the LN.
Action and representation – A comment on Batel and Castro ‘Re‐opening the dialogue between the theory of social representations and discursive psychology’
Authors: Potter Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Batel and Castro propose a reconciliation of social representation theory and discursive psychology. This comment highlights the continuing relevance of long‐standing critiques of social representation theory from discursive psychologists as well as their central focus on both how representations are built to appear factual and the role of representations in practices. It suggests that the analytic approaches proposed by Batel and Castro (e.g., focus groups and thematic analysis) are not sufficient to the analytic task. The proposed ‘Pragmatic Discourse Analysis’ falls short on its central task of identifying pragmatics. The virtues of working with naturalistic data using methods that attend to the action orientation of talk and text are pressed.
Distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic machineries cooperatively promote the inheritance of RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Xu Fei , Guang Shouhong , Feng Xuezhu
Published: August 2018

Epigenetic information can be inherited over multiple generations, which is termed as transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI). Although the mechanism(s) of TEI remains poorly understood, noncoding RNAs have been demonstrated to play important roles in TEI. In many eukaryotes, double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers the silencing of cellular nucleic acids that exhibit sequence homology to the dsRNA via a process termed RNA interference (RNAi). In Caenorhabditis elegans, dsRNA‐directed gene silencing is heritable and can persist for a number of generations after its initial induction. During the process, small RNAs and the RNAi machinery mediate the initiation, transmission and re‐establishment of the gene silencing state. In this review, we summarise our current understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) of transgenerational inheritance of RNAi in C. elegans and propose that multiple RNAi machineries may act cooperatively to promote TEI.
Apolipoprotein A5 gene variants are associated with decreased adiponectin levels and increased arterial stiffness in subjects with low high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Kim Minjoo , Yoo Hye Jin , Bang Yung Ju , Lee Sang‐Hyun , Lee Jong Ho
Published: August 2018

We performed a genome‐wide association study to find genetic variants associated with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol levels in a Korean population and verified two apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene variants, rs662799 (‐1131T>C) and rs2075291 (c.553G>T), in 612 subjects with low HDL‐cholesterol (cases) and 1536 subjects with normal HDL‐cholesterol (controls). To explain this association, we compared clinical outcomes according to their genotype in normal (control) and low HDL (case) groups. In both the case and control groups, the rare alleles of rs662799 and rs2075291 were associated with higher triglyceride and lower HDL‐cholesterol levels. In the subjects with the rs662799 CC genotype, lower levels of apoA‐I and apoA‐V and a smaller low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size were detected in both the case and control groups. In the case group, APOA5 rs662799 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with lower adiponectin and higher brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity (ba‐PWV). Our results show that two APOA5 variants, rs662799 (‐1131T>C) and rs2075291 (c.553G>T), are associated with HDL‐cholesterol levels in a Korean population, and suggest that individuals with an APOA5 rs662799 CC genotype are at higher risk of atherosclerosis, particularly when they have low HDL‐cholesterol, and this association is related to adiponectin levels.
Design trade‐offs in rights‐based management of small‐scale fisheries
Authors: Viana Daniel F. , Gelcich Stefan , Aceves‐Bueno Erendira , Twohey Becky , Gaines Steven D.
Published: August 2018

Small‐scale fisheries collectively have a large ecological footprint and are key sources of food security, especially in developing countries. Many of the data‐intensive approaches to fishery management are infeasible in these fisheries, but a strategy that has emerged to overcome these challenges is the establishment of territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFs). In this approach, exclusive fishing zones are established for groups of stakeholders, which eliminates the race to fish with other groups. A key challenge, however, is setting the size of TURFs—too large and the number of stakeholders sharing them impedes collective action, and too small and the movement of target fish species in and out of the TURFs effectively removes the community's exclusive access. We assessed the size of 137 TURFs from across the globe relative to this design challenge by applying theoretical models that predict their performance. We estimated that roughly two‐thirds of these TURFs were sized ideally to overcome the challenges posed by resource movement and fisher group size. However, for most of the remaining TURFs, all possible sizes were either too small to overcome the resource‐movement challenge or too large to overcome the collective action challenge. Our results suggest these fisheries, which target mobile species in densely populated regions, may need additional interventions to be successful.
Association of the kidney allocation system with dialysis exposure before deceased donor kidney transplantation by preemptive wait‐listing status
Authors: Harhay Meera N. , Harhay Michael O. , Ranganna Karthik , Boyle Suzanne M. , Levin Mizrahi Lissa , Guy Stephen , Malat Gregory E. , Xiao Gary , Reich David J. , Patzer Rachel E.
Published: August 2018

Background

It is unknown whether the new kidney transplant allocation system (KAS) has attenuated the advantages of preemptive wait‐listing as a strategy to minimize pretransplant dialysis exposure.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of adult US deceased donor kidney transplant (DDKT) recipients between December 4, 2011‐December 3, 2014 (pre‐KAS) and December 4, 2014‐December 3, 2017 (post‐KAS). We estimated pretransplant dialysis durations by preemptive listing status in the pre‐ and post‐KAS periods using multivariable gamma regression models.

Results

Among 65 385 DDKT recipients, preemptively listed recipients (21%, n = 13 696) were more likely to be white (59% vs 34%, P < 0.001) and have private insurance (64% vs 30%, P < 0.001). In the pre‐ and post‐KAS periods, average adjusted pretransplant dialysis durations for preemptively listed recipients were <2 years in all racial groups. Compared to recipients who were listed after starting dialysis, preemptively listed recipients experienced 3.85 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 3.71‐3.99) and 4.53 (95% CI 4.32‐4.74) fewer average years of pretransplant dialysis in the pre‐ and post‐KAS periods, respectively (P < 0.001 for all comparisons).

Conclusions

Preemptively wait‐listed DDKT recipients continue to experience substantially fewer years of pretransplant dialysis than recipients listed after dialysis onset. Efforts are needed to improve both socioeconomic and racial disparities in preemptive wait‐listing.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of a recurrent parotid tumour
Authors: Virk Harpreet , Dey Pranab
Published: August 2018

This article presents an educational case of a recurrent tumour in the parotid gland. The case unfolds with the aid of questions to focus on a particular diagnosis.
Caregiver knowledge and preferences for gross motor function information in cerebral palsy
Authors: Bailes Amy F , Gannotti Mary , Bellows Danielle M , Shusterman Michele , Lyman Jennifer , Horn Susan D
Published: August 2018

Aim

To determine caregiver knowledge and preferences for gross motor information and examine differences across Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels.

Method

A questionnaire was developed. Respondents reported GMFCS knowledge, preference for knowledge, and experience with GMFCS and motor curve information.

Results

In total, 303 caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP) (GMFCS level I: 22%; GMFCS level II: 16%; GMFCS level III: 15%; GMFCS level IV: 23%; GMFCS level V: 24%) completed the questionnaire. Forty‐five per cent of caregivers knew the GMFCS level at survey, and only 31% knew how their child's motor development compared with others of similar age and level. Caregiver education level was associated with knowledge (p<0.001). Most prefer discussing motor development with a therapist. Of caregivers who knew their child's GMFCS level at survey, 83% reported it would be helpful to revisit the topic over time. Compared with GMFCS level IV and V, caregivers of children in GMFCS levels I to III preferred to learn at the same time as CP diagnosis, (p=0.04) and were more likely to report having received visual aids (p=0.04). Caregivers of children in GMFCS levels IV and V found it more difficult to learn their child's level (p<0.001) versus those caring for children of GMFCS levels I to III, and reported seeing pictures with descriptions more informative (p=0.03).

Interpretation

Caregivers of children with CP may not know GMFCS and motor curve information, and vary in experience and preferences for this information.

What this paper adds

Fewer than half of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP) know their child's Gross Motor Function Classification System level.

Most want to know how their child's function compares to other children with CP.

The majority of caregivers would like to revisit the topic over time.

Caregivers want to discuss gross motor information with the therapist and doctor.
Remission in diabetic foot infections: Duration of antibiotic therapy and other possible associated factors
Authors: Gariani Karim , Lebowitz Dan , von Dach Elodie , Kressmann Benjamin , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Uçkay Ilker
Published: August 2018

Aim

To determine the most appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy for diabetic foot infections (DFIs).

Methods

Using a clinical pathway for adult patients with DFIs (retrospective cohort analysis), we created a cluster‐controlled Cox regression model to assess factors related to remission of infection, emphasizing antibiotic‐related variables. We excluded total amputations as a result of DFI and DFI episodes with a follow‐up time of <2 months.

Results

Among 1018 DFI episodes in 482 patients, we identified 392 episodes of osteomyelitis, 626 soft tissue infections, 246 large abscesses, 322 episodes of cellulitis and 335 episodes of necrosis; 313 cases involved revascularization. Patients underwent surgical debridement for 824 episodes (81%), of which 596 (59%) required amputation. The median total duration of antibiotic therapy was 20 days. After a median follow‐up of 3 years, 251 of the episodes (24.7%) were followed by ≥1 additional episode(s). Comparing patients with and without additional episodes, risk of recurrence was lower in those who underwent amputation, had type 1 diabetes, or underwent revascularization. On multivariate analysis including the entire study population, risk of remission was inversely associated with type 1 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2‐0.6). Neither duration of antibiotic therapy nor parenteral treatment affected risk of recurrence (HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.99‐1.01 for both). Similarly, neither >3 weeks versus <3 weeks of therapy, nor >1 week versus <1 week of intravenous treatment affected recurrence. In stratified analyses for both soft tissue DFIs or osteomyelitis separately, we did not observe associations of antibiotic duration with microbiological or clinical recurrences of DFI. The HRs were 1.0 (95% CI 0.6‐1.8) for an antibiotic duration >3 weeks overall and 0.6 (95% CI 0.2‐1.3) for osteomyelitis cases only. Plotting of duration of antibiotic therapy failed to identify any optimal threshold for preventing recurrences.

Conclusions

Our analysis found no threshold for the optimal duration or route of administration of antibiotic therapy to prevent recurrences of DFI. These limited data might support possibly shorter treatment duration for patients with DFI.
Constitutive exposure to the volatile methyl salicylate reduces per‐capita foraging efficiency of a generalist predator to learned prey associations
Authors: Vidal‐Gomez Ulianova , Rodriguez‐Saona Cesar , Kaplan Ian
Published: August 2018

Understanding the factors that influence the ability of predators to find and kill herbivores is central to enhancing their impact on prey populations, but few studies have tested the impact of these factors on predation rates in realistic foraging environments. Using the tri‐trophic system consisting of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), and the predaceous stink bug Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), we measured the effects of associative learning and plant volatile camouflage on predator behavior and foraging efficiency in field enclosures. To do so, we compared experienced vs. naive individuals under varying environmental contexts. Experienced predators were those with prior exposure to induced volatiles from the tomato–caterpillar association, whereas naive predators had not experienced tomato, only prey (caterpillars). We varied their environmental foraging matrix using either (1) tomato surrounded by basil (Ocimum basilicum L.; Lamiaceae) or (2) tomato exposed to the synthetic volatile, methyl salicylate (MeSA). We found that (1) experienced predators were more efficient than naive predators, capturing 28% more prey; (2) the tomato–basil combination did not affect predator–prey interactions; and (3) constitutive emission of synthetic MeSA caused a 22% reduction in P. maculiventris predation rate. These differences corresponded with distinct shifts in predator foraging; for example, experienced individuals were less stationary and exhibited unique behaviors such as stylet extension. Taken together, these results suggest that it is possible to improve the function of generalist predators in suppressing prey by coupling odors with food. However, constitutive emission of volatiles to attract natural enemies may ultimately camouflage neighboring plants, reducing the benefits of orientation to learned stimuli such as induced volatiles.
Life stage‐specific, stochastic environmental effects overlay density dependence in an Atlantic salmon population
Authors: Honkanen Hannele M. , Boylan Patrick , Dodd Jennifer A. , Adams Colin E.
Published: August 2018

Atlantic salmon populations appear to fluctuate stochastically through time. It is suspected that both density‐dependent and density‐independent factors cause these fluctuations but the relative importance of each, and the life stages at which they operate, is not well known. In this study, a long‐term data set on Atlantic salmon migrants returning to the Foyle catchment, Ireland, was used to determine the role of density‐dependent and life stage‐specific environmental factors regulating population size. A Ricker density‐dependent model showed that spawning adult population size significantly predicted variation in the resultant filial generation; however, a large amount of variation (ca. 68%) remained unexplained. It was shown that environmental factors were significant in explaining some of the remaining variance and that these influences were linked to specific life stages. Three life stages—spawning and incubation, fry emergence and marine survival—were shown to have significant environmental effects that resulted in changes in the returning cohort strength. It is concluded that these life stage‐specific environmental effects are likely to contribute to the stochastic variation in population size resulting from the application of traditional stock–recruitment models. The identification and quantification of these effects should allow improved model accuracy.