bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BRIDGING TECHNOLOGICAL GAP AMONG ENGLISH TEACHERS THROUGH DIGITAL SQUAD PROJECT
Authors: Kurniawati Nia
Published: December 2018

The technology advancement has forced the teachers ignoring their generation to migrate from off line into digital platform since the use of technology in education has changed the face of education massively. This project tried to capture an effort in bridging the technology gap among teachers across generation by forming a digital squad to provide digital teaching media assistance to teachers. It consists of several English education pre-service students in a private university who have high interest and skill on technology. This study explored the facts on the squad activities, the teacher participants� responses to the events organized by digital squad, and the obstacles in conducting the project. The results showed that the workshops organized by the squad gained positive feedback from the teacher participants. However, the classic problems frequently appear during the activities involving technology are the internet connection and the various technological competence among the participants. Finally, it is suggested to employ younger generation to bridge the technology gap among language teachers across generation in education setting, since the younger generation is usually techno savvy and the older generation should be willing to embrace the technology development in order to survive in millennial classroom.Keywords: digital squad; workshop; language teachers; generation; technology; teaching media.
CELLO AS A LANGUAGE TEACHING METHOD IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 ERA
Authors: Halimah Halimah , Ibrahim Gufran Ali , Lustyantie Ninuk
Published: December 2018

CELLO is derived from Community English Language Learning and Orai. It is a new teaching method developed especially in the community of English language learning based on the idea of Curran�s work on teaching method. CELLO is a combination between an innovative teaching method and media technology called Orai Application that is applied in teaching and learning of speaking especially in fostering students� fluency. Today, all graduates face a world transformed by technology, in which the Internet, cloud computing, and social media create different opportunities and challenges for formal education systems. This paper aims to explore the use of CELLO in assisting student�s speaking fluency. This classroom action research consists of three cycles in which each cycle consists of six stages, namely identify the problem, data gathering, data interpreting, action on evidence, evaluation, and revision. The obtained data showed that CELLO method could improve students� speaking fluency. �Based on the finding, implementing CELLO method is strongly recommended in teaching speaking especially at fostering students� speaking fluency.Keywords: CELLO; speaking fluency; technology 4.0; industrial revolution; action research.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF JUMBLED-SENTENCES TOWARD STUDENTS� SKILL IN WRITING REPORT TEXT
Authors: Utami Fatmawati Setia , Pabbajah Mustaqim , Juhansar Juhansar
Published: December 2018

This study aims at describing the implementation and the effectiveness of jumbled-sentences as a technique to enhance students� skill in writing report text and finding out the factors influencing students� skill in writing report text. This study was conducted in MAN 2 Yogyakarta that involved 24 tenth graders of IPA 3 in academic year 2018/2019. This study was a classroom action research. To collect the data, observation checklist, structured interview, and tests were used. The result showed that most of students could understand the subject easily and involve actively during the technique implementation. Besides, the test results showed students� mean improvement in writing report text from pre-test (3.00), post-test I (3.36), and post-test II (3.78). It means that jumbled-sentences technique is effective to enhance students� skill in writing report text. Moreover, the factors influencing students� writing skill were having lack of vocabulary, getting anxiety in making grammar errors, getting difficulties in understanding and translating words or sentences, and having limited classroom for learning-teaching process.Keywords: implementation, jumbled-sentences, students� skill, writing, report text.
Estimation of genome-wide and locus-specific breed composition in pigs1
Authors: Funkhouser Scott A. , Bates Ronald O. , Ernst Catherine W. , Newcom Doug , Steibel Juan Pedro
Published: December 2018

Advances in pig genomic technologies enable implementation of new methods to estimate breed composition, allowing innovative and efficient ways to evaluate and ensure breed and line background. Existing methods to test for homozygosity at key loci involve test mating the animal in question and observing phenotypic patterns among offspring, requiring extensive resources. In this study, whole-genome pig DNA microarray data from over 8,000 SNP was used to profile the composition of U.S. registered purebred pigs using a refined linear regression method that enhances the interpretation of coefficients. In a simulation analysis, a strong correlation between true and estimated breed composition was observed (R2 = 0.94). Applying these methods to 930 Yorkshire animals registered with the National Swine Registry, 95% were estimated to have a “genome-wide” Yorkshire breed composition of at least 0.825 or 82.5%, with similar performance for evaluating datasets of registered Duroc (n = 88) Landrace (n = 129), and Hampshire (n = 17) breeds. We also developed new methods to evaluate locus-based breed probabilities. Such methods have been applied to multi-locus SNP genotypes flanking the KIT gene known to predominantly control coat color, thereby inferring the probability that an animal has haplotypes in the KIT region that are predominant in white breeds. These methods have been adopted by the National Swine Registry as a means to identify purebred Yorkshire animals.
Effects of dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product to sows and their offspring on growth and meat quality
Authors: Shen Y. B. , Fellner V. , Yoon I. , Kim S. W.
Published: December 2018

This study evaluated the effects of long term dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) in the diets for sows and offspring on growth performance, intestinal morphology, volatile fatty acid production, and carcass characteristics of offspring. Newly weaned pigs (n = 256) were allotted to 4 treatments based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Each treatment had 8 pens with 8 pigs per pen. First factor was maternal dietary effects (no SCFP, or SCFP at 12.0 and 15.0 g/d through gestation and lactation, respectively) and the second factor was dietary supplementation of SCFP to offspring (no SCFP, or SCFP at 0.2 and 0.1% for nursery and finisher, respectively). Pigs were on a 6-phase feeding program with assigned diets from nursery to slaughter. Body weights (BW) and feeder weights were measured at the end of each phase. On d 5 after weaning, 1 pig per pen was euthanized to evaluate intestinal morphology and volatile fatty acid production. At 115 kg of BW, 1 pig from each pen was slaughtered to measure carcass characteristics. Feeding diets with SCFP to sows or to their offspring had no effect on BW, overall average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed (G:F) ratio during the nursery or finisher period. Feeding SCFP to sows tended to increase (P = 0.098) cecal butyric acid production in their offspring. Pigs with SCFP tended to have a greater (P = 0.084) concentration of acetic acid but a reduced (P = 0.054) propionic acid in colon digesta than pigs without SCFP regardless of maternal feeding regimen. Loin marbling scores were greater (P = 0.043) in pigs with SCFP than those without SCFP regardless of maternal feeding regimen. Overall, supplementation of SCFP in sow diets did not affect growth performance or intestinal morphology of their offspring. Supplementation of SCFP in diets of offspring from nursery to slaughter had little effect on growth performance. However, inclusion of SCFP from nursery to slaughter improved marbling score possibly by increased acetic acid and butyric acid production in the large intestine.
Yeast Pro- and Paraprobiotics Have the Capability to Bind Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Animal Disease1
Authors: Posadas Gabriel A. , Broadway Paul R. , Thornton Justin A. , Carroll Jeffery A. , Lawrence Amanda , Corley Jimmie R. , Thompson Amber , Donaldson Janet R.
Published: December 2018

Live yeast probiotics and yeast cell wall components (paraprobiotics) may serve as an alternative to the use of antibiotics in prevention and treatment of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics and paraprobiotics can bind directly to pathogens, which limits binding of the pathogens to the intestinal cells and also facilitates removal from the host. However, knowledge of bacterial binding, specificity, and/or capability is limited with regard to probiotics or paraprobiotics. The goal of this study was to characterize the qualitative and quantitative nature of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotics and three S. cerevisiae paraprobiotics to adhere to thirteen different pathogenic bacteria using scanning electron miscroscopy and filtration assays. On average, the yeast probiotics (LYA and LYB) exhibited overall greater (P < 0.05) adhesion to the pathogenic bacteria tested (41% and 34%) in comparison to paraprobiotics (23%, 21%, and 22%), though variations were observed between pathogens tested. The ability of Salmonella and Listeria to utilize components of the yeast as a nutrient source was also tested. Bacteria were cultured in media with limited carbon and supplemented with cell free extracts of the probiotics and paraprobiotics. Salmonella exhibited growth, indicating these pathogens could utilize the yeast lysates as a carbon source. Listeria monocytogenes had limited growth in only one of the lysates tested. Together, these data indicate that the interaction between probiotics and paraprobiotics occurs in a strain dependent mechanism. Administration of probiotics and paraprobiotics as therapeutics therefore needs to be specific against the bacterial pathogen target.
Weaned pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella display sexually dimorphic innate immune responses without affecting pathogen colonization patterns1,2,3
Authors: Burdick Sanchez Nicole C. , Broadway Paul R. , Carroll Jeffery A. , Gart Elena V. , Bryan Laura K. , Lawhon Sara D.
Published: December 2018

Sexually dimorphic innate immune responses have been observed in several species, but have not been studied in response to a live pathogen challenge in pigs. This study aimed to elucidate sexually dimorphic innate immune responses along with Salmonella translocation patterns in newly weaned pigs orally inoculated with Salmonella. Newly weaned pigs (n = 8 gilts and 12 barrows; 6.2 ± 0.2 kg BW) were obtained from a commercial swine facility and were maintained in an environmentally-controlled facility in individual pens equipped with feeders and nipple waterers. Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to a commercial non-medicated starter ration and water throughout the study. On d 12 post-weaning, pigs were anesthetized to allow placement of a temperature measuring device in the abdominal cavity for measurement of intraperitoneal temperature (TEMP). On d 17, pigs were anesthetized and fitted with indwelling jugular vein catheters. On the following day (d 18), pigs were orally inoculated with 4.7x109Salmonella typhimurium. Blood samples were collected at 0.5-h intervals from -2 to 8 h, and at 8-h intervals from 8 to 72 h post-challenge. Whole blood was analyzed for complete blood cell counts. Serum was isolated for measurement of cortisol. Following collection of the 72 h sample, pigs were humanely euthanized and tissues were collected for Salmonella isolation. There was a sex × time interaction (P < 0.001) for TEMP such that gilts had a greater TEMP response to the Salmonella challenge compared to barrows. There was also a sex × time interaction (P = 0.03) for serum cortisol with gilts having decreased cortisol at 16 h yet greater cortisol at 32 h than barrows. Barrows had greater total white blood cells (17.8 vs. 16.2 ± 0.4 103 cells/μL; P < 0.01; respectively) and neutrophils (7.8 vs. 6.1 ± 0.4 103 cells/μL; P < 0.01; respectively) than gilts. However, gilts had greater lymphocytes (9.6 vs. 9.0 ± 0.2 103 cells/μL; P = 0.05; respectively) than barrows. While immune parameters were influenced by sex, there was no effect of sex (P > 0.05) on Salmonella concentrations from fecal shedding 3 d post-inoculation in the cecum, mesenteric and subiliac lymph nodes, liver, spleen, gallbladder, or kidney tissues. These data demonstrate that weaned gilts appear to produce a stronger acute phase response to a Salmonella challenge compared to barrows, without affecting the tissue translocation or shedding of Salmonella.
Concentrations of minerals in pig feed ingredients commonly used in China1
Authors: Huang C. F. , Stein H. H. , Zhang L. Y. , Li Defa , Lai C. H.
Published: December 2018

Mineral concentrations were determined in 13 different feed ingredients commonly used in swine diets. Ingredients included corn and 4 corn co-products: corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Wheat, wheat bran, and wheat shorts were also included, and 5 oilseed meals including soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal were used as well. Corn grain contained 88.7% dry matter (DM) and 0.46% K (DM basis). Greater concentrations of DM, ash, Ca, P, nonphytate P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were observed in corn gluten feed, corn DDGS, and corn germ meal compared with corn grain (P < 0.05). In general, minerals in corn DDGS were approximately three times greater than in corn grain and about 90% of the total P in corn DDGS was in the nonphytate bound form. Corn gluten meal had the least concentrations (P < 0.05) of most minerals, but the greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of Fe (373.55 mg/kg, DM basis), Cu (11.88 mg/kg, DM basis), and Se (0.92 mg/kg, DM basis). On a DM-basis, concentrations of DM, Ca, P, phytate bound P, and Fe in wheat grain were 88.2%, 0.10%, 0.34%, 0.16%, and 53.48 mg/kg, respectively. Wheat bran contained more (P < 0.05) K, Mg, Cl, Fe, Zn, and Mn compared with wheat and wheat shorts. On a DM-basis, 2.72% K was observed in soybean meal, which was more (P < 0.05) than in the other oilseed meals. However, rapeseed meal had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration of ash (9.37%), Ca (1.01%), P (1.05%), and Fe (526.49 mg/kg) among the oilseed meals, but only 16.2% of the total P in rapeseed meal was non-phytate P. In contrast, more than 50% of the P in soybean meal and peanut meal was non-phytate P. The least (P < 0.05) concentration of Cu (6.73 mg/kg, DM basis) was observed in rapeseed meal and the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration (32.75 mg/kg) was analyzed in sunflower meal. Concentrations of most minerals in soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal varied considerably compared with published values. In conclusion, the concentration of minerals in 13 commonly used feed ingredients were analyzed and results indicated considerable variation among and within feed ingredients for most minerals, which for some minerals may be a result of differences in minerals in the soil in which the ingredients were grown, but processing likely also contributes to differences among ingredients.
Impacts of maternal nutrition on uterine and placental vascularity and mRNA expression of angiogenic factors during the establishment of pregnancy in beef heifers1
Authors: McLean K. J. , Crouse M. S. , Crosswhite M. R. , Pereira N. Negrin , Dahlen C. R. , Borowicz P. P. , Reynolds L. P. , Ward A. K. , Neville B. W. , Caton J. S.
Published: December 2018

We hypothesized that maternal nutrient restriction starting at the time of breeding would influence placental vascular development and gene expression of angiogenic factors during the first 50 d of gestation in beef heifers. Commercial Angus crossbred heifers (n = 49) were maintained on a total mixed ration and supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles. All heifers were subject to 5-d CO-Synch + CIDR estrous synchronization protocol, AI to a single Angus sire, and randomly assigned to dietary treatments. One half were assigned to control diet (CON) targeted to gain 0.45 kg/d and the remaining half were assigned to restricted diet (RES), which received 60% of CON. Heifers were subjected to ovariohysterectomy on d 16, 34, or 50 of gestation. Utero-placental tissues were obtained from the uterine horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum and separated into maternal caruncle (CAR); maternal endometrium, inter-caruncle (ICAR), and fetal membranes (FM). After collection, all tissues were snap frozen and stored at –80°C. There were no treatment × stage of gestation interactions (P >0.13) on the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Heifers on CON treatment had greater (P = 0.03) expression of VEGF compared with RES heifers in NP-ICAR. On d 50 expression of eNOS was increased (P = 0.05) compared with d 16 in P-CAR. Expression of eNOS mRNA was decreased (P = 0.04) on d 16 compared with d 34 and 50 in CON heifer. Gene expression of eNOS was increased (P < 0.001) in the pregnant uterine horn compared with the NP uterine horn on d 34 and 50. Expression of eNOS was also increased (P < 0.003) on d 34 and 50 in the pregnant uterine horn compared with FM. There was a maternal nutritional plane × stage of gestation interaction (P = 0.01) on the vascular ratio (vascular volume/tissue volume) in maternal tissues. The RES heifers had a greater vascular ratio on d 16 compared with d 34 and 50; whereas, CON heifers had a greater vascular ratio on d 34 compared with d 16 and 50. In the NP uterine horn, there was also an increase (P = 0.02) in vascular volume of FM from CON heifers compared with FM from RES heifers. We conclude that maternal nutrient restriction did alter both vascularity and mRNA expression of angiogenic factor in utero-placental tissues during the establishment of pregnancy in first parity beef heifers.
Development of highly digestible animal feed from lignocellulosic biomass Part 2: Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) and shock treatment of corn stover1
Authors: Falls M. , Meysing D. , Liang C. , Karim M. N. , Carstens G. , Tedeschi L. O. , Holtzapple M. T.
Published: December 2018

Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) increases lignocellulose digestibility by removing lignin and hemicellulose acetyl content. Digestibility is improved further by adding mechanical shock treatment, which subjects aqueous slurry of biomass to an explosive pressure pulse. Shock treatment mechanically disrupts the microscopic structure while maintaining the macroscopic integrity of the biomass particle. This study determined the effectiveness of these pretreatments to enhance the ruminant digestibility of corn stover. In terms of compositional changes, OLP and shock treatment should negatively affect the feed value of corn stover; however, digestibility analysis provides a significantly different conclusion. With corn stover, shock + OLP improved the 48-h neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) to 79.0 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digested/100 g NDF fed, compared to 49.3 for raw corn stover. The 48-h in vitro total digestible nutrients (TDNom, g nutrients digested/100 g OM) was 51.9 (raw), 59.7 (OLP), and 72.6 (shock + OLP). Adding extracted corn stover solubles to shock + OLP increased TDNom to 74.9. When enough solubilized chicken feathers were added to match the protein content of corn grain, TDNom increases to 75.5, which is only 12.6 less than corn grain.
Endogenous retroviral gene elements (syncytin-Rum1 and BERV-K1), interferon-τ, and pregnancy associated glycoprotein-1 are differentially expressed in maternal and fetal tissues during the first 50 days of gestation in beef heifers1
Authors: McLean K. J. , Crouse M. S. , Crosswhite M. R. , Black D. N. , Dahlen C. R. , Borowicz P. P. , Reynolds L. P. , Ward A. K. , Neville B. W. , Caton J. S.
Published: December 2018

We hypothesized that the endogenous retroviruses [ERV: syncytin-Rum1 and (BERV-K1)], and pregnancy hormones [interferon-τ (IFN-τ), and pregnancy associated glycoprotein-1 (PAG-1)] would be differentially expressed whereas progesterone and insulin concentrations in maternal blood would remain steady during early gestation. To test this hypothesis Angus crossbred heifers (n = 46; ∼15 mo of age; BW = 363 ± 35 kg) were fed native grass hay, supplemented with cracked corn to gain 0.3 kg/d, and given ad libitum access to water. All heifers were subjected to a 5-d CO-Synch + CIDR estrous synchronization protocol and AI (breeding = d 0). Ovariohysterectomies were performed on d 16, 22, 28, 34, 40, and 50 of gestation and at d 16 of the estrous cycle for non-pregnant (NP) controls. Utero-placental tissues [maternal caruncle (CAR); maternal intercaruncular endometrium (ICAR); and fetal membranes, (FM, chorion on d 16, chorioallantois on d 22 to 50)] were collected from the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (CL). Tissues were flash frozen and stored at –80°C. Expression of mRNA was evaluated using qPCR. In CAR, syncytin-Rum1 expression was greater (P < 0.01) on d 50 (81.5-fold) compared with NP controls or any other day of early pregnancy. In contrast, syncytin-Rum1 expression in I-CAR only tended (P = 0.09) to change across days of early pregnancy and did not differ (P = 0.27) in FM tissues. In CAR, the expression of BERV-K1 was not different (P > 0.79) at d 16 and 22, was intermediate at d 28, 34, and 40, and was greatest on d 50 (108-fold increase compared with NP). Expression of BERV-K1 in FM was increased (P < 0.01) on d 28, 34, and 50 compared with NP controls, but at d 40 did not differ from NP controls. The mRNA expression of IFN-τ in FM at d 22 was greater (P < 0.01) than all other days of gestation. In CAR, expression of PAG-1 increased (P < 0.001) dramatically on d 40 (20,000-fold) and d 50 (86,000-fold) compared with NP heifers (P < 0.01). In ICAR, expression of PAG-1 was greater (P < 0.05) on d 28 and 40 (fold increases of 113 and 102, respectively, compared with NP). Insulin concentrations were not different (P = 0.53) but progesterone was greater (P < 0.01) on d 16, 22, 28, 34, and 40 compared with d 50 of gestation. These data confirm differential ERV, IFN-τ, and PAG-1 gene expression during critical time points of early gestation in utero-placental tissues.
Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the lactational performance of mid-lactation dairy cows1
Authors: Acharya S. , Pretz J. P. , Yoon I. , Scott M. F. , Casper D. P.
Published: December 2018

This study was to evaluate 1 current and 2 newly developed Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP, Diamond V Original XPC and 2 test products) on the production efficiency of mid-lactation dairy cows. Eighty mid-lactation (164.5 ± 67.5 d in milk: DIM) Holstein cows (56 multiparous and 24 primiparous) were blocked by parity, DIM, and milk production, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control (CON): corn silage and haylage based ration; 2) XPC: CON ration with Original XPC added at 14 g/d; 3) Product 1 (P1): CON ration with Product 1 added at 5 g/d; and 4) Product 2 (P2): CON ration with Product 2 added at 19 g/d. Treatments were blended with dried distillers grains and then mixed into a total mixed ration at 454 g/d. The first 14 d of the study (d–14 to 0) was for training cows to use the Calan door feeding system and cows were fed the CON ration during this period followed by an 8 wk continuous experimental period. Dry matter intakes were similar (P > 0.10) when cows were fed all treatments (25.7, 26.1, 25.1, and 26.2 kg/d for CON, XPC, P1, and P2, respectively). Milk production (33.3, 34.4, 35.5, and 36.8 kg/d) was improved (P < 0.05) for cows fed P2 compared to cows fed CON, with cows fed other treatments being intermediate and similar (P > 0.10). Feed efficiency (milk yield/dry matter intake) was improved (P < 0.05) for cows fed P1 and P2, compared to cows fed CON and XPC (1.30, 1.34, 1.49 and 1.41 kg/kg). Milk fat content was reduced (P < 0.05) for cows fed P2 (4.17, 3.93, 4.08, and 3.85%) compared to cows fed CON, with cows fed other treatments being intermediate (P > 0.10). Milk protein and lactose percentages were similar (P > 0.10) among treatments. Cows fed P2 had reduced (P < 0.05) molar proportion of ruminal acetate (63.8, 64.0, 63.1, and 62.3%) and greater (P < 0.05) propionate (18.9, 19.3, 19.7, and 20.6%) than cows fed other treatments. Supplementing a dairy ration with SCFP, such as P2, can improve milk production and feed efficiency of mid-lactation cows.
Testing the feasibility of using a conveyor belt to load weanling and nursery pigs for transportation1
Authors: Lay D. C. , Sapkota A. , Enneking S. A.
Published: December 2018

Transportation is known to be a multi-faceted stressor, with the process of loading being one of the most significant factors impacting the stress to which animals are exposed. This project was designed to determine if using a conveyor to load pigs into the top deck of a simulated straight deck trailer could lower the stress to which pigs and handlers are exposed. Pigs were assigned to either a Control group that were herded up a stationary conveyor ramp into a top deck trailer (2.5 m above the ground); or Conveyor group which were herded onto a mobile conveyor into a top deck trailer. The conveyor was 7.6 m long, 0.9 m wide and rose to 2.5 m high at a 16° slope, and moved 11.3 m/min. Two age groups were tested; Weanling pigs which were moved in groups of 20 (n = 14 groups/treatment) and Nursery pigs which were moved in groups of 10 (n = 15 groups/treatment). Behavior was recorded during loading, including slips and falls, vocalizations, assists, and time to load. Heart rate of 2 sentinel pigs/group and the handler were recorded during loading, and body temperature of the handler after loading. Pigs were held in the simulated trailer for 30 min while heart rate was recorded. After which, they were unloaded and held in a holding pen for an additional 30 min while heart rate was recorded. There were no treatment differences for slips or falls (P < 0.90). Vocalizations were too few to analyze. Both Weanling (2.8 ± 0.7) and Nursery (1.6 ± 0.5) Conveyor pigs needed to be assisted onto the conveyor more than Weanling (1.2 ± 0.4) and Nursery (0.3 ± 0.1) Control pigs (P < 0.06). There was no difference in total loading time between the treatments for any age group (P < 0.15), with Weanling and Nursery pigs loading in 50 to 45 s, respectively. There were no treatment differences for heart rate variability measures (P > 0.10). However, loading increased heart rate of Nursery pigs (204.9 ± 5.7 bpm, P < 0.005), but not Weanling pigs (172.1 ± 9.0 bpm). Nursery pigs had a greater ratio of low frequency to high frequency power during loading (P < 0.02) compared to other phases of the procedure in both Control and Conveyor groups. Heart rate (93.9 ± 1.9 bpm) and body temperature (31.1 ± 0.3°C, eye temperature) of the handler was not affected by treatment (P < 0.26). Based on behavior and physiology, the pigs had similar experiences in both treatments. This study shows that it is feasible to use a conveyor to load pigs, but it may not be advantageous.
Lysine bioavailability among 2 lipid-coated lysine products after exposure to silage1
Authors: Reiners J. N. , Held J. E. , Wright C. L. , Qiao Q. , Djira G. D. , Brunsvig B. R. , Reza K. M. , Brake D. W.
Published: December 2018

We conducted 2 experiments to determine lysine bioavailability from 2 lipid-coated lysine products. In an in vitro experiment we mixed each lipid-coated lysine product with either alfalfa- or corn-silage at different amounts of acidity. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that surface structure of each lipid-coated lysine particle was eroded after mixing with silage. Additionally, visual evaluation of scanning electron micrographs suggested that peripheral surface abrasion of lipid-coated lysine may be greater when lipid-coated lysine was mixed with alfalfa silage in comparison to corn silage. In a corresponding experiment, in vivo measures of lysine bioavailability to sheep from 2 lipid-coated lysine products and lysine-HCl were determined after mixing in corn silage. Plasma lysine concentrations increased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to abomasal lysine infusion indicating that our model was sensitive to increases in metabolizable lysine flow. Bioavailability of each lipid-coated lysine source and dietary lysine-HCl were calculated to be 23, 15, and 18%, respectively. Even though each dietary source of lysine increased plasma lysine, rates of increases in plasma lysine from one lipid-coated lysine source (linear; P = 0.20) and lysine-HCl (linear; P = 0.11) were not different from plasma lysine levels supported by diet alone. However, the rate of plasma lysine increase in response to lysine from the other lipid-coated lysine source was greater (P = 0.04) than plasma lysine from feed alone. Nonetheless, the rate of plasma lysine increase in response to lipid-coated lysine did not differ (P ≥ 0.70) from the rate of plasma lysine increase from lysine-HCl. Clearly, methods of manufacture, together with physical and chemical characteristics of diet, can impact amounts of metabolizable lysine provided from lipid-coated lysine products. Direct measures of lysine bioavailability from lipid-coated lysine products after mixing with diets should be based on measurements with the products treated similarly to the method of feeding.
Quantifying production, processing and post-slaughter effects on pork eating quality using random effects meta-regression1
Authors: Channon H. A. , D'Souza D. N. , Dunshea F. R.
Published: December 2018

Random effects meta-regression techniques, analyzed using a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) approach, was used to determine the influence of various factors that may be experienced or imposed on pigs, carcases and pork on pork eating quality attributes and shear force of the M. longissimus dorsi (loin). This was done to inform the development of a pathway based eating quality system for pork. Estimated means of explanatory variables were obtained for those pathway factors where sufficient published studies met the criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Due to a lack of data for interactions between factors investigated, only single factors were included as fixed terms in the REML models. This analysis identified that moisture infusion (P < 0.001), ageing for more than 2 d post-slaughter (P = 0.006) and tenderstretching (P = 0.006) each resulted in significant improvements in tenderness. Cooking loins to an endpoint temperature of ≥ 80°C negatively impacted both tenderness (P = 0.022) and juiciness (P < 0.001) scores compared with 70 to 74°C. It was not possible to develop algorithms to reliably estimate the effects of multiple factors on pork eating quality attributes to a cuts-based level due to limited studies reporting data for treatment interactions.
National Beef Quality Audit-2016: Phase 1, Face-to-face interviews
Authors: Hasty J. D. , Pfeifer M. M. , Eastwood L. C. , Gredell D. A. , Gifford C. L. , Levey J. R. , Cashman C. M. , Woerner D. R. , Martin J. N. , Delmore R. J. , Griffin W. B. , VanOverbeke D. L. , Mafi G. G. , Boykin C. A. , Hale D. S. , Kerth C. R. , Griffin D. B. , Arnold A. N. , Savell J. W. , Pendell D. L. , Belk K. E.
Published: December 2018

The National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) is conducted every 5 yr and was most recently again conducted in 2016. Face-to-face interviews gauged progress in quality associated with live cattle production using procedures first utilized in NBQA 2011. The 2016 NBQA was the first in which interviews concerning fed steers and heifers were combined with an audit of market cow and bull beef. Face-to-face interviews were designed to illicit definitions for beef quality, estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for quality attributes, establish relative importance rankings for important quality factors, and assess images, strengths, weaknesses, potential threats, and shifting trends in the beef industry since the 2011 audit. Individuals making purchasing decisions in 5 market sectors of the steer/heifer and cow/bull beef supply chain were interviewed, including packers (n = 36), retailers (including large and small supermarket companies and warehouse food sales companies; n = 35), food service operators (including quick-serve, full-service, and institutional establishments; n = 29), further processors (n = 64), and peripherally-related government and trade organizations (GTO; n = 30). Face-to-face interviews were conducted between January and November of 2016 using a designed dynamic routing system. Definitions (as described by interviewees) for 7 pre-determined quality factors, including: (1) How and where the cattle were raised, (2) Lean, fat, and bone, (3) Weight and size, (4) Visual characteristics, (5) Food safety, (6) Eating satisfaction, and (7) Cattle genetics were recorded verbatim and categorized into similar responses for analysis. Compared to NBQA-2011, a higher percentage of companies were willing to pay premiums for guaranteed quality attributes, but overall were willing to pay lower average premiums than the companies interviewed in 2011. Food safety had the highest share of preference among all interviewees, generating a double-digit advantage over any other quality factor. The 2 beef industries have an overall positive image among interviewees, and despite lingering weaknesses, product quality continued to be at the forefront of the strengths category for both steer and heifer beef and market cow and bull beef.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus reduces feed efficiency, digestibility, and lean tissue accretion in grow-finish pigs1
Authors: Schweer W. , Schwartz K. , Patience J. F. , Karriker L. , Sparks C. , Weaver M. , Fitzsimmons M. , Burkey T. E. , Gabler N. K.
Published: December 2018

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is a major swine virus that causes reproductive impairment in sows, as well as respiratory disease, reduction in growth rates, and mortalities in all ages of pigs. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact PRRS has on grower-finisher pig feed efficiency and tissue accretion rates. Thirty PRRS naïve, littermate pairs of maternal line Choice Genetics gilts (33.6 ± 0.58 kg BW) were selected and pairs split across 2 barns consisting of 5 pens (n = 6 pigs/pen per barn). Pigs in both barns were fed corn-soybean-DDGS diets ad libitum. All pigs in one barn were inoculated (CHAL) via an i.m. injection of a live PRRS strain isolated from the region (0 d post inoculation, dpi), while pigs in the other barn were given a saline control injection (CONT). Pig performance (ADG, ADFI, G:F) was assessed from 35 kg BW until each group reached market BW (128 kg). Additionally, longitudinal apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and body composition was assessed using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) post inoculation (dpi) to estimate lean, protein, fat and bone accretion rates. Serological data from CHAL pigs showed that PRRS titers peaked 7 dpi and these pigs seroconverted by 35 dpi. According to both genomic and protein PRRS titers, CONT pigs were naïve to CHAL throughout the study. The PRRS infection reduced (P < 0.001) ATTD of dry matter, energy and nitrogen by 3 to 5% at 21 dpi and the reduction in ATTD persisted after 65 dpi. Compared to the CONT, CHAL pigs had decreased ADG (0.89 vs. 0.80 kg/d, P < 0.001), ADFI (2.05 vs. 1.93 kg/d, P < 0.001), and G:F (0.44 vs. 0.41 kg/d, P < 0.001) over the entire test period. The CHAL pigs also had attenuated DXA predicted whole body accretion of lean (547 vs. 633 g/d, P = 0.001), protein (109 vs. 126 g/d, P = 0.001) and fat (169 vs. 205 g/d, P = 0.001) compared to their CONT counterparts from dpi 0 to 80. Based on carcass data at slaughter (and consistent with the DXA data), CHAL pigs had leaner carcasses and reduced yields. These data clearly demonstrate that PRRS infection reduces digestibility, feed efficiency and protein accretion rates in grower-finisher pigs.
Validation of transrectal ultrasonography for assessment of corpora lutea characteristics in pregnant sows and its relationship with litter characteristics at birth1
Authors: Da Silva C. L. A. , Laurenssen B. F. A. , Knol E. F. , Kemp B. , Soede N. M.
Published: December 2018

In experiment 1 we investigated the accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography (TUS) to assess the number (OR) and diameter of corpora lutea (CL) in 45 and 25 sows, respectively, at 23.4 ± 2.9 d of pregnancy. The diameter was calculated as the average diameter of 10 biggest CL. Sows were subsequently slaughtered and OR was assessed by dissection of CL from both ovaries (n = 45) and average diameter of the 10 biggest CL was also calculated after measurement of CL with the caliper rule (n = 25). There was a weak relationship between OR counted after dissection of the ovaries and OR counted with TUS (β = 0.28 ± 0.01 CL/CL, P = 0.01), but there was a strong relationship between the average CL diameter measured with the caliper rule after dissection and the average CL diameter based on TUS (β = 1.0 ± 0.1 mm/mm, P < 0.0001). This shows that TUS is not a valid method to assess OR in pregnant sows but it is a valid method to assess average CL diameter. In experiment 2, we investigated the relationship between the average CL diameter assessed by TUS (n = 100) at 23.8 ± 2.4 d of pregnancy and average piglet birth weight (BW) and observed an increase of 37.6 ± 17.8 g in piglet BW per mm increase in average CL diameter measured by TUS (P = 0.04). This relationship is probably because larger CL develop from bigger follicles at ovulation, which might have ovulated oocytes of higher quality that developed into embryos with higher growth potential and thus higher birth weight.
National Beef Quality Audit–2016: Transportation, mobility, live cattle, and carcass assessments of targeted producer-related characteristics that affect value of market cows and bulls, their carcasses, and associated by-products1
Authors: Harris M. K. , Eastwood L. C. , Boykin C. A. , Arnold A. N. , Gehring K. B. , Hale D. S. , Kerth C. R. , Griffin D. B. , Savell J. W. , Belk K. E. , Woerner D. R. , Hasty J. D. , Delmore R. J. , Martin J. N. , Lawrence T. E. , McEvers T. J. , VanOverbeke D. L. , Mafi G. G. , Pfeiffer M. M. , Schmidt T. B. , Maddock R. J. , Johnson D. D. , Carr C. C. , Scheffler J. M. , Pringle T. D. , Stelzleni A. M.
Published: December 2018

The National Beef Quality Audit–2016 marks the fourth iteration in a series assessing the quality of live beef and dairy cows and bulls and their carcass counterparts. The objective was to determine the incidence of producer-related defects, and report cattle and carcass traits associated with producer management. Conducted from March through December of 2016, trailers (n = 154), live animals (n = 5,470), hide-on carcasses (n = 5,278), and hide-off hot carcasses (n = 5,510) were surveyed in 18 commercial packing facilities throughout the United States. Cattle were allowed 2.3 m2 of trailer space on average during transit indicating some haulers are adhering to industry handling guidelines for trailer space requirements. Of the mixed gender loads arriving at processing facilities, cows and bulls were not segregated on 64.4% of the trailers surveyed. When assessed for mobility, the greatest majority of cattle surveyed were sound. Since the inception of the quality audit series, beef cows have shown substantial improvements in muscle. Today over 90.0% of dairy cows are too light muscled. The mean body condition score for beef animals was 4.7 and for dairy cows and bulls was 2.6 and 3.3, respectively. Dairy cattle were lighter muscled, yet fatter than the dairy cattle surveyed in 2007. Of cattle surveyed, most did not have horns, nor any visible live animal defects. Unbranded hides were observed on 77.3% of cattle. Carcass bruising was seen on 64.1% of cow carcasses and 42.9% of bull carcasses. However, over half of all bruises were identified to only be minor in severity. Nearly all cattle (98.4%) were free of visible injection-site lesions. Current results suggest improvements have been made in cattle and meat quality in the cow and bull sector. Furthermore, the results provide guidance for continued educational and research efforts for improving market cow and bull beef quality.
Perfil dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa no Brasil: uma análise do sistema de regulação ética da pesquisa clínica, pontos estratégicos e desafios / Profile of Human Research Ethics Committees in Brazil: an analysis of clinical research ethics regulation system, strategic points and challenges
Authors: Barbosa Ingrid Pereira Rodrigues , Francisco Fernando De Rezende , Martinez Luis Lopez
Published: December 2018

O ViS Research Institute, uma plataforma que compila dados sobre 400 mil centros de Pesquisa Clínica no mundo, colocou São Paulo em nono lugar entre as cidades com o maior número de centros de pesquisa. Apesar disso, apenas 1% da Pesquisa Clínica mundial é desenvolvida no Brasil. Diante do consenso comum de que a realização de Pesquisa Clínica no Brasil é do interesse da sociedade, do governo e dos pacientes, torna-se necessário assegurar a qualidade e a agilidade do Sistema Ético e Regulatório. Assim surgiram iniciativas de melhorias do atual Sistema, através do PL200 de 2015 e da aprovação da Resolução CNS nº 506/16, que cria o processo de acreditação dos CEPs. O presente estudo teve como objetivo mapear a capacitação dos CEPs no Brasil e gerar informações sobre pontos estratégicos e desafios. A atualização dos membros dos CEPs em Bioética, Bioestatística, Biobancos, Biorrepositórios e em Pesquisa Clínica apresentou-se como um ponto a ser melhorado na capacitação dos CEPs. Nossos dados sugerem que a questão dos longos prazos para aprovação já foi eliminada na primeira instância do Sistema CEP/CONEP, composta pelo CEP. A maioria dos CEPs declarou já utilizar algum sistema de avaliação de projetos por classificação de riscos. A criação de CEPs credenciados e acreditados parece ser de consenso comum, visto que, foi contemplada pela Resolução CNS nº 506/16 e pelo PL200 de 2015 que propõem que a revisão ética da Pesquisa Clínica seja feita em instância única, função que será exercida pelos CEPs capacitados. A criação de um marco legal da Pesquisa Clínica no Brasil, através do PL200 de 2015, garantirá melhor capacitação, infraestrutura, fiscalização e autonomia aos CEPs, tornando o Sistema mais eficiente, ágil e seguro, visando o principal objetivo e dever deste Sistema que é a proteção dos voluntários participantes da Pesquisa Clínica.Descritores: Comitês de ética em pesquisa, Ética em pesquisa, Bioética, Pesquisa biomédica, Experimentação humana, Humanos, Brasil
Avaliação da medida da pressão arterial de indivíduos acompanhados por um serviço de atenção psicossocial / Evaluation of blood pressure measure from individuals accompanied by a psychosocial care service
Authors: Cavalcante Jaciane Araujo , Araujo Gessi Carvalho de
Published: December 2018

O presente trabalho possui como objetivo avaliar o monitoramento da pressão arterial e índice de massa corporal de pessoas com transtornos mentais, acompanhados por um serviço de atenção psicossocial tipo II de Palmas no período de 2010 a junho de 2016. Metodologia: Para a realização do estudo foram utilizados prontuários de pacientes que foram admitidos no ano de 2000 a junho de 2016. A amostra constituiu-se de 246 indivíduos com idade compreendida entre 18 e 60 anos. Assim, foram analisados os dados quanto aos seguintes aspectos: idade, sexo, tempo de admissão, presença do monitoramento da pressão arterial, peso, altura e índice de massa corporal. Resultados: No primeiro atendimento, na unidade, a verificação da pressão arterial ocorreu em 92,2% da amostra, e a presença do índice de massa corporal em 28% da amostra, mas verificou-se a falta de acompanhamento destes achados nos atendimentos subsequentes. Conclusões: Este estudo demonstrou a necessidade da monitorização da pressão arterial em indivíduos acompanhados por serviços de atenção psicossocial, bem como a contínua avaliação do estado nutricional e do risco de mortalidade dos mesmos. Desta forma, considerando que a terapêutica medicamentosa adotada para tratamento de transtornos mentais pode ocasionar ganho de peso e aumento da pressão arterial, dessa forma a monitorização destes indivíduos reduz o risco cardiovascular e melhora a qualidade de vida.Descritores: Hipertensão, Transtornos mentais, Serviços de saúde mental
Correlações de variáveis gestacionais em primigestas com parâmetros de vitalidade neonatais / Correlations of gestational variables in primigravidae with neonatal vitality parameters
Authors: Timoteo Thiago Costa , Terra Maria Fernanda , Lopes Cristiane
Published: December 2018

Objetivo: Verificar correlações de variáveis gestacionais em primigestas com parâmetros de vitalidade neonatais. Método: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e quantitativo tendo como amostra mulheres e seus recém-nascidos cujos partos ocorreram no Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia de hospital de alta complexidade, localizado na região central de São Paulo, entre 2015-2016. Resultados: Foram positivas as correlações testadas do peso ao nascer com o peso na alta, perímetro torácico, abdominal e cefálico e do perímetro torácico com o abdominal, peso na alta e comprimento. Correlações entre parâmetros das mulheres e dos recém-nascidos mostram o quanto uma variável pode influenciar em outra, reforçando a importância do pré-natal. Conclusões: O peso ao nascer e as demais medidas antropométricas do recém-nascido foram as correlações mais significativas. É importante a atuação do enfermeiro na assistência pré e pós-natal, pois, dentro da lógica do cuidado sua competência é reconhecer riscos e situações de vulnerabilidade.Descritores: Gravidez, Recém-nascido, Cuidado Pré-natal, Saúde da mulher
Percepções da equipe de enfermagem quanto ao cuidado prestado à criança em cuidados paliativos e sua família / Staff perceptions related to the nursing care provided to the child and family during palliative care
Authors: Santos Daniela Vence Soares , Rodrigues Fernanda Machado Silva , Martins Marilda De Deus
Published: December 2018

Objetivo: Identificar na literatura nacional como a equipe de enfermagem percebe as necessidades da criança e família durante os cuidados paliativos. Método: Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico, no período de março de 2006 a março de 2016, nas bases de dados BVS, LILACS e banco de dados SCIELO, utilizando-se os descritores equipe de enfermagem; enfermagem pediátrica; cuidados paliativos; pediatria. Os cruzamentos combinados resultaram em 82 produções. Após aplicados os critérios de inclusão, apenas quatro artigos foram selecionados para a revisão. Resultados: Os dados extraídos dos artigos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo e em seguida, reunidos nas seguintes categorias: Buscando medidas de conforto para a criança e família; Cuidando da Criança e da Família e Sentimentos vivenciados no processo de cuidar. Revelou-se a importância percebida pelos profissionais ao compreender de maneira individualizada o processo de morte/morrer para o binômio criança/família de que cuida. Os profissionais reconhecem a importância da manutenção do convívio social e do brincar como estratégias de enfrentamento positivo durante os cuidados paliativos. A convivência com a criança e sua família mostrou-se de extrema relevância na relação terapêutica que se estabelece entre a equipe e a criança. Conclusões: A assistência à criança em fase terminal e a seus familiares é uma tarefa difícil, que suscita sentimentos de tristeza, frustação e impotência, advindas do fato de conviver continuamente com a iminência da morte de uma criança. Tais dados ressaltam a importância de uma equipe de enfermagem emocionalmente preparada para melhor enfrentar o processo de assistir ao cliente pediátrico em cuidados paliativos.Descritores: Equipe de enfermagem, Enfermagem pediátrica, Cuidados paliativos, Pediatria