bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fighting about Fossils (again)? - A History of Science View of a Contemporary Controversy in Palaeontology
Authors: Jones E. D.
Published: April 2022

Dinosaur fossils are a simultaneous source of interest to palaeontologists and the public for their scientific, educational, entertainment, and commercial value. They are also a serious source of controversy. Specifically, this article addresses the story of "Sue" - the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex ever excavated. Sue, discovered by the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research in 1990, was confiscated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, then auctioned and purchased for over eight million dollars by the Field Museum of Natural History with finances from McDonald's and Disney. One of the most well-known legal scandals in palaeontology today, Sue has been widely discussed, debated, and written about over the decades. Although Sue is the epitome of a contemporary palaeontological controversy, she is not the final word, and her story serves as a departure point for examining the broader debate over fossil ownership in the United States throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This paper's purpose is two-fold. First, this paper is from the perspective of a historian of science and explores the issues around the legal and illegal trading of fossils in contemporary palaeontology. In the process, I argue the importance of celebrity and the need to see it as an influential force in mobilising as well as destabilising scientific research. I also argue the importance of assumptions of authority in terms of who can access then analyse vertebrate fossil material, especially exceptional fossil finds like Sue with high media and monetary value. Overall, celebrity and assumptions of authority are underlying but unexamined causes of controversy that affect the production of knowledge in palaeontology, not only in the case of Sue, but throughout the history of palaeontology. Second, this paper only provides a snapshot of a complex issue. As such, it marks the start of a comprehensive historical, philosophical, and sociological project on what I view as a debate over fossil ownership that needs to be studied on both a national and international level.
Palaeontological heritage: why legislate for it?
Authors: Abaide J. P.
Published: April 2022

The current emergence of new legal situations arising from the arising of new rights which, in turn, bring new interpretations to the discussion of concepts and theories relating to ethical values that involve humans and a modern capitalist society. The legal relationship between the state and the property included in its field in the past have been easily identified. Today, as government intervention in the economy contracts, questions arise about the relevance of their essential presence in the administration of this estate. So, in the list of new rights, environmental law comes with its various nuances. Standards have been studied that involve environmental protection in an almost coded manner, and arise because of an individualized area of study. However, as it is necessarily involved in other areas of law, this must lead again to rethinking and revisiting for a new theory. The enrichment of minorities to the detriment of the loss of public goods involves the loss of portions of national sovereignty and the citizenship of individuals. From the new Brazilian Constitutional Charter, whose state will be more vigilant compared to the assets that constitute their heritage, however, there is still no law regulating the updated protection and/or fossil trade, the consequences and reasons for which are explored. After consideration of the relevant legal articles pertaining to fossils, a classification scheme of fossils as public domain assets is proposed.
Discovery of a walrus skull on the North East Yorkshire coast: a call for clearer guidelines
Authors: Dunne J. , Middleton J.
Published: April 2022

In March 2018 the Collections Team at Scarborough Museums Trust was approached about a potentially exciting find; a possible walrus skull found by a member of the public in situ in the cliff face between Speeton and Reighton in East Yorkshire. After a preliminary investigation of the site and discussions with colleagues on the Continent the specimen was found to be of particular significance. On communication of its significance to the finder he requested the return of the specimen for sale despite the legal ownership being in question. The legal and ethical issues surrounding the discovery of such a specimen in situ by an amateur enthusiast and its subsequent removal without permission of the landowner need to be addressed. Also in need of acknowledgement are the difficulties faced by any museum professionals confronted with the potential donation of such specimens, or more complicated still, the refusal of the finder to accept lack of ownership and demand the return of material. Clear guidelines for museum professionals are essential to offer support and protection from negative publicity when the usual legal and ethical procedures are followed in such cases. No such guidelines currently exist, which we have found to our cost. The public also need to be better informed about legal ownership of material removed from our coastlines. We recommend that a dialogue should be instigated around the need for a regulatory system for geological and palaeontological material discovered by the public along the lines of the Portable Antiquities Scheme to better protect our scientific assets.
A tale of two holotypes: Rediscovery of the type specimen of Edestus minor
Authors: Itano Wayne, M.
Published: April 2022

Edestus is a Carboniferous chondrichthyan genus known mainly from its triangular, serrated teeth. A maximum of around ten teeth are joined at their bases to form tooth whorls. Edestus minor Newberry, 1866, was described on the basis of a single, isolated tooth. A tooth whorl containing seven teeth, described and figured by Hitchcock in 1856, but not named by him, was later referred to E. minor by Newberry, who came to regard it as the holotype. However, the isolated tooth remains the holotype, since it is the sole specimen upon which the original description was based. The distinction is not trivial, because the crown of the holotype of E. minor differs from those present in Hitchcock's specimen. Edestus mirus Hay, 1912, was designated as a new species, based on differences from the Hitchcock specimen, although the crowns are not distinguishable from those of the holotype of E. minor. Thus, E. mirus is almost certainly a junior synonym of E. minor, while the Hitchcock specimen may require a new name. If so, it should probably be referred to Edestus minusculus Hay, 1910. Recently, the holotype of E. minor was located at the American Museum of Natural History, where it had not been recognized as a type specimen. Published documents as well as nineteenth- century museum labels provide some insight into this tangled nomenclatural history.
PENGARUH RASIO SOLVABILITAS DAN RASIO PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP PENGUKURAN KINERJA KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN DI PT BCA Tbk
Authors: Joni Tesmanto  , Naftalia Meilani Angeline
Published: April 2022

The use of financial ratios will explain and provide an overview of the bank's financial position and see the bank's wealth. Of the Solvency ratio (CAR) and Profitability ratio (ROA, ROE, NIM) on financial performance (profit). The data used is secondary data with data collection techniques through indirect observation. CAR regression coefficient on earnings is negative with the results of the t-test -5.312 < t table 2.04. The regression coefficient of ROA on earnings is positive with the results of the t-test 2.409 > t table 2.043 which means that ROA has an effect on earnings. profit. The NIM regression coefficient on earnings is positive with the t-test result of 0.770 < 2.043, which means that NIM has no effect on earnings. Overall F count of 8,560 > F table 2.70 which means that CAR, ROA, ROE and NIM together have an influence on profit.
Optical coherence tomography reveals heterogeneity of the brain tissue and vasculature in the ischemic region after photothrombotic stroke in mice
Authors: Doleżyczek Hubert , Kasprzycki Piotr , Włodarczyk Jakub , Wojtkowski Maciej , Malinowska Monika
Published: April 2022

We demonstrate in vivo imaging of the ischemic area in the mouse brain after photostroke using a custom prototype Gaussian‑beam optical coherence tomography (OCT) setup in which the near infrared imaging beam and the green photoinducing light pass through the same objective lens. The goal of our research was analysis of vascularity of the ischemic area during 2‑week progress of stroke and correlating the hypo‑ and hyperreflective OCT scattering areas with the location of activated microglia and astroglia. Angiogenesis,
which was assessed using angiomaps, showed that the area of vessels in the ischemic center increased until day 7. OCT imaging revealed a heterogeneous scattering signal pattern in the ischemic area. On structural OCT images, we found presence of a core area of ischemia with a hyporeflective OCT signal and a halo of hyperreflective signal around the core. The core signal decreased in size by 70% by day 14. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the hyporeflective area in the ischemic core was associated with microglia/macrophage
activation, whereas the hyperreflective signal from the halo came from activated astrocytes.
Gaya Kepemimpinan Gembala Dan Kerinduan Melayani Dengan Pertumbuhan Jemaat
Authors: Hariyanto Hariyanto
Published: April 2022

This research aims to find out how big is the relationship between the opinions of young people about the pastoral leadership style and the desire to serve with church growth. The research was executed in Gereja Kristen Sangkakala Indonesia Indonesia Jemaat Betlehem Grogol Permai, DKI Jakarta. The results of the data analysis state that, first: "The trend of church growth is in the category of growing towards growth" because the lower and upper bound between 104.66563 to 109.4009 are at intervals (70-140), second: "The tendency of pastoral leadership style is in the effective to very effective categories ", third:" The tendency to serve is in the earnest category ", fourth:" There is a relationship between the pastoral leadership style and the desire to serve towards the growth of the congregation in the youth of GKSI Betlehem (an indicator of the desire to serve to improve 52,3067 times the condition of the growth of the congregation in the youth of GKSI Betlehem as now significantly at α 0.05, fifth: "Gender background and type of service background predominantly shaped the growth of the congregation in the youth of GKSI Betlehem". Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar hubungan antara pendapat pemuda remaja tentang gaya kepemimpinan gembala dan kerinduan melayani dengan pertumbuhan jemaat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Gereja Kristen Sangkakala Indonesia Jemaat Betlehem Grogol Permai, DKI Jakarta. Hasil analisis data menyatakan bahwa, pertama: “Kecenderungan pertumbuhan jemaat adalah pada kategori sedang bertumbuh menuju bertumbuh” karena lower and upper bound  antara 104,6563 sampai 109,4009 berada pada interval (70-140), kedua: “Kecenderungan gaya kepemimpinan gembala adalah pada kategori efektif menuju sangat efektif”, ketiga: “Kecenderungan kerinduan melayani adalah pada kategori sungguh-sungguh”, keempat: “Ada hubungan gaya kepemimpinan gembala dan kerinduan melayani terhadap pertumbuhan jemaat di pemuda remaja GKSI Betlehem (indikator kerinduan melayani mampu memperbaiki 52,3067 kali dari kondisi pertumbuhan jemaat di pemuda remaja GKSI Betlehem seperti sekarang secara signifikan pada α0,05, kelima: “Latar belakang jenis kelamin dan latar belakang jenis pelayanan secara dominan membentuk pertumbuhan jemaat di pemuda remaja GKSI Betlehem”.
Khotbah Kreatif: Sebuah Usaha Pembinaan Warga Gereja Untuk Menarik Remaja Kristen Bergereja
Authors: Setiawan David Eko , Kriswanto Eliezer Mei , Giawa Herman , Usior Marthinus , Hulu Yakub Sozisokhi
Published: April 2022

Writing this article aims to provide a solution to the problem of Christian adolescents researched by the Bilangan Research Center, which states that the most useful and interesting church activities according to Christian youth who come regularly to church are as many as 59.7% of respondents said that the Sunday sermon is the most important thing. most useful and attractive for young people to come to church. The method used in this research is literature study. In this case the church must develop a creative preaching role in accordance with the needs of Christian youth, so that Christian youth can have interest in church. Then, creative sermons that can be developed by the church are in the form of methods: personal testimony method, method based on parables, discussion method, picture and picture method and video viewing method.  AbstrakPenulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan solusi mengenai masalah remaja Kristen yang diteliti oleh Bilangan Research Center, yang menyatakan bahwa kegiatan digereja yang paling bermanfaat dan menarik perhatian menurut remaja Kristen yang datang secara rutin kegereja ialah sebanyak 59.7% responden mengatakan bahwa khotbah hari minggu merupakan hal yang paling bermanfaat dan menarik bagi kaum remaja untuk datang bergereja. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literature. Dalam hal ini gereja harus mengembangkan peranan khotbah yang kreatif yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan remaja Kristen, sehingga remaja Kristen dapat memiliki minat untuk bergereja. Kemudian, khotbah yang kreatif yang dapat dikembangkan oleh gereja yaitu dalam bentuk metode: metode kesaksian pribadi, metode yang berdasarkan perumpamaan, metode diskusi, metode picture and picture dan metode menonton video.
10 great classroom activities language teachers can do with games (in addition to helping students speak while playing!)
Authors: deHaan Jonathan
Published: April 2022

Hi, language teachers! :)
You’re using games to help students speak, right?
Great!
I’ve shared #10greatactivities and #freematerials you can use in your class today!
What do you think?
#gamebasedlearning
#top10list
#helpingteachers
#realgamification
Pengamatan terhadap Komposisi dan Struktur Kiastis Dialog Ayub dengan Teman-temannya (Ayub 3 - 26) - Aris Margianto
Authors: Administrator Journal
Published: April 2022

Amid the debate over the asymmetry of the structure of Job's dialogue with his three friends - Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar - and the tendency of OT experts to read it linearly, leading to conclusions about the process of redaction and the redactor of the book of Job, this paper shows that Job's dialogue with three His friends are arranged in a chiastic manner with a certain composition pattern based on the number of verses. Thereby supporting the opinion of the unity of the text of the book of Job.

 

Di tengah perdebatan mengenai ketidaksimetrisan struktur dialog Ayub dengan tiga temannya ‒ Elifas, Bildad dan Zofar ‒ dan kecenderungan para ahli PL untuk membacanya secara linier, sehingga bermuara pada kesimpulan-kesimpulan tentang proses peredaksian dan peredaksi kitab Ayub, tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa dialog Ayub dengan tiga temannya disusun secara kiastis dengan sebuah pola komposisi tertentu berdasarkan jumlah-jumlah ayatnya. Dengan demikian mendukung pendapat tentang kesatuan teks kitab Ayub.

Kata Kunci: struktur, komposisi, paralelisme, kiasmus, angka, geometris
Theological Reflection on COVID-19
Authors: Kristanto David
Published: April 2022

Abstract: This article seeks to answer the question, “Where is God in the midst of suffering?”, through reflecting on the paradigm of discipleship in Mark 9:36-37. Welcoming a child is a parabolic action done by Christ to show that the way to be the greatest is to welcome the weakest or to be the servant of all. A child is used as a paradigm due to his or her low status in the Greco-Roman society. Children had no right, seen as properties rather than persons, and thus equated to slaves. Therefore, welcoming a child means welcoming the weakest of the society, and doing so means to welcome Christ himself and the one who sent him. The suffering caused by COVID-19 makes the whole world suffer, yet it also creates a bigger gap between the rich and the poor, the strong and the weak. A reflection on the paradigm invites Christians to side with the weakest and those who are in need, hoping that the kingdom of God will be ushered into this suffering world.

 

Abstrak: Artikel ini adalah upaya untuk menjawab pertanyaan, “Di manakah Allah di tengah penderitaan?” melalui perenungan terhadap suatu model pemuridan yang berdasarkan paradigma pemuridan di dalam Markus 9:36-37. Menyambut seorang anak kecil merupakan suatu tindakan perumpamaan yang dilakukan Kristus guna menunjukkan bahwa cara untuk menjadi yang terbesar adalah untuk menyambut mereka yang lemah atau untuk menjadi hamba bagi sesama. Seorang anak digunakan sebagai paradigma sehubungan dengan status sosialnya yang rendah di tengah masyarakat Greko-Romawi. Anak dianggap tidak memiliki hak, dilihat sebagai properti ketimbang pribadi, dan dengan demikian dapat disetarakan dengan budak. Maka menyambut seorang anak berarti menyambut mereka yang paling lemah di tengah masyarakat, dan melakukannya berarti menyambut Kristus sendiri dan Dia yang telah mengutus Kristus. Dampak global dari COVID-19 membuat kesenjangan sosial di antara yang kaya dan yang miskin dan yang kuat dan yang lemah menjadi semakin besar. Suatu perenungan terhadap paradigma pemuridan tersebut mengajak umat Kristen untuk berpihak kepada yang lemah dan mereka yang membutuhkan, dengan harapan bahwa melalui tindakan tersebut, kerajaan Allah akan disambut ke dalam dunia yang sedang menderita.
Analisis Peran Hati Nurani dalam Surat-surat Paulus dan Etika Kristen
Authors: Subandrijo Bambang
Published: April 2022

ABSTRAK: Artikel ini menelusuri makna suara hati (sunedēsis) di dalam surat-surat Paulus dalam kaitannya dengan etika Kristen. Saya berargumen bahwa jika manusia bertindak dengan berpedoman pada keputusan suara hatinya, tanpa tergantung pada penilaian pihak lain, ia benar-benar menjadi dirinya sendiri. Ketaatan terhadap suara hati adalah egoisme etis positif, yaitu egoisme etis yang bertolak dari suara hati, dan tindakan etisnya bersumber pada kebenaran moral yang menjadi kewajiban moral. Pemahaman dalam surat Paulus menunjukkan bahwa pengambilan keputusan tidak tergantung pada orang lain, melainkan keputusan pribadi secara sadar. Dengan demikian, ketika seseorang tampil sebagai dirinya sendiri yang memiliki kepribadian teguh dan berjiwa besar. Dengan keputusan berdasarkan suara hati, seseorang akan bertindak dengan cermat, hati-hati dan sadar untuk mempertanggungjawabkan tindakannya itu.

 

ABSTRACT: This article explores the meaning of conscience (sunedēsis) in the Pauline letters in relation to Christian ethics. I have argued that if humans act based on their conscience, without depending on the judgment of others, they will be their own self. Obedience to conscience is an ethical egoism that starts from conscience, because its ethical actions are rooted in moral truth which becomes a moral obligation. The understanding of conscience in the Pauline letters show that decision making does not depend on others, but depends on conscious personal decisions. By doing so, someone appears as him or herself who has a strong personality and a great-hearted person. By taking a decision based on conscience, man will act carefully, prudently and be conscious to take responsibility for his or her actions.
Utilizing Postcolonial Theory in Christian Education
Authors: Elraphoma Erich von Marthin
Published: April 2022

A postcolonial study is an approach to analyzing a social issue or problem. One of the terms often used in this study is the Subaltern Theory. This terminology refers to marginalized people’s groups by a hegemonic power in the social system for specific reasons, such as social class, religion, gender, race, language, and culture. The complexity of colonialization effects makes us unaware if perspective, philosophy, and knowledge are strongly influenced by colonialism, so that regulations, policies, politics, and even our education system oppress others, the subaltern.
Therefore, this essay utilizes a postcolonial study (specifically subaltern theory) that shows who and how groups of people are marginalized in society’s system. Subaltern theory becomes a system of thinking to decolonize all dimensions of life, including religious education. Moreover, this paper uses a case marginalization in a religious education system or curriculum in Britain, as Liam Gearon wrote. Gearon examines the legal basis, system, and curriculum of religious education in Britain. Gearon’s arguments and subaltern theory show the reasons for the needs and encourage Christian Education to awaken awareness and critical thinking, then move to change circumstances. The subaltern theory helps religious education examine its curriculum and content not to perpetuate oppression but rather to develop critical thinking that can produce deep reflection and free creativity to overcome social and theological issues.
Holy Spirit and Good Governance in the Context of Pentecostal-Charismatic Church
Authors: Pranoto Minggus Minarto
Published: April 2022

This article aims to emphasize the importance of the concept of good governance for Pentecostal-Charismatic churches, which are prone to scandals, especially in financial cases. The leadership system centered on one spiritual leader without being critical causes the risk of financial scandals. Methodologically, this essay uses the theories of good governance developed in the context of modern organizations or institutions whose participation, accountability, transparency, and authority values ​​demonstrate good governance to support the primary standards of action and behavior of stakeholders. This article brings into dialogue these theories with the Pentecostal-Charismatic theology that focuses on the work and experience of the Holy Spirit.  It further integrates practical and systematic theology. The author argues that the implementation of good governance is critical to regulating the organizational life of Pentecostal-Charismatic churches that emphasize work and experience with the Holy Spirit to manage a healthy and proper church life.
PENGGUNAAN METODE DRILL DALAM MENGATASI KESULITAN BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM KELAS X -1 SMA MUHAMMADIYAH 4 JAKARTA
Authors: Baharudin Rudi
Published: April 2022

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, metode drill dengan berbagai bentuknya dapat membantu siswa untuk lebih mudah belajar mata pelajaran PAI khususnya untuk materi yang berkaitan dengan Al-Qur’an. Hal ini terbukti dengan kelancaran, kefasihan siswa membaca lafadz-lafadz tersebut, menulis dan menghafalnya. Bahkan proses kegiatan belajar siswa dapat lebih efisien.Pelaksanaan metode drill dalam rangka untuk menghadapi kesulitan belajar siswa dilakukan setiap kali proses kegiatan belajar mengajar. Tidak bergantung pada bahasan materi pendidikan agama saja, tetapi pada pokok bahasan yang lain pun dilakukan pemberian drill dengan menampilkan dalil-dalil yang berkaitan dengan bahasan tersebut. Bentuk drill yang mereka peroleh adalah dengan membaca lafadz-lafadz arab dan menulisnya, bahkan untuk lebih efektif diberikan kepada mereka tugas-tugas rumah seperti menyalin lafadz-lafadz tersebut di buku lain dengan tulisan yang lebih baik. Kemudian untuk hafalan dilakukan prakatek didepan kelas pada pertemuan selanjutnya begitu seterusnya
Proxy Wars. The Deutsches Museum and the Peaceful Atom
Authors: Uekötter Frank
Published: April 2022

The article discusses presentations of nuclear power in the Deutsches Mu- seum in Munich from the 1950s to the 1980s. The discussion serves a dou- ble purpose in that it discusses the museum’s history in its own right, with particular attention to the glaring leadership vacuum that allowed things to go off rails repeatedly, while at the same time treating museum debates as a microcosm of Germany’s nuclear history. Except for a 1955 guest exhibition in the context of the U.S. “Atoms for Peace” initiative, nuclear power received rather lackluster treatment until the 1970s. Growing attention was a result of the heated debates over civil nuclear power that saw determined efforts from industrialists and other pro-nuclear leaders to enlist the Deutsches Museum in the defense of an embattled technology. The result was an unabashedly partisan exhibit that was opened under police protection in 1978 and closed after a grace period. A second initiative took place in the context of culture wars over a perceived hostility towards science-led progress that the Bavarian prime minister Franz Josef Strauß, the towering figure of Bavarian politics in the 1980s, stoked with delight. The article chronicles a surprisingly inept attempt to use the museum’s resources in the fight for a controversial nuclear reprocessing plant in Wackersdorf. The attempt made national headlines and failed in the face of widespread protest. Culminating in 1986/87, the conflict mirrors the gradual transformation of the nuclear debate in post-war Germany: what had previously been a struggle over real-world projects increasingly bore the marks of a symbolic conflict over cultural capital.
Technologies as Anchors for Societal Conﬂ icts. An Outline of the Concept
Authors: Götter Christian
Published: April 2022

This article sketches out the approach of ‘Technologies as Anchors for Societal Conflicts’. TASC is conceived as a heuristic tool to help systematically bring into focus societal conflicts and debates that became anchored to technologies without being directly connected to them. This paper’s main hypothesis is that these anchors were developed, deliberately or unintentionally, to make complex issues seem more tangible and easier to resolve. Technological anchors, therefore, could function as a catalyst for a dispute or even turn into a connecting hub between various societal conflicts and debates. TASC is intended to help identify technologies utilised in this way as an object of research that is of interest for a cultural history of technology. To sketch out the utility of TASC and place it within the existing spectrum of methods and concepts applied by historians of technology, debates anchored to the bicycle, electricity generation, the machines of the early Industrial Revolution and nuclear power plants are discussed as examples.
Der Weg zur ersten Ampel-Koalition im Bund – rationalisierte Regierungsbildung hin- ter verschlossenen Türen 2021
Authors: Siefken Sven T.
Published: April 2022

The formation of the traffic light coalition and the government of SPD, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and FDP after the Bundestag election in 2021 was conducted in a structured pro- cess, characterized by ongoing institutionalization compared to the past . After a short phase of preliminary talks (“Vorsondierungen”), exploratory talks (“Sondierungsgespräche”) were held in a mid-sized group . This led to official coalition negotiations of almost 300 people, conducted in a large structure with a clear division of labor in a main negotiation group (“Hauptverhandlungsrunde”) and 22 policy-specific working groups . They included a con- siderable number of party representatives from the states (“Länder”) . Compared to previous years, details in the organization of the negotiations were slightly adjusted: It was vertically flatter and horizontally more differentiated, but there was no fundamental transformation . While continuity in structures and process can be observed, the interactions changed: In 2021, they were characterized by strict confidentiality and happened largely behind closed doors . At defined steps after the exploratory talks and the coalition negotiations, results were made public in writing and given to the involved parties for decision . The stipulated way of working together in the coalition and the structure of the committee system in the new Bundestag also show continuity . Overall, a slight increase in parliamentary influence on the coalition negotiations becomes evident .
Die Bundestagswahl als Kanzlerwahl? Personen und Parteien im Wahlkampf 2021
Authors: Niclauß Karlheinz
Published: April 2022

The campaign for the 2021 federal election was exceptional, because Angela Merkel con- cluded her political career . The usual duel between an incumbent chancellor and the candi- date of the second strongest party therefore did not materialize . Instead, three chancellor candidates from different parties competed for the leadership of the country . The election campaign was volatile and opinion surveys show many ups and downs . Thus, the perfor- mance of the top candidates was decisive for the election results of the parties . The old question: Do voters elect personalities or parties must thus be asked anew . It is evaluated in connection with the personalization of the political debate in other democracies and dis- cussed in light of classic writings on the topic . It becomes evident, that even in a pluralized party system and a coalition of three partners, the strong and personalized role of the chan- cellor must not be neglected
„Mexican Standoff“ – Trielle in Berlin: TV-Debatten in der heißen Wahlkampfphase 2021
Authors: Maier Jürgen , Lukowicz Paul , Bast Jennifer , Hirsch Marco , Lange Martin
Published: April 2022

Multiple debates were held on TV in the 2021 German federal election campaign between the chancellor candidates Armin Laschet (CDU/CSU), Olaf Scholz (SPD) and Annelena Baerbock (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) . For the last three televised debates (so-called „Trielle“), surveying viewers immediately before and immediately after the events and conducting real-time measurement of the candidates’ debate performance help understand their per- ception and impact . The debate performances of Scholz and Baerbock were rated signifi- cantly better than Laschet’s . The candidates used very different strategies . While Laschet focused surprisingly strongly on attack, Scholz pursued a classic incumbent strategy . The perceived performance of the chancellor candidates in the debates had a direct impact on their likability ratings, most strongly in the first broadcast . Overall, Scholz benefited the most from these debates . Baerbock, but especially Laschet, failed to close the gap on the SPD . Our analyses underscore the impact of televised debates and their outstanding impor- tance in election campaigns .
Keine Abkehr von CILFIT – Anmerkung zum Urteil des EuGH v. 6.10.2021, Rs. C-561/19 (Consorzio Italian Management)
Authors: Palmstorfer Rainer , Kreuzhuber Julia
Published: April 2022

Der EuGH hatte sich in der Rs. Consorzio Italian Management erneut mit der in Art. 267 Abs. 3 AEUV normierten Vorlagepflicht letztinstanzlicher mitgliedstaatlicher Gerichte und der CILFIT-Formel als diesbezüglicher Ausnahme zu befassen. Im vorliegenden Urteil hat der EuGH die CILFIT-Formel bestätigt, konkretisiert und dabei realistische Anforderungen für die Annahme eines acte clair aufgestellt. Wenngleich im Ergebnis dadurch die Vorlagepflicht eingeschränkt werden mag, führt die aufgrund von Art. 47 Abs. 2 GRC nunmehr angenommene Begründungspflicht dazu, dass sich letztinstanzliche Gerichte intensiver mit der Frage des Vorliegens der CILFIT-Voraussetzungen auseinandersetzen müssen.
Selbstbegünstigung als Konzept des Marktmissbrauchs unter Art. 102 AEUV. Das Grundsatzurteil des EuG zu Google Shopping als Initialzündung für einen Wandel in der Digitalwirtschaft? – Anmerkung zum Urteil des EuG v. 10.11.2021, Rs. T-612/17 (Google und Alphabet/Kommission [Google Shopping])
Authors: Achleitner Ranjana Andrea
Published: April 2022

Das Urteil des EuG in der Rs. Google Shopping ist ein wichtiger Etappensieg für die Generaldirektion Wettbewerb der Europäischen Kommission. Hiermit wurde der Beschluss der Europäischen Kommission, in dem das Verhalten von Google im Zusammenhang mit seinem Preisvergleichsdienst als wettbewerbswidrig gem. Art. 102 AEUV eingestuft wurde, im Wesentlichen bestätigt (bezgl. der Märkte für spezialisierte Preisvergleichsdienste). Mit dem Urteil liegt nunmehr eine Grundsatzentscheidung des EuG über die kartellrechtliche Einordnung einer Selbstbegünstigung durch marktbeherrschende Unternehmen vor. Das EuG verortet die Praktiken von Google nicht in der Essential-Facility-Doktrin, gleichwohl bezeichnet es Google als „Quasi-wesentliche-Einrichtung“. Die Selbstbegünstigung durch Google wird vom EuG als Leveraging, das auf einer Ungleichbehandlung basiert, eingestuft. Mit dem Urteil geht überdies ein wichtiges Signal in Richtung des künftigen Digital Markets Act aus, durch den die Praktiken einer Selbstbegünstigung von Gatekeepern rigoros sanktioniert werden sollen.
Ideale ohne Ideologie in der Ökonomik. Evidenzbasierte Verbindung positiver und normativer Ökonomik als Mittel der Ideologiekritik
Authors: Rogowski Wolf
Published: April 2022

Wie kann Ökonomik Ideale guten Wirtschaftens aufgreifen, ohne ideologisch zu werden? Die Perspektiven verschiedener ökonomischer Forschungsprogramme auf COVID-19 verdeutlichen die Komplementarität positiver und normativer Ökonomik: (Normative) Ideale bieten Orientierung für (positive) Forschung. Unterbleibt jedoch ein Abgleich der Werte, die eine ökonomische Frage relevant machen, mit denen, die bei der Entwicklung der Theorie bzw. zur Analyse der Frage Pate standen, entsteht Ideologie. Das Konzept der Evidenzbasierung aus Medizin und Public Health könnte diesen Abgleich fördern.
Ideologie, Macht und Fortschritt in der Ökonomik
Authors: Sturn Richard
Published: April 2022

Die Analyse der unvermeidlichen und ambivalenten ›ideologischen‹ Einflüsse auf Theoriebildung im Sinne von Joseph Schumpeter und Karl Mannheim und die Einbindung ideologiekritischer Horizonte in die Verfassung der Ökonomik ermöglichen eine differenzierte Kritik technizistisch-rationalistischer Engführungen in der Theoriebildung und pseudo-rationalistischer Konzeptionen der Politikberatung, ohne das spezifische Potential der Ökonomik als Sozialwissenschaft zu negieren.
Korrumpierung durch die Kommodifizierung persönlicher Beziehungen Eine ideologiekritische Betrachtung
Authors: Vogel Tobias , Knobbe Sonja
Published: April 2022

In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir auf, wie eine ideologiekritische Betrachtung durch Einbezug der normativen Rechtfertigungsquellen moderner Märkte den Blick öffnen kann für die korrumpierende Praxisdeformation nicht-ökonomischer Praktiken durch die Einverleibung in die spezifische Praxisform des Markttausches.
Besondere Loyalitätsobliegenheiten in kirchlichen Arbeitsverhältnissen
Authors: Krewerth Linda
Published: April 2022

This PhD thesis approaches special ”duties of loyalty” that are imposed on employees in companies run by the churches on the basis of German constitutional law: While in many previous publications the concept of the community of service and numerous premises embedded in it form the starting point, here methodological special paths and divergences from other parts of constitutional law are to be uncovered. With this approach, it is possible to show both the reasons for the solitary position of church individual labour law and its concrete manifestations. In the process, it becomes clear in which aspects constitutional law demands adjustments to previous legal practice.
Algorithmusbasierte Entscheidungsfindung als Methode des diskriminierungsfreien Recruitings
Authors: Wimmer Max
Published: April 2022

In this interdisciplinary work, Max Wimmer shows that the use of algorithm-based decision-making systems (so-called ADM systems) can contribute to reducing discriminatory selection decisions in a lawful way. While human decision-making leads to discriminatory tendencies, ADM systems present the legally compliant opportunity to overcome such tendencies. In particular, the work addresses privacy concerns as well as objections that may arise due to the risk of technology-driven exclusion. At the same time, however, a need for action de lege ferenda for the enforcement of the existing law is identified and presented for further discusion.
Biometrics of Aquatic Animals
Authors: M.S. Farrag Mahmoud
Published: April 2022

This chapter is a part of the book “Recent advances in biometrics” introduces the importance of biometrics in the aquatic studies in brief view. Biometric measurements (Morphometric, meristics and description) are widely used in various fields’ “taxonomy, species identifications, monitoring of pollution, species abnormalities, comparison, environmental changes, growth variation, feeding behavior, ecological strategies, stock management, and water quality of aquaculture. These data were collected from several articles and books of aquatic animals and presented both applications and required considerations for biometric implementations. It is important also to detect sexual dimorphism, adaptations during evolutionary time and diminishing intraspecific competition by increasing niche portioning. The biometrics could be applied for various aquatic organisms as dolphins, sharks, rays, mollusca, crustaceans, protozoa, … etc. and for specific organs like teeth, otolith and appendages by different techniques and preservations. Scientists are still applying these measurements even with the presence of advanced techniques like PCR as they are low in cost, faster and more applicable. This chapter also presented some recent trends including animal’s biometric recognition systems, followed by challenges and considerations for the biometrics implementations. It is recommended to apply biometrics in wide range together with modern techniques considering the specificity of its quality and preservation status.
SK Channels and Heart Disease
Authors: Zhong Katherine , Kant Shawn , Sellke Frank , Feng Jun
Published: April 2022

Extensive evidence indicates that small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK channels) help regulate cardiac rhythm and myocardial function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This chapter will begin by discussing the basic physiology of SK channel expression, localization, and activation under normal conditions, before proceeding to address the impact of SK channel dysfunction on a variety of cardiac pathologies including atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular arrhythmias (VA), cardiac hypertrophy/heart failure (HF) and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. The critical role of aberrant SK channel regulation will also be discussed to establish unifying mechanisms of SK channel pathology across these different conditions. Several animal model and human tissue experiments suggest that pharmacologic modulation of SK channel function may be beneficial in controlling AF, VA, cardiomyopathy and myocardial IR injury. Therefore, targeting SK channels may represent a promising new therapeutic avenue for treating a variety of cardiovascular disease states.
Virtual Internet of Things Laboratory Using Node-RED
Authors: Venkata Sai Krishna Raja Shiva Kumar Kalapatapu , Taparugssanagorn Attaphongse , Prasantha Senadeera Senadiri Dumunnage Arunya
Published: April 2022

Due to the pandemic or any other tough situations, attending the student laboratory session physically is difficult or even impossible. To overcome this problem, a virtual laboratory can be introduced. In many universities, virtual teaching methodology is not implemented widely. While there are several existing visual programming languages developed for various applications, an open-source visual programming language named Node-RED, which is particularly used for Internet of Things (IoT)-based applications, is taken into consideration in the book chapter. A complete outlook of Node-RED, which can be applied for an IoT-based virtual laboratory, is described. Its simplicity providing many built-in entities makes it possible to evolve innovative platforms with less coding complexity. The configuration, the flow development, the requirements, and the usage of the Node-RED are explained with respect to handling all the various types of errors. A few experimental cloud-based services are implemented on an IoT platform using serial port and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) broker service as well as providing live camera capturing feature with artificial-intelligence-based object detection. The results show that real-time IoT sensor data can be efficiently measured and visualized in dashboard and live object detection can be done with good accuracy.
Noise Profile Categorization for Noise Mapping in Cities: The Case of Cuenca (Spain)
Authors: A. Ballesteros José , Jesús Ballesteros María , Quintana Samuel , D. Fernandez Marcos
Published: April 2022

According to the European Law, noise maps in cities have to be worked out and updated every 5 years. Because of this, it is interesting to establish new methodologies to develop and update the noise maps in a more efficient way. Although there are specific standards to carry out noise maps and a good practice guide was defined, there is not a common procedure in the definition of the noise map. In each research, a specific methodology is defined based on the experience of the researchers and the characteristics of the town. In this work, a methodology based on a street typology classification is proposed to be applied to noise maps. This methodology allows allocation of the mean power and the temporal behavior to each street from its characteristics and the time profiles measured with semi-permanent noise monitoring systems. The methodology was developed, tested, and validated in the city of Cuenca (Spain) and the results obtained are shown in this chapter.
The Use of Virtual Reality Simulations in Nursing Education, and Patient Safety
Authors: Biyik Bayram Sule , Caliskan Nurcan
Published: April 2022

Nursing education puts theory into practice. Patient safety is indispensable in nursing education. During clinical practice, nursing students make medication errors and have difficulty deciding on what interventions to perform in unusual situations and communicating with patients or other healthcare professionals. All these problems put patient safety at risk. However, “First, do no harm” is a fundamental human right and an ethical principle, which nurses should always consider when they perform interventions. Nursing students can help develop a culture of patient safety through experience in line with their knowledge, skills, and affective goals. Clinical settings can be equipped with real-life laboratories, mannequins, etc. Virtual reality simulations show nursing students what it is like to be in a real-world clinical setting and what problems and risks they may encounter there, and thus, helps them develop skills, build confidence, and prepare for clinical practice. This section addressed the effect of virtual reality simulations on skill development and patient safety in nursing education.
The Destruction of the Serapeum in 391
Authors: Shean John F. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2022

This article reconsiders the destruction of the Serapeum in Alexandria by Christian militants in 391 within the context of Christianization in the late fourth century. The attack on the Serapeum was a deliberately staged, high-profile act of religious violence designed to demonstrate to the wider imperial community that the Roman state was no longer interested in protecting targeted cult sites from Christian militants, and that the perpetrators of such violence would suffer no negative consequences for their actions. The Serapeum, dedicated to the worship of the gods Serapis and Isis, was traditionally associated with the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and with the pharaonic and later Roman Imperial cult. The destruction of this religious and cultural complex by a Christian mob, acting under the direction of the local bishop Theophilus, was a deliberate act of vandalism intended to demonstrate the greater power of the Christian God over his spiritual competitors. In addition, the destruction of this famous sanctuary was undertaken with the approval of the reigning emperor, signaling a change in the locus of sacral authority in the Roman world as Roman emperors were now abandoning traditional pharaonic and Hellenistic models of divine kingship by ceding spiritual authority to Christian bishops.
Expression and structure of national identity of students of the Faculty of education in Užice measured by NAIT scale
Authors: Semiz Marina , Vasilijević Danijela , Bojović Žana
Published: April 2022

Many research instruments for measuring the degree of expression and components of national identity have been developed and tested, and one of the most commonly applied instruments in the context of former Yugoslav republics is the NAIT scale developed by Čorkalo and Kamenov. The aim of this study is to examine the degree of expression and structure of national identity among students by testing the multidimensional NAIT scale. This research is based on the assumptions of social identity theory developed by Tajfel and Turner, and starts from the existing psychological and sociological definitions of national identity and research on national identity. The students of the University of Kragujevac, the Faculty of Education, participated in the research (N=175). The research results indicate that the expression of national identity is higher with regard to the theoretical mean, and with regards to the results of some other research. The exploratory factor analysis singled out five components of students' national identity: 1) national affiliation; 2) national pride and sentiment; 3) relevance of the sense of national belonging; 4) nationalism; and 5) cosmopolitism. Based on the research results, we identified differences in the individual basic dimensions of students' national identity with regard to previous research.
Research of obstacles in inclusion of forced migrant children in the primary education in Serbia
Authors: Golubović Marija
Published: April 2022

Since 2015, as many as 1.5 million migrants and refugees have passed through Serbia, whereas children account for one quarter of that number. Due to their longer stay in the territory of Serbia, a need has arisen, among other things, to include them in the education system. This research was aimed at determining factors that lead to the creation of obstacles in the inclusion of forced migrant children in primary education in Serbia, as well as during the process of education and, thus, how to overcome those obstacles in practice. Through semi-structured interviews, data were collected about the experience in teaching work with forced migrant children in Primary School "Ljupče Španac" in Bela Palanka. The participants of the research were the teachers of this school who during the academic 2018/19 year for the first time gained experience in working with forced migrant children. The research results show that greater system support is necessary for including forced migrant children in education, while an outstanding obstacle is the language barrier - in communication with children, but also with parents.
Memory laws in vulnerable societies
Authors: Vučić Mihajlo
Published: April 2022

The paper explores the connection between memory laws and the historical interpretation of conflict in certain societies. The author uses the analytical concept of vulnerable society to define the research subject. Vulnerable societies have experienced conflicts in the past, but they cannot reach a consensus on the nature, causes, and consequences of the conflict. The research is based on the analysis of memory laws in several types of vulnerable societies. The Holocaust is used as a reference point, a crime that transcends the national historical interpretations due to its universal symbolic nature. The case studies are divided into three parts: French colonial and revolutionary past, memory wars in Eastern Europe, and a comparative overview of societies that experienced civil wars. The analysis of the case studies leads to the conclusion that memory laws in vulnerable societies act as a catalyst of conflicts, instead of fulfilling their primary purpose of social stabilization.