bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HPCI: A Perl module for writing cluster-portable bioinformatics pipelines
Authors: Macdonald John M , Lalansingh Christopher M , Cooper Christopher I , Yang Anqi , Lam Felix , Boutros Paul C
Published: September 2018

Background

Most biocomputing pipelines are run on clusters of computers. Each type of cluster has its own API (application programming interface). That API defines how a program that is to run on the cluster must request the submission, content and monitoring of jobs to be run on the cluster. Sometimes, it is desirable to run the same pipeline on different types of cluster. This can happen in situations including when:

different labs are collaborating, but they do not use the same type of cluster

a pipeline is released to other labs as open source or commercial software

a lab has access to multiple types of cluster, and wants to choose between them for scaling, cost or other purposes

a lab is migrating their infrastructure from one cluster type to another

during testing or travelling, it is often desired to run on a single computer

However, since each type of cluster has its own API, code that runs jobs on one type of cluster needs to be re-written if it is desired to run that application on a different type of cluster. To resolve this problem, we created a software module to generalize the submission of pipelines across computing environments, including local compute, clouds and clusters.

Results

HPCI (High Performance Computing Interface) is a Perl module that provides the interface to a standardized generic cluster.

When the HPCI module is used, it accepts a parameter to specify the cluster type. The HPCI module uses this to load a driver HPCD∷. This is used to translate the abstract HPCI interface to the specific software interface.

Simply by changing the cluster parameter, the same pipeline can be run on a different type of cluster with no other changes.

Conclusion

The HPCI module assists in writing Perl programs that can be run in different lab environments, with different site configuration requirements and different types of hardware clusters. Rather than having to re-write portions of the program, it is only necessary to change a configuration file.

Using HPCI, an application can manage collections of jobs to be runs, specify ordering dependencies, detect success or failure of jobs run and allow automatic retry of failed jobs (allowing for the possibility of a changed configuration such as when the original attempt specified an inadequate memory allotment).
Considerations for three-dimensional image reconstruction from experimental data in coherent diffractive imaging
Authors: Lundholm Ida V. , Sellberg Jonas A. , Ekeberg Tomas , Hantke Max F. , Okamoto Kenta , van der Schot Gijs , Andreasson Jakob , Barty Anton , Bielecki Johan , Bruza Petr , Bucher Max , Carron Sebastian , Daurer Benedikt J. , Ferguson Ken , Hasse Dirk , Krzywinski Jacek , Larsson Daniel S. D. , Morgan Andrew , Mühlig Kerstin , Müller Maria , Nettelblad Carl , Pietrini Alberto , Reddy Hemanth K. N. , Rupp Daniela , Sauppe Mario , Seibert Marvin , Svenda Martin , Swiggers Michelle , Timneanu Nicusor , Ulmer Anatoli , Westphal Daniel , Williams Garth , Zani Alessandro , Faigel Gyula , Chapman Henry N. , Möller Thomas , Bostedt Christoph , Hajdu Janos , Gorkhover Tais , Maia Filipe R. N. C.
Published: September 2018

Diffraction before destruction using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has the potential to determine radiation-damage-free structures without the need for crystallization. This article presents the three-dimensional reconstruction of the Melbournevirus from single-particle X-ray diffraction patterns collected at the LINAC Coherent Light Source (LCLS) as well as reconstructions from simulated data exploring the consequences of different kinds of experimental sources of noise. The reconstruction from experimental data suffers from a strong artifact in the center of the particle. This could be reproduced with simulated data by adding experimental background to the diffraction patterns. In those simulations, the relative density of the artifact increases linearly with background strength. This suggests that the artifact originates from the Fourier transform of the relatively flat background, concentrating all power in a central feature of limited extent. We support these findings by significantly reducing the artifact through background removal before the phase-retrieval step. Large amounts of blurring in the diffraction patterns were also found to introduce diffuse artifacts, which could easily be mistaken as biologically relevant features. Other sources of noise such as sample heterogeneity and variation of pulse energy did not significantly degrade the quality of the reconstructions. Larger data volumes, made possible by the recent inauguration of high repetition-rate XFELs, allow for increased signal-to-background ratio and provide a way to minimize these artifacts. The anticipated development of three-dimensional Fourier-volume-assembly algorithms which are background aware is an alternative and complementary solution, which maximizes the use of data.
Exploring the simultaneous σ-hole/π-hole bonding characteristics of a Br...π interaction in an ebselen derivative via experimental and theoretical electron-density analysis
Authors: Shukla Rahul , Claiser Nicolas , Souhassou Mohamed , Lecomte Claude , Balkrishna Shah Jaimin , Kumar Sangit , Chopra Deepak
Published: September 2018

In this study, the nature and characteristics of a short Br...π interaction observed in an ebselen derivative, 2-(2-bromophenyl)benzo[d][1,2]selenazol-3(2H)-one, has been explored. The electronic nature of this Br...π interaction was investigated via high-resolution X-ray diffraction and periodic density functional theory calculations using atoms-in-molecules (AIM) analysis. This study unravels the simultaneous presence of σ-hole and π-hole bonding characteristics in the same interaction. The dual characteristics of this unique Br...π interaction are further established via molecular electrostatic potentials (MESPs) and natural bond orbitals (NBOs).
The state and evolution of Gold open access: a country and discipline level analysis
Authors: Wang Xianwen , Cui Yunxue , Xu Shenmeng , Hu Zhigang
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the evolution of Gold open access (OA) rates in different countries and disciplines, as well as explore the influencing factors.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, employing the OA filter option of Web of Science (WoS), the authors perform a large-scale evaluation of the OA state of countries and disciplines from 1990 to 2016. Particularly, the authors consider not only the absolute number of Gold OA literature but also the ratio of them among all literature.

Findings

Currently, one-quarter of the WoS articles is Gold OA articles. Brazil is the most active country in OA publishing, while Russia, India and China have the lowest OA ratios. The OA percentage of Brazil has been decreasing dramatically in recent years, while the OA percentages of China, UK and the Netherlands have been increasing. There also exist huge differences of OA percentages across different subject categories. The percentages of OA articles in biology, life, and health-related areas are high, while those in physics and chemistry-related subject categories are very low.

Originality/value

With the availability of large-scale data from WoS, this study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the Gold OA state of major countries for the first time. The variation of OA percentages is considered in light of the research profiles. OA policies in different countries and funding organizations also have an influence on the OA development.
High or low season?
Authors: Ma Judy , Huang Dongling , Markovitch Dmitri G. , Ratchford Brian
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the moderating impacts of seasonality on the effectiveness of new product commercialization strategies in short-lifecycle markets. The authors contextualize their theory in the vast and culturally significant entertainment industry sector and contrast the effects between independent films and big budget movies.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses an econometric modeling approach.

Findings

This study finds that unlike new films by well-resourced studios, which must launch in a high season for best performance, independents can generate more revenue in low seasons under certain conditions. The study shows how seasonality moderates the effectiveness of new films’ commercialization strategies and how new product outcomes are different for small independent products than for big-budget productions with regards to distribution duration, advertising expenditure and product characteristics.

Research limitations/implications

This research extends the literature on launch timing, which examines various strategic tradeoffs. In contrast with the few extant studies whose concern is sensitizing to the effects of seasonality (Siqueiraet al., 2016), this research treats seasonality as an exploitable opportunity that can be strategically factored into business planning for small producers. Accordingly, this is the first study to theoretically and empirically investigate the moderating relationship between seasonality, marketing decisions, product characteristics and performance.

Practical implications

To achieve useful specificity, the study constructs its discussion around the highly seasonal entertainment industry sector. The study shows that seasonality moderates the effectiveness of new films’ commercialization decisions and that the strategic outcomes are different for small independent products than for major studio productions in particular.

Originality/value

In contrast with extant research whose concern is sensitizing to the effects of seasonality, our research treats seasonality as an exploitable opportunity that can be strategically factored into business planning. Accordingly, ours is the first study to theoretically and empirically investigate the moderating relationship between seasonality, marketing decisions, product characteristics and performance.
Fiscal sustainability challenges in the new normal of low oil prices
Authors: El Mahmah Assil , Kandil Magda
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Given the persistence of low oil prices and the continued shrinking of government revenues, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries continue to adapt to the new normal of the oil price environment, with a focus on pressing ahead with subsidies’ reforms and measures to increase non-oil revenues, as well as accelerating debt issuance, which raise concerns about fiscal sustainability and the implications on macroeconomic stability.

Design/methodology/approach

The purpose of this paper is to examine the sustainability of fiscal policy in GCC by exploring governments’ reaction to rising public debt accumulation via the estimation of a fiscal reaction function to higher debt. Subsequently, the paper compares the obtained results with other similar and non-similar groups, in terms of economic structures and oil dependency, to understand how some macroeconomic factors affect differently the fiscal policy responses, in a context of oil price shocks and high price volatility.

Findings

The results show that the coefficient of the lagged debt stock was significant and positive, which means that GCC are increasing the pace of reforms and the fiscal primary balance as they issue more debt to ensure a sustainable fiscal policy. The evidence is consistent with the theory that higher levels of debt warrant greater fiscal effort, but at lower debt levels, countries still have the space to increase spending without jeopardizing debt sustainability as long as they remain committed to fiscal reforms to increase the primary balance. The evidence supports the notion that the region’s public finances have improved in response to recent fiscal adjustments. However, national experiences differ considerably, especially given variation in the fiscal breakeven prices against the new normal of low oil prices. Moreover, the findings reveal that various measures of economic performance, as captured by economic growth, openness and the oil price, were also found to be important factors in explaining fiscal performance. The combined effects of low oil prices and high degree of openness warrant further efforts to reform the budget to increase the primary balance while safeguarding priority spending tomobilize non-energy growth and ensure debt sustainability in GCC.

Originality/value

Given recent experiences and the “low for long” oil price, policy priorities and reforms are necessary in oil-dependent economies, including GCC, to ensure macroeconomic sustainability. Sustaining the momentum of non-energy growth would reduce continued dependency of GCC economies on oil revenues and fiscal spending in the medium-term, creating a bigger scope for private sector participation in economic activity and increasing the prospects of further diversification away from long dependency on oil price volatility and their adverse implications on the fiscal budget and economic cycles.
Materialism, social stratification, and ethics: evidence from SME owners in China
Authors: Su Taoyong , Ji Junzhe , Huang Qingan , Chen Lei
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The study of business ethics has seldom shed light on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) despite their theoretical and practical significance. Drawing from strain perspective, the purpose of this paper is to address this insufficiency and investigate SME owners’ ethical attitudes toward money-related deviances.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a large sample of 741 Chinese SMEs, an OLS regression analysis was employed to test associated hypotheses. The robustness of results was additionally checked.

Findings

The results suggest that for stratification variables, education level is positively related to ethical attitudes, whereas household income level is surprisingly negatively associated with ethical attitudes; for materialism facets, success and happiness exert a negative impact on ethical attitudes as hypothesized, but centrality has no associated impact.

Research limitations/implications

This study has examined both structural and motivational sources of personal strains on the ethical attitude of SME owners, while the characteristics of these strains could be explored in the future studies.

Originality/value

This study advances and complements the dominant behavior approach that emphasizes cognitive and other psychological processes in explaining individual ethical attitudes. It is also seemingly the first study to examine the influence of three materialism facets on entrepreneurial ethical attitudes.
Performance characteristics of rectangular aerostatic thrust bearing by conformal mapping
Authors: Gao Shang-Han , Nong Sheng-Long
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the pressure distribution of rectangular aerostatic thrust bearing with a single air supply inlet using the complex potential theory and conformal mapping.

Design/methodology/approach

The Möbius transform is used to map the interior of a rectangle onto the interior of a unit circle, from which the pressure distribution and load carrying capacity are obtained. The calculation results are verified by finite difference method.

Findings

The constructed Möbius formula is very effective for the performance characteristics researches for the rectangular thrust bearing with a single air supply inlet. In addition, it is also noted that to obtain the optimized load carrying capacity, the square thrust bearing can be adopted.

Originality/value

The Möbius transform is found suitable to describe the pressure distribution of the rectangular thrust bearing with a single air supply inlet.
Predicting World Heritage site visitation intentions of North American park visitors
Authors: Halpenny Elizabeth , Kono Shintaro , Moghimehfar Farhad
Published: September 2018

Purpose

World Heritage sites (WHS) can play an important role in promoting visitation to emerging and remote destinations. Guided by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this study aims to investigate factors that predict intentions to visit WHS.

Design/methodology/approach

Survey questionnaires were used to collect data from visitors (n = 519) to four Western North American WHS. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to identify three reflective models (attitude toward visiting World Heritage, perceived behavioural control and intention to visit WHS in the future), three formative models (attitude toward World Heritage designation, social influence (subjective norms) to visit World Heritage and World Heritage tourism brand equity) and a structural model.

Findings

World Heritage tourism brand equity and social influence were strong positive predictors of intentions to visit WHS in the future. Attitudes towards World Heritage designation, followed by World Heritage travel attitudes and perceived behavioural control, were progressively weaker, yet positive predictors. However, the latter two concepts’ impact was negligible.

Originality/value

This study addresses four deficiencies in tourism studies: TPB studies have failed to find consistent predictors of intentions to visit destinations; very few studies have attempted to verify the factors that predict visitation to WHS, despite the opportunities and costs that can arise from WHS-related tourism; few studies of tourists’ perceptions of World Heritage and related WHS travel intentions have been conducted in North America; and PLS-SEM was used to perform statistical methods not commonly used in tourism studies including formative models, importance-performance mapping and confirmatory tetrad analysis.
The power of information on customers’ social withdrawal and citizenship behavior in a crowded service environment
Authors: Wei Shuqin , Ang Tyson , Anaza Nwamaka A.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Crowding in service environments is a constant concern for many firms due to the negative consequences it has on consumers and companies alike. Yet, scant empirical research exists on firm-generated initiatives aimed at improving customer service experiences in crowded situations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how information, a managerially actionable variable, influences social interactions (in the form of customer social withdrawal and citizenship behavior) and service experience.

Design/methodology/approach

Two experimental studies were conducted using an extended service context.

Findings

This research demonstrates that receiving information about crowds in advance results in heightened social withdrawal, which improves customer service experience. However, providing consumers with a platform to share crowding information increases customers’ citizenship behavior toward service employees and other customers, which, in turn, improves customer service experience.

Practical implications

For extended service encounters (e.g. air travel) where social interactions are inevitable, companies should encourage customers to share their real-time experiences with other customers in hopes of creating more positive social interactions (e.g. citizenship behavior) within the crowded environment.

Originality/value

Existing investigations of crowding stem from an overemphasis on the physical and atmospheric aspects of the environment by treating crowds as a “fixture” in the servicescape, rather than as “active participants” involved in the crowding environment. While the mere presence of crowds alone has negative effects, this research takes it a step further by examining interactions among and between customers and service employees within the crowded service environment.
Triple bottom line and sustainable performance measurement in industrial companies
Authors: Hourneaux Jr Flavio , Gabriel Marcelo Luiz da Silva , Gallardo-Vázquez Dolores Amalia
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a minimum set of indicators to be measured by industrial companies to represent the triple bottom line (TBL) approach.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is both descriptive and quantitative. Three hypotheses establish associations among the degrees of use of TBL indicators and their different degrees of use in firms. The authors used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the scale and structural equation modelling to represent the final measurement model. The survey gathered 149 industrial companies.

Findings

The results pointed out that there are positive associations among the degree of use of environmental indicators and social indicators, economic, environmental and social indicators have different degrees of use in firms, a positive association between the degree of use of environmental and social indicators and the use of economic indicators was not confirmed. The findings suggest how to measure sustainable performance for industrial companies and highlight the differences in the degree of use for the three dimensions of TBL.

Research limitations/implications

The limitations refer to the non-probabilistic sample, applied in a specific context, industrial companies.

Practical implications

This set of indicators is intended to be used by industrial companies as a reliable instrument to sustainable performance assessment of the current stage of the TBL deployment and provide alternative approaches to address specific issues related to the environmental, social and economic sustainability.

Social implications

The results offer tangible results for measuring and reporting firm’s social and environmental performance.

Originality/value

This paper intends to offer an integrated and consistent way of measuring sustainability in industrial companies.
Criteria and barriers for the application of green building features in Hong Kong
Authors: Wadu Mesthrige Jayantha , Kwong Ho Yuk
Published: September 2018

Purpose

An understanding about the criteria determining the successful application of green features, and the barriers to implementation is essential in order to promote and enhance green building development. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, the criteria determining the success of GBFs; and second, the barriers to implementing GBFs in Hong Kong.

Design/methodology/approach

A multi-method approach comprising a comprehensive questionnaire survey and a semi-structured group discussion with construction professionals, along with three case studies was adopted to address these two issues.

Findings

Findings suggest that although environmental performance is the most significant criterion, the living quality of occupants and the costs of green features play a crucial role in determining the success of their application. However, the environmental aspects of buildings are not sufficient for rating or determining the greenness level of a building. As for barriers, the green cost implications; the structural unsuitability of the current stock of old buildings; and the lack of financial incentives were found to be crucial barriers preventing the application of green features in the Hong Kong building sector.

Originality/value

GBFs have received extensive attentions by the academia and industry. This paper used a mix method approach by exploring success criteria and barriers to implementing green features in the building sector in Hong Kong. As green building development is still a contemporary subject of discussion, this study would be beneficial to decision makers as it identifies the criteria determining the success of green building adoption and barriers to implementation of such features. Hence, relevant stakeholders will have better understanding of the factors affecting the adoption of GBFs.
Linking process and effects of intersectoral action on local neighbourhoods: systemic modelling based on Actor–Network Theory
Authors: Bilodeau Angèle , Galarneau Marilène , Lefebvre Chantal , Potvin Louise
Published: September 2018

After 25 years of intersectoral practice to increase health promotion resources, there is little scientific literature linking analysis of processes to observation of effects. Applying Actor–Network Theory, this article examines how the effects of intersectoral action are produced and can be attributed to its processes. A prospective multiple case study (2013–2016) was conducted on Neighbourhood Committees (NCs) in Montreal (Canada). Three NCs were studied using four kinds of data: direct observation notes of meetings and events, documents, logbooks and interviews. Systemic modelling of local intersectoral action was used for data collection and analysis. The results show that the transformations in living environments were produced by sequences of a limited number of ‘transitory outcomes’ that mark the progression of intersectoral action up to its effects. The list of transitory outcomes identified make up three functions in the production of change: (i) network setup and governance; (ii) self‐representing and influencing others; (iii) aligning necessary actors and resources. The production of effects follows a systemic model wherein unique configurations of transitory outcomes, adapted to the different contexts where interactions are occurring, represent the change processes that lead to the effects.
Petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous Jiangla'angzong I‐Type Granite in Central Lhasa Terrane, Tibet, China: Constraints from Whole‐Rock Geochemistry, Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology, and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Hf Isotopes
Authors: LIU Hong , LI Guangming , HUANG Hanxiao , CAO Huawen , YUAN Qian , LI Yingxu , OUYANG Yuan , LAN Shuangshuang , LÜ Menghong , YAN Guoqiang
Published: September 2018

The Jiangla'angzong granite in the northern part of the Central Lhasa Terrane is composed of syenogranite and adamellite. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb analyses suggest that syenogranite has a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 86±1 Ma (mean square weighted deviation=0.37), which is in accordance with the muscovite Ar‐Ar age (85±1 Ma) of Cu‐Au ore‐bearing skarns and the zircon U‐Pb age (84±1 Ma) of adamellite. This suggests that the Jiangla'angzong magmatism and Cu–Au mineralization events took place during the Late Cretaceous. The granite contains hornblende, biotite, and pyroxene, and does not contain Al‐bearing minerals, such as muscovite, cordierite, and garnet. It has high contents of SiO2 (65.10–70.91wt%), K2O (3.44–5.17wt%), and total K2O+Na2O (7.13–8.15wt%), and moderate contents of A12O3 (14.14–16.45wt%) and CaO (2.33–4.11wt%), with a Reitman index (σ43) of 2.18 to 2.33, and A/CNK values of 0.88 to 1.02. The P2O5 contents show a negative correlation with SiO2, whereas Pb contents show a positive correlation with SiO2. Th and Y contents are relatively low and show a negative correlation with the Rb contents. These characteristics suggest that the Jiangla'angzong granite is a high K calc–alkaline metaluminous I–type granite. It is enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithofile elements (LILE), and depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE), with LREE/HREE ratios of 11.7 to 18.1. The granite has negative Eu anomalies of 0.58 to 0.94 without obvious Ce anomalies (δCe=1.00–1.04). The relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7106 to 0.7179, positive εHf(t) values of 1.0 to 4.1, and two‐stage Hf model ages (TDM2) ranging from 889 Ma to 1082 Ma, These geochemical features indicate that the granite derived from a juvenile crust. The (143Nd/144Nd)t values from the Jiangla'angzong granite range from 0.5121 to 0.5123, its εNd(t) values range from –10.17 to –6.10, its (206Pb /204Pb)t values range from 18.683 to 18.746, its (207Pb /204Pb)t values range from 15.695 to 15.700, and its (208Pb /204Pb)t values range from 39.012 to 39.071. These data indicate that the granite was formed by melting of the upper crust with the addition of some mantle materials. We propose that the Jiangla'angzong granite was formed during the post‐collision extension of the Qiangtang and Lhasa terranes.
Metallogeny of the Baiyangping Lead‐Zinc Polymetallic Ore Concentration Area, Northern Lanping Basin of Yunnan Province, China
Authors: WANG Xiaohu , SONG Yucai , ZHANG Hongrui , LIU Yingchao , PAN Xiaofei , GUO Tao
Published: September 2018

The Lanping Basin in the Nujiang‐Lancangjiang‐Jinshajiang (the Sanjiang) area of northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is an important part of eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. This basin hosts a number of large unique sediment‐hosted Pb‐Zn polymetallic deposits or ore districts, such as the Baiyangping ore concentration area which is one of the representative ore district. The Baiyangping ore concentration area can be divided into the east and west ore belts, which were formed in a folded tectogene of the India‐Asia continental collisional setting and was controlled by a large reverse fault. Field observations reveal that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary strata were outcropped in the mining area, and that the orebodies are obviously controlled by faults and hosted in sandstone and carbonate rocks. However, the ore‐forming elements in the east ore belt are mainly Pb‐Zn‐Sr‐Ag, while Pb‐Zn‐Ag‐Cu‐Co elements are dominant in the west ore belt. Comparative analysis of the C‐O‐Sr‐S‐Pb isotopic compositions suggest that both ore belts had a homogeneous carbon source, and the carbon in hydrothermal calcite is derived from the dissolution of carbonate rock strata; the ore‐forming fluids were originated from formation water and precipitate water, which belonged to basin brine fluid system; sulfur was from organic thermal chemical sulfate reduction and biological sulfate reduction; the metal mineralization material was from sedimentary strata and basement, but the difference of the material source of the basement and the strata and the superimposed mineralization of the west ore belt resulted in the difference of metallogenic elements between the eastern and western metallogenic belts. The Pb‐Zn mineralization age of both ore belts was contemporary and formed in the same metallogenetic event. Both thrust formed at the same time and occurred at the Early Oligocene, which is consistent with the age constrained by field geological relationship.
The Influence of Extractable Organic Matter on Pore Development in the Late Triassic Chang 7 Lacustrine Shales, Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China
Authors: HAN Hui , LIU Pengwei , DING Zhengang , SHI Pitong , JIA Jianchao , ZHANG Wei , LIU Yan , CHEN Shijia , LU Jungang , Chen Kang , PENG Xudong , WANG Zhiyong , XIAO Shuqi , GAO Yuan
Published: September 2018

To investigate the influence of extractable organic matter (EOM) on pore evolution of lacustrine shales, Soxhlet extraction, using dichloromethane, was performed on a series of Chang 7 shale samples (Ordos Basin, China) with vitrinite reflectance of 0.64% to 1.34%. Low‐pressure gas adsorption experiments were conducted on the samples before and after extraction. The pore structure parameters were calculated from the gas adsorption data. The results show complex changes to the pore volumes and surface areas after extraction. The pore development of both the initial and extracted samples is strongly controlled by total organic carbon (TOC) content. Micropores developed mainly in organic matter (OM), while mesopores and macropores predominantly developed in fractions other than OM. The influence of EOM on micropores is stronger than on mesopores and macropores. Organic solvents with a higher boiling point should be used to explore the effect of EOM on pore structure in the future.
A Preliminary Study on the Soft–Sediment Deformation Structures in the Late Quaternary Lacustrine Sediments at Tashkorgan, Northeastern Pamir, China
Authors: LIANG Lianji , DAI Fuchu , JIANG Hanchao , ZHONG Ning
Published: September 2018

This study identified soft–sediment deformation structures (SSDS) of seismic origin from lacustrine sediments in the late Quaternary paleo–dammed lake at Tashkorgan, northeastern Pamir. The observed deformation structures include sand dykes, liquefied diapir and convolute structures, gravity induced SSDS, and thixotropic pillar and tabular structures. We conducted a preliminary study on the morphology, formation and trigger mechanisms of pillar and tabular structures formed by liquefaction of underlying coarse sand and thixotropy of the upper silty clay. The regional tectonic setting and distribution of lacustrine strata indicate that the most probable trigger for the SSDS in lacustrine sediments was seismic activity, with an approximate earthquake magnitude of M>6.0; the potential seismogenic fault is the southern part of the Kongur normal fault extensional system. AMS14C dating results indicate that the SSDS were formed by seismic events occurring between 26050±100 yrBP and 22710±80 yrBP, implying intense fault activity in this region during the late Pleistocene. This study provides new evidence for understanding tectonic activity and regional geodynamics in western China.
Effect of External Support on Bank Default and Operating Risks: Does Country Strength Matter?
Authors: Shen Chung‐Hua , Huang Yu‐Li , Lin Kun‐Li
Published: September 2018

This study investigates how two forms of external support, namely, government and foreign ownership, affect bank default and operating risks. The results show, first, that government ownership reduces default risk and increases operating risk, while foreign ownership reduces both default and operating risks. Second, government ownership decreases default risk especially for banks from advanced countries and countries with better national governance. Third, foreign ownership from countries with better sovereign ratings decreases both default and operating risks. Our results suggest that Asian countries should increase income or national governance for more effective government support and open the domestic bank market.
Triangular No‐arbitrage Estimation through Bitcoin: An Application in Venezuelan Bolivars
Authors: Wang Jying‐Nan , Hsu Yuan‐Teng , Chen Chih‐Chun
Published: September 2018

In this study, we apply the Bitcoin to estimate the price of the Venezuelan bolivar, due to the unreliability of this currency's official exchange rate. Our approach is based on the triangular no‐arbitrage condition and takes the Bitcoin as an intermediate currency. To verify its validity, in addition to bolivars, six currencies are first considered in the empirical study. We find that trading through the Bitcoin market produces higher transaction costs or requires higher risk compensation than trading through the conventional exchange market. Then, we explore the Venezuelan case. Comparing the estimates of the black market bolivars, which are generated from several popular media sources and the Web site Dolartoday.com, using Bitcoin can produce reliable bolivar exchange rates quickly and easily. To sum up, we verify the feasibility of using the triangular no‐arbitrage condition in foreign exchange markets to estimate exchange rates through the Bitcoin. This is especially useful when capital controls exist such as they do in Venezuela.
Comparative Decellularization and Recellularization of Normal Versus Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rat Pancreas
Authors: Huang Ying‐Bao , Mei Jin , Yu Yaling , Ding Yuqiang , Xia Weizhi , Yue Ting , Chen Weijian , Zhou Meng‐Tao , Yang Yun‐Jun
Published: September 2018

Decellularized (DC) organs/tissues offer a promising scaffold for regenerative bioengineering. However, it is not clear whether the diabetic mellitus (DM) pancreas can be used in decellularized and recellularized bioengineering. For assessment of these questions, murine pancreatic scaffolds of normal, type 1DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM) pancreas were generated using a perfusion decellularization technique and assessed by histology, scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The capacity of DC pancreatic scaffolds to support attachment and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and MIN‐6 β cells was also assessed. Our results showed that DC pancreatic scaffolds were successfully produced from T1DM and T2DM pancreas and maintained their extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, 3D ultrastructure, and various cytokines. All of the pancreatic scaffolds were sufficiently cytocompatible and were able to support proliferation and adhesion of HUVECs and MIN‐6 β cells. The preliminary results support the biological utility of diabetes mellitus pancreatic scaffolds and pave the way for further investigations to assess the potential ability of using diabetes mellitus pancreas as scaffolds for recellularization and eventual medical applications.
Novel Extracorporeal Dialysis Circuit to Improve the Removal Efficiency of High and Middle Molecular Weight Toxins
Authors: Poorkhali Ali , Bizari Davood , Farrokhzad Hasan
Published: September 2018

A new extracorporeal circuit for hemodialysis was designed with the goal of improving the middle and high molecular weight toxins removal. A recirculation pathway was added to the hemodialysis circuit and relevant pressure regulation was performed along the circuit in order to keep the ultrafiltration rate as zero. The influence of increasing the recirculation to dialysate flow rate ratio on the removal of urea, vitamin B12, and hemoglobin was investigated. This removal was also modeled by an analytical method and solved by MATLAB software. A significant increase in removal of vitamin B12 (34%) and especially hemoglobin (228%) was achieved using the recirculation flow in an adjusted hemodialysis circuit. The model showed an acceptable agreement with the experimental results which shows its applicability for prediction of different toxin removal in this circuit.
ω‐6 and ω‐9 polyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds near the carboxyl head have the highest affinity and largest effects on the cardiac IKs potassium channel
Authors: Bohannon Briana M. , Perez Marta E. , Liin Sara I. , Larsson Hans Peter
Published: September 2018

Aim

The IKs channel is important for termination of the cardiac action potential. Hundreds of loss‐of‐function mutations in the IKs channel reduce the K+ current and, thereby, delay the repolarization of the action potential, causing Long QT Syndrome. Long QT predisposes individuals to Torsades de Pointes which can lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are potential therapeutics for Long QT Syndrome, as they affect IKs channels. However, it is unclear which properties of PUFAs are essential for their effects on IKs channels.

Methods

To understand how PUFAs influence IKs channel activity, we measured effects on IKs current by two‐electrode voltage clamp while changing different properties of the hydrocarbon tail.

Results

There was no, or weak, correlation between the tail length or number of double bonds in the tail and the effects on or apparent binding affinity for IKs channels. However, we found a strong correlation between the positions of the double bonds relative to the head group and effects on IKs channels.

Conclusion

Polyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds closer to the head group had higher apparent affinity for IKs channels and increased IKs current more; shifting the bonds further away from the head group reduced apparent binding affinity for and effects on the IKs current. Interestingly, we found that ω‐6 and ω‐9 PUFAs, with the first double bond closer to the head group, left‐shifted the voltage dependence of activation the most. These results allow for informed design of new therapeutics targeting IKs channels in Long QT Syndrome.
Depressive symptoms in Chinese assembly‐line migrant workers: A case study in the shoe‐making industry
Authors: Ren Feng , Yu Xin , Dang Weimin , Niu Wenyi , Zhou Tianhang , Lin Yongqiang , Wu Zijun , Lin Lin , Zhong Baoliang , Chu Hongling , Zhou Jinpeng , Ding Hong , Yuan Ping
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Assembly‐line migrant workers (AMWs), as a major workforce in China, may be at particularly high risk of depression due to their relative low social economic status and particular job characteristics. However, little is known about the frequency and characteristics of depression among Chinese AMWs. This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in Chinese AMWs.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional survey, 915 Chinese AMWs from two shoe‐making factories completed a standardized questionnaire to report their socio‐demographics, physical health, migration, and work. They also reported their depressive symptoms by completing the Beck Depression Inventory—Short Form (BDI—SF). We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis to identify factors related to depression.

Results

We found that 31.7% of AMWs were clinically depressed (BDI‐SF ≥ 8). The multiple regression model included age, self‐rated physical health, pain, family relationships, having no good friends at the same factory, and working under high pressure.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that depression is common among Chinese AMWs. We argue that there is an urgent need for health care providers and factory managers to work on the early identification of AMWs, who are at high risk for depression. Psychological and psychiatric treatments are necessary in the Chinese labor‐intensive industries.
Immunomodulatory tetracyclines shape the intestinal inflammatory response inducing mucosal healing and resolution
Authors: Garrido‐Mesa J , Rodríguez‐Nogales A , Algieri F , Vezza T , Hidalgo‐Garcia L , Garrido‐Barros M , Utrilla M P , Garcia F , Chueca N , Rodriguez‐Cabezas M E , Garrido‐Mesa N , Gálvez J
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose

Immunomodulatory tetracyclines are well‐characterized drugs with a pharmacological potential beyond their antibiotic properties. Specifically, minocycline and doxycycline have shown beneficial effects in experimental colitis, although pro‐inflammatory actions have also been described in macrophages. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the mechanism behind their effect in acute intestinal inflammation.

Experimental Approach

A comparative pharmacological study was initially used to elucidate the most relevant actions of immunomodulatory tetracyclines: doxycycline, minocycline and tigecycline; other antibiotic or immunomodulatory drugs were assessed in bone marrow‐derived macrophages and in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced mouse colitis, where different barrier markers, inflammatory mediators, microRNAs, TLRs, and the gut microbiota composition were evaluated. The sequential immune events that mediate the intestinal anti‐inflammatory effect of minocycline in DSS‐colitis were then characterized.

Key Results

Novel immunomodulatory activity of tetracyclines was identifed; they potentiated the innate immune response and enhanced resolution of inflammation. This is also the first report describing the intestinal anti‐inflammatory effect of tigecycline. A minor therapeutic benefit seems to derive from their antibiotic properties. Conversely, immunomodulatory tetracyclines potentiated macrophage cytokine release in vitro, and while improving mucosal recovery in colitic mice, they up‐regulated Ccl2, miR‐142, miR‐375 and Tlr4. In particular, minocycline initially enhanced IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐22, GM‐CSF and IL‐4 colonic production and monocyte recruitment to the intestine, subsequently increasing Ly6C−MHCII+ macrophages, Tregs and type 2 intestinal immune responses.

Conclusions and Implications

Immunomodulatory tetracyclines potentiate protective immune pathways leading to mucosal healing and resolution, representing a promising drug reposition strategy for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
Developmental changes of sleep spindles and their impact on sleep‐dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities: A longitudinal approach
Authors: Hahn Michael , Joechner Ann‐Kathrin , Roell Judith , Schabus Manuel , Heib Dominik PJ , Gruber Georg , Peigneux Philippe , Hoedlmoser Kerstin
Published: September 2018

Sleep spindles are related to sleep‐dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities. However, they undergo drastic maturational changes during adolescence. Here we used a longitudinal approach (across 7 years) to explore whether developmental changes in sleep spindle density can explain individual differences in sleep‐dependent memory consolidation and general cognitive abilities. Ambulatory polysomnography was recorded during four nights in 34 healthy subjects (24 female) with two nights (baseline and experimental) at initial recording (age range 8–11 years) and two nights at follow‐up recording (age range 14–18 years). For declarative learning, participants encoded word pairs with a subsequent recall before and after sleep. General cognitive abilities were measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Higher slow (11–13 Hz) than fast (13–15 Hz) spindle density at frontal, central, and parietal sites during initial recordings, followed by a shift to higher fast than slow spindle density at central and parietal sites during follow‐up recordings, suggest that mature spindle topography develops throughout adolescence. Fast spindle density increases from baseline to experimental night were positively related to sleep‐dependent memory consolidation. In addition, we found that the development of fast spindles predicted the improvement in memory consolidation across the two longitudinal measurements, a finding that underlines a crucial role for mature fast spindles for sleep‐dependent memory consolidation. Furthermore, slow spindle changes across adolescence were related to general cognitive abilities, a relationship that could indicate the maturation of frontal networks relevant for efficient cognitive processing. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NXJzm8HbIw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuMQY1OIJ0s
Embracing scale‐dependence to achieve a deeper understanding of biodiversity and its change across communities
Authors: Chase Jonathan M. , McGill Brian J. , McGlinn Daniel J. , May Felix , Blowes Shane A. , Xiao Xiao , Knight Tiffany M. , Purschke Oliver , Gotelli Nicholas J.
Published: September 2018

Because biodiversity is multidimensional and scale‐dependent, it is challenging to estimate its change. However, it is unclear (1) how much scale‐dependence matters for empirical studies, and (2) if it does matter, how exactly we should quantify biodiversity change. To address the first question, we analysed studies with comparisons among multiple assemblages, and found that rarefaction curves frequently crossed, implying reversals in the ranking of species richness across spatial scales. Moreover, the most frequently measured aspect of diversity – species richness – was poorly correlated with other measures of diversity. Second, we collated studies that included spatial scale in their estimates of biodiversity change in response to ecological drivers and found frequent and strong scale‐dependence, including nearly 10% of studies which showed that biodiversity changes switched directions across scales. Having established the complexity of empirical biodiversity comparisons, we describe a synthesis of methods based on rarefaction curves that allow more explicit analyses of spatial and sampling effects on biodiversity comparisons. We use a case study of nutrient additions in experimental ponds to illustrate how this multi‐dimensional and multi‐scale perspective informs the responses of biodiversity to ecological drivers.