bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aramid Nanofibers Aerogel‐filled Wood‐based Carbon Material for Flexible Solid Supercapacitors
Authors: Niu Qingyuan , Zhang Hui , Gao Kezheng , Tang Qiheng , Sun Xiankai , Zhao Shuyan , Wang Lizhen
Published: March 2022

Delignified wood‐based carbon material is a potential cost‐effective and environmentally‐friendly flexible electrode material. However, the abundant intertubular cavities not only endow excellent flexibility, but also inevitably deteriorate the conductivity, integrity and areal density of the delignified wood‐based flexible carbon material, which is not conducive to improve the energy storage performance. In this work, an aramid nanofiber‐based carbon aerogel was filled in the intertubular cavities via a series of processes, including filled by virtue of the unidirectional capillary forces, gelation, freeze‐drying and carbonization. The filled carbon aerogel can significantly increase the conductivity and the sheet resistance is as low as about 28±5 Ω sq−1. The filled carbon aerogel does not deteriorate its excellent energy storage behavior derived from the unique low‐tortuosity and open slender tubular microstructure. The filled carbon aerogel can improve the space utilization of the delignified wood‐based carbon. The areal specific capacitance has been increased from 20.8 to 51.9 mF cm−2 at a current density of 50 μA cm−2. The area specific capacitance still remains at 33.9 mF cm−2 when the current density increased to 1000 μA cm−2. The aramid nanofibers aerogel‐filled wood‐based carbon flexible interdigitated solid supercapacitors also exhibit excellent flexibility and folding endurance.
Treating hidradenitis suppurativa in special populations: Pregnancy, lactation, and comorbid conditions
Authors: Aldana Isabella , Sanyi Adaugo A. , Mayo Tiffany T.
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory cutaneous condition of chronic and debilitating nature. Management of HS includes pharmacological or surgical interventions, and new emerging therapies continue to provide new avenues for treatment. There are treatment options, however, that may be contraindicated in special populations of patients.

Methods

A literature search was conducted utilizing PubMed and MEDLINE (Medical Subject Headings [MeSH]) for the terms “hidradenitis suppurativa” and “acne inversa”. All review articles, randomized controlled studies, open‐label extension studies, and conference abstracts published up to August 2021 were included. References of identified articles were searched for additional articles.

Results

Here, we present an in‐depth review of HS, with a focus on treatment of HS in special populations including those who are pregnant, lactating, or suffering with a comorbid condition such as inflammatory bowel disease or cancer, in hopes of providing further insight into management of this debilitating disease while seeking clinically safe approaches.

Conclusion

Identifying appropriate treatment regimens specific to each aforementioned special population may provide clinicians a more streamlined way to manage patients and the opportunity to improve upon the overall quality of life of patients with HS.chronic and debilitating nature.
Spatial and temporal variations in salt marsh microorganisms of the Wadden Sea
Authors: Rinke Maria , Maraun Mark , Scheu Stefan
Published: March 2022

Salt marshes exist at the interface of the marine and the terrestrial system. Shore height differences and associated variations in inundation frequency result in altered abiotic conditions, plant communities, and resource input into the belowground system. These factors result in three unique zones, the upper salt marsh (USM), the lower salt marsh (LSM), and the pioneer zone (PZ). Marine detritus, such as micro‐ and macroalgae, is typically flushed into the PZ daily, with storm surges moving both salt marsh detritus and marine detritus into higher salt marsh zones. Microbial assemblages are essential for the decomposition of organic matter and have been shown to sensitively respond to changes in abiotic conditions such as oxygen supply and salinity. However, temporal and spatial dynamics of microbial communities of Wadden Sea salt marshes received little attention. We investigated the dynamics of soil microbial communities across horizontal (USM, LSM, and PZ), vertical (0–5 and 5–10‐cm sediment depth), and temporal (spring, summer, and autumn) scales in the Wadden Sea salt marsh of the European North Atlantic coast using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Our results show strong spatial dynamics both among salt marsh zones and between sediment depths, but temporal dynamics to be only minor. Despite varying in space and time, PLFA markers indicated that bacteria generally were the dominant microbial group across salt marsh zones and seasons, however, their dominance was most pronounced in the USM, whereas fungal biomass peaked in the LSM and algal biomass in the PZ. Only algal markers and the stress marker monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio responded to seasonality. Overall, therefore, the results indicate remarkable temporal stability of salt marsh microbial communities despite strong variability in abiotic factors.
Designing and leading collaborative urban climate governance: Comparative experiences of co‐creation from Copenhagen and Oslo
Authors: Hofstad Hege , Sørensen Eva , Torfing Jacob , Vedeld Trond
Published: March 2022

This article has a twofold aim. First, inspired by collaborative governance theory, the article develops an analytical framework built around three ideal co‐creation strategies utilized by city governments for building capacity and addressing urban climate solutions. Second, this co‐creation framework is applied to a comparative case study of climate governance in two climate‐ambitious Scandinavian cities, Copenhagen and Oslo, to illustrate the role of co‐creation as an approach and tool for urban climate governance. The comparative analysis reveals how the two cities navigate differently within a polycentric ecosystem of actors depending on a variety of contextual factors and whether climate responses are geared mainly towards assembling and aligning public, private business or citizen actors, respectively, for collaborative efforts. The findings suggest that both cities combine two ideal co‐creation strategies, a whole of government strategy with an externally focused stakeholder strategy, while neither of the cities has adopted a full‐fledged externally focused civil society co‐creation strategy. The findings have implications for co‐creation theory and urban climate leadership. In both cities, the benefits of co‐creation are found to depend on support from both conducive institutional design and new forms of public leadership. Over time, leadership has started to congeal into a distinctive type of co‐creational leadership based on both hands‐on and hands‐off tools and instruments in climate responses. The findings suggest that a co‐creation approach benefits the debate on citizen participation in climate governance as it brings a nuanced understanding of the multiple roles that citizens can play in relation to both public and private services and business actors; as residents, consumers, climate agents, as well as voters with rights and responsibilities who can provide the city leadership with legitimacy but also oppose climate action.
Study on the application potential of lipopeptide fermentation broth in oil recovery
Authors: Wang Huidong , Xiu Jianlong , Huang Lixin , Yu Li , Wu Bo
Published: March 2022

Microbial flooding is a new enhanced‐oil‐recovery technology for the petroleum industry. In this study, a strain of Bacillus subtilis named SL‐2 was isolated from oil‐well‐produced fluid. B. subtilis produces the lipopeptide surfactin. The fermentation broth of B. subtilis contains lipopeptide biosurfactants (1.2 g/L) with good surface and interfacial activities. Adding 7% of this fermentation broth to water reduces its surface tension from 72 to 33.9 mN/m and the interfacial tension between hexadecane and water from 40 to 1 mN/m. Environmental adaptability analysis revealed that the lipopeptide biosurfactants can tolerate a salinity of 50 g/L NaCl and a temperature of 120°C, and that they have a strong emulsifying effect on the oil phase as well as good emulsification stability owing to their high interfacial shear viscosity. Water contact angle measurements showed that this fermentation broth changes the wettability properties of rock surfaces from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. A new bio‐oil‐displacement system was developed by combining the lipopeptide fermentation broth with xanthan gum, a biopolymer with viscosifying properties. The new bio‐oil‐displacement system has the dual functions of improving oil‐displacement efficiency and expanding sweep volume. The results of laboratory simulation experiments revealed that the oil recovery for a bio‐composite system containing 7% lipopeptide fermentation broth is 18.7% higher than that for water flooding. Therefore, the system has good field application potential. Direct preparation of the oil‐displacement system using the lipopeptide fermentation liquid can reduce the purification cost of the biosurfactant lipopeptide, which is economically conducive to the application of this bio‐oil‐displacement technology.
A deep‐hole microblasting technique for controlling coal wall spalling during mining of a vertically jointed seam
Authors: Chen Baobao , Liu Changyou , Wu Fengfeng
Published: March 2022

The vertically‐jointed coal seam, especially after water drainage, is easy to lead to large‐area coal wall spalling (CWS). To alleviate the problem, a strut subjected to equivalent central‐concentrated force was proposed for elaborating critical conditions for coal instability based on CWS characteristics, determining the main control factors. The sensitivity analysis of factors driving CWS revealed that the coal between 3.3 and 4.56 m was the most vulnerable. A microblasting technique was proposed for controlling CWS by increasing the friction coefficient at the weakened‐primary coal interface, improving the coal stress, and reducing the equivalent mining height. The paper presented the application of universal distinct element code models to simulate the CWS mechanism with different joint mechanical parameters and microblasting heights. The reduction of spalling intensity indicates that the microblasting weakening of the upper part coal could improve the overall stability of the coal. LS‐DYNA is employed for simulating the fractures development between blasting holes, and the rationality of optimized blasting parameters is revealed. The fracture characteristics of the observation hole in field demonstrated that the hole was effectively fractured by microblasting. The spalling parameters including depth, width and frequency were obviously reduced, which showed the rationality in microexplosion controlling spalling.
Imidacloprid Induces Histopathological Damage in the Midgut, Ovary, and Spermathecal Stored Spermatozoa of Queens After Chronic Colony Exposure
Authors: Moreira Daiani Rodrigues , de Souza Tuan Henrique Smielevski , Galhardo Douglas , Puentes Sandra Milena Diaz , Figueira Cinthia Leão , Silva Breno Gabriel da , Chagas Francieli das , Gigliolli Adriana Aparecida Sinópolis , de Toledo Vagner de Alencar Arnaut , Ruvolo-Takasusuki Maria Claudia Colla
Published: March 2022

Bee colony health is declining as a result of several factors, including exposure to pesticides. The development and strength of honey bee colonies depend on the reproductive success of queen bees. Because flowers are sources of food for bees, foragers can accidentally collect and carry contaminated pollen and nectar to their hives; and this may compromise the longevity and the life span of individuals. Thus, the present study aimed to observe the action of imidacloprid in the midgut and ovaries of Apis mellifera queens, as well as the effects on sperm stored in their spermatheca. To this end, the apiary was divided into three experimental groups: control, commercial imidacloprid, and active ingredient imidacloprid. For toxicity assays, a sucrose solution containing 1 µg/L of imidacloprid was offered to the colonies for 42 days. A control group received only food in the same period. In both treatments with imidacloprid, the midgut of queens showed modifications in the external musculature and cellular alterations. Such changes could lead to the nonrecovery of the epithelium and subsequently malabsorption of nutrients. Moreover, the digestive cells of queen bees exposed to the commercial imidacloprid presented pyknotic nuclei, suggesting a cell death process. The main alterations observed in the ovaries of these reproductive bees treated with commercial imidacloprid were degeneration and resorption of the ovariole content, which probably affected their fertilization and colony development. There were no significant changes in the spermatozoa morphology for both treatments with imidacloprid, but this insecticide may interfere with the development and reproductive success of A. mellifera colonies because it affects the morphology and function of essential organs for the survival of queens. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1637–1648. SETAC

Abstract

Africanized Apis mellifera bee colonies were exposed to imidacloprid (pure ingredient and commercial formulation) in the field for 42 days. Such chronic exposure damaged cells in the midgut of queen bees and affected the reproductive success of colonies because of the alterations in the ovaries of these queens. The spermatozoa stored in spermatheca were not affected by the neonicotinoid. IMI = imidacloprid.
Temperature and Photoperiod Affect the Sensitivity of Biofilms to Nickel and its Accumulation
Authors: Laderriere Vincent , Richard Maxime , Morin Soizic , Le Faucheur Séverine , Fortin Claude
Published: March 2022

Whereas metal impacts on fluvial communities have been extensively investigated, effects of abiotic parameters on community responses to contaminants are poorly documented. Variations in photoperiod and temperature commonly occur over the course of a season and could affect aquatic biofilm communities and their responses to contaminants. Our objective was to characterize the influence of environmental conditions (photoperiod and temperature) on nickel (Ni) bioaccumulation and toxicity using a laboratory-grown biofilm. Environmental parameters were chosen to represent variations that can occur over the summer season. Biofilms were exposed for 7 days to six dissolved Ni treatments (ranging from 6 to 115 µM) at two temperatures (14 and 20 °C) using two photoperiods (16:8 and 12:12-h light:dark cycle). Under these different scenarios, structural (dry weight biomass and chlorophyll-a) and functional biomarkers (photosynthetic yield and Ni content) were analyzed at four sampling dates, allowing us to evaluate Ni sensitivity of biofilms over time. The results highlight the effects of temperature on Ni accumulation and tolerance of biofilms. Indeed, biofilms exposed at 20 °C accumulated 1.6–4.2-fold higher concentrations of Ni and were characterized by a lower median effect concentration value using photosynthetic yield compared with those exposed at 14 °C. In terms of photoperiod, significantly greater rates of Ni accumulation were observed at the highest tested Ni concentration for biofilms exposed to a 12:12-h compared with a 16:8-h light:dark cycle. Our study demonstrates the influence of temperature on biofilm metabolism and illustrates that environmental factors may influence Ni accumulation response and thus Ni responses of phototrophic biofilms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1649–1662. © 2022 SETAC
Advances in the role and mechanism of lactic acid bacteria in treating obesity
Authors: Shen Yi‐Lin , Zhang Liu‐Qing , Yang Ying , Yin Bin‐Cheng , Ye Bang‐Ce , Zhou Ying
Published: March 2022

Obesity and its related complications have become increasingly serious social problems that threaten people's lives. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have shown an effective influence on preventing obesity in animal experiments and human clinical trials, but its exact mechanism remains unclear. In this review, LAB and several of its metabolites are taken as the point of penetration. It is aimed to summarize the relationship between obesity and gut microbiota, the efficacy of LAB, and its potential mechanisms of preventing obesity and lipid metabolism. LAB intervention can regulate gut microbiota and improve intestinal permeability which is damaged by a high‐fat diet or lipopolysaccharide. Besides  this, some metabolites produced by LAB can be involved in regulating host lipid metabolism‐related pathways. Short‐chain fatty acids, linoleic acid, and gamma‐aminobutyric acid, taken as representatives here, can participate in the regulation through AMP‐activated protein kinase or peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor pathway and bowel–brain axis. Therefore, the ingestion of LAB may become a potential adjunctive treatment for obesity in future.
Similarities and differences in the neural representations of abstract concepts across English and Mandarin
Authors: Vargas Robert , Just Marcel Adam
Published: March 2022

Recent research suggests there is a neural organization for representing abstract concepts that is common across English speakers. To investigate the possible role of language on the representation of abstract concepts, multivariate pattern analytic (MVPA) techniques were applied to fMRI data to compare the neural representations of 28 individual abstract concepts between native English and Mandarin speakers. Factor analyses of the activation patterns of the 28 abstract concepts from both languages characterized this commonality in terms of a set of four underlying neurosemantic dimensions, indicating the degree to which a concept is verbally represented, internal to the person, contains social content, and is rule‐based. These common semantic dimensions (factors) underlying the 28 concepts provided a sufficient basis for reliably identifying the individual abstract concepts from their neural signature in the other language with a mean rank accuracy of 0.65 (p < .001). Although the neural dimensions used for representing abstract concepts are common across languages, differences in the meaning of some individual concepts can be accommodated in terms of differential salience of particular dimensions. These semantic dimensions constitute a set of neurocognitive resources for abstract concept representations within a larger set of regions responsible for general semantic processing.
RNA sequencing analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma identified oxidative phosphorylation as a major pathologic feature
Authors: Liu Yongjun , Al‐Adra David P. , Lan Ruoxin , Jung Geunyoung , Li Huihua , Yeh Matthew M. , Liu Yao‐Zhong
Published: March 2022

Dysregulation of expression of functional genes and pathways plays critical roles in the etiology and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Next generation‐based RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) offers unparalleled power to comprehensively characterize HCC at the whole transcriptome level. In this study, 17 fresh‐frozen HCC samples with paired non‐neoplastic liver tissue from Caucasian patients undergoing liver resection or transplantation were used for RNA‐seq analysis. Pairwise differential expression analysis of the RNA‐seq data was performed to identify genes, pathways, and functional terms differentially regulated in HCC versus normal tissues. At a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.10, 13% (n = 4335) of transcripts were up‐regulated and 19% (n = 6454) of transcripts were down‐regulated in HCC versus non‐neoplastic tissue. Eighty‐five Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were differentially regulated (FDR, <0.10), with almost all pathways (n = 83) being up‐regulated in HCC versus non‐neoplastic tissue. Among the top up‐regulated pathways was oxidative phosphorylation (hsa00190; FDR, 1.12E‐15), which was confirmed by Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) gene set enrichment analysis. Consistent with potential oxidative stress due to activated oxidative phosphorylation, DNA damage‐related signals (e.g., the up‐regulated hsa03420 nucleotide excision repair [FDR, 1.14E‐04] and hsa03410 base excision repair [FDR, 2.71E‐04] pathways) were observed. Among down‐regulated genes (FDR, <0.10), functional terms related to cellular structures (e.g., cell membrane [FDR, 3.05E‐21] and cell junction [FDR, 2.41E‐07], were highly enriched, suggesting compromised formation of cellular structure in HCC at the transcriptome level. Interestingly, the olfactory transduction (hsa04740; FDR, 1.53E‐07) pathway was observed to be down‐regulated in HCC versus non‐neoplastic tissue, suggesting impaired liver chemosensory functions in HCC. Our findings suggest oxidative phosphorylation and the associated DNA damage may be the major driving pathologic feature in HCC.
Thermal effects of two immiscible fluids through a permeable stenosed artery having nanofluid in the core region
Authors: Prasad K. Maruthi , Yasa Prabhaker Reddy , Mohammed Abdul Rahim
Published: March 2022

A theoretical investigation of two‐layered fluid flow in a stenosed tube having permeable walls is studied. The fluid (blood with nanoparticles) within the core region behaves as a non‐Newtonian fluid (nanofluid) and the fluid within the peripheral layer behaves as a Newtonian fluid. Flow equations are linearized considering mild stenoses. The closed form mathematical expressions for flow resistance and wall shear stress are computed. The problem is solved using HPM (homotopy perturbation method). The numerical calculations of flow parameters (like flow resistance, wall shear stress) are performed and are discussed graphically. A novel result is found that with increased permeability and viscosity, the resistance of the fluid flow and shear at the wall is found to decrease. Moreover, the velocity profiles are increasing in the radial direction with the enhancement of viscosity of the fluid in the peripheral layer but decrease with permeability. Streamlines are drawn to examine the flow pattern.
Influence of viscous dissipation and spanwise cosinusoidally fluctuating temperature on MHD free convective boundary layer flow with radiation absorption and chemical reaction
Authors: Komaravolu V. B. Rajakumar , Srinivasa Raju Rallabandi , Govinda Rao Tangudu , Balamurugan Kuppareddy Subramanyam
Published: March 2022

The current reconnaissance emphasis on spanwise cosinusoidally fluctuating temperature along with time deepened as well as radiation absorption on unsteady magneto‐hydrodynamics free convective heat and mass transfer boundary layer flow with viscous dissipation, constant suction normal to an infinite hot vertical porous plate in the existence of chemical reaction by means of heat generation. The analytical solution of nonlinear PDE's governing the flow has been accomplished by employing a second‐order multiple regular perturbation method within the stipulated boundary conditions. Velocity, temperature, concentration as well as Sherwood have been exemplified graphically; along with Skin friction, and Nusselt numbers are ascertained in tabular form. Eventually, it was found that velocity, temperature, and Skin friction accelerated with the accumulative values of Eckert number and radiation absorption, but conflicting results emerged in the case of Prandtl number. Contemporaneously Sherwood's number depreciated with the magnification of the chemical reaction parameter as well as the Schmidt number.
White paper: Oncofertility in pediatric patients with Wilms tumor
Authors: van der Perk M. E. Madeleine , Cost Nicholas G. , Bos Annelies M. E. , Brannigan Robert , Chowdhury Tanzina , Davidoff Andrew M. , Daw Najat C. , Dome Jeffrey S. , Ehrlich Peter , Graf Norbert , Geller James , Kalapurakal John , Kieran Kathleen , Malek Marcus , McAleer Mary F. , Mullen Elizabeth , Pater Luke , Polanco Angela , Romao Rodrigo , Saltzman Amanda F. , Walz Amy L. , Woods Andrew D. , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. , Fernandez Conrad V.
Published: March 2022

The survival of childhood Wilms tumor is currently around 90%, with many survivors reaching reproductive age. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are established risk factors for gonadal damage and are used in both COG and SIOP Wilms tumor treatment protocols. The risk of infertility in Wilms tumor patients is low but increases with intensification of treatment including the use of alkylating agents, whole abdominal radiation or radiotherapy to the pelvis. Both COG and SIOP protocols aim to limit the use of gonadotoxic treatment, but unfortunately this cannot be avoided in all patients. Infertility is considered one of the most important late effects of childhood cancer treatment by patients and their families. Thus, timely discussion of gonadal damage risk and fertility preservation options is important. Additionally, irrespective of the choice for preservation, consultation with a fertility preservation (FP) team is associated with decreased patient and family regret and better quality of life. Current guidelines recommend early discussion of the impact of therapy on potential fertility. Since most patients with Wilms tumors are prepubertal, potential FP methods for this group are still considered experimental. There are no proven methods for FP for prepubertal males (testicular biopsy for cryopreservation is experimental), and there is just a single option for prepubertal females (ovarian tissue cryopreservation), posing both technical and ethical challenges. Identification of genetic markers of susceptibility to gonadotoxic therapy may help to stratify patient risk of gonadal damage and identify patients most likely to benefit from FP methods.
Effects of the dopamine depleting agent tetrabenazine on detailed temporal parameters of effort‐related choice responding
Authors: Ren Naxin , Carratala‐Ros Carla , Ecevitoglu Alev , Rotolo Renee A. , Edelstein Gayle A. , Presby Rose E. , Stevenson Ian H. , Chrobak James J. , Salamone John D.
Published: March 2022

The dopamine‐depleting agent tetrabenazine alters effort‐based choice, suppressing food‐reinforced behaviors with high response requirements, while increasing selection of low‐cost options. In the present experiments, rats were tested on a concurrent fixed ratio 5/chow feeding choice task, in which high‐carbohydrate Bio‐serv pellets reinforced lever pressing and lab chow was concurrently available. Detailed timing of lever pressing was monitored with an event recording system, and the temporal characteristics of operant behavior seen after 1.0 mg/kg tetrabenazine or vehicle injections were analyzed. Tetrabenazine shifted choice, decreasing lever pressing but increasing chow intake. There was a small effect on the interresponse‐time distribution within ratios, but marked increases in the total duration of pauses in responding. The postreinforcement‐pause (PRP) distribution was bimodal, but tetrabenazine did not increase the duration of PRPs. Tetrabenazine increased time feeding and duration and number of feeding bouts, but did not affect feeding rate or total time spent lever pressing for pellets and consuming chow. Thus, TBZ appears to predominantly affect the relative allocation of lever pressing versus chow, with little alteration in consummatory motor acts involved in chow intake. Tetrabenazine is used to model motivational symptoms in psychopathology, and these effects in rats could have implications for psychiatric research.
Functional dietary response of Asian black bears to changes in sika deer density
Authors: Naganuma Tomoko , Nakashita Rumiko , Tochigi Kahoko , Zedrosser Andreas , Kozakai Chinatsu , Yamazaki Koji , Koike Shinsuke
Published: March 2022

Omnivores are generally opportunistic foragers and have a flexible dietary response to resource abundance and availability. Their populations may consist of individuals that differ from each other in terms of their trophic positions, which implies that the dietary response to resource fluctuations differs within a population. We investigated how changes in the abundance of sika deer (Cervus nippon) affected dietary variation and body condition in the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus). We used fecal analysis, nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N), and body measurements to determine whether the variation in dietary meat content of Asian black bears is positively related to variations in the density of the sika deer population, whether male bears have a higher trophic position compared to females, and whether dietary meat content is positively related with body mass or body condition of bears. We found a positive correlation between the occurrence of deer remains in bear feces and deer density, suggesting that bears change their diet in response to temporal changes in deer density. Male bears had higher δ15N values than females, and neither values varied when deer density decreased. Males selectively consumed deer after a reduction in deer density, whereas females consistently consumed more plant‐based diet. The δ15N values were positively related with body mass of adult (>4 yr) bears but had no relationship with body condition of bears of either sex or any age class. Deer seem to be an important food source for large adult males, which have an advantage in mating. Thus, increasing herbivore abundance and availability altered the foraging strategy of Asian black bears, but the importance of herbivore on bear diet differs within a population.
Self‐Assembly of Copolymers Containing Crystallizable Blocks: Strategies and Applications
Authors: Shi Boyang , Shen Ding , Li Wei , Wang Guowei
Published: March 2022

The self‐assembly of copolymers containing crystallizable blocks in solution has received increasing attention in the past few years. Various strategies including crystallization‐driven self‐assembly (CDSA) and polymerization‐induced CDSA (PI‐CDSA) have been widely developed. Abundant self‐assembly morphologies are captured and advanced applications have been attempted. In this review, the synthetic strategies including the mechanisms and characteristics are highlighted and a survey on the advanced applications of crystalline nano‐assemblies is collected. This review is hoped to depict a comprehensive outline for self‐assembly of copolymers containing crystallizable blocks in recent years and to prompt the development of the self‐assembly technology in interdisciplinary fields.
A W‐Band Broadband Self‐Packaged Compact SISL Tripler using FR4 substrate
Authors: Zhang Ning , Ma Kaixue , Wang Yongqiang , Meng Fanyi
Published: March 2022

A W‐band low‐cost and high output power tripler based on a substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) platform is presented in this paper. An accurate three‐dimensional electromagnetic model is established to characterize the high‐frequency parasitic effect of diodes, and the field‐circuit cosimulation method is employed to design the tripler. A SISL‐WR10 transition is designed and added in the output port to facilitate the test, and it also functions as a W‐band bandpass filter (BPF) to output the third harmonic, which avoids insertion loss caused by an additional BPF and makes the tripler more compact. The whole circuit of the tripler is fabricated on FR4 substrates, and it is self packaged. The measured results show that with 22 dBm input power, the tripler achieves 0–4.46 dBm output power from 75 to 106 GHz.
Inhomogeneous magnetization transfer MRI of white matter structures in the hypomyelinated shiverer mouse brain
Authors: Lee Choong Heon , Walczak Piotr , Zhang Jiangyang
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) MRI is uniquely sensitive to myelin with lipids as a primary source of its contrast. In this study, we investigated whether ihMT can detect white matter structures in the hypomyelinated shiverer mouse brain, a model of dysmyelination.

Methods

Conventional MT and ihMT images were acquired from ex vivo Rag2−/− control and shiverer mouse brains at 7T using previously reported optimized saturation parameters.

Results

ihMT ratio (ihMTR) maps revealed hypomyelinated corpus callosum in the shiverer mouse brain, whereas conventional MT ratio (MTR) maps showed no clear contrast. The ihMTR values of the corpus callosum in the shiverer mice were reduced by approximately 40% compared to controls, but remained significantly higher than the ihMTR values of the cortex.

Conclusion

The finding further confirms ihMT's high myelin specificity and suggests its use as a marker to detect early myelination or myelin repair.
Imaging white matter microstructure with gradient‐echo phase imaging: Is ex vivo imaging with formalin‐fixed tissue a good approximation of the in vivo brain?
Authors: Chan Kwok‐Shing , Hédouin Renaud , Mollink Jeroen , Schulz Jenni , van Cappellen van Walsum Anne‐Marie , Marques José P.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Ex vivo imaging is a commonly used approach to investigate the biophysical mechanism of orientation‐dependent signal phase evolution in white matter. Yet, how phase measurements are influenced by the structural alteration in the tissue after formalin fixation is not fully understood. Here, we study the effects on magnetic susceptibility, microstructural compartmentalization, and chemical exchange measurement with a postmortem formalin‐fixed whole‐brain human tissue.

Methods

A formalin‐fixed, postmortem human brain specimen was scanned with multiple orientations to the main magnetic field direction for robust bulk magnetic susceptibility measurement with conventional quantitative susceptibility imaging models. White matter samples were subsequently excised from the whole‐brain specimen and scanned in multiple rotations on an MRI scanner to measure the anisotropic magnetic susceptibility and microstructure‐related contributions in the signal phase and to validate the findings of the whole‐brain data.

Results

The bulk isotropic magnetic susceptibility of ex vivo whole‐brain imaging is comparable to in vivo imaging, with noticeable enhanced nonsusceptibility contributions. The excised specimen experiment reveals that anisotropic magnetic susceptibility and compartmentalization phase effect were considerably reduced in the formalin‐fixed white matter specimens.

Conclusions

Formalin‐fixed postmortem white matter exhibits comparable isotropic magnetic susceptibility to previous in vivo imaging findings. However, the measured phase and magnitude data of the fixed white matter tissue shows a significantly weaker orientation dependency and compartmentalization effect. Alternatives to formalin fixation are needed to better reproduce the in vivo microstructural effects in postmortem samples.
Noncovalent interactions: A brief account of a long history
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Jörg
Published: March 2022

The history of noncovalent interactions is outlined, starting with early interpretations of the symmetry of crystals, then with the fast development of coordination chemistry, and of fundamental analyses in the last century. An attempt is made to provide for the practicing scientists who use noncovalent interactions a historical background of the field, paying credit to often forgotten predecessors. A separate section shows that only in the 20th century instrumentation provided a firm basis for the exploration of noncovalent interactions. Selected examples illustrate the early and rather accurate calculations of some noncovalent energies. With the advent of supramolecular chemistry, noncovalent interactions became a mainstream field of science; this allowed further insight into the nature and strength of these seemingly weak forces. Intermolecular interactions in biological systems have also received early attention. As far as possible, exact references are given for the original publications.
The role of genetically engineered soybean and Amaranthus weeds on biological and reproductive parameters of Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Páez Jerez Paula G , Hill Jorge G , Pereira Eliseu J G , Medina Pereyra Pilar , Vera M Teresa
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

In soybean fields containing insecticide‐ and herbicide‐resistant genetically engineered varieties, some weed species have increasingly become difficult to manage and may favor the population growth of secondary pests like Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). To test this hypothesis, we measured life‐history traits, population growth parameters and adult nutrient content of S. cosmioides reared on foliage from four Amaranthus species, from Cry1Ac Bt and non‐Bt soybean varieties, and on meridic artificial diet.

RESULTS

Larvae reared on A. palmeri and A. spinosus had a shorter development time (5–7 days) than larvae raised on the soybean varieties and A. hybridus. Armyworm survival probability was zero on A. viridis and highest (80% and 71%) on soybeans and A. palmeri. The latter and the artificial diet produced the heaviest larvae and pupae, in contrast to the non‐Bt soybean variety. Body nutrient content diverged mostly for adults reared on artificial diet compared with those raised on the soybean varieties. The intrinsic rate of population increase (overall fitness) was 27.88% higher for the armyworms on A. palmeri, Cry1Ac Bt soybean and artificial diet compared with those on non‐Bt soybean, A. spinosus and A. hybridus.

CONCLUSIONS

Cry1Ac soybean fields infested by some Amaranthus weeds, especially A. palmeri, are conducive to the population growth of S. cosmioides. Integrated pest management programs may be needed to properly manage S. cosmioides in soybean fields, with surveillance for population peaks and judicious control measures when needed. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Tell me who's your neighbour and I'll tell you how much time you've got: The spatiotemporal consequences of residential segregation
Authors: Bó Boróka B. , Dukhovnov Denys
Published: March 2022

Relying on data from the United States Census and the American Time Use Survey (2010–2017), we examine how residential segregation influences per capita discretionary time availability in Los Angeles, New York City and Miami. We find a sizable disadvantage of being Latinx for discretionary time availability. Non‐Latinx Whites have 182 extra hours of per capita discretionary time per year than do Latinx individuals. Both within‐neighbourhood and adjacent‐neighbourhood influences matter. In most neighbourhoods, segregation is correlated with having more discretionary time. Individuals in highly segregated areas have approximately 80 more hours of discretionary time per year than those living in diverse areas. This suggests that in addition to socioeconomic, cultural and well‐being benefits, ethnic enclaves may also impart temporal advantages. However, we find that there may be diminishing marginal returns with increasing segregation in surrounding areas. Sociodemographic characteristics explain over one‐quarter of the variance between segregation and discretionary time availability.
A high‐resolution mass spectrometric approach to a qualitative and quantitative comparative metabolism of the humantenine‐type alkaloid rankinidine
Authors: Gong Meng‐Die , Qin Jiao‐Yan , Zuo Meng‐Ting , Qi Xue‐Jia , Wu Yong , Zheng Xiao‐Feng , Liu Zhao‐Ying
Published: March 2022

Rationale

Rankinidine belongs to the humantenine‐type alkaloids isolated from Gelsemium. Currently, the mechanism behind the toxicity differences of rankinidine has not been explained. In this study, our purpose was to elucidate the major in vitro metabolic pathways of rankinidine and to compare the formation of metabolites of rankinidine in human (HLMs), rat (RLMs), goat (GLMs) and pig (PLMs) liver microsomes.

Methods

This is the first study to compare the in vitro metabolism of rankinidine with high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF). The MS/MS data and LC/MS peak area acquired in positive ion mode were used to analyze metabolite structures and compare metabolism.

Results

We identified 11 metabolites (M1–M11) in total and found five main metabolic pathways, consisting of demethylation (M1), reduction (M2), oxidation at different positions (M3–M5), oxidation and reduction (M6–M10) and demethylation and oxidation (M11). The metabolism of rankinidine has qualitative and quantitative species‐specific differences in vitro. In PLMs and GLMs, the main metabolic pathway of rankinidine was oxidation. Notably, among the four species, the oxidation ability of rankinidine was highest in pigs and goats, and the demethylation and reduction abilities of rankinidine were highest in humans and rats.

Conclusions

The interspecific metabolic differences of rankinidine in HLMs, PLMs, GLMs and RLMs were compared and studied for the first time using LC/QTOF. These findings will certainly support future studies of rankinidine metabolism in vivo and will contribute to elucidating the cause of species‐specific differences behind Gelsemium toxicity.
Spontaneous pneumothorax with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) in an adult heavy cigarette smoker—A case report
Authors: Tsai Chiao‐Yun , Huang Hsu‐Chih , Xu Zhen‐Dong , Hsia Jiun‐Yi , Chen Chih‐Yi
Published: March 2022

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease caused by the proliferation of CD1a‐positive histiocyte‐like cells infiltrating the lung's interstitial layer. Most cases affect young to middle‐aged persons, especially adult heavy cigarette smokers. A 49‐year‐old male heavy smoker (40 pack‐year), with non‐productive cough, dyspnoea and desaturation, presented with a right‐sided pneumothorax on chest x‐ray with total atelectasis. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral multiple thick‐walled infiltrated cysts and multiple ground‐glass nodules throughout the entire lung. Surgery with minimal invasive thoracoscopic lung biopsy and pleurodesis was performed. Pathology showed histiocyte‐like cells aggregates in the pulmonary parenchyma. Immunohistochemical stain demonstrated CD1a(+), S100(+) and CD68(+). After 3 months of smoking cessation, clear improvement was evidenced with a chest CT showing bilateral multiple thin‐walled rounded cysts and multiple ground‐glass nodules that are smaller in size and decreased in numbers. Early minimal invasive thoracoscopic lung biopsy and pleurodesis can also be a choice if the development of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs.
Taking the Leap: Supporting Multilingual Writers Through Translanguaging
Authors: Gonzales Grace Cornell , Machado Emily
Published: March 2022

Translanguaging pedagogies support student writers in expressing themselves using their full language repertoires, writing for authentic audiences, and connecting to their identities. However, many teachers, particularly those who identify as “monolingual” and teach in English‐medium classrooms, may not know how to introduce translanguaging into their writing instruction. This study explores how three pre‐service teachers enrolled in a writing methods course enacted translanguaging pedagogies in their English‐medium student teaching classrooms. Drawing on case study methods, this article highlights entry points to translanguaging pedagogies in writing instruction, suggesting that teachers can foster translanguaging by crafting invitations to compose bilingually, choosing topics and genres intentionally, using strategic supports, and pushing themselves to step beyond their comfort zones. Ultimately, this article argues that all teachers of writing can begin to invite their students’ languages into their writing classrooms, creating spaces where children draw on their full language repertoires as they make and express meaning.
RNA–protein interactomes as invaluable resources to study RNA viruses: Insights from SARS CoV‐2 studies
Authors: Koliński Marcin , Kałużna Ewelina , Piwecka Monika
Published: March 2022

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection is essential for the successful development of therapeutic strategies against the COVID‐19 pandemic. Numerous studies have focused on the identification of host factors and cellular pathways involved in the viral replication cycle. The speed and magnitude of hijacking the translation machinery of host mRNA, and shutting down host transcription are still not well understood. Since SARS‐CoV‐2 relies on host RNA‐binding proteins for the infection progression, several efforts have been made to define the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐bound proteomes (RNA–protein interactomes). Methodologies that enable the systemic capture of protein interactors of given RNA in vivo have been adapted for the identification of the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA interactome. The obtained proteomic data aided by genome‐wide and targeted CRISPR perturbation screens, revealed host factors with either pro‐ or anti‐viral activity and highlighted cellular processes and factors involved in host response. We focus here on the recent studies on SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA–protein interactomes, with regard to both the technological aspects of RNA interactome capture methods and the obtained results. We also summarize several related studies, which were used in the interpretation of the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA–protein interactomes. These studies provided the selection of host factors that are potentially suitable candidates for antiviral therapy. Finally, we underscore the importance of RNA–protein interactome studies in regard to the effective development of antiviral strategies against current and future threats.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Region-based Resource Management and Lexical Exception Handlers in Continuation-Passing Style
Authors: Schuster Philipp , Brachthäuser Jonathan Immanuel , Ostermann Klaus
Published: March 2022

Regions are a useful tool for the safe and automatic management of resources. Due to their scarcity, resources are often limited in their lifetime which is associated with a certain scope. When control flow leaves the scope, the resources are released. Exceptions can non-locally exit such scopes and it is important that resources are also released in this case.

Continuation-passing style is a useful compiler intermediate language that makes control flow explicit. All calls are tail calls and the runtime stack is not used. It can also serve as an implementation technique for control effects like exceptions. In this case throwing an exception means jumping to a continuation which is not the current one.

How is it possible to offer region-based resource management and exceptions in the same language and translate both to continuation-passing style? In this paper, we answer this question. We present a typed language with resources and exceptions, and its translation to continuation-passing style. The translation can be defined modularly for resources and exceptions – the correct interaction between the two automatically arises from simple composition. We prove that the translation preserves well-typedness and semantics.
Translating Solitons in a Lorentzian Setting, Submersions and Cohomogeneity One Actions
Authors: Lawn Marie-Amélie , Ortega Miguel
Published: March 2022

We study new examples of translating solitons of the mean curvature flow, especially in Minkowski space. We consider for this purpose manifolds admitting submersions and cohomegeneity one actions by isometries on suitable open subsets. This general setting also covers the classical Euclidean examples. As an application, we completely classify time-like, invariant translating solitons by rotations and boosts in Minkowski space.