bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dictator and Magister Equitum
Authors: Konrad C. F.
Published: September 2022

The power struggle in 324 bc between the Dictator L. Papirius Cursor and his Magister Equitum, Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus, revolved around competing claims of authority: the Dictator denied independence to the imperium and auspices of the Magister Equitum, and accused him of violating the auspices by engaging the enemy while the Dictator’s auspices were in a state of uncertain validity; the Master-of-Horse asserted his complete independence in regard to both. Livy’s narrative (8.30–36) indicates that earlier authors taking Rullianus’ side deliberately minimized or ignored the issue of auspices in their accounts. While the canonical version by Livy’s time has Rullianus fight either one or two victorious battles, it can be shown that, in the earliest form of the tale, the Magister Equitum suffered defeat.
Imperium and Auspices
Authors: Konrad C. F.
Published: September 2022

The nearly universally accepted view that Roman magistrates required a special set of auspices (the “auspices of departure” or “auspices of war”) in order to legitimately command an army is a modern fiction without any evidentiary basis in the ancient sources. Mommsen’s view of imperium is fundamentally correct, with the recently advocated clarification that, in strict constitutional thought, the term always and exclusively refers to the military sphere. The magistrate, once lawfully elected or appointed, acquires his auspices through his initial auspication, on the day of taking office, by asking Iuppiter to confirm their validity. The elaborate rituals surrounding his departure (profectio) to war do not entail special auspices, but serve to transfer the Consul into the military sphere, where he exercises imperium in the unrestricted sense. The auspices under which he exercises military command, and which he may have to repeat (by returning to Rome) in case their validity has become uncertain, are the same as the ones he obtained on entering office (the “auspices of investiture”). There exist no military auspices as a category separate from domestic ones.
The Road to Perdition
Authors: Konrad C. F.
Published: September 2022

In his second consulship in 217 bc, C. Flaminius resumed his public rejection of the auspices by taking office on March 15 at Ariminum instead of Rome, thus bypassing the validation of his auspices (only possible in Rome) as well as the ceremonies of departure (profectio) deemed ritually necessary to exercise imperium in the military sphere. Close examination of Polybios’ narrative corroborates rather than contradicts Livy’s account, as does investigation of Hannibal’s movements in the spring of 217. In the days leading up to the Battle at Lake Trasumene, Flaminius ignored a series of auspical signs of varying significance. His continued contempt for auspices does not, however, allow a determination whether he intended to engage Hannibal in battle, or merely to shadow him.
The Auspices Prevail
Authors: Konrad C. F.
Published: September 2022

Although attacks on augural rulings still occurred in 217 bc, the catastrophe at Lake Trasumene and the disaster at Cannae in 216 combined to effectively render further public questioning of the auspices politically indefensible. The appointment of a Dictator in both years, as well as back in 249, should be seen as a response not merely to a military disaster but to a perceived rupture in the peace with the gods (pax deorum) caused by violations of the auspices and other religious rules. When in 215 M. Claudius Marcellus in his second consulship was found vitio creatus by the Augurs, he abdicated without delay and complaint, thus publicly demonstrating support for the rule of auspices. (As in 223, modern claims of augural manipulation run counter to the evidence.) Fabius Maximus in his actions as Consul in 215 and 209 further reinforced acceptance of the practice. Scattered instances of indifference to auspices are found in the second century bc, but no outright challenge. The augural finding in 162 that both Consuls were elected under flawed auspices (vitio creati) prompted their immediate abdication, without resistance. Instead, in the second and first century the debate over the efficacy and desirability of auspices shifted from the realm of practical politics to that of historiography and philosophical discourse.
Communion Theories
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an account of the early development of communion theory in Aquinas’s theology. Aquinas explains the union in terms of his distinction between essence and existence: the human nature lacks its proper existence, and what unites it to the divine person is its sharing in (communion with) the divine existence. The chapter then provides further relevant medieval background: the account of Peter Auriol, according to which the divine person’s subsistence is like the end point of a continuum, and is united to the human nature in a way akin to that in which two concurrent lines are joined at one point; and the account of Gregory of Rimini, according to whom the union is simply a matter of divine will with no created or uncreated explanation other than this. Auriol’s view was transmitted to later Thomism by means of John Capreolus. Cajetan formulates the canonical Thomist view, making the communication of divine subsistence to the human nature prior to and explanatory of the communication of divine existence to the nature. These are both immediately united to the human nature. A final section tracks the way in which this Thomistic view was taken up by the Lutherans Jakob Andreae and Stephan Gerlach, in conversation with the Jesuits Gregorio de Valencia and Jan Buys.
Union Theories in Catholic Theology (1)
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2022

This chapter shows how Scotus’s theory was developed by Jesuits and Scotists in the seventeenth century. Suárez agrees with Fonseca that subsistence should be classified as a mode. But pivotal was Suárez’s claim that the theory of modes might be extended to cover cases in which what needs explaining is the union of one thing with another. Some opponents of Scotus’s view had argued that the presence of an accident (a dependence relation) in the constitution of an object was inconsistent with that object’s being a person. Suárez attempts to salvage Scotus’s view by arguing that what is in fact present in the constitution of the incarnate divine person is a mode of union, something in the category of substance. And Suárez’s account of causation as the efflux of esse into an effect entails that there cannot be any merely unitive action. The chapter shows various ways in which the slightly later Jesuits Gabriel Vázquez and Giuseppe Ragusa proposed marginal alterations to Suárez’s account. The chapter concludes with discussion of two important Scotists: Juan de Rada and Bartholomeo Mastri. These theologians argue that the presence of a categorial accident in the constitution of an item is compatible with that item’s being a person. They reason that the union explains the divine person’s being a human being, and that this is compatible with the tie between the divine person and the human nature being an accident. Mastri attempts to work out which Aristotelian category the relation should be assigned to, and concludes that the appropriate categorization is as a habit (habitus) or vesture.
Catholics in Contemporary Britain
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen
Published: September 2022

This book showcases findings from a wide-ranging, empirical study of Catholics living in Britain. It offers a sociologically informed study, placing the contemporary Catholic community in the wider contexts of their society and the global faith of which they are a part. The book has been animated by a set of compelling broader questions: Who are the Catholics in Britain? How do they engage with their faith and with the Church? What do they think about issues within, and the leadership of, their Church? What are their views on wider social issues and of the party-political landscape? The book is thematically broad in scope, focusing on demography, religiosity (addressing the three ‘Bs’ of ‘believing’, ‘belonging’, and ‘behaving’), social-moral issues, Church leadership and schooling, and party support and voting behaviour. The book presents a rich and fascinating demographic, religious, and attitudinal profile of Britain’s Catholics in the twenty-first century.
Popularity and Performance
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen
Published: September 2022

Chapter 6 uses the new ‘Catholics in Britain’ survey to provide a detailed assessment of Catholics’ views of religious authority and institutions with the Catholic Church. The chapter first focuses on their ‘performance ratings’ of Pope Francis’s general leadership and his handling of specific issues. It then examines whether Catholics are satisfied (or not) with their bishops at the national and local levels. Finally, it analyses their evaluations of the effectiveness of Catholic schools in relation to educational, pastoral, and mission-related objectives. The chapter analyses both the overall distribution of attitudes amongst Catholics and profiles variation in opinion across demographic groups, levels of religious commitment, and views on social-moral issues.
The Economic and Social Evolution of the Iberian Peninsula as Revealed through Analysis of Roman Transport Infrastructure
Authors: de Soto Pau , Carreras César
Published: September 2022

Rome was the first empire that through its expansion not only conquered the maritime perimeter of the Mediterranean but also occupied inland territories far away from the Mediterranean shore. But it was a burdensome task since Rome needed to build an extraordinary communications network that combined sea, river, and land routes in order to achieve this purpose. This chapter tries to analyse the evolution of Roman transport infrastructure in the Iberian Peninsula to detect how different political changes affected the economy and society of this territory as well as the construction and modification of communication routes. This chapter combines archaeological data, demography, and applications of network science analysis of transport networks on the Iberian Peninsula to offer an unprecedented overview of the impact of transport routes on the configuration of the territory. The connectivity of the transport network, which shows the best and worst connected urban settlements, can be related to the urban organization of the peninsula, the political role of the Iberian cities, and the economic design that Rome applied to this newly conquered territory.
LGBT Victorians
Authors: Joyce Simon
Published: September 2022

It has been decades since Michel Foucault urged us to rethink “the repressive hypothesis” and see new forms of sexual discourse as coming into being in the nineteenth century, yet the term “Victorian” still has largely negative connotations. This book argues for re-visiting the period’s thinking about gender and sexual identity at a time when our queer alliances are fraying. We think of those whose primary self-definition is in terms of sexuality (lesbians, gay men, bisexuals) and those for whom it is gender identity (intersex and transgender people, genderqueers) as simultaneously in coalition and distinct from each other, on the assumption that gender and sexuality are independent aspects of self-identification. Re-examining how the Victorians considered such identity categories to have produced and shaped each other can ground a more durable basis for strengthening our present LGBTQ+ coalition. LGBT Victorians draws on scholarship reconsidering the significance of sexology and efforts to retrospectively discover transgender people in historical archives, particularly in the gap between what the nineteenth century termed the sodomite and the hermaphrodite. It highlights a broad range of individuals (including Anne Lister, and the defendants in the “Fanny and Stella” trial of the 1870s), key thinkers and activists (including Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs and Edward Carpenter), and writers such as Walt Whitman and John Addington Symonds to map the complicated landscape of gender and sexuality in the Victorian period. In the process, it decenters Oscar Wilde and his imprisonment from our historical understanding of sexual and gender nonconformity.
John Addington Symonds and the Problems of Ethical Homosexuality
Authors: Joyce Simon
Published: September 2022

Victorian Britain had a distinctive problem with male effeminacy that extended beyond gender nonconformity to encompass a history of highlighting the corrupting influence of the “effeminatus.” Projected forward, this figure would haunt Britain as it faced global competition and the loss of empire. Fears of effeminacy also conditioned the response to sexology by the English homophile advocate John Addington Symonds, who is the focus of this chapter. His posthumously published memoir charts a sexual history running parallel with the Weibling (feminine-identified) identity that Ulrichs claimed for himself but the need to renounce effeminacy led Symonds to an identification that was most problematic in sexology: that of the “Mittel Urning” who both desired masculine men and identified himself as such. Formed by Victorian Oxford, Symonds was drawn to alternative visions of male homosexuality that were rooted in the Greek pederastic tradition and Walt Whitman’s poetics. Having exchanged a gender-based model for others based first in age and then in class difference, however, he found a problem remaining that was subtended by his own social privilege: in each model, the ideal partner was figured through a defining difference from Symonds himself, which inevitably rendered each relationship unequal. According to the logic of the Criminal Law Amendment Act and the conviction of Oscar Wilde in 1895, both age- and class-based models were open to accusations of callous manipulation and victimization that made Symonds’ claim to a Whitmanite belief in “democratic” relations ring hollow.
Two Women Walk into a Theater Restroom
Authors: Joyce Simon
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins by returning to Chapter 2 and the basis we find in Ulrichs for a common interest that could fold transgender and intersex people into a coalitional politics aiming to justify same-sex desire. As a test-case, this chapter focuses on the 1870–71 trial of Stella Boulton and Fanny Park, who have been positioned by gay historians mainly as (male homosexual) “cross-dressers” whose failed felony prosecution for inciting others to commit sodomy anticipated the more spectacular prosecution of Wilde a quarter century later. Against this narrative, I read the evidence presented at the trial and what we have come to know of their lives—including the prominence given to Fanny and Stella’s bathroom use, preferred names and pronouns, and physical anatomy—as pointing to a different form of anticipation: Stella in particular becomes more legible as the prefiguration of the modern trans woman, and her example helps to bring into focus similar precursors, including Frederike Blanke who functioned in Ulrichs’ work as a limit case of the Uranian/Weibling. In addition to rereading the trial transcripts, letters, and press coverage to excavate an emergent trans subjectivity, this chapter also highlights similar legal defendants in nineteenth-century Britain who might also have been mischaracterized as gay men or cross-dressers, and suggests that Fanny and Stella’s sustained interests in photographic self-representation indicates how visual depictions have helped to anchor narratives of transsexual transition.
Coda
Authors: Joyce Simon
Published: September 2022

This conclusion uses Oscar Wilde’s words at the end of his decisive trial to highlight the absence of a chapter devoted to him in LGBT Victorians. Wilde is arguably the most famous gay man in history and clearly the best-known among the Victorians, and yet he might have relatively little to say about the issues on which the book focuses. Despite the ubiquitous assumption that he articulated a form of male effeminacy, Wilde’s writings and public statements have little to contribute to thinking about sexual and gender nonconformity as interconnected, and instead tend to endorse a regressive model of pederasty that he (like Symonds) encountered at Oxford. The coda then reads elements of the Wilde trials with a focus on his co-defendant, Alfred Taylor, who was in closer connection to networks of gender nonconforming men and in an alleged marriage with Charles Spurrier Mason. Taylor’s co-presence in the dock, and yet relative invisibility in our understanding of the trials, thus come to symbolize the continued difficulty of reading the intersections between sexuality and gender identity.
The Poetics of Place
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the interrelationship between person and place in Pater’s portraits. As Aristotle pointed out, any kind of movement or development presupposes the existence of place, whether physical or metaphorical, from place to place. Plots and portraits require placing, in geographical and physical locations. The subjectivity of place lies at the heart of most of Pater’s portraits, to the extent that we can trace a constant undercurrent of travel writing in them. Pater’s places are both real and imaginary, and the chapter considers Pater the traveller alongside a more abstract discussion of his concept of Europe. Pater’s Europe is one in which the materiality of history is historically layered and where fragments of the past often erupt to the surface with an immediate impact on the present. As a war-torn territory, the European Continent bears the marks of centuries of destruction and rebuilding, of cultural erasure and resurrection. Holland, Germany, France, and Italy constitute Pater’s self-explored Europe; he never ventured further north than Amsterdam or further East than Venice. Much of Pater’s Europe is immediately mappable, to the extent that he gives us almost the exact coordinates so that we can go and see for ourselves. The chapter explores some of these specific sites at the same time as it discusses the much broader notion of ‘Europe’ in Pater’s writings. The portraits reveal Pater as an incorrigible transnationalist, bent on tying together cultures across national and geographical boundaries in an assertion of European interdependence.
Ignorance and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Zimmerman Michael J.
Published: September 2022

This book investigates the relation between ignorance and moral responsibility. It opens with the presentation of a case in which a tragedy occurs, one to which many people have unwittingly contributed, and addresses the question of whether their ignorance absolves them of blame for what happened. Inspection of the case issues in the Argument from Ignorance, whose conclusion is that, to be blameworthy for one’s behavior and its consequences, one must at some time in the history of that behavior have known that one was engaged in wrongdoing—a thesis that threatens to undermine many everyday ascriptions of responsibility. This argument is examined and refined in ensuing chapters by way of, first, a detailed inquiry into the nature of moral responsibility, ignorance, and control, all of which play a crucial role in the argument, and then an application of the fruits of this investigation to the question of whether and how someone might be to blame for behavior that stems from either culpable ignorance, negligence, recklessness, or the kind of fundamental moral ignorance that often characterizes evildoers. The Argument from Ignorance implies that in a great many such cases the agent has an excuse for the wrongdoing in question. This is a disturbing verdict, and in the final chapter challenges to the argument are entertained. Despite the merits of some of these challenges, it is held that the argument, revised one last time, survives them.
Divisions of Agential Labor
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba
Published: September 2022

What does it mean for you to be my deliberator and for me to be your executor? Chapter 1 argues that we can make sense of such a relationship by starting with a single-person case in which an individual exercises diachronic agency by conferring authority on her past self when it comes to decisions about how to act now. On this model of rationality, her past self serves as a deliberator and her present self serves as an executor. This single-person case helps model the normative power that you have to “outsource” the executory function of your agency to me. In this way, I come to serve as your executor and you come to serve as my deliberator. This relationship can therefore be called a “‘division of agential labor’”.
Pragmatics When Nothing Is Said
Authors: Jary Mark
Published: September 2022

This chapter reconsiders a number of semantic/pragmatic phenomena in the light of the proposals made in the previous chapters. The observations motivating research in lexical pragmatics are reanalysed as resulting from the adoption of a reflective stance towards utterances, and the consequences of that stance are argued not to have correlates in basic linguistic communication. Scalar implicatures are argued to have features of both material and behavioural implicature, and an analysis explaining their hybrid nature is proposed. The issue of what embeds, on the current account, under operators such as ‘if’ and ‘not’ is addressed, and it is argued that the notion of utterance type has a number of advantages in this respect. The final section shows that the analysis of conjunction and juxtaposition proposed by relevance theorists transposes seamlessly to the current account.
The Brandomian Substrate
Authors: Jary Mark
Published: September 2022

Underlying the proposals made in previous chapters is the largely unacknowledged influence of Robert Brandom’s discursive-commitment approach to language and communication. This chapter spells out the debt owed to Brandom’s framework, and highlights points of divergence. It starts by considering the relationship between commitment and content, noting that while Brandom equates the two, the current account sees commitments only as a means of articulating a content that is otherwise determined. The chapter then goes on to consider the notions of word meaning and public languages, highlighting Brandom’s decompositional approach to the former and his deferential approach to the latter. Finally, the implications of both Brandom’s model and the current proposals for research into the development of a representational theory of mind are considered.
Introduction
Authors: Cressy David
Published: September 2022

The Introduction presents shipwrecks as social events in the lives of English communities, not just as catastrophes for merchants and mariners, but also as opportunities for local inhabitants. It connects the perils of the sea with the travails of the land, locating maritime mishaps on the coastal margins within the social, political, and economic history of England. It identifies shorelines, beaches, and intertidal zones as contested spaces, where salvagers, scavengers, and survivors sought material advantage. A section on ‘shipwrecks and scholars’ reviews interdisciplinary discussion. The final part of the chapter comprises a summary of each of the chapters that follow.
Introduction
Authors: Podder Sukanya
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the central claims in the book and how I stumbled upon the puzzle of peacebuilding legacy while undertaking fieldwork with child soldiers in Liberia. Next, it presents the main argument of this book—the questions posed, the analytical approach taken, and the methodological choices. The chapter surveys several live debates in peace and conflict studies, to underline the book’s significance and contribution. It outlines how the book relates to conceptual themes like the measurement of peacebuilding effectiveness, learning, and reflection from peacebuilding evaluation; sustainable peace and local ownership, and the role of children and youth in peacebuilding. The chapter proceeds to situate its contribution to the case specific literature on Sierra Leone and Macedonia. The penultimate section concludes with an overview of the rest of the chapters in the book.
Peacebuilding Legacy
Authors: Podder Sukanya
Published: September 2022

This chapter explains the book’s theoretical underpinnings. It begins by unpacking the concept of peacebuilding legacy through the lens of time, transformation, and intergenerational peace. Legacy is captured through three qualitative cues around norm transmission, resonance, and retention; institutionalization and adaptation of project models; and organizational learning and reflection from monitoring and evaluation (M&E). The analytical framework anticipates that high norm resonance will elicit high compliance and high retention of external norms over the longer term. Neutral resonance will prompt non-participation and mixed retention, while low resonance will encourage non-compliance, resistance, and rejection, leading to weak retention. Commitment to institutionalization through the formal adoption of externally funded project models by successor organizations will support knowledge transfer, while enhancing local ownership. Finally, the long-term monitoring of outcomes beyond project life-cycles would require a conscious commitment to learning and reflection; and further investments in preserving the institutional memory and in post-closure evaluations.
Data and Methods
Authors: Podder Sukanya
Published: September 2022

This chapter explains the approaches to data and methods taken in the study. It outlines the challenges faced by researchers in transferring knowledge from academia to policy and practice. While doing so, the chapter focuses on the pros and cons of entering into a knowledge production partnership with a large peacebuilding INGO, for accessing untapped longitudinal evaluation data. The chapter outlines the research design, including the choice of meta-ethnographic synthesis, archival ethnography, and the details of primary data collection in Sierra Leone and Macedonia. The unique challenges of research in post-war environments are explained alongside the ethical concerns in conducting primary research with children and young people. Specifically, I reflect on the issues of research access, the reliance on gatekeepers, and the choice of sampling strategies. In the final part, the possible biases and limitations of the research, and how these were mitigated are explained.
Peacebuilding through Pre-school Education and Media Programmes in Macedonia
Authors: Podder Sukanya
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents the findings from Macedonia. It sketches the contextual background around interethnic relations and educational segregation to explore the role of early years’ educational interventions in managing intergroup conflict. The chapter then analyses the tensions between the donor emphasis on integrated education, as reflected in national policies, and the reality of monolingual instruction following the Ohrid framework agreement (2001). The implementation of the Mozaik bilingual immersion groups and the various regional and national media projects by the Macedonia country office are analysed next. The story of the adaptation and institutionalization of the Mozaik groups into the national pre-school curriculum offers critical insights for understanding the benefits and drawbacks of institutionalization in the area of peace education. The chapter concludes with some noteworthy findings around norm resonance and retention, and their interaction with social capital dynamics in shaping long-term attitude change among children and young people.
Learning and Reflection from Sierra Leone and Macedonia
Authors: Podder Sukanya
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the data from an organizational learning and reflection perspective. It begins with a state-of-the-art review of developments in the field of learning from peacebuilding M&E, before examining the learning practices of the partner INGO. Learning behaviours in the two country cases are classified into four types: static, adaptive, creative, progressive, and are examined across the different phases of programming over 15+ years. The meta-ethnographic synthesis results from Macedonia highlight the importance of continuity, both in terms of programming staff, and the project focus, for successful institutionalization. In Sierra Leone, the breadth of work undertaken by the country office presented a far from organic evolution. It was more learning-oriented and willing to adapt projects based on the feedback from evaluations compared with the staff in Macedonia. This learning orientation did not translate into stronger institutionalization, however, due to weak formal links with the national agencies.
Transforming Peacebuilding for Transformative Peace
Authors: Podder Sukanya
Published: September 2022

The concluding chapter revisits the main arguments in this book. It begins by examining the logics of institutional, normative, and organizational legacy operative across the suite of children and youth focused media and peace education projects in Sierra Leone and Macedonia. This helps examine the broader conceptual, methodological and analytical value of these logics for peacebuilding practice. Thereafter, relying on the book’s empirical and analytical insights, broader debates around youth and peacebuilding programming are engaged. The findings urge a shift from instrumental to transformative participation of young people. In terms of practical implications, the chapter encourages vertical and horizontal integration of young people’s participation in peacebuilding; a stronger engagement with the formal sphere; intergenerational responsibility; repairing state–citizen relations, and adopting an ecological model of peace. In summary, transformative peace need not be elusive: it requires peacebuilding to be transformative and strategic through an explicit concern for its legacy.
Timaeus on Colour Mixture
Authors: Kalderon Mark Eli
Published: September 2022

This paper consists in a trick and a potential insight. The trick consists in a minimalist interpretation of colour mixture in the sense that, given certain background assumptions, there is no more to Timaeus’ account of colour mixture than the list of the chromatic affections (pathēmata) and the list of how these combine to elicit perceptions of all the colours. The only potential controversial elements of the minimalist interpretation are the relevant background assumptions and the interpretation of the chromatic affections. The potential insight concerns a motive that Plato, in the guise of Timaeus, may have for presenting an account of colour mixture. Specifically, the paper argues that on the minimalist interpretation, Plato may be read as reconciling the Democritrean four-colour scheme with an older tradition where white and black are the fundamental chromatic opposition. It also shows that this bears on the interpretation of the chromatic affections.
Out of the Ether
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the idea of a ‘wireless world’. It contrasts this with the utopian vision of a limitless, egalitarian ‘ether’, and argues that the wireless world was soon characterized by inequality, hierarchy, and the national conflicts and divisions of the physical world. The chapter examines key themes in the existing historiography of international radio broadcasting, and sets out the key features of a new research agenda, to be pursued in the other chapters of the book. It includes discussion of individual experiences of listening, and outlines key moments in the development of new technologies of and approaches to international broadcasting
Radio Wars
Authors: Kuitenbrouwer Vincent
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that the Second World War played a crucial role in shaping subsequent understandings of how international broadcasting has been used for propaganda purposes. Contemporary rhetoric introducing a distinction between truthful information, produced by the Allies, and lying propaganda, produced by the Nazis. This binary opposition is an obstacle to critical historical scholarship: the chapter shows how Western democracies also deployed international broadcasting as a weapon of propaganda, before, during, and after the Second World War. The chapter argues that adopting a global history approach further illustrates this fact, showing the complex radio wars being fought across the Global South, and the entangled nature of propaganda campaigns, driven by competition and collaboration across borders. The first case study linked to this chapter examines the establishment of the BBC Arabic Service, while the second looks at British and American international news broadcasting during the Second World War.
Broadcasting as Internationalism
Authors: Kind-Kovács Friederike
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the idea that international broadcasting could promote direct contact and genuine understanding among different peoples, thus encouraging peace. It explains how utopian wireless internationalist rhetoric, and the initiatives of organizations like the International Broadcasting Union and the League of Nations, conflicted with the reality of radio propaganda. It also discusses the opposed capitalist and communist internationalisms of the Cold War and their impact on international broadcasting. It considers the effect of empire and decolonization on internationalist thinking about the wireless world. It also examines the role of Western discourses about human rights and the free flow of information. Case studies examine Portuguese imperial and colonial broadcasting, and the role of Radio Luxembourg in broadcasting across Europe before and during the Second World War.
Afterword
Authors: Kuitenbrouwer Vincent
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the recent history of international broadcasting, how it has adjusted to new geopolitical dynamics and requirements, and new technological challenges and opportunities. In the wake of the fall of the Berlin Wall, many old international broadcasters underwent major transformations, and some disappeared entirely, as radio no longer seemed to be required to broadcast propaganda across borders. However, new conflicts, notably in Afghanistan and Iraq, soon led states and broadcasters to provide new radio services. Similarly, while new digital technologies seemed to indicate that radio was becoming a legacy medium, in many ways the Internet and new listening technologies allowed old wireless services and forms to live on. The chapter concludes by suggesting avenues for future research, particularly on radio and decolonization and broadcasting to and in the Global South.
Introduction
Authors: Kampianaki Theofili
Published: September 2022

The Introduction chapter starts with some basic information about the content of Zonaras’ chronicle, also outlining its most striking features. It further discusses the reasons of its popularity and importance for scholars interested in a wide range of subject areas. It offers details about the most important manuscripts and the editing history of the work, as well as about the translations of the text into modern languages. It explores aspects of the chronicle which have attracted scholarly attention, focusing on and assessing the only book-length study of the text so far, that of Iordanis Grigoriadis. It finally presents the contents of each chapter and the overall aim of the present book.
Prussia in the Historical Culture of the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Colla Marcus
Published: September 2022

This book charts the afterlife of Prussia in the German Democratic Republic. No case study exemplifies the fluidity of the past within the GDR more powerfully than that of the history of the Prussian state. Initially attacked in East German official histories as the historical engine of German militarism and reaction, Prussia underwent a remarkable transformation in official and public memory from the late 1970s. In this ‘Prussia-Renaissance’, for the first time, the East German state began to recognise and even celebrate figures from Prussian history who had not served a ‘progressive’ agenda. But the GDR’s ‘Prussia-Renaissance’ was also a political and cultural phenomenon with a wide public resonance. Using the case study of Prussia, this book presents a multi-perspectival approach to the way that a distinctive ‘historical culture’ was constructed in the GDR. Examining political figures, historians, cultural elites, and heritage preservationists, as well as exhibitions, museums, television programmes, films, novels, plays, and artworks, it explores the way that the past was negotiated and disputed. In essence, the book poses four fundamental questions for our understanding of politics and culture in communist East Germany: how was history there ‘made’? How was it understood? How was it contested? And how was it used?
Conclusion—The Prussia Moment
Authors: Colla Marcus
Published: September 2022

This conclusion addresses the aftermath of the ‘Prussia-Renaissance’ following the collapse of the GDR. After outlining the reburial of Frederick the Great’s mortal remains in Potsdam in 1991, it addresses some of the central political and cultural debates about the Prussian past in reunified Germany, up to the present day. This includes the reconstructions of the Berlin Schloss and the Potsdam Garnisonkirche, the place of so-called Prussian virtues in the rhetoric of the Alternative für Deutschland party (AfD), and the ‘Hohenzollern Debate’ still unfolding in the German press. Finally, it offers some reflections on why, in reunified Germany, the Prussian past has failed to stimulate the same degree of political and cultural passion that it had at the height of the ‘Prussia-Renaissance’.
Motivations for Leaving
Authors: Smith Frederick E.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores Henrician and Edwardian émigrés’ motivations for leaving their homeland. It begins by demonstrating how important it is not to let any one source-type determine our analysis of these émigrés’ motives: explanations for their departures were dependent on who was doing the explaining, at what point and for what end. This chapter thereby highlights the extent to which the memory of these émigrés was a powerful polemical weapon which a number of different groups were anxious to control. Using a series of contextualised case-studies, it goes on to argue that Catholics exiled themselves from England for a variety of different reasons, reflecting their variegated understandings of what it meant to be ‘Catholic’, as well as the socio-economic difficulties inherent in flight.
Greek Literature and the Ideal
Authors: Kirichenko Alexander
Published: September 2022

The contention of this book is that the development of Greek literature was motivated by the need to endow political geography with a sense of purposeful structure. It views Greek literature as a crucial factor in the cultural production of space and Greek geography as a crucial factor in the production of literary meaning. Its focus is on the idealizing images that Greek literature created of three spatial patterns of power distribution—a decentralized network of aristocratically governed communities (archaic Greece), a democratic city controlling an empire (classical Athens), and a microcosm of Greek culture located on foreign soil, ruled by quasi-divine royals, and populated by immigrants (Ptolemaic Alexandria). The book draws connections between the formation of these idealizing images and the emergence of such literary modes of meaning-making as the authoritative communication of the truth, the dialogic encouragement to search for the truth on one’s own, and the abandonment of transcendental goals for the sake of cultural memory and/or aesthetic pleasure. Its readings of such canonical Greek authors as Homer, Hesiod, the tragedians, Thucydides, Plato, Callimachus, and Theocritus show that the pragmatics of Greek literature (the sum total of the ideological, cognitive, and emotional effects that it seeks to produce) is, in essence, always a pragmatics of space—i.e. that there is a strong correlation between the historically conditioned patterns of political geography and the changing mechanisms whereby Greek literature enabled its recipients to make sense of their world.
Hesiod and the Language of Truth
Authors: Kirichenko Alexander
Published: September 2022

The chapter begins by interpreting the prologue to the Theogony through the prism of the Odyssey as an assertion of the crucial role that poetry plays in securing the stability of aristocratic power. Then it proceeds to discuss the agricultural ideal of the Works and Days—the ideal of a farmer producing food by synchronizing his actions with the cycles of nature. It argues that Hesiod uses that ideal as a metaphor for how his own poetic language “does things with words” by aligning itself with divine truths. As a consequence, Hesiod positions himself as the only true winner of the competition that permeates all aspects of archaic Greek culture: he casts his own language as the closest thing in his contemporary world to Homer’s heroic ideal and offers that language to his non-heroic recipients as a guide to achieving a degree of self-sufficiency comparable to that of heroic essentialism.
The Ideal State of Athens
Authors: Kirichenko Alexander
Published: September 2022

The chapter discusses the development of the Athenian equivalent of the ideology of heroic essentialism—i.e. the notion of the Athenian people as a collective hero. It begins by analysing tragedy’s contribution to the formation of the ideological construct of Athens as a city of autochthonous citizens fully identical with the soil from which they have notionally sprung. Then it turns to Thucydides’ version of Pericles’ funeral oration, reading it as a translation of the ideology of Athenian exceptionalism into unapologetically imperial terms: Thucydides replaces the autochthonous self-identity of the Athenians with an insatiable longing for an ever-elusive empire. The chapter concludes with a reading of Plato’s Menexenus as a ruthless parody of the “ideal state of Athens”—a city that justifies its imperial ambitions by appealing to its citizens’ allegedly superior nature.
Plato’s Ideal State of Philosophy
Authors: Kirichenko Alexander
Published: September 2022

The chapter views Plato’s philosophical writing as a reaction to the two incompatible versions of the “ideal state of Athens” discussed in Chapter 3—a polity of self-identical citizens and an empire insatiably longing for the absent. It shows that Plato not only dismantles those ideological constructs but also constructs his own “ideal state” by notionally rolling them into one and presenting philosophy as an insatiable longing for the realm of self-identical things. After reading the Crito, the Apology, and the Symposium against the backdrop of the “ideal state of Athens,” the chapter proceeds to interpret the Phaedrus as a reflection on the ability of Plato’s writing to engender, in the reader’s “soul,” a desire for the “ideal state of philosophy.” It concludes by reading Plato’s Republic and Timaeus/Critias as a specimen of the dialogic writing that animates the reader to undertake a philosophical quest of her own.
Memory and Desire in Callimachus
Authors: Kirichenko Alexander
Published: September 2022

The chapter begins by drawing an analogy between Callimachus’ portrayal of Alexandria in the Aetia and the Iambi (a city not only literally inhabited by Greek immigrants but also figuratively woven out of their cultural memories) and his notion of poetry as a site of intertextual memories. Then it points to similarities between the process of recollecting the spatially and temporally remote world of Greek culture, staged in Callimachus’ aetiological poetry, and the process of longing for an ever-elusive beloved—a process that Callimachus not only describes but also enacts in his erotic epigrams by parading them as epitomes of semantic elusiveness.
Norway's Pharmaceutical Revolution
Authors: Sogner Knut
Published: September 2022

The academic–business effort of a handful of primarily large nations—the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland, and France—culminated in the 1930s and 1940s in a number of potent new therapeutics that created, with subsequent new products over the next decades, what is known as “the pharmaceutical revolution.” This was to a great degree based on academic–business collaboration and proved difficult to accomplish for other large nations like Japan, China, India, Italy, Spain, and Russia, not to mention smaller nations. However, companies in the smaller Scandinavian countries were able to join the group of pioneering nations in a narrow band of products and become original contributors to the pharmaceutical revolution. This book highlights the particular difficulties of the Norwegian experience that counted one major breakthrough and which shows just how challenging it was to join the elite countries in pharmaceuticals. The small and traditional generics company Nyegaard & Co. succeeded only in 1969 with the breakthrough of a new principle for X-ray contrast media. Until the 1960s, it had been distracted and hindered by the national drugs policy. The research success can largely be attributed to corporate competence and corporate initiatives to exploit the Scandinavian rather than the Norwegian medical ecosystem. And the subsequent innovations were made commercial successes through the building of international partnerships with larger corporations. Success came at a price, though, for at the very time the commercial success was at its greatest, in the 1990s, the organization had lost its innovative claw.
Everyday Practices of State Building in Ethiopia
Authors: Chinigò Davide
Published: September 2022

Everyday practices of state building interrogates the question about how to reinstate movement to our conceptualization of state formation in Africa at a time in which the continent witnesses profound social and political transformations inscribed in increasingly globalized and localized dynamics. The book revisits key theories of the state, adopting a detailed empirical approach that studies how state power operates in the everyday. It locates the mutual constitution of state and society in the wide set of scalar processes that articulate how state power structures social life and, simultaneously, creates the conditions of possibility for new openings and social formations. Drawing on five qualitative fieldworks in Ethiopia between 2006 and 2018, the book identifies some important challenges that the ruling Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) has encountered in institutionalizing power through the developmental state, an ambitious model of state-mediated economic liberalization intended to fulfil the broader re-organization of the Ethiopian state alongside Ethnic Federalism since 1991. The case studies discuss how policies of resettlement, decentralization, agriculture commercialization, entrepreneurship, and industrialization, inscribed dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in both rural and urban areas. Against these profound transformations, beneficiaries casted new meanings to land, place, and work, alongside struggles to secure reproduction. Interrogating the notions of scale and performativity, the book revisits dominant approaches that in African studies read state formation together with centre-periphery relations and ascribe cultural interpretations to the work of state power in the everyday, ultimately contributing to important discussions about authoritarianism and ethnonationalism in contemporary Ethiopia.