bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When time meets information retrieval: Past proposals, current plans and future trends
Authors: Moulahi Bilel , Tamine Lynda , Yahia Sadok Ben
Published: October 2015

With the advent of Web search and the large amount of data published on the Web sphere, a tremendous amount of documents become strongly time-dependent. In this respect, the time dimension has been extensively exploited as a highly important relevance criterion to improve the retrieval effectiveness of document ranking models. Thus, a compelling research interest is going on the temporal information retrieval realm, which gives rise to several temporal search applications. In this article, we intend to provide a scrutinizing overview of time-aware information retrieval models. We specifically put the focus on the use of timeliness and its impact on the global value of relevance as well as on the retrieval effectiveness. First, we attempt to motivate the importance of temporal signals, whenever combined with other relevance features, in accounting for document relevance. Then, we review the relevant studies standing at the crossroads of both information retrieval and time according to three common information retrieval aspects: the query level, the document content level and the document ranking model level. We organize the related temporal-based approaches around specific information retrieval tasks and regarding the task at hand, we emphasize the importance of results presentation and particularly timelines to the end user. We also report a set of relevant research trends and avenues that can be explored in the future.
Prognostic Indicators for Salvage Surgery of Recurrent Sinonasal Malignancy
Authors: Kaplan Daniel James , Kim Jee Hong , Wang Eric , Snyderman Carl
Published: October 2015

Objective

Identify prognostic factors after salvage surgery for recurrent sinonasal malignancy (SNM).

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Subjects

Forty‐two patients who underwent curative surgery for locally recurrent SNM ± adjuvant therapy from June 5, 2000, to December 19, 2012. Patients without follow‐up were excluded.

Methods

Chart review with established prognostic indicators for primary malignancies. Statistical analysis included Kaplan‐Meier log‐rank test, Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t test, and Cox regression.

Results

Forty‐two patients met inclusion criteria: 38.5% developed a second recurrence, and 21.4% had metastases following treatment. The average disease‐free interval (DFI) was 26.9 months (range, 2‐90 months). DFI was significantly affected by ethmoid versus nonethmoid site (P =. 049), histology (P =. 012), carotid artery involvement (P =. 008), perineural extension (P =. 006), and clival invasion (P =. 015). The overall survival rates at 6 months, 12 months, and 5 years following surgery were 83.3%, 69%, and 47.6%, respectively. Survival was affected by histology (P =. 014), stratified grade (P =. 042), tumor extension into the orbit (P =. 019), carotid artery (P =. 001), perineural space (P =. 028), and clivus (P =. 022). Complications occurred in 28.6% of patients and were associated with histology (P =. 04). Length of hospital stay related to treatment was affected by histology (P =. 009), grade (P =. 013), and postoperative complication (P <. 001). The median percentage of time hospitalized was 8%, and 43% of patients who died within 12 months spent >10% of their remaining days in the hospital.

Conclusion

High‐risk histologic subtype (melanoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine cancer, sarcoma, and squamous cell carcinoma), grade, and orbital and skull base involvement negatively affect survival and/or DFI for patients with local recurrence of SNM. Improved stratification of patients can be used to guide decision making for patients with recurrent SNM and to avoid inappropriate surgery.
Metropolis and the Hinterland
Authors: Rakow Lana F.
Published: October 2015

Cultural studies scholar James Carey is known for an approach to communication that drew on Harold Innis for understanding relations between the metropolis and the hinterland and John Dewey for understanding community and culture. Despite the value of his approach, Carey’s theory has a blind spot at the intersection of community and politics. He collapsed notions of community and the public and bracketed the politics of meaning-making at the local level. Consequently, his theory takes the politics out of local community, where identities are formed and political issues identified. Dewey’s explanation of democracy as both associated life in the local community and a form of government that grows from it offers a better political vision for a theory of communication.
Bottom-up initiatives toward climate change adaptation in cases in the Netherlands and the UK: a complexity leadership perspective
Authors: Scholten P , Keskitalo ECH , Meijerink S
Published: October 2015

Climate change will result in large challenges that require societies to adapt to and manage increased risks. Regional practices of climate adaptation often take shape within multilevel governance networks in which representatives of different levels of government, policy sectors, public and private parties may discuss and negotiate potential measures. This paper aims to explore the role of leadership in enhancing the adaptive capacity of multilevel governance networks and in supporting regional practices of climate adaptation. The paper reviews two initiatives toward climate adaptation, the WaalWeelde initiative in the Netherlands and the Manhood Peninsula Partnership in the UK, based on policy documentation and analysis of in total 17 semistructured interviews with public and private actors. The study illustrates both the large differences in organization of water management, spatial planning, and flood risk policies, as well as strong similarities in the way in which leadership may contribute to the development of initiatives.
Temporal Visual Mechanisms May Mediate Compensation for Macular Pigment
Authors: Stringham Nicole T. , Stringham James M.
Published: October 2015

Macular pigment (MP) is a pre-receptoral filter that is diet derived and deposited in relatively high optical density in the foveal region of the retina. Due to its yellow coloration, MP absorbs light of relatively short wavelengths, ranging from 400 nm to 520 nm. Despite the spectral and spatial nonuniformity imposed upon the sensory retina by MP, perception appears to be relatively uniform across the central visual field. MP therefore offers an opportunity to determine experimentally potential mechanisms responsible for mediating this uniformity. After assessing, in 14 subjects, MP’s effects on the temporal sensitivity of both the short-wavelength- and middle-/long-wavelength-sensitive visual pathways, it appears that the visual system compensates for absorption of short-wavelength light by MP by slowing the sampling rate of short-wavelength cones and by increasing the processing speed of middle-/long-wavelength-sensitive cones. This mechanism could work via temporal summation or a temporal neural code, whereby slower response dynamics lead to amplification of relatively weak signals.
Priming of Visual Search Facilitates Attention Shifts: Evidence From Object-Substitution Masking
Authors: Kristjánsson Árni
Published: October 2015

Priming of visual search strongly affects visual function, releasing items from crowding and during free-choice primed targets are chosen over unprimed ones. Two accounts of priming have been proposed: attentional facilitation of primed features and postperceptual episodic memory retrieval that involves mapping responses to visual events. Here, well-known masking effects were used to assess the two accounts. Object-substitution masking has been considered to reflect attentional processing: It does not occur when a target is precued and is strengthened when distractors are present. Conversely, metacontrast masking has been connected to lower level processing where attention exerts little effect. If priming facilitates attention shifts, it should mitigate object-substitution masking, while lower level masking might not be similarly influenced. Observers searched for an odd-colored target among distractors. Unpredictably (on 20% of trials), object-substitution masks or metacontrast masks appeared around the target. Object-substitution masking was strongly mitigated for primed target colors, while metacontrast masking was mostly unaffected. This argues against episodic retrieval accounts of priming, placing the priming locus firmly within the realm of attentional processing. The results suggest that priming of visual search facilitates attention shifts to the target, which allows better spatiotemporal resolution that overcomes object-substitution masking.
Scaffold Seeking
Authors: Cheng Hercy N. H. , Yang Euphony F. Y. , Liao Calvin C. Y. , Chang Ben , Huang Yana C. Y. , Chan Tak-Wai
Published: October 2015

Although well-designed scaffolding may assist students to accomplish learning tasks, its insufficient capability to dynamically assess students’ abilities and to adaptively support them may result in the problem of overscaffolding. Our previous project has also shown that students using scaffolds to solve mathematical word problems for a long time may regard problem solving as a repetitive job and eventually became bored. To avoid the problem, this study redesigns the activity model of scaffolding by adopting a reverse rationale and incorporating the concept of helps seeking. Furthermore, this study proposes the activity model of scaffold seeking and designs a system that empowers students to seek scaffolds for solving mathematical word problems. A case study shows that the model may encourage students to solve problems by themselves rather than abusing scaffolds. Besides, the result also suggests that students are potential to express their thinking without the limitation of scaffolds.
Approaching Completeness
Authors: Lorentzen David Gunnarsson , Nolin Jan
Published: October 2015

The aim of this article is to engage with problems of sampling and completeness currently discussed within data science through the specific example of conversations in Twitter. Some of the difficulties involved in Twitter concern restrictions laid out by platform owners, restrictions that make it difficult for researchers to collect complete conversations. A contribution is made through the development of a method for collecting and analyzing follow-on conversations around a set of hashtags. This was made possible through the simultaneous tracking of a set of hashtags and prominent participants in the conversation. The full set of tweets was compared to the subset of tweets including either of the selected hashtags. Including follow-on conversation increased the set of tweets by 56% and the set of tweeting users by 17%. It is also shown that different network analysis techniques and filtering options give different results with regard to prominent users.
Patients’ Experiences Using a Brief Screening Tool for Medication-Related Problems in a Community Pharmacy Setting
Authors: Kernodle Amanda R. , Frail Caitlin K. , Gernant Stephanie A. , Pater Karen S. , Doebbeling Brad N. , Snyder Margie E.
Published: October 2015

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to explore patient perceptions and the practical implication of using a brief 9-item scale to screen for medication-related problems in community pharmacies.

Methods:

Semistructured, audio-recorded, telephonic interviews were conducted with 40 patients who completed the scale and reviewed its results with their pharmacist. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative methods to identify themes.

Results:

Patients generally reported the scale was simple to complete and could be used easily in other community pharmacies. Participants shared they had increased understanding of their medications and confidence that their medication therapy was appropriate. Several patients reported having actual medication-related problems identified and resolved through the use of the scale. Patients also reported improved relationships with pharmacists and heightened belief in the value provided by pharmacists.

Conclusions:

This screening tool may have value in increasing patients’ understanding of and confidence in their medications, enhancing pharmacist–patient relationships, and identifying problems requiring additional interventions.
On Race and Time
Authors: Moskowitz Gordon B. , Olcaysoy Okten Irmak , Gooch Cynthia M.
Published: October 2015

Arousal is known to shape time perception, and heightened arousal causes one to perceive that time has slowed (i.e., a given length of time feels longer than it actually is). The current experiments illustrate that among White people who experience arousal when contemplating race (specifically those for whom appearing biased is an ongoing concern), time perception slows when they observe faces of Black men. We asked participants to judge the duration of presentation for faces of White and Black men (shown for periods ranging from 300 to 1,200 ms) relative to a standard duration of 600 ms. Evidence of bias emerged when White participants concerned with bias saw faces of Black men (e.g., durations of less than 600 ms were perceived as being greater than 600 ms). The current findings have implications for intergroup interactions in which timing is essential—for example, length of job interviews, police officers’ perception of the length of an encounter and when force should be initiated, and doctors’ perception of the length of medical encounters. Racially biased time perception is a new form of implicit bias, one exerted at the perceptual level.
Global research productivity of N-acetylcysteine use in paracetamol overdose
Authors: Zyoud SH , Al-Jabi SW , Sweileh WM , Awang R , Waring WS
Published: October 2015

Purpose:

The main objective of this study was to examine the publication pattern of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) research output for paracetamol overdose at the global level.

Methods:

Data were searched for documents that contained specific words regarding NAC and paracetamol as keywords in the title and/or abstract and/or keywords. Scientific output was evaluated based on a methodology developed and used in other bibliometric studies. Research productivity was adjusted to the national population and nominal gross domestic product per capita.

Results:

The criteria were met by 367 publications from 33 countries. The highest number of articles associated with the use of NAC in paracetamol overdose was from the United States of America (USA; 39.78%), followed by the United Kingdom (UK; 11.99%). After adjusting for economy and population power, USA (2.822), Iran (1.784) and UK (1.125) had the highest research productivity. The total number of citations at the time of data analysis (14 March 2014) was 8785 with an average of 23.9 citations per document and a median (interquartile range) of 6 (1–22). The h-index of the retrieved documents was 48. The highest h-index was 32 for USA, followed by 20 for UK. Furthermore, the highest number of collaborations with international authors for each country was held by USA with 11 countries, followed by Canada with 7 countries.

Conclusion:

The amount of NAC-based research activity was low in some countries, and more effort is needed to bridge this gap and to promote better evaluation of NAC use worldwide. Our findings demonstrate that NAC use for paracetamol overdose remains a hot issue in scientific research and may have a larger audience compared with other toxicological aspects. Editors and authors in the field of toxicology might usefully promote the submission of work on NAC in future to improve their journal’s impact.
Urinary uroplakin expression in cyclophosphamide-induced rat cystitis model
Authors: Park H , Kyung YS , Lee G
Published: October 2015

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) induces urothelial injury and causes excretion of cellular exudates at 24 h, followed by rapid restoration at 72 h. We investigated the role of urinary uroplakin II (UPII) levels in a CYP-induced cystitis model. For the purpose of this study, 10 controls and 26 CYP-injected female Sprague Dawley rats were killed at 24 h and 72 h postinjection. The vesical weight, severity of hematuria, and expression of UPII in the urinary bladder and urine were measured. CYP decreased the level of vesical UPII messenger RNA at 24 h, followed by rapid recovery at 72 h. Contrary to the negligible levels of urinary UPII and hematuria in controls, CYP treatment abruptly increased the excretion of urinary UPII at 24 h. The excretion had subsided at 72 h. Similarly, severe hematuria was observed at 24 h, with improvement at 72 h. However, some rats still exhibited hematuria at 72 h. CYP caused increase in vesical weight. The vesical weight at 24 h after CYP injection was negatively correlated with the vesical UPII level. Rats with significant hematuria demonstrated higher urinary UPII levels than those with insignificant hematuria. Vesical UPII could be an important barrier for early CYP-related injury, while the levels of urinary UPII may be associated with the severity of hematuria during dynamic periods in the urothelium.
Fixation of the Proximal Metatarsal Crescentic Osteotomy Using a Head Locking X-Plate
Authors: Pauli Werner , Koch Axel , Testa Enrique , Dopke Kai , Perry Philip , Honigmann Philipp
Published: October 2015

Background:

We present a new method to stabilize proximal crescentic osteotomies (PCOs) for the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus.

Methods:

A single-center prospective study with a consecutive series of 72 patients (94 feet) with a PCO was performed using a head locking X-plate. The primary aim was to investigate the stability of the osteotomy, measuring the dorsal elevation of the first metatarsal head, first cuneiform height, talus–first metatarsal angle, and first metatarsal inclination pre- and postoperatively. A secondary outcome assessed weight distribution during gait, quality of life, and radiologically documented bone healing process.

Results:

Ninety-three percent of the feet were within ±2 mm change for dorsal elevation of the first metatarsal head, and 72% for the medial cuneiform height. Eighty-nine percent were within ±4 degrees change for the first metatarsal inclination, 73% for the talus–first metatarsal angle, and 100% for the calcaneus pitch angle. The mean changes between pre- and 1-year postoperative were not significantly different for any of the stability measurements except for the first metatarsal inclination angle. The SF36 showed a significant improvement of physical function, general health, and decreased bodily pain. Harris mat footprints showed a decrease of 46% underneath the second and a pressure decrease of 40% underneath the third metatarsal head.

Conclusion:

This technique, of using a head locking X-plate to stabilize the PCO, showed satisfactory and reproducible results in terms of stability, clinical outcome, bone healing, and patient satisfaction. The plate provided substantial support for the PCO resulting in adequate and easy fixation.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Representation of the Cattell–Horn–Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities in the Factor Structure of the Dutch-Language Version of the WAIS-IV
Authors: van Aken Loes , van der Heijden Paul T. , van der Veld William M. , Hermans Laureen , Kessels Roy P.C. , Egger Jos I. M.
Published: October 2015

The Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities has been guiding in the revision of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth edition (WAIS-IV). Especially the measurement of fluid reasoning (Gf) is improved. A total of five CHC abilities are included in the WAIS-IV subtests. Using confirmatory factor analysis, a five-factor model based on these CHC abilities is evaluated and compared with the four index scores in the Dutch-language version of the WAIS-IV. Both models demonstrate moderate fit, preference is given to the five-factor CHC model both on statistical and theoretical grounds. Evaluation of the WAIS-IV according to CHC terminology enhances uniformity, and can be important when interpreting possible sources of index discrepancies. To optimally assemblage CHC and WAIS-IV, more knowledge of the interaction of abilities is needed. This can be done by incorporating intelligence testing in neuropsychological assessment. Using this functional approach contributes to a better understanding of an individual’s cognitive profile.
Reply to “A Replication of ‘Political Influence Behind the Veil of Peer Review’ (Journal of Law and Economics 2009)”
Authors: Hegde Deepak
Published: October 2015

In this reply, I commented on Hannum’s (this issue) replication of Hegde and of Hegde and Mowery. I conclude that, in his eagerness to show us wrong, Hannum appears to have committed exactly the wrong that replication exercises are meant to right.
Hierarchy, status and international society: China and the steppe nomads
Authors: Kwan Alan Shiu Cheung
Published: October 2015

While pre-modern China’s relations with her Sinic neighbours have been described as a distinctive variant of the English School’s international society based on a shared Confucian culture and a China-centred tributary system, her relations with her nomadic neighbours, including the Hsiung-nu, Turks, Uighurs and Mongols, have often been characterized as purely power-political, Hobbesian and lacking any societal foundation. This article argues that China and the nomads formed an international society for much of their history, one based not on a common Confucian heritage or China’s immutable centrality, but on the principle of an adaptable hierarchy based on common diplomatic norms and practices that allowed its members to affirm and contest their status within this hierarchy. The case of China and the nomads extends and enriches the concept of international society in three ways. First, it is a historical example of a non-European international society not composed of sovereign states or based on the principle of sovereign equality, but based on the principle of adaptable hierarchy and the ranking of powers. Second, it shows that international society can exist and develop between units as culturally and politically dissimilar as China and the nomads. Finally, it provides us with a unique model of how pre-modern international society in East Asia was stratified, which markedly differs from how modern international society is stratified. This last point has contemporary relevance in relation to China’s rise as a great power, and its frustration at what it feels is the unfair denial of a status commensurate with its growing power and influence by the US and the West.
An innovative strategy to increase a professional workforce: the fast track initiative for health visitors in England
Authors: Sayer Lynn , Barriball K Louise , Bliss Julie , Bakhshi Savita , While Alison E
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Fast tracking is one strategy that organizations use to ameliorate workforce shortfalls by attracting new recruits, and accelerating their skills development and experience. In response to the Government’s target of rapidly expanding the number of health visitors in England’s National Health Service, the fast track initiative was launched to recruit newly qualified (fast track) as well as experienced (standard entry) nurses and midwives onto health visiting programmes. This paper evaluates the fast track initiative, from the perspective of fast track and standard entry students, practice teachers and health visitor managers.

Methods

A mixed methods design was used comprising a questionnaire survey (n = 71 students), semi-structured interviews (n = 37 students), telephone interviews (n = 13 managers) and six focus groups (n = 24 practice teachers). Data were collected between April 2012 and July 2013. Descriptive statistics, t-tests and the Pearson Chi-square test were used to analyse the quantitative data. The qualitative data were analysed thematically.

Results

Motivations for health visiting as a career choice were similar for fast track and standard entry students, with career progression and interest in health promotion being key motivators. There was consensus that personal qualities and characteristics were more important than experience or qualifications. However, fast track students were significantly less confident about their public health competencies in leadership and management (p < 0.05) and communication (p < 0.02). Practice teachers and managers also reported that fast track students required more intensive supervision particularly at the beginning of the programme. Programme completion including pass rates and academic achievement showed no significant difference by route of entry (p > 0.5).

Conclusion

Fast tracking offers a useful recruitment strategy in order to expand the health visitor workforce, but longitudinal research is needed to confirm benefits such as retention and career trajectories.
Development of a Smartphone Application to Capture Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Contents of Daily Food
Authors: Diouri Omar , Place Jerome , Traverso Magali , Georgescu Vera , Picot Marie-Christine , Renard Eric
Published: October 2015

Background:

Meal lipids (LIP) and proteins (PRO) may influence the effect of insulin doses based on carbohydrate (CHO) counting in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We developed a smartphone application for CHO, LIP, and PRO counting in daily food and assessed its usability in real-life conditions and potential usefulness.

Methods:

Ten T1D patients used the android application for 1 week to collect their food intakes. Data included meal composition, premeal and 2-hour postmeal blood glucose, corrections for hypo- or hyperglycemia after meals, and time for entering meals in the application. Meal insulin doses were based on patients’ CHO counting (application in blinded mode). Linear mixed models were used to assess the statistical differences.

Results:

In all, 187 meals were analyzed. Average computed CHO amount was 74.37 ± 31.78 grams; LIP amount: 20.26 ± 14.28 grams and PRO amount: 25.68 ± 16.68 grams. Average CHO, LIP, and PRO contents were significantly different between breakfast and lunch/dinner. The average time for meal entry in the application moved from 3-4 minutes to 2.5 minutes during the week. No significant impact of LIP and PRO was found on available blood glucose values.

Conclusion:

Our study shows CHO, LIP, and PRO intakes can be easily captured by an application on smartphone for meal entry used by T1D patients. Although LIP and PRO meal contents did not influence glucose levels when insulin doses were based on CHO in this pilot study, this application could be used for further investigation of this topic, including in closed-loop conditions.
Seeing Objects as Faces Enhances Object Detection
Authors: Takahashi Kohske , Watanabe Katsumi
Published: October 2015

The face is a special visual stimulus. Both bottom-up processes for low-level facial features and top-down modulation by face expectations contribute to the advantages of face perception. However, it is hard to dissociate the top-down factors from the bottom-up processes, since facial stimuli mandatorily lead to face awareness. In the present study, using the face pareidolia phenomenon, we demonstrated that face awareness, namely seeing an object as a face, enhances object detection performance. In face pareidolia, some people see a visual stimulus, for example, three dots arranged in V shape, as a face, while others do not. This phenomenon allows us to investigate the effect of face awareness leaving the stimulus per se unchanged. Participants were asked to detect a face target or a triangle target. While target per se was identical between the two tasks, the detection sensitivity was higher when the participants recognized the target as a face. This was the case irrespective of the stimulus eccentricity or the vertical orientation of the stimulus. These results demonstrate that seeing an object as a face facilitates object detection via top-down modulation. The advantages of face perception are, therefore, at least partly, due to face awareness.
Increasing Donations and Improving Donor Experiences
Authors: Oppenheimer Daniel M.
Published: October 2015

Giving to charity not only helps fund programs that are beneficial to society but also reliably increases the well-being of donors. However, not all donations are equally effective at improving donor happiness. This article reviews the research from psychology and behavioral economics and identifies several key factors for optimizing donor experiences. These lessons can be used to design charitable appeals that are highly effective and that create conditions that make charitable giving more rewarding to donors, which increases the likelihood that they will donate again.
Multiple-Target Visual Search Errors
Authors: Mitroff Stephen R. , Biggs Adam T. , Cain Matthew S.
Published: October 2015

Visual search—the ability to locate visual targets among distractors—is a fundamental part of professional performance for many careers, including radiology, airport security screening, cytology, lifeguarding, and more. Successful execution of visual search in these settings is critically important because the consequences of a missed target can be horrific. Unfortunately, many of these professions place high demands on the people performing the searches, and either the task or the environment (or both) could lead to significant errors. One known source of error that exists across many fields is “multiple-target visual search” errors—a target is less likely to be detected if another target was already found in the same search than if the target was the only one present. These errors have proven to be stubborn and not easily eliminated. This article offers a brief overview of the existing research on multiple-target visual search errors and discusses possible policy implications of the errors for airport security screening. The policy suggestions are based on empirical research, with the hope of providing food for thought on using scientific data and theory to improve performance. Specifically, three policy suggestions are raised: shift screening to a remote location away from the checkpoint, reduce the number of prohibited items to lessen the searchers’ cognitive burden, and emphasize search consistency in the training process. Note that the focus here is on airport security screening, as this is a domain most readers can relate to, but the suggestions can equally apply to many search environments.
The Value of Standardized Testing
Authors: Benjamin Aaron S. , Pashler Hal
Published: October 2015

Recent years have seen an increased push toward the standardization of education in the United States. At the federal level, both major national political parties have generally supported the institution of national guidelines known as Common Core—a curriculum developed by states and by philanthropic organizations. A key component of past and present educational reform measures has been standardization of tests. However, increased reliance upon tests has elicited criticism, limiting their popular acceptance and widespread adoption. Tests are not only useful for assessment purposes, however. The goal of this article is to review evidence from the recent literature in psychology that indicates that tests produce direct educational benefits for students. A reconsideration of how and how many tests are implemented based on these principles may help soften the focus on testing solely as a means of assessment and help promote wider recognition of the role of tests as potent instructional interventions.
Math Anxiety
Authors: Beilock Sian L. , Maloney Erin A.
Published: October 2015

The United States is currently not producing enough graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields to meet the demands of a technology-dependent society. Although there are many efforts in place to improve STEM education in the United States, most notably, President Obama’s Educate to Innovate campaign, these efforts focus mostly on innovating the teaching of math content and less on the role of affective factors in math achievement. Here we discuss a phenomenon known as math anxiety (i.e., negative feelings of tension and fear that many people experience when engaging in math) and the implications math anxiety carries for math success and STEM engagement. We begin by highlighting the most recent findings from research in psychology, education, and neuroscience on math anxiety. We then discuss the consequences of math anxiety as well as likely causes and promising remediations. We suggest that the initiatives currently underway to improve STEM involvement and achievement would benefit from educating current and future teachers, parents, and even students about math anxiety, its causes, consequences, and possibilities for amelioration.
Research on Learning and Instruction
Authors: Goldman Susan R. , Pellegrino James W.
Published: October 2015

There is considerable rhetoric about the need for our educational system to promote deeper learning and the development of 21st-century skills. Missing from the discourse is recognition that much of what we know from research on learning and instruction has yet to affect the design and enactment of everyday schooling in the form of curriculum, instruction, and assessment. This article considers some of the key research-based principles on learning and knowing and their implications for the design of instruction and assessment. Among these principles are differences in naïve and expert forms of knowing and how the latter develops through a variety of instructional methods and materials. Another is the social nature of learning and the classroom instructional and assessment practices that support students taking control of and monitoring their own learning. Incorporating many of the findings from research on learning and instruction into the materials, structures, and practices of everyday schooling involves addressing systemic challenges of practice and policy. These include the development and implementation of curricular and instructional resources that incorporate proven, research-based features, the design of assessment systems that balance and align classroom assessment and system monitoring needs, and more effective approaches to teacher preparation and professional development. The knowledge base to support such changes exists but for research-based educational interventions to move beyond isolated promising examples and to flourish more widely, these larger systemic issues, many of them policy driven, will need to be addressed.
The Policy Implications of Research on Fingerprint Examination Tasks
Authors: Emerick Brandi , Vanderkolk John , Busey Thomas
Published: October 2015

Most fingerprint comparisons are still done by human examiners, who examine two impressions to determine the amount of perceived detail in agreement. Examiners must rely on their training and experience to determine whether the quality and quantity of detail in agreement is sufficient to warrant an identification decision, which makes their perceptual and decision-making abilities central to our understanding of the strength of fingerprint evidence. Research on latent print examiners has documented the influence of configural processing, greater working memory, and greater consistency of eye gaze among experts relative to novices. All of these lead to universally higher accuracy relative to novices. However, examiners must contend with fatigue and the problem of non-mated prints that are somewhat similar in appearance. Surprisingly, this problem only gets worse as databases increase in size. Currently, the field contends with a relatively high number of erroneous exclusions and inconclusive decisions, which may allow a potentially guilty suspect to remain free from charges. We discuss policy implications that follow directly from the research and suggest future research directions that address unresolved issues.
Editorial: “Crowning” eosinophils in adipose tissue: does location matter?
Authors: Goldberg Emily L , Dixit Vishwa Deep
Published: October 2015

Discussion of the regulation and role of eosinophils in obese adipose tissue.
Psychiatric classification – a developmental
perspective
Authors: Hall Jeremy , Owen Michael J.
Published: October 2015

Current classification systems treat developmental and adult
psychopathologies as separate. However, as risk factors for psychiatric
disorders are identified it is increasingly clear that these can lead to
multiple outcomes across different developmental stages. Research and
classification schemes will therefore in the future need to adopt a lifespan
approach to risk.
New patient assessment in old age psychiatry: the importance of risk assessment
Authors: Hemsley Svetlana , McKnight Rebecca , Anwar Aneeba , Jones Sarah , Martos Lola
Published: October 2015

Aims and method

In recent years, the role of non-medical community mental health team (CMHT) clinicians has widened to include new patient assessments. It is unclear whether all professionals have the skills and confidence to undertake these to a high quality. This project investigated which professionals are doing new assessments, evaluated their quality and explored the assessors' unmet training needs. The study was based on the data extracted from electronic notes and a complete audit cycle in South Oxfordshire Older Adults CMHT; this was a cross-sectional study across Oxfordshire older adults services.

Results

Most new assessments (72.4%) were done by non-medical clinicians; the majority were missing important information, especially relating to medications and risk assessment. Only 75% of assessors felt at least ‘partially confident’ to do assessments and found them stressful, with 86% keen to undertake further training.

Clinical implications

Simple measures such as an assessment form, a programme of training seminars and adequate supervision, delivered to all CMHT clinicians, can ensure high-quality assessment in diverse clinical environments.
Exit examination: a survey of UK psychiatrists' views
Authors: Hughes Nicholas S. , Haselgrove Angela , Tovey Matthew S. , Khokhar Waqqas A. , Husain Muj , Osman-Hicks Victoria C.
Published: October 2015

Aims and method

The Royal College of Psychiatrists is considering how best to introduce a post-MRCPsych-examination assessment (‘exit examination’) in anticipation of external pressures to ensure patient safety through the use of such assessments. The Psychiatric Trainees' Committee conducted an online survey to gather the views of psychiatrists regarding the possible format and content of this examination in the hope that this information can be used to design a satisfactory assessment.

Results

Of the 2082 individuals who started the survey, 1735 completed all sections (83.3%). Participants included consultants and trainees from a range of subspecialties. There was general agreement that the content and structure of the exit examination should include assessment of clinical and communication skills.

Clinical implications

UK psychiatrists believe that an exit assessment should focus on clinical and communication skills. It should assess both generic and subspecialty-specific competencies and incorporate a mixture of assessment techniques.
Patient characteristics and predictors of completion in residential treatment for substance use disorders
Authors: Newton-Howes Giles , Stanley James
Published: October 2015

Aims and method

To identify the patient characteristics and rates of retention in a residential rehabilitation drug and alcohol service (Springhill) based on an eclectic model of care. Patients were assessed using the Alcohol and Drug Outcome Measure (ADOM), a brief tool designed for the New Zealand setting. We looked at correlations between demographic, social and drug use parameters. Logistic regression assessed the relative impact of each variable on completion.

Results

The 183 patients who completed the data collection did not differ from 47 non-completers by demographic data; 62.2% of patients completed the programme, with equal number of men and women. One in five participants was Maori, the indigenous minority. Alcohol (51.9%) was the commonest drug of misuse, with methamphetamine (16.4%) and cannabis (14.2%) also significant. Completers were more likely to be Maori, have conflict with family and housing problems, although the last became non-significant in logistic regression.

Clinical implications

Retention rates are higher in Springhill than in comparable programmes. Ethnicity and family conflict predict completion, although the reasons for this are unclear. ADOM is an effective tool that can be used in a clinical setting to enable analysis of service provision.
Epidemiology on demand: population-based approaches to mental health service commissioning
Authors: Kirkbride James B.
Published: October 2015

One in three people will experience a mental health problem in their lifetime, but the causes and consequences of psychiatric morbidity are socially patterned. Epidemiological studies can provide aetiological clues about the causes of disorder, and when they can provide robust estimates about risk in different strata of the population these can also be used translationally, to provide commissioners and service planners with detailed information about local service need. This approach is illustrated using a newly developed population-level prediction tool for first-episode psychosis, PsyMaptic. Such public mental health prediction tools could be used to improve allocation of finite resources, by integrating evidence-based healthcare, public health and epidemiology together.
Lurasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar depression
Authors: Loebel Antony , Citrome Leslie
Published: October 2015

Lurasidone is a novel antipsychotic agent approved for the treatment of schizophrenia in a number of countries including the UK, and is also approved in the USA and Canada for the treatment of major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder as either a monotherapy or adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate. In addition to full antagonist activity at dopamine D2 (Ki(D2) = 1 nM) and serotonin 5-HT2A (Ki(5-HT2A) = 0.5 nM) receptors, the pharmacodynamic profile of lurasidone is notable for its high affinity for serotonin 5-HT7 receptors (Ki(5-HT7) = 0.5 nM) and its partial agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptors (Ki(5-HT1A) = 6.4 nM). Long-term treatment of schizophrenia with lurasidone has been shown to reduce the risk of relapse. Lurasidone appears associated with minimal effects on body weight and low risk for clinically meaningful alterations in glucose, lipids or electrocardiogram parameters.
The methamphetamine problem
Authors: Galbraith Niall
Published: October 2015

This paper introduces the reader to the characteristics of methamphetamine. Explored within are the drug's effects on those who consume it as well as the history and prevalence of its use. The highly addictive nature of methamphetamine is compounded by its affordability and the ease with which it is produced, with North America and East Asia having become established as heartlands for both consumption and manufacture. The paper discusses recent cultural depictions of the drug and also the role that mental health professionals may take in designing and delivering interventions to treat methamphetamine addiction.
Update on the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies programme in England: Commentary on … Children and Young People's Improving Access to Psychological Therapies
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Clark David M.
Published: October 2015

Professor Sami Timimi recently expressed concerns about the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme. We argue that the concerns are largely unfounded and provide readers with an update on the programme.
Update on the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies programme in England: author's reply
Authors: Timimi Sami
Published: October 2015

Fonagy & Clark confirm in their rebuttal that they have an ideological commitment to the failed technical model of understanding and intervening in mental health problems that dominates current service provision. They fail to acknowledge the limitations and problems associated with Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) and Children's and Young People's IAPT (CYP-IAPT) and offer an unconvincing explanation for why they did not allow some of the vast tax payers' money that they had at their dispoal to be used to implement evidence supported relational models.
Detecting miRNA Mentions and Relations in Biomedical Literature
Authors: Bagewadi Shweta , Bobić Tamara , Hofmann-Apitius Martin , Fluck Juliane , Klinger Roman
Published: October 2015

Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have demonstrated their potential as post-transcriptional gene expression regulators, participating in a wide spectrum of regulatory events such as apoptosis, differentiation, and stress response. Apart from the role of miRNAs in normal physiology, their dysregulation is implicated in a vast array of diseases. Dissection of miRNA-related associations are valuable for contemplating their mechanism in diseases, leading to the discovery of novel miRNAs for disease prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy.

Motivation: Apart from databases and prediction tools, miRNA-related information is largely available as unstructured text. Manual retrieval of these associations can be labor-intensive due to steadily growing number of publications. Additionally, most of the published miRNA entity recognition methods are keyword based, further subjected to manual inspection for retrieval of relations. Despite the fact that several databases host miRNA-associations derived from text, lower sensitivity and lack of published details for miRNA entity recognition and associated relations identification has motivated the need for developing comprehensive methods that are freely available for the scientific community. Additionally, the lack of a standard corpus for miRNA-relations has caused difficulty in evaluating the available systems.

We propose methods to automatically extract mentions of miRNAs, species, genes/proteins, disease, and relations from scientific literature. Our generated corpora, along with dictionaries, and miRNA regular expression are freely available for academic purposes. To our knowledge, these resources are the most comprehensive developed so far.

Results: The identification of specific miRNA mentions reaches a recall of 0.94 and precision of 0.93.  Extraction of miRNA-disease and miRNA-gene relations lead to an F1 score of up to 0.76. A comparison of the information extracted by our approach to the databases miR2Disease and miRSel for the extraction of Alzheimer's disease related relations shows the capability of our proposed methods in identifying correct relations with improved sensitivity. The published resources and described methods can help the researchers for maximal retrieval of miRNA-relations and generation of miRNA-regulatory networks.

Availability: The training and test corpora, annotation guidelines, developed dictionaries, and supplementary files are available at http://www.scai.fraunhofer.de/mirna-corpora.html
Dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton
Authors: Letort Gaëlle , Ennomani Hajer , Gressin Laurène , Théry Manuel , Blanchoin Laurent
Published: October 2015

Cellular processes, including morphogenesis, polarization, and motility, rely on a variety of actin-based structures. Although the biochemical composition and filament organization of these structures are different, they often emerge from a common origin. This is possible because the actin structures are highly dynamic. Indeed, they assemble, grow, and disassemble in a time scale of a second to a minute. Therefore, the reorganization of a given actin structure can promote the formation of another. Here, we discuss such transitions and illustrate them with computer simulations.