bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A robust method for new fractional hybrid chaos synchronization
Authors: Ouannas Adel , Azar Ahmad Taher , Vaidyanathan Sundarapandian
Published: July 2016

In this paper, a robust mathematical method is proposed to study a new hybrid synchronization type, which is a combining generalized synchronization and inverse generalized synchronization. The method is based on Laplace transformation, Lyapunov stability theory of integer‐order systems and stability theory of linear fractional systems. Sufficient conditions are derived to demonstrate the coexistence of generalized synchronization and inverse generalized synchronization between different dimensional incommensurate fractional chaotic systems. Numerical test of the method is used. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The existence of a positive solution for nonlinear fractional differential equations with integral boundary value conditions
Authors: Cabada Alberto , Dimitrijevic Sladjana , Tomovic Tatjana , Aleksic Suzana
Published: July 2016

In this paper, first, we consider the existence of a positive solution for the nonlinear fractional differential equation boundary value problem

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4105:mma4105-math-0002
where 0≤λ < 1,CDα is the Caputo's differential operator of order α, and f:[0,1] × [0,∞)→[0,∞) is a continuous function. Using some cone theoretic techniques, we deduce a general existence theorem for this problem. Then, we consider two following more general problems for arbitrary α, 1≤n < α≤n + 1:

Problem 1:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4105:mma4105-math-0003
where
, 0≤λ < k + 1;

Problem 2:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4105:mma4105-math-0004
where 0≤λ≤α and Dα is the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order α.

For these problems, we give existence results, which improve recent results in the literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined maximum‐quantum and DOSY 3D experiments provide enhanced resolution for small molecules in mixtures
Authors: Manjunatha Reddy G. N. , Yemloul Mehdi , Caldarelli Stefano
Published: July 2016

We illustrate here as the combination of high‐order maximum‐quantum (MaxQ) and Diffusion‐Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY) NMR experiments in a 3D layout allows superior resolution for crowded NMR spectra. Non‐uniform sampling (NUS) allows compressing the experimental time effectively to reasonable durations. Because diffusion effects were encoded within multiple‐quantum coherences, increased sensitivity to magnetic field gradients is observed, requiring compensation for convection effects. The experiment was demonstrated on the spectra of a mix of small polyaromatic molecules. Specifically, in the case analyzed, the experiment provided an extreme simplification through the MaxQDOSY‐MaxQ projection plane that presents one peak per molecule. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk and Severity of Hospital‐Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients Taking Proton Pump Inhibitors
Authors: Lewis Paul O. , Litchfield John M. , Tharp Jennifer L. , Garcia Rebecca M. , Pourmorteza Mohsen , Reddy Chakradhar M.
Published: July 2016

Study Objective

To compare the rates and severity of hospital‐acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among patients taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) versus those not taking PPIs.

Design

Retrospective, single‐center, cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary community hospital with a teaching service.

Patients

A total of 41,663 patients with CDI who were hospitalized between January 2013 and May 2014; of those, 17,471 patients (41.9%) had received at least one dose of a PPI (PPI group), and 24,192 patients (58.1%) had no PPI exposure (control group).

Measurements and Main Results

A total of 348 patients had CDI during the study period, with 269 cases present on admission. Hospital‐acquired CDI was defined as CDI diagnosis occurring on or after the third calendar day of admission. After excluding those patients with CDI on admission, 65 (0.38%) of 17,302 patients later developed CDI in the hospital in the PPI group compared with only 14 (0.058%) of 24,092 patients in the control group. Of these patients, 36 patients (0.21%) in the PPI group met the definition of severe CDI compared with 8 (0.03%) in the control group. This demonstrated an unadjusted relative risk (RR) of 6.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.63–11.51, p<0.0001) of developing hospital‐acquired CDI and an unadjusted RR of 6.27 (95% CI 2.91–13.48, p<0.0001) of developing severe CDI while taking a PPI. When evaluating only patients who developed severe‐complicated CDI, there were 22 cases in the PPI group and 2 cases in the control group, demonstrating an unadjusted RR of 15.3 (95% CI 3.6–65.13, p=0.0002) of developing severe‐complicated CDI. Confounding variables were similar between groups.

Conclusion

PPI use was associated with an increase in both the rate and severity of hospital‐acquired CDI.
Effect of Prescription Drug Coupons on Statin Utilization and Expenditures: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Daubresse Matthew , Andersen Martin , Riggs Kevin R. , Alexander G. Caleb
Published: July 2016

Importance

Drug coupons are widely used, but their effects are not well understood.

Objective

To quantify the effect of coupons on statin use and expenditures.

Design

Retrospective cohort analysis of IMS Health LRx LifeLink database.

Setting

U.S. retail pharmacy transactions.

Participants

Incident statin users who initiated branded atorvastatin or rosuvastatin between June 2006 and February 2013.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Monthly statin utilization (pill‐days of therapy), switching (filling a different statin), termination (failure to refill statin for 6 mo), and out‐of‐pocket and total costs.

Results

Of 1.1 million incident atorvastatin and rosuvastatin users, 2% used a coupon for at least one statin fill. At 1 year, compared with noncoupon users, those who used a statin coupon on their first fill were dispensed an equal number of monthly pill‐days (23.7 vs 23.8), were less likely to switch statins (14.4% vs 16.3%), and were less likely to have terminated statin therapy (31.3% vs 39.2%). At 4 years, coupon users were more likely to have switched (45.5% vs 40.8%) and less likely to have terminated statin therapy (50.6% vs 61.1%) compared with noncoupon users. Those who used greater numbers of coupons were substantially less likely to switch and terminate statin therapies. Monthly out‐of‐pocket costs were lower among coupon than noncoupon users at 1 year ($9.7 vs $15.1), but total monthly costs were qualitatively similar ($115.5 vs $116.9). At 4 years, monthly out‐of‐pocket costs among coupon users remained lower ($14.3 vs $16.6) compared with noncoupon users. Sensitivity analyses supported the main results.

Conclusions

Coupons for branded statins are associated with higher utilization and lower rates of discontinuation and short‐term switching to other statin products.
Graft copolymers from commercial chlorinated polypropylene via Cu(0)‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Acik Gokhan , Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla
Published: July 2016

Commercially available chlorinated polypropylene has been used as a macroinitiator for the Cu(0)‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and tert‐butyl acrylate to obtain well‐defined graft copolymers. The relatively narrow molecular weight distribution in the graft copolymers and linear kinetic plots indicated the controlled nature of the copolymerization reactions. Both Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR studies confirmed that the graft reactions had taken place successfully. After graft copolymer formation, tert‐butyl groups of poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) side chains were completely converted into poly(acrylic acid) chains to afford corresponding amphiphilic graft copolymers. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Disparities in psychosocial cancer care: a report from the International Federation of Psycho‐oncology Societies
Authors: Grassi Luigi , Fujisawa Daisuke , Odyio Philip , Asuzu Chioma , Ashley Laura , Bultz Barry , Travado Luzia , Fielding Richard ,   on behalf of the IPOS Federation of Psycho‐oncology Societies' coauthors
Published: July 2016

Background

The aim of the study was to understand the characteristics of the International Federation of Psycho‐oncology Societies (FPOS) and possible disparities in providing psychosocial care in countries where psycho‐oncology societies exist.

Method

A survey was conducted among 29 leaders of 28 countries represented within the FPOS by using a questionnaire covering (i) characteristics of the society; (ii) characteristics of the national health care system; (iii) level of implementation of psycho‐oncology; and (iv) main problems of psycho‐oncology in the country.

Results

Twenty‐six (90%) FPOS returned the questionnaires. One‐third reported to have links with and support from their government, while almost all had links with other scientific societies. The FPOS varied in their composition of members' professions. Psychosocial care provision was covered by state‐funded health services in a minority of countries. Disparities between countries arose from different causes and were problematic in some parts of the world (eg, Africa and SE Asia). Elsewhere (eg, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe), austerity policies were reportedly responsible for resource shortages with negative consequences on psychosocial cancer care. Half of FPOS rated themselves to be integrated into mainstream provision of care, although lack of funding was the most common complain.

Conclusions

The development and implementation of psycho‐oncology is fragmented and undeveloped, particularly in some parts of the world. More effort is needed at national level by strong coalitions with oncology societies, better national research initiatives, cancer plans, and patient advocacy, as well as by stronger partnership with international organizations (eg, World Health Organization and Union for International Cancer Control).
Atomic resolution structure determination by the cryo‐EM method MicroED
Authors: Liu Shian , Hattne Johan , Reyes Francis E. , Sanchez‐Martinez Silvia , Jason de la Cruz M. , Shi Dan , Gonen Tamir
Published: July 2016

The electron cryo‐microscopy (cryoEM) method MicroED has been rapidly developing. In this review we highlight some of the key steps in MicroED from crystal analysis to structure determination. We compare and contrast MicroED and the latest X‐ray based diffraction method the X‐ray free‐electron laser (XFEL). Strengths and shortcomings of both MicroED and XFEL are discussed. Finally, all current MicroED structures are tabulated with a view to the future.
The urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase activities of urea amidolyase are functionally independent
Authors: Lin Yi , Boese Cody J. , St. Maurice Martin
Published: July 2016

Urea amidolyase (UAL) is a multifunctional biotin‐dependent enzyme that contributes to both bacterial and fungal pathogenicity by catalyzing the ATP‐dependent cleavage of urea into ammonia and CO2. UAL is comprised of two enzymatic components: urea carboxylase (UC) and allophanate hydrolase (AH). These enzyme activities are encoded on separate but proximally related genes in prokaryotes while, in most fungi, they are encoded by a single gene that produces a fusion enzyme on a single polypeptide chain. It is unclear whether the UC and AH activities are connected through substrate channeling or other forms of direct communication. Here, we use multiple biochemical approaches to demonstrate that there is no substrate channeling or interdomain/intersubunit communication between UC and AH. Neither stable nor transient interactions can be detected between prokaryotic UC and AH and the catalytic efficiencies of UC and AH are independent of one another. Furthermore, an artificial fusion of UC and AH does not significantly alter the AH enzyme activity or catalytic efficiency. These results support the surprising functional independence of AH from UC in both the prokaryotic and fungal UAL enzymes and serve as an important reminder that the evolution of multifunctional enzymes through gene fusion events does not always correlate with enhanced catalytic function.
A theoretical study of dye molecules adsorbed onto diamond (111) surfaces
Authors: Song Yang , Larsson Karin
Published: July 2016

The combinations of different dye molecules adsorbed on 100% H‐terminated B‐doped diamond (111) surfaces, have been carefully simulated by using DFT under periodic boundary conditions. The dye molecules were C20H13NO3S4, C35H37NO2S3, C34H38OS2, C32H36OS2, and C31H35S3Br. The functional group within these dyes, behaves as an electron acceptor during a sunlight harvesting process. By comparing the upper valence band edge of the diamond surface with the HOMO and LUMO levels of the dyes in an energy diagram, a suitable scheme for a p‐type dye based solar cell was constructed. These functionalities were further confirmed by the observation of a partial degree of electron transfer from the diamond surface to the dye molecules. The combination of spectra for the dye molecules showed a wide absorption range from 200 to 620 nm. The effect of B doping on the binding of the dye molecules have furthermore been investigated. Shorter diamond//dye bonds are well correlated with large electron bond populations, and a larger degree of electron transfer. The former is regarded to be a measure of covalency, and the latter a measure of ionicity, in the interfacial bond.
Launch sexual violence intervention program that engages male students on your campus
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: July 2016

Student affairs professionals throughout the country feel the pressure to more effectively prevent and respond to sexual violence on campus to comply with federal and state legislation.
Ratiometric Detection of β‐Amyloid and Discrimination from Lectins by a Supramolecular AIE Glyconanoparticle
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Da , Mei Ju , Hu Xi‐Le , He Xiao‐Peng , Tian He
Published: July 2016

While the development of AIE (aggregation‐induced‐emission) based fluorimetric probes for biological applications has been an active research area, probes with a ratiometric signal for biomolecular recognition have been rare. Here, a ratiometric AIE glyconanoparticle formed by the supramolecular assembly between a silole‐based AIEgen and fluorescent glycoprobes for the detection of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and fibrils, which are a signature of neurological disorders such as the Alzheimer's disease, is shown. Complexation of glycoprobes with the AIEgen produces an intensive fluorescence emission of the former because of a Förster resonance energy transfer between the two molecules. Subsequently, the presence of Aβ dissembles the particle, producing a fluorescence emission of the AIEgen. Interestingly, the addition of lectins that selectively recognize the glycoprobes results in a different ratiometric response of the particle, thereby enabling a discrimination from Aβ detection. This research offers insight into the simple construction of multifunctional ratiometric probes based on the supramolecular hybridization of a wide variety of AIEgens with fluorescent molecular probes.
Mobile ad hoc cloud: A survey
Authors: Yaqoob Ibrar , Ahmed Ejaz , Gani Abdullah , Mokhtar Salimah , Imran Muhammad , Guizani Sghaier
Published: July 2016

The unabated flurry of research activities to augment various mobile devices in terms of compute‐intensive task execution by leveraging heterogeneous resources of available devices in the local vicinity has created a new research domain called mobile ad hoc cloud (MAC) or mobile cloud. It is a new type of mobile cloud computing (MCC). MAC is deemed to be a candidate blueprint for future compute‐intensive applications with the aim of delivering high functionalities and rich impressive experience to mobile users. However, MAC is yet in its infancy, and a comprehensive survey of the domain is still lacking. In this paper, we survey the state‐of‐the‐art research efforts carried out in the MAC domain. We analyze several problems inhibiting the adoption of MAC and review corresponding solutions by devising a taxonomy. Moreover, MAC roots are analyzed and taxonomized as architectural components, applications, objectives, characteristics, execution model, scheduling type, formation technologies, and node types. The similarities and differences among existing proposed solutions by highlighting the advantages and disadvantages are also investigated. We also compare the literature based on objectives. Furthermore, our study advocates that the problems stem from the intrinsic characteristics of MAC by identifying several new principles. Lastly, several open research challenges such as incentives, heterogeneity‐ware task allocation, mobility, minimal data exchange, and security and privacy are presented as future research directions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the prediction of aerofoil trailing‐edge noise for wind‐turbine applications
Authors: Lau Alex Siu Hong , Kim Jae Wook , Hurault Jeremy , Vronsky Tomas
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a comparative study between the so‐called BPM and TNO models for the prediction of aerofoil trailing‐edge noise with particular emphasis on wind‐turbine applications (the BPM model is named after Brooks, Pope and Marcolini who first proposed the model, and the TNO model is named after the TNO institute of Applied Physics where it was first proposed). In this work, two enhanced versions of the BPM model are proposed, and their performances are compared against two recent anisotropic TNO models that require more detailed boundary‐layer information than the BPM‐based models. The two current enhanced models are denoted as BPMM‐PVII and BPMM‐BLkω, where the former uses a panel method with viscous‐inviscid interaction implemented (PVII) for boundary‐layer calculations, the latter estimates the boundary‐layer (BL) properties using a two‐dimensional k‐ω turbulence model (kω), and BPMM stands for BPM‐Modified. By comparing the predicted sound spectra with existing measurement data for seven different aerofoils tested in the current study, it is shown that the BPMM‐PVII model exhibits superior results to those by the other models for most cases despite the simplicity without considering anisotropy. The BPMM‐PVII model is then combined with Prandtl's nonlinear lifting‐line theory to calculate and investigate three‐dimensional rotor noise characteristics of an NREL UAE Phase‐VI wind turbine (NREL UAE stand for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Unsteady Aerodynamic Experiment). It is demonstrated that the current approach may provide an efficient solution for the prediction of rotor aerodynamics and noise facilitating industrial design and development for low‐noise wind turbines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD study on the impact of yawed inflow on loads, power and near wake of a generic wind turbine
Authors: Schulz Christoph , Letzgus Patrick , Lutz Thorsten , Krämer Ewald
Published: July 2016

This article deals with the influence of yawed inflow conditions on the performance of a single generic 2.4MW wind turbine. It presents the results of studies performed at the Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics by means of computational fluid dynamics, using a fully meshed wind turbine with all boundary layers being resolved. The block‐structured flow solver FLOWer is used; a dual‐time stepping method for temporal discretization and a second‐order Jameson–Schmidt–Turkel method for the calculation of the convective fluxes are applied. All simulations are carried out using a detached eddy simulation approach. In detail, two different wind speeds and a yaw angle range between −50° and +50° are evaluated in the paper. Based on these data, it is shown that the reduction of power output follows a cosine to the power of X function of the yaw angle. Furthermore, the growing azimuthal non‐uniformity of the load distributions with increasing yaw angle magnitude is analysed by spanwise load distributions. As a central influence on the load distributions, the advancing and retreating blade effect is identified. Moreover, the deflection of the wake as a result of the inflow is investigated, and the deflection angles are compared with a modelling approach. A connection line between wake deflection and load asymmetry is drawn. The results are of particular importance for wind park situations with downstream turbines facing the distorted inflow created from upstream ones. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% in Japanese Subjects with Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: The JUPITER Study
Authors: Kawase Kazuhide , Vittitow Jason L. , Weinreb Robert N. , Araie Makoto ,   For the JUPITER Study Group, Hoshiai Shigeru , Hashida Setsuko , Iwasaki Miki , Kano Kiyoshi , Kawase Kazuhide , Kato Takuji , Kuwayama Yasuaki , Muramatsu Tomoyuki , Mitsuhashi Masatada , Matsuzaki Sakae , Nakajima Toru , Sato Isao , Yoshimura Yuzuru
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Latanoprostene bunod (LBN) is a novel nitric oxide (NO)-donating prostaglandin F2α analog. We evaluated the long-term safety and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy of LBN ophthalmic solution 0.024% over 1 year in Japanese subjects with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT).

Methods

This was a single-arm, multicenter, open-label, clinical study. Subjects aged 20 years and older with a diagnosis of OAG or OHT instilled 1 drop of LBN ophthalmic solution 0.024% in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening for 52 weeks and were evaluated every 4 weeks. Safety assessments included vital signs, comprehensive ophthalmic exams, and treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). Absolute and percent reductions from baseline in IOP were also determined.

Results

Of 130 subjects enrolled, 121 (93.1%) completed the study. Mean age was 62.5 years, and mean (standard deviation) baseline IOP was 19.6 (2.9) and 18.7 (2.6) mmHg in study eyes and treated fellow eyes, respectively. Overall, 76/130 (58.5%) and 78/126 (61.9%) subjects experienced ≥1 AEs in study eyes and treated fellow eyes, respectively. In both study eyes and treated fellow eyes, the most common AEs were conjunctival hyperemia, growth of eyelashes, eye irritation, and eye pain. At 52 weeks, 9% of treated eyes had an increase in iris pigmentation compared with baseline based on iris photographs. No safety concerns emerged based on vital signs or other ocular assessments. Mean reductions from baseline in IOP of 22.0% and 19.5% were achieved by week 4 in study and treated fellow eyes, respectively. These reductions were maintained through week 52 (P < 0.001 vs. baseline at all visits).

Conclusion

Once daily LBN ophthalmic solution 0.024% was safe and well-tolerated in Japanese subjects with OAG or OHT when used for up to 1 year. Long-term treatment with LBN ophthalmic solution 0.024% provided significant and sustained IOP reduction.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01895972.

Funding

Bausch & Lomb, Inc. a division of Valeant Pharmaceuticals International Inc.
Space‒time max-stable models with spectral separability
Authors: Embrechts Paul , Koch Erwan , Robert Christian
Published: July 2016

Natural disasters may have considerable impact on society as well as on the (re-)insurance industry. Max-stable processes are ideally suited for the modelling of the spatial extent of such extreme events, but it is often assumed that there is no temporal dependence. Only a few papers have introduced spatiotemporal max-stable models, extending the Smith, Schlather and Brown‒Resnick spatial processes. These models suffer from two major drawbacks: time plays a similar role to space and the temporal dynamics are not explicit. In order to overcome these defects, we introduce spatiotemporal max-stable models where we partly decouple the influence of time and space in their spectral representations. We introduce both continuous- and discrete-time versions. We then consider particular Markovian cases with a max-autoregressive representation and discuss their properties. Finally, we briefly propose an inference methodology which is tested through a simulation study.
Anomalous recurrence properties of many-dimensional zero-drift random walks
Authors: Georgiou Nicholas , Menshikov Mikhail V. , Mijatović Aleksandar , Wade Andrew R.
Published: July 2016

Famously, ad-dimensional, spatially homogeneous random walk whose increments are nondegenerate, have finite second moments, and have zero mean is recurrent ifd∈{1,2}, but transient ifd≥3. Once spatial homogeneity is relaxed, this is no longer true. We study a family of zero-drift spatially nonhomogeneous random walks (Markov processes) whose increment covariance matrix is asymptotically constant along rays from the origin, and which, in any ambient dimensiond≥2, can be adjusted so that the walk is either transient or recurrent. Natural examples are provided by random walks whose increments are supported on ellipsoids that are symmetric about the ray from the origin through the walk's current position; theseelliptic random walksgeneralize the classical homogeneous Pearson‒Rayleigh walk (the spherical case). Our proof of the recurrence classification is based on fundamental work of Lamperti.
Influence in product spaces
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey  R. , Janson Svante , Norris James  R.
Published: July 2016

The theory of influence and sharp threshold is a key tool in probability and probabilistic combinatorics, with numerous applications. One significant aspect of the theory is directed at identifying the level of generality of the product probability space that accommodates the event under study. We derive the influence inequality for a completely general product space, by establishing a relationship to the Lebesgue cube studied by Bourgain, Kahn, Kalai, Katznelson and Linial (BKKKL) in 1992. This resolves one of the assertions of BKKKL. Our conclusion is valid also in the setting of the generalized influences of Keller.
The extremogram and the cross-extremogram for a bivariate GARCH(1, 1) process
Authors: Matsui Muneya , Mikosch Thomas
Published: July 2016

We derive asymptotic theory for the extremogram and cross-extremogram of a bivariate GARCH(1,1) process. We show that the tails of the components of a bivariate GARCH(1,1) process may exhibit power-law behavior but, depending on the choice of the parameters, the tail indices of the components may differ. We apply the theory to five-minute return data of stock prices and foreign-exchange rates. We judge the fit of a bivariate GARCH(1,1) model by considering the sample extremogram and cross-extremogram of the residuals. The results are in agreement with the independent and identically distributed hypothesis of the two-dimensional innovations sequence. The cross-extremograms at lag zero have a value significantly distinct from zero. This fact points at some strong extremal dependence of the components of the innovations.
On the weak limit law of the maximal uniformk-spacing
Authors: Mijatović Aleksandar , Vysotsky Vladislav
Published: July 2016

In this paper we give a simple proof of a limit theorem for the length of the largest interval straddling a fixed number of points that are independent and uniformly distributed on a unit interval. The key step in our argument is a classical theorem of Watson on the maxima ofm-dependent stationary stochastic sequences.
Exact sampling of diffusions with a discontinuity in the drift
Authors: Papaspiliopoulos Omiros , Roberts Gareth O. , Taylor Kasia B.
Published: July 2016

We introduce exact methods for the simulation of sample paths of one-dimensional diffusions with a discontinuity in the drift function. Our procedures require the simulation of finite-dimensional candidate draws from probability laws related to those of Brownian motion and its local time, and are based on the principle of retrospective rejection sampling. A simple illustration is provided.
Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of wake transitions of a circular cylinder
Authors: Jiang Hongyi , Cheng Liang , Draper Scott , An Hongwei , Tong Feifei
Published: July 2016

This paper presents three-dimensional (3D) direct numerical simulations (DNS) of flow past a circular cylinder over a range of Reynolds number ($Re$) up to 300. The gradual wake transition process from mode A* (i.e. mode A with large-scale vortex dislocations) to mode B is well captured over a range of $Re$ from 230 to 260. The mode swapping process is investigated in detail with the aid of numerical flow visualization. It is found that the mode B structures in the transition process are developed based on the streamwise vortices of mode A or A* which destabilize the braid shear layer region. For each case within the transition range, the transient mode swapping process consists of dislocation and non-dislocation cycles. With the increase of $Re$, it becomes more difficult to trigger dislocations from the pure mode A structure and form a dislocation cycle, and each dislocation stage becomes shorter in duration, resulting in a continuous decrease in the probability of occurrence of mode A* and a continuous increase in the probability of occurrence of mode B. The occurrence of mode A* results in a relatively strong flow three-dimensionality. A critical condition is confirmed at approximately $Re=265{-}270$, where the weakest flow three-dimensionality is observed, marking a transition from the disappearance of mode A* to the emergence of increasingly disordered mode B structures.
Viscoelastic shear flow over a wavy surface
Authors: Page Jacob , Zaki Tamer A.
Published: July 2016

A small-amplitude sinusoidal surface undulation on the lower wall of Couette flow induces a vorticity perturbation. Using linear analysis, this vorticity field is examined when the fluid is viscoelastic and contrasted to the Newtonian configuration. For strongly elastic Oldroyd-B fluids, the penetration of induced vorticity into the bulk can be classified using two dimensionless quantities: the ratios of (i) the channel depth and of (ii) the shear-waves’ critical layer depth to the wavelength of the surface roughness. In the shallow-elastic regime, where the roughness wavelength is larger than the channel depth and the critical layer is outside of the domain, the bulk flow response is a distortion of the tensioned streamlines to match the surface topography, and a constant perturbation vorticity fills the channel. This vorticity is significantly amplified in a thin solvent boundary layer at the upper wall. In the deep-elastic case, the critical layer is far from the wall and the perturbation vorticity decays exponentially with height. In the third, transcritical regime, the critical layer height is within a wavelength of the lower wall and a kinematic amplification mechanism generates vorticity in its vicinity. The analysis is extended to localized, Gaussian wall bumps using Fourier synthesis. The Newtonian flow response consists of a single vortex above the bump. In the shallow-elastic flow, a second vortex with opposite circulation is established upstream of the surface protrusion and is induced by the vorticity layer on the upper wall. In the deep transcritical case, the perturbation field consists of a pair of counter-rotating vortices centred on the large vorticity around the critical layer. The more realistic FENE-P model, which accounts for the finite extensibility of the polymer chains, shows the same qualitative behaviour.
Estimating the effective elastic modulus and specific fracture energy of snowpack layers from field experiments
Authors: VAN HERWIJNEN ALEC , GAUME JOHAN , BAIR EDWARD H. , REUTER BENJAMIN , BIRKELAND KARL W. , SCHWEIZER JÜRG
Published: July 2016

Measurements of the mechanical properties of snow are essential for improving our understanding and the prediction of snow failure and hence avalanche release. We performed fracture mechanical experiments in which a crack was initiated by a saw in a weak snow layer underlying cohesive snow slab layers. Using particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), the displacement field of the slab was determined and used to derive the mechanical energy of the system as a function of crack length. By fitting the estimates of mechanical energy to an analytical expression, we determined the slab effective elastic modulus and weak layer specific fracture energy for 80 different snowpack combinations, including persistent and nonpersistent weak snow layers. The effective elastic modulus of the slab ranged from 0.08 to 34 MPa and increased with mean slab density following a power-law relationship. The weak layer specific fracture energy ranged from 0.08 to 2.7 J m−2 and increased with overburden. While the values obtained for the effective elastic modulus of the slab agree with previously published low-frequency laboratory measurements over the entire density range, the values of the weak layer specific fracture energy are in some cases unrealistically high as they exceeded those of ice. We attribute this discrepancy to the fact that our linear elastic approach does not account for energy dissipation due to non-linear parts of the deformation in the slab and/or weak layer, which would undoubtedly decrease the amount of strain energy available for crack propagation.
HARRY LONGUEVILLE JONES, FSA, MEDIEVAL PARIS AND THE HERITAGE MEASURES OF THE JULY MONARCHY
Authors: Pryce Huw
Published: July 2016

This paper explores the hitherto overlooked influence of France on the archaeological interests and approach of Harry Longueville Jones (1806–70), whose best-known contributions to archaeology centred on Wales. Focusing mainly on the period down to his co-founding ofArchaeologia Cambrensis(1846) and the Cambrian Archaeological Association (1847), it analyses Jones’s engagement with both archaeological monuments and heritage measures in France. The discussion assesses the significance of his recording of medieval churches in and around Paris while resident in the city 1835–42, including an unpublished report that he submitted to the Minister of Public Instruction in 1840. Attention is also given to his role as one of the corresponding members for England of the French government’s Comité historique des arts et monuments. Lastly, Jones is placed in the context of other British responses to the institutions established by the July Monarchy to study and safeguard historic monuments in France.
Nutrition and mortality in the elderly over 10 years of follow-up: the Three-City study
Authors: Letois Flavie , Mura Thibault , Scali Jacqueline , Gutierrez Laure-Anne , Féart Catherine , Berr Claudine
Published: July 2016

In the last 20 years, many prospective cohort studies have assessed the relationships between food consumption and mortality. Result interpretation is mainly hindered by the limited adjustment for confounders and, to a lesser extent, the small sample sizes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary habits and all-cause mortality in a multicentre prospective cohort that included non-institutionalised, community-based elderly individuals (Three-City Study). A brief FFQ was administered at baseline. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for all-cause mortality were estimated relative to the consumption frequency of several food groups, using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for sex, centre, socio-demographic characteristics and health status indicators. Among the 8937 participants (mean age: 74·2 years, 60·7 % women), 2016 deaths were recorded during an average follow-up of 9 years. The risk of death was significantly lower among subjects with the highest fruit and vegetable consumption (HR 0·90; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·99, P=0·03) and with regular fish consumption (HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·97, P=0·01). The benefit of olive oil use was found only in women (moderate olive oil use: HR 0·80; 95 % CI 0·68, 0·94, P=0·007; intensive use: HR 0·72; 95 % CI 0·60, 0·85, P=0·0002). Conversely, daily meat consumption increased the mortality risk (HR 1·12; 95 % CI, 1·01, 1·24, P=0·03). No association was found between risk of death and diet diversity and use of various fats. These findings suggest that fruits/vegetables, olive oil and regular fish consumptions have a beneficial effect on the risk of death, independently of the socio-demographic features and the number of medical conditions.
Structure and tectonic evolution of hybrid thick- and thin-skinned systems in the Malargüe fold–thrust belt, Neuquén basin, Argentina
Authors: FUENTES FACUNDO , HORTON BRIAN K. , STARCK DANIEL , BOLL ANDRÉS
Published: July 2016

Andean Cenozoic shortening within the Malargüe fold–thrust belt of west-central Argentina has been dominated by basement faults largely influenced by pre-existing Mesozoic rift structures of the Neuquén basin system. The basement contractional structures, however, diverge from many classic inversion geometries in that they formed large hanging-wall anticlines with steeply dipping frontal forelimbs and structural relief in the order of several kilometres. During Cenozoic E–W shortening, the reactivated basement faults propagated into cover strata, feeding slip to shallow thrust systems that were later carried in piggyback fashion above newly formed basement structures, yielding complex thick- and thin-skinned structural relationships. In the adjacent foreland, Cenozoic clastic strata recorded the broad kinematic evolution of the fold–thrust belt. We present a set of structural cross-sections supported by regional surface maps and industry seismic and well data, along with new stratigraphic information for associated Neogene synorogenic foreland basin fill. Collectively, these results provide important constraints on the temporal and geometric linkages between the deeper basement faults (including both reactivated and newly formed structures) and shallow thin-skinned thrust systems, which, in turn, offer insights for the understanding of hydrocarbon systems in the actively explored Neuquén region of the Andean orogenic belt.
Late Permian (Tatarian) fluvio-lacustrine successions in NW Anatolia (Zonguldak Terrane, Turkey): palaeogeographic implications
Authors: OKUYUCU CENGİZ , DIMITROVA TATYANA K. , GÖNCÜOĞLU MEHMET CEMAL , GEDİK İBRAHİM
Published: July 2016

Late Permian fluvio-lacustrine successions of the Çakraz Formation in the Zonguldak Terrane between the regions of Akçakoca and Ereğli were investigated in order to describe the litho- and biostratigraphic properties and explain the depositional environment. The studied succession with black, dark-grey to greenish-grey shales, siltstones and limestones is named the Alaplı Member to distinguish it from the classical red clastic successions, which are tentatively named the Ereğli Member of the Çakraz Formation. The organic-rich black shales, mudstones and limestones of the Alaplı Member yielded palynological assemblages suggesting a Lopingian (Tatarian) age. The lack of any marine macro- or microfossils, the fine-grained character of the lithofacies with abundant plant material and the association of poorly sorted conglomerates in the middle part of the succession indicate possible deposition in a broad range of fluvial and lacustrine environments. Successions of similar age and depositional environment are known from the East European Variscan Belt in Bulgaria and Romania. Common successions were also developed in actively extending shallow-marine platforms on the NW Palaeotethyan margin at the end of the Permian Period.
(RE)WRITING EMPIRE? THE RECEPTION OF POST-COLONIAL STUDIES IN FRANCE
Authors: BENNINGTON ALICE
Published: July 2016

This article explores the fierce resistance and controversy that have marked the reception of post-colonial studies in France. In contrast to the anglophone academy, where post-colonialism emerged and was gradually institutionalized throughout the 1980s and 1990s, in France these approaches did not make a mark until much later. The context of social and political crisis over France's post-colonial populations, in which the debate surrounding post-colonial studies emerged, is fundamental to understanding the high stakes and thus the vehemence and polemical nature of their reception. Institutional factors and the particularities of the French intellectual climate, France's strong Republican ideology, and its problematic relationship with its own colonial history, are all explored as reasons for this troubled relationship. The anglocentrism of post-colonial studies is also considered, as are the mutually beneficial outcomes of a dialogue between post-colonial studies and the French debates and context. I outline a specifically ‘French’ post-colonialism that has emerged from these debates, and suggest that whilst positive moves have been made towards a truly inclusive post-colonial studies that would take account of numerous languages, former empires, and former colonies, there remains work to be done in this direction.
BODY MASS INDEX AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH KOREA
Authors: Han Euna , Kim Tae Hyun
Published: July 2016

This study assesses differential labour performance by body mass index (BMI), focusing on heterogeneity across three distinct employment statuses: unemployed, self-employed and salaried. Data were drawn from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. The final sample included 15,180 person-year observations (9645 men and 5535 women) between 20 and 65 years of age. The findings show that (i) overweight/obese women are less likely to have salaried jobs than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men are more likely to be employed in both the salaried and self-employed sectors than underweight/normal men, (ii) overweight/obese women have lower wages only in permanent salaried jobs than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men earn higher wages only in salaried temporary jobs than underweight/normal weight women, (iii) overweight/obese women earn lower wages only in service, sales, semi-professional and blue-collar jobs in the salaried sector than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men have lower wages only in sales jobs in the self-employed sector than underweight/normal weight women. The statistically significant BMI penalty in labour market outcomes, which occurs only in the salaried sector for women, implies that there is an employers’ distaste for workers with a high BMI status and that it is a plausible mechanism for job market penalty related to BMI status. Thus, heterogeneous job characteristics across and within salaried versus self-employed sectors need to be accounted for when assessing the impact of BMI status on labour market outcomes.
The Meaning of Electoral Fraud in Oligarchic Regimes: Lessons from the Brazilian Case (1899–1930)
Authors: RICCI PAOLO , PORTO ZULINI JAQUELINE
Published: July 2016

What are the characteristics of pre-democratic elections? This article seeks to answer this question by analysing the Brazilian First Republic. Through an original assessment of formal complaints filed by defeated candidates in federal elections, we show that (1) political conflicts were intense and electoral fraud was a consequence of parties’ inability to monopolise the administrative machine in charge of conducting elections; (2) elections were organised by state-level parties, but voting practices were confined to local environments; and (3) voters were mobilised collectively, not individually. These three factors should be taken into account in future research on elections before democracy.
The forgotten reefs: benthic assemblage coverage on a sandstone reef (Tropical South-western Atlantic)
Authors: Soares Marcelo De Oliveira , Rossi Sergio , Martins Francisco Allan Santos , Carneiro Pedro Bastos De Macêdo
Published: July 2016

Despite the ecological relevance of tropical reefs, information on species composition and coverage on sandstone reefs is very scarce. Most studies on reef systems have been conducted for true coral reefs, ecosystems that show calcareous formations with extensive coral cover and diversity. The aim of this study was to analyse the coverage of benthic assemblages in a submerged sandstone reef (22–24 m) in a relatively non-explored region (Tropical South-western Atlantic). In this area, filamentous algae (43.6%) and sponges (19.6%) are the main components of the benthic reef assemblages. Other benthic reef fauna (ascidians, corals and zoanthids) showed lower coverage, although their importance may vary depending on the area. A negative correlation between filamentous algae and slow-growing reef-building organisms (calcareous algae) was observed. High sand coverage (19.6%) over the reef revealed a high rate of silting. A low coral diversity (only two resilient species) was quantified, and most of the coral colonies were small-sized. The results provide a baseline assessment for a poorly known ecosystem with turbid-water benthic communities and higher sea-surface temperatures near the Earth's equator.
Philosophy in Germany
Authors: Knight Helen
Published: July 2016

Karl Popper's aim in Logik der Forschung is to consider the method of investigation used by the empirical sciences. Many people would say that their procedure is marked by the use of induction, and accordingly that the logic of scientific investigation is the logical analysis of induction. But Popper disagrees. Scientific procedure consists of two steps, an hypothesis is formed, and then it is tested. Logic is only concerned with questions of validity, and thus is only concerned with the second of these steps. But every method of testing validity is deductive, and thus the logic of scientific investigation is the study of deduction as used by the empirical sciences.
Some Practical Notes on Reversions, with Results of an Investigation into the Mortality among Life-Tenants
Authors: Campbell Neil
Published: July 2016

From the published list of the papers read to the late Actuarial Society, it would appear that, notwithstanding its interest and importance, little or no attention was paid to the subject of reversions and other allied securities. This is probably accounted for by the fact that numerous able papers have been read from time to time to the Institute of Actuaries, and the field may have been considered as pretty well exhausted. The Institute papers, however, for the most part confine themselves to particular branches of the subject, many of them almost entirely to questions of formula ; and to a person beginning the subject, the variety and detail of such papers must be perplexing, not to say alarming. Especially will this be the case if the student is seeking information as to the actual business handling of reversionary transactions, for the theoretical is more frequently in evidence than the practical. It seemed, therefore, that it might not be useless to have a paper of the nature of an introduction to the practical working of reversions—a paper which might form a base for attacking the subject in its more complex developments—and the following notes have been written on these lines. I do not know whether anything of the nature of an apology is owing in respect of a paper which naturally embodies much that will appear commonplace to those familiar with the subject; but I take it that the aim of the Faculty is not only to stimulate original research, but also to encourage any work which is likely to be useful to junior members.
On the Book-keeping of a Life Office
Authors: M'Lauchlan James John
Published: July 2016

The Council of the Faculty of Actuaries lately proposed to reprint my paper “On Life Assurance Book-keeping”, read before the Actuarial Society of Edinburgh in 1886. In revising it for this purpose, I have introduced a set of specimens of the various books referred to, with relative entries, which will, I believe, make the paper easier to follow. Their introduction has made it necessary, in order to avoid repetition, to make considerable alterations in the text. I have also, without interfering with the general system described, made such improvements in the books and entries described, as have been suggested to me by the experience of the last sixteen years. Having regard to those alterations, it would not be satisfactory to describe this paper as a second edition of my paper of 1886, and I have therefore given it a new title. The specimen books and entries have been prepared by Mr. John Notman, F.F.A., to whom I am indebted for valuable assistance in the work of revision.