bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of physical violence in a forensic psychiatric hospital system during 2011–2013: Patient assaults, staff assaults, and repeatedly violent patients
Authors: Broderick Charles , Azizian Allen , Kornbluh Rebecca , Warburton Katherine
Published: May 2015

Introduction

We examined physical violence in a large, multihospital state psychiatric system during 2011–2013, and associated demographic and clinical characteristics of violent patients to better understand issues of patient and staff safety.

Method

Acts of physical violence committed by patients against other patients (n=10,958) or against staff (n=8429) during 2011–2013 were collected and analyzed for all hospitalized patients during the same time period to derive prevalence rates and associated odds ratios.

Results

Overall, 31.4% of patients committed at least 1 violent assault during their hospitalization. Differential risk factor patterns were noted across patient and staff assault. Younger age was associated with a higher prevalence of both patient and staff assault, as was nonforensic legal status. Females had a higher prevalence of staff assault than patient assault. Ethnic groups varied on rates of patient assault, but had no significant differences for staff assault. Schizoaffective disorder was associated with higher prevalence and odds of patient (OR 1.244, 95% CI 1.131 to 1.370) and staff (OR 1.346, 95% CI 1.202 to 1.507) assault when compared to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Most personality disorder diagnoses also had a higher prevalence and odds of physical violence. One percent of patients accounted for 28.7% of all assaults. Additionally, violent patients had a significantly longer length of hospitalization.

Discussion

Implications of these findings to enhance patient safety and inform future violence reduction efforts, including the need for new treatments in conjunction with the use of violence risk assessments, are discussed.
Risk reduction treatment of psychopathy and applications to mentally disordered offenders
Authors: Wong Stephen C. P. , Olver Mark E.
Published: May 2015

Therapeutic nihilism on treating psychopathy is widespread and is largely based on many outdated and poorly designed studies. Important recent advances have been made in assessing psychopathy and recidivism risks, as well as in offender rehabilitation to reduce reoffending, all of which are now well supported by a considerable literature based on credible empirical research. A 2-component model to guide risk reduction treatment of psychopathy has been proposed based on the integration of key points from the 3 bodies of literature. Treatment programs in line with the model have been in operation, and the results of early outcome evaluations are encouraging. Important advances also have been made in understanding the possible etiology of mentally disordered offenders with schizophrenia and history of criminality and violence, some with significant features of psychopathy. This article presents a review of recent research on risk reduction treatment of psychopathy with the additional aim to extend the research to the treatment of mentally disordered offenders with schizophrenia, violence, and psychopathy.
Predicting word choice in affective text
Authors: GARDINER M. , DRAS M.
Published: May 2015

Choosing the best word or phrase for a given context from among the candidate near-synonyms, such as slim and skinny, is a difficult language generation problem. In this paper, we describe approaches to solving an instance of this problem, the lexical gap problem, with a particular focus on affect and subjectivity; to do this we draw upon techniques from the sentiment and subjectivity analysis fields. We present a supervised approach to this problem, initially with a unigram model that solidly outperforms the baseline, with a 6.8% increase in accuracy. The results to some extent confirm those from related problems, where feature presence outperforms feature frequency, and immediate context features generally outperform wider context features. However, this latter is somewhat surprisingly not always the case, and not necessarily where intuition might first suggest; and an analysis of where document-level models are in some cases better suggested that, in our corpus, broader features related to the ‘tone’ of the document could be useful, including document sentiment, document author, and a distance metric for weighting the wider lexical context of the gap itself. From these, our best model has a 10.1% increase in accuracy, corresponding to a 38% reduction in errors. Moreover, our models do not just improve accuracy on affective word choice, but on non-affective word choice also.
Tracking the Missing Heat from the Global Warming Hiatus
Authors: Reed Christina
Published: May 2015

Despite indications that the Pacific Ocean is helping to take up the world's missing surface heat, it is not storing the heat; oceanographers now find the ocean has moved heat over to the Indian Ocean.
Obama Links Climate Change to National and Global Security
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: May 2015

Obama tells new Coast Guard officers that climate change poses a serious security threat to coastal areas and a challenge to the U.S. military.
Skin physiology in microgravity: a 3-month stay aboard ISS induces dermal atrophy and affects cutaneous muscle and hair follicles cycling in mice
Authors: Neutelings Thibaut , Nusgens Betty V , Liu Yi , Tavella Sara , Ruggiu Alessandra , Cancedda Ranieri , Gabriel Maude , Colige Alain , Lambert Charles
Published: May 2015

Aims:

The Mice Drawer System (MDS) Tissue Sharing program was the longest rodent space mission ever performed. It provided 20 research teams with organs and tissues collected from mice having spent 3 months on the International Space Station (ISS). Our participation to this experiment aimed at investigating the impact of such prolonged exposure to extreme space conditions on mouse skin physiology.

Methods:

Mice were maintained in the MDS for 91 days aboard ISS (space group (S)). Skin specimens were collected shortly after landing for morphometric, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses. An exact replicate of the experiment in the MDS was performed on ground (ground group (G)).

Results:

A significant reduction of dermal thickness (−15%, P=0.05) was observed in S mice accompanied by an increased newly synthetized procollagen (+42%, P=0.03), likely reflecting an increased collagen turnover. Transcriptomic data suggested that the dermal atrophy might be related to an early degradation of defective newly formed procollagen molecules. Interestingly, numerous hair follicles in growing anagen phase were observed in the three S mice, validated by a high expression of specific hair follicles genes, while only one mouse in the G controls showed growing hairs. By microarray analysis of whole thickness skin, we observed a significant modulation of 434 genes in S versus G mice. A large proportion of the upregulated transcripts encoded proteins related to striated muscle homeostasis.

Conclusions:

These data suggest that a prolonged exposure to space conditions may induce skin atrophy, deregulate hair follicle cycle, and markedly affect the transcriptomic repertoire of the cutaneous striated muscle panniculus carnosus.
How antifoams act: a microgravity study
Authors: Yazhgur Pavel , Langevin Dominique , Caps Hervé , Klein Vincent , Rio Emmanuelle , Salonen Anniina
Published: May 2015

Antifoams are widely used to control or to avoid foam production. In order to work, antifoam particles need to break foam films efficiently, which many antifoams do very well. However, once they have broken a film, to continue to be effective they need to be transported to the next film. We show, for the first time, that buoyancy has an important part in the transport of the antifoam particles. In microgravity, where buoyancy and gravitational drainage are strongly slowed down, diffusion leads to poor antifoam performance. The foam is stable for the duration of the experiment, whereas on Earth the foam starts to disappear immediately. Indeed, microgravity renders highly efficient antifoam practically useless.
Location and Electronic Nature of Phosphorus in the Si Nanocrystal − SiO2 System
Authors: König Dirk , Gutsch Sebastian , Gnaser Hubert , Wahl Michael , Kopnarski Michael , Göttlicher Jörg , Steininger Ralph , Zacharias Margit , Hiller Daniel
Published: May 2015

Up to now, no consensus exists about the electronic nature of phosphorus (P) as donor for SiO2-embedded silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs). Here, we report on hybrid density functional theory (h-DFT) calculations of P in the SiNC/SiO2 system matching our experimental findings. Relevant P configurations within SiNCs, at SiNC surfaces, within the sub-oxide interface shell and in the SiO2 matrix were evaluated. Atom probe tomography (APT) and its statistical evaluation provide detailed spatial P distributions. For the first time, we obtain ionisation states of P atoms in the SiNC/SiO2 system at room temperature using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, eliminating structural artefacts due to sputtering as occurring in XPS. K energies of P in SiO2 and SiNC/SiO2 superlattices (SLs) were calibrated with non-degenerate P-doped Si wafers. "Equation missing" results confirm measured core level energies, connecting and explaining XANES spectra with h-DFT electronic structures. While P can diffuse into SiNCs and predominantly resides on interstitial sites, its ionization probability is extremely low, rendering P unsuitable for introducing electrons into SiNCs embedded in SiO2. Increased sample conductivity and photoluminescence (PL) quenching previously assigned to ionized P donors originate from deep defect levels due to P.
miR-148a is Associated with Obesity and Modulates Adipocyte Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Wnt Signaling
Authors: Shi Chunmei , Zhang Min , Tong Meiling , Yang Lei , Pang Lingxia , Chen Ling , Xu Guangfeng , Chi Xia , Hong Qin , Ni Yuhui , Ji Chenbo , Guo Xirong
Published: May 2015

Obesity results from numerous, interacting genetic, behavioral and physiological factors. Adipogenesis is partially regulated by several adipocyte-selective microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors that regulate proliferation and differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs-Ad). In this study, we examined the roles of adipocyte-selective miRNAs in the differentiation of hMSCs-Ad to adipocytes. Results showed that the levels of miR-148a, miR-26b, miR-30, and miR-199a increased in differentiating hMSCs-Ad. Among these miRNAs, miR-148a exhibited significant effects on increasing PPRE luciferase activity (it represents PPAR-dependent transcription, a major factor in adipogenesis) than others. Furthermore, miR-148a expression levels increased in adipose tissues from obese people and mice fed high-fat diet. miR-148a acted by suppressing its target gene, Wnt1, an endogenous inhibitor of adipogenesis. Ectopic expression of miR-148a accelerated differentiation and partially rescued Wnt1-mediated inhibition of adipogenesis. Knockdown of miR-148a also inhibited adipogenesis. Analysis of the upstream region of miR-148a locus identified a 3 kb region containing a functional cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) required for miR-148a expression in hMSCs-Ad. The results suggest that miR-148a is a biomarker of obesity in human subjects and mouse model, which represents a CREB-modulated miRNA that acts to repress Wnt1, thereby promoting adipocyte differentiation.
Microfluidic squeezing for intracellular antigen loading in polyclonal B-cells as cellular vaccines
Authors: Szeto Gregory Lee , Van Egeren Debra , Worku Hermoon , Sharei Armon , Alejandro Brian , Park Clara , Frew Kirubel , Brefo Mavis , Mao Shirley , Heimann Megan , Langer Robert , Jensen Klavs , Irvine Darrell J
Published: May 2015

B-cells are promising candidate autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to prime antigen-specific T-cells both in vitro and in vivo. However to date, a significant barrier to utilizing B-cells as APCs is their low capacity for non-specific antigen uptake compared to “professional” APCs such as dendritic cells. Here we utilize a microfluidic device that employs many parallel channels to pass single cells through narrow constrictions in high throughput. This microscale “cell squeezing” process creates transient pores in the plasma membrane, enabling intracellular delivery of whole proteins from the surrounding medium into B-cells via mechano-poration. We demonstrate that both resting and activated B-cells process and present antigens delivered via mechano-poration exclusively to antigen-specific CD8+T-cells and not CD4+T-cells. Squeezed B-cells primed and expanded large numbers of effector CD8+T-cells in vitro that produced effector cytokines critical to cytolytic function, including granzyme B and interferon-γ. Finally, antigen-loaded B-cells were also able to prime antigen-specific CD8+T-cells in vivo when adoptively transferred into mice. Altogether, these data demonstrate crucial proof-of-concept for mechano-poration as an enabling technology for B-cell antigen loading, priming of antigen-specific CD8+T-cells and decoupling of antigen uptake from B-cell activation.
Partially Oxidized Sub-10 nm MnO Nanocrystals with High Activity for Water Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Jin Kyoungsuk , Chu Arim , Park Jimin , Jeong Donghyuk , Jerng Sung Eun , Sim Uk , Jeong Hui-Yun , Lee Chan Woo , Park Yong-Sun , Yang Ki Dong , Kumar Pradhan Gajendra , Kim Donghun , Sung Nark-Eon , Hee Kim Sun , Nam Ki Tae
Published: May 2015

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is considered a major bottleneck in the overall water electrolysis process. In this work, highly active manganese oxide nano-catalysts were synthesized via hot injection. Facile surface treatment generated Mn(III) species on monodisperse 10 nm MnO nanocrystals (NCs). Size dependency of MnO NCs on OER activity was also investigated. Surprisingly, the partially oxidized MnO NCs only required 530 mV @ 5 mA cm−2 under near neutral conditions.
Robust Population Inversion by Polarization Selective Pulsed Excitation
Authors: Mantei D. , Förstner J. , Gordon S. , Leier Y. A. , Rai A. K. , Reuter D. , Wieck A. D. , Zrenner A.
Published: May 2015

The coherent state preparation and control of single quantum systems is an important prerequisite for the implementation of functional quantum devices. Prominent examples for such systems are semiconductor quantum dots, which exhibit a fine structure split single exciton state and a V-type three level structure, given by a common ground state and two distinguishable and separately excitable transitions. In this work we introduce a novel concept for the preparation of a robust inversion by the sequential excitation in a V-type system via distinguishable paths.
Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 regulates cell growth via Myc in Drosophila
Authors: Kuo Ying , Huang Huanwei , Cai Tao , Wang Tao
Published: May 2015

Target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that functions as a central regulator of cellular growth and metabolism by forming two distinct complexes: TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TORC2. As well as TORC1, TORC2 plays a key role in regulation of cell growth. But little is known about how TORC2 regulates cell growth. The transcription factor Myc also plays a critical role in cell proliferation and growth. Here we report that TORC2 and Myc regulate cell growth via a common pathway. Expression of Myc fully rescued growth defects associated with lst8 and rictor mutations, both of which encode essential components of TORC2. Furthermore, loss of TORC2 disrupted the nuclear localization of Myc and inhibited Myc-dependent transcription. Together, our results reveal a Myc-dependent pathway by which TORC2 regulates cell growth.
Nitrogen-doped Graphene-Supported Transition-metals Carbide Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Chen Minghua , Liu Jilei , Zhou Weijiang , Lin Jianyi , Shen Zexiang
Published: May 2015

A novel and facile two-step strategy has been designed to prepare high performance bi-transition-metals (Fe- and Mo-) carbide supported on nitrogen-doped graphene (FeMo-NG) as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). The as-synthesized FeMo carbide -NG catalysts exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activities for ORR in alkaline solution, with high onset potential (−0.09 V vs. saturated KCl Ag/AgCl), nearly four electron transfer number (nearly 4) and high kinetic-limiting current density (up to 3.5 mA cm−2 at −0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl). Furthermore, FeMo carbide -NG composites show good cycle stability and much better toxicity tolerance durability than the commercial Pt/C catalyst, paving their application in high-performance fuel cell and lithium-air batteries.
Antennae hold a key to Varroa-sensitive hygiene behaviour in honey bees
Authors: Mondet Fanny , Alaux Cédric , Severac Dany , Rohmer Marine , Mercer Alison R. , Le Conte Yves
Published: May 2015

In honey bees, Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) behaviour, which involves the detection and removal of brood parasitised by the mite Varroa destructor, can actively participate in the survival of colonies facing Varroa outbreaks. This study investigated the mechanisms of VSH behaviour, by comparing the antennal transcriptomes of bees that do and do not perform VSH behaviour. Results indicate that antennae likely play a key role in the expression of VSH behaviour. Comparisons with the antennal transcriptome of nurse and forager bees suggest that VSH profile is more similar to that of nurse bees than foragers. Enhanced detection of certain odorants in VSH bees may be predicted from transcriptional patterns, as well as a higher metabolism and antennal motor activity. Interestingly, Deformed wing virus/Varroa destructor virus infections were detected in the antennae, with higher level in non-VSH bees; a putative negative impact of viral infection on bees’ ability to display VSH behaviour is proposed. These results bring new perspectives to the understanding of VSH behaviour and the evolution of collective defence by focusing attention on the importance of the peripheral nervous system. In addition, such data might be useful for promoting marker-assisted selection of honey bees that can survive Varroa infestations.
Comprehensive DNA methylation analysis of hepatitis B virus genome in infected liver tissues
Authors: Jain Surbhi , Chang Ting-Tsung , Chen Sitong , Boldbaatar Batbold , Clemens Adam , Lin Selena Y. , Yan Ran , Hu Chi-Tan , Guo Haitao , Block Timothy M. , Song Wei , Su Ying-Hsiu
Published: May 2015

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus causing hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The methylation status of the HBV DNA in its different forms can potentially provide insight into the pathogenesis of HBV-related liver diseases, including HCC, however this is unclear. The goal of this study is to obtain comprehensive DNA methylation profiles of the three putative CpG islands in the HBV DNA in infected livers, with respect to liver disease progression. The extent of methylation in these CpG islands was first assessed using bisulfite PCR sequencing with a small set of tissue samples, followed by analysis using both quantitative bisulfite-specific PCR and quantitative methylation-specific PCR assays in a larger sample size (n = 116). The level of HBV CpG island 3 methylation significantly correlated with hepatocarcinogenesis. We also obtained, for the first time, evidence of rare, non-CpG methylation in CpG island 2 of the HBV genome in infected liver. Comparing methylation of the HBV genome to three known HCC-associated host genes,APC,GSTP1andRASSF1A, we did not identify a significant correlation between these two groups.
Micro/Nano Gas Sensors: A New Strategy Towards In-Situ Wafer-Level Fabrication of High-Performance Gas Sensing Chips
Authors: Xu Lei , Dai Zhengfei , Duan Guotao , Guo Lianfeng , Wang Yi , Zhou Hong , Liu Yanxiang , Cai Weiping , Wang Yuelin , Li Tie
Published: May 2015

Nano-structured gas sensing materials, in particular nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanowires, enable high sensitivity at a ppb level for gas sensors. For practical applications, it is highly desirable to be able to manufacture such gas sensors in batch and at low cost. We present here a strategy of in-situ wafer-level fabrication of the high-performance micro/nano gas sensing chips by naturally integrating microhotplatform (MHP) with nanopore array (NPA). By introducing colloidal crystal template, a wafer-level ordered homogenous SnO2 NPA is synthesized in-situ on a 4-inch MHP wafer, able to produce thousands of gas sensing units in one batch. The integration of micromachining process and nanofabrication process endues micro/nano gas sensing chips at low cost, high throughput and with high sensitivity (down to ~20 ppb), fast response time (down to ~1 s) and low power consumption (down to ~30 mW). The proposed strategy of integrating MHP with NPA represents a versatile approach for in-situ wafer-level fabrication of high-performance micro/nano gas sensors for real industrial applications.
Synergistic Effect of S224P and N383D Substitutions in the PA of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Contributes to Mammalian Adaptation
Authors: Song Jiasheng , Xu Jing , Shi Jianzhong , Li Yanbing , Chen Hualan
Published: May 2015

The adaptation of H5N1 avian influenza viruses to human poses a great threat to public health. Previous studies indicate the adaptive mutations in viral polymerase of avian influenza viruses are major contributors in overcoming the host species barrier, with the majority of mammalian adaptive mutations occurring in the PB2 protein. However, the adaptive mutations in the PA protein of the H5N1 avian influenza virus are less defined and poorly understood. In this study, we identified the synergistic effect of the PA/224P + 383D of H5N1 avian influenza viruses and its ability to enhance the pathogenicity and viral replication in a mammalian mouse model. Interestingly, the signature of PA/224P + 383D mainly exists in mammalian isolates of the H5N1 influenza virus and pdmH1N1 influenza virus, providing a potential pathway for the natural adaptation to mammals which imply the effects of natural adaptation to mammals. Notably, the mutation of PA/383D, which is highly conserved in avian influenza viruses, increases the polymerase activity in both avian and human cells and may have roles in maintaining the avian influenza virus in their avian reservoirs and jumping species to infect humans.
Exome sequencing identifies novel compound heterozygous IFNA4 and IFNA10 mutations as a cause of impaired function in Crohn’s disease patients
Authors: Xiao Chuan-Xing , Xiao Jing-Jing , Xu Hong-Zhi , Wang Huan-Huan , Chen Xu , Liu Yuan-Sheng , Li Ping , Shi Ying , Nie Yong-Zhan , Li Shao , Wu Kai-Chun , Liu Zhan-Ju , Ren Jian-Lin , Guleng Bayasi
Published: May 2015

Previous studies have highlighted the role of genetic predispositions in disease and several genes had been identified as important in Crohn’s disease (CD). However, many of these genes are likely rare and not associated with susceptibility in Chinese CD patients. We found 294 shared identical variants in the CD patients of which 26 were validated by Sanger sequencing. Two heterozygous IFN variants (IFNA10 c.60 T > A; IFNA4 c.60 A > T) were identified as significantly associated with CD susceptibility. The single-nucleotide changes alter a cysteine situated before the signal peptide cleavage site to a stop code (TGA) in IFNA10 result in the serum levels of IFNA10 were significantly decreased in the CD patients compared to the controls. Furthermore, the IFNA10 and IFNA4 mutants resulted in an impairment of the suppression of HCV RNA replication in HuH7 cells and the administration of the recombinant IFN subtypes restored DSS-induced colonic inflammation through the upregulation of CD4+ Treg cells. We identified heterozygous IFNA10 and IFNA4 variants as a cause of impaired function and CD susceptibility genes in Chinese patients from multiple center based study. These findings might provide clues in the understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of CD and lead to better screening and improved treatment.
Minocycline reduces neuroinflammation but does not ameliorate neuron loss in a mouse model of neurodegeneration
Authors: Cheng Shanshan , Hou Jinxing , Zhang Chen , Xu Congyu , Wang Long , Zou Xiaoxia , Yu Huahong , Shi Yun , Yin Zhenyu , Chen Guiquan
Published: May 2015

Minocycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic. A number of preclinical studies have shown that minocycline exhibits neuroprotective effects in various animal models of neurological diseases. However, it remained unknown whether minocycline is effective to prevent neuron loss. To systematically evaluate its effects, minocycline was used to treat Dicer conditional knockout (cKO) mice which display age-related neuron loss. The drug was given to mutant mice prior to the occurrence of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and the treatment had lasted 2 months. Levels of inflammation markers, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule1 (Iba1) and interleukin6 (IL6), were significantly reduced in minocycline-treated Dicer cKO mice. In contrast, levels of neuronal markers and the total number of apoptotic cells in Dicer cKO mice were not affected by the drug. In summary, inhibition of neuroinflammation by minocycline is insufficient to prevent neuron loss and apoptosis.
Influence of immigration on prematurity in the context of a free healthcare system with universal coverage.
Authors: Cortés Ernesto , Mercedes Rizo-Baeza María , Palazón-Bru Antonio , Aguilar-Cordero María José , Francisco Gil-Guillén Vicente
Published: May 2015

We assessed the risk of preterm birth according to the mother’s place of origin in the context of a free and universal healthcare system. We analysed 75,292 newborn infants born between 2008-2011 in Alicante (Spain). The outcomes were: 1) very preterm (gestational age ≤32 weeks) and 2) moderate-to-late preterm (gestational age 33-37 weeks). Other variables: infant’s gender, maternal age and origin. We estimated adjusted odds ratios to analyse the relationship between the outcomes and the other variables. The distribution of the gestational age groups in our sample was: very preterm, 812; moderate-to-late preterm, 5,295; full-term, 69,997. There were no statistically significant differences between the mother’s place of origin and the outcomes in this free universal healthcare system, which is experiencing the recent phenomenon of immigration. This equality should be maintained throughout the time the immigrants remain in the country.
Simultaneous real-time visible and infrared video with single-pixel detectors
Authors: Edgar Matthew. P. , Gibson Graham M. , Bowman Richard W. , Sun Baoqing , Radwell Neal , Mitchell Kevin J. , Welsh Stephen S. , Padgett Miles J.
Published: May 2015

Conventional cameras rely upon a pixelated sensor to provide spatial resolution. An alternative approach replaces the sensor with a pixelated transmission mask encoded with a series of binary patterns. Combining knowledge of the series of patterns and the associated filtered intensities, measured by single-pixel detectors, allows an image to be deduced through data inversion. In this work we extend the concept of a ‘single-pixel camera’ to provide continuous real-time video at 10 Hz , simultaneously in the visible and short-wave infrared, using an efficient computer algorithm. We demonstrate our camera for imaging through smoke, through a tinted screen, whilst performing compressive sampling and recovering high-resolution detail by arbitrarily controlling the pixel-binning of the masks. We anticipate real-time single-pixel video cameras to have considerable importance where pixelated sensors are limited, allowing for low-cost, non-visible imaging systems in applications such as night-vision, gas sensing and medical diagnostics.
Chemical Modulators for Enzymatic Reactions
Authors: Xu Jian-He , Zheng Gao-Wei , Luo Xiao-Jing
Published: May 2015

Biocatalysis or biotransformation is an emerging area in the pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industries. Many enzymes have been discovered and employed for the preparation of chiral building blocks in industrial-scale transformations, including hydrolases and oxidoreductases. A small number of chemical additives or modulators, such as organic cosolvents, hydrophobic solvents, ionic liquids, or even modifiers/carriers for enzymes, can be found and applied to improve the performance of biocatalysts in enzymatic synthesis. This methodology is very simple and practical, and is a typical example of “chemical biotechnology”.
Chemical Biotechnology ofIn VitroSynthetic Biosystems for Biomanufacturing
Authors: Zhu Zhiguang , Percival Zhang Yi-Heng
Published: May 2015

Increasing demands for green technologies and bio-based products are driving a revolution in modern biomanufacturing. There could be a new paradigm shift in biomanufacturing n from whole cell fermentation to in vitro biosystems comprised of numerous enzymes and/or (biomimetic) coenzymes. Such in vitro biosystems feature numerous bioprocessing merits, such as high product yields, fast reaction rates, easy product separation, easy process and control, tolerance of toxic compounds, capability of performing non-natural reactions, and in some cases shifting the reaction equilibrium. In this chapter, the background to in vitro biosystems is introduced, followed by its numerous benefits, each of which is accompanied with supporting examples. The latest advances in chemically promoted biomimetic cofactors are highlighted. Remaining challenges and possible solutions are further illustrated, suggesting that in vitro biosystems will become a disruptive technology in the production of not only high-value chemicals but also high-impact low-value biocommodities (e.g., biofuels, food, and value-added chemicals)
Carrier concentration dependent optical and electrical properties of Ga doped ZnO hexagonal nanocrystals
Authors: Saha Manas , Ghosh Sirshendu , Ashok Vishal Dev , De S. K.
Published: May 2015

Colloidal plasmonic Ga doped ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized and transparent highly conductive thin film was fabricated by spin casting.
Agricultural livelihoods in coastal Bangladesh under climate and environmental change – a model framework
Authors: Lázár Attila N. , Clarke Derek , Adams Helen , Akanda Abdur Razzaque , Szabo Sylvia , Nicholls Robert J. , Matthews Zoe , Begum Dilruba , Saleh Abul Fazal M. , Abedin Md. Anwarul , Payo Andres , Streatfield Peter Kim , Hutton Craig , Mondal M. Shahjahan , Moslehuddin Abu Zofar Md.
Published: May 2015

We describe a novel integrated modelling system aiming to approximate the impact of environmental change on farmers' livelihoods in Bangladesh.
A selective ratiometric fluoride ion sensor with a (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazine derivative of bis(indolyl) methane and its mode of interaction
Authors: Pegu Rupa , Mandal Rajesh , Guha Ankur Kanti , Pratihar Sanjay
Published: May 2015

An easy-to-synthesis chemosensor was synthesized and employed as a selective optical chemosensor for fluoride through naked eye detection, which allow us to detect and estimate the concentration of fluoride ion accurately up to 2 μMviaratiometric responses.
Canonical pedagogical content knowledge by CoRes for teaching acid–base chemistry at high school
Authors: Alvarado Clara , Cañada Florentina , Garritz Andoni , Mellado Vicente
Published: May 2015

The topic of acid–base chemistry is one of the oldest in general chemistry courses and it has been almost continuously in academic discussion. The central purpose of documenting the knowledge and beliefs of a group of ten Mexican teachers with experience in teaching acid–base chemistry in high school was to know how they design, prepare and organize their classes inside and outside the classroom, from which a set of teaching–learning sequences will be developed, essentially to train new teachers. We decided to document Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), by means of two methodological tools from Loughran, Mulhall and Berry: Content Representation (CoRe), and Pedagogical and Professional experience Repertoire (PaP-eR). In this article, we relate only the first of these tools. It was also important to document concepts, skills and attitudes, so we have made the analysis based on these three items. The main finding was to construct a Canonical PCK including the central concepts of pH and strength in the topic of acid–base chemistry from the main phrases included in the Content Representation answered by those outstanding Mexican teachers. We chose the topic of “acid–base chemistry” because there are numerous examples of its importance related to sustainability (among them acid rain or acidification of oceans), everyday issues (including stomach acidity, antacids, health troubles with the pH of blood and urine), or problems with the longevity of books related to the acidity of paper. Also, it is of fundamental importance because the students often present many alternative conceptions about it.
Pr2O2SO4–La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ: a new category of composite cathode for intermediate temperature-solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Loureiro Francisco J. A. , Yang Tao , Stroppa Daniel G. , Fagg Duncan P.
Published: May 2015

A new category of composite cathodes is investigated, containing an oxysulphate oxygen storage material. A stable composite Pr2O2SO4–La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ is formed, providing significant improvement in the total polarization resistance, predominantly due to improvements in interfacial charge transfer and surface exchange.
Highly efficient and stable tandem organic light-emitting devices based on HAT-CN/HAT-CN:TAPC/TAPC as a charge generation layer
Authors: Dai Yanfeng , Zhang Hongmei , Zhang Zhiqiang , Liu Yipeng , Chen Jiangshan , Ma Dongge
Published: May 2015

We demonstrated an effective charge-generation layer (CGL) composition consisting of three layers: an organic acceptor material HAT-CN, HAT-CN blended with an organic donor material TAPC and TAPC, to fabricate a high efficiency tandem organic light-emitting diode (OLED).
Photoelectrochemical detection of Cd2+ based on in situ electrodeposition of CdS on ZnO nanorods
Authors: Wang Rongyu , Pang Xuehui , Zhang Hui , Gao Picheng , Du Bin , Ma Hongmin , Wei Qin
Published: May 2015

Photoelectrochemical detection of Cd2+ based on in situ electrodeposition of CdS on ZnO nanorods.
Photoelectrochemical operation of a surface-bound, nickel-phosphine H2 evolution catalyst on p-Si(111): a molecular semiconductor|catalyst construct
Authors: Seo Junhyeok , Pekarek Ryan T. , Rose Michael J.
Published: May 2015

A molecular DuBois-type H2 catalyst (Ni–PNP) has been covalently attached to a p-Si(111) photocathode as a molecular semiconductor|catalyst construct.
Nitrogen-doped, thiol-functionalized carbon dots for ultrasensitive Hg(ii) detection
Authors: Gupta Abhishek , Chaudhary Abhishek , Mehta Pooja , Dwivedi Charu , Khan Syamantak , Verma Navneet Chandra , Nandi Chayan Kanti
Published: May 2015

Nitrogen-doped, PEGylated carbon dots (C-dots) have been synthesized for the ultra sensitive detection of mercury ions (Hg2+).
Simultaneous self-exfoliation and autonomous motion of MoS2particles in water
Authors: Wang Hong , Sofer Zdenek , Moo James Guo Sheng , Pumera Martin
Published: May 2015

A MoS2based motor that can display simultaneous self-exfoliation and autonomous motion at the surface of water was developed.
Tuning photochemistry: substituent effects on πσ* state mediated bond fission in thioanisoles
Authors: Wenge Andreas M. , Karsili Tolga N. V. , Rodríguez Javier Diaz , Cotterell Michael I. , Marchetti Barbara , Dixon Richard N. , Ashfold Michael N. R.
Published: May 2015

The electronic branching in the thiophenoxyl radicals formed by UV photolysis of thioanisole can be tuned by placing electron withdrawing/donating substituents at the 4-position.
Surface oxygen-vacancy induced photocatalytic activity of La(OH)3 nanorods prepared by a fast and scalable method
Authors: Dong Fan , Xiao Xiang , Jiang Guangming , Zhang Yuxin , Cui Wen , Ma Jinzhu
Published: May 2015

Uniform one-dimensional La(OH)3 nanorods with surface oxygen-vacancy induced photocatalytic activity were synthesized by a facile, fast and scalable method.
Non-fullerene acceptors: exciton dissociation with PTCDA versus C60
Authors: Dutton Gregory J. , Robey Steven W.
Published: May 2015

Extensive development of new polymer and small molecule donors has helped produce a steady increase in the efficiency of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices.
Alpha-linolenic acid protects against cardiac injury and remodelling induced by beta-adrenergic overstimulation
Authors: Folino A. , Sprio A. E. , Di Scipio F. , Berta G. N. , Rastaldo R.
Published: May 2015

α-Linolenic acid (ALA)-enriched diet prevented isoproterenol (ISO)-induced fibrosis in the ventricular myocardium.
Anthanthrene as a large PAH building block for the synthesis of conjugated polymers
Authors: Lafleur-Lambert Antoine , Giguère Jean-Benoît , Morin Jean-Francois
Published: May 2015

New anthanthrene-based conjugated polymers exhibiting promising optical and electronic properties for organic electronics applications were prepared from low-cost vat orange 3.
Effect of side-chain halogenation on the interactions of conjugated polymers with SWNTs
Authors: Imit M. , Adronov A.
Published: May 2015

Halogenation of polyfluorene side-chain ends with bromine or iodine causes significant differences in the nanotube species that are dispersed in solvent, indicating that subtle changes in polymer structure can affect polymer-nanotube interactions.
Controlled synthesis of peony-shaped photocatalyst grains of Ag3PO4/Zn3(PO4)2 by coprecipitation and recrystallization technology
Authors: Peiyan Ma , Yong Yu , Hongjian Yu , Liyuan Che , Ling Wang , Yan Xiong
Published: May 2015

Peony-shaped grains of a Ag3PO4/Zn3(PO4)2 composite have been synthesized through a coprecipitation and recrystallization technology.
Salen based Schiff bases to flame retard thermoplastic polyurethane mimicking operational strategies of thermosetting resin
Authors: Naik Anil D. , Fontaine Gaëlle , Bellayer Séverine , Bourbigot Serge
Published: May 2015

Resorcinol based Salen framework as a non-phosphorus and non-halogen fire retardant additive for thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).
Self-assembly of thiolated graphene oxide onto a gold surface and in the supramolecular order of discotic liquid crystals
Authors: Shivanandareddy Avinash B. , Kumar Manish , Lakshminarayanan V. , Kumar Sandeep
Published: May 2015

Covalent functionalization of graphene oxide sheets with thiol produces thiolated graphene oxide which self assembles on gold surfaces and in the supramolecular structure of a discotic mesophase which have potential applications in optoelectronics.
KOt-Bu/DMF promoted intramolecular cyclization of 1,1′-biphenyl aldehydes and ketones: an efficient synthesis of phenanthrenes
Authors: Chen Yan-yan , Zhang Niu-niu , Ye Lin-miao , Chen Jia-hua , Sun Xiang , Zhang Xue-jing , Yan Ming
Published: May 2015

Phenanthrene derivatives could be prepared through intramolecular cyclization of 1,1′-biphenyl aldehydes and ketones promoted by KOt-Bu/DMF.
Hyaluronate–Flt1 peptide conjugate/epirubicin micelles for theranostic application to liver cancers
Authors: Kim Ki Su , Hong Sung Woo , Kim Hyemin , Cho Minsoo , Kim Seonghoon , Hur Wonhee , Yun Seok Hyun , Yoon Seung Kew , Hahn Sei Kwang
Published: May 2015

We successfully developed hyaluronate–Flt1 peptide conjugate/epirubicin micelles for theranostic applications to the treatment of liver cancer.
Infrared-assisted extraction of salidroside from the root of Rhodiola crenulata with a novel ionic liquid that dissolves cellulose
Authors: Li Fajie , Yuan Yuan , Li Hua , Zhan Zhilai , Kang Liping , Li Man , Yang Bin , Huang Luqi
Published: May 2015

Tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide aqueous solution, a novel ionic liquid that could dissolve cellulose rapidly at ambient temperature, was used for the first time to develop an extraction method with infrared-assisted extraction.
Synthesis of hollow PdRuCo nanoparticles with enhanced electrocatalytic activity
Authors: Hong Wei , Wang Jin , Wang Erkang
Published: May 2015

A route for the simple one-pot synthesis of trimetallic PdRuCo hollow nanocrystals with high electrocatalytic performance is demonstrated.
Modified multicomponent Biginelli–Atwal reaction towards a straightforward construction of 5,6-dihydropyrimidin-4-ones
Authors: Pair Etienne , Levacher Vincent , Brière Jean-François
Published: May 2015

A modified multicomponent Biginelli condensation with Meldrum's acid affords a straightforward access to 5,6-dihydropyrimidin-4-ones through a domino Knoevenagel-aza-Michael-Cyclocondensation (KaMC) reaction.
Nanostructured robust cobalt metal alloy based anode electro-catalysts exhibiting remarkably high performance and durability for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Patel Prasad Prakash , Datta Moni Kanchan , Velikokhatnyi Oleg I. , Jampani Prashanth , Hong Daeho , Poston James A. , Manivannan Ayyakkannu , Kumta Prashant N.
Published: May 2015

Nanostructured Co1−x(Irx) (x= 0.3, 0.4) exhibits excellent electrochemical activity and stability for HOR in PEMFCs.
Synthetic strategies to nanostructured photocatalysts for CO2reduction to solar fuels and chemicals
Authors: Chen Donna , Zhang Xingguang , Lee Adam F.
Published: May 2015

Advances in nanomaterials synthesis offer new routes to solar fuels and chemicals from CO2as a sustainable chemical feedstock.
A novel flux coating method for the fabrication of layers of visible-light-responsive Ta3N5crystals on tantalum substrates
Authors: Suzuki Sayaka , Wagata Hajime , Komatsus Mugi , Minegishi Tsutomu , Domen Kazunari , Oishi Shuji , Teshima Katsuya
Published: May 2015

Ta3N5crystal layers were fabricated on Ta substrates by using a novel flux coating method in an NH3flow.
Ultrafast high-performance extraction of uranium from seawater without pretreatment using an acylamide- and carboxyl-functionalized metal–organic framework
Authors: Wang Ling Ling , Luo Feng , Dang Li Long , Li Jian Qiang , Wu Xiao Liu , Liu Shu Juan , Luo Ming Biao
Published: May 2015

A facile method by means of MOF materials is used for the first time for the extraction of U(vi) ions from seawater, showing a significant extraction efficiency of 0.53 mg g−1.
Facile preparation of a mechanically robust superhydrophobic acrylic polyurethane coating
Authors: Xue Fang , Jia Dongmei , Li Yu , Jing Xinli
Published: May 2015

A mechanically robust superhydrophobic coating was facilely prepared based on bi-component acrylic polyurethane and fluoroalkyl silane modified silicas.
Ethanol-directed morphological evolution of hierarchical CeOx architectures as advanced electrochemical capacitors
Authors: Younis Adnan , Chu Dewei , Li Sean
Published: May 2015

A facile and versatile electrochemical synthesis route was adopted to construct various CeOx hierarchical nano-microstructures for advanced electrochemical capacitors.
Facile access to B-doped solid-state fluorescent carbon dots toward light emitting devices and cell imaging agents
Authors: Shen Chen , Wang Jing , Cao Yi , Lu Yun
Published: May 2015

Carbon dots with solid-state fluorescence have been synthesized and applied for light emitting devices and bioimaging.
miRNA-148b suppresses hepatic cancer stem cell by targeting neuropilin-1
Authors: Liu Qinying , Xu Yangmei , Wei Shenghong , Gao Wei , Chen Li , Zhou Tong , Wang Zhen , Ying Mingang , Zheng Qiuhong
Published: May 2015

The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is considered as a direct reason for the failure of clinic treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Growing evidences have demonstrated that miRNAs play an important role in regulation of stem cell proliferation, differentiation and self-renewal and their aberrances cause the formation of CSCs and eventually result in carcinogenesis. We recently identified miRNA-148b as one of the miRNAs specifically down-regulated in side population (SP) cells of PLC/PRF/5 cell line. However, it remains elusive how miRNA-148b regulates CSC properties in HCC. In the present study, we observed that overexpression or knockdown of miR-148b through lentiviral transfection could affect the proportion of SP cells as well as CSC-related gene expression in HCC cell lines. In addition, miR-148b blocking could stimulate cell proliferation, enhance chemosensitivity, as well as increase cell metastasis and angiogenesis in vitro. More importantly, miR-148b could significantly suppress tumorigenicity in vivo. Further studies revealed that Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a transmembrane co-receptor involved in tumour initiation, metastasis and angiogenesis, might be the direct target of miRNA-148b. Taking together, our findings define that miR-148b might play a critical role in maintenance of SP cells with CSC properties by targeting NRP1 in HCC. It is the potential to develop a new strategy specifically targeting hepatic CSCs (HCSCs) through restoration of miR-148b expression in future therapy.
Review of electric discharge microplasmas generated in highly fluctuating fluids: Characteristics and application to nanomaterials synthesis
Authors: Stauss Sven , Muneoka Hitoshi , Urabe Keiichiro , Terashima Kazuo
Published: May 2015

Plasma-based fabrication of novel nanomaterials and nanostructures is indispensible for the development of next-generation electronic devices and for green energy applications. In particular, controlling the interactions between plasmas and materials interfaces, and the plasma fluctuations, is crucial for further development of plasma-based processes and bottom-up growth of nanomaterials. Electric discharge microplasmas generated in supercritical fluids represent a special class of high-pressure plasmas, where fluctuations on the molecular scale influence the discharge properties and the possible bottom-up growth of nanomaterials. This review discusses an anomaly observed for direct current microplasmas generated near the critical point, a local decrease in the breakdown voltage. This anomalous behavior is suggested to be caused by the concomitant decrease of the ionization potential due to the formation of clusters near the critical point, and the formation of extended electron mean free paths caused by the high-density fluctuation near the critical point. It is also shown that in the case of dielectric barrier microdischarges generated close to the critical point, the high-density fluctuation of the supercritical fluid persists. The final part of the review discusses the application of discharges generated in supercritical fluids to synthesis of nanomaterials, in particular, molecular diamond—so-called diamondoids—by microplasmas generated inside conventional batch-type and continuous flow microreactors.