bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Chatter Vibrations in Milling to Create Tribo-Functional Surfaces for Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming Tools
Authors: Hense Rouven
Published: September 2013

The studies presented in this paper show a concept for setting up a milling process with intentionally invoked chatter vibrations. The process is used for the generation of surface structures on forming tools. Wear of the milling tool is investigated as well as the tribological characteristics of the surfaces. The results lead to the conclusion that this method is suitable for machining challenging materials like high speed steel.
Approach to Forecast Energy Consumption of Machine Tools within the Design Phase
Authors: Doreth Karl , Henjes Jan , Kroening Stefan
Published: September 2013

For environmental and economic reasons, energy- and resource- efficient operations of cutting machines are increasingly important. The determination of properties and functions of machine tools, which affect future energy consumption in operation, essentially takes place within the design phase by combining required components. Therefore, it is necessary to develop approaches to find an efficient optimum between energy consumption, productivity, acquisition costs and operating costs within the design phase of a machine tool. However, the energy consumption of a machine tool depends on the application scenario. In addition to that, it is difficult to forecast the energy consumption of several components because of their mutual interaction. Existing approaches to forecast the energy consumption of a machine tool within design phase are based on complex simulation or mathematical models which are difficult to parameterize for the design of a machine tool and thus, for the comparison of various configuration alternatives. An alternative for forecasting energy consumption is the use of empirical information. That information can be acquired by measuring the energy consumption of machine tools in operating production systems. This paper presents an approach to forecast the energy consumption of machine tools within the design phase, which will be developed by the Institute of Production Engineering and Machine Tools. It will be based on the data feedback (empirical information) from a machine tool operating in an existing manufacturing system. For this purpose, a logger module will be developed, which continually captures the energy consumption by means of the machine integrated sensors. That information will be sent back to an energy navigator module, which processes that information in order to forecast the energy consumption of a new designed machine tool. Also, the lifecycle costs will be calculated in order to rate cost and benefits of each machines lifecycle in terms of energy consumption.
VR Enhanced Scenario Technique Supporting the Early Phases of Factory Planning
Authors: Weidig Christian , Menck Nicole
Published: September 2013

Industrial companies have to face fast changing markets and increasing customer demands regarding individual configuration of products. Within this turbulent environment initially defined planning circumstances and assumptions are no longer reliable over the whole factory life-cycle. As one approach to react on such uncertainties, flexible production planning is considered. Factories should be able to adapt according to changing demands and suit to even unforeseen constraints. To allow such flexibility, the factory planning process must be executed with special attention on the early phases. While setting up the key objectives and establishing the project basis, a focus on flexibility has to be mandatory. The constraints on which planning bear on need to be defined, but also their adaptation over the factory life-cycle must be considered. To overcome this dilemma of required level of detail but concurrent uncertain future estimations, scenario technique is proposed as a method in strategic company management. This paper deals with the extension of the scenario technique to be applicable during factory planning as one operative method in the early phases of ‘preparation’ and ‘structure planning’. By using immersive Virtual Reality (VR) tools, a visualization component will be added. This will make future scenarios more graspable for multi-domain planning teams and serve as a mean of communication on which decision making can be set up.
Order Penetration Point: Just a Stock within Production?
Authors: Nywlt Johannes , Grigutsch Michael
Published: September 2013

Nowadays, for customers the logistical performance of industrial companies is as important as the price and quality when buying decisions have to be made. It can be observed that considering the KPIs of logistical performance as quality figures, similar to the product quality, becomes quite popular within national and international markets. Two logistical performance key figures that can be pointed out in that context are short lead times and high schedule reliability. The delivery times demanded by markets often are shorter than the realizable lead times of products or the replenishment time of raw materials or purchased parts. In order to deliver the products in time, companies have the opportunity to implement so called order penetration point (OPP) within their productions. The OPP specifies the point within a production which connects upstream processes linked with work orders and downstream processes link with costumer orders. The OPP is often built up as a stock of unfinished goods. Currently companies position their OPP only with the goal to satisfy the demand of short lead times set by the market. Other logistical targets such as a low work-in-process (WIP), high schedule reliability or a high utilization are usually not taken into account. Hence, due to the complexity of positioning the OPP companies underestimate the logistical potentials that can be achieved by positioning the OPP optimally. In this publication the fundamental determining factors which both influence the position of the OPP and are influenced by the selected position of the OPP are presented. In particular the dependencies between the four logistical targets, lead time, WIP, schedule reliability and the grade of utilization, and the position of the OPP are discussed. Exemplarily the correlation between the position of OPP and the schedule adherence at the end of the supply chain are presented. It can be assumed that the schedule adherence increases by moving the OPP towards the end of the supply chain. Possible reasons that explain this particular effect, like the reduction of lead time variation, will be discussed in detail.
Influence of Solid Contaminants in Metal Working Fluids on the Grinding Process
Authors: Beekhuis Björn
Published: September 2013

Metal working fluids (MWF) are widely used in grinding processes to lubricate and to remove the heat and chips from the contact zone. Apart from the chips, abrasive particles from the worn grinding wheel contaminate the metalworking fluid. The solid contaminants, in particular the abrasive particles crumbled from the grinding wheel, are believed to cause several negative effects like for example damaging the guideways of the machine tool. Furthermore, it is assumed that a pronounced interaction of the solid particles and the machined surface will decrease the achievable surface quality of the ground surfaces. Cleaning units are employed within the fluid circuit to prevent failure of the machine tool and to ensure the desired surface quality. The economic efficiency of such cleaning plants cleaning plants depends strongly on the choice of the grade of filtration (the particle size which has to be retained). A grade of filtration which exceeds the actual needs of the machining process adds unnecessary costs for operating the cleaning unit. To enable cost efficient design of filtration units the interaction between solid contaminants and the machining process has to be understood. The results of grinding experiments (face grinding of workpieces made of AISI 52100) confirm a significant increase of the surface waviness when corundum particles are added to the MWF. The underlying effect is an extraordinary tool wear combined with a locally varying effective depth of cut. The excess particles block the pores of the grinding wheel and are transported into the grinding gap. An increasing ratio of the size of solid contaminants and the size of the bonded grains on the wheel accelerates the wear of the tool.
Effects of Different Types of Power Plant Ashes on Foamability and Structure of Al Foams
Authors: Asavavisithchai Seksak , Prapajaraswong Attanadol
Published: September 2013

Addition of power plant ash particles, classified as cenosphere and precipitator fly ashes, and bottom ash, to Al foams resulted in different foamabilities and foam structures. These distinctions arise from a difference in physical and chemical characteristics of ash particles. The cenosphere fly ash is hollow, whilst the precipitator fly ash is dense. The bottom ash is also dense with irregular shape. The major chemical constituents of these ashes are SiO2, CaO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. It is found that the improvement in foam expansion and structure is obtained from the addition of precipitator fly ash or bottom ash particles. The addition of cenosphere fly ash, however, leads to a decrease in foamability and non-uniform foam structure.
Specific Activity and Radioactive Contour Map of Anthropogenic Radionuclide (137Cs) in Surface Soil Samples from Chumphon Province, Thailand
Authors: Chauymanee Sutthinee , Kessaratikoon Prasong , Boonkrongcheep Ruthairat , Benjakul Supphawut , Youngchauy Udorn
Published: September 2013

Specific activities of anthropogenic radionuclide (137Cs) were studied and determined in 132 surface soil samples collected from 8 districts in Chumphon province in the south of Thailand. A high resolution high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector with a massive lead shield and gamma spectrometry analysis system were employed to measure the gamma ray energy spectra from the samples. The specific activity of 137Cs in all of surface soil samples were analyzed by using the IAEA/SL-2 radioactive standard source. It was found that the specific activities of 137Cs ranged from < 0.33 4.43 Bq/kg with mean values of 2.30 ± 1.38 Bq/kg. The experimental results were also compared with research data in the south of Thailand (2009 2012), Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) annual report data and global radioactivity measurement and evaluations. The data can be also used to create the radioactive contour maps of the investigated area.
Surface Modification of Cellulose Membrane by Air Plasma Treatment
Authors: Binhayeeniyi Nawal , Jehsu Adinan , Sukpet Mancharee , Nawae Safitree
Published: September 2013

Low-temperature air plasma was used to treat the cellulose membranes by varying the period of time from 10 to 30 minutes. The surfaces of membranes were changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic membranes. The contact angles of treated membranes were increased when increasing time to treat. The surface modifications of membrane before and after treated were characterized by SEM. It is shown that air plasma treatment is used to improve the roughness. The dielectric property was also studied.
Increasing the Melting Ability of Glass Batch by Batch Modification
Authors: Meechoowas Ekarat , Tui-Ai Konnika , Tapasa Kanit , Naknikham Usuma , Jitwatcharakomol Tepiwan
Published: September 2013

The soda-lime glass with the composition of 74SiO2-18Na2O-6CaO-B2O3-Al2O3 thermodynamically requires the exploited heat of 557 kW/ ton of glass to transform raw materials into glass. The objective of this project is to modify the soda-lime glass batch by using wollastonite instead of limestone and pyrophyllite instead of aluminium hydroxide. The exploited heat of the batch with wollastonite is reduced to 546 kW/ton of glass while the batch with wollastonite and pyrophyllite is decreased to 550 kW/ton of glass. According to Batch-Free Time testing, it is found that the melting ability of both modified batches is higher than of the original batch, while the properties of glass are slightly changed. This implies that the modified batch requires a lower melting energy than the original batch.
Effect of N2 Flow Rates on Properties of Nanostructured TiAlN Thin Films Prepared by Reactive Magnetron Co-Sputtering
Authors: Chaiyakun Surasing , Somwangsakul Areerat , Buranawong Adisorn , Kaewkhao Jakrapong , Witit-Anun Nirun
Published: September 2013

The TiAlN thin films with different crystal structure, surface morphology, microstructure and chemical compositions were deposited on Si (100) plane by changing the N2 flow rate from 2 to 10 sccm using co-targeted reactive magnetron sputtering technique in the same process. The effect of nitrogen flow rate on structure and properties of TiAlN thin films was investigated in the study. The films were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques, respectively. The results show that the crystal structure, surface morphologies microstructure and chemical compositions of the film are strongly depended on the N2 flow rates. The (111) (200) and (220) planes of TiAlN thin films were found with different nitrogen flow rates, one is the preferred orientation of (111) plane that appeared for nitrogen flow rates of 2 sccm, the other one is the preferred orientation of (200) plane for the higher nitrogen flow rates of 4-10 sccm. The crystal size of the films was also determined by Scherrers equation, varied between 13.8 - 35.6 nm. The roughness of the as-deposited films was ranging from 1.8 to 4.3 nm. The chemical compositions of TiAlN were depended on N2 flow rates. The microstructure and cross-sectional SEM analysis revealed that the nanograins were developed and thickness decreased from 381 nm to 131 nm. In addition, the columnar structures were observed for all films.
Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured TiN Thin Films Deposited by DC Reactive MagnetronSputtering
Authors: Buranawong Adisorn , Saisereephap Komgrit , Witit-Anun Nirun , Kaewkhao Jakrapong , Chaiyakun Surasing
Published: September 2013

Titanium nitride (TiN) thin films of different crystal structure and morphologies were deposited by direct current (dc) reactive magnetron sputtering method under conditions of various deposition times (3090 min). The crystal structure, crystal size, thickness and surface morphology properties of the films were studied and the results were discussed with respect to deposition time. The films were deposited on Si (100) and stainless steel substrates with constant Ar to N2 ratio of 15:2 sccm and sputtering power of 280 W. The crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The Scherrers formula was used to calculated crystal size. The surface morphology and thickness were evaluated by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The golden coloured with uniformnity of TiN films were obtained at deposition time for 30 min. The as-deposited films color was varied with the deposition times from gold, brown and dark brown. The polycrystalline films showed reflections corresponding to the (111), (200), (220) and (311) orientations of the face center cubic TiN structure. The crystallinity of the films was increased with increased the deposition times. The AFM results indicate that the grain size of surface morphologies changed through the deposition times. With increase in deposition time, the roughness and films thickness were increased from 5.0 nm to 21.0 nm and 551.0 nm to 1.4 μm, respectively.
Nitrogen – Doped SnO2 Thin Films Prepared by Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Suapadkorn Prayoon , Rakreungdet Worawarong , Jutarosaga Tula , Samanjit Wattana
Published: September 2013

Nitrogen - doped tin oxide (N-doped SnO2) thin films were prepared on unheated glass substrate by dc magnetron sputtering of a Sn target in gas mixtures of O2 and N2. The N2 flow rates were varied from 0 to 15 SCCM with the same working pressure of 1×10-2 Torr. The as-deposited films were annealed in vacuum at 400 °C for 1 h. The films structure, electrical properties and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), 4-point probe and Hall effect measurement and portable fiber optic UV-vis spectrometer, respectively. The observed XRD patterns of films showed preferred (101) orientation of the SnO2 tetragonal structure. The average crystalline size of the (101) diffraction peak decreased from 5.10 to 4.07 nm with N2 flow rate increased. Hall measurement indicated that resistivity increased and carrier concentrations decreased as N2 flow rate increased. The carrier concentrations decreased because N atoms substituted oxygen atom in SnO2 lattice. The N atoms may forms acceptor level in SnO2 band gap resulting in hole generation. The electron concentration from intrinsic defect were neutralized with the hole concentration. The carrier concentration decreased from 3.42×1017 cm-3 for un-doped SnO2 to the order of 1014 cm-3. The average percent transmittance of un-doped SnO2 of about 77.5% in visible range (400-700 nm) decreased to 60% with increasing N2 flow rate. The optical band gap decreased from 3.64 eV for un-doped SnO2 to 3.45 eV for N-doped SnO2 films.
Growth of Anatase TiO2 Thin Film for Photokilling of Bacteria by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Technique
Authors: Tongwanichniyom Suree , Siriprom Wichian , Manop Dhonluck , Buranawong Adisorn , Kaewkhao Jakrapong , Witit-Anun Nirun
Published: September 2013

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films have been deposited on Si-wafer and glass slide by DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique at different O2 gas flow rates. The crystal structure was characterized by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), surface morphology was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and disinfection of surfaces by photo catalytic oxidation with TiO2 and UV light irradiation. The results showed that, from GIXRD results, all as-deposited TiO2 films have crystal structure of TiO2 corresponding to the A(101) and A(200). AFM results showed that the film thicknesses increase from 183 nm to 238 nm with increasing of O2 gas flow rate, while the film roughness was in range of 4.8 nm to 5.9 nm. The as-deposited anatase TiO2 thin film in this work can kill the bacteria when expose to the UV light.
Effect of Sputtering Power on Structural and Optical Properties of AlN Thin Film Deposited by Reactive DC Sputtering Technique
Authors: Witit-Anun Nirun , Kaewkhao Jakrapong , Chaiyakun Surasing
Published: September 2013

Aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films have been deposited on the glass slide and Si-wafer by reactive DC magnetron sputtering technique at different sputtering power. The as-deposited films have been characterized by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical transmittance, respectively. The results show that the as-deposited films were transparent and have high transmittance in visible regions. The crystal structure from XRD results show that the as-deposited films are amorphous with low sputtering power and turn to crystal structure with high sputtering power, which showed orientation of AlN structure corresponding to the AlN(1 0 0), AlN(1 0 1) and AlN(1 1 0). The roughness values and the films thickness from AFM was varied from 0.4 nm to 3.9 nm and 199 nm to 905 nm, respectively. The optical constants namely the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k, were determined from transmittance spectrum in the visible regions by using envelope method. For 500 nm, n and k, were in the range of 1.8 2.0 and 0.014 0.004 respectively.
Development of Barium Borosilicate Glass Using Rice Husk Ash: Effect of BaO
Authors: Tuscharoen Suparat , Ruengsri Suwimon , Kaewkhao Jakrapong
Published: September 2013

This paper is report on the physical and optical properties of development barium-borate-rice husk ash (BaBRHA) glass system. The glasses containing BaO in xBaO:(80-x)B2O3:20RHA where x = 30, 35, 40 and 45 wt% have been prepared by melt quenching technique. The physical properties of this glass are shown from density data. The optical properties were investigated from refractive index and transmission by using Abbe-refractometer and UV-visible spectrometer respectively.
Annealing Temperature Dependent on Microstructure and Ethanol Gas Sensing Properties of TiO2Thin Films
Authors: Samransuksamer Benjarong , Rakreungdet Worawarong , Dumrongrattana Supattanapong , Horprathum M. , Eiamchai Pitak , Patthanasettakul Viyapol , Wisitsoraat Anurat , Chindaudom Pongpan
Published: September 2013

The TiO2 thin films were prepared by a dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique from high purity Ti target on silicon (100) wafers and alumina substrates inter-digital with gold electrodes. The as-deposited films were annealed from 400°C up to 800°C with 100 °C steps for 1 hour in air ambience in order to promote microstructure, morphology and gas-sensing properties. The change in microstructure and morphology of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The enhancement in the gas-sensing properties was test by ethanol gas. The prepared thin films were exposed to ethanol gas at concentration 1,000 ppm in purify dry air carrier. The resistance was measured as a function of the ethanol concentration of the films at operated temperatures in the range of 250 - 350°C. The influence of annealing temperature at 500 °C of TiO2 thin film has a highest sensitivity at 350 °C operated temperature.
Effect of Thickness on Microstructure, Electrical and Optical Properties of Zirconium Nitride Thin Film Prepared by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering at Room Temperature
Authors: Valaiauksornlikit Mano , Rakreungdet Worawarong , Horprathum Mati , Eiamchai Pitak , Patthanasettakul Viyapol , Chindaudom Pongpan
Published: September 2013

Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) thin films were prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering without an external substrate heating on silicon (100) wafer and glass slide. The as-deposited films obtained from different conditions and various films thickness was investigated for physical, optical and electrical properties. First, the microstructure and film morphology were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The optical transparency was measured by UV-vis spectrophotometer. Finally, the electrical properties, based on measured resistivity, were studied by four-point probe. The result showed that the ZrN films were all well orientated in the (111) plane. When the film thickness was increased, the grain size was also increased. The effect of the film thickness was observed in the charge in colors and optical transmission of the films.
Preparation of WO3 Nanorods by Glancing Angle DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Deposition for NO2 Gas Sensing Application
Authors: Srichaiyaperk T. , Aimpanakit K. , Horprathum M. , Limwichean S. , Chananonnawathorn C. , Wisitsoraat A. , Samransuksamer B. , Phokharatkul D. , Eiamchai P. , Chindaudom P.
Published: September 2013

In this study, we present a tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanorods based gas sensor for NO2sensing at operating temperature range 150-350 °C in purify dry air carrier. WO3nanorods were fabricated by dc reactive magnetron sputtering with glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique on silicon (100) wafer and alumina substrates interdigitated with gold electrode. The length of WO3nanorods was varied from 370 nm to 620 nm. As-deposited nanorods were annealed at a temperature of 400 °C in air for 1 h. The microstructure and phase structure of WO3nanorod were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively. XRD of annealed WO3nanorod showed polycrystalline phase. The WO3nanorods length 420 nm exhibit excellent NO2sensing properties with a maximum sensitivity of 360 at 250 °C operating temperature with fast response and recovery time.
Enhanced Deposition Rate of Photo-Induce Hydrophilic TiO2 Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Aiempanakit K. , Phongphao S. , Preechanchueong S. , Horprathum M. , Eiamchai P. , Pattantsetakul V. , Porntheeraphat S. , Chindaudom P.
Published: September 2013

Based on recent discovery of high-rate reactive magnetron sputtering, which was a key requirement for production of coating industry, this study focused on enhanced deposition rate of TiO2 films for photo-induce hydrophilic applications. The TiO2 thin films were reactively sputtered, which a pulsed DC source, from high-purity (99.995%) titanium (Ti) target on glass and silicon (100) and wafer substrates. During the deposition, a mesh grid cover was installed on the sputtering source with varying argon gas flow rates. Properties of the TiO2 films were compared between deposition with and without a mesh grid cover. The microstructure of the TiO2 films was studies by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The optical properties were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The contact angle measurement was used to determine the hydrophilicity of the films after exposing to UV light. For using the mesh grid during film deposition, it was found that the deposition rate of the TiO2 films was increased in oxide mode with a small grain size. In this case, the TiO2 films showed high transparent and good photo-induced hydrophilic properties.
The Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Effective Atomic Numbers of Ruby from Vietnam at Different Photon Energies
Authors: Limkitjaroenporn Pruittipol , Tuscharoen Suparat , Kaewkhao Jakrapong
Published: September 2013

The mass attenuation coefficients and effective atomic numbers of ruby from Vietnam were measured at the different energy of γ-rays using the Compton scattering technique. The compositions of ruby were analyzed by energy dispersive x-rays fluorescence spectrometer and showed the Al2O3 is major composition. The results of the experimental values of mass attenuation coefficients and effective atomic numbers showed the good agreement with the theoretical values. The mass attenuation coefficients decreased with the increasing in gamma rays energies, due to the higher photon interaction probability of ruby at lower energy. The effective atomic numbers found to be constant around 10.0 electrons/atom.
Preparation and Characterization the Cheap Mineral (Calcium Compound): The Preliminary Survey in the Natural Material
Authors: Montree A. , Teanchai K. , Siriprom Wichian
Published: September 2013

The present work reports the production of biomaterial, while the potential in bio mineralization were studied with three conventional analysis techniques, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were confirm the crystal structure, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) study trace element and molecular composition, respectively. The results of XRD reveal that, the egg shells have a crystalline of calcium carbonate in phase calcite and fishbone have a crystalline of calcium phosphate in phase hydroxyapatite, respectively. The composition of both mineral and the level of metals element were investigated by EDXRF. The major composition was identified as Calcium (Ca) and other element are Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (Al), Zinc (Zn), Ferrum (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Strontium (Sr). In addition, the deeply investigate molecular composition both mineral used using FT-IR spectroscopic analysis.
Effects of Ni2+ Ions on Soda Lime Silicate Glasses
Authors: Siriprom Wichian , Teanchai Kanyakorn , Chamlek Onanong , Sukphirom Sirisit , Ruangtaweep Yotsakit , Srisittipokakun Nattapon , Kaewkhao Jakrapong
Published: September 2013

In this work, effects of Ni2+ ions on soda lime silicate glasses have been investigated. Glasses were prepared in formula (65-x)SiO2 : 25Na2O : 10CaO: xNiO (where x is 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 mol%). The densities of glasses not depend on Ni2+ concentration. The refractive indices decreased with increasing of NiO concentration. The optical absorption spectra were measured by uv-visible spectrophotometer and show peaks correspond with Ni2+ in glass matrices. Both of octahedral transitions and tetrahedral transition from Ni2+ ion were found around 450 and 625 nm respectively. The color of glasses were also measured in CIE L* a* b* system.
Preparation of Thin Cu Electrode on Al2O3 + Clay Substrate by Pulsed DC Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Chansimuang Nuansiri , Seetawan Tosawat
Published: September 2013

Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Copper (Cu) are popular into insulator and electrode for thermoelectric module. The Al2O3 + clay substrate was prepared by solid state reaction and the thin Cu electrode prepared by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. Crystal structure and microstructure of the substrate were measured by using the X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The Vicker hardness and density were measured by Micro Hardness tester and Archimedes method, respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the substrate were obtained mix phases such as Al2O3, clay and Cu phases. The hardness and density were obtained mean value of 332.11 HV and 2.47 g/cm3.
Al-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sonochemical-Assisted Method
Authors: Chongsri Krisana , Wongpisutpaisan N. , Sungthong A. , Vittayakorn Naratip , Pecharapa Wisanu
Published: September 2013

Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by sonochemical method from zinc acetate dehydrate and aluminum acetate as starting precursors. The deionized (DI) water was selected as the solvent. Sonication of the precursor was performed by a Sonics Model VCX 750 for 30 minutes until precipitated product was finally obtained. The as-precipitated powders were calcined at different temperature range of 550-1100 °C for 2 hr. For all samples, their crystal structures were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD results revealed that, the purity of as-synthesized powders increases when the calcination temperature increases. Moreover, it is noticed that the AlZnO partial peaks will appear when the as-synthesized powders were calcined at 800 – 1000 °C. In addition, SEM micrographs show the increase of agglomeration and the particles when the calcination temperature increases.
Reducing Thermal Effect on Thermoelectric Thin Films Fabrication Using Mechanical Chopper Coupling with CO2 Laser Ablation
Authors: Muangma Rakdiaw , Kosalathip Voravit , Kumpeerapun Taswal , Limsuwan Pichet , Dauscher Anne
Published: September 2013

The aim of this experiment was to use mechanical chopper coupling with CO2 laser ablation to reduce thermal effect on thermoelectric thin film fabrication. The average power at 10 W of sealed tube CO2 laser together with the mechanical chopper was used for the thermoelectric (TE) thin film fabrication on silicon substrate in vacuum system. The 1.02 ms of pulse duration with 600 Hz of repetition rate were generated by the optimized speed of chopper at 4500 rpm with 8 channels of circular apertures which were used for the reduction of thermal effect on the bismuth antimony telluride (Bi-Sb-Te) target. The experiment results illustrated the thickness and the thin films fabricated by using 10 seconds of exposure time with the chopper, illustrated the smaller grain size than without the chopper while the thickness increased as the exposure time increased at constant speed of chopper. The output efficiency referred to the ratio of the thickness per target lost in unit time which increased from 19.6 to 181.8 μm/g per hour, due to the increase of the exposure time with the chopper while without the chopper resulted in 55.0 μm/g per hour caused by the higher temperature raise on the thermoelectric target which affected to the as-deposited thin films and the re-evaporation occurred. In this experiment, the chopper speed was measured by the digital tachometer, the target loss was analyzed by the digital analytical balance and the morphology of the 600 tilted surface of thin film was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Investigation of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Metals from Light Diffraction Pattern
Authors: Meekaewnoi Nuttapon , Thamaphat Kheamrutai , Limsuwan Supanee
Published: September 2013

In this work, an experimental set for determining the linear thermal expansion coefficient (α) of a metal was designed and constructed. It was divided into three parts: metal rod holder, light source, and heating system. A cylindrical plastic pipe with an inner diameter of 16 cm was used as a metal rod holder. The sample metal rod with unknown linear thermal expansion coefficient was inserted vertically into a holder and covered by the first razor blade at one end, while the other end was fixed. The second razor blade was attached with posts. Two razor blades were aligned and separated with a distance of 0.05 cm; therefore, two razor blades were acted as a thin single slit. The steam generated from heating system was transferred into metal rod holder; subsequently, the length of metal rod increased with increasing temperature. The design of the apparatus for this proposed method based on decreasing the width of single slit with the same amount of increasing the metal rod length due to linear thermal expansion. A He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm used as a light source was passed through a single slit and produced a diffraction pattern on a screen. The decrease in slit width was determined by measuring the fringe width. The value of linear thermal expansion coefficient of a metal can be calculated from alteration of fringe width. In our case, stainless steel (314), copper (UNS C11000), and aluminium (6063) rods with the original length of 45.3 cm were used as samples. The experimental values of α for stainless steel, copper, and aluminium are 15.25 × 10-6, 17.74 × 10-6, and 23.13 × 10-6 (°C)-1, respectively. These values are in good agreement with the standard values as reported by the National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), Thailand. The error of this proposed method is found to be less than 1.2%.
Uncomplicated Setting Apparatus for Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate Using Laser Doppler Technique: Physics Teaching
Authors: Apiputikul Chatchalong , Thamaphat Kheamrutai , Ranusawad Monrudee , Limsuwan Pichet
Published: September 2013

Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) or laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to determine the fluid velocity. In this work, dual beam mode (two incident beams, single observation location) was selected to use. A cost effective and easy module for measurement of water flow rate was designed and constructed. A He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm was used as a light source. The laser was passed through a beam splitter and divided into two beams with identical intensity and coherence. Subsequently, the two laser beams travelled to a focusing lens with a focal length of 100 mm and focused on a center of water flow channel in quartz cuvette with a dimension of 1 × 1 × 5 cm3. The beam angle was set at 4.96°. When the seeding particles, bubbles and microorganism in water, were moving through the intersection point of two beams, the light was scattered. The scattered light was collected by photodetector connected to processing system. The frequency of scatterred light is shifted according to the Doppler shift relations due to effect of Rayleigh scattering. The water flow rate can be calculated from Doppler shift frequency.
An Optical Antenna Generation Ultra Wide Band by μ-Ring Resonator System
Authors: Jurajaturasiraratn S. , Pornsuwancharoen N. , Tasakorn M.
Published: September 2013

The optical antenna can be generated high frequency by laser light source from a micro-ring resonator system. The Gaussian pulse into the micro-ring resonator created the chaotic signal with converting the wavelength domain to frequency domain for radio broadcasting. The system designed by varies the micro-ring parameter in the wireless optical antenna. The high frequencies are 3.1 GHz-10.6 GHz for radiation dipole antenna. This system can be conversion from the wavelength domain to frequency domain (GHz) in ultra wide band, which can be application for optical antenna in near future.
Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Films on Water Wheel for Domestic Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Pudwat Sayan , Chuasontai I. , Hathaisamit K. , Aiempanakit K. , Horprathum M. , Limsuwan P.
Published: September 2013

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was prepared by Sol-Gel technique that was coated on the grade 304-stainless steel. Effect of dip coated speed, number of coated cycles and annealed temperature on films properties were investigated. The optimum condition for film preparation was at dip coated speed of 0.12 cm/s, number of coated cycles of 20 cycles and annealed temperature of 500 °C. TiO2 film was crystal structure in anatase phase that had the main plane (101). Surface morphology of the TiO2 films formed grain that look like knobby shape. nanograin sizes were slightly difference that showed in the range of 10-50 nm. Under optimum condition, TiO2 film was used as photocatalyst to treat domestic wastewater. TiO2 film was coated on the paddles of water wheel and 24 paddles were used to create water wheel. Films surface area were contact to wastewater and the light around 0.504 m2 under working volume and working area of 0.0135 m3 and 0.09 m2, respectively. Under irradiation of the near UV with average intensity of 0.89 mW/cm2 over 24 hrs., and rotational speed of 17 rev/min. that were controlled by microcontroller box set. To compare treatment efficiency, uncoated TiO2 - water wheel (UTWW) was run in the same condition of coated TiO2 - water wheel (CTWW). The result showed that the CTWW had higher treatment efficiency than the UTWW. Especially for COD, TS, TDS and PO43-, CTWW had greater treatment efficiency than the UTWW that percentage difference were greater than 90%.
DWDM of Optical Micro Ring Resonator Double Add/Drop Multiplexing for THz Optical Communication
Authors: Pornsuwancharoen N. , Tasakorn M. , Jurajaturasiraratn S.
Published: September 2013

A system that can be used to generate the new optical communication bandwidths using a Gaussian pulse propagating within a nonlinear microring resonator double add/drop multiplexing system is discussed. By using the wide range of the Gaussian input pulses, for instance, when the input pulses of the common lasers with center wavelength of 1,500 nm are used. Results obtained shows that more available wavelength bands from the optical communication band can be generated, which can be used to form new dense wavelength division multiplexing bands, whereas the use of the very high capacity more than 200 channels for personal wavelength and network applications is plausible.
Detecting DNA-DNA Hybridization at 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid Self-Assembled on Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Film with Electrochemical Measurement
Authors: Suthisa Leasen , Hodak Jose Hector , Srisala Jiraporn , Srikhirin Toemsak , Sritunyalucksana Kallaya , Veerasai Waret , Dangtip Somsak
Published: September 2013

Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were applied on tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) surfaces and used as a working electrode for sensing DNA hybridization. The concentration of probe single stranded DNA (ssDNA), complemented with target DNA, was optimized for the highest yield immobilization on MPA/ITO platform. The ssDNA/MPA/ITO was allowed to hybridize to target DNA prepared from PCR amplification that first tested by the synthesized complementary sequences. Both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed for investigating probe ssDNA immobilization and target DNA hybridization. For fast and low concentration detecting purposes, methylene blue (MB) coupled with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for detecting the target DNA hybridization events.
Preparation and Properties of Er3+ Doped with Bi2O3-BaO-B2O3 Glass
Authors: Ruamnikhom Rungsan , Limsuwan Pichet , Chanthima Natthakridta , Kaewkhao Jakrapong
Published: September 2013

Er2O3-doped Bi2O3BaOB2O3 glasses were prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method. The glasses of the composition (in mol%) (40-x)B2O3:40Bi2O3:20BaO:xEr2O3 (where x = 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50) were prepared by the melt quenching method. The density and molar volume measurements were carried out at room temperature. Absorption spectra were investigated in the UVVISNIR region from 300 to1800 nm. The upconversion photoluminescence spectra were observed in the visible region.
Thermoelectric Generator of Ceramic Materials
Authors: Gavpisarn Apisak , Jugsujinda Suwit , Seetawan Tosawat
Published: September 2013

This research has an objective to develop and fabricate thermoelectric generator (TEG) from the p-Ca3Co4O9 and n-CaMnO3 ceramic materials. The p-n materials were cut and polished to the dimension of 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 and 71 couples. The relationship between temperature difference and electrical voltage, electrical current, electrical power and conversion efficiency were measured. The electricity and efficiency of TEG showed the maximum value of 1.6 V, 300 mA, 480 mW and 0.025 % at temperature difference of 60 K.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline ZnO Powders by a Direct Thermal Decomposition Route Using Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate
Authors: Sujinnapram Supphadate , Termsuk Uraiphorn , Charoentam Atcharawan , Sutthana Sutthipoj
Published: September 2013

The nanocrystalline ZnO powders were synthesized by a direct thermal decomposition using zinc nitrate hexahydrate as starting materials. The precursor was characterized by TG-DTA to determine the thermal decomposition and crystallization temperature which was found to be at 325 oC. The precursors were calcined at different temperatures of 400, 500, and 600°C for 4 h. The structure of the prepared samples was studied by XRD, confirming the formation of wurtzite structure. The synthesized powders exhibited the UV absorption below 400 nm (3.10 eV) with a well defined absorption peak at around 285 nm (4.35 eV). The estimated direct bandgaps were obtained to be 3.19, 3.16, and 3.14 eV for the ZnO samples thermally decomposed at 400, 500, and 600°C, respectively.
Effect of Addition TiO2 on Bi2O3-TiO2-B2O3 Glasses
Authors: Kirdsiri Keerati , Srisittipokakun Nattapon , Ruangtaweep Yotsakit , Boonin Kitipun , Limsuwan Pichet , Kaewkhao Jakrapong
Published: September 2013

Bismuth titanium borate glasses in compositions xTiO2 : (30-x)Bi2O3 : 70B2O3 (with x is in mol%, varying from 0% to 10%) were fabricated by the conventional melt quenching technique. The effect of TiO2 on the physical and spectroscopic properties of bismuth borate glasses have been carried out by means of density and UV-Visible spectroscopy measurement techniques. The density and molar volume of all glasses are found to change depend on TiO2 substitution. The fundamental absorption edges for all glasses have been identified using the theory proposed by Davis and Mott. The optical band gap (Eg) is found to decrease with increase in TiO2 content.
Experimental Performance of a Mix Mode Solar Dryer for Drying Centella Asiatica
Authors: Srisittipokakun Nattapon , Kirdsiri Keerati
Published: September 2013

This paper describes a mixed mode natural convection of solar dryer. The dryer was designed for small-scale commercial producers of agricultural products in non-electrified locations. The products to be dried are placed in multi layer on a wire mesh in the drying tunnel to receive energy from both hot air supplied from the collector and incident solar radiation on products. Temperatures in the drying chamber varied from 28.0° C to 55.0° C depend on the weather conditions. To investigate its performance, the dryer was used to dry 30 kg of Centella asiatica in December 2012. The dryer could be used for Centella asiatica of 80% (wb) moisture content, and they could be dried within 4 hours, with 0% (wb) remaining moisture. In addition, the Centella asiatica being dried in the solar tunnel drier were completely protected from rain, insects and dust, and the dried Centella asiatica were high quality dried products terms of flavor, color and texture. The drying efficiency of the solar component alone was found to be 39.18%.
Design of LIA Processor with Nanosize Electronic Technology Based on FPGA Chip
Authors: Yu Fei , Jie Zhao
Published: September 2013

Lock-in Amplifier is very useful in many weak signals processing systems. To lower down the system cost and to raise the speed of the system, a digital Lock-in Amplifier processor with nanosize electronic technology based on FPGA chip and the algorithm appropriate for hardware to implement was introduced. The frequency of the signal which can be lock-in amplified by the processor is up to 158 KHz, and the error in the experiment is less than 1.27. Also, the cost of the system is much lower than the system scheme based on DPS chips.
Study on Biochemical Materials with Development of Hollow and Paclitaxel-Loaded Bubbles for Ultrasound Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Wu Shi Chao , Yang Xiang Rui , Hou Zhen Qing , Jiang Qian , Wang Yan Ge
Published: September 2013

We report a new type of biochemical materialmultifunctional paclitaxel-loaded poly lactide-lecithin (PLA-lecithin) microbubbles which has been developed with a method of ultrasonic double emulsion solvent evaporation (UDES) combined with lyophilization. Bubbles were characterized to be hollow, well dispersed andwith size of 300nm~2um. Paclitaxel loading efficiency could reach up to 12%, and bubbles with different size and different lecithin content showed varied drug release characteristics but all displayed slow-release and ultrasound controlled properties, illustrating the ultrasound responsive drug release effect of the combination of microbubbles and ultrasound.
A Practical Judge Model to Simulate Lithium-Ion Battery Material Discharge Voltage Threshold
Authors: Zhang Li Xia , Kang Wei , Du Yin Jing
Published: September 2013

The output current of the current-source inverter (CSI) can be very steady. It is applied in the circumstance when precise current is needed. But the output characteristic of CSI depends on not only its performance but also the batterys nature. This paper presented a practical judge model which can simulate the batterys output threshold. In a simulation system, the amplitude of inverting current can be a very large value provided the loop impedance is small enough and the output current can remain steady. But in actual operation CSI has its out put limitation. When the given current is big, the output current will be unsteady. It is very risky because it might cause short circuit between both sides power. The output characteristic of CSI is studied from the mechanism when the control block generate the trigger impulse. The reason why the output values differ greatly between simulation and test is discussed. The simulation used a method by adopting a concussion judgment module to detect the CSIs output state. The reference currents the amplitude information and phase information is separated. The proportion between reactive component and active component is concerned to regulate CSIs output current. Simulations and tests proved the correctness and feasibility of the method.
Study on Magnetic Materials with Suspension Altitude Control of 6DOF Precision Magnetic Suspension Platform
Authors: Zhou Zhen Xiong , Qu Yong Yin , Liu De Jun
Published: September 2013

A novel magnetic suspension platform is studied in this paper. Three sets of suspension apparatus is adopted to produce suspension force, each of which consists of the permanent magnet, the U shape yoke and suspension coils. Material of yoke is laminated transformer silicon steel (30ZH100).Material of Permanent magnet is Nd2Fe14B. The mathematical model of suspension was established by analyzing the force exerting on rotor. In view of the levitation system with multi-variable, nonlinear, strong coupling characteristics, ADRC is applied to realize decoupling and disturbance rejection. The rule of ADRC parameter setting was obtained through lots of simulations. The simulation and experimental results indicate this suspension altitude control system has better dynamic characteristics and robust.