bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different contributions of preparatory activity in the basal ganglia and cerebellum for self-timing
Authors: Kunimatsu Jun , Suzuki Tomoki W , Ohmae Shogo , Tanaka Masaki
Published: July 2018

The ability to flexibly adjust movement timing is important for everyday life. Although the basal ganglia and cerebellum have been implicated in monitoring of supra- and sub-second intervals, respectively, the underlying neuronal mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that in monkeys trained to generate a self-initiated saccade at instructed timing following a visual cue, neurons in the caudate nucleus kept track of passage of time throughout the delay period, while those in the cerebellar dentate nucleus were recruited only during the last part of the delay period. Conversely, neuronal correlates of trial-by-trial variation of self-timing emerged earlier in the cerebellum than the striatum. Local inactivation of respective recording sites confirmed the difference in their relative contributions to supra- and sub-second intervals. These results suggest that the basal ganglia may measure elapsed time relative to the intended interval, while the cerebellum might be responsible for the fine adjustment of self-timing.
A positive-feedback-based mechanism for constriction rate acceleration during cytokinesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Khaliullin Renat N , Green Rebecca A , Shi Linda Z , Gomez-Cavazos J Sebastian , Berns Michael W , Desai Arshad , Oegema Karen
Published: July 2018

To ensure timely cytokinesis, the equatorial actomyosin contractile ring constricts at a relatively constant rate despite its progressively decreasing size. Thus, the per-unit-length constriction rate increases as ring perimeter decreases. To understand this acceleration, we monitored cortical surface and ring component dynamics during the first cytokinesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. We found that, per unit length, the amount of ring components (myosin, anillin) and the constriction rate increase with parallel exponential kinetics. Quantitative analysis of cortical flow indicated that the cortex within the ring is compressed along the axis perpendicular to the ring, and the per-unit-length rate of cortical compression increases during constriction in proportion to ring myosin. We propose that positive feedback between ring myosin and compression-driven flow of cortex into the ring drives an exponential increase in the per-unit-length amount of ring myosin to maintain a high ring constriction rate and support this proposal with an analytical mathematical model.
BK channel inhibition by strong extracellular acidification
Authors: Zhou Yu , Xia Xiao-Ming , Lingle Christopher J
Published: July 2018

Mammalian BK-type voltage- and Ca2+-dependent K+ channels are found in a wide range of cells and intracellular organelles. Among different loci, the composition of the extracellular microenvironment, including pH, may differ substantially. For example, it has been reported that BK channels are expressed in lysosomes with their extracellular side facing the strongly acidified lysosomal lumen (pH ~4.5). Here we show that BK activation is strongly and reversibly inhibited by extracellular H+, with its conductance-voltage relationship shifted by more than +100 mV at pHO 4. Our results reveal that this inhibition is mainly caused by H+ inhibition of BK voltage-sensor (VSD) activation through three acidic residues on the extracellular side of BK VSD. Given that these key residues (D133, D147, D153) are highly conserved among members in the voltage-dependent cation channel superfamily, the mechanism underlying BK inhibition by extracellular acidification might also be applicable to other members in the family.
Emerging evidence for the modulation of exocytosis by signalling lipids
Authors: Garcia‐Martinez Virginia , Gimenez‐Molina Yolanda , Villanueva José , Darios Frederic D. , Davletov Bazbek , Gutiérrez Luis M.
Published: July 2018

Membrane fusion is a key event in exocytosis of neurotransmitters and hormones stored in intracellular vesicles. In this process, soluble N‐ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are essential components of the exocytotic molecular machinery, while lipids have been seen traditionally as structural elements. However, the so‐called signalling lipids, such as sphingosine and arachidonic acid, interact with SNAREs and directly modulate the frequency and mode of fusion events. Interestingly, recent work has proved that the sphingosine analogue FTY‐720, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, mimics the effects of signalling lipids. In the present Review, we discuss recent investigations suggesting that endogenous signalling lipids and synthetic analogues can modulate important physiological aspects of secretion, such as quantal release, vesicle recruitment into active sites, vesicle transport and even organelle fusion in the cytosol. Therefore, these compounds are far from being merely structural components of cellular membranes.
COMP Report: CPQR Technical Quality Control Guidelines for Data Management Systems
Authors: Pomerleau‐Dalcourt Natalie , Basran Parminder
Published: July 2018

The Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP), in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested in a variety of Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology (the most updated version of this guideline can be found on the CPQR website). This particular TQC details recommended quality control testing of radiation data management systems.
A New Era of Social Housing: Architecture as the Basis for Change
Authors: Karakusevic Paul
Published: July 2018

The UK has an enviable track record of high‐quality social housing provision, but this has been damaged by reduced or counterproductive state involvement. So argues Paul Karakusevic, whose London practice Karakusevic Carson Architects is among a number worldwide that are lobbying for change in how social housing is done. He cautions against one‐size‐fits‐all approaches, advocating instead close collaborations between local authorities, architects and residents' associations. His own firm's experience designing mixed‐tenure, mixed‐typology models via this method shows that there is reason for optimism.
Designing for Impact: Tools for Reducing Disparities in Health
Authors: Phillips Brian , Katz Deb
Published: July 2018

Our living environments can play a crucial part in our health – physical, emotional and psychological. But these impacts cannot be so easily and quickly measured or anticipated as, say, build costs or energy efficiency. How, then, can architects ensure that the housing they design will be health enhancing? Philadelphia‐based architectural practice Interface Studio Architects (ISA) has been developing tools for this purpose through a range of recent projects, public and private. The firm's principals Brian Phillips and Deb Katz describe the resulting strategies that are encouraging physical activity, nurturing residents' sense of wellbeing and inviting wider neighbourhood interaction for greater health equity.
Evolving Rural Typologies for Rapidly Growing Cities: Urbanus's Work Towards Inclusive Communities
Authors: Fu Na
Published: July 2018

How can an inclusive community be created that provides for the lower‐income populations migrating to China's ever‐expanding cities? And how can traditional community relationships be nurtured in these settings? These are challenging questions that demand collaboration between designers, policymakers, developers and the general public. The Shenzhen‐based practice Urbanus has carried out extensive research in this field, leading to some promising solutions. Urban transformation researcher Na Fu, who worked at Urbanus between 2010 and 2012, outlines some of their built and speculative contributions to date.
Beyond Temporary: Prototypes for Resilient Communities
Authors: Barton Cynthia , Gans Deborah , Palmer Rosamund
Published: July 2018

Speed is not the only requirement when responding to the catastrophic loss of dwellings in major storms, earthquakes and tsunamis. Equally crucial are community recovery and structural durability, since what is initially intended as temporary accommodation can often remain in longer‐term use. Cynthia Barton, former housing recovery programme manager at the New York City Emergency Management Department, and Deborah Gans and Rosamund Palmer of Brooklyn‐based architectural practice GANS studio, have been working together in this area for 10 years. Their and other similar collaborations have produced effective models of modular design and community engagement that could provide a way forward.
Spaces of Migration: Architecture for Refugees
Authors: Kühl Kaja , Behrens Julie
Published: July 2018

The massive influx of migrants to European cities from Syria and beyond, since 2015, has demanded a rethink of how to accommodate refugees. Germany is a case in point: to avoid ghettoisation and aid social cohesion, efforts are being made to integrate newcomers with long‐term residents in urban neighbourhoods through specially built, mixed‐use schemes. Kaja Kuühl, a practising urban designer and adjunct professor at the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, New York, and Julie Behrens, who directs the affordable housing consultancy Project Urbanista, showcase several such projects.
The Land of a Thousand Hills: Rwanda's New Urban Agenda
Authors: Dieye Fatou
Published: July 2018

When a country's urbanisation rate far outstrips its construction industry's capacity to build, ambitious yet practical solutions are called for. Spurred by government initiatives, Rwanda has recently seen a number of these emerge, involving specialist teams from around the world working closely with communities. Fatou Dieye, who is coordinating one such project for the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, highlights a few. The resulting flexible prototypes employ locally available materials and skill sets, and fit the country's socio‐cultural patterns and terrain.
Spatial Models for the Domestic Commons: Communes, Co‐living and Cooperatives
Authors: Bhatia Neeraj , Steinmuller Antje
Published: July 2018

Sharing accommodation is perhaps the most obvious solution to housing affordability issues, but can be fraught with problems. Through collaborative design and agency, both architects and residents can play their part in facilitating harmonious and adaptable co‐living environments supporting emerging forms of households. Neeraj Bhatia and Antje Steinmuller, who co‐direct the Urban Works Agency research lab at the California College of the Arts, report on three projects from across the globe that demonstrate just that: a Berlin Baugruppe, a Seoul ‘share house’ and a California commune network.
Social Housing in an Increasingly Politicised Landscape
Authors: Park Julia
Published: July 2018

The deaths of over 70 residents of London's Grenfell Tower, when the building's cladding went up in flames in July 2017, sent out far‐reaching shock waves. It was a stark example of the dangers of neoliberalism, with public bodies not taking proper responsibility for social housing. As Julia Park – Head of Housing Research at London architecture and urban design firm Levitt Bernstein – observes, adequate policy and standards enforcement are key to ensuring that those with lower incomes can access housing which is fit for purpose. This requires architects to come on board with politicians – as her and certain other firms are already doing.
Realizing an Epitaxial Decorated Stanene with an Insulating Bandgap
Authors: Zang Yunyi , Jiang Tian , Gong Yan , Guan Zhaoyong , Liu Chong , Liao Menghan , Zhu Kejing , Li Zhe , Wang Lili , Li Wei , Song Canli , Zhang Ding , Xu Yong , He Ke , Ma Xucun , Zhang Shou‐Cheng , Xue Qi‐Kun
Published: July 2018

The exploration of intriguing topological quantum physics in stanene has attracted enormous interest but is challenged by lacking desirable material samples. The successful fabrication of monolayer stanene on PbTe(111) films with low‐temperature molecular beam epitaxy and thorough characterizations of its atomic and electronic structures are reported here. In situ angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy together with first‐principles calculations identify two hole bands of p
xy orbital with a spin‐orbit coupling induced band splitting and meanwhile reveal an automatic passivation of p
z orbital of stanene. Importantly, material properties are tuned by substrate engineering, realizing a decorated stanene sample with truly insulating bulk on Sr‐doped PbTe. This finding paves a road for studies of stanene‐based topological quantum effects and electronics.
Extreme Reconfigurable Nanoelectronics at the CaZrO3/SrTiO3 Interface
Authors: Chen Lu , Li Jianan , Tang Yuhe , Pai Yun‐Yi , Chen Yunzhong , Pryds Nini , Irvin Patrick , Levy Jeremy
Published: July 2018

Complex oxide heterostructures have fascinating emergent properties that originate from the properties of the bulk constituents as well as from dimensional confinement. The conductive behavior of the polar/nonpolar LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface can be reversibly switched using conductive atomic force microscopy (c‐AFM) lithography, enabling a wide range of devices and physics to be explored. Here, extreme nanoscale control over the CaZrO3/SrTiO3 (CZO/STO) interface, which is formed from two materials that are both nonpolar, is reported. Nanowires with measured widths as narrow as 1.2 nm are realized at the CZO/STO interface at room temperature by c‐AFM lithography. These ultrathin nanostructures have spatial dimensions at room temperature that are comparable to single‐walled carbon nanotubes, and hold great promise for alternative oxide‐based nanoelectronics, as well as offer new opportunities to investigate the electronic structure of the complex oxide interfaces. The cryogenic properties of devices constructed from quasi‐1D channels, tunnel barriers, and planar gates exhibit gate‐tunable superconductivity, quantum oscillations, electron pairing outside of the superconducting regime, and quasi‐ballistic transport. This newly demonstrated ability to control the metal–insulator transition at nonpolar oxide interface greatly expands the class of materials whose behavior can be patterned and reconfigured at extreme nanoscale dimensions.
Oxygen‐Vacancy and Surface Modulation of Ultrathin Nickel Cobaltite Nanosheets as a High‐Energy Cathode for Advanced Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zeng Yinxiang , Lai Zhengzhe , Han Yi , Zhang Haozhe , Xie Shilei , Lu Xihong
Published: July 2018

The development of high‐capacity, Earth‐abundant, and stable cathode materials for robust aqueous Zn‐ion batteries is an ongoing challenge. Herein, ultrathin nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) nanosheets with enriched oxygen vacancies and surface phosphate ions (P–NiCo2O4‐x) are reported as a new high‐energy‐density cathode material for rechargeable Zn‐ion batteries. The oxygen‐vacancy and surface phosphate‐ion modulation are achieved by annealing the pristine NiCo2O4 nanosheets using a simple phosphating process. Benefiting from the merits of substantially improved electrical conductivity and increased concentration of active sites, the optimized P–NiCo2O4‐x nanosheet electrode delivers remarkable capacity (309.2 mAh g−1 at 6.0 A g−1) and extraordinary rate performance (64% capacity retention at 60.4 A g−1). Moreover, based on the P–NiCo2O4‐x cathode, our fabricated P–NiCo2O4‐x//Zn battery presents an impressive specific capacity of 361.3 mAh g−1 at the high current density of 3.0 A g−1 in an alkaline electrolyte. Furthermore, extremely high energy density (616.5 Wh kg−1) and power density (30.2 kW kg−1) are also achieved, which outperforms most of the previously reported aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. This ultrafast and high‐energy aqueous Zn‐ion battery is promising for widespread application to electric vehicles and intelligent devices.
Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries for Practical Applications: Technology, Development, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Choi Sinho , Wang Guoxiu
Published: July 2018

Lithium‐ion batteries have been used to operate various electric devices over the last decade. Electronic devices have been developed rapidly to achieve a high level of performance and enter into new markets. However, lithium‐ion batteries face limitations as a result of the low theoretical energy density of existing materials. Thus, many researchers have sought to investigate different ways to enhance the performance of batteries when used for practical applications. This review revisits the literature related to the development of high performance lithium‐ion batteries, which have been shown to have achieved outstanding results in a full cell test. In particular, the full cell test is critically important when seeking to develop materials that are appropriate for use in practical applications, and it also helps meet the increasing demands of new lithium‐ion batteries that are a result of emerging technology. This review article aims to provide information about the development of lithium‐ion batteries and the latest developments in new materials and nanotechnology. Furthermore, it will outline the challenges faced by the research community in developing advanced batteries and the outlook for the next generation of lithium‐ion batteries.
Perovskite CsPbX3: A Promising Nonlinear Optical Material and Its Applications for Ambient All‐Optical Switching with Enhanced Stability
Authors: Wu Leiming , Chen Keqiang , Huang Weichun , Lin Zhitao , Zhao Jinlai , Jiang Xiantao , Ge Yanqi , Zhang Feng , Xiao Quannan , Guo Zhinan , Xiang Yuanjiang , Li Jianqing , Bao Qiaoliang , Zhang Han
Published: July 2018

Perovskites are demonstrated as an excellent prospect for applications in all‐optical switching due to their excellent nonlinear optical effects. In this contribution, 2D cesium lead iodine (CsPbI3) quantum dots (QDs) and cesium lead bromine iodine (CsPbBrxI3−x) nanosheets (NSs) are prepared, characterized, and applied in all‐optical switching, and their asymmetric nonlinear optical response is also investigated. Moreover, the impact of the beam distortion on the CsPbI3 QDs and CsPbBrxI3−x NSs is systematically analyzed. An all‐optical switching technique based on perovskite QDs and NSs is experimentally investigated, which is realized by modulating the propagation of the signal beam with another controlling beam using spatial cross‐phase modulation. The achievement of all‐optical switching indicates that perovskites can be developed as an excellent optical material for all‐optical signal processing. The contribution reveals the potential applications of perovskites as a new type of optical information material, and it is therefore anticipated that CsPbI3 QDs, CsPbBrxI3−x NSs, and other 2D perovskite NSs could find promising applications in photonics devices (such as optical modulators, optical switchers, and detectors).
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalizations by Use of Sulfur‐Containing Directing Groups
Authors: Tang Kai‐Xiang , Wang Chun‐Meng , Gao Tian‐Hong , Chen Lin , Fan Lian , Sun Li‐Ping
Published: July 2018

Transition metal‐catalyzed direct functionalization of C−H bonds is an economical and efficient way to construct complex molecules that is currently attracting tremendous attention. In particular, the strategy involving transition metal‐catalyzed regioselective C−H activation assisted by sulfur‐containing directing groups has been realized in the past few years in spite of sulfur's ability to poison many transition metal catalysts. This review describes the rational development of sulfur‐containing directing groups including thioethers, sulfoxides, thioamides, alkoxythiocarbonyl groups, and thioketones. Through collective efforts in the community, a range of transition metal‐catalyzed C−H activation transformations using this type of directing group has been developed.

magnified image
Design and Synthesis of Layered Na2Ti3O7 and Tunnel Na2Ti6O13 Hybrid Structures with Enhanced Electrochemical Behavior for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Chunjin , Hua Weibo , Zhang Zheng , Zhong Benhe , Yang Zuguang , Feng Guilin , Xiang Wei , Wu Zhenguo , Guo Xiaodong
Published: July 2018

A novel complementary approach for promising anode materials is proposed. Sodium titanates with layered Na2Ti3O7 and tunnel Na2Ti6O13 hybrid structure are presented, fabricated, and characterized. The hybrid sample exhibits excellent cycling stability and superior rate performance by the inhibition of layered phase transformation and synergetic effect. The structural evolution, reaction mechanism, and reaction dynamics of hybrid electrodes during the sodium insertion/desertion process are carefully investigated. In situ synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction (SXRD) characterization is performed and the result indicates that Na+ inserts into tunnel structure with occurring solid solution reaction and intercalates into Na2Ti3O7 structure with appearing a phase transition in a low voltage. The reaction dynamics reveals that sodium ion diffusion of tunnel Na2Ti6O13 is faster than that of layered Na2Ti3O7. The synergetic complementary properties are significantly conductive to enhance electrochemical behavior of hybrid structure. This study provides a promising candidate anode for advanced sodium ion batteries (SIBs).
Indigenous land and sea management programs: Can they promote regional development and help “close the (income) gap”?
Authors: Jarvis Diane , Stoeckl Natalie , Hill Ro , Pert Petina
Published: July 2018

Throughout the world, there is growing recognition of the important role Indigenous people play in natural resource management and conservation. Indigenous Land and Sea Management Programs (ILSMPs; which provide funds to Indigenous people to support Indigenous land management activities) are also known to generate social and economic benefits, although relative few of these co‐benefits have been quantified. Using northern Australia as a case study, we analysed data on ILSMP expenditure within three regional input–output tables, learning more about the size and distribution of their associated regional economic benefits. We found ILSMPs make a significant contribution to regional economies—with multipliers commonly exceeding that of other key regional industries such as agriculture and mining. We also found ILSMP expenditures make a larger contribution to Indigenous household incomes than they do to non‐Indigenous incomes—thus helping to close the (income) gap. They will continue to do so, provided the proportion of ILSMP money spent on Indigenous (compared to non‐Indigenous) incomes does not fall below a threshold amount. Rather than finding evidence of a trade‐off between socio‐ecological and financial/economic goals, our results suggest ILSMPs, known for their ecological importance, can also make a vitally important contribution to economic development in rural areas.
Surfactant Assembly within Pickering Emulsion Droplets for Fabrication of Interior‐Structured Mesoporous Carbon Microspheres
Authors: Liu Dawei , Xue Nan , Wei Lijuan , Zhang Ye , Qin Zhangfeng , Li Xuekuan , Binks Bernard P. , Yang Hengquan
Published: July 2018

Large‐sized carbon spheres with controllable interior architecture are highly desired, but there is no method to synthesize these materials. Here, we develop a novel method to synthesize interior‐structured mesoporous carbon microspheres (MCMs), based on the surfactant assembly within water droplet‐confined spaces. Our approach is shown to access a library of unprecedented MCMs such as hollow MCMs, multi‐chambered MCMs, bijel‐structured MCMs, multi‐cored MCMs, “solid” MCMs, and honeycombed MCMs. These novel structures, unattainable for the conventional bulk synthesis even at the same conditions, suggest an intriguing effect arising from the droplet‐confined spaces. This synthesis method and the hitherto unfound impact of the droplet‐confined spaces on the microstructural evolution open up new horizons in exploring novel materials for innovative applications.
Axially Chiral Dibenzazepinones by a Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Atropo‐enantioselective C−H Arylation
Authors: Newton Christopher G. , Braconi Elena , Kuziola Jennifer , Wodrich Matthew D. , Cramer Nicolai
Published: July 2018

Atropo‐enantioselective C−H functionalization reactions are largely limited to the dynamic kinetic resolution of biaryl substrates through the introduction of steric bulk proximal to the axis of chirality. Reported herein is a highly atropo‐enantioselective palladium(0)‐catalyzed methodology that forges the axis of chirality during the C−H functionalization process, enabling the synthesis of axially chiral dibenzazepinones. Computational investigations support experimentally determined racemization barriers, while also indicating C−H functionalization proceeds by an enantio‐determining CMD to yield configurationally stable eight‐membered palladacycles.
Creating prognostic systems for cancer patients: A demonstration using breast cancer
Authors: Hueman Mathew T. , Wang Huan , Yang Charles Q. , Sheng Li , Henson Donald E. , Schwartz Arnold M. , Chen Dechang
Published: July 2018

Integrating additional prognostic factors into the tumor, lymph node, metastasis staging system improves the relative stratification of cancer patients and enhances the accuracy in planning their treatment options and predicting clinical outcomes. We describe a novel approach to build prognostic systems for cancer patients that can admit any number of prognostic factors. In the approach, an unsupervised learning algorithm was used to create dendrograms and the C‐index was used to cut dendrograms to generate prognostic groups. Breast cancer data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute were used for demonstration. Two relative prognostic systems were created for breast cancer. One system (7 prognostic groups with C‐index = 0.7295) was based on tumor size, regional lymph nodes, and no distant metastasis. The other system (7 prognostic groups with C‐index = 0.7458) was based on tumor size, regional lymph nodes, no distant metastasis, grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and age. The dendrograms showed a relationship between survival and prognostic factors. The proposed approach is able to create prognostic systems that have a good accuracy in survival prediction and provide a manageable number of prognostic groups. The prognostic systems have the potential to permit a thorough database analysis of all information relevant to decision‐making in patient management and prognosis.
Renal cell carcinoma risk associated with lower intake of micronutrients
Authors: Bock Cathryn H. , Ruterbusch Julie J. , Holowatyj Andreana N. , Steck Susan E. , Van Dyke Alison L. , Ho Won Jin , Cote Michele L. , Hofmann Jonathan N. , Davis Faith , Graubard Barry I. , Schwartz Kendra L. , Purdue Mark P.
Published: July 2018

Kidney cancer incidence in African Americans (AA) is higher than among European Americans (EA); reasons for this disparity are not fully known. Dietary micronutrients may have a protective effect on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development by inhibiting oxidative DNA damage and tumor growth. We evaluated whether any micronutrient associations differed by race in the US Kidney Cancer Study. 1142 EA and AA RCC cases and 1154 frequency‐matched controls were enrolled in a population‐based case‐control study between 2002 and 2007. Dietary micronutrient intake was derived from an interviewer‐administered diet history questionnaire. RCC risk associated with micronutrient intake was estimated using adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression comparing lower to highest quartiles of intake and sample weighting. Inverse associations with RCC risk were observed for α‐carotene, β‐carotene, lutein zeaxanthin, lycopene, vitamin A, folate, thiamin, vitamin C, α‐tocopherol, β‐tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol, and selenium. A trend for β‐cryptoxanthin was suggested among EA but not AA or the total sample (P‐interaction = .04). Otherwise, findings did not differ by race, gender, age, or smoking status. The increase in RCC risk associated with lower micronutrient intake is similar within AA and EA populations. A diet rich in sources of micronutrients found in fruits, vegetables, and nuts may help to reduce the overall risk of RCC.
Enzymatic Fluorination of Biotin and Tetrazine Conjugates for Pretargeting Approaches to Positron Emission Tomography Imaging
Authors: Lowe Phillip T. , Dall'Angelo Sergio , Devine Andrew , Zanda Matteo , O'Hagan David
Published: July 2018

The use of radiolabelled antibodies and antibody‐derived recombinant constructs has shown promise for both imaging and therapeutic use. In this context, the biotin–avidin/streptavidin pairing, along with the inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder (iEDDA) reaction, have found application in pretargeting approaches for positron emission tomography (PET). This study reports the fluorinase‐mediated transhalogenation [5′‐chloro‐5′‐deoxyadenosine (ClDA) substrates to 5′‐fluoro‐5′‐deoxyadenosine (FDA) products] of two antibody pretargeting tools, a FDA‐PEG‐tetrazine and a [18F]FDA‐PEG‐biotin, and each is assessed either for its compatibility towards iEDDA ligation totrans‐cyclooctene or for its affinity to avidin. A protocol to avoid radiolytically promoted oxidation of biotin during the synthesis of [18F]FDA‐PEG‐biotin was developed. The study adds to the repertoire of conjugates for use in fluorinase‐catalysed radiosynthesis for PET and shows that the fluorinase will accept a wide range of ClDA substrates tethered at C‐2 of the adenine ring with a PEGylated cargo. The method is exceptional because the nucleophilic reaction with [18F]fluoride takes place in water at neutral pH and at ambient temperature.
Skeletal involvement of hairy cell leukemia
Authors: Durot Eric , Quinquenel Anne , Kleiber Jean‐Charles , Patey Martine , Bazin Arnaud , Delmer Alain
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Skeletal involvement is an unusual manifestation of HCL, complicating the course of the disease in approximately 3% of patients. We describe a case of skull involvement by HCL, a localization rarely reported in the literature.
A case of lateral medullary infarction with severe dysphagia and worsening of respiratory failure in the chronic phase of recovery
Authors: Mon Yusuke , Tamaki Chisato
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Patients with lateral medullary infarction (LMI) sometimes present with respiratory failure in the acute or subacute phase. We experienced a LMI patient with progression of respiratory failure that required bilevel positive airway pressure in the chronic phase. LMI patients must be carefully observed even in the chronic phase of recovery.
Uncommon things to note about a common cause of nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Esprit Don H. , Amin Md. Shahrier , Koratala Abhilash
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Primary membranous nephropathy is typically a disease of middle‐aged white men but should be included in the differential diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome in patients of any age and race. Serological anti‐PLA2R testing must be interpreted in the appropriate clinical context and histological PLA2R staining is recommended in seronegative patients.
Pt–M Complexes (M=Ag, Au) as Models for Intermediates in Transmetalation Processes
Authors: Baya Miguel , Belío Úrsula , Campillo David , Fernández Israel , Fuertes Sara , Martín Antonio
Published: July 2018

Heteropolynuclear complexes [(CNC)(PPh3)PtM(PPh3)]ClO4 [M=Au (1), Ag (2)] and [{Pt(CNC)(PPh3)}2M]ClO4 [M=Ag (3), Au (4); CNC=2,6‐diphenylpyridinate] were prepared and studied by X‐ray crystallography, spectroscopic techniques, and DFT calculations. The X‐ray crystal structures of 1, 3, and 4 confirmed the existence of Pt−M bonds and M⋅⋅⋅Cipso interactions involving one of the phenyl fragments of CNC. Their NMR spectra showed the persistence of the Pt−M interactions in solution and also revealed an intramolecular metronome‐like dynamic process consisting of back‐and‐forth motion of the acidic M fragments along the C‐Pt‐C axis. DFT calculations on these complexes identified two main orbital interactions between the [PtCNC] and [M]+ fragments, namely, donation from the former to a vacant orbital of the latter and much weaker backdonation from the acidic M to the Pt fragment. Overall, the strength of the [Pt]⋅⋅⋅M interactions is higher for the gold compounds than for their silver counterparts. The interaction between the acidic center (silver or gold) and the carbon atom of one of the phenylene rings in these heteropolymetallic complexes can be envisaged as the first step in a process of interchange of aryl ligands. However, the ligand exchange cannot progress further due to the polydentate nature of the CNC ligand, and therefore these structures can be considered as frozen snapshots of a transmetalation reaction that has been arrested at different stages of the process.
A Nanosized Phenylene‐Ethynylene‐Butadiynylene [2]Catenane
Authors: Schweez Christopher , Höger Sigurd
Published: July 2018

In a convergent, template‐directed synthesis, an efficient route to a phenylene‐ethynylene‐butadiynylene based [2]catenane is described. The key step is performed by the aminolysis of the corresponding precatenane, which is obtained by a sequence of metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling and desilylation reactions. The cyclization reaction leads besides the [2]precatenane to a variety of larger precatenanes and offers an attractive approach to mechanically interlocked structures of different size.
Synergistic Enhancement in Antibacterial Activity of Core/Shell/Shell SiO2/ZnO/Ag3PO4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Zheng Pei , Zhang Bingyang , Jin Bo , Guan Weisheng , Bai Bo , Dai Sheng
Published: July 2018

Novel core/shell/shell SiO2/ZnO/Ag3PO4 nanoparticles (SZA‐NPs) were prepared through a facile reflux method involving sequential deposition of ZnO and Ag3PO4 to SiO2 spheres. The obtained SZA‐NPs were systematically characterized and used as the dual‐functional antibacterial agents for disinfection. Under visible‐light irradiation, the SZA‐NPs exhibit enhanced antibacterial activity for of Escherichia coli DH5α (E. coli) compared to that of Ag3PO4 or SiO2/ZnO in liquid phase and on agar plates. Quantitative analysis of Ag+ release from SZA‐NPs confirms the minor contribution of released silver ions to the antibacterial efficiency. On the other hand, chemical scavengers and photoluminescence studies suggest that radical oxygen species (ROS) also make major contribution to E. coli cell death. The enhanced antibacterial activity of the SZA‐NPs under visible‐light irradiation can be attributed to the synergistic effect of released silver ions and ROS generated from the excellent band matching between Ag3PO4 and ZnO. This work paves a new way for future design of highly efficient visible‐light induced antibacterial agents.
Theoretical Estimation of Optimal Parameters for Maximum Fluorescence under Pulsed Excitation
Authors: Kayanattil Meghanad , De Arijit K.
Published: July 2018

We present a detailed theoretical study on choosing optimum excitation parameters for maximizing the fluorescence yield. Using a model system, we show how the time‐averaged emission (fluorescence) is modulated as the excitation conditions are changed from continuous wave excitation to pulsed excitation with various combinations of pulse widths and pulse repetition‐rates for the same time‐averaged excitation intensity. We conclude that depending on the excitation intensity, different pulse parameters are required for generating maximum fluorescence output. Our method can be implemented for other more sophisticated models without much difficulty.
Effects of Ag Incorporation on the Band Structures and Conductivity Types of (Cu1‐xAgx)2ZnSnS4 Solid Solutions
Authors: Liang Xizhuang , Wang Peng , Huang Baibiao , Zhang Qianqian , Wang Zeyan , Liu Yuanyuan , Zheng Zhaoke , Qin Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyang , Dai Ying
Published: July 2018

In this paper, (Cu1‐xAgx)2ZnSnS4 (CAZTS) solid solutions were prepared through a facile hydrothermal and post‐calcination treatment method. The gradual shift of the X‐ray diffraction pattern (XRD) reveals that the CAZTS samples are solid solutions without impurities. UV‐Vis‐NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) indicates the band gaps of the solid solutions can be tuned continuously by controlling the Ag/(Ag+Cu) molar ratios (x). The H2 evolution rate increases with the substitution amount of Ag. When the Ag doping amount exceeds 0.6 in CAZTS solid solutions, the conductivity of the semiconductor changes from p type to n type, as proven by photocurrent density‐applied potential curves and Motte‐Schottky plots. Our results prove that Ag incorporation plays a key role in the band structures and conductivity types of (Cu1–xAgx)2ZnSnS4 solid solutions.
Photooxidation of Fulvenes in a Continuous Flow Photoreactor using Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent
Authors: Wu Lingqiao , Lee Darren S. , Boufroura Hamza , Poliakoff Martyn , George Michael W.
Published: July 2018

The front cover artwork is provided by the George–Poliakoff Group at the University of Nottingham (UK). The image shows the high‐pressure sapphire tube photoreactor under irradiation with one LED block removed. To highlight the continuous flow nature of the reactor, the starting fulvenes and oxygen are shown entering the top of the reactor and at the bottom the lactone products are released. Read the full text of the Article at10.1002/cptc.201800033.
Crystal‐Face Tailored Graphitic Carbon Nitride Films for High‐Performance Photoelectrochemical Cells
Authors: Xiong Wei , Chen Shunwei , Huang Miaoyan , Wang Zhenyu , Lu Zhouguang , Zhang Rui‐Qin
Published: July 2018

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) has been widely studied as a promising candidate for water splitting, owing to its metal‐free nature, moderate band gap, and low cost. However, its photocurrent density is still very low for photoelectrochemical cell applications. In this work, a crystal face tailored g‐CN photoelectrode has been fabricated by a facile thermal vapor deposition method. We use the melamine formaldehyde resin as a new precursor and have successfully fabricated g‐CN films. The intensity ratio between two typical peaks (100) and (001) of g‐CN is very different from that in the existing literature. The water splitting photocurrent density is as high as 228.2 μA cm−2, which is 126.8 times higher than pure g‐CN (1.8 μA cm−2) at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrodes under one sun illumination without sacrificial reagents and co‐catalysts. The electrode shows the best performance, compared with the previously reported g‐CN photoelectrodes.
Disentangling the influence of livestock vs. farm density on livestock disease epidemics
Authors: Meadows Amanda J. , Mundt Christopher C. , Keeling Matt J. , Tildesley Michael J.
Published: July 2018

Susceptible host density is a key factor that influences the success of invading pathogens. However, for diseases affecting livestock, there are two aspects of host density: livestock and farm density, which are seldom considered independently. Traditional approaches of simulating disease outbreaks on real‐world farm data make dissecting the relative importance of farm and livestock density difficult owing to their inherent correlation in many farming regions. We took steps to disentangle these densities and study their relative influences on epidemic size by simulating foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreaks on factorial combinations of cattle and farm populations in artificial county areas, resulting in 50 unique cattle/farm density combinations. In these simulations, increasing cattle density always resulted in larger epidemics, regardless of farm density. Alternatively, increasing farm density only led to larger epidemics in scenarios of high cattle density. We compared these results with simulations performed on real‐world farm data from the United States, where we initiated outbreaks in U.S. counties that varied in county‐level cattle density and farm density. We found a similar, but weaker relationship between cattle density and epidemic size in the U.S. simulations. We tested the sensitivity of these outcomes to variation in pathogen dispersal and farm‐level susceptibility model parameters and found that although variation in these parameters quantitatively influenced the size of the epidemic, they did not qualitatively change the relative influence of cattle vs. farm density in factorial simulations. By reducing the correlation between farm and livestock density in factorial simulations, we were able to clearly demonstrate the increase in epidemic size that occurred as farm sizes grew larger (i.e., through increasing county‐level cattle populations), across levels of farm density. These results suggest livestock production trends in many industrialized countries that concentrate livestock on fewer, but larger farms have the potential to facilitate larger livestock epidemics.
Development of the Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales for the Skills Demonstration and Progression Guide
Authors: Klieger David M. , Kell Harrison J. , Rikoon Samuel , Burkander Kri N. , Bochenek Jennifer L. , Shore Jane R.
Published: July 2018

In this research, we developed behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) to evaluate the job performance of Zone Three jobs requiring middle‐level skills and prior education ranging from vocational training to an associate's degree as well as work‐related skills or experience. We ultimately identified 7 relevant job performance dimensions mainly based on prior research literature. The dimensions are thought to reflect socioemotional constructs (soft skills, “21st‐century skills”) considered vital to success today in Zone Three jobs. Managers of Zone Three employees helped us develop the final behavioral statements to anchor the 6 BARS points by generating approximately 430 critical incidents on which we based the initial behavioral statements that we wrote. Another group of managers confirmed the relevancy of the statements to the Zone Three workers they supervised, retranslated statements back into dimensions to confirm the dimensions to which they belong, and provided ratings of the effectiveness level that each statement represented. We modified statements to fill any gaps in effectiveness level coverage. Then, we asked leading experts in assessment to confirm the adequacy of the final statements, and after they did so, we created the final anchored scales. Both past literature and our own analyses indicate that these BARS generalize across economic sectors and thus potentially can provide substantial value to organizations that wish to assess, in an efficient and cost‐effective manner, the performance of middle‐skills employees with many different types of possible job descriptions.
A user‐centric cooperative edge caching scheme for minimizing delay in 5G content delivery networks
Authors: Tang Shiyu , Alnoman Ali , Anpalagan Alagan , Woungang Isaac
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates the problem of user‐centric cooperative edge caching in content delivery networks to leverage service provisioning at the network edge and to improve the quality of experience by minimizing the end‐to‐end delay. By taking advantage of the major characteristics in fifth‐generation networks, users can access contents not only from the nearest small base station (SBS) but also from other SBSs in the vicinity that have the requested precached contents. In the proposed scheme, a user‐centric delivery approach is considered in such a way that the base station can respond to the user request as long as it has enough resources. To this end, a caching algorithm is introduced whereby a group of SBSs cooperatively share storage and decide on the caching policy together aiming to cache as much contents as possible under the capacity constraint. Moreover, a modified matching theory is used for content delivery taking the bandwidth requirements into account. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve 99.5% local serve ratio when the SBS has a caching capacity of 40% the overall file size, and 20 available communication channels for content distribution.
Effective cross‐sectional method for timber frame assemblies—definition of coefficients and zero‐strength layers
Authors: Tiso Mattia , Just Alar , Schmid Joachim , Klippel Michael
Published: July 2018

The load‐bearing capacity of timber members in fire conditions can be evaluated by an analytical design model known as effective cross‐sectional method (ECSM). For this method, an effective cross section of a member in fire is calculated by decreasing the original cross section by a notional charring depth and a so‐called zero‐strength layer. Then, the load‐bearing capacity can be evaluated by applying the mechanical properties as at ambient temperature to this effective cross section. The ECSM for timber frame assemblies (TFA) exposed to standard fire conditions according to European Norm 1363‐1 has been presented earlier in the European technical guidelineFire Safety in Timber Buildings(FSITB) with a limited field of application. This design model considers the fire protection provided by claddings and a limited range of cavity insulations. To cover the fire protection of a wider range of cavity insulation products, a new design approach has been developed. In this study, the zero‐strength layers for TFA with different cavity insulations are determined by means of a series of thermal and mechanical simulations. This paper proposes the protection coefficient for TFA with generic stone wool products as cavity insulation and zero‐strength layers for TFA with different cavity insulations.
Static and dynamic connectomics differentiate between depressed patients with and without suicidal ideation
Authors: Liao Wei , Li Jiao , Duan Xujun , Cui Qian , Chen Heng , Chen Huafu
Published: July 2018

Neural circuit dysfunction underlies the biological mechanisms of suicidal ideation (SI). However, little is known about how the brain's “dynome” differentiate between depressed patients with and without SI. This study included depressed patients (n = 48) with SI, without SI (NSI), and healthy controls (HC, n = 30). All participants underwent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We constructed dynamic and static connectomics on 200 nodes using a sliding window and full‐length time–series correlations, respectively. Specifically, the temporal variability of dynamic connectomic was quantified using the variance of topological properties across sliding window. The overall topological properties of both static and dynamic connectomics further differentiated between SI and NSI, and also predicted the severity of SI. The SI showed decreased overall topological properties of static connectomic relative to the HC. The SI exhibited increases in overall topological properties with regard to the dynamic connectomic when compared with the HC and the NSI. Importantly, combining the overall topological properties of dynamic and static connectomics yielded mean 75% accuracy (all p < .001) with mean 71% sensitivity and mean 75% specificity in differentiating between SI and NSI. Moreover, these features may predict the severity of SI (mean r = .55, all p < .05). The findings revealed that combining static and dynamic connectomics could differentiate between SI and NSI, offering new insight into the physiopathological mechanisms underlying SI. Furthermore, combining the brain's connectome and dynome may be considered a neuromarker for diagnostic and predictive models in the study of SI.