bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heinrich event 4 characterized by terrestrial proxies in southwestern Europe
Authors: López-García J. M. , Blain H.-A. , Bennàsar M. , Sanz M. , Daura J.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Heinrich event 4 (H4) is well documented in the North Atlantic Ocean as a cooling event that occurred between 39 and 40 Ka. Deep-sea cores around the Iberian Peninsula coastline have been analysed to characterize the H4 event, but there are no data on the terrestrial response to this event. Here we present for the first time an analysis of terrestrial proxies for characterizing the H4 event, using the small-vertebrate assemblage (comprising small mammals, squamates and amphibians) from Terrassa Riera dels Canyars, an archaeo-palaeontological deposit located on the seaboard of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. This assemblage shows that the H4 event is characterized in northeastern Iberia by harsher and drier terrestrial conditions than today. Our results were compared with other proxies such as pollen, charcoal, phytolith, avifauna and large-mammal data available for this site, as well as with the general H4 event fluctuations and with other sites where H4 and the previous and subsequent Heinrich events (H5 and H3) have been detected in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of the Iberian Peninsula. We conclude that the terrestrial proxies follow the same patterns as the climatic and environmental conditions detected by the deep-sea cores at the Iberian margins.
Climate change impact on available water resources obtained using multiple global climate and hydrology models
Authors: Hagemann S. , Chen C. , Clark D. B. , Folwell S. , Gosling S. N. , Haddeland I. , Hanasaki N. , Heinke J. , Ludwig F. , Voss F. , Wiltshire A. J.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Climate change is expected to alter the hydrological cycle resulting in large-scale impacts on water availability. However, future climate change impact assessments are highly uncertain. For the first time, multiple global climate (three) and hydrological models (eight) were used to systematically assess the hydrological response to climate change and project the future state of global water resources. This multi-model ensemble allows us to investigate how the hydrology models contribute to the uncertainty in projected hydrological changes compared to the climate models. Due to their systematic biases, GCM outputs cannot be used directly in hydrological impact studies, so a statistical bias correction has been applied. The results show a large spread in projected changes in water resources within the climate–hydrology modelling chain for some regions. They clearly demonstrate that climate models are not the only source of uncertainty for hydrological change, and that the spread resulting from the choice of the hydrology model is larger than the spread originating from the climate models over many areas. But there are also areas showing a robust change signal, such as at high latitudes and in some midlatitude regions, where the models agree on the sign of projected hydrological changes, indicative of higher confidence in this ensemble mean signal. In many catchments an increase of available water resources is expected but there are some severe decreases in Central and Southern Europe, the Middle East, the Mississippi River basin, southern Africa, southern China and south-eastern Australia.
The effect of spatial throughfall patterns on soil moisture patterns at the hillslope scale
Authors: Coenders-Gerrits A. M. J. , Hopp L. , Savenije H. H. G. , Pfister L.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Improving the understanding of the controls on subsurface stormflow generation has been the goal of numerous experimental and modeling studies. However, the effect of the spatial variability of throughfall on soil moisture patterns and subsurface stormflow (SSF) generation has not yet been studied in detail. The objectives of this study are three-fold: (1) to investigate the influence of a spatially variable throughfall pattern on soil moisture; (2) to investigate if soil moisture patterns reflect a balance between a throughfall and bedrock topography patterns; and (3) to investigate how this balance changes when soil depth, storm size and slope angle are varied. Virtual experiments are used to address these questions. A virtual experiment is a numerical experiment driven by collective field intelligence. It provides a learning tool to investigate the effect of individual processes in a complex system. In our virtual experiment we combined spatial throughfall data from the Huewelerbach catchment in Luxembourg with the topography of a well-studied hillslope within the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA. We used HYDRUS-3D as a modeling platform. The virtual experiment shows that throughfall patterns influence soil moisture patterns, but only during and shortly after a storm. With a semi-variogram analysis we showed how the effective range of the soil moisture pattern (i.e., the main descriptor of a spatial pattern in case of a small nugget to sill ratio), is similar to the effective range of the throughfall pattern during the storm and gradually returns to the effective range of the bedrock topography after throughfall has ceased. The same analysis was carried out to investigate how this balance changes due to changes in storm size, soil depth, and slope. The analysis showed that the throughfall pattern is more important during large storms on gentle slopes. For steeper slopes the bedrock topography becomes more important.
Hydrological modelling of a slope covered with shallow pyroclastic deposits from field monitoring data
Authors: Greco R. , Comegna L. , Damiano E. , Guida A. , Olivares L. , Picarelli L.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. A one-dimensional hydrological model of a slope covered with pyroclastic materials is proposed. The soil cover is constituted by layers of loose volcanic ashes and pumices, with a total thickness of around 2.40 m, laying upon a fractured limestone bedrock. The inclination of the slope is around 40°, slightly larger than the friction angle of the ashes. Thus, the equilibrium of the slope, significantly affected by the cohesive contribution exerted by soil suction in unsaturated conditions, may be altered by rainfall infiltration. The model assumes a single homogeneous soil layer occupying the entire depth of the cover, and takes into account seasonally variable canopy interception of precipitation and root water uptake by vegetation, mainly constituted by deciduous chestnut woods with a dense understory growing during late spring and summer. The bottom boundary condition links water potential at the soil-bedrock interface with the fluctuations of the water table of the aquifer located in the fractured limestone, which is simply modelled as a linear reservoir. Most of the model parameters have been assigned according to literature indications or from experimental data, and only a few have been identified by means of calibration against the water potential data measured at a monitoring station along the slope between 1 January 2011 and 20 July 2011. The calibrated model, which reproduced very closely the data of the calibration set, has been applied to the simulation of the hydrological response of the slope to the hourly precipitation record of 1999, when a large flowslide was triggered not far from the monitored location. The simulation results show that the minimum soil suction ever attained occurred just at the time the flowslide was triggered, indicating that the model is capable of correctly predicting the potential establishment of slope failure conditions.
Dielectric Spectroscopy of Composites of Epoxy Resin
Authors: Fareeda Farrukh  , Shahid H. Zaidi
Published: May 2013

The dielectric behavior of composite of epoxies having different composition of prepolymer and epoxy equivalent is investigated in the frequency range 1E-1Hz to 1E5Hz at room temperature. The measurements presented consist of two sets of sample of epoxy resin with two different proportions 1:1 and 1:0.5 of resin and hardener. Samples having different proportion of resin and hardener shows low frequency dispersion (LFD) in the frequency range below 3 KHz at small thickness (less than 0.38mm). At large thickness the sample response is similar for the two different proportions.
Cost-Effective Micro Programmable Logic Controller for System Automation
Authors: Aamir Shahzad  , Qamar ul Islam  , Shaheen Akhtar  , Mao-Gang He
Published: May 2013

The purpose of this study is to check the efficiency of micro programmable logic controller (micro-PLC) for controlling, monitoring and counting purpose of eight different load systems simultaneously. In this project working of different IC’s, Keyboard and seven-segment display were used for visual representation of data for the purpose of simplicity and cost effectiveness and also increases productivity. Complete hardware of the system has been designed, tested and made into working condition. The monitor program takes case of all the necessary requirements of the system like, scanning the keyboard, lighting display, listen the written program and its execution. Microcontroller was programmed in C-language and a flash memory of 2-K bytes was used to store controlled program permanently. This micro-PLC was supportable for monitoring and counting industrial processes and can be implemented in multiple domains, largely of small to medium scale manufacturing processes and may be used for home and business automation as well. The efficiency and simplicity of the micro-PLC are strong advantages, easy to code and allowing fast automation on small systems, making the load switching very effective.
Jane Austen's Families
Authors: Sturrock June
Published: May 2013

'Jane Austen's Families' focuses on family dynamics in Jane Austen's six novels. After a general introduction, which places its approach in the context of ethical criticism, it divides into two sections. The first, 'Family Dynamics' consists of three chapters; 'The Function of the Dysfunctional Family', 'Spoilt Children' and 'Usefulness and Exertion'. The three chapters of section two, 'Fathers and Daughters' look at father and daughter relationships in 'Mansfield Park', 'Emma' and 'Persuasion'.
A Guide to Marx’s ‘Capital’ Vols I–III
Authors: Smith Kenneth
Published: May 2013

This book provides a comprehensive guide to all three volumes of Karl Marx's ‘Capital’, with advice on further reading and points for further discussion. Recognizing the contemporary relevance of ‘Capital’ in the midst of the current financial crisis, Kenneth Smith has produced an essential guide to Marx's ideas, particularly on the subject of the circulation of money-capital. This guide uniquely presents the three volumes of ‘Capital’ in a different order of reading to that in which they were published, placing them instead in the order that Marx himself sometimes recommended as a more user-friendly way of reading. Dr Smith also argues that for most of the twentieth century, the full development of the capitalist mode of production (CMP) has been undermined by the existence of a non-capitalist ‘third world’, which has caused the CMP to take on the form of what Marx called a highly developed mercantile system, rather than one characterized by an uninterrupted circuit of industrial capital of the kind he expected would develop. While the guide can be read as a book in its own right, it also contains detailed references to Volumes I–III so that students, seminars and discussion groups can easily make connections between Smith's explanations and the relevant parts of ‘Capital’.
Le cinéma projeté
Authors: Albera François
Published: May 2013

L’époque de l'invention d’une technique et d’une technologie telles que le cinéma a généralement été envisagée à partir d’un modèle de filiation, de perfectionnement et de réalisation effective, et elle a été scandée par la chronologie des « découvertes » et des « brevets » dont le personnage d’Edison est le parangon, mais aussi bien Marey, Skladanowsky, Lumière, etc. En étudiant la représentation de technologies audiovisuelles non encore advenues dans une série de textes littéraires souvent non considérés en raison de leur statut marginal ou vulgaire et qui s’inscrivent dans le « genre » de la science-fiction ou de la fantaisie « futuriste », cet article s’efforce de mettre en lumière une problématique qui remet en question le discours de l'invention et de sa progressivité. En effet, ces textes qui, au mieux, sont envisagés comme « anticipant » l’avènement du cinéma ou de la télévision (Villiers de L’Isle-Adam avec L’Ève future  ou Jules Verne avec Le château des Carpathes), nous apparaissent plutôt comme des « extrapolations » de théories ou d’hypothèses en vigueur, lesquelles ne trouvent pourtant pas encore d'aboutissements concrets ou d’expériences dans l'espace de l’écriture.
Ce qui de l’autre nous accompagne
:

Erice Kiarostami. Correspondencias
Authors: Berthet Frédérique
Published: May 2013

L’exposition Erice Kiarostami. Correspondencias, conçue sous forme d’un « dialogue créateur », est envisagée ici comme un « mi-lieu » où deux cinéastes remettent au travail les correspondances latentes de leurs oeuvres. La question de savoir si Víctor Erice et Abbas Kiarostami se sont pris l’un l’autre pour compagnon sert de fil directeur à la reconstitution d’un parcours qui relia Barcelone à Paris (2006-2008). En prenant en compte le rôle de la commande muséale, d’un côté, et la subjectivité de la visiteuse que je fus, de l’autre, le texte conclut que Kiarostami aura joué ― pendant cette brève histoire de deux années ― le rôle de l’accompagnement dans la petite musique d’Erice.
La médialité redite par l’oralité
Authors: Lacasse Germain
Published: May 2013

Cet article montrera comment le cinéma, même s’il permet la remédiation de l’expérience orale qu’il reproduit en la visualisant, a souvent besoin à son tour d’être approprié par l’oralité quand il change d’espace culturel. La traduction du film parlant est un bon exemple de ce phénomène ; pour faire cette opération, on a recours à des sous-titres, ou à une voix over, ou encore au doublage, ou à des commentateurs présents, etc. Ce sont toutes des figures de transfert de la physicalité de l’énonciation, que Mikhaïl Bakhtin appelait « tact » et qu’il croyait présentes dans toutes les communications, mais perceptibles seulement si l’on considère celles-ci de façon contextuelle et « translinguistique ». Cette idée est développée ici non à partir d’exemples de films, mais à partir d’exemples de certaines projections et du tact des commentateurs.
Versatile Graphene‐Promoting Photocatalytic Performance of Semiconductors: Basic Principles, Synthesis, Solar Energy Conversion, and Environmental Applications
Authors: Tu Wenguang , Zhou Yong , Zou Zhigang
Published: May 2013

Graphene‐semiconductor nanocomposites, considered as a kind of most promising photocatalysts, have shown remarkable performance and drawn significant attention in the field of photo‐driven chemical conversion using solar energy, due to the unique physicochemical properties of graphene. The photocatalytic enhancement of graphene‐based nanocomposites is caused by the reduction of the recombination of electron‐hole pairs, the extension of the light absorption range, increase of absorption of light intensity, enhancement of surface active sites, and improvement of chemical stability of photocatalysts. Recent progress in the photocatalysis development of graphene‐based nanocomposites is highlighted and evaluated, focusing on the mechanism of graphene‐enhanced photocatalytic activity, the understanding of electron transport, and the applications of graphene‐based photocatalysts on water splitting, degradation or oxidization of organic contaminants, photoreduction of CO2 into renewable fuels, toxic elimination of heavy metal ions, and antibacterial applications.
Tuning the Hydrolytic Properties of Half‐Sandwich‐Type Organometallic Cations in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bíró Linda , Godó Attila J. , Bihari Zsolt , Garribba Eugenio , Buglyó Péter
Published: May 2013

Hydrolysis of half‐sandwich‐type platinum metal cations with the general formula [M(η6‐arene)(H2O)3]2+ {M = Ru, Os; η6‐arene = benzene, toluene, 1‐methyl‐4‐isopropylbenzene (p‐cym), or 1,3,5‐triisopropylbenzene (tri‐iPr)} or [Ir(η5‐Cp*)(H2O)3]2+ (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion) was studied in aqueous solution in the presence of 0.20 M KNO3 or KCl as a background electrolyte to explore the effects of the type of metal ion, the moderately coordinating monodentate chloride ion, and the electron‐donating ability of the arene ligand. Replacement of Ru by Os enhances the formation of the biologically less‐active, triple hydroxido‐bridged dimer, [{M(η6‐arene)}2(μ2‐OH)3]+, whereas in the presence of Cl– complete hydrolysis is suppressed owing to the formation of various chlorido and mixed chlorido/hydroxido species as intermediates. A linear relationship was found between the stability constants of the [{Ru(η6‐arene)}2(μ2‐OH)3]+ complexes in the presence of arenes with different electron‐donating abilities and various atomic and molecular parameters of the corresponding [Ru(η6‐arene)(H2O)3]2+ cations; the triisopropylbenzene derivative was the most resistant to hydrolysis. The results of this study may help in rationalizing the bioactivity of anticancer half‐sandwich metal complexes and can contribute to the rational design of metal compounds with increased biological activity.
Electronic Effects versus Distortion Energies During Strain‐Promoted Alkyne‐Azide Cycloadditions: A Theoretical Tool to Predict Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Garcia‐Hartjes Jaime , Dommerholt Jan , Wennekes Tom , van Delft Floris L. , Zuilhof Han
Published: May 2013

Second‐order reaction kinetics of known strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions were compared with theoretical data from a range of ab initio methods. This produced both detailed insights into the factors determining the reaction rates and two straightforward theoretical tools that can be used to predict a priori the reaction kinetics of novel cyclooctynes for strain‐promoted cycloaddition reactions. Multiple structural and electronic effects contribute to the reactivity of various cyclooctynes. It is therefore hard to relate a physical or electronic property directly and independently to the reactivity of the cyclooctyne. However, we show that Hartree–Fock LUMO energies, which were acquired while calculating activation energies at the MP2 level of theory, correlate with second‐order kinetic rate data and are therefore usable for reactivity predictions of cyclooctynes towards azides. Using this correlation, we developed a simple theoretical tool that can be used to predict the reaction kinetics of (novel) cyclooctynes for SPAAC reactions.
Expansion of a Pyrrole in meso‐Tetra­phenylporphyrin to a Pyrazine Imide Moiety­ Using a Beckmann Rearrangement
Authors: Akhigbe Joshua , Brückner Christian
Published: May 2013

The group 10 metal complexes of β,β′‐dioxoporphyrin monooxime 10M (M = NiII, PdII, PtII) are susceptible to a Beckmann rearrangement to produce the corresponding ring‐expanded metallopyrazinoporphyrin imides 11M in good yields. These chromophores possess metallochlorin‐like optical properties. Demetalation of the NiII complex furnishes the free‐base porphyrinoid 11, which possesses a porphyrin‐like optical spectrum. The monooximes are ultimately derived from meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin, and the formal replacement of the porphyrin β,β′‐double bond by an imide functionality is thus demonstrated. The imide functionality serves as a synthetic handle for further modification of the chromophore.
Synthesis of Azaheterocyclic Vinylphosphonates by Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Garzon Cécile , Attolini Mireille , Maffei Michel
Published: May 2013

The title compounds were synthesized by ruthenium‐catalyzed ring‐closing metathesis of N‐tosyl‐N‐(ω‐alkenyl)aminomethylvinyl phosphonates, which were obtained from N‐(ω‐alkenyl)‐N‐tosylamides. These compounds, in turn, were prepared from unsaturated alcohols through the Mitsunobu reaction. This methodology gives access to five‐ and six‐membered ring compounds. Additionally, chiral phosphonates can be obtained easily.
Multiple Genetic Variant Association Testing by Collapsing and Kernel Methods With Pedigree or Population Structured Data
Authors: Schaid Daniel J. , McDonnell Shannon K. , Sinnwell Jason P. , Thibodeau Stephen N.
Published: May 2013

Searching for rare genetic variants associated with complex diseases can be facilitated by enriching for diseased carriers of rare variants by sampling cases from pedigrees enriched for disease, possibly with related or unrelated controls. This strategy, however, complicates analyses because of shared genetic ancestry, as well as linkage disequilibrium among genetic markers. To overcome these problems, we developed broad classes of “burden” statistics and kernel statistics, extending commonly used methods for unrelated case‐control data to allow for known pedigree relationships, for autosomes and the X chromosome. Furthermore, by replacing pedigree‐based genetic correlation matrices with estimates of genetic relationships based on large‐scale genomic data, our methods can be used to account for population‐structured data. By simulations, we show that the type I error rates of our developed methods are near the asymptotic nominal levels, allowing rapid computation of P‐values. Our simulations also show that a linear weighted kernel statistic is generally more powerful than a weighted “burden” statistic. Because the proposed statistics are rapid to compute, they can be readily used for large‐scale screening of the association of genomic sequence data with disease status.
A Genome‐Wide Association Study for Venous Thromboembolism: The Extended Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium
Authors: Tang Weihong , Teichert Martina , Chasman Daniel I. , Heit John A. , Morange Pierre‐Emmanuel , Li Guo , Pankratz Nathan , Leebeek Frank W. , Paré Guillaume , de Andrade Mariza , Tzourio Christophe , Psaty Bruce M. , Basu Saonli , Ruiter Rikje , Rose Lynda , Armasu Sebastian M. , Lumley Thomas , Heckbert Susan R. , Uitterlinden André G. , Lathrop Mark , Rice Kenneth M. , Cushman Mary , Hofman Albert , Lambert Jean‐Charles , Glazer Nicole L. , Pankow James S. , Witteman Jacqueline C. , Amouyel Philippe , Bis Joshua C. , Bovill Edwin G. , Kong Xiaoxiao , Tracy Russell P. , Boerwinkle Eric , Rotter Jerome I. , Trégouët David‐Alexandre , Loth Daan W. , Stricker Bruno H. Ch. , Ridker Paul M. , Folsom Aaron R. , Smith Nicholas L.
Published: May 2013

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common, heritable disease resulting in high rates of hospitalization and mortality. Yet few associations between VTE and genetic variants, all in the coagulation pathway, have been established. To identify additional genetic determinants of VTE, we conducted a two‐stage genome‐wide association study (GWAS) among individuals of European ancestry in the extended cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology (CHARGE) VTE consortium. The discovery GWAS comprised 1,618 incident VTE cases out of 44,499 participants from six community‐based studies. Genotypes for genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were imputed to approximately 2.5 million SNPs in HapMap and association with VTE assessed using study‐design appropriate regression methods. Meta‐analysis of these results identified two known loci, in F5 and ABO. Top 1,047 tag SNPs (P ≤ 0.0016) from the discovery GWAS were tested for association in an additional 3,231 cases and 3,536 controls from three case‐control studies. In the combined data from these two stages, additional genome‐wide significant associations were observed on 4q35 at F11 (top SNP rs4253399, intronic to F11) and on 4q28 at FGG (rs6536024, 9.7 kb from FGG; P < 5.0 × 10−13 for both). The associations at the FGG locus were not completely explained by previously reported variants. Loci at or near SUSD1 and OTUD7A showed borderline yet novel associations (P < 5.0 × 10−6) and constitute new candidate genes. In conclusion, this large GWAS replicated key genetic associations in F5 and ABO, and confirmed the importance of F11 and FGG loci for VTE. Future studies are warranted to better characterize the associations with F11 and FGG and to replicate the new candidate associations.
Free fatty acid effects on myokine production in combination with exercise mimetics
Authors: Sánchez Juana , Nozhenko Yuriy , Palou Andreu , Rodríguez Ana M.
Published: May 2013

Scope

We aimed to study the effects of free fatty acids (FFAs) alone and combined with the exercise mimetics adrenaline and 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) in the production of IL6, IL15 and Irisin in muscle cells, using a time‐sequential model.

Methods and results

Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with FFA, adrenaline or AICAR alone for 0, 1, 3, 8, 12 and 24 h and with double or triple combinations for 0, 3 and 24 h. Levels of mRNA in cells and protein in the medium were measured. Adrenaline, AICAR and FFA showed no significant effects on Irisin expression, while the presence in the culture of adrenaline and/or AICAR decreased IL15 mRNA expression. On contrary, the three signals showed a deep, rapid impact on the IL6 induction, especially when both AICAR and FFA were present.

Conclusion

The different response in IL6 versus IL15 regulation may be explained by their different energy‐activating versus muscle‐cell‐hypertrophy suggested roles, considering that adrenaline and AMPK are involved in the activation of energy‐generating pathways. Moreover, the results suggest FFAs are components that may regulate IL6 production and may have a role in muscle‐adipose tissue crosstalk.
An L‐shaped nanoprobe for scanning electrochemical microscopy–atomic force microscopy
Authors: Lee Eunjoo , Kim Minseo , Seong Jungwoo , Shin Heungjoo , Lim Geunbae
Published: May 2013

We present an L‐shaped nanoprobe for scanning electrochemical microscopy–atomic force microscopy (SECM–AFM) capable of imaging the surface topography and the electrochemical activity of nanostructures of interest. Owing to the geometry of the protrusive peak in the L‐shaped probe, the distance between the probe electrode and the substrate is maintained precisely at ∼100 nm during surface scanning. The reduction in electrode‐to‐substrate distance significantly improves the positive feedback current on top of the electrochemically active nanomaterials. The L‐shaped nanoprobe successfully acquired simultaneous a topographical image and an electrochemical current image of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a two‐dimensional (2D) CNT network.

magnified image

Schematic diagram of an L‐shaped nanoprobe for SECM–AFM: the nanoprobe has a triangular frame nanoelectrode and a protrusive insulating peak at the end of the AFM tip.

(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced Intercalation Dynamics and Stability of Engineered Micro/Nano‐Structured Electrode Materials: Vanadium Oxide Mesocrystals
Authors: Uchaker Evan , Gu Meng , Zhou Nan , Li Yanwei , Wang Chongmin , Cao Guozhong
Published: May 2013

An additive and template free process is developed for the facile synthesis of VO2(B) mesocrystals via the solvothermal reaction of oxalic acid and vanadium pentoxide. The six‐armed star architectures are composed of stacked nanosheets homoepitaxially oriented along the [100] crystallographic register with respect to one another, as confirmed by means of selected area electron diffraction and electron microscopy. It is proposed that the mesocrystal formation mechanism proceeds through classical as well as non‐classical crystallization processes, and is possibly facilitated or promoted by the presence of a reducing/chelating agent. The synthesized VO2(B) mesocrystals are tested as a cathodic electrode material for lithium‐ion batteries, and show good capacity at discharge rates ranging from 150–1500 mA g−1 and a cyclic stability of 195 mA h g−1 over fifty cycles. The superb electrochemical performance of the VO2(B) mesocrystals is attributed to the porous and oriented superstructure that ensures large surface area for redox reaction and short diffusion distances. The mesocrystalline structure ensures that all the surfaces are in intimate contact with the electrolyte, and that lithium‐ion intercalation occurs uniformly throughout the entire electrode. The exposed (100) facets also lead to fast lithium intercalation, and the homoepitaxial stacking of nanosheets offers a strong inner‐sheet binding force that leads to better accommodation of the strain induced during cycling, thus circumventing the capacity fading issues typically associated with VO2(B) electrodes.
Magneto‐Controllable Capture and Release of Cancer Cells by Using a Micropillar Device Decorated with Graphite Oxide‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Xiaolei , He Rongxiang , Li Shasha , Cai Bo , Zhao Libo , Liao Lei , Liu Wei , Zeng Qian , Wang Hao , Guo Shi‐Shang , Zhao Xing‐Zhong
Published: May 2013

Aiming to highly efficient capture and analysis of circulating tumor cells, a micropillar device decorated with graphite oxide‐coated magnetic nanoparticles is developed for magneto‐controllable capture and release of cancer cells. Graphite oxide‐coated, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are synthesized by solution mixing and functionalized with a specific antibody, following by the immobilization of such modified MNPs on our designed micropillar device. For the proof‐of‐concept study, a HCT116 colorectal cancer cell line is employed to exam the capture efficiency. Under magnetic field manipulation, the high density packing of antibody‐modified MNPs on the micropillars increases the local concentration of antibody, as well as the topographic interactions between cancer cells and micropillar surfaces. The flow rate and the micropillar geometry are optimized by studying their effects on capture efficiency. Then, a different number of HCT116 cells spiked in two kinds of cell suspension are investigated, yielding capture efficiency >70% in culture medium and >40% in blood sample, respectively. Moreover, the captured HCT116 cells are able to be released from the micropillars with a saturated efficiency of 92.9% upon the removal of applied magnetic field and it is found that 78% of the released cancer cells are viable, making them suitable for subsequent biological analysis.
Cyber-Nationalism in China
Authors: Jiang Ying
Published: May 2013

While Cyber-Nationalism in China examines fundamental questions surrounding the political implications of the Internet in China, it avoids simply predicting that the Internet does or does not lead to democratization. Applying a theoretical approach based on the Foucauldian notion of governmentality, the book builds on current scholarship that has attempted to move beyond examining the dynamics of the socio-cultural and -political use of new media technologies.
Gender and Science
Authors: Kumar Neelam
Published: May 2013

Science has been gender biased for centuries across cultural contexts. Different ideological constructions of gender through different eras have restricted women's access to science. The twentieth century, especially its second half, witnessed certain important changes in terms of women's status in society. Gender and Science: Studies across Cultures includes essays by leading academics and researchers from different parts of the world, who discuss gender and science in their society and explore the relevance of gender theories. The book is divided into two broad sections. The first section provides conceptual reflections on gendered science and the second section examines the gender-science relationship using examples from various cultural contexts. This unique volume tries to answer several important questions such as these: Could science become free from gender biases? Could gender and science issues go beyond race, class, colonization and social and geographical distinctions? Are gender and science relations universal as assumed by the 'ethos of science' or vary with the culture? The book also tries to strike a balance between analyses of the gender dimension of science itself and the role of the wider social, economic and cultural factors. This interdisciplinary volume will be an important resource for graduate students and research scholars of gender studies, social history, psychology and sociology. Those interested in gender and science as well as cross-cultural issues will also find this book useful.
High-pT Physics in the Heavy Ion Era
Authors: Rak Jan , Tannenbaum Michael J.
Published: May 2013

Aimed at graduate students and researchers in the field of high-energy nuclear physics, this book provides an overview of the basic concepts of large transverse momentum particle physics, with a focus on pQCD phenomena. It examines high-pT probes of relativistic heavy-ion collisions and will serve as a handbook for those working on RHIC and LHC data analyses. Starting with an introduction and review of the field, the authors look at basic observables and experimental techniques, concentrating on relativistic particle kinematics, before moving onto a discussion about the origins of high-pT physics. The main features of high-pT physics are placed within a historical context and the authors adopt an experimental outlook, highlighting the most important discoveries leading up to the foundation of modern QCD theory. Advanced methods are described in detail, making this book especially useful for newcomers to the field.
Integrity and the Virtues of Reason
Authors: Scherkoske Greg
Published: May 2013

Many people have claimed that integrity requires sticking to one's convictions come what may. Greg Scherkoske challenges this claim, arguing that it creates problems in distinguishing integrity from fanaticism, close-mindedness or mere inertia. Rather, integrity requires sticking to one's convictions to the extent that they are justifiable and likely to be correct. In contrast to traditional views of integrity, Scherkoske contends that it is an epistemic virtue intimately connected to what we know and have reason to believe, rather than an essentially moral virtue connected to our values. He situates integrity in the context of shared cognitive and practical agency and shows that the relationship between integrity and impartial morality is not as antagonistic as many have thought - which has important implications for the 'integrity objection' to impartial moral theories. This original and provocative study will be of great interest to advanced students and scholars of ethics.
Successful Science Communication
Authors: Bodmer Walter
Published: May 2013

In the 25 years since the 'Bodmer Report' kick-started the public understanding of science movement, there has been something of a revolution in science communication. However, despite the ever-growing demands of the public, policy-makers and the media, many scientists still find it difficult to successfully explain and publicise their activities or to understand and respond to people's hopes and concerns about their work. Bringing together experienced and successful science communicators from across the academic, commercial and media worlds, this practical guide fills this gap to provide a one-stop resource covering science communication in its many different forms. The chapters provide vital background knowledge and inspiring ideas for how to deal with different situations and interest groups. Entertaining personal accounts of projects ranging from podcasts, to science festivals, to student-run societies give working examples of how scientists can engage with their audiences and demonstrate the key ingredients in successful science communication.
Royal Naval Biography
Authors: Marshall John
Published: May 2013

John Marshall (c.1784–1837) was a naval officer and biographer. He first went to sea at the age of nine, and by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 had reached the rank of lieutenant. After the war, he started to research the lives of contemporary high-ranking naval officers, some of whose service reached as far back as 1760. These volumes, first published between 1823 and 1830, contain the results of this monumental research, and demonstrate the new 'cult' of the navy in the early nineteenth century. Some of the biographies were contributed by the officers themselves, with others containing private or official letters and other records. Organised according to seniority in rank, these volumes contain a wealth of fascinating information on the careers of naval officers and battles and wars in which they took part. Volume 1, Part 2, continues the biographies of flag officers.
Einstein's Unification
Authors: Dongen Jeroen van
Published: May 2013

Why did Einstein tirelessly study unified field theory for more than 30 years? In this book, the author argues that Einstein believed he could find a unified theory of all of nature's forces by repeating the methods he thought he had used when he formulated general relativity. The book discusses Einstein's route to the general theory of relativity, focusing on the philosophical lessons that he learnt. It then addresses his quest for a unified theory for electromagnetism and gravity, discussing in detail his efforts with Kaluza-Klein and, surprisingly, the theory of spinors. From these perspectives, Einstein's critical stance towards the quantum theory comes to stand in a new light. This book will be of interest to physicists, historians and philosophers of science.
The Public Life of the Earl of Macartney
Authors: Barrow John , Macartney George
Published: May 2013

George Macartney (1737–1806) had a long and distinguished political and diplomatic career. He held the post of Secretary for Ireland, was successively governor of Grenada, Madras and the Cape Colony, and served as trade envoy to Russia and China. The son of an Irish landowner, Macartney rose in his profession through diligent diplomacy, perseverance, ambition and integrity; he gradually advanced in both the British and Irish peerage. This two-volume biography by Sir John Barrow, who had accompanied Macartney to China and the Cape, was first published in 1807, and draws heavily on official documents from Macartney's periods in office. Volume 1 contains a chronological account of Macartney's professional life, focusing particularly on the challenges he faced while Governor of Madras in the 1780s, including military threats, wrangling over fiscal policies, the extension of Fort St George, and plans for a Madras police force.
Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Authors: Philpotts Anthony , Ague Jay
Published: May 2013

This textbook provides a basic understanding of the formative processes of igneous and metamorphic rock through quantitative applications of simple physical and chemical principles. The book encourages a deeper comprehension of the subject by explaining the petrologic principles rather than simply presenting the student with petrologic facts and terminology. Assuming knowledge of only introductory college-level courses in physics, chemistry, and calculus, it lucidly outlines mathematical derivations fully and at an elementary level, and is ideal for intermediate and advanced courses in igneous and metamorphic petrology. The end-of-chapter quantitative problem sets facilitate student learning by working through simple applications. They also introduce several widely-used thermodynamic software programs for calculating igneous and metamorphic phase equilibria and image analysis software. With over 350 illustrations, this revised edition contains valuable new material on the structure of the Earth's mantle and core, the properties and behaviour of magmas, recent results from satellite imaging, and more.
Bioethics and the Future of Stem Cell Research
Authors: Hyun Insoo
Published: May 2013

Despite years of heated social controversy over the use of human embryos in embryonic stem cell research, the caravan of stem cell science continues to proceed at an unrelenting pace all around the world. Bioethics and the Future of Stem Cell Research urges readers to look beyond the embryo debate to a much wider array of ethical issues in basic stem cell science and clinical translational research, including research involving adult and induced pluripotent stem cells. Insoo Hyun offers valuable insights into complex ethical issues ranging from pre-clinical animal studies to clinical trials and stem cell tourism, all presented through a unique blend of philosophy, literature and the history of science, as well as with Dr Hyun's extensive practical experiences in international stem cell policy formation. This thoughtful book is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the science of stem cells and the practical and philosophical elements of research ethics.
The Musical Work of Nadia Boulanger
Authors: Brooks Jeanice
Published: May 2013

Nadia Boulanger - composer, critic, impresario and the most famous composition teacher of the twentieth century - was also a performer of international repute. Her concerts and recordings with her vocal ensemble introduced audiences on both sides of the Atlantic to unfamiliar historical works and new compositions. This book considers how gender shaped the possibilities that marked Boulanger's performing career, tracing her meteoric rise as a conductor in the 1930s to origins in the classroom and the salon. Brooks investigates Boulanger's promotion of structurally motivated performance styles, showing how her ideas on performance of historical repertory and new music relate to her teaching of music analysis and music history. The book explores the way in which Boulanger's musical practice relied upon her understanding of the historically transcendent masterwork, in which musical form and meaning are ideally joined, and show how her ideas relate to broader currents in French aesthetics and culture.
On the Geological Structure of the Alps, Apennines and Carpathians
Authors: Murchison Roderick Impey
Published: May 2013

Few men were better placed to produce an authoritative study of Continental geology than Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871), President of the Geological Society and the Royal Geographical Society of London. Having conducted extensive fieldwork alongside Adam Sedgwick, in 1847 Murchison set out on a study tour that would change the manner in which geology was understood and debated. Delivered before the Geological Society and published in their Quarterly Journal in 1849, this paper challenged received wisdom as to the age and formation of the most impressive of geological phenomena. Covering crystalline and palaeozoic rocks, the Trias, iron mines, nummulitic rocks and fish slates, this landmark study and its numerous diagrams that illustrate it not only explain a geological subject, but also reveal the nature of nineteenth-century scientific scholarship. The book also contains a short supplementary paper on the distribution of surface detritus in the Alps.
Urban Ecosystems
Authors: Adler Frederick R. , Tanner Colby J.
Published: May 2013

As humans have come to dominate the earth, the ideal of studying and teaching ecology in pristine ecosystems has become impossible to achieve. Our planet is now a mosaic of ecosystems ranging from the relatively undisturbed to the completely built, with the majority of people living in urban environments. This accessible introduction to the principles of urban ecology provides students with the tools they need to understand these increasingly important urban ecosystems. It builds upon the themes of habitat modification and resource use to demonstrate how multiple ecological processes interact in cities and how human activity initiates chains of unpredictable unintended ecological consequences. Broad principles are supported throughout by detailed examples from around the world and a comprehensive list of readings from the primary literature. Questions, exercises and laboratories at the end of each chapter encourage discussion, hands-on study, active learning, and engagement with the world outside the classroom window.
Differentiable Germs and Catastrophes
Authors: Bröcker Theodor
Published: May 2013

These notes give a fairly elementary introduction to the local theory of differentiable mappings. Sard's Theorem and the Preparation Theorem of Malgrange and Mather are the basic tools and these are proved first. There follows a number of illustrations including: the local part of Whitney's Theorem on mappings of the plane into the plane, quadratic differentials, the Instability Theorem of Thom, one of Mather's theorems on finite determinacy and a glimpse of the theory of Toujeron. The later part of the book develops Mather's theory of unfoldings of singularities. Its application to Catastrophe theory is explained and the Elementary Catastrophes are illustrated by many pictures. The book is suitable as a text for courses to graduates and advanced undergraduates but may also be of interest to mathematical biologists and economists.
Several Complex Variables and Complex Manifolds I
Authors: Field Mike
Published: May 2013

This self-contained and relatively elementary introduction to functions of several complex variables and complex (especially compact) manifolds was first published in 1982. It was intended be a synthesis of those topics and a broad introduction to the field. The work as a whole will be useful to professional mathematicians or mathematical physicists who wish to acquire a further knowledge of this area of mathematics. Many exercises have been included and indeed they form an integral part of the text. The prerequisites for understanding Part I would be met by any mathematics student with a first degree and together the two parts were designed to provide an introduction to the more advanced works in the subject.
Stochastic Differential Equations on Manifolds
Authors: Elworthy K. D.
Published: May 2013

The aims of this book, originally published in 1982, are to give an understanding of the basic ideas concerning stochastic differential equations on manifolds and their solution flows, to examine the properties of Brownian motion on Riemannian manifolds when it is constructed using the stochiastic development and to indicate some of the uses of the theory. The author has included two appendices which summarise the manifold theory and differential geometry needed to follow the development; coordinate-free notation is used throughout. Moreover, the stochiastic integrals used are those which can be obtained from limits of the Riemann sums, thereby avoiding much of the technicalities of the general theory of processes and allowing the reader to get a quick grasp of the fundamental ideas of stochastic integration as they are needed for a variety of applications.
Symmetry and Separation of Variables
Authors: Miller Willard
Published: May 2013

Originally published in 1977, this volume is concerned with the relationship between symmetries of a linear second-order partial differential equation of mathematical physics, the coordinate systems in which the equation admits solutions via separation of variables, and the properties of the special functions that arise in this manner. Some group-theoretic twists in the ancient method of separation of variables that can be used to provide a foundation for much of special function theory are shown. In particular, it is shown explicitly that all special functions that arise via separation of variables in the equations of mathematical physics can be studied using group theory.
Syzygies
Authors: Evans E. Graham , Griffith Phillip
Published: May 2013

The aim of this book, which was originally published in 1985, is to cover from first principles the theory of Syzygies, building up from a discussion of the basic commutative algebra to such results as the authors' proof of the Syzygy Theorem. In the last three chapters applications of the theory to commutative algebra and algebraic geometry are given.