bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct spatial coordinate of visual and vestibular heading signals in macaque FEFsem and MSTd
Authors: Yang Lihua , Gu Yong
Published: November 2017

Precise heading estimate requires integration of visual optic flow and vestibular inertial motion originating from distinct spatial coordinates (eye- and head-centered, respectively). To explore whether the two heading signals may share a common reference frame along the hierarchy of cortical stages, we explored two multisensory areas in macaques: the smooth pursuit area of the frontal eye field (FEFsem) closer to the motor side, and the dorsal portion of medial superior temporal area (MSTd) closer to the sensory side. In both areas, vestibular signals are head-centered, whereas visual signals are mainly eye-centered. However, visual signals in FEFsem are more shifted towards the head coordinate compared to MSTd. These results are robust being largely independent on: (1) smooth pursuit eye movement, (2) motion parallax cue, and (3) behavioral context for active heading estimation, indicating that the visual and vestibular heading signals may be represented in distinct spatial coordinate in sensory cortices.
EFFICACY OF NINE CROATIAN INERT DUSTS AGAINST RICE WEEVIL SITOPHILUS ORYZAE L. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON WHEAT
Authors: Liška Anita , Korunić Zlatko , Rozman Vlatka , Halamić Josip , Galović Ines , Lucić Pavo , Baličević Renata
Published: November 2017

Laboratory bioassay was carried out to study the insecticidal effect of 9 Croatian inert dusts against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and to test their influence on bulk density of treated wheat. In order to compare effectiveness of Croatian inert dust samples, a standard USA diatomaceous earth (DE) Celatom® Mn 51, registered as an insecticide for stored-products protection, was used. Wheat kernels with approximately 13% moisture content were treated with inert dusts at doses 300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm and mortality of S. oryzae adults was assessed after 7 and 14 days and progeny after 49 days. The most effective Croatian inert dust samples were D-02B, D-01 and MA-4 with the LD90 values of 359.6, 447.2 and 458.7 ppm, respectively. In addition, effective dose that reduced F1 progeny in half was lower in regard to the other tested samples including the standard DE Mn 51, with the ED50 values 71.9, 54.6 and 137.6 ppm, respectively. According to the XRF analytical results, the highest amount of biogenic silica (BSi) was found in samples D-02B, D-01 and MA-4 (45.98, 35.09 and 21.28%, respectively). Paleontological data analysis confirmed diatoms species in only 5 samples of Croatian inert dusts (D-01, D-02B, PD-1, MA-4 and JU-1). All tested inert dusts affected reduction in bulk density of treated wheat at the LD90 concentrations, from 4.4 (D-02B) to 5.6 (JU-1) kg hL-1. More effective inert dusts at lower doses equally reduced bulk density as less effective inert dusts at much higher doses.
SOIL AND CLIMATE DETERMINE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF WALNUTS
Authors: Figueroa Fernando , Marhuenda Javier , Gironés-Vilaplana Amadeo , Villaño Débora , Villaño Adela , Mulero Juana , Cerdá Begoña , Zafrilla Pilar
Published: November 2017

Factors as variety, soil and climatic conditions can influence the nutritional composition of walnuts and its resultant biological activity. The aim of this work was to study the influence of soil and climate factors in the antioxidant capacity of 10 different varieties of nuts, obtained from two experimental cultivars with different weather and soil conditions. Ten different varieties of walnut samples were obtained from two experimental cultivars, analyzing the antioxidant capacity by ORAC, DPPH• and ABTS+ methods. Eureka and Tehama walnuts showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Only Chico and Serr varieties (measured by ABTS+ method) and Franquette variety (measured by ORAC assay) increased their antioxidant capacity when cultured in Torre Blanca plots. The growing in El Chaparral plots increased the antioxidant capacity of every different variety. Minor temperature (especially when it reaches over -0 ºC) and humidity, as well as an increase on the annual rainfall are noteworthy factors that influence on the increase of antioxidant capacity of the wide majority of the analyzed walnuts.
EFFECT OF ORGANIC-INORGANIC N SOURCES ON GROWTH, NPK NUTRIENTS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES OF PANAX NOTOGINSENG (BURK.) F. H. CHEN
Authors: Ou Xiaohong , Yang Ye , Guo Lanping , Zhu Duanwei , Liu Dahui
Published: November 2017

The effects of organic and inorganic N combined application on P.notoginseng cultivation are poorly known. For this reason, we have carried out a pot culture experiment in 2010. The treatments respectively were (1) control (no N input, CK), (2) organic N (ON), (3) half organic N and half inorganic N (1/2ON+ 1/2IN), (4) inorganic N (IN). Plant growth, NPK and secondary metabolites concentration were assayed. Results showed that compared to CK, ON increased plant height, N, P concentration and accumulation and total saponins concentration, but reduce total flavonoids concentration. IN increased shoot and root biomass, N concentration and accumulation, K accumulation, but reduce total flavonoids and saponins concentration. 1/2ON+ 1/2IN had the highest hair root length, root diameter, biomass, N concentration and accumulation, K concentration in roots, total saponins concentration, but had the lowest K concentration in shoots, total flavonoids concentration in shoots and roots. Correlation analysis showed total flavonoids concentration was negative correlated with N concentration and accumulation, K concentration in shoots, but was positive correlated K concentration in roots. Total saponins concentration was negative correlated with K concentration in shoots whereas positive in roots, and was negative correlated with total flavonoids concentration. Totally, organic and inorganic N combined application with the ratio of 50/50 is the best way for growth and saponins of P.notoginseng.
VARIABILTY OF OIL AND PROTEIN CONTENT IN RAPESEED CULTIVARS AFFECTED BY SEEDING DATE
Authors: Balalic Igor , Marjanovic-Jeromela Ana , Crnobarac Jovan , Terzic Sreten , Radic Velimir , Miklic Vladimir , Jovicic Dusica
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the variability of oil and protein content in winter rapeseed cultivars affected by seeding date. Four cultivars (Banaćanka, Slavica, Express, Valeska) were sown at six seeding dates (SD1-21 August, SD2-31 August, SD3-10 September, SD4-21 September, SD5-1 October, SD6-9 October) across two cropping seasons. The trial was arranged as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effect of year, cultivar and seeding date were highly significant for oil and protein content. Increased oil content in the second year (2010/2011) was related to weather conditions which were favorable for rapeseed. However, protein content was significantly higher in the first year (2009/2010). Oil content ranged between 41.19% (Valeska) and 42.69% (Express). Significantly lowest oil content across seeding dates was found in SD6 (40.67%), and highest in SD4 (41.86%) and SD1 (41.61%). Valeska showed significantly highest mean protein content (21.54%). Protein content was highest in SD6 (20.18%). Oil content decreased with delayed seeding. Highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.730) existed between oil and protein content. Seeding date had significant influence on oil and protein content in rapeseed. Cultivar Express and SD4 can be pointed out, based on the achieved oil content, and cultivar Valeska for high protein content. Study results may be helpful in recommending optimal rapeseed seeding date in the region.
COMPARISON OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION OF BERGAMOT OIL SEED EXTRACTED FROM THREE DIFFERENT CULTIVARS
Authors: Sicari Vincenzo , PELLICANO TERESA MARIA , Messina Francesco
Published: November 2017

The effect of cultivar on bergamot seed oil composition from three cultivars (Castagnaro, Femminello and Fantastico) grown in province of Reggio Calabria (Southern Italy) was investigated.The maximum oil yield was 35.01 g 100 g-1 in Castagnaro cultivar. The acidity values of the oil varied between 0.62 and 0.87 mg NaOH per g of oil, and peroxide values varied between 11.67 meq/kg and 14.30 meq/kg. The major fatty acid of the extracted seed oils was oleic (31% to 34%), followed by linoleic (27% to 30%) and palmitic (21% to 23%). There were also other acids found small quantities such as stearic, arachidic and linolenic. β-sitosterol was the predominant sterol that accounted for more than 70% of total sterols. Other sterols, campesterol, stigmasterol, ∆5-avenasterol, cholesterol and 2,4-metylencolesterol were detected in most of the oils. The results of the study showed that the bergamot seeds under study and the extracted oil have the potential of being used as the source of edible oil.
POWDERY MILDEW (ERYSIPHE CRUCIFERARUM) INFECTION ON CAMELINA (CAMELINA SATIVA) UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CONDITIONS AND THE ROLE OF WILD MUSTARD (SINAPIS ARVENSIS) AS ALTERNATIVE HOST OF THIS PATHOGEN
Authors: Vellios Evangelos , Karkanis Anestis , Bilalis Dimitrios
Published: November 2017

During the growing season 2014-2015, camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) plants were naturally infected by powdery mildew at the province of Domokos in Central Greece. Moreover, wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) plants, naturally occurring in camelina field, were infected by the disease. The environmental conditions that influence infection of camelina by powdery mildew were recorded. The anamorph as well as the teleomorph of the fungus pathogen were observed on symptomatic leaves, stems and fruits of camelina and wild mustard plants. Fungal specimens were examined. Conidiophores were cylindrical and comprised 3 cells, while conidia were produced singly; they were oblong to cylindrical and measured 21.8 to 40.5 × 9.4 to 18.4 μm (average 32.1 × 13.9 μm). Chasmothecia were also observed on the upper surface of camelina or wild mustard leaves and on wild mustard siliques. Immature chasmothecia were globose, yellow and turned dark brown as reached maturity. Each chasmothecium contained six asci that measured 47.6 to 74.5 × 29.8 to 44.7 μm. Based on these characteristics the pathogen was identified as Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex L. Junell, being probably the first report of E. cruciferarum on camelina in Greece.
PROPERTIES OF SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE ANTIMICROBIAL FILMS AND ITS APPLICATION IN PRESERVATION OF MEAT
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Zhang Huajiang , Chi Yujie , Wu Yongqing , Cao Wenhui , Li Tong , Xu Lina
Published: November 2017

Recently, increasing interest to improve food safety and extend their shelf-life has led to the development and testing of the edible films with antimicrobial properties. The soy protein isolate (SPI) antimicrobial films were made with Nisin (N), sodium lactate (NaL), EDTA (E) and their optical combination (C). The C film showed a significant (p<0.05) antimicrobial effect on three food pathogens, E.coli, Salmonella and Bacillus cereus, which inhibitory zone is 32mm, 33.33mm and 32.33mm, respectively. The addition of N and NaL to SPI film reduced its mechanical properties, that is, the tensile strength (TS) was reduced from 10.8716MPa to 8.1405MPa (N1) and 3.2715MPa (NaL3) and the elongation at break (E) was increased from 3.03% to 4.73% (N3, N4) and 11.21 % (NaL4). While the addition of EDTA and combination increased TS from 10.8716MPa to 17.0600MPa (E4) and reduced E from 3.03% to 2.36% (E1). The water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability (OP) and total color difference (ΔE) of films had changed with the addition of antimicrobial agents. The FTIR analysis showed no specific interaction between active groups of Nisin with functional group of control film. However, the intensity of peaks in the spectrum of NaL and EDTA increased, indicating interactions between NaL, EDTA and SPI.The application experiments showed the total bacterial count and TVB-N value of sample wrapped by ordinary wraps, SPI film and SPI antimicrobial film were incresed as storage time extended. On the 6th day, the sample wrapped by SPI film has been metamorphism, which total bacterial count and TVB-N value were 8.922 lg cfu/g and 21.340 mg/100g. On the 9th day, the sample wrapped by ordinary wraps has been metamorphism, which total bacterial count and TVB-N value were 7.866 lg cfu/g and 21.150 mg/100g. And the sample wrapped by SPI antimicrobial film had been metamorphism on the 12th day, indicating that the SPI antimicrobial film had a bacteriostatic preservation effect on the meat antibacterial preservation and extend the shelf life to 3-6 days compared with SPI film and ordinary wraps. The SPI antimicrobial film broadens the application of SPI film.
Permafrost Organic Carbon Mobilization From the Watershed to the Colville River Delta: Evidence From 14C Ramped Pyrolysis and Lignin Biomarkers
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Bianchi Thomas S. , Cui Xingqian , Rosenheim Brad E. , Ping Chien‐Lu , Hanna Andrea J. M. , Kanevskiy Mikhail , Schreiner Kathryn M. , Allison Mead A.
Published: November 2017

The deposition of terrestrial‐derived permafrost particulate organic carbon (POC) has been recorded in major Arctic river deltas. However, associated transport pathways of permafrost POC from the watershed to the coast have not been well constrained. Here we utilized a combination of ramped pyrolysis‐oxidation radiocarbon analysis (RPO 14C) along with lignin biomarkers, to track the linkages between soils and river and delta sediments. Surface and deep soils showed distinct RPO thermographs which may be related to degradation and organo‐mineral interaction. Soil material in the bed load of the river channel was mostly derived from deep old permafrost. Both surface and deep soils were transported and deposited to the coast. Hydrodynamic sorting and barrier island protection played important roles in terrestrial‐derived permafrost POC deposition near the coast. On a large scale, ice processes (e.g., ice gauging and strudel scour) and ocean currents controlled the transport and distribution of permafrost POC on the Beaufort Shelf.
Collective Impacts of Orography and Soil Moisture on the Soil Moisture‐Precipitation Feedback
Authors: Imamovic Adel , Schlemmer Linda , Schär Christoph
Published: November 2017

Ensembles of convection‐resolving simulations with a simplified land surface are conducted to dissect the isolated and combined impacts of soil moisture and orography on deep‐convective precipitation under weak synoptic forcing. In particular, the deep‐convective precipitation response to a uniform and a nonuniform soil moisture perturbation is investigated both in settings with and without orography. In the case of horizontally uniform perturbations, we find a consistently positive soil moisture‐precipitation feedback, irrespective of the presence of low orography. On the other hand, a negative feedback emerges with localized perturbations: a dry soil heterogeneity substantially enhances rain amounts that scale linearly with the dryness of the soil, while a moist heterogeneity suppresses rain amounts. If the heterogeneity is located in a mountainous region, the relative importance of soil moisture heterogeneity decreases with increasing mountain height: A mountain 500 m in height is sufficient to neutralize the local soil moisture‐precipitation feedback.
Tropical Coastal Dehydrator in Global Atmospheric Water Circulation
Authors: Ogino Shin‐Ya , Yamanaka Manabu D. , Mori Shuichi , Matsumoto Jun
Published: November 2017

We present a conceptual advance of the global water cycle in which the precipitation concentrated in tropical coastlines plays the role of an atmospheric dehydrator between the ocean and land. Landward water vapor transport peaks as it enters the coastal region (a few hundred kilometers offshore), and about half of the water vapor is consumed as precipitation over the coastal region before reaching the inland. Our results also revealed that the significant amount of net freshwater is supplied from the atmosphere to the coastal ocean, which is comparable to that of the land water discharge. This fact further provides a new insight on the ocean salinity distribution and its associated dynamics. We discuss a possible link between the tropical land distribution and the Earth's climate through the water circulation.
Riding the Right Wavelet: Quantifying Scale Transitions in Fractured Rocks
Authors: Rizzo Roberto E. , Healy David , Farrell Natalie J. , Heap Michael J.
Published: November 2017

The mechanics of brittle failure is a well‐described multiscale process that involves a rapid transition from distributed microcracks to localization along a single macroscopic rupture plane. However, considerable uncertainty exists regarding both the length scale at which this transition occurs and the underlying causes that prompt this shift from a distributed to a localized assemblage of cracks or fractures. For the first time, we used an image analysis tool developed to investigate orientation changes at different scales in images of fracture patterns in faulted materials, based on a two‐dimensional continuous wavelet analysis. We detected the abrupt change in the fracture pattern from distributed tensile microcracks to localized shear failure in a fracture network produced by triaxial deformation of a sandstone core plug. The presented method will contribute to our ability of unraveling the physical processes at the base of catastrophic rock failure, including the nucleation of earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions.
A Sharp View on River Dune Transition to Upper Stage Plane Bed
Authors: Naqshband S. , Hoitink A. J. F. , McElroy B. , Hurther D. , Hulscher S. J. M. H.
Published: November 2017

Sandy river beds are dominated by rhythmic features known as dunes. Experimental investigations of turbulent flow and sediment transport over dunes have predominantly focused on equilibrium flows that are rare in natural rivers. Using a novel acoustic instrument over migrating dunes in a laboratory setting, we quantify a number of dynamical properties that are crucial in our understanding and modeling of dune morphology and kinematics, particularly under nonequilibrium flows during dune transition to upper stage plane bed. Measured sediment transport distributions reveal a positive spatial lag between dune crest and maximum sediment transport rate that eventually caused washing out of dunes. Bed load was entirely captured in dune troughs, contributing to dune translation where most of suspended load was advected further downstream contributing to dune deformation. Measured bypass fraction was about 76%, which means that only 24% of the total sediment load at the dune crest contributed to dune migration.
Increasing Coupling Between NPGO and PDO Leads to Prolonged Marine Heatwaves in the Northeast Pacific
Authors: Joh Youngji , Di Lorenzo Emanuele
Published: November 2017

The marine heatwave of 2014/2015 in the Northeast Pacific caused significant impacts on marine ecosystems and fisheries. While several studies suggest that land and marine heatwaves may intensify under climate change, less is known about the prolonged multiyear nature (~2 years) of the Northeast Pacific events. Examination of reanalysis products and a 30‐member climate model ensemble confirms that prolonged multiyear marine heatwaves are linked to the dynamics of the two dominant modes of winter sea surface temperature variability in the North Pacific, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). Specifically, we find a significant correlation between winter warm NPGO anomalies and the following winter PDO arising from extratropical/tropical teleconnections. In the model projections for 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario, this NPGO/PDO 1 year lag correlation exhibits a significant positive trend (~35%) that favors more prolonged multiyear warm events (>1°C) with larger spatial coverage (~18%) and higher maximum amplitude (~0.5°C for events >2°C) over the Northeast Pacific.
The Contribution of Compressional Magnetic Pumping to the Energization of the Earth's Outer Electron Radiation Belt During High‐Speed Stream‐Driven Storms
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Horne Richard B. , Meredith Nigel P.
Published: November 2017

Compressional magnetic pumping is an interaction between cyclic magnetic compressions and pitch angle scattering with the scattering acting as a catalyst to allow the cyclic compressions to energize particles. Compressional magnetic pumping of the outer electron radiation belt at geosynchronous orbit in the dayside magnetosphere is analyzed by means of computer simulations, wherein solar wind compressions of the dayside magnetosphere energize electrons with electron pitch angle scattering by chorus waves and by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. The magnetic pumping is found to produce a weak bulk heating of the electron radiation belt, and it also produces an energetic tail on the electron energy distribution. The amount of energization depends on the robustness of the solar wind compressions and on the amplitude of the chorus and/or EMIC waves. Chorus‐catalyzed pumping is better at energizing medium‐energy (50–200 keV) electrons than it is at energizing higher‐energy electrons; at high energies (500 keV–2 MeV) EMIC‐catalyzed pumping is a stronger energizer. The magnetic pumping simulation results are compared with energy diffusion calculations for chorus waves in the dayside magnetosphere; in general, compressional magnetic pumping is found to be weaker at accelerating electrons than is chorus‐driven energy diffusion. In circumstances when solar wind compressions are robust and when EMIC waves are present in the dayside magnetosphere without the presence of chorus, EMIC‐catalyzed magnetic pumping could be the dominant energization mechanism in the dayside magnetosphere, but at such times loss cone losses will be strong.
Nightside Pi2 Wave Properties During an Extended Period With Stable Plasmapause Location and Variable Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Hartinger M. D. , Zou S. , Takahashi K. , Shi X. , Redmon R. , Goldstein J. , Kurth W. , Bonnell J. W.
Published: November 2017

The frequencies and amplitudes of inner magnetosphere Pi2 waves are affected by the radial plasma density profile. Variable geomagnetic activity and external driving conditions can affect both wave properties and density profiles simultaneously. When interpreting observations, this can lead to ambiguity about whether changing wave properties are due to changing external conditions, density profiles, or a combination of factors. We present a case study using multipoint ground‐based and in situ measurements to examine Pi2 wave properties during a period of variable geomagnetic activity. Multiple satellite passes demonstrate the density profile and plasmapause location are stable for at least 2 h over a wide range of magnetic local time. This stability allows us to examine how factors besides the radial density profile affect Pi2 wave properties. We find evidence for Pi2 waves with a broadband frequency spectrum as well as a discrete frequency plasmaspheric virtual resonance (PVR) that is observed at low, middle, and high latitudes and both inside and outside the plasmapause. The PVR is excited in repeated bursts before, during, and after (1) the development of a substorm, (2) several auroral intensifications, (3) the development of Subauroral Polarization Stream flows/electric fields/conductivities, and (4) variable interplanetary magnetic field conditions. Through all these changes the PVR frequency remains remarkably stable (8.2 ± 0.53 mHz, based on low‐latitude ground magnetometer observations), suggesting that these variations have little effect on the frequency. This is consistent with PVR model predictions for a stationary plasmapause.
An Artificial Neural Network‐Based Ionospheric Model to Predict NmF2 and hmF2 Using Long‐Term Data Set of FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC Radio Occultation Observations: Preliminary Results
Authors: Sai Gowtam V. , Tulasi Ram S.
Published: November 2017

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are known to be capable of solving linear as well as highly nonlinear problems. Using the long‐term and high‐quality data set of Formosa Satellite‐3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC, in short F3/C) from 2006 to 2015, an ANN‐based two‐dimensional (2‐D) Ionospheric Model (ANNIM) is developed to predict the ionospheric peak parameters, such as NmF2 and hmF2. In this pilot study, the ANNIM results are compared with the original F3/C data, GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) observations as well as International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)‐2016 model to assess the learning efficiency of the neural networks used in the model. The ANNIM could well predict the NmF2 (hmF2) values with RMS errors of 1.87 × 105 el/cm3 (27.9 km) with respect to actual F3/C; and 2.98 × 105 el/cm3 (40.18 km) with respect to independent GRACE data. Further, the ANNIM predictions found to be as good as IRI‐2016 model with a slightly smaller RMS error when compared to independent GRACE data. The ANNIM has successfully reproduced the local time, latitude, longitude, and seasonal variations with errors ranging ~15–25% for NmF2 and 10–15% for hmF2 compared to actual F3/C data, except the postsunset enhancement in hmF2. Further, the ANNIM has also captured the global‐scale ionospheric phenomena such as ionospheric annual anomaly, Weddell Sea Anomaly, and the midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly. Compared to IRI‐2016 model, the ANNIM is found to have better represented the fine longitudinal structures and the midlatitude summer nighttime enhancements in both the hemispheres.
Sea Surface Temperatures in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific and Surface Temperatures in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia During El Niño: Implications for Pliocene Conditions
Authors: Pérez‐Angel Lina C. , Molnar Peter
Published: November 2017

Regressions of surface temperatures in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial Pacific, and specifically with Niño1+2 and Niño3 temperature anomalies, show that the Eastern Cordillera warms or cools by approximately half of the amplitude of the variation of SSTs in the eastern tropical Pacific. Because Pliocene SSTs in the eastern tropical Pacific resemble those during major El Niño events, when SSTs warm by ~4°C, these regressions suggest that the Pliocene Eastern Cordillera was warmer by ~2°C at both high and low elevations. Such post‐Pliocene cooling is smaller than the ~9–12°C inferred from fossil pollen assemblages, but comparable to recent estimates of Anderson et al. of 3 ± 1°C (1σ) since ~8 Ma. This change in surface temperature could be explained by a change in regional climate associated with a different tropical Pacific SST distribution and therefore would require neither an elevation change of the Eastern Cordillera since that time nor a change between Pliocene and present‐day temperatures in the tropics that is as large as estimates of the global change of ~2.5–4°C.
Closure Time of the Junggar‐Balkhash Ocean: Constraints From Late Paleozoic Volcano‐Sedimentary Sequences in the Barleik Mountains, West Junggar, NW China
Authors: Liu Bo , Han Bao‐Fu , Chen Jia‐Fu , Ren Rong , Zheng Bo , Wang Zeng‐Zhen , Feng Li‐Xia
Published: November 2017

The Junggar‐Balkhash Ocean was a major branch of the southern Paleo‐Asian Ocean. The timing of its closure is important for understanding the history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. New sedimentological and geochronological data from the Late Paleozoic volcano‐sedimentary sequences in the Barleik Mountains of West Junggar, NW China, help to constrain the closure time of the Junggar‐Balkhash Ocean. Tielieketi Formation (Fm) is dominated by littoral sediments, but its upper glauconite‐bearing sandstone is interpreted to deposit rapidly in a shallow‐water shelf setting. By contrast, Heishantou Fm consists chiefly of volcanic rocks, conformably overlying or in fault contact with Tielieketi Fm. Molaoba Fm is composed of parallel‐stratified fine sandstone and sandy conglomerate with graded bedding, typical of nonmarine, fluvial deposition. This formation unconformably overlies the Tielieketi and Heishantou formations and is conformably covered by Kalagang Fm characterized by a continental bimodal volcanic association. The youngest U‐Pb ages of detrital zircons from sandstones and zircon U‐Pb ages from volcanic rocks suggest that the Tielieketi, Heishantou, Molaoba, and Kalagang formations were deposited during the Famennian‐Tournaisian, Tournaisian‐early Bashkirian, Gzhelian, and Asselian‐Sakmarian, respectively. The absence of upper Bashkirian to Kasimovian was likely caused by tectonic uplifting of the West Junggar terrane. This is compatible with the occurrence of coeval stitching plutons in the West Junggar and adjacent areas. The Junggar‐Balkhash Ocean should be finally closed before the Gzhelian, slightly later or concurrent with that of other ocean domains of the southern Paleo‐Asian Ocean.
Cell‐Penetrating Chaperone Peptide Prevents Protein Aggregation and Protects against Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Raju Murugesan , Santhoshkumar Puttur , Sharma K. Krishna
Published: November 2017

Many of the newly discovered therapeutic peptides and molecules are limited by their inability to cross the cell membrane. In the present study, a cell‐penetrating peptide (CPP), VPTLK, derived from Ku70 protein, is employed to facilitate the entry of a minichaperone across the cell membrane. Previous studies suggest that the minichaperone peptide representing the chaperone site in αA‐crystallin, which can inhibit protein aggregation associated with proteopathies, has therapeutic potential. A synthetic minichaperone is prepared by fusing the VPTLK sequence to N‐terminus of minichaperone (FVIFLDVKHFSPEDLTVKGRD) to get VPTLKFVIFLDVKHFSPEDLTVKGRD peptide, which is called “CPPGRD.” The amino acids, glycine–arginine–aspartic acid (GRD), are added to increase the solubility of the peptide. The chaperone‐like function of CPPGRD is measured using unfolding conditions for alcohol dehydrogenase and α‐lactalbumin. The antiapoptotic action of the peptide chaperone is evaluated using H2O2‐induced Cos‐7 and ARPE‐19 cell apoptosis assays. The results show that the CPPGRD has both chaperone function and antiapoptotic activity. Additionally, the CPPGRD is found to prevent β‐amyloid fibril formation and suppress β‐amyloid toxicity. The present study demonstrates that the CPPGRD protects unfolding proteins from aggregation and prevents cellular apoptosis. Therefore, the CPPGRD is a minichaperone with potential to become a therapeutic agent for protein aggregation diseases.
Microstructure‐Dependent Local Fatigue Cracking Resistance of Bimodal Ti–6Al–4V Alloys
Authors: Zeng Ling‐Rong , Lei Li‐Ming , Yang Jia , Luo Xue‐Mei , Zhang Guang‐Ping
Published: November 2017

The fatigue crack growth behavior of the bimodal Ti–6Al–4V alloys with two different volume fractions of the primary α phase (αp) of 76 and 36% is investigated by the in situ testing technique. The experimental results show that the crack growth rate of the αp = 36% Ti–6Al–4V alloy is lower than that of the αp = 76% one. The local fatigue crack growth rate is evidently decreased by the various boundaries including αp grain boundaries, boundaries between the αp phase and basketweave microstructure, and α/β lamellar interfaces. A criterion associated with the boundary characteristics is obtained to evaluate the grain boundary resistance to the fatigue crack growth in the engineering alloys.
Influence of Ingot and Powder Metallurgy Production Route on the Tensile Creep Behavior of Mo–9Si–8B Alloys with Additions of Al and Ge
Authors: Kellner P. M. , Völkl R. , Glatzel U.
Published: November 2017

Refractory metals and their alloys show potential for high temperature applications, due to the elevated melting points often paired with very good creep resistance. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) as well as arc‐melting is used here to prepare quaternary and quinternary Mo–9Si–8B–xAl–yGe (xis 0 or 2;yis 0 or 2, all numbers in at%) samples. All samples consist of a Mo solid solution (Moss) and two intermetallic phases: Mo3Si (A15) and Mo5SiB2(T2). Aluminum and germanium reduce the melting point and slightly decrease the density of the material. The specimens are homogenized and coarsened by a subsequent heat‐treatment in vacuum at 1850 °C for 24 h. The resulting microstructure is investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) analysis. A vacuum creep testing device for small tensile creep specimens is presented. It is heated by graphite radiation heaters usable up to 1500 °C in vacuum of 2 · 10‐4 Pa with an oil diffusion pump. Tensile creep tests are performed at 1250 °C and stresses from 50 MPa up to 250 MPa. Specimens produced by ingot metallurgy feature superior creep properties compared to powder metallurgy samples.
Manipulating morphology in thermoplastic protein/polyester blends for improved impact strength
Authors: Smith Matthew J. , Verbeek Casparus J. R.
Published: November 2017

Novatein thermoplastic protein was blended with 10 wt% poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) compatibilized with Joncryl ADR‐4368 and 2‐methylimidazole (2MI). Morphology was tailored for favorable impact strength through changing viscosity ratio (λ) and interfacial tension (γ12). For uncompatibilized blends, λ decreased and γ12 increased with increasing Novatein water content, whereas compatibilizers caused a decrease in both λ and γ12. PBAT continuity was high when uncompatibilized, but dispersion improved with decreasing λ and increasing γ12. The dispersed domain size decreased in all compatibilized blends; PBAT continuity was lowest in samples with the smallest λ. Compatibilized blends had higher impact strength than Novatein and uncompatibilized blends through improved interfacial adhesion, smaller domain size, and increased dispersion. By altering λ and γ12, and with appropriate chemical interaction, a morphology can be created for improved impact strength. Increasing PBAT content showed further increases in impact strength; however, a cocontinuous morphology formed, demonstrating that composition can override the effect of λ and γ12.
Investigation of the Impact of High Temperatures on the Switching Kinetics of Redox‐Based Resistive Switching Cells using a High‐Speed Nanoheater
Authors: von Witzleben Moritz , Fleck Karsten , Funck Carsten , Baumkötter Brigitte , Zuric Milena , Idt Alexander , Breuer Thomas , Waser Rainer , Böttger Ulrich , Menzel Stephan
Published: November 2017

Ionic transport greatly influences the switching kinetics of filamentary resistive switching memories and depends strongly on temperature and electric fields. To separate the impact of both parameters on the switching kinetics and to further deepen the understanding of the influence of local Joule heating, a nanometer‐sized heating structure is employed. It consists of a 100 nm wide Pt electrode which, due to Joule heating, serves as heating source upon an electrical stimulus. These self‐heating properties are underlined by a 3D finite elements simulation model, which confirms a temperature increase of almost 500 K. Experimental electrical pulse measurements indicate that for this temperature a steady state is achieved in less than 100 ns. By employing this heating structure, kinetic measurements of a Pt/Ta2O5/Ta cell are performed at different temperatures and reveal that significantly decreased SET times are obtained with increasing temperature. This effect is accompanied by an increasing slope of the current prior to the SET event. The experimental results are further confirmed by predictions of an analytical model based on ionic conduction.
Pursuing an Ethical, Socially Just Classroom: Searching for Community Psychology Pedagogy
Authors: Lichty Lauren F. , Palamaro‐Munsell Eylin
Published: November 2017

Discussions of community psychology (CP) ethics often examine how we might best uphold CP values in community‐based practice. However, for many community psychologists in faculty positions, our main domain of practice is the undergraduate classroom. Teaching is essential to the growth and sustainability of our field as prospective students tend to discover CP during their undergraduate studies. University‐based work is also a key site of CP practice. Universities are contested spaces where interlocking forms of oppression manifest in many ways, including teaching (e.g., what is taught, how, by whom, to whom). CP values compel us to treat our classrooms as more than just information transmission spaces; just as there is no value‐neutral research, there is no value‐neutral course content or classroom practice. This first‐person narrative explores ethical issues that arise when we put CP values, specifically social justice, respect for diversity, participation, and wellness, in conversation with pedagogical best practices and course content in higher education. It presents interrelated ethical dilemmas and the authors’ conflicted responses. We conclude with a four‐part call to the field for dedicated scholarly spaces and supports focused on the development and study of undergraduate CP pedagogy.
A Compact Optical Switch via Plasmonics of Subwavelength Circular‐Sharp Hole Arrays in Metal Films
Authors: Sun Taiming , Deng Zhixiang , Sheng Jiabing , Chen Zhiyong , Zhu Weihua , Guo Wei , Wang Xinlin
Published: November 2017

We studied numerically the enhanced optical transmission (EOT) through periodic subwavelength circular‐sharp hole arrays in metallic films with different edge sharp distribution features of unit structures. Detailed studies indicate that the unit structure edge sharp distribution features strongly influence the surface plasmons (SPs). These results demonstrate that the number of edge sharp activated the localized surface plamons (LSP) resonance on the unit structure is changed by rotating the polarization of the incident light, leading to change the infrared transmittance of the array. Moreover, a compact plasmonic switch via periodic circular‐sharp hole arrays based on the dependence of SPs on unit structural edge sharp distributions is proposed. The finding provides a new idea for designing plasmonics devices, and expands the application range of metal micro‐nano structure in the field of optical communications and information processing.
Modifying Expression Modes of Human Neurotensin Receptor Type 1 Alters Sensing Capabilities for Agonists in Yeast Signaling Biosensor
Authors: Hashi Hiroki , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Ishii Jun , Kondo Akihiko
Published: November 2017

Neurotensin receptor type 1 (NTSR1), a member of the G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) family, is naturally activated by binding of a neurotensin peptide, leading to a variety of physiological effects. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a proven host organism for assaying the agonistic activation of human GPCRs. Previous studies showed that yeast cells can functionally express human NTSR1 receptor, permitting the detection of neurotensin‐promoted signaling using a ZsGreen fluorescent reporter gene. However, the fluorescence intensity (sensitivity) of NTSR1‐expressing yeast cells is low compared to that of yeast cells expressing other human GPCRs (e.g., human somatostatin receptors). The present study sought to increase the sensitivity of the NTSR1‐expressing yeast for use as a fluorescent biosensor, including modification of the expression of human NTSR1 in yeast. Changes in the transcription, translation, and transport of the receptor are attempted by altering the promoter, consensus Kozak‐like sequence, and secretion signal sequences of the NTSR1‐encoding gene. The resulting yeast cells exhibited increased sensitivity to exogenously added peptide. The cells are further engineered by using cell‐surface display technology to ensure that the agonistic peptides are secreted and tethered to the yeast cell wall, yielding cells with enhanced NTSR1 activation. This yeast biosensor holds promise for the identification of agonists to treat NTSR1‐related diseases.
Ty1‐fused protein‐body formation for spatial organization of metabolic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Han Jong Yun , Song Jae Myeong , Seo Sung Hwa , Wang Chonglong , Lee Seung‐Goo , Lee Hongweon , Kim Seon‐Won , Choi Eui‐Sung
Published: November 2017

Metabolite production through a multistep metabolic pathway can often be increased by efficient substrate channeling created by spatial sequestration of the metabolic reactions. Here, Tya, a structural component in the Ty1 retrotransposon element that forms virus‐like particles (VLPs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was used to spatially organize enzymes involved in a metabolic pathway into a multi‐enzyme protein body in yeast. As a proof of principle, Tya fusion to three key enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the isoprenoids farnesene and farnesol was tested to assess its potential to improve productivity. The Tya‐fusion protein resulted in three and fourfold increases in farnesene and farnesol production, respectively, as compared with that observed in a non‐fused control. Specifically, two‐phase partitioning fed‐batch fermentations of S. cerevisiae ATCC200589 overexpressing Tya‐fused enzymes (tHmg1, IspA, and α‐farnesene synthase) yielded 930 ± 40 mg/L of farnesene after 7 days. Additionally, we observed that the Tya‐fusion proteins tended to partition into particulate fractions upon 100,000g ultracentrifugation, suggesting the formation of large aggregates of protein bodies, with their particulate structure also observed by transmission electron microscopy. The dramatic increase in the biosynthetic productivity of metabolites via use of a Tya‐fusion protein suggested that this approach might be useful for the creation of multi‐enzyme complexes to improve metabolic engineering in yeast.
Population-based incidence rate of inpatient and outpatient surgical procedures in a high-income country
Authors: Omling E , Jarnheimer A , Rose J , Björk J , Meara J G , Hagander L
Published: November 2017

Background

The WHO and the World Bank ask countries to report the national volume of surgery. This report describes these data for Sweden, a high-income country.

Methods

In an 8-year population-based observational cohort study, all inpatient and outpatient care in the public and private sectors was detected in the Swedish National Patient Register and screened for the occurrence of surgery. The entire Swedish population was eligible for inclusion. All patients attending healthcare for any disease were included. Incidence rates of surgery and likelihood of surgery were calculated, with trends over time, and correlation with sex, age and disease category.

Results

Almost one in three hospitalizations involved a surgical procedure (30·6 per cent). The incidence rate of surgery exceeded 17 480 operations per 100 000 person-years, and at least 58·5 per cent of all surgery was performed in an outpatient setting (range 58·5 to 71·6 per cent). Incidence rates of surgery increased every year by 5·2 (95 per cent c.i. 4·2 to 6·1) per cent (P < 0·001), predominantly owing to more outpatient surgery. Women had a 9·8 (95 per cent c.i. 5·6 to 14·0) per cent higher adjusted incidence rate of surgery than men (P < 0·001), mainly explained by more surgery during their fertile years. Incidence rates peaked in the elderly for both women and men, and varied between disease categories.

Conclusion

Population requirements for surgery are greater than previously reported, and more than half of all surgery is performed in outpatient settings. Distributions of age, sex and disease influence estimates of population surgical demand, and should be accounted for in future global and national projections of surgical public health needs.
Production of Hydroxynitrile Lyase from Davallia tyermannii (DtHNL) in Komagataella phaffii and Its Immobilization as a CLEA to Generate a Robust Biocatalyst
Authors: Lanfranchi Elisa , Grill Birgit , Raghoebar Zainab , Van Pelt Sander , Sheldon Roger A. , Steiner Kerstin , Glieder Anton , Winkler Margit
Published: November 2017

Hydroxynitrile lyase from the white rabbit's foot fern Davallia tyermannii (DtHNL) catalyzes the enantioselective synthesis of α‐cyanohydrins, which are key building blocks for pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. An efficient and competitive process necessitates the availability and robustness of the biocatalyst. Herein, the recombinant production of DtHNL1 in Komagataella phaffii, yielding approximately 900 000 U L−1, is described. DtHNL1 constitutes approximately 80 % of the total protein content. The crude enzyme was immobilized. Crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) resulted in significant enhancement of the biocatalyst stability under acidic conditions (activity retained after 168 h at pH 2.4). The DtHNL1–CLEA was employed for (R)‐mandelonitrile synthesis (99 % conversion, 98 % enantiomeric excess) in a biphasic system, and evaluated for the synthesis of (R)‐hydroxypivaldehyde cyanohydrin under reaction conditions that immediately inactivated non‐immobilized DtHNL1. The results show the DtHNL1–CLEA to be a stable biocatalyst for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure cyanohydrins under acidic conditions.
Visceral leishmaniasis triggering an adult‐onset Still's disease: a unique case
Authors: Spoto Silvia , Costantino Sebastiano , Valeriani Emanuele , Fogolari Marta , Cella Eleonora , Dicuonzo Giordano , Ciccozzi Massimo , Angeletti Silvia
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical Message

Adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD) due to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has not been previously reported. This case report analyzes a single episode of AOSD probably due to a visceral leishmaniasis successfully treated with pentamidine isethionate and prednisone.
Tumor lysis syndrome with massive hyperphosphatemia and hyperuricemia
Authors: Koratala Abhilash
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical Message

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) occurs when tumor cells release their contents into the bloodstream, typically in response to chemotherapy, leading to the characteristic findings of hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and acute kidney injury. Twinkle artifacts on renal ultrasound may indicate calcium phosphate deposits in such patients.
Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in colon cancer: a case report and literature review
Authors: Sommerhalder David , Takalkar Amol M. , Shackelford Rodney , Peddi Prakash
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical Message

Although tumor lysis syndrome is well described, it is rarely seen or suspected in solid malignancies. Early recognition of this entity is paramount in reducing morbidity and mortality. Treating physicians should be aware of this possibility in solid tumor patients with either bulky disease or extensive liver involvement.
Electrochemical Evaluation of Titanocenes in Ionic Liquids with Non‐coordinating and Coordinating Anions and Application for NH3 Synthesis
Authors: Katayama Akira , Inomata Tomohiko , Ozawa Tomohiro , Masuda Hideki
Published: November 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by Akira Katayama, Nagoya Institute of Technology (Japan). The Cover Picture shows the detection of [(Cp2TiCl)2] and generation of NH3. The background is a firework, whose powder explosive comes from N atom‐containing chemicals that are made from NH3. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201700557.