bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Method and System in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right
Authors: Wood Allen W.
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that there is no substantive issue involved in the alleged controversy between “systematic” and “non-systematic” readers of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. The source of the supposed issues is that accused of “non-systematic” readings are merely doing what any responsible historian of philosophy must do: they separate questions about what a historical philosopher thought from questions about how it may be appropriated today. The chapter then goes on to provide a positive account of the actual role played by Hegel’s system and method in his social theory, and describes Hegel’s systematic method and its application to the Philosophy of Right. It presents Hegel’s creative use of Fichte’s synthetic method, his rejection of the traditional conception of systematic philosophy in favor of conceptual pluralism, and the application of the Hegelian conceptions of method and system to the philosophical understanding of modern society.
Hegel’s Shepherd’s Way Out of the Thicket
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2017

Our modern conditions require a reflective stance on our lives. Yet it is also clear that some forms of domination have continued to be practiced long after their insufficiencies have been exposed. What is actual and what lies behind the various appearances of our social and political world has never been fully actualized. This chapter examines this sense of being ready to unsettle our settled convictions through experiences that push us to think of what we have been doing up until now as something illusory and not as merely not living up to an explicit ideal. Part of the unsettling feature of modernity is that we can think that we have at least settled what we take to be at stake even while admitting that we have not lived up to such ideals, only to find that we turn out not to have settled what really was at stake.
The Logic of Right
Authors: Winfield Richard Dien
Published: June 2017

Hegel, who pioneers presuppositionless, foundation-free autonomous reason in his Science of Logic and the ethics of self-determination in his Philosophy of Right, might be expected to follow parallel itineraries in both works. Hegel develops logical determinacy into the three successive domains of the contrastive determinacy of the Logic of Being, the determined determinacy of the Logic of Essence, and the self-determined determinacy of the Logic of the Concept. On the other hand, he develops self-determined conduct as a self-ordered system of intersubjective structures of rights, falling into three domains: Abstract Right, Morality, and Ethical Community, dividing Ethical Community itself into the three spheres of family, social, and political ethical community. This chapter examines whether the division of the Philosophy of Right has an intrinsic necessity and completeness and whether that necessity and completeness can be confirmed through any correlation with the categorial division of the Science of Logic.
Quantitative component interaction
Authors: Zuraw Kie
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the phonological rule of nasal substitution in Tagalog, specifically its rate of application in different constructions. Nasal substitution can occur whenever a prefix that ends in /ŋ/ attaches to a stem beginning with an obstruent, as in /maŋ + bigáj/ → [mamigáj] ‘to distribute’. Different prefixes trigger nasal substitution at different rates. This is similar to cases in which word-internal syntactic structure determines how and whether a phonological rule applies (e.g. Newell and Piggott 2014), but different because none of these words’ syntactic structure absolutely prevents nasal substitution, such as by placing a phase boundary between the prefix and stem. The focus of the chapter is on laying out the data, but it does suggest three possible interpretations: variable syntactic structure, a phonology directly sensitive to prefix identity, or competition between productive syntactic structure and lexicalized pronunciation.
ein is ein and that is that
Authors: Leu Thomas
Published: June 2017

Assuming no homophony leads to analyses that are surprising from a traditional perspective. For instance, this chapter shows that German would have a morphosyntactically single same d- in dass ‘that’, der ‘the’, jeder ’every’, etc. and a single same ein in ein ‘one’, mein ‘my’, kein ‘no', nein ‘no!’ etc. Based on the syntactic behaviour of d- and ein, respectively, and on a comparison with English and French counterparts, decomposing not into n-o-t and identifying -on in non ‘no!’ and mangeons ‘eat.1pl’ as the same morpheme, it argues that the surprising analysis may actually be correct. While linguists have recourse to comparative evidence, children do not. The chapter suggests that children would be helped in determining the identity of morphemes if they could rely on the absence of homophony, and proposes the homomorphemicity thesis as a property of UG, hence categorically disallowing homophony within certain syntactically defined lexical domains.
Why Study Bundles of Reforms?
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

This chapter starts by presenting the numerous conceptual and empirical arguments that have been put forward suggesting that political elites in Western European democracies have been trapped in areas of turbulence for the last two decades, with this taking the form of a general ‘erosion of political support’ (Dalton 2004). This perceived crisis of consolidated democracies has led to a broad debate on democratic institutions. The chapter then presents the dependent variable studied in this book, the bundle of reforms. The chapter commonly refers to ‘institutional systems’. The starting point, based on the existing literature and specifically on Lijphart’s work, is that democratic institutions evaluated together constitute a system. As a consequence, democratic reforms should also be studied taking into account the systemic nature of democratic institutions. The bundle of reforms constitutes a relevant unit of analysis with which to analyse reforms affecting multiple dimensions of the institutions simultaneously.
The Changes to Core Democratic Rules in Western Europe, 1990–2010
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

This chapter aims to describe the changes that were made to core democratic rules in Western Europe between 1990 and 2010, by using the database on ‘Institutional change in advanced European democracies’. With the inclusion of six dimensions of reform over twenty years in eighteen Western European democracies, this database enables us to grasp the amount, the direction, and the format of change in consolidated democracies. The contrasts and the common trends that appear across dimensions of reform and across countries are discussed, focusing on the number and extent of reforms (minor vs. substantial), their direction (inclusive vs. exclusive), and their format (bundled or isolated). The main conclusions to be drawn are that both the rarity and singularity of reform can be dismissed as the illusions they are, and that reforms adopted over the last decades have overwhelmingly moved towards greater inclusiveness.
The Mechanisms of Institutional Reforms in Action
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

Part II of the book focuses on understanding the link between the nature of the reform at stake, the process engaged to achieve reform, and the end result (adoption or non-adoption of reform). The chapter presents the comparison of three bundles of reforms in France, Ireland, and Italy between 2000 and 2015, and formulates propositions about the prediction of the outcomes of reform. The chapter discusses link(s) between antecedent conditions and the likelihood of a given type of reform and process emerging. Next, theoretical propositions centre on the interaction between the nature of the reform (divisive or consensual, depending on the level of support for the reform), and the nature of the process of reform (majoritarian, supermajoritarian, or externalized, depending on the level of inclusion). The chapter explains why the effect of veto players and of multifaceted reforms varies according to the type of reform and type of process chosen.
Conclusion
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

The Conclusion discusses the contribution of the book on four issues: the description of the reforms of core democratic rules that occurred in Western Europe from 1990 to 2010; the short- and long-term determinants influencing the occurrence of reform; the dynamics of emergence of bundles of reforms; and finally, the link between the nature of the reform at stake, the process of reform, and the final outcome of a given proposal. Drawing from three case studies, the Conclusion presents a typology of six configurations of reform according to their divisive or consensual character and the type of process (majoritarian, supermajoritarian, and externalized). The findings drawn from the Irish, French, and Italian examples can be applied to a much wider set of reforms and countries, including for instance the outcomes of citizen assemblies or current attempts to modify the constitutional design in several Western European countries.
Hedley Bull and The Anarchical Society Now at 40
Authors: Suganami Hidemi
Published: June 2017

A text can be read critically to uncover assumptions and judgements setting a broad limit to what its author can coherently present as its main thesis. But it is also possible to identify spaces in the text’s architecture to manoeuvre it out of its apparent encasement. The Anarchical Society, now at 40, requires, and enables, both these kinds of engagement because of its relatively narrow basis and focus and its aging effects, combined with Bull’s well-known tendency to carefully qualify everything he asserts. There may be more we can read into or out of his book than its central focus, the ‘international society’ perspective. The contributors to this collection, from a variety of backgrounds in their intellectual orientations, academic specializations, and educational, professional, and other life experiences, collectively exhibit wide-ranging ways in which Bull’s text can be approached, as outlined in this introductory essay.
Cyberspace and International Order
Authors: Carr Madeline
Published: June 2017

When The Anarchical Society was published in 1977, the world was on the doorstep of seismic technological change. Forty years later, the information age has placed cyber security at the centre of many global political concerns including armed conflict and international law. The ongoing difficulties associated with accurately attributing cyber attacks introduce a new dimension of anarchy in international relations. This essay draws on Bull’s ideas about social interplay to explore the problem of attribution in cyberspace. It finds that the difficulties of identifying (even) state actors undermine some of the processes and institutions upon which Bull based his ideas. However, it also finds that Bull’s work is useful in unpicking exactly why attribution is so problematic for international relations. Ultimately, Bull’s expectation that actors will look for social solutions to maintain order appears to be holding up in the information age much as it did in the industrial age.
The Anarchical Society as Futurology
Authors: Patomäki Heikki
Published: June 2017

The Anarchical Society outlines various possible world orders, such as ‘New Mediaevalism’ and world state, as alternatives to the anarchic order of the modern states-system. This essay evaluates critically the factual and normative premises of Bull’s arguments concerning possible, likely, and desirable future world orders (factual and normative are intertwined but not inseparable). A key point is that Bull somewhat underestimated the sway of globalizing forces, including the gradual emergence of elements of world statehood. This essay’s main argument of, however, is that because of his omission of political economy, Bull would have been puzzled about the causes of the re-emergence of great power conflicts. For the same reason, he also misjudged the importance of building better common institutions.
International Society Encounters the Russian World
Authors: Kaczmarska Katarzyna
Published: June 2017

This essay argues that viewing Russia through the lens of Bull’s concept of international society—as a member, an apprentice, or an outright non-complier with international society rules—perpetuates his neglect of Russian political discourse and disregards the fact that Russian scholars have been producing their own representations of world politics. Although Bull’s concept became broadly accepted as an accurate reflection of international reality, his representation of world politics is no less ‘situated’ than Russian representations. Engaging with Russian conceptions of international politics sheds light on key concerns and grievances animating knowledge production process in IR. Paying attention to world representations as products of social relations and historical context is important especially now that Russian scholars point to the lack of common methodological and ideological ground for the study of international politics while the Russian ruling elite places the country outside of what it calls ‘Western order’.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses and defines fiscal squeeze, explains why fiscal squeeze and austerity is important and intriguing, sets out a way to identify, classify, and measure fiscal squeezes, and shows what can be learnt from exploring a single case, that of the UK, over a century. It reviews relevant literature and identifies three key political choices in fiscal squeeze: (a) tax hikes versus spending cuts; (b) depth versus length of squeezes (‘surgery without anaesthetics’ or ‘boiling frogs’); (c) how to handle the blame and the tactic of ‘heresthetic’. It develops the analytic approach pursued in the book, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis and focusing the latter on loss imposition, political cost to incumbents, and state effort in fiscal squeeze.
The 1930s Squeeze
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes fiscal squeeze in the early 1930s against the backdrop of global financial crisis and the Great Depression—fiscal squeeze less severe on financial outcomes data than the 1920s but with more dramatic political consequences. This episode comprises a hard revenue squeeze initiated by the UK’s second Labour Government in 1930 and an expert committee (the May Committee) to recommend spending cuts, followed after the collapse of that government by a hard expenditure squeeze under a ‘National’ Government. This episode includes constitutional crisis (with the formation of an emergency coalition government without an election to pursue fiscal squeeze), a naval mutiny sparked by pay cuts that forced the currency off the gold standard, a split in the Labour Party which reverberated for decades, and the greatest electoral victory in modern British history for a coalition government that had just enacted significant spending cuts, including reductions in unemployment benefit.
The ‘Stop-Go’ Squeezes of the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes four fiscal squeezes across two decades marked by broadly full employment and no major recession, albeit with slow economic growth, recurring currency crises, and ‘stop-go’ policies to dampen consumer demand. The first squeeze in the mid-1950s reflected the Conservatives’ uphill struggle to deliver on their 1951 election promise to cut taxes and ‘set the people free’ against the background of currency weakness and the Korean and Cold Wars. Spending restraint in this era put the emphasis on cutting wartime legacy spending rather than checking the core drivers of welfare state growth. The subsequent three squeezes under Conservative and Labour Governments in the 1960s all put a heavier emphasis on revenue than spending to support welfare state expenditure and stabilize the currency, but the Wilson Labour Government made significant defence cuts in the late 1960s.
Fiscal Squeeze in the 1990s
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes a long-drawn-out fiscal squeeze in the 1990s against the background of another sharp recession triggered by financial crisis. This episode spans the reigns of a divided Conservative Government which was unexpectedly re-elected in the 1992 election after changing its leader following a major tax revolt, but nevertheless succeeded in restraining public spending growth relative to growing GDP, and the early years of the succeeding ‘New Labour’ Government led by Tony Blair after a landslide victory in the 1997 election. The episode is notable for post-election tax hikes by both governments and for the fact that spending restraint plans announced by one government were followed by its successor for the first time since the 1920s—following a so-called ‘bear trap’ approach by the Conservatives, of announcing spending targets beyond their electoral term and challenging their political opponents to either accept those targets or face charges of planning a ‘tax bombshell’.
A “Meteoric” Career in Hungarian Politics
Authors: Körösényi András , Ondré Péter , Hajdú András
Published: June 2017

The central puzzle of this chapter is the meteoric rise and abrupt fall in the popularity of Ferenc Gyurcsány, the Hungarian prime minister between 2004 and 2009. The chapter applies the LCI to explain this riddle by analyzing his prime-ministerial career. The chapter also aims to contribute to the methodological refinement of the LCI. First, it introduces a milestone approach, which sets the data for six crucial moments in Gyurcsány’s political career to make the LCI a dynamic tool for the analysis. Second, in order to improve the reliability of the method and exclude researcher bias, it replaces researcher judgment with expert judgment in the cases of communicative performance and management skills, and with the fulfillment rate of the legislative program in the case of parliamentary effectiveness. The result of the research diverges from our initial expectations, since the aggregate value of the LCI decreased only rather moderately.
Conclusion
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Gabriel Yiannis , Paulsen Roland
Published: June 2017

This chapter concludes the book by examining various possible objections that readers may raise by adopting the perspective of a sympathetic but critical reviewer, and considers how social science research may break out of its self-inflicted iron cage and renew its commitment to addressing the major issues and problems that face our world today. A number of different objections are considered and refuted. These include the charges that our arguments and advocacies are elitist, utopian/idealistic, nostalgic, unrealistic, and so forth. It is argued that the current state of social science research is politically, financially, and educationally unsustainable, that an increasing number of key stakeholders are becoming aware and alarmed at the vast costs and virtual irrelevance of social science research, and that calls for a fundamental reform of research institutions and practices are gathering momentum.
Wealth Management
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

This chapter deals with another aspect of wealth management: the utility of petroleum investment funds (or sovereign wealth funds) to protect the domestic economy from Dutch Disease and the volatility of government revenues derived from oil. Hence, it functions as a companion to Chapter 6. After a general introduction to the literature on petroleum funds, the second part of the chapter examines the size and nature of Norway’s Government Pension Fund, Global (GPFG); and how the revenues from this fund are carefully reintroduced into the Norwegian economy via the government’s “budgetary rule” (handlingsregel). It is the latter, the “budgetary rule”, that is perhaps the most unique characteristic of the Norwegian wealth management arsenal.
Securing Local Content
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes what is meant by local content and examines the diverse incentives that countries can use to favor domestic suppliers/contractors, and how these have necessarily changed over time. The unique nature of the Norwegian licensing system allowed the state to allocate offshore exploration and development responsibilities. In the early years, this authority was used to ensure that Norwegian firms and institutions gained a large share of the petroleum activities, and many of these firms matured to become global leaders in their fields. We consider the particular incentives used by Norwegian authorities, including active participation and procurement requirements, profit-sharing/carried interest clauses, the national oil company (Statoil), technology and goodwill agreements, and so on.
The Ethics of Petroleum
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the role of international oil companies (IOCs) as global political actors with significant economic and political power. In doing so, we weigh the ethical costs and benefits for individuals, companies, and states alike. Using the concepts of “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) and “corporate citizenship” as points of departure, we consider the extent to which international oil companies have social and political responsibilities in the countries where they operate and what the host country can do to encourage this sort of behavior. We examine the nature of anticorruption legislation in several of the sending countries (including Norway), and look closely at how the Norwegian national oil company (NOC), Statoil, has navigated these ethical waters.
Conclusion
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

There is broad recognition that Norway manages its natural resources successfully. Policymakers are flocking to Norway to try to learn the lessons provided by the Norwegian model. This book describes the main challenges facing policymakers in resource-rich states (e.g., Dutch Disease, Resource Curse, Paradox of Plenty), and the sort of institutional solutions and policies that are available to them. We explain why the Norwegian authorities chose the solutions they did, and how these choices have changed over the years, in response to changing market and political conditions. The result is a book that offers insight and understanding as to why the country made the choices it did, rather than providing a specific model for export.
The Architecture of Information
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 centres on the design and management of financial institutions’ information systems. The focus is on the interface between geographically spread institutions, centralized financial markets, and return-seeking investment strategies on the margins of markets. The importance of information systems as fundamental to the production of investment returns is underlined. The discussion takes into account several levels—one being the collection of financial market information for transmission to institutional investors so as to inform investment strategy and implementation, another being the sharing of information within an organization to facilitate the investment process and coordinate the individual components that derive the entire institution’s investment strategy. The chapter also provides an account of the growth of the global finance industry, theory of the firm, and an assessment of this logic in financial institutions specifically, and to economic geography in general.
Scope of Financial Institutions
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

In expanding on the model introduced in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 delves deeper in its explanation about the scope of tasks and functions of financial institutions. In discussing Coase’s theory of the firm in the context of insourcing versus outsourcing, it explains the logic behind insourcing and outsourcing, and the geographical reach of financial institutions. Furthermore, it provides a more detailed account of the distinctive attributes of the financial institution as it pertains to the structure and governance of a firm. An explanation is provided of the representative financial institution as relating to the maximization of the risk-adjusted rate of return, how this is conceived and how its various elements drive the ‘production’ of the financial ‘product’. The imperatives behind offshoring are looked at, treating insourcing and outsourcing as expressions of geographical footprints and identifying a summary of current offshoring strategies in the financial industry along with emerging hybrid strategies and trends.
Investment Management Contracts
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6 explores contractual relationships between financial institutions and their service providers. An explanation is given as to how and why these contracts are quite different from those that bind together firms and suppliers in commodity producing industries. Areas of financial management, how their geographical scope is sustained, and how they are governed in relation to the network of service providers within and across markets as vital topics in our research programme are discussed. The chapter provides further information about the standard model of contract, noting its underlying principles and the differences between discrete and relational contracts. In doing so, consideration is given to forms, functions, and performance and the role of jurisdiction in governing contractual relationships.
An African Perspective on Global Governance
Authors: Tieku Thomas Kwasi , Gelot Linnéa
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the challenging idea of an African perspective on global governance. The extraordinary diversity of continental Africa in terms of religious beliefs, political institutions, social structures, and economic outlooks makes it a daunting task to discern a distinct African perspective. To avoid overgeneralization, homogenization, and essentialization of the different views that may exist, the chapter focuses on the African Union (AU) to represent a collective African position on global governance, arguing that global governance is thus viewed in relational terms. In this context, the steering capacity (i.e. governance) is the responsibility of the entire community and not the responsibility of a select few. This collectivist-driven conception of global governance is reflected in the way African states seek to exercise their agency on global issues and in the global system. The relational idea adds another dimension to the rationalistic ideas embedded in conventional narratives of global governance.
Global Governance with Chinese Characteristics?
Authors: Duggan Niall , Shen Wei , Gottwald Jörn-Carsten
Published: June 2017

The socio-economic development of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) can be seen as a tectonic shift in the global order. One of the oldest civilizations, which had withdrawn from the pillars of the international system, China has tentatively rejoined organizations of global governance, yet, in spite of its huge population and its growing economic clout, it has not fully embraced the concept. This chapter analyses China’s changing foreign policy attitude and approach in light of the changing global economic order following the 2008 financial crisis, as well as its contributions to reform of global governance, especially in the context of the G20. The cultural and ideological roots of Chinese proposals and critiques of G20 policies are outlined and compared with the underlying Western principles of the current system of global governance.
The Debate on Global Governance in the United States
Authors: Dominguez Roberto
Published: June 2017

In light of the significant role of the United States in international relations, this chapter argues that the conceptualizations and practices of global governance in the United States are far from monolithic. While the scholarly debate has been prolific in producing a better explanation of what global governance is, the US government has not embraced it as a concept, and on the sporadic occasions where governance is used in official speeches or programmes, the term is often linked to good governance practices in other countries, particularly in Africa. From the methodological perspective, this chapter analyses publications and official documents produced in the United States over the past decade. The argument is developed across three sections: an interpretation of governance and global governance in the US; review of the concept of global governance in US government, think tanks, and universities; and an exploration of global governance in US–African relations.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

This chapter begins with a description of a fictional but representative individual, and a similarly fictional but representative organization, the stories of which are followed up in most other chapters. It then summarizes the key themes of the book—which are to do with a particular approach to ethics known as virtue ethics, and its application to individuals, managers, and organizations. The chapter identifies and describes the intended audience as ‘everyday plain people’, and then introduces Alasdair MacIntyre as the moral philosopher whose work provides the organizing framework for the book. Finally, it provides a summary of the remaining chapters.
Organizations and Ethics
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

There are three focal points in this book—individuals, managers, and organizations—each of which will be analysed from a virtues perspective. But the context in which individuals (at least from the work perspective which will be the main consideration here) and managers operate is within organizations. Hence, we first need to understand something more about organizations. This chapter explores the ubiquity of organizations in our present social order, offers a definition of a formal organization, and considers the reasons organizations exist. It then turns to explore how we typically think about organizations—the metaphor approach—before summarizing and critiquing current approaches to organizational ethics, focusing particularly on Corporate Social Responsibility and the stakeholder approach.
Implications for Organizations
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

This chapter builds on the understanding of organizations as practice-institution combinations which has been developed in earlier chapters to consider what the characteristics of a virtuous organization might be. It identifies seven such characteristics including that it will, through the excellence of its products or services and the ‘perfection’ of organizational members, contribute to the common good. Another key characteristic is that it will support the practice at its core, and in doing so it will seek to secure sufficient external goods to enable the institution to survive, and the core practice to flourish. Having established these characteristics, it explores a taxonomy of organizational-level virtues which might be required for an organization to be considered virtuous, and then explores the idea of organizational character, contrasting it with organizational culture. In order to ground this discussion, it then considers eight parameters which would enable the crowding in of virtue in organizations.
Rigvedic Sanskrit
Authors: Lowe John J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides a detailed account of the transitive noun and adjective categories attested in the earliest Indo-Aryan, Rigvedic Sanskrit. This period shows the greatest variety of noun and adjective categories which attest transitivity. Statistical analysis is provided to show that transitive nouns and adjectives are syntactically distinct from other types of noun and adjective that take dependents, and distinct from non-finite verb categories such as participles. In particular, there is a statistically significant correlation between transitivity and predication: transitive nouns and adjectives are statistically more likely to be predicated than other nouns and adjectives. Detailed statistics and examples of a series of different stem forms, and root nouns, are presented and examined in detail. Situation-oriented nouns are also considered.
Vedic Prose
Authors: Lowe John J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides a detailed account of the transitive noun and adjective categories attested in Vedic Prose. Although the Vedic Prose corpus is larger than that of the Rigveda, there are considerably fewer transitive noun/adjective categories, and relatively few transitive forms. The most commonly transitive adjective category may show some degree of integration into the verbal system as a modal formation. Statistical analysis shows that the patterns found in Rigvedic Sanskrit largely carry over into Vedic Prose. Again, there is a clear correlation between transitivity and predication. As before, different formations and types, occurring with varying frequency as transitive, are carefully examined and exemplified, including again situation-oriented nouns.
Epic Sanskrit
Authors: Lowe John J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides a detailed account of the transitive noun and adjective categories attested in Epic Sanskrit. The major Sanskrit epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, provide a large body of data in a form of Sanskrit slightly later than Vedic Prose, and close to the ‘Classical’ Sanskrit language. There is considerably more evidence for transitive nouns and adjectives in the epics than in Vedic Prose, but compared with the Rigveda transitive nouns and adjectives are still less common, and show less morphological variety. Again, statistical analysis shows that there is a clear correlation between transitivity and predication. As in the two previous chapters, a number of characteristic stem forms are thoroughly examined and exemplified. Statistics for subject-oriented data precede a section on participles and a detailed review of situation-oriented nouns.
Diachrony
Authors: Lowe John J.
Published: June 2017

In this chapter the data for transitive nouns and adjectives in early Indo-Aryan is brought together and considered in a wider historical context. Evidence for transitive nouns and adjectives in other old Indo-European languages is presented, and possibilities of Proto-Indo-European reconstruction are considered. The evidence of early Indo-Aryan is analysed as a whole, and it is shown that there are clear syntactic patterns observable throughout the period, which distinguish transitive nouns and adjectives from other categories of word. The evidence from the four linguistic periods under consideration is then compared with the prescriptions of Panini, the authoritative ancient Sanskrit grammarian; it is shown that while there is overlap, none of the periods investigated precisely match the Sanskrit described by Panini. Finally, the later history of transitivity in nouns and adjectives in Indo-Aryan is discussed, through the later Middle Indo-Aryan period into Modern Indo-Aryan.
Introduction
Authors: Laborde Cécile , Bardon Aurélia
Published: June 2017

There is already an important literature on religion and political philosophy, focusing especially on controversies about religious symbols, freedom of speech, or secular education. The introduction explains the distinctive approach of the volume. Instead of focusing on specific political controversies, the book explores the conceptual, structural architecture of liberal political philosophy itself. The authors distinguish four different themes: the special status of religion in the law; state sovereignty, non-establishment, and neutrality; accommodation and religious freedom; and toleration, conscience, and identity. The chapter explains the particular questions raised in each of these four themes, and briefly presents the twenty-two contributions gathered in the volume.
Religion, Equality, and Anarchy
Authors: Schwartzman Micah
Published: June 2017

Recent debates about whether the liberal state should give special treatment to religion focus mainly on two issues: (1) whether religious beliefs deserve special exemptions from the law, and (2) whether religious beliefs can serve as a justification for political decision making. Theories of religious freedom can be described in terms of how they respond to each of these issues. A general taxonomy of such theories makes it possible to draw systematic comparisons between them. It also reveals that competing theories face a familiar pattern of objections based on concerns about equality and anarchy. In important ways, these concerns motivate and constrain all liberal theories of religious freedom. Explicating the tension between equality and anarchy helps to clarify the central commitments and limitations of existing and possible theories. By process of elimination, it also suggests an argument for the appeal of political liberalism.
On the Scope and Object of Neutrality
Authors: Meckled-Garcia Saladin
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents a distinct account of neutrality in which the acceptability or justice of policies or public actions can only be established ‘holistically’, requiring an all-things-considered assessment in which the neutrality of those policies is never by itself definitive. Instead, neutrality is a definitive constraint only on the justification of principles/theories of justice. The chapter sets out a proper understanding of the value behind neutrality, defending this value from autonomy-based objections to neutrality. It then uses that account to show how the value engages with policies and public actions. The chapter also responds critically to views that see neutrality as a standard to be established separately to theories of justice. Finally, it argues that the value of neutrality with its proper scope and object in place can explain how to address cases of claimed exemption on the basis of burdens of conscience by people with ‘deeply’ held convictions.
Religious Accommodation
Authors: Seglow Jonathan
Published: June 2017

This chapter investigates the moral basis for laws which accommodate the interests of religious believers in the light of the objection that individuals are morally responsible for their beliefs. One response to the objection says that individual responsibility is only operative when there are fair circumstances for choice. This sets out an alternative view according to which individuals have an interest in integrity self-respect, civic participation, and in ethical coherence. It explains how exceptionless laws can threaten these interests and they can be combined to ground a case for legal accommodation. Individual responsibility nonetheless has a role in this account.
How the Interests of Children Limit the Religious Freedom of Parents
Authors: Weinstock Daniel M.
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that parents have a right to raise their children according to the tenets of the religions that they profess. That right can be seen as grounded in the interest that children have in enjoying the kind of intimacy within the family context that is facilitated by participation in practices and rituals rooted in comprehensive conceptions of the good. It also argues, however, that children have a right to be raised in a manner that does not foreclose their future autonomy. These two rights can be reconciled if we distinguish acceptable and unacceptably asymmetrical upbringings. Parents can incline their children toward certain values and practices in accordance with their comprehensive conceptions, on condition that they also provide children with the conditions that will allow them to make autonomous decisions in the future.
Equality and Conscience
Authors: Lever Annabelle
Published: June 2017

Freedom of conscience means that faith-based institutions should be free to serve their members’ needs in accordance with their religious teachings, even if doing so is at odds with basic principles of equality. But what should happen when faith-based institutions serve the general public, often with public funds? This chapter argues that there is more scope for political choice in answering this question than is often supposed, because states are entitled to use religious, as well as secular public-service providers to provide important public services, rather than seeking to provide them themselves. However, those acting on behalf of the state have to abide by norms of equality that are applicable to the state. Hence, the scope for conscientious exemptions by religious providers of public services is limited, and does not depend on whether they are subsidized by the state.
Toleration without Limits
Authors: Kukathas Chandran
Published: June 2017

Pierre Bayle was a defender of toleration whose distinctive contribution was to show that the limits of religious toleration could not coherently be drawn by an appeal to religious truth. In circumstances in which the truth of the matter was at issue, any such move would lead its advocate to beg the question: an appeal to religious truth could not help adjudicate a dispute about religious truth. The wider implication of this is that the limits to toleration cannot be drawn by appeal to moral truth either—at least in circumstances in which moral truth is disputed. If toleration is limited, it will have to be on very different grounds. The result of this will be an account of the basis of politics that denies the possibility of moral foundations, and pushes us in the direction of a kind of realism, and a scepticism about the legitimacy of political authority.
Conscience in Public Life
Authors: Cooke Maeve
Published: June 2017

Appeals to conscience remain a feature of public life in the secular societies of liberal democracies. This chapter addresses a troubling privatization of conscience: a tendency to treat appeals to conscience as private acts, valuable for their contribution to a particular individual’s moral agency or development, but not for their constructive contribution to public life. The objection is twofold. As regards particular individuals, privatization is objectionable because it insulates conscience against critical challenges from other individuals and groups, whose consciences speak in different voices; this is detrimental to the ethical reflection integral to individual autonomy as conceived here. As regards public life, privatization is objectionable because it blocks the flow of ethical commitments and convictions necessary for the construction of a common good by the members of social institutions. Starting from an intersubjective conception of autonomy, the chapter proposes an alternative view that shows the importance of conscience of public life.
Is Religious Conviction Special?
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: June 2017

Religious convictions are not special when it comes to their 1) cultural trappings, 2) epistemic pedigree, or 3) epistemic status within the communities that hold them. This chapter defends the claim, however, that both religious and non-religious moral convictions are worthy of toleration and accommodation where possible, when they meet certain conditions. Many non-religious convictions are both deeply held and community-embedded, and although many religious convictions differ from many non-religious convictions regarding cultural trappings, epistemic pedigree, and epistemic status, the chapter argues that neither type of conviction differs categorically from the other in any one of these respects.
Linear symplectic geometry
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

The second chapter introduces the basic concepts of symplectic topology in the linear algebra setting, such as symplectic vector spaces, the linear symplectic group, Lagrangian subspaces, and the Maslov index. In the section on linear complex structures particular emphasis is placed on the homotopy equivalence between the space of symplectic forms and the space of linear complex structures. The chapter includes sections on symplectic vector bundles and the first Chern class.
Symplectic manifolds
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

The third chapter introduces the basic notions of symplectic topology, such as symplectic forms, symplectomorphisms, and Lagrangian submanifolds. A fundamental classical construction is Moser isotopy, with its various applications such as Darboux’s theorem and the Lagrangian neighbourhood theorem. The chapter now includes a brief discussion of the Chekanov torus and Luttinger surgery. The last section on contact structures has been significantly expanded.
Almost complex structures
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

The chapter begins with a general discussion of almost complex structures on symplectic manifolds and then addresses the problem of integrability. Subsequent sections discuss a variety of examples of Kähler manifolds, in particular those of complex dimension two, and show how to compute the Chern classes and Betti numbers of hypersurfaces in complex projective space. The last section is a brief introduction to the theory of J-holomorphic curves.
Symplectic fibrations
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

This chapter begins with a general discussion of symplectic fibrations and symplectic forms on the total space. The next section describes in detail symplectic 2-sphere bundles over Riemann surfaces. Subsequent sections develop the notions of symplectic connection and holonomy, explain the Sternberg–Weinstein universal construction for fibre bundles, discuss Seidel’s construction of generalized Dehn twists, and introduce the Guillemin–Lerman–Sternberg coupling form. The final section studies Hamiltonian fibrations.
Lives after Life
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between translations of Ovid’s poetry and arguments about literary taste. Its premise is that translations were part of wider cultural and literary movements; and prefatory material, particularly characterizations of the author, functioned programmatically to introduce and situate the ensuing translation. The chapter focuses on three distinctive moments of translation: the renditions of Ovid of the 1620s, the burlesque versions of the 1650s, and the galant translations of the last third of the century. It demonstrates that they were variously engaged with different forms of cultural confrontation, not only between ancient and modern culture, but also, in the earlier decades particularly, between France and Italy, and later with the tensions both caused by and within the aesthetic and cultural mode of galanterie; it explores how they use portrayals of Ovid to engage in such confrontation.
Translating Ovid
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: June 2017

This chapter treats two fictional versions—histoires galantes—of the story of Ovid’s life: Madame de Villedieu’s Les Exilez de la cour d’Auguste (1672–8) and Anne de la Roche-Guilhen’s Histoire des Favorites (1697). It develops two main arguments: first that Ovid’s sociable love poetry, and his avowed use of a pseudonym for his mistress, made him appeal to a female-orientated literary culture and à clé reading and writing practices. To support this, it briefly explores uses of the figure of Ovid in works of other women writers. Second, it suggests that the mystery at the heart of Ovid’s exile allowed both Villedieu and La Roche-Guilhen to offer an imagined version of what happened to the court poet, which entails exploration of the boundaries between history and fiction and the processes behind official historiography. This, in turn, allowed both writers to reflect on the genre of the histoire galante.