bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities During Wetland and Forest Succession in Northeast China
Authors: Wang Mingyu , Zheng Chunying , Li Mengsha , Pu Wenmiao , Zhang Rongtao , Liu Yingnan , Sui Xin
Published: December 2024

In this study, we investigated the changes in the communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their driving factors across eight vegetation succession stages in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, original natural wetland (NW), wetland edge (EW), shrub-invaded wetland (IW), shrub-dominated wetland (DW), young-Betula forest (YB), mature-Betula forest (MB), Populus and Betula mixed forest (PB), and conifer forest (CF), using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. As this research has revealed, significant differences exist in soil physicochemical indicators, including moisture content (MC), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), total phosphorus (TP), and available phosphorus (AP). As vegetation succession progresses, the diversity and structure of AMF communities also undergo changes, with the Simpson diversity index being highest in coniferous forests (CF) and the Abundance-based Coverage Estimator (ACE) and Chao1 indices being elevated in shrub-dominated wetlands (PB). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis reveals distinct differences in AMF communities across various succession stages. Furthermore, stacked bar charts indicate that the genus Glomus dominates in most wetland and forest succession stages but is nearly absent in CF, where it is replaced by the genus Paraglomus. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) demonstrates that SOC has a more significant impact on AMF communities during the EW stage of succession, while AP and TP exert greater influence during the CF stage as well as the MB and YB stages. AN, on the other hand, plays a more prominent role in shaping AMF communities during the IW and NW stages. PICRUSt2 predictions reveal that enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase and L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase are most abundant in YB, whereas pathways like 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine biosynthesis are most enriched in IW. These findings uncover the close interplay between soil physicochemical properties and AMF community dynamics, aiming to deepen our understanding of the relationships among soil physicochemical properties, AMF community changes, and succession dynamics in wetland and forest ecosystems.
Permafrost Degradation and Vegetation Growth Beyond the Polar Circle in Siberia
Authors: Kharuk Viacheslav I. , Im Sergei T. , Petrov Il’ya A. , Shvetsov Evgeny G.
Published: December 2024

Permafrost thawing is potentially a crucial but poorly investigated factor that influences vegetation dynamics in the Arctic. We studied the permafrost thaw rate beyond the Polar Circle in Siberia. We analyzed its influence on the larch (Larix spp.) growth and Arctic vegetation (sparse larch forests, tundra, and forest–tundra communities) productivity (NPP). We checked the following hypotheses: (1) satellite gravimetry is valid for permafrost thawing analysis; (2) meltwater runoff stimulated trees’ growth and NPP. We used satellite (GRACE, Terra/MODIS) and field data, and larch tree radial growth index measurements. We found a continuous negative trend in the terrestrial water content (r2 = 0.67) caused by permafrost thawing beyond the Polar Circle. Runoff is maximal in West and Mid Siberia (9.7 ± 2.9 kg/m2/y) and decreases in the eastward direction with minimal values in the Chukotka Peninsula sector (−2.9 ± 3.2 kg/m2/y). We found that the growth increment of larch trees positively correlated with meltwater runoff (0.5…0.6), whereas the correlation with soil water content was negative (−0.55…−0.85). Permafrost thawing leads to an increase in the Arctic vegetation productivity. We found a positive trend in NPP throughout the Siberian Arctic (r2 = 0.30). NPP negatively correlated with soil water content (r = −0.55) and positively with meltwater runoff (West Siberia, r = 0.7). An increase in VPD (vapor pressure deficit) and air and soil temperatures stimulated the larch growth and vegetation NPP (r = 0.5…0.9 and r = 0.6…0.9, respectively). Generally, permafrost degradation leads to improved hydrothermal conditions for trees and vegetation growth and contributes to the preservation of the Arctic as a carbon sink despite the increase in burning rate.
Circular Economy and Technological Innovation in the Forest-Based Sector: A Study on Wood–Plastic Composites Business Plan and Cost Calculations
Authors: Osvaldová Mária , Potkány Marek
Published: December 2024

It is currently essential to seek innovative solutions for sustainability and the efficient use of resources, rooted in bioeconomy principles and linked to the concepts of the circular economy. Technological innovations supporting the production of wood–plastic composites, using recycled materials, reduce the ecological footprint. The aim of the study was to present conclusions of the evaluation of the business plan concept’s effectiveness and to propose applications of traditional and innovative cost calculations resulting from the implementation of technological innovations in the production of wood–plastic composites in the forest-based sector in accordance with the principles of the circular economy. Using dynamic methods for evaluating business plan net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return, and discounted payback period, positive recommendations for project rentability were identified under both realistic and pessimistic scenarios. By applying traditional markup calculation, material cost savings of EUR 3.99/m3 were quantified, representing a relative saving of over 2% compared to traditional particle board. Verification of alternative machine hour rate calculation allows for more precise allocation of overhead costs into product pricing and provides the ability to respond swiftly to changes in input parameters. The findings have practical implications for the forest-based sector, as the use of recycled plastics can reduce production costs and increase the competitiveness of production.
Catalytic Pyrolysis Characteristics of Potassium Chloride on Ash Branch Wood and Its Kinetic Study
Authors: Zhang Lanxin , Gao Jingjing , Wang Tinghuan , Hao Tengfei , Lu Yizhi , Hu Yurong , Wang Xiaoxu , He Zhengbin , Wang Zhenyu , Yi Songlin
Published: December 2024

Branch wood, as a renewable biomass resource, presents certain challenges due to its high volume, complex physical properties, difficulty in handling, and relatively high production costs. Potassium chloride (KCl) treatments were applied to ash branch wood (ABW) using solutions with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% via immersion. Pyrolysis tests were performed at different pyrolysis temperatures (450 °C, 600 °C, 750 °C) and different pyrolysis times (2 h, 3 h, 4 h). The thermal degradation behavior was meticulously examined through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the pyrolysis kinetics were assessed using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) model, which allowed for the determination of the kinetic parameters and the exploration of the catalytic influence of KCl on the pyrolysis process. The morphology and adsorption properties of the biochar were evaluated employing SEM-EDS and BET characterization methods, respectively. The results show that the higher the impregnation concentration of ABW, the greater the shift in the TG and DTG curves, and the lower the initial temperature and maximum weight loss temperature in the devolatilization stage. The calculation of pyrolysis kinetic parameters indicates that adding a higher concentration of KCl to ABW results in a lower initial temperature and activation energy for the volatile phase of ABW. At the same time, a higher KCl concentration leads to an increased biochar yield; under single-factor conditions, a biochar yield of up to 35.81% can be achieved with an impregnation concentration of 15%. A lower KCl is more conducive to the pyrolysis reaction, with a lower activation energy throughout the devolatilization stage compared to raw ABW. Additionally, ABW treated with a low concentration of KCl results in a higher specific surface area and pore volume of the biochar. The maximum values are achieved when the KCl solution concentration is 5%, with a specific surface area of 4.2 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.00914 cm3/g. Based on these results, this paper explores the catalytic pyrolysis patterns of KCl on branch waste, providing theoretical guidance for the effective utilization of branch wood and the preparation process of biochar.
Updates on Plants, Soil, Microorganisms, and Their Interactions in Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Shi Fuxi , Ren Jiusheng , Zhang Yang
Published: December 2024

Forests, covering one-third of the global landmass, are the world’s most vital terrestrial ecosystem [...]
Impact of Long-Term Cold Storage on the Physicochemical Properties, Volatile Composition, and Sensory Attributes of Dried Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)
Authors: Pan Shaoxiang , Liu Xuemei , Zheng Xiaodong , Wu Jihong , Tan Mengnan , Cao Ning , Zhao Xinyu , Wu Maoyu , Han Yu , Yan Xinhuan , Song Ye
Published: December 2024

Grey jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Huizao), a prominent cultivar from Xinjiang, China, is well known for its high nutritional value and medicinal benefits. This study investigates the effects of long-term storage on the quality attributes of grey jujube, focusing on color, texture, physicochemical properties, bioactive ingredients, amino acid profiles, sensory characteristics, and volatile compounds. Over a three-year storage period, significant changes were observed, including a decline in lightness and redness of the peel, accompanied by textural modifications such as increased hardness and chewiness, primarily attributed to moisture loss. Physicochemical analyses revealed significant reductions in moisture content, sugars (particularly reducing sugars), and bioactive compounds such as vitamin C, total flavonoids, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In contrast, total acidity showed a significant increase over time. Sensory evaluation indicated a substantial loss of fresh aroma and flavor, with the development of off-flavors over time. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of volatile compounds highlighted significant transformations in aroma profiles, with notable reductions in desirable esters and increases in acetic acid concentrations. This study investigates the quality changes of grey jujubes during storage from sensory and physicochemical perspectives, aiming to provide a novel approach for differentiating between newly harvested and aged grey jujubes. Furthermore, these findings provide theoretical support for improving and optimizing storage conditions. Future research should focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of these changes, identifying key markers for quality control during grey jujube storage, and providing a scientific basis for distinguishing between newly harvested and aged grey jujubes, while improving storage quality.
Safety and Quality Improvement of NaCl-Reduced Banana and Apple Fermented with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei
Authors: Martín-Miguélez Jose M. , Delgado Josué , Martín Irene , González-Mohino Alberto , Olegario Lary Souza
Published: December 2024

Food preservation techniques changed during the industrial revolution, as safer techniques were developed and democratized. However, one of the simplest techniques, adding salt, is still employed in a wide variety of products, not only as a flavor enhancer but as a method to allow for the controlled fermentation of products such as fruits. The objective of the present study consists of evaluating the quality of different salt-reduced fermented fruits through the application of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and vacuum, as well as assessing the LAB as a preventive measure against Escherichia coli O157:H7. To achieve this goal, microbial plate count techniques, the evaluation of the physicochemical characteristics, and Check-All-That-Apply/Rate-All-That-Apply sensory analyses were performed on bananas and apples individually fermented at 30 °C for 2 and 7 days, respectively. Additionally, a challenge test using E. coli as pathogenic bacteria was performed. The characteristics of each fruit determined the efficiency of the LAB’s protective activity. LAB-inoculated batches controlled the growth of E. coli in both salted fruits, but this pathogenic bacterium in the apple case was controlled even in the salt-reduced batch. Sensorially, only inoculated fermented apples found a reduction in off-flavor and old fruit smell; however, higher acceptability was found in the salt-reduced with LAB batches of both fruits. Thus, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei proved to be a cheap, easy, and feasible protective method that can ensure a protective strategy on salt-reduced fermented apples and should be studied particularly for different fruits.
Storage Stability Enhancement of Lactic Acid Beverage Using Anti-MDA Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NJAU-01: The Antioxidant’s Role
Authors: Wu Yuehao , Zhao Menghao , Li Suyun , Liu Siyu , Gao Song , Liu Rui , Wu Mangang , Yu Hai , Ge Qingfeng
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the inhibitory efficacy of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NJAU-01 (NJAU-01) on oxidation associated with malondialdehyde (MDA) and utilized the bacteria in a functional lactic acid beverage. The antioxidant capacity of the bacteria was measured in vitro, the production conditions (inoculum, fermentation time, and sugar addition) of the lactic acid beverage were optimized, and the effects of NJAU-01 on antioxidant, flavor profile, and storage stability of lactic acid beverages were investigated. The results revealed that NJAU-01 exhibited a high tolerance towards MDA at 40 mM, and that it also exhibited outstanding antioxidant capacity in vitro and antioxidant enzyme activity throughout its growth stage. The beverage demonstrated an elevated antioxidant capacity and efficiently eliminated MDA. Additionally, the NJAU-01 lactic acid beverage could be stored at 4 °C for 21 days, exhibiting stable sensory attributes and strong resistance against lipid peroxidation. The study yielded insights into the role of NJAU-01 in improving the storage stability of lactic acid beverages thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms by which probiotics enhance beverage quality. These findings can facilitate a more effective utilization of this knowledge in the food industry.
Correlating Microbial Dynamics with Key Metabolomic Profiles in Three Submerged Culture-Produced Vinegars
Authors: Román-Camacho Juan J. , Santos-Dueñas Inés M. , García-García Isidoro , García-Martínez Teresa , Peinado Rafael A. , Mauricio Juan C.
Published: December 2024

Although vinegar is a product obtained by a well-known bioprocess from a technical point of view, the complex microbiota responsible for its production and their involvement in the organoleptic profiles are not clear yet. In this work, three acetification profiles in submerged culture using both synthetic and raw materials from Andalusia (Spain) were characterized by metagenomic (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing) and metabolomic tools (stir-bar sorptive extraction with thermo-desorption coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC−MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)). A total of 29 phyla, 208 families, and many more genera were identified, comprising bacteria and archaea as well as 75 metabolites, including minor volatile compounds, amino acids, biogenic amines, and other nitrogenous compounds. It can be concluded that Komagataeibacter and Acetobacter were not only the predominant genera but also the ones that most influenced vinegar metabolite profiles by using different metabolic strategies for mutual collaboration, and together with other microbial groups, some of them were previously practically unknown in vinegar. These results can be of interest not only to deepen the basic knowledge about vinegar but also to the vinegar industry by elucidating microbial succession and the key associated metabolites.
Sensitivity Analysis on the Impact of Input Parameters on Seismic Hazard Results: A Case Study of Central America
Authors: Gamboa-Canté Carlos , Arroyo-Solórzano Mario , Rivas-Medina Alicia , Benito Belén
Published: December 2024

We present a sensitivity analysis on the impact of input parameters and methods used on the results of a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). The accurate estimation of the parameters in recurrence models (declustering and fitting methods), along with the selection of scaling relationships for determining maximum magnitude and the selection of ground motion models (GMMs), enhance control over epistemic uncertainties when constructing the logic tree, minimizing final calculation errors and producing credible results for the study region. This study focuses on Central America, utilizing recent data from seismic, geological, and geophysical studies to improve uncertainty analyses through classic statistical methods. The results demonstrate that proper fitting of the recurrence model can stabilize acceleration variations regardless of the declustering method or b-value fitting method used. Regarding scaling relationships, their low impact on the final results is noted, provided the models are tailored to the tectonic regime under study. Finally, it is shown that the GMM contributes the most variability to seismic hazard results; therefore, their selection should be conditioned on calibration with observed data through residual analysis where region-specific models are not available.
Understanding Barriers to Hepatitis C Antiviral Treatment in Low–Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Venkatesh Rashmi , Huang Andrew S. , Gurmessa Kiya , Hsu Edbert B.
Published: December 2024

Background: Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have significantly reduced Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) transmission and improved health outcomes since their FDA approval in 2011. Despite these advances, over 70 million people remain untreated globally, with a disproportionately high burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: Through a structured search of open access informational sources and an informal peer-reviewed literature review, HCV treatment barriers were identified, compiled, and analyzed. Current challenges to HCV treatment were organized by themes and summarized as recommendations for LMICs. Results: Key obstacles to HCV treatment in LMICs are identified, with the underdiagnosis and undertreatment of the disease linked to inadequate funding and healthcare infrastructure for screening and testing, poor awareness among healthcare providers, and the misinformation and stigmatization of HCV disease. Discussion: Recommendations for LMICs to attenuate treatment obstacles include distributing educational media, implementing mobile clinics, and fostering international partnerships. The successful implementation of these interventions has been demonstrated in developed countries. Conclusions: To achieve the WHO’s goal of eliminating HCV as a public health threat by 2030, concerted efforts are needed by LMICs to reduce gaps in care and ensure that all patients are afforded access to testing and treatment.
Exploring the Levels of Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Resilience, Hope, and Spiritual Well-Being Among Greek Dentistry and Nursing Students in Response to Academic Responsibilities Two Years After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Μangoulia Polyxeni , Kanellopoulou Antonia , Manta Georgia , Chrysochoou Georgios , Dimitriou Evangelos , Kalogerakou Theodora , Antoniadou Maria
Published: December 2024

Background: Dentistry and nursing students experience significant anxiety, negatively impacting their well-being and academic performance. Objectives: This study aims to assess the prevalence and relationships of stress, anxiety, depression, resilience, hope, and spiritual well-being among dentistry and nursing students, identify demographic influences and propose strategies to enhance resilience and well-being. Methods: This study surveyed 271 students attending Greece’s departments of dentistry and nursing at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, using an electronic questionnaire aimed to assess stress, anxiety, and depression (depression, anxiety, stress scale—DASS-21); resilience (resilience assessment questionnaire—RAQ8, brief resilience scale—BRS); hope (adult hope scale—AHS); and spiritual well-being (functional assessment of chronic illness therapy–spiritual well-being scale—FACIT-Sp-12). The survey also collected demographic data to identify factors influencing these variables. Statistical analyses, including hierarchical multiple linear regression and t-tests, were performed to analyze the relationships between variables. Results: The sample included 145 dentistry and 126 nursing students, with 68.6% female and 80.1% undergraduate. Half of the students reported mild or higher levels of stress (48.7%), anxiety (51.3%), and depression (53.5%). The prevalence of depression was the highest in our sample, followed by anxiety and stress. Higher family wealth was associated with reduced stress levels, while female undergraduate students reported higher levels of anxiety than their male counterparts. Hope was a strong predictor of resilience, but stress and worry had a negative correlation. Conclusions: Promoting students’ well-being and academic success requires effective stress-reduction and resilience-building techniques to improve students’ performance and support future healthcare professionals’ personal sustainability and holistic growth.
From Waste to Resource: Use of Lemna minor L. as Unconventional Fertilizer for Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Authors: Baldi Ada , Verdi Leonardo , Piacenti Lorenzo , Lenzi Anna
Published: December 2024

Duckweeds, such as Lemna minor L., are invasive aquatic species that can proliferate on the surface of the nutrient solution in hydroponic systems, requiring removal operations from the cultivation tanks and disposal as waste. Several studies have demonstrated the potential use of duckweeds as an organic fertilizer. Recycling plant waste as a nutrient source for crops may be a circular approach to enhancing the sustainability of intensive horticultural production systems. Two pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the possibility of using the biomass of Lemna as a fertilizer for lettuce. The following fertilization treatments were applied: Control (no fertilization), Lemna biomass (60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1 nitrogen), urea (60 kg ha−1 nitrogen), and commercial organic fertilizer (60 kg ha−1 nitrogen). Lettuce head diameter, fresh and dry weight, the number of leaves, and the contents of minerals, nitrates, chlorophyll and carotenoids were determined. In addition, nitrogen use efficiency was calculated. Fertilization with Lemna resulted in a significant increase in yield compared to control (+50% considering the average of the three Lemna doses) and both inorganic (+65%) and organic (+71%) fertilization treatments. No differences in yield and quality were observed between the three doses of Lemna, but the lowest one was the treatment with the best performance in terms of N productivity. These results suggest that Lemna biomass may be a proper source of nutrients for lettuce with advantages for yield and no effect on quality. Therefore, its use as an alternative to commercial fertilizers can allow farmers to profitably exploit a waste product and, at the same time, reduce the costs for fertilization, thus achieving environmental and economic benefits.
Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Substance Intoxication Receiving a Psychiatric Assessment in the Emergency Department of the Maggiore Della Carita Hospital, Novara, Italy
Authors: Gambaro Eleonora , Gramaglia Carla Maria , Cenci Davide , Ferrante Daniela , Gavelli Francesco , Bellan Mattia , Zeppegno Patrizia
Published: December 2024

Patients intoxicated with alcohol or other substances are often assessed and assisted in the context of the Emergency Department (ED) by emergency physicians, who usually require a psychiatric assessment. This study aims to analyse the characteristics of a sample of patients receiving a psychiatric consultation in the ED setting of the Maggiore della Carità University Hospital in Novara, Italy, in the period from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2023, to find out whether and how patients screening positive for alcohol/drugs differ from those screening negative. Socio-demographic and clinical history information and clinical data related to the ED psychiatric consultations were extracted from the PsNet database, a collection of data extracted from the application that serves as the electronic medical record for patients accessing the ED. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 and STATA version 17 software. Chi-square/Fisher tests, t-tests, and both univariate and multivariate logistic models were employed. Most of the findings regarding socio-demographic characteristics, symptoms observed during the 1362 psychiatric consultations, and treatments received by a total of 922 patients in the ED were consistent with the literature on this topic. However, some results only partially aligned with previous studies, particularly concerning the higher frequency of anxiety and psychotic symptoms, as well as cognitive impairments, observed in consultations for patients who tested negative for alcohol or substances. Interpreting these findings is complex and raises important questions, which may be addressed more effectively by expanding the sample size (extending the research to other EDs) and analysing its characteristics in greater detail. In this regard, improving diagnostic methods for detecting substance use through laboratory tests would also be beneficial.
Food Security and Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Nguyen Bong , Lohse Barbara , Powell Lynda H. , Masters Kevin S. , Berkley-Patton Jannette , Drees Betty M.
Published: December 2024

This study assessed the association of food security with potential cardio-metabolic risk factors among persons with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Data were derived from the baseline data of a randomized controlled lifestyle intervention trial for individuals with MetS. Household food security, fruit and vegetable intake, perceived food environment, and perceived stress were collected using validated questionnaires. Cardio-metabolic measures assessed with standardized procedures included body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, HbA1c, and lipids. Regression models adjusted for demographics, medication use, and perceived stress were performed. Of a total of 664 participants (median age 56), the majority were female, non-Hispanic White, college-educated, and employed. Food insecurity affected 23% (n = 152), with 5% (n = 31) experiencing very low food security. Food-insecure individuals had significantly higher stress (p < 0.001), lacked healthy food access (p < 0.001), were and less likely to consume ≥2 servings of vegetables/day (p = 0.003). HbA1c was the only cardio-metabolic measure significantly associated with food security (p = 0.007). The link between food insecurity and elevated HbA1c levels highlights the importance of addressing food insecurity and stress to improve metabolic health outcomes in the MetS population.
Persuasiveness of Public Health Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Message Framing, Threat Appraisal, and Source Credibility Effects
Authors: Stanulewicz-Buckley Natalia , Cartwright Edward
Published: December 2024

This study examines the relative effectiveness of the UK government’s public health messages used during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on the use of a loss versus gain frame. We look at the effect of framing on behavioural inclination to follow COVID-19 guidance, as well as affective mechanisms and individual characteristic moderators that might explain said willingness. We ran two studies with a voluntary sample of the UK adult population (total n = 300). Across both studies, we only find a significant impact of message framing on the level of negative affect triggered, with the loss frame triggering a higher negative affect. Instead, attitude to public health communication had a direct and indirect effect on behavioural inclination. Our results suggest that threat minimisation and satisfaction with authorities handling a health crisis might be key to consider when developing effective public health communications.
Suicidal Communication Prior to Suicide in Children and Young Adults—A Medical Records Review in Health Care Services in Sweden
Authors: Hansson Anna-Lena , Johnsson Per , Eberhard Sophia , Ehnvall Anna , Lindström Sara , Waern Margda , Westrin Åsa
Published: December 2024

Suicide among children and young adults is a leading cause of mortality, highlighting the importance of the development of life-saving interventions. This study is part of the nationwide study Retrospective investigation of health care utilization of individuals who died by suicide in Sweden in 2015, Lund University, Sweden. The aim was to gain a better understanding of verbal suicidal communication and suicidal behaviour in children and young adults who die by suicide, to analyse gender and age differences, and to discuss the findings in relation to the prevailing psychological theories of suicidality. The study sample consisted of medical records from final health care consultations of 114 individuals up to 25 years, who died by suicide in Sweden a single year. Suicidal plans were documented in 13 percent of children and young adults. Females were more likely to have a notation of suicidal communication than males. Twenty-seven percent had made previous suicide attempts. Approximately 90 percent of the study cohort had contact with health care settings within 24 months prior to suicide. Questioning about suicidal plans appears to be an insufficient tool to assess suicidality in children and young adults. Clinical implications regarding alternative assessment methods and preventive measures are discussed.
Experienced Versus Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence and Psychological Maladjustment: The Role of Adaptive and Avoidant Coping
Authors: Nagoshi Julie L. , Nagoshi Craig , Akter Farzana , Pillai Vijayan K.
Published: December 2024

The present questionnaire study explores the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV), coping strategies, and psychological maladjustment for both female and male college students, as well as considering the effects of perpetrated IPV. College students are at risk for experiencing and perpetrating IPV, and coping skills may act as important risk and protective factors. In total, 333 (247 women, 86 men) undergraduate college students completed an online survey for research participation credit. Perpetrated intimate partner verbal aggression and experienced and perpetrated relationship violence were significantly correlated with somatization and depression, while for women, perpetrated verbal aggression was significantly correlated with somatization, depression, anxiety, and eating disorder symptoms. Experienced verbal aggression was significantly correlated with depression for women, while perpetrated verbal aggression was significantly correlated with anxiety for men. Path analyses with bootstrapped mediation tests found that, for men, the relationships between experienced violence and somatization and depression were significantly mediated by avoidant coping, while for women, the relationships between perpetrated verbal aggression and somatization, depression, anxiety, and eating disorder symptoms were significantly mediated by avoidant coping. Findings suggest that, particularly for women, the use of avoidant coping behaviors may exacerbate cycles of victimization by and perpetration of IPV that, in turn, lead to greater psychological distress. The present findings suggest that interventions to reduce IPV should put greater emphasis on the teaching of adaptive coping skills in couple relationships to help reduce the impulse to perpetrate violence, on top of coping skills to deal with experienced violence.
Formation and Surface Structures of Long-Range Ordered Self-Assembled Monolayers of 2-Mercaptopyrazine on Au(111)
Authors: Seo Dongjin , Han Jin Wook , Kim Hongki , Kim Yeon O , Sung Hyun Sun , Kaizu Riko , Latag Glenn Villena , Hayashi Tomohiro , Lee Nam-Suk , Noh Jaegeun
Published: December 2024

The effect of solution pH on the formation and surface structure of 2-pyrazinethiolate (2-PyzS) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed by the adsorption of 2-mercaptopyrazine (2-PyzSH) on Au(111) was investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS). Molecular-scale STM observations clearly revealed that 2-PyzS SAMs at pH 2 had a short-range ordered phase of (2√3 × √21)R30° structure with a standing-up adsorption structure. However, 2-PyzS SAMs at pH 8 had a very unique long-range ordered phase, showing a “ladder-like molecular arrangement” with bright repeating rows. This ordered phase was assigned to the (3 × √37)R43° structure, consisting of two different adsorption structures: standing-up and tilted adsorption structures. The average arial density of 2-PyzS SAMs on Au(111) at pH 8 was calculated to be 49.47 Å2/molecule, which is 1.52 times more loosely packed compared to the SAMs at pH 2 with 32.55 Å2/molecule. XPS measurements showed that 2-PyzS SAMs at pH 2 and pH 8 were mainly formed through chemical interactions between the sulfur anchoring group and the Au(111) substrates. The proposed structural models of packing structures for 2-PyzS SAMs on Au(111) at different pHs are well supported by the XPS results. The results of this study will provide new insights into the formation, surface structure, and molecular orientation of SAMs by N-heteroaromatic thiols with pyrazine molecular backbone on Au(111) at the molecular level.
Linking Adult Olfactory Neurogenesis to Social Reproductive Stimuli: Mechanisms and Functions
Authors: Bovetti Serena , Bonzano Sara , Luzzati Federico , Dati Claudio , De Marchis Silvia , Peretto Paolo
Published: December 2024

Over the last three decades, adult neurogenesis in mammals has been a central focus of neurobiological research, providing insights into brain plasticity and function. However, interest in this field has recently waned due to challenges in translating findings into regenerative applications and the ongoing debate about the persistence of this phenomenon in the adult human brain. Despite these hurdles, significant progress has been made in understanding how adult neurogenesis plays a critical role in the adaptation of brain circuits to environmental stimuli regulating key brain functions. This review focuses on the role of olfactory neurogenesis in the brain’s response to social reproductive cues in rodents, highlighting its influence on animal behaviors critical for survival. We also address open questions and propose future directions to advance our understanding of the relationship between adult neurogenesis and reproductive function regulation.
Exploring the Binding Mechanism of ADGRG2 Through Metadynamics and Biochemical Analysis
Authors: Zhang Chao , Zhang Ru , Qi Yuanyuan , Wen Xin , Sun Jinpeng , Xiao Peng
Published: December 2024

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play essential roles in numerous physiological processes and are key targets for drug development. Among them, adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) stand out for their unique domain structures and diverse functions. ADGRG2 is a member of the aGPCR family and is involved in the regulation of various systems in the human body, including reproductive, nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. Investigating ADGRG2 antagonists enhances our understanding of its regulatory roles in diverse physiological processes, yet their precise mechanisms of action remain unclear. To address this, we investigated the antagonistic mechanism of ADGRG2 by examining its interactions with various antagonists, including short peptides (F601D, F601E) and small molecules (deoxycorticosterone, DOC). Using advanced metadynamics simulation, ligand binding assay and cAMP assay, we elucidated the binding modes of these antagonists. We identified five distinct F601D-ADGRG2 complex states, four F601E-ADGRG2 complex states, and three DOC-ADGRG2 complex states, which were each characterized by specific hydrogen bonds or polar interactions with their respective ligands. Although the ADGRG2 binding pocket consists of both polar and hydrophobic residues, our biochemical experiments revealed that mutations in polar amino acids significantly reduce the efficacy of the antagonists. Our results show that F601D, F601E, and DOC induce the formation of Y758ECL2-N7755.32-N8607.46 polar networks within ADGRG2, effectively stabilizing its inactive state. Additionally, we compared the active and inactive states of ADGRG2, highlighting the structural changes induced by antagonist-stabilized polar networks and their impact on receptor conformation. These findings provide important insights into the biology of aGPCRs and provide theoretical support for the rational design of therapeutic drugs targeting ADGRG2.
Clustering Algorithm-Driven Detection of TRBC1-Restricted Clonal T-Cell Populations Produces Better Results than Manual Gating Analysis
Authors: Buček Simon , Brožič Andreja , Miceska Simona , Gašljević Gorana , Kloboves Prevodnik Veronika
Published: December 2024

Flow cytometric (FC) immunophenotyping and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement studies are essential ancillary methods for the characterisation of T-cell lymphomas. Traditional manual gating and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analyses can be labour-intensive, operator-dependent, and have limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The objective of our study was to investigate the efficacy of the Phenograph and t-SNE algorithms together with an antibody specific for the TCR β-chain constant region 1 (TRBC1) to identify monoclonal T-cell populations. FC- and PCR-based clonality analyses were performed on 275 samples of T-cell lymphomas, B-cell lymphomas, and reactive lymphocytic proliferations. Monotypic T-cell populations were identified in 65.1% of samples by manual gating and 72.4% by algorithm-driven analysis, while PCR-based analysis detected clonal T cells in 68.0%. Of the 262 monotypic populations identified, 46.6% were classified as T-cell lymphomas and 53.4% as T-cell populations of uncertain significance (T-CUS). Algorithm-driven gating identified monotypic populations that were overlooked by manual gating or PCR-based methods. The study highlights the difficulty in distinguishing monotypic populations as T-cell lymphoma or T-CUS. Further research is needed to establish criteria for distinguishing between these populations and to improve FC diagnostic accuracy.
A Review of the Mycotoxin Family of Fumonisins, Their Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Methods of Detection and Effects on Humans and Animals
Authors: Anumudu Christian Kosisochukwu , Ekwueme Chiemerie T. , Uhegwu Chijioke Christopher , Ejileugha Chisom , Augustine Jennifer , Okolo Chioke Amaefuna , Onyeaka Helen
Published: December 2024

Fumonisins, a class of mycotoxins predominantly produced by Fusarium species, represent a major threat to food safety and public health due to their widespread occurrence in staple crops including peanuts, wine, rice, sorghum, and mainly in maize and maize-based food and feed products. Although fumonisins occur in different groups, the fumonisin B series, particularly fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2), are the most prevalent and toxic in this group of mycotoxins and are of public health significance due to the many debilitating human and animal diseases and mycotoxicosis they cause and their classification as by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a class 2B carcinogen (probable human carcinogen). This has made them one of the most regulated mycotoxins, with stringent regulatory limits on their levels in food and feeds destined for human and animal consumption, especially maize and maize-based products. Numerous countries have regulations on levels of fumonisins in foods and feeds that are intended to protect human and animal health. However, there are still gaps in knowledge, especially with regards to the molecular mechanisms underlying fumonisin-induced toxicity and their full impact on human health. Detection of fumonisins has been advanced through various methods, with immunological approaches such as Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and lateral flow immunoassays being widely used for their simplicity and adaptability. However, these methods face challenges such as cross-reactivity and matrix interference, necessitating the need for continued development of more sensitive and specific detection techniques. Chromatographic methods, including HPLC-FLD, are also employed in fumonisin analysis but require meticulous sample preparation and derivitization due to the low UV absorbance of fumonisins. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fumonisin family, focusing on their biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicological effects, and levels of contamination found in foods and the factors affecting their presence. It also critically evaluates the current methods for fumonisin detection and quantification, including chromatographic techniques and immunological approaches such as ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays, highlighting the challenges associated with fumonisin detection in complex food matrices and emphasizing the need for more sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods.
Extracellular Vesicles: Advanced Tools for Disease Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Therapies
Authors: Lorite Pedro , Domínguez Jorge N. , Palomeque Teresa , Torres María Isabel
Published: December 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-encapsulated vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space. They play a crucial role in intercellular communication by transporting bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can be detected in body fluids, including blood plasma, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, breast milk, and pleural ascites. The complexity and diversity of EVs require a robust and standardized approach. By adhering to standardized protocols and guidelines, researchers can ensure the consistency, purity, and reproducibility of isolated EVs, facilitating their use in diagnostics, therapies, and research. Exosomes and microvesicles represent an exciting frontier in modern medicine, with significant potential to transform the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases with an important role in personalized medicine and precision therapy. The primary objective of this review is to provide an updated analysis of the significance of EVs by highlighting their mechanisms of action and exploring their applications in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Additionally, the review addresses the existing limitations and future potential of EVs, offering practical recommendations to resolve current challenges and enhance their viability for clinical use. This comprehensive approach aims to bridge the gap between EV research and its practical application in healthcare.
The Intrinsic Neuronal Activation of the CXCR4 Signaling Axis Is Associated with a Pro-Regenerative State in Cervical Primary Sensory Neurons Conditioned by a Sciatic Nerve Lesion
Authors: Dubový Petr , Hradilová-Svíženská Ivana , Brázda Václav , Jambrichová Anna , Svobodová Viktorie , Joukal Marek
Published: December 2024

CXCL12 and CXCR4 proteins and mRNAs were monitored in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of lumbar (L4–L5) and cervical (C7–C8) spinal segments of naïve rats, rats subjected to sham operation, and those undergoing unilateral complete sciatic nerve transection (CSNT) on post-operation day 7 (POD7). Immunohistochemical, Western blot, and RT-PCR analyses revealed bilaterally increased levels of CXCR4 protein and mRNA in both lumbar and cervical DRG neurons after CSNT. Similarly, CXCL12 protein levels increased, and CXCL12 mRNA was upregulated primarily in lumbar DRGs ipsilateral to the nerve lesion. Intrathecal application of the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 following CSNT reduced CXCL12 and CXCR4 protein levels in cervical DRG neurons, as well as the length of afferent axons regenerated distal to the ulnar nerve crush. Furthermore, treatment with the CXCR4 inhibitor decreased levels of activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), a critical transforming factor in the neuronal regeneration program. Administration of IL-6 increased CXCR4 levels, whereas the JAK2-dependent STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor (AG490) conversely decreased CXCR4 levels. This indicates a link between the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis and IL-6-induced activation of STAT3 in the sciatic nerve injury-induced pro-regenerative state of cervical DRG neurons. The role of CXCR4 signaling in the axon-promoting state of DRG neurons was confirmed through in vitro cultivation of primary sensory neurons in a medium supplemented with CXCL12, with or without AMD3100. The potential involvement of conditioned cervical DRG neurons in the induction of neuropathic pain is discussed.
Zn2SnO4@SiO2@5-FU Nanoparticles as an Additive for Maxillary Bone Defects
Authors: Rehner (Costache) Ana Maria Gianina , Bratu Andreea Gabriela , Bîrcă Alexandra Cătălina , Niculescu Adelina-Gabriela , Holban Alina Maria , Hudiță Ariana , Bîclesanu Florentina Cornelia , Balaure Paul Cătălin , Pangică Anna Maria , Grumezescu Alexandru Mihai , Croitoru George-Alexandru
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the synthesis of Zn2SnO4@SiO2@5-FU nanoparticles as an additive for bone fillers in dental maxillofacial reconstruction. Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles were synthesized and coated with a SiO2 shell, followed by the incorporation of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), aimed at enhancing the therapeutic properties of classical fillers. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction confirmed that Zn2SnO4 was the single crystalline phase present, with its crystallinity preserved after both SiO2 coating and 5-FU incorporation. SEM characterization revealed the micro-spherical particles of Zn2SnO4 assembled by an agglomeration of nanorods, exhibiting dimensions and morphological characteristics that were consistent after the addition of both the SiO2 shell and 5-FU. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy provided solid proof of the successful synthesis of Zn2SnO4, Zn2SnO4@SiO2, and Zn2SnO4@SiO2@5-FU, confirming the presence of expected functional groups. The SiO2 layer improved nanoparticle stability in the solution, as indicated by zeta potential measurements, while adding 5-FU significantly increased biocompatibility and targeting efficiency. The existence of the SiO2 shell and 5-FU is also confirmed by the hydrodynamic diameter, indicating an increase in particle size after incorporating both compounds. Antibacterial assays demonstrated a selective efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria, with Zn2SnO4@SiO2@5-FU showing the strongest inhibitory effects. Biofilm inhibition studies further confirmed the nanoparticles’ effectiveness in preventing bacterial colonization. Cytotoxicity tests on the A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cell line revealed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, highlighting the potential of 5-FU for targeted cancer treatment. These findings highlight the potential of Zn2SnO4@SiO2@5-FU nanoparticles as a multifunctional additive for bone fillers, offering enhanced antimicrobial and antitumor capabilities.