bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dependency of high-mass satellite galaxy abundance on cosmology in Magneticum simulations
Authors: Ragagnin A. , Fumagalli A. , Castro T. , Dolag K. , Saro A. , Costanzi M. , Bocquet S.
Published: May 2023

Context. Observational studies carried out to calibrate the masses of galaxy clusters often use mass–richness relations to interpret galaxy number counts.

Aims. Here, we aim to study the impact of the richness–mass relation modelled with cosmological parameters on mock mass calibrations.

Methods. We build a Gaussian process regression emulator of high-mass satellite abundance normalisation and log-slope based on cosmological parameters Ωm, Ωb, σ8, h0, and redshift z. We train our emulator using Magneticum hydrodynamic simulations that span different cosmologies for a given set of feedback scheme parameters.

Results. We find that the normalisation depends, albeit weakly, on cosmological parameters, especially on Ωm and Ωb, and that their inclusion in mock observations increases the constraining power of these latter by 10%. On the other hand, the log-slope is ≈1 in every setup, and the emulator does not predict it with significant accuracy. We also show that satellite abundance cosmology dependency differs between full-physics simulations, dark-matter only, and non-radiative simulations.

Conclusions. Mass-calibration studies would benefit from modelling of the mass–richness relations with cosmological parameters, especially if the satellite abundance cosmology dependency.
Winking filaments due to cyclic evaporation-condensation
Authors: Zhou Yuhao , Li Xiaohong , Hong Jie , Keppens Rony
Published: May 2023

Context. Observations have shown that some filaments appear and disappear in the Hα line wing images periodically. There have been no attempts to model these “winking filaments” thus far.

Aims. The evaporation-condensation mechanism is widely used to explain the formation of solar filaments. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, how multi-dimensional evaporation-condensation in an arcade setup invariably causes a stretching of the magnetic topology. We aim to check whether this magnetic stretching during cyclic evaporation-condensation could reproduce a winking filament.

Methods. We used our open-source code MPI-AMRVAC to carry out 2D magnetohydrodynamic simulations based on a quadrupolar configuration. A periodic localized heating, which modulates the evaporation-condensation process, was imposed before, during, and after the formation of the filament. Synthetic Hα and 304 Å images were produced to compare the results with observations.

Results. For the first time, we noticed the winking filament phenomenon in a simulation of the formation of on-disk solar filaments, which was in good agreement with observations. Typically, the period of the winking is different from the period of the impulsive heating. A forced oscillator model explains this difference and fits the results well. A parameter survey is also done to look into details of the magnetic stretching phenomenon. We found that the stronger the heating or the higher the layer where the heating occurs, the more significant the winking effect appears.
Exercise Resistance Band induced injuries during Covid 19
Pandemic Lockdown Training
Authors: Heyn Johannes , Strohm Peter , Schöffl Volker
Published: May 2023

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic forces athletes to perform their workout at home with alternative training methods. Exercise resistance bands, often used for this purpose, can cause damage when they recoil or tear. Potentially resulting injuries include bruises, head injuries, lacerations, facial fractures and eye injuries. The following article presents two case reports including accident mechanism, injuries, diagnostic evaluation and treatment.

The first patient presented with an open depressed skull fracture caused by a recoiling exercise resistance band, while the second patient sustained a complex ocular trauma caused by a tearing exercise resistance band when performing supported chin-ups.
Die Rolle von Schlafproblemen in der muskuloskelettalen
Physiotherapie – Teil 1
Authors: Runge Nils , Suckow Melanie
Published: May 2023

Patient*innen in der physiotherapeutischen Praxis klagen häufig
über Schlafprobleme. Die momentane Studienlage zeigt, dass ein direkter
Zusammenhang zwischen einem gestörten Schlaf und Schmerz bestehen kann.
Weiterhin können Schlafprobleme ein Hindernis für die
Rehabilitation von Schmerzproblematiken darstellen. Aus diesen Gründen
ist es für Physiotherapeut*innen wichtig, ein grundlegendes
Verständnis von Schlafphysiologie, häufigen Schlaferkrankungen
und der Therapie von Schlafproblemen zu haben. In diesem Fachwissenartikel haben
die Autor*innen relevantes Grundlagenwissen sowie Informationen zu
klinischen Aspekten wie der Schlafanamnese und Therapie von Schlafproblemen
zusammengetragen.
Echtes Johanniskraut (Hypericum perforatum L.) – ein
Pflanzenportrait
Authors: Rodenbücher Anna Lena
Published: May 2023

Die heute wissenschaftlich erwiesene und bevorzugt untersuchte Anwendung von
Johanniskraut als Heilpflanze und auch als Antidepressivum lässt sich
bis ins Altertum zurückverfolgen. Wie und wann können wir
Johanniskraut z. B. in der Verhaltenstherapie bei Tieren anwenden?
Welche Kontraindikationen gibt es und was muss bei der Anwendung beachtet
werden?
Nahrung für das Gehirn – Epilepsie beim Hund
wegfüttern?
Authors: Bolbecher Gisela
Published: May 2023

Die Epilepsie gehört zu den häufigsten neurologischen chronischen
Erkrankungen bei Hunden. Die Prävalenz bei Hunden ist unklar.
Geschätzt sind 0,5–1% der Hundepopulation in Deutschland
davon betroffen. Ein Drittel aller Epilepsien bei Hunden sind
arzneimittelresistent. Doch genauso wie beim Caninen Kognitiven
Dysfunktionssyndrom lässt sich durch eine angepasste Fütterung
viel erreichen. Obwohl also in letzter Zeit das Interesse an der
Neurodiätetik steigt, haben sich bisher weniger als 0,1% der
wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen mit diesem Gebiet
beschäftigt.
Investigation of Serum Phoenixin-14 Concentration in Pregnant Women
Diagnosed with Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Authors: Çimenli Sümeyye , Kale İbrahim , Muhcu Murat
Published: May 2023

Objective We aimed to investigate the relationship between the hyperemesis
gravidarum (HG) and maternal serum phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) concentrations.

Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted with 88
pregnant women who applied to the Umraniye Training and Research Hospital
Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic between February 2022 and October 2022. The HG
group consisted of 44 pregnant women diagnosed with HG between the 7th and 14th
gestational weeks, and the control group consisted of 44 healthy pregnant women
matched with the HG group in terms of age, BMI, and gestational week.
Demographic characteristics, ultrasound findings, and laboratory outcomes were
noted. The two groups were compared in terms of maternal serum PNX-14
concentrations.

Results Gestational age at blood sampling for PNX-14 was similar in both
groups (p=1.000). While maternal serum PNX-14 concentration was
85.5 pg/ml in the HG group, it was 71.3 pg/ml in
the control group (p=0.012). ROC analysis was performed to determine the
value of maternal serum PNX-14 concentration in terms of predicting HG. AUC
analysis of maternal serum PNX-14 for HG estimation was 0.656 (p=0.012,
95% CI=0.54–0.77). The optimal cutoff value for maternal
serum PNX-14 concentration was determined as 79.81 pg/ml with
59% sensitivity and 59% specificity.

Conclusion In this study, maternal serum PNX-14 concentration was found to
be higher in pregnant women with HG, which indicates that high serum PNX-14
concentrations may have an anorexigenic effect on food intake in pregnancy.
Concentrations of other PNX isoforms in HG and changes in PNX concentrations in
pregnant women with HG who regained weight after treatment remain to be
investigated.
Lower back pain scale and return to sports in elite Taekwondo
athletes with lower back injuries
Authors: Jung Tae Gyeom , Park Ki Jun
Published: May 2023

Objectives This study compares back pain scale, functionality, and ability
to return to sport according to sex for Taekwondo athletes with lower back
injuries.

Methods The study included 52 elite adolescent Taekwondo athletes (26 in
both male and female groups), who participated in advanced competitions at a
training camp between January and December 2021. The lower back pain scale,
Modified Oswestry Disability Index, isokinetic muscular function, and recovery
time according to sex were assessed using an independent sample t-test.
Pearson's correlation and simple linear regression analyses were used to
evaluate the correlation between variables, and identify factors associated with
pain.

Results The lower back pain scale (p=0.003) and recovery time
(p=0.018) significantly differed between the sexes. In all athletes, the
pain scale was significantly correlated with the Modified Oswestry Disability
Index (p<0.001) and recovery time (p<0.001). For each point
increase in the pain scale, the Modified Oswestry Disability Index increased by
3.01 (p=0.001) and 3.25 (p=0.013) for males and females,
respectively. In addition, recovery time increased by 1.70 days
(p<0.001) and 1.98 days (p<0.001) in males and females,
respectively.

Conclusion These results may help generate the data needed to develop
rehabilitation programs that improve an athlete’s performance.
Synthesis of Heterocycles from Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes: A Five-Year Recap
Authors: Deepthi Ani , B. Meenakshy C. , Mohan Maneesh
Published: May 2023

This review discusses the utility of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) for the construction of heterocycles. In addition to (3+2), (3+3), and (4+3) cycloaddition pathways, nucleophilic ring-opening reactions, intramolecular transformations, and cycloisomerizations in the presence of suitable catalysts pave the way for the generation of heterocycles from DACs. The mild reactions conditions employed and the variety of starting materials that can be used as reaction partners make the DAC route for heterocycle synthesis attractive. The literature covered in this review is from the period 2018 to 2023.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles

2.1 By Annulations with Anthranils and Azadienes

2.2 By Nucleophilic Attack of Anilines and Hydrazones

2.3 By Reaction with Ureas and Thioureas

2.4 By Annulation Reactions Using an Azomethine Imine

2.5 By Reaction with Other Nitrogen Heterocycles

2.6 By Other Transformations

3 Synthesis of Oxygen Heterocycles

3.1 By Intramolecular Transformations

3.2 By Intermolecular Reactions

4 Synthesis of Sulfur and Selenium Heterocycles

4.1 By Reaction with Thiocarbonyl Substrates

4.2 By Reaction with Thio- and Selenocyanates and Thiosulfonate Salts

5 Synthesis of N–S and N–O Heterocycles

6 Conclusions
Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroalkylation of Alkoxyallenes Using Monofluorinated Nucleophiles
Authors: Yu Jin-Sheng , Liao Ling , Zhao Zhi-Peng , Gu Bo-Ning , Zhou Jian
Published: May 2023

A branch-selective hydroalkylation of alkoxyallenes with monofluorinated nucleophiles was developed using palladium catalysis, allowing construction of valuable α-monofluoroalkylated allylic ethers. Notably, this represents the first catalytic hydrofluoroalkylation of alkoxyallenes. The practicability of this method is highlighted by its broad substrate scope and diversified product elaborations. Initial investigation of the asymmetric variant could afford chiral fluorine-containing allylic ethers with up to 68% ee.
Perinatal Morbidity in Healthy Obese Pregnant Individuals Delivered by Elective Repeat Cesarean at Term
Authors: Fleenor Rebecca E. , Harmon Duncan T. , Gazi Melissa , Szychowski Jeff , Harper Lorie M. , Tita Alan T.N. , Subramaniam Akila
Published: May 2023

Objective This study aimed to compare the risks of adverse perinatal outcomes by body mass index (BMI) categories in healthy pregnant individuals delivered by term elective repeat cesarean (ERCD) to describe an optimal timing of delivery in otherwise healthy patients at the highest-risk BMI threshold.

Study Design A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of pregnant individuals undergoing ERCD at 19 centers in the Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units Network from 1999 to 2002. Nonanomalous singletons undergoing prelabor ERCD at term were included. The primary outcome was composite neonatal morbidity; secondary outcomes included composite maternal morbidity and individual components of the composites. Patients were stratified by BMI classes and to identify a BMI threshold for which morbidity was the highest. Outcomes were then examined by completed week's gestation, between BMI classes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results A total of 12,755 patients were included in analysis. Patient's with BMI ≥ 40 had the highest rates of newborn sepsis, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, and wound complications. While a weight-related response was observed between BMI class and neonatal composite morbidity (p < 0.001), only those with BMI ≥ 40 had significantly higher odds of composite neonatal morbidity (aOR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8). In analyses of patients with BMI ≥ 40 (n = 1,848), there was no difference in the incidence of composite neonatal or maternal morbidity across weeks' gestation at delivery; however, as gestational age approached 39 to 40 weeks, rates of adverse neonatal outcomes decreased, only to increase again at 41 weeks' gestation. Of note, the odds of the primary neonatal composite were the highest at 38 weeks compared with 39 weeks (aOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1–2.0).

Conclusion Neonatal morbidity is significantly higher in pregnant individuals with BMI ≥40 delivering by ERCD. Despite this increased perinatal morbidity, delivery prior to 39 and after 41 weeks in these patients is associated with increased neonatal risks.

Key Points
Retinale Gefäßverschlüsse als Ausdruck eines generalisierten Gefäßleidens
Authors: Feltgen Nicolas , Agostini Hansjürgen
Published: May 2023

Retinale Gefäßverschlüsse stellen nicht nur für das Sehvermögen eine Bedrohung dar, sondern gehen auch mit weiteren systemischen Risikofaktoren und vaskulären Erkrankungen einher. Die
interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ist bei diesen Erkrankungen von großer Bedeutung. Dabei unterscheiden sich die Risikofaktoren kaum zwischen den arteriellen und venösen retinalen
Verschlüssen, was auf die besondere Anatomie retinaler Gefäße zurückzuführen ist. Zu den wesentlichen zugrunde liegenden Erkrankungen, die im Zusammenhang mit retinalen Gefäßverschlüssen
stehen, gehören die arterielle Hypertonie, ein Diabetes mellitus, eine Fettstoffwechselstörung, kardiale Erkrankungen, insbesondere das Vorhofflimmern oder eine Großgefäßvaskulitis. Jeder
frische retinale Gefäßverschluss sollte deshalb zum Anlass genommen werden, nach Risikofaktoren zu suchen und eine bereits bestehende Therapie eventuell anzupassen, um weitere vaskuläre
Ereignisse zu verhindern.
Risk Factors and Risk for Severe Maternal Morbidity in Severe Preeclampsia Complicated by Pulmonary Edema: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Amin Bushra Z. , Kern-Goldberger Adina R. , Srinivas Sindhu K.
Published: May 2023

Objective The objective of this study is to examine risk factors and adverse outcomes related to preeclampsia with severe features complicated by pulmonary edema.

Study Design This is a nested case–control study of all patients with preeclampsia with severe features who delivered in a tertiary, urban, academic medical center over a 1-year period. The primary exposure was pulmonary edema and the primary outcome was a composite of severe maternal morbidity (SMM), defined according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification codes. Secondary outcomes included postpartum length of stay, maternal intensive care unit admission, 30-day readmission, and discharge on antihypertensive medication. A multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for clinical characteristics related to the primary outcome was used to determine adjusted odds ratios (aOR) as measures of effect.

Results Of 340 patients with severe preeclampsia, there were seven cases of pulmonary edema (2.1%). Pulmonary edema was associated with lower parity, autoimmune disease, earlier gestational age at diagnosis of preeclampsia and at delivery, and cesarean section. Patients with pulmonary edema demonstrated increased odds of SMM (aOR: 10.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.13–47.90), extended postpartum length of stay (aOR: 32.56, 95% CI: 3.95–268.45), and intensive care unit admission (aOR: 102.85, 95% CI: 7.43–1422.92) compared with those without pulmonary edema.

Conclusion Pulmonary edema is associated with adverse maternal outcomes among patients with severe preeclampsia, and is more likely to affect patients who are nulliparous, have an autoimmune disease, and are diagnosed preterm.

Key Points
Maternal Epidemiology of Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries in California: 1996 to 2012
Authors: Manske Mary Claire B. , Wilson Machelle D. , Wise Barton L. , Melnikow Joy , Hedriana Herman L. , James Michelle A. , Tancredi Daniel J.
Published: May 2023

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) and its associations with maternal demographic factors. Additionally, we sought to determine whether longitudinal changes in BPBI incidence differed by maternal demographics.

Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of over 8 million maternal–infant pairs using California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Linked Birth Files from 1991 to 2012. Descriptive statistics were used to determine BPBI incidence and the prevalence of maternal demographic factors (race, ethnicity, age). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associations of year, maternal race, ethnicity, and age with BPBI. Excess population-level risk associated with these characteristics was determined by calculating population attributable fractions.

Results The incidence of BPBI between 1991 and 2012 was 1.28 per 1,000 live births, with peak incidence of 1.84 per 1,000 in 1998 and low of 0.9 per 1,000 in 2008. Incidence varied by demographic group, with infants of Black (1.78 per 1,000) and Hispanic (1.34 per 1,000) mothers having higher incidences compared with White (1.25 per 1,000), Asian (0.8 per 1,000), Native American (1.29 per 1,000), other race (1.35 per 1,000), and non-Hispanic (1.15 per 1,000) mothers. After controlling for delivery method, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and year, infants of Black (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.70, 2.08), Hispanic (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.18, 1.32), and advanced-age mothers (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.25) were at increased risk. Disparities in risk experienced by Black, Hispanic, and advanced-age mothers contributed to a 5, 10, and 2% excess risk at the population level, respectively. Longitudinal trends in incidence did not vary among demographic groups. Population-level changes in maternal demographics did not explain changes in incidence over time.

Conclusion Although BPBI incidence has decreased in California, demographic disparities exist. Infants of Black, Hispanic, and advanced-age mothers are at increased BPBI risk compared with White, non-Hispanic, and younger mothers.

Key Points
Post Hoc Analysis of National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Vitamin-D Pregnancy Cohort and The Role of Functional Vitamin-D Deficiency in Pregnancy
Authors: Davis Shellie , Lyles Elliott , Shary Judy R. , Ebeling Myla , Reed Susan G. , Baatz John E. , Hollis Bruce W. , Wagner Carol L.
Published: May 2023

Objective Our objective was to conduct a secondary, post hoc analysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) vitamin D (vitD) pregnancy study by Hollis et al, which reported on the effect of vitD supplementation in pregnant women and determine the potential interaction between intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations, vitD status, and various comorbidities associated with pregnancy. Women with low 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and high iPTH concentrations during pregnancy, known as functional vitamin-D deficiency (FVDD), were more likely to acquire complications also affecting their neonates.

Study Design This post hoc analysis of data collected from a diverse group of pregnant women participating in the NICHD vitD pregnancy study was applied to investigate the applicability of the concept of FVDD in pregnancy (Hemmingway, 2018) in identifying potential risks for certain comorbidities of pregnancy. This analysis defines FVDD as maternal serum 25(OH)D concentrations below 20 ng/mL and iPTH concentrations above 65 pg/mL creating a definitive ratio number, 0.308, to classify mothers as having FVDD prior to delivery (PTD). Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC).

Results In total, 281 women (85 African American, 115 Hispanic, and 81 Caucasian) with 25(OH)D and iPTH concentrations measured at monthly visits were included in this analysis. No statistically significant association was found between mothers classified as having FVDD at baseline or 1-month PTD and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, infection, or admittance to the neonatal intensive care unit. When combining all comorbidities of pregnancy in this cohort, results showed those with FVDD at baseline, 24 weeks' gestation, and 1-month PTD were more likely to experience a comorbidity (p = 0.001; p = 0.001; p = 0.004, respectively). Those with FVDD 1-month PTD were 7.1 times (confidence interval [CI]: 1.71–29.81) more likely to have preterm birth (<37 weeks) than women without FVDD.

Conclusion Participants were more likely to have experienced preterm birth if they met the criteria for FVDD. This study supports the importance of FVDD during pregnancy.

Key Points
Supercurrent diode effect in thin film Nb tracks
Authors: Satchell N , Shepley PM , Rosamond MC , Burnell G
Published: May 2023

We demonstrate nonreciprocal critical current in 65 nm thick polycrystalline and epitaxial Nb thin films patterned into tracks. The nonreciprocal behavior gives a supercurrent diode effect, where the current passed in one direction is a supercurrent and the other direction is a normal state (resistive) current. We attribute fabrication artifacts to creating the supercurrent diode effect in our tracks. We study the variation of the diode effect with temperature and the magnetic field and find a dependence with the width of the Nb tracks from 2 to 10 μm. For both polycrystalline and epitaxial samples, we find that tracks of width 4 μm provide the largest supercurrent diode efficiency of up to ≈30%, with the effect reducing or disappearing in the widest tracks of 10 μm. We propose a model based on the limiting contributions to the critical current density to explain the track width dependence of the induced supercurrent diode effect. It is anticipated that the supercurrent diode will become a ubiquitous component of the superconducting computer.
An ultrafast phototrigger of the Trp5CN–Trp motif in a β-hairpin peptide
Authors: Zhang Qin , Zhou Zhongneng , Deng Bodan , Wang Bingyao , Kang Xiu-Wen , Chen Jinquan , Ding Bei , Zhong Dongping
Published: May 2023

Phototriggers are useful molecular tools to initiate reactions in enzymes by light for the purpose of photoenzymatic design and mechanistic investigations. Here, we incorporated the non-natural amino acid 5-cyanotryptophan (W5CN) in a polypeptide scaffold and resolved the photochemical reaction of the W5CN–W motif using femtosecond transient UV/Vis and mid-IR spectroscopy. We identified a marker band of ∼2037 cm−1 from the CN stretch of the electron transfer intermediate W5CN·− in the transient IR measurement and found UV/Vis spectroscopic evidence for the W·+ radical at 580 nm. Through kinetic analysis, we characterized that the charge separation between the excited W5CN and W occurs in 253 ps, with a charge-recombination lifetime of 862 ps. Our study highlights the potential use of the W5CN–W pair as an ultrafast phototrigger to initiate reactions in enzymes that are not light-sensitive, making downstream reactions accessible to femtosecond spectroscopic detection.
Phase field simulation of liquid filling on grooved surfaces for complete, partial, and pseudo-partial wetting cases
Authors: Oktasendra Fandi , Jusufi Arben , Konicek Andrew R. , Yeganeh Mohsen S. , Panter Jack R. , Kusumaatmaja Halim
Published: May 2023

We develop and harness a phase field simulation method to study liquid filling on grooved surfaces. We consider both short-range and long-range liquid–solid interactions, with the latter including purely attractive and repulsive interactions as well as those with short-range attraction and long-range repulsion. This allows us to capture complete, partial, and pseudo-partial wetting states, demonstrating complex disjoining pressure profiles over the full range of possible contact angles as previously proposed in the literature. Applying the simulation method to study liquid filling on grooved surfaces, we compare the filling transition for the three different classes of wetting states as we vary the pressure difference between the liquid and gas phases. The filling and emptying transitions are reversible for the complete wetting case, while significant hysteresis is observed for the partial and pseudo-partial cases. In agreement with previous studies, we also show that the critical pressure for the filling transition follows the Kelvin equation for the complete and partial wetting scenarios. Finally, we find the filling transition can display a number of distinct morphological pathways for the pseudo-partial wetting cases, as we demonstrate here for varying groove dimensions.
Spectral response between particle and fluid kinetic energy in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Schiødt M. , Hodžić A. , Evrard F. , Hausmann M. , Van Wachem B. , Velte C. M.
Published: May 2023

In particle-laden turbulence, the Fourier Lagrangian spectrum of each phase is regularly computed, and analytically derived response functions relate the Lagrangian spectrum of the fluid and the particle phase. However, due to the periodic nature of the Fourier basis, the analysis is restricted to statistically stationary flows. In the present work, utilizing the bases of time-focalized proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), this analysis is extended to temporally non-stationary turbulence. Studying two-way coupled particle-laden decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence for various Stokes numbers, it is demonstrated that the temporal POD modes extracted from the dispersed phase may be used for the expansion of both fluid and particle velocities. The POD Lagrangian spectrum of each phase may thus be computed from the same set of modal building blocks, allowing the evaluation of response functions in a POD frame of reference. Based on empirical evaluations, a model for response functions in non-stationary flows is proposed. The related energies of the two phases is well approximated by simple analytical expressions dependent on the particle Stokes number. It is found that the analytical expressions closely resemble those derived through the Fourier analysis of statistically stationary flows. These results suggest the existence of an inherent spectral symmetry underlying the dynamical systems consisting of particle-laden turbulence, a symmetry which spans across stationary/non-stationary particle-laden flow states.
Development of steady-state fusion reactor by Helical Fusion
Authors: Miyazawa J. , Goto T.
Published: May 2023

The Helical Fusion group (Helical Fusion Co., Ltd. in Japan and Helical Fusion USA, Inc.) is developing a 50 MWe-class steady-state helical fusion reactor, which is a kind of stellarator called heliotron composed of two continuous helical coils similar to the large helical device and is operated without plasma current. HESTIA plays the role of the fusion pilot plant. The first-of-a-kind fusion power plant that would follow HESTIA will be a 100 MWe-class steady-state helical fusion reactor. After more than one year of continuous operation, maintenance will be completed within 3 months, aiming for an availability larger than 80%. High-temperature superconducting magnet coils are adopted to generate 8 T of the magnetic field at the helical coil center. HESTIA is a deuterium-tritium fusion reactor, where tritium is self-produced using liquid metal blanket systems. The first wall of the liquid metal blanket including the divertor strike zone is covered and protected by liquid metal free-surface flow, and therefore, individual divertor systems are not required in HESTIA. Electron cyclotron heating is adopted for plasma heating. Since plasma current drive is not required, HESTIA can be operated at a low fusion gain of ∼13, and steady-state operation is principally possible on the order of a year. After a few years of individual development phases, a prototype device is planned to be constructed and operated for the integrated demonstration before starting the construction of HESTIA.
Performance analysis of a novel solar radiation cascade conversion system for combined heat and power generation based on spectrum splitting and reshaping
Authors: Wu Haojin , Shan Shiquan , Zhou Zhijun
Published: May 2023

In this paper, a novel cascading solar photovoltaic system with concentrating spectrum splitting and reshaping for combined heat and power generation is proposed for the first time to break through the limitations of photovoltaic efficiency. Two spectral splitters divide the solar spectrum into three parts, and each part of the spectrum is used by photovoltaics, thermophotovoltaics, and heat exchange fluids according to the photon grade. In addition, the heat exchange fluid also recovers the waste heat of concentrating photovoltaic and thermophotovoltaic cells. Therefore, the system achieves solar energy cascade utilization and has high electrical and thermal efficiency simultaneously. The effect of the fluid flow rate, solar irradiance, and cutoff wavelength of the spectral splitter on the hybrid system is discussed. The results show that under the conditions of 1000 sunlight and outlet fluid temperature of 60 °C, the solar energy conversion rate and exergy efficiency of the hybrid system are 90.17% and 39.84%, which are 63.97 percentage points and 11.62 percentage points higher than those of the single photovoltaic system, respectively.
Real-time study of imaging electron current density on metal filament evolution in SiO2 during in situ TEM
Authors: Pandey Saurabh , Hull Robert
Published: May 2023

Conductive-bridging random access memory devices are a candidate for artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the fundamentals of the filament evolution process. In this work, we study the effect of three imaging electron current densities on nanoscale filament dynamics in a model Cu/SiO2/Cu structure during in situ TEM electroforming of the device. We find that the filaments grow from the anode to the cathode in the form of discontinuous precipitates for all the imaging electron current densities. However, increasing the imaging electron current density results in a larger injection of Cu into SiO2. Comparing the results of voltage ramp tests in air, in the TEM vacuum without electron irradiation and, in the TEM vacuum with electron irradiation, we suggest a possible mechanism of filament evolution in vacuum. Specifically, we postulate a vacancy defect generation enabled injection of Cu ions into the dielectric as the mechanism behind filament evolution in vacuum that reconciles differing observations found in the literature.
Ferroelectric domain switching pathways—From grain boundary to grain body
Authors: Lou Xuhui , Hou Xu , Chen Yujun , Cui Shaohan , Wang Jie , Wang Qingyuan , Fan Haidong , Tian Xiaobao
Published: May 2023

Grain boundaries (GBs) are one of the main factors influencing the polar domain evolution of polycrystalline ferroelectrics. However, domain switching from GBs to grains remains an unsolved aspect. Previous microscopic GB assumptions hinder such theoretical investigations, assuming that the structure and properties of GB are independent of the misorientation of adjacent grains. This work investigates the competition between the energy densities and domain-switching pathways based on the formation mechanism of the GB model. It is found that the domain-switching pathways in polycrystalline ferroelectrics follow three rules: (1) domain switching occurs near low-energy-density GBs; (2) the development of domain-switching pathway originates near the low-energy-density GBs. This pathway ultimately influences the overall domain-switching process, which follows the energy minimization principle; and (3) the domain-switching trend expands to both sides of the pathways after complete formation. The domain evolution rules for polycrystalline ferroelectric materials proposed in this work are conducive to improving the performance of ferroelectric ceramics via GB engineering.
Intermolecular singlet fission in a radical dianion system in solution phase
Authors: Chen Renli , Jiang Shenlong , Zhang Qun
Published: May 2023

Singlet fission (SF) is a spin-allowed exciton multiplication process, in which a photogenerated singlet separates efficiently into two free triplets. Herein, we report an experimental study on the solution-phase intermolecular SF (xSF) in a prototype radical dianion system of PTCDA2−, which is produced from its neutral precursor PTCDA (i.e., perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride) via a two-step consecutive photoinduced electron transfer mechanism. Our ultrafast spectroscopic results enable a comprehensive mapping of the elementary steps involved in the solution-phase xSF process of photoexcited PTCDA2−. Along the cascading xSF pathways, the three intermediates including excimer 1(S1S0), spin-correlated triplet pair 1(T1T1), and spatially separated triplet pair 1(T1·S0·T1) have been identified, with their formation/relaxation time constants being determined. This work demonstrates that the solution-phase xSF materials can be extended to charged radical systems and that the three-step model usually adopted to describe the crystalline-phase xSF can also be valid in describing solution-phase xSF.
Photon-counting with single stoichiometric TiN layer-based optical MKIDs
Authors: Boussaha Faouzi , Hu Jie , Nicaise Paul , Martin Jean-Marc , Chaumont Christine , Dung Pham Viet , Firminy Josiane , Reix Florent , Bonifacio Piercarlo , Piat Michel , Geoffray Hervé
Published: May 2023

We demonstrate the single photon counting mode at 405 and 850 nm with stoichiometric TiN-based microwave kinetic inductance detectors realized on a sapphire substrate and operated at bath temperatures over 300 mK. The detectors use single 15–25 nm-thick TiN layers featuring a critical temperature in the 2–3 K range. We found that the energy-resolving power R=E/ΔE exhibits an optimum with bath temperature, occurring in the 300–450 mK range, which can be almost double compared to those obtained at the lowest temperatures. Furthermore, the single photon regime is observed up to 700 mK. In addition to a high-temperature operation, the single stoichiometric layer would allow achieving a better uniformity in the critical temperature and, thus, kinetic inductance, compared to the often desired ∼1 K sub-stoichiometric TiN.
Baroclinic interaction of forced shock waves with random thermal gradients
Authors: Jossy Joaquim P. , Gupta Prateek
Published: May 2023

Density gradients aligned at an angle to pressure gradients result in baroclinic torque in fluid flows, generating vorticity. In this work, we study the vorticity generated by the baroclinic torque exerted by the interaction of pressure jumps across random two-dimensional shock waves with density gradients. A field of random two-dimensional shock waves has acoustic spectral energy scaling as Êk∼ε2/3ℓ−1/3k−2, where k is the wavenumber, ε is the energy dissipation, and ℓ is the integral length scale of the field. Since the acoustic energy is broadband, pressure and velocity gradients exist in a wide range of length scales. We study the interaction of these broadband gradients with isobaric thermal gradients localized at a length scale in the spectral space. We show that the method of generating shock waves or injection of wave energy in the system governs the baroclinic interactions. For stochastically forced shock waves, baroclinic terms are negligible. Broadband vorticity with energy at least two orders of magnitude smaller is generated due to continuous variation in curvature of shock waves caused by stochastic forcing. On the other hand, shock waves maintained by energy rescaling result in the generation of coherent vorticity. We also discuss the relative magnitude of the baroclinic torque generated due to total density gradients compared to the one generated due to non-isentropic density gradients within the shock waves interacting with the pressure gradients.
Properties of the turbulent/non-turbulent layer of a turbulent Boussinesq plume: A study using direct numerical simulation
Authors: Khan Jalil ul Rehman , Rao Samrat
Published: May 2023

The turbulent/non-turbulent layer (TNTL) in a turbulent Boussinesq plume is analyzed using direct numerical simulations. The Reynolds number (Re) used in the simulation, based on the scales defined at the bottom hot patch, is 2000, and the Reynolds number (Reλ) based on the Taylor microscale (λ) is 114.4 in the self-similar region. The flow is sufficiently resolved till the Kolmogorov scale. The outer edge of the TNTL is detected using the vorticity magnitude. Conditional statistics of various quantities are calculated with reference to the outer edge of the TNTL, which is referred to as the irrotational boundary (IB). The profiles of conditional vorticity magnitude are used to identify the TNTL and determine its thickness. The presence of viscous superlayer (VSL) and turbulent sublayer (TSL) within the TNTL is revealed by exploring the conditional profiles of the enstrophy transport equation. The baroclinic torque, which is a source of vorticity, has been shown to be inconsequential in determining the width of the VSL. The widths of the TNTL and the VSL are determined to be δTNTL≈15η and δVSL≈3.12η, respectively, where η is the Kolmogorov length scale. This gives the width of the TSL as δTSL=δTNTL−δVSL≈13.88η. The invariants of the velocity gradient tensor have been analyzed across the TNTL. The joint probability density function of the invariants Q and R shows a teardrop shape within the turbulent core. The teardrop shape is not fully developed within the TNTL. The TNTL and the turbulent core have a mixed tendency for irrotational dissipation, vortex sheets, and vortex tubes. When normalized by Kolmogorov length and velocity scales, the conditional statistics of the TNTL of the plume are similar to other turbulent flow types, and hence, this provides additional evidence for the universality of small-scale motion within/around the TNTL of various turbulent flows.
Study of the mercury chalcogenide single crystals by means of a combination of laser pump-probe thermoreflectance technique with Fabry–Perot interferometer
Authors: Lonchakov A. T. , Starostin A. A. , Shangin V. V. , Bobin S. B. , Kotov A. N.
Published: May 2023

Near-surface layers of the mercury chalcogenide (HgSe and n-HgTe) single crystals with the electron concentration in the range of 7 × 1014–4.2 × 1018 сm−3 were studied using the laser pump-probe thermoreflectance (TR) technique combined with the Fabry–Perot (FP) interferometer in the wide temperature interval of 10–300= K. The TR–FP measurements were carried out toward samples with a freshly etched reflective surface. As a result, a minimum in the time dependence of the TR–FP signal and sign inversion of the TR–FP signal were revealed both for HgSe and n-HgTe within the specified temperature range. Noticeably, both anomalies were observed for n-HgTe at substantially lower temperatures than that for HgSe. The proposed qualitative interpretation of the observed anomalies is based on the hypothesis of two types of Weyl nodes located in the Brillouin zone of mercury chalcogenides involving specific for the Weyl semimetals energy barriers, separating the bulk Weyl fermion helical states from the topologically protected Fermi-arc surface states.
Germline
C1GALT1C1
mutation causes a multisystem chaperonopathy
Authors: Erger Florian , Aryal Rajindra P. , Reusch Björn , Matsumoto Yasuyuki , Meyer Robert , Zeng Junwei , Knopp Cordula , Noel Maxence , Muerner Lukas , Wenzel Andrea , Kohl Stefan , Tschernoster Nikolai , Rappl Gunter , Rouvet Isabelle , Schröder-Braunstein Jutta , Seibert Felix S. , Thiele Holger , Häusler Martin G. , Weber Lutz T. , Büttner-Herold Maike , Elbracht Miriam , Cummings Sandra F. , Altmüller Janine , Habbig Sandra , Cummings Richard D. , Beck Bodo B.
Published: May 2023

Mutations in genes encoding molecular chaperones can lead to chaperonopathies, but none have so far been identified causing congenital disorders of glycosylation. Here we identified two maternal half-brothers with a novel chaperonopathy, causing impaired protein O-glycosylation. The patients have a decreased activity of T-synthase (
C1GALT1
), an enzyme that exclusively synthesizes the T-antigen, a ubiquitous O-glycan core structure and precursor for all extended O-glycans. The T-synthase function is dependent on its specific molecular chaperone Cosmc, which is encoded by X-chromosomal
C1GALT1C1
. Both patients carry the hemizygous variant c.59C>A (p.Ala20Asp; A20D-Cosmc) in
C1GALT1C1
. They exhibit developmental delay, immunodeficiency, short stature, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury (AKI) resembling atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Their heterozygous mother and maternal grandmother show an attenuated phenotype with skewed X-inactivation in blood. AKI in the male patients proved fully responsive to treatment with the complement inhibitor Eculizumab. This germline variant occurs within the transmembrane domain of Cosmc, resulting in dramatically reduced expression of the Cosmc protein. Although A20D-Cosmc is functional, its decreased expression, though in a cell or tissue-specific manner, causes a large reduction of T-synthase protein and activity, which accordingly leads to expression of varied amounts of pathological Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr/Tyr) on multiple glycoproteins. Transient transfection of patient lymphoblastoid cells with wild-type
C1GALT1C1
partially rescued the T-synthase and glycosylation defect. Interestingly, all four affected individuals have high levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 in sera. These results demonstrate that the A20D-Cosmc mutation defines a novel O-glycan chaperonopathy and causes the altered O-glycosylation status in these patients.
Human oral lectin ZG16B acts as a cell wall polysaccharide probe to decode host–microbe interactions with oral commensals
Authors: Ghosh Soumi , Ahearn Christian P. , Isabella Christine R. , Marando Victoria M. , Dodge Gregory J. , Bartlett Helen , McPherson Robert L. , Dugan Amanda E. , Jain Shikha , Neznanova Lubov , Tettelin Hervé , Putnik Rachel , Grimes Catherine L. , Ruhl Stefan , Kiessling Laura L. , Imperiali Barbara
Published: May 2023

The oral microbiome is critical to human health and disease, yet the role that host salivary proteins play in maintaining oral health is unclear. A highly expressed gene in human salivary glands encodes the lectin zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B (ZG16B). Despite the abundance of this protein, its interaction partners in the oral microbiome are unknown. ZG16B possesses a lectin fold, but whether it binds carbohydrates is unclear. We postulated that ZG16B would bind microbial glycans to mediate recognition of oral microbes. To this end, we developed a microbial glycan analysis probe (mGAP) strategy based on conjugating the recombinant protein to fluorescent or biotin reporter functionality. Applying the ZG16B-mGAP to dental plaque isolates revealed that ZG16B predominantly binds to a limited set of oral microbes, including
Streptococcus mitis, Gemella haemolysans
, and, most prominently,
Streptococcus vestibularis. S. vestibularis
is a commensal bacterium widely distributed in healthy individuals. ZG16B binds to
S. vestibularis
through the cell wall polysaccharides attached to the peptidoglycan, indicating that the protein is a lectin. ZG16B slows the growth of
S. vestibularis
with no cytotoxicity, suggesting that it regulates
S. vestibularis
abundance. The mGAP probes also revealed that ZG16B interacts with the salivary mucin MUC7. Analysis of
S. vestibularis
and MUC7 with ZG16B using super-resolution microscopy supports ternary complex formation that can promote microbe clustering. Together, our data suggest that ZG16B influences the compositional balance of the oral microbiome by capturing commensal microbes and regulating their growth using a mucin-assisted clearance mechanism.
EGR4 is critical for cell-fate determination and phenotypic maintenance of geniculate ganglion neurons underlying sweet and umami taste
Authors: Dutta Banik Debarghya , Martin Louis J. , Tang Tao , Soboloff Jonathan , Tourtellotte Warren G. , Pierchala Brian A.
Published: May 2023

The sense of taste starts with activation of receptor cells in taste buds by chemical stimuli which then communicate this signal via innervating oral sensory neurons to the CNS. The cell bodies of oral sensory neurons reside in the geniculate ganglion (GG) and nodose/petrosal/jugular ganglion. The geniculate ganglion contains two main neuronal populations: BRN3A+ somatosensory neurons that innervate the pinna and PHOX2B+ sensory neurons that innervate the oral cavity. While much is known about the different taste bud cell subtypes, considerably less is known about the molecular identities of PHOX2B+ sensory subpopulations. In the GG, as many as 12 different subpopulations have been predicted from electrophysiological studies, while transcriptional identities exist for only 3 to 6. Importantly, the cell fate pathways that diversify PHOX2B+ oral sensory neurons into these subpopulations are unknown. The transcription factor EGR4 was identified as being highly expressed in GG neurons. EGR4 deletion causes GG oral sensory neurons to lose their expression of PHOX2B and other oral sensory genes and up-regulate BRN3A. This is followed by a loss of chemosensory innervation of taste buds, a loss of type II taste cells responsive to bitter, sweet, and umami stimuli, and a concomitant increase in type I glial-like taste bud cells. These deficits culminate in a loss of nerve responses to sweet and umami taste qualities. Taken together, we identify a critical role of EGR4 in cell fate specification and maintenance of subpopulations of GG neurons, which in turn maintain the appropriate sweet and umami taste receptor cells.
Suppressing transverse mode instability through multimode excitation in a fiber amplifier
Authors: Chen Chun-Wei , Wisal Kabish , Eliezer Yaniv , Stone A. Douglas , Cao Hui
Published: May 2023

High-power fiber laser amplifiers have enabled an increasing range of applications in industry, science, and defense. The power scaling for fiber amplifiers is currently limited by transverse mode instability. Most techniques for suppressing the instability are based on single- or few-mode fibers in order to output a clean collimated beam. Here, we study theoretically using a highly multimode fiber amplifier with many-mode excitation for efficient suppression of thermo-optical nonlinearity and instability. We find that the mismatch of characteristic length scales between temperature and optical intensity variations across the fiber generically leads to weaker thermo-optical coupling between fiber modes. Consequently, the transverse mode instability (TMI) threshold power increases linearly with the number of equally excited modes. When the frequency bandwidth of a coherent seed laser is narrower than the spectral correlation width of the multimode fiber, the amplified light maintains high spatial coherence and can be transformed to any target pattern or focused to a diffraction-limited spot by a spatial mask at either the input or output end of the amplifier. Our method simultaneously achieves high average power, narrow spectral width, and good beam quality, which are required for fiber amplifiers in various applications.