bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical behavior of woven natural fiber fabric composites: Effect of weaving architecture, intra-ply hybridization and stacking sequence of fabrics
Authors: Rajesh M , Singh Savendra P , Pitchaimani Jeyaraj
Published: November 2016

A comprehensive analysis carried out on the mechanical and free vibration properties of woven natural fiber polymer composites is presented. Jute fabric with three different weave types (plain, basket and herringbone) and intra-ply woven jute-banana fabrics are considered for investigation of the effect of weave type of a fabric and its stacking sequence on mechanical, dynamic mechanical and free vibration properties. Enhancement of the properties is found with the number of layers of fabric and better properties obtained for four layers. Uniform stress distribution along warp and weft direction of fabric with basket weave type lead to better properties compared to other weave types for four-layered composites. Intra-ply hybridization of jute-banana also enhances the mechanical properties but slightly less than the jute-basket fabric composite. The investigations on effect of layer sequence of fabrics revealed improvement in mechanical properties. Layered composite with relatively strong intra-ply fabric as the facing layer and relatively weak jute plain fabrics as the core layer has higher tensile and flexural properties. Experimental modal analysis carried out on beam-like composite laminates reveal that natural frequencies and associated modal damping factor are significantly influenced by stacking sequence and weave type of a fabric. The density of the composite calculated based on Archimedes principle matches well with the theoretical values.
On the coupler point velocity control of variable input speed servo-controlled four-bar mechanism
Authors: Peón-Escalante Ricardo , Flota-Bañuelos Manuel , Ricalde Luis J , Acosta César , Solís Perales Gualberto
Published: November 2016

In this contribution, a four-bar linkage having a variable input velocity is studied, traditionally it is assumed to be constant. The advantages of a variable input velocity mechanism, in contrast to a mechanism driven by constant velocity, are the flexibility of the output motion (and/or improved kinematic and dynamic characteristics). The velocity of the crank is controlled in order to obtain the desired output motion at the coupler point. The input velocity trajectory and the controller parameters are considered as design variables, such that the kinematic and dynamic requirements are fulfilled. Two numerical examples are provided to corroborate the result.
Multidisciplinary reliability design optimization under time-varying uncertainties
Authors: Xu Huanwei , Li Wei , Wang Xin , Hu Cong , Zhang Suichuan
Published: November 2016

Degradation failure is one of the main reasons for complex mechanical systems losing their functions. Research on multidisciplinary design optimization under uncertainties should shift from static uncertainties to time-varying uncertainties. Aiming at time-varying uncertainties in mechanical systems, we put forward a multidisciplinary reliability design optimization method using stochastic process theory. First, we investigated the characteristics of time-varying uncertainties in complex mechanical systems, and then utilized stochastic process theory to quantify time-varying uncertainties. Second, through combining the multidisciplinary simultaneous analysis and design optimization method, the model of multidisciplinary design optimization under time-varying uncertainties is established. Moreover, a mathematical problem and an engineering example are provided to illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Novel recursive least squares identification for a class of nonlinear multiple-input single-output systems using the filtering technique
Authors: Wang Cheng , Xun Jing
Published: November 2016

In this article, we consider the identification problem of a class of nonlinear multiple-input single-output output-error autoregressive systems. First, a recursive generalized least squares algorithm using the auxiliary model identification idea is developed. Then, using the filtering technique, the identification model is decomposed into a filtered sub-identification model and a noise sub-identification model. For solving the difficulties that the filter is unknown and the information vectors contain the unknown variables, the interactive estimation theory and the the idea of replacing the unknown variables with their corresponding estimates are employed: the recursive least squares method is again used for identifying the system and noise model parameters, and the parameter estimates of the noise model are used to construct the estimated filter. Finally, a nonlinear example is given to verify the effectiveness of the algorithms, and the simulation results show that the recursive least squares algorithm using the filtering technique can produce more accurate parameter estimates under larger noise variances.
Publishing interim results of randomised clinical trials in peer-reviewed journals
Authors: Counsell Nicholas , Biri Despina , Fraczek Joanna , Hackshaw Allan
Published: November 2016

Background:

Interim analyses of randomised controlled trials are sometimes published before the final results are available. In several cases, the treatment effects were noticeably different after patient recruitment and follow-up completed. We therefore conducted a literature review of peer-reviewed journals to compare the reported treatment effects between interim and final publications and to examine the magnitude of the difference.

Methods:

We performed an electronic search of MEDLINE from 1990 to 2014 (keywords: ‘clinical trial’ OR ‘clinical study’ AND ‘random*’ AND ‘interim’ OR ‘preliminary’), and we manually identified the corresponding final publication. Where the electronic search produced a final report in which the abstract cited interim results, we found the interim publication. We also manually searched every randomised controlled trial in eight journals, covering a range of impact factors and general medical and specialist publications (1996–2014). All paired articles were checked to ensure that the same comparison between interventions was available in both.

Results:

In all, 63 studies are included in our review, and the same quantitative comparison was available in 58 of these. The final treatment effects were smaller than the interim ones in 39 (67%) trials and the same size or larger in 19 (33%). There was a marked reduction, defined as a ≥20% decrease in the size of the treatment effect from interim to final analysis, in 11 (19%) trials compared to a marked increase in 3 (5%), p = 0.057. The magnitude of percentage change was larger in trials where commercial support was reported, and increased as the proportion of final events at the interim report decreased in trials where commercial support was reported (interaction p = 0.023). There was no evidence of a difference between trials that stopped recruitment at the interim analysis where this was reported as being pre-specified versus those that were not pre-specified (interaction p = 0.87).

Conclusion:

Published interim trial results were more likely to be associated with larger treatment effects than those based on the final report. Publishing interim results should be discouraged, in order to have reliable estimates of treatment effects for clinical decision-making, regulatory authority reviews and health economic analyses. Our work should be expanded to include conference publications and manual searches of additional journal publications.
Agonistic governance: The antinomies of decision-making in US Navy SEALs
Authors: Fraher Amy , Grint Keith
Published: November 2016

This article expands organization theory about Wicked, Tame and Critical problems and their associated decision-making styles, Leadership, Management and Command, by offering a framework that spans across all three which we call ‘Agonistic Governance’: an approach to decision-making that is premised on the acceptance that complexity generates paradoxes and contradictions and, to be successful, organizational actors must have the agency to positively embrace these, rather than try to eliminate them, recognizing that some failure is the price of overall success. Through an ethnographic study of US Navy SEALs, we suggest that, unlike the cultures of conventional military forces, elite military units can thrive in a leadership environment that is much more subtle, paradoxical and complex, and can be seen as illustrative of Agonistic Governance. Findings reveal that the success of these groups is dependent on the construction of a contradictory decision-making model that recognizes leadership is often as much an art as a science, and an understanding that the willingness to seek out and learn from failure rather than avoid it, is itself part of the solution not the problem. Agonistic Governance offers a way to move from binary thinking rooted in decision-making models that aim to be internally coherent, unilinear and without contradiction, and instead offers a way to accept the irrational and paradoxical prevalent in today’s complex organizational environments. In effect, Wicked Problems can only be addressed by accepting that failure is a prerequisite not a proscription.
Upward ballooning of the third ventricle floor in a patient with slit ventricle syndrome: A unique magnetic resonance imaging finding
Authors: Yamaguchi Junya , Watanabe Tadashi , Nagata Yuichi , Nagatani Tetuya , Seki Yukio
Published: November 2016

Slit ventricle syndrome (SVS) is a well-known chronic complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement. In this report, we describe a unique anatomical change that we observed on the magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain acquired from a patient with SVS. The patient was a 40-year-old woman who had undergone VPS placement at 3 months of age. A computed tomography scan of her brain revealed a slit-like ventricle. In addition, an MR image of her brain revealed upward ballooning of the third ventricle floor, which returned to normal after a lumbar puncture. This anatomical change resulted from the pressure gradient between the intra- and extraventricular spaces. We believe our findings will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of SVS. Moreover, we hope our findings will help clinicians to select endoscopic third ventriculostomy as the primary surgical approach in patients with this particular SVS pathogenesis in order to avoid complications.
Exploratory study on the impact of switching to nilotinib in 18 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase with suboptimal response to imatinib
Authors: Ailawadhi Sikander , Akard Luke P. , Miller Carole B. , Jillella Anand , DeAngelo Daniel J. , Ericson Solveig G. , Lin Felice , Warsi Ghulam , Radich Jerald
Published: November 2016

Background:

The phase II, exploratory, open-label Exploring Nilotinib BCR-ABL Effects (ENABL) study [ ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00644878] assessed the impact of switching to nilotinib therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) who had a suboptimal molecular response with imatinib.

Methods:

Patients with CML-CP who had previously achieved a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), but had a suboptimal molecular response, with frontline imatinib therapy ( N = 18) were assigned to receive nilotinib 300 mg twice daily. The primary endpoint was the change in BCR-ABL1 transcript levels from baseline after 12 months; rates of major molecular response (MMR) and safety were also assessed.

Results:

At 3 months after switching to nilotinib, 10 of 17 (59%) evaluable patients had achieved MMR. At 12 months, 9 of 12 (75%) evaluable patients had achieved MMR, and the median BCR-ABL1 level among all patients remaining in the study was 0.020% on the International Scale (IS), equivalent to a 3.7-log reduction from the standardized IS baseline (primary endpoint). Adverse events (AEs) were typically grade 1/2 and manageable with dose interruptions. A total of three patients experienced serious study drug-related AEs, including pancreatitis, bradycardia, and vertigo. No deaths were reported.

Conclusions:

Overall, results from this exploratory study suggest that switching to nilotinib due to suboptimal molecular response with imatinib can result in improved molecular response for patients with CML-CP.
Assessing physical functioning on pain management programmes: the unique contribution of directly assessed physical performance measures and their relationship to self-reports
Authors: Guildford Beth J , Jacobs Clair M , Daly-Eichenhardt Aisling , Scott Whitney , McCracken Lance M
Published: November 2016

Physical functioning is a recommended outcome domain for pain management programmes. It can be assessed by self-report and by direct assessment of performance. Although physical performance measures may provide unique and useful information about patient functioning over and above self-report measures, it is not entirely clear which of the many possible performances to assess. This study investigated a battery of three directly assessed physical performance measures and their relationship to three currently used self-report measures of general health and functioning. The three performance measures were sensitive to treatment; patients performed significantly better on all three measures following completion of the pain management programme. The three performance measures were shown to represent a single underlying dimension, and there was a significant degree of overlap between them. The performance measures were shown to be relevant in explaining variation in the self-report measures, as well as to offer a clinically relevant different dimension of assessment to self-report. Future research could focus on developing performance-based measures that capture quality of movement and that are sensitive to relevant processes of therapeutic change.
Efficacy of an activity monitor as a biofeedback device in cerebral palsy
Authors: Sharan Deepak , Rajkumar Joshua Samuel , Balakrishnan Rajarajeshwari
Published: November 2016

Background

Assessment of physical outcomes in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) is considered an effective way to monitor their progress, evaluate interventions and guide health care policy. However, no study using an activity monitor (AM) as a biofeedback device in treatment of people with CP has been published. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the AM as a biofeedback device in individuals with CP after a type of single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) called Single-Event Multilevel Lever Arm Restoration and Anti-Spasticity Surgery (SEMLARASS).

Method

A randomized, controlled trial was conducted among 40 individuals with CP in the age group between 10 to 20 years who underwent SEMLARASS. They were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A ( n = 20) and Group B ( n = 20). Both groups received intensive rehabilitation including different types of activity-based training for around three hours per day. Both groups were assessed with standard subjective outcomes (Physician Rating Scale (PRS), Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) and Functional Mobility Scale (FMS)) and objective outcomes with the use of an AM (IntenzLife, Model No. 56084-1) for measuring step count, distance walked and calories used. During the intervention, for Group A, they were also given an AM after presetting individualized stride length and body weight, to monitor their daily activity levels. The AM was worn around the neck of the person throughout the day and provided a daily report of the measurements and acted as a biofeedback device for individuals with CP who were given specific targets to achieve on a weekly basis. Both groups were evaluated before and after eight weeks of intensive rehabilitation.

Results

Group A showed significant differences in the scores of step count ( p < 0.001), distance walked ( p < 0.001), PRS ( p < 0.001), DGI ( p < 0.010) and FMS ( p < 0.001) when compared to Group B after intensive rehabilitation. However, the calories used ( p < 0.086) was not significantly different.

Conclusion

The AM, which is considered to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing the level of physical activity in CP, can also be used as a biofeedback device for improving specific walking parameters in persons with CP post-SEMLARASS.
Book Review: Ndèye Sokhna Guèye (Ed.) (2015), Mouvements sociaux des femmes au Sénégal
Authors: Dieng Rama Salla
Published: November 2016

Ndèye Sokhna Guèye (Ed.) (2015), Mouvements sociaux des femmes au Sénégal [Women’s social movements in Senegal]. Dakar: CODESRIA. ISBN 978-2-86978-634-9, pp. 188.
United We Stand? The Role of Ethnic Heterogeneity in the Immigration and Violent Crime Relationship at the Neighborhood Level
Authors: Gostjev Feodor
Published: November 2016

The current study makes several contributions to the extant literature on the relationship between immigration and neighborhood crime. I review classical and contemporary theories and argue that these theories make contradictory predictions regarding the moderating effects of ethnic heterogeneity on the immigration and crime relationship. Previous immigration and crime studies cannot help adjudicate between these positions because they have only considered diversity as a mediator or a control variable. I use multiple measures of diversity to conduct the first comprehensive study of the moderating effects of ethnic heterogeneity on the immigration and violent crime relationship at the neighborhood level. The results indicate that greater diversity strengthens the protective effect of immigrant residential concentration. These findings contradict the assumptions of classical theories and support the more recent immigration and crime perspectives.
A set of simple cell processes are sufficient to model spiral cleavage
Authors: Brun-Usan Miguel , Marín-Riera Miquel , Grande Cristina , Truchado-Garcia Marta , Salazar-Ciudad Isaac
Published: November 2016

During cleavage the zygote becomes partitioned into a set of cells with a particular spatial arrangement. Spiral cleavage is the most abundant cleavage type at the phylum level. Different cellular processes have been hypothesized to be responsible for the development of the specific spatial arrangement of blastomeres in the spiral blastula. These include the orientation of cell division according to an animal-vegetal gradient, according to cells' main axis (Hertwig's rule), according to the contact areas between cells or orthogonally to previous divisions (Sach's rule). Cell adhesion and cortical rotation have also been proposed to be involved in spiral cleavage.

We use a computational model of cell and tissue bio-mechanics to implement the different existing hypotheses about how the specific spatial arrangement of cells in spiral cleavage arises during development. We found that cell polarization by an animal-vegetal gradient, a bias to perpendicularity between consecutive cell divisions (Sachs' rule), cortical rotation and cell adhesion, when combined, reproduce the spiral cleavage while other combinations of processes can not. Specifically, cortical rotation is necessary in the 8-cell stage to displace all micromeres into the same direction, being this displacement random in direction if only cell adhesion is included. By varying the relative strength of these processes we reproduce the spatial arrangement of cells in the blastulae of seven different species (four snails, two polychaetes and a nemertean).
Differential temporal control of Foxa.a and Zic-r.b specifies brain versus notochord fate in the ascidian embryo
Authors: Ikeda Tatsuro , Satou Yutaka
Published: November 2016

In embryos of an invertebrate chordate, Ciona intestinalis, two transcription factors, Foxa.a and Zic-r.b, are required for specification of the brain and the notochord, which are derived from distinct cell lineages. In the brain lineage, Foxa.a and Zic-r.b are expressed with no temporal overlap. In the notochord lineage, Foxa.a and Zic-r.b are expressed simultaneously. In the present study, we found that the temporally non-overlapping expression of Foxa.a and Zic-r.b in the brain lineage was regulated by three repressors, Prdm1-r.a (formerly called BZ1), Prdm1-r.b (BZ2) and Hes.a. In morphant embryos of these three repressor genes, Foxa.a expression was not terminated at the normal time, in addition to precocious expression of Zic-r.b. Consequently, Foxa.a and Zic-r.b were expressed simultaneously, which led to ectopic activation of Brachyury and its downstream pathways for notochord differentiation. Thus, temporal controls by transcriptional repressors are essential for specifying the two distinct fates of brain and notochord by Foxa.a and Zic-r.b. Such a mechanism might enable the repeated use of a limited repertoire of transcription factors in developmental gene regulatory networks.
Wt1 directs the lineage specification of sertoli and granulosa cells by repressing Sf1 expression
Authors: Chen Min , Zhang Lianjun , Cui Xiuhong , Lin Xiwen , Li Yaqiong , Wang Yaqing , Wang Yanbo , Qin Yan , Chen Dahua , Han Chunsheng , Zhou Bin , Huff Vicki , Gao Fei
Published: November 2016

Supporting cells (Sertoli and granulosa) and steroidogenic cells (Leydig and theca-interstitium) are two major somatic cell types in mammalian gonads. However, the mechanisms that control their differentiation during gonad development remain elusive. In this study, we found deletion of Wt1 in ovary after sex determination caused ectopic development of steroidogenic cells at embryonic stage. Furthermore, the differentiation of both Sertoli and granulosa cells was blocked when Wt1 was deleted before sex determination and most genital ridge somatic cells differentiated into steroidogenic cells in both male and female gonads. Further studies revealed WT1 repressed Sf1 expression by directly binding to the Sf1 promoter region, and the repressive function was completely abolished when WT1 binding sites were mutated. This study demonstrated Wt1 is required for the lineage specification of both Sertoli and granulosa cells by repressing Sf1 expression. Without Wt1, the expression of Sf1 was upregulated and the somatic cells differentiated into steroidogenic cells instead of supporting cells. Our study uncovered a novel mechanism of somatic cell differentiation during gonad development.
Super-resolution microscopy reveals the insulin-resistance-regulated reorganization of GLUT4 on plasma membranes
Authors: Gao Lan , Chen Junling , Gao Jing , Wang Hongda , Xiong Wenyong
Published: November 2016

GLUT4 (also known as SLC2A4) is essential for glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and adipocytes, which play central roles in whole-body glucose metabolism. Here, using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) to investigate the characteristics of plasma-membrane-fused GLUT4 at the single-molecule level, we have demonstrated that insulin and insulin resistance regulate the spatial organization of GLUT4 in adipocytes. Stimulation with insulin shifted the balance of GLUT4 on the plasma membrane toward a more dispersed configuration. In contrast, insulin resistance induced a more clustered distribution of GLUT4 and increased the mean number of molecules per cluster. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that the F5QQI motif and lipid rafts mediate the maintenance of GLUT4 clusters on the plasma membrane. Mutation of F5QQI (F5QQA-GLUT4) induced a more clustered distribution of GLUT4; moreover, destruction of lipid rafts in adipocytes expressing F5QQA-GLUT4 dramatically decreased the percentage of large clusters and the mean number of molecules per cluster. In conclusion, our data clarify the effects of insulin stimulation or insulin resistance on GLUT4 reorganization on the plasma membrane and reveal new pathogenic mechanisms of insulin resistance.
Drosophila Sulf1 is required for the termination of intestinal stem cell division during regeneration
Authors: Takemura Masahiko , Nakato Hiroshi
Published: November 2016

Stem cell division is activated to trigger regeneration in response to tissue damage. The molecular mechanisms by which this stem cell mitotic activity is properly repressed at the end of regeneration are poorly understood. Here, we show that a specific modification of heparan sulfate is crucial for regulating Drosophila intestinal stem cell (ISC) division during normal midgut homeostasis and regeneration. Loss of the extracellular heparan sulfate endosulfatase Sulf1 resulted in increased ISC division during normal homeostasis, which was caused by upregulation of mitogenic signaling including the JAK-STAT, EGFR and Hedgehog pathways. Using a regeneration model, we found that ISCs failed to properly halt division at the termination stage in Sulf1 mutants, showing that Sulf1 is required for terminating ISC division at the end of regeneration. We propose that post-transcriptional regulation of mitogen signaling by heparan sulfate structural modifications provides a new regulatory step for precise temporal control of stem cell activity during regeneration.
The Dry Preservation of Giant Vesicles Using a Group 3 LEA Protein Model Peptide and Its Molecular Mechanism
Authors: Furuki Takao , Watanabe Takahiro , Furuta Tadaomi , Takano Kiyoshi , Shirakashi Ryo , Sakurai Minoru
Published: November 2016

We here focus on whether a model peptide for Group 3 LEA (G3LEA) proteins can be used for the dry preservation of vesicles whose size and phospholipid compositions resemble those of living cells. For this purpose, we prepared a peptide called PvLEA-22, which consists of two tandem repeats of the 11-mer motif characteristic of G3LEA proteins from an African sleeping chironomid, and giant vesicles (diameter 6–9 µm) prepared with egg phosphatidylcholine. We examined the particle size distribution of the vesicles before and after drying and rehydration in the presence of the peptide. The model peptide suppressed desiccation-induced disruption of the giant vesicles in a concentration-dependent manner with an efficiency comparable to that of trehalose, a well-known desiccation protectant. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of the peptide’s protective function, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for model systems composed of the peptide PvLEA-22 and a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayer. The results indicate that Lys residues in PvLEA-22 interact with the bilayer surface, where their positively charged side chains, -(CH2)4NH3+, directly hydrogen bond (H-bond) with nearby phospholipid headgroups. On the basis of these results, we discuss the possible mechanisms for the protective effect of the peptide on dried vesicles.
Unimodal Nematic Liquid Crystalline Random Copolymers Designed for Accepting Chiral Dopants
Authors: Sodemura Takumi , Kubo Shoichi , Higuchi Hiroki , Kikuchi Hirotsugu , Nakagawa Masaru
Published: November 2016

The miscibility of chiral molecules to unimodal side-chain nematic liquid crystalline (LC) polymers was studied to generate chiral nematic phases. Chiral dopants, a phenyl benzoate derivative S-811 and an isosorbide dibenzoate derivative ISO-(6OBA)2 were miscible to the nematic LC polymer PMA(4OPB) tethering phenyl benzoate moieties as side-chain mesogens by preparing mixtures in solutions rather than directly melting the powders together. Nematic LC random copolymers containing non-LC side chains were designed to promote the interaction between mesogens and chiral molecules. The introduction of hexyl chains as side chains randomly into nematic LC polymers improved the miscibility of chiral molecules of an isosorbide dibenzoate derivative with hexyl tails. The hexyl chains of the polymer provided spaces for the chiral molecules and caused alkyl–alkyl interactions. We demonstrated that the randomly introduced hexyl chains promoted the interaction of chiral molecules with LC mesogens to generate chiral nematic phases.
Accuracy and Validity of AREC (Alkoxy Radical Elimination Capacity) Assay in Evaluating the Antioxidant Abilities of Various Biosubstances
Authors: Nakajima Akira , Yamaguchi Tomoko , Hattori Gen , Sakurai Yasuhiro , Kawamura Masaki , Kawai Kiyoshi , Miyake Yusuke , Kanaori Kenji , Tajima Kunihiko
Published: November 2016

The AREC (alkoxy radical elimination capacity) assay was developed to observe the DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) spin adducts of free radicals produced by thermal decomposition of AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2,4-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) using a flow-injection ESR (FI-ESR) system. The γ50 value is defined as [DMPO]0/ID50 = kS/k1, where k1 is the rate constant of spin-trapping of the alkoxy radical by DMPO, kS, that of alkoxy radical-elimination by the substrate, and ID50, 50% inhibition of the alkoxy radical by the substrate, and the AREC value is the ratio of γ50 value of the substrate to that of Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid, TRX). The γ50 and AREC values show fairly wide variations and can be determined for most biosubstances. The highest AREC values were observed for sinapic acid, l-glutathione, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid, followed by TRX, syringic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and homogentisic acid. Little correlation is observed between the AREC values and the hydroxy and superoxide radical-elimination abilities. The AREC values of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCAs) are linearly related to the aryloxy radical-elimination abilities, which indicate that the alkoxy radical-elimination by HCAs is mainly caused by hydrogen-atom transfer. The newly defined AREC value is applicable for various biosubstances, and is far superior and a more reliable indicator than the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) value determined by the ORAC-fluorescein assay. Thus, the AREC value is an excellent indicator to characterize the antioxidant activities of a wide range of biologically important antioxidants present in fruits, vegetables, and beverages.
Toward an Ideal Synthesis of (Bio)molecules through Direct Arene Assembling Reactions
Authors: Yamaguchi Junichiro , Itami Kenichiro
Published: November 2016

C–H (hetero)arylation of aromatic compounds using transition-metal catalysts has garnered much attention from the synthetic chemistry community as a next-generation coupling method for constructing (hetero)biaryl motifs. This account describes our recent achievements in transition-metal-catalyzed aromatic C–H arylation and its applications to the synthesis of bioactive molecules.
Interactivity of Educational Environment As Factor of Students’ Intellectual Activity Development Working with Information Technologies
Authors: Лучанинов  , Luchaninov Dmitriy
Published: November 2016

The article presents recommendations of separate discipline’s

interactivity of information-educational environment improvement.

Levels of students´ intellectual activity development working with information

technologies are listed. Interactive tools of educational

environment used to enhance educational environment’s interactivity

are described. Techniques for organizing the mediated pedagogical

interaction in university’s educational environment for the students’

intellectual activity development working with information technologies

are described. A high level of educational environment interactivity

leads to effective students´ intellectual activity development working

with information technologies. The statement that increase of

educational environment interactivity level for students’ intellectual

activity development working with information technologies doesn’t

require fundamentally new external organizational forms fitting into

the current educational process administrative organization practice

widely modernizes the internal training forms is concluded.
Ethno-Cultural Interaction: Regional Models of Legal Regulation
Authors: Халтурин  , Khalturin A.
Published: November 2016

The article considers the problems of legal regulation of ethno-cultural interaction in the regional dimension. The philosophical basis of the work is the interpretation of the category of ethnic-cultural interaction in the ontological, epistemological and socio-philosophical discourses. The author sees in the ethniccultural interaction the important way of meeting the needs of ethnic entity. In the methodological plan the ethno-cultural interaction is studied in the integration of civilizational and formational approaches. The author considers the structure of a regulatory model on three levels — basic ethnographic, civilizational and formational. The Individuality of the regional models is determined by the uniqueness of the ethnic landscape, by the features of the historical, socio-economic and cultural development of peoples. In the national subjects the rules of state regulation are supplemented by the requirements of customary law recognized by the legal doctrine. The paper presents a brief description of the regional regulatory models on the strength of the fundamental problem of the formation of a civic nation and the implementation details of this task in the regional ethno-cultural and legal space.
Social Solidarity As a Factor of Historical Transformation of the Good and Evil Notions
Authors: Мельников  , Melnikov S. , Филиппова  , Filippova O.
Published: November 2016

The article is devoted to the notions of the Good and Evil

through the lens of social relations, as manifestation of social

solidarity and competition in providing self-actualization and

productivity of personality. It is noted that the highest Good is the

unity of individuals, creation of the universal ethics contributing

to the maximum realization of every person’s capabilities for the

sake of the shared goal – to preserve and fully develop humankind.

As opposed to the Good, the Evil is the manifestation of people’s

selfish interests in the process of unfair, imperfect competition to

achieve social status which provides an individual with material and

moral opportunities for realization of the creative potential, achievement

of productivity.
Through the Eyes of the West and the World
Authors: Борзых  , Borzykh Stanislav
Published: November 2016

This article considers the incident happened with Russian

musician Y. Loza from the point of view of philosophy of culture.

As in the case of orientalism of E. Said the author makes suggestion

about existence of the same view of the West which usually goes

undetected. It’s assumed that Europe created similar concept in

relation to itself as it did it for all parts of the world and now it’s

used by Europe and by the whole world viewing western phenomena

of culture. This position though isn’t objective but evaluating

that took place in how users of Internet estimated sayings of Russian

performer. In reality we have just opinion built on what we learned

in the process of socialization.
Features of Distance Education in Higher Education of Modern Russia
Authors: Положенцева  , Polozhentseva I.
Published: November 2016

The article examines the features of organization of distance education at the higher school of Russia. It is emphasized that high-tech, innovative nature of the development of the education system envisages the expansion of the spectrum of fundamental and applied scientific studies, deepening the integration of science, education and production, the modernization of educational content, educational technologies and educational environment, training and coaching, causes certain changes in the organizational structure of the education system and administration of educational activities, and also requires a targeted, adequate and timely funding. The author points out that from a technological point of view this character cause: informatization of education, the emergence of new ICT-based pedagogical and learning technologies and the latest learning tools, the creation and use of pedagogical systems of modern, computer-oriented learning environment, gradual formation and development of computer-technological platform of information educational space.
Methodological Bases of Teaching-Control Systems Development
Authors: Фролов  , Шабурова  , Shaburova Galina , Курочкин  , Kurochkin Anatoliy , Воронина  , Voronina Polina
Published: November 2016

The purpose of research is studying methodology modernization

of test technologies based on the teaching-control systems.

The research task was to study the structural components and basic

methodological principles for developing teaching-control systems

that contribute to the expansion of their educational functions. The

paper presents reasoned information that in recent decades the test

technology is used not only for monitoring and evaluation of students´

knowledge, but also are used in this learning process, for

example, for a more efficient organization of independent work.

Experience to date in creating e-learning shows that the development

of this process is mainly through the integration of educational

information, teaching innovation and information technologies,

which could result in a qualitatively new learning environment

with their products. As proposed by the authors of scientificmethodological

concept, improvement of test technology provided

by the transfer of some functions of the teacher teaching-controlling

complex is complete software with three structural components

(blocks). The methodological basis of the development of the

complex are the justification of the scope and depth of knowledge

in the discipline of study (first block), transforming them in the

form of test tasks (second unit), as well as complex solutions, providing

consultancy in the field of knowledge (the third block). The

paper presents practical guidelines for the design of each of these

blocks, and an analysis of the most frequent mistakes made by

developers of complexes. The proposed methodology was the basis for the development of teaching-electronic control complexes in

various disciplines taught at the Department "Food production",

Penza State Technological University. Complexes passed wide approbation

and implemented in the educational process more than

thirty universities in Russia.
Can Be Improved Education in Biology and Chemistry in Dagestan?
Authors: Борзова  , Borzova Z. , Абдулаева  , Abdulaeva R.
Published: November 2016

The paper examines the factors affecting the quality of education in the subjects of curriculum in Dagestan. As a result of the Unified State Examination, held among teachers, a low substantive level of training in a number of areas is identified. The data on students’ achievement in biology and chemistry exams in 2015 and the results of the monitoring of the Republican Center of Quality Assessment of education are given. The provision of textbooks and the necessary equipment for laboratory and practical work in biology and chemistry is examined. Recommendations to minimize the problems associated with insufficient teaching of subjects of a natural cycle are given.
Training of Teachers for Rural Schools on the Basis of Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Данюшенков  , Danyushenkov Viktor , Коршунова  , Korshunova Olga
Published: November 2016

The article offers possible ways of training of multipurpose

teachers for the schools in difficult social conditions – rural educational

organizations. A variant of organization of education of

students in the areas of training 44.03.01 and 44.03.05 "Pedagogical

education", bachelor level of profiles of "Natural Science", "Humanitarian

field of knowledge", "Social-economic field of knowledge", "Information

technology", "Integrated field of knowledge of health and safety"

is represented. The methodological basis of such training is disclosed —

the idea of an interdisciplinary approach to the development of

science, transforming in the education field to the idea of interdis -

ciplinary training for professional activity of future teachers of

rural schools. This option of education of future teachers accounts

for a major (prevailing) trend of development of modern scientific

knowledge integration, and the specific living conditions of rural

schools as well. The article presents an efficiency target guidelines

(in the form of making of specific competences of rural schools

teachers), ideas of building content and organization of the learning

process of students as the basic characteristics of the basic

educational program.
School Violence and Organization of Safety of Childhood in the Educational Space
Authors: Абраменкова  , Abramenkova Vera
Published: November 2016

The article is devoted to the problem of school violence and the organization of safety in educational environment. The author provides some form of violence, gives their analysis in our country and abroad in the historical context and modern situation of development. The article defines the concepts of victimization, and bulling, cyberbullying and their correlation with individual characteristics of children, and provides methods of prevention and safe development of children in educational space of school.
Constructive Principles of Pedagogical Support of the Forming Reflexive Position of Students in Early Adolescence
Authors: Костина  , Kostina A.
Published: November 2016

The article based on the analysis of pedagogical and

psychological literature to identify early adolescence as a sensitive

period for the development of basic sociogenic potencies of human.

The results of ascertaining stage of the experiment to determine

the level of reflection of first-year students are given. The author

proves the necessity of pedagogical support of first-year students

based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature

and empirical material. The author offers constructive principles

for effective pedagogical support of the forming reflexive position

of first-year students.
Method of Activating of the Creative Process of Students-Designers Through Compositional Improvisation
Authors: Кардашева  , Kardasheva T. , Кардашев  , Kardashev A.
Published: November 2016

The article considers the issues of student improvisation

in the classroom activities in "Plastic Modeling" course on the

basis of the evolution of ideas about shaping in the historical schools

of design. The article is focused on the analysis of the specific

features of the design engineering, some characteristics of the

method of abstract volumetric-spatial composite modeling — one

of the principles of shape-formation, as well as conditions of stimulating

student motivation for creativity that determines the vital

importance of the problem of future designers training to practice.

From the material presented in the article one can draw a conclusion

about the main professional activity of bachelors — the ability

to learn using the theoretical and empirical knowledge in professional

problem solving, the development of non-standard approach

to problem tasks. The result of applying of this method in the

classroom is shown by the photographs of student compositional

work.
Formation of Personality Development Results in Foreign Language Education: Teachers’ Personality Potential
Authors: Курсаков  , Kursakov A. , Андронова  , Andronova R. , Ромашина  , Romashina Svetlana , Рабаданова  , Rabadanova Raziyat
Published: November 2016

Teachers’ professional competence in formation of personality development results in foreign language education is seen through the prism of teachers’ personality potential. Approaches to development of appropriate diagnostic apparatus are demonstrated.
Development of Communication Skills in a Classroom Setting for Children with Selective Mutism
Authors: Максименко  , Maksimenko Mariya
Published: November 2016

This article examines the challenges of developing communication skills in children with selective mutism. Dr. Annie Simpson’s “brave talking” technique is discussed. This technique has been supplemented by a creative approach using toys and nonverbal active games. These techniques have been tested at Minerva Bilingual School in Gracias, Honduras. The findings are discussed in this article.
Russian View of American Architecture in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries (Part 2)
Authors: Брумфилд  , Brumfield W.C.
Published: November 2016

In the second part of this article continue to be considered

the technology of American urban development at the turn of

19–20 centuries. Urban infrastructure development required a

different approach to city development. All this prompted the

Russian architects to study the information on technical innovations

in Western Europe and the United States. The article deals with

the study of the "American style" in architecture Russian architects

of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Promoting caring in nursing
Authors: Farmer Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

In his editorial Nursing models redundant in practice (Vol 1(5): 219), Francis Biley drew attention to the exploration of the ‘real essence of nursing’. Indicators of this new development are the recognition of nursing narrative as a source of knowledge, new value being attached to feminist perspectives, and the exploration of concepts such as caring.
Care of the paediatric day-surgery patient
Authors: Norris Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

Paediatric day surgery minimizes the length of the hospital stay and therefore is less traumatic for both child and parents. This is only true if the day-surgery process encompasses parental participation in care, good communication and a planned discharge process.
Psychological care of neuro-oncology patients and their families
Authors: Gardner Ros
Published: November 2016

This article examines the psychological needs of neuro-oncology patients and their families and presents two case histories which illustrate the way in which patients and their families can be brought to terms with their situations through skilled nursing intervention.
Hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis
Authors: Boon Elizabeth , Graham Lesley
Published: November 2016

Mary, a 52-year-old woman, was admitted for a right total hip arthroplasty. She had taken early retirement from her job as a bus conductress. She had worked on double-decker buses for the past 15 years and had found it increasingly difficult to manage the stairs. Her condition became severe enough to prohibit her working, as she suffered a great deal of intractable pain both day and night. The pain and unstable nature of her movements necessitated the use of a walking stick for support. She was rather obese, but had managed to lose half a stone before admission.
Theatre nursing: isolated or integrated?
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

The history of theatre nursing is difficult to trace. A review of the literature fails to reveal the exact time when the first nurse specialist appeared in theatre. Before 1900, operations were being performed in any environment on any available table. It was not until the turn of the century that hospitals started to provide the special areas and facilities which preceded the modern theatre suite.
ABC of first aid
Authors: Castledine George , Walton Jane
Published: November 2016

Emergency care is a broad term which usually refers to a wide range of situations, procedures and services administered in a wide variety of emergency situations. This series of articles will examine the nurse's role, both within and outside the hospital. This article will describe what the nurse's first and second responses should be in an emergency.
A human resource management approach to nursing education: 1
Authors: Lung Michael , Braithwaite David , Somerville Fay Chantry
Published: November 2016

Human resource management (HRM) is an entirely new approach to the management of employees. In this the first of two articles, the elements that set it apart from traditional approaches to personnel management will be identified.
Nurses' attitudes to pain control and the use of pain assessment scales
Authors: Scott Irene
Published: November 2016

The key to effective pain control is accurate assessment and, more importantly, the belief that what patients state about their pain is true. This research study investigates nurses' attitudes to pain and its assessment, and reveals why pain control continues to be an inconsistent affair.