bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Therapeutic Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Recombinant Peptide Pieces on Mouse Model of DSS Colitis
Authors: Iwazawa Reiko , Kozakai Sayako , Kitahashi Tsukasa , Nakamura Kentaro , Hata Ken-ichiro
Published: July 2018

Cell therapies using adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in human and dog. We previously reported the CellSaic technique, which uses a recombinant scaffold to enhance the efficacy of cell therapy. To examine whether this technique can be applied to cell therapy for colitis, we evaluated the efficacy of CellSaic in colitis mouse models. Colitis mouse models were developed by administering dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to C57BL/6 mice for 7 days. Then CellSaic comprising human/canine ADSCs (1.2 × 106 cells) or human/canine ADSCs only (1.2 × 106 cells) were administered to the mice. The body weights were measured, and the colon length measurements and histological evaluations were conducted at 7 days after administration. After in vitro culture of human ADSC (hADSC) CellSaic and hADSC spheroids in medium containing TNFα, the levels of the anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6 in each supernatant were measured. Furthermore, we conducted tumorigenicity and general toxicity tests of canine ADSC (cADSC) CellSaic in NOG mice for 8 weeks. In the colitis mouse models, the ADSC CellSaic group presented recovery of body weight and colon length compared with the ADSC-only group. Histological analysis showed that ADSC CellSaic decreased the number of inflammatory cells and repaired ulceration. In vitro, hADSC CellSaic secreted 3.1-fold more TSG-6 than the hADSCs. In addition, tumorigenicity and general toxicity of cADSC CellSaic were not observed. This study suggests that human and canine ADSC CellSaic has a therapeutic effect of colitis in human and dogs.
Rethinking the Turkish-Armenian War in the Caucasus: The Position of Ottoman Armenians
Authors: Şekeryan Ari
Published: July 2018

This article analyses the Turkish–Armenian War in the Caucasus and its implications for the Ottoman Armenian community. After the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottoman Armenians established alliances with their Armenian compatriots in the Caucasus as well as the Greeks. When the Turkish–Armenian War erupted in 1920, the Ottoman Armenian community organized fundraising campaigns for the Armenian state. Benefiting from primary sources, including Armenian and Ottoman-Turkish newspapers of the period, this article focuses on the position of Ottoman Armenians during the Turkish–Armenian War, and in doing so contributes to the historiography on the Turkish–Armenian War.
Involvement of Community Leaders in Addressing Unmet Need for Family Planning in Rural Coastal Odisha
Authors: Mohapatra Manoranjan
Published: July 2018

Addressing unmet need for family planning is one of the major immediate objectives of India’s Population Policy, 2000 (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), National Population Policy, 2000. New Delhi: Department of Family Welfare, Ministry Health and Family Welfare, Government of India). The policy also advocates the involvement of elected leaders of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in addressing unmet need for family planning. Besides, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) also highlights the importance of PRIs and other community leaders in addressing family planning services. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, also guarantees panchayats to take responsibility of health and family welfare. To know the actual involvement of community leaders in addressing unmet need for family planning, the field survey was carried out in the coastal part of Odisha. With the help of mixed methods, the actual participation of community leaders in family planning is found negligible. The field study including surveys and in-depth interviews of health workers and community leaders reveals that lack of financial allocation for family planning activities in Gaon Kalyan Samiti (GKS), lack of funds for the village health plans, lack of inter-departmental coordination, lack of trust and confidence between the workers and leaders, lack of initiative by the workers to involve leaders and lack of incentives for community leaders are the major reasons for non-participation of community leaders in family planning activities.
Children and E-Cigarettes: A New Threat to Health
Authors: Binns Colin , Lee Mi Kyung , Low Wah Yun
Published: July 2018

The widespread availability and use of E-Cigarettes in many countries has established the need for an assessment of their effect on children. By the end of 2017 the number published annually on E-Cigarettes had increased to 2976 and included 171 papers on E-Cigarettes and children. The objective of this commentary is to provide a review and public health perspective on the effects of E-cigarettes on children. There are four public health questions to be answered:

1. Are E-Cigarettes and replenishing fluids toxic on accidental ingestion?

2. If children smoke E-Cigarettes is this harmful?

3. Does exposure to second hand vapour from E-Cigarettes cause harm to children?

4. Are children (adolescents) who use E Cigarettes more likely to begin smoking conventional cigarettes?

There were 2229 reported exposures to e-cigarette fluids and liquid nicotine in the USA in 2017 causing cardiovascular symptoms of varying severity. No deaths were reported although the potential is always there. Exposure to E-Cigarette vapor is less dangerous than cigarette smoke. However it does damage pulmonary endothelium in experimental models. No long term studies are yet available on chronic diseases although vapor does contain carcinogens. Adolescents who use E-Cigarettes are more likely to become tobacco smokers. Because of the accumulating evidence of harm to children great caution should be exercised in widening the public promotion and usage of E-Cigarettes. Children should avoid any contact with E-cigarettes or their vapour.
A physics-based micromechanical model for electroactive viscoelastic polymers
Authors: Brighenti Roberto , Menzel Andreas , Vernerey Franck J
Published: July 2018

Electroactive polymers with time-dependent behavior are considered in the present paper by way of a new physics-based micromechanical model; such viscoelastic response is described by the internal evolution of the polymer network, providing a new viewpoint on the stress relaxation occurring in elastomers. The main peculiarity of such internally rearranging materials is their capacity to locally reset their reference stress-free state, leading to a mechanical behavior that relaxes out (eases off) an induced stress state and that can thus be assimilated to a sort of internal self-healing process. Such high deformability and recoverability displayed by dynamically cross-linked polymers can be conveniently exploited when they are coupled in electromechanical problems; the deformation induced by an electric field can be easily tuned by the intensity of the electric field itself and the obtained shape can be maintained without any electric influence once the material microstructure has rearranged after a sufficient curing time. In the present paper, both features of the polymeric material, that is, internal remodeling and electromechanical coupled response, are considered and a theoretical framework is established to simulate representative boundary value problems.
Analysis of long wind turbine blades with shape memory alloy wires in super-elastic phase
Authors: Nicoletti Rodrigo , Liebich Robert
Published: July 2018

In this work, shape memory alloy wires are modeled and included in the model of a wind turbine blade, in order to numerically study their effect on blade vibrations under operating conditions. The blade is modeled using finite elements considering flapwise, edgewise, and torsional motion subjected to the effects of rotation and to a normal wind profile. The shape memory alloy wires are modeled in the super-elastic phase, thus presenting a hysteresis loop as a function of strain and ambient temperature. Such a hysteretic behavior of the shape memory alloy material adds damping to the structure that it is attached to. The numerical results show that inserting shape memory alloy wires in the wind turbine blade presents drawbacks, because the excitation level of the normal wind profile is not big enough for the blade to present significant strain. Hence, the hysteresis loops in the shape memory alloy material mounted on the blade have small areas which, consequently, reduce the amount of damping added to the blade. Besides, the added damping is restricted to the upper 30% of the blade (area of higher strain in the blade).
Ultrasonographic findings in cats with acute kidney injury: a retrospective study
Authors: Cole Laura P , Mantis Panagiotis , Humm Karen
Published: July 2018

Objectives

The aims of the study were to identify the ultrasonographic findings in cats with acute kidney injury (AKI) and to assess whether they had prognostic value.

Methods

This was a descriptive case series. A search of the computerised records of the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (Hatfield, UK) was performed for cats presenting with AKI between 2007 and 2016. Patients were excluded if they had historical data consistent with chronic kidney disease. Ultrasound images were reviewed for the presence of six renal ultrasonographic abnormalities: nephromegaly, cortical and medullary echogenicity, pyelectasia, and retroperitoneal and peritoneal fluid. Ultrasonographic findings were assessed individually and cumulatively to give an ultrasound score out of 6. Ultrasonographic findings were assessed for association with oligouria/anuria and survival.

Results

Forty-five cats with AKI fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In total, 6.7% (3/45) of cats had normal renal size and architecture. The most common renal ultrasonographic findings were nephromegaly, pyelectasia and increased renal echogenicity. The presence of retroperitoneal fluid was associated with oligouria/anuria. Total ultrasound score (out of 6) was significantly associated with oligouria/anuria and 6 month survival.

Conclusions and relevance

Ultrasonographic findings are common in cats presenting with AKI. The increasing number of renal ultrasonographic abnormalities and the presence of retroperitoneal fluid alone are associated with oligouria/anuria and a higher ultrasound score may suggest a poorer long-term prognosis.
Conducting dyadic, relational research about endometriosis: A reflexive account of methods, ethics and data analysis
Authors: Hudson Nicky , Law Caroline , Culley Lorraine , Mitchell Helene , Denny Elaine , Raine-Fenning Nick
Published: July 2018

Despite a growing literature on the value of relational data in studies of social phenomena, individuals still commonly constitute the basic unit of analysis in qualitative research. Methodological aspects of interviewing couples, particularly interviewing partners separately, and of conducting dyadic analysis have received scant attention. This article describes the experience of conducting separate interviews with both partners in 22 heterosexual couples (n = 44) in a study of the impact of the gynaecological condition endometriosis. In order to advance current methodological thinking regarding interviewing couples, we describe the dyadic, relational approach employed in designing the study and our specific method of dyadic analysis. We argue that utilising separate interviews with dyadic analysis rather than conducting joint interviews, while not without its ethical, practical and analytical challenges, offers considerable methodological benefits. Such an approach allows a unique relational insight into the impact of chronic illness on couples and how they navigate chronic illness by illuminating both shared and individual interpretations, experiences, understandings and meanings.
In the name of the nation: Media classification, globalisation, and exceptionalism
Authors: Driscoll Catherine , Grealy Liam
Published: July 2018

This article examines the relationship between exceptionalism and nationhood in media classification. The history of age-ratings is an international one, and the present challenges associated with digital media circulation are similarly international. We argue that the nation nevertheless provides an appropriate frame for understanding age-rating by attending to the ways national agencies have struggled to articulate the specificity of their work based on the specificity of domestic constituencies. Drawing on archival and ethnographic research, our central examples include the resistance of the Motion Picture Association of America to age-based film classification, the British Board of Film Classification’s examination of American films in the 1980s, contemporary Japanese videogame regulation, and the emergence of the International Age Rating Coalition. We argue that national exceptionalism is itself generalised and that media content regulation is less about producing national culture than about laying claim to a nation by differentiation.
Hysteresis characteristics influence on the super-harmonic vibration of a bi-stable piezoelectric energy harvester
Authors: Zhang Ting , Li Hong Guang , Bi Yan
Published: July 2018

The smart structures with the harmonic nonlinear vibration are used widely to broaden the frequency range of vibrations energy harvesting. However, it is presently considered that the smart materials have some hysteresis properties. These hysteresis properties have much negative influence on the harvested energy not to be supplied more quickly and more accurately to the micro-systems applications. In the paper, the super-harmonic vibration of a piezoelectric energy harvester is discussed with considering the hysteresis phenomenon, and the piezoelectric energy harvester is described by the Bouc–Wen equation. Moreover, it is observed that there is a stronger hysteresis property when the piezoelectric energy harvester is applied with an external excitation at the harmonic frequency. It is analyzed that the hysteresis will bring about a delay of the harmonic vibration frequency of the energy harvester compared with that without considering hysteresis. Furthermore, it is concluded that the hysteresis decreasingly impacts the super-harmonic vibration of the bi-stable piezoelectric energy harvester when the external excitation is gradually increasing.
Knowledge-Based Engineering–based method for containership lashing bridge optimization design and structural improvement with functionally graded thickness plates
Authors: Li Chuntong , Wang Deyu
Published: July 2018

This article presents a Knowledge-Based Engineering application method for the optimization design of containership lashing bridge. To reduce the structural vibration response of lashing bridges, a structural improvement method was proposed based on the results of optimization. The adoption of design specifications, expertise and other knowledge accumulated in design have been ignored in the development of structure design and optimization. To face the increasingly fierce competition in the marine market, the optimal solution is establishing a knowledge base containing expertise, design specification and successful design cases. In addition, the advanced techniques for design and optimization shall be incorporated with Knowledge-Based Engineering to automate new designs and optimizations. Furthermore, finite element method is employed to carry out the strength analysis. Lightweight design and vibration damping design of the lashing bridge are deemed as two critical issues having nagged designers. The Knowledge-Based Engineering–based design and optimization approach not only ensure the performance of the lashing bridge structure to be reasonable but also minimize the weight target and evidently improves the design quality and efficiency. The functionally graded thickness structure is applied to the improved scheme, which not only makes the design of the lashing bridge structure more reasonable but also reduces the vibration response of the structure.
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound: Visualization of Far Field and Classification of Plaque in the Extracranial Carotid Arteries
Authors: Rowland Paige L. , Colpitts Michelle , Malone Angela , Raza Munis , Eberhart Lenora L. , Langholz David E.
Published: July 2018

Ultrasound stratification for the degree of carotid artery disease based solely on lumen reduction has poorly predicted patient outcomes. This pilot study focused on patients with moderate carotid artery stenosis. Our purpose was to use contrast imaging with ultrasound to improve carotid field. A total of 10 patients diagnosed with moderate carotid artery stenosis were rescanned with an administration of a contrast imaging agent. Two-dimensional (2D) imaging, color, and Doppler were utilized to scan the patients. The 20 carotid arteries were blindly read by 2 experienced physicians. Visualization of far field, quality of Doppler envelope, plaque morphology, and overall image quality were semi-quantifiably assessed. With the use of a contrast imaging agent, there was a reduction in interphysician interpretation variability. The Kappa coefficient yielded an increase in agreement for postcontrast imaging in the majority of variables. The Doppler envelope showed improvement from precontrast (0.06) to postcontrast (0.63). The visualization of the far fields demonstrated a significant increase in agreement (0.77, 0.71, and 0.67) postcontrast. Plaque morphology demonstrated enhancement in characterization with contrast (–0.09 to 0.66). In this study, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was found to increase overall image quality. Improved interpretation can enhance risk stratification and with further exploration could be used to guide treatment plans for patients with asymptomatic moderate carotid artery disease.
Coaching efficacy, moral disengagement, and responses to hostile aggression among high school coaches
Authors: Johnson Carra G , Vargas Tiffanye M , Watson Jack C , Pedersen William C
Published: July 2018

This mixed-methods study examined the association between high school sport coaches’ moral disengagement and their perceived coaching efficacy, and began to explore coaches’ justifications of and consequences for the hostile aggression exhibited by their athletes. High school coaches in the United States ( N = 449) completed online surveys that included the Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale, Coaching Efficacy Scale II-High School Teams, and questions regarding their beliefs about and responses to athlete’s hostile aggressive behaviors. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between coaches’ moral disengagement and their perceived coaching efficacy, and multiple analysis of variance explored differences in moral disengagement and coaching efficacy based on coaches’ justifications for athletes’ hostile aggression. Qualitative analyses involved coding coaches’ responses to questions of when they believed hostile aggression displayed by athletes was justified, and their typical responses to athletes’ hostile aggression. Results suggested that coaches’ moral disengagement was a negative predictor of their total perceived coaching efficacy, as well as specific aspects of their perceived coaching efficacy. Further, a majority of coaches indicated that hostile aggression was never acceptable or justified. Based on these results, differences in moral disengagement were found between coaches who did and did not justify athlete hostile aggression. The most common consequences for hostile aggression involved reduced playing time and additional physical conditioning. The current findings highlight the significance of coaches’ moral disengagement as it relates to their coaching, supporting a need for greater coaching education around coaching philosophies and approaches to disciplining athletes.
The Social Determinants of Health in a Community Context: Lessons for Sociological Practice
Authors: Knapp Tim , Hall Lisa
Published: July 2018

Much of the research on the social determinants of health has been done at national or international comparative levels. Findings from these studies highlight the importance of macro social factors that affect health outcomes, such as limited and unequal access to health care and the effects of racial discrimination, economic inequality, and patriarchy. However, such macro-level research provides limited information about how applied and clinical sociologists can address local social determinants of health and improve the well-being of individuals and community residents. Results from a county-level public health survey shed more specific light on how interpersonal networks, social activities, and neighborhood characteristics affect people’s physical and mental health. The results can be utilized by clinical and applied sociologists who counsel individuals and work to invigorate neighborhoods, and by public health officials who develop and reform community-level health policies and programs.
Restoration Provides Hope for Faunal Recovery: Changes in Primate Abundance Over 45 Years in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Omeja Patrick A. , Kalbitzer Urs , Fan Penglai , Lawes Michael J.
Published: July 2018

In much of the tropics, the proportion of the land covered by regenerating forest surpasses than in primary forest, thus protecting regenerating forest could offer a valuable conservation opportunity, but only if those lands promote faunal recovery. Chapman et al. documented the recovery of populations of six primate species over up to 45 years in Kibale National Park, Uganda and discovered that in preexisting forest, populations of all species grew, except blue monkeys. Populations (except blue monkeys) also increased by colonizing regenerating forests at previously cleared sites. In many cases, populations in these regenerating areas were of comparable size to those in old-growth forest, and there was little evidence that this population increase corresponded with a decline in neighboring old-growth forests. This research demonstrates the potential for management of regenerating forest to be an effective conservation tool and illustrates the importance of conducting and funding long-term monitoring.
Use of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia to facilitate the diagnostic and prognostic distinction between type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury
Authors: Sandoval Yader , Smith Stephen W , Sexter Anne , Schulz Karen , Apple Fred S
Published: July 2018

Aims:

First, describe how acute myocardial infarction criteria are used to diagnose type 1 (T1MI) and 2 (T2MI) myocardial infarction. Second, determine whether subjective or objective criteria are used for T2MI. Third, examine outcomes for T2MI based on the presence or absence of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia compared with myocardial injury.

Methods and results:

Post-hoc analysis of UTROPIA (NCT02060760), a prospective, observational, cohort study involving 1640 consecutive emergency department patients with serial high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I among whom 74 (4.5%) had T1MI, 103 (6.3%) T2MI, and 245 (15%) myocardial injury. Compared with T1MI, patients with T2MI were less likely to have ischemic symptoms (97% vs. 83%), Q waves (24% vs. 1%), new ST-T wave changes (74% vs. 51%), new regional wall motion abnormality (64% vs. 11%), and a culprit lesion on coronary angiography (59% vs. 0%) (all p <0.05). T2MIs were more likely to be diagnosed using subjective criteria (symptoms alone) than T1MI (42% vs. 12%, p <0.0001). Patients with objective T2MI, but not subjective T2MI, had a two-fold increase in early mortality compared with myocardial injury, with 30- and 60-day hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of 2.3 (0.9, 6.2) and 2.0 (0.9, 4.7) respectively.

Conclusions:

Among patients with T2MI, many cases are diagnosed using subjective criteria. The presence of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia may identify a higher-risk group of T2MI patients in whom early outcomes are worse than myocardial injury. Emphasis on using objective evidence of myocardial ischemia to diagnose T2MI may result in a more precise and specific disease definition.
Nurses’ understanding of a developing nurse practitioner role in the Norwegian emergency care context: A qualitative study
Authors: Boman Erika , Ösp Egilsdottir H. , Levy-Malmberg Rika , Fagerström Lisbeth
Published: July 2018

In Norway the nurse practitioner (NP) role is still in its infancy. To succeed with implementation of this new role stakeholder involvement is important, and there should be an explicit need for change. The aim of this study was to explore registered nurses’ understanding of how the NP role could contribute to meeting patients’ needs for care in the emergency care context, and nurses’ perceptions about the implementation process. The study is a qualitative interview study. The interviews were analysed by means of qualitative content analysis. Two themes presented themselves: the NP role being an autonomous role suitable for non-urgent patients, and the NP role being diffuse as well as a threat to colleagues and organizational structures. The results indicate that the NP role can make a valuable contribution to meet current challenges in the emergency care context. However, for successful implementation, the management team plays an important role in leading change and engaging co-workers to be part of the process. In further research, it is recommended to evaluate the forthcoming implementation process and, later on, to evaluate the outcomes of NP practice in the emergency care context in Norway.
What is Asset-Based Community Development and How Might It Improve the Health of People With Long-Term Conditions? A Realist Synthesis
Authors: Blickem Christian , Dawson Shoba , Kirk Susan , Vassilev Ivaylo , Mathieson Amy , Harrison Rebecca , Bower Peter , Lamb Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) appears to be a promising way to supporting people with long-term health problems but there is currently a lack of evidence to support this approach. Taking a realist approach, a review and concept-mapping exercise of ABCD approaches to improve health were conducted with a view to providing a better understanding about these approaches, how they work, and who they work for. Totally, 29 papers were deemed relevant and included in the review. The realist synthesis and concept mapping helped to identify concepts most commonly associated with ABCD but found no papers focused on long-term conditions (LTCs) and thus no evidence that this approach improves health outcomes for people with LTCs. While there is a lack of clarity about how to implement ABCD or how to evaluate it, this article offers a clearer theoretical framework about the essential ingredients needed to activate ABCD.
Intramuscular Epinephrine-Induced Transient ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Shrestha Binav , Kafle Paritosh , Thapa Shivani , Dahal Suyash , Gayam Vijay , Dufresne Alix
Published: July 2018

Introduction. Myocardial infarction in the setting of anaphylaxis may result from the anaphylaxis itself or from the epinephrine used to treat the anaphylaxis. While cases of myocardial infarction due to large doses of intravenous epinephrine have previously been reported, myocardial infarction after therapeutic doses of intramuscular epinephrine is rarely reported. Case Report. A 23-year-old male presented with sudden onset of difficulty in swallowing and speech after eating takeout food. He was treated with intramuscular epinephrine for presumed angioedema following which he immediately developed chest tightness associated with ST elevation on electrocardiogram and elevated serum troponin. His symptoms and electrocardiogram findings were transient and resolved within the next 10 minutes. Conclusion. Epinephrine is lifesaving during anaphylaxis and should be promptly used. Health care providers, however, need to be aware and vigilant of this rare complication of epinephrine.
Welcoming Feedback: Using Family Experience to Design a Pediatric Weight Management Program
Authors: Green Jennifer , Wills Alexandra , Mansfield Elizabeth , Sur Deepy , Zenlea Ian S
Published: July 2018

Objective:

To describe an approach using principles of experience-based codesign (EBCD) and quality improvement (QI) to integrate family experience into the development of a pediatric weight management program.

Methods:

Clinic development occurred in 3 plan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycles that were driven by family experience data. During these cycles, families were engaged in feedback sessions that informed program development. Staff reflected on feedback and designed and tested changes that would improve service delivery.

Results:

The first PDSA cycle resulted in the fundamental program parameters and a formalized patient engagement strategy. The second cycle focused on pilot programming, and feedback was used to develop the structured group program. During the third cycle, feedback sessions were embedded into the structured group programs. Program changes included focusing on health rather than weight-based outcomes, adjusting the timing of program offerings, increasing experiential learning opportunities, and providing more opportunities for peer support.

Conclusions:

Both EBCD and QI methodologies informed the process of family engagement and program development. This pragmatic approach might be useful for the development of other family-centered pediatric programs.
Meaningful Learning of Literary Elements by Incorporating Critical Literacies
Authors: Yoon Bogum , Uliassi Christine
Published: July 2018

Grounded in the theoretical constructs of envisionment building and critical literacies, this article discusses a case study on how the teacher invites the students to make their learning of literary elements (e.g., point of view) more meaningful by incorporating components of critical literacies. The teacher’s critical practice and the students’ written responses to adolescent literature including novels are discussed as the supporting examples from the study. The findings challenge the misconception that there is little space to implement critical literacies under the prescriptive curriculum during the present standardized testing era.
Spatial dynamics of cultural diversity in the Netherlands
Authors: Arribas-Bel Daniel , Bakens Jessie
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we analyse the spatial dimension of changing ethnic diversity at the neighbourhood level. Drawing from recent work on income convergence, we characterise the evolution of population diversity in the Netherlands over space. Our analysis is structured over three dimensions, which allow us to find clear spatial patterns in how cultural diversity changes at the neighbourhood level. Globally, we use directional statistics to visualise techniques of exploratory data analysis, finding a clear trend towards ‘spatially integrated change’: a situation where the trajectory of ethnic change in a neighbourhood is closely related to that in adjacent neighbourhoods. When we zoom into the local level, a visualisation of recent measures of local concordance allows us to document a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in how the overall change is distributed over space. Finally, to further explore the nature and characteristics of neighbourhoods that experience the largest amount of change, we develop a spatial, multilevel model. Our results show that the largest cities, as well as those at the boundaries with Belgium and Germany, with the most diverse neighbourhoods, have large clusters of stable neighbourhood diversity over time, while concentrations of high dynamic areas are nearby these largest cities. The analysis shows that neighbourhood diversity spatially ‘spills over’, gradually expanding outside traditionally diverse areas.
Cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with implanted ports: a prospective multicenter French cohort study (ONCOCIP)
Authors: Decousus Hervé , Bourmaud Aurélie , Fournel Pierre , Bertoletti Laurent , Labruyère Carine , Presles Emilie , Merah Adel , Laporte Silvy , Stefani Laetitia , Piano Francesco Del , Jacquin Jean-Philippe , Meyer Guy , Chauvin Franck
Published: July 2018

Key Points

The incidence of venous thromboembolism is high in patients with a solid tumor and implanted port in the real-life practice setting. The risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis differ from those for venous thromboembolism unrelated to the catheter.
The metabolic axis of macrophage and immune cell polarization
Authors: Hobson-Gutierrez Spencer A. , Carmona-Fontaine Carlos
Published: July 2018

The extracellular space of solid tumors ranges from being well-nurtured to being completely ischemic and can serve as a source of intratumoral heterogeneity, determining the behavior and molecular profiles of malignant and stromal cells. Here, we discuss how the metabolic tumor microenvironment modulates the phenotypes of the immune cells that infiltrate tumors, with an emphasis on tumor-associated macrophages. These cells constitute a diverse population that has pro-tumoral and anti-inflammatory properties, and are likened to anti-inflammatory ‘M2’ macrophages. Recent findings show how different metabolic microenvironments specify an array of phenotypic changes in macrophages. In tumors, extracellular metabolite levels vary predictably according to proximity to the vasculature, and phenotypic changes in tumor-associated macrophages and in other immune cells are also predictable. We speculate that this ‘metabolic axis’ of macrophage polarization modulates – and is modulated by – the response to inflammatory cues, creating a wide variety of possible phenotypic states. Understanding how extracellular metabolites influence cell phenotypes allows us to predict how tumor-associated macrophages and other tumor cells might change, with the aim of harnessing this predictability for therapy. Overall, we describe an emerging picture in which chemokines, growth factors and the metabolic tumor microenvironment act together to determine the phenotypes of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
Regulation of PI4P levels by PI4KIIIα during G-protein-coupled PLC signaling in Drosophila photoreceptors
Authors: Balakrishnan Sruthi S. , Basu Urbashi , Shinde Dhananjay , Thakur Rajan , Jaiswal Manish , Raghu Padinjat
Published: July 2018

The activation of phospholipase C (PLC) is a conserved mechanism of receptor-activated cell signaling at the plasma membrane. PLC hydrolyzes the minor membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and continued signaling requires the resynthesis and availability of PI(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane. PI(4,5)P2 is synthesized by the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P). Thus, a continuous supply of PI4P is essential to support ongoing PLC signaling. While the enzyme PI4KA has been identified as performing this function in cultured mammalian cells, its function in the context of an in vivo physiological model has not been established. In this study, we show that, in Drosophila photoreceptors, PI4KIIIα activity is required to support signaling during G-protein-coupled PLC activation. Depletion of PI4KIIIα results in impaired electrical responses to light, and reduced plasma membrane levels of PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. Depletion of the conserved proteins Efr3 and TTC7 [also known as StmA and L(2)k14710, respectively, in flies], which assemble PI4KIIIα at the plasma membrane, also results in an impaired light response and reduced plasma membrane PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 levels. Thus, PI4KIIIα activity at the plasma membrane generates PI4P and supports PI(4,5)P2 levels during receptor activated PLC signaling.
Il Diritto, La Scienza e La Tecnologia
Authors: Magnolo Stefano , Taurino Alessandro
Published: July 2018

Le nuove tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione giocano un ruolo rilevante per i sistemi sociali coinvolti. Per questo la descrizione teorica della società non può trascurare la dipendenza sempre maggiore della società moderna dalla tecnologia. Il nostro articolo si prefigge l’obiettivo di esaminare il progresso tecnologico dal punto di vista della evoluzione degli strumenti giuridici regolativi delle nuove tecnologie. Si tratta di un punto di vista sociologico-giuridico dove è in gioco la dinamica dell’evoluzione del diritto rispetto alla evoluzione della società. Diversamente da altri settori del diritto, esempio classico il diritto di famiglia, qui non c’è una tradizione consolidata alla quale riferirsi o da rigettare. Ciò significa che le soluzioni devono essere “inventate” alla luce di paradigmi nuovi che, pur facendo appello a figure giuridiche fondamentali, abbiano una capacità visionaria, siano cioè, come dice Luhmann, “gravidi di futuro”. Il nostro discorso partirà dunque da un inquadramento teorico generale delle dinamiche diritto-tecnologia-società per concludere avendo come riferimento il caso specifico della intelligenza artificiale.
Policy Switch e o Efeito dos Desvios de Mandato para a Representação Democrática
Authors: Andrade Mariana Dionísio de
Published: July 2018

O objetivo do presente ensaio consiste em apresentar o conceito de representação política no contexto da representação por mandato, das dinâmicas de policy switch e da responsividade ínsita ao cargo político, além de responder à seguinte pergunta: qual o efeito dos desvios de mandato para a participação de eleitores no processo de escolha política? Para responder ao problema de pesquisa, é necessário avaliar o nível de equilíbrio entre responsividade das instituições e solidez democrática, o que será realizado a partir de revisão bibliográfica com base na leitura de conceitos expostos por Susan Stokes, Adam Przeworski, Daniel Treisman, Bingham Powell, Bernard Manin, Ana De La O e Oskar Kurer. Para o ensaio, foi realizada abordagem qualitativa, com suporte em dados obtidos pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) e Transparência Internacional para análise de possível coincidência entre a percepção da corrupção e a presença de dinâmicas de policy switch no cenário da competição eleitoral em nível presidencial brasileiro no período pós-redemocratização. É possível concluir que os desvios de mandato, incluindo-se a corrupção e as trocas conscientes de plataforma eleitoral pelos atores políticos, afetam em menor medida a participação política quando há uma accountability eleitoral eficiente.
Ο Νίκος Χατζηκυριάκος-Γκίκας και η Γενιά του Μεσοπολέμου
Authors: Δεληβορρίας Άγγελος
Published: July 2018

Δε διατίθεται περίληψη στα ελληνικά.
ΣΥΧΝOΤΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΕΣ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΣΤΟΛΙΚΟΥ ΚΥΨΕΛΙΔΩΔΟΥΣ ΨΙΘΥΡΙΣΜΑΤΟΣ ΕΙΣ ΤΑ ΙΠΠΟΕΙΔΗ
Authors: ΜΑΤΘΑΙΑΚΗΣ ΕΜΜΑΝΟΥΗΛ
Published: July 2018

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Thread-like tentacles in the Mediterranean corals Paramuricea clavata and Corallium rubrum
Authors: LOPEZ-GONZALEZ PABLO J , BRAMANTI LORENZO , ESCRIBANO-ÁLVAREZ PABLO , BENEDETTI MARIA-CARLA , MARTÍNEZ-BARALDÉS IRENE , MEGINA CÉSAR
Published: July 2018

The occurrence of modified tentacles (i.e. thread-like tentacles) in the Mediterranean octocorals Paramuricea clavata and Corallium rubrum is reported. Colonies of four species of Mediterranean gorgonians were maintained in aquarium conditions for more than 5 months. The development of thread-like tentacles has been observed only in two of the four species. The presence of modified tentacles in other cnidarians has been usually associated with defensive/aggressive behavior. Our observations showed that thread-like tentacles in P. clavata and C. rubrum can also be used for feeding.
Temperature regulates the switch between light-synchronized and unsynchronized activity patterns in the subtidal bivalve Pinna nobilis
Authors: HERNANDIS CABALLERO SEBASTIAN , MARCH JOSE RAFAEL GARCIA , SANCHIS MIGUEL ÁNGEL , MONLEÓN SERGIO , VICENTE NARDO , TENA JOSE
Published: July 2018

The present study reports new knowledge into the biological rhythms of subtidal bivalves using the fan mussel Pinna nobilis as model. The objective was determining which factor(s) provoke the change between two different patterns observed in the annual cycle of this species: P1, characterized by the individuals opening and closing their valves following the presence and absence of ambient light and P2, characterised by a behaviour independent of the presence of light. Magnetoresistive sensors were installed on 8 fan mussels to record gaping activity in laboratory conditions. Different temperature and light treatments were applied. Results showed temperature as the factor modulating the change between behavioural patterns. The individuals switched to P1 when temperature reached 24.5º C. In this pattern, individuals are entrained by light showing a circadian rhythm linked to the daily light treatments. During P2, the circadian rhythm was missing or very weak, contrary to in situ observations. The results of the present study contribute to understand the biology of the species in order to plan new conservation strategies. Furthermore, the observed relationship between temperature and P1 is of interest to develop captive breeding of fan mussels. Altogether, this information is especially relevant in view of the recent mass mortality of P. nobilis occurred in the western Mediterranean.
Assessing the regional conservation status of sponges (Porifera): the case of the Aegean ecoregion
Authors: GEROVASILEIOU VASILIS , DAILIANIS THANOS , SINI MARIA , OTERO MARIA Del MAR , NUMA CATHERINE , KATSANEVAKIS STELIOS , VOULTSIADOU ELENI
Published: July 2018

Sponges are among the less-studied benthic invertebrates as regards their extinction risk and conservation status. Herein, we evaluate the regional conservation status of sponges in the Aegean ecoregion (Eastern Mediterranean Sea), using the IUCN Red List criteria. We examined 20 sponge taxa falling into three categories: i) threatened species listed in Annex II of the Barcelona Convention, ii) bath sponge species (Annex III of the Barcelona Convention), and iii) Aegean endemics. The regional geographic range of the examined taxa was depicted on detailed distribution maps, based mostly on recent observations by the authors and literature data. When possible, population trends were estimated based on historical data, and threats were identified. The suggested regional conservation status of the examined sponge species is as follows: i) nine species were characterised as ‘Data Deficient (DD)’ due to limited available information; ii) seven species were assigned to the ‘Least Concern (LC)’ category; iii) the four harvested bath sponge species were assigned to the Endangered (EN) category, based on their population decline in the Aegean region during the past decades. The present evaluation, besides providing scientific data for the regional protection and management of sponge populations, can form a basis for wider assessment and consequent conservation of Porifera.
Bacteria from the “Saline di Tarquinia” marine salterns reveal very atypical growth profiles with regards to salinity and temperature
Authors: BARGHINI PAOLO , PASQUALETTI MARCELLA , GORRASI SUSANNA , FENICE MASSIMILIANO
Published: July 2018

Several thousand bacterial colonies were isolated from “Saline di Tarquinia” (Italy) marine salterns; after dereplication, thirty-one strains were obtained, confirming the low culturable bacterial diversity attributed to similar hypersaline environments. Strains were identified by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis; most strains belonged to the class Gammaproteobacteria, with minorities from Actinobacteria, Bacilli and Alphaproteobacteria. Halomonas and Salinivibrio were predominant genera. To profile growth preferences, strains were cultivated at different salinities and temperatures. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis on growth data at different salinities identified four groups that were significantly correlated with the ecological categories conventionally used to describe halophiles. The majority were moderate halophiles with optimal growth at 40-80‰ salinity. Some were markedly euryhaline and grew from 40-80‰ to 240-280‰.Very uncommon behaviour was observed for some strains, with a clear optimum growth in the slight to moderate halophilic range, but also the ability to grow without salt. These bacteria could barely be included in the mentioned traditional definitions and we suggest to consider them as “norm-tolerant halophilic”, being somehow in-between the slight halophiles and the halotolerants. As for temperature, nMDS groups were less defined and uncorrelated to ecological categories. Most strains were mesophilic-psychrotolerant or mesophilic, and some psychrotolerants were also recorded. Generally, diffused eurythermism was observed and various strains displayed unusual “flat growth profiles” that showed a broad range of thermal optima. Overall, the majority of strains appeared to be well adapted to the “Saline di Tarquinia” environment and showed great temperature and salinity variations compared to species observed in other salterns.
Sea turtles in the eastern margin of the North Atlantic: the northern Ibero-Moroccan Gulf as an important neritic area for sea turtles
Authors: BELLIDO LÓPEZ JUAN JESÚS , TORREBLANCA ESTEFANIA , BAEZ JOSÉ CARLOS , CAMIÑAS JUAN ANTONIO
Published: July 2018

This study summarizes nearly 20 years (1997-2015) of tracking strandings of sea turtles along the Andalusian coast. In this period 2495 specimens were recorded, most of them loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta (92.6%) and leatherback turtles Demochelys coriacea (7.1%). Two other species were almost insinificant, green turtle Chelonia mydas (0.2%) and Kemp’s ridley Lepidochelys kempi (0.1%). Significant part of the turtles were recorded in the Atlantic coast, although in this area the incidence of alive specimens was low. Spring and summer were the seasons with more specimens stranded, probably related to warmer and more productive waters. The size of the loggerhead turtles observed highlights an important presence of inmature specimens in Andalusian waters, although mature individuals were not rare. In the case of leatherback turtles, adult stage is the only detected in the specimens recorded.These results, combined with the fact that the Atlantic coast has a large continental shelf and a high primary productivity near the coast, suggesting that the gulf of Cádiz may represent a neritic habitat used by the sea turtles. In this case, new and more effective politics of conservation are needed in order to protect sea turtles in this area.
An updated Checklist of the Marine fishes from Syria with emphasis on alien species
Authors: ALI MALEK FARES
Published: July 2018

An updated checklist of marine ichthyofauna that are recorded to date, from Syrian marine water including 297 species (belonging to 220 genera, 111 families, 36 orders, and 3 classes) is presented. Sparidae is the dominant family (28 species), followed by Blenniidae (15 species), while 55 families are represented by 1 species. The Chondrichthyes present in Syria were cross-checked for the first time. The status, frequency, the main fishing gear targeting common species, in addition to the fishing method by which the rare species were caught, are also provided. Four species are recorded for the first time herein: Stomias boa boa (Risso, 1810), Hymenocephalus italicus Giglioli, 1884, Scarus ghobban Forsskal, 1775, and Nettastoma melanurum Rafinesque, 1810. In this inventory, 56 Lessepsian migrant species are also included, with 16 of them being considered as very common and of positive economic importance. Alien species have been grouped into three categories namely established (49 species), casual (2 species), and single records (5 species). Twenty-eight species were disregarded from this list, due to lack of solid documentation on their presence.