bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moranopteris: A new Neotropical genus of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) segregated from Asian Micropolypodium
Authors: Hirai Regina Y. , Rouhan Germinal , Labiak Paulo H. , Ranker Tom A. , Prado Jefferson
Published: February 2019

Moranopteris, a new genus of grammitid ferns here described, is segregated from Micropolypodium on the basis of molecular phylogenetic analyses (plastid sequences including atpB, rbcL, and trnL‐trnF) and morphological characters. Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses support Moranopteris as sister clade to a group that includes Micropolypodium s.str. and 11 or 12 other genera, mostly from the Old World. A morphological synapomorphy for the species of Moranopteris is the presence of minute and slightly catenate branched hairs (with or without a setiform branch) and sometimes unbranched hairs occurring together on the stipes, costae, and laminar tissues abaxially. In contrast, Micropolypodium s.str. has only minute, catenate, and unbranched hairs borne on the same parts of the leaves. The new genus Moranopteris comprises 28 species—including two new species here described, M. rupicola and M. simplex—and one hybrid, occurring in the Neotropics. The 27 necessary new combinations are here proposed. Our results suggest that Micropolypodium is confined to eastern Asia.
A new classification of the South African endemic family Bruniaceae based on molecular and morphological data
Authors: Claßen-Bockhoff Regine , Oliver Edward G.H. , Hall Anthony V. , Quint Marcus
Published: February 2019

The classification of Bruniaceae is reviewed based on molecular (matK, ITS, rbcL) and morphological data, and the tribes and genera are redefined as monophyletic, morphologically diagnosable lineages. The family is subdivided into three tribes and six genera with 81 accepted species, Linconieae (Linconia), Audouinieae (Audounia [incl. Tittmannia], Thamnea [incl. Pseudobaeckea teres]), and Brunieae (Berzelia [incl. Brunia p.p.], Staavia [incl. Raspalia staavioides], and Brunia [incl. Nebelia, Pseudobaeckea p.p., Raspalia p.p., Lonchostoma, Mniothamnea]). A key for the new classification, a short description of each genus and an updated nomenclature of all the species are provided. Two new tribes are described and thirty‐eight new combinations and names are provided.
Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie and P. chinensis var. kwangsiensis Lin Chi: Two exceptional cases of names with a corporate authorship
Authors: Shui Yu-Min , Wen Jun , Chen Wen-Hong
Published: February 2019

Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie and Parashorea chinensis var. kwangsiensis Lin Chi (Dipterocarpaceae) are economically and ecologically important tree taxa in China and Vietnam. Their authorship should be "Wang Hsie" and "Lin Chi", respectively, which represent two logograms of working groups that existed in the particular circumstances from the 1960s to the 1970s in China. The author of Parashorea chinensis has sometimes been designated inappropriately as H. Wang. We herein discuss in detail these two unique cases in the context of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
Valid publication of names in Astereae originally proposed in 1990 in a University of Munich dissertation
Authors: Ortiz Santiago , Zinnecker-Wiegand Ursula
Published: February 2019

The new species names Mairia petiolata, Zyrphelis capensis, Z. glabra, Z. glandulosa, Z. grauii, Z. macrocarpa, Z. nervosa, Z. spathulata, the new subspecies names Mairia hirsuta subsp. robusta, Zyrphelis ecklonis subsp. oligocephala, Z. ecklonis subsp. strictifolia, Z. microcephala subsp. foliosa, Z. microcephala subsp. glandulosa and the new combinations Zyrphelis ciliaris, Z. ciliaris subsp. angustifolia, Z. ciliaris subsp. hirsuta, Z. decumbens, Z. fruticosa, Z. gracilis, Zyrphelis sect. Gymnostephium, Z. leiocarpa, Z. levis, Z. montana, Z. monticola, and Z. outeniquae are validly published. These names originally appeared in the Ph. D. thesis of the second author, Ursula Zinnecker‐Wiegand, submitted to the University of Munich, Germany, in 1990. Being printed and distributed to over 50 libraries, this thesis met the formal requirements for effective publication of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature then in force, but it is no longer effectively published as a result of a retroactive change in the rules adopted at the International Botanical Congress in Vienna in 2005. As result, the new names appearing in the thesis were not validly published and they are validated here.
Molecular phylogeography of Thymus herba-barona (Lamiaceae): Insight into the evolutionary history of the flora of the western Mediterranean islands
Authors: Molins Arántzazu , Bacchetta Gianluigi , Rosato Marcela , Rosselló Josep A. , Mayol Maria
Published: February 2019

Thymus herba‐barona is endemic to Majorca, Corsica, and Sardinia. In order to gain insight into its evolutionary history, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogeography of the species using sequences of the trnT‐trnL intergenic spacer from 106 individuals belonging to 15 populations. We detected high within‐species genetic diversity and strong among‐population differentiation, but no evidence for phylogeographic structure. A haplotype network supported the occurrence of three main clades, the ancestral one being geographically restricted to the Gennargentu massif in Sardinia, while the two derived ones were relatively widespread. Coalescent‐based analyses indicated deep divergence times and limited ongoing gene flow between major clades. The inferred evolutionary history of the species involved an early range expansion followed by successive fragmentation episodes, probably related to progressive climatic aridification since the Pliocene (3.2 Ma). Our data suggest that long‐distance dispersal events played a minor role in the evolutionary history of the species. The exact origin of the species remains unclear. The highly structured pattern of genetic variability detected suggests that random genetic drift played a major role in structuring genetic variation in this endemic plant. The cytogenetic evidence does not support the proposed recognition of three taxonomic entities within T. herba‐barona based on morphological discontinuities associated with different ploidy levels.
Biosystematic studies on the family Tofieldiaceae III. Classification of Tofieldia nuda into three species and three varieties
Authors: Tamura Minoru N. , Fuse Shizuka , Lee Nam Sook , Kim Jin Ohk , Yamashita Jun , Ishii Takaaki
Published: February 2019

In order to reexamine the taxonomic coherence of Tofieldia nuda, which shows wide morphological variation within the species, we analysed sequences of plastid trnK, trnL, and trnL‐F and nuclear ITS of T. nuda and seven further species of Tofieldia. We found that T. nuda contains three different lineages supported with 99% or 100% bootstrap value: one lineage sister to T. coccinea (100%), one linage sister to the Chinese species T. divergens and T. thibetica (98%–100%), and a third lineage sister to the second lineage plus T. divergens and T. thibetica (99%–100%). As the wide morphological gaps among T. nuda, T. coccinea, T. divergens, and T. thibetica prevent us from considering them as conspecific with one another, the three lineages of T. nuda are regarded as different at the species level. The first lineage corresponds to T. nuda s.str., the second to T. furusei (formerly T. nuda var. furusei), and the third to T. yoshiiana, often considered a synonym of T. nuda. Tofieldia yoshiiana is further divided into three varieties, var. yoshiiana, var. kanwonensis comb. nov. and var. hyugaensis var. nov. A key to the three species and varieties is provided.
Morphology‐based phylogenetic binning of the lichen genera Graphis and Allographa (Ascomycota: Graphidaceae) using molecular site weight calibration
Authors: Berger Simon A. , Stamatakis Alexandros , Lücking Robert
Published: February 2019

Despite their potential shortcomings for phylogenetic inference, sometimes only morphological data are available for systematic classification. Computational methods are used to determine morphological site patterns congruent with the molecular tree in order to improve the accuracy of the classification of taxa for which only morphological data exist. Here, we used molecular site weight calibration as implemented in RAxML to weight morphological characters based on their distribution on a maximum likelihood tree inferred from molecular data. We subsequently conducted morphology‐based 'phylogenetic binning' (= assignment of morphologically defined taxa that lack molecular data to branches of the molecular reference tree) based on the morphology of the taxa included in the tree. We applied this methodology to the lichen genus Graphis s.l. (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae), which was recently shown to represent two separate, distantly related lineages, Graphis s.str. and Allographa. Of 313 species of Graphis and Allographa included in the study, 16 were represented by molecular sequence data and morphology, and 297 by morphology only. Using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony site weight calibration and morphology‐based phylogenetic binning, 281–290 of the 297 species represented by morphological data only could be assigned to either Graphis or Allographa with strong support (90%–100%). Two species, G. saxiseda and G. evirescens, were found to represent species of the unrelated genus Carbacanthographis. Our results showed that assignment of taxa to clades based on morphological data only substantially improved with molecular site weight calibration. Both molecular site weight calibration and branch assignment to the molecular reference tree are implemented in the RAxML v.7.2.6 Windows executable and the RAxML v.7.2.8 open‐source code.
Typification of the name Papaver hybridum L. (Papaveraceae)
Authors: Aghababyan Mariam , Raimondo Francesco M.
Published: February 2019

The typification of the Linnaean name Papaver hybridum is discussed. A specimen in the Burser Herbarium at Uppsala is designated as lectotype.
Revised lectotypification of Reseda glauca L. (Resedaceae)
Authors: Martín-Bravo Santiago , Jiménez-Mejías Pedro , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2019

The currently accepted lectotype (Herb. Linn. No. 629.4, LINN) of Reseda glauca L. is identifiable as the related species, R. virgata Boiss. & Reuter. The specimen, collected by Löfling in central Spain, was not explicitly cited in Linnaeus's protologue, in contrast to a specimen (at UPS) collected by Burser in the Pyrenees and identifiable as R. glauca of usage. In accordance with Art. 9.10 of the ICBN, we reject the choice of 629.4 (LINN) as lectotype and we designate Burser's specimen as the lectotype of R. glauca L. in its place. This type choice maintains the traditional and current usage of this well‐known and widely used Linnaean name.
Revised lectotypification of Spartium scoparium L. (Fabaceae)
Authors: Auvray Gaëlle , Malécot Valéry
Published: February 2019

The currently accepted lectotype of the Linnaean species Spartium scoparium is a specimen of Cytisus arboreus (Desf.) DC. This lectotype is here superseded in favour of another specimen in the Linnaean collection on the grounds of conflict with the protologue. The current name for the species known as Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link can therefore be maintained.
The valid publication of the name Euaraliopsis (Araliaceae)
Authors: Deng Yun-Fei
Published: February 2019

Euaraliopsis was first published by Hutchinson in 1967 who intended it to be a replacement name for "Araliopsis Kurz", which was not, however, a validly published name. As no Latin diagnosis was provided by Hutchinson, he did not validly publish Euaraliopsis. The name was, however, validly published inadvertently through a descriptio generico‐specifico when the new species Euaraliopsis moumingensis Y.R. Ling was described. The correct place of publication, authorship and typification are given for all validly published names in Euaraliopsis, generally considered a synonym of Brassaiopsis.
Changes to publication requirements made at the XVIII International Botanical Congress in Melbourne: What does e‐publication mean for you?
Authors: Knapp Sandra , McNeill John , Turland Nicholas J.
Published: February 2019

Changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are decided on every six years at Nomenclature Sections associated with International Botanical Congresses (IBC). The XVIII IBC was held in Melbourne, Australia; the Nomenclature Section met from 18 to 22 July 2011 and its decisions were accepted by the Congress at its plenary session on 30 July. Several important changes were made to the Code as a result of this meeting that will affect publication of new names. Two of these changes will come into effect on 1 January 2012, some months before the Melbourne Code is published. Electronic material published online in Portable Document Format (PDF) with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) will constitute effective publication, and the requirement for a Latin description or diagnosis for names of new taxa will be changed to a requirement for a description or diagnosis in either Latin or English. In addition, effective from 1 January 2013, new names of organisms treated as fungi must, in order to be validly published, include in the protologue (everything associated with a name at its valid publication) the citation of an identifier issued by a recognized repository (e.g., MycoBank). Draft text of the new articles dealing with electronic publication is provided and best practice is outlined.
Responsible species description: A change of attitude is needed to facilitate and improve access to biological material
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela
Published: February 2019

It remains one of the primary responsibilities of taxonomists to describe and concomitantly disseminate information about the novelties they discover through their research efforts and associated herbarium and field work. However, given the present–day emphasis on benefit sharing concerning access to components of biodiversity, taxonomists should be much more circumspect when conducting field– and other work in foreign countries. It is imperative that project proposals submitted for consideration for support or funding take cognizance of the needs of taxonomists and biodiversity specialists in the countries in which fieldwork is to be conducted.
Molecular systematics and character evolution in Caryophyllaceae
Authors: Greenberg Anne K. , Donoghue Michael J.
Published: February 2019

The aim of the present study was to infer a substantially larger, more evenly sampled, phylogenetic tree for Caryophyllaceae in order to more confidently resolve relationships within this clade. This would allow us to evaluate previous classification schemes and to infer the evolution of a number of characters that have figured prominently in higher–level taxonomic treatments. We have inferred a 630–tip phylogeny (ca. 30% of the 2200 species) using maximum likelihood analyses of data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and five chloroplast genes and intergenic spacers: matK, ndhF, trnL–trnF, trnQ–rps16, and trnS–trnfM. Our results confirm that subfamily Paronychioideae is paraphyletic at the base of Caryophyllaceae. Alsinoideae and Caryophylloideae together form a clade, within which neither subfamily is monophyletic. With only a few exceptions, our results support the tribal classification presented by Harbaugh & al. (2010). In agreement with other recent studies, it appears that many of the larger genera are not strictly monophyletic. Our results imply that the first Caryophyllaceae had stipules, free sepals, small apetalous flowers with few stamens, and single–seeded indehiscent or irregularly dehiscing utricles. Stipules were lost along the branch to the Alsinoideae–Caryophylloideae clade, and the evolution of a tubular calyx marks Caryophylloideae. The evolution of petals, 10 stamens, and capsule fruits is inferred to have taken place along the branch subtending a clade that includes Sperguleae (mostly containing former members of Paronychioideae) and the remainder of Caryophyllaceae. As this previously unnamed major group is both well–supported in molecular phylogenetic studies and marked by clear–cut apomorphies, we propose the name Plurcaryophyllaceae for this clade and provide a phylogenetic definition.
Late 17th century herbarium collections from the Canary Islands: The plants collected by James Cuninghame in La Palma
Authors: Santos-Guerra Arnoldo , Jarvis Charles E. , Carine Mark A. , Maunder Michael , Francisco-Ortega Javier
Published: February 2019

James Cuninghame (ca. 1665–1709) was the first person to explore, collect and send back to the West significant numbers of Chinese plants and animals. During his first voyage to the Far East, this distinguished Scottish surgeon and naturalist stopped at the island of La Palma (Canary Islands). Although we do not know the exact dates of his arrival and departure, it is clear that Cuninghame was on the island during January and February 1698. During his stay, Cuninghame collected plant specimens which are now preserved in three volumes of the Sloane Herbarium (BM–SL). A five–folio manuscript (deposited in the Sloane Manuscript collection of the British Library) listing 62 plant entries also survives, together with fragmentary lists of names prepared by James Petiver (ca. 1658–1718), the main recipient of Cuninghame's Canarian collection. These specimens comprise the earliest documented herbarium collection made in the Canary Islands and are one of the most important pre–Linnaean sources for the Macaronesian flora. A study of these specimens and documents shows that Cuninghame collected/recorded material of 154 taxa including one lichen, nine bryophytes, 15 ferns, two gymnosperms, and 127 flowering plants. We were able to identify all but 16 of the herbarium specimens and one of Cuninghame's manuscript names below the rank of genus, and all but three of the specimens below family level.
Neotypification of Catalpa speciosa (Bignoniaceae)
Authors: Kirkbride Joseph H. , Olsen Richard T.
Published: February 2019

The valid publication and typification of Catalpa speciosa are discussed. The valid publication of C. bignonioides var. speciosa is clarified. Its first apparent neotypification is shown to be invalid, and a neotype is designated here for the name.
Students' reasoning about chemical bonding: The lacuna of repulsion
Authors: Zohar Asnat R. , Levy Sharona T.
Published: February 2019

This article concerns a lacuna in chemistry students' reasoning about chemical bonding. Although chemistry students are familiar with the charges that make up the atom––both positive and negative––they refer only to the attraction between unlike charges. Specifically, they ignore the repulsion between the positive nuclei. We named this disregard of repulsion the lacuna of repulsion. Repulsion is a crucial component in the force‐based explanation of chemical bonding, presenting the bond as a dynamic equilibrium between attraction and repulsion electrical forces. We noticed this lacuna incidentally while interviewing chemistry students for a bigger project aimed at supporting students in understanding the force‐based explanation of chemical bonding. This article describes our systematic qualitative study of the lacuna of repulsion and its impact on mental models of 23 high school chemistry students. Our findings show that students use six mental models, most of them built upon each other. Beginning from a simple mental model that describes the chemical bond as electrons, continuing with the including attraction forces, and completing with repulsion and a dynamic view of the bond. Only when one considers both attraction and repulsion forces and understands the dynamic balance between them is it possible to build the force‐based dynamic mental model of chemical bonding.
Qualitative graphing in an authentic inquiry context: How construction and critique help middle school students to reason about cancer
Authors: Matuk Camillia , Zhang Jiayuan , Uk Irina , Linn Marcia C.
Published: February 2019

Inquiry instruction often neglects graphing. It gives students few opportunities to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to take advantage of graphs, and which are called for by current science education standards. Yet, it is not well known how to support graphing skills, particularly within middle school science inquiry contexts. Using qualitative graphs is a promising, but underexplored approach. In contrast to quantitative graphs, which can lead students to focus too narrowly on the mechanics of plotting points, qualitative graphs can encourage students to relate graphical representations to their conceptual meaning. Guided by the Knowledge Integration framework, which recognizes and guides students in integrating their diverse ideas about science, we incorporated qualitative graphing activities into a seventh grade web‐based inquiry unit about cell division and cancer treatment. In Study 1, we characterized the kinds of graphs students generated in terms of their integration of graphical and scientific knowledge. We also found that students (n = 30) using the unit made significant learning gains based on their pretest to post‐test scores. In Study 2, we compared students' performance in two versions of the same unit: One that had students construct, and second that had them critique qualitative graphs. Results showed that both activities had distinct benefits, and improved students' (n = 117) integrated understanding of graphs and science. Specifically, critiquing graphs helped students improve their scientific explanations within the unit, while constructing graphs led students to link key science ideas within both their in‐unit and post‐unit explanations. We discuss the relative affordances and constraints of critique and construction activities, and observe students' common misunderstandings of graphs. In all, this study offers a critical exploration of how to design instruction that simultaneously supports students' science and graph understanding within complex inquiry contexts.
Prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates at 35–37 weeks' gestation: contribution of maternal factors and growth velocity between 20 and 36 weeks
Authors: Ciobanu A. , Formuso C. , Syngelaki A. , Akolekar R. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the performance of ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation in the prediction of delivery of a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate and assess the additive value of, first, maternal risk factors and, second, fetal growth velocity between 20 and 36 weeks' gestation in improving such prediction.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 44 043 singleton pregnancies undergoing routine ultrasound examination at 19 + 0 to 23 + 6 and at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether addition of maternal risk factors and growth velocity, the latter defined as the difference in EFW Z‐score or fetal abdominal circumference (AC) Z‐score between the third‐ and second‐trimester scans divided by the time interval between the scans, improved the performance of EFW Z‐score at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks in the prediction of delivery of a SGA neonate with birth weight < 10th and < 3rd percentiles within 2 weeks and at any stage after assessment.

Results

Screening by EFW Z‐score at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation predicted 63.4% (95% CI, 62.0–64.7%) of neonates with birth weight < 10th percentile and 74.2% (95% CI, 72.2–76.1%) of neonates with birth weight < 3rd percentile born at any stage after assessment, at a screen‐positive rate of 10%. The respective values for SGA neonates born within 2 weeks after assessment were 76.8% (95% CI, 74.4–79.0%) and 81.3% (95% CI, 78.2–84.0%). For a desired 90% detection rate of SGA neonate delivered at any stage after assessment, the necessary screen‐positive rate would be 33.7% for SGA < 10th percentile and 24.4% for SGA < 3rd percentile. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that, in the prediction of a SGA neonate with birth weight < 10th and < 3rd percentiles, there was a significant contribution from EFW Z‐score at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation, maternal risk factors and AC growth velocity, but not EFW growth velocity. However, the area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve for prediction of delivery of a SGA neonate by screening with maternal risk factors and EFW Z‐score was not improved by addition of AC growth velocity.

Conclusion

Screening for SGA neonates by EFW at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation and use of the 10th percentile as the cut‐off predicts 63% of affected neonates. Prediction of 90% of SGA neonates necessitates classification of about 35% of the population as being screen positive. The predictive performance of EFW is not improved by addition of estimated growth velocity between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Impact of placenta previa with placenta accreta spectrum disorder on fetal growth
Authors: Jauniaux E. , Dimitrova I. , Kenyon N. , Mhallem M. , Kametas N. A. , Zosmer N. , Hubinont C. , Nicolaides K. H. , Collins S. L.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To evaluate fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by placenta previa with or without placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorder, compared with in pregnancies with a low‐lying placenta.

Methods

This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies complicated by placenta previa with or without PAS disorder, for which maternal characteristics, ultrasound‐estimated fetal weight and birth weight were available. Four maternal–fetal medicine units participated in data collection of diagnosis, treatment and outcome. The control group comprised singleton pregnancies with a low‐lying placenta (0.5–2 cm from the internal os). The diagnosis of PAS and depth of invasion were confirmed at delivery using both a predefined clinical grading score and histopathological examination. For comparison of pregnancy characteristics and fetal growth parameters, the study groups were matched for smoking status, ethnic origin, fetal sex and gestational age at delivery.

Results

The study included 82 women with placenta previa with PAS disorder, subdivided into adherent (n = 35) and invasive (n = 47) PAS subgroups, and 146 women with placenta previa without PAS disorder. There were 64 controls with a low‐lying placenta. There was no significant difference in the incidence of small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) (birth weight ≤ 10th percentile) and large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) (birth weight ≥ 90th percentile) between the study groups. Median gestational age at diagnosis was significantly lower in pregnancies with placenta previa without PAS disorder than in the low‐lying placenta group (P = 0.002). No significant difference was found between pregnancies complicated by placenta previa with PAS disorder and those without for any of the variables. Median estimated fetal weight percentile was significantly lower in the adherent compared with the invasive previa–PAS subgroup (P = 0.047). Actual birth weight percentile at delivery did not differ significantly between the subgroups (P = 0.804).

Conclusions

No difference was seen in fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by placenta previa with PAS disorder compared with those without and compared with those with a low‐lying placenta. There was also no increased incidence of either SGA or LGA neonates in pregnancies with placenta previa and PAS disorder compared with those with placenta previa with spontaneous separation of the placenta at birth. Adverse neonatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by placenta previa and PAS disorder is linked to premature delivery and not to impaired fetal growth. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Evaluation of the extent of neoplastic infiltration in small intestinal tumours in dogs
Authors: Morrice Michael , Polton Gerry , Beck Sam
Published: February 2019

There is currently a lack of evidence‐based guidance when determining surgical margins for small intestinal tumours in dogs. The purpose of this study is to help the surgeon make informed clinical decisions about margins when confronted with a small intestinal mass. Twenty‐seven canine small intestinal tumours were histologically diagnosed and then had further histological assessment at every centimeter from the edge of the palpable tumour to the surgical margin in oral, aboral and mesenteric directions. In all 10 carcinomas a 3 cm tissue margin in oral, aboral and mesenteric directions would have resulted in complete tumour resection. In all 11 sarcomas a 2 cm tissue margin in oral, aboral and mesenteric directions would have resulted in complete tumour resection. Five of the six intestinal lymphomas would have required tissue margins of 4 cm or more for complete resection. Of the 21 non‐lymphoma tumours assessed in this study, complete resection was achieved in all 21 (100%) with tissue margins at 3 cm from the palpable edge of the mass, 20 (95%) with tissue margins at 2 cm from the palpable edge of the mass, and 16 (76%) with tissue margins at 1 cm from the palpable edge of the mass in oral and aboral directions. All non‐lymphoma canine small intestinal masses will be completely resected when tissue margins are 3 cm from the palpable edge of the mass in oral and aboral directions after fixation in formalin.
Probing low energy scalar leptoquarks by the leptonic W and Z couplings
Authors: Arnan P. , Bečirević D. , Mescia F. , Sumensari O.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We compute the generic one-loop contribution involving scalar leptoquarks (LQ) to the W and Z leptonic decay widths. In our computation we include for the first time the finite terms and the corrections due to the external momenta of the electroweak bosons, which is a step beyond the leading-logarithmic approximation considered in the literature so far. We show that the terms we include can be numerically quite significant. They amount to about 20% for scalar LQ masses below 1.5 TeV, as currently allowed by the direct searches at the LHC. To further illustrate the relevance of our results we revisit a model with two light scalar LQs, proposed to accommodate the B-physics anomalies. We show that the finite terms we computed can reduce the tension with the Z-pole data.
Entanglement of purification and multiboundary wormhole geometries
Authors: Bao Ning , Chatwin-Davies Aidan , Remmen Grant N.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We posit a geometrical description of the entanglement of purification for sub-regions in a holographic CFT. The bulk description naturally generalizes the two-party case and leads to interesting inequalities among multi-party entanglements of purification that can be geometrically proven from the conjecture. Further, we study the relationship between holographic entanglements of purification in locally-AdS3 spacetimes and entanglement entropies in multi-throated wormhole geometries constructed via quotienting by isometries. In particular, we derive new holographic inequalities for geometries that are locally AdS3 relating entanglements of purification for subregions and entanglement entropies in the wormhole geometries.
Surgical Considerations for Pediatric Snake Bites in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Hernandez Matthew C. , Traynor Michael , Bruce John L. , Bekker Wanda , Laing Grant L. , Aho Johnathon M. , Kong Victor Y. , Klinkner Denise B. , Zielinski Martin D. , Clarke Damian L.
Published: February 2019

Background

Snake envenomation is associated with major morbidity especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries and may require fasciotomy. We determined patient factors associated with the need for fasciotomy after venomous snake bites in children located in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.

Methods

Single institutional review of historical data (2012–2017) for children (<18 years) sustaining snake envenomation was performed. Clinical data, management, and outcomes were abstracted. Syndromes after snake bite were classified according to Blaylock nomenclature: progressive painful swelling (PPS), progressive weakness (PW), or bleeding (B), as it is difficult to reliably identify the species of snake after a bite. Comparative and multivariable analyses to determine factors associated with fasciotomy were performed.

Results

There were 72 children; mean age was 7 (±3) years, 59% male. Feet were most commonly affected (n = 27, 38%) followed by legs (n = 18, 25%). Syndromes (according to Blaylock) included PPS (n = 63, 88%), PW (n = 5, 7%), and B (n = 4, 5%). Eighteen patients underwent fasciotomy, and one required above knee amputation. Nine patients received anti‐venom. Few patients (15%) received prophylactic beta‐lactam antibiotics. Hemoglobin < 11 mg/dL, leukocytosis, INR >1.2, and age‐adjusted shock index were associated with fasciotomy. On regression, age‐adjusted shock index and hemoglobin concentration < 11 mg/dL, presentation >24 h after snake bite, and INR >1.2 were independently associated with fasciotomy. Model sensitivity was 0.89 and demonstrated good fit.

Conclusions

Patient factors were associated with the fasciotomy. These factors, coupled with clinical examination, may identify those who need early operative intervention. Improving time to treatment and the appropriate administration of anti‐venom will minimize the need for surgery.

Level of evidence

III
New synergistic co-culture of Corylus avellana cells and Epicoccum nigrum for paclitaxel production
Authors: Salehi Mina , Moieni Ahmad , Safaie Naser , Farhadi Siamak
Published: February 2019

Paclitaxel is a main impressive chemotherapeutic agent with unique mode of action and broad-spectrum activity against cancers. Hazel (Corylus avellana) is a paclitaxel-producing species through bioprospection. Endophytic fungi have significant roles in plant paclitaxel production. This study evaluated the effect of co-culture of C. avellana cells and paclitaxel-producing endophytic fungus, Epicoccum nigrum strain YEF2 and also the effect of elicitors derived from this fungal strain on paclitaxel production. The results clearly revealed that co-culture of C. avellana cells and E. nigrum was more effective than elicitation of C. avellana cells by only cell extract or culture filtrate of this fungal strain. Co-culture of C. avellana cells and E. nigrum surpassed monocultures in terms of paclitaxel production designating their synergistic interaction potential. Fungal inoculum amount, co-culture establishment time and co-culture period were important factors for achieving the maximum production of paclitaxel in this co-culture system. The highest total yield of paclitaxel (404.5 µg L−1) was produced in co-culture established on 13th day using 3.2% (v/v) of E. nigrum mycelium suspension, which was about 5.5 and 136.6 times that in control cultures of C. avellana cells and E. nigrum, respectively. This is the first report on positive effect of co-culture of paclitaxel-producing endophytic fungus and non-host plant cells for enhancing paclitaxel production.

Graphical abstract
A Comprehensive Analysis of Macrosegregation Formation During Twin-Roll Casting
Authors: Rodrigues Christian M. G. , Ludwig Andreas , Wu Menghuai , Kharicha Abdellah , Vakhrushev Alexander
Published: February 2019

A two-phase Eulerian–Eulerian volume-averaged model is used to predict the formation of macrosegregation during the twin-roll casting of inoculated Al-4 wt pct Cu alloys. For low solid fractions, the equiaxed crystals are modeled according to the submerged object approach. However, above a given transition limit, they are assumed to behave like a viscoplastic material. This means that the solid phase behaves as a coherent structure that can influence the motion of the liquid. Such approach allows one to take into account the flow dynamics arising from the occurrence of both solidification and hot rolling simultaneously, which usually occurs in twin-roll casting. Therefore, it is possible to explain the origin of the macrosegregation patterns obtained in the simulations based on the relative motion between the phases. Compression-induced expulsion of segregated melt is observed as a result of the deformation of the solidifying shells. Such occurrence leads to a negative macrosegregation region in the outer part of the as-cast strip. Then, because the solute-enriched melt is squeezed out toward adjacent regions, two positively segregated bands can be found near the center of the domain. Furthermore, it is shown how solidification-induced feeding weakens the absolute value of the negative and positive segregation bands.
A Significant Find of a Low Grade Copper Resource of Nanagwas Block, Nimkathana Copper Belt, Rajasthan: A Promising Future Resource
Authors: Mondal Bulbul , Debnath Sanjoy , Dewangan Supriya
Published: February 2019

Neemka Thana copper belt of north Delhi fold belt is known for its unique copper mineralization. This belt is unique as it is the only copper silver mineralised belt, where bornite occurs as predominant copper ore mineral followed by chalcopyrite. Bornite and chalcopyrite dominated Nanagwas block is a high tonnage low grade copper resource of Nimka Thana copper belt within north Delhi fold belt, Rajasthan. The copper mineralization which is mainly restricted within carbonates of Ajabgarh Group of rocks of the Delhi Supergroup (DSG) has been emplaced partly by sedimentary process and partly by the epigenetic process during the second deformation in the area. Nanagwas block has got huge potential to produce a high grade concentrate that could be used for blending with the low grade copper concentrates produced by some of the operating plants in India.
Time Resolution of the Phanerozoic Rock Records: Challenges of High-Resolution Palaeobiological and Geochemical Proxy-Based Interpretations
Authors: Saraswati Pratul Kumar
Published: February 2019

The understanding of the Earth’s processes in the geologic past has advanced due to the ability to resolve geologic time in the rock records at progressively higher levels of time resolution. The rock records are now being probed to decipher short-term processes of palaeobiological and palaeoclimatic interests operating at a few tens of kyr to centennial and decadal scales. How good are the stratigraphic records to answer such questions? The fragmentary nature of the stratigraphic records is well recognized, and it is best summed up by the catchphrase “more gaps than record” or “a set of frozen accidents” of some leading stratigraphers. Quantitative analysis of sedimentary records in the 1980s and taphonomic studies supported by radiometric dating of shells in 1990s gave insight into an estimation of temporal resolutions of rock records. Two distinct types of resolutions are recognized, stratigraphic resolution (among strata) and palaeontological resolution (within stratum). The stratigraphic resolutions in 106-years scale can be achieved by biostratigraphy alone in the Cenozoic, and it can be raised to 105 to 104-years scale when integrated with as many means as magnetostratigraphy, radiometric dating, and cyclostratigraphy. Taphonomic processes deteriorate the palaeontological resolutions, and it is of major concern in bridging the gap between 104-years scale resolutions in the geological records and the human-life observations. The palaeobiological and palaeoclimatic processes at this scale may require exceptional records and rigorous approach to demonstrate that the requisite time-resolution is achievable in the investigated rock record.
A review of derivatives research in accounting and suggestions for future work
Authors: Campbell John L. , Mauler Landon M. , Pierce Spencer R.
Published: February 2019

This paper provides a review of research on financial derivatives, with an emphasis on and comprehensive coverage of research published in 15 top accounting journals from 1996 to 2017. We begin with some brief institutional details about derivatives and then summarize studies explaining when and why firms use derivatives. We then discuss the evolution of the accounting rules related to derivatives (and associated disclosure requirements) and studies that examine changes in these requirements over the years. Next, we review the literature that examines the consequences of firms’ derivative use to various capital market participants (i.e., managers, analysts, investors, boards of directors, etc.), with an emphasis on the role that the accounting and disclosure rules play in such consequences. Finally, we discuss the importance of industry affiliation on firms’ derivative use and the role that industry affiliation plays in derivatives research. Overall, our review suggests that, perhaps due to their inherent complexity and data limitations, derivatives are relatively understudied in accounting, and we highlight several areas where future research is needed.
Moving objects classification via category-wise two-dimensional principal component analysis
Authors: Alsaqre Falah , Almathkour Osama
Published: February 2019

Classifying moving objects in video sequences has been extensively studied, yet it is still an ongoing problem. In this paper, we propose to solve moving objects classification problem via an extended version of two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA), named as category-wise 2DPCA (CW2DPCA). A key component of the CW2DPCA is to independently construct optimal projection matrices from object-specific training datasets and produce category-wise feature spaces, wherein each feature space uniquely captures the invariant characteristics of the underlying intra-category samples. Consequently, on one hand, CW2DPCA enables early separation among the different object categories and, on the other hand, extracts effective discriminative features for representing both training datasets and test objects samples in the classification model, which is a nearest neighbor classifier. For ease of exposition, we consider human/vehicle classification, although the proposed CW2DPCA-based classification framework can be easily generalized to handle multiple objects classification. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of CW2DPCA features in discriminating between humans and vehicles in two publicly available video datasets.
Prediction of Oncotype Dx recurrence score using clinical parameters
Authors: Thibodeau Stephane , Voutsadakis Ioannis A.
Published: February 2019

Objective/Background:

The Oncotype Dx test is a genomic test currently used in clinical practice to predict the risk of disease recurrence in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node-negative or micrometastatic disease. The test is one of several similar genomically based tests available. Although it has a good predictive value, it is expensive and thus constitutes a significant financial burden for health systems. Thus, several attempts have been made to devise low-cost tools that could predict the recurrence score derived from the genomic evaluation using easily obtainable clinical parameters.

Methods:

Two previously proposed predictive tools were evaluated in a cohort of 201 patients that had undergone the Oncotype Dx test for their efficacy in predicting the Oncotype Dx Recurrence Score (RS). A simple predictor, named GR-PR, based on two available pathologic parameters, grade and progesterone receptor status was devised and also evaluated.

Results:

The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of all three tools were compared and found to be similar for all cutoff points of Oncotype Dx RS. The accuracy of GR-PR was comparable to the best performing of the two other prediction tools for all four cutoff points.

Conclusion:

The simple GR-PR predictor proposed in this study seems to be at least as accurate as more complex tools and should be the preferred tool for the prediction of Oncotype Dx RS from clinicopathologic parameters when the Oncotype Dx test is not available.
Early Coastal Fiber Technology from the Caleta Vitor Archaeological Complex in Northern Chile
Authors: Martens Tracy , Cameron Judith
Published: February 2019

The marine subsistence economy of the prehistoric people of northern Chile was heavily reliant on fiber technology for the components of nets, lines, and tethers. Despite the significance and the remarkable preservation of fiber artifacts along the arid Atacama coastline, these components have received little direct attention. This case study of fiber artifacts from the Caleta Vitor archaeological complex is the first broad overview of techniques, material usage/preference, and fiber-processing conventions at a northern Chilean Archaic period site. The data presented in this paper indicate gradual change in material preferences over time, shifting from locally available vegetal fiber, which dominates the Archaic period, with small amounts of camelid fiber, to the predominance of camelid fiber in the Late Formative period. This change coincides with the appearance of more complex weaving techniques indicating participation in the previously established textile tradition proposed by Ulloa (2008) as stretching from the Azapa Valley to the Loa River.
Mass-conserving solutions to the Smoluchowski coagulation equation with singular kernel
Authors: Barik Prasanta Kumar , Giri Ankik Kumar , Laurençot Philippe
Published: February 2019

Global weak solutions to the continuous Smoluchowski coagulation equation (SCE) are constructed for coagulation kernels featuring an algebraic singularity for small volumes and growing linearly for large volumes, thereby extending previous results obtained in Norris (1999) and Cueto Camejo & Warnecke (2015). In particular, linear growth at infinity of the coagulation kernel is included and the initial condition may have an infinite second moment. Furthermore, all weak solutions (in a suitable sense) including the ones constructed herein are shown to be mass-conserving, a property which was proved in Norris (1999) under stronger assumptions. The existence proof relies on a weak compactness method in L1 and a by-product of the analysis is that both conservative and non-conservative approximations to the SCE lead to weak solutions which are then mass-conserving.
Joseph Smith's Kingdom of God: The Council of Fifty and the Mormon Challenge to American Democratic Politics
Authors: Park Benjamin E.
Published: February 2019

This article contextualizes the origins and development of Joseph Smith's secretive Council of Fifty, a clandestine assembly whose minutes were sequestered from public access since their creation in 1844 and were only made available in September 2016. Organized by Smith, the founding prophet of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, only months before his death at the hands of a mob in June 1844, the council was destined to introduce a new form of world governance. Colloquially named the “Council of Fifty,” it blended democratic principles with theocratic rule. More than a significant moment in the development of America's largest home-grown religion, however, Joseph Smith's controversial organization and the ideals it represented hint at broader anxieties over the nation's cultural disunity and democratic excesses in the wake of disestablishment. While many embraced the democratization of religious authority, the Mormons and some of their contemporaries countered that it only introduced cultural and political chaos. Examining how groups such as the Mormons grappled with these implications—through orchestrated electoral participation, appeals to higher laws, and revisions to democratized authoritative structures—sheds light on this dynamic challenge of political self-rule during America's antebellum period.