bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Acetylene‐Bridged 9,10‐Conjugated Anthracene Sensitizers: Application in Outdoor and Indoor Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Tingare Yogesh S. , Vinh Nguyễn So'n , Chou Hsien‐Hsin , Liu Yu‐Chieh , Long Yean‐San , Wu Teng‐Chun , Wei Tzu‐Chien , Yeh Chen‐Yu
Published: May 2017

In this report, a pivotal improvement in the performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells has been achieved, thus taking it one step closer toward the commercialization. Through the stepwise modification on the anthracene‐based organic sensitizers, the alteration of alkyl to alkoxy chain and incorporation of electron deficient moieties in the new sensitizing dyes TY3, TY4, and TY6 are found to play a significant role in the efficiency enhancement. The dye TY6, when tested under 1 sun (AM 1.5G) illumination, is found to exhibit the best efficiency of 8.08% in the series reported here. Taking it further, sensitizer TY6 achieves a milestone by displaying an efficiency of 28.56% when tested under T5 fluorescent illumination of 6000 lux and 20.72% under same illuminance from a commercial light emitting diode light source. Such an excellent performance can be attributed to its outstanding J
SC and V
OC, which are characteristic properties of these anthracene dyes.
Porous Carbon Composites for Next Generation Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Liu Hao , Liu Xiaoxue , Li Wei , Guo Xin , Wang Yong , Wang Guoxiu , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: May 2017

Rechargeable lithium batteries have attracted great attention as next generation power systems for electric vehicles (EVs). Lithium ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries are all suitable to be the power systems for next generation EVs, but their power densities and cycling performance still need to be improved to match the requirements of practical EVs. Thus, rational design and controllable synthesis of electrode materials with unique microstructure and outstanding electrochemical performance are crucially desired. Porous carbon‐based composites have many advantages for energy storage and conversion owing to their unique properties, including high electronic conductivity, high structural stability, high specific surface area, large pore volume for efficient electrolyte flux, and high reactive electrode materials with controllable size confined by porous carbon frameworks. Therefore, porous carbon composites exhibit excellent performance as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries. In this review, we summarize research progress on porous carbon composites with enhanced performance for rechargeable lithium batteries. We present the detailed synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and the innovation and significance of porous carbon composites for lithium ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries. Finally, we conclude the perspectives and critical challenges that need to be addressed for the commercialization of rechargeable lithium batteries.
Manipulating Adsorption–Insertion Mechanisms in Nanostructured Carbon Materials for High‐Efficiency Sodium Ion Storage
Authors: Qiu Shen , Xiao Lifen , Sushko Maria L. , Han Kee Sung , Shao Yuyan , Yan Mengyu , Liang Xinmiao , Mai Liqiang , Feng Jiwen , Cao Yuliang , Ai Xinping , Yang Hanxi , Liu Jun
Published: May 2017

Hard carbon is one of the most promising anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, but the low Coulombic efficiency is still a key barrier. In this paper, a series of nanostructured hard carbon materials with controlled architectures is synthesized. Using a combination of in situ X‐ray diffraction mapping, ex situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance, electrochemical techniques, and simulations, an “adsorption–intercalation” mechanism is established for Na ion storage. During the initial stages of Na insertion, Na ions adsorb on the defect sites of hard carbon with a wide adsorption energy distribution, producing a sloping voltage profile. In the second stage, Na ions intercalate into graphitic layers with suitable spacing to form NaC
x
compounds similar to the Li ion intercalation process in graphite, producing a flat low voltage plateau. The cation intercalation with a flat voltage plateau should be enhanced and the sloping region should be avoided. Guided by this knowledge, nonporous hard carbon material has been developed which has achieved high reversible capacity and Coulombic efficiency to fulfill practical application.
Scalable and Solid‐State Redox Functionalization of Transparent Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Films for Highly Efficient and Stable Solar Cells
Authors: Cui Kehang , Qian Yang , Jeon Il , Anisimov Anton , Matsuo Yutaka , Kauppinen Esko I. , Maruyama Shigeo
Published: May 2017

This study reports a scalable and room‐temperature solid‐state redox functionalization process for single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with instant efficacy and high stability. By drop‐casting/spin‐coating CuCl2/Cu(OH)2 colloidal ethanol solution onto SWNT films, the sheet resistance of the SWNT films achieves 69.4 Ω sq−1 at 90% transparency without noticeable increase for more than 12 months. The charge transfer mechanism between the redox and the SWNTs is revealed by Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The SWNT/silicon solar cells are utilized as a benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of the redox functionalization process and its compatibility for device integration. The power conversion efficiency of the SWNT/Si solar cell increases by 115% after redox functionalization, reaching the value of 14.09% without degradation in the ambient for over 12 months. Temperature‐dependent operation characteristics of the redox functionalized SWNT/Si solar cells demonstrate that the Fermi level unpinning and enhanced tunneling of the charge carriers contribute to the significant improvement of the photovoltage and fill factor. The CuCl2/Cu(OH)2 redox also serves as an antireflection layer, resulting in a 20% increase of the photocurrent. The proposed redox functionalized SWNTs are promising as multifunctional transparent conductive films for wide‐range solar cell applications.
A High‐Performance Composite Electrode for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Deng Qi , Huang Peng , Zhou Wen‐Xin , Ma Qiang , Zhou Nan , Xie Hao , Ling Wei , Zhou Chun‐Jiao , Yin Ya‐Xia , Wu Xiong‐Wei , Lu Xiang‐Yang , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: May 2017

A composite electrode composed of reduced graphene oxide‐graphite felt (rGO‐GF) with excellent electrocatalytic redox reversibility toward V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2+ redox couples in vanadium batteries was fabricated by a facile hydrothermal method. Compared with the pristine graphite felt (GF) electrode, the rGO‐GF composite electrode possesses abundant oxygen functional groups, high electron conductivity, and outstanding stability. Its corresponding energy efficiency and discharge capacity are significantly increased by 20% and 300%, respectively, at a high current density of 150 mA cm−2. Moreover, a discharge capacity of 20 A h L−1 is obtained with a higher voltage efficiency (74.5%) and energy efficiency (72.0%), even at a large current density of 200 mA cm−2. The prepared rGO‐GF composite electrode holds great promise as a high‐performance electrode for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB).
NMR spectroscopic study of chemical equilibria in solutions of formaldehyde, water, and butynediol
Authors: Berje Jürgen , Burger Jakob , Hasse Hans , Baldamus Jens
Published: May 2017

Liquid mixtures of formaldehyde, water, and butynediol are complex reacting multicomponent systems in which formaldehyde forms oligomers both with water and butynediol.
‐ and
‐NMR spectra of these mixtures are elucidated. The species distribution of the oligomers is quantitatively determined by
‐NMR spectroscopy. The measurements cover temperatures from 293 to 366 K, overall formaldehyde mass fractions from
to
, and overall butynediol mass fractions from
to
. A mole fraction‐based and an activity‐based model of the chemical equilibrium in the studied system are developed and chemical equilibrium constants are reported. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4442–4450, 2017
Distributed output‐feedback fault detection and isolation of cascade process networks
Authors: Yin Xunyuan , Liu Jinfeng
Published: May 2017

Distributed output‐feedback fault detection and isolation (FDI) of nonlinear cascade process networks that can be divided into subsystems is considered. Based on the assumption that an exponentially convergent estimator exists for each subsystem, a distributed state estimation system is developed. In the distributed state estimation system, a compensator is designed for each subsystem to compensate for subsystem interaction and the estimators for subsystems communicate to exchange information. It is shown that when there is no fault, the estimation error of the distributed estimation system converges to zero in the absence of system disturbances and measurement noise. For each subsystem, a state predictor is also designed to provide subsystem state predictions. A residual generator is designed for each subsystem based on subsystem state estimates given by the distributed state estimation system and subsystem state predictions given by the predictor. A subsystem residual generator generates two residual sequences, which act as references for FDI. A distributed FDI mechanism is proposed based on residuals. The proposed approach is able to handle both actuator faults and sensor faults by evaluating the residual signals. A chemical process example is introduced to demonstrate the effectiveness of the distributed FDI mechanism. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4329–4342, 2017
Autosomal dominant frontometaphyseal dysplasia: Delineation of the clinical phenotype
Authors: Wade Emma M. , Jenkins Zandra A. , Daniel Philip B. , Morgan Tim , Addor Marie C. , Adés Lesley C. , Bertola Debora , Bohring Axel , Carter Erin , Cho Tae‐Joon , de Geus Christa M. , Duba Hans‐Christoph , Fletcher Elaine , Hadzsiev Kinga , Hennekam Raoul C. M. , Kim Chong A. , Krakow Deborah , Morava Eva , Neuhann Teresa , Sillence David , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Veenstra‐Knol Hermine E. , Wieczorek Dagmar , Wilson Louise C. , Markie David M. , Robertson Stephen P.
Published: May 2017

Frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) is caused by gain‐of‐function mutations in the X‐linked gene FLNA in approximately 50% of patients. Recently we characterized an autosomal dominant form of FMD (AD‐FMD) caused by mutations in MAP3K7, which accounts for the condition in the majority of patients who lack a FLNA mutation. We previously also described a patient with a de novo variant in TAB2, which we hypothesized was causative of another form of AD‐FMD. In this study, a cohort of 20 individuals with AD‐FMD is clinically evaluated. This cohort consists of 15 individuals with the recently described, recurrent mutation (c.1454C>T) in MAP3K7, as well as three individuals with missense mutations that result in substitutions in the N‐terminal kinase domain of TGFβ‐activated kinase 1 (TAK1), encoded by MAP3K7. Additionally, two individuals have missense variants in the gene TAB2, which encodes a protein with a close functional relationship to TAK1, TAK1‐associated binding protein 2 (TAB2). Although the X‐linked and autosomal dominant forms of FMD are very similar, there are distinctions to be made between the two conditions. Individuals with AD‐FMD have characteristic facial features, and are more likely to be deaf, have scoliosis and cervical fusions, and have a cleft palate. Furthermore, there are features only found in AD‐FMD in our review of the literature including valgus deformity of the feet and predisposition to keloid scarring. Finally, intellectual disability is present in a small number of subjects with AD‐FMD but has not been described in association with X‐linked FMD.
Neuropsychological phenotypes of 76 individuals with Joubert syndrome evaluated at a single center
Authors: Summers Angela C. , Snow Joseph , Wiggs Edythe , Liu Alexander G. , Toro Camilo , Poretti Andrea , Zein Wadih M. , Brooks Brian P. , Parisi Melissa A. , Inati Sara , Doherty Dan , Vemulapalli Meghana , Mullikin Jim C. ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Vilboux Thierry , Gahl William A. , Gunay‐Aygun Meral
Published: May 2017

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy characterized by hypo‐dysplasia of the cerebellar vermis, a distinct hindbrain/midbrain malformation (molar tooth sign), and intellectual disability. We evaluated the neuropsychological profiles of 76 participants with JS in the context of molecular genetics and clinical covariates. Evaluations included neuropsychological testing, structured parental interviews, DNA sequencing, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), ophthalmologic examination, and assessment for renal and hepatic disease. On average, participants manifested Full Scale Intelligence Quotients (FSIQ) in the moderately to profoundly low range (M = 64.3 ± 15.3). Of the Wechsler index scores, verbal comprehension was least affected and processing speed was most affected. Receptive language was rated as better than expressive language on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales‐Second Edition. Those with abnormal EEG had a significantly lower FSIQ (n = 15; M = 50.7 ± 12.9) compared to participants with normal EEG (n = 39; M = 64.7 ± 16.3; p = .004). Participants taking psychiatric medications manifested a lower FSIQ (n = 20; M = 54.8 ± 13.2) than those not taking them (n = 42; M = 65.0 ± 17.2; p = .022). These correlations were also present in the TMEM67‐related JS sub‐cohort (n = 14). Based on parental assessment, psychiatric and behavioral problems were significantly more common than in the general population for all measures (p < .004 for all). The majority (65%) of individuals with JS have some degree of intellectual disability. Abnormal EEG is associated with lower neuropsychological function. Processing speed is a weakness, while verbal comprehension and receptive language are relative strengths. These findings may guide parents, teachers, therapists, and doctors to determine appropriate therapies, accommodations, and academic goals for individuals with JS.
Adaptive and maladaptive functioning in Kleefstra syndrome compared to other rare genetic disorders with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Vermeulen Karlijn , de Boer Anneke , Janzing Joost G. E. , Koolen David A. , Ockeloen Charlotte W. , Willemsen Marjolein H. , Verhoef Floor M. , van Deurzen Patricia A. M. , van Dongen Linde , van Bokhoven Hans , Egger Jos I. M. , Staal Wouter G. , Kleefstra Tjitske
Published: May 2017

Detailed neurobehavioural profiles are of major value for specific clinical management, but have remained underexposed in the population with intellectual disabilities (ID). This was traditionally classified based on IQ level only. Rapid advances in genetics enable etiology based stratification in the majority of patients, which reduces clinical heterogeneity. This paper illustrates that specific profiles can be obtained for rare syndromes with ID. Our main aim was to study (mal)adaptive functioning in Kleefstra Syndrome (KS) by comparing and contrasting our findings to three other subgroups: Koolen‐de Vries Syndrome, GATAD2B‐related syndrome, and a mixed control group of individuals with ID. In total, we studied 58 individuals (28 males, 30 females) with ID; 24 were diagnosed with KS, 13 with Koolen‐de Vries Syndrome, 6 with the GATAD2B‐related syndrome, and 15 individuals with undefined neurodevelopmental disorders. All individuals were examined with a Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, mini PAS‐ADD interview, and an Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule to obtain measures of adaptive and maladaptive functioning. Each of the three distinctive genetic disorders showed its own specific profile of adaptive and maladaptive functioning, while being contrasted mutually. However, when data of the subgroups altogether are contrasted to the data of KS, such differences could not be demonstrated. Based on our findings, specific management recommendations were discussed for each of the three syndromes. It is strongly suggested to consider the genetic origin in individuals with congenital neurodevelopmental disorders for individual based psychiatric and behavioral management.
Rapid Sensing of Specific Drugs at Sub‐Ppb Levels by Using a Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Photoluminescent Soft Material
Authors: Laishram Raju , Maitra Uday
Published: May 2017

The intrinsic luminescence of TbIII in a cholate (Ch) hydrogel has been found to be much higher than that in water or SDS micellar media. We have examined the role of the gel medium in enhancing the emission of TbIII in detail, and we also report a remarkably simple method for detecting two important drugs, naproxen and propranolol, by using the luminescence of TbIII in a TbCh hydrogel. The gel medium played a crucial role in the sensing of these drugs, because little sensitization of TbIII took place in solution. The drug detection could be performed down to sub‐ppb levels, both for commercially available tablets and for (spiked) samples of blood serum without any pre‐processing. This technique could also be used to differentiate between pairs of closely related drugs, for example, naproxen/ibuprofen and propranolol/atenolol. This rapid (<2 min) and sensitive detection technique may make such gels suitable as a general platform for the sensing of appropriate analytes.
An effective flame retardant for poly(ethylene terephthalate) synthesized by phosphaphenanthrene and cyclotriphosphazene
Authors: Fang Yinchun , Zhou Xiang , Xing Zhiqi , Wu Yarong
Published: May 2017

A novel flame retardant [9,10‐Dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxideÔtriphosphazene (DOPO–TPN)] based on phosphaphenanthrene and cyclotriphosphazene was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The structure of DOPO–TPN was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), and elemental analysis. PET/DOPO–TPN composites with different amount of DOPO–TPN were prepared and the flame retardancy was determined by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (UL‐94). With the incorporation of 5 wt % DOPO–TPN, the composite achieved a LOI value of 34% and UL‐94 V‐0 rating. The thermal properties of the PET/DOPO–TPN composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The flame retardant mechanism was investigated by pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS), FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Py‐GC/MS results showed that DOPO based fragments would exist in the gas phase during the pyrolysis of PET/DOPO–TPN composites which demonstrated that DOPO–TPN could act through gas‐phase action to exert flame retardant effect. The results of FTIR and SEM demonstrated that DOPO–TPN could promote the formation of compact and intact char residues to inhibit the heat and combustible gas transmission in condensed phase. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45246.
Population structure, distribution and habitat use of the Critically Endangered Angelshark, Squatina squatina, in the Canary Islands
Authors: Meyers Eva K. M. , Tuya Fernando , Barker Joanna , Jiménez Alvarado David , Castro‐Hernández José Juan , Haroun Ricardo , Rödder Dennis
Published: May 2017

Angel sharks are among the most threatened fish worldwide, facing regional and global extinction. In Europe, populations of the three Critically Endangered angel sharks (Squatina aculeata, Squatina oculata and Squatina squatina) have been severely depleted.

Taking advantage of the last global ‘hotspot’ of the angelshark, Squatina squatina, this study gathered data through a citizen science programme to describe the occurrence of this shark in the coastal waters of the Canary Islands. Specifically, this study described (1) the population structure, and (2) habitat use of this species, which was used in a Species Distribution Model to (3) examine realized and potential distribution patterns, and to (4) determine the relative importance of environmental predictors on the occurrence of S. squatina.

Over the 12 months sampling period (April 2014 – March 2015), 678 sightings were reported. Individuals ranged from 20 to 200 cm (total length). Larger sightings of both females and neonates occurred mostly in April to July, i.e. during the pupping season. Males were significantly more frequent in November to January, i.e. during the mating season. Angelsharks were encountered at depths from <1 m to a maximum of 45 m. Small‐sized individuals (i.e. neonates) exclusively occurred in shallow water (0–25 m). Most sharks occurred on sandy bottoms adjacent to reefs.

Even though sightings were recorded at all seven islands in the archipelago, there were fewer encounters in the western than the eastern islands.

The Species Distribution Model indicated that the probability of occurrence mainly correlated with sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, salinity and depth. Areas with the greatest habitat suitability were in shallow water.

The angelshark displayed spatial (vertical and horizontal) and temporal segregation by size and sex. This information is vital to inform conservation of this Critically Endangered shark in its last stronghold.
Demography of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins living in a protected inverse estuary
Authors: Passadore Cecilia , Möller Luciana , Diaz‐Aguirre Fernando , Parra Guido J.
Published: May 2017

Assessments of demographic parameters are essential to understand the dynamics of wild populations, and for their efficient conservation and management. Here, sex‐specific abundance, apparent survival and temporary emigration of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops cf. australis) in Coffin Bay (CB), South Australia, is investigated.

Results are based on capture–recapture modelling of photo‐identification data and molecular analyses of biopsy samples collected during boat‐based surveys between September 2013 and October 2015 in the inner and outer areas of CB.

The total super‐population of dolphins (including calves) using the entire study area (263 km2) was estimated with POPAN models at 306 (95% CI: 291–323), which included 71 (68–73) marked females and 57 (55–60) marked males.

Seasonal estimates of abundance for the inner area of CB (123 km2) obtained with Pollock's Closed Robust Design models remained relatively constant over the two years (marked females: 52–60, marked males: 46–52, and total: 193–209).

The high density of dolphins inhabiting the inner area (seasonal range: 1.57–1.70 individuals km−2), high apparent survival rates estimated for both sexes (females: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.96–1.0; males: 0.95; 0.82–0.99), and low temporary emigration rates (0.02; 95% CI: 0.01–0.11) indicate that the inner area of CB offers highly favourable habitat for these dolphins.

High biological productivity and low predation risk may promote these demographic patterns in the inner area of CB.

This study provides a robust baseline of sex‐specific population demographics of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins with important implications for future research and their management and conservation in South Australia.
A Novel Pregabalin Functionalized Salicylaldehyde Derivative Afforded Prospective Pain, Inflammation, and Pyrexia Alleviating Propensities
Authors: Ahmad Nisar , Subhan Fazal , Islam Nazar Ul , Shahid Muhammad , Rahman Faiz Ur , Fawad Khwaja
Published: May 2017

A novel pregabalin derivative named as pregsal ((S,E)‐3‐(((2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino)methyl)‐5‐methylhexanoic acid) was synthesized by a simple imination reaction between pregabalin and salicylaldehyde and was evaluated in the in vivo testing paradigms. The compound was characterized by UV, IR, 1H, 13C NMR, HR ESI‐MS, and elemental analysis. It was screened (30, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg) for antinociceptive, anti‐inflammatory, and antipyretic activities in relation to pregabalin. The synthesized compound significantly attenuated the tonic acetic acid‐induced nociceptive pain (30 mg/kg (P < 0.05), 50 mg/kg (P < 0.01), 75 and 100 mg/kg (P < 0.001)), and thermal‐induced hyperalgesia (P < 0.001). These activities were succinctly antagonized (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) by naloxone and pentylenetetrazole, implicating the involvement of opioidergic and GABAergic mechanisms. The compound also inhibited the temporal inflammatory response and alleviated the yeast‐induced pyrexia (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the synthesized compound possessed prospective pain, inflammation, and pyrexia relieving propensities and therefore may serve as a potential drug candidate for the therapeutic management of chronic pain conditions.
Selective Separation of Aliphatic Nitriles by Employing a Two‐Dimensional Interdigitated Coordination Polymer
Authors: Mistry Subhradeep , Hota Raghunandan , Natarajan Srinivasan
Published: May 2017

A room‐temperature slow diffusion reaction of the metal nitrates [M=ZnII and CoII] with 5‐azido isophthalic acid (AIPA) and 1,4‐bis(4‐pyridyl)‐2,3‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene (BPDB) resulted in a new two‐dimensional interdigitated coordination polymer, [M(C8H3N3O4)(C12H10N4)]⋅DMF [DMF=dimethyl formamide (C3H7NO)]. The non‐bonded DMF molecules were found to exchange through a single‐crystal to single‐crystal (SCSC) fashion with many aliphatic nitrile compounds. More importantly, the present compound, I⋅DMF(Zn) appears to absorb cis‐crotononitrile selectively from the cis/trans mixture as well as a mixture containing the structural isomer (allylnitrile). It also preferentially absorbs propionitrile from an equimolar mixture of acetonitrile, propionitrile, and butyronitrile (1:2:1). The cobalt compound exhibits anti‐ferromagnetic behavior.
Improved Adaptive Controller Synthesis of Piecewise‐Affine Systems
Authors: Zhang Hongwen , Liu Kai , Zhang Shangmin , Qiao Hong , Qiu Bobo
Published: May 2017

This paper considers the adaptive
control problem for piecewise affine systems (PWS), a novel synthesis framework is presented based on the piecewise quadratic Lyapunov function (PQLF) instead of the common quadratic Lyapunov function to achieve the less conservatism. First, by designing the projection‐type piecewise adaptive law, the problem of the adaptive
control of PWS can be reduced to the
control problem of augmented piecewise systems. Then, we construct the piecewise affine control law for augmented piecewise systems in such a way that the PQLF can be employed to establish the stability and
performance. In particular, the Reciprocal Projection Lemma is employed to formulate the synthesis condition as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which enables the proposed PQLF approach to be numerically solvable. Finally, an engineering example is shown to illustrate the synthesis results.
The molybdenum cofactor enzyme mARC: Moonlighting or promiscuous enzyme?
Authors: Llamas Angel , Chamizo‐Ampudia Alejandro , Tejada‐Jimenez Manuel , Galvan Aurora , Fernandez Emilio
Published: May 2017

Molybdenum (Mo) is present in the active center of eukaryotic enzymes as a tricyclic pyranopterin chelate compound forming the Mo Cofactor (Moco). Four Moco containing enzymes are known in eukaryotes, nitrate reductase (NR), sulfite oxidase (SO), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), and aldehyde oxidase (AO). A fifth Moco enzyme has been recently identified. Because of the ability of this enzyme to convert by reduction several amidoximes prodrugs into their active amino forms, it was named mARC (mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component). This enzyme is also able to catalyze the reduction of a broad range of N‐hydroxylated compounds (NHC) as the base analogue 6‐hydroxylaminopurine (HAP), as well as nitrite to nitric oxide (NO). All the mARC proteins need reducing power that is supplied by other proteins. The human and plants mARC proteins require a Cytochrome b5 (Cytb5) and a Cytochrome b5 reductase (Cytb5‐R) to form an electron transfer chain from NADH to the NHC. Recently, plant mARC proteins were shown to be implicated in the reduction of nitrite to NO, and it was proposed that the electrons required for the reaction were supplied by NR instead of Cytochrome b5 components. This newly characterized mARC activity was termed NO Forming Nitrite Reductase (NOFNiR). Moonlighting proteins form a special class of multifunctional enzymes that can perform more than one function; if the extra function is not physiologically relevant, they are called promiscuous enzymes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mARC protein, and we propose that mARC is a new moonlighting enzyme. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):486–494, 2017
Flavanones: Citrus phytochemical with health‐promoting properties
Authors: Barreca Davide , Gattuso Giuseppe , Bellocco Ersilia , Calderaro Antonella , Trombetta Domenico , Smeriglio Antonella , Laganà Giuseppina , Daglia Maria , Meneghini Silvia , Nabavi Seyed Mohammad
Published: May 2017

Citrus fruit and juices represent one of the main sources of compounds with a high potential for health promoting properties. Among these compounds, flavanones (such as hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and their respective glycosides), which occur in quantities ranging from ∼180 to 740 mg/L (depending on the Citrus species and cultivar) are responsible for many biological activities. These compounds support and enhance the body's defenses against oxidative stress and help the organism in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Moreover, among other properties, they also show anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial activities. This review analyzes the biochemistry, pharmacology, and biology of Citrus flavanones, emphasizing the occurrence in Citrus fruits and juices and their bioavailability, structure‐function correlations and ability to modulate signal cascades both in vitro and in vivo. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):495–506, 2017
Cryoprotection and banking of living cells in a 3D multiple emulsion‐based carrier
Authors: Dluska Ewa , Cui Zhanfeng , Markowska‐Radomska Agnieszka , Metera Agata , Kosicki Konrad
Published: May 2017

The ability to preserve stem cells/cells with minimal damage for short and long periods of time is essential for advancements in biomedical therapies and biotechnology. New methods of cell banking are continuously needed to provide effective damage prevention to cells. This paper puts forward a solution to the problem of the low viability of cells during cryopreservation in a traditional suspension and storage by developing innovative multiple emulsion‐based carriers for the encapsulation and cryopreservation of cells. During freezing‐thawing processes, irreversible damage to cells occurs as a result of the formation of ice crystals, cell dehydration, and the toxicity of cryoprotectant. The proposed method was effective due to the “flexible” protective structure of multiple emulsions, which was proven by a high cell survival rate, above 90%. Results make new contributions in the fields of cell engineering and biotechnology and contribute to the development of methods for banking biological material.
Oleaginous yeasts: Promising platforms for the production of oleochemicals and biofuels
Authors: Adrio José L.
Published: May 2017

Oleaginous yeasts have a unique physiology that makes them the best suited hosts for the production of lipids, oleochemicals, and diesel‐like fuels. Their high lipogenesis, capability of growing on many different carbon sources (including lignocellulosic sugars), easy large‐scale cultivation, and an increasing number of genetic tools are some of the advantages that have encouraged their use to develop sustainable processes. This mini‐review summarizes the metabolic engineering strategies developed in oleaginous yeasts within the last 2 years to improve process metrics (titer, yield, and productivity) for the production of lipids, free fatty acids, fatty acid‐based chemicals (e.g., fatty alcohols, fatty acid ethyl esters), and alkanes. During this short period of time, tremendous progress has been made in Yarrowia lipolytica, the model oleaginous yeast, which has been engineered to improve lipid production by different strategies including increasing lipogenic pathway flux and biosynthetic precursors, and blocking degradation pathways. Moreover, remarkable advances have also been reported in Rhodosporidium toruloides and Lipomyces starkey despite the limited genetic tools available for these two very promising hosts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1915–1920. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age‐related gait motion transformation based on biomechanical observations
Authors: Jung Sunjin , Hong Seokpyo , Cho Kyungmin , Eom Haegwang , Choi Byungkuk , Noh Junyong
Published: May 2017

We present a novel approach for synthesizing human gait motions according to a range of input ages by transforming a given motion based on biomechanical observations. Given an original motion, our method first extracts gait cycles that are periodically defined by foot contact on the ground and then transforms the original motion to achieve a desirable posture and motions that respectively correspond to the input age. Among many biomechanical features that gradually change with aging, we mainly focus on spatiotemporal and kinematic features as well as postural changes. Exploiting these features, we formulate the biomechanical changes as continuous functions that reflect visually significant features corresponding to the input age. Finally, we demonstrate that our system can automatically generate plausible gait motions given a wide range of input ages.
Distributed control for flocking and group maneuvering of nonholonomic agents
Authors: Cai Zhongxuan , Chang Xuefeng , Wang Yanzhen , Yi Xiaodong , Yang Xue‐Jun
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we propose a distributed control approach for flocking and group maneuvering of nonholonomic agents, with constrained kinematic properties commonly found in practical systems, such as fixed‐wing unmanned aerial vehicles. Flocking of agents with differential drive kinematics is addressed by introducing a virtual leader–follower mechanism into the Olfati‐Saber's algorithm, which is originally proposed for holonomic agents with double integrator kinematics. Then, group maneuverability of the flock is achieved by superimposing a group motion onto each agent's flocking motion. Moreover, it is proven that speed limits are intrinsically guaranteed by the approach, which renders it more applicable in practical systems. Experimental results in MATLAB and Gazebo, a popular robotic simulator, are presented to evaluate the performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Accelerating statistical human motion synthesis using space partitioning data structures
Authors: Herrmann Erik , Manns Martin , Du Han , Hosseini Somayeh , Fischer Klaus
Published: May 2017

Statistical model‐based motion synthesis enables the constrained generation of natural human motions. In this paper, we present a combination of statistical model‐based motion synthesis with a motion retrieval method. We fit a statistical motion model to the low‐dimensional latent space obtained by applying principal component analysis to a functional representation of example motion data. In order to accelerate the synthesis, we construct a space partitioning tree on a dense set of samples from the model projected into a feature space. At run‐time, the tree is traversed based on an objective function to find the best sample fitting user‐defined constraints. After finding a good initial guess, we apply numerical optimization to reach constraints exactly. We evaluated the accuracy and efficiency of the search in the tree using different space partitioning methods on synthetic and motion capture data. In our experiments, the most stable and accurate search results were achieved using the k‐Means++ algorithm for the tree construction.
Post‐radiosynovectomy imaging of Er‐169 using scintigraphy and autoradiography
Authors: Farahati Jamshid , Elliott Johanna , Höppner Sabrina , Stein Linda , Gilman Elena , Kumm Dietmar , Grodotzki Thomas
Published: May 2017

Key Clinical Message

Currently, there is no protocol for the detection of intra‐articular distribution of Er‐169 citrate after radiosynovectomy. We propose post‐therapeutic imaging using scintigraphy and cobalt‐57 pen‐marker autoradiography. This technique evaluates the efficacy of the radiosynovectomy and patient safety and could be utilized for dosimetric protocol.
Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence with Quantum Dots and Arrays of Nanoelectrodes
Authors: Bertoncello Paolo , Ugo Paolo
Published: May 2017

This Review presents the latest advances related to analytical and bioanalytical applications of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) achieved by exploiting the special optical or electrochemical properties of quantum dots and nanoelectrodes, respectively. After a brief introduction, which covers the basic concepts of ECL detection, the Review presents relevant examples dealing with the use of quantum dots and arrays of nanoelectrodes to improve the analytical and bioanalytical capabilities of ECL. Finally, prospects and limits derived from the application of the above advanced nanomaterials to stimulate ECL emission are discussed.
Interplay of Electronic Cooperativity and Exchange Coupling in Regulating the Reactivity of Diiron(IV)‐oxo Complexes towards C−H and O−H Bond Activation
Authors: Ansari Azaj , Ansari Mursaleem , Singha Asmita , Rajaraman Gopalan
Published: May 2017

Activation of inert C−H bonds such as those of methane are extremely challenging for chemists but in nature, the soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) enzyme readily oxidizes methane to methanol by using a diiron(IV) species. This has prompted chemists to look for similar model systems. Recently, a (μ‐oxo)bis(μ‐carboxamido)diiron(IV) ([FeIV2O(L)2]2+ L=N,N‐bis‐(3′,5′‐dimethyl‐4′‐methoxypyridyl‐2′‐methyl)‐N′‐acetyl‐1,2‐diaminoethane) complex has been generated by bulk electrolysis and this species activates inert C−H bonds almost 1000 times faster than mononuclear FeIV=O species and at the same time selectively activates O−H bonds of alcohols. The very high reactivity and selectivity of this species is puzzling and herein we use extensive DFT calculations to shed light on this aspect. We have studied the electronic and spectral features of diiron {FeIII‐μ(O)‐FeIII}+2 (complex I), {FeIII‐μ(O)‐FeIV}+3 (II), and {FeIV‐μ(O)‐FeIV}+4 (III) complexes. Strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the Fe centers leads to spin‐coupled S=0, S=3/2, and S=0 ground state for species I–III respectively. The mechanistic study of the C−H and O−H bond activation reveals a multistate reactivity scenario where C−H bond activation is found to occur through the S=4 spin‐coupled state corresponding to the high‐spin state of individual FeIV centers. The O−H bond activation on the other hand, occurs through the S=2 spin‐coupled state corresponding to an intermediate state of individual FeIV centers. Molecular orbital analysis reveals σ–π/π–π channels for the reactivity. The nature of the magnetic exchange interaction is found to be switched during the course of the reaction and this offers lower energy pathways. Significant electronic cooperativity between two metal centers during the course of the reaction has been witnessed and this uncovers the reason behind the efficiency and selectivity observed. The catalyst is found to prudently choose the desired spin states based on the nature of the substrate to effect the catalytic transformations. These findings suggest that the presence of such factors play a role in the reactivity of dinuclear metalloenzymes such as sMMO.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Ga‐Substituted Distibenes and Sb‐Analogues of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane
Authors: Tuscher Lars , Helling Christoph , Ganesamoorthy Chelladurai , Krüger Julia , Wölper Christoph , Frank Walter , Nizovtsev Anton S. , Schulz Stephan
Published: May 2017

Monovalent gallanediyl LGa {L=HC[C(Me)N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)]2} reacts with SbX3to form the Ga‐substituted distibenes [(LGaX)2Sb2] (X=NMeEt1, Cl2). Upon heating,2reacts to the bicyclo[1.1.0]butane analogue [(LGaCl)2(μ,η1:1‐Sb4)]3containing a [Sb4]2−dianion. Moreover,2reacts with Li amides LiNR2in salt elimination reactions that form the corresponding amido‐substituted compounds1and [(LGaNMe2)2Sb2]4, whereas reactions of4and [(LGaNMe2)2(μ,η1:1‐Sb4)]5with two equivalents of GaCl3resulted in the formation of2and3, respectively.1,2and3were characterized by1H and13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, their bonding situation was analyzed by quantum chemical calculations.
(E)‐1,1,4,4‐Tetramethyl‐2‐tetrazene (TMTZ): A Prospective Alternative to Hydrazines in Rocket Propulsion
Authors: Dhenain Anne , Darwich Chaza , Sabaté Carlos Miró , Le Duc‐Minh , Bougrine Anne‐Julie , Delalu Henri , Lacôte Emmanuel , Payen Léa , Guitton Jérôme , Labarthe Emilie , Jacob Guy
Published: May 2017

1,1,4,4‐Tetramethyl‐2‐tetrazene (TMTZ) is considered as a prospective replacement for toxic hydrazines used in liquid rocket propulsion. The heat of formation of TMTZ was computed and measured, giving values well above those of the hydrazines commonly used in propulsion. This led to a predicted maximum Isp of 337 s for TMTZ/N2O4 mixtures, which is a value comparable to that of monomethylhydrazine. We found that TMTZ has a vapor pressure well below that of liquid hydrazines, and it is far less toxic. Finally, an improved synthesis is proposed, which is compatible with existing industrial production facilities after minor changes. TMTZ is thus an attractive liquid propellant candidate, with a performance comparable to hydrazines but a lower vapor pressure and toxicity.
Nitrogen and Fluorine‐Codoped Carbon Nanowire Aerogels as Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Fu Shaofang , Zhu Chengzhou , Song Junhua , Engelhard Mark H. , Xiao Biwei , Du Dan , Lin Yuehe
Published: May 2017

The development of active, durable, and low‐cost catalysts to replace noble metal‐based materials is highly desirable to promote the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. Herein, nitrogen and fluorine‐codoped three‐dimensional carbon nanowire aerogels, composed of interconnected carbon nanowires, were synthesized for the first time by a hydrothermal carbonization process. Owing to their porous nanostructures and heteroatom‐doping, the as‐prepared carbon nanowire aerogels, with optimized composition, present excellent electrocatalytic activity that is comparable to commercial Pt/C. Remarkably, the aerogels also exhibit superior stability and methanol tolerance. This synthesis procedure paves a new way to design novel heteroatom‐doped catalysts.
Pyrolysis and char oxidation characteristics of oil shales and coal in a thermogravimetric analyzer
Authors: Park Dong Kyoo , Song Eunhye
Published: May 2017

Non‐isothermal thermogravimetric analysis was carried out on two different oil shales and sub‐bituminous coal in order to evaluate effects of the fuel properties and compare the reaction characteristics. The samples and their chars after the devolatilization were heated up to 900 °C at a constant heating rate of 10 K/min under inert and oxidizing atmospheres, respectively. Experimental results exhibit distinct behaviour between the samples for both pyrolysis and char oxidation processes. Pyrolysis of oil shale occurs in two temperature regimes corresponding to its organic and mineral degradation, and mineral matter plays important roles in production of the residual char at the second pyrolysis stage and its reactivity to the subsequent char oxidation. Kinetic analysis was performed using the global one‐ and multi‐step models with nth order reaction mechanism. Organic devolatilization processes of coal and oil shale are analyzed by three‐ and two‐step models, respectively, however mineral degradation of oil shale and char oxidation are analyzed by a one‐step model. Finally, a reasonable fit to the experimental data can be achieved for all the samples and their chars at different atmospheres.
Asymmetric Cationic [P, O] Type Palladium Complexes in Olefin Homopolymerization and Copolymerization
Authors: Xiong Shuoyan , Guo Lihua , Zhang Shumiao , Liu Zhe
Published: May 2017

Metal‐catalyzed ethylene homopolymerization and ethylene‐polar monomer copolymerization to produce new kinds of polyolefins with novel microstructures are of great interest. So far, there are some disadvantages for traditional transition metal catalyst systems. Therefore, it is critical to develop new catalysts or alternative strategies. In recent years, some cationic [P, O] palladium complexes have been demonstrated with the abilities to obtain oligomers and the high molecular weight polymers. Most importantly, these complexes showed high activity and generated polymers with specific microstructures when used for copolymerization of ethylene with industrially relevant polar monomers. This review summarizes several types of high performance cationic [P, O] palladium catalysts in ethylene oligomerization, ethylene homopolymerization and the copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers. Specially, the regulation of steric and electronic effects at specific sites of the metal complexes was focused.
Drug development and registration: Challenges and opportunities in ovarian cancer
Authors: Ivy S. Percy , Kohn Elise C.
Published: May 2017

Many challenges and opportunities present themselves for improving the care and outcome of patients with ovarian cancer. Open, ongoing discussion between regulatory, National Cancer Institute, academic, and pharmaceutical investigators and scientists will lead to benefit and an enhanced understanding of ovarian cancer.

See also pages 2604‐8
Regulatory considerations on endpoints in ovarian cancer drug development
Authors: Balasubramaniam Sanjeeve , Kim Geoffrey S. , McKee Amy E. , Pazdur Richard
Published: May 2017

Ovarian cancer remains a disease entity that is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Modern drug research pipelines and accelerated drug development timelines applied to other disease entities have begun to make an impact on treatment options for patients with advanced ovarian cancer, as exemplified by the recent accelerated approval of 2 agents for this disease as the forerunners of a growing number of registrational trials. Regulatory flexibility for this serious and life‐threatening condition spurs the consideration of intermediate endpoints for regulatory trial design, including potential applications in the development of newer therapeutic classes such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer 2017;123:2604‐8. © 2017 American Cancer Society.