bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Evaluation of Some New Isoquine Analogues for Antimalarial Activity
Authors: Nath Saha Chandra , Bhattacharya Sanjib , Chetia Dipak
Published: March 2012

Amodiaquine is a 4‐aminoquinoline antimalarial that can cause adverse side effects including hepatic and haematological toxicity. The drug toxicity involves the formation of an electrophilic metabolite, amodiaquine quinoneimine (AQQI), which binds to cellular macromolecules leading to hepatotoxicity and agranulocytosis. Interchange of the 3ʼ hydroxyl and the 4ʼ Mannich side‐chain function of amodiaquine provides an amodiaquine regioisomer (isoquine) that cannot form toxic quinoneimine metabolites. By a simple two‐step procedure, four isoquine analogues were synthesized and subsequently evaluated against the chloroquine sensitive RKL‐2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. All synthesized analogues demonstrated differential level of antimalarial activity against the test strain. However, no compound was found to exhibit better antimalarial property as compared to chloroquine.
Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion in 1N H2SO4 Medium by Acid Extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis Leaves
Authors: Saratha R. , Vasudha V. G.
Published: March 2012

Efficiency of acid extract of dry Nyctanthes arbortristis (Night Jasmine, Coral Jasmine) leaves as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1N H2SO4 medium was investigated in the present study. Experimental methods include weight loss and polarization studies. The results indicate Nyctanthes arbortristis leaves to be a good corrosion inhibitor of a mixed type and having efficiency as high as 90% at 1% inhibitor concentration.
Sorption and Preconcentration of Lead on Silica Nanoparticles Modified with Resacetophenone
Authors: Kaur Anupreet , Gupta Usha
Published: March 2012

The silica‐resacetophenone (SiO2‐RATP) nanoparticles were used as a new sorbent for extraction of trace amounts of Pb(II) by batch technique. Conditions of the analysis such as preconcentration factor, effect of pH, sample volume, shaking time, elution conditions and effects of interfering ions for the recovery of analyte were investigated. The adsorption capacity of nanometer SiO2‐RATP was found to be 167.24 µ mol/g at optimum pH and the detection limit (3σ) was 0.58 µg/L. The adsorption equilibrium of Pb(II) on nanometer SiO2‐RATP was achieved in 20 min. Adsorbed Pb(II) was easily eluted with 5 mL of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid. The maximum preconcentration factor was 60. The method was applied for the determination of trace amounts of Pb(II) in various natural water rivers.
Spectroscopic and Substitution Kinetic Studies of Hexacyanoferrate(II) Complexes byEDTA Catalysed with Mercury(II)
Authors: Siddiqi K. S. , Parwaz Khan Aftab Aslam , Mohd Ayaz , Bano Shaista
Published: March 2012

Kinetics and mechanism of substitution of cyanide ion in hexacyanoferrate(II) by EDTA catalysed by mercury(II) has been studied spectrophotometrically at 365 nm in potassium hydrogen phthalate buffer of pH = 5.0 and ionic strength, I = 0.1 M, maintained by (KNO3) at 25 °C. Effect of the pH and concentration of the EDTA, [Fe(CN)4-6] on the rate of reaction has been studied. The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction has been shown through dissociative mechanism. The mechanism of ligand substitution in the complex together with the kinetic data has been shown. The catalytic activity of mercury(II) has also been studied as a function of its concentration. The maximum reaction product was detected at pH = 5 after which a decline in absorption occurs followed by precipitation. It is an inexpensive method to identify and remove the cyanide ion in solution even in very low concentration of the order of 10-4 M.
Protonation Equilibria of L‐Aspartic, Citric and Succinic Acids in Anionic Micellar Media
Authors: Rao P. Srinivasa , Srikanth B. , Rao V. Samba Siva , Sastry C. Kamala , Rao G. Nageswara
Published: March 2012

The impact of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on the protonation equilibria of L‐aspartic acid, citric acid and succinic acid has been studied in various concentrations (0.5‐2.5% w/v) of SLS solution maintaining an ionic strength of 0.16 mol dm-3 at 303 K. The protonation constants have been calculated with the computer program MINIQUAD75 and the best fit models have been calculated based on statistical parameters. The trend of log values of step‐wise protonation constants with mole fraction of the medium has been explained based on electrostatic and non‐electrostatic forces operating on the protonation equilibria. The effects of errors on the protonation constants have also been presented.
Potentiometric and UV Spectral Studies of Binary and Ternary Complexes of Some Metal Ions with N‐Acetylcysteine and Amino Acids
Authors: Quyoom Shaesta , Khan Badr-Ud-Din
Published: March 2012

The formation constants of the binary 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and 1:1:1 ternary complexes of the said metal ions with NAC as a primary ligand and some biologically important amino acids as secondary ligands have been determined potentiometrically in aqueous medium. Acid dissociation constants of the ligands used and the formation constants of the binary and the ternary complexes were determined at 25 °C and in ionic strength I=0.1 mol dm-3 (KNO3).The formation constants of the 1:1 complexes were found to be higher than 1:2 complexes and the metal ions follow the order Hg(II) >Cu(II) >Cd(II) >Zn(II). In addition UV‐spectral studies of the NAC‐Metal (II) complexes have also been conducted at appropriate pH values to give further information about the structural nature of NAC‐ Metal (II) complexes in aqueous medium.
Aflatoxin B1Contamination of Some Edible Grains Marketed in Nigeria
Authors: Odoemelam S. A. , Osu C. I.
Published: March 2012

This paper presents an assessment of the aflatoxin B1 contamination of some food grains (wheat, millet, Guinea corn, breadfruit and groundnut) from major markets in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The concentrations of aflatoxin B1 obtained in the ranges from 17.01‐20.53 µg kg–1 for wheat, 34.00– 40.30 µg kg–1 for millet, 27.22‐36.13 µg kg–1 for guinea corn, 40.06‐48.59 µg kg–1 for breadfruit and 74.03‐82.12 µg kg–1 for groundnut. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in all the samples. There were significant differences (p<0.01) in the levels of aflatoxin B1 determined in all the samples and the toxin contamination was not restricted to any particular section of the region. The presence of aflatoxins in grains constitutes a serious health hazard to both human beings and animals because of their toxic and carcinogenic property.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of Tumkur Amanikere Lake Watershed, Karnataka, India
Authors: S. Rajendra Prasad D. , Sadashivaiah C. , Rangnna G.
Published: March 2012

The study area, Tumkur amanikere lake watershed, is located 0.5 km away from Tumkur Town on National Highway No.4. The main source of water for this lake is Kallur village tank catchment area. The average rainfall in the area is 965 mm. The submersion area of the lake at MWL is 204 hectares. Groundwater samples were collected from 22 stations covering the area during the year 2008 and were analyzed for physicochemical characters. The type of water that predominated in the study area is Ca‐Mg‐Cl type, was assessed based on hydrochemical facies. Besides, suitability of groundwater for irrigation was evaluated based on sodium adsorption ratio, percent sodium, and the US salinity diagrams.
Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium(VI) and Vanadium(V) by using 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (3,4‐DHBINH)
Authors: Narayana Lakshmi , Suvarapu  , Somala Adinarayana Reddy , Bobbala Prathima , Inseong Hwang , Ammireddy Varada Reddy
Published: March 2012

A simple, rapid, highly sensitive and new simultaneous spectro‐ photometric method is proposed for the analysis of chromium(VI) and vanadium(V) without separation by using 3,4‐dihydroxybeznaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (3,4‐DHBINH). The reagent reacts with the two metal ions in acetic acid‐sodium acetate buffer of pH 5.5 and gives maximum absorbances at 400 nm and 360 nm for chromium(VI) and vanadium(V), respectively. Both the metal ions gives 1: 1 (M:L) complexes with the reagent. Effect of various diverse ions also studied. The instability constants for the two complexes were also evaluated. This method was successfully applied for the determination of chromium(VI) and vanadium(V) in various spiked samples. The validity of the method was checked by comparing with the results obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Compatibility Study of Lamivudine with Various Cellulose Polymers
Authors: Raju P. Narayana , Prakash K. , Narasu M. Lakshmi
Published: March 2012

For the development of any formulation, techniques such as thermal and isothermal stress testing were used to assess the compatibility of drug with excepients. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR were the common methods for the study of compatibility. Isothermal stress testing (IST) is also a method for the compatibility study during proto type formulation. In the present study drug excepient compatibility study of lamivudine was conducted with different controlled release polymers. The drug and polymer mixtures were stored at 50 °C for 2 weeks. The samples were then characterized using DSC, FTIR and UV spectrophotometric methods. The results show that lamivudine was compatible with the all the polymers used in the study. The polymers used in the present study were definitely incorporated in the extended release lamivudine formulation.
Rapid Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Culture Supernatant of Bacteria with Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Saifuddin N. , Wong C. W. , Yasumira A. A. Nur
Published: March 2012

The development of rapid and reliable processes for the synthesis of nanosized materials is of great importance in the field of nanotechnology. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using microorganism have been reported, but the process is rather slow. In this paper, we describe a novel combinatorial synthesis approach which is rapid, simple and “green” for the synthesis of metallic nanostructures of noble metals such as silver (Ag), by using a combination of culture supernatanant of Bacillus subtilis and microwave (MW) irradiation in water in absence of a surfactant or soft template. It was found that exposure of culture supernatanant of Bacillus subtilis and microwave irradiation to silver ion lead to the formation of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were in the range of 5‐60 nm in dimension. The nanoparticles were examined using UV‐Visible Spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses. The formation of nanoparticles by this method is extremely rapid, requires no toxic chemicals and the nanoparticles are stable for several months. The main conclusion is that the bio‐reduction method to produce nanoparticles is a good alternative to the electrochemical methods.
Preconcentration with 1‐Nitroso‐2‐naphthol Complexes on Dowex MWC‐1 Resin: Determination of Cu and Zn at Trace Level in Drinking Water Samples by ICP‐AES
Authors: Mulazimoglu A. Demir , Mulazimoglu I. E. , Ozkan E.
Published: March 2012

In this study, copper(II) and zinc(II) were quantitatively determined in drinking water using ICP‐AES after preconcentration. For this purpose, the water samples were treated with 1‐nitroso‐2‐naphthol to form metal complexes on Dowex MWC‐1 resin. Prior to the sorption process, the column was treated with a chelating resin Dowex MWC‐1 and the column was prepared by passing buffer solution at different pH values. These columns were used for the transportation of water samples through the resin at the flow rate of 2.00 mL min-1. The effluents were then analyzed by ICP‐AES using standard addition method. The effect of pH, amount of resin, ligand concentration and eluent type were investigated. The detection limit for Cu(II) and Zn(II) were found to be 2.78 μg L-1and 6.34 μg L-1 respectively (RSD.’s <%5).it would be concluded that the determination of copper(II) and zinc(II) in drinking water was simple, fast and repliable using this technique.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of SomeNovel Benzimidazolyl Chalcones
Authors: Baviskar B. A. , Baviskar Bhagyesh , Shiradkar M. R. , Deokate U. A. , Khadabadi S. S.
Published: March 2012

Some novel benzimidazolyl chalcones were synthesized by condensation of N‐(4‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)acetamide with aromatic aldehydes in presence of aqueous potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature. All the synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their IR, 1H NMR spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. All the compounds have been screened for antimicrobial activity by the cup‐plate method.
Sorptive Response Profile of Chitosan Coated Silica in the Defluoridation of Aqueous Solution
Authors: Vijaya Y. , Krishnaiah A.
Published: March 2012

As excess of fluoride (> 1.5 mg/L) in drinking water is harmful to the human health, various treatment technologies for removing fluoride from groundwater and aqueous medium have been investigated in the past. Present investigation aims to develop chitosan coated silica (CCS) and to investigate the removal of fluoride by CCS through adsorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used for the characterization of the sorbent. The surface morphology of the CCS was observed using SEM. Series of batch adsorption experiments were carried out to assess parameters that influence the adsorption process. The factors investigated include the influence of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial fluoride concentration. The studies revealed there is an enhanced fluoride sorption on CCS. The sorption data obtained at optimized conditions were subjected to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The monolayer sorption capacity, Q° (44.4 mg/g) and binding energy b (0.010 L/mg) have been estimated using Langmuir isotherm. The kinetic studies indicate that the sorption of fluoride on CCS follows Pseudo second‐order kinetics.
Large Scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Karthikeyan S. , Mahalingam P. , Karthik M.
Published: March 2012

Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991 by Iijima, they have been of great interest both from the fundamental point of view and for future applications. The most eye catching features of this structure are their electronic, mechanical, optical and chemical characteristics, which opens a way to future applications. These properties can even be measured on single nanotubes. For commercial applications, large quantities of purified nanotubes are needed. In this paper, recent research on preparation of carbon nanotubes with special reference to low temperature synthesis of high purity is reviewed. The reported achievements in this area will open up more knowledge on carbon nanostructured materials in many areas of emerging nanoscale science and nanotechnology
Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India
Authors: Ramakrishnaiah C. R. , Sadashivaiah C. , Ranganna G.
Published: March 2012

The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Tumkur taluk. This has been determined by collecting groundwater samples and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, the following 12 parameters have been considered: pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, manganese and fluorides. The WQI for these samples ranges from 89.21 to 660.56. The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of iron, nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and manganese in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination
Dielectric Study on Fly Ash Blended Cement
Authors: Sivakumar G. , Mohanraj K. , Barathan S.
Published: March 2012

In this paper, the hydration behaviour of ordinary portland cement (OPC) and fly ash blended cement (10, 25 and 40%) replaced by two different fly ashes (FA) were investigated. The samples were hydrated with distilled water (DW) in water to solid ratio 0:4 and its setting time and dielectric measurement are carried out. Results of the study found that the fly ash blended cement composites have slow hydration than OPC during early stages (up to 24 h).
Analysis of Nabumetone in Bulk and Tablet Formulation by a New and Validated Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Sahu Prafulla Kumar , Annapurna M. Mathrusri
Published: March 2012

RP‐HPLC analytical method for the estimation of nabumetone in pharmaceutical dosage forms was developed and validated. A Hypersil ODS C18, 4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm column from Supelco (India), with mobile phase comprised of acetonitrile: triple distilled water (50:50) with a total run time of 18 min was used and the wavelength of the detector was set at 230 nm. Stavudin is used as internal standard. The retention times were 14.167 min and 1.967 min for nabumetone and stavudin (IS) respectively. The extraction recovery of nabumetone from pharmaceutical dosage form (tablets) was >101% and the calibration curve was linear (r2 = 0.995) over nabumetone concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 µg/mL. The method had an accuracy of >99% and LOD and LOQ of 0.17482 µg/mL and 0.5827 µg/mL respectively. The method reported is simple, reliable, precise and accurate and has the capability of being used for determination of nabumetone in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
New Spectrophotometric Determination of Tinofovir in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Majumder Manish , Gopinath B. , Koni Girish , Singh Sanjeev Kumar
Published: March 2012

Two new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (method A and B) have been developed for the estimation of tinofovir in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. Tinofovir was subjected to acid hydrolysis and this acid hydrolyzed drug was used for the estimation. Method A is based on the reaction with 3‐methyl‐2‐benzothiazolinone hydrazone in the presence of ferric chloride, to form a colored species with a λmax at 628.5 nm. Method B is based on the reaction with Folin‐ciocalteu phenol’s reagent under alkaline condition with a λmax at 768 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 5‐40 µg/mL for method A and 2‐30 µg/mL for method B, respectively. The methods were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference from any common pharmaceutical excepients and diluents. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery studies.
Production of Biodiesel from High Acid Value Waste Cooking Oil Using an Optimized Lipase Enzyme/Acid‐Catalyzed Hybrid Process
Authors: Saifuddin N. , Raziah A. Z. , Farah H. Nor
Published: March 2012

The present study is aimed at developing an enzymatic/acid‐catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production using waste cooking oil with high acid value (poor quality) as feedstock. Tuned enzyme was prepared using a rapid drying technique of microwave dehydration (time required around 15 minutes). Further enhancement was achieved by three phase partitioning (TPP) method. The results on the lipase enzyme which was subjected to pH tuning and TPP, indicated remarkable increase in the initial rate of transesterification by 3.8 times. Microwave irradiation was found to increase the initial reaction rates by further 1.6 times, hence giving a combined increase in activity of about 5.4 times. The optimized enzyme was used for hydrolysis and 88% of the oil taken initially was hydrolyzed by the lipase. The hydrolysate was further used in acid‐catalyzed esterification for biodiesel production. By using a feedstock to methanol molar ratio of 1:15 and a sulphuric acid concentration of 2.5%, a biodiesel conversion of 88% was obtained at 50 °C for an hour reaction time. This hybrid process may open a way for biodiesel production using unrefined and used oil with high acid value as feedstock.
Removal of Chromium from Aqueous Solution Using Modified Pomegranate Peel:Mechanistic and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Najim Tariq S. , Yassin Suhad A.
Published: March 2012

Modified pomegranate peel (MPGP) and formaldehyde modified pomegranate peel (FMPGP) were prepared and used as adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution using batch process. The temperature variation study of adsorption on both adsorbents revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic, from the positive values of ∆H˚. These values lie in the range of physisorption. The negative values of ∆G˚ show the adsorption is favorable and spontaneous. On the other hand, these negative values increases with increase in temperature on both adsorbents, which indicate that the adsorption is preferable at higher temperatures. ∆S˚ values showed that the process is accompanied by increase in disorder and randomness at the solid solution interface due to the reorientation of water molecules and Cr(VI) ions around the adsorbent surface. The endothermic nature of the adsorption was also confirmed from the positive values of activation energy, Ea, the low values of Ea confirm the physisorption mechanism of adsorption. The sticking probability, S*, of Cr(VI) ion on surface of both adsorbents showed that the adsorption is preferable due to low values of S* (0< S* < 1 ), but S* values are lower for FMPGP indicating that the adsorption on FMPGP is more preferable .
Solid‐State Microwave Synthesis of Melamine‐Formaldehyde Resin
Authors: Bajia Subhash , Sharma Rashmi , Bajia Birbal
Published: March 2012

An efficient synthesis of melamine‐formaldehyde resin has been achieved using conventional as well as microwave irradiations (without and with solid support) in different molar ratio. Resin samples were tested for their chemical as well as physical properties. The structure of all the resin has been supported by their spectral data
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of a New Series of s‐Triazines Derived with Quinolines
Authors: Vora J. J. , Vasava S. B. , Patel Asha. D. , Parmar K. C. , Chauhan S. K. , Sharma S. S.
Published: March 2012

8‐Hydroxy quinoline was synthesized using Skraup reaction. This was condensed with trichloro‐s‐triazine. The product of the above reaction was allowed to react with triazole derivative. Finally, urea derivatives were allowed to react and the products were characterized by conventional and instrumental methods. Their structures were determined and important biochemical properties were studied
Removal of Nickel(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption with Modified ZSM‐ 5 Zeolites
Authors: Panneerselvam P. , Bala V. Sathya Selva , Thinakaran N. , Baskaralingam P. , Palanichamy M. , Sivanesan S.
Published: March 2012

The sorptive removal of nickel ion from aqueous solutions using modified ZSM‐5 zeolites was investigated. Experiments were carried out as a function of solute concentration and different temperatures. Mesoporous material of ZSM‐5 zeolite was modified with phosphoric acid by wet method. The modified zeolite was converted to Na+ form using aqueous NaHCO3 solution. The Na+ form of modified zeolite, represented as PNa2-‐ZSM‐5 was characterized by XRD, BET, SEM and AAS techniques. It was then tested for ion exchange with aqueous Ni(SO4) solution. The Ni2+ content of the solution was analyzed by AAS. Phosphoric acid modified PNa2-‐ZSM‐5 zeolite shows higher adsorption capacity than the parent Na‐Y zeolite. Equilibrium modeling data were fit to linear Langmuir model then the Freundlich model. These parameter confirmed that sorption of Ni2+ is feasible spontaneous and endothermic.
Crystalline and Molecular Structure of Hydrated 2,6‐Xylidinium Tetrachlorozincate(II)
Authors: Smirani W. , Rzaigui M.
Published: March 2012

A new zinc complex compound of formula [2,6‐(CH3)2‐C6H3NH3]2ZnCl4. 2H2O has been prepared and characterized by X‐ray crystallography, thermal analysis and IR spectroscopy. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/a with a minimal tetrahedral distortion of the ZnCl42- ion, a = 7.448(1) Å, b = 38.486(3) Å, c = 8.298(1) Å, β= 112.52(1) °, V = 2197.4(4) Å3 and Z = 4. The crystal structure was solved and refined to R = 0.047 with 3270 independent reflections. It can be described by inorganic layers of [ZnCl4.(H2O)2]2- parallel to (010) plane, between which the 2,6‐xylidinium cations are located. The grouping is maintained by different types of interactions (electrostatic, H‐bonds, Van der Walls and π‐π stacking). A characterization of this compound by thermal analysis and IR spectroscopy are also reported.
Rapid Color Test Identification System for Screening of Counterfeit Fluoroquinolone
Authors: Singh B. K. , Parwate D. V. , Shukla S. K.
Published: March 2012

The protocol of rapid identification system consists of three chemical color reactions; two group tests for fluoroquinolone class and a compound specific test each for norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and sparfloxacin. The group color reactions are based on (a) Oxidizing behavior of quinolone and (b) Fluorine functional groups, both of which are characteristic of fluoroquinolone class. The compound specific color reactions are developed taking into consideration unique chemical behavior of each compound. The proposed chemical color tests have high selectivity⁄specificity, are ideal for screening purpose. The color of each test was defined by two standard color systems namely CIE lab and Munsell color. A suspected counterfeit tablet of any of the above mentioned drugs can be identified within 10‐15 min using this rapid identification system.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Metal Chelates of 5‐[4‐Chloro phenyl(1, 3, 4)thiadiazol‐2‐ylamino methylene]‐8‐hydroxy quinoline
Authors: Patel Divyesh K. , Singh Arun
Published: March 2012

5‐Chloromethyl‐8‐quinolinol was condensed stoichiometrically with 5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐(1,3,4) thiadiazol‐2‐ylamine in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. The resulting 5‐[4‐chlorophenyl‐(1,3,4)thiadiazol‐2‐ylamino methylene]‐8‐quinolinol (CTAQ) was characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The transition metal chelates viz. Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ of CTAQ were prepared and characterized by metal‐ligand (M:L) ratio, IR and reflectance spectroscopies and magnetic properties. The antifungal activity of CTAQ and its metal chelates was screened against various fungi. The results show that all these samples are good antifungal agents.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Ceftiofur Hydrochloride Using N‐Bromosuccinimide and p‐Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Authors: Annapurna V. , Jyothi G. , Rambabu C. , Sailaja B. B. V.
Published: March 2012

Simple, accurate and reproducible UV‐Visible spectrophotometric methods were established for the assay of ceftiofur based on the formation of oxidation and condensation products. Method A involves the oxidation of the ceftiofur (CEFT) with N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) and determination of the unconsumed NBS with p-N‐methylaminophenol (PMAP)‐sulfanilamide (SA) (PMAP‐SA) reagent. Method B includes the determination of unreacted NBS using a known excess of celestine blue (CB) and measuring the remaining dye. Condensation of p‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB) with the drug was the basis of method C. Determination of CEFT in bulk form and in pharmaceutical formulations was also incorporated.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 1‐[2‐(10‐p‐Chlorobenzyl) phenothiazinyl]‐3‐(substituted aryl)‐2‐propen‐1‐ones
Authors: K. Upadhyay R. , S. Upadhyay Megha , Jain S.
Published: March 2012

Aiming at the development of antimicrobial agents, we have synthesized nine chlorobenzyl substituted phenothiazinyl chalcones by condensing 2‐acetyl phenothiazine with aldehyde derivatives in dilute ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen ‐ Schmidt condensation and subsequent reaction of products with p‐chlorobenzyl bromide. Structures of these compounds were elucidated by their IR, ′H NMR spectroscopic data and microonalyses. The antimicrobial activity of the new products was evaluated by Filter Paper Disc Method.
Oxidation of Some Aliphatic Alcohols by Pyridinium Chlorochromate ‐Kinetics and Mechanism
Authors: Jain Sapana , Hiran B. L. , Bhatt C. V.
Published: March 2012

Kinetics of oxidation of some aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols viz., ethanol, propan‐1‐ol, propan‐2‐ol, butan‐1‐ol, butan‐2‐ol and 2‐methyl butanol by pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) have been studied in water‐ perchloric acid medium. The reaction shows first order dependence with respect to pyridinium chlorochromate [PCC] and hydrogen ion [H+]. The rate of oxidation decreases with increase in dielectric constant of solvent suggests ion‐dipole interaction. Activation parameters have been evaluated. Products are carbonyl compounds and free radical absence was proved. A tentative mechanism has been proposed.
FTIR and Thermal Studies on Nylon‐66 and 30% Glass Fibre Reinforced Nylon‐66
Authors: Charles Julie , Ramkumaar G. R. , Azhagiri S. , Gunasekaran S.
Published: March 2012

The present study deals with the characterization of the polymeric materials viz., nylon‐66 and 30% glass fibre reinforced nylon‐66 (GF Nylon‐66) by employing FTIR and thermal measurements. The complete vibrational band assignment made available for nylon‐66 and GF nylon‐66 using FTIR spectra confirm their chemical structure. FTIR spectroscopy provides detailed information on polymer structure through the characteristic vibrational energies of the various groups present in the molecule. The thermal behavior of nylon‐66 and GF nylon‐66 essential for proper processing and fabrication was studied from TGA and DTA thermograms. The thermal stability of the polymers was studied from TGA and the activation energy for the degradation of the polymeric materials was calculated using Murray‐White plot and Coats‐Redfern plot. The polymer with high activation energy is more thermally stable. GF nylon‐66 is found to be more thermally stable than nylon‐66. The major thermal transitions such as crystalline melting temperature (Tm) and degradation temperature (Td) of the polymers were detected from DTA curves. The melting behaviour of the polymer depends upon the specimen history and in particular upon the temperature of crystallization. The melting behaviour also depends upon the rate at which the specimen is heated. The various factors such as molar mass and degree of chain branching govern the value of Tm in different polymers.
Determination of Phosphate in Water Samples of Nashik District (Maharashtra State, India) Rivers by UV‐Visible Spectroscopy
Authors: Kharat Sanjeevan J. , Pagar Sanjay D.
Published: March 2012

The major rivers of Nashik District (Maharashtra State, India) are Godavari, Kadawa, Girna, Punad and Mosam. The major water pollutant of Nashik District Rivers is Phosphate. The amount of phosphate has been determined by the molybdenum blue phosphorous method in conjugation with UV‐Visible Spectrophotometer. The data has been analyzed by least square method. The more phosphate polluted river in Nashik district is Godavari. The least phosphate polluted river in Nashik District is Punad.
Colorimetric Estimation of Ni(II) Ions in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Mathpal S. , Kandpal N. D.
Published: March 2012

A rapid and accurate colorimetric method has been proposed for the estimation of nickel(II) in aqueous solution. It is found that nickel(II) ions have maximum absorbance at 393 nm in distilled water and in aqueous sucrose solution (0.3 mol dm-3). In both case, the Beer’s law was obeyed over the range from 0.04 to 0.08 mol dm -3 of nickel(II).The value of molar absorpitivity was constant 5.13±0.03 mol dm-3. This method is more rapid than the existing spectrophotometeric methods for the estimation of nickel(II). The variation in the results obtained by the method is ±2.1%.
Uptake of Cationic Dyes from Aqueous Solution by Biosorption onto Granular Muntingia calabura
Authors: Santhi T. , Manonmani S. , Ravi S.
Published: March 2012

A new, low cost, locally available biomaterial was tested for its ability to remove cationic dyes from aqueous solution. A granule prepared from a mixture of leafs, fruits and twigs of Muntingia calabura had been utilized as a sorbent for uptake of three cationic dyes, methylene blue (MB), methylene red (MR) and malachite green (MG). The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g., contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dose and pH) were investigated and optimal experimental conditions were ascertained. Above the value of initial pH 6, three dyes studied could be removed effectively. The isothermal data fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models for all three dyes sorption. The biosorption processes followed the pseudo‐first order rate kinetics. The results in this study indicated that Muntingia calabura was an attractive candidate for removing cationic dyes from the dye wastewater.
Microwave Assisted Liquid Phase Synthesis of Benzimidazolo Benzothiophenes for Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Kini Deepthi , Kumar Harish , Ghate Manjunath
Published: March 2012

Benzimidazolo benzothiophene derivatives were prepared by liquid phase combinatorial synthesis using soluble polymer support PEG 5000 and 4‐fluoro‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid as starting materials with substituted primary amines. All these synthesized compounds were established by the spectral data and tested for antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria, i.e. S. aureus, B. subtilis and gram negative bacteria, E.coli and P.aeruginosa and anti fungal activity against C. albicans. Ampicillin and ciprofloxacin were used as standard for antibacterial activity and cotrimoxazole for anti fungal activity. Compared with standards compounds (1a-h) showed significant activity against bacterial species and 1g showed significant activity against fungal species.
3‐Hydroxy‐2‐naphthoate Complexes of Transition Metals with Hydrazine ‐ Preparation, Spectroscopic and Thermal Studies
Authors: Arunadevi N. , Vairam S.
Published: March 2012

Reaction of hydrazine and 3‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid with some transition metal ions forms two types of complexes: (i) [M(N2H4){C10H6(3‐O)(2‐COO)(H2O) 2] where M=Ni, Co, Cd and Zn, at pH 9 and (ii) [M(N2H5)2{C10H6(3‐O)(2‐COO)} 2].xH2O where M=Ni & x =1; M=Co, Cd, Mn & x=3; and M=Zn, Cu & x =0 at pH 4. Analytical data confirms the compositions of the complexes. The acid shows dianionic nature in these complexes. The magnetic moments and electronic spectra suggest the geometry of the complexes. IR data indicates the nature of hydrazine and presence of water in the complexes. Simultaneous TG‐DTA studies shows different thermal degradation patterns for the two types of complexes. The first type shows formation of no stable intermediates whereas the second type shows the respective metal hydroxy naphthoate intermediates. The final products in both the types are found to be metal oxides of nano size. XRD patterns show isomorphism among the complexes with similar molecular formulae.
Kinetic Sorption Studies of Heavy Metal Contamination on Indian Expansive Soil
Authors: Gupta M. K. , Singh A. K. , Srivastava R. K.
Published: March 2012

Sorption of metallic cadmium from the pH adjusted aqueous solutions at varying initial concentrations onto an alluvial (clay) soil through batch sorption experiments was studied. The pH of the initial concentrations ranging between 50 mg/L to 250 mg/L was varied from 3.0 to 8.0. The sorption experiments were carried out for different durations and up to 16 hours. The cadmium continued to sorb till the last experimental pH=8. The experimental sorption data fitted very well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and Freundlich model gave higher correlation coefficients. The pseudo‐second order kinetics model was most agreeable with the experimental sorption data, whereas the pseudo‐first order model was found to be insufficient.
Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration in Soil and Litchens from Various Localities of Hosur Road, Bangalore, India
Authors: Begum Abida , Ramaiah M. , Harikrishna  , Khan Irfanulla , Veena K.
Published: March 2012

Assessment of heavy metal content in litchens and soil samples from various localities of Hosur Road, Bangalore south was undertaken. Topsoil samples (0‐10 cm) were taken at various locations, the metals analysed were Cr, Pb, Fe, Zn, Ni and Cu. The geoaccumulation index of these metals in the soils under study residential areas indicated that they are uncontaminated with Ni, Zn, and Fe and moderately contaminated with Cr and Pb. In Industrial areas and traffic junctions the concentration of Fe, Pb and Ni was maximum. Heavy metal accumulation in few prominent lichens of some localities was analysed. Cr and Pb were maximum in Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) Laundon, at the gardens of Madiwala and Silk Board junction with 95.29 and 623.95 µg g–1 dry weight respectively. Fe and Cu were maximum in Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.). Hale and Pyxine petricola Nyl at Central Prison campus and Kendriya Sadan campus with 22721 and 338.12 µg g–1 dry weight respectively, Lecanora perplexa Brodo at Infosis and Wipro Campus, electronic city have 531.5 and 634 µg g–1 dry weight of Zn. While Ni and Fe were maximum in Arthopyreniaceae at Shanti Niketan of MICO Limited with 1100 and 23200 µg g–1 dry weight respectively.
Simulation of Few Bifurcation Phase Diagrams of Belousov‐Zhabotinsky Reaction with Eleven Variable Chaotic Model in CSTR
Authors: Swathi B. , Kulkarni V. R.
Published: March 2012

Simulation of the Gyorgyi, Rempe and Field eleven variable chaotic model in CSTR [Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor] is performed with respect to the concentrations of malonic acid and [Ce(III)]. These simulation studies show steady state, periodic and non‐periodic regions. These studies have been presented as two variable bifurcation phase diagrams. We also have observed the bursting phenomenon under different set of constraints. We have given much importance on computer simulation work but not included the experimental methods in this paper.
LiHSO4/SiO2 as a New, Efficient and Reusable Catalytic System for the Chemoselective Conversion of Aldehydes to Acylals under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Zare Abdolkarim , Hasaninejad Alireza , Rostami Esmael , Moosavi-Zare Ahmad Reza , Merajoddin Maria , Arghoon Azam , Pishahang Nasrin , Shekouhy Mohsen
Published: March 2012

A highly efficient, green and expeditious solvent‐free method is described for the chemoselective conversion of aldehydes to the corresponding acylals in excellent yields, using acetic anhydride in the presence of catalytic amount (20 mol%) of silica‐supported LiHSO4. Ketones does not react under these reaction conditions. LiHSO4/SiO2 can be recovered and reused without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Ixora brachiata Roxb
Authors: Poojari Mahesh , Padyana Subrahmanya , Rao B. Raghavendra
Published: March 2012

A study was conducted on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Ixora brachiata Roxb. The methanol extract showed very high concentration of phenolics (615 mg/100 g). The extract showed reducing property. The Ixora brachiata Roxb. bark powder found to contain 71.15 mg/100 g of potein. The water extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus
Nutritive Value of Commonly Consumed Bread in Yemen
Authors: Al-MussaliI Mohammed S. , Al-Gahri Mohsen A.
Published: March 2012

Bread has always been considered as the staple food of choice in Yemen. Because of the paucity of information on the nutritive composition of commonly consumed breads, this study was conducted. Samples were collected randomly from 10 bakeries located in different districts of Aden province, using white wheat and brown wheat flours produced in two different national milling plants located in Aden & AL‐Hoddidah. Fresh crumb moisture, protein, fat, Ash, carbohydrates and energy were analyzed. Minerals such as Na, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu also determined using flame AAS after wet digestion by conc. nitric acid. The results were analyzed using the statistical program (Genestat‐5). The results showed that bakery industry in Yemen does have problems with bread nutritive values especially in protein content and other minerals mainly K, Zn and Cu that are important for health to Yemeni consumer.
Determination of Rotational Parameters of CH3CN, CD3CN and their Different Isotopic Species in the Ground and v4 = 1 States
Authors: Motamedi Masoud , Moradi Parinaz
Published: March 2012

The millimeter‐wave rotational spectra of the symmetric top molecules CH3CN, 13CH3CN, CH313CN, CH3C15N, CD3CN , 13CD3CN, CD313CN and CD3C15N have been investigated again in their ground and v4 = 1 states. The analysis of spectra and fitting the frequencies in these states give rotational parameters with higher accuracy compare with previous works. The parameter HJ = ‐0.107(96) mHz was determined for CH3C15N for the first time.
Validated Extractive Spectrophotometric Estimation of Tadalafil in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Nesalin J. Adlin Jino , Babu C. Jose Gnana , Kumar G. Vijaya , Mani T. Tamizh
Published: March 2012

Two simple spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of tadalafil in both pure and tablet dosage form. Methods A and B are based on the formation of ion‐pair complexes of the drug with dyes such as bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromocresol green (BCG) in acidic buffer solution followed by their extraction with chloroform to form yellow colored chromogen with absorption maxima at 420 nm and 415 nm respectively. Beer’s law is valid in the concentration range of 10‐50 mcg/mL for both the methods. These developed methods were validated for precision, accuracy, ruggedness and robustness. Statistical analysis proves that the methods are reproducible and selective for the routine analysis of the said drug.
A New Ritodrine Selective Electrode and its Pharmaceutical Application
Authors: Ammar Reda
Published: March 2012

A novel ritodrine hydrochloride ion‐selective PVC membrane electrode based on ion‐pair complex of ritodrine‐tetra phenyl borate was prepared with di-n‐butyl phosphate as a plasticizer. The influences of membrane composition, temperature, pH of the test solution and foreign ions on the electrode performance were investigated. The electrode showed a Nernstian response over a wide ritodrine concentration range (1×10−5‐ 1×10−2 M) with a slope of 59.33 mV decade−1 and was found to be very selective, precise and usable within the pH range 3‐7.5. The standard electrode potentials, E°, were determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal temperature coefficient (dE°/dT) of the electrode, which was 0.00075. The electrode was successfully used for potentiometric determination of ritodrine hydrochloride both in pure solutions and in pharmaceutical preparations.
Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Biomass of Mango (Mangifera Indica) Leaves
Authors: Murugan T. , Ganapathi A. , Valliappan R.
Published: March 2012

The potential feasibility of mango leaves powder (MLP) (Mangifera indica) for removal of dye (Grey BL) from aqueous solution was investigated. The effects of various experimental parameters were examined and optimal experimental conditions were decided. Above the value of initial pH 7, the dye studied could be removed effectively. The isothermal data fitted the Langmuir model or Freundlich model. The adsorption processes followed the pseudo‐first‐order rate kinetics. The results in this study indicated that mango leaf powder (MLP) was an attractive candidate for removing dye from dye wastewater.
Film and Pore Diffusion Modeling for Adsorption of Reactive Red 2 from Aqueous Solution on to Activated Carbon Preparedfrom Bio‐Diesel Industrial Waste
Authors: Karthikeyan S. , Sivakumar B. , Sivakumar N.
Published: March 2012

The bio‐diesel industrial waste, Pongamia pinnata seed shell was utilized as a potential adsorbent for the toxic textile dye ‘Reactive Red 2’. Preliminary information was gathered by batch mode contact time adsorption studies, which include effect of pH, contact time, dye concentration and temperature. Plausible mechanism of the on going adsorption process and thermodynamic parameters involved were obtained by carrying out kinetic measurements. To identify whether the on going process is particle diffusion or film diffusion, the treatment given by Boyd and Reichenberg was employed.
Selective Extraction and Bulk Liquid Membrane Transport of Cu(II) from Aqueous Nitrate Solution in the Presence of Zn(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II) Cations Using Benzoyl Acetone
Authors: Nezhadali A. , Vahedi H. , Roigar M. , Sadeghi A.
Published: March 2012

The competitive metal ion extraction and transport of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) with benzoyl acetone and EDTA was studied. In the experiments the ligand was dissolved in chloroform and the pH and time of extraction or transport were varied. Also the rate of shaking and ligand concentration on the efficiency of extraction and transport was studied. The results revealed that the ligands exclusively extract Cu(II) from the mixture of the above cations.
A Validated RP‐HPLC Method for the Determination of Recombinant Human Insulin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Moussa B. A. , Farouk F. , Azzazy H. M. E.
Published: March 2012

A modified RP‐HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of recombinant human insulin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form with reduced retention time. Study of the effects of the column temperature, pH of the mobile phase and presence of vial additives (phenol and m‐cresol), or impurities (A‐21 Disamido) on the accuracy of the assay were assessed. Separation was achieved using a Hypersil BDS C‐18 column and the mobile phase was composed of solution A (aqueous solution of 28.3 anhydrous Na2SO4g/L, pH 2.3) and solution B (28.5 g anhydrous Na2SO4 g/L in 50:50 mixture of water and acetonitrile, pH 2.3) in a ratio 48:52 (v/v) at 45–50 °C. The column temperature was 40 °C, the flow rate was 1 mL/min and detection was performed at 216 nm. The procedures were validated according to international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Recovery study was done applying standard addition technique for further validation of the procedure. The retention time of recombinant human insulin was 19.7 min as compared to 29 min obtained by the reference method. Analytical conditions fluctuations or presence of vial additives or impurities did not show any significant effect on the accuracy of the method. The prepared standard insulin solution in 0.01 N HCl was found to be stable for 5 days. Statistical comparison showed no significant difference between the described method and reference method regarding the accuracy and precision. The modified method can be applied for routine quality control applications for determination of recombinant human insulin.
Estimation of Heavy Metals in Multivitamin Tablets by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Rohit Raj Kumar , Sharma Shashank , Saxena Sachin , Srivastava M. M. , Satsangi Soami P.
Published: March 2012

Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was applied for the simultaneous determination of zinc and copper in multivitamin tablet (supradyn and centrum). Determination of the metals was made in ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) with a scan rate of 0.01 V/s by Hanging Mercury Dropping Electrode (HMDE).The solution was stirred during electrolysis at ‐1.3 V for 300 s in the potential range of ‐1.3 to + 0.1 V. Concentrations of zinc and copper in supradyn drug sample were found to be 1.80 and 2.9 mg/tablet and for centrum drug sample were found to be 4.6 and 0.94 mg/tablet respectively.