bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Object Marking in Aymara
A linguistic contact-induced phenomenon from Spanish.
Authors: Quartararo Geraldine
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the contact-induced processes underlying the Aymara Object Marking system among Aymara-Spanish bilingual speakers. It explores two diatopic varieties: La Paz (Bolivia) and Muylaque (Peru) Aymara. Unlike previous descriptions, which identified the accusative case as the sole marker of DO, this study reveals that bilingual speakers employ three distinct DO markings: the accusative, nominative, and dative/allative cases. This analysis posits that this departure is due to contact-induced processes, i.e., replica grammaticalization, influenced by Spanish. Quantitative findings substantiate the hypothesis that Aymara-Spanish bilingual speakers are incorporating contact-induced strategies for DO marking in Aymara.
On the Relation Between Attitudes and Dialect Maintenance (Sicilian and Venetan) in Italy
Authors: Besler Alexandra , Ferin Maria , Kupisch Tanja , Venagli Ilaria
Published: July 2024

Italian dialects, especially in the south of Italy, have been stigmatised for a long time. Despite more recent revalorization, dialect speakers may still have negative attitudes towards their own variety as a result of internalized prejudices. By comparing Sicilian and Venetan, two of the most spoken dialects in Italy, this study aims to investigate what attitudes dialect speakers have towards their dialects, how these relate to their self-reported language use and how both relate to objective proficiency in the dialect and in standard Italian. We conducted an online survey containing questions on attitudes, dialect use and a build-in yes-no vocabulary task for the dialect and standard Italian that was completed by 56 Sicilian and 135 Venetan users. We chose to compare Sicilian and Venetan because these are two dialects that are comparable in speaker numbers but at least traditionally differ in their prestige, with Venetan enjoying more positive attitudes than Sicilian. The results showed overall positive attitudes for both groups and highlighted the dialects’ importance for identity while compromising its perceived value for functional purposes. Moreover, the two groups differed with regard to the interaction between dialect attitudes, use and proficiency. While positive attitudes towards Venetan were linked to its active use, positive attitudes towards Sicilian were expressed by participants with lower proficiencies or who do not use the dialect actively. The revalorization of the dialects in Italy is thus happening under different circumstances, with potential implications for future language use and dialect maintenance.
Attitudes from Above: How Ausbau-centric Approaches Hinder the Maintenance of Linguistic diversity and why we must rediscover the role of structural relations
Authors: Tamburelli Marco
Published: July 2024

Modern linguistics tends to perpetuate an “Ausbau bias”, namely a tendency to reserve the term “language” for varieties with high levels of standardisation, relegating other varieties to the status of “dialects” and often leading to cases of language contestation (Craith, 2006; Tamburelli & Tosco, 2021; Wells, 2011). Far from being a mere terminological quirk, this bias permeates through linguistic communities, shaping linguistic attitudes and bringing about negative consequences for a range of languages and their speakers. This paper outlines some properties of the Ausbau bias, discussing its negative effects in several contexts across ostensibly dissimilar communities. We will see how the widespread expectation that a “true” language must have a high number of Ausbau-related characteristics, inevitably leads to the consequence that non-standardised languages are more likely to elicit negative attitudes among their speakers as well as the academic community and other language professionals, thus feeding a vicious circle of contestation and endangerment. The paper concludes with some suggestions on how contestation can be mitigated by moving away from the “Ausbau-centric” tendency that views languages as mainly socio-political objects.
Linguistica educativa e carcere: una proposta didattica
Authors: Bartoli-Kücher Simona
Published: July 2024

This paper focuses on training student teachers of language in the face of issues of diversity, intercultural encounters and Educational Linguistic and emphasises the importance of the quality of teacher education for rethinking intercultural education practices. In order to prepare teachers to operate in classrooms characterised by heterogeneity and cultural plurality, we propose an approach aimed at creating linguistic and cultural awareness on the basis of films that tell the reality of juvenile detention. Teaching Italian with these films and using reflective diaries can aid in cultivating learners’ imagination and empathy.
DECODING HUMOR AND RELIGION IN INDONESIAN NAMES
Authors: Lesmana Maman
Published: July 2024

This article aims to explore the structure and meaning of unique Indonesian names, their origins, and the humor they encompass. The topic was selected due to its recent viral status on social media. Utilizing qualitative methods and library research, data were gathered from internet news articles and analyzed through theories of names and nicknames, humor, and Arabic and Islamic religion. These theoretical frameworks were particularly pertinent as the study revealed that many unique names are intricately linked to Islamic and Arabic elements. The findings suggest that the uniqueness of these names often arises from spontaneous selection, with minimal deliberation or understanding of the religious terms incorporated. Predominantly found among the lower-middle class, these names stand out due to their distinctiveness, which often elicits humor. The humorous aspects of these names can be categorized under incongruity theory and, in some cases, superiority theory. This research highlights the cultural and social dimensions of naming practices in Indonesia and their unintended comedic impact.
Analyzing the Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing and Singing on Respiratory Function Improvement
Authors: KANG Hyo-Jeong , LEE Ha-Kyung , NAM You-Jeong , KIM Sim-Sung , PARK Jong-In , LIM Yi-Rang , LEE Jeong-Beom ,   Korea Dance Movement Psychotherapy Association
Published: July 2024

The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of diaphragmatic breathing and singing interventions on respiratory functions in women over 30 and to demonstrate their utility. The subjects were 46 women in their 20s from S University in C City, Chungnam, who had not yet exhibited the typical respiratory decline associated with age. A total of 12 subjects were randomly selected from this group and assigned to the control group. The experimental group comprised nine women over the age of 30, with the exception of three individuals who did not meet the established criteria for participation. All participants underwent five types of respiratory function tests using a diagnostic with the objective of assessing, assessing expiratory vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, minute ventilation, and tidal volume. The experimental group participated in a 12-session program, or comprising diaphragmatic breathing and singing for 60 minutes three times a week over four weeks. Comparing the results of respiratory function tests in the experimental group before and after the intervention, expiratory vital capacity increased by 4.5% from 2.87L to 3.00L, expiratory reserve increased by 27.5% from 0.91L to 1.16L, and minute ventilation increased by 16.7% from 7.00L/min to 8.17L/min. Consequently, this study confirms the effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing and singing in enhancing respiratory functions and their utility in improving respiratory health. Future research could expand these findings by incorporating dance movements into an integrated approach for respiratory function improvement and psychotherapy.
Posters and billboards in the USA during the Art Deco era: The problem of forming new gender stereotypes
Authors: Litvinova Natalya Pavlovna
Published: July 2024

The aim of the research is to identify the imagery, thematic, and linguistic features of American posters and billboards within the context of a new gender reality. The paper examines the influence of the Art Deco style on posters and billboards in the USA in the 1920s-1930s. The paper considers the question of new gender stereotypes and the role of posters and billboards in their popularization. The researcher analyzes how this style changed the artistic and visual language of posters and billboards and what specific Art Deco features were characteristic of them. The work emphasizes the importance of posters and billboards in reflecting socio-cultural changes and the evolution of gender representations in the USA. The scientific novelty of the research lies in analyzing the means of artistic expression of American posters and billboards during the Art Deco era in the context of ongoing social and gender changes. The study found that posters and billboards of the time became a powerful tool for demonstrating changing social norms and challenging traditional views on female and male roles. They had a significant influence on the formation of gender representations in the country during a period of social transformation.
Improvement of Microbiological Methods for Testing the Quality of Non-sterile Medicines with Antimicrobial Effects
Authors: Gunar O. V. , Bulgakova G. M.
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION. Microbiological testing of any medicine begins with the determination of its antimicrobial activity—that is, its effect on the growth of aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and moulds. Therefore, the improvement of microbiological testing methods to enhance the quality of resulting data remains a high priority.

AIM. The study aimed to develop a methodological approach to testing non-sterile medicines with antimicrobial effects for microbiological quality, as well as to improve the accuracy and reliability of existing microbiological testing methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study used 12 non-sterile pharmaceuticals, 5 diluents (phosphate buffer solution, phosphate buffer solution with polysorbate 80 (1% and 5%), neutralising fluid, and trypticase soy broth), culture media, and test strains required for microbiological quality testing according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation and the Pharmacopoeia of the Eurasian Economic Union.

RESULTS. This study established microbiological testing conditions for non-sterile medicines with known antimicrobial effects. The analytical procedures developed in the study were tested on 10 medicines. The authors demonstrated the applicability of analytical procedures for the quantitative determination of microscopic fungi in samples with fungistatic activity. The proliferation factors in growth promotion tests with Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis were within the acceptable range of 76–128% of the calculated value for a standardised inoculum. The authors proposed a modification to the analytical procedure for the qualitative determination of Escherichia coli; the modification involved using a 50 mL sample at a 1:50 dilution, corresponding to 1 g of the test product, for transfer to 450 mL of an appropriate culture medium. Having compared diluents containing non-specific agents neutralising antimicrobial activity, the authors showed that the neutralising fluid should be preferred.

CONCLUSIONS. The authors proposed a methodological approach to microbiological quality testing of medicines, postulating that the results should be considered reliable only if they account for the antimicrobial activity of the test product. The study demonstrated the feasibility of increasing the sample volume up to 10 mL and using a dilution exhibiting no antimicrobial activity (e.g., 1:100). The authors recommended using 150 mm Petri dishes, 50 mL of an agarised culture medium, and diluents with up to 5% of polysorbate 80 for plating. The study demonstrated the suitability of using a dilution exhibiting no antimicrobial activity. The study results indicated the need to increase the sample volume to be proportionally transferred to a culture medium; the sample should contain the amount of the test product regulated by pharmacopoeias (i.e., not less than 1 g (1 mL)). Diluents with up to 5% of polysorbate 80 were recommended for neutralising bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects.
The Relationship of Nurses Response Time With Family Anxiety of Ed Patients Based on Triage at RSU Muslimat Ponorogo
Authors: Rahmania Ambarika  , Putri Mayasari  , Novita Ana Anggraini
Published: July 2024

The patient's response time is required ≤ 5 minutes to get help appropriate to the emergency to increase safety. Opportunities can be increased with prompt handling. The tendency for patients treated in the ER to expect quick treatment. Perceptions of delays in treatment can cause patient anxiety. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between nurse response time and emergency room patient family anxiety based on triage at RSU Muslimat Ponorogo. This research design is cross sectional with a sample size of 123 respondents. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Research questionnaires use questionnaires to test clinical profile correlations. Slow response time will be perceived by the patient's family as having no acceptance or rejection of him and is a factor in increasing anxiety. This will cause an increase in sympathetic nerves which will cause symptoms such as dizziness, shaking, headaches, sweating, and increased pulse rate. From this research data, it shows that the nurse's response time is slow, and the patient's family experiences severe anxiety. Based on the results of the Spearment correlation test, P value = 0.024 (<0.05), which means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, which means there is a relationship between nurse response time and patient family anxiety in the emergency room at RSU Muslimat Ponorogo. In each triage, there are differences in the level of anxiety felt by the patient's family. in the green triage most experienced mild anxiety, in the yellow triage most experienced moderate anxiety, in the red triage most experienced severe anxiety and in the black triage the majority experienced very severe anxiety.
Teknik Pemeriksaan Pedis Sinistra Dengan Klinis Post Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Menggunakan Modalitas Digital Radiography Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Simpang Lima Gumul Kediri
Authors: Chris Setiawan Abednego  , Djuli Pontjowijono
Published: July 2024

Fraktur adalah istilah medis yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kerusakan atau patahnya tulang. Ini bisa disebabkan oleh berbagai sebab, seperti cedera fisik, kecelakaan, atau kondisi medis tertentu. Fraktur dapat terjadi pada berbagai bagian tubuh, termasuk tulang-tulang besar seperti lengan, kaki, atau tulang paha, serta tulang-tulang kecil di tangan atau kaki. Tujuan dari penelitian fraktur avulsi pedis ini untuk menganalisa teknik pemeriksaan radiografi pedis pada kasus fraktur di Instalasi Radiologi Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah SLG Kediri. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Pada tanggal 16 Agustus 2023 pukul 17:38 WIB, datang seorang pasien atas nama An. G ke Instalasi Radiologi Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah SLG Kediri dalam keadaan kaki sebelah kiri nyeri saat berjalan sehingga pasien menggunakan kursi roda, An. G dibawa oleh perawat dari IGD untuk dilakukan tindakan foto rontgen Pedis AP dan oblique dengan membawa surat permintaan foto rontgen. Dari pemeriksaan foto rontgen pedis tersebut dapat dilihat struktur anatomi dan patofisiologi dapat dilihat dengan jelas. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada pemeriksaan foto rontgen yang dilakukan pada An. G tampak adanya fraktur avulsi di apex phalang proximal digiti 1 pedis kiri. Oleh karena itu selalu memastikan nama pasien yang akan di periksa, apakah sudah sesuai dengan surat permintaan yang diberikan agar tidak terjadi kesalahan exspose pasien.
Teknik Pemeriksaan Antebrachii Sinistra Dengan Klinis Fraktur Suspect Of Radius Dan Ulna Menggunakan Modalitas Computed Radiography Di Instalasi Radiologi Rumah Sakit Putra Waspada Tulungagung
Authors: Jaka Irwanto  , Falentina Syivasari
Published: July 2024

Fraktur ossa antebrachi adalah terputusnya kontinuitas tulang os radius dan os ulna. Fraktur adalah patah tulang, merupakan tipe kerusakan atau kelainan yang sering terjadi pada tulang. Penggunaan istilah fraktur juga membawa maksud kontinuitas tulang yang terputus dan ditentukan sesuai jenis dan luasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prosedur radiografi yang tepat untuk pemeriksaan radiografi ossa antebrachi dengan sangkaan fraktur suspect of radius dan ulna pada pasien yang sulit digerakkan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Pengambilan data dengan menggunakan metode observasi dan dokumentasi. Untuk mendapatkan gambaran radiografi yang optimal pada sangkaan fraktur suspect of radius dan ulna pada pasien yang sulit digerakkan di Instalasi Rumah Sakit Putra Waspada Tulungagung. Dilakukan dengan proyeksi posteroanterior dan lateral. Hasil penelitian diperoleh tampak adanya fraktur radius dan ulna di 1/3 bagian tengah ad axim cumcontractionem. Processing film yang digunakan untuk pemeriksaan ossa antebrachi dengan klinis fraktur suspect of radius dan ulna pada pasien yang sulit digerakkan menggunakan computed radiography (CR). Demi menunjang kenyamanan para petugas radiografer, pasien dan lingkungan sekitar, ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan yaitu mencegah kebocoran radiasi yang terjadi pada instalasi radiologi, dan alat pelindung bagi petugas.
Identification of potential inhibitors of human aldose reductase from natural compounds of Vietnamese medicinal plants using in silico approaches
Authors: Tran Thanh Hoa , Phan Thanh Ngo Huu , Hoang Ngoc Thi Nhu , Doan Trinh Pham Thi
Published: July 2024

Aldose reductase is a crucial component of the polyol pathway and catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol. The high activity of Aldose reductase is involved in the development and pathophysiology of diabetes complications. Therefore, this enzyme has been identified as an important target for treatment of these complications. In this study, we performed in silico investigations on natural compounds derived from Vietnamese medicinal plants to identify potential inhibitors of human Aldose reductase. The results showed that out of 307 compounds, 15 compounds were identified as potential Aldose reductase inhibitors with high docking scores and good pharmacokinetics properties. Among them, eight compounds had been proven to inhibit Aldose reductase. The other seven compounds, including Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, 4′,7-dihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavan, N-feruloylserotonin, N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin, Rosavin, Apigenin-7,4'-dimethyl ether, and Perlolyrine, should be further investigated to develop potential Aldose reductase inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes complications.
Implement Edge pruning to Enhance attack graph generation using Naïve approach algorithm
Authors: Alaaraji Zaid , Mutlag Ammar
Published: July 2024

The use of network technologies has increased in recent years. Although the network is beneficial for individuals to work and live in, it does have security challenges that should be rectified. One of these issues is cyberattacks. The attack surface for hackers is growing as more devices are linked to the internet. The next-generation cyber defense concentrating on predictive analysis seems more proactive than existing technologies based on intrusion detection. Recently, many approaches have been proposed to detect and predict attacks; one of these approaches is attack graphs. The main reason for designing the attack graph is to predict the attack as well as to predict the attack's next step in the network. The attack graph depicts the many paths an attacker may attempt to get around a security policy by leveraging interdependencies between disclosed vulnerabilities. The attack graph is categorized into three sections: generation, analysis, and use of attack graph. However, current attack graphs are suffering from a few issues. Scalability is the main issue the attack graph generation is facing. The reason for this issue is that the increase in the usage of devices connected to the network leads to increased vulnerabilities in the network, which leads to an increment in the complexity as well as generation time of the attack graph. For this issue, this study proposes use the naïve approach prune algorithm and using Personal agents to reduce the reachability time in calculating between the nodes and to remove unnecessary edges, minimizing the attack graph's complexity. For the results, the proposed attack graph performs better than the existing attack graph by using a naïve approach and a personal agent. The proposed attack graph reduced the generation time by 20% and the attack graph complexity.
Thermodynamic and Optimization Comparison of a Solar-Powered Compressor-Assisted Combined Absorption Refrigeration and Power Systems
Authors: Tunay Mustafa
Published: July 2024

The operation and performance of three different combined absorption refrigeration and power systems is presented in this study. The systems are based on the single, double, and triple effect absorption refrigeration cycles with ammonia-water as working fluid pairs all powered by solar thermal energy. The thermodynamic performance of these modified combined absorption cycles have been analyzed for typical thermal boundary conditions and design parameters. The simulation results show that when the compressor pressure ratio increases from 1 to 2, the heat source inlet temperatures can be reduced by 27% (111.3 oC to 81.1 oC) in the single effect system, 16% (182.1 oC to 152.5 oC) in the double effect system, and 34% (228.3 oC to 150.3 oC) in the triple effect system. The exergy efficiency of the triple effect system increases from 38% to 64% for a 75-kW cooling load system. These proposed systems provide a better way to optimise the utilisation of heat sources with moderate temperatures.
Study of House Building Failures on Swamp Land: Identifying Causes and Solutions with a Combination of Wood and Concrete Materials
Authors: Agusniansyah Nursyarif
Published: July 2024

Abstract Introduction: House construction on swamp land, especially in Banjarmasin, Indonesia, faces unique challenges. Foundation failure due to unsuitable materials and poor design is a common cause of building collapse. This study examines specific failures associated with the combination of wood and concrete materials to improve construction practices and avoid future collapses.Research Objective: This research aims to identify the weaknesses of wood and concrete combination foundations by investigating structural damage signs in houses built on swamp land.Methods: Field observations and surveys were conducted at various construction sites in Banjarmasin. Collected data were analyzed descriptively to highlight foundation weaknesses and propose improvements.Results: Wood and concrete combination foundations often show signs of damage such as cracks in the concrete and wood subsidence. Weak construction elements limit bearing capacity, causing frequent structural failures.
A Multi-Site Cluster Randomized Trial of CharacterStrong’s PurposeFull People Elementary SEL and Character Education Program
Authors: Zhang Yanchen , Cook Clayton , Larson Madeline F.
Published: July 2024

Social-emotional learning (SEL) and character education during the elementary years is important to prevent social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) difficulties and promote success-enabling factors. Using a cluster-randomized trial, this study evaluated the effects of PurposeFull People (PfP) – an SEL and character education program – in the context of schools. We conducted a multi-site cluster-randomized trial to examine the effects of PurposeFull People (PfP; an SEL and character education program) on four student SEB outcomes (behavior expectations, behavior discipline, character traits, and academic engaged time). This study took place in 10 elementary schools (i.e., sites). At each school, 44 teachers/classrooms were randomly assigned to either treatment (PfP; ntreatment teacher=22) or control condition (business-as-usual). An average of eight students were randomly recruited from each teacher’s classroom (nstudent total=354; ntreatment student = 177). The four student outcomes were assessed at baseline and 4-month posttest after completion of the PfP program. Three-level general and generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the effects of PfP on student outcomes and to probe treatment effect heterogeneity across student subgroups based on baseline status on each outcome. Compared to business-as-usual, the PfP produced significant improvements in all four student outcomes. Results about cross-level interactions indicated that the effects of PfP on students' character traits and academic engaged time varied based on their baseline status, where students struggling more at baseline showed a larger improvement than those functioning adequately at baseline. Limitations and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Climate change activism and the risk of radicalization: Insights on how to foster climate engagement through environmental literacy.
Authors: Molinario Erica , Grzymala-Moszczynska Joanna , Prislei Laura , Telesca Giovanni , Rullo Marika , Fabbri Loretta , Aragão Alexandra , Borges Fernando , Fidalgo Sónia , Graça Marta , Lopes Dulce , Paixão Maria , Jakulyte Dalia , Straksiene Giedre , Diez Marta Molina , Recio Juan Carlos Marcos , Song Keying , Melacarne Claudio
Published: July 2024

Global concerns over environmental issues have reached unprecedented levels in recent years, with strong evidence linking extreme weather events to human influence. In response, vibrant activist movements have emerged, advocating for urgent environmental action. These movements engage in a spectrum of actions, from normative (e.g., organizing marches) to more extreme and potentially illegal activities (e.g., blocking roads or property destruction). Environmental activism, defined as collective action aimed at advocating for policy changes, has been extensively studied, revealing insights into its dynamics, including the role of education in fostering environmental consciousness and the related behavioral outcomes, including the tendency to radicalization. While radicalization has often been equated with terrorism and, therefore, with violent manifestations, it actually refers to a psychological process that does not necessarily lead to violence and can manifest itself in various contexts, including environmental activism. Although current instances of violent radicalization in environmental movements are rare, there is a growing concern, highlighted by public institutions and scholars, that escalating climate crises and perceived inefficacy of normative measures may lead to future radicalization. In this report, we discuss how to foster peaceful climate change activism and reduce the risk of radicalization through educational programs by reviewing definitions of the wide spectrum of environmental activism and the theoretical approaches used to study them, discussing the effectiveness of different actions and the portrayal of climate change activists in the media, and focusing on environmental litigations and the role of environmental literacy as a potential tool to empower climate change movements.
From Vision to Reality: Dissecting Ayushman Bharat's Role in Indian Healthcare
Authors: Sharma Kunika , Subbiah Nanthini , Pancholi Aanchal
Published: July 2024

India's Ayushman Bharat initiative, inaugurated in 2018, is a cornerstone in the nation's healthcare reform, aiming to secure Universal Health Coverage. This ambitious program is structured around two fundamental components: the Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs) and the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY). The HWCs are tasked with transforming existing health facilities into comprehensive primary healthcare hubs that provide a wide range of services, including preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care, focusing on addressing non-communicable diseases, mental health issues, and the needs of the elderly. As of mid-2024, the successful operationalization of more than 1.73 lakh HWCs has greatly improved access to primary healthcare services and on the other hand, PM-JAY stands as the most extensive health insurance program globally, offering financial coverage to over 50 crore individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, enabling cashless treatment across a network of empaneled hospitals for secondary and tertiary care. Despite its wide-ranging and ambitious scope, the program grapples with challenges such as infrastructural deficits, limited public awareness, and uneven distribution of services. This review delineates the initiative's progress and persisting obstacles, underscoring the imperative need for augmented investment, infrastructural fortification, and enhanced public awareness to actualize the envisioned Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India.
Collectivism was Associated Late Vaccination Uptake During COVID Pandemic: A National Survey and A Global Analysis
Authors: Chan Hiu Sze , Chiu Chi-yue , Yunyun Mao , Wu Wu Shengtao , Cohen Adam B. , Zhu Jing , Lu Jackson G.
Published: July 2024

Uptake of vaccination was crucial to ending the COVID pandemic by enabling herd immunity. Collectivism is a cultural value that prioritizes collective over personal wellbeing and prescribes cooperation and dependency on group opinions when making personal decisions. Past studies showed that collectivist (vs. individualist) cultures were more successful in enforcing non-pharmaceutical interventions, and hence had lower infection and death rates before vaccines were available. However, collectivists, being more influenced by group opinions in decision-making, might delay vaccination uptake until they are certain that the vaccines are effective and safe for others. We tested our hypotheses in a national survey of Chinese citizens (n = 5,438, Study 1) five months after COVID-19 vaccines were publicly available, and in a study of 183 countries/territories (Study 2). Consistent with past findings, before vaccines were available, more collectivist cultures had fewer COVID-19 infections and deaths per million. However, after vaccines were released in China, Chinese citizens who were more collectivist were less likely to receive early vaccination (Study 1). Furthermore, more collectivist cultures had slower vaccination rates in the first year of vaccination administration (Study 2). These results have important implications for future pandemic control and public health communications.
Assessments of the Privacy Compliance in Commercial Large Language Models
Authors: Chadwick Rupert , Blundell Sophie , Prendergast Emily
Published: July 2024

The increasing deployment of artificial intelligence systems in various applications has intensified concerns regarding their compliance with stringent privacy regulations. Addressing the critical need for robust privacy mechanisms, this research offers a novel and comprehensive evaluation of privacy compliance in two commercial large language models, ChatGPT and Claude, emphasizing automated testing, benchmarking against key privacy standards, and simulated data scenarios. Results indicate that Claude outperforms ChatGPT in several dimensions of privacy compliance, particularly in data protection, transparency, and user rights management. Detailed analysis reveals Claude's stronger alignment with regulatory requirements, facilitated through clear and accessible privacy policies and effective data anonymization practices. The study highlights areas where ChatGPT requires significant improvements, especially in data retention and user consent mechanisms, to achieve better compliance and enhance user trust. These findings demonsrate the importance of continuous monitoring and refinement of privacy practices in large language models to ensure adherence to evolving privacy standards and the safeguarding of user information.
Documentary films can increase nationwide interest in plant-based food
Authors: thomas anna , Hope Jessica Elizabeth , Mathur Maya B
Published: July 2024

Plant-based diets can help mitigate climate change. We investigated longitudinal effects of popular media that encourage plant-based diets from diverse perspectives, including health, environment, and animal welfare. We systematically searched for the most popular such media, which were all films. In initial correlational analyses, Google search interest for the films explained the majority (73%) of variance in search interest for plant-based food, but was not associated with consumption of meat or of plant-based alternatives. In primary analyses using pre-registered causal inference models that controlled for confounding, we estimated that each 1-SD increase in search interest for the health-focused films What the Health (2017), The Game Changers (2018), and You Are What You Eat (2024) increased search interest in plant-based food by 43%, 11%, and 11% respectively in the following week. These results can inform communication approaches for ongoing efforts of governments and other organizations encouraging sustainable diets.
Intelligence in animals, humans and machines: a heliocentric view of intelligence?
Authors: holm halfdan , banerjee soumya
Published: July 2024

We argue that current conceptions of intelligence are anthropocentric. Looking at intelligencein both biological and artificial (human-engineered) systems can yield a more sobering andnuanced view of intelligence.
Are people with chronic pain more diverse than we think? An investigation of ergodicity
Authors: Sundström Felicia , Lavefjord Amani , Buhrman Monica , McCracken Lance
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study investigates whether data from people with chronic pain conditions, including endometriosis (n = 58) and fibromyalgia (n = 58), exhibit ergodicity, a necessary condition for the generalizability of group-based research findings to individual cases. The study focused on frequently assessed variables in chronic pain, including pain intensity, pain interference, depressive symptoms, psychological flexibility, and pain catastrophizing. These data were collected twice daily for 42 days from each participant and then analyzed in two ways: first, as separate cross-sectional studies using the time points as the separate datasets, and second, as individual within-person studies using each individual person’s time series. Results from the two approaches were then compared, including summary means and correlational analyses. For both the endometriosis and fibromyalgia samples, the between-person data showed substantially less variability, and other differences, compared to within-person data. This was evident in both the summary means and correlational analyses. Between-person correlations, for example, were relatively restricted in range, while within-person correlations varied widely, and were not well represented by the between-person estimates. After removing temporal dependency, the strength of within-person correlations decreased, further highlighting the differences in results from the two analytical approaches. The significant findings of this study have potentially profound implications for the field of chronic pain research. They not only underscore the limitations of relying solely on nomothetic methods for understanding individual pain experiences but also strongly advocate for a shift toward inclusion of more idiographic approaches. This shift could lead to more personalized and effective treatment strategies by better capturing the dynamic, highly individual, and heterogeneous nature of chronic pain. To put it bluntly, these results question the assumption that aggregated data collected from groups can accurately represent individual experiences in chronic pain. Keywords: chronic pain, endometriosis, fibromyalgia, group-to-individual generalizability, individual variability
Idionomic Assessment of Mindfulness
Authors: Hernandez Contreras Cristobal Eduardo , Sahdra Baljinder K. , Ciarrochi Joseph , Hayes Steven C.
Published: July 2024

The traditional approach to assessing mindfulness has largely focused on between-person variability, often overlooking the unique, idiographic patterns that emerge within individuals over time. Idionomic assessment emphasizes the importance of modeling processes and their dynamic interactions in particular people (or couples, families, and so one) before generating nomothetic extensions. By critically examining the assumptions underlying conventional psychometric methods, particularly the ergodic theorem, we highlight the limitations of applying group-level findings to particular people. We propose an idionomic approach that integrates intensive longitudinal data to capture the nuanced and individualized nature of mindfulness and its impact on well-being. This method allows for a more precise understanding of how mindfulness practices influence personal outcomes, acknowledging the significant heterogeneity in these effects. Through a series of empirical examples, we demonstrate the practical applications of idionomic assessment in potentially identifying personalized intervention strategies that are more effective than traditional “one size fits all” approaches. The data we provide show that mindfulness processes are highly individualized, and their effects on psychological outcomes varies significantly between persons. This has profound implications for the field of applied psychology, suggesting a shift towards more personalized, process-based, and contextually sensitive assessments and intervention strategies. Ultimately, the idionomic approach offers a promising avenue for enhancing the treatment utility of mindfulness assessments, paving the way for more tailored and effective therapeutic practices.
Meta-Research: Does Scientific Productivity Increase the Publication of Positive Results? Examining Research Groups' Scientific Productivity and Positive Results in a German Clinical Psychology Sample
Authors: Schiekiera Louis , Niemeyer Helen
Published: July 2024

Background: The overrepresentation of positive results in psychology is often attributed in part to publication bias. However, the impact of research group output on the prevalence of positive results has not yet been investigated. The present study examines whether German clinical psychology research groups with high versus low publication outputs differ in the prevalence of positive outcomes in their publications. Methods: Scientific productivity was defined as the ratio of quantitative-empirical publications to the number of academic staff per chair. We analyzed publications authored by clinical psychology researchers at German universities from 2013 to 2022, sourced from PubMed and OpenAlex. After excluding meta-analyses, reviews, and non-empirical studies, 2,280 empirical studies from 99 research groups were identified. We then randomly sampled and coded 300 papers, evenly split between the highest and lowest output quartiles, and examined the first hypothesis. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the highest and the lowest output quartiles, with both reporting approximately 90% positive results. Higher group paper counts were not associated with more positive results. However, results with partial support were significantly more prevalent in the highest output quartile than in the lowest output quartile. Conclusion: Our results suggest a general excess of positive results in clinical psychology. Contrary to our hypothesis, German clinical psychology research groups with high and low publication outputs do not differ in the prevalence of positive outcomes in their publications.
Daily Loneliness and Suicidal Ideation in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Wicher Cara Luisa , Dombrovski Alexandre , Hallquist Michael , Buecker Susanne , Wright Aidan G.C. , Kaurin Aleksandra
Published: July 2024

Loneliness has been linked with suicidal ideation (SI) in people with a Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) diagnosis. However, the temporal dynamics of this association remain unclear: we do not know whether loneliness amplifies SI within clinically relevant timeframes. To fill this gap, our preregistered analysis used a 21-day ambulatory assessment study of individuals diagnosed with BPD (N = 153, 105 with a history of attempted suicide). We tested the hypotheses that within-person, daily loneliness would be linked to same- and next-day SI and that BPD features would strengthen these links. In line with our hypotheses, we found a significant contemporaneous and lagged association between loneliness and SI, yet these links were not significantly amplified by BPD features. Exploratory analyses further suggested that loneliness did not account for the within-person link between daily social interactions and SI, nor did more general personality disorder (PD) features alter loneliness-SI links. The link between loneliness and SI highlights a significant vulnerability to suicide risk and our findings suggest that BPD catalyzes the early stages of the suicidal process by predisposing to loneliness, but not the progression from loneliness to suicidal ideation.
Comparing Perceptual Judgments in Large Multimodal Models and Humans
Authors: Dickson Billy , Maini Sahaj Singh , Nosofsky Robert , Tiganj Zoran
Published: July 2024

Cognitive scientists commonly collect participants' judgments regarding perceptual characteristics of stimuli to develop and evaluate memory, learning, and decision-making models. For instance, to model human responses in tasks of category learning and item recognition, researchers often have to collect perceptual judgments of images to embed the images in multidimensional feature spaces. This process is time-consuming and costly. Recent advancements in Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) provide a potential alternative since such models can respond to prompts that include both text and images and could potentially replace human participants. To test whether the available LMMs can indeed be useful for this purpose, we evaluated their judgments on a dataset consisting of rock images that has been widely used by cognitive scientists. The dataset includes human perceptual judgments along ten dimensions considered important for classifying rock images. While the models exhibited a strong positive correlation with human responses, we found that they fell short in replacing an average of a set of judgments from human participants. The models provided correlations with these averaged data that were roughly the same magnitude as observed for individual participants, especially for dimensions that are relatively general (such as lightness and chromaticity) as opposed to domain-specific dimensions (such as pegmatitic structure), where they struggled more. We also found that modifying prompts and providing additional examples of images with corresponding ratings had a positive but relatively modest impact on model performance. Our study provides a benchmark for evaluating future LMMs on human perceptual judgment data.
When Our History Meets Their History: Strategies Young People in Serbia Use to Coordinate Conflicting Group Narratives
Authors: Ivanović Jovan , Stanković Biljana , Zezelj Iris
Published: July 2024

When a multiethnic state, such as the former Yugoslavia, dissolves in a violent ethnic-based conflict, new generations grow up on one-sided historical narratives. While there is plenty of evidence of how appropriating such narratives delegitimizes outgroups, studies on how young people coordinate diverse group narratives are lacking. To address this issue, we explored promotive strategies young majority group members use in building a more inclusive historical understanding of two conflicting (majority and minority) narratives. The sample consisted of ten pairs of ethnic Serb high school seniors with a task to jointly build one common narrative out of two one-sided narratives adapted from post-conflict textbooks of majority (Serb) and minority (Bosniak) ethnic groups. We used step-by-step dialogical analysis of semantic promoters in participants' interactions to capture how ingroup and outgroup perspectives are collaboratively positioned. Our results suggest participants use various cognitive, affective, identity and value-based strategies to coordinate conflicting perspectives. The identified promotive strategies can help in developing evidence-based educational materials and teaching environments, especially in post-conflict and divided societies.
A mixed-methods investigation of the impact of prolonged COVID-19 restrictions on expectant and newborn parents’ experiences of control
Authors: Roberts Ruth , Vourda Maria-Christina , Siuciak Emma , Pereira Mariana R. , Curtis Peter , McCrory Eamon , Perez Alejandra , Panagiotopoulou Elena
Published: July 2024

Background: Parental sense of control during pregnancy and early parenthood is critical for self-efficacy, parenting behaviour, and child outcomes. Restrictions during COVID-19 led to a decline in parental sense of control but less is known about the impact of prolonged restrictions. Aims: To investigate the impact of prolonged COVID-19 restrictions on expectant and newborn parents’ experiences of control over decisions regarding pregnancy and parenting.Method: Quantitative and qualitative survey data was collected from 130 expectant and newborn parents approximately one year after first restrictions in response to COVID-19 were introduced in the UK (April-October 2021) to examine control over decisions during prolonged restrictions. Results: The majority of expectant parents reported negative experiences of control as opposed to just over half of newborn parents. Expectant parents qualitatively described only factors reducing their experience of control, whereas newborn parents described both factors that reduced and increased their experience of control. Most expectant parents reported no change in confidence, however the majority of newborn parents reported feeling less confident over time. Both groups of parents reported feeling lonelier over time. Conclusion: Both expectant and newborn parents experienced reduced control over pregnancy and parenting decisions during COVID-19 prolonged restrictions, with qualitative reports highlighting unique challenges for the two groups. The findings highlight ways in which experience of control could be improved for expectant and newborn parents.
LEADERSHIP PRACTICES AT PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS IN GABORONE, BOTSWANA
Authors: Gotlhe Keddy Gotlhe , Mpuangnan Kofi Nkonkonya , Dick-Sagoe Christopher , Roboji Zukiswa
Published: July 2024

Effective leadership in education is crucial for fostering a positive and supportive learning environment. The state of leadership in schools, particularly in developing countries, is often perceived as inadequate. This study aims to investigate leadership styles in Gaborone's public high schools in Botswana. It focused on gender leadership style choices in management, the prevalent leadership styles among Gaborone's public secondary school leaders, and the most effective leadership styles for fostering success in educational settings within the city. In line with these focal points, a descriptive survey design was employed, collecting quantitative data from fifty respondents comprising school heads, department heads, and teachers. Participants were selected using quota sampling techniques and responded to a questionnaire. The analysis utilized descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, bar charts, and histograms. The findings indicated that female management in Gaborone's secondary schools predominantly favoured the Authoritative Leadership Style, followed by Transformational and Charismatic Leadership. Meanwhile, male leaders exhibited a preference for Transformational, Charismatic, and Democratic Leadership styles. Recommendations include the development of comprehensive leadership training programs tailored specifically for school management. These programs should emphasize a diverse leadership style relevant to educational contexts, fostering a more adaptable and effective leadership approach within Gaborone's school system.