bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane biofouling mechanism in an aerobic granular reactor degrading 4-chlorophenol
Authors: Buitrón Germán , Moreno-Andrade Iván , Arellano-Badillo Víctor M. , Ramírez-Amaya Víctor
Published: April 2014

The membrane fouling of an aerobic granular reactor coupled with a submerged membrane in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was evaluated. The fouling analysis was performed by applying microscopy techniques to determine the morphology and structure of the fouling layer on a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. It was found that the main cause of fouling was the polysaccharide adsorption on the membrane surface, followed by the growth of microorganisms to form a biofilm.
Voltammetric determination of carbidopa and folic acid using a modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode
Authors: Keshtkar Nasrin , Taher Ali , Beitollahi Hadi
Published: April 2014

A novel electrochemical sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of
carbidopa in presence of large excess of folic acid at physiological pH was
developed by the bulk modification of carbon paste electrode (CPE) with
carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and vinylferrocene. Large peak separation, good
sensitivity and stability allow this modified electrode to analyze carbidopa
individually and simultaneously along with folic acid. Applying square wave
voltammetry (SWV), a linear dynamic range of 1.0?10-6- 7.0?10-4 M with
detection limit of 2.0?10-7 M was obtained for carbidopa. Finally, the
proposed method was applied to the determination of carbidopa and folic acid
in urine sample.
Randomly oriented twin domains in electrodeposited silver dendrites
Authors: Ivanovic Evica , Nikolic Nebojsa , Radmilovic Velimir
Published: April 2014

Silver dendrites were prepared by electrochemical deposition. The structures
of Ag dendrites, the type of twins and their distribution were investigated
by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Z-contrast high angle annular dark
field transmission electron microscopy (HAADF), and crystallografically
sensitive orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The results revealed that
silver dendrites are characterized by the presence of randomly distributed
180? rotational twin domains. The broad surface of dendrites was of the {111}
type. Growth directions of the main dendrite stem and all branches were of
<112> type.
Heidegger and E-Learning: Overthrowing the Traditions of Pedagogy
Authors: Shaw Robert
Published: April 2014

The practice of teaching online and the experience of learning with e-media raise issues about time. Taking a historical approach, this article introduces three concepts of time – which physics, psychology and phenomenology characterize – and it questions their adequacy in theories of e-learning. The article argues that Heidegger's phenomenological account of time produces insights into the ontological character of students, which may ground and inform a new theory of e-learning, one that privileges the student and indicates the limitations inherent in experiencing technology.
E-Learning, Time and Unconscious Thinking
Authors: Mathew David
Published: April 2014

This article views the temporal dimensions of e-learning through a psychoanalytic lens, and asks the reader to consider links between online learning and psychoanalysis. It argues that time and its associated philosophical puzzles impinge on both psychoanalytic theory and on e-learning at two specific points. The first is in the distinction between unconscious mental activity and conscious thinking. In psychoanalysis we would talk of the distinction between primary and secondary processes, and here the article notes the learner's disregarding of the category of time in the former, and the learner's cognizance of it in the latter, exploring some of the characteristics of both of these processes. The learner's sense of time is a result of experiencing delay between desire and satisfaction. Here, the wish-fulfilling propensities of the primary processes deny time, whereas the adaptive propensities of the secondary processes lead to its discovery. The second specific point of interest is a viewing of Freud's theory of memory from a contemporary pedagogic standpoint. Freud's theory of memory assumes that all past experiences are represented in the present and are capable of manifesting an effect on the present. The article asks the reader to consider how this might challenge the learner.
Creating Time: Students, Technologies and Temporal Practices in Higher Education
Authors: Gourlay Lesley
Published: April 2014

The nature of time has been considered in some depth within philosophy and social theory, while theoreticians have also explored interrelationships between temporality, artefacts and social process. However, the notion of time in mainstream educational theory and research has arguably been regarded as fixed, naturalised, undifferentiated ‘context’, and has tended to escape examination or problematisation in the learning technology literature. However, as the contemporary university becomes increasingly permeated by digital mediation both online and ‘face-to-face’, relationships between digital media, time and socially situated practices of meaning-making are foregrounded. This article will report on a UK-based research project which investigated postgraduate students' day-to-day engagements with technologies, drawing on a combination of qualitative focus group, interview and multimodal journaling. The data suggest that for these students the dimension of time is in complex, dynamic and contingent interplay with a range of networked devices and shifting material domains and practices, which are mobilised for textual engagement and production. It will argue that student entanglements with devices and digitally mediated texts serve to pause, distribute, elongate and render simultaneous the temporal nature of their practices in emergent ‘temporal practices' in complex relationships of co-agency with devices and technologies. It will conclude that a typological analysis is inadequate to understanding these complex, emergent engagements.
Polysynchronous: Dialogic Construction of Time in Online Learning
Authors: Oztok Murat , Wilton Lesley , Lee Kyungmee , Zingaro Daniel , Mackinnon Kim , Makos Alexandra , Phirangee Krystle , Brett Clare , Hewitt Jim
Published: April 2014

Online learning has been conceptualized for decades as being delivered in one of two modes: synchronous or asynchronous. Technological determinism falls short in describing the role that the individuals' psychological, social and pedagogical factors play in their perception, experience and understanding of time online. This article explores the history of synchronous and asynchronous concepts and argues that an examination of students' perception of time in online contexts is required if we are to move past asynchronous-synchronous dualities toward a more nuanced understanding of how time manifests itself and affects pedagogical practices. Bakhtin's concept of the dialogic is used as a framework to explore how time in online learning has been reshaped through dialogue. A new description of time online as being polysynchronous is suggested and the illustrations provided explore the educational implications of this time shift on online discussions.
Time, Space, and Dialogue in a Distance-Learning Class Discussion Board
Authors: Kabat Katalin J.
Published: April 2014

The present study investigates the temporal elements affecting asynchronous discussion board messages over a semester, ways in which time is contextualized in space and content, and students' spatio-temporal practices within fixed frames. The theoretical framework uses Lefebvre's rhythmanalysis, Bakhtin's chronotope, and Erickson's chronos and kairos. In total, 322 messages were collected from Blackboard's discussion board written by graduate students. The research applies basic descriptive statistics to analyze time and space. A modified version of Garrison et al's Practical Inquiry Model examines the content's higher-order thinking. Results show that time is non-linear and space is two-dimensionally linear. The mean life of threads lasts 8.2 days and peaks at 4.3 days. Students prefer unidirectional interaction (message–reply), the secondary message being lower-level thinking than the initial post. The optimal spatial spread is 400 words and kairic placement is just before the deadline. ‘Temporal zones' are clustered before, on, and after the deadline, following a low peak–valley–high peak format. Students manipulate fixed chronological time according to their kairic convenience (Gestalt proximity perception). Time lags and their frequency are inconsequential, as electronic time is perceived as continuous. Finally, pedagogical recommendations include detailed structural and spatio-temporal parameters for instructors or facilitators.
Feedback as Real-Time Constructions
Authors: Keiding Tina Bering , Qvortrup Ane
Published: April 2014

This article offers a re-description of feedback and the significance of time in feedback constructions based on systems theory. It describes feedback as internal, real-time constructions in a learning system. From this perspective, feedback is neither immediate nor delayed, but occurs in the very moment it takes place. This article argues for a clear distinction between the timing of communicative events, such as responses that are provided as help for feedback constructions, and the feedback construction itself as an event in a psychic system. Although feedback is described as an internal, system-relative construction, different teaching environments offer diverse conditions for feedback constructions. The final section of this article explores this idea with the help of examples from both synchronous oral interaction and asynchronous text-based interaction mediated by digital media.
The Effectiveness of Placing Temporal Constraints on a Transmedia STEM Learning Experience for Young Children
Authors: Paulsen Christine Andrews , Andrews Jessica Rueter
Published: April 2014

This article describes a transmedia learning experience for early school-aged children. The experience represented an effort to transition a primarily television-based series to a primarily web-based series. Children watched new animation, completed online activities designed to promote STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) exploration, and participated in (and reported on) offline activities that required them to investigate real-world phenomena. Children were expected to visit the website every weekday, for four weeks, as part of the experience. A single group pre-post test design was utilized to assess the impact of the experience on science knowledge and participants' satisfaction with the temporal and other elements of the multimedia experience. The national sample included 115 children aged five to eight years. Families preferred not to visit the website daily and instead preferred to follow their own pace. We observed no differences in key outcomes based on frequency of use. We observed a significant improvement in children's science knowledge and attitudes towards doing STEM activities at home. We also observed significant improvements in parental attitudes towards doing science activities. This study has implications for the design of transmedia learning experiences that are designed around temporal constraints.
Offshoring Audit Tasks and Jurors' Evaluations of Damage Awards Against Auditors
Authors: Daugherty Brian E. , Dickins Denise , Fennema M. G. (Bud)
Published: April 2014

This paper summarizes the study, “The Effects of Offshoring Audit Tasks on Jurors' Evaluations of Damage Awards against Auditors” (Daugherty, Dickins, and Fennema 2013). In the past decade, Big 4 firms have started to offshore audit tasks of their U.S.-based audit clients to affiliated offshore entities (AOEs) in India. The study examined a potential cost of moving domestic procedures to foreign locations—increased damages awarded by potential jurors following an audit failure. Results suggest that jurors award greater damages against the auditor when tasks were performed offshore, than when performed in the U.S. However, the level of auditor judgment required by the audit task had no effect on damage awards. These findings suggest there may be unintentional consequences of auditor offshoring.
Liver-Restricted Repin1 Deficiency Improves Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity, Alters Lipid Metabolism, and Causes Secondary Changes in Adipose Tissue in Mice
Authors: Kern Matthias , Kosacka Joanna , Hesselbarth Nico , Brückner Julia , Heiker John T. , Flehmig Gesine , Klöting Ingrid , Kovacs Peter , Matz-Soja Madlen , Gebhardt Rolf , Krohn Knut , Sales Susanne , Abshagen Kerstin , Shevchenko Andrej , Stumvoll Michael , Blüher Matthias , Klöting Nora
Published: April 2014

Replication initiator 1 (Repin1) is a zinc finger protein highly expressed in liver and adipose tissue and maps within a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for body weight and triglyceride (TG) levels in the rat. The QTL has further been supported as a susceptibility locus for dyslipidemia and related metabolic disorders in congenic and subcongenic rat strains. Here, we elucidated the role of Repin1 in lipid metabolism in vivo. We generated a liver-specific Repin1 knockout mouse (LRep1−/−) and systematically characterized the consequences of Repin1 deficiency in the liver on body weight, glucose and lipid metabolism, liver lipid patterns, and protein/mRNA expression. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed significantly improved whole-body insulin sensitivity in LRep1−/− mice, which may be due to significantly lower TG content in the liver. Repin1 deficiency causes significant changes in potential downstream target molecules including Cd36, Pparγ, Glut2 protein, Akt phosphorylation, and lipocalin2, Vamp4, and Snap23 mRNA expression. Mice with hepatic deletion of Repin1 display secondary changes in adipose tissue function, which may be mediated by altered hepatic expression of lipocalin2 or chemerin. Our findings indicate that Repin1 plays a role in insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism by regulating key genes of glucose and lipid metabolism.
BH3-Only Molecule Bim Mediates β-Cell Death in IRS2 Deficiency
Authors: Ren Decheng , Sun Juan , Mao Liqun , Ye Honggang , Polonsky Kenneth S.
Published: April 2014

Irs2-deficient mice develop type 2–like diabetes due to a reduction in β-cell mass and a failure of pancreatic islets to undergo compensatory hyperplasia in response to insulin resistance. In order to define the molecular mechanisms, we knocked down Irs2 gene expression in mouse MIN6 insulinoma cells. Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) suppression induced apoptotic cell death, which was associated with an increase in expression of the BH3-only molecule Bim. Knockdown (KD) of Bim reduced apoptotic β-cell death induced by IRS2 suppression. In Irs2-deficient mice, Bim ablation restored β-cell mass, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells, and restored normal glucose tolerance after glucose challenge. FoxO1 mediates Bim upregulation induced by IRS2 suppression, and FoxO1 KD partially inhibits β-cell death induced by IRS2 suppression. These results suggest that Bim plays an important role in mediating the increase in β-cell apoptosis and the reduction in β-cell mass that occurs in IRS2-deficient diabetes.
Molecular Signatures Differentiate Immune States in Type 1 Diabetic Families
Authors: Chen Yi-Guang , Cabrera Susanne M. , Jia Shuang , Kaldunski Mary L. , Kramer Joanna , Cheong Sami , Geoffrey Rhonda , Roethle Mark F. , Woodliff Jeffrey E. , Greenbaum Carla J. , Wang Xujing , Hessner Martin J.
Published: April 2014

Mechanisms associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) development remain incompletely defined. Using a sensitive array-based bioassay where patient plasma is used to induce transcriptional responses in healthy leukocytes, we previously reported disease-specific, partially interleukin (IL)-1−dependent signatures associated with preonset and recent onset (RO) T1D relative to unrelated healthy control subjects (uHC). To better understand inherited susceptibility in T1D families, we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of healthy autoantibody-negative (AA−) high HLA−risk siblings (HRS) (DR3 and/or DR4) and AA− low HLA−risk siblings (LRS) (non-DR3/non-DR4). Signatures, scored with a novel ontology-based algorithm, and confirmatory studies differentiated the RO T1D, uHC, HRS, and LRS plasma milieus. Relative to uHC, T1D family members exhibited an elevated inflammatory state, consistent with innate receptor ligation that was independent of HLA, AA, or disease status and included elevated plasma IL-1α, IL-12p40, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 levels. Longitudinally, signatures of T1D progressors exhibited increasing inflammatory bias. Conversely, HRS possessing decreasing AA titers revealed emergence of an IL-10/transforming growth factor-β−mediated regulatory state that paralleled temporal increases in peripheral activated CD4+/CD45RA−/FoxP3high regulatory T-cell frequencies. In AA− HRS, the familial innate inflammatory state also was temporally supplanted by immunoregulatory processes, suggesting a mechanism underlying the decline in T1D susceptibility with age.
Increased Incorporation of Antiplasmin Into the Fibrin Network in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ågren Anna , Jörneskog Gun , Elgue Graciela , Henriksson Peter , Wallen Håkan , Wiman Björn
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes is associated with various vascular complications and is suggested to induce a prothrombotic state. In the current study, we characterized antiplasmin incorporation into fibrin in relation to other fibrinolytic compounds in patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 236 patients with type 1 diabetes and 78 control subjects were investigated. The incorporation of antiplasmin into the fibrin network and the plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) activity, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity, tPA/PAI-1 complex, plasmin-antiplasmin complex, antiplasmin, factor XIII, and d-dimer were measured. In addition, we used global assays to study fibrinolysis.

RESULTS

The incorporation of antiplasmin into the fibrin network was significantly higher in patients with type 1 diabetes than in control subjects without diabetes (1.65 ± 0.25 vs. 1.35 ± 0.18 mg/L, respectively; P < 0.0001). The patients also had lower PAI-1 activity (2.19 units/mL [interquartile range 0.96–5.42] vs. 4.25 units/mL [1.95–9.0]; P = 0.0012) and antiplasmin level in plasma (78.5 ± 13.3 vs. 83.2 ± 15.4 mg/L; P < 0.05), resulting in a higher fibrinolytic capacity (shorter clot lysis time; P = 0.0090). We did not find any important sex differences regarding fibrinolysis in the patients or in the control subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with type 1 diabetes incorporate more antiplasmin into the fibrin network than control subjects without diabetes do and have a reduced PAI-1 activity and a shorter clot lysis time. These results suggest that patients with type 1 diabetes produce a fibrin clot that is more resistant to fibrinolysis, which, however, may be counteracted by an increased fibrinolytic potential in plasma.
Changes in Subcutaneous Fat Cell Volume and Insulin Sensitivity After Weight Loss
Authors: Andersson Daniel P. , Eriksson Hogling Daniel , Thorell Anders , Toft Eva , Qvisth Veronica , Näslund Erik , Thörne Anders , Wirén Mikael , Löfgren Patrik , Hoffstedt Johan , Dahlman Ingrid , Mejhert Niklas , Rydén Mikael , Arner Erik , Arner Peter
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVE

Large subcutaneous fat cells associate with insulin resistance and high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We investigated if changes in fat cell volume and fat mass correlate with improvements in the metabolic risk profile after bariatric surgery in obese patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Fat cell volume and number were measured in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in 62 obese women before and 2 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Regional body fat mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp; and plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were assessed.

RESULTS

RYGB decreased body weight by 33%, which was accompanied by decreased adipocyte volume but not number. Fat mass in the measured regions decreased and all metabolic parameters were improved after RYGB (P < 0.0001). Whereas reduced subcutaneous fat cell size correlated strongly with improved insulin sensitivity (P = 0.0057), regional changes in fat mass did not, except for a weak correlation between changes in visceral fat mass and insulin sensitivity and triglycerides. The curve-linear relationship between fat cell size and fat mass was altered after weight loss (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

After bariatric surgery in obese women, a reduction in subcutaneous fat cell volume associates more strongly with improvement of insulin sensitivity than fat mass reduction per se. An altered relationship between adipocyte size and fat mass may be important for improving insulin sensitivity after weight loss. Fat cell size reduction could constitute a target to improve insulin sensitivity.
Vitamin D Supplementation and the Effects on Glucose Metabolism During Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yap Constance , Cheung N. Wah , Gunton Jenny E. , Athayde Neil , Munns Craig F. , Duke Anna , McLean Mark
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVE

Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and neonatal vitamin D deficiency. We conducted a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of low-dose (LD) versus high-dose (HD) vitamin D supplementation to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism during pregnancy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Women with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels <32 ng/mL before 20 weeks’ gestation were randomized to oral vitamin D3 at 5,000 IU daily (HD) (n = 89) or the recommended pregnancy dose of 400 IU daily (LD) (n = 90) until delivery. The primary end point was maternal glucose levels on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 26–28 weeks’ gestation. Secondary end points included neonatal 25OHD, obstetric and other neonatal outcomes, and maternal homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Analysis was by intention to treat.

RESULTS

There was no difference in maternal glucose levels on OGTT. Twelve LD women (13%) developed GDM versus seven (8%) HD women (P = 0.25). Neonatal cord 25OHD was higher in HD offspring (46 ± 11 vs. 29 ± 12 ng/mL, P < 0.001), and deficiency was more common in LD offspring (24 vs. 10%, P = 0.06). Post hoc analysis in LD women showed an inverse relationship between pretreatment 25OHD and both fasting and 2-h blood glucose level on OGTT (both P < 0.001). Baseline 25OHD remained an independent predictor after multiple regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

HD vitamin D supplementation commencing at a mean of 14 weeks’ gestation does not improve glucose levels in pregnancy. However, in women with baseline levels <32 ng/mL, 5,000 IU per day was well tolerated and highly effective at preventing neonatal vitamin D deficiency.
Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous versus intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid to bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)
Authors: Churgin Sarah M. , Musgrave Kari E. , Cox Sherry K. , Sladky Kurt K.
Published: April 2014

Objective—To compare pharmacokinetics after a single IM or SC injection of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) to bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

Animals—8 adult male bearded dragons.

Procedures—In a preliminary experiment, doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg, SC, were compared in 2 animals, and 30 mg/kg resulted in a more desirable pharmacokinetic profile. Then, in a randomized, complete crossover experimental design, each bearded dragon (n = 6) received a single dose of 30 mg of CCFA/kg IM or SC; the experiment was repeated after a 28-day washout period with the other route of administration. Blood samples were collected at 10 time points for 288 hours after injection. Plasma concentrations of ceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofur metabolites were measured via reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed with a noncompartmental model.

Results—No adverse effects were observed. Plasma concentrations greater than a target minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 μg/mL were achieved by 4 hours after administration by both routes. Mean plasma concentrations remained > 1 μg/mL for > 288 hours for both routes of administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A single dose of CCFA (30 mg/kg) administered IM or SC to bearded dragons yielded plasma concentrations of ceftiofur and its metabolites > 1 μg/mL for > 288 hours. The SC route would be preferred because of less variability in plasma concentrations and greater ease of administration than the IM route. Future studies should include efficacy data as well as evaluation of the administration of multiple doses.
Description of thoracoscopy and associated short-term cardiovascular and pulmonary effects in healthy cattle
Authors: Michaux Hélène , Nichols Sylvain , Babkine Marie , Francoz David
Published: April 2014

Objective—To describe the optimal thoracoscopic approach to the bovine pleural cavity and evaluate the short-term effects of thoracoscopy on cardiovascular and pulmonary function of healthy cattle.

Sample—6 healthy adult Holstein cows (12 hemithoraxes).

Procedures—For each cow, thoracoscopy was performed in both the left and right hemithoraxes with a 24-hour interval between procedures. Cows were sedated and restrained in a standing position for each thoracoscopic examination. Examination of each hemithorax lasted for 30 minutes. Arterial blood gas variables, heart rate, and respiratory rate were assessed at predetermined times before, during, and after the procedures to monitor cardiovascular and pulmonary function. Thoracic ultrasonography was performed immediately and at 24 hours and 1 week after each thorascopic examination to evaluate the extent of residual pneumothorax.

Results—Insertion of the laparoscope into the pleural cavity at the ninth intercostal space 15 cm ventral to the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae provided optimal visibility of structures in both the left and right hemithoraxes. Most structures of the pleural cavity were equally visible from both sides except the esophagus and the dorsal branch of the vagus nerve, which were best observed in the left hemithorax, and the pericardium, which was best observed in the right hemithorax. Mild increases in heart and respiratory rates and moderate decreases in arterial oxygen saturation and Pao2 were detected during the procedures.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Standing thoracoscopy was well tolerated in healthy adult dairy cattle and needs to be evaluated in cattle with pulmonary disease.
Accuracy of noninvasive, single-plane fluoroscopic analysis for measurement of three-dimensional femorotibial joint poses in dogs treated by tibial plateau leveling osteotomy
Authors: Jones Stephen C. , Kim Stanley E. , Banks Scott A. , Conrad Bryan P. , Abbasi Abdullah Z. , Tremolada Giovanni , Lewis Daniel D. , Pozzi Antonio
Published: April 2014

Objective—To compare accuracy of a noninvasive single-plane fluoroscopic analysis technique with radiostereometric analysis (RSA) for determining 3-D femorotibial poses in a canine cadaver stifle joint treated by tibial-plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

Sample—Left pelvic limb from a 25-kg adult mixed-breed dog.

Procedures—A CT scan of the left pelvic limb was performed. The left cranial cruciate ligament was transected, and a TPLO was performed. Radiopaque beads were implanted into the left femur and tibia, and the CT scan was repeated. Orthogonal fluoroscopic images of the left stifle joint were acquired at 5 stifle joint flexion angles ranging from 110° to 150° to simulate a gait cycle; 5 gait cycles were completed. Joint poses were calculated from the biplanar images by use of a digitally modified RSA and were compared with measurements obtained by use of hybrid implant-bone models matched to lateral-view fluoroscopic images. Single-plane measurements were performed by 2 observers and repeated 3 times by the primary observer.

Results—Mean absolute differences between results of the single-plane fluoroscopic analysis and modified RSA were 0.34, 1.05, and 0.48 mm for craniocaudal, proximodistal, and mediolateral translations, respectively, and 0.56°, 0.85°, and 1.08° for flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotations, respectively. Intraobserver and interobserver mean SDs did not exceed 0.59 mm for all translations and 0.93° for all rotations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that single-plane fluoroscopic analysis by use of hybrid implant-bone models may be a valid, noninvasive technique for accurately measuring 3-D femorotibial poses in dogs treated with TPLO.
Comparison of tear pH in dogs, horses, and cattle
Authors: Beckwith-Cohen Billie , Elad Daniel , Bdolah-Abram Tali , Ofri Ron
Published: April 2014

Objective—To determine baseline tear pH in dogs, horses, and cattle by use of a microelectrode.

Animals—28 dogs, 24 horses, and 29 cattle.

Procedures—Under manual restraint, tears were collected from each subject's left eye with cotton spears. A Schirmer tear test was performed in the right eye. Tears were extracted from the spears by centrifugation. Tear volume was measured, pH was determined with a microelectrode, and total solids (TS) concentration was measured by refractometry.

Results—Mean ± SD pH of tears in cattle, dogs, and horses was 8.32 ± 0.14, 8.05 ± 0.26, and 7.84 ± 0.30, respectively. Tear pH was significantly higher in cattle versus dogs and horses and in dogs versus horses. Mean ± SD TS concentration in horses, cattle, and dogs was 2.04 ± 1.29 g/dL, 1.07 ± 0.60 g/dL, and 0.33 ± 0.18 g/dL, respectively. Total solids concentration was significantly higher in horses versus cattle and dogs and in cattle versus dogs. Schirmer tear test results for all animals were within the species reference range.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tear pH in all 3 species differed from that of published blood pH values and the pH of common topically administered ophthalmic medications. These fndings may have implications for variations in ocular flora and defense mechanisms, susceptibility to ocular disease, and success or comfort of topical treatment.
Diffusive transport of Cu(II) ions through thin ion imprinted polymeric membranes
Authors: Zarghami Soheil , Mohammadi Toraj , Kazemimoghadam Mansoor
Published: April 2014

A novel ion imprinted polymeric membrane (IIPM) for copper (Cu) ions transport was prepared by a ion imprinting technique via cross-linking of blended chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using glutaraldehyde (GA) as the cross-linker and Cu ions as the template. The obtained IIPM was characterised and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and permeation studies. Cavities of IIPM containing recognition sites for Cu ions were formed in the compact structure of the CS/PVA membrane which was prepared via the solution casting method. Under the optimum conditions, transport factor of the IIPM reached 2 when the permeation time was 18 h. Selective permeation of Cu ions versus nickel ions through the imprinted membrane was confirmed and a selectivity factor of 1.71 was obtained.
Design consideration of dimethyl succinate production process
Authors: Dudáš Jozef , Kotora Marcel , Bradáč Michal , Markoš Jozef
Published: April 2014

Esterification of succinic acid to form dimethyl succinate has been analysed and the process design is presented in this paper. The process analysis and design are based on our own experimental data (kinetics), information from open literature, and own mathematical models and computer programs for process simulation and evaluation. Reactive distillation and a tubular reactor followed by separation of components from the reaction mixture were considered and evaluated. An economic analysis indicated that operational costs dominate over the capital ones in the costs estimation and that the integration of partial processes into one vessel (reactive distillation) is advantageous. However, according to the analysis of the process conditions (temperature and pressure) for the reaction and distillation, it is impossible to execute the process in one vessel. Therefore, a fixed bed reactor combined with distillation was proposed and the technology has been developed.
Local Expression of Interleukin-17a is Correlated with Nasal Eosinophilia and Clinical Severity in Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Makihara Seiichiro , Okano Mitsuhiro , Fujiwara Tazuko , Noda Yohei , Higaki Takaya , Miyateke Tomomi , Kanai Kengo , Haruna Takenori , Kariya Shin , Nishizaki Kazunori
Published: April 2014

Interleukin (IL)-17A is a major cytokine produced by Th17 cells, which are associated with chronic inflammations. The local expression of IL-17A in allergic rhinitis (AR) remains to be characterized. We sought to determine the role of IL-17A expression in human inferior turbinate mucosa in the pathophysiology of AR. Inferior turbinate mucosa was sampled from medical treatment-resistant, surgery-required patients with perennial AR (PAR, n = 21), nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES, n = 7), and nonallergic hypertrophic rhinitis (HR, n = 13). IL-17A expression was determined with immunohistochemical staining. The mean number of IL-17A+ cells and eosinophils per field were counted. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, blood eosinophil count, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio were also examined in each patient. IL-17A was primarily expressed in infiltrating inflammatory cells. The number of IL-17A+ cells in nasal mucosa was significantly higher in the PAR group compared with HR (p = 0.002) and NARES (p = 0.021) groups. There was a significant and positive correlation between the number of IL-17A+ cells and total nasal symptom score (rho = 0.403; p = 0.011), especially sneezing score (rho = 0.471; p = 0.003). The number of IL-17A+ cells was significantly and positively correlated with the degree of eosinophil infiltration (rho = 0.623; p < 0.001), but not with total serum IgE levels (rho = 0.284; p = 0.098), blood eosinophil counts (rho = 0.302; p = 0.056), or FEV1/FVC ratio (rho = 0.092; p = 0.569). The present study provides evidence that IL-17A expression in the nasal mucosa is associated with the pathophysiology of AR, including disease severity and nasal eosinophilia.
Microstructural analysis of a C/SiC ceramic based on the segmentation of X-ray phase contrast tomographic data
Authors: Wirjadi Oliver , Rack Alexander , Liebscher André , Meinhardt Jürgen , Schladitz Katja , Shafei Behrang , Steidl Gabriele
Published: April 2014

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of 3D data of carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide ceramics. In the production process of C/SiC, a porous carbon preform reinforced with bundles of carbon fibers is infiltrated with liquid silicon at approximately 1 500 °C. The reaction between liquid silicon and carbon creates a layer of silicon carbide while the silicon vanishes almost completely. This material is able to withstand extremely high temperatures and it is extremely tough with respect to fracture. To increase the efficiency of the costly and time consuming production process, methods for monitoring the quality of the material are helpful. For instance, the thickness of the silicon carbide layer is a valuable measure. Moreover, due to different coefficients of thermal expansion of the components, typically cracks appear during the production process. For effective analysis 3D high resolution image data are necessary that can be acquired by synchrotron computed tomography. In a first image processing step, we segment the 3D image data with a convex optimization approach incorporating spatial regularity. Further, we work on the detection of cracks using an eigenvalue analysis of the 3D Hessian matrix determined in each pixel.
Thermal expansion behavior of CNT/Ag nanocomposite
Authors: Pal Hemant , Sharma Vimal , Sharma Manjula
Published: April 2014

In the present study, the molecular level mixing method has been extended to fabricate carbon nanotube based silver nanocomposite. Here, the influence of types of carbon nanotubes and their functionalization on the coefficient of thermal expansion was examined. Covalently and non-covalently functionalized single wall as well as multiwall carbon nanotubes were used in the synthesis process. The microstructural features of the composite revealed that the carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles were dispersed embedded and anchored in the silver matrix. Experimental results confirmed that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite reduces in relation to that of pure silver, with increasing content of carbon nanotubes in the silver matrix. The thermal expansion of nanocomposites, up to 6 volume percent of nanotubes, reduces to 50 – 60 % that of pure silver. However, more reduction in thermal expansion of silver nanocomposite with single wall carbon nanotube than with multiwall nanotubes has been observed, which is correlated with high aspect ratio and large effective surface area of single wall nanotubes. Moreover, covalently functionalized multiwall nanotubes exhibit more reinforcing effect than non-covalently functionalized. We believe that strong bonding between carbon nanotubes and metal matrix due to covalent functionalization is responsible for effective reduction in thermal expansion.
Effect of grain size on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-4Y-3Nd-0.5Zr alloy
Authors: Yi Junying , Ning Zhiliang , Sun Jianfei
Published: April 2014

Various grain sizes of an Mg-4Y-3Nd-0.5Zr alloy were obtained by changing the cooling rate in a casting with wall thickness from 10 to 70 mm, and the effect of grain size on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. When the cooling rate increased from 23.6 to 240.2 K min−1, the grain size of as-cast specimens decreased from 115 to 42 μm, and the sizes of the eutectic phase morphology decreased. The ultimate tensile strength and tensile yield strength for heat-treated materials decreased 12 %–14 % due to the increase in grain size by decreasing the cooling rate. Meanwhile, both the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength showed a linear relationship with d
−1/2 (d is the grain size).
A Short Review on Microtia and Bangladesh Perspective
Authors: Kalam Md Abul , Ahmed Tanveer
Published: April 2014

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bdjps.v4i1.18683 Bangladesh Journal of Plastic Surgery January 2013, 4(1): 01-03
Soleus muscle flap for the coverage of pre-tibial defect of middle third of leg
Authors: Satter Tahmina , Khan Md Noazesh , Awwal Rayhan
Published: April 2014

Soft tissue defects of the lower limb are a challenge to the plastic surgeon but a soleus muscle flap often provides the solution. Early reconstruction by soft tissue to cover exposed bone significantly reduces the risk of infection, nonunion and subsequent amputation. A Prospective, observational study was carried out in the Department of Plastic Surgery & Burn Unit, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Department of Plastic Surgery, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation, Dhaka, from September 2011 to March 2013. 30 cases were selected by purposive continuous sampling who had soft tissue defect in front of the middle third of the legs only. Proximally based soleus muscle transposition flap was done by standard operative procedure under spinal anaesthesia or general anaesthesia and under tourniquet control. After 2 months of operation, final follow-up was done. Regarding the outcome of flap surgery, 18 (60%) cases were found excellent. 7 (23.33%) cases were good, 3 (10%) were fair and 2 (6.66%) were poor. In the final follow up, according to the preset criteria for evaluation of wound coverage by soleus muscle flap, the satisfactory result (excellent and good) was 83.33%. Unsatisfactory (fair and poor) result was in 16.67% cases. Effective coverage of pretibial defect of middle third of leg by soleus muscle flap with satisfactory outcome was seen in this study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bdjps.v4i1.18685 Bangladesh Journal of Plastic Surgery January 2013, 4(1): 10-15
Breast Augmentation in Bangladesh with Silicone Gel Implants -A Short Term Experience
Authors: Anam Salma , Khondokar Md Sazzad , Rahman Shariff Asfia
Published: April 2014

Background:. The primary breast augmentation surgery was not popular for a long time in Bangladesh but with the gradual economic and educational development, as well as availability of silicone gel implant and skilled surgeons, the demand, popularity and acceptance of this surgery is increasing. Objective:This study was done to assess the efficacy of the implants in 30 consecutive patients who presented for breast augmentation . Methods:Data were prospectively collected for all patients who underwent bilateral breast augmentation between July 2011 to November 2012 . Breast augmentation was performed by placing textured, round, silicone gel implant in subglandular position via inframammary approach. The 30 patients included in this series were analyzed according to demographic details, preoperative findings, postoperative patient and observer satisfaction scores, and complications. Standard pictures were taken before surgery and during follow-up visits over 6 month; standardised objective measurements of breast and chest were also taken. The test statistics used to analyze the data were descriptive statistics and repeated measure ANOVA .A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the subjects global impression of clinical improvement and one independent observer visually reviewed pre and postoperative result to grade aesthetic results Results: Observers evaluation by predefined criteria (volume, shape, consistency, inframammry fold and scar) rated 60 % of patients with excellent outcome, 30% good, 10% fair and none had poor score .A significant percentage (63.3%) of the 30 patients rated their satisfaction as very good and nine (30%) patient rated as good. None of the patients responded the result as poor or as very poor. No serious complications such as implant malposition or significant capsular contracture were observed Conclusions: We conclude that round textured cohesive gel implants provide excellent results, are well accepted by patients and most short-term postoperative adverse effects following cosmetic implantation are clinically insignificant and do not require treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bdjps.v4i1.18689 Bangladesh Journal of Plastic Surgery January 2013, 4(1): 20-28
Control of a Heavy-Lift Robotic Manipulator with Pneumatic Artificial Muscles
Authors: Robinson Ryan , Kothera Curt , Wereley Norman
Published: April 2014

Lightweight, compliant actuators are particularly desirable in robotic systems intended for interaction with humans. Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) exhibit these characteristics and are capable of higher specific work than comparably-sized hydraulic actuators and electric motors. The objective of this work is to develop a control algorithm that can smoothly and accurately track the desired motions of a manipulator actuated by pneumatic artificial muscles. The manipulator is intended for lifting humans in nursing assistance or casualty extraction scenarios; hence, the control strategy must be capable of responding to large variations in payload over a large range of motion. The present work first investigates the feasibility of two output feedback controllers (proportional-integral-derivative and fuzzy logic), but due to the limitations of pure output feedback control, a model-based feedforward controller is developed and combined with output feedback to achieve improved closed-loop performance. The model upon which the controller is based incorporates the internal airflow dynamics, the physical parameters of the pneumatic muscles and the manipulator dynamics. Simulations were performed in order to validate the control algorithms, guide controller design and predict optimal gains. Using real-time interface software and hardware, the controllers were implemented and experimentally tested on the manipulator, demonstrating the improved capability.
Recent Advances in Bioprinting and Applications for Biosensing
Authors: Dias Andrew , Kingsley David , Corr David
Published: April 2014

Future biosensing applications will require high performance, including real-time monitoring of physiological events, incorporation of biosensors into feedback-based devices, detection of toxins, and advanced diagnostics. Such functionality will necessitate biosensors with increased sensitivity, specificity, and throughput, as well as the ability to simultaneously detect multiple analytes. While these demands have yet to be fully realized, recent advances in biofabrication may allow sensors to achieve the high spatial sensitivity required, and bring us closer to achieving devices with these capabilities. To this end, we review recent advances in biofabrication techniques that may enable cutting-edge biosensors. In particular, we focus on bioprinting techniques (e.g., microcontact printing, inkjet printing, and laser direct-write) that may prove pivotal to biosensor fabrication and scaling. Recent biosensors have employed these fabrication techniques with success, and further development may enable higher performance, including multiplexing multiple analytes or cell types within a single biosensor. We also review recent advances in 3D bioprinting, and explore their potential to create biosensors with live cells encapsulated in 3D microenvironments. Such advances in biofabrication will expand biosensor utility and availability, with impact realized in many interdisciplinary fields, as well as in the clinic.
Fractional Order Generalized Information
Authors: Machado José
Published: April 2014

This paper formulates a novel expression for entropy inspired in the properties of Fractional Calculus. The characteristics of the generalized fractional entropy are tested both in standard probability distributions and real world data series. The results reveal that tuning the fractional order allow an high sensitivity to the signal evolution, which is useful in describing the dynamics of complex systems. The concepts are also extended to relative distances and tested with several sets of data, confirming the goodness of the generalization.
Gyarmati’s Variational Principle of Dissipative Processes
Authors: Verhás József
Published: April 2014

Like in mechanics and electrodynamics, the fundamental laws of the thermodynamics of dissipative processes can be compressed into Gyarmati’s variational principle. This variational principle both in its differential (local) and in integral (global) forms was formulated by Gyarmati in 1965. The consistent application of both the local and the global forms of Gyarmati’s principle provides all the advantages throughout explicating the theory of irreversible thermodynamics that are provided in the study of mechanics and electrodynamics by the corresponding classical variational principles, e.g., Gauss’ differential principle of least constraint or Hamilton’s integral principle.