bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dominance of Influencing Factors on Cooling Effect of Urban Parks in Different Climatic Regions
Authors: Zheng Songxin , Liu Lichen , Dong Xiaofeng , Hu Yanqing , Niu Pengpeng
Published: November 2022

The enhancement of the park cooling effect (PCE) is one method used to alleviate the urban heat island (UHI). The cooling effect is affected by park factors; however, the importance of these factors in the case of the PCE is still unclear. Optimizing or planning urban parks according to the importance of the influencing factors can effectively enhance the PCE. Herein, we selected 502 urban parks in 29 cities in China with three different climatic regions and quantified the PCE based on the park cooling intensity (PCI) and park cooling area (PCA). Subsequently, the relative importance of the influencing factors for the PCE was compared to identify the main factors. Consequently, certain park planning suggestions were proposed to enhance the cooling effect. The results show that: (1) the PCE increased in the order of arid/semi-arid, semi-humid, and humid regions. (2) The main factors of the PCI differed significantly in different climatic regions; however, the waterbody within a park significantly affected the PCI in all three climates. However, for the PCA, park patch characteristics were the dominant factor, contributing approximately 80% in the three climates regions. (3) In arid/semi-arid and semi-humid regions, the optimal area proportion of waterbody and vegetation within the park were approximately 1:2 and 1:1, respectively, and the threshold value of the park area was 16 ha. In contrast, in the humid region, the addition of a waterbody area within the park, to the best extent possible, enhanced the PCI, and the threshold value of the park area was 19 ha. The unique results of this study are expected to function as a guide to future urban park planning on a regional scale to maximize ecological benefits while mitigating the UHI.
Factors Influencing eHealth Literacy among Spanish Primary Healthcare Users: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: García-García David , Ajejas Bazán María Julia , Pérez-Rivas Francisco Javier
Published: November 2022

Background: Adequate eHealth literacy levels empower people to make informed decisions, enhancing their autonomy. The current study assessed a group using primary care services for their eHealth literacy and examined its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Adult patients in need of primary care nursing services participated in this cross-sectional study, which was carried out in a healthcare center in the Madrid region of Spain. Through systematic random sampling, 166 participants were chosen for the study. The eHealth Literacy Questionnaire was used to assess eHealth literacy (eHLQ). Results: The studied population showed higher eHealth literacy scores in dimensions 2 (“understanding of health concepts and language”) and 4 (“feel safe and in control”); the lowest scores were recorded for dimensions 1 (“using technology to process health information”), 3 (“ability to actively engage with digital services”), and 7 (“digital services that suit individual needs”). People with completed secondary education and a better-perceived health status who were younger and employed showed a higher level of eHealth literacy. Conclusions: The findings advance our knowledge of the variables affecting eHealth literacy. We may be able to understand patients’ needs and provide them with greater support if we can pinpoint the areas where they demonstrate the lowest eHealth literacy.
Perception of Need for Further Refinement in a Clear Aligner Treatment among Orthodontists, Dentists and Laypeople: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Oliveira Patrícia , Bugaighis Iman , Nunes Costa Hélder , Mariano Pereira Pedro
Published: November 2022

Clear aligner treatment often requires further refinement to improve the orthodontic treatment outcome. However, the perceptions of treatment outcomes evaluated by orthodontists and dentists are sparse, and laypeople’s perceptions have yet to be explored. Here, we explore the perceptions of orthodontists, dentists, and laypeople concerning the treatment outcomes achieved after completing the first sequence of aligners. This cross-sectional study involved 37 orthodontists, 67 dentists, and 93 laypeople. We administered an online questionnaire containing intra-oral photographs of nine completed cases with pre- and post-first sequences of aligners. As a control, we used a digital prediction system for the treatment outcome. Self-perception was reported using a visual analog scale. Both orthodontists and dentists had similar perceptions about treatment outcomes (p = 0.363) but significantly differed from laypeople (p ≤ 0.0001). Both orthodontists and dentists recommended further treatment; orthodontists were more critical than dentists (p ≤ 0.001). Orthodontists were more critical than dentists in their evaluations of the need for further treatments; however, their perceptions of treatment outcomes were similar. Laypeople were more satisfied with the treatment outcomes, were less concerned with occlusion, and were more focused on the aesthetic results of the treatment.
Recreational Running Motivations among Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Malchrowicz-Mośko Ewa
Published: November 2022

Lifestyle-associated factors play an important role in prevention of such malignancies as breast cancer (BC), prostate cancer, or colon cancer. Physical activity (PA) before, during, and after diagnosis improves outcomes for BC. People after BC live with numerous side effects and PA has potential to reduce some of them. Unfortunately, few cancer survivors exercise regularly. The aim of this study was to ascertain motivations for running among BC survivors (in comparison with the motivations of healthy women) in order to better manage their attitudes in terms of PA and active lifestyle. A total of 317 Polish women took part in the study: 152 BC women (age 46.49 ± 7.83; BMI 24.78 ± 3.50) and 165 healthy runners (control group (age 36.91 ± 9.68; BMI 23.41 ± 3.94)) using the diagnostic survey method with the Motivation for Marathoners Scale (MOMS) questionnaire. Study results show that healthy runners had higher scores for health orientation, personal goal achievement, and affiliation compared to the group of BC survivors. The scores for weight concern, recognition, psychological coping, life meaning, and self-esteem were lower than those of BC survivors. These results should be included in the management of PA attitudes among BC survivors.
Migration-Related Weight Changes among African Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Byiringiro Samuel , Koirala Binu , Ajibewa Tiwaloluwa , Broni Eric , Liu Xiaoyue , Adeleye Khadijat , Turkson-Ocran Ruth-Alma , Baptiste Diana , Ogungbe Oluwabunmi , Himmelfarb Cheryl , Gbaba Serina , Commodore-Mensah Yvonne
Published: November 2022

(1) Background: people who migrate from low-to high-income countries are at an increased risk of weight gain, and excess weight is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Few studies have quantified the changes in body mass index (BMI) pre- and post-migration among African immigrants. We assessed changes in BMI pre- and post-migration from Africa to the United States (US) and its associated risk factors. (2) Methods: we performed a cross-sectional analysis of the African Immigrant Health Study, which included African immigrants in the Baltimore-Washington District of the Columbia metropolitan area. BMI category change was the outcome of interest, categorized as healthy BMI change or maintenance, unhealthy BMI maintenance, and unhealthy BMI change. We explored the following potential factors of BMI change: sex, age at migration, percentage of life in the US, perceived stress, and reasons for migration. We performed multinomial logistic regression adjusting for employment, education, income, and marital status. (3) Results: we included 300 participants with a mean (±SD) current age of 47 (±11.4) years, and 56% were female. Overall, 14% of the participants had a healthy BMI change or maintenance, 22% had an unhealthy BMI maintenance, and 64% had an unhealthy BMI change. Each year of age at immigration was associated with a 7% higher relative risk of maintaining an unhealthy BMI (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 1.07; 95% CI 1.01, 1.14), and compared to men, females had two times the relative risk of unhealthy BMI maintenance (RRR: 2.67; 95% CI 1.02, 7.02). Spending 25% or more of life in the US was associated with a 3-fold higher risk of unhealthy BMI change (RRR: 2.78; 95% CI 1.1, 6.97). (4) Conclusions: the age at immigration, the reason for migration, and length of residence in the US could inform health promotion interventions that are targeted at preventing unhealthy weight gain among African immigrants.
Effects of Low/Medium-Intensity Exercise on Fat Metabolism after a 6-h Fast
Authors: Liu Ming-Yi , Chen Shung-Quan
Published: November 2022

The effects of fasting and different exercise intensities on lipid metabolism were investigated in 12 male students aged 19.9 ± 1.4 years, with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of 50.33 ± 4.0 mL/kg/min, using a counterbalanced design. Each participant ran on a treadmill at 45% and 65% VO2max continuously for 20 min, followed by running at 85% VO2max for 20 min (or until exhaustion) under a fed or fasted state (6 h). The respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood glucose (BGLU), blood lactate (BLA), and blood triglyceride (TG) were analyzed during exercise. The results showed that the intensity of exercise did not significantly affect the BGLU and TG in the fed state. The levels of both RER and BLA increased as the intensity of exercise increased from low to high (45, 65, and 85% VO2max), and more energy was converted from fat into glucose at a high intensity of exercise. In the fasted state of 6 h, the BGLU level increased parallel to the intensity of exercise. The RER was close to 1.0 at a high intensity of exercise, indicating that more energy was converted from glycogen. At the intensities of 45 and 65% VO2max, the RER and concentration of TG were both lower in the fasted than in the fed state, showing that a higher percentage of energy comes from fat than in the fed state at 45 and 65% VO2max. When running at 85% VO2max, the BGLU concentration was higher in the fasted than in the fed state, indicating that the liver tissues release more BGLU for energy in the fasted state. Therefore, in the fasted state, running at 45% and 65% of VO2max significantly affects lipid metabolism. On the contrary, the higher RER and BGLU concentrations when running at 85% VO2max revealed no significant difference between the two probes. This study suggests that medium- and low-intensity exercise (45 and 65% VO2max) in the fasted state enhances lipid metabolism.
Large Semi-Membrane Covered Composting System Improves the Spatial Homogeneity and Efficiency of Fermentation
Authors: Sun Xiaoxi , Huang Guangqun , Huang Yuanping , Fang Chen , He Xueqin , Zheng Yongjun
Published: November 2022

Homogenous spatial distribution of fermentation characteristics, local anaerobic conditions, and large amounts of greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions are common problems in large-scale aerobic composting systems. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a semi-membrane covering on the spatial homogeneity and efficiency of fermentation in aerobic composting systems. In the covered group, the pile was covered with a semi-membrane, while in the non-covered group (control group), the pile was uncovered. The covered group entered the high-temperature period earlier and the spatial gradient difference in the group was smaller compared with the non-covered group. The moisture content loss ratio (5.91%) in the covered group was slower than that in the non-covered group (10.78%), and the covered group had a more homogeneous spatial distribution of water. The degradation rate of organic matter in the non-covered group (11.39%) was faster than that in the covered group (10.21%). The final germination index in the covered group (85.82%) was higher than that of the non-covered group (82.79%) and the spatial gradient difference in the covered group was smaller. Compared with the non-covered group, the oxygen consumption rate in the covered group was higher. The GHG emissions (by 30.36%) and power consumption in the covered group were reduced more significantly. The spatial microbial diversity of the non-covered group was greater compared with the covered group. This work shows that aerobic compost covered with a semi-membrane can improve the space homogeneity and efficiency of fermentation.
Strengthening Equity and Inclusion in Urban Greenspace: Interrogating the Moral Management & Policing of 2SLGBTQ+ Communities in Toronto Parks
Authors: Davis Claire , Edge Sara
Published: November 2022

There is growing recognition that greenspace provides invaluable benefits to health and wellbeing, and is essential infrastructure for promoting both social and environmental sustainability in urban settings. This paper contributes towards efforts to build ‘just’ and equitable urban sustainability, and more specifically greenspace management, by drawing attention to hostility and exclusion experienced by two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, genderqueer, pansexual, transsexual, intersex and gender-variant (2SLGBTQ+) park occupants. There is evidence that access to greenspace is inequitable—despite ongoing media accounts of targeted violence and discriminatory police patrolling of 2SLGBTQ+ communities in urban parks, this population has not received adequate research attention. This paper examines systemic barriers that impede urban greenspace access among 2SLGBTQ+ communities, including how the threat of violence in greenspace limits opportunities for accessing benefits associated with naturalized settings. These themes are explored within the context of the City of Toronto, Canada. Our mixed-method approach draws upon key informant interviews, key document content analysis, and ground-truthing. Our findings reveal how queer corporeality, kinship and love subvert deeply entrenched heteronormative social values and understandings of sexuality, partnership, gender, and use of public space, challenging institutional understandings of morality and daily life. The paper concludes by reflecting on the state of 2SLGBTQ+ communities’ relationships to greenspace, and potential ways forward in building greater inclusivity into the social fabric of park design and management.
Left Atrial Wall Motion Velocity Assessed during Atrial Fibrillation Predicts Sinus Rhythm Maintenance after Electrical Cardioversion in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Wałek Paweł , Roskal-Wałek Joanna , Dłubis Patryk , Tracz Justyna , Wożakowska-Kapłon Beata
Published: November 2022

Reduced left atrial wall motion velocity measured during AF (LAWMV) indicates left atrial remodeling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LAWMV assessed with tissue Doppler imaging during atrial fibrillation (AF) predicts sinus rhythm (SR) maintenance after direct current cardioversion (DCCV) for persistent AF. The study included 126 patients who underwent DCCV and were followed for 12 months. At 12 months, maintained SR was reported in 55 patients (43.7%). We noted that LAWMV was higher in patients with maintained SR at 12 months than in those with recurrent AF (3.69 ± 0.84 vs. 2.86 ± 1.09; p < 0.001). In the multivariable regression model containing echocardiographic variables, LAWMV was an independent predictor of SR maintenance at 12 months (odds ratio [OR] 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.69; p = 0.017). Similarly, LAWMW was an independent predictor of SR maintenance at 12 months (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.19–2.77; p = 0.006) in the multivariate regression model containing both echocardiographic and clinical variables. LAWMV predicts SR maintenance after DCCV for persistent AF. Echocardiographic markers of left atrial mechanical remodeling are better at predicting SR maintenance than markers of structural remodeling.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Cognitive Functions in Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Braga Raquel , Felipe-Castaño Elena
Published: November 2022

The main objective of the research was to compare the cognitive functioning of a sample of persons with IDD (Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities) before the pandemic (2019) and after the pandemic (2020 and 2021), and to analyse the impact according to age and level of IDD impairment. The participants were 92 persons with IDD, of whom 43 were female (46.7%). The mean age in 2019 was 47.07 years (SD = 6.78). All the participants were living with family members. The CAMCOG-DS test from CAMDEX was used to assess the cognitive functions. The results indicate a worsening in cognitive functions (attention–concentration, abstract thought, language, and praxis) after lockdown, in both the total group of participants and the mild–moderate impairment group, and in both age groups. In the severely affected group, we found an improvement in the cognitive functions assessed after lockdown. These results are similar to those found in people with dementia and in the general ageing population. Results were discussed in relation to the consequences of isolation in people with IDD, as well as providing guidelines for future pandemic situations.
Matured Manure and Compost from the Organic Fraction of Solid Waste Digestate Application in Intensive Apple Orchards
Authors: Bona Daniela , Cristoforetti Andrea , Zanzotti Roberto , Bertoldi Daniela , Dellai Nicole , Silvestri Silvia
Published: November 2022

In intensive fruit growing systems, the recovery and maintenance of soil fertility play a crucial role in both environmental protection and sustainable support to plant productivity. The circular economy approach adopted at the EU level strongly promotes the use of organic products instead of mineral fertilizers. This work focuses on two different soil improvers, compost from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste digestate (CO) and “matured” manure, produced after a fast and controlled aerobic treatment in an aerated pile (MM), which were applied in three apple orchards with different soil tillage. The soil improvers have been characterized for amendment and fertilizing properties. After the amendment, the soils were sampled twice a year (Spring and Autumn) for three years. Each sample has been characterized for texture, pH, cation exchange capacity, nutrients, soil organic matter, and micronutrients. The amendments obtained differed on C, N, P, and K contents, but had similar biological stability. The main effects on soils were the increasing of N and soil organic matter after compost application, while the use of matured manure mainly act on available P and exchangeable K. The treatments showed significant effects among fields with a linear increasing trend only for compost. Matured manure showed more effects in earlier times. The data collected aim to improve the knowledge about sustainable management of soil organic matter and organic nutrients in intensive fruit-growing agriculture by using local products.
Can Nutritional Status in Adults Be Influenced by Health Locus of Control?
Authors: Gruszka Wojciech , Owczarek Aleksander J. , Glinianowicz Mateusz , Bąk-Sosnowska Monika , Chudek Jerzy , Olszanecka-Glinianowicz Magdalena
Published: November 2022

The external health locus of control (HLC) is based on an assumption that obtained health results depend on the influences of external factors. As for the internal HLC—that is the effect of our own actions and capabilities. Little is known regarding how the HLC can influence body weight or the occurrence of visceral obesity. The study aimed to assess the relationship between the health locus of control and nutritional status in adults. The study included 744 adults (452 women, 292 men; 2.8% underweight, 43.8% normal weight, 29.7% overweight, and 23.7% obese). In addition to anthropometric measurement and socio-demographic data, the health locus of control, using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC) by Wallston K, Wallston B, and DeVellis R, was assessed. The percentage of subjects with an internal HLC did not differ significantly between obese, overweight, and normal-weight groups. However, the percentage of subjects with an external HLC—dependent on the impact of others—was significantly higher in both men and women with obesity than in corresponding overweight and normal-weight groups (p < 0.01). Yet, the percentage of subjects with an external HLC subject to the impact of chance was significantly higher among overweight and obese women than in those of normal weight (p < 0.05) only. Women with overweight or obesity, with external health locus of control, experienced both the impact of others and of chance more often than women with normal weight. However, men with overweight and with obesity more often had external health locus of control influenced only by others.
Can Marketization of Environmental Governance Improve Public Health?—Empirical Analysis Based on the Emission Trading System
Authors: Huang Yongyan , Li Shilong
Published: November 2022

To deal with the pollution issue caused by long-term economic development, China has introduced a number of environmental governance measures and made some progress. In the context of the strategy of developing a “Healthy China”, the Chinese government proposed to include health in the formulation and implementation of environmental regulation policies, which places a higher demand on the implementation effect of environmental policies. This study attempts to clarify the causal link between market-based environmental governance and public health, and quantify the implementation effects of market-oriented environmental governance, so as to provide accurate assessments for addressing environmental degradation and improving public health. Based on the CHNS database and provincial panel data from 2000 to 2015, this paper constructs a binary logit-based difference-in-difference model to investigate the effects of the emission trading system (ETS) pilot policy on public health measured by the incidence of respiratory diseases, heart disease, and other diseases. The results show that ETS significantly reduces the incidence of respiratory and other diseases but has no significant impact on the incidence of heart diseases. The improvement effects of ETS on public health mainly come from the reduction of SO2 under the principle of total volume control. However, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the health-improving effects of ETS are not as expected. Although ETS can enhance the health of vulnerable populations, such as workers near pollution sources and rural residents, it has no discernible impact on the health of those far from pollution sources and urban residents.
A Retrospective Study on Patient-Specific Predictors for Non-Response to Sacroiliac Joint Injections
Authors: Chandrupatla Rahul , Shahidi Bahar , Bruno Kelly , Chen Jeffrey
Published: November 2022

Intra-articular or peri-articular corticosteroid injections are often used for treatment of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain. However, response to these injections is variable and many patients require multiple injections for sustained benefit. In this study, we aim to identify patient-specific predictors of response or non-response to SIJ injections. Identification of these predictors would allow providers to better determine what treatment would be appropriate for a patient with SIJ pain. A retrospective review of 100 consecutive patient charts spanning a 2-year period at an academic multi-specialty pain center was conducted and a multivariate regression analysis was used to identify patient-specific predictors of response to SIJ injections. Our analysis identified that a history of depression and anxiety (OR: 0.233, 95%CI: 0.057–0.954) and increased age (OR: 0.946, 95%CI: 0.910–0.984) significantly reduced the odds of responding to injections. We also found that the associated NPRS score change for SIJ injection responders was less than the minimally clinically significant value of a 2-point differential, suggesting that reported changes in pain scores may not accurately represent a patient’s perception of success after SIJ injection. These findings warrant further investigation through a prospective study and can potentially influence clinical decision making and prognosis for patients receiving SIJ injections.
Reading the MAP: A Pracademic Perspective on the Current State of Play of the Multi-Action Plan Model with Regard to Transitions between Mental States
Authors: Kellermann Bernadette , MacPherson Alan , Collins Dave , Bertollo Maurizio
Published: November 2022

The Multi-Action Plan (MAP) presents as an action-focused, sport-specific, mixed methods intervention model. MAP research characterized four Performance Types (PTs). Each PT operates on an affective, cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological level—across performance contexts. In this narrative review, we present a synthesis of our current understanding of MAP research, coupled with offering applied implications and directions for future research. We make the case for investigating the timing of transitions between PTs as our primary area of interest in expanding the MAP framework on a conceptual and applied level. Regarding pre-transition cues, we offer ideas on examining socio-environmental precursors to performance, with the aim of expanding MAP from a psycho-bio (affective, cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological dimensions) to a biopsychosocial concept (affective, cognitive, behavioral, psychophysiological, and socio-environmental dimensions). Regarding post-transition, we propose that investigating short- and long-term effort and reward perception will yield valuable insights into athletes’ rationales behind the selection, operationalization, and experience of specific PTs. Finally, and from a pracademic perspective, we reflect critically on the achievements of MAP research thus far and provide specific directions for future research.
The Sex and Race/Ethnicity-Specific Relationships of Abdominal Fat Distribution and Anthropometric Indices in US Adults
Authors: Xu Furong , Earp Jacob E. , Adami Alessandra , Lofgren Ingrid E. , Delmonico Matthew J. , Greene Geoffrey W. , Riebe Deborah
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine demographic-specific relationships between direct abdominal fat measures and anthropometric indices. A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing abdominal fat measures (visceral fat area, VFA; visceral to subcutaneous adipose area ratio, VSR) and anthropometrics (body mass index, BMI; waist circumference, WC) data from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Linear or polynomial linear regression models were used to examine the relationships of abdominal fat measures to anthropometrics with adjustment for demographics. The results revealed that while VFA was linearly related to BMI and WC across all demographics (p < 0.001), the relationships between VSR and both BMI and WC were concave in men and convex in women. The relationships between VFA, VSR, and BMI, WC varied by sex and race/ethnicity. In conclusion, increasing BMI and WC were linearly associated with increased VFA, but their relationships with VSR were nonlinear and differed by sex.
Ecological Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in the Soil of an Opencast Mine in Xinjiang
Authors: Fan Tingyu , Pan Jinhong , Wang Xingming , Wang Shun , Lu Akang
Published: November 2022

To study the influence of open-pit coal mining on the surrounding soil environment and human health, this study selected the Hongshaquan coal mine in Xinjiang as the research area and took 31 soil samples from the dump and artificial forest of the mining area. The contents of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soil were analyzed. The pollution index method, geoaccumulation index method (Igeo), potential ecological risk index method, health ecological risk assessment model and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate and analyze the heavy metal pollution, potential ecological risk and health ecological risk of the soil. The results showed that compared with the background value of soil in Xinjiang, except for Pb, other heavy metal elements were essentially pollution-free and belonged to the low ecological risk area. The health risk assessment model showed that Pb and As were the main pollution factors of noncarcinogenic risk, and that exposure to Ni, Pb and As had a lower carcinogenic risk. The PCA showed that Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, As and Zn in the dump were from transportation and industrial activities, Cd was from natural resources, and Cr, Zn, Ni, Cd and Pb were from transportation in the artificial forest. Cu came from industrial sources and As from soil parent material. The dump was more seriously disturbed by human factors than by artificial forests. Our research provides a reference for heavy metal pollution and source analysis caused by mining.
Body Dissatisfaction and Binge Eating: The Moderating Roles of Sweet Taste Reward Sensitivity and Dietary Restraint among Tobacco Product Users
Authors: Mason Tyler B. , Dolgon-Krutolow Anna , Smith Kathryn E. , Leventhal Adam M.
Published: November 2022

Body dissatisfaction is a key predictor of binge eating, yet less is known about factors that may potentiate the association between body dissatisfaction and binge eating. This study examined self-reported dietary restraint and sweet taste reward sensitivity as candidate moderators of the association between body dissatisfaction and binge eating in adults. A convenience sample of 221 tobacco product users completed measures of eating disorder pathology and sweet taste reward sensitivity. Results revealed that elevated sweet taste reward sensitivity strengthened the positive association between higher body dissatisfaction and binge eating. However, there was no main effect, or moderation effect, of dietary restraint on binge eating. The findings of this study demonstrate the key role of sweet taste reward sensitivity in potentiating the association between body dissatisfaction and binge eating. Sweet taste reward sensitivity may serve as a key dispositional factor for uncontrolled eating.
Analyzing the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Violent Crime
Authors: Liu Lin , Chang Jiayu , Long Dongping , Liu Heng
Published: November 2022

Existing research suggests that COVID-19 lockdowns tend to contribute to a decrease in overall urban crime rates. Most studies have compared pre-lockdown and post-lockdown periods to lockdown periods in Western cities. Few have touched on the fine variations during lockdowns. Equally rare are intracity studies conducted in China. This study tested the relationship between violent crime and COVID-19 lockdown policies in ZG City in southern China. The distance from the isolation location to the nearest violent crime site, called “the nearest crime distance”, is a key variable in this study. Kernel density mapping and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test are used to compare the pre-lockdown and post-lockdown periods to the lockdown period. Panel logistic regression is used to test the fine variations among different stages during the lockdown. The result found an overall decline in violent crime during the lockdown and a bounce-back post-lockdown. Violent crime moved away from the isolation location during the lockdown. This outward spread continued for the first two months after the lifting of the lockdown, suggesting a lasting effect of the lockdown policy. During the lockdown, weekly changes in COVID-19 risk ratings at the district level in ZG City also affected changes in the nearest crime distance. In particular, an increase in the risk rating increased that distance, and a drop in the risk rating decreased that distance. These findings add new results to the literature and could have policy implications for joint crime and pandemic prevention and control.
Heterogeneity and Decomposition Analysis of Manufacturing Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China’s Post-Industrial Innovative Megacity Shenzhen
Authors: Liao Shiming , Wang Dong , Ren Ting , Liu Xuemin
Published: November 2022

Effectively reducing manufacturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a vital strategy for China to curb its rapidly rising carbon footprint. Features of such a reduction in manufacturing include an increase in the share of high-tech manufacturing and optimization of the energy consumption structure. This study aims to analyze the case of Shenzhen, a unique post-industrial innovative manufacturing megacity, for its leading experience in China’s manufacturing transition. Disaggregated manufacturing emissions data of Shenzhen, including 27 sub-sectors in four categories, were collected, and driving factors were identified by the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. The results suggest that: (1) CO2 emissions from Shenzhen’s manufacturing show a phased difference between 2008–2012 and 2012–2020. CO2 emissions embodied in electricity consumption have increased by over 30% in the former period and have remained stable at a high level of over 90%. (2) Significant heterogeneity of CO2 emissions in various manufacturing sectors is revealed, with the largest emissions sources being factories that make communication equipment, computers, and other electronic equipment. (3) Lower carbon intensity is the primary factor in reducing CO2 emissions, while the economic activity effect of manufacturing possesses a stimulating impact. (4) The marginal impact of restructuring on CO2 emissions is insignificant since the manufacturing and energy structures of Shenzhen have been upgraded to a low carbon level. Therefore, strengthening the power saving management and improving the energy efficiency of the manufacturing, rather than optimizing the manufacturing and final energy structures, will be a necessary potential solution to the problem of how to reduce CO2 emissions in Shenzhen’s manufacturing.
A Critical Evaluation of the Undergraduate Endodontic Teaching in Dental Colleges of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alobaid Mohammed A. , Bin Hassan Saeed Awod , Alfarhan Ali H. , Ali Salma , Hameed Mohammad Shahul , Syed Sadatullah
Published: November 2022

Background: The purpose of the research was to evaluate the content and delivery of the undergraduate endodontic curriculum. Methods: A needs assessment survey was distributed among the Deans of all the dental colleges in Saudi Arabia. Results: The response rate was 72%. All the colleges include foundational and advanced topics in their curriculum. Didactic lectures, clinical cases, self-directed learning assignments and projects, and videos are the most common teaching methods, whereas virtual learning and reading list are the least popular methods. The average staff-to-student ratio for preclinical and clinical training is 1:6 and 1:7, respectively. Eighty-six percent of colleges utilize dedicated endodontic clinics supervised by specialized endodontists. Eighty percent of colleges use simple cases for canal preparation and obturation. Most colleges do not use magnification and ultrasonic instruments. Saline and sodium hypochlorite are preferred irrigation solutions, whereas calcium hydroxide is the preferred inter-visit medicament. Many use MTA as an advanced material, calcium hydroxide as an inter-visit medicament, and provisional restoration after RCT. Conclusion: The content and delivery of the endodontic undergraduate curriculum are primarily uniform. The use of specialist endodontists dedicated endodontic clinics, rotary instruments, and advanced materials have emerged as curricular strengths. However, diversification of teaching strategies, use of magnification instruments, and an increase in the minimum number of endodontically treated teeth are leading areas demanding curricular improvement.
Atherosclerosis Prevention in Adolescents with Obesity: The Role of Moderate–Vigorous Physical Activity
Authors: Videira-Silva Antonio , Sardinha Luis B. , Fonseca Helena
Published: November 2022

Carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) is a subclinical marker of atherosclerotic development, which is impaired in adolescents with obesity. This study aimed to analyze the impact of physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index (BMI), and body composition changes on the cIMT of adolescents with obesity. Longitudinal data (6 months) from adolescents aged 12–18 years, with a BMI ≥97th percentile, previously recruited for the non-randomized controlled trial PAC-MAnO (Clinicaltrials.gov-NCT02941770) were analyzed using partial correlations controlling for sex and pubertal status and multiple regressions. A total of 105 adolescents (51.4% girls, 86.7% Caucasian), 14.8 ± 1.8 years old, with a BMI z-score of 3.09 ± 0.74 were included. Total body fat mass (TBFM) (F(1,91) = 23.11, p < 0.001), moderate–vigorous PA (MVPA) (F(1,91) = 7.93, p = 0.0006), and CRF (mL/kg/min) (F(1,90) = 19.18, p < 0.001) predicted cIMT variance with an R2 of 0.24, 0.09, and 0.23, respectively. MVPA changes showed a high correlation with CRF variation (r(91) = 0.0661, p < 0.001). This study suggests that although cIMT is impaired in overweight adolescents, improvements in TBFM, MVPA, and CRF are associated with cIMT improvement. Although both energy intake and MVPA may influence TBFM, MVPA plays the most relevant role in cIMT development due to its direct association with CRF.
Drivers with and without Obesity Respond Differently to a Multi-Component Health Intervention in Heavy Goods Vehicle Drivers
Authors: Ruettger Katharina , Clemes Stacy A. , Chen Yu-Ling , Edwardson Charlotte L. , Guest Amber , Gilson Nicholas D. , Gray Laura J. , Johnson Vicki , Paine Nicola J. , Sherry Aron P. , Sayyah Mohsen , Troughton Jacqui , Varela-Mato Veronica , Yates Thomas , King James A.
Published: November 2022

Physical inactivity and obesity are widely prevalent in Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) drivers. We analysed whether obesity classification influenced the effectiveness of a bespoke structured lifestyle intervention (‘SHIFT’) for HGV drivers. The SHIFT programme was evaluated within a cluster randomised controlled trial, across 25 transport depots in the UK. After baseline assessments, participants within intervention sites received a 6-month multi-component health behaviour change intervention. Intervention responses (verses control) were stratified by obesity status (BMI < 30 kg/m2, n = 131; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n = 113) and compared using generalised estimating equations. At 6-months, favourable differences were found in daily steps (adjusted mean difference 1827 steps/day, p < 0.001) and sedentary time (adjusted mean difference −57 min/day, p < 0.001) in drivers with obesity undertaking the intervention, relative to controls with obesity. Similarly, in drivers with obesity, the intervention reduced body weight (adjusted mean difference −2.37 kg, p = 0.002) and led to other favourable anthropometric outcomes, verses controls with obesity. Intervention effects were absent for drivers without obesity, and for all drivers at 16–18-months follow-up. Obesity classification influenced HGV drivers’ behavioural responses to a multi-component health-behaviour change intervention. Therefore, the most at-risk commercial drivers appear receptive to a health promotion programme.
Identification of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mechanism on Visible Light-Induced Photosensitized Degradation of Oxytetracycline
Authors: Zhang Yibo , Chen Qian , Qin Hao , Huang Junhan , Yu Yue
Published: November 2022

This study investigated the photolysis and TiO2-assisted photosensitized degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) under visible light, the active reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the degradation mechanisms in these two reactions. The results show that the deprotonated OTC could be photolyzed more easily under visible light because of the redshift of its absorption spectrum at high pH values. Due to the TiO2-assisted self-photosensitized degradation of OTC, OTC removal in the visible light/TiO2 system was more efficient with the addition of TiO2, as demonstrated when TiO2 was replaced with insulator SiO2. The study’s ROS scavenging experiments show that superoxide radical anion (O2•−) ROS was most responsible for the self-sensitized degradation of OTC in both reactions. OTC degradation under the visible light/TiO2 system was enhanced with increasing TiO2 load, while the elimination of total organic carbon (TOC) was very limited after 5 h of visible light irradiation. Based on the eight identified transformation products found, five potential reaction mechanisms, including hydroxylation, quinonization, decarbonylation, de-methylation, and dehydration, were proposed for the photolytic and TiO2-assisted photosensitized degradation mechanisms of OTC under visible light. This study indicates that OTC can degrade under visible light with or without a semiconductor when conditions are suitable.
Long-Term Multi-Sensory Gamma Stimulation of Dementia Patients: A Case Series Report
Authors: Clements-Cortes Amy , Bartel Lee
Published: November 2022

Dementia prevalence is increasing globally, and symptom management and treatment strategies require further investigation. Music-based interventions have demonstrated some efficacy with respect to quality of life and symptom reduction, though limited with respect to cognition. This study reports on three case studies where the use of gamma stimulation over one year contributed to maintenance of cognition and increases in mood for participants with Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment. Auditory stimulation with isochronous sound at 40 Hz was delivered to participants via a commercially available vibroacoustic chair device five times per week for 30 min with assistance from caregivers. Further research is needed to assess the integration of this therapy in the overall care for persons with dementia.
Water-Holding Properties of Clinoptilolite/Sodium Polyacrylate-Modified Compacted Clay Cover of Tailing Pond
Authors: Sun Xin-Po , Ding Ze-Hao , Bi Yu-Zhang , Wang Xin-Yi
Published: November 2022

Clinoptilolite and sodium polyacrylate (Na-PAA) were used as water-retaining agents to improve the water-holding capacity of compacted clay cover (CCC). The optimum moisture content and Atterberg limits of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA were studied. The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA was studied. The mesostructure of the CCC was analyzed by polarized light microscopy. The test results show that: (1) the optimum moisture content and liquid limit of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA increased, while the maximum dry density decreased; (2) the SWCC of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA shifts to the upper right, and the volume moisture content of modified CCC is higher than that of unmodified CCC under the same matrix suction; (3) compared with the unmodified CCC, the air-entry value (AEV) of the clinoptilolite-modified CCC increased by 65.18% at most, and the AEV of the further modified CCC with Na-PAA in-creased by about two times; and (4) the flocculation structure and porosity of modified CCC decreased, and the porosity was distributed uniformly.
Families, Parenting and Aggressive Preschoolers: A Scoping Review of Studies Examining Family Variables Related to Preschool Aggression
Authors: Navarro Raúl , Larrañaga Elisa , Yubero Santiago , Víllora Beatriz
Published: November 2022

Background: A growing body of research has shown that children behave aggressively from an early age. In recent decades, such behaviour has become a focus of scientific interest, not only because of the adverse consequences of these interactions, but also because high levels of aggression, especially at an early age, may be a risk factor for the use of other forms of aggression, such as bullying, later on during their development. These behaviours are related not only to individual characteristics, but also to peer relationships, teacher behaviours, school variables, family factors and cultural influences. Method: In order to find out which family variables have been researched in relation to preschool aggression and which family variables are associated with perpetration and victimisation, a scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and PsycINFO) were used to map the studies published between 2000 and 2022. Results: This scoping review included 39 peer-reviewed articles from an initial sample of 2002 of them. The majority of studies looked only at perpetration behaviours. The main family variables covered in the articles concern parental behaviours, adverse childhood experiences in the family environment, and the household structural and sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusion: This scoping review shows that different factors within the family environment increase the risk of developing aggressive and victimising behaviours in the preschool setting. However, the relationship between the family variables and preschool aggression is complex, and it may be mediated by other factors such as gender, child–teacher closeness or parent–child dyads.
Improving Innovation and Access to Combination Vaccines for Childhood Immunization in China
Authors: Ma Jiyan , Li Zhuo , Sun Yinuo , Liu Zuokun , Dang Yuan , Huang Yangmu
Published: November 2022

Background: combination vaccines can improve timely vaccination coverage and mitigate the social and economic burdens of both caregivers and health systems. Compared to other countries with high immunization performance, China remains behind the curve in promoting the inclusion of new combination vaccines into national vaccination schedules. The domestic research and development pipeline faces many technical obstacles, regulatory pressures, and competitive opposition. In addition to this, health disparities regarding combination vaccines exist in each dimension of access and their determinants, including availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality. Our study aims to provide a cross-disciplinary analysis of China’s combination vaccines (from innovation to access) and identify the main factors that affect the attitudes and behavior choices for combination vaccines. Method: systematic reviews and secondary data analysis will be conducted to map the landscape of combination vaccines in China and the determinants influencing their innovation and access. A cross-sectional survey will be performed in seven provinces of China based on geo-economic representativeness among caregivers with children that are between 2 and 24 months old and are registered in the national immunization system. Questionnaires will be used to examine the relationship between each dimension of access and their determinants. These questionnaires will cover the caregivers’ knowledge, attitude, and willingness to pay for combination vaccines, as well as their perceptions about vaccination services. Semi-structured interviews with the suppliers (public and private) and healthcare providers will help identify research gaps and the key challenges they face when developing and introducing combination vaccines in China. Discussion: using a combined approach, with cross-country and multi-disciplinary support from experts, our research is designed to fill the information gaps in China’s combination vaccine industry across the innovation-access spectrum. It will lead to evidence-based recommendations which will foster greater access to innovation-enhancing combination vaccines for childhood immunization in China. Moreover, the multi-dimensional approach could also be adapted beyond combination vaccines to assess innovation and other public goods for health among disadvantaged groups in the future.