bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
City of Shadows
Authors: RoyChowdhury Supriya
Published: July 2021

Alongside debates over rising inequalities, the stubbornness of urban poverty, globally, has emerged as a major academic and policy concern. Urban poverty policy positions are typically framed by paradigms of basic services and welfare. In the backdrop of Bangalore's evolution into India's silicon valley, the book presents research spanning old, inner city slums, new migrant settlements in urban peripheries, slum development projects, and garment export and construction workers, highlighting that intergenerationally, the urban poor remain tied to traditional low paying occupations, or, get incorporated into new urban growth channels (export industries, low end services) under highly unfavourable terms and conditions. Using the concepts of the old and the new poor, to explore channels of inclusion and exclusion, the book underscores that the poor's vulnerabilities are defined by different regimes of informality. Debates on the urban poor's political agency are used to problematize informality's complex relationship to contemporary theories of class.
The experience of close personal relationships after stroke: scoping review and thematic analysis of qualitative literature
Authors: Ford Amy , Douglas Jacinta , O’Halloran Robyn
Published: August 2021

Background and Purpose:

Psychosocial difficulties, including changed relationships are among the most pervasive and concerning issues following stroke. This study aimed to collate and thematically analyse qualitative literature describing the experience of close personal relationships from the perspective of stroke survivors.

Method:

Using a scoping review methodology, four databases (CINAHL/EBSCO, MEDLINE/Pubmed, Embase, Psychinfo) were systematically searched, yielding 3100 citations. Following exclusion of duplicates and screening against inclusion criteria at title/abstract and full text levels, 53 articles were included in the review. Data were charted and thematically analysed.

Results:

While research has increased since 2000, longitudinal designs are few. Four overarching themes and 12 subthemes were identified. ‘Social disruption’ described changing social worlds, lost social opportunities and shrinking networks. ‘Changed relationships’ included changed family and spousal relationships and changed parenting relationships. The third theme ‘relationships help’ highlighted positive aspects including belonging, support and a life worth living. The final theme was ‘coping with an altered social world’ and described adjustment and emotional responses.

Conclusions:

Relationships are an important aspect of life post stroke but are subject to changes and challenges. This article brings together a breadth of qualitative data to describe lived experiences. Further research, in particular, longitudinal research is required.
Social evolution as moral truth tracking in natural law
Authors: Faria Filipe Nobre , Campos André Santos
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Morality can be adaptive or maladaptive. From this fact come polarizing disputes on the meta-ethical status of moral adaptation. The realist tracking account of morality claims that it is possible to track objective moral truths and that these truths correspond to moral rules that are adaptive. In contrast, evolutionary anti-realism rejects the existence of moral objectivity and thus asserts that adaptive moral rules cannot represent objective moral truths, since those truths do not exist. This article develops a novel evolutionary view of natural law to defend the realist tracking account. It argues that we can identify objective moral truths through cultural group selection and that adaptive moral rules are likely to reflect such truths.
Zircon U–Pb–Hf snapshots on the crustal evolution of the Serbo-Macedonian massif: new insights from Ammouliani island (Northern Greece)
Authors: Papapavlou Konstantinos
Published: August 2021

Zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope microanalysis was conducted in (meta)-igneous units of Ammouliani island to characterize crust-forming and reworking events in the Serbo-Macedonian massif. Zircon grains from an orthogneiss of the Vertiskos unit yielded a U–Pb crystallization age for the igneous precursor at 458.8 ± 11 Ma with dominantly subchondritic ϵHf values indicating reworking of Neoproterozoic basement. A weighted mean ϵHf value of 0.7 ± 2.4 from oscillatory zoned zircon grains of the Ouranoupoli granodiorite indicates juvenile crustal input at 52.1 ± 0.6 Ma. The U–Pb–Hf zircon archive records discrete stages in the crustal evolution of the Serbo-Macedonian massif.
Patriarchy and ‘Useful Women’ in Wesleyan Methodism, 1810–1851
Authors: COTTERRELL ANN
Published: August 2021

A patriarchal culture, reinforced by church discipline, has been ascribed to Wesleyan Methodism in the first half of the nineteenth century. This article returns to the same archives, Hinde Street Church in London, to present a more nuanced view of Methodist discipline. There were women who held influential positions in Methodist chapels, and they resisted ministerial authority with the support of male as well as female members. During this period, the Church was increasingly focused on maintaining a supportive community, with signifiers of status other than gender, such as perceived ‘usefulness’ in the church community.
How to understand diversity in citizens’ care attitudes: an exploratory study in the Netherlands
Authors: Wittenberg Yvette , de Boer Alice H. , de Klerk Mirjam M. Y. , Verhoeff Arnoud P. , Kwekkeboom Rick
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate Dutch citizens’ care attitudes by looking at care-giving norms and citizens’ welfare state orientation and to explore to what extent these attitudes can be explained by combinations of diversity characteristics. We combined two datasets (2016 and 2018, N = 5,293) containing citizens’ opinions regarding society and conducted multivariate linear and ordered probit regression analyses. An intersectional perspective was adopted to explore the influence of combinations of diversity characteristics. Results show that citizens’ care-giving norms are relatively strong, meaning they believe persons in need of care should receive help from their families or social networks. However, citizens consider the government responsible for care as well. Men, younger people, people in good health and people of non-Western origin have stronger care-giving norms than others, and younger people assign relatively more responsibility to the family than the government. Level of education and religiosity are also associated with care attitudes. Primary diversity dimensions are more related to care attitudes than secondary, circumstantial dimensions. Some of the secondary dimensions interact with primary dimensions. These insights offer policy makers, social workers and (allied) health professionals the opportunity to align with citizens’ care attitudes, as results show that people vary to a large extent in their care-giving norms and welfare state orientation.
A novel navigation system for an autonomous mobile robot in an uncertain environment
Authors: Chen Meng-Yuan , Wu Yong-Jian , He Hongmei
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we developed a new navigation system, called ATCM, which detects obstacles in a sliding window with an adaptive threshold clustering algorithm, classifies the detected obstacles with a decision tree, heuristically predicts potential collision and finds optimal path with a simplified Morphin algorithm. This system has the merits of optimal free-collision path, small memory size and less computing complexity, compared with the state of the arts in robot navigation. The modular design of 6-steps navigation provides a holistic methodology to implement and verify the performance of a robot’s navigation system. The experiments on simulation and a physical robot for the eight scenarios demonstrate that the robot can effectively and efficiently avoid potential collisions with any static or dynamic obstacles in its surrounding environment. Compared with the particle swarm optimisation, the dynamic window approach and the traditional Morphin algorithm for the autonomous navigation of a mobile robot in a static environment, ATCM achieved the shortest path with higher efficiency.
Covid-19, non-Covid-19 and excess mortality rates not comparable across countries
Authors: Kelly Gabrielle , Petti Stefano , Noah Norman
Published: August 2021

Evidence that more people in some countries and fewer in others are dying because of the pandemic, than is reflected by reported coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) mortality rates, is derived from mortality data. Using publicly available databases, deaths attributed to Covid-19 in 2020 and all deaths for the years 2015–2020 were tabulated for 35 countries together with economic, health, demographic and government response stringency index variables. Residual mortality rates (RMR) in 2020 were calculated as excess mortality minus reported mortality rates due to Covid-19 where excess deaths were observed deaths in 2020 minus the average for 2015–2019. Differences in RMR are differences not attributed to reported Covid-19. For about half the countries, RMR's were negative and for half, positive. The absolute rates in some countries were double those in others. In a regression analysis, population density and proportion of female smokers were positively associated with both Covid-19 and excess mortality while the human development index and proportion of male smokers were negatively associated with both. RMR was not associated with any of the investigated variables. The results show that published data on mortality from Covid-19 cannot be directly comparable across countries. This may be due to differences in Covid-19 death reporting and in addition, the unprecedented public health measures implemented to control the pandemic may have produced either increased or reduced excess deaths due to other diseases. Further data on cause-specific mortality is required to determine the extent to which residual mortality represents non-Covid-19 deaths and to explain differences between countries.
Vitamin D, liver-related biomarkers, and distribution of fat and lean mass in young patients with Fontan circulation
Authors: Hansson Lena , Sandberg Camilla , Öhlund Inger , Lind Torbjörn , Sthen Bergdahl Magne , Wiklund Urban , Rylander Hedlund Eva , Sjöberg Gunnar , Rydberg Annika
Published: August 2021

Introduction/aim:

Young patients with Fontan circulation may have low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, an affected liver, and unhealthy body compositions. This study aimed to explore the association between vitamin D intake/levels, liver biomarkers, and body composition in young Fontan patients.

Method:

We collected prospective data in 2017 to 2018, obtained with food-frequency questionnaires, biochemical analyses of liver biomarkers, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans in 44 children with Fontan circulation. Body compositions were compared to matched controls (n = 38). Linear regression analyses were used to investigate associations of biomarkers, leg pain, and lean mass on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Biomarkers were converted to z scores and differences were evaluated within the Fontan patients.

Results:

Our Fontan patients had a daily mean vitamin D intake of 9.9 µg and a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 56 nmol/L. These factors were not associated with fat or lean mass, leg pain, or biomarkers of liver status. The Fontan patients had significantly less lean mass, but higher fat mass than controls. Male adolescents with Fontan circulation had a greater mean abdominal fat mass than male controls and higher cholesterol levels than females with Fontan circulation.

Conclusion:

Vitamin D intake and serum levels were not associated with body composition or liver biomarkers in the Fontan group, but the Fontan group had lower lean mass and higher fat mass than controls. The more pronounced abdominal fat mass in male adolescents with Fontan circulation might increase metabolic risks later in life.
Leveling the Playing Field: Industrial Policy and Export-Contingent Subsidies in India–Export Related Measures
Authors: Dhingra Swati , Meyer Timothy
Published: August 2021

In India–Export Related Measures, the United States challenged a range of Indian measures as prohibited export-contingent subsidies, and a WTO panel largely agreed. This article examines the factors at play in the United States’ decision to bring the challenge. At the level of policy, the United States case reflects India's graduation from the protections afforded developing nations’ export-contingent subsidies under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. A closer examination, however, shows that India ramped up its export-contingent subsidies just as the SCM Agreement required it to wind those subsidies down. Moreover, the expanded Indian subsidies led to increased import competition with the politically influential metals and pharmaceutical sectors in the United States, which pushed the US challenge. We reflect on the larger implications of the challenge for the future of trade rules on industrial policy. In particular, we note that the United States pursued a trade enforcement policy that would have the effect of increasing pharmaceutical prices in the United States, by reducing subsidies for imported generic drugs, at a time when the Trump administration allegedly was trying to reduce the price of prescription drugs. This disconnect suggests the need for both greater transparency in trade policy and greater governmental coordination on the connection between trade policy and other policy priorities.
What is refugee history, now?
Authors: Banko Lauren , Nowak Katarzyna , Gatrell Peter
Published: August 2021

Refugee history at present lacks a conceptual framework, notwithstanding the proliferation of recent contributions that contribute to enlarging the field. Our article seeks to advance refugee history by drawing upon extensive research into historical case studies and proposing the framework of refugeedom. Refugeedom takes proper account of the states and other actors that defined the ‘refugee’ as a category and sought to manage refugees as figures of concern, but it also insists upon the need to consider refugees as an active and assertive historical presence in situations of crisis and constraint. It offers a promising approach for analysing episodes and sites of mass population displacement from the perspectives of governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Crucially, refugeedom incorporates the experiences of refugees and how they narrated displacement. Finally, the article outlines a direction for global history by drawing attention to past episodes of displacement in ways that capture not only its global scale, but also the multiple relationships and practices of refugeedom.
An Evaluation of the PERMA Model as a Framework for Reducing	Psychiatric Comorbidity in Individuals With Alopecia Areata
Authors: Huck Garrett E. , Umucu Emre , Shelton Shaina , Brickham Dana , Smedema Susan
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is among the most common immunological conditions. Although AA is considered to be a medically benign condition, those living with AA often report comorbid psychiatric conditions, high levels of functional impairment, and diminished quality of life. These consequences are largely due to the unique psychological turmoil associated with the condition. Unfortunately, little research has considered how to improve quality of life outcomes for this group. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the PERMA framework of well-being is associated with the individual subjective experience of AA. A greater understanding of how PERMA applies to this group holds promise for assisting clinicians with devising psychosocial coping strategies for this population. Method: 274 individuals were recruited for participation. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between the PERMA variables and AA-related (a) subjective symptoms (e.g., self-consciousness, sadness) and (b) relationship impact (e.g., perceived attractiveness). Each analysis controlled for demographic and condition-specific variables. Results: Demographic and PERMA variables were found to be significantly associated with positive experiences of each quality of life outcome. Limitations: The male to female ratio of participants was biased toward females. Furthermore, the nature of cross-sectional survey research has inherent limitations. Conclusion: The findings provide support for a relationship between PERMA variables and quality of life outcomes among people with AA. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Treatment Beliefs in Patients with Mental Disorders in Psychosomatic	Rehabilitation
Authors: von der Warth Rieka , Nau Anne , Rudolph Matthias , Stapel Matthias , Bengel Jürgen , Glattacker Manuela
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Background: The efficacy of inpatient psychosomatic rehabilitation in Germany can be considered proven. However, a significant number of patients with mental disorders remain unsatisfied with rehabilitation or being non-responders. Illness beliefs, as the core element of the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM), are widely known as predictors of various health outcomes. Yet, little is known about treatment beliefs as an extension of the CSM and their impact on health outcomes. Aim: As treatment beliefs differ in relation to the treatment, this study aimed to explore rehabilitation-related treatment beliefs in psychosomatic rehabilitation patients with mental disorders before inpatient admission. Thus, knowledge of the concept of rehabilitation-related treatment beliefs will be added. Methods: N = 10 semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted in September/October 2018. A purposive sampling approach was chosen based on the criteria gender, age, and diagnosis. Participants were asked about their rehabilitation expectations starting with an open narrative question. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Participants had a mean age of 48.3 years ( SD = 9.42); five participants were female and five male. 9 main themes with 32 subthemes as components of the rehabilitation-related treatment beliefs were identified: reasons for rehabilitation, conditions within the clinic, rehabilitation planning, organization of the rehabilitation, the content of the rehabilitation, results of the rehabilitation, concerns, expectations toward one’s behavior, and contact to other patients. Limitation: Our sample was too small to analyze the data for different subgroups. Conclusion: Results show that rehabilitation-related treatment beliefs are multidimensional, addressing different aspects of psychosomatic rehabilitation.
Reanalysis in Earth System Science: Toward Terrestrial Ecosystem Reanalysis
Authors: Baatz R. , Hendricks Franssen H. J. , Euskirchen E. , Sihi D. , Dietze M. , Ciavatta S. , Fennel K. , Beck H. , De Lannoy G. , Pauwels V. R. N. , Raiho A. , Montzka C. , Williams M. , Mishra U. , Poppe C. , Zacharias S. , Lausch A. , Samaniego L. , Van Looy K. , Bogena H. , Adamescu M. , Mirtl M. , Fox A. , Goergen K. , Naz B. S. , Zeng Y. , Vereecken H.
Published: July 2021

A reanalysis is a physically consistent set of optimally merged simulated model states and historical observational data, using data assimilation. High computational costs for modeled processes and assimilation algorithms has led to Earth system specific reanalysis products for the atmosphere, the ocean and the land separately. Recent developments include the advanced uncertainty quantification and the generation of biogeochemical reanalysis for land and ocean. Here, we review atmospheric and oceanic reanalyzes, and more in detail biogeochemical ocean and terrestrial reanalyzes. In particular, we identify land surface, hydrologic and carbon cycle reanalyzes which are nowadays produced in targeted projects for very specific purposes. Although a future joint reanalysis of land surface, hydrologic, and carbon processes represents an analysis of important ecosystem variables, biotic ecosystem variables are assimilated only to a very limited extent. Continuous data sets of ecosystem variables are needed to explore biotic‐abiotic interactions and the response of ecosystems to global change. Based on the review of existing achievements, we identify five major steps required to develop terrestrial ecosystem reanalysis to deliver continuous data streams on ecosystem dynamics.
Linking the Surface and Subsurface in River Deltas—Part 2: Relating Subsurface Geometry to Groundwater Flow Behavior
Authors: Xu Zhongyuan , Hariharan Jayaram , Passalacqua Paola , Steel Elisabeth , Paola Chris , Michael Holly A.
Published: August 2021

Understanding subsurface structure and groundwater flow in deltaic aquifers is essential for evaluating the vulnerability of groundwater resources in delta systems. Deltaic aquifers contain coarse‐grained paleochannels that preserve a record of former surface river channels as well as fine‐grained floodplain deposits. The distribution of these deposits and how they are interconnected control groundwater flow and contaminant transport. In this work, we link depositional environments of deltaic aquifers to stratigraphic (static) and flow and transport (dynamic) connectivity metrics. Numerical models of deltaic stratigraphy were generated using a reduced‐complexity numerical model (DeltaRCM) with different input sand fractions (ISF) and rates of sea‐level rise (SLR). The groundwater flow and advective transport behavior of these deltas were simulated using MODFLOW and MODPATH. By comparing the static and dynamic metrics calculated from these numerical models, we show that groundwater behavior can be predicted by particular aspects of the subsurface architecture, and that horizontal and vertical connectivity display different characteristics. We also evaluate relationships between connectivity metrics and two environmental controls on delta evolution: ISF and SLR rate. The results show that geologic setting strongly influences both static and dynamic connectivity in different directions. These results provide insights into quantitatively differentiated subsurface hydraulic behavior between deltas formed under different external forcing (ISF and SLR rate) and they are a potential link in using information from delta surface networks and depositional history to predict vulnerability to aquifer contamination.
Understanding and Anticipating Induced Seismicity
Authors: M�ller Birgit , Doan Mai-Linh , Goebel Thomas , Liu Yajing , Mart�nez-Garz�n Patricia , Mitchell Tom , Zaliapin Ilya
Published: July 2021

A new special collection in JGR: Solid Earth and Earth and Space Science seeks papers from across disciplines that provide insights into induced seismicity at different spatial and temporal scales.
Soil Saturation Dictates Africa’s Flood Severity
Authors: Avallone Ellis
Published: July 2021

The most complete hydrological data set for the African continent reveals a surprise: Soil moisture, not heavy precipitation, best explains the timing of Africa’s most severe floods.
Focused Penetrative Plumes: A Possible Consequence of the Dissociation Transition of Post‐Perovskite at ∼0.9 TPa in Massive Rocky Super‐Earths
Authors: Shahnas M. H. , Pysklywec R. N.
Published: July 2021

Based on the standard view of depth‐increasing viscosity in the mantle of rocky planets, convection in the deep mantle of these planets is expected to become less likely as the size of planet increases. However, a recent theoretical study suggests that above 100 GPa pressure, the mantle viscosity can instead decrease with pressure at higher depths. We explore the potential impact of this type of viscosity structure on the nature of mantle convection in a super‐Earth planet of size GJ 876 d with a mass of ∼7.33 M⊕ (M⊕: Earth's mass). The pressures at the bottom of the mantle of GJ 876 d allow MgSiO3 post‐perovskite to dissociate into magnesium oxide (MgO) and relatively highly oxidized magnesium silicate MgSi2O5 at 0.9 TPa with highly negative Clapeyron slope. Our 3D‐spherical numerical model results suggest that for sufficiently low values of viscosity at the transition depth, a vigorous layered mantle convection may develop at the bottom of GJ 876 d‐size super‐Earth. Focused penetrative plumes originating from the deep mantle layered region can survive and stabilize over very long geological timescales and reach to the surface, which may induce unique circumstances of volcanism and tectonic activity.
Transport Barriers and the Retention of Calanus finmarchicus on the Lofoten Shelf in Early Spring
Authors: Dong Huizi , Zhou Meng , Hu Ziyuan , Zhang Zhaoru , Zhong Yisen , Basedow Sünnje L. , Smith Walker O.
Published: August 2021

Large aggregations of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus occur each spring in the shelf‐slope‐oceanic regions off the Lofoten‐Vesterålen Islands where productive fisheries have traditionally supported local economies. The retention and off‐shelf transport of populations of C. finmarchicus populations were studied by analyzing ocean color remote sensing, satellite altimetry data, and Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) between 2010 and 2019. Our analysis revealed the existence of a transport barrier reoccurring at the shelf break that retains C. finmarchicus on the shelf for 30–70 days in the spring when C. finmarchicus were seasonally ascending to the surface layer. The analysis of baroclinic and barotropic energy conversions indicated that the topographically steered Norwegian Atlantic Current is the primary mechanism in the formation of the transport barrier, which restricts exchanges of C. finmarchicus populations between shelf and oceanic waters. In the mid‐ to late April, an increase in baroclinicity leads to an increase in mesoscale eddies generated on the shelf break near Lofoten‐Vesterålen Islands, breaking down transport barriers and causing off‐shelf transport of C. finmarchicus. The transport barrier predictably reoccurs in early spring which supports the entrapment of C. finmarchicus in the shelf region.
Early Summer Soil Moisture Contribution to Western European Summer Warming
Authors: Stegehuis A. I. , Vogel M. M. , Vautard R. , Ciais P. , Teuling A. J. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: August 2021

Warm European summer temperatures are often preceded by low soil moisture conditions, but also depend on the atmospheric circulations and associated rainfall that may trigger drought to persist and land‐atmosphere feedbacks to take place. The quantitative role of early summer soil moisture (ESSM) trends, versus that of trends in atmospheric circulations and other large‐scale drivers (LS), in explaining the long‐term trends in summer warming have not been investigated so far. Using regional climate simulations with forced large‐scale circulation and different possible initial soil moisture, we show that the increasing ESSM deficit explains almost all of the warming summer trend (1980–2011) in Western Europe (∼0.1–0.2°C.decade−1, p‐value < 0.05). It also contributed a similar amount to summer warming trend in Eastern Europe, although here LS explains a much larger part of the overall warming. Our results emphasize the crucial role of the pre‐summer water cycle in current and future regional evolutions of Western European summer climate.
Predictability of Geomagnetically Induced Currents as a Function of Available Magnetic Field Information
Authors: Grawe Matthew A. , Makela Jonathan J.
Published: July 2021

Prediction of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) plays a critical role in the gestalt of space weather forecasting and risk assessment, giving power companies time to enact mitigation strategies that could avoid a catastrophic collapse of the power grid caused by, for example, the impact of an Earth‐directed coronal mass ejection. Sun‐to‐mud prediction of the surface magnetic field (and/or its time derivative) is a long‐standing goal for both first‐principles and data‐driven models. Here, we quantify the upper limits of peak GIC predictability as a function of how much magnetic field information is accurately predictable. Using the United States as a testbed, our results suggest that accurate characterization of temporal scales up to around 30 mHz keeps relative peak GIC errors below 10 across the regions considered. We also found that forecasting if GIC will exceed a specified threshold over the next 30 min is feasible with an accurate prediction of peak dB/dt magnitude. This is supported by reasonable out‐of‐sample performance across several forecast metrics (0.4–0.8 POD, POFD 0.05, 1–5 forecast ratio, 0.4–0.8 Heidke skill score), and favorable performance relative to a persistence model across all but the most extreme data intervals. We also find that the subsurface conductivity may influence peak GIC predictability. Overall, our results highlight the range of temporal scales in the surface magnetic field that are important for estimation of peak GIC and, in the context of peak dB/dt magnitude prediction, provide an upper bound on expected GIC predictability across a wide range of magnitudes.
Focusing light into scattering media with ultrasound-induced field perturbation
Authors: Cheng Zhongtao , Wang Lihong V.
Published: August 2021

Focusing light into scattering media, although challenging, is highly desirable in many realms. With the invention of time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing, acousto-optic modulation was demonstrated as a promising guidestar mechanism for achieving noninvasive and addressable optical focusing into scattering media. Here, we report a new ultrasound-assisted technique, ultrasound-induced field perturbation optical focusing, abbreviated as UFP. Unlike in conventional TRUE optical focusing, where only the weak frequency-shifted first-order diffracted photons due to acousto-optic modulation are useful, here UFP leverages the brighter zeroth-order photons diffracted by an ultrasonic guidestar as information carriers to guide optical focusing. We find that the zeroth-order diffracted photons, although not frequency-shifted, do have a field perturbation caused by the existence of the ultrasonic guidestar. By detecting and time-reversing the differential field of the frequency-unshifted photons when the ultrasound is alternately ON and OFF, we can focus light to the position where the field perturbation occurs inside the scattering medium. We demonstrate here that UFP optical focusing has superior performance to conventional TRUE optical focusing, which benefits from the more intense zeroth-order photons. We further show that UFP optical focusing can be easily and flexibly developed into double-shot realization or even single-shot realization, which is desirable for high-speed wavefront shaping. This new method upsets conventional thinking on the utility of an ultrasonic guidestar and broadens the horizon of light control in scattering media. We hope that it provides a more efficient and flexible mechanism for implementing ultrasound-guided wavefront shaping.
Toward asleep DBS: cortico-basal ganglia spectral and coherence activity during interleaved propofol/ketamine sedation mimics NREM/REM sleep activity
Authors: Guang Jing , Baker Halen , Ben-Yishay Nizri Orilia , Firman Shimon , Werner-Reiss Uri , Kapuller Vadim , Israel Zvi , Bergman Hagai
Published: August 2021

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently a standard procedure for advanced Parkinson’s disease. Many centers employ awake physiological navigation and stimulation assessment to optimize DBS localization and outcome. To enable DBS under sedation, asleep DBS, we characterized the cortico-basal ganglia neuronal network of two nonhuman primates under propofol, ketamine, and interleaved propofol-ketamine (IPK) sedation. Further, we compared these sedation states in the healthy and Parkinsonian condition to those of healthy sleep. Ketamine increases high-frequency power and synchronization while propofol increases low-frequency power and synchronization in polysomnography and neuronal activity recordings. Thus, ketamine does not mask the low-frequency oscillations used for physiological navigation toward the basal ganglia DBS targets. The brain spectral state under ketamine and propofol mimicked rapid eye movement (REM) and Non-REM (NREM) sleep activity, respectively, and the IPK protocol resembles the NREM-REM sleep cycle. These promising results are a meaningful step toward asleep DBS with nondistorted physiological navigation.
Reef Cover, a coral reef classification for global habitat mapping from remote sensing
Authors: Kennedy Emma V. , Roelfsema Chris M. , Lyons Mitchell B. , Kovacs Eva M. , Borrego-Acevedo Rodney , Roe Meredith , Phinn Stuart R. , Larsen Kirk , Murray Nicholas J. , Yuwono Doddy , Wolff Jeremy , Tudman Paul
Published: August 2021

Coral reef management and conservation stand to benefit from improved high-resolution global mapping. Yet classifications underpinning large-scale reef mapping to date are typically poorly defined, not shared or region-specific, limiting end-users’ ability to interpret outputs. Here we presentReef Cover, a coral reef geomorphic zone classification, developed to support both producers and end-users of global-scale coral reef habitat maps, in a transparent and version-based framework. Scalable classes were created by focusing on attributes that can be observed remotely, but whose membership rules also reflect deep knowledge of reef form and functioning. Bridging the divide between earth observation data and geo-ecological knowledge of reefs,Reef Covermaximises the trade-off between applicability at global scales, and relevance and accuracy at local scales. Two case studies demonstrate application of theReef Coverclassification scheme and its scientific and conservation benefits: 1) detailed mapping of theCairns Management Regionof the Great Barrier Reef to support management and 2) mapping of the Caroline and Mariana Island chains in the Pacific for conservation purposes.
Effects of divorce and widowhood on subsequent health behaviours and outcomes in a sample of middle-aged and older Australian adults
Authors: Ding Ding , Gale Joanne , Bauman Adrian , Phongsavan Philayrath , Nguyen Binh
Published: August 2021

Marital disruption is a common life event with potential health implications. We examined the prospective association of divorce/widowhood with subsequent lifestyles, psychological, and overall health outcomes within short and longer terms using three waves of data from the 45 and Up Study in Australia (T1, 2006–09; T2, 2010; T3, 2012–16). Marital status and health-related outcomes were self-reported using validated questionnaires. Nine outcomes were examined including lifestyles (smoking, drinking, diet and physical activity), psychological outcomes (distress, anxiety and depression) and overall health/quality of life. Logistic regression was adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and baseline health outcomes. Of the 33,184 participants who were married at T1 (mean age 59.5 ± 9.3 years), after 3.4 years, 2.9% became divorced and 2.4% widowed at T2. Recent divorce was positively associated with smoking, poor quality of life, high psychological distress, anxiety and depression at T2. Similar but weaker associations were observed for widowhood. However, these associations were much attenuated at T3 (5 years from T2). Marital disruption in midlife or at an older age can be detrimental to health, particularly psychological health in the short term. Public awareness of the health consequences of spousal loss should be raised. Resources, including professional support, should be allocated to help individuals navigate these difficult life transitions.
An infrared spectral biomarker accurately predicts neurodegenerative disease class in the absence of overt symptoms
Authors: Lovergne Lila , Ghosh Dhruba , Schuck Renaud , Polyzos Aris A. , Chen Andrew D. , Martin Michael C. , Barnard Edward S. , Brown James B. , McMurray Cynthia T.
Published: August 2021

Although some neurodegenerative diseases can be identified by behavioral characteristics relatively late in disease progression, we currently lack methods to predict who has developed disease before the onset of symptoms, when onset will occur, or the outcome of therapeutics. New biomarkers are needed. Here we describe spectral phenotyping, a new kind of biomarker that makes disease predictions based on chemical rather than biological endpoints in cells. Spectral phenotyping uses Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectromicroscopy to produce an absorbance signature as a rapid physiological indicator of disease state. FTIR spectromicroscopy has over the past been used in differential diagnoses of manifest disease. Here, we report that the unique FTIR chemical signature accurately predicts disease class in mouse with high probability in the absence of brain pathology. In human cells, the FTIR biomarker accurately predicts neurodegenerative disease class using fibroblasts as surrogate cells.
Investigation of the utility of the 1.1B4 cell as a model human beta cell line for study of persistent enteroviral infection
Authors: Chaffey Jessica R. , Young Jay , Leslie Kaiyven A. , Partridge Katie , Akhbari Pouria , Dhayal Shalinee , Hill Jessica L. , Wedgwood Kyle C. A. , Burnett Edward , Russell Mark A. , Richardson Sarah J. , Morgan Noel G.
Published: August 2021

The generation of a human pancreatic beta cell line which reproduces the responses seen in primary beta cells, but is amenable to propagation in culture, has long been an important goal in diabetes research. This is particularly true for studies focussing on the role of enteroviral infection as a potential cause of beta-cell autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. In the present work we made use of a clonal beta cell line (1.1B4) available from the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures, which had been generated by the fusion of primary human beta-cells with a pancreatic ductal carcinoma cell, PANC-1. Our goal was to study the factors allowing the development and persistence of a chronic enteroviral infection in human beta-cells. Since PANC-1 cells have been reported to support persistent enteroviral infection, the hybrid 1.1B4 cells appeared to offer an ideal vehicle for our studies. In support of this, infection of the cells with a Coxsackie virus isolated originally from the pancreas of a child with type 1 diabetes, CVB4.E2, at a low multiplicity of infection, resulted in the development of a state of persistent infection. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms suggested that this response was facilitated by a number of unexpected outcomes including an apparent failure of the cells to up-regulate certain anti-viral response gene products in response to interferons. However, more detailed exploration revealed that this lack of response was restricted to molecular targets that were either activated by, or detected with, human-selective reagents. By contrast, and to our surprise, the cells were much more responsive to rodent-selective reagents. Using multiple approaches, we then established that populations of 1.1B4 cells are not homogeneous but that they contain a mixture of rodent and human cells. This was true both of our own cell stocks and those held by the European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures. In view of this unexpected finding, we developed a strategy to harvest, isolate and expand single cell clones from the heterogeneous population, which allowed us to establish colonies of 1.1B4 cells that were uniquely human (h1.1.B4). However, extensive analysis of the gene expression profiles, immunoreactive insulin content, regulated secretory pathways and the electrophysiological properties of these cells demonstrated that they did not retain the principal characteristics expected of human beta cells. Our data suggest that stocks of 1.1B4 cells should be evaluated carefully prior to their use as a model human beta-cell since they may not retain the phenotype expected of human beta-cells.
Reservoir computing based on a silicon microring and time multiplexing for binary and analog operations
Authors: Borghi Massimo , Biasi Stefano , Pavesi Lorenzo
Published: August 2021

Photonic implementations of reservoir computing (RC) promise to reach ultra-high bandwidth of operation with moderate training efforts. Several optoelectronic demonstrations reported state of the art performances for hard tasks as speech recognition, object classification and time series prediction. Scaling these systems in space and time faces challenges in control complexity, size and power demand, which can be relieved by integrated optical solutions. Silicon photonics can be the disruptive technology to achieve this goal. However, the experimental demonstrations have been so far focused on spatially distributed reservoirs, where the massive use of splitters/combiners and the interconnection loss limits the number of nodes. Here, we propose and validate an all optical RC scheme based on a silicon microring (MR) and time multiplexing. The input layer is encoded in the intensity of a pump beam, which is nonlinearly transferred to the free carrier concentration in the MR and imprinted on a secondary probe. We harness the free carrier dynamics to create a chain-like reservoir topology with 50 virtual nodes. We give proof of concept demonstrations of RC by solving two nontrivial tasks: the delayed XOR and the classification of Iris flowers. This forms the basic building block from which larger hybrid spatio-temporal reservoirs with thousands of nodes can be realized with a limited set of resources.
Foraging behavior of the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus exposed to conspecific alarm cues in various conditions
Authors: Chi Xiaomei , Yang Mingfang , Hu Fangyuan , Huang Xiyuan , Yu Yushi , Chang Yaqing , Wang Qingzhi , Zhao Chong
Published: August 2021

Conspecific alarm cues crushed from Mesocentrotus nudus prevent sea urchins from foraging the kelp, but do not repel them far away from the kelp. However, it remains largely unknown of whether this phenomenon was affected by conspecific alarm cues or by the attraction of the kelp. The present study found no significant difference in the duration in the danger area with or without the kelp around conspecific alarm cues. This suggests that the phenomenon is the strategy of sea urchins but not by the attraction of kelp. We found that conspecific alarm cues appearing between the kelp and sea urchins significantly affected foraging behavior of sea urchins fasted for 21 days. This indicates that conspecific alarm cues can effectively prevent fasted sea urchins from foraging the kelp. Further, there was no correlation between foraging velocity and the duration in the danger area. Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation between foraging velocity and the duration in the safety area close to different amounts of conspecific alarm cues, suggesting that conspecific alarm cues prevent sea urchins with strong foraging ability to forage. Collectively, the present results indicate that conspecific alarm cues as highly available biological barriers are cost-effective approaches to preventing overgrazing of sea urchins in the protection of kelp beds ecosystems. Notably, the present study is a short-term laboratory investigation that does not consider the complexity of natural conditions. Future studies are essential to test the present findings in the field.
Effect of skin–capsular distance on controlled attenuation parameter for diagnosing liver steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Kimura Syunichiro , Tanaka Kenichi , Oeda Satoshi , Inoue Kaori , Inadomi Chika , Kubotsu Yoshihito , Yoshioka Wataru , Okada Michiaki , Isoda Hiroshi , Kuwashiro Takuya , Akiyama Takumi , Kurashige Aya , Oshima Ayaka , Oshima Mayumi , Matsumoto Yasue , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Anzai Keizo , Sueoka Eisaburo , Aishima Shinichi , Takahashi Hirokazu
Published: August 2021

The effect of the skin–capsular distance (SCD) on the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) for diagnosis of liver steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. The SCD was measured using B-mode ultrasound, and the CAP was measured using the M probe of FibroScan®. According to the indications of the M probe, 113 patients with an SCD of ≤ 25 mm were included in the present study. The association between the SCD and CAP was investigated, and the diagnostic performance of the SCD-adjusted CAP was tested. The SCD showed the most significant positive correlation with the CAP (ρ = 0.329, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, the SCD and serum albumin concentration were associated with the CAP, independent of pathological liver steatosis. According to the multivariate analysis, two different formulas were developed to obtain the adjusted CAP using the SCD and serum albumin concentration as follows: adjusted CAP (dB/m) = CAP − (5.26 × SCD) and adjusted CAP (dB/m) = CAP − (5.35 × SCD) − (25.77 × serum albumin concentration). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for diagnosis of a steatosis score ≥ 2 of adjusted CAP was 0.678 and 0.684 respectively, which were significantly greater than the original CAP (0.621: p = 0.030 and p = 0.024). The SCD is associated with the CAP independent of liver steatosis. Adjustment of the CAP using the SCD improves the diagnostic performance of the CAP in NAFLD.
Inflammatory markers and risk of cardiovascular mortality in relation to diabetes status in the HUNT study
Authors: Løfblad Lena , Hov Gunhild Garmo , Åsberg Arne , Videm Vibeke
Published: August 2021

Inflammatory markers have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in general populations. We assessed whether these associations differ by diabetes status. From a population-based cohort study (n = 62,237) we included all participants with diabetes (n = 1753) and a control group without diabetes (n = 1818). Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for possible associations with cardiovascular mortality of 4 different inflammatory markers; C-reactive protein (CRP), calprotectin, neopterin and lactoferrin. During a median follow-up of 13.9 years, 728 (20.4%) died from cardiovascular disease (CVD). After adjustment for age, sex and diabetes, the associations of all inflammatory markers with risk of cardiovascular mortality were log-linear (all P ≤ 0.017 for trend) and did not differ according to diabetes status (all P ≥ 0.53 for interaction). After further adjustments for established risk factors, only CRP remained independently associated with cardiovascular mortality. HRs were 1.22 (1.12–1.32) per standard deviation higher loge CRP concentration and 1.91 (1.50–2.43) when comparing individuals in the top versus bottom quartile. The associations of CRP, calprotectin, lactoferrin and neopterin with cardiovascular mortality did not differ by diabetes, suggesting that any potential prognostic value of these markers is independent of diabetes status.