bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SISTEMA JURÍDICO DA R.E.D.D NA CAATINGA PERNAMBUCANA
Authors: Neto Afonso Feitosa Reis
Published: December 2018

O Estado de Pernambuco sofre os diversos efeitos das mudanças climáticas. Uma das ações antrópicas que contribuem para esse quadro é o desmatamento da vegetação do bioma Caatinga. Almejando conciliar a proteção das vegetações nativas e minimização das ações que contribuem para o efeito estufa, aflora no cenário internacional o instrumento denominado Redução do Desmatamento e da Degradação Florestal (R.E.D.D). A R.E.D.D é uma espécie de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) que possui como fundamento o princípio do Direito Ambiental denominado protetor-recebedor. Assim, o presente estudo buscou caracterizar os aspectos legais para a efetivação no estado de Pernambuco. Para tanto, analisou-se os diplomas legais e publicações (oficiais e extraoficiais) relativos à concretização desse modelo na esfera estadual. Os resultados demonstram que é possível a implantação do instrumento em Pernambuco, pois no Estado existe todo um arcabouço legal criado para efetivação do instrumento que vai desde a definição de responsabilidades até o desenvolvimento de um arranjo institucional.
Dentists and What They Do by L. Slegers
Authors: Crichton Madeline C.
Published: December 2018

Slegers, Liesbet. Dentists and What They Do. Clavis Publishing Inc., 2017.

Intended to be read by parents with their toddlers, Dentists and What They Do is a fun, highly informative guide to a first visit to the dentist's office. Brightly-coloured images and diagrams occupy portions of every page of the story. These minimalist drawings are annotated with rhythmic phrases such as “shine, shine” for a mirror or “how funny!” for a dentist’s mask, making the book entertaining to read. Whereas the text of the story itself is small, the images are labelled in a larger font, and are therefore intended to be read by young children, introducing a variety of vocabulary. Further, Slegers accommodates for any fears that young children may have before their first visit to the dentist by demonstrating ways in which medical professionals act to entertain and accommodate children. For example, the dentist checks the teeth of a stuffed animal. 

Overall, Dentist’s and What They Do is delightful, easy to read, and likely to be enjoyed even by older children because of its engaging format. In its demystification of the first trips to the dentist, the book is an excellent way to introduce normal checkups and appointments to young children and is effective in making the process entertaining.  

Highly Recommended: 4 stars out of 4Reviewer: Madeline C. Crichton

Madeline Crichton is a University of Alberta undergraduate student with a lifelong passion for reading. When she is not preoccupied with her studies, Madeline is busy volunteering in a variety of roles in her community.
Analisis Respon Peserta Didik dalam Implementasi Lembar Kerja Berorientasi Pemecahan Masalah
Authors: Kahar Muhammad Syahrul , Layn Muhamad Ruslan
Published: December 2018

Proses pembelajaran di kelas masih banyak dilakukan secara konvensional, hal ini berdampak pada aktivitas dan respon peserta didik dalam pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan oleh guru lebih membosankan yang mengakibatkan peserta didik kurang aktif, kurang termotivasi dalam pembelajaran. Adapun tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengindentifikasi respon peserta didik dalam implementasi lembar kerja yang berorientasi pemecahan masalah. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, data yang dikumpulkan berupa lembar respon peserta didik dan wawancara. Populasi sekaligus sampel yang digunakan yakni peserta didik kelas XI MIA SMA Muhammadiyah Al Amin Sorong yang berjumlah 18 peserta didik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata persentase respon peserta didik terhadap implementasi Lembar kerja peserta didik adalah 77,78 %, persentase tersebut sudah termasuk dalam kategori  setuju yang lebih dominan, artinya kriteria tersebut termasuk dalam kategori positif. Dari rata-rata perolehan itu, 22,22 % atau sebanyak 4 peserta didik menjawab sangat setuju terhadap implementasi Lembar kerja tersebut Temuan ini memperjelas bahwa persepsi akan respon peserta didik terhadap pelaksanaan pembelajaran menggunakan Lembar kerja peserta didik berorientasi pemecahan sangat positif dan juga memicu peningkatan kemampuan peserta didik dalam mengikuti pembelajaran. The process of learning in the classroom is still mostly done conventionally; this has an impact on the activities and responses from learners in the lessons learned by the teacher is more over and over which resulted in less active students, less motivated in learning. The purpose of this research is to identify the perceptions of the learners' responses to the implementation of the problem-oriented learner workbook. The research method using the quantitative approach, the data collected in the form of responders letters and interviews. Population, as well as samples used, are students of class XI MIA SMA Muhammadiyah Al Amin Sorong which amounted to 18 students. The results showed that the average percentage of learners' response to the implementation of the learner's worksheet is 77.78%, the percentage is already included in the agreement on category more dominant, meaning the criteria were included in the positive category. From the average of the acquisition, 22.22% or as many as four students answered strongly agree on the implementation of the Worksheet. This finding make clear that the perceptions of the learners' response to the implementation of learning to use the worksheet oriented solving very positive and also trigger an increase in ability learners in following the lesson.
Kemampuan Literasi Sains Fisika Siswa SMP Kelas VII Di Sumatera Selatan Menggunakan Kerangka PISA (Program for International Student Assesment)
Authors: Andriani Nely , Saparini Saparini , Akhsan Hamdi
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan literasi sains fisika siswa SMP Kelas VII di Sumatera Selatan menggunakan kerangka PISA. Metode penelitian adalah deskriptif kuantitatif untuk mendapatkan gambaran kemampuan literasi sains dalam IPA (fisika) siswa tanpa memberikan perlakuan kepada siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data berbentuk tes tertulis.  Penilaian disesuaikan dengan kriteria penilaian PISA. Variabel penelitian ini adalah pencapaian kemampuan literasi sains siswa pada konten fisik. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan purposive sampling meliputi SMP N 1 kota Palembang, SMP N 1 kota Prabumulih, dan SMP N 1 kabupaten Ogan Ilir pada semester ganjil tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Hasil Penelitian diperoleh persentase pencapaian siswa yang paling tinggi pada level 2 sebesar 54,9 dan terendah pada level 5 yaitu hanya sebesar 28,1 dari skala maksimum 100. Secara keseluruhan rerata persentase hasil kemampuan literasi sains siswa SMP di Sumatera Selatan berdasarkan Kompetensi Proses Sains, yaitu 47,1. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kemampuan literasi sains siswa SMP di Sumatera Selatan secara keseluruhan ditinjau dari level soal dan kompetensi proses sains diperoleh hasil masih sangat rendah. This research aims to analyze the ability of Physics Science Literacy of Grade VII Middle School Students in South Sumatra by using the PISA Framework. The research method is a quantitative descriptive method that aims to get a picture of scientific literacy abilities in science (physics) students without giving treatment to students. The assessment is adjusted to the PISA assessment criteria. The variables of this study was the achievement of students' science literacy skills in physical content. Data collection techniques by written tests. Samples were taken using purposive sampling and the research sample are SMP N 1 kota Palembang, SMP N 1 kota Prabumulih, dan SMP N 1 Kabupaten Ogan Ilir The results of the study showed that the highest percentage of student’s achievement at level 2 was 54.9 and the lowest was at level 5, which was only 28.1 from the maximum 100 scale. While the overall percentage of the results of the scientific literacy skills of junior high school students in South Sumatra was based on Science Process Competence. that is 47.1. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the scientific literacy skills of junior high school students in South Sumatra as a whole in terms of the level of questions and competency of science processes are still very low.
Development of Multi Representation Based Cognitive Instrument on Newton Law Material
Authors: Ramlah Ramlah , Wati Mustika , Miriam Sarah , Mahtari Saiyidah
Published: December 2018

Questions used in school have not been analyzed by the item and only in one representation. This study aims to produce quality multi-representation-based cognitive instruments on Newton's law material for junior high school students in Banjarmasin. This study specifically aims to describe (1) the validity of cognitive instruments, (2) the reliability of cognitive instruments, (3) the level of difficulty of cognitive instruments, and (4) the discrimination power of cognitive instruments based on multi representation. The method used is the Research & Development (R & D) method by using the adaptation of the procedure model from Borg & Gall. Data were analyzed using classic formulas and through Rasch applications. The sample of the study was 204 eight grade students from Public Junior High Schools 14 Banjarmasin, Public Junior High Schools 25 Banjarmasin, and Public Junior High Schools 28 Banjarmasin. The results showed that (1) the validity of cognitive instruments developed is considered valid, (2) the reliability of cognitive instruments developed is relatively reliable, (3) the level of difficulty of cognitive instruments developed is divided into two categories; very difficult and very easy, and (4) the discrimination power of cognitive instruments developed is divided into three categories; repaired, accepted but needs to be repaired, and accepted. It can be concluded that the multi-representation-based cognitive instrument on Newton's law material on eighth grade students of junior high school in Banjarmasin is suitable for assessment of learning outcomes. So that the instruments developed can be used by teachers to assess student learning outcomes in the material of Newton's law.
The Dynamic Constants of Unidirectional Fibrous Composites at the Glass Transition Region as Obtained from the Interphase Concept
Authors: Sideridis Emilio , Venetis John
Published: December 2018

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a versatile technique that complements the information given by the more traditional thermal analysis techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA). Dynamic constants such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor are temperature dependent and provide information about interfacial bonding between reinforced fibre and polymer matrix of composite material. To study the above mentioned properties at the glass transition region, for unidirectional fibrous composites reinforced with continuous fibers a reliable model was applied. In particular, the composite material was considered as composed of three phases with the intermediate phase between matrix and fibres, the interphase, to have variable properties depending on those of main phases and the mode of preparation of the overall material. The glass transition temperature is defined as the point at which the specific volume versus temperature curve changes abruptly slope marking the region between rubbery polymer and glassy polymer nature. Hence, the behaviour of unidirectional fibrous composites was investigated at this region. Examination of the glass transition temperature, which constitutes an upper limit for the structurally important glassy region through the loss factor, was performed by its consideration as a combination of glass transition temperature of matrix and interphase.
A Comparison of Ethylene Tar-Derived Isotropic Pitches Prepared by Air Blowing and Nitrogen Distillation Method and Their Carbon Fibers
Authors: Shi Kui , Yang Jianxiao , Ye Chong , Liu Hongbo , Li Xuanke
Published: December 2018

Two isotropic pitches were prepared by air blowing and nitrogen distillation method using ethylene tar (ET) as a raw material. And correspondent carbon fibers were obtained through conventional melt spinning, stabilization and carbonization. The structures and properties of resultant pitches and fibers were characterized and their differences were discussed in this work. The results showed that introduction of the oxygen by air blowing method could quickly increase the yield and softening point of pitch. Moreover, the air blown pitch (ABP) composed of linear methylene chains of aromatic molecules while the nitrogen distilled pitch (NDP) mainly contained polycondensed aromatic rings, which was due to the oxygen containing functional groups existed in ABP could impede order stack of pitch molecules and form methylene bridge structure, instead of aromatic condensed structure like NDP. Meanwhile, the spinnability of ABP was not decreased even containing 2.31 wt% oxygen. In contrast, ABP had narrower molecular weight distribution, which contributed to better stabilization properties and higher tensile strength of carbon fiber. The tensile strength of carbon fibers from ABP was reached to 860 MPa with fiber diameter of about 10 μm, which was higher than that of NDP-derived carbon fibers of 640 MPa.
Cardinality Constrained Portfolio Optimization Using Bee Colony Algorithm (Case Study: Tehran Stock Exchange)
Authors: Mansourinia Masomeh , Momeni Alireza
Published: December 2018

One of the most studied variant of portfolio optimization problems is with cardinality constraints that transform classical mean-variance model from a convex quadratic programming problem into a mixed integer quadratic programming problem which brings the problem to the class of NP-Complete problems. Therefore, the computational complexity is significantly increased since cardinality constraints have a direct influence on the portfolio size. In order to overcome arising computational difficulties, for solving this problem, researchers have focused on investigating efficient solution algorithms such as metaheuristic algorithms since exact techniques may be inadequate to find an optimal solution in a reasonable time and are computationally ineffective when applied to large-scale problems. In this paper, our purpose is to present an efficient solution approach based on an artificial bee colony algorithm with feasibility enforcement and infeasibility toleration procedures for solving cardinality constrained portfolio optimization problem. Computational results confirm the effectiveness of the solution methodology. In this study, the ABC-I algorithm and the ABC-II algorithm, which are the modern meta-innovative models for solving optimization problems, have been used to optimize the investment portfolio with the goal of increasing returns and reducing risk. Of the 591 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, 150 companies were selected during the period from 2014 to 2018 using a systematic elimination method with limitation as the final sample. The data from these companies were analyzed using the algorithms used in the research and their performance was compared. The results of the research indicate that the ABC-II algorithm is more efficient than ABC-I for solving the stock portfolio optimization problem.
Using an open digital space assessment on a course for new teachers in higher education
Authors: Robinson Francesca
Published: December 2018

An assignment was devised in an open online space to enable participants on a year-long initial teacher education course to deepen and share their knowledge on a teaching-related topic of interest, to develop their digital skills and to enable reflection on their experience of the task. After two cohorts had completed the assignment, a small research project was then carried out to explore participants’ experience of and attitudes towards this type of assessment. Survey responses suggest that, overall, participants found it to be a worthwhile activity that encouraged them to engage with the literature and reflect on their own and others’ practice. Participants also critiqued the task implementation and commented on how they would adapt it within their own teaching contexts to encourage fuller engagement with the tasks. Following feedback the assignment brief was fully revised for the following year.
The Padlet Project: Transforming student engagement in Foundation Year seminars
Authors: Garnham Wendy A , Betts Tab
Published: December 2018

How do we get students to engage more actively with the material they are learning? This was the primary question for us when teaching a cohort of Foundation Year Psychology undergraduates at University of Sussex. Traditional seminars were often dominated by one or two more confident students whilst many of the quieter students failed to contribute. Even when prompted, they were reluctant to speak up. Other students, perhaps who had not completed the preparation for the seminar, also remained quiet but for a different reason. Having failed to complete the preparatory tasks, they could not make meaningful contributions. The role of the tutor became increasingly a case of “sage on the stage” with students looking to the tutor for guidance and dissemination of knowledge about the key readings they should have been working on. The Padlet Project was designed as a response to this, moving the focus from passive presence to active collaboration. All students, by the very nature of the project, were actively involved in each seminar and the quality of the products produced exceeded all expectations.
The STEPS course: Support through Tutoring, Employability and Professional Skills.
Authors: Sorrentino Miriam
Published: December 2018

Personal tutoring is an essential part of higher education however, while the need for it has increased year on year, time for it has decreased (Select Committee on Education and Employment, 2001). Many students need a diverse range of support (Department for Education and Skills, 2003) and there is growing pressure to include 'soft skills' within higher education (NCIHE, 1997; Skillset, 2011). These requirements often fall to personal tutors. A small working group in the department of Creative Professions and Digital Arts at the University of Greenwich tried to find a solution that could help our diverse student body find some of the support and skills they need. This decision to make personal tutoring a departmental responsibility, rather than one linked to programmes or courses, completely changed our thinking about what we could achieve. This project became STEPS, a course co-designed with students with a consistent feedback loop through the Unitu online platform.
Model of Electromagnetic Emitter Based on a Stream of Single Electrons inside Curved Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Poklonski N. A. , Vyrko S. A. , Vlassov A. T. , Siahlo A. I. , Ratkevich S. V.
Published: December 2018

The problems of elaboration and application of microand nanometer sized antennas for the generation and reception of electromagnetic radiation is still relevant in both fundamental and applied aspects. With decreasing antenna size, the frequency of electromagnetic radiation increases, and its power decreases. To increase the radiation power, the periodic (in space) electrodynamic structures are used. The aim of the work is to find the possibility of application of injection and (quasi)ballistic drift of single electrons inside curved carbon nanotubes for emission of electromagnetic waves in the microwave range and to determine the parameters of the radiating system that affect the radiation power.

By the calculation within the framework of classical electrodynamics it is shown the possibility in principle of generation of electromagnetic radiation of the gigahertz range by a stream of single electrons inside a hollow curved dielectric carbon nanotube.

It was found that the spectrum and power of this radiation can be controlled by varying the electron flux density, length and curvature of the hollow nanotube.

The results of the work can be applied for elaboration of a microminiature emitter of microwave electromagnetic radiation based on a curved carbon nanotube in the engineering of contactless probe microscopy.
O gênero gramatical na fala gay e sua (multi)funcionalidade
Authors: Gesser Alison Felipe , Santana Wenderson Phelipe da Silva
Published: December 2018

Este trabalho aborda a variação entre o uso de adjetivos em concordância com os gêneros masculino e feminino em predicações realizadas por homens gays, acadêmicos do Centro de Comunicação e Expressão da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, sob a perspectiva do funcionalismo norte-americano de Talmy Givón. Foram realizadas entrevistas orais com seis indivíduos dessa comunidade, separadamente, e a análise dos dados coletados verificou que esses sujeitos fazem uso variado de ambos os gêneros gramaticais em suas construções predicativas, podendo produzir, por exemplo, sentenças como “estou cansada” e “estou cansado” ao se referirem a si próprios. As entrevistas foram divididas em blocos temáticos e o instrumento de coleta buscou, primeiramente, verificar se os sujeitos fariam uso do gênero feminino durante a entrevista, através de perguntas que impunham uma resposta predicativa e, num segundo momento, indagá-los diretamente sobre a realização do fenômeno. Segundo os dados, fatores externos como (i) o grau de formalidade da situação comunicativa e (ii) o grau de intimidade com o interlocutor condicionam ou restringem ambos os usos, favorecendo a forma masculina em situações de maior formalidade e menor intimidade. Acerca da funcionalidade de cada variante, foram identificadas três funções desempenhadas pela forma feminina, compreendida como multifuncional: (i) função semântica representacional, cujo uso é compartilhado com a predicação masculina; (ii) funções de superlativo (+ e ++); e (iii) funções interativas (expressar ironia, brincadeira e intimidade).
Por que o português não veio do latim?: uma análise historiográfica da Gramática Pedagógica do Português Brasileiro
Authors: Anjos Marcelo Alessandro Limeira dos , Oliveira Meryane Sousa
Published: December 2018

Este trabalho visa analisar o tratamento dispensado à origem histórica da língua portuguesa na Gramática Pedagógica do Português Brasileiro (doravante GPPB), de autoria de Marcos Bagno (2011). O objetivo geral é averiguar, na obra, o tratamento dado pelo autor à origem da língua portuguesa, contrapondo-o à perspectiva adotada por autores brasileiros que fizeram algum tipo de Linguística Histórica e aos dados verificados nas demais produções do autor. Para tanto, foram analisadas informações trazidas nos materiais que serviram de fontes para a pesquisa, sobretudo quanto à retórica do autor, a fim de perceber as prováveis razões para o afastamento ou aproximação dele à tese da origem latina do português. Para a análise, utilizou-se a proposta teórico-metodológica de Koerner (2014) e a proposta desenvolvida por Bastos e Palma (2008) sobre a investigação de objetos contemporâneos relacionados a uma perspectiva historiográfica. As análises apontam para continuidades e descontinuidades no tratamento da história da língua portuguesa que podem ser consideradas a partir da retórica adotada pelo autor em diferentes obras. É possível, pois, destacar que Bagno, na GPPB, apresenta uma retórica aparentemente descontinuísta com relação aos estudos histórico-linguísticos tradicionais, uma vez que, no restante de suas obras, inclusive nas posteriores à GPPB, sobressai-se um discurso continuísta em relação à tradição.
Temporal Estimates of Crop Growth in Sorghum and Maize Breeding Enabled by Unmanned Aerial Systems
Authors: Pugh N. Ace , Horne David W. , Murray Seth C. , Carvalho Geraldo , Malambo Lonesome , Jung Jinha , Chang Anjin , Maeda Murilo , Popescu Sorin , Chu Tianxing , Starek Michael J. , Brewer Michael J. , Richardson Grant , Rooney William L.
Published: December 2018

To meet future world food and fiber demands, plant breeders must increase the rate of genetic improvement of important agricultural crops. One of the biggest obstacles now facing crop scientists is a phenotyping bottleneck. To ease this burden, the emerging technology of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) presents an exciting opportunity. To assess the utility of UAS, it is important to investigate their application across multiple crop species. Terminal plant height is of great importance to maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] breeders and has been hypothesized to be useful but has been logistically impractical to measure in the field. In this study, we statistically analyzed in depth the ability of UAS to estimate height in sorghum (advanced and early generation material) and maize (optimal and late material) and the application of these estimates in breeding programs. We found that UAS explain genotypic variation similarly to ground‐truth methods and that the repeatability of the methodology is high (R = 0.61–0.99), indicating effective differentiation of genotypes. Additionally, correlations between ground truth and UAS measurements were moderate to high for all materials (r = 0.4–0.9). Finally, we present a novel application for the technology in the form of high‐resolution temporal growth curves. Using these UAS‐generated growth curves, new physiological insights can be obtained and new avenues of scientific investigation are possible.
Carbon Isotope Ratio Fractionation among Plant Tissues of Soybean
Authors: Kaler Avjinder S. , Bazzer Sumandeep K. , Sanz‐Saez Alvaro , Ray Jeffery D. , Fritschi Felix B. , Purcell Larry C.
Published: December 2018

Carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) has been used as a proxy for water use efficiency (WUE) in several crops. We compared δ13C of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] tissues sampled at bloom with δ13C of mature seed (MS). Twenty Maturity Group IV accessions with contrasting δ13C values were evaluated in three environments. Genotype and environment effects on δ13C were significant for the uppermost mature trifoliolate leaf, center leaflets from main stems, whole shoot, and MS, but there were no significant genotype by environment interactions, indicating that genotype rankings were similar among environments. Repeatability of δ13C among tissues ranged from 0.79 to 0.94, and MS δ13C values were significantly correlated with δ13C from other tissues (r ≥ 0.69). For genotypes of similar maturity, MS δ13C may be used as a selection tool for WUE, simplifying the use of δ13C for high‐throughput phenotyping.
Support tools to predict the critical structural condition of uninspected pipes for case studies of Germany and Colombia
Authors: Hernández Nathalie , Caradot Nicolas , Sonnenberg Hauke , Rouault Pascale , Torres Andrés
Published: December 2018

Several deterioration models have been used to predict the structural condition of sewer pipes, and some have been applied in different cities in the world. However, each one of these models has not been proved simultaneously for case studies with different characteristics (topographic conditions, soil uses, demographic growth, utilities' service operation and city's dynamic) and the use of their predictions have not been analyzed to support different management objectives. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the prediction results of two models (based on Logistic Regression and Random Forest (RF) methods), which previously have been identified as successful in other experiences, for two different case studies (a city in Colombia and a city in Germany). The prediction assessment was carried out by three analysis techniques (Positive Likelihood Rate (PLR) index, performance curve and deviation analysis). According to the results, we found that: (i) the model based on RF was the one that could be useful as a support tool in the sewer asset management of both case studies; (ii) for the German city, the prediction results could be useful for designing strategic investment plans in order to know the number of pipes that the utility should rehabilitate each year; and (iii) for the Colombian city, the predictions are appropriate to make decisions concerning inspection or rehabilitation plans, since the probability of identifying the sewer's assets in critical condition (C4) correctly (according to the analysis of the sample of the 10% of sewers with the highest probability to be in this condition) is around 63% and could be 83% if the stakeholders also consider in these plans the misclassification of those pipes in a bad structural condition (C3).
Analysis of raw water quality from Vaalkop dam, South Africa
Authors: Nyende-Byakika S.
Published: December 2018

This paper discusses raw water quality results for the raw water from Vaalkop dam reservoir in South Africa. A time series analysis was conducted for various parameters over a prolonged period of time. The analysis indicates that apart from conductivity and coliform counts, most parameters were below their recommended threshold levels for the greatest part of the study period.
Field testing a remote monitoring system for hand water pumps
Authors: Swan A. , Skipworth P. , Walker L. , Thursfield G.
Published: December 2018

Throughout Africa, many hand water pumps malfunction and remain inoperable for long periods of time. Previous studies from a number of sub-Saharan countries have indicated that in some regions up to 65% of hand pumps may be broken. It is reported that robust monitoring of remote water pumps can help address some of these problems. However, traditional project monitoring strategies generally rely on physical site visits to remote locations. These visits can be time consuming and resource intensive, which in turn may delay the implementation of pump repairs. In contrast, recent years have seen the emergence of a range of new monitoring technologies that use mobile phone networks to rapidly report the operational status of water projects from remote sites. The authors describe the development of a new monitoring system, called MANTIS, which is intended for hand pumps in developing regions. The paper presents data from early field trials of MANTIS in Sierra Leone and The Gambia. The unit relays ‘near real time’ operational data from the water pump to an accessible online platform.
Assessment of accessibility of safe drinking water: A case study of the Goreangab informal settlement, Windhoek, Namibia
Authors: Lewis Earl Wesley , Siyambango Nguza , Lendelvo Selma
Published: December 2018

Water accessibility in informal settlements remains a challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study water accessibility in the Goreangab informal settlement, Windhoek, Namibia was analyzed. Semi-structured (n – 105) and key informant interviews (n – 3) were conducted. Long distances and financial constraints are the main reasons for poor water accessibility. Only 11% of residents live within 1 km of a safe drinking water source, the recommended safe distance by the World Health Organization on minimum water access standards. Considering local factors, incorporating an integrated water resource management framework and a public–private partnership is suggested to improve the settlement's water supply management.
New techniques for real-time monitoring of reverse osmosis membrane integrity for virus removal
Authors: Frenkel V. S. , Cohen Y.
Published: December 2018

This paper presents methodology, concept and results of the WateReuse Foundation project WFR – 09 – 06b when developing a high pressure membrane, reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) online membrane integrity testing (MIT) technique. The use of pressure-driven membrane processes, particularly RO, has grown significantly over the past few decades in water treatment and reuse applications to safeguard water supplies against harmful pathogens and impurities. In principle, RO membranes should provide a complete physical barrier to the passage of nanosize pathogens (e.g., enteric viruses). However, in the presence of imperfections and/or membrane damage, membrane breaches as small as 20 to 30 nm can allow enteric viruses to pass through the membrane and contaminate the product water stream, thereby posing a potential health hazard that is of particular concern for potable water production. This project was focused on evaluating a pulsed-marker membrane integrity monitoring (PM-MIMo) approach for RO processes on the basis of the use of a fluorescent marker. The monitoring approach employs pulsed dosing (via a precision metering pump) of a marker into the RO feed stream coupled with online marker concentration monitoring in the RO permeate by an inline spectrofluorometer. Membrane integrity is then inferred on the basis of real-time analysis of the marker permeate time − profile concentration in response. The basic concept of the PM-MIMo approach for detecting membrane breaches was successfully demonstrated, by comparing intact and damaged membranes, in a series of experiments using a diagnostic plate-and-frame RO system and spiral-wound RO pilot system. Results of the developed technique are presented in the project report to allow the industry to consider adopting this technique for RO/NF online integrity monitoring.
Isolation and identification of an aerobic denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria and analysis of the factors influencing denitrification and phosphorus removal
Authors: Xu Hongying , Jin Ru , Zhang Chan , Wu Yupeng , Wang Xiaohui
Published: December 2018

Excessive emission of plant nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) into the water body can induce eutrophication. Therefore, how to control eutrophic water efficiently and economically is very important. In the paper, highly efficient aerobic denitrifying phosphorus removing J16 bacteria was isolated from the activated sludge of an aerobic bioreactor in Taiyuan municipal wastewater treatment plant by using the blue–white spot screening method, an aerobic phosphorus absorption test, nitrate reduction test, nitrogen removal experiments, and plate coating and streaking methods. Through 16S rDNA gene homology comparison and physiological and biochemical identification, the J16 strain was preliminarily identified as Escherichia coli, with a sequence similarity of 99%. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain J16 was submitted to GenBank (accession number: MF667015). The effect of temperature, pH, percentage of inoculum and phosphate-P (PO43−-P) concentration on denitrification and phosphorus removal efficiency was investigated through a single-factor experiment. The optimum conditions of the J16 strain for denitrification and phosphorus removal were as follows: 30°C, neutral or weak alkaline (pH: 7.2–8), and 3% of inoculum, respectively. The denitrification and phosphorus removal efficiency of strain J16 was the highest when PO43−-P and nitrate-N(NO3−-N) concentrations were 8.9 and 69.31 mg/L, and the removal were 96.03% and 94.55%, respectively. In addition, strain J16 could reduce phosphoric acid to phosphine (PH3) and remove some phosphorus under hypoxia conditions. This is the first study to report the involvement of Escherichia coli in nitrogen and phosphorus removal under aerobic and hypoxia conditions. Based on the above results, the strain J16 can effectively remove nitrogen and phosphorus, and will be utilized in enhancing treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus-containing industrial wastewater and phosphorus reclamation.
Effect of C/N ratios on nitrogen removal and microbial communities in the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with an anammox-coupling-denitrification process
Authors: Chen Chongjun , Zhang Min , Yu Xuliang , Mei Juan , Jiang Ying , Wang Yaoqi , Zhang Tian C.
Published: December 2018

Effects of different C/N (NO2–N) ratios on nitrogen removal and microbial community structure were investigated using an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Results indicated that the C/N ratio exerted an important effect on nitrogen removal in the anammox-coupling-denitrification process associated with the ABR. When the C/N ratio was 1.29, the ABR could achieve the highest total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of 99.9%. Most of TN was removed in the 1st and 2nd compartment, accounting for about 81.0–97.6% of total TN removal. The nitrogen removal resulted from the interaction among anammox, heterotrophic denitrificans, and other microbes within the ABR. The contribution of anammox to nitrogen removal varied from 6.8% to 32.4%. High-throughput MiSeq sequencing analyses revealed that the C/N ratio was one of the most important factors regulating the microbial community structure, and the predominant phylum changed from Proteobacteria to Chloroflexi with the elevated C/N ratio. In addition, the Candidatus Brocadia was the major anammox bacterium, and its percentage varied from 1.0–2.9% at day 9 to 2.8–9.1% at day 46.
Cellular Senescence and Anti-Cancer Therapy
Authors: You Jieqiong , Dong Rong , Ying Meidan , He Qiaojun , Cao Ji , Yang Bo
Published: December 2018

Background:

Cellular senescence is generally understood as a permanent cell cycle arrest
stemming from different causes. The mechanism of cellular senescence-induced cell cycle arrest is
complex, involving interactions between telomere shortening, inflammations and cellular stresses. In
recent years, a growing number of studies have revealed that cellular senescence could mediate the
cancer progression of neighboring cells, but this idea is controversial and contradictory evidence argues
that cellular senescence also contributes to tumor suppression.

Objective:

Given that the complicated role of senescence in various physiological and pathological
scenarios, we try to clarify the precise contribution role of cellular senescence to tumor progression.

Methods:

Search for the information in a large array of relevant articles to support our opinion.

Results:

We discuss the relatively widespread occurrence of cellular senescence in cancer treatment
and identify the positive and negative side of senescence contributed to tumor progression.

Conclusion:

We argue that the availability of pro-senescence therapy could represent as a promising
regimen for managing cancer disease, particularly with regard to the poor clinical outcome obtained
with other anticancer therapies.
Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: A Review of Techniques Quadrant Per Quadrant
Authors: Marco Gardani , Nicolò Bertozzi , Pio Grieco Michele , Marianna Pesce , Francesco Simonacci , Luigi Santi Pier , Edoardo Raposio
Published: December 2018

Breast Conserving Surgery (BCS) has gradually substituted mastectomy in the treatment of early-stage tumors. Indeed it ensures the same overall survival and better aesthetic results when followed post-operative radiotherapy. Nevertheless more than 20% excision of breast tissue, retro-areolar or lower pole cancer, and higer-sized breasts with ptosis, tend to result in aesthetically unpleasant results. Oncoplastic breast surgery finds its route into breast conserving surgery in the attempt to improve the aesthetic results while not compromising the oncologic ones.
Juan Gunther Doering
Authors: Hayakawa Casas José
Published: December 2018

En la ciudad de Lima, en la madrugada del 23 de agosto de 2012 falleció el arquitecto Juan Gunther Doering, cuando atravesaba un proceso posoperatorio. Con este breve texto intentaremos poner en relieve y recordar los méritos de una gran persona y un profesional profundamente comprometido con el patrimonio edificado de su país, especialmente el de su ciudad adoptiva, Lima.
Patología de la edificación patrimonial en el Centro Histórico de Lima. Humedades, causas y consecuencias
Authors: Berenguel Paredes Ana Elisa
Published: December 2018

La conservación del patrimonio cultural es un proceso complejo que debe partir del conocimiento minucioso del objeto a conservar. Este conocimiento implica reconocer en él sus valores o cualidades, sus características constructivas y la situación en la que se encuentra. Saber en qué condiciones se encuentra implica identificar las lesiones, es decir, los efectos visibles de un problema, relacionándolos con sus causas y con las consecuencias de ellos.Las edificaciones patrimoniales presentan procesos patológicos distintos dependiendo de su forma, material, orientación, etc.; sin embargo, la humedad, en sus distintas formas, es, sin lugar a dudas, el mayor problema de conservación al que se enfrentan los edificios patrimoniales del Centro Histórico de Lima, solo equiparado por el desinterés en la conservación del patrimonio.Las condiciones atmosféricas, el mal estado de las instalaciones, las intervenciones sin criterios técnicos adecuados se convierten en el principal enemigo del patrimonio, con consecuencias graves como la aparición de nuevas lesiones, más aún cuando las intervenciones se centran en cubrir la lesión sin preocuparse en eliminarla.
Patrimonio moderno, ciudad contemporánea: Ciudad universitaria de Caracas
Authors: Vásquez De La Torre Ileana
Published: December 2018

La Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas, sitio del Patrimonio Mundial, representa múltiples valores: ser obra maestra del genio creador, producto del arquitecto Carlos Raúl Villanueva junto con un equipo de profesionales y artistas de vanguardia, y por representar una época de la historia de la arquitectura, en un conjunto donde se expresan de manera sobresaliente los postulados del Movimiento Moderno, rescatando a la vez conceptos de la arquitectura tradicional venezolana. No pretendemos analizar sus valores o detallar las etapas de su construcción, tarea que otros han desarrollado de manera idónea. Nuestro objetivo es explicar brevemente los principales problemas que enfrenta su preservación, bajo la óptica del arquitecto restaurador actuando dentro del órgano gestor del sitio. Llevar adelante la conservación de un patrimonio no es tarea sencilla, más aún cuando observamos que, a sesenta años de su inauguración, se hace cada vez más evidente que es un reflejo fiel del país que tenemos, con sus bondades y sus conflictos. No obstante esta situación, avanzamos hacia el conocimiento, conservación y valorización del sitio patrimonial.
(Ligero) Manual ilustrado para proyectar una vivienda del siglo XXI (Según los principios del arquitecto contemporáneo promedio)
Authors: Feliu Franch Joan
Published: December 2018

“Hay que ser absolutamente moderno”, dicen que afirmó muy lúcidamente Jean Arthur Rimbaud, padre de la poesía moderna y participante en ese primer ensayo de autogobierno obrero que fue la Comuna de París (aunque me parece que Rimbaud nunca participó en la Comuna de París, eso sí, inspirado por ella escribió algunos poemas. Se dice que estuvo semanas antes de los hechos y que fue violado por unos soldados cuando tenía 17 años, pero hay veces que la realidad no conviene a la historia).
Emilio Harth-Terré
Authors: Mattos-Cárdenas Leonardo
Published: December 2018

En el presente mes de diciembre, se cumplieron treinta años del fallecimiento de don Emilio Harth-Terré, primer arquitecto egresado, en 1925, de la Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros hoy la UNI de Lima. Referir aquí aún sumariamente su vasta producción -arquitectónica, historiográfica y de restauraciónes una tarea que consideramos imposible. Baste recordar que se debe mayormente a su sensibilidad la actual Plaza de Armas de Lima, resultado ejemplar de sus esfuerzos en cada uno de las mencionadas áreas.
Urbanismo barroco en Lima virreinal: hacia la recuperación de la calle de la amargura
Authors: Ríos Figueroa María Esther
Published: December 2018

En la búsqueda de ejemplos concretos de urbanismo barroco entre los años 1571 y 1746, encontramos una calle en particular llamada calle de la Amargura (hoy jirón Camaná), nombre con el que se identificaba a las nueve cuadras que distanciaban el Convento Grande de Santo Domingo de su Recolección. Los escasos trabajos sobre Urbanismo Barroco presentan opiniones divergentes respecto a la existencia de un urbanismo barroco en Lima y en Hispanoamérica. El primero en abordar el tema fue Mattos Cárdenas (1980) quien enfoca un urbanismo barroco, en especial en el caso de Lima, sin mencionar aún la calle de la Amargura. San Cristóbal (1986) opina que apenas hay rastros de un urbanismo propiamente barroco en Lima virreinal, y que el barroco se expresa más bien en la arquitectura. Otros investigadores como Rodríguez Camilloni (1999) afirma que los pocos ejemplos de urbanismo barroco los encontramos mas bien en el siglo XVIII, con la construcción por ejemplo de la Navona de Lima (Paseo de Aguas). Explicar el proceso de la calle de la Amargura contribuirá a conocer la historiografía urbana que conllevará asimismo a valorar mejor y recuperar el patrimonio urbanístico virreinal de la ciudad de Lima.
Lavapiés dixit: apuntes para (re)visitar la recuperación de los centros históricos y su vivienda
Authors: Delgado Miguel Ángel , Hayakawa Casas José
Published: December 2018

Es una idea generalizada pensar que el patrimonio cultural constituye un espectro esencial y dinámico de la actividad humana. Si los centros históricos representan comunidades privilegiadas tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente de estos conjuntos, es posible entender que la adecuada gestión de dicho patrimonio puede devenir en incremento de la calidad de vida de dichas comunidades. Él análisis de casos de gestión del patrimonio cultural experimentados en centros históricos europeos como Madrid (España) aporta a desarrollar una visión panorámica y a sistematizar las “lecciones aprendidas”.
Políticas culturales y Estado-Nación: Las declaraciones del Patrimonio Histórico Inmueble en el Perú entre 1821 y 2014
Authors: Valenzuela Saldaña Milagros
Published: December 2018

El presente trabajo trata de las políticas culturales adoptadas por el Estado para la protección y conservación del patrimonio histórico inmueble, y cómo estas han evolucionado o no desde la formación del Perú como Estado-Nación hasta la actualidad. Asimismo, se describen los criterios que se utilizaron para la declaración de bienes inmuebles considerados hoy en día monumentos históricos que integran el Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación, cuya conservación y sostenibilidad en el tiempo está envuelta en una problemática debido al terrible estado en el que se encuentran, lo cual evidencia la carencia del Estado, que al contar con normas como la Ley N° 28296, Ley General de Patrimonio Cultural, está coadyuvando más bien a la insostenibilidad de los inmuebles declarados como tal.
Roberto Samanez Argumedo
Authors: Hayakawa Casas José
Published: December 2018

Cursó estudios de pregrado en arquitectura en Brasil y de posgrado en la Universitá degli Studi di Roma, La Sapienza, donde se especializó en Restauración de Monumentos. Fue director del Proyecto Especial Perú-UNESCO para la puesta en valor de monumentos en la región de Cusco-Puno, en la década del 70. Se desempeñó como Consultor de UNESCO en diversas misiones para conservación del patrimonio en Brasil, Bolivia y Perú. Es autor de diversos proyectos para la restauración de conjuntos arqueológicos de época Inca y de numerosos inmuebles de valor histórico en Cusco. Fue Profesor Principal en la Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco entre 1985 y 2003, e impartió también la docencia en maestrías de Conservación del Patrimonio en universidades de diversos países. Ha sido autor de muchas publicaciones, y coautor de ocho libros de la serie Arte y Tesoros del Perú del Banco de Crédito.
Revaloración histórica del patrimonio. Edificación de la Plaza de Acho a mediados del siglo XVIII
Authors: Barrera Camarena Henry
Published: December 2018

En el presente artículo se plantea revalorar el papel de la Plaza Firme de Toros de Acho como patrimonio histórico nacional, mediante el análisis de su importancia histórica, resaltando el rol que jugó en la reforma urbana borbónica de mediados del siglo XVIII y el tipo de arquitectura de su edificación. Con ello, se busca poner de relieve la trascendencia de uno de los cosos más antiguos del mundo, así como la necesidad que existe de ponerlo en valor, pese a los cambios morfológicos que ha sufrido hasta el presente. Tomando esto en consideración, el artículo se centrará exclusivamente en el estudio de la edificación, sin participar del acalorado debate actual respecto a la prohibición de las corridas de toros, pues, más allá del mismo, está en juego la conservación de un vestigio monumental que necesita ser recuperado y reinsertado a la rica historia de la ciudad de Lima.