bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Scripps Plankton Camera system: A framework and platform for in situ microscopy
Authors: Orenstein Eric C. , Ratelle Devin , Briseño‐Avena Christian , Carter Melissa L. , Franks Peter J. S. , Jaffe Jules S. , Roberts Paul L. D.
Published: October 2020

The large data sets provided by in situ optical microscopes are allowing us to answer longstanding questions about the dynamics of planktonic ecosystems. To deal with the influx of information, while facilitating ecological insights, the design of these instruments increasingly must consider the data: storage standards, human annotation, and automated classification. In that context, we detail the design of the Scripps Plankton Camera (SPC) system, an in situ microscopic imaging system. Broadly speaking, the SPC consists of three units: (1) an underwater, free‐space, dark‐field imaging microscope; (2) a server‐based management system for data storage and analysis; and (3) a web‐based user interface for real‐time data browsing and annotation. Combined, these components facilitate observations and insights into the diverse planktonic ecosystem. Here, we detail the basic design of the SPC and briefly present several preliminary, machine‐learning‐enabled studies illustrating its utility and efficacy.
Effects of Processing Parameters of 3D Bioprinting on the Cellular Activity of Bioinks
Authors: Adhikari Jaideep , Roy Avinava , Das Anindya , Ghosh Manojit , Thomas Sabu , Sinha Arijit , Kim Jinku , Saha Prosenjit
Published: October 2020

In this review, few established cell printing techniques along with their parameters that affect the cell viability during bioprinting are considered. 3D bioprinting is developed on the principle of additive manufacturing using biomaterial inks and bioinks. Different bioprinting methods impose few challenges on cell printing such as shear stress, mechanical impact, heat, laser radiation, etc., which eventually lead to cell death. These factors also cause alteration of cells phenotype, recoverable or irrecoverable damages to the cells. Such challenges are not addressed in detail in the literature and scientific reports. Hence, this review presents a detailed discussion of several cellular bioprinting methods and their process‐related impacts on cell viability, followed by probable mitigation techniques. Most of the printable bioinks encompass cells within hydrogel as scaffold material to avoid the direct exposure of the harsh printing environment on cells. However, the advantages of printing with scaffold‐free cellular aggregates over cell‐laden hydrogels have emerged very recently. Henceforth, optimal and favorable crosslinking mechanisms providing structural rigidity to the cell‐laden printed constructs with ideal cell differentiation and proliferation, are discussed for improved understanding of cell printing methods for the future of organ printing and transplantation.
Cyclic Expansion/Compression of the Air–Liquid Interface as a Simple Method to Produce Silk Fibers
Authors: Kvick Mathias , Tasiopoulos Christos P. , Barth Andreas , Söderberg Lars Daniel , Lundell Fredrik , Hedhammar My
Published: October 2020

Self‐assembly of recombinant spider silk protein at air–liquid interfaces is used as a starting point to produce homogeneous fiber bundles. The film that is formed on a silk protein solution in a vertically placed syringe is subjected to repeated controlled extension and compression by an oscillating vertical motion. Thereby, a precise breakup of the film can be achieved, followed by transport and roll‐up against the syringe wall prior to extraction. Advantages of the method are that it 1) is simple to use; 2) requires a small volume of protein solution (1 mL) at relatively low concentration (1 mg mL−1); 3) can be performed under sterile conditions; 4) does not require any use of coagulants; and 5) is compatible with the addition of viable cells during the process, which thereby are integrated uniformly throughout the fiber.
Biomedical and Pharmacological Uses of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Chitosan‐Based Nanocarriers
Authors: Caprifico Anna E. , Polycarpou Elena , Foot Peter J. S. , Calabrese Gianpiero
Published: October 2020

Chitosan‐based nanocarriers (ChNCs) are considered suitable drug carriers due to their ability to encapsulate a variety of drugs and cross biological barriers to deliver the cargo to their target site. Fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled chitosan‐based NCs (FITC@ChNCs) are used extensively in biomedical and pharmacological applications. The main advantage of using FITC@ChNCs consists of the ability to track their fate both intra and extracellularly. This journey is strictly dependent on the physico‐chemical properties of the carrier and the cell types under investigation. Other applications make use of fluorescent ChNCs in cell labeling for the detection of disorders in vivo and controlling of living cells in situ. This review describes the use of FITC@ChNCs in the various applications with a focus on understanding their usefulness in labeled drug‐delivery systems.
Influence of commercial corrosion‐inhibiting compounds on the atmospheric corrosion of the magnesium alloys EV31A, WE43B, ZE41A and pure magnesium
Authors: Soltan Akif , Dargusch Matthew S. , Shi Zhiming , Gerrard Darren , Atrens Andrej
Published: October 2020

The influence of four commercial corrosion‐inhibiting compounds on the atmospheric corrosion of EV31A, WE43B, ZE41A and pure Mg was studied at two hot, humid, tropical sites for test periods of 3–12 months. LPS 3 and AMLGuard significantly reduced the corrosion rates, with AMLGuard being most effective with inhibition efficiencies above 85%. In contrast, Ardrox 3961 and LPS 2 were ineffective with typical corrosion rates comparable with those of the bare alloys. Corrosion inhibition was tentatively attributed to protective durable barrier films formed by chemical adsorption for LPS 3 and AMLGuard.
Identifying Important Juvenile Dusky Shark Habitat in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean Using Acoustic Telemetry and Spatial Modeling
Authors: Bangley Charles W. , Curtis Tobey H. , Secor David H. , Latour Robert J. , Ogburn Matthew B.
Published: October 2020

Highly mobile species can be challenging for fisheries management and conservation due to large home ranges combined with dependence on discrete habitat areas where they can be easily targeted or vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances. Management of the Dusky Shark Carcharhinus obscurus in the northwest Atlantic Ocean has been particularly challenging due to the species’ inherent vulnerability to overfishing and poorly understood habitat associations. To better understand habitat associations and seasonal distributions, we combined telemetry and remotely sensed environmental data to spatially model juvenile Dusky Shark presence probability in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. To accomplish this, 22 juvenile Dusky Sharks (107–220 cm TL) that were tagged with acoustic transmitters at different locations within the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight region were tracked through networked arrays of acoustic receivers. Tag detections were summarized as daily presence records, and data describing environmental conditions, including depth, chlorophyll-a concentration, salinity, and sea surface temperature, were extracted at detection locations. These data were used in boosted regression tree models to predict juvenile Dusky Shark presence probability based on environmental parameters during fall 2017 and summer 2018. Telemetry observations and modeled presence probability showed consistent associations with temperatures between 16°C and 26°C and chlorophyll-a concentrations between 2 and 7 mg/m3, which were associated with seasonal migration timing and monthly spatial distributions. Dusky Shark tag detections and predicted distributions during summer and early fall overlapped areas in the Middle Atlantic Bight that were affected by fisheries and potential offshore energy development. Our methodology provides a framework for assessing climate change effects on distribution.
Late‐Onset Tay‐Sachs Disease in an Irish Family
Authors: Lefter Stela , O' Mahony Olivia , Sweeney Brian , Ryan Aisling M.
Published: October 2020

Background

Late‐onset Tay‐Sachs disease (LOTS) is an autosomal‐recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient β‐hexosaminidase A activity. LOTS is rare in the Ashkenazi Jews, but even rarer in the non‐Jewish population.

Cases

We report an Irish family expanding the LOTS phenotype (ataxia, diffuse muscle wasting, dystonia, chorea, belly dancer's dyskinesia, and neuropsychiatric features) associated with the known HEXA variant 1073 + 1G > A and a novel variant c.459 + 24G > C.

Conclusions

LOTS should be considered in patients with similar symptoms and cerebellar atrophy on brain imaging.
Atypical juvenile hereditary hemochromatosis onset with positive pancreatic islet autoantibodies diabetes caused by novel mutations in HAMP and overall clinical management
Authors: Wu Hui‐Xuan , Liu Jun‐Ying , Yan De‐Wen , Li Long , Zhuang Xiang‐Hua , Li Hai‐Yan , Zhou Zhi‐Guang , Zhou Hou‐De
Published: October 2020

Background

Atypical clinical symptoms of juvenile hereditary hemochromatosis (JHH) often leads to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis bringing ominous outcomes, even death.

Methods

The whole exome was sequenced and interpreted. A literature review assisted to analyze and verify the phenotype–genotype relationships. We revealed the entire process of diagnosis, treatments, and outcome of two diabetic onset of JHH families to provide new insights for genotype–phenotype relation with novel compound heterozygous mutations in the hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP, OMIM: 606464).

Results

Two probands were diagnosed and treated as type 1 diabetes initially because of specific symptoms and positive islet autoantibodies. Poor control of hyperglycemia and progressive symptoms occurred. Sequencing informed that the compound heterozygous and homozygous mutations c.166C>G and c.223C>T in HAMP caused type 1 diabetic‐onset JHH. The two patients accessed irregular phlebotomy treatments, and then, experienced poor prognosis. We summarized the process of overall clinical management of reported 26 cases comparing to our novel atypical diabetic onsets Juvenile Hereditary Hemochromatosis cases.

Conclusion

It was first reported that positive pancreatic islet autoantibodies diabetes onset of JHH resulted from loss‐of‐function mutations of HAMP, of which the atypical JHH should be differentially diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the onset. Early administration of phlebotomy and vital organs protection and surveillance might be important for the treatment of atypical JHH.
Existence of global bounded smooth solutions for the one‐dimensional nonisentropic Euler system
Authors: Lai Geng , Zhao Qing
Published: October 2020

We study the existence of global bounded smooth solutions to the one‐dimensional (1D) nonisentropic Euler system with large initial data. We derive a group of characteristic decompositions for the 1D nonisentropic Euler system. Using these characteristic decompositions, we find some sufficient conditions on the initial data to obtain the existence of global bounded classical solutions to the Cauchy problem. By the method of characteristic decomposition, we also give a type of large initial data to show the formation of singularity for the 1D nonisentropic Euler system.
Predicting the progression of Parkinson's disease using conventional MRI and machine learning: An application of radiomic biomarkers in whole‐brain white matter
Authors: Shu Zhen‐Yu , Cui Si‐Jia , Wu Xiao , Xu Yuyun , Huang Peiyu , Pang Pei‐Pei , Zhang Minming
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study aimed to develop and validate a radiomics model based on whole‐brain white matter and clinical features to predict the progression of Parkinson disease (PD).

Methods

PD patient data from the Parkinson's Progress Markers Initiative (PPMI) database was evaluated. Seventy‐two PD patients with disease progression, as measured by the Hoehn‐Yahr Scale (HYS) (stage 1‐5), and 72 PD patients with stable PD were matched by sex, age, and category of HYS and included in the current study. Each individual’s T1‐weighted MRI scans at the baseline timepoint were segmented to isolate whole‐brain white matter for radiomics feature extraction. The total dataset was divided into a training and test set according to subject serial number. The size of the training dataset was reduced using the maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) algorithm to construct a radiomics signature using machine learning. Finally, a joint model was constructed by incorporating the radiomics signature and clinical progression scores. The test data were then used to validate the prediction models, which were evaluated based on discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility.

Results

Based on the overall data, the areas under curve (AUCs) of the joint model, signature and Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale III PD rating score were 0.836, 0.795, and 0.550, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivities were 0.805, 0.875, and 0.292, respectively, and the specificities were 0.722, 0.697, and 0.861, respectively. In addition, the predictive accuracy of the model was 0.827, the sensitivity was 0.829 and the specificity was 0.702 for stage‐1 PD. For stage‐2 PD, the predictive accuracy of the model was 0.854, the sensitivity was 0.960, and the specificity was 0.600.

Conclusion

Our results provide evidence that conventional structural MRI can predict the progression of PD. This work also supports the use of a simple radiomics signature built from whole‐brain white matter features as a useful tool for the assessment and monitoring of PD progression.
Validating in vivo hyperpolarized 129Xe diffusion MRI and diffusion morphometry in the mouse lung
Authors: Niedbalski Peter J. , Cochran Alexander S. , Freeman Matthew S. , Guo Jinbang , Fugate Elizabeth M. , Davis Cory B. , Dahlke Jerry , Quirk James D. , Varisco Brian M. , Woods Jason C. , Cleveland Zackary I.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Diffusion and lung morphometry imaging using hyperpolarized gases are promising tools to quantify pulmonary microstructure noninvasively in humans and in animal models. These techniques assume the motion encoded is exclusively diffusive gas displacement, but the impact of cardiac motion on measurements has never been explored. Furthermore, although diffusion morphometry has been validated against histology in humans and mice using 3He, it has never been validated in mice for 129Xe. Here, we examine the effect of cardiac motion on diffusion imaging and validate 129Xe diffusion morphometry in mice.

Theory and Methods

Mice were imaged using gradient‐echo‐based diffusion imaging, and apparent diffusion‐coefficient (ADC) maps were generated with and without cardiac gating. Diffusion‐weighted images were fit to a previously developed theoretical model using Bayesian probability theory, producing morphometric parameters that were compared with conventional histology.

Results

Cardiac gating had no significant impact on ADC measurements (dual‐gating: ADC = 0.020 cm2/s, single‐gating: ADC = 0.020 cm2/s; P = .38). Diffusion‐morphometry–generated maps of ADC (mean, 0.0165 ± 0.0001 cm2/s) and acinar dimensions (alveolar sleeve depth [h] = 44 µm, acinar duct radii [R] = 99 µm, mean linear intercept [Lm] = 74 µm) that agreed well with conventional histology (h = 45 µm, R = 108 µm, Lm = 63 µm).

Conclusion

Cardiac motion has negligible impact on 129Xe ADC measurements in mice, arguing its impact will be similarly minimal in humans, where relative cardiac motion is reduced. Hyperpolarized 129Xe diffusion morphometry accurately and noninvasively maps the dimensions of lung microstructure, suggesting it can quantify the pulmonary microstructure in mouse models of lung disease.
Myelin water imaging depends on white matter fiber orientation in the human brain
Authors: Birkl Christoph , Doucette Jonathan , Fan Michael , Hernández‐Torres Enedino , Rauscher Alexander
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The multi‐exponential T2 decay of the MRI signal from cerebral white matter can be separated into short T2 components related to myelin water and long T2 components related to intracellular and extracellular water. In this study, we investigated to what degree the apparent myelin water fraction (MWF) depends on the angle between white matter fibers and the main magnetic field.

Methods

Maps of the apparent MWF were acquired using multi‐echo Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill and gradient‐echo spin‐echo sequences. The Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill sequence was acquired with a TR of 1073 ms, 1500 ms, and 2000 ms. The fiber orientation was mapped with DTI. By angle‐wise pooling the voxels across the brain’s white matter, orientation‐dependent apparent MWF curves were generated.

Results

We found that the apparent MWF varied between 25% and 35% across different fiber orientations. Furthermore, the selection of the TR influences the apparent MWF.

Conclusion

White matter fiber orientation induces a strong systematic bias on the estimation of the apparent MWF. This finding has implications for future research and the interpretation of MWI results in previously published studies.
Convergence in non‐associated plasticity and fracture propagation for standard, rate‐dependent, and Cosserat continua
Authors: Hageman Tim , Sabet Sepideh Alizadeh , de Borst René
Published: October 2020

The use of pressure‐dependent plasticity models with a non‐associated flow rule causes a loss of the well‐posedness for sufficiently low hardening rates. Apart from a mesh dependence, this can result in poor convergence, or even divergence of the iterative procedure employed to find an equilibrium configuration. This can be aggravated when other nonlinear, dissipative mechanisms are introduced, for instance the propagation of cracks. This is demonstrated rigorously, as well as the regularizing effect of adding viscosity or employing a Cosserat continuum. In both cases the regularization is independent of the value of the internal length scale for a fairly wide range of parameters. The spatial discretization has been done using T‐splines, and the fracture is modeled using interface elements and propagated using mesh line insertions. The time integration has been done by an implicit Newmark scheme. The use of proper regularization techniques makes an implicit scheme feasible, resulting in a reduction in the number of time steps by an order of magnitude.
FDA Approval Summary: Olaparib Monotherapy or in Combination with Bevacizumab for the Maintenance Treatment of Patients with Advanced Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Arora Shaily , Balasubramaniam Sanjeeve , Zhang Hui , Berman Tara , Narayan Preeti , Suzman Daniel , Bloomquist Erik , Tang Shenghui , Gong Yutao , Sridhara Rajeshwari , Turcu Francisca Reyes , Chatterjee Deb , Saritas-Yildirim Banu , Ghosh Soma , Philip Reena , Pathak Anand , Gao Jennifer J. , Amiri-Kordestani Laleh , Pazdur Richard , Beaver Julia A.
Published: October 2020

On December 19, 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval to olaparib monotherapy for first-line maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated (BRCAm) advanced ovarian cancer and, on May 8, 2020, expanded the indication of olaparib to include its use in combination with bevacizumab for first-line maintenance treatment of homologous recombination deficient (HRD)–positive advanced ovarian cancer. Both these approvals were based on randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Approval for olaparib monotherapy was based on the SOLO-1 trial, comparing the efficacy of olaparib versus placebo in patients with BRCAm advanced ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer after surgical cytoreduction and first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Two companion diagnostic (CDx) tests were approved with this indication: BRACAnalysis CDx, for germline BRCA1/2 alterations, and FoundationOne CDx, for BRCA1/2 alterations in tissue specimens. Approval for olaparib in combination with bevacizumab was based on the results of the PAOLA-1 trial that compared olaparib with bevacizumab versus placebo plus bevacizumab in patients with advanced high-grade epithelial ovarian cancer, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy and bevacizumab. Myriad myChoice CDx was designated as a companion diagnostic device for use of olaparib plus bevacizumab combination for ovarian cancer associated with HRD-positive status. Both trials demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in progression-free survival and favorable benefit-risk profiles for the indicated populations. This article summarizes the FDA thought process and data supporting the approval of olaparib as monotherapy and in combination with bevacizumab for maintenance therapy in this setting.

Implications for Practice

These approvals represent the first poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, alone or in combination with bevacizumab, approved in first-line maintenance treatment of women with advanced ovarian cancer after cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy. In patients with BRCA-mutated tumors, olaparib monotherapy demonstrated a 70% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death compared with placebo, and olaparib in combination with bevacizumab demonstrated a 67% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death compared with bevacizumab alone in homologous recombination deficient–positive tumors. These approvals represent a major advance for the treatment of women with advanced ovarian cancer who are in complete or partial response after their initial platinum-based chemotherapy.
Nivolumab-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a Patient with Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Lesson on Hematologic Toxicity from Immunotherapy
Authors: Gergi Mansour , Landry Kara K. , Ades Steven , Barry Maura , Zakai Neil A. , Herrera Diego Adrianzen
Published: October 2020

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare but life-threatening microangiopathic hemolytic anemia characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and ischemic organ damage. It is mainly caused by an autoreactive antibody directed at ADAMTS13. Immunotherapy is frequently associated with autoimmune complications in patients with cancer, but only three cases of TTP have been reported, none implicating single treatment with the anti–programmed cell death receptor 1 ligand antibody nivolumab. We present the first identified and reported case of nivolumab-associated TTP in a 51-year-old woman with stage IIIc anal carcinoma who achieved complete response following chemoradiation and received adjuvant nivolumab as part of a randomized clinical trial. Twelve weeks into treatment, she presented with dark urine, progressive fatigue, and headache. TTP diagnosis was based on laboratory evidence of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and ADAMTS13 activity of 9% associated with an inhibitor. She was treated with daily plasma exchange and oral prednisone and responded well to treatment, with platelet counts over 100 K/cmm within 4 days. We reviewed and summarized data from all reported cases of TTP associated with cancer immunotherapy. We provide guidance on identification and management of this devastating hematologic complication, focusing on the importance of early recognition, as most patients achieve complete recovery with appropriate treatment.

Key Points

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was originally excluded from previous reviews of hematologic immune-related adverse events; however, several cases have been reported in the past 2 years in patients treated with either single agent or combination of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 and the programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) or the PD-1 ligand inhibitors. Although rare, TTP is a life-threatening condition that could be challenging to diagnose, and early recognition is key as delayed treatment is associated with significant increase in mortality. The pathophysiology of immunotherapy-induced TTP is likely related to autoimmune inhibition of ADAMTS13; the addition of prednisone and rituximab to urgent plasmapheresis appears to be effective and should be part of the up-front management for these patients.
The relationship between managerial entrenchment and firm risk‐taking on social responsibility disclosure
Authors: Salehi Mahdi , Dashtbayaz Mahmoud Lari , Abdulhadi Karrar Hamzeh
Published: October 2020

The current study aims to investigate the relationship between managerial entrenchment and firm risk‐taking and corporate social responsibility in two developing countries. The study is carried out based on the information from listed firms on the Tehran and Iraq Stock Exchange by selecting a sample of 121 firms in the Iranian side and 37 firms in the Iraqi side during 2011–2017. Hypothesis testing is performed using panel estimators in the adjusted regression model. The results show a significant relationship between managerial entrenchment and social responsibility disclosure and firm risk‐taking both in the Iranian and Iraqi Stock Exchange. Moreover, no relationship was evident between social responsibility disclosure and firm risk‐taking. On the other hand, results show that in firms with higher risk‐taking, there is a strong relationship between managerial entrenchment and social responsibility both in the Iranian and Iraqi firms.
Molecular imprinted membrane biosensor for pesticide detection: Perspectives and challenges
Authors: Che Lah Nuur Fahanis , Ahmad Abdul Latif , Low Siew Chun
Published: October 2020

Polymers are crucial component for modern sensor devices. However, comprehensive research on polymer sensor technology is still going strong. Molecular imprinted membrane (MIM) is a great design that demonstrates acceptable recognition ability when integrated with a sensing transducer. Generally, the detection technique that has been widely and sparingly used for pesticide is mass spectrometry merged with gas and/or liquid chromatography. Nevertheless, this review focuses not on these common methods but on the specific methodology of MIM biosensor for the analysis of pesticides. Finally, the transduction schemes of the MIM sensor are reviewed. The interest of this article is sketched to the trends and challenges present in this field of study.
Effect of abrasive particles on mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomer
Authors: Xu Zhiqiang , Wang Jun , Wu Heng , Bo Xinqian , Tang Zhifa , Zhang Gaofeng
Published: October 2020

This work reported a novel magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) with different concentrations and sizes of abrasive grains, and its mechanical properties were investigated with or without magnetic field. Firstly, the MRE polishing wheel was prepared by molding with magnetic field, the microstructures of these MRE polishing wheels were observed, the magnetostrictive distribution of abrasive grains and ferromagnetic grains were discussed, and the magnetic properties was tested. Then, the magnetic hardness testing, magnetic compression experiments, and friction performance testing were conducted to investigate its mechanical properties and friction properties. Finally, a polishing experiment was designed to study the polishing performance of MRE polishing wheels. The results showed that the magnetic hardness, Young's modulus, and friction reduction of MRE polishing wheels were increased by adding abrasive grains, and the surface quality of workpiece after polishing was improved.
Guidelines for clinical trials using artificial intelligence – SPIRIT‐AI and CONSORT‐AI†
Authors: McGenity Clare , Treanor Darren
Published: October 2020

The rapidly growing use of artificial intelligence in pathology presents a challenge in terms of study reporting and methodology. The existing guidelines for the design (SPIRIT) and reporting (CONSORT) of clinical trials have been extended with the aim of ensuring production of the highest quality evidence in this field. We explore these new guidelines and their relevance and application to pathology as a specialty. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Microsecond pulse gas–liquid discharges in atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen: Discharge mode, stability, and plasma characteristics
Authors: Wang Sen , Liu Yawei , Zhou Renwu , Liu Feng , Fang Zhi , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) , Cullen Patrick J.
Published: October 2020

A plasma's working gas is a significant factor affecting their discharge characteristics and the induced chemistries during plasma–water interactions. However, the effects on the discharge mode and discharge stability have not been fully investigated. This study focuses on the discharge mode transition and stability with nitrogen and oxygen gases. Compared with the oxygen discharge, the nitrogen discharge remained stable over a larger voltage range and long duration time. A diffuse mode discharge had better stability and lower plasma activity for both nitrogen and oxygen gases, whereas a transient spark mode in nitrogen and filament mode in oxygen had lower stability but a higher plasma activity. This study improves the understanding of the physicochemical processes of plasma–water interactions.
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Triazole Cross‐Linked Glycidyl Azide (GAP) and Azido Polycarbonate Networks
Authors: St‐Charles Jean‐Christophe , Dubois Charles
Published: October 2020

Triazole cross‐linked energetic polymer networks obtained from the reaction of dialkyne curing agents with glycidyl azide polymers (GAP) or poly(2,2‐[bisazidomethyl]propane‐1,3‐diyl carbonate) (poly[BAMPC]) were studied, and their thermal and mechanical properties are reported. The dialkynes studied include bis(propargyl)ether (BPE), bis(propargyl)malonate (BPM), and 4,4’‐diacyanohepta‐1,6‐diyne (DCHD), three compounds previously described as curing agents for glycidyl azide pre‐polymers. The cured polymer networks display a wide range of properties dependent on the nature of the azido pre‐polymer, the nature of the dialkyne, the alkyne/azide molar ratio, and the molecular weight of the pre‐polymer used. Results confirm that the three dialkynes are effective curing agents able to form rigid networks out of either pre‐polymer and that the lighter molecular weight BPE and DCHD both improve mechanical properties of cured networks with less dilution of the system's energetic content. Triazole cross‐linked poly(BAMPC) networks were studied for the first time, and promising physical and mechanical properties are reported.
MMM: Integrative ensemble modeling and ensemble analysis
Authors: Jeschke Gunnar
Published: October 2020

Proteins and their complexes can be heterogeneously disordered. In ensemble modeling of such systems with restraints from several experimental techniques the following problems arise: (a) integration of diverse restraints obtained on different samples under different conditions; (b) estimation of a realistic ensemble width; (c) sufficient sampling of conformational space; (d) representation of the ensemble by an interpretable number of conformers; (e) recognition of weak order with site resolution. Here, I introduce several tools that address these problems, focusing on utilization of distance distribution information for estimating ensemble width. The RigiFlex approach integrates such information with high‐resolution structures of ordered domains and small‐angle scattering data. The EnsembleFit module provides moderately sized ensembles by fitting conformer populations and discarding conformers with low population. EnsembleFit balances the loss in fit quality upon combining restraint subsets from different techniques. Pair correlation analysis for residues and local compaction analysis help in feature detection. The RigiFlex pipeline is tested on data simulated from the structure 70 kDa protein‐RNA complex RsmE/RsmZ. It recovers this structure with ensemble width and difference from ground truth both being on the order of 4.2 Å. EnsembleFit reduces the ensemble of the proliferating‐cell‐nuclear‐antigen‐associated factor p15PAF from 4,939 to 75 conformers while maintaining good fit quality of restraints. Local compaction analysis for the PaaA2 antitoxin from E. coli O157 revealed correlations between compactness and enhanced residual dipolar couplings in the original NMR restraint set.
Risk assessment using bowtie analysis: A case study at gas exploration industry PT XYZ Gresik East Java Indonesia
Authors: Subagyo Estu , Kholil Kholil , Ramli Soehatman
Published: October 2020

PT XYZ is one of the oil and gas exploration and production companies operating in Gresik, East Java, transporting three‐phase liquid dry gas from Well Head Platform A (WHPA) to onshore processing facilities (OPF) through 18‐in. subsea pipeline. In addition to the occurrence of the accident, some activities close to and intersect with the pipeline channel PT. XYZ is observed to increase in line with the development of industrial activities and rapid traffic of sea transportation at Madura strait. The purpose of this research is to obtain a description of the risk profile and the risk level of the pipeline in case of oil spill, especially in dense populated areas and Madura strait, using bowtie analysis. The results of study showed that there are several segments of the pipelines that have low relative risk (RR) with the value of 1.2, 2.1, and 2.4, while the average RR value is 2.8, with the probability of survive value ranging from 72.5% to 81.5%. It shows that the risk of accidents and the impact of environmental consequences are greater than those of the other pipeline segment. According to the result of this study, various mitigation and prevention efforts must be performed by PT XYZ to maintain and lower the risk level of gas transmission pipeline to acceptable levels through public education and relocation of buildings.
Cyclone intensification in the Kuroshio region and its relation to the sea surface temperature front and upper‐level forcing
Authors: Tsopouridis Leonidas , Spensberger Clemens , Spengler Thomas
Published: October 2020

The Northwest Pacific features strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradients providing favourable conditions for wintertime cyclone intensification in the midlatitudes. To estimate the relative contribution of the SST front to the evolution of cyclones and identify the mechanisms for cyclone intensification, we track individual cyclones and categorise them depending on their propagation relative to the SST front. We focus on cyclones remaining on either the cold or warm side of the SST front, as well as those crossing the SST front from the warm to the cold side. Cyclones crossing the SST front or remaining on its warm side propagate near the left exit region of the jet and are associated with higher precipitation, consistent with higher moisture availability and cyclone intensity. Comparing the different cyclone categories, there is no direct effect of the SST front on cyclone intensification. However, the SST front contributes to the climatological low‐level baroclinicity, providing a conducive environment for cyclone intensification for the cyclones crossing the SST front. Compared with the Gulf Stream region, the land–sea contrast plays a less prominent role for the low‐level baroclinicity in the Kuroshio region.
Static output feedback secure control for cyber‐physical systems based on multisensor scheme against replay attacks
Authors: Su Lei , Ye Dan , Zhao Xingang
Published: October 2020

This article studies the static output feedback (SOF) secure control issue for cyber‐physical systems against replay attacks. The fundamental purpose focuses on how to stabilize the closed‐loop system regardless of whether the replay attacks occur. First, a detection scheme is presented that can find the behavior of the adversary and recognize which sensor suffers from the attacks. Then, the SOF controller is designed and the adverse influence induced by the replay attacks can be eliminated through the detection information. Thereafter, a sufficient condition has been established which guarantees the closed‐loop system is stable and satisfies a prescribed H∞ performance. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the presented design and detection scheme.
Fast algorithms at low temperatures via Markov chains†
Authors: Chen Zongchen , Galanis Andreas , Goldberg Leslie A. , Perkins Will , Stewart James , Vigoda Eric
Published: October 2020

Efficient algorithms for approximate counting and sampling in spin systems typically apply in the so‐called high‐temperature regime, where the interaction between neighboring spins is “weak.” Instead, recent work of Jenssen, Keevash, and Perkins yields polynomial‐time algorithms in the low‐temperature regime on bounded‐degree (bipartite) expander graphs using polymer models and the cluster expansion. In order to speed up these algorithms (so the exponent in the run time does not depend on the degree bound) we present a Markov chain for polymer models and show that it is rapidly mixing under exponential decay of polymer weights. This yields, for example, an ‐time sampling algorithm for the low‐temperature ferromagnetic Potts model on bounded‐degree expander graphs. Combining our results for the hard‐core and Potts models with Markov chain comparison tools, we obtain polynomial mixing time for Glauber dynamics restricted to appropriate portions of the state space.
Structural and nanomechanical properties of porous silicon: Cheap substrate for CMOS process industry
Authors: Belaroussi Yasmina , Scheen Gilles , Saadi Abdelhalim A. , Taibi Abdelkader , Maafri Djabar , Nysten Bernard , Gabouze Noureddine , Raskin Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2020

The surface topology of porous silicon (PSi) is a relevant parameter that decides the compatibility of such substrate with CMOS process. Using standard resistivity (1–10 Ω·cm) of Si substrate to fabricate PSi‐S is a low cost solution for the industry. In this paper, through an atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis, the root mean square (RMS) roughness, the power spectral density and the correlation length were determined for different PSi layers. Furthermore, the measured hardness, Young's modulus, and stress have been made for different thicknesses of PSi: 5, 10, 50, and 200 μm. The obtained results demonstrated that very interesting properties have been achieved with the 50 μm‐thick PSi‐S layer with a maximum porosity around 65%, a surface roughness less than 1 nm and a hardness value of (~1 GPa). The realized results encourage the utilization the PSi‐based substrate into the industry process and thus the development of a Systems‐on‐Chip (SoC).
Optimal multiwave sampling for regression modeling in two‐phase designs
Authors: Chen Tong , Lumley Thomas
Published: October 2020

Two‐phase designs involve measuring extra variables on a subset of the cohort where some variables are already measured. The goal of two‐phase designs is to choose a subsample of individuals from the cohort and analyse that subsample efficiently. It is of interest to obtain an optimal design that gives the most efficient estimates of regression parameters. In this article, we propose a multiwave sampling design to approximate the optimal design for design‐based estimators. Influence functions are used to compute the optimal sampling allocations. We propose to use informative priors on regression parameters to derive the wave‐1 sampling probabilities because any prespecified sampling probabilities may be far from optimal and decrease the design efficiency. The posterior distributions of the regression parameters derived from the current wave will then be used as priors for the next wave. Generalized raking is used in the final statistical analysis. We show that a two‐wave sampling with reasonable informative priors will end up with a highly efficient estimation for the parameter of interest and be close to the underlying optimal design.
Covalent and Ionic: Bonding Characteristics of HZnCH and ZnCH2and Their Interconversions
Authors: Wang Emily Z. , Wang Yi‐Gui , Barnes Ericka C. , Kaya Savaş
Published: October 2020

The structures of zinc carbene ZnCH2and zinc carbyne HZnCH, and the conversion transition states between them are optimized at B3LYP/aug‐cc‐pVTZ, MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ, and CCSD/aug‐cc‐pVTZ levels of theory. The thermodynamic energies with CCSD(T) method are further extrapolated to basis set limit through a series of basis sets of aug‐cc‐pVXZ (X=D, T, Q, 5). The Zn−C bonding characteristics are interpreted by molecular plots, Laplacian of density plots, the integrated delocalization indices, net atomic charges, and derived atomic hardness. On the one hand, the studies demonstrated the efficiency of DFT method in structure optimizations and the accuracy of CBS method in obtaining thermodynamic energies; On the other hand, the density analysis of CCSD/aug‐cc‐pVDZ density demonstrates that both the sharing interaction and ionic interaction are important in ZnCH2ad HZnCH. The3B1state of ZnCH2is the global minimum and formed in visible light, but its small bond dissociation energy (47.0 kcal/mol) cannot keep the complex intact under UV light (79.4–102.1 kcal/mol). However, the3Σ−state of HZnCH can survive the UV light due to the greater Zn−C dissociation energy (100.7 kcal/mol). The delocalization indices of Zn…C in both3B1of ZnCH2(0.777) and the3Σ−state of HZnCH (0.785) are close to the delocalization index of the single C−C bond of ethane (0.841), i. e. the nomenclature of Zinc carbene and Zinc carbyne is incorrect. The stronger Zn−C bond in the3Σ−state of HZnCH than in the3B1state of ZnCH2can be attributed to the larger charge separation in the former. It was found that the Zn−C bonds in related Zinc organic compounds were also single bonds no matter whether the organic groups are CR, CR2, or CR3. The ionic interactions were discussed in terms of the atomic hardness that were in turn related to ionization energy and electron affinity. The unique combination of covalent and ionic characteristics in the Zn−C bonds of organic Zinc compounds could be the origin of many interesting applications of organic Zinc reagents.
Heterogeneous Interface Induced the Formation of Hierarchically Hollow Carbon Microcubes against Electromagnetic Pollution
Authors: Zhao Honghong , Xu Xianzhu , Wang Yahui , Fan Dingge , Liu Dawei , Lin Kaifeng , Xu Ping , Han Xijiang , Du Yunchen
Published: October 2020

Carbon materials with multilevel structural features are showing great potentials in electromagnetic (EM) pollution precaution. With ZIF‐67 microcubes as a self‐sacrificing precursor, hierarchical carbon microcubes with micro/mesoporous shells and hollow cavities have been successfully fabricated with the assistance of rigid SiO2 coating layers. It is found that the SiO2 layer can effectively counteract the inward shrinkage of organic frameworks during high‐temperature pyrolysis due to intensive interfacial interaction. The obtained hollow porous carbon microcubes (HPCMCs) exhibit larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and pore volume than porous carbon microcubes (PCMCs) directly derived from ZIF‐67 microcubes. The unique microstructure is confirmed to be favorable for conductive loss and interfacial polarization, thus boosting the overall dielectric loss capability of carbon materials. Besides, hollow cavity will also promote multiple reflection of incident EM waves and intensify the dissipation of EM energy. As expected, HPCMCs harvest better microwave absorption performance, including strong reflection loss intensity and broad response bandwidth, than many traditional microporous/mesoporous carbon materials. This study provides a new strategy for the construction of hierarchical carbon materials and may inspire the design of carbon‐based composites with excellent EM functions.
Ordered Nanofibers Fabricated from Hierarchical Self‐Assembling Processes of Designed α‐Helical Peptides
Authors: Li Jie , Zhao Yurong , Zhou Peng , Hu Xuzhi , Wang Dong , King Stephen M. , Rogers Sarah E. , Wang Jiqian , Lu Jian R. , Xu Hai
Published: October 2020

Peptide self‐assembly is fast evolving into a powerful method for the development of bio‐inspired nanomaterials with great potential for many applications, but it remains challenging to control the self‐assembling processes and nanostrucutres because of the intricate interplay of various non‐covalent interactions. A group of 28‐residue α‐helical peptides is designed including NN, NK, and HH that display distinct hierarchical events. The key of the design lies in the incorporation of two asparagine (Asn) or histidine (His) residues at the a positions of the second and fourth heptads, which allow one sequence to pack into homodimers with sticky ends through specific interhelical Asn‐Asn or metal complexation interactions, followed by their longitudinal association into ordered nanofibers. This is in contrast to classical self‐assembling helical peptide systems consisting of two complementary peptides. The collaborative roles played by the four main non‐covalent interactions, including hydrogen‐bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and metal ion coordination, are well demonstrated during the hierarchical self‐assembling processes of these peptides. Different nanostructures, for example, long and short nanofibers, thin and thick fibers, uniform metal ion‐entrapped nanofibers, and polydisperse globular stacks, can be prepared by harnessing these interactions at different levels of hierarchy.
Surfactant‐Mediated Morphological Evolution of MnCo Prussian Blue Structures
Authors: Wang Xian , Dong Anrui , Zhu Ziyi , Chai Lulu , Ding Junyang , Zhong Li , Li Ting‐Ting , Hu Yue , Qian Jinjie , Huang Shaoming
Published: October 2020

In the preparation of nanomaterials, the kinetics and thermodynamics in the reaction can significantly affect the structures and phases of nanocrystals. Therefore, people are keen to adopt various synthetic strategies to accurately assemble the target nanocrystals, and reveal the underlying mechanism of the formation of specific structures. In this work, the total reaction time is adjusted to let the prepared MnCo Prussian blue analogous (MnCoPBA) crystals show four evolving morphological changes at different stages with the assistance of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Furthermore, it is clearly observed that the epitaxial growth along the (100) plane on the shell of MnCoPBA nanocrystals is favored, and the thermodynamics and kinetics in the morphology change process are analyzed in detail. Through the simple pyrolysis, MnCoPBA crystals can be successfully converted into the corresponding carbon composites, of which Mn2Co2C nanoparticles are evenly distributed in highly graphitized carbon matrix. Among them, PBA‐III‐700 performs good oxygen reduction reaction performance in alkaline solution with the half‐wave potential of 0.801 V and diffusion‐limited current density of 5.36 mA cm−2, and its zinc‐air battery exhibits the peak power density of 103.4 mW cm−2 competitive with commercial Pt/C.
Experimental and theoretical behavior of crack spacing of specimens subjected to axial tension and bending
Authors: Naotunna Chavin N. , Samarakoon Samindi M. K. , Fosså Kjell T.
Published: October 2020

Crack spacing has been identified as an important parameter in predicting the crack widths in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. An experimental program has been conducted to investigate the crack spacings when reinforced concrete beams are subjected to both axial tension and flexure. The stochastic nature of cracking behavior makes the experimental program complicated. A large sample size of the crack spacing data was recorded, in order to give a statistical overview. Recent studies in the literature were used to verify the experimental results. The existing crack spacing prediction models have been developed based on different theoretical approaches, namely bond‐slip, no‐slip, and combined approaches. In this study, Eurocode 2, Model Code 2010, Japanese Code, Eurocode 2 with German Annex and Beeby's crack spacing models were selected, as they represent each theoretical approach. Experimental results of this study and from selected literature were compared with the aforementioned prediction models. Japanese Code gave better predictions for axial tensile tests. For the four‐point bending test, all the calculation models gave good agreement with the results, except for Eurocode 2 with German Annex.