bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time‐course of clinical symptoms in young people at ultra‐high risk for transition to psychosis
Authors: Meneghelli Anna , Cocchi Angelo , Meliante Maria , Barbera Simona , Malvini Lara , Monzani Emiliano , Preti Antonio , Percudani Mauro
Published: July 2021

Background

Ultra‐high risk (UHR) people are a heterogeneous group with variable outcomes. This study aimed at (a) estimating trajectories of response to treatment to identify homogeneous subgroups; (b) establishing the impact on these trajectories of known predictors of outcome in UHR subjects.

Methods

Mixed models of growth curves and latent class growth analysis (LCGA) were applied to the 24‐item brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) to measure the response to treatment over 2 years in 125 UHR participants. Group differences were tested on sociodemographic variables and clinical indicators that are known to affect the outcome in UHR people.

Results

BPRS scores decreased across all tested models, with a greater decrease for affective and positive symptoms than for all other dimensions of BPRS. Past admissions to the hospital for psychiatric reasons other than psychosis and the presence of a decline in premorbid functioning before the episode were associated with a slower decrease of BPRS score. LCGA identified three classes, one (82% of participants) with a progressive decrease in the BPRS scores, a second class with a moderate improvement (10%), and a third with no improvement (8%). Those in the ‘no improvement’ class had a higher chance of receiving a diagnosis of psychosis within the spectrum of schizophrenia.

Conclusion

Most UHR individuals that are treated within a specialized service undergo substantial improvement in their psychopathology, but some seem resistant to the protocol of treatment and need close reevaluation within the first 12 months of treatment.
On correlated information for learning predictive models under the Choquet integral
Authors: Fallah Tehrani Ali
Published: July 2021

Predictive models based on the Choquet integral have been applied successfully in machine learning and multi criteria decision making context. The ability of the Choquet integral to recognize and capture non‐linear dependencies and its comprehensibility make it a very appealing tool. Yet, its complexity is often an obstacle to estimate model parameters in the presence of a large number of attributes. The other concern is the so‐called numerical instability, that is, learning the Choquet integral for a high degree of complexity exhibits a numerical instability. This study addresses complexity reduction and presents a novel algorithm in order to enhance the quality of optimization results and computational efficiency of learning predictive models underlying the Choquet integral.
Teaching and Learning Guide for: Kali age crisis as Jaina–Brahmana conflict
Authors: Rao Nagendra
Published: July 2021

In the 1960s, an attempt was made to discuss the presence of feudalism in the context of early medieval India covering the period between 3rd century and 10th century CE. The Puranic literature provides information regarding the Kali age crisis. R.S. Sharma and B.N.S. Yadava considered it as representing feudalism. However, B.D. Chattopadhyaya and B.P. Sahu have questioned this argument. Kali age crisis represents the Jaina‐Brahmana conflict in the age of state formation. This conflict is represented in the form of the fear expressed by the Brahmanas concerning the domination of the heretics including the Jainas. Such a study provides a new orientation to the Indian feudalism debate.
Digestion of pectic polysaccharide from Brassica rapa L. in vitro and its effect on the intestinal microbiota in cyclophosphamide‐treated mice
Authors: Wang Wei , Fan Lijun , Li Xuewen , Wang Zirong , Zhou Jianzhong , Jialengbieke Buligen , Ren Jianye , Hu Xiaodong
Published: July 2021

In this study, the digestion of pectic polysaccharide from Brassica rapa L. (BRP) in vitro and its effect on the intestinal microbiota in cyclophosphamide (Cy)‐treated mice were investigated. As a result, the molecular weight (Mw) of BRP was significantly decreased after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and content of reducing sugars (CR) was significantly increased (P < 0.05), implying that BRP was gradually degraded under gastrointestinal digestion conditions in vitro. In vivo, both 50 or 200 mg kg−1·BW/d of BRP significantly improved SCFAs concentrations that decreased by Cy treatment (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, BRP enriched the alpha‐diversity of intestinal microbiota and altered the microbial composition with an increase of Lactobacillus and a decrease of Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Oscillospira (P < 0.05). Besides, BRP intervention was conducive to the recovery of mouse body weight, thymus and spleen indices, and contributed to improve the intestinal barrier.
Recalling the moral dimension: Transnational labour interests and corporate social responsibilities
Authors: Casey Catherine , Delaney Helen , Fiedler Antje
Published: July 2021

The near‐exclusive privileging of the rational‐strategic action framework in employment relations shapes debate on the intersection of employment relations with claims for corporate social responsibilities (CSRs). Employment relations scholarship and trade unions are readily disposed to regard company claims regarding CSR as strategic market response. Prospects for widening the scope of debate come into view through further engagement with a moral turn in socio‐economic scholarship and greater public salience of demand for sustainable development. This article investigates the moral dimension and its invocation by labour and management actors. It contends that moral ideations and motivations are under‐recognized yet play an inherent part in employment relations. It draws particular attention to the moral dimension of transnational actors' interests and efforts in the negotiation, enactment and sustaining of Global Framework Agreements.
Distinguishing repeated polymerase chain reaction positivity from re‐infections in COVID‐19
Authors: Sadr Sara , Bafrani Melika Arab , Abdollahi Alireza , SeyedAlinaghi Seyed Ahmad , Mohammadnejad Esmaeil , Hossienzade Roghieh , ShahmariGolestan Fereshteh , Ahmadinejad Zahra , Salehi Mohamadreza , Javaherian Mohammad , Kimyaee Elahe , Jafari Fatemeh , Ghiasvand Fereshteh
Published: July 2021

Background

Possibility of reinfection with SARS‐CoV‐2 changes our view on herd immunity and vaccination and can impact worldwide quarantine policies. We performed real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) follow‐up studies on recovered patients to assess possible development of reinfections and re‐positivity.

Methods

During a 6‐month period, 202 PCR‐confirmed recovering COVID‐19 patients entered this study. Follow‐up RT‐PCR tests and symptom assessment were performed 1 month after the initial positive results. Patients who tested negative were tested again 1 and 3 months later. The serum IgG and IgM levels were measured in the last follow‐up session.

Results

In the first two follow‐up sessions, 82 patients continued their participation, of which four patients tested positive. In the second follow‐up 44 patients participated, three of whom tested positive. None of the patients who tested positive in the first and second follow‐up session were symptomatic. In the last session, 32 patients were tested and four patients were positive, three of them were mildly symptomatic and all of them were positive for IgG.

Conclusions

A positive RT‐PCR in a recovering patient may represent reinfection. While we did not have the resources to prove reinfection by genetic sequencing of the infective viruses, we believe presence of mild symptoms in the three patients who tested positive over 100 days after becoming asymptomatic, can be diagnosed as reinfection. The immune response developed during the first episode of infection (e.g., IgG or T‐cell mediated responses that were not measured in our study) may have abated the symptoms of the reinfection, without providing complete protection.
LncRNA‐HOTAIR promotes endothelial cell pyroptosis by regulating the miR‐22/NLRP3 axis in hyperuricaemia
Authors: Chi Kun , Geng Xiaodong , Liu Chao , Zhang Yang , Cui Jie , Cai GuangYan , Chen Xiangmei , Wang Fangfang , Hong Quan
Published: July 2021

Long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the renal inflammatory response caused by hyperuricaemia. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms through which lncRNA is involved in endothelial injury induced by hyperuricaemia remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of lncRNA‐HOTAIR in high concentration of uric acid (HUA)–induced renal injury. We established hyperuricaemia mouse model and an in vitro uric acid (UA)–induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury model. In HUA‐treated HUVECs and hyperuricaemia mice, we observed increased HOTAIR and decreased miR‐22 expression. The expression of pyroptosis‐associated protein (NLRP3, Caspase‐1, GSDMD‐N, GSDMD‐FL) was increased. The release of LDH, IL‐1β and IL‐18 in cell supernatants and the sera of model mice was also increased. The proliferation of HUVECs stimulated by HUA was significantly inhibited, and the number of TUNEL‐positive cells in hyperuricaemia mouse kidney was increased. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter and RIP assays confirmed that HOTAIR promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation by competitively binding miR‐22. In gain‐ or loss‐of‐function experiments, we found that HOTAIR and NLRP3 overexpression or miR‐22 knock down activated the NLRP3 inflammasome and promoted pyroptosis in HUA‐treated HUVECs, while NLRP3 and HOTAIR knockdown or a miR‐22 mimic exerted the opposite effects. Furthermore, in vivo experiments validated that HOTAIR knockdown alleviated renal inflammation in hyperuricaemia mice. In conclusion, we demonstrated that in hyperuricaemia, lncRNA‐HOTAIR promotes endothelial cell pyroptosis by competitively binding miR‐22 to regulate NLRP3 expression.
Annual Research Review: The transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Astle Duncan E. , Holmes Joni , Kievit Rogier , Gathercole Susan E.
Published: July 2021

Practitioners frequently use diagnostic criteria to identify children with neurodevelopmental disorders and to guide intervention decisions. These criteria also provide the organising framework for much of the research focussing on these disorders. Study design, recruitment, analysis and theory are largely built on the assumption that diagnostic criteria reflect an underlying reality. However, there is growing concern that this assumption may not be a valid and that an alternative transdiagnostic approach may better serve our understanding of this large heterogeneous population of young people. This review draws on important developments over the past decade that have set the stage for much‐needed breakthroughs in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders. We evaluate contemporary approaches to study design and recruitment, review the use of data‐driven methods to characterise cognition, behaviour and neurobiology, and consider what alternative transdiagnostic models could mean for children and families. This review concludes that an overreliance on ill‐fitting diagnostic criteria is impeding progress towards identifying the barriers that children encounter, understanding underpinning mechanisms and finding the best route to supporting them.
Two sides of the same coin: Quality improvement and program evaluation in health professions education
Authors: Brown Allison , Grierson Lawrence
Published: July 2021

Health professions education is in constant pursuit of new ways of teaching and assessment in order to improve the training of healthcare professionals. Educators are often challenged with designing, implementing, and evaluating programs in the context of their professional practice, particularly those in response to dynamic and emerging social needs. This article explores the synergies and intersections of two approaches—quality improvement and program evaluation—and the potential utility of their combinations within our field to design, evaluate, and most importantly, improve educational programming. We argue that the inclusion of established quality improvement frameworks within program evaluation provides a proven mechanism for driving change, can optimize programming within the multi‐contextual education systems, and, ultimately, that these two approaches are complementary to one another. These combinations hold great promise for optimizing programming in alignment with social missions, where it has been difficult for institutions worldwide to generate and capture evidence of social accountability.
Somatic experience of emotion in emotionally focused couple therapy: Experienced trainer therapists' views and experiences
Authors: Kailanko Sari , Wiebe Stephanie A. , Tasca Giorgio A. , Laitila Aarno A. , Allan Robert
Published: July 2021

In general, arousal of emotions is often felt and expressed as a somatic experience in the body. In Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT), the deepening of emotional experiencing enables therapeutic change. This research explores the experiences of eight experienced EFT trainer therapists regarding their somatic experiences in their work with couples. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis of transcribed in‐depth interviews, this research data yielded three core themes that captured therapists' experiences of using their own and couples' somatic experiences in therapy: (1) the importance and relevance of somatic experiences, (2) therapists' use of their own somatic experiences, and (3) working with clients' somatic experiences. The findings suggest that therapists do focus on their own and couples' somatic experiences in their work with couples, and that EFT therapists could benefit from a map to guide therapists how to focus on felt, somatic experiences as a way of maintaining an emphasis on emotional experience.
Additively Manufactured Dental Crown with Color Gradient and Graded Structure: A Technique Report
Authors: Zandinejad Amirali , Revilla‐León Marta
Published: July 2021

To assess the feasibility of manufacturing a dental crown with internal color gradient and graded structure design using additive manufacturing technology, a mandibular first molar was prepared and a monolayer dental crown with 1.5 mm uniform thickness was designed in a dental software (STLC1). The monolayer crown design was sliced into multiple layers of 0.1 mm thickness and a design for a multilayer crown was obtained (STLC2). A multilayer crown was manufactured with gradient color and graded structure using a material jetting printer. Different materials with different colors and properties were used and mixed in different ratios during manufacturing to achieve the prospected design. The feasibility of manufacturing such a crown was reported. This report confirms that multilayer dental crowns with internal gradient color and graded structure are possible when using a multimaterial jetting printer.
Water allocation, crop choice, and priority services
Authors: Salanié François , Zaporozhets Vera
Published: July 2021

We analyze the problem of allocating irrigation water among heterogeneous farmers when water supply is stochastic. If farmers are risk‐neutral, a spot market for water is efficient; while the oft‐used uniform rationing system is inefficient, both ex ante and ex post. Indeed, we show that it leads farmers to overexpose to risk, thus making shortages more severe and more frequent in case of drought. We propose instead a regulation by priority classes extending Wilson, and we derive an efficiency result. We characterize the set of farmers that would win or lose from such a reform. We also argue that a system of priority classes may be preferred to a spot market system, because scarcity is easier to manage ex ante than ex post, and because this system facilitates the supply of insurance to risk‐averse agents.
Impacts of caffeine on resistant chicken's performance and cardiovascular gene expression
Authors: Kamely Mohammad , Karimi Torshizi Mohammad Amir , West James , Niewold Theo
Published: July 2021

We previously reported a study on 288 broiler (Gallus gallus) chicks who received caffeine in water between days 3 and 42, at levels of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day. In the previous report, we found that caffeine caused pulmonary hypertension (PH)‐associated mortality in a significant minority (20%–30%) of birds, including right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites. We have also shown a significant upregulation of the serotonin transporter (SERT), troponin T2, adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1) and phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5) in chicken suffering from PH. Here, we examine the resistant (survived) chicks from the first study that had not died due to acute heart failure and did not have clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension. Our goal was to determine whether birds who lacked overt signs of disease had subclinical manifestations, including similar changes in gene expression, growth rates and altered systemic haemodynamics. We found that growth was significantly increased by caffeine consumption (p < 0.01) at low doses; however, dosage over 50 mg/BW/d had remarkable adverse effects on growth (p < 0.01). Blood pressure, troponin T2 and PDE5 gene expression were not significantly altered by caffeine administration (p > 0.05). However, SERT gene expression linearly increased with increasing caffeine dosage (p < 0.01). The impact of caffeine on ADORA1 gene expression was dose dependent and nonlinear. In conclusion, despite the significant effects of caffeine on birds’ growth, no significant negative effects of caffeine were observed on the cardiovascular function of resistant chickens. This work provides valuable information for further study on different dosage of caffeine in an animal model.
Contribution of flippers and dorsal fins to the lateral/directional inherent stability during straight‐line swimming in small cetaceans
Authors: Okamura T. , Akune Y. , Mori T. , Morisaka T. , Otomo W. , Wakabayashi I. , Watanabe S. , Yoda K.
Published: July 2021

Fins are among the most important morphological appendages of aquatic animals. Although sall cetaceans have flippers and dorsal fins with a variety of morphologies and postures, the diversity and function of the fins have not attracted much attention thus far. In this study, we recorded the behaviour of five captive species of small cetaceans, including two species lacking dorsal fins, and examined the contribution of the dihedral angles of their flippers and dorsal fins in the lateral/directional inherent stability during straight‐line swimming. All the species were found to maintain their flippers at a specific negative dihedral angle during straight‐line swimming, and a significant difference was observed between species with and without dorsal fins: species without dorsal fins were found to swim by maintaining the dihedral angle of their flippers closer to 0° compared to species with dorsal fins. The rolling moment generated by the dihedral angle of the fins in all the species was a relatively small roll‐promoting moment that ensures manoeuvrability. In summary, small cetaceans are likely to have one of two characteristics, either left and right flippers with a near‐zero‐degree dihedral angle or a dorsal fin, to reduce the roll‐promoting moment. Our results highlight important aspects of swimming stability in dolphins, providing essential insights into the movement mechanisms of aquatic fish and mammals.
What happens when adolescents meet complex texts? Describing moments of scaffolding textual encounters
Authors: Reynolds Dan , Fisher Whitney
Published: July 2021

Adolescents face complex texts rich in academic language. Existing research has documented how teachers can design curriculum to scaffold students' comprehension of complex texts, but little work has documented the moments of adolescents' encounters with complex texts, and how teachers can scaffold these encounters on a moment‐to‐moment basis to advance their students' comprehension. We present data from an intervention in which six tutors were trained in an interactional scaffolding framework aligned with text complexity read complex texts with small groups of Year 12 students (age 16–17) in a US high school. Tutors used identical texts and lesson plans across groups, but each tutor scaffolded contingently to each group's needs. Findings revealed missed opportunities for deeper scaffolding when tutors failed to recognise the complexity of the text and failed to contextualise their scaffolds within the context of the passage under study. We also found examples of tutors taking different routes to scaffolding success contingent on the students' attempts. We present a menu of scaffolds to support teachers' practice and examples of the scaffolding for teachers and researchers to see how these scaffolds can help navigate complex texts.
“I Could See Little Bits of How I Progressed”: Coordinating Rhythms in a Midwest Gender‐affirming Health Clinic
Authors: Racila Ana‐Monica
Published: July 2021

This article examines how staff and patients worked to reconcile the rhythms of the body with those of gender‐normative health care bureaucracy in a U.S. Midwest gender‐affirming health clinic. Drawing from observations of clinical appointments and routine bureaucratic practice, as well as debriefing interviews with transgender and gender‐expansive patients, this article applies Laura Bear's theory of “time‐maps” and a new materialist approach to bodily agency that recognizes the variability of the body's responses to gender‐affirming health care. This evidence demonstrates how health care staff and patients’ labor practices structured patients’ abilities to embody their plans for medical transition. Anticipating the varied trajectories bodies take during medical transition can interrupt the reproduction of harmful cultural assumptions about sex difference in U.S. health care bureaucracy.
Genomic investigation of colour polymorphism and phylogeographic variation among populations of black‐headed bulbul (Brachypodius atriceps) in insular southeast Asia
Authors: Shakya Subir B. , Haryoko Tri , Irham Mohammad , Suparno  , Prawiradilaga Dewi M. , Sheldon Frederick H.
Published: July 2021

Intraspecific polymorphism in birds, especially plumage colour polymorphism, and the mechanisms that control it are an area of active research in evolutionary biology. The black‐headed bulbul (Brachypodius atriceps) is a polymorphic species with two distinct morphs, yellow and grey. This species inhabits the mainland and virtually all continental islands of Southeast Asia where yellow morphs predominate, but on two islands in the Sunda region, Bawean and Maratua, grey morphs are common or exclusive. Here, we generated a high‐quality reference genome of a yellow individual and resequenced genomes of multiple individuals of both yellow and grey morphs to study the genetic basis of coloration and population history of the species. Using PCA and STRUCTURE analysis, we found the Maratua Island population (which is exclusively grey) to be distinct from all other B. atriceps populations, having been isolated c. 1.9 million years ago (Ma). In contrast, Bawean grey individuals (a subset of yellow and grey individuals on that island) are embedded within an almost panmictic Sundaic clade of yellow birds. Using FST and dxy to compare variable genomic segments between Maratua and yellow individuals, we located peaks of divergence and identified candidate loci involved in the colour polymorphism. Tests of selection among coding‐proteins in high FST regions, however, did not indicate selection on the candidate genes. Overall, we report on some loci that are potentially responsible for the grey/yellow polymorphism in a species that otherwise shows little genetic diversification across most of its range.
Soil biota shift with land use change from pristine rainforest and Savannah (Cerrado) to agriculture in southern Amazonia
Authors: Lammel Daniel R. , Nüsslein Klaus , Cerri Carlos Eduardo P. , Veresoglou Stavros D. , Rillig Matthias C.
Published: July 2021

Southern Amazonia is currently experiencing extensive land use change from forests to agriculture caused by increased local and global demand for agricultural products. However, little is known about the impacts of deforestation and land use change on soil biota. We investigated two regions in southern Amazonia (rainforest and Savannah/Cerrado biomes), analysing soil biota community turnover based on 16S (Archaea and Bacteria) and 18S rRNA genes (Eukaryotes, including Fungi, Protists and Animalia) and correlating them with soil chemistry and land use intensity. We found that soil biota community structure is driven by land use change in both Cerrado and rainforest. Crop fields approximatively doubled the richness of soil Archaea, Bacteria and Protists. We propose that crop systems not only increase soil pH and fertility, but also create continued disturbance (crop seasons) that stimulates soil diversity, as predicted by the dynamic equilibrium model (DEM) and the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH). Even though agricultural fields had higher soil biota richness, some taxa were suppressed by agriculture (6/31 operational taxonomic units of Archaea, 245/1790 of Bacteria, 12/74 of Animalia, 20/144 of Fungi and 25/310 of Protists). Consequently, land use change in this region should proceed with caution. In the southern Amazonia region of Brazil, current laws require farmers to keep 20%–80% pristine vegetation areas on their property. Our data support the relevance of this law: since there are unique soil taxa under native vegetation, keeping these pristine areas adjacent to the agricultural fields should maximize soil biodiversity protection in these regions.
Nutlet micromorphology of Mardin in Turkey Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) and its systematic implacations
Authors: Kılıç Murat , Mungan Kılıç Fatma
Published: July 2021

The nutlet (mericarp) morphology of nine species of Salvia sect. Salvia (Salvia bracteata Banks & Sol., Salvia macrochlamys Boiss. & Kotschy, Salvia suffruticosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth., Salvia trichoclada Benth.), Hymenosphace (Salvia multicaulis Vahl), Aethiopis (Salvia montbretii Benth., Salvia palaestina Benth., Salvia syriaca L.) and Hemisphace (Salvia russellii Benth.) (Lamiaceae) has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a detailed description of the nutlet morphological features of all examined taxa is provided. The basic shape of nutlets in most species is subprolate or prolate and the size ranged between 3.02 and 6.47 mm in length and between 1.78 and 5.10 mm in width. Three basic types of sculpturing can be distinguished: colliculate, reticulate and verrucate. The colliculate type is the most common among the studied species. The colliculate type is characteristic for sect. Salvia. Subsection Salvia with colliculate/slightly furrowed sculpturing is easily distinguished from the other subsections. The systematic and biological implications of the nutlet characteristics are shortly discussed.
A pragmatic regulatory approach for complex generics through the U.S. FDA 505(j) or 505(b)(2) approval pathways
Authors: Klein Kevin , Borchard Gerrit , Shah Vinod P. , Flühmann Beat , McNeil Scott E. , de Vlieger Jon S. B.
Published: July 2021

The diverse nature of complex drug products poses challenges for the development of regulatory guidelines for generic versions. While complexity is not new in medicines, the technical capacity to measure and analyze data has increased. This requires a determination of which measurements and studies are relevant to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence. This paper describes the views of the NBCD Working Group and provides pragmatic solutions for approving complex generics by making best use of existing U.S. Food and Drug Administration's abbreviated approval pathways 505(j) and 505(b)(2). We argue that decisions on the appropriateness of submitting a 505(j) or 505(b)(2) application can build on the FDA's complex drug product classification as well as the FDA's much applauded guidance document for determining whether to submit an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) application. We hope that this paper contributes to the discussions to increase the clarity of regulatory approaches for complex generics, as well as the predictability for complex generic drug developers, to facilitate access to much‐needed complex generics and to promote the sustainability of the healthcare system.
Rising Global Levels of Intergenerational Coresidence Among Young Adults
Authors: Esteve Albert , Reher David S.
Published: July 2021

Using census and survey microdata from 69 countries worldwide, in this paper we document levels of intergenerational coresidence over the life course and examine changes in recent decades. We present evidence of a generalized pattern of increase in intergenerational coresidence during the initial decade of this century. This is most evident among people aged 20–30 and, at least in regions such as Europe and North America and in Latin America and the Caribbean, affects women as much or more than it does men. Rates of increase are fastest in Asia (especially among men), robust in Europe and Latin America, and relatively slow in Africa. This shift is occurring in a variety of demographic, economic, and cultural contexts and appears to run counter to expectations that intergenerational coresidence would gradually decline with modernization and cultural change. We discuss the extent to which these results challenge existing interpretations of the role of the family in contemporary society.
pH and specific gravity of corrosive agents as indicators in caustic injuries
Authors: İsbir Caner , Kıllı İsa , Taşkınlar Hakan , Naycı Ali
Published: July 2021

Background

Video endoscopy, which remains the diagnostic gold standard after ingestion of a corrosive substance, is performed under general anesthesia in children, requires advanced technology, and is costly. Simple and accessible methods are therefore needed to determine the need for endoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the pH and specific gravity of ingested substance in determining endoscopy indications after corrosive ingestion.

Methods

This prospective study included pediatric patients who presented after ingesting a corrosive substance from June 2018 to June 2019. Relationships between the extent of damage detected by endoscopy and the patient's age, physical examination findings, and the pH and specific gravity of the causative substance were evaluated.

Results

The degree of damage detected on endoscopy was significantly milder for corrosive substances with a pH between 2 and 12 (P = 0.003). In addition, pH values between 2 and 12 were significantly more common among patients without physical examination findings (P = 0.029). Specific gravity less than 1,005 was associated with mild injury detected by video‐endoscopy (P = 0.011). Patients in whom severe injury was detected by endoscopy had marked findings on physical examination (P < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between physical examination findings and the specific gravity of the substance involved (P = 0.087).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that conservative treatment options can be used without performing endoscopy in patients who have no physical examination finding after corrosive ingestion and where the pH of the substances is between 2 and 12 and the specific gravity of the substances is less than 1,005.
The impact of Covid‐19 on innovation policies promoting Open Innovation
Authors: Patrucco Andrea S. , Trabucchi Daniel , Frattini Federico , Lynch Jane
Published: July 2021

Since the eruption of the Covid‐19 pandemic, in response to the global health emergency, governments have focused on designing policies aimed at the development of more innovative products and services. Effective collaboration, communication, and Open Innovation (OI) between government organizations, education and research institutions, and the marketplace have been fundamental to the success of each country's response during the crisis period. Using a comprehensive data set from OECD on innovation policies implemented by governments before and during the Covid‐19 crisis, this paper analyses the extent to which these innovation policies promote OI and how these policy decisions evolve to support an effective response to the pandemic. Through a cluster analysis, we identify four possible government innovation policy strategies (centralizers; conservative OI promoters; collaborative supporters; open collaborators) and analyze how these strategies evolve before and during Covid‐19. Our findings confirm that even though there is an increased use of innovation policies promoting OI during the crisis, there is little evidence of consistency between the policy strategy used pre‐Covid and during the crisis for each country. However, there is an increased use of four types of innovation policy instruments, i.e., those entailing formal consultation with stakeholders and experts; fellowships and postgraduate loans and scholarships; networking and collaborative platforms; and dedicated support to research infrastructures. Although the paper limits the scope of the analysis to the early government reactions in selected OECD countries, it captures an important moment in time (i.e., reaction to a severe shock), which opens avenues for future studies.
Argumentation Analysis of Risk Assessments: The Case of Perfluorooctanoic Acid
Authors: Jongeneel W.P. , van Klaveren H. , Bogers R.P. , Dévilee J. , Rijs K.R. , Piersma A. , Vermeire T. , Lebret E.
Published: July 2021

Risk assessment of chemicals can be based on toxicology and/or epidemiology. The choice of toxicological or epidemiological data can result in different health‐based guidance values (HBGVs). Communicating the underlying argumentation is important to explain these differences to the public and policymakers. In this article, we explore the argumentation used to justify the use of toxicological or epidemiological data in the derivation of HBGVs in four different risk assessments for the chemical Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The pragma‐dialectical argumentation theory (PDAT) is hereby applied. The argumentations to select relevant health endpoints or certain studies to infer causality appeared mainly based on “symptomatic relations,” that is, study results are used as characteristic of what was claimed to be a causal relation without delving into the actual causal argumentation that preceded it. Starting points that are at the basis of the chain of arguments remained implicit. Argumentation to use epidemiological and/or toxicological data was only briefly mentioned and the underlying argumentative foundation that led to the conclusion was seldom found or not addressed at all. The decision to include/exclude information was made based on the availability of data, or the motives for the choice remained largely unclear. We conclude that more depth in argumentation and a subordinative chain of arguments is needed to better disclose the underlying reasoning leading to a certain health‐based guidance value (HBGV). More explicit identification and discussion of starting points could be a valuable addition to general risk assessment frameworks for maximum use of toxicological and epidemiological data and shared conclusions of the assessment.
Safety, Quality, and Acceptability of Contraceptive Implant Provision by Community Health Extension Workers versus Nurses and Midwives in Two States in Nigeria
Authors: Douthwaite Megan , Alabi Olalere , Odogwu Kingsley , Reiss Kate , Taiwo Anne , Ubah Ebere , Uko‐Udoh Anthony , Afolabi Kayode , Church Kathryn , Fenty Justin , Munroe Erik
Published: July 2021

Task sharing is a strategy with potential to increase access to effective modern contraceptive methods. This study examines whether community health extension workers (CHEWs) can insert contraceptive implants to the same safety and quality standards as nurse/midwives. We analyze data from 7,691 clients of CHEWs and nurse/midwives who participated in a noninferiority study conducted in Kaduna and Ondo States, Nigeria. Adverse events (AEs) following implant insertions were compared. On the day of insertion AEs were similar among CHEW and nurse/midwife clients—0.5 percent and 0.4 percent, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.92 (95 percent CI 0.38–2.23)—but noninferiority could not be established. At follow‐up 6.6 percent of CHEW clients and 2.1 percent of nurse/midwife clients experienced AEs. There was strong evidence of effect modification by State. In the final adjusted model, odds of AEs for CHEW clients in Kaduna was 3.34 (95 percent CI 1.53–7.33) compared to nurse/midwife clients, and 0.72 (95 percent CI 0.19–2.72]) in Ondo. Noninferiority could not be established in either State. Implant expulsions were higher among CHEW clients (142/2987) compared to nurse/midwives (40/3517). Results show the feasibility of training CHEWs to deliver implants in remote rural settings but attention must be given to provider selection, training, supervision, and follow‐up to ensure safety and quality of provision.
The interaction between parental warmth and the teacher‐student relationship predicts changes in early elementary children's problem behaviors
Authors: Wang Wen , Valiente Carlos , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. , Johns Sarah K. , Berger Rebecca H. , Thompson Marilyn S. , Pina Armando A. , Hernández Maciel M. , Southworth Jody
Published: July 2021

This study tested whether the relations between parental warmth and children's problem behaviors vary as a function of the quality of the teacher‐student relationship while controlling for prior levels of the outcomes. When children (N = 301, M age = 5.48, 52% girls) were in kindergarten, teachers reported on the quality of the teacher‐student relationship, and parents reported on their warmth toward their children and on their child's externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. One year later, parents reported on children's problem behaviors. We found a consistent pattern of significant interactions supporting the hypothesis that the relations between parental warmth and problem behaviors vary as a function of the quality of the teacher‐student relationship. Specifically, when controlling for prior levels of the outcomes, parental warmth was related negatively to externalizing and internalizing problems, at high, but not low, levels of teacher‐student closeness. In addition, when teacher‐student conflict was high, parental warmth was related negatively to externalizing and internalizing problems. These relations were non‐significant at low levels of teacher‐student conflict. Consequently, efforts to understand children's problem behaviors are likely to benefit from integrating information from multiple socializers.
Paiwanese aesthetic expression and its social values
Authors: Chen Hueiyun
Published: July 2021

This article focuses on the properties of Paiwanese aesthetic expression and their contributions to the system of social values. My analysis examines the rituals and the accoutrement of an aristocratic wedding ceremony. The generation of Paiwanese aesthetic expression is related to the group's hierarchical social system as well as its ancestral past. Aesthetic expression strengthens the social status inherited from ancestors and memorialises the ancestral past. Certain artifacts, such as headdresses, manifesting aesthetic attributes and social significance will be discussed.
Identification of the novel HLA‐DQB1*06:386 allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Bouthemy Charlène , Ralazamahaleo Mamy , Cargou Marine , Fort Marylise , Congy‐Jolivet Nicolas
Published: July 2021

HLA‐DQB1*06:386 differs from DQB1*06:46 by one nucleotide substitution in Codon 130 in Exon 3.
Network Thinking in Human Geography: Musings of a Newbie
Authors: Völker Beate
Published: July 2021

This paper on the application of network theory and analysis in Human Geography argues that networks should get a much more prominent role than they currently have and that they have matured to a lingua franca in (social) science. While reflecting upon explanations for the scarce use of network knowledge, I describe three surprising observations that I have made since I have been working in the discipline. The musings close with arguments in favour of embracing ongoing developments of data science and computational science and the proposition that Human Geography can make unique contributions to this development.
Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors associated with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug overdose in dogs presented to an emergency room
Authors: Steele Cara , Stefanovski Darko , Rondeau Mark P.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To describe case presentations, clinical signs, and outcomes following nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) overdose in a clinical population of dogs and to identify factors associated with various outcomes including death or euthanasia, acute kidney injury, and suspected gastrointestinal ulceration (GIU).

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

One hundred twenty‐five client‐owned dogs presenting to an emergency room for NSAID overdose between January 2006 and December 2017.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

Vomiting was the most common clinical sign, seen in 46 of 125 dogs (36.8%). Acute kidney injury and suspected GIU were seen in 17 (13.6%) and 16 dogs (12.8%), respectively. Thirty‐two dogs (25.6%) ingested veterinary‐formulated NSAIDs and 93 (74.4%) ingested human‐formulated NSAIDs. No difference in any outcomes was seen between these two groups. One hundred twenty dogs (96%) survived to discharge. In multivariable analysis, the only significant finding was of the number of days of anorexia increased the risk of death or euthanasia with an odds ratio of 2.7 (95% confidence interval [1.14–6.5],P= 0.02).

Conclusions

Acute kidney injury and suspected GIU were seen less frequently than vomiting. Similar outcomes were seen for dogs ingesting veterinary‐ versus human‐formulated NSAIDs. Owners presenting dogs with a longer duration of anorexia may be more apt to euthanize. As this was a clinical population of dogs presenting to an emergency room, findings may be more broadly applicable to the general population than prior studies utilizing poison control center data.
Interpretation of cardiac chamber size on canine thoracic radiographs is limited and may result in the false identification of right‐sided cardiomegaly in the presence of severe left‐sided cardiomegaly
Authors: Huguet Elodie E. , Vilaplana Grosso Federico , Lamb Whitney R. , Sleeper Margaret M. , Mattoon John , Nelson Nathan , Brown James , Deddens Bennett , Heng Hock Gan , Knapp Stephanie , Levesque Maureen , Rivas Rudy , Colee James C. , Berry Clifford R.
Published: July 2021

Qualitative assessment of individual cardiac chamber enlargement on thoracic radiographs was assessed using echocardiography as the gold standard in dogs. Using this method, the presence of severe left‐sided cardiomegaly was hypothesized to contribute to the false identification of right‐sided cardiomegaly on radiographs. 175 dogs with three‐view thoracic radiographs were retrospectively included in this diagnostic accuracy study if echocardiography was done within 24 h, and no rescue therapy was provided in the interim. All radiographic studies were reviewed by two groups of five board‐certified veterinary radiologists with greater and less than 10 years of experience for grading of cardiac chamber enlargement as normal or mildly, moderately, or severely enlarged. The agreement, sensitivity, and specificity of the radiologists’ interpretation of cardiac chamber size on thoracic radiographs to measured echocardiographic grades were evaluated. A total of 147 cases had complete echocardiographic data available for analysis. Intragroup agreement was moderate for the evaluation of left atrial enlargement and slight to fair for all other cardiac chambers. Between the mode of the radiologists’ responses in the two groups and the echocardiographic grades, there was slight agreement for all cardiac chambers with higher severity grades reported using echocardiography. When moderate to severe left‐sided cardiomegaly was identified on echocardiography, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of radiographs were low, identifying dogs with radiographic evidence of right‐sided cardiomegaly in the absence of corresponding right‐sided cardiomegaly on echocardiography. Therefore, thoracic radiographs should be used with caution for the evaluation of cardiac chamber enlargement, particularly in the presence of severe left‐sided cardiomegaly.
SYNCHRONOUS RITUALS AND SOCIAL BONDING: REVITALIZING CONCEPTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONHOOD IN THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGION
Authors: Turner Léon
Published: July 2021

The evolutionary cognitive science of religion rarely strays far from strong individualistic principles despite a deep interest in the adaptive social bonding functions of religion. This raises serious problems for recent Christian theology, which favors concrete relational conceptions of individual personhood. Here, I argue that the wider evolutionary study of religion can mitigate this individualism by embracing recent research suggesting that religion's social bonding functions might be explained as much through energetic, endorphin stimulating, synchronous rituals as through cognitive mechanisms that increase prosocial behavior. The brain opioid theory of social attachment provides a helpful framework for understanding the evolutionary significance of such rituals. A close examination of research into the social effects of synchronous activity, I argue, reveals the need for a theoretically pluralistic explanation of how religion facilitates sociality, the major components of which are readily interpreted in terms that recognize the inherent relationality of individual personhood.
An Automatic and Simplified Approach to Muscle Path Modeling
Authors: Livet Claire , Rouvier Théo , Dumont Georges , Pontonnier Charles
Published: July 2021

This paper aims at proposing an automatic method to design and adjust simplified muscle paths of a musculoskeletal model. These muscle paths are composed of straight lines described by a limited set of fixed active via points and an optimization routine is developed to place these via points on the model in order to fit moment arms and musculotendon lengths input data. The method has been applied to a forearm musculoskeletal model extracted from the literature, using theoretical input data as an example. Results showed that for 75% of the muscle set, the relative root-mean-square error between literature theoretical data and the results from optimized muscle path was under 29.23% for moment arms and of 1.09% for musculotendon lengths. These results confirm the ability of the method to automatically generate computationally efficient muscle paths for musculoskeletal simulations. Using only via points lowers computational expense compared to paths exhibiting wrapping objects. A proper balance between computational time and anatomical realism should be found to help those models being interpreted by practitioners.
Green's Function Solutions of One- and Two-Dimensional Dual-Phase-Lag Laser Heating Problems in Nano/Microstructures
Authors: Troy William , Dutta Mitra , Stroscio Michael
Published: July 2021

Lasers and laser heating have a wide variety of applications such as spectroscopy, laser welding, laser cutting, and even biological applications like tumor irradiation and surgery. Theoretical modeling of laser heating has proven to be quite difficult, and classical heating equations have shown to be inaccurate due to the large temperature gradients created by the laser heating. Furthermore, the commonly used Fourier's Law assumed the speed for a thermal wave to propagate as infinite; this is unrealistic in any medium and especially in domains with slow propagation speeds such as biological media and in fast nano/microscale heating applications. This study helps fill some of the gaps in accurate model of laser heating by presenting unique 1D and 2D models of the analytically solved Dual-Phase-Lag heating equations which can much more accurately describe the temperature of such interactions in both the temporal and spatial domains.