bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Context-Aware Approach for Restaurant Recommender Systems
Authors: Feng Haoxian , Tran Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses the issue of how to effectively use users' historical data in restaurant recommender systems, as opposed to systems, such as FindMe, that only rely on online operations. Towards that end, the authors propose a bias-based SVD method as the underlying recommendation algorithm and test it against the traditional item-based collaborative filtering method on the Entrée restaurant dataset. The results are promising as the obtained root-mean-square-error (RMSE) values reach 0.58 for the SVD and 0.62 for the item-based system. Researchers can extend the transformation from user behaviors to ratings in more application domains other than the restaurant one.
Order Statistics and Applications
Authors: Chen E. Jack
Published: September 2018

Order statistics refer to the collection of sample observations sorted in ascending order and are among the most fundamental tools in non-parametric statistics and inference. Statistical inference established based on order statistics assumes nothing stronger than continuity of the cumulative distribution function of the population and is simple and broadly applicable. The authors discuss how order statistics are applied in statistical analysis (e.g., tests of independence, tests of goodness of fit, hypothesis tests of equivalence of means, ranking and selection, and quantile estimation). These order-statistics techniques are key components of many studies.
Recommender Technologies and Emerging Applications
Authors: Park Young
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents a brief overview of the field of recommender technologies and their emerging application domains. The authors explain the current major recommender system approaches within a unifying model, discuss emerging applications of recommender systems beyond traditional e-commerce, and outline emerging trends and future research topics, along with additional readings in the area of recommender technologies and applications. They believe that personalized recommender technologies will continue to advance and be applied in a variety of traditional and emerging application domains to assist users in the age of information overload.
Schema Versioning in Conventional and Emerging Databases
Authors: Brahmia Zouhaier , Grandi Fabio , Oliboni Barbara , Bouaziz Rafik
Published: September 2018

In information systems, not only do data change over time, but also database schemata evolve frequently as a response to evolving application requirements. In the literature, schema evolution and schema versioning are the two techniques that were proposed to support schema changes in a DBMS, without loss of extant data and with continued support of legacy applications. After applying schema changes, schema evolution keeps only the current schema version and retains the data which are adapted to such a schema. On the other hand, each time schema changes are applied, schema versioning creates a new schema version, while preserving old schema versions and their corresponding data. With schema versioning, data access through any schema version is supported, which avoids applications developed with past schemata to become obsolete. The main goal of this chapter is to present the recent research proposals that deal with schema versioning and to discuss the recent advances on schema versioning support in mainstream DBMSs.
The Future of High-Performance Computing (HPC)
Authors: Cornelius Herbert
Published: September 2018

For decades, HPC has established itself as an essential tool for discoveries, innovations, and new insights in science, research and development, engineering, and business across a wide range of application areas in academia and industry. Today high-performance computing is also well recognized to be of strategic and economic value – HPC matters and is transforming industries. This chapter will discuss new emerging technologies that are being developed for all areas of HPC: compute/processing, memory and storage, interconnect fabric, I/O and software to address the ongoing challenges in HPC such as balanced architecture, energy efficient high-performance, density, reliability, sustainability, and last but not least, ease of use. Of specific interest are the challenges and opportunities for the next frontier in HPC envisioned around the 2020 timeframe: ExaFlops computing. The authors also outline the new and emerging area of high-performance data analytics, big data analytics using HPC, and discuss the emerging new delivery mechanism for HPC – HPC in the Cloud.
Biogeography-Based Optimization Applied to Wireless Communications Problems
Authors: Goudos Sotirios K.
Published: September 2018

Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a recently introduced evolutionary algorithm. BBO is based on mathematical models that describe how species migrate from one island to another, how new species arise, and how species become extinct. The way the problem solution is found is analogous to nature's way of distributing species. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly describe the BBO algorithm and present its application to antenna and wireless communications design problems. This chapter presents results from design cases that include patch antenna, linear antenna array, and a partial transmit sequence (PTS) scheme for OFDM signals based on BBO.
Cell Phone Conversation and Relative Crash Risk Update
Authors: Young Richard A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews key findings since 2014 that are relevant to estimating the relative crash risk of conversing via a cell phone during real-world and naturalistic driving in passenger vehicles. It updates Chapter 102 in the previous edition of this Encyclopedia. The objective is to determine if recent data confirms the conclusion that engaging in a cell phone conversation does not increase crash risk beyond that of driving without engaging in a cell phone conversation. In particular, a recent estimate is presented of the relative crash risk for cell phone conversation in the strategic highway research program 2 (SHRP2) naturalistic driving study data. This estimate is compared with five other estimates in a meta-analysis, which shows that cell phone conversation reduces crash risk (i.e., has a protective effect). A recent experimental study will also be discussed, which supports the hypothesis that driver self-regulation gives rise to the protective effect by compensating for the slight delays in event response times during cell phone conversation.
Enhancing the Mobile User Experience Through Colored Contrasts
Authors: Pelet Jean-Éric , Taieb Basma
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the effects of the mobile-phone website colored contrasts and the affective states of the consumer (emotions and moods) and trust, respectively, on intention to revisit, buy on, and recommend the mobile website. For this purpose, a factorial plan 2x2 was developed, and a mobile website, with two different alternatives, was designed especially for the experiment: positive contrast (yellow text on green background) and negative contrast (green text on yellow background). The research was conducted on French consumers. Three-hundred twelve valid responses were collected through online and personal survey questionnaires. Data was analysed using the method of structural equations. The results show the significant effects of mobile website's color contrast on behavioral intentions. Perceived dominance and trust towards the website have positive effects on behavioral intentions, whereas mood has non-significant effects on behavioral intentions. Managerial implications are discussed.
Ethical Ambiguities in the Privacy Policies of Mobile Health and Fitness Applications
Authors: Sen Devjani , Ahmed Rukhsana
Published: September 2018

Personal applications (apps) collect all sorts of personal information like name, email address, age, height, weight, and in some cases, detailed health information. When using such apps, many users trustfully log everything from diet to sleep patterns. Studies suggest that many applications do not have a privacy policy, or users do not have access to an app's permissions before s/he downloads it to the mobile device. This raises questions regarding the ethics around sharing personal data gathered from health and fitness apps to third parties. Despite the important role of informed consent in the creation of health and fitness mobile applications, the intersection of ethics and sharing of personal information is understudied and is an often-ignored topic during the creation of mobile applications. After reviewing the online privacy policies of four mobile health and fitness apps, this chapter concludes with a set of recommendations when designing privacy policies to share personal information collected from health and fitness apps.
Identification of Wireless Devices From Their Physical Layer Radio-Frequency Fingerprints
Authors: Baldini Gianmarco , Steri Gary , Giuliani Raimondo
Published: September 2018

Extensive research has been performed in recent years for the identification of wireless devices from their radio frequency (RF) emissions. The main idea of identifying a wireless device through its RF emissions is that the electronic circuits and the RF components have specific characteristics determined by the production and manufacturing processes. These characteristics, which result in unique differences, can be used to distinguish a wireless device from another because they appear as subtle modification of the RF signal in space even if the wireless device generates a signal conformant to the standard. This chapter describes the main techniques for the fingerprinting of wireless devices using their RF transmission. There are still some key challenges to overcome. This chapter tries to identify them in this context as well as providing possible approaches to solve them. Further research work is needed to investigate the portability issues between fingerprints taken using different receivers, as well as to identify and remove potential other sources of bias.
Mobile Apps Threats
Authors: Loon Donovan Peter Chan Wai , Kumar Sameer
Published: September 2018

From adults to children, beginners to experts, and in numerous countries around the world, there is a diverse user base for mobile devices. However, the extensive use of mobile devices has also led to the proliferation and attacks of various mobile malware. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of mobile malware. Subsequently, the chapter highlights the current trends and challenges posed by malicious mobile applications. The authors look into Android and iOS mobile platforms and discuss current research to detect malicious applications. Remedies for poor risk communications on Android-based devices are also suggested.
A Graph-Intersection-Based Algorithm to Determine Maximum Lifetime Communication Topologies for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Meghanathan Natarajan
Published: September 2018

The authors propose a generic graph intersection-based benchmarking algorithm to arrive at upper bounds for the lifetimes of any communication topology that spans the entire network of secondary user (SU) nodes in a cognitive radio ad hoc network wherein the SUs attempt to access the licensed channels that are not in use. At any time, instant t when we need a stable communication topology spanning the entire network, the authors look for the largest value of k such that the intersection of the static SU graphs from time instants t to t+k, defined as the mobile graph Gt...t+k(SU) = Gt(SU) ∩ Gt+1(SU) ∩ .... ∩ Gt+k(SU), is connected and Gt...t+k+1(SU) is not connected. The authors repeat the above procedure for the entire network session to determine the sequence of longest-living instances of the mobile graphs and the corresponding instances of the topology of interest such that the number of topology transitions is the global minimum. They prove the theoretical correctness of the algorithm and study its effectiveness by implementing it to determine a sequence of maximum lifetime shortest path trees.
Model-Driven Software Modernization
Authors: Favre Liliana Maria , Martinez Liliana , Pereira Claudia Teresa
Published: September 2018

Modernization of legacy systems is a new research area in the software industry intended to provide support for transforming an existing software system to a new one that satisfies new demands. This chapter analyzes software modernization based on the architecture-driven modernization (ADM). In this context, software modernization is supported by metamodels to describe existing systems, discoverers to automatically create models of these systems, and tools to understand and transform complex models created out of existing systems. This chapter provides an overview of the-state-of-the-art in ADM-based software modernization techniques. Taxonomy of different techniques is described. A description of how traditional techniques such as static and dynamic analysis can be integrated with ADM standards is presented. This chapter also analyzes current challenges and strategic directions in software modernization.
Quantum Computing and Quantum Communication
Authors: Pulkkis Göran , Grahn Kaj J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents state-of-the-art and future perspectives of quantum computing and communication. Timeline of relevant findings in quantum informatics, such as quantum algorithms, quantum cryptography protocols, and quantum computing models, is summarized. Mathematics of information representation with quantum states is presented. The quantum circuit and adiabatic models of quantum computation are outlined. The functionality, limitations, and security of the quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is presented. Current implementations of quantum computers and principles of quantum programming are shortly described.
Usability of CAPTCHA in Online Communities and Its Link to User Satisfaction
Authors: Swaid Samar I.
Published: September 2018

Completely automated public turning test to tell computers and humans apart (CAPTCHA) is a security mechanism that is used by online communities to block spam and hacking. Today, there are a large number of sophisticated CAPTCHAs that are robust; however, most of them are unusable. This chapter describes a study to examine types and characteristics of Text CAPTCHAs used by top 50 online communities. Furthermore, the chapter is the first of its type to develop a scale to measure usability of text CAPTCHA and to examine the relationships between dimensions of CAPTCHA and perception of usability and satisfaction with registration process in online communities. Factor analysis and equation modeling study suggests that text-based CAPTCHA can be measured on four reflective dimensions of (1) content, (2) visual layout, (3) distortion, and (4) service in which correlate significantly to users' sanctification with online community.
Web Site Mobilization Techniques
Authors: Sandvig John Christopher
Published: September 2018

Mobile-friendly websites are designed to render well on all digital devices, including smartphones, desktop computers, laptop computers, and tablets. Creating a user-friendly experience on mobile devices requires specific web design techniques. These techniques are designed to accommodate the small screens and other physical limitations of mobile devices. This chapter describes the three primary techniques for creating mobile-friendly web sites: responsive, separate URL, and server adaptive. It explains how each technique is implemented, the advantages and disadvantages of each, and their relative popularity. It also describes an emerging mobile technique called accelerated mobile pages.
Leveraging the Arduino Platform to Develop Information Technology Devices
Authors: Recupero Diego Reforgiato , Artizzu Valentino , Cella Francesca , Cotza Alessandro , Curcio Davide , Iengo Giorgio Amedeo , Macis Riccardo , Marras Andrea , Picci Simone , Planu Michael , Scasseddu Riccardo
Published: September 2018

Arduino is a famous board, which incorporates serial communication interfaces, including universal serial bus (USB) and an integrated development environment (IDE) based on Processing, a programming language that supports C and C++. It consists of a microcontroller with several other components that provide easy interconnections with other devices. Arduino and its components have been studied during the class of Computer Architecture for the degree in Computer Science at the University of Cagliari in 2016. At the end of the class, seven groups of students have been selected and chosen to carry out a device prototype on top of Arduino and show their methodology, the sensors they embedded on top, how data could be extracted, collected, stored in database for further processing and analytics. The development has been performed following the open source best practices; documentation and codes of these projects have been made online for free downloading and sharing in order to further contribute to the advancement and widespread usage of the Arduino platform.
Mobile Testing System for Developing Language Skills
Authors: Titova Svetlana
Published: September 2018

This chapter investigates the pedagogical impact of both the mobile testing system PeLe and enquiry-based approach on language skills development in the context of mobile-assisted language learning. The study aims to work out a methodological framework for PeLe implementation into language classroom through immediate feedback and formative assessment. The framework was developed and pilot tested in a joint research project MobiLL by EFL teachers at Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia) and University College HiST (Norway). The analysis based on quantitative research data demonstrated that PeLe-supported language classes resulted in language skill gains. The qualitative data analysis highlighted the positive effect of mobile formative assessment and of post-test activities on learner motivation and collaboration skills. This study suggests that the use of technology was effective in engaging students in enquiry-based tasks to cultivate collaboration.
Transmedia and Transliteracy in Nemetical Analysis
Authors: Josefowicz Michael , Gallon Ray , Galés Maria Nieves Lorenzo
Published: September 2018

The increasing diversification of interconnected media platforms, which provide a complex discourse, demands an effective use of the space that is now called “transmedia.” This chapter provides terms and definitions for transmedia and for the new set of personal skills and abilities required to participate in it. It also presents the nemetic system, which facilitates analyzing, tracking, and visualizing communication interactions in virtual transmedia environments. Learning to use these new media platforms requires skills beyond the traditional listening and reading to be able to integrate multiple messages in multiple codes as an essential skill both for personal and professional communication. This transliteracy is a complex ability of intertextual navigation, the strategy for coding and decoding the multidiscourse in the digital ecosystem.
Agent-Based Social Networks
Authors: Bergenti Federico , Poggi Agostino , Tomaiuolo Michele
Published: September 2018

Social networking sites have deeply changed the face of the web in the last years. Although the current approach to build social networking systems is to create huge centralized systems owned by a single company. Such a strategy has many drawbacks (e.g., lack of privacy, lack of anonymity, risks of censorship, and operating costs). Therefore, a decentralized architecture may offer several advantages, but it may involve some security and design issues that are not present in traditional social networks. This chapter has the goal of introducing social networks and how they can take advantages of a decentralized architecture and how the use of multi-agent technologies help to cope with its security and design issues and, in addition, to support the creation of innovative services for its users.
Issues and Challenges in Enterprise Social Media
Authors: Kaur Sarabjot , Misra Subhas Chandra
Published: September 2018

Contemporary organizations face the challenge of collaboration among the widely dispersed workforce. Information technology is an enabler and a facilitator of organizational processes. One such application of information technology is enterprise social media (ESM) platform which serves as an effective medium for organizational communication and exchange of ideas among peers in a workplace. The chapter describes the structural and functional aspects of ESM with a focus on knowledge sharing activities supported by its usage. Issues and challenges in respect of its design and adoption have been discussed.
Using Social Media to Increase the Recruitment of Clinical Research Participants
Authors: Akhtar Saliha
Published: September 2018

Research has shown that clinical research continues to have difficulty recruiting participants. This problem is expected to increase as the number of clinical trials increases and as there continues to be more focus on complex diseases and treatments. Researchers have typically relied on traditional recruitment methods to recruit participants, which revolve around the physicians and their support staff having the primary role to locate and recruit these participants. However, with individuals using online platforms such as social media to retrieve information, this creates an opportunity for research site personnel to use it as a way to relay information on clinical trial opportunities. Studies that have used social media as a way to recruit participants are discussed. Furthermore, pros and cons of social media for recruitment, along with recommendations that future researchers should consider when deciding whether to implement this type of strategy in their clinical trials will be shared. In general, clinical trial recruitment strategies need to shift to an approach that is not only more targeted, but also has a larger reach. By evaluating the success of studies that have used social recruitment strategies so far, it is evident that future researchers can also achieve recruitment success through social media. Moreover, social media could be a promising new avenue for clinical trial recruitment that allows for a more positive experience for both investigative site personnel and potential participants.
In vitro Plant Regeneration from Diploid and Tetraploid Exacum ritigalensis (Binara)
Authors: Perera P.C.D , Dahanayake Nilanthi , Senanayake S.G.J.N , Krishnarajah S.A
Published: September 2018

Purpose: Exacum ritigalensis (Binara/Ginihiriya) is an endemic plant found in Sri Lanka which has valuable ornamental characteristics. A protocol is timely important to develop for rapid, efficient multiple callus induction, shoot induction and rooting. Stem and leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators were used for the study. The aim of the present study was to encompass the effects of plant growth regulators and explants on in vitro callus production, shoot regeneration and root formation of Exacum ritigalensis in diploid (28 n) and tetraploid (56 n) plants which have been exploited for genetic improvement programmes.Research Method: MS basal medium with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, mgL-1 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) with 0.1mgL-1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acitic acid (2,4-D) were used to produce callus from aseptically produced stem cuttings and leaves. MS basal medium with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, mgL-1 BAP and 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, mgL-1 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were used for shoot and root induction respectively. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 10 replicates was used for each treatment and repeated the experiments five times.Findings: Results showed that stem cuttings were the best for callus induction compared to leaf explants of both diploid (1.4±0.1 cm2) and tetraploid (1.0±0.2 cm2) plant of E. ritigalensis within 19±2 days in MS basal medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1  BAP with 0.1 mgL-1  2,4-D.  The best mean number of shoot proliferation from callus (diploid = 16.0±1.0 and tetraploid = 11.5±0.5) and stem cuttings (diploid = 12.0±2.0 and tetraploid = 10.5±0.5) were observed on MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mgL-1 BAP with the highest shoot length. The highest number of roots (diploid =11.5±0.1 and tetraploid = 9.5±0.2) and root length (diploid = 3.2±1.7 cm and tetraploid = 2.2±0.3 cm) were observed on MS medium with 2 mgL-1 IBA. Research Limitations: Cytokinin (BAP) was used for induce both callus and shoot regeneration.Originality/value: The present study was developed a protocol for regeneration of diploid and tetraploid plants of E. ritigalensis.
Effect of Delayed Chilling Regimes on the Physicochemical Microbiological and Sensory Properties of Beef from N’dama Cattle
Authors: Apata E.S , Eniolorunda O.O , Apata O.C , Kokumo O.E. , Olugbemi M.T.
Published: September 2018

Purpose : This study was carried out to investigate the effect of delayed chilling regimes on quality of beef from N’dama cattle due to non-availability or epileptic supply of electricity, as well as  non provision of chilling facilities at the slaughter house at Ayetoro town in Ogun State, Nigeria.Research Method : Three kilogrames of beef (thigh cut) of freshly slaughtered N’dama bull cattle was purchased and subdivided into six parts of 500g, each portion represented a chilling regime or treatment in a randomized experiment as follows: T0 = Immediate (Control), T1 = Chilling after 2hours delay, T2 = chilling after 4hours delay, T3 = chilling after 6hours delay, T4 = chilling after 8hours delay, T5 = chilling after 10hours delay and were chilled at 40C for 24 hours in a refrigerator and were removed for physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality analysis at p < 0.05.Findings : The result showed that there were significant differences in the physical, chemical, microbiological as well as sensory characteristics of the meat irrespective of the chilling regime. Meat colour, water holding capacity, cooking yield, fat, ash, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, texture and over all acceptability of the meat decreased (p < 0.05) as the delayed in time increased after 4hours. Research Limitation : This study was limited to the use of beef from N’dama bull cattle at Ayetoro, the headquarters of Yewa North Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. This was due to the fact that N’dama bull cattle are very common and often slaughter at this point.Originality/value : It was recommended based on the results from this study that beef from N’dama bull cattle should be chilled for 4 hours after slaughter otherwise its quality will deplete  which might render the meat to be  unacceptable to the consumers.
Bionomics of the pine needle scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in southern Québec, Canada
Authors: Guay Jean-Frdéric , Bernier-Desmarais Amy , Doherty Jean-François , Cloutier Conrad
Published: September 2018

The pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), has the status of an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in Québec, Canada. The scale is not known to cause any significant damage yet and is not generally monitored by growers. However, it can be an obstacle for exportation to Christmas tree markets where scale insects are strictly regulated. In this study, we describe its life cycle in Christmas tree plantations in southern Québec. We confirm the presence of both parthenogenetic and sexual forms of the scale on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret (Pinaceae) grown as Christmas trees, and of parasitoid and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) specialists that could contribute to its control.
Targeting of Liver Mannan-Binding Lectin–Associated Serine Protease-3 with RNA Interference Ameliorates Disease in a Mouse Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Banda Nirmal K , Desai Dhruv , Scheinman Robert I , Pihl Rasmus , Sekine Hideharu , Fujita Teizo , Sharma Vibha , Hansen Annette G , Garred Peter , Thiel Steffen , Borodovsky Anna , Holers V Michael
Published: September 2018

Mannan-binding lectin–associated serine protease 3 (MASP-3) regulates the alternative pathway of complement and is predominantly synthesized in the liver. The role of liver-derived MASP-3 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknown. We hypothesized that liver-derived MASP-3 is essential for the development of joint damage and that targeted inhibition of MASP-3 in the liver can attenuate arthritis. We used MASP-3–specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) conjugated to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to specifically target the liver via asialoglycoprotein receptors. Active GalNAc–MASP3–siRNA conjugates were identified, and in vivo silencing of liver MASP-3 mRNA was demonstrated in healthy mice. The s.c. treatment with GalNAc–MASP-3–siRNAs specifically decreased the expression of MASP-3 in the liver and the level of MASP-3 protein in circulation of mice without affecting the levels of the other spliced products. In mice with collagen Ab–induced arthritis, s.c. administration of GalNAc–MASP-3–siRNA decreased the clinical disease activity score to 50% of controls, with decrease in histopathology scores and MASP-3 deposition. To confirm the ability to perform MASP-3 gene silencing in human cells, we generated a lentivirus expressing a short hairpin RNA specific for human MASP-3 mRNA. This procedure not only eliminated the short-term (at day 15) expression of MASP-3 in HepG2 and T98G cell lines but also diminished the long-term (at day 60) synthesis of MASP-3 protein in T98G cells. Our study demonstrates that isoform-specific silencing of MASP-3 in vivo modifies disease activity in a mouse model of RA and suggests that liver-directed MASP3 silencing may be a therapeutic approach in human RA.
Effect of different types of force on the amount of tooth movement, hyaline areas, and root resorption in rats
Authors: Cuoghi Osmar Aparecido , Tondelli Pedro Marcelo , Mendonça Marcos Rogério , Aiello Carlos Alberto , Costa Silvano Cesar da , Tanaka Orlando Motohiro
Published: September 2018

Aims: This study evaluated the effects of using continuous, continuous interrupted, and intermittent forces on the roots and periodontal ligaments in the first molars of rats. Materials and Methods: The right first molars of 54 Wistar rats were moved with continuous force (CF group), continuous interrupted force (CIF group), or intermittent force (IF group) for 5, 7, and 9 days. Ankylosed incisors were used as anchors for the orthodontic tooth movement. To establish the different types of force, NiTi springs of 50 cN were maintained, deactivated, or removed for certain periods. Amounts of tooth movement, hyaline areas, and root resorption levels were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey’s test with a significance level of 5%. Results: There was no difference in the amount of tooth movement between the CF and CIF groups, which differed significantly from the IF group. The CF group demonstrated a significant formation of hyaline areas, nearly 5 times more, mainly on the fifth day. Conclusions: Continuous force produced more hyaline areas with greater probability of generating root resorption. Continuous interrupted force enabled better periodontal ligament repair and more efficient elimination of hyaline areas.
Tait colorings, and an instanton homology for webs and foams
Authors: Kronheimer Peter B. , Mrowka Tomasz S.
Published: September 2018

We use

SO(3)

gauge theory to define a functor from a category of unoriented webs and foams to the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces over the field of two elements. We prove a non-vanishing theorem for this

SO(3)

instanton homology of webs, using Gabai’s sutured manifold theory. It is hoped that the non-vanishing theorem may support a program to provide a new proof of the four-color theorem.
HIGH ACCURATE POINTWISE (GEO-)REFERENCING OF A K-TLS BASED MULTI-SENSOR-SYSTEM
Authors: Hartmann J. , Trusheim P. , Alkhatib H. , Paffenholz J.-A. , Diener D. , Neumann I.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In recent years, the requirements in the industrial production, e.g., ships or planes, have been increased. In addition to high accuracy requirements with a standard deviation of 1 mm, an efficient 3D object capturing is required. In terms of efficiency, kinematic laser scanning (k-TLS) has been proven its worth in recent years. It can be seen as an alternative to the well established static terrestrial laser scanning (s-TLS). However, current k-TLS based multi-sensor-systems (MSS) are not able to fulfil the high accuracy requirements. Thus, a new k-TLS based MSS and suitable processing algorithms have to be developed. In this contribution a new k-TLS based MSS will be presented. The main focus will lie on the (geo-)referencing process. Due to the high accuracy requirements, a novel procedure of external (geo-)referencing is used here. Hereby, a mobile platform, which is equipped with a profile laser scanner, will be tracked by a laser tracker. Due to the fact that the measurement frequency of the laser scanner is significantly higher than the measurement frequency of the laser tracker a direct point wise (geo-)referencing is not possible. To enable this a Kalman filter model is set up and implemented. In the prediction step each point is shifted according to the determined velocity of the platform. Because of the nonlinear motion of the platform an iterative extended Kalman filter (iEKF) is used here. Furthermore, test measurements of a panel with the k-TLS based MSS and with s-TLS were carried out. To compare the results, the 3D distances with the M3C2-algorithm between the s-TLS 3D point cloud and the k-TLS 3D point cloud are estimated. It can be noted, that the usage of a system model for the (geo-)referencing is essential. The results show that the mentioned high accuracy requirements have been achieved.
SCAN PLANNING AND ROUTE OPTIMIZATION FOR CONTROL OF EXECUTION OF AS-DESIGNED BIM
Authors: Díaz-Vilariño L. , Frías E. , Balado J. , González-Jorge H.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Scan-to-BIM systems have been recently proposed for the dimensional and quality assessment of as-built construction components with planned works. The procedure is generally based on the geometric alignment and comparison of as-built laser scans with as-designed BIM models. A major concern in Scan-to-BIM procedures is point cloud quality in terms of data completeness and consequently, the scanning process should be designed in order to obtain a full coverage of the scene while avoiding major occlusions. This work proposes a method to optimize the number and scan positions for Scan-to-BIM procedures following stop & go scanning. The method is based on a visibility analysis using a ray-tracing algorithm. In addition, the optimal route between scan positions is formulated as a travelling salesman problem and solved using a suboptimal ant colony optimization algorithm. The distribution of candidate positions follows a grid-based structure, although other distributions based on triangulation or tessellation can be implemented to reduce the number of candidate positions and processing time.
EXTENDING INDOOR OPEN STREET MAPPING ENVIRONMENTS TO NAVIGABLE 3D CITYGML BUILDING MODELS: EMERGENCY RESPONSE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Fadli F. , Kutty N. , Wang Z. , Zlatanova S. , Mahdjoubi L. , Boguslawski P. , Zverovich V.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Disaster scenarios in high-rise buildings such as the Address Downtown, Dubai or Grenfell Tower, London have showed ones again the importance of data information availability for emergency management in buildings. 3D visualization of indoor routing services using extensive and high quality geographic data sources is essential for spatial analysis in emergency responses. In order to facilitate emergency response simulations, a combination of geometrical, graphical and semantic information is essential. Successful and efficient emergency evacuation responses is facilitated by the availability of both digital static and dynamic information of the incident site. However, interruptions may be encountered with the availability of dynamic data, where static data developed using indoor navigation ontologies serve as an alternative to inform the first responders. Thus, it is necessary to obtain a firm, interactive and quasi-realistic virtual simulation of the building environments. Voxelized CityGML models imported into voxel based hazard simulation systems fits well into the simulation algorithm requirements (Groger et al., 2008; Moreno et.al, 2010). Therefore, the research investigates an alternative platform for generating CityGML spatial analysis models. LoD4 models are developed using Computer Aided Design (Auto CAD) 2D files, crowdsourced geo-data (OpenStreetMap) and open source tools. A combination of software packages is utilized for 3D reconstruction of building interiors. This process is achieved through a Java application developed by researchers at Heidelberg University. Conclusions drawn from the research validate the 3D CityGML model generation process as an international standard to effectively enhance the outcome of emergency evacuation simulations of high rise buildings.
IDENTIFICATION OF SIMILARITIES AND PREDICTION OF UNKNOWN FEATURES IN AN URBAN STREET NETWORK
Authors: Feuerhake U. , Wage O. , Sester M. , Tempelmeier N. , Nejdl W. , Demidova E.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Accurate predictions of the characteristics of urban streets in particular with respect to the typical traffic situations are crucial for numerous real world applications such as navigation, scheduling of logistic and public transportation services as well as high-level planning of infrastructure which may include planning of construction sites or even changes of the road topology. However, this information may be hard to obtain, especially in complex urban road networks where interdependencies between roads are highly present. In addition, accurate and recent traffic data is not always available, especially for uncommon situations like large-scale public events, traffic accidents or construction sites. This work demonstrates how to employ historical traffic datasets in conjunction with other, infrastructure related data, to derive a deeper understanding of urban traffic behaviour. In particular this paper provides the following contributions: (1) the generation of meaningful features to describe the segments in urban road networks; (2) an unsupervised machine learning approach that identifies similar segments based on those features; (3) a supervised approach to predict unknown features of the segments and, finally, (4) an extensive evaluation of the extracted road characteristics and the proposed methods using real-world data. The resulting clusters reveal the similarities of the street segments and give a different perspective on the road network and the traffic situation, respectively. The experiments on the classification approach demonstrate that unknown features can be predicted with a good quality.
CONSISTENCY AND RELEVANCE OF VGI AVAILABLE FROM SOCIAL NETWORKS FOR EMERGENCY MITIGATION AND MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT
Authors: Fonte C. C. , Patriarca J. , Estima J. , de Almeida J.-P. , Cardoso A.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Volunteered geographical information (VGI) is an increasing source of data for many applications. In order to explore some of these sources of data, an algorithm was conceived and implemented in the ExploringVGI platform enabling the collection of georeferenced data from collaborative projects that provide an Application Programming Interface (API). This paper presents a preliminary study to evaluate the consistency and relevance of VGI extracted from Flickr platform for emergency mitigation and municipal management. The study carried out was based on data extraction and analysis with keywords related to emergency events (“Accident”, “Flood” and “Fire apartment”), and municipal management (“Graffiti” and “Homeless”) in four European cities (Frankfurt, Lisbon, London, and Rome). The proposed approach sets up a region of interest on a map, selects one or more keywords for the search, and carries out a search using the Flickr API. Data detected and extracted were then loaded into a database and further analysed to verify whether they were consistently obtained through consecutive searches at different locations. A statistical analysis performed on data collected for each case provided us with: the total number of data collected for each keyword and location; their relevance in terms of search goal; and the quality of the associate geolocation of the post. Results obtained illustrate the effectiveness of the approach when applied to different scenarios, which contributes to assess the role that VGI available on the Web may have in different events depending on the specific context of a geolocation/keyword(s) combination.
INDOOR POSITIONING USING WLAN FINGERPRINT MATCHING AND PATH ASSESSMENT WITH RETROACTIVE ADJUSTMENT ON MOBILE DEVICES
Authors: Gulo E. , Sohn G. , Afnan A.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. With the increasing number and usage of mobile devices in people’s daily life, indoor positioning has attracted a lot attention from both academia and industry for the purpose of providing location-aware services. This work proposes an indoor positioning system, primarily based on WLAN fingerprint matching, that includes various minor improvements to improve the positioning accuracy of the algorithm, as well as improve the quality and reduce the collection time of the reference fingerprints. In addition, a novel Path Evaluation and Retroactive Adjustment module is employed; it intends to improve the positioning accuracy of the system in a similar fashion to a Pedestrian Dead Reckoning implemented along with WLAN Fingerprint Matching in a Sensor Fusion system. The benefit of this approach being that it avoids the requirement of inertial sensor data, as well as its intensive computation and power use, while providing a similar accuracy improvement to Pedestrian Dead Reckoning. Our experimental results demonstrate that this may be a viable approach for positioning using mobile devices in an indoor environment.
A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH ON OCCUPANT NUMBER PREDICTION FOR INDOOR SPACES
Authors: Isikdag U. , Sahin K. , Cansiz S.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The knowledge about the occupancy of an indoor space can serve to various domains ranging from emergency response to energy efficiency in buildings. The literature in the field presents various methods for occupancy detection. Data gathered for occupancy detection, can also be used to predict the number of occupants at a certain indoor space and time. The aim of this research was to determine the number of occupants in an indoor space, through the utilisation of information acquired from a set of sensors and machine learning techniques. The sensor types used in this research was a sound level sensor, temperature/humidity level sensor and an air quality level sensor. Based on data acquired from these sensors six automatic classification techniques are employed and tested with the aim of automatically detecting the number of occupants in an indoor space by making use of multi-sensor information. The results of the tests demonstrated that machine learning techniques can be used as a tool for prediction of number of occupants in an indoor space.
OBJECT BOUNDARIES REGULARIZATION USING THE DYNAMIC POLYLINE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM
Authors: Saud Azeez O. , Kalantar B. , Al-Najjar H. A. H. , Halin A. A. , Ueda N. , Mansor S.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This study presents a regularization approach to refine object boundaries for the purpose of buildings 3D modelling and reconstruction. Specifically, the derivative Normalized Digital Surface model (nDSM) image layer is firstly segmented using the classical multi-resolution segmentation followed by spectral difference segmentation. As the segmentation results can contain quite a number of boundary artefacts in the form geometrical distortions, the Dynamic Polyline Compression algorithm (DCPA) is applied as a regularization step in order to refine the outer boundaries, which removes the distortions. This results in higher quality image objects for the purpose of 3D models reconstruction. Experimental results after comparing between automatically extracted buildings and manually digitized aerial photographs indicate high completeness scores of 94%–97% and correctness of 93%–96%. Overall average error is minimized with very low Root Mean Square (RMS) and Overlay errors.
INTEGRATION OF HUMAN PARTICIPATORY SENSING AND ARCHIVES OF REMOTE SENSING OBSERVATIONS FOR FIELD LEVEL CROP PHENOLOGY ESTIMATION
Authors: Sawant S. A. , Mohite J. D. , Pappula S.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The rise in global population has increased food and water demand thereby causing excessive pressure on existing resources. In developing countries with fragmented land holdings there exists constant pressure on available water and land resources. Obtaining field scale crop specific information is challenging task. Advent of open freely available multi-temporal remote sensing observations with improved radiometric resolution the possibilities for near real / real time applications has increased. In this study and an attempt has been made to establish operational model for field level crop growth monitoring using integrated approach of crowd sourcing and time series of remote sensing observations. The time series of Sentinel 2 (A and B) satellite has been used to estimate crop growth related components such as vegetation indices and crop growth stage and crop phenology. In initial stage high valued cereal crop Wheat has been selected. The field level information (i.e. 108 Wheat fields) collected using mobile based agro-advisory platform mKRISHI® has been used to extract time series of Sentinel 2 observations (44 scenes for year 2016 and 2018). The moving average has been used for filling gaps in the time series of vegetation indices. The BFAST and GreenBrown package in R were used for detecting breaks in vegetation index time series and estimating crop growth stages. Analysis shows that the estimated crop phenology parameters were in better agreement with the field observations. In future more crops from different agro-climatic conditions will be considered for providing field level crop management advisory.