bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genesis of change: Substance use treatment for forensic patients with mental health concerns
Authors: McFadden Daniel , Prior Katrina , Miles Helen , Hemraj Sunny , Barrett Emma L.
Published: June 2021

Substance use disorders are highly prevalent among forensic patients. They are associated with many challenges for patients with these problems, including their ability to rehabilitate and successfully move through secure forensic mental health services, as well as increasing risk for recidivism. Traditionally, forensic services have been more adept at focusing on and treating the primary mental health diagnosis alone and have been less likely to prioritise this co‐occurring patient need. Opportunities exist to foster effective treatment strategies for substance use disorders, and past research has produced positive outcomes among forensic patients in studies in both Australia and the UK to navigate a new course for patients with these problems. By providing empirically validated, co‐produced and culturally competent treatment responses, forensic patients living with substance use disorders will have the opportunity to significantly improve their wellbeing and progress through the system. They will also be more prepared and equipped to face challenges upon discharge into the community, including increased availability of alcohol and other drugs, social stigma and barriers to employment. Moreover, by prioritising effective substance use treatment programs during inpatient rehabilitation, services can reduce the levels of post‐discharge recidivism.
The use of comics to promote health awareness: A template using nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Alemany‐Pagès Mireia , Azul Anabela Marisa , Ramalho‐Santos João
Published: June 2021

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a major threat to public health systems worldwide on account of its widespread prevalence and increasing incidence. More effective tools to raise awareness and increase health communication are therefore needed. Comics may constitute an effective language for this purpose, given the permanence, adaptability and ability of this form of communication to convey complex information, using both visual components and the creation of narrative involvement, thus promoting both awareness and health‐conscious behaviours. Importantly, this process requires careful preparation in terms of selecting both the key biomedical concepts to be conveyed, as well as a graphical style and appropriate characters and a narrative arc with which a target audience can identify with. Here we provide a brief introduction to the use of comics in health communication and propose a possible roadmap for the development of comic‐based tools for diverse conditions, using the context of NAFLD.
Chronosequence of morphological change in a stream fish following impoundment
Authors: Haas Travis C. , Derryberry Graham , Heins David C. , Blum Michael J.
Published: June 2021

Water impoundment is among the most prevalent and potent forms of anthropogenic environmental modification worldwide. Flow modification can drive morphological changes in riverine species that persist after dam closure, but little is known about the tempo and trajectory of phenotypic responses to impoundment.

Through geometric morphometric analysis of natural history collections from behind Claiborne Lock and Dam (i.e. in Claiborne Lake reservoir) and nearby Chilatchee Creek (Alabama River Basin, Alabama, U.S.A.), we reconstructed multidecadal chronosequences of morphological change in a stream fish (Cyprinella venusta Girard) to characterise phenotypic responses to impoundment and unrestricted flow. We then conducted cross‐correlation analysis of hydrological and morphological time series to determine whether morphological responses to impoundment are consistent with expected outcomes of evolution, phenotypic plasticity, or some combination thereof.

We found evidence of marked phenotypic change shortly after impoundment. Within a year of dam closure, individuals from Claiborne Lake exhibited a reduction in head size, an increase in body depth, and a decline in the length of the dorsal fin base, with further responses becoming apparent c. 6 years thereafter. The morphology of individuals from the nearby stream consistently differed from individuals in the reservoir. We found that fish from Chilatchee Creek exhibited gradual directional shifts and morphological fluctuations over time, which differed from patterns of change observed in C. venusta from Claiborne Lake. There also were indications of multidecadal lags at both sites, probably reflecting common responses to periodic climatic variation that were mitigated by site‐specific differences in physiography and ecology.

Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that impoundment can elicit punctuated responses attributable to within‐generational phenotypic change and rapid evolution over as few as two generations. Our findings also indicate that hydrological variation in unrestricted streams can elicit pronounced shifts in body shape, suggesting that space‐for‐time substitutions may not effectively capture the nature of responses to flow modification. Additional investigations based on more extensive and complete chronosequences would further illustrate the value of natural history collections and offer more insight into the mechanistic basis of biotic responses to environmental change.
Regionwide temporal gradients of carbon allocation allow for shoot growth and latewood formation in boreal black spruce
Authors: Buttò Valentina , Khare Siddhartha , Drolet Guillaume , Sylvain Jean‐Daniel , Gennaretti Fabio , Deslauriers Annie , Morin Hubert , Rossi Sergio
Published: June 2021

Aim

In boreal ecosystems, phenological events display seasonal patterns. These patterns allow for the development of tissues during the short time window available for growth in cold climates. Primary and secondary growth, two expensive processes for plants, are supposedly modulated in time to optimize allocation of carbon to bud and woody tissues. We aimed to assess the phenology of primary and secondary meristems, testing their relationship over the closed black spruce stands of the commercially exploited forest region in Quebec, Canada.

Location

Quebec, Canada.

Time period

2002–2016.

Major taxa studied

Gymnospermae.

Methods

We combined weekly scaled field observations with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to extract timings of photosynthesis and meristem growth in five black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] stands located along a latitudinal gradient and to assess their relationship. We then tested empirical models based on geographical position and seasonal temperatures to predict wood phenology (i.e., the onset and ending of earlywood and latewood formation), and compared its spatial patterns with existing predictions of bud phenology for the same study area.

Results

Photosynthesis started at the beginning of May, 3 weeks before bud reactivation and the onset of wood growth. Latewood formation started in mid‐July, after shoot elongation was completed. For wood phenology models, the residual standard error ranged from 1 week to 12 days. Growth dynamics spatialized across the boreal forest of Quebec varied with the transition between the subarctic and humid continental climate.

Main conclusions

Shoot elongation and latewood formation were temporally separated, providing evidence of a trade‐off in structural carbon allocation between primary and secondary growth in trees. Spatial patterns of wood phenology predicted for the black spruce polygons are consistent with spatial patterns of bud phenology, demonstrating synchronized temporal dynamics of meristems at the regional scale.
The effects of adding nano‐alumina filler on the properties of polymer‐derived SiC coating
Authors: Yousefi Majid , Ghatee Mojtaba , Rezakazemi Mashallah , Ghaderi Seyed Hadi
Published: June 2021

In this paper, SiC coating was prepared using the polymer‐derived ceramic method; then the effect of nano‐alumina as a filler material was studied. First of all, polycarbosilane(PCS) was dissolved in xylene; after that, different amounts of nano‐alumina particles were added to the solution. The coating was deposited on the alumina substrate using the dip‐coating method; this was followed by sintering at 1200℃. The phase content and microstructure of the samples were studied by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope methods, respectively. Nanohardness, Young's modulus, and coating adhesion were investigated by a nanoindentation method. The sheet resistance was evaluated using the four‐point probe technique; also, the wear resistance of the coating was studied by applying the pin‐on‐disk method. It was found that the addition of the nano‐alumina filler up to 20 wt% drastically improved the adhesion and wear resistance of the SiC coating.
A potential trackable bone filler: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Kargar nigje Ali , Salimi Esmaeil , Molaei Mohammad Jafar , Ghatee Mojtaba
Published: June 2021

This study reported the synthesis of fluorescent hydroxyapatite/alginate/carbon quantum dots (HA/Alg/CQDs) nanocomposites via the co‐precipitation technique. The N‐doped CQDs as a new class of fluorescent materials were prepared by the citric acid pyrolysis method, with an average size around 4 nm. Physical, chemical, and optical properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. The PL spectroscopy data verified the favorable in vitro luminescent emission of the HA/Alg/CQDs nanocomposites in comparison with HA/Alg and HA samples. The XRD patterns of the prepared samples confirmed the formation of crystalline HA in all composites, possessing a Ca/P ratio around 1.5 as obtained by EDX elemental analysis. The FESEM analysis exhibited HA nanoplates that homogeneously distributed throughout the alginate matrix. Therefore, the synthesized nanocomposites could be regarded as potential trackable drug carriers for hard tissue engineering applications.
Prevalence of drug allergy in South Australia
Authors: Yuson Carlo , Shakib Sepehr , Smith William
Published: June 2021

Background

Drug allergy is commonly reported in patient notes and electronic health records. The prevalence of self‐reported drug allergy in the general Australian population has not previously been studied.

Aims

To investigate the prevalence of self‐reported drug allergy in the general adult population in South Australia.

Methods

We surveyed a representative sample of the South Australian adult population regarding their own perception of drug allergy, including drug type and severity, as well as the use of medical alert devices. Data were weighted to correspond to age and sex of the South Australian population.

Results

Twenty‐two percent of adults in South Australia consider themselves allergic to one or more drugs: 9.3% declared themselves to be allergic to penicillin, 5% to an antibiotic other than penicillin and 13% to one or more antibiotics. Drug allergy and penicillin allergy was significantly more prevalent in females and increased with age. Thirteen percent of those with an antibiotic allergy reported a severe reaction, of whom 27% wore a medical notification device. Of those allergic to penicillin, 75% had their index reaction more than 10 years ago and did not report severe features.

Conclusion

Self‐reported drug allergy is common in the general population, as it is in medical clinic and hospital populations. The majority of those reporting penicillin allergy would be considered low‐risk and suitable for de‐labelling procedures.
Governing Migration through Multi‐Level Governance? City Networks in Europe and the United States*
Authors: Caponio Tiziana
Published: June 2021

City networks (CNs) are often enthusiastically regarded as key actors in processes of Europeanization and multi‐level governance (MLG) policy‐making in Europe and beyond. However, systematic research on highly contentious issues like migration is still scarce. Building on an understanding of MLG as a specific mode or instance of policy‐making, in this article I seek to understand why and how CNs engage in MLG‐like policy‐making on a typical issue of state sovereignty. I apply the causal process‐tracing method to analyse the genesis and policy actions undertaken in the last two decades by two migration CNs in different multi‐level political settings: the Eurocities Working Group on Migration and Integration (WGM&I) in the EU and Welcoming America (WA) in the US. The results show that, notwithstanding the differences in the institutional settings, in both contexts instances of MLG policy‐making have taken place in the shadow of the will of the national governments, which remain fundamental gate‐keepers even in the EU supranational polity, where the European Commission has been particularly active in supporting migration CNs' initiatives.
Age, growth and maturity for two highly targeted jack species: Caranx ignobilis and Caranx melampygus
Authors: Pardee Cassandra , Wiley John , Springer Sarah
Published: June 2021

This study provides growth rate, longevity and maturity estimates for the two important species of jack in Hawaiʻi: ulua aukea/giant trevally Caranx ignobilis and omilu/bluefin trevally Caranx melampygus. Maximum observed ages for C. ignobilis and C. melampygus were 31 years and 24 years, respectively. Combined sex von Bertalanffy growth parameter values for C. ignobilis and C. melampygus were as follows: L∞ = 1064 mm and K = 0.18 year−1; and L∞ = 718 mm and K = 0.20 year−1, respectively. Female size at maturity was significantly greater than males for both C. ignobilis and C. melampygus. Size and age at maturity for C. ignobilis was 594 mm and 4.4 years for females and 465 mm and 2.8 years for males. Size and age at maturity for C. melampygus was 372 mm and 4.1 years for females and 329 mm and 2.9 years for males. This study provides the first robust demographic data for both of these highly prized and ecologically important predatory species in Hawaiʻi, which can be used for future assessments or management.
Kinetics of CD4‐1+ lymphocytes in brown trout after exposure to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus
Authors: Ashfaq Hassan , Soliman Hatem , Fajmann Sabine , Sexl Veronika , El‐Matbouli Mansour , Saleh Mona
Published: June 2021

T‐helper cells express CD4 as a co‐receptor that binds to major histocompatibility complex class II to synchronize the immune response against upcoming threats via mediating several cytokines. We have previously reported the presence of CD4 homologues in brown trout. The study of cellular immune responses in brown trout is limited by the availability of specific antibodies. We here describe the generation of a polyclonal antibody against CD4‐1 that allows for the investigation of CD4+ cells. We used this novel tool to study CD4+ cells in different tissues during viral haemorrhagic septicaemia infection (VHSV) using flow cytometric technique. Flow cytometric analyses revealed an enhanced level of surface CD4‐1 expression in the infected group in major lymphoid organs and in the intestine. These results suggest an important role for the T‐helper cells within the immune response against viruses, comparable to the immune response in higher vertebrates.
Lower incidence of COVID‐19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with non‐gut selective biologic therapy
Authors: Ardizzone Sandro , Ferretti Francesca , Monico Maria Camilla , Carvalhas Gabrielli Anna Maria , Carmagnola Stefania , Bezzio Cristina , Saibeni Simone , Bosani Matteo , Caprioli Flavio , Mazza Stefano , Casini Valentina , Cortelezzi Claudio Camillo , Parravicini Marco , Cassinotti Andrea , Cosimo Paola , Indriolo Amedeo , Di Sabatino Antonio , Lenti Marco Vincenzo , Pastorelli Luca , Conforti Francesco , Ricci Chiara , Sarzi‐Puttini Piercarlo , Vecchi Maurizio , Maconi Giovanni
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

Since the outbreak of COVID‐19, concerns have been raised as to whether inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients under biologic therapy may be more susceptible to the disease. This study aimed to determine the incidence and outcomes of COVID‐19 in a large cohort of IBD patients on biologic therapy.

Methods

This observational retrospective multicenter study collected data about COVID‐19 in IBD patients on biologic therapy in Italy, between February and May 2020. The main end‐points were (i) to assess both the cumulative incidence and clinical outcome of COVID‐19, according to different biologic agents and (ii) to compare them with the general population and a cohort IBD patients undergoing non‐biologic therapies.

Results

Among 1816 IBD patients, the cumulative incidence of COVID‐19 was 3.9 per 1000 (7/1816) with a 57% hospitalization rate and a 29% case‐fatality rate. The class of biologic agents was the only risk factor of developing COVID‐19 (P = 0.01). Non‐gut selective agents were associated with a lower incidence of COVID‐19 cases, related symptoms, and hospitalization (P < 0.05). Compared with the general population of Lombardy, an overall lower incidence of COVID‐19 was observed (3.9 vs 8.5 per 1000, P = 0.03). Compared with 565 IBD patients on non‐biologic therapies, a lower rate of COVID‐19 symptoms was observed in our cohort (7.5% vs 18%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Compared with the general population, IBD patients on biologic therapy are not exposed to a higher risk of COVID‐19. Non‐gut selective agents are associated with a lower incidence of symptomatic disease, supporting the decision of maintaining the ongoing treatment.
Contribution of upregulated aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis to metabolic dysregulation in gastric cancer
Authors: Gao Xiaoling , Guo Rui , Li Yonghong , Kang Guolan , Wu Yu , Cheng Jia , Jia Jing , Wang Wanxia , Li Zhenhao , Wang Anqi , Xu Hui , Jia Yanjuan , Li Yuanting , Qi Xiaoming , Wei Zhenhong , Wei Chaojun
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

Metabolic reprogramming is characterized by dysregulated levels of metabolites and metabolic enzymes. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic data analysis can help to elucidate changes in the levels of metabolites and metabolic enzymes, screen the core metabolic pathways, and develop novel therapeutic strategies for cancer.

Methods

Here, the metabolome of gastric cancer tissues was determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset were integrated with the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry data to identify the common dysregulated gastric cancer‐specific metabolic pathways. Additionally, the protein expression and clinical significance of key metabolic enzymes were examined using a gastric cancer tissue array.

Results

Metabolomic analysis of 16 gastric cancer tissues revealed that among the 15 dysregulated metabolomic pathways, the aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis pathway in the gastric tissues was markedly upregulated relative to that in the adjacent noncancerous tissues, which was consistent with the results of transcriptome analysis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that among the key regulators in the aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis pathway, the expression levels of threonyl‐tRNA synthetase (TARS) and phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase (FARSB) were correlated with tumor grade and poor survival, respectively. Additionally, gastric tissue array data analysis indicated that TARS and FARSB were upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and were correlated with poor prognosis and tumor metastasis.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that the aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis pathway is upregulated in gastric cancer and both TARS and FARSB play key roles in the progression of gastric cancer. Additionally, a novel therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer was proposed that involves targeting the aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis pathway.
The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on gastroenterologists in Southeast Asia: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Ong John , Ong Andrew Ming Liang , Ong Sharon , Xin Xiaohui , Lee Yeong Yeh , Pausawasdi Nonthalee , De Lusong Mark Anthony , Makmun Dadang , Chong Vui Heng , Ho Shiaw Hooi , Lim Wanyen , Ong David , Dan Yock Young , Khor Christopher
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has impacted gastroenterology practices worldwide; however, its protracted effects within Southeast Asia were unknown. The primary aim of the study was to determine the impact of the pandemic on clinical demands including burnout among gastroenterologists within the region. The secondary aim was to identify risk factors for burnout and determine regional stressors.

Methods

This was a mixed‐methods study. Gastroenterologists were surveyed electronically between September 1 and December 7, 2020, via gastroenterology and endoscopy societies of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The 22‐item Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Human Services Survey (MBI‐HSS) was used to detect burnout. Quantitative data were non‐parametric; non‐parametric methods were used for statistical comparisons. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for burnout. Content analysis method was used to analyze qualitative data. Ethical approval was obtained.

Results

A total of 73.0% reported that they were still significantly affected by the pandemic. Of these, 40.5% reported increased workload and 59.5% decreased workload. Statistically significant differences in weekly working hours, endoscopy, and inpatient volumes were present. No differences were observed in outpatient volumes, likely because of telemedicine. Burnout was common; however, 50.1% of gastroenterologists were unaware of or did not have access to mental health support. This, as well as depression, being a trainee, and public sector work, increased burnout risk significantly.

Conclusion

The effects of the pandemic are multifaceted, and burnout is common among Southeast Asian gastroenterologists. Safeguards for mental health are suboptimal, and improvements are urgently needed.
Effect of physical activity and exercise on telomere length: Systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Valente Cristina , Andrade Renato , Alvarez Luis , Rebelo‐Marques Alexandre , Stamatakis Emmanuel , Espregueira‐Mendes João
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To compare a physically active lifestyle or structured exercise program to physically inactive lifestyle or control groups on telomere length (TL).

Method

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Open Gray databases up to March 31, 2020. We calculated standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of TL comparing physically active to physically inactive individuals and exercise intervention to control groups. Risk of bias was judged using the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non‐randomized Studies (RoBANS) for physical activity (PA) studies and the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias (RoB2) for exercise intervention studies. Certainty of evidence was judged using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results

We included 30 studies (24 assessing the effects of PA and 6 assessing the effects of exercise interventions) comprising 7418 individuals. Physically active individuals had longer telomeres (SMD = 0.70, 95% CI 0.12–1.28, very‐low certainty), especially in middle‐aged individuals (SMD = 0.90, 95% CI 0.08–1.72, very‐low certainty) and when considering only athletes (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI 0.18–0.90, very‐low certainty). Trim‐and‐fill analyses revealed that most of the pooled effects were overestimated. Exercise interventions did not yield any significant effect on TL.

Conclusion

There is very‐low certainty that physically active individuals have longer telomeres with a moderate effect, but this effect is probably overestimated.
Accruals mispricing versus risk: Analyzing the influence of external monitoring in Brazil
Authors: Martins Vinícius Gomes , Machado Márcio André Veras , do Monte Paulo Aguiar
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we examine the role of external monitoring as an alternative mechanism of corporate governance pertaining to the risk and mispricing of accruals in the Brazilian market. The results provide evidence of the accruals anomaly for companies with low external monitoring and evidence that is stronger when evaluating the discretionary component of accruals. Our analysis does not support the conclusion that total and discretionary accruals represent price risk factors, which suggests that the evidence of anomaly results from mispricing. Our evidence contributes to the growing literature on accruals pricing in emerging markets, by adding elements such as the influence of external monitoring and the level of investor sophistication, hereby represented by market analysts and institutional investors. Our study provides additional evidence that the presence of these intermediary agents creates an external layer of control capable of contributing positively to the process of disclosure and pricing of financial information. Thus, the role of such intermediaries as external monitors in emerging markets can be potentially significant for correctly pricing accruals. While Brazil has its own unique institutional characteristics, our findings confirm the evidence obtained for other countries.
The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Nurse–Nurse Collaboration
Authors: Al‐Hamdan Zaid M. , Alyahia Manal , Al‐Maaitah Rowaida , Alhamdan Mohammad , Faouri Ibrahim , Al‐Smadi Ahmed Mohammad , Bawadi Hala
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and nurse–nurse collaboration among registered nurses in Jordan.

Design

This study used a cross‐sectional, quantitative survey design to query 342 nurses who worked in two hospitals in Jordan.

Methods

We used Arabic versions of valid, reliable instruments to measure emotional intelligence and nurse–nurse communication.

Findings

A total of 311 questionnaires were returned (91% response rate). Nurses’ emotional intelligence was positively and significantly correlated with the nurse–nurse collaboration subscales. The results also indicated a statistically significant mean difference in communication subscale scores by gender and nursing unit.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that nurse–nurse collaboration is linked to benefits for nurses in terms of improved job satisfaction, better nurse retention, improved quality of patient care, and enhanced healthcare efficiency and productivity. This suggests that improving nurse–nurse collaboration may have spillover effects of benefits, not only for nurses but for patients, organizations, and the overall healthcare system.

Clinical Relevance

Building an environment that encourages collaboration among nurses can greatly impact the performance of nurses and its benefit to nurses. Encouraging employees to participate in activities and to collaborate in making this an integral part of their evaluation will contribute to improving the teamwork in patient care.
Time, money, and entry into parenthood: The role of (grand)parental support
Authors: Pessin Léa , Rutigliano Roberta , Potter Marina Haddock
Published: June 2021

Objective

The study's objective is to understand how parental propensities to provide support, as predicted by parental characteristics, shape adult daughters' and sons' entry into parenthood in the United States.

Background

Much research explores the influence of parental support on adult children's fertility, but the evidence is mixed and primarily focuses on European contexts. Theoretical approaches suggest that to best understand how parental support shapes adult children's outcomes, it is important to account for different forms of parental support, that is, time and money, and variation in parental characteristics.

Method

This study combined different data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: the 2013 Roster and Family Transfers module, main interview data file, and the Childbirth and Adoption History File. We implemented a two‐step analysis strategy. In the first, we built two different measures of propensities to receive parental support (PPS) in the form of time and money. In the second, we used discrete‐time logistic regression models to analyze the effects of these propensities to receive parental support on adult daughters' and sons' fertility.

Results

We find a positive and consistent effect of all types of PPS measures on adult daughters', but not adult sons', likelihood of entry into parenthood. The fertility decisions of adult daughters are highly responsive to the prospect of receiving parental support in the form of time or money.

Conclusions

Our results reflect the importance of informal support for women's entry into parenthood and highlight gender differences in the perceived and actual costs of becoming parents.
Counterfactual dissimilarity: Can changes in demographics and income explain increased racial integration in US cities?
Authors: Carrillo Paul E. , Rothbaum Jonathan L.
Published: June 2021

Urban areas in the US have experienced important changes in racial/ethnic distributions over the last two decades. In the average urban area today black–white racial integration has increased by 10.6% between 1990 and 2010. Changes in racial and ethnic distributions and gentrification are often associated with changes in residents' demographic characteristics, such as income, education, and age. This paper applies a nonparametric spatial decomposition technique using complete (restricted‐use) microdata files from the 1990 Decennial Long Form Census and 2008–2012 American Community Surveys to assess what portion of the changes in racial distributions can be attributed to changes in individual characteristics. We find that that, on average, a little over a third of the observed increase in integration can be accounted for by changes in observed individual characteristics.
Minimum wages in an automating economy
Authors: Eckardt Marcel Steffen
Published: June 2021

We explore the suitability of the minimum wage as a policy instrument for reducing emerging income inequality created by new technologies. For this, we implement a binding minimum wage in a task‐based framework, in which tasks are conducted by machines, low‐skill, and high‐skill workers. In this framework, an increasing minimum wage reduces the inequality between the low‐skill wage and the other factor prices, whereas the share of income of low‐skill workers in the national income is nonincreasing. Then, we analyze the impact of an automating economy along the extensive and intensive margins. In a setting with a minimum wage, it can be shown that automation at the extensive margin and the creation of new, labor‐intensive tasks do not increase the aggregate output in general, as the displacement of low‐skill workers counteracts the positive effects of cost‐savings. Finally, we highlight a potential trade‐off between less inequality of the factor prices and greater inequality of the income distribution when a minimum wage is introduced into an automating economy.
The effect of fermented and raw rapeseed meal on the growth performance, immune status and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens
Authors: Wu Zhengke , Chen Jiang , Ahmed Pirzado Shoaib , Haile Tesfay Hagos , Cai Huiyi , Liu Guohua
Published: June 2021

We evaluated the effect of fermented and raw rapeseed meal (FRCM and RRSM) on the growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical indexes, immune status and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 420‐day‐old Arbor Acre male broilers were randomly assigned to a 1 + 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with one basal diet group, two rapeseed meal (RSM) varieties (FRCM and RRSM) and three addition levels (5%, 10% and 15%) for a duration of 42 days. FRSM significantly increased the ADG and ADFI of broilers during the 22–42 days and 1–42 days (p < 0.05) growth periods compared with RRSM groups. No significant difference was observed in ADG and ADFI between broilers fed FRSM in different dietary levels and control diets (p > 0.05), but broilers fed diet with 15% RRSM showed significantly lower ADG, ADFI and spleen index (p < 0.05). Both FRSM and RRSM in different dietary levels affected the anti‐oxidation function of broilers, including a significant increase in the serum contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) (p < 0.05), and a significant decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). Fermentation tends to increase the villus height of duodenum (p = 0.09), and significantly increased the villus height and V/C ratio of duodenum (p < 0.05) in birds. The duodenum villus height was the highest in the 5% FRSM group and lowest in birds of 5% RRSM group. A 10% level significantly increased the duodenal V/C ratio in both FRSM and RRSM birds. The results indicated that FRSM could be used to supplemented in broilers diet to improve the production performance and maintain good health. FRSM can be added to broilers diet at 10% without adverse effect on growth performance or immune function.
Improving the Reading Comprehension Skills of Systems‐Involved Youth: A Preliminary Investigation of an Underserved Population
Authors: Sanders Sara , Jolivette Kristine , Harris Cody
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the effect of the self‐regulated strategy development (SRSD) instructional approach on the reading comprehension of systems‐involved youth served in a secure juvenile justice setting. Using a cluster randomized controlled trial (CRT) pretest/posttest design, youth in the treatment group were taught the TRAP mnemonic (Think before reading, Read the paragraph, Ask yourself what the paragraph is mostly about and what is the most important information, and Paraphrase the paragraph). Results indicate modest improvement within the treatment group as compared to the control group, along with high treatment fidelity and social validity. Implications for practitioners, limitations, and suggestions for future research are presented.
eHealth interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity, sedentary behavior, or obesity in adults: A scoping review of systematic reviews
Authors: Hutchesson Melinda J. , Gough Claire , Müller Andre Matthias , Short Camille E. , Whatnall Megan C. , Ahmed Mavra , Pearson Nicole , Yin Zenong , Ashton Lee M. , Maher Carol , Staiano Amanda E. , Mauch Chelsea E. , DeSmet Ann , Vandelanotte Corneel
Published: June 2021

A vast body of evidence regarding eHealth interventions for nutrition, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and obesity exists. This scoping review of systematic reviews aimed to evaluate the current level of evidence in this growing field. Seven electronic databases were searched for systematic reviews published until October 27, 2019. The systematic reviews must have included adult participants only and have evaluated eHealth behavioral interventions with the primary aim of changing nutrition, physical activity, and sedentary behavior or treating or preventing overweight and obesity. One hundred and six systematic reviews, published from 2006 to 2019, were included. Almost all (n = 98) reviews evaluated the efficacy of interventions. Over half (n = 61) included interventions focused on physical activity, followed by treatment of obesity (n = 28), nutrition (n = 22), prevention of obesity (n = 18), and sedentary behavior (n = 6). Many reviews (n = 46) evaluated one type of eHealth intervention only, while 60 included two or more types. Most reviews (n = 67) were rated as being of critically low methodological quality. This scoping review identified an increasing volume of systematic reviews evaluating eHealth interventions. It highlights several evidence gaps (e.g., evaluation of other outcomes, such as reach, engagement, or cost effectiveness), guiding future research efforts in this area.
EEG power spectral dynamics associated with listening in adverse conditions
Authors: Wisniewski Matthew G. , Zakrzewski Alexandria C. , Bell Destiny R. , Wheeler Michelle
Published: June 2021

Adverse listening conditions increase the demand on cognitive resources needed for speech comprehension. In an exploratory study, we aimed to identify independent power spectral features in the EEG useful for studying the cognitive processes involved in this effortful listening. Listeners performed the coordinate response measure task with a single‐talker masker at a 0‐dB signal‐to‐noise ratio. Sounds were left unfiltered or degraded with low‐pass filtering. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify independent components (ICs) in the EEG data, the power spectral dynamics of which were then analyzed. Frontal midline theta, left frontal, right frontal, left mu, right mu, left temporal, parietal, left occipital, central occipital, and right occipital clusters of ICs were identified. All IC clusters showed some significant listening‐related changes in their power spectrum. This included sustained theta enhancements, gamma enhancements, alpha enhancements, alpha suppression, beta enhancements, and mu rhythm suppression. Several of these effects were absent or negligible using traditional channel analyses. Comparison of filtered to unfiltered speech revealed a stronger alpha suppression in the parietal and central occipital clusters of ICs for the filtered speech condition. This not only replicates recent findings showing greater alpha suppression as listening difficulty increases but also suggests that such alpha‐band effects can stem from multiple cortical sources. We lay out the advantages of the ICA approach over the restrictive analyses that have been used as of late in the study of listening effort. We also make suggestions for moving into hypothesis‐driven studies regarding the power spectral features that were revealed.
Impacts of farmland size and benefit expectations on the utilization of straw resources: Evidence from crop straw incorporation in China
Authors: Lu Hua , Chen Yijing , Zhang Peiwen , Huan Haoting , Xie Hualin , Hu Hao
Published: June 2021

Promoting the technique of crop straw incorporation holds great significance for soil fertility and the green development of agriculture, and the participation of farmers is crucial for the adoption of this technique. Crop straw incorporation has been carried out and promoted in China for more than 30 years, but the adoption rate among farmers remains relatively low. Based on micro survey data on farmers in Jiangsu Province, China, this study quantitatively examines the effects of farmland size and benefit expectations on farmers' willingness to incorporate crop straw (hereinafter referred to as FWIS) by using an ordered logit (ologit) model. The results show that there are significant differences in the willingness to incorporate crop straw among farmers with different farmland sizes; farmers with larger farmland sizes are less willing to adopt crop straw incorporation than those with small‐scale farmland. Benefit expectations significantly affect FWIS. Yield expectations are the key factor in improving FWIS. Cost and soil quality expectations are also important factors that affect FWIS. Plot size affects FWIS more than farmland size. A larger plot size is associated with stronger FWIS. To improve farmers' expectations of crop straw incorporation, the government should increase the use of micro‐incentive policies for farmers and enterprises that provide social services for crop straw incorporation. Promoting the circulation and integration of adjacent farmland, appropriately expanding plot size and reducing the cost of crop straw incorporation will help promote FWIS.
Karrikins control seedling photomorphogenesis and anthocyanin biosynthesis through a HY5‐BBX transcriptional module
Authors: Bursch Katharina , Niemann Ella T. , Nelson David C. , Johansson Henrik
Published: June 2021

The butenolide molecule, karrikin (KAR), emerging in smoke of burned plant material, enhances light responses such as germination, inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, and anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis. The KAR signaling pathway consists of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) and MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2), which, upon activation, act in an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to target the downstream signaling components SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1) and SMAX1‐LIKE 2 (SMXL2) for degradation. How degradation of SMAX1 and SMXL2 is translated into growth responses remains unknown. Although light clearly influences the activity of KAR, the molecular connection between the two pathways is still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the KAR signaling pathway promotes the activity of a transcriptional module consisting of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), B‐BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN 20 (BBX20), and BBX21. The bbx20 bbx21 mutant is largely insensitive to treatment with KAR2, similar to a hy5 mutant, with regards to inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and anthocyanin accumulation. Detailed analysis of higher order mutants in combination with RNA‐sequencing analysis revealed that anthocyanin accumulation downstream of SMAX1 and SMXL2 is fully dependent on the HY5‐BBX module. However, the promotion of hypocotyl elongation by SMAX1 and SMXL2 is, in contrast to KAR2 treatment, only partially dependent on BBX20, BBX21, and HY5. Taken together, these results suggest that light‐ and KAR‐dependent signaling intersect at the HY5‐BBX transcriptional module.
Evaluation of a clinical scoring system for canine demodicosis
Authors: Dengler Berrett , Mendoza‐Kuznetsova Ekaterina , Nikolaeva Lyubov , Rieger Anna , Mueller Ralf S.
Published: June 2021

Background

Canine demodicosis is a common disease in small animal practice. Although a number of studies evaluating treatment efficacy for canine demodicosis have used clinical scoring systems, none have been validated.

Objectives

This study evaluated the validity, reliability, reproducibility and sensitivity to change of a clinical scoring system for canine demodicosis.

Methods and materials

Fifty‐eight dogs with generalised demodicosis were evaluated using a clinical scoring system that assessed erythema, comedones/ papules/pustules, follicular casts/scales/crusts and alopecia, rated from none to mild, moderate and severe in 36 body locations. Two evaluators scored lesions at monthly consecutive visits during treatment. Mites were counted to a maximum of 50 in four deep skin scrapings. With >50 mites, the approximate mite number was calculated with the help of a grid drawn onto the slide before placing the scraped material onto it.

Results

A Pearson correlation coefficient showed a high interobserver reliability (r = 0.97) between two different clinicians evaluating the same dog. The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed good sensitivity to change with a reduction of clinical scores with each of the first six evaluations (P < 0.0001). A linear mixed model also showed a clear reduction in mite counts (P < 0.001) and clinical scores (P < 0.0001) from the first evaluation with time.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

The clinical scoring system for canine demodicosis evaluated in this study showed a good sensitivity to change and interobserver reliability, and can be used in studies evaluating canine demodicosis.
Use of plerixafor to mobilize haematopoietic progenitor cells in healthy donors
Authors: Romon Iñigo , Castillo Carlos , Cid Joan , Lozano Miquel
Published: June 2021

Increased transplant activity calls for improved stem cell collection, especially when peripheral blood is the preferred source of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Plerixafor is a bicyclam molecule that mobilizes CD34+ cells by reversibly disrupting CXCR4‐CXCL12‐supported HPC retention. Plerixafor is given with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) to help harvest autologous CD34+ cells for transplantation when mobilization with G‐CSF fails. Mobilization protocols with the same doses of plerixafor and G‐CSF have been used off‐label in healthy allogeneic donors, with equal success and scarce side effects, both in adult and paediatric patients. Plerixafor has also been used as a sole mobilization agent. Plerixafor alone or coupled with G‐CSF might lead to harvesting distinct cellular populations conferring improved engraftment properties and increased survival. Those characteristics might make plerixafor an especially attractive mobilization agent, particularly for non‐related donations. However, available data are limited, and long‐term follow‐up is needed to clarify the best scenario for using plerixafor with or without G‐CSF in healthy donors. In this review, we will summarize the evidence supporting this practice, highlighting the practical aspects and providing clues for an expanded use of plerixafor.
The Emergence of ASME
Authors: Fehring Thomas H. , Reynolds Terry S.
Published: June 2021

American industrialization grew on the foundations laid by early American mechanical innovators like Samuel Slater, Robert Fulton, and Eli Whitney. By the 1830s water-powered industrial complexes at Lowell and Lawrence, Massachusetts, using machinery introduced into America by Slater and processing cotton produced by Whitney’s gins, were equal to or surpassed anything found in Europe. American-produced steamboats plied the Ohio and Mississippi and a host of other rivers in large numbers. And by 1840 the number of miles of railroad laid down in America far surpassed that of any nation in Europe.
Engineering Other Aspects of Human Life
Authors: Fehring Thomas H. , Reynolds Terry S.
Published: June 2021

The preceding chapters have focused on broad areas in which mechanical engineers have made significant contributions—energy production, aeronautics and aerospace, and land transportation. Mechanical engineers, however, have historically made contributions in a significant number of other fields. This chapter provides episodic coverage of some of them.
An Experimental Surface-Wave Method for Recording Force-Time Curves in Elastic Impacts
Authors: Goodier J. N. , Jahsman W. E. , Ripperger E. A.
Published: June 2021

The recording of impacts by means of the longitudinal strain wave generated in a Hopkinson pressure bar is no longer possible when the impact is very brief, on account of dispersive effects. The Rayleigh surface wave generated on the plane surface of a block is nondispersive. A method is given for deducing the force-time curve of the impact from the oscilloscope record of the surface wave, and applied to impacts of small steel balls on a block.
Limit Analysis of Symmetrically Loaded Thin Shells of Revolution
Authors: Drucker D. C. , Shield R. T.
Published: June 2021

The yield surface for a thin cylindrical shell is shown to be a very good approximation to the yield surface for any symmetrically loaded thin shell of revolution. Hexagonal prism approximations to this yield surface, appropriate for pressure vessel analysis, are described and discussed in terms of limit analysis. Procedures suitable for finding upper and lower bounds on the limit pressure for the complete vessel are developed and evaluated. They are applied for illustration to a portion of a toroidal zone or knuckle held rigidly at the two bounding planes. The combined end force and moment which can be carried by an unflanged cylinder also is discussed.
On Influence Coefficients and Nonlinearity for Thin Shells of Revolution
Authors: Reissner Eric
Published: June 2021

The paper is concerned with a nonlinear formulation of the problem of rotationally symmetric deformations of thin elastic shells of revolution, which are acted upon by edge forces and moments. Determined are, in particular, nonlinear corrections to the known results of the linear theory, for edge displacements and rotations. The calculations are for cases for which thickness and curvature of the shell are such as to insure that stresses and deformations are effectively contained within a narrow edge zone of the shell.