bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel approach to integrating artificial intelligence into routine practice
Authors: Lew Madelyn , Wilbur David C.
Published: April 2021

Although the benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical practice have been previously reported, its use has not been widely implemented for various reasons, including cost of investment, disruption of historical workflows, perceived negative impact on job security, and regulatory burden of bringing such technology to market. However, innovative AI applications can be implemented to leverage the advantages of technology while bypassing the need for expensive hardware and overhaul of existing workflows. Lessons gleaned from the use of such AI applications highlight how, with expanded testing and systematized approaches to regulatory approval, they can enhance workflow efficiency and quality improvement as well as assist in the training of future practitioners in resource‐limited regions and high‐volume institutions alike.
Cervical cytology screening facilitated by an artificial intelligence microscope: A preliminary study
Authors: Tang Hong‐Ping , Cai De , Kong Yan‐Qing , Ye Hu , Ma Zhao‐Xuan , Lv Huai‐Sheng , Tuo Lin‐Rong , Pan Qin‐Jing , Liu Zhi‐Hua , Han Xiao
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

Cervical cytology screening is usually laborious with a heavy workload and poor diagnostic consistency. The authors have developed an artificial intelligence (AI) microscope that can provide onsite diagnostic assistance for cervical cytology screening in real time.

METHODS

A total of 2167 cervical cytology slides were selected from a cohort of 10,601 cases from Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, and the training data set consisted of 42,073 abnormal cervical epithelial cells. The recognition results of an AI technique were presented in a microscope eyepiece by an augmented reality technique. Potentially abnormal cells were highlighted with binary classification results in a 10× field of view (FOV) and with multiclassification results according to the Bethesda system in 20× and 40× FOVs. In addition, 486 slides were selected for the reader study to evaluate the performance of the AI microscope.

RESULTS

In the reader study, which compared manual reading with AI assistance, the sensitivities for the detection of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were significantly improved from 0.837 to 0.923 (P < .001) and from 0.830 to 0.917 (P < .01), respectively; the κ score for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) was improved from 0.581 to 0.637; the averaged pairwise κ of consistency for multiclassification was improved from 0.649 to 0.706; the averaged pairwise κ of consistency for binary classification was improved from 0.720 to 0.798; and the averaged pairwise κ of ASCUS was improved from 0.557 to 0.639.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study show that an AI microscope can provide real‐time assistance for cervical cytology screening and improve the efficiency and accuracy of cervical cytology diagnosis.
Tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining in the central complex of dicondylian insects
Authors: Timm Josephine , Scherner Mara , Matschke Jannik , Kern Martina , Homberg Uwe
Published: April 2021

Dopamine acts as a neurohormone and neurotransmitter in the insect nervous system and controls a variety of physiological processes. Dopaminergic neurons also innervate the central complex (CX), a multisensory center of the insect brain involved in sky compass navigation, goal‐directed locomotion and sleep control. To infer a possible influence of evolutionary history and lifestyle on the neurochemical architecture of the CX, we have studied the distribution of neurons immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. Analysis of representatives from 12 insect orders ranging from firebrats to flies revealed high conservation of immunolabeled neurons. One type of TH‐immunoreactive neuron was found in all species studied. The neurons have somata in the pars intercerebralis, arborizations in the lateral accessory lobes, and axonal ramifications in the central body and noduli. In all pterygote species, a second type of tangential neuron of the upper division of the central body was TH‐immunoreactive. The neurons have cell bodies near the calyces and arborizations in the superior protocerebrum. Both types of neuron showed species‐specific variations in cell number and in the innervated areas outside and inside the CX. Additional neurons were found in only two taxa: one type of columnar neuron showed TH immunostaining in the water strider Gerris lacustris, but not in other Heteroptera, and a tritocerebral neuron innervating the protocerebral bridge was immunolabeled in Diptera. The data show largely taxon‐specific variations of a common ground pattern of putatively dopaminergic neurons that may be commonly involved in state‐dependent modulation of CX function.
Vascularized omental lymphatic transplant for upper extremity lymphedema: A systematic review
Authors: Jarvis Nicholas R. , Torres Ricardo A. , Avila Francisco R. , Forte Antonio J. , Rebecca Alanna M. , Teven Chad M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Vascularized omental lymphatic transplant (VOLT) is an increasingly popular treatment of extremity lymphedema given its promising donor site. While the success of VOLT in the treatment of lymphedema has been reported previously, several questions remain.

Aim

To further elucidate appropriate use of VOLT in the treatment of lymphedema, specifically addressing patient selection, harvest technique, and operative methods.

Methods and Results

A systematic review of VOLT for upper extremity lymphedema was performed. Of 115 yield studies, seven were included for analysis based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included studies demonstrated significant reductions in extremity circumference/volume (average volume reduction, 22.7%‐39.5%) as well as subjective improvements using patient‐reported outcomes. Though studies are heterogenous and limited, when analyzed in aggregate, suggest the efficacy of VOLT in lymphedema treatment.

Conclusion

This is the largest systematic review of VOLT to date. VOLT continues to show promise as a safe and efficacious surgical intervention for lymphedema in the upper extremity. Further studies are warranted to more definitively identify patients for whom this technique is appropriate as well as ideal harvest and inset technique.
The Chemical Recycling of Polyesters for a Circular Plastics Economy: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities
Authors: Payne Jack , Jones Matthew D.
Published: April 2021

Whilst plastics have played an instrumental role in human development, growing environmental concerns have led to increasing public scrutiny and demands for outright bans. This has stimulated considerable research into renewable alternatives, and more recently, the development of alternative waste management strategies. Herein, the aim was to highlight recent developments in the catalytic chemical recycling of two commercial polyesters, namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The concept of chemical recycling is first introduced, and associated opportunities/challenges are discussed within the context of the governing depolymerisation thermodynamics. Chemical recycling methods for PLA and PET are then discussed, with a particular focus on upcycling and the use of metal‐based catalysts. Finally, the attention shifts to the emergence of new materials with the potential to modernise the plastics economy. Emerging opportunities and challenges are discussed within the context of industrial feasibility.
In‐Depth Comparative Study of the Cathode Interfacial Layer for a Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Lee Jinho , Tüysüz Harun
Published: April 2021

Achieving long‐term device stability is one of the most challenging issues that impede the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Recent studies have emphasized the significant role of the cathode interfacial layer (CIL) in determining the stability of inverted p‐i‐n PSCs. However, experimental investigations focusing on the influence of the CIL on PSC degradation have not been systematically carried out to date. In this study, a comparative analysis was performed on the PSC device stability by using four different CILs including practical oxides like ZnO and TiOx. A new implemented co‐doping approach was found to results in high device performance and enhanced device stability. The PSC with a thick film configuration of chemically modified TiOx CIL preserves over 77 % of its initial efficiencies of 17.24 % for 300 h under operational conditions without any encapsulation. The PSCs developed are among the most stable reported for methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite compositions.
Dementia or psychosis precipitated by social isolation? A brief case report in COVID‐19 pandemic times
Authors: de Oliveira Gustavo Carvalho
Published: April 2021

Background

The year 2020 was marked by the pandemic of COVID‐19, which abruptly changed the ways of dealing with viral infections and social relationships. Cognitive, emotional, and neurological effects due to infection with this condition, as well as several health damages, are due to social isolation.

Aim

To recognize the consequences of and reasons behind forced social isolation and related psychosis symptoms.

Method

This is a case report of a healthy 70‐year‐old female patient who began to experience paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations after adopting strict measures that abruptly impacted her routine of activities outside the home, by confining herself at home overnight. The patient has agreed to the publication anonymously and signed an informed consent.

Results

The patient required rapid and home treatment with risperidone antipsychotics, and eventually had a total remission of symptoms. The suspicion of dementia or another organic cause was investigated and has so far been ruled out.

Discussion and conclusions

It is suggested that the situation was triggered by abrupt and unorganized social isolation during the pandemic. A literature review on the subject was carried out, finding pertinent information about psychosis, social isolation due to COVID‐19, and the case described. The patient will follow a careful follow‐up with a plan for withdrawal of antipsychotic medication after 6 asymptomatic months with monitoring of demented prodrome. It is necessary to study more about this topic and promote planning in case of a need to adopt extreme measures, such as isolation and lockdown.
Altering metabolite distribution at Xenopus cleavage stages affects left–right gene expression asymmetries
Authors: Onjiko Rosemary M. , Nemes Peter , Moody Sally A.
Published: April 2021

The left–right (L–R) axis of most bilateral animals is established during gastrulation when a transient ciliated structure creates a directional flow of signaling molecules that establish asymmetric gene expression in the lateral plate mesoderm. However, in some animals, an earlier differential distribution of molecules and cell division patterns initiate or at least influence L–R patterning. Using single‐cell high‐resolution mass spectrometry, we previously reported a limited number of small molecule (metabolite) concentration differences between left and right dorsal‐animal blastomeres of the eight‐cell Xenopus embryo. Herein, we examined whether altering the distribution of some of these molecules influenced early events in L–R patterning. Using lineage tracing, we found that injecting right‐enriched metabolites into the left cell caused its descendant cells to disperse in patterns that varied from those in control gastrulae; this did not occur when left‐enriched metabolites were injected into the right cell. At later stages, injecting left‐enriched metabolites into the right cell perturbed the expression of genes known to: (a) be required for the formation of the gastrocoel roof plate (foxj1); (b) lead to the asymmetric expression of Nodal (dand5/coco); or (c) result from asymmetrical nodal expression (pitx2). Despite these perturbations in gene expression, we did not observe heterotaxy in heart or gut looping at tadpole stages. These studies indicate that altering metabolite distribution at cleavage stages at the concentrations tested in this study impacts the earliest steps of L–R gene expression that then can be compensated for during organogenesis.
Energy, exergy, and economic analysis of an integrated solar combined cycle power plant
Authors: Benabdellah Hamza Moussa , Ghenaiet Adel
Published: April 2021

Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) power plants based on Parabolic Trough Concentrators (PTCs) are the most efficient way for solar into electrical energy conversion. However, due to operation in several climate conditions, they need more efforts in their adaptation. This paper presents a techno‐economic assessment of an ISCC ‐ PTC system operating at Hassi R'mel site (Algerian Sahara) for which a new thermal storage system is incorporated. The obtained results reveal noticeable enhancements in the solar energy conversion and the overall power plant performance, hence offering better stability to the grid. As shown, the net solar thermal energy conversion ratio may reach up to 14%. Energy and exergy efficiencies are respectively equal to 56.06% and 53.29%, and about 46% of exergy received by the system is destructed. Moreover, the obtained Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is around 9.75 ¢/kWh which is very promising, but still higher compared with a simple Combined Cycle (CC). At this geographical site, the modified ISCC ‐ PTC power plant will allow saving about 30 million $ in natural gas consumption and 13 million $ in emission taxes.
Fire performance of non‐load‐bearing double‐stud light steel frame walls: Experimental tests, numerical simulation, and simplified method
Authors: Alves M.H. , Constantini G. , Ianni A. , Kimura E. F. A. , Meda Alberto , Piloto P.A.G.
Published: April 2021

Double‐stud light steel frame (LSF) walls provide an enhanced insulation performance when exposed to fire conditions. However, the behavior of different configurations of such assemblies under fire is not well understood. Thus, this study aimed to assess the fire resistance of non‐load‐bearing double‐stud LSF walls subjected to ISO834 standard fire. The walls were lined with one or two type F gypsum plasterboards on each side, using cavity uninsulated or insulated with ceramic fiber. The experimental tests revealed that a wider cavity slows the heat transfer through the cross‐section, delaying the temperature rise on the unexposed surfaces. The use of ceramic fiber insulation substantially increases the fire resistance of the wall and when the cavity is partially filled with this material, if the blanket is placed towards the exposed side, enhanced insulation fire resistance is achieved. Based on the finite element method, a numerical validation was conducted using a special hybrid approach that used experimental temperature values inside the cavities or insulation blankets. This approximation was essential to improve the numerical results. Also, the employment of an air layer, located at specific regions of the models, helped to improve the numerical results, introducing an extra thermal resistance. A new simplified approach was proposed based on the improved design model available in the literature, and the results obtained are consistent with the experimental results. The predicted insulation fire resistance of the numerical and simplified methods agreed well with the experimental results and useful information is supplied to support further numerical and experimental studies.
Villous adenoma of bladder with uncommon location in a super‐aged patient without gross hematuria
Authors: Hah Yoon Soo , Jung Hyun Jin
Published: April 2021

Introduction

There have been few reported cases of villous adenoma of the bladder. It commonly occurs in the superior area of the bladder with hematuria as the most common symptom. Here, we have presented a case of villous adenoma of the bladder neck and reviewed the existing literature.

Case presentation

A 90‐year‐old man presented with voiding difficulty. Although urine analysis revealed microscopic hematuria and pyuria, the patient never complained about gross hematuria. Ultrasonography and cystoscopic examination revealed a bladder tumor located at the bladder neck. Transurethral resection was performed and villous adenoma was diagnosed by histopathologic examination.

Conclusion

Villous adenoma of the bladder is a rare disease, which is difficult to diagnose when the patient presents with uncommon clinical features. Although villous adenoma is known as a benign tumor, some reports suggest its association with malignancy. Therefore, careful management and follow‐up are necessary.
Global distribution of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mineral topsoils
Authors: Wilcke Wolfgang , Bigalke Moritz , Wei Chong , Han Yongming , Musa Bandowe Benjamin A.
Published: April 2021

Hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or postemission conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52° N–47° S, 71° W–118 °E) to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the Σ16EPA‐PAHs. The relationship of the Σ16EPA‐PAH concentrations with the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA‐PAH concentration ratios (a measure of the variable OPAH sources) could be described by a power function with a negative exponent <1, leveling off at a Σ16EPA‐PAH concentration of approximately 400 ng g–1. We suggest that below this value, secondary sources contributed more to the OPAH burden in soil than above this value, where primary sources dominated the OPAH mixture. This was supported by a negative correlation of the Σ16EPA‐PAH concentrations with the contribution of the more readily biologically produced highly polar OPAHs (log octanol‐water partition coefficient <3) to the Σ7OPAH concentrations. We identified mean annual precipitation (Spearman ρ = .33, p < .001, n = 143) and clay concentrations (ρ = .55, p < .001, n = 33) as important drivers of the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA‐PAH concentration ratios. Our results indicate that at low PAH contamination levels, secondary sources contribute considerably and to a variable extent to total OPAH concentrations, whereas at Σ16EPA‐PAH contamination levels >400 ng g–1, there was a nearly constant Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA‐PAH ratio (0.08 ± 0.005 [SE], n = 80) determined by their combustion sources.
New endoscopic method for gastric hypersensitivity testing: Pilot study
Authors: Momma Eri , Koeda Mai , Tanabe Tomohide , Kanai Saori , Hoshikawa Yoshimasa , Hoshino Shintaro , Kawami Noriyuki , Kaise Mitsuru , Iwakiri Katsuhiko
Published: April 2021

Background and Aim

Although one of the causes of dyspeptic symptoms in functional dyspepsia patients is gastric hypersensitivity, there is currently no routine endoscopic gastric hypersensitivity test. We developed a new endoscopic method for gastric hypersensitivity testing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this method is useful for evaluating gastric hypersensitivity in drug‐resistant functional dyspepsia patients who were strongly suspected of having gastric hypersensitivity.

Methods

Twenty‐seven drug‐resistant functional dyspepsia patients and 27 nonfunctional dyspepsia patients were recruited. Gastric pressure was assessed using an external pressure transducer, and the CO2 insufflation volume was measured using an endoscopic CO2‐supplied device and flow meter. The following variables were examined: gastric pressure at baseline and gastric pressure, the CO2 insufflation volume, and compliance of the stomach when patients initially felt abdominal tension following CO2 insufflation.

Results

No significant differences were observed in baseline gastric pressure or compliance of the stomach between the groups. Drug‐resistant functional dyspepsia patients had a significantly smaller CO2 insufflation volume and lower gastric pressure when symptoms developed than nonfunctional dyspepsia patients. Based on a cutoff value of 1.25 L by receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity and specificity for gastric pressure were 85.0 and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, based on a cutoff value of 12.7 mmHg, sensitivity and specificity for the CO2 insufflation volume were 81.5 and 81.5%, respectively.

Conclusion

This endoscopic gastric hypersensitivity testing is a useful tool for evaluating the presence of gastric hypersensitivity.
Examining Wellness, Burnout, and Discrimination Among BIPOC Counseling Students
Authors: Basma Dareen , DeDiego Amanda C. , Dafoe Eric
Published: April 2021

Counseling students who identify as Black, Indigenous, or people of color (BIPOC) may experience discrimination that negatively affects their overall wellness. This quantitative study assessed wellness, burnout, and discrimination for 105 graduate‐level BIPOC counseling students. Results showed a relationship between discrimination and wellness.

Los estudiantes en programas de consejería que se identifican como personas negras, indígenas o de color (BIPOC, por sus siglas en inglés) pueden sufrir discriminación que afecte a su bienestar general de forma negativa. Este estudio cuantitativo evaluó el bienestar, agotamiento y discriminación en 105 estudiantes universitarios BIPOC en programas de grado de consejería. Los resultados mostraron una relación entre la discriminación y el bienestar.
“I Want to, But How?” Defining Counselor Broaching in Core Tenets and Debated Components
Authors: King Kelly M.
Published: April 2021

Although counselor broaching of cultural identities and structural issues with clients is broadly supported by the counseling profession, how to do so most effectively has been debated. In this article, I identify core tenets, or commonalities, across the broaching literature and critically examine the debates about specific components of broaching practice. I define the term broaching and invite empirical tests of broaching components to begin a process of translating culturally responsive theory into an observable, evidence‐based skill set.

A pesar de que en la práctica profesional de la consejería se aprueba mayoritariamente el abordamiento de las identidades culturales y problemas estructurales con los clientes, aún se debate cómo hacerlo de la forma más efectiva. En este artículo, identifico principios fundamentales, o rasgos comunes, en la literatura sobre el abordamiento y examino críticamente los debates sobre componentes específicos de la práctica del abordamiento. Defino el término abordamiento y solicito pruebas empíricas de los componentes del abordamiento para iniciar el proceso de convertir una teoría culturalmente sensible en un conjunto de habilidades observables y basadas en pruebas.
Japan's south foehn on the Toyama Plain: Dynamical or thermodynamical mechanisms?
Authors: Kusaka Hiroyuki , Nishi Akifumi , Kakinuma Ai , Doan Quang‐Van , Onodera Taira , Endo Shuhei
Published: April 2021

Japanese society has recently taken a greater interest in foehn warming because it has caused record‐breaking high temperatures and sudden damage to rice crops. This is the first comprehensive climatological study focused on Japan's south foehn, which blows across the Toyama Plain in the Hokuriku region. Climatological analyses, including an objective self‐organizing map and subjective analysis of 198 south foehn cases, revealed that ~68.2% of the foehns occurred while an extratropical cyclone was passing through the Sea of Japan. Approximately 19.7% of the remaining foehns blew while an anticyclone covered Japan. Only 5.1% of all foehns occurred during a typhoon, but very high temperatures occurred when typhoons were approaching. Foehns were observed in all seasons but tended to blow more often in spring, when there are many migratory anticyclones and cyclones. Most of the foehns begin at night and end or pause during the day. This is due to the removal of the nocturnal stable layer and the development of a local daytime pressure gradient on the lee side. The dynamical mechanism provides the primary explanation for Japan's south foehn. Surprisingly, the foehns with precipitation on windward mountains slopes accounted for only ~19.2% of all cases, with ~40.0% being typhoon cases. Most of these are likely of multiple type; a pure thermodynamical type of foehn is a rare occurrence. Numerical simulations and back trajectory analyses for 76 selected foehn cases revealed that the majority of the air parcels originated from the south and passed straight over the Hida Highlands, between two mountain ranges, as a hybrid type of gap and foehn winds.
AWARE: A Personalized Normative Feedback–Based Group Intervention for Mandated College Students
Authors: Ulupinar Dogukan , Kim So Rin
Published: April 2021

AWARE is a brief group intervention that was built upon the principles of personalized normative feedback with novel components (Penn State Altoona, n.d.). The purpose of this study was to pilot test the intervention with mandated college students who were referred for alcohol‐related violations (N = 283). Results showed significant postintervention changes. Significant interaction effects between time and race and between time and gender were found. Reduction in the consumption of alcohol use and perception of peer alcohol use were significantly different among non‐White and female participants.
1‐kHz hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering thermometry of turbulent combustion in a representative aeronautical test rig
Authors: Scherman Michael , Barros Joanna , Santagata Rosa , Lin Elodie , Nicolas Philippe , Faleni Jean Pierre , Vincent‐Randonnier Axel , Cherubini Pascal , Guichard Florestan , Mohamed Ajmal , Gaffie Daniel , Attal‐Tretout Brigitte , Bresson Alexandre
Published: April 2021

The study of complex reactive flows met in aeronautical engines is an experimental challenge that requires the development of noninvasive and precise measurement techniques. Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is a standard spectroscopic technique used for temperature measurements, which provides unmatched reliability and accuracy at high repetition rate thanks to its recent adaptation to femtosecond temporal regime. This paper reports the first demonstration of hybrid fs/ps‐CARS thermometry in a representative aeronautical combustor (ONERA MICADO test bench, Reynolds number ≈105). Single‐shot N2 CARS spectra have been recorded at 1 kHz, allowing temperature follow up, statistical and frequency (0.1–500 Hz) analysis of CH4/air flame at 0.34‐MPa total pressure. The achieved results demonstrate the ability of the technique to be applied in representative engines conditions and its maturity for semi‐industrial applications.
Changes in soil phosphorus availability and associated microbial properties after chicken farming in Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) forest ecosystems
Authors: Gai Xu , Li Shaocui , Zhang Xiaoping , Bian Fangyuan , Yang Chuanbao , Zhong Zheke
Published: April 2021

Bamboo‐chicken farming (BCF) is a popular bamboo complex management model in Southeast Asia. However, the effects of BCF on phosphorus (P) availability and associated soil microbial communities remain poorly understood. In this study, we compared the soil properties, P fractions, phosphatase activities, and bacterial community compositions in the surface soil (0–20 cm) of a typical BCF system under different grazing densities [represented as distances of 5, 15, 25, 35, and > 60 m (control site) from the henhouse, respectively]. We observed that total P (Pt) accumulation was more rapid than that of SOC and TN with increasing grazing density. Labile and moderately labile P dominated soil P accumulation under BCF. Resin‐Pi, NaHCO3‐Pi, and 1 M HCl‐Pi increased by 100–233%, 83–183%, and 414–1,314%, respectively, compared with the control. The ratio of labile and moderately labile organic P to the Pt content decreased significantly with increasing grazing density from 38.54% (control) to 17.65% (5 m site). Soil phosphatase activity increased with increasing grazing density, suggesting that BCF effectively promoted the mineralization of soil Po. Inorganic P (Resin‐Pi, NaHCO3‐Pi, and 1 M HCl‐Pi) was positively correlated with Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Arthrobacter but negatively correlated with Burkholderia; this highlights the different functional bacteria involved in P cycling. We conclude that BCF generally increased soil P availability and supply capacity, and the changes in P forms were closely related to changes in soil bacterial community composition. The highly labile P and low C : P ratio under high grazing density conditions may cause soil nutrient imbalance and P leaching.
Ecological stoichiometry of functional traits in a colonial harmful cyanobacterium
Authors: Duan Zhipeng , Tan Xiao , Paerl Hans W. , Van de Waal Dedmer B.
Published: April 2021

Trait‐based approaches provide a mechanistic framework crossing scales from cellular traits to community dynamics, while ecological stoichiometry applies first principles to understand how the balance of energy and elements shape ecological interactions. However, few studies have explicitly linked both frameworks. In this study, we tested the stoichiometric regulation of a number of carbon (C) based (e.g., extracellular polysaccharides and colony formation) and nitrogen (N) containing traits (i.e., chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, and gas vesicle content) in cyanobacteria in laboratory experiments and in the field. We exposed the cosmopolitan colony forming freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. in batch experiments to light, N and phosphorus (P) limitation, and enhanced CO2 levels, and assessed the regulation of these traits. Cyanobacterial traits followed stoichiometrically predictable patterns, where N containing traits increased with cellular N content, and decreased with increasing C : N ratios. C‐based traits increased with cellular C content and C : N ratios under nutrient, particularly N, limitation. The pattern of colony formation was confirmed with field data from Lake Taihu (China), showing an increase in colony size when N was limiting and N : P ratios were low. These findings demonstrate how an explicit coupling of trait‐based approaches to ecological stoichiometry can support our mechanistic understanding of responses of cyanobacteria toward shifts in resource availability.
On the convergence rates for the three‐dimensional filtered Boussinesq equations
Authors: Bisconti Luca , Catania Davide
Published: April 2021

In this paper we consider a LES model for the approximation of large scales of the 3D Boussinesq equations. We analyze the convergence rate, in appropriate norms, of the unique regular weak solution of the regularized Boussinesq equations towards a weak solution of the original Boussinesq system.
Multiple solutions for critical nonhomogeneous elliptic systems in noncontractible domain
Authors: Duan Xueliang , Wei Gongming , Yang Haitao
Published: April 2021

The paper is concerned with multiple solutions of a nonhomogeneous elliptic system with Sobolev critical exponent over a noncontractible domain, precisely, a smooth bounded annular domain. We prove the existence of four solutions using variational methods and Lusternik–Schnirelmann theory, when the inner hole of the annulus is sufficiently small.
Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Ameliorates Sjögren's Syndrome in a Murine Model
Authors: Wang Yifan , Xiao Jia , Duan Yuchen , Miao Miao , Huang Bo , Chen Jiali , Cheng Gong , Zhou Xingyu , Jin Yuebo , He Jing , Li Zhanguo , So Kwok‐Fai
Published: April 2021

Scope

This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS).

Methods and results

Non‐obese diabetic mice (the pSS model) are randomly divided into four groups: Low dose LBP (LBP.L, 5 mg kg−1 d−1), high dose LBP (10 mg
kg−1 d−1), low dose interleukin (IL)‐2 (25
000 IU/d), and control (saline water). Drugs were treated for 12 weeks. LBP.L significantly reduces the salivary gland inflammation compared with the control group (histological score p LBP.L vs Control = 0.019; foci number: p LBP.L vs Control = 0.038). LBP.L also remarkably reduces the effector follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the CD4+IL‐17A+ helper T (Th17) cells in both spleen and cervical lymph node (cLN) cells. Additionally, the ratios of regulatory T cell (Treg)/Tfh cells and Treg/Th17 cells are substantially increased in mice treated with LBP.L in both spleen and cLNs. LBP also inhibits Th17 and Tfh cells and markedly increases the Treg/Tfh ratio in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Conclusion

LBP.L inhibits the progression of pSS in mice, associated with modulation of T cell differentiation.
Towards large‐scale steady‐state enhanced nuclear magnetization with in situ detection
Authors: Blanchard John W. , Ripka Barbara , Suslick Benjamin A. , Gelevski Dario , Wu Teng , Münnemann Kerstin , Barskiy Danila A. , Budker Dmitry
Published: April 2021

Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) boosts NMR signals of various nuclei enabling new applications spanning from magnetic resonance imaging to analytical chemistry and fundamental physics. SABRE is especially well positioned for continuous generation of enhanced magnetization on a large scale; however, several challenges need to be addressed for accomplishing this goal. Specifically, SABRE requires (i) a specialized catalyst capable of reversible H2 activation and (ii) physical transfer of the sample from the point of magnetization generation to the point of detection (e.g., a high‐field or a benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] spectrometer). Moreover, (iii) continuous parahydrogen bubbling accelerates solvent (e.g., methanol) evaporation, thereby limiting the experimental window to tens of minutes per sample. In this work, we demonstrate a strategy to rapidly generate the best‐to‐date precatalyst (a compound that is chemically modified in the course of the reaction to yield the catalyst) for SABRE, [Ir(IMes)(COD)Cl] (IMes = 1,3‐bis‐[2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl]‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene; COD = cyclooctadiene) via a highly accessible synthesis. Second, we measure hyperpolarized samples using a home‐built zero‐field NMR spectrometer and study the field dependence of hyperpolarization directly in the detection apparatus, eliminating the need to physically move the sample during the experiment. Finally, we prolong the measurement time and reduce evaporation by presaturating parahydrogen with the solvent vapor before bubbling into the sample. These advancements extend opportunities for exploring SABRE hyperpolarization by researchers from various fields and pave the way to producing large quantities of hyperpolarized material for long‐lasting detection of SABRE‐derived nuclear magnetization.
Rheumatology patients’ perceptions of patient activation and the Patient Activation Measure: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Jones Bethan , Hunt Andrew , Hewlett Sarah , Harcourt Diana , Dures Emma
Published: April 2021

Introduction

An important aspect of self‐management is patient activation (the skills, abilities and confidence someone uses to actively manage their health). The dominant method of capturing patient activation is the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) which has been integrated into many aspects of clinical practice in musculoskeletal care. However, limited research has investigated how rheumatology patients understand and perform patient activation, and how closely their perceptions align with the PAM.

Methods

Seventeen patients from two rheumatology departments in South West England participated in semi‐structured interviews at two timepoints. They discussed how they actively managed their health and their views on the PAM. Data on activation were analysed using framework analysis and data on the PAM were analysed using content analysis.

Results

Participants self‐managed with determination, finding ways to make small, sustainable behaviour changes and effectively navigate the healthcare system. They reported the value of knowing what self‐management techniques suited them individually and reported benefitting from positive perceptions of their own health and good social support. Participants noted that the PAM did not always capture the fluctuating nature of their inflammatory arthritis and the collaborative nature of healthcare.

Conclusions

Patients' perceptions and experiences of patient activation covered a wide range of skills, behaviours and beliefs. However, these are not always captured by the PAM. Therefore, its use as a clinical tool is best accompanied by dialogue with patients to understand their self‐management.
Effect of roughness on the conductivity of vacuum coated flexible paper electrodes
Authors: Rawal Gaurav , Ghatak Animangsu
Published: April 2021

Flexible conducting materials are required for the design and fabrication of a host of applications involving flexible electronic items. A flexible substrate like paper or polymer is generally employed for deposition of metal by a variety of processes. Among many physical properties, the roughness of the substrate is considered an important parameter, although, its exact role on effective conductivity of the coating is not known. Nor any study has been carried out to understand how the three‐dimensional porous structure of the substrate surface affects the microscopic packing of grains that constitute the metal coating. With the objective of elucidating the effect of substrate roughness on the conductivity of paper electrodes, we have used six different commonly available papers for vacuum coating with copper. For a smooth substrate, the grains that constitute the coating appear spherical, however, turns ellipsoidal as the substrate roughness and heterogeneity is increased; ellipsoidal grains result in higher packing efficiency leading to higher conductivity. We have also presented a model to relate the packing efficiency to the asphericity, polydispersity, and skewness of size distribution of grains.
In Reply
Authors: Rugo Hope S. , Huober Jens , Garcia-Saenz Jose A. , Masuda Norikazu , Sohn Joo Hyuk , Andre Valerie A.M. , Barriga Susana , Cox Joanne , Goetz Matthew
Published: April 2021

This letter to the editor responds to Badoui et al. regarding data on abemaciclib dosages and adverse events.
Resuscitate Old Pipelines With C‐Factor Testing and Rehabilitation
Authors: Alberton Dave , Waite Erika
Published: April 2021

C‐factor analysis helps a Canadian water utility target trenchless pipe lining repair for cost‐effective asset renewal.
What do we need to know and understand about p53 to improve its clinical value?
Authors: Salomao Norman , Karakostis Konstantinos , Hupp Ted , Vollrath Friz , Vojtesek Borivoj , Fahraeus Robin
Published: April 2021

Few proteins are more studied than the p53 tumour suppressor, but what have we learned from these studies and what do we really know about p53 that can benefit clinical practice? The DNA sequence encoding p53 is frequently mutated in cancers but the functional outcomes of single mutations, in respect to loss or gain of different activities, especially in relation to immune evasion, are not clear. This illustrates p53's complexity which even after 40 years keeps providing surprises, but also explains why it has not yet lived up to its potential to benefit cancer treatment. We have reassessed a few key experiments that shaped the p53 field and we take a closer look at the interpretations of these experiments: what they have taught us, the resulting dogmas, and their potential clinical importance. One outcome is a more dynamic view of p53 in terms of its activity, its regulation, and downstream effectors, which will benefit the clinical application of p53 for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Mutations and regulatory factors can have different effects on p53 activity depending on context, important but neglected aspects when interpreting p53 and its pathways in cancers. Even though p53 is undoubtedly unique as a multifunctional hub in different cellular pathways, the concept of a factor taking up different functions within a regulatory pathway during different conditions is not. In this sense, p53 continues to lead the way for a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development in vivo. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Device Feasibility of Ferroelectric Field‐Effect Transistors Using Al‐Doped HfO2 Gate Insulator Deposited with H2O Oxygen Precursor during Atomic Layer Deposition Process
Authors: Kim Jin-Ju , Yoon So-Jung , Kim Yeriaron , Moon Seung-Eon , Yoon Sung-Min
Published: April 2021

Metal–ferroelectric–metal (MFM) capacitors with Pt‐/Al‐doped HfO2 (Al:HfO2)/TiN structures are characterized to demonstrate the ferroelectricity of the Al:HfO2 thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition with H2O precursor at various annealing conditions. When the crystallization annealing temperature increases from 750 to 850 °C, the value of ferroelectric remnant polarization (2Pr) increases from 11.5 to 17.1 μC cm−2 for the postmetallization annealing (PMA) process, whereas it increases from 8.1 to 11.4 μC cm−2 for the postdeposition annealing (PDA) process. The variations in crystallinity of Al:HfO2 and interfacial properties between the electrodes are analyzed to explore the physical origins to initiate the differences in electrical properties of the MFM capacitors. Using the Al:HfO2 thin film prepared with PMA at 850 °C as a ferroelectric gate insulator, which exhibits a maximum value of 2Pr and polarization switching time as short as 1 μs, the ferroelectric field‐effect transistors (FeFETs) are fabricated with metal–ferroelectric–metal–insulator–semiconductor gate stack. The memory on/off ratios are secured to be 2.6 × 104 and 2.0 × 104 after a lapse of retention time of 105 s and after repeated program operations of 104 cycles, respectively.
The effect of plastic pails on pallet deflection and pressure distribution for stringer class wooden pallets
Authors: Alvarez Valverde Mary Paz , Horvath Laszlo , Bouldin John , Shahabi Farhad
Published: April 2021

There are 513 million new wooden pallets produced every year in the United States, most of which are purposely built for specific applications. Currently, most wooden pallets are designed with the assumption that they will carry a uniformly distributed, flexible load. However, it has been observed by many researchers that most loads carried by pallets are discrete loads where the interactions between packages cause pressure redistribution defined as load bridging. The load bridging phenomenon has been extensively studied for corrugated boxes, and it has been found that the deflection of the pallet is highly dependent on the number, size and type of corrugated boxes and the design of the pallet used. Although pails are an essential packaging solution used to transport smaller amounts of liquids (1–40 L), there is a lack of understanding about the effect of load bridging on unit loads of pails. The objective of this research was to understand the differences in pallet bending and pressure distribution across the top of the pallet when pallets are loaded with plastic pails compared with a flexible airbag. The results revealed that pallets deflect 32%–89% less when loaded with plastic pails. The load predominantly distributes down the bottom perimeter of the pail, indicating that the design of the bottom of the pail could have a major effect on pallet performance. The effect of plastic pails was dependent on pallet design, indicating that the stiffness of a pallet could have a major effect on load bridging experienced by plastic pails.
Real robotic total mesopancreas excision (TMpE) assisted by hanging manoeuver (HM): Standardised technique
Authors: Azagra Juan Santiago , Rosso Edoardo , Pascotto Beniamino , de Blasi Vito , Henrard Alexandre , González González Lucia
Published: April 2021

Background

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is one of the most demanding interventions for digestive surgeons. R0 resection is a key point for the overall survival and disease‐free survival. Total mesopancreas excision (TMpE) has been described by laparotomy but laparoscopy did not provide good results probably because of the technical difficulties of the approach. We propose a standardised total robotic approach.

Methods

In this step‐by‐step technical description, we propose as example, a case of a 53‐year‐old man with a pancreatic head adenocarcinoma with doubts about the invasion of the mesopancreas surrounding superior mesenteric artery. The mesopancreas hanging manoeuver allows us to perform a TMpE.

Results

The surgery performed was a robotic artery first pancreaticoduodenectomy with TMpE. The pathological result was pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma pT2, N1 (1/23), M0, V0, L0, Pn0, R0.

Conclusions

Robotic approach is safe, effective and reproductible. Through a standardised technique, it may overcome some of the technical difficulties of laparoscopic PD.
Fault‐tolerant consensus for switched multiagent systems with input saturation
Authors: Yin Yanhui , Wang Fuyong , Liu Zhongxin , Chen Zengqiang
Published: April 2021

This article investigates the fault‐tolerant consensus problem for switched multiagent systems with input saturation. Actuator faults including partial loss of effectiveness, outage, bias, and stuck are all considered in switched general linear systems. By utilizing the adaptive projection algorithm, low gain feedback theory, and average dwell time method, novel saturated consensus protocols are designed for both fixed and switching topologies with local information of neighboring agents. It is proven that the fault‐tolerant consensus problem can be solved with the proposed protocols in both leader‐following case and leaderless case. The innovation of this article lies not only in the fact that actuator faults, switched dynamics, and input saturation are simultaneously considered, but also in the fact that a novel modified low‐and‐high gain feedback approach is introduced to deal with various types of actuator faults. Finally, two numerical examples are given to validate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Robotic drilling tests in simulated lunar regolith environment
Authors: Zhang Tao , Zhang Yinliang , Xu Kun , Ding Xilun , Wei Hongyu , Chao Chaoyue , Wang Bin , Wang Bing
Published: April 2021

A deep extraterrestrial drilling mission potentially adds a new level of complexity, and it is crucial to understand the associated challenges. To cope with China's Chang'E 5 mission to return subsurface regolith samples from the Moon, a series of laboratory tests were performed to validate the lunar robotic drilling from 2015 to 2018. The tests took place in a simulated thermal‐vacuum regolith environment, a highly relevant lunar analog site. Force and temperature sensors were integrated into a 2‐m class dry auger coring drill to assess the mechanical and thermophysical status of the sampling process. The operation of the entire testing system was automated, covering regolith penetration and data collection and storage. The science team used sensing data to characterize the subsurface geologic strata, assess the conditions of the drilling robot, and direct the sampling strategy. This experiment represents an essential first step in understanding the technology and operational requirements for lunar drilling and sampling mission. Many laboratory tests have helped guide the design and implementation of the highly successful lunar regolith‐sampling task in the Chang'E 5 mission. This paper documents the experimental system design, highlighting some critical design criteria and design tradeoffs. It also discusses the results of laboratory testing and lists some of the key technological lessons learned.