bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diferenciação por qualidade da carne bovina: a ótica do bem-estar animal
Authors: Oliveira Carolina Balbé de , Bortoli Elísio Camargo de , Barcellos Júlio Otávio Jardim
Published: October 2008

Este estudo busca enfatizar como o bem-estar animal pode influenciar nos sistemas produtivos pecuários e no produto final - a carne bovina. Surge da preocupação com as condições que os bovinos são manejados e chegam para abate nos frigoríficos, ocasionando prejuízos a todos os agentes da cadeia produtiva e da necessidade de obtenção de produtos seguros, com qualidade, e produzidos de forma sustentável e ambientalmente correta. Um bom manejo durante todo o sistema de criação se reflete na qualidade da carne. Ao se agregar qualidade, mesmo que por meio de características pouco identificáveis, promove-se a diferenciação do produto. Com certeza, assim como os prejuízos ocasionados pelo manejo inadequado, os ganhos da diferenciação, por meio de práticas de bem-estar animal, poderão ser compartilhados por todos os agentes da cadeia produtiva.
Collection of Coleoptera from a poultry farm in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Pinto Diego Moscarelli , Duarte Juliano Lessa Pinto , Ribeiro Paulo Bretanha , Silveira Júnior Paulo
Published: October 2008

To evaluate the population fluctuation of Coleoptera from a poultry farm in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, two sampling methods were used: a tube-type trap and a sandwich trap. The analyses of polynomial regression were applied independent of the type of sampling method used. The experiment was carried out for twelve months, from April 2002 to March 2003, in a broiler barn aviary at the Conjunto Agrotécnico Visconde da Graça/UFPEL. A total of 43.945 Coleopterans were captured from the following species: Alphitobius diaperinus, Carcinops troglodytes, Euspilotus rubriculus, Gnathocerus cornutus, Mezium americanum and Somotrichus unifasciatus. Among these, Alphitobius diaperinus was present in all months of the year, with larval population peak in February (235) and lowest capture in August (01). The adult population peak was in March (12,020) and the lowest capture in July (27). The remaining captured Coleopterans did not occur in all twelve months, however they also had population peaks in the months of February and March, which also were the months with the highest temperatures.
Concentração de mercúrio e análise histopatológica em músculo, rim e cérebro de peixe-espada (Trichiurus lepturus) coletados na praia de Itaipu - Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Cardoso Tatiana Pereira , Mársico Eliane Teixeira , Medeiros Renata Jurema , Tortelly Rogério , Sobreiro Leila Gatti
Published: October 2008

O pescado e seus derivados destacam-se como fonte de exposição e contaminação por metais pesados para o homem. A acumulação do metal mercúrio (Hg) ocorre de forma progressiva através da cadeia trófica e da água sendo o peixe-espada um carnívoro localizado no topo da cadeia alimentar ele pode representar o grau de contaminação da região estudada. Os objetivos neste estudo foram determinar os teores de mercúrio (Hg) e realizar análise histopatológica em órgãos da espécie Trichiurus lepturus em peixes comercializados na região da praia de Itaipu, Niterói - RJ. Foram analisados trinta e um animais, nos quais foram encontrados em musculatura e rim valores médios de Hg de 0,051±0,031µ g g-1 e 0,006±0,004µ g g-1, respectivamente. No pool de cérebro de todos os animais obteve-se o valor de 0,019µ g g-1. Os valores individuais mínimos e máximos de Hg na musculatura e no rim demonstraram uma ampla dispersão. Nas análises de correlação entre comprimento total e teores de Hg em musculatura, e peso total e teores de Hg em musculatura, foi verificada uma correlação positiva (r=0,85 e r=0,88 respectivamente) altamente significativa (P<0,0001). Entretanto, na correlação entre peso do rim e os teores de Hg no mesmo órgão, não foi demonstrada uma correlação significativa (r=0,24) ao nível de confiança de 95% (P>0,19). Nos testes de comparação múltipla entre os teores médios encontrados em musculatura, rim e cérebro, foi observada uma diferença altamente significativa entre os valores do músculo e do rim, assim como entre os do músculo e do cérebro (P<0,001 para ambos). Na comparação entre rim e cérebro, também foi verificada uma diferença significativa ao nível de 5% de probabilidade (P<0,05). Na análise histopatológica, foram observadas lesões no rim, caracterizando-se por metaplasias cartilaginosas em alguns exemplares e uma intensa presença de corpos melanomacrofágicos.
Difícil reconversão: futebol, projeto e destino em meninos brasileiros
Authors: Souza Camilo Araújo Máximo de , Vaz Alexandre Fernandez , Bartholo Tiago Lisboa , Soares Antonio Jorge Gonçalves
Published: October 2008

O objetivo do artigo é analisar parte da trajetória de vida de dois jovens que realizaram testes em um grande clube de futebol europeu na década de 1990. As histórias, com desfechos distintos, têm um início comum: a escola de futebol Nova Geração. Os dados analisados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas, dos diários de campo e das matérias jornalísticas que retratam a escola. As análises sugerem que encaminhar um menino na carreira de futebolista profissional, principalmente nas camadas populares, é um projeto familiar. Além disso, o processo de seleção e treinamento dos novos talentos não mais dispensa a inserção dos jovens escolhidos em sistemas rígidos de treinamentos em clubes ou escolinhas. O capital adquirido nos treinamentos é de difícil reconversão no caso de uma profissionalização frustrada ou ainda no momento da aposentaria do jogador profissional. Esse quadro demonstra que a escolha da profissão oferece inúmeros riscos para aqueles que se aventuram em conquistá-la.
La pasión según aldosivi: el "otro" y los combates por la identidad
Authors: Gil Gastón Julián
Published: October 2008

A partir del concepto antropológico de identidad se intenta explorar la manera en que hinchas de fútbol de un equipo de la tercera división argentina elaboran sus propias teorías acerca de la pasión. En esas construcciones consiguen diferenciarse de sus rivales mezclando referencias de clase, de etnicidad, de género o actitudes hacia la violencia, quedando envueltos en disputas permanentes (muchas de ellas violentas) por sostener el honor grupal. En estos combates por la identidad las distintas representaciones en juego son manipuladas por los sectores de poder que generan "mercados de violencia" que luego rechazan desde lo discursivo.
Ganhar jogo, pagar jogo e ganhar visita: prática futebolística em um bairro rural
Authors: Spaggiari Enrico
Published: October 2008

Pretendo refletir sobre algumas abordagens possíveis do futebol a partir de uma experiência etnográfica num bairro localizado no perímetro rural de São Bento do Sapucaí (SP), onde investiguei os possíveis entrelaçamentos entre as formas associativas e de sociabilidade em torno das práticas futebolísticas e o universo comunitário do bairro. Por meio desses entrelaçamentos pude verificar a existência de certas dinâmicas no contexto futebolístico local, onde as ações de receber e visitar outras equipes implicam regras e deveres inteligíveis dentro de uma lógica de reciprocidade particular. Partindo da premissa de que existe uma heterogeneidade de significados e práticas do esporte, proponho, ainda, problematizar as premissas dicotômicas que fomentam o debate envolvendo, principalmente, os usos dos conceitos de esporte e jogo, mas também a dimensão ritual e a dimensão cotidiana, tendo sempre em mente que são planos em constantes articulações.
Jogo livre: analogias em torno das 17 regras do futebol
Authors: Toledo Luiz Henrique de
Published: October 2008

O tema central desse ensaio é a análise das regras do futebol à luz de algumas teorias sociais que subsidiam, explícita ou implicitamente, inúmeras abordagens sobre o fenômeno esportivo. Manipulando o sumário do livro de regras, e impondo três deslocamentos conceituais de inspiração estruturalista, estrutural funcionalista e configuracional, respectivamente, os argumentos aqui desenvolvidos procuram recolocar o núcleo mais infra-estrutural do futebol, concebido no conjunto de suas regras, e que está na base do entendimento do futebol como um esporte moderno, dentro de um movimento comparativo mais amplo, fundamental para a consolidação de uma proposta de antropologia do esporte.
Ocorrência de erros ortográficos em caso de paralisia cerebral
Authors: Bacha Stella Maris Cortez
Published: October 2008

TEMA: conhecimento dos erros ortográficos em caso de paralisia cerebral. PROCEDIMENTOS: estudar um caso de paciente da clínica fonoaudiológica, com diplegia, componente espástico em membros inferiores, hipotonia de base em tronco e face; possivelmente há lesão vestibular e de base de cerebelo justificando um comprometimento maior nos membros inferiores, sendo ainda observado déficit de equilíbrio e atenção. As provas de Zorzi (1998) foram aplicadas pela fonoaudióloga e compararam-se os achados também com os de Bacha & Maia (2001), cujos trabalhos dirigiam-se a educandos sem paralisia cerebral. RESULTADOS: nas cinco provas analisaram-se 126 erros ortográficos: a maioria, 52,4%, na categoria representações múltiplas, coincidindo com os casos sem paralisia cerebral; seguiu-se a categoria omissões (12,7%), generalização (11,1%), letras parecidas (6,3%), apoio na oralidade, junção-separação e confusão "am" x "ao" com 3,2%, acréscimo de letras (1,6%), trocas surdas-sonoras (0,8%), sem erros de inversão e 5,5% classificados na opção "outras". A aplicação da função discriminante permitiu reclassificar o caso na primeira série (2º ano). CONCLUSÃO: encontrou-se classificação de erros ortográficos diferentes das previstas nos casos sem paralisia cerebral, quantidade elevada para ano escolar e considera-se necessário mais estudo em população semelhante.
Terapia fonológica: a generalização dentro de uma classe de sons e para outras classes de sons
Authors: Ceron Marizete Ilha , Keske-Soares Márcia
Published: October 2008

OBJETIVO: comparar a generalização dentro de uma classe e para outras classes de sons no tratamento de sujeitos com diferentes gravidades do desvio fonológico submetidos aos Modelos de Ciclos Modificado, ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas e Oposições Máximas Modificado. MÉTODOS: 21 crianças com desvio fonológico, 11 do sexo masculino e 10 do feminino, com média de idade de 5:7 anos tiveram seus dados de fala foram analisados por meio da avaliação fonológica. Após a realização da análise contrastiva, foi calculado o Percentual de Consoantes Correta (Shriberg e Kwiatkowski, 1982) e os sujeitos foram classificados em diferentes gravidades do desvio fonológico: grave, moderado-grave, leve-moderado, leve. Seis sujeitos foram submetidos ao Modelo de Ciclos Modificado, oito ao ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas, e sete ao de Oposições Máximas Modificado. Fez-se uma comparação da generalização dentro de uma classe e para outras classes de sons entre os três modelos em cada grau de gravidade do desvio fonológico. RESULTADOS: a generalização dentro de uma classe de sons ocorreu em todos os modelos pesquisados. O Modelo ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas foi efetivo para todos os graus de gravidade e o de Oposições Máximas Modificado foi mais efetivo nos graus grave e moderado-grave. Em relação à generalização para outras classes de sons os sujeitos submetidos ao Modelo ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas foram os que apresentaram um maior número de produções corretas nas diferentes gravidades do desvio fonológico. CONCLUSÃO: todos os sujeitos apresentaram evoluções quanto às generalizações pesquisadas nos três modelos.
Rineloricaria osvaldoi (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): a new species of armored catfish from rio Vermelho, Araguaia basin, Brazil
Authors: Fichberg Ilana , Chamon Carine C.
Published: October 2008

A new species of Rineloricaria Bleeker from the rio Vermelho, Araguaia basin, Goiás, Brazil is described. Rineloricaria osvaldoi, new species, can be distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: surface of thoracic area trapezoidal with greatest width between pectoral fins, up to 13 premaxillary teeth, largest body width at the section of the canal plate, anterior profile of the head of mature males semicircular in dorsal view. Although eight genera of Loricariinae are known from the rio Araguaia basin, R. lanceolata was only species of Rineloricaria previously reported from that basin. Therefore, the discovery of the R. osvaldoi increases the scenery of diversity of Loricariinae within this drainage basin.
Two new species of Rineloricaria (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Iguaçu basin, southern Brazil
Authors: Ingenito Leonardo F. S. , Ghazzi Miriam S. , Duboc Luiz F. , Abilhoa Vinícius
Published: October 2008

Rineloricaria langei and R. maacki, new species, are described from upper and middle regions of the rio Iguaçu basin, a left bank tributary of the rio Paraná basin, southern Brazil. Rineloricaria langei has narrow body and is similar to R. quadrensis, which is found in coastal rivers of Rio Grande do Sul State and is distinguishable by several morphometric characters. Rineloricaria maacki is distinguishable from all other congeners by the shape and extension of the naked area of the ventral region of pectoral girdle and other morphological characters. The presence of a naked region on the abdominal surface is shared with other species from the rio Paraná and rio Uruguay basins and coastal drainages from southeastern and southern Brazil. This may indicate a close phylogenetic relationship among these species. Similarities between the two new species and species from the aforementioned drainages also suggest close biogeographic relationship between the Paraná basin and other Brazilian coastal Atlantic drainages throughout the rio Iguaçu basin.
Taxonomy of Ixinandria Isbrücker & Nijssen (Loricariidae: Loricariinae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Rodriguez Mónica S. , Cramer Christian A. , Bonatto Sandro L. , Reis Roberto E.
Published: October 2008

The genus Ixinandria was described in 1979 to include I. steinbachi from the upper río Juramento in northern Argentina and I. montebelloi from the upper río Bermejo in southern Bolivia. We used a multivariate morphometric analysis (Principal Components Analysis) and a molecular comparison of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene to investigate variation among distinct populations from the known distribution range of both species. We conclude that the populations are not significantly distinct and do not deserve separate species recognition, and we place I. montebelloi in the synonymy of I. steinbachi.
Two new species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Teleostei: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, Central Brazil
Authors: Zawadzki Cláudio H. , Weber Claude , Pavanelli Carla S.
Published: October 2008

Two new species of Hypostomus Lacépède (Teleostei: Loricariidae) from the rio Paranaíba and rio Grande basins, both in the upper rio Paraná basin, central Brazil, are described herein. One of them is distinguished from all congeners, except H. albopunctatus, by having the pectoral-fin spine length equal to or smaller than the pelvic-fin spine. From H. albopunctatus, it is distinguished by having round dark spots (vs. pale) on body and fins. The second species is distinguished from all congeners, except H. multidens and H. ternetzi, by having more than 115 teeth (vs. less than 109) per ramus on dentary and premaxilla. It is distinguished most readily from H. ternetzi by having teeth with two symmetrical (vs. asymmetrical) cusps. It is distinguished from H. multidens by having round dark spots (vs. pale) over body and fins.
A new species of Gladioglanis Ferraris & Mago-Leccia from rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)
Authors: Rocha Marcelo Salles , Oliveira Renildo Ribeiro de , Py-Daniel Lúcia H. Rapp
Published: October 2008

A new species of Gladioglanis is described from a single locality on rio Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, and can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: dorsal-fin spine and spinelet absent, first dorsal-fin ray flexible, unbranched, followed by five branched dorsal-fin rays, pectoral-fin spine short and with few (5 anterior-side, 4 posterior-side) dentations, 22-25 anal-fin rays, round profile of the head in dorsal view, first dorsal-fin pterygiophore in contact with the neural spine of eighth vertebrae, 13 caudal-fin rays in both upper and lower lobes, and 60 total vertebrae. Some of its characters are discussed below and compared among the species of a small clade within Heptapteridae proposed by Bockmann (1998).
Three new Pimelodus species (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil
Authors: Ribeiro Frank R.V. , Lucena Carlos A. S. , Lucinda Paulo H. F.
Published: October 2008

Three new species of Siluriformes from the rio Tocantins drainage of Brazil are placed in the genus Pimelodus, P. stewarti, P. joannis, and P. halisodous. Pimelodus halisodous differs from the sympatric P. joannis and P. stewarti by the number of premaxillary tooth rows (13-16 vs. 5-9). Pimelodus joannis differs from P. stewarti by the presence of two dark blotches on the base of the caudal fin. The three new species differ from all other species of Pimelodus by the possession of a uniform gray coloration along flanks; the relatively short distance between the posterior nostril and the anterior orbital border; a short maxillary barbel, that only slightly surpasses the caudal-fin base.
Platydoras brachylecis, a new species of thorny catfish (Siluriformes: Doradidae) from northeastern Brazil
Authors: Piorski Nivaldo M. , Garavello Julio C. , H. Mariangeles Arce , Sabaj Mark H.
Published: October 2008

Platydoras brachylecis, new species, is described from coastal drainages of northeastern Brazil (Pindaré to Parnaíba rivers), and diagnosed from congeners by the unique combination of: pale yellow to white stripe beginning above orbits, continuing midlaterally on body and onto middle rays of caudal fin; skin in axil of each midlateral thorn without concentration of pigment forming small dark spot, midlateral scutes shallow (depth of 10th scute 8.8-11.9% of SL), and midlateral scutes on caudal peduncle distinctly separated by strip of skin from middorsal and midventral caudal-peduncle plates. Three additional species of Platydoras are recognized as valid: P. armatulus (lower Orinoco, Amazon and Paraguay-Paraná drainages), P. costatus (coastal drainages of Suriname and French Guiana), and P. hancockii (upper Orinoco, Negro, Essequibo and Demerara drainages). The nominal species P. dentatus and P. helicophilus are tentatively treated as junior synonyms of P. costatus. A key to species of Platydoras is provided.
A systematic revision of Tatia (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae: Centromochlinae)
Authors: Sarmento-Soares Luisa Maria , Martins-Pinheiro Ronaldo Fernando
Published: October 2008

The auchenipterid catfish genus Tatia is revised. Twelve species are recognized including three described as new. Tatia is diagnosed by the hyomandibula elongated anterodorsally, the anal-fin base of adult males reduced in length, and the caudal peduncle laterally compressed and deep with a middorsal keel. Tatia aulopygia occurs in the Madeira river drainage and is distinguished by the reduced cranial fontanel in adults and male modified anal fin with middle rays reduced in length. Tatia boemia, known from the upper Uruguay river drainage, is distinguished by its unique color pattern with dark chromatophores on the sides of body. Tatia brunnea from river basins in Suriname and French Guiana and the Negro river drainage, Amazon basin, is recognized by its wide head and mouth and by the male modified anal fin with sharply pointed tip. Tatia dunni, from the upper Amazon basin, is recognized by its narrow head, long postcleithral process in some specimens, and body coloration with irregular blotches or stripes. Tatia galaxias, endemic to the Orinoco river basin, is distinguished by its large eye and short snout. Tatia gyrina, distributed in the upper and central Amazon basin and in northern Suriname, has a uniquely reduced mesethmoid, slightly protruding lower jaw, second nuchal plate with slightly concave lateral borders, third nuchal plate reduced, small prevomer, low number of ribs, low number of vertebrae and sexual dimorphism regarding intumescent male genital papilla. Tatia intermedia, recorded from central and lower Amazon basin, Tocantins river, and coastal drainages in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and eastern Pará State, Brazil, is distinguished by the short postcleithral process, small eye and long snout. Tatia neivai, from the upper Paraná river , Paraguay river and upper Paraíba do Sul river basin, is distinguished by its unique vertebral count and caudal-fin coloration consisting of transverse dark bars. Tatia strigata, from central Amazon basin and Negro river, is distinguished by its horizontally striped color pattern and the modified male anal fin with middle rays reduced in length. Tatia caxiuanensis, a new species described from the Curuá river, lower Amazon basin, is recognized by its wide cranial fontanel and distinctive anal fin in mature males. Tatia meesi, a new species described from the Essequibo river basin, Guyana, is distinguished from congeners by the cranial fontanel with two separate openings and thin nasal bone. Tatia nigra, a new species described from the central Amazon basin, is distinguished by its short postcleithral process, low number of vertebrae, and dark color pattern. All twelve species of Tatia are described or redescribed and a key to species is provided.
Critical Parameters Determining Standard Radiotherapy Treatment Outcome for Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Computer Simulation
Authors: Dionysiou D.D , Stamatakos G.S , Gintides D , Uzunoglu N , Kyriaki K
Published: October 2008

The aim of this paper is to investigate the most critical parameters determining radiotherapy treatment outcome in terms of tumor cell kill for glioblastoma multiforme tumors by using an already developed simulation model of in vivo tumor response to radiotherapy.
Mechanical Ventilator for Delivery of 17O2 in Brief Pulses
Authors: Baumgardner J.E , Mellon E.A , Tailor D.R , Mallikarjunarao K , Borthakur A , Reddy R
Published: October 2008

The 17O nucleus has been used recently by several groups for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of cerebral metabolism. Inhalational delivery of 17O2 in very brief pulses could, in theory, have significant advantages for determination of the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) with MR imaging. Mechanical ventilators, however, are not typically capable of creating step changes in gas concentration at the airway. We designed a ventilator for large animal and human studies that provides mechanical ventilation to a subject inside an MR scanner through 25 feet of small-bore connecting tubing, and tested its capabilities using helium as a surrogate for 17O2. After switching the source gas from oxygen to helium, the 0-90% response time for helium concentration changes at the airway was 2.4 seconds. The capability for creating rapid step changes in gas concentration at the airway in large animal and human studies should facilitate the experimental testing of the delivery 17O2 in brief pulses, and its potential use in imaging CMRO2.
Coronary Artery Calcium Scores: Current Thinking and Clinical Applications
Authors: George Anil , Movahed Assad
Published: October 2008

Most incident coronary disease occurs in previously asymptomatic individuals who were considered to be at a lower risk by traditional screening methods. There is a definite advantage if these individuals could be reclassified into a higher risk category, thereby impacting disease outcomes favorably. Coronary artery calcium scores have been recognized as an independent marker for adverse prognosis in coronary disease. Multiple population based studies have acknowledged the shortcomings of risk prediction models such as the Framingham risk score or the Procam score. The science behind coronary calcium is discussed briefly followed by a review of current thinking on calcium scores. An attempt has been made to summarize the appropriate indications and use of calcium scores.
Awareness and Attitudes About HIV Among Pregnant Women in Aksu, Northwest China
Authors: Maimaiti Rena , Andersson Rune
Published: October 2008

The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region has a firmly established HIV epidemic among its intravenous drug user (IDU) population. Local sex workers were also found to be positive in 1998. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and attitudes among consecutively selected pregnant women was conducted November 2005 in Aksu Prefecture, north-western China, with a population on 2 million with about 25 000 pregnancies per year. A total of 291 pregnant women participated. We found a limited knowledge on mother-to child transmission with several misconceptions. The AIDS campaigns have been successful in making all the women aware of HIV as a sexually transmitted disease. However, the common belief that social contact causes transmission gives a high risk that patients are stigmatized. Obviously, it is important to design HIV information strategies that target pregnant women in north-western China.
Biomarkers of Psychological Stress in Health Disparities Research
Authors: Djuric Zora , Bird Chloe E. , Furumoto-Dawson Alice , Rauscher Garth H. , Ruffin IV Mack T. , Stowe Raymond P. , Tucker Katherine L. , Masi Christopher M.
Published: October 2008

Psychological stress can contribute to health disparities in populations that are confronted with the recurring
stress of everyday life. A number of biomarkers have been shown to be affected by psychological stress. These
biomarkers include allostatic load, which is a summary measure of the cumulative biological burden of the repeated
attempts to adapt to daily stress. Allostatic load includes effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the sympathetic
nervous system and the cardiovascular system. These in turn affect the immune system via bidirectional signaling
pathways. Evidence is also building that psychological stress, perhaps via heightened inflammatory states, can increase
oxidative stress levels and DNA damage. The inter-relationships of ethnicity, genotype, gene expression and ability to
adequately mitigate stress response are just starting to be appreciated. The need to conduct these studies in disadvantaged
populations is clear and requires methods to address potential logistical barriers. Biomarkers can help characterize and
quantify the biological impact of psychological stress on the etiology of health disparities.
On Cost-Sharing, Tuition Fees and Income-Contingent Loans for Universal Higher Education: A New Contract between University, Student and State?
Authors: Armbruster Chris
Published: October 2008

In the search for a viable twenty-first century cost-sharing contract between university, student and state, the issues of rising participation and student demand, functional differentiation, institutional competition and stratification and social inequality are systematically discussed. The argument develops through, firstly, a critical appraisal of the genre of elite, mass and universal higher education; secondly, a discussion of the consequences of US institutional stratification; and, thirdly, an assessment of national tuition fee systems as a way of sponsoring mass and universal participation. The Ivy League and the California Master Plan as well as the tuition fee systems in Australia, New Zealand and England have addressed rising participation and relative declining state funding (per full-time equivalent tertiary student) while seeking to preserve and enhance quality by mobilising and concentrating resources. Yet, the accumulated unintended consequences of these systems are undermining their very foundations, making none of these a suitable candidate for emulation in the twenty-first century. Moreover, the conceptual distinction between elite, mass and universal higher education is flawed and not suitable for guiding further reform initiatives. Consequently, it is submitted that the financing of state-funded undergraduate degrees (BA) be decoupled from postgraduate degrees (MA, PhD). The rise of the European Higher Education Area with 46 member states, and more expected to join, serves as a vantage point from which to critique the legacy of the twentieth century and develop preliminary policy recommendations for the twenty-first century.
The Rise of the Post-Doc as Principal Investigator? How PhDs May Advance Their Career and Knowledge Claims in the New Europe of Knowledge
Authors: Armbruster Chris
Published: October 2008

The European Research Area and the European Higher Education Area are still under construction. Their foundations, however, are visible and already affect what the next generation of researchers can and cannot do. While it is unclear when, and to what standard, construction will be completed, the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers clarify the expectations of policy makers and major stakeholders. One significant scenario is the rise of the post-doc as principal investigator. This would signal profound change in the governance and funding of research since hitherto the post-doc has been understood primarily as an assistant (to a professor's chair or on a research project). It is outlined which new knowledge and skills PhDs and post-docs need to advance their career and projects more independently – in science and engineering as well as the social sciences and humanities. Potential changes in funding and status are discussed as well as changing relations with supervisors and mentors. Because of European flagship awards for post-docs as well as mobility fellowships, a significant number of post-docs are already principal investigators. Details of these flagship post-doc awards and fellowships are outlined. The report then discusses what doctoral students and post-docs might do individually and collectively to follow in the footsteps of the pioneers. A list of the most valuable online resources is provided.
Open Access in the Natural and Social Sciences: The Correspondence of Innovative Moves to Enhance Access, Inclusion and Impact in Scholarly Communication
Authors: Armbruster Chris
Published: October 2008

Online, open access is the superior model for scholarly communication. A variety of scientific communities in physics, the life sciences and economics have gone furthest in innovating their scholarly communication through open access, enhancing accessibility for scientists, students and the interested public. Open access enjoys a comparative advantage across the sciences and humanities and it is therefore only logical that functional innovation and structural improvements should be similar in the natural and social sciences. A variety of innovative moves in the natural and social sciences are portrayed and analysed, demonstrating correspondence of the innovative logic across the disciplines even as solutions vary. Open access is technologically feasible and economically efficient. Moreover, open access has become vital to secure the continued advancement of knowledge. It may be expected that public and philanthropic funding will flow in the future only if public visibility and academic impact of the research results can be demonstrated.
Learning without Limits — A Marxist Assessment: A Response to Mike Cole, with a Reply from Mike Cole
Authors: Yarker Patrick
Published: October 2008

Mike Cole argues in his article ( Policy Futures in Education, 6(4), 2008) that the Learning Without Limits (LWL) paradigm of transformability manifests ‘inherent social democratic politics’, offering merely a reformist rather than a revolutionary outlook. The LWL paradigm is further hamstrung, in his view, by a ‘lack of concern with the emancipatory potential of content in the curriculum’. Patrick Yarker tries to argue that the potential of ‘transformability’ is inherently revolutionary, and that while the relationship between pedagogical form and curriculum content is important (and a more fully-worked-out socialist approach to education would no doubt want to address this issue in some of the ways put forward in Mike Cole's article), the issue of content arises tangentially in a text whose chief aim is to offer the detailed outline of an alternative (and in the author's view oppositional) way of teaching within contemporary (English) schools, based on ‘actually-existing’ transformability practices.
Towards an Understanding of Educational Indicators
Authors: Rutkowski David
Published: October 2008

The role of international organisations (IOs) in educational policy making at all levels of governance has increased in recent history due in part to the creation and dissemination of educational indicators. It is the purpose of this article to introduce the concept of indicators, briefly explain indicators’ history and how IOs are involved with indicator collection, and propose one theory toward explaining the increased use of indicators within IOs. In order to facilitate this understanding, the article first attempts to define indicators. It then moves to a brief history of the social and educational indicator movement. This will allow for a better understanding of where education indicators are placed in time and their connection to economic policy knowledge and utility. Finally, the article explores possible motivations for IOs to collect indicators and promote them as valid sources of understanding. While not an exhaustive account, the basis to collect and disseminate indicators includes a desire for comparative information, an aspiration to establish benchmarks, and an ambition to become the sole collectors of information. This list collectively suggests a culture of performativity as described by Lyotard.
Serum triglyceride concentration in dogs with epilepsy treated with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and bromide
Authors: Kluger Elissa K. , Malik Richard , Ilkin William J. , Snow David , Sullivan David R. , Govendir Merran
Published: October 2008

Objective—To compare serum triglyceride concentrations obtained after food had been withheld (ie, fasting concentrations) in dogs with epilepsy that had been treated long term (t 3 months) with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and potassium bromide with concentrations in healthy control dogs.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—57 epileptic dogs that had been treated with phenobarbital (n = 28) or with phenobarbital and bromide (29) and 57 healthy, untreated control dogs matched on the basis of age, breed, sex, neuter status, and body condition score.

Procedures—Blood samples were collected after food had been withheld for at least 12 hours, and serum biochemical and lipid concentrations were determined. Oral fat tolerance tests were performed in 15 control dogs and 9 dogs with epilepsy treated with phenobarbital alone.

Results—19 of the 57 (33%) epileptic dogs had fasting serum triglyceride concentrations greater than the upper reference limit. Nine (16%) dogs had a history of pancreatitis, and 5 of the 9 had high fasting serum triglyceride concentrations at the time of the study. A significant relationship was found between body condition score and fasting serum triglyceride concentration in all dogs, but serum triglyceride concentration was not significantly associated with phenobarbital dosage or serum phenobarbital concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that dogs treated long term with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and bromide may develop hypertriglyceridemia. Fasting serum triglyceride concentration should be periodically monitored in dogs treated with phenobarbital because hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for pancreatitis.
Primary hyperaldosteronism in a domestic ferret with an adrenocortical adenoma
Authors: Desmarchelier Marion , Lair Stéphane , Dunn Marilyn , Langlois Isabelle
Published: October 2008

Case Description—A 6-year-old spayed female domestic ferret was evaluated because of lethargy, alopecia, pruritus, and an abdominal mass.

Clinical Findings—On initial examination, nonregenerative anemia, mild azotemia, and a large left adrenal gland mass were identified. However, deterioration of the ferret's general condition prevented excision of the mass, and dyspnea, weakness, hypertension, and severe hypokalemia developed. Plasma aldosterone concentration was > 3,329 pmol/L, confirming a provisional diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism. High concentrations of sex hormones were also observed, but baseline cortisol concentration was within reference limits.

Treatment and Outcome—Medical treatment included oral administration of spironolactone, potassium gluconate, leuprolide acetate, amlodipine, and benazepril. Inhalation of albuterol proved effective in reducing the dyspnea. In the following weeks, serum potassium concentration returned to within reference limits and hypertension decreased, but dyspnea persisted. Two months after initial examination, the ferret became anorectic and was euthanized. Histologic examination revealed a large left adrenal gland adenoma, progressive chronic nephropathy, severe pulmonary edema, and focal fibrosis in the left ventricle. Immunohistochemical staining of the adrenal gland mass revealed aldosterone within neoplastic adrenocortical cells.

Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that primary hyperaldosteronism should be considered as a possible cause in ferrets with hypokalemia, hypertension, and an adrenal gland mass. Early detection of aldosterone-secreting masses might allow for removal of the tumor before irreversible complications occur.
Does Nasal Irrigation Enter Paranasal Sinuses in Chronic Rhinosinusitis?
Authors: Snidvongs Kornkiat , Chaowanapanja Pattraporn , Aeumjaturapat Songklot , Chusakul Supinda , Praweswararat Puangmali
Published: October 2008

Background

Nasal irrigation is widely used in treating sinonasal diseases. Not only does it remove static secretions and promote mucociliary clearance, but, in chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal flush is also a potential route for topical drug administration into paranasal sinuses. A clinical study was conducted to investigate how well nasal irrigation could reach paranasal sinuses with the ostiomeatal units blocked in chronic rhinosinusitis. This study was performed to (1) assess the ability of a nasal douche and spray to deliver a solution into the paranasal sinuses in chronic rhinosinusitis and (2) compare the performance of the two techniques.

Methods

Fourteen patients, with bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis, underwent nasal irrigation with 140 mg/mL of iodinated contrast solution by 40 mL of douching using an irrigation syringe in one side, and 10 mL of spraying in the other side. A computed tomography scan was undertaken for each patient to determine the volume and the distribution of staining in the nose and paranasal sinuses.

Results

Only two patients had any staining, with a small amount present in a total of three maxillary sinuses (0.10 mL, 0.04 mL, and 0.13 mL). The mean volumes of paranasal sinus staining by nasal douche and nasal spray were 0.0093 and 0.01 mL, respectively. We found that the two techniques had a similar performance. Both of them delivered only a small amount of the solution, ifany, into the sinuses (with a mean difference of -0.0007 mL; 95% CI, -0.02–0.02 mL; p = 0.94).

Conclusion

Nasal douche and spray is not effective in delivering a nasal irrigation solution into paranasal sinuses in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Politics of Mental Health: Circles or Spirals
Authors: Lipton G. L.
Published: October 2008

A brief reference to history suggests that there is a recurrent alternation of providing service to the indigent disturbed through asylum, general hospital and community. Despite modern knowledge about mental health, public attitudes remain seriously prejudiced against this group of mentally ill, and political decisions reflect these attitudes. Many developments for the emotionally disturbed deny the needs of the most disturbed. This paper considers the alienation of the severely mentally ill, the fear about the mentally ill, the guilt about their care, community education about the mentally ill, the development of advocacy on their own behalf by the mentally ill, and therapeutic advances in their care. The paper, although pessimistic about the future, concludes with the hope that the combination of modern humanism, modern communication technology and therapeutic advances may lead to an improvement in the lives of ‘hard core’ chronically ill psychiatric patients.
Techniques in Brief Psychotherapy
Authors: Brodaty Henry
Published: October 2008

There is a need for clear definitions of psychotherapeutic techniques in order to allow for proper evaluation and application of the process of brief psychotherapy. The literature is reviewed on five technical factors germane to brief dynamic psychotherapy: time, activity, focus, transference and termination. With the exception of Malan's (1963, 1976a) finding of the efficacy of therapist-parent interpretations there are no replicated data available to support the use of any particular technique. This lack of supporting evidence may reflect insufficient specificity and definition in the use of brief psychotherapy, and an excessively generalised approach to research.
Agoraphobia, Compulsive Behaviours and Behaviour Completion Mechanisms
Authors: McConaghy N.
Published: October 2008

Anxiety is identified with a state of high arousal. Agoraphobia is differentiated from specific phobias which are inherent responses to situations which threatened primitive man. In agoraphobia, attacks of high arousal are produced by situations which delay ongoing activity. It is hypothesised that such delays produce arousal by activating behaviour completion mechanisms. Evidence is reviewed which indicates desensitization has a lasting effect in agoraphobia but not in specific phobias. It is suggested that desensitization reduces the arousal produced by behaviour completion mechanisms. Aversive therapy in homosexuality reduces the subjects' drive to carry out compulsive sexual behaviours but does not alter sexual orientation. It is suggested that compulsive sexual behaviours are not activated by primary sexual drives but by behaviour completion mechanisms which are also responsible for other compulsive behaviours. Aversive therapy acts by reducing the arousal produced by the behaviour completion mechanisms. As both aversive therapy and desensitization reduce such arousal, desensitization should be able to replace aversive therapy in the treatment of compulsive behaviours.
Event-Related Potentials in Psychiatry: Approaches to Research and Clinical Applications
Authors: Stampfer H. G.
Published: October 2008

This article suggests that the potential usefulness of event-related potentials in psychiatry has not been fully explored because of the limitations of various approaches to research adopted to date, and because the field is still undergoing rapid development. Newer approaches to data acquisition and methods of analysis, combined with closer co-operation between medical and physical scientists, will help to establish the practical application of these signals in psychiatric disorders and assist our understanding of psychophysiological information processing in the brain. Finally, it is suggested that psychiatrists should seek to understand these techniques and the data they generate, since they provide more direct access to measures of complex cerebral processes than current clinical methods.
Entropy and Energy, – a Universal Competition
Authors: Müller Ingo
Published: October 2008

When a body approaches equilibrium, energy tends to a minimum and entropy tends to a maximum. Often, or usually, the two tendencies favour different configurations of the body. Thus energy is deterministic in the sense that it favours fixed positions for the atoms, while entropy randomizes the positions. Both may exert considerable forces in the attempt to reach their objectives. Therefore they have to compromise; indeed, under most circumstances it is the available free energy which achieves a minimum. For low temperatures that free energy is energy itself, while for high temperatures it is determined by entropy. Several examples are provided for the roles of energy and entropy as competitors: – Planetary atmospheres; – osmosis; – phase transitions in gases and liquids and in shape memory alloys, and – chemical reactions, viz. the Haber Bosch synthesis of ammonia and photosynthesis. Some historical remarks are strewn through the text to make the reader appreciate the difficulties encountered by the pioneers in understanding the subtlety of the concept of entropy, and in convincing others of the validity and relevance of their arguments.
Size and age at onset of sexual maturity of female Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus L. (Crustacea: Nephropidae) in the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Bianchini Marco L. , Di Stefano Lucio , Ragonese Sergio
Published: October 2008

The reproductive cycle of the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) female was investigated to determine the size and age at onset of sexual maturity (SOM), as a baseline to establish the minimum catchable size. Samples were gathered in four seasonal (Spring 1986 - Winter 1987) trawl surveys on the Italian side of the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea). The relative frequency of females in different stages of maturation and in berried conditions was observed. According to the ovary stages, gonadal maturation is attained during Spring and Summer; berried animals occur almost exclusively in Summer and Autumn, in about 40% of the sample. Length structure changes slightly by location and by season; recruitment to the gear occurs more or less continuously. Gaussian components appear to be highly overlapped; the resolution of the length frequency distribution values leads to the identification of multiple cohorts, five of which were well represented. The population attains 50% of maturity at 30-32 mm CL, corresponding to an age of 5 years. The mean size of the first Gaussian component from the catch (about 22 mm CL) is well below the estimated size at 50% maturity, suggesting a precocious recruitment to the fishery.
A modelling approach to the Redfield ratio deviations in the ocean
Authors: Ríos A. F. , Fraga F. , Figueiras F. G. , Pérez F. F.
Published: October 2008

A study of the relationship among -O2, ΔN and ΔC was developed when the production or mineralisation of particulate organic matter do not follow the Redfield ratios. A dinoflagellate red tide and a diatom spring bloom are shown as two cases where these Redfield deviations can be found. We propose a new useful tool for modelling water mass mixing and net community production budgets, which includes a chemical parameter ("NCO" = O2 + RN⋅NO3(1-RCS/RC) + RCS⋅CO2) of general application where "NCO" indicates the involved variables (Nitrate-CO2-Oxygen). RN and RC are the fixed Redfield ratios and RCS is the relationship between oxygen consumed and CO2 assimilated corresponding to storage substances. The RCS value depends on the nature of the storage substances. Generally these substances are carbohydrates and the value of RCS=1.
Design and development of SPONGIA, an expert system for sponges identification
Authors: Domingo M. , Uriz M. J.
Published: October 2008

This paper reports on the design and development of SPONGIA, an expert system to help in the identification of marine sponges. In this field, taxonomic difficulty is noticeable and systematists are scarce. SPONGIA is directed towards identification at any single taxonomic level starting from the class level. With this feature, the system is not restricted to identify only the species rank and the identification stops at a given taxonomic rank (order, family...) depending on the available data about the sample. The design of SPONGIA takes advantage of an architecture for the construction of expert systems in taxonomic domains. This architecture is based on the MILORD II language for expert systems construction. In this paper, we mainly focus on the conceptualisation and implementation of the sponges domain model which constitutes the main effort in the expert system development. We also refer to the particular classification task and problem-solving method for identification that we have adopted from those provided by the architecture to implement SPONGIA.