bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controversies About Philosophy
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

Chapter 12 argues that Harrington’s natural philosophy was fundamental to his political philosophy and underpinned his entire programme. Harrington opposed the mechanical understanding of politics and interventionist account of religion advanced by Oxford mathematicians such as John Wilkins. Instead he emphasized the connections between the individual, the state or body politic, and the universe. All three comprised material and philosophical (human and divine) elements. Harrington’s concerns with the foundations and superstructure of the state and with the military, political, and religious aspects of citizenship were born of this view. Understanding these philosophical foundations, and seeing the parallels that Harrington drew between his own ‘political anatomy’ and William Harvey’s work, helps to make sense of the ideas set out in The Mechanics of Nature and the account of Harrington’s illness offered by Aubrey, as well as underlining the unity and cohesion of his thought.
Dictionaries as Translations
Authors: Williamson Margaret
Published: November 2019

Any reading of a Greek text is an act of translation. However, it is heavily mediated by those previous dialogues represented by the tools of scholarship, which may be regarded as a kind of secondary speech community for a language no longer spoken. Foremost among these tools for an Anglophone scholar has been Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. The conversation in which one engages in consulting its glosses is at the very least three-way, involving not only ancient Greek and one’s own ‘mother tongue’, but also the English of Liddell and Scott. This chapter seeks to bring into sharper focus the vocabulary of the first edition’s glosses—a task rendered urgent not only by the passage of time but also by the fact that the editors had an axe to grind in selecting it.
Etymology and Etymologies in the Lexicon
Authors: Katz Joshua T.
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers the etymological material that remains in the Lexicon and why it is there. It suggests that because pronouns, prepositions, temporal adverbs like ‘now’ and ‘yesterday’, and basic verbs like ‘want’ and ‘come’ are part of everyday vocabulary, they are likely to be inherited. And because they are likely to be inherited, they are likely to be inherited into other languages as well, thereby giving evidence of cognates and allowing for the reconstruction of preforms from the distant past. Because of all this, it is easy enough for the compilers of a dictionary to provide at least minimal—and typically semantically unexciting—etymological information about them.
Between Cunning and Chaos
Authors: Bracke Evelien
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the tension running through the nine editions by focusing on the development of one particular entry, that for μῆτις‎. This term is best known from the 1974 book by Marcel Detienne and Jean-Pierre Vernant, Les ruses de l’intelligence: la métis des Grecs, still widely regarded as authoritative The ambiguity inherent in ruses—also present in the English title ‘cunning intelligence’—stands in contrast to LSJ’s broader definition as, firstly, ‘wisdom, skill, craft’, and, secondly, ‘counsel, plan, undertaking’. The chapter therefore sets out to explore both the intratextual tensions within the various editions of Liddell and Scott as well as the outward tensions between the Lexicon and contemporary scholarship.
Concepts of Elementary Particle Physics
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This is a textbook of elementary particle physics whose goal is to explain the Standard Model of particle interactions. Part I introduces the basic concepts governing high-energy particle physics: elements of relativity and quantum field theory, the quark model of hadrons, methods for detection and measurement of elementary particles, methods for calculating predictions for observable quantitites. Part II builds up our understanding of the strong interaction from the key experiments to the formulation of Quantum Chromodynamics and its application to the description of evetns at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Part III build up our understanding of the weak interaction from the key experiments to the formulation of spontaneously broken gauge theories. It then describes the tests and extensions of this theory, including the precision study of the W and Z bosons, CP violation, neutrino mass, and the Higgs boson.
The Quark Model
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents the quark model of hadrons. It discusses the quark description of the quark antiquark systems of c and b quarks. It then describes the structure of the lightest mesons and baryons as bound states of u, d, and s quarks.
Detectors of Elementary Particles
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the detection and measurement of elementary particles. It describes mechanisms of the energy loss of relativistic particles in matter and the use of those mechanisms to create tracking and calorimetric detectors. It then describes detector systems for high-energy particle colliders.
Neutrino Masses and Mixings
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the search for and eventual discovery of the masses of neutrinos. It explains that observability of neutrino mass depends on neutrino flavor mixing. It introduces the PMNS matrix describing neutrino mixing and describes the experimental determination of the parameters of this matrix.
The Higgs Boson
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the Higgs boson, the spin-0 particle in the Standard Model most closely associated with its spontaneous symmetry breaking. It gives the predictions of the Standard Model for the production and decay of Higgs bosons. It describes the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider that test these predictions.
Epilogue
Authors: Peskin Michael E.
Published: November 2019

This chapter briefly describes open problems in elementary particle physics that remain for the future.
Frege's Detour
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2019

I argue that Frege’s treatment of propositional attitudes in “On Sense and Reference” put the philosophy of language on a detour. His doctrine of “indirect reference” reflected and reinforced the view that beliefs, desires, etc. consist in having relations to propositions. According to this doctrine expressions in embedded sentences in indirect discourse and propositional attitude reports do refer as they do when unembedded, but instead refer to their ordinary senses, so sentences refer to Thoughts, Frege’s version of what are now callled general or qualitative propositions. Davidson call this move abandoning “semantic innocence” which is the view that such embedded sentences work as they usually do. I agree with Davidson, that semantic innocence should not be abandonned. I argue that such cognitive states have truth-conditions in virtue of their causal and informational roles, which can be encoded in a variety of ways for different purposes, and provide a better explanation of the considerations that drove Frege to abandon innocence. I trace the problems I see to Frege’s abandonment of the framework of his early work, the Begriffsschrift. I argue that by adding the levels of senses and Thoughts to his Begriffsschriftframework, and retaining “circumstances” as the referents of sentences containing singular terms, Frege could have avoided the doctrine of indirect reference, and philosophy could have taken a different path.
Conclusion
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2019

I recap the major points for which I have argued, and end by discussing Frege’s Three Realms and how we might amend his vision to take circumstances and roles into account.
The Calm Centre
Authors: Dalivalle Margaret , Kemp Martin , Simon Robert B.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 opens the second section of the book, where the painting and its place in Leonardo’s body of work is considered. This chapter, on Leonardo and the ineffable, considers the way that he evoked the spiritual in his paintings, above all in his images of Christ. This stands in opposition to the image of Leonardo as a heretic, first suggested in the 1550 version of his Life by Giorgio Vasari. The documentation of Leonardo’s career and his last testament indicate that his Christianity was of a traditional kind. His library featured bibles and other standard religious texts. His statements indicate that the nature of the divine was not directly knowable, but manifested itself through the works created by God. In Leonardo’s devotional images and religious narratives, Christ and the Virgin act as calm centres expressing the elevated essence of supreme divinity. The Salvator Mundi and the late St John the Baptist are the most developed expressions of the otherness of the divine being, who knows secrets inaccessible to us.
Inventing Leonardo
Authors: Dalivalle Margaret , Kemp Martin , Simon Robert B.
Published: November 2019

From the evidence of contemporary literary sources, manuscript inventories, correspondence, and eyewitness accounts, Chapter 8 considers the penetration of literary concepts of Leonardo as an artist and thinker (pictor doctus), how the early reception relates to the wider ‘invention’ of Leonardo as a cultural entity, and whether a distinctly ‘British version’ of Leonardo can be detected. It focuses on the introduction into England of sixteenth-century Italian receptions of Leonardo via Richard Haydocke’s 1598 translation of Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo’s Trattato dell’arte della pittura, and from contact with Giorgio Vasari’s Lives. It proposes that, due to the scarcity of Vasari’s text in early modern England, it was Lomazzo’s account of Leonardo that influenced the earliest understanding of the artist in Britain. The chapter tracks the absorption of Vasari’s text in seventeenth-century England through the interventions of key individuals at the Stuart courts, before and after the Interregnum. A particular focus is the prominent role of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, who collected Leonardo’s writings and drawings from the Jacobean period until the mid 1640s. The dispersal of his collection throughout the seventeenth century, and the acquisition in the 1670s of the Windsor Volume by Charles II, and the Codex Arundel by the Royal Society, signal key staging posts in the reception of Leonardo in Restoration England.
‘Nothing is hidden under the sun’
Authors: Dalivalle Margaret , Kemp Martin , Simon Robert B.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 14 surveys the return of royal goods to Charles II at the Restoration of the Crown in 1660 and identifies the Greenwich Salvator Mundi, disbursed and returned by Capt. John Stone in the royal inventory of c. 1666. The chapter reviews the individuals involved in the restitution and augmentation of the Royal Collection and identifies two inventories of the collection at the earliest state of assembly c. 1660–2. It identifies a previously unrecognized—and extensive—list of paintings reserved for the use of Oliver Cromwell. It considers the location and fate of the painting of Christ attributed to Leonardo that was disbursed to Edward Bass in December 1651. The chapter identifies, for the first time, documentation of the presence of the Windsor Volume in the collection of Charles II.
The Picture Vanishes
Authors: Dalivalle Margaret , Kemp Martin , Simon Robert B.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 15 investigates the circumstances around the apparent absence of the Salvator Mundi in the collection of King James II, with a particular focus on events in the immediate aftermath of the ‘Revolution’ of 1688. A number of possibilities present themselves. Did the painting pass out of the Royal Collection before the accession of James II in 1685? Did the dowager queen, Henrietta Maria, take it to a property of her jointure, or to France? Was the painting taken to Portugal by Queen Catherine of Braganza after the death of Charles II? This chapter considers the evidence of a key witness to events, and whether a painting described as a ‘Head of Our Saviour’, attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, sold out of the collection of the Duke of Buckingham in 1763, can be identified with the painting recorded in the collections of Charles I and Charles II. If so, by which route did it leave the Royal Collection and enter the Buckingham collection?
The Protean Ptyx: Nonsense, Non-Translation, and Word Magic in Mallarmé’s ‘Sonnet en yx’
Authors: Duncan Dennis
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents an extensive analysis of questions of translation and non-translation through the focal point of Stéphane Mallarmé’s ‘Sonnet en yx’. It traces early responses to this poem that highlighted the challenge to interpretation posed by ‘ptyx’: was this a nonsensical neologism or an untranslated derivation from another language? The chapter shows how the term resonated with other artists and moved ‘from the category of the untranslated to the untranslatable’. The term exemplifies a kind of ‘word magic’ that modernism conjures out of non-translation, a quasi-mysticism of unfamiliar noises that prompts readers to dwell on formal and sonic capacities as well as the conceptual contours of language.
‘Bloom, nodding, said he perfectly understood’: James Joyce and the Meanings of Translation
Authors: Baron Scarlett
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines Joyce’s uses of several languages, especially in Stephen Hero, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses, and puts forward a taxonomy of foreign language use in Ulysses. The four types identified are: Latin terms associated with the Catholic mass; Italian musical terms; phrases that are deployed in a political context; and untranslated clichés that signify cultural aspiration or pretension. Drawing on examples across the range of Joyce’s writing, the chapter argues that translation can operate in part as a means to overcome forms of social division, as instanced by Stephen and Bloom, while suggesting that all language is already translated, and that translation can never be fully achieved.
‘There being more languages to start with than were absolutely necessary’: James Joyce’s Ulysses and English as a World Language
Authors: Nash John
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers how the practice of non-translation has implications for the development and critical practice of ‘world literature’, taking the ‘Eumaeus’ episode of Joyce’s Ulysses as its focal point. In particular, non-translation offers a route to re-read two related and important literary-historical models that have been influential in conceptualizing world literature: the idea of a ‘minor literature’, as elaborated initially by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, and that of a ‘dominant language’ within a ‘world history of literature’, elaborated by Pascale Casanova. It is important to do so because, remarkably enough, despite the obvious relevance of non-translation, neither model addresses the phenomenon of plurilingual, macaronic writing. The matter of non-translation offers an illuminating index through which to consider, and revise, these influential literary-historical models. The chapter also examines the contemporary context of language reform exemplified by the Society for Pure English.
Translating Artaud and Non-Translation
Authors: Lukes Alexandra
Published: November 2019

What does it mean to translate someone? If translation, as it is conventionally understood, refers to that activity by which meaning is transferred from one language to another, where and how does the self come into it? In Artaud le Mômo, Antonin Artaud marks his return to society after nine years of internment by creating a new man, endowed with a new language—a mixture of French and strange syllables, as incomprehensible as they are unreadable. Artaud’s later texts not only help to clarify the role of the syllables within Artaud’s poetics, but, by revealing a tension between translation and non-translation, they also deepen understanding of what translation might be. Asking what it means to translate Artaud uncovers the significance of the physical dimension that is involved in the process of translation and the role of the non-verbal (or pre-verbal), while testing the limits of identity, language, and understanding.
The Dupuy Cabinet
Authors: Schneider Robert A.
Published: November 2019

Like the Rambouillet salon, the Dupuy cabinet was a refuge, a place of retreat, for a certain elite. As this chapter shows, however, its frequenters were quite different from those who attended the salon. The friends and associates of the Dupuy brothers, Pierre and Jacques, were all men, and virtually all savants committed to traditional notions of scholarship and writing, those largely encompassed by a humanist perspective. They were also very publicly aligned with Gallicanism, a religious ideology that, while Catholic, resisted the claims of the papacy (and the Jesuits) while defending the “liberties” of the French Church and the sovereignty of French kings. In this sense, while discreet and mostly conformist in their politics, the Dupuys and their associates pushed the limits of Gallicanism, challenging and sometimes surpassing Richelieu’s position. The Dupuy cabinet is another illustration of how a posture of “retreat” could serve as an effective vehicle for engagement.
Imagined Futures
Authors: Saunders Max
Published: November 2019

This study provides the first substantial history and analysis of the To-Day and To-Morrow series of 110 books, published by Kegan Paul Trench and Trübner (and E. P. Dutton in the USA) from 1923 to 1931, in which writers chose a topic, described its present, and predicted its future. Contributors included J. B. S. Haldane, Bertrand Russell, Vernon Lee, Robert Graves, Vera Brittain, Sylvia Pankhurst, Hugh McDiarmid, James Jeans, J. D. Bernal, Winifred Holtby, André Maurois, and many others. The study combines a comprehensive account of its interest, history, and range with a discussion of its key concerns, tropes, and influence. The argument focuses on science and technology, not only as the subject of many of the volumes, but also as method—especially through the paradigm of the human sciences—applied to other disciplines; and as a source of metaphors for representing other domains. It also includes chapters on war, technology, cultural studies, and literature and the arts. This book has three main aims. First, to reinstate the series as a vital contribution to the writing of modernity. Second, to reappraise modernism’s relation to the future, establishing a body of progressive writing which moves beyond the discourses of post-Darwinian degeneration and post-war disenchantment, projecting human futures rather than mythic or classical pasts. Third, to show how, as a co-ordinated body of futurological writing, the series is also revealing about the nature and practices of modern futurology.
‘A Scientific Age’
Authors: Saunders Max
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on the volumes on science. An introductory discussion of popular science writing leads to more detailed analyses of Haldane’s and Bernal’s key volumes. Their projection of biotechnological and bionic interventions in the human are examined as pioneers of trans-humanism. Their imaginative audacity is contrasted with the bland norms of contemporary futurology. They are seen as representative of the series in several ways: for their radical intellectual approach; their placing of science in relation to the arts and humanities; their commitment to public debate and education; their concerns with language and communication; and with psychology. The section concludes by establishing an essentially scientific paradigm (derived from Haldane and Bernal) for the whole series, arguing that this paradigm represents a transformation by science and technology of every aspect of life, from our experience of change, to a sense of agency, our politics, modes of thinking and feeling, and our ways of thinking about and expressing our imaginations of the future.
Fragmentation and Higher-Order Evidence
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: November 2019

The concept of higher-order evidence—roughly, evidence about what our evidence supports—promises epistemological riches; it has struck many philosophers as necessary for explaining how to rationally respond to disagreement in particular, and to evidence of our own fallibility more generally. But it also threatens paradox. Once we allow higher-order evidence to do non-trivial work—in particular, once we allow that people can be rationally ignorant of what their evidence supports—we seem to be committed to a host of puzzling or even absurd consequences. The aim in this chapter is to have our cake and eat it too; it presents an independently motivated framework that lets us mimic the particular case judgments of those who explain how to accommodate evidence of our fallibility by appeal to higher-order evidence, but without commitment to the absurd consequences.
The ‘Ceremonial Law’
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 faces the challenge that previous Catholic teachings have implied that Jewish rituals are both dead and deadening. Through a close examination of the Council of Florence and other magisterial teachings, it is established that the conditions under which dead and deadening operated do not actually relate to contemporary Rabbinic Judaism as understood in Catholic teaching. If invincible ignorance of the truth of Christ is presupposed, then Jewish practices can be understood very positively. It is also established that earlier teachings did positively view the practice of Jewish rituals in the early Church and by Jesus and the apostles. This is significant for the concluding chapter.
Catholic Mission to the Jewish People?
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 5 examines the confusion in Catholic teachings regarding mission to the Jewish people. The chapter establishes various reasons for this confusion: lack of a consensual reading of St Paul on this matter; concern that Catholics show sensitivity to a long history of anti-Semitism; distancing of Catholic approaches from recent aggressive evangelical approaches to Judaism; and the recognition that destroying Jewish identity in conversion is unacceptable. On this basis, drawing on recent Vatican documents, it is argued that Hebrew Catholic communities are a witness to the non-eradication of Jewish identity while following Jesus. This view will be problematic for Catholics and Jews but is already grounded in the Church’s new and emerging position.
The Protection of Foreign Investment in Times of Armed Conflict
Authors: Zrilic Jure
Published: November 2019

Foreign investors often sustain injuries during violent situations, such as riots, revolutions, civil wars, and international armed conflicts. There is a great deal of uncertainty about how effective investment treaty protections are in volatile times, how they relate to other applicable legal frameworks, and how they affect the state security policy and the post-conflict transition to peace. This book explores how foreign investment is protected in times of armed conflict under the investment treaty regime. It does so by combining insights from different areas of international law, including international investment law, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, the law of state responsibility, and the law of treaties. While the protections have evolved over time, with the investment treaty regime providing the strongest legal framework for protecting investors yet, there has been an apparent shift towards safeguarding a state’s security interests in recent treaty practice. The book identifies and analyses the flaws in the existent normative framework, but also highlights the potential that investment treaties have for minimizing the devastating effects of armed conflict. It offers an analytical framework for assessing the investment treaty regime in times of armed conflict, distinguishing between different paradigms and different types conflicts. It argues that a new approach is needed to appropriately balance the competing interests of host states and investors when it comes to investment protection in armed conflicts.
The Interplay of Investment Law and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the interplay of investment law and international humanitarian law. It rebuts the popular doctrinal views that the interaction between the two legal regimes is likely to give rise to normative conflicts, with international humanitarian law displacing investment law. By analysing AAPL v Sri Lanka award, it demonstrates how the norms in the respective regimes co-exist and complement each other. In particular, it shows how the duty to exercise due diligence in targeting operations (including the use of precautions and the principle of proportionality) overlaps in different legal frameworks. It thereby highlights the potential of investment tribunals to contribute to more humane conduct in hostilities. It concludes with a systemic overview of methods for minimising normative tensions between different normative systems.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Cynthia L.
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces the subject matter of the book and briefly surveys the literature on dative external possessors cross-linguistically and in the history of English. This corpus-based study adds to the empirical base for assessing hypotheses about the reasons for the loss of dative external possessors as a productive construction in Middle English, drawing on recent advances in linguistic typology, syntactic theory, and language contact. Cross-linguistically, dative external possessors are most likely to be found with affected possessors of inalienable possessa. This study focuses on possessa referring to the body and the mind and compares the use of internal and external possessors, establishing the timing of the loss of the external possessor and evaluating proposed explanations for this syntactic change, including the so-called Celtic Hypothesis.
Adultery’s Heirs
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz
Published: November 2019

The desire to produce in excess, and multiply profits exponentially, haunts the reproductive episodes of The Canterbury Tales. Instead, Chaucer argues, procreation and production should be grounded within sufficiency; men and women should only to seek to generate if they can do so from a place of contentment with their current state. Greed and the desire for multiplication become particularly prominent issues in tales of adultery, such as the Reeve’s Tale and Merchant’s Tale, and tales of human avarice, including the Summoner’s Tale and the Pardoner’s Tale. These are inappropriate modes of generation, Chaucer demonstrates, leading men to lose rather than to gain authority.
Father Chaucer’s Heirs
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz
Published: November 2019

In conclusion to this book, Chapter 6 looks at the Middle Ages’ model of reproductive perfection—fathers producing sons—to identify how even in the most ideal of circumstances, men cannot gain a true authority upon the earth. For from the Monk’s Tale to the Knight’s Tale to the Nun’s Priest’s Tale, Chaucer makes men confront how poorly they resemble the quality of their fathers. Each generation becomes a siring of loss, a gradual descent into something worse than its progenitor. And yet, Chaucer agues, there is nothing else for men within the world. To reproduce in the pursuit of authority is a doomed quest, one that he himself will repent of in the Retractions. But there is nothing more human than the desire to create something that will last beyond one’s death, to hope in a future posterity even knowing the odds against its realization.
Vote Buying
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E.
Published: November 2019

Vote buying, the offer of particularistic rewards to voters in exchange for electoral support at the ballot box, is the form of clientelism that has been analyzed most extensively in previous studies. Chapter 7 documents the presence of this clientelistic strategy in East European elections. It documents important differences between vote buying and clientelistic strategies that politicize state resources relating to the types of brokers used in these exchanges, the goods offered to voters, and the identity of the voters targeted by these strategies. It is shown that the use of this strategy creates opportunities for candidates to send voters signals about their personal attributes and policy position, which lower the political audience costs incurred by candidates who use this strategy.
Cellular Homology
Authors: Ellis Graham
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces more basic concepts of algebraic topology and describes datatypes and algorithms for implementing them on a computer. The basic concepts include: chain complex, chain mapping, chain homotopy, homology of a (simplicial or cubical or permutahedral or CW-) space, persistent homology of a filtered space, cohomology ring of a space, van Kampen diagrams, excision. These are illustrated using computer examples involving digital images, protein backbones, high-dimensional point cloud data, knot complements, discrete groups, and random simplicial complexes.
Explicit Classifying Spaces
Authors: Ellis Graham
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes methods for computing explicit classifying spaces and free resolutions for a range of discrete groups. These are illustrated using computer examples involving: aspherical groups, graphs of groups, special linear groups, triangle groups, generalized triangle groups, Coxeter groups, Artin groups, and arithmetic groups.
Emperors and Senators in the Roman Forum
Authors: Machado Carlos
Published: November 2019

The Roman Forum occupied a central place in the city of Rome. Crowded with monuments, civic buildings, and temples, the forum was a symbol of imperial power and culture, serving as stage for imperial celebrations and as a seat for the Senate. During the late antique period, this area continued to attract the attention of imperial visitors, local politicians, and the Roman people. This chapter analyses the series of physical transformations that redefined the area from the reign of Diocletian onwards, charting its transformation from an symbol of empire into an area dominated by structures associated with the presence of the Senate in the city. The redefinition of the forum involved the performance of rituals and festivals in the area, progressively associated with the local elite.
Festivals, Ceremonies, and the Commemoration of Power
Authors: Machado Carlos
Published: November 2019

This chapter analyses the ways in which members of the roman elite used festivals and public celebrations as a form of advertising their social and political standing. Analysing senatorial involvement in imperial festivals like adventus and anniversaries and in the celebration of appointments to public office, it considers how public celebrations advertised individual political achievement and participation in the city’s ruling class. The statue monuments that immortalized these feats were also used as tools for expressing personal identity and social distinction. Finally, the chapter analyses the performance of private celebrations in the public sphere, such as baptism and especially the role of funerals and funerary monuments in the commemoration of aristocratic dominance in the city-space.
Images of Trade
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces the images-terminology used throughout the book and addresses Amoral Trade, Instrumental Trade, and Structural Equity, three competitors to the image the book adopts. Amoral Trade is the view that trade is an interaction among a myriad of individuals that does not let trade come up for (much) moral assessment in the first place. Instrumental Trade does give moral significance to trade, but only to the extent that trade helps with the pursuit of other goals. According to Structural Equity, each state may remove from the totality of trade gains what it could generate in autarky and the remaining surplus is divided equally among participating states. The chapter rejects these images and then introduces its own image, Trade-As-One-Ground, and offers some initial arguments for it.
The Moral Force of Exploitation
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

Exploitation generally is ubiquitous in human affairs, as is the specific injustice involved in exploitation in the domain of trade. This chapter explores how to respond to occurrences of exploitation. It develops a general perspective of constrained agency and an accompanying differentiated vocabulary to delineate obligations of particular agents. The chapter also offers a theory of stepping stones towards as well as of prices worth paying for the creation of a just world. Such an approach allows to distinguish between two kinds of cases: first, cases of exploitation that can be accepted temporarily on a decent progression from the current unjust state of the world to a more just one, and secondly, cases that cannot be put into perspective this way and that must be terminated forthwith. The chapter reflects on how to use such arguments properly since overusing them is tempting.
Domestic Trade Policies in an Interconnected World
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores particular domestic obligations of states in the domain of trade, including obligations and prerogatives to protect their labor force and industries from competition and obligations that arise in the context of dealing with authoritarian regimes. The grounds-of-justice approach dilutes contrasts between domestic and foreign policy. Governments must attend to matters of domestic justice, as well as make appropriate contributions to the global advancement of human rights and to trade justice. There are additional duties of justice and other moral duties that apply to states in domains such as immigration, climate change, or protection of future generations. The state has obligations to protect its labor force and look after its vulnerable citizens. But it also has duties towards people elsewhere. The challenge is to reap gains of cooperation in trade, culture, education, environmental protection, among others, while respecting the world’s many local peculiarities and making sure those gains do not accrue only to a few. The grounds-of-justice approach offers guidance for how to pursue these tasks.
A Step in the Wrong Direction
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

WTO multilateralism has been under siege from many directions. In addition to those who support multilateralism in the domain of trade but argue it must come in a different guise (including the authors of this book) there are those who want to limit cooperation to a smaller number of, say, technologically advanced countries. There are also economic nationalists who barely believe in trade cooperation. This chapter adresses the negotiation of regional treaties prominent in the final years of the Obama administration. The Trump administration set back these efforts. Nonetheless, the attractiveness of mega-regionalism reveals a crisis in trade multilateralism that has arisen partly from the increasing unwillingness of less powerful states to accept whatever the powerful offer them, and partly from the increasing digital divide that undermines the extent to which trading partners have similar regulatory interests. The chapter raises worries about mega-regionalism diminishing the prospects of multilateralism in the service of trade justice.
Theorizing the Firm
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the corporation as a subject of moral and political theory. Companies have been neglected as a subject of political philosophy and of theories of trade in particular. This chapter defends the idea that firms are actors with moral responsibilities and subject to trade justice. It identifies questions about both the moral requirements applying to the corporation’s internal structure, including treatment of employees, and its responsibility to outside actors, including communities, other firms, or states as matters of trade justice. Firms ought to refrain from violations, and they ought to respect and they ought to support the principles of trade justice. Arguments that firms are, morally speaking, off the hook in matters of trade justice do not succeed. With regards to trade, arguments about market pressure, adversarial practices, obligations to shareholders and a division of labor fail. The chapter introduces a case study about Nike that allows the formulation of several questions about obligations of firms that the remaining chapters answer.
From Unfelt Harm to Frustrated Desire
Authors: Boonin David
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides an extensive defense of the second premise of the book’s central argument: the claim that if it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person while they are alive even if the act has no effect on the person’s conscious experiences, then frustrating a person’s desires is one way to harm a person. The chapter begins by offering a defense of this claim. It argues that we should accept the Desire Satisfaction Principle if unfelt harm is possible because accepting the principle is necessary in order to provide the best explanation of the fact that unfelt harm is possible. It then considers a series of objections that can be raised against the claim and responds to them.
Fashioning Childhood
Authors: Hatfield Mary
Published: November 2019

Clothing was an important signifier of status and gender and became more closely associated with childhood health and well-being during the first four decades of the nineteenth century. Although the importance of appearance within fashionable society has long historical antecedents, during this period children’s costumes became part of the discourse of good parenting. Children and infants were more intensely scrutinized for their appearance, and bourgeois parents were under more cultural pressure to ensure that their children had the accoutrements of healthy childhood. Within the deeply hierarchical social world of nineteenth-century Ireland, personal image was consistently conflated with public position. Children’s fashion represents adults’ social and gendered expectations of their children, while also depicting the physical world children inhabited during early childhood. An increased emphasis on accruing artefacts of childhood became tied to middle-class identity and respectability. Purchasing the newest toy or children’s book indicated not just an anticipation of the child’s needs but was a symbol of social status.
Schooling Young Gentlewomen
Authors: Hatfield Mary
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers educational provision for Irish girls and the origins of Catholic female religious teaching orders in Ireland. The purpose and content of female education was based on a construction of the Irish girl as a vain and excitable creature. Her education was intended to curb the supposedly innate character flaws of girlhood. This chapter considers a selection of Loreto, Ursuline, and Dominican boarding schools to examine how institutions implemented the ideal of Catholic girlhood in practice. From academic curricula, disciplinary measures, daily schedules, and uniforms, the boarding school experience contained a variety of mechanisms for forming the behaviour of girls. Debates over female education and the convent boarding school offer an excellent example of how ideas of class, femininity, and religion interacted with evolving views of childhood.
Testing the Oracle?
Authors: Eidinow Esther
Published: November 2019

By exploring stories about oracular consultation in light of actual practice, and vice versa, this chapter aims both to nuance current characterization of specific oracle stories and their meanings for their ancient audiences, and to deepen understanding of the lived experience of oracular consultation. Starting from the story of oracular consultation by King Kroisos (as told by Herodotos), this chapter explores literary and epigraphic evidence for dual oracular consultations of three different kinds. While drawing attention to the socio-political implications of consulting an oracle, this evidence also underlines the ancient perception of the pervasive presence of uncertainty in these interactions. In this light, Kroisos’ activities—often interpreted as illustrating how not to treat an oracle—can be seen to be similar to more familiar, everyday types of multiple oracular consultations.
A Reconsideration of the Pythia’s Use of Lots
Authors: Maurizio Lisa
Published: November 2019

This chapter interrogates the visual, material, and literary evidence used to support the argument that the Pythia used lots (stones, pebbles, beans, or other) at Delphi. In particular, it considers recent ethnographic descriptions of divinatory practices to challenge two scholarly assumptions that drive interpretation of this material. The first is that aleatory forms of divination at Delphi affirmed or denied a client’s question, and thus constrained or limited oracular responses. The second assumption is that ancient written records of Delphic divination are adequate guides to divinatory exchanges at Delphi. Recent ethnographic studies demonstrate that divinatory sessions, including those that incorporate the use of aleatory devices, are lengthy and even combative, and that most written descriptions of such sessions in earlier ethnographic literature omit details and are best understood as brief summaries. This review of the ancient evidence for the use of lots at Delphi, alongside such recent ethnographic studies, suggest the need for a renewed scrutiny of the relationship between ancient written accounts and divinatory sessions at Delphi and the notion that the goal of divinatory dialogues is to obtain as quickly as possible a simple, brief answer (such as an aleatory device is imagined to provide) to the complex and troubling problems that motivate divination.
The Pythia at Delphi
Authors: Deeley Quinton
Published: November 2019

At Delphi in Greece the inspired oracle of Apollo, the Pythia, underwent a form of possession in which she was viewed as a vehicle for the god. Nevertheless, uncertainty has surrounded the exact nature of the experience of possession of the Pythia, and what could cause or motivate such experiences. This chapter explores the use of a range of explicit analogies and explanatory models to interpret the experience of the Pythia at the sanctuary of Apollo, and the broader context within which it occurred. Understanding of the Pythia can draw on explanatory models that reach beyond the categories of divination and possession. This includes not only the wider class of revelatory experiences in which supernatural agents (such as God or gods, demons, or spirits) speak or act through humans, but other types of experience involving alterations of the sense of identity and agency, whether they occur in psychopathology or as normal variations in experience. Examples include hallucinations and alien control phenomena in schizophrenia, and their analogues in religious experience; dissociation; and experiments combining suggestion and neuroimaging to model revelatory and possession states. All provide potential insights into the forms of experience, attributed significance, and causal processes involved in Apollo’s communication through the Pythia. They also point to the central role of ideas, expectations, and beliefs in influencing dissociations of the sense of self, and make the Pythia’s possession by Apollo seem less exotic, improbable, or deviant than it might once have seemed.
Obscure Activity
Authors: Sinclair Mark
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines Ravaisson’s ‘double law’ of habit: ‘active habits’, such as a motor skill, and ‘passive habits’, such as becoming used to a sound or climate, involve a decline of conscious awareness in their acquisition. The chapter shows how Ravaisson takes up this law from Xavier Bichat and Maine de Biran, and how he argues that the double law resists both psychological and physiological explanations. Both forms of habit, he claims, can be explained only by an ‘obscure activity’ that is neither purely active nor purely passive, neither purely mental nor purely physical. It is specifically the tendency or inclination that Ravaisson discovers in habit that he takes to be inexplicable by mechanical and materialist accounts, and the chapter assesses his argument in the light of recent neuroscience and theories of neuroplasticity.
Second Nature as Philosophical Method
Authors: Sinclair Mark
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses the broader metaphysical framework in which Ravaisson advances his doctrine of inclination, and assesses his claims concerning reflection on habit as a method of establishing a non-dualist, monist metaphysics. The first three sections examine Of Habit’s attempt to expose a continuum underlying traditional distinctions between the will, habit, instinct and the inorganic realm. On this basis, the final section argues that this account of habit as method of metaphysics subtly transforms Schelling’s account of the artwork as ‘organon and document’ of philosophy within his Identitätsphilosophie at the turn of the nineteenth century. Schelling characterizes the artwork as bearing witness to an original identity of conscious and unconscious principles, and the chapter draws out the perhaps surprising parallels between his Kantian conception of purposiveness without purpose in the work of genius and Ravaisson’s account of a certain purposiveness without purpose, an embodied purposiveness, in habit.
Is There a ‘Dispositional Modality’?
Authors: Sinclair Mark
Published: November 2019

This chapter returns to the modal sense of Ravaisson’s notion of inclination. It assesses Stephen Mumford and Rani Lil Anjum’s argument that powers, as inherently a function of tendency or inclination, have a modal status irreducible to more familiar notions of necessity or possibility. The chapter assesses their appeal to voluntary agency in the light of Maine de Biran’s critical response to Hume’s sceptical account of agency. It shows how Mumford and Anjum’s official conception of tendency is restricted by their inheritance of a tradition focusing on the possibility of prevention and interference in a process. Such an approach, I argue, will only ever justify an idea of conditional necessity rather than any modal value wholly irreducible to necessity, although the idea of a ‘dispositional modality’ is a useful corrective to Ravaisson’s resort to a Leibnizian notion of moral necessity when attempting to reflect on tendency and inclination.
Physics and Geometry
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

This chapter emphasizes the importance of a geometric approach to dynamics. The central objects of interest are trajectories of a dynamical system through multidimensional spaces composed of generalized coordinates. Trajectories through configuration space are parameterized by the path length element, which becomes an important feature in later chapters on relativity and metric spaces. Trajectories through state space are defined by mathematical flow equations whose flow fields and flow lines become the chief visualization tool for complex dynamics. Coordinate transformations and Jacobian matrices are used throughout this text, and the transformation to noninertial frames introduces fictitious forces like the Coriolis force that are experienced by observers in noninertial frames. Uniformly rotating frames provide the noninertial reference frames for the description of rigid-body motion.