bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Kadar Lipid Darah dan hsCRP pada Anak Obesita
Authors: Soetadji Anindita , Utari Agustini , Pratiwi Rina , Mexitalia Maria , Subagjo Hertanto W
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Obesitas telah menjadi epidemi global karena prevalensi dan komplikasinya baik pada anak maupun dewasa. Meskipun aterosklerosis telah diketahui dimulai pada masa anak, tetapi sampai sekarang belum ada penanda aterosklerosis dini khususnya pada anak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mencari hubungan antara kadar lipid darah dengan hsCRP sebagai penanda dini aterosklerosis pada anak.

Metode : Desain penelitian adalah belah lintang. Tempat penelitan di SMP Domenico Savio, salah satu SMP di Semarang, yang telah diketahui tinggi angka obesitasnya. Dinilai indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan persentase lemak tubuh pada murid usia 12-14 tahun, serta kadar lipid darah (kolesterol total, LDL, HDL serta trigliserida) dari darah puasa. Sampel dipilih secara acak, dihitung dengan rumus untuk uji korelasi, dibutuhkan sampel 35 anak obesitas, dan diambil 35 anak normal sebagai pembanding, maka total subyek penelitian minimal adalah 70 orang.

Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan kadar trigliserid (95%CI;0,13-0,26) dan hsCRP (95%CI;0,37-0,87) pada kelompok obesitas dan kontrol. Pada seluruh subyek, hsCRP berhubungan sedang dengan IMT (r=0,445;p< 0,05) dan persen lemak tubuh (r=0,44;p<0,05) serta hubungan lemah antara kadar HDL dan hsCRP (r=-0,227; p<0,05).

Simpulan : Kadar hsCRP akan meningkat bila terjadi peningkatan IMT dan persentase lemak tubuh, sedangkan kadar HDL kolesterol bersifat protektif terhadap peningkatan hsCRP
Penanganan Kesehatan pada Tanggap Darurat Bencana Erupsi Gunung Merapi
Authors: Martono Setyo , Ratnawati Retty , Setyoadi Setyoadi
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Bencana erupsi Gunung Merapi tahun 2010 di wilayah Jawa Tengah mengakibatkan jatuhnya banyak korban bencana yang mengalami dampak fisik dan dampak psikologis. Perawat tim kesehatan bencana melakukan tindakan awal pada upaya triage dan evakuasi korban bencana. Upaya triage dan evakuasi bertujuan untuk menyelamatkan korban bencana sebanyak-banyaknya, mencegah kematian dan kecacatan. Perawat tim kesehatan bencana melakukan proses triage dengan metote berbeda dari proses triage yang dilakukan di rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pengalaman perawat dalam penanganan korban bencana pada tanggap darurat erupsi Gunung Merapi di Jawa Tengah.

Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan desain fenomenologi interpretatif. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak enam orang perawat yang bertugas di RSUP Dr. Kariadi dan RS Roemani Semarang. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan wawancara semi terstruktur. Data ditranskrip dan dianalisis menggunakan langkah-langkah dari Colaizzi.

Hasil : Penelitian ini menghasilkan enam tema yaitu senang menolong orang lain, kesiapan perawat dalam menghadapi bencana, komunikasi perawat dalam bencana, prioritas penanganan korban bencana, upaya perawatan korban bencana, dan bersyukur pada Alloh SWT.

Simpulan : Perawat kesehatan bencana melakukan tindakan awal penanganan korban pada upaya triage dan evakuasi dengan cara yang berbeda dibandingkan cara yang dilakukan di rumah sakit. Perawat melakukan upaya triage dan evakuasi secara simultan dengan memprioritaskan penanganan pada kelompok rentan. Kelompok rentan harus di prioritaskan karena mereka rentan terhadap kematian, penyakit, dan mempunyai ketergantungan yang tinggi pada bantuan orang lain serta pemenuhan kebutuhan korban sendiri. Penanganan awal perawat pada upaya triage dan evakuasi pada kelompok rentan akan dapat menyelamatkan korban bencana yang banyak.
Faktor – Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Ibu Hamil di BPS Kabupaten Pringsewu Lampung Tahun 2016
Authors: Sulistianingsih Apri , Anggraeni Sumi
Published: September 2019

Berdasarkan dari kajian beberapa penelitian menyebutkan bahwa anemia pada kehamilan memiliki faktor risiko untuk terjadinya hasil luaran persalinan yang buruk. Anemia pada kehamilan sendiri dapat mengganggu aktivitas ibu selama kehamilan sampai risiko kematian. Pada janin, anemia akan menimbulkan risiko persalinan prematur, bayi berat lahir rendah (BBLR) hingga kematian bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia di BPM Pringsewu. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional analitik dengan pendekatan crossectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil yang berkunjung di BPM Kabupaten Pringsewu yang terdiri dari 90 ibu hamil yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Analisis data dengan menggunakan uji chi square pada analisis bivariat. Hasil penelitian didapatkan sebanyak 44,4% ibu hamil menderita anemia. Uji statistik menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna pada pendapatan (ρ value=0,000), kepatuhan konsumsi suplementasi besi ( ρ value = 0,004) dan pendidikan kesehatan ( ρ value= 0,000) dengan kejadian anemia. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang tidak bermakna antara pendidikan dan paritas dengan kejadian anemia (ρ value >0,0%). Simpulan, ibu hamil dengan pendapatan rendah, tidak patuh mengkonsumsi suplementasi besi dan tidak mendapatkan pendidikan kesehatan akan berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian anemia.
Hubungan Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Pasien BPJS Kesehatan di Puskesmas II Denpasar Selatan
Authors: Sherlyna Prihandhani IGAA , Rismawati Hakim Nina , Wirajaya I Gede
Published: September 2019

Salah satu penyebab buruknya aspek kesehatan di Indonesia adalah tidak meratanya pelayanan kesehatan yang berkualitas bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang No.40 tentang sistem Jaminan sosial nasional (SJSN). Berdasarkan data di Puskesmas II Denpasar Selatan terdapat 689 orang pengguna BPJS, dimana setelah di wawancarai sebanyak sepuluh orang terdapat tujuh diantara sepuluh orang mengatakan tidak puas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan pasien BPJS Kesehatan di Puskemas II Denpasar Selatan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan adalah pasien yang berkunjung atau berobat ke Puskesmas II Denpasar Selatan menggunakan BPJS sebanyak 253 orang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara kualitas pelayanan p value= 0,001 dengan kepuasan pasien dimana nilai p < 0,05. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan referensi dan acuan untuk penelitian selanjutnya agar dapat melakukan pengkajian lebih mendalam tentang faktor-faktor lainnya yang berkontribusi terhadap kepuasan pasien pengguna BPJS seperti suasana, image.
Keyakinan Lansia Tentang Seksualitas pada Masa Lanjut Usia
Authors: Agung Pambudi Hubertus , Dwidiyanti Meidiana , Yuli Wijayanti Diyan
Published: September 2019

Seksualitas terbayangkan berkaitan dengan kecantikan fisik atau adanya sedikit daya tarik. Kedua hal ini sebagian besar menghilang bersamaan dengan semakin lanjutnya usia karena adanya perubahan pada kulit serta susunan jaringan ikat dan lemak. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keyakinan lansia tentang seksualitas pada masa lanjut usia di masyarakat RW 01 Kelurahan Pedalangan wilayah kerja Puskesmas Padangsari Banyumanik Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi hermeneutic, suatu pendekatan yang mengasumsikan temuan-temuan risetnya tidak murni hasil deskripsi, tetapi lebih interprestasi peneliti. Adanya keyakinan yang menyatakan bahwa hubungan seksual dengan intensitas yang tinggi dapat membuat seseorang menjadi awet muda, namun hal ini tidak sepenuhnya dipercaya oleh partisipan. Partisipan lebih meyakini bahwa usia akan terus bertambah dan setiap orang akan tetap menjadi tua, namun melalui hubungan seksual suami istri adalah wujud atau bentuk kasih sayang terhadap pasangan, yang tentunya akan berimplikasi terhadap harmonisnya keluarga. Keyakinan lansia terhadap seksualitas pada masa lanjut usia adalah bukan untuk menjadi awet muda melainkan untuk menjaga keharmonisan keluarga.
Perspektif Keluarga dan Perawat tentang Kemitraan Keluarga Dalam Merawat Pasien di Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ekowati Sri Indah , Purnomo Hery Djagat , Utami Reni Sulung
Published: September 2019

Perawatan pasien di Intensive Care Unit (ICU) tidak hanya melibatkan petugas kesehatan, tetapi juga memerlukan peran keluarga. Keluarga juga mengalami stres dan kecemasan selama menunggu pasien di ICU. Patient-Family Centered Care (PFCC) merupakan paradigma baru dalam pelayanan kesehatan yang menempatkan pasien dan keluarga sebagai fokus pemberian asuhan keperawatan. Kemiraan keluarga sangat berperan dalam merawat pasien di ICU. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi perspektif keluarga dan perawat tentang kemitraan keluarga dalam merawat pasien di ICU. Desain penelitian adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi intepretatif. Informan adalah 10 perawat ICU dan 10 keluarga pasien sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang diambil dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat di Kota Semarang pada bulan April sampai Mei 2018. Analisis data dengan teknik intepretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 tema utama tentang makna kemitraan keluarga, bentuk kemitraan keluarga, pengaruh kemitraan keluarga, dan tantangan penerapan kemitraan keluarga di ICU. Kemitraan antara perawat dan keluarga diartikan sebagai keadaan dimana perawat sebagai sumber informasi tentang kondisi pasien, perawat memberikan dukungan dan menghargai keluarga, kolaborasi antara pasien dan perawat, partisipasi keluarga dalam memberi dukungan bagi pasien, keluarga bisa mengungkapkan perasaanya pada perawat. Kemitraan keluarga meningkatkan kenyamanan pasien, tetapi mempengaruhi pemberian asuhan keperawatan dan menambah beban kerja perawat. Perspektif keluarga tentang perawatan ICU dan ketidaksiapan perawat menjadi tantangan penerapan kemitraan keluarga di ICU. Kesimpulan dari peneliian ini adalah keluarga dan perawat memahami makna dan pengaruh kemitraan dalam merawat pasien di ICU, tetapi masih terdapat tantangan dan hambatan dalam penerapannya.
TEGANGAN PULLOUT DAN PEREKAAN PERMUKAAN PADA SERAT DAUN PANDAN DURI (PANDANUS TECTORIUS) – RESIN POLYESTER
Authors: Riyanto Achmat , Respati Sri Mulyo Bondan , Syafa’at Imam
Published: September 2019

Dewasa ini perkembangan teknologi yang semakin maju menyebabkan kebutuhan material komposit semakin meningkat, salah satunya teknologi material komposit berpenguat serat alam, serat daun pandan duri berpotensi  untuk  dijadikan  sebagai  bahan  baku  material komposit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekuatan tarik dan foto mikro serat daun pandan duri dengan perlakuan perendaman air laut. Pengujian pull-out juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui tegangan geser serat dengan matrik resin polyester. Serat daun pandan duri yang direndam kedalam air laut, dengan variasi waktu 0, 1, 2, 3, dan 4 minggu. Hasil yang diperoleh dari uji tarik serat tunggal menunjukkan bahwa pada perendaman selama 2 minggu memiliki nilai kekuatan tarik yang optimal  sebesar 28,65 Mpa, hal ini juga terbukti dari hasil foto mikro serat yang menunjukan kepadatan sub celahnya. Sedangkan kekuatan tarik serat tanpa perlakuan perendaman dan perendaman selama 1, 3, dan 4 minggu berturut-turut adalah 22,57 MPa, 24,43 MPa, dan 18,96 MPa. Kemudian pada pengujian pull out nilai tegangan geser tertinggi sebesar 1,33 MPa lebih tinggi dibanding tanpa perlakuan perendaman dan perendaman air laut 1, 3, dan 4 minggu berturut-turut yaitu sebesar 0,09 MPa, 1,11 MPa, 1,21 MPa, dan 1,07 MPa. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, serat daun pandan duri mempunyai kompatibilitas yang baik dengan resin polyester setelah diberi perlakuan perendaman air lautKata kunci: serat daun pandan duri, resin uji pull-out, kompatibilitas
Effectiveness of Assessment, Diagnostic and Intervention ICT Tools for Children and Adolescents with ADHD
Authors: Alexopoulou Arhondoula , Batsou Alexandra , Drigas Athanasios S.
Published: September 2019

The major technological leaps that have taken place over the last years, one of which is the creation and increasing use of ICT (Technology, Information and Communication), require a reconsideration of the capability of the computers to meet the expectations of modern education, especially in the field of Special Education. Researches confirm that new technologies offer liberating and amazing opportunities to people with disabilities, as these are not just limited to simple information management but can also operate supportively, improving the learning ability, the academic performance and functionality of the people that have special needs and those with special, educational needs. In this review there is a brief reference on some of the ICT assessment, diagnostic and intervention tools of the past decade, for children with attention and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). It also refers to the direct connection and interaction between attention and memory capacity as well as, how, with the help of technology, we evaluate, improve memory, and thus attention. The deficit of ADHD in its executive functions and how these can be improved with the help of technology is also brought up in this review.
A Study of Students’ Motivation in Using the Mobile Arc Welding Learning App
Authors: Najwa Rusli Farhatun , Zulkifli Abdul Nasir , Bin Saad Mohd. Nizam , Md.Yussop Yussalita
Published: September 2019

Welding is an introductory core subject that is taught in every mechanical engineering programs at all polytechnics in Malaysia. Normally students will learn the theoretical concepts of welding in the class followed by instruction based training in the workshop.   However, students have difficulty to follow everything that has been taught in the class in a limited time. Welding is dangerous for beginners and the welding environments are harmful and injurious to the health. In this paper, we introduce Mobile Arc Welding Learning (MAWL) app, a new approach for learning arc welding that incorporates mobile technology and enhanced with augmented reality (AR). The aim of this app is to enhance the contents used in arc welding learning materials used in the conventional learning by visualizing the information through the use of text, images, videos and 3D models. The MAWL app covers topics related to safety in welding, components of welding and steps in welding. The students can use the app to learn about welding on their own anytime and anywhere. The potential of using the MAWL app for welding learning among the polytechnic students has been investigated, specifically focusing on ease of use, learnability, satisfaction, usefulness, motivation and engagement. The results of the evaluation indicate that the users strongly agreed on ease of use, learnability, satisfaction, usefulness and motivation, while they agreed on engagement. These prove that the MAWL app has the potential to contribute to students’ welding learning through interactive and accessible information that satisfies them.
Valuing Technology in the L2 Classroom
Authors: Lenkaitis Chesla Ann
Published: September 2019

This study explored both student and teacher perceptions and preferences regarding technology use in the second language (L2) classroom using the digital identity theoretical framework in order to examine when technology is a value-add. Five teacher participants' (n = 5) implemented both textbook and non-textbook technology, into 10 (n =10) intact L2 classes totaling 81 student participants (n = 81), for approximately three months. Analyses of pre-, post-, and monthly surveys revealed that technology implementation created connections between students, teachers, and L2 learning and teaching processes. Although participants had distinct experiences, they shared some perceptions and preferences. Not only does this study add to the small body of research exploring comparisons between students and teachers, but it also shows that both digital native students and digital immigrant teachers need support to better understand and value L2 technologies.
Self-Directed Learning in Cooperative Online Networks
Authors: Camilleri Vanessa
Published: September 2019

The past decade has seen an exponential rise in online courses, platforms, modules, as well as general online networks that contribute in a general way to learning and education. The more formal structures promise certification and accreditation for short modules or extended courses. Research shows that in terms of learner engagement of those enrolled in MOOCs, either drop out, or else passively lurk without any active participation. On the other hand, other figures show that with certain thematic online forum and discussion boards, users participate more enthusiastically, often at times contributing to content which may or may not be trustworthy. The characteristics and traits of the online learner can affect the outcome of the learning trajectories and this has to be taken into consideration when designing self-directed courses. In this chapter, the authors aim to provoke some thoughts on designing self-directed learning using cooperative online networks. In the discussion, they explore possibilities of setting up alternative pathways for a more genuine approach to education.
Osteoarthritis Prevalence in Retired National Football League Players With a History of Ankle Injuries and Surgery
Authors: Song Kyeongtak , Wikstrom Erik A. , Tennant Joshua N. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Marshall Stephen W. , Kerr Zachary Y.
Published: September 2019

Context

Ankle injuries are common at all levels of American football, and retired National Football League (NFL) players have a high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA), but little is known about how ankle injuries influence OA prevalence and daily activities in this population or how surgical interventions for such injuries alter the risk of OA.

Objective

To examine (1) the association of ankle-injury history with OA prevalence, (2) the association of surgical intervention after ankle injury with OA prevalence, and (3) the relationships among ankle injuries, reported OA, and daily activities in retired NFL players.

Design

Case-control study.

Setting

Survey.

Patients or Other Participants

Data from the Retired NFL Players General Health Survey.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

We created a 7-category main exposure variable that differentiated respondents by football-related ankle injury and surgical intervention. Multivariable binomial regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Among those reporting OA, we examined the distribution of responses regarding whether OA affected daily activities.

Results

Among the 2446 respondents, 920 participants experienced OA in any joint during their lifetime. Compared with those reporting no ankle injuries, the prevalence of OA was higher among those with a history of ankle injury. Also, the prevalence of OA was higher among those who had undergone surgery versus those who had not. The number of retired NFL players who reported that OA often affected their daily activities increased with the number of ankle injuries.

Conclusions

Among former NFL players, a history of ankle injury increased the prevalence of OA. More ankle injuries increased the probability that OA negatively affected daily activities. Future prospective research is needed to better determine the influence of surgical intervention at the ankle or foot on OA.
On the Coarse Geometry of James Spaces
Authors: Lancien Gilles , Petitjean Colin , Procházka Antonin
Published: September 2019

In this note we prove that the Kalton interlaced graphs do not equi-coarsely embed into the James space${\mathcal{J}}$nor into its dual${\mathcal{J}}^{\ast }$. It is a particular case of a more general result on the non-equi-coarse embeddability of the Kalton graphs into quasi-reflexive spaces with a special asymptotic structure. This allows us to exhibit a coarse invariant for Banach spaces, namely the non-equi-coarse embeddability of this family of graphs, which is very close to but different from the celebrated property${\mathcal{Q}}$of Kalton. We conclude with a remark on the coarse geometry of the James tree space${\mathcal{J}}{\mathcal{T}}$and of its predual.
Motorcycle Terminology
Authors:   Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee
Published: September 2019

The motorcycle terminology presented herein addresses two-wheel single track vehicles, as well as motorized three wheel cycles. Although two-wheeled, single track scooters and mopeds are similar to traditional motorcycles, they have many characteristics which differentiate them from motorcycles, and while some terms will apply, this Terminology addresses motorcycles specifically, unless otherwise noted. Likewise, some three wheel cycles may have some similar design features and share components with motorcycle, the dynamics and handling of three wheel vehicles differs from two wheel, single track motorcycles.

The terminology presents definitions covering the following subjects: dynamics and handling of single track vehicles, motorcycle categories and types, motorcycle crash dynamics and technology, and in-depth crash investigations, motorcycle design and components, systems, and equipment, motorcycle operation, operational environments and hazards, rider protective equipment including helmets and clothing, rider behaviors, motorcycle safety, competitive motorcycle events and the specialized motorcycles used those events, key national motorcycle-related organization, selected phrases commonly used uniquely by motorcyclists, and related performance measures and selected test criteria.

NOTE: Motorcycle emission terminology does not vary from automobile emission terminology and is not unique and therefore not included in this report.
A Capital Market Union For Europe
Authors: Mitra Srobona , Weber Anke , Bhatia Ashok , Aiyar Shekhar , Antoun de Almeida Luiza , Cuervo Cristina , Santos Andre , Gudmundsson Tryggvi
Published: September 2019

This note weighs the merits of a capital market union (CMU) for Europe, identifies major obstacles in its path, and recommends a set of carefully targeted policy actions.
European capital markets are relatively small, resulting in strong bank-dependence, and are split sharply along national lines. Results include an uneven playing field in terms of corporate funding costs, the rationing out of collateral-constrained firms, and limited shock absorption. The benefits of integration center on expanding financial choice, ultimately to support capital formation and resilience. Capital market development and integration would support a healthy diversity in European finance. Proceeding methodically, the note identifies three key barriers to greater capital market integration in Europe: transparency, regulatory quality, and insolvency practices. Based on these findings, the note urges three policy priorities, focused on the three barriers. There is no roadblock—such steps should prove feasible without a new grand bargain.
Signaling by the Fund - A Historical Review
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The objective of this paper is to review the Fund's thinking about signaling since its inception, with a view to drawing lessons for the design of possible signaling mechanisms. Over the years, the Fund has both reflected on the ways in which its main activities - especially surveillance and use of Fund resources (UFR) - send signals, and has created instruments for the express purpose of signaling. Overall, attempts to 'design' signaling mechanisms have been less than fully successful. This paper attempts to elucidate why, drawing primarily on the Fund's own thinking and assessments.
Republic of Tajikistan - Staff Assessment of Qualification for the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Tajikistan is not a HIPC country. It is, however, eligible under the MDRI because it had a per capita annual GDP of below $380 as of 2004. Staff is of the view that all criteria have been met, and recommends that the Board determine that Tajikistan qualifies for immediate debt relief under the MDRI.
United Republic of Tanzania - Staff Assessment of Qualification for the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Tanzania reached the completion point under the enhanced HIPC Initiative on November 21, 2001. Staff is of the view that all criteria have been met, and recommends that the Board determine that Tanzania qualifies for immediate debt relief under the MDRI.
Review of the Method of Valuation of the SDR
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper sets out the main issues for the 2005 review of the SDR currency basket and interest rate basket. It provides the basis for the quinquennial review by the Executive Board of the method of valuation of the SDR, in accordance with the Executive Board decision on the calculation of currency amounts for the SDR valuation basket adopted in the context of the 2000 review. The new valuation and interest rate baskets will come into effect on January 1, 2006, unless the Executive Board decides otherwise.
Progress Report on Crisis Resolution
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Describes progress in the inclusion of CACs in international sovereign bonds. Provides an update of efforts to broaden the consensus on the Principles. Reports on developments in recent sovereign debt restructuring cases. Discusses progress in the Evian Approach and other Paris Club issues. Provides a summary of the aforementioned paper on the determinants and prospects for regaining market access.
Review of the Fund's Strategy on Overdue Financial Obligations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Reviews progress under the Fund's strengthened cooperative strategy on overdue financial obligations and proposes to extend the availability of the rights approach, which expires on August 31, 2005, by another year. The rights approach remains a potentially important element of the intensified collaborative approach for arrears clearance for the three members that remain eligible, Liberia, Somalia, and Sudan.
Review of the Fund's Transparency Policy
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This review analyzes trends in publication of IMF documents and experience with various aspects of the transparency policy since July 2003, based on: Fund-wide data on publication; records of changes made to published staff reports; a survey of mission chiefs; and ten country case studies involving interviews with staff and Executive Directors.
Review of PRGF-HIPC Financing, the Adequacy of the Reserve Account of the PRGF Trust, and Subsidization of Emergency Assistance
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper focuses on immediate PRGF and HIPC financing issues and does not discuss projections of the demand for, and supply of, resources for financing PRGF operations over the medium term. The latter issue will need to be revisited in the light of discussions on proposals for further debt relief and the Fund’s future financial role in low-income countries.
Review of Access Policy in the Credit Tranches, the Extended Fund Facility and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, and Exceptional Access Policy
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Section I of this paper contains a discussion of the purpose of access rules, and Section II examines the Fund’s liquidity position. Section III discusses the potential demand for Fund resources resulting from several possible shocks. Section IV considers recent trends in access decisions and evaluates how they have conformed to the principles underlying the access rules, and whether the Fund’s liquidity would be a constraint to providing similar access in the period ahead. Section V summarizes recent developments in exceptional access and discusses issues pertinent to policy in such cases. Section VI concludes with the list of staff recommendations and the issues for discussion. Draft decisions on access to GRA and PRGF resources are provided in Section VII.
Further Debt Relief for Low-Income Countries - Key Issues and Preliminary Considerations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The International Monetary and Finance Committee at its 2004 Annual Meetings called on the international community to provide assistance including “further debt relief” to low-income countries for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It reaffirmed the Fund’s “important role” in supporting lowincome countries and called on the Fund to consider “further debt relief and its financing.” More impetus for this request was provided by various recent proposals (summarized in Annex I). At their meeting in London in February, G7 Finance Ministers expressed their willingness to provide as much as 100 percent multilateral debt relief.
IMF/Netherlands Program - Legal and Judicial Report in Indonesia 2000-2004 - External Evaluation Final Report
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The evaluation of the IMF/Netherlands Program for legal and judicial reform in Indonesia was undertaken during July 2004 in Jakarta by a team of three persons appointed by the Government of Indonesia, the Government of the Netherlands, and the IMF. All three are well acquainted with Indonesia and its legal institutions. Together they interviewed over sixty-six persons from twenty-nine institutions and organizations, including IMF and World Bank personnel, judicial personnel, other government officials, private contractors, non-governmental organizations in any way connected with the Program, and foreign donor organizations engaged in relevant programs. The members of the evaluation team and the list of those whom they interviewed can be found in appendixes one and two.
Further Thoughts on a New Quota Formula, and Statistical Appendices I and II
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The Board of Governors in a Resolution adopted on September 18 requested that the Executive Board reach agreement on a new quota formula, starting discussions soon after the Annual Meetings in Singapore. According to the Resolution, this work should be completed by the Annual Meetings in 2007, and no later than the IMFC Meeting in the Spring of 2008. The Resolution states that the new formula should provide a simpler and more transparent means of capturing members’ relative positions in the world economy. This new formula would provide the basis for a second round of ad hoc quota increases, as part of the program of quota and voice reform to be completed by the Annual Meetings in 2007, and no later than by the Annual Meetings of 2008.

This paper explores key issues related to a new quota formula as background for an informal Board seminar. This seminar is the first opportunity for the Board to discuss the new formula since the adoption of the Resolution. The paper first reviews the broad considerations and principles that should guide the design of a new quota formula, taking as a starting point the roles of quotas in the Fund. The paper also considers more specific issues in that light, such as the selection of variables and possible functional forms for the new formula. In examining these issues, the paper draws on the extensive discussion of the quota formulas in recent years, taking up questions raised both within the Board and in other fora.
Financial Soundness Indicators-Experience with the Coordinated Compilation Exercise and Next Steps-Background Paper
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This is the companion background paper to the staff report on Financial Soundness Indicators (FSIs): Experience with the Coordinated Compilation Exercise and Next Steps. It provides detailed information on the modalities of the Coordinated Compilation Exercise (CCE), the experience with the CCE, the issues that arose in that exercise regarding the compilation methodology in the Financial Soundness Indicators: Compilation Guide (Guide), and the matters that were taken into account in considering the specific amendments to the Guide, presented in the staff report.
Staff Guidance Note on the Application of the Joint Fund-Bank Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The objective of the joint Fund-Bank debt sustainability framework for low-income countries is to support LICs in their efforts to achieve their development goals without creating future debt problems. Countries that have received debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) need to be kept on a sustainable track. Under the framework, country DSAs are prepared jointly by Bank and Fund staff, with close collaboration between the two staffs on the design of the macroeconomic baseline, alternative scenarios, the debt distress rating, and the drafting of the write-up.
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) - Status of Implementation 2008
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This report provides an update on the status of implementation, impact and costs of the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). With a view to the upcoming Financing for Development meetings in Doha, the report not only reports on recent progress since mid-2007, but also on developments since the Monterrey Consensus recommendations on external debt relief.
The Fiscal Implications of Climate Change
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper reviews the fiscal implications of climate change, and the potential role of the Fund in addressing them. It stresses that:

• The potential fiscal implications are immediate as well as lasting, and liable to affect—in differing forms and degree—all Fund members.

• Climate change is a global externality problem, calling for some degree of international fiscal cooperation…

• …and has features—an intertemporal mismatch between the (early) costs of action to address climate change and (later) benefits, pervasive uncertainties and irreversibilities (including risk of catastrophe), and sharp asymmetries in the effects on different countries—that raise difficult technical and ethical issues, and hinder policy coordination.

• In addition to itself impacting the public finances, climate change calls for deploying fiscal instruments to mitigate its extent and adapt to its remaining effects.
Seychelles - Assessment Letter for the International Community
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This letter provides an assessment of recent macroeconomic developments in Seychelles and an update on the discussions of Fund staff with the Seychelles authorities on macroeconomic policies and structural reforms that could form the basis for the authorities' request for a new arrangement supported by the International Monetary Fund.
Management Statement on the Temporary Suspension of Implementing the Policy for Country Contributions for Capacity Building
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This statement provides an update on the implementation of the strengthened country contributions policy for capacity building (the "Policy") and informs the Executive Board of management’s intention to suspend temporarily implementation of the Policy. As noted in the Statement of the General Counsel of July 23, 2008, management has the authority to establish and to implement changes to the Policy, in consultation with the Executive Board.
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) - Status of Implementation 2009
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper updates the status of implementation, impact, and costs of the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).

Debt relief provided under the Initiatives has substantially alleviated debt burdens in recipient countries. Aided by continued flexibility on the part of IDA and the Fund, substantial progress has been achieved under the Initiatives since the last report, and a number of post-decision-point countries have already benefited from debt relief.
Borrowing Agreement Between Deutsche Bundesbank and the International Monetary Fund
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In light of the multilateral effort to ensure the adequacy of the financial resources available to the International Monetary Fund, and with a view to supporting the Fund’s ability to provide timely and effective balance of payments assistance to its members, Deutsche Bundesbank agrees to lend to the Fund an SDR-denominated amount up to the equivalent of EUR 15 billion.
A Review of Some Aspects of the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The Bank-Fund Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF) is a standardized framework for analyzing debt-related vulnerabilities in low-income countries (LICs). It aims to help countries monitor their debt burden and take early preventive action, to provide guidance to creditors in ensuring their lending decisions are consistent with countries’ development goals, and to improve the Bank and Fund’s assessments and policy advice. The DSF was last reviewed in 2006, and a reconsideration of some aspects of the framework is timely.
Macro Policy Lessons for a Sound Design of Fiscal Decentralization-Background Studies
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper provides background to the Board paper on Macro Policy Lessons for a Sound Design of Fiscal Decentralization. It summarizes the findings and recommendations of the Fiscal Affairs Department (FAD) for ten countries to which it provided advice on fiscal decentralization. The selected countries (Bolivia, People’s Republic of China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Kosovo, Liberia, FYR Macedonia, Mexico, and Nigeria) represent different regions, varying institutional arrangements, and diverse stages of the decentralization process.
Macro Policy Lessons for a Sound Design of Fiscal Decentralization
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Fiscal decentralization has been, and remains high on the policy agenda of many countries. It is mainly driven by political pressures, which tend to be especially evident in countries with multiple ethnicities, and/or wide regional disparities in incomes or resource endowments. More generally, decentralization pressures frequently reflect a desire for more participatory government and greater voice of local constituents in the allocation of budgetary resources. Regardless of its motivation, fiscal decentralization can have important macroeconomic implications. Therefore, Fund advice to member countries (whether in the context of surveillance, program design, or technical assistance) has often focused on the design and implementation of intergovernmental fiscal arrangements. This paper distills the main lessons from the Fund’s engagement with member countries in this area, drawing in particular, (but not exclusively) on technical assistance (TA) provided by the Fiscal Affairs Department (FAD) to ten countries which are broadly representative of the range of members that have requested assistance in this area.
Progress Report on the Activities of the Independent Evaluation Office
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The recent developments in the world economy pose many questions regarding the role of the Fund in surveillance and crisis prevention. In view of this, the IEO will be launching an evaluation of how well the Fund performed in the run-up to this crisis. Launching of this study was discussed at a recent meeting of the Evaluation Committee of the Executive Board. Work on this study will start in the coming weeks, and a draft Issues Paper will be issued before the next IMFC meeting.
Modification of Access Policies for the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility and the Exogenous Shocks Facility
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The paper proposes a doubling of access limits on concessional lending to ensure that the Fund can respond effectively to the needs of low-income countries (LICs) severely affected by the current world economic downturn. Pending adoption of broader reforms to the LIC facilities architecture, higher access limits under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) and Exogenous Shocks Facility-High-Access Component (ESF-HAC) would give the Fund greater flexibility in assisting LICs, which have become more exposed to global volatility over time. A doubling of access limits would restore them to their 1998 levels in percent of GDP and would be consistent with the approach taken in determining new access limits for General Resources Account (GRA) resources. It would also be in line with the projected doubling of medium-term demand for concessional resources.
Policy for Country Contributions for Capacity Building-Implementation of Policy
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper provides an update on the implementation of the strengthened country contribution policy for capacity-building (the “Charging Policy”) and informs the Executive Board of management’s intentions to delay the date of effectiveness of some features of the Charging Policy.
Cross-Cutting Themes in Employment Experiences During the Crisis
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The human cost of the recent global crisis is reflected in its impact on the labor market. Explaining why economies with similar downturns had very different employment trends can help design policies to reduce such costs and improve labor markets.

This paper analyzes the recent employment experiences of six economies: Germany, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Spain, and Sweden. These economies represent a wide range of labor market institutions, policy responses, and outcomes to the crisis. The divergence of labor market outcomes and of the effectiveness of policies during the crisis can be explained by the interaction between the nature of the shocks and differences in the structure and institutions of each country’s economy.

The worst job losses compared to the drop in output followed permanent shocks, particularly in dual labor markets and in the presence of wage rigidities. Policies to avoid job cuts were much more effective when they were well-targeted and responded to temporary shocks. In contrast, policies to facilitate labor movements were more appropriate following permanent shocks.
Review of the Adequacy of the Fund’s Precautionary Balances
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The paper reviews the adequacy of the Fund’s precautionary balances and proposes a more transparent and rules-based framework for adjusting the precautionary balance target through time. The framework seeks to provide sufficient flexibility to capture the main elements considered relevant by the Board in the past when setting the target and draws on approaches followed by other IFIs, adapted to the particular circumstances of the Fund.
Fourteenth General Review of Quotas - Realigning Quota Shares - Further Considerations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In light of the multilateral effort to ensure the adequacy of the financial resources available to the International Monetary Fund (the “Fund”), and with a view to supporting the Fund’s ability to provide timely and effective balance of payments assistance to its members, the Bank of Slovenia agrees to lend to the Fund an SDR-denominated amount up to the equivalent of EUR 280 million, on the terms and conditions set out in this paper.
Staff Guidance Note on the Application of the Joint Fund-Bank Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The objective of the joint Bank-Fund debt sustainability framework for low-income countries is to support LICs in their efforts to achieve their development goals without creating future debt problems. Countries that have received debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) need to be kept on a sustainable track. Under the framework, country DSAs are prepared jointly by Bank and Fund staff, with close collaboration between the two staffs on the design of the macroeconomic baseline, alternative scenarios, the debt distress rating, and the drafting of the write-up
New Growth Drivers for Low-Income Countries - The Role of the BRICs
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The emergence of BRICs—Brazil, Russia, India, and China—is reshaping low-income countries’ (LICs) international economic relations. While industrial countries remain LICs’ dominant development partners, LIC-BRIC ties have increased so rapidly over the past decade that BRICs have become new growth drivers for LICs. Trade with BRICs is already close to half of the value of combined trade with the European Union and the United States, and larger than with other emerging market economies. BRIC FDI and development financing are making a significant impact in some key areas despite their relatively small volumes compared with those from advanced countries. Beyond the increased flows of goods and capital, BRICs have brought new dynamics in LICs’ economic relations with the rest of the world, complementing as well as competing with OECD partners. Nevertheless, while potential benefits from the LIC-BRIC ties are enormous, there are challenges and risks in realizing such benefits.
The Role of the Fund in Governance Issues - Review of the Guidance Note - Preliminary Considerations - Background Notes
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The Background Notes in this Supplement provide essential context and analysis needed to understand the problem of governance and corruption, its impact on the economies of Fund members, and the history and nature of Fund engagement on these issues. They also seek to support the assessment of the Fund’s overall approach to promoting good governance and reducing corruption—including through the lenses of key stakeholders—with a view to identifying strength and closing any remaining gaps.
Romania
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: September 2019

Economic growth has remained strong, raising people’s incomes towards those in
advanced EU countries. However, macroeconomic imbalances have become increasingly
evident: the current account and fiscal deficits have been widening and inflation
pressures are building. Economic growth is expected to stay above potential in 2019 on
the back of continued fiscal stimulus, but slow down over the medium term due to
faltering investment and reforms. The growing imbalances are eroding policy room for
maneuver and increasing the risk that the convergence with EU could suffer a setback,
triggered by domestic policy excesses or swings in global investor sentiment.
Federated States of Micronesia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: September 2019

The economy of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) has performed well in recent years, with relatively high growth and low inflation. Fiscal and current account balances have recorded large surpluses since 2017, owing to the authorities’ decision to save revenue windfalls. Nonetheless, the FSM faces significant medium-term uncertainty as various economic supports under the Compact Agreement with the United States are set to expire in 2023. Unless they are renewed, the FSM is expected to lose access to Compact grants, giving rise to a fiscal cliff in 2023; banking sector oversight by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; and post-disaster rehabilitation assistance. The country is highly vulnerable to climate change, while private sector activity remains anemic.