bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It's in the Bag: Submarine Plastic Waste Management
Authors: Vaughters D. S. , Olson T. M. , Gill S. E. , Wagner L. A. (Devlin)
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 1994 prohibits the discharge of plastic waste from U.S. Navy submarines after December 31, 2008. This will require the Navy submarine community to develop an effective method for handling and storing plastic waste aboard for eventual return to port. Paramount objectives include volume reduction, sanitary packaging of the waste, and locating suitable storage spaces on each submarine class. Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center conducted a review of all potential plastic waste processing options. The submarine trash compactor unit and Navy odor barrier bags were selected for detailed investigation. A process was developed whereby plastic waste was compacted directly into high strength odor barrier bags called submarine plastic waste containment bags. Potential storage locations for compacted plastic waste have been identified aboard the Los Angeles (SSN 688), Ohio (SSBN 726), and Seawolf (SSN 21) Classes. Plastic Waste Management Demonstrations will be conducted on each submarine class to evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of the proposed plastic waste management solutions.
The Deepwater Project—A Sea of Change for the U.S. Coast Guard
Authors: Anderson M. , Burton D. , Palmquist M. S. , Watson J. M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The United States Coast Guard has embarked on the most ambitious modernization and recapitalization project in the service's history. The Deepwater Capabilities Replacement Project, which is simply referred to as Deepwater, is unique in that it comprises the acquisition of an entire integrated “System‐of‐Systems”: surface, air, C4ISR (command, control, communications, computers, information, surveillance & reconnaissance), and logistics facilities. This “System of Systems” approach will enable the Coast Guard to acquire the optimal mix of fully supportable assets, to effectively and efficiently perform all of its Deepwater missions well into the next century.
Impact of Structural Flexure on Precision Tracking
Authors: Day D. L. , Arruda J.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Ship flexure is currently an uncompensated phenomenon that is accounted for in system error budgets without apparent compromise of system performance. However, upcoming system performance requirements may not be able to absorb ship flexure errors. Analyses have been performed throughout the AEGIS development program to determine the magnitude of ship flexure which predicted several milliradians of flexure between arrays under temperature loading, but analysis should be validated by test and measurement. Flexure has been measured in other ship classes; however, none of these results can be directly applied to AEGIS.

We have identified ways of conducting a test to effectively measure the magnitude of ship flexure using current technology. A secondary goal of measurements would be to allow us to evaluate these new technology systems for possible use in measuring static and dynamic flexure for compensation during tactical combat system operation.
Uniform National Discharge Standards—Overview and Implications for Future Naval Engineering
Authors: Kopack D. , Smith G. , Kim D. , Erne D. L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In the Fiscal Year 1996 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress amended the Clean Water Act to provide the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency authority to jointly establish standards for incidental discharges from Armed Forces' vessels. The uniform national standards would apply to discharges from vessels of the Navy, Military Sealift Command, Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard to the navigable waters and contiguous zone of the U.S. and its territories.

Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) will require control of discharges, by either a technology or management practice. UNDS will facilitate the Armed Forces' ability to better design and build future vessels to be environmentally sound and to maintain the operational flexibility of Armed Forces' vessels both domestically and internationally. The development of standards for Armed Forces' vessel discharges may have greater impact on naval engineering requirements for future vessels than any other single environmental issue. These standards are expected to stimulate the development of innovative vessel pollution control technologies, which can be used for both Armed Forces' vessels and commercial shipping vessels. This paper provides an overview of UNDS development, summarizes the results of UNDS Phase I, provides a summary overview of the preliminary approach for accomplishing UNDS Phase II, and discusses implications for future naval engineering efforts.
The Road to Impeccable
Authors: Shen T. W. T. , Proctor B. L. , Saha D.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The road to the acquisition of the USNS Impeccable (T‐AGOS 23) has seen a few uncommon and challenging twists and turns, resulting in delays and disruption to the program. The saga began in 1993, when the original shipbuilder, facing financial difficulties, filed for Chapter XI bankruptcy protection. For two more years the program was stalled before the Navy was able to warrant the work that had been done up to that point. In 1995 the contract was reassigned to another shipbuilder to complete the vessel and obtain the necessary certificates to comply with all the applicable requirements of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). This unprecedented approach put the Navy in the unique situation of being responsible for two of the most controversial issues in a ship construction process, i.e., detail design and equipment warranties.

This paper gives the status of the program, discusses how various technical issues and production demands are being addressed, and describes the future hurdles that need to be overcome before delivery of the vessel.
Pollution Prevention COTS Equipment: Lessons Learned and Return on Investment
Authors: Schuh R. L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The goal of the Pollution Prevention (P2) Afloat Program is source reduction of hazardous materials (HM) used in standard shipboard maintenance and other afloat activities. Executive Order 12856 requires federal facilities to reduce the release of hazardous substances by 50 percent by 1999 compared to a 1994 baseline. Studies show that up to 70 percent of the hazardous waste processed at Navy facilities is obtained from HM off‐loads from ships. The P2 Afloat Team is achieving source reduction goals by identifying, assessing, and implementing source reduction opportunities aboard ships, and focusing on the direct use or minimal reengineering of commercial‐off‐the‐shelf products. There have been many challenges and lessons learned during research, procurement, test and evaluation, installation, and return on investment analyses of P2 Afloat equipment. Applying these lessons learned regarding pollution prevention in the maritime environment is essential in order to meet the challenges of the Fleet in the new millennium.
Integrated Liquid Discharge System for Waste Disposal on Future Surface Combatants
Authors: Brown S.H. , White E. B. , Pechulis M. , Carman R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  National and international regulations restrict the overboard discharge of ship‐generated liquid waste. During the twenty‐first century, discharges of untreated sewage, gray‐water, and oily wastes will be further restricted in many littoral areas throughout the world. Future surface combatants will operate primarily in these littoral areas. Consequently, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) SEA 03R24 initiated a research and development (RDT&E) program to provide future United States (U.S.) Navy surface combatants with the capability to destroy liquid wastes aboard ship, maximizing shore independence, and minimizing waste off‐load costs in foreign and domestic ports. Under this R&D program, the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWCCD) developed a liquid waste abatement strategy called the integrated liquid discharge system (ILDS).

The ILDS contains three distinct elements; non‐oily liquid waste treatment, oily waste treatment, and thermal destruction. The basis of the ILDS is to minimize each of the waste streams so that a shipboard thermal destruction system can be used to process the remaining volume of waste.
Marine Engineering
Authors: Gilbert Richard , Kessinger Roy L.
Published: March 2009

A new high‐power‐density motor/alternator/controller technology, now being developed for a wide range of commercial and aerospace applications, will be able to provide the power and control needed by future naval systems more efficiently, affordably, and with less weight than other electric alternatives. The central product of this technology development is the Integrated Motion Module (IMM). IMMs are essentially mechatronic systems than combine the motor, sensing, power electronics, and control functions for a single axis of motion into a lightweight modular unit. The functional integration of these components will make possible significant reductions in motor/alternator size and weight, while increasing power density and electromechanical conversion efficiency. Using a small set of IMM designs, motion control systems of arbitrary complexity may be easily assembled.

The IMM development effort is integrating several advanced technologies to achieve its aggressive performance and cost goals. IMMs are based on a revolutionary motor/alternator technology with unprecedented torque characteristics. Known as the Segmented Electro‐Magnetic Array (SEMA), this motor, combined with state of the art power electronics and active cooling techniques, provides very high power output from a small, lightweight module.
Future Coast Guard Cutter (FCGC): An Engineering and Feasibility Conversion Study for an Oliver Hazard Perry Class Frigate
Authors: Brougham William J.
Published: March 2009

The Coast Guard wants to replace their aging cutter fleet. The new construction Deepwater Project would like to integrate their efforts with the DD 21 family of ships, but the Coast Guard does not want to wait for the Navy program to mature. This study investigates the engineering feasibility of an alternate near term solution—conversion of the decommissioning Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates into Future Coast Guard Cutters (FCGC). Detailed analyses for combat system selection, propulsion plant and endurance range limitations, and manning and automation issues form the foundation for new ship arrangements capable of supporting a mixed gender crew. Additional analysis reviews small boat operations, habitability requirements, ship stability, structural loading, and a cost estimation technique. The converted Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates were shown to provide a technically feasible interim solution to replace decommissioning Coast Guard cutters while meeting or exceeding the Coast Guard requirements for a conservatively estimated cost of $141M (FY98).
The Deepwater Project‐A Sea of Change for the U.S. Coast Guard
Authors: Anderson Michael , Burton Diane , Palmquist Steven , Watson Jon M.
Published: March 2009

The United States Coast Guard has embarked on the most ambitious modernization and recapitalization project in the service's history. The Deepwater Capabilities Replacement Project, which is simply referred to as Deepwater, is unique in that it comprises the acquisition of an entire integrated “System‐of‐Systems”—surface, air, C4ISR (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance & reconnaissance), and logistics facilities. This “System of Systems” approach will enable the Coast Guard to acquire the optimal mix of fully supported assets, to effectively and efficiently perform all of its Deepwater missions well into the next century.
Modelling Combat System Manning & Manpower Reduction
Authors: Roos Carl H.
Published: March 2009

NAVSEA 03K41 is responsible for generating Combat System Battle Management Organizations (BMO) and Functional Flow Diagrams (FFD). Several years ago, NAVSEA provided the resources to conduct a functional analysis that would support the development and validation of the BMOs and FFDs. The major obstacle in performing the analysis was obtaining a consensus on how the functional hierarchy was to be structured. The non‐optimum organization of the hierarchy was selected; as a result, the functions were difficult to define, find, use, and validate. Recognizing the shortcomings of this effort, research was conducted to evaluate state‐of‐the‐art structured modelling techniques, concepts, and methodologies. Two modelling concepts by James Martin were found to be applicable for the combat system functional analysis: Enterprise Modelling Concept and Functional Decomposition Modelling Concept. The Structure Modelling definitions of Whitten, Bently, and Barlow provided the guidelines for using the Martin concepts. During the ensuing BMO and FFD development efforts, a Ship's Combat System (SCS) Modelling concept evolved and a SCS Model was developed. This paper addresses how the modelling concepts and tools are used in the BMO and FFD development and validation process. Data from the SCS Model provides the basis for defining combat system requirements (e.g., software, data display, database, networking, etc.).
Engineering the Environmentally Sound Warship for the Twenty‐first Century
Authors: Markle Stephen P. , Gill Sean E. , McGraw Peter
Published: March 2009

The past twenty‐five years have been marked by the introduction of marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built, and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those to be enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of Environmental, Safety and, Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the Environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty‐first Century. This vision incorporates the “Sense of Congress” for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations world‐wide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality; a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The key to this warship design is the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process. This includes: “cradle to grave” strategies to influence the design and construction process: minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post‐shipboard consumer waste during operation, adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes, enhancement of processing efficiency, reduction of manpower requirements, and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.
Uniform National Discharge Standards—Overview and Implications for Future Naval Engineering
Authors: Kopack David , Smith Gordon , Kim Don , Erne David L.
Published: March 2009

In the Fiscal Year 1996 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress amended the Clean Water Act to provide the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency authority to jointly establish standards for incidental discharges from Armed Forces' vessels. The uniform national standards would apply to discharges from vessels of the Navy, Military Sealift Command, Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard to the navigable waters and contiguous zone of the U.S. and its territories.

Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) will require control of discharges, by either a technology or management practice. UNDS will facilitate the Armed Forces' ability to better design and build future vessels to be environmentally sound and to maintain the operational flexibility of Armed Forces' vessels both domestically and internationally. The development of standards for Armed Forces' vessel discharges may have greater impact on naval engineering requirements for future vessels than any other single environmental issue. These standards are expected to stimulate the development of innovative vessel pollution control technologies, which can be used for both Armed Forces' vessels and commercial shipping vessels. This paper provides an overview of UNDS development, summarizes the results of UNDS Phase I, provides a summary overview of the preliminary approach for accomplishing UNDS Phase II, and discusses implications for future naval engineering efforts.
An ISO 9000 Pilot Project in Navy Ship Repair
Authors: Todd James M. , Gideon Alan K.
Published: March 2009

A major goal of the U.S. Navy's Fleet maintenance and modernization strategy is to reduce the cost and time of ship availabilities, while improving the quality of the work performed. A pilot project was commissioned by the Commander Naval Surface Force Atlantic Fleet (COMSUR‐FLANT) to explore the benefits of performing ship maintenance using the quality processes of an ISO 9000 registered private shipyard. This pilot project included a reduced presence, in the area of QA Inspection and Verification (I&V) points, on the part of the local U.S. Navy Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Conversion and Repair (SUP‐SHIP). The benefits and risks of this pilot project were measured against past practices of accomplishing ship maintenance using SUPSHIP on‐site inspection oversight and government quality assurance procedures. The shipyard workload of formal inspections was reduced by 28 percent. The Navy inspection workload was reduced by 59 percent. Quantitative comparisons are made to previous similar maintenance periods. No reduction in work quality was observed. The changed roles of the ship's Port Engineer and the SUPSHIP Project Manager are described. Conclusions and recommendations regarding this project and future ones are made.
Integrated Liquid Discharge System for Waste Disposal on Future Surface Combatants
Authors: Brown Stuart H. , White Earl B. , Pechulis Mark , Garman Richard
Published: March 2009

National and international regulations restrict the overboard discharge of ship‐generated liquid waste. During the twenty‐first century, discharges of untreated sewage, graywater, and oily wastes will be further restricted in many littoral areas throughout the world. Future surface combatants will operate primarily in these littoral areas. Consequently, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAV‐SEA) SEA 03R24 initiated a research and development (RDT&E) program to provide future United States (U.S.) Navy surface combatants with the capability to destroy liquid wastes aboard ship, maximizing shore independence and minimizing waste off‐load costs in foreign and domestic ports. Under this R&D program, the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWCCD) developed a liquid waste abatement strategy called the integrated liquid discharge system (ILDS).

The ILDS contains three distinct elements; non‐oily liquid waste treatment, oily waste treatment, and thermal destruction. The basis of the ILDS is to minimize each of the waste streams so that a shipboard thermal destruction system can be used to process the remaining volume of waste.
Reducing CV Lifecycle Costs Through Process Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Stanco Joseph , Malesich Michael
Published: March 2009

An innovative methodology has been developed to achieve the objectives of carrier operation optimization programs using Integrated Definition (IDEF) modeling and associated Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) tools. The primary objectives of the programs include manpower reduction, integrated automation, and support for new operational concepts. The methodology incorporates the use of process Modeling and Simulation (M&S) to establish the requirements for developing optimized carrier operations. This approach uses new techniques in performing analyses required, and replaces costly stovepipe approaches. Process M&S illustrates the impacts on operations if manpower is reduced, the impact to manpower if processes are modified, the areas where automation is most beneficial, and the capacity of existing and proposed processes in terms of meeting operational requirements.

Process M&S is also used to assist in the evaluation of carrier re‐design proposals, the analysis of potential modifications to existing doctrine, and the analysis of human factors issues. The IDEF process modeling methodology, coupled with the interfacing requirements of the process, information, and product models identify opportunities for improvement. The methodology provides a basis upon which changes and specifications to the current system acquisition process as well as carrier operations can be made in a “total ship” evaluation framework.
Analysis of Lateral Maneuver‐Induced Lift Loss of Navy Fighter/Attack Aircraft During Approach to Carrier
Authors: Jenkins Aric A.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this analysis was to provide guidance to designers of future tactical Navy aircraft on one aspect of carrier suitability that has contributed to the operational success of the F‐14 and F/A‐18 in carrier operations. Specifically, the ability of both of these aircraft to perform aggressive lateral maneuvers to capture desired glide path, without excessive altitude loss, has contributed to the favorable carrier suitability characteristics of each aircraft. The intent of this analysis was to quantify lift and altitude loss for the F‐14 and F/A‐18 due to lateral maneuvers in the lineup correction task, and determined the causes and components of the lift loss. A secondary intent was to determine whether the amount of lift loss due to lateral maneuvers was a good indicator of an aircraft's ability to execute precise flight path control with minimum pilot workload. Twenty‐six offline simulations of F‐14B and F/A‐18C aircraft, conducted at Manned Flight Simulator at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division in Patuxent River, MD, provided the raw data for the analysis. Results and conclusions on the causes and components of lift loss and subsequent altitude loss associated with the 26 simulations were drawn, and where applicable, comparisons between F‐14 and F/A‐18 were made.
Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) 2010 Ship Systems for Seabasing Missions
Authors: Gupta Manish , Wilkins Daniel L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Present day maritime prepositioning combines the advantages of sealift capacity and endurance with airlift speed to deploy a Marine Corps Air and Ground Task Force (MAGTF) with 30‐days supply to an objective area. However, the ships of the current Maritime Prepositioned Force are basically floating warehouses with the ability to conduct only administrative offloads in port or in‐stream. In addition, the current squadrons of MPF ships are scheduled for lease renewal or replacement beginning in 2009. Their replacements should take advantage of design innovation to provide more robust and versatile capabilities. These significantly enhanced capabilities and the concepts of operation they support must be well‐suited to meet the demands of the national military strategy in the 21st century.

In order to achieve these capabilities, numerous specific innovations in ships, equipment and operations are needed. A concept design of the MPF 2010 ship was developed under the auspices of a project sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and directed by the Center of Naval Analysis (CNA). The innovative design aspects proposed for the design are discussed in this paper.

This paper characterizes the various ship configurations, cargo handling systems, and ship‐interface integration techniques incorporated in the MPF 2010 concept design, using the ship as a defined platform to demonstrate the feasibility and operability of the various innovative cargo handling and load‐out interface systems proposed. Each of these systems has been studied and evaluated from a concept design perspective and no advanced or complex technologies have been found to be necessary or advantageous.

It is concluded that the MPF 2010 concept design proves the feasibility and viability of achieving the seabase mission requirements of the Marine Corps for the military strategy of twenty‐first century. However, it is recognized that further design analyses, including analyses of the economics of the total ship systems, need to be conducted within the context of an evolving mission requirement
A Multi‐Mission Launcher System for Next Generation Surface Combatants
Authors: Rodrigues M. A. , Poff R. E.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  A multi‐mission launcher system called the Modular Horizontal Launcher System (MHLS) is presented. This conceptual design fulfills the requirements of next generation surface combatants and places emphasis on reduced manning, maintenance, and life cycle cost. The cornerstone of MHLS is a common, scaleable, and adaptable modular architecture simplifying the ship integration process and introduction of new munitions. MHLS features commercial off‐the‐shelf/non‐developmental item (COTS/NDI) technologies that reduce development cost and accelerate system introduction.

MHLS components include all‐up‐round (AUR) launch canisters that serve as both shipping containers and launch tubes, and a robust distributed electronic architecture that allows simultaneous communication with all applicable weapon control systems. Separate canister configurations for cold launch of munitions, using COTS automotive airbag inflators as impulse mechanisms, and hot launch of munitions are envisioned. MHLS is currently in a proof‐of‐concept phase of system development that brought about a torpedo launch capability demonstration. Concept explorations, airbag inflator launcher models, and successful proof‐of‐concept testing render the MHLS a highly viable and cost effective alternative for next generation surface ship launcher implementation.
The Benefits of Electromagnetically Launching Aircraft
Authors: Doyle M. , Sulich G. , Lebron L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) is being developed, utilizing electrical and electronic technologies, to replace the existing steam catapult on naval carriers. The EMALS offers significant benefits to the aircraft, ship, personnel, and operational capabilities. These benefits combine to provide enhanced warfighting capabilities at a reduced cost.
Water Barrier Ship Self Defense Lethality
Authors: Higdon Charles E.
Published: March 2009

The Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division has investigated technology for the Office of Naval Research (ONR) that has the potential to be very effective in defending Navy platforms against high‐speed, sea‐skimming anti‐ship cruise missiles (ASCMs). This technology uses a new kill mechanism, a wall of water, to provide a low cost, universal terminal defense system for Navy ships. The Water Barrier or wall of water is generated from the shallow detonation of multiple underwater explosive charges to protect the ship from attacking sea skimmers. This terminal defense concept can be employed to slow or stop debris and warhead fragments from missiles killed at short range to preclude significant damage to own ship. Furthermore, the Water Barrier would defeat the fuzing and structure of ASCMs that have penetrated the inner self‐defense layer.

This paper describes the Water Barrier Concept that provides terminal defense for Navy ships, the formation of the wall of water that defeats sea skimming ASCMs, and the field tests that demonstrate the viability of the concept. Finally, this paper documents the 1997 field test results that demonstrate the lethality of the Water Barrier against tactical battlefield missile warheads and structures.
A New Submarine Paradigm
Authors: Ness C. C. , Simpson. W. M.
Published: March 2009

A new submarine design concept has been developed and patented with reduced wetted surface area and with a unique pressure hull combining arrangement flexibility with the inherent structural advantage of spheres. The pressure hull is a group of clustered intersecting spheres arranged to be geometrically compatible. Underwater performance is enhanced by its elliptical cross sectioned streamlined shape with reduced frictional resistance and which, by allowing efficient use of twin screw propulsion, provides increased maneuverability. As an illustration of the concept, a design is presented for a 63½ foot long (19.4m) submarine incorporating a forward viewing dome for dedicated oceanographic research with saturation diving capabilities. Propulsion is diesel‐electric with lead‐acid batteries for underwater operation. Capabilities include diver lock‐out to 1,000 feet (305m) and an operating depth of 2,500 feet (762m). The maximum mission endurance is 30 days with accommodations for 15 and a scientific payload of 5 tons. Other potential applications for the new submarine design concept are briefly suggested including military and industrial uses.
Trimaran Hullform Demonstrator High Speed Data Acquisition System
Authors: Marshall B. R. , Antenucci J. A. , Kraynik D. L. , Dianora M. D. , Woolaver D. A.
Published: March 2009

The Research Vessel (R/V) Triton is a trimaran hullform prototype being built and evaluated by the Royal Navy with technical support from the United States Navy.

This paper provides a synopsis, development approach, and key specifics of the Trials Instrumentation System (TIS), a highly flexible, distributed, data acquisition system. It highlights the many capabilities and features of the TIS and its Ethernet network, provides descriptions of the system architecture and interconnections, and presents an overview of the software which operates the TIS and the application software which has been tailored for the trials of the R/V Triton.
Overcoming the Challenges: Fire Protection of the Strategic SEALIFT Cargo Holds
Authors: Seaman D. , Pierson M.
Published: March 2009

As the naval engineering community struggles with initiatives of reduced manning, computer integration, and use of commercial standards, many new technological advances are helping to make these changes possible. There are, however, areas of shipboard operations and engineering where the use of “old technology” used in conjunction with “new philosophies and configurations” are just as important; shipboard fire protection is one such consideration. Fire protection on the strategic SEALIFT LMSR (large medium speed RO/RO) ships is accomplished by the use of structural fire protection, fire zoning, detection and alarm systems, and suppression systems. These systems blend passive and active operation, which resulted from an extensive evolutionary process, starting with the operational requirements document (ORD) and has continued through installation, testing, and commissioning. This paper will concentrate on the largest and at times the most debated of these systems: the cargo hold foam fire protection system.
Reliability‐Based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Hull Girders for Surface Ships
Authors: Ayyub B.M. , Assakkaf I.I. , Atua K.
Published: March 2009

The main objective of structural design is to insure the safety, functional, and performance requirements of a structural system for target reliability levels, for a specified period of time, and for a specified environment. As this must be accomplished under conditions of uncertainty, probabilistic analyses are necessary in the development of such probability‐based design criteria of hull girders for surface ships. A methodology for developing load and resistance factor design (LRFD) rules for ship structures was developed in this paper, and demonstrated for surface ship hull girders.

The methodology used in this paper for developing LRFD rules for ship hull girders consists of several steps as described herein. The probabilistic characteristics of strength and load random variables that are used in hull‐girder structural design were analyzed, and values for these characteristics were recommended for reliability‐based design purposes. Different load combinations for hull girders were established and presented with combinations and correlation factors that included the still water bending, wave‐induced bending, and wave dynamic bending moments.

In this paper, the reliability methods for developing the partial safety factors (PSFs) for the ship hull girder in bending are described. These factors were determined to account for the uncertainties in strength and load effects. The First‐Order Reliability Method (FORM) was used to determine these factors based on prescribed probabilistic characteristic of strength and load effects. Also, strength factors were computed for a set of load factors to meet selected target reliability levels for demonstration purposes. The resulting LRFD rules are demonstrated in this paper using an example.
The “Jimmie” Hamilton Award
Authors: Cusanelli Dominic S. , Hundley Lowry
Published: March 2009

for the best original paper published in Naval Engineers Journal during the year 1999 as set forth in the following
Histiocytic erythema multiforme
Authors: Sebastian Anita , Patterson Connor , Zaenglein Andrea L. , Ioffreda Michael D. , Helm Klaus F.
Published: March 2009

Erythema multiforme is histologically characterized by liquefactive degeneration along the dermal‐epidermal junction, necrotic keratinocytes and a lymphocytic infiltrate. We report a 10‐year‐old boy with recurrent erythema multiforme major of undetermined etiology with unusual histologic findings. A skin biopsy taken at day 2 of his eruption revealed histologic features otherwise characteristic of erythema multiforme, but mediated instead by a CD68‐positive infiltrate, resembling cutaneous Kikuchi's disease. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of ‘histiocytic’ erythema multiforme.
Serum vascular endothelial growth factor in adult haematological patients with neutropenic fever: a comparison with C‐reactive protein
Authors: Hämäläinen Sari , Juutilainen Auni , Matinlauri Irma , Kuittinen Taru , Ruokonen Esko , Koivula Irma , Jantunen Esa
Published: March 2009

Objectives:  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered to be of importance in patients with sepsis. No data are available on VEGF kinetics in haematological patients with neutropenic fever.

Methods:  Forty‐two haematological patients were included into this prospective study. Median age was 57 yr (range 18–70). Fifteen patients received therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia and 27 patients received autologous stem cell transplantation for haematological malignancy. Laboratory samples for the determination of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and VEGF were collected at the start of fever (d0) and then daily.

Results:  The median serum VEGF concentrations were low in all study patients. In patients with severe sepsis (n = 5) the median VEGF on d0 was higher than in septic patients without signs of hypoperfusion or hypotension (n = 37) (77 pg/mL vs. 52 pg/mL, P = 0.061). Also on d1 the median VEGF concentration was higher in patients with severe sepsis (82 pg/mL vs. 56 pg/mL, P = 0.048). There were no statistically significant differences in CRP values on any day during the study period between patients with severe sepsis and those without. Time from d0 to the peak VEGF concentration (mean 1.02, SE 0.18 d) was shorter than that to the peak CRP concentration (mean 1.93, SE 0.15 d) (P = 0.002).

Conclusion:  Compared to CRP, serum VEGF was a more rapid indicator for sepsis in our haematological patients with neutropenic fever. Those with severe sepsis had higher VEGF concentrations than those without on d0 and d1 after the onset of fever. Further studies on VEGF are warranted in haematological patients.
EFFECTS OF ORAL RINSING ON THE PERCEPTION OF RESIDUAL COOLING AND BURN IN HIGHLY MENTHOLATED TOOTHPASTE
Authors: SUWONSICHON SUNTAREE , CHAMBERS EDGAR , CHAMBERS DELORES H. , MILLIKEN GEORGE A.
Published: March 2009

Oral rinsing with crackers and water previously was found to reduce residual menthol cooling and burn perception to some extent. In this study, the effectiveness of oral rinsing with sucrose, butter, milk or celery, in combination with crackers and water on reducing residual cooling and burn from highly mentholated toothpaste was compared with oral rinsing with only crackers and water. After toothbrushing, five highly trained descriptive panelists rinsed and rated oral cooling and burn intensity at various times over a 30‐min period. Only overall cooling intensity was reduced (slightly) when sucrose or butter was used in combination with crackers and water. However, the decay rate and truncated time for oral cooling and burn were not affected by these additional rinse agents. Celery and milk did not provide any additional effects. A 20 to 22‐min interstimulus delay between samples and liberal rinsing with cracker and water are recommended for sensory testing of mentholated products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of rinse agents is common in sensory testing to help the mouth return to stasis and reduce carryover effects from prior samples. The typical cracker/water rinse regimen frequently is modified by using agents such as milk or other products. This research shows that such modifications probably do not produce the desired effect in products with relatively high menthol levels, such as those that might be found in some lozenges, candies, gums or toothpaste. The simple, common sensory rinse procedure of crackers and water – along with time – is not appreciably aided for those mentholated products by adding additional rinse agents to the regimen. This research helps researchers and manufacturers to better design sensory tests, taking into consideration time lags between products.
Silicone adjustable bundling devices: do they meet manufacturer's claims during cooking and cleaning?
Authors: Barber Nelson , Broz Charles , Boyce Janice
Published: March 2009

Silicone cooking and baking devices are purportedly easy to use, can be stretched to hold and support a variety of foods, and are stick‐resistant, heat‐resistant, stain‐resistant and dishwasher‐safe. Also, depending on the silicone device, such as muffin pans, they are food safe and Food and Drug Administration compliant. Yet recent research has reported results to the contrary. Testing a new method of bundling or trussing food, this study found that adjustable silicone bundling devices, also known as ‘Foodloops’, are not as effective as manufacturers claim. The Foodloops often slipped off food while cooking, food stuck to the silicone, and using the aerobic plate count spiral method, significant levels of bacteria were found after cleaning.
Cost Effectiveness Analysis of a Hypertension Management Program in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ly David , Alex Fu Z. , Christopher Hebert
Published: March 2009

Hypertension is a costly disease; however, the investment needed for a cost‐neutral hypertension management program (HMP) is unknown. A Markov decision analytic model simulated the outcomes of a hypothetical HMP. Patients were between the ages of 25 and 65 years, had existing hypertension, and were newly diagnosed with diabetes. The control group received standard care. The HMP group received standard care and were enrolled in an HMP. Data regarding rates of disease states and costs were gathered from the literature. A third‐party payer can invest as much as $159, $109, and $41 per person per month in an HMP for a neutral return on investment in the 5‐year, 3‐year, and 1‐year time horizon, respectively. The HMP group achieved greater gains in quality‐adjusted life‐years and lower total health‐related costs. As the time horizon increases, more money can be invested. HMPs can be a cost‐effective and cost‐neutral proposition.
Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture after deep sclerectomy: outcomes
Authors: Anand Nitin , Pilling Rachel
Published: March 2009

Purpose:  This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture (LGP) in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) after deep sclerectomy (DS).

Methods:  We reviewed the outcomes in 258 eyes of 258 consecutive patients who underwent DS or combined phacoemulsification and DS between August 2001 and December 2003. Mitomycin C was used during surgery in 192 eyes (74.4%).

Results:  Mean follow‐up was 40 ± 11 months after DS and 31 ± 12 months after LGP. Laser goniopuncture was performed in 173 eyes (67.0%). The mean interval between LGP and DS was 10.3 ± 8.7 months. The probability of LGP being performed was 63.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 57.3–69.4) at 36 months after surgery. At 2 years after LGP, the probability of maintaining IOP < 15 mmHg with a 20% decrease from the pre‐laser IOP and no further glaucoma procedure or medication was 49.7% (95% CI 41.9–57.1). Iris covering the trabeculo‐Descemet’s membrane was the only factor significantly associated with the failure of LGP (hazard ratio 3.0, p < 0.001). Complications observed after LGP included peripheral anterior synechiae in 23 (13.2%), hypotony in seven (4.0%), late acute IOP rise in three (1.7%), delayed bleb leak in one and blebitis in two eyes. Argon laser iridoplasty was performed in 45 (26.0%) and needle revision in 41 (23.7%) eyes.

Conclusions:  ND:YAG laser goniopuncture is an effective procedure to further lower IOP after DS. An IOP of < 15 mmHg is achieved and maintained for ≥ 2 years in about 50% of cases after a single LGP procedure. There are potentially serious complications associated with the procedure. Regular gonioscopy is recommended following LGP to detect any occlusion of the goniopuncture by the iris.
Student Teachers' Attitudes and Beliefs About Using the Target Language in the Classroom
Authors: Bateman Blair E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Although the language teaching profession has long emphasized the use of the target language in the classroom, student teachers face various challenges in their efforts to conduct class in their target language. This case study focused on 10 student teachers with respect to (1) their initial attitudes and beliefs about using the target language, (2) the extent to which they felt the target language could be used in specific activities, (3) the factors that affected their decisions regarding target language use, and (4) how their attitudes toward target language use evolved and changed during their student teaching. Sources of information included pre‐ and postquestionnaires, journal entries, and observations of student teachers' classes. Themes that emerged from student teachers' experiences are discussed, as well as possible implications for language teacher education.
Spanish Only for Foreign Language in the Elementary School (FLES): Competing Discourses in Local Language Policy
Authors: Kubota Ryuko , Catlett Shawna
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Teaching Spanish has become increasingly popular in the United States due to demographic shifts. This study focuses on a Spanish‐only initiative for an existing Foreign Language in the Elementary School (FLES) program proposed by a southeastern public school district's school board. It analyzes discourses underlying the policymakers' rationales and resistance from teachers, students, and community members. Analysis of documents, video recordings of school board meetings, newspaper articles, and e‐mail exchanges reveals competing discourses that constructed particular views on language, language learning, and the benefit of Spanish for Latino and African American students. Characteristics of these discourses include language ideologies, racialization of the arguments, hospitality as a reaction to “language panics” (Hill, 2001, p. 245), and the constructed nature of Latino parents' knowledge. The study suggests the importance of multilingualism for world language education.
Instructors' Use of English in the Modern Language Classroom
Authors: Wilkerson Carol
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Contemporary best practices in the profession encourage teaching as much as possible in the target language, but when university faculty were observed teaching Spanish, the majority spoke English during instruction and many engaged in frequent code switching (alternations) between English and Spanish. Findings indicate that instructors used English as a strategy to save time, avoid ambiguity, and establish authority. Variation in the amount of English spoken by instructors may influence students' articulation between courses and the ultimate success of language programs. Therefore, university faculty may benefit from pedagogical training to teach with limited reliance on English.
Learners' Perception of Corrective Feedback in Pair Work
Authors: Yoshida Reiko
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The present study examines Japanese language learners' perception of corrective feedback (CF) in pair work in relation to their noticing and understanding of their partners' CF and the factors that influence it. This study focuses on three learners, who worked together in pair work. The data collection methods consist of classroom observation, audio‐recording of the learners' speech in class, and stimulated recall interviews following the classroom recording. The data analysis revealed that the learners sometimes did not understand their partners' CF, and their dissatisfaction with their interactions affected their understanding of CF. The study suggests the importance of learners' understanding CF and their satisfaction with their roles in their interactions during pair work.
The Surprising Power of Neighborly Advice
Authors: Gilbert Daniel T. , Killingsworth Matthew A. , Eyre Rebecca N. , Wilson Timothy D.
Published: March 2009

Two experiments revealed that (i) people can more accurately predict their affective reactions to a future event when they know how a neighbor in their social network reacted to the event than when they know about the event itself and (ii) people do not believe this. Undergraduates made more accurate predictions about their affective reactions to a 5-minute speed date (
n
= 25) and to a peer evaluation (
n
= 88) when they knew only how another undergraduate had reacted to these events than when they had information about the events themselves. Both participants and independent judges mistakenly believed that predictions based on information about the event would be more accurate than predictions based on information about how another person had reacted to it.
Variations in Ceftazidime and Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Susceptibilities within a Clonal Infection of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Sam I-Ching , See Kah Heng , Puthucheary Savithri D.
Published: March 2009

A patient with a clonal infection of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
had subpopulations with ceftazidime and amoxicillin-clavulanate susceptibilities that differed among the clinical specimens. Resistance was associated with a novel Cys69Tyr substitution in the Ambler class A β-lactamase. Susceptibility testing of multiple colony variants from different sites should be performed for patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis.