bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All-Inside PCL Reconstruction
Authors: Therrien Erik , Pareek Ayoosh , Song Bryant M. , Wilbur Ryan R. , Stuart Michael J. , Levy Bruce A.
Published: February 2021

Many different techniques with multiple graft types have been described for the reconstruction of the injured posterior cruciate ligament (PCL); autograft versus allograft, single- versus double-bundle, open inlay versus arthroscopic inlay versus arthroscopic transtibial, and recently described the arthroscopic “all-inside” socket technique. Reported clinical outcomes have demonstrated no significant difference in any of these PCL reconstruction techniques, likely because of the heterogeneity in injury characteristics and patient population. The ideal surgical technique should be safe, simple, and reproducible while allowing treatment of concomitant knee injuries resulting and return to function.
A Flexible Intramedullary Guide Can Reduce the Anteroposterior Oversizing of Femoral Components Used in Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoarthritis and Severe Distal Femoral Sagittal Bowing
Authors: Lee Do Weon , Lee Joonhee , Lee Junpyo , Ro Du Hyun , Lee Myung Chul , Han Hyuk-Soo
Published: February 2021

Traditionally, a rigid intramedullary rod has been used as the reference guide for femoral cutting in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, correct positioning of this rigid rod is difficult, especially in the knees with severe distal femoral sagittal bowing. A flexible intramedullary rod has been developed to address this problem. This study was performed to compare the sagittal alignment and clinical outcomes of TKAs performed with flexible and rigid femoral intramedullary guides. Thirty-eight knees that underwent primary TKAs with flexible intramedullary rods as femoral cutting guides were matched according to patient height and sex with 38 knees that underwent TKAs using conventional rigid rods. Clinical outcomes, including the range of motion and functional scores, and radiological variables, including the distal femoral bowing angle (DFBA), femoral component flexion angle (FFA), and mediolateral overhang and anteroposterior (AP) oversizing of femoral components, were evaluated. Clinical and radiological outcomes did not differ significantly between the flexible rod and conventional rigid rod groups. A subgroup analysis of knees with severe distal femoral sagittal bowing (DFBA >4 degrees) showed that the FFA was significantly larger in the flexible rod group than in the rigid rod group, with an average difference of 3 degrees (5.2 ± 2.4 vs. 2.2 ± 1.6 degrees, respectively, p = 0.022). In addition, the incidence of AP oversizing of femoral components was lower in the flexible rod group than in the rigid rod group (11.1 vs. 60.0%, respectively, p = 0.027). Relative to TKA with a rigid rod, TKA performed with a flexible femoral intramedullary guide resulted in more flexed sagittal alignment of femoral components in patients with severe distal femoral sagittal bowing. This greater flexion of the femoral component resulted in less AP oversizing. However, the use of a flexible rod had no impact on short-term clinical outcomes.
Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy
Authors: Bates Shannon M.
Published: February 2021

Even though venous thromboembolism is a leading cause of maternal mortality in high-income countries, there are limited high-quality data to assist clinicians with the management of pulmonary embolism in this patient population. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of pregnancy-associated pulmonary embolism are complicated by the need to consider fetal, as well as maternal, well-being. Recent studies suggest that clinical prediction rules and D-dimer testing can reduce the need for diagnostic imaging in a subset of patients. Low-molecular-weight heparin is the preferred anticoagulant for both prophylaxis and treatment in this setting. Direct oral anticoagulants are contraindicated during pregnancy and in breastfeeding women. Thrombolysis or embolectomy should be considered for pregnant women with pulmonary embolism complicated by hemodynamic instability. Treatment of pregnancy-associated pulmonary embolism should be continued for at least 3 months, including 6 weeks postpartum. Management of anticoagulants at the time of delivery should involve a multidisciplinary individualized approach that uses shared decision making to take patient and caregiver values and preferences into account.
Cord-Blood High-Sensitivity Troponin-I Reference Interval and Association with Early Neonatal Outcomes
Authors: Ryan Paul M. , Mondal Tapas , Gupta Kaaran , Radovanovic George , Pugh Edward , Chan Anthony K. C. , Hill Stephen
Published: February 2021

Objective This study was aimed to establish a reference interval for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) in umbilical cord blood of infants and to assess its association with the risk of predetermined early neonatal outcomes in a high-acuity tertiary care hospital.

Study Design Umbilical cord-blood samples were collected and hs-cTnI was measured in all infants born between August 2015 and September 2015 at McMaster Children's Hospital (n = 256). Gestational age, birth weight, Apgar's scores, age in days at which feeding was established, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and discharge in days after birth were recorded.

Results The 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles for the term infant subcohort were 19.75, 41.45, and 166.30 ng/L, respectively. We observed decreased mean gestational ages and birth weights in both the 90th (37.7 weeks; 2,961.4 g) and 95th percentiles (37.1 weeks; 2,709.9 g) when compared with the remaining infants. Moreover, levels of hs-cTnI were significantly higher in infants with respiratory distress requiring intervention (p < 0.05), low birth weight infants (p < 0.01), preterm infants (p < 0.001), and those requiring NICU admission (p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression of the recorded demographic factors revealed prematurity (gestational age <35 weeks: coefficient 0.346 ± 0.160, p < 0.05; gestational age <37 weeks: coefficient 0.253 ± 0.105, p < 0.05) and male sex (coefficient 0.138 ± 0.047; p < 0.01) to be most predictive of log-hs-cTnI levels.

Conclusion This study establishes the reference values for cord-blood hs-cTnI in infants at a tertiary care center. Premature and sick infants requiring NICU admission had significantly higher levels of hs-cTnI.

Key Points
Transosseous Repair of Patellar Sleeve Fractures: A Case Series and Surgical Technique Guide
Authors: Perkins Crystal A. , Egger Anthony C. , Willimon S. Clifton
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to describe the surgical technique and outcomes of transosseous repair of patellar sleeve fractures in a pediatric cohort. A retrospective review was performed on patients younger than 16 years undergoing transosseous repair of distal patellar sleeve fractures. A chart review was performed on demographics, surgical repair technique, and postoperative care. Primary outcomes included intact extensor mechanism function and range of motion (ROM) at final follow-up. In this study, 20 patients, 17 males and 3 females, with a mean age of 11.7 years were included. ROM was initiated at a median of 27.5 days following surgery. All patients had a healed patellar sleeve fracture and intact extensor function at final follow-up. Final mean knee ROM among the 18 patients with minimum 3-month follow-up was 132 degrees. Thirteen patients (72%) achieved full ROM (≥ 130 degrees) and 5 patients (28%) achieved less than 130 degrees knee flexion. Duration of initial immobilization was found to be the only variable strongly associated with final postoperative ROM. Mean duration of immobilization for patients achieving ≥ 130 degrees was 24 days versus 44 days in those patients achieving < 130 degrees, p = 0.009. All patients who began knee ROM within 21 days of surgery obtained full knee ROM. No patients experienced construct failure or extensor lag. Operative management of displaced patellar sleeve fractures with anatomic transosseous suture repair of the sleeve fracture, brief immobilization no more than 21 days, and initiation range of early ROM results in excellent outcomes.
Comparative Analysis of Outcomes in Medicare-Eligible Patients with a Hospital Stay Less than Two-Midnights versus Longer Length of Stay following Total Knee Arthroplasty: Implications for Inpatient-Outpatient Designation
Authors: Singh Vivek , Lygrisse Katherine A. , Macaulay William , Slover James D. , Schwarzkopf Ran , Long William J.
Published: February 2021

The Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) removed primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) from the inpatient-only list in January 2018. This study aims to compare outcomes in Medicare-aged patients who underwent primary TKA and had an in-hospital stay spanning less than two-midnights to those with a length of stay greater than or equal to two-midnights. We retrospectively reviewed 4,138 patients ages ≥65 who underwent primary TKA from 2016 to 2020. Two cohorts were established based on length of stay (LOS), those with an LOS <2 midnights were labeled outpatient and those with an LOS ≥2 midnights were labeled inpatient as per CMS designation. Demographic, clinical data, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint replacement (KOOS, JR), and veterans RAND 12 physical and mental components (VR-12 PCS & MCS) were collected. Demographic differences were assessed with Chi-square and independent sample t-tests. Clinical data and KOOS, JR and VR-12 PCS and MCS scores were compared by using multilinear regression analysis, controlling for demographic differences. There were 841 (20%) patients with a LOS < 2 midnights and 3,297 (80%) patients with a LOS ≥ 2 midnights. Patients with a LOS < 2 midnights were significantly younger (71.70 vs. 73.06; p < 0.001), more likely male (42.1 vs. 25.7%; p < 0.001), Caucasian (68.8 vs. 57.7%; p <0.001), have lower BMI (30.80 vs. 31.92; p < 0.001), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; 4.62 vs. 4.96; p < 0.001), and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class II or higher (p < 0.001). These patients were more likely to be discharged home compared to patients with LOS ≥ 2 midnights (95.8 vs. 73.1%; p < 0.001). Patients who stayed ≥ 2 midnights reported lower patient-reported outcome scores at all time-periods (preoperatively, 3 months and 1 year), but these differences did not exceed the minimum clinically important difference. Mean improvement preoperatively to 1 year postoperatively in KOOS, JR (22.53 vs. 25.89; p < 0.001), and VR-12 PCS (12.16 vs. 11.49; p = 0.002) was statistically higher for patients who stayed < 2 midnights, though these differences were not clinically significant. All-cause ED visits (p = 0.167), 90-day all-cause readmissions (p = 0.069) and revision (p = 0.277) did not statistically differ between the two cohorts. TKA patients classified as outpatient had similar quality metrics and saw similar clinical improvement following TKA with respect to most patient reported outcome measures, although they were demographically different. Outpatient classification is more likely to be assigned to younger males with higher functional scores, lower BMI, CCI, and ASA class compared with inpatients. This Retrospective Cohort Study shows level III evidence.
The Association between In Vivo Knee Kinematics and Patient-Reported Outcomes during Squatting in Bicruciate-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Kage Tomofumi , Inui Hiroshi , Tomita Tetsuya , Yamazaki Takaharu , Taketomi Shuji , Yamagami Ryota , Kono Kenichi , Kawaguchi Kohei , Takagi Kentaro , Sameshima Shin , Tanaka Sakae
Published: February 2021

Bicruciate-stabilized total knee arthroplasty (BCS TKA) has been developed to improve TKA kinematic performance. However, the relationship between in vivo kinematics and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) has not been well described. This study was performed to clarify the relationship between in vivo kinematics and PROs in a cohort of patients undergoing BCS TKA. Forty knees were evaluated using a two-dimensional to three-dimensional registration technique obtained from sagittal plane fluoroscopy. In vivo kinematics including anteroposterior (AP) translation and tibiofemoral rotation were evaluated. Knee Society scores (KSSs) and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOSs) were assessed before and after surgery. Relationships between tibiofemoral kinematics assessed with the knee in different positions of knee flexion and PROs were evaluated using Spearman's correlation analysis. The study demonstrated a significant negative correlation (r =  − 0.33) between medial AP translation from minimum flexion to 30 degrees flexion and postoperative KOOS activities of daily living subscale. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.51) was found between the femoral external rotation from minimum flexion to 30 degrees flexion and improvement of the KOOS pain subscale. No correlation was found between the lateral AP translation and PROs. Achieving medial AP and femoral external rotation stability in early flexion may be important in optimizing postoperative PROs.
Good Short-Term Clinical Outcomes and Low Rates of Return to Sports after Repeat Revision ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Gorodischer Tomás D. , Zicaro Juan Pablo , Yacuzzi Carlos , Costa Paz Matías
Published: February 2021

Repeat revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) is a rare, demanding procedure and, as such, has not been well studied. Most of the available literature shows improved functional outcomes compared with preoperative state but inferior results when compared with primary ACL-R, particularly regarding return to preinjury level of sports. The purpose of this study was to assess functional outcomes in patients who had undergone repeat revision ACL-R. The secondary aims were to register return to sports, associated meniscal and/or chondral lesions, and evaluate radiological anatomical parameters. Nine patients between 2011 and 2017 were evaluated, who had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Median age at repeat ACL-R was 32 years (interquartile range [IQR], 30–34 years) and the median follow-up was 27 months (IQR, 24–39 months). Data collected prior to surgery and at last follow-up included patient demographics, operative findings, physical examination findings including pivot shift and KT-1000 arthrometer measurement; Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores; and return to sports and level using the Tegner score. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subjective score and radiographic anatomical parameters were recorded at last follow-up. Mean IKDC and Lysholm score improvement was 25 points (confidence interval [CI] 12–37) and 25 points (CI 11–39), respectively (p < 0.001). The median postoperative KOOS score was pain: 93 (IQR, 64–96); symptoms: 94 (IQR, 83–97); activities of daily life: 96 (IQR, 90–100); sports: 75 (IQR, 50–90); and quality of life: 50 (IQR, 43–81). Postoperative median side-to-side KT-1000 arthrometer difference was 2 mm (IQR, 1–8 mm). The median radiographic posterior tibial slope was 10 degrees (IQR, 9–10). One patient was considered a failure at 16 months postoperative. Only 44% (four out of nine) patients were able to return to their sports. None of these patients had a cartilage injury, while three out of five patients who did not return to their sports had International Cartilage Regeneration & Joint Preservation Society grade III or IV cartilage injury. Patients should be counseled on the challenging outcomes of repeat revision ACL-R. This is Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Nonthermal and selective crystal bridging of ZnO grains by irradiation with electron beam as nonequilibrium reaction field
Authors: Shimoi Norihiro , Tanaka Shun-Ichiro
Published: February 2021

Ceramic particles, such as titanium oxide and indium tin oxide, are expected to be used as electric or catalytic materials for various applications. In this work, we progressed to employ the irradiation with an electron beam as the nonequilibrium reaction field for ceramic composition, and we successfully obtained the basic technology for a ceramic thin-film fabrication using a field emission (FE) electron beam with low energy resolution having a half width under 100 meV that had a homogeneous planar electron emission as the nonequilibrium reaction field. In particular, ZnO particles synthesized by electron beam irradiation show selective crystal bridging along the c-axis during FE electron beam irradiation, which is important for synthesizing poly-ZnO crystals without a heating process, because the energy fluctuations of FE electron beams are small and affect the directionality of ZnO crystal growth along the c-axis. This accomplishment may make a significant contribution to the analysis of the formation mechanism of ZnO particles with a uniform morphology and crystal structure by the FE electron beam during the crystallization. Moreover, we will be able to provide basic elements for next-generation nanodevices with highly functional properties by controlling each terminal crystal interface of metals, ceramics, and semiconductors with this technique.
Higher precision integer operations instead of floating-point operations in computers or microprocessors
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Li Gang , Luo Yongshun , Lin Ling
Published: February 2021

The rounding errors of floating-point operations are inevitable in computers or microprocessors, and this issue will make the calculation results inaccurate, unreliable, or even completely incorrect. For this purpose, this paper proposes to replace floating-point operations with integer operations to improve the operation precision. The key lies in not only controlling the variable type as the integer to avoid the automatic conversion of intermediate operation results into floating-point numbers but also converting floating-point operations in the operation process into integer operations using some numerical calculation methods. Lock-in amplifier is one of the most widely used instruments in the field of weak signal detection. This paper only takes the digital lock-in amplifier (DLIA) as an example for detailed analysis and proposes a DLIA based on integer calculation. The experimental results show that replacing floating-point operations with integer operations can obtain higher operation precision without “wasting” memory, and the improvement will be more significant as the calculation amount increases. The research will help to further improve the calculation accuracy of digital signal processing and other scientific computations in computers or microprocessors.
Dislocation generation mechanisms in heavily boron-doped diamond epilayers
Authors: Araujo D. , Lloret F. , Alba G. , Alegre M. P. , Villar M. P.
Published: February 2021

Doping diamond layers for electronic applications has become straightforward during the last two decades. However, dislocation generation in diamond during the microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition growth process is still not fully understood. This is a truly relevant topic to avoid for an optimal performance of any device, but, usually, it is not considered when designing diamond structures for electronic devices. The incorporation of a dopant, here boron, into a lattice as close as that of diamond, can promote the appearance of dislocations in the epilayer. The present contribution analyzes the different processes that can take place in this epilayer and gives some rules to avoid the formation of dislocations, based on the comparison of the different dislocation generation mechanisms. Indeed, competitive mechanisms, such as doping atom proximity effect and lattice strain relaxation, are here quantified for heavily boron-doped diamond epilayers. The resulting growth condition windows for defect-free heavily doped diamond are here deduced, introducing the diamond parameters and its lattice expansion in several previously published critical thickness (hc) and critical doping level relationships for different doping levels and growth conditions. Experimental evidence supports the previously discussed thickness-doping-growth condition relationships. Layers with and without dislocations reveal that not only the thickness but also other key factors such as growth orientation and growth parameters are important, as dislocations are shown to be generated in epilayers with a thickness below the People and Bean critical thickness.
Advanced nanoscale characterization of aluminum nanoparticles with modified surface morphology via atmospheric helium and carbon monoxide plasmas
Authors: Wu Chi-Chin , Wen Jianguo , Walck Scott D. , Pesce-Rodriguez Rose A. , Arslan Ilke
Published: February 2021

Aluminum nanoparticles (nAl) have the potential as energetic additives in explosive/propellant formulations. Scalable methodologies must be pursued to mitigate the inactive amorphous alumina shell surrounding the active aluminum (Al) core with modified surface morphology and chemistry for increased combustion effects. This paper explores the feasibility of making reactive core/shell nAl with thinned oxide shells and modified surface coatings via a two-step atmospheric plasma surface treatment process in a custom dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor. The commercial nAl of nominal average size ∼40–60 nm was first treated with helium (He) followed by He/carbon monoxide (CO) plasmas for different durations. The resultant samples were characterized via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectra. HRTEM images revealed sporadic patchy γ-alumina deposits on particle surfaces and in gaps among particles for all samples, suggesting the non-uniform plasma effects of the He/CO glow. Nanoscale chemical analyses via scanning transmission electron microscopy elemental mapping and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy were further performed. Although no carbon-associated structure appeared in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectra, the presence of carbonaceous materials was confirmed as a thin dispersive layer evenly distributed on the nAl surface suggesting either its amorphous nature or is present at a level insufficient to generate satisfactory EELS spectra. The trend of intensity profiles for key elements acquired by drawing lines across a single particle on the elemental maps confirmed that carbonaceous materials only existed on the surface and they were most likely carboxylates that increased with increased He/CO treatment duration, as evident by FTIR results. This work demonstrated the success of atmospheric plasma-treated reactive nAl with comprehensively characterized surface features via advanced microscopy and spectroscopy.
Current challenges and solutions of super-resolution structured illumination
microscopy
Authors: Zheng Xiaomin , Zhou Jie , Wang Lei , Wang Meiting , Wu Wenshuai , Chen Jiajie , Qu Junle , Gao Bruce Zhi , Shao Yonghong
Published: February 2021

The resolution of fluorescence microscopy is limited by the diffraction imaging system, and many methods have been proposed to overcome the optical diffraction limit for achieving super-resolution imaging. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is one of the most competitive approaches and has demonstrated remarkable achievements. In the last two decades, SIM has been improved in many aspects, such as the enhancement of resolution and imaging depth and virtual modulation-based SIM. In this Perspective, we present an overview of the development of SIM, including the basic theory, application to biomedical studies, and the remarkable progress of SIM. Owing to its flexibility with respect to combination with other methods, SIM can be considered a powerful tool for biomedical study, offering augmented imaging capabilities by exploiting complementary advantages.
Simple method for mid-infrared optical frequency comb generation with dynamic offset frequency tuning
Authors: Roiz Mikhail , Kumar Krishna , Karhu Juho , Vainio Markku
Published: February 2021

We present a simple method for fully stabilized mid-infrared optical frequency comb generation based on single-pass femtosecond optical parametric generation that is seeded by a continuous-wave laser. We have implemented the method in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal that produces a frequency comb tunable across 3325 nm–4000 nm (2380 cm−1–3030 cm−1). The method generates the mid-infrared (idler) comb with known and stabilized Carrier-Envelope Offset (CEO) frequency without the need to directly detect it. The idler CEO is continuously tunable for almost half of the repetition rate and can be modulated. Together with the high output power (up to 700 mW) and low intensity noise (0.018% integrated in 10 Hz–2 MHz bandwidth), this makes the demonstrated mid-infrared frequency comb promising for many applications such as high-precision molecular spectroscopy, frequency metrology, and high harmonic generation.
Size dependence of charge order and magnetism in Sm0.35Ca0.65MnO3
Authors: Goveas Lora Rita , Bhagyashree K. S. , Anuradha K. N. , Bhat S. V.
Published: February 2021

We report a systematic tracking of consequences of size decrease to nanoscale for charge order (CO) and magnetic properties of electron doped manganite Sm0.35Ca0.65MnO3 by magnetization measurements. The bulk form of this system is charge ordered below 270 K and antiferromagnetic (AFM) below 130 K. The bulk sample and nanoparticles of various sizes (mean diameter ∼ 15, 30, 90 nm) were synthesized by sol-gel technique. Our studies show that the robust CO in the bulk gets weakened by size reduction and the nanoparticles exhibit ferromagnetic (FM) ordering. Magnetization at high temperatures, in the paramagnetic region, reflecting the behaviour of the most part of the samples arising due to FM fluctuations caused by double exchange interaction is found to decrease as the particle size reduces. However, at low temperature the trend of FM magnetization as a function of the size is found to be reversed. This result is understood in terms of the dominance of surface effects where uncompensated bonds and an increase in the charge density at the surface layers lead to weak ferromagnetism which increases with decreasing size.
DFT-based calculations of the magnetic hyperfine interactions at Cd sites in RCd (R = rare earth) compounds with the FP-LAPW ELK code
Authors: Maciel L. S. , Burimova A. , Pereira L. F. D. , Ferreira W. L. , Sales T. S. N. , Gonçalves V. C. , Cabrera-Pasca G. A. , Saxena R. N. , Carbonari A. W.
Published: February 2021

In the work here reported, we have calculated magnetic hyperfine interactions in rare-earth (R) intermetallic compounds by using the free open-source all-electron ELK code. The RCd (R = Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) series was chosen as a test system because an almost complete set of experimental data on the hyperfine parameters at Cd sites was acquired through the time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) spectroscopy as previously reported. Moreover, results on magnetic hyperfine field (Bhf) from WIEN2k code were also reported allowing a qualitative comparison analysis. We emphasize that the utilized version of ELK accounted for the contact field only. Yet, as it is the only contribution expected for Cd site in RCd compounds, the calculated Bhf values are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. The Spin-orbit coupling when taken into account led to a decrease in deviation from experimental data. Addition, the Hubbard-like term was revealed crucial in order to make Bhf predictions for CeCd, suggesting that this behavior may be associated with a weaker 4f electron localization in Ce.
Secretagogin marks amygdaloid PKCδ interneurons and modulates NMDA receptor availability
Authors: Hevesi Zsófia , Zelena Dóra , Romanov Roman A. , Hanics János , Ignácz Attila , Zambon Alice , Pollak Daniela D. , Lendvai Dávid , Schlett Katalin , Palkovits Miklós , Harkany Tibor , Hökfelt Tomas G. M. , Alpár Alán
Published: February 2021

Significance

Unconscious reactions to threat orchestrated by subcortical brain structures are critical to save the individual at peril. The innate behavioral responses can be modulated by associative learning processes in which the amygdaloid complex gates active motor commands to avoid danger. At the cellular level, glutamatergic neurotransmission through postsynaptic NMDA receptors drives threat-induced changes in synaptic function. Here, we show that the availability of NMDA receptors in the postsynapse is modulated by secretagogin, a Ca
2+
sensor protein. Chemogenetic inactivation of secretagogin-expressing neurons, or ablation of secretagogin itself, provides causality for the role of Ca
2+
-dependent feedback regulation at the cellular level.
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase-2 determines cellular energy dynamics by regulating creatine kinase-B
Authors: Nagpal Latika , Kornberg Michael D. , Albacarys Lauren K. , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: February 2021

Significance

Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2 (IP6K2) regulates various cellular processes. Here we establish a role for IP6K2 in the brain. IP6K2 deletion leads to impaired mitochondrial function and repression of the cytochrome c1 subunit of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, complex III. IP6K2 deletion also elicits decreased creatine kinase-B, ATP, and phosphocreatine levels as well as enhanced oxidative stress. Restoring ATP levels abrogates mitochondrial deficits and mitigates neuronal death. These observations reveal a unique role for IP6K2 in mitochondrial homeostasis associated with neuroprotection.
Invariant die and adverbial resumption in the
Ghent dialect
Authors: De Clercq Karen , Haegeman Liliane
Published: February 2021

This chapter focusses on the apparent V3 pattern
in (1), which is salient
with some speakers of the Ghent dialect: an initial adverbial
constituent in the root clause, vroeger
(‘formerly’), is separated from the finite verb by an optional
‘pleonastic’ (Vanacker
1980) element, die. The element
die has no impact on the truth value of the
proposition it introduces.

(1)

Vroeger,
(die)
bakten
wij
vier
soorten
brood

Formerly

(die)

baked

we

four

sorts

bread

‘We used to bake four kinds of bread.’
(Gijzenzele
0.28) (Vanacker
1980: 76)

The chapter focusses on the distribution of
resumptive constituents in Standard Dutch and in the Ghent dialect,
comparing Ghent resumptive die with alternative
adverbial resumptives in the Ghent dialect and with the
corresponding StD resumptives. A first analysis is based on the
Poletto/Wolfe V2 typology, which proposes that the Germanic
languages are characterised by a Force-V2 requirement, meaning that
the finite verb moves to Force, via Fin. We argue – in line with the
literature – that the resumptive adverbial dan in
StD and the Ghent dialect is phrasal, it merges TP-internally, moves
via SpecFinP to SpecForceP and satisfies the Force V2-constraint. A
constituent preceding resumptive dan is
clause-external. In contrast, resumptive die in the
Ghent dialect is a head which spells out Force. Because Force is
spelt out by die, the finite verb halts in Fin. The
final part of the chapter speculates on an alternative analysis in
terms of a fully articulated left periphery in which
die is a variant of Force that is specifically
involved in the indirect satisfaction of LP criteria on Top and
Foc.
On the syntactic representation of Chinese you (有) in
“you + VP” construction
Authors: Li Fuqiang
Published: February 2021

This paper aims at drawing the syntactic maps of
you(有 lit. have) in
“you + VP” construction in Chinese within the
cartographic framework (Rizzi
1997; Cinque
1999, and much subsequent work) and splitting IP on the
basis of Huang (1988).
More precisely, a syntax-semantic mismatch of you
is observed in the literature, namely, previous studies claim that
you can convey several semantic readings, for
instance, past tense, future tense, perfective, as well as
(emphatic) affirmative reading; its syntactic representation,
however, is put under the syntactic node of I/T (Huang 1988, etc.). This
paper first verifies the features on you and then offers a
cartographic account to this mismatch. The results show that
you only conveys the perfective feature and the
(emphatic) affirmative feature, and it is spelled out at the phrasal
lever under AffP. Besides, a You-Support Hypothesis
in Chinese is suggested.
How can one explain “deviant” linguistic functioning in terminology?
Authors: Condamines Anne
Published: February 2021

This article looks at so-called “deviant” functioning in terminology. The notion of deviancy seems to be situated
in relation to a “neutral” functioning of the language, which does not take any particular communication situation into account.
The article aims to show that this supposed deviancy has to be related to the communication situation itself, which, in the
present case, implies specialised knowledge. Rather than just being deviancies, it is argued that these linguistic formulations
are a tangible manifestation of the specificity of the communication situation. Three types of explanation are put forward for
their use: linguistic (linguistic prolixity and linguistic economy), sociolinguistic, and cognitive. Each type is exemplified by
various studies.
Mind over body: Creating an external focus for sport skills
Authors: Singh Harjiv , Wulf Gabriele
Published: February 2021

In a recent study examining the efficacy of different external foci (Singh and Wulf [2020]. The distance effect and level of expertise: Is the optimal external focus different for low‐skilled and high‐skilled performers? Human Movement Science, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2020.102663), an external focus instruction referred to parts of the body (arms). Specifically, the image of a “platform” was used to describe the area between the wrists and elbows when passing a volleyball. The present study followed up on that study by addressing the question whether a focus on an image that represents a body part (platform) would be more effective than a focus on the body parts (arms) themselves (i.e. internal focus). In a within‐participant design, novice volleyball players continuously passed a volleyball to a target on the wall. Participants completed eight 45‐s trials under each of the external (“focus on your platform”) and internal focus (“focus on your arms”) conditions, performed in a counterbalanced order. The results showed that the total score (i.e. sum of scores over 45 s) was significantly higher when participants focused on the platform rather than their arms. Thus, invoking an image of an external object that “replaces” a body part can serve to promote an external focus that results in immediate performance advantages compared with an internal focus on the same body part. The findings suggest that instructors within a range of applied settings can creatively use such images to facilitate the performance of motor skills.

Highlights

The image of an object (“platform”) is used to promote an external focus in volleyball.

Novice volleyball players pass a ball to a target with a focus on the platform versus arms.

Passing accuracy is superior with an external (platform) relative to an internal focus (arms).

Using the image of an object to “replace” a body part can promote an external focus of attention.
Sleep pattern and staging in elite adolescent rugby players during the in‐season competitive phase compared to an age matched non‐athlete population
Authors: Saidi Oussama , Pereira Bruno , Peyrel Paul , Maso Freddy , Doré Eric , Rochette Emmanuelle , Ratel Sébastien , Walrand Stéphane , Duché Pascale
Published: February 2021

Young athletes must contend with the constraints of elite sports on top of school commitments and the physiological processes associated with adolescence. This study assessed week and weekend sleep and schedule of activities in elite adolescent rugby players during the in‐season competitive phase compared with age‐matched non‐athlete controls. 32 adolescents (GR: 16 elite rugby players, GC: 16 controls) from the same boarding school filled out a daily schedule of activities and a sleep diary, and wore a multichannel electroencephalogram for 14 days. They later filled out questionnaires on their sleep quality, sleepiness, and perceived stress. Both groups showed insufficient sleep duration during the week (<7 h). Only GC caught up on their sleep debt during the weekend (increased TIB, TST and time spent in REM sleep, all p < 0.001). Weekend TIB, TST and, N3 sleep remained similar to that for weekdays in GR. However, GR experienced lower sleep quality (decreased SE, increased WASO, all p < 0.01) and a decrease in REM sleep (p < 0.01). Schedules of activities showed an increase in time spent on overall activities during the weekend, mainly due to competition and sport‐specific travel, which resulted in a decrease in sleep opportunity time compared with GC (p < 0.001). Δ sleep opportunity time (weekend‐week) was associated with Δ TST (weekend‐week), and Δ TST (weekend‐week) was associated with sleepiness and perceived stress. Busy schedules during the competitive season decreased sleep opportunity time and prevented elite adolescent rugby players from catching up on their sleep at weekends.

HIGHLIGHTS

Adolescent rugby players have insufficient sleep during both week and weekend of the in‐season competitive phase

Congested schedule prevented elite adolescent rugby players from catching up on their sleep at weekends.

Sleep considerations are necessary when planning the weekend sporting schedules
The distortion of laser beams in a burst mode dye laser with 10 kHz repetition rates
Authors: Zhou Zhigang , Chen Deying , Li Xudong , Chen Zhaodong , Dong Zhiwei , Fan Rongwei , Jiang Yugang
Published: February 2021

In this paper, the distortion of laser beams in the burst of a burst mode dye laser at 10 kHz repetition rates is researched dynamically. The distortion caused by the thermal lens effects is shown when the repetition rates surpass 2.5 kHz, and is observed emerging 100 μs after the first pulse in the burst. The deflection angles between the laser beams of the first pulse in the burst and each pulse in the burst are measured to describe the distortion. The deflection angles increase to the steady states 400 μs after the first pulse. The maximum deflection angles increase from 0.5 mrad to 0.85 mrad at 10 kHz with the pump pulse energies increasing from 12 mJ to 30 mJ, and increase from 0.23 mrad to 0.4 mrad at 5 kHz with the pump pulse energies increasing from 12 mJ to 30 mJ. The results show that the distortion increases when the pump pulse energies and the repetition rates of the dye laser increase.
Charged torus-like black holes as heat engines
Authors: Feng Hanwen , Huang Yuchen , Hong Wei , Tao Jun
Published: February 2021

We investigate the thermodynamical properties of charged torus-like black holes and take it as the working substance to study the heat engines. In the extended phase space, by interpreting the cosmological constant as the thermodynamic pressure, we derive the thermodynamical quantities by the first law of black hole thermodynamics and obtain the equation of state. Then, we calculate the efficiency of the heat engine in the Carnot cycle as well as the rectangular cycle, and investigate how the efficiency changes with respect to volume. In addition, to avoid a negative temperature, we emphasize that the charge of this black hole cannot be arbitrary. Last, we check the calculation accuracy of a benchmark scheme and discuss the upper bound and lower bound for charged torus-like black hole in the scheme.
Transport property of inhomogeneous strained graphene*
Authors: Wu Bing-Lan , Wei Qiang , Zhang Zhi-Qiang , Jiang Hua
Published: February 2021

In analogy to real magnetic field, the pseudo-magnetic field (PMF) induced by inhomogeneous strain can also form the Landau levels and edge states. In this paper, the transport properties of graphene under inhomogeneous strain are studied. We find that the Landau levels have non-zero group velocity, and construct one-dimensional conducting channels. In addition, the edge states and the Landau level states in PMF are both fragile under disorder. We also confirm that the backscattering of these states could be suppressed by applying a real magnetic filed (MF). Therefore, the transmission coefficient for each conducting channel can be manipulated by adjusting the MF strength, which indicates the application of switching devices.
Accurate capacitance–voltage characterization of organic thin films with current injection*
Authors: Chu Ming , Liu Shao-Bo , Yu An-Ran , Yu Hao-Miao , Qin Jia-Jun , Yi Rui-Chen , Pei Yuan , Zhu Chun-Qin , Zhu Guang-Rui , Qi-Zeng 琪 , Hou Xiao-Yuan
Published: February 2021

To deal with the invalidation of commonly employed series model and parallel model in capacitance–voltage (C–V) characterization of organic thin films when current injection is significant, a three-element equivalent circuit model is proposed. On this basis, the expression of real capacitance in consideration of current injection is theoretically derived by small-signal analysis method. The validity of the proposed equivalent circuit and theoretical expression are verified by a simulating circuit consisting of a capacitor, a diode, and a resistor. Moreover, the accurate C–V characteristic of an organic thin film device is obtained via theoretical correction of the experimental measuring result, and the real capacitance is 35.7% higher than the directly measured capacitance at 5-V bias in the parallel mode. This work strongly demonstrates the necessity to consider current injection in C–V measurement and provides a strategy for accurate C–V characterization experimentally.
Super-sensitivity measurement of tiny Doppler frequency shifts based on parametric amplification and squeezed vacuum state
Authors: Wang Zhi-Yuan , Zhang Zi-Jing , Zhao Yuan
Published: February 2021

The precision measurement of Doppler frequency shifts is of great significance for improving the precision of speed measurement. This paper proposes a precision measurement scheme of tiny Doppler shifts by a parametric amplification process and squeezed vacuum state. This scheme takes a parametric amplification process and squeezed vacuum state into a detection system, so that the measurement precision of tiny Doppler shifts can exceed the Cramér–Rao bound of coherent light. Simultaneously, a simulation study is carried out on the theoretical basis, and the following results are obtained: for the signal light of Gaussian mode, when the amplification factor g = 1 and the squeezed factor r = 0.5, the measurement error of Doppler frequency shifts is 14.4% of the Cramér–Rao bound of the coherent light in our system. At the same time, when the local light mode and squeezed vacuum state mode are optimized, the measurement precision of this scheme can be further improved by

(

2
n
+
1

)

/

(

n
+
1

)

times, where n is the mode-order of the signal light.
Generation of diffraction-free vectorial elliptic hollow beams with space-varying inhomogeneous polarizations*
Authors: Li Hui-Rong , Zhao Peng-Yi , Yin Jian-Ping
Published: February 2021

Diffraction-free vectorial elliptic hollow beams (vEHBs) are generated by an optical system composed of a short elliptic hollow fiber (EHF) and an axicon. Each beam has a closed elliptic annular intensity profile and space-varying polarization states in its diffraction-free distance of more than 1 m. The generated beams have a counter-clockwise or clockwise periodically-rotated inhomogeneous polarization. And the spin angular momentum (SAM) of the vEHBs is 1ℏ or –1ℏ which is consistent with the type of dual-mode in the EHF and the periodic polarization rotations of the vEHBs. The vEHBs have potential applications in optically trapping and micromanipulating the micro- or nano-particles, quantum information transmission, and Bose–Einstein condensates, etc.
Preparation and properties of GAGG:Ce/glass composite scintillation material*
Authors: Zhang Wei-Jie , Wei Qin-Hua , Shen Xiao , Tang Gao , Chen Zhen-Hua , Qin Lai-Shun , Shi Hong-Sheng
Published: February 2021

The translucent GGAG:Ce/glass composites are prepared successfully by ball-milling, tableting, and pressureless sintering. The thickness of composites is about 400 μm. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), density of composite materials are measured and discussed systematically. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) elemental mapping are employed to analyze the particle size, the shape of powders, and the distribution of GGAG:Ce particles in the glass matrix, respectively. The decay time, ultraviolet, (UV), x-ray excitation luminescence spectra, and temperature spectra are studied. The results show that the composite materials have high light output, good thermostability, and short decay time. The method adopted in this work is an effective method to reduce the preparation time and cost of the sample. The ultralow afterglow indicates that the composite materials have an opportunity to be used for x-ray detection and imaging.
High-efficiency terahertz wave generation with multiple frequencies by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation*
Authors: Li Zhongyang , Jiao Binzhe , Liu Wenkai , Hu Qingfeng , Zhang Gege , Yan Qianze , Bing Pibin , Zhang Fengrui , Wang Zhan , Yao Jianquan
Published: February 2021

High-efficiency terahertz (THz) wave generation with multiple frequencies by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation (OCDFG) is investigated at 100 K using a nonlinear crystal consisting of a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) part and an aperiodically poled lithium niobate (APPLN) part. Two infrared pump waves with a frequency difference ω
T1 generate THz waves and a series of cascaded optical waves in the PPLN part by cascaded difference frequency generation (CDFG). The generated cascaded optical waves with frequency interval ω
T1 then further interact in the APPLN part by OCDFG, yielding the following two advantages. First, OCDFG in the APPLN part is efficiently stimulated by inputting multi-order cascaded optical waves rather than the only two intense infrared pump waves, yielding unprecedented energy conversion efficiencies in excess of 37% at 1 THz at 100 K. Second, THz waves with M times ω
T1 are generated by mixing the mth-order and the (m + M)th-order cascaded optical waves by designing poling period distributions of the APPLN part.