bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter 8 Silencing the Self across Generations and Gender in Finland
Authors: Hautamäki Airi
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines generational differences and gender differences in self-silencing amidst changing social values in Finland. Finnish women have historically taken part in the labor market outside of the home and have been breadwinners for many generations. In recent decades, there has been an even more pronounced movement away from traditional gender roles in Finnish families, with women often sharing many childcare and household tasks with men. Given this social and historical context, the author investigates whether younger generations of Finnish women differ from older Finnish women on self-silencing, and whether Finnish men and women differ on self-silencing. The chapter reports the author's findings that show younger women scoring lower than older women, and men scoring higher than women on self-silencing. These findings are discussed in light of social expectations for women in Finnish society, and in light of the social dictates that lead Finnish men to be relationally and emotionally distant.
Chapter 10 Exploring the Immigrant Experience through Self-Silencing Theory and the Full-Frame Approach: The Case of Caribbean Immigrant Women in Canada and the United States
Authors: Ali Alisha
Published: May 2010

This chapter discusses the role of self-silencing theory in conceptualizing the experiences of women who have immigrated to Canada and the U.S. from the Caribbean. The author presents an integration of self-silencing theory and the full frame approach (a theoretical orientation that frames women's experiences through the consideration of factors such as personal history, social history, and ethnicity). Using this integrated theoretical framework, the chapter describes the experiences of Caribbean immigrant women by drawing upon data collected through a series of focus groups. These data demonstrate that self-silencing theory and the full frame approach can together inform our understanding of the social isolation and disconnection that are common for new immigrants, as well as the diminished self-worth that can be precipitated by encounters with racism.
Chapter 14 Sociopolitical, Gender, and Cultural Factors in the Conceptualization and Treatment of Depression among Haitian Women
Authors: Nicolas Guerda , Hirsch Bridget , Beltrame Clelia
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes various social factors in the lives of Haitian women that intersect with the experience of depression. It presents an overview of socio-political influences on the health and well-being of Haitian women, as well as an examination of various health-related beliefs and practices that shape the ways in which their physical and emotional problems are understood. The chapter traces the history of Haitian culture with a particular emphasis on the roles of women in social and political movements. Gender emerges as a complex and evolving variable in the lives of Haitians, especially within the context of women's participation in grassroots organizations and the movement toward democratization. Besides tracing the history and impact of social movements in Haiti, the chapter also uses the Multicultural Competency Model to demonstrate the association between culture and depression for Haitian women.
Philosophical Perspectives on Art
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

This book presents a series of chapters devoted to two of the most fundamental topics in the philosophy of art: the distinctive character of artworks and what is involved in understanding them as art. In Part I, a wide range of questions about the nature and definition of art are considered. Can art be defined, and if so, which definitions are the most plausible? Do we make and consume art because there are evolutionary advantages to doing so? Has art completed the mission that guided its earlier historical development, and if so, what is to become of it now? Should architecture be classified as an art form? Part II turns to the interpretation and appreciation of art. What is the target and purpose of the critic's interpretation? Is interpretation primarily directed at uncovering artists' intended meanings? Can apparently contradictory interpretations of a given piece both be true? Are interpretative evaluations entailed by descriptions of a work's aesthetic and artistic characteristics? In addition to providing answers to these and other questions in aesthetics, there is consideration of the nature and content of metaphor, and the relation between the expressive qualities of a work of art and the emotions of its creator.
Essential Distinctions for Art Theorists
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

There are many approaches to theorizing about or defining art. To the extent that art is part of human nature, its essence cannot be purely nominal. The project of definition is concerned primarily with classification and description. That of theorizing is concerned more widely with art's significance, value, and point. Anti-essentialists' rejection of the project of definition has been popular and no one definition is free from problems, but there has been progress and convergence in recent years on the idea that a successful definition must be disjunctive, must include mention of art's function (if only in relation to the earliest works), must recognize the relevance of the maker's intentions (to account for the art-status of extra-artworld art-failures), and must acknowledge the role of artworld institutions (to account for the art-status of appropriated or unintended artworks).
Functional and Procedural Definitions of Art
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

This chapter explores two approaches to the definition of art. Functional definitions usually argue that art has the defining purpose of rewarding an aesthetic interest. Procedural or institutional definitions, by contrast, hold that something is art if and only if it is created within an informal institution, an artworld, with roles or practices allowing suitably placed members to confer the status. Functionalists doubt the art-standing of some avant-garde art, hold that art is an essentially evaluative concept, and insist that an adequate definition must account for art's importance, whereas proceduralists disagree. In their exchanges, the two sides tend to be the question against each other.
Aesthetic Judgments, Artworks, and Functional Beauty
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

This chapter provides an analysis of the role played by consideration of an item's functions when it is judged aesthetically. The account applies also to artworks, some of which serve extrinsic functions and others of which have the function of being contemplated for their own sake alone. It is argued that aesthetic judgments do not fit the Kantian model either of judgments of free beauty or of dependent beauty, given how these two came to be described in the early 20th century.
Ellen Dissanayake's Evolutionary Aesthetic
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

In a series of books, Ellen Dissanayake has developed a subtle, complex account in which art is seen as an evolutionary adaptation. We use it to make ourselves and our environments special and, more generally, to cement familial and social bonds. Dissanayake attempts to argue for the biological relevance of aesthetic quality over the merely agreeable and, hence, to establish the evolutionary importance of art over kitsch; but because she emphasizes art's pre-symbolic biological origins, she cannot give the semantic complexity and cognitive achievements of great art their due. And her theory does not differentiate art from many other socially beneficial practices that work in similar ways.
Probably Not the Last Word on the End of Art
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

Arthur Danto has argued that art's historical mission was to make possible the formulation of a philosophically perspicuous question about its own nature. When this was achieved in the 1960s, art entered its post-historical phase, during which anything could become art. But this view seems to ignore non-Western art traditions; it overlooks the fact that, even if all styles and possibilities are now available, it remains the case that the self-conscious use of outdated styles prevents them from ‘saying’ what they did formerly. It also invites the question asking what is to distinguish the claim that art's primary task was to embark on a history that would eventually reveal its own essence from an alternative view maintaining that, having shrugged off its historical burden, art is at last free to be genuinely itself.
Is Architecture an Art?
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

Are the buildings designed by architects artworks? If so, are they the artworks of their architects? If so, is architecture an art form? In reviewing these queries, this chapter explores differences between buildings and such items as ships, drains, bridges, dams, and gardens. It considers also if an artwork building should be regarded as a singular or multiple artwork, and how this is affected by its site specificity and cultural location. And it considers whether, if they are multiple, architectural artworks are for performance.
Interpreting Contextualities
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

This chapter contrasts a model for literary interpretation that is ‘readerly’ in being restrained and backward-looking, with one that is ‘writerly’ in being creative and forward-looking. The first pays homage to the efforts of the work's creator, and the second shows respect for the meanings the work presents to the critic's contemporary audience. Despite appearances to the contrary, the first theory is no less capable than the second of accounting for actual critical practice. Adjudicating between them involves considering whether the creation and appreciation of literature answers primarily to an interest in works alone or to works as the product of human authors. The second option is more plausible and can be consistent with the widely held view that literary works admit of multiple interpretations.
Globalization and Competition Law: Conflict, Uncertainty, and the Promise of Convergence
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines developments since the fall of the Soviet Union. During this period, competition law has again become a major focus of attention on both the international and national levels. The number of states with competition laws has increased, as has the intensity of enforcement in many of them. This has generated increasing conflict, uncertainties and compliance costs; and, as a result, proposals for some form of global competition law cooperation have again become prominent and controversial. These problems have led to growing awareness of the limitations of the jurisdiction-based regime, but they have not yet led to fundamental changes in the jurisdictional system. The chapter examines these limitations and responses to them, including efforts to introduce competition law into the WTO and the creation of institutions and arrangements such as the International Competition Network that are designed to foster convergence among competition law systems.
Semantic Relativism and the Logic of Indexicals
Authors: Predelli Stefano , Stojanovic Isidora
Published: May 2010

This chapter aims at defending semantic relativism from a general methodological viewpoint. In the classic non-relativistic approach, the parameters relevant for the interpretation of indexical expressions coincide with the parameters involved in the definition of truth. It is argued that this identification is grounded on an illicit confusion between genuinely semantic (and hence logical) considerations on the one hand, and issues pertaining to the use of language on the other. Certain characteristic semantic consequences of relativism are then taken into consideration, and are contrasted with the logical outcomes of the classic, non-relativistic treatment of indexical languages.
Margins for Error in Context
Authors: Bonnay Denis , Egré Paul
Published: May 2010

Williamson's margin for error semantics for knowledge implies that knowledge cannot systematically imply knowledge of one's knowledge. Each new iteration of knowledge requires what is known to remain true in worlds that are further and further away from the initial context of evaluation, including worlds where the proposition can no longer be true. In previous work, it was argued that this tension can be solved by means of a richer, two-dimensional semantics for knowledge, called Centered Semantics. This chapter shows that Centered Semantics can be translated into a standard semantics with actuality operators. It discusses the contextualist implications of the semantics, in particular, regarding the knowledge a subject might have of her margins of error.
Relativism about Truth Itself: Haphazard Thoughts about the Very Idea
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: May 2010

The setting of relativistic ideas about truth in the general style of semantic-theoretic apparatus pioneered by Lewis, Kaplan, and others has persuaded many that they should at least be taken seriously as competition in the space of explanatory linguistic theory, a type of view which, properly formulated, may offer an at least coherent — and indeed, in the view of some, a superior — account of certain salient linguistic data manifest in, for example, discourse about epistemic modals, knowledge, and about matters of taste and value, and may also offer the prospect of a coherent regimentation of the Aristotelian ‘Open Future’ (along with, perhaps, the Dummettian ‘anti-real’ past). This chapter enters a reminder of certain underlying, more purely philosophical issues about relativism — about its metaphysical coherence, its metasemantic obligations, and about the apparent limitations of the kind of local linguistic evidence which contemporary proponents have adduced in its favour — of which there is a risk that its apparent rehabilitation in rigorous semantic dress may encourage neglect.
Frege, Relativism and Faultless Disagreement
Authors: Rosenkranz Sven
Published: May 2010

Allegedly, relativism can make sense of faultless disagreements, where A and B faultlessly disagree if A sincerely asserts P, B sincerely asserts ~P and yet neither assertion is incorrect. Such cases seem to abound in areas of evaluative discourse. The trouble with taking these appearances at face value is that P and ~P cannot both be true so that at least one of the speakers would seem at fault. To defuse this objection, relativists suggest conceiving of propositional truth as being relative to perspectives. Drawing on Fregean insights into the nature of assertion, this chapter argues that this manoeuvre will not work and that relativists are anyway hard-pressed to account for genuine disagreement. Discarding the idea of faultlessness, some positive suggestions are made of how relativists might recover a sense in which A and B genuinely disagree. One tentative conclusion is that moral relativism is the non-cognitivists' best bet.
Presuppositions of Commonality: An Indexical Relativist Account of Disagreement
Authors: López de Sa Dan
Published: May 2010

This chapter defends a version of the indexical contextualist form of moderate relativism: the attempt to endorse appearances of faultless disagreement within the framework in which a sentence at a context at the index of the context determines its appropriate truth-value. Many object that any such an indexical proposal would fail to account for intuitions of (genuine) disagreement as revealed in ordinary disputes in the domain. The defence from this objection exploits presuppositions of commonality to the effect that the addressee is relevantly like the speaker of the context.
Health and health care
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: May 2010

This chapter considers what are meant by health and health care, as well as what health care does for people. Health care consists of four branches of activities: cure, care, prevention, and rehabilitation. Whilst health care personnel normally provide cure, care, and rehabilitation, prevention may involve a range of interventions whose overriding objective is to prevent ill health and reduce the risks of dying — of which only a part would be provided by the health sector. A pragmatic definition of health care, then, is whatever happens to be classified as such in a national accounting system. In this way, we avoid a controversial classification into what might clearly be termed health care, and what might be referred to as cosmetics. Exercises and suggested readings are included at the end of the chapter.
Primary care
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines payment schemes for general practitioners (GPs) or primary care physicians. These include fee for service, capitation, and salary. In their role as gatekeepers, GPs hold a unique position in the health care system. The only way in which patients can get access to hospitals and specialist care in many countries is following referral from a GP. Hence if GPs are permissive in making referrals, they put increased pressure on hospitals' resources. Much of the literature on GP remuneration has been concerned with efficiency in terms of value for money within primary care only. Activity-based remuneration systems appear to improve efficiency and are therefore preferred to salary systems in which doctors have no financial incentive to increase productivity. However, given the important role of GPs in the referral decisions and hence the cost consequences of their choices in secondary care, given also the use of pharmaceuticals and the costs of sick leave, any evaluation of the efficiency of a remuneration system must focus on the wider resource impact outside the GP practice. Exercises and suggested readings are included at the end of the chapter.
Secondary care: reimbursing hospitals
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: May 2010

This chapter presents three alternative reimbursement systems for hospitals, and discusses the pros and cons of each system. In their pure form, none of these systems emerges as the ideal solution, which explains why we observe blended systems in practice. Exercises and suggested readings are included at the end of the chapter.
Integrating the health care provider system
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: May 2010

This chapter moves from the partial effects of alternative reimbursement systems within primary and secondary care, to considering the links between provider levels. Particular emphasis is put on how GPs' decisions have cost implications in other parts of the health care system. Exercises and suggested readings are included at the end of the chapter.
First Steps in an Account of Human Rights
Authors: Griffin James
Published: May 2010

This chapter sketches a proposed substantive account of human rights. It begins with a discussion of the two general ways for philosophy to supply a more substantive account of human rights: a top-down approach which starts with an overarching principle, or principles, or an authoritative decision procedure from which human rights can then be derived; and a bottom-up approach that starts with human rights as used in our actual social life by politicians, lawyers, social campaigners, as well as theorists of various sorts, and then sees what higher principles one must resort to in order to explain their moral weight, when one thinks they have it, and to resolve conflicts between them. It identifies two grounds for human rights: personhood and practicalities. The existence conditions for a human right would, then, be these.
When Human Rights Conflict
Authors: Griffin James
Published: May 2010

This chapter analyzes conflicts between human rights. Twelve major arguments are presented. Among these are: (i) we need to supply existence conditions for human rights; (ii) the existence conditions for human rights in particular will have to have some substantive evaluative elements, in order to express the value to be attached to human status; (iii) those substantive evaluative elements then impose material constraints on the content of human rights: for example, the personhood account says that human rights protect not just anything that we rationally desire or that benefits us, but rather our status as normative agents; (iv) normative agency can be divided into parts: namely, autonomy, minimum provision, and liberty; and (v) each part of normative agency can be threatened by other persons, and threatened to different degrees: one can lose a little, or a lot, of one's autonomy, material provision, or liberty.
Whose Rights?
Authors: Griffin James
Published: May 2010

Human infants are not normative agents. Neither are human foetuses, nor the severely mentally handicapped, nor sufferers from advanced dementia. This chapter addresses the following questions: Do none of these groups, then, have human rights? Do none of these groups at least have certain general moral rights simply in virtue of being human — only analogous to human rights, it may be, but for all practical purposes just as good?
My Rights: But Whose Duties?
Authors: Griffin James
Published: May 2010

This chapter addresses the question of who bears the duty correlative to a human right. It discusses primary duties correlative to a human right, defined as the duties with the same content as the related rights; and secondary duties — those more loosely connected to human rights. AIDS in Africa is used as an example to show further how hard it can sometimes be to identify the duty-ower.
Liberty
Authors: Griffin James
Published: May 2010

Personhood can be explained in terms of autonomy, liberty, and minimum provision. All more specific human rights can then be seen as falling under one or other of these three abstract headings. Under liberty, for example, fall several well-known freedoms, such as freedom of expression, of religion, of assembly, and so on. This chapter focuses on liberty in general — the high-level right.
Human Rights: Discrepancies Between Philosophy and International Law
Authors: Griffin James
Published: May 2010

This chapter works out the implications of the account for a selection of lower-level human rights. Topics discussed include the discrepancies between two lists of human rights — the one from the best philosophical account and the other from the most authoritative declarations in international law; the list of human rights emerging from the personhood account; civil and political rights, aims and status of international law; economic, social, and cultural rights; and the future of international lists of human rights.
Do Human Rights Require Democracy?
Authors: Griffin James
Published: May 2010

This chapter addresses the question of whether human rights require democracy. Human rights and democracy have grown up to meet quite different needs. Human rights grew up to protect what we see as constituting human dignity: the life, autonomy, and liberty of the individual. Democratic institutions grew up in our need for a decision procedure for groups — a procedure that is stable, manages transfer of power well, appropriate to a society whose members are more or less equal in power or worth, reconciles losers in social decisions to the basic structures of the society, and tends to promote the commonweal — that is, order, justice, security, and prosperity. Much more comes into democracy, both into the idea itself and into its major duties and functions, than can be got out of human rights. It is unsurprising that fairness should enter into what can count as a democracy, and also that the promotion of a large variety of social ends should enter into its major duties and functions. One cannot derive a requirement of fair political procedures from human rights alone, though one may be able to derive it from morality as a whole.
Physicalism, Conceptual Analysis, and Acts of Faith
Authors: Hornsby Jennifer
Published: May 2010

Frank Jackson and the author each take the other to hold a position in philosophy of mind that it is extremely difficult to sustain. This chapter tries to say something about how that can be. It seeks to demonstrate the sanity of Jackson's opponents and the fragility of his own position than to hold out for the truth of any particular doctrine. It wants to bring to the surface an assumption in ontology, which is seen as a crucial part of the grounding of Jackson's particular version of physicalism. Once it is appreciated that this assumption is contestable, Jackson's opponents may be seen in a different light from the one in which they appear in his writings. More generally, a connection will appear between the vast literature on physicalism as a topic in philosophy of mind and the equally vast literature on material constitution as a topic in metaphysics.
The Semantic Foundations of Metaphysics
Authors: Price Huw
Published: May 2010

Certain assumptions about language, naturally cast in semantic terms, are crucial to Jackson's conception of the task of philosophy in the cases he calls location problems. These assumptions underpin the most natural path to the view that there is a distinctively metaphysical problem for philosophy to address, as opposed to a problem of a broadly anthropological kind, about human linguistic behaviour — in this case, about the use of the semantic terms, ‘true’, ‘refers’, and the like. Although Jackson is aware of the need for these assumptions, he underestimates the work needed to justify them, and hence the extent of the threat that they pose to the foundations of his program. By making the assumptions explicit, and by arguing that we need to take seriously the possibility that they might fail, this chapter shows that the foundations are in need of reinforcement; indeed, that there is a serious issue about the advisability of the enterprise, at least in Jackson's ambitious form. There is an alternative conception of what philosophy should be up to in this area — a conception that regards the main task as more like anthropology than metaphysics. And the issue as to which is the right conception is not to be settled by philosophy, but by the science of human linguistic behaviour, broadly construed. So there is an important sense in which the anthropological viewpoint should come first.
Consciousness and the Frustrations of Physicalism
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: May 2010

This chapter sketches what is considered the best interpretation of physicalism, rehearses the best way of defending it, and shows that the physicalism forthcoming is still going to be less than fully satisfying; it is going to leave us short of the satisfaction that might be expected from a philosophical theory. The chapter is organized into three sections. The first section gives an interpretation of physicalism in the spirit of Frank Jackson's; this involves a rich version under which the way things are phenomenally is derivable in principle from physical premisses. The second sketches a representationalist or intentionalist argument for physicalism about phenomenal experience, one which also appeals to Jackson. The third section argues that even if we accept this case for a rich physicalism, still we should not expect to find the doctrine fully satisfying; the simulatory gap will stand between us and a sort of satisfaction that we might have expected to achieve.
Two Purposes of Arguing and Two Epistemic Projects
Authors: Davies Martin
Published: May 2010

This chapter borrows what Frank Jackson says about propounding arguments, a phenomenon in the dialectical domain, and transposes it to the epistemological domain. It seeks to clarify the notion of transmission of epistemic warrant and, particularly, the idea of failure of warrant transmission (transmission failure). In this transposition there will be, corresponding to the two purposes of arguing, two kinds of epistemic project. These are referred to as deciding what to believe (corresponding to the teasing-out purpose of arguing) and settling the question (corresponding to the convincing purpose). For each kind of epistemic project, there will be a property of arguments that makes an argument ill-suited for use in projects of that kind. Each property might be called ‘transmission failure’. The two accounts of transmission failure (one analogous to Copi's account of begging the question and the other to Jackson's) provide principled limitations on the arguments that can properly be used in pursuing epistemic projects of the respective kinds (deciding what to believe and settling the question).
Replies to My Critics
Authors: Jackson Frank
Published: May 2010

This chapter presents Frank Jackson's response to his critics in the preceding chapters. His responses are guided by the following principles. i) There didn't seem much value in repeating points that he largely agreed with, unless he felt it could make a useful emendation or clarification; in one case, he says very little because he agreed with just about everything in the chapter and couldn't think of a better way to say what the author said. ii) As was to be expected, the same issues recur, although this happens less than might have been expected, thanks to the work of the editor.
Kant on the Theory and Practice of Autonomy
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: May 2010

This chapter explores Kant's argument that freedom or autonomy can be achieved only through adherence to universal laws of action; his attempts to explain the value of autonomy through psychological and metaphysical arguments; and his recommendations for achieving autonomy in practice.
Ends of Reason and Ends of Nature: The Place of Teleology in Kant's Ethics
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: May 2010

This chapter rejects H. J. Paton's interpretation that Kant assumes that nature is teleological in his ethics, but argues that Kant's ethics is nevertheless just as teleological as deontological: it treats freedom as the ultimate human end, argues that particular ends are valuable because they are expressions of human freedom, and that universal rather than selfish happiness is valuable because it would be constituted by the satisfaction of a coherent set of freely chosen human ends.
Kant's System of Duties
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: May 2010

This chapter argues that both juridical and ethical duties are based on the principle of the absolute value of freedom, and constitute a system erected on that principle, although only juridical duties can be coercively enforced. The systematic relation among ethical duties is interpreted as a hierarchy: first preserve the existence of free agents, then the possibility of their exercising their freedom, then promote their ability to pursue their freely chosen ends effectively, then promote their freely chosen ends directly. Finally, the possibility of resolving conflicts among grounds of obligation is also a requisite of systematicity.
The Unity of Nature and Freedom: Kant's Conception of the System of Philosophy
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: May 2010

This chapter argues that Kant's attempt in the uncompleted Opus postumum to describe a system of philosophy in which the natural and the moral worlds are both projections from the underlying nature of human beings is not a radical departure from his previous philosophy, but only the development of his theory of the harmony between the laws of nature and the moral law postulated as necessary for the realizability of the highest good as that had been developed in the earlier three critiques.
The origins and development of the Common Fisheries Policy
Authors: Churchill Robin R. , Owen Daniel
Published: May 2010

This chapter discusses the roots of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). It outlines the various actors, interests, and processes involved in the formulation, adoption, and development of the CFP. The history of the CFP falls fairly naturally into five periods: the years 1957-73 (covering the conception, birth, and early development of the CFP); 1973-83 (the adoption of an EC system of fisheries management in response to major changes in the international law of the sea); 1983-92 (the challenge of Iberian accession and the consolidation of the EC's fisheries management system); 1993-2002 (the second decade of the fisheries management system); and the period since 2002, which has seen major reform of the CFP and an almost doubling of the EC's membership. Each of these five periods will be looked at in turn.
External aspects of fisheries management
Authors: Churchill Robin R. , Owen Daniel
Published: May 2010

This chapter focuses on: the EC's participation in the global instruments discussed in Chapter 3, which lay down the basic norms of current international fisheries law; EC access agreements with third States; and EC membership of regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). Negotiating and concluding global fisheries instruments, bilateral access agreements, and membership of RFMOs obviously involves the exercise of treaty-making powers by the EC. The chapter looks at the source and scope of the EC's competence to negotiate and become a party to treaties in the field of fisheries. Finally, it considers EC involvement with some other international fisheries management issues.
Trade in fishery products
Authors: Churchill Robin R. , Owen Daniel
Published: May 2010

This chapter considers EC law relating to trade in fishery products between Member States, and the legal regime governing trade in fishery products between the EC and third States. The EC is a customs union. That means that not only are there in principle no barriers to trade between EC Member States but also that, as far as trade with Third States is concerned, the EC is to be considered as a single unit. It would seem to follow from the latter proposition that external trade relations, at least as far as trade in goods is concerned, ought to fall within the EC's exclusive competence (under the common commercial policy): that is implied in Article 133 EC, and has been confirmed to be so by the Court.
The Epistemic Role of Testimony: Internalist and Externalist Perspectives
Authors: Fumerton Richard
Published: May 2010

This chapter contrasts the way in which classical internalists and paradigm externalists might approach the question of how to construe the justification (if there is any) provided by testimony. In particular, it focuses on the question of whether testimonial inference has a fundamental or a derivative place in our reasoning. In the course of answering this question, this alleged distinction between fundamental and derivative principles of reasoning is examined more closely.
Liberal Fundamentalism and Its Rivals
Authors: Graham Peter
Published: May 2010

Liberal Fundamentalism is anti-reductionist about the justification for testimony-based beliefs. Liberal Fundamentalism holds that it is a priori necessary that if a subject S (seemingly) comprehends a (seeming) presentation-as-true by a (seeming) speaker that P, and if that causes or sustains in the normal way S's belief that P, then that confers justification on S's belief that P. Whether one finds this position initially plausible or an obvious non-starter depends in large part on one's prior position on the nature of epistemic justification. It is shown that some common arguments against it depend on substantive views on epistemic justification. A weak version is defended against the common objection that the Liberal view is too permissive. The weak version insists that only pro tanto justification results from basing beliefs on comprehending apparent presentation-as-true, and that additional supporting reasons are often required for on balance justification. The additional supporting reasons, however, need not be reductive reasons.
Reductionism and the Distinctiveness of Testimonial Knowledge
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: May 2010

This chapter aims to correct two common and related misconceptions in discussions of the epistemology of testimony. The first misconception is that testimonial knowledge is an epistemically distinct kind of knowledge only if there are testimony-specific epistemic principles implicated in the justification of beliefs formed through testimony. The second misconception is that anyone who endorses a reductionist position regarding the epistemic status of testimony, and so denies the existence of testimony-specific epistemic principles, ipso facto ought to be hostile to the hypothesis that testimonial knowledge is epistemically distinctive. The chapter argues against both misconceptions by arguing for the distinctiveness hypothesis in a way that involves no premise any reductionist should want to deny.
Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy
Authors: Fricker Elizabeth
Published: May 2010

This chapter develops an account of the circumstances in which it is epistemically apt to defer to another's judgement about some topic, expressed in her testimony. This can include aesthetic and moral matters. The extent to which this compromises our epistemic autonomy is investigated, and it is argued that, by being discriminating in whom we trust, we can still maintain responsibility for our own beliefs. The supposedly ideal epistemically autonomous agent, who trusts no-one else's word, is shown to be really an irrational dogmatist.
Frege and the Hierarchy (1979)
Authors: BURGE TYLER
Published: May 2010

This chapter discusses two methods of formally representing Frege's theory that the denotations of expressions shift in oblique contexts within indirect discourse and propositional-attitude reports. Both methods conform to Frege's extensionality principle: that the denotation of a complex expression is a function of the denotations of its parts. One method reproduces the ambiguity postulated in natural language expressions. The other introduces a hierarchy of distinct expressions with distinct senses. Both involve commitment to an infinite hierarchy of senses that corresponds to iteration of that-clauses. Advantages of each method are discussed.
Frege on Knowing the Third Realm (1992)
Authors: BURGE TYLER
Published: May 2010

Frege regarded the foundations of mathematics as self-evident. He maintained that reason could enable one to know of the existence and nature of both mind-independent abstract objects, such as the numbers and thought contents, and mind-independent functions, such as the successor function. There is extensive discussion of evidence for, and the nature of, his Platonism; the view that abstract objects and functions are completely mind-independent of both minds and physical reality. This chapter explains how he squared his rationalism with his Platonism. The key idea is that Frege thought that mind is dependent for being what it is both on functioning to attain truth and to track accurately the basic structures of abstract, mind-independent objects (both logical objects and thought contents) and abstract, mind-independent functions.
The Forms of Governmental Action Covered by EC State Aid Rules
Authors: Rubini Luca
Published: May 2010

This chapter deals with questions similar to those that were analysed in Chapter 4 on WTO law. Following the first three techniques to define the legal relevance of the conduct of the government (formulation of the definition, standards of imputability, origin of the resources), it analyses the forms of governmental action that are covered by Article 87(1) EC, and, where necessary, provides a critique.
Non-economic Activity and the Advantage Analysis in the WTO
Authors: Rubini Luca
Published: May 2010

This chapter concerns the advantage analysis of those forms of action that are inherently public inasmuch as they are non-economic. These include taxation, regulation, and (pure) public goods. The analysis focuses mainly on tax measures, i.e., those measures whereby governments exercise their authority to impose and levy monetary payments, like direct and indirect tax and social contributions. This focus is for two reasons — on the one hand, unlike regulation, fiscal policy constitutes one of the most consolidated and increasingly common means to grant assistance, thus providing a great wealth of cases and issues to concentrate on in both systems. On the other hand, the observations made in the tax context are of more general validity and can be extended to regulation and public goods, should these be caught by the rules.
Non-economic Activity and the Advantage Analysis in the EC
Authors: Rubini Luca
Published: May 2010

This chapter focuses on the advantage analysis of public non-economic activity in the EC. It is the natural companion of the previous chapter which focused on similar issues in the WTO context. The pattern of exposition thus closely resembles that of Chapter 9. The core of the analysis is taxation with more limited comments on regulation and public goods.
The Identification of the Beneficiaries
Authors: Rubini Luca
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines the issue of the identification of the beneficiaries, i.e., the persons that benefit from the advantage granted through the subsidy or State aid. After a few introductory remarks, two case-studies are used to show the complexities of this question. The first focuses on so-called ‘input’ or ‘upstream’ subsidies, the second on the identification issues in the context of the sale of companies or assets.
3 Verbs, Constructions, and Semantic Frames
Authors: Goldberg Adele E.
Published: May 2010

In what ways can events combine to form a single predication? This chapter argues that the only constraint on the combination of events designated by a single verb is that the events must constitute a coherent semantic frame. A verb can designate subevents that are not causally related, and a verb can specify both manner and result. On the other hand, a combination of verb and construction can designate a one‐time predication that does not correspond to an established frame.
4 Contact and Other Results
Authors: Erteschik‐Shir Nomi , Rapoport Tova
Published: May 2010

We consider the account of verbs of contact within the framework of Atom Theory and expand the analysis of forceful point‐of‐contact verbs such as hit and surface contact types like smear to plural surface contact verbs like splash. Atom Theory (AT) is based on the syntactic projection of atomic meaning components. Every verb's meaning reduces entirely to such atoms and all senses and all syntactic frames of a verb derive from this sole, minimal lexical representation. The differences among the contact verb types derive from the particular Manner and Location atoms of which they are composed. The projection and interpretation of these atoms account for the various alternations and the aspectual and thematic variations of all types of contact verbs, without recourse to multiple lexical representations, linking rules, functional categories, or movement. The result is an innovative analysis by which all contact verb structures are analysed as result constructions.
7 Animacy in Blackfoot
Authors: Ritter Elizabeth , Rosen Sara Thomas
Published: May 2010

Alternations between ‘transitive’ and ‘intransitive’ verbs in Blackfoot signal neither an aspectual shift nor the addition or suppression of internal arguments. Rather, ‘transitive’ morphology formally licenses DP objects; ‘intransitive’ morphology allows NP, CP, or no object. The relevant morphology, which constitutes v, also determines animacy and theta‐role of the external argument.
8 Lexicon versus Syntax
Authors: Horvath Julia , Siloni Tal
Published: May 2010

The chapter empirically sorts out morphological alternations often grouped together under the label causativization. A careful analysis of Japanese versus Hungarian morphological causatives reveals new evidence that the former must be formed in the syntax, while the latter have to be derived before any syntactic structure is available, that is, in the lexicon. The chapter then specifies and contrasts the formation of morphological causatives in the syntax and in the lexicon.
10 Saturated Adjectives, Reified Properties
Authors: Landau Idan
Published: May 2010

Evaluative adjectives (e.g. rude, clever) display a systematic alternation, which brings about a cluster of syntactic and semantic changes. The adjectival variants are related by the joint application of two operators: A lexical saturation operator (also seen in verbal passive) and a syntactic reification operator (also seen in nominalization).
On the meaning of prepositions
Authors: Bortone Pietro
Published: May 2010

Chapter 2 looks at the meanings of prepositions, their polysemy, the possible relationships between various meanings, and at the “localistic hypothesis” that spatial meanings might be in some sense (chronological, psychological, etc.) primary.
Prepositions and cases in Hellenistic Greek
Authors: Bortone Pietro
Published: May 2010

Chapter 5 examines prepositional usage in Hellenistic (“Koiné”) Greek, i.e. Biblical Greek. We see an increase in the use of adpositions, the “improper” ones in particular. The tendencies observed in Ancient Greek are even clearer: new prepositions are mainly or only spatial, the older ones being increasingly confined to non‐spatial meanings.
Prepositions and cases in Medieval Greek
Authors: Bortone Pietro
Published: May 2010

Chapter 6 analyses Medieval Greek usage, the least known and most decisive period in the history of the language, through a close study of a selected corpus of texts. Many old prepositions dropped out of use, ousted also by the newer “improper” ones, often compounded. The newest ones are purely spatial, the old prepositions losing their spatial sense according to whether a new replacement might take that sense over.
Prepositions and cases in Modern Greek
Authors: Bortone Pietro
Published: May 2010

Chapter 7 examines the prepositional system of Modern Greek, taking into account the impact of purism and of the Balkan Sprachbund. The development has come full circle: the younger (previously only spatial) prepositions now have various non‐spatial meanings, even losing their spatial meaning altogether, thus repeating the semantic cycle of the previous generation of prepositions.
Harms associated with illicit drug use
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: May 2010

For many policymakers, researchers, and ordinary citizens, drug use per se is less of a concern than the problems that accompany it: chronic health problems, infectious disease transmission, property crime, and family breakdown, to name only a few examples. This chapter summarizes what is known about the extent of the health risks and social harms associated with drug use. Illicit drug use is associated with a marked burden of disease, disability, mortality, criminality, and a variety of other social harms. Although the burden, harm, and costs attributable to illicit drug use are substantial, for most countries they are lower than those attributable to alcohol and tobacco. Only in established market economies is illicit drug use among the major risk factors for the burden of disease. In low- and middle-income countries, illicit drug use is a minor consideration in the overall burden of disease, but this could change with rising incomes and increasing globalization.
Strategies and interventions to reduce drug use and related harm: section overview
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: May 2010

This chapter discusses the context of addiction science as an aid to policy formation and implementation. It also explains how the scientific evidence for policy options was reviewed and organized, the rules that guided the presentation and interpretation of the evidence.
Preventing illicit drug use by young people
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caulkins Jonathan , Edwards Griffith , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: May 2010

This chapter focuses on strategies aimed at young people in school, family, and community settings. There has been an improvement in the evidence base over recent years and there is now convincing evidence for family-oriented and classroom management prevention efforts, although this is based on a relatively small number of studies from the USA.