bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Recent Finds at Alahan (Koja Kalessi)
Authors: Gough Michael
Published: January 2007

Of the many Byzantine churches in Cilicia which have survived, in a greater or lesser state of ruin, to the present day, there can be no doubt that the best known and most remarkable is the monastery church at Alahan in Isauria. During July, 1890, Professor W. M. Ramsay, D. G. Hogarth and A. C. Headlam visited the site, and in 1892 published their results under the title “Ecclesiastical Sites in Isauria (Cilicia Trachea)” in Supplementary Papers No. II of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. This publication completely superseded that of Laborde who had been at Alahan in 1826, and to-day it is still the only authoritative work on the subject of the architecture and relief sculpture of the monastery.

Headlam's description of the site is brief and accurate. “The ruins of Koja Kalessi (i.e. Alahan) are situated about 3,000 feet above the Calycadnus valley and 4,000 feet above the sea, facing south and southwest and looking over the junction of the two great river valleys through which the branches of the ancient Calycadnus run. They consist of a large monastery with buildings of various characters too much destroyed to be easily identified, and a church in very good preservation. They are built on a terrace running due east and west, partly cut out of the side of the hill, with the ground falling away very steeply below and rising almost precipitously above.” (Pl. IX, b).
Old Waterside Houses on the Bosphorus
Authors: Lloyd Seton
Published: January 2007

During the last century-and-a-half of the Osmanli Sultanate, the patrician families of the Court at Istanbul conformed to a social pattern no less complicated than that of their counterparts in England or France. At least three separate residences were deemed necessary, and fashion dictated a seasonal migration from one to another at fixed times in the year. The konak or town-house (often in Șișli) was occupied only from the end of November until early spring. At that season, since temperatures on the Bosphorus were still rather low, a movement was made towards the Marmara, where the family usually owned a house on the “Prince's Islands” or at one of the coastal resorts such as Erenköy, Çamlıca or Yakacık. It was the warmer months of the summer which were spent in the wooden palaces and fashionable waterside houses on the Bosphorus. Demolition, decay and above all the disastrous effects of fire have in time played havoc with these fine buildings; but a dozen or so, which still survive, testify to the elegance of a milieu which had no exact parallel elsewhere, and show a happy compromise between the contemporary architectural tastes of Europe and Asia.
A Hellenistic Survival at Eucarpia
Authors: Calder W. M.
Published: January 2007

Two good friends have supplied me with the material for a note which I dedicate, with kind wishes, to a third.

Michael Ballance inaugurated the epigraphical harvest of our journey in 1954 with the discovery of two remarkable inscriptions at Emircik near Beyce Sultan (territory of Eumeneia). One of these served to clinch an argument in Anatolian Studies, V, 1955, p. 38. The second is no. 1 below.

A few days later Habip Zebir Ağa, itinerant tinker of Sandıklı, called at the excavation headquarters to remind me of an earlier encounter which I had forgotten. He had visited Synnada in the exercise of his craft in 1930 while the American Society's expedition was working there, and I had taught him how to copy Greek inscriptions and urged him to make copies of any monuments he might find in the course of his work in central Phrygia. He brought with him a bundle of copies he had made during the intervening years, mainly from Synnada, the Pentapolis and the Eumeneticus Campus. A number of these copies are of known monuments and show that, for one ignorant of Latin and Greek, he is a careful and reliable copyist. One of his copies is no. 2 below.
Notes on Some Hittite Monuments
Authors: Güterbock Hans G.
Published: January 2007

Among the works of Professor John Garstang, The Land of the Hittites (1910), with its new version The Hittite Empire (1929), will remain a classic. What makes this book most valuable is the emphasis laid upon the setting of the Hittite monuments. It therefore seems appropriate to devote these pages, which are meant as a small token of gratitude to the master, to problems of this kind.
The Date of the Kapara Period at Gozan (Tell Halaf)
Authors: Albright W. F.
Published: January 2007

Ever since the discovery of the Palace of Kapara by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, there has been a debate—often acrimonious—with respect to its date. As late as 1934 there was a variation of some two millennia among active discussants. With the death of Ernst Herzfeld, who stood out until the end for a date in the third millennium, the debate seems to have closed, at least for the time being. In 1954 the late H. Frankfort came out explicitly for a date during the ninth century, preferably in its second half, for the age of Kapara. The same date, though with a higher upper limit, was maintained by A. Moortgat in the official publication of the sculpture of Gozan which appeared the following year. K. Galling had all along favoured such a dating, which he now espouses without reservation. The present writer has also maintained a date between 1100 and 900, concentrating for the past fifteen years on the tenth century.
Two Finds in Central Anatolia
Authors: Frend W. H. C.
Published: January 2007

Situated about fifteen miles north of Karaman the Kara Dagh is an isolated volcanic massif which rises out of the Lycaonian plateau to a height of nearly 7,000 feet. In the first decade of the century Sir William Ramsay and Gertrude Bell spent three seasons surveying the archæological remains in the area. These include a great number of Byzantine churches and monasteries which have earned the Kara Dagh the name of Bin Bir Kilisse (“Thousand and One Churches”). Apart from the churches, however, the two authors recorded a majestic Hittite monument on Kızıl Dagh at the northern edge of the massif, and other evidences of a longstanding occupation in pre-Byzantine times which suggested that the Kara Dagh might preserve the remains of a continuous succession of cultures.
The Cappadocian Symbol
Authors: Wainwright G. A.
Published: January 2007

There are two well-defined varieties of the Cappadocian Symbol; one with bosses and one without. It is the first type that is considered here.

Apart from the presence or absence of the bosses there is a fairly well-defined difference in the curved members, Figs, 1, 2. Those with the bosses almost invariably curve upwards and inwards as if embracing the limb of the cross, while those without the bosses are so strongly recurved outwards as to double back on to the other limb of the cross, and perhaps were finally thought of as belonging to it.

The two types very rarely combine, but on one occasion we have a curious case where there are only four bosses inside the curves and the curves themselves are very strongly bent backwards in the manner of those without the bosses. On yet another occasion we have a case which again only has the four bosses within the curves, but here the latter have come completely apart from the cross and lie almost on the horizontal limbs, see Figs. 6, 7 infra. As will appear later on, these seem to provide a link between the two types, that with the bosses and that without.
Four Urartian Bulls' Heads
Authors: Hanfmann George M. A.
Published: January 2007

In this article we bring together for the first time four bronze bulls' heads of impressive size and weight which seem to form a series. One is in the collection of Mr. J. J. Emery, of Cincinnati, another is in the Fogg Museum, a third is in Cleveland (Plates XVII–XVIII), and the fourth (Plate XIX) is in the Louvre. In 1954 Mr. Emery generously lent his piece to the Fogg Museum for the exhibition of “Ancient Art in American Private Collections” and, through the good offices of Miss Dorothy G. Shepherd, the Trustees of the Cleveland Museum of Art consented to send the Cleveland bull's head for a brief period. Thus I was enabled to examine and compare three of the four heads of this series. For the piece in the Louvre, which I have not seen, I am making use of photographs and measurements supplied by A. Parrot.

As R. D. Barnett was the first to point out to me, two bulls' heads of this kind were found in 1905 in the village of Guşçi, on Urmia Lake. An account of this discovery was given by “Atrpet” in the Armenian periodical Azgagrakan Handess, Revue Ethnographique publiée par la Société Ethnographique Arménienne, XXIII, Part 2, 1912, pp. 114–124.
St. John's Church, Ephesus
Authors: Plommer H.
Published: January 2007

The design of Justinian's domed cruciform Basilica of St. John on the hill of Ayasoluk, long an interesting, has now become an urgent question. Partly uncovered and published by Sotiriou in 1922, it was excavated more extensively by the Austrians and at last described and restored by H. Hoermann and edited by Josef Keil, with the aid of a grant from Dumbarton Oaks, in one of the most lavish Austrian volumes on Ephesus to be published to date. The seeming exhaustiveness and accuracy of this book have tempted certain syndicates to rebuild the church for the use of pilgrims to Ephesus, even though, when uncovered, it stood to a general height of merely 10 or 12 feet, about one-sixth of its original height, and even though Keil had set a wiser precedent for its treatment. “Auf grössere Wiederherstellungsarbeiten wurde, abgesehen von der Aufstellung einer Säule, verzichtet, weil solche Wiederaufstellungen erfahrungsgemäss den Anreiz zu schädigenden Umstürzen erwecken” (FE. p. 16).
Some New Assyrian Rock-Reliefs in Turkey
Authors: Aytuğ Taşyürek O.
Published: January 2007

Of the Assyrian rock-reliefs in Turkey, only two long-known groups, those of the Cudi Dağ and Bırklin (“the Tigris Tunnel”) have been fully published. These groups are both accompanied by inscriptions and present no problems of dating. A further relief at Eğil has been known for some time but is somewhat inaccessible, to the extent that it is still unclear whether or not it is inscribed. It has been the subject of a recent study.

It is the purpose of the present article to make known some further Assyrian rock-reliefs, a single one from Cilicia, and a group from the Hatay. These reliefs were located by the author during surveys and travels, 1973–74. That these reliefs have remained undiscovered up to the present is a curious coincidence, and they may now take their place alongside those of the Cudi Dağ and Bırklin, as well as the rather few other reliefs discovered outside Assyria proper such as those of the Nahr el Kelb; we shall also see that they offer parallels to some of the native Assyrian reliefs such as those of the Maltai. In the absence of any identifying inscriptions the new reliefs present greater problems of dating.
A Hittite Seal of the British Museum
Authors: Mora Clelia
Published: January 2007

The object which we offer here, kindly entrusted to us by the British Museum for publication, is a typical and very interesting product of Hittite glyptic.

We are dealing with a stamp seal of haematite with a circular base and concave lateral surface. The handle, which is faceted, is broken in its upper part, hence there remains no trace of the “grip” which was evidently, when compared with other similar specimens, of a “hammer” or “knob” shape. The surface of the base, which is engraved, is not intact but is damaged at several points around the border. The height of the part preserved, in its highest section, is 28·5 mm., and the diameter is 29 mm.

The carved surface, as we see it, consists of two concentric areas: a central field, enclosed by a line and containing three hieroglyphic signs or characters, two of which are the same, surrounded by a border with figures in which it is possible to distinguish two groups or scenes. In the first group (a) a lion with wide open mouth and a bull with lowered head are facing each other as though about to fight, on either side of a tree with branches adorned with a tripartite motif; a similar ornament is repeated in the field above the back of the bull, alongside a v-shaped motif; another tripartite element is to be found in the empty space above the lion. The tails of the animals are characteristic: the bull has a lowered tail, its tip tripartite (to render the tuft of hair); that of the lion is turned upwards and is curved, as is often the case in Hittite scenes.
The Gorgoromeis
Authors: Hall A. S.
Published: January 2007

An inscription giving the name of this otherwise unknown community was discovered by J. R. S. Sterrett in the West Taurus Lake District, during his 1885 Wolfe Expedition, in the large village of Ortakaraviran, which lies north-east of Suğla Gölü (the ancient Trogitis lacus), on low ground close to the Lake.

The text of the inscription records that:
Alahan Monastery, Fifth Preliminary Report
Authors: Gough Michael
Published: January 2007

In 1967, a fifth season of excavation was completed at Alahan. Work, which began on 5th July and continued until 29th August, was carried out by a labour force of twenty-five workmen, of whom Ahmet Kaya, Aslan Şahin and Süleyman Uysal have not missed a season since the first exploratory sounding made on the site of the Basilica in 1955. Apart from the Director and Mrs. Gough, the members of the staff were Messrs. G. Bakker, P. Pratt and R. Wylie, architects; Mrs. Bakker and Miss M. McGregor, inventory and conservation; Messrs. A. Ray and L. Thomas, site supervisors; Misses H. Cash and M. MacDonald, and Mr. P. Percival-Price, field-assistants. Bayan Nihal Dönmez represented the Ministry of Education, and to her the expedition is grateful for practical help on many occasions. Our thanks are also due to the Institute's Council of Management, to the Russell Trust and to a private subscriber in Ankara for the funds which made the season a success.

Apart from the archaeological results, the year 1967 provided two further reasons for special gratification. As a recognition of Alahan's status as a major site in exceptionally beautiful surroundings (Pl. LVI), a good road has now been built up the mountain slope under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism.
An Early Date for the Origin of Felt
Authors: Burkett Mary E.
Published: January 2007

The origin of felt is unknown. It is in all probability the earliest form of textile making. Like most textiles, it has a low survival rate in archaeological conditions, so that specimens from the earlier millennia rarely come to light. The earliest documentation on it comes from China, c. 2300 B.C. but it is from the Central Asian Steppes that archaeologists have so far found the earliest examples of it. It has been produced there ever since. Sir Aurel Stein made numerous interesting discoveries of felt on his many journeys in Asia.

Through T'ang writers we first hear of felt in Tibet and that the Chinese were familiar with the famous felt industry of Persia. Herodotus gives accounts of its frequent use amongst the Persians and associated tribes. Strabo, for example, describes the felt caps of the Persians as “high turbans of felt” which protected them from the cold winters of Media. The Medes themselves can still be seen in the fifth century B.C. portrayed in their rounded felt caps in the reliefs of the Achaemenian palaces of Persepolis. (Pl. XlXa)
A Postscript to the “Letter of Gilgamesh”
Authors: Foster Benjamin R.
Published: January 2007

The celebrated “Letter of Gilgamesh,” treated by Gurney, AnSt VII (1957), 127 ff. and by Kraus, AnSt XXX (1980), 109 ff., has so far remained without parallel in Akkadian literature. Kraus pondered the significance and interpretation of this enigmatic text, and found it an “Erstling” (p. 120). He looked ahead to Ovid for a parallel. With diffidence one may also look backward to some obscure school-boy efforts from Sargonic Girsu. In the archives of the ensi of Girsu appeared various learner's texts which I have suggested elsewhere were the efforts of bureaucrats learning their profession “on the job.” Among these are two fanciful products that raise some of the same problems that the Gilgamesh letter does.

The first is a “letter” (L. 1073), that, daydream though it be, offers a tantalizing glimpse of another scholar apparently thinking along the same lines as the amanuensis of Gilgamesh.
The Monuments of the Lower Palace Area in Carchemish: a Rejoinder
Authors: Ussishkin David
Published: January 2007

Volume XXII of Anatolian Studies which was dedicated to Prof. S. Lloyd contains (in pp. 87–114) a detailed study by J. D. Hawkins of the Hittite hieroglyphic monumental inscriptions and stone monuments from the area of the Lower Palace in Carchemish. It seems needless to stress the importance of this study which presents a reliable and up to date reading of the inscriptions. The data gathered from them can now be better used in attempts to solve the complex problems of the chronology and arrangement of the associated monuments. This was done by Hawkins who on the basis of the inscriptional evidence came to various conclusions concerning the monuments of the Long Wall of Sculpture and the Great Staircase. Some of his conclusions form the subject of this rejoinder.
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 8: The River God of Heraclea-on-Salbace
Authors: Sheppard A. R. R.
Published: January 2007

The following unpublished inscription from Vakıf (Heraclea-on-Salbace) was discovered during work for the R.E.C.A.M. project at Denizli. As inscriptions of the area south and west of Babadaǧ will not be included in the projected R.E.C.A.M. volumes, it seemed best to make this text available separately.

Slab of brown marble with relief inset in a narrow frame. The inscription is on the upper frame. A river god with centre-parted hair, chest and right shoulder bare, is shown holding a reed in the right hand and a cornucopia in the left. He leans his left fore-arm on a globe (?). Provenance: Vakıf, now in the Denizli museum office.
Prescription for an Anxiety State: a Study of BAM 234
Authors: Ritter Edith K. , Wilson J. V. Kinnier
Published: January 2007

In presenting the following study for publication in honour of Professor O. R. Gurney, it is our hope that one who has made generous contributions to the growing corpus of Akkadian medical texts, and who has long been interested in the place and purpose of magical figurines in ritual texts, will look with favour upon a contribution which involves both fields. The paper has been written by the second author from a basic manuscript of the selected text contributed by the first; and this happy circumstance allows us also, however marginally, to associate our work with the name of Benno Landsberger, for the text is one which was studied jointly by Landsberger and Mrs Ritter during his last years. There can be no doubt at all that Landsberger would have been pleased to participate in a Festschrift honouring one of his own students, and in a sense three generations of scholarship are represented in this study.
The Twenty-One “Poultices”
Authors: Lambert W. G.
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this article is to publish a third version of the ancient Babylonian myth of the Twenty-one “Poultices”, and to comment on the mythological content of all three, while leaving details of the strictly medical aspects to others. The two hitherto known versions of this myth are both preserved on Late Assyrian tablets from Assur: LKA 146, the whole of which is relevant, and BAM 313, of which only part is of direct concern. The tablet published here for the first time, BM 33999, is of Late Babylonian date, probably from Babylon, and is now in the British Museum, by kind permission of whose Trustees it is available.

“Poultices” (mêlu) were a common form of Babylonian medicine. A number of drugs, usually between two and four, were combined and then applied to a person's body with the aid of a leather strap or pouch. When specified, the neck is always the part of the body involved, and the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (sub voce) assumes that this was always the case, but perhaps it would be wise to leave the question open for the present.
The Medici-Lazara Map of Alanya
Authors: Mason Roger
Published: January 2007

The discovery of a hitherto unknown map of Alanya dating from the early seventeenth century enables a comparison to be made between the very detailed fortifications that it depicts and those that are standing today. Such a comparative analysis should permit some inferences about the form of the Seljuk and early Ottoman fortifications that are now ruinous. The Italian military provenance of the map gives an opportunity to illuminate briefly the depredations of the Medici navy in southern and western Anatolia.

Most historians have been reluctant to use maps as evidence, the few who have done so have often fallen into the pit of misinterpretation that the former, and perhaps wiser, have avoided: but the study of the history of cartography is gradually emerging from the exclusively archaeological stage, in which it has been delving for over a century, and the corpus of information about maps has now grown to the point where no historian can afford to ignore their value as evidence, provided that he is able to evaluate them accurately. It is in evaluation that the historian of cartography owes a duty to his fellow historians.
Isauria in Pliny
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: January 2007

I. The Isaurians escaped notice for long centuries. They first come to mention in an episode of the year 322 B.C. when Perdiccas after subduing Cappadocia captured their city, described as strong and populous, of ancient opulence. Isaurians next emerge in the campaign that earned a triumphal cognomen for P. Servilius Vatia (cos. 79), the proconsul of Cilicia.

As the name of a region, Isauria was destined to acquire a wide extension. Early in the reign of Antoninus Pius it was applied to Cilicia Tracheia, as one of the three portions (with Pedias and Lycaonia) in the enlarged Cilician province. Before that, sundry problems infest the definition of Isauria. One of them that continues to perplex is conveyed by a passage in Pliny. After Cilicia and before proceeding to deal in summary fashion with Pisidae and Lycaonia, he inserts remarks about the “gens Isaurica” and the adjacent people called Homanades.
Apostolic Monasticism at Tokalı Kilise in Cappadocia
Authors: Cutler Anthony
Published: January 2007

At least as early as the day, nearly eighty years ago, when Hans Rott gained access to “Doghalikilise” through an entrance reduced to a narrow cleft by heaps of rubble and alluvial soil, the monument has been recognized as the largest and most important in Göreme. Many of the wall-paintings of both the Old and the New Church at Tokalı were published by Jerphanion who correctly appreciated the relative chronology of these successive phases. This pioneering and still fundamental survey was supplemented by the excellent photographs of Jeannine Le Brun in Restle's corpus of 1967. In the same year, Cormack suggested on stylistic and iconographic grounds a probable date of ca. 913–920 for the decoration of the Old Church, a period little less than half a century before its relatively gigantic successor was cut transversely across its eastern end. Now, within a year or two, Tokalı Kilise will receive the ultimate accolade of monographic treatment by Ann Wharton Epstein in a book which treats the church as a cultural whole and finally recognizes the frescoes in the New Church as the supreme achievement of Byzantine wall-painting to survive from the tenth century.
Kilise Tepe 1994
Authors: Baker H. D. , Collon D. , Hawkins J. D. , Pollard T. , Postgate J. N. , Symington D. , Thomas D.
Published: January 2007

The Göksu valley (Fig. 1), which furnishes one of the two main routes from Turkey's southern shore through the Taurus to the Konya plain and the rest of the central plateau, must be deemed one of the country's national treasures. The clear turquoise ribbon of the river threads its way south-eastwards from high in the mountains west of Ermenek to reach the Mediterranean at Silifke, or rather at the mouth of the delta it has created to the south of the classical and modern town. The valley itself, however, is by no means uniform, nor is the road which follows it. Coming from the interior, the traveller leaves the Konya plain not far south of Karaman, and after a gentle climb to the pass at Sertavul, begins to descend thickly pine-grown slopes high on the eastern shoulders of the valley, with the Göksu itself glimpsed occasionally flowing far below. Dropping steeply down, leaving the monastery of Alahan high above one to the left, one passes into a very different landscape around the regional centre of Mut, Roman Claudiopolis (earlier Ninica, see Mitchell 1979). Here the Göksu is joined from the west by the Ermenek Su, and the narrow valleys of their upper courses give way to a wide, low-lying basin, where the stream has cut through one terrace after another, to yield a curiously desert landscape in which remaining patches of the geological terraces, harbouring olive groves and cereal crops in early summer, stand isolated from one another by high eroded scarps, whose steep bare yellow and white limestone slopes are studded only sparsely with pines and low evergreen bushes like prickly oak.
The East Tomb and other Tomb Buildings at Balboura
Authors: Hallett C. H. , Coulton J. J.
Published: January 2007

To the north east of Balboura, on the far side of the stream-bed, lie the ruins of an imposing tomb (see Fig. 1), the largest and most elaborate so far discovered in the area. Built directly on and partly into the hillside, the building was oriented to look straight across the valley towards the city (orientation: 27° E of true north—see Fig. 2; i.e. the tomb faces approx. SSW); and apparently it stood in splendid isolation, at some distance from the other tombs of the northern necropolis, and on somewhat higher ground. The remains of another tomb of similar type, but of smaller dimensions, can be seen across the valley in the neighbouring cemetery; and a third faces the city from the slopes to the south.

Although at first sight there seems to be little of the building left in place Pl. 1 (a, b); Fig. 2), enough remains for us to be fairly sure of its original form. It was built on two levels: above, standing on a stepped podium, a monumental building designed to house large stone sarcophagi—a structure most often described in inscriptions throughout Asia. Minor as a heroön (and for convenience so designated here); and below, within the podium, a lower chamber or crypt, often referred to in inscriptions as a hyposorion, normally intended for the various dependants of those entombed above. The building was constructed from the local white limestone; and while certainly the most ambitious sepulchral monument yet known from Balboura, it shows a relatively simple design, and the same rather rough-and-ready workmanship as the other buildings of the site.
Trojan Schematic Idols at Munich
Authors: Maliszewski Dariusz
Published: January 2007

In the Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek in Munich (SASuG) there are four marble schematic idols from Schliemann's excavations at Troy. In 1902 these objects together with a large group of other Trojan artefacts (pottery, spindle whorls and small stone objects) were transferred from Berlin to Munich, to the Königliche Vasen-Sammlung (Bertram 1992: 44) now an integral part of SASuG.

From Schmidt's catalogue we know that more schematic stone idols were sent to Munich (Schmidt 1902: 334). Alfred Götze in the subsection “Brettförmige Idole: Aus Stein und Muschel” of this catalogue described several groups of idols. Thirty idols—28 of marble, one of schist(?) and one of limestone—were marked with numbers 7348 to 7377 (Götze 1902: 277 ff.). Among this group predominate idols with engraved features on the face and neck (nine examples), face (seven examples), face, neck and hair (two examples); the others have engraved features on the face and breasts (one example); on the face and a circle with a central point between “shoulders” (one example).
Hearth structures in the religious pattern of Early Bronze Age northeast Anatolia
Authors: Takaoğlu Turan
Published: January 2007

The archaeology of Early Bronze Age northeast Anatolia has often been characterised by the dominant presence of the so-called Karaz Ware, a black burnished ware often decorated in relief. In northeast Anatolia, this distinctive ceramic tradition is represented in the archaeological contexts of major excavated sites of the Erzurum plain: Karaz, Güzelova, Pulur, Büyüktepe, and Sos Höyük (Kosay, Turfan 1959; Kosay, Vary 1964; 1967; Sagona et al 1993; Sagona et al 1996). Nevertheless, it is not something unique to the sites of northeast Anatolia, but a widely occurring phenomenon at third millennium BC sites from Transcaucasia to Syria-Palestine under other names such as Kura-Araxes Ware, Early Transcaucasian Ware, or Khirbet Kerak Ware (Burney 1989: 45ff; Edens 1995: 53). Even though it is handmade, its quality, manufacture and distinctive relief decoration, and its widespread distribution in northeast Anatolia and surrounding regions, demonstrate that it had a cultural and economic value attached to it. The widespread use of this pottery may be explained as evidence of a movement of nomadic pastoral groups or traders who also brought their pots or potting techniques with them. Although the newcomers responsible for this phenomenon appear to be small in number, the intermixing of the older local Late Chalcolithic populations and newcomers seems to have led to local variations in this ware in different spatial and temporal contexts (Rothman, Kozbe 1997).
Some miscellaneous notes on the town and antiquities of Sinop, mainly from travellers' accounts
Authors: Martin M. E.
Published: January 2007

In these notes are presented various trouvailles encountered by the writer in the course of other researches. Although disconnected and inconclusive, they may be of some use to students of Sinop and to those interested in the general subject of the collection of antiquities in the Levant. In general, well-known sources have not been discussed, except in so far as they afford comparison with the less familiar accounts dealt with here. A final note refers to the Jewish population of Sinop in the early Ottoman period in relation to travellers' accounts.

In antiquity, the status of Sinop as a port was well known. Arrian is almost alone in describing the town not as a harbour but only in relation to its being a Milesian colony and the founder of Trabzon (Baschmakoff 1948: 80–81, 94–95). Similarly, in the later middle ages and early modern times, references to Sinop were almost always in relation to its port. For some, the interest was urgent: it was a welcome refuge for Bishop Ignatios of Smolensk when in 1389 his vessel, coasting the Crimea, was driven to the southern Pontic shore. Adverse winds detained him there for two days (Majeska 1984: 86–89). He was more fortunate than Ibn Battuta, some 40 years earlier, whom bad weather had delayed there for 40 days (Ibn Battuta, translated by H. A. R. Gibb 1957: 141).
Mineralogy and micromorphology of İznik ceramics
Authors: Kapur S. , Sakarya N. , Fitzpatrick E. A. , Pagliai M. , Kelling G. , Akça E. , Karaman C. , Sakarya B.
Published: January 2007

The study of İznik ceramics of different periods revealed that temperatures of about 800–900°C were produced during firing. Glass fragments added to the body for strengthening resulted in the formation of fibrous minerals as clusters in the pores and protruding in the glaze together with Ca and P rich minerals in the raw materials used. The pore size distribution of the pores indicates a uniform temperature rise and fall during the production of the microstructure.
Organization of the pallium in the fire‐bellied toad Bombina orientalis. I: Morphology and axonal projection pattern of neurons revealed by intracellular biocytin labeling
Authors: Roth Gerhard , Laberge Frédéric , Mühlenbrock‐Lenter Sabine , Grunwald Wolfgang
Published: January 2007

The cytoarchitecture and axonal projection pattern of pallial areas was studied in the fire‐bellied toad Bombina orientalis by intracellular injection of biocytin into a total of 326 neurons forming 204 clusters. Five pallial regions were identified, differing in morphology and projection pattern of neurons. The rostral pallium receiving the bulk of dorsal thalamic afferents has reciprocal connections with all other pallial areas and projects to the septum, nucleus accumbens, and anterior dorsal striatum. The medial pallium projects bilaterally to the medial pallium, septum, nucleus accumbens, mediocentral amygdala, and hypothalamus and ipsilaterally to the rostral, dorsal, and lateral pallium. The ventral part of the medial pallium is distinguished by efferents to the eminentia thalami and the absence of contralateral projections. The dorsal pallium has only ipsilateral projections running to the rostral, medial, and lateral pallium; septum; nucleus accumbens; and eminentia thalami. The lateral pallium has ipsilateral projections to the olfactory bulbs and to the rostral, medial, dorsal, and ventral pallium. The ventral pallium including the striatopallial transition area (SPTA) has ipsilateral projections to the olfactory bulbs, rostral and lateral pallium, dorsal striatopallidum, vomeronasal amygdala, and hypothalamus. The medial pallium can be tentatively homologized with the mammalian hippocampal formation, the dorsal pallium with allocortical areas, the lateral pallium rostrally with the piriform and caudally with the entorhinal cortex, the ventral pallium with the accessory olfactory amygdala. The rostral pallium, with its projections to the dorsal and ventral striatopallidum, resembles the mammalian frontal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:443–464, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The distribution of the gondwanine ostracodRostrocytherideaDingle: palaeozoogeographical implications
Authors: Ballent Sara C. , Whatley Robin
Published: January 2007

The genusRostrocytherideais strictly gondwanine in its distribution and, in Argentina, is shown to be restricted to Patagonia. Of the six recorded Argentinian species, five are restricted to the southern part of South America:Rostrocytheridea opisthorhynchusnov. sp. (late Tithonian‐Berriasian),Rostrocytherideasp. (Valanginian),Rostrocytheridea cerasmodermanov. sp.,Rostrocytheridea covuncoensisMusacchio (Hauterivian) andRostrocytheridea? sp. (Campanian). One species,Rostrocytheridea ornataBrenner and Oertli, is of much wider distribution, occurring in the Neocomian of South Africa and the Hauterivian of central‐west Argentina. In Australia, the genus first appears in the Albian‐Cenomanian and ranges up to the Santonian with two species:Rostrocytheridea canaliculataBate andRostrocytheridea westraliensis(Chapman). The youngest record of the genus isR. hamiltonensisFauth and Seeling from the Middle to Upper Campanian of the James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula. The implications for intercontinental correlation and the reconstruction of palaeo‐migration routes are considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bladder sensitivity testing using a visual analogue scale: comparative cystometric study on women
Authors: Dompeyre Philippe , Fritel Xavier , Bader Georges , Delmas Vincent , Fauconnier Arnaud
Published: January 2007

Aims

To obtain improved assessment of bladder sensitivity during cystometry by using a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS), and comparing it with the standard method according to the International Continence Society (ICS).

Methods

Twenty‐five patients with presumed normal bladder functioning underwent filling cystometries according to the VAS‐based method and to the standard method. The order of the cystometries was set by randomization. The relationships between the bladder sensation using the VAS‐based method and the volume of bladder perfusion were analyzed graphically. Various parameters were abstracted and compared to those obtained by the standard method. Correlations were searched for by principal component analysis.

Results

All the curves showed continuous progression of the desire to void. Eighteen of the 25 curves (72%) had a characteristic appearance, showing a latency phase with no perception of any bladder sensation, then a second phase with linear increase of the desire to void. The latency phase corresponded to the first sensation of bladder filling (226.3 ml ± 169.1 vs. 200.0 ml ± 143.1, r = 0.9). The progression in desire measured by the VAS method culminated in a sensation of maximum tolerable desire to void, which corresponded to the maximum cystometric capacity (MCC; 497.3 ± 191.2 vs. 517.4 ± 196.7, r = 0.9). The slope of the linear regression line for the desire to void constitutes an independent parameter.

Conclusions

VAS reveals that the distinct sensations with the standard method are in fact a single sensation of a desire to void that increases continually during filling. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:350–355, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wave Dispersion Decoupling in Micropolar Thermoelasticity
Authors: Dobovšek Igor
Published: January 2007

For a system of field equations of micropolar thermoelasticity we derive a propagation condition for thermoelastic disturbance in a form of monochromatic plane wave in deformation, micro rotation and temperature. The corresponding dispersion relation is given in an explicit form, together with dependence of characteristic coefficients on principal material constants forming the constitutive tensor of isothermal macro and micro elasticity, phenomenological heat conductivity and coupled macroscopic thermoelasticity. It is shown that due to the centro–symmetric nature of microelasticity and particular form of temperature coupling in a free energy function, the separation between the optical and acoustical branch of dispersion relation is inherent. For such systems dispersion relations due to the micropolar fields on one side and macroscopic thermoelastic fields on the other side are completely independent without any cross–coupling. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Necessary stability conditions for differential‐difference equations
Authors: Batra Prashant
Published: January 2007

Hurwitz‐stable polynomials and quasi‐polynomials are split to construct positive rational functions. Computational characterizations of positive functions are used to derive low‐order necessary stability criteria. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global Solutions of Nonlinear Problem in Hilbert Space
Authors: Marko Lubomir
Published: January 2007

We deal with the local and global existence of solutions and solutions multiplicity for nonlinear problem u – λLu + N (u) = 0 in a real Hilbert space H, with linear operator L and nonlinear operator N, defined on a Hilbert space H, in dependence on a parameter λ ∈ R. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Existence of Solutions to the Linearized Spinning Wheel Problem
Authors: Ricker Sarah , Menzel Andreas , Steinmann Paul
Published: January 2007

Spinning wheels, or rather steady rolling cylinder‐like deformable bodies occur in many mechanical (contact) problems, e.g. car‐ or aircraft‐tires, gears or grinding processes. In order to avoid transient calculation for such problems and in order to obtain a steady‐state formulation we make use of a model – advocated by Oden and Lin in [1] and further elaborated by Govindjee andMihalic in [2] – based on a spinning reference coordinate system. After developing the kinematics and deriving the weak formulation we will show the existence of a weak solution for the linearized spinning wheel problem by applying the Lax Milgram Lemma. The presented contribution will be concluded by some numerical examples. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Breaking the Symmetry in a Car‐Following Model
Authors: Seidel Tilman , Werner Bodo
Published: January 2007

A wide class of microscopic car‐following traffic models deals with a system of ODEs describing N cars driving on a circular highway. The symmetry of the road naturally leads to (quasi‐)stationary solutions and to an analysis of their stability. Breaking this symmetry with small perturbations we show the existence of a branch of some special solutions that occur instead of the stationary points.

Those solutions can be interpreted in reality, they describe the behavior of the cars on the road as expected. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asymptotic mean‐square stability of linear multi‐step methods for SODEs
Authors: Buckwar Evelyn , Winkler Renate
Published: January 2007

In this article we present results of a linear stability analysis of stochastic linear multi‐step methods for stochastic ordinary differential equations. As in deterministic numerical analysis we use a linear time‐invariant test equation and study when the numerical approximation shares asymptotic properties in the mean‐square sense of the exact solution of that test equation. Sufficient conditions for asymptotic mean‐square stability of stochastic linear two‐step‐Maruyama methods are obtained with the aide of Lyapunov‐type functionals. In particular we study the asymptotic mean‐square stability of stochastic counterparts of two‐step Adams‐Bashforth‐ and Adams‐Moulton‐methods and the BDF method. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The random environment of offshore systems
Authors: Ellermann Katrin
Published: January 2007

The analysis of the dynamical behavior of systems in ocean waves is an important part in offshore engineering. While a characterization of the response of a linearized model can be obtained in frequency domain, it has to be noted that offshore systems usually include components with nonlinear behavior. The systematic analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of floating structures is often facilitated by additional assumptions. One common example is the use of deterministic (harmonic) waves. Even though periodic waves may be a reasonable simplification for many applications, sea waves in general are usually better described by a spectral or probabilistic approach. This paper addresses different methods of describing random forces for the analysis of floating structures. Examples show the effects of different wave models on the analysis of a simple floating structure. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamics of an Infinite Beam under Stochastic Moving Forces
Authors: Rystwej A.
Published: January 2007

The problem regarding the dynamic response of an infinite beam resting on two‐parametric foundation to the passage of a train of random forces is studied. This train of forces idealizes the flow of vehicles having random weights and travelling at the same speed. It is assumed that the occurrence process is either a Poisson or a renewal (Erlang) process. Two different situations and solutions are presented: one for the arbitrary locations of the forces and another when one of the forces is located in such a way that the response of the beam has the maximal value. The first model can be used to estimate the reliability of the beam with respect to fatigue, the second model can be useful in the reliability with respect to the maximal response. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Generalization of Pascal's Triangle Using Powers of Base Numbers
Authors: Kallós Gábor
Published: January 2007

In this paper we generalize the Pascal triangle and examine the connections among the generalized triangles and powering integers respectively polynomials. We emphasize connections with the binomial and multinomial theorems, and finally we present some computational results. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hybrid Algorithms in Image Reconstruction
Authors: Băutu Andrei , Băutu Elena , Popa Constantin
Published: January 2007

We consider in this paper a combination between the evolutionary algorithm Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and the ART Kaczmarz procedure. For the new hybrid algorithm so obtained some results ilustrating its efficiency are presented for consistent least‐squares formulation of an image reconstruction problem. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interpolating Wavelets applied to the Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Faustino Nelson
Published: January 2007

We propose a Wavelet‐Galerkin scheme for the stationary Navier‐Stokes equations based on the application of interpolating wavelets. To overcome the problems of nonlinearity, we apply the machinery of interpolating wavelets presented in [2] in order to obtain problem‐adapted quadrature rules. Finally, we apply Newton's method to approximate the solution in the given ansatz space, using as inner solver a steepest descendent scheme. To obtain approximations of a higher accuracy, we apply our scheme in a multi‐scale context. Special emphasize will be given for the convergence of the scheme and wavelet preconditioning. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Mathematical Model of Water Pollution Control Using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Pochai Nopparat , Tangmanee Suwon , Crane L. J. , Miller J. J. H.
Published: January 2007

Water pollution assessment problems arise frequently in environmental science. In this research, the finite element method for solving the one‐dimensional steady convection‐diffusion equation with constant coefficients is presented; it is then used to optimize water treatment costs. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mathematical Modelling of Atmospheric Flow over a Shelter‐belt
Authors: Sládek I. , Kozel K. , Jaňour Z.
Published: January 2007

The paper presents a mathematical and numerical study of the flow with pollution dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over a simplified topography with a shelter‐belt placed before the pollutant (coal dust) source. The flow is supposed to be viscous, incompressible, turbulent and stationary. A two different numerical models are briefly mentioned. The shelter‐belt is supposed to be a solid and impermeable obstacle significantly changing the flow‐field and hence it gives the possibility of influencing the level of the pollutant concentrations in the downstream region. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A finite element method for two–parameter singularly perturbed problems in 2D
Authors: Teofanov Ljiljana , Roos Hans‐Görg , Zarin Helena
Published: January 2007

We consider a singularly perturbed elliptic problem with two small parameters posed on the unit square. Based on a decomposition of the solution, we prove uniform convergence of a finite element method in an energy norm. The method uses piecewise bilinear functions on a layer‐adapted Shishkin mesh. Numerical results confirm our theoretical analysis. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Treatment of Second Order Differential‐Algebraic Systems
Authors: Wunderlich Lena
Published: January 2007

We consider the numerical treatment of systems of second order differential‐algebraic equations (DAEs). The classical approach of transforming a second order system to first order by introducing new variables can lead to difficulties such as an increase in the index or the loss of structure. We show how we can compute an equivalent strangeness‐free second order system using the derivative array approach and we present Runge‐Kutta methods for the direct numerical solution of second order DAEs. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control of Crystallization Processes
Authors: Götz Thomas , Pinnau Rene , Struckmeier Jens
Published: January 2007

In this paper an optimal control problem for polymer crystallization is investigated. The crystallization is described by a non–isothermal Avrami–Kolmogorov model. The boundary temperature serves as control variable. The cost functional takes the spatial variation of the crystallinity and the final degree of crystallization into account. The resulting boundary control problem for a parabolic equation coupled with two ordinary differential equations is treated by an adjoint variable approach. Numerical simulations are carried out for different scenarios to illustrate the applicability and performance of the optimization algorithm. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)