bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among survivors of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey
Authors: Salcioglu Ebru , Basoglu Metin , Livanou Maria
Published: April 2007

This study examined the prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid depression some three years after the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey among a sample of 769 survivors relocated to a permanent housing site built for homeless survivors in the epicentre region. Time since trauma was 3.1 years for 81 per cent of the participants and 3.9 years for the remainder. Survivors were assessed using the Screening Instrument for Traumatic Stress in Earthquake Survivors, an easily administered self‐rating scale with demonstrated validity. The estimated rates of PTSD and comorbid depression were 40 per cent and 18 per cent, respectively. Linear regression analyses showed that PTSD strongly related to fear during the earthquake, while depression related to loss of family members. These results suggest that catastrophic earthquakes have long‐term psychological consequences and highlight the need for a cost‐effective mental health care model for earthquake survivors.
Characteristics, context and risk: NGO insecurity in confict zones
Authors: Fast Larissa
Published: April 2007

This paper reports on research conducted on the insecurity of non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) between 1999 and 2002, with the goal of contributing to the debate on the reasons why NGO actors are targets of violence in confict settings. The research involved the collection of data from three countries—Angola, Ecuador and Sierra Leone—and exploration of the relationship between levels of insecurity, context and the characteristics of NGOs. Four risk factors appear to heighten the degree of insecurity that NGOs face: (1) carrying out multiple types of activities and providing material aid; (2)‘operationality’(that is, implementing programmes and activities); (3) working with both sides of the confict; and (4) integrating into the local community. The paper discusses the methodological approach adopted for the research, the differences between ambient and situational insecurity and the fndings related to risk factors. It concludes with a summary of the study's implications.
The Prestige oil spill and its economic impact on the Galician fishing sector
Authors: Surís‐Regueiro Juan C. , Garza‐Gil M. Dolores , Varela‐Lafuente Manuel M.
Published: April 2007

The sinking of the Prestige oil tanker on 18 November 2002 off the coast of Galicia, Spain, had important economic, environmental and social ramifcations. The aim of this paper is to carry out an initial analysis of the costs related to a halt in fishing activities in Galicia between November 2002 and December 2003. This involves three different steps: an assessment of the cost of the preventative and palliative measures introduced by Spanish public administrations (compensation for affected fishermen and shellfish fisherman); an indirect evaluation of the implications of the disaster (via a study of data on production); and a direct appraisal of the economic impact of the event (reduction in income), using questionnaires completed by a representative sample of fishermen and shellfish fisherman. The results obtained from these three methods of estimating losses are compatible. By December 2003, losses to the Galician fishing sector stood at an estimated EUR 76 million.
The European Union as a Gated Community: The Two‐faced Border and Immigration Regime of the EU
Authors: Van Houtum Henk , Pijpers Roos
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Within the European Union, an internal liberalisation of cross‐border labour mobility for EU citizens is currently being combined with the tightening of control and management efforts at the external borders. At the same time, attempts are being made to strategically select immigrants from new member states as well as from outside the EU who will be of economic value. In this paper we argue that by implementing such protectionist and selective immigration policy, the EU has come to resemble a gated community in which the bio‐political control and management of immigration is, to a large extent, the product of fear. Often fear manifests itself in terms of fear of losing material gain, eg the anxiety of losing economic welfare or public security. More often, however, this fear relates to the entrance of the immigrant, the stranger and is, as such, associated with a fear of losing a community's self‐defined identity. These perceived threats to a community's comfort lead to the politicisation of protection, whereby the terra incognita beyond the border is justifiably neglected due to the indifference and the intentional blindness shown to the outside. Hiding in a gated community in order to protect this comfort zone and trying to exclude outsiders, ‘Others’, from the community, is not only in vain since the desire for completion of the Self can never be fulfilled, but what remains still more troublesome, is that this tendency will sustain and reproduce global inequality and segregation, both in the material as well as symbolic sense.
The Price of Goodness: Everyday Nationalist Narratives in Denmark
Authors: Koefoed Lasse , Simonsen Kirsten
Published: April 2007

Abstract: One of the most important political issues in Denmark today is the new upsurge of nationalism. This reached its height at the two latest general elections in Denmark, which in many ways struck the left with surprise and shock. The purpose of this paper is to try to make sense of this situation. The paper falls into four parts. After introducing the problem and contextualizing it in the “new” Europe, we provide a short presentation of the theory, methodology and analytical strategy behind the article. In the third section, we identify two conflicting discourses in current Danish debates on this issue. In the fourth section, we argue that in order to understand the present situation, a much more differentiated understanding of nationalism and its (re‐)construction in everyday life is needed. Here such an understanding is pursued on the basis of an interview analysis of narrative constructions of nationalism conducted in a medium‐sized Danish town. This, finally, is taken as the background for discussing the present advancement of nationalism in Denmark as interference between particular and more “universal” factors.
Reflective Action in the Academy: Exploring Praxis in Critical Geography using a “Food Movement” Case Study
Authors: Wakefield Sarah E L
Published: April 2007

Abstract: One of the key components of critical geography is praxis—defined here as the melding of theory/reflection and practice/action as part of a conscious struggle to transform the world. Put simply, praxis is giving life to ideas about the way the world is—and could be—by acting on one's convictions in daily (work and home) life. Praxis can thus take many forms, and can occur both within and outside the academy. This paper examines how research and practice can be co‐constituted by examining the “food movement” (ie the mobilization of disparate social actors in resistance to various aspects of the dominant corporate–industrial food system) in Canada as a case study. Through this lens, different forms of praxis are interrogated, not to identify a uniform “best praxis”, but rather to highlight the benefits and drawbacks of particular approaches in this one specific context. In so doing, the paper explores how critical geographers might contribute, through praxis, to the recognition and restructuring of social relations as part of the broader emancipatory project that is central to critical theory.
WHAT MOTIVATES WOMEN TO TAKE PART IN CLINICAL AND BASIC SCIENCE ENDOMETRIOSIS RESEARCH?*
Authors: AGARWAL SANJAY K. , ESTRADA SYLVIA , FOSTER WARREN G. , WALL L. LEWIS , BROWN DOUG , REVIS ELAINE S. , RODRIGUEZ SUZANNE
Published: April 2007

BACKGROUND:  The objective of this study was to identify factors motivating women to take part in endometriosis research and to determine if these factors differ for women participating in clinical versus basic science studies.

METHODS:  A consecutive series of 24 women volunteering for participation in endometriosis‐related research were asked to indicate, in their own words, why they chose to volunteer. In addition, the women were asked to rate, on a scale of 0 to 10, sixteen potentially motivating factors. The information was gathered in the form of an anonymous self‐administered questionnaire.

RESULTS:  Strong motivating factors (mean score >8) included potential benefit to other women's health, improvement to one's own condition, and participation in scientific advancement. Weak motivating factors (mean score <3) included financial compensation, making one's doctor happy, and use of ‘natural’ products. No difference was detected between clinical and basic science study participants.

CONCLUSION:  This study is the first study to specifically investigate the factors that motivate women to take part in endometriosis research. Understanding why women choose to take part in such research is important to the integrity of the informed consent process. The factors most strongly motivating women to participate in endometriosis research related to improving personal or public health; the weakest, to financial compensation and pleasing the doctor.
WHY EBERL IS WRONG. REFLECTIONS ON THE BEGINNING OF PERSONHOOD
Authors: DECKERS JAN
Published: April 2007

In a paper published in Bioethics, Jason Eberl has argued that early embryos are not persons and should not be granted the status possessed by them.1 Eberl bases this position upon the following claims:

(1) The early embryo has a passive potentiality for development into a person.

(2) The early embryo has not established both ‘unique genetic identity’ and ‘ongoing ontological identity’, which are necessary conditions for ensoulment.

(3) The early embryo has a low probability of developing into a more developed embryo.

This paper examines these claims. I argue against (1) that a plausible view is that the early embryo has an active potentiality to grow into a more developed embryo. Against (2), I argue that neither ‘unique genetic identity’ nor ‘ongoing ontological identity’ are necessary conditions for ensoulment, and that ‘ongoing ontological identity’ is established between early embryos and more developed embryos. Against (3), I argue that the fact that the early embryo has a low probability of developing into a more developed embryo, if true, does not warrant the conclusion that the early embryo is not a person. If Eberl is right that the human soul is that which organises the activities of a human being and that ensouled humans are persons, embryos are persons from conception.
Teaching software engineering by means of computer‐game development: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Cagiltay Nergiz Ercil
Published: April 2007

Software‐engineering education programs are intended to prepare students for a field that involves rapidly changing conditions and expectations. Thus, there is always a danger that the skills and the knowledge provided may soon become obsolete. This paper describes results and draws on experiences from the implementation of a computer game‐development course whose design addresses problems in software‐engineering education by improving students' abilities in four areas: (1) problem solving; (2) the application of previously learned knowledge; (3) the use of independent learning; and (4) learning by doing. In order to better understand this course's effect on students' performance in a software‐development project, I investigated 125 students' performance in a 1‐year senior‐project course. Results of this study show that the students who had taken the computer game‐development course became more successful in the senior‐project course than the students who had not taken it.
Trans‐boundary Pollution and Brain Drain Migration
Authors: Kondoh Kenji
Published: April 2007

The economic effects of international brain drain migration in the presence of trans‐boundary pollution are analyzed. In autarky, both skilled and unskilled workers are expected to migrate from the less developed foreign country to the developed home country, if permitted. Surprisingly, under certain conditions, all workers, apart from skilled foreign ones, will gain (lose) from the migration of unskilled (skilled) foreign workers. Moreover, if skilled foreign workers are employed as unskilled domestic workers, then skilled foreign workers will gain but unskilled workers in both countries will lose. Whether or not skilled domestic workers will gain depends on the magnitude of the pollution spillover parameter. Brain drain migration persists under free trade if the demand for manufactured goods is strong.
Efficiency in International Trade with Firm Heterogeneity and Networks
Authors: Hiep Nguyen , Ohta Hiroshi
Published: April 2007

This paper examines integrated effects of firm heterogeneity and communication network services on international trade. Patterns and effects of trade are analyzed in a general equilibrium model where firms with different productivity levels share among them the cost of network services and compete in a monopolistically competitive market for a differentiated good. The paper reveals that the more efficient country in the production of the differentiated good is not always the net exporter of the good. The less efficient country also has the chance to expand the industry and then to become the net exporter in this intra‐industry trade due to the combination of the efficiency effect induced by firm heterogeneity and the cost‐sharing effect by the existence of the network service industry.
International Income Transfer under Imperfect Competition
Authors: Okawa Masayuki
Published: April 2007

This paper examines the effects of an international income transfer under international monopoly. One of the markets in the donor country is monopolized and there exist two distinct types of agent: monopolist and factor owners. The transfer is provided by the agents with different lump sum tax (burden‐share) rates. The burden‐share rate plays a key role concerning the welfare effects of a transfer. We show that the government of the donor country can raise both its social welfare and the wellbeing of the recipient country by providing a further transfer and by simultaneously adjusting the burden‐share rates.
The limits to local participation and deliberation in the French ‘politique de la ville’
Authors: SINTOMER YVES , DE MAILLARD JACQUES
Published: April 2007

Abstract.  Over the past twenty years in France, the politique de la ville (a public policy initiative targeting impoverished urban areas) has constituted one of the main sources of renewal of the discourse concerning social participation. This article looks at whether it has led to a genuine democratisation of policy making. The following four questions are discussed: Have participatory procedures improved the efficiency of public policy? Have they fostered the strengthening of the social bond? Has setting up new procedures improved deliberation between political and nonpolitical actors? And has this new policy generated a renewal of local elites and modified the decision‐making process? The authors conclude that these different attempts have had only a very limited impact.
Procedural legitimacy and political trust: The case of citizen juries in Spain
Authors: FONT JOAN , BLANCO ISMAEL
Published: April 2007

Abstract.  During the past few years, new mechanisms of citizen participation in decision making have been introduced into local governance frameworks in many countries around the world. One of the basic objectives of these mechanisms is to bridge the gap between citizens and politicians or, in other words, to build political trust. In Spain, citizen juries are one of the main manifestations of this trend towards local democratic innovation. Their contribution to the building of political trust depends above all on their ability to secure their own procedural legitimacy. Case studies of Spanish citizen juries demonstrate that this mechanism can guarantee sufficient pluralism, and that appropriate amounts of information and deliberation, as well as devices to guarantee neutrality, can be incorporated. However, the limited role that citizen juries assign to associations and the strategic considerations that all political actors have with respect to them are crucial limits to their broader political acceptance. Moreover, their educative effects are limited by two factors: they are isolated experiences in a context of very limited opportunities for participation; and their impact on decision making tends to be irregular and diffuse. Nevertheless, Spanish citizen juries also have the potential to increase citizens' interest in local events and the topics under discussion, and to stimulate reflection on social problems. Their contribution to achieving better informed and more responsive bureaucrats and politicians could also be a crucial step towards establishing a greater degree of political trust.
Social‐environmental certification: Sustainable development and competitiveness in the mineral industry of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Rodrigues da Silva Enríquez Maria Amélia , Drummond José
Published: April 2007

This article examines the relationship between increased metal mining and sustainable development in the eastern section of the Amazonian state of Pará in Brazil. Since the early 1980s, mining has grown rapidly in Pará and local mining operations have become global leaders in the production of iron, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, gold, copper and — in the near future — nickel. To stay in tune with global standards, these companies have committed themselves to the principles of sustainability and have obtained certification for both social and environmental aspects of their activities. The article looks into whether such certification is linked to sustainable development of the relatively poor regions where these companies operate. The main findings are that: (1) there is a visible association between certification and improved performance by the companies, but not with the development of nearby areas; and (2) social‐environmental certification processes place more emphasis on ecological variables than on social ones.
Possibilities and options for the Clean Development Mechanism and the Green Investment Scheme in Central and Eastern Europe: Macedonian and Romanian perspectives
Authors: Khovanskaia Maria , Ivanyi Zsuzsanna
Published: April 2007

Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is a rapidly changing and developing region which is making the transition to a market based economy. Along with economic reforms, the countries of the region are engaged in substantial environmental reforms, including climate change mitigation activities. Mitigation of, and adaptation to, the consequences of climate change are costly processes. It is therefore of great importance that the national and international mechanisms addressing these problems use methods both environmentally sound and economically efficient. Through two case studies that address the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and the Green Investment Scheme (GIS) in Romania, this paper explores challenges, related tasks and main problems in the establishment of mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol in Central and Eastern Europe.
Social features of energy production and use in Brazil: Goals for a sustainable energy future
Authors: Da Costa Márcio Macedo , Cohen Claude , Schaeffer Roberto
Published: April 2007

This paper focuses on the social features of ene rgy production and use in Brazil and discusses the role of the energy policy goals of accessibility, affordability and acceptability in defining a sustainable energy future for the country. The major findings are that social inequalities in Brazil regarding energy use continue to be substantial and important. This can be explained by the fact that, although recent decades have seen significant improvements in energy accessibility all over the country, much more needs to be done to provide affordable, and socially acceptable modern energy carriers to all socio‐economic groups in all regions.
Can China control the side effects of motor vehicle growth?
Authors: Walsh Michael P.
Published: April 2007

Motor vehicle growth in China is the fastest in the world. This is placing great strain on the urban environment and causing a rapid increase in oil imports and motor vehicle carbon dioxide emissions. To deal with the environmental and health effects of air pollution, China has adopted a strong motor vehicle pollution control programme and imposed limits on fuel consumption of new light duty vehicles. The article will review these problems and programmes. Special focus will be given to the need to reduce sulphur levels in both gasoline and diesel fuel.
Pigmented Hypertrichotic Dermatosis and Insulin Dependent Diabetes: Manifestations of a Unique Genetic Disorder?
Authors: Prendiville Julie , Rogers Maureen , Kan Alex , Castro Fernando de , Wong Melanie , Junker Anne , Becknell Charlie , Schultz Kirk
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  A novel pigmented dermatosis was observed in four unrelated boys, three of whom had insulin‐dependent diabetes. Three patients were the offspring of consanguineous parents. All four boys had pigmented hypertrichotic patches or induration on the upper inner thighs, with variable involvement of the genitalia, trunk, and limbs. Two boys had episcleritis and orbital proptosis with similar facies and musculoskeletal abnormalities including clinodactyly, flat feet, and short stature. One child had paraaortic and inguinal lymphadenopathy and three patients had an enlarged liver and spleen. A large, swollen pancreas was observed on ultrasound imaging in one patient with insulin dependent diabetes who also had echocardiographic evidence of pericardial inflammation. Three boys had elevated laboratory markers of inflammation. Biopsy specimens from the skin and orbit showed a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of polyclonal lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells; fibrosis was observed in two patients, one of whom had previously received radiation therapy to the orbit. Two boys responded to treatment with subcutaneous interferon‐α, combined with a short course of oral prednisone in the child without diabetes. We believe these inflammatory pigmented skin lesions represent a unique dermatosis associated with diabetes mellitus and systemic disease. The pathogenesis is unknown. The presence of consanguinity in three of four families, and similar dysmorphic features in two boys, suggest a genetic disorder, possibly with autosomal recessive inheritance.
Cerebriform Intradermal Nevus
Authors: Yazici Ayca Cordan , Ikizoglu Guliz , Baz Kiymet , Polat Ayse , Ustunsoy Dilek
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Cerebriform intradermal nevus is a rare form of cutis verticis gyrata. Clinically it manifests as a scalp deformity resembling the surface of the brain, with cerebriform morphologic characteristics. Degeneration into malignant melanoma has been reported. Herein, a cerebriform intradermal nevus of the scalp in a 7‐year‐old girl is reported. The clinical and histopathologic presentations of cerebriform intradermal nevus are described and the therapeutic possibilities discussed.
Onychomycosis in a Premature Infant Caused by Candida parapsilosis
Authors: Koklu Esad , Gunes Tamer , Kurtoglu Selim , Gokoglu Sonay , Koklu Selmin
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  We report onychomycosis caused by Candida parapsilosis in a 35‐day‐old premature infant. To our knowledge, this represents the youngest instance of an isolated lesion of the nail plate without involvement of glabrous skin, caused by C. parapsilosis in this age group to be reported in the literature.
Lymphotropic Adamantinoid Trichoblastoma
Authors: Murphy Michael , Brierley Tamika , Pennoyer Jennifer , Rozenski Diana , Grant‐Kels Jane M.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  We report a lymphotropic adamantinoid trichoblastoma in a 14‐year‐old girl. This is a rarely reported skin adnexal tumor in adolescent patients. The clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of this tumor are described.
Transilluminator Burns in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Mimicker of More Serious Disease
Authors: Perman Marissa J. , Kauls Lynda S.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  We report an outbreak of erythematous to purpuric papules and vesicles in four neonates whose lesions arose within a 72‐hour period in a neonatal intensive care unit. As isolated lesions, the clinical presentation mimicked cutaneous aspergillosis. Ultimately, because of the number of patients with similar lesions, an exogenous source was suspected and determined to be a faulty transillumination device.
Pulsed Dye Laser Therapy for Pediatric Warts
Authors: Park Hyun Su , Kim Jee Woong , Jang Sang Jai , Choi Jung Chul
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Viral wart infections constitute one of the most common pediatric skin diseases, and various modalities have been used to manage them. Although pulsed dye laser therapy is known to be a safe and efficacious modality, the reported cure rates for this method have varied, and no studies have reported treatment of pediatric patients alone. This prospective, nonblinded, nonrandomized study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser therapy for pediatric warts. We found that this method is safe, relatively effective, and worth considering as an additional therapeutic option for viral warts in children, although not as a first‐line therapy.
Modified Curettage Technique for Molluscum Contagiosum
Authors: Editor  , Cunningham Bari B. , Martín‐García Rafael F. , García Maria Elena , Rosado Amarilys
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Molluscum contagiosum is a frequently occurring, virally induced cutaneous condition that affects infants, children, and adults. Although historically considered a self‐limiting entity, many patients experience prolonged infections, often resistant to varied therapeutic interventions. Topical treatments achieve complete clearance in only a limited number of patients. Because of the associated pain, affected children are characteristically uncompliant to commonly used destructive modalities. We describe a modification of the traditional curettage technique to remove lesions of molluscum contagiosum, which has proven to be effective and well tolerated by a significant number of patients in our practice.
Neutropenia in Patients Treated With Thienopyridines and High‐Dose Oral Prednisone after Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: RIBICHINI FLAVIO , FERRERO VALERIA , FEOLA MAURO , ROGNONI ANDREA , BRUNELLESCHI SANDRA , VACCA GIOVANNI , VASSANELLI CORRADO
Published: April 2007

Background:
Oral treatment with prednisone has demonstrated efficacy in reducing restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). However, administration of steroids at high dose may raise concerns in terms of applicability and tolerability. Monitoring the occurrence of possible side‐effects is therefore mandatory.

Methods:
Secondary effects of oral prednisone in this setting is analyzed. The “expected” secondary effects of the steroid treatment are described, together with the “unexpected” occurrence of likely drug‐induced neutropenia observed in patients prescribed prednisone and thienopyridines simultaneously after PCI.

Results:
Two‐hundred and twenty patients were monitored for the occurrence of side‐effects of the prednisone therapy. Twenty‐eight patients (14%) had side‐effects likely related to the prednisone treatment: gastric pain (4%), increment of arterial pressure needing upgrading of antihypertensive treatment (4%), edema (1.8%), and concomitant infections (1.4%). In three patients (1.4%), agranulocytosis was detected at the time of the routine blood cell count scheduled 4 weeks after PCI in otherwise asymptomatic patients. Neutropenia subsided completely after withdrawal of prednisone and thienopyridine in all cases and the blood cell formula normalized within 3 weeks.

Conclusions:
Side‐effects of oral prednisone given after PCI to reduce restenosis occur in less than 15% of patients. Complaints are mild and reversible and can be easily managed with adjunctive diuretic and antacid drugs. The occurrence of agranulocytosis after prednisone had never been reported before, but was observed in 1.4% of our patients receiving simultaneously a thienopyridine. To explain such an unusual event we propose the hypothesis of a possible metabolic interaction between prednisone and thienopyridines.
Built from Living Stones: Hispanic Catholic Parishes Without Boundaries
or Buildings
Authors: Davis Kenneth G.
Published: April 2007

“Hispanic” is a term from the United States (USA) census bureau later
adopted by the United States Catholic Council of Bishops (USCCB) that refers
to USA residents who trace part of their ancestry to Spanish-speakers.
Usually they also have ancestors from among either American indigenous
communities or Africans imported as slaves, or both. For the purpose of this
article, it presumes that whatever their level of acculturation to USA
society, their preferred language of worship is still Spanish.

A new way of being Catholic is necessarily forged by those Hispanics.
They are not assimilating into the USA church as did former immigrants from
Europe, but they are also unable to simply reproduce the Catholicism of
their twenty plus countries of origin.

New church structures must therefore address this novel phenomenon,
especially in areas where those immigrants are recent or geographically
dispersed.

Rather than only continuing the mostly futile attempt to integrate
immigrants into existing parishes, local ordinaries should consider other
options including parishes without boundaries or buildings. Such personal
parishes constituted of a community of small communities are not only
possible under current Church law and doctrine, but often best fulfills the
intent of those same documents.
Transformative Processes in Marriage: An Analysis of Emerging Trends
Authors: Fincham Frank D. , Stanley Scott M. , Beach Steven R. H.
Published: April 2007

The study of conflict has dominated psychological research on marriage. This article documents its move from center stage, outlining how a broader canvas accommodates a richer picture of marriage. A brief sampling of new constructs such as forgiveness and sacrifice points to an organizing theme of transformative processes in emerging marital research. The implications of marital transformations are explored including spontaneous remission of distress, nonlinear dynamic systems that may produce unexpected and discontinuous change, possible nonarbitrary definitions of marital discord, and the potential for developing other constructs related to self‐transformation in marital research.
Imagining Men: Lesbian Mothers’ Perceptions of Male Involvement During the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. , Allen Katherine R
Published: April 2007

Much popular and professional literature has focused on the effects of father absence, particularly in lesbian parent households; yet, little attention has been paid to lesbian parents’ preferences and intentions surrounding male involvement. This qualitative study of 60 lesbian women who were transitioning to parenthood explores this issue. Most women desired some level of male involvement, even before their children were born. Far from describing a desire for “father figures,” however, they conceptualized male involvement in novel, diverse, and sometimes ambivalent ways. Having a boy enhanced some women’s motivations to actively pursue male role models for their children. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding of the kinship structure of lesbian‐parent families and families in general.
Gay Men: Negotiating Procreative, Father, and Family Identities
Authors: Berkowitz Dana , Marsiglio William
Published: April 2007

Our qualitative study examines the social psychology of gay men’s experiences with their procreative, father, and family identities. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 19 childless gay men and 20 gay men in the United States who have fathered using diverse means excluding heterosexual intercourse. By focusing on men aged 19 – 55 residing primarily in Florida and New York, our novel analysis illuminates how emerging structural opportunities and shifting constraints shape gay men’s procreative consciousness. Findings reveal that gay men’s procreative consciousness evolves throughout men’s life course, and is profoundly shaped by institutions and ruling relations, such as adoption and fertility agencies, assumptions about gay men, and negotiations with birth mothers, partners, and others.
Autonomy, Dependence, or Display? The Relationship Between Married Women’s Earnings and Housework
Authors: Gupta Sanjiv
Published: April 2007

I argue that both the dominant models of the relationship between earnings and housework, economic dependence and gender display, have fundamental defects. They focus on the effect of women’s earnings compared to their husbands’ on their housework and ignore the possibility of an independent relationship between women’s own earnings and their time spent on housework. Using a sample of 914 married women employed full time from the second wave of the National Survey of Families and Households, I show that women’s housework is affected only by their own earnings, not by their husbands’, and not by their earnings compared to their husbands’. Further, I show that findings suggestive of dependence and display in earlier research are more simply explained in terms of women’s absolute rather than relative earnings. These results invalidate the dependence and display models of the relationship between earnings and housework time and suggest that married women have a substantial degree of economic autonomy in the areas of domestic life for which they are normatively responsible.
Negotiating Inequality Among Adult Siblings: Two Case Studies
Authors: Connidis Ingrid Arnet
Published: April 2007

Qualitative instrumental case study analysis of adult siblings from 2 families explores how socioeconomic inequality among them affects their relationships to one another. Eight middle‐aged siblings’ observations of childhood, parental expectations, work and family history, lifestyle, and current sibling ties indicate that childhood interdependence, parallel parental treatment, similar intergenerational mobility, greater success of the younger rather than older siblings, and economic success due to other than individual effort facilitate smoother negotiations of material inequality and enhance the negotiation of sibling relationships as important sources of support. These new insights on negotiating sibling ties over time are related to various forms of capital, a life course perspective, and ambivalence, and point to fresh avenues for future research and theory.
Asking and Telling: Can “Disclosure of Origin” Requirements in Patent Applications Make a Difference?
Authors: Hoare Alison L. , Tarasofsky Richard G.
Published: April 2007

This article seeks to evaluate, based on current practice at the national level, the justifications for “disclosure of origin” requirements in patent applications for inventions involving genetic resources. It provides a review of national legislation within Europe and the Americas, and describes the impact of these measures to date. The lessons learnt, relating to the feasibility and effectiveness of the legislation, are described. Options for the future development of this legislation are outlined, and suggestions are made as to how to move forward on this issue and, thus, to help facilitate fair and equitable resource use.
Forgiveness and Therapy: A Critical Review of Conceptualizations, Practices, and Values Found in the Literature
Authors: Legaree Terri‐Ann , Turner Jean , Lollis Susan
Published: April 2007

This article is a critical review of how forgiveness is conceptualized in the family therapy, counseling, and clinical psychology literature. A systematic analysis of themes in a fairly comprehensive set of texts was carried out. Three main dimensions emerged along which therapist authors’ viewpoints can be located: essentiality, intentionality, and benevolence. Therapy practices and values that correspond with positions along these dimensions are presented. The analysis reveals that greater exploration is needed regarding how forgiveness is related to diversity (e.g., gender, culture, religion, etc.), marginalization, and relations of power. Our objective is to provide a conceptual map for clinicians so that they might locate their own thinking about forgiveness and be better equipped to work sensitively with the forgiveness views and values of their clients.
Responding to Remediation and Gatekeeping Challenges in Supervision
Authors: Russell Candyce S. , DuPree W. Jared , Beggs Mary A. , Peterson Colleen M. , Anderson Michael P.
Published: April 2007

Thirty faculty in randomly selected Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education (COAMFTE) programs representing four geographical regions of the United States were asked to respond to a survey that included seven brief vignettes depicting gatekeeping and remediation challenges supervisors may face when working with therapists‐in‐training. Research participants were asked to select from among a range of 17 response options and were also asked to provide a rationale for the selection of their responses. The response rate for the mailed survey was 34%. Telephone interviews were conducted with three respondents who had provided especially detailed responses to the open‐ended portions of the mailed survey and who also volunteered to be questioned regarding how supervision decisions are made. Results support the conclusion that COAMFTE faculty take their gatekeeping function seriously as they balance commitments to multiple stakeholders. When presented with hypothetical “bare‐bones” vignettes, the supervisors in our study consistently recommended talking with the student in order to more fully understand the context of the student’s performance problem before deciding how to proceed. Supervisors recommended a variety of remediation efforts, but reserved the most severe consequences, such as probation, dismissal, and filing an ethics complaint, for the vignette involving dishonesty and lack of personal integrity.
Therapeutic Alliance and Treatment Progress in Couple Psychotherapy
Authors: Knobloch‐Fedders Lynne M. , Pinsof William M. , Mann Barton J.
Published: April 2007

This study examined the ability of the therapeutic alliance to predict treatment progress on individual‐ and relationship‐level variables from the early to middle phase of couple treatment. Although alliance did not predict progress in individual functioning, it accounted for 5–22% of the variance in improvement in marital distress. Women’s mid‐treatment alliance uniquely predicted improvement in marital distress, over and above early treatment alliance. When men’s alliances with the therapist were stronger than their partners’ at session 8, couples showed more improvement in marital distress. Treatment response was also positively associated with women’s ratings of their partners’ alliance. Results confirm that the therapeutic alliance in conjoint treatment is composed of distinct client subsystems that are useful predictors of treatment progress.
CFD Simulations and Experiments of Flow Fluctuations Around a Steam Control Valve
Authors: Morita Ryo , Inada Fumio , Mori Michitsugu , Tezuka Kenichi , Tsujimoto Yoshinobu
Published: April 2007

Under certain opening conditions (partial opening) of a steam control valve, the piping system in a power plant occasionally experiences large vibrations. To understand the valve instability that is responsible for such vibrations, detailed experiments and CFD calculations were performed. As a result of these investigations, it was found that under the middle-opening (partial opening) condition, a complex three-dimensional (3D) flow structure (valve-attached flow) sets up in the valve region leading to a high pressure region on a part of the valve body. As this region rotates circumferentially, it causes a cyclic asymmetric side load on the valve body, which is considered to be the cause of the vibrations.
Validation of Two-Fluid Eulerian CFD Modeling for Microbubble Drag Reduction Across a Wide Range of Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Kunz Robert F. , Gibeling Howard J. , Maxey Martin R. , Tryggvason Gretar , Fontaine Arnold A. , Petrie Howard L. , Ceccio Steven L.
Published: April 2007

An Eulerian two-fluid computational fluid dynamics model has been developed for flows with microbubble drag reduction (MBDR). This paper focuses on recent validation studies for MBDR flows across a spectrum of Reynolds numbers. Direct numerical simulations and two sets of experimental flat plate boundary layer measurements are studied. In this paper, the interfacial dynamics and other models used are first presented, followed by detailed comparisons with the validation cases. Emphasis is placed on the modeling strategies required to capture measured volume fraction, bubble size, and bubble velocity distributions, as well as skin friction drag reduction.
Suppression of Cavitation in Inducers by J-Grooves
Authors: Choi Young-Do , Kurokawa Junichi , Imamura Hiroshi
Published: April 2007

Cavitation is a serious problem in the development of high-speed turbopumps, and an inducer is often used to avoid cavitation in the main impeller. Thus, the inducer often operates under the worst conditions of cavitation. If it could be possible to control and suppress cavitation in the inducer by some new device, it would also be possible to suppress cavitation occurring in all types of pumps. The purpose of our present study is to develop a new, effective method of controlling and suppressing cavitation in an inducer using shallow grooves, called “J-Grooves.” J-Grooves are installed on the casing wall near the blade tip to use the high axial pressure gradient that exists between the region just downstream of the inducer leading edge and the region immediately upstream of the inducer. The results show that the proper combination of backward-swept inducer with J-Grooves improves the suction performance of the turbopump remarkably, at both partial flow rates and the design flow rate. The rotating backflow cavitation occurring at low flow rates and the cavitation surge which occurs near the best efficiency point can be almost fully suppressed by installing J-Grooves.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Adsorbent Layer Effect on Tangential Momentum Accommodation Coefficient
Authors: Finger George W. , Kapat Jayanta S. , Bhattacharya Aniket
Published: April 2007

The tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC) is used to improve the accuracy of fluid flow calculations in the slip flow regime where the continuum assumption of zero fluid velocity at the surface is inaccurate because fluid “slip” occurs. Molecular dynamics techniques are used to study impacts of individual gas atoms upon solid surfaces to understand how approach velocity, crystal geometry, interatomic forces, and adsorbed layers affect the scattering of gas atoms, and their tangential momentum. It is a logical step in development of techniques estimating total TMAC values for investigating flows in micro- and nano-channels or orbital spacecraft where slip flow occurs. TMAC can also help analysis in transitional or free molecular flow regimes. The impacts were modeled using Lennard-Jones potentials. Solid surfaces were modeled approximately three atoms wide by three atoms deep by 40 or more atoms long face centered cubic (100) crystals. The gas was modeled as individual free atoms. Gas approach angles were varied from 10 to 70deg from normal. Gas speed was either specified directly or using a ratio relationship with the Lennard-Jones energy potential (energy ratio). To adequately model the trajectories and maintain conservation of energy, very small time steps (approximately 0.0005 of the natural time unit) were used. For each impact the initial and final tangential momenta were determined and after many atoms, TMAC was calculated. The modeling was validated with available experimental data for He gas atoms at 1770m∕s impacting Cu at the given angles. The model agreed within 3% of experimental values and correctly predicted that TMAC changes with angle. Molecular Dynamics results estimate TMAC values from high of 1.2 to low of 0.25, generally estimating higher coefficients at the smaller angles. TMAC values above 1.0 indicate backscattering, which numerous experiments have observed. The ratio of final to initial momentum, when plotted for a gas atom sequence spaced across a lattice cycle typically follows a discontinuous curve, with continuous portions forward and backscattering and discontinuous portions indicating multiple bounces. Increasing the energy ratio above a value of 5 tends to decrease TMAC at all angles. Adsorbed layers atop a surface influence the TMAC in accordance with their energy ratio. Even a single adsorbed layer can have a substantial effect, changing TMAC +∕−20%. The results provide encouragement to continue model development and next evaluate gas flows with Maxwell temperature distributions involving numerous impact angles simultaneously.
Alternate Scales for Turbulent Flow in Transitional Rough Pipes: Universal Log Laws
Authors: Afzal Noor , Seena Abu
Published: April 2007

In transitional rough pipes, the present work deals with alternate four new scales, the inner wall transitional roughness variable ζ=Z+∕ϕ, associated with a particular roughness level, defined by roughness scale ϕ connected with roughness function ▵U+, the roughness friction Reynolds number Rϕ (based on roughness friction velocity), and roughness Reynolds number Reϕ (based on roughness average velocity) where the mean turbulent flow, little above the roughness sublayer, does not depend on pipes transitional roughness. In these alternate variables, a two layer mean momentum theory is analyzed by the method of matched asymptotic expansions for large Reynolds numbers. The matching of the velocity profile and friction factor by Izakson-Millikan-Kolmogorov hypothesis gives universal log laws that are explicitly independent of pipe roughness. The data of the velocity profile and friction factor on transitional rough pipes provide strong support to universal log laws, having the same constants as for smooth walls. There is no universality of scalings in traditional variables and different expressions are needed for various types of roughness, as suggested, for example, with inflectional-type roughness, monotonic Colebrook-Moody roughness, etc. In traditional variables, the roughness scale, velocity profile, and friction factor prediction for inflectional pipes roughness are supported very well by experimental data.
Experimental and Analytical Study of the Pressure Drop Across a Double-Outlet Vortex Chamber
Authors: Jawarneh Ali M. , Sakaris P. , Vatistas Georgios H.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents experimental and analytical results concerning the pressure drop and the core size in vortex chambers. The new formulation is based on the conservation of mass and energy integral equations and takes into account the presence of two outlet ports. The diminishing vortex strength is introduced through the vortex decay factor. The influence of vortex chamber geometry, such as diameter ratio, aspect ratio, and Reynolds number, on the flow field have been examined and compared with the present experimental data. It is shown that the presence of the swirl velocity component makes the pressure drop across a vortex chamber significantly different than the familiar unidirectional pipe flow. When the chamber length is increased, the vortex diminishes under the action of friction, producing a weaker centrifugal force which leads to a further pressure drop. It is revealed that by increasing the Reynolds number, the cores expand resulting into a larger pressure coefficient. For a double-outlet chamber where the flow is divided into two streams, the last parameter is found to be less than that of a single-outlet.