bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic gastrostomy placement and early tube feeding may limit loss of weight during chemoradiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer, a preliminary study
Authors: Wiggenraad R.G.J. , Flierman L. , Goossens A. , Brand R. , Verschuur H.P. , Croll G.A. , Moser L.E.C. , Vriesendorp R.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  Most patients with advanced head and neck cancer receiving chemoradiotherapy need tube feeding for at least some weeks. For these periods gastrostomy tubes have advantages over nasogastric tubes. Tube feeding may start earlier and thus loss of weight may be limited if the gastrostomy tube already is in place. The objective of this study is to analyse the results of prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement and early tube feeding.

Design:  Retrospective chart review.

Setting:  Multidisciplinary head and neck oncology team in a general hospital.

Participants:  Fifty consecutive patients with unresectable stage III and IV head and neck cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. In all patients prophylactic PEG placement was performed. Tube feeding was initiated if food‐intake became insufficient or loss of weight occurred.

Main outcome measures:  Loss of weight during treatment, complication rate, PEG duration.

Results:  The mean loss of weight during treatment for all patients was only 2.8%. One complication of tube placement occurred: a colon perforation, treated successfully by surgery. The median duration of the PEG was 178 days. Three of the 17 patients (18%) with no evidence of disease (NED) still had a PEG at their last follow‐up visit. Of the 26 patients who died of their cancer, 13 used the PEG until death.

Conclusions:  Loss of weight was limited after prophylactic gastrostomy placement and early tube feeding. Moreover, the complication rate was low. In 82% of the NED patients the PEG could eventually be removed.
The prevalence of ENT disorders in pre‐school children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Barr E. , Dungworth J. , Hunter K. , McFarlane M. , Kubba H.
Published: September 2010

Introduction.  Guidelines for children with Down syndrome suggest hearing testing at birth, then annually until school entry, followed by checks every 2 years. For some time, the departments of Audiology and Educational Audiology have run a hearing surveillance clinic for all children with Down Syndrome in Greater Glasgow. Since September 2004, an ENT consultant has attended these clinics. A prospective record of the ENT health of children in Greater Glasgow with Down syndrome has been kept for 3 years. We present prevalence data for ENT problems between 1 and 6 years of age.

Method.  Data were extracted from the database for the presence of otitis media with effusion (OME) and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) for every clinic visit.

Results.  There were 76 children with Down syndrome in Greater Glasgow, aged 9 months‐6 years. 42 were female, 34 male. Of these, 70 were seen at the clinic at least once (92%). 25 (36%) underwent ENT surgery during the study period. The prevalence of OME (based on otoscopy, tympanometry and age‐appropriate audiometry) ranged from 92% at age 1 to 73% at age 5‐6. SDB was most prevalent at age 2 (44%). Other ENT diagnoses were subglottic stenosis (2), laryngomalacia (1) and congenital muscular torticollis (1). None had sensorineural hearing impairment.

Conclusion.  ENT disorders are very common in preschool children with Down syndrome. It is likely that they will have a significant impact on development for some children. Further research is required to determine whether our intensive approach to surveillance and intervention will improve outcomes.
Reduced TLR2 gene expression is a feature of chronic rhinitic mucosa supporting the hygiene hypothesis
Authors: Vanhinsbergh L. , Powe D.G. , Jones N.S.
Published: September 2010

Objective.  Pathogenic induction of the immunomodulators toll like receptors (TLRs) and beta‐defensins (HBD) can steer the developing immune system toward a Th1 nonallergic pathway and might explain why farmer's children show reduced frequency of allergy. We hypothesised that chronic allergic and nonallergic rhinitis might be associated with reduced mucosal levels of TLRs and HBDs.

Method.  The gene expression levels of TLR2 & 4 and HBD1‐4 was determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction in sections of nasal turbinate tissue from adults with persistent allergic and idiopathic rhinitis, healthy nasal mucosa and tonsil tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the localisation and distribution of proteins for TLR2, HBD2, α‐defensins (1‐3) and neutrophil elastase

Results.  A significant reduction in TLR2 mRNA expression was identified in allergic mucosa compared to control mucosa, with generally reduced expression for TLR4 and HBDs. While not significant, the nonallergic group also showed reduced expression for TLRs and HBDs. With the exception of HBD4, increased gene levels were seen in tonsil tissue. HBD2 and TLR2 protein expression was localised in lining and submucosal glandular epithelium but insignificant differences were seen for HBDs, TLRs, neutrophils and α‐defensin between the rhinitic and control patient groups.

Conclusion.  Chronic rhinitic mucosa shows reduced levels of TLR and HBD gene expression. The significant reduction in TLR2 gene expression in adult allergics support the concept that increased TLR2 is protective against the development of allergy.
Natural Language Processing for Cultural Heritage Domains
Authors: Sporleder Caroline
Published: September 2010

Museums, archives, libraries and other cultural heritage institutes maintain large collections of artefacts, which are valuable knowledge sources for both experts and interested lay persons. Recently, more and more cultural heritage institutes have started to digitise their collections, for instance to make them accessible via web portals. However, while digitisation is a necessary first step towards improved information access, to fully unlock the knowledge contained in these collections, users have to be able to easily browse, search and query these collections. This requires cleaning, linking and enriching the data, a process that is often too time‐consuming to be performed manually. Information technology can help with (partially) automating this task. Because data processing and enrichment typically involve the textual metadata level, natural language processing has a key role to play in this endeavour. At the same time, cultural heritage domains pose significant challenges for language technology and call for the development of very robust and flexible solutions. Consequently, cultural heritage data can also serve as a good test‐bed for the development of robust natural language processing tools.
Coordinating Compounds
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco
Published: September 2010

Coordinating compounds, often referred to by their Sanskrit name dvandva, may be loosely defined as complex word forms in which all of the constituent lexemes (typically, two) share the same status, as Eng. bittersweet. The definition and delimitation of the category of coordinating compounds involves two issues: first, what a ‘compound’ is and how do we distinguish coordinating compounds from other multiword expressions; secondly, the understanding of what coordination is, and how it is to be distinguished from other, non‐symmetrical relations (e.g. subordination). This article will provide an overview on coordination in compounding, discussing classifications of coordinating compounds with extensive exemplification from typologically diverse languages.
Articulatory Phonology
Authors: Hall Nancy
Published: September 2010

Articulatory phonology (AP) is a theory in which abstract articulatory gestures serve as both the control units for speech movements, and as units of contrast for distinguishing lexical items. This controversial theory brings articulation to the forefront, as it tries to explain many phonological phenomena as a result of overlap and competition between articulatory gestures.
Exploring the Challenges of Climate Science Literacy: Lessons from Students, Teachers and Lifelong Learners
Authors: Dupigny‐Giroux Lesley‐Ann L.
Published: September 2010

Today more than ever, being climate literate is a critical skill and knowledge area that influences our interaction with the environment around us, our understanding of scientific news and the daily decisions that we make. Yet, the term climate literacy can be misunderstood, as are the terms weather, climate and climate variability. This article surveys the existing literature and highlights six challenges to achieving a climate literate citizenry in both formal and informal or lifelong learning. The lessons learned from high school and undergraduate students, teachers and lifelong learners, many of whom are retired, serve as the threads which are woven into a tapestry of strategies for embedding climate science principles across entire school curricula as well as society at large.
Future Promises for Contemporary Social and Cultural Geographies of the Sea
Authors: Peters Kimberley
Published: September 2010

Seventy per cent of the Earth’s surface is sea. Yet, until recently social and cultural geographers have failed to pay much attention to this aspect of the world in which we live, with the most notable contributions deriving from historical perspectives. This study examines the work characterising this area of research before outlining possible reasons for the failure of consistent and comprehensive examination of the seas and ships for social and cultural geographers who take a more contemporary focus. The sea has been typically understood as inferior to and marginal from the land and invisible in modern consciousness, yet it is nonetheless a vital space and one that is integral to the workings of the world as we currently know it. This study travels through the ways in which modern‐day examinations of the maritime world are developing before outlining future promises that are surfacing for more contemporary social and cultural geographies of the sea. The study offers an overview of the relationship between social and cultural geography and the sea, contending by way of a conclusion for a greater volume of contemporary work considering maritime spaces to expand and deepen geographic understandings of the watery world.
Visceral Geographies: Mattering, Relating, and Defying
Authors: Hayes‐Conroy Jessica , Hayes‐Conroy Allison
Published: September 2010

This study explores the task of doing ‘visceral geographies,’ enrolling many areas of body‐centered scholarship in the task of better understanding the visceral realm including geographies of affect and emotion, non‐representational theory, sensuous and haptic geographies, health and disability studies, and scholarship on performance and movement. The authors desire to open lines of connection and communication between and beyond the current bounds of this scholarship. In doing so, the authors attempt to clarify the goals of visceral geography, particularly in terms of political action and social change. Three goals stand out: first, visceral geographies advance understandings of the agency of physical matter, both within and between bodies. Second, visceral geographies move beyond static notions of the individual body and toward more contextualized and interactive versions of the self and other. And third, visceral geographies encourage a skepticism of boundaries by insisting on the imagining and practicing of our (political) lives in, through, and beyond dualistic tensions.
The Use of Repeat Photography in Contemporary Geomorphic Studies: An Evolving Approach to Understanding Landscape Change
Authors: Cerney Dawna L.
Published: September 2010

The long and continued use of repeat photography, in geomorphology and other natural science studies, attests to the benefits of its employment as a methodology for historical reconstruction and process recognition. This article reviews the use of repeat photography as a tool in observing and understanding geomorphic patterns and processes that have been carried out over the last 40 years. This is not an exhaustive review of the literature, but rather an investigation of the main geomorphic themes that have been studied along with methods of application and adaptations of the methods to improve data quality. Areas of research which have had little to no significant application, but could benefit from its use, are discussed.
The Cultural Economy of Small Cities
Authors: Jayne Mark , Gibson Chris , Waitt Gordon , Bell David
Published: September 2010

This paper contributes to a burgeoning body of literature which seeks to highlight the importance of studying small cities. Dissatisfaction with urban theory dominated by study of ‘the city’ defined in terms of a small number of ‘global’ cities has led theorists to consider what is lost as a consequence of this bias. Although there is long way to go to challenge the orthodoxies of urban theory dominated by study of the ‘biggest and best’, here we focus on an area of small cities research where progress has been made towards developing a more inclusive agenda. This study reviews research into the cultural economy of small cities and highlights a growing body of rich and detailed literature. Despite this progress, however, we argue that a coherent and clear research agenda is yet to emerge. To this end, we signpost ways in which bolder theoretical and empirical questions can be developed that can begin to make more of a significant impact on urban theory.
The use of sutures in Australian veterinary practices
Authors: Bellenger CR , Meek MA
Published: September 2010

One hundred and twenty six respondents at a continuing education course in February 1986 provided information on suture use in their practice. The 100 responses from four Australian states were subject to analysis of suture type and size used for various procedures and correlated with practice type, location and state. The use of gut and nonabsorbable sutures in cassettes was pervasive. Superior materials and sutures in indvidual foil packets were used commonly only for a more complicated procedure (enterotomy).
Trajectory to a first episode of psychosis: a qualitative research study with families
Authors: Corcoran Cheryl , Gerson Ruth , Sills‐Shahar Rachel , Nickou Connie , McGlashan Thomas , Malaspina Dolores , Davidson Larry
Published: September 2010

Aim: The trajectory in psychotic disorders which leads from a relatively normal premorbid state in young people to a first episode of psychosis is only partly understood. Qualitative research methods can be used to begin to elucidate the temporal unfolding of symptoms leading to a first episode of psychosis, and its impact on families.

Methods: We conducted open‐ended interviews with family members of 13 patients with recent onset non‐affective psychotic disorders, which focused on changes observed, effects on the family, explanatory models, help‐seeking patterns and future expectations. Standard data analytic methods employed for qualitative research were used.

Results: Narratives by family members were remarkably similar. First, social withdrawal and mood symptoms developed in previously normal children; these changes were typically ascribed to drugs or stress, or to the ‘storminess’ of adolescence. Coping strategies by family members included prayer and reasoning/persuasion with the young person, and family initially sought help from friends and religious leaders. Entry into the mental health system was then catalysed by the emergence of overt symptoms, such as ‘hearing voices’, or violent or bizarre behaviour. Family members perceived inpatient hospitalization as traumatic or difficult, and had diminished expectations for the future.

Conclusions: Understanding families' explanatory models for symptoms and behavioural changes, and their related patterns of help‐seeking, may be useful for understanding evolution of psychosis and for the design of early intervention programmes. Dissatisfaction with hospitalization supports the mandate to improve systems of care for recent‐onset psychosis patients, including destigmatization and a focus on recovery.
Early interventions and lessons from Harvard Business Review
Authors: Chong Siow‐Ann
Published: September 2010

Aim: To describe the establishment and development of an Early Psychosis Intervention Programme in Singapore that is based on a business model and with concepts drawn from the corporate world.

Methods: The author who directed this programme describes the circumstances that led to this initiative, the ideas borrowed and adapted from the corporate world, and the lessons learnt in setting up this intervention programme. The modus operandi of the programme is based on the Balanced Scorecard – a model which stresses four equally important components: customers, internal processes, financial health and learning and innovation. Other complementary actions like creating a sense of urgency, forging a vision with a core ideology, empowerment of team members, creating short‐term wins, anchoring the changes and finding meaning in the work are vital for the programme to thrive.

Results: This model also emphasizes the importance of accountability through the measurability of indicators. These indicators included a significant reduction in the duration of untreated psychosis, a positive change in the referral patterns with better engagement of the primary health‐care sector and an improvement in the quality of care for the patients.

Conclusions: Much can be learnt from the business world in building and maintaining a public mental health programme. Effective change also requires effective leadership, and the successful implementation of certain strategic steps.
Case reports: an opportunity for early intervention: velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome and psychosis
Authors: Starling Jean , Harris Anthony W.
Published: September 2010

Aims and method: Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome is the most common micro deletion syndrome in man, with the typically deleted region in the 22q11area, an area that contains many genes with possible links to mental illnesses. The syndrome phenotype includes multiple physical abnormalities, learning disorders and a greatly increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder. A series of three cases is presented to describe some of the psychiatric manifestations of the velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome.

Results: The three young people presented here all had an illness of long duration that was difficult to treat, with significant side effects of treatment and varying degrees of recovery.

Conclusions: As more children with genetic syndromes are identified early and monitored by genetic clinics and other paediatric services, there is an opportunity for psychiatric services to provide early intervention for a group of patients who are likely to have a poor response to treatment if they present with an advanced psychosis. Studying the deletions in the 22q11 area also has great potential for investigating possible causes of a genetic vulnerability to psychotic illness.
Parent attitudes and parent adolescent interaction in families of youth at risk for psychosis and with recent‐onset psychotic symptoms
Authors: O'Brien Mary P. , Zinberg Jamie L. , Bearden Carrie E. , Lopez Steven R. , Kopelowicz Alex , Daley Melita , Cannon Tyrone D.
Published: September 2010

Aim: This study investigated the behavioural correlates of caregiver attitudes among parents of youth at risk for psychosis and with recent‐onset psychotic symptoms.

Methods: Forty adolescents identified as ultra‐high‐risk (UHR) for psychosis using the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, and their primary caregivers, participated in the Family Interaction Task (FIT), a 10‐minute discussion of meaningful shared experiences that allowed families to demonstrate supportive as well as conflict‐engaging behaviour. At the same assessment, caregivers were administered the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). We examined cross‐sectional relationships between these measures, as well as their association with youth symptom severity and functioning at 4‐month follow‐up.

Results: As predicted, caregivers who provided more positive remarks regarding their UHR and recent‐onset adolescents during the CFI were also more likely to exhibit constructive behaviour during the FIT. Similarly, CFI critical comments were positively associated with caregivers' conflict‐engaging behaviour during the FIT. Parents' positive remarks predicted a decrease in negative symptoms, and parent warmth predicted an increase in social functioning at follow‐up assessment.

Conclusions: The ability to maintain a constructive attitude and approach towards youth predicted symptomatic and functional improvement, and may be a teachable skill.
The Italian guidelines for early intervention in schizophrenia: development and conclusions
Authors: De Masi Salvatore , Sampaolo Letizia , Mele Alfonso , Morciano Cristina , Cappello Salvatore , Meneghelli Anna , De Girolamo Giovanni
Published: September 2010

Aim: The effectiveness of early intervention in schizophrenia is still under discussion. The guidelines described in the present paper were aimed at contributing to the current debate by providing Italian practitioners, families, patients and health managers with evidence‐based information on early intervention. They also examined the diagnostic tools that are currently available for assessing different stages of psychotic disorders.

Methods: A multidisciplinary panel of experts (the Guidelines Development Group) used a set of key‐questions to develop an explicit search strategy to conduct a systematic review of the literature published from January 2000 to June 2006. Trained personnel then selected papers from those yielded by the literature search. The Guidelines Development Group's final recommendations were scaled according to the Italian National Guidelines System grading system.

Results: The evidence available up to the time of the literature search does not allow for recommendation of early intervention targeting prodromal or at‐risk patients to prevent progression from the prodromal phase to acute, full‐blown psychosis, nor to improve prognosis. Conversely, identification and timely treatment of first‐episode psychotic patients through specific early intervention programmes are highly recommended.

Conclusions: The Italian Guidelines on early intervention in schizophrenia are based on a comprehensive assessment of an updated, large‐scale body of literature. They draw specific, evidence‐based conclusions to assist clinicians and stakeholders in the planning and implementation of appropriate intervention programmes. Further research is needed to ascertain the effectiveness of early intervention in delaying or preventing the conversion to psychosis and improving prognosis in prodromal or at‐risk patients. Further investigation is also required for first‐episode and critical period patients.
Selection due to nonretention mortality in gillnet fisheries for salmon
Authors: Baker Matthew R. , Kendall Neala W. , Branch Trevor A. , Schindler Daniel E. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: September 2010

Fisheries often exert selective pressures through elevated mortality on a nonrandom component of exploited stocks. Selective removal of individuals will alter the composition of a given population, with potential consequences for its size structure, stability and evolution. Gillnets are known to harvest fish according to size. It is not known, however, whether delayed mortality due to disentanglement from gillnets exerts selective pressures that reinforce or counteract harvest selection. We examined gillnet disentanglement in exploited populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to characterize the length distribution of fish that disentangle from gillnets and determine whether nonretention mortality reinforces harvest selection and exerts common pressures according to sex and age. We also evaluated discrete spawning populations to determine whether nonretention affects populations with different morphologies in distinct ways. In aggregate, nonretention mortality in fish that disentangle from gillnets counters harvest selection but with different effects by sex and age. At the level of individual spawning populations, nonretention mortality may exert stabilizing, disruptive, or directional selection depending on the size distribution of a given population. Our analyses suggest nonretention mortality exerts significant selective pressures and should be explicitly included in analyses of fishery‐induced selection.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: Apolipoprotein E genotype and Cognition in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: De Souza Márcio Gerhardt Soeiro , Bio Danielle Soares , Dias Vasco Videira , Prado Carolina Martins do , Campos Rodolfo Nunes , Costa Luis Felipe de Oliveira , Moreno Doris Hupfeld , Ojopi Elida Benquique , Gattaz Wagner Farid , Moreno Ricardo Alberto
Published: September 2010

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been extensively studied as a risk factor for sporadic and late onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD). APOE allele*3, the most frequent variant, is not associated to cognitive dysfunction (CD) or to increased AD risk. Differently, the *4 allele is a well‐established risk factor for CD, while the *2 allele is associated with survival and longevity. CD is an important feature of Bipolar Disorder (BD) and recent data suggest that CD may be one of its endophenotypes, although controversial results exist. The aim of this research is to study the association of APOE genotype (APOE) and neurocognitive function in a sample of drug free young BD‐type I patients. Sample consisted of 25 symptomatic BD (type I) patients (age 18–35 years old). They were submitted to an extensive neuropsychological evaluation and genotyped for APOE. Subjects with allele*2 presented better cognitive performance. The presence of allele*4 was associated with worse performance in a few executive tasks. APOE*3*3 was associated with overall severe dysfunction on cognitive performance. In young individuals with nontreated BD‐type I, APOE may predict cognitive performance. Further and larger studies on APOE and cognition in BD are required to clarify whether APOE is a BD cognitive endophenotype.
Discovery of a New Pterosaur in Western Liaoning, China
Authors: Shu'an Ji , Qiang Ji
Published: September 2010

The pterosaur from the Yixian Formation in Beipiao, Liaoning Province, is characterized by the medium–sized individual, short tail, presence of the gastralia, strong forelimbs, radius and ulna longer than wing–metacarpal, extremely narrow and elongate metatarsals, degenerated and small phalanx V of hindlimb and so on. It must be a new genus and species, Eosipterus yangi gen. et sp. nov., in the early groups of the Suborder Pterodactyloidea. This is the first record of pterosaurs found in Liaoning Province. The fossil provides new evidence for further determining the nature and geological time of the Jehol Fauna and for studying the palaeogeography and palaeoenvironment.
New Occurrence of the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna in Haikou, Kunming, Yunnan Province, and Study on Trilobitoidea
Authors: Huilin Luo , Shixue Hu , Shishan Zhang , Yonghe Tao
Published: September 2010

This paper gives a brief report on the new occurrence of the Early Cambrian Qiongzhusi' an Chengjiang fauna in the Haikou area, Kunming and its assemblage feature and the stratigraphic section of the horizon yielding these fossils. Eight genera and 8 species of Trilobitoidea are described here, embracing Leanchoilia asiatica Luo et Hu (sp. nov.), Yohoia sinensis Luo et Hu (sp. nov.), Zhongxinia speciosa Luo et Hu (gen. et sp. nov.), Xandarella spectuculum Hou et al., Dianchia mirabilis Luo et Hu (gen. et sp. nov.), Kuamaia lata Hou, Retifacies longispinus Luo et Hu (sp. nov.) and Sinoburius lunaris Hou et al.
Malanite—A New Cupric Platinum (Pt3+) and Iridium (Ir3+) Sulphide
Authors: Zuxiang Yu
Published: September 2010

Malanite was first found in veinlets of disseminated copper–nickel ores in Zunhua County, Hebei Province, and then in platinum–bearing chromite ores in Shuangfeng Village, Yanshan. In the former case, malanite appears as octahedrons or dodecahedrons associated with pyrrhotite, pentlandite, sperrylite and cooperite; while in the latter case, it is massive or present in anhedral glomerocrysts, filling in cracks of iridisite and associated with osmiride, ferrian platinum and iridisite. Malanite is steel–grey in colour, opaque with metallic lustre and black streaks and brittle with no magnetism. HM= 5.0, VHN20 = 417kg/mm2, cleavage {111} sometimes observed. The calculated density is 7.57 g/cm3. The reflective colour is white with a light green tint. Internal reflections are not observed. This mineral is isotropic, showing no birefiection or reflection pleochroism in air. By means of electron microprobe analysis, the empirical formula (based on 7 atoms) is expressed as (Cu0.93Fe0.06) Σ0.99(Pt1.03Ir0.66Rh0.04 pd0.03Co0.20Ni0.03)1.99S4.03) or (Cu0.95Fe0.07)Σ1.02 (Pt1.37Ir0.45Co0.11Rh0.08)Σ2.01S3.97. Five strongest lines (hkl, d, I) of X–ray powder diffraction data of malanite are 311,2.98 (6);400,2.48(5); 333,1.90(7); 440, 1.75 (10); 731, 1.29 (5). It was known on the basis of X–ray powder diffraction data that malanite is cubic, and the space group is Fd3m with a = 0.9940nm, V = 0.9821 (3) nm3 and Z = 4. The type material of malanite is deposited at the Geological Museum of China (GMC)
Feldspar Lead Isotopic Composition of Granitoids from the Eastern Qinling Orogenic Belt and Their Tectonic Significance
Authors: Hongfei Zhang , Benren Zhang , Zhidan Zhao , Tingchuan Luo , Yuelong Chen
Published: September 2010

This paper reports 48 feldspar lead isotope analyses from 27 granitic intrusions, which formed from the Late Proterozic to Mesozoic within the Eastern Qinling oregenic belt. It is found that the granitic rocks of South Qinling are characterized by a strong block–effect and depletion in U–Pb and Th–Pb, showing that these rocks came from the same lead isotope tectono–geochemical province, while those of North Qinling are characterized by higher U–Pb and Th–Pb for Late Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic ones and lower U–Pb and Th–Pb for Late—Palaeozoic and younger ones in their feldspar lead isotopic composition. In the North Qinling block, lead isotopic signatures reflect that the source of granitic magma had changed since the Late Palaeozoic. Comparison of feldspar lead isotopic composition between South Qinling and North Qinling shows that there is marked difference in lead isotopic composition for pre–Palaeozoic granitoids, indicating that the South Qinling and the North Qinling blocks belong to different tectonic units, but the similarities in lead isotopic composition are quite clear, which indicates that the South Qinling block had been welded with the North Qinling block and that the magma sources of both blocks were identical. The analysis provides direct evidence for underplating of the continental crust of South Qinling beneath the North Qinling block in the continent–continent interaction stage of the Eastern Qinling oregenic belt.
On the Genesis of the Super–large Baguamiao Gold Deposit in Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province
Authors: Jianhua Zhong , Guowei Zhang
Published: September 2010

The Baguamiao gold deposit in Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province, is a recently explored super–large gold ore deposit. A comprehensive and deep–going study has revealed that it is a polygenetic deposit: early—stage mineralization due to shearing, middle–stage mineralization due to hydrothermal alteration, and late—stage mineralization due to weathering, leaching and concentration at shallow depths. Shearing played a dominant role in the formation of gold orebodies.
Cycle—Sequences, Carbon Isotope Features and Glacio–Eustasy of the Triticites Zone in Southern Guizhou
Authors: Rufeng Li , Benpei Liu , Chenglin Zhao
Published: September 2010

In light of the principle of sequence stratigraphy, detailed analysis of depositional sequences and systematical carbon isotope measurements were done for the Triticites zone of the typical Late Carboniferous section in the Dushan area of southern Guizhou. Two sequences and seventeen parasequences, which can be correlated with the two sequences and seventeen subsequences in the North American Midcontinent, are distinguished in the Gzhelian, which provides convincing evidence of the global synchroneity of the depositional records. The internal relations between carbon isotope evolution and eustasy were studied and the evolutionary characteristics of carbon isotopes in depositional sequences have been summarized.
The Shizikou Gravitational Gliding Structure in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River
Authors: Sennan Yang , Jianye Ren
Published: September 2010

A study has been made about the structural attribute of the NNW–trending Shizikou linear image belt in the head area of the reservoir of the Yangtze River Gorges and the evaluation of its crustal stability. On the basis of regional geological surveys and by making a structural analysis and a multidisciplinary study, it has been ascertained that the segment with the best displayed image characteristics is marked by a gravity gliding structure with a multilayer gliding fold type architecture. This paper also analyzes the medium conditions, slope structure and dynamic setting for the formation of the structure system.
Study on the Electrical Conductivity of 0.025 mol NaCl Solution at 0.25–3.75 GPa and 20–370°C
Authors: Haifei Zheng , Hongsen Xie , Yousheng Xu , Maoshuang Song , Jie Guo , Yueming Zhang
Published: September 2010

The electrical conductance of 0.025 mol NaCl solution was measured at 0.25–3.75 GPa and 20–370°C As shown by the results, the conductance increases with temperature, and there is a liner relation between the reciprocal of temperature and the logarithm of the conductance but their slopes are different at different pressures. The relations between the conductance and pressure is rather complex and there are some discontinuities: in the range of 2.25–3.75 GPa, the conductance increases with the pressure; in the range of 1.25–2.0 GPa, the conductance is not related to the pressure; and at a pressure of 0.75 GPa, the conductance is higher than that at the pressures nearby. This reflects that the NaCl solution has rather different properties of electronic chemistry at various pressures, and probably is an important cause for the existence of the layers with high electrical conductance and low velocity in the Earth's crust and mantle.
Separate Analysis of Remote Sensing Information of Structures of Different Geological Periods and Quantitative Study of Corresponding Tectonic Stress Fields
Authors: Wunian Yang , Zhangsen Zhu
Published: September 2010

The structural feature shown on a remote sensing image is a synthetic result of combination of the deformations produced during the entire geological history of an area. Therefore, the respective tectonic stress field of each of the different stages in the complex deformation of an area can be reconstructed in three steps: (1) geological structures formed at different times are distinguished in remote sensing image interpretation; (2) structural deformation fields at different stages are determined by analyzing relationships between microstructures (joints and fractures) and the related structures (folds and faults); and (3) tectonic stress fields at different stages are respectively recovered through a study of the features of structural deformation fields in different periods.

Circular structures and related circlular and radial joints are correlated in space to concealed structural rises. The authors propose a new method for establishing a natural model of the concealed structural rises and calculating the tectonic stress field by using quantitative data of the remote sensing information of circular structures and related linear structures.
Composite Stratigraphy of the Sailinhudong Group and Ore–bearing Micrite Mounds in the Bayan Obo Deposits, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Xiufu Qiao , Linzhi Gao , Yang Peng , Yuxu Zhang
Published: September 2010

Based on studies of sequence stratigraphy, event stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, it is concluded that the Sailinhudong Group is a part of the Bayan Obo Group. Some trilobite fragments are first found in thin sections of the rock from the lower part of the Sailinhudong Group and some Ordovician acritarchs and chitinozoans are also found in this group. A formationa unit of carbonate seismites is first recognized in the upper part and a huge micrite mound is first identified at the top. Dolomite, the host rock of the super giant Bayan Obo Fe–Nb–REE deposits, is neither an igneous carbonatite nor a common bedded sedimentary carbonate, but a huge micrite mound. It has the same macroscopic characters as the micrite mounds at the top of the Sailinhudong Group, which suggests that they should be of the same horizon. According to the fossils, the Sailinhudong and Bayan Obo Groups should be of the Early Palaeozoic rather than the Middle Proterozoic. The new discovery and new idea will throw light on the explanation of the genesis of the supergiant Bayan Obo Fe–Nb–REE deposits.
Selenium Enrichment in Cambrian Stratabound Gold Deposits in the Western Qinling Mountains
Authors: Jiajun Liu , Minghua Zheng , Jianming Liu , Yufeng Zhou , Xuexiang Gu , Bin Zhang , Li Lin , Wenquan Lu
Published: September 2010

Stratabound gold deposits in the western Qinling Mountains occur in Cambrian chert formation composed of carbonaceous chert and carbonaceous slate. The distinctive chert formation provides important grounds for the mineralization and controls on the formation of gold deposits. Study shows that Se is exceptionally higher in both host rocks and gold orebodies. It may be recovered as a valuable component in ores for total utilization, and in some localities even independent Se orebodies (which are mined exclusively for Se) may be delineated. In gold ore Se mainly occurs as independent minerals or in the isomorphous form in sulphides and there is a positive correlation between Se and Au.
Thermodynamic Modelling of Ore–Forming Mechanism of the Changkeng Gold–Silver Deposits in Guangdong Province
Authors: Sheng Zhang , Tongjin Li , Liankui Wang
Published: September 2010

The Changkeng gold–silver deposits consist of a sediment–hosted, disseminated gold deposit and a replacement–type silver deposit. The mineralizations of gold and silver are zoned and closely related to the silicification of carbonate and clastic rocks, so that siliceous ores dominate in the deposit. The mineralizing temperature ranges mainly from 300 to 170°C, and K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl− are the major ions in the ore–forming fluid. Calculations of distribution of metal complexes show that gold is mainly transported by hydrosulphide complexes, but chloride complexes of silver, iron, lead, and zinc, which are transformed into hydroxyl and hydrosulphide complexes under neutral to weak–alkaline circumstances in the late stage, predominate in the ore–forming solutions. Water–rock interaction is confirmed to be the effective mechanism for the formation of silver ores by computer modelling of reaction of hydrothermal solution with carbonate rocks. The solubility analyses demonstrate that the precipitation of gold and silver–bearing minerals taking place under weak–acid conditions and near–neutral to weak–alkaline conditions, respectively, is the main or favourable factor for the ore zonation and separation between gold and silver.
A New Idea of Sinian Doushantuo‘ an Metaphyte Fossils from Xiuning, Anhui Province
Authors: Feng Tang , Chongyu Yin , Linzhi Gao
Published: September 2010

This paper gives a summary of the fossil data from the Sinian Doushantuo' an Lantian Formation in the Xiuning area, Anhui Province, China, and reports the genital butt structure comparable to that of some modern advanced algae and the fossil structure comparable to the dehiscence of sporangia as well as the ontogenetic phenomenon occurring possibly from the formation of embryos by zygote germination to the production of sessile benthonic algal adults. This phenomenon furnishes a useful clue to the further study of the life history of alternate generations in advanced algae and provides megafossil evidence for the sex differentiation of metaphytic algae.
Chemical Composition of the Primitive Mantle Source of Peridotite Inclusions at Mount Lianshan, Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province
Authors: Weidong SUN , Zicheng PENG , Daogong CHEN , Xiachen ZHI , Zhaorong WANG , Ningjie GE
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper presents a study of the major and trace element compositions of fresh mantle‐derived spinel lherzolite and harzburgite inclusions from Cenozoic alkaline basalt in Mount Lianshan and Mount Panshi, Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province. An estimation is made of the contents of the major elements and some of the trace elements in the primitive mantle source region of the area, from which the authors have obtained MgO/Al2O3= 7.86. The contents of MgO and Al2O3 are also obtained as 37.58% and 4.78% respectively based on the correlation of MgO‐Al2O3. Then, the contents of various elements in the primitive mantle are calculated using their regression equations with MgO, and the compositon of the primitive mantle, a basic issue in geochemistry study, is discussed on that basis.
Distribution of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in the Sequence Stratigraphic Framework of the Middle and Upper Proterozoic in the Ming Tombs Area, Beijing
Authors: Rufeng LI
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper discusses the distribution pattern and geological significance of the carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) in the depositional sequences of Gaoyuzhuangian, Yangzhuangian and Wumishanian ages of the established Middle and Upper Proterozoic sequence stratigraphic framework in the Ming Tombs area lying in western Yanshan Mountain of Beijing. Besides, sketchy determination of δ13C and δ18O was also performed for other formations and members. The analytical results show the following: under the condition of clear‐water carbonate sediments, δ13C and δ18O, featuring smaller variation of δ13C but larger variation of δ18O, can well delineate the relative change of sea level, which reflects the difference of primary sedimentary settings; in the presence of terrigenous substances, δ13C values vary greatly while δ18O slightly; the carbon and oxygen isotopes show marked changes at sequence boundaries. Besides, particular patterns can be found in regard to the distribution of carbon and oxygen isotopes within the sequences.
Epigenesis of Pb‐Zn Deposits in the Xicheng Ore Field, Western Qinling
Authors: Chuanlin ZHANG , Yong LI , Zhihua YANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: It was previously considered that all of the Pb‐Zn deposits in the Xicheng orefield belong to Devonian hydrothermal‐sedimentary deposits or their reworked ones. Study proves that the host strata, besides the Devonian, include the Palaeoproterozoic. The super‐large Changba‐Lijiagou Pb‐Zn deposit occurs in the Palaeoproterozoic strata. The deposits in this district are not hydrothermal‐sedimentary deposits or their reworked ones, but Yanshanian‐Himalayan epigenetic hydrothermal deposits. The modes of occurrence, sizes and positions of all the deposits in the Xicheng orefield are completely controlled by the choula (draw)‐thrust sheet. Therefore the previous grounds for the model of the Qinling‐type Pb‐Zn deposits cannot hold good. The authors propose that the Changba‐type and Bijiashan‐type Pb‐Zn deposits be used to represent two mineral deposit models with different characteristics in the Xicheng orefield.
The Crustal Structure and Assembly of Terranes in the Qaidam‐Qilian‐Beishan Area, Western China
Authors: Xun LIU , Rui GAO
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Through a study of the geotransect from Golmud to Ejin Qi published recently, the tectonics of the crust beneath the area from the northern Qinghai‐Tibet plateau (Qaidam and the Qilian Mountains) to the border between China and Mongolia and its structure, composition and tectonic evolution have been revealed, and abundant information about the deep structures has been provided. Based on the research into the geotransect, it is suggested that the crust in this area was formed by the assembly of the terranes in different geological stages. Following the formation of the Palaeo‐Asian continent, the north part of the corridor of the transect became a part of the huge unifying continent by the end of the Early Permian. In the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, as a result of the compression mainly by the push of the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau on the south, the unique crustal structure and geomorphologic features on the northern Qinghai‐Tibet plateau were formed. This geotransect together with the Yadong‐Golmud geotransect constitutes a long geotransect which runs across the western Chinese continent.
Spatial Distribution and Ages of Alkaline Intrusive Rocks in China and Related Tectonics
Authors: Zhongxin YUAN , Ge BAI
Published: September 2010

Abstract: On the basis of the geological data from 220 intrusions and isotope ages of 115 rock bodies, the paper discusses the distribution of 18 alkaline intrusive rock belts along deep faults and their relations to the plate tectonic activity. In view of the presence of a large amount of Variscan alkaline rocks of deep‐source character, it is inferred that mantle diapirism was very strong in China during the Variscan. Besides anorogenic and postorogenic alkaline granites, there also occur alkaline granites formed in the terminal orogenic stage when the regional tectonic activity was of compressional nature. Finally, the paper discusses the tectonic environment of the Maoniuping nordmarkite in Mianning county, Sichuan province, and the authors consider it to be a compressional environment originating after rift closing.
The Discovery of Magnesioferrite from Au (Fe, Cu) Magnesian Skarn Deposits and Study of the Magnesioferrite‐Magnesiomagnetite Series
Authors: Yiming ZHAO , Yinan ZHANG , Chengsi BI , Lihe GUO
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Magnesioferrite, a rare metasomatic mineral, was discovered for the first time in China from the Qinlou Au (Fe, Cu) magnesian skarn deposit, Sanpu, Huaibei, Auhui Province, and the Mulonggou Fe (Mo, Cu) magnesian skarn deposit, Luonan County, Shaanxi Province. In this paper, the geological setting, mineral associations, chemical composition, some physical properties, X‐ray powder diffraction data and infrared spectroscopy of magnesioferrite and magnesiomagnetite are discussed. Magnesioferrite contains 17.66%–13.48% of MgO. Its main associated minerals are clinohumite, chondrodite, serpentine, calcite and magnesiomagnetite. The density of magnesioferrite is 4.537–4.720, reflectances in percent are: 17.8–18.1, hardness is 838–900 kg/mm2, and the cell parameter ao = 8.371–8.379 Å. A systematic study of the magnesioferrite‐magnesiomagnetite‐magnetite series suggests that along with the increase of magnesioferrite molecules in the mineral, the density, reflectances and cell parameters decrease correspondingly, the hardness heightens, and the infrared absorption spectral band becomes wider. The authors consider that magnesioferrite is a product of contact metasomatism between hypabyssal intermediate‐acid intrusions and dolomitic marble. It was formed in shallow exocontact zones under relatively oxidized conditions.