bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Cut Out to do Work”: Recruitment Experiences of a Folk Healer
Authors: Childs Stephen
Published: January 2005

There exists a variety of types of folk healers in African American society. This paper examines the sequence of dreams and visions whereby a woman realized the status of evangelical healer. "It was hypothesized that these altered states functioned as facilitating mechanisms whereby the subject could alleviate anxiety while at the same time realize a new master status. By gathering extensive interview data and employing a structuralist analysis, it was possible to relate the dreams and visions to personal crises, thus substantiating the hypothesis. In addition to offering processual insight to Anthony Wallaces "mazeway reconstruction,” this analysis provides a fresh perspective from which to examine the recruitment process to the status of "healer.”
The Religious Imagination in New Guine
Authors: Greenfield Sidney M.
Published: January 2005

Gilbert Herdt and Michele Stephen. eds. The Religious Imagination in New Guinea. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 1989. ISBN 0‐8135‐ 1458‐4. Hardcover $48.00. Paperback $16.00. Pp. 262.
Intoxication: Life in Pursuit of Artificial Paradise
Authors: Galanti Geri‐Ann
Published: January 2005

Ronald K. Siegel. Intoxication:Life in Pursuit of'Artificial Paradise. New York: Dutton, 1989. ISBN 0‐671‐69192‐. Paper $9.95. Pp. 390.
Dreamtime and Inner Space: The World of the Shaman
Authors: Willson Margaret
Published: January 2005

Holger Kal weit. Dreamtime and Inner Space: The World of the Shaman. Boston & London: Shambhala Publications. 1988 ISBN 0‐87773‐406‐2. Paper $14.95. Pp. xvi. 297.
Black Elk's Story: Distinguishing Its Lakota Purpose by Julian Rice
Authors: Lyon William S.
Published: January 2005

Black Elk's Story: Distinguishing Its Lakota Purpose. Julian Rice. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1991. ISBN 0‐8263‐1262‐4. Cloth. $29.95. Pp. 165.
Possession in Two Balinese Trance Ceremonies
Authors: Edge Hoyt
Published: January 2005

I discuss the construction of Balinese trance behaviors using two examples of trance possession in temple ceremonies. The view that trance states are socially constructed has long roots in anthropology. However, a closer examination of this view is warranted. In particular, I am interested in the question of the possible diversity of the constructed behavior. On the one hand, one may expect a set of general trance behaviors or experiences throughout a given society—e.g. that vision quests in a particular tribe will contain common elements, but these will vary from tribe to tribe (Lowie 1963). On the other hand, a society may offer the general outlines of acceptable trance behavior or experience, but expect them to be radically individual, depending, e.g., on the particular revelatory experience of the person. The Balinese construction of trance fits neither of these poles; rather, trance behaviors are contextualized to a particular temple but not to individual persons. Thus, the trances of the Balinese exhibit a high degree of variety from locale to locale. This unusual variety is due to two factors: a key element of Balinese Hinduism, adat (local custom), as well as a unique feature of how Balinese deities (who possess individuals in trance) are conceived.
Sacred Sites: Nature and Nation in the U.S. National Parks
Authors: Ross-Bryant Lynn
Published: January 2005

The U.S. National Parks, which first developed as the nation fragmented during the civil war, have played a central role in the unifying discourse of America. The parks are able to serve this role because of the close alliance between nature and nation in U.S. discourse. Nature “set apart” in the parks becomes the embodiment of an archetypal America, which is the ever-pristine source of the greatness of the nation and the people. As such, it serves as a sacred site and a unifying symbol in U.S. American culture.

By approaching the parks as pilgrimage sites, we can examine the American values that have been embodied in them. Using a model that assumes the heterogeneity of any religio-cultural event, we can see the often conflicting values both in the spiritual, scientific, national and economic discourses that make up the parks and in the embodiment of those discourses in the physical developments in the parks. Central to both is the paradoxical ideal behind the parks: to preserve wilderness.

The goal of the essay is two-fold: 1) as part of the comparative study of religions, to suggest the usefulness of a heterogeneous, spatialized model for analyzing sacred places and to apply the model to the study of American culture in order to understand more about how the embodiment of nature and nation in the National Parks has worked as a unifying symbol while at the same time disclosing contested and conflicting values in American society, and 2) to show how the meanings surrounding this symbol are being transformed today.
The Radicalization of the Social Gospel: Harry F. Ward and the Search for a New Social Order, 1898–1936
Authors: Rossinow Doug
Published: January 2005

A vigorous Protestant left existed throughout the first half of the twentieth-century in the United States. That Protestant left was the left wing of the social gospel movement, which many historians restrict to the pre-1920 period and whose radical content is often underestimated. This article examines the career of one representative figure from this Protestant left, the Reverend Harry F. Ward, as a means of describing the evolving nature and limits of social gospel radicalism during the first four decades of the twentieth century. Ward, the main author of the 1908 Social Creed of the Churches, a longtime professor at Union Theological Seminary (UTS) in New York, and a dogged activist on behalf of labor and political prisoners through his leadership of the Methodist Federation for Social Service, sought a new social order from the early years of the century through the Great Depression of the 1930s. This new order would be the Kingdom of God on earth, and, in Ward's view, it would transcend the competitive and exploitative capitalism that dominated American society in his time. Before World War I, Ward worked to bring together labor activists and church people, and, after the war, he shifted his work toward less expressly religious efforts, while continuing to mentor clerical protégés through his teaching. Ward's leftward trajectory and ever-stronger Communist associations would eventually bring about his political downfall, but, in the mid- 1930s, he remained a respected figure, if one more radical than most, among American Protestant clergy. Organic links tied him and his politics to the broader terrain of social gospel reform, despite the politically driven historical amnesia that later would all but erase Ward from historical memory.
Synthesis and electrical properties of one-dimensional octacyanometallophthalocyanine (M≡Fe, Co) polymers
Authors: KIM SOO-JONG , MATSUMOTO MICHIKO , SHIGEHARA KIYOTAKA
Published: January 2005

Improvement of electrical conductivity was attempted by polymerizing octacyanometallophthalocyanine (MPcOC; M ≡ Fe , Co ) units into one-dimensional molecular complexes. The synthetic route to MPcOC was established by reacting tetracyanobenzene with a metal(II) acetate in sulfolane. Poly(μ-pyrazine)octacyanophthalocyaninatoiron(II) and -cobalt(II) were synthesized and their doping with lithium was carried out. The Fe (II) and Co (II) octacyanophthalocyanine complexes showed good electrical conductivities of the order of 10-8-10-4 S cm -1. The electrical conductivities of the lithium-doped complexes were improved by two or three orders of magnitude in comparison with the corresponding monomeric and polymeric complexes.
Molecular environment effect onO2binding to lipidporphyrinatoiron(II) complexes in aqueous media
Authors: TSUCHIDA EISHUN , KOMATSU TERUYUKI , YANAGIMOTO TETSUYA
Published: January 2005

Lipidporphyrinatoiron(II) complexes are tetrakis(o-substituted)phenylporphinatoiron(II) derivatives which can be easily dispersed in water by molecular assembling. The most remarkable aspect of lipidporphyrinatoiron(II) assemblies is their reversible binding of dioxygen under physiological conditions (in aqueous media, pH 7.3, 37 °C) like hemoglobin and myoglobin. In these structures the O2-binding properties are largely influenced by the molecular environment around the coordination site. Tetrakis(o-pivalamido)phenylporphinatoiron(II) with a covalently linked axial imidazole (lipidporphyrinatoiron(II), 1) is incorporated into recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA), providing a totally synthetic O2-carrying hemoprotein (rHSA–1). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the molecular mass of this non-covalent albumin–porphyrin hybrid. The O2rebinding after laser flash photolysis represented a three-phase decay, suggesting that each porphyrin is embedded into different cavities in the albumin structure. On the other hand, amphiphilic lipidporphyrinatoiron(II) with four alkylphosphocholine chains (2) is self-organized in aqueous solution to produce bimolecular fibers with a uniform thickness of 10 nm. This fiber also gave a stable O2adduct, and the O2rebinding after laser flash irradiation showed monophasic kinetics. Up to 20 vol% of methanol, which is a critical concentration for fiber formation, the morphology was gradually dissociated into spherical micelles, and the stability of the dioxygenated species suddenly decreased to 10% of that of the fibers.
Electrospray mass spectrometry of isomeric tetrakis(N-alkylpyridyl)porphyrins and their manganese(III) and iron(III) complexes
Authors: BATINIĆ-HABERLE INES , STEVENS ROBERT D. , FRIDOVICH IRWIN
Published: January 2005

Manganese(III) complexes of isomeric tetrakis(N-alkylpyridyl)porphyrins (N- alkyl = N- methyl , M or N- ethyl , E ), MnTM ( E )-2(3,4)- PyP5+, are being developed as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics. Simultaneously, techniques for their purification, identification and characterization are being pursued. Electrospray mass spectrometry ( ESMS ) proved to be an excellent method for identification and characterization of this group of water-soluble cationic porphyrins. The multiply charged parent ion is observed for both the metal-free ligands and their corresponding manganese complexes. The other major peaks in the mass spectra result from loss of N-alkyl groups, reduction of the metal center, axial coordination of chloride or hydroxo ion in the case of the Fe porphyrin, loss of metal and deprotonation of pyrrolic nitrogens. As a result of inductive and resonance effects, which stabilize the ortho isomer, almost no loss of N-alkyl groups from the manganese complex or from its parent ligand was observed. The relative intensity of the multiply charged molecular ion MnIIITM -3(4)- PyP5+/5 was 100% in the case of the meta and para isomers. Although manganese porphyrins display a low preference toward axial ligation, favorable electrostatics at the metal center of the ortho isomer gives rise to 100% relative intensity of the species that has chloride axially ligated at the manganese site, MnIIITM ( E )-2- PyPCl4+/4. When the stronger preference of iron porphyrins toward axial ligation combines with the ortho effect, the monohydroxo iron porphyrin FeIIITM -2- PyP ( OH )4+/4 dominates the ESMS of an aqueous acetonitrile solution at pH 7.8.
The protective properties of synthetic porphyrin tin complexes in toxic hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: PHILIPPOVA T. O. , GALKIN B. N. , GOLOVENKO N. YA. , ZHILINA Z. I. , VODZINSKII S. V.
Published: January 2005

Tin complexes of meso-substituted synthetic porphyrins, namely Sn4+-meso-tetraphenyl- porphyrin ( Sn - TPP ) and Sn4+-meso-tetrakis(N-methyl-3-pyridyl)porphyrin tetratosylate ( Sn - TMe -3- PyP ), efficiently decrease the serum bilirubin level when injected subcutaneously at a dose of 100 μM kg−1body weight into mice. These compounds are active during hyperbilirubinemia, induced by phenylhydrazine, hemin and tetrachloromethane, and also during autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In the latter case a decrease in serum bilirubin content was observed, as well as a decrease in the amount of blood reticulocytes which reflects a milder course of the disease. The Sn complexes under study induce, in vivo, cytochrome P-450, inhibit microsomal heme oxygenase and decrease the intensity of lipid peroxidation. At the same time, in vitro the hepatic and splenic heme oxygenase activity is blocked only when a 0.1 μM concentration of Sn - TMe -3- PyP or Sn -protoporphyrin IX is added to the incubation mixture. Sn - TPP does not affect the activity of this enzyme in vitro.
Syntheses and chemistry of porphyrins
Authors: SMITH KEVIN M.
Published: January 2005

Common methods available for the preparation of useful porphyrins from naturally derived heme and by total synthesis from monopyrroles are presented. Such porphyrins can be used for numerous reactivity and structural modification studies of the type which will be presented in minisymposia (including that entitled ‘Syntheses and Chemistry of Porphyrins’) at the First International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (ICPP-1).
Interactions of nitric oxide and organic nitroso compounds with metalloporphyrins and heme
Authors: RICHTER-ADDO GEORGE B.
Published: January 2005

The chemistry of nitric oxide (NO) has taken on new dimensions since the discovery, about a decade ago, of a myriad of biological events that NO participates in. Many of the foundations of metal-NO chemistry were laid out earlier by inorganic chemists and biochemists investigating the structures and electronic properties of the heme-NO moiety or its model compounds. Certainly, the persistent work over the last three decades by chemists working with metal nitrosyls has paid off. Current areas of research in heme-NO chemistry include (i) how the NO group approaches and binds to the metal center (or how it dissociates from the metal center); (ii) the ground state and excited state geometries of the metal-NOfragment; (iii) effects of the trans axial ligands on NO orientation and/or dissociation; and (iv) N-N bond formation from NO molecules catalyzed by heme groups.
TaqMan Real Time–Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for Determination of Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human N‐Acetyltransferase‐1 (NAT1) and ‐2 (NAT2)
Authors: Hein David W. , Doll Mark A.
Published: January 2005

N‐acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) exhibit allelic variation and genetic polymorphism associated with increased susceptibility towards drug toxicity and environmental disease. TaqMan allelic discrimination methods are described to rapidly determine NAT1 and NAT2 genotypes. The SNPs selected for NAT1 genotype determinations are: C97T (R33Stop), C190T (R64W), G445A (V149I), C559T (R187Stop), G560A (R187Q), A752T (D251V), T1088A (3′UTR), and C1095A (3′UTR). The SNPs selected for NAT2 genotyping determinations are: G191A (R64Q), C282T (silent), T341C (I114T), C481T (silent), G590A (R197Q), A803G (K268R), and G857A (G286T). All NAT2 and NAT1 alleles, except very rare ones, are detected with these assays. Major advantages of the methods described in this unit are that they do not require post‐PCR processing (such as enzyme digestion) or the use of radioactivity. Since the methods amplify relatively small segments of NAT1 or NAT2, they are effective for human DNA samples derived from buccal cells or paraffin‐embedded tissues.
Collection of Bile and Urine Samples for Determining the Urinary and Hepatobiliary Disposition of Xenobiotics in Mice
Authors: Manautou José E. , Chen Chuan
Published: January 2005

One of the most simple and informative method commonly used by researchers in the field of xenobiotics metabolism and dispostion to investigate the fate of chemicals in living organisms involves identification and/or quantitation of metabolites in excreta such as urine and bile. This method can be performed on dogs and larger rodents such as rats and hamsters rather easily. However, many investigators find it difficult to collect bile samples from mice. This unit describes, in detail, how to collect urine and bile samples from a mouse for further metabolite analysis.
Morphological Measurement of Neurotoxic Injury in the Peripheral Nervous System: Preparation of Material for Light and Transmission Electron Microscopic Evaluation
Authors: Hancock S.K. , Hinckley J. , Ehrich M. , Jortner B.S.
Published: January 2005

An important method of assessing experimental neurotoxic injury is the pathologic examination of the nervous system. Methods for fixation, sampling, and preparation of peripheral nervous system tissues for critical pathological neurotoxicology studies are presented. Fixation of tissue is carried out using either perfusion‐fixation of laboratory animals or immersion‐fixation of dissected nerve segments. Dissection of the peripheral nervous system (from perfusion‐fixed animals) is done to allow for multilevel sampling. Focus is on use of epoxy resin embedding tissue sections for optimal light microscopic resolution. Protocols for processing, sectioning, and staining for light and transmission electron microscopy are provided. A protocol for teasing and microscopic study of individual myelinated fibers is provided.
Measuring the Activity of Cytolytic Lymphocytes
Authors: Lawrence B. Paige
Published: January 2005

The protocols in this unit describe how to measure the activity of the two most common types of lymphocytes that have cytolytic activity: cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. Measurement of CTL activity requires priming of cells, which can be performed either in vivo or in vitro. Priming leads to a population of differentiated, antigen‐specific CTL. Protocols in which CTL are primed in vivo and in vitro are included in this unit. In contrast to CTL, the cytolytic activity of NK cells can be measured in the absence of antigen priming. In all of these protocols, single‐cell suspensions of effector and target cells are prepared separately. The target cells are labeled with 51Cr, and then the effector and target cells are co‐cultured for several hours. The amount of target cell lysis is determined by measuring the amount of 51Cr released into the culture medium. For all of the protocols, the effector cells are derived from mouse spleen. The target cells are either spleen cells from mice of a different MHC haplotype, virus‐infected cells, tumor cells, or cultured cell lines. These protocols provide a methodological framework that can be adapted for measuring the activity of cytolytic lymphocytes in a variety of experimental paradigms.
Photoinduced electron transfer from triplet states of phthalocyanines to fullerenes studied by transient absorption spectroscopies in visible and near-IR regions
Authors: EL-KHOULY MOHAMED E. , ISLAM SHAFIQUL D.-M. , FUJITSUKA MAMORU , ITO OSAMU
Published: January 2005

Photoinduced electron transfer processes between C 60/ C 70 and phthalocyanines such as tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine ( H 2 TBPc ) and its zinc derivative ( ZnTBPc ) in polar solvents have been studied by observing the transient absorption spectra in the visible and near-IR regions. Upon predominant excitation of TBPcs with a 670 nm laser pulse in polar solvents, growth of the transient absorption bands of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was observed, accompanied by a concurrent decay of the triplet states of TBPcs (3 TBPc *). Thus it is confirmed that electron transfer occurs via 3 TBPc * in polar solvents. The electron transfer rate constants and efficiencies of electron transfer via 3 ZnTBPc * are greater than those via 3 H 2 TBPc * owing to the electron ejection ability of 3 ZnTBPc *. Solvent effects on the forward and backward electron transfer processes have been evaluated.
A study of polyurethane ionomer dispersant
Authors: Hsaing M. L. , Chang C. H. , Chan M. H. , Chao D. Y.
Published: January 2005

Anionic polyurethane ionomers as the dispersant in water‐soluble acrylic baked paint were successfully synthesized at our lab and these ionomer structures have been proven by infrared spectra. In aqueous solution, the surface tension for polyurethane ionomer molecules with different ionics was found to increase with increasing the concentration of ionics, as a result of the hydrophobics of ionomer molecules adsorbed at the air–water interface becoming even more ordered. It was also found that the viscosity is higher for polyurethane ionomer with L‐2,5‐diaminovaleric acid hydrochloride than for polyurethane ionomer with sodium 4,4‐dihydroxy‐l‐butane sulfonate (DS200) or with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) in water. For the wettability and dispersion of titanium dioxide pigment present in water‐soluble acrylic baked paint, the polyurethane ionomer molecules with respective sodium 4,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐butane sulfonate, DMPA, DS200 containing 3% 1,3‐propane sultone (ES200) and DMPA containing 3% ES200 are considered to be better dispersants. The titanium dioxide pigment was found to become finer, as the agitation time and the ionic concentration of anionic polyurethane ionomer were increased. In addition, the system with DS200 or dimethylol propionic acid will make the dispersion of titanium dioxide pigment stable in water‐soluble acrylic paint. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 103–111, 2005
Bradykinin B2 receptor signaling: Structural and functional characterization of the C‐terminus
Authors: Piserchio Andrea , Zelesky Veronica , Yu Jun , Taylor Linda , Polgar Peter , Mierke Dale F.
Published: January 2005

Over the last few years the importance of the intracellular C‐terminus in the signaling of G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCR) has become increasingly evident. In an effort to provide a structural framework for biological function, we have determined the conformation of the C‐terminus of the bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor. Using a uniformly 15N‐ and 13C‐enriched sample of the BKB2 receptor [309–366], NMR results clearly define three α‐helices lying on the zwitterionic surface of the dodecylphosphocholine. The proximal helix consisting of residues 311–326 was previously predicted based on homology modeling with rhodopsin. This corresponds to what is often called helix‐8 of the GPCRs. The two distal helices, residues 333–345 and 348–363, are clearly borne out by the NMR data. The functional importance of these secondary structural elements was probed by determination of the signaling properties (inositol phosphate formation) of mutant BKB2 receptors lacking the domains (deletion mutants) or containing the corresponding region from the related GPCR, angiotensin II AT1a (chimera receptors). We demonstrate that the regions between the helices (residues 327–333 and 346–347) can be exchanged without loss of signaling. In contrast, modification of the three helices, particularly the hydroxyl‐containing residues, has drastic effects on the signaling profile of the BKB2 receptor. By coupling of the structural features with the functional data, the molecular mechanisms of signaling by the BKB2 receptor are beginning to be established.© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
High‐Throughput Mass‐Spectrometry Monitoring for Multisubstrate Enzymes: Determining the Kinetic Parameters and Catalytic Activities of Glycosyltransferases
Authors: Yang Min , Brazier Melissa , Edwards Robert , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: January 2005

A novel high‐throughput screening (HTS) method with electrospray time‐of‐flight (ESI‐TOF) mass spectrometry allows i) rapid and broad screening of multisubstrate enzyme catalytic activity towards a range of donor and acceptor substrates; ii) determination of full multisubstrate kinetic parameters and the binding order of substrates. Two representative glycosyltransferases (GTs, one common, one recently isolated, one O‐glycosyltransferase (O‐GT), one N‐glycosyltransferase (N‐GT)) have been used to validate this system: the widely used bovine β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22), and the recently isolated Arabidopsis thaliana GT UGT72B1 (EC 2.4.1.‐). The GAR (green/amber/red) broad‐substrate‐specificity screen, which is based on the mass ion abundance of product, provides a fast, high‐throughput method for finding potential donors and acceptors from substrate libraries. This was evaluated by using six natural and non‐natural donors (α‐UDP‐D‐Glucose (UDPGlc), α‐UDP‐N‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (UDPGlcNAc), α‐UDP‐D‐5‐thioglucose (UDP5SGlc), α‐GDP‐L‐fucose (GDPFuc), α‐GDP‐D‐mannose (GDPMan), α,β‐UDP‐D‐mannose (UDPMan)) and 32 broad‐ranging acceptors (sugars, plant hormones, antibiotics, flavonoids, coumarins, phenylpropanoids and benzoic acids). By using the fast‐equilibrium assumption, KM, kcat and KIA were determined for representative substrates, and these values were used to determine substrate binding orders. These screening methods applied to the two very different enzymes revealed some unusual substrate specificities, thus highlighting the utility of broad‐ranging substrate screening. For UGT72B1, it was shown that the donor specificity is determined largely by the nucleotide moiety. The method is therefore capable of identifying GT enzymes with usefully broad carbohydrate‐transfer ability.
Novel Insights into Siderophore Formation in Myxobacteria
Authors: Gaitatzis Nikolaos , Kunze Brigitte , Müller Rolf
Published: January 2005

The myxochelins are catecholate‐type siderophores produced by a number of myxobacterial strains, and their corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters have been identified in Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15,1 and Sorangium cellulosum So ce56; the latter being presented in this work. Biochemical and genetic studies described here further clarify myxochelin biosynthesis. In addition to the myxochelin A biosynthetic complex, the aminotransferase MxcL is required in order to form myxochelin B, starting from 2,3‐dihydroxy benzoic acid and L‐lysine. Additionally, the substrate specificity of the myxochelin A biosynthetic complex was analyzed in vitro; this led to the formation of novel myxochelin derivatives. Furthermore, MxcD was over‐expressed and its function as an active isochorismic acid synthase in Escherichia coli was verified by complementation studies, as was activity in vitro. The organization of the myxochelin gene cluster of S. cellulosum So ce56 was compared to that of the Sg a15 gene cluster. The comparison revealed that although the organization of the biosynthetic genes is completely different, the biosynthesis is most probably extremely similar.
Nucleoside‐Based Phospholipids and Their Liposomes Formed in Water
Authors: Choi Seung Kyu , Vu Tran Khac , Jung Jin Mi , Kim Su Jeong , Jung Hun Rok , Chang Taihyun , Kim Byeang Hyean
Published: January 2005

Phospholipids and liposomes have been the subjects of considerable attention because of their importance in biological systems. We have efficiently synthesized novel nucleoside‐based phospholipids in six‐step sequences starting from their corresponding nucleosides. These nucleoside‐based phospholipids self‐assemble into liposome‐like structures in aqueous solutions. We have analyzed the structures of these liposomes by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy.
The fate of heterologous CD4+ T cells during Leishmania donovani infection
Authors: Polley Rosalind , Zubairi Soombul , Kaye Paul M.
Published: January 2005

Little is currently understood about the consequences of chronic parasitic infection for the fate of memory CD4+ T cells that recognize heterologous antigens, e.g. resulting from prior infections or vaccination. Here, we address how Leishmania donovani infection affected the fate of non‐cross‐reactive (OVA)‐specific memory CD4+ T cells. DO11 cells were adoptively transferred into naive recipient mice, which were then immunized to generate memory DO11 cells. After 6 weeks, mice were infected with L. donovani and the fate of DO11 cells was determined. L. donovani infection stimulated an approximately threefold expansion in the total number of CD4+ T cells and DO11 cells, compared to that observed in uninfected mice. DO11 T cells were more actively dividing in infected mice, as judged by 5‐bromo‐2′ deoxyuridine labeling, whereas their rate of apoptosis in control and infected mice was identical. Both CD45RBhiCD44lo naive T cells and to a greater extent CD45RBloCD44hi memory DO11 cells increased in number in the spleens of infected mice, whereas no changes occurred to DO11 cell number or phenotype in the draining lymph nodes. These data indicate that heterologous CD4+ T cells may actively divide during chronic infectious diseases, with important implications for how chronic infection may impact on heterologous immunity.
B7‐H3 promotes acute and chronic allograft rejection
Authors: Wang Liqing , Fraser Christopher C. , Kikly Kristine , Wells Andrew D. , Han Rongxiang , Coyle Anthony J. , Chen Lieping , Hancock Wayne W.
Published: January 2005

The B7 homolog B7‐H3 is important for the regulation of immune responses though its functions in vivo are controversial. We report the first clinical and experimental data concerning expression and function of B7‐H3 in alloresponses. Immunohistological and molecular analyses showed B7‐H3 expression by cells mediating rejection of human and mouse allografts. To analyze the significance of B7‐H3 in rejecting allografts, we generated B7‐H3–/– mice and showed that targeting of B7‐H3 was synergistic with other forms of immune modulation; e.g. a regimen of rapamycin gave 12–14 days of survival in wild‐type controls but led to permanent cardiac and islet allograft survival in B7‐H3–/– mice. Cardiac allografts in treated B7‐H3–/– mice showed markedly decreased production of key cytokine, chemokine and chemokine receptor mRNA transcripts as compared to wild‐type controls. The incidence of chronic rejection in two different cardiac allograft models was also inhibited in B7‐H3–/– as compared to wild‐type recipients. Lastly, in addition to the expected antigen‐presenting cell expression of B7‐H3, CD4 and CD8 T cells showed B7‐H3 induction upon cell activation, and both dendritic cell‐ and T cell‐expressed B7‐H3 each enhanced T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that B7‐H3 promotes T cell‐mediated immune responses and the development of acute and chronic allograft rejection.
Prenatal tolerance – a role for regulatory T cells?
Authors: Izcue Ana , Powrie Fiona
Published: January 2005

Regulatory T cells (TR cells) play a major role in controlling immune self reactivity. However, little is known about their occurrence and functions in early developmental stages. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Cupedo et al. report the presence of functional CD4+CD25+ TR cells in the human fetus. In contrast to previous studies, the analysis is performed on fetal thymus, spleen and lymph node samples in addition to cord blood cells. Interestingly, TR cells are present in all these organs from 14 weeks of gestation, along with FoxP3 (forkhead box protein 3) RNA, a marker for naturally arising TR cells. The fetal TR cells show, however, phenotypic differences depending on their location, possibly because of variations in their activation state. The emergence of TR cells so early in fetal development raises a number of questions about the mechanisms of self reactivity and tolerance in the prenatal stages, which may have important implications for our understanding of childhood pathologies.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425763
Adsorptive Stripping Tensammetry of Homogeneous Short‐Chained Dodecylethoxylates
Authors: Lukaszewski Zenon , Szymanski Andrzej , Nowak Ewa Walentyna , Wlosek Joanna
Published: January 2005

Alcohol ethoxylates (AE) comprise the major group of non‐ionic surfactants (NS) discharged into the aquatic environment in large amounts. Tensammetric techniques play a significant role in NS monitoring in the environment. The behavior of homogeneous short‐chained dodecylethoxylate C12E4 (C12E4) under adsorptive stripping tensammetry (AdST) conditions was investigated and the results compared with those of Rokanol L‐4 (L‐4), being an analogical polydispersal commercial product. Surfactant C12E4 consists of an alkyl chain (C12) and four oxyethylene subunits. Cathodic tensammetric curves were recorded at various preconcentration potentials within a range of surfactant concentrations from 20 ppb to 10 ppm. Generally, both surfactants behave similarly: both form a wide, poorly shaped tensammetric peak, the position of which shifts towards the negative direction with growing surfactant concentration as well as a narrow peak located at a more negative potential. However, differences between homogeneous C12E4 and polydispersal L‐4 are observed in detail. In the case of L‐4, the wide peak is very poorly shaped while in the case of C12E4 a much better shaped double peak is observed. The position of the narrow needle‐shaped peak is more negative in the case of L‐4. Polydispersal L‐4 is adsorbed within a wider potential range than homogeneous C12E4.
Synthesis, characterization, and controlled nitric oxide release from S‐nitrosothiol‐derivatized fumed silica polymer filler particles
Authors: Frost Megan C. , Meyerhoff Mark E.
Published: January 2005

A new type of nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing material is described that utilizes S‐nitrosothiols anchored to tiny fumed silica (FS) particles as the NO donor system. The synthetic procedures suitable for tethering three different thiol species (cysteine, N‐acetylcysteine, and N‐acetylpenicillamine) to the surface of FS polymer filler particles are detailed. The thiol‐derivatized particles are converted to their corresponding S‐nitrosothiols by reaction with t‐butylnitrite. The total NO loading on the resulting particles range from 21–138 nmol/mg for the three different thiol‐derivatized materials [S‐nitrosocysteine‐(NO‐Cys)‐FS, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylcysteine (SNAC)‐FS, and S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)‐FS], with SNAP‐FS yielding the highest NO loading. NO can be generated from these particles when suspended in solution via the addition of copper(II) ions, ascorbate, or irradiation with visible light. The SNAC‐FS and SNAP‐FS particles can be blended in polyurethane and silicone rubber matrixes to create films that release NO at controlled rates. Polyurethane films containing SNAC‐FS submerged in phosphate‐buffered saline (pH 7.4) generate NO surface fluxes ∼0.1–0.7 × 10−10 mol cm−2 min−1 and SNAP‐FS films generate NO fluxes of ∼0–7.5 × 10−10 mol cm−2 min−1 upon addition of increasing amounts of copper ions. Silicone rubber films containing SNAC‐FS or SNAP‐FS do not liberate NO upon exposure to copper ions or ascorbate in phosphate‐buffered saline solution. However, such films are shown to release NO at rates proportional to increasing intensities of visible light impinging on the films. Such photoinitiated NO release from these composite materials offers the first NO‐releasing hydrophobic polymers with an external on/off trigger to control NO generation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 409–419, 2005
Generalized slant Toeplitz operators on H2
Authors: Arora S. C. , Batra Ruchika
Published: January 2005

For an integer k ≥ 2, kth‐order slant Toeplitz operator Uφ [1] with symbol φ in L∞(𝕋), where 𝕋 is the unit circle in the complex plane, is an operator whose representing matrixM = (αij ) is given by αij = 〈φ, zki–j〉, where 〈. , .〉 is the usual inner product in L2(𝕋). The operator Vφ denotes the compression of Uφ to H2(𝕋) (Hardy space). Algebraic and spectral properties of the operator Vφ are discussed. It is proved that spectral radius of Vφ equals the spectral radius of Uφ, if φ is analytic or co‐analytic, and if Tφ is invertible then the spectrum of Vφ contains a closed disc and the interior of the disc consists of eigenvalues of infinite multiplicities. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global bifurcation theorem for a class of boundary conditions for ordinary differential equations of second order
Authors: Gulgowski Jacek
Published: January 2005

In this paper we deal with boundary value problems

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where l : C1([a, b], ℝk) → ℝk × ℝk is continuous, μ ≤ 0 and φ is a Caratheodory map. We define the class S of maps l, for which a global bifurcation theorem holds for the problem (+), with φ(t, x, y, λ) = λ(|x1|, …, |xk|) + o(|x| + |y|). We show that the class S contains Sturm‐Liouville boundary conditions. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Varieties withP3= 3 andq= dim(X)
Authors: Hacon Christopher D.
Published: January 2005

We prove that ifXis a complex projective variety withP3(X) = 3 andq(X) = dim(X), thenXis birational to a bidouble cover of A(X). (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oscillation of second‐order perturbed differential equations
Authors: Mustafa Octavian G. , Rogovchenko Yuri V.
Published: January 2005

We give constructive proof of the existence of vanishing at infinity oscillatory solutions for a second‐order perturbed nonlinear differential equation. In contrast to most results reported in the literature, we do not require oscillatory character of the associated unperturbed equation, monotonicity of nonlinearity, and we establish global existence of oscillatory solutions without assuming it a priori. Furthermore, as our example demonstrates, existence of bounded oscillatory solutions does not exclude existence of unbounded nonoscillatory solutions. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasi‐Lipschitz condition in potential theory
Authors: Rautmann Reimund , Solonnikov Vsevolod
Published: January 2005

The velocity $ \vec v $ of an incompressible flow in a bounded three‐dimensional domain is represented by its vorticity $ \vec j $ with the help of an apparently new representation formula. Using this formula we prove a quasi‐Lipschitz estimate for $ \vec v $ in dependence of the supremum norm of $ \vec j $. Our quasi‐Lipschitz bound extends to the case where $ \vec v $ is represented by any continuous $ \vec j $ ≠ rot $ \vec v $
Anti‐periodic solutions for evolution equations with mappings in the class (S+)
Authors: Chen Yu Qing , Cho Yeol Je , O'Regan Donal
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we study the existence of anti‐periodic solutions for the first order evolution equation

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in a Hilbert space H, where G : H → ℝ is an even function such that ∂G is a mapping of class (S+) and f : ℝ → ℝ satisfies f(t + T) = –f(t) for any t ∈ ℝ with f(·) ∈ L2(0, T; H). (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A chessboard model of the U‐boat war in the Atlantic with applications to signals intelligence
Authors: McCue Brian
Published: January 2005

This paper uses a simple Monte Carlo model to analyze the influence of signals intelligence on the Second World War's Battle of the Atlantic. The principle measure of effectiveness is the number of U‐boat days of attack to which convoys were subjected. A secondary measure is the number of convoyed ships sunk. The model is validated against historical data and then used to explore the effectiveness of the two sides' signals intelligence. Allied use of signals intelligence is shown to have been capable of completely offsetting German use of signals intelligence, and then some. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
DNA replication licensing in peripheral B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Obermann Ellen C. , Eward Kathryn Leigh , Dogan Ahmet , Paul Elizabeth A. , Loddo Marco , Munson Philippa , Williams Gareth H. , Stoeber Kai
Published: January 2005

Peripheral B‐cell lymphomas representing 90% of lymphoid neoplasms are divided into low‐ and high‐growth fraction lymphomas. Here we investigate regulation of DNA replication licensing during B‐cell lymphomagenesis. Combined analysis of origin licensing factors Mcm2 and geminin with the proliferation marker Ki67 in SLL/CLL, MCL, DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma reveals for the first time the precise cell cycle state of these entities. Given that tight Mcm2 downregulation defines the quiescent state (G0) and that both high‐ and low‐growth fraction lymphomas express Mcm2, the data demonstrate that neoplastic lymphocytes of SLL/CLL and MCL reside in an “in‐cycle” G1 state and not in G0 as previously thought. Absence of the S/G2/M phase marker geminin in SLL/CLL and MCL further indicates failure of cell cycle progression in these tumours. In contrast, the high‐growth fraction lymphomas DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma exhibit differential expression of geminin, with the geminin/Ki67 ratio increasing for more aggressive neoplasms in keeping with a shortened G1 phase and thus representing an important discriminator for differential diagnosis. These data provide new insights into abrogation of cell cycle control during B cell lymphomagenesis and suggest that combined analysis of origin licensing factors may contribute to improved treatment decisions and prognosis in haematopoietic malignancies. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stem cell activation sustains hereditary hypertrophy in hamster cardiomyopathy
Authors: Fiaccavento Roberta , Carotenuto Felicia , Minieri Marilena , Fantini Cristina , Forte Giancarlo , Carbone Arnaldo , Carosella Luciana , Bei Roberto , Masuelli Laura , Palumbo Camilla , Modesti Andrea , Prat Maria , Di Nardo Paolo
Published: January 2005

Recent studies have documented the presence of stem cells within the myocardium and their role in the repair of ischaemic injury. Nevertheless, the pathogenic role of stem cells in non‐ischaemic myocardial diseases, as well as the factors potentially responsible for their activation, is still under debate. The present study demonstrates the presence of an increased number of c‐kit positive, MDR‐positive, and Sca‐1‐positive stem cells within the myocardium of hereditary δ‐SG null hamsters, a spontaneously occurring model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. When hamsters are 80 days old, ie at the ‘hypertrophic’ stage of the disease, but without haemodynamic overload, these cells associate with a multitude of cells co‐expressing c‐kit, cMet, GATA4, or MEF‐2, and proliferating myocytes co‐expressing myosin heavy chain, telomerase, ki67 and cyclin B. Furthermore, at the same animal age, the number of myocardial cells co‐expressing c‐kit and Flk‐1, and the number of capillary vessels, is also amplified. In order to identify factors potentially responsible for stem cell activation, the myocardial expression of HGF and cMet and HGF plasma levels were evaluated, demonstrating their increase in 80‐day‐old δ‐SG null hamsters. To demonstrate the possible ability of HGF to induce stem cell differentiation, bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells were challenged with HGF at the same plasma concentration observed in vivo. HGF induced cMet phosphorylation, and caused loss of stem cell features and overexpression of MEF‐2, TEF1, and MHC. Our results demonstrate that stem cell activation occurs within the cardiomyopathic myocardium, very likely to maintain an efficient cardiac architecture. In this context, elevated levels of HGF might play a role in induction of stem cell commitment to the cardiomyocyte lineage and in cardioprotection through its anti‐apoptotic action. Consistently, when cytokine levels declined to physiological concentrations, as in 150‐day‐old cardiomyopathic animals, myocardial apoptosis prevailed, prejudicing cardiac function. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of B‐ and C‐type low molecular weight glutenin subunits by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Muccilli Vera , Cunsolo Vincenzo , Saletti Rosaria , Foti Salvatore , Masci Stefania , Lafiandra Domenico
Published: January 2005

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW‐GS) are typically subdivided into three groups, according to their molecular weights and isoelectric points, namely the B‐, C‐, and D groups. Enriched B‐ and C‐type LMW‐GS fractions extracted from the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) directly interfaced with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and HPLC coupled off‐line with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, in order to ascertain the number and relative molecular masses of the components present in each fraction and determine the number of cysteine residues. About 70 components were detected in each of the fractions examined by the combined use of these two techniques, with 18 components common to both fractions. Analysis of the fractions after alkylation with 4‐vinylpyridine allowed determination of the number of the cysteines present in about 40 subunits. The proteins detected were tentatively classified based on the relative molecular masses and number of cysteine residues. Cross‐contamination was found in both B‐ and C‐ fractions, along with the presence of D‐type LMW‐GS. The two fractions also contained unexpected components, probably lipid transfer proteins and ω‐gliadins. The presence of extensive microheterogeneity was suggested by the detection of several co‐eluting proteins with minor differences in their molecular masses.
Proteomic analysis of human pleural effusion
Authors: Tyan Yu‐Chang , Wu Hsin‐Yi , Su Wu‐Chou , Chen Pang‐Wei , Liao Pao‐Chi
Published: January 2005

Pleural effusion, an accumulation of pleural fluid, contains proteins originating from plasma filtrate and, especially when tissues are damaged, parenchymal interstitial spaces of lungs and/or other organs. This report presents data of the first global proteomic analysis of human pleural effusion. A composite sample was prepared by pooling pleural effusions from seven lung adenocarcinoma patients. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the composite sample revealed 472 silver‐stained spots. 242 selected gel spots were subjected to protein identification by in‐gel digestion, liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, and sequence database search. 44 proteins were identified with higher confidence levels (at least two unique peptide sequences matched), while 161 other proteins were identified at the minimal confidence level (only one unique peptide sequence matched). The data provide fundamental information on the composition of protein contents in human pleural effusion. Among these 44 proteins that were identified with higher confidence levels, 7 proteins, retinoblastoma binding protein 7, synaptic vesicle membrane protein, corticosteroid binding globulin precursor, PR‐domain containing protein 11, envelope glycoprotein, MSIP043 protein, and titin have not been reported in plasma and may represent proteins specifically present in pleural effusion. These proteins could have originated from parenchymal interstitial spaces and represent potential candidates of useful biomarkers that could not be readily detected in plasma but in pleural effusion. Retinoblastoma binding protein 7 is of special interest since it may play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.