bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical, radiographic characteristics and immunomodulating changes in neuromyelitis optica with extensive brain lesions
Authors: Cheng Chen , Jiang Ying , Chen Xiaohong , Dai Yongqiang , Kang Zhuang , Lu Zhengqi , Peng Fuhua , Hu Xueqiang
Published: July 2013

Background

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) shows various brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities with recurrent central nervous system (CNS) attacks, although predominantly affecting the spinal cord and optic nerve. However, NMO with extensive involvement of the brain has infrequently been studied. We investigated the clinical, radiographic features and immunomodulating changes of NMO patients with extensive brain lesions (EBLs) in China.

Methods

NMO patients (including 16 NMO patients with EBLs and 53 NMO patients without EBLs) hospitalized during January 2006 and February 2010 were recruited and analyzed retrospectively. Data of clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, laboratory abnormalities, treatment details and outcomes were analyzed. All the patients received the follow-up visits for two years.

Results

EBLs in NMO were classified into four categories according to their respective MRI characteristics: 1) Tumefactive-like lesions (n=4, 25%); 2) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like lesions (n=6, 37.5%); 3) Multiple sclerosis (MS)-like lesions (n=5, 31.25%); 4) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)-like lesions (n=1, 6.25%). NMO patients with EBLs had higher rates of encephalopathy symptoms (37.5% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.004), homonymous hemianopia (18.8% vs. 0%, p = 0.011) and AQP4 seropositivity (100% vs. 69.8%, p = 0.008) than NMO patients without EBLs (NEBLs). Immunomodulating changes (including the levels of C3, C4, ESR and CRP) were significantly higher in patients with EBLs than those without EBLs. The relapse times in EBLs during the follow-up period were more frequent than those happened in NEBLs (1.88 ± 0.30 vs. 1.23 ± 0.14, p = 0.04). The EDSS scores in EBLs patients were also much higher than those in NEBLs throughout all the whole visits of follow-up.

Conclusions

The presence of EBLs in NMO may indicate a higher diseases activity and portend a worse prognosis. CRP is a useful marker in monitoring diseases activity. Systemic inflammation may be crucial to the formation of EBLs in NMO.
Combinatorial targeting of 2 different steps in adenoviral DNA replication by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and artificial microRNA expression for the inhibition of virus multiplication in the presence of ganciclovir
Authors: Ibrišimović Mirza , Lion Thomas , Klein Reinhard
Published: July 2013

Background

Human adenoviruses are a frequent threat to immunocompromised patients, and disseminated disease is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Current drugs are not capable of preventing all fatalities, thus indicating the need for alternative treatment strategies. Adenoviruses can be rendered susceptible to antiherpetic prodrugs such as ganciclovir (GCV), upon expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene in adenovirus-infected cells. Furthermore, adenoviruses are amenable to post-transcriptional gene silencing via small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or artificial micro RNAs (amiRNAs).

Results

In this study, we combined these 2 approaches by constructing a combinatorial gene expression cassette that comprises the HSV-TK gene and multiple copies of an amiRNA directed against the mRNA encoding the adenoviral preterminal protein (pTP). HSV-TK gene expression was controlled by the adenoviral E4 promoter, which is activated in the presence of the adenoviral E1 gene products (i.e., when adenovirus is present in the cell). When inserted into a replication-deficient (E1-, E3-deleted) adenoviral vector, this cassette effectively inhibited the replication of wild-type adenovirus in vitro. The reduction rate mediated by the combinatorial approach was higher compared to that achieved by either of the 2 approaches alone, and these obvious additive effects became most pronounced when the GCV concentration was low.

Conclusions

The concept presented here has the potential to aid in the inhibition of wild-type adenovirus replication. Furthermore, the combinatorial expression cassette may constitute a safeguard to potentially control unintended replication of adenoviral vectors and to prevent immune responses provoked by them.
‘Talking a different language’: an exploration of the influence of organizational cultures and working practices on transition from child to adult mental health services
Authors: McLaren Susan , Belling Ruth , Paul Moli , Ford Tamsin , Kramer Tami , Weaver Tim , Hovish Kimberly , Islam Zoebia , White Sarah , Singh Swaran P
Published: July 2013

Background

Organizational culture is manifest in patterns of behaviour underpinned by beliefs, values, attitudes and assumptions, which can influence working practices. Cultural factors and working practices have been suggested to influence the transition of young people moving from child to adult mental health services. Failure to manage and integrate transitional care effectively can lead to young people losing contact with health and social care systems, resulting in adverse effects on health, well-being and potential.

Methods

The study aim was to identify the organisational factors which facilitate or impede transition of young people from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult mental health services (AMHS) from the perspective of health professionals and representatives of voluntary organisations. Specific objectives were (i) to explore organizational cultures, structures, processes and resources which influence transition from child to adult mental health services; (ii) identify factors which constitute barriers and facilitators to transition and continuity of care and (iii) make recommendations for service improvements. Within an exploratory, qualitative design thirty four semi-structured interviews were conducted with health and social care professionals working in CAMHS and AMHS in four NHS Mental Health Trusts and four voluntary organizations, in England.

Results

A cultural divide appears to exist between CAMHS and AMHS, characterized by different beliefs, attitudes, mutual misperceptions and a lack of understanding of different service structures. This is exacerbated by working practices relating to communication and information transfer which could impact negatively on transition, relational, informational and cross boundary continuity of care. There is also evidence of a cultural shift, with some positive approaches to collaborative working across services and agencies, involving joint posts, parallel working, shared clinics and joint meetings.

Conclusions

Cultural factors embodied in mutual misperceptions, attitudes, beliefs exist between CAMHS and AMHS. Working practices can exert either positive or negative effects on transition and continuity of care. Implementation of shared education and training, standardised approaches to record keeping and information transfer, supported by compatible IT resources are recommended, alongside management strategies which evaluate the achievement of outcomes related to transition and continuity of care.
Epidemiological and clinical correlates of malaria-helminth co-infections in southern Ethiopia
Authors: Mulu Andargachew , Legesse Mengistu , Erko Berhanu , Belyhun Yeshambel , Nugussie Demise , Shimelis Techalew , Kassu Afework , Elias Daniel , Moges Beyene
Published: July 2013

Background

In many areas of the world, including Ethiopia, malaria and helminths are co-endemic, therefore, co-infections are common. However, little is known how concurrent infections affect the epidemiology and/or pathogenesis of each other. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of intestinal helminth infections on the epidemiology and clinical patterns of malaria in southern Ethiopia where both infections are prevalent.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2006 at Wondo Genet Health Center and Bussa Clinic, southern Ethiopia. Consecutive blood film positive malaria patients (N=230) and malaria negative asymptomatic individuals (N=233) were recruited. Malaria parasite detection and quantification was diagnosed using Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films, respectively. Helminths were detected using direct microscopy and formol-ether concentration techniques. Coarse quantification of helminths ova was made using Kato Katz method.

Results

The over all magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection was high irrespective of malaria infection (67% among malaria positive patients versus 53.1% among malaria non-infected asymptomatic individuals). Trichuris trichiura infection was associated with increased malaria prevalence while increased worm burden of helminths as expressed by egg intensity was associated with increased malaria parasitaemia which could be a potential factor for development of severe malarial infection with the course of the disease. Majority (77%) of the subjects had multiple helminths infection. T. trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma mansoni, and hookworm infestation accounted for 64.5, 57.7 %, 28.4%, and 12.2% of the infections, respectively.

Conclusions

Populations in malaria-endemic areas of southern Ethiopia are multi-parasitized with up to four helminths. Mass deworming may be a simple practical approach in endemic areas in reducing the risk of severe malarial attack particularly for those at high risk of both infections.
Adaptation of the methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis knowledge questionnaire (MiRAK) for use with parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a qualitative study
Authors: Wickwar Sadie , Buerkle Katrin , McBain Hayley , Ciciriello Sabina , Osborne Richard H , Wedderburn Lucy R , Newman Stanton P
Published: July 2013

Background

Although Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most commonly prescribed disease-modifying drugs in JIA no questionnaire exists that assesses the knowledge of parents about this drug. A 60-item questionnaire was recently developed to measure rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients’ knowledge about MTX; the Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Knowledge Test (MiRAK; Ciciriello et al. (Arthritis Rheum 62:10–1009, 2010)). This study aimed to adapt the MiRAK for parents of children with JIA.

Methods

Adaption of the MiRAK involved: 1) email consultations with clinicians working in the field of paediatric rheumatology (Panel 1) to ascertain the potential adaptations of the MiRAK from a clinical perspective, 2) synthesis of clinicians’ suggestions by a panel of experts, researchers and MiRAK developers (Panel 2) to reach consensus on which items needed to be modified and create a draft Methotrexate in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Knowledge Test (MiJIAK), 3) a review of the draft by 5 parents of children with JIA (Panel 3) using the cognitive ‘think-aloud’ method, 4) a second consultation with Panel 2 to review parents’ suggestions and determine the final items.

Results

A total of 9 items remained unchanged, e.g. “Methotrexate is effective at relieving joint stiffness”, 19 were deemed inappropriate in the paediatric setting and deleted, e.g. “It is safe to become pregnant 3 weeks after methotrexate has been stopped”, 32 underwent editorial changes largely to indicate that the questionnaire was about the children with JIA, e.g. “If you forget to give a dose of Methotrexate, you can still take it the next day” became “If your child misses a dose of Methotrexate, they can still take it the next day”, and 1 new item was added. A new 42-item questionnaire was produced and was found to be well understood by parents of children with JIA.

Conclusions

The systematic modification of the MiRAK, a patient-centred MTX knowledge questionnaire, has generated a comprehensive new questionnaire for use in the JIA setting. The wide consultation process, including cognitive testing, has ensured the tool is both relevant and acceptable to clinicians and will therefore be a valuable addition in understanding the parents’ perspective of this treatment in JIA.
Development and application of a high throughput carbohydrate profiling technique for analyzing plant cell wall polysaccharides and carbohydrate active enzymes
Authors: Li Xiaofei , Jackson Peter , Rubtsov Denis V , Faria-Blanc Nuno , Mortimer Jenny C , Turner Simon R , Krogh Kristian B , Johansen Katja S , Dupree Paul
Published: July 2013

Background

Plant cell wall polysaccharide composition varies substantially between species, organs and genotypes. Knowledge of the structure and composition of these polysaccharides, accompanied by a suite of well characterised glycosyl hydrolases will be important for the success of lignocellulosic biofuels. Current methods used to characterise enzymatically released plant oligosaccharides are relatively slow.

Results

A method and software was developed allowing the use of a DNA sequencer to profile oligosaccharides derived from plant cell wall polysaccharides (DNA sequencer-Assisted Saccharide analysis in High throughput, DASH). An ABI 3730xl, which can analyse 96 samples simultaneously by capillary electrophoresis, was used to separate fluorophore derivatised reducing mono- and oligo-saccharides from plant cell walls. Using electrophoresis mobility markers, oligosaccharide mobilities were standardised between experiments to enable reproducible oligosaccharide identification. These mobility markers can be flexibly designed to span the mobilities of oligosaccharides under investigation, and they have a fluorescence emission that is distinct from that of the saccharide labelling. Methods for relative and absolute quantitation of oligosaccharides are described. Analysis of a large number of samples is facilitated by the DASHboard software which was developed in parallel. Use of this method was exemplified by comparing xylan structure and content in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants affected in xylan synthesis. The product profiles of specific xylanases were also compared in order to identify enzymes with unusual oligosaccharide products.

Conclusions

The DASH method and DASHboard software can be used to carry out large-scale analyses of the compositional variation of plant cell walls and biomass, to compare plants with mutations in plant cell wall synthesis pathways, and to characterise novel carbohydrate active enzymes.
The effect of chronic prenatal hypoxia on the development of mature neurons in the cerebellum
Authors: So Keumyoung , Chung Yoonyoung , Lee Hyunyoung , Kim Eunyoung , Jeon Yonghyun
Published: July 2013

Background

Adverse intrauterine circumstances can result in abnormal brain development, and can contribute to many neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy and cognitive and behavioral deficits. These neurological problems are caused by conditions that cause chronic placental insufficiency (CPI), such as hypoxia and acidemia. Hypoxia has been implicated in structural alterations of the cerebellum during development; however, the changes to the cerebellar external granular layer (EGL) induced by chronic prenatal hypoxia are not well understood. We therefore investigated the effect of chronic prenatal hypoxia on the development of mature neurons in the EGL using the guinea pig CPI model.

Methods

Unilateral uterine artery ligation was performed at 30 to 32 days of gestation (dg) - with term defined as approximately 67 dg. At 50 dg, 60 dg, and one week after birth, fetuses and newborns were sacrificed and assigned to either the growth-restricted (GR) or control (no ligation) group. After fixation, dissection, and sectioning of cerebellar tissue from these animals, immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies raised to hypoxia-induced factor 1α (Hif1α), Pax6, NeuroD, and NeuN.

Results

The induction of hypoxia was confirmed by the presence of Hif1α immunoreactivity in the EGL of the GR (but not control) fetuses. The only other cellular immunoreactivity found in any of the tissues was to the NeuN antibody, which is a marker of mature neurons. The proportion of NeuN-immunoreactive (NeuN-IR) cells to the total number of cells in the EGL did not differ between the GR and control groups at 50 and 60 dg. The density of NeuN-IR cells was greater in GR fetuses than in controls at 60 dg (P < 0.05) but not at 50 dg. At one week after birth, the EGL was just one cell thick, and only a few NeuN-IR cells could be observed in both groups. TUNEL assays performed to enable the evaluation of apoptosis in the cerebellar EGL revealed that cell death was not affected by hypoxia at 50 dg, 60 dg, and one week after birth.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that chronic prenatal hypoxia affects the process of neuronal production late in fetal life, but that this effect does not persist postnatally.
Contemporary multidisciplinary treatment of pregnancy-associated breast cancer
Authors: Meisel Jane L , Economy Katherine E , Calvillo Katherina Zabicki , Schapira Lydia , Tung Nadine M , Gelber Shari , Kereakoglow Sandra , Partridge Ann H , Mayer Erica L
Published: July 2013

Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy poses unique challenges. Application of standard treatment algorithms is limited by lack of level I evidence from randomized trials. This study describes contemporary multidisciplinary treatment of pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) in an academic setting and explores early maternal and fetal outcomes. A search of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center clinical databases was performed to identify PABC cases. Sociodemographic, disease, pregnancy, and treatment information, as well as data on short-term maternal and fetal outcomes, were collected through retrospective chart review. 74 patients were identified, the majority with early-stage breast cancer. Most (73.5%) underwent surgical resection during pregnancy, including 40% with sentinel lymph node biopsy and 32% with immediate reconstruction. A total of 36 patients received anthracycline-based chemotherapy during pregnancy; of those, almost 20% were on a dose-dense schedule and 8.3% also received paclitaxel. 68 patients delivered liveborn infants; over half were delivered preterm (< 37 weeks), most scheduled to allow further maternal cancer therapy. For the infants with available data, all had normal Apgar scores and over 90% had birth weight >10th percentile. The rate of fetal malformations (4.4%) was not different than expected population rate. Within a multidisciplinary academic setting, PABC treatment followed contemporary algorithms without apparent increase in maternal or fetal adverse outcomes. A considerable number of preterm deliveries were observed, the majority planned to facilitate cancer therapy. Continued attention to maternal and fetal outcomes after PABC is required to determine the benefit of this delivery strategy.
How Does the Market Use Citation Data? The Hirsch Index in Economics
Authors: Ellison Glenn
Published: July 2013

A large literature following Hirsch (2005) has proposed citation-based indexes of individuals' research output. This paper views Hirsch's index as one member of a larger class and examines how well different indexes align with labor market outcomes for young, tenured economists at 50 US departments. Variants that emphasize smaller numbers of highly-cited papers are more aligned with labor market outcomes than is Hirsch's original index. It also examines how the market assesses jointly authored work, and how indexes can be adjusted for differences in citations across fields and years of experience. (JEL A14, C43)
Are Shocks to Energy Consumption Permanent or Temporary? The Case of 17 Middle East Countries
Authors: Ozcan Burcu
Published: July 2013

This article applies the univariate and panel LM (Lagrange Multiplier) unit root tests developed by Lee and Strazicich (2003; 2004) and Im et al. (2005), respectively to annual total primary energy consumption per capita data for 17 Middle East countries over the period 1980–2009. The results from univariate tests with one and two structural breaks indicate that stationarity does hold for most of the Middle East countries, especially in the case of two structural breaks. Furthermore, panel LM unit root tests have overwhelming evidence favorable to stationarity in both cases. These results indicate that shocks to energy consumption have only temporary effects and thus, energy demand management or conservation policies will not reach their targets in the long-run.
Perspective of Comprehensive Exploitation of the Valuable Elements of Chinese Coal
Authors: Lin Mingyue , Bai Guanlei , Duan Piaopiao , Xü Jing , Duan Dujuan , Li Zhongsheng
Published: July 2013

Coals throughout the world contain many valuable elements. However, they have not been exploited until now because many people don't realise that: (a) these elements can sometimes occur at such high concentrations in coals, and (b) hence these metals have such high potential economic value. Some metal elements in Chinese coals (or coal ashes) have reached the minimum economic grade and may have huge economic values. Two comprehensive plants for the exploitation of these valuable elements have now been built in China. However, in order to utilise these valuable metal elements in Chinese coal ashes, some urgent problems should be resolved. This comprehensive exploitation may provide guidance for similar coal mines in other countries.
The Conventional RT is Not Applicable for Testing the Acoustical Quality of Unroofed Theatres
Authors: Mo Fangshuo , Wang Jiqing
Published: July 2013

The use of reverberation parameters (reverberation time and early decay time) was a question for reverberance evaluation of unroofed spaces such as traditional Chinese courtyard theatres or Greek/Roman amphitheatres, with the absence of large amount reflections from the top. Subjective reverberance comparison tests of synthetic listening signals in an unroofed space and an enclosed space which have approximately the same exponential decay rate were conducted in our laboratory. It demonstrated the perceived reverberance is also affected by their spatial aspects, which is noticeable in an unroofed space. Therefore, conventional reverberation parameters RT and EDT based on monophonic recording are not adequate for describing the acoustical quality in unroofed spaces as we usually do for enclosed spaces, and the factor of spatial information of the reflections should not be neglected for reverberance criteria.
Where in the World Is Juan—and What Color Is He?: The Geography of Latina/o Racial Identity in Southern California
Authors: Pulido Laura , Pastor Manuel
Published: June 2013

Recently there has been a robust discussion on the question of Latina/o racial subjectivity, particularly whether Latinas/os are more apt to identify as "white" or as people of color. Scholars focused on contemporary identification patterns have examined key variables, including age, education, income, and nativity in an effort to understand Latinas/os' racial choices. However, dimensions of time and space are frequently unanalyzed. Focusing on the seven-county region of Southern California—home to the United States' largest concentration of Latinas/os—we use the American Community Survey (2008-10) to consider a range of variables, including spatial and temporal characteristics, to better understand Latina/o, especially Mexican American, racial subjectivity. Focusing on Latinas/os who identify as either "white" or "some other race" and utilizing a regression analysis to isolate the relative impact of each variable, we find that Latinas/os who live in more segregated neighborhoods as well as those who live among a high proportion of Latinas/os, are more likely to identify as "some other race."
"Crazy for This Democracy": Postwar Psychoanalysis, African American Blues Narratives, and the Lafargue Clinic
Authors: Stewart Catherine A.
Published: June 2013

The popularization of psychoanalysis after World War II provided African American writers such as Richard Wright and Ralph Ellison with a new paradigm for exploring the effects of racial discrimination on the formation of black identity. Both were instrumental in helping the psychiatrist Fredric Wertham establish the Lafargue Clinic in 1946, the first community outpatient "mental hygiene" clinic in Harlem. I argue that the Lafargue Clinic's improvisations on psychoanalysis can best be understood as a type of blues epistemology, strategically revising and inverting traditional tropes. My approach uncovers the clinic's innovative use of patient narratives as an essential therapeutic strategy to help African American clients reframe their encounters with racial discrimination as symptomatic of a diseased democracy.
Where We Stand: US Empire at Street Level and in the Archive
Authors: Jacobson Matthew Frye
Published: June 2013

"Where We Stand" takes the twentieth anniversary of the publication of Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease's Cultures of United States Imperialism as an occasion to survey the last forty years in both the lived experience of and the growing scholarship on US Empire. Capping a generation of critique and inquiry sparked by the Vietnam War, Cultures of US Imperialism is a poignant benchmark in the interdisciplinary study of US Empire, and also in the recognition that empire must be central to the study of the United States even in its "domestic" dimensions. In the twenty years since its publication, however, even as this turn in the scholarship has matured, the US Empire itself has not sat still. New paradigms are called for to conjoin the state-centered history of empire that Kaplan and Pease represent, on the one hand, with the geoeconomic contours of the corporatecentered neoliberal empire that have become increasingly apparent in recent decades, on the other. The address concludes with reflections on the relationship between the current forms of empire and the challenges to higher education in a neoliberal age.
Epistemologies of Empire: Sexuality and Knowledge within the Neoliberal Academy
Authors: Wesling Meg
Published: June 2013

This essay responds to the question posed in Matt Jacobson's presidential address, "what is the view of empire from where we are now standing?" It considers this question by posing two more: how is the university a site for the neoliberalization of empire, and how are our very categories of knowledge implicated in the foundations of US Empire? I argue, finally, that the conditions of neoliberalism are evidenced not only in the privatization of rights to which privileged queer subjects now aspire but also in the very critical identities and capacities we might want to occupy to critique those desires.
Divining and Knowing: Karl Sudhoff’s Historical Method
Authors: Stein Claudia
Published: June 2013

This article investigates the historical method of Karl Sudhoff (1853– 1938), Germany’s first professor of medical history. It argues that in order to understand his ideas more fully, we need to step outside the historiography of medical history and assess his methodology in relation to the norms and ideals of German academic history writing in general. The article demonstrates that the philology-based “critical method” of Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) was central to Sudhoff’s methodological thinking. It investigates the underlying philosophical and epistemological assumptions of Ranke’s method, which tend to be less appreciated than his overt empiricism and explores how Sudhoff applied these to the new professionalizing subdiscipline of the history of medicine. The article argues that Sudhoff’s concerns with the methodology of history, which involved a particular conception of the relationship between the human sciences and the medical sciences, offers compelling addresses to our times.
Repositioning the Patient: Patient Organizations, Consumerism, and Autonomy in Britain during the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Mold Alex
Published: June 2013

This article explores how and why the patient came to be repositioned as a political actor within British health care during the 1960s and 1970s. Focusing on the role played by patient organizations, it is suggested that the repositioning of the patient needs to be seen in the light of growing demands for greater patient autonomy and the application of consumerist principles to health. Examining the activities of two patient groups—the National Association for the Welfare of Children in Hospital (NAWCH) and the Patients Association (PA)—indicates that while such groups undoubtedly placed more emphasis on individual autonomy, collective concerns did not entirely fall away. The voices of patients, as well as the patient, continued to matter within British health care.
Negotiating Technologies in Surgery: The Controversy about Surgical Gloves in the 1890s
Authors: Schlich Thomas
Published: June 2013

This article examines the controversial discussions about surgical gloves in the German-language countries in the 1890s. Analyzing the controversy as a contradiction between two important strategies of modern surgery, manual control and aseptic control, it looks at the various ways surgeons dealt with the conflict. Most important, they tried to resolve the problem by designing gloves that reconciled the two conflicting control strategies. This perspective helps to better understand the lengthy process of negotiation and the detailed discussions in the decades before surgical gloves became a standard element of modern operating equipment.
Psychiatry, Authoritarianism, and Revolution: The Politics of Mental Illness during Military Dictatorships in Argentina, 1966–1983
Authors: Ramos Marco A.
Published: June 2013

From 1966 to 1983, Argentina underwent a period of political radicalization as fascist regimes used terror to control its citizens and leftist guerrillas resorted to violence to spark revolution. During this politically volatile period, psychiatry transformed from an apolitical clinical specialty into an ideological tool used for both leftist resistance and military oppression. The largest psychiatric organization at the time, the Federación Argentina de Psiquiatras (FAP), became the center for a new politically committed brand of psychiatry in Argentina that united psychoanalysis and community psychiatry with Marxist theory. Though the military targeted and eventually dismantled the FAP and its leftist brand of psychoanalysis and community psychiatry, sectors of the government also paradoxically appropriated and reframed community-based psychiatric perspectives to pathologize leftist subversion and advance their own conservative ideology.
Virtuous Circles of Authorship Attribution through Quantitative Analysis: Chrétien de Troyes's Lancelot
Authors: Reilly Brian J. , Dillon Moira R.
Published: June 2013

Authorship attribution often suffers from charges of vicious circularity, of conflating authorship and style. We argue for a more virtuous circularity for attribution arguments made through the quantitative analyses of stylometry. Our study investigated temporal lexeme usage, which has been suggested as a mark of authorship style, in the corpus traditionally attributed to Chrétien de Troyes. Our analyses revealed different usage patterns for these lexemes after line 6150 of the Lancelot, possibly indicating the signature of another author in the text (traditionally presumed to be that of Godefroy de Lagny). By embracing probabilistic arguments instead of certainties, digital philology can employ stylometry to consider questions of authorship attribution for medieval texts.
Political Idiots and Ignorant Clients: Vernacular Legal Language in Thirteenth-Century Iberian Culture
Authors: Rodríguez-Velasco Jesús
Published: June 2013

In this article, the author explores the idea that during the thirteenth century there were implemented new vernacular legal languages that were communicated to the ignorant clients of the law or lay people by notarial officers. The article theorizes around the effects of this communication, understood as a process of second language acquisition in which the second language is the formulaic system contained in legal documents.
Old Light on New Media: Medieval Practices in the Digital Age
Authors: Kiss Farkas Gábor , Poleg Eyal , Doležalová Lucie , Wójcik Rafal
Published: June 2013

This essay offers an insight into the way digital editions of medieval texts can be employed to replicate the medieval reading experience. Awareness of the characteristic features of medieval textuality, exemplified through select late medieval texts, can help in developing increasingly flexible editorial models, which are more consistent with medieval reading practices than current editions. Editions, transformed from single textual occurrences into fluid, communal, and unfolding processes, can uncover a complex notion of medieval hypertextuality by linking texts, images, and tunes. They can then even trace the reception of a given text. As readers are empowered to zoom in and out specific textual components, of manuscript witnesses, of families and printed editions, digital editions can present individual witnesses alongside editorial apparatuses and thus bridge the gap between the Old and the New Philology.
The Metamorphoses of Aura in Ovid and Arnaut Daniel
Authors: Lemons Andrew
Published: June 2013

In this paper, the author considers the origins of the rhyme, - aura , which has played an important role in Western poetry. Numerous studies have addressed questions pertaining to the history of aura in general, but none have focused on the matter of aura specifically as a rhyme. Within this narrower focus, the history of the aura- rhyme is shown to center on one critical moment, in which the aura -pun in Ovid's Metamorphoses is transformed into the aura -rhyme in Arnaut Daniel's song "En cest sonet." Through a comparative reading of these two texts, conclusions are drawn regarding the relation of puns to rhymes, nouns to names, and the problems of isolating the origin of a rhyme historically.
Saracens and Race in Roman de la Rose Iconography: The Case of Dangier in MS Douce 195
Authors: Altschul Nadia R.
Published: June 2013

This essay discusses the racialized portrayal of Dangier in Bodleian Library MS Douce 195. In contrast to the notion that the Middle Ages had no recourse to race as phenotypical difference, it argues that the orientalization of depictions in late medieval manuscripts like Douce 195— mostly studied through costume—is also to be found in portrayals of skin pigmentation.
"That Nauseous Venomous Insect:" Bedbugs in Early Modern England
Authors: Sarasohn Lisa T.
Published: June 2013

Bedbugs were perceived as a new entry in the rich range of vermin that plagued eighteenthcentury England, and the way they were viewed and treated reveals much about the mentality, prejudices, assumptions and aspirations of society at that time. Their presence increasingly elicited repugnance and even hysteria. The reaction to bedbugs during the eighteenth century serves as an indicator of modernity and emerging attitudes towards the body, class, nature and science.
Exhibiting Enlightenment: Chardin as tapissier
Authors: Whyte Ryan
Published: June 2013

This essay addresses the work of Jean-Baptiste Chardin as tapissier to show his design of the Salon du Louvre functioned as an ideological system that derived meaning from Enlightenment discourses of epistemology and taxonomy. First, this essay explores how the Salon design answered the Académie's need to represent its structure to the Salon public, and to guide the public in judging the individual works comprising it. Second, this essay examines points of contact between Chardin, the Académie, Carl Linnaeus and the authors of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert as intellectual context for the Salon design.
Thinking Like an Artist: Hogarth, Diderot, and the Aesthetics of Technique
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: June 2013

In The Analysis of Beauty , William Hogarth advocated an unusual kind of formalism based in artistic practice: not form distilled into a rule for judgment but rather derived from the artist's techniques for perception and composition. Denis Diderot, too, embraced an aesthetics of technique, particularly in the Paradoxe sur le comédien , in which he contends that what appears impassioned in an affecting dramatic performance is in fact calculated. Diderot, however, had the extra burden of reconciling the ideal of illusion with his demystification of the practitioner's perspective, a reconciliation he could only conceive as a paradox.
The Rise of the Moral Tale: Children's Literature, the Novel, and The Governess
Authors: Fleming Patrick C.
Published: June 2013

Sarah Fielding's The Governess has been called the first children's novel. But by conflating two separate genres, critics risk oversimplifying both the novel and children's literature. This article brings together children's literature studies and novel studies in order to address the narrative form of The Governess , and to suggest that the term "moral tale" better captures the complex origins of the eighteenth-century children's novel.
"A Spectacle Pleasing to God and Man:" Sympathy and the Show of Charity in the Restoration Spittle Sermons
Authors: Koch Mark
Published: June 2013

In the 1670s the long-standing Spittle sermons became almost exclusively charity sermons, many of which argued that almsdeeds are accompanied with a sensual pleasure and articulated principles of sympathetic response involving an affective theatricality. This paper considers the place of these sermons and their ancillary children's processions in the London public sphere, how they worked as spectacle to evoke pity from spectators, and how, despite the Latitudinarian tendency toward rationalism, they often contained elements of what was deemed an empirically nebulous "show" or "fiction."
Cicero's Ears, or Eloquence in the Age of Politeness: Oratory, Moderation, and the Sublime in Enlightenment Scotland
Authors: Packham Catherine
Published: June 2013

This paper argues that Hume's essay, "Of Eloquence," should be read as part of a Scottish Enlightenment attempt to accommodate the sublime to commercial modernity. Hume inherits the sublime of ancient oratory not as a matter for narrow stylistic regulation—to be rejected in a new age of politeness, as some have argued—but as a moral problem at the heart of modern subjectivity. Hume looks to taste to regulate and contain the sublime, but it is Adam Smith who solves the problem of the sublime by recouping its excess as a mark of the possibilities for virtue in the modern age.
The Art of Rereading
Authors: Cannon Christopher
Published: June 2013

The rote learning of texts has been a common practice in elementary education in many periods and places, but literacy training so generally consisted of memorization in the Middle Ages that those who could read and write tended to carry the contents of the same set of basic texts with them through life. Poets trained in this manner involved those texts in their writing, not as quotations, but as a technique of art whereby the recognition that what one had first learned in school was true constituted, not a form of knowledge, but a kind of comfort.
Negative Eroticism: Lyric Performativity and the Sexual Subject in Oscar Wilde's "The Portrait of Mr. W. H."
Authors: Friedman Dustin
Published: June 2013

This essay explores the radical subjectivism of Oscar Wilde's novella "The Portrait of Mr. W.H." (1889/1921), which celebrates the creative potential of nonessentialist of identity and yet cautions against jettisoning humanist notions of selfhood entirely. I contend that Wilde turned to G. W. F. Hegel's performative theory of lyric negativity to advance his homoerotic reading of William Shakespeare's sonnets. This reading expresses the insight Wilde gains from Hegel's theory: namely, that language's limited ability to capture the truth of erotic desire need not undermine the fundamental perdurability of individual subjectivity. In contrast to much recent work in queer theory, Wilde's novella demonstrates the ability of homoerotic desire to ground, rather than undermine, a notion of reflective freedom.
False Gifts/Exotic Fictions: Epistemologies of Sovereignty and Assent in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko
Authors: Molineux Catherine
Published: June 2013

Reading Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688) as a creative intervention into philosophical debates about political obligation allows us to understand its critical contribution to the acute crisis confronting English subjects during the Glorious Revolution. Moving beyond previous scholarship that has debated Behn's political affiliations, this paper locates Oroonoko in the midst of ongoing conversations about the unstable character of sovereignty and political subjectivity. It argues that, rather than taking the fictions of sovereignty to a neat theoretical conclusion (à la Thomas Hobbes and John Milton), Behn uses the Atlantic stage to interrogate the epistemological and moral uncertainties that haunted all forms of political obligation. In doing so, she offers a model for how the female poet-playwright could navigate social and political unrest.
Philology, Literature, Style
Authors: Ferguson Frances
Published: June 2013

"Philology, Literature, Style" considers two different understandings of philology: (1) a classical account that sees philology as establishing the texts it interprets and providing an understanding of a literature and a language simultaneously; and (2) a more recent account that treats texts that have been written and preserved in the full light of modern day. I rely on Jacques Rancière's discussion of the rise of literature to argue that the criticism in modernity has treated literature like a fossil, made it the very essence of literature to be silent, and made it the responsibility of the critic to preserve this silence.
Postures and Places: The Child Reader in Nineteenth-Century U.S. Popular Print
Authors: Crain Patricia
Published: June 2013

The familiar modern icon of a child absorbed in a book firmly binds children and books in the U.S. cultural imaginary. This essay reads nineteenth-century representations of children with books to track how such images undergird fantasies of what reading is for, then and now. These variously upright, liminal, suspended, mobile, or cocooned postures and places of children's reading were joined circa 1900 by the newly-prescribed reading of bedtime stories, which identified reading with sleeping and dreaming in a nostalgic nursery fulfillment of the Romantic ideal of reading as productive of both selfpossessed interiority and self-loss.
"Searching after the Splendid Nothing": Gothic Epistemology and the Rise of Fictionality
Authors: Ding Katherine
Published: June 2013

By investigating the rhetoric of enchantment, shame, and disillusionment evident in contemporary reviews of Radcliffe's fictions, my paper argues that the fictionality uniquely elicited by the late-eighteenth-century Gothic parallels the epistemology of speculative Enlightenment philosophy. In particular, Radcliffe's repetitive use of the "explained supernatural" illustrates and elevates the potency of affect in the absence of causal objects that justify such responses, and echoes the Humean paradigm that substitutes efficacity—the "force and vivacity" an object affects on the mind—for mimetic representation. Radcliffe's gothic texts demonstrate that fiction solicits belief, which contributes to and depends upon readerly absorption in the text, and resides in the effects produced within the mind rather than in a stable correspondence between the experience and the object of perception. Extrapolating from eighteenth-century philosophy, I argue that belief is susceptible to reflection, which—as Radcliffe's readers emphasize—shatters the pleasure of the illusion with a disappointingly naturalistic explanation. The impossibility of sustained belief in the face of disillusioning reflection separates the Gothic from the Romantic novel of manners and helps to explain the rapid disappearance of this rendition of gothic popularity.
The Romantic Political Economy of Reading: Or, Why Wordsworth Thought Adam Smith was the Worst Critic Ever
Authors: Ford Thomas H.
Published: June 2013

Why did Wordsworth call Smith the worst critic ever? It wasn't because he thought economics and literature were radically distinct: both men saw these domains as interfused. Nor was it because Wordsworth opposed Smith's argument that mass education defused working-class unrest: Wordsworth himself advanced this argument in The Excursion . Nor was it because Smith's argument, drawing on Hume, implied the historicization of readerly experience: this historicization was central to Wordsworth's poetics. But Smith's debt to Hume meant that his theory also implied the feminisation of the mass readership. This formed the kernel of Wordsworth's opposition--which was as much to himself as to Smith.
Liminal Hemingway: Living and Teaching on the Margins—Confessions of an American Traveler
Authors: Kimbrel William W.
Published: June 2013

This “familiar” essay recounts the author’s experiences living as an expatriate and teaching Hemingway in regions of the world whose borders could be uneasy and where English was, at best, his students’ second language. What the author learned from his students, and what they learned from him, demonstrates first-hand that Hemingway’s stories are not bound by national or linguistic limits, that they can uncover the compassion lurking behind rough edges and prompt dialogue across conflicts and cultures.
Catherine as Transgender: Dreaming Identity in The Garden of Eden
Authors: Long Samantha
Published: June 2013

This essay introduces the possibility that the character of Catherine Bourne can be read from a clinical perspective as a transgender individual who exhibits related desires and behavior. While understanding about transgender identity was not developed in the time of Hemingway’s writing, trans-genders certainly existed. Recognizing such an individual struggle within Catherine’s character helps illuminate some of her complex and contradictory behaviors that have thwarted easy explanation by previous critics. Considered as transgender, she is neither signpost nor scapegoat.
Ernest Hemingway and Enrique Serpa: A Propitious Friendship
Authors: Feldman Andrew
Published: June 2013

New evidence from Cuba suggests that Ernest Hemingway enjoyed a lasting friendship with Enrique Serpa, the Cuban author of the novel Contrabando [ Contraband ], as well as the short stories “ La Aguja ” [“The Marlin”] and “ Aletas de Tiburon ” [“Shark Fins”]. Hemingway admired Serpa’s conspicuous talent, and both To Have and Have Not and The Old Man and the Sea show signs of the Cuban writer’s influence. Includes an appendix describing signed books by Serpa in the Finca Vigía library and the text of a letter to Maxwell Perkins from Martha Gellhorn, seeking to advance Serpa’s career
“Out Too Far”: Half-Fish, Beaten Men, and the Tenor of Masculine Grace in The Old Man and the Sea
Authors: Stephens Gregory , Cools Janice
Published: June 2013

Hemingway used The Old Man and the Sea as a means of revising his code of “grace under pressure” to consider how a man manifests this grace when facing defeat or old age. Drawing on post-humanist scholarship and rhetorical criticism, the essay argues that Hemingway articulated an ethic of heroic humility in The Old Man and the Sea . Exploration takes place in three registers: 1) Santiago’s dependence on the boy Manolin, 2) Feminizing the sea and a respectful engagement with a feminine presence, and 3) Interspecies kinship—brotherhood between man and animals, as well as with nature.
In Their Time: The Riddle Behind the Epistolary Friendship between Ernest Hemingway and Ivan Kashkin
Authors: Levin Elizabetha
Published: June 2013

Hemingway is one of the most beloved American authors in the Russian-speaking
world. This success has depended to a great extent upon his early translator,
Ivan Kashkin, whose work preserves Hemingway’s original honesty and simplicity
in Russian (a language spoken by more than 150 million people). This
essay examines the lifelong relationship between Hemingway and Kashkin.
The history of their correspondence, combined with the juxtaposition of their
private lives, provides new insights into their personalities and into their times.