bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wave Power as Solution for Off-Grid Water Desalination Systems: Resource Characterization for Kilifi-Kenya
Authors: Francisco Francisco , Leijon Jennifer , Boström Cecilia , Engström Jens , Sundberg Jan
Published: April 2018

Freshwater scarcity is one of humanity’s reoccurring problems that hamper socio-economic development in many regions across the globe. In coastal areas, seawater can be desalinated through reverse osmosis (RO) and transformed into freshwater for human use. Desalination requires large amounts of energy, mostly in the form of a reliable electricity supply, which in many cases is supplied by diesel generators. The objective of this work is to analyze the wave power resource availability in Kilifi-Kenya and evaluate the possible use of wave power converter (WEC) to power desalination plants. A particular focus is given use of WECs developed by Uppsala University (UU-WEC). The results here presented were achieved using reanalysis—wave data revealed that the local wave climate has an approximate annual mean of 7 kW/m and mode of 5 kW/m. Significant wave height and wave mean period are within 0.8–2 m and 7–8 s respectively, with a predominant wave mean direction from southeast. The seasonal cycle appeared to be the most relevant for energy conversion, having the highest difference of 6 kW/m, in which April is the lowest (3.8 kW/m) and August is the peak (10.5 kW/m). In such mild wave climates, the UU–WEC and similar devices can be suitable for ocean energy harvesting for water desalination systems. Technically, with a capacity factor of 30% and energy consumption of 3 kWh/m3, a coastal community of about five thousand inhabitants can be provided of freshwater by only ten WECs with installed capacity of 20 kW.
The Impact of Drive Cycles and Auxiliary Power on Passenger Car Fuel Economy
Authors: Grube Thomas , Stolten Detlef
Published: April 2018

In view of the advancement of zero emission transportation and current discussions on the reliability of nominal passenger car fuel economy, this article considers the procedure for assessing the potential for reducing the fuel consumption of passenger cars by using electric power to operate them. The analysis compares internal combustion engines, hybrid and fully electric concepts utilizing batteries and fuel cells. The starting point for the newly developed, simulation-based fuel consumption analysis is a longitudinal vehicle model. Mechanical power requirements on the drive side incorporate a large variety of standardized drive cycles to simulate typical patterns of car usage. The power requirements of electric heating and air conditioning are also included in the simulation, as these are especially relevant to electric powertrains. Moreover, on-board grid-load profiles are considered in the assessment. Fuel consumption is optimized by applying concept-specific operating strategies. The results show that the combination of low average driving speed and elevated onboard power requirements have severe impacts on the fuel efficiency of all powertrain configurations analyzed. In particular, the operational range of battery-electric vehicles is strongly affected by this due to the limited storage capacity of today’s batteries. The analysis confirms the significance of considering different load patterns of vehicle usage related to driving profiles and onboard electrical and thermal loads.
Distributed Coordination Control Based on State-of-Charge for Bidirectional Power Converters in a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid
Authors: Lv Zeyan , Xia Yanghong , Chai Junwei , Yu Miao , Wei Wei
Published: April 2018

This paper proposes a distributed coordination control for multiple bidirectional power converters (BPCs) in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with consideration of state-of-charge (SOC) of storages. The researched hybrid AC/DC microgrid is composed of both AC and DC subgrids connected by multiple parallel BPCs. In the literature, the storages of a hybrid microgrid are considered to allocate in only the AC subgrid or DC subgrid, which reduces the reliability of the whole system, especially during the islanded mode. Besides, the SOC management has not been considered in BPCs’ operating strategy. This paper considers a hybrid microgrid topology which has energy storages in both AC side and DC side. This ensures the reliability while increasing the complexity of the control strategy at the same time. Further, a distributed coordination control method for multiple BPCs based on SOC was proposed to enhance the reliability of hybrid microgrid. Finally, the performance of the proposed control methods was verified by real-time hardware-in-loop (HIL) tests.
Simulation and Experimental Studies of a Multi-Tubular Floating Sea Wave Damper
Authors: Chybowski Leszek , Grządziel Zenon , Gawdzińska Katarzyna
Published: April 2018

This article explores the issue of shore protection from sea waves and has presented the main methods used for coastal protection. It discusses the construction and operation of the multi-tubular floating sea wave damper that has been developed at the Maritime University of Szczecin by Professor Bolesław Kuźniewski. This paper presents the results of the research project aimed at creating and examining a prototype of the device. The research aimed to confirm the two hypotheses: “the largest damping force should occur when the damping units are placed at an optimal distance equal to half the length of the wave to be damped” and “a compensation of the horizontal forces caused by the rippling of water should occur in the damping device”. Simulation studies of the behaviour of the device’s buoyancy elements when floating on waves were performed using the ANSYS AQWAWB and AQWA software. The buoyancy components were modelled as TUBE elements with a diameter of 0.11 m and a length of 1.5 m and as triangular and square surface elements. The results of the experimental research and the computer simulation of the operation of the prototype device have also been presented. The external conditions adopted corresponded to the frequency of a wave equal to 0.807 Hz and to the wave height in front of the device which was equal to 0.1 m. Experimental studies were conducted in an auxiliary model basin with dimensions of 60 m × 7 m × 3.12 m at the Ship Hydromechanics Division, Ship Design and Research Centre (CTO S. A.) in Gdańsk (Poland). The study recorded the distribution of the vertical and horizontal forces acting on the prototype device as well as the wave height both in front of and behind the device. Both hypotheses were proven. Simulation and experimental studies have been summarised. A proposal for future works has also been presented.
Study on Variation of Internal Heat Gain in Office Buildings by Chronology
Authors: Kim Hyemi , Park Kyung-soon , Kim Hwan-yong , Song Young-hak
Published: April 2018

The additional process of load calculation during the retrofit of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment has been generally omitted in Korea, in recent years. Instead, a simple replacement of HVAC equipment, based on existing HVAC capacities, has been used, which is limited when taking the variation of internal heat gain into consideration, due to changes in the consumption power due to light and office automation (OA) equipment in recent years. Thus, this study aimed to identify a change in internal heat gains over 30 years, from 1985 to 2015, study investigated actual measurement-based academic papers and catalogs about OA equipment, lighting, and the number of occupants per unit area. The heat load produced from OA equipment has increased by approximately 49.6% in 2015 compared to that of 1980, and the heat load from lighting equipment has decreased by 47% compared to that of fluorescent-based lighting, and the heat load from human bodies was approximately 10 W/m2 on average, which showed a minimal change over the past 30 years. The internal heat gain calculated for 30,000 m2 of total floor area has increased constantly for the last 30 years. Note that the internal heat gains were designed excessively, as the values used in literature was approximately 17% to 50% smaller than the value used normally in the case of pre-2000 designs, and the values used after 2000 were approximately 35% to 50% smaller than the design standard value.
From Community to Meta-Community Mental Health Care
Authors: Bouras Nick , Ikkos George , Craig Thomas
Published: April 2018

Since the 1960s, we have witnessed the development and growth of community mental health care that continues to dominate mental health policy and practice. Several high-income countries have implemented community mental health care programmes but for many others, including mostly low- and middle-income countries, it remains an aspiration. Although community mental health care has been positive for many service users, it has also had severe shortcomings. Expectations that it would lead to fuller social integration have not been fulfilled and many service users remain secluded in sheltered or custodial environments with limited social contacts and no prospect of work. Others receive little or no service at all. In today’s complex landscape of increasingly specialised services for people with mental health problems, the number of possible interfaces between services is increasing. Together with existing uneven financing systems and a context of constant change, these interfaces are challenging us to develop effective care pathways adjusted to the needs of service users and their carers. This discussion paper reviews the developments in community mental health care over the recent years and puts forward the concept of “Meta-Community Mental Health Care”. “Meta-Community Mental Health Care” embraces pluralism in understanding and treating psychiatric disorders, acknowledges the complexities of community provision, and reflects the realities and needs of the current era of care.
Modeling Skin Injury from Hot Rice Porridge Spills
Authors: Log Torgrim
Published: April 2018

The present work analyzes skin burns from spills of hot rice and milk products. The traditional Norwegian rice porridge serves as an example. By testing spills on objects emulating an arm, it was concluded that spills were seldom thinner than 3 mm, and stayed in place due to the viscosity of the porridge for more than one minute. The Pennes bioheat equation was solved numerically for such spills, including heat conduction to the skin and convective heat losses from the porridge surface. Temperatures were analyzed in the porridge and skin layers, and the resulting skin injury was calculated based on the basal layer temperature. Parameters influencing burn severity, such as porridge layer thickness, porridge temperature, removal of the porridge and thermal effects of post scald tempered (15 °C) water cooling were analyzed. The spilled porridge resulted in a prolonged heat supply to the skin, and the skin injury developed significantly with time. The porridge temperature turned out to be the most important injury parameter. A 70 °C porridge temperature could develop superficial partial-thickness burns. Porridge temperatures at processing temperatures nearly instantly developed severe burns. It was demonstrated that prompt removal of the hot porridge significantly reduced the injury development. The general advice is to avoid serving porridge and similar products at temperatures above 65 °C and, if spilled on the skin, to remove it quickly. After such scald incidents, it is advised to cool the injured area by tempered water for a prolonged period to stimulate healing.
Thematic Analysis of Medical Notes Offers Preliminary Insight into Precipitants for Asian Suicide Attempters: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Choo Carol C. , Ho Roger C. , Burton André A. D.
Published: April 2018

One important dynamic risk factor for suicide assessment includes suicide precipitant. This exploratory study used a qualitative paradigm to look into the themes surrounding precipitants for suicide attempts in Singapore. Medical records related to suicide attempters who were admitted to the emergency department of a large teaching hospital in Singapore over a three year period were subjected to analysis. A total of 666 cases were examined (69.2% females; 63.8% Chinese, 15% Malays, 15.8% Indians), ages ranged from 10 years old to 85 years old (Mean = 29.7, Standard Deviation = 16.1). The thematic analysis process that was applied to the textual data elicited key concepts labelled as Relationship issues, Financial strain, Socio-legal-academic—environmental stress, and Physical and mental illness and pain. Interpreted with other recent local research on suicide attempters in Singapore, the findings have implications for informing suicide interventions.
Development of the WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: An Introduction
Authors: Jarosińska Dorota , Héroux Marie-Ève , Wilkhu Poonum , Creswick James , Verbeek Jos , Wothge Jördis , Paunović Elizabet
Published: April 2018

Following the Parma Declaration on Environment and Health adopted at the Fifth Ministerial Conference (2010), the Ministers and representatives of Member States in the WHO European Region requested the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop updated guidelines on environmental noise, and called upon all stakeholders to reduce children’s exposure to noise, including that from personal electronic devices. The WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region will provide evidence-based policy guidance to Member States on protecting human health from noise originating from transportation (road traffic, railway and aircraft), wind turbine noise, and leisure noise in settings where people spend the majority of their time. Compared to previous WHO guidelines on noise, the most significant developments include: consideration of new evidence associating environmental noise exposure with health outcomes, such as annoyance, cardiovascular effects, obesity and metabolic effects (such as diabetes), cognitive impairment, sleep disturbance, hearing impairment and tinnitus, adverse birth outcomes, quality of life, mental health, and wellbeing; inclusion of new noise sources to reflect the current noise environment; and the use of a standardized framework (grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations: GRADE) to assess evidence and develop recommendations. The recommendations in the guidelines are underpinned by systematic reviews of evidence on several health outcomes related to environmental noise as well as evidence on interventions to reduce noise exposure and/or health outcomes. The overall body of evidence is published in this Special Issue.
Detrimental Effects of Helium Ion Irradiation on Cognitive Performance and Cortical Levels of MAP-2 in B6D2F1 Mice
Authors: Raber Jacob , Torres Eileen Ruth S. , Akinyeke Tunde , Lee Joanne , Weber Boutros Sydney J. , Turker Mitchell S. , Kronenberg Amy
Published: April 2018

The space radiation environment includes helium (4He) ions that may impact brain function. As little is known about the effects of exposures to 4He ions on the brain, we assessed the behavioral and cognitive performance of C57BL/6J × DBA2/J F1 (B6D2F1) mice three months following irradiation with 4He ions (250 MeV/n; linear energy transfer (LET) = 1.6 keV/μm; 0, 21, 42 or 168 cGy). Sham-irradiated mice and mice irradiated with 21 or 168 cGy showed novel object recognition, but mice irradiated with 42 cGy did not. In the passive avoidance test, mice received a slight foot shock in a dark compartment, and latency to re-enter that compartment was assessed 24 h later. Sham-irradiated mice and mice irradiated with 21 or 42 cGy showed a higher latency on Day 2 than Day 1, but the latency to enter the dark compartment in mice irradiated with 168 cGy was comparable on both days. 4He ion irradiation, at 42 and 168 cGy, reduced the levels of the dendritic marker microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) in the cortex. There was an effect of radiation on apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels in the hippocampus and cortex, with higher apoE levels in mice irradiated at 42 cGy than 168 cGy and a trend towards higher apoE levels in mice irradiated at 21 than 168 cGy. In addition, in the hippocampus, there was a trend towards a negative correlation between MAP-2 and apoE levels. While reduced levels of MAP-2 in the cortex might have contributed to the altered performance in the passive avoidance test, it does not seem sufficient to do so. The higher hippocampal and cortical apoE levels in mice irradiated at 42 than 168 cGy might have served as a compensatory protective response preserving their passive avoidance memory. Thus, there were no alterations in behavioral performance in the open filed or depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test, while cognitive impairments were seen in the object recognition and passive avoidance tests, but not in the contextual or cued fear conditioning tests. Taken together, the results indicate that some aspects of cognitive performance are altered in male mice exposed to 4He ions, but that the response is task-dependent. Furthermore, the sensitive doses can vary within each task in a non-linear fashion. This highlights the importance of assessing the cognitive and behavioral effects of charged particle exposure with a variety of assays and at multiple doses, given the possibility that lower doses may be more damaging due to the absence of induced compensatory mechanisms at higher doses.
What Does This Mutation Mean? The Tools and Pitfalls of Variant Interpretation in Lymphoid Malignancies
Authors: Guillermin Yann , Lopez Jonathan , Chabane Kaddour , Hayette Sandrine , Bardel Claire , Salles Gilles , Sujobert Pierre , Huet Sarah
Published: April 2018

High throughput sequencing (HTS) is increasingly important in determining cancer diagnoses, with subsequent prognostic and therapeutic implications. The biology of cancer is becoming increasingly deciphered and it is clear that therapy needs to be individually tailored. Whilst translational research plays an important role in lymphoid malignancies, few guidelines exist to guide biologists and routine laboratories through this constantly evolving field. In this article, we review the challenges of interpreting HTS in lymphoid malignancies and provide a toolkit to interpret single nucleotide variants obtained from HTS. We define the pre-analytical issues such as sequencing DNA obtained from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE), the acquisition of germline DNA, or the bioinformatic pitfalls, the analytical issues encountered and how to manage them. We describe the main constitutional and cancer databases, their characteristics and limitations, with an emphasis on variant interpretation in lymphoid malignancies. Finally, we discuss the challenges of predictions that one can make using in silico or in vitro modelling, pharmacogenomic screening, and the limits of those prediction tools. This description of the current status in genomic interpretation highlights the need for new large databases and international collaboration in the lymphoma field.
Entomofauna Associated with Agroforestry Systems of Timber Species and Cacao in the Southern Region of the Maracaibo Lake Basin (Mérida, Venezuela)
Authors: Mazón Marina , Sánchez-Angarita Daniel , Díaz Francisco A. , Gutiérrez Néstor , Jaimez Ramón
Published: April 2018

Agroforestry systems are environment-friendly production systems which help to preserve biodiversity while providing people with a way of earning a living. Cacao is a historically important crop in Venezuela that traditionally has been produced in agroforestry systems. However, few studies have evaluated how different trees used in those systems affect the dynamics and abundance of insects. The present study evaluated the entomofauna assemblages associated with different combinations of four timber-yielding trees and four Criollo cacao cultivars established in a lowland tropical ecosystem in Venezuela. A randomized block design with two replicates was used, each block having 16 plots which included all 16 possible combinations of four native timber trees (Cordia thaisiana, Cedrela odorata, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia rosea) and four Criollo cacao cultivars (Porcelana, Guasare, Lobatera and Criollo Merideño). Insects were collected with yellow pan traps and sorted to order. Coleoptera and parasitoid Hymenoptera were determined to the family level. In total, 49,538 individuals of seven orders were collected, with Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera being the most abundant, although only Lepidoptera and Coleoptera abundances were significantly influenced by the timber tree species. Twenty-three families of parasitoid Hymenoptera and 26 of Coleoptera were found. Significant differences in insects’ assemblages were found both in parasitoid Hymenoptera and Coleoptera families associated to every shade tree, with the families Eulophidae and Lycidae being indicators for Cordia, and Chalcididae for Swietenia. The entomofauna relationship with the cacao cultivar was barely significant, although Scydmaenidae and Scarabaeidae were indicators for Lobatera and Merideño, respectively. No significant effects were found for interaction with cacao cultivars and native trees. We concluded that the particular insect assemblages found in Cedrela odorata and Cordia thaisiana, together with their high growing rates, make these two species an optimal choice for cacao agroforestry systems.
Developing Interventional Radiology Anticoagulation Guidelines: Process and Benefits †
Authors: Kriegshauser J. , Osborn Howard , Naidu Sailen , Huettl Eric , Patel Maitray
Published: April 2018

We created, posted, and updated radiology department anticoagulation guidelines and identified various steps in the process, including triggering events, consensus building, legal analysis, education, and distribution of the guidelines to nurses and clinicians. Supporting data collected retrospectively, before and after implementation, included nursing satisfaction survey results and the number of procedure cancellations. After the guidelines were developed and posted, significantly fewer procedures were cancelled, nursing satisfaction was higher, and radiologists performed procedures with less variability. Anecdotally, radiologists had fewer queries about anticoagulation. The development and dissemination of radiologic procedure anticoagulation guidelines should be considered as a departmental quality improvement project.
Development of Pb-Free Nanocomposite Solder Alloys
Authors: Basak Animesh K. , Pramanik Alokesh , Riazi Hamidreza , Silakhori Mahyar , Netting Angus K. O.
Published: April 2018

As an alternative to conventional Pb-containing solder material, Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) based alloys are at the forefront despite limitations associated with relatively poor strength and coarsening of grains/intermetallic compounds (IMCs) during aging/reflow. Accordingly, this study examines the improvement of properties of SAC alloys by incorporating nanoparticles in it. Two different types of nanoparticles were added in monolithic SAC alloy: (1) Al2O3 or (2) Fe and their effect on microstructure and thermal properties were investigated. Addition of Fe nanoparticles leads to the formation of FeSn2 IMCs alongside Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 from monolithic SAC alloy. Addition of Al2O3 nano-particles do not contribute to phase formation, however, remains dispersed along primary β-Sn grain boundaries and act as a grain refiner. As the addition of either Fe or Al2O3 nano-particles do not make any significant effect on thermal behavior, these reinforced nanocomposites are foreseen to provide better mechanical characteristics with respect to conventional monolithic SAC solder alloys.
The Static and Fatigue Behavior of AlSiMg Alloy Plain, Notched, and Diamond Lattice Specimens Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Soul Hugo , Terriault Patrick , Brailovski Vladimir
Published: April 2018

The fabrication of engineered lattice structures has recently gained momentum due to the development of novel additive manufacturing techniques. Interest in lattice structures resides not only in the possibility of obtaining efficient lightweight materials, but also in the functionality of pre-designed architectured structures for specific applications, such as biomimetic implants, chemical catalyzers, and heat transfer devices. The mechanical behaviour of lattice structures depends not only the composition of the base material, but also on the type and size of the unit cells, as well as on the material microstructure resulting from a specific fabrication procedure. The present work focuses on the static and fatigue behavior of diamond cell lattice structures fabricated from an AlSiMg alloy by laser powder bed fusion technology. In particular, the specimens were fabricated with three different orientations of lattice cells—[001], [011], [111]—and subjected to static tensile testing and force-controlled pull–pull fatigue testing up to 1 × 107 cycles. In parallel, the mechanical behavior of dense tensile plain and notched specimens was also studied and compared to that of their lattice counterparts. Results showed a significant effect of the cell orientation on the fatigue lives: specimens oriented at [001] were ~30% more fatigue-resistant than specimens oriented at [011] and [111].
The Interpretation of Pronouns across Spanish-Speaking Populations
Authors: Baauw Sergio
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we will present data from both Spanish acquisition and aphasia on the Pronoun Interpretation Problem (PIP), according to which children allow pronouns to be identified with local c-commanding antecedents. Although it has recently been claimed that the PIP is, to a great extent, an experimental artifact, there are good reasons to believe that there is something “real” in the effect. As with many phenomena from acquisition, researchers have tried to explain this development in terms of “learning”, or more concretely, in terms of “parameter setting”. Children either must set the right local domain for the application of Principle B or they must set a +/− Principle B parameter. However, considering the PIP as an acquisition problem is problematic since it is difficult to see how children can converge on the target grammar without negative evidence. In this paper, we will defend an alternative approach, according to which the PIP is portrayed as the result of interplay between properties of predicates and different kinds of pronouns on the one hand, and language processing factors on the other.
Morphological Evolution of Vertically Standing Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Zhang Song , Liu Jiajia , Ruiz Karla Hernandez , Tu Rong , Yang Meijun , Li Qizhong , Shi Ji , Li Haiwen , Zhang Lianmeng , Goto Takashi
Published: April 2018

In this study, we demonstrated the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of vertically standing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets, with an unconventional combination of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6) and 1,2-ethanedithiol (C2H6S2) as the novel kind of Mo and S precursors respectively. The effect of the distance between the precursor’s outlet and substrates (denoted as d) on the growth characteristics of MoS2, including surface morphology and nanosheet structure, was investigated. Meanwhile, the relationship between the structure characteristics of MoS2 nanosheets and their catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was elucidated. The formation of vertically standing nanosheets was analyzed and verified by means of an extrusion growth model. The crystallinity, average length, and average depth between peak and valley (Rz) of MoS2 nanosheets differed depending on the spatial location of the substrate. Good crystalized MoS2 nanosheets grown at d = 5.5 cm with the largest average length of 440 nm, and the highest Rz of 162 nm contributed to a better HER performance, with a respective Tafel slope and exchange current density of 138.9 mV/decade, and 22.6 μA/cm2 for raw data (127.8 mV/decade and 19.3 μA/cm2 for iR-corrected data).
The Protective Role of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Green Seaweed Udotea flabellum in Cells Exposed to Oxidative Damage
Authors: Presa Fernando Bastos , Marques Maxsuell Lucas Mendes , Viana Rony Lucas Silva , Nobre Leonardo Thiago Duarte Barreto , Costa Leandro Silva , Rocha Hugo Alexandre Oliveira
Published: April 2018

Seaweed is a rich source of bioactive sulfated polysaccharides. We obtained six sulfated polysaccharide-rich fractions (UF-0.3, UF-0.5, UF-0.6, UF-0.7, UF-1.0, and UF-2.0) from the green seaweed Udotea flabellum (UF) by proteolytic digestion followed by sequential acetone precipitation. Biochemical analysis of these fractions showed that they were enriched with sulfated galactans. The viability and proliferative capacity of 3T3 fibroblasts exposed to FeSO4 (2 µM), CuSO4 (1 µM) or ascorbate (2 mM) was not affected. However, these cells were exposed to oxidative stress in the presence of FeSO4 or CuSO4 and ascorbate, which caused the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, resulting in apoptosis of the cells. We also observed increased lipid peroxidation, evaluated by the detection of malondialdehyde and decreased glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels. Treating the cells with the ultrafiltrate fractions (UF) fractions protected the cells from the oxidative damage caused by the two salts and ascorbate. The most effective protection against the oxidative damage caused by iron was provided by UF-0.7 (1.0 mg/mL); on treatment with UF-0.7, cell viability was 55%. In the case of copper, cell viability on treatment with UF-0.7 was ~80%, but the most effective fraction in this model was UF-2.0, with cell viability of more than 90%. The fractions, mainly UF-0.7 and UF-2.0, showed low iron chelating activity, but high copper chelating activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). These results suggested that some of their protective mechanisms stem from these properties.
Anemia as a Complication of Parvovirus B19 Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Čapenko Svetlana , Kozireva Svetlana , Folkmane Inese , Bernarde Kristīna , Rozentāls Rafails , Murovska Modra
Published: April 2018

Background. The frequency of B19 infection in renal transplant donors and recipients was studied to determine the significance of active viral infection in the development of anemia. Material and Methods. Serum, plasma, and peripheral blood leukocyte samples of 47 renal transplant donors, 38 recipients with anemia (Group 1), and 25 without anemia (Group 2) after renal transplantation were evaluated for the presence of anti-B19 specific antibodies (ELISA) and B19 DNA (nPCR). Results. Active persistent B19 infection after renal transplantation was detected in 12 of the 38 in the Group 1 (10 had reactivation and 2 primary infection), and none of the recipients in the Group 2 had it. Of the 12 recipients in the Group 1, 10 were seropositive and 2 seronegative before renal transplantation; 10 received the transplants from the seropositive and 2 from seronegative donors. rHuEPO therapy-resistant severe anemia was detected only in the recipients with active B19 infection after renal transplantation in the Group 1 (7/12). The logistic regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between active B19 infection and severe anemia (OR, 0.039; 95% CI, 0.006–0.257; P=0.001). Conclusions. Active B19 infection was documented only in the anemic recipients and could be associated with the development of severe anemia after renal transplantation. This allows us to recommend concurrent screening for viral DNA in plasma and detection of anti-B19 IgM class antibodies. To find the association between B19 infection and the development of anemia, further investigations are necessary.
A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Latvia
Authors: Ērglis Andrejs , Dzērve Vilnis , Pahomova-Strautiņa Jeļena , Narbute Inga , Jēgere Sanda , Mintāle Iveta , Ligere Renāte , Apinis Pēteris , Lejnieks Aivars , Misiņa Dana , Rozenbergs Aldis
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. To date, the epidemiological studies of noncommunicable diseases in Latvia were more episodic and covered only selected areas. The first national crosssectional population-based survey of cardiovascular risk factors after regaining independence was carried out to provide reliable information on the cardiovascular risk factor profile in adults. Material and Methods. Computerized random sampling from the Registry of Latvian population was carried out. A total of 6000 enrolled subjects aged 25–74 years were divided into 10 age subgroups. The data of 3807 respondents (63.5% of all) were included into the final analysis. Results. The mean number of cardiovascular risk factors was 2.99±0.026 per subject: 3.45±0.043 and 2.72±0.030 for men and women, respectively. Of all the respondents, 75.2% had an increased total cholesterol level. Hypercholesterolemia was found in almost 56% of men and 41% of women in the age group of 25–34 years. Hyperglycemia was documented in 34.1% of the respondents (41.6% of men and 29.8% of women). More than two-thirds (67.8%) of the persons were overweight, while obesity was found in 25.6% of men and 32.6% of women. Arterial hypertension was identified in 44.8% of the respondents; its prevalence was higher in men than women (52.9% vs. 40.2%). There were more current smokers among men than women (30.5% vs. 11.4%). Conclusions. The levels of cardiovascular risk factors in Latvia were found to be relatively high. The data can be utilized as baseline characteristics that can be compared down the road including the monitoring of health prevention activities.
Associations Between TFPI-2 Methylation and Poor Prognosis in Glioblastomas Paulina Vaitkienė, Daina Skiriutė, Kęstutis Skauminas
Authors: Vaitkienė Paulina , Skiriutė Daina , Skauminas Kęstutis , Tamašauskas Arimantas
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. The epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes plays an important role in gliomagenesis. Recently, tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI-2) has been suggested as a tumor suppressor gene involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis in some cancers. However, to date, little is known about the methylation status of TFPI-2 gene in glioblastoma tissues. In this study, we aimed to investigate the methylation status of TFPI-2 promoter and its associations with patient prognosis in glioblastoma. Material and Methods. The methylation status of TFPI-2 was investigated by methylationspecific polymerase chain reaction in 99 glioblastoma patients. The associations between patients’ clinical variables and overall survival time were assessed. Results. TFPI-2 was aberrantly methylated in 22.2% (22/99) of glioblastoma tumors, but was not methylated in normal brain samples. The survival of patients with glioblastoma differed significantly between the methylated and unmethylated TFPI-2 groups (P=0.047). The 2-year survival among patients carrying methylated TFPI-2 tumors was significantly lower compared with that of patients with unmethylated TFPI-2 (27% versus 4.7%, P=0.037). Conclusions. The present work demonstrated that the epigenetic inactivation of TFPI-2 by promoter hypermethylation was a frequent and tumor-specific event in glioblastoma, and TFPI-2 promoter methylation might be considered as a prognostic marker in glioblastoma.
Epileptic Laughter: 2 Case Reports
Authors: Talvik Inga , Vibo Riina , Liik Maarika , Haldre Sulev , Talvik Tiina
Published: April 2018

Two cases of gelastic epilepsy in a 6-year-old girl with attacks of mirthful laughter and a 38-year-old male patient with episodes of laughter without any positive emotions are presented. Temporal lobe epilepsy was diagnosed in the first case and possible frontal lobe epilepsy in the second case. It is concluded that that this rare form of epilepsy can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and can clinically be accompanied by urinary incontinence.
Paracetamol and Simvastatin: A Potential Interaction Resulting in Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Gumbrevičius Gintautas , Sveikata Audrius , Sveikatienė Renata , Stankevičius Edgaras
Published: April 2018

The safety profile of paracetamol and simvastatin is sufficiently well known, although no interactions between these two medicinal products have been described in the scientific literature so far. A 66-year-old female patient who experienced myocardial infarction and underwent coronary artery bypass grafting 9 years ago was taking simvastatin at a daily dose of 10 mg. Liver enzyme tests were carried out regularly, and their results were always normal. Later on, the patient took 6 tablets of fixed combination medicinal product GripexTM (paracetamol, pseudoephedrine, and dextromethorphan) per day due to a fever. The daily dose of paracetamol taken by the patient totaled 1.95 g. The patient developed severe jaundice, nausea, vomiting; blood bilirubin levels increased more than 3 times; alanine transaminase, more than 10 times; and asparagine transaminase, more than 5 times. Paracetamol is metabolized by CYP enzymes (CYP2E1, 1A2, 2A6, 3A4) to a reactive metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI). Under conditions of excessive NAPQI formation or reduction in glutathione stores by approximately 70%, NAPQI covalently binds to the cysteinyl sulfhydryl groups of cellular proteins, forming NAPQI-protein adducts. Simvastatin is a substrate of CYP3A4 enzyme. Clinical and pharmacological data, available in the published literature, allow the assumption that simvastatin may induce CYP3A4 and result in increased hepatoxicity of paracetamol.
Immunohistochemical Expression of HBME-1, E-cadherin, and CD56 in the Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Ozolins Arturs , Narbuts Zenons , Strumfa Ilze , Volanska Guna , Stepanovs Kaspars , Gardovskis Janis
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. Distinction between benign and malignant thyroid tumors is essential for proper clinical management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of a set of 3 molecular markers in the differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Material and Methods. Immunohistochemistry for HBME-1, E-cadherin (E-CAD), and CD56 was carried out in 36 follicular adenomas, 77 colloid goiters, 36 papillary thyroid carcinomas, and 14 follicular carcinomas. Sixty-eight thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) cases confirmed by subsequent surgical resection specimens were selected. Immunocytochemistry for HBME-1, E-CAD, and CD56 was performed in these cases, including 25 papillary thyroid carcinomas, 1 follicular carcinoma, 22 follicular adenomas, and 20 colloid goiters. Results. PTC was characterized by a decreased expression of E-CAD and CD56 contrary to the surrounding benign thyroid tissues. There was no HBME-1 expression in benign thyroid tissues, but it was high in papillary thyroid carcinomas and weak in follicular adenomas. The expression of E-CAD and CD56 was significantly higher in follicular adenomas than in the surrounding thyroid tissues. Analyzing the FNA material, HBME-1 expression was documented in 96% of papillary thyroid carcinomas, but there was no expression in the benign lesions. E-CAD and CD56 expression was significantly weakened in papillary thyroid carcinomas, but enhanced in follicular adenomas. Conclusions. HBME-1 was found only in malignant lesions and can be considered the most sensitive, specific single marker in papillary thyroid carcinomas. CD56 and E-CAD can assist in the decision-making on the benign and malignant nature of the nodule. Immunocytochemistry is of value as an ancillary test to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid FNA samples.
Preliminary Results of Randomized Controlled Study on Decompressive Craniectomy in Treatment of Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
Authors: Slezins Janis , Keris Valdis , Bricis Raimonds , Millers Andrejs , Valeinis Egils , Stukens Janis , Minibajeva Olga
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. Studies on decompressive craniectomy (DCE) after a malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke in selected population show an increased probability of survival without increasing the number of very severely disabled. Cerebral infarct volume (CIV) as a triage criterion for performing surgery has not been discussed in literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of CIV and initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHHS) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores as possible triage criteria in the surgical treatment of patients with “malignant” MCA stroke. Material and Methods. According to the study protocol, 28 patients with a malignant MCA stroke were included and analyzed prospectively. The patients were randomly divided either into the DCE plus best medical treatment (BMT) group or BMT alone group. CIV and NIHHS and GCS scores were measured at time of enrollment in every case. Clinical outcome was evaluated 1 year after the treatment. Results. Six patients survived: 5 in the DCE group (none of them was older than 60 years) and 1 in the BMT group (P=0.03/0.06). Among survivors, none had a cerebral infarct volume of more than 390 cm3 (P=0.05). All survivors in the DCE group had favorable outcomes. There was no significant difference in the NIHSS and GCS scores between the groups and survivors/nonsurvivors (P>0.05). Conclusions. Decompressive surgery in the selected patients is likely to increase the probability of survival with a favorable outcome without increasing the number of severely disabled survivors. Patients with CIV of more than 390 cm3 may be bad candidates for DCE, and the prognosis is likely to be bad regardless the treatment strategy. The initial NIHHS and GCS scores did not prove any prognostic value in outcome.
Comparison of the Effects of Glibenclamide on Metabolic Parameters, GLUT1 Expression, and Liver Injury in Rats With Severe and Mild Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sokolovska Jelizaveta , Isajevs Sergejs , Sugoka Olga , Sharipova Jelena , Paramonova Natalia , Isajeva Darja , Rostoka Evita , Sjakste Tatjana , Kalvinsh Ivars , Sjakste Nikolajs
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. Glucose transport via GLUT1 protein could be one of additional mechanisms of the antidiabetic action of sulfonylureas. Here, the GLUT1 gene and the protein expression was studied in rats in the course of severe and mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and under glibenclamide treatment. Material and Methods. Severe and mild diabetes mellitus was induced using different streptozotocin doses and standard or high fat chow. Rats were treated with glibenclamide (2 mg/kg daily, per os for 6 weeks). The therapeutic effect of glibenclamide was monitored by measuring several metabolic parameters. The GLUT1 mRNA and the protein expression in the kidneys, heart, and liver was studied by means of real-time R T-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results. The glibenclamide treatment decreased the blood glucose concentration and increased the insulin level in both models of severe and mild diabetes mellitus. Severe diabetes mellitus provoked an increase in both GLUT1 gene and protein expression in the kidneys and the heart, which was nearly normalized by glibenclamide. In the kidneys of mildly diabetic rats, an increase in the GLUT1 gene expression was neither confirmed on the protein level nor influenced by the glibenclamide treatment. In the liver of severely diabetic rats, the heart and the liver of mildly diabetic rats, the GLUT1 gene and the protein expression was changed independently of each other, which might be explained by abortive transcription, and pre- and posttranslational modifications of gene expression. Conclusions. The GLUT1 expression was found to be affected by the glucose and insulin levels and can be modulated by glibenclamide in severely and mildly diabetic rats. Glibenclamide can prevent the liver damage caused by severe hyperglycemia.
Tuberculosis Complications After BCG Treatment for Urinary Bladder Cancer
Authors: Naudžiūnas Albinas , Juškaitė Rūta , Žiaugrytė Indrė , Unikauskas Alvydas , Varanauskienė Eglė , Mašanauskienė Edita
Published: April 2018

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that has been effectively used in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. The complications of this treatment are uncommon, and the causes of dissemination are still discussed. We report a case of disseminated tuberculosis in a 66-year-old smoking man without a history of pulmonary diseases, who underwent immunotherapy with BCG after the initial surgical treatment of bladder cancer. After the last BCG instillation, he developed a fever. The diagnosis of sepsis was not confirmed, and miliary pulmonary tuberculosis was suspected. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical manifestation, computed tomography of the lungs, and histological examination.
Social Determinants of Smoking, Alcohol and Drug Use Among Lithuanian School-Aged Children: Results From 5 Consecutive HBSC Surveys, 1994–2010
Authors: Šumskas Linas , Zaborskis Apolinaras , Grabauskas Vilius
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the prevalence of smoking, alcohol and drug use among Lithuanian school-aged children in relation to the place of residence, family affluence, and family structure. Material and Methods. National surveys (26 556 anonymous questionnaires analyzed) of schoolchildren aged 11, 13, and 15 years were conducted in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, and 2010 in the framework of the international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Results. In 1994–2010, a significant increase in smoking prevalence was observed both among boys (11.3% to 21.5%, P<0.05) and girls (3.6% to 14.8%, P<0.05). Weekly alcohol consumption increased from 9.6% to 12.9% (P<0.05) among boys and from 4.3% to 7.9% (P<0.05) among girls. The prevalence of “ever use” of any psychoactive substance (data for 15-year-old group only) increased both in boys (14.6% to 33.5%) and girls (6.7% to 18.4%). Urban girls smoked more often than their rural peers. For both genders, such a residential gradient was observed in the use of alcohol and drugs. The respondents from intact families used drugs less frequently than the adolescents from not intact families. The adolescents from affluent families smoked less often, while the prevalence of alcohol and drug use was higher (except weekly alcohol use in girls). Conclusions. The study has demonstrated a significant increase in the prevalence of smoking, drinking, and drug use among Lithuanian school-aged children during the period of transition to market economy. This study provides some insight that should be addressed in equity-oriented control policies of substance use.
Pharmacovigilance and Principle of Nonmaleficence in Sex Reassignment
Authors: Zamarytė Kristina , Stakišaitis Donatas , Širinskienė Agnė , Narbekovas Andrius , Juškevičius Jonas
Published: April 2018

Physicians are obliged to provide treatment that is consistent with their commitment to avoid or minimize harm (nonmaleficence) and their commitment to do good (beneficence). Therefore, if patient’s desires were contradictory to the primary aim of medicine, the doctor’s calling would require him/her to thoroughly analyze the cause of the disease and provide an adequate as well as ethical treatment rather than obediently follow patient’s requests. Yet, chemical and surgical sex reassignment is one of the areas where some physicians surrender to the desire of their patients instead of finding out what their real condition is and trying to manage it in a way the essence of medicine would require. The objective of this article was to provide specific pharmacovigilance search details for the evaluation of the current situation and the scientific background of the treatment of gender dysphoria and to analyze its conformity with one of the two main ethical principles of medicine – nonmaleficence. Literature retrieval was accessed through Medline (1979–2011) using the terms “gender dysphoria,” “replacement hormonal therapy,” and “pharmacovigilance.” The article concludes that hormonal and surgical interventions have not proven to be medically justified and could be harmful, not treating the cause, but resulting in irreversible disability. Thus, these interventions contradict the principle of nonmaleficence and goals of basic therapeutics and pharmacovigilance. They are not based on clinical trials and are lacking a thorough follow-up assessment.