bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of the implementation of an evidence‐based nursing model using participatory action research in oncohematology: research protocol
Authors: Abad‐Corpa Eva , Meseguer‐Liza Cristobal , Martínez‐Corbalán José Tomás , Zárate‐Riscal Lourdes , Caravaca‐Hernández Amor , Paredes‐Sidrach de Cardona Antonio , Carrillo‐Alcaraz Andrés , Delgado‐Hito Pilar , Cabrero‐García Julio
Published: June 2010

abad‐corpa e., meseguer‐liza c., martínez‐corbalán j.t., zárate‐riscal l., caravaca‐hernández a., paredes‐sidrach de cardona a., carrillo‐alcaraz a., delgado‐hito p. & cabrero‐garcía j. (2010) Effectiveness of the implementation of an evidence‐based nursing model using participatory action research in oncohematology: research protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(8), 1845–1851.

Title.  Effectiveness of the implementation of an evidence‐based nursing model using participatory action research in oncohematology: research protocol.

Aim.  To generate changes in nursing practice introducing an evidence‐based clinical practice (EBCP) model through a participatory process. To evaluate the effectiveness of the changes in terms of nurse‐sensitive outcome (NSO).

Background.  For international nursing science, it is necessary to explore the reasons for supporting EBCP and evaluate the real repercussions and effectiveness.

Methods.  A mixed methods study with a sequential transformative design will be conducted in the bone marrow transplant unit of a tertiary‐level Spanish hospital, in two time periods >12 months (date of approval of the protocol: 2006). To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, we will use a prospective quasi‐experimental design with two non‐equivalent and non‐concurrent groups. NSO and patient health data will be collected: (a) impact of psycho‐social adjustment; (b) patient satisfaction; (c) symptom control; (d) adverse effects. All patients admitted during the period of time will be included, and all staff working on the unit during a participatory action research (PAR). The PAR design will be adopted from a constructivist paradigm perspective, following Checkland’s “Soft Systems” theoretical model. Qualitative techniques will be used: 2‐hour group meetings with nursing professionals, to be recorded and transcribed. Field diaries (participants and researchers) will be drawn up and data analysis will be carried out by content analysis.

Discussion.  PAR is a rigorous research method for introducing changes into practice to improve NSO.
Comparing self‐guided learning and educator‐guided learning formats for simulation‐based clinical training
Authors: Brydges Ryan , Carnahan Heather , Rose Don , Dubrowski Adam
Published: June 2010

brydges r., carnahan h., rose d. & dubrowski a. (2010) Comparing self‐guided learning and educator‐guided learning formats for simulation‐based clinical training.Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(8), 1832–1844.

Title. Comparing self‐guided learning and educator‐guided learning formats for simulation‐based clinical training.

Aim. In this paper, we tested the over‐arching hypothesis that progressive self‐guided learning offers equivalent learning benefit vs. proficiency‐based training while limiting the need to set proficiency standards.

Background. We have shown that self‐guided learning is enhanced when students learn on simulators that progressively increase in fidelity during practice. Proficiency‐based training, a current gold‐standard training approach, requires achievement of a criterion score before students advance to the next learning level.

Methods. Baccalaureate nursing students (n = 15/group) practised intravenous catheterization using simulators that differed in fidelity (i.e. students’ perceived realism). Data were collected in 2008. Proficiency‐based students advanced from low‐ to mid‐ to high‐fidelity after achieving a proficiency criterion at each level. Progressive students self‐guided their progression from low‐ to mid‐ to high‐fidelity. Yoked control students followed an experimenter‐defined progressive practice schedule. Open‐ended students moved freely between the simulators. One week after practice, blinded experts evaluated students’ skill transfer on a standardized patient simulation. Group differences were examined using analyses of variance.

Results. Proficiency‐based students scored highest on the high‐fidelity post‐test (effect size = 1·22). An interaction effect showed that the Progressive and Open‐ended groups maintained their performance from post‐test to transfer test, whereas the Proficiency‐based and Yoked control groups experienced a significant decrease (P < 0·05). Surprisingly, most Open‐ended students (73%) chose the progressive practice schedule.

Conclusion. Progressive training and proficiency‐based training resulted in equivalent transfer test performance, suggesting that progressive students effectively self‐guided when to transition between simulators. Students’ preference for the progressive practice schedule indicates that educators should consider this sequence for simulation‐based training.
Women’s toileting behaviour related to urinary elimination: concept analysis
Authors: Wang Kefang , Palmer Mary H.
Published: June 2010

wang k. & palmer m.h. (2010) Women’s toileting behaviour related to urinary elimination: concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(8), 1874–1884.

Title.  Women’s toileting behaviour related to urinary elimination: concept analysis.

Aim.  This paper is a report of analysis of the concept of women’s toileting behaviour related to urinary elimination.

Background.  Behaviours related to emptying urine from the bladder can contribute to bladder health problems. Evidence exists that clinical interventions focusing on specific behaviours that promote urine storage and controlled emptying are effective in reducing lower urinary tract symptoms. The concept of women’s toileting behaviour related to urinary elimination has not been well‐developed to guide nursing research and intervention.

Data sources.  The CINAHL, Medline, PsycInfo and ISI Citation databases were searched for publications between January, 1960 and May, 2009, using combinations of keywords related to women’s toileting behaviour. Additional publications were identified by examining the reference lists in the papers identified.

Review methods.  Johnson’s behavioural system model provided the conceptual framework to identify the concept. Walker and Avant’s method was used for this concept analysis.

Results.  Women’s toileting behaviour related to urinary elimination can be defined as voluntary actions related to the physiological event of emptying the bladder, which is comprised of specific attributes including voiding place, voiding time, voiding position and voiding style. This behaviour is also influenced by the physical and social environments.

Conclusion.  An explicit definition of women’s toileting behaviour can offer a basis for nurses to understand the factors involved in women’s toileting behaviour. It also facilitates the development of an instrument to assess women’s toileting behaviour better, and to facilitate development of behavioural interventions designed to prevent, eliminate, reduce and manage female lower urinary tract symptoms.
Patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: relatives’ experiences
Authors: Löf Susanna , Sandström Agneta , Engström Åsa
Published: June 2010

löf s., sandström a. & engström å. (2010) Patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: relatives’ experiences. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(8), 1760–1768.

Title.  Patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: relatives’ experiences.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study describing the experiences of relatives when someone they care for survived a cardiac arrest and was treated with therapeutic hypothermia in an intensive care unit.

Background.  Witnessing a family member suffering a cardiac arrest is a traumatic event for relatives. Relatives constitute an important support for critically ill patients. It is suggested that therapeutic hypothermia improves the outcome for patients who survive cardiac arrest.

Method.  Qualitative personal interviews were conducted during 2009 with eight relatives of patients who had survived cardiac arrest and been treated with therapeutic hypothermia. The interview texts were subjected to qualitative content analysis.

Findings.  The analysis resulted in three themes and eight categories. Relatives described the event of the cardiac arrest as frightening. Seeing the patient connected to tubes and equipment induced a feeling of unreality; the patient was experienced as cold, lifeless and hard to recognize. The relatives faced an anxiety‐filled future not knowing what the outcome for their relative would be. Relatives supported each other during this the difficult time, and kept hoping that the patient would survive injury.

Conclusion.  Seeing a patient who has had a cardiac arrest and received therapeutic hypothermia is extremely demanding for relatives, as the patient seems to be lifeless. Relatives need to know what is happening on a continual basis during the patient’s entire stay in hospital and even afterwards, and they need to be given opportunities to discuss their own situation and worries.
Health promotion lifestyle profile‐II: Chinese version short form
Authors: Teng Hsiu‐Lan , Yen Miaofen , Fetzer Susan
Published: June 2010

teng h.‐l., yen m. & fetzer s. (2010) Health promotion lifestyle profile‐II: Chinese version short form. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(8), 1864–1873.

Title.  Health promotion lifestyle profile‐II: Chinese version short form.

Aim.  This paper is a report of an examination of the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile.

Background.  The Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile, a well‐known instrument measuring health promotion lifestyle behaviours and developed by Walker in 1987 and later refined, has been translated into several languages. The original Chinese translated version, based on Walker’s 48‐item 1987 version, detected six dimensions of health promotion lifestyle behaviours. The 52‐item revised Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile‐II has not been tested for Mandarin‐speakers.

Method.  After the English version of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile‐II was translated into Chinese using established forward‐backward translation procedures, the psychometric properties of the translated version were determined with 331 Taiwanese Mandarin‐speaking adults. Data were collected from August 2007 to July 2008 at outpatient clinics for health screening in Southern Taiwan. The psychometric properties of the instrument were evaluated, including the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, item analysis and factor analysis.

Results.  Neither Walker’s original 6‐factor model nor a forced 6‐factor solution of the 52 items of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile‐II was supported. Parallel analysis suggested that five factors be retained, with the 5‐factor solution statistically and conceptually satisfactory. The 5‐factor Chinese version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile explained 53% of the variance in healthy lifestyles. Thirty items were retained for the Chinese version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile.

Discussion.  Deletion of 22 items from the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile‐II did not impair the ability of the Chinese version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile to measure a healthy lifestyle among a sample of Taiwanese adults. The data support the fact that lifestyle is influenced by culture.
Fear of falling in older fallers presenting at emergency departments
Authors: Hill Keith , Womer Makenzie , Russell Melissa , Blackberry Irene , McGann Anne
Published: June 2010

hill k., womer m., russell m., blackberry i. & mcgann a. (2010) Fear of falling in older fallers presenting at emergency departments. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(8), 1769–1779.

Title.  Fear of falling in older fallers presenting at emergency departments.

Aim.  This paper is a report of an investigation of fear of falling in older people presenting to emergency departments after a fall.

Background.  Falls are a common and disabling cause of attendance at emergency departments. Fear of falling is an often unrecognized consequence of falls that affects older people’s function.

Methods.  Sub‐analysis was conducted of a randomized trial of a falls prevention programme for people aged 60 years and older presenting to emergency departments after a fall. Data were collected between 2003 and 2006 with 712 participants recruited (mean age 75, 70% female). Baseline and 12‐month measurements included fear of falling (Modified Falls Efficacy Scale), falls risk, depression, and balance/mobility measures. Intervention participants received interventions based on assessment findings, while control participants received usual care. Repeated measures analysis of variance and logistic regression were used to determine change over time between groups and factors associated with fear of falling, respectively.

Results.  Sixty per cent of participants had fear of falling. Statistically significant improvement occurred in overall fear of falling (repeated measures analysis of variance –F = 37·3; P < 0·001) and 13 of 14 sub‐items of the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale at 12 months, but there was no difference between groups. Multivariate logistic regression identified a number of factors associated with statistically significant increased odds of higher fear of falling persisting at12 months, including higher baseline fear of falling and multiple falls in the 12‐month follow‐up.

Conclusion.  Nursing staff in emergency departments have an important role in identifying fear of falling, which may guide the need for referral for further assessment and management after discharge from the emergency department.
Cold‐induced Glutamate Releasein vivofrom the Magnocellular Region of the Paraventricular Nucleus is Involved in Ovarian Sympathetic Activation
Authors: Jara P. , Rage F. , Dorfman M. , Grouselle D. , Barra R. , Arancibia S. , Lara H. E.
Published: June 2010

We previously reported that centrally‐induced sympathetic activation in response to cold stress is associated with a polycystic ovarian condition in rats, and thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) released locally from the magnocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) appears to be involved in this activation. Because TRH neurones express NMDA glutamate receptors, in the present study, we investigated the role of glutamate in the increased release of TRH from magnocellular neurones induced by cold stress and its relationship to ovarian neurotransmission. Animals with a push–pull cannula stereotaxically implanted into the magnocellular portion of the PVN were exposed to cold stress (4 °C for 64 h) and subjected to intracerebral perfusion. Perfusate fractions were obtained and analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography to measure glutamate and GABA levels. Glutamate, but not GABA, release increased significantly in animals perfused under cold exposure.In vivoadministration of glutamate to the PVN increased TRH release. Injection of MK‐801 into the magnocellular portion of the PVN reduced ovarian noradrenaline turnover and led to an increase in catecholamine concentration from the adrenal glands and celiac ganglia. Taken together, the results obtained in the present study strongly suggest that glutamate release from the magnocellular PVN is sensitive to cold stress and that glutamate acts through the NMDA receptor to mediate cold‐induced TRH release. This in turn triggers hypothalamic‐ovarian pathway activation, which might be responsible for the polycystic condition induced by cold stress and other ovarian pathologies characterised by increased sympathetic discharge.
Association between long working hours and sleep problems in white‐collar workers
Authors: NAKASHIMA MOTOKO , MORIKAWA YUKO , SAKURAI MASARU , NAKAMURA KOSHI , MIURA KATSUYUKI , ISHIZAKI MASAO , KIDO TERUHIKO , NARUSE YUCHI , SUWAZONO YASUSHI , NAKAGAWA HIDEAKI
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the association between long work hours and sleep disturbance among white‐collar workers. We evaluated 1510 male white‐collar full‐time employees, between the ages of 18 and 59 years, using a comprehensive sleep quality questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). All subjects worked in a light metal products factory in Japan. The mean number of monthly overtime work hours was determined using data from the previous 6 months from timecard records. Subjects were divided into five groups based on quintiles of the mean number of monthly overtime work hours: <26 h month−1; ≥26 but <40; ≥40 but <50; ≥50 but <63; and >63. Leisure time physical activity, drinking habits just before sleep, presence of family/partner and health status were used as confounding factors in the multiple regression model. The prevalence of short sleep hours, impairment of sleep efficiency and daytime dysfunction among seven components of PSQI increased, in a dose–response relationship, with overtime work hours. The prevalence of high global score (>5.5 points) was highest in workers with overtime hours ≥50 h week−1. The odds ratios after adjustment for confounding factors for high global score using less than 26 h as a reference group were 1.67 for workers with ≥50 h and <63 h, and 1.87 for workers with 63 h and more. To conclude, the present results suggest that long work hours correlate with reduced sleep quality in a dose–response manner.
Evaluation of fungal adherence to plasma‐modified polymethylmethacrylate
Authors: Zamperini C. A. , Machado A. L. , Vergani C. E. , Pavarina A. C. , Rangel E. C. , Cruz N. C.
Published: June 2010

There is a propensity for fungal adherence to the polymethylmethacrylate used for making denture bases. Therefore, this study investigated whether surface modifications with plasma treatments would reduce the adherence of Candida albicans to a denture base resin. Samples (n = 180) with smooth and rough surfaces were made and divided into five groups: control – non‐treated; experimental groups – submitted to plasma treatments to obtain surfaces with different hydrophobicities (Ar/50 W; ArO2/70 W; AAt/130 W) or with incorporated fluoride (Ar/SF670 W). Contact angles were measured immediately after treatments and after samples were immersed in water for 48 h. For each group, half the samples were incubated with saliva before the adherence test. The number of adhered C. albicans was evaluated by counting after crystal violet staining. The plasma treatments were effective in modifying the polymethylmethacrylate surface. However, there was a significant alteration in the contact angle measured after immersion in water. No statistically significant difference in the adherence of C. albicans was observed between the experimental and control groups, irrespective of the presence or absence of saliva, and surface roughness.
Patterns of seed longevity and dormancy in obligate seeding legumes of box‐ironbark forests, south‐eastern Australia
Authors: ORSCHEG C. K. , ENRIGHT N. J.
Published: June 2010

Current fuel loads and distribution suggest that fire events are infrequent and of a low intensity in the regenerated dry sclerophyll forests of the Victorian box‐ironbark ecosystem. However, many box‐ironbark species possess traits consistent with fire‐cued regeneration. It is unclear the degree to which human disturbance may have altered fire regimes in these forests. The infrequent and low‐intensity fire regime suggested by current fuel dynamics may pose a threat to the persistence of fire‐cued species. Obligate seeders such as those of the Fabaceae and Mimosaceae, common in box‐ironbark understoreys, may be particularly vulnerable if inter‐fire intervals exceed seed longevity. This study used seed burial trials to examine seed dormancy and longevity in five legume species to explore their capacity to regenerate under an infrequent, low‐intensity fire regime. All species displayed dormancy and longevity patterns consistent with other south‐east Australian legumes. Before burial, dormancy levels were high for all species (98–100%). After 3 years, storage under in situ and ex situ conditions, dormancy in Pultenaea prostrata remained at pre‐burial levels with virtually no seed becoming non‐dormant. Over time, some Acacia seed became non‐dormant under both in situ and ex situ storage, with the pattern varying among species. Longevity also varied between species. Variation in the dormancy and longevity patterns observed in these obligate seeder legumes suggests two strategies: (i) releasing a portion of soil‐stored seed from dormancy during the inter‐fire period to permit inter‐fire recruitment; and (ii) retaining most soil‐stored seed as dormant during the inter‐fire interval. Both strategies represent potential weaknesses under a long fire interval regime. The first relies on dormancy release translating to successful recruitment and requires ongoing inter‐fire input into the soil seed bank. The second relies on seed longevity exceeding the inter‐fire interval. Whether either is more suitable to coping with long‐term infrequent fire requires long‐term monitoring.
Contagious dispersal of seeds of synchronously fruiting species beneath invasive and native fleshy‐fruited trees
Authors: WHITE EVE , VIVIAN‐SMITH GABRIELLE
Published: June 2010

In subtropical Australia, many native and invasive plant species rely on a shared suite of frugivores, largely birds, for seed dispersal. Many native plants fruit during summer in this region, whereas most invasive plants fruit during winter, thus providing the opportunity for contagious dispersal of seeds beneath synchronously fruiting species. We sampled invasive and native seed rain beneath the canopy of a native summer‐fruiting tree Guioa semiglauca and an invasive winter‐fruiting tree Cinnamomum camphora, in three study sites over the course of a year. In July, during peak fruiting season for C. camphora and other invasive species, seed rain of invasive species was higher beneath C. camphora than G. semiglauca. This was partly due to the invasive tree Ligustrum lucidum, whose seed rain was three times higher beneath C. camphora than beneath the native tree. In February, seed rain of native species was more abundant beneath the canopy of G. semiglauca than beneath C. camphora, despite the fact that C. camphora was also fruiting at this time. This was probably due to the larger fruit crop produced by G. semiglauca at this time of year. Our study provides evidence that the presence of invasive bird‐dispersed plants may facilitate contagious seed dispersal of other invaders, and likewise native species may facilitate seed spread of other native plants.
Thermoelastic stress analysis of fatigue cracks subject to overloads
Authors: PATKI A. S. , PATTERSON E. A.
Published: June 2010

In this study, the effects of plasticity‐induced crack closure and overloads were investigated using thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) in aluminum alloy 2024. The amplitude of the stress intensity factors were evaluated during crack growth by fitting a Muskhelishvili‐type description of the crack tip stress fields to the TSA data using the multipoint overdeterministic method. A new method to directly measure the extent of the crack tip plastic zone is proposed based on the phase difference between the TSA and forcing signals. The presence of crack tip plasticity was clearly identified and correlated with changes in the stress intensity factor values obtained from the TSA data both during constant amplitude loading as well as single and multiple overloads. Immediately post‐overload the plastic zone increased in size by up to 50% whereas the amplitude of the stress intensity factor and the crack growth rate decreased until the crack grew through the plastic region created by the overload when the pre‐overload value of the crack growth was re‐attained. The experimental data of mode I stress intensity factor, crack growth rate and radius of crack tip plastic zone obtained from thermoelastic data in the region affected by the overload were used to estimate the exponent in the Wheeler crack growth model which was found to be a function of percentage overload and the number of cycles of overload.
Fatigue crack growth and life prediction of a single interference fitted holed plate
Authors: CHAKHERLOU T. N. , MIRZAJANZADEH M. , SAEEDI K. H.
Published: June 2010

To understand the different aspects of fatigue behaviour of complex structural joints it will be much helpful if the effects of different parameters are studied separately. In this article, to study the isolated effect of interference fit on fatigue life a pined hole specimen is investigated. This specimen is a single‐holed plate with an oversized pin which force fitted to the hole. The investigation was carried out both experimentally and numerically. In the experimental part, interference fitted specimens along with open hole specimens were fatigue tested to study the experimental effect of the interference fit. In the numerical part, three‐dimensional finite element (FE) simulations have been performed in order to obtain the created stresses due to interference fit and subsequent applied longitudinal load at the holed plate. The stress distribution obtained from FE simulation around the hole was used to predict crack initiation life using Smith–Watson–Topper method and fatigue crack growth life using the NASGRO equation with applying the AFGROW computer code. The predicted fatigue life obtained from the numerical methods show a good agreement with the experimental fatigue life.
Plasticity induced crack closure in Middle‐Crack Tension specimen: numerical versus experimental
Authors: ANTUNES F.V. , BRANCO R. , COSTA J. D. , RODRIGUES D. M.
Published: June 2010

Numerical studies played a major role in the current understanding of plasticity induced crack closure (PICC), however it is well known that the numerical models simplify the reality by considering discrete crack propagations, relatively high fatigue crack growth rates, sharp cracks and that propagation occurs at a well‐defined load. The objective of this paper is to find if despite these limitations, the numerical predictions of PICC are close to the experimental results. Experimental work was developed to obtain crack opening values in 1‐mm‐thick middle‐tension (M(T)) specimens of AA6016‐T4 aluminium alloy. The opening level was determined from remote compliance data captured by a pin microgauge placed at the centre of the specimen. A numerical model was developed and optimized replicating the experimental test in terms of sample geometry, loading parameters, material behaviour and crack opening measurement technique. The adoption, in the numerical analysis, of a remote measurement technique for determining PICC was found to be robust and adequate for mesh refinement studies. A good agreement was found between experimental and numerical results.
Determination of the Gurson–Tvergaard damage model parameters for simulating small punch tests
Authors: CUESTA I. I. , ALEGRE J. M. , LACALLE R.
Published: June 2010

The objective of the final small punch test (SPT) is to determine the fracture properties of materials, such as fracture toughness, when not enough material is available for the conduct of conventional fracture tests. The damage model developed by Gurson, and subsequently modified by Tvergaard and Needleman (GTN), allows for the numerical simulation of the elastic‐plastic behaviour until fracture. This model is based on several constitutive material parameters that must be calibrated if the model is to be properly applied. In this paper, we develop a consistent methodology for the identification of the GTN damage parameters based on the adjustment of the load‐displacement curve obtained in the SPTs. The methodology presented is applicable to simulating other different SPTs with different thicknesses and test temperatures. Also, the three‐dimensional modelling developed will be useful in the future for analysing the possible anisotropy exhibited by some materials. The next step in the simulation will be to determine its validity in other stress fields with different triaxiality ratios, like the one present in CT specimens, the ultimate goal being to allow for the estimation of the material fracture toughness.
Numerical simulation of residual stress relaxation around a cold‐expanded fastener hole under longitudinal cyclic loading using different kinematic hardening models
Authors: CHAKHERLOU T. N. , YAGHOOBI A.
Published: June 2010

Cold expansion of fastener holes creates compressive residual stresses around the hole. This well‐known technique improves fatigue life by reducing tensile stress around the holes. However, cyclic loading causes these compressive residual stresses to relax, thus reducing their beneficial effect. Estimation of the fatigue life without considering the residual stress relaxation might lead to inaccurate results. In this research, numerical studies were carried out using 2D finite element (FE) models to determine the initial tangential and radial residual stress distributions generated by cold expansion and their relaxation under cyclic loading. To predict the stress relaxation, four nonlinear kinematic hardening models were applied in simulation of stress/strain path. The results obtained from the FE analysis were compared with available experimental results. A good agreement between the numerical and experimental results was observed.
Structural integrity and damage type in military aircraft
Authors: CLARK G. , JACKSON P.
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses the nature of the damage which can cause unanticipated, early fleet failures in legacy military aircraft. This damage often takes a form quite unlike the notional cracking which is used in structural integrity design, but can lead to high costs, or reduced fleet availability, by requiring additional costly inspections and recovery programs in response to discovery of the damage. Using examples from Australian fleets the paper demonstrates that a lack of diagnostic and prognostic tools contributed to the impact of the damage on the fleet. Development of even simple prognostic and diagnostic tools could reduce the fleet impact and cost of discovered damage, and would ultimately allow the non‐crack damage to be incorporated into design to achieve a much more global level of damage tolerance. The paper discusses the key differences between these non‐crack damage forms and the more traditional crack‐like defect which is used in current damage tolerance based structural integrity management approaches for these aircraft. These differences are associated principally with damage variability and damage location, and they challenge some aspects of our existing structural integrity design methods such as reliance on testing and analysis of supposedly ‘representative’ example of aircraft structure. The larger challenge is to fully exploit the principles of damage tolerant structural design and management, and the paper argues that to achieve this we need to maintain a move towards a broader, risk‐based approach to structural integrity management. This longer‐term goal will also involve a reappraisal of the nature and distribution of damage, and a fundamental shift in our crack‐centric view of structural integrity, additional diagnostic and prognostic tools for such damage would be essential for developing this transition to a more global risk‐based damage management approach.
Coherent gradient sensing (CGS) method for fracture mechanics: a review
Authors: TIPPUR H. V.
Published: June 2010

It has been 20 years since the introduction of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) technique for studying fracture problems. In this article, an up‐to‐date review of this full‐field optical method as an experimental fracture mechanics tool is presented. The primary focus here is on contributions of the method to the advancement of fracture mechanics in general and dynamic fracture behaviour of materials in particular. Optical results published by various investigators using CGS to understand fracture of homogeneous materials, bimaterials, particulate composites, fibre reinforced composites and functionally graded materials are reviewed. A few promising new developments such as applications to load bearing problems and combining CGS with other full‐field optical methods to enhance its measurement capabilities are also visited.
Effects of ethnicity on diabetes incidence and prevention: results of the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) trial
Authors: Boyko E. J. , Gerstein H. C. , Mohan V. , Yusuf S. , Sheridan P. , Anand S. , Shaw J. E. ,   for the DREAM trial investigators
Published: June 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1226–1232 (2010)

Aims  Risk of Type 2 diabetes varies by ethnicity, but whether ethnicity remains important among those who have impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose is uncertain. Whether the effect of thiazolidinedione treatment on diabetes prevention in persons with non‐diabetic dysglycaemia varies by ethnicity is also not known. We addressed these questions using data collected in the DREAM trial.

Methods  A 2‐by‐2 factorial double‐blind randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of rosiglitazone and ramipril on the primary outcome of diabetes or death in persons meeting criteria for impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose. The effect of these interventions by ethnicity was estimated using Cox regression analysis.

Results  Of 5269 adults, 2365 were randomly assigned to rosiglitzone and 2634 to placebo. South Asians showed a higher hazard for the primary outcome compared with Europeans (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval 2.21, 1.41–3.47) adjusted for age, gender, BMI, waist–hip ratio and geographic region. A lesser increase in risk was seen in Black people (1.37, 1.04–1.81). A significant reduction in risk of the primary outcome with rosiglitazone treatment assignment was seen in all ethnic groups, but the treatment effect significantly differed by ethnicity (P = 0.0242), with South Asians experiencing a smaller, and Latinos a larger preventive effect.

Conclusions  Ethnicity is an important risk factor for Type 2 diabetes in dysglycaemic persons. All ethnic groups experienced a large significant reduction in diabetes risk because of rosiglitazone. The magnitude of this reduction differed by ethnicity. Given the post hoc nature of this analysis, further confirmation of these findings is needed.
THE MORAL COSTS OF NASTINESS
Authors: ABBINK KLAUS , HERRMANN BENEDIKT
Published: June 2010

We introduce two variants of the one‐shot joy‐of‐destruction minigame (mini‐JOD). Two players are endowed with the same amount of money. They simultaneously decide whether or not to reduce the other player's payoff at an own cost. In one treatment there was a probability that nature would destroy the opponent's money anyway. We test whether this feature reduces the moral costs of nastiness, and find that destruction rates rise significantly, despite the absence of strategic reasons. (JEL C72, C91, D03)
Significance and application of melatonin in the regulation of brown adipose tissue metabolism: relation to human obesity
Authors: Tan D.‐X. , Manchester L. C. , Fuentes‐Broto L. , Paredes S. D. , Reiter R. J.
Published: June 2010

A worldwide increase in the incidence of obesity indicates the unsuccessful battle against this disorder. Obesity and the associated health problems urgently require effective strategies of treatment. The new discovery that a substantial amount of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) is retained in adult humans provides a potential target for treatment of human obesity. BAT is active metabolically and disposes of extra energy via generation of heat through uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. The physiology of BAT is readily regulated by melatonin, which not only increases recruitment of brown adipocytes but also elevates their metabolic activity in mammals. It is speculated that the hypertrophic effect and functional activation of BAT induced by melatonin may likely apply to the human. Thus, melatonin, a naturally occurring substance with no reported toxicity, may serve as a novel approach for treatment of obesity. Conversely, because of the availability of artificial light sources, excessive light exposure after darkness onset in modern societies should be considered a potential contributory factor to human obesity as light at night dramatically reduces endogenous melatonin production. In the current article, the potential associations of melatonin, BAT, obesity and the medical implications are discussed.
8. Dynamic Networks and Behavior: Separating Selection from Influence
Authors: Steglich Christian , Snijders Tom A. B. , Pearson Michael
Published: June 2010

A recurrent problem in the analysis of behavioral dynamics, given a simultaneously evolving social network, is the difficulty of separating the effects of partner selection from the effects of social influence. Because misattribution of selection effects to social influence, or vice versa, suggests wrong conclusions about the social mechanisms underlying the observed dynamics, special diligence in data analysis is advisable. While a dependable and validmethod would benefit several research areas, according to the best of our knowledge, it has been lacking in the extant literature. In this paper, we present a recently developed family of statistical models that enables researchers to separate the two effects in a statistically adequate manner. To illustrate our method, we investigate the roles of homophile selection and peer influence mechanisms in the joint dynamics of friendship formation and substance use among adolescents. Making use of a three-wave panel measured in the years 1995–1997 at a school in Scotland, we are able to assess the strength of selection and influence mechanisms and quantify the relative contributions of homophile selection, assimilation to peers, and control mechanisms to observed similarity of substance use among friends.
Mast cells and MMP‐9 in the lamina propria during eruption of rat molars: quantitative and immunohistochemical evaluation
Authors: Cerri Paulo Sérgio , Pereira‐Júnior Jorge Alonso , Biselli Natalia Barrionuevo , Sasso‐Cerri Estela
Published: June 2010

During the active tooth eruption process, structural changes in the lamina propria are necessary to provide extracellular matrix remodelling and for the establishment of the eruptive pathway. A large number of resident cells, recruited cells and proteases have been demonstrated in the eruptive process, but the participation of MMP‐9 and mast cells has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we set out to evaluate the intensity of MMP‐9 immunoexpression, the frequency of mast cells and the correlation between the incidence of mast cells and bone resorption in different phases of tooth eruption. Fragments of maxilla containing first molars, obtained from 9‐, 11‐, 13‐ and 16‐day‐old rats, were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Sagittal sections were stained with Masson’s trichrome or submitted to the tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase method for quantification of osteoclasts. Sections stained by 1% toluidine blue were used for quantification of metachromatic mast cells mm−2 of lamina propria. The expression of MMP‐9 in the lamina propria was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the 9‐day‐old rats, the lamina propria contained few mast cells and occasional osteoclasts were found in the bone surface overlying the occlusal portion of the tooth germs. Otherwise, a significant increase in the number of mast cells was observed in the intra‐osseous phase of tooth eruption (11‐day‐old rats), period in which numerous TRAP‐positive osteoclasts were found in the bone surface. MMP‐9 immunolabelling was detected in fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophage‐like cells of the lamina propria in all ages studied. However, an enhanced immunolabelling was evident in the advanced phase of tooth eruption (16‐day‐old rats). During the intra‐osseous phase, the parallel between the high frequency of both mast cells and osteoclasts suggests that mast cells could exert a paracrine function on the osteoclasts and then stimulate bone resorption. The immunoexpression of MMP‐9 in different cells of lamina propria, including mast cells, indicates that this enzyme participates in the degradation of ECM, mainly during late phase of mucosal penetration. Thus mast cells and MMP‐9 are involved in the complex process of degradation of the eruptive pathway extracellular matrix.
Stabilizing selection on genome size in a population of Festuca pallens under conditions of intensive intraspecific competition
Authors: Šmarda Petr , Horová Lucie , Bureš Petr , Hralová Ivana , Marková Michaela
Published: June 2010

Commentary p883
Dynamic causal modeling of spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance
Authors: Bach Dominik R. , Daunizeau Jean , Kuelzow Nadine , Friston Karl J. , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: June 2010

Spontaneous fluctuations (SF) in skin conductance are often used to index sympathetic arousal and emotional states. SF are caused by sudomotor nerve activity (SNA), which is a direct indicator of sympathetic arousal. Here, we describe a dynamic causal model (DCM) of how SNA causes SF, and apply variational Bayesian model inversion to infer SNA, given empirically observed SF. The estimated SNA bears a relationship to the number of SF as derived from conventional (semi‐visual) analysis. Crucially, we show that, during public speaking induced anxiety, the estimated number of SNA bursts is a better predictor of the (known) psychological state than the number of SF. We suggest dynamic causal modeling of SF potentially allows a more precise and informed inference about arousal than purely descriptive methods.
Listening strategy for auditory rhythms modulates neural correlates of expectancy and cognitive processing
Authors: Snyder Joel S. , Pasinski Amanda C. , McAuley J. Devin
Published: June 2010

A recently described auditory tempo perception paradigm revealed individual differences in perceived stimulus timing for identical stimulus sequences. The current study takes advantage of this paradigm by recording event‐related potentials (ERPs) concurrent with task performance in order to reveal brain responses that reflect individual differences in timing strategy. No strategy‐related differences were observed in sensory encoding of tones, as measured by the P1‐N1‐P2 complex. However, the contingent negative variation (CNV) leading up to the final tone of the sequence varied as a function of strategy, as did a parietal‐maximum late positive component (P3b) that occurred following the final tone. These data suggest that temporal expectancy for and cognitive processing of the final tone of rhythmic sequences underlies differences in strategy during rhythm perception.
Occurrence of Appias albina albina (Boisduval, 1836) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae) in northern Australia: phenotypic variation, life history and biology, with remarks on its taxonomic status
Authors: BRABY Michael F. , LANE David A. , WEIR Richard P.
Published: June 2010

Variation in adult phenotype, the life history and general biology of the “White Albatross”, Appias albina albina (Boisduval, 1836), are described and illustrated from the monsoon tropics of the northern Australia for the first time. Like elsewhere throughout the species' wide geographical range, the population exhibits sex‐limited polymorphism, with females having three distinct color morphs (white, yellow, intermediate). Variation within and among these morphs is compared with populations from elsewhere in South‐East Asia, particularly Maluku (including the type locality Ambon), and comments are made on the taxonomic status of the Australian population. The species inhabits coastal semi‐deciduous monsoon vine‐thicket where its larval food plant Drypetes deplanchei (Brongn. & Gris) Merr. (Euphorbiaceae) grows on lateritic edges and cliffs. The early stages and behaviour are compared with those of A. albina pancheia Fruhstorfer, 1910 from South‐East Asia and A. paulina ega (Boisduval, 1836) from Australia. Adults are highly seasonal, their timing of appearance coinciding with annual leaf flush of the larval food plant and onset of the summer monsoon. During this period, the broad flight season lasts about two months, the life cycle is completed in approximately four weeks, and the species is probably univoltine or partially bivoltine. We conclude that breeding populations of A. albina albina in Australia are resident, but it remains to be established how the species survives the long dry season.
Best host‐plant attribute for species–area relationship, and effects of shade, conspecific distance and plant phenophase in an arthropod community within the grass Muhlenbergia robusta
Authors: LÓPEZ‐GÓMEZ Víctor , CANO‐SANTANA Zenón
Published: June 2010

Increased understanding of the species–area relationship (SAR) can improve its usefulness as a tool for prediction of species loss for biodiversity conservation targets. This study was conducted: (i) to determine the best plant attribute for the SAR in the community of arthropods living within the grass Muhlenbergia robusta; (ii) to determine the contribution of phenophases of plant foliage (dry and fresh), shade and conspecific distance to the variation in arthropod richness within the plant; (iii) to determine the best functional model of changes in the abundance, diversity and biomass in communities of arthropods in response to increases in plant size; (iv) to determine the best host‐plant attribute for prediction of these community attributes; and (v) to determine the effect of the plant phenophase, shade and M. robusta isolation on the abundance, diversity and biomass of the arthropod community. The above‐ground dry weight of grass was found to be the best host‐plant attribute for the SAR, while the light environment explained the arthropod richness within the grass, with higher richness observed in shaded environments. This study also showed that the best functional mathematical models for estimation of changes in the abundance, dry weight and diversity of arthropods in response to increases in grass size (dry weight) are the power model, exponential model and logarithmic model, respectively. Furthermore, the host‐plant foliage phenophase, shade and the isolation of M. robusta with other conspecifics had no effect on the abundance, biomass or diversity per basal area of the grass.
Nest density and distribution of subterranean ants in an evergreen broadleaf forest in Japan with special reference to Amblyopone silvestrii
Authors: MASUKO Keiichi
Published: June 2010

The density and distributions of nests of the subterranean ants were studied by excavation of thirty 1‐m2 quadrats in an evergreen broadleaf forest in central Japan. A total of 20 ant species were collected and the densities of Amblyopone silvestrii and Paratrechina flavipes were highest (both 0.83 nests/m2). The distribution patterns were analyzed by the Standardized Morisita Index (Ip) for the five species that had mean densities of more than 0.5 nests/m2. Of them, A. silvestrii and Hypoponera sauteri showed random distributions, while nests of Paratrechina flavipes were significantly overdispersed and those of Carebara yamatonis and Myrmecina nipponica were weakly clumped. These distributional patterns were discussed in connection with the ecology of the ants. In particular, the social organization of A. silvestrii was investigated based on the distributional pattern and the composition of collected colonies.
Notes on the biology of the Oriental amblyoponine ant Myopopone castanea: Queen‐worker dimorphism, worker polymorphism and larval hemolymph feeding by workers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: ITO Fuminori
Published: June 2010

Queen‐worker dimorphism, worker polymorphism and worker behavior in the Oriental amblyoponine ant Myopopone castanea were studied. Queen body size was large (head width, 3.0 mm) with 24 to 32 ovarioles while workers showed a remarkable size variation in both body size (head width 1.48 to 2.18 mm) and ovariole number (6 to 22). Both head width and abdomen width showed allometric growth against thorax width. Workers performed larval hemolymph feeding as was described for Amblyopone silvestrii queens.