bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognition of diabetic retinopathy in retinal photographs can be improved with a basic education programme
Authors: Vaughan L , Shotliff M , Zalin B , Duncan G , Shotliff K
Published: June 2010

Every person with diabetes in the United Kingdom should have access to annual digital retinal photographs to screen for diabetic retinopathy. Our experience is that medical students, junior hospital doctors and general practitioners are all concerned that they may not be able to interpret these pictures. We examined several different groups to determine their baseline level of knowledge and to see if minimal education could improve their ability to diagnose diabetic retinopathy in retinal photographs.

Twenty‐eight fourth‐year medical students, 16 foundation year 1 (FY1) doctors, 17 core medical trainees/specialist medical registrars and 12 general practitioners were each shown 20 retinal images. All images were 45° macula centred retinal photographs: 10 normal and 10 with diabetic retinopathy. Participants were asked to classify them as normal or abnormal (diabetic retinopathy present) both before and after a five‐minute educational session on the lesions seen in diabetic retinopathy.

The results showed that 3.6% (1/28) of medical students pre‐education and 25% (7/28) post‐education achieved a sensitivity >80% and specificity >95%, as per national guidelines. Mean sensitivities improved from 78% to 89% for fourth‐year medical students, 71.9% to 83.1% for FY1 doctors, 88% to 91% for core medical trainees/specialist registrars and 61% to 82% for general practitioners.

Health care professionals are increasingly able to access retinal images and are concerned that they may not be able to interpret these images. While the baseline ability of these groups to screen for diabetic retinopathy was variable, their accuracy was significantly improved with a simple and brief intervention. These results suggest that all participants should revise their knowledge on this topic and others should think about doing so. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Grafting polyamide 6 onto multi‐walled carbon nanotubes using microwave irradiation
Authors: Huang Shu , Liu Tianxi , Zhang Wei‐De , Tjiu Wuiwui Chauhari , He Chaobin , Lu Xuehong
Published: June 2010

Chemical reactions under microwave irradiation can be very efficient, with a significant shortening of reaction time. Few studies have reported the use of microwaves to functionalize carbon nanotubes. In the work reported, a new method of formulating functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was developed by covalent grafting of polyamide 6 (PA6) chains onto the carbon nanotubes assisted by microwave irradiation. PA6 chains were grafted onto acidified MWNTs through condensation reaction between the carboxylic groups of the MWNTs and the terminal amine groups of PA6 using microwave radiation heating. The functionalized carbon nanotubes (MWNT‐g‐PA6) were characterized systematically using infrared and Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TEM showed that the surface of the MWNTs was covered with a layer of PA6. TGA results indicated that the MWNT‐g‐PA6 contained about 47 wt% of polymer. A novel, convenient and efficient functionalization approach is reported, involving covalently grafting PA6 chains onto MWNTs assisted by microwave irradiation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of novel biodegradable thermo‐sensitive hydrogels of methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐polyester diblock copolymers
Authors: Chen Chin Fu , Lin Carl Tsai Yu , Chu I Ming
Published: June 2010

A series of biodegradable thermo‐sensitive hydrogels were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) and various ester monomers, i.e. D,L‐lactide, glycolide, β‐propiolactone, δ‐valerolactone and ε‐caprolactone. The copolymers were characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The micelle properties were also measured. The results indicated that the diblock copolymers formed nano‐micelles at low concentrations in aqueous phase. The lower critical solution temperatures of the diblock copolymers were above 35 °C at 1 wt%. As the temperature increased above room temperature, the diblock copolymer solutions underwent a sol‐to‐gel phase transition, which was manifested in viscosity increases, indicative of the formation of a gel. The mPEG–polyester diblock copolymer solutions exhibited sol‐gel transition behavior as a function of temperature and polymer concentration. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Local‐fields and disorder effects in free‐standing and embedded Si nanocrystallites
Authors: Guerra Roberto , Degoli Elena , Marsili Margherita , Pulci Olivia , Ossicini Stefano
Published: June 2010

The case study of a 32‐atoms Si nanocrystallite (NC) embedded in a SiO2 matrix, both crystalline and amorphous, or free‐standing with different conditions of passivation and strain is analyzed through ab‐initio approaches. The Si32/SiO2 heterojunction shows a type I band offset highlighting a separation between the NC plus the interface and the matrix around. The consequence of this separation is the possibility to correctly reproduce the low energy electronic and optical properties of the composed system simply by studying the suspended NC plus interface oxygens with the appropriate strain. Moreover, through the definition of an optical absorption threshold we found that, beside the quantum confinement trend, the amorphization introduces an additional redshift that increases with increasing NC size, i.e. the gap tends faster to the bulk limit. Finally, the important changes in the calculated DFT‐RPA optical spectra upon inclusion of local fields point towards the need of a proper treatment of the optical response of the interface region.
Single AlxGa1−xAs nanowires probed by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Buick Benjamin , Speiser Eugen , Prete Paola , Paiano Pasquale , Lovergine Nicola , Richter Wolfgang
Published: June 2010

The stoichiometry of single ternary III–V semiconductor nanowires was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. Free‐standing AlxGa1−xAs nanowires were obtained through metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) by the vapor liquid solid (VLS) mechanism on GaAs substrates. The as‐grown nanowires were studied with a scanning confocal Raman spectrometer (spatial resolution ≈300 nm). They were located by Rayleigh imaging and individual nanowires selected for Raman spectroscopy. The acquired spectra exhibit 2‐mode behavior. The stoichiometry of single nanowires was determined based on the frequencies of the GaAs‐ and AlAs‐like transversal optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) peaks with an accuracy of below 10%. Measurements at different positions along the axis revealed variations of the composition within single nanowires. This non‐uniformity evidences that the nanowires possess an internal structure.
The use of change detection as a method of objectively evaluating labels
Authors: Bix Laura , Kosugi Wataru , Bello Nora , Sundar Raghav , Becker Mark
Published: June 2010

This study introduces the use of change detection, a technique used in cognitive psychology to measure attentional scan paths, as a way to objectively evaluate the prominence of varied label elements. There are two major objectives related to this work: (a) to develop change detection software and methodology for label use; and (b) to compare the relative prominence of different label elements on a beverage container. Six label elements (i.e. treatments) were analysed, namely: the manufacturer name, the product name and a warning dot with text in three colours. Study results suggest that experimental set‐up can significantly impact results, specifically the position of the change (p = 0.0078) and the order of appearance (p = 0.069). This is not only important from an experimental design perspective, but also could lead to insights regarding the attentive behaviours of people as they purchase, select and use products. With regard to the elements of the labels tested, we identified a significant difference on time to detect a change (p < 0.0001). Time required for the manufacturer's name, Asahi Breweries, was significantly longer than for any of the other label elements (p < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons indicated that for the warning dot, red text was located marginally faster than the warning printed in black (p = 0.0566). Change detection offers the promise to objectively evaluate the relative prominence of a label (or a scene) but is quicker and cheaper than other methods, such as eye tracking, that are currently utilized for this purpose. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection
Authors: Cannon Michael J. , Schmid D. Scott , Hyde Terri B.
Published: June 2010

Cytomegalovirus establishes a lifelong latent infection following primary infection that can periodically reactivate with shedding of infectious virus. Primary infection, reactivation and reinfection during pregnancy can all lead to in utero transmission to the developing fetus. Congenital CMV infections are a major cause of permanent hearing loss and neurological impairment. In this literature review, we found that CMV infection was relatively common among women of reproductive age, with seroprevalence ranging from 45 to 100%. CMV seroprevalence tended to be highest in South America, Africa and Asia and lowest in Western Europe and United States. Within the United States, CMV seroprevalence showed substantial geographic variation as well, differing by as much as 30 percentage points between states, though differences might be explained by variation in the types of populations sampled. Worldwide, seroprevalence among non‐whites tended to be 20–30 percentage points higher than that of whites (summary prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57–1.61). Females generally had higher seroprevalences than males, although in most studies the differences were small (summary PR = 1.13, 95% CI=1.11–1.14). Persons of lower socioeconomic status were more likely to be CMV seropositive (summary PR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.32–1.35). Despite high seroprevalences in some populations, a substantial percentage of women of reproductive age are CMV seronegative and thus at risk of primary CMV infection during pregnancy. Future vaccine or educational campaigns to prevent primary infection in pregnant women may need to be tailored to suit the needs of different populations. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of multi‐arm tumor growth trials in xenograft animals using phase change adaptive piecewise quadratic models
Authors: Roy Choudhury Kingshuk , Kasman Ian , Plowman Greg D.
Published: June 2010

Xenograft trials allow tumor growth in human cell lines to be monitored over time in a mouse model. We consider the problem of inferring the effect of treatment combinations on tumor growth. A piecewise quadratic model with flexible phase change locations is proposed to model the effect of change in therapy over time. Each piece represents a growth phase, with phase changes in response to change in treatment. Piecewise slopes represent phase‐specific (log) linear growth rates and curvature parameters represent departure from linear growth. Trial data are analyzed in two stages: (i) subject‐specific curve fitting (ii) analysis of slope and curvature estimates across subjects. A least‐squares approach with penalty for phase change point location is proposed for curve fitting. In simulation studies, the method is shown to give consistent estimates of slope and curvature parameters under independent and AR (1) measurement error. The piecewise quadratic model is shown to give excellent fit (median R2=0.98) to growth data from a six armed xenograft trial on a lung carcinoma cell line. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis, Silanization, and Biodistribution of Biocompatible Quantum Dots
Authors: Ma Nan , Marshall Ann F. , Gambhir Sanjiv S. , Rao Jianghong
Published: June 2010

A facile strategy for the synthesis of silica‐coated quantum dots (QDs) for in vivo imaging is reported. All the QD synthesis and silanization steps are conducted in water and methanol under mild conditions without involving any organometallic precursors or high‐temperature, oxygen‐free environments. The as‐prepared silica‐coated QDs possess high quantum yields and are extremely stable in mouse serum. In addition, the silanization method developed here produces nanoparticles with small sizes that are difficult to achieve via conventional silanization methods. The silica coating helps to prevent the exposure of the QD surface to the biological milieu and therefore increases the biocompatibility of QDs for in vivo applications. Interestingly, the silica‐coated QDs exhibit a different biodistribution pattern from that of commercially available Invitrogen QD605 (carboxylate) with a similar size and emission wavelength. The Invitrogen QD605 exhibits predominant liver (57.2% injected dose (ID) g−1) and spleen (46.1% ID g−1) uptakes 30 min after intravenous injection, whereas the silica‐coated QDs exhibit much lower liver (16.2% ID g−1) and spleen (3.67% ID g−1) uptakes but higher kidney uptake (8.82% ID g−1), blood retention (15.0% ID g−1), and partial renal clearance. Overall, this straightforward synthetic strategy paves the way for routine and customized synthesis of silica‐coated QDs for biological use.
Multilayer Stacked Low‐Temperature‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Films: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Polymer Memory Devices
Authors: Liu Juqing , Lin Zongqiong , Liu Tianjun , Yin Zongyou , Zhou Xiaozhu , Chen Shufen , Xie Linghai , Boey Freddy , Zhang Hua , Huang Wei
Published: June 2010

Highly reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films are fabricated by combining reduction with smeared hydrazine at low temperature (e.g., 100 °C) and the multilayer stacking technique. The prepared rGO film, which has a lower sheet resistance (≈160–500 Ω sq−1) and higher conductivity (26 S cm−1) as compared to other rGO films obtained by commonly used chemical reduction methods, is fully characterized. The effective reduction can be attributed to the large “effective reduction depth” in the GO films (1.46 µm) and the high C1s/O1s ratio (8.04). By using the above approach, rGO films with a tunable thickness and sheet resistance are achieved. The obtained rGO films are used as electrodes in polymer memory devices, in a configuration of rGO/poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/Al, which exhibit an excellent write‐once‐read‐many‐times effect and a high ON/OFF current ratio of 106.
Temporal vertical profiling
Authors: Hauswirth Matthias , Sweeney Peter F. , Diwan Amer
Published: June 2010

Modern systems are enormously complex; many applications today comprise millions of lines of code, make extensive use of software frameworks, and run on complex, multi‐tiered, run‐time systems. Understanding the performance of these applications is challenging because it depends on the interactions between the many software and the hardware components. This paper describes and evaluates an interactive and iterative methodology, temporal vertical profiling, for understanding the performance of applications. There are two key insights behind temporal vertical profiling. First, we need to collect and reason across information from multiple layers of the system before we can understand an application's performance. Second, application performance changes over time and thus we must consider the time‐varying behavior of the application instead of aggregate statistics. We have developed temporal vertical profiling from our own experience of analyzing performance anomalies and have found it very helpful for methodically exploring the space of hardware and software components. By representing an application's behavior as a set of metrics, where each metric is represented as a time series, temporal vertical profiling provides a way to reason about performance across system layers, regardless of their level of abstraction, and independent of their semantics. Temporal vertical profiling provides a methodology to explore a large space of metrics, hundreds of metrics even for small benchmarks, in a systematic way. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Career anchors: A comparison between organization‐assigned and self‐initiated expatriates
Authors: Cerdin Jean‐Luc , Pargneux Marie Le
Published: June 2010

In the present study, based on the theory of fit, we have tested hypotheses on a sample of 303 French expatriates, comparing career anchors between assigned and self‐initiated expatriates. We found that lifestyle and internationalism are both very important anchors for assigned as well as self‐initiated expatriates, although most anchors differ among these groups. Furthermore, we have introduced a measure of the internationalism career anchor that presents promising psychometric characteristics. Our results provide important theoretical and practical implications. In particular, they show that both assigned expatriates and self‐initiated expatriates can be engaged in a boundaryless career. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frequent business travelers across Europe: Career aspirations and implications
Authors: Demel Barbara , Mayrhofer Wolfgang
Published: June 2010

In human resource management (HRM) and career research, the focus has typically been on traditional expatriates (e.g., Mayrhofer, Sparrow, & Zimmermann, 2008). Even though alternative forms of international mobility, such as flexpatriates (i.e., frequent business travelers and international commuters; Mayerhofer, Hartmann, & Herbert, 2004), have become quite common, this trend still seems to be neglected in research (e.g., Harris, Brewster, & Erten, 2005). This empirical article presents career aspirations of Austrian flexpatriates as well as perceived consequences of frequent flying on future careers, private life, and well‐being. The results are compared with selected theoretical concepts from career and career‐success literature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring organizational and individual career goals, interactions, and outcomes of developmental international assignments
Authors: Dickmann Michael , Doherty Noeleen
Published: June 2010

This study uses the intelligent careers framework to investigate individual and organizational mobility goals. It explores the interactions of individual attitudes and behaviors with organizational approaches to managing mobility. Individual and organizational data were gathered in a global fast‐moving consumer goods firm. The findings showed that individuals wanted to add to each of their three career capital areas through an international assignment (IA). Because the organizational context during and after the IA was not perceived to facilitate the growth of all three ways of knowing, international assignees acted as “career capitalists.” They used extraorganizational mechanisms to acquire career capital. Some actions were regarded as dysfunctional by the organization and led to interventions aimed at career capital management. A range of organizational and individual outcomes are outlined and career capital propositions developed. The article includes the professional implications for international mobility and career capital management. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of international work: Narratives of the global manager
Authors: Cappellen Tineke , Janssens Maddy
Published: June 2010

This study extends our understanding of the notion of the global manager by empirically examining their personal experiences as coordinators across multiple geographies and cultures. Basing our work on in‐depth interviews, we study narrative fragments of 45 global managers, identifying the most prominent issues in fulfilling the job of worldwide coordinator and the impact of their work on their personal life. The findings further indicate that global managers' experiences are characterized by three tensions: distance versus closeness, hierarchy versus culture, and work flexibility versus family equilibrium. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding self‐initiated expatriates: Career experiences of Lebanese self‐initiated expatriates in France
Authors: Al Ariss Akram , Özbilgin Mustafa
Published: June 2010

Drawing on a field study based on interviews with 43 Lebanese skilled self‐initiated expatriates from the Paris region in France and six policymakers and immigration specialists, the article offers an alternative to theories of management that frame expatriate careers as either organizationally or individually driven. In doing so, we explicate how the international work experiences of self‐initiated expatriates can be captured in ways true to their nature as multifaceted and multilevel phenomena. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction of fetal and infant anatomy using rapid prototyping of post-mortem MR images
Authors: Schievano Silvia , Sebire Neil J. , Robertson Nicola J. , Taylor Andrew M. , Thayyil Sudhin
Published: June 2010

Objectives

The recent decline in autopsy rates and lack of human anatomical material donated for research and training has resulted in issues for medical training in the United Kingdom. This study aims to examine the feasibility of making accurate three-dimensional (3D) models of the human body and visceral organs using post-mortem magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and rapid prototyping.

Methods

We performed post-mortem MR imaging using a 3D T2-weighted sequence in 11 fetuses and infants, before autopsy, using either a 1.5-T or 9.4-T MR scanner. Internal organs were reconstructed in silico and 3D models were created by rapid prototyping.

Results

The median gestation of fetuses was 20 (range 19–30) weeks and the median age of infants was 12 (range 8–16) weeks. Models created by rapid prototyping accurately depicted structural abnormalities and allowed clear visualisation of 3D relationships.

Conclusions

Accurate 3D modelling of anatomical features from post-mortem imaging in fetuses and infants is feasible. These models could have a large number of medical applications, including improved parental counselling, invaluable teaching resources and significant medico-legal applications to demonstrate disease or injury, without the need to show actual autopsy photographs.
Responsiveness of 2 Procedures for Measurement of Temporal and Spatial Gait Parameters in Older Adults
Authors: Youdas James W. , Childs Katherine B. , McNeil Megan L. , Mueller Amy C. , Quilter Christopher M. , Hollman John H.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To determine the responsiveness of the GAITRite system and a stopwatch‐footfall count technique for measurement of walking speed, cadence, and stride length during comfortable and fast‐paced walking.

Design

Criterion standard.

Setting

Research laboratory in a physical therapy education program.

Participants

Twenty‐four healthy volunteers (13 men, 11 women; mean age 74.5 years) without lower extremity injury or history of falls.

Interventions

Participants walked across a GAITRite mat with embedded pressure sensors at their self‐selected comfortable and fast walking speeds. Simultaneously, an examiner, using a stopwatch, recorded the elapsed time necessary to cross the mat and counted the number of complete footfalls.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Walking speed, cadence, and stride length were compared between the GAITRite system and the stopwatch‐footfall count technique for both comfortable and fast walking speeds. Responsiveness values for each procedure were described by the 95% minimal detectable change (MDC).

Results

During comfortable self‐paced walking, MDC values for the stopwatch‐footfall count technique ranged from 10% to 65% greater than those obtained for the GAITRite system. During fast self‐paced walking MDC values for the stopwatch‐footfall count technique ranged from 26% to 65% larger than those measured by the GAITRite system for the temporal and spatial gait performance parameters.

Conclusions

When measured by the GAITRite system, the 95% MDC values for temporal and spatial gait parameters of older community‐dwelling adults were more responsive to change than those obtained by the stopwatch‐footfall technique. Clinicians should recognize that self‐selected walking speed, cadence, and stride length when obtained by an instrumented walkway must be equal to or exceed 12.6 cm/s, 8.4 steps/min, or 7 cm, respectively, for the change to be considered real change and not from measurement error.
Ergometric Performance During Exercise Training in Men With Intermittent Claudication
Authors: Figoni Stephen F. , Kunkel Charles F. , Scremin A.M. Erika , Scremin Oscar U. , Cohen Babak
Published: June 2010

Objective

To determine and describe changes in weekly work, power, exercise times, and recovery times during an exercise training intervention in men with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and intermittent calf claudication.

Design

Tracking of weekly exercise training parameters involved repeated measures over time in one group of participants. Other outcomes of this pilot study used a one‐group, pretest‐posttest design.

Setting

Tertiary‐care medical center.

Participants

Fifteen male veterans (mean age, 69 years) with Fontaine stage IIa PAD and classic intermittent calf claudication.

Main Outcome Measurements

Participants completed graded treadmill exercise tests before and after intervention from which maximal walking power was calculated. Work, power, and exercise and recovery times for each exercise training session were computed and averaged for each week.

Intervention

The intervention consisted of an intensive 3‐month exercise training program involving walking and calf muscle exercises: 3 sessions per week at the clinic (treadmill walking and calf ergometry) and 2 sessions per week at home (free walking and standing heel raises).

Results

After training, participants increased treadmill maximal walking power from 220 to 414 W (by 87%). Treadmill and calf exercise work, power, and exercise time per session increased linearly during 13 weeks of training, whereas recovery time per session of treadmill exercise decreased. During the same period, treadmill and calf exercise training power outputs increased by averages of 227% and 92%, respectively.

Conclusion

Calculation of work and power during exercise training can be used to track progress quantitatively at short intervals. Weekly linear increases in training work and power per exercise session suggest that optimal intervention duration may be longer than 3 months for men with PAD and intermittent calf claudication.
The conditions of formation of sapphire and zircon in the areas of alkali-basaltoid volcanism in Central Vietnam
Authors: Izokh A.E. , Smirnov S.Z. , Egorova V.V. , Anh Tran Tuan , Kovyazin S.V. , Phuong Ngo Thi , Kalinina V.V.
Published: June 2010

Study of the chemical composition of clinopyroxene and garnet megacrysts from the Dak Nong sapphire deposit and model calculations have shown that megacrysts originated from the crystallization of alkali basaltoid magma in a deep-seated intermediate chamber at 14–15 kbar, which is close to the Moho depth (50 km) in this part of southeastern Asia. The chamber was a source of heat and CO2 fluids for the generation of crustal syenitic melts producing sapphires and zircons. The formation conditions of sapphires and zircons are significantly different. The presence of jadeite inclusions in placer zircons points to high pressures during their crystallization, which is confirmed by the ubiquitous decrepitation of CO2-rich melt inclusions. Sapphires crystallized from iron-rich syenitic melt in the shallower Earth’s crust horizons with the participation of CO2 and carbonate–H2O–CO2 fluids. The subsequent eruptions of alkali basalts favored the transportation of garnet and pyroxene megacrysts as well as sapphire and zircon xenocrysts to the surface. It is shown that sapphire deposits can be produced only during multistage basaltic volcanism with deep-seated intermediate chambers in the regions with thick continental crust. The widespread megacryst mineral assemblage (clinopyroxene, garnet, sanidine, ilmenite) and the presence of placer zircon megacrysts can be used as indicators for sapphire prospecting.
Evolution of Jurassic–Cretaceous magmatism in the Khambin volcanotectonic complex (western Transbaikalia)
Authors: Andryushchenko S.V. , Vorontsov A.A. , Yarmolyuk V.V. , Sandimirov I.V.
Published: June 2010

The Khambin volcanotectonic complex is a horst framing the Late Cretaceous Lake Gusinoe basin in the northwest. This complex is due to the intracontinental rift conditions which existed in western Transbaikalia in the Late Mesozoic. They gave rise to a system of subparallel grabens and horsts in present-day topography. The magmatic evolution of this complex spans from 159 to 117 Ma and is divided into three stages. The first stage (159–156 Ma) witnessed the formation of thick (up to 1500 m) volcanic masses of trachybasalts, basaltic trachyandesites, trachytes, trachydacites, trachyrhyolites, and pantellerites. The next two stages were the formation of isolated ancient volcanoes (127–124 Ma) composed of trachybasalts, basaltic trachyandesites, phonotephrites, tephriphonolites, and alkali trachytes and the formation of the Murtoi (Lake Gusinoe) essexite dike (122–117 Ma). The main trends for igneous associations from early to late stages are reduced magmatism and reduced rock diversity because of the decreasing portion of felsic volcanic rocks. Mafic rocks show an increase in total alkalinity, the content of incompatible elements (Th, U, K, Rb, Pb, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf), total REE content, and the LREE/HREE ratio. The Sr–Nd isotopic composition of these rocks remained nearly constant and corresponds to that of OIB-EMII mantle sources. Compositional variations are attributed to a time-dependent decrease in the degree of partial melting of a similar magma source.
GPS rotation and strain rates in the Baikal–Mongolia region
Authors: Lukhnev A.V. , San’kov V.A. , Miroshnichenko A.I. , Ashurkov S.V. , Calais E.
Published: June 2010

Current deformation in Pribaikalia, Western and Central Mongolia, and Tuva has been studied from measured horizontal GPS velocities and respective computed strain and rotation rates using 1994–2007 data of the Baikal–Mongolian GPS triangulation network.

The GPS velocity field shows two main trends: an NE trend within Jonggaria, the Mongolian Altay, and the Great Lakes Valley and an SE trend in the Hangayn and eastern Gobi Altay mountains, and in the Transbaikalian block of the Amur plate. The velocity magnitudes and vectors are consistent with an SE motion of the Amur plate at a rate of ∼2 mm/year.

The derived strain pattern includes domains of crustal contraction and extension recognized from the magnitudes of relative strains. Shortening predominates in the Gobi and Mongolian Altay and in the Khamar-Daban Range, where it is at ɛ2 = (19.2 ± 6.0)×10−9 yr−1 being directed northeastward. Extension domains exist in the Baikal rift and in the Busiyngol–West Hangayn area, where the crust is stretching along NW axes at ɛ1 = (22.2 ± 3.1) × 10–9 yr–1. The eastern Hangayn dome and the Gobi peneplain on its eastern border show low and unstable strain rates. In central and northern Mongolia (Orhon–Selenge basin), shortening and extension are at similar rates: ɛ2 = (15.4 ± 5.4)×10−9 yr−1 and ɛ1 = (18.1 ± 3.1)×10−9 yr−1. The strain pattern changes notably in the area of the Mogod earthquake of 1967.

Most of rotation throughout Central Asia is clockwise at a low rate of about Ω = 6×10−9 deg·yr−1. High rates of clockwise rotation are observed in the Hangayn domain (18.1 ± 5.2)×10−9 deg·yr−1, in the Gobi Altay (10.4 ± 7.5)×10−9 deg·yr−1, and in the Orhon–Selenge domain (11.9 ± 5.2)×10−9 deg·yr−1. Counterclockwise rotation is restricted to several domains. One is in western Tuva and northwestern Great Lakes Valley of Mongolia (Ω = 3.7×10−9 deg·yr−1). Two more counterclockwise rotation regions occur on both flanks of the Baikal rift: along the craton edge and in basins of Transbaikalia on the rift eastern border, where rotation rates are as high as (13.0 ± 3.9)×10−9 deg·yr−1, while rotation within the Baikal basin does not exceed the measurement error. Another such domain extends from the eastern Hövsgöl area to the Hangayn northern foothills, with the counterclockwise rotation at a highest rate of (16.3 ± 2.8)×10−9 deg·yr−1.
The Kedrovyi–Butachikha dynamic metamorphic zone (Rudny Altai): a tectonic model
Authors: Zinoviev S.V , Chikov B.M.
Published: June 2010

Structures of dynamic metamorphism have been traditionally studied proceeding from their similarity with faults, according to stratigraphic criteria and with reconstructions of predeformation settings. Using the example of the Kedrovyi–Butachikha shear zone in Rudny Altai, we suggest to distinguish zones with abundant dynamic metamorphic rocks (tectonites) as a special class of structures. Their diagnostic features are (i) dense fault populations, with mostly strike slip geometry of motion and intense mechanic failure and rework of the substrate; (ii) generally coordinated orientations (anisotropy) of structural elements at all hierarchic levels; and (iii) ordered patterns of laminar and turbulent flow. Complexes of tectonites in the Kedrovyi–Butachikha shear zone have been classified into dynamic clastics, tectonic schists, tectonic mixtites, and mechanic metasomatites according to their lithological and structural features. The new classification is used to image the architecture of the dynamic metamorphic zone in a map model which shows the pattern of tectonite complexes with their substrate unevenly reworked by shear-induced metamorphism.
Generalized spline-approximation problem formulation for spatial data modeling in geosciences
Authors: Plavnik A.G.
Published: June 2010

The discussed spline approximation in spatial data modeling for geosciences implies formulation of the variational problem in terms of functional minimization and allows simultaneous inversion for several surfaces. This modeling employs the following basic elements: stabilizers to define the common properties of unknown surfaces; differential operators to describe the unknown surfaces and their relation with the known fields; data specified locally at test points; partial differential equations similar to equations of mathematical physics for the properties of the surfaces of interest; elements of regression analysis, with the regression coefficients being calculated while solving the principal modeling problem; arbitrary amounts of direct or indirect information which is incorporated additionally into the functional on the basis of approximate conditions using weight coefficients as control parameters.

The suggested generalized formulation includes the concepts of global and local equations, and strict and nonstrict relationships. This formulation, realized in the GST software, may apply to many surface modeling problems to be solved using second-order partial differential equations, with multiple criteria optimization of results and with the use of different auxiliary datasets.
Lateral lithospheric conductivity patterns, from European synchronous observatory data
Authors: Plotkin V.V. , Belinskaya A.Yu. , Gavrysh P.A.
Published: June 2010

Much information on the regional lithospheric structure may come from MTS data acquired by synchronous 2D arrays and processed with regard to the nonlocal response of a laterally inhomogeneous subsurface. We suggest to invert the nonlocal MT responses applying correlation of all surface horizontal and vertical components of the geomagnetic field recorded simultaneously at all stations. The inversion algorithm has been applied to 2004–2005 European observatory data of diurnal Sq variations for first five harmonics and yielded lateral conductivity patterns for different periods. The maps show spatial correlation between conductivity maxima and lithospheric thickness minima and, specifically, highlight the contours of the Pannonian basin, where lithosphere is as thin as ∼50 km, from seismic data.
MODULES WITH ABELIAN ENDOMORPHISM RINGS
Authors: CĂLUGĂREANU GRIGORE , SCHULTZ PHILL
Published: June 2010

The results of Szele and Szendrei [‘On Abelian groups with commutative endomorphism rings’, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar.2 (1951), 309–324] characterizing abelian groups with commutative endomorphism rings are generalized to modules whose endomorphism rings have various restrictions on their idempotents. Such properties include central or commuting idempotents, and one-sided ideals being two-sided. Related properties include direct summands having unique complements, or being fully invariant.
A NOTE ON A RESULT OF RUZSA, II
Authors: TANG MIN
Published: June 2010

Let σA(n)=∣{(a,a′)∈A2:a+a′=n}∣, where n∈ℕ and A is a subset of ℕ. Erdős and Turán con-jectured that for any basis A of ℕ, σA(n) is unbounded. In 1990, Ruzsa constructed a basis A⊂ℕ for which σA(n) is bounded in square mean. Based on Ruzsa’s method, we proved that there exists a basis A of ℕ satisfying ∑ n≤Nσ2A(n)≤1449757928N for large enough N. In this paper, we give a quantitative result for the existence of N, that is, we show that there exists a basis A of ℕ satisfying ∑ n≤Nσ2A(n)≤1069693154N for N≥7.628 517 798×1027, which improves earlier results of the author [‘A note on a result of Ruzsa’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.77 (2008), 91–98].
The Secular State's Islamic Empire: Muslim Spaces and Subjects of Jurisdiction in Paris and Algiers, 1905–1957
Authors: McDougall James
Published: June 2010

In an article published posthumously, in theRevue de la Méditerranéein 1951, Augustin Berque, the intellectually accomplished but professionally somewhat unrecognized former Director of Native Affairs at the Government-General of Algeria, examined difficulties in the public management of religious affairs, and the failures of policy toward successive, competing spokesmen for Islam in France's colonial possessions. In concluding his assessment of this thorny question, Berque addressed his reader as in an imaginary dialogue: “And so? Oh, I quite agree with you! The one great remedy is ourlaïcité, which would leave to the Faith its secret oratory, intimate and inviolable. But [what are we to do] in the meantime?” There remained at the time a tenacious assumption that the empire, at least in Africa, might still endure into the unforeseeable future and that institution of a rational, public secularism as a lasting benefit of France'srayonnement civilisationnelcould still be anticipated as an ultimate goal. But, of course, “the meantime” was in fact all the time that Berque and his colleagues had, and it was running out much faster than they imagined. That as late as 1951 the well-informed, scholarly, and policymaking readers of theRevuecould still be expected to imagine the relationship between imperial and Islamic authority in these terms suggests an extraordinary capacity for self-delusion, or a remarkable intractability in the terms of a debate that had been near the top of the colonial policy agenda for almost half a century.
The Varieties of Secular Experience
Authors: Starrett Gregory
Published: June 2010

It has become a nearly universal reflex to think about the contemporary Middle East as a region in which secularism is in decline. This is particularly true in countries like Egypt, where the modernist imagination of independence-era socialism seems to have been eclipsed by a grassroots vision of the future as a thoroughly Islamic place, and where the nature of the government's stance with regard to secularism and religion has long been an important question (Winegar 2009; Agrama, thisCSSHissue). Since the late 1970s, a decade which saw the Iranian Revolution, the rise of televangelism in the United States, and the beginnings of an extraordinary wave of Protestant conversion in Latin America, it has become popular to produce histories of secularism that will help explain the failure of “the secularization thesis,” the idea that with economic development, the spread of education, and the advancement of Science, religion was a doomed commodity like pounce pots and butter churns. The moral vision of the popular long-runningStar Trekmythology, in which humans as a species have given up religion altogether, seems ever more remote the closer its technological vision becomes. Surprisingly durable, religion refuses to wait quietly in the churchyard for people to visit. Instead, it stands on the street corner denouncing bad behavior and calling the world to salvation. But now the street corner is a television broadcasting satellite (or a cassette tape, or a website), and religion's call has succeeded in ways that no Cold War sociologist or political scientist could have imagined.
The Aesthetics of Public Visibility: AleviSemahand the Paradoxes of Pluralism in Turkey
Authors: Tambar Kabir
Published: June 2010

Efforts to theorize pluralism have often explored the challenges posed by the public visibility of ethnic, linguistic, and sectarian differences to modernist imaginaries of a homogeneous national body. In this essay, I examine a context in which public expressions of communal differences re-inscribe the categories of the nation they were meant to contest. The situation reveals what I call a paradox of pluralism.
Secularism: Conceptual Genealogy or Political Dilemma?
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: June 2010

If we step back and consider the words around which critiques and debates have crystallized in recent years, some have been relatively clear, while others have been constantly in need of disambiguation. Even during the most drawn-out of debates over “nationalism” or “revolution,” and despite the arguments over definitions and typologies, we had the sense that we were all talking about the same thing—that is why the debates could move along, adding new perspectives, disputing whether this or that author had placed enough stress on class position, or industrialization, or ideas.
The prosodic word is not universal, but emergent
Authors: SCHIERING RENÉ , BICKEL BALTHASAR , HILDEBRANDT KRISTINE A.
Published: June 2010

In Prosodic Phonology, domains for the application of phonological patterns are commonly modeled as a Prosodic Hierarchy. The theory predicts, among other things, that (i) prosodic domains cluster on a single universal set of domains (‘Clustering’), and (ii) no level of prosodic structure is skipped in the building of prosodic structure unless this is required by independently motivated higher ranking principles or constraints (‘Strict Succession’). In this paper, we demonstrate that if, as is standardly done, evidence is limited to lexically general phonological processes, some languages systematically violate the Strict Succession Prediction, evidencing no prosodic word domain, and some languages systematically violate the Clustering Prediction, evidencing more than one domain between the phonological phrase and the foot. We substantiate these claims by in-depth studies of phonological rule domains in Vietnamese (Austroasiatic) and Limbu (Sino-Tibetan). As an alternative to the Prosodic Hierarchy framework, we advocate a heuristic for cross-linguistic comparison in which prosodic domains are conceived of as language-particular, intrinsic and highly specific properties of individual phonological rules or constraints. This allows us to explore empirically the actual degree of variation to be encountered across prosodic systems. It turns out that the ‘word’ has no privileged or universal status in phonology, but only emerges through frequent reference of sound patterns to a given construction type in a given language.
Progress in proton radiography for diagnosis of ICF-relevant plasmas
Authors: Borghesi M. , Sarri G. , Cecchetti C.A. , Kourakis I. , Hoarty D. , Stevenson R.M. , James S. , Brown C.D. , Hobbs P. , Lockyear J. , Morton J. , Willi O. , Jung R. , Dieckmann M.
Published: June 2010

Proton radiography using laser-driven sources has been developed as a diagnostic since the beginning of the decade, and applied successfully to a range of experimental situations. Multi-MeV protons driven from thin foils via the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism, offer, under optimal conditions, the possibility of probing laser-plasma interactions, and detecting electric and magnetic fields as well as plasma density gradients with ~ps temporal resolution and ~ 5–10 µm spatial resolution. In view of these advantages, the use of proton radiography as a diagnostic in experiments of relevance to Inertial Confinement Fusion is currently considered in the main fusion laboratories. This paper will discuss recent advances in the application of laser-driven radiography to experiments of relevance to Inertial Confinement Fusion. In particular we will discuss radiography of hohlraum and gasbag targets following the interaction of intense ns pulses. These experiments were carried out at the HELEN laser facility at AWE (UK), and proved the suitability of this diagnostic for studying, with unprecedented detail, laser-plasma interaction mechanisms of high relevance to Inertial Confinement Fusion. Non-linear solitary structures of relevance to space physics, namely phase space electron holes, have also been highlighted by the measurements. These measurements are discussed and compared to existing models.
Ion jet generation in the ultraintense laser interactions with rear-side concave target
Authors: Liu Bin , Zhang Hua , Fu Li-Bin , Gu Yu-Qiu , Zhang Bao-Han , Liu Ming-Ping , Xie Bai-Song , Liu Jie , He Xian-Tu
Published: June 2010

In this paper, the ion jet generation from the interaction of an ultraintense laser pulse and a rear-side concave target is investigated analytically using a simple fluid model. We find that the ion expanding surface at the rear-side is distorted due to a strong charge-separation field, and that this distortion becomes dramatic with a singular cusp shown on the central axis at a critical time. The variation of the transverse ion velocity and the relative ion density diverge on the cusp, signaling the emergence of an on-axis ion jet. We have obtained analytical expressions for the critical time and the maximum velocity of the ion jet, and suggested an optimum shape for generating a collimated energetic ion jet. The above theoretical analysis has been verified by particle-in-cell (PIC) numerical simulations.
Agency Empowerment through the Administrative Litigation Law: Court Enforcement of Pollution Levies in Hubei Province
Authors: Zhang Xuehua , Ortolano Leonard , Lü Zhongmei
Published: June 2010

The existing literature on China's 1989 Administrative Litigation Law (ALL) has rarely discussed a minor provision that permits administrative agencies to enlist court assistance in enforcing administrative decisions. Focusing on court enforcement of pollution levies, this study examines how and why ALL has been employed so extensively by administrative agencies, environmental protection bureaus (EPBs) in this context. The study is based on interviews with judges, EPB officials and polluters involved in court actions as well as court statistical data from 1992 to 2005 for Hubei province. EPBs' heavy reliance on court enforcement for collecting pollution levies and fines resulted from incentives that encouraged the formation of mutually beneficial relationships between courts and EPBs in the 1990s. Court involvement has enhanced EPBs' enforcement powers, but the courts' engagement in enforcement has neither curtailed EPBs' arbitrary exercise of discretionary power nor induced polluters to reduce waste discharges.