bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanometrology Room Design: The Performance and Characterization of the Kevin G. Hall High-Accuracy Laboratory
Authors: Weaver John , Voorhis Mark , Reifenberger Ron
Published: April 2015

New buildings focused on the practice of nanotechnology reflect a pressing need to develop advanced techniques to enable reliable work at the nanoscale. Often when planning a nanotechnology building, a decision must be made to include high-accuracy nanometrology rooms. The purpose of these rooms is to provide high-quality space that can be utilized on a daily basis to facilitate experiments requiring nanoscale precision, to develop new instrumentation, and to develop new techniques capable of probing the nanoscale. Typically, these rooms reduce vibration (including acoustic noise) and electromagnetic interference to very low levels while maintaining a high level of temperature stability. This study describes the characterization and performance of the Kevin G. Hall Nanometrology Laboratory located in the Birck Nanotechnology Center at Purdue University.
Realistic Reliability Requirements for Stresses in Use
Authors: Krasich Milena
Published: April 2015

This study discusses, with examples, the dependency of reliability estimates or requirements on the use environments, including the details of reliability changes of electronic and mechanical components as a function of environmental and operational stresses and of their duty cycles. It also discusses the fundamental differences between product validation and reliability demonstration or assessment. This study shows how the same product used in a different location of a system, e.g., a vehicle, or in a different orientation that affects its natural heat transfer, can yield a very different reliability estimate. For that reason, reliability requirements or goals should be tailored for the actual expected use of the product. Reliability details such as dependency on the product use cannot be numerically tailored at all times for all locations and conditions of use, especially contractually. Therefore, specification of reliability requirements is needed in the form of a reliability range in average conditions, or a minimum reliability under the harshest use profile, rather than a fixed numerical value.

The most excessive environmental and operational stresses are not expected to be constant and ever-present when the product is in actual use. Such stresses are expected to be present for only a fraction of the lifetime of the product; therefore, knowing the use profile is essential to preparing an analysis or designing an accelerated reliability life test. This analysis and the reliability demonstration/growth test should be tailored to cover product use under aggressive, normal, and light stresses depending on the percentage of time spent in each of those environments, and with realistically expected stresses on the product during those times.

To determine realistic and effective reliability goals or requirements, it is necessary to consider the manner in which an item will be used and the environments or locations of its use. Specifying a required value of Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) or Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) may introduce unwanted problems, as MTTF and MTBF are average values that, just as reliability is, are highly dependent on the use, operational and environmental stresses, and expected life or use duration of the product. It is more appropriate to specify a minimum reliability value for aggressive use in the harshest environment in which the product might be used. This practice is even more important in cases where a product contains not only electronics, but also mechanical components for which MTTF is just an average value calculated from stress/strength criteria and resultant reliability.

Author's Note: References 1 and 2 should be considered foundational documents for this entire study; as such, they are not notated individually within the text.
Effect of Resonant Frequency Shifting on Time to Failure of a Cantilevered Beam under Vibration
Authors: Paulus Mark , Doughty Kirk
Published: April 2015

Many vibration screening programs have implemented the use of repetitive shock (RS) machines. Examination of the RS power spectral density (PSD) shows there are many high and low points throughout the frequency band. The effect of these sharp peaks and valleys on the time to failure of a test item was unknown. A simple cantilevered beam was subjected to several vibration profiles with peaks and valleys. It was determined that the peaks and valleys had a significant effect on the time to failure due to resonant shifting of the beam during crack propagation.
Prognostics and Health Assessment Implementation for Electronic Products
Authors: Gu Jie , Pecht Michael
Published: April 2015

Traditional handbook-based reliability prediction methods for electronic products are inaccurate and misleading. In this paper, we will present a prognostics and health management (PHM) approach that is more suitable for reliability (remaining life) assessment for electronic products, since it considers actual operational and environmental loading conditions for individual products. The process for implementing PHM in electronics is discussed. Several examples of implementation in industry and defense are also given.
Novel Guided Head Expander Design Uses Close Coupled Inertial Masses and Hydrostatic Bearings to Minimize Cross-Axis Motion
Authors: Lund Douglas , Crawford Robert
Published: April 2015

When vertical vibration testing of large test articles is required, it is common to install a head expander on the armature of a shaker. Larger test articles often have a center of gravity relatively far above the mounting surface. When combined with the armature and head expander, these test articles may exhibit multiple structural resonances within the desired test band that do not exist in the intended application. These test configuration-driven characteristics are likely to create unwanted cross-axis excitation during a vibration test.

The difficulty in controlling unwanted cross-axis motion usually increases when testing large items. Excessive cross-axis motion can "over-test" the test item, creating the risk of damaging the test item, or can limit the input in the test axis, thus jeopardizing a successful test.

Orbital Sciences commissioned the design of a guided head expander system that greatly reduces the cross-axis motion at the test article mounting surface of the head expander. The design submitted by Team Corporation couples large inertial masses to the head expander through high-stiffness, hydrostatic, self-aligning bearings. Together, the guided head expander and inertial mass structures have a first resonance higher than the test band of interest and provide high dynamic stiffness. The head expander and inertial masses are supported by a suspension system with a low first resonance, below the test band of interest. It is noteworthy that this design approach exhibits high "dynamic" stiffness and low static stiffness.

Conventional designs for this type of equipment may have relatively high cross-axis load ratings, which might suggest that such designs would provide good cross-axis motion control, but these designs often suffer from structural resonances within the test band of interest that produce unwanted cross-axis motion.
Do You Know that Your Accelerated Vibration Test Requirement Is Correct?
Authors: Aldridge Dustin
Published: April 2015

Vibration test time-compression methods have existed for decades and are well-documented. However, not all practitioners are aware of how these methods were developed and the proper utilization of the developed theory. While many sources have attempted to clarify the methodology, there is confusion on many points. The objective of this paper is to help new vibration test engineers understand accelerated testing theory and practice. The lab is a valuable training ground, but sometimes the subtleties are not communicated. A more complete understanding of the theory and practice of vibration test time-compression methods is needed when translating contract requirements into test procedures used in product development and validation.
Evaluating Aerosol Aspiration Efficiency in Fast-moving Air
Authors: Liu De-Ling
Published: April 2015

Sampling representative aerosol particles in fast-moving air is a challenging task. Aerosols are significantly more massive than gas molecules, thus they might not follow air streamlines well and could be more easily subjected to sampling errors. This work examines the physical factors that govern the aspiration efficiency of an aerosol sampling probe in unidirectional moving air, and explores the plausible sampling deviations under various high air velocity scenarios. The particle sizes of 0.5 and 5 μm are of particular interest due to their use in defining air cleanliness levels in ISO 14644-1[1] and FED-STD-209.[2]* Our analytical results indicate that significant sampling errors could occur for 5-μm particles when a thick-walled sampling probe is used, or when the air velocity at the sampling probe inlet does not match the velocity of the incoming air (i.e., anisokinetic sampling). The aspiration efficiency of 0.5-μm particles, on the other hand, is nearly 100% due to sufficiently small inertia of these particles.
Implementing Multidisciplinary Research Center Infrastructure-A Trendsetting Example: SUNUM
Authors: Birkan Burak , Ozguz Volkan
Published: April 2015

Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM) became operational in January 2012. SUNUM is a trendsetting example of a green and flexible research facility that is a test bed for the cost-effective operation of a Centralized Demand-Controlled Ventilation (CDCV) system, a state-of-the-art cleanroom, and world-class high technology equipment. The total investment in the facility was US$35 million.
Formation of alkali-soluble fluoride on the surface of human dental enamel after treatment with fluoridated gels: influence of the pH variation and of the treatmenttime
Authors: Duarte Guimarães Ana Rita , Modesto Adriana , Vieira Alexandre Rezende
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to quantify, in vitro, the formation of CaF2 after the application of three fluoridated gels: one neutral, one acidulated and another highly acidulated, on a bovine enamel dental surface treated with a Dijkman's demineralizing solution (1990). 145 sections were utilized, obtained from 145 sound teeth and divided into seven groups: C (enamel without treatment); FN1 (enamel demineralized and treated with neutral gel for 1 minute); FN4 (enamel demineralized and treated with neutral gel for 4 minutes);FFA1 (enamel demineralized and treated with acidulated gel for 1 minute);FFA4 (enamel demineralized and treated with acidulated gel for 4 minutes); FAA1 (enamel demineralized and treated with highly acidulated gel for 1 minute) and FAA4 (enamel demineralized and treated with highly acidulated gel for 4 minutes). The formation of CaF2 was analyzed by SEM and chemically by Caslavska's method (1975). The average and standard deviations from the groups studied were respectively: C-0.63; 0.38; FN1-23.06; 16.52; FFA1-54.11; 49.00; FAA1-43.87; 32.66; FN4-34.92; 23.00; FFA4-67.91; 42.36; FAA4-56.03; 38.96. (Mann-Whitney non-parametric test). The time of application did not interfere in the CaF2 formation from the acidulated and highly-acidulated gels. A minor concentration of fluoride and amount of pH from highly-acidulated gel did not affect the higher formation from the CaF2 in relation to the acidulated gel in both cases when the application was evaluated.
An evaluation of the bond strengths to enamel of two fissure sealants
Authors: Lajarin Leonor Perez , Garcia-Ballesta Carlos , Cortes-Lillo Olga , Chiva-Garcia Fernando
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study was to carry out a comparative evaluation of the bond strength to enamel of two present-day fissure sealants, Helioseal® and Concise®; good adhesion of the material to the tooth surface is one of the requisites for the success of this preventive technique. To this end, 16 caries-free human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used. Proximal, mesial, and distal surfaces were treated and studied. Bond strength was evaluated by the application of compression forces (Instron®) at a velocity of 0.5 mm/mm. The overall results obtained do not show significant differences between the two materials.
Occlusal caries formation in vitro: comparison of resinmodified glass ionomer with fluoride-releasing sealant
Authors: Hicks M. John , Flaitz Catherine
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this laboratory study was to evaluate caries-like lesion formation in occlusal enamel adjacent to a light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer utilized as a pit and fissure sealant and a conventional light-cured, fluoride-releasing sealant. Fluoride-free prophylaxis was done on occlusal surfaces of 12 caries-free mandibular molar teeth that had not been exposed to the oral cavity. Occlusal surface morphology was examined by SEM on the uncoated specimens. Each tooth was then sectioned into 2 portions buccolingually, producing mesial and distal tooth halve. Occlusal surfaces of mesial tooth halves were prepared for an experimental light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer (RMG) sealant (PH-SE II, ESPE), and for comparison, a light-cured fluoride-releasing pit and fissure (PFS) sealant (Helioseal F, Ivoclar) was placed on occlusal surfaces of the corresponding distal tooth halves. The sealed occlusal surfaces were examined uncoated by SEM to compare RMG and PFS adaptation. After thermocycling in artificial saliva, caries-like lesions were formed in the occlusal surfaces adjacent to RMG and PFS. Longitudinal sections were taken for comparison of lesion formation adjacent to RMG and PFS. Mean lesion depths in occlusal surfaces were 64±17mm for RMG, and 116±27mm for PFS (p<0.05, paired t-test). Occlusal lesions terminated at the point where bonding occurred between the occlusal enamel and RMG or PFS. SEM surface topography demonstrated adequate adaptation of the materials with obliteration of the typical pit and fissure surface morphology by both RMG and PFS. While both the resin-modified glass ionomer and fluoride-releasing sealant materials protected the pit and fissure enamel from caries development, the resin-modified glass ionomer reduced the extent of caries involvement in the adjacent unsealed occlusal incline enamel, when compared with the resin sealant.
Fluoride levels in breast milk and infant foods
Authors: Koparal Ece , Ertugrul Fahinur , Oztekin Kemal
Published: April 2015

The aim of the present study is to determine the fluoride concentrations of breast milk, several milk formulations, cow's milk and yogurt shake in a nonfluoridated area, in order to estimate the fluoride intake of infants and evaluate fluoride supplementation suggestions. Breast milk samples were collected from 57 lactating mothers. Ten brands of milk formulations, 9 different brands of cow's milk and 3 brands of yogurt shake were purchased from the market. Fluoride concentrations of the samples were analyzed using a specific fluoride electrode. The average fluoride level was 0.019±0.004 ppm in breast milk, 0.022±0.007 ppm in cow's milk and 0.022±0.003ppm in yogurt shake. Fluoride levels of milk formulations prepared by distilled water were ranging between 0.118 to 0.021 ppm. It is concluded that in non-fluoridated areas, fluoride intake of infants from the above sources is not very high and fluoride supplements may be prescribed.
Fusion of the permanent maxillary right incisor to a supernumerary tooth in association with a gemination of permanent maxillary left central incisor: a dental, genetic and dermatoglyphic study
Authors: Atasu Metin , Cimilli Hale
Published: April 2015

The relationship between fusion of the permanent maxillary right central incisor to a supernumerary tooth in association with gemination of permanent maxillary left central incisor and dermatoglyphics were investigated.
The management of traumatic ankylosis during orthodontics: a case report
Authors: McNamara T. , O'Shea D. , McNamara C. , Foley T.
Published: April 2015

Dental ankylosis may be a significant complication in orthodontic clinical practice. This case report describes the management of a malocclusion, complicated by an ankylosed maxillary central incisor, which arose during orthodontic treatment, following an acute traumatic injury. The use of the ankylosed incisor in successfully managing the significant Class II division 1 malocclusion is described.
Labiolingual and mesiodistal positioning of maxillary permanent incisors during the eruption process
Authors: Cuoghi Osmar Aparecido , Bertoz Francisco Antonio , Rogerio de Mendonca Marcos , Almada Santos Eduardo Cesar , Li An Tien
Published: April 2015

This study aimed to establish radiographical parameters concerning the tipping, the labiolingual positioning and the angulation of the maxillary permanent incisors in the mixed dentition. Three groups of 20 cephalograms and 20 orthopantomographic radiographs taken from children aging from 7 to 12 years old, with normal occlusion were compared. The Group I presented only the eruption of the central permanent incisors, the Group II presented both the central and lateral permanent incisors and the Group III presented central, lateral incisors and permanent canine teeth. The tipping and the labiolingual positioning were measured, respectively, using U1/PP and U1↔AVERT. Mesiodistally, the angles between the teeth axis and the line that touched the lower border of the orbit in the orthopantomographic radiographs were measured. The mean values of tipping, labiolingual positioning and angulation of the central and lateral incisors obtained from Groups I, II and III were respectively 112°, 1.2mm, 90.4° and 91.7°; 112°, 2.6mm, 89.5° and 96.8° and. 114°, 2.7mm, 87.4° and 92.6°. The tipping levels were similar for all groups, the mean values of the labiolingual positioning were significantly different at 5% when Group I was compared to both Groups II and III.And the mean values of the angulation were significantly different 5% for the central incisors between Groups I and III, and at 1% for the lateral incisors between Groups I and II, and, II and III.
Cephalometric studies of children with long and short faces
Authors: Tsai Hung-Huey
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the facial morphologic characteristics in children with long and short faces. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 46 children with long faces and 42 children with short faces were used. Both boys and girls with long faces exhibited upright incisors, excessive upper dentoalveolar development, shorter posterior face height, shorter ramus height and mandibular body, greater gonial angle and backward rotation of mandible when compared with those with short faces.
Neurinoma in the buccal mucosa
Authors: Ozbayrak Semib , Olgac Vakur , Dumlu Asim , Ercalik Sebnem , Pekiner Filiz Namdar
Published: April 2015

A 14-year-old girl was referred to our clinic with a problem of a painless slow growing lesion for approximately three years. MR imaging findings of lesion was "retention cyst of the salivary gland". Controversially, the histological examination of the total excised specimen was "neurinoma" and that was inconsistent with MR findings. Neural tissue tumors of the oral cavity are rare, however, this diagnosis was confirmed by surgical excision and histopathological examination. There was a rare location of the lesion as well.
Microabrasion of teeth with discoloration resembling hypomaturation enamel defects: four- year follow up
Authors: Ashkenazi M. , Sarnat H.
Published: April 2015

Microabrasion with 18% HCl and pumice to remove enamel dysmineralization and improve esthetics is an accepted and effective treatment. This technique can probably be extended even to generalized defects resembling hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta that appear on all erupted teeth. Five children aged 9 to 11 with two types of enamel-hypomaturation probably due to developmental defects were treated successfully by microabrasion, with marked improvement of the discoloration. The patients were followed for up to four years. During this period, no tooth-sensitivity or staining was noted. The teeth looked healthier and shinier.
Congential insensitivity to pain: report of two cases
Authors: Lawoyin J. , Lawoyin D.
Published: April 2015

Congenital indifference or insensitivity to pain (CIP) is a rare syndrome. It mimics a number of other syndromes categorized under peripheral sensory neuropathies, often making early diagnosis difficult. Two cases from the middle east are presented, highlighting possible diagnostic, and management difficulties.
Two cases of totally submerging buried primary molars: characterization of clinical behavior and discussion of cause
Authors: Inoue Kenzou , Inui Madoka , Nakamura Shinnosuke , Yanase Shigeaki , Yamada Mihoko , Tagawa Toshiro
Published: April 2015

Submerging buried tooth is a rare condition whose clinical characteristics are unclear. Two cases are reported of submerging buried maxillary second deciduous molar. A review of the literature in Japanese and English provides the clinical condition of the lesion and allows for discussion of its causes.
Effect of antimicrobial agents on the micromorphology of primary dentin
Authors: Puppin-Rontani Regina , Caetano Elisangela , Garcia-Godoy Franklin , Fernando De Goes Mario
Published: April 2015

The use of disinfectants on the dentin surface contributes to superficial cleaning and removal of remaining microorganisms of the carious process. However, the effect of these agents on the adhesion of resin materials to the dentin surface of primary teeth has not been established. This study evaluated the dentin micromorphological effects due to the use of antimicrobial agents in the different depths of dentin. Twenty-five buccal surfaces of primary molars were prepared from the sectioned teeth, ground flat and polished with silicon carbide paper of different grits. The surfaces were treated with 32% phosphoric acid with benzalkonium chloride (Bisco), 35% phosphoric acid gel (3M), 3% benzalkonium chloride solution by itself or 10% maleic acid. All agents were applied for 15 seconds on the dentin surface. The samples were washed with distilled water, dried and coated with gold for observation of the dentin surface with the scanning electron microscope. The samples were subdivided according to the dentin depth in upper, middle and lower areas. The following was observed: presence of smear layer, opening of the dentin tubules, and inter and intratubular dentin morphology. The effects of the antimicrobial agents were compared in the different depths of the dentin. The results demonstrated that the surface conditioned with 3% benzalkonium chloride solution presented few disclosed dentin tubules. The use of the 32% phosphoric acid with benzalkonium chloride completely removed the smear layer and increased the diameter of the dentin tubule openings. The 35% phosphoric acid totally exposed the tubules in the upper area of the analyzed surface but partially exposed them in the middle and lower areas. The 10% maleic acid totally removed the smear layer, left all the tubules opened and conditioned the intertubular dentin. It was concluded that in the different depths of the dentin surface, conditioning with 10% maleic acid in primary teeth showed the most consistent micromorphological characteristics compared to the other agents used in this study.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: recurrent lesions affecting mandible in a 10-year-old patient
Authors: Loducca S. , Mantesso A. , Araújo N. , Magalhães M.H.
Published: April 2015

Hand-Schuller-Christian disease is a multifocal variant of eosinophilic granuloma, characterised by the classical triad of bony lesions, exophtamos and diabetes insipidus. This case relates recurrent Langerhan's cell histiocytisis lesions presented as destruction of periodontal support associated with diabetis in a 10-year–old patient. Medical history suggests that the case represents a case of Hand- Schuller Christian disease.
Posterior composite restorations in primary molars: an in vivo comparison of three restorative techniques
Authors: Pilatti Rastelli Flávia , de Sousa Vieira Ricardo , Souza Rastelli Márcio
Published: April 2015

This in vivo study evaluated the clinical performance of class II restorations, in primary molars after 12 months. Three restorative techniques were used: filling the cavities in bulk; filling with three horizontal increments and placement in three horizontal increments using pre-polymerized composite inserts. The composite resin used was Prisma TP.H (Caulk-Dentsply) with the adhesive system ScotchbondMultipurpose (3M). Initially 90 class II restorations were placed in 27 patients from 8 to 10 years of age and followed-up for 12 months. After this period 55 restorations were evaluated for anatomic form, color alterations at the margins, presence of decay and marginal adaptation. The results showed that all groups presented similar rates of wear, the bulk insertion technique showed better results for marginal adaptation, color alterations of the margins and less presence of caries at occlusal margins, and that composite resin TP.H could be used in class II restorations in primary molars.
Efficacy of dentin adhesives in primary and permanent teeth
Authors: Asakawa T. , Manabe A. , Itoh K. , Inoue M. , Hisamitu H. , Sasa R.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of dentin adhesives and to examine acid resistance in primary and permanent teeth. The efficacy of dentin adhesives was evaluated by SEM observation and by measuring the wall-to-wall polymerization contraction gap and dentin hardness before and after conditioning. The detailed mechanism of dentin bonding was the same in both primary and permanent teeth.
Use of EMLA®: is it an injection free alternative?
Authors: Munshi A. , Hegde Amitha , Latha R.
Published: April 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics (EMLA®) for various clinical procedures such as extraction of the mobile primary teeth, root stumps as well as pulpal therapy procedures in the primary teeth. Thirty children in need of routine dental procedures were selected and procedures were done under a single anesthesia of EMLA®. Pain perception and the effectiveness of anesthesia were evaluated with the Eland's color scale and Lickert's scale respectively. Results showed that use of EMLA® could to some extent eliminate the use of the needle in the procedures performed especially in pediatric dentistry.
Early treatment of an intruded primary tooth: a case report
Authors: Frederico Cunha Robson , Carvalho Pugliesi Daniela Maria , Guimaraes Correa Monique , Marcos Assuiti Daniela
Published: April 2015

The report is about a case of total intrusion of a deciduous central incisor involving a male patient of 14 months of age. Repositioning of the intruded tooth was performed 20 minutes after the trauma, followed by placement with sutures. Clinical and radiographic monitoring performed after 1, 2, 4, 9, and 13 months showed normal characteristics. We emphasize the development of preventive programs promoting parental awareness of the importance of looking for prompt care, resulting in a better prognosis.
The functional treatment of anterior-open bite: three case reports
Authors: Dinçer Banu , Hazar Serpil
Published: April 2015

Functional treatment of three skeletal open-bite patients with Bionator, Frankel IV and Posterior biteblock appliances is presented. Pretreatment and post treatment records were evaluated. Correction of malocclusion by changing direction of the mandibular development, adaptive bony development of the condyle, vertical development in posterior region, an increase in ramus length, a decrease in the lower facial height were observed in this report. The results of functional treatment of three appliances had different effect mechanisms.
Intraoral craniofacial manipulation by using MRI appliance
Authors: Al-Sulaiti Noor , White G.
Published: April 2015

This case illustrates the use of the Maxillary-Rotation-Impaction Appliance (MRI) to rotate and impact the maxilla. When this maneuver was completed the transverse expansion screw widened the maxillary arch. The case was completed using fixed orthodontic appliances. The result is that the facial bones appear in the correct position and the teeth are correctly positioned in the face with a class I occlusion.
The diastemas in deciduous dentition: the relationship to the tooth size and the dental arches dimensions
Authors: Facal-García M. , de Nova-García J. , Suárez-Quintanilla D.
Published: April 2015

Tooth size and different arch parameters were studied for influence in the presence or absence of diastemas in the primary dentition. The size of teeth scarcely influences the presence or absence of diastemas, but the dental arch dimensions are closely connected with diastemas.
A newer approach in positioning teeth for dental prosthetics using lateral cephalometric, trans-cranial radiographs, and the Denar-Witzig articulator: a case of hypodontia in an adolescent patient
Authors: Chapra Anas , White George
Published: April 2015

Traditionally in full denture prosthetics, anterior teeth are set on the models, independent of the effects on the face. More enlightened dentists, will then adjust the wax-up for speech, and some effects on the lips. Consideration is infrequently given to restoring the face by repositioning the teeth and mandible. Rarely is thought given to the effects of occlusion on the posture of the body. This report uses several techniques to restore facial esthetics and body posture. The techniques used include a cephalometric radiograph, transcranial radiographs, an articulator that has an adjustable "TMJ" (Denar-Witzig), and Symmetrigraf Posture ChartR.

This clinical report describes a newer approach in the positioning of maxillary anterior teeth for a patient with hypodontia and nail dysplasia syndrome, and the overall effect of this approach on the face and posture of the patient.

Conventionally the precise form of the maxillary wax rim is fabricated with considerable variation from technician to another, based on the technicians training. This variation is evident on the position of the labial aspect of the rim horizontally and vertically. The wax rim is then further adjusted chair side based on subjective evaluation of the face. The maxillary anterior teeth position is established without considering that the lip position is not yet accustomed to the wax rim.
Pulse oximetry: a diagnostic instrument in pulpal vitality testing
Authors: Munshi A. , Hegde Amitha , Radhakrishnan Sangeeth
Published: April 2015

One hundred children with normal maxillary central and lateral incisors were subjected to vitality tests each by electrical and pulse oximetry. As a control population to confirm the readings, 10 known nonvital anterior teeth with complete endodontic fillings were tested. The systemic oxygen saturation values measured on the index finger of the patient served as the control for the comparison of the oxygen saturation values measure on the teeth. The SaO2 values obtained on the teeth were correlated with the electrical test readings. The correlation between the SaO2 readings and electrical testing readings were found to be negative i.e. as the values of the electrical pulp testing reading increased, the SaO2 values decreased. Since a reproducible SaO2 level is obtainable on the vital teeth, pulse oximetry has immediate clinical value in providing base line vitality data for the traumatised teeth.
Surgical treatment of mucocele in an 11 month-old baby: a case report
Authors: Cunha Robson Frederico , De Mello Vieira Ana Elisa , Carvalho Pugliesi Daniela Maria , Correia Monique Guimaraes , Crivelini Marcelo Macedo
Published: April 2015

The present report describes the occurrence of mucocele in the lower lip of an 11 month-old baby.The treatment instituted was the excision of the lesion. Microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis of mucocele. Three months after surgery, no sign of recurrence was observed.
Submerged teeth
Authors: Antoniades K. , Kavadia S. , Milioti K. , Antoniades V. , Markovitsi E.
Published: April 2015

Submersion occurs when a previously erupted tooth becomes embedded in the oral tissues. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution, the degree of re-impaction, the rate of congenital absence of the successor buds and the treatment in 28 submerged teeth in 17 patients.
Artificial formed caries-like lesions around esthetic restorative materials
Authors: Attar Nuray , Önen Alev
Published: April 2015

Dental restorations fail for a variety of reasons. Secondary caries is one of the primary causes of failure of dental restorations. One method for reducing frequency and severity of this problem is the use of fluoride containing restorative materials. The ability of a material to inhibit secondary caries formation is an important clinical therapeutic property. This investigation assessed the capacity of esthetic restorative materials to resist caries in vitro. Class V cavities were prepared in buccal and lingual surfaces of 50 extracted sound third molars. The occlusal and gingival cavosurface margin of each preparation was on enamel surface. The five materials were used: Conventional glass ionomer cement Ceramfil ß (PSP), two polyacid modified resin composites Compoglass (Vivadent) and Dyract (Dentsply/DeTrey), non fluoride releasing composite resin Valux Plus (3M) and fluoride releasing composite resin Tetric (Vivadent). After 10 weeks in an acid gel for caries-like lesion formation, the teeth were sectioned occluso-gingivally through the middle of the restorations and examined by polarized light microscopy, while immersed in water. The statistical analysis of the results showed that secondary caries initiation and progression might be reduced significantly when fluoride-containing materials were placed. The conventional glass ionomer cement (Ceramfil ß) provided the highest protection against caries attack and the non-fluoride releasing composite resin (Valux Plus) restoration provided the least (p<0.05).
Microleakage of composite resin restoration in cavities prepared by Er,Cr: YSGG laser irradiation and etched bur cavities in primary teeth
Authors: Hossain Mozammal , Nakamura Yukio , Yamada Yoshishige , Murakami Yoshiko , Matsumoto Koukichi
Published: April 2015

In this in vitro study, the surface alterations of enamel and dentin in cavities prepared by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and compared to the microleakage degree after composite resin restoration with etched bur cavities in human primary teeth. The results confirmed that laser cavity surface facilitated a good adhesion with the restorative materials; the acid etch step can be easily avoided with the laser treatment.
Apexification of primary teeth: a treatment option
Authors: Pimentel Winz Almeida Marta Lua , Damasceno Licinia Maria , Primo Laura Guimaraes , Portela Maristela Barbosa
Published: April 2015

This article reports a case of apexification in a child aged 20 months, with early childhood caries, using calcium hydroxide paste in two primary upper central incisors. This method is a feasible option for treating immature deciduous teeth showing pulpal necrosis.
Case report on a rare lesion in an HIV-infected child: hairy leukoplakia
Authors: Portela Maristela Barbosa , Castro Glória Fernanda , Costa Edja Maria , Silva Júnior Arley , Dias Eliane Pedra , Ribeiro de Souza Ivete Pomarico
Published: April 2015

This report describes a case of hairy leukoplakia in an HIV-infected child, and the treatment adopted. It was diagnosed by clinical and laboratory examinations, using exfoliative cytology (staining by the Papanicolaou method) and additional information was obtained by optical microscope analysis. In view of the lack of painful symptoms, of the innocuous nature of the lesion and large amount of medicines used by the patient, we decided to preserve and monitor the lesion.
Impacted primary mandibular central incisors: case report
Authors: Darwish Salwa , Salama Fouad
Published: April 2015

Impaction of primary teeth is very rare especially in the maxillary anterior teeth. A tooth that fails to erupt into a normal functional position by the time it normally should, is considered impacted. The purpose of this article is to present a case of a 2 year and 4-month-old male with an impacted primary mandibular central incisors. Clinical examination did not reveal systemic diseases or trauma in the facial region. Clinical and radiographic examinations are described. Treatment consisted of a period of observation for 6 months and the extraction of the impacted primary mandibular central incisors. Eight months after the surgery, the permanent central incisors were erupted in the proper position.
Influence of prophylaxis on the microleakage of sealants: in vitro study
Authors: Alonso Chevitarese Ana Beatriz , Chevitarese Orlando , Ribeiro de Souza Ivete Pomarico , de Carvalho Vianna Roberto Braga
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of prophylaxis on the sealants microleakage in 30 premolars divided into: Group A, Group B and Group C. The teeth were analyzed using the optical microscope (OM) and at scanning electron microscope (SEM). There was a statitical significant difference among the groups regarding the presence of microleakage, but not with the presence of tags.
Treatment planning in the presence of congenitally absent second premolars: a review of the literature
Authors: Santos Lori Lee
Published: April 2015

One of the most common dental anomalies encountered by the pediatric dentist is the congenital absence of second premolars. Once diagnosed, the appropriate treatment necessitates the formulation of a comprehensive treatment plan, which is dependent upon a number of factors. Considerations include: the condition of the deciduous molar, dental and skeletal relationships, dental age of the patient, willingness of the patient to undergo extensive dental treatment and financial considerations. Approaches to the management of congenitally missing premolars have been described in the literature, including the more recently available option of dental implant placement. The objective of this paper is to present a review of the literature with emphasis on the considerations needed for appropriate treatment planning when the practitioner is confronted with this diagnostic challenge.
Time dependent changes of variables associated with malocclusion in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Matsumoto Shinichi , Morinushi Takanobu , Ogura Tadashi
Published: April 2015

Time dependent changes of parameters associated with malocclusion in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) were examined in four dental developmental stages in 34 patients.We adopted activities of daily living (ADL) score, dental arch, craniofacial morphology, and electromyograms of the masseter and temporalis muscle as parameters. A comparison was made with the results in DMD subjects to data from healthy subjects with normal occlusion reported in the literature. In DMD subjects, manifestations of open-bite were related to ADL score, sagittal shortening and transverse expansion of the dental arch and vertical overgrowth of the lower jaw. Posterior cross-bite malocclusion was associated with differences in the time dependent changes between the jaws in transverse expansion. The malocclusion in DMD subjects was also related to the time dependent disproportional changes in masticatory muscle function by EMG. Occlusal deviation in DMD subjects became apparent at the late mixed dentition and malocclusion became definitely manifest from early permanent dentition.
The positional changes of hyoid bone in children
Authors: Tsai Hung-Huey
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental changes of the hyoid bone position in children from deciduous dentition to early permanent dentition. There was no sexual dimorphism in hyoid bone positions. The growth of the structures around the hyoid bone began to decline from late mixed dentition stage. During growth, Go-H was almost equal to C3-H and the hyoid bone was located near and above the line that connected C3 and Me.
Root fillings with Endoflas in primary teeth: a retrospective study
Authors: Fuks Anna , Eidelman Eliezer , Pauker Nitay
Published: April 2015

The aim of this retrospective study is to report the success rate of root canal treatments (RCT) using Endoflas as a filling material in primary teeth. Fifty-five (55 teeth, 27 maxillary incisors and 28 molars) of 47 children fulfilled the criteria to be included in the study. The immediate post-operative radiograph was evaluated and the root filling was rated overfilled, flush or underfilled. Thirty-one (31) teeth were overfilled; of these 9 (29%) were normal pre-operatively and the remaining 22 (71%) presented with bone pathology. Twenty-four (24) teeth were flush or underfilled; of these, 50% had preoperative bone pathology. The children were examined clinically and radiographically at follow-up visits ranging from 6 to 52 months. Approximately 70% of the cases were successful at the last followup examination. The remaining 30% presented with pathology (Po); however, only one tooth had to be extracted (Pi). Overfilling led to a success rate of 58%, while in the combined flush and underfilled the success rate was 83%.
Focal epithlieltal hyperplasia: report of six cases from Ghana, West Africa
Authors: Nartey N. , Newman Merley , Nyako E.
Published: April 2015

Focal epithelial hyperplasia is a proliferative growth of the oral mucosa with distinct clinical and histopathological features. Although focal epithelial hyperplasia is frequently reported in children of American Indian and Eskimo descent, it is rarely seen in Africans. This report presents six new cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia observed in African children. The age of the patients ranged from 4 to 12 years, and all except one were females. Clinical variants, the papillary and the papular types were noted in the same patient.

There was spontaneous regression of focal epithelial hyperplasia in four patients during the study period. However, the lesions still persist in two patients three years after the initial presentation.
Detection of potentially cariogenic strains of Streptococcus mutans using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Aguilera Galaviz Luis Alejandro , Aceves Medina Ma. Del Carmen , Estrada García Iris
Published: April 2015

Streptococcus mutans is a pathogen related to the occurrence of human dental caries. The determination of total amounts of mutans streptococci, as well as the proportion related to other oral bacteria, is of interest when assessing the risk of developing caries. In this context, it is better to use a sensitive, specific and non-time consuming method such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), than to use culture and biochemical identification methods. In this work we identified potentially cariogenic strains of S. mutans and assessed the relationship with the dmft, DMFT or dmft/DMFT index. Using DNA isolated from dental plaque, a 192 bp sequence was identified and amplified from the spaP gene and a 722 bp sequence from the dexA gene. The results suggest that it is important to evaluate the presence of cariogenic S. mutans strains in plaque content rather than the accumulation of plaque itself. However, other factors like diet, hygiene, genetic background, the flow rate of saliva and the presence of specific antibodies, also play a key role in the development of caries.
Birth weight and gestational age of newborns with cleft lip with or without cleft palate and with isolated cleft palate
Authors: Wyszynski Diego , Sarkozi Andrea , Vargha Peter , Czeizel Andrew
Published: April 2015

The birth weight and gestational age of 1368 newborns with isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate and 582 with isolated cleft palate were compared to those of matched healthy controls. The results indicate that fetuses with oral clefts are at elevated risk of having low and very low birth weight, but not of having a premature birth. Speculations on a relationship between these findings and the presence of oral clefts are presented.
An in vitro study of the correlation between clinical and radiographic examinations of proximal carious lesions in primary molars
Authors: Feldens Carlos Alberto , Tovo Maximiano Ferreira , Kramer Paulo Floriani , Feldens Eliane Gerson , Ferreira Simone Helena , Finkler Michele
Published: April 2015

The present in vitro study assessed the correlation between clinical and interproximal radiographic examinations in diagnosing proximal caries of primary molars. A total of 223 mesial and distal surfaces, from 125 primary teeth, were evaluated clinically and radiographically. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between the increase of depth of radiolucency in radiographic examination and the clinical stage of lesions. The interproximal radiographic examination presented an excellent capability for discriminating surfaces with and without cavities in primary molars.
Three-dimensional evaluation of a rare case with multiple impacted teeth using CT
Authors: Kitai Noriyuki , Fujii Yuka , Murakami Shumei , Takada Kenji
Published: April 2015

A 15-year-old patient is presented with 11 impacted teeth including 2 supernumerary teeth, who did not exhibit hereditary or clinical disease. The patient showed the extruded and lingually inclined lower incisors, the anteriorly inclined palatal plane, extremely large curve of Spee, and crowding in the bone. A detailed description of the positional relationship between each impacted tooth and the neighboring tooth was given using the 3D CT-image.
A study of growth changes in the mandible from deciduous to permanent dentition
Authors: Tsai Hung-Huey
Published: April 2015

This cross-sectional study investigated mandibular developmental changes in untreated normal Taiwanese from the deciduous to permanent dentition. Differences in the mean values for ramus height and body length between males and females were statistically significant after eruption of the permanent second molars. SNB angles significantly increased and gonial and L1-MP angles significantly decreased from deciduous to permanent dentition in both sexes. The SN-MP angle in females significantly decreased and ramus inclination in males significantly increased from the early mixed to permanent dentition.
Healing of root resorption: a case report
Authors: Bhat Sham , Sharan S. , Madan Imneet
Published: April 2015

External resorption is sequelae of necrotic periodontal membrane over a large area of root following an injury to the tooth. This usually occurs after severe dental injuries such as intrusion, severe luxations or exarticulation injuries complicated by a prolonged extra oral period. This case report presents a clinical and radiographic follow up (13 months) of treatment of inflammatory external root resorption on maxillary central incisor using Vitapex®. Gradual healing of resorption was observed radiographically with no tenderness or pathological mobility.