bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐grade atypical epithelial cells in pancreatic mucinous cysts are a more accurate predictor of malignancy than “positive” cytology
Authors: Pitman Martha Bishop , Genevay Muriel , Yaeger Kurt , Chebib Ivan , Turner Brian G. , Mino‐Kenudson Mari , Brugge William R.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:

The Sendai guidelines for risk assessment of malignancy in patients with mucinous cysts lists “positive” cytology as a high‐risk feature. In the current study, the authors hypothesized that a cytological threshold of high‐grade atypical epithelial cells (AEC) is a more accurate predictor of malignancy.

METHODS:

The clinical, radiological, and cytological data of 112 patients with histologically confirmed mucinous cysts of the pancreas were reviewed. Cytology slides were blindly reviewed and cells were classified as benign, AEC, or malignant. On histology, neoplasms were grouped as benign (low‐grade and moderate dysplasia) and malignant (high‐grade dysplasia/carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma).

RESULTS:

There were 92 patients with an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and 20 with a mucinous cystic neoplasm; 39 were malignant and 73 were benign (42 with low‐grade dysplasia and 31 with moderate dysplasia). Only 28% (11 of 39) of the malignant cysts were cytologically malignant with a sensitivity of 29%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 75%. AEC detected 17 additional cancers (44% of all malignant cysts; 16% more than detected on the basis of “positive” cytology). By using AEC as a surgical triage threshold, the sensitivity was 72%, the specificity was 85%, and the accuracy was 80%, with similar values for small (≤3 cm) branch duct IPMN. Nine of 73 (12%) benign cysts were identified with AEC, 4 of which had moderate dysplasia. AEC had a positive predictive value of 87% for the detection of a mucinous cyst with moderate dysplasia or worse.

CONCLUSIONS:

AEC are a more accurate predictor of malignancy than “positive” cytology in aspirates of pancreatic mucinous cysts, including small branch duct IPMN. AEC warrant a “suspicious” interpretation for appropriate surgical triage. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010;. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Evaluation of discomfort glare from color leds and its correlation with individual variations in brightness sensitivity
Authors: Kimura‐Minoda Takako , Ayama Miyoshi
Published: October 2010

The light‐emitting diode (LED) has attracted attention as an alternative light source to fluorescent and incandescent lighting. The characteristics of LED light are different from other sources, but regulations for LED products have not been completely established. Common LED lights, such as automotive lamps, street lighting systems and traffic lights, are produced under the existing glare regulations for other light sources, and some organizations are seeking to establish standardized regulations for LED products. Glare can impair vision and cause discomfort and must be considered when establishing regulations for lights. In this study, we measured the sensitivity of observers to the discomfort glare from color LEDs and analyzed the correlation between discomfort glare sensitivity and brightness sensitivity using heterochromatic brightness matching and flicker photometry. The results indicate a correlation between discomfort glare sensitivity and brightness sensitivity using blue LEDs and mild correlations with green and red LEDs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010.
Colour changes of heat‐treated woods of red‐bud maple, European hophornbeam and oak
Authors: Turgut Sahin Halil , Burak Arslan M. , Korkut Suleyman , Sahin Candan
Published: October 2010

Colour evolution and colour changes were analyzed from small specimens of three heat treated wood species using the CIE L*a*b* colour space. Upon heat exposure, the wood substance became darker of species; this was accompanied by a steady reduction in lightness. As treatment conditions (e.g., time and temperature) increase, various shades of yellow were favoured for the surface of red‐bud maple wood (Δb = 1.22–9.79). For European hophornbeam wood, increased times at elevated temperatures make a blue (−b) colour the better choice. The total colour difference (ΔE) of the surfaces of wood substrates appear to be well correlated with the treatment temperature and time. The FTIR spectra suggest that the level of modification was insufficient for removing the major cell wall constituents of the wood substrates.

All heat‐treated samples showed much less stability against colour difference in outdoor conditions. For red‐bud maple, the greatest improvement was achieved for samples that were treated at 150°C for 2 h (ΔE = 3.12). However, heat‐treated oak wood hadmuch less stability of colour difference for treatment conditions of 150°C for 10 h. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010.
Unique hue data for colour appearance models. Part I: Loci of unique hues and hue uniformity
Authors: Xiao Kaida , Wuerger Sophie , Fu Chenyang , Karatzas Dimosthenis
Published: October 2010

Psychophysical experiments were conducted to assess unique hues on a CRT display for a large sample of colour‐normal observers (n = 185). These data were then used to evaluate the most commonly used colour appearance model, CIECAM02, by transforming the CIEXYZ tristimulus values of the unique hues to the CIECAM02 colour appearance attributes, lightness, chroma and hue angle. We report two findings: (1) the hue angles derived from our unique hue data are inconsistent with the commonly used Natural Color System hues that are incorporated in the CIECAM02 model. We argue that our predicted unique hue angles (derived from our large dataset) provide a more reliable standard for colour management applications when the precise specification of these salient colours is important. (2) We test hue uniformity for CIECAM02 in all four unique hues and show significant disagreements for all hues, except for unique red which seems to be invariant under lightness changes. Our dataset is useful to improve the CIECAM02 model as it provides reliable data for benchmarking. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011
Probing Functional Groups at the Gas–Aerosol Interface Using Heterogeneous Titration Reactions: A Tool for Predicting Aerosol Health Effects?
Authors: Setyan Ari , Sauvain Jean‐Jacques , Guillemin Michel , Riediker Michael , Demirdjian Benjamin , Rossi Michel J.
Published: October 2010

The complex chemical and physical nature of combustion and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in general precludes the complete characterization of both bulk and interfacial components. The bulk composition reveals the history of the growth process and therefore the source region, whereas the interface controls—to a large extent—the interaction with gases, biological membranes, and solid supports. We summarize the development of a soft interrogation technique, using heterogeneous chemistry, for the interfacial functional groups of selected probe gases [N(CH3)3, NH2OH, CF3COOH, HCl, O3, NO2] of different reactivity. The technique reveals the identity and density of surface functional groups. Examples include acidic and basic sites, olefinic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sites, and partially and completely oxidized surface sites. We report on the surface composition and oxidation states of laboratory‐generated aerosols and of aerosols sampled in several bus depots. In the latter case, the biomarker 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, signaling oxidative stress caused by aerosol exposure, was isolated. The increase in biomarker levels over a working day is correlated with the surface density NiO3 of olefinic and/or PAH sites obtained from O3 uptakes as well as with the initial uptake coefficient, γ0, of five probe gases used in the field. This correlation with γ0 suggests the idea of competing pathways occurring at the interface of the aerosol particles between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for oxidative stress and cellular antioxidants.
Strategic corporate social responsibility: a ‘dynamic capabilities’ perspective
Authors: Ramachandran Venugopal
Published: October 2010

In this paper, strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) is defined on the basis of Porter's theory of competitive advantage. Two kinds of dynamic capabilities are proposed as the precursors to strategic CSR success and operationalized in terms of two sets of associated processes. The effectiveness of these processes is postulated to be dependent on their attributes and the human and social capital employed in them. Implications for practitioners and researchers are outlined. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Analytical modeling of bidirectional multi‐channel IEEE 802.11 MAC protocols
Authors: Gupta Vandana , Gong Mingwei , Dharmaraja S. , Williamson Carey
Published: October 2010

This paper presents an analytical approach to model the bi‐directional multi‐channel IEEE 802.11 MAC protocols (Bi‐MCMAC) forad hocnetworks. Extensive simulation work has been done for the performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocols. Since simulation has several limitations, this work is primarily based on the analytical approach. The objective of this paper is to show analytically the performance advantages of Bi‐MCMAC protocol over the classical IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. The distributed coordination function (DCF) mode of medium access control (MAC) is considered in the modeling. Two different channel scheduling strategies, namely,random channel selectionandfastest channel first selectionstrategy are also presented in the presence of multiple channels with different transmission rates. M/G/1 queue is used to model the protocols, and stochastic reward nets (SRNs) are employed as a modeling technique as it readily captures the synchronization between events in the DCF mode of access. The average system throughput, mean delay, and server utilization of each MAC protocol are evaluated using the SRN formalism. We also validate our analytical model by comparison with simulation results. The results obtained through the analytical modeling approach illustrate the performance advantages of Bi‐MCMAC protocols with the fastest channel first scheduling strategy over the classical IEEE 802.11 protocol for TCP traffic in wirelessad hocnetworks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liposomes for enhanced cytotoxic activity of bleomycin
Authors: Alomrani Abdullah H. , El Maghraby Gamal M. , Alanazi Fars K. , Al‐Mohanna Mai A. , Alaiya Ayodele A. , Alsarra Ibrahim A.
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of liposome composition, which affects the nature of vesicular membrane on the cytotoxic efficacy of bleomycin. Formulation A comprised phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol (CH), and dicetylphosphate (DCP). Formulation B employed PC, CH with dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) as the fusogenic component. Formulation C consisted of rigid liposomes comprising dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), CH, and DCP. Preparation D contained dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), CH, and DCP. Formulation E employed the same components of B, with PC being replaced with Pegylated PC. The cytotoxic efficacy was monitored using the Daudi cell line obtained from Burkitt's lymphoma. Formulations A and B significantly increased the cell death via necrosis compared with drug solution. Formulation D produced marginal increase in the efficacy of bleomycin with the rigid vesicles being similar to the control. Pegylated liposomes (E) were as effective as A and B, but the cytotoxic effect was via apoptosis. In conclusion, the efficacy of liposomes depended on the composition with fusogenic, flexible, or Pegylated vesicles being superior. Drug Dev Res 72: 265–273, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Xenopus sonic hedgehog guides retinal axons along the optic tract
Authors: Gordon Laura , Mansh Matthew , Kinsman Helen , Morris Andrea R.
Published: October 2010

The role of classic morphogens such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh) as axon guidance cues has been reported in a variety of vertebrate organisms (Charron and Tessier‐Lavigne [2005] Development 132:2251–2262). In this work, we provide the first evidence that Xenopus sonic hedgehog (Xshh) signaling is involved in guiding retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons along the optic tract. Xshh is expressed in the brain during retinal axon extension, adjacent to these axons in the ventral diencephalon. Retinal axons themselves express Patched 1 and Smoothened co‐receptors during RGC axon growth. Blocking Shh signaling causes abnormal ventral pathfinding, and targeting errors at the optic tectum. Misexpression of exogenous N‐Shh peptide in vivo also causes pathfinding errors. Retinal axons grown in culture respond to N‐Shh in a dose‐dependent manner, either by decreasing extension at lower concentrations, or retracting axons in the presence of higher doses. These data suggest that Shh signaling is required for normal RGC axon pathfinding and tectal targeting in the developing visual system of Xenopus. We propose that Shh serves as a ventral optic tract repellent that helps to define the caudal boundary for retinal axons in the diencephalon, and that this signaling is also required for initial target recognition at the optic tectum. Developmental Dynamics 239:2921–2932, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular response after crush injury in adult zebrafish spinal cord
Authors: Hui Subhra Prakash , Dutta Anindita , Ghosh Sukla
Published: October 2010

Zebrafish proves to be an excellent model system to study spinal cord regeneration because it can repair its disengaged axons and replace lost cells after injury, allowing the animal to make functional recovery. We have characterized injury response following crush injury, which is comparable to the mammalian mode of injury. Infiltrations of blood cells during early phases involve macrophages that are important in debris clearance and probably in suppression of inflammatory response. Unlike mammals where secondary injury mechanisms lead to apoptotic death of both neurons and glia, here we observe a beneficial role of apoptotic cell death. Injury‐induced proliferation, presence of radial glia cells, and their role as progenitor all contribute to cellular replacement and successful neurogenesis after injury in adult zebrafish. Together with cell replacement phenomenon, there is creation of a permissive environment that includes the absence or clearance of myelin debris, presence of Schwann cells, and absence of inflammatory response. Developmental Dynamics 239:2962–2979, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescent whole‐mount method for visualizing three‐dimensional relationships in intact and regenerating adult newt spinal cords
Authors: Zukor Katherine A. , Kent David T. , Odelberg Shannon J.
Published: October 2010

Adult newts have the remarkable ability to regenerate their spinal cords after a complete transection injury. To understand this process, we have developed a method for visualizing the cellular and molecular events during regeneration in whole‐mount preparations using fluorescent probes (streptavidins and antibodies) and confocal microscopy. This method was optimized by varying parameters associated with fixation, tissue trimming, fluorescent probe penetration, and clearing and represents a significant advance in our ability to observe the intact and regenerating newt spinal cord. These methods should also be widely applicable to the study of other newt tissues and adult tissues from other model systems. Developmental Dynamics 239:3048–3057, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summary of ‘Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis’
Authors: Office Evidence‐Based Child Health Editorial
Published: October 2010

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S. Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001936. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD001936.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Cochrane Meta‐Analysis of Subcutaneous Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis’
Authors: Rotiroti Guiseppina , Scadding Glenis
Published: October 2010

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S. Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001936. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD001936.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Reminder systems and late patient tracers in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis’
Authors: Office Evidence‐Based Child Health Editorial
Published: October 2010

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Liu Q, Abba K, Alejandria MM, Balanag VM, Berba RP, Lansang MAD. Reminder systems and late patient tracers in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006594. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD006594.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Nebulized hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants’
Authors: Office Evidence‐Based Child Health Editorial
Published: October 2010

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Zhang L, Mendoza‐Sassi RA, Wainwright C, Klassen TP. Nebulized hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006458. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD006458.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Regular treatment with formoterol and inhaled steroids for chronic persistent asthma: serious adverse events’
Authors: Elkout Hajer , Helms Peter J.
Published: October 2010

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Cates CJ, Lasserson TJ, Jaeschke R. Regular treatment with formoterol and inhaled steroids for chronic asthma: serious adverse events.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD006924. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD006924.pub2.

Further information for thisCochrane reviewis available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanyingSummaryarticle. Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Anxiety above the clouds
Authors: Moja Lorenzo
Published: October 2010

The first in this series of Dr Cochrane clinical vignettes is based upon an overview of Cochrane Reviews that was published in the previous issue of Evidence‐Based Child Health: Manassis K, Russell K, Newton AS: The Cochrane Library and the treatment on childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders: an overview of reviews. Evid‐Based Child Health 2010, 5: 541–554.

Dr Cochrane is a unique self‐learning experience—the integration of Cochrane evidence with a quirky fictional story and multiple‐choice questions provides readers with the opportunity to explore and understand the applicability of a Cochrane Review or Overview in a new way.

In this series of fictional clinical vignettes, Dr Cochrane travels across time from the past century to the present day, to solve clinical problems using evidence from Cochrane Reviews. Read the associated article and/or listen to the Evidence‐Based Child Health podcast available online at www.cochrane.org/podcasts/ and then test your knowledge with six multiple choice questions. You can find the answers to the questions on page 1547.

In the next issue of Evidence‐based Child Health, Dr Cochrane explores the evidence for chronic cough, based upon the Cochrane Overview available in this issue (Russell K, Chang AB, Foisy M, Thomson D, Williams K: The Cochrane Library and the Treatment of Chronic Cough in Children: An Overview of Reviews. Evid‐Based Child Health 2010, 5: 1196–1205). Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Synthesis and Reactivity of Iridacycles Containing the TpMe2Ir Moiety
Authors: Paneque Margarita , Poveda Manuel L. , Rendón Nuria
Published: October 2010

The TpMe2Ir moiety has proven to easily promote the formal oxidative addition reactions of unsaturated molecules, with or without concomitant formation of carbon–carbon bonds, to form metallacyclic species. The ring sizes may range between having 5‐ and 7 members, and these metallacycles exhibit a rich reactivity. Some of these metallacycles represent stable models of intermediates proposed in catalytic processes such as alkyne cyclotrimerization or olefin/alkyne coupling. The stability of these TpMe2IrIII species allows the mechanistic investigation of the reactions observed, by way of the isolation and/or trapping of intermediates.
Oxidation of Sulfides with a Silica‐Supported Peracid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide under Flow Conditions: Tuning Chemoselectivity with Pressure
Authors: Mello Rossella , Olmos Andrea , Alcalde‐Aragonés Ana , Díaz‐Rodríguez Alba , González Núñez María Elena , Asensio Gregorio
Published: October 2010

Supercritical carbon dioxide is a convenient medium for performing the selective oxidation of sulfides 1 to either sulfoxides 2 or sulfones 3 with [2‐percarboxyethyl]‐functionalized silica (4) under flow conditions. The chemoselectivity of the reaction, which results from the different diffusion rates of sulfide and sulfoxide over the reagent bed, can be controlled by adjusting the pressure and the hydration of the silica surface as both the solvating power of the mobile phase and the surface activity of the stationary phase determine the migration rates of sulfide 1 and sulfoxide 2 over the supported peroxide. The results elucidate the impact of surface phenomena on the course of chemical reactions carried out under flow conditions.
New method for prefractionation of plasma for proteomic analysis
Authors: Fitzgerald Anna , Walsh Bradley J.
Published: October 2010

The depth of proteome analysis is severely limited in complex samples with a wide dynamic range of protein abundance such as plasma. Removal of high‐abundance proteins should reveal the signal of lower abundance plasma proteins. However, smaller proteins may be part of larger protein complexes and hence the removal of proteins involved in complexes with high‐abundance proteins such as albumin may inhibit the search for disease biomarkers. Prefractionation of a sample divides it into fractions of reduced complexity, allowing improved detection of lower abundance proteins. Using a prefractionation device, which employs Gradiflow™ technology, we were able to separate small volume plasma samples into multiple fractions based on the molecular weight and/or charge. The resulting samples of reduced complexity were directly compatible with 2‐DE. The use of this prefractionation machine may therefore be useful in the hunt for disease biomarkers.
Capillary electrophoresis for analysis of microheterogeneous glutelin subunits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Katsube‐Tanaka Tomoyuki , Iida Shuichi , Yamaguchi Takeshi , Nakano Junichi
Published: October 2010

Glutelin, the major storage protein of rice seed, consists of microheterogenous subunits and partially exists in a macromolecular form that is polymerized by intersubunit disulfide bonds. In order to analyze the glutelin subunits using high‐throughput CE, we first identified a sample preparation procedure suitable for CE. The polymerized glutelin treated with a reductant could not dissociate into its constituent monomer subunits when it was dissolved in an acidic solution. However, the glutelin dissociated into its subunits and component α and β polypeptides when it was denatured and reduced by an appropriate amount of urea and 2‐mercaptoethanol at a specific incubation time and temperature. The molecular species of the completely dissociated α and β polypeptides were identified and quantitatively analyzed by CE using glutelin mutants. The CE analysis also demonstrated that the actual subunit variation in terms of the charge and/or size of the β polypeptides is much smaller than predicted when compared with that of α polypeptides, even under denaturing and reducing condition. Thus, the combined analytical system described here will be useful for basic and applied research, such as the kinetic characterization of higher‐order structure and the quantitative evaluation of glutelin in a large number of diverse rice varieties.
Production of an extracellular lipase from Candida lipolytica and parameter significance analysis by Plackett‐Burman design
Authors: Ali Sikander , Rafi Hameedullah , Ikram‐ul‐Haq
Published: October 2010

The enzyme lipase (triacylglycerol hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) hydrolyses triacylglycerols to fatty acids, mono‐ and di‐acylglycerols along with a glycerol moiety and are important biocatalysts in industrial applications. In this study, the production of a novel extracellular lipase by Candida lipolytica NRRL‐Y‐1095 using shaking culture was performed. Different chemically enriched fermentation media were evaluated for enzyme activity and one was found to be optimal. Temperature (30°C), initial pH (6) and rate of incubation (48 h) were found complimentary for better enzyme secretion from the yeast cells. The size of inoculum (4 mL, 16 h old) was also optimized. Urea and olive oil at a level of 2 and 1.5 (% w/v) were found to be the best sole nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. Over 50‐fold enhancement in lipase production (4.01 U) was achieved by the culture when the process parameters including incubation period, sucrose level, initial pH, inoculum size and addition of urea were further identified using the 2‐factorial Plackett–Burman experimental design and response surface methodology. In particular, the addition of 5 g/L sugar under the optimized conditions depicted that the results were highly significant (p≤0.05). Further studies will aim at scale‐up studies in a rotary or drum bioreactor as a pre‐requisite for the commercial exploitation of the batch process.
Systems biotechnology – Rational whole‐cell biocatalyst and bioprocess design
Authors: Kuhn Daniel , Blank Lars M. , Schmid Andreas , Bühler Bruno
Published: October 2010

Microbial biocatalysis has emerged to a standard technology in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries. Since microorganisms are optimized by nature to maximize survival and typically not for the high‐level accumulation of any sort of product, effective engineering strategies are required to satisfy the growing demand of new, economically competitive, and environmentally friendly products and processes. Random mutagenesis and subsequent selection used to be successful strateges, despite the fact that genetic changes were often not clear and include potentially unwanted detrimental alterations. The recent advances in systems biology research allow a genome‐scale characterization of the complex composition and function of cells. We consider it important to recognize that the comprehensive understanding of a bioprocess is not restricted to the quantitative description of cellular functions but, in addition, includes analyses and evaluations on the reaction and process level. Using today's unprecedented toolbox, new whole‐cell catalyst design targets can be systematically identified and the properties of microbial hosts can be specifically fine‐tuned according to the requirements of a given bioprocess. This review proposes an integrated strategy as a holistic knowledge‐driven approach for systems biotechnology and summarizes recent advances on the basis of selected examples.
Reactive power planning with voltage stability enhancement using covariance matrix adapted evolution strategy
Authors: Jeyadevi S. , Baskar S. , Iruthayarajan M. Willjuice
Published: October 2010

This paper presents the application of Covariance matrix adapted evolution strategy (CMAES) to reactive power planning (RPP) problem by minimizing the combined total cost of energy loss and the allocation cost of additional reactive power sources. Voltage stability index (L‐index) is considered as an additional constraint in order to include the system stability into account. To improve the search efficiency of CMAES, penalty parameter‐less scheme is employed for constraint handling. To determine the performance of the CMAES method on reactive power planning problem, IEEE‐30 bus test system and Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB)‐69 bus system (a practical system in India) are taken. For comparison purposes, the results of real‐coded GA (RGA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), sequential quadratic programming (SQP), and Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) methods are considered. The simulation results reveal that the CMAES algorithm performs better in terms of energy cost, investment cost, and consistency in getting optimal solution. Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions are also applied on the best solution obtained using CMAES algorithm to substantiate a claim on optimality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A runs test‐based method for discrimination between internal faults and inrush currents in power transformers
Authors: Fani Bahador , Golshan M. E. H. , Abyaneh H. A. , Saghaian‐nejad M.
Published: October 2010

A new method based on runs test is proposed to distinguish the inrush currents from the internal faults in power transformers, which is derived from the inherent differences between these waveforms. First, two statistical hypotheses that represent these differences are defined. Then by testing these hypotheses using runs test and by comparing the outputs of the hypotheses, a criterion to identify the internal fault is obtained. A total of 200 experimental cases are used to test the performance of the technique. In all of the tests, the proposed method accurately distinguished between fault and inrush currents without any errors. Also the suitable performance of the method is demonstrated by simulation of different faults and switching conditions on a power transformer. For this purpose, a small part of Iran power system involving a power transformer and the transmission lines on both sides of the transformer has been considered. To include effective factors on differential current components, the elements of this power system have been precisely modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New eudesmane‐type sesquiterpenoids and other volatile constituents from the roots of Gynura bicolor DC.
Authors: Shimizu Yasuhiro , Imayoshi Yuriko , Kato Mika , Maeda Kazuhiro , Iwabuchi Hisakatsu , Shimomura Koichiro
Published: October 2010

Diethyl ether extracts from fresh, field‐grown plant roots and the thin roots of the cultured plantlet were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and their constituents were compared. Of the components identified, major components of the field‐grown plant roots were revealed to be sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as (E)‐caryophyllene, α‐humulene, and germacrenes A, B, and C. (E)‐β‐Farnesene and germacrene C were predominant in the roots of the cultured plantlet. Three new sesquiterpenoids, gynuradienol (1), hydroperoxy‐gynuradiene (2), and gynurenol (3) were isolated from the field‐grown plant roots and their chemical structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra together with five known sesquiterpenoids, eudesm‐11‐en‐4α‐ol (4), intermedeol (5), alismol (6), alismoxide (7), (2E,6E)‐3‐isopropyl‐6‐methyl‐10‐oxoundeca‐2,6‐dienal (8), and a polyacetylenic compound, 1‐tridecene‐3,5,7,9,11‐pentayne (9). Furthermore, characteristic green, moldy, and earthy aromas of the field‐grown plant roots, which were remarkably different from those of the thin roots of the cultured plantlet, were revealed to be contributed by four methoxypyrazines, 2‐methoxy‐3‐isopropylpyrazine (10), 2‐methoxy‐3‐sec‐butylpyrazine (11), 2‐methoxy‐3‐isopropyl‐5‐methylpyrazine (12), and 2‐methoxy‐3‐sec‐butyl‐5‐ methoxypyrazine (14) using a combination of GC‐MS and GC‐olfactometry (GC‐O). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow past a square cylinder at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Sen Subhankar , Mittal Sanjay , Biswas Gautam
Published: October 2010

Results are presented for the flow past a stationary square cylinder at zero incidence for Reynolds number, Re ⩽ 150. A stabilized finite‐element formulation is employed to discretize the equations of incompressible fluid flow in two‐dimensions. For the first time, values of the laminar separation Reynolds number, Res, and separation angle, θs, at Res are predicted. Also, the variation of θs with Re is presented. It is found that the steady separation initiates at Re = 1.15. Contrary to the popular belief that separation originates at the rear sharp corners, it is found to originate from the base point, i.e. θs=180∘ at Re = Res. For Re > 5, θs approaches the limit of 135 ∘. The length of the separation bubble increases approximately linearly with increasing Re. The drag coefficient varies as Re−0.66. Flow characteristics at Re ⩽ 40 are also presented for elliptical cylinders of aspect ratios 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 (circle) having the same characteristic dimension as the square and major axis oriented normal to the free‐stream. Compared with a circular cylinder, the flow separates at a much lower Re from a square cylinder leading to the formation of a bigger wake (larger bubble length and width). Consequently, at a given Re, the drag on a square cylinder is more than the drag of a circular cylinder. This suggests that a cylinder with square section is more bluff than the one with circular section. Among all the cylinder shapes studied, the square cylinder with sharp corners generates the largest amount of drag. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct reinitialization approach of level‐set/splitting finite element method for simulating incompressible two‐phase flows
Authors: Cho Myung H. , Choi Hyoung G. , Yoo Jung Y.
Published: October 2010

Computation of a moving interface by the level‐set (LS) method typically requires reinitialization of LS function. An inaccurate execution of reinitialization results in incorrect free surface capturing and thus errors such as mass gain/loss so that an accurate and robust reinitialization process in the LS method is essential for the simulation of free surface flows. In the present study, we pursue further development of the reinitialization process, which directly corrects the LS function after advection is carried out by using the normal vector to the interface instead of solving the reinitialization equation of hyperbolic type. The Taylor–Galerkin method is adopted to discretize the advection equation of the LS function and the P1P1 splitting finite element method is applied to solve the Navier–Stokes equation. The proposed algorithm is validated with the well‐known benchmark problems, i.e. stretching of a circular fluid element, time‐reversed single‐vortex, solitary wave propagation, broken dam flow and filling of a container. The simulation results of these flows are in good agreement with previously existing experimental and numerical results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cartesian grid method for two‐phase gel dynamics on an irregular domain
Authors: Du Jian , Fogelson Aaron L.
Published: October 2010

We develop a numerical method for simulating models of two‐phase gel dynamics in an irregular domain using a regular Cartesian grid. The models consist of transport equations for the volume fractions of the two phases, polymer network and solvent; coupled momentum equations for the two phases; and a volume‐averaged incompressibility constraint. Multigrid with Vanka‐type box relaxation scheme is used as a preconditioner for the Krylov subspace solver (GMRES) to solve the momentum and incompressibility equations. Ghost points are used to enforce no‐slip boundary conditions for the velocity field of each phase, and no‐flux boundary conditions for the volume fractions. The behavior of the new method, including its rate of convergence, is explored through numerical experiments for a problem in which strong phase separation develops from an initially (almost) homogeneous phase distribution. We also use the method to explore situations, motivated by biology, which show that imposed boundary velocities can cause substantial redistribution of network and solvent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C12orf48, termed PARP‐1 binding protein, enhances poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) activity and protects pancreatic cancer cells from DNA damage
Authors: Piao Lianhua , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Ueda Koji , Chung Suyoun , Kashiwaya Kotoe , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Ohigashi Hiroaki , Ishikawa Osamu , Daigo Yataro , Matsuda Koichi , Nakamura Yusuke
Published: October 2010

To identify novel therapeutic targets for aggressive and therapy‐resistant pancreatic cancer, we had previously performed expression profile analysis of pancreatic cancers using microarrays and found dozens of genes trans‐activated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Among them, this study focused on the characterization of a novel gene C12orf48 whose overexpression in PDAC cells was validated by Northern blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Its overexpression was observed in other aggressive and therapy‐resistant malignancies as well. Knockdown of C12orf48 by siRNA in PDAC cells significantly suppressed their growth. Importantly, we demonstrated that C12orf48 protein could directly interact with Poly(ADP‐ribose) Polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1), one of the essential proteins in the repair of DNA damage, and positively regulate the poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation activity of PARP‐1. Depletion of C12orf48 sensitized PDAC cells to agents causing DNA damage and also enhanced DNA damage‐induced G2/M arrest through reduction of PARP‐1 enzymatic activities. Hence, our findings implicate C12orf48, termed PARP‐1 binding protein (PARPBP), or its interaction with PARP‐1 to be a potential molecular target for development of selective therapy for pancreatic cancer. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amino acid starvation sensitizes cancer cells to proteasome inhibition
Authors: Mizrachy‐Schwartz Sarit , Cohen Noam , Klein Shoshana , Kravchenko‐Balasha Nataly , Levitzki Alexander
Published: October 2010

We explored the crosstalk between protein degradation and synthesis in cancer cells. The tumorigenic cell line, MCF7, showed enhanced proteasome activity compared to the nontumorigenic line, MCF10A. Although there was no difference in the sensitivity of MCF7 and MCF10A cells to proteasome inhibition in complete growth medium, combining proteasome inhibition with amino acid deprivation led to reduced protein synthesis and survival of MCF7 cells, with a lesser effect on MCF10A cells. Additional cancer cell lines (including CAG and A431) could be strongly sensitized to proteasome inhibition by concomitant amino acid deprivation, whereas others were completely resistant to proteasome inhibition. We hypothesize that protein catabolism contributes to the pool of free amino acids available for protein synthesis, leading to a crucial role of the proteasome in cell survival during amino acid depletion, in some tumor cell lines. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(10): 757–763, 2010
Seawater spray injury to Quercus acutissima leaves: Crystal deposition, stomatal clogging, and chloroplast degeneration
Authors: Kim Ki Woo , Koo Kyosang , Kim Pan‐Gi
Published: October 2010

Effects of seawater spray on leaf structure were investigated in Quercus acutissima by electron microscopy and X‐ray microanalysis. Two‐year‐old seedlings of Q. acutissima were sprayed with seawater and kept in a greenhouse maintained at 25°C. The most recognizable symptoms of seawater‐sprayed seedlings included leaf necrosis, crystal deposition, stomatal clogging, and chloroplast degeneration. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that the leaf surface was covered with additional layers of remnants of seawater spray. Composed of sodium and chloride, cube‐shaped crystals (halite) were prevalently found on trichomes and epidermis, and formed aggregates. Meanwhile, wedge‐shaped crystals were deposited on epidermis and consisted of calcium and sulfur. As a result of stomatal clogging by crystal deposition on the abaxial surface, it was conceivable that plant respiration became severely hampered. Transmission electron microscopy showed degenerated cytoplasm of seawater‐sprayed leaves. It was common to observe severe plasmolysis and disrupted chloroplasts with a reduced number of thylakoids in grana. These results indicate that foliar applications of seawater were sufficient to induce necrosis of Q. acutissima seedlings as an abiotic disturbance factor. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The science of ethics: Deception, the resilient self, and the APA code of ethics, 1966–1973
Authors: Stark Laura
Published: October 2010

This paper has two aims. The first is to shed light on a remarkable archival source, namely survey responses from thousands of American psychologists during the 1960s in which they described their contemporary research practices and discussed whether the practices were “ethical.” The second aim is to examine the process through which the American Psychological Association (APA) used these survey responses to create principles on how psychologists should treat human subjects. The paper focuses on debates over whether “deception” research was acceptable. It documents how members of the committee that wrote the principles refereed what was, in fact, a disagreement between two contemporary research orientations. The paper argues that the ethics committee ultimately built the model of “the resilient self” into the APA's 1973 ethics code. At the broadest level, the paper explores how prevailing understandings of human nature are written into seemingly universal and timeless codes of ethics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel 2‐(aryl)‐3‐[5‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐3‐chromenyl)‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl]‐1,3‐thiazolan‐4‐ones
Authors: Reddy Ch. Sanjeeva , Devi M. Vani , Kumar G. Rajesh , Rao L. Sanjeeva , Nagaraj A.
Published: October 2010

A series of novel 2‐(aryl)‐3‐[5‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐3‐chromenyl)‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl]‐1,3‐thiazolan‐4‐ones 4a, 4b, 4c, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j have been synthesized and assayed for their antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538p), Micrococcus luteus (IFC 12708), and Gram‐negative bacteria viz. Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 3851), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and also antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Aspergillus fumigatus (HIC 6094), Trichophyton rubrum (IFO 9185), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (IFO 40996). Among the screened compounds, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, and 4j exhibited potent inhibitory activity compared with the standard drug at the tested concentrations. The results reveal that, the presence of difluorophenyl in 4f and pipernyl ring in 4j at 2‐position of thiazolidine‐4‐one ring show significant inhibitory activity. The other compounds also showed appreciable activity against the test bacteria and fungi and emerged as potential molecules for further development. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 2011.
Initial results from Phase 2 of the international urban energy balance model comparison
Authors: Grimmond C. S. B. , Blackett M. , Best M. J. , Baik J.‐J. , Belcher S. E. , Beringer J. , Bohnenstengel S. I. , Calmet I. , Chen F. , Coutts A. , Dandou A. , Fortuniak K. , Gouvea M. L. , Hamdi R. , Hendry M. , Kanda M. , Kawai T. , Kawamoto Y. , Kondo H. , Krayenhoff E. S. , Lee S.‐H. , Loridan T. , Martilli A. , Masson V. , Miao S. , Oleson K. , Ooka R. , Pigeon G. , Porson A. , Ryu Y.‐H. , Salamanca F. , Steeneveld G.J. , Tombrou M. , Voogt J. A. , Young D. T. , Zhang N.
Published: October 2010

Urban land surface schemes have been developed to model the distinct features of the urban surface and the associated energy exchange processes. These models have been developed for a range of purposes and make different assumptions related to the inclusion and representation of the relevant processes. Here, the first results of Phase 2 from an international comparison project to evaluate 32 urban land surface schemes are presented. This is the first large‐scale systematic evaluation of these models. In four stages, participants were given increasingly detailed information about an urban site for which urban fluxes were directly observed. At each stage, each group returned their models' calculated surface energy balance fluxes. Wide variations are evident in the performance of the models for individual fluxes. No individual model performs best for all fluxes. Providing additional information about the surface generally results in better performance. However, there is clear evidence that poor choice of parameter values can cause a large drop in performance for models that otherwise perform well. As many models do not perform well across all fluxes, there is need for caution in their application, and users should be aware of the implications for applications and decision making. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Improved long‐term mean annual rainfall fields for Colombia
Authors: Álvarez‐Villa Oscar David , Vélez Jaime Ignacio , Poveda Germán
Published: October 2010

With the aim of improving the long‐term mean annual surface water balance of Colombia, four new annual average precipitation fields are estimated at 4 km spatial resolution. To put in context, a concise literature review of rainfall in Colombia is presented. For estimation purposes, diverse multivariate geostatistical methods are implemented by combining information from 1180 raingauges covering the period 1950‐2005, and satellite data from the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) for the period 1999‐2005, used as a drift for the following geostatistical methods: (1) kriging with an external drift (KED), (2) standardized cokriging (SCK), (3) colocated cokriging (CCK), and (4) Markov regionalization CCK (CCKM). To ensure the reliability of the estimated precipitation fields, a detailed cross‐validation procedure is performed, including univariate and bivariate analyses of residuals, which allows us to conclude that the best estimated rainfall field is obtained with KED, and the worst with SCK. Visual analyses are also performed in the search for consistency of the resulting precipitation fields. Furthermore, local (at‐a‐pixel) uncertainty modelling analysis is performed using the indicator approach. Conditional cumulative distribution functions (CCDF) are estimated using indicator CCK with Bayes‐Markov hypothesis. Statistical descriptors for the pixel's CCDFs are estimated based on the resulting precipitation fields, including long‐term mean, conditional variance and the coefficient of variation. These improved precipitation fields along with their estimated uncertainties are available (http://cancerbero.unalmed.edu.co/∼hidrosig/index.php) for the scientific community and constitute useful basic information for diverse applications in water resources, agriculture, hydropower generation, human health, risks and disaster prevention, and many other applied sectors in Colombia. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society