bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field study on colloid transport using fluorescent microspheres
Authors: Burkhardt M. , Kasteel R. , Vanderborght J. , Vereecken H.
Published: August 2010

Understanding colloid movement through the vadose zone is important, because colloids may facilitate transport of some less mobile contaminants. Experimental evidence of colloid transport in the vadose zone, especially at the field scale, is rare. We developed and tested a method to detect and quantify local concentrations of fluorescent microspheres (MS) with a diameter of 1 μm in unsaturated soil based on fluorescent microscopy. The detection limit was 400 × 106 MS kg−1 field‐moist soil for an automated counting method, and 20 × 103 MS kg−1 for manual counting. To test the method in the field, we applied a 40‐mm pulse with an input concentration of 14.6 × 109 MS litre−1 on two plots during 6 hours, together with bromide (Br−) and the food dye Brilliant Blue (BB). The concentrations of MS were determined on horizontal cross‐sections by a randomly distributed sampling scheme, either directly after application or 90 days after application and a rainfall of 100 mm. Mass recoveries for the MS of 85 and 65% were acceptable in view of the field conditions. Even after infiltration of particle‐free water, the largest MS concentrations were measured at the soil’s surface, which pointed at physical retention mechanisms. An additional selective sampling of hydrologically active preferential flow pathways, guided by the dye infiltration patterns, revealed that the MS were transported to similar depths as BB, that is 0.80 m directly after irrigation and 1.7 m after 90 days. This implies that also a small fraction of the particulate tracers was rapidly transported to larger depths, regardless of their physico‐chemical properties.
Variation in reproductive potential and influence on Icelandic herring recruitment
Authors: ÓSKARSSON GUDMUNDUR J. , TAGGART CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: August 2010

Explaining recruitment variation in fish is essential for successful fishery management and is consequently under constant review, with an increasing focus on how maternal factors, relative to environmental influences, operate at the level of individual female spawners and extend from the spawning stock through to recruitment. We estimate total egg production (E) in Icelandic summer‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus) from 1963 through 1999 by using sequential population analyses (SPA) and their estimates of stock biomass and recruitment, various size and maturity metrics, and individual fecundity estimates that rely on total length and the condition of the spawners. Generalized linear models indicate that maternal effects are of significance in explaining SPA‐based recruitment‐at‐age‐3 (R). The best model explained 64% of the variation in R and incorporates E constrained to the repeat spawners (40%), the NAO winter index (18%) and ocean temperature (6%). The latter two represent the winter and spring periods subsequent to year‐class formation. Recruit spawner contributions to E were of no significance in explaining variation in R despite the fact that they could contribute as much as 55% of E when their contribution to E was consistently underestimated by a factor of ∼ 2, based only on their contribution to spawning stock biomass. We conclude that the spawning potential of the repeat spawners should replace total spawning stock biomass for determining recruitment potential in stock assessment. In addition to the incorporation of oceanographic factors, this would provided a more cautious and risk‐adverse approach.
Interannual variability of algal populations and their influence on lake metabolism
Authors: HEANEY S.I. , PARKER J.E. , BUTTERWICK C. , CLARKE K.J.
Published: August 2010

An input‐output phosphorus budget is given for Windermere and its two basins based on data available for the late 1980s. The annual areal total phosphorus loading for the whole lake was 1.04 g P m‐2 yr‐1 and for the North and South Basins were 1.08 and 1.70 g P m‐2 yr‐1, respectively. For the whole lake and its South Basin the values were similar to the upper range of critical loads calculated according to the equation of Vollenweider (1976) for the transition between oligotrophy and eutrophy while that for the North Basin (1.08 g P m‐2 yr‐1) was within this range of critical loadings but towards its lower end.

Changes in the quality of summer phytoplankton are described for Windermere, particularly its South Basin, between 1978 and 1989 in relation to the utilization of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) in the epilimnion, deoxygenarion of the hypolimnion and the ratio of epilimnetic volume to hypolimnetic volume, Ev/Hv The two basins of Windermere with values of Ev/Hv of 0.79 (South Basin) and 0.50 (North Basin) have contrasting conditions of summer deoxygenarion. The shallower South Basin shows marked interannual variability in the development of hypolimnetic anoxia. Years with large hypolimnetic anoxia during autumn are correlated with the production during summer of large populations of the poorly grazed blue‐green alga Oscillatoria bourrellyi and exhaustion of NO3‐N in the upper layers. During years when anoxia does not develop the summer phytoplankton consists of small easily grazed algae or larger ones subject to parasitic epidemics. The deeper North Basin never becomes anoxic even though it can contain similar sized populations of O. bourrellyi to the South Basin.

A possible explanation of the between basin and, for the South Basin, between year variation of utilization of NO3‐N and level of hypolimnetic deoxygenarion is that algal quality can determine lake metabolism dependent upon lake or basin morphology. Poorly grazed large forms such as O. bourrellyi act as sinks for NO3‐N. On sedimentation such populations act as a ‘short circuit’ mechanism descending into deeper layers in sufficient quantities to cause anoxia. Other species subject to crustacean or microbial grazing are mineralized in the epilimnion with little sedimentation to the deeper waters. Subsequent recycling of nitrogen as NH4‐N takes place in the upper layers or thermocline which is more readily taken up by subsequent production. The influence of such ‘short circuit’ mechanisms is reduced in deep lakes and exacerbated in shallow ones.

The success of species such as O. bourrellyi is dependent upon a sufficient inoculum, an adequate supply of nutrients and the depth of intermittent mixing. The importance of these factors in regulating presence and timing of summer populations is illustrated and discussed.
Growth of migrating and non‐migrating cryptophytes in thermally and chemically stratified experimental columns
Authors: OJALA A. , HEANEY S.I. , ARVOLA L. , BARBOSA F.
Published: August 2010

Growth rates of migrating and non‐migrating populations of two strains of freshwater cryptophytes, CCAP 979/67 and 979/62, under different light and nutrient regimes were calculated from experiments conducted in laboratory columns which were thermally stratified. During the experiments, cellular carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbohydrate and protein were also analysed. The intention was that the populations would become either phosphorus‐ or nitrogen‐depleted following a period of growth.

In all experiments, populations of cryptophytes grew but growth appeared of short duration. In a phosphorus depletion experiment with Cryptomonas 979/67, there was a period of rapid growth starting on day 2 and finishing on day 8, during which the estimated growth rate was c. 0.9 div. day‐1. In a nitrogen depletion experiment, the period of rapid growth of C. 979/67 lasted only for 2–3 days with a growth rate of c. 0.85 div. day‐1.

In a phosphorus depletion experiment with C. 979/62, the onset of a period of rapid growth coincided with the commencement of diel vertical migration. The highest growth rate was estimated as c. 1.0 div. day‐1. In a nitrogen depletion experiment, C. 979/62 did not migrate and attained a growth rate of only 0.28 div. day‐1.

For C. 979/67 the highest observed growth rate was lower than the maximum potential growth rate of 1.38 div. day‐1 estimated in batch culture. For C. 979/62 the maximum growth rate in the column was similar to the maximum potential growth rate of 0.87 div. day‐1 in batch culture experiments.

The results suggest that some migrating cryptophytes under favourable conditions in stratified water columns can attain high growth rates supporting the hypothesis of Raven & Richardson (1984) that, based on cost‐benefit analysis, diel vertical migrations could increase the growth rate of flagellates. Such growth appears of short duration and its ecological importance still requires further verification.
A new endemic caddis fly (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) from Lake Baikal
Authors: ROZHKOVA N.A.
Published: August 2010

A description is given of Baicalina tallingi sp.n. (male and female) a new endemic caddis fly from Lake Baikal, Siberia.
Factors affecting akinete differentiation in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria)
Authors: MOORE DAVID , O'DONOHUE MARK , GARNETT CORINNE , CRITCHLEY CHRISTA , SHAW GLEN
Published: August 2010

1. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a potentially toxic freshwater cyanobacterium which can produce akinetes (reproductive spores) that on germinating can contribute to future populations. To further understand factors controlling the formation of these specialised cells, the effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations (magnitude and frequency), in combination with different light intensities and phosphorus concentrations were investigated under laboratory conditions.

2. Akinete differentiation was affected by the frequency of temperature fluctuations. Maximum akinete concentrations were observed in cultures that experienced multiple diurnal temperature fluctuations.

3. Akinete concentrations increased with increasing magnitude of temperature fluctuation. A maximum akinete concentration was achieved under multiple diurnal temperature fluctuations with a magnitude of 10 °C (25 °C to 15 °C).

4. A fourfold increase in light intensity (25–100 μmol m−2 s−1) resulted in an approximate 14‐fold increase in akinete concentration.

5. High filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP) concentrations (>70 μg L−1) in the medium, combined with a multiple diurnal temperature fluctuation of 10 °C, supported the development of the highest akinete concentration.
Selectivity and competitive interactions between two benthic invertebrate grazers (Asellus aquaticus and Potamopyrgus antipodarum): an experimental study using 13C‐ and 15N‐labelled diatoms
Authors: ABERLE N. , HILLEBRAND H. , GREY J. , WILTSHIRE K. H.
Published: August 2010

1. Tracer experiments with two diatoms labelled with 13C (Nitzschia palea) and 15N (Fragilaria crotonensis), were conducted to investigate feeding selectivity and interspecific competition between the grazers Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda, Crustacea) and Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae, Gastropoda). Conventional methods, such as cell counts and estimated biovolume, were used first to detect feeding preferences within the different grazer treatments.

2. The results revealed a significant decline in algal biovolume in all grazer treatments and no indications of active selectivity were observed. In contrast to conventional methods, measurements based on isotope signatures showed strong differences in tracer uptake, thus indicating different degrees of assimilation and digestion by the two grazers.

3. The selectivity index Q, which provides information on the uptake ratio of 13C to 15N, showed a significant time effect for both grazer species and a significant difference between single‐ and mixed‐grazer treatments for P. antipodarum. Thus, this technique enabled the direct quantification of the uptake by grazers and, therefore, served as an ideal tool for the detection of passive selectivity.

4. Our results indicate a shift in feeding preferences related to between‐species competition and a potential divergence of trophic niches when species coexist.
Pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease. A report of four cases
Authors: HASLETON P.S. , IRONSIDE J.W. , WHITTAKER J.S. , KELLY W. , WARD C. , THOMPSON G.S.
Published: August 2010

Four cases of pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease are described. Two patients, who were brothers, had respiratory tract infections. The third patient had chronic active hepatitis and coeliac disease suggesting an abnormality of the immune system; the fourth patient had no obvious cause but presented initially with systemic hypertension. Three of the cases had been diagnosed initially as primary pulmonary hypertension either on open lung biopsy or clinically. In all cases the pulmonary arteries were abnormal with medial hypertrophy, intimal fibrosis and, in some cases, thrombosis in elastic pulmonary arteries. These findings suggest that pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease is not confined to veins and should be considered as a widespread pulmonary vascular disease. The range of aetiological factors indicate that it should not be considered as a single disease entity.
Haemolytic‐uraemic syndrome in recipients of bone marrow transplants not treated with cyclosporin A
Authors: MARSHALL R.J. , SWENY P.
Published: August 2010

We report three cases of haemolytic‐uraemic syndrome following bone marrow transplantation in young males. None of them was treated with cyclosporin A. All died in renal failure. Renal histology showed the typical appearances of haemolytic‐uraemic syndrome. Immunoperoxidase examination of renal biopsies showed IgM and complement in blood vessels and glomeruli of all three cases. Cytomegalovirus infection was present in two cases and probable in the third. Two cases had been infected with herpes zoster. All had episodes of graft‐versus‐host disease. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.
An immunohistochemical study of the enteric neural plexi in Hirschsprung's disease
Authors: MACKENZIE J.M. , DIXON M.F.
Published: August 2010

The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease relies upon histology and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry of the enteric neural plexi. A distinctive neurofilament protein staining pattern has been claimed in Hirschsprung's disease. We studied 10 colons affected by Hirschsprung's disease, together with appropriate controls using antibodies to neurofilament protein (NFP; monoclonal), neurone‐specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S‐100 protein (all polyclonal), and conventional histology and histochemistry, seeking an immunohistochemical diagnostic method. We found staining for NFP, NSE and S‐100 protein of many of the nerve fibres and satellite cells in the enteric plexi, but without significant differences between affected and unaffected colons. Staining for GFAP was weakly positive in a minority of cases and controls and the majority of neurones in control sections stained for NSE. In contrast to acetylcholinesterase little staining was localized in the lamina propria. Staining for NSE and S‐100 is useful in identifying immature ganglion cells in paediatric large intestine.
Fungal and nocardial infections of the kidney
Authors: RAGHAVAN R. , DATE A. , BHAKTAVIZIAM A.
Published: August 2010

This report describes 16 cases of candidiasis, seven of aspergillosis, four of mucormycosis, two of cryptococcosis and one of nocardiosis in which the kidney was involved. Characteristic patterns of renal tissue injury were seen in each of these infections. Candida and nocardia caused microabscesses in the cortex and medulla. Tissue destruction was minimal with candidiasis and when present was confined to the papillary tips and produced only mild impairment of renal function. Aspergillus and mucor invaded blood vessels resulting in thrombosis and extensive necrosis of cortical and medullary tissue and most patients had clinical and biochemical evidence of renal disease. Cryptococcosis caused no tissue reaction or clinically evident renal disease in the two immunosuppressed patients studied.
The relationship of endocrine cells, dysplasia and carcinoembryonic antigen in Barrett's mucosa to adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus
Authors: GRIFFIN M. , SWEENEY E. C.
Published: August 2010

This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and characteristic hormonal profile of endocrine cells in Barrett's mucosa and to determine to what extent this profile was shared by endocrine cells of adenocarcinomas arising therefrom. In addition, lower oesophageal carcinomas, not associated with columnar metaplasia, were examined to see if they exhibited a different hormonal profile. The patients studied comprised 43 who had had multiple oesophageal biopsies, 35 who had had oesophagogastric resection for adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett's mucosa and 26 in whom the resection showed no metaplastic epithelium adjacent to tumour. Argyrophil cells were present in 90% of biopsies and resections of Barrett's mucosa combined, irrespective of the histological type of metaplastic epithelium. By immunocytochemistry the most frequently identified substance in mucosal endocrine cells was serotonin (82%) followed by somatostatin (54%), secretin (22%) and pancreatic polypeptide (17%). Gastrin, bombesin, cholecystokinin, ACTH and substance P were not identified in metaplastic mucosa in any case. The difference in expression of serotonin by endocrine cells of tumours arising in Barrett's mucosa (31%) and those not (3.8%) was statistically significant (P<0.0186). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was demonstrated in 60% of oesophageal carcinomas, both endocrine positive and endocrine negative. Focal CEA expression was seen in 4.6% of biopsies and 14% of Barrett's mucosa adjacent to tumour. These results indicate a higher prevalence of endocrine cells in Barrett's mucosa than hitherto documented and suggest that serotonin may be a useful marker in distinguishing between primary oesophageal and putative gastric cancers at the gastro‐oesophageal junction. The identification of CEA in oesophageal columnar epithelium is of little value in predicting the development of malignancy.
Stromal metachromasia: a marker for areas of incipient invasion in ductal carcinoma of the breast?
Authors: SANDSTAD E. , HARTVEIT F.
Published: August 2010

This morphological study of small ducts with in situ breast carcinoma demonstrates the changes that occur in the adjacent stroma when it stains metachromatically with toluidine blue. They are indistinguishable from those reported in areas with infiltrative tumour growth, and are accompanied by progressive damage to the duct wall. The latter may be destroyed as a result of this reaction that starts in the stroma, the tumour cells being thus provided with a possible means of escape from their in situ localization. This interpretation is in contrast to accepted teaching that the factors that facilitate infiltration are provided by the tumour cells. The observation is also of potential diagnostic interest.
Juvenile polyposis–a precancerous condition
Authors: JASS J. R. , WILLIAMS C. B. , BUSSEY H. J. R. , MORSON B. C.
Published: August 2010

Clinical and pathological findings in 87 patients with juvenile polyposis have been reviewed; 1032 polyps were available from 80 of these patients; 840 were typical spherical juvenile polyps whereas 169 differed in being multilobulated or showing a villous configuration; 79 (46.7%) of the latter contained foci of epithelial dysplasia whereas only 76 (9.0%) of the typical juvenile polyps were dysplastic. The series also included 21 adenomas and two hyperplastic (metaplastic) polyps. The demonstration of dysplasia provides a histogenetic mechanism for the evolution of colorectal cancer from hamartomatous polyps; 18 juvenile polyposis patients have developed colorectal cancer at a mean age of 34 years (range 15–59). The clinical outcome was generally poor. No clinical or pathological distinction could be made between polyposis patients with and without colorectal cancer. Thus, the development of cancer in juvenile polyposis appears to be a random event. A working definition of juvenile polyposis is provided: (1) more than five juvenile polyps of the colorectum; and/or (2) juvenile polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract; and/or (3) any number of juvenile polyps with a family history of juvenile polyposis. It is suggested that the condition should be treated as seriously as familial adenomatous polyposis except that regular colonoscopic surveillance may obviate the need for prophylactic colectomy.
The varied appearances of starch particles in smears and paraffin sections
Authors: LEVISON D. A. , CROCKER P. R. , JONES S. , OWEN R. A. , BARNARD N. J.
Published: August 2010

Evidence is presented to show that maize starch particles, usually recognized in histological sections by their Maltese cross birefringence under cross‐polarized light, lose this characteristic appearance when transected by the microtome blade. Such particles are, therefore, likely to be overlooked. Though maize starch usually enters the abdomen during surgery, the female genital tract is another possible route from sources such as contraceptive devices. Other types of starch particle have different shapes, sizes and surface markings and these may be distinguished from maize starch by light and electron optical methods.
Monoclonal antibody NCRC 11 reactivity with advanced breast carcinoma: lack of prognostic value
Authors: ARNERLÖV C. , ELLIS I. O. , EMDIN S. O.
Published: August 2010

In a retrospective investigation tissue sections from 63 patients with advanced breast carcinoma (T3 and T4) were stained with the NCRC 11 antibody. The NCRC 11 staining intensity was correlated to survival. We did not find any prognostic value of the NCRC 11 staining among our patients with advanced breast carcinoma.
T‐cell lymphoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
Authors: SHORROCK K. , ELLIS I.O. , FINCH R.G.
Published: August 2010

A patient with pneumococcal septicaemia and serological evidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presented with a peripheral T‐cell lymphoma. As far as we are aware this association has not been reported previously.
Cutaneous heterotopic meningeal nodules
Authors: THEAKER J.M. , FLETCHER C.D.M. , TUDWAY A.J.
Published: August 2010

The clinical, light microscopic and immunohistochemical features of six cutaneous heterotopic meningeal nodules (primary, or type I, cutaneous meningiomas) are described. These are rare lesions of the scalp and back which generally present at birth or in childhood. They appear as small subcutaneous fibrous nodules, with no specific clinical features although they can be associated with abnormalities of spinal closure. Microscopically, they show a variable architecture but have similar cytological features. Important diagnostic features include psammoma and small collagenous bodies. An intimate relationship to nerves is seen in some cases, and this may be of significance with regard to the development of these lesions. As with intracranial meningiomas, there is widespread vimentin expression, and most cases show epithelial membrane antigen expression.
Oncocytic adenomas and oncocytic hyperplasia of salivary glands: a clinicopathological study of 26 cases
Authors: PALMER T.J. , GLEESON M.J. , EVESON J.W. , CAWSON R.A.
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐six benign oncocytic lesions of the salivary glands, excluding Warthin's tumours, have been reviewed and criteria for their classification as oncocy‐toma, multifocal nodular oncocytic hyperplasia, diffuse oncocytosis, pleomorphic adenoma with oncocytic change or oncocytic monomorphic adenoma have been proposed. The histological and clinical features of this heterogeneous group of lesions are discussed. This analysis suggests that the majority of lesions initially categorized as oncocytomas were, in fact, either non‐neoplastic or, alternatively, oncocytic change in other types of adenoma.
Whipple's disease: a histological, immunocytochemical and electronmicroscopic study of the immune response in the small intestinal mucosa
Authors: ECTORS N. , GEBOES K. , VOS R. DE , HEIDBUCHEL H. , RUTGEERTS P. , DESMET V. , VANTRAPPEN G.
Published: August 2010

Whipple's disease is a multisystem disorder with protean manifestations and with poorly understood aetiopathogenesis. It is unclear how the immune system reacts, whether it functions normally or not, whether it protects the organism or is defeated in one way or another by the ‘Whipple bacillus’. The purpose of our study was to assess humoral and cellular immunity at the level of the intestinal mucosa. This histochemical, immunocytochemical and electronmicroscopic study, based on 16 cases, has shown that the changes in components of the mucosal immune system in Whipple's disease are quite different from normal. The phagocytic capacity of the macrophages, assessed microscopically, is abnormal, the number of intra‐epithelial lymphocytes is increased, the CD 4/CD 8 cell ratio is decreased and the IgM positive cells in the lamina propria outnumber the IgA positive cells. These changes may be inter‐dependent.
Sclerosing adenosis of the prostate. Report of three cases with electronmicroscopy and immunohistochemical study
Authors: COLLINA G. , BOTTICELLI A.R. , MARTINELLI A.M. , FANO R.A. , TRENTINI G.P.
Published: August 2010

Three cases of a rare variant of prostatic adenosis with the features of sclerosing adenosis, an uncommon lesion sometimes confused with prostatic carcinoma, are reported. The lesions consisted of a small, single nodule in prostates otherwise showing typical adenomatous and fibromuscular hyperplasia. The lesions were composed of crowded small glands, small solid nests and individual cells embedded in a cellular stroma. Immunohistochemistry showed that the glands were lined by basal cells positive for high‐weight keratins (EAB‐903 and AE‐3), a finding which confirms the benign nature of the lesion. S‐100 protein and smooth muscle actin were also positive in the same basal cells suggesting myoepithelial differentiation, a character not found in basal cells outside this lesion. This finding was confirmed at ultrastructural level by the finding of numerous thin filaments in the cytoplasm of basal cells. It is important to recognize this lesion in order to avoid confusion with well‐differentiated prostatic carcinoma.
Intranodular reactive endothelial hyperplasia in adenomatous goitre
Authors: SAPINO A. , PAPOTTI M. , MACRÌ L. , SATOLLI M.A. , BUSSOLATI G.
Published: August 2010

Endothelial hyperplasia has rarely been recognized in the thyroid. Ischaemic events or hemorrhage, sometimes as a result of fine needle aspiration procedures, have been regarded as possible causes. To clarify the morphological pattern and the clinical significance of this lession, we studied a series of adenomatous goitres and selected 11 cases showing prominent endothelial hyperplasia in an individual nodule. Grossly, the parenchyma of the affected nodule was substituted by greyish, friable tissue surrounded by a fibrous capsule and by a thin rim of residual thyroid parenchyma. Microscopically, fibrinous and haemorrhagic material was crossed by intercommunicating vascular channels or papillary structures. These were lined by plump endothelial cells. In only one case had pre‐operative fine needle aspiration biopsy been performed: smears yielded a haemorrhagic background, fibrin and numerous elongated cells; colloid and follicular cells were virtually absent. In both surgical and cytological specimens a differential diagnosis with a vascular neoplasm, a rare occurrence in the thyroid, was taken into consideration. We conclude that intranodular reactive endothelial hyperplasia is a relatively common occurrence (1.6%) in adenomatous goitre and is of diagnostic interest in both surgical and cytological specimens, since it can mimic vascular tumours and may lead to unnecessary treatment if misdiagnosed.
Evaluation of perineurial differentiation in epithelioid sarcoma
Authors: Smith M E F , Awasthi R , O'Shaughnessy S , Fisher C
Published: August 2010

Aims : To investigate the differentiation pattern of epithelioid sarcoma in terms of perineurial and endothelial differentiation, and its relationship to that of meningioma.

Methods and results : Nine cases of epithelioid sarcoma and five cases of meningioma were studied in an immunohistochemical analysis of ‘perineurial’ antigens [GLUT‐1, claudin‐1, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and VE‐cadherin] and of ‘endothelial’ antigens not present on normal perineurium (CD34, CD31, Fli‐1). Both epithelioid sarcoma and meningioma showed frequent expression of the perineurial markers GLUT‐1, claudin‐1 and EMA. VE‐cadherin was identified in one of five meningiomas, and in the only case of epithelioid sarcoma in which suitably fixed material was available. CD34 was expressed by all epithelioid sarcomas studied but by none of the meningiomas. Fli‐1 was present in a substantial majority of epithelioid sarcomas and by all the meningiomas. CD31 was not detected in any epithelioid sarcoma or meningioma.

Conclusions : The results were evaluated in the context of previous immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and genetic studies and suggest that epithelioid sarcoma may be a form of malignant perineurioma with a range of differentiation (epithelial features) akin to that seen in meningioma, reflecting the close relationship between perineurium and meningothelium.
Stem cells and breast cancer
Authors: Cariati M , Purushotham A D
Published: August 2010

Proliferation in continuously renewing tissues, including the mammary gland, is hierarchically organized with a small number of slowly dividing stem cells and a greater number of more rapidly proliferating ‘transit amplifying’ cells. Mammary stem cells have been recently identified and purified based on their surface antigen expression. The recognition of mammary epithelial stem cells had led to the hypothesis that these may be at the root of breast cancer. In support of this, a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of cancer cells – cancer stem cells – has recently been identified in primary and metastatic breast cancer samples and in a number of established breast cancer cell lines. The existence of cancer stem cells would explain why only a small minority of cancer cells is capable of extensive proliferation and transferral of the tumour. In this article we aim to review the evidence in support of the existence of both normal mammary stem cells and breast cancer stem cells, and provide further insight into how taking this subpopulation of cells into account may affect the way we treat epithelial cancers in the future.
Immunophenotypic analysis of the Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV; HHV‐8)‐infected B cells in HIV+ multicentric Castleman disease (MCD)
Authors: Chadburn A , Hyjek E M , Tam W , Liu Y , Rengifo T , Cesarman E , Knowles D M
Published: August 2010

Aims:  Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is aetiologically related to Kaposi sarcoma, classical and extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma (PEL; EC‐PEL) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), entities preferentially occurring in HIV‐infected individuals. Characterization of HIV‐associated PELs/EC‐PELs suggests that the KSHV‐infected malignant cells originate from a pre‐terminal stage of B‐cell differentiation. However, only limited phenotypic studies have been performed on HIV+ MCD, including for PR domain containing 1 with zinc finger domain/B lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein 1 (PRDM1/BLIMP1), a key regulator of terminal B‐cell differentiation. The aim was to characterize KSHV‐infected cells in 17 cases of HIV+ MCD.

Methods and results:  Double immunohistochemistry and immunohistochemistry–in situ hybridization were used to characterize the KSHV‐infected cells in MCD; the results were compared with the phenotypic profiles of 39 PELs/EC‐PELs and seven PEL cell lines. Whereas the immunophenotype of KSHV‐infected cells in MCD and malignant KSHV+ PEL cells was similar (PAX5, Bcl‐6−; PRDM1/BLIMP1, IRF4/MUM1+; Ki67+), the MCD KSHV‐infected cells differed, as they expressed OCT2, cytoplasmic λ immunoglobulin; variably expressed CD27; lacked CD138; and were Epstein–Barr virus negative.

Conclusions:  Although both PEL and MCD originate from KSHV‐infected pre‐terminally differentiated B cells, these findings, with previously reported genetic studies, indicate HIV+ MCD may arise from extrafollicular B cells, whereas PELs may originate from cells that have traversed the germinal centre.
Cyclin D1 is frequently overexpressed in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer, independent of CpG island methylator phenotype
Authors: Nosho K , Kawasaki T , Chan A T , Ohnishi M , Suemoto Y , Kirkner G J , Fuchs C S , Ogino S
Published: August 2010

Aims:  Cyclin D1 and cyclin‐dependent kinases are commonly activated in colorectal cancer. Microsatellite instability (MSI) and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) are important molecular classifiers in colorectal cancer. The aim was to clarify the relationship between cyclin D1, MSI and CIMP.

Methods and results:  Among 865 colorectal cancers with MSI and CIMP data, 246 tumours (28.4%) showed cyclin D1 overexpression by immunohistochemistry. DNA methylation in p14 and eight CIMP‐specific promoters (CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1) was quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (MethyLight). Both MSI‐high and CIMP‐high were associated with cyclin D1 overexpression (P < 0.0001). After tumours were stratified by MSI and CIMP status, the relationship between MSI‐high and cyclin D1 persisted (P ≤ 0.02), whereas the relationship between CIMP‐high and cyclin D1 did not. Cyclin D1 overexpression was correlated with BRAF mutation (P = 0.0001), p27 loss (P = 0.0007) and p16 loss (P = 0.02), and inversely with p53 expression (P = 0.0002) and p21 loss (P < 0.0001). After stratification by MSI status, the inverse relationship between cyclin D1 and p21 loss still persisted (P < 0.008).

Conclusions:  Cyclin D1 activation is associated with MSI and inversely with p21 loss in colorectal cancers. Cyclin D1 may play an important role in the development of MSI‐high tumours, independent of CIMP status.
Self‐inflicted gingival injury in a 15‐month‐old infant
Authors: VAUGHAN ANTHONY G.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A case is described of self‐inflicted oral injury in a 15‐month‐old infant. The child had a habit of posturing the mandible forwards and biting the gingiva lingual to the mandibular primary incisors with the maxillary incisors, causing marked ulceration. It is suggested that the habit may have been initiated by irritation from erupting mandibular primary canines. The habit was abandoned as the canines erupted and the ulcerated area healed completely.

Un cas d'auto‐mutilation chez un enfant de 15 mois est décrit. L'enfant avail'habitude de placer sa mandibule en position posterieure et de se mordre la gencive derrière les incisives inférieures avec ses incisives supérieures, provoquant une ulcération importante. Nous pensons que cette habitude a été initiée par l'irritation entrainée par l'évolution des canines temporaires mandibulaires. Cette habitude a disparu avec l'éruption des canines et la zone ulcérée a complétement cicatrisé.

Ein Fall einer oralen Selbstverwundung eines 15 Monat alten Kleinkindes wird beschrieben. Es hatte die Gewohnheit den Unterkiefer nach vorwärts zu schieben und sich mit den oberen Schneidezähnen eine starke Ulzeration in die Gingiva lingual zu den unteren Schneidezähnen beizufügen. Es wurde angenommen, dass diese Gewohnheit hervorgerufen wurde durch die Iritation der durchbrechenden unteren Eckzähne. Die Gewohnheit hörte spontan auf nach dem Durchbruch dieser Zähne und die Ulzeration heilte spontan.

Se describe un caso de injuria oral auto producida en un niño de 15 meses de edad. El niño tenía el hábito de colocar la mandíbula hacia adelante mordiendo con los incisivos maxilares la encía por lingual de los incisivos temporales mandibulares causando una marcada ulceración. Se sugiere que el hábito puede haber sido iniciado por la irritación producida por la erupción de los caninos tenporales mandibulares. El hábito fue descontinuado cuando los caninos erupcionaron y el area ucerada cicatrizó completamente.
Radiovisiography—a preliminary subjective assessment in a hospital paediatric dentistry department
Authors: RUSSELL M. , PITTS N. B.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Recent reports on radiovisiography (RVG) have concentrated mainly on the physical characteristics of this relatively new, digital imaging dental radiographic technique. This paper reports a preliminary assessment of the Mark 2 mobile system in routine use in a hospital paediatric dentistry department. The evaluation encompassed patient acceptability, ease of operation and the clinicians' subjective assessments of the images obtained. It was concluded that RVG is, in general, an acceptable alternative to conventional intra‐oral radiography.

Les études récentes sur la radiovisiographie (RVG) ont porté principalement sur les caractéristiques physiques de cette technique de radiologic dentaire par image digitale. Cette étude présente une évaluation préliminaire du systéme mobile MARK 2 en utilisation de routine dans un service hospitalier de dentisterie pédiatrique. Cette évaluation prend en compte l'acceptabilité par le patient, la facilité d'utilisation et l'évaluation personnelle par les opérateurs des images obtenues. En conclusion, la RVG est, en général, une alternative acceptable à la radiographic intraoral conventionnelle.

Bisherige Publikationen über Radiovisiographie (RVG) haben sich im wesentlichen über die physikalischen Eigenschaften dieser realitv neuen digitalen dentalen radiographischen Technik befasst. Diese Studie berichtet über eine erste Beurteilung des Mark 2 mobilen Systems, welches in einer kinderzahnmedizinischen Abteilung eines Spitals routinemässig angewendet wird. Die Beurteilung umfasst: Die Patienten Akzeptanz, die Anwendbarkeit und die subjektive Beurteilung der erhaltenen Bilder. Man kommt zum Schluss, dass RVG im allgemeinen eine Alternative zur konventionalen intraoralen Radiographic ist.

Reportes recientes utilizando radiovisiografía (RVG) se han concentrado principalmente en las características físicas de esta nueva técnica sobre radiografías dentales de imagen digital. Este artículo reporta la evaluación preliminar del sistema móvil Mark 2 utilizado rutinariamente en el departamento de odontología pediátrica de un hospital. La evaluación tuvo en consideración: aceptación por parte del paciente, facilidad de su uso y evaluación subjetiva del operador de las imágenes producidas. Se concluyó que la RVG es, en general, una aceptable alternativa a la radiografía intraoral convencional.
Dental health of 12‐year‐old children living in similar rural communities in France and England
Authors: LUNN HOWARD D.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A survey was conducted of the dental health of 12‐year‐old children attending state schools in the towns of Segré (France) and Shaftesbury (England). The results showed that the Segré children had DMFT and DMFS scores double that of the Shaftesbury children. More Segré children had calculus and more were undergoing orthodontic treatment. There were no significant differences between the two schools in gingival health and oral cleanliness, but in both the French and English schools the girls had cleaner teeth than the boys.

Cette étude a porté sur la santé dentaire d'enfants de 12 ans, éléves d'ecoles publiques de Segré (France) et Shaftesbury (Angleterre). Les résultats ont montré que les enfants de Segré avaient un indice CAO double de celui des enfants de Shaftesbury. Les enfants de Segré étaient plus nombreux à avoir du tartre et à suivre un traitement orthodontique. Il n'y avait pas de différences significatives, entre les deux écoles, en ce qui concerne la santé gingivale et l'hygiéne orale, mais les filles avaient les dents plus propres que les garçons.

Es wurde eine Untersuchung der zahn‐gesundheit von 12 jähr. Kindern in staatlichen Schulen von Segré (Frankreich) und Shaftesbury (England) durchgefürt. Das Ergebnis zeigte, dass die Kinder von Segré doppelt so viele kariöse, fehlende und gefüllte Zähne und Flächen hatten als die Kinder von Shaftesbury. Die Kinder von Segré hatten mehr Zahnstein und Zahn‐regulierungen. Es waren keine bedeutenden Unterschiede zuishen den beiden Schulen die Gaumengesundheit und die Mundhygiene betreffend, aber in beiden französischen und englishen Schulen hatten die Mädchen sauberere Zähne als die Jungen.

Se realizó un estudio de salud dental en niños de 12 años de edad asistentes a escuelas públicas delas ciudades de Segré (Francia) y Shaftesbury (Inglaterra). Los resultados mostraron que los niños de Segré tenían un DMFT y DMFS dos veces más altos que los de Shaftesbury. En Segré, más niños tenían cálculos y más estaban recibiendo tratamiento ortodóntico. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las dos escuelas en relación a la salud gingival y limpieza oral, pero en las dos ciudades, las niñas tenían los dientes más limpios que las niñes.
Problems of root resorption in relation to orthodontic treatment planning: a report of three cases
Authors: CHADWICK S. M. , CARTER N. E.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Three cases are described illustrating problems of root resorption related to orthodontic treatment. In the first case the short roots of many of the teeth made it inappropriate to carry out orthodontic treatment. In the second case there were no signs of root resorption initially, but, following retraction of maxillary incisors with a removable appliance, root resorption was noted affecting molar and premolar teeth, but not the maxillary incisors. In the third case several teeth had short roots, and further shortening of roots occurred during fixed appliance therapy. These cases illustrate the unpredictable nature of root resorption.

Resumé.

Problèmes posés par les résorptions de racine en relation avec les traitements orthodontiques: rapport de trois cas

Ces trois cas illustrent les problèmes de résorption de racines en relation avec les traitements orthodontiques. Dans le premier cas, les racines courtes de plusieurs dents rendaient le traitement orthodontique inapproprié. Dans le deuxième cas, il n'y avait pas de signe de résorption des racines mais après traction des incisives maxillaires avec un appareil amovible, une résorption des racines des molaires et prémolaires est apparue mais pas de celles des incisives maxillaires. Dans le troisième cas, plusieurs dents avaient des racines courtes et par la suite une résorption des racines est apparue pendant le traitement par plaque amovible. Ces trois cas illustruent le caractère imprévisible des résorptions radiculaires.

Probleme von Wurzelresorptionen im Bezug der Planung einer orthodontische Behandlung: ein Bericht von 3 Fällen

Drei Fälle von Wurzelresorptionen werden beschrieben in Zusammenhang zu einer orthodontische Behandlung. Im ersten Fall, mit kurzen Wurzein vieler Zähner, war eine orthodontische Behandlung nicht angebracht. Im zweiten Fall wurde zu Beginn kein Wurzelresorptionen festgestellt aber in der Folge der Retraktion der Frontzähne, mit einer abnehmbren Apparatur, wurden Resorptionen an der Molaren und Prämolaren gefunden aber nicht an den Frontzähne. Im dritten Fall hatten einige Zähne kurze Wurzein und während der Behandlung mit einer fixen Apparatur erfolgten weitere Kürzungen.

Problemas de reabsorción radicular relacionados con el plan de tratamiento ortodóntico: reporte de tres casos

Se describen tres casos ilustrando reabsorción radicular relacionadas con tratamiento ortodóntico. En el primer caso, las raíces cortas de muchos de los dientes hizo que el tratamiento ortodóntico no fuera posible. En el segundo caso no hubo signos de reabsorción radicular inicialmente, pero despues de la retracción de los incisivos maxilares con aparatos removibles, se notó reabsorción radicular afectando los molares y premolares, pero no a los incisivos. En el tercer caso, varios dientes presentaron raíces cortas y más acortamiento radicular occurrió durante el tratamiento con aparatologia fija. Estos casos muestran la naturaleza impredecible de la reabsorción radicular.
An audit of anterior periapical radiographs taken in a paediatric dentistry unit
Authors: SHOCKLEDGE R. R. , HILL F. J. , MACKIE I. C.
Published: August 2010

Summary. The aim of this study was to audit the use of periapical radiographs taken during the endodontic treatment of traumatized incisor teeth in a Paediatric Dentistry Unit. Fifty consecutive radiographs and their accompanying written records were evaluated, using methods which were developed and applied by ten staff and postgraduate students working in the Unit. Less than half of the films and their accompanying records were considered to be completely satisfactory and the performance of permanent staff was no better than that of junior staff and postgraduate students. The audit suggested methods for improving the quality of this service, which were subsequently implemented.

Audit des radiographics péri‐apicales de dents antérieures prises dans un service de dentisterie pédiatrique

Le but de cette étude est l'audit des radiographics péri‐apicales prises lors du traitement endodontique d'incisives traumatisées dans un service de dentisterie pédiatrique. Cinquante radiographics consécutives et leurs compte‐rendus écrits ont été étudiés selon des critères décidés par dix enseignants et étudiants en spécialité du service. Moins de la moitié des radiographies et de leurs compte‐rendus ont été considérés comme tout à fait satisfaisants et l'efficacité des enseignants chevronnés de l'équipe n'était pas meilleure que celle des jeunes enseignants ou que celle des étudiants en spécialité. Cet audit propose des méthodes, qui ont été adoptées par la suite, pour améliorer ce service.

Ein Beurteilung von periapikalen Röntgenbilder aufgenommen in einer kinderzahnmedizinischen Abteilung

Der Zweck diese Studie war die Beurteilung von Röntgenbilder aufgenommen wäh‐rend einer endodontischen Behandlung von traumatisierten Frontzähne. 50 Röntgenbilder und die entsprechenden schriftlichen Notizen wurde beurteilt. Diese stammten von 10 Staffmitglieder und postgraduate Studenten dieser Abteilung. Weniger als 50% der Filme und der Berichte waren total zufriedenstellend. Die Durchführung der Staffmitglieder war nicht besser als diejenige der Studenten. Verbesserungsvorschläge wurde in der Folge in der Praxis Umgesezt.

Auditoría de radiografias perapicales anteriores tomadas en una unidad de odontología pediátrica

El objeto de este estudio fue hacer una auditoría del uso de radiografias periapicales tomadas en una unidad de odontologia pediátrica durante el tratamiento endodóntico de dientes anteriores traunatizados. Cincuenta radiografías consecutivas y los expedientes de los pacientes fueron evaluados utilizando métodos desarrollados y aplicados por 10 profesores, asistentes y estudiantes de postgrado que trabajaban en la unidad. Menos de la mitad de las radiografías y sus expedientes fueron considerados satisfactorios en su totalidad la labor de los empleados permanents no fue mejor que la de los empleados o estudiantes de postgrado. La auditoría sugirió métodos para mejorar la calidad del servicio, los cuales fueron implementados por la unidad.