bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From War to Post-War: Security Lost and Found
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

This chapter traces the ways in which activists in both countries became aware of the dangers of nuclear weapons in the immediate post-war period and how they developed the first campaigns. It highlights how they tried to carve up new spaces of activism as their societies were reconstructed. It highlights the importance of political traditions from the 1920s as reservoirs for political actions and ideas. The chapter also emphasizes how important memories of the Second World War were for the perception of the present as an ‘atomic age’, when the rejection of the military uses of nuclear weapons went hand in hand with the often enthusiastic endorsement of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy as a marker of modernity.
Organizing the Extra-Parliamentary Politics of Security
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

Concepts of ‘fellowship’ and ‘community’ were crucial for generating a feeling of belonging within the movements and for re-creating a synchrony between experiences and life worlds within the movements. As political actors, however, the movements also required organizations to regulate the multitude of communications about security and to turn them into political aims. Activists’ political experiences and the form of social organization were, therefore, intimately related. Movement organizations aided the activists in discussing their aims and in communicating their visions of ‘security’ to the wider public by providing them with rules and procedures that enabled them to translate their manifold experiences into political aims. But the movements’ organizational structures not only facilitated communications; they were themselves products of communicative processes.
Epilogue: Redefining Experiences
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

The dynamic interaction between events and the ways West German and British activists made sense of them was the condition that made it possible for activists to gain novel experiences of the cold war, and to reinterpret their agency. But British and West German developments differed in terms of the concrete links that activists made between their broader counter-cultural engagements and their political activism. This had consequences for the ways in which activists reflected upon their activism and developed their experiences from the end of the events around 1968 to the 1970s. This brought early cold war activism to a close: British and West German activists rarely took note of each other. And, while extra-parliamentary activism continued to matter in both countries, West German activists in particular developed entirely novel forms of political engagement that fed into the ‘new’ social movements of the 1970s.
FISP activities and achievements
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

The implementation of the FISP as a national programme is complex, involving several activities and interaction and coordination of various stakeholders at different levels. Drawing on programme records and household surveys, this chapter provides detailed information on the changes that have taken place in the design and implementation of the programme from 2005/6 to 2010/11. It is argued that implementation of the programme has largely been successful, with lesson learning and adaption allowing improvements in design and implementation. Cross party political commitment has been an important feature in the implementation of the programme. Nonetheless, major challenges remain in terms of targeting, timeliness of input delivery to farmers, the involvement of the private sector, payment of ‘tips’ by smallholder farmers, and cost control.
Graduation
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

Graduation has emerged as an issue in debates about the future of the agricultural input subsidy programme in Malawi, amid concerns about the programme’s high cost and fiscal sustainability. However, graduation processes hardly feature in theoretical consideration of subsidy programmes and the current design of the programme does not make any explicit allowance for the graduation of some farmers from the subsidy over time. This chapter considers ways in which the concept of graduation may be usefully applied to the FISP and sets out a broad conceptualization of graduation for potential application in programme design and implementation. Graduation is conceptualized as a removal of access to the programme that ‘does not leave current beneficiaries supported by the programme unable to pursue sustainable independent livelihoods’. The chapter also highlights the need for a multi-scale approach to facilitate graduation and the political difficulties associated with programme reduction and increasing farmer contributions.
Prayer and Vision in the Middle Ages
Authors: Flood Gavin
Published: January 2014

This chapter presents an account of the medieval symbolic system expressing a Christian cosmology that is mapped onto the body and mapped onto subjectivity. The focus on inwardness in Christian discourse is also a discovery of the way in which the subject recapitulates the broader cosmological structure within the self. Inwardness or the truth within is not secret in the early Christian tradition through the Middle Ages; but the journey within, which is a journey to discover God, is available to all. The chapter examines pre-philosophical vision literature. Here we see a transparency of the self in medieval literature that is to disappear in the later tradition. The symbolic, cosmological world of the Middle Ages disintegrates at the end of the period and gives way to a different kind of inwardness that has retreated from cosmology, now claimed by an objectivist, scientific discourse.
A Hindu Philosophy of Inwardness
Authors: Flood Gavin
Published: January 2014

Abhinavagupta, one of the greatest thinkers of the Śaiva Age, is a philosopher of interiority who systematically presents a doctrine of the truth within. He intends to present an analysis of the human situation, especially in response to other competing philosophical systems, and to promote a particular vision of human liberation and the highest good. From one perspective, Abhinavagupta accepts the general Indian world view that we are caught in a web of suffering with all creatures, being born and dying repeatedly until liberated from the cycle. Yet from the highest perspective of pure consciousness, there is only the appearance of repeated birth and death; in reality, a person is identical with the one truth of pure consciousness. The human person is an appearance of pure consciousness, which becomes differentiated into subjects and objects in a process of development in which unity becomes fragmented. This truth is realised in inwardness.
Pragmatic Representations
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: January 2014

Pragmatic representations are the representations that mediate between sensory input and motor output. The aim of this chapter is to argue that they are perceptual states and that they play a very important role in our mental economy. More precisely, the aim is to argue that there are mental representations that are both perceptual states and (part of what constitutes) the immediate mental antecedents of actions. The strategy this chapter follows is to start out with the immediate mental antecedents of actions, explain what they are, and then show that they are (very often) perceptual states.
Action
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: January 2014

Pragmatic representations mediate between sensory input and motor output. This chapter argues that at least sometimes they are the only representational states that mediate between sensory input and motor output. Sometimes we don’t need any beliefs or desires in order to act—only pragmatic representations. This should make us re-evaluate the classic belief–desire picture of motivation. Further, as pragmatic representations are normally unconscious, philosophy of action should be a naturalistic enterprise where, given that introspection will not give us (reliable) information about pragmatic representations, empirical findings need to be used to find out more about the nature of pragmatic representations. The category of semi-actions is also introduced and explained, and the scope of the belief–desire picture is further reduced by providing an alternative picture for deliberative decision-making, which would be the last refuge of the belief–desire model.
Pragmatic Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: January 2014

Pragmatic representations are perceptual states that attribute action-properties. Pragmatic mental imagery is mental imagery that attributes action-properties. Pragmatic mental imagery can serve as the representational component of the immediate antecedent of our actions, but it plays some further roles in our mental life. Some (not all) pretence actions, for example, can be explained with the help of pragmatic mental imagery. And the recently popular concept of “alief” can also be elucidated by this concept.
Vicarious Perception
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: January 2014

Pragmatic representations attribute self-centred action-properties—properties that are relevant to the performance of my action. Vicarious perception attributes other-centred action-properties—properties that are relevant to the performance of someone else’s action. This chapter argues that vicarious perception is a thus far unexplored, very rudimentary, and ontogenetically as well as phylogenetically basic form of social cognition. Some important debates in cognitive science about theory of mind can be fruitfully addressed if we introduce this concept. More precisely, while it is not clear whether non-human primates and infants under one year are capable of theory of mind, it could be argued that the empirical findings show that they are capable of vicarious perception. The phenomenon of seeing something as emotionally relevant to someone else—a form of emotional engagement called ‘vicarious emotional engagement’—is also explored as an alternative to empathy and sympathy.
Gender and Diversity Challenges in Professional Services Firms
Authors: Haynes Kathryn
Published: January 2014

The chapter considers the scope and significance of professional services firms by drawing from debates about the nature of professional services firms, and examining their impact within the economy and as employers. It evaluates how professional services limit their membership through closure regimes based on the traditional nature of professionals and professionalism. The main focus of the discussion is on gender challenges in the professional services context as a form of social closure through the need to have appropriate social and physical capital. However, the chapter also considers other forms of social closure, based on class and race among other factors, which also may interact with each other. Finally, the chapter draws out some implications for equality within professional services firms, suggesting that while classic barriers to entry have been overcome, some other inequalities remain, especially in the pursuit of promotion to higher levels and prestigious areas of work.
Innovation in Services
Authors: Salter Ammon , Tether Bruce S.
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides an overview on innovation in services, particularly from the perspective of innovation studies. It focuses on two questions at the core of the growing body of research on this topic: (1) the level or extent of innovation in services, i.e. whether services are more or less innovative than manufacturing, and (2) the nature of the innovation process, and how this varies across different service activities. The chapter highlights and discusses the substantial variation that exists among services—ranging from traditional service providers through ‘systems firms’ (such as airlines) to professional service firms. It also outlines three debates: how to account for, or measure, service innovation; how to protect and profit from innovation in services; and the intertwining of technological and organizational innovation in services.
Urban Flux: Mobility, Change, and Communities of Faith
Authors: Day Katie , Conboy Edd
Published: January 2014

This chapter describes the relationship of demographics and religion. In Philadelphia, congregational development had been directly related to population trends, particularly through the Great Migration and foreign immigration; religion was a pull factor for new residents, contributing to decisions about where to settle. However, it is later seen that population, poverty and religion do not move together but other demographic dynamics are at work in the growth and decline of urban congregations. Still, communities of faith are not at the mercy of social trends but maintain independent agency, and are actively engaged in shaping their urban ecologies, both immediate and across neighborhoods.
Locality in Restructuring
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna
Published: January 2014

In this paper, I discuss some apparent violations of locality, namely, instances of clitic and NP movement across a wh-item, pointed out by Rizzi (1982). I suggest that the wh-element, which does not contribute an interrogative meaning, does not occur in the CP layer but in a clause-internal position. The wh-item is to be categorized as a wh-indefinite with the distribution of a polarity item. The construction displays other locality restrictions (i.e., the wh-item cannot be moved long distance), and a very limited productivity, which depends on the type of wh-items involved.
Improved salt imaging in a basin context by high resolution potential field data: Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea
Authors: Stadtler Christopher , Fichler Christine , Hokstad Ketil , Myrlund Eva Andrea , Wienecke Susann , Fotland Bente
Published: January 2014

The seismic imaging of salt diapirs in the Nordkapp Basin gave rise to considerable problems in defining their shape and volume. Independent information was added by integrating the interpretation with high resolution gravity and magnetic data. We developed a novel, iterative workflow, separated into sub‐categories: sediments, salt structures, basement and Moho. Distinctions between the sources of the anomalies from different depths was achieved by utilizing the different decay characteristics of gravity, gravity gradiometry and high resolution magnetic anomalies. The workflow was applied to the southern part of the Nordkapp Basin. It started with the sedimentary model derived from seismics, populated with measured densities and magnetic susceptibilities and a starting model for the base salt. The residual after the removal of this model was interpreted in terms of a crustal model, including flexural isostatic calculations for the Moho with the sedimentary load. The residual after the removal of crustal and early sedimentary model was used to tune the salt model. As these major and minor modelling steps depend on each other, an iterative process was applied to stepwise improve the density and magnetic susceptibility model. The first vertical gradient of gravity and the magnetic field were found to give most information about the cap rock of the diapirs. The improvement in salt imaging, integrated with results from controlled‐source electromagnetic and magneto‐telluric modelling is shown for the salt diapir Uranus, where a well, terminated in the salt, constrains the minimum of the depth to base salt.
Doing More with Less? Employee Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach via Target Similarity or Spillover during Public Sector Organizational Change
Authors: Conway Neil , Kiefer Tina , Hartley Jean , Briner Rob B.
Published: January 2014

Many countries are facing the twin pressures of austerity and recession following the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. This paper uses the UK public sector and a major national announcement of budget cuts signalling extensive organizational cutbacks as its setting. We examine (a) whether organizational changes following the national announcement affect public sector employees' psychological contract breach, (b) whether employee reactions to psychological contract breach are consistent with the target similarity model and vary across foci, namely the organization, co‐workers and public service users, and (c) whether some of these relationships are moderated by job insecurity or public sector commitment. We collected longitudinal survey data before and after the announcement of budget cuts, using a sample of 340 employees from a range of public organizations and locations. Results largely confirm the hypotheses. Increases in organizational change predicted psychological contract breach, which in turn predicted decreases in contributions towards the organization; however, contributions towards co‐workers and public service users were unaffected, which can be explained with a target similarity, rather than a spillover, model. Furthermore, the relationship between breach and employee behaviours directed toward the public was moderated by job insecurity and public sector commitment.
Requiem for analytical psychology: a reflection on Jung's (anti)catastrophic psychology
Authors: Barreto Marco Heleno
Published: January 2014

This article is an interpretation of analytical psychology in the light of the catastrophic vision and dreams that Jung had in 1913 and 1914. It is shown how the guiding spirit of Jung's psychological project is to be found in that psychic material. Then it is proposed that the completion of the symbolic catastrophe displayed in Jung's last vision (1961) points to the end of the psychological foundations upon which analytical psychology is built, and thus to its cultural obsolescence, extensive to any psychology grounded in Jung's notion of ‘soul’.
Different Efficiency of Ozonated Water Washing to Inactivate Salmonella enterica Typhimurium on Green Onions, Grape Tomatoes, and Green Leaf Lettuces
Authors: Xu Wenqing , Wu Changqing
Published: January 2014

Ozonated water washing is one of the emerging techniques to inactivate foodborne pathogens on produce, and limited information is available to optimize processing parameters (treatment time, temperature, and pH) to improve ozone efficacy on Salmonella inactivation for different produce. The efficacy of ozonated water washing for inactivation of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium on green onions, grape tomatoes and green leaf lettuces were studied in our research. Surface inoculated fresh produce were washed by ozonated water for 1, 5, or 10 min at room temperature and pH 5.60 ± 0.03. Then efficacy of ozonated water washing at mild heated (50 °C) and refrigerated (4 °C) temperature for 5 min with pH 5.60 ± 0.03 was investigated. Salmonella inactivation efficacy under pH 5.60 ± 0.03 and 2.64 ± 0.02 with 5 min washing at room temperature were also compared. Our results showed that Salmonella inactivation by ozonated water was time‐dependent for 3 fresh produce. Mild heated temperature (50 °C) and pH 2.64 ± 0.02 improved efficacy of ozonated water to inactivate Salmonella on tomatoes and lettuces, but not on green onions. It is suggested that different surface structures of fresh produce significantly impact the antimicrobial efficacy of ozonated water washing operated under various parameters (time, temperature, and pH).

Practical Application

Washing is the essential step for green onions and lettuces in the packinghouse and grape tomatoes in the restaurants and grocery stores having salad bars. Ozonated water can be used as disinfectant to reduce microbial contamination (FDA). The effectiveness of this disinfectant depends on the type of product and treatment conditions, such as water temperature, acidity, contact time. Our study showed that Salmonella inactivation by ozonated water washing was time‐dependent. Mild heat and low pH improved inactivation efficacy on tomatoes and lettuces, but not on green onions. Processors should consider adjustments that are most appropriate for their produce.
Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐5: Novel mediator of insulin and tumor necrosis factor α‐stimulated vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 expression in vascular cells 细胞外信号调节激酶‐5：一种新的调节胰岛素与肿瘤坏死因子α刺激下的血管细胞上的血管细胞粘附分子‐1表达的介质
Authors: Mackesy Daniel Z. , Goalstone Marc L.
Published: January 2014

Background

Atherosclerosis may be stimulated by the increased presence of insulin and tumor necrosis‐factor‐α (TNFα) with subsequent expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1). We hypothesized that extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐5 (ERK5) plays an important role in insulin and TNFα‐stimulated total and cell surface VCAM‐1 expression.

Methods

Rat aorta vascular endothelial cells were first transfected with either no inhibitory RNA, inactive (scrambled) inhibitory ERK5 RNA (scERK5) or active inhibitory ERK5 RNA (siERK5) and then treated with either (i) no analog; (ii) insulin (1 nM), or TNFα (1 ng/mL) alone, or (iii) insulin plus TNFα for 6 h. Thereafter either total VCAM‐1 protein or surface VCAM‐1 protein was determined.

Results

Genetic inhibition of ERK5 decreased TNFα‐stimulated total VCAM‐1 expression by 57% and surface expression by 27%. In contrast, genetic inhibition of ERK5 did not significantly decrease insulin‐stimulated total or surface VCAM‐1 expression. Interestingly, genetic inhibition of ERK5 did not significantly decrease insulin plus TNFα‐stimulated total VCAM‐1 expression, but significantly (P < 0.05) decreased insulin plus TNFα‐stimulated surface VCAM‐1 expression 41%.

Conclusions

We report here that ERK5 plays a minor role in insulin‐stimulation of VCAM‐1, but plays a significant role in TNFα‐stimulation of both total and cell surface VCAM‐1 protein expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that not only does ERK5 have differential mediation of insulin and TNFα‐stimulated VCAM‐1 expression, but also has differential regulation of insulin plus TNFα‐stimulated total and surface VCAM‐1 expression, suggesting that other intermediates of the insulin and TNFα intracellular pathways are contributing to atherogenesis.
Effective notification of important non‐urgent radiology results: A qualitative study of challenges and potential solutions
Authors: Georgiou Andrew , Hordern Antonia , Dimigen Marion , Zogovic Branimir , Callen Joanne , Schlaphoff Glen , Westbrook Johanna I
Published: January 2014

Introduction

We report on the implementation of a Radiology Notification System (RNS), set up by the medical imaging department of a major Sydney teaching hospital in March 2010. This study aimed to investigate the views of the medical imaging department staff about: (i) the results follow‐up problem encountered by the medical imaging department prior to the implementation of the RNS; (ii) what changes occurred following implementation of the RNS; and (iii) suggestions for improving the RNS.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional qualitative study incorporating semi‐structured interviews with 16 staff (15 radiologists and 1 clerk) after the implementation of the RNS. Interviews were conducted in August/September 2011.

Results

The reasons behind the development of the RNS were related to: (i) major existing problems with the communication of results between the imaging department and hospital wards; (ii) cumbersome and inefficient paper‐based notification systems; and (iii) the absence of standardised guidelines and procedures for radiology test notification and follow‐up. The RNS managed to free up a significant proportion of radiologist time, resulting in greater efficiencies. Study participants also highlighted a number of areas for improvement, including the need for a 24‐h service, feedback and acknowledgement of test results by clinicians and the standardisation of test management definitions and procedures.

Conclusion

Test management systems can play an important part in enhancing safe and effective communications between wards and hospital departments. However, their uptake and sustainability will require the establishment of a multidisciplinary and hospital‐wide collaboration that includes clinicians.
The impact of hepatitis C burden: an evidence‐based approach
Authors: Younossi Z. M. , Kanwal F. , Saab S. , Brown K. A. , El‐Serag H. B. , Kim W. R. , Ahmed A. , Kugelmas M. , Gordon S. C.
Published: January 2014

Background

Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been considered a major cause of mortality, morbidity and resource utilisation in the US. In addition, HCV is the main cause of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) in the US. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of HCV, including new recommendations pertaining to screening for HCV by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and newer treatment regimens with high efficacy, short duration and the potential for interferon‐free therapies, have energised the health care practitioners regarding HCV management.

Aim

To assess the full impact of HCV burden on clinical, economic and patient‐reported outcomes.

Methods

An expert panel was convened to assess the full impact of HCV burden on a number of important outcomes using an evidence‐based approach predicated on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. The literature was summarised, graded using an evidence‐based approach and presented during the workshop. Workshop presentations were intended to review recent, relevant evidence‐based literature and provide graded summary statements pertaining to HCV burden on topics including the relationships between HCV and the development of important outcomes.

Results

The associations of HCV with cirrhosis, HCC, liver‐related mortality, type 2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatological diseases and quality of life impairments are supported by strong evidence. Also, there is strong evidence that sustained viral eradication of HCV can improve important outcomes such as mortality and quality of life.

Conclusions

The current evidence suggests that HCV has been associated with tremendous clinical, economic and quality of life burden.
Combining ecological, social and technical criteria to select species for forest restoration
Authors: Meli Paula , Martínez‐Ramos Miguel , Rey‐Benayas José María , Carabias Julia
Published: January 2014

Question

How to evaluate and integrate relevant ecological, social and technical criteria to select species to be introduced in restoration projects of highly diverse ecosystems such as tropical riparian forests.

Location

Riparian forest, Marqués de Comillas municipality, southeast Mexico (16°54′N, 92°05′W).

Methods

We proposed a ‘species selection index’ (SSI) using five independent criteria related to ecological, social and technical information.SSItargeted species that (1) are important in the reference forest; (2) are less likely to establish following disturbance; (3) are not specific to a particular habitat; (4) are socially accepted; and (5) their propagation requires a reasonable time and financial investment.SSImay range between zero and 50, with higher values meaning higher potential for restoration purposes.

Results

Out of a local pool of 97 species, we identified 30 target tree species that together represented >60% of total importance value index in the reference riparian forests.SSIaveraged 28.3 ± 1.0 over the studied species, suggesting that species with high values are not frequent. For 20 species, reintroduction by means of active forest restoration was deemed necessary. Species that established through natural regeneration, following secondary regrowth, had lower social value among local farmers. Nearly half of the identified species showed technical constraints for easy propagation and seeding.

Conclusions

The proposed procedure is useful for selecting species to initiate forest restoration projects and of other woody ecosystems that harbour high biodiversity, and is suitable for several stakeholders interested in restoration.
More than beliefs: Subject areas and teachers' integration of laptops in secondary teaching
Authors: Howard Sarah K. , Chan Amy , Caputi Peter
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship of subject areas to teachers' technology integration. Educational technology research has often identified “culture clashes” to explain differences in technology use between subject areas. These clashes are frequently attributed to core features, values and beliefs held in the subject area cultures, but there has been little research analyzing the relationship between subject areas and integration. Using a validated path model as a conceptual framework, this paper presents an analysis of the relationship between three subject areas (English, Mathematics, Science) and known factors of teacher beliefs and readiness to use technology in teaching, which directly impact on secondary‐level teachers' technology integration, over three years. Findings show that time and subject areas are both associated with teachers' readiness, but only subject areas are associated with teachers' beliefs. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Survival benefit of definitive therapy in patients with clinically advanced prostate cancer: estimations of the number needed to treat based on competing‐risks analysis
Authors: Gandaglia Giorgio , Sun Maxine , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Becker Andreas , Schiffmann Jonas , Hu Jim C. , Briganti Alberto , Montorsi Francesco , Perrotte Paul , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Abdollah Firas
Published: January 2014

Objective

To describe the survival benefit associated with radical prostatectomy (RP), as compared with initial observation, in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa).

Patients and Methods

Overall, 1382 patients with locally advanced PCa treated with RP or initial observation between 1995 and 2009 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Medicare insurance programme‐linked database. Patients were matched using propensity‐score methodology, then 10‐year cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) rates were estimated and the number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated. Competing‐risks regression analyses tested the relationship between treatment type and CSM.

Results

Overall, the 10‐year CSM rates were 11.8 and 19.3% for patients treated with RP and initial observation, respectively (P < 0.001). The corresponding 10‐year NNT was 13. The 10‐year CSM rates for the same treatment groups were 8.9 vs 13.9%, respectively, for Gleason score ≤7, 16.8 vs 27.8%, respectively, for Gleason score 8–10, 10.1 vs 15.8%, respectively, for clinical stage T3a, and 17.0 vs 29.3%, respectively, for T3b/T4, respectively (all P ≤ 0.04). The corresponding NNTs were 20, 9, 17 and 8, respectively. In multivariable analyses, RP was an independent predictor of more favourable CSM rates in all categories (all P ≤ 0.04). In separate sensitivity analyses, no differences were recorded when patients treated with radiotherapy were compared with those receiving RP (P = 0.4). Conversely, patients undergoing initial observation had a higher risk of CSM compared with those treated with radiotherapy (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

RP leads to a significant survival advantage compared with observation in patients with locally advanced disease. The highest benefit was observed in patients with T3b/T4 and Gleason score 8–10 disease.
Taxation and Market Power
Authors: Konrad Kai A. , Morath Florian , Müller Wieland
Published: January 2014

We analyze the incidence and welfare effects of unit sales tax increases in experimental monopoly and Bertrand markets. We find, in line with economic theory, that firms with no market power are able to shift a high share of the tax burden to consumers, independent of whether buyers are automated or human players. In monopoly markets, a monopolist bears a large share of the burden of a tax increase. With human buyers, however, this share is smaller than with automated buyers, as the presence of human buyers constrains the pricing behaviour of a monopolist. Several control treatments corroborate this finding.
Exclusion via Non‐Exclusive Contracts
Authors: Semenov Aggey , Wright Julian
Published: January 2014

We establish that non‐linear vertical contracts can allow an incumbent to exclude an upstream rival in a setting that does not rely on the exclusivity of the incumbent's contracts with downstream firms or any limits on distribution channels available to the incumbent or rival. The optimal contract we describe is a three‐part quantity discounting contract that involves the payment of an allowance to a downstream distributor and a marginal wholesale price below the incumbent's marginal cost for sufficiently large quantities. The optimal contract is robust to allowing parties to renegotiate contracts in case of entry.
Incentives for Journal Editors
Authors: Kim Jinyoung , Koh Kanghyock
Published: January 2014

Scholars may become journal editors because editors may generate more citations of their own works. This paper empirically establishes that a scholar's publications are more likely to be cited by papers in a journal that is edited by the scholar. We then test if editors exercise influence on authors to cite editors’ papers by either pressuring authors (“editor‐pressure” hypothesis) or accepting articles with references to the editors’ papers (“editor‐selection” hypothesis), by using the keyword analysis and the forward citation analysis, respectively. We find no evidence for the two hypotheses, which leaves self‐selection as a possible cause for the editor effect. JEL classification: J01
Plaque Accumulation Beneath Maxillary All‐on‐4™ Implant‐Supported Prostheses
Authors: Abi Nader Samer , Eimar Hazem , Momani Moath , Shang Ke , Daniel Nach G. , Tamimi Faleh
Published: January 2014

Background

Maxillary prostheses supported by four implants, following the All‐on‐4™ principles, have become an accepted effective treatment for totally edentulous patients. Maintaining the hygiene of such fixed implant‐supported prostheses is challenging.

Purpose

The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the distribution of plaque on the fitting surface of All‐on‐4 fixed prostheses in order to find new strategies for maintaining their hygiene.

Materials and Methods

Twenty All‐on‐4 maxillary fixed prostheses collected from 20 patients, 6 months after delivery, were stained with methylene blue to disclose plaque accumulation at the fitting surfaces of the prostheses. Digital photographs of the fitting surfaces of the prostheses were recorded and processed. The distribution of accumulated plaque was evaluated statistically.

Results

The average percentage of area covered with plaque was 28 ± 8% of the total area of the fitting surface of the prostheses. The fitting surfaces of the prostheses had three times more plaque on the palatal area (52.5 ± 7.33%) than on the buccal area (17.3 ± 7.33%, p < .05). The interimplant proximal areas of the fitting surface covered with plaque were high when the distance between implants was short (r = −0.326, p = .014).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the hygiene of the All‐on‐4 prostheses could be improved by maximizing the distances between the inserted implants in the jaw, minimizing the prostheses' palatal extension and guiding patients to optimize their oral hygiene practices targeting the palatal area of their prostheses.
Early postoperative mortality after surgery for rectal cancer in Sweden, 2000–2011
Authors: Rutegård M. , Haapamäki M. , Matthiessen P. , Rutegård J.
Published: January 2014

Aim

Postoperative mortality has traditionally been defined as death within 30 days of surgery. Such mortality after rectal cancer resection has declined significantly during the last decades. However, it is possible that this decline can be explained merely by a shift towards an increase in 90‐day mortality.

Method

A nationwide cohort study was based on data from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry and the Swedish Patient Registry concerning patients who had undergone surgical resection for rectal cancer in 2000–2011. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs with 95% CIs regarding mortality in different calendar periods (2000–2003, 2004–2007 and 2008–2011) in two different postoperative time periods (0–30 days and 31–90 days).

Results

Some 15 437 patients were included in this surgical cohort. Mortality within 30 days of surgery decreased from 2.1% in 2000–2003 to 1.6% in 2008–2011, whilst the corresponding mortality within the 31‐ to 90‐day time window decreased from 2.1% to 1.4%. The adjusted risk of 30‐day mortality in 2008–2011 was statistically significantly decreased compared with that in 2000–2003 (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.48–0.93) and mortality in the 31‐ to 90‐day time window was also reduced for 2008–2011 compared with 2000–2003 (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.51–0.99).

Conclusion

This population‐based, nationwide Swedish study indicates that postoperative mortality, as measured within 30 days and 31–90 days after surgery, has decreased with time. However, no relevant shift from earlier to later postoperative mortality was discerned.
Improvement of the cytological diagnostic accuracy of follicular thyroid lesions by the use of the Ki‐67 proliferative index in addition to cytokeratin‐19 and HBME‐1 immunomarkers: a study of 61 cases of liquid‐based FNA cytology with histological controls
Authors: Lacoste‐Collin L. , d'Aure D. , Bérard E. , Rouquette I. , Delisle M. B. , Courtade‐Saïdi M.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To evaluate HBME‐1, cytokeratin‐19 (CK‐19) and Ki‐67 immunomarkers in order to increase the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology.

Methods

Immunocytochemistry against HBME‐1, CK‐19 and Ki‐67 was performed on 123 thyroid FNAs processed by liquid‐based cytology (LBC). Statistical analysis was carried out on 61 cases with histological control and sufficient material for one or more of the three markers. The Bethesda System was used for cytological diagnosis.

Results

Taking into account all the cytological categories, with a cut‐off of 30% of positive cells, HBME‐1 (n = 47) and CK‐19 (n = 53) showed a sensitivity for malignancy of 66.7% (95% confidence interval, 53.2–80.1) and 90.5% (82.6–98.4) and a specificity of 90.6% (82.3–99) and 75% (63.3–86.7), respectively. For Ki‐67 (n = 54) with a cut‐off of 1% of positive cells, the sensitivity was 85.0% (75.5–94.5) and the specificity 70.6% (58.4–82.7). In the follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN) category (n = 37), which was the focus of the study, papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) were less numerous (four cases, three of which were the follicular variant), the positivity of the three immunomarkers combined showed an overall accuracy of 91% (21/23). The mean percentage of Ki‐67‐positive cells was increased in malignant lesions, with the exception of follicular variant PTCs: 16% ± 15.6% in two follicular carcinomas, 4.8% ± 3.2% in 13 classical PTCs, 1% ± 1.2% in five follicular variant PTCs and 0.5% ± 1.9% in 34 non‐malignant lesions.

Conclusions

Immunocytochemistry using HBME‐1, CK‐19 and the Ki‐67 proliferative index increased the diagnostic accuracy of FNA in the FN/SFN category of the Bethesda System, which may help to distinguish lesions in this category with a low or high risk of malignancy. Thus, clinical management would be improved.
Natural and artificial envenomation of Ceratitis capitata by Eupelmus urozonus and the search for new bioinsecticides
Authors: Moretti Riccardo , Calvitti Maurizio
Published: January 2014

This study was designed to indentify novel bioactive molecules in the venom of the parasitoid Eupelmus urozonus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). Parasitism by E. urozonus induces apparent paralysis in the larvae of the host Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and it arrests the development of host pupae. Parasitoid eggs were transferred from stung to unparasitized host pupae to determine whether adult female stings or bites from the first instars were responsible for the above effects. The two treatments gave the same results, indicating that both parasitoid adults and larvae produced venoms capable to compromise host development. A protocol was developed to artificially microinject E. urozonus venom into healthy host pupae and adults at known concentrations to study the effects. The microinjection of venom was found to produce the same macroscopic result as natural parasitization, indicating that host developmental arrest was caused by molecules produced by the parasitoid venom glands. One‐tenth, one‐twentieth, and one‐hundredth of the contents of a female venom reservoir was sufficient to compromise the development of 100, 90, and 50% of the microinjected host pupae, respectively. The microinjection of 0.1 female venom equivalents into host adults always caused death within 24 h. Extraction and freezing did not affect the activity of the E. urozonus venom, which facilitates its storage, whereas denaturation treatments demonstrated that the bioactive molecules were proteins. The venom was also found to prevent the hosts from decaying for over 2 weeks and it promoted the accumulation of unknown subspherical granules in the host haemocoel. These results suggest the potential identification of novel molecules with interesting biological activity with various possible applications.
An inorganic geochemical argument for coupled anaerobic oxidation of methane and iron reduction in marine sediments
Authors: Riedinger N. , Formolo M. J. , Lyons T. W. , Henkel S. , Beck A. , Kasten S.
Published: January 2014

Here, we present results from sediments collected in the Argentine Basin, a non‐steady state depositional marine system characterized by abundant oxidized iron within methane‐rich layers due to sediment reworking followed by rapid deposition. Our comprehensive inorganic data set shows that iron reduction in these sulfate and sulfide‐depleted sediments is best explained by a microbially mediated process—implicating anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to iron reduction (Fe‐AOM) as the most likely major mechanism. Although important in many modern marine environments, iron‐drivenAOMmay not consume similar amounts of methane compared with sulfate‐dependentAOM. Nevertheless, it may have broad impact on the deep biosphere and dominate both iron and methane cycling in sulfate‐lean marine settings. Fe‐AOMmight have been particularly relevant in the Archean ocean, >2.5 billion years ago, known for its production and accumulation of iron oxides (in iron formations) in a biosphere likely replete with methane but low in sulfate. Methane at that time was a critical greenhouse gas capable of sustaining a habitable climate under relatively low solar luminosity, and relationships to iron cycling may have impacted if not dominated methane loss from the biosphere.
An innovative approach to enhancing continuing education activities for practising pharmacists using clicker technology
Authors: Grzeskowiak Luke E , To Josephine , Thomas Alicia E , Phillips Adam J
Published: January 2014

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an audience response system (i.e. clickers) as an engaging tool for learning and examine its potential for enhancing continuing education (CE) activities.

Methods

Attendees at a symposium were invited to utilise and evaluate the use of clickers. Electronic data relating to participant demographics and feedback were collected using clickers during the symposium.

Results

The 60 attendees who used the clickers were mostly pharmacists (76%) who worked in hospital pharmacy practice (86%). Attendees strongly agreed or agreed that clickers were easy to use (94%), enhanced interaction (98%), allowed comparison of knowledge with that of their peers (78%), brought to attention their knowledge deficits (64%) and should be used again (94%).

Conclusion

The innovative use of clickers at the symposium was very well received by all attendees and offered a number of benefits, including the ability to provide a more engaging and interactive CE activity.
Opportunities to improve skills and to teach and train others: employee outcomes in the United States and Japan
Authors: Lee HaeNim , McNamara Tay K. , Pitt‐Catsouphes Marcie , Lee Jungui
Published: January 2014

Opportunities to improve skills and opportunities to teach or train others may be associated with job satisfaction, work engagement and organizational commitment. The analysis reported in this paper used a subsample of 823 employees within two Japanese and three American worksites. We tested not only the direct relationships of each type of training opportunity (to improve skills and to teach or train others) with each of three outcomes (job satisfaction, work engagement and organizational commitment) but also the potential moderating roles of performance orientation, job security and age. The relationships were assessed separately for Japanese and American respondents. The results highlight the importance of opportunities to improve skills for all three outcomes and of opportunities to teach and train for job satisfaction and work engagement. Performance orientation, job security and age generally were not significant moderators and, when they were, the effects were typically restricted to one country. The consistently positive coefficients for training opportunities should provide insight for cross‐national organizations seeking to identify human resource policies effective across varying cultural, economic and demographic contexts.
The palliative care quiz for nursing (PCQN): the development of an instrument to measure nurses' knowledge of palliative care
Authors: M Ross Margaret , McDonald Beth , McGuinness Joan
Published: January 2014

This paper descrihes the process and outcomes of a study to develop a tool to measure nurses' knowledge of palhative care The development of the palhative care quiz for nursing (PCQN) entailed the convening of an advisory committee, a wide process of consultation, the development of a conceptual firamework, determination of format, generating of items and pre‐testing, piloting and further testing of the quiz The PCQN is a 20‐item true, false and 'I don't know' test of knowledge that is easily administered and has utility for assessing knowledge, stimulating discussion and identifying misconceptions ahout palliative care nursing
Thoracic Limb Alignment in Healthy Labrador Retrievers: Evaluation of Standing Versus Recumbent Frontal Plane Radiography
Authors: Goodrich Zachary J. , Norby Bo , Eichelberger Bunita M. , Friedeck Wade O. , Callis Hollye N. , Hulse Don A. , Kerwin Sharon C. , Fox Derek B. , Saunders W. Brian
Published: January 2014

Objective

To report thoracic limb alignment values in healthy dogs; to determine if limb alignment values are significantly different when obtained from standing versus recumbent radiographic projections.

Study Design

Prospective cross‐sectional study.

Animals

Labrador Retrievers (n = 45) >15 months of age.

Methods

Standing and recumbent radiographs were obtained and limb montages were randomized before analysis by a single investigator blinded to dog, limb, and limb position. Twelve limb alignment values were determined using the CORA methodology. Measurements were performed in triplicate and intra‐observer variability was evaluated by intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Limb alignment values were reported as mean ± SD and 95% confidence intervals. Linear mixed models were used to determine if significant associations existed between limb alignment values and limb, limb position, gender, age, weight, and body condition score.

Results

There were significant differences in standing and recumbent limb alignment values for all values except elbow mechanical axis deviation (eMAD). Limb, gender, age, body weight, and body condition score had no effect. ICC values ranged from 0.522 to 0.758, indicating moderate to substantial agreement for repeated measurements by a single investigator.

Conclusions

Limb alignment values are significantly different when determined from standing versus recumbent radiographs in healthy Labrador Retrievers.