bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Registros de representação semiótica na educação matemática: um olhar em torno do conceito de probabilidade
Authors: Costa Antonio Ruan Gomes da , Nóbrega Manassés Pereira
Published: July 2024

Neste artigo, apresenta-se parte dos resultados obtidos em um projeto de pesquisa que investigou as definições mais comuns sobre probabilidade entre alunos de um curso de matemática de uma universidade pública localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Para este texto, selecionaram-se os resultados do eixo investigativo bibliográfico e documental da pesquisa. A discussão aborda a importância dos registros de representação semiótica na Educação Matemática, com foco no conceito de probabilidade. O estudo destaca a relevância de utilizar diferentes formas de representação, como linguagem natural, álgebra e gráficos, para promover a compreensão e aplicação de conceitos matemáticos. O objetivo é identificar contribuições da Teoria de Registros de Representação Semiótica (TRRS) para a Educação Matemática, em especial para o ensino do conceito de probabilidade. O artigo demonstra como a TRRS pode funcionar como um profícuo método para o desenvolvimento de recursos metacognitivos no ensino da Matemática, além de oferecer uma base para fundamentar práticas pedagógicas baseadas em evidências.
Conhecimentos dos diabéticos de uma Unidade de Saúde frente à doença e tratamento farmacológico
Authors: Silva Raiany Thaís Gomes , Barros Amanda Correia da Silva , Silva Maria José Cristiane Lima e , Trindade Ellen Oliveira da , Andrade Leopoldina Augusta Souza Sequeira de , Lima José Gildo de , Albuquerque Josemilda Bento Cavalcante de , Silva Rosali Maria Ferreira da
Published: July 2024

A diabetes mellitus é uma doença prevalente, a nível mundial, caracterizada por distúrbios na secreção de insulina, alterando a homeostase do organismo, podendo ocasionar à resistência ou ausência de insulina. Com o diagnóstico confirmado da diabetes, deve-se iniciar o tratamento, que inclui medidas não farmacológicas, como alterações na alimentação e/ou farmacológicas, com o intuito de manter os níveis de glicose no sangue na faixa da normalidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar os conhecimentos prévios dos diabéticos de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família frente à doença e seu tratamento farmacológico. Foi realizado um estudo transversal quantitativo, na Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) Dra. Fernanda Wanderley, localizada no bairro Linha do Tiro em Recife, Pernambuco. Participaram da pesquisa 37 pacientes diabéticos acompanhados na referida USF do Recife e cadastrados no sistema HÓRUS. Os dados foram coletados individualmente, a partir de uma entrevista semiestruturada. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, estado civil, escolaridade, profissão, conhecimentos prévios sobre a diabetes e seu tratamento farmacológico. Houve o predomínio de idosos, gênero feminino, com número similar entre casados e solteiros, com média de idade igual a 60,2 (DP=12,8), nível de escolaridade bem variado desde o ensino fundamental incompleto até o ensino médio, aposentados ou pensionistas e desempregados. Grande parte dos diabéticos deste estudo apresentou nível de adesão ao tratamento farmacológico médio e elevado. Conclui-se que o conhecimento prévio deles sobre a Diabetes Mellitus e seu tratamento apresentava-se insuficiente em alguns pontos. Quando se relaciona os resultados dos níveis de adesão e os de conhecimento, este último é considerado bom. Além disso, percebe-se que a política pública de dispensação de medicamentos precisa de melhorias.
YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: Pehlivan Oğuz Kaan
Published: July 2024

Uluslararası hukukun karmaşık ve gelişmekte olan alanlarından biri olan halefiyet hukuku, devletlerin uluslararası ilişkilerdeki sorumluluklarının birbirine geçmesini ve değişmesini konu edinir. 6 Kasım 1996’da yürürlüğe giren 1978 tarihli Antlaşmalarda Halefiyete İlişkin Viyana Sözleşmesi, bu alandaki temel çerçeveyi belirlemektedir. Halefiyet kavramı, bir devletin yerini başka bir devletin alması veya devletin hak ve yükümlülüklerinin bir devletten diğerine geçmesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Ancak, bu tanımın ardında yatan karmaşıklık, uluslararası hukukun farklı ilke ve kurallarının etkileşimi ve çatışmasıyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. Zira literatürde, devletlerin halefiyeti, selef devletin akdettiği ikili ve çok taraflı antlaşmalar, malları, arşivleri ve borçlarına halefiyet çerçevesinde tartışılırken uluslararası örgütlere halefiyet konusu bu çatışma alanlarından birisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Böyle ki uluslararası örgütlere halefiyet konusunda, antlaşmalara özellikle çok taraflı antlaşmalara halefiyet kuralları ile örgütlerin kurucu belgeleri/anayasalarında yer alan hükümler arasında nasıl bir tercih yapılacağı tartışmalıdır.
Bu makalede, halefiyet kavramının temel prensipleri, uluslararası örgütlere üyelik bağlamında ele alınacak ve bu alandaki temel yaklaşımlar ile devletlerin ve uluslararası örgütlerin uygulamaları ile Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu’nun çalışmaları incelenecektir. Bu makale, halefiyet hukukunun karmaşıklığını anlamak üzere bir modus operandi önermekte ve bu alandaki tartışmalara ışık tutmak için bir temel oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır.
DİPLOMATİK KORUMA VE KONSOLOSLUK YARDIMINDA ÇOKLU VATANDAŞLIK
Authors: Erson Asar Bilge , Perçin Gizem
Published: July 2024

Devlet ile birey arasında hukuki bir bağ olarak tanımlanan vatandaşlığa bağlı hak ve yükümlülükler, öncelikle vatandaşlık devletinin egemenlik yetkisini kullandığı ülke üzerinde doğmaktadır. Ancak günümüzde yoğun bir artış gösteren nüfus hareketliliği, birçok bireyin vatandaşlık bağı ile bağlı olmadığı devletlerin ülkelerinde bulunmaları sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bulundukları devlet bakımından yabancı statüsünde kabul edilen bu bireyler, o devletin hukuk düzeni içerisinde haklarını savunmak, haklarının ihlal edilmesi halinde ise zararlarının giderilmesini talep etmek zorunda kalabilmektedir. Yabancıların, hukuk sistemine de yabancı oldukları bu devletlerde, haklarını savunmak bakımından ihtiyaç duydukları konsolosluk yardımı ve ihlal edilen haklarının giderimi için aradıkları diplomatik koruma, kural olarak, vatandaşlık bağı ile bağlı oldukları devlet tarafından kendilerine verilebilmektedir. Ancak yabancının birden fazla devlet vatandaşlığına sahip olması durumunda, gerek konsolosluk yardımı gerek diplomatik korumanın hangi vatandaşlık devleti tarafından sağlanacağı ya da vatandaşlık devletlerinin her ikisinin de harekete geçip geçemeyeceği çözüme kavuşturulması gereken meselelerdir. Ayrıca çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin konsolosluk yardımı ile diplomatik korumayı birbirlerine karşı ileri sürüp süremeyecekleri de bu konuda başka bir sorun olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, hem bireyin kabul eden devlet ve ihlal devleti bakımından yabancı olduğu durumlarda her bir vatandaşlık devletinin konsolosluk yardımı ve diplomatik korumada bulunabilmesi, hem de bireyin vatandaşlık devletleri arasında bu yardım ve korumanın mümkün olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiş; konuyla ilgili aranan koşul ve kriterler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın diplomatik koruma bakımından, temel argümanı çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin ayrı ayrı hareket ettiği hallerde ihlal devletinin etkin vatandaşlık devleti ile sonraki süreçleri yürütebileceği; ancak vatandaşlık devletlerinin birlikte hareket ettikleri durumlarda böyle bir kriterin uygulanmasının gerekli olmadığıdır. Temel amacı, yabancı olduğu bir hukuk sisteminde karşılaşabileceği zorluklar karşısında bireyi desteklemek olan konsolosluk yardımında ise, çoklu vatandaşlık devletlerinin, kabul eden devlette, birlikte veya ayrı ayrı konsolosluk yardımı sağlama haklarının devletlerin egemen eşitlik ilkesine uygun olduğu; bununla birlikte vatandaşlık devletlerinden birinde özgürlüğü kısıtlanan birey bakımından konsolosluk yardımının sağlanması yükümlülüğünün bulunmadığı kabul edilmedir.
Do partial rotator cuff tears cause humeral migration?
Authors: Arıkan Emre , Ayanoğlu Tacettin , Kalaycıoğlu Oya , Yılmaz Ömer Faruk , Turhan Mahmut Timur , Çelik İlhan , Çakıcı Hüsamettin
Published: July 2024

Aim: This study aims to analyze the effect of symptomatic partial and full-thickness rotator cuff tears on humeral migration. The hypothesis of the study was that superior humeral migration varies according to the type of rotator cuff tear.
Methods: 80 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair between 2017 and 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Humerus migration directions and distances of patients in the isolated Bankart lesion (Group 1), bursal-side partial (Group 2), articular-side partial (Group 3), and full-thickness rotator cuff tear (Group 4) groups whose diagnosis was confirmed by shoulder arthroscopic intervention MRI were recorded and evaluated.
Results: There was no significant difference between the groups according to age (p=0.295). Migration distance values of isolated Bankart lesions (Group 1) were significantly lower in men (p<0.005). While superior migration rates were significantly increased in full-thickness tears, they were similar in partial tears (p<0.005). The mean migration distance was similar between groups (p=0.153).
Conclusion: Symptomatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears lead to humeral migration. Superior humeral migration was not found to be significant in partial rotator cuff tears, regardless of bursal or articular.
Investigation of perinatal asphyxia in term newborns with postnatal feeding intolerance
Authors: Emreciksin Alişan , Taş Sinan , Danış Ayşegül , Hancı Fatma , Dilek Mustafa
Published: July 2024

Aim: Perinatal asphyxia affects whole body systems and depending on compensation mechanisms, the central nervous system is primarily protected. In this study, we aimed to evaluate brain electrophysiological activity in cases with postnatal feeding intolerance due to perinatal asphyxia and to investigate whether the compensation mechanism is adequate or whether there is a minimal electrophysiological disorder.
Methods: This study was conducted prospectively to compare the amplitude electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of 22 patients who were followed up with the diagnosis of feeding intolerance due to perinatal asphyxia and 10 control groups. Eeg probes were applied by gluing. Conventional EEG was performed in the patient group and the recordings were evaluated with an amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG). It was also compared with feeding time, length of hospital stay, maternal ages, cord blood gas pH and base deficit values, electrolyte values at the 24th hour, appearance pulse grimace activity and respiration (APGAR) and Burdjalov scores.
Results: When aEEG Vmin values, Burdjalov scores, and 1st min APGAR scores were compared, statistically significant difference was found between the patient and control groups. There was an inverse weak correlation between the patients' aEEG Vmin values and their length of hospital stay. A weak correlation was found between the cases’ cord blood gas base deficit and aEEG Vmax values. When cases were divided into two groups as less than 7 days of hospitalization and more than 7 days of hospitalization, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of maternal age.
Conclusion: In our study, it was aimed to show whether there is a minimal effect of perinatal asphyxia on EEG findings in newborns with nutritional deficiency. The difference in the aEEG Vmin values of the case and control groups indicates that brain electrical activity is affected. This is also supported by the fact that those with higher Vmin values had shorter hospital stays.
Payer Status and Racial Disparities in Time to Surgery for Emergent Orthopaedic Procedures
Authors: Schmerler Jessica , Haft Mark , Nelson Sarah , Srikumaran Uma , Best Matthew J.
Published: July 2024

Introduction:

Delay in surgical management for orthopaedic emergencies and severe fracture types can result in notable morbidity and even mortality for patients. Disparities in various facets of orthopaedic care have been identified based on race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and payer status, but disparities in time to surgery have been poorly explored. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate whether disparities exist in time to emergent orthopaedic surgery.

Methods:

Patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture, femur fracture, pelvic fracture, septic knee, septic hip, or cauda equina syndrome over 2012 to 2020 were identified using national data. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed, controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, payer status, socioeconomic status, hospital setting, and comorbidities to examine the effect of payer status and race/ethnicity, on time to surgery.

Results:

Over 2012 to 2020, 247,370 patients underwent surgery for hip fracture, 64,827 for femur fracture, 14,130 for pelvic fracture, 14,979 for septic knee, 3,205 for septic hip, and 4,730 for cauda equina syndrome. On multivariable analysis, patients with Medicaid experienced significantly longer time to surgery for hip fracture, femur fracture, pelvic fracture, septic knee, and cauda equina syndrome (P < 0.05 all). Black patients experienced longer time to surgery for hip fracture, femur fracture, septic knee, septic hip, and cauda equina syndrome, and Hispanic patients experienced longer time to surgery for hip fracture, femur fracture, pelvic fracture, and cauda equina syndrome (P < 0.05 all).

Discussion:

The results of this study demonstrate that Medicaid-insured patients, and often minority patients, experience longer delays to surgery than privately insured and White patients. Future work should endeavor to identify causes of these disparities to promote creation of policies aimed at improving timely access to care for Medicaid-insured and minority patients.

Level of evidence:

III
Evaluating the Effect of Rotator Cuff Repair With Concomitant Distal Claviculectomy on 2 and 4 Year Reoperation Rates
Authors: Pearson Zachary C. , Agarwal Amil R. , Garcia Alex , Mikula Jacob , Rupp Marco-Christopher , Best Matthew J. , Srikumaran Uma
Published: July 2024

Background:

The current literature has differing views on the efficacy of concomitant distal claviculectomy (DC) during rotator cuff repair (RCR) in preventing revision surgery. Our aim was to investigate the revision surgery rate between RCR with DC and RCR without DC.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using a national claims database. Patients undergoing open or arthroscopic primary RCR with or without concomitant DC were identified. The primary outcome was 4-year revision surgery rates. Univariate analysis was conducted using chi-square or Student t tests. Multivariable analysis was conducted using logistic regression, and an adjusted number needed to harm was calculated.

Results:

A total of 131,232 patients met inclusion criteria. After logistic regression, patients undergoing RCR with DC had higher odds of requiring a subsequent DC procedure [OR; 95% CI; P-value (1.49; 1.35-1.64; P < 0.001)] but lower odds of any revision surgery (0.87; 0.80-0.91; P < 0.001) within 4 years than those who underwent RCR without DC.

Conclusion:

Although associated with a lower rate of overall revision surgeries within 2 and 4 years of RCR, those who underwent RCR with DC were 85% more likely at 2 years and 49% more likely at 4 years to undergo revision surgery of the distal clavicle than those without concomitant DC.
Evolving Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hip Fracture Outcomes: A Retrospective Comparison of Pre, Early, and Late Pandemic Timepoints
Authors: Case Trevor , Kricfalusi Mikayla , Ruckle David , Razzouk Jacob , Dahan Alden , Elsissy Joseph G. , Schneiderman Brian A.
Published: July 2024

Introduction:

Hospital systems were strained during the COVID-19 pandemic, and although previous studies have shown that surgical outcomes in healthy hip fracture patients were unaffected in the initial months of the pandemic, subsequent data are limited. This study examined the evolution of hip fracture care throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

A retrospective review (level III evidence) was done of surgically treated adult hip fractures at a Level 1 academic trauma center from January 2019 to September 2022, stratified into three groups: pre, early, and late pandemic. Continuous variables were evaluated with the Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance, categorical variables were evaluated with chi-squared, P < 0.05 considered significant.

Results:

Late pandemic patients remained in the hospital 30.1 hours longer than early pandemic patients and 35.7 hours longer than prepandemic patients (P = 0.03). High-energy fractures decreased in the early pandemic, then increased in late pandemic (P < 0.01). Early pandemic patients experienced more myocardial infarctions (P < 0.01). No significant differences in time to surgery, revision surgery, 90-day mortality, or other adverse events were noted.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the longest study evaluating hip fracture outcomes throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. These results are indicative of an overburdened regional health system less capable of facilitating patient disposition.
Evaluating fidelity and feasibility of the self-management of well-being intervention for long-term social assistance recipients
Authors: Vellinga-Dings Amber , Steverink Nardi , Bilecen Başak
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT
Background. This study assessed fidelity and feasibility of the Self-Management of Well-being (SMW) intervention for long-term social assistance recipients (SARs). Methods. Next to evaluation forms and on-site observations, semi-structured interviews with participants and teachers were used, which were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was performed using ATLAS.ti 23. Results. The intervention was executed with high fidelity, and seems feasible for the target population. Teachers and participants were positive about the intervention, its complexity, facilitation strategies, recruitment, quality of delivery, participant responsiveness, acceptability, and suitability. Participant dropout was relatively high. Discussion. This study contributes to improving the well-being of long-term SARs, as it provides an adequate support tool for this group. Drop-out remains a challenge. The positive results encourage widespread dissemination of the intervention. A study on its effectiveness is underway.
Assessing the Role of Fintech in the Economic Growth and Development in Rwanda (2018-2023)
Authors: Salim Munana Mugisha
Published: July 2024

The study entitled “Assessing the Role of FinTech in the Economic Growth and Development in Rwanda (2018-2023)” was conducted to assess the validity of one hypothesis, which was divided into two hypotheses: there is no significant role of FinTech in economic growth of Rwanda and the second is there is no significant role of FinTech on economic development of Rwanda. The study has used only secondary data. The indicators for hypotheses testing were assumed 3 indicators for the independent variable and two indicators under the dependent variable (see the conceptual framework). Data were collected from the National Institute of Statistics (NISR), which reported national accounts, World Bank data, and global economy data. Data analysis was performed with the support of Ms. Excel and Statistical Package for Social Scientist version 20 (SPSS). Data was presented in the form of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (linear regression model). The conclusion of the study relies on the acceptance or failure to accept study hypotheses. The main study hypothesis was divided into hypotheses for easy data analysis, which has simplified and led to the provision of two hypotheses: one for the role of FinTech on the economic growth of Rwanda and the second on the role of FinTech on the economic development of Rwanda. Data analysis generally has concluded by rejecting both null hypotheses, and the results made the study conclude that there is the significant role of FinTech in economic growth and development of Rwanda. However, going from indicator to indicator, there is insufficient evidence to confirm the correlation between the growth of several FinTech start-ups in Rwanda and the economic growth and development of Rwanda as the correlation between these variables remains negative. In another case for all three variables, the coefficient table has provided no statistically significant relationship as all p-values are less than a 5% level of significance. This means that, for assessing the determinants of economic growth and economic development, there is a need to select more indicators or variables rather than choosing three indicators only as it is in this study.
Divergence from Conflict-of-Law Analysis: The Need for a Coherent Standard of Review for Economic Sanctions in International Arbitration
Authors: Masumy Naimeh , Ahuja Niyati
Published: July 2024

The recent reinstatement of economic sanctions by the US against Iran, China and Hong Kong (The Comprehensive Iran Sanction, Accountability andDivestment Act of 2010, Pub. L. 111–195, 124 Stat.1312, enacted 1 July 2010; Comprehensive Iran Sanction, Accountability and Divestment Act (CISADA). International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 50 U S C.1701–1706.) brings into focus how to best resolve disputes related to these sanctions in arbitral proceedings. Arbitral tribunals tend to apply conflict-of-law rules in order to determine the application and the validity of the sanctions. This article contends that the invocation of private international law principles, such as the conflict-of-laws analysis, to adjudicate these cases is conceptually and pragmatically challenging as it forces the arbitral tribunal to determine the applicable law according to complicated rules with a discretionary nature and thereby hinders arbitral tribunals from considering sanctions through the prism of public international law. The principles of Public International Law should be considered by arbitral tribunals when reviewing sanctions with transnational elements. The paper analyses the existing approach adopted by arbitrators and proposes that arbitral tribunals undertake a minimal standard of review based on Public International Law principles.
African Continental Free Trade Area: Forging a New Investment Dispute Settlement Model
Authors: Gbadegbe Faisal
Published: July 2024

Without doubt, the Agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) has the potential of projecting the new model of what the future of investment dispute settlement should look like. The author, capitalises on the unique timing of the establishment of the AfCFTA as well as the structure of the Agreement and delves into how forward looking the AfCFTA is, the history of the current investor state dispute settlement system, its flaws, how states are currently mitigating the flaws and proposes a new model for the future of investment dispute settlement that may be brought to life by the AfCFTA.
A New ‘UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Adjudication’: How Beneficial Could It Really Be?
Authors: E. O’Malley Peter
Published: July 2024

The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has promoted Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as an alternative to litigation, being the traditional method of resolving disputes. ADR has been primarily facilitated by UNCITRAL through two Model Laws, namely the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985) and the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (2018). The Commission has discussed, and continues to discuss, the development of an additional UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Adjudication, primarily for the international construction industry. This article seeks to discuss and consider what real benefit the introduction of a new UNCITRAL Model Law for International Commercial Adjudication could provide.
Investor-State Arbitration, Human Rights, and Consumer Protection: China’s New Challenges in an Era of Globalization
Authors: Colorio Andrea
Published: July 2024

This paper explores the interconnections among Investor-State arbitration, Human Rights, and Consumer Protection in modern-day China. In particular, the author analyses the relationship between open arbitration in Bilateral Investment Treaties and the development of the ecological reforms launched in order to reach what has been called an ‘ecological civiliszation’, specifically with respect to the still controversial ‘right to water’. It is shown that within the framework of the construction of a consumer policy that might guarantee the safeguarding of environmental protection and consumer rights and, at the same time, the promotion of investment policies, the correct balance between public and private interests will be a crucial issue for China in the coming years.
The Only Game in Town: Five Years of Adjudication Under the Irish ‘Construction Contracts Act 2013’
Authors: Daye Dan
Published: July 2024

Five years have now passed since the Construction Contracts Act 2013 came into force in Ireland on 25 July 2016. This article seeks to examine in the context of recent Irish case law, with the focus on the operation of the adjudication, what impact the Act has made in its primary policy objectives of, firstly, providing a prompt payment regime to improve recognized issues with cash flow and, secondly, introducing a process for the swift resolution of payment disputes. Drawing comparisons with the similar statutory regime in the UK, this paper reviews developments in adjudication under the Act in its first five years of existence in the context of recent consideration by the Irish courts, and identifies what challenges the regime may face in the future.
Challenging Homogeneity in International Arbitration: Towards Greater Diversity and Inclusion in Counsel Teams
Authors: Mathews Roopa , Fischer Eliane
Published: July 2024

Despite its name, international arbitration has long been dominated by a relatively homogenous crowd. And although the lack of diversity in the field has been the subject of significant criticism, much of the focus has been on the lack of diversity in the appointment of arbitrators. While the appointment of arbitrators from diverse backgrounds remains an important issue, with still some way to go, this article addresses a topic that has attracted less attention thus far: diversity in counsel teams. Counsel teams in international arbitration cases tend to be marginally more diverse than the arbitrators they appoint. But the reality is that they too suffer from a lack of diversity. As diverse teams tend to perform better than homogenous ones, greater diversity among counsel is important to enable law firms to deliver the best possible client service. Improving the diversity of counsel will also lead to greater diversity in the next generation of arbitrators, given that senior practitioners at law firms represent a sizeable pool for potential new arbitrator candidates. This paper considers some of the barriers to diversity and inclusion in counsel teams and offers practical proposals to promote diversity and inclusion in the international arbitration practices of major international law firms.
Climate Change and Supply Chain Arbitrations: Impact of EU Law on the BRI and Non-EU Entities
Authors: Peter Adolf
Published: July 2024

The article explores the implementation and enforcement of corporate climate policies along international supply chains by means of contractual cascading and international commercial arbitration. EU law (in particular the Corporate Sustainability Reporting and Due Diligence Directives) and the ever-increasing stakeholder pressure (climate litigations and greenwashing allegations harming the companies’ reputation and business are on the rise) impel more and more supply chain leading companies to intensify their supply chain–related due diligence mechanisms in relation to environmental, social and governance (ESG) topics. Due to extraterritorial effects, ESG-related EU law will have a direct or indirect impact on non-EU entities and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)-related projects as well. The article stresses the need for climate-related contractual provisions and discusses the construction of such clauses for supply chains. Due to the nature of international supply chains (the article highlights the construction and automotive industry) characterized by multiple parties, contracts and tiers of subcontractors and suppliers, the enforcement of corporate climate policies will most likely lead to multi-party disputes. In this context, the article addresses the joinders of additional parties and the consolidation of several pending climate-related arbitrations and compares the arbitration rules of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC), Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC), London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) and some of the most important Chinese arbitration institutions. The article answers the question concerning what arbitration rules allow forced joinders and consolidations against the objection of a party. Last but not least, the article emphasizes some China-related specifics in the context of consolidations and joinders in order to avoid invalid arbitration agreements and the non-recognition and non-enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in China.
The Replicability of the EU Model of International Investment Protection into Member States’ Treaty Practice: A Strategic Alignment
Authors: A. Barr Noah
Published: July 2024

More than ten years after the transfer of competence from Member States to the European Commission on matters of foreign direct investment (FDI), the institution has undertaken a vast reform to remedy the ‘backlash’ against investor-state arbitration. Although the ultimate objective is to replace the existing international investment law regime laid down in the bilateral investment treaties (‘BITs’) concluded by Member States by an European Union (EU) reformed ‘model’ of investment protection, Member State BITs still govern most investment relations with third countries. Since most EU international investment agreements (‘IIAs’) have not yet entered into force, this article posits that investment law reform should take place at the domestic level. It examines to which extent recent investment treaty reforms undertaken by Member States have indirectly implemented the EU model. While national initiatives align with the EU template on substantive investment protection, some of them are particularly innovative regarding dispute settlement and non-economic provisions.
The Need For Authority To Contract
Authors: Ashford Peter
Published: July 2024

The validity of the agreement to arbitrate is fundamental to any arbitration. That validity can raise many issues, one of which is the authority of the signatory to bind the party. That authority must be actual or apparent (ostensible) and slightly different considerations will apply to corporations and states, but authority must always be present. Absent authority the agreement can, nevertheless, be ratified. Reliance on apparent authority is generally sufficient unless it is unreasonable to do so: a concept closely allied to honesty.
The “Cans,”“Shoulds,” and “Musts” in the NewVirtual Arbitration Environment
Authors: Katsh Ethan , Rainey Daniel
Published: July 2024

This article reviews the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) into dispute resolution modes, focusing on the increasing use of ICT in arbitration, and the looming presence of artificial intelligence (AI) as an element affecting the future of dispute resolution practice. The authors discuss approaches and questions of which arbitrators should be aware in order to achieve a process that builds trust and delivers expertise as the third party neutral uses technology to manage the communications process.
ODR – A Solution for Consumer Disputes and Cross-Border E-Commerce Disputes
Authors: Philippe Mirèze , Obi-Farinde Morenike
Published: July 2024

“Online justice” is considerably untapped and lagging behind all types of administrative, civil and commercial services, which have been available online since the mid-1990s. This article presents an overview of the various aspects involved in settling disputes online and some of the reasons that have prevented online dispute resolution (ODR) from succeeding to the extent anticipated over two decades ago, notwithstanding many ODR services have proven that disputes may be settled online. Complainants are often powerless and deprived of seeking remedy because of attendant time and cost required in filing a case in court, which is not warranted for low-value claims.This article reviews mechanisms for the settlement of consumer and businesses cross-border disputes online offered by ODR providers. The article concludes that public and private online justice should be a priority, and that the advantages of access to justice through ODR demonstrate that investment in ODR made now will benefit all stakeholders in the short, medium and long-term.
Summary Disposition in BCDR Arbitrations
Authors: Harb Tara Chloé , Sleiman Salim S.
Published: July 2024

Aspiring to achieve ever greater efficiency in arbitration, several arbitration institutions have adopted some form of early or summary disposition procedure. Mapping the various terms used to describe those mechanisms under different rules, this article then discusses the BCDR summary procedure provision introduced in its 2017 Rules of Arbitration, explores its features, and reflects on the appropriateness of such a provision in the light of the broad powers typically afforded to tribunals.
Early Disposition Mechanisms in the ICDR and AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules
Authors: Lombardíavillalba Ana
Published: July 2024

The early disposition of certain or part of some disputes in the context of international arbitration has been subject to debate for quite some time. Practitioners worldwide have discussed the authority of arbitrators to decide, hear and/or grant these requests, their purported virtues and advantages, their misuse and whether or not they may create some kind of risk for the enforcement or recognition of international awards. The International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR), the international division of the American Arbitration Association (AAA), introduced a new article in the 2021 version of the International Dispute Resolution Procedures in response to an increasing use of these tools as well as to relieve the concerns classically associated with these mechanisms by international practitioners. The most recent version of the American Arbitration Association’s Commercial Arbitration Rules have also been amended in this regard. The purpose of this article is to analyze these amendments implemented in the AAA and ICDR Arbitration Rules and to suggest a series of best practices for their successful implementation.
News: LATAM Privacy News
Authors: Fernández Diego
Published: July 2024

This article tracks significant developments in some of the key Latin America (LATAM) jurisdictions in the area of privacy, data protection, and cybersecurity. It provides concise reports to keep the reader up to date with some of the most recent developments across the globe.
Protecting EU Financial Interests in the Collection of Tax-Based Own Resources
Authors: Navarro Aitor
Published: July 2024

This article aims to delineate the content and limits of the duty to protect the European Union’s financial interests regarding tax-based own resources, namely customs duties and VAT, which are key for financing the EU budget. It specifically addresses the duties of the EU Member States to make these resources available to the Union and to combat fraud and other illegal activities impacting their effective collection. Yet, these duties must be exercised in compliance with the protection of fundamental rights. The conflicts arising from the limits imposed by national rights and those enshrined in the EU Charter are also critically addressed.
Measures to educate moral emotions for 4-5 years old children through literary works at Khuon Ha kindergarten, Lam Binh district, Tuyen Quang province
Authors: Mai Nguyen Nhu
Published: July 2024

Literary works in preschool education programs are considered a means and a form to integrate the content of educating children about moral emotions. The education of moral emotions through literary works has attracted the attention of many teachers. However, because teachers do not know how to apply good measures to teach children moral feelings through literary works, the results of forming moral feelings for 4-5 years old children are not high. To solve the above problem, the article offers some measures to educate moral emotions for 4-5 years old children through literary works.
Konut veya Çatılı İşyerlerinin İhtiyaç Sebebiyle Tahliyesindeki Arabuluculuk Sürecinin TBK’nin 355. Maddesine Etkisi
Authors: Doğu Hakkı Mert
Published: July 2024

Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun 299 vd. maddelerinde düzenlenen kira sözleşmeleri, kanun koyucu tarafından üçlü bir ayrıma tabi tutulmaktadır. Bu ayrımlardan biri konut ve çatılı işyeri kirası sözleşmeleridir. Konut ve çatılı işyeri kirası sözleşmeleri, bildirim ve dava yoluyla olmak üzere iki türlü sona erdirilebilmektedir. Dava yoluyla konut ve çatılı işyeri kirası sözleşmelerinin sona erdirilmesi hâllerinden bir tanesi ihtiyaç sebebiyle tahliyedir. Kiraya veren kiralananı kendisi, eşi, altsoyu, üstsoyu veya kanun gereği bakmakla yükümlü olduğu diğer kişiler için konut ya da işyeri gereksinimi sebebiyle kullanma zorunluluğu varsa kira sözleşmesini sona erdirebilir. İhtiyaç sebebiyle kira sözleşmesinin sona erdirilmesinde açılacak davadan önce dava şartı arabuluculuk gündeme gelmektedir. Söz konusu arabuluculuk sürecinde tarafların tahliye hususunda anlaşmaları ve fakat kiraya verenin Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun 355. maddesindeki yeniden kiralama yasağına uymaması durumunda ortaya çıkabilecek sonuçların incelenmesi gerekir. Özellikle arabuluculuk sürecinin Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun 355. maddesine etkisi üzerinde durulmalıdır. Çalışmada konut veya çatılı işyerlerinin ihtiyaç sebebiyle tahliyesindeki arabuluculuk sürecinin Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun 355. maddesine etkisi ve bunun olası sonuçları incelenmektedir.
İş Sözleşmesinin İşçi Tarafından Haksız Feshi ile “Haklı Nedene Dayanan Süreli Feshi”ne İlişkin Bazı Tespit ve Değerlendirmeler
Authors: Karademir Artür
Published: July 2024

Belirsiz süreli iş sözleşmesinin işçi tarafından haksız olarak derhâl feshedilmesi, aynı zamanda usûlsüz fesih teşkil ettiğinden ötürü, İş Kanunu’na tâbi iş ilişkileri açısından İş Kanunu’nun 17. maddesi uygulanmalıdır. Belirli süreli iş sözleşmesinin işçi tarafından haksız olarak derhâl feshinde ise Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun 439. maddesinde yazılı yaptırımın uygulama alanı bulacağı kabul edilmelidir. Öte yandan, TBK m. 439 hükmünde öngörülen yaptırımın “tazminat” olma niteliği, bu tutardan daha yüksek kararlaştırılan ceza koşulunun varlığı hâlinde, hem TBK m. 439 hükmünde öngörülen tazminatın hem de ceza koşulunun birlikte talep edilememesi gerektiği sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Çalışma konusunu teşkil eden ikinci sorun ise haklı nedeni bulunan ama bu nedene dayanmadan iş sözleşmesini süreli fesih yoluyla sona erdiren işçinin kıdem tazminatına hak kazanıp kazanmayacağına ilişkindir. Bu konuda öğretide ve yargı kararlarında birlik bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, anılan ihtimalde işçinin kıdem tazminatına hak kazanması gerektiği savunulmaktadır.
Trafik Sigortasında Dava Açılmadan Önce Sigortacı Tarafından Zarar Görene Yapılan Ödemenin Zamanaşımını Kesip Kesmediği Meselesi
Authors: Hacıömeroğlu Abdülhamid Oğuzhan
Published: July 2024

Karayolları Trafik Kanunu’nun 97’nci maddesine göre zarar görenin, karayolları motorlu araçlar zorunlu mali sorumluluk sigortasında öngörülen sınırlar içinde sigortacıya karşı dava yoluna gitmeden önce ilgili sigortacıya yazılı başvuruda bulunması gerekir. Sigorta kuruluşunun başvuru tarihinden itibaren en geç 15 gün içinde başvuruyu yazılı olarak cevaplamaması veya verilen cevabın talebi karşılamadığına ilişkin uyuşmazlık olması hâlinde, zarar gören dava açabilir veya Sigorta Tahkim Komisyonu’na başvurabilir. Bundan dolayı uygulamada trafik kazası neticesinde zarar gören üçüncü kişiler öncelikle sigortacıya zararlarının tazmini için başvururlar. Bunun üzerine sigortacılar, kendi eksperleri vasıtası ile hesaplattıkları zararı başvurucu zarar gören üçüncü kişilere öderler. Birçok hâlde sigortacılar tarafından yapılan bu ödemenin zararlarını tam olarak karşılamadığını düşünen zarar görenler, bakiye zararlarının tazmini için sigortacıya dava açmaktalar veya Sigorta Tahkim Komisyonu’na başvurmaktadırlar. Böyle bir durumda ise zarar gören üçüncü kişiye daha önceden yapılan fakat zarar görenin zararını tam olarak karşılamayan ödemenin, kısmi ifa sayılıp sayılmayacağı ve dolayısıyla zamanaşımını kesip kesmediği meselesi ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Fostering engineering freshmen’s shifts of attention by using Matlab LiveScript for solving mathematical tasks
Authors: Albano Giovannina , Telloni Agnese Ilaria
Published: July 2024

We designed an experimental path including a summative assessment phase, where engineering freshmen are involved in solving mathematical tasks by using Matlab LiveScripts. We analyzed the students’ answers to a questionnaire about their perceived impact of the use of Matlab on their way to solve mathematical tasks. The main result is that students show shifts of attention from computations to other aspects of problem solving, moving from an operational to a structural view of mathematics.
Subject Classification: 97U70, 97H60
Online tests in Comprehensive Exams – during and after the pandemic
Authors: Vámosiné Varga Adrienn
Published: July 2024

The Covid-19 pandemic accelerated the development of electronic (e-learning) assessment methods and forced their use worldwide. Many instructors and students had to familiarize themselves with the form of distance education. During and since Covid-19 in Hungary, at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Debrecen, the written part of the Comprehensive Exam in Mathematics is organized in a computer lab of the university using an online test. Our goal is that the results of the tests may be as reliable as possible in terms of measuring the students’ knowledge, and thus the grades given based on the test results would be realistic. In this paper, we show the analysis of a sample written exam and compare the real exam results of students who were prepared for the comprehensive exam during Covid-19 and who have participated in face-to-face education since then. The tools provided by the Moodle system necessary for comparison are also presented.
Subject Classification: 97D40, 97D70, 97U50
Study of the rheological characteristics of high-viscosity oil from Mangyshlak
Authors: Sayenko Olga B. , Serkebayeva Bazargul S. , Ayapbergenov Yerbolat O.
Published: July 2024

Background: Due to the exhaustibility of active reserves of light oil, every year it becomes more and more important to improve the developmental efficiency of heavy high-viscosity oil fields. There is a need for a deeper study of the properties of high-viscosity oil in order to improve enhanced oil recovery technologies.
Aim: The investigation of West Kazakhstan’s high-viscosity oils’ rheological properties by studying their physical and chemical characteristics and content of high-molecular compounds.
Materials and methods: As objects of the study, oils from Western Kazakhstan's Karazhanbas, Northern Buzachi and Zhalgyztobe oil fields were selected. To accomplish the given tasks, laboratory studies were conducted using contemporary methods of chemical and physicochemical analysis.
Results: This article presents the results of laboratory studies to determine the density, viscosity, and content of asphalt-resin-paraffin substances with a comparison of the results obtained. As well as the results of the study of the rheological characteristics of heavy high-viscosity oil with different water cut on the example of fields in Western Kazakhstan. The temperature limits and the influence of water cut on the manifestation of non-Newtonian properties were determined.
Conclusion: It was found that the rheological behavior of high-viscosity heavy oil with different water cut exhibits pronounced properties of pseudoplastic liquid, where the most pronounced non-Newtonian properties are manifested at the content of bound water exceeding 50%. The expression of non-Newtonian properties of West Kazakhstan oil is due to the increased content of high-molecular components. The obtained results are of practical interest in creating a composite model of hydrodynamic and technological system of collection and transportation of heavy, high-viscosity oil.
Enhancing the efficiency of hydraulic fracturing in mature fields
Authors: Churakov Artyom V. , Pichugin Maxim N. , Gorbachev Yaroslav I. , Musin Oleg T. , Kayukov Konstantin A.
Published: July 2024

Background: In developing mature fields, the issue of technology efficacy is often raised in the context of constrained reservoirs, such as reservoirs with small interstices (barriers) bordering water- or gas-saturated reservoirs. The ability to effectively developing such reservoirs increases the production of current reserves and prolongs the "life" of the fields under development. This study presents the experience of Gazprom Neft Group in the development of terrigenous reservoirs, where there is a high risk of a fracture penetration into water- and gas-saturated intervals, by hydraulic fracturing. This experience can be taken as a basis for increasing the production of current reserves for some mature fields under similar geological conditions, where this problem is particularly acute and requires solutions that minimize risks.
Aim: Selecting the optimal technological approach to ensure the technical and economic viability of projects involving late-stage fields or assetswith with under- or overlying watered reservoirs.
Materials and methods: The materials address several technological trends, consisting of the completion specifics and the technological approach to hydraulic fracturing. As the main solution, a combination of low-viscosity fluids with a polymer concentration ranging from 2.8 to 3.2 kg/m³ in various executitions, 20/40 and 16/20 proppant fractions, as well as completion with a cemented equal-hole diameter tailpipe with burst port collar. The presented vision allows not only to significantly reduce the risks to fracture penetration in lower (upper) layers, but also allows, in cases of Screen Out, to perform clean out jobs without involving expensive Coil Tubing operations.
Findings: The implemented integrated solutions have proven their effectiveness at facilities with restrictions on fracture propagation in height. The use of low-viscosity liquids made it possible to reduce the increase in water saturation of products after stimulation, and design solutions reduced the costs associated with such as Screen Out.
Conclusion: The experience gained in applying new technological solutions to wells with a high risk of a fracture penetration into water- and gas-saturated intervals is quite successful, which confirmed by actual work and well analysis. Hydraulic fracturing on linear gel has a highly potential in the fields of Gazprom Neft Group and can be using on the similar formations.