bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triple Fixed-dose combination of Dapagliflozin, Sitagliptin, and Metformin for People with Type 2 Diabetes in Indian Settings
Authors: Dhar Rajashree , Prasad Ashish , Annadurai Vivekanandan
Published: September 2024

Objective: This study assessed the bioequivalence of a fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy containing extended-release Metformin (Metformin XR), Dapagliflozin, and Sitagliptin for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective was to compare the absorption rate and extent of the FDC with two reference products: Sitagliptin 100mg tablets (R1) and a combination of Dapagliflozin 10mg plus Metformin 1000mg extended-release tablets (R2) in healthy adult males under fed conditions.
Methods: An open-label, randomized, cross-over study was conducted with 24 healthy male participants. Each participant received a single dose of the test FDC and the reference products, with blood samples collected over 72 hours to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-inf, Tmax, Kel, AUC_% Extrap_obs, and t1/2). Bioequivalence was determined based on the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric mean ratios for AUC0-t and Cmax, within a predefined range of 80.00%-125.00%. Safety and tolerability were also assessed.
Results: Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on 22 subjects. The geometric mean ratios for the FDC compared to the reference products were within the predefined bioequivalence range, indicating that the absorption profiles of the FDC and the reference products were similar. The mean plasma concentration-time curves for Dapagliflozin, Sitagliptin, and Metformin XR were almost identical between the FDC and reference products, demonstrating consistent drug release and absorption. No significant differences were observed in Tmax, t1/2, or other pharmacokinetic parameters, further supporting bioequivalence. Additionally, the FDC was well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported, and all subjects completed the study without complications.
Conclusion: The study confirmed that the FDC of Dapagliflozin, Sitagliptin, and Metformin XR is bioequivalent to the reference products in healthy adult males under fed conditions. This bioequivalence supports the use of the FDC as an effective treatment option to improve glycemic control in adults with T2D, particularly in the Indian context, promoting the benefits of combined therapy in managing diabetes.
Keywords: Bioequivalence, Fixed-dose combination (FDC), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), Pharmacokinetics, Dapagliflozin, Metformin XR, Sitagliptin
Policy Analysis for Anemia and Pregnant Women Care Eleviation Program Through Prospective Bride’s Preparation
Authors: Cahyati Peni , Pertiwi Sinar , Mardiah Siti Saadah , Gantini Dede , Rismawan Wawan
Published: September 2024

Background: The percentage of pregnant women experiencing anemia in Indonesia has increased 37.1% compared to 2018 Riskesdas. The incidence of stunting is also influenced by the anemia and nutritional status of the mother during pregnancy. The implementation of 1000HPK has been widely implemented in all districts and cities throughout Indonesia but there are still obstacles in policy integration and cross-sector coordination caused by a lack of understanding of the program so that priority placement is not determined. Aim: to obtain policy recommendations for improving programs to prevent and alleviate anemia and Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) for pregnant women through the process of prospective bride’s preparation. Research method:  The method used Action research with 3 stages. The sample are key persons of 1000 HPK program which are Public Health Office, BKKBN, Midwifery and Nursing Health Providers, and Regional Ministry of Religion (Kemenag and KUA). 24 people participate in FGD and 5 people for the In-depth Interview which was carried out at a place agreed upon by the respondents. Results: of the research provide recommendations for the need for collaboration between schools and universities for health education, schools and community health centers in providing blood supplement tablets, the need for an SOP for administration flow and procurement flow for Fe tablets as well as evaluation and monitoring. Modifying Fe tablets to make them popular with teenagers, creating health check formats for use, utilizing research and community service results and utilizing digital-based communications. Conclusion: achieving the goals of the anemia policy program requires cooperation and collaboration between various stakeholders.
Keywords: Policy, Anemia, CED, Pregnant Women, Prospective Brides
Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefullness and Perceived of Interest E Rapport Growth and Development of Child
Authors: Mardiah Siti Saadah , Gantini Dede , Patimah Siti , Rismawan Wawan
Published: September 2024

Background: Children are an important asset for a nation, so the education and care provided must be able to improve the quality of children in the future. Child Protection Law no. 23 of 2002 explains that every child has the right to receive growth and development monitoring without exception. Early detection of deviations in growth and development needs to be done, one of which is by using digital-based growth and development e-Reports.
Objective: The e-report product produced can increase efficiency and effectiveness, helping teachers, homeroom teachers, cadres or health workers in managing the SDIDTK program so that valid, practical and effective digital-based e-Report applications can be obtained.
Research methods: The research design for the development of digital-based growth and development e-reports was carried out referring to the development of the 4D model which includes define, design, develop and disseminate.
Results: There is an influence of perceived usefulness on interest in using the child health e- report application
Conclusion: e-Report can be used to check children's health and growth and development at the PAUD unit level to increase the scope of monitoring children's health and SDIDTK
Keywords: e-reports, growth and development
The Potential Protective Effects of Yellow Star on Comorbidity Risk Factors and Disorders Associated with Severe COVID-19 Outcomes
Authors: Takuissu Guy , Makamwe Inelle , Kamdem Gildas , Djuikoo Imelda , Youovop Janvier , Orang Rémy , Nkoué Abraham , Mouafo Hippolyte , Sado Sylvain , Oben Julius
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Yellow Star on some disorders and risk factors of comorbidity associated with COVID-19. These effects were evaluated in male and female rats by daily gavage (5 mL/Kg of body weight) for 7 and 14 days. The effects on the composition of the intestinal microbiota were evaluated in the feces, and the effects on coagulation, oxidative stress, lipid profile, and atherogenicity were assessed in plasma. Administration of Yellow Star inhibited the growth of Bacteroidetes and stimulated the growth of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus in both sexes. Yellow Star (p <0.05) inhibits coagulation in rats regardless of sex. We noted an increase in the antioxidant status and a decrease in pro-oxidant status in both sexes. At the same time, a decrease in plasma levels of MDA was noted. Finally, the administration of the Yellow Star resulted in a decrease in the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL, total lipids, and the TC / HDL-c ratio; and an increase in HDL-c. At the end of this work, it seems justified to recommend the consumption of Yellow Star in the prevention and management of certain disorders accentuated by a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Keywords: Yellow Star, COVID-19, dysbiosis, coagulation, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemias.
Virtual design and screening of new (+)-catechin derivates N- and/or S-heterocyclic fragment for anti-malarial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities by In silico simulation
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Said , Yamari Imane , Mounadi Nouh , Elmi Abdirahman , Bouachrine Mohammed , Zaki Hanane , Chtita Samir
Published: September 2024

Hemisynthesis makes it possible to improve the activity or reduce the toxicity of a biocompound by modifying or adding peripheral groups. Catechin present in different plant species was known for its moderate anti-malarial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. The aim of this work was focused on the identification of new compounds with potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 and/or anti-malarial activities, evaluated through In silico simulation. A polyphenol pharmacophore model, based on (+)-catechin (1) was virtually constructed using previously reported inhibitors. N- and/or S-heterocyclic fragments were inserted on the backbone of (+)-catechin and 12 pharmacophore hypotheses were studied. This study targeted 3 proteins biologically responsible for SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 7JYC, 6M0J, and 6HZD) and one protein responsible for malaria (PDB ID: 3SRJ). Molecular docking had shown that the new catechin-aldehyde candidates have good Ligand-Protein affinity in terms of free energy compared to the study reference Narlaprevir and Artesunate for SARS-CoV-2 and malaria respectively. Theoretically, most compounds didn’t show toxicity except compounds 2a, 2i, and 2k, exhibiting hepatotoxic activity. Molecular dynamics was used to prove and assess their binding stability to the target protein for each activity. The 3SRJ-2f and 6HZD-2l structures were selected for anti-malarial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity respectively. The 3SRJ-2f and 6HZD-2l complexes showed stable interactions to 100 ns between the inhibitor fragments and the residual amino acids of the protein. To conclude, these novel compounds are probably to become promising lead molecules for the development of effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 and/or anti-malarial of all drugs.
Keywords: Catechin, Anti-malarial, Anti-SARS-CoV-2, Docking and Dynamic Molecular, ADMET Analysis.
Cross-contamination Risk Assessment using FMEA tool
Authors: Pathodiya Manish
Published: September 2024

In pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, products with different therapeutic properties and potencies are manufactured in shared spaces, which poses a potential risk for cross-contamination. During the manufacturing process, cross-contamination may occur due to the uncontrolled release of dust, gases/vapors, mix-ups with other materials, residues on equipment, and contamination from operator’s clothing. By implementing adequate facility design and manufacturing operations aligned with Quality Risk Management principles, the risk of cross-contamination can be controlled. If a shared facility is used for manufacturing pharmaceutical products, strategic controls for identifying and managing the risks of cross-contamination should be in place. This article provides a structured and systematic framework for the risk-based identification of the worst-case product and manufacturing process among the products manufactured in the solid oral facility, addressing the high risk of cross-contamination.
Keywords: Cross-contamination, Contamination, Risk Assessment, Formal risk assessment, Quality Risk Management (QRM), Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA), Oral Solid Dosage (OSD), Worst case, Contamination Control Strategies (CCS)
Quantum dots as theranostic nano delivery system in combating various diseases
Authors: Mandal Ardhendu Kumar , Mandal Anirban
Published: September 2024

Conventional chemotherapy lacks insolubility, selective targeting and bio-imaging of the chemotherapeutics aggravating the diseased state with developed drug resistant toxicity in the biological system. To overcome these obstacles and other biological barriers, nano-sized semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) having the unique photoluminescence and electronic physicochemical properties such as size-tunable light emission, narrow emission range, high brightness and photo-stability for making them the suitable diagnostic probe materials in bio/immune -sensing platform have attracted attention for targeted theranostic photodynamic therapy to bridge nanotechnology and cargo therapy assay. In general, QDs, linked to photoluminescence, induce generation of free radicals, disrupt cell walls/membranes and arrest gene expression as antimicrobial/anti-cancer agents in nano theranostic platform for concomitant sensing, imaging and therapy in the biological system. QDs may be conjugated with polymers, ligands, cargos and other biomolecules through covalent and non-covalent bonds for different specific targeting and controlled liberation of cargos to the diseased site/s of concern to get higher theranostic efficacy. This review focuses mainly the physicochemical characteristics of QDs, their synthesized methods, surface functionalizations, mechanism of action, biomedical applications, toxicity, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and elimination as nano delivery system.
Keywords: Conventional chemotherapy; Diseases; Quantum dots; Theranostic efficacy; Nano delivery system.
The Multifaceted Therapeutic Profile of Madecassoside: A Scholarly Review
Authors: Sivasankaran Shanmugam Manoharan , Pethanasamy Manoharan , Surya Saravanan , Harish Krishnan , Sakthisankaran Shanmugam Manoharan , Kowsalya Raju
Published: September 2024

Medicinal plants are indispensable in both modern and traditional healthcare, offering a diverse array of bioactive compounds with therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. They provide accessible and affordable treatment options and play a crucial role in drug discovery, enhancing holistic health and promoting biodiversity conservation. Ongoing scientific research continues to validate and expand their applications in contemporary medicine, underscoring their enduring significance. Centella asiatica, a medicinal plant known for its therapeutic properties in traditional medicine and increasingly recognized in modern pharmacology for various health benefits.  Madecassoside, stands out as a phytoactive constituent of Centella asiatica, renowned for its wide-ranging pharmacological properties, encompassing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound-healing, and skin-protective effects. The present review illuminates madecassoside's pharmacological properties and its mechanistic roles, as documented by various researchers.
Keywords: Madecassoside, Centella asiatica, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound-healing
Management of Knee Osteoarthritis with integrative approach using Regimenal therapy (Massage and Medicated Steam Fomentation) and Pharmacotherapy (Habb-e -Muqil): A Case Study
Authors: Parveen Shaik Adeena , Mir Uzair Yousf , Abbasi Safia , Nayab Mohd , Azeez Abdul , Ansari Abdul Nasir
Published: September 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common progressive musculoskeletal disorder, that is characterized by pathological changes in cartilage, bone, synovium, ligament, muscle, and periarticular fat, leading to joint dysfunction, pain, stiffness, functional limitation, and loss of day to day life activities. It affects an estimated more than 240 million people worldwide. It can involve almost any joint but typically affects the hands, knees, hips, and feet. In India, 28.7% of adults ≥ 40 years of age and 45.5% of adults ≥ 60 years of age have KOA. The annual incidence rate of KOA in India is 2.4%. The management of KOA involves a comprehensive approach, including non pharmacological management, pharmacological management, and surgical management. In Unani medicine, KOA comes within the domain of a broader term, “Waja-ul-Mafasil”, which refers to joint pain. It occurs due to quantitative and qualitative derangement of Akhlat (humors) and derangement of optimal temperament (Mizaj). We present the case of a 48 year old male patient, who was presented to the OPD of Regimenal therapies at National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru. Patient complains of bilateral knee pain, stiffness, limited mobility and difficulty in daily activities since 3 years. Pain exaggerates on walking for more than 50 minutes and standing continuously for more than 30 minutes. The patient was assessed and examined clinically prior to intervention and was diagnosed with bilateral KOA, which was further accentuated by radiological investigations.  The patient received treatment for 6 weeks. The patient was assessed using multiple assessment parameters at baseline, 3rd and 6th week. The patient reported improvement in both subjective and objective parameters. The study found that massage therapy and steam fomentation along with pharmacotherapy can be an effective approach in treatment for KOA, however it merits further research.
Keywords: Osteoarthritis, joint pain, bilateral knee pain, stiffness, limited mobility
A comprehensive analysis of Cestrum nocturnum: Its phytochemical composition, pharmacological applications, and toxicity profile in the context of traditional medicinal practices
Authors: Satapathy Trilochan , Banjare Bhekhlal , Sahu Himanshu
Published: September 2024

According to traditional medicine, the study gives a full look at the phytochemical makeup, pharmacological uses, and toxic profile of Cestrum nocturnum (night-blooming jasmine). The review sought to connect traditional knowledge with scientific evidence, assessing the therapeutic potential and safety concerns linked to this plant. The methods involved conducting a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature and ethnobotanical databases. The focus was on studies that examined the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and toxicological properties of Cestrum nocturnum. The data pertaining to traditional uses, active compounds, therapeutic effects, dosage, and adverse reactions were thoroughly extracted and carefully analyzed. The results indicate that Cestrum nocturnum contains a range of phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and essential oils. Pharmacological studies have extensively documented its various effects, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, and sedative properties. Common applications involve the treatment of ailments like epilepsy, anxiety, and skin disorders. Nevertheless, there have been some concerns raised about the plant's toxicity, specifically related to the presence of solanine alkaloids. In conclusion, Cestrum nocturnum shows great potential as a source of bioactive compounds that could have valuable therapeutic applications. However, more research is needed, including thorough clinical trials and toxicity assessments, to determine the safety and effectiveness of this treatment for specific conditions. This review highlights the significance of combining traditional knowledge with scientific validation to fully harness the potential of Cestrum nocturnum in modern medicine, while also prioritizing its safe and responsible utilization.
Keywords: Cestrum nocturnum, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, traditional medicine
Management of Hand Eczema with Unani Medicine: A Case Study
Authors: Wani Khalid Rahim , Shah Nadeem Ahmad , Ashraf Aaqib , Wani Nasir Nazir
Published: September 2024

Background: Eczema, is a common chronic skin condition that can lead to recurrent infections and poor quality of life if left untreated. This paper presents the case of a 30-year-old male patient, who came to the outpatient department (OPD) of the Kashmir Tibbia College Hospital and Research Centre, Shilvath, Bandipora, Kashmir, India. Clinical presentation: His chief complaints were lesions on the palm of his left hand for one year. The patient also complains that his skin is black and thickened with severe itching on the affected area.   Diagnosis: The patient was diagnosed clinically with hand eczema resembling Nar-e-Farsi in the Unani system of medicine. Interventions: For 30 days, Marham Kafoor was topically applied twice a day at a dose of 8-10 gm. Outcome: The patient was assessed before, the 15th day and 30th day of treatment based on the EASI, POEM, and VAS. Results: After the intervention, significant improvement was observed in all scales from baseline to 30th day. EASI changes from 18 (moderate) to 5 (mild), POEM changes from 19 (severe) to 7(mild), and VAS from 8 (severe) to 1 (mild). Conclusion: Marham Kafoor has been proven beneficial in treating hand eczema and enhancing patients' quality of life
Keywords:  Eczema; Marham Kafoor; Unani Medicine
Contamination patterns of the neonatal equipment, major microorganisms, and effectiveness of disinfection procedures including refurbished UV C lights at the University Teaching Hospital of Butare (CHUB)
Authors: BUREGEYA Damascene Jean , Amani Jeanne , Nkurunziza Julius , Twagirumugabe Theogene
Published: September 2024

A contaminated environment plays a significant role in transmitting hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) but regular chemical disinfection is the backbone for tackling this chain of transmission and the combination of both UV lights may increase the effectiveness of cleaning. This study assessed the effectiveness of chemical disinfection, with and without additional UV light exposure, in reducing bacterial contamination in a Neonatal unit. Therefore, interventions consisted of usual chemical disinfection with and without a 2-hour exposure to Ultraviolet light from refurbished UV lamps. Researchers swabbed high-touch surfaces and equipment before and after disinfection to identify bacterial presence. They found that 36.4% of the sampled sites showed bacterial growth, with the nursing trolley being the most contaminated. The most common bacteria isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae (50%), which, along with other bacteria, displayed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics like Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid and Cefuroxime. Only Meropenem and Amikacin remained effective. The study concludes that despite chemical disinfection, bacterial contamination remains significant, and conventional UV light alone did not completely eradicate bacteria, highlighting the need for more effective disinfection strategies.
Keywords: Neonatology Service, University Teaching Hospital of Butare (CHUB), hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), disinfection
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: Nephrectomy is not necessary, a narrative review
Authors: Kumar Manjeet , Sharma Sanjeev , Tanwar Digvijay Singh , Barwal Kailash Chander , Sharma Girish Kumar , Raina Pamposh
Published: September 2024

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe, life-endangering, necrotising, gas-producing infection affecting the kidney and perinephric tissue. It is associated with renal loss, high morbidity, and mortality. Diabetes, obstructive uropathy, female gender and hypertension are the most common risk factors. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis are the most common pathogens causing Emphysematous pyelonephritis. EPN presents as a clinical triad of fever, flank pain, and nausea. Non-contrast CT scan is the mainstay of early diagnosis of EPN. It is diagnosed by demonstrating gas in renal parenchyma and perinephric tissue. Huang and Sang's classification is used for the classification and management of EPN. Treatment of EPN progressed from early nephrectomy to minimally invasive treatments including newer and advanced antibiotics and percutaneous drainage along with Percutaneous nephrostomy and DJ stenting. Early nephrectomy was the treatment of choice in the last century however newer studies suggest conservative treatment is associated with renal preservation, decreased morbidity and mortality. The initial use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as Third-or fourth generation cephalosporins and carbapenems is recommended. Emergency drainage is indicated with a larger-sized pigtail catheter as pus is thick and frequent blockage of tubes is common. Nephrectomy should be done for those patients who fail to respond to conservative therapy i.e., antibiotics and percutaneous drainage. This review aims to provide comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of this life-threatening urological infection Emphysematous pyelonephritis.
Keywords: Emphysematous pyelonephritis, Diabetes, Antibiotics, Conservative, Percutaneous drainage, Nephrectomy
Management of Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) with Integrative Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Mir Uzair Yousf , Parveen Shaik Adeena , Abbasi Safia , Ali Hamid , Nayab Mohd , Azeez Abdul , Ansari Abdul Nasir
Published: September 2024

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a serious public health concern and is described as a disorder characterised by degradation of articular cartilage, bone remodeling and inflammation, leading to pain, stiffness and functional impairment, primarily affecting weight bearing joints and hands. KOA affects more than 650 million individuals worldwide and is a leading cause of disability. In India, 28.7% of adults ≥ 40 years of age and 45.5% of adults ≥ 60 years of age have KOA. The annual incidence rate of KOA in India is 2.4%. The management of KOA involves a comprehensive approach, including non-pharmacological management, pharmacological management, surgical management, alternative therapies and lifestyle changes. By combining these management strategies, individuals with KOA can effectively reduce pain, improve function, and enhance their quality of life. We present the case of a 55-year-old female patient with bilateral KOA, who presented to Department of Regimenal therapies, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru. The patient had taken NSAIDs and other measures intermittently for pain management from last 3 years. The symptoms have worsened from last 2 months despite taking medicines. The patient was assessed and examined clinically prior to intervention. The patient underwent treatment for 30 days with integrative therapy comprising of pharmacotherapy coupled with regimenal therapy. Prior and post intervention, the patient was assessed using multiple objective parameters. The patient reported amelioration of symptoms, which was also reflected by assessment parameters post intervention. The study found that integrative approach can be effective treatment for KOA.
Keywords: KOA, Integrative therapy, NSAIDs, Regimenal therapy.
Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Chondrogenic Differentiation
Authors: Berk Barkin
Published: September 2024

BACKROUND: NSAIDs represent a large class of drugs used for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Background Nevertheless, their effects on chondrogenic differentiation are not known. The present study examines the potential effects of five different NSAIDs, namely Etodolac, Dexketoprofen, Acetaminophen (Paracetamol), Lornoxicam and Ibuprofen on cell viability as well as chondrogenic differentiation using a mouse embryonic ATDC5-cell-derived chondrocyte model.
METHODS: ATDC5 cells were treated with different concentrations of the NSAIDs. The viablility was evaluated by MTT assay while q-PCR analyses of gene expression of chondrogenic markers (Aggrecan, SOX-9, COL1 and COL2) on 5th & 10th day. Early glycosaminoglycan changes in articular cartilage were determined by safranin-O staining.
RESULTS: No clinical relevant concentration of Lornoxicam, Dexketoprofen and Ibuprofen proved beneficial influence on cell survival. Dexketoprofen and Lornoxicam promoted chondrogenesis through a significant increase of the Aggrecan and COL2 gene expression(levels) when compared to control samples. Histological staining further revealed that Lornoxicam and Dexketoprofen significantly increased glycosaminoglycan content, suggestive of enhanced chondrogenic differentiation.
CONCLUSION: Of all investigated NSAIDs, lornoxicam performed best in terms of chondrogenic differentiation and appears as the most suited for therapeutic approaches targeting cartilage repair / regeneration. These results are further improved with ITS supplementation, indicating a potential synergistic effect to improve cartilage tissue engineering.
Keywords: NSAIDs, chondrogenic differentiation, Lornoxicam and Dexketoprofen
Venesection (Fasd): Historical Insights and Modern Implications: A comprehensive review
Authors: Mir Rayees Ahmad , Shah Nadeem Ahmad , Zehra Farheen , Nayab Mohd , Ansari Abdul Nasir
Published: September 2024

Ilaj bit Tadbeer, a vital therapeutic approach in the Unani system of medicine, focuses on modifying six essential elements to restore health. This approach encompasses various regimenal therapies such as cupping (Hijāma), leeching (Ta'līq or irsal-e- 'Alaq), venesection (Fasd), massage (Dalk), irrigation (Natūl), emesis (Qay'), diuresis (Idrār-i-Bawl), diaphoresis (Tariq), concoction and purgation (Mundij and Mu'shil therapy), medicated steam (Bukhoor), cauterization (Kaiyy), and enema (Huqna). Fasd is a crucial regimen in Ilaj Bit Tadbeer, serving as a method to eliminate morbid material from the body to treat diseases or maintain good health. With a history of almost 3000 years, Fasd has been effectively utilized in treating various ailments across different eras. Although venesection, or Fasd, has a historical significance, its modern application has declined due to the lack of scientific validation. This review aims to explore the historical context, therapeutic applications, contraindications, and contemporary scientific evidence of Fasd, emphasizing its potential in modern medicine.
Keywords: Ilaj bit Tadbeer, Unani medicine, Fasd, venesection, therapeutic applications, scientific evidence.
Plant natural products: A lead for nephroprotection
Authors: Saifi Asif , Rastogi Parkhi , Mujahid Mohd. , Hussain Md. Sarfaraj
Published: September 2024

An extremely dangerous side effect of type I and type II diabetes is diabetic nephropathy (DN). From the early microproteinuria to end-stage renal failure, it progresses. About one in three diabetics in the US suffer from diabetic nephropathy. Chronic hyperglycemia is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis. Hyperglycemia (HG) has the potential to cause humoral mediators and cytokines to be produced by both resident and non-resident renal cells. These substances may interfere with cell growth, alter renal cell and tissue phenotype and function, interact with proteins, produce advanced glycation end products (AGEs), damage tubules and glomeruli, and ultimately cause kidney disease. Poor blood glucose management is thus a significant risk factor for the onset of DN. An alternate course of treatment for DN may use extracts from herbal remedies. Medicinal plants' bioactive components stop DN from progressing. Attention has to be paid to the role that traditional herbs and medications play in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, particularly in India where several fruits and herbs are believed to provide health benefits. Natural compounds influence the KEAP1/Nrf2/ARE and NFB pathways in addition to having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The efficacy of entire herbs, plants, or seeds, together with their active components, in treating diabetic nephropathy was investigated in preclinical research. Natural compounds are biologically active substances that come from natural sources and are beneficial for treating specific illnesses. Numerous natural substances, such as glycosides, polysaccharides, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, have been shown to enhance DN. The exorbitant expenses associated with contemporary medications suggest that other approaches are necessary for improved DN treatment. Future research on herbal remedies may provide a natural key to open a pharmacy for diabetologists.
Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy; nephroprotective plant; herbal compounds, bioactive compound
Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Bilayer Tablets
Authors: Journal Devanshi , Kumari Dibya , Jain Umesh Kumar
Published: September 2024

Gastroretentive bilayer tablets were designed to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration and to achieve immediate release of lansoprazole and controlled release floating layer of clarithromycin to treat gastric ulcers. Instant release layer has a combination of super disintegrating agents. A combination of effervescent mechanism is used. HPMC K5 was used as swelling polymer and citric acid, sodium bicarbonate as gas generating agent to reduce the floating lag time. Bilayer floating tablets were prepared with varying proportions of instant layer and sustained release floating approaches. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various tablet and floating parameters. Tablet properties were found to be within the limits according to procedures prescribed in USP. They had a floating lag time around 3-7 seconds and floating time more than 24 hours. The cumulative % drug release in simulated gastric fluids after 10 hours was 70% - 95%. The mechanism of drug release was analyzed by fitting the release data into various kinetic models. It was found that all the formulations best fit the Higuchi’s model.
Keywords: Gastroretentive drug delivery system; Bilayer tables, Instant release layer, Floating layer, Lansoprazole, Clarithromycin.
Exploration of Asbab wa Mahiyatul Marazi (Etiopathogenesis) of Iḥtibās al-Tamth (amenorrhea) in comparison to modern medicine: A Literary Research
Authors: Zehra Farheen , Mir Rayees Ahmad , Ansari Abid Ali , Farooqui Kubra Anam
Published: September 2024

Background: Amenorrhea is defined as the cessation of menstruation; it is a significant clinical sign of reproductive dysfunction that affects 1.5-3% of women of childbearing age and is a leading cause of female infertility. The increasing incidence is attributed to better healthcare access and awareness. The Unani system of medicine offers a distinctive perspective on reproductive ailments, yet its terminology and concepts often diverge from modern medical understandings.
Research Problem and Aim: This study aims to bridge the gap between classical Unani literature and contemporary medicine by exploring the etiopathogenesis (asbāb wa mahiyatul marazi) of Iḥtibās al-Tamth (amenorrhea) and comparing it with conventional medical definition, types, causes and its pathogenesis, thereby enhancing understanding of it from both perspectives.
Methodology: A systematic review was conducted in 2023, that includes: The primary and main sources of collection of material were from classical published books, manuscripts and their translations. The second type of sources of collection of material were from different types of available published and unpublished literature related to study topic i.e. journals, proceedings, thesis, reports, souvenir, dissertations etc. The third type of sources were from authentic digital material i.e. trusted online websites i.e. PubMed, internet archive etc.
Results/Findings: The research revealed a structured understanding of Iḥtibās al-Tamth in Unani literature, highlighting its nuanced classification and etiological factors in comparison to conventional medicine. The findings underscore the potential for integrating Unani insights into contemporary gynaecological practices.
Implications: This exploration contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of Iḥtibās al-Tamth (amenorrhea), suggesting that Unani medicine's holistic approach may offer alternative treatment avenues that could mitigate the side effects associated with conventional hormonal therapies.
Keywords: Amenorrhea, Iḥtibās al-Tamth, Unani medicine, Etiopathogenesis, Mahiyatul marazi
Formulation and Evaluation of Acyclovir Loaded Transferosomal Gel for Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Gosavi Akshata Anil , Thorat Priyanka Abaso , Mulla Jameel Ahmed S.
Published: September 2024

Background: A carrying structure for targeted transdermal drug delivery is a transferosome. These unique liposomes are made of an edge activator and phosphatidylcholine. The most common antiviral drug is acyclovir, a synthetic nucleotide nucleoside analog derived from guanine. It works well to cure the varicella-zoster virus and the virus that causes herpes simplex (HSV), primarily HSV-1 and HSV-2. But its skin permeability is minimal. Therefore, this work aimed to use transferosomes to prepare acyclovir so that it could pass through the skin's barrier function.
Objective: This study uses a 32-factorial factorial design to develop a transferosomal gel containing acyclovir through thin-film hydration method for painless acyclovir delivery services for skin disease treatment.
Material and Methods: The independent variables are the amount of phospholipid (X1) and tween 80 (X2), while the dependent variables are particle size (Y1) and percentage entrapment efficiency (Y2). To create an ideal formulation, the produced transferosomes were assessed for particle size, in vitro drug release amount, and entrapment efficiency (EE%). A Carbopol 934 gel basis was prepared using the optimized acyclovir transferosome formulation, and its drug concentration, pH, spreadability, viscosity, and stability were assessed.
Results: With small particles ranging from 176.6 to 324.4 nm, the produced acyclovir transferosomes had a high EE% range from 66.34 to 76.42 %. According to the in vitro release study, there is a negative correlation between in vitro release and EE%. The formulation TF5, including 1%w/w of carbopol 940, provides a superior profile of drug absorption in vitro. Consequently, acyclovir can enter the skin as transferosomes and cross the stratum corneum barrier.
Conclusion: Acyclovir can be transformed into a transfersomal gel, which will improve antiviral efficacy, get over the skin's protective layer, prevent adverse oral reactions, and eventually improve patient adherence.
Keywords: Transferosome, Transdermal drug delivery system, Acyclovir, 32 Fractional factorial design, Carbopol 934
Method Development and Stress Degradation Profile of Umifenovir by UV Spectrophotometry
Authors: Nalanda R. B. , Priya Gudimella Ramya , Horan Abdulrahaman
Published: September 2024

A simple, selective, and economical UV spectrophotometric method has been developed using ethanol as solvent (50%) to determine the umifenovir content in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage formulations. At a pre-determined λ max of 260 nm, it has shown linear in the 10-50 µg/mL range and exhibited a good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9927) and excellent mean recovery (98.00–104%). The method was validated statistically, and recovery studies were done for linearity, precision, and accuracy. The obtained results proved that the method can be employed for the routine analysis of umifenovir in bulks and commercial formulations.
Keywords: UV spectrophotometry, Umifenovir, Validation, Method development, Stress Degradation
Investigation of effect of complexing agent and processing method on solubility of Efonidipine
Authors: Rao Monica R P , Narale Vaibhav , Patil Prerana
Published: September 2024

Nanosponges are versatile carriers due to their exceptional capability to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, taste masking and enhancement of stability. This study investigates potential of nanosponges, prepared by crosslinking β-cyclodextrin with diphenyl carbonate in 1:4 ratio for enhancing solubility of Efonidipine.  Nanosponges were characterized in terms of particle size. Phase solubility studies and solution state interaction studies were employed to understand the nature and strength of drug: nanosponge complexation. Complexes were prepared by kneading method and spray drying. Saturation solubility, in vitro dissolution studies and molecular modeling studies were performed. Complexes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy, X ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy. Phase solubility studies revealed 1:2 complexation between drug and carriers. Saturation solubility studies showed significant solubility increase with both beta CD and nanosponges. The increase was higher in case of spray dried complexes in all media. An 18 fold increase was observed in case of spray dried complexes in distilled water. DSC and PXRD confirmed amorphization of drug in the complexes. Thus solubility enhancement of EFD could be attributed to complexation and amorphization. Molecular modeling studies revealed the mode of entrapment of efonidipine in the carriers. In conclusion the versatility of nanosponges in encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules holds immense promise for personalized medicine and targeted therapy, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes. Moreover, the study introduces the efficacy of spray drying as a scalable and practical approach to maximize the solubility-enhancing benefits of nanosponges. This research highlights the potential of nanosponges to overcome a fundamental challenge in pharmaceuticals, opening new avenues for drug delivery and therapeutic advancement.
Keywords: Nanosponges, β -cyclodextrin, inclusion complexes, solubility enhancement, molecular modelling
A Systematic Review of Barley (Hordeum vulgare Linn.) in Unani Medicine with Recent Advances
Authors: Alvi Mehvash , Saleem Mohd Nauman
Published: September 2024

Objective: The present review article focuses on exploring the wide dimensions of barley including botanical description, nutritional composition, phytochemistry, experimental pharmacology, and clinical studies along with its traditional uses in Unani medicine.
Background: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) which is referred to as ‘Jao’ in the Unani system of medicine has a long history of utilization as a food and medicine. It belongs to family Poaceae and is considered as one of the founder crops of old-world agriculture.
Methodology: A manual literature survey of classical Unani texts was conducted to collect the information available on ‘Jao’. Besides, a comprehensive search of electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, was carried out to collect all the available information regarding its phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical studies.
Result: In Unani medicine, barley is an important drug commonly used in many disorders of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, musculoskeletal system, skin, etc. It is used to treat obesity, diabetes, headache, pain and inflammation of the throat, acute swelling of joints and gout, chronic swellings, diarrhoea, fever, skin eruptions, hyperpigmentation of the skin, etc. Recent studies revealed that barley constitutes beta-glucan and a myriad of bioactive compounds that play numerous biological activities such as hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anticancer, and wound healing activities.
Conclusion: Barley is a potent drug that exhibits a wide range of health benefits, most of which have been confirmed via preclinical and clinical studies. This review may thus be helpful for the research community as well as common people to avail the benefits of this drug.
Keywords: Barley, Beta-glucan, Hordeum vulgare, Jao, Unani medicine
Guiding Diffusion of Magnetic Nanoparticles from Nose to the Brain Using Permanent Magnet is Theoretically Feasible but Practically Challenging
Authors: Manalai Partam , Lin Stephen , Manalai Shabeer A. , Scercy Charles , Harrison Patricia , Manalai Najeeb , Malik Mansoor
Published: September 2024

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a significant challenge in delivering medications to the brain, impeding direct targeting of specific brain regions in humans. Currently, effective methods for overcoming this protective barrier are limited. Targeted drug delivery to the brain from the nose has been utilized successfully, albeit the delivered dose of medication directly to the brain predominantly depends on circulation. One promising strategy involves guiding magnetic nanoparticles through the cribriform plate from the nose to the brain. Unlike other areas, the nose and circumventricular organs provide a less restrictive pathway where the BBB is permeable. The concept of guiding the diffusion of magnetic nanoparticles through the cribriform plate appears feasible in theory. However, the complexity of such a delivery system necessitates a heuristic approach for practical implementation. In our recent study, we attempted to guide the diffusion of fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles using neodymium magnets in different media and animal brain tissues. Although, we did not successfully demonstrate this method of delivery with simplistic approach, we argue that an interprofessional effort is essential to tackle this mode of drug delivery by passing the challenges posed by the BBB and to innovate targeted drug delivery solutions for the brain. By leveraging diverse perspectives and specialized knowledge, we can advance towards more effective therapies that harness the potential of magnetic nanoparticle technology for neurological treatments.
Keywords: magnetic nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery, nasal drug delivery, bypass blood brain barrier, olfactory epithelium
Assessment of Quality Control parameters under Accelerated Stability Conditions for Manasamitra Vatakam; A Herbo Mineral Formulation
Authors: Srikalyani Vemuri , Ilango K , Shahina Sulthana P
Published: September 2024

Accelerated Stability Studies predicts the stability data and significantly explains the drug decision process. In the present study, Manasamitra Vatakam, a Herbo mineral formulation was subjected to stability conditions at 40°C ± 2°C /75%± 5% RH for 06 months. Control and stability samples were determined for parameters like Weight variation, Moisture content, Marker content determination, and Disintegration test, Dissolution study with different mediums, Friability and Hardness test. The phytomarker analysis showed decrease assay value for β-sitosterol, Vitexin, Kampferol and Withaferin. The dissolution studies were performed for the major biomarker Berberine in 0.1N HCl, pH 4.5 acetate and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer in which pH 6.8 buffer showed maximum release of 66.82% at 04 hours. The other Quality control parameters showed minimal difference under acceptance criteria. The study explains the need of stability analysis in polyherbal formulations and developed method can be used for routine analytical studies in various formulation containing berberine.
Keywords: Berberine, HPLC, Manasamitra Vatakam, Quality Control, Stability.
Knowledge and Attitudes of Medical and Pharmacy Graduates about Opioids Prescription and Dispensation in 2022 in Bamako, Mali
Authors: TRAORE Karim , KEITA Bourama , Traoré Abdouramane , SANOGO Ibrahim , Diarra Fatoumata , KONATE Drissa S , SANGARE Modibo , DIAKITE Seidina A S , Bah Sekou , Diakité Mahamadou
Published: September 2024

Opioids are medications with analgesic properties used primarily as painkillers. Nowadays, off-label uses (non-medical use, prolonged use, misuse and use without a medical supervision) are common inducing drug dependence with harmful consequences including substance-induced psychosis or pharmacopsychosis. In a cross-sectional study from February to June 2021, we used a questionnaire to collect information on the knowledge of interns and doctors trained in the Faculty of Medicine and Dental Medicine and the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Sciences, Bamako Techniques and Technologies (USTTB) on opioids in eight (8) public health facilities (5 university hospitals and 3 district hospitals) in Bamako. We analyzed the data with SPSS software version 25.0.
A total of 400 health workers participated in the study with 62.5% of medical students (250/400), 31.0% of pharmacy students (124/400) and 6.5% of general practitioners (26/400). More than 70.0% of our respondents were aware that there is a regulatory framework for prescribing and dispensing opioids in Mali. Level 2 opioids were dispensed in 29.0% of cases at the patient’s verbal request and 30.6% by telephone. However, level 3 opioids were dispensed in 0.8% of cases at the patient’s verbal request and in 3.2% of cases by telephone call. Medical students in 60.0%, pharmacy students in 64.5% and general practitioners in 50.0% had very good knowledge about the risks of opioid use. For 23.0%, general practitioners had at least a good knowledge of opioid indications. Participants had a good understanding of the risks and benefits of opioids.
Keywords: Attitudes, Knowledge, Opioïds, Mali