bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyper-asymptotic expansions and instantons
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 24 examines the topic of hyper–asymptotic expansions and instantons. A number of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory (QFT) examples exhibit degenerate classical minima connected by quantum barrier penetration effects. The analysis of the large order behaviour, based on instanton calculus, shows that the perturbative expansion is not Borel summable, and does not define unique functions. An important issue is then what kind of additional information is required to determine the exact expanded functions. While the QFT examples are complicated, and their study is still at the preliminary stage, in quantum mechanics, in the case of some analytic potentials that have degenerate minima (like the quartic double–well potential), the problem has been completely solved. Some examples are described in Chapter 24. There, the perturbative, complete, hyper–asymptotic expansion exhibits the resurgence property. The perturbative expansion can be related to the calculation of the spectral equation via the complex WKB method.
Social Categories, Coordination, and Inequity
Authors: O'Connor Cailin
Published: August 2019

This chapter shows why social categories provide solutions to certain coordination problems. It begins with a description of what social categories are and how they function in human groups. The chapter moves on to describe what social categories look like in game theoretic models. As becomes clear, a group with categories will often be able to achieve a level of efficiency unavailable to a group without them. There is a catch, though. The efficiency gained by adding social categories to a group often comes at the expense of egalitarianism. Groups that use social categories to solve coordination problems often display inequity in that joint action with unequal roles leads to unequal benefits for those involved.
The Evolution of Gender
Authors: O'Connor Cailin
Published: August 2019

This chapter does two things. The first is to use the evolutionary framework developed to explain a particular feature of the gendered division of labor—that some aspects of it seem conventional, and other less so. In developing this argument, the chapter employs a novel measure intended to capture the way conventionality can vary in degrees. The second is to explain why, somewhere between our most recent common ancestor and now, gender emerged in human groups. Some social scientists have argued not just that gender facilitates division of labor, but that gender itself exists in order to divide labor. The chapter presents a how-possibly model for the emergence of gender in a society without it.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Connor Cailin
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, I briefly summarize the main messages of the book. Gender can emerge to solve coordination problems. This sets the stage for the emergence of inequitable roles. Social categories, combined with cultural learning, lead to persistently inequitable norms and conventions. And understanding this process can help us intervene on it.
Introduction Modernity and Hinduism
Authors: Brekke Torkel
Published: August 2019

The introduction presents some of the most important conceptual and historical questions related to the study of modern Hinduism. It explains the historical limitations used in this volume and why we exclude a number of movements, ideas, and practices in Hinduism in order to keep the focus on what is new. It discusses the argument that Hinduism is an entity created by colonial scholarship rather than an indigenous category and it looks at the role of some important Hindu leaders and organizations in the development of a modern concept of Hinduism as a world religion. It also presents a discussion of how modernity standardizes culture, language, and religion and what this means for the study of modern Hinduism. Finally, the introduction briefly presents the main argument of each of the chapters in this volume.
Indian Cinema and Modern Hinduism
Authors: Chatterjee Gayatri
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks at how issues of modernity and Hinduism have been treated in a key modern medium: film. Chatterjee looks closely at several important Indian films that all reveal changing ideas on the place of Hinduism in modern India. Several of these films are historical. For instance, Rammohun Roy, the subject of Killingley’s chapter, is the hero in the 1965 film bearing his name. It shows the reformer as an enlightened man fighting social ills, insisting that Hinduism should exist peacefully with Islam. According to Chatterjee, the portrayal also glosses over several other, and important, aspects of his life. The social and religious movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries inspired a large body of Indian films in the early decades of Indian cinema, and these are one of the main foci of Chatterjee’s chapter.
The History of Hindu Nationalism in India
Authors: Manjari Katju
Published: August 2019

This chapter presents the history of Hindu nationalism, starting in the early twentieth century. It goes into the Hindutva ideology of Savarkar, Golwalkar, and other ideologues, and gives a history of key organizations such as the Hindu Mahasabha, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), and the political party associated with them, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The chapter gives a broad background to some of the most difficult debates about Hindu identity today—that is, debates about ethno-religious chauvinism, and about the prospects for peaceful coexistence of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, and other groups in India.
Parameters
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: August 2019

This chapter begins by summarizing recent critiques of the principles-and-parameters approach to cross-linguistic variation. It then sets out the explanatory advantages of that approach as they were originally envisaged in the early 1980s, arguing that these are advantages worth retaining. The nature of the empirical challenge posed by cross-linguistic variation is illustrated by a detailed summary of what is known regarding variation of different kinds across the (mainly Italo-)Romance languages, and then by illustrating the fundamental typological unity of these languages by comparing them with Japanese. What further emerges is that many of the properties subject to variation in Romance have no counterparts at all in Japanese, seemingly calling into question the universal nature of parameters. This leads to the development of a four-way typology of parameters as macro-, meso-, micro-, and nanoparameters and the associated hierarchical structure of variation (whereby macro- and mesochoices close off possibilities for microvariation).
Word order and the Final-Over-Final Condition
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: August 2019

This chapter develops an antisymmetric view of linearization, along the general lines of Kayne’s antisymmetry theory. A general alternative to earlier accounts of the Final-Over-Final Condition is developed based on Chomsky’s Labelling Algorithm, in particular the proposal that functional heads may vary in their capacity to autonomously label their categories. We propose that ‘weak’ functional categories lack this capacity, and trigger roll-up of their complement in order to effect this. Furthermore, a general version of the Strict Cycle is proposed which is also central to ‘generalized Universal 20 effects’. Finally, we formulate the parameter hierarchy for word-order variation (or, more precisely, for the roll-up movement which is a major determinant of word order across languages) in terms of the labelling-driven account of roll-up. We discuss both how the nature of the macro-, meso-, and microparameters making up that hierarchy can be deduced, and some of the empirical results.
An Editor's Guide to Writing and Publishing Science
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Scientists must communicate their work through clear writing and publish it where it will be read. To succeed, you need method, but also need to understand the worlds of journals, publishers and science evaluation. The Editor’s Guide to Writing and Publishing Science provides a comprehensive approach to how to write engaging papers, and strategies for publishing where they will be read and have impact. Drawing on decades of experience as a scientist, mentor and chief editor, Michael Hochberg offers a unique, authoritative view on writing science and into the little-known worlds of journals and publication. Succeeding in science means being a citizen of science, and The Editor’s Guide educates the reader in some of the most pressing issues and possible solutions, and provides key references for deeper exploration. Developing one’s career does not mean careerism, and Hochberg provides guidelines and advice for young researchers to engage in the craft of science, forge collaborations, contribute to the scientific commons as a peer reviewer and interact through social media. Understanding the challenges and opportunities in publishing is only possible with knowledge of how science communication is changing, and the reader is introduced to the important, emerging world of Open Science. Written in a practical and accessible way for students, postdoctoral researchers, early-career scientists and professionals across a wide range of scientific fields, The Editor’s Guide is a powerful tool for learning and improving individual skills, and can be the basis for discussion groups, or used as a text for dedicated classroom courses.
Planting Your Flag
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Science works through the publication of results. Sometimes results confirm previous findings, others they are a new discovery. Either way, results only have effects when they are actually made available to the scientific community. Delaying publication may mean that what was a discovery is now a confirmatory finding. This chapter explains why it is important to “plant your flag” as a personal achievement, a necessity for career development and a gain for the scientific community.
Choosing a Journal
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Imagine that you could fast-forward time and compare your paper’s impact had it had been published in Journal A vs. Journal B. Publishing in Journal A may result a remarkable trajectory: many citations and the creation of a new lines of research. Publishing in B could be a positive accomplishment but lead to a more moderate impact or perhaps none at all. The same paper, two different journals, two different impacts. Indeed, venue can make a difference. This chapter will present different considerations in choosing a journal and how to develop a coherent strategy.
The Cover Letter
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Many view the cover letter as a nuisance that must be dealt with when a manuscript is submitted. Some journals make no mention of specific requirements for the letter; others not only require it, but also have specific guidelines. The cover letter is the opportunity to speak directly to the editor with the goal of convincing her to send your paper out for review. This chapter discusses the importance of the cover letter and its essential elements.
Data Archiving and Sharing
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Many journals require data archiving as a condition for publication. Archiving permits verification of results and future use of data. However, data archiving presents some challenges, the most important being the analysis of data in new ways either not approved by—or potentially scooping—the original authors. To whom do data belong and what is fair practice for future use? This chapter will discuss these issues and ways forward.
Writing Reviews, Opinions and Commentaries
Authors: Hochberg Michael
Published: August 2019

Scientific journals have greatly diversified their content over the past few decades. Forums commonly seen nowadays include: essays, opinions, perspectives, commentaries, news and reviews. Although not as technical as original research articles, these rubrics nevertheless maintain the essential pillars of accurate, neutral, clear and precise writing. This chapter presents several of the most known article types and the opportunities they present.
Foregrounding Context in Action
Authors: Dopson Sue , Meier Ninna
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this book is to provide an exploration of the role of context and action in the broader field of organization and management theory, illustrated by examples from health care research. In their own right, both context and action are essential theoretical concepts rooted in philosophical reflections. Moreover, they pose potential methodological challenges to research in the fields of organization and management. The context–action relationship deals with issues relating to questions such as what is organizational change and how can we study it empirically? How are macro- and microlevel events or actions connected, and how do they influence and co-constitute each other through their relationships across analytical levels? The book distinguishes between context as a theoretical construct, on the one hand, and as methodological approach (i.e., how we operationalize and use the concept in the research process) on the other.
Bringing the Hospital Back In
Authors: Tryggestad Kjell , Harty Chris , Jacobsen Peter Holm
Published: August 2019

The aim of this chapter is to include buildings in studies of context. It foregrounds what is usually considered contextual background—the building—and focuses on the hospital building and the ways in which it matters for the organization and performance of health care. Our approach to the question of context is processual, socio-technical, and inspired by actor-network theory. The actor-network theory lens allows the researcher to consider the building as both background and foreground, as object, context, and process. As an object, and as a matter of fact, the building resides in the background, yet it can always become foregrounded as a matter of concern. This can happens for a multitude of reasons, including that the “object” itself might create unwelcome surprises and obstacles for its human users and, in turn, spur further attempts by specialists in building construction to contain these through mitigating projects and redesign.
Patients, Families, and Care Settings
Authors: Locock Louise , Robert Glenn , Meier Ninna
Published: August 2019

Involving patients and family members as “experts by experience” in health care research and delivery has become accepted practice. There is a growing reliance on patients to manage their own care, and on families to provide support and informal care in wider settings. It is perhaps surprising, therefore, that patients, families, and informal care settings are absent in most discussions of context in health care. In part, this is because “context” in health service research has traditionally been explored through cross-sectional, “structural” studies at the macro- or mesosystem level, as opposed to taking a longitudinal and/or microlevel psychological perspective concerned with social dynamics or individual staff and patient interactions. The observations in this derive from collective experience in studying both health care organizations and the experiences of patients. Drawing on this corpus of research, this chapter explores the often-neglected role of patients and families in discussions of health care context.
Place Matters in Context Analysis
Authors: Meier Ninna
Published: August 2019

This chapter reflects on the construct of “patients’ experience of context,” specifically in relation to questions of vantage point, representation, and place in health care research. It discusses the question of how patients might experience context for their illness in a multiorganizational health care system. Assuming that actors engage with and experience contexts differently, it discusses potential consequences for the current fragmented and distributed organization of cancer care for involvement of patients in their own care. The chapter focuses on two important but often overlooked dimensions: place (where people are) and knowing (what and how people know), and, importantly, how these two dimensions relate to one another. These dimensions are central components of the collaboration between patients and health care professionals, the distribution of work in different places, the fragmentation of knowledge, responsibility, and activities across different parts of their process. The chapter ends by discussing the benefits of posing two simple questions in relation to context in health care: Whose context is it, and from where is context studied?
The phonetics of palatals
Authors: Zampaulo André
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides a detailed characterization of both articulatory and acoustic patterns of Romance palatals and their relevance to the goals of the book. While focusing on available data for sounds that are commonly found across the Romance-speaking world, this chapter also characterizes consonants whose emergence appear more restricted and/or for which articulatory and acoustic data do not abound in the Romance literature. Knowing the articulatory and acoustic characteristics of these sounds reveals itself as crucial to understanding the basic phonetic motivations for their diachronic pathways as well as their patterns of synchronic dialectal variation.
Palatals in the history of the Romance languages
Authors: Zampaulo André
Published: August 2019

Tracking the origins of Romance palatals is central to fully understand how their current dialectal manifestations have come to be so varied. This chapter traces the documented diachronic pathways of palatals in the development of the Romance languages from their origins in Latin. In addition to unveiling their evolution, this chapter also reviews the insights of, and challenges posed by, previous accounts in the literature to explain the series of different phonetic changes that led to the emergence of the aforementioned sounds. Historically documented data as well as sound reconstructions that have been proposed based upon comparative evidence are presented. In light of much disagreement that exists with regard to particular sound reconstructions due to the lack of available historical data, this chapter presents sound reconstructions from the most plausible and phonetically grounded perspective and in agreement with similar change processes observed throughout the Romance-speaking world.
Palatals in the Romance languages today
Authors: Zampaulo André
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the various manifestations of palatals throughout current Romance varieties, based upon data and maps available in the literature and upon new data, particularly on varieties of Argentine Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese. This dialectal overview is key to illustrate the continuous evolutionary thread of palatals in the history of the Romance languages. Specifically, this chapter demonstrates how recent and current variation and change patterns in many Romance varieties mirror those changes which are documented or reconstructed throughout the linguistic evolution of the Romance languages. An up-to-date dialectal snapshot, therefore, stands as one of the best means through which one can reconstruct changes that took place historically and for which precise spoken data is ever impossible to access.
A Jurisprudential Puzzle as Old as the Talmud
Authors: Helmreich Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2019

Judges face an unenviable predicament: on the one hand, they are charged with applying the law as it is, rather than as they’d like it to be. On the other hand, legal sources can often be read so as to support opposite rulings. I explore how the Talmudic version of the problem presents a uniquely paralyzing conundrum for legal decisors. The problem arises in the interaction of various Talmudic principles. One is the principle of pluralism: The same act in the same circumstances may rightly be ruled permitted or forbidden, the same food kosher or unkosher. The second principle, I’ll call faithfulness: Rabbinic decisors, in ruling on a case, must try to find the correct answer. We can shed light on the contemporary jurisprudential problem by comparing it to the ancient and enduring version of it laid bare in the Talmud.
A Commentary on a Midrash
Authors: Lebens Samuel
Published: August 2019

In this philosophical commentary on a Midrash about the Song of Songs, I attempt to showcase the ways in which analytic philosophy can help one to unpack the Midrash, and how the Midrash can also give rise to insights that might generate new avenues for philosophical research. A number of philosophers in the analytic tradition have been, and continue to be, interested in the nature of metaphor. I bring that literature into conversation with a noteworthy midrashic meditation on the nature of metaphors and parables.
Catharsis and the Epistemology of Repentance in the Talmud and Jewish Law
Authors: Rabinowitz Dani
Published: August 2019

The psychology of repentance has dominated the attention of both Jewish theologians and western philosophers at the expense of the epistemology of repentance. This chapter is an attempt to rectify this lacuna. In an attempt to elucidate a somewhat obscure Talmudic debate about confession with the tools of current analytic epistemology, the cathartic value of repentance is thrown into sharp relief. The results reached here naturally generalize to many theological traditions within Christianity and Islam which similarly recognize the cathartic role of repentance.
Ersatz Modal Realism
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark
Published: August 2019

Ersatz possible worlds can be understood as maximal states of affairs; maximal properties; recombinations of actual bits of reality; as maps; or as entities built from propositions or sentences. The question was: can these approaches be extended to include impossible worlds? The states of affairs approach can, with some modification, accommodate impossible worlds. The property approach too can, with some modification, be extended to impossible worlds. It is argued that the extended approach is best viewed as a form of linguistic ersatzism. The combinatorial faces the question: what are recombinations, metaphysically speaking? This approach collapses into one of the others. Map ersatzism does not seem general enough to accommodate all the impossibilities. The most promising approach is linguistic ersatzism. The chapter discusses an issue all ersatz accounts face: the problem of aliens.
Environmental history
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

This chapter covers the environmental history of Tropical East Asia, starting with its assembly from Gondwanan fragments during the Mesozoic. Changes in sea level, climate, and vegetation are covered in increasing detail from the Eocene to the present day, and the influence of volcanic eruptions and other natural catastrophes is discussed. The history of human occupation is outlined, from the appearance of Homo erectus more than a million years ago, through the arrival of modern humans in the region 80,000–50,000 years ago, to the spread of agriculture and the development of urban settlements. Human impacts on natural ecosystems are considered throughout the period of occupation, culminating in the concept of the human-dominated Anthropocene.
The ecology of animals
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

Most biomass consists of plants but most non-microbial species are animals, and these animals play a great diversity of roles in tropical ecosystems. This chapter therefore deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from an animal perspective, focusing on the diets of both vertebrates and invertebrates, and the role of food quality and phenology in diet choice. Specialist and generalist feeders are distinguished and contrasted. The major diet groups covered include the herbivores (including leaf, shoot, root, bark, and wood feeders, as well as sap suckers and honeydew feeding ants), flower visitors, frugivores, granivores, detritivores, carnivores (including specialists on invertebrates and vertebrates), blood feeders, parasites and parasitoids, omnivores, scavengers, and coprophages.
Conservation in the Anthropocene
Authors: Corlett Richard T.
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers options for conserving the biodiversity of Tropical East Asia in the face of the pervasive threats described in previous chapters. Sources of funding are first considered, including domestic governments, foreign aid, non-governmental organizations, businesses, payments for ecosystem services, REDD+, biodiversity offsets, tourism, and eco-certification. The next section discusses the use of surrogates in conservation planning, methods of prioritizing species, and various approaches to prioritizing areas and ecosystems. The establishment of new protected areas is dealt with along with alternative models for protection. This is followed by the options for reducing unsustainable exploitation of timber, wildlife, and other forest products, controlling fires, managing invasive species, and minimizing the magnitude and impacts of climate change. The potential for restoring forests and reintroducing species is then discussed. The chapter ends with sections on education and related issues, and a discussion of possible ways forward for biodiversity conservation in Tropical East Asia.
Biographical Introduction
Authors: Wood Alastair
Published: August 2019

This chapter is an introductory biography of the life and works of Sir G. G. Stokes from his early life in Ireland, through his career in Cambridge as student and fellow of Pembroke, to his election as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. It summarizes his lasting contributions to mathematics, optics, and continuum mechanics and his later role as Secretary and President of the Royal Society, particularly during the period of the Creation versus Evolution controversy. The Chapter touches on his family life and religious views, including his interest in the relation between science and religion, concluding with outline of his public life as a Member of Parliament for Cambridge University and mentioning the many honours which were accorded to him in later years.
Stokes and the Royal Society
Authors: Despeaux Sloan Evans
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines George Gabriel Stokes’s almost four decades of service to the Royal Society. As Secretary from 1854 to 1885, Stokes devoted an enormous amount of time and effort to editing the Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions and Proceedings. In this role, he acted as both gatekeeper and mentor to a generation of scientists. The same qualities that made Stokes, as Secretary, an excellent steward of the ‘internal scientific work’ of the Royal Society, were sometimes at odds with the political challenges he faced as Royal Society President, an office he held from 1885 to 1890.
Faith and Thought
Authors: Mathieson Stuart
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines Stokes as an outspoken scientist of faith. It uses Stokes to examine the intellectual threats to conservative Christianity in the second half of the nineteenth century, and highlights his leading role among Victorian Britain’s religious scientists, through bodies such as the Royal Society and the Victoria Institute. It also explains how Stokes’s upbringing and education formed the basis for his own evangelical theology, and highlights his two most significant contributions to that field. First, it explores Stokes’s opposition to the doctrine of eternal punishment, and his promotion of conditional immortality as an alternative. Second, it highlights how Stokes continued to advocate the natural theology and teleological argument of William Paley a century after they were first proposed, as a method of harmonizing faith and scientific practice.
The Scientific Legacy of George Gabriel Stokes
Authors: Fowler Andrew
Published: August 2019

The scientific legacy of George Gabriel Stokes is considered. Certain aspects of Stokes’s research work are reviewed and related to more recent fields of research. These include the Navier–Stokes equations and other approaches to rational continuum mechanics, the issue of existence of solutions, the boundary no-slip condition; Stokes flow and the issue of pendulum drag; the Hele-Shaw cell, viscous fingering, wavelength selection in pattern formation; moving contact lines; the highest water wave, rogue waves, the NLS equation; Stokes lines, exponential asymptotics, dendrite growth, slow manifods, and diffraction.
Literature Machines
Authors: Duncan Dennis
Published: August 2019

In the group’s Second Manifesto, François Le Lionnais writes that ‘structurAlist’ (his own capitalization) is ‘a term that many of us consider with circumspection’. Therefore, as a way of describing the Oulipo’s interest in structures without getting it mixed up with the method of thinkers like Roman Jakobson or Claude Lévi-Strauss, he proposes the neologism structurElist. And yet, in their analyses of the literary canon and their fascination with cybernetics and authorless texts, much of the Oulipo’s early work does exhibit unignorable affinities with the structuralists. Using material from the BnF archives, this chapter shows how the apparent distaste for structuralism is bound up with the Oulipo’s own moves into narratological—as opposed to linguistic—constraints, and moreover is not felt uniformly by all members. Some, like Le Lionnais, had a role in structuralism’s early development, while others like Queneau are acutely aware of the contested space that the two groups occupy.
The Punning Muse
Authors: Duncan Dennis
Published: August 2019

One method much-practised by the Oulipo is ‘homophonic translation’: taking the sounds of one language and trying to recreate them in another. Thus Keats’s ‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’ becomes in French ‘Ah, singe débotté, hisse un jouet fort et vert’ [‘Oh, unshod monkey, raise a stout green toy’]. But this type of extended punning has also always had a crucial role in psychoanalytic interpretation, and in this chapter we find members of the Oulipo framing their exercises in homophonic translation as spoof scholarship, thereby sending up reductive or overzealous reading in both psychoanalysis and literary criticism. The chapter also introduces two of the Oulipo’s acknowledged precursors: the poet Raymond Roussel, and the quack etymologist J.-P. Brisset, who believed that phonetic similarity was never merely coincidental (thus, if grammar sounds like grandma, then this tells us something about grammars, grandmas, and the world at large).
Conclusion
Authors: Duncan Dennis
Published: August 2019

The conclusion points forwards from the debates of the 1960s and early 70s, suggesting that if the group is to continue to engage with the intellectual concerns of its milieu, then these will be concerns of the politics of identity. In one, sense, in co-opting Anne Garréta the group now has a member who has used constrained writing to extraordinary effect to demonstrate the inescapability of declarative binary gendering for the speaking subject in French. At the same time, as Garréta herself has pointed out, the Oulipo remains very much an old boys’ club. The chapter also looks at the critique of the Oulipo delivered by Juliana Spahr and Stephanie Young at the CalArts Oulipo conference of 2005.
The Place of Cicero in Locke’s Moral Theology
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim
Published: August 2019

Locke’s published and unpublished works disclose a marked contempt for classical moral philosophy, with one signal exception: Cicero. This chapter reconstructs Locke’s interpretation of Cicero, to explain why he was held to be an exception to Locke’s more general disdain for ancient ethical theories. This approach also illuminates our understanding of the relationship between Locke’s moral theory, political philosophy, writings of Christian apologetic, and theory of toleration. It suggests that Locke’s moral philosophy is decidedly more complex, and richer, than is often recognized: pregnant with naturalistic impulses that were nonetheless subordinated to a grounding of morality in the authority, will, and command of a divine legislator. These aspects of Locke’s moral theory proved to be immensely stimulating to later British philosophers such as Hume, even if they sought systematically to decouple moral philosophy from Christian theology.
Mandeville and the Construction of Morality
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim
Published: August 2019

Once considered primarily as a satirist, recent scholarship has drawn attention to the importance and originality of Bernard Mandeville’s moral philosophy and theory of sociability—and its influence on later philosophers including Rousseau, Hume, and Adam Smith. Mandeville’s close engagement with Epicurean writings, ancient and modern, is clear; less recognized is the extent to which he drew upon them to develop a naturalistic moral theory which could respond directly to Shaftesbury’s Stoic moral philosophy (and, less directly, to Locke’s Christian moral theology). In such a theory, God’s design, will, and sanctions played no meaningful role; but this did not preclude Mandeville from offering his own, strikingly original narrative of the intertwined histories of moral philosophy and moral theology. As had Locke, Mandeville drew particular attention to the individual’s craving for esteem and its importance in their habituation, in society, into norms of moral conduct to which they subsequently feel beholden.
At the Limits of Christian Humanism
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim
Published: August 2019

Even as he has attracted little attention from historians, the writings of the determinedly heterodox Anglican clergyman Conyers Middleton incited a remarkable amount of critical response in mid-century Britain. Hume, for example, clearly read Middleton closely. Even more so than Locke, Middleton declared his admiration for Cicero’s moral philosophy. Middleton nonetheless alerts us to an alternative tradition of thinking about Cicero as an academic sceptic: that developed within Christian humanism, most notably by irenic figures such as Erasmus and William Chillingworth. On this reading, Ciceronian academic scepticism and Christian piety were complementary and mutually reinforcing: if the former recognized the limits of reason, then the Christian gospels provided what reason alone could not. Middleton’s biography of Cicero represents the most concerted, comprehensive attempt to present Cicero as an academic sceptic; and Cicero was a similarly presiding presence in Middleton’s deeply controversial theological writings.
Lines of Amity
Authors: Netzloff Mark
Published: August 2019

One of the abiding fictions underwriting the history of international law is the idea of lines of amity, the premise that territorial conflicts, acts of piracy, and other forms of extraterritorial violence that took place west of the Canaries and south of the Tropic of Cancer, did not infringe on interstate treaties or otherwise affect the amity among European states. Chapter 3 explores an alternative framework for the lines of amity, examining the ways that interstate competition in the Americas enabled unexpected alliances, forms of amity that traversed lines of nation, confessional identity, and race. Sir Francis Drake’s alliance with the nation of Cimarrons in Panama in 1572 forges modes of amity that not only traverse colony and metropole but additionally complicate the extent to which nonstate agents and stateless persons could wield political agency in the unstable political domain ‘beyond the line’. An examination of Vitoria’s De Indis reveals the means through which the lines of amity remained entrenched in the European political imagination, a transformation accomplished through a narrative strategy that relegated colonial history to its own tragic register. Vitoria transforms amity from a model of similitude and alliance to a defence of Spanish colonialism under the guise of diplomacy, free trade, and the defence of the innocent. Finally, Davenent’s The History of Sir Francis Drake rewrites Drake’s alliance with the Cimarrons in order to provide a spectacular precedent for representing England’s nascent imperial identity, ensured through entrance into the Spanish Caribbean.
A Diplomatic Narrative in the Archive
Authors: Antonini Fabio
Published: August 2019

Just as critical approaches to diplomatic records should be mindful of their form and physicality, so too must they consider the context of their initial storage, preservation, and arrangement within a wider collection of texts. The recent ‘archival turn’ in historical studies has illustrated the pivotal role of record keeping institutions in the transmission of historical information across the centuries, and how their physical and organizational structures dictate the relationship between the historian and their sources. This chapter focuses on the Secret Chancery of the Republic of Venice, and its role in shaping contemporary historical narratives of the outbreak of the War of Cyprus in 1570. It demonstrates that changes in record keeping practices corresponded with a shift in historical paradigms, by analysing how individual dispatches were organized and relayed from the archive by state historians to the reading public; and it examines the early development of the diplomatic record from a political tool into a historical and cultural artefact.
Theorizing Presidential Rotation
Authors: Stone Peter
Published: August 2019

Throughout history, democracies have practised rotation in office; that is, they have periodically required certain political officials to step down and allow others to take their places. Presidential term limits are a contemporary manifestation of this phenomenon. But why should democracies insist upon rotation? This chapter, revisits the practices of Classical Athens to see what lessons can be learned regarding rotation (especially the practice of presidential term limits) today. My conclusions are largely negative. Rotation did things for Athens that it does not do today, and rotation does things today that it did not do for Athens. This is because the context within which rotation took place was radically different in Athens than it is today. As a result, while rotation made a critical contribution to democracy in Athens, presidential term limits do not make this contribution today.
China
Authors: Wang Zhengxu , Vangeli Anastas
Published: August 2019

In China, the ruling Chinese Communist Party’s rules govern the terms and tenures of party and state leaders. This chapter recounts the evolution of the party-state’s term-related rules from the Mao (1949–78) to the Deng (1980s–90s) and post-Deng (1990s–2012) eras. Formal rules developed from the 1980s through the 2010s to govern the tenure of party leaders and officials, which led to formal and predictable elite turnovers within the system, up to its very top level. By the turn of century, the paramount leader, who concurrently serves as general secretary of the Party, state president, and chairman of the Central Military Commission, had been brought under the same set of rules. The current president Xi Jinping appears to have opened a new era in which the rules governing the tenure and replacement of the top leader will have to be rewritten. We examine the various possibilities lying ahead.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Latin America
Authors: Cheibub José Antonio , Medina Alejandro
Published: August 2019

This chapter revisits the conventional wisdom about term limits in Latin America by bringing into perspective the inherent tradeoffs between electoral accountability and restrictions to incumbency advantage. While the changes in constitutional term limits that have occurred in recent decades have mostly been understood as attempts by incumbents to usurp power, this chapter suggests that a large number of these changes can instead be attributed to a process of constitutional adjustment. Movement towards less restrictive term limits need not be solely the result of dictatorial ambitions. The chapter presents the historical record, as well as a series of descriptive statistics which help shed light into this alternative view of changes to term limits over the years with evidence suggesting the increasing prevalence of a term limit regime that implies de facto longer terms for presidents, but conditional on voters’ approval.
Effects of Presidential Term Limits
Authors: Suzuki Akisato
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores empirically what kind of effects presidential term limits have on political phenomena that are often of interest in political science. It first presents some of the existing empirical findings and also discusses a few tentative hypotheses on possible effects of presidential term limits on a variety of political outcomes. This serves as a brief overview of the possible effects of presidential term limits. It then focuses in greater detail on three political phenomena covering a broad range of leader behavior, which presidential term limits may influence: change in the composition of government expenditure, state repression, and international crises. This serves as detailed examples of how we can think of the effects that presidential term limits exert on leaders. The chapter set outs hypotheses regarding relationships between presidential term limits and these three phenomena, and tests these hypotheses, drawing on previously published papers and their replication datasets.
An Overview of the Issues and the Book
Authors: Chantapacdepong Pornpinun , Helble Matthias , Yoshino Naoyuki
Published: August 2019

The introduction provides an overview of the book and summarizes its objectives. The book is divided into four parts. The first part provides an overview of the empirics of shock spillovers through trade and financial channels in general. The second part examines the mechanism driving financial spillovers, both price-oriented and quantity-oriented. The third part presents case studies of the implications of spillovers on real economies. The final part outlines implications for monetary policy and macroprudential policy. The objective of this book is to explain how macroeconomic shocks stemming from the global financial crisis and recent unconventional monetary policies in developed economies have affected macroeconomic and financial stability in emerging markets, with a particular focus on Asia. In particular, the book studies the spillover effects of macroeconomic shocks on financial markets and flows in emerging economies and the impact of recent macroeconomic shocks on real economies in emerging markets.
Uncertainty about Federal Reserve Policy and its Transmission to Emerging Economies
Authors: Tillmann Peter
Published: August 2019

It is well known that a tightening or easing of the United States’ monetary policy affects financial markets in emerging economies. This chapter argues that uncertainty about future monetary policy is a separate transmission channel. We focus on the taper tantrum episode in 2013, a period with an elevated uncertainty about monetary policy, and use a data set that contains 90,000 Twitter messages on Federal Reserve tapering. Based on this data set, we construct a new index about monetary policy uncertainty using a list of uncertainty keywords. An advantage of this index is that it reflects uncertainty about a specific policy decision. An estimated vector autoregression (VAR) shows that uncertainty shocks lead to a fall in asset prices and a depreciation of local currencies. We also discuss the policy implications of this uncertainty channel of monetary policy transmission.
The Role of Institutions and Macroprudential Policy in Managing Spillovers from Quantitative Easing Policies
Authors: Belke Ansgar , Volz Ulrich
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the impact of advanced countries’ quantitative easing on emerging market economies (EMEs) and how macroprudential policy and good governance play a role in preventing potential financial vulnerabilities. We use confidential locational bank statistics data from the Bank for International Settlements to examine whether quantitative easing has caused an appreciation of EMEs’ currencies and how it has done so, and whether this has in turn boosted foreign-currency borrowing, thus making EMEs vulnerable to balance sheet and maturity mismatch problems. While focusing our analysis on East Asian economies, we compare them with Latin American economies, which were also major recipients of quantitative easing capital inflows. We find that government effectiveness plays an important role in curbing excessive borrowing when the exchange rate is overvalued.
Neutral theories of molecular evolution
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 4, “Neutral theories of molecular evolution,” outlines the logic and predictions of the neutral theory of molecular evolution and its derivatives as a simple conceptual framework for understanding DNA sequence evolution. It introduces the standard neutral model as a null model of evolutionary change in DNA sequences to describe patterns of polymorphism within species and divergence between species. An overview is provided for the molecular clock concept and for predictions about the amount of polymorphism and allele frequency distributions within populations. This chapter covers how population size and selection intersect to define nearly neutral fitness effects and their implications, as well as misinterpretations and misapplications of Neutral Theory. This overview provides a foundation for how theoretical predictions offer null models for tests of molecular evolution developed in later chapters.
Genealogy in evolution
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 5, “Genealogy in evolution,” introduces branching tree diagrams as an intuitive way to visualize the evolutionary relationships between alleles, haplotypes, individuals, and species. It describes the nomenclature of gene tree topologies, the stochasticity in tree shape across genes, and the notion of a most recent common ancestor. This chapter also covers reverse-time genealogical thinking with coalescent theory and how it integrates with predictions about nucleotide polymorphism and the site frequency spectrum. An overview of how phylogenies show between-species genealogical relationships is used to highlight the concepts of orthology and homoplasy, how to calculate and interpret different metrics of DNA sequence divergence, the role of ancestral polymorphism in creating distinct gene trees, the multiple mutational hits problem, and factors that influence calculations of the time to the most recent common ancestor for species trees versus gene trees. This chapter surveys how to think of evolution in terms of genealogies that relate gene copies within a species or among species, and how to connect ideas about gene trees to other ideas in molecular population genetics.