bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Abel – Poisson means of conjugate Fourier – Chebyshev series and their approximation properties
Authors: Patseika P. G. , Rouba Y. A.
Published: July 2021

Herein, the approximation properties of the Abel – Poisson means of rational conjugate Fourier series on the system of the Chebyshev–Markov algebraic fractions are studied, and the approximations of conjugate functions with density | x |s , s ∈(1, 2), on the segment [–1,1] by this method are investigated. In the introduction, the results related to the study of the polynomial and rational approximations of conjugate functions are presented. The conjugate Fourier series on one system of the Chebyshev – Markov algebraic fractions is constructed. In the main part of the article, the integral representation of the approximations of conjugate functions on the segment [–1,1] by the method under study is established, the asymptotically exact upper bounds of deviations of conjugate Abel – Poisson means on classes of conjugate functions when the function satisfies the Lipschitz condition on the segment [–1,1] are found, and the approximations of the conjugate Abel – Poisson means of conjugate functions with density | x |s , s ∈(1, 2), on the segment [–1,1] are studied. Estimates of the approximations are obtained, and the asymptotic expression of the majorant of the approximations in the final part is found. The optimal value of the parameter at which the greatest rate of decreasing the majorant is provided is found. As a consequence of the obtained results, the problem of approximating the conjugate function with density | x |s , s ∈(1, 2), by the Abel – Poisson means of conjugate polynomial series on the system of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind is studied in detail. Estimates of the approximations are established, as well as the asymptotic expression of the majorants of the approximations. This work is of both theoretical and applied nature. It can be used when reading special courses at mathematical faculties and for solving specific problems of computational mathematics.
Increasing the accuracy of the automatic control system of unmanned aircraft under conditions of non-stationary interference
Authors: Yatsyna Y. F. , Gridnev Yu. V. , Shchauleu A. A.
Published: July 2021

An approach to solving the problem of improving the accuracy of an automatic control system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in conditions of non-stationary interference is considered. Such interference is caused by random changes in the noise of the measuring sensors, which are installed in the UAV, when changing the yaw, roll and flight altitude of the UAV due to restructuring or transformation of the operating mode of the propulsion system of the UAV. Non-stationary noises do not allow obtaining the maximum effect of applying the theory of optimal filtration based on the classical Kalman filter. The authors proposed a method of stabilizing sensor noise by using a noise automatic gain control circuit installed in front of the Kalman filter. For its quantitative assessment, a team of authors developed a computer model and carried out dynamic modeling based on test signals, which showed the applicability of the classical Kalman filter in non-stationary conditions and a decrease in the filtering errors of the automatic control system.
HPV Catch-up Vaccination is Effective but Cervical Screening Should Continue
Authors: Hallam Nick F.
Published: July 2021

This short communication reports additional research that extends the previously published article - Commentary: HPV Catch-Up Vaccination Reduces the Prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 Infections and Cervical Disease: A Retrospective Study.1 One limitation of that study was uncertainty as to whether the catch-up cohort had actually received HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccination. That information has now been obtained. 87 (59%) of the 147 patients in the catch-up cohort had received at least one dose of HPV bivalent vaccine. 69 of these (representing 79% of those vaccinated) had received three doses (as recommended at the time). Both the vaccinated and unvaccinated subsets of the catch-up cohort show a significant reduction in the prevalence of HPV 16 and/or 18 (with/without other high-risk types 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68) and of high grade cervical disease compared to an earlier unvaccinated cohort. These results confirm the efficacy of HPV catch-up vaccination and the existence of herd immunity following the introduction of national HPV vaccination campaigns. However, 34 patients (23%) in the catch-up cohort had high grade disease (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] 2 or worse), 16 of whom had been vaccinated (12 with three doses, one with two doses and three with one dose of HPV bivalent vaccine) and four of those vaccinated had HPV 16 and/or 18 (with/without other high-risk types), the rest had other HPV high risk types. This emphasises the importance of maintaining cervical screening alongside HPV vaccination.
El patrimonio edificado militar de Lima y Cusco en crisis: Panorama y perspectiva
Authors: Estrada Diego Javier Celis , Casas Jose Carlos Hayakawa , Poblete Alejandrina Arróspide , Montes Jarim Melgar , Zegarra María Eugenia Pareja , Alberca Giovanna maria Balarezo
Published: July 2021

Esta investigación parte de un análisis de los espacios y edificaciones que han tenido o tienen un uso militar o han sido o son escenarios de sucesos militares en el contexto de las ciudades de Lima y
Effects of pH, High Pressure Processing, and Ultraviolet Light on Carotenoids, Chlorophylls, and Anthocyanins of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Juices
Authors: Chandra Rosita Dwi , Prihastyanti Monika Nur Utami , Lukitasari Diah Mustika
Published: July 2021

Health consciousness and the need to maintain immune system have increased the demand for fresh fruit and vegetable juices due to the presence of nutritional benefits including colorful pigments such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. Besides providing green, yellow, and red color in fruits and vegetables, these phytochemical compounds play an important role in health maintenance through their antioxidant activity. However, natural pigments have been known to be susceptible to adverse conditions including pH and temperature. Heat treatment is commonly applied in the processing of fresh juices in order to extend shelf‐life. Nevertheless, thermal treatments have been reported to cause detrimental impacts on the quality of juices. Thus, non‐thermal treatments such as high pressure processing (HPP) and ultraviolet (UV) light have become alternative methods to preserve the juices without high impact on nutritional and sensory characteristics. This review underlines the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin pigments in green, yellow, and red fresh juices obtained from several fruits and vegetables, with the influence of pH and non‐thermal treatments (HPP and UV) on the color and stability of pigments in the fresh juices.
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ГИДРОГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРИРОДНЫХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ В РАЗВИТИИ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ТУРИЗМА
Authors: Садыхова Н.А.
Published: July 2021

Abstract: Since the very beginning of tourism, nature has been the main driving
force behind travel. Obviously, natural monuments are one of the attractive places
for tourists. Today ecotourism based on natural monuments and attractions has become one of the leading sectors of the economy in many countries of the world.
Travels associated with natural monuments are now the most promising and intensively developing areas of recreational activities.
Keywords: ecotourism, natural monuments, hydro-geological monuments, mineral spring, kyahriz
ANALISIS DAMPAK IC-CEPA TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA
Authors: Taufiqqurrachman Fahrizal , Dwi Handoyo Rossanto
Published: July 2021

Abstrak

Perkembangan perdagangan Indonesia akan semakin bervariasi hal ini dapat dilihat dari kebijakan kementerian perdagangan yang memfokuskan untuk menjalin kerja sama perdagangan internasional dengan beberapa negara diluar negara maju. Salah satunya perdagangan bilateral Indonesia Chile dalam kerangka IC-CEPA. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis Model CGE Multiregional. Model yang digunakan sudah tersusun dalam Aplikasi GTAP versi 9 Lisensi Kementerian Perdagangan yang difokuskan pada sektoral dan makro ekonomi Indonesia. Hasil olah data GTAP menunjukkan bahwa sektor yang berorientasi ekspor di Indonesia seperti textile, oil seeds, paper product and publishing, motor vehicle and parts, machinery and equipments dan electronic equipment menunjukkan hasil yang positif setelah dilakukan simulasi (shock) penurunan tarif sebesar 80 - 40 dan 0% (full liberalization). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sektor yang berorientasi pada ekspor mengalami peningkatan. Pada kondisi makroekonomi kesepakataan liberalisasi pada IC-CEPA mampu mempengaruhi kesejahteraan yang terus meningkat. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan adanya integrasi yang solid antara pemerintah dan para pelaku usaha yang bergerak di bidang sektor ekspor Indonesia dengan memberikan kebijakan yang mampu mengoptimalkan kuantitas dan menjaga kualitas sektor tersebut dalam bersaing di pasar Chile.

Kata kunci: IC-CEPA, GTAP, Sektoral, Makroekonomi

 

Abstract

The Indonesia's trade development is increasingly varied, shown by the ministry of trade’s policy which focuses more on establishing international trade cooperation with countries outside developed countries. One of them is bilateral trade between Indonesia and Chile in the framework of IC-CEPA. The research uses analysis method of the Multiregional CGE Model. The model used has been arranged in the GTAP Application version 9 of the Ministry of Trade License which focused on the sectoral and macroeconomics of Indonesia. The results of the analysis show that Indonesia’s export-oriented sectors such as textiles, oil seeds, paper products and publishing, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and equipment and electronic equipment positively impacted by tariff reduction of 80 - 40 and 0 percent (full liberalization). The analysis shows that the export-oriented sector increased. The agreement on liberalization of IC-CEPA is able to influence welfare increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to have a solid integration between the government and business players engaged in Indonesian export commodities by providing policies that are able to optimize the quantity and maintain the quality of the sector in competing in the Chilean market.

Keywords: IC-CEPA, GTAP, Sectoral, Macroeconomics

JEL Classifications: F13, F18, F62
Information Communication Technology in EFL Classroom
Authors: Beni Akhy Khalid , Parama Iswari Weningtyas
Published: July 2021

Information Communication Technology (ICT) has penetrated into the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL) around the world, not to mention in Morocco. However, due to some obstacles faced in its implementation, its effectiveness needs to be improved. This paper is intended to explore the potentials of ICT to be used in EFL classes in Morocco and how to prepare teachers to be ready in incorporating the ICT in their language teaching.  The potentials cover, among others, what multimedia resources are available, how to make use of them and how ICT becomes the tools to develop student's English language skills. As the teachers' role is very significant, they should get professional development training in ICT for education
From the history of the formation of the economic system of the Caliphate
Authors: Chaghlayan Yegana , Chaghlayan Erhan
Published: July 2021

The era of the rise and prosperity of the Caliphate puts before researchers many problems of political, economic and social history. Among these problems, the history of the formation of the economic system of the Caliphate is one of the most relevant for medieval studies. This article examines the process of feudalization in the Caliphate, in particular, the administrative and tax practice of the new state, the monetary reform of the Caliph Abd al-Malik, as well as the financial policy of the Umayyad Caliphate. Based on the extensive material of medieval sources and numismatic data the place and role of the city in the economic structure of the Caliphate are investigated.
Jews and Gypsies of Siberia: on the Question of the Military Cantonists of the 1830s — 1850s
Authors: Shaidurov Vladimir
Published: July 2021

In the first third of the 19th century, the ethnic composition of Siberia underwent significant changes due to the emergence of new ethno dispersed groups. Among these ethno dispersed groups, Jews and Gypsies stood out in particular. The national policy of Emperor Nicholas I was oriented towards the homogenization of society. This policy of the Russian emperor was reflected in the duty of citizens to serve in the army. The obligation to send children to cantonists was extended to Jews and Gypsies of Siberia. Some of the so-called “soldiers of the era of Emperor Nicholas I” in the 1860s - 1880s. played an important role in the history of their ethnic groups. In this article, we consider the issues of the relationship between the Jewish society and the Gypsy society of the Siberian region during service in the Russian army. We will consider these issues using the example of the military cantonists of the 1830s - 1850s. This article was written mainly using archival materials that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
Suicidal ideation mechanism
Authors: Le Tam-Tri , Nguyen Minh-Hoang
Published: July 2021

Encyclopedia entry of suicidal ideation mechanism. Retrieved from https://encyclopedia.pub/13178
PROSES BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL BANGUN DATAR DITINJAU DARI KEMAMPUAN AWAL SISWA
Authors: Nurtamam Mohammad Edy , Maynarani Nella
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses berpikir kreatif kiswa dalam menyelesaikan soal bangun datar ditinjau dari kemampuan awal siswa dan faktor yang mempengaruhi proses berpikir siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Nilai kemampuan awal siswa diperoleh dari nilai akhir semester 1 mata pelajaran matematika, selanjutnya menentukan subjek dari masing-masing kelompok rendah, sedang dan tinggi. Setelah itu dilakukan tes berpikir kreatif dengan materi bangun datar pada perwakilan subyek dari masing-masing kelompok. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa setiap siswa mempunyai kemampuan awal dan dapat melakukan proses berpikir kreatif yang berbeda-beda. Hasil dari tes berpikir kreatif telah ditemukan: 1) dua siswa dengan kemampuan awal rendah dengan berpikir kreatif tingkat 0 yaitu tidak kreatif, dikarenakan subjek tidak ditemukan kemampuan indikator dalam berpikir kreatif; 2) dua siswa dengan kemampuan awal sedang, dimana seorang siswa dengan berpikir kreatif tingkat 2 yaitu cukup kreatif dikarenakan subjek tersebut hanya mampu menunjukkan indikator fluency, elaboration, dan sensitivity dan seorang siswa dengan berpikir kreatif tingkat 4 yaitu sangat kreatif, karena subyek mampu menunjukkan semua indikator fluency, elaboration, flexibility, sensitivity, dan originality; 3) dua siswa dengan kemampuan awal tinggi memiliki karakteristik berpikir kreatif tingkat 4 yaitu sangat kreatif, dikarenakan subjek mampu menunjukkan indikator fluency, elaboration, flexibility, sensitivity, dan originality. Selain itu terdapat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan berpikir yakni kemampuan awal maupun kemapuan berpikir kreatif baik internal maupun eksternal.
A literature review of the current consideration of animals in China
Authors: Henry Courtney , Chow Vincent , Grinberg Nadine
Published: July 2021

China’s approach and attitudes towards the consideration of nonhuman animals are increasingly important, both domestically and internationally. Therefore, it is important that animal advocates understand Chinese attitudes towards animals and research ways to incorporate concern for wild animal suffering in the country’s animal advocacy movement. This review sought to shed light on these questions through an examination of both Chinese and English academic literature. The review shows a significant increase in the literature with respect to the consideration of animals in China. It also reveals a nascent academic debate between defenders and critics of speciesist ideas. The review indicates that there are limited Chinese laws protecting animals. Nonetheless, the Chinese public seems increasingly receptive to animal advocacy. The literature also indicates that China’s own philosophical traditions, such as Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, could provide the grounding for arguments in support of the moral consideration of animals used to promote such a change. In the case of wild animal suffering, the literature does not indicate any awareness of this cause area as yet. In fact, there is a common confusion between species conservation and the protection of wild animals. As it happens in other countries, wild animals are typically not identified as individuals with a wellbeing. However, the case of animals regarded as charismatic may provide an opportunity to introduce the concept of wild animal suffering among the Chinese public and authorities, as well as methods to research the welfare of animals living in the wild. Other questions remain to be explored using different methods, like interviews to key agents in the field.
Differential expression of collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 1 in human epithelial ovarian cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: July 2021

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic cancer (1). We performed discovery of genes associated with epithelial ovarian cancer and of the high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) subtype, using published microarray data (2, 3) to compare global gene expression profiles of normal ovary or fallopian tube with that of primary tumors from women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer or HGSC. We identified the gene encoding collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 1, COLGALT1, as among the genes whose expression was most different in epithelial ovarian cancer as compared to the normal fallopian tube. COLGALT1 expression was significantly higher in high-grade serous ovarian tumors relative to normal fallopian tube. These data indicate that expression of COLGALT1 is perturbed in epithelial ovarian cancers broadly and in ovarian cancers of the HGSC subtype. COLGALT1 may be relevant to pathways underlying ovarian cancer initiation (transformation) or progression.
Nghiên cứu KHXH&NV ở Việt Nam tăng trưởng thế nào trong 5 năm qua?
Authors: Ho Manh-Toan
Published: July 2021

Trong các cuộc tranh luận về quy chế đào tạo tiến sĩ mới, có ý kiến cho rằng việc điều chỉnh bỏ yêu cầu bắt buộc về công bố quốc tế là phù hợp với đặc thù ngành khoa học xã hội vì tính chất khó đăng của ngành này.
Pengaruh Saluran Distribusi dalam Meningkatkan Volume Penjualan Petani Kacang Tanah di Desa Lamdesar Timur
Authors: Laratmase Paulus
Published: July 2021

saluran distribusi merupakan serangkaian organisasi yang saling tergantung dalam mengambil keputusan yang tepat guna menentukan suatu barang/jasa untuk dapat digunakan atau dikonsumsi, demikian halnya bagi petani kacang tanah di Desa Lamdesar Timur yang belum bisa menentukan saluran distribusi secara optimal dalam meningkatkan volume penjualannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah Saluran Distribusi langsung maupun saluran distribusi tidak langsung berpengaruh terhadap volume Penjualan. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap petani kacang tanah pada bulan Agustus – Oktober 2020 yang berlokasi di desa Lamdesar Timur Kabupaten Kepulauan Tanimbar. Metode survey digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan sampel sebanyak 32 petani kacang tanah yang aktif melakukan produksi dan memasarkan kacang tanah. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode observasi dan wawancara dengan media kuisioner, serta data sekunder yang diperoleh terkait gambaran umum lokasi penelitian. Penelitian ini menjelaskan pengaruh kausal antara variabel penelitian X, dimana X1 saluran Distribusi tidak langsung, X2 saluran distribusi langsung dan Y volume penjualan melalui pengujian hipotesis. Teknik analisa data menggunakan regresi linear berganda Y=6.915+0.277 X1+0.545 X2 untuk mengetahui jenis saluran distribusi yang digunakan. Hasil pengujian hipotesis berdasarkan kriteria penolakan Ho melalui pengujian nilai t-hitung > t-tabel dengan tingkat signifikan < 0,05, maka variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap volume penjualan adalah variabel X2 saluran distribusi langsung. Variabel saluran distribusi merupakan unsur penentu Dalam meningkatkan volume penjualan petani kacang tanah di Desa Lamdesar Timur.
Tracking Species Recovery Status to Improve Endangered Species Act Decisions
Authors: Li Ya-Wei , Molano-Flores Brenda , Davis Olivia , Allen Maximillian , Davis Mark , Mengelkoch Jean M. , Parkos Joseph J. , Porreca Anthony Paul , Fournier Auriel M.V. , Stodola Alison P. , Tiemann Jeremy , Bried Jason , Marcum Paul B. , Carroll-Cunningham Connie J. , Janssen Eric D. , Ulaszek Eric F. , McIntyre Susan , Jog Suneeti , Price Edward P.F. , Nieset Julie , Beveroth Tara , Di Giovanni Alexander , Askren Ryan J. , Malanchuk Luke J. , Duquette Jared F. , Dreslik Michael Joseph , McElrath Thomas , Taft John B. , Stodola Kirk , Malcom Jacob , Carter Andrew Pearce , Evansen Meg , Gerber Leah R.
Published: July 2021

The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) protects over 2,000 species, but no concise, standardized metrics exist for assessing changes in species recovery status. Tracking these changes is crucial to understanding species status, adjusting conservation strategies, and assessing the performance of the ESA. We helped develop and test novel metrics that track changes in recovery status using six components. ESA 5-year status reviews provided all of the information used to apply the recovery metrics. When we analyzed the reviews, we observed several key challenges to species recovery. First, the reviews lack a standardized format and clear documentation. Second, despite having been listed for decades, many species still lack basic information about their biology and threats. Third, many species have continued to decline after listing. Fourth, many species currently have no path to recovery. Applying the recovery metrics allowed us to gain these and other insights about ESA implementation. We urge the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to adopt the metrics as part of future status reviews in order to inform public discourse on improving conservation policy and to systematically track the recovery progress of all ESA species.
The immunoglobulin kappa variable cluster is differentially expressed in human epithelial ovarian cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: July 2021

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic cancer (1). We performed discovery of genes associated with epithelial ovarian cancer and of the high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) subtype, using published and public microarray data (2, 3) to compare global gene expression profiles of normal ovary or fallopian tube with that of primary tumors from women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer or HGSC. We identified genes encoded by the immunoglobulin kappa variable cluster, IGKV, as among the genes whose expression was most different in epithelial ovarian cancer as compared to the normal fallopian tube. IGKV1D-8 expression was significantly higher in high-grade serous ovarian tumors relative to normal fallopian tube. These data indicate that expression of IGKV genes is perturbed in epithelial ovarian cancers broadly and in ovarian cancers of the HGSC subtype. IGKV may be relevant to pathways underlying ovarian cancer initiation (transformation) or progression.
Assessment of a claimed ultra-low frequency electromagnetic (ULFEM) earthquake precursor
Authors: Wang Can , Christman Lilianna , Klemperer Simon , Glen Jonathan , McPhee Darcy , Chen Bin
Published: July 2021

Anomalous ultra-low frequency electromagnetic (ULFEM) pulses occurring before the M5.4 2007 and M4.0 2010 Alum Rock earthquakes have been claimed to increase in number days to weeks prior to each earthquake. We re-examine the previously reported ultra-low frequency (ULF: 0.01-10 Hz) magnetic data recorded at a QuakeFinder site located 9 km from the earthquake hypocenter, as well as data from a nearby Stanford-USGS site located 42 km from the hypocenter, to analyze the characteristics of the pulses and assess their origin. Using pulse definitions and pulse-counting algorithms analogous to those previously reported, we corroborate the increase in pulse counts before the 2007 Alum Rock earthquake at the QuakeFinder station, but we note that the number of pulses depends greatly on chosen temporal and amplitude detection thresholds. These thresholds are necessarily arbitrary because we lack a clear physical model or basis for their selection. We do not see the same increase in pulse counts before the 2010 Alum Rock earthquake at the QuakeFinder or Stanford-USGS station. In addition, when comparing specific pulses in the QuakeFinder data and Stanford-USGS data, we find that the majority of pulses do not match temporally, indicating the pulses are not from solar-driven ionospheric/magnetospheric disturbances or from atmospheric lightning, and lack a common origin. Notably, however, our assessment of the temporal distribution of pulse counts throughout the day shows pulse counts increase during peak human activity hours, strongly suggesting these pulses result from local cultural noise and are not tectonic in origin. The many unknowns about the character and even existence of precursory earthquake pulses means that otherwise standard numerical and statistical test cannot be applied. Yet here we show that exhaustive investigation of many different aspects of ULFEM signals can be used to properly characterize their origin.
Development of Novel Porcine Models of Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer for FUS and Histotripsy Tumor Ablation Applications
Authors: Allen Irving Coy , Vlaisavljevich Eli
Published: July 2021

Despite significant progress in the fight against pancreatic cancer, survival rates are dismal and the prognosis remains bleak, with less than 7% of patients living longer than 5 years following diagnosis. There is a dire need for new treatment strategies and pre-clinical models to evaluate emerging therapeutic approaches. This interdisciplinary proposal will evaluate histotripsy, a non-ionizing and non-thermal ultrasound ablation method that destroys tissue through the precise control of acoustic cavitation, as a unique tumor ablation strategy in a novel orthotopic pig model of pancreatic cancer.
Winning isn’t everything: The impact of optimally challenging Smartphone games on flow, game preference and individuals gaming to escape aversive bored states
Authors: Larche Chanel
Published: July 2021

Recently there has been concern surrounding the relation between flow and the development of problematic gaming among players who game to escape noxious mood states. There is a scarcity of research examining how this relation might extend to smartphone games. Here we assessed whether gaming to escape is characterized by heightened boredom proneness and depressive symptomology in everyday life in addition to negative consequences related to smartphone gaming. We also assessed whether escape players preferentially experience flow, positive affect and effectively less boredom than non-escape players. We also measured whether escape players had enhanced arousal and urge during actual gameplay. To compare the in-game experiences between escape and non-escape players, we characterized gaming to escape as the upper tercile of all escape scores in our sample (n = 20), and non-escape players as the lower tercile of escape scores (n = 20). As expected we showed that gaming to escape was associated with boredom proneness in everyday life, which was in itself correlated with depressive symptomology. During gameplay, those who game to escape boredom demonstrated heightened flow and positive affect compared to non-escape players. State boredom scores however were comparable between the two groups. Importantly, those who game to escape demonstrated greater arousal and urge-to-play following gameplay than non-escape players – but only for optimally challenging games. Findings converge to suggest that bored escape players may seek flow and its consequent positive affect for relief from states of hypo-arousal and monotony through optimally challenging games.
The impact of childhood lead exposure on adult personality: Evidence from the US, Europe, and a large-scale natural experiment
Authors: Schwaba Ted , Bleidorn Wiebke , Hopwood Christopher James , Gebauer Jochen , Rentfrow Jason , Gosling Samuel D.
Published: July 2021

Childhood lead exposure has devastating lifelong consequences, as even low-level exposure stunts intelligence and leads to delinquent behavior. But these consequences may be more extensive than previously thought, because childhood lead exposure may adversely affect normal-range personality traits. Personality influences nearly every aspect of human functioning, from well-being to career earnings to longevity, so effects of lead exposure on personality would have far-reaching societal consequences. In a pre-registered investigation, we tested this hypothesis by linking historic atmospheric lead data from 269 US counties and 37 European nations to personality questionnaire data from over 1.5 million people who grew up in these areas. Adjusting for age and SES, US adults who grew up in counties with higher atmospheric lead levels had less adaptive personality profiles: they were less agreeable and conscientious, and, among younger participants, more neurotic. Next, we utilized a natural experiment, removal of leaded gasoline due to the 1970 Clean Air Act, to test whether lead exposure caused these personality differences. Participants born after atmospheric lead levels began to decline in their county had more mature, psychologically healthy adult personalities (higher agreeableness and conscientiousness, and lower neuroticism), but these findings were not discriminable from pure cohort effects. Finally, we replicated associations in Europeans. European participants who spent their childhood in areas with more atmospheric lead were less agreeable and more neurotic in adulthood. Our findings suggest that further reduction of lead exposure is a critical public health issue.
Autonomy and loneliness – longitudinal within- and between-person associations among Swedish older adults
Authors: Henning Georg , Segel-Karpas Dikla , Bjälkebring Pär , Berg Anne Ingeborg
Published: July 2021

Objectives. Loneliness is an important risk factor for mental and physical health over the lifespan. So far, too little is known about psychosocial predictors and consequences of loneliness apart from social network characteristics. One important factor which may both prevent from, but also be affected by loneliness, is perceived autonomy. Method. In the present study, we investigated the longitudinal association of loneliness and autonomy over four years among participants of the Swedish HEARTS study (n = 5,718, age 60-66 at baseline). We used a latent curve model with structured residuals, which distinguishes within- and between person associations and includes cross-lagged parameters. Results. Between persons, higher levels of autonomy and baseline were associated with lower levels of loneliness, and increases in autonomy were associated with decreases in loneliness. When individuals felt more autonomous than usual, they also reported less loneliness. However, feeling more autonomous than usual was not associated with increases in loneliness or vice versa. Conclusion. Our findings show that low autonomy and high loneliness are related crosssectionally and longitudinally, as well as within and between persons, but the direction of effects is unclear. More research is needed to understand the development of this association over the lifespan.
Verb Metaphoric Extension Under Semantic Strain
Authors: King Daniel , Gentner Dedre
Published: July 2021

This paper explores the processes underlying verb metaphoric extension. Work on metaphor processing has largely focused on noun metaphor, despite evidence that verb metaphor is more common. Across three experiments, we collected paraphrases of simple intransitive sentences varying in semantic strain—e.g., The motor complained The engine made strange noises—and assessed the degree of meaning change for the noun and the verb. We developed a novel methodology for this assessment, using word2vec. In Experiments 1 and 2, we found that (1) under semantic strain, verb meanings were more likely to be adjusted than were noun meanings; (2) the degree of verb meaning adjustment—but not noun meaning adjustment—increased with semantic strain; and (3) verb meaning extension is primarily driven by online adjustment, although sense selection also plays a role. In Experiment 3, we replicated the word2vec results with an assessment using human subjects. The results further showed that nouns and verbs change meaning in qualitatively different ways, with verbs more likely to change meaning metaphorically, and nouns more likely to change meaning taxonomically or metonymically. These findings bear on the origin and processing of verb metaphors and provide a link between online sentence processing and diachronic change over language evolution.
»Oci jedoše kiselo grožđe, a sinovima zubi trnu« (Jer 31,29)
Authors: Berković Danijel
Published: July 2021

Društveni procesi prepoznaju suštinsku razliku između pojmova temeljne i dominantne vrijednosti. Vrijednosti na kojima počiva sveukupni vrijednosni sustav neke zajednice smatraju se temeljnim i normativnim vrijednostima toga društva. Te temeljne vrijednosti katkad nisu i prevladavajuće (dominantne), što dovodi do neusklađenosti između temeljnih (deklariranih) i dominantnih (prevladavajućih) vrijednosti. One koje dominiraju mogu čak biti i u suprotnosti s temeljnim vrijednostima. Biblijski didaktički tekstovi mudrosnih tradicija (Knjiga o Jobu, Mudre izreke, Propovjednik) učestalo upućuju na neke odgojno–obrazovne temeljne vrijednosti izraelićanske zajednice. U tom roditelj, osobito otac, zauzima bitno mjesto. U stvarnosti se pak zamjećuje nesklad između tih temeljnih vrijednosti i vrijednosti koje dominiraju. Naime, s jedne je strane imamo, »Sine moj, čuj moju mudrost« (Izr 5,1), »Polušaj, sine moj, pouku oca svoga« (Izr 1,8) i personificirana mudrost koja »odgaja sinove svoje« (Sir 4,11). S druge strane biblijski narativ upućuje na ovo poslovično: »Oci jedoše kiselo grožđe, a sinovima zubi trnu« (Jer 31,29). Znatan je broj biblijskih narativa u kojima nailazimo tragove gdje su sinovi predstavljeni kao slab rezultat otčinskih propusta. U ovom se radu ispituju i preispituju razlozi i uzroci koji dovode do takvoga nesklada između temeljnih i prevladavajućih vrijednosti. Etiologija kao biblijski hermeneutski predložak, kojim se pojašnjavaju pravi uzroci pojedinih situacija, može biti jedno od pojašnjenja spomenute diskrepancije.
Zagonetka nebića i Aristotelova subjektno–predikatna analiza
Authors: Martinjak Igor
Published: July 2021

U ovom radu argumentiram da se prihvaćajući tradicionalnu koncepciju egzistencije i predikacije ne obvezujemo na zloglasni paradoks nebića. Negativne egzistencijalne rečenice jednostavno nisu subjektno–predikatne rečenice kojima se izdvajaju neka bića da bismo o njima rekli da ne postoje. Aristotelovo insistiranje da biće nije rod, tj. da biće nije predikat nekoga subjekta ključno je za takvu tvrdnju. Ipak, unutar konceptualnoga okvira Aristotelove filozofije izvire drugačiji problem nebića. Rekonstruiram Aristotelovo rješenje kao zadovoljavajuće s obzirom na njegovo razumijevanje predikacije i egzistencije. Štoviše, sugeriram kako slična zagonetka vodi mnoge suvremene filozofe prema napuštanju quineovske koncepcije egzistencije i predikacije u korist tradicionalnijih pristupa.
On the systematic positions of the Bladinini Kirkaldy, Tonginae Kirkaldy, and Trienopinae Fennah (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea)
Authors: Gnezdilov V.M.
Published: July 2021

The structure of the male and female genitalia is discussed as the criterion for identification of taxonomic positions of Bladinini Kirkaldy, Tonginae Kirkaldy, and Trienopinae Fennah within fulgoroid families. Tongini Kirkaldy, stat. n. is transferred to the family Nogodinidae Melichar. Bowesdorpia Synave and provisionally Bilbilis Stål are transferred to the tribe Mithymnini Fennah, Mangola Melichar and Rileyopsis Bergevin to the tribe Epacriini Fennah (Nogodinidae). Gaetuliini Fennah, stat. n. and Trienopini Fennah, stat. n. are transferred to the family Tropiduchidae Stål. Distichoptera Brèthes, 1913 is placed in synonymy under Nubithia Stål, 1859 (Gaetuliini) and Ivinga Distant, 1911 under Trienopa Signoret, 1860 (Trienopini). Fritzruehlia Schmidt is transferred to the Trienopini.
Chomsky's Contribution to Linguistics: A Review
Authors: Touqir Sonia , Mushtaq Amna , Nasir Touqir
Published: July 2021

This review seeks to highlight Chomsky's major contributions to the field of linguistics. He changed linguists' conception about the nature of language from an externalized to internalized approach. This shift also resulted in the language being thought of as a cognitive phenomenon rather than as a set of structures to be analyzed for their correctness or incorrectness to prove his stance introduced the concept of language faculty, its workings, Universal Grammar, Principles and Parameters, and Transformational and Generative Grammar. The TGG also significantly overhauled the existent phrase structure rules. These rules were brought to follow binarity principles that dictated that a node cannot have less than or more than two branches. Besides the concept of Universal Grammar, along with its principles and parameters, Chomsky simplified how the language acquisition process can be understood: instead of learning hundreds of rules, the human mind has to install a handful of principles and parameters.
Exploring the Absurdity of War and International Aid in the Novel 'Red Birds' by Mohammad Hanif: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Mushtaq Amna , Nasir Touqir , Sultana Aneela
Published: July 2021

Discourse is a wide-ranging term to cover many forms of human utterances and textual forms of communication. Development through multiple stages gave birth to CDA which bridges the micro-structure of linguistic choices to macro-structures of social reality. Theorists like Van Dijk, Fairclough, and Fowler contributed to its development with the foundation provided by Halliday's SFL. The qualitative research endeavors to analyze 'Red Birds', a novel written by Mohammad Hanif under Huckin's model of CDA to highlight the absurdity of war and international aid. The three dimensions of Fairclough's model are at the background of Huckin's model. The analysis has been carried out at three levels i.e. broad level, sentence level, and word level. A well-thought analysis reveals the nature of war in a region where there is nothing to destroy. It has also been concluded that the aid programs are nothing more than 'making them orphan and then adopting them' which clearly runs incongruous to the spirit of aid.
Brain tumor–related epilepsy and risk factors for metastatic brain tumors: analysis of 601 consecutive cases providing real-world data
Authors: Asano Kenichiro , Hasegawa Seiko , Matsuzaka Masashi , Ohkuma Hiroki
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE

It is necessary to accurately characterize the epidemiology and trends of brain tumor–related epilepsy (BTE) in patients with metastatic brain tumors. This study aimed to determine the incidence of BTE associated with metastatic brain tumors and retrospectively investigate the risk factors for BTE.

METHODS

This retrospective analysis included 601 of 631 consecutive patients with metastatic brain tumors who received treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy, and/or other treatments. BTE and the clinical course were examined retrospectively. Logistic regression multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for BTE.

RESULTS

BTE was reported in 148 (24.6%) of 601 patients during the entire course. Of these 148 patients, 81 (54.7%) had first-onset epilepsy (13.5% of all patients). Of the 520 cases of nonepileptic onset, 53 were in the prophylactic antiepileptic drug (AED) group. However, 12 of these patients and 55 of the no–prophylactic AED group developed epilepsy during the course of the study. Including these 67 patients, 148 patients were examined as the group of all epilepsy cases during the entire course. In 3 patients, the seizure progressed to status epilepticus. In most patients, the BTE (n = 83, 56.1%) manifested as focal aware seizures. Logistic regression analysis identified young age (p = 0.037), male sex (p = 0.026), breast cancer (p = 0.001), eloquent area (p < 0.001), peritumoral edema (p < 0.001), dissemination (p = 0.013), and maximum tumor volume (p = 0.021) as significant risk factors for BTE. BTE was more common with tumor volumes greater than the cutoff value of 1.92 ml.

CONCLUSIONS

BTE appears to be more likely to occur in cases with young age, male sex, breast cancer, tumors involving eloquent areas, brain edema, dissemination, and giant tumors.
Does minimally invasive spine surgery improve outcomes in the obese population? A retrospective review of 1442 degenerative lumbar spine surgeries
Authors: Carroll Austin H. , Dowlati Ehsan , Molina Esteban , Zhao David , Altshuler Marcelle , Mueller Kyle B. , Sandhu Faheem A. , Voyadzis Jean-Marc
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE

The effect of obesity on outcomes in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approaches to posterior lumbar surgery is not well characterized. The authors aimed to determine if there was a difference in operative variables and complication rates in obese patients who underwent MIS versus open approaches in posterior spinal surgery, as well as between obese and nonobese patients undergoing MIS approaches.

METHODS

A retrospective review of all consecutive patients who underwent posterior lumbar surgery from 2013 to 2016 at a single institution was performed. The primary outcome measure was postoperative complications. Secondary outcome measures included estimated blood loss (EBL), operative time, the need for revision, and hospital length of stay (LOS); readmission and disposition were also reviewed. Obese patients who underwent MIS were compared with those who underwent an open approach. Additionally, obese patients who underwent an MIS approach were compared with nonobese patients. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out between the groups.

RESULTS

In total, 423 obese patients (57.0% decompression and 43.0% fusion) underwent posterior lumbar MIS. When compared with 229 obese patients (56.8% decompression and 43.2% fusion) who underwent an open approach, patients in both the obese and nonobese groups who underwent MIS experienced significantly decreased EBL, LOS, operative time, and surgical site infections (SSIs). Of the nonobese patients, 538 (58.4% decompression and 41.6% fusion) underwent MIS procedures. When compared with nonobese patients, obese patients who underwent MIS procedures had significantly increased LOS, EBL, operative time, revision rates, complications, and readmissions in the decompression group. In the fusion group, only LOS and disposition were significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

Obese patients have poorer outcomes after posterior lumbar MIS when compared with nonobese patients. The use of an MIS technique can be of benefit, as it decreased EBL, operative time, LOS, and SSIs for posterior decompression with or without instrumented fusion in obese patients.
Neuroophthalmological manifestations of congenital aqueductal stenosis
Authors: Patel Aneek , Abou-Al-Shaar Hussam , Chiang Michael C. , Algattas Hanna N. , McDowell Michael M. , Stone Jeremy G. , Mitchell Ellen B. , Emery Stephen P. , Greene Stephanie
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE

Congenital aqueductal stenosis (CAS) is a common etiology of hydrocephalus that occurs in a subset of infants and may be linked to an increased incidence of ophthalmological abnormalities and delayed developmental milestones. Although hydrocephalus is common and widely studied, sparse literature exists on patients with isolated (no identifiable genetic link) CAS along with analysis of ophthalmological manifestations. In this study, the authors sought to describe the ophthalmological abnormalities and delayed developmental milestones of patients with isolated CAS.

METHODS

Data of patients with CAS were prospectively entered and monitored in a surgical database maintained by the Department of Neurological Surgery at Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh from January 2005 to October 2016. Patients with a family history of congenital hydrocephalus, positive testing for genetic forms of aqueductal stenosis, other congenital abnormalities suggesting an underlying genetic syndrome, and stenosis/obstruction due to secondary causes were excluded from this study. Prenatal and perinatal history, CSF diversion history, and a variety of outcomes, including ophthalmological deficits and developmental milestones, were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 41 patients with isolated CAS were identified, with a mean follow-up duration of 6 years. Among that cohort, 26 patients (63.4%) developed neuroophthalmological complications, which were further stratified. Fourteen patients (34.1%) developed strabismus and 11 (26.8%) developed astigmatism, and 1 patient (2.4%) with papilledema was recorded. Among patients with ophthalmological abnormalities, 76.9% had delayed developmental milestones (p = 0.045).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with CAS were found to have increased risk of ophthalmological abnormalities requiring correction, along with an increased risk of delayed developmental milestones. Importantly, there was a significant correlation between the development of ophthalmological abnormalities and delayed developmental milestones that was independent of CSF diversion history. Larger patient cohort studies are required to explore whether earlier development of hydrocephalus, as is the case in CAS, causes elevated rates of neurological and ophthalmological complications, and if earlier CSF diversion correlates with improved outcomes.
Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping of the motor cortex for preoperative diagnostics in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Schramm Severin , Mehta Aashna , Auguste Kurtis I. , Tarapore Phiroz E.
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE

Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) is a noninvasive technique often used for localization of the functional motor cortex via induction of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in neurosurgical patients. There has, however, been no published record of its application in pediatric epilepsy surgery. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the feasibility of nTMS-based motor mapping in the preoperative diagnostic workup within a population of children with medically refractory epilepsy.

METHODS

A single-institution database was screened for preoperative nTMS motor mappings obtained in pediatric patients (aged 0 to 18 years, 2012 to present) with medically refractory epilepsy. Patient clinical data, demographic information, and mapping results were extracted and used in statistical analyses.

RESULTS

Sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria, 15 of whom underwent resection. The median age was 9 years (range 0–17 years). No adverse effects were recorded during mapping. Specifically, no epileptic seizures were provoked via nTMS. Recordings of valid MEPs induced by nTMS were obtained in 10 patients. In the remaining patients, no MEPs could be elicited. Failure to generate MEPs was associated significantly with younger patient age (r = 0.8020, p = 0.0001863). The most frequent seizure control outcome was Engel Epilepsy Surgery Outcome Scale class I (9 patients).

CONCLUSIONS

Navigated TMS is a feasible, effective, and well-tolerated method for mapping the motor cortex of the upper and lower extremities in pediatric patients with epilepsy. Patient age modulates elicitability of MEPs, potentially reflecting various stages of myelination. Successful motor mapping has the potential to add to the existing presurgical diagnostic workup in this population, and further research is warranted.