bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro UAVs with Fixed Wings: Design, Technological Solutions, and Tests
Authors: Iorga Daniel , Georgescu Constantin , Constantinescu Sorin , Ojoc George Ghiocel , Vasiliu Alexandru Viorel , Constantinescu Mihai , Andrei Constantin Cristian , Deleanu Lorena
Published: November 2024

Considering the advantages of using expanded polystyrene (EPS) reinforced with adhesive tape made of glass fibers, this paper presents a design and technological solution for a functional drone of class C1, meaning a maximum take-off mass of 900 g, and tests validating the use of EPS for small UAVs under flight conditions. The selected profile was MH-49, which had a maximum chord thickness of 10.5%. This profile demonstrated a much lower coefficient of pitching moment than that of the NACA 63215 profile, giving this flying-wing UAV superior governability. This airfoil implies a geometry with greater attenuation of the trailing edge, and the design favors the placement of stress concentrators towards the trailing edge. Due to the use of fiberglass tape reinforcement technology, it is possible to address this profile, implying improved aerodynamic performance. The use of EPS in the disposable UAV industry may bring significant benefits, contributing to the development of high-performance, versatile, and low-cost UAVs, suitable for a wide range of tactical and logistic applications. This study presents the design, the fabrication, and testing of this drone, highlighting the advantages and possible challenges of the proposed solution.
Fatigue Detection of Air Traffic Controllers Through Their Eye Movements
Authors: Hu Yi , Shen Haoran , Pan Hui , Wei Wenbin
Published: November 2024

Eye movement patterns have become an essential element in modern approaches for identifying air traffic controller fatigue. By observing eye movements among various individuals and environments, researchers have discovered correlations with multiple physiological metrics and cognitive processing abilities. This study involved human-in-the-loop simulations to collect eye movement and fatigue data from air traffic controllers and students. The eye movements were classified into three main types: fixation, saccade, and blink. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the most important indicators. Using support vector machine and random forest models for training and prediction, it was found that the fixation characteristic is significantly important for monitoring air traffic controller fatigue. The implementation of this model has the potential to identify forthcoming instances of controller fatigue during their shifts, thereby helping to avert the possibility of unsafe situations.
Thermal Optimization Design for a Small Flat-Panel Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite
Authors: Bai Tian , Zhang Yuanbo , Kong Lin , Ao Hongrui , Yu Jisong , Zhang Lei
Published: November 2024

This article introduces a small microwave remote sensing satellite weighing 310 kg, operating in low earth orbit (LEO). It is equipped with an X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) antenna, capable of a maximum imaging resolution of 0.6 m. To achieve the objectives of lower cost, reduced weight, minimized power consumption, and enhanced temperature stability, an optimized thermal design method tailored for satellites has been developed, with a particular focus on SAR antennas. The thermal control method of the antenna is closely integrated with structural design, simplifying the thermal design and its assembly process, reducing the resource consumption of thermal control systems. The distribution of thermal interface material (TIM) in the antenna assembly has been carefully calculated, achieving a zero-consumption thermal design for the SAR antenna. And the temperature difference of the entire antennas when powered on and powered off would not exceed 17 °C, meeting the specification requirements. In addition, to ensure the accuracy of antenna pointing, the support plate of antennas requires stable temperature. The layout of the heaters on the board has been optimized, reducing the use of heaters by 30% while ensuring that the temperature variation of the support board remains within 5 °C. Then, an on-orbit thermal simulation analysis of the satellite was conducted to refine the design and verification. Finally, the thermal test of the SAR satellite under vacuum conditions was conducted, involving operating the high-power antenna, verifying that the peak temperature of T/RM is below 29 °C, the temperature fluctuation amplitude during a single imaging task is 10 °C, and the lowest temperature point of the support plate is 16 °C. The results of the thermal simulation and test are highly consistent, verifying the correctness and effectiveness of the thermal design.
Gene Effect of Morphophysiological Traits in Popcorn (Zea mays L. var. everta) Grown Under Contrasting Water Regimes
Authors: Lamêgo Danielle Leal , Amaral Junior Antônio Teixeira do , Kamphorst Samuel Henrique , Lima Valter Jário de , Silva Samuel Pereira da , Figueiredo Jardel da Silva , Oliveira Ueliton Alves de , Viana Flávia Nicácio , Santos Talles de Oliveira , Gonçalves Gabriella Rodrigues , Souza Guilherme Augusto Rodrigues de , Campostrini Eliemar , Viana Alexandre Pio , Freitas Marta Simone Mendonça , Ramos Helaine Christine Cancela , Souza Filho Gonçalo Apolinário de , Rezende Carlos Eduardo de
Published: November 2024

To propose breeding strategies for drought conditions, we investigated gene expression associated with morphophysiological traits in four S7 popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) inbred lines using a partial diallel cross design with two testers. We evaluated morphological traits (plant height; the dry mass of stems, leaves, and reproductive organs; and root weight density (RWD) across five soil sections), water status indicators (leaf water content, cumulative evapotranspiration, agronomic water use efficiency, and carbon isotope signatures), anatomical traits (stomatal number and index), and leaf pigments. Significant variations were observed between lines and hybrids for plant height, shoot biomass traits, water status indicators, and RWD across all soil sections, particularly under water deficit conditions. Overall, the inbred lines were more adversely affected by drought than the hybrids. Dominance gene effects played a significant role in increasing anthocyanin content, cumulative evapotranspiration, stable carbon isotope signatures, and RWD in most soil sections. The superior water utilization observed in hybrids compared to inbred lines suggests that exploiting heterosis is likely the most effective strategy for developing drought-resilient popcorn plants.
Caffeine Content Prediction in Coffee Beans Using Hyperspectral Reflectance and Machine Learning
Authors: Santana Dthenifer Cordeiro , Ratke Rafael Felipe , Zanatta Fabio Luiz , Campos Cid Naudi Silva , Seron Ana Carina da Silva Cândido , Teodoro Larissa Pereira Ribeiro , Silva Natielly Pereira da , Oliveira Gabriela Souza , Santos Regimar Garcia dos , Alvarez Rita de Cássia Félix , Junior Carlos Antonio da Silva , Blanco Matildes , Teodoro Paulo Eduardo
Published: November 2024

The application of hyperspectral data in machine learning models can contribute to the rapid and accurate determination of caffeine content in coffee beans. This study aimed to identify the machine learning algorithm with the best performance for predicting caffeine content and to find input data for these models that can improve the accuracy of these algorithms. The coffee beans were harvested one year after the seedlings were planted. The fresh beans were taken to the spectroscopy laboratory (Laspec) at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul campus, for spectral evaluation using a spectroradiometer. For the analysis, the dried coffee beans were ground and sieved for the quantification of caffeine, which was carried out using a liquid chromatograph on the Waters Acquity 1100 series UPLC system, with an automatic sample injector. The spectral data of the beans, as well as the spectral data of the roasted and ground coffee, were analyzed using machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict caffeine content. Four databases were used as input: the spectral information of the bean (CG), the spectral information of the bean with additional clone information (CG+C), the spectral information of the bean after roasting and grinding (CGRG) and the spectral information of the bean after roasting and grinding with additional clone information (CGRG+C). The caffeine content was used as an output to be predicted. Each database was subjected to different machine learning models: artificial neural networks (ANNs), decision tree (DT), linear regression (LR), M5P, and random forest (RF) algorithms. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, and root mean square error were tested as model accuracy metrics. The support vector machine algorithm showed the best accuracy in predicting caffeine content when using hyperspectral data from roasted and ground coffee beans. This performance was significantly improved when clone information was included, allowing for an even more accurate analysis.
Antibiotic and Surgical Treatment of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: The Histopathological Evidence
Authors: Da Ros Roberto , Assaloni Roberta , Michelli Andrea , Brunato Barbara , Miranda Cesare
Published: November 2024

Background: Osteomyelitis is one of the most frequent infections of the diabetic foot, accounting for 20–70% of foot infections. The treatment of osteomyelitis continues to be debated, and the possibility of performing conservative surgery associated with targeted antibiotic treatment allows for reductions in the amount of bone removed, the resolution of osteomyelitis, and a reduction in the changes in the biomechanics of the foot. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of osteomyelitis treatment with a combination of antibiotic and surgical procedures based on a histopathological analysis of the infected bone and margins. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 25 diabetic patients with osteomyelitis. We treated each patient with empiric antibiotic treatment, surgical removal of the infected bone, and targeted antibiotic treatment. During the surgical procedure, we collected infected bone samples and margins for microbiological and histopathological analyses. Results: All the patients had type 2 diabetes, with a mean age of 71 ± 10 years. Antibiotic therapy was administered orally for an average duration of 21 ± 9 days, aimed at improving the microbiological outcome. Histological examinations of the resected infected bone revealed the presence of osteomyelitis in 23 (92%) patients. The healthy margin sample, surgically assessed as non-infected, was confirmed negative in 80% of cases. At a follow-up of 18 ± 7 months, we achieved complete healing in twenty patients (80%), with an average healing time of 70 ± 41 days. No recurrence of osteomyelitis was observed. Conclusions: The data from this study demonstrate that the combination of targeted antibiotic therapy and conservative surgical treatment is effective in resolving osteomyelitis without recurrence with a very long follow-up. Histological analyses allowed us to confirm the actual presence of osteomyelitis and demonstrate that clinical differentiation during surgery is effective in identifying a healthy margin.
Soil Symphony: A Comprehensive Overview of Plant–Microbe Interactions in Agricultural Systems
Authors: Tharanath Arpitha Chatchatnahalli , Upendra Raje Siddiraju , Rajendra Karthik
Published: November 2024

The rhizosphere, a narrow region of soil surrounding plant roots, is an environment rich in microbial diversity that profoundly influences plants’ health, growth, and agricultural productivity. This microbial community, known as the rhizosphere microbiome, consists of a complex array of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and other microorganisms that engage in complex interactions with plant roots. These microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling, mineral uptake facilitation, and protection against soil-borne pathogens, thereby promoting plant growth and resilience towards biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, microbial signaling molecules, including phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinin, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, play a pivotal role in regulating these interactions by modulating plants’ responses to environmental stressors. Recent advancements in microbiomics have enabled a deeper understanding of the rhizosphere’s diversity, composition, and functions, paving the way for more sustainable agricultural practices. By harnessing the potential of the rhizosphere microbiome, innovative strategies can be developed to reduce dependency on synthetic agrochemicals, enhance soil fertility, and increase crop yields. This review discusses the diversity and mechanisms of plant–microbe interactions, focusing on the role of microbial signaling molecules, and explores their applications in promoting agricultural sustainability. The insights gained from microbiomics studies can revolutionize farming practices by reducing dependency on chemical inputs, enhancing crop productivity, and nurturing soil health and environmental sustainability.
Tailoring Piezoresistive Performance in 3D-Printed Nanocomposite Sensors Through Cellular Geometries
Authors: Tanim Md Ibrahim Khalil , Emami Anahita
Published: November 2024

Flexible nanocomposite sensors hold significant promise in various applications, such as wearable electronics and medical devices. This research aims to tailor the flexibility and sensitivity of 3D-printed piezoresistive nanocomposite pressure sensors through geometric design, by exploring various simple cellular structures. The geometric designs were specifically selected to be 3D printable with a flexible material, allowing evaluation of the impact of different structures on sensor performance. In this study, we used both experimental and finite element (FE) methods to investigate the effect of geometric design on piezoresistive sensors. We fabricated the sensors using a flexible resin mixed with conductive nanoparticles via a Stereolithography (SLA) additive manufacturing technique. Electromechanical testing was carried out to evaluate the performance of four different sensor designs. Finite element (FE) models were developed, and their results were compared with experimental data to validate the simulations. The results demonstrated that auxetic structure exhibited the highest sensitivity and lowest stiffness both in experimental and FE analysis, highlighting its potential for applications requiring highly responsive materials. The validated FE model was further used for a parametric study of one of the promising simple designs, revealing that variations in geometric parameters significantly impact piezoresistive sensitivity. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing the development of pressure sensors with tailored sensitivity characteristics.
Perturbation-Based Battery Impedance Characterization Methods: From the Laboratory to Practical Implementation
Authors: Fan Chuanxin , Tian Xinxiang , Gu Chunfei
Published: November 2024

To guarantee the secure and effective long-term functionality of lithium-ion batteries, vital functions, including lifespan estimation, condition assessment, and fault identification within battery management systems, are necessary. Battery impedance is a crucial indicator for assessing battery health and longevity, serving as an important reference in battery state evaluation. This study offers a comprehensive review of the characterization and applications of impedance spectroscopy. It highlights the increasing attention paid to broadband perturbation signals for impedance measurements, which promotes impedance characterization methods from laboratory to practical implementation. The impact of varying impedance characteristics on distinct cell states and their utilization is further examined. The discussion encompasses the challenges and opportunities for future research on onboard battery management system characterizations.
Selective Leaching for the Recycling of Lithium, Iron, and Phosphorous from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes’ Production Scraps
Authors: Bruno Martina , Francia Carlotta , Fiore Silvia
Published: November 2024

The market for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries is projected to grow in the near future. However, recycling methods targeting LFP batteries, especially production scraps, are still underdeveloped. This study investigated the extraction of iron phosphate and lithium from LFP production scraps using selective leaching, considering technical and economic aspects. Two leaching agents, sulfuric acid (0.25–0.5 M, 25 °C, 1 h, 50 g/L) and citric acid (0.25–0.5 M, 25 °C, 1 h, 70 g/L) were compared; hydrogen peroxide (3–6%vv.) was added to prevent iron and phosphorous solubilization. Sulfuric acid leached up to 98% of Li and recovered up to 98% of Fe and P in the solid residues. Citric acid leached 18–26% of Li and recovered 98% of Fe and P. Totally, 28% of Li was precipitated for sulfuric acid process, while recovery with citric acid did not produce enough precipitate for a characterization. Sulfur is the main impurity present in the precipitates. The total operative costs associated with reagents and energy consumption of the sulfuric acid route were below 3.00 €/kg. In conclusion, selective leaching provided a viable and economic method to recycle LFP production scraps, and it is worth further research to optimize Lithium recovery.
Advances in Corneal Diagnostics Using Machine Learning
Authors: Al-Sharify Noor T. , Yussof Salman , Ghaeb Nebras H. , Al-Sharify Zainab T. , Naser Husam Yahya , Ahmed Sura M. , See Ong Hang , Weng Leong Yeng
Published: November 2024

This paper provides comprehensive insights into the cornea and its diseases, with a particular focus on keratoconus. This paper explores the cornea’s function in maintaining ocular health, detailing its anatomy, pathological conditions, and the latest developments in diagnostic techniques. Keratoconus is discussed extensively, covering its subtypes, etiology, clinical manifestations, and the application of the Q-value for quantification. Several diagnostic techniques, such as corneal topography, are crucial points of discussion. This paper also examines the use of machine learning models, specifically Decision Tree and Nearest Neighbor Analysis, which enhance the accuracy of diagnosing based on topographical corneal parameters from corneal topography. These models provide valuable insights into disease progression and aid in clinical decision making. Integrating these technologies in medical research opens promising avenues for enhanced disease detection. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of Decision Tree and Nearest Neighbor Analysis in classifying and predicting conditions based on corneal parameters. The Decision Tree achieved classification accuracy of 62% for training and 65.7% for testing, while Nearest Neighbor Analysis yielded 65.4% for training and 62.6% for holdout samples. These models offer valuable insights into the progression and severity of keratoconus, aiding clinicians in treatment and management decisions.
Modeling and Visual Simulation of Bifurcation Aneurysms Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Murray’s Law
Authors: Wu Yong , Yan Yongjie , Zhang Jiaxin , Wang Fei , Cai Hao , Xiong Zhi , Zhou Teng
Published: November 2024

Aneurysm modeling and simulation play an important role in many specialist areas in the field of medicine such as surgical education and training, clinical diagnosis and prediction, and treatment planning. Despite the considerable effort invested in developing computational fluid dynamics so far, visual simulation of blood flow dynamics in aneurysms, especially the under-explored aspect of bifurcation aneurysms, remains a challenging issue. To alleviate the situation, this study introduces a novel Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)-based method to model and visually simulate blood flow, bifurcation progression, and fluid–structure interaction. Firstly, this research consider blood in a vessel as a kind of incompressible fluid and model its flow dynamics using SPH; and secondly, to simulate bifurcation aneurysms at different progression stages including formation, growth, and rupture, this research models fluid particles by using aneurysm growth mechanism simulation in combination with vascular geometry simulation. The geometry incorporates an adjustable bifurcation structure based on Murray’s Law, and considers the interaction between blood flow, tissue fluid, and arterial wall resistance. Finally, this research discretizes the computation of wall shear stress using SPH and visualizes it in a novel particle-based representation. To examine the feasibility and validity of the proposed method, this research designed a series of numerical experiments and validation scenarios under varying test conditions and parameters. The experimental results based on numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of proposed method in modeling and simulating bifurcation aneurysm formation and growth. In addition, the results also indicate the feasibility of the proposed wall shear stress simulation and visualization scheme, which enriches the means of blood analysis.
Effects of E-Cigs on Physiological Pathways and Proposed Therapeutic Intervention with Bixin
Authors: Claymore Sophia Rene , Allen-Gipson Diane S.
Published: November 2024

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have increased in popularity and usage over the last few decades. There is rising concern regarding the long-term effects of e-cigs on human health, considering their relatively recent introduction to the market. E-cigs are generally composed of a liquid containing nicotine and various chemicals, a battery, a vaporization chamber, and a coil that serves to heat the liquid upon inhalation of the mouthpiece. While e-cigs were initially introduced as a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking, recent research has demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of nicotinic e-cig devices on multiple cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells, along with causing dysregulation of inflammatory pathways. This review will discuss the harmful effects of e-cigs on the human body, highlighting the physiological impact of e-cigs on pulmonary, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular health. Moreover, this review will highlight the potential therapeutic effects of bixin, an apocarotenoid found in the seeds of Bixa orellana, also known as the achiote tree, due to its innate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities that have been demonstrated in recent research. Nanotechnology has surfaced in the past few decades as a powerful tool for medicinal practice. Specifically, nanoparticles serve as a potential method for treating various conditions and diseases. Bixin nanoparticles show promise as a viable method for treating e-cig-induced damage due to the innate properties of bixin and the advantages of using nanoparticles compared to conventional medicinal interventions.
Metabolic Syndrome, Kidney-Related Adiposity, and Kidney Microcirculation: Unraveling the Damage
Authors: Jang Kyu Won , Hur Jin , Lee Dong Won , Kim Seo Rin
Published: November 2024

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated risk factors, including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and visceral adiposity, all of which contribute to kidney microvascular injury and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the specific impact of each component of MetS on kidney microcirculation remains unclear. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, understanding how visceral fat—particularly fat surrounding the kidneys—affects kidney microcirculation is critical. This review examines the consequences of visceral obesity and other components of MetS on renal microcirculation. These kidney-related fat deposits can contribute to the mechanical compression of renal vasculature, promote inflammation and oxidative stress, and induce endothelial dysfunction, all of which accelerate kidney damage. Each factor of MetS initiates a series of hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances that impair kidney microcirculation, leading to vascular remodeling and microvascular rarefaction. The review concludes by discussing therapeutic strategies targeting the individual components of MetS, which have shown promise in alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress. Integrated approaches that address both of the components of MetS and kidney-related adiposity may improve renal outcomes and slow the progression of CKD.
Evaluation of Inflammatory Status in COVID-19 Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comparative Analysis Based on Creatinine Clearance Levels
Authors: Banta Andreea , Rosca Daniela , Rosca Ovidiu , Bogdan Iulia , Cerbulescu Teodor , Stana Loredana Gabriela , Hogea Elena , Nistor Daciana
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes due to their compromised immune systems and chronic inflammatory state. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the inflammatory status of COVID-19 patients with CKD, stratified by creatinine clearance (CrCl) levels: CrCl < 30 mL/min, CrCl 30–60 mL/min, and CrCl > 60 mL/min. Multiple inflammatory scores combining laboratory parameters were assessed, including novel scores and established indices. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 223 patients admitted with confirmed COVID-19 were included and divided into three groups based on CrCl levels: CrCl < 30 (n = 41), CrCl 30–60 (n = 78), and CrCl > 60 (n = 104). Laboratory parameters including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), ferritin, platelet count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), and serum albumin were collected. Multiple inflammatory scores were calculated, including inflammation scores (IS1–IS4), the systemic inflammatory index (SII), the C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR), the lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR), and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI). Statistical analyses were performed to compare inflammatory scores among groups and assess correlations with clinical outcomes. Results: The CrCl < 30 group exhibited significantly higher levels of inflammatory markers and inflammatory scores compared with the other groups (p < 0.001). Among the additional scores, CAR and SII were significantly elevated in patients with lower CrCl levels, while LCR and PNI were decreased. CAR showed a strong positive correlation with COVID-19 severity (r = 0.65, p < 0.001), and PNI was inversely correlated with mortality (r = −0.58, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that lower CrCl levels, higher IS3 and CAR, and lower PNI were independent predictors of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Conclusions: CKD patients with lower CrCl levels have an amplified inflammatory response during COVID-19 infection, as evidenced by elevated inflammatory scores. The additional inflammatory scores, particularly CAR and PNI, may serve as valuable tools for risk stratification and management of COVID-19 in CKD patients. Early identification of patients with high CAR and low PNI could improve clinical outcomes through timely therapeutic interventions.
Human Leukocyte Antigen Polymorphism and Blood Biomarker Profiles in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study in a Latvian Cohort
Authors: Minibajeva Olga , Karelis Guntis , Zolovs Maksims , Ķēniņa Viktorija
Published: November 2024

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a high prevalence of sporadic cases. Various molecular mechanisms are involved in its pathogenesis. This pilot study aimed to identify potential risk and protective human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles in PD, discover candidate alleles for further research, and evaluate potential blood biomarkers. Methods: A total of 43 PD patients and 79 unrelated sex-matched controls were enrolled in this study. We analysed the polymorphism of HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1 alleles and the blood levels of biomarkers such as S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S1000A9), kynurenic acid (KYNA), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD1). Results: We found that the frequencies of the HLA-DRB1*04, -DQA1*02:01, and -DQA1*03:01 alleles were significantly higher in the PD patients than in the controls, suggesting that these alleles are potential risk factors. Furthermore, the HLA-DQA1*02:01 allele was detected more frequently in the PD group when the disease onset was at 60 years or older. On the contrary, the HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-DQA1*05:01 alleles were less common in the PD patients, indicating a possible protective effect. Regarding biomarkers, the blood levels of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 were significantly higher, and the kynurenic acid levels were significantly lower in the PD group. The NfL levels were also higher in the PD group but did not reach statistical significance, possibly due to the sensitivity limitations of the ELISA method used. The GAD1 levels showed no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the HLA-DRB1*01 and -DRB1*04 alleles and the HLA-DQA1*02:01, -DQA1*03:01, and -DQA1*05:01 alleles are associated with PD. Moreover, S100 calcium-binding protein A9 and kynurenic acid can be considered potential blood biomarkers for PD. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on PD and offer new directions for further research in Latvian cohorts.
Taurine Supplementation Alleviates Blood Pressure via Gut–Brain Communication in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Su Qing , Pan Xiong-Feng , Li Hong-Bao , Xiong Ling-Xiao , Bai Juan , Wang Xiao-Min , Qu Xiao-Ying , Zhang Ning-Rui , Zou Guo-Quan , Shen Yang , Li Lu , Huang Li-Li , Zhang Huan , Xu Meng-Lu
Published: November 2024

Objects: Taurine exhibits protective effects in the context of cardiovascular pathophysiology. A range of evidence suggests that hypertension activates inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), elevating the arterial tone and sympathetic activity, while it induces gut–brain axis dysfunction in the context of hypertension. However, the mechanism underlying taurine’s anti-hypertensive effects via the gut–brain axis remains unclear. Method: Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were administered 3% taurine in their drinking water for eight weeks, with their arterial pressure measured weekly. Molecular techniques were employed to investigate taurine’s effects on the hypertensive gut and PVN. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota composition, and untargeted metabolomics was applied to assess the fecal metabolites following taurine supplementation. Results: Taurine supplementation not only reduced the blood pressure, sympathetic activity, and inflammatory and oxidative stress in the PVN but also improved the cardiac pathology and microbiota composition while alleviating gut inflammation in hypertensive rats. The untargeted metabolite analysis indicated that the primary effect of the taurine intervention in SHRs was exerted on tryptophan metabolism. The levels of serum metabolites such as kynurenine, L-tryptophan, serotonin (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were altered in hypertensive rats following taurine treatment. Conclusions: Taurine supplementation restored the microbiota balance, strengthened the mucosal barrier, reduced intestinal inflammation, and stimulated tryptophan metabolism. The metabolites derived from the gut microbiota likely crossed the brain barrier and reached the paraventricular nucleus, thereby reducing the inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the PVN via gut–brain communication, leading to decreased sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in the studied hypertensive rats.
The Role of Regulatory B Lymphocytes in Allergic Diseases
Authors: Lipińska-Opałka Agnieszka , Leszczyńska-Pilich Michalina , Będzichowska Agata , Tomaszewska Agata , Rustecka Agnieszka , Kalicki Bolesław
Published: November 2024

Purpose of review: Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a key component in the regulation of the immune system. Their immunosuppressive function, which includes limiting the inflammatory cascade, occurs through interactions with other immune cells and the secretion of cytokines, primarily IL-10. As knowledge about B cells continues to expand, their diversity is becoming more recognized, with many subpopulations identified in both human and animal models. However, identifying specific transcription factors or markers that could definitively distinguish regulatory B cells remains a challenge. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of B regulatory cells in allergic diseases. Recent findings: In patients with bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies, the number of regulatory B cells is reduced, and disease severity is inversely proportional to the quantity of these cells. Furthermore, in patients with atopic dermatitis, the ability of regulatory B cells to produce IL-10 in response to IL-6 stimulation is diminished. However, allergen immunotherapy has been shown to induce the formation of regulatory T cells as well as regulatory B cells. Summary: The success of future therapies based on B cells may depend on deepening our current understanding of their phenotypes, induction, differentiation, and function. Research in these areas is essential for understanding the mechanisms regulating Breg activity and for developing potential targeted therapies in the treatment of allergic diseases.
Exploring Chemokine Homodimer Stability: Structural Insights into CXC and CC Interfaces
Authors: Budean David , Almeida-Hernández Yasser , Pandey Jitendra , Pérez Joel Mieres , Sánchez García Elsa , Haglund Ellinor
Published: November 2024

Chemokine ligands play a pivotal role in immune response by mediating cell migration and coordinating cellular processes through interactions with chemokine receptors. Understanding their sequence and structural integrity is crucial for elucidating their biological functions and potential therapeutic applications. In this study, we investigate the dimer interface between two distinct homodimer topologies: CXC and CC homodimers. Despite nearly identical monomeric structures, the rigid CXC interface is characterized by interactions between the N-loop/β-sheet regions, while the more flexible CC interface involves interactions through the unstructured N-terminal regions. Our structural and biophysical analyses indicate no significant differences in the free energy of folding (2–8 kcal/mol) and binding (10–14 kcal/mol) between the two homodimer topologies, showing that their free energy is primarily driven by sequence. We hypothesize that the biological signal is driven by the malleability of the dimer, depending on the binding interface. Understanding these structural dynamics opens new possibilities for designing chemokine-based therapeutics to modulate immune responses in diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders.
No Country for Old Frameworks? Vertex Models and Their Ongoing Reinvention to Study Tissue Dynamics
Authors: Briñas-Pascual Natalia , Cornwall-Scoones Jake , O’Hanlon Daniel P. , Guerrero Pilar , Perez-Carrasco Ruben
Published: November 2024

Vertex models have become essential tools for understanding tissue morphogenesis by simulating the mechanical and geometric properties of cells in various biological systems. These models represent cells as polygons or polyhedra, capturing cellular interactions such as adhesion, tension, and force generation. This review explores the ongoing evolution of computational vertex models, highlighting their application to complex tissue dynamics, including organoid development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. We examine different energy formulations used in vertex models, which account for mechanical forces such as surface tension, volume conservation, and intercellular adhesion. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges of expanding traditional 2D models to 3D structures, which require the inclusion of factors like mechanical polarisation and topological transitions. We also introduce recent advancements in modelling techniques that allow for more flexible and dynamic cell shapes, addressing limitations in earlier frameworks. Mechanochemical feedback and its role in tissue behaviour are explored, along with cutting-edge approaches like self-propelled Voronoi models. Finally, the review highlights the importance of parameter inference in these models, particularly through Bayesian methods, to improve accuracy and predictive power. By integrating these new insights, vertex models continue to provide powerful frameworks for exploring the complexities of tissue morphogenesis.
A Review of Current Developments in Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Biosensing Applications
Authors: Zhou Jiaojiao , Liu Chen , Zhong Yujun , Luo Zhihui , Wu Long
Published: November 2024

Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been widely investigated in the fields of nanotechnology and material science, owing to their high surface area, diverse structure, controllable cavity, high biocompatibility, and ease of surface modification. In the past few years, great efforts have been devoted to preparing functionalized MSNs for biosensing applications with satisfactory performance. The functional structure and composition in the synthesis of MSNs play important roles in high biosensing performance. With the development of material science, diverse functional units have been rationally incorporated into mesoporous structures, which endow MSNs with design flexibility and multifunctionality. Here, an overview of the recent developments of MSNs as nanocarriers is provided, including the methodologies for the preparation of MSNs and the nanostructures and physicochemical properties of MSNs, as well as the latest trends of MSNs and their use in biosensing. Finally, the prospects and challenges of MSNs are presented.
A Cell-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Infectious Hepatitis A Virus
Authors: Kaur Dilmeet , Esseili Malak A. , Ramasamy Ramaraja P.
Published: November 2024

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a major cause of acute liver infections, is transmitted through the fecal–oral route and close contact with infected individuals. Current HAV standardized methods rely on the detection of virus antigen or RNA, which do not differentiate between infectious and non-infectious HAV. The objective of this study was to develop a prototype cell-based electrochemical biosensor for detection of infectious HAV. A cell culture-adapted HAV strain (HM175/18f) and its permissive cells (FRhK-4), along with gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrodes, were used to develop the biosensor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to quantify the electrical impedance signal. Nyquist plots showed successful fabrication of the cell-based biosensor. The optimum period of HAV incubation with the biosensor was 6 h. A significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.98) was found between the signal and a 6-log range of HAV titers, with a limit of detection of ~5 TCID50/mL (tissue culture infectious dose). The biosensor did not detect non-target viruses such as feline calicivirus and human coronavirus 229E. The biosensor was stable for 3 to 7 days at an abusive temperature (37 °C), retaining ~90 to 60% of the original signal, respectively. In conclusion, this prototype cell-based biosensor is capable of rapidly detecting low levels of infectious HAV.
A Bibliometric Systematic Literature Review on the Relationship Between Problem-Based Learning Methodology and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Raimundo Ricardo Jorge Gomes , Rosário Albérico Travassos
Published: November 2024

The rising commitment to entrepreneurial learning, both in academic and industry settings, has prompted the development of new mechanisms and methodologies. In recent years, the literature on entrepreneurship has progressively focused on the problem-based learning (PBL) methodology, particularly in response to evolving challenges within the learning environment. This paper presents a systematic bibliographic literature review (SBLR) on the application of PBL across various entrepreneurial processes in higher education and industry. This review aimed to identify significant entrepreneurial opportunities for PBL. A comprehensive search of bibliographic databases was conducted for documents published between 2002 and May 2024, resulting in the identification of 142 empirical and non-empirical papers related to PBL in entrepreneurship. The data analysis uncovered a range of subthemes regarding the use of PBL in entrepreneurship, highlighting its applications in both higher education institutions and industry. This study was guided by the research question: “What is the relationship between problem-based learning methodology and entrepreneurship?”. This research’s central and novel contribution lies in identifying diverse applications of PBL to address the various challenges that emerge within different entrepreneurial contexts. This paper also suggests future research directions.
Injury Patterns and Associated Demographic Characteristics in Children with a Fracture from Equines: A US National Based Study
Authors: Loder Randall T. , Walker Alyssa L. , Blakemore Laurel C.
Published: November 2024

Background: Fractures often occur due to equestrian activities with injury patterns varying by age. The purpose of this study was to investigate in detail fracture patterns and associated demographics in children due to equine activities. Materials: The US National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for all injuries with the consumer product code 1239 (horseback riding) from 2000 to 2023. Those <16 years old with fractures were extracted. Statistical analyses were performed with SUDAAN 11.0.01™ software to obtain national estimates. Results: There were an estimated 101,677 patients with a fracture. Girls comprised 72.5% and the patient was discharged from the hospital in 81.5% of cases. Fractures involved the upper extremity in 80,973 (80.0%), the pelvis/lower extremity in 11,794 (11.7%), the spine in 3060 (3.0%), the skull/face in 4321 (4.4%), and the rib/sternum in 940 (0.9%). The humerus, elbow, radius/ulna, and wrist accounted for 62.4% of all the fractures. The youngest age group (0- to 5-year-olds) had more boys and was more likely to be admitted to the hospital. The child was injured due to a fall from the horse in 75.7%, bucked/thrown off/kicked off in 17.0%, with the remaining 7.3% from other mechanisms. Conclusions: This extensive description of fractures in children due to equestrian injuries can be used to determine the effectiveness of future prevention strategies, such as protective equipment and educational programs. It also gives pediatric trauma and orthopedic surgeons an overall view of the types of fractures which occur in children due to equestrian activities.
Myopia in Children: Epidemiology, Genetics, and Emerging Therapies for Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Surico Pier Luigi , Parmar Uday Pratap Singh , Singh Rohan Bir , Farsi Yeganeh , Musa Mutali , Maniaci Antonino , Lavalle Salvatore , D’Esposito Fabiana , Gagliano Caterina , Zeppieri Marco
Published: November 2024

Refractive errors, particularly myopia, are among the most prevalent visual impairments globally, with rising incidence in children and adolescents. This review explores the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the development of refractive errors, focusing on the environmental and lifestyle factors contributing to the current surge in myopia. We provide an overview of key genetic factors and molecular pathways driving the pathogenesis of myopia and other refractive errors, emphasizing the complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for identifying new strategies for intervention. We discuss current approaches to slow myopia progression in pediatric populations, including pharmacological treatment regimens (low-dose atropine), optical interventions, and lifestyle modifications. In addition to established therapies, we highlight emerging innovations, including new pharmacological agents and advanced optical devices, and insights into potential future treatments. Cutting-edge research into gene therapy, molecular inhibitors, and neuroprotective strategies may yield novel therapeutic targets that address the root causes of refractive errors. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of early intervention and highlights promising avenues for future research, aiming to provide pediatricians with guidance to ultimately improve clinical outcomes in managing and preventing myopia progression in children and young adults.
Circulating Tumor DNA Combining with Imaging Analysis for Lesion Detection of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in Children
Authors: Liu Siying , Zhu Yongbing , Chen Yu , Wang Yaqin , Zhang Dedong , Zhang Jiasi , Wang Yao , Zhang Ai , Hu Qun , Liu Aiguo
Published: November 2024

Background: The detection of mutations from circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) represents a promising enrichment technique. In this retrospective study, the significance of ctDNA and imaging in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) monitoring was first examined, and the broader role of ctDNA in monitoring LCH was additionally explored. Methods: First, data visualization and survival analysis models were used to generalize the concordance between cfBRAFV600E molecular response and radiographic response on clinical outcomes. Next, the molecular response of cfBRAFV600E was observed from a dynamic perspective. A comparative analysis was then conducted between cfBRAFV600E and ltBRAFV600E status, examining their relationship to clinical manifestations and prognosis of LCH. Results: Eventually, 119 participants were enrolled in this trial between 2019 and 2023. Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly shorter in patients with both radiologic and cfDNA molecular progression (17.67 versus 24.67 months, p < 0.05) compared to those without. A critical cfBRAFV600E value of 0.03% has been determined for the first time. Both cfBRAFV600E and ltBRAFV600E mutations were associated with a higher proportion of children under 3 years of age, skin and spleen involvement, and a lower 3-year PFS rate. In contrast to ltBRAFV600E, cfBRAFV600E was linked to a higher proportion of risk organ invasion LCH (52% vs. 27.9%, p < 0.05) and a better therapeutic response at the sixth week (24% vs. 4.7%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, in patients with risk organ invasion-LCH and multisystem-LCH subtypes, cfBRAFV600E was associated with a significantly lower 3-year PFS. Conclusions: In summary, these findings enhanced and supplemented the implications of ctDNA and imaging analysis application in children with LCH.