bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban qualities and residents’ strategies in compact global south cities: the case of Havana
Authors: Zapata Campos María José , Kain Jaan-Henrik , Oloko Michael , Stenberg Jenny , Zapata Patrik
Published: May 2021

Research and policy argue for more compact cities to respond to sustainable development challenges. However,whatactually needs to be made more compact andhow,is under examined, particularly in global South cities where north notions of urban qualities are adopted without being questioned. Informed by a qualitative study in informal and compact neighborhoods in Havana, this paper explores which qualities are important to deliver more just cities, and what strategies are developed by residents to strengthen beneficial qualities and address detrimental qualities in contexts of informal urbanization and compactness. It shows how the street, human capital, neighborhood, housing affordability, citizenship and vibrancy are significant compact city qualities neglected in the literature. Finally, the paper shows how diverse strategies are developed by residents to draw upon these qualities, such as self-help urbanism, learning and innovation, economic entrepreneurship, networks of solidarity, economies of reciprocity, local imaginaries and active citizenship.
Probabilities with Gaps and Gluts
Authors: Klein Dominik , Majer Ondrej , Rafiee Rad Soroush
Published: May 2021

Belnap-Dunn logic (BD), sometimes also known as First Degree Entailment, is a four-valued propositional logic that complements the classical truth values of True and False with two non-classical truth values Neither and Both. The latter two are to account for the possibility of the available information being incomplete or providing contradictory evidence. In this paper, we present a probabilistic extension of BD that permits agents to have probabilistic beliefs about the truth and falsity of a proposition. We provide a sound and complete axiomatization for the framework defined and also identify policies for conditionalization and aggregation. Concretely, we introduce four-valued equivalents of Bayes’ and Jeffrey updating and also suggest mechanisms for aggregating information from different sources.
Dying as an issue of public concern: cultural scripts on palliative care in Sweden
Authors: Agren Axel , Nedlund Ann-Charlotte , Cedersund Elisabet , Krevers Barbro
Published: May 2021

In Sweden, palliative care has, over the past decades, been object to policies and guidelines with focus on how to achieve “good palliative care”. The aim of this study has been to analyse how experts make sense of the development and the current state of palliative care. Departing from this aim, focus has been on identifying how personal experiences of ‘the self’ are intertwined with culturally available meta-level concepts and how experts contribute to construct new scripts on palliative care. Twelve qualitative interviews were conducted. Four scripts were identified after analysing the empirical material: 1. script of paths towards working within palliative care; 2. script of desirable and deterrent reference points; 3. script of tensions between improvement and bureaucracy; and 4. script of low status and uncertain definitions. The findings of this study illustrate how experts in complex ways intertwine experiences of ‘the self’ with meta-levels concepts in order to make sense of the field of palliative care. The participants did not endorse one “right way” of “good” deaths. Instead, palliative care was considered to be located in a complex state where the historical development, consisting of both desirable ideals, death denials and lack of guidelines, and more recent developments of strives towards universal concepts, “improvement” and increased bureaucracy altogether played a significant role for how palliative care has developed and is organised and conducted today.
On-Site Citizenship Education: An Effective Way of Boosting Democratic Engagement and Reducing Inequalities Among Young People?
Authors: Mulder Laura E. M.
Published: May 2021

In response to concerns about a lack of democratic engagement among youngsters, many governments intensify their efforts to stimulate democratic engagement and reduce inequalities between advantaged and disadvantaged adolescents. One of the ways in which they try to do this is by on-site citizenship education programs. These include visits to a government institution, interaction with government officials and the reenactment of government institutions. Yet, it remains unclear whether these programs actually boost democratic engagement and compensate inequalities in democratic engagement. This study explores the effect of on-site citizenship education on (inequalities in) democratic engagement. In order to ensure that potential effects are truly attributable to the on-site citizenship program, I isolate the hypothesized causal effects by employing a quasi-experimental design with Difference-in-Difference estimation, reducing selection effects, and controlling for pre-test sensitization and time period. Moreover, I assessed whether the effects last over the course of a school year. The newly collected data consist of four waves among 585 students in thirty classes and three schools. The results show that the high expectations of on-site citizenship education need to be tempered: the main Dutch on-site citizenship program has a robust and lasting effect on political knowledge, but not on political attitudes and behaviors. Moreover, the program generally does not reduce pre-existing inequalities.
Correction to: Does Training Modality Predict Fidelity of an Evidence-based Intervention Delivered in Schools?
Authors: Combs Katie Massey , Drewelow Karen M. , Habesland Marian Silje , Lain Marion Amanda , Buckley Pamela R.
Published: May 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-021-01250-7
Bioengineering potato plants to produce benzylglucosinolate for improved broad-spectrum pest and disease resistance
Authors: González-Romero M. E. , Rivera C. , Cancino K. , Geu-Flores F. , Cosio E. G. , Ghislain M. , Halkier B. A.
Published: May 2021

In traditional, small-scale agriculture in the Andes, potatoes are frequently co-cultivated with the Andean edible tuber Tropaeolum tuberosum, commonly known as mashua, which is believed to exert a pest and disease protective role due to its content of the phenylalanine-derived benzylglucosinolate (BGLS). We bioengineered the production of BGLS in potato by consecutive generation of stable transgenic events with two polycistronic constructs encoding for expression of six BGLS biosynthetic genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. First, we integrated a polycistronic construct coding for the last three genes of the pathway (SUR1, UGT74B1 and SOT16) into potato driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. After identifying the single-insertion transgenic event with the highest transgene expression, we stacked a second polycistronic construct coding for the first three genes in the pathway (CYP79A2, CYP83B1 and GGP1) driven by the leaf-specific promoter of the rubisco small subunit from chrysanthemum. We obtained transgenic events producing as high as 5.18 pmol BGLS/mg fresh weight compared to the non-transgenic potato plant producing undetectable levels of BGLS. Preliminary bioassays suggest a possible activity against Phytophthora infestans, causing the late blight disease and Premnotrypes suturicallus, referred to as the Andean potato weevil. However, we observed altered leaf morphology, abnormally thick and curlier leaves, reduced growth and tuber production in five out of ten selected transgenic events, which indicates that the expression of BGLS biosynthetic genes has an undesirable impact on the potato. Optimization of the expression of the BGLS biosynthetic pathway in potato is required to avoid alterations of plant development.

Graphical abstract
Targeted risk assessment of mercury exposure of recreational fishers: Are nephrops fishers in Norway at risk?
Authors: Wiech Martin , Djønne Christine , Kolding Jeppe , Kjellevold Marian , Ferter Keno
Published: May 2021

Recreational fishers often consume their catch, which may expose them to environmental contaminants. However, targeted risk assessment for exceeding the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of a specific contaminant is often lacking, as specific data on the extent of fishing, consumption rates, and contamination of the caught seafood is needed. This study examined recreational fishing for nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus) at several different locations in Western Norway to identify important risk factors. The combination of a field survey to examine actual catches, interviews of recreational fishers about their seafood eating habits, and the analysis of total mercury (Hg, as a proxy for methylmercury (MeHg)) in recreationally captured nephrops allowed to conduct a targeted risk assessment. Recreational fishers consumed on average seven nephrops per meal, and 73% of the fishers ate nephrops once a month or more. The average Hg concentrations in nephrops were below the legal maximum level (100 ± 50 μg/kg wet weight (mean ± SD)). Hg concentrations in female nephrops were significantly higher than in males at the same size, and differed significantly between locations. The recreational fishers in this study were not at risk of exceeding the TWI for MeHg from consuming nephrops only; however, there is a general risk of exceeding TWI for MeHg as 70% of the fishers reported a frequent consumption of fish for dinner. Targeted risk assessments on recreational fishers may reveal particularly vulnerable populations where national dietary surveys may miss the highest seafood consumers.

Graphical abstract
Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bottom sediments of a dam reservoir, their interaction with organic matter and risk to benthic fauna
Authors: Baran Agnieszka , Klimkowicz-Pawlas Agnieszka , Ukalska-Jaruga Aleksandra , Mierzwa-Hersztek Monika , Gondek Krzysztof , Szara-Bąk Magdalena , Tarnawski Marek , Spałek Iwona
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The aims of the study were to investigate the interaction between fractions of organic matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom sediments and to use mussels as passive biomonitors and consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for ecological risk assessment in sediments.

Methods

Bottom sediment samples were taken from 46 points located in the Rożnów reservoir (Poland). The sediment organic matter (SOM) characteristics included total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), humic acid carbon (Cha), fulvic acid carbon (Cfa), non-hydrolysing carbon (Cnh), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The extraction procedure was carried out in bottom sediments as well as in freeze-dried mussel tissue samples to directly determine the accumulation potential of PAHs to the living organisms in their natural environment.

Results

The content of organic matter fractions was in the following order: Cfa (fulvic acid) > Cnh (non-hydrolysing carbon) > Cha (humic acid) > DOC (dissolved organic carbon). The mean ∑16PAHs (μg kg−1) concentration was 1755.2 ± 724 (total) and 256 ± 254 (bioavailable) in sediments and 1740 ± 72.2 in the mussel tissues. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of PAHs in the mussel tissues and the total and bioavailable concentration of PAHs in bottom sediments.

Conclusion

The PAH concentration in bottom sediments depended on the stabile carbon forms Cnh. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that the fine fraction can significantly increase the bioavailability of PAHs and can be an important factor in the distribution of PAHs in the sediments.
Rehydration of dried mushroom specimens with Aerosol® OT for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Koch Janina Antonia , Fischer Alicia , Manz Cathrin , Rexer Karl-Heinz
Published: May 2021

Morphological, anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics are important for taxonomical and phylogenetic studies of fungi. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), usually only dry voucher specimens are available. For dried plant material, Aerosol® OT (AOT) has been shown to be a suitable rehydration agent for SEM preparation. For swelling and stabilization of fungal cells, however, this simple method does not yield satisfactory results. Here, we show that a combination of AOT with ultrasonic bath and rehydration in a vacuum desiccator is a good method to distend fungal cells like basidiospores and pleuro- and cheilocystidia for SEM analysis. Tissues of several species of Agaricomycetes with diverse morphological structures were exposed to the treatment. Diverse concentrations of AOT as well as treatments in an ultrasonic bath and a vacuum desiccator were tested to optimize the surface reconstruction and to reduce preparation artefacts. The evaluated rehydration method is a cheap, quick and nontoxic method to prepare dried specimens of fungal cells for SEM analysis.
Blood Clotting and the Pathogenesis of Types I and II Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: de Maat Steven , Joseph Kusumam , Maas Coen , Kaplan Allen P.
Published: May 2021

The plasma contact system is the initiator of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and the main producer of the inflammatory peptide bradykinin. When plasma is exposed to a negatively charged surface the two enzymes factor XII (FXII) and plasma prekallikrein (PK) bind to the surface alongside the co-factor high molecular weight kininogen (HK), where PK is non-covalently bound to. Here, FXII and PK undergo a reciprocal activation feedback loop that leads to full contact system activity in a matter of seconds. Although naturally occurring negatively charged surfaces have shown to be involved in the role of the contact system in thrombosis, such surfaces are elusive in the pathogenesis of bradykinin-driven hereditary angioedema (HAE). In this review, we will explore the molecular mechanisms behind contact system activation, their assembly on the endothelial surface, and their role in the HAE pathophysiology.
Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in the real-world setting in Spain
Authors: Escobar Álvarez Y. , De Castro Carpeño J. , Bell D. , Drago A. , Franceschetti A.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Proper monitoring and management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with antiemetics is crucial for cancer patients. This study aimed to evaluate the use of antiemetics for the treatment of highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) including carboplatin in the real-world setting in Spain.

Methods

A representative panel of cancer specialists was asked to collect information about the antiemetic treatments provided to patients receiving chemotherapy. Records formed part of the Global Oncology Monitor© database (Ipsos Healthcare, London, UK). Chemotherapy data were extrapolated using Ipsos Healthcare’s projection methodology.

Results

A total of 73 experts were finally included. Data from 9519 patients, estimated to be representative of 202,084 patients, were collected. HEC (and carboplatin-based chemotherapy) was administered to 73,118 (36%) patients, cisplatin-based therapy being the most frequent treatment (n = 34,649, 47.38%). Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists (NK1RAs) alone or in combination were used as prophylaxis for CINV in 14,762 (20%) patients, while the combination of NK1RA with 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist (5-HT3RAs) and dexamethasone as recommended by the international guidelines was used in 5849 (8%) patients only. No antiemetic prophylaxis was administered to 8.46% of the patients receiving HEC (n = 6189). Physicians classified cisplatin-, anthracycline-cyclophosphamide (AC-), and carboplatin-based regimens as HEC in 63%, 22% and 4% of the cases, respectively.

Conclusions

The use of NK1RA-containing regimens for CINV prevention in patients treated with HEC was less than expected, suggesting poor adherence to international antiemetic guidelines.
Religion and Black Racial Identity in Du Bois’s Sociology
Authors: Segre Sandro
Published: May 2021

This article focuses on W.E.B. Du Bois’s ambivalent reception of Protestantism, and of religion in general. It argues that he rejected institutional Protestantism as characterized by cold formalism, but thought that the teaching and practices of this religion as taking place the Negro Churches were still relevant to most American Blacks. As pointed out by some secondary literature, Du Bois maintained that religious institutions gave comfort, social cohesion and a collective identity of their own to Blacks, who were an oppressed minority; however, only the Blacks’ racial consciousness could improve their social and political position. Institutional religion was then an important identity source for Blacks in general. It was not, however, for Du Bois himself. Du Bois had experienced racial discrimination and abuse based on the color line, and had therefore formed his social identity as a member of the Black race in the United States. This identity was the most salient to him and elicited his greatest commitment.
Effect of weld microstructure on brittle fracture initiation in the thermally-aged boiling water reactor pressure vessel head weld metal
Authors: Hytönen Noora , Que Zai-qing , Arffman Pentti , Lydman Jari , Nevasmaa Pekka , Ehrnstén Ulla , Efsing Pål
Published: May 2021

Effects of the weld microstructure and inclusions on brittle fracture initiation are investigated in a thermally aged ferritic high-nickel weld of a reactor pressure vessel head from a decommissioned nuclear power plant. As-welded and reheated regions mainly consist of acicular and polygonal ferrite, respectively. Fractographic examination of Charpy V-notch impact toughness specimens reveals large inclusions (0.5–2.5 µm) at the brittle fracture primary initiation sites. High impact energies were measured for the specimens in which brittle fracture was initiated from a small inclusion or an inclusion away from the V-notch. The density, geometry, and chemical composition of the primary initiation inclusions were investigated. A brittle fracture crack initiates as a microcrack either within the multiphase oxide inclusions or from the de-bonded interfaces between the uncracked inclusions and weld metal matrix. Primary fracture sites can be determined in all the specimens tested in the lower part of the transition curve at and below the 41-J reference impact toughness energy but not above the mentioned value because of the changes in the fracture mechanism and resulting changes in the fracture appearance.
Awakening or Enlightenment? On the Significance of bodhi
Authors: Anālayo Bhikkhu
Published: May 2021

The central goal of traditional mindfulness practice is bodhi, often translated as “awakening.” A critical examination of arguments proposed by Bhikkhu Bodhi in support of the alternative rendering as “enlightenment” confirms the preferability of understanding bodhi to refer indeed to a form of “awakening” as a way of conveying that the chief purpose of Buddhist mindfulness practice is to lead to realizing a liberating form of insight.
Verbetering van continentie door urethrasparende robotgeassisteerde laparoscopische prostatectomie
Authors: Hulshof Kim , Casteleijn Niek F. , Vermeer Marloes , Roelink J. Herman , Cornel Erik B. , Stomps Saskia P.
Published: May 2021

Samenvatting

Incontinentie is een veelvoorkomend probleem na robotgeassisteerde laparoscopische prostatectomie (RALP), wat impact heeft op de kwaliteit van leven. Urethrasparende chirurgie reduceert mogelijk het risico op incontinentie in deze patiëntengroep. Het doel van deze studie is te onderzoeken welk effect urethrasparende RALP (URALP) heeft op incontinentie. Alle patiënten die tussen mei 2014 en januari 2019 een conventionele RALP of een URALP ondergingen werden geïncludeerd. Continentie werd postoperatief geobjectiveerd na 6 weken, 3, 6, 9 en 12 maanden met behulp van een 24-uurs padtest en werd gedefinieerd als het gebruik van maximaal 1 safety pad per 24 uur. Na zes weken was 42,5 % van de RALP-patiënten continent vs. 82,1 % van de URALP-patiënten, een significant verschil (p < 0,001). Dit verschil was na 12 maanden nog steeds significant (87,5 % vs. 98,4 %, p < 0,001). Gebaseerd op deze veelbelovende resultaten suggereren wij dat urethrasparende RALP als operatietechniek van eerste keuze wordt toegepast voor een snellere en grotere kans op continentie na RALP.
Finger Flexor Pulley Injuries in Rock Climbers
Authors: Miro Paulo H. , vanSonnenberg Eric , Sabb Dylan M. , Schöffl Volker
Published: May 2021

Finger flexor pulley system injuries are the most common overuse injury in rock climbers. These injuries occur rarely outside of rock climbing, owing to the sport’s unique biomechanical demands on the finger. As rock climbing continues to grow and earn recognition as a mainstream sport, an understanding of how to diagnose and treat these injuries also has become important. Our purpose is to describe current concepts in anatomy, biomechanics, clinical evaluation, imaging, prevention, and treatment strategies relating to finger flexor pulley system injuries. Our literature search was performed on PubMed with MeSH terms and keywords as subject headings to meet the objectives of this review. The “crimp grip” used in rock climbing is the mechanism for these injuries. The A2, A3, and A4 pulleys are at the highest risk of injury, especially when loaded eccentrically. Physical examination may reveal clinical “bowstringing,” defined as the volar displacement of the flexor tendons from the phalanges; however, imaging is required for characterization of the underlying injury. Ultrasound is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosis and is recommended as the initial imaging technique of choice. Magnetic resonance imaging is recommended as an additional imaging study if ultrasound is inconclusive. Properly warming up increases the amount of physiologic bowstringing and is thought to prevent injury from occurring. Pulley injuries may be classified as grade I through IV. Conservative treatment, including immobilization, the H-tape method, and the use of a protective pulley splint, is recommended for grade I to III injuries. Surgical repair is reserved for grade IV injuries that are not amenable to conservative treatment.
Le “prolongement naturel” et le plateau continental étendu arctique du Canada: coopérer pour donner sens au droit, à la science et aux faits
Authors: BARTENSTEIN KRISTIN , GOSSELIN LAURE
Published: May 2021

En mai 2019, le Canada a présenté sa soumission concernant son plateau continental étendu arctique à la Commission des limites du plateau continental. La délinéation des plateaux continentaux étendus, conformément à la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, résulte d’interprétations dans lesquelles s’entrelacent arguments scientifiques et juridiques à l’égard d’une situation géophysique singulière. Cet article examine la manière dont le Canada a composé avec la triple interprétation juridique, scientifique et factuelle à travers une étude articulée autour de la notion de “prolongement naturel.” Sont mis en relief les défis interprétatifs, mais aussi les opportunités que le Canada a saisies en participant au dégagement de consensus scientifiques et juridiques au soutien de la délinéation qu’il propose.
The View from “White Man’s Bay”: The Captain John Matthews Papers on Sierra Leone at the Firestone Memorial Library, Princeton University
Authors: Leigh Devin
Published: May 2021

In 2017, the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections at the Firestone Memorial Library, Princeton University, acquired the papers of a British enslaver who operated in the region of greater Sierra Leone during the late-eighteenth century. This article offers an introduction to these papers for potential researchers. Focusing on two journals that cover Matthews’s time in the region between 1785 and 1787, it suggests three topics for which the collection might be of value to scholars of early-modern West Africa. These three topics are the local workings of the transatlantic slave trade in greater Sierra Leone; the production of European knowledge about Africa and Africans; and the history of the region immediately preceding the settlement of Freetown. In addition, this article includes four images of Sierra Leone. Black and white versions of these images were printed in 1791, but the watercolors are reproduced here for the first time.
A landscape of disadvantage: The impact of disability on earning and learning in Australia
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: May 2021

This paper describes the impact of disability in Australia on earning and learning. The report is based on the official statistics on Disability Ageing and Carers by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Whilst 67.9% of those aged 15–64 years without a reported disability complete Year 12 only 43.6% of those with a disability complete the highest level of secondary schooling. In the labor market, the participation rate is lower for persons with a disability (53.4%) compared to 84.1% for those without a disability. Even when people with disabilities are ready to work it is accompanied by a higher rate of unemployment (10.3%) compared with 4.6% for those without a disability. Whilst general labor force participation has increased from 2003 to 2018 the labor force participation of persons with a disability has remained stubbornly constant. Furthermore, the unemployment rate for person with a disability has increased markedly from 2009 while that for persons without a disability has decreased. When the influence of all these factors is combined there is an overwhelming landscape of disadvantage within which a person with a disability has to navigate an educational and vocational pathway.
Risk factors of overweight/obesity-related lifestyles in university students: Results from the EHU12/24 study
Authors: Telleria-Aramburu Nerea , Arroyo-Izaga Marta
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates the prevalence and interaction of overweight/obesity-related lifestyles (specifically, examining whether subjects meet the recommended criteria), in a representative sample of university students. This study is part of the project EHU12/24, an observational cross-sectional study, designed to assess the prevalence of excess body fat (BF) and major risk of developing overweight/obesity, according to a standardised protocol. In a cohort of 603 students, aged between 18 and 28 years, of the University of the Basque Country, information about meal patterns, diet quality, physical activity, sitting time, sleeping time, toxic habits and anthropometric measurements were collected. Sampling took place from February 2014 to May 2017. Binary logistic regression models adjusted for the covariates were utilised to test the association between lifestyles and risk of excess adiposity. The prevalence of overweight/obesity, according to BF percentage, was 14·4 %. The variables analysed related to meal pattern were associated with diet quality, and less healthy food habits were associated with other less health-related behaviours. Among men, moderate/low physical activity, breakfast skipping, non-adequate breakfast duration, number of eating occasions and eating breakfast alone/depending on the occasion were associated with excess BF, while among women, low MedDietScore, moderate/high alcohol consumption, non-adequate sleep duration, eating breakfast and lunch alone/depending on the occasion. Results suggest that certain unhealthy lifestyle behaviours coexist, interact with one another and increase the risk of overweight/obesity in this population. Sex-specific differences in risk factors of obesity have implications for interventions for primary prevention of obesity within this environment.
Bioeroding (boring) polychaete species (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Çinar Melih Ertan , Dagli Ertan
Published: May 2021

The present study reports polychaetes that bore into limestone rocks along the east coast of the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean). Rock materials were collected at two depth intervals (0–5 and 5–10 m) at 15 stations in four localities of Ildırı Bay. A total of 276 specimens belonging to 12 species and four families (Eunicidae, Spionidae, Cirratulidae and Sabellidae) were recorded. Specimens belonging to Dodecaceria and Pseudopotamilla were identified at the genus level, because they differ from described species, were few in number or were in poor condition. Dipolydora giardia is a new species to the marine fauna of Turkey. The most dominant and frequent family in the area was Eunicidae, followed by Spionidae. Lysidice ninetta and L. margaritacea comprised 59% of the total number of individuals. The number of species and individuals, and the diversity index did not change with regard to depth or locality. Two species assemblages were found in the area, mainly formed by Dipolydora and Lysidice species. The Lessepsian species, Palola valida, which is a new record for the Aegean Sea, occurred abundantly at the study sites, posing a risk of damage to limestone rocks in the Mediterranean Sea. The morphological features of the species identified at the generic level and the burrow structure of these species are presented. The burrow shapes of Palola siciliensis and P. valida were described for the first time in the present study; they constructed complicated galleries, including more than four entrances.
Education and long-term outcomes in first episode psychosis: 10-year follow-up study of the PAFIP cohort
Authors: Ayesa-Arriola Rosa , Miguel-Corredera Margarita , de la Foz Victor Ortiz-García , Neergaard Karl D. , Correa-Ghisays Patricia , Setién-Suero Esther , Crespo-Facorro Benedicto
Published: May 2021

Background

Lower levels of education have been associated with the development of psychosis. Investigating educational achievement in the first episode of psychosis (FEP) patients may shed light on the origins of the alterations and on the variability of outcomes in psychotic disorders.

Methods

Education achievement was explored in a large sample (n = 659) of FEP patients enrolled in programa de atención a fases iniciales de psicosis (PAFIP), a research and assistance program conducted in Spain. Patients were stratified according to the Spanish educational system according to their attendance in primary (low), secondary (medium) or university studies (high). The three groups were compared on available premorbid, clinical and neuropsychological variables. A subgroup of patients (n = 209), comprising the 10-year follow-up PAFIP cohort, were again compared.

Results

Overall, 49% and 37% of FEP patients had low and medium levels of education, respectively. In total, 13% of the patients with a higher level of education were more frequently women (64%) and older at illness onset (36 years old), reported better premorbid adjustment, presented less severe positive symptoms and better functioning; and showed higher premorbid intelligence quotient and better performance on all the explored cognitive domains. Ten years later the FEP patients in the medium- and high-education groups had good global functioning and a neurocognitive performance within the normal limits.

Conclusions

Higher education is associated with better initial conditions and more favourable outcomes after an FEP. Sharing this information with the world's educational systems is essential to targeting resources and designing innovative programs or strategies to compensate for student difficulties.
The science of humanity and the humanity of science: Perspectives on Ed Zigler's contributions to developmental psychopathology and the study of all children
Authors: Burack Jacob A. , Evans David W. , Napoleon Jenilee-Sarah , Weva Vanessa K. , Russo Natalie , Iarocci Grace
Published: May 2021

We present this article as a testament to Ed Zigler's commitment to science in the service of humanity and to policy based on conceptually compelling theory and methodologically rigorous science. In doing so, we highlight ways that Ed's universal and inclusive developmental world view, early training as a behaviorist, exacting scientific standards, concern for others, and appreciation of his own roots and upbringing all transformed the way that many different groups of people of all ages and backgrounds are studied, viewed, and intervened with by researchers, policy makers, and society at large. Ed's narrative of development rather than defect, universality rather than difference, and holistic rather than reductionist continues to compel us in the quest for a kinder, more inclusive, and enabling society. Conversely, Ed's behaviorist training as a graduate student also influenced him throughout his career and was essential to his career-long commitment to systemic action in the service of improving the lives of others. We cite the lessons that we, as his descendants, learned from Ed and apply them to our own areas of research with populations that Ed did not study, but had considerable interest in – persons with autism spectrum disorder and Indigenous youth.
Identifying intervention strategies for preventing the mental health consequences of childhood adversity: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Rith-Najarian Leslie R. , Triplett Noah S. , Weisz John R. , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: May 2021

Exposure to childhood adversity is a powerful risk factor for psychopathology. Despite extensive efforts, we have not yet identified effective or scalable interventions that prevent the emergence of mental health problems in children who have experienced adversity. In this modified Delphi study, we identified intervention strategies for effectively targeting both the neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking childhood adversity and psychopathology – including heightened emotional reactivity, difficulties with emotion regulation, blunted reward processing, and social information processing biases, as well as a range of psychopathology symptoms. We iteratively synthesized information from experts in the field and relevant meta-analyses through three surveys, first with experts in intervention development, prevention, and childhood adversity (n = 32), and then within our study team (n = 8). The results produced increasing stability and good consensus on intervention strategy recommendations for specific neurodevelopmental mechanisms and symptom presentations and on strength of evidence ratings of intervention strategies targeting youth and parents. More broadly, our findings highlight how intervention decision making can be informed by meta-analyses, enhanced by aggregate group feedback, saturated before consensus, and persistently subjective or even contradictory. Ultimately, the results converged on several promising intervention strategies for prevention programming with adversity-exposed youth, which will be tested in an upcoming clinical trial.
Emotion regulation therapy for social anxiety disorder: a single case series study
Authors: Abasi Imaneh , Pourshahbaz Abbas , Mohammadkhani Parvaneh , Dolatshahi Behrouz , Moradveisi Latif , Mennin Douglas S.
Published: May 2021

Background:

Despite the vast majority of evidence indicating the efficacy of traditional and recent cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) therapies in treating social anxiety disorder (SAD), some individuals with SAD do not improve by these interventions, particularly when co-morbidity is present.

Aims:

It is not clear how emotion regulation therapy (ERT) can improve SAD co-morbid with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression. This study investigated this gap.

Method:

Treatment efficacy was assessed using a single case series methodology. Four clients with SAD co-occurring with GAD and depression symptoms received a 16-session version of ERT in weekly individual sessions. During the treatment, self-report measures and clinician ratings were used to assess the symptom intensity, model-related variables, and quality of life, work and social adjustment of participants every other week throughout the treatment. Follow-up was also conducted at 1, 2 and 3 months after treatment. Data were analysed using visual analysis, effect size (Cohen’s d) and percentage of improvement.

Results:

SAD clients with depression and GAD symptoms demonstrated statistically and clinically significant improvements in symptom severity, quality of life, work, social adjustment and model-related measures (i.e. negative emotionality/safety motivation, emotion regulation strategies). The improvements were largely maintained during the follow-up period and increased for some variables.

Conclusion:

These findings showed preliminary evidence for the role of emotion dysregulation and motivational factors in the aetiology and maintenance of SAD and the efficacy of ERT in the treatment of co-morbid SAD.
When saving is not enough – wealth decumulation in retirement
Authors: Kieren Pascal , Weber Martin
Published: May 2021

We field a large online survey to study preferences and hypothetical product choices for phased withdrawal accounts and compare their demand to the demand of annuities. We find that most individuals prefer phased withdrawal accounts with dynamic withdrawal rates and equity-based asset allocation. Additionally, when offered the opportunity to exchange the phased withdrawal account with an annuity, most individuals decline to annuitize. Our results suggest that policymakers should consider offering combined solutions of phased withdrawals and annuities. Retirees who are averse to full annuitization could preserve some of their accumulated wealth while also acquiring protection against longevity risk.
Global trends of antibiotics research: comparison using network analysis to map the tendencies of antibiotics in water, soil and sediment
Authors: ZHENG Chunli , LIAO Hongkai , TU Chenglong
Published: May 2021

Antibiotic residues have entered into the environment owing to the unreasonable use and disposal of antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a huge threat to ecosystems and human health. In this study, the network analysis method was used to compare publications on antibiotics in water, soil and sediment from the aspects of countries, institutes, journals, subject categories and keywords based on Web of Science Core Collection. The results indicated that the United States of America and China had dominant positions of studies on antibiotics. The Chinese Academy of Sciences published the most articles on antibiotic research. ‘Chemosphere’, ‘Science of the Total Environment’, ‘Environmental Science and Technology’ and ‘Applied and Environmental Microbiology’ all appeared in the top six journals. ‘Environmental Sciences and Ecology’ was the core subject category of antibiotic research. Further analysis results depicted that ‘Antibiotics’, ‘Tetracycline’ and ‘Antibiotic Resistance’ were found as the research hotspots. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline all showed in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics research in water, soil and sediment. However, chlortetracycline, sulfadiazine and tylosin all emerged only in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics study in soil. In future, more attention should be paid to antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance bacteria in antibiotics research.
„Man will einfach nicht so ein Bild von sich haben“
Authors: Kaufmann Olivia , Vriends Noortje
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Bis zu 3 von 10 Jugendlichen sind von einer psychischen Störung betroffen, jedoch nur etwa ein Drittel nimmt professionelle Hilfe dafür in Anspruch. Fragestellung: Quantitativen Studien zeigen, dass Stigma mit dieser Behandlungslücke assoziiert ist. Um diese Assoziation besser zu verstehen, untersucht die aktuelle Studie den Einfluss von Stigma auf die Inanspruchnahme professioneller Hilfe bei Jugendlichen mit psychischen Problemen qualitativ. Methode: 41 Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene (16 – 22 Jahre alt) nahmen an einer Gruppendiskussion mit 6 – 10 Teilnehmenden pro Gruppe teil. Die Diskussionen wurden mit inhaltlich strukturierender qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Studie zeigt, dass Stigma nicht nur bei der Inanspruchnahme von professioneller Hilfe ein deutlich hemmender Faktor ist, sondern schon die Problemwahrnehmung hindert und eine stark verzögerte Erkennung des Hilfebedarfs verursacht. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Gerade in Zeiten von Covid-19 ist es wichtig, dass Jugendlichen unterstützt werden, Hilfe in Anspruch zu nehmen.
Measuring in the Dark?
Authors: Palmer Joshua C. , Wang Gang , Molina-Sieiro Gonzalo , Holmes R. Michael
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Research on the impact of narcissism in organizations has grown over the years in both the micro and macro literature. Micro-level research often examines the impact of employee narcissism on workplace behavior, and macro-level research often examines the impact of executive narcissism on leader behaviors, firm strategy, and firm performance. In this opinion piece, we first discuss different approaches that have been used to measure narcissism, highlighting some of their respective advantages and disadvantages. Second, we discuss the need to take stock of these different measurement approaches and devote more attention to validating them and examining their comparability. Third, we provide an agenda for future research in these areas.
Development of Three‐Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Method of Aerosol for the CMAQ Model: An Application for PM2.5 and PM10 Forecasts in the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Zhang Zhendong , Zang Zengliang , Cheng Xinghong , Lu Chunsong , Huang Shunxiang , Hu Yiwen , Liang Yanfei , Jin Lubin , Ye Lei
Published: May 2021

A three‐dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation method for the aerosol variables of the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model was developed. This 3DVAR system uses PM2.5 and PM2.5‐10 (the difference between PM10 and PM2.5) as control variables and used the AERO6 aerosol chemical mechanism in the CMAQ model. Two parallel experiments (one with and one without data assimilation [DA]) were performed to evaluate the assimilating effects of surface PM2.5 and PM10 during a heavy haze episode from January 13 to 16, 2018 in the Sichuan Basin (SCB) region. The results show that simulations without DA clearly underestimated PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, and the analysis field with aerosol DA is skillful at fitting the observations and effectively improving subsequent forecasts of PM2.5 and PM10. For the analysis fields of PM2.5 and PM10 after DA comparing with those without DA, the correlation coefficient (CORR) of PM2.5 and PM10 increased by 0.59 and 0.65, the bias (BIAS) increased by 82.29 and 125.41 μg/m3, and the root mean square error (RMSE) declined by 73.69 and 116.30 μg/m3, respectively. Improvement of subsequent 24‐h forecasts of PM2.5 and PM10 with DA is also significant. Statistical results of forecasting improvement with DA indicated that the CORR, BIAS, and RMSE for PM2.5 and PM10 at 78% and 89% of stations in the SCB region are improved, respectively. From the perspective of assimilation duration time, the improvement of PM2.5 and PM10 can be maintained for ∼24 h.
Extraction of Multimodal Dispersion Curves From Ambient Noise With Compressed Sensing
Authors: Gao Lina , Zhang Wenqiang , Zhang Zhenguo , Chen Xiaofei
Published: May 2021

We propose a compressed sensing (CS) method for extracting multimodes from ambient noise. We solve the CS inverse problem by using two methods: an l1‐based optimization algorithm and a Bayesian method. Synthetic and field data examples are conducted to validate our method. The dispersion curves extracted by our method are consistent with those extracted by the widely used frequency‐Bessel transform (F‐J) method, but our method is more efficient and can extract higher‐resolution spectrograms than the F‐J method. Our method can quickly and reliably extract multimodes from ambient noise, thereby facilitating studies of ambient noise tomography.
Ancient Maya Made Widespread Changes to Wetland Landscape
Authors: Learn Joshua
Published: May 2021

A system of canals 2 millennia old sustained a local population after the collapse of its neighbors, and it continues to affect local ecology today.
Azimuthal Variation of Lithospheric Heterogeneity in the Northwest Pacific Inferred From Po/So Propagation Characteristics and Anomalously Large Ground Motion of Deep In‐Slab Earthquakes
Authors: Furumura Takashi , Kennett Brian L. N.
Published: May 2021

High‐frequency oceanic Pn/Sn (Po/So) phases (>2 Hz) recorded at ocean bottom seismometers in the northwest Pacific display strong azimuthal variations in propagation characteristics. In the direction parallel to former Pacific plate motion (N30°W), seismograms show a gentle rise at the onset of Po/So followed by large, long spindle‐shaped coda; Po has a low‐frequency (<0.25 Hz) precursor and much delayed high‐frequency signals, showing weak dispersion with frequency. For orthogonal propagation, the onset of Po/So rises sharply and bursts of Po reverberations in the seawater follow. These differences indicate a strong azimuthal dependence of the scattering waveguide effect of the oceanic lithosphere. Numerical simulations of seismic waves in three‐dimensional heterogeneous structures reveal that much of the observed Po/So propagation variability can be explained by laterally elongated fine‐scale heterogeneity in the oceanic lithosphere, with a correlation distance of 20 km in the direction parallel to the magnetic anomaly, and a much shorter correlation distance in the perpendicular and depth directions. The longer axis corresponds to the observed Pn/Sn‐wavespeed anisotropy in the northwest Pacific, so the heterogeneity pattern was also developed during the formation and growth of the Pacific plate; competing processes produce different styles of fine‐scale effects. The elongated heterogeneity distributions in the oceanic lithosphere are carried into the subducting Pacific slab allowing energy from deep‐focus earthquakes to propagate to large distances, producing observations of anomalously large ground motions in specific directions. The behavior can be matched with three‐dimensional simulation of high‐frequency wave propagation with a heterogeneous Pacific slab.
Hypomethylating agents (HMA) for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: mechanisms of resistance and novel HMA-based therapies
Authors: Stomper Julia , Rotondo John Charles , Greve Gabriele , Lübbert Michael
Published: May 2021

Aberrant DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in tumor development and progression. DNA hypomethylating agents (HMA) constitute a class of drugs which are able to reverse DNA methylation, thereby triggering the re-programming of tumor cells. The first-generation HMA azacitidine and decitabine have now been in standard clinical use for some time, offering a valuable alternative to previous treatments in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, so far particularly in older, medically non-fit patients. However, the longer we use these drugs, the more we are confronted with the (almost inevitable) development of resistance. This review provides insights into the mode of action of HMA, mechanisms of resistance to this treatment, and strategies to overcome HMA resistance including next-generation HMA and HMA-based combination therapies.
OAM-inspired new optics: the angular metalens
Authors: Ruffato Gianluca
Published: May 2021

Analogous to the behavior of a common converging lens for the input of tilted waves, a recent publication suggests a new optical element with an azimuthal-quadratic phase profile for the focusing of orbital angular momentum beams at distinct angular positions. Its realization in a metasurface form enables the combined measurement of orbital and spin angular momentum using a single optical component.