bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Peripherally Functionalised Dendritic Binaphthyl (BINAP)‐Systems and their Application as Ligands in the Copper‐Catalysed Hydrosilylation of Acetophenone
Authors: Kassube Jutta K. , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: February 2008

Two series of peripherally functionalised dendrimers were synthesised based on poly(ethyleneimine) and poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers by reaction of (R)‐6‐N‐[(γ‐carboxyl)butanoyl]‐aminomethyl‐2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (“Glutaroyl‐Aminap”) with first to fifth generation PPI and zeroth to fourth generation PAMAM dendrimers using ethyl‐N,N‐dimethylcarbodiimide (EDC)/1‐hydroxybenzotriazole as coupling reagents. All dendritic ligands were characterised by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and, for generations G0–G3, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The relationship between the size/generation of the dendritic ligands and their catalytic properties was established in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of acetophenone. It could be shown that (R)‐6‐aminomethyl‐2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (“H‐Aminap”) can be attached to the dendrimers without any significant loss of catalytic selectivity compared to the monomeric ligand Benzoyl‐Aminap. The selectivities observed in these reactions were higher than those obtained using unfunctionalised BINAP as ligand.
Long‐term results of survival in patients with thalassemia major treated with bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Di Bartolomeo Paolo , Santarone Stella , Di Bartolomeo Erminia , Olioso Paola , Bavaro Pasqua , Papalinetti Gabriele , Di Carlo Paolo , Papola Franco , Nicolucci Antonio , Di Nicola Marta , Iacone Antonio
Published: February 2008

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the only available curative approach for thalassemia major, although long‐term morbidity and mortality are not established. The aim of this study was to assess the long‐term clinical and hematological results in children and adults with thalassemia major treated with BMT. We analyzed the outcome of 115 patients (median age 9 years, range 11 months to 28 years) with thalassemia major undergoing BMT from a related donor between 1983 and 2006. All patients received the same protocol, consisting of busulfan and cyclophoshamide as conditioning therapy and cyclosporin (CSA) alone or CSA and methotrexate for graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis. The cumulative probability of graft rejection was 6.7%. The transplant‐related mortality at 1 year was 8.7%. The 20‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimate of overall survival and disease‐free survival was 89.2% and 85.7%, respectively. Ninety‐nine patients out of 103 survivors were in excellent clinical and hematological conditions at last visit following a median follow‐up of 15 years (range, 1–24 years) with the exception of two patients who had invalidating chronic GvHD. This study conducted with a large cohort of patients and covering a long period of observation time, showed BMT to be curative for the majority of patients with thalassemia major. The impact of long‐term transplant‐related sequelae was very limited. Am. J. Hematol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone marrow glycophorin‐positive erythroid cells of myelodysplastic patients responding to high‐dose rHuEPO therapy have a different gene expression pattern from those of nonresponders
Authors: Cortelezzi Agostino , Colombo Gualtiero , Pellegrini Caterina , Silvestris Ilaria , Moronetti Mazzeo Lorenza , Bosari Silvano , Lambertenghi Deliliers Giorgio , Fracchiolla Nicola Stefano
Published: February 2008

The main clinical problems of low‐risk patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), as defined by the International Prognostic Scoring System, are infections and the need for frequent transfusions due to ineffective myelopoiesis and peripheral blood cytopenia. Promising results in treating MDS‐related anemia have been obtained using high‐dose recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). To evaluate the molecular basis of the response to rhEPO, we used commercially available macro‐arrays to investigate gene expression profiles in the glycophorin‐expressing (Gly+) bone marrow (BM) erythroid cells of five responders (ERs) and five non‐responders (ENRs) to rhEPO treatment. The cells were separated by means of positive selection using an immunomagnetic procedure, after which flow cytometry showed that their purity was more than 97% in all cases. The array data were validated by means of real time RT‐PCR. The results showed that the genes responsible for proliferation/differentiation and DNA repair/stability were repressed in the BM Gly+erythroid cells of the ENRs, but almost normally expressed in the ERs. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in signal transduction suggested that the activity of the MAPK signaling pathway is inhibited in ERs. The different gene expression profiles of ERs and ENRs may provide a basis for early gene testing as a means of predicting the response to rhEPO of MDS patients with low endogenous EPO levels. Am. J. Hematol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selenium‐Containing Heterocycles: Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Some New 4‐Methylquinoline‐2(1H) Selenone Derivatives
Authors: Abdel‐Hafez Shams H. , Hussein Mostafa A.
Published: February 2008

Several selenolo[2,3‐b]quinolines and pyrimido[4′,5′:4,5]selenolo[2,3‐b]quinolines were prepared by annulations via reaction of NaSeH with 2‐chloro‐3‐cyano‐4‐methylquinoline 1 followed by reactions with aromatic aldehydes, cycloalkanones, and acetic anhydride. Spectroscopic (IR, 1H‐NMR, and MS) properties of the synthesized compounds are reported. Some selected compounds 5a, 7b, 7c, 8b–d, 9a, 11b, and 11d were investigated for their anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activities; in addition, the most active compounds were tested for their ulcerogenicity and acute toxicity. Moreover, some of the test compounds 7c, 9a, 11b, and 11d were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.
α‐Alkyl Substituted Pirinixic Acid Derivatives as Potent Dual Agonists of the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha and Gamma
Authors: Rau Oliver , Syha Yvonne , Zettl Heiko , Kock Michael , Bock Andreas , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred
Published: February 2008

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPAR) are nuclear receptors, playing a pivotal role in energy homeostasis. Activators of the PPARα subtype are in widespread use for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, while activators of the PPARγ subtype are in clinical use for the treatment of type‐2 diabetes. Since both of these diseases are frequently associated, the combined treatment with one drug simultaneously activating PPARα and PPARγ seems worthwhile. Starting with pirinixic acid, which is a moderately active dual PPARα/γ agonist, we improved potency at the human PPARα and PPARγ by substituting the α‐position with an aliphatic chain. The maximal effect was achieved at a chain length of four and six carbons, respectively, leading to an activity induction by a factor of 36 for PPARα and 18 for PPARγ, respectively.
Extragalactic X‐ray surveys: AGN physics and evolution
Authors: Comastri A. , Brusa M.
Published: February 2008

We review the most important findings on AGN physics and cosmological evolution as obtained by extragalactic X‐ray surveys and associated multiwavelength observations. We briefly discuss the perspectives for future enterprises and in particular the scientific case for an extremely deep (2–3 Ms) XMM survey. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The X‐ray‐infrared/submillimetre connection and the legacy era of cosmology
Authors: Alexander D. M.
Published: February 2008

We review some recent results on the identification and characterisation of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) obtained by cross correlating X‐ray surveys with infrared and submillimetre surveys. We also look toward the scientific gains that could be achieved from an XMM‐Newton survey of the medium‐deep legacy fields that are being observed at ≈ 1–850 μm. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The XMM‐LSS cluster sample and its cosmological applications: Prospects for the XMM next decade
Authors: Pierre M. , Pacaud F. , Melin J.B. , XMM‐LSS consortium
Published: February 2008

The well defined selection function of the XMM‐LSS surveys enables a simultaneous modelling of the observed cluster number counts and of the evolution of the LX‐TX relation. We present results pertaining to the first 5 deg2 for a well controlled sample comprising 30 objects: they are compatible with the WMAP3 parameter set along with cluster selfsimilar evolution. Extending such a survey to 200 deg2 would (1) allow discriminating between the major scenarios of the cluster LX‐TX evolution and (2) provide a unique self‐sufficient determination of σ8 and Γ with an accuracy of ∼5% and 10% respectively, when adding mass information from weak lensing and S‐Z observations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Planck cluster survey
Authors: Bartlett J.G. , Chamballu A. , Melin J.‐B. , Arnaud M. , Members of the Planck Working
Published: February 2008

The Planck Satellite will survey the entire sky in 9 millimeter/submillimeter bands and detect thousands of galaxy clusters via their thermal Sunyaev‐Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. The unprecedented volume of the survey will permit the construction of a unique catalog of massive clusters out to redshifts of order unity. We describe the expected contents of this catalog and use an empirical model of the intra‐cluster gas to predict the X‐ray properties of Planck SZ clusters. Using this information we show how a ∼10 Ms follow‐up program on XMM‐Newton could increase by ∼100‐fold the number of clusters with measured temperatures in the redshift range z = 0.5–1. Such a large sample of well‐studied massive clusters at these redshifts would be a powerful cosmological tool and a significant legacy for XMM‐Newton. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Active galaxies
Authors: Matt G.
Published: February 2008

In this paper I will review, in an unavoidably incomplete and biased way, the main results obtained by XMM‐Newton on Active Galactic Nuclei. I will then highlight the major issues still open in which XMM‐Newton can still give important contributions, expecially if the observing programs will shift in the future towards more long exposures of single objects and observations of large samples. I will also argue in favour of a legacy program consisting of good S/N observations of a flux‐limited, sizeable sample of AGN. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High spectral resolution X‐ray observations of AGN
Authors: Kaastra J.S.
Published: February 2008

A brief overview of some highlights of high spectral resolution X‐ray observations of AGN is given, mainly obtained with the RGS of XMM‐Newton. Future prospects for such observations with XMM‐Newton are given. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Galactic X‐ray source populations
Authors: Motch C.
Published: February 2008

The landscape of Galactic X‐ray sources made of accreting binaries, isolated objects and active stellar coronae has been significantly modified by the advent of the Chandra, XMM‐Newton and INTEGRAL satellites. New types of relatively low X‐ray luminosity X‐ray binaries have been unveiled in the Galactic disc, while deep observations of the central regions have revealed large numbers of X‐ray binaries of so far poorly constrained nature. Because of the high spatial resolution needed and faint X‐ray luminosities generally emitted, studying the dependency of the X‐ray source composition with parent stellar population, Galactic disc, bulge, nuclear bulge, etc., is only practicable in our Galaxy. The evolutionary links between low LX X‐ray binaries and classical X‐ray luminous accreting systems are still open in many cases. In addition, the important question of the nature of the compact sources contributing to the Galactic ridge hard X‐ray emission remains unresolved. We review the most important results gathered by XMM‐Newton over the last years in this domain and show how future observations could be instrumental in addressing several of these issues. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The X‐ray source population of the Andromeda galaxy M 31
Authors: Pietsch W.
Published: February 2008

First studies of the X‐ray source population of M 31 were performed with the Einstein Observatory and ROSAT. High resolution Chandra Observatory images not only spatially resolved the center area but also supernova remnants (SNRs) in the galaxy. Source catalogues of restricted areas were presented with high astrometric accuracy. Also luminosity function studies and studies of individual sources based on Chandra and XMM‐Newton observations led to a better knowledge of the X‐ray source population. An XMM‐Newton source catalog based on archival observations revealed more than 850 sources down to a 0.2–4.5 keV luminosity of 1035 erg s–1. EPIC hardness ratios as well as informations from earlier X‐ray, optical, and radio catalogues were used to distinguish between different source classes (SNRs, supersoft sources (SSSs), X‐ray binaries (XRBs), globular cluster sources within M 31, and foreground stars and objects in the background). However, many sources could only be classified as “hard”. These sources may either be XRBs or Crab‐like SNRs in M 31 or background sources. Two of the globular cluster sources could be identified as low mass XRBs with a neutron star as compact object as they showed type I X‐ray bursts. Many of the SSSs were identified as optical novae. Inspired by these results an XMM‐Newton survey of the entire D25 disk of M 31 and a dedicated program to monitor X‐ray counterparts of optical novae in M 31 was started. We discuss implications for further nearby galaxy studies. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐Ray observations of the Galactic Centre with Suzaku
Authors: Koyama K. , Hyodo Y. , Inui T. , Nobukawa M. , Mori H.
Published: February 2008

We report on the diffuse X‐ray emission from the Galactic Centre (GCDX) observed with the X‐ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) on board the Suzaku satellite. The highly accurate energy calibration and extremely low background of the XIS provide many new facts on the GCDX. These are (1) the origin of the lines at 6.7 and 7.0 keV is collisional excitation in a hot plasma, (2) the discovery of new SNR and super‐bubble candidates, (3) most of the 6.4 keV line is X‐ray fluorescence, and (4) time variability of the 6.4 keV line is found from the Sgr B2 complex. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The XMM‐Newton view of magnetars
Authors: Mereghetti S. , Tiengo A. , Esposito P.
Published: February 2008

Anomalous X‐ray Pulsars and Soft Gamma‐ray Repeaters are believed to be magnetars: isolated neutron stars powered by the decay of extremely high magnetic fields. We review some of the main results obtained with XMM‐Newton and discuss the prospects for future observations of this small but extremely interesting class of objects. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Constraining the neutron star equation of state using XMM‐Newton
Authors: Jonker P.G. , Kaastra J. , Méndez M. , In't Zand J. J. M.
Published: February 2008

We have identified three possible ways in which future XMM‐Newton observations can provide significant constraints on the equation of state of neutron stars. First, using a long observation of the neutron star X‐ray transient Cen X‐4 in quiescence one can use the RGS spectrum to constrain the interstellar extinction to the source. This removes this parameter from the X‐ray spectral fitting of the pn and MOS spectra and allows us to investigate whether the variability observed in the quiescent X‐ray spectrum of this source is due to variations in the soft thermal spectral component or variations in the power law spectral component coupled with variations in NH. This will test whether the soft thermal spectral component can indeed be due to the hot thermal glow of the neutron star. Potentially such an observation could also reveal redshifted spectral lines from the neutron star surface. Second, XMM‐Newton observations of radius expansion type I Xray bursts might reveal redshifted absorption lines from the surface of the neutron star. Third, XMM‐Newton observations of eclipsing quiescent low‐mass X‐ray binaries provide the eclipse duration. With this the system inclination can be determined accurately. The inclination determined from the X‐ray eclipse duration in quiescence, the rotational velocity of the companion star and the semi‐amplitude of the radial velocity curve determined through optical spectroscopy, yield the neutron star mass. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Doing physics in star‐forming regions with XMM‐Newton
Authors: Montmerle T.
Published: February 2008

Star‐forming regions have been observed in X‐rays since the first generation of satellites in the late 70s. They are very rich in magnetically‐controlled X‐ray phenomena: stellar flares and star‐disk interactions in hundreds of T Tauri stars, confined winds in massive stars, etc. More recently, in a few low‐mass stars, X‐ray evidence has been found for accretion shocks. Even if it is not dominant, when it is found the influence of the circumstellar environment on X‐ray emission gives precious clues on the magnetic structure in the vicinity of young stars. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐rays from young stars: A summary of highlights from the XMM‐Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST)
Authors: Güdel M.
Published: February 2008

The XMM‐Newton Extended Survey of the Taurus Molecular Cloud (XEST) is a survey of the nearest large star‐forming region, the Taurus Molecular Cloud (TMC), making use of all instruments on board the XMM‐Newton X‐ray observatory. The survey, presently still growing, has provided unprecedented spectroscopic results from nearly every observed T Tauri star, and from ≈50% of the studied brown dwarfs and protostars. The survey includes the first coherent statistical sample of high‐resolution spectra of T Tauri stars, and is accompanied by an U ‐band/ultraviolet imaging photometric survey of the TMC. XEST led to the discovery of new, systematic X‐ray features not possible before with smaller samples, in particular the X‐ray soft excess in classical T Tauri stars and the Two‐Absorber X‐ray (TAX) spectra of jet‐driving T Tauri stars. This paper summarizes highlights from XEST and reviews the key role of this large project. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray spectroscopy of early‐type stars: The present and the future
Authors: Rauw G. , Nazé Y. , Oskinova L.M.
Published: February 2008

XMM‐Newton and Chandra have boosted our knowledge about the X‐ray emission of early‐type stars (spectral types OB and Wolf‐Rayet). However, there are still a number of open questions that need to be addressed in order to fully understand the X‐ray spectra of these objects. Many of these issues require high‐resolution spectroscopy or monitoring of a sample of massive stars. Given the moderate X‐ray brightness of these targets, rather long exposure times are needed to achieve these goals. In this contribution, we review our current knowledge in this field and present some hot topics that could ideally be addressed with XMM‐Newton over the next decade. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A scientific case for XMM‐Newton continuation
Authors: McBreen B. , Schartel N.
Published: February 2008

The presentations made at the workshop “XMM‐Newton: The Next Decade”, held at ESAC from 4th to the 6th of July 2007, contained an overwhelming amount of new results and well justified scientific questions that can be addressed by observations with XMM‐Newton. XMM‐Newton has over the next decade a solid scientific case. Given the high impact of X‐ray observations, XMM‐Newton operations are not only a matter for “X‐ray astrophysics”, but also of fundamental importance for astrophysics in general. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct use of vegetable oil and animal fat as alternative fuel in internal combustion engine
Authors: Mondal Pinaki , Basu Manisha , Balasubramanian N.
Published: February 2008

Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and the impact of environmental pollution of increasing exhaust emissions lead to the search for a suitable alternative fuels for diesel engines. The substitution of conventional fuels (gasoline, diesel) by renewable biofuels is considered a potential way to reduce pollution and to support the sustainable development of a country. Direct use of vegetable oil and animal fat is a promising alternative to solve these problems. An exhaustive review of the experiments in this area, carried out by several researchers in last three decades, is presented here. Different problems associated with the direct use of vegetable oil and animal fat and potential solutions from both public and private sectors are discussed. Some engine manufacturers have started to launch full‐warranty engines with vegetable oil as fuel. It is expected that the competitive engine market will witness more intense research, resulting in the launch of more vegetable‐oil engines with full warranties. The steep rise in food prices in recent years is concerning policy‐makers and has raised the old ‘food vs fuel’ debate. It has been concluded that vegetable oil can probably only substitute small to medium portions of petroleum‐based fuel due to future severe land‐usage competition from food sector. This calls for intense research initiatives into the production of suitable fuel from non‐edible vegetable oil, grown in wasteland. In this regard, genetic engineering may prove to be extremely effective in developing ‘designer fuel’. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Management practices in Australasian ethical investment products: a role for regulation?
Authors: Haigh Matthew , Guthrie James
Published: February 2008

This paper adds to the literatures on socially responsible investment (SRI), investment management, regulation of financial services and social accounting by providing a comprehensive survey of investment methods used in SRI products and regulated social reporting in financial services. Australian and New Zealand regulations require issuers of self‐declarative SRI products to provide details on methods used in portfolio construction. Regulators' objectives to standardize the reporting of portfolio construction and thus improve its comparability were identified by examination of parliamentary debates and other public reports. Portfolio construction styles of 86 SRI products managed by 63 financial institutions in Australia and New Zealand were chosen for analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted to identify associations between styles, construction methods and assessment techniques over a four‐year period: 2004–2007. These aspects were further examined in 18 case studies. Over the period, diversity and intensity of construction methods had increased both within and between investment managers. The non‐standard nature of management consultation used in SRI products, marketing needs to distinguish rather than standardize investment methods and the types of information thought relevant to clients did not reconcile easily with the types of information required by regulation. The more recent products in the sample tended to reference market indexes in portfolio construction, separate social considerations from financial considerations and delegate qualitative assessments of invested companies. Consumer policy implications arise from questions bearing on the integrity of information attached to investment products and the effective monitoring of delegated investment processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A virtual instrument for detecting spatial saliencies: An electric machinery laboratory experience
Authors: Zamarrón Antonio , Arjona M. A. , Briz Fernando , Guerrero Juan Manuel
Published: February 2008

This article describes a virtual instrument (VI) that detects spatial saliencies in induction machines. As a teacher, it is easy to show the saliency in synchronous and buried permanent magnet machines, but it is difficult to illustrate that induction machines can have saliencies because they are usually considered as non‐salient. It is even more difficult to teach students that induction motor saliencies can give useful information to estimate speed and rotor position without using speed or position sensors. The developed VI has been used by students to identify the different types of saliencies in induction machines at the laboratory of electric machinery. Excellent results have been achieved by using this computer‐based teaching tool. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 62–71, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20123
The use of Arena simulation programming for decision making in a workshop study
Authors: Guneri Ali Fuat , Seker Sukran
Published: February 2008

Computer simulations are used to represent the essential features of a real system so that learners can test their analytical and design skills in a convenient and safe environment. This article describes Arena, a commercially available, highly specialized, off‐the‐shelf software simulation package. Also an Arena model has been investigated in a workshop. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 1–11, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20182
On the numerical stability of two widely used PLS algorithms
Authors: M. Faber Nicolaas (Klaas) , Ferré Joan
Published: February 2008

Ideally, the score vectors numerically computed by an orthogonal scores partial least squares (PLS) algorithm should be orthogonal close to machine precision. However, this is not ensured without taking special precautions. The progressive loss of orthogonality with increasing number of components is illustrated for two widely used PLS algorithms, i.e., one that can be considered as a standard PLS algorithm, and SIMPLS. It is shown that the original standard PLS algorithm outperforms the original SIMPLS in terms of numerical stability. However, SIMPLS is confirmed to perform much better in terms of speed. We have investigated reorthogonalization as the special precaution to ensure orthogonality close to machine precision. Since the increase of computing time is relatively small for SIMPLS, we therefore recommend SIMPLS with reorthogonalization. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Error removal by orthogonal subtraction (EROS): a customised pre‐treatment for spectroscopic data
Authors: Zhu Ying , Fearn Tom , Samuel Douglas , Dhar Anjan , Hameed Omair , Bown Stephen G. , Lovat Laurence B.
Published: February 2008

In some applications of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy there may be substantial variability between the spectra from replicate measurements of what is nominally the same sample. A method called error reduction by orthogonal subtraction (EROS) is proposed to ameliorate the effects of this. The first step is to use principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the structure in the variability of replicate measurements. This is followed by subtraction of the modelled effects from the original spectral data matrix X by projection onto the subspace orthogonal to factors derived from the PCA. An application to the clinical diagnosis of colon lesions is presented, in which pre‐treatment of spectra using the proposed method is successful in reducing the complexity and increasing both the accuracy and interpretability of the subsequent classification model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate calibration by partial least squares for the quantitative phase analysis using Rietveld method
Authors: de Oliveira Terezinha Ferreira , Epprecht Eugenio Kahn , Ziolli Roberta Lourenço , Saraiva Augusto Cesar Fonseca , de Avillez Roberto Ribeiro
Published: February 2008

The present work used multivariate calibration by Partial Least Squares (PLS) to produce a Net Analyte Signal as a way of establishing the independent influence of each phase in the Quantitative Phase Analysis with the Rietveld method for three sources of potential error: preferred orientation, linear absorption and counting statistics. Ternary mixtures of Al2O3, MgO and NiO were employed and organized in three groups with different degrees of variation in the weight fractions of the three constituents. An analysis of variance indicated that the partial selectivity of the least variation group differed significantly from the other groups. As for the phases, MgO partial selectivity was significantly different. This is due to a strong correlation between the linear absorption and counting statistics in the region of the (2 0 0) reflection of the MgO phase that is strongly affected by preferred orientation and also corresponds to the strongest reflection for MgO as well as for NiO. On the whole, by using matrices of similarity, a great similarity was observed between the nominal weight fractions of the phases and the weight fractions observed by means of the Rietveld method. However, such similarity diminishes as the weight fractions of the phases of the mixture become closer to each other and, in the group of mixtures with least variation of weight fractions, the method is unable to quantify the small differences between the phases, even if these errors may be considered small relative to the weight fractions themselves. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Selective Synthesis of a 1,3,5‐Tris‐Protected Calix[6]arene‐Type Molecular Platform through Coordination and Host–Guest Chemistry
Authors: Le Gac Stéphane , Marrot Jérôme , Jabin Ivan
Published: February 2008

An elegant methodology based on the synergistic combination of coordination and host–guest chemistry led to the highly efficient synthesis of a uniqueC3v‐symmetrical, calix[6]arene‐based molecular platform with three protected amino arms in alternating positions. The key step involves the formation of a stable supramolecular host–guest ZnIIcomplex from aC6v‐symmetrical calix[6]hexaamine. Indeed, in the presence of a polar neutral guest and a strong donor that acts as an exogenous ligand, three alternating amino groups of this calix[6]hexaamine are selectively coordinated to the ZnIIion while the three others remain free and are thus much more reactive toward chemical reagents. In addition to this protective role, the metal centre preorganises theC3v‐symmetrical complex in such a way that the uncoordinated NH2groups are directed toward the outside of the cavity; they are then accessible for a chemical transformation. Hence, reaction of these alternating free amino groups with a protective reagent (i.e., Boc2O) followed by zinc decoordination quantitatively and selectively yielded the 1,3,5‐tris‐Boc‐protected calixarene derivative on a gram scale. It was shown that the presence of all the partners of the key intermediate Zn complex (i.e., the metal centre, the exogenous ligand and the included guest) is crucial for a high selectivity. Finally, a two step sequence that led to aC3v‐symmetrical 1,3,5‐tris‐acetylated calix[6]hexaamine through the removal of the Boc groups illustrates that the 1,3,5‐tris‐protected calix[6]hexaamine is a promising molecular platform. Examples of such readily availableC3v‐symmetrical calixarene‐based building blocks are extremely rare in the literature.
Chemistry of Energetically Activated Cumulenes—From Allene (H2CCCH2) to Hexapentaene (H2CCCCCCH2)
Authors: Gu Xibin , Kaiser Ralf I. , Mebel Alexander M.
Published: February 2008

During the last decade, experimental and theoretical studies on the unimolecular decomposition of cumulenes (H2CnH2) from propadiene (H2CCCH2) to hexapentaene (H2CCCCCCH2) have received considerable attention due to the importance of these carbon‐bearing molecules in combustion flames, chemical vapor deposition processes, atmospheric chemistry, and the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Cumulenes and their substituted counterparts also have significant technical potential as elements for molecular machines (nanomechanics), molecular wires (nano‐electronics), nonlinear optics, and molecular sensors. In this review, we present a systematic overview of the stability, formation, and unimolecular decomposition of chemically, photo‐chemically, and thermally activated small to medium‐sized cumulenes in extreme environments. By concentrating on reactions under gas phase thermal conditions (pyrolysis) and on molecular beam experiments conducted under single‐collision conditions (crossed beam and photodissociation studies), a comprehensive picture on the unimolecular decomposition dynamics of cumulenes transpires.
Aqueous Foams: A Field of Investigation at the Frontier Between Chemistry and Physics
Authors: Langevin Dominique
Published: February 2008

This paper reviews the properties of aqueous foams. The current state of knowledge is summarized briefly and the interdisciplinary aspects of this field of investigation are emphasized. Many phenomena are controlled by physical laws, but they are highly dependent upon the chemicals used as foam stabilizers: surfactants, polymers, particles. Most of the existing work is related to surfactants and polymer foams, and little is known yet for particle foams although research in this field is becoming popular. This article presents the general concepts used to describe the monolayers and the films and also some of the recent advances being made in this area.
Highly Coherent Spectroscopy of Ultracold Atoms and Molecules in Optical Lattices
Authors: Zelevinsky Tanya , Blatt Sebastian , Boyd Martin M. , Campbell Gretchen K. , Ludlow Andrew D. , Ye Jun
Published: February 2008

Cooling and trapping of neutral atoms using laser techniques has enabled extensive progress in precise, coherent spectroscopy. In particular, trapping ultracold atoms in optical lattices in a tight confinement regime allows us to perform high‐resolution spectroscopy unaffected by atomic motion. We report on the recent developments of optical lattice atomic clocks that have led to optical spectroscopy coherent at the one second timescale. The lattice clock techniques also open a promising pathway toward trapped ultracold molecules and the possible precision measurement opportunities such molecules offer.
A Valence Photoelectron Imaging Investigation of Chiral Asymmetry in the Photoionization of Fenchone and Camphor
Authors: Powis Ivan , Harding Chris J. , Garcia Gustavo A. , Nahon Laurent
Published: February 2008

Photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) is investigated in the valence ionization of selected fenchone enantiomers using a photoelectron imaging technique and circularly polarized synchrotron radiation. Theoretical modelling of the results using electron scattering calculations demonstrates that the observed chiral asymmetry in the photoelectron angular distributions depends strongly upon the final state scattering, and upon the quality of the molecular potential used for these calculations. However, very pronounced dependence on the orbital from which ionization occurs is also observed. Comparison with analogous results previously obtained for camphor reveals striking differences in the PECD, even when the ionizing orbitals are themselves left substantially unaffected by the changes in methyl groups’ substitution site. PECD measurements readily differentiate these molecules despite their very similar photoelectron spectra, demonstrating PECD to be a structurally sensitive probe.
The role of organizational size in the adoption of green supply chain management practices in China
Authors: Zhu Qinghua , Sarkis Joseph , Lai Kee‐hung , Geng Yong
Published: February 2008

Economic globalization, increasing resource scarcity and environmental degradation have caused green supply chain management (GSCM) to become an important competitive approach for organizations involved in international trade. Using survey data collected from over 200 China‐based organizations, we compare the implementation levels of five GSCM practices among small‐, medium‐ and large‐sized organizations in China. We find that medium‐ and large‐sized organizations are more advanced than their smaller‐sized counterparts on most aspects, but not necessarily all, of these GSCM practices. Future research includes possible studies on GSCM practices and promotion, especially targeting small manufacturing organizations. In addition, the influence of globalization and foreign direct investment, especially after China's entry into the WTO, could be more carefully examined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Using the Kalman filter for parameter estimation in biogeochemical models
Authors: Trudinger C. M. , Raupach M. R. , Rayner P. J. , Enting I. G.
Published: February 2008

We investigate application of nonlinear variants of the Kalman filter (KF) to sequential parameter estimation in biogeochemical models, with particular focus on two components of the statistical model: Q, the covariance of the stochastic forcing which we use to represent model error, and R, the observation error covariance matrix. We explored sensitivity of parameter estimates from the extended and ensemble Kalman filters (EKF and EnKF) to the choice of Q, R, initial parameters and ensemble size using pseudo‐data from a simple yet highly nonlinear test model with many characteristics similar to real terrestrial biogeochemistry models. We found for our application that the use of inflated observation uncertainties led to the best and most stable parameter estimates. Although this reduced the rate of convergence to a solution, it also reduced the sensitivity of the solution to model error or ensemble size in the EnKF. Neither the use of model error for the parameters nor inflation of the state error covariance was particularly successful. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wood as a driver of past landscape change along river corridors
Authors: Francis Robert A. , Petts Geoff E. , Gurnell Angela M.
Published: February 2008

The role of wood as a driver of landform development appears to have been overlooked in the interpretation of palaeo‐landscape change along river corridors. Deforested river corridors and wood‐free rivers characterize ‘modern’, managed landscapes, but along natural river corridors both driftwood dynamics and tree reproductive strategies can have a dramatic impact on the style and rate of channel and floodplain development. Therefore, we believe that interpretations of the post‐glacial history of river valleys across the northern temperate climatic zone could be usefully reassessed, incorporating the roles of riparian trees. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic model for initial movement of sand grains by wind
Authors: Li Zhen‐shan , Zhao Xiao‐hu , Huang Wen
Published: February 2008

A stochastic model for entrainment of sand grains by wind is presented through analysis of the forces exerted on a single spherical grain, coupled with fluctuations of wind velocity and the change in grain position on the surface. The structure of the stochastic model is consistent with experimental data in the literature. The probability of initial motion increases first, and then decreases, with grain size. It reaches a maximum at diameters of about 0·9 mm. Some sand grains are still in motion at less than the conventional threshold velocity, even at very low velocities. The probability of sand grain movement reaches unity at twice the conventional threshold velocity. Considerable discrepancies amongst conventional threshold formulae may result from the different probabilities of initial movement implied in these formulae. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture Propagation in Anisotropic Rock During Drilling and Cutting
Authors: Thuro Kurosch , Schormair Nik
Published: February 2008

Anisotropy plays a key role in fracture propagation models and rock fragmentation processes during rock drilling and cutting. Drilling tests with a percussive rock drill have been performed to examine the influence of anisotropy and inhomogeneity on fracture propagation in different rock types. Subsequently, thin sections of the bottom of the borehole were analysed to investigate the associated crack patterns. Based on these observations an attempt was made to simulate the drilling process in a specific rock material using the Particle Flow Code (PFC2D). Since the Particle Flow Code is based on a discontinuum mechanics approach, the rock sample is converted into an assembly of spheres, where the particles are able to interact with each other and fractures are able to propagate. Different rock cutting tools were assumed including button bits, disc cutters and roadheader bits to simulate the penetration of varying rock samples. The latter have been omitted in this paper due to space limitations. The aim of the numerical simulation of the drilling and cutting processes was to examine the crack patterns and correlate with existing foliation. In this paper preliminary results of the 2‐dimensional PFC modelling are presented.
Abrasiveness Testing, Quo Vadis? – A Commented Overview of Abrasiveness Testing Methods
Authors: Plinninger Ralf J. , Restner Uwe
Published: February 2008

The growing economic pressure on tunnelling and mining operations has lead to an increasing importance of investigation methods for assessing the abrasiveness of rock and soil. Such investigations can be based on a wide variety of testing procedures and standards covering a wide span of scale, ranging from real‐scale tests on site to model tests with simplified tools and microscopic and chemical analyses of rocks and minerals. This paper gives an overview over some of the most important procedures, technical aspects of their application, classification of testing results and the current state of experience.
Impact of Grain Size on the Cerchar Abrasiveness Test
Authors: Lassnig Klaus , Latal Christine , Klima Kurt
Published: February 2008

The Cerchar abrasiveness test is a common testing procedure for the prediction of tool wear but consistent and detailed recommendations of the testing procedure are inexistent until now. One point of disagreement is the required number of scratch tests per sample to obtain reliable results depending on the grain size of the samples. The focus of this work was to verify the influence of grain size on the number of required single examinations per sample. Grain size analyses were performed to get sum‐curves of each tested rock sample. From the grain size data the median and the interquartile range of the grain sizes were calculated. CAI values after 5 and after 10 scratch tests were compared with the median and the interquartile‐range of the grain size. No grain size dependency of the CAI deviation between 5 and 10 tests in the analysed range was observed.
The convergence of health care expenditure in the US states
Authors: Wang Zijun
Published: February 2008

In response to rising health care costs, many have called for more effective regional health policy coordination. In this paper, we address the issue by examining the degree of convergence in per capita health care expenditure and its nine components across the US states from 1980 to 2004. The major finding is the moderate evidence of convergence in total health care expenditure and the diverse performance of the expenditure components regarding convergence. We also find hospital care to be responsible for the bulk of cross‐state convergence in total expenditure. The expenditure on prescription drugs is the most important diverging factor. Policy implications of these empirical results are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of local and circulating cancer stem cells in human liver cancer
Authors: Yang Zhen Fan , Ngai Patricia , Ho David W. , Yu Wan Ching , Ng Michael N.P. , Lau Chi Keung , Li Mandy L. Y. , Tam Ka Ho , Lam Chi Tat , Poon Ronnie T. P. , Fan Sheung Tat
Published: February 2008

Increasing evidence has revealed the importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in carcinogenesis. Although liver CSCs have been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, no data have shown the presence of these cells in human settings. The present study was designed to delineate CSCs serially from HCC cell lines, human liver cancer specimens to blood samples, using CD90 as a potential marker. The number of CD90+ cells increased with the tumorigenicity of HCC cell lines. CD45−CD90+ cells were detected in all the tumor specimens, but not in the normal, cirrhotic, and parallel nontumorous livers. In addition, CD45−CD90+ cells were detectable in 90% of blood samples from liver cancer patients, but none in normal subjects or patients with cirrhosis. A significant positive correlation between the number of CD45−CD90+ cells in the tumor tissues and the number of CD45−CD90+ cells in the blood samples was identified. CD90+ cells sorted from cell lines and CD45−CD90+ cells from the tumor tissues and blood samples of liver cancer patients generated tumor nodules in immunodeficient mice. Serial transplantation of CD90+ cells from tumor xenografts generated tumor nodules in a second and subsequently third batch of immunodeficient mice. Treatment of CD90+ CSCs with anti-human CD44 antibody induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion:

Identification of CD45−CD90+ CSCs in both tumor tissues and circulation suggests that CD45−CD90+ could be used as a marker for human liver cancer and as a target for the diagnosis and therapy of this malignancy.
DNA damage and cell necrosis induced by naphthalene due to the modulation of biotransformation enzymes in an estuarine crab Scylla serrata
Authors: Vijayavel K. , Balasubramanian M. P.
Published: February 2008

The sublethal effect of naphthalene (2.5, 5, and 10 mg L−1) was studied in an estuarine crab Scylla serrata with reference to macromolecular changes. Biotransformation enzymes such as cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, and UDP‐glucuronyl transferase were elevated in the hepatopancreas of naphthalene‐exposed crabs in comparison with control. Remarkable amount of DNA damage and cell necrosis was observed in hepatopancreas, hemolymph, and ovary of the crabs exposed to naphthalene, when compared with control. For all the parameters studied, a concentration‐dependent gradient of the changes was observed. The expression of DNA damage and cell necrosis suggests an increased production of oxidants during naphthalene metabolism. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:1–7, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20207
Liver prenylated methylated protein methyl esterase is the same enzyme as sus scrofa carboxylesterase
Authors: Oboh Onovughode T. , Lamango Nazarius S.
Published: February 2008

The C‐terminal COOH of prenylated proteins is methylated to COOCH3. The COOCH3 ester forms are hydrolyzed by prenylated methylated protein methyl esterase (PMPMEase) to the original acid forms. This is the only reversible step of the prenylation pathway. PMPMEase has not been purified and identified and is therefore understudied. Using a prenylated‐L‐cysteine methyl ester as substrate, PMPMEase was purified to apparent homogeneity from porcine liver supernatant. SDS‐PAGE analysis revealed an apparent mass of 57 kDa. Proteomics analyses identified 17 peptides (242 amino acids). A Mascot database search revealed these as portions of the Sus scrofa carboxylesterase, a 62‐kDa serine hydrolase with the C‐terminal HAEL endoplasmic reticulum‐retention signal. It is at least 71% identical to such mammalian carboxylesterases as human carboxylesterase 1 with affinities toward hydrophobic substrates and known to activate prodrugs, metabolize active drugs, as well as detoxify various substances such as cocaine and food‐derived esters. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed benzoyl‐Gly‐farnesyl‐L‐cysteine methyl ester and hydrocinamoyl farnesyl‐L‐cysteine methyl ester with Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) values of 33 ± 4 and 25 ± 4 μM and Vmax values of 4.51 ± 0.28 and 6.80 ± 0.51 nmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. It was inhibited by organophosphates, chloromethyl ketones, ebelactone A and B, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:51–62, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20214