bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
α-SrZn5-Type solid solution, BaZn2.6Cu2.4
Authors: Simura Rayko , Yamane Hisanori
Published: September 2019

Single crystals of the title compound barium zinc copper, BaCu2.6Zn2.4, were obtained from a sample prepared by heating metal chips of Ba, Cu, and Zn in an Ar atmosphere up to 973 K, followed by slow cooling. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that BaCu2.6Zn2.4 crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell [a = 12.9858 (3), b = 5.2162 (1), and c = 6.6804 (2) Å] with an α-SrZn5-type structure (space group Pnma). The three-dimensional framework consists of Cu and Zn atoms, with Ba atoms in the tunnels extending in the b-axis direction. Although the Ba atom is larger than the Sr atom, the cell volume of BaCu2.6Zn2.4 [452.507 (19) Å3] is smaller than that of α-SrZn5 [466.08 Å3]. This decrease in volume can be attributed to the partial substitution of Cu atoms by Zn atoms in the framework because the Cu—Zn and Cu—Cu bonds are shorter than the Zn—Zn bond. The increase in Ba—Zn interatomic distances from the Sr—Zn distances is cancelled out by the partial replacement of Zn with Cu atoms, which leads to shorter average Ba—Zn/Cu distances.
Twelve 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium salts containing organic anions: supramolecular assembly in one, two and three dimensions
Authors: Kiran Kumar Haruvegowda , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Foro Sabine , Glidewell Christopher
Published: September 2019

Twelve 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium salts containing organic anions have been prepared and structurally characterized. The monohydrated benzoate, 4-fluorobenzoate, 4-chlorobenzoate and 4-bromobenzoate salts, C11H17N2O+·C7H5O2
−·H2O (I), C11H17N2O+·C7H4FO2
−·H2O (II), C11H17N2O+·C7H4ClO2
−·H2O (III), and C11H17N2O+·C7H4BrO2
−·H2O (IV), respectively, are isomorphous and all exhibit disorder in the 4-methoxyphenyl unit: the components are linked by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bond to form chains of rings. The unsolvated 2-hydroxybenzoate, pyridine-3-carboxylate and 2-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoate salts, C11H17N2O+·C7H5O3
− (V), C11H17N2O+·C6H4NO2
− (VI) and C11H17N2O+·C7H3N2O7
− (VII), respectively, are all fully ordered: the components of (V) are linked by multiple N—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a chain of rings; those of (VI) are linked into a three-dimensional framework by a combination of N—H...O, C—H...O and C—H...N hydrogen bonds and those of (VII), where the anion has a structure reminiscent of the picrate anion, are linked into a three-dimensional array by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The hydrogensuccinate and hydrogenfumarate salts, C11H17N2O+·C4H5O4
− (VIII) and C11H17N2O+·C4H3O3
− (IX), respectively, are isomorphous, and both exhibit disorder in the anionic component: N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the ions into sheets, which are further linked by C—H...π(arene) interactions. The anion of the hydrogenmaleate salt, C11H17N2O+·C4H3O3
− (X), contains a very short and nearly symmetrical O...H...O hydrogen bond, and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the anions into chains of rings. The ions in the trichloroacetate salt, C11H17N2O+·C2Cl3O2
− (XI), are linked into simple chains by N—H...O hydrogen bonds. In the hydrated chloranilate salt, 2C11H17N2O+·C6Cl2O4
2−·2H2O (XII), which crystallizes as a non-merohedral twin, the anion lies across a centre of inversion in space group P21/n, and a combination of N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds generates complex sheets. Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.
[SP-4-2]-(Acetonitrile-κN)chlorido[2-(4,6-diphenylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl-κ2
C
1,N]platinum(II)
Authors: Fang Chengjian , Wang Zhao , Cong Zhongjian , Li Shengli , Li Fei
Published: September 2019

The synthesis and crystal structure of the title PtII complex, [Pt(C23H16N)Cl(CH3CN)], based on the C,N-chelating 2,4,6-triphenylpyridine as the primary ligand, is described. The central PtII atom is in a distorted square-planar coordination environment. In the crystal, molecules are arranged via a metallophilic interaction between platinum atoms with a Pt...Pt contact of 7.052 (2) Å. In addition, a π–π interaction occurs.
Particle swarm optimization-based optimal real Gabor filter for surface inspection
Authors: Wu Hao , Xu Xiangrong , Chu Jinbao , Duan Li , Siebert Paul
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The traditional methods have difficulty to inspection various types of copper strips defects as inclusions, pits and delamination defects under uneven illumination. Therefore, this paper aims to propose an optimal real Gabor filter model for inspection; however, improper selection of Gabor parameters will cause the boundary between the defect and the background image to be not very clear. This will make the defect and the background cannot be completely separated.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors proposed an optimal Real Gabor filter model for inspection of copper surface defects under uneven illumination. This proposed method only requires a single filter by calculating the specific convolution energy of the Gabor filter with the image. The Real Gabor filter’s parameter is optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO), which objective fitness function is maximization of the Gabor filter’s energy average divided by the energy standard deviation, the objective makes a distinction between the defect and normal area.

Findings

The authors have verified the effect with different iterations of parameter optimization using PSO, the effects with different control constant of energy and neighborhood window size of real Gabor filter, the experimental results on a number of metal surface have shown the proposed method achieved a well performance in defect recognition of metal surface.

Originality/value

The authors propose a defect detection method based on particle swarm optimization for single Gabor filter parameters optimization. This proposed method only requires a single filter and finds the best parameters of the Gabor filter. By calculating the specific convolution energy of the Gabor filter and the image, to obtain the best Gabor filter parameters and to highlight the defects, the particle swarm optimization algorithm’s fitness objective function is maximize the Gabor filter's average energy divided by the energy standard deviation.
Design of K-band modified hairpin filter with harmonic suppression using GaAs MMIC process
Authors: Guan Jin , Gong Min , Gao Bo , Lu Yuxi , Lu Yu
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a K-band modified hairpin bandpass filter on a planar circuit with harmonic suppression and compact size.

Design/methodology/approach

The inter-connect transmission lines of conventional hairpin filter are replayed by T-shaped open stub to achieve transmission zero for second harmonic. This filter is simulated and optimized by using electromagnetic simulation software and tested on-chip.

Findings

This proposed filter shows the return loss of better than −10dB, the insertion loss of better than 2 dB in pass-band and suppression of more than 40 dB at second harmonic.

Originality/value

The proposed filter can be designed on monolithic microwave integrated circuit, PCB or LTCC and it is useable for microwave and microwave and millimeter-wave systems.
Statistical study of the void structure of Bi2212 multifilamentary superconducting wires and its effect on the critical current density
Authors: Zhou Xin-Xin , Xue Feng , Gou Xiaofan , Shen Teng-Ming
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Multifilamentary Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi2212) superconductor composite wires are the only high-temperature superconducting round wires (RW) with sufficient critical current density (Jc) for superconducting magnets generating magnetic fields greater than 25 Tesla. Very complex microstructures of Bi2212 RWs including the voids or gas bubbles, filament to filament bridges and wire architecture strongly influence their electrical behavior. Especially, a large number of voids in Bi2212 superconducting filaments is believed to be the major current-limiting mechanism. However, the effect of the void structure on the Jc is not well understood yet.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the authors first statistically analyzed the size and distribution of voids in filaments using the reported microscopic data, obtaining the essential statistical regularities. An electrical model was further developed to predict the Jc of multifilamentary wires while taking into account of the current limiting mechanisms of the void structure in filaments, and the current sharing roles of filament to filament bridges.

Findings

The model predicts the quantitative dependence of Jc on the number of Bi2212 filaments in each bundle of a double-restack wire and porosity. The results are useful optimizing design and fabrication of Bi2212 multifilamentary wires.

Originality/value

For the complex structure of voids and interfilamentary bridges inside Bi2212 multifilamentary superconducting wires, the authors took a statistical characterization and studied its effect on the critical current density Jc (the key index of evaluating the current carrying capacity).
A problem-solving process for developing capabilities: the case of an established firm
Authors: Shu Ei (Emily)
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Current research has theorized that developing dynamic capability can be viewed as a problem-finding and problem-solving process in terms of a firm’s resource reconfiguration. However, there continues to be a scarcity of empirical research on how firms and managers solve innovation problems to develop capabilities. Building on the theoretical lens of problem-solving perspective (PSP) and dynamic capability literature, the purpose of this paper is to address this gap by examining how a large automobile company developed different types of capabilities (combining capability, replacing capability and evolving capability) and their underlying problem-solving processes.

Design/methodology/approach

An inductive multi-case design was used to investigate the problem-solving process in different types of capability development in the context of NPD. This methodology has a number of benefits, including accommodation of the rich data used to compare the inferences among cases, thus enabling researchers to extend the emergent theory.

Findings

The findings of a multi-case study show that managers tend to direct their attentions to searching for solutions among external resources when the problem is framed as a combination of existing capabilities. Conversely, managers direct their attention to facilitating organizational learning when the problem is framed as an extension of an existing capability. However, managers need to direct more attention to gaining legitimacy when the problem is framed as a replacement of existing capabilities. The findings thus respond to increasing calls for more investigations into the microfoundations underlying firms’ capabilities, by revealing different instances of PSP, and their connections with different actions that take to capability development.

Originality/value

By comparatively examining the unique problem-solving process underlying an established firm’s innovative challenges in developing capabilities, the findings identify different instances of PSP, and their connections with different actions that take to capability development. Thus, the findings respond to increasing calls for more investigation into the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities for organizational outcomes. The findings also add to the new product development literature by examining how a product innovation can be framed differently depending on the attributes of an innovation problem. As PSP is particularly useful in offering guidance to firms’ innovative search, it is important for managers to pay attention to the attribute of each product and its domain of solution in considering the effectiveness of value creation.
Web-based marketing communication to develop brand image and brand equity of higher educational institutions
Authors: Momen Md. Abdul , Sultana Seyama , Haque A.K.M. Ahasanul
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Internet-based marketing communication has been an important element for organizations to build brand image and brand equity. Higher education is not an exception. However, configuring the right mix in the age of social networking sites and various online displays and constantly changing algorithm in search engine optimization have become major challenges today. Hence, the purpose of this study is to configure integrated online marketing communication for the development of brand image and brand equity for higher educational institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is quantitative in nature. A responsive group of 370 students was chosen from different educational institutions in Malaysia via stratified random sampling techniques. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used for interpreting the data. To test the derived hypotheses, structural equation modelling was used.

Findings

In line with contemporary literature, the study revealed positive relationships between brand image and brand equity, between search engine and brand image and between social media and brand image. The relationship between online display and brand image was not found significant.

Research limitations/implications

Future research can be done considering both online and conventional marketing communications for the same purpose. This approach can also be used for private and public institutions separately, considering their differences in nature.

Practical implications

Because history and tradition are no more a single tool to attain and retain the positive image and customer-based brand equity, this study can help higher educational institutions to configure integrated online communication for their target groups, such as students and industry, in the age of the internet.

Originality/value

This study generates a comprehensive understanding of the impact of Web-based marketing communication to develop brand image and brand equity of higher educational institutions.
Leadership as agency in the context of structure
Authors: Chingara Remigio , Heystek Jan
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how principals, deputy principals, heads of departments (HoDs) and teachers as leaders exercise their agency within and through the organisational structure of their schools to improve academic quality.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study was conducted in the wider context of school-based leadership. Principals, deputy principals, HoDs and teachers selected by means of purposive sampling from six primary and secondary schools in Harare Province of Zimbabwe participated in the study.

Findings

Leaders in schools in Harare Province were found to have the capacity to use their agency within and through the organisational structure to improve pass rates. They were able to use their agency to work within the supposed rigid bureaucratic organisational structures to enable bureaucratic organisational structures, or, in participants’ views, democratic structures.

Research limitations/implications

Some limitations of the research ought to be considered. The research scope and site had its limitations. The research site was limited to a few primary and secondary schools in Harare Province (one out of ten provinces) of Zimbabwe. Although the sampling procedures were implemented to ensure good representation of participants’ views, the sampling was limited to a few schools. Owing to time and financial constraints, a larger sample could not be selected to conduct the interviews. These limitations are acknowledged, but they do not undervalue the significance of the study, as they can provide potential avenues for further research. For example, the study may be replicated in rural provinces of Zimbabwe. Such further research could help improve school leadership in Zimbabwe.

Practical implications

Principals, deputy principals, HoDs and teachers as leaders can exercise their agency in the structure of their schools to improve academic quality, expressed as and measured by pass rates. School leaders who have a positive attitude and requisite experience are able to change the rigid bureaucratic structures of their schools to enable bureaucratic structures, which are similar to democratic structures.

Originality/value

This paper provides a critical perspective on how leaders exercise their agency in the context of the organisational structure of their schools to improve academic quality.
The knowledge machinery and claims in learning study as paedeutical research
Authors: Carlgren Ingrid Maria
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the theoretical reflection on learning study as a research approach. The focus is on description and reflection on the methodology of learning study as paedeutic research. This research is for, not on, teachers, i.e. research into problems and challenges faced by teachers in their professional practice. Learning study as paedeutic research is about the content and processes of formation/Bildung in relation to specific learning objects. Its focus is on subject-specific ways of knowing as well as how such knowing is enabled through teaching.

Design/methodology/approach

The point of departure is a perspective on research approaches as practices, i.e. as activities with certain aims as well as ways of “making” knowledge. Based on a description of the knowledge machinery in a learning study, i.e. those mechanisms that together generate new knowledge, the knowledge claims that can be made are discussed together with the theoretical underpinning of the arguments. The knowledge machinery is described in relation to how it is organised around the delimitation and analysis of an object of Learning as well as designing and evaluating ways to make the critical aspects of this object of learning visible. As an epistemological underpinning, some aspects of pragmatic philosophical thinking regarding the relationship between theory and practice are outlined. Based on that the research process may be described as a development of means-ends relationships – from unconscious empirical relationships to conscious staging of internal and theoretical relations. Abduction is an important tool for this meaning-making.

Findings

Learning study can be described as a particularistic, theory-building research approach concerning the knowing of specific learning objects as well as how they can be taught and learnt. The knowledge that is generated in learning study is theoretical and describes aspects of the teaching and learning of specific objects of learning. The research process can be described in terms of specification where practice is gradually supplied with a more differentiated meaning. A learning study is organised around a specific object of learning that functions as an open and unfolding object of knowledge. It combines a practice-based development of theory with a theory-based development of practice.

Originality/value

The development of the thinking about learning study as research for, rather than on, teachers is paedeutical research. A contribution to reflection on the knowledge machinery and knowledge claims of such research.
A research environment for teacher-driven research – some demands and possibilities
Authors: Andrée Maria , Eriksson Inger
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon demands of and possibilities for establishing a space for conducting and supporting high-quality research in schools. In the article the authors reflect upon experiences in establishing a research environment for teachers called Stockholm Teaching & Learning Studies (STLS). The article focusses some of the tensions that have been emerging in attempting to build an infrastructure for teacher-driven research and discusses the transformative potential of those tensions.

Design/methodology/approach

The article draws on the authors’ experiences in establishing STLS as a research environment for teachers by drawing on a framework of cultural-historical activity theory. The article applies the notions of contradictions and tensions as driving forces for development of activity.

Findings

The specific tensions that have been negotiated in the establishment of STLS are tensions between developing public knowledge vs local knowledge, tensions in knowledge cultures between oral and text-based ways of sharing knowledge, tensions in research interests and tensions in ownership. These tensions relate to knowledge production as embedded in institutional life and constrained by institutional boundaries in contemporary society.

Originality/value

Today, there is a growing amount of collaborative research that connects elementary and secondary teachers in research projects with university-based researchers. However, this does not guarantee projects that will address everyday problems of teachers or that teachers will be acknowledged as researchers in the end.
Evaluation of content adaptation
Authors: Lancheros-Cuesta Diana Janeth , Carrillo-Ramos Angela , Lancheros-Cuesta Milena
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Students have learning difficulties, mainly in processes that involve attention and interpretation of written or spoken language. Technological tools allow to create computational platforms with adaptation aspects depending on the student’s characteristics. It is also important to highlight the progress of the measurement of cognitive processes such as attention through NeuroSky’s MindWave EEG sensors. This paper aims to present the results of analyzing attention levels of children with learning difficulties, based on the acquired brain waves. As a final result, an adaptive computational system that displays educational activities regarding educational profiles of children is obtained.

Design/methodology/approach

The Kamachiy–Idukay platform was chosen to make the validation. The platform generates the educational activities according to the students’ profile. The validation phases were identification of the test environment, the first environment required a scenario that involved students with learning difficulties, to verify the functionality of the system, when analyzing cases of the students with learning difficulties; identification of two validation criteria, type of educational activity and attention difficulties of the students; and analysis of the brain signal when children interact with the educational content.

Findings

The adaptation of contents that include music and animations generate higher levels of attention in students with difficulty. The analysis of signals from the NeuroSky sensor to determine the attentional levels in children allowed a generation of content adapted to the characteristics of the difficulty in each child.

Research limitations/implications

For the validation, it was necessary at the beginning of the activity to determine the stability of the signal emitted by the NeuroSky sensor. Two cases were studied in children with difficulty and their measure of attention versus adaptive contents.

Practical implications

A k-means algorithm was used to establish the attention levels of the children.

Social implications

Children with learning difficulties have different learning styles, which implies an adaptation of content that generates an attentional process according to their characteristics.

Originality/value

Evaluation content adaptation taking into account the signal brain sensor NeuroSky for learning process. The signal brain of the student when interacting with the activities is include in the student profile.
Exploring the role of visual aesthetics and presentation modality in luxury fashion brand communication on Instagram
Authors: Kusumasondjaja Sony
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the strategic importance of visual aesthetics and presentation modality for consumer responses to fashion luxury brand content posted on Instagram.

Design/methodology/approach

A content analysis of 40,679 posts on the official Instagram accounts of 15 global luxury brands was conducted.

Findings

Brand posts using expressive aesthetic image received more likes and comments on Instagram than those with classical aesthetics. Brand video content received more likes and comments than static content. There was also a significant interaction between visual aesthetics and presentation modality in generating likes and comments. Brand content adopting expressive aesthetic and audio-visual modality generated more responses when using audio-visual modality, while content using classical aesthetics produced more responses in a visual-only format.

Practical implications

As visual aesthetics and modality resulted in different responses to Instagram ads, luxury marketers should consider using appropriate approaches when creating brand posts on Instagram.

Originality/value

This is one of the few studies examining the effectiveness of visual aesthetics and presentation modality in Instagram advertising, especially in luxury fashion brand context.
Halal logistic services, trust and satisfaction amongst Malaysian 3PL service providers
Authors: Selim Nur Izatul Irani Binti , Zailani Suhaiza , Aziz Azmin Azliza , Rahman Muhammad Khalilur
Published: September 2019

Purpose

This study aims to empirically examine a model of the halal logistic services, its impact on manufacturers’ trust and satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

This study was conducted through survey questionnaires after an extensive review of the literature. A total of 564 samples of the questionnaire were distributed to logistics management representatives of halal manufacturing companies in Malaysia. This survey was carried out to measure the respondents’ perception of halal manufacturers’ satisfaction with third-party logistic (3PL) service providers in Malaysia. The instruments/survey incorporate halal assurance services, halal service diversity and halal service procedure as the antecedents of halal manufacturers’ trust and satisfaction.

Findings

The findings indicate that halal assurance services and halal service procedure are positively associated with manufacturers’ trust and satisfaction, while halal service diversity is not associated with it. The study also shows that manufacturers’ attitude play a mediator role between the halal logistic service and manufacturers’ satisfaction.

Originality/value

The study provides useful information in understanding the importance of halal logistic services and more particularly aims at facilitating 3PL service providers to offer halal logistic services quality that suits the manufacturers’ needs.
Study of the physical and electrochemical properties of hybrid paint system based on zinc-rich primer for mild steel protection
Authors: Al-Huseini Amal , Kasi Ramesh , Shafaamri Ammar , Wonnie Ma Iling Aema , Subramaniam Ramesh
Published: September 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to study the corrosion performance and physical properties of hybrid paint systems based on zinc-rich primer (ZRP) and to determine the optimum modification approach that guarantees the most overall performance enhancement for the developed coating films that have been fabricated based on the usage of ZRP.

Design/methodology/approach

Four different approaches were applied to enhance the corrosion protection performance and the physical properties of ZRP-based paint systems, namely, incorporation with TiO2 pigment, introducing SiO2 nanoparticles, usage of polyamide curing agent and application of epoxy base coating as a second layer. The physico-mechanical properties were examined using pull-off test, glossiness test, pencil hardness test and cross-cut adhesion tape test. Moreover, the contact angle measurement was used to study the wettability of the developed coated surfaces and the corrosion protection performances were evaluated by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt spray test.

Findings

The obtained results revealed the ability of a certain approach to enhance the physical and corrosion protection properties of the ZRP paint system. Moreover, developing an intact hydrophobic nanocomposite paint system based on the usage of ZRP as the host matrix and SiO2 nanoparticles as the reinforcing agent was confirmed without altering the cathodic protection mechanism or the other desired characteristics of ZRP paint system.

Originality/value

The innovation of this work can be clearly observed by the ability to enhance the physical and corrosion protection properties of ZRP with four different approaches.
Creating sustainable customer value through digitality
Authors: Rantala Tero , Ukko Juhani , Saunila Minna , Puolakoski Hanna , Rantanen Hannu
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Because the global economy is increasingly driven by digital businesses, and digitalization affects the businesses of traditional industrial organizations, the need exists for a theory, and empirical understanding, that elucidates the actual value-creating elements. By focusing on traditional industrial organizations that are facing changes and transformation caused by the increase in digitalization, the purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of the characteristics of creating sustainable customer value through digitality.

Design/methodology/approach

To increase the understanding of creating sustainable customer value through digitality among traditional industrial organizations, quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were utilized in the study.

Findings

The results suggest that value creation through service process- and product-related elements constitutes improved company performance, whereas cost-related elements do not. In addition, when it comes to the role of digitality in value creation, results show that to generate benefits, digitality must be implemented in the company’s strategy and in an existing business model.

Originality/value

Despite the increasing amount of literature on value creation in the digitalized world, theory and empirical understanding that reflect the complexity and dynamism of the delivery of value to customers through digitality are still lacking. This study contributes to this research gap, by presenting the characteristics of sustainable customer value that contribute to value creation.
Positive deviance, ecologies of innovation and entrepreneurial networking
Authors: Mayanja Samuel Ssekajja , Ntayi Joseph Mapeera , Munene John C. , Kagaari James R.K. , Balunywa Waswa , Orobia Laura
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of ecologies of innovation in the relationship between positive deviance (PD) and entrepreneurial networking among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Uganda.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional survey design using quantitative approach was employed in this study. Data were collected with the help of self-administrated questionnaires from 228 SMEs. Systematic sampling technique was used. Multiple regression data were analysed with the help of SPSS software.

Findings

The results indicated that ecologies of innovation partially mediate the relationship between PD and entrepreneurial networking. Besides, PD and entrepreneurial networking are significantly related.

Research limitations/implications

The data were cross-sectional in nature, thus limiting monitoring changes in resources accessed from social networks by entrepreneurs over time.

Practical implications

Managers of SMEs and policy makers should pay more attention to the views of employees with divergent views, ecologies of innovation in creating a conducive environment for creativity and innovation among SMEs.

Originality/value

The study of PD, ecologies of innovation and entrepreneurial networking using complexity theory among SMEs in Uganda is a contribution to literature.
Identifying stationary phases in multivariate time series for highlighting behavioural modes and home range settlements
Authors: Patin Rémi , Etienne Marie‐Pierre , Lebarbier Emilie , Chamaillé‐Jammes Simon , Benhamou Simon
Published: September 2019

Recent advances in biologging open promising perspectives in the study of animal movements at numerous scales. It is now possible to record time series of animal locations and ancillary data (e.g. activity level derived from on‐board accelerometers) over extended areas and long durations with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Such time series are often piecewise stationary, as the animal may alternate between different stationary phases (i.e. characterized by a specific mean and variance of some key parameter for limited periods). Identifying when these phases start and end is a critical first step to understand the dynamics of the underlying movement processes.

We introduce a new segmentation‐clustering method we called segclust2d (available as arpackage atcran.r-project.org/package=segclust2d). It can segment bivariate (or more generally multivariate) time series and possibly cluster the various segments obtained, corresponding to different phases assumed to be stationary. This method is easy to use, as it only requires specifying a minimum segment length (to prevent over‐segmentation), based on biological rather than statistical considerations.

This method can be applied to bivariate piecewise time series of any nature. We focus here on two types of time series related to animal movement, corresponding to (a) at large scale, series of bivariate coordinates of relocations, to highlight temporary home ranges, and (b) at smaller scale, bivariate series derived from relocations data, such as speed and turning angle, to highlight different behavioural modes such as transit, feeding and resting.

Using computer simulations, we show that segclust2d can rival and even outperform previous, more complex methods, which were specifically developed to highlight changes of movement modes or home range shifts (based on hidden Markov and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck modelling), which, contrary to our method, usually require the user to provide relevant initial guesses to be efficient. Furthermore, we demonstrate it on actual examples involving a zebra's small‐scale movements and an elephant's large‐scale movements, to illustrate how various movement modes and home range shifts, respectively, can be identified.
Where’s the Money? An Investigation into the Whereabouts and Uses of Australian Banknotes
Authors: Finlay Richard , Staib Andrew , Wakefield Max
Published: September 2019

The Reserve Bank of Australia is the sole issuer and redeemer of Australian banknotes, but between issuance and destruction there is little information about where banknotes go or what they are used for. We estimate the whereabouts and uses of Australian banknotes, and find that 15–35 per cent are used to facilitate legitimate transactions, 4–7 per cent are used for transactions in the shadow economy, while the remainder are non‐transactional. The vast majority of non‐transactional banknotes are likely to be hoarded, and we estimate that 5–10 per cent of outstanding banknotes are lost or collected.
Brexit and Fisheries: Fish and Chips Aplenty?
Authors: Billiet Stijn
Published: September 2019

When discussing Brexit and food, fisheries take a special place: first, because the fisheries sector punched far above its (economic) weight in the campaign leading up to the Brexit referendum; second, because of the promise of a bright future for the fishing industry—both by politicians promising to ‘take back control of our waters’ as well as by industry representatives auguring a ‘sea of opportunities’ for fishermen. As it is still far too soon to assess fully the effects of Brexit for the fishing industry and the market for fisheries products, this paper takes a step back and analyses the context within which the changes brought about by Brexit will be taking place. It analyses the complexity of the post‐Brexit fisheries context and its possible repercussions for food policy and the seafood sector. One of the central questions is whether Brexit could contribute to reviving the fisheries industry and enhancing food security in the UK. To explore this further, two other questions present themselves: when is fish UK fish? And what do UK consumers want? Finally, the paper looks at the structure of employment in the seafood industry and how that may present policy makers with difficult decisions. The paper concludes that the picture when it comes to the effect of Brexit on fisheries policy is expected to be mixed, and that both the potential benefits and costs of Brexit are likely to be unevenly distributed within the fisheries sector.
Discursive Exit
Authors: Montanaro Laura
Published: September 2019

Some women did not participate in the Women's March, rejecting its claims of unity and solidarity because white women mobilize only in their self‐interest. This is a form of exit with three features: (1) rejecting a political claim; (2) providing reasons to the power wielder and the broader public; and (3) demanding accountability both as sanction and as deliberation, which requires a discussion about the claim—in this case, the meaning of the group and the terms on which it understands itself. This combination of exit, voice, and deliberative accountability might accurately be called “discursive exit.” Discursive exit addresses conceptual and normative limitations of standard accounts of exit, voice, and loyalty, in particular, when exit and voice are imperfect—because exit can be seen as disapproval of an entire cause—and morally problematic—because voice “from within” implies that cause trumps disagreement, leaving people morally complicit in an unwelcome exercise of power.
Alien Citizens and the Canonical Immigrant: Do Stigmatized Attributes Affect Latina/o Judgment about Discrimination?
Authors: Jones Bradford , Victor Kristina Flores , Vannette David
Published: September 2019

Negative elite and news media attention to Latino‐relevant issues, particularly undocumented immigration, has dramatically increased in recent years, potentially stigmatizing attributes of Latinos such as immigration status and language use. Concomitantly, immigration policy changes were leading to widespread arrests and deportation of many Latinos. Herein, we ask two questions: First, to what extent do Latinos perceive and experience discrimination? Second, to what extent do immigration status, generational status, and language use moderate beliefs about discrimination? Using Pew National Survey of Latinos data, we find that Latino beliefs about the problem of discrimination is a decreasing function of “proximity” to the “canonical immigrant”—defined here as first‐generation immigrants who are Spanish‐language dominant. Further, we demonstrate that reported rates of victimization due to discrimination exhibit no clear pattern and are flat over time. We conclude by demonstrating that discrimination beliefs have significant implications for systemic trust, anxiety, and policy preferences.
Upper endoscopy for non‐acute non‐specific symptoms is seldom beneficial for children under the age of seven
Authors: Helin Noora , Kolho Kaija‐Leena , Rintala Risto , Merras‐Salmio Laura
Published: September 2019

Aim

This study estimated the diagnostic yield of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) in young children with non‐acute, non‐specific gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms who were treated by a Finnish tertiary level referral centre.

Methods

A retrospective chart analysis was performed on 1850 Finnish children under 7 years of age who underwent their first diagnostic OGDs at Helsinki University Hospital during 2006‐2016. We noted the endoscopy indications, macroscopic findings, the histology of the mucosal biopsies and the follow‐up data.

Results

After the exclusion criteria were applied, we enrolled 666 patients (57.7% boys) at a median age of 3.5 years. The number of children with non‐specific symptoms referred for OGD increased 2.3‐fold in 11 years. A routine set of biopsies was obtained in 644/666 (96.7%) of the endoscopies. The OGD was both macroscopically and histologically normal in 519/644 (80.6%) of cases. The most common indication was to rule out gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in 268/666 (40.2%) cases, and the most frequent histological diagnosis was mild to moderate oesophagitis in 57/644 (8.9%) cases. There was no erosive oesophagitis.

Conclusion

The diagnostic yield of macroscopic and histological OGD findings was low in our cohort. Unless there are alarming symptoms, younger children do not need OGD.
Cost‐effective mitigation strategies to reduce bycatch threats to cetaceans identified using return‐on‐investment analysis
Authors: Tulloch Vivitskaia , Grech Alana , Jonsen Ian , Pirotta Vanessa , Harcourt Rob
Published: September 2019

Globally, fisheries bycatch threatens the survival of many whale and dolphin species. Strategies for reducing bycatch can be expensive. Management is inclined to prioritize investment in actions that are inexpensive, but these may not be the most effective. We used an economic tool, return‐on‐investment, to identify cost‐effective measures to reduce cetacean bycatch in the trawl, net, and line fisheries of Australia. We examined 3 management actions: spatial closures, acoustic deterrents, and gear modifications. We compared an approach for which the primary goal was to reduce the cost of bycatch reduction to fisheries with an approach that aims solely to protect whale and dolphin species. Based on cost‐effectiveness and at a fine spatial resolution, we identified the management strategies across Australia that most effectively abated dolphin and whale bycatch. Although trawl‐net modifications were the cheapest strategy overall, there were many locations where spatial closures were the most cost‐effective solution, despite their high costs to fisheries, due to their effectiveness in reducing all fisheries interactions. Our method can be used to delineate strategies to reduce bycatch threats to mobile marine species across diverse fisheries at relevant spatial scales to improve conservation outcomes.
Urban wild meat consumption and trade in central Amazonia
Authors: El Bizri Hani R. , Morcatty Thaís Q. , Valsecchi João , Mayor Pedro , Ribeiro Jéssica E. S. , Vasconcelos Neto Carlos F. A. , Oliveira Jéssica S. , Furtado Keilla M. , Ferreira Urânia C. , Miranda Carlos F. S. , Silva Ciclene H. , Lopes Valdinei L. , Lopes Gerson P. , Florindo Caio C. F. , Chagas Romerson C. , Nijman Vincent , Fa Julia E.
Published: September 2019

The switch from hunting wild meat for home consumption to supplying more lucrative city markets in Amazonia can adversely affect some game species. Despite this, information on the amounts of wild meat eaten in Amazonian cities is still limited. We estimated wild meat consumption rates in 5 cities in the State of Amazonas in Brazil through 1046 door‐to‐door household interviews conducted from 2004 to 2012. With these data, we modeled the relationship between wild meat use and a selection of socioeconomic indices. We then scaled up our model to determine the amounts of wild meat likely to be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers in central Amazonia. A total of 80.3% of all interviewees reported consuming wild meat during an average of 29.3 (CI 11.6) days per year. Most wild meat was reported as bought in local markets (80.1%) or hunted by a family member (14.9%). Twenty‐one taxa were cited as consumed, mostly mammals (71.6%), followed by reptiles (23.2%) and then birds (5.2%). The declared frequency of wild meat consumption was positively correlated with the proportion of rural population as well as with the per capita gross domestic product of the municipality (administrative divisions) where the cities were seated. We estimated that as much as 10,691 t of wild meat might be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers within central Amazonia, the equivalent of 6.49 kg per person per year. In monetary terms, this amounts to US$21.72 per person per year or US$35.1 million overall, the latter figure is comparable to fish and timber production in the region. Given this magnitude of wild meat trade in central Amazonia, it is fundamental to integrate this activity into the formal economy and actively develop policies that allow the trade of more resilient taxa and restrict trade in species sensitive to hunting.
The impact of the Gulf crisis on Qatar's humanitarian sector
Authors: Barakat Sultan , Milton Sansom , Elkahlout Ghassan
Published: September 2019

The 2017 Gulf crisis is one of the most challenging episodes faced by Qatar since its independence in 1971, with major economic, social, and political impacts on the Arab Gulf nation. Its economic prognosis has been brought into doubt, the map of regional alliances has been redrawn, and any prospects of deeper regional integration have been dashed. This paper analyses the little‐documented impact of the crisis on Qatar's humanitarian sector, which has unfolded as the small, gas‐rich emirate has striven to become a major humanitarian donor. It concludes that while there have been disruptions to humanitarian operations and regional coordination, the Gulf crisis has triggered and in some cases accelerated already intended reforms across the Qatari humanitarian sector. In the long term, the reorganisation and adaptation implemented to weather the storm of the crisis may help Qatar to emerge from the crisis with a more sustainable and resilient humanitarian sector.
Communication in children born very preterm: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Sanchez Katherine , Boyce Jessica O , Mei Cristina , St John Miya , Smith Jodie , Leembruggen Linda , Mills Stephanie , Spittle Alicia J , Morgan Angela T
Published: September 2019

Aim

To compare language, speech, and voice of children born preterm and at term, and determine relevant predictors of outcome.

Method

Three hundred infants (150 males, 150 females; 149 born at <30wks’ gestation, 151 term‐born) were prospectively recruited at birth from the Royal Women's Hospital. We administered the Preschool Language Scales, Fifth Edition, Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology, Grade Roughness Breathiness Asthenia Strain Scale, and Pediatric Voice Handicap Index at 3 years, and compared groups. We examined hypothesized predictors in children born preterm: gestational age at birth, birthweight, sex, chronic lung disease, high social risk, multilingualism, neurodevelopmental diagnosis, and oromotor feeding.

Results

Children born preterm had poorer language than children born at term (coefficient −5.43). Speech and voice were similar between groups (coefficients −0.70 to 1.63). Chronic lung disease predicted voice (coefficient 6.05); male sex (coefficients 4.54–6.18), high social risk (coefficient −6.02 to −9.30), and neurodevelopmental diagnosis (coefficients −16.42 to −20.61) predicted language.

Interpretation

Children born before 30 weeks’ gestation had poorer language than children born at term. Children born preterm with neurodevelopmental disabilities or high social risk experience poorer language outcomes, and would benefit from enrichment of their language environment.

What this paper adds

Speech and voice outcomes were similar between children born preterm and at term.

Male sex, high social risk, and neurodevelopmental diagnosis predicted language outcomes.