bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creation and initial validation of a genetic counseling supervisory self‐efficacy scale
Authors: Spencer‐Hintze MacKenzie , Wusik Katie , Yager Geoffrey , He Hua , Caldwell Sarah , Atzinger Carrie
Published: May 2023

Fieldwork supervision is the “signature pedagogy” for training genetic counseling students, ensuring that students have the experience necessary to become minimally competent genetic counselors. According to the National Society of Genetic Counselors 2022 Professional Status Survey, roughly 40% of genetic counselors serve as supervisors for genetic counseling graduate students. Despite fieldwork supervision being essential for training, there are currently no validated supervision skill assessment tools for genetic counseling fieldwork supervisors to use for professional development. While a self‐efficacy scale for genetic counselors currently exists, a comprehensive self‐efficacy scale for genetic counseling supervision skills does not. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a genetic counseling supervisory self‐efficacy scale (GCSSES). This study was comparative, quantitative, and cross‐sectional, with data collected via an online questionnaire which assessed supervision self‐efficacy (95 items), derived from 154 published GC supervision competencies, demographics (5), experience (9), and supervisory development (18), using the Psychotherapy Supervisory Development Scale (PSDS). A total of 119 board‐certified genetic counselors completed the survey. Factor analysis eliminated 40 items due to insufficient factor loading, and item‐item correlation eliminated one item with elevated inter‐item correlation, leaving 54 items on the finalized GCSSES. Exploratory factor analysis derived four GCSSES factors, which accounted for 65% of the variance in the scale: (a) Goal Setting, Feedback, and Evaluation; (b) Complex Aspects of Supervision; (c) Conflict Resolution; and (d) Working Alliance. Preliminary analyses show the GCSSES has high reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.99). Positive correlations between experience variables and supervisory self‐efficacy were identified. A 54 item GCSSES was developed by this study. The GCSSES may serve as a tool for genetic counseling supervisors and graduate programs to assess skills, monitor professional development, and target training. A genetic counseling supervisory self‐efficacy scale can also be used in future studies regarding training of genetic counseling supervisors.
Evaluation of high oleic sunflower oil oleogels with beeswax, beeswax‐glyceryl monopalmitate, and beeswax‐Span80 in cookie preparation
Authors: Gao Weifeng , Yang Guolong , Zhang Dan , Xu Xiaoxin , Hu Jingbo , Meng Pengcheng , Liu Wei
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Shortening is used widely in cookie preparation to improve quality and texture. However, large amounts of saturated and trans fatty acids present in shortening have adverse effects on human health, and much effort has been made to reduce the use of shortening. The use of oleogels might be a suitable alternative. In this study, the oleogels of high oleic sunflower oil with beeswax (BW), BW‐glyceryl monopalmitate (BW‐GMP), and BW‐Span80 (BW‐S80) were prepared and their suitability to replace shortening in cookie preparation was evaluated.

RESULTS

The solid fat content of BW, BW‐GMP, and BW‐S80 oleogels was significantly lower than that of commercial shortening when the temperature was not higher than 35 °C. However, the oil‐binding capacity of these oleogels was almost similar to that of shortening. The crystals in the shortening and oleogels were β’ form mainly; however, the morphology of crystal aggregates in these oleogels was different from that of shortening. The textural and rheological properties of doughs prepared with the oleogels were similar, and clearly different from those of dough with commercial shortening. The breaking strengths of cookies made with oleogels were lower than that of cookies prepared with shortening. However, cookies containing BW‐GMP and BW‐S80 oleogels were similar in density and color to those prepared with shortening.

CONCLUSION

The textural properties and color of cookies with BW‐GMP and BW‐S80 oleogels were very similar to those of the cookies containing commercial shortening. The BW‐GMP and BW‐S80 oleogels could act as alternatives to shortening in the preparation of cookies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Rapid artificial biocrust development by cyanobacterial inoculation and clay amendment
Authors: Keqiang Zhou , Zijia Zhang , Cui Zhang , Ling Xia , Delong Meng , Li Wu , Shaoxian Song , Sancheze Rosa María Torres , Farias María E.
Published: May 2023

The establishment of biological soil crusts is widely perceived as a main strategy to improve the ecological environment in arid and semi‐arid regions. However, artificial biocrusts fail to withstand environmental stresses when using traditional methods for initial establishment. Hence, in this study, kaolin, a common clay mineral, was introduced as a biocrust stabilizer by mixing at different mass ratios with Microcoleus steenstrupii for sand inoculation. The results showed that the addition of kaolin exhibited a significantly positive effect on promoting biocrust formation and accelerating biocrust development. Moreover, the artificial biocrust from 1:500 (algae: kaolin) inoculant achieved the best performance with coverage of 98%, and top layer thickness of 5.62 mm after 86 days of incubation. The highest contents of chlorophyll a, exopolysaccharides, and soluble protein were also observed in 1:500 mass ratio of algae: kaolin throughout the biocrust development process. As for the water retention performance, the results of contact angle, water drop penetration time (WDPT), and repellency index (RI) illustrated that biocrust improved water utilization in kaolin‐treated groups by delaying the time of water infiltration, especially in 1:500 group. After 86 days post inoculation, a series of common bacteria appeared in the biocrusts such as actinobacteria and acidobacteria, and decomposed metabolites from cyanobacteria as an energy source. This study gains new insights into clay minerals on biocrust development and puts forward a new approach for rapid artificial biocrust establishment to reverse desertification.
Utilizing novel recurrent laryngeal motor nerve conduction studies to characterize the aging larynx: A pilot study
Authors: Baertsch Hans C. , Cvancara David , Bhatt Neel K.
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Age‐related changes to the larynx are associated with dysphonia and contribute to reduced quality of life. This study utilizes recurrent laryngeal motor nerve conduction studies (rlMNCS) to determine if neurophysiologic changes occur in the aging larynx using an aging rat model.

Study Design

Animal study.

Methods

In vivo rlMNCS were performed in 10 young hemi‐larynges (3–4 months) and 10 aged hemi‐larynges (18–19 months) rats (Fischer 344 × Brown Norway F344BN). Recording electrodes were placed into the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle through direct laryngoscopy. Recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) were directly stimulated with bipolar electrodes. Compound motor action potentials (CMAPs) were obtained. RLN cross‐sections were stained with toluidine blue. Axon count, myelination, and g‐ratio were quantified utilizing AxonDeepSeg analysis software.

Results

rlMNCS were successfully obtained in all animals. Mean CMAP amplitude and negative durations in young rats were 3.58 ± 2.20 mV and 0.93 ± 0.14 mS (mean dif: 0.17; 95% CI: −2.21 to 2.54), respectively, and 3.74 ± 2.81 mV and 0.98 ± 0.11 mS (mean dif: 0.050; 95% CI: −0.07 to 0.17). No significant differences in onset latency or negative area were observed. Mean axon count in young rats (176 ± 35) was comparable to that in old rats (173 ± 31). Myelin thickness and g‐ratio did not differ between groups.

Conclusions

There were no statistically significant differences in RLN conduction or axon histology between young and aged rats in this pilot study. This work provides a basis for future, adequately powered studies, and may lead to a tractable animal model to study the aging larynx.

Level of Evidence

5.
Synchronization of Optomechanical Oscillator and Breathing Soliton
Authors: Li Jin , Wan Shuai , Wang Yu , Niu Rui , Li Ming , Shen Zhen , Guo Guang‐Can , Dong Chun‐Hua
Published: May 2023

Synchronization and frequency locking between different oscillators are of scientific and technological importance in a wide variety of fields. The optomechanical resonator can be a good integrated oscillator, which takes place via the radiation pressure force induced by the optical fields. In addition, the breathing soliton is a particular kind of dissipative Kerr soliton that exists between the modulation instability state and the stable state, which shows periodic oscillation in pulse width and amplitude, as well as in its spectral envelope. The breathing frequency depends on the pump power and the pump detuning, which can be affected by environmental fluctuations, and the linewidth of the RF beatnote is on the order of megahertz (MHz). Here, the synchronization of these two different oscillators, that is, the optomechanical oscillator and the breathing soliton, is demonstrated. This demonstration transfers the stability and narrow linewidth of the optomechanical oscillator to the breathing soliton. The fixed phase relation between the breathing oscillation and optomechanical oscillation can be established, forming an open Lissajous diagram. These results provide a new way for the stabilization and control of the breathing soliton and may inspire the study of the interaction between the optomechanical oscillator and the breathing soliton.
Design of an optically transparent EMW structure with broadband‐absorbing property
Authors: Wang Yi , Hu Xuerong , Li You , Cao Qunsheng
Published: May 2023

In this paper, an optically transparent electromagnetic window structure based on frequency selective absorber (FSA) technique is proposed with low‐pass and high broadband absorbing property. The FSA consists of two resistive frequency selective surface layers and a low‐passband layer, which are all designed using square ring structures. To make the whole design transparent, the traditional metal copper and resistors are replaced by indium tin oxide and the dielectric substrate by polyethylene terephthalate. The top and middle layers act as absorbing layers to generate broad absorption bands at high frequencies, while the bottom layer is used to generate low‐pass transmission bands. The simulation results show that the insertion loss is less than 3 dB below 3.6 GHz, while the absorption bandwidth covers 6–18 GHz with an angular stability reaches 45°.
A novel wideband cube resonator antenna with metasurfaces
Authors: Luo Wei , Feng Yulu , Jiang Lanlan
Published: May 2023

A novel wideband cube resonator antenna (CRA) composed of metasurfaces is proposed in this letter, which can be applied to an active integrated antenna system. The resonant region of the CRA is formed by six metasurfaces of 4 × 4 arrays. The six surfaces can be equivalent to ideal electric walls. With the improved feeding slot, the dominant mode TE1δ1 and high‐order mode TE1δ3 are effectively excited, which enables a wideband and high gain performance for the CRA. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and measured to verify the antenna design principle. The antenna has a measured impedance bandwidth of 17.0% (4.42–5.24 GHz) and a peak gain of 8.51 dBi, and good agreement between the simulated results and measured results is obtained. The proposed CRA shows resonant mode and radiation performance similar to those of traditional dielectric resonator antennas, which provides a new technique for the design of resonator cavity antennas.
Evaluating integrated pest management tactics for spotted lanternfly management in vineyards
Authors: Leach Heather , Mariani Tom , Centinari Michela , Urban Julie
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Spotted lanternfly, an invasive planthopper which was first found in 2014 in the eastern USA, has become a significant pest to vineyards. Sap‐feeding by this pest has been associated with plant stress and yield declines, and current management depends entirely on the prophylactic use of insecticides. Our study explored two new integrated pest management (IPM) tactics against spotted lanternfly to reduce the negative effects of frequent chemical applications: the use of exclusion netting and the use of perimeter applications of insecticides.

RESULTS

Exclusion netting was installed across five vineyards in 2020 and compared to adjacent vines without exclusion netting. The netting reduced spotted lanternfly on vines by 99.8% and had no effect on air temperature, humidity, fungal disease pressure, or fruit quality. Perimeter applications of insecticides were compared against full‐cover applications for both in‐season and late‐season control of spotted lanternfly in 2020. Residual efficacy with adult spotted lanternfly was evaluated within the vineyard plots, revealing that insecticide efficacy declined after 8 m into the vineyard in the perimeter application. However, there was no difference in the level of control achieved using a perimeter spray compared to a full‐cover spray. Additionally, the perimeter spray reduced the area treated with insecticide by 31% in a 1 ha block and took 66% less time to spray.

CONCLUSION

Both methods, exclusion netting and perimeter spraying, offer new strategies to alleviate the invasion of spotted lanternfly into vineyards, reducing chemical input and rebuilding IPM in vineyards after invasion by spotted lanternfly. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impact of seed blend and structured maize refuge on Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) potential phenological resistance development parameters in pupae and adults
Authors: Pezzini Daniela T , Reisig Dominic D , Buntin G David , Del Pozo‐Valdivia Alejandro I , Gould Fred , Paula‐Moraes Silvana V , Reay‐Jones Francis PF
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Helicoverpa zea, an economic pest in the south‐eastern United States, has evolved practical resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins in maize and cotton. Insect resistance management (IRM) programs have historically required planting of structured non‐Bt maize, but because of its low adoption, the use of seed blends has been considered. To generate knowledge on target pest biology and ecology to help improve IRM strategies, nine field trials were conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina to evaluate the impact of Bt (Cry1Ab + Cry1F or Cry1Ab + Cry1F + Vip3A) and non‐Bt maize plants in blended and structured refuge treatments on H. zea pupal survival, weight, soil pupation depth, adult flight parameters, and adult time to eclosion.

RESULTS

From a very large sample size and geography, we found a significant difference in pupal mortality and weight among treatments in seed blends with Vip3A, implying that cross‐pollination occurred between Bt and non‐Bt maize ears. There was no treatment effect for pupation depth, adult flight distance, and eclosion time.

CONCLUSION

Results of this study demonstrate the potential impact of different refuge strategies on phenological development and survival of an important pest species of regulatory concern. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Combined treatment with beaded EWS, Gore‐tex patch and N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate for bronchial fistula: The novel “sandwich method”
Authors: Yamamoto Marino , Tamura Masaya , Miyazaki Ryohei , Okada Hironobu
Published: May 2023

An 84‐year‐old man underwent right basal segmentectomy for primary lung cancer and developed empyema accompanied by a bronchopleural fistula (BPF). Emergency open‐window thoracotomy was performed. Although the general and nutritional conditions improved, the fistula did not close naturally, and we planned to close it 6 months after surgery. In this report, we describe, for the first time, a novel method for closing BPF using an endobronchial Watanabe spigot (EWS), polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet and N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate (NBCA). We named this method the“sandwich method.”
Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs). XIV. Calculated IMFPs for LiF and Si3N4 and development of an improved predictive IMFP formula
Authors: Jablonski Aleksander , Tanuma Shigeo , Powell Cedric J.
Published: May 2023

We report inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) of Si3N4 and LiF for electron energies from 50 eV to 200 keV that were calculated from their optical energy‐loss functions using the relativistic full Penn algorithm including the correction of the bandgap effect in insulators. Our calculated IMFPs, designated as optical IMFPs, could be fitted to a modified form of the relativistic Bethe equation for inelastic scattering of electrons in matter from 50 eV to 200 keV. The root mean square (RMS) deviations in these fits were less than 1% for Si3N4 and LiF. The IMFPs were also compared with the relativistic version of our predictive Tanuma–Powell–Penn (TPP‐2M) equation. We found that IMFPs calculated from the TPP‐2M equation are systematically larger than the optical IMFPs for both LiF and Si3N4. The RMS differences between IMFPs from the TPP‐2M equation and the optical IMFPs were 49.3% for LiF and 17.3% for Si3N4 for energies between 50 eV and 200 keV. These RMS differences are much larger than those for most of the inorganic compounds in our previous IMFP calculations where the average RMS difference was 10.7% for 42 inorganic compounds. We also report the development of an improved predictive IMFP formula, which we designate as the JTP equation. This formula is a refinement of the TPP‐2M equation and is based on the recent IMFP calculations for 100 materials including the present IMFPs for Si3N4 and LiF (41 elemental solids, 45 inorganic compounds, and 14 organic compounds) for 83 electron energies between 50 eV and 200 keV. Our predictive JTP equation gave satisfactory results in comparisons of optical IMFPs and IMFPs calculated from the JTP equation. The RMS difference between the 8300 optical IMFPs used for optimization and the IMFPs calculated from the JTP equation was 10.2%. This value is appreciably less than the RMS difference of 16.0% found in a similar comparison of the optical IMFPs and IMFPs from the TPP‐2M equation. Furthermore, IMFPs from the JTP equation were compared with measured IMFPs for energies between 50 eV and 200 keV for 16 elemental solids and 37 inorganic compounds. We found that the JTP equation gave satisfactory results that were comparable with previous comparisons of the optical IMFPs and measured IMFPs. We believe that the JTP equation will be applicable to a wider range of materials than the TPP‐2M equation.
Room Temperature Synthesis Mediated Porphyrinic NanoMOF Enables Benchmark Electrochemical Biosensing
Authors: Zhou Zhenyu , Wang Jun , Hou Shujin , Mukherjee Soumya , Fischer Roland A.
Published: May 2023

Leveraging size effects, nanoparticles of metal‐organic frameworks, nanoMOFs, have recently gained traction, amplifying their scopes in electrochemical sensing. However, their synthesis, especially under eco‐friendly ambient conditions remains an unmet challenge. Herein, an ambient and fast secondary building unit (SBU)‐assisted synthesis (SAS) route to afford a prototypal porphyrinic MOF, Fe‐MOF‐525 is introduced. Albeit the benign room temperature conditions, Fe‐MOF‐525(SAS) nanocrystallites obtained are of ≈30 nm size, relatively smaller than the ones conventional solvothermal methods elicit. Integrating Fe‐MOF‐525(SAS) as a thin film on a conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) surface affords Fe‐MOF‐525(SAS)/ITO, an electrochemical biosensor. Synergistic confluence of modular MOF composition, analyte‐specific redox metalloporphyrin sites, and crystal downsizing contribute to its benchmark voltammetric uric acid (UA) sensing. Showcasing a wide linear range of UA detection with high sensitivity and low detection limit, this SAS strategy coalesces ambient condition synthesis and nanoparticle size control, paving a green way to advanced sensors.
A DNA Nanodevice‐Based Platform with Diverse Capabilities
Authors: Li Hua‐Dong , Ma Pei‐Qiang , Wang Jin‐Yu , Yin Bin‐Cheng , Ye Bang‐Ce
Published: May 2023

Social biotic colonies often perform intricate tasks by interindividual communication and cooperation. Inspired by these biotic behaviors, a DNA nanodevice community is proposed as a universal and scalable platform. The modular nanodevice as the infrastructure of platform contains a DNA origami triangular prism framework and a hairpin‐swing arm machinery core. By coding and decoding a signal domain on the shuttled output strand in different nanodevices, an orthogonal inter‐nanodevice communication network is established to connect multi‐nanodevices into a functional platform. The nanodevice platform enables implementation of diverse tasks, including signal cascading and feedback, molecular input recording, distributed logic computing, and modeling of simulation for virus transmission. The nanodevice platform with powerful compatibility and programmability presents an elegant example of the combination of the distributed operation of multiple devices and the complicated interdevice communication network, and may become a new generation of intelligent DNA nanosystems.
High‐Entropy Doping Boosts Ion/Electronic Transport of Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)/C Cathode for Superior Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ge Xiaochen , Li Huangxu , Li Jie , Guan Chaohong , Wang Xu , He Liang , Li Simin , Lai Yanqing , Zhang Zhian
Published: May 2023

Fe‐based mixed phosphate cathodes for Na‐ion batteries usually possess weak rate capacity and cycle stability challenges resulting from sluggish diffusion kinetics and poor conductivity under the relatively low preparation temperature. Here, the excellent sodium storage capability of this system is obtained by introducing the high‐entropy doping to enhance the electronic and ionic conductivity. As designed high‐entropy doping Na4Fe2.85(Ni,Co,Mn,Cu,Mg)0.03(PO4)2P2O7 (NFPP‐HE) cathode can release 122 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, even 85 mAh g−1 at ultrahigh rate of 50 C, and keep a high retention of 82.3% after 1500 cycles at 10 C. Besides, the cathode also exhibits outstanding fast charge capacity in terms of the cyclability and capacity with 105 mAh g−1 at 5 C/1 C, corresponding 94.3% retention after 500 cycles. The combination of in situ X‐ray diffraction, density functional theory, conductive‐atomic force microscopy, and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique tests reveal that the reversible structure evolution with optimized Na+ migration path and energy barrier boost the Na+ kinetics and improve the interfacial electronic transfer, thus improving performance.
Numerical Analysis of Electromagnetic Field, Heat and Thermal Stress of a Transmission Line Surge Arrester for Lightning Currents
Authors: Nishimura Yoshiki , Baba Yoshihiro , Shinjo Kazuo
Published: May 2023

The voltage across a 77‐kV‐class transmission line surge arrester (TLSA) and the heat in the TLSA have been computed using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method for a lightning current having a magnitude of 50 kA, a risetime of 1 μs, and a half‐peak width of about 100 μs. The TLSA is represented with series‐connected‐nine ZnO elements, each of which has a length of 36 mm and a diameter of 32 mm. The ZnO element is represented with many 2 × 2 × 2 mm cubic cells, each of which has a nonlinear resistivity in each of the x‐, y‐, and z‐directions dependent on the electric field in each direction and the temperature in each cell. From the spatial and temporal distributions of FDTD‐computed heat in the TLSA, the spatial and temporal distributions of thermal stress in the TLSA have been computed using the finite‐element method. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound features of adrenal lesions in dogs
Authors: Burti Silvia , Zotti Alessandro , Rubini Giuseppe , Orlandi Riccardo , Bargellini Paolo , Bonsembiante Federico , Contiero Barbara , Bendazzoli Margherita , Banzato Tommaso
Published: May 2023

Background

The contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features of adrenal lesions are poorly reported in veterinary literature.

Methods

Qualitative and quantitative B‐mode ultrasound and CEUS features of 186 benign (adenoma) and malignant (adenocarcinoma and pheochromocytoma) adrenal lesions were evaluated.

Results

Adenocarcinomas (n = 72) and pheochromocytomas (n = 32) had mixed echogenicity with B‐mode, and a non‐homogeneous aspect with a diffused or peripheral enhancement pattern, hypoperfused areas, intralesional microcirculation and non‐homogeneous wash‐out with CEUS. Adenomas (n = 82) had mixed echogenicity, isoechogenicity or hypoechogenicity with B‐mode, and a homogeneous or non‐homogeneous aspect with a diffused enhancement pattern, hypoperfused areas, intralesional microcirculation and homogeneous wash‐out with CEUS. With CEUS, a non‐homogeneous aspect and the presence of hypoperfused areas and intralesional microcirculation can be used to distinguish between malignant (adenocarcinoma and pheochromocytoma) and benign (adenoma) adrenal lesions.

Limitations

Lesions were characterised only by means of cytology.

Conclusions

CEUS examination is a valuable tool for distinction between benign and malignant adrenal lesions and can potentially differentiate pheochromocytomas from adenocarcinomas and adenomas. However, cytology and histology are necessary to obtain the final diagnosis.
Long‐term outcomes in dogs with elbow dysplasia, assessed using the canine orthopaedic index
Authors: Obel Christina , Bergström Annika , Comin Arianna , Engdahl Karolina
Published: May 2023

Background

Elbow dysplasia (ED) is an important cause of lameness in dogs. This study aimed to report long‐term outcomes in dogs with elbow osteoarthritis.

Methods

Demographic data, medical management, and scores from The American College of Veterinary Surgeons' Canine Orthopaedic Index (COI) were collected from owners of dogs radiographically screened for ED, graded as normal, mild, or moderate. Telephone interviews were performed in 2017 (Q1), followed by an email survey in 2020 (Q2). The association between ED grade and deterioration in COI scores over time was evaluated with logistic regression.

Results

A total of 765 replies were collected for Q1 and 293 for Q2. At Q2, 222 dogs (76%) were alive, with a median age of 8 years (range 5–12 years). No association was found between ED and changes in COI score over time or between ED and survival (p = 0.071). Dogs with mild and moderate ED were treated with analgesic medications to a higher degree than dogs without ED (p < 0.05).

Limitations

Only owner‐assed data were assessed; no clinical orthopaedic examination or follow‐up radiographic evaluation was performed.

Conclusions

No association was found between the grade of ED and the worsening of clinical signs in dogs with elbow osteoarthritis.
A background correction method for energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectra based on morphological operation
Authors: Zhao Wei , Ai Xianyun , Xiao Xiong , Xiao Wuyun , Qi Sheng , Li Jinglun , Zhang Jipeng , Lei Wenming
Published: May 2023

Energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectra often suffer from background caused by primary x‐ray. Therefore, background correction is of great significance that must be performed before subsequent analysis. In this article, a background subtraction method based on morphological operation was proposed. The morphological operation and the smoothing factor could effectively reduce the possibility of background underestimation, especially for a noisy spectrum. The method was verified by simulated and experimental data, and comparisons with other peak‐clipping and penalized least square methods were made. The results showed that the method proposed in this article could get a smooth continuous estimated background with the least root mean square error compared with others. Meanwhile, it can achieve automated background correction, for there is no need to set physical parameters manually. In conclusion, those results indicated that the proposed method could be applied to the rapid in situ x‐ray fluorescence analysis to effectively correct the background.
The Opportunities and Challenges for Urban NBS: Lessons from Implementing the Urban Waterbuffer in Rotterdam
Authors: Dartée Kieran Wilhelmus Jacobus , Biffin Thomas , Peña Karina
Published: May 2023

In Rotterdam, the proportion of impervious surfaces has increased due to urbanisation and changing land use priorities. Combined with the effects of increasingly frequent extreme rain events and longer dry periods, the current capacity of the urban water system is reaching its limits. In response to the lack of retention capacity in the neighbourhood Spangen, a hybrid Nature-based Solution (NBS) was implemented in the summer of 2018. This NBS, called the Urban Waterbuffer, has been at the heart of the Rotterdam case study, focusing on drivers and barriers for implementation, direct and indirect costs, and (co-)benefits of the system. The case study compared this hybrid approach to dealing with heavy rainfall with grey and green alternatives at a neighbourhood scale. Seven lessons were drawn on the opportunities and challenges for implementing NBS for urban water management in the Dutch context. The smaller scale of this case study, compared to other case studies in the NAIAD project, highlighted the similarities and differences in NBS effectiveness and viability across a wide range of spatial scales. The lessons learned from this Rotterdam case study can facilitate future decision-making on, and implementation of climate-adaptive urban water management strategies across Europe.
The Natural Assurance Schemes Methodological Approach – From Assessment to Implementation
Authors: Van Cauwenbergh Nora , Giordano Raffaele , Le Coent Philippe , López Gunn Elena , Mayor Beatriz , van der Keur Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the methodological approach for natural assurance schemes (NAS). We developed and applied methodologies and strategies to increase the readiness in technology (TRL), institutions (IRL) and investment/financing (IVRL) and illustrated them in contrasting case studies. To assess how readiness is crafted to effectively green water risk reduction and water security plans, we propose an integrated analytical framework that builds on participatory adaptive planning approaches. Through an ex-post expert assessment of NAS implementation in 9 case studies, we demonstrate how methodologies and strategies to increase TRL, IRL and IVRL can contribute to operationalization of NAS under a wide range of contexts and boundary conditions. Case studies have (1) varying biophysical conditions, spatial scale and vulnerability to water related natural hazards that require diverse NAS approaches, but also (2) varying readiness levels for implementation of nature based solutions in NAS. Institutional readiness is generated throughout the entire planning process, through a combination of joint assessment of risk perceptions and the institutional set-up as well as facilitation of awareness and agreement on responsibilities. Investment readiness is generated through the generation of the NAS business canvas and can be translated into investment plans built around the 5 business cases proposed in the Financing Framework for water security. We illustrate that for nature-based solutions (NBS) to be integrated in water security and climate adaptation strategies effectively, the NAS approach needs to craft readiness at all levels, tailoring an integrated set of methods and tools available through a collaborative process with stakeholders.
Looking into the Future: Natural Assurance Schemes for Resilience
Authors: López Gunn Elena , Graveline Nina , Giordano Raffaele , Van Cauwenbergh Nora , Le Coent Philippe , van der Keur Peter , Marchal Roxane , Mayor Beatriz , Vay Laura
Published: May 2023

This chapter summarizes the main findings from the book in relation to the conceptual framework centered on the linked but separate concepts of assurance and insurance value of nature, to then highlight the key methods developed namely physical assessments, co-design, and a full integrated economic assessment model that incorporates the value of avoided costs and other co-benefits. This can help to generate and implement natural assurance scheme projects aligned with adaptive planning, innovative financing and new business models centered around prevention by investing in nature.
NAS Canvas: Identifying Business Models to Support Implementation of Natural Assurance Schemes
Authors: Mayor Beatriz , López Gunn Elena , Zorrilla-Miras Pedro , Dartée Kieran , Biffin Thomas , Peña Karina
Published: May 2023

The Natural Assurance Schemes (NAS) canvas framework and tool have been developed to analyse the process of value generation linked to NBS aimed at reducing risks from the assurance value of ecosystems and co-benefits, when providing climate adaptation services. The NAS canvas identifies the elements, agents and roles involved along the NASs’ services and values delivery process, as well as the associated economic streams. Therefore, it allows identifying and structuring, in a logical and visual way, the components of a business model to deliver a natural assurance service into concrete schemes, compiling the required information on actors, costs, impacts and possible funding models needed to attract investors. The process of business model identification using the NAS canvas has been applied in all NAS strategies in NAIAD case studies, providing useful individual and comparative insights. This process – often supported by a co-design stakeholder engagement approach (see Chap. 3 and 19) – can be applied to any NAS regardless of the context and the project stage, and replicated by adjusting the depth and detail of the information. Although a quantitative description is preferred to build the business case to attract investors, a qualitative description can also provide very valuable insights on information needs, specific elements or context difficulties (e.g. regulatory).

Graphical Abstract
Chinas Auffassung von der „Welt“ und ihrer Ordnung
Authors: Zimmer Thomas
Published: May 2023

Der Begrifflichkeit von „Welt“ kommt im Rahmen der Globalisierung, der internationalen wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Vernetzung, eine zunehmend wichtige Bedeutung zu. Standen dabei in der Vergangenheit vor allem westliche Konzepte zur Diskussion, findet neuerdings mit dem aus China stammenden tianxia-Begriff ein antikes Konzept Beachtung, das vor allem in Ostasien lange Zeit vorherrschend war. Der Beitrag setzt sich mit der Herkunft des Begriffs, der für die Auffassung von „alles unter dem Himmel“ steht, seinen historischen Bezügen, dem Modus seiner Vermittlung in der Gegenwart und möglichen Anknüpfungsmöglichkeiten für den Westen auseinander.
Chinas gesellschaftliche, politische und wirtschaftliche Transformation und der Weg in die Moderne
Authors: Schmidt-Glintzer Helwig
Published: May 2023

Chinas beschleunigte Modernisierung erweitert den internationalen Regelungs- und Verständigungsbedarf und stellt vor allem Europa beziehungsweise den sogenannten Westen vor neue Herausforderungen. Dieser Beitrag versucht mit einem multiperspektivischen Ansatz, grundlegende Voraussetzungen für einen weiter gelingenden Dialog und Kulturaustausch zu benennen. Es erweist sich, dass sich Gemeinsamkeiten und Differenzen zwischen Europa und China in der diachronen Rekonstruktion besser ausleuchten lassen. Diese Sicht eröffnet gemeinsame Horizonte und relativiert insbesondere seit dem ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert vorherrschende Selbst- und Fremdbilder. Zugleich werden Voraussetzungen freigelegt, um an Menschheitsvorstellungen der europäischen Aufklärung anzuknüpfen.
Gas Hydrates at Seeps
Authors: Luo Min , Cao Yuncheng
Published: May 2023

Gas hydrates have been the focus of intensive research during recent decades due to the recognition of their high relevance to future fossil energy, submarine geohazards, and global carbon and climate changes. Cold seep-related gas hydrate systems have been found in both passive and active margins worldwide. A wealth of data, including seismic imaging, borehole logging, seafloor surveys, and coring, suggest that seep-related gas hydrates are present in the western Taixinan Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin of the northern South China Sea (SCS). Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of seep-related gas hydrate systems in the northern SCS and underscore the need for more systematic work to uncover the factors governing the interplay of hydrate dynamics and gas seepage and to quantitatively assess the temporal and spatial variability of gas hydrate and cold seep systems.
Symbioses from Cold Seeps
Authors: Li Chaolun , Wang Minxiao , Wang Hao , Zhou Li , Zhong Zhaoshan , Chen Hao , Sun Yan
Published: May 2023

Establishing symbiosis between bacteria and invertebrates can significantly enhance energy transfer efficiency between them, which may aid in shaping the flourishing community in deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems, including cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, and organic falls. The symbionts utilize the chemical energy from reductive materials to fix carbon, and the hosts absorb the nutrients for growth through farming, milking, or both. Moreover, symbiosis can enhance the sustainability of both participants to survive in harsh conditions. However, the exact process and the regulatory network of symbiosis are still unknown. The cold seeps in the South China Sea offer natural laboratories to study the composition, ecological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of deep-sea symbioses. In this chapter, we focused on two dominant species, a deep-sea mussel Gigantidas platifrons and a squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri, which represent endosymbiosis and episymbiosis, respectively, at Site F to summarize our understanding of deep-sea chemosymbiosis. We also discussed some promising avenues for future studies, such as deep-sea in situ experiments to show the exact responses of deep-sea organisms, culture-dependent experiments with genetic operations to validate the functions of critical genes, and microscale omics to elucidate the possible interactions at subcellular levels.
New Biogeochemical Proxies in Seep Bivalves
Authors: Wang Xudong , Kiel Steffen , Feng Dong
Published: May 2023

Reduced compounds dissolved in seeping fluids, such as methane and hydrogen sulfide, are the main energy sources in submarine cold seep systems, where they nourish the unique chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. Chemosymbiotic bivalves are the dominant macrofauna in many of these ecosystems and have been extensively studied due to their large biomass (hundreds of individuals per square meter), their symbiotic relationships with chemotrophic bacteria (methanotrophic bivalves: methane-oxidizing bacteria; thiotrophic bivalves: sulfur-oxidizing bacteria), and because they are unique archives of biogeochemical processes. In this chapter, we briefly introduce the advancements in seep bivalve research worldwide and then summarize the trophic modes and geographic distribution of seep bivalves in the South China Sea. Thereafter, the biogeochemical processes, such as the enzymatic strategy and energy transfer of seep bivalves, are generalized by integrating the trace elements and stable isotope data of the soft tissues and their corresponding calcareous shells of seep bivalves. Overall, we highlight the past contributions and current knowledge in this field and outline opportunities and future directions to expand this area of research.
Pore Water Geochemistry and Quantification of Methane Cycling
Authors: Hu Yu
Published: May 2023

Owing to numerous scientific cruises in the past two decades, pore water data from more than 250 sites within gas hydrate and cold seep areas of the South China Sea have been reported. These investigated sites are mainly distributed in the Dongsha–Taixinan, Shenhu, and Qiongdongnan areas of the northern South China Sea, together with a few sites from the Beikang Basin of the southern South China Sea. Pore water geochemical profiles at these sites have been used to indicate fluid sources that are linked to gas hydrates and methane seepage, to distinguish the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) from organoclastic sulfate reduction, to reveal fluid flow patterns, and to quantify the rates of AOM. As the pore water data accumulate over a broad area of the SCS, recent attempts have been made to quantify regional sulfate and methane cycling in the subseafloor of the northern South China Sea. This quantitative assessment on a regional scale highlights the importance of deep-sourced methane in governing subseafloor carbon and sulfur cycling along continental margins.
Bridging positivity and S-matrix bootstrap bounds
Authors: Miró Joan Elias , Guerrieri Andrea , Gümüş Mehmet Asım
Published: May 2023

Abstract

The main objective of this work is to isolate Effective Field Theory scattering amplitudes in the space of non-perturbative two-to-two amplitudes, using the S-matrix Bootstrap. We do so by introducing the notion of Effective Field Theory cutoff in the S-matrix Bootstrap approach. We introduce a number of novel numerical techniques and improvements both for the primal and the linearized dual approach. We perform a detailed comparison of the full unitarity bounds with those obtained using positivity and linearized unitarity. Moreover, we discuss the notion of Spin-Zero and UV dominance along the boundary of the allowed amplitude space by introducing suitable observables. Finally, we show that this construction also leads to novel bounds on operators of dimension less than or equal to six.
$$\text {SL}_{2}$$ tilting modules in the mixed case
Authors: Sutton Louise , Tubbenhauer Daniel , Wedrich Paul , Zhu Jieru
Published: May 2023

Using the non-semisimple Temperley–Lieb calculus, we study the additive and monoidal structure of the category of tilting modules for $$\textrm{SL}_{2}$$

SL
2

in the mixed case. This simultaneously generalizes the semisimple situation, the case of the complex quantum group at a root of unity, and the algebraic group case in positive characteristic. We describe character formulas and give a presentation of the category of tilting modules as an additive category via a quiver with relations. Turning to the monoidal structure, we describe fusion rules and obtain an explicit recursive description of the appropriate analog of Jones–Wenzl projectors.
Postoperatives Management nach dekompressiver Hemikraniektomie bei malignem Mediainfarkt – eine deutschlandweite Umfragestudie
Authors: Schoene D. , Hartmann C. , Winzer S. , Moustafa H. , Günther A. , Puetz V. , Barlinn K. ,   IGNITE study group
Published: May 2023

Hintergrund

Der maligne Mediainfarkt ist ein potenziell lebensbedrohliches Krankheitsbild. Die dekompressive Hemikraniektomie gehört zur leitliniengerechten Behandlungspraxis insbesondere bei Patienten/-innen bis zu 60 Jahren. Für das postoperative Management gibt es keine standardisierte Handlungsempfehlung.

Ziel der Arbeit (Fragestellung)

Die Untersuchung zielt darauf ab, die gegenwärtige Versorgungslage hinsichtlich der Anwendung standardisierter Behandlungskonzepte zu analysieren und Impulse für eine optimierte Versorgung von Patienten/-innen mit einem malignen Mediainfarkt im neurointensivmedizinischen Bereich zu generieren.

Material und Methoden

Vom 20.09.2021 bis zum 31.10.2021 wurden 43 Mitglieder des Netzwerks Initiative of German NeuroIntensive Trial Engagement (IGNITE) eingeladen, an einer standardisierten anonymen Onlineumfrage teilzunehmen. Es erfolgte eine deskriptive Datenanalyse.

Ergebnisse

Neunundzwanzig von 43 Zentren (67,4 %) nahmen an der Umfrage teil, davon 24 Universitätskliniken. Über eine eigenständige neurologische Intensivstation verfügen 21 Krankenhäuser. Während 23,1 % ein standardisiertes Vorgehen bei der postoperativen Analgesie und Sedierung favorisieren, werden in der Mehrzahl individuell gewählte Kriterien hinzugezogen (Einschätzung der Zunahme des intrakraniellen Druckes, Weaningparameter, Komplikationen). Der Zeitpunkt der angestrebten Extubation variiert zwischen den Kliniken (≤ 24 h bei 19,2 %, ≤ 3 Tage bei 30,8 %, ≤ 5 Tage bei 19,2 %, > 5 Tage bei 15,4 %). Eine Frühtracheotomie (≤ 7 Tage) wird bei 19,2 % der Kliniken durchgeführt. Intravenöse Osmotherapeutika werden bei 53,9 % standardisiert angewandt. Zweiundzwanzig Zentren (84,6 %) erklärten sich bereit, an einer klinischen Studie zur Dauer der postoperativen Sedierung und Beatmung teilzunehmen.

Diskussion

Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine bemerkenswerte Heterogenität in der Behandlungspraxis von Patienten/-innen mit malignem Mediainfarkt und insbesondere der Dauer der postoperativen Analgesie und Sedierung sowie Beatmung nach erfolgter Hemikraniektomie in Deutschland. Die Durchführung einer randomisierten Studie zur Sedierungsdauer nach Hemikraniektomie scheint gerechtfertigt.
Familiäre Risikofaktoren in Fällen von körperlicher Kindesmisshandlung
Authors: Walz Cleo , Kullmer Ulrike , Lecht Johannes , Riepert Thomas , Germerott Tanja , Schwarz Clara-Sophie
Published: May 2023

Hintergrund

Kindliche Gewalterfahrungen können schwerwiegende Schädigungen hervorrufen. Durch frühzeitiges Erkennen von familiären Risikofaktoren können Hilfen zielgerichtet angeboten werden. Die Studie untersucht familiäre Risikofaktoren in Misshandlungsfällen, um die Ergebnisse für den präventiven Kinderschutz heranzuziehen.

Methoden

Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Auswertung von 368 rechtsmedizinischen Fallakten misshandelter Kinder (0 bis 14 Jahre) im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe von Kindern ohne Misshandlungsverdacht (n = 336). Erhoben wurden demografische und soziale Faktoren, die psychische Gesundheit der leiblichen Eltern und die angeschuldigten Personen. Zudem wurden vorherige Kontakte der Familien zu Jugendämtern ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Ein junges Alter der Eltern und von der traditionellen Familienform abweichende Familienkonstellationen wurden als signifikante Risikofaktoren für Kindesmisshandlung identifiziert. Die Auswertung der Anzahl der Geschwister und der Position in der Geschwisterreihe ergab keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Bei niedrigen Erfassungsquoten (2–22 %) wurden auch für die Faktoren Drogenmissbrauch, Vorstrafen, Migrationshintergrund, psychische Gesundheit, Arbeitslosigkeit und Bildungsstatus der leiblichen Eltern keine signifikanten Unterschiede festgestellt. In über einem Drittel der Misshandlungsfälle waren die Familien bereits beim Jugendamt bekannt (36 %). Am häufigsten wurden Mutter (24 %), Vater (22 %) oder beide Elternteile (31 %) beschuldigt, die Misshandlung begangen zu haben.

Schlussfolgerung

Bei ärztlichen Untersuchungen von Kindern und misshandlungsverdächtigen Verletzungen sollte immer die soziale Anamnese erhoben und in die Beurteilung einbezogen werden, um bei erhöhtem Misshandlungsrisiko frühzeitig Hilfen aufzuzeigen.