bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Electrical Characteristics of MOS Devices with Ultrathin Gate Oxide Grown by Chemical Oxidation
Authors: Kailath Binsu J. , DasGupta Amitava , DasGupta Nandita
Published: July 2007

In recent years, there is a lot of interest in developing alternative techniques for growing ultrathin SiO2 for MOS applications. Chemical oxidation of silicon in nitric acid is a promising technique as the resulting oxide has low interface state density and is free from pinholes. In this paper we demonstrate that the time and temperature of chemical oxidation play a significant role in determining the quality of the oxide. Also, the quality of the oxide improves significantly if the chemical oxidation is followed by an electrochemical (anodic) process resulting in lower gate leakage and improved reliability for the MOS devices. MOSFETs with gate oxide grown by this new technique have improved channel mobility and subthreshold slope.
SPICE Modeling of Single-Grain Si TFTs using BSIMSOI
Authors: Baiano Alessandro , Ishihara Ryoichi , Saputra Nitz , Long John , Karaki Nobuo , Inoue Satoshi , Metselaar Wim , Beenakker Kees
Published: July 2007

Single Grain Thin-film transistors (SG-TFTs) fabricated inside a location-controlled grain by µ-Czochralski process have as high as SOI performance. To model them, BSIMSOI with a proper modification of the mobility is proposed. The model has been verified for n- and p-channel DC and low frequency AC conditions by comparison with measurement results. Furthermore, preliminary circuit simulations are executed.
Controlling the Nucleation Site and Crystal Orientation during Eximer-laser Annealing Processes in Thin Amorphous Si Films on Glass: A Molecular-dynamics Study
Authors: Motooka Teruaki , Munetoh Shinji , Kishikawa Ryuzou , Mitani Tomonori , Ogata Tomohiko
Published: July 2007

We propose a new technique to control the nucleation site and crystal orientation for obtaining large poly-Si grains with the (001) surface during eximer-laser annealing processes of amorphous Si films on glass based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Preferential nucleation sites of supercooled melted Si can be controlled at the top parts of nano-scale reverse-pyramidal pits on glass by setting a proper temperature-gradient in the vertical direction of the glass substrate. MD simulations indicate that the nano-structured glass surface must be modified as a chemically inactive wall to melted Si, otherwise a large interfacial energy between Si and SiO2 prevents nucleation at the pyramidal interface where the Si(111) surface is generated. It is also found that {111} stacking faults are sometimes formed. We suggest that this {111} stacking fault formation can be avoided by utilizing low-temperature solid-phase-epitaxial growth of Si where crystallization tends to proceed along the amorphous/crystal Si(001) interface.
Large Area Flexible Electronics Fabricated Using Self-Aligned Imprint Lithography
Authors: Jackson W. , Almanza-Workman Marcia , Chaiken Alison , Garcia Robert , Jeans Albert , Kim Han-Jun , Kwon Ohseung , Luo Hao , Mei Ping , Perlov Craig , Taussig Carl , Shur Michael , Koudymov A.
Published: July 2007

This paper presents Self-Aligned Imprint Lithography (SAIL), a technology for producing submicron layer-to-layer alignments on large, dimensionally variable flexible plastic structures. The roll-to-roll compatible process is used to make 1 μm channel length transistors and active matrix arrays using a-Si and zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO) with electrical characteristics that nearly match those obtained using photolithography. The remaining issues for commercialization are discussed
Surface-Treatment Effects on Organic Thin-Film Transistors by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Technology.
Authors: Chang Kow-Ming , Lin Chih-Hsiang , Huang Shih-Syuan , Su Chun-Long
Published: July 2007

In this study, we have fabricated OTFTs using poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) as an active layer and SiO2 as gate dielectric layer which was modified by the atmospheric-pressure plasma technology (APPT). Processes of APPT are below 120{degree sign}C and at atmospheric pressure. The effects of surface treatment of SiO2 on electric characteristics of OTFTs were investigated. After surface treatment, the field-effect transistor has a threshold voltage within -10V and a field-effect mobility of 0.02-0.03 cm2/Vs which was 15-fold improvement over the mobility on bare silicon oxide. This study suggests an interesting direction for preparation of high-performance OTFTs with high efficiency and low temperature of surface treatment process by APPT.
Demonstration of High Performance TFTs on Silicon-on-Glass (SiOG) Substrate
Authors: Dawson-Elli David F. , Kosik Williams Carlo A. , Couillard J. G. , Cites Jeffrey S. , Manley Robert G. , Fenger Germain , Hirschman Karl D.
Published: July 2007

The development of a new silicon-on-glass (SiOG) substrate and device technology is presented. The SiOG material technology consists of anodic bonding and an implant-induced separation to transfer a single crystalline silicon film onto a glass substrate. The silicon-glass interface region is characterized by an ultra-strong and thermally stable bond, and includes an in situ barrier layer that is free of mobile ions. The fabrication and analysis of CMOS devices fabricated on the SiOG substrate are also presented. The SiOG devices are comparable to those fabricated on SOI (SIMOX) wafers with respect to carrier mobility and off-state leakage current. One application for this SiOG technology is the potential integration of high performance circuits and added functionality for mobile display systems.
Alternative Substrates
Authors: Won Sung H. , Jung Yoo-Chul , Ast Dieter G.
Published: July 2007

To assess the future prospects of displays on alternative substrates one need to consider that the active electronics required to address large displays is never fabricated on the substrate but always on an deposited film. The compatibility of this inorganic film with the substrate, in particular thermal expansion, is poor for polymers, but excellent for flexible glass. The paper describes method to process flexible glass with conventional semiconductor processing equipment, and reports on results obtained to date in fabricating poly-Si TFTs on Corning Inc 00 Microsheet.
Uniaxial Cyclic Stretch-Stimulated Glucose Transport Is Mediated by a Ca2+-Dependent Mechanism in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Iwata Masahiro , Hayakawa Kimihide , Murakami Taro , Naruse Keiji , Kawakami Keisuke , Inoue-Miyazu Masumi , Yuge Louis , Suzuki Shigeyuki
Published: July 2007

Objective: Mechanical stimuli such as stretch increase glucose transport and glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanotransduction events are poorly understood. The present study was conducted in order to determine whether the signaling mechanism leading to mechanical stretch-stimulated glucose transport is similar to, or distinct from, the signaling mechanisms leading to insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose transport in cultured muscle cells. Methods: Cultured C2C12 myotubes were stretched, after which the 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) uptake was measured. Results: Following cyclic stretch, C2C12 myotubes showed a significant increase in 2-DG uptake, and this effect was not prevented by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase and by extracellular Ca2+ chelation. Conversely, the stretch-stimulated 2-DG uptake was completely prevented by dantrolene (an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum). Furthermore, the stretch-stimulated 2-DG uptake was prevented by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase inhibitor KN93 which did not prevent the insulin-stimulated 2-DG uptake. Conclusions: These results suggest that the effects of stretch-stimulated glucose transport are independent of the insulin-signaling pathway. By contrast, following mechanical stretch in skeletal muscle, the signal transduction pathway leading to glucose transport may require the participation of cytosolic Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin kinase, but not 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase.
The Endogenous Danger Signal Uric Acid Augments Contact Hypersensitivity Responses in Mice
Authors: Liu LanLan , Inoue Hiroko , Nakayama Hirofumi , Kanno Rieko , Kanno Masamoto
Published: July 2007

Objective: The danger hypothesis proposes that the immune system responds not only to foreign antigens but also to damaged cells or tissues. Recently, uric acid crystals (monosodium urate, MSU) from necrotic cell lysates were identified as a danger signal for dendritic cells (DCs). Our aim was to determine whether MSU modulates immune responses in the skin. Method: We analyzed the effect of MSU on trinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity responses using BALB/c mice administered potassium oxonate, an uricase inhibitor, to prevent MSU degradation. Ear swelling response after elicitation and activation profiles of DCs and T cells in draining lymph nodes after sensitization were assessed. Results: Intradermal administration of MSU augmented the ear swelling response in potassium oxonate-administered mice and enhanced expression of CD86 and CD40 molecules on DCs in the lymph nodes. Activation of DCs was followed by an increase in CD69+ and CD44+ T cells in CD4+ and/or CD8+ subsets in the lymph nodes 4 days after trinitrochlorobenzene sensitization. Conclusion: These observations demonstrate that MSU is an endogenous danger signal, which augments the contact hypersensitivity response in mice. MSU released from damaged skin may act as an endogenous adjuvant to augment immune response.
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Nursing Home Patients: Factor Structure Invariance of the Dutch Nursing Home Version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory in Different Stages of Dementia
Authors: Zuidema Sytse U. , de Jonghe Jos F.M. , Verhey Frans R.J. , Koopmans Raymond T.C.M.
Published: July 2007

Background/Aims: To examine the influence of dementia stage and psychoactive medication use on the factor structure of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home version (NPI-NH) in Dutch nursing home patients. Methods: The NPI-NH was administered to a large sample of 1,437 patients with mild to severe dementia receiving nursing home care. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine behavioural dimensions underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms indicated by the NPI-NH across dementia stages (as assessed with the Global Deterioration Scale – GDS) and in patients with or without psychoactive medication prescribed. Results: In GDS stages 4/5, 6 and 7, a 4- or 5-factor solution was found, with factors referred to as agitation/aggression, depression, psychosis, psychomotor agitation and apathy. These symptom clusters were replicated in the group of drug-naive patients, but only partially in the group of patients on psychoactive medication. Conclusion: The factor structure of the NPI-NH in nursing home patients is consistent with the clinical taxonomy of symptoms, is relatively stable across dementia stages, and is only moderately influenced by psychoactive medication use. The division of depression and apathy into separate behavioural dimensions – also in patients with severe dementia – may have important therapeutic consequences.
H63D Mutation of the Hemochromatosis Gene and Serum Ferritin Levels in Thai Thalassemia Carriers
Authors: Yamsri Supawadee , Sanchaisuriya Kanokwan , Fucharoen Supan , Fucharoen Goonnapa , Jetsrisuparb Arunee , Wiangnon Surapon , Changtrakul Yossombat , Sanchaisuriya Pattara
Published: July 2007

We determined the prevalence of the H63D and the IVS5#1G-A HFE mutations in 370 (169 males and 201 females) Thai thalassemia carriers and 201 normal subjects. While no IVS5#1G-A mutation was found, the H63D heterozygosity was identified in 5.5% (11/201) of normal subjects and 7.3% (27/370) of thalassemia carriers. Within the thalassemic group, the medians (ranges) of serum ferritin were 217.5 ng/ml (20.1–424.3) and 169.8 ng/ml (3.9–3,536.0) in male subjects and 30.4 ng/ml (11.9–130.7) and 49.3 ng/ml (0.6–931.0) in female subjects with (HD) and without (HH) H63D mutation, respectively. The proportions of subjects with elevated ferritin were found to be 37.5% (6/16) for HD and 14.0% (18/129) for HH in male and 0% (0/11) for HD and 3.0% (5/164) for HH in female subjects, respectively. Statistical analysis of all the data revealed no significant difference. Among 14 Hb E/β-thalassemia patients, no difference in hematological data as well as serum ferritin levels was observed between those with (HD) and without (HH) H63D mutation. Therefore, the H63D heterozygosity has no significant effect on the serum ferritin level and screening for this HFE mutation in thalassemic patients is not recommended.
Early Recurrence of Ischemic Stroke in Japanese Patients: The Japan Standard Stroke Registry Study
Authors: Toyoda Kazunori , Okada Yasushi , Kobayashi Shotai
Published: July 2007

Background: To determine the factors that contribute to early ischemic stroke recurrence in Japanese patients. Methods: A multicenter stroke registration study based on a computerized database from 54 Japanese institutes, involving 8,036 patients with brain infarction who were hospitalized within 48 h after symptom onset between January 2000 and March 2004. Results: Within 30 days after the initial stroke, 395 patients (4.9%) developed a recurrent stroke. Recurrence most frequently occurred in atherothrombotic patients (6.6%), followed by cardioembolic patients (6.2%). Overall, hypertension (OR 1.348, 95% CI 1.071–1.696) and atrial fibrillation (OR 1.503, 95% CI 1.177–1.918), but not diabetes mellitus, were independently predictive of early recurrence. In atherothrombotic patients, diabetes mellitus (OR 1.485, 95% CI 1.058–2.085) and atrial fibrillation (OR 1.998, 95% CI 1.231–3.244) were independently related to early recurrence. At hospital discharge, the modified Rankin Scale score was higher in patients who had an early recurrence (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study was based on a large number of Japanese patients and confirmed that hypertension and atrial fibrillation contribute to early ischemic stroke recurrence. In addition, analysis by stroke subtype showed that diabetes mellitus was independently related to early recurrence in atherothrombotic patients.
Metabolic Syndrome and Dementia Risk in a Multiethnic Elderly Cohort
Authors: Muller Majon , Tang Ming-Xin , Schupf Nicole , Manly Jennifer J. , Mayeux Richard , Luchsinger José A.
Published: July 2007

Background/Aims: The metabolic syndrome (MeSy) may be related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our aims were to investigate the association of the MeSy with incident dementia in a multiethnic elderly cohort in the United States. Methods: We conducted cross-sectional and prospective analyses in 2,476 men and women aged 65 years and older and with data available on the MeSy and dementia diagnosis in Northern New York City. MeSy was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Program III and the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance criteria. Dementia was diagnosed using standard criteria. Results: No association was found between MeSy and prevalent dementia. After 4.4 years of follow-up, 236 individuals of the 1,833 without prevalent dementia developed dementia. MeSy was not associated with incident dementia. Of the components of the MeSy, diabetes and hyperinsulinemia were associated with an increased risk of incident AD [hazard ratio 1.4 (95% CI 1.0–2.1), and hazard ratio 1.4 (95% CI 0.9–2.7), respectively] and dementia associated with stroke [hazard ratio 1.9 (95% CI 1.1–3.1), and hazard ratio 2.3 (95% CI 1.1–4.7), respectively]. Conclusions: The MeSy was not associated with an increased dementia risk in a multiethnic elderly cohort, but diabetes and hyperinsulinemia were. In the elderly, examining diabetes and hyperinsulinemia separately may be preferable to using the MeSy as a risk factor.
The Management of Stage I Nonseminomatous Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Pectasides Dimitrios , Farmakis Dimitrios , Pectasides Melina
Published: July 2007

Testicular germ cell tumors represent the most common malignancies in young males; 70% of patients with seminomas and 50% of those with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) have clinical stage I at diagnosis. Lymphovascular invasion, embryonal-cell carcinoma component, absence of yolk sac histology and MIB1 proliferation rate represent predictors of micrometastatic diseasein stage I NSGCT. Therapeutic options following orchiectomy in patients with stage I NSGCT comprise nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, surveillance or adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. All available treatment modalities produce excellent results, with a long-term survival of almost 100%. Consequently, therapy-induced toxicity is an important concern in the management of these patients. An individually tailored approach that takes into account the prognostic factor profile as well as the patient’s preferences and their ability to comply with each one of the modalities is the key to the management of stage I testicular cancer.
Phase II Trial of Copper Depletion with Tetrathiomolybdate as an Antiangiogenesis Strategy in Patients with Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer
Authors: Henry N. Lynn , Dunn Rodney , Merjaver Sofia , Pan Quintin , Pienta Kenneth J. , Brewer George , Smith David C.
Published: July 2007

Objective: Preclinical studies suggest antiangiogenesis strategies may be effective in the treatment of prostate cancer. In tumor models, the copper-chelating agent tetrathiomolybdate (TM) has been shown to be antiangiogenic. We evaluated the antitumor activity of TM in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Methods: Nineteen patients with asymptomatic HRPC enrolled. Copper depletion was monitored using serum ceruloplasmin levels. Once the target ceruloplasmin level of 5–15 mg/dl was attained, patients underwent staging evaluation. Patients were reassessed every 12 weeks, and TM was continued until they developed evidence of disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Prostate-specific antigen and levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were measured at study entry, at the time of copper depletion, and monthly while on therapy. Results: Seventeen of 19 patients achieved copper deficiency on TM therapy. Of the 16 evaluable patients, 14 developed progressive disease, 1 discontinued therapy because of toxicity and 1 patient opted to discontinue therapy because of rising prostate-specific antigen level without objective evidence of progressive disease. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, IL-6 and IL-8, but not basic fibroblast growth factor, were elevated when compared to normal controls prior to TM therapy, but there was no significant change during therapy. There was no correlation between prostate-specific antigen and levels of angiogenesis factors. Conclusions: Copper depletion with TM did not delay disease progression in patients with asymptomatic metastatic HRPC.
Effect of Darbepoetin Alfa on Physical Function in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Norager C.B. , Jensen M.B. , Madsen M.R. , Qvist N. , Laurberg S.
Published: July 2007

Objective: To study whether perioperative treatment with darbepoetin alfa (DA) improves physical performance following colorectal cancer surgery. Methods: Patients admitted for planned colorectal cancer surgery were randomized to receive either weekly placebo or DA 300 or 150 µg depending on the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Patients were assessed 10 days before, as well as 7 and 30 days after surgery for work capacity, postural sway, muscle strength, fatigue and quality of life (QoL). The primary outcome measure were the changes in patients’ physical performance from preoperative to postoperative day 7. Results: Of 221 included patients, 151 were evaluable. Baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. Patients receiving DA had a significantly better working capacity on day 7 (p = 0.03) and day 30 (p = 0.03) compared with the placebo group. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups on days 7 or 30 for fatigue, postural sway and QoL. DA treatment significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the decrease in Hb concentrations on day 7 and resulted in an earlier return (p < 0.01) to the preoperative Hb concentration compared to placebo treatment. Conclusion: Perioperative DA treatment improved postoperative work capacity and Hb concentrations, but had no effect on postoperative fatigue, postural sway, QoL and muscle strength.
Extensive Bone Marrow Necrosis and Symptomatic Hypercalcemia in B Cell Blastic Transformation of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Noguchi Masaaki , Oshimi Kazuo
Published: July 2007

Extensive bone marrow necrosis and symptomatic hypercalcemia have been described independently as rare complications of chronic myeloid leukemia. Here we report a 66-year-old man who developed B cell blastic transformation 10 years after diagnosis of CML in the chronic phase. Extensive bone marrow necrosis and symptomatic hypercalcemia concurrently developed after transformation, with development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multifocal osteolysis. Most necrotic cells were readily identifiable as blasts. Mediators related to hypercalcemia, including prostaglandin E2, transforming growth factor-α and transforming growth factor-β, were significantly elevated in the serum. As far as we know, this is the first case report of chronic myeloid leukemia concurrently developing bone marrow necrosis and hypercalcemia; this association was not reported in other types of leukemia or bone marrow malignancies.
High-Volume Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration as an Effective Therapy for Acute Management of Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Young Children
Authors: Lai Yi-Chun , Huang Hsin-Ping , Tsai I-Jung , Tsau Yong-Kwei
Published: July 2007

Background/Aim: Renal replacement therapies (RRTs) have been used for the acute management of inborn errors of metabolism. Hemodialysis is the most effective modality. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that high-volume hemofiltration can offer an alternative way to effectively remove small molecules. Methods: Eight patients presented with acute neurological deterioration due to ammonia or organic acid accumulation. Different RRTs were applied, including continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH, n = 7), continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH, n = 2), continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD, n = 1), intermittent hemodialysis (HD, n = 1), and peritoneal dialysis (PD, n = 2). Results: Ammonia 50% reduction time in HD was 1.7 h while in CVVH it was 2–14.5 h. The greater the ultrafiltration flow was, the sooner patients regained consciousness. CAVH, CVVHD or PD was not sufficient enough.Conclusion:CVVH also has a good clearance for organic acid and ammonia if applying high-volume hemofiltration (>35 ml/kg/h). It can be therefore be considered as an alternative therapy if infant HD is not available.
Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Endothelial Dysfunction in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Sahin Garip , Yalcin Ahmet Ugur , Akcar Nevbahar
Published: July 2007

Background/Aims: Patients with K/DOQI stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) have higher incidence of cardiovascular events due to the oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which might prevent cardiovascular events by improving oxidative stress on endothelial cells in patients with CKD. Methods: Thirty uremic patients (age 40 ± 12 years, 6 males) on hemodialysis (HD) were evaluated for ED by using high-resolution Doppler ultrasound of brachial artery before and after 6 weeks of oral NAC (2 × 600 mg) medication. Also, 13 healthy controls (35 ± 9 years, 5 males) were included in the study. Reactive hyperemia following 5 min forearm ischemia was accepted as endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (flow-mediated dilatation; FMD) and compared to endothelium-independent vasodilatation in response to sublingual glyceril trinitrate (GTN). Results: Patients on HD had lower ΔFMD (0.28 ± 0.17 vs. 0.41 ± 0.11, p < 0.05) and FMD% (7.5 ± 5.05 vs. 11.33 ± 2.95, p < 0.05) than the controls. Baseline ΔGTN and GTN% were similar in two groups. NAC treatment significantly increased the ΔFMD (0.41 ± 0.11, p < 0.001 vs. baseline) and FMD% (10.59 ± 3.22, p < 0.01 vs. baseline) of patients on HD, while it had no effect on ΔGTN and GTN%. Conclusion: These results suggest that NAC treatment could improve the ED by preventing the reduction of FMD in patients on HD.
Implication of Dipeptidylpeptidase IV Activity in Human Bronchial Inflammation and in Bronchoconstriction Evaluated in Anesthetized Rabbits
Authors: Landis B.N. , Grouzmann E. , Monod M. , Busso N. , Petak F. , Spiliopoulos A. , Robert J.H. , Szalay-Quinodoz I. , Morel D.R. , Lacroix J.S.
Published: July 2007

Background: Decreased dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV) activity within the human nasal mucosa has previously been shown to contribute to the severity of chronic inflammatory rhinosinusitis. Objective: To investigate and correlate the role of DPPIV activity with regard to bronchial inflammation. Methods: DPPIV/CD26 activity/concentration was investigated in the bronchial tissue of human subjects suffering from chronic bronchial inflammation. In addition, the effect of a recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus DPPIV (fuDPPIV) was investigated on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in anesthetized rabbits. Results and Conclusions: DPPIV/CD26 was present in submucosal seromucous glands, in leukocytes and to a very low degree in endothelial cells of human bronchi. DPPIV activity was correlated with tissue CD26 content measured by immunoassay. As previously reported for the nasal mucosa, DPPIV/CD26 activity was inversely correlated with the degree of airway inflammation. Systemic pretreatment with recombinant fuDPPIV markedly reduced the increase in histamine-induced airway resistance in rabbits. In conclusion, DPPIV activity modulates lower airway tone by degrading unknown peptidic substrates released by histamine in response to an allergen. Contrasting with our observations in the nose, this modulation is apparently not mediated via a neurokinin (NK1) receptor.
Culture, Somatization, and Psychological Distress: Symptom Presentation in South Indian Patients from a Public Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Rao D. , Young M. , Raguram R.
Published: July 2007

Background: A number of clinical research studies have found evidence that patients from Western and non-Western countries express both somatic and psychological symptoms. Although somatic and psychological symptoms appear to coexist, patients may express more of one type of symptom, somatic or psychological, over the other depending upon the nature of the illness and the patients’ psychosocial contexts. Sampling and Methods: The present study investigated the influence of Westernization, stigma, severity of symptoms, and other factors on the symptom presentation of 60 South Indian psychiatric patients, using both open-ended and symptom-directed interviewing methods. Symptom presentation was explored in terms of a balance of psychological and somatic symptoms. Results: Participants predominantly emphasized somatic symptoms as their first spontaneously reported symptom. More Westernized participants and those with higher symptom severity scores tended to present a more psychological balance of symptoms. Participants with a greater concern about stigma tended to present a more somatic balance of symptoms. Conclusions: The findings suggest that several factors, including the Westernization that occurs in non-Western countries as a result of globalization, can impact an individual’s expression of distress.
Exhaled Breath Condensate 8-Isoprostane, Clinical Parameters, Radiological Indices and Airway Inflammation in COPD
Authors: Makris Demosthenes , Paraskakis Emmanouil , Korakas Panos , Karagiannakis Emmanouil , Sourvinos Giorgos , Siafakas Nikolaos M. , Tzanakis Nikos
Published: July 2007

Background: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) 8-isoprostane levels were found increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the relation between EBC 8-isoprostane and parameters which have a known predictive value in COPD, remains vastly unknown, and so does subsequently its clinical value. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between 8-isoprostane level in EBC and clinical parameters, radiological indices and airway inflammation in COPD patients. Materials and Methods: We studied 18 COPD patients (all ex-smokers) and 12 healthy controls (5 ex-smokers and 7 never-smokers). All patients underwent clinical evaluation, sputum induction, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax and EBC 8-isoprostane measurement. 8-Isoprostane levels were correlated with markers that reflect disease severity, such as dyspnea severity, FEV1 (%pred), emphysema changes and bronchiectasis in HRCT. Emphysema was quantified as the percentage of lung area with attenuation values < –950 Hounsfield units. Results: 8-Isoprostane levels were significantly elevated in EBC of patients with COPD [mean (SE) 18.1 (2) vs. 5.6 (0.7) pg/ml, p = 0.0001], irrespective of lung function impairment. 8-Isoprostane levels were correlated with emphysema score in HRCT (r2 = 0.43, p = 0.001) as well as with Medical Research Council dyspnea scale score (rho = 0.61, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that EBC 8-isoprostane levels may reflect the extension of lung emphysema in COPD patients. In this respect, further investigation is required in order to evaluate the possible role of EBC 8-isoprostane in assessing disease progress in COPD patients.
Intranasal Insulin to Improve Memory Function in Humans
Authors: Benedict Christian , Hallschmid Manfred , Schultes Bernd , Born Jan , Kern Werner
Published: July 2007

Background: Compelling evidence indicates that central nervous insulin enhances learning and memory and in particular benefits hippocampus-dependent (i.e., declarative) memory. Intranasal administration of insulin provides an effective way of delivering the compound to the central nervous system, bypassing the blood-brain barrier and avoiding systemic side effects. Methods: Here we review a series of recent studies on the effects of intranasally administered insulin on memory functions in humans. In accordance with the beneficial effects of intravenously administered insulin on hippocampus-dependent declarative memory observed in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies, intranasal insulin administration similarly improves this type of memory, but in the absence of adverse peripheral side effects. Result andConclusion: Considering that cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels are reduced in patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, these results may be of considerable relevance for future clinical applications of insulin in the treatment of memory disorders.
α-Methylacyl-CoA-Racemase Expression in Adenocarcinoma, Dysplasia and Non-Neoplastic Epithelium of the Stomach
Authors: Lee Won Ae
Published: July 2007

α-Methylacyl-CoA-racemase (AMACR) is an essential enzyme in the oxidation of bile acid intermediates and branched-chain fatty acids. This study aims to examine the expression pattern, as well as diagnostic and prognostic significance, of AMACR in carcinoma, dysplasia and non-neoplastic epithelium of the stomach. A total of 158 cases, including 66 cases of gastric carcinoma (GC), 48 cases of dysplasia and 44 cases of non-neoplastic gastric mucosa, were examined by immunohistochemistry for AMACR. AMACR expression was divided into two categories: negative (negative-weak staining intensity) and positive (moderate-strong staining intensity). AMACR immunoreactivity was detected in only 2 of 44 (4.5%) cases of non-neoplastic epithelium. A significantly high frequency of AMACR expression was found in 40 of 48 (83.3%) cases of dysplasia and 34 of 66 (51.5%) carcinoma cases compared with cases of non-neoplastic epithelium (p < 0.05). The frequency of AMACR expression was significantly higher in dysplasia than in carcinoma cases (p < 0.05). AMACR expression was higher in intestinal- than diffuse-type GC (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that AMACR immunostaining aids in distinguishing malignant or precancerous lesions from reactive epithelial atypia in gastric biopsy specimens. It also suggests that AMACR expression is more likely to be associated with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma in gastric carcinogenesis.
Succession Rules and Leadership Rents
Authors: Konrad Kai A. , Skaperdas Stergios
Published: July 2007

Leaders compensate supporters not just for performing their duties but also to preempt an overthrow by the same supporters. We show how succession rules affect the power of leaders relative to supporters as well as the resources expended on possible succession struggles. We compare two regimes of leadership succession: the conclave regime and the divide-et-impera regime, which differ with respect to the role of supporters of the previous leader once the new leader takes power. The leadership rent is higher, and supporters receive a lower compensation in the divide-et-impera regime, as supporters have to fight harder for succession to avoid the grim outcome of loss. A leader, then, would like to induce the divide-et-impera regime even when every supporter has veto power over her leadership.
Diabetes Education Needs of Family Members Caring for American Indian Elders
Authors: Hennessy Catherine Hagen , John Robert , Anderson Lynda A.
Published: July 2007

PURPOSE

this qualitative study investigated diabetes care management among family members of American Indian elders with self-care limitations. Focus groups were used to examine the reasons for and content of diabetes care management, the challenges faced, and the support services needed.

METHODS

Five focus groups were conducted with family caregivers from six tribes. Caregivers' responses related to care management were identified and categorized into themes.

RESULTS

Participants reported that they provided assistance with a wide range of diabetes care tasks (eg, skin and wound care, in-home dialysis) depending on the elder's level of impairment. Caregivers described three major challenges related to diabetes care management: (1) anxiety about in-home care, (2) coping with psychosocial issues, and (3) decision making and communication problems with other family members. They emphasized the importance of developing a care routine for successful diabetes management.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on these findings, we suggest areas where diabetes educators can assist American Indian family caregivers in meeting the needs of frail elders in the home.
Circadian Effects of Light No Brighter Than Moonlight
Authors: Evans Jennifer A. , Elliott Jeffrey A. , Gorman Michael R.
Published: July 2007

In mammals, light entrains endogenous circadian pacemakers by inducing daily phase shifts via a photoreceptor mechanism recently discovered in retinal ganglion cells. Light that is comparable in intensity to moonlight is generally ineffective at inducing phase shifts or suppressing melatonin secretion, which has prompted the view that circadian photic sensitivity has been titrated so that the central pacemaker is unaffected by natural nighttime illumination. However, the authors have shown in several different entrainment paradigms that completely dark nights are not functionally equivalent to dimly lit nights, even when nighttime illumination is below putative thresholds for the circadian visual system. The present studies extend these findings. Dim illumination is shown here to be neither a strong zeitgeber, consistent with published fluence response curves, nor a potentiator of other zeitgebers. Nevertheless, dim light markedly alters the behavior of the free-running circadian pacemaker. Syrian hamsters were released from entrained conditions into constant darkness or dim narrowband green illumination (~0.01 lx, 1.3 × 10-9 W/cm2, peak λ = 560 nm). Relative to complete darkness, constant dim light lengthened the period by ~0.3 h and altered the waveform of circadian rhythmicity. Among animals transferred from long day lengths (14 L:10 D) into constant conditions, dim illumination increased the duration of the active phase (α) by ~3 h relative to complete darkness. Short day entrainment (8 L:16 D) produced initially long α that increased further under constant dim light but decreased under complete darkness. In contrast, dim light pulses 2 h or longer produced effects on circadian phase and melatonin secretion that were small in magnitude. Furthermore, the amplitude of phase resetting to bright light and nonphotic stimuli was similar against dimly lit and dark backgrounds, indicating that the former does not directly amplify circadian inputs. Dim illumination markedly alters circadian waveform through effects on α, suggesting that dim light influences the coupling between oscillators theorized to program the beginning and end of subjective night. Physiological mechanisms responsible for conveying dim light stimuli to the pacemaker and implications for chronotherapeutics warrant further study.
Random-effects models for multivariate repeated measures
Authors: Fieuws S. , Verbeke Geert , Molenberghs G.
Published: July 2007

Mixed models are widely used for the analysis of one repeatedly measured outcome. If more than one outcome is present, a mixed model can be used for each one. These separate models can be tied together into a multivariate mixed model by specifying a joint distribution for their random effects. This strategy has been used for joining multivariate longitudinal profiles or other types of multivariate repeated data. However, computational problems are likely to occur when the number of outcomes increases. A pairwise modeling approach, in which all possible bivariate mixed models are fitted and where inference follows from pseudo-likelihood arguments, has been proposed to circumvent the dimensional limitations in multivariate mixed models. An analysis on 22-variate longitudinal measurements of hearing thresholds illustrates the performance of the pairwise approach in the context of multivariate linear mixed models. For generalized linear mixed models, a data set containing repeated measurements of seven aspects of psycho-cognitive functioning will be analyzed.
Bayesian methods for latent trait modelling of longitudinal data
Authors: Dunson David B.
Published: July 2007

Latent trait models have long been used in the social science literature for studying variables that can only be measured indirectly through multiple items. However, such models are also very useful in accounting for correlation in multivariate and longitudinal data, particularly when outcomes have mixed measurement scales. Bayesian methods implemented with Markov chain Monte Carlo provide a flexible framework for routine fitting of a broad class of latent variable (LV) models, including very general structural equation models. However, in considering LV models, a number of challenging issues arise, including identifiability, confounding between the mean and variance, uncertainty in different aspects of the model, and difficulty in computation. Motivated by the problem of modelling multidimensional longitudinal data, this article reviews the recent literature, provides some recommendations and highlights areas in need of additional research, focusing on methods for model uncertainty.
Influence of Interfacial Bond Strength on Fatigue Life and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of a Particulate Composite: An Experimental Study
Authors: Basaran C. , Nie S. , Hutchins C.S. , Ergun H.
Published: July 2007

Experimental studies conducted on a particular cast acrylic composite demonstrate the significant influence of the interfacial bond strength between filler particles and the polymer matrix on the fatigue life, and mechanical properties. The composite studied in this project is composed of a ductile matrix, which is lightly cross-linked poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and hard, brittle alumina trihydrate (ATH) agglomerate particle filler. In the study, high, moderate, and low levels of interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the filler are investigated, while all the other material properties are kept constant. Monotonic tension and fatigue tests are conducted at different temperatures. Material degradation is presented in terms of elastic modulus degradation, load-drop parameter, and plastic strain range.
Neurotrophic factors switch between two signaling pathways that trigger axonal growth
Authors: Paveliev Mikhail , Lume Maria , Velthut Agne , Phillips Matthew , Arumäe Urmas , Saarma Mart
Published: July 2007

Integration of multiple inputs from the extracellular environment, such as extracellular matrix molecules and growth factors, is a crucial process for cell function and information processing in multicellular organisms. Here we demonstrate that co-stimulation of dorsal root ganglion neurons with neurotrophic factors (NTFs) – glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin or nerve growth factor – and laminin leads to axonal growth that requires activation of Src family kinases (SFKs). A different, SFK-independent signaling pathway evokes axonal growth on laminin in the absence of the NTFs. By contrast, axonal branching is regulated by SFKs both in the presence and in the absence of NGF. We propose and experimentally verify a Boolean model of the signaling network triggered by NTFs and laminin. Our results demonstrate that NTFs provide an environmental cue that triggers a switch between separate pathways in the cell signaling network.
A new measure of roughness for defining the aerodynamic performance of sports balls
Authors: Haake S J , Goodwill S R , Carre M J
Published: July 2007

A new analysis is presented of the major findings in sports ball aerodynamics over the last 20 years, leading to a new method for defining surface roughness and its effects on the aerodynamic performance of sports balls. It was shown that the performance of balls in soccer, tennis, and golf are characterized by the position of the separation points on the surface of the ball, and that these are directly influenced by the roughness of the surface at a given Reynolds number and spin rate. The traditional measure of roughness k/D (the ratio of surface asperity dimension to diameter) was unable to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow for different sports balls. However, statistical measures of roughness commonly used in tribology were found to correlate well with the Reynolds number at transition and the minimum Cd after transition. It was concluded that this new measure and a further one of dimension should allow the complete characterization of the aerodynamic performance of sports balls. The effects of surface roughness on spin rate decay were also considered, and it was found that tennis balls had spin decay over six times that of golf balls and was due to the increased skin friction of the nap.
Transient response analysis of the variable frequency cropping system
Authors: Wang Z W , Zhao S D , Yu Y T , Zhang L J
Published: July 2007

Variable frequency cropping is a new type of green manufacturing technology that utilizes the forced vibration of a cropping machine and the stress concentration effect of a V-shaped notch to produce crack initiation and propagation. In this paper, dynamic analysis of a variable frequency vibration cropping system is performed. First, the working principle and components of a variable frequency cropping system are explained. Further analysis shows that vibration characteristics are the main subject of variable frequency cropping. Second, the orthogonal test method is adopted to assess the influence of geometric parameters of the V-shaped notch on the vibration characteristics of metal bars. The results indicate that a V-shaped notch has little effect on the vibration mode frequency. Third, a finite-element model of the cropping system is constructed, which is composed of rigid bar elements, a beam element, a lumped mass element, and spring elements. Then the modal and dynamic analyses are conducted. The vibration characteristics and the ideal cropping frequency range are obtained on the basis of the results of the dynamic analysis. Finally, cropping experiments on bars made of Al-Cu4MgSi, C45e, C20e, and TC80 are carried out under conditions of three variable frequency curves.
Analysis of tapered, adhesively bonded, insulated rail joints
Authors: Plaut R H , Lohse-Busch H , Eckstein A , Lambrecht S , Dillard D A
Published: July 2007

Adhesively bonded insulated rail joints are used to electrically isolate sections of track into discrete blocks to detect the positions of trains, and are sometimes useful in detecting rail breaks. Recent advances in high-strength rails allow for the use of higher-weight cars. With this increased axle loading of the freight lines, bonded rail joints are encountering early breakdown through either electrical or mechanical failure. Service lives as short as 12-18 months have been reported on some rail lines, significantly lower than the lifetime of other railway components. The cost of replacing the joints has significantly increased the desire for a joint with improved durability.

Commercially available bonded rail joints are typically double butt-strap joints consisting of two steel reinforcing joint bars, bonded to the rails with an epoxy adhesive that may contain a fibreglass or aramid cloth layer. This paper investigates a tapered bonded joint that was proposed to reduce the high stresses that can result in the more typical butt-strap joint configuration. The first type of analysis models the rails and joint bars as beams, and the adhesive and ground as distributed elastic springs. Approximate solutions are obtained with the use of the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The finite-element method is used in the second type of analysis. Deflections, bending moments, and stresses are obtained. Based on these analyses, tapered insulated joints should provide some advantages over conventional insulated rail joints, such as lower deflections, bending moments, and shear stresses in the adhesive.
Recent results in tilt control design and assessment of high-speed railway vehicles
Authors: Zolotas A C , Goodall R M , Halikias G D
Published: July 2007

Active tilt control is a well-established technology in modern railway vehicles, for which currently used control approaches have evolved in an intuitive matter. This paper presents work on a set of novel strategies for achieving local tilt control, i.e. applied independently for each vehicle rather than the whole train precedence approach that is commonly used. A linearized dynamic model is developed for a modern tilting railway vehicle with a tilt mechanism (tilting bolster) providing tilt below the secondary suspension. It addresses the fundamental problems associated with straightforward feedback control, and briefly discusses the current industry norm, which employs command-driven with precedence strategy. Two new advanced schemes are proposed, a model-based estimation approach, and an optimal LQG-based approach, and compared to the command-driven with precedence. The performance of the control schemes is assessed through simulation using a new proposed assessment method.