bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of the Steroids 5-Androstenediol and Dehydroepiandrosterone and Their Synthetic Derivatives on the Viability of K562, HeLa, and Wi-38 Cells and the Luminol-Stimulated Chemiluminescence of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Sokolov Mikhail N. , Rozhkov Vladimir V. , Uspenskaya Maria E. , Ulchenko Darya N. , Shmygarev Vladimir I. , Trukhan Vladimir M. , Churakov Andrei V. , Shimanovsky Nikolay L. , Fedotcheva Tatiana A.
Published: March 2024

In order to evaluate the role of substituents at 3-C and 17-C in the cytotoxic and cytoprotective actions of DHEA and 5-AED molecules, their derivatives were synthesized by esterification using the corresponding acid anhydrides or acid chlorides. As a result, seven compounds were obtained: four DHEA derivatives (DHEA 3-propionate, DHEA 3-butanoate, DHEA 3-acetate, DHEA 3-methylsulfonate) and three 5-AED derivatives (5-AED 3-butanoate, 5-AED 3,17-dipropionate, 5-AED 3,17-dibutanoate). All of these compounds showed micromolar cytotoxic activity toward HeLa and K562 human cancer cells. The maximum cytostatic effect during long-term incubation for five days with HeLa and K562 cells was demonstrated by the propionic esters of the steroids: DHEA 3-propionate and 5-AED 3,17-dipropionate. These compounds stimulated the growth of normal Wi-38 cells by 30–50%, which indicates their cytoprotective properties toward noncancerous cells. The synthesized steroid derivatives exhibited antioxidant activity by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers, as demonstrated in a luminol-stimulated chemiluminescence assay. The highest antioxidant effects were shown for the propionate ester of the steroid DHEA. DHEA 3-propionate inhibited luminol-stimulated chemiluminescence by 73% compared to the control, DHEA, which inhibited it only by 15%. These data show the promise of propionic substituents at 3-C and 17-C in steroid molecules for the creation of immunostimulatory and cytoprotective substances with antioxidant properties.
Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome Analysis: A Comprehensive Examination of Differentially Expressed Genes
Authors: Gascón Elisa , Zaragoza Pilar , Calvo Ana Cristina , Osta Rosario
Published: March 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that comprises sporadic (sALS) and familial (fALS) cases, is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle atrophy and various clinical manifestations. However, the complex underlying mechanisms affecting this disease are not yet known. On the other hand, there is also no good prognosis of the disease due to the lack of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Therefore, in this study, by means of bioinformatics analysis, sALS-affected muscle tissue was analyzed using the GEO GSE41414 dataset, identifying 397 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional analysis revealed 320 up-regulated DEGs associated with muscle development and 77 down-regulated DEGs linked to energy metabolism. Protein–protein interaction network analysis identified 20 hub genes, including EIF4A1, HNRNPR and NDUFA4. Furthermore, miRNA target gene networks revealed 17 miRNAs linked to hub genes, with hsa-mir-206, hsa-mir-133b and hsa-mir-100-5p having been previously implicated in ALS. This study presents new potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ALS by correlating the information obtained with a comprehensive literature review, providing new potential targets to study their role in ALS.
Bridging Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Risk: A Potential Role for Ketogenesis
Authors: del Villar-Carrero Rafael Suárez , Blanco Agustín , Ruiz Lidia Daimiel , García-Blanco Maria J. , Segovia Ramón Costa , de la Garza Rocío García , Martínez-Urbistondo Diego
Published: March 2024

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is a growing global health concern. Recent advances have demonstrated significant reductions in acute cardiovascular events through the management of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. However, these factors are responsible for about 50% of the global cardiovascular disease burden. Considering that CVDs are one of the top mortality causes worldwide, the concept of residual cardiovascular risk is an important emerging area of study. Different factors have been proposed as sources of residual risk markers, including non-HDL particles characterization, as well as inflammation measured by serum and imaging technics. Among these, metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) remains controversial. Two opposing viewpoints contend: one positing that fatty liver disease merely reflects classical risk factors and thus adds no additional risk and another asserting that fatty liver disease independently impacts cardiovascular disease incidence. To address this dilemma, one hypothetical approach is to identify specific hepatic energy-yielding mechanisms and assess their impact on the cardiovascular system. Ketogenesis, a metabolic intermediate process particularly linked to energy homeostasis during fasting, might help to link these concepts. Ketogenic metabolism has been shown to vary through MASLD progression. Additionally, newer evidence supports the significance of circulating ketone bodies in cardiovascular risk prediction. Furthermore, ketogenic metabolism modification seems to have a therapeutic impact on cardiovascular and endothelial damage. Describing the relationship, if any, between steatotic liver disease and cardiovascular disease development through ketogenesis impairment might help to clarify MASLD’s role in cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, this evidence might help to solve the controversy surrounding liver steatosis impact in CVD and might lead to a more accurate risk assessment and therapeutic targets in the pursuit of precision medicine.
A Highly Sensitive Deep-Sea Hydrodynamic Pressure Sensor Inspired by Fish Lateral Line
Authors: Hu Xiaohe , Ma Zhiqiang , Gong Zheng , Zhao Fuqun , Guo Sheng , Zhang Deyuan , Jiang Yonggang
Published: March 2024

Hydrodynamic pressure sensors offer an auxiliary approach for ocean exploration by unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). However, existing hydrodynamic pressure sensors often lack the ability to monitor subtle hydrodynamic stimuli in deep-sea environments. In this study, we present the development of a deep-sea hydrodynamic pressure sensor (DSHPS) capable of operating over a wide range of water depths while maintaining exceptional hydrodynamic sensing performance. The DSHPS device was systematically optimized by considering factors such as piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene/barium titanate [P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO] nanofibers, electrode configurations, sensing element dimensions, integrated circuits, and packaging strategies. The optimized DSHPS exhibited a remarkable pressure gradient response, achieving a minimum pressure difference detection capability of approximately 0.11 Pa. Additionally, the DSHPS demonstrated outstanding performance in the spatial positioning of dipole sources, which was elucidated through theoretical charge modeling and fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations. Furthermore, the integration of a high Young’s modulus packaging strategy inspired by fish skull morphology ensured reliable sensing capabilities of the DSHPS even at depths of 1000 m in the deep sea. The DSHPS also exhibited consistent and reproducible positioning performance for subtle hydrodynamic stimulus sources across this wide range of water depths. We envision that the development of the DSHPS not only enhances our understanding of the evolutionary aspects of deep-sea canal lateral lines but also paves the way for the advancement of artificial hydrodynamic pressure sensors.
Development of Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Sensors for Separation-Free Detection and Quantitation Systems of Pepsin Enzyme Applying a Structure-Guided Approach
Authors: Mostafa Aya M. , Barton Stephen J. , Wren Stephen P. , Barker James
Published: March 2024

Two fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were developed for pepsin enzyme utilising fluorescein and rhodamine b. The main difference between both dyes is the presence of two (diethylamino) groups in the structure of rhodamine b. Consequently, we wanted to investigate the effect of these functional groups on the selectivity and sensitivity of the resulting MIPs. Therefore, two silica-based MIPs for pepsin enzyme were developed using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a functional monomer and tetraethyl orthosilicate as a crosslinker to achieve a one-pot synthesis. Results of our study revealed that rhodamine b dyed MIPs (RMIPs) showed stronger binding, indicated by a higher binding capacity value of 256 mg g−1 compared to 217 mg g−1 for fluorescein dyed MIPs (FMIPs). Moreover, RMIPs showed superior sensitivity in the detection and quantitation of pepsin with a linear range from 0.28 to 42.85 µmol L−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.11 µmol L−1. In contrast, FMIPs covered a narrower range from 0.71 to 35.71 µmol L−1, and the LOD value reached 0.34 µmol L−1, which is three times less sensitive than RMIPs. Finally, the developed FMIPs and RMIPs were applied to a separation-free quantification system for pepsin in saliva samples without interference from any cross-reactors.
A Retrospective Analysis of Temporal Lobe Gliosis after Middle Fossa Resection of Small Vestibular Schwannomas
Authors: Scheich Matthias , Bürklein Miriam , Stöth Manuel , Bison Brigitte , Hagen Rudolf , Hackenberg Stephan , Vogt Marius L.
Published: March 2024

Introduction: The middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach is a well-established procedure in surgery of the internal auditory canal, as well as with the retrosigmoid and translabyrinthine approaches. It is commonly used in the hearing-preserving microsurgery of small vestibular schwannomas (VS). The debate about the “best” approach for the microsurgery of small VS without contact to the brainstem is controversial. It has been stated that the MCF approach leads to irreversible damage to the temporal lobe, which may be evident in follow-up magnet resonance imaging (MRI) as gliosis in up to 70% of patients. Materials and Methods: This study represents a retrospective chart analysis conducted at a tertiary university hospital. Here, 76 postoperative MRIs were re-evaluated by an experienced neuroradiologist and compared with the preoperative images. Temporal lobe gliosis was classified on an ordinal scale as absent, slight, moderate or severe. Occurrence of gliosis was matched to the clinical predictors (tumor stage, tumor volume, sex, age, and side). Results: No case of severe or moderate gliosis was found in the patient group. Slight gliosis of the temporal lobe was rare and was only detected in four patients (5%). There was no relation between clinical predictors and the incidence of gliosis. Conclusions: In our cohort, postoperative MR imaging did not reveal relevant damage to the temporal lobe parenchyma. This confirms the safe concept of microsurgery of small tumors via the middle fossa approach. The severe glioses described in other studies may be caused by a forced insertion of the retractor or by more extended approaches. However, further prospective neurocognitive studies seem to be necessary in order to assess functional changes in the temporal lobe.
Clustering Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Time Series in Glioblastoma Characterization: A Review of the Evolution, Applications, and Potentials
Authors: De Simone Matteo , Iaconetta Giorgio , Palermo Giuseppina , Fiorindi Alessandro , Schaller Karl , De Maria Lucio
Published: March 2024

In this paper, we discuss how the clustering analysis technique can be applied to analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time-series data in the context of glioblastoma (GBM), a highly heterogeneous brain tumor. The precise characterization of GBM is challenging and requires advanced analytical approaches. We have synthesized the existing literature to provide an overview of how clustering algorithms can help identify unique patterns within the dynamics of GBM. Our review shows that the clustering of fMRI time series has great potential for improving the differentiation between various subtypes of GBM, which is pivotal for developing personalized therapeutic strategies. Moreover, this method proves to be effective in capturing temporal changes occurring in GBM, enhancing the monitoring of disease progression and response to treatment. By thoroughly examining and consolidating the current research, this paper contributes to the understanding of how clustering techniques applied to fMRI data can refine the characterization of GBM. This article emphasizes the importance of incorporating cutting-edge data analysis techniques into neuroimaging and neuro-oncology research. By providing a detailed perspective, this approach may guide future investigations and boost the development of tailored therapeutic strategies for GBM.
From Stress to Screen: Understanding Cyberloafing through Cognitive and Affective Pathways
Authors: Lu Xinyuan , Wang Yizhou , Chen Xiaoxiao , Lu Quan
Published: March 2024

This investigation delves into the pervasive yet insufficiently examined phenomenon of “cyberloafing”, characterized by employees engaging in non-work-related internet activities during office hours. Despite its frequent occurrence in contemporary work environments, the fundamental mechanisms underpinning cyberloafing remain largely uncharted. This study uses the conservation of resources theory and the cognitive–affective personality system framework to demystify the relationship between role stress and cyberloafing. We developed a dual-path model to assess the mediating roles of perceived insider status and emotional exhaustion. Employing SPSS and Smart PLS for data analysis, our research sampled 210 corporate employees. The findings reveal that role stress predicts perceived insider status and emotional exhaustion significantly. Notably, while perceived insider status negatively correlates with cyberloafing, emotional exhaustion shows a positive correlation. These factors mediate the relationship between role stress and cyberloafing, underscoring a multifaceted dynamic. Our results provide new theoretical insights into the mechanisms of employee counterproductive behavior, specifically in the context of cyberloafing, and broaden our understanding of its determinants. This study illuminates theoretical nuances and offers practical implications for managerial strategies and future scholarly inquiries into organizational behavior.
Compete or Cooperate? Goal Orientations and Coworker Popularity in the Knowledge-Sharing Dilemma
Authors: Chae Heesun , Shin Inyong
Published: March 2024

Focusing on two goal orientations (the learning and performance prove-goal orientation), this study proposed a different mechanism for dealing with the knowledge-sharing dilemma. We analyzed data from 257 employee–coworker dyads, finding that the learning goal orientation positively affected knowledge sharing, while the performance prove-goal orientation negatively affected knowledge sharing. In addition, highlighting the importance of coworker influence, our analysis showed that coworker popularity served as social cue to boost the main effects of knowledge sharing. Specifically, the positive relationship between the learning goal orientation and knowledge sharing and the negative relationship between the performance prove-goal orientation and knowledge sharing were stronger when coworker popularity was higher. These findings contribute to articulating theoretical directions at the individual level for addressing the dilemma associated with knowledge sharing. Furthermore, they offer practical implications by emphasizing the ongoing importance of considering the influence of coworkers, who serve as crucial exchange partners during task execution.
A 6-Item Family Resilience Scale (FRS6) for Measuring Longitudinal Trajectory of Family Adjustment
Authors: Tang Catherine So Kum , Siu Tiffany Sok U , Chow Tak Sang , Kwok Sin Hang
Published: March 2024

Two studies were conducted in Hong Kong to validate a brief measure of family resilience based on the three-factor CPR model. The CPR model stipulates that family resilience comprises three major factors: Communication and Connectedness (C), Positive Framing (P), and External Resources (R). Study 1 abbreviated the 16-item Family Resilience Scale (FRS16) into six items (FRS6) with a parent sample in the community (N = 1270). Study 2 tested the validity of the FRS6 with a single parent sample (N = 336). The result of Study 1 suggests a dominant general family resilience factor structure with three distinct subfactors. The highest factor loading items from each of the three subfactors were retained in the six-item FRS6. The resultant FRS6 was internally consistent and related to various correlates in similar or better strengths as compared to the FRS16. The results of a separate sample in Study 2 indicated that the FRS6 demonstrated satisfactory internal reliability and correlated significantly with individual resilience, quality of life, anxiety, and depression in the expected directions. Both studies supported that the FRS6 is a psychometrically sound measure of family resilience and can be used in longitudinal studies that aim to chart the trajectory of family adjustment following life adversities.
Mood Lifters for Graduate Students and Young Adults: A Mixed-Methods Investigation into Mechanisms of Change in Online Group Therapy
Authors: Pokowitz Elena L. , Prakash Neema , Planaj Dennis , Oprandi Sophia , Deldin Patricia J.
Published: March 2024

Mood Lifters (ML) is a dimensional, group-based, peer-led mental health program that has shown efficacy in mitigating psychopathology and promoting wellness within a variety of populations. There is not yet evidence for mechanism(s) driving these changes. Qualitative data exploring the lived experiences of participants may be a unique way to develop hypotheses about the potential mechanisms driving change. The current study used qualitative and quantitative data from the ML for Graduate Students (ML-GS) and Young Adults (ML-YA) studies to generate hypotheses regarding potential mechanisms of changes experienced in ML. Seventy-nine graduate students and fifty-nine non-student young adults provided quantitative and qualitative feedback after participating in a 12-week virtual ML program. Inductive qualitative analysis was conducted within a reflexive thematic framework. Descriptive statistics of quantitative measures were also calculated. Three themes suggest potential directions for future mechanism research on virtual ML programs. Most participants emphasized the social connections built in groups as the most potent and powerful aspects of ML, while others focused on the design or content of the program. Quantitative data presented contextualize the lived experiences of participants. Future ML research should explore the three themes identified within this study through continued qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. NCT05078450.
Investigating Vibration Characteristics of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Made from Fast-Grown Plantation Eucalyptus nitens under Different Support Conditions
Authors: Liang Yingwei , Taoum Assaad , Kotlarewski Nathan , Chan Andrew , Holloway Damien
Published: March 2024

The mechanical properties of fibre-managed Eucalyptus nitens (E. nitens) cross-laminated timber (CLT) have previously been extensively studied, proving the material to be structurally safe and reliable. However, the vibration performance of CLT manufactured from this relative new construction species is not yet fully understood, especially under different support conditions. In this study, three types of support conditions, including roller–roller, bearer–bearer and clamp–bearer support conditions, were examined under vibration impulse-response testing performed using a simple but effective and repeatable excitation method consisting of a basketball dropped from a known height and an accelerometer. Six three-ply E. nitens CLT panels considered to have different moduli of elasticity in different layers and one strength-class C24 spruce CLT as a controlled reference were included in this study. The results suggest that the fundamental frequency values can effectively reflect the inherent characteristics of CLT panels (bending stiffness and density); however, no obvious relationship was observed between damping ratios and these inherent properties. The values of frequency constant λ1 were determined to analyse the effect of different support conditions on the values of fundamental frequency. The average values of λ1 for the roller–roller (9.6) and bearer–bearer (10.1) supports align with the theoretical values (9.87) for simply support (S-S) conditions. However, when clamping loads were applied at one edge of the bearer support, the average values of λ1 increased up to 10.8 but remained far below the theoretical values for clamped–pinned (C-S) support (15.4).
Dynamic Modeling of Heat Exchangers Based on Mechanism and Reinforcement Learning Synergy
Authors: Sun Hao , Jia Zile , Zhao Meng , Tian Jiayuan , Liu Dan , Wang Yifei
Published: March 2024

The current lack of a high-precision, real-time model applicable to the control optimization process of heat exchange systems, especially the difficulty in determining the overall heat transfer coefficient K of heat exchanger operating parameters in real time, is a prominent issue. This paper mainly unfolds the following work: 1. We propose a dynamic model for the control and optimization of the heat exchanger operation. By constructing a system to collect real-time operating data on the flow rates and temperatures on both sides of the heat exchanger, the parameter identification of the overall heat transfer coefficient K is performed. Subsequently, by combining this with mechanistic equations, a novel heat exchanger model is established based on the fusion of mechanistic principles and reinforcement learning. 2. We validate the new model, where the average relative error between the model’s temperature output values and the actual measured values is below 5%, indicating the high identification accuracy of the model. Moreover, under variations in the temperature and flow rate, the overall heat transfer coefficient K demonstrates the correct patterns of change. 3. To further enhance the model’s identification accuracy, a study on the reward functions in reinforcement learning is conducted. A model with the Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) as the reward function exhibits a high identification accuracy. However, upon comparison, a model using the Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference (AMTD) for relative error as the reward function shows an even higher identification accuracy. The model is validated under various operating conditions, such as changes in the flow rate on the hot side, demonstrating good scalability and applicability. This research contributes to providing a high-precision dynamic parameter basis for the precise control of heat exchange systems, offering significant guidance for the control optimization of actual heat exchange system operations.
A Heat Loss Sensitivity Index to Inform Housing Retrofit Policy in the UK
Authors: Tsang Christopher , Parker James , Glew David
Published: March 2024

A substantial number of dwellings in the UK have poor building fabric, leading to higher carbon emissions, fuel expenses, and the risk of cold homes. To tackle these challenges, domestic energy efficiency policies are being implemented. One effective approach is the use of energy models, which enable sensitivity analysis to provide valuable insights for policymakers. This study employed dynamic thermal simulation models for 32 housing archetypes representative of solid-walled homes in the UK to calculate the heat loss and the sensitivity coefficient per building fabric feature, after which a metric Heat Loss Sensitivity (HLS) index was established to guide the selection of retrofit features for each archetype. The building fabric features’ inputs were then adjusted to establish both lower and upper bounds, simulating low and high performance levels, to predict the how space heating energy demand varies. The analysis was extended by replicating the process with various scenarios considering climates, window-to-wall ratios, and overshadowing. The findings highlight the external wall as the primary consideration in retrofitting due to its high HLS index, even at high window-to-wall ratios. It was also established that dwelling type is important in retrofit decision-making, with floor and loft retrofits having a high HLS index in bungalows. Furthermore, the analysis underlines the necessity for Standard Assessment Procedure assessors to evaluate loft U-value and air permeability rates prior to implementing retrofit measures, given the significance of these factors in the lower and upper bounds analysis. Researchers globally can replicate the HLS index approach, facilitating the implementation of housing retrofit policies worldwide.
Analytical Solution for the Ultimate Compression Capacity of Unbonded Steel-Mesh-Reinforced Rubber Bearings
Authors: Li Han , Tian Shengze , Dang Xinzhi
Published: March 2024

Unbonded steel-mesh-reinforced rubber bearings (USRBs) have been proposed as an alternative isolation bearing for small-to-medium-span highway bridges. It replaces the steel plate reinforcement of common unbonded laminated rubber bearings (ULNR) with special steel wire meshes, resulting in improved lateral properties and seismic performance. However, the impact of this novel steel wire mesh reinforcement on the ultimate compression capacity of USRB has not been studied. To this end, theoretical and experimental analysis of the ultimate compression capacity of USRBs were carried out. The closed-form analytical solution of the ultimate compression capacity of USRBs was derived from a simplified USRB model employing elasticity theory. A parametric study was conducted considering the geometric and material properties. Ultimate compression tests were conducted on 19 USRB specimens to further calibrate the analytical solution, considering the influence of the number of reinforcement layers. An efficient solution for USRBs’ ultimate compression capacity was obtained via multilinear regression of the calibrated analytical results. The efficient solution can simplify the estimation of USRBs’ ultimate compression capacity while maintaining the same accuracy as the calibrated solution. Based on the efficient solution, the design process of a USRB with a specific ultimate compression capacity was illustrated.
Embodied Carbon Inventories for the Australian Built Environment: A Scoping Review
Authors: Vaughan Josephine , Evans Rebecca , Sher Willy
Published: March 2024

Accounting for the embodied carbon in construction materials and calculating the carbon footprint of entire construction projects in life-cycle assessments is a rapidly developing area in the construction industry. Carbon emission accounting relies on inventories that claim to represent the values of carbon contained in materials. However, these values vary between different carbon inventories. This scoping review identifies academic research on the carbon inventories used in Australia, as well as the methods used to compare these inventories. The study was conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. We identified 182 papers and narrowed these down to 11 that complied with the objectives of this study. Data for a range of construction materials were compared in these papers, as were the methods used to calculate the values. While some carbon inventories were used frequently, no clear preference for the method of calculating carbon values was apparent. The system boundaries also varied between publications, and a range of functional units was used. There was agreement that the variables involved in calculating carbon values for building materials are compounded by the practical issues of extracting and manufacturing materials in different regional or local conditions, cultures, and technological situations. It is therefore understandable that different inventories store different values when so many factors need to be considered. There is thus a clear need for agreement to be reached about standardisation of the processes involved. If the trustworthiness of the data stored in carbon inventories is questionable, so too are the outcomes of subsequent activities.
Effect of Precursor Blending Ratio and Rotation Speed of Mechanically Activated Fly Ash on Properties of Geopolymer Foam Concrete
Authors: Liu Xuan , Jiang Tao , Li Chenglong , Wan Mingyu , Xuan Wenzhu , Wang Xingfu
Published: March 2024

This research used fly ash and slag to create geopolymer foam concrete. They were activated with an alkali, resulting in a chemical reaction that produced a gel that strengthened the concrete’s structural integrity. The experimental approach involved varying the fly ash content in the precursors at incremental percentages (10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%) and subjecting the fly ash to mechanical activation through a planetary ball mill at distinct rotational speeds (380, 400, 420 and 440 rpm). The investigation discerned that the fly ash content and particle structure exert a discernible influence on macroscopic properties, including flowability, air generation height, compressive strength, dry density and microstructural characteristics such as pore distribution and hydration product arrangement in the geopolymer foam concrete. Employing analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was deduced that diminishing the fly ash content correlates with an enhancement in compressive strength. Furthermore, the specific strength of the geopolymer foam concrete reached a peak of 0.041 when the activated fly ash in the planetary ball mill rotated at 420 rpm, manifesting a lightweight and high-strength outcome.
The Amazonian Architecture and Challenges Faced in Socio-Spatial Transformation Processes—Shuar and Achuar, Ecuador
Authors: Morocho Jaramillo David Eduardo , Mileto Camilla , Vegas López-Manzanares Fernando
Published: March 2024

This article explores the ties between vernacular architecture, culture and identity in a context of sociocultural change in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The text addresses the loss of a collective cultural identity from a historical, socio-spatial and descriptive perspective. Beliefs and traditions act as a “social glue“ uniting societies around common values, goals and norms, whose disappearance could cause this society to veer off course or to even become fragmented. Fieldwork carried out further supports these data, showcasing cultural changes which are worsened by globalization and contribute to the erosion of common beliefs. Although challenging, this also provides the opportunity to reassess values in search of new forms of local identity and significance. The article highlights the fragmentation between tradition and the beliefs concerning settlements which had been introduced by colonization through an understanding of construction processes and their spatial logic. The transformation of socio-spatial dynamics highlights the challenges faced by the Amazon, as well as attempts to strike a balance between tradition and progresses, without neglecting environmental culture or integrity due to the pressures of globalization. Therefore, understanding the different relationship systems found within a given ecosystem can provide clues on how to aid their preservation.
Developing Multifunctional Fe-Based Catalysts for the Direct Hydrogenation of CO2 in Power Plant Flue Gas to Light Olefins
Authors: Feng Likui , Guo Shuai , Yu Zhiyong , Cheng Yijie , Ming Julan , Song Xiaoning , Cao Qiuyang , Zhu Xiaofeng , Wang Guanghui , Xu Di , Ding Mingyue
Published: March 2024

The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce light olefins is one of the most promising ways to utilize CO2 in power plant flue gas. However, the low concentration of CO2 (~10%) and the existence of water steam in the flue gas pose great challenges for the catalyst design. To address these problems, we introduced a Mg promoter and hydrophobic component into the Fe-based catalyst to improve the CO2 adsorption capacity and weaken the negative effects of water. The yield of light olefins on an optimized multifunctional Fe-based catalyst increased by 37% in low-concentration CO2 hydrogenation with water steam. A variety of characterizations proved that the Mg promoter played critical roles in regulating the adsorption capacity of CO2, increasing the surface electron density of Fe species, and promoting the formation of iron carbide active sites. The hydrophobic component mainly contributed to constraining the oxidation of iron carbides via water steam. It benefited from the rational design of the catalyst, showing how our multifunctional Fe-based catalyst has great potential for practical application in CO2 utilization.
Comparing the Photocatalytic Oxidation Efficiencies of Elemental Mercury Using Metal-Oxide-Modified Titanium Dioxide under the Irradiation of Ultra-Violet Light
Authors: Zheng Ji-Ren , Yuan Chung-Shin
Published: March 2024

Since the signing of the Minamata Convention in 2013, attempts have been primarily focused on reducing the emission of elemental mercury (Hg0) from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs). The most cost-effective measure for controlling the emission of mercury involves oxidizing Hg0 to mercury oxides, which are then removed using wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD). Thus, novel photocatalysts with the best properties of photocatalytic ability and thermal stability need to be developed urgently. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photocatalysts were synthesized through the modification of three metal oxides: CuO, CeO2, and Bi2O3. All the photocatalysts were further characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and ultraviolet-visible spectrometry. The photocatalytic oxidation efficiencies of Hg0 were evaluated under an atmosphere of N2 + Hg0 at 100–200 °C. The photocatalytic reactions were simulated by kinetic modeling using the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) mechanism. The results showed that Bi2O3/TiO2 exhibited the best thermal stability, with the best oxidation efficiency at 200 °C and almost the same performance at 100 °C. L–H kinetic modeling indicated that photocatalytic oxidation reactions for the tested photocatalysts were predominantly physical adsorption. Additionally, the activation energy (Ea), taking into account Arrhenius Law, decreased dramatically after modification with metal oxides.
In Vitro Effects of Charged and Zwitterionic Liposomes on Human Spermatozoa and Supplementation with Liposomes and Chlorogenic Acid during Sperm Freezing
Authors: Moretti Elena , Bonechi Claudia , Signorini Cinzia , Corsaro Roberta , Micheli Lucia , Liguori Laura , Centini Gabriele , Collodel Giulia
Published: March 2024

Semen handling and cryopreservation induce oxidative stress that should be minimized. In this study, human semen was supplemented during cryopreservation with formulations of handmade liposomes and chlorogenic acid (CGA), an antioxidant compound. Zwitterionic (ZL), anionic (AL), and cationic (CL) liposomes were synthesized and characterized. Three aliquots of swim-up-selected sperm were incubated with ZL, AL, and CL (1:10,000), respectively. The percentages of sperm with progressive motility, high mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; JC-1), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA acridine orange), and acrosome integrity (Pisum sativum agglutinin) were assessed. Then, human semen was frozen using both 1:10,000 ZL and CGA as follows: freezing medium/empty ZL (EL), freezing medium/empty ZL/CGA in the medium (CGA + EL), freezing medium/CGA loaded ZL (CGA), freezing medium (CTR). The same sperm endpoints were evaluated. ZL were the most tolerated and used for semen cryopreservation protocols. All the supplemented samples showed better endpoints versus CTR (p < 0.001). In particular, spermatozoa from the CGA and CGA + EL A samples showed increased motility, dsDNA, and acrosome integrity versus CTR and EL (p < 0.001; motility EL vs. CGA + EL p < 0.05). ZL and CGA can improve post-thaw sperm quality, acting on both cold shock effect management and oxidative stress. These findings open new perspectives on human and animal reproduction.
Harnessing Extracellular microRNAs for Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Acute Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Hollis Russell , Aziz Monowar , Jacob Asha , Wang Ping
Published: March 2024

Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small sequences of genetic materials that are primarily transcribed from the intronic regions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAs), and they are pivotal in regulating messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. miRNAs were first discovered to regulate mRNAs of the same cell in which they were transcribed. Recent studies have unveiled their ability to traverse cells, either encapsulated in vesicles or freely bound to proteins, influencing distant recipient cells. Activities of extracellular miRNAs have been observed during acute inflammation in clinically relevant pathologies, such as sepsis, shock, trauma, and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. This review comprehensively explores the activity of miRNAs during acute inflammation as well as the mechanisms of their extracellular transport and activity. Evaluating the potential of extracellular miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in acute inflammation represents a critical aspect of this review. Finally, this review concludes with novel concepts of miRNA activity in the context of alleviating inflammation, delivering potential future directions to advance the field of miRNA therapeutics.
Exploring Spectral Uncertainty on the Surface of Brass Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Wei , Sun Lanxiang , Li Faquan
Published: March 2024

The shot-to-shot measurement uncertainty restricts the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technically, to a certain extent. In order to further deepen the understanding of spectral stability, in this paper, the effects of the laser’s focus depth, the delay of the spectrometer, and the position of the spectrum collection on the spectral stability were carefully researched. Moreover, the dynamic characteristics of plasma were studied at different laser focusing depths. Research has found that the morphological changes of plasma are relatively stable, without significant changes, despite varying depths of laser focus on the sample surface. In addition, it was found that stable elemental emission spectra can always be obtained in the early plasma aggregation region.
Dental Anomalies in Primary Dentition among Arabian Children: A Hospital-Based Study
Authors: Mallineni Sreekanth Kumar , Alassaf Abdullah , Almulhim Basim , Alghamdi Sara
Published: March 2024

An observational study was carried out in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia to determine the occurrence of dental anomalies among Arabian children. The study included children of Saudi nationality with primary teeth. The study assessed the prevalence of dental anomalies in their primary dentition. The assessment and data collection were conducted by a single examiner, utilizing clinical examination and intra-oral radiographs. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine dental anomalies in relation to gender (boys and girls) and arch type (maxillary and mandibular). In addition, the study explored the occurrence of gender-specific dental anomalies depending on arch type. The data analysis was conducted using IBM Statistics (version 21.0) with a significance level of p < 0.05. In total, there were 245 children included in the final analysis. The study population consisted of boys (66%) and girls (34%), with an average age of 4.87 ± 0.9 years. Taurodontism was the most prevalent dental abnormality, occurring in 2.8% of the individuals in the study sample. The study sample exhibited hypodontia in 2%, supernumerary teeth in 2.4%, double teeth in 2%, and microdontia in 1.2%. Talon cusp and macrodontia have a relatively low incidence of 0.4%. Boys exhibit supernumerary teeth, microdontia, macrodontia, talon cusp, and taurodontism, whereas hypodontia and double teeth were more frequent in girls.
An Oxide Growth-Coupled Viscoplasticity Model and Its Application to Interfacial Stress Analysis near an Air Hole within a Thermal Barrier Coating
Authors: Chen Pengfei , Yuan Bo , Guo Xiaofeng , Wan Zhiqiang , Sun Wei
Published: March 2024

Strength assessment for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is vital in the safety design of hot-section components in engines. However, several crucial factors, including thermally grown oxide (TGO) growth and creep–plasticity interaction, have been less considered in thermo-mechanical analyses for TBCs near air holes. In this study, a unified viscoplastic constitutive model incorporating TGO growth is developed and integrated into a finite element framework. The model considers multiple factors, including TGO growth, creep–plasticity interaction, interface undulation, and temperature gradient. Additionally, an analytical solution for the non-uniform temperature field of a TBC is derived. The model is then applied to calculate interfacial stresses and accumulated strain energies in the TBC near an air hole, which promote interface debonding. The obtained results can be utilized to investigate the mechanisms of hole edge delamination in TBCs, considering the combined effects of multiple complex factors. A competition for the potential failure initiation location is revealed between the first oxide layer and the evolving TGO/bond coat interface. The developed viscoplasticity model demonstrates effective capability in modelling a range of dynamic behaviors that collectively contribute to hole edge delamination failure.
Topological Phase Diagram of an Interacting Kitaev Chain: Mean Field versus DMRG Study
Authors: Nunziante Giovanni , Maiellaro Alfonso , Guarcello Claudio , Citro Roberta
Published: March 2024

In this work, we study the topological phase transitions of a Kitaev chain generalized by the addition of nearest-neighbor Coulomb interaction. We show the presence of a robust topological phase as a function of the interaction strength and of the on-site energy with associated non-zero energy Majorana states localized at the chain edges. We provide an effective mean-field model that allows for the self-consistent computation of the mean value of the local particle number operator, and we also perform Density Matrix Renormalization Group numerical simulations based on a tensor network approach. We find that the two methods show a good agreement in reporting the phase transition between trivial and topological superconductivity. Temperature robustness within a physically relevant threshold has also been demonstrated. These findings shed light on an entire class of topological interacting one-dimensional systems in which the effects of residual Coulomb interactions play a relevant role.
Estimation of Ionic Impurities in Poly(propylene Glycol) Diacrylate Monomers/Liquid Crystal E7 Mixtures Using Dielectric Spectroscopy
Authors: Benkouider Tayeb , Derouiche Yazid , Souli Lahcene , Dubois Frédéric , Barrera Ana , Bouberka Zohra , Maschke Ulrich
Published: March 2024

The study investigated the effect of the molecular weight of three difunctional poly(propylene glycol) diacrylates on the temperature-dependent ionic conductivity of these monomers and their blends with an eutectic nematic liquid crystal mixture (E7). The results revealed two distinct regions. At low temperatures, ionic conduction can be described by the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) equation, while at high temperatures, the conductivity data follow the prediction of the Arrhenius model. The Arrhenius and VTF parameters and their corresponding activation energies were determined using the least squares method. In addition, a conductivity analysis based on an ionic hopping model is proposed. Estimates of ion concentrations and diffusion constants were calculated. It was found that both the ionic concentration and the diffusion constant decrease with the increase in the molecular weight of the monomers. The static dielectric permittivity decreases in the following order: TPGDA, PPGDA540, and PPGDA900. This can be explained by the higher dipole moment of TPGDA, which is caused by an enhanced volume density of carbonyl groups.
UAV Photogrammetric Surveys for Tree Height Estimation
Authors: Vacca Giuseppina , Vecchi Enrica
Published: March 2024

In the context of precision agriculture (PA), geomatic surveys exploiting UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) platforms allow the dimensional characterization of trees. This paper focuses on the use of low-cost UAV photogrammetry to estimate tree height, as part of a project for the phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Two study areas with different characteristics in terms of mean tree height (5 m; 0.7 m) are chosen to test the procedure even in a challenging context. Three campaigns are performed in an olive grove (Area 1) at different flying altitudes (30 m, 40 m, and 50 m), and one UAV flight is available for Area 2 (42 m of altitude), where three species are present: oleander, lentisk, and poplar. The workflow involves the elaboration of the UAV point clouds through the SfM (structure from motion) approach, digital surface models (DSMs), vegetation filtering, and a GIS-based analysis to obtain canopy height models (CHMs) for height extraction based on a local maxima approach. UAV-derived heights are compared with in-field measurements, and promising results are obtained for Area 1, confirming the applicability of the procedure for tree height extraction, while the application in Area 2 (shorter tree seedlings) is more problematic.
Discretely Distributed Scheduled Jumps and Interest Rate Derivatives: Pricing in the Context of Central Bank Actions
Authors: da Silva Allan Jonathan , Baczynski Jack
Published: March 2024

Interest rate dynamics are influenced by various economic factors, and central bank meetings play a crucial role concerning this subject matter. This study introduces a novel approach to modeling interest rates, focusing on the impact of central banks’ scheduled interventions and their implications for pricing bonds and path-dependent derivatives. We utilize a modified Skellam probability distribution to address the discrete nature of scheduled interest rate jumps and combine them with affine jump-diffusions (AJDs) in order to realistically represent interest rates. We name this class the AJD–Skellam models. Within this class, we provide closed-form formulas for the characteristic functions of a still broad class of interest rate models. The AJD–Skellam models are well-suited for using the interest rate version of the Fourier-cosine series (COS) method for fast and efficient interest rate derivative pricing. Our methodology incorporates this method. The results obtained in the paper demonstrate enhanced accuracy in capturing market behaviors and in pricing interest rate products compared to traditional diffusion models with random jumps. Furthermore, we highlight the applicability of the model to risk management and its potential for broader financial analysis.