bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conventions entre les professions de santé et l’Assurance maladie : quelques aperçus sur dix ans de jurisprudence du Conseil d’État (2011-2020)
Authors: Fombeur Pascale
Published: May 2021

Les conventions conclues par l’Union nationale des caisses d’assurance maladie (Uncam) avec les représentants des professionnels de santé libéraux sont d’une nature très particulière, qui se traduit dans leur régime juridique et dans leur contentieux. Appelé à en connaître par la voie du recours pour excès de pouvoir, le Conseil d’État s’efforce de faciliter leur négociation, mais aussi leur évolution, et de leur reconnaître les marges les plus étendues dans le respect des normes supérieures. La jurisprudence de la décennie écoulée poursuit à cet égard un mouvement plus ancien.
Feasibility, Safety, and Outcomes With Standard Versus Differential Spot Distance Protocols in Eyes Undergoing SMILE for Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Brar Sheetal , Ganesh Sri , Gautam Megha , Meher Shiela
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE:

To study the feasibility, safety, comparison of intraoperative ease of dissection, and immediate visual outcomes with standard versus differential small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) spot settings in eyes undergoing bilateral SMILE for myopia or myopic astigmatism.

METHODS:

One hundred eyes of 50 patients (mean age: 25.4 years) were randomized to receive standard settings (4.5-µm spot and track spacing in cap and lenticule interface) in one eye and differential settings (4.5-µm spot and track spacing in cap interface and 4.2 µm in lenticule interface) in the contralateral eye. Opaque bubble layer (OBL) was graded using a new grading system and a surgeon questionnaire was obtained to grade the ease of dissection (from 0 to 5, with 5 being the easiest) at the end of each surgery. Visual results and optical quality were analyzed at 1 day, 2 weeks, and 3 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

The mean OBL score was significantly lower in the differential group (26.3%) compared to the standard group (35.3%) (
P
< .01). Consequently, the mean dissection score was significantly higher in the differential group (4.01) compared to the standard group (3.57) (
P
< .01). The uncorrected distance visual acuity, Objective Scatter Index, modulation transfer function cut-off, and higher order aberrations were comparable with no statistically significant difference between both groups at 1 day, 2 weeks, and 3 months postoperatively (
P
> .05 for all parameters). No eye in either group had any intraoperative or postoperative complication affecting visual recovery.

CONCLUSIONS:

Differential spot settings resulted in less intraoperative OBL and easy separability. However, the visual results and optical quality were comparable between groups.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(5):294–302.]
Corneal Incision Enlargement in Two Preloaded Intraocular Lens Injectors: An Intraindividual In Vivo Study
Authors: Yildirim Timur M. , Łabuz Grzegorz , Baur Isabella D. , Poompokawat Piyanut , Knorz Michael C. , Auffarth Gerd U. , Khoramnia Ramin
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE:

To assess enlargement of the clear corneal incision site and functional outcome in patients with cataract, following the use of two preloaded intraocular lens (IOL) injectors.

METHODS:

In this prospective, randomized, intraindividual comparative clinical study, 58 paired-eyes were randomly assigned for implantation with two preloaded injectors: AutonoMe with a Clareon IOL (Alcon Laboratories, Inc) and iSert with a Vivinex IOL (Hoya). The size of the corneal incision, 2 mm for the iSert and 2.2 mm for the AutonoMe, was measured before and after phacoemulsification and after IOL implantation. Patients were examined 3 months after surgery to assess keratometry, subjective refraction, and visual acuity.

RESULTS:

The incision enlargement was 0.20 ± 0.10 mm for the AutonoMe and 0.29 ± 0.10 mm for the iSert, with a statistically significant difference (
P
< .05). The final wound size after IOL implantation was 2.41 mm for the AutonoMe and 2.35 mm for the iSert. The mean absolute surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was 0.50 ± 0.25 diopters (D) in the iSert eyes and 0.45 ± 0.20 D in the AutonoMe eyes (
P
> .05). The 3-month postoperative uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA) were similar in both groups, with a UDVA of 0.10 and 0.12 logMAR and CDVA of −0.04 and −0.03 logMAR, respectively for the AutonoMe and iSert.

CONCLUSIONS:

The iSert injector caused more enlargement of the corneal wound during IOL implantation compared to the AutonoMe. Despite the initially different incision sizes, the final incision size and functional outcomes were similar in both groups.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(5):331–336.]
Three-Month Outcomes of Myopic Astigmatism Correction With Small Incision Guided Human Cornea Treatment
Authors: Pradhan Kishore Raj , Arba-Mosquera Samuel
Published: May 2021

PURPOSE:

To evaluate refractive and visual outcomes of small incision guided human cornea treatment (SmartSight; SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions) in the treatment of myopic astigmatism with the use of a new femtosecond laser system.

METHODS:

This retrospective, observational case series study included 104 eyes of 56 patients who underwent SmartSight to correct myopic astigmatism and completed the 3-month follow-up. Procedures were performed with a SCHWIND ATOS femtosecond laser.

RESULTS:

Preoperatively, mean manifest spherical equivalent refraction was −6.12 ± 1.99 diopters (D) (range: −3.00 to −11.50 D) and astigmatism was 1.02 ± 0.56 D (range: 0.25 to 2.75 D). Three months postoperatively, it was +0.47 ± 0.32 D (range: −0.75 to +1.00 D) and 0.27± 0.22 D (range: 0.00 to 0.75 D), respectively (both
P
< .05). Spherical equivalent correction within ±0.50 D was achieved in 62 eyes (60%), and cylindrical correction in 90 eyes (87%). Preoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 20/20 or better in 94 eyes (90%) and postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 96 eyes (92%). No eye lost two or more Snellen lines of CDVA.

CONCLUSIONS:

Myopic astigmatism correction with Smart-Sight provided good results for efficacy, safety, predictability, and visual outcomes in the first 3 months of follow-up.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(5):304–311.]
Homogenization for stochastic reaction-diffusion equations with singular perturbation term
Authors: Shi Yangyang , Gao Hongjun
Published: May 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to study the homogenization problem of stochastic reaction-diffusion equations with singular perturbation term. The difficulty in studying such problems is how to get the uniform estimates of the equations under the influence of the singularity term. Firstly, we use the properties of the elliptic equation corresponding to the generator to eliminate the influence of singular terms and obtain the uniform estimates of the slow equation and thus, get the tightness. Finally, we prove that under appropriate assumptions, the slow equation converges to a homogenization equation in law.
Efficient linearized local energy-preserving method for the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation
Authors: Cai Jiaxiang , Chen Juan , Chen Min
Published: May 2021

A linearized implicit local energy-preserving (LEP) scheme is proposed for the KPI equation by discretizing its multi-symplectic Hamiltonian form with the Kahan's method in time and symplectic Euler-box rule in space. It can be implemented easily, and also it is less storage-consuming and more efficient than the fully implicit methods. Several numerical experiments, including simulations of evolution of the line-soliton and lump-type soliton and interaction of the two lumps, are carried out to show the good performance of the scheme.
Designing an annual leave scheduling policy: Case of a financial center
Authors: Yıldırım Gonca , Aydemir-Karadag Ayyuce
Published: May 2021

Providing annual leave entitlements for employees can help alleviate burnout since paid-time off work directly affects the health and productivity of workers as well as the quality of the service provided. In this paper, we develop realistic vacation scheduling policies and investigate how they compare from both the employer and the employees' perspectives. Among those policies, we consider one that is used in practice, another that we propose as a compromise which performs very well in most cases, and one that is similar to machine scheduling for benchmarking. Integer programming models are formulated and solved under various settings for workload distribution over time, substitution and unit of time for vacations. We use three performance measures for comparisons: penalty cost of unused vacation days, percent vacation granted and level of employee satisfaction. We provide a real-life case study at a bank's financial center. Numerical results suggest that an all-or-nothing type of vacation policy performs economically worse than the others. Attractive annual leave scheduling policies can be designed by administering vacation schedules daily rather than weekly, ensuring full cover for off-duty employees, and offering employees some degree of choice over vacation schedules.
Localities and sites of the neglected umbellifer Physospermum verticillatum (Apiaceae) on Mt. Slavnik in southwestern Slovenia / Nahajališča in rastišča prezrte kobulnice Physospermum verticillatum (Apiaceae) na Slavniku v jugozahodni Sloveniji
Authors: Dakskobler Igor , Babij Valerija
Published: May 2021

On the shady (northern) slopes of Mt. Slavnik (Slavnik mountains, Čičarija, SW Slovenia) we identified Physospermum verticillatum (Apiaceae), a species whose northernmost known sites in its entire distribution area had until then been in the Croatian part of Čičarija near the border with Slovenia (Žbevnica near Dane). It occurs mainly in beech stands from the association Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, frequently in smaller gaps, on forest edges and road banks, where it occurs in fringe communities (Calamintho grandiflorae-Physospermetum verticillatinom. prov.), at elevations spanning 800 m to 1000 m. The plants are vital, most of them develop flowers and fruit. Although it is justified to assume that it may occur elsewhere in the Slovenian part of Čičarija, we propose it be classified in the Red List as rare.

Key words: flora, Physospermum verticillatum, vegetation, Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Čičarija, Istria, Slovenia

 

Izvleček

Na osojnih (severnih) pobočjih Slavnika (Slavniško hribovje, Čičarija, jugozahodna Slovenija) smo našli vrsto Physospermum verticillatum(Apiaceae), ki je do zdaj imela najbolj severna znana nahajališča v svojem celotnem arealu v hrvaškem delu Čičarije blizu meje s Slovenijo (Žbevnica pri Danah). Raste predvsem v bukovih sestojih iz asociacije Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, pogosto v manjših vrzelih, tudi na gozdnem robu in cestni brežini, tam v robnih združbah (Calamintho grandiflorae-Physospermetum verticillatinom. prov.), na nadmorski višini od 800 m do 1000 m. Rastline so vitalne, večinoma cvetijo in plodijo. Kljub temu in upravičeni domnevi, da v slovenskem delu Čičarije lahko raste tudi drugod, jo predlagamo kot redko za uvrstitev na rdeči seznam.

Ključne besede: flora, Physospermum verticillatum, vegetacija, Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum, Čičarija, Istra, Slovenija
Das Hornwerk von Saint-Jean in Soissons: archäologische Hinterlassenschaften und Versuch einer historischen Einordnung [Gekürzte Fassung]
Authors: Buccio Vincent
Published: May 2021

Die teilweise Ausgrabung eines Vorwerks der Stadtbefestigung von Soissons (Aisne), das im 19. Jahrhundert gebaut und abgerissen wurde, gab Anlass, die umfangreiche Archivdokumentation, die zu diesem Werk vorliegt mit den Feldbeobachtungen zu vergleichen. Die Archäologie ermöglicht es, die Verlässlichkeit der Schriftquellen zu überprüfen und weite Teile der Baugeschichte der Befestigung zu klären. So wird hier die Entwicklung der Anlage vom Vorentwurf über ihren Bau und die Unwägbarkeiten ihrer Funktionsweise bis zu ihrem Abriss zu verfolgt. Aus der vorliegenden Untersuchung geht hervor, dass die Ausgrabung von rezenten Strukturen trotz einer hohen Anzahl von konservierten Archivdokumenten relevant sein kann.
Sur la classification des objets techniques selon Simondon
Authors: Bontems Vincent
Published: May 2021

La publication récente de l’intégralité des écrits de Gilbert Simondon sur la philosophie des techniques permet de mieux appréhender le principe et la portée de sa classification des machines. Cet article en expose la méthode « génétique », c’est-à-dire basée sur l’invention du fonctionnement des objets techniques, puis il examine la réorganisation intervenue après la lecture des réflexions de Jacques Lafitte, avant de questionner, pour finir, son sens dans la perspective des enjeux technologiques actuels.
Un référentiel nouveau de gestion de la chose publique éducative française
Authors: Warren Michel
Published: May 2021

Le sens du référentiel de gestion de l’école française est explicité à partir des logiques et des politiques d’éducation publique. La question de l’école fut et reste un enjeu d’ordre politique et national. Avant le basculement culturel, idéologique et institutionnel des années 1980, la territorialisation de l’école était occultée par une idéologie universaliste et nationale, et par les fondements laïques et normatifs, hérités de la IIIe République. Pourquoi l’État décide-t-il, à partir des années 1980, d’apporter divers changements dans la gestion des politiques publiques d’éducation ? Dans un contexte de territorialisation politique, gestionnaire et géo-administrative, comment se transforment les rapports entre l’État, l’école et le local ? Quels sont les logiques et processus qui concourent à infléchir la conception politique et économique de l’Union européenne (UE) dans le champ éducatif ? La territorialisation produit de nouvelles formes d’articulation du national et du local, lesquelles participent d’une double volonté politique de l’État de redistribuer le pouvoir, et de lutter contre les inégalités sociales devant l’école. Elle exprime un nouveau référentiel culturel, idéologique et politique de gestion de l’école de la République. Les politiques publiques françaises d’éducation se réfèrent au dessein stratégique du Conseil européen de Lisbonne (2000) : « Devenir l’économie de la connaissance la plus compétitive et la plus dynamique du monde. » Le processus de Lisbonne traduit la conception politique de l’éducation de l’UE, qui se fonde sur la volonté d’inscrire l’objet connaissance dans une dynamique économique et sociale. Le nouveau référentiel de gestion des politiques publiques éducatives, porté par l’idéal républicain et par l’UE, sera-t-il en mesure de promouvoir un principe de solidarité socio-humaine sur un territoire échelonné du local au mondial ?
Normalisation des compétences et rationalisation pédagogique. Le cas de la formation technique au Québec
Authors: Monchatre Sylvie
Published: May 2021

Les politiques éducatives tendent à se placer sous l’égide du référentiel de l’efficacité. Il en résulte, de toutepart, de nouveaux modes de management public marqués par l’autonomie des établissements, la contractualisation, l’évaluation. Mais la quête d’efficacité passe également par une rationalisation pédagogique contribuant à faire évoluer les référents cognitifs de l’activité éducative. C’est l’hypothèse que nous explorons dans cet article, à propos de l’analyse du Renouveau collégial de 1993 au Québec, au cours duquel a été instauré un nouveau mode d’élaboration des curricula en termes d’approche par compétence. A partir de l’exemple des programmes d’études techniques, nous montrerons que la normalisation des compétences qui en résulte s’inscrit moins dans un renouvellement des théories de l’apprentissage que dans une structuration de la formation en fonction des exigences du marché, laissant ouverte la question des pédagogies requises à cette fin.
Le métier d’enseignant : formation professionnelle et formation des talents
Authors: Margiotta Umberto
Published: May 2021

Le processus de mastérisation de la formation initiale des enseignants, en Italie comme en France, pose de façon forte et renouvelée la question des rapports entre la formation des enseignants et la recherche. Pour nous, l’interrogation essentielle montre que, quelles que soient les questions techniques et méthodologiques, des repères sont indispensables. Ces derniers ne peuvent pas être constitués uniquement par une théorie de l’intelligence en formation. Si on veut rendre flexible, économique et experte l’offre d’enseignement et favoriser la personnalisation des parcours, des processus et des produits d’apprentissage, alors il faut, d’un point de vue de l’éducation, assurer la formation et le développement des talents car cela détermine l’efficacité des enseignants. Par conséquent, la professionnalité de l’enseignant, ou encore son action pédagogique et non pas seulement didactique, est en tous points semblable (en termes de risques, d’oblativité, d’aspect déterminant de ses actes) à celle d’un médecin. Comme le médecin de la vie, l’enseignant est responsable de l’esprit de ses élèves ; si le diagnostic est un acte stratégique pour le médecin, en termes d’intervention et de traitement, il l’est également pour l’enseignement au titre de diagnostic éducatif.
La dimension temporelle spécifique de l’aide spécialisée aux élèves en difficulté
Authors: Pierrisnard Christine
Published: May 2021

L’aide spécialisée à dominante pédagogique dispensée aux élèves en difficulté par les personnels de RASED se différencie des autres types d’aide apportés par les enseignants généralistes et s’y articule. L’étude cherche à identifier les ruptures et les continuités qui s’opèrent, en particulier du point de vue de la dimension temporelle, dans les pratiques enseignantes et dans les activités proposées aux élèves, et qui contribuent à fonder le métier de maître E (Enseignant spécialisé chargé des aides à dominante pédagogique) dans sa spécificité. L’analyse du corpus permet de dégager quelques pistes susceptibles d’intéresser la formation des maîtres pour mieux comprendre comment peut se co-élaborer une aide à la conceptualisation de représentations temporelles plus adéquates pour tous les acteurs du système didactique, précisément dans une dialectique entre rupture et continuité.
Nanobiotechnology for Bioremediation
Authors: Jagdale Swati , Hable Asawaree , Chabukswar Aniruddha
Published: May 2021

Nanobiotechnology is the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology. Bioremediation is defined as a waste management technique that involves use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. This involves no use of chemicals and it allows waste to get recycled; this process has evolved as one of the most important methods. Remediation of contaminants using existing conventional technology is neither effective nor efficient in environmental cleanup. Techniques developed from nanobiotechnology can detect, control, and remediate pollutants by acting as sensors. Use of nanomaterials has less toxic effects and this will not only reduce consumption time but also reduce cost. Nanoparticles developed by using microbial systems provide green nanotechnology and help in keeping the environment clean. Green nanotechnology needs to develop to make cleaner environment with great ecological balance on earth. This chapter deals with traditional methods of bioremediation, methods in nanobiotechnology, and future aspects.
Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Nanostructured Oxide Materials
Authors: Valange Sabine , Chatel Gregory , Amaniampong Prince Nana , Behling Ronan , Jérôme François
Published: May 2021

This chapter is focused on the use of high intensity ultrasound for the preparation of nanostructured materials with an emphasis on recent prominent examples of the production of dense or porous metal oxides through sonochemical and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis routes. Sonochemistry enables the synthesis of oxides that are often unachievable by traditional methods or affords known materials with shape, size, and nano/microstructure control under fast reaction conditions. The fundamental principles of acoustic cavitation, as well as the main ultrasonic parameters affecting the cavitation phenomenon, are first summarized. Next, the applications of ultrasound in the synthesis of nanostructured oxide materials following both preparation methods are reviewed. Particular focus is given to the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles for energy applications.
Smart Mesoporous Nanomaterials With Improved Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Sanand Sandhya , Tyagi Anshika , Kumar Sandeep , Kaul Gautam
Published: May 2021

Nanomaterials have revolutionized the drug delivery and therapeutic industry due to their unique physical characteristics, which render them extremely manipulative at nano-scale. One such category of nanomaterials is mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Due to their small size and rigid honeycomb-like structure, they are highly conducive for packaging of drugs, dyes, antibodies, etc. In addition, they show excellent biocompatibility. These new generation nanomaterials can be further functionalized by incorporating surface modifications, thus increasing their acceptability as carriers for drugs and molecules. In this chapter, a brief and comprehensive review covering various aspects of the recent advancements in synthesis of mesoporous nanomaterials and post-synthesis strategies for functionalization has been presented. Further, it also sheds light on how efficiently these smart nano-carriers are involved in transport and site-specific delivery of highly toxic drugs, like chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, and their biocompatibility evaluation from a biosafety point of view.
Environmentally Friendly Slow Release Nano-Chemicals in Agriculture
Authors: Kothari Richa , Wani Khursheed Ahmad
Published: May 2021

Agriculture is important for people all over the world in order to obtain food to sustain the ever-growing population. However, the current practices for obtaining more and more food has several environmental challenges. Hence, new environmentally friendly fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides have been developed that enhance crop yield by facilitating maximum nutrient uptake by the application of nanotechnology that will help in promoting sustainable agriculture by the slow or controlled release fertilizers. This slow discharge encourages improved delivery of nutrients to the plants that further speeds up early germination, fast growth, and high nutritional level. The current study is aimed to review nano-chemicals used in agriculture that have been developed by the researchers all over the world.
Principles and Advantages of Microwave-Assisted Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Water Purification
Authors: Saleh Tawfik A. , Majeed Shafquat , Nayak Arunima , Bhushan Brij
Published: May 2021

Nanomaterials are the pillars of nanoscience and nanotechnology and to realize their full potential in various potential applications, synthetic methodologies/routes need to be established that are simple, fast and cost-effective. Wet-chemical approaches for nanomaterial synthesis have proven to be among the most versatile and effective routes to finely tailor nanocrystals with varying compositional and architectural complexity. Microwave-assisted solution route represents an efficient wet-chemical approach for the synthesis of nanomaterials that offers additional advantages, such as rapid volumetric heating, high reaction rates, size and shape control by tuning reaction parameters, and energy efficiency. In addition, the homogenous heating of the reactants in microwave synthesis minimizes thermal gradients and provides uniform nucleation and growth conditions that leads to the formation of nanomaterials with uniform size distribution. This chapter deals with the basics of microwave chemistry and its applications towards the synthesis of nanomaterials for catalytic applications.
Optical X-Ray Diffraction Data Analysis Using the Williamson–Hall Plot Method in Estimation of Lattice Strain-Stress
Authors: Padinjare Kunnath Manikandan , Maduraipandian Malaidurai
Published: May 2021

Lattice stress and strain was analysed with estimated crystalline size of the synthesised ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles from x-ray diffraction data using Williamson-Hall (W-H) method. This very peculiar method was used to analyse the other physical parameters such as strain, stress, and energy density. Values calculated from the W-H method include uniform deformation model, uniform deformation stress model, and uniform deformation energy density model. These are very useful methods to label each data point on the Williamson-Hall plot according to the index of its reflection. Particularly, the root mean square value of strain was calculated from the interplanar distance using these three models. The three models have given different strain values by reason of the anisotropic nature of the nanopartcles. The average grain size of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles estimated from FESEM image, Scherrer's formula, and W-H analysis is relatively correlated.
Numerical Study of Nanocomposites for Energy Applications
Authors: Kosti Siddhartha
Published: May 2021

Nanocomposites are defined as a combination of nanoparticles reinforced into the base material. They are of very small sizes (1nm = 10-9m) and possesses higher thermal properties. They are widely utilized in different applications, like in energy, construction, biomedical, chemical, electronics, agriculture, cosmetics, etc. This chapter deals with the application of nanocomposites (SiC/Al2O3/B4C/TiO2/ZnO/SiO2) in the field of energy applications by analyzing their properties (thermal-conductivity/density/specific-heat) using numerical models. The effect of nanoparticles reinforced wt. % concentration into a base material (Al6061/Al7075/H2O) is also analyzed. Results show that nanocomposites have higher effective thermal conductivity and are suitable for high heat-releasing energy devices. It is found that the addition of nanoparticles increases the surface area to volume ratio, which further increases the energy transfer rate. Results show that nanocomposites with lower effective density are suitable when there is a requirement of reduction in weight for the same heat release application.
Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Ismar Ezgi , Sarac A.Sezai
Published: May 2021

Development of materials always plays a key role in the civilization of the societies. After the industrial revolution, material-based technologies received attention. Nanotechnology has a revolutionary part in the development of industries. Developing technologies cannot be considered without the usage of nanomaterials. Nano-sized materials have different properties than their bulk forms basically because of the increased surface area, surface reactivity, and energy according to decreased size. Carbon-based nanomaterials have a variety of possible application areas from biosensors to aviation. This compact review put a great deal of emphasis on the position of carbon nanomaterials: CNTs, graphene, and carbon nanofibers together with their main synthesis methods and their application areas. The reader can get a quick idea about the basics of CNTs, graphene, and carbon nanofibers and their fabrication techniques.
TiO2 Nanotubes Transformation Into 4nm Anatase Nanoparticles
Authors: López Celeste Yunueth Torres , Bueno Jose de Jesus Perez , Torres Ildefonso Zamudio , López Maria Luisa Mendoza , Macias Abel Hurtado , Álvarez José Eleazar Urbina
Published: May 2021

The scope of this work shows novel experimental findings on preparing anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, first anodizing titanium into an organic media for obtaining TiO2 nanotubes, and using these as a photocatalytic active electrode in treating water polluted with organic contaminants. The substrates were grit blasted to obtain mechanical fixation of the generated nanotubular TiO2 structure. This was successfully achieved without diminishment of the nanotubes order and with a self-leveling of the outer surface. A new phenomenon has been investigated consisting of the process of oxidation of the nanotubes in water after anodizing. Along this process, methyl orange added to the aqueous solution was discolored as part of the redox reaction involved. The final state of the modified layer was composed of conglomerates of almost completely crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles, around 4 nm in size, consisting of anatase. SEM and TEM images show the transition of the amorphous nanotubes (atomic disorder/nanometric order) to crystalline disordered particles (atomic order/nanometric disorder).
Experimental Evaluation on the Effect of Nanofluids Physical Properties With Different Concentrations on Grinding Temperature
Authors: Li Changhe , Ali Hafiz Muhammad
Published: May 2021

This chapter is proposed to solve the insufficient MQL cooling and heat transfer capability based on the heat transfer enhancement theory of solid. Adding nanoparticles into the base fluid can significantly elevate heat conductivity coefficient of the base fluid and enhance convective heat transfer capability of the grinding area. Researchers have carried out numerous experimental studies on nanofluids with different concentrations. However, the scientific nature of MQL cooling has not been explained. Degradable, nontoxic, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly green grinding fluid, palm oil taken as the base fluid, grinding force, grinding temperature and proportionality coefficient of energy transferred to workpiece of nanofluids with different volume fractions, are investigated in this chapter. Based on the analysis of the influence of physical characteristics of nanofluids on experimental results, cooling and heat transfer mechanism of NMQL grinding is studied. The experimental study can provide a certain technical guidance for industrial machining.
Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites Produced by Dispersing Layered Silicates in Thermoplastic Melts
Authors: Pesetskii S. S. , Bogdanovich S. P. , Aderikha V. N.
Published: May 2021

Results of the studies of technology, structural features and properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites (n-PCM) prepared by melt compounding of thermoplastic polymers are systematized. Special attention is given to the analysis of the effect of nanoclays modification with surfactants on properties of nanocomposites and preparation features of nanomaterials based on polar, non-polar thermoplastics and polymer blends. Effect of technological factors and special compounding regimes in the technology of n-PCM with advanced technical characteristics is considered. Results of the original studies of the structure and properties of the hybrid composites, filled by high modulus fibers in addition to nanoclays, are presented.
Nanoparticles for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Water
Authors: Dutta Rajiv , Sahai Pragati
Published: May 2021

The process of bioremediation can be intrinsic or natural attenuation, where the process of remediation happens on its own, or it can be extrinsic or bio-stimulated when it is incited with help of some growth productive conditions like addition of fertilizers or nanoparticles, the smallest active particles on the earth. Nanoparticles are charged entities with low activation energy and exhibiting quantum effects making the chemical reaction between the nanoparticle and surrounding feasible in lesser time, and they also exhibit surface plasmon resonance that helps in identification of toxic material in surrounding. Apart from these properties, their different shapes and sizes help in designing the environmental cleanup process as per the suitable conditions and requirements. Polluted water treatment is being done with the help of nanoparticles due to their property of being highly profitable as adsorbents and for filtration purposes.
Architect of Polymer Nanocomposites for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Suresh Sunil S. , George Kesiya , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: May 2021

Polymeric nanocomposites are significant engineering materials predominantly due to their enormous potential to meet a spectrum of applications, particularly in improving the strength-stiffness properties, thermal properties, optical and electrical properties. The exploitation of polymer nanocomposites in the aerospace industry is found to be attractive in recent times, since they can provide significant strength to the components with lightweight characteristics. In addition, a wide variety of polymers can be tuned with carbon and non-carbon-based nanomaterials and deployed as archetypes in the structural components of aerospace applications. Accordingly, this chapter consider the key properties of different nanomaterials in polymers as a function of nano-scale approach. Furthermore, this chapter is also dealing with the challenges that need to surmount the technological enduring of the polymer nanocomposites for advancements in the aerospace structural applications in the coming future.
Experimental Analysis of Tribological Properties of Simarouba Glauca Biodiesel With Nanoparticles
Authors: Aitavade Eknath Nivrutti , Kamate S. C.
Published: May 2021

Biolubricants are renewable, biodegradable, nontoxic, and have zero greenhouse gases. In this work, the tribological properties of the Simarouba glauca biodiesel (SBD) are studied with nanoparticles as additives. Nanoparticles of copper oxide (CuO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) were added with 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% weight (wt) in the base SBD. The coefficient of friction (COF) and the wear scar diameters (WSD) were evaluated using four ball tester for the test conditions as per ASTM D 4172 standard. The morphologies of the worn surfaces were inspected by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The addition of nanoparticles improved the friction and wear characteristics of SBD. A combination of abrasive and adhesive wear was evident. The average COF for pure SBD was 0.0168. The results indicated that 0.75% and 0.2% of CuO nanoparticles as a beneficial percentage in the base oil exhibiting the lowest COF and WSD. CuO nanoparticles proved to be superior to SiO2 nanoparticles as additives in SBD, demonstrating 8% and 60% decrease in wear and friction parameters, respectively.
Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Biotherapeutic Applications
Authors: Souto Eliana B. , Fernandes A. R. , Ferreira J. Dias , da Silva C. F. , Severino Patrícia , Martins-Gomes Carlos , Silva Amélia M.
Published: May 2021

The rationale for administering a drug is usually related to the increase of the drug bioavailability with the aim to achieve a therapeutic effect at a predetermined time. A drug delivery system consists of a formulation or even a device that introduces a drug into the organism being capable of assuring the efficacy and safety by controlling the rate, time, and place of release. With the field of multifunctional nanocomposites, crucial factors such as the improvement on the medicine's efficacy, reduced economic implications, extended life of product patent, better safety and efficacy profile, and increased compliance are the aim. Nowadays, nanocomposites and nanostructured materials are important for several biotherapeutic applications, including their use in drug delivery, in orthopaedics, and in dentistry.
Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Adsorptive Desulfurization
Authors: Al-Hammadi Saddam A.
Published: May 2021

Desulfurization (removal of S compounds) of fuels is an important research topic in recent years. Several techniques have been reported to remove the sulfur-containing compounds in fuels. One of these techniques is adsorptive desulfurization (removal based on chemisorption and physisorption), which has received much attention because of low energy consumption and facile operation condition. This chapter discusses the methods employed under this technique and the types of nanocomposites and hybrid materials (adsorbents) that have been investigated as potential adsorbents. The strategies to enhance sulfur adsorption capacity and main challenges will be discussed.
Ionic Liquid-Mediated Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Srivastava Vivek
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, the authors discussed the recent as well as significant development in the synthesis of ionic liquid-mediated nanoparticles (considered a less toxic way to make nanoparticles). Apart from that, they also disused a small background of ionic liquid considering types, properties, and effect of ionic liquid's counterparts on nanoparticles synthesis. There are promising consequences proposing that the ionic liquid route can lead the design and fabrication of nanoparticles through the variety of size, nature, configuration, and functionality. All discussed examples in this chapter clearly depicted that ionic liquids add great value to the area of nanoparticle synthesis.
Effective Degradation of Cigarette Butts via Treatment with Old Landfill Leachates
Authors: Grīnbergs Andrejs , Reinholds Ingars , Nikolajeva Vizma , Grube Mara , Švirksts Kārlis , Rosicka Baiba , Delina Aija , Kizane Gunta , Mutere Olga
Published: May 2021

In this paper, results of feasibility study on microplastics (MPs) assessment in leachates from the Latvian solid municipal landfill Getliņi are discussed. The application of leachates for the treatment of cigarette butts (CGB) was evaluated. Methods of fluorescent microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and FTIR-microscopy were used for the identification and characterization of MPs in the leachates and analysis of CGB. Presence of the secondary MPs (e.g., degraded polyolefin mixtures) was determined in the tested landfill leachates, while cellulose acetate (CA) was not determined in these products. The leachates were tested as potential media for the thermophilic (55°C) fermentation of CGB without air supply. Degradation of CGB was determined after one-week fermentation that was confirmed comparing the changes in FTIR spectra of CA prior and after the treatment. This study provoked a path for further experimental studies of controlled degradation of cigarette butts under natural conditions in landfill environments.
Composite Coatings Formed on PEO Pretreated MA8 Magnesium Alloy in Aqueous Suspension of PTFE
Authors: Belov Evgeny A. , Nadaraia Konstantine V. , Mashtalyar Dmitry V. , Imshinetsky Igor M. , German Andrey P. , Minaev Alexander N. , Sinebryukhov Sergey L. , Gnedenkov Sergey V.
Published: May 2021

The paper presents results of the composite polymer-containing layers formation by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with subsequent application of the superdispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (SPTFE) aqueous suspension. The corrosion properties and adhesion of coatings have been investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and scratch tests. Incorporation of SPTFE decreased the corrosion current density for composite layers by more than 3 orders of magnitude in comparison with the base PEO-coating and increased the coatings adhesion by 30 %.
Spheroid Nickel Nanoparticles Synthesized in CTAB Solution Using Gamma Radiation
Authors: Ahmad Shahrul Izwan , Rahim Sapizah , Shamsudin Siti Aisyah , Mohamed Noor An'amt , Ros Fadhlina Che , Badrudin Fadhlul Wafi
Published: May 2021

Pure nickel nanoparticles with some paired grain shaped has been successfully synthesized using gamma radiation technique in aqueous system at ambient temperature without using reducing agent. Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide was used to prevent oxidation during radiolysis process and help to shape the nickel nanoparticles into spheroid. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, tunnelling electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The particles formed are crystallized with fcc phase without any oxidation state. The particle size ranging from 20 – 50 nm which consists of unique morphology of paired spheroid. Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis shows that sample has ferromagnetic properties with value of magnetic remanence smaller that bulk due to its size.
Supramolecular Interactions in Aromatic Structures for Non-Optical and Optical Chemosensors of Explosive Chemicals
Authors: Matmin Juan , Ghazalli Nur Fatiha , Abdul Razak Fazira Ilyana , Lintang Hendrik O. , Jalani Mohamad Azani
Published: May 2021

The scientific investigation based on the molecular design of aromatic compounds for high-performance chemosensor is challenging. This is because their multiplex interactions at the molecular level should be precisely determined before the desired compounds can be successfully used as sensing materials. Herein, we report on the molecular design of chemosensors based on aromatic structures of benzene as the organic motif of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTA), as well as the benzene pyrazole complexes (BPz) side chain, respectively. In the case of BTA, the aromatic benzene acts as the centre to allow the formation of π–π stacking for one-dimensional materials having rod-like arrangements that are stabilized by threefold hydrogen bonding. We found that when nitrate was applied, the rod-like BTA spontaneously formed into a random aggregate due to the deformation of its hydrogen bonding to form inactive nitroso groups for non-optical sensing capability. For the optical chemosensor, the aromatic benzene is decorated as a side-chain of BPz to ensure that cage-shaped molecules make maximum use of their centre providing metal-metal interactions for fluorescence-based sensing materials. In particular, when exposed to benzene, Cu-BPz displayed a blue-shift of its original emission band from 616 to 572 nm (Δ = 44 nm) and emitted bright orange to green emission colours. We also observe a different mode of fluorescence-based sensing materials for Au-BPz, which shows a particular quenching mechanism resulting in 81% loss of its original intensity on benzene exposure to give less red-orange emission (λ = 612 nm). The BTA and BPz synthesized are promising high-performance supramolecular chemosensors based on the non-optical and optical sensing capability of a particular interest analyte.
Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity of Chitosan Hydroxyapatite Composite Doped with Strontium
Authors: Abdullahi Ismaila , Zainol Ismail
Published: May 2021

Chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite doped with strontium was synthesised via in situ co-precipitation method. Physicochemical properties of the composite obtained were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Thermogravimetry with differential thermal analysis (DT-TGA). The synthesized composite was subjected to bioactivity studies in simulated body fluid (SBF). The calcium release from the sample in SBF was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The physicochemical properties and bioactivity of the novel composite was compared with that of hydroxyapatite, strontium doped hydroxyapatite and chitosan hydroxyapatite. The in vitro bioactivity studies of the novel composite showed that it has a higher release of Ca2+ in the SBF compared to the other samples. The novel material was also found to induce more Ca2+ deposition after 28 days of immersion in the SBF. Hence, the novel composite material has the potential to be used as biomaterials for clinical application.
Feasibility of Irradiated Corn-Based Bioplastics as Packaging Material
Authors: Nasir Nur Nadia , OTHMAN SITI AMIRA
Published: May 2021

There are increasing intrest in research on corn based bioplastic to replace current plastic. However, corn based bioplastic faces a major drawback which are lack water barrier and poor mechanical properties resulting from its hydophilic properties. To produce better corn based bioplastic properties, a lot of research has been focuses on blend corn based bioplastic with other co biopolymer or additives and also radiation. By using radiation corn based bioplastic will induce degradation, cross linking or grafting and next the properties of corn based bioplastic will be improve in aspect of mechanical, physical and barrier properties and also acceptable to use as packaging material. Irradiated corn based bioplastic also have wide range of technology, the availability, less harmful to environment and the most important is the potential to use as packaging material. There is hot debate about using irradiated corn based bioplastic as packaging material. This review paper will be discussing and also to provide information on influence of radiation on the properties corn based bioplastic and its feasibility as packaging material.
Cellulose Nanofiber as Potential Absorbent Material for Chloride Ion
Authors: Misenan M.S.M. , Janudin Nurjahirah , Idayu Mas Amira , Norrrahim Mohd Nor Faiz , Jamal Siti Hasnawati , Wan Yusoff Wan Yusmawati , Kasim Norherdawati , Yunus Wan MD Zin Wan , Ernest Victor Feizal Knight Victor , Kasim Noor Azilah Mohd
Published: May 2021

A simple, low cost and rapid analytical method for determination of HCl concentration after being treated with cellulose and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) is developed. This method is based on color intensity after the HCl solution is doped with sodium iodide (NaI). The color of HCl solution changes from colorless to yellow. The intensity of the color is measured by UV – Visible spectroscopy. The UV-Visible spectra of 0.15 M HCl treated with cellulose and cellulose nanofibers is reduced from its initial concentration. The CNF absorption capacity is higher as compared to cellulose. FT-IR analysis showed that there is interaction between C-H group from the CNF backboned and chloride ion from HCl solution.
Study on the Effect of Applied Pressure on Iron and Manganese Rejection by Polyamide and Polypiperazine Amide Nanofiltration Membranes
Authors: Kasim Norherdawati , Mahmoudi Ebrahim , Mohammad Abdul Wahab , Sheikh Abdullah Siti Rozaimah
Published: May 2021

The aim of this research is to investigate the removal behavior of iron and manganese that naturally exist as divalent ions in groundwater by using nanofiltration membranes. The main focus of this study is to better understand the effect of applied pressures during the rejection of these metallic ions from synthetic groundwater in order to achieve drinking water standard. Polyamide and polypiperazine amide nanofiltration membranes denoted as PA-NF and PPA-NF were selected to investigate the iron and manganese rejection at low applied pressures (1-5 bar). In single solute solution with feed concentration at 10 mg/L and initial pH of 6.8 ± 0.5, the rejection of iron was ≥96% by PA-NF membrane at applied pressure of 2 bar. However, the rejection percentage by PPA-NF was 86.6% whereby this membrane unable to remove iron to the allowable drinking water standard. The rejection of manganese with single solute at concentration of 1 mg/L with initial pH of 6.8 ± 0.5 by using the PA-NF membrane was ≥98% and almost all of dissolved manganese were rejected at 5 bar. However, manganese removal by PPA-NF membrane was found less than 70% for all of the applied pressures. Findings from this work showed that the removal of iron and manganese were dependent on the applied pressures. PA-NF membrane able to remove both metallic ions that comply with the drinking water standard. The increased of applied pressure contributed to concentration polarization effect on the membrane surfaces leading to a decrease in solute rejection by decreasing the charge effect mainly for the iron removal from synthetic groundwater.