bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Withdrawal Agreement, Protocol on Gibraltar
Authors: Adams Catherine
Published: February 2022

This chapter reviews the Protocol on Gibraltar. The Protocol on Gibraltar contains few substantive provisions and consists largely of procedural mechanisms designed to ensure an orderly withdrawal of Gibraltar, which is an overseas territory of the UK. It enhances cooperation between the Spanish municipal authorities in the region of Campo de Gibraltar on the one hand, and the Government of Gibraltar on the other, in areas of particular concern. The Protocol was supplemented by four bilateral UK–Spain Memoranda of Understanding which supported its implementation. By virtue of Article 185, final subparagraph, of the Withdrawal Agreement, the Protocol ceased to apply at the end of the transition period with the exception of Article 1 (citizens’ rights).
Recessions and Tax Introductions
Authors: Papadia Andrea , Truchlewski Zbigniew
Published: February 2022

The chapter argues theoretically that economic recessions spur tax introductions, and investigates this claim empirically. It finds that recessions have indeed sped up the adoption of some taxes in a global sample of countries as the ‘recessionist’ hypothesis would suggest. This effect was particularly pronounced for inheritance taxes and social security contributions. Yet it also finds that recessions slowed down the introduction of other taxes, most notably personal income and value added taxes. The chapter identifies a change of the relationship between recessions and tax introductions in the 1930s, arguably reflecting the emergence of new ideas in economics and policy making related to the Great Depression. It concludes with a case study of inheritance tax introductions during the Long Depression of the nineteenth century. The study shows how the interaction between recessions and tax introductions unfolded in Great Britain and elsewhere.
The Rise of General Consumption Taxes
Authors: Ganderson Joseph , Limberg Julian
Published: February 2022

The chapter analyses the spread of general consumption taxes. It makes two points. First, it shows that the initial introduction of a general consumption tax has boosted revenue-raising capacity in countries around the world. Typically, the first general consumption tax was not a VAT but a less technically sophisticated general sales tax. Second, the chapter uses event history analyses to demonstrate that the uptake of the first general consumption tax was facilitated by revenue needs arising from: (1) mass interstate warfare in the first half of the twentieth century; (2) the adoption of major welfare initiatives; and (3) a marked deterioration of public finances. The historical trajectories of three cases—France, Japan, and Chile—corroborate these findings and call for further study.
Albemarle Street
Authors: Meurig Thomas John
Published: February 2022

The Royal Institution of Great Britain is renowned the world over, first, because if is a premier arena for the advancement of new scientific and technological knowledge; and second because it highlights the advance of knowledge of all kinds. It bridges the sciences and the humanities, and as much publicity is given to advances in the arts, archaelogy, architecture, drama and literature as to the pure and applied sciences. More famous scientists have lived and worked in the RI than in any other laboratory in the world. A roll-call includes Rumford, Davy, Faraday, Tyndall, Dewar, Rayleigh, W. H. Bragg, W. L. Bragg and George Porter. Not is it only the home of continuous electricity, it is also the birthplace of many aspects of molecular biology and viruses and enzymology. Some fifteen scientists who have won the Nobel Prize have, at one time or another, worked or lectured at the RI. And eminent individuals, like Howard Carter and Coleridge, have lectured there.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Meurig Thomas John
Published: February 2022

In setting the scene, the wide varienty of activities pursued at the RI is outlined. Its uniqueness as a centre of learning and advancement of knowledge is illustrated with reference to the extraordinary skills as natural philosophers and expositors of two of the greatest scientists who have ever lived: Humphry Davy and his successor, Michael Faraday. They each made transformative discoveries, which changed the way people lived. Faraday invented the dynamo, the transformer and a means of generating continuous electricity (by extracting it from magnetism). The role of mathematics in everyday life, as well as popular lectures for young people are a feature of the activites of the RI. In 1825, Faraday introduced the RI Christmas Lectures for young children, when he gave his monumental ‘The Chemical History of a Candle’. Such lectures are still broadcast in the UK and in places like Tokyo.
Egyptomania at the RI
Authors: Meurig Thomas John
Published: February 2022

Ever since Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, there has been enormous interest in the civilization of the ancient Egyptians, that has lasted more than six millennia. There were many early Discourses in the RI on the nature and unwrapping of Egyptian mummies. There were also speculations about the construction and dimensions of the famous Giza pyramids, especially that known as Khufu. Some of the speculations turned out to be bizarre. The highlight of this chapter, however, is a summary of the account that Howard Carter gave at the RI in 1925 when he described his discovery, and the contents of the Tomb of Tut-ank-Amun. He showed some spectacular objects that were discovered in the Tomb. Also discussed in this chapter is the role of colour (of minerals especially) in the lives of the ancient Egyptians. Humphry Davy was able to re-discover the recipe for making the coloured synthetic mineral, Egyptian Blue, which is used a the crown of Queen Nefertiti.
The Most Beautiful Experiment in Physics
Authors: Meurig Thomas John
Published: February 2022

There is often much debate in scientific circles as to which experiments or lecture-demonstrations are the most instructive, or spectacular. This chapter deals with several candidates, several of them having been carried out at the RI. One of these is the so-called two-slit experiment performed by Thomas Young in 1801. Others include the experiments and insights of Sir Lawrence Bragg, in connection with his interpretation of X-ray diffraction; Humphry Davy’s lecture-demonstration of the reality of the decrease of resistance of a metallic wire when its temperature is decreased. There is also a candidate from pre-Christian times, namely the determination of the circumference of the Earth done by Eratosthenes in Alexandria in the second century BC.
On distinguishing formal syntactic constraints from processing constraints
Authors: Francis Elaine J.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 4 explores ongoing debates in experimental syntax regarding the distinction between syntactic and processing-based effects on acceptability. Several types of arguments have figured prominently in the debates. Effects that have been claimed to favor a syntactic explanation include overgeneration of ungrammatical sentence types, cross-linguistic differences, resistance to repeated exposure effects, and resistance to individual differences in working memory capacity. Effects that have been claimed to favor a processing-based explanation include amelioration effects, isomorphism between acceptability ratings and time-sensitive measures such as reading time, repeated exposure effects, and effects of individual differences in working memory capacity. Each of these types of explanations is considered in turn, drawing on studies of syntactic islands, subject–verb agreement, missing VP illusions, and Superiority effects.
Introduction
Authors: Geoffroy-Schwinden Rebecca Dowd
Published: February 2022

This introduction sets forth the book’s framework as well as its argument that the French Revolution was fundamental to the emergence of modern professional musicianship and music historiography. It begins with an explanation of the relationship between Old Regime privileges (privilèges), property, and musicians’ professionalization in eighteenth-century France. After an account of the Revolution’s Abolition of Privilege on August 4, 1789, the historiographies of the French Revolution and musicology are woven together with a particular focus on a new strand of hybrid material-cultural histories in the two disciplines, which offers a promising new approach to uncover the significance of musical changes during the French Revolution. The introduction concludes with a summary of the book’s chapters.
PROFILE: Tish Scolnik
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

Natasha (Tish) Scolnik was a mechanical engineering student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when she took a seminar course on wheelchair design for developing countries. Her instructor challenged the class to rethink wheelchairs for people needing to navigate rough terrain and long distances to work or school. Scolnik and her student colleagues examined those use criteria and quickly learned that conventional wheelchairs are heavy, hard to navigate, and expensive to fix. They decided to start from scratch, with a special goal of meeting the unmet needs of the disabled in the developing world....
PROFILE: Pingsha Dong
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

In the late 1990s, Dong was working at the Battelle Memorial Institute1 as a welding engineer/senior research leader, with interest in predicting fatigue for welding joints. Metal fatigue is a primary cause of weld failure, and predicting those failures was an elusive goal of considerable research. Dong’s key discovery/insight/aha! moment was to measure force ...
PROFILE: Commercialization in the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

In the United States, federal research laboratories are housed in most cabinet-level departments. Examples include the National Labs (Department of Energy), the National Institutes of Health (Health and Human Services), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Commerce). These units report annually to Congress concerning their technology transfer initiatives. Here we highlight research conducted in laboratories overseen by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and how that research moves into the marketplace....
Introduction
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

In framing orchestra management, this introductory chapter offers helpful context to the reader, suggesting a relationship-oriented approach to the topic. The various short-term, long-term, internal, external, and existential challenges of managing an orchestra are discussed, alongside relationship-oriented considerations that should be made. The introduction then describes the variety of internal and external relationships that are established and maintained by the orchestra manager. The importance of building trust amongst all stakeholders is emphasized as the ultimate goal of the orchestra manager. The introduction concludes by clarifying the scope of the book, pointing out special features, and clarifying terminology used throughout the text.
Turing’s Computability
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on Turing’s analysis, which reduces effective computability to Turing machine computability. The analysis consists of two steps. The first is the formulation of restrictive conditions on effective computations by idealized human computers. The second is an outline of a reduction theorem, from human computability to Turing machine computability. The chapter discusses in detail the claim that the Turing analysis targets human computers, and explicates some aspects of this notion. It then argues that while this analysis of human computability is of immense theoretical and practical importance, it cannot be taken as the basis of machine computation.
Preamble to Machine Computation
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

This chapter distinguishes between three kinds of machine computation, and characterizes the inclusion relations between them. The most general notion is that of generic computation. A second one is that of algorithmic computation, and the third, which is the focus of the book, is that of physical computation. The chapter starts with Robin Gandy’s characterization of machine computation, and argues that the account falls ambiguously between the different kinds of machine computation and fails to fully capture any of them. Next, the chapter analyzes the notions of generic, algorithmic, and physical computation, concluding that these notions are extensionally distinct.
Computation as Mechanism
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

The mechanistic account has evolved into a formidable theory of physical computation, and is the dominant view of computation today. The chapter focuses on Gualtiero Piccinini’s account, which is the most comprehensive and detailed theory of physical computation to date. According to this theory, computation is a functional mechanism. Its teleological function is to manipulate vehicles based solely on differences between different portions of the vehicles according to a rule defined over the vehicles. After presenting the account, the chapter highlights its two main shortcomings. One is that computational explanations do not sit squarely with the mechanistic framework. The other is that the main criteria of the account—rules, medium-independence, and teleological functions—do not appear to adequately distinguish computing from non-computing systems. The conclusion is that, despite its obvious virtues, the mechanistic account falls short of satisfying the key classification and explanation desiderata of an account of computation.
An Argument for the Semantic View
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

The chapter advances an argument for the semantic individuation of computational states. Its first and central premise is the simultaneous implementation of automata by physical systems. Simultaneous implementation (also known as “the indeterminacy of computation”) is a phenomenon whereby a physical system implements multiple formal structures at the same time, at the same location, and even with the same physical properties. The next premises are that, in a given context, a computational taxonomy often takes into account one of the implemented formalisms, and that content determines, at least partly, the select formalism. The chapter then addresses two objections. One is that the computational structure of the system is always identified with a more basic structure. The second objection is that we need not appeal to content for the purposes of computational individuation because extrinsic yet non-semantic features would do the job just as well.
Accountability Concerns
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter addresses the application of educational standards to technology-based music instruction (TBMI). To date, no sets of standards directly address the ways TBMI teachers and students work; therefore, there is a lack of clarity as to how teachers are accountable to the larger educational culture. The chapter describes and critiques standards that are partially applicable: the NAfME music technology standards, the TI:ME Areas of Pedagogical Skill and Understanding, and the ISTE National Educational Technology Standards. Implications of all of these are discussed and support the conclusion that there is not currently available a single set of standards that fully accounts for the complexities of TBMI.
Future Considerations for Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter includes a discussion of emerging technologies and ensembles, and ways that they might be integrated into music teaching. It provides suggestions for teaching with tablets and mobile devices, alternative ensembles, and Modern Band. The chapter also addresses ways to include singing in technology-based music instruction. A component of this chapter is a discussion of various types of distance learning including online tutorials, collaborative online music making, and formal online learning. It also addresses social and inclusion issues as they relate to TBMI.
Transhistorical Militancy, Community-Building, and Proto-State Media Systems
Authors: Winkler Carol , El Damanhoury Kareem
Published: February 2022

Chapter 3 describes how the repeated references to historic battles and fighters in ISIS and al-Qaeda’s media products set expectations for the proto-state communities and their media systems. It explores how mentions of the past battles and fighters help define transhistorical subjectivities that frame the groups’ identity as timeless and serve as models for beliefs and behaviors for proto-state members. It also reveals how the historic references function to expose the groups’ criteria for evaluating their own proto-state media systems. The chapter examines how the two proto-states strategically positioned various battles (Badr, al-Azhab, al-Yamama, al-Qadissiyah, and Ain Jalut) and fighters (Hamza ibn Abdul Mutalib, Abu Baseer, Abu Jandal, Umm Amarah, Al-Khansa, the Pharaoh, Abdullah ibn Ubai ibn Salul, and Al-Aswad Al-Ansi) to define community and media system standards. It concludes with a discussion of how the groups’ mentions of contemporary martyrs function in similar ways.
Audience Resilience Strategies of Proto-State Media Systems
Authors: Winkler Carol , El Damanhoury Kareem
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 explores the symbolic factors that al-Qaeda and ISIS use to sustain the attention of their followers. It begins by analyzing the strategies that proto-states rely on to build their credibility, particularly in relation to their militant efforts, their media operations, and their community-building activities. It then examines the groups’ patterned approaches for enhancing audience involvement in their various multimodal media products. Finally, it reveals how the proto-states adapt their media products in response to on-the-ground actions, both of their own and their enemies’ making. The chapter concludes with the observation that despite the identified patterns of building credibility, audience involvement, and adaptability, the proto-states’ choices vary based on the identity of the proto-state group, the media product type, the subject matter of the content, the presentational form of that content, the target audience, the media channels, and the situational context.
Introduction
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces the questions and puzzles that motivate the book, a brief sketch of the main arguments, and an outline of the empirical methods. It provides conceptual and historical background on efforts to promote institutionalized security governance in conflict-affected settings, and explores approaches from the literature for explaining when they succeed or fail. While prior research highlights the benefits of addressing security governance challenges, it also raises questions about the effectiveness of international efforts to promote institutional change. Yet in focusing primarily on the obstacles to such change, the literature does not account for the varied outcomes of these efforts within and across countries. Highlighting a core puzzle of the book, the chapter asks why leaders in some conflict-affected settings adopt changes that institutionalize security governance despite the political risks. It provides a brief overview of the book’s main arguments, focusing on how internal conditions affect political calculations around security governance and shape the role and influence of external assistance. It then outlines the evidence and research methods used to examine this evidence, summarizing the six qualitative case studies and the original quantitative dataset, the Postwar Security Governance Dataset, and describes how they are applied to test and refine the argument.
Politics of Fear
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre
Published: February 2022

The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina focuses on the effects of political networks to explain the trajectories of the military and police. Following the peace agreement, cohesive, nationalist parties remained politically dominant in separate jurisdictions, controlled separate military and police forces, and opposed restructuring. In early 2002, fragmentation in one of the ruling parties generated an opening for defense reform. As the party split internally, governing elites sought external support to neutralize hard-liners within their party, and external actors seized this opportunity to negotiate defense reform. Politicians blocked similar reforms to the police, however, as their cohesive networks remained closely tied to separate police forces. This chapter shows how cohesive networks inhibit institutional change, but even temporary fragmentation can create openings for restructuring. It also points to ways in which external actors may influence underlying political conditions over time.
Influence of Riches
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre
Published: February 2022

The case study of Timor-Leste sheds light on the effects of unconstrained revenue through a comparison of the national police in 1999–2006 and in 2006–10. A decades-long struggle for Timorese independence ended with a referendum in 1999, the deployment of a UN peace operation, and the establishment of an independent state in 2002. Early on, fragmented networks and constrained revenue enabled the UN to influence the development of the police force. Yet the short timeframe and limited attention to oversight structures left the police vulnerable to political pressures. As oil revenue increased, rising tensions in the police contributed to a violent political crisis in 2006. From 2006 to 2010, a new ruling party distributed oil rents to mobilize support and maintain control of the security forces. This approach helped achieve stability, but it inhibited civilian oversight and accountability and undermined external influence. This case further points to longer-term interactions among domestic conditions and external actors. It illustrates how factional tensions within security forces escalate toward large-scale violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre
Published: February 2022

The final chapter lays out the main conclusions and implications of the study. It summarizes the empirical findings regarding how the political networks and revenue sources that underpin political authority affect security governance, and how internal political dynamics shape the effectiveness of international assistance efforts. It then draws out theoretical insights, looking beyond security governance to the politics of institutional change. In highlighting distributional contests over authority and resources, the findings show how institutional change emerges from political contestation rather than in spite of it. They highlight how the political role of international assistance in supporting elites shape its influence over institutions. The chapter then lays out practical and policy implications. It explores how international assistance programs can identify, navigate, and respond to internal political challenges, including through ongoing analysis, attention to resolving political trade-offs, calibrating instruments to local conditions, investing in relationships, and engaging the political context.
Passages of Bohème
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Part II foregrounds the Red Sea anecdote in contrasting emancipatory narratives: in Murger’s story of Marcel’s painting, in Kierkegaard’s pursuit of a life result, and in Puccini’s La Bohème. The anecdote, being about a painting produced contrary to expectation, offers an explanation. What is the relation between expectation and explanation? What are the modern stakes in the social patterns of art’s production? The many ways of social critique are worked through contra the nasty prejudices of anti-Semitic complaint. Chapter 4 reads Murger’s scenes for la vie de bohème given their constant invocations of the Red Sea Passage. What and who was included and excluded from the life? Far from recommending the life, Murger undercut its possibility before its passage even began. What the chapter’s end reveals about the Red Sea painting proves what the chapter argues first: that no masterpiece could be completed by an artist living for the sake of la vie de bohème.
Contesting Opera
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 draws on the paragone, the comparison and contest among the different arts, and on ekphrasis, the rhetorical use of words to evoke visual images for the mind’s eye. It presents a spectrum of examples to prepare for the interpretation, in Chapter 7, of Puccini’s La Bohème. It brings Puccini’s opera onto Parnassus to stand alongside other works that contain ekphrastic moments of biblical, prophetic, or promissory significance. The most obviously pertinent works from among the many self-reflective artist-operas are those aiming for a liberation of life and art through evocations and invocations of the Red Sea Passage.
Reds of Art and War
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 13 follows the oceanic allegory over embattled fields and city streets into red rooms to ask when and why red appears everywhere before one’s eyes. It opens Part IV, which overall addresses the color red through examples linking the Red Sea Passage to the Red Square via the Red Thread. How has red, with its spread of terms and senses, been used to safeguard the monochromatic tendency against the wrong sort of spread—of black and white into every shade of grey? The middle chapters investigate the grey that was said to threaten the gay science and German Idealism given their engagement with formalism, abstraction, pluralism, perspectivism, relativism, and mood change. Everything contributes to the telling in Part V of the extraordinary history of the Red Sea anecdote.
Thought Experiments in Color
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 16 moves between thought experiments and puzzles regarding epigraphs in a print culture of black and white. It explores the interaction of the philosophical critique of monochromatic formalism with the monochrome technique broadly applied to the one-colored, non-colored, and all-colored canvases and pages of painting, literature, and history. It offers more twists and turns of perspective drawn from the Red Sea anecdote to connect the red of a sea, square, and thread to the red corner of a room redesigned for the living.
Spreading the Anecdote
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 20 tells the history of the Red Sea anecdote. When and why exactly did the wall come to be covered over with the red of the Red Sea? Why was a fictional rogue painter replaced by a real painter only thereafter for the fiction to be endlessly confused with the facts? This chapter writes the history of all the interrelated tales associated with the anecdote as a common knowledge. It serves as a walking guide, vade-mecum, to take us, in the final chapter, to the final missing link. Together, the two chapters recapitulate all the threads of the detective work woven through every chapter of this book.
All Is Well
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi
Published: February 2022

All Is Well attempts to answer one of the most urgent questions of our time: What is the relationship between modern states and the disasters they claim to manage? Disasters are commonly understood as exceptional occurrences that ruin societies and inspire ad hoc rituals of legal, administrative, and scientific control called “disaster management.” States and the international institutions perform disaster management to protect society. The book challenges this traditional narrative. It interprets “disaster management” as a historical struggle to conservate the existence and experience of catastrophes and produce idealized authorities capable of protecting society from uncertainty. It examines the emergence of this struggle in the eighteenth century and reveals how rulers and experts struggling to master God, nature, and each other inaugurated modern meanings of risk, normalcy, power, and responsibility. By recovering this history of disaster management, the book reveals underlying knowledge structures and political economies that smuggle the unspoken costs of modernity inside the rationalized representation of past catastrophes and future risks. Catastrophes, put bluntly, are not occurrences. They are inventions. Even in their most destructive forms, catastrophes are the stigmata through which the modern state renews itself. The book develops this argument by examining the Marseille plague (1720), the Lisbon earthquake (1755), and the Bengal famine (1770) and showing how eighteenth-century beliefs reverberate in structure and policies of “global” disaster management today. It concludes that climate change and the national and international authorities designed to fight it are products of three centuries of disaster management, and civilizational survival depends on reckoning with this past.
In the Shadow of Leviathans Seen and Unseen
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the book’s “problem,” defining questions, thesis, and structure. It reveals the urgent need to study the historical relationship between disasters and modern states and reflects on the importance of the eighteenth century in our time. The chapter introduces popular and expert conceptions of “disaster,” “the state,” and their (presumed) oppositional relationship. It explains why these conceptions and the resulting governance practices struggle to face today’s existential dilemmas like global warming and the Covid-19 pandemic. (The theoretical and methodological premises introduced here are developed in Chapter 2.) Finally, Chapter 1 introduces three case studies of eighteenth-century disasters that substantiate the book’s thesis and show how the disaster management in the distant past continues to inspire contemporary chaos and exploitative power relations within and between states.
Corner Pieces
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2 serves different functions for different readers. It expands on the theoretical and methodological premises discussed in Chapter 1 and introduces students and lay readers to current thinking on disasters and state formation, drawing on disciplines such as legal and environmental history, disaster studies, geography, sociology, science and technology studies, political ecology, and critical approaches to international law and development. The chapter locates the book’s methods within these literatures and distinguishes its arguments from existing studies of disasters, disasters management, and state formation. Seasoned readers can use the chapter to discern and evaluate the book’s premises, themes, claims and conclusions.
Marseille 1720
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi
Published: February 2022

Chapter 3 examines the Marseille plague of 1720 and shows that the history of disaster management is inextricable from the history of instincts and techniques designed to create a “right” social order and an idealized authority to rule it. The chapter begins seventy years before the onset of plague. It shows how political ambitions, legal rules, administrative instincts, and cultural norms designed to construct a model society produced a public health crisis in Marseille and jeopardized the legitimacy of the French state. As authorities and critics struggled to manage the disaster, they explained its causes, attempted remedial measures, and dispersed blame in ways that shaped enduring conceptions of risk, crisis, normalcy, and the modern administrative state. Chapter 3 challenges the notion that disasters upend narratives of truth and power where they occur; it reveals how existing power relations can sustain and thrive during a crisis.
Portugal 1755
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi
Published: February 2022

Chapter 4 traces the emergence of disaster management and the modern, scientific state following the Lisbon earthquake of 1775. It studies how the Marquês de Pombal, who rose to power in the quake’s aftermath, revolutionized the Portuguese state by explaining the calamity as a natural accident susceptible to centralized and scientific management. Chapter 4 follows Pombal’s efforts to reclaim moral, political, economic, and ecological hegemony from rival sovereigns and the Jesuit Order. It shows that the state’s claim to master natural chaos and superstition through science and rational governance was realized through ancien régime–style despotism, disenfranchisement, social immobility, and legalized violence. In Portugal, the struggle to define catastrophe was also the struggle to imagine a “normal” political authority. Chapter 4 reveals how modern—legal, political, and scientific—authorities may continue to be defined by the arbitrariness they reject and the “natural” chaos and irrationalities they promise to subsume.
Bengal 1770
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 examines how the conservation of a historic famine in 1770 Bengal stimulated state formation in multiple spaces—the liberal, constitutional state in England and the colonial state in India. The British East India Company’s rule over pre-famine Bengal was defined by neglect, rapaciousness, indifference, and ignorance. The famine reflected a moral crisis, around political corruption, within English society. The chapter follows the British Parliament, courts, and media as they interpreted the calamity as a reflection of natural chaos and human irrationality in Bengal. It shows that disaster management in Bengal was designed to make Indians and their environment safe for colonial exploitation. Bengal’s fate forecasts the resilient relationship between disaster management and the colonial rule that would deepen in the nineteenth century and structure “normal” governance in independent India. Chapter 5, then, reveals the colonial roots of transnational and, eventually, global disaster management in our time.
The Influence of Plato on the Thought of W. E. B. Du Bois
Authors: Withun David
Published: February 2022

The influence of Plato on the thought of W. E. B. Du Bois is evident in some of Du Bois’s most important ideas, including his dedication to a notion of unchanging truth and the ability to attain justice by overcoming ignorance through the exposure of this fixed and eternal truth, Du Bois’s social vision including his distinctive notion of a “Talented Tenth” dedicated to the duty of group leadership, and Du Bois’s concept of aesthetics and its resulting theory of the social function of art. Given the deep and pervasive influence of Plato’s ideas, Du Bois’s famous conflict with Booker T. Washington over the education of African American young people and the place of African American people within American society is best understood through the framework of Du Bois’s Platonist social and educational ideals.
Meso- and South America
Authors: Arthur John W.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 explores beer from northern Mexico to the tip of South America and how the first beers from this region may have come from chewed husks rather than the kernels so ubiquitous in chicha beers. The chapter will look at the development of beers during the different Andean polities, from the ritual site of Chavín de Huántar to the Inca Empire, which intersected beer with fertility, work ethic, and economic reciprocity. Also discussed is the rich ethnographic evidence of beers from the Sierra Madres in north Mexico to the Amazonian rainforest to the montane region of the Andes.
Drifting through Samsara
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh
Published: February 2022

Goenka’s Vipassana movement is distinguished for its consistent refusal to identify as Buddhist and its rich rhetorical repertoire for repackaging Theravada Buddhist teachings in pseudo-scientific and secular language. This book is an in-depth qualitative study of Goenka’s movement in New Zealand. It illustrates the implication of the movement’s discourse on shaping unique processes and narratives of conversion and disengagement. It argues that conversion to this movement is tacit and paradoxically results in the members’ rejection of religious labels and categories. The book subsequently examines disengagement in the context of tacit conversion, outlining three pathways: (1) pragmatic leaving, (2) disaffiliation, and (3) deconversion. Pragmatic leavers refer to individuals who disengaged prior to developing a commitment and their language is characterised by pragmatisms, dualistic discourse, and ambivalence, and their post-disengagement involves an active gravitation towards practices with easily accomplished goals. Disaffiliates and deconverts are individuals who disengaged after years of intense commitment to the movement. One of the distinguishing features of disaffiliation narratives is self-doubt resulting from the movement’s ambiguous discourse regarding progress, and that post-disengagement often involves the retrospective adoption of the Buddhist identity. The book argues that consequential to its linguistic strategies as well as the movement’s relation to the host culture, deconversion from this movement is a rare exit pattern. The book thus also questions the normative participant recruitment approach in conversion studies and argues that a simple reliance on the informants’ identification or rejection of categories fails to encompass the tonalities of conversion in the contemporary spiritual landscape.
Introduction
Authors: Tran Jonathan
Published: February 2022

The Introduction presents the book’s key themes, concepts, and arguments. It defines identarian antiracism as a mode of analysis that subordinates political economy to racial identity. After describing how identarianism works, the chapter lays out the problematic implications of the identarian approach. The chapter presents political economy as an alternative, one that analytically subordinates racial identity to the political economy—that is, racial capitalism—that gives racial identity meaning. This alternative approach highlights the role racial justification plays in capitalism’s dominative exploitation. The chapter then thematizes racial capitalism in terms of the theological concept of divine economy. Christian theology makes economy a general feature of creation and locates creaturely economy within the story of God’s saving economy. The chapter argues that this theological political economic approach gets antiracism closer to liberation than does the identarian alternative. The chapter concludes by outlining how the book’s respective chapters contribute to this larger argument.
Becoming White in the White/Black Binary
Authors: Tran Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Having portrayed the Delta Chinese as a “moving picture” of racial capitalism, this book next considers an identarian approach that frames their story not in terms of political economy but rather racial identity. James Loewen’s classic The Mississippi Chinese portrays the Delta Chinese as becoming white. This identarian story inspired a becoming-white trope which served as the basis of critical whiteness studies. Chapter 3 argues that the trope is the narrative form of the binary logic of race, and so antiracists who complain about the white/black binary while peddling “becoming-white” tropes contradict themselves. In order to show this, the chapter revisits the early history of American race ideology and its divide-and-conquer strategy of labor management. Oliver Cromwell Cox’s world-systems approach is presented as better suited to understanding the Chinese question and better able to illuminate pathways to liberation. The chapter concludes by recounting the Delta Chinese’s complicated moral legacy.
Sociological Thinking about Music Education
Authors: Frierson-Campbell Carol , Hall Clare , Powell Sean Robert , Rosabal-Coto Guillermo
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces the purpose, warrant, and contents of the book Sociological Thinking about Music Education: International Intersections, namely that sociological thinking can help us understand the meanings of music learning and teaching in the context of the communities and societies where they occur. The chapter sets the stage for the collection with autobiographical narratives of the editors’ diverse pathways into sociological thinking. Following a brief survey of the origins of current sociological thinking about music education, which emphasizes perspectives from beyond the Global North, the chapter engages readers with summaries of the enticing chapters that are featured in the text. The chapter concludes by summarizing the ways this collection expands the interdisciplinary field of music education and invites readers to use their own sociological imaginations to interrogate and reimagine the “givens” in music education.
“A Perfect Mix?”
Authors: Martignetti Frank
Published: February 2022

Drawing on the conceptual dichotomy of agency and structure, this chapter uses a microsociological lens to examine the impact of the ambitious New York City school “choice” reforms, enacted by Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Chancellor Joel Klein from 2000 to 2010, on access to music education for students in one high school. The findings reveal contradictions between the political “rhetoric of choice” and the opportunity gaps and “barriers to/supports for music learning” experienced by students. The rhetoric of choice promises increased access but, as demonstrated in this chapter, these effects are mixed at best.
Ovid’s Ars amatoria and the Epicurean Hedonic Calculus
Authors: Gibson Roy
Published: February 2022

This chapter studies Ovid’s use of the Epicurean hedonic calculus in the Amores epigram and the Ars amatoria and Remedia amoris. Epicurean ethics asserts that all actions must be based on a calculation of future pleasure versus future pain: the former should outweigh the latter in the long run and in a regular manner. A version of the hedonic calculus is particularly evident in Ars 2, where the male lover must learn to weigh both short-term pleasure and immediate pain against the long-term goal of the satisfaction derived from an enduring relationship. Ovid, however, gradually reveals himself to be an “erotic extremist” willing to risk everything in order to maximize momentary pleasure. If men are expected to pursue an individualistic life course according to a perverted calculus of pleasure, the women of Ars 3, by contrast, are tasked with the creation of cooperation and social cohesion in the erotic world. The Panaetian ethics of Cicero’s De officiis, with its emphasis on decorum and compliant behavior, dominates the instruction given to women in Ars 3. Ultimately, however, Ovid rejects Epicurus (and Lucretius). Ovid insists that instruction in the Ars is “privileged” and exceptional. The unethical behavior encouraged in the poem is not to be practiced in conventional society outside the world of love. Furthermore, there is inherent right and wrong: the gods exist and underwrite the shared moral code of Roman society. These positions are linked to an apparent rejection of Epicureanism as a system for living in normal society.
Criticizing Love’s Critic
Authors: Hanses Erin M.
Published: February 2022

In several of his works that take love as their subject, Ovid employs parrhesia or “frank criticism,” a typically Epicurean instructional mode, to criticize Lucretian and Epicurean views on love. Throughout his Amores, Ars amatoria, and Remedia amoris, Ovid plays on the didactic relationships present in Lucretius’ philosophical poem as he shifts his own persona from that of student of love to teacher of love and finally to doctor of love. In doing so, Ovid offers a critique of Lucretius that presents an alternative view of love to that of the Epicureans. Whereas Lucretius advises a rejection of amor through embracing Epicurean philosophy, Ovid promises that love can be managed if one has the skills to do so. As he unveils his own experiences in the Amores and then offers instruction in the Ars and Remedia, Ovid speaks frankly not only to his audience of “students,” but also to his “teacher” Lucretius, regarding his own philosophy of love.
Intellectual Property and Immorality
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This book argues that certain intellectual creations should not receive copyright or patent protection because they are harmful to society. It posits that the theories of intellectual property and the Intellectual Property Clause of the U.S. Constitution suggest this conclusion. The book responds to counterarguments: namely, that denying protection might increase the output of objectionable works; that other laws should address the moral problems; and that intellectual property functions better under a laissez-faire approach. After responding to these arguments, the book considers the roles of government actors in denying protection. It argues that courts should exercise their powers of equity to deny relief for works that are connected to unlawful acts of the rights-holder, and that courts should exercise their constitutional powers to deny protection for specific categories of harmful expressions and inventions. Next, the book considers whether Congress has constitutional authority to deny protection for works that it considers to be immoral. In concluding that Congress does have such authority, the book sets forth specific criteria that Congress should apply in exercising its moral discretion. Finally, the book considers whether denying intellectual property protection on moral grounds would violate the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. It concludes that principles of free speech afford Congress considerable discretion to deny patent protection but only narrow discretion to deny copyright protection. It also concludes that the Free Speech Clause is consistent with judicial denial of protection for the limited categories of works that fall outside the Intellectual Property Clause.
A Constitutional Limitation
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines whether the constitutional clause that gives Congress power to legislate copyright and patent law (the Intellectual Property Clause) represents a limitation on Congress’s power. It interprets the constitutional purpose stated in the Clause—“To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts”—as barring Congress from extending protection to individual works that fail to fulfill that purpose. To support that interpretation, this chapter examines the constitutional policy underlying the Intellectual Property Clause, as well as the text and interpretive history of the Clause. It also responds to the argument that the Clause’s purpose should be construed as a non-limiting preamble and even if it is not, that the purpose should limit only the overall regime that Congress enacts—not individual works.
Progress, Science, and useful Arts
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter interprets meanings of terms in the Intellectual Property Clause to conclude that Congress may not extend copyright or patent protection to certain types of intellectual creations. It argues that “Progress of . . . useful Arts” precludes patent protection for inventions that are so harmful to society that they are incapable of social advancement. It observes that this category of inventions would be relatively narrow. The chapter further argues that “Progress of Science” precludes copyright protection for two categories of works that fail to improve society’s knowledge—deceitful and pornographic expression. It concludes that as a constitutional matter, courts must deny protection for such works.