bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Import substitution and self-sufficiency in basic foodstuffs
Authors: Mukhametgaliev Farit , Sitdikova Landysh , Gainutdinov Ilgizar , Avkhadiev Fayaz , Asadullin Nail
Published: September 2022

The relevance of the topic of the article is caused by the need to study the current situation in the food market and determine the level of development of the production potential of the domestic agri-food complex in the context of import substitution and fierce competition in the global food market. The purpose of the article is to assess the processes of development of the agro-food complex in the context of import substitution, identify trends, and substantiate priorities in the implementation of the country's food security strategy. The article carried out a comprehensive study of the current state of development of agricultural production, analyzed the current state of the food supply of the country's population, identified trends, identified priority strategic directions for the implementation of the import substitution policy, and ensured the country's food security. The article concludes on the long-term nature of the implementation of the import substitution strategy and ensuring food security. There is a need for an interconnected and balanced organization of import and export activities of enterprises of the agro-food complex. The authors substantiate the need for reorientation of enterprises after reaching the target indicators of food self-sufficiency from domestic sales of products to the development of international food markets. The theoretical provisions and practical recommendations proposed in the article make it possible to solve the problem of stable self-sufficiency of the country with competitive food products and the implementation of a food security strategy.
Anti-erosion reclamation and its economic efficiency
Authors: Klychova Guzaliya , Zakirova Alsou , Khismatullin Marsel , Khismatullin Mars , Raheem Ullah , Osipov Anatoly
Published: September 2022

One of the most acute problems of agriculture in some regions of the Russian Federation, including the Republic of Tatarstan at present is a progressive degradation of the soil cover. Every year the scale of water erosion increases, causing huge damage not only to agriculture but also to large and small rivers of the region. In this regard, there is a need to analyze the impact of soil erosion on the efficiency of agricultural production and the development of science-based anti-erosion measures to combat soil erosion in agriculture of the Republic of Tatarstan. The results of the carried out research testify that ecological efficiency of one anti-erosion construction in complex with soil protection measures protects on the average 120 ha of lands from further development of erosion processes, economically pays back by the results of two years of economic activity on the protected lands. The practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that they can not only contribute to the development of the agro-industrial complex and other sectors of the economy, provide an increase in soil fertility, a dynamic increase in agricultural production, reduction of retirement of agricultural land and the creation of new jobs. They also ensure the conservation and restoration of water resources.
Selection of the main parameters of tractors for direct sowing of grain crops according to various optimization criteria
Authors: Khafizov Camill A. , Khafizov Ramil N. , Nurmiev Azat A. , Gayaziev Ilnar N.
Published: September 2022

The article discusses the questions of optimization of parameters and operating modes of the tractor as a part of the arable unit by various criteria of optimization. The following parameters have been chosen for consideration. These are minimum total energy costs, taking into account the energy of the lost crop; minimum emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; minimum fuel consumption per 1 ha of crops; maximum performance; maximum traction efficiency of the tractor. The optimal weight of the tractor, the power of its engine, the width of the sowing unit and its working speed were determined by carrying out computational experiments with a change in the resistivity of the sowing complex. It was revealed that the optimal parameters of the tractor and the sowing unit do not coincide according to all optimization criteria with an increase in the specific resistance of the soil to the working bodies of the seeder, the optimal value of the tractor weight and the power of its engine grow. The optimal weight of the tractor should be 120 kN with the possibility of loading up to 150 kN, it is desirable to have a two-level engine of 500 and 600 hp. The working width of the seeder must be able to change from 14 to 18 m.
Application of feed additive “BioPrimum dry” with probiotic effect in dairy farming
Authors: Ruin Vadim A. , Kistina Anna A. , Prytkov Yuri N. , Panfilova Anna S.
Published: September 2022

Currently, the search for alternative ways to replace the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is being intensively conducted all over the world, including in Russia. One of the possibilities for the replacement of antibiotics in feed mixtures is the development and testing of probiotics in production conditions. They are biomass of bacteria in the vegetative or spore form with a clearly expressed antagonistic activity against the pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora of the gastrointestinal tract chyme. The paper presents the results of a study on the use of the BioPrimum Sukhoy (dry) feed additive added in different dosages into cows' diets. It was found that the introduction of the feed additive in the composition of the cows' diets at a dosage of 75 mg/kg of dry matter of feed resulted in an increase of red blood cell count and hemoglobin content in the blood by 11.40 and 6.05%, respectively, compared with analogs of the control group. There was an increase in milk productivity by 13.8%, in the amount of milk fat by 14.8% and milk protein by 14.2%.
Study of the influence of various factors on the emission of carbon dioxide by the aggregate during direct sowing of grain crops
Authors: Khafizov Camill A. , Khafizov Ramil N. , Nurmiev Azat A. , Makarova Olga I.
Published: September 2022

The article deals with issues related to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere during the operation of sowing machine and tractor units. To identify ways to reduce CO2 emissions, computational experiments were conducted using a mathematical model of sowing units compiled according to the efficiency indicator. This is the integral emission of carbon dioxide as the sum of CO2 in the manufacture, maintenance, repair, control of the unit, when burning fuel and the amount of CO2 not absorbed from the atmosphere during the formation of the grain crop due to its losses from improperly selected equipment and its parameters. The influence of a number of factors on the integral emission of CO2 is investigated. These are the area of the treated area or field, the specific resistance of the planter, the volume of seasonal load on the unit, the annual load of the tractor in hours, the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, the pressure in the tires of the wheel propulsion engines, etc. Effective values of factors for reducing the emission of carbon dioxide by the sowing unit are revealed. The use of the totality of all the recommendations received will reduce the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by the aggregate during the technological operation of direct sowing of grain crops by 600-650 kg/ha.
Biohumus “Sis” for the ecologically pure agricultural production
Authors: Jhangiryan Tatevik A. , Markosyan Albert O. , Yeritsyan Hovhannes K. , Valeeva Julia , Petrosyan Margarit T. , Valeeva Gulnara
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to investigate the influence of the microbial biohumus obtained from organic non-toxic wastes on the yield of three varieties of peppers, identification of the effect of biohumus on soil physicochemical parameters, to determine the ecological significance and economic feasibility of biohumus application. The photosynthetic activity of plants and accumulation of ascorbic acid in the tissues of peppers were investigated. The experiments in the vegetation cabin condition have been carried out according to the following variants: 1. Control, 2. Biohumus, 3. N60P60K60, 4. Biohumus + N60P60K60. The yield of a variety of Jermatnayin hska pepper in the vegetation cabin conditions in the Biohumus (237 c/ ha) variant was lower than in the “Biohumus + N60P60K60” variant and was higher from “N60P60K60” and “Control” variants (277c/ha, 229 c/ha, and 191c/ha respectively). The yield of a variety of Arajnek pepper in the Biohumus (286 c/ha) variant was lower than in the “Biohumus + N60P60K60” variant and was higher “N60P60K60” and “Control” variants (320c/ha, 265c/ha, and 228c/ha respectively). The yield of a variety of Loshtak pepper in the “Biohumus” (335.7 c/ha) variant was lower than in the “Biohumus + N60P60K60” variant and was higher in “N60P60K60” and “Control” variants (391.9c/ha, 314c/ha, and 239.8c/ha respectively).
Was ich noch zu sagen hätte
Authors: Prommersberger Karl-Josef
Published: September 2022

Auf den ersten Blick mag man denken, dass der Grund für den Gebrauch des
Konjunktiv II „hätte“ im Lied von Reinhard Mey „Was
ich noch zu sagen hätte“ der Umstand sei, dass sich
„hätte“ auf „Zigarette“ reimt. Auch wenn
dies vielleicht so war, ist es doch auch so, dass es grammatikalisch absolut korrekt
war, den Konjunktiv II zu verwenden. Denn der Konjunktiv II wird immer dann
verwendet, wenn die Form des Konjunktiv I gleich lautet wie der Indikativ. Da bei
der ersten Person Singular Indikativ und Konjunktiv I des Verbs
„haben“ gleich sind („ich habe“), ist also der
Konjunktiv II zu verwenden.
Treatment of Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical
Disease
Authors: Gang Xiaokun , Wang Guixia , Liu Xinming , Zhang Siwen , Guo Yunran
Published: September 2022

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a rare cause of
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-independent Cushing’s syndrome (CS),
which mainly occurs in children and young adults. Treatment options with proven
clinical efficacy for PPNAD include adrenalectomy (bilateral or unilateral
adrenalectomy) and drug treatment to control hypercortisolemia. Previously, the
main treatment of PPNAD is bilateral adrenal resection and long-term hormone
replacement after surgery. In recent years, cases reports suggest that
unilateral or subtotal adrenal resection can also lead to long-term remission in
some patients without the need for long-term hormone replacement therapy.
Medications for hypercortisolemia, such as Ketoconazole, Metyrapone and Mitotane
et.al, have been reported as a preoperative transition for in some patients with
severe hypercortisolism. In addition, tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, COX2
inhibitor Celecoxib, somatostatin and other drugs targeting the possible
pathogenic mechanisms of the disease are under study, which are expected to be
applied to the clinical treatment of PPNAD in the future. In this review, we
summarize the recent progress on treatment of PPNAD, in which options of
surgical methods, research results of drugs acting on possible pathogenic
mechanisms, and the management during gestation are described in order to
provide new ideas for clinical treatment.
Postoperative Fluid Therapy in Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients and Acute Kidney Injury: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Sahu Manoj Kumar , Yagani Seshagiribabu , Singh Sarvesh Pal , Singh Ummed , Singh Dharmraj , Panday Shivam
Published: September 2022

Background Normal saline (0.9% NS) is a common intravenous fluid used worldwide. Recent studies have shown that NS use is associated with increased incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and a need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). The practice is changing toward using balanced solutions to prevent AKI. Postcardiac surgery patients are more prone to develop AKI after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We aim to study the type of fluid administrated, incidence of AKI, need for RRT, and overall outcome of these patients.

Methods This prospective observational study was conducted in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit (cardiothoracic and vascular surgery intensive care unit) in a cohort of 197 adult patients who underwent on pump cardiac surgery in our hospital from July 2021 to October 2021 as a pilot study. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM, Chicago, Illinois, United States). A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results In our study, 58 (29.34%) patients developed AKI in the first three postoperative days and 16 (8.12%) patients required RRT. Incidence of AKI was found to be higher in patients who received NS only, as fluid of choice was 34.48% compared with other intravenous fluids. Patients with AKI had higher positive fluid balance (p < 0.001), longer CPB (p < 0.001), and aortic cross clamp (p = 0.006) times. Intensive care unit and hospital stay and mortality rates were higher in AKI patients than those without AKI (p < 0.001).

Conclusion Our study demonstrated that NS was the commonly used crystalloid in our patients and was associated with increased incidence of AKI and RRT when compared with other balanced salts solutions.
The Impact of COVID-19 Public Health Measures on Detection of Other Respiratory Viruses in Children during the Winter of 2020–2021 in Hangzhou, China
Authors: Xiang Wen-qing , Li Lin , Guo Ya-jun , Lin Jian , Li Wei
Published: September 2022

Objective Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is one of the main diseases in childhood. This study aimed to monitor the distribution of respiratory tract viruses in children with ARTI in the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods We conducted surveillance of 2019 novel coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human adenovirus, human parainfluenza virus 1–3, and influenza A and B virus by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results During the winter of 2020 to 2021, among the 1,442 throat swabs we collected, 937 (64.98%, 937/1,442) were positive for respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most frequently detected respiratory virus (34.12%, 492/1,442) and 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza A and B virus were not detected in the study period. Coinfection was observed in 156 positive samples including 149 samples of double infection and 7 of triple infection. The positive rate of viral respiratory tract infection in infants less than 6 months was the highest (72.95%) in the study period.

Conclusion There are some differences in the distribution of respiratory viruses in children after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Hangzhou, China.
Flexible organic transistors for neural activity recording
Authors: Xu Wei , Wang Jingxin , Cheng Simin , Xu Xiaomin
Published: September 2022

Flexible electronics capable of interacting with biological tissues, and acquiring and processing biological information, are increasingly demanded to capture the dynamic physiological processes, understand the living organisms, and treat human diseases. Neural interfaces with a high spatiotemporal resolution, extreme mechanical compliance, and biocompatibility are essential for precisely recording brain activity and localizing neuronal patterns that generate pathological brain signals. Organic transistors possess unique advantages in detecting low-amplitude signals at the physiologically relevant time scales in biotic environments, given their inherent amplification capabilities for in situ signal processing, designable flexibility, and biocompatibility features. This review summarizes recent progress in neural activity recording and stimulation enabled by flexible and stretchable organic transistors. We introduce underlying mechanisms for multiple transistor building blocks, followed by an explicit discussion on effective design strategies toward flexible and stretchable organic transistor arrays with improved signal transduction capabilities at the transistor/neural interfaces.
Characterization of a 2 MHz-radiofrequency-driven magnetically expanding plasma source
Authors: Nakul Thanatith , Takahashi Kazunori
Published: September 2022

A radio frequency (rf) plasma source is operated at 2 MHz under an expanding magnetic field. The source consists of a 14-cm-diameter and 25-cm-long source tube wound by a seven-turn rf loop antenna powered via an impedance matching circuit. The efficient rf power transfer to the plasma is demonstrated, and the high-density plasma above 1012 cm−3 is successfully obtained for a kW level of the rf power. The radial density profile having a center peak is observed both in the source and in the expanding magnetic field; it does not show the conical density structure previously observed in 13.56 MHz rf sources. This implies that the electron heating layer is changed by lowering the driving frequency. Even in the source operated at 2 MHz, the measurement of the ion energy distribution shows the presence of the supersonic ion beam as well as the sources operated at higher frequencies, e.g., 13.56 MHz in the previous studies.
Analysis of the influence of trivalent Cr3+ doping on the structural and electromagnetic properties of Cu0.5Mg0.5CrxFe2−xO4 nanoferrites
Authors: Akter Sumi , Khan M. N. I. , Ferdous Faria , Das H. N. , Syed Ishtiaque M.
Published: September 2022

In this inspection, the structural, microstructural, electrical, and magnetic properties of Cr-doped Cu0.5Mg0.5CrxFe2−xO4 (x = 0.0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16) composites were examined, which were prepared using the sol–gel technique. The x-ray diffraction patterns of the samples sintered at 700 °C for 5 h demonstrate the production of single-phase spinel ferrite. FESEM images indicate a nearly homogeneous surface morphology with non-spherical particles. The average grain size was found to decrease with the Cr concentration. The EDS spectroscopy study of the parent composition and a representative sample of doping composition (x = 0.08) revealed the existence of doped Cr, as well as Fe, Mg, Cu, and O, in the sample. The fluctuation of Cr doping has a significant impact on the magnetic characteristics. The saturation magnetization (Ms) declines as the Cr level grows up to x = 0.08 and then again increases with the increasing Cr content, which may be due to antiferromagnetic Cr not remaining at B sites. Permeability measurements show a similar trend as well. This is expected since μ′ is proportional to Ms squared and grain size. The imaginary part of the permeability decreases with increasing frequency and remains almost constant in the high frequency region. The dielectric constant decreases with frequency increment and remains almost persistent in a higher frequency range. The dielectric permittivity increases with the increasing Cr content up to x = 0.08 but then decreases for greater Cr concentrations. Lower hopping probabilities across grain boundaries may explain the decreasing tendency of the dielectric measurement and rising resistivity with Cr doping after the x = 0.08 concentration. These samples are well-suited for use in high-frequency systems due to their low dielectric loss.
Higher-order epistasis and phenotypic prediction
Authors: Zhou Juannan , Wong Mandy S. , Chen Wei-Chia , Krainer Adrian R. , Kinney Justin B. , McCandlish David M.
Published: September 2022

Contemporary high-throughput mutagenesis experiments are providing an increasingly detailed view of the complex patterns of genetic interaction that occur between multiple mutations within a single protein or regulatory element. By simultaneously measuring the effects of thousands of combinations of mutations, these experiments have revealed that the genotype–phenotype relationship typically reflects not only genetic interactions between pairs of sites but also higher-order interactions among larger numbers of sites. However, modeling and understanding these higher-order interactions remains challenging. Here we present a method for reconstructing sequence-to-function mappings from partially observed data that can accommodate all orders of genetic interaction. The main idea is to make predictions for unobserved genotypes that match the type and extent of epistasis found in the observed data. This information on the type and extent of epistasis can be extracted by considering how phenotypic correlations change as a function of mutational distance, which is equivalent to estimating the fraction of phenotypic variance due to each order of genetic interaction (additive, pairwise, three-way, etc.). Using these estimated variance components, we then define an empirical Bayes prior that in expectation matches the observed pattern of epistasis and reconstruct the genotype–phenotype mapping by conducting Gaussian process regression under this prior. To demonstrate the power of this approach, we present an application to the antibody-binding domain GB1 and also provide a detailed exploration of a dataset consisting of high-throughput measurements for the splicing efficiency of human pre-mRNA

5

′

splice sites, for which we also validate our model predictions via additional low-throughput experiments.
CYCLIN K down-regulation induces androgen receptor gene intronic polyadenylation, variant expression and PARP inhibitor vulnerability in castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Sun Rui , Wei Ting , Ding Donglin , Zhang Jianong , Chen Sujun , He Housheng Hansen , Wang Liguo , Huang Haojie
Published: September 2022

Androgen receptor (AR) messenger RNA (mRNA) alternative splicing variants (AR-Vs) are implicated in castration-resistant progression of prostate cancer (PCa), although the molecular mechanism underlying the genesis of AR-Vs remains poorly understood. The
CDK12
gene is often deleted or mutated in PCa and CDK12 deficiency is known to cause homologous recombination repair gene alteration or BRCAness via alternative polyadenylation (APA). Here, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition or genetic inactivation of CDK12 induces
AR
gene intronic (intron 3) polyadenylation (IPA) usage, AR-V expression, and PCa cell resistance to the antiandrogen enzalutamide (ENZ). We further show that AR binds to the
CCNK
gene promoter and up-regulates CYCLIN K expression. In contrast, ENZ decreases AR occupancy at the
CCNK
gene promoter and suppresses CYCLIN K expression. Similar to the effect of the CDK12 inhibitor, CYCLIN K degrader or ENZ treatment promotes
AR
gene IPA usage, AR-V expression, and ENZ-resistant growth of PCa cells. Importantly, we show that targeting BRCAness induced by CYCLIN K down-regulation with the PARP inhibitor overcomes ENZ resistance. Our findings identify CYCLIN K down-regulation as a key driver of IPA usage, hormonal therapy–induced AR-V expression, and castration resistance in PCa. These results suggest that hormonal therapy–induced AR-V expression and therapy resistance are vulnerable to PARP inhibitor treatment.
Among‐Pass, Interregional, and Single‐ versus Multiple‐Season Comparisons of Detection Probabilities of Stream Fishes
Authors: Peoples Brandon K. , Frimpong Emmanuel A.
Published: September 2022

Unequal detection of stream fishes must be accounted for when estimating assemblage composition. Detection probabilities (p) may differ among electrofishing passes, regions, and methods of estimation. We used data sets collected from (1) the middle New River basin, Virginia, using three‐pass electrofishing; (2) the upper Wabash River system of northern Indiana, using the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) protocol; and (3) the NAWQA database, collected throughout the United States. We tested for among‐pass differences inpusing the New River data set. To test for interregional differences, we compared average detection probability (pavg) between the New and Wabash river data sets. We compared single‐ and multiple‐season estimates using the New River and NAWQA data sets. We found no differences among pass‐specificpfor 97% of the species in the New River data set. No significant differences inpavgwere found between the New and Wabash river systems for 73% of the species shared by the two data sets. Single‐season estimates ofpavgdid not differ from multiple‐season estimates ofpfor 86% of the species found in both data sets. Two of the three species for which single‐ and multiple‐season estimates ofpdiffered also had interregional differences. Differences in pass‐specific detection probabilities may be attributable to decreased abundance or behavioral changes in subsequent passes. Interregional differences may be attributable to dissimilarities in abundance, habitat, or sampling protocols between the two systems. Similar factors may have affected single‐ versus multiple‐season comparisons. Our results show thatpdoes not significantly differ among electrofishing passes in three‐pass samples for most species and thatpavgfrom single‐season data is comparable topfrom multiple‐season data sets. More research is needed to determine whether differences inpacross regions are common. Our approach provides a relatively quick and reliable method for estimating the detection probabilities of stream fishes and will benefit managers who seek to attain accurate estimates of stream fish assemblage composition while making the best use of their time and resources.
Reconstructing Sakhalin Taimen Parahucho perryi Historical Distribution and Identifying Causes for Local Extinctions
Authors: Fukushima Michio , Shimazaki Hiroto , Rand Peter S. , Kaeriyama Masahide
Published: September 2022

The Sakhalin taimen Parahucho perryi is an endangered salmonid with a natural range limited to the Russian Far East and Japan. We constructed a classification tree to determine the environmental factors shaping the historical global distribution of this species and then predicted its potential geographic range. The distribution was most strongly influenced by a spatial autocorrelation term, indicating that it is highly contiguous. Large drainage basins with low topographic relief and large floodplains had a higher probability of taimen occurrence. The boundary of the global distribution was delineated by mean monthly precipitation within the range of 54–96 mm. The presence of Sakhalin taimen was predicted in many drainage basins where it has never been recorded. We also modeled the status of 48 taimen populations in Japan, where it was possible to classify them into three categories: currently stable (7), endangered (5), and extinct (36). The most significant factor differentiating the 12 extant populations from the 36 extinct populations was mean annual air temperature, the extant populations being distributed exclusively in areas where the air temperature is below 5.2°C and agricultural development is minimal. The extant populations were found in drainages with significantly lower elevations and a smaller percentage of farmland compared with drainages where populations have been extirpated. The presence of lagoons was a common characteristic of the drainages with the 7 stable populations, suggesting that lagoons represent critical refugia for the species. The implications of this study for taimen conservation are discussed.
Recruitment of Age‐0 Gray Triggerfish to Benthic Structured Habitat in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Simmons Carrie M. , Szedlmayer Stephen T.
Published: September 2022

Recruitment of age‐0 gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus to benthic artificial reefs was documented by diver surveys from 2003 to 2007. Divers counted and estimated the sizes of all gray triggerfish that recruited to three types of artificial reefs (all in 20‐m depths) ranging from 1.2 to 4.0 m2 in area. Reefs were located in the Gulf of Mexico 28 km south of Dauphin Island, Alabama. Forty artificial reefs built in June 2003 were surveyed in October–December 2003 and May 2004; 20 artificial reefs built in October 2005 were surveyed in October and December 2005 and May, August, and December 2006; 40 artificial reefs built in July 2006 were surveyed in June 2007; and 30 artificial reefs built in August 2007 were surveyed in September, October, and December 2007. Recruitment patterns were similar in the fall and winter of 2003 and 2007. In 2005 significantly lower numbers of recruits were detected than in other years, which may have been caused by a major hurricane. Peak recruitment of age‐0 gray triggerfish occurred from September to December. Based on known spawning seasonality and the first appearance of recruits in September in this study, gray triggerfish spend 4–7 months in the pelagic environment before recruiting to benthic habitat.
Identifying Relationships between Catches of Spawning Condition Yellow Perch and Environmental Variables in the Western Basin of Lake Erie
Authors: Collingsworth Paris D. , Marschall Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2022

Although the reproductive behavior of yellow perch Perca flavescens has been well documented in small systems, relatively little is known about the spawning preferences of yellow perch in large systems, such as the Laurentian Great Lakes. During 2006 and 2007, we compared the presence and abundance adult yellow perch during the spring spawning season with environmental variables in the western basin of Lake Erie. We also estimated the timing of yellow perch spawning by comparing the relative abundance of gravid and spent females collected in our trawls and then comparing the proportion of gravid females with environmental conditions at our sampling sites. Overall, the probability of catching adult yellow perch and the catch per unit effort increased with increasing bottom temperatures in the spring, whereas the probability of catching gravid females increased with increasing Secchi depth. However, the relationships between our catch metrics and environmental variables were not consistent across years, possibly as a result of the very strong 2003 year‐class, which became first‐year spawners in 2006. We also documented that yellow perch spawning occurred when bottom temperatures were between 11°C and 15°C in the western basin; these temperatures were reached on different dates in different parts of the basin and in different years. Thus, we suggest that management agencies consider basing the start of the commercial fishing season on prevailing bottom temperatures rather than using a set date across years and sites.
Residual Tannic Acid Destroys Virucidal Properties of Iodophor
Authors: Cornwell Emily R , Groocock Geoffrey H , Getchell Rodman G , Bowser Paul R
Published: September 2022

Surface de-adhesion and disinfection of eggs at hatcheries are critical steps in successful fry culture; however, little is known about the effects of the combination of these compounds on the efficacy of egg surface disinfection. We examined the effect of tannic acid on detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) type IVb alone and in the presence of iodophor under in vitro conditions. We confirmed that tannic acid inhibits the quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay developed in our laboratory and that it binds to VHSV, reversibly decreasing infectivity. Surprisingly, we also found that when combined with iodophor, tannic acid destroys the ability of either compound to inhibit infectivity. While we still strongly encourage the use of iodophor for its antiviral, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties, our results suggest that when tannic acid is used prior to disinfection with iodophor, it must be very thoroughly rinsed to ensure that it does not interfere with the disinfectant properties of iodophor.

Received February 14, 2010; accepted May 27, 2010
Effects of Winter Feeding of Channel Catfish on Production in Multibatch Systems
Authors: Nanninga Adam S , Engle Carole R , Stone Nathan , Goodwin Andrew E
Published: September 2022

Most channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus are produced in multibatch production systems, but winter feeding studies typically have used single-batch systems. Winter feeding studies that reflect commercial production practices are needed. Two pond studies (winters of 2005–2006 [study 1] and 2006–2007 [study 2]) were conducted in ten 0.10-ha ponds; fish in five ponds received feed, whereas fish in the five remaining ponds did not. Ponds were stocked with sub-market-sized (<0.57 kg) channel catfish at a rate of 2,957 kg/ha and market-sized fish (>0.57 kg) at 986 kg/ha. Net yield (kg/ha) in both treatment and control ponds was negative over both winters. The decrease in net yield of fish was significantly less in ponds that received feed than in those that did not receive feed in study 2; the decrease in net yield did not differ between treatments in study 1, which had a colder winter and fewer feeding days than study 2. There was no significant difference in mean weight at harvest for market-sized fish in fed and unfed treatments, but sub-market-sized fish in the fed treatment were significantly larger than those in the unfed treatment. A disease challenge conducted in aquaria showed that mortality after exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri was significantly higher for unfed fish than for fed fish. Six concrete vats were used to measure feed consumption during the winter of 2007–2008. Channel catfish continued to feed at temperatures as low as 7°C. The amount of feed consumed (expressed as a percentage of body weight) was similar to published recommendations, but fish continued to consume feed daily at lower temperatures than previously assumed. Additional research is needed to determine an optimal frequency of winter feeding.

Received February 23, 2010; accepted July 24, 2010
An Evaluation of Hydrated Lime and Predator Sunfish as a Combined Chemical–Biological Approach for Controlling Snails in Aquaculture Ponds
Authors: Noatch Matthew R , Whitledge Gregory W
Published: September 2022

Aquatic snails are vectors for several species of digenetic trematodes that infest many commercially cultivated fish. Most research on methods of controlling snails in aquaculture ponds has centered on the application of chemical solutions to pond margins and the stocking of mollusk-eating fish. We sought to evaluate both methods separately and in tandem as treatments for snails in research ponds under simulated commercial food fish production conditions. Application of hydrated lime (Ca[OH]2) slurry at a rate of 31.7 kg/30.5 m of linear shoreline in a 1-m-wide swath produced a 99% reduction in estimated snail densities. However, in several ponds the snail densities rebounded within 2 months of application. Ponds stocked with redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus and hybrid crosses of redear and green sunfish L. cyanellus at 494 fish/ha experienced a gradual decline in snail densities over 4 months, resulting in a 95% overall reduction at the end of the trial period (4 months). Ponds treated with both hydrated lime and predator sunfish experienced an abrupt decrease in snail densities and a less appreciable rebound relative to the hydrated lime treatment group. Low abundances of encysted trematodes in crop fish reared within the research ponds coincided with very low densities of rams-horn snails Planorbella spp. Estimated Planorbella densities in the month of crop fish stocking were most strongly correlated with the abundance of trematodes in crop fish. All three methods reduced snail densities relative to the control; if used properly, a combination of two treatments may produce a rapid reduction of snail densities and maintain low snail numbers over the growing season.

Received April 9, 2010; accepted August 9, 2010
Internalism, Active Externalism, and Nonconceptual Content: The Ins and Outs of Cognition
Authors: Dartnall Terry
Published: September 2022

Active externalism (also known as the extended mind hypothesis) says that we use objects and situations in the world as external memory stores that we consult as needs dictate. This gives us economies of storage: We do not need to remember that Bill has blue eyes and wavy hair if we can acquire this information by looking at Bill. I argue for a corollary to this position, which I call ‘internalism.’ Internalism says we can acquire knowledge on a need‐to‐know basis by consulting portable, inner analogues of the world. This, however, leads to a dilemma. If the knowledge was stored in memory, it is difficult to see how we could have acquired it by consulting inner analogues, for it would seem that we knew it already. Moreover, if it was stored in memory, we lose the economies of storage that provide much of the rationale for external memory stores and hence for their inner analogues. If, on the other hand, the knowledge was not stored in memory, it is difficult to see how we could have acquired it by consulting inner analogues, for it was not there to be acquired. I propose a solution to this problem that turns on the concept of nonconceptual content, and I relate the solution to architecture of perception and visual mental imagery. Viewed in a broader context, the solution shows that the world leaks into the mind, as well as mind leaking into the world.
Graphical Language Games: Interactional Constraints on Representational Form
Authors: Healey Patrick G. T. , Swoboda Nik , Umata Ichiro , King James
Published: September 2022

The emergence of shared symbol systems is considered to be a pivotal moment in human evolution and human development. These changes are normally explained by reference to changes in people's internal cognitive processes. We present 2 experiments which provide evidence that changes in the external, collaborative processes that people use to communicate can also affect the structure and organization of symbol systems independently of cognitive change. We propose that mutual‐modifiability—opportunities for people to edit or manipulate each other's contributions—is a key constraint on the emergence of complex symbol systems. We discuss the implications for models of language development and the origins of compositionality.
Unilateral vestibular weakness
Authors: Vlastarakos Petros V. , Michailidou Efterpi , Nikolopoulos Thomas P.
Published: September 2022

Objective

To review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of unilateral vestibular weakness (UVW), and critically assess the related evidence.

Methods

Literature research in Medline and other database sources until August 2020.

Results

The total number of included studies was 39.

Conclusion

The lifetime prevalence of UVW in the general population is 0.2%; the respective incidence is unknown. UVW frequently overlaps with other diagnoses; nevertheless, there is usually a history of a single, preceding, monophasic event. The respective criteria include unsteadiness of more than two months, clinical exclusion of BPPV, and exclusion of Meniere’s disease, central lesion, or bilateral vestibular dysfunction, and more than 25% inter-aural asymmetry in the caloric test. The latter represents the golden testing standard in suspected patients, and should be complemented with vestibulo-ocular reflex assessment via rotation-testing and video head-impulse test. Posturography can be useful to evaluate postural stability. Questionnaire-based assessments may assess symptom severity, the ensuing disability, and the subjective perception of patients’ overall balance status. MRI is advised in vertiginous patients in the presence of neurologic signs and symptoms, risk factors for cerebrovascular disease, or progressive unilateral hearing loss. Vestibular rehabilitation is effective in patients with UVW, whilst pharmacological treatment is of limited value.
Sleep exerts lasting effects on hematopoietic stem cell function and diversity
Authors: McAlpine Cameron S. , Kiss Máté G. , Zuraikat Faris M. , Cheek David , Schiroli Giulia , Amatullah Hajera , Huynh Pacific , Bhatti Mehreen Z. , Wong Lai-Ping , Yates Abi G. , Poller Wolfram C. , Mindur John E. , Chan Christopher T. , Janssen Henrike , Downey Jeffrey , Singh Sumnima , Sadreyev Ruslan I. , Nahrendorf Matthias , Jeffrey Kate L. , Scadden David T. , Naxerova Kamila , St-Onge Marie-Pierre , Swirski Filip K.
Published: September 2022

A sleepless night may feel awful in its aftermath, but sleep’s revitalizing powers are substantial, perpetuating the idea that convalescent sleep is a consequence-free physiological reset. Although recent studies have shown that catch-up sleep insufficiently neutralizes the negative effects of sleep debt, the mechanisms that control prolonged effects of sleep disruption are not understood. Here, we show that sleep interruption restructures the epigenome of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and increases their proliferation, thus reducing hematopoietic clonal diversity through accelerated genetic drift. Sleep fragmentation exerts a lasting influence on the HSPC epigenome, skewing commitment toward a myeloid fate and priming cells for exaggerated inflammatory bursts. Combining hematopoietic clonal tracking with mathematical modeling, we infer that sleep preserves clonal diversity by limiting neutral drift. In humans, sleep restriction alters the HSPC epigenome and activates hematopoiesis. These findings show that sleep slows decay of the hematopoietic system by calibrating the hematopoietic epigenome, constraining inflammatory output, and maintaining clonal diversity.
Impaired immune response drives age-dependent severity of COVID-19
Authors: Beer Julius , Crotta Stefania , Breithaupt Angele , Ohnemus Annette , Becker Jan , Sachs Benedikt , Kern Lisa , Llorian Miriam , Ebert Nadine , Labroussaa Fabien , Nhu Thao Tran Thi , Trueeb Bettina Salome , Jores Joerg , Thiel Volker , Beer Martin , Fuchs Jonas , Kochs Georg , Wack Andreas , Schwemmle Martin , Schnepf Daniel
Published: September 2022

Severity of COVID-19 shows an extraordinary correlation with increasing age. We generated a mouse model for severe COVID-19 and show that the age-dependent disease severity is caused by the disruption of a timely and well-coordinated innate and adaptive immune response due to impaired interferon (IFN) immunity. Aggravated disease in aged mice was characterized by a diminished IFN-γ response and excessive virus replication. Accordingly, adult IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice phenocopied the age-related disease severity, and supplementation of IFN-γ reversed the increased disease susceptibility of aged mice. Further, we show that therapeutic treatment with IFN-λ in adults and a combinatorial treatment with IFN-γ and IFN-λ in aged Ifnar1−/− mice was highly efficient in protecting against severe disease. Our findings provide an explanation for the age-dependent disease severity and clarify the nonredundant antiviral functions of type I, II, and III IFNs during SARS-CoV-2 infection in an age-dependent manner. Our data suggest that highly vulnerable individuals could benefit from immunotherapy combining IFN-γ and IFN-λ.
Book Reviews
Authors: Bennett Fiona , Oppenheim Charles , Taylor Stuart , Moody Jane , Papin‐Ramcharan Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Clark's Publishing Agreements: A Book of Precedents, 7th edn Edited by Lynette Owen Haywards Heath, Tottel Publishing, 2007, 675 pp. ISBN 978‐1‐84592‐785‐1, hbk, plus CD‐ROM, £78 + VAT at 9%

Peer Review and Manuscript Management in Scientific Journals By Irene Hames Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2007, 293 pp. ISBN 978‐1‐4051‐3159‐9, £19.99, pbk

E‐Book Platforms and Aggregators: An Evaluation of Available Options for Publishers By Linda Bennett Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers, Worthing, 2006, 128 pp. ISBN 978‐0‐907341‐33‐8, £120/$240 print + PDF, £110/$220 PDF only. See http://www.alpsp.org/ngen_public/article.asp?id=200&did=47&aid=268&st=&oaid=‐1

E‐books ‐ The Options: A Manual for Publishers By Linda Bennett Publishers Association, London, 2006, 80 pp. ISBN: 978‐0‐85386‐298‐7, £100. See http://www.publishers.org.uk/paweb/paweb.nsf/Unids/04F4308D1EB7946F802571B6003BF954?OpenDocument&Search=

Memory Practices in the Sciences by Geoffrey C. Bowker MIT Press, 2006, 312 pp., 19 ill., Inside Technology Series ISBN: 978‐0‐262‐02589‐8, £22.95
Advances of phononics in 2012–2022
Authors: Ding Ya-Fei , Zhu Gui-Mei , Shen Xiang-Ying , Bai Xue , Li Bao-Wen
Published: September 2022

Due to its great potential applications in thermal management, heat control, and quantum information, phononics has gained increasing attentions since the first publication in Rev. Mod. Phys.
84 1045 (2012). Many theoretical and experimental progresses have been achieved in the past decade. In this paper, we first give a critical review of the progress in thermal diodes and transistors, especially in classical regime. Then, we give a brief introduction to the new developing research directions such as topological phononics and quantum phononics. In the third part, we discuss the potential applications. Last but not least, we point out the outlook and challenges ahead.
Drift characteristics and the multi-field coupling stress mechanism of the pantograph-catenary arc under low air pressure
Authors: Xu Zhilei , Gao Guoqiang , Qian Pengyu , Xiao Song , Wei Wenfu , Yang Zefeng , Dong Keliang , Ma Yaguang , Wu Guangning
Published: September 2022

The fault caused by a pantograph-catenary arc is the main factor that threatens the stability of high-speed railway energy transmission. Pantograph-catenary arc vertical drift is more severe than the case under normal pressure, as it is easy to develop the rigid busbar, which may lead to the flashover occurring around the support insulators. We establish a pantograph-catenary arc experiment and diagnosis platform to simulate low pressure and strong airflow environment. Meanwhile, the variation law of arc drift height with time under different air pressures and airflow velocities is analyzed. Moreover, arc drift characteristics and influencing factors are explored. The physical process of the arc column drifting to the rigid busbar with the jumping mechanism of the arc root on the rigid busbar is summarized. In order to further explore the mechanism of the above physical process, a multi-field stress coupling model is built, as the multi-stress variation law of arc is quantitatively evaluated. The dynamic action mechanism of multi-field stress on arc drifting characteristics is explored, as the physical mechanism of arc drifting under low pressure is theoretically explained. The research results provide theoretical support for arc suppression in high-altitude areas.
Cooperative freezing of the L12 ordered domains at the critical cooling temperature of Ni3Fe alloy
Authors: Mangla Anil , Deo Goutam , Apte Pankaj A
Published: September 2022

It is well known that Ni3Fe transforms from a disordered solid solution to an ordered intermetallic with L12 superstructure when the alloy is cooled slowly. Here we elucidate the underlying cooperative phenomenon and the atomistic mechanism of this ordering process based on simulations using embedded atom potentials. As the simulated alloy is cooled from the disordered state to the critical cooling temperature (T
c), Ni atoms with L12 order [denoted as Ni(L12 ⩾ 1) atoms] increase significantly along with Ni atoms having the least deviation from L12 local order (denoted as Ni([IP]3) atoms). The ordering (up to T
c) occurs predominantly through random increase in Ni(L12 ⩾ 1) atoms throughout the system, as indicated by absence of long-range order. At T
c, L12 ordered domains formed by Ni(L12 ⩾ 1) atoms ‘freeze’, i.e. these domains, collectively, achieve a threshold strength against thermal fluctuations. This is indicated by (i) dissipation of large-scale fluctuations of Ni(L12 ⩾ 1) atoms at T
c and (ii) the growth of the L12 domains through propagation (at the expense of atoms with non-L12 local environment) as the alloy is cooled below T
c. The stability threshold of the L12 ordered domains at T
c is qualitatively consistent with (i) the critical slowing down, i.e. a significant increase in annealing time (to about 41 days) at 497 °C close to T
c (∼500 °C) and (ii) sharp changes in bulk properties (due to loss of stability of the domains) when the alloy is heated across T
c to about 550 °C. Further, the experimental long-range order parameter values as a function of reduced temperature are in reasonable agreement with the corresponding values of the simulated alloys. The contribution of Ni([IP]3) atoms to ordering in the actual alloy is potentially significant since such atoms together with nearest neighbours constitute about 75% of the total atoms in the simulated alloys at T
c.