bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notas sobre el silogismo práctico en Aristóteles
Authors: Rus Rufino Salvador , Sánchez Manzano María Asunción
Published: October 2016

En el trabajo se hace un estudio del significado del problema del silogismo práctico en la Obra de Aristóteles, considerando lo siguiente:

a) Las teorías modernas sobre el tema. No se citan las obras, sólo en la nota primera se hace referencia a los autores que han estudiado la cuestión.

b) La interpretación que se puede hacer del silogismo práctico desde la perspectiva de los tratados de Filosofía Práctica más que desde el Organon o la Metafísica, que serían la fundamentación teórica del problema.

c) Se concluye que la lógica o la filosofía teorética es insuficiente o no es el único instrumento para analizar en profundidad el problema que se plantea.

There is very little reason to foist a special practical syllogism on Aristotle. Rather than drawing a contrast in the logic of reasoning, we try to draw out the parallels and the distinctions Aristotle's points to between the processes of theoretical and practical reasoning.

These processes are similar in that they begin with certain sentences which the mind puts together in some way such that some conclusion follows. In one case the conclusion of the process is a sentence which the mind affirms, in the other an action which the man commits unless he is prevented by some other consideration or by external necessity.

Our paper will also bring out features relevant to Aristotle's simile of deliberation being like analysis in geometry
"The Odd Women": la rebelión de la mujer ante la moral victoriana, según Gissing
Authors: Suárez Lafuente María Socorro
Published: October 2016

"The Odd Women": la rebelión de la mujer ante la moral victoriana, según Gissing
Análisis del diálogo en "Le Prince Corsaire" de Scarron
Authors: Ruiz Álvarez Rafael
Published: October 2016

El presente artículo, como su título indica, tiene como objeto primordial el análisis del diálogo en Le Prince Corsaire, tragicomedia del siglo XVII, perteneciente a P. Scarron. Dicho análisis está basado no sólo en la descripción de la forma y el tema de las estructuras dialogadas, sino también en la relación que existe entre éstas y la estructura actancial dentro del marco de la comunicación, así como de las condiciones de producción de dicho diálogo. Las conclusiones a las que hemos llegado demuestran que la obra de Scarron, considerada desde el punto de vista del diálogo, presenta a unos actores perfectamente tipificados, que, sometidos a unas leyes sociales determinadas dentro de una época, se mueven en un contexto en el que las relaciones aparecen como algo sistematizado tanto en su modo de concepción como en el de la expresión. Uno y otro modo están íntimamente ligados a la forma y al contenido del diálogo, considerado como mensaje dentro del acto de comunicación en el que participan los mencionados actores.

This article, as its title suggests, a primarily concerned with the analysis of the dialogue in Le Prince Corsaire, a seventeenth century tragicomedy by P. Scarron. The analysis does not simply deal with a description of the form and subject matter of the dialogue, but also how these fit finto the structure of «actants», within the overall framework of communication, that is to say, the conditions which make up the dialogue.

First we have dealt with the relationship between characters and dialogues, the form content of these dialogues, while at the same time examining the part playcd by the structure of the acts, in the ultimate aim of communication. Then, using the results which we have obtaincd from this method of analysis, we have tried to put into perspective the effect which can be achieved by the use of a certain type of dialogue in order to examine more clearly the significance of the communicative structure. The conclusions wc have reached demonstrate that Scarron's play, at least from the angle of dialogue, presents severa! perfectly sterio-typical characters, who, subject to certain set social rules of the time, move within a context in which relationships appear rather systematic, both in the perception and the expression of the relationships by the characters. This is apparent in the form and content of the dialogue, rather like a message within the action of communicating, in which the characters participate.
Escarceos teórico-prácticos en torno a "Las rubáiyátas de Horacio Martín", de Félix Grande
Authors: Martínez García Francisco
Published: October 2016

Escarceos teórico-prácticos en torno a "Las rubáiyátas de Horacio Martín", de Félix Grande
Literatura y filosofía de "lo mexicano"
Authors: Ordiz Francisco Javier
Published: October 2016

Literatura y filosofía de "lo mexicano"
Christopher Isherwood: años de formación, años de plenitud
Authors: Chamosa José Luis
Published: October 2016

Christopher Isherwood: años de formación, años de plenitud
Dos sentidos de la preposicion "pros" en algunos pasajes de Platón
Authors: Peña y Gonzalo Lorenzo
Published: October 2016

Dos sentidos de la preposicion "pros" en algunos pasajes de Platón
¿Qué es la mitocrítica?
Authors: Tomé Mario
Published: October 2016

¿Qué es la mitocrítica?
Acerca de un tipo de composición nominal en español (estudio lexicográfico)
Authors: Gómez Solís Felipe
Published: October 2016

Acerca de un tipo de composición nominal en español (estudio lexicográfico)
El teatro evangelizador franciscano en Nueva España
Authors: Ordiz Francisco Javier
Published: October 2016

El teatro evangelizador franciscano en Nueva España
La actual narrativa francesa (I)
Authors: Tomé Mario
Published: October 2016

La actual narrativa francesa (I)
Panorama de los verbos deponentes en el latín bajomedieval
Authors: Pérez Rodríguez Estrella
Published: October 2016

Panorama de los verbos deponentes en el latín bajomedieval
Nebrija, comentador de Prudencio
Authors: González Vega Felipe
Published: October 2016

Nebrija, comentador de Prudencio
Nuevas consideraciones sobre un pasaje Taciteo (Germ. 38,3)
Authors: Domínguez Rodríguez J. Francisco
Published: October 2016

Nuevas consideraciones sobre un pasaje Taciteo (Germ. 38,3)
CARTOGRAFÍA DE SUSCEPTIBILIDAD Y ESTIMACIÓN DEL MÁXIMO ALCANCE DE ALUDES EN EL CIRCO DE GREDOS (SISTEMA CENTRAL IBÉRICO)
Authors: Soteres García Rodrigo L. , Pedraza Gilsanz Javier , Carrasco González Rosa M.
Published: October 2016

El Circo de Gredos, Sierra de Gredos (Sistema Central Ibérico), pese a tratarse de uno de los escenarios para la práctica de deportes invernales de montaña más populares de la zona centro peninsular, no cuenta con ningún estudio dirigido al análisis del riesgo de aludes de nieve en el área. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar los primeros mapas de susceptibilidad de aludes de nieve y modelización del fenómeno mediante el análisis estadístico de los parámetros topográficos de recorridos de aludes conocidos en el Circo de Gredos. La cartografía confeccionada muestra que el Circo de Gredos es un área con una susceptibilidad muy alta al desencadenamiento de aludes de nieve del tipo placa y fusión.
Los cálculos realizados tras la aplicación del modelo α-β (α´= 0,94β + 0,46; R 2 = 0,94; S.D. = 0,645) arrojan resultados con un error máximo del 3,58% en perfiles parabólicos y del 0,99% para perfiles de transición abrupta entre las laderas y el fondo del circo, lo que invita a su utilización provisional en vista de mejorar la precisión del análisis estadístico.
Los resultados del presente trabajo muestran que el Circo de Gredos es un área con una elevada susceptibilidad de ocurrencia de aludes de nieve en la mayor parte de su superficie, situación que sumada a la intensa exposición social durante los meses invernales, generan un elevado riesgo potencial para los usuarios.
Cryotherapy as a method of choice in the treatment of cylindromas on the elderly
Authors: Brzezinski Piotr , Sousak Masaoud , Martino Ortiz Beatriz Di , Chiriac Anca
Published: October 2016

The elderly (i.e., geriatric group) are often vulnerable to skin cancer. These patients often cannot cope with biopsies and surgical excisions. A good alternative is cryotherapy. Cylindroma is a benign adnexal tumor of the skin with eccrine and apocrine differentiation, and commonly occurs in the scalp. We present the case of an 82- year-old woman with a number of large tumors located on the head, which were effectively removed via cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen as a palliative treatment. No recurrence was detected during the two-year follow-up. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen is an effective and non-invasive method for the treatment of benign skin tumors in the elderly.
REFLEXÕES SOBRE O PAPEL DA PROPRIEDADE INTELECTUAL NA POLÍTICA DE INOVAÇÃO: UMA AVALIAÇÃO DO CASO DE MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Garcia Marcelo De Oliveira , Fischer Bruno Brandão , Gava Rodrigo , Tonelli Dany Flávio
Published: October 2016

Aspectos referentes à proteção da propriedade intelectual representam dimensões de central interesse nas dinâmicas de funcionamento dos sistemas de inovação. Não obstante, no Brasil, sua articulação com o marco de políticas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação apresenta um caráter incipiente, gerando problemáticas que se evidenciam centralmente a nível estadual. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a estruturação do sistema de Propriedade Intelectual no estado de Minas Gerais por meio de uma abordagem documental e bibliográfica. Resultados apontam que apenas em 2012, com o lançamento da Estratégia Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, a política de propriedade intelectual foi descrita no escopo de duas das 17 estratégias desse plano ação, pertencentes ao pilar promoção da inovação. Esta situação representou um avanço para o país, visto que as ICTs representam as principais responsáveis por P&D no país, em um contexto embrionário da interação universidade-empresa. Também foi evidenciado o papel articulador da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) no desenvolvimento de uma política de propriedade intelectual. Ainda, espera-se que a nova estratégia nacional seja uma reflexão da legislação recente (Lei nº 13.243/2016), e que a temática da propriedade intelectual avance em seu papel como eixo central da política de inovação.
Your smartphone can save someone's life
Authors: Duława Anna , Plewka Ariel , Jędrzejek Marek , Rybczyk Katarzyna , Właszczuk Adam , Lewin-Kowalik Joanna
Published: October 2016

Wstęp

Każdego roku w Europie dochodzi do około 350 tysięcy zgonów po nieskutecznej resuscytacji krążeniowo-oddechowej (RKO). Dążąc do zmniejszenia liczby zgonów, poszukuje się nowych metod wsparcia osób bez wykształcenia medycznego przy wykonywaniu RKO. Celem pracy jest porównanie skuteczności wykonania resuscytacji krążeniowo-oddechowej oraz zgodności z algorytmem BLS przez osoby bez wykształcenia medycznego, z wykorzystaniem ogólnodostępnych metod wsparcia.

Materiał i metody

Przeprowadzono pilotażowe, randomizowane badanie, do którego zrekrutowano 50 ochotników bez wykształcenia medycznego. Uczestnicy zostali zrandomizowani do dwóch grup badawczych: Grupa 1 – posiadająca aplikację na smartfone, Grupa 2 – brak wsparcia.

Wyniki

Osoby korzystające ze wsparcia w postaci aplikacji mobilnej wykazywali większą zgodność przy wykonywaniu początkowych kroków algorytmu. Stwierdzono również poprawę parametrów opisujących jakość ucisków klatki piersiowej, szczególnie parametru cHOT. Osoby korzystające z pomocy aplikacji również statystycznie lepiej oceniały oddech poszkodowanego.

Wnioski

Aplikacja mobilna na smartfona może pomóc w udzieleniu pierwszej pomocy osobom bez wykształcenia medycznego, dzięki dużej popularności telefonów typu smartfon. Zaleca się szerzenie wiedzy na temat defibrylatorów AED.
Conduite De Changement Organisationnel Dans Le Secteur De Santé Marocain. Cas Du Centre Hospitalier Regional D’agadir
Authors: Zammar Rachid , Abdelbaki Noureddine
Published: October 2016

This article proposes a clarification of driving organizational change in the Moroccan health sector and levers used to set up and considers the following question: how the establishment of hospital project (EHP) proves as tool driving change in the Moroccan health sector? The methodology is based on an exploratory study among the staff of a particular hospital which is the regional hospital of Agadir (CHRA). The main conclusion of the study is that the implementation of the EHP, at the CHRA enabled the upgrade of the hospital. However, alone man cannot make the change, the financial and technical resources have a clear role in improving care services to the population.
Does Prenatal Stress Management Enhance Maternal And Fetal Outcomes?
Authors: Abu Shosha Ghada Mohammad
Published: October 2016

Background: Antenatal period is a time of rapid change during which fetal organs are vulnerable to various stressors. Studies have suggested that psychosocial stressors during pregnancy could adversely influence physical and behavioral outcomes of the infant. Aim: This paper aimed to discusses the importance of antenatal stress assessment and management on both mothers' and infants' health status. Method: This review aggregated evidence from various studies that examined the impact of maternal stress management and its outcomes on pregnant women and their infants. Results: Maternal stress is generally associated with unpleasant fetal outcomes. The use of stress reduction techniques was approved to reduce psychological stress in pregnant women. Conclusion: Ongoing assessment of antenatal stress using a standardized process promotes proper stress handling strategy.
Étude Rétrospective Des Atteintes Rénales Toxiques Medicamenteuses Au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Yaoundé (2009-2014)
Authors: Nkoyock Emilienne Grâce , Yongsi Blaise H. Nguendo , Ndié Justin , Ateba Patrice Emmanuel Awono
Published: October 2016

Background: Renal drug toxicity are affections that attacking the renal parenchyma as a result of the consumption of drug substance. In Cameroon, anarchic consumption of medicinal drug subsequent of a growth in unauthorised sales drug increase the risk of developing these pathologies. Objective: This study aims at describing and laying the epidemiological profile of drug-induced toxic renal diseases in Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital over the last 6 years (2009 – 2014). Materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out from the 1st of July to the 30th of November 2015, at the polyvalent reanimation service and the haemodialysis unit of the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. With the aid of a questionnaire, the files of patients consulted and hospitalised in these services over a period of 6 years (1st January 2009 to 31st December 2014) were examined. Included in this study, patients suffering from renal drug toxicity. The data input, treatment and analysis were carried out with the help of Epi Info 7 and SPSS 22 software. Results: Forty-four (44) cases renal drug diseases representing 18.3% of the 240 files examined were noted. The average age of the patients was 48±18 years and varied between 11 and 87 years. The male sex constituted the majority of the suffers cases with a sex ratio of 2.67 (M/F). Acute renal infections with frequency of 65.9%, were most dominant of drug affections. Traditions concoctions (50%), gentamycin (11.4%) and paracetamol (9.1%) were the most incriminating drug in the occurrence of these renal drug affecting. The evolution was noted by a 43% complete recovery against a 14% death. Conclusion: Renal drug toxicities represent a non-negligible proportion of the renal affection ailments in the specialised centres like Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. The elaboration and putting into action a sensitization plan for populations on the proves necessary, as this would help improve pharmacovigilance and also reduce the consumption of illicit drugs to a greater extent responsible for renal problems.
Evaluation Au Laboratoire De L’efficacite De La Peinture Insecticide Acrylique Titan® Contre Anopheles Gambiae, Vecteur Majeur Du Paludisme En Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Emmanuel Tia , Guillaume Konan Koffi , Anne Marie Boby Ouassa , Kone Moussa , Alex Tea Sea , Bernard Koffi , Kouamé Kadjo
Published: October 2016

Malaria is by far the most important vector disease. The word strategy of control of the vectors of that disease is based mainly on the use of the impregnated insecticide mosquito nets of long life action (MILDA). Unfortunately the effective use rate of MILDA remains still weak. To mitigate this handicap, it is necessary to identify complementary methods of vectors control of which the use of insecticidal paint. The objective of this study is to evaluate the entomological effecacy of insecticide paint TITAN containing deltaméthrine 0.07% against Anopheles gambiae, main malaria vector in Côte d’Ivoire. The Method used in this study comprised the setting in contact between that insect with cement and wood substrates treated with insecticidal paint in WHO cones and tunnels. The rates of mosquitos Knocked-down (KD) recorded varied from 93 to 97% respecting the threshold fixed by WHO (95%) in contact with painted wood and cement. Moreover, this paint induced a reduction of 94% of the blood meal of the mosquitoes on the guinea-pigs. However, the lethal properties of this paint on the studied insect varying from 51 to 77.50%, are still slightly under the standard of WHO (80%). We can deduce from these results that the insecticide paint TITAN is effective against the sensitive strain of Anopheles gambiae, by considering its excito-repulsive properties (shock effect) and its capacity to reduce the blood meal of blood of the that vector. The improvement of its lethal virtues by an increase of the concentration in deltaméthrine of this paint from 0.07% to 1%, as recommended on the impregnated mosquito nets, will increase this efficacy and would more facilitate its acceptance by the populations. A study of the remanence of the paint and its experimentation on the field must be carried out in order to have complementary data on the effectiveness of TITAN painting.
Qualitative Study of Bioactive Components of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) From Northern Morocco
Authors: Kerrouri Saloua , Lrhorfi L.A. , Amal Sammama , Ouafae Elyahyaou , Lella Ould abdellahi , Bahia Bouabid , Rachid Bengueddour
Published: October 2016

This work aims to extract and identify bioactive molecules of the plant Anethum graveolens, commonly known as Dill, which occupies an important place in Moroccan vegetation. In order to optimise their later use in the field of herbal medicine and nutrition, a focus on the phytochemical analysis of an extract from different parts of the plant were examined by using preliminary tests and staining reaction precipitation by the use of specific reagents, or by thin layer chromatographic analysis (TLC). Phytochemical tests, different organs, aerial and underground part (on different areas of the plant), revealed the richness of this plants tannins, reducing compounds, alkaloids, coumarins, terpenoids, sterols, flavonoids, irridoides, and this screening has allowed us to show that for the extraction of polyphenols, methanol is the best extraction solvent.
Optimized Domain Decomposition Method for Non Linear Reaction Advection Diffusion Equation
Authors: Amattouch M.R. , Nagid N. , Belhadj H.
Published: October 2016

This work is devoted to an optimized domain decomposition method applied to a non linear reaction advection diffusion equation. The proposed method is based on the idea of the optimized of two order (OO2) method developed this last two decades. We first treat a modified fixed point technique to linearize the problem and then we generalize the OO2 method and modify it to obtain a new more optimized rate of convergence of the Schwarz algorithm. To compute the new rate of convergence we have used Fourier analysis. For the numerical computation we minimize this rate of convergence using a global optimization algorithm. Several test-cases of analytical problems illustrate this approach and show the efficiency of the proposed new method.
Vitamin D Deficiency/Insufficiency and Anxiety Among Saudis: Degree and Differences
Authors: Ahmed Al Hariri ,
Published: October 2016

Background: Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and anxiety are rapidly growing epidemics among Saudis. Objectives: This study aims to explore the degree and rates of anxiety among Saudis with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, to investigate the anxiety means differences between males and females with low vitamin D levels, and to investigate the anxiety means differences between the participants of the same gender in each of two groups, those with vitamin D deficiency and those with insufficiency. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 228 Saudi participants from two medical centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire was used to measure anxiety, and the lab analysts at the two centres reported the participants’ vitamin D levels based on their blood tests. Results: The anxiety mean among Saudis with vitamin D deficiency was higher than among their peers with vitamin D insufficiency. Significant differences in anxiety means existed between males and females with vitamin D insufficiency by a large magnitude, and between males in both groups, with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, by a moderate magnitude. Conclusion: Although Saudi females were higher in their anxiety means in both groups, vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, both anxiety and low vitamin D levels are continuous problems in Saudi Arabia. Hence, more could be done to foster awareness and to combat these issues through consuming vitamin D supplements and increasing food quality.
Predictive Characteristics of Co-authorship Networks: Comparing the Unweighted, Weighted, and Bipartite Cases
Authors: Guns Raf
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This study aims to answer the question to what extent different types of networks can be used to predict future co-authorship among authors.

Design/methodology/approach

We compare three types of networks: unweighted networks, in which a link represents a past collaboration; weighted networks, in which links are weighted by the number of joint publications; and bipartite author-publication networks. The analysis investigates their relation to positive stability, as well as their potential in predicting links in future versions of the co-authorship network. Several hypotheses are tested.

Findings

Among other results, we find that weighted networks do not automatically lead to better predictions. Bipartite networks, however, outperform unweighted networks in almost all cases.

Research limitations

Only two relatively small case studies are considered.

Practical implications

The study suggests that future link prediction studies on co-occurrence networks should consider using the bipartite network as a training network.

Originality/value

This is the first systematic comparison of unweighted, weighted, and bipartite training networks in link prediction.
Evidências da relação entre a frequência no ensino infantil e o desempenho dos alunos do ensino fundamental público no Brasil
Authors: Silva Junior Walcir Soares da , Gonçalves Flávio de Oliveira
Published: October 2016

Este artigo tem por objetivo estimar o impacto da frequência ao ensino infantil na proficiência dos alunos do ensino fundamental público no Brasil, utilizando como proxy as notas dos alunos em português e matemática disponíveis no Prova Brasil 2011. Foi utilizada a metodologia de pareamento nos escores de propensão sob a hipótese de seleção por variáveis observáveis, que tem por objetivo encontrar um contrafactual. Para controlar as características relacionadas ao desempenho, foram estimadas regressões lineares pelo método duplamente robusto dos mínimos quadrados ponderados pelos escores de propensão. Foram encontrados efeitos positivos e significantes estatisticamente sobre as notas de português e matemática do 5º e 9º anos para alunos que iniciaram na pré-escola e para os alunos que iniciaram na creche em comparação com aqueles que iniciaram diretamente no primário.
The Portuguese Working Under the English East India Company at Fort St. George Madras in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Shngreiyo A S
Published: October 2016

This article mainly emphases with the Portuguese migrants at Fort St. George Madras and the policy of the English in containing the problem posed by the migration. Moreover, it also points out the reasons for the growth of Fort St. George Madras, particularly after the fall of San Thome and Nagapattinam and the attendant English response to the Portuguese migrants in Fort St. George Madras. For instance, the English encouraged and welcome the Portuguese migrants to settle in Fort St. George Madras, because the latter were proficient in trade owing to their familiarity with the region and local vernacular.  The Portuguese were already settled in the sixteenth century before the English arrived.  They knew the local language and all usual ways of expediting business in the region; they were ideal supervisors, as soldiers, as translators, as brokers, in fact as intermediaries for all the range of activities that are useful in establishing and operating a fortified trading post in the midst of a strange landscape. They were indispensible for the newly arrived English Company to establish a trading post. The English skilfully took advantage of these settlers that culminate as one of the success to foothold as a major competitor post in the century to come. 
PERBAIKAN GENETIK GANDUM TROPIS TOLERAN SUHU TINGGI DAN PERMASALAHAN PENGEMBANGANNYA PADA DAERAH DATARAN RENDAH
Authors: Nur Amin , Syahruddin Karlina , Mejaya Made Jana
Published: October 2016

Perbaikan genetik gandum melalui program pemuliaan di Indonesia diawali dengan mengintroduksi galur-galur elit dari berbagai negara yang dinilai cocok dengan agroekosistem tropis Indonesia karena Indonesia tidak memiliki plasma nutfah lokal. Keragaman genetik yang luas sangat dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan varietas gandum tropis. Program peningkatan keragaman genetik gandum yang sudah berjalan ialah pemuliaan melalui persilangan dan mutasi (biji dan variasi somaklonal). Jenis gandum yang dapat ditanam di lingkungan tropis Indonesia ialah Triticum aestivum pada ketinggian > 1.000 m dpl. Pengembangan gandum tropis < 1.000 m dpl perlu didukung pemuliaan mulai dari pembentukan populasi sampai pelepasan varietas dengan metode shuttle breeding. Evaluasi galur-galur introduksi pada dataran rendah memperoleh beberapa galur dan varietas toleran (Oasis, Selayar) dan peka (Dewata, HP1744). Pada galur dan varietas tersebut selanjutnya dilakukan persilangan (single cross dan convergent breeding) dan mutasi dengan iradiasi sinar gama diikuti shuttle breeding. Single cross melalui shuttle breeding menghasilkan 30 galur adaptif < 1.000 m dpl, sementara dari convergent breeding diperoleh populasi F4. Pemuliaan melalui iradiasi sinar gama pada biji memperoleh 15 galur mutan M7, sementara melalui variasi somaklonal kultur jaringan menghasilkan populasi mutan M4. Hampir semua karakter agronomi yang dipelajari toleransinya terhadap cekaman suhu tinggi dikendalikan secara poligenik dengan aksi gen aditif dengan pengaruh epistasis duplikat maupun komplementer.
PERAN THIDIAZURON DALAM PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN PROLIFERASI TANAMAN SECARAIN VITRO
Authors: Lestari Endang Gati
Published: October 2016

Kultur jaringan tanaman merupakan teknik menumbuhkan organ
jaringan ataupun sel tanaman pada media kultur dalam kondisi
aseptik. Keberhasilan pembentukan tunas dalam kultur jaringan
bergantung pada berbagai faktor, antara lain media tumbuh, jenis
dan kondisi fisiologis eksplan, serta zat pengatur tumbuh yang
digunakan. Proliferasi tunas pada tanaman berkayu biasanya sangat
lambat, sedangkan aplikasi zat pengatur tumbuh sitokinin dari
golongan benzil adenin dan kinetin belum dapat memacu
pembentukan tunas secara optimal. Penemuan senyawa baru
thidiazuron pada tahun 1976 dapat mengatasi proliferasi tunas pada
berbagai tanaman, khususnya tanaman berkayu. Thidiazuron
merupakan senyawa kimia yang mempunyai aktivitas hampir sama
dengan sitokinin, yaitu dapat meningkatkan proliferasi tunas dan
pembentukan embrio somatik. Thidiazuron mempunyai aktivitas
tinggi pada konsentrasi rendah, yaitu sekitar 0,1-0,5 mg/l.
Pemanfaatan thidiazuron dalam penelitian kultur jaringan terus
meningkat yang dapat dilihat dari jumlah publikasi yang
diterbitkan. Data ISI Web Science menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun
1992 terdapat 45 hasil penelitian tentang thidiazuron, tahun 2005
sebanyak 80 publikasi, dan tahun 2009 meningkat menjadi 100
publikasi.
PENENTUAN LOKUS GEN DALAM KROMOSOM TANAMAN DENGAN BANTUAN MARKA DNA
Authors: Reflinur Reflinur , Lestari Puji
Published: October 2016

Kemajuan teknik marka molekuler memberikan kemudahan bagi pemulia tanaman dalam penentuan lokasi gen yang mengendalikan karakter yang diinginkan. Penentuan gen yang mengendalikan sejumlah karakter penting dengan menggunakan marka genetik telah berhasil dilakukan pada berbagai jenis tanaman. Sebelum pemetaan suatu marka molekuler terhadap karakter yang diinginkan, diperlukan pemetaan genetik yang dikonstruksi dari sejumlah marka molekuler. Pemetaan daerah dalam kromosom yang mengendalikan karakter kualitatif dan kuantitatif mendapat perhatian yang sangat besar dalam program pemuliaan. Penentuan gen yang mengendalikan karakter kualitatif maupun kuantitatif memerlukan populasi pemetaan. Metode umum yang digunakan dalam penentuan lokasi gen yang mengendalikan karakter kualitatif ialah bulk segregant analysis (BSA). Pendekatan tersebut terbukti mampu mempercepat penentuan lokasi gen dengan biaya yang relatif rendah. Sebaliknya, penentuan lokasi gen yang mengen-dalikan sifat kuantitatif dilakukan melalui pemetaan  quantitative trait loci (QTL). Dibandingkan penentuan lokasi gen pengendali sifat kualitatif, pemetaan QTL lebih kompleks dan membutuhkan kemampuan analisis statistik untuk menentukan daerah kromosom yang terkait dengan karakter kuantitatif tersebut. Tulisan ini membahas metode penentuan lokasi gen di dalam kromosom yang bertanggung jawab terhadap karakter penting tanaman dengan memanfaatkan marka molekuler dalam pemetaan genetik dan analisis QTL.
Penggunaan Root Trainer untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Bibit Karet
Authors: Cahyo Andi Nur , Saputra Jamin , Stevanus Charlos Togi , . Sahuri
Published: October 2016

Bibit karet dalam polibag memiliki kelemahan yaitu akar tunggangnya membentuk spiral mengikuti bentuk lingkaran dasar polibag. Hal ini akan merugikan tanaman karena akar tunggang yang melingkar menyebabkan kedalaman akar tunggang menjadi berkurang karena akar tidak langsung tumbuh ke bawah. Hal ini
mengakibatkan kemampuan tanaman dalam menyerap air dan hara menjadi berkurang dan tanaman menjadi rentan tumbang karena terpaan angin yang kuat di lapangan. Upaya untuk mengatasi kelemahan bibit karet dalam polibag adalah mengembangkan bibit karet dalam root trainer. Root trainer adalah pot untuk
menumbuhkan bibit yang berasal dari biji (seedling), biasanya terbuat dari plastik, berbentuk silindris maupun kotak yang mengecil di bagian bawah, dilengkapi dengan lubang drainase di bagian bawah dan sekat vertikal di bagian dalam dinding dalam root trainer. Penggunaan root trainer memungkinkan akar tunggang mengarah ke bawah karena adanya sekat yang menonjol di bagian dinding root
trainer. Selain itu, penanaman bibit karet dapat ditunda apabila keadaan belum memungkinkan karena bibit dapat menjadi dorman selama proses penguatan (hardening). Untuk mendapatkan bibit karet dalam root trainer yang berkualitas, diperlukan formulasi media tanam, pemupukan, dan irigasi yang tepat.

 
Improved Growth and Harvestable Yield through Optimization of Fertilizer Rates of Soil-applied Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.)
Authors: Maqbool Rizwan , Percival David , Zaman Qamar , Astatkie Tess , Adl Sina , Buszard Deborah
Published: October 2016

The study examined the main and interactive effects of soil-applied fertilizers [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] from a 12-year (six production cycles) field experiment conducted at Kemptown, Nova Scotia (Canada). It also recommends the optimum rate for improved growth and harvestable yield of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). The fertilizers were applied in a single application at the onset of shoot emergence in early spring of each sprout year at rates of 0, 12, 30, 48, and 60 kg·ha−1 N using urea (2000 only) or ammonium sulfate, 0, 18, 45, 78, and 90 kg·ha−1 P using triple super phosphate, 0, 12, 30, 48, and 60 kg·ha−1 K using potassium chloride. Response surface analysis of the data indicated that 35 kg·ha−1 N, 40 kg·ha−1 P, and 30 kg·ha−1 K were optimum for fruit production and maintaining stem lengths <20 cm, and resulted in an average of 54% more floral buds, 25% more berries per stem, and 13% greater yield than previous recommend rates of 20 kg·ha−1 N, 10 kg·ha−1 P, and 15 kg·ha−1 K. The higher fertilizers rates cost an extra $80/ha but increased net profits by $490/ha. Findings of this study could contribute toward better farm profitability in areas with similar growing conditions. They also suggest that modifications to existing fertilizer rates be made for Central Nova Scotia wild blueberry.
Optimization of Waltheria indica Seed Dormancy Relief Treatments and Seed Storage Parameters
Authors: Lukas Scott B. , DeFrank Joseph , Baldos Orville C.
Published: October 2016

In Hawaii, Waltheria indica (uhaloa) has been identified for expanded usage as a roadside groundcover in lowland dry ecosystems. Seed dormancy through lack of germination of viable seeds was identified in uhaloa. The presence of physical dormancy in uhaloa seeds was determined and dormancy relief methods were evaluated including hand scarification, dry heat temperature exposure, hot water exposure, and mechanical abrasion in an electric drum scarifier. As a compliment to dormancy relief, long-term storage parameters were evaluated for scarified and nonscarified seeds. The elucidation of physical dormancy was determined through hand scarification, resulting in 96% germination compared with 8% of nonscarified seeds, but is not practical on a large-scale basis. The greatest practical dormancy relief was achieved with a mechanical electric drum scarifier lined with 80-grit sandpaper for a duration of 15 or 30 seconds producing 95% and 99% germination, respectively. Seeds immersed in boiling water for 3 and 5 seconds resulted in 58.6% and 57.7% germination, respectively. Dormancy relief through dry heat exposure was inferior to other relief methods, producing 39% germination at 75 °C for 60 minutes. Nonscarified seeds exhibited minimal loss of viability during 10 months of storage at 5 °C at 12% and 50% relative humidity (RH), but a significant decline in viability of scarified seeds was detected.
Ecological Distribution, Reproductive Characteristics, and In Situ Conservation of Malus sieversii in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Yang Meiling , Li Fang , Long Hong , Yu Weiwei , Yan Xiuna , Liu Bin , Zhang Yunxiu , Yan Guorong , Song Wenqin
Published: October 2016

As a wild apple species native to central Asia, Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem. is distributed in a wide region covering most of the Tienshan Mountains. Malus sieversii is a useful genetic pool for apple breeding since rich with diversity. In this paper, we first describe the species range of this endangered species. We then describe an in situ reserve that has been established. We also investigated some reproductive characteristics of M. sieversii including pollen germination, seed dormancy, and seed viability. Both stratification and seedcoat removal efficiently released seed dormancy and accelerated seed germination. Pollen germination rate is around 60%. Our data suggest that injurious insects and human activities, rather than reproductive characters, limit the renewal of M. sieversii.
Seed Ontogeny and Nonstructural Carbohydrates of Cycas micronesica Megagametophyte Tissue
Authors: Marler Thomas E. , Dongol Nirmala
Published: October 2016

The profile of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) was quantified to determine sugar and starch relationships of megagametophyte tissue during Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill seed ontogeny. Field work occurred in northern Guam where megastrobili were marked and dated as they emerged from stem apices of plants in a natural population. Seeds were harvested beginning 6 months after megastrobili emergence and continuing until 28 months, and gametophyte tissue was separated from the remainder of each seed. Carbohydrates within lyophilized gametophyte tissue were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The levels of glucose and fructose declined from a high at 6 months to a homeostasis at 11 months, and the levels of sucrose similarly declined from 6 months to a homeostasis at ≈14 months. Starch content exceeded sugar content and increased from 6 months to reach a homeostasis at ≈18 months. Maltose was not detected in any sample. Stoichiometric quotients changed dramatically until ≈14 months, when they became fairly stable until 28 months. Starch concentration was ≈5-fold greater than sugar concentration at 6 months, and increased to ≈15-fold greater than sugar concentration by 28 months. Total NSC in mature megagametophytes was almost 70% on a dry weight basis. Our results are in agreement with the biological function of this haploid tissue, as copious carbohydrate resources are readily available to support embryo and seedling growth.
Identification and Characterization of Genes Involved in the Fruit Color Development of European Plum
Authors: Selvaraj Dineshkumar , Sherif Sherif , Dek Mohd Sabri Pak , Paliyath Gopinadhan , El-Sharkawy Islam , Subramanian Jayasankar
Published: October 2016

European plum fruit (Prunus domestica) are normally blue-black to dark purple. However, some genotypes remain green/yellow after ripening. We hypothesized that in such genotypes anthocyanin biosynthesis is genetically disturbed. To examine this hypothesis, six european plum genotypes with diverse fruit colors were investigated for the expression pattern of several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (ABGs)—e.g., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanin synthase (ANS), and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase 1 and 2 (UFGT 1 and 2). Expression profiles indicated that ABGs, especially Pd-CHS and UFGT 2, were significantly downregulated in the green/yellow fruit compared with the dark-purple fruit. Furthermore, the quantification of total polyphenols and individual flavonoid compounds showed substantial differences between the off-colored and the purple genotype. To further examine the contribution of each of the ABGs in color development, the open reading frame (ORP) of Pd-CHS, Pd-DFR, Pd-ANS, and Pd-UFGT 2 was ectopically expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The characterization of transgenic plants showed that the petals of plants expressing Pd-CHS were darker in color and had higher anthocyanin content than control or even other transgenic types, suggesting the significant contribution of CHS in determining anthocyanin production levels and hence fruit coloration. The results of this study provides better understanding of color development in european plum, which can be rewarding in developing european plum cultivars with desired colors through classical or modern breeding tools.
Statistics in a Horticultural Journal: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. , Paparozzi Ellen T. , Stroup Walter W.
Published: October 2016

We examined all articles in volume 139 and the first issue of volume 140 of the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (JASHS) for statistical problems. Slightly fewer than half appeared to have problems. This is consistent with what has been found for other biological journals. Problems ranged from inappropriate analyses and statistical procedures to insufficient (or complete lack of) information on how the analyses were performed. A common problem arose from taking many measurements from the same plant, which leads to correlated test results, ignored when declaring significance at P = 0.05 for each test. In this case, experiment-wise error control is lacking. We believe that many of these problems could and should have been caught in the writing or review process; i.e., identifying them did not require an extensive statistics background. This suggests that authors and reviewers have not absorbed nor kept current with many of the statistical basics needed for understanding their own data, for conducting proper statistical analyses, and for communicating their results. For a variety of reasons, graduate training in statistics for horticulture majors appears inadequate; we suggest that researchers in this field actively seek out opportunities to improve and update their statistical knowledge throughout their careers and engage a statistician as a collaborator early when unfamiliar methods are needed to design or analyze a research study. In addition, the ASHS, which publishes three journals, should assist authors, reviewers, and editors by recognizing and supporting the need for continuing education in quantitative literacy.
Identification and Characterization of 12 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Genes Implicated in Stress Responses in Cherry Rootstocks
Authors: Zong Xiaojuan , Wang Jiawei , Xu Li , Wei Hairong , Chen Xin , Zhu Dongzi , Tan Yue , Liu Qingzhong
Published: October 2016

Improving the poor resistance to environmental stress and the weak development of roots system in the cherry (Prunus) rootstock ‘Gisela 6’ (Prunus cerasus × Prunus canescens) is of great importance for sustainable sweet cherry (Prunus avium) production. Although a stable genetic transformation system has been developed for ‘Gisela 6’ rootstock, there is little information on the identification of genes involved in stress resistance. Using the cherry rootstock cultivar Gisela 6, we identified a total of 12 novel mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes, designated PcMPKs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PcMPKs could be divided into four groups, designated A, B, C, and D. In addition, an intron–exon structure analysis for the PcMPKs was conducted to help further understand the structure–function relationships within the cherry family. The expression profiles of PcMPKs in response to abiotic and biotic stresses were characterized using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Five PcMPKs (i.e., PcMPK4-1, PcMPK4-2, PcMPK3, PcMPK6, and PcMPK18) exhibited differential expression, and suggested their potential roles in plant responding to various stresses. This study provides the basis for further analysis on the physiological functions of PcMPKs in environmental tolerance in cherry rootstocks.
Genetic Relationships among 10 Prunus Rootstock Species from China, Based on Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Authors: Zhang Qijing , Gu Dajun
Published: October 2016

To improve the efficiency of breeding programs for Prunus rootstock hybrids in China, we analyzed the subgenus status and relationship of 10 Chinese rootstock species, by using 24 sets of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. The SSR banding patterns and phylogenetic analysis indicated that subgenus Cerasus is more closely related to subgenus Prunophora than to subgenus Amygdalus, and that subgenus Lithocerasus is more closely related to subgenus Prunophora and subgenus Amygdalus than to subgenus Cerasus. In addition, Prunus triloba was more closely related to Prunus tomentosa than to the members of subgenus Amygdalus. Therefore, we suggest that P. tomentosa and P. triloba should be assigned to the same group, either to subgenus Lithocerasus or Prunophora, and we also propose potential parent combinations for future Prunus rootstock breeding.
Inheritance of Rugose Leaf in Caladium and Genetic Relationships with Leaf Shape, Main Vein Color, and Leaf Spotting
Authors: Cao Zhe , Sui Shunzhao , Yang Qian , Deng Zhanao
Published: October 2016

A number of caladium cultivars (Caladium ×hortulanum), including Miss Muffet and Gingerland, produce rugose leaves. The rugosity on these leaves is an intriguing characteristic, often resulting in an increased ornamental value. This study was conducted to understand the mode of inheritance of this trait and to determine its genetic relationship with other foliar characteristics including leaf shape, main vein color, and leaf spotting in caladiums. Sixteen caladium cultivars/breeding lines were crossed and 20 populations were produced; progeny of these populations were phenotyped for rugose leaf as well as leaf shape, main vein color, and leaf spotting. Results showed that a single locus with two alleles controlled the presence or absence of rugose leaves in these populations. The locus was designated as RLF, with the dominant RLF allele for rugose leaves and the recessive allele rlf for nonrugose (flat) leaves. Rugose cultivars Miss Muffet and Gingerland and breeding line UF-317 possessed the heterozygous genotype RLFrlf. Rugose leaf was inherited independently from leaf shape, but linked with the green main vein allele (Vg) at the V locus and the leaf spotting allele (S) at the S locus. Three-point analysis of the segregation of the three linked traits in reciprocal crosses between ‘Miss Muffet’ and nonrugose ‘Candidum’ indicated a genetic linkage map with the gene order of S locus locating between the V and the RLF loci. The information obtained from this study will be useful for developing breeding strategies for producing new caladium cultivars with or without rugose leaves, and can facilitate the understanding of the mode of inheritance for rugose leaves in other aroids and other plants.
Materiales libres de plomo para atenuación de radiaciones ionizantes en protección
Authors: Mayorga Manuel Alejandro , Plazas Jiménez Sergio Enrique , Cruz Salazar Emeterio
Published: October 2016

En los servicios de Medicina Nuclear y Radiodiagnóstico es necesario ubicar barreras protectoras para atenuar las radiaciones ionizantes hasta niveles aceptables. Existen diferentes tipos de barreras, como muros de concreto, láminas de plomo, vidrio plomado y accesorios de protección radiológica personal que contienen láminas o placas de plomo. En este trabajo se presenta la etapa de simulación y análisis teórico para la obtención de materiales sin plomo, viables en protección radiológica. Para esto, se utilizó la base de datos del National Institute of Standards and Technology, que permite la  construcción teórica de materiales a partir de los elementos químicos y hallar los coeficientes de atenuación de estos compuestos. También, se realizó la simulación de la atenuación de estos materiales para energías de 30keV a 1MeV, rango energético común en el campo clínico y se comparó con la atenuación del Plomo para estas energías. Se concluyó que estos materiales atenuadores se pueden ubicar sobre un sustrato poliméricos para lograr su aplicabilidad y se obtuvieron coeficientes de atenuación similar a los del plomo, aplicable tanto en protección personal como en la infraestructura física de instalaciones. También, se puede inferir que desde el punto de vista teórico, los materiales obtenidos presentan una respuesta a la interacción con la radiación similar a la del plomo. Sin embargo, es necesario experimentar la respuesta del material cuando el elemento atenuador está distribuido uniformemente en la matriz polimérica o como recubrimiento de esta para evaluar su viabilidad desde lo económico.

 
Elementos para la comprensión del trastorno de espectro autista
Authors: Erazo Santander Oscar A.
Published: October 2016

En el 2015, el Ministerio Colombiano de Salud y Protección Social, socializó el protocolo de evaluación e intervención para pacientes con Trastorno de espectro autista, aceptando las referencias del DSM-5; este protocolo incluyó técnicas de evaluación e intervención integral, que si bien son significativas, no resultan suficientes para la atención de una población vulnerable con múltiples dificultades. Por tal razón, se ha sugerido continuar con procesos de educación, sensibilización y justificación en un plano científico y político para la comprensión y análisis de una problemática en la que aún no se tiene grandes certezas.