bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of geometrical and operational parameters on thermofluid performance of discontinuous colonial self‐swirl‐inducing baffle plate in a tubular heat exchanger
Authors: Rahman Md Atiqur
Published: October 2023

An exploratory investigation was conducted to analyze a tubular heat exchanger's turbulent heat transfer characteristics using an innovative baffle plate design. The design incorporated a perforated conical baffle plate and an adjustable rectangular deflector. The strategic placement of this baffle plate at the heat exchanger inlet facilitated a swirling flow downstream. To assess the impact of this design, three baffle plates with varying pitch ratios (l/D) were positioned in the direction of the flow. The study examined the effects of pitch ratio (ranging from 0.6 to 1.2), deflector inclination angle (ranging from 30° to 50°), and Reynolds numbers (ranging from 16,500 to 29,500). Moreover, the size of the conical baffle plate (H/D) was altered (from 0.25 to 0.15). The findings highlighted the substantial influence of pitch ratio, inclination angle, and height ratio on the heat exchanger's performance. Notably, the configuration featuring an inclination angle of 50° and height ratio of 0.15 exhibited an average performance improvement of 22% compared to other height ratios, inclination angles, and pitch ratios.
Comparing water uptake patterns of two tree species using stable isotopes on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Cui Yongsheng , Pan Chengzhong , Ma Lan , Sun Zhanwei
Published: October 2023

The water consumption mechanism of plantations is important to understand for the selection of afforestation tree species and sustainable watershed management in semi‐arid regions. In this study, Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus tabuliformis, which are commonly planted on the Loess Plateau of China, were selected to investigate the possible difference in water uptake modes. In 2019–2020, the stable isotopic compositions (δ2H, δ18O) of precipitation and the xylem and soil water of these two trees were sampled and compared using the direct inference approach and MixSIAR model. The difference in soil moisture was also measured. The results showed that the δ18O content of surface soil water (0–40 cm) was closely related to precipitation, while that of deep soil layers (100–200 cm) remained stable. The MixSIAR model performed appropriately in quantifying water apportionment, especially in the drought year of 2019. In July–August 2019, R. pseudoacacia showed strong drought resilience by absorbing water from the deep soil. The 0–40 cm and 100–200 cm soil layers contributed 0.325 and 0.376 to water absorption of R. pseudoacacia, and 0.675 and 0.151 to that of P. tabuliformis, respectively. However, there was a minor difference in the soil water uptake modes between the two species in the humid year of 2020. Compared with P. tabuliformis, R. pseudoacacia increased its consumption of water by 9.9% and 25.1% in the drought and humid year, respectively, which indicated that R. pseudoacacia plantations may contributed to drier deep soil layers. This study helps to improve our understanding of the water uptake mechanisms of common afforestation tree species on the Loess Plateau.
Benefits and harms of prostate specific antigen testing according to Australian guidelines
Authors: Caruana Michael , Gulati Roman , Etzioni Ruth , Barratt Alexandra , Armstrong Bruce K. , Chiam Karen , Nair‐Shalliker Visalini , Luo Qingwei , Bang Albert , Grogan Paul , Smith David P. , O'Connell Dianne L. , Canfell Karen
Published: October 2023

Guidelines for prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing in Australia recommend that men at average risk of prostate cancer who have been informed of the benefits and harms, and who decide to undergo regular testing, should be offered testing every 2 years from 50 to 69 years. This study aimed to estimate the benefits and harms of regular testing in this context. We constructed Policy1‐Prostate, a discrete event microsimulation platform of the natural history of prostate cancer and prostate cancer survival, and PSA testing patterns and subsequent management in Australia. The model was calibrated to pre‐PSA (before 1985) prostate cancer incidence and mortality and validated against incidence and mortality trends from 1985 to 2011 and international trials. The model predictions were concordant with trials and Australian observed incidence and mortality data from 1985 to 2011. Out of 1000 men who choose to test according to the guidelines, 36 [21‐41] men will die from prostate cancer and 126 [119‐133] men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, compared with 50 [47‐54] and 94 [90‐98] men who do not test, respectively. During the 20 years of active PSA testing, 32.3% [25.6%‐38.8%] of all PSA‐test detected cancers are overdiagnosed cases that is, 30 [21‐42] out of 94 [83‐107] PSA‐test detected cancers. Australian men choosing to test with PSA every two years from 50 to 69 will reduce their risk of ever dying from prostate cancer and incur a risk of overdiagnosis: for every man who avoids dying from prostate cancer, two will be overdiagnosed with prostate cancer between 50 and 69 years of age. Australian men, with health professionals, can use these results to inform decision‐making about PSA testing.
The real‐world outcomes of Lutetium‐177 PSMA‐617 radioligand therapy in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer: Turkish Oncology Group multicenter study
Authors: Almuradova Elvina , Seyyar Mustafa , Arak Hacı , Tamer Fatih , Kefeli Umut , Koca Sinan , Sen Erdem , Telli Tugba Akin , Karatas Fatih , Gokmen Ivo , Turhal Nazım Serdar , Sakalar Teoman , Ayhan Murat , Ekinci Ferhat , Hafizoglu Emre , Kahraman Seda , Kesen Oguzhan , Unal Caglar , Alan Ozkan , Celik Serdar , Yekeduz Emre , Omur Ozgür , Gokmen Erhan
Published: October 2023

Metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains a challenging condition to treat despite recent advancements. This retrospective study aimed to assess the activity and tolerability of Lutetium‐177 (Lu‐177) PSMA‐617 radioligand therapy (RLT) in mCRPC patients across multiple cancer centers in Turkey. The study included 165 patients who received at least one cycle of Lu‐177 PSMA‐617 RLT, with the majority having bone metastases and undergone prior treatments. Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels were assessed before each treatment cycle, and the biochemical response was evaluated in accordance with the Prostate Cancer Work Group 3 Criteria. The PSA decline of ≥50% was classified as a response, while an increase of ≥25% in PSA levels was indicative of progressive disease. Neither response nor progression was considered as stable disease. The Lu‐177 PSMA‐617 RLT led to a significant PSA response, with 50.6% of patients achieving a >50% decrease in PSA levels. Median overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival were 13.5 and 8.2 months, respectively. Patients receiving Lu‐177 PSMA‐617 RLT in combination with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) had a higher OS compared to those receiving Lu‐177 PSMA‐617 RLT alone (18.2 vs 12.3 months, P = .265). The treatment was generally well‐tolerated, with manageable side effects such as anemia and thrombocytopenia. This study provides real‐world evidence supporting the effectiveness and safety of Lu‐177 PSMA‐617 RLT in mCRPC patients, particularly when used in combination with ARPIs. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence on the potential benefits of PSMA‐targeted therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
FIGO statement: Fertility preservation
Authors: Henry Laurie , Berek Jonathan S. , Diaz Ivonne , Feldberg Dov , Mocanu Edgar , Niederberger C. Craig , Ohlander Samuel , Purandare Nikhil , Rosenwaks Zev , Tulandi Togas , Wasson Megan , Wilailak Sarikapan , Malhotra Jaideep
Published: October 2023

Fertility preservation is a growing field in reproductive medicine that may raise ethical questions. Preservation of fertility must be discussed with the patient if gonadotoxic treatment is required, whether in the case of benign or malignant pathology, or in the management of transgender identity. As a result, surgery or chemotherapy that has fewer adverse impacts on fertility should be proposed if this does not alter the prognosis of the disease. If the risk of infertility persists, then fertility cryopreservation should be proposed for children and adults of reproductive age. Sperm, oocytes, and gonadal tissue can be cryopreserved for many years. FIGO wishes to emphasize the importance of fertility preservation in the medical and surgical management of patients, and the importance of a specialized, multidisciplinary approach.
Adolescents' digital career aspirations: Evidence for gendered pathways in a digital future
Authors: Strohmeier Dagmar , Gradinger Petra , Yanagida Takuya
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Computers and technology are still perceived as a male domain. As a result of this “digital gender gap” boys aspire careers in the information and communication technology (ICT) branches much more than girls. Guided by the situated expectancy‐value theory of motivated behavioral choices, the present study aims to shed light on the predictors of digital career aspirations.

Methods

Self‐report questionnaires were completed by 1018 Austrian adolescents (52.3% girls; 72% non‐immigrants; Mage = 13.55, SDage = 0.88) attending 61 Grade 7 and 8 classes located in 17 vocational secondary schools between April and June 2019. Individual and class‐level predictors of digital career aspirations were investigated with multilevel modeling.

Results

Hierarchical linear models revealed that boys, younger adolescents, and second‐generation immigrant adolescents had higher levels of digital career aspirations compared to girls, older adolescents, and non‐immigrants. Hours spend with the laptop per day, digital self‐efficacy and media appraisal positively predicted digital career aspirations on the individual level, while a higher number of immigrants in the classes and higher levels of teacher discussions about media were significant positive predictors on the class level. The model explained 17% of the individual level and 52% of the class level variance. Cross‐level interactions were nonsignificant.

Conclusions

These results have major implications for educational practice. Most importantly, educational interventions should enhance girls' digital self‐efficacy believes and media appraisal. Furthermore, teachers should increase their discussion about digital media as they foster adolescents' digital career aspirations and might prevent future gender segregation in the ICT sector.
Better biocompatibility of nitrogen‐doped graphene compared with graphene oxide by reducing cell autophagic flux blockage and cell apoptosis
Authors: Huang Xiuqing , Luo Xiansheng , Yan Mingjing , Chen Hao , Zuo Huiyan , Xu Kun , Ma Jiarui , Dou Lin , Shen Tao , Huang Mu‐Hua
Published: October 2023

Nitrogen‐doped graphene (C2N), a novel graphene‐based materials, has been proposed as a potential alternative to graphene oxide (GO) in biomedical applications. However, due to the challenges in synthesizing C2N, reports in the biomedical field are currently rare. Here, we have modified the reported procedure and successfully synthesized C2N nanoparticles at 120°C, which we refer to as C2N‐120. The toxicity and biocompatibility of GO and C2N‐120 were evaluated using a mouse model injected with GO/C2N‐120 via the tail vein, as well as cell models treated with GO/C2N‐120. In vivo studies revealed that GO/C2N‐120 showed similar distribution patterns after tail vein injection. The liver, spleen, and lung are the major nanoparticle uptake organs of GO and C2N‐120. However, GO deposition in the major nanoparticle uptake organs was more significant than that of C2N‐120. In addition, GO deposition caused structural abnormalities, increased apoptotic cells, and enhanced macrophage infiltration whereas C2N‐120 exhibited fewer adverse effects. In vitro experiments were conducted using different cell lines treated with GO/C2N‐120. Unlike GO which induced mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagic flux blockage and cell apoptosis, C2N‐120 showed lower cytotoxicity in cell models. Our data demonstrated that C2N‐120 exhibits higher biocompatibility than GO, both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting its potential for biomedical application in the future.
Implications of intrinsic disorder and functional proteomics in the merkel cell polyomavirus life cycle
Authors: Lanclos Nathan , Radulovic Peter , Bland Jackson , Oganisyan Valentin , Radefeld Kelton , Uversky Vladimir N.
Published: October 2023

Infection with merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is implicated in the development of merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin cancer. MCC has a mortality rate near 50%, and incidence has been rapidly increasing in recent decades, making development of improved treatment strategies critical to addressing its growing social burden. The parallel increasing necessity for novel research to better understand MCPyV pathogenesis has prompted numerous studies in recent years, yet the role of intrinsic disorder in MCPyV proteins remains unexplored. This study carries out computational characterization of intrinsic disorder within the MCPyV proteome and suggests mechanisms that may contribute to the oncogenicity of the virus to invade and hijack host immune systems. Our analysis finds that significant levels of intrinsic disorder are present in proteins LT, ALTO, 57kT, and VP1, and suggests that regions of sT may also contain large, disordered regions. The investigation further shows correlation of disorder propensity with the outputs for functional predictors of eukaryotic linear motifs (ELMs), molecular recognition features (MoRFs), and propensity for liquid‐liquid phase separation (LLPS). Our findings indicate that MCPyV may use disorder and phase condensation to alter viral function that may accentuate or provide the basis for oncogenic activities. It is intended that this study will inform future experimental validation efforts around the phase separation capacity of MCPyV and its host protein‐protein interactions. Furthermore, we hope to inform other investigators on the potential role of disorder in the MCPyV life cycle toward ultimately progressing the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Characterization of differential distribution patterns between mitofusin isoforms and their interaction in developing skeletal muscles of rat
Authors: Senapati Unmod , Pani Sunil , Rout Subhasmita , Sahu Bijayashree , Pani Punyadhara , Swalsingh Gourabamani , Pati Benudhara , Bal Naresh C.
Published: October 2023

Skeletal muscle during postnatal development undergoes several structural and biochemical modifications. It is proposed that these changes are closely intertwined with the increase in load‐bearing capacity of the muscle (i.e., myofibrils) and molecular machinery to support the energy demand (i.e., mitochondria). Concomitant establishment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondrial network seems to be a major developmental adjustment of skeletal muscle leading to adult phenotype. Here, we have studied oxidativeness, vascularization, and the changes in mitofusins (Mfn) 1–Mfn 2 expression and interaction in the due course of muscle development. Toward this, we used a series of histochemical techniques to compare neonatal and adult limb muscles (Gastrocnemius and Quadriceps) of Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus). Additionally, we probed the proximity between Mfn 1 and Mfn 2 using a highly sensitive antibody‐based proximity ligation assay indicating the change in mitochondrial fusion pattern or mitochondria‐SR interaction. The results show that neonatal fibers bear a uniform distribution of mitochondria while a differential pattern of distribution is seen in adults. The distribution of the blood vessels is also quite distinct in adult muscles with a well‐formed capillary network but in neonates, only central blood vessels are seen. Interestingly, our Mfn 1–Mfn 2 interaction data show that this interaction is uniformly distributed throughout the neonatal fibers, while it becomes peripherally localized in fibers of adult muscles. This peripheralization of Mfn 1–Mfn 2 interaction must be an important event of muscle development and might be critical to cater to the metabolic needs of adult muscle.
Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 inhibition impairs triacylglycerol accumulation and lipid droplet formation in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Tracz‐Gaszewska Zuzanna , Sowka Adrian , Dobrzyn Pawel
Published: October 2023

Increases in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis meet the higher lipid demand by intensely proliferating cancer cells and promoting their progression. Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is the key enzyme in FA biosynthesis, converting saturated FA (SFA) into monounsaturated FA (MUFA). Increases in the MUFA/SFA ratio and SCD1 expression have been observed in cancers of various origins and correlate with their aggressiveness. However, much is still unknown about the SCD1‐dependent molecular mechanisms that promote specific changes in metabolic pathways of cancer cells. The present study investigated the involvement of SCD1 in shaping glucose and lipid metabolism in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Excess FAs that derive from de novo lipogenesis are stored in organelles, called lipid droplets (LDs), mainly in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl esters. LD accumulation is associated with key features of cancer development and progression. Consistent with our findings, the pharmacological inhibition of SCD1 activity affects CRC cell viability and impairs TAG accumulation and LD formation in these cells through the activation of lipolytic and lipophagic pathways. We showed that SCD1 suppression affects crucial lipogenic processes that promote lipid accumulation in CRC cells but in a sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1‐independent manner. We propose that adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase contributes to these changes through the activation of lipolysis and inhibition of TAG synthesis. We also provide evidence of the involvement of SCD1 in the regulation of glucose uptake and utilization in CRC cells. These findings underscore the importance of SCD1 in regulating cellular processes that promote cancer development and progression.
Polarized desmosome and hemidesmosome shedding via small extracellular vesicles is an early indicator of outer blood‐retina barrier dysfunction
Authors: Hernandez Belinda J. , Skiba Nikolai P. , Plössl Karolina , Strain Madison , Liu Yutao , Grigsby Daniel , Kelly Una , Cady Martha A. , Manocha Vikram , Maminishkis Arvydas , Watkins TeddiJo , Miller Sheldon S. , Ashley‐Koch Allison , Stamer W. Daniel , Weber Bernhard H. F. , Bowes Rickman Catherine , Klingeborn Mikael
Published: October 2023

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) constitutes the outer blood‐retinal barrier, enables photoreceptor function of the eye, and is constantly exposed to oxidative stress. As such, dysfunction of the RPE underlies pathology leading to development of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss among the elderly in industrialized nations. A major responsibility of the RPE is to process photoreceptor outer segments, which relies on the proper functioning of its endocytic pathways and endosomal trafficking. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) from RPE are an essential part of these pathways and may be early indicators of cellular stress. To test the role of small EVs (sEVs) including exosomes, that may underlie the early stages of AMD, we used a polarized primary RPE cell culture model under chronic subtoxic oxidative stress. Unbiased proteomic analyses of highly purified basolateral sEVs from oxidatively stressed RPE cultures revealed changes in proteins involved in epithelial barrier integrity. There were also significant changes in proteins accumulating in the basal‐side sub‐RPE extracellular matrix during oxidative stress, that could be prevented with an inhibitor of sEV release. Thus, chronic subtoxic oxidative stress in primary RPE cultures induces changes in sEV content, including basal‐side specific desmosome and hemidesmosome shedding via sEVs. These findings provide novel biomarkers of early cellular dysfunction and opportunity for therapeutic intervention in age‐related retinal diseases (e.g., AMD).
On the list color function threshold
Authors: Kaul Hemanshu , Kumar Akash , Mudrock Jeffrey A. , Rewers Patrick , Shin Paul , To Khue
Published: October 2023

The chromatic polynomial of a graph , denoted , is equal to the number of proper ‐colorings of . The list color function of graph , denoted , is a list analogue of the chromatic polynomial that has been studied since the early 1990s, primarily through comparisons with the corresponding chromatic polynomial. It is known that for any graph there is a such that whenever . The list color function threshold of , denoted , is the smallest such that whenever . In 2009, Thomassen asked whether there is a universal constant such that for any graph , , where is the list chromatic number of . We show that the answer to this question is no by proving that there exists a positive constant such that for .
One‐pot sequential regioselective intramolecular synthesis of furo[3,2‐c]chromen and imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine via catalyst‐free and basic conditions
Authors: Yadav Maruti B. , Yeon Tae Jeong
Published: October 2023

We developed a sequential intramolecular ring‐closure‐opening‐closure pathway using a catalyst‐free and organo‐base catalyzed system for the synthesis of fused regioselective tricyclic furo[3,2‐c]chromen and bicyclic imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine via a one‐pot three‐component reaction. The protocol involved a Knoevenagel and Michael adduct via intramolecular cyclization with 4‐hydroxycoumarin, aromatic glyoxal, and 2‐aminopyridine under heating and ambient conditions with very good yields. The merits of this methodology were studied, and new practical ways were developed to access furo[3,2‐c]chromen and imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine moieties.
Synthesis and DFT calculations of mono‐ and di‐methylated cucurbit[7]uril based on imidazole derivatives
Authors: Ahmed Mostafa , Assaf Khaleel I. , Hussein Hussein A. D.
Published: October 2023

Nowadays, functionalized cucurbit[n]urils are considered one of the most important examples of macromolecules and have attracted a lot of attention due to their potential applications in several sectors. In the present work monomethyl‐cucurbit[7]uril (3) was synthesized for the first time through facile synthetic route with high purity form by the reaction of monomethylglycoluril (3a‐methyltetrahydroimidazo[4,5‐d]imidazole‐2,5(1H,3H)‐dione) with glycoluril (tetrahydroimidazo[4,5‐d]imidazole‐2,5(1H,3H)‐dione) in the ratio of 1:6, respectively, and formaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid as a catalyst for 24 h at 95°C through Mannich reaction. Moreover, dimethyl‐cucurbit[7]uril (5) was successfully synthesized through the reaction of dimethylglycoluril (3a,6a‐dimethyltetrahydroimidazo[4,5‐d]imidazole‐2,5(1H,3H)‐dione) with glycoluril (tetrahydroimidazo[4,5‐d]imidazole‐2,5(1H,3H)‐dione), following the same procedure as for the monomethyl‐cucurbit[7]uril. The chemical structures of the obtained compounds were established by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and quantum‐chemical calculations.
Exploring the associations between dark triad personality and psychopathology in convicted offenders: Identifying their role in reincarceration
Authors: Brugués Català Glòria , Caparrós Beatriz Caparrós
Published: October 2023

Dysfunctional personality and psychopathological characteristics are increasingly studied in offenders separately, but only a few studies have analysed their relationship in this specific population. In this research, we focus on the so‐called Dark Triad personality, consisting of the Machiavellian, the narcissistic and the psychopathic personalities. The main objective of this study was to examine the association between Dark Triad personality and psychopathology and also to know the role of these mental health variables in recidivism. Participants were 63 offenders (44 men and 19 women) from two different penitentiary institutions. Sociodemographic data as well as clinical and personality characteristics were recorded. Psychopathology was assessed with the third version of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and dark personality with the Short Dark Triad. Results of descriptive statistical analyses revealed a high prevalence of psychopathology in convicted participants and reincarcerated offenders. Correlational analyses showed a strong relation between the Dark Triad personality and psychopathology, being the psychopathic personality the one with the highest association. Finally, we found that the psychopathological variables contributing most to the discrimination of reincarcerated participants were substance and alcohol abuse disorders and in relation to dysfunctional personality were psychopathy and narcissism, the latter in negative direction. These data highlight the relevance of a necessity for research exploring long‐term patterns of re‐incarceration for both men and women, including mental health disorders and personality models. The importance of taking into account the relationship between variables in preventive and treatment interventions inside and outside penitentiary institutions is discussed.
Deep Learning‐Based T2‐Weighted MR Image Quality Assessment and Its Impact on Prostate Cancer Detection Rates
Authors: Lin Yue , Belue Mason J. , Yilmaz Enis C. , Harmon Stephanie A. , An Julie , Law Yan Mee , Hazen Lindsey , Garcia Charisse , Merriman Katie M. , Phelps Tim E. , Lay Nathan S. , Toubaji Antoun , Merino Maria J. , Wood Bradford J. , Gurram Sandeep , Choyke Peter L. , Pinto Peter A. , Turkbey Baris
Published: October 2023

Background

Image quality evaluation of prostate MRI is important for successful implementation of MRI into localized prostate cancer diagnosis.

Purpose

To examine the impact of image quality on prostate cancer detection using an in‐house previously developed artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Subjects

615 consecutive patients (median age 67 [interquartile range [IQR]: 61–71] years) with elevated serum PSA (median PSA 6.6 [IQR: 4.6–9.8] ng/mL) prior to prostate biopsy.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0T/T2‐weighted turbo‐spin‐echo MRI, high b‐value echo‐planar diffusion‐weighted imaging, and gradient recalled echo dynamic contrast‐enhanced.

Assessments

Scans were prospectively evaluated during clinical readout using PI‐RADSv2.1 by one genitourinary radiologist with 17 years of experience. For each patient, T2‐weighted images (T2WIs) were classified as high‐quality or low‐quality based on evaluation of both general distortions (eg, motion, distortion, noise, and aliasing) and perceptual distortions (eg, obscured delineation of prostatic capsule, prostatic zones, and excess rectal gas) by a previously developed in‐house AI algorithm. Patients with PI‐RADS category 1 underwent 12‐core ultrasound‐guided systematic biopsy while those with PI‐RADS category 2–5 underwent combined systematic and targeted biopsies. Patient‐level cancer detection rates (CDRs) were calculated for clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa, International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group ≥2) by each biopsy method and compared between high‐ and low‐quality images in each PI‐RADS category.

Statistical Tests

Fisher's exact test. Bootstrap 95% confidence intervals (CI). A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

385 (63%) T2WIs were classified as high‐quality and 230 (37%) as low‐quality by AI. Targeted biopsy with high‐quality T2WIs resulted in significantly higher clinically significant CDR than low‐quality images for PI‐RADS category 4 lesions (52% [95% CI: 43–61] vs. 32% [95% CI: 22–42]). For combined biopsy, there was no significant difference in patient‐level CDRs for PI‐RADS 4 between high‐ and low‐quality T2WIs (56% [95% CI: 47–64] vs. 44% [95% CI: 34–55]; P = 0.09).

Data Conclusion

Higher quality T2WIs were associated with better targeted biopsy clinically significant cancer detection performance for PI‐RADS 4 lesions. Combined biopsy might be needed when T2WI is lower quality.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Imaging Interstitial Fluid With MRI: A Narrative Review on the Associations of Altered Interstitial Fluid With Vascular and Neurodegenerative Abnormalities
Authors: Drenthen Gerhard S. , Elschot Elles P. , van der Knaap Noa , Uher Daniel , Voorter Paulien H. M. , Backes Walter H. , Jansen Jacobus F. A. , van der Thiel Merel M.
Published: October 2023

Interstitial fluid (ISF) refers to the fluid between the parenchymal cells and along the perivascular spaces (PVS). ISF plays a crucial role in delivering nutrients and clearing waste products from the brain. This narrative review focuses on the use of MRI techniques to measure various ISF characteristics in humans. The complementary value of contrast‐enhanced and noncontrast‐enhanced techniques is highlighted. While contrast‐enhanced MRI methods allow measurement of ISF transport and flow, they lack quantitative assessment of ISF properties. Noninvasive MRI techniques, including multi‐b‐value diffusion imaging, free‐water‐imaging, T2‐decay imaging, and DTI along the PVS, offer promising alternatives to derive ISF measures, such as ISF volume and diffusivity. The emerging role of these MRI techniques in investigating ISF alterations in neurodegenerative diseases (eg, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and cerebrovascular diseases (eg, cerebral small vessel disease and stroke) is discussed. This review also emphasizes current challenges of ISF imaging, such as the microscopic scale at which ISF has to be measured, and discusses potential focus points for future research to overcome these challenges, for example, the use of high‐resolution imaging techniques. Noninvasive MRI methods for measuring ISF characteristics hold significant potential and may have a high clinical impact in understanding the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders, as well as in evaluating the efficacy of ISF‐targeted therapies in clinical trials.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Emergence of a second SARS‐CoV‐2 variant with a tremendous genetic leap from its ancestors
Authors: Colson Philippe , La Scola Bernard , Beye Mamadou , Delerce Jérémy , Raoult Didier , Fantini Jacques
Published: October 2023

The on‐going emergence of the Omicron BA.2.86 variant is one of the major events in SARS‐CoV‐2 genetic evolution that remain enigmatic regarding the overall virus mutation rate, together with the emergence of the initial Omicron variant, BA.1. Indeed, the genomes of the Omicron BA.2.86 lineage, an offspring of the second major Omicron subvariant, BA.2, harbor 39 additional mutations in the spike compared to this ancestor. Here we comment on the phylogeny of BA.2.86, on the positions, and frequencies in other SARS‐CoV‐2, of mutations in its spike, and on the structural model of this protein that concentrates most of BA.2.86 additional mutations.
IL‐21 collaborates with anti‐TIGIT to restore NK cell function in chronic HBV infection
Authors: Tang Libo , Li Quanrun , Chen Liang , Li Xiaowei , Gu Shuqin , He Weiying , Pan Qingqing , Wang Liping , Sun Jianru , Yi Xuan , Li Yongyin
Published: October 2023

Available therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are not satisfying, and interleukin‐21 (IL‐21) and checkpoint inhibitors are potential therapeutic options. However, the mechanism underlying IL‐21 and checkpoint inhibitors in treating chronic HBV infection is unclear. To explore whether IL‐21 and checkpoint inhibitors promote HBV clearance by modulating the function of natural killer (NK) cells, we measured the phenotypes and functions of NK cells in chronic HBV‐infected patients and healthy controls on mRNA and protein levels. We found that chronic HBV infection disturbed the transcriptome of NK cells, including decreased expression of KLRK1, TIGIT, GZMA, PRF1, and increased expression of CD69. We also observed altered phenotypes and functions of NK cells in chronic HBV‐infected patients, characterized by decreased NKG2D expression, increased TIGIT expression and impaired interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) production. Furthermore, these alterations cannot be restored by telbivudine treatment but can be partially restored by IL‐21 and anti‐TIGIT stimulation. IL‐21 upregulated the expression of activating receptor CD16, CD69, and NKG2D on NK cells, enhanced IFN‐γ production, cytolysis, and proliferation of NK cells, while anti‐TIGIT promoted IFN‐γ production in CD56dim subset exclusively in chronic HBV infected patients. Additionally, IL‐21 was indispensable for anti‐TIGIT in HBsAg clearance in mice bearing HBV. It enhanced IFN‐γ production in splenic NK cells rather than intrahepatic NK cells, indicating a brand‐new mechanism of IL‐21 in HBV clearance when combined with anti‐TIGIT. Overall, our findings contribute to the design of immunotherapy through enhancing the antiviral efficacy of NK cells in chronic HBV infection.
Its all about IFN‐λ4: Protective role of IFNL4 polymorphism against COVID‐19‐related pneumonia in females
Authors: Matic Sanja , Milovanovic Dragan , Mijailovic Zeljko , Djurdjevic Predrag , Sazdanovic Predrag , Stefanovic Srdjan , Todorovic Danijela , Popovic Suzana , Vitosevic Katarina , Vukicevic Vladimir , Vukic Milena , Vukovic Nenad , Milivojevic Nevena , Zivanovic Marko , Jakovljevic Vladimir , Filipovic Nenad , Djordjevic Natasa , Baskic Dejan
Published: October 2023

Despite the pivotal role of IFN‐λs in the innate immune response, the data on its genetic polymorphism in relation to COVID‐19 severity are scarce and contradictory. In the present study, we aimed to determine if the presence of the most frequent functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the two most important IFN‐λs coding genes, namely IFNL3 and IFNL4, alters the likelihood of SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected patients to develop more severe form of the disease. This observational cohort study involved 178 COVID‐19 patients hospitalized at the University Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Serbia. Patients' demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory parameters were collected at admission. COVID‐19 signs and symptoms were assessed during the hospital stay, with the worst condition determining the disease severity. Genotyping for IFNL3 (rs12980275 and rs8099917) and IFNL4 (rs12979860 and rs368234815) SNPs was conducted using TaqMan assays. Our study revealed carriers of IFNL3 and IFNL4 minor alleles to be less likely to progress from mild to moderate COVID‐19, that is, to develop COVID‐19‐related pneumonia. After adjustment for other factors of influence, such as age, sex, and comorbidities, the likelihood of pneumonia development remained significantly associated with IFNL4 polymorphism (odds ratios [ORs] [95% confidence interval (95% CI)]: 0.233 [0.071; 0.761]). When the patients were stratified according to sex, the protective role of IFNL4 minor alleles, controlled for the effect of comorbidities, remained significant only in females (OR [95% CI]: 0.035 [0.003; 0.408]). Our results strongly suggest that IFNL4 rs12979860 and rs368234815 polymorphisms independently predict the risk of COVID‐19‐related pneumonia development in females.
Serum ribonucleotide reductase M2 is a potential biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Zhan Yating , Tao Qiqi , Lang Zhichao , Lin Lifan , Li Xinmiao , Yu Suhui , Yu Zhengping , Zhou Guangyao , Wu Kaifeng , Zhou Zhenxu , Yu Zhixian , Zheng Jianjian
Published: October 2023

It is known that ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) could be induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) via DNA damage response. However, whether RRM2 is a potential biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is still unclear. In this study, CHB patients from GSE84044 (a transcriptome data from GEO data set) were downloaded and RRM2 was selected as a hub gene. Interestingly, a positive correlation was found between serum RRM2 and liver fibrosis stage. The similar results were found in CHB patients with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Notably, RRM2 could effectively differentiate preliminary fibrosis from advanced fibrosis in CHB patients with/without normal ALT. In addition, RRM2 had a better performance in diagnosing liver fibrosis than two commonly used noninvasive methods (aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index and fibrosis index based on the four factors), two classic fibrotic biomarkers (hyaluronic acid and type IV collagen) as well as Mac‐2 binding protein glycosylation isomer, a known serum fibrosis marker. Moreover, CHB patients with high RRM2, who were associated with advanced fibrosis, had higher expressions of immune checkpoints. Overall, serum RRM2 may be a promising biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring liver fibrosis in CHB patients.
Early humoral and cellular responses after bivalent SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA‐1273.214 vaccination in long‐term care and retirement home residents in Ontario, Canada: An observational cohort study
Authors: Breznik Jessica A. , Rahim Ahmad , Bhakta Hina , Clare Rumi , Zhang Ali , Ang Jann , Stacey Hannah D. , Liu Li‐Min , Kennedy Allison , Bilaver Lucas , Hagerman Megan , Kajaks Tara , Bramson Jonathan L. , Nazy Ishac , Miller Matthew S. , Costa Andrew P. , Bowdish Dawn M. E. ,   the COVID in LTC Investigator Group
Published: October 2023

Immunogenicity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) bivalent mRNA‐1273.214 vaccine (Original/Omicron B.1.1.529 [BA.1]) is underreported in vulnerable older adults in congregate care settings. In residents of 26 long‐term care and retirement homes in Ontario, Canada, humoral (i.e., serum anti‐spike and anti‐receptor binding domain [anti‐RBD]) IgG and IgA antibodies and live SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization) and cellular (i.e., CD4+ and CD8+ activation‐induced marker spike‐specific T cell memory) responses were assessed 7–120 days postvaccination with four monovalent mRNA vaccines (n = 494) or subsequent bivalent mRNA‐1273.214 vaccination (fifth vaccine) (n = 557). Within 4 months, anti‐spike and anti‐RBD antibody levels were similar after monovalent and bivalent vaccination in infection‐naïve individuals. Hybrid immunity (i.e., vaccination and natural infection) generally increased humoral responses. After bivalent vaccination, compared to monovalent vaccination, residents with hybrid immunity had elevated anti‐spike and anti‐RBD IgG and IgA antibodies. Omicron BA.1 antibody‐mediated neutralization, and CD8+ T cell memory responses to the Omicron BA.1 spike protein, were also higher after bivalent vaccination. Humoral and cellular responses were, therefore, noninferior within 4 months of bivalent mRNA‐1273.214 vaccination compared to monovalent mRNA vaccination. Waning of humoral but not cellular immunity was particularly evident in individuals without hybrid immunity. Continued monitoring of vaccine‐associated and hybrid immunity against emerging Omicron variants of concern is necessary to assess longevity of protection.
Century‐long variations of growing‐season compound dry–hot extremes and their links with large‐scale climate patterns in China
Authors: Guo Shuyao , Liu Wenbin , Wang Tingting , Wang Hong , Feng Yao , Zhu Yuntao , Lan Zhiyang , Bai Xinli , Sun Fubao
Published: October 2023

In the context of global warming, the increasing frequency of compound dry–hot extremes pose varying degrees of threats to the natural environment and human society. However, due to the lack of long‐term and high‐accuracy meteorological observations, the characteristics and drivers of compound dry–hot extremes over a century‐long period is still poorly investigated in China. Here we characterize the spatiotemporal variations of growing‐season (May–September) compound dry–hot events (CDHEs) over China using Standardized Dry and Hot Index (SDHI) calculated by monthly temperature and precipitation during 1901–2017. The influences of precipitation and temperature extremes, as well as large‐scale climate indices (i.e., El Niño–Southern Oscillation Index [ENSO], Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation [AMO], North Atlantic Oscillation [NAO], Pacific Decadal Oscillation [PDO] and North Pacific [NP]) on CDHEs were then explored using the relative contribution analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and cross‐wavelet spectrum analysis. Our findings reveal a significant increase in the occurrence of different severity levels of CDHEs in China with their spatial extent gradually increase, practically since the end of the 20th century. Due to the exacerbation of drought conditions in China since the mid‐20th century, the regions where the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) has a more prominent contribution to the SDHI have gradually expanded, predominantly in the eastern, northern and northwestern parts of China. The significant influence of large‐scale climate indices, particularly ENSO and AMO, on the occurrence of compound dry–hot extremes in China is noteworthy, as these indices control the variability of precipitation and temperature, respectively. The study findings demonstrate that AMO exhibits a more significant correlation with SDHI in all subregions of China, while ENSO exhibits marginally stronger periodic coherence with SDHI than the other indices. This study offers valuable insights and references for unravelling long‐term development process of and the underlying influence mechanisms of significant climate patterns on the growing‐season CDHEs in China.
Meteorology of ‘ridging high’ rainfall over the KwaZulu‐Natal coastal plains
Authors: Jury Mark R.
Published: October 2023

The meteorology of ridging highs on the coast of KwaZulu‐Natal (KZN) South Africa was studied using Principal Component (pc) analysis of daily ERA5 sea level air pressure (SLP) fields 1980–2021. The second pc mode time score representing ridging highs, was associated with rain‐showers moving northeast‐ward along the KZN coast. Temporal analysis revealed an Oct‐Dec peak occurrence and 12‐day pulse intervals induced by the eastward migration of atmospheric Rossby waves in early summer. From a ranking of SLP pc2 and associated daily time series, a case study emerged: 14–18 Nov. 2009. This ridging high weather scenario had cold southerly winds subsiding over the warm Agulhas Current. Surface moisture fluxes >350 W/m2 create a buoyant airmass that slows and lifts over the coastal plains, inducing shallow clouds that reduce net solar radiation and potential evaporation. Interannual variability of ridging highs was studied by filtering the daily SLP pc2 time score to retain seasonal fluctuations and correlating with regional fields of SST. This revealed warming in the SW Indian Ocean associated with positive phase Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The atmospheric circulation forms a NW trough over Madagascar which deforms eastward moving mid‐latitude anticyclones. Thus, ridging highs that bring beneficial Oct‐Dec rains to the coast of KZN depend on downstream climate coupling with the IOD. Long‐term trends from a coupled model simulation 1980–2100 suggest a poleward retreat of the anticyclonic ridge, consistent with declining Durban‐area river flow in early summer.
Mindfulness Makes Employees More Creative? The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and Creative Process Engagement
Authors: Li Xiao , Zhang Chen , Li Changde , Shi Wendian , Wang Feng , Wang Qiangqiang , Zhang Yanan
Published: October 2023

Previous studies on mindfulness and creativity have focused on the beneficial effects of mindfulness on concentration. However, few have explored this from the perspective of psychological resources. Based on resource conservation theory, this study focuses on the positive psychological functions of mindfulness and how they complement the psychological resources depleted in the performance of creativity. Thus, guaranteeing the completion of creativity‐related activities. We used a three‐time lag design and analyzed reports from 404 employees and 85 supervisors to explore the impact of employees' mindfulness on their creativity and the chain‐mediating role of psychological capital and creative process engagement in the relationship between the two. The results indicated that employees' mindfulness can influence their creativity not only directly but also through the mediation of just creative process engagement as well as through the chain mediation of psychological capital and creative process. The findings revealed the psychological mechanisms through which employees' mindfulness impacts their creativity, providing a scientific basis for exploring how to effectively enhance employees' creativity and dissipating the doubts raised about the current widespread use of mindfulness in organizations.
The associations of coffee consumption, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis: Results from NHANES 2009–2014
Authors: Chen Qiansi , Ge Ruiyang , Wu Yuxuan , Wu Yuying , Yang Han , Yu Yiming , Deng Qingrong , Qiu Yu , He Baochang , Yan Fuhua , Li Yanfen , Chen Fa
Published: October 2023

Background

Coffee is one of the world's most popular beverages and is the main dietary source of caffeine for most people. The various molecular effects of caffeine suggest that it may enhance bone loss. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of coffee, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis.

Methods

Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2014. Total coffee and different types of coffee consumption were acquired through a 24‐h dietary recall. Urinary caffeine metabolites were quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC‒ESI‒MS/MS). The association of coffee, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis and its severity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

A total of 3309 eligible participants were included. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, a positive association was observed between coffee consumption (particularly certain types of coffee) and periodontitis. Notably, a positive correlation was also found between total coffee intake and the severity of periodontitis. Additionally, for urinary caffeine metabolites, there was a significant positive association between 1‐methyluric acid (1‐MU), 1,3‐dimethyluric acid (1,3‐DMU), 3,7‐dimethyluric acid (3,7‐DMU), 1,7‐dimethylxanthine (1,7‐DMX), or 5‐actlyamino‐6‐amino‐3‐methyluracil (AAMU) and periodontitis, with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 1.10 (1.02, 1.19), 1.86 (1.05, 3.29), 0.94 (0.90, 0.98), 1.29 (1.03, 1.62), and 1.15 (1.05, 1.26), respectively.

Conclusions

The present study suggests a positive association of coffee intake (especially certain coffee types) and caffeine metabolites (1‐MU, 1,3‐DMU, 3,7‐DMU, 1,7‐DMX, and AAMU) with periodontitis and its severity.