bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HER2-Associated Radioresistance of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Isolated from HER2-Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Duru Nadire , Fan Ming , Candas Demet , Menaa Cheikh , Liu Hsin-Chen , Nantajit Danupon , Wen Yunfei , Xiao Kai , Eldridge Angela , Chromy Brett A. , Li Shiyong , Spitz Douglas R. , Lam Kit S. , Wicha Max S. , Li Jian Jian
Published: October 2012

Purpose: To understand the role of HER2-associated signaling network in breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) using radioresistant breast cancer cells and clinical recurrent breast cancers to evaluate HER2-targeted therapy as a tumor eliminating strategy for recurrent HER2−/low breast cancers.

Experimental Design: HER2-expressing BCSCs (HER2+/CD44+/CD24−/low) were isolated from radiation-treated breast cancer MCF7 cells and in vivo irradiated MCF7 xenograft tumors. Tumor aggressiveness and radioresistance were analyzed by gap filling, Matrigel invasion, tumor-sphere formation, and clonogenic survival assays. The HER2/CD44 feature was analyzed in 40 primary and recurrent breast cancer specimens. Protein expression profiling in HER2+/CD44+/CD24−/low versus HER2−/CD44+/CD24−/low BCSCs was conducted with two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS) analysis and HER2-mediated signaling network was generated by MetaCore program.

Results: Compared with HER2-negative BCSCs, HER2+/CD44+/CD24−/low cells showed elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and aggressiveness tested by Matrigel invasion, tumor sphere formation, and in vivo tumorigenesis. The enhanced aggressive phenotype and radioresistance of the HER2+/CD44+/CD24−/low cells were markedly reduced by inhibition of HER2 via siRNA or Herceptin treatments. Clinical breast cancer specimens revealed that cells coexpressing HER2 and CD44 were more frequently detected in recurrent (84.6%) than primary tumors (57.1%). In addition, 2-D DIGE and HPLC/MS-MS of HER2+/CD44+/CD24−/low versus HER2−/CD44+/CD24−/low BCSCs reported a unique HER2-associated protein profile including effectors involved in tumor metastasis, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and DNA repair. A specific feature of HER2–STAT3 network was identified.

Conclusion: This study provides the evidence that HER2-mediated prosurvival signaling network is responsible for the aggressive phenotype of BCSCs that could be targeted to control the therapy-resistant HER2−/low breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 18(24); 6634–47. ©2012 AACR.
An Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Gene Signature Predicts Resistance to EGFR and PI3K Inhibitors and Identifies Axl as a Therapeutic Target for Overcoming EGFR Inhibitor Resistance
Authors: Byers Lauren Averett , Diao Lixia , Wang Jing , Saintigny Pierre , Girard Luc , Peyton Michael , Shen Li , Fan Youhong , Giri Uma , Tumula Praveen K. , Nilsson Monique B. , Gudikote Jayanthi , Tran Hai , Cardnell Robert J.G. , Bearss David J. , Warner Steven L. , Foulks Jason M. , Kanner Steven B. , Gandhi Varsha , Krett Nancy , Rosen Steven T. , Kim Edward S. , Herbst Roy S. , Blumenschein George R. , Lee J. Jack , Lippman Scott M. , Ang K. Kian , Mills Gordon B. , Hong Waun K. , Weinstein John N. , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Coombes Kevin R. , Minna John D. , Heymach John V.
Published: October 2012

Purpose: Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with metastatic spread and EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibitor resistance. We developed and validated a robust 76-gene EMT signature using gene expression profiles from four platforms using non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines and patients treated in the Biomarker-Integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination (BATTLE) study.

Experimental Design: We conducted an integrated gene expression, proteomic, and drug response analysis using cell lines and tumors from patients with NSCLC. A 76-gene EMT signature was developed and validated using gene expression profiles from four microarray platforms of NSCLC cell lines and patients treated in the BATTLE study, and potential therapeutic targets associated with EMT were identified.

Results: Compared with epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells showed significantly greater resistance to EGFR and PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors, independent of EGFR mutation status, but more sensitivity to certain chemotherapies. Mesenchymal cells also expressed increased levels of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl and showed a trend toward greater sensitivity to the Axl inhibitor SGI-7079, whereas the combination of SGI-7079 with erlotinib reversed erlotinib resistance in mesenchymal lines expressing Axl and in a xenograft model of mesenchymal NSCLC. In patients with NSCLC, the EMT signature predicted 8-week disease control in patients receiving erlotinib but not other therapies.

Conclusion: We have developed a robust EMT signature that predicts resistance to EGFR and PI3K/Akt inhibitors, highlights different patterns of drug responsiveness for epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and identifies Axl as a potential therapeutic target for overcoming EGFR inhibitor resistance associated with the mesenchymal phenotype. Clin Cancer Res; 19(1); 279–90. ©2012 AACR.
Adaptive Dosing Approaches to the Individualization of 13-Cis-Retinoic Acid (Isotretinoin) Treatment for Children with High-Risk Neuroblastoma
Authors: Veal Gareth J. , Errington Julie , Rowbotham Sophie E. , Illingworth Nicola A. , Malik Ghada , Cole Michael , Daly Ann K. , Pearson Andrew D.J. , Boddy Alan V.
Published: October 2012

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of adaptive dosing and the impact of pharmacogenetic variation on 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cisRA) disposition in high-risk patients with neuroblastoma.

Experimental Design: 13-cisRA (160 mg/m2 or 5.33 mg/kg/d) was administered to 103 patients ages 21 years or less and plasma concentrations of 13-cisRA and 4-oxo-13-cisRA quantitated on day 14 of treatment. Seventy-one patients were recruited to a dose adjustment group, targeting a 13-cisRA Cmax of 2 μmol/L, with dose increases of 25% to 50% implemented for patients with Cmax values less than 2 μmol/L. A population pharmacokinetic model was applied and polymorphisms in relevant cytochrome P450 genes analyzed.

Results: 13-cisRA Cmax values ranged from 0.42 to 11.2 μmol/L, with 34 of 103 (33%) patients failing to achieve a Cmax more than 2 μmol/L. Dose increases carried out in 20 patients in the dose adjustment study group led to concentrations more than 2 μmol/L in 18 patients (90%). Eight of 11 (73%) patients less than 12 kg, receiving a dose of 5.33 mg/kg, failed to achieve a Cmax of 2 μmol/L or more. Significantly, lower Cmax values were observed for patients treated with 5.33 mg/kg versus 160 mg/m2 (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 3.1 ± 2.0 μmol/L; mean ± SD; P = 0.023). Cmax was higher in patients who swallowed 13-cisRA capsules as compared with receiving the drug extracted from capsules (4.0 ± 2.2 vs. 2.6 ± 1.8 μmol/L; P = 0.0012). The target Cmax was achieved by 93% (25/27) versus 55% (42/76) of patients in these 2 groups, respectively. No clear relationships were found between genetic variants and 13-cisRA pharmacokinetic parameters.

Conclusions: Dosing regimen and method of administration have a marked influence on 13-cisRA plasma concentrations. Body weight–based dosing should not be implemented for children less than 12 kg and pharmacologic data support higher doses for children unable to swallow 13-cisRA capsules. Clin Cancer Res; 19(2); 469–79. ©2012 AACR.
Sensors and Hybrid Therapies: A New Approach with Automated Citrate Anticoagulation
Authors: Szamosfalvi Balazs , Frinak Stanley , Yee Jerry
Published: October 2012

Background: Hybrid therapies use intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) machines adapted to provide prolonged intermittent or continuous renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU). Despite the low cost, hybrid therapy use is limited warranting a novel approach. Methods: The literature was reviewed for limitations of hybrid protocols, use of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) on hybrid systems and sensors for IHD and hybrid therapy. The novel hybrid program in the authors’ institution is presented as a plausible future direction for the modality. Results: Hybrid therapies are limited by access flow and clotting alarms. Technology limitations render many IHD sensors inoperable at low dialysate flow. A synergy with RCA allows a novel, safe approach with low blood flows and high dialysate flows with alarm- and clotting-free operation and all commercial IHD sensors functional. Conclusion: The low cost, ease of use, safety and efficacy of hybrid therapy with near-automated RCA may lead to rapid expansion of this form of ICU renal support.
Cell-Based Strategies for the Treatment of Kidney Dysfunction: A Review
Authors: Pino Christopher J. , Yevzlin Alexander S. , Tumlin James , Humes H. David
Published: October 2012

Conventional treatment of acute and chronic renal diseases has focused on solute removal. Novel strategies aim to treat the multifactorial disease states of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease by mitigating inflammation. Cell-based technologies for the treatment of kidney dysfunction fall under two broad categories: cell therapy and cell processing. Cell therapy utilizes cells that are isolated, cultured outside of the body, and reintroduced as therapy, leveraging beneficial metabolic and synthetic functions. For example, renal tubule cells have been used to provide gluconeogenesis, ammoniagenesis, metabolism of glutathione, catabolism of important peptide hormones, growth factors, and cytokines critical to multiorgan homeostasis and immunomodulation to treat renal dysfunction. Cell processing focuses on altering the characteristics of cell populations inside the body to provide therapy. The selective cytopheretic device is an example of this novel therapeutic strategy that aims to modulate the innate immune response during organ dysfunction, additional organ injury, by binding and deactivating leukocytes. In this review, both cell therapy and cell processing approaches will be discussed in the context of acute kidney injury and chronic renal disease.
Acid-Base and Electrolyte Abnormalities during Renal Support for Acute Kidney Injury: Recognition and Management
Authors: Claure Rolando , Bouchard Josée
Published: October 2012

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with electrolyte and acid-base disturbances such as hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. The initiation of dialysis in AKI can efficiently treat these complications. The choice of dialysis modality can be made based on their operational characteristics to tailor the therapy according to the clinical scenario. Each dialysis modality can also trigger significant electrolyte and acid-base disorders, such as hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia and metabolic alkalosis, which may direct changes in fluid delivery and composition. Continuous techniques may be particularly useful in these situations as they allow more time for correction and to maintain balance. This review provides an overview of the electrolyte and acid-base disturbances occurring in AKI and after the initiation of dialysis and discusses therapeutic options in this setting.
Association between Physical Activity and Risk of Stroke Subtypes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Autenrieth Christine S. , Evenson Kelly R. , Yatsuya Hiroshi , Shahar Eyal , Baggett Christopher , Rosamond Wayne D.
Published: October 2012

Background: The relationship between stroke subtypes and physical activity is unclear. Methods: Using data from 13,069 men and women aged 45–64 years who participated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, physical activity was assessed by self-report using the Baecke questionnaire at baseline (1987–1989). The American Heart Association’s ideal cardiovascular health guidelines served as a basis for the calculation of three physical activity categories: poor, intermediate, and ideal. Stroke and its subtypes were ascertained from physician review of medical records. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox regression models. Results: During a median follow-up of 18.8 years, a total of 648 incident ischemic strokes occurred. Significant inverse associations were found between physical activity categories and total, total ischemic, and nonlacunar stroke in adjusted models (age, sex, race-center, education, cigarette-years). Compared with poor physical activity, the adjusted HR (95% CI) for ideal physical activity were 0.78 (0.62–0.97) for total, 0.76 (0.59–0.96) for total ischemic, 0.85 (0.51–1.40) for lacunar, 0.77 (0.47–1.27) for cardioembolic, and 0.71 (0.51–0.99) for nonlacunar stroke. Additional adjustments for waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy and laboratory parameters attenuated the HR. Further sex- and race-specific analyses revealed that the association was predominantly observed among males and among African-Americans. Conclusion: These data suggest a tendency toward a reduced risk of total, total ischemic, and nonlacunar stroke with higher levels of physical activity.
Lung Function of Infants with Congenital Lung Lesions in the First Year of Life
Authors: Spoel Marjolein , van de Ven Kees P. , Tiddens Harm A.W.M. , Hop Wim C.J. , Wijnen Rene M.H. , Tibboel Dick , Ijsselstijn Hanneke ,   for the Congenital Lung Malformations Study Group
Published: October 2012

Background: Several studies have evaluated short-term neonatal outcome in infants with congenital lung lesions (CLL) but clinical course and lung function in the longer term have not yet been documented. We hypothesized that clinical course and lung function would be negatively affected by surgical resection. Objective: To evaluate respiratory symptoms and lung function longitudinally in the first year of life in infants with CLL, and to analyse differences herein between infants managed by observation only and infants whose affected lung parts were resected. Methods: We evaluated respiratory symptoms and lung function at 6 and 12 months in 30 patients with CLL. Functional residual capacity (FRCp) and maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity (V′maxfrc) were measured with body plethysmography. SD scores were calculated for V′maxfrc. Results: Prevalence of respiratory symptoms did not differ between the groups. Mean FRCp (95% CI) was 25.3 (23.3–27.3) in the group managed by observation versus 27.3 (25.1–29.6) in the group managed by surgery (p = 0.149). Mean (95% CI) SDS V′maxfrc was –1.45 (–1.84 to –1.06) versus –1.41 (–1.90 to –0.91) (p = 0.892). Lung function did not change significantly over the 6-month period. Conclusion: Surgical resection did not seem to have negatively affected the clinical course and lung function. We recommend pulmonary follow-up of all CLL patients into adulthood to further identify any long-term effects of CLL and observation or surgery.
Cognition and Incident Dementia Hospitalization: Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Schneider Andrea L.C. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Mosley Thomas , Alonso Alvaro , Knopman David S. , Coresh Josef , Sharrett A. Richey , Selvin Elizabeth
Published: October 2012

Background/Aims: Cognitive decline is a defining feature of dementia. We sought to determine if a single baseline cognitive test score or change in test score over time is more strongly associated with risk of dementia hospitalization. We also sought to compare short- and long-term dementia risk. Methods: Prospective cohort study of 9,399 individuals from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (median 10 years of follow-up). Cognition was assessed at two time points (6 years apart) using three tests: Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Word Fluency Test. Dementia hospitalizations were determined using ICD-9 codes. Results: Baseline cognitive test scores were associated with both short-term and long-term risk of dementia. The association of 6-year change in cognitive test score with dementia risk was stronger than that of individual test scores at a single visit [change from highest to lowest tertile, DWRT: hazard ratio = 6.45 (95% confidence interval = 1.80–23.08); DSST: hazard ratio = 10.94 (95% confidence interval = 3.07–38.97)]. Conclusions: In this community-based population, 6-year changes in cognitive scores were more strongly associated with risk of incident dementia hospitalization than baseline scores, although single DWRT and DSST scores were predictive. Our findings support the contention that cognitive changes may precede clinical dementia by a decade or more.
Continuous Hemodiafiltration with a Cytokine-Adsorbing Hemofilter for Sepsis
Authors: Hirasawa Hiroyuki , Oda Shigeto , Nakamura Masataka , Watanabe Eizo , Shiga Hidetoshi , Matsuda Kenichi
Published: October 2012

Since the introduction of the new pathophysiological concept of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) and alarmins, endotoxin has been recognized as only one of the PAMPS. It is widely accepted that hypercytokinemia plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Many kinds of blood purification modalities have been proposed as a therapeutic tool against sepsis, including high-volume continuous hemofiltration whose efficacy has recently been questioned. We report that continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) with a cytokine-adsorbing hemofilter (CAH), such as polymethyl methacrylate hemofilter and AN69ST hemofilter (CAH-CHDF), can remove many kinds of cytokines and has been very effective in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. Based on the understanding of the recent pathophysiology, we suggest that CAH-CHDF is an alternate therapy to direct hemoperfusion with endotoxin-adsorbing column in the treatment of sepsis.
Diagnosis and management of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis in adults
Authors: Grant Jonathan D. , Woller Scott , Lee Edward , Kee Stephen , Liu David , Lohan Derek , Elliott C. Gregory , Stevens Scott
Published: October 2012

Upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is common and can cause important complications, including pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome. An increase in the use of central venous catheters, particularly peripherally inserted central catheters has been associated with an increasing rate of disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential to guide management, but there are limitations to the available evidence for available diagnostic tests. Anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy, but interventional treatments may be considered in select situations. The risk of UEDVT may be reduced by more careful selection of patients who receive central venous catheters and by use of smaller catheters. Herein we review the diagnosis, management and prevention of UEDVT. Due to paucity of research, some principles are drawn from studies of lower extremity DVT. We present a practical approach to diagnosing the patient with suspected deep-vein thrombosis of the upper extremity.
Are Temperature and Precipitation Extremes Increasing over the U.S. High Plains?
Authors: Long Di , Scanlon Bridget R. , Fernando D. Nelun , Meng Lei , Quiring Steven M.
Published: October 2012

Large-scale environmental, social, and economic impacts of recent weather and climate extremes are raising questions about whether the frequency and intensity of these extremes have been increasing. Here, the authors evaluate trends in climate extremes during the past half century using the U.S. High Plains as a case study. A total of eight different extreme indices and the standardized precipitation index (SPI) were evaluated using daily maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation data from 207 stations and 0.25° gridded data. The 1958–2010 time period was selected to exclude the 1950s and 2011 droughts. Results show general consistency between the station data and gridded data. The annual extreme temperature range (ETR) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in ~54% of the High Plains, with a spatial mean rate of −0.7°C decade−1. Decreases in ETR result primarily from increases in annual lowest temperature in ~63% of the stations at a mean rate of ~0.9°C decade−1, whereas increases in annual highest temperature were much less. Approximately 43% of the stations showed increasing warm nights (Tmin90) with a spatial mean rate of 0.5% decade−1. Precipitation intensity generally did not vary significantly in most grid cells and stations. Significant decreasing trends in consecutive dry days (CDD) were restricted to 21% of the stations in the northern High Plains with a spatial mean of −0.8 days decade−1. Areas experiencing severe dry periods (1-month SPI < −1.5) decreased over time from 8% to 4%. The number of dry months (SPI < 0) in each year also decreased. In summary, the ETR is decreasing and low temperatures are increasing. Precipitation extremes are generally not changing in the High Plains; however, high natural climatic variability in this semiarid region makes it difficult to assess climate extremes.
The Structural Approach to Shared Knowledge
Authors: Avnet Mark S. , Weigel Annalisa L.
Published: October 2012

Objective:

We propose a methodology for analyzing shared knowledge in engineering design teams.

Background:

Whereas prior work has focused on shared knowledge in small teams at a specific point in time, the model presented here is both scalable and dynamic.

Method:

By quantifying team members’ common views of design drivers, we build a network of shared mental models to reveal the structure of shared knowledge at a snapshot in time. Based on a structural comparison of networks at different points in time, a metric of change in shared knowledge is computed.

Results:

Analysis of survey data from 12 conceptual space mission design sessions reveals a correlation between change in shared knowledge and each of several system attributes, including system development time, system mass, and technological maturity.

Conclusion:

From these results, we conclude that an early period of learning and consensus building could be beneficial to the design of engineered systems.

Application:

Although we do not examine team performance directly, we demonstrate that shared knowledge is related to the technical design and thus provide a foundation for improving design products by incorporating the knowledge and thoughts of the engineering design team into the process.
Effect of functional groups of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the mechanical, thermal and electrical performance of epoxy resin based nanocomposites
Authors: Brancato V , Visco AM , Pistone A , Piperno A , Iannazzo D
Published: October 2012

This article concerns the effect of pristine, carboxylic and amino-functionalised carbon nanotubes used as filler in epoxy-based nanocomposites. The amount of carbon nanotubes was within the range 0.2–0.8 wt%. Their mechanical properties were investigated by means of flexural strength and resilience tests. The carbon nanotubes lead to an improvement of ductility and mechanical strength compared to the neat epoxy resin in the order: amino > carboxylic > pristine. The results of morphological, calorimetric, rheological and electrical conductivity tests suggest that this improvement is due to a good dispersion of the filler in the matrix and it occurs especially with low filler amounts (0.2–0.4 wt%) of amino carbon nanotubes. In the nanocomposites realised with amino-functionalised carbon nanotubes there is an interphase that creates a weak interfacial interaction between the filler and the epoxy resin. The thermal stability as well as the electrical conductivity of resin, is not appreciably improved after the addition of either functionalised carbon nanotubes.
Predicting the nonlinear response and progressive failure of composite laminates under triaxial loading: Correlation with experimental results
Authors: Bogetti Travis A , Staniszewski Jeffrey , Burns Bruce P , Hoppel Christopher PR , Gillespie John W , Tierney John
Published: October 2012

This article represents our contribution to Part B of the 2nd Worldwide Failure Exercise (WWFE-II), where comparisons between epoxy/lamina/laminate response and failure predictions, based on maximum strain failure criterion, and experimental results are made. Correlations between actual test data and our nonlinear stress-strain response and failure envelope predictions under multi-axial loading for 12 different case studies are presented and discussed. Although our approach to modeling composite failure ranked high when applied to biaxial in-plane loading analysis, the theory does not consistently capture the inherent strengthening mechanisms that can be attributed to triaxial loading and hydrostatic pressure. It is expected that the incorporation of a strain-based ply-level failure criterion that introduces some form of strengthening mechanism under a three-dimensional stress state would significantly improve the accuracy of our predictions.
ML Versus MI for Missing Data With Violation of Distribution Conditions
Authors: Yuan Ke-Hai , Yang-Wallentin Fan , Bentler Peter M.
Published: October 2012

Normal-distribution-based maximum likelihood (ML) and multiple imputation (MI) are the two major procedures for missing data analysis. This article compares the two procedures with respects to bias and efficiency of parameter estimates. It also compares formula-based standard errors (SEs) for each procedure against the corresponding empirical SEs. The results indicate that parameter estimates by MI tend to be less efficient than those by ML; and the estimates of variance -covariance parameters by MI are also more biased. In particular, when the population for the observed variables possesses heavy tails, estimates of variance -covariance parameters by MI may contain severe bias even at relative large sample sizes. Although performing a lot better, ML parameter estimates may also contain substantial bias at smaller sample sizes. The results also indicate that, when the underlying population is close to normally distributed, SEs based on the sandwich-type covariance matrix and those based on the observed information matrix are very comparable to empirical SEs with either ML or MI. When the underlying distribution has heavier tails, SEs based on the sandwich-type covariance matrix for ML estimates are more reliable than those based on the observed information matrix. Both empirical results and analysis show that neither SEs based on the observed information matrix nor those based on the sandwich-type covariance matrix can provide consistent SEs in MI. Thus, ML is preferable to MI in practice, although parameter estimates by MI might still be consistent.
Measuring Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Foreign Accented Speech
Authors: Pantos Andrew J. , Perkins Andrew W.
Published: October 2012

This study applies concepts and methods from the domain of Implicit Social Cognition to examine language attitudes toward foreign and U.S. accented speech. Implicit attitudes were measured using an Implicit Association Test (IAT) that incorporated audio cues as experimental stimuli. Explicit attitudes were measured through self-report questionnaires. Participants exhibited a pro-U.S. accent bias on the IAT measure but a pro-foreign accent bias on explicit measures. This divergence supports the conclusion that implicit and explicit attitudes are separable attitude constructs resulting from distinct mental processes and suggests that language attitudes research—which has traditionally measured only explicit attitudes—would benefit by incorporating indirect measures. The Associative-Propositional Evaluation Model is proposed as a comprehensive and consistent theory to explain the cognitive processing of language attitudes.
The Communication of Wisdom
Authors: Nussbaum Jon F.
Published: October 2012

Wisdom has played a central role in the attempt to understand the positive nature of human behavior for more than 4,000 years. Neuroscientists, cognitive psychologists, and life span developmental scholars have joined this discussion in recent years to empirically investigate the physical and mental nature of wisdom. The social dimension of wisdom has not received as much scientific attention and is rather disjointed. I propose that communication scholars enter into this multidisciplinary discussion by placing communication and language at the core of the scientific study of wisdom and by investigating wisdom as enacted in our changing communication and language behaviors across the life span. An understanding and exploration of the communication of wisdom can significantly advance the positive role wisdom plays at both the individual and societal levels.
Nouns Cut Slices
Authors: Graf Sylvie , Bilewicz Michal , Finell Eerika , Geschke Daniel
Published: October 2012

Three studies examined the effect of nouns and adjectives for designations of nationality on intergroup bias. In Study 1, participants ( N = 237) evaluated group artifacts whose authors’ nationality was labeled with nouns or adjectives. Use of nouns enhanced in-group favoritism, manifested as a preference of the in-group artifact. Study 2 ( N = 431) tested the effect of nouns and adjectives on attitudes toward the in-group and out-group focusing on the moderating role of in-group identification. Use of nouns led to a stronger relative preference of the in-group, pronounced especially in low identified group members. Study 3 ( N = 979) examined the effect of nouns and adjectives in a more applied survey setting. Intergroup bias concerning material restitution for confiscated property was stronger when the ethnicity of the former owners was labeled with nouns. The article emphasizes that subtle variation in language use has a consistent impact on intergroup evaluation.
Trajectories of couple relationship satisfaction in families with infants
Authors: Bower Daniel , Jia Rongfang , Schoppe-Sullivan Sarah J. , Mangelsdorf Sarah C. , Brown Geoffrey L.
Published: October 2012

This study examined trajectories of relationship satisfaction for couples ( n = 99) who had recently experienced the birth of an infant, and further examined the roles of parent gender, personality, depression, and first-time parent status in initial levels of relationship satisfaction and change over time. Expectant parents reported their personalities during the third trimester of pregnancy, and relationship satisfaction and depression during the third trimester and at 3.5 and 13 months postpartum. Hierarchical Linear Modeling analyses indicated that individuals who were initially more satisfied in their relationships were those whose partners were low in negative emotionality. In addition, first-time fathers had higher initial relationship satisfaction than non-first-time fathers, but experienced fathers had higher initial relationship satisfaction when their partners had greater agency. Declines in relationship satisfaction were more pronounced for mothers and those with higher levels of depressive symptoms across the transition.
Conscientiousness and attachment avoidance as moderators of the association between attachment anxiety and neuroticism
Authors: Holmberg Diane , McWilliams Lachlan A. , Patterson Ashlyn
Published: October 2012

Crawford, Shaver, and Goldsmith ((2007) How affect regulation moderates the association between anxious attachment and neuroticism, Attachment & Human Development 9, 95–109) suggested that attachment avoidance and conscientiousness may both serve as affect regulation strategies that allow individuals to down-regulate negative emotions, and thereby attenuate the usually strong association between neuroticism and general attachment anxiety. Their findings partially supported this hypothesis. As predicted, at high levels of neuroticism, both avoidance and conscientiousness were associated with decreased levels of attachment anxiety. Unexpectedly, however, at low levels of neuroticism, avoidance and conscientiousness were actually associated with increased, rather than decreased, attachment anxiety. In the current study, we replicated Crawford et al.’s results in a sample of 160 undergraduate students, and also extended this line of research by considering relationship-specific attachment with mother, father, best friend, and romantic partner. Very different patterns of results emerged in the relationship-specific analyses. We propose a more interpersonal perspective on personality to explain the pattern of results, one that considers how neuroticism, conscientiousness, and attachment avoidance are actually enacted in everyday social contexts.
How Market Research Shapes Market Spatiality
Authors: Bjerrisgaard Sofie Møller , Kjeldgaard Dannie
Published: October 2012

This article focuses on how various ideological representations of the market—most notably the myth of the global market—produce certain effects on the way in which market spaces materialize and simultaneously draw the contours of ideal organizational and consumer subjectivities. We employ a governmentality perspective to address global myth market creation and hence the emergence of “glocal” market spaces. That is, the article explores how representations of glocal markets create specific interventions in the form of marketing tactics that subsequently have performative consequences for interorganizational and intraorganizational as well as consumer subject positions.
Motion control of magnetized Tetrahymena pyriformis cells by a magnetic field with Model Predictive Control
Authors: Ou Yan , Kim Dal Hyung , Kim Paul , Kim Min Jun , Julius A Agung
Published: October 2012

This paper presents the Model Predictive Control (MPC) of magnetized Tetrahymena pyriformis (T. pyriformis) using a magnetic field. The magnetized T. pyriformis are generated by feeding spherical iron oxide particles into the cells. Using an external magnetic field, we change the movement direction of the cell, but the speed of the cell remains constant regardless of the strength of the external magnetic field. The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, the discrete-time plant model of the magnetized cell is generated using the least-squares method. Second, using the model of each cell, they are controlled to follow a reference track by an external magnetic field with MPC. Third, by using a predictor-like scheme to execute the plant input before the measurement of the cell position, we successfully solve the image-processing delay problem in the feedback system. In our results, we show three comparisons between different control schemes and an initial tracking to prove the effectiveness of the control approach.
Time, Neoliberal Power, and the Advent of Marx’s “Common Ruin” Thesis
Authors: Hassan Robert
Published: October 2012

Marx and Engels warned that class struggle would result “either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.” This essay argues that through the effect of neoliberal networked economy, we have had both a “revolutionary reconstitution of society” and the “common ruin” of both bourgeois and proletarian classes. Their “common ruin” is expressed through their lack of viability as the basis for their respective democratic projects—liberalism and socialism. The revolution in information technologies and the rise of the neoliberal network society has transformed the nature of political power that had been founded upon traditional industrial forms of production and social–political organization. The essay develops a theory of technological change and a subsequent transformation in our relationship with time. By emphasizing the dialectic of technological–temporal change in the nature and quality of political power, we see that the very basis of both power and politics has become transformed in ways that negatively affect the potential of democratic forms of power, liberal, or socialist. The essay ends with a call for a new political approach to time, a “temporal sovereignty” to revive and renew the basis of democracy within a networked society.
Natural Exceptions to Green Sovereignty? American Environmentalism and the “Immigration Problem”*
Authors: Hultgren John
Published: October 2012

Rather than making any general claims supporting or opposing the “greening” of sovereignty, this article examines the variable discourses through which the ethos of ecosovereignty is reconfigured. The questions that drive this inquiry are (1) through what discursive pathways do conceptions of nature, political community, and governance intersect to constitute exclusionary ethoses of ecosovereignty? and (2) how might alternative articulations challenge such exclusions? These questions are pursued by examining the contemporary American “environmental restrictionist” (immigration-reduction environmentalist) movement, and critical responses to the movement. It traces how nature, political community, and governance are conceptualized and related to one another in efforts to bolster alternative configurations of ecosovereignty. By gaining insight into the various discourses through which iterations of ecosovereignty emerge, scholars and practitioners might better respond to the multiplicity of ways that nature becomes enmeshed in exclusionary social forms.
Prednisone for the treatment of withdrawal headache in patients with medication overuse headache: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Rabe Kasja , Pageler Lutz , Gaul Charly , Lampl Christian , Kraya Torsten , Foerderreuther Stefanie , Diener Hans-Christoph , Katsarava Zaza
Published: October 2012

Purpose

To investigate the efficacy of prednisone for treatment of withdrawal headache in patients with medication overuse headache (MOH).

Patients and methods

In this prospective double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel designed multicentre trial, 96 consecutive patients with MOH were randomized to withdrawal treatment with either 100 mg prednisone or placebo over 5 days. Patients were enrolled if they met the International Headache Society criteria for MOH and were diagnosed with migraine or episodic tension-type headache as primary headache. Exclusion criteria comprised significant neurological or psychiatric disorders. Withdrawal symptoms, including headache severity and intake of rescue medication, were documented for 14 days after randomization.

Results

Patients treated with prednisone did not experience fewer hours of moderate or severe headache than patients receiving placebo. However, patients requested less rescue medication within the first 5 days.

Conclusions

During withdrawal in MOH, prednisone reduces rescue medication without decreasing the severity and duration of withdrawal headache.
Study on the monofilament fracture damage pattern and stress field in fracture experiment
Authors: Zhang Boming , Sun Xinyang , Liu Changxi , Zhao Shuyuan
Published: October 2012

The fracture experiments of the monofilament composite material system is applied to evaluate the interface shear strength of the composite materials for a long time. This paper is based on the polarizing microscope, establishing the online observation fracture experimental platform and analyzing the formation process of the fracture according to fracture injury patterns of the carbon monofiber resin matrix composite system in the fracture experiment. Secondly, this paper also describes the forming process of the fracture injury patterns, diamond damage fracture, V damage fracture and double V damage fracture. The experiment shows under the tensile load. Matrix of different mechanical properties is the main factor to affect the carbon fiber fracture morphology and the stress distribution representation. Finally, by employing the finite element software ABAQUS as computing platform, and with the help of the user-defined subroutine, the numerical analysis method of the fracture process in the monofilament composite system is put forward. From The Micro Perspective, this new method explains the internal damage mechanism of composite material, which is the result of different fiber directional properties of interface between fiber and matrix due to the different chemical reaction extent of the interface phase.
Educating for Financial Literacy
Authors: Sprow Forté Karin
Published: October 2012

This study explored the teaching and learning in an adult financial literacy education program aimed specifically at Latina single mothers to understand the influence of sociocultural factors in this setting. Informed by critical and Latina feminist sociocultural adult learning perspectives and the transtheoretical model of behavior change, special interest was paid to the pedagogical approaches and the role that ethnicity, gender, and the Latino culture played in the teaching and learning process. Data from educator and learner interviews, class observations, and document analysis revealed three main insights: (a) the program uses a holistic approach to financial education, emphasizing community leadership and creating a cultural community of support for the learners; (b) the pedagogy emphasizes both content and process, emphasizing learner needs to create this supportive community and deliver the financial content; and (c) the promotion of financial behavior change motivates learners to make changes.
Proverbs as Theoretical Frameworks for Lifelong Learning in Indigenous African Education
Authors: Avoseh Mejai B. M.
Published: October 2012

Every aspect of a community’s life and values in indigenous Africa provide the theoretical framework for education. The holistic worldview of the traditional system places a strong emphasis on the centrality of the human element and orature in the symmetrical relationship between life and learning. This article focuses on proverbs and the words that form them as important sources of, and foundation for, indigenous African education. The article analyzes proverbs and the power of the spoken word in indigenous African pedagogy. The analysis is used to argue for an increased articulation of indigenous African knowledge into the dialogue on the inclusion of non-Western traditions in the theoretical frameworks for adult education. The article uses the traditional contexts of Ogu and Yoruba of West Africa but draws examples mostly from Yoruba proverbs to present their epistemological significance in traditional African education.
Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Kumpf Vanessa J. , Tillman Emma M.
Published: October 2012

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a complex therapy that may result in serious harm if not properly prescribed, prepared, and administered. The patient who is discharged home on PN for the first time poses significant safety challenges and requires coordination of care between several healthcare disciplines within and outside the hospital. Use of an experienced prescriber and multidisciplinary team to oversee the home PN therapy is an important measure to optimize safety. Referrals should be made to home health and home infusion agencies with qualified staff; however, this may at times be difficult to assess. A safe discharge also requires transition of care between inpatient clinicians caring for the patient and designated outpatient follow‐up. Home PN and lab orders upon discharge should be clear and comprehensive. The use of a standardized home PN order format is an important measure to ensure accuracy of the order. Patient and/or caregiver education is another vital component to safely providing PN in the home setting and should ideally be initiated prior to discharge. This should include instructions to the patient regarding self‐monitoring and when to call if problems develop. Specific criteria should be identified for the patients regarding when and who to contact for problems that develop after they are discharged home.
Exploring Multidimensions of Product Performance Risk in the Online Apparel Shopping Context
Authors: Yu Ui-Jeen , Lee Hyun-Hwa , Damhorst Mary Lynn
Published: October 2012

Online consumers have the limitation of product experience and evaluation, due to the inability to directly experience the product, thereby increasing perceived risk of product performance. This study investigated the dimensions of product performance risk that relate to virtual product experience in online apparel shopping. Perceived risk theory was applied to explain consumers’ risk perceptions of product performance. Data were collected from 403 female college students at a Midwestern university using a web-based survey. Results indicate that online consumers perceived visual, tactile, and trial risks of product performance based on the evaluation of product attributes through virtual product experience. Visual, tactile, and trial risks may help online consumers determine more specific product performance characteristics related to product attributes. Attention to the three dimensions of product performance risk may allow online retailers to develop more differentiated virtual product experience strategies to reduce each dimensional risk of product performance in online apparel shopping.
From Responsible Debtors to Citizens
Authors: Brumley Krista M.
Published: October 2012

Collective identity is a key feature of social movements that gives agency to movement actors, but it is shaped and constrained by particular sociopolitical contexts. Using ethnographic data from extended field research, I analyze how the local sociopolitical context shapes the collective identity over the life course of the debtors’ movement that emerged in Mexico during the 1990s economic crisis. I demonstrate how El Barzón negotiates the local environment, creates boundaries, and solidifies a group consciousness as “responsible debtors.” Later in the movement’s life course, the Barzonistas renegotiate the local setting, redraw the boundaries, and expand their consciousness-building activities to affirm solidarity around a new identity. I argue that as the context changed from the debt crisis to neoliberal democracy, the Barzonistas’ collective identity shifted from responsible debtors to engaged citizens, enabling the movement to stay active for more than a decade. This article expands our understanding of how movement organizations can survive by redefining their collective identity.
Shape memory effect and viscoelastic behavior of SMP epoxy filled with carbon particles
Authors: Liang Xiao Yan , Yun Song Jian
Published: October 2012

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a relatively new kind of smart materials with the capability of large shape memory effect. In this study, a series of shape memory epoxy composites filled with varied carbon black (CB) contents were prepared. The shape memory effect and thermomechanical behavior of the materials were experimentally investigated. The viscoelastic properties at different temperatures were characterized by creep tests. The results show that the materials exhibit excellent shape memory effects. The CB additive has no remarkable influence on the critical shape transition temperature, but significantly improved the viscous resistance.
Dynamics of nonlinearly damped microcantilevers under electrostatic excitation
Authors: Chaterjee S , Pohit G
Published: October 2012

Nonlinear dynamic behaviour of a cantilever microbeam actuated by a combination of DC and AC loading are investigated in presence of squeeze-film damping. A reduced order model formulated accounting for the nonlinearities of the system arising out of electrostatic forces and squeeze-film damping is numerically simulated to observe the large amplitude dynamic characteristics near primary and superharmonic resonances. The emphasis is on the significance of nonlinear damping in capturing the true dynamic characteristics of microsystems formulated as distributed parameter model. The damping nonlinearity is found to considerably affect the dynamics with a profound stabilising effect on the microsystem. Under the effect of large DC bias voltage, frequency–response curves obtained for different amplitudes of AC excitation exhibit local and global bifurcations. Response sensitivity to initial conditions is investigated near bifurcation points. Findings in the superharmonic resonance domain are emphasised.