bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argumentation-based schema matching for multiple digital libraries
Authors: Quan Tho Thanh , Luong Xuan H. , Nguyen Thanh  C. , Cheung Hui   Siu
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– Most digital libraries (DL) are now available online. They also provide the Z39.50 standard protocol which allows computer-based systems to effectively retrieve information stored in the DLs. The major difficulty lies in inconsistency between database schemas of multiple DLs. The purpose of this paper is to present a system known as Argumentation-based Digital Library Search (ADLSearch), which facilitates information retrieval across multiple DLs.

Design/methodology/approach

– The proposed approach is based on argumentation theory for schema matching reconciliation from multiple schema matching algorithms. In addition, a distributed architecture is proposed for the ADLSearch system for information retrieval from multiple DLs.

Findings

– Initial performance results are promising. First, schema matching can improve the retrieval performance on DLs, as compared to the baseline technique. Subsequently, argumentation-based retrieval can yield better matching accuracy and retrieval efficiency than individual schema matching algorithms.

Research limitations/implications

– The work discussed in this paper has been implemented as a prototype supporting scholarly retrieval from about 800 DLs over the world. However, due to complexity of argumentation algorithm, the process of adding new DLs to the system cannot be performed in a real-time manner.

Originality/value

– In this paper, an argumentation-based approach is proposed for reconciling the conflicts from multiple schema matching algorithms in the context of information retrieval from multiple DL. Moreover, the proposed approach can also be applied for similar applications which require automatic mapping from multiple database schemas.
Raising the general public’s awareness and adoption of open source software through social Q&A interactions
Authors: Choi Namjoo , Yi Kwan
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the general public’s information needs concerning open source software (OSS) and OSS answerers’ motivations for sharing their knowledge of OSS in social Q&A.

Design/methodology/approach

– Two studies were carried out. In Study 1, a content analysis classifying OSS-related questions posted during December 2005-December 2012 in Yahoo! Answers was employed to investigate the general public’s information needs regarding OSS. In Study 2, an online survey was conducted with OSS answerers in Yahoo! Answers in order to examine what motivates them to share and continue to share their knowledge of OSS in social Q&A. In total, 1,463 invitations were sent out via Yahoo! Answers’ internal e-mail function to those who provided answers to OSS-related questions during September 2009-September 2012. In total, 150 usable surveys were returned and used for data analysis.

Findings

– The findings from Study 1 indicate that the general public is most interested in finding out if there is OSS that meets their software need in a certain category (51.4 percent). Other popular question categories include the general description of OSS (15.6 percent), technical issues that they have with OSS (9.8 percent), and the advantages/disadvantages of using OSS (7.0 percent). Results on OSS answerers’ motivations from Study 2 support that all seven motivations identified (i.e. altruism, enjoyment, ideology, learning, reputation, reciprocity, and self-efficacy) are important, with the smallest mean value being 4.42 out of seven (i.e. reciprocity). However, only altruism, ideology, self-efficacy, and enjoyment were found to significantly influence contribution continuance intention.

Practical implications

– With social Q&A growing in popularity, OSS communities that look for ways to draw in more users from the general public are recommended to increase their presence in social Q&A. The findings with regard to OSS answerers’ motivations can also help OSS community leaders attract and guide more members who are interested in sharing their OSS knowledge in social Q&A.

Originality/value

– By classifying OSS-related questions that are publicly available in Yahoo! Answers, this study offers a breakdown of the general public’s information needs regarding OSS. In addition, results on OSS answerers’ motivations suggest that in order to sustain their member contributions in social Q&A, OSS community leaders should pay more attention to nurturing the motivations that are intrinsic (i.e. altruism, self-efficacy, enjoyment) and integrated (i.e. ideology).
Understanding employee attitudes to change in longitudinal perspective
Authors: Procter Stephen John , Randall Julian Adrian
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is twofold: to understand how and why employee attitudes to change might change over time; and to demonstrate what type of research might best capture this change.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper brings together three studies of the same organization, conducted at different times by the same researchers.

Findings

– Employee attitudes to change in the three episodes are portrayed in terms of the assumptions that seem to underpin them. The first episode is characterized by a challenge to the basic assumptions employees have about their work; the second, by a fragmentation of assumptions according to sub-group; and the third, by the confirmation of a new set of assumptions about what work involves.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper concludes that fieldwork of a longitudinal nature is something quite rare, and its incorporation into research design needs to move beyond dealing with it through an uneasy combination of retrospection and extended organizational exposure.

Originality/value

– The paper provides a rare and valuable account of how employee attitudes to change might change over time. The research design on which it is based, though fortuitous in nature, overcomes a number of the weaknesses of more conventional studies in this area.
Patrick Wilson reference: practice rooted in theory
Authors: Kearns Jodi
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine Patrick Wilson’s 1977 essay, Public Knowledge, Private Ignorance, which emphasizes practice rooted in theory. Modern reference work ought to look back to this 35-year-old essay to be reminded of the intent of reference practice by considering Wilson’s discussion.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper examines Wilson’s decades-old thesis and applies it to reference work and reference resources for today’s information professionals.

Findings

– The crux of Wilson’s essay remains relevant today when applied to reference work and information-seeking.

Originality/value

– This essay leaves readers with practical tips for reference work rooted in theory, and also expands on Wilson’s 1977 essay from a contemporary viewpoint, providing guidance for modern reference librarianship.
Innovation strategies and performance: are they truly linked?
Authors: Hilman Haim , Kaliappen Narentheren
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to test the linkage between innovation strategies (process innovation and service innovation) and organizational performance in the context of Malaysia hotel industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– A total of 475 sets of questionnaires administrated through mail to all three star and above rating hotel managers in Malaysia, and only 24 percent of it, which is 114 were usable. Regression was utilized to test the link of innovation strategies and performance.

Findings

– The results showed that hotels in Malaysia used process innovation and service innovation as their functional-level strategy. Specifically, both process innovation and service innovation strategies positively linked with performance. But, the paired samplet-test result indicated that process innovation has slightly greater effect on performance than service innovation. In addition, this study found that hotel size significantly affected the performance.

Research limitations/implications

– This study is one of the limited number of studies which has empirically addressed the effect of innovation strategies on performance in hotel industry. Additional researches are needed to address effect of potential mediators or even moderators in innovation strategies and performance linkage.

Practical implications

– This study found that implementation of process innovation and service innovation as their functional strategy could assist to attain better performance in Malaysia hotel industry. Entirely the findings provided new insight to the hotel management in understanding the role of innovation strategies in generating enhanced performance.

Originality/value

– Process innovation and service innovation in the service industry have received very limited empirical attention in current innovation literature. This study extended the body of knowledge in innovation literature, particularly in hospitality sector in Malaysia.
Sustainability marketing: US hotels vs. international hotel chains
Authors: Brackett Lana , Carr II B. Nathaniel
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine whether US-only hotels and US-based international hotel chains similarly promote sustainability marketing.

Design/methodology/approach

– A qualitative exploratory research study reviewing the web site marketing of the US-only hotels and US-based international hotel chains.

Findings

– The research indicates that there are differences in the sustainability marketing of US-only and US-based international hotel chains.

Originality/value

– This is a unique research study. The hotel industry has a diverse body of stateholders due to its large market and impact on sustainability.
Green supply chain management
Authors: Jaggernath Runala , Khan Zaffar
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– Misconception of issues surrounding green supply chain management (GSCM), as well as a paucity of relevant information on the tangible benefits of GSCM practices in organizations was justification for this literature review. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study has been conducted by analyzing and critiquing secondary data obtained from numerous sources of similar subject. The research topic has been examined in detail.

Findings

– The outcomes provide an overview of what GSCM practices entail, strategies successful companies have used to incorporate GSCM practices within their organizations and its impact on the industry.

Research limitations/implications

– The research conducted in this study is limited to one country, i.e. Canada, and as such further research should be carried out by incorporating a larger array of participants so as to obtain a more generalized conclusion.

Practical implications

– The study contributes to an understanding of the importance of GSCM practices on not only the economic success of a business, but the positive effects on the environment. The results will help in the reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other green house gases, thus impacting on climate change.

Originality/value

– Despite increasing awareness, the implementation of GSCM techniques continue to be deterred by lack of government initiatives and commitment of companies involved in the supply chain. Unless it is given precedence, the benefits of GSCM will continue to elude us. This study provides an opportunity to study a model which has met with critical success, rejuvenate it and consequently mandate its adoption in efforts to attain sustainability.
Disentangling plant and soil microbial controls on carbon and nitrogen loss in grassland mesocosms
Authors: De Vries Franciska T. , Bracht Jørgensen Helene , Hedlund Katarina , Bardgett Richard D.
Published: February 2015

It is well known that plant–soil interactions play an important role in determining the impact of global change phenomena on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Little is known, however, about the individual and relative importance for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling of non‐random changes in plant and soil communities that result from global change phenomena, such as fertilization and agricultural intensification.

We set up a field‐based mesocosm experiment in which we re‐inoculated soil with contrasting microbial communities taken from extensively managed and from intensively managed grasslands. In a full‐factorial design, we subsequently established plant communities representative of intensively and extensively managed grasslands and imposed a fertilization treatment. We then measured plant biomass and diversity, and leaching of C and N as key measures of C and N loss.

We hypothesized that non‐random changes in both microbial and plant communities would impact C and N leaching, but via different mechanisms. We predicted that plant communities representative of extensively managed grassland would reduce C and N leaching directly through increased water or N uptake, or indirectly via promoting microbial communities that immobilize C and N, whereas plant communities of intensively managed grassland would have the opposite effect. We also hypothesized that microbial communities of extensively managed grassland would feed back positively to plant diversity and that ‘matching’ plant and microbial communities would reduce C and N leaching.

We found that both plant and microbial communities from extensively managed grassland reduced C and N leaching, especially when ‘matched’. Plant community effects on C and N leaching operated directly through root C inputs and N uptake, rather than through changes in soil microbial communities. In contrast, microbial communities modified C and N leaching both directly by immobilization and indirectly through modifying plant community composition.

Synthesis. Our results show that changes in plant and microbial communities both individually and interactively modify C and N loss from grasslands. Moreover, our results suggest that soil microbial communities typical of extensively managed grassland might counteract, or delay, the negative consequences of fertilization on plant diversity and ecosystem functioning.
Stigma, sex work, and substance use: a comparative analysis
Authors: Benoit Cecilia , McCarthy Bill , Jansson Mikael
Published: February 2015

Stigma is a widely used concept in social science research and an extensive literature claims that stigmatisation contributes to numerous negative health outcomes. However, few studies compare groups that vary in the extent to which they are stigmatised and even fewer studies examine stigma's independent and mediating effects. This article addresses these gaps in a comparative study of perceived stigma and drug use among three low‐income feminised service occupations: sex work, food and alcoholic beverage serving, and barbering and hairstyling. An analysis of longitudinal data shows positive associations between sex work, perceived stigma, and socially less acceptable drug use (for example, heroin and cocaine), and that stigma mediates part of the link between sex work and the use of these drugs. Our overall findings suggest that perceived stigma is pronounced among those who work in the sex industry and negatively affects health independently of sex work involvement.
Taking care of themselves: how long‐term injection drug users remain HIV and Hepatitis C free
Authors: Meylakhs Peter , Friedman Samuel R. , Mateu‐Gelabert Pedro , Sandoval Milagros , Meylakhs Nastia
Published: February 2015

Though prevalence of HIV and especially Hepatitis C is high among people who inject drugs (PWID) in New York, about a third of those who have injected for 8–15 years have avoided infection by either virus despite their long‐term drug use. Based on life history interviews with 35 long‐term PWID in New York, this article seeks to show how successful integration and performance of various drug using and non‐drug using roles may have contributed to some of these PWID's staying uninfected with either virus. We argue that analysis of non‐risk related aspects of the lives of the risk‐takers (PWID) is very important in understanding their risk‐taking behaviour and its outcomes (infection statuses). Drawing on work‐related, social and institutional resources, our double‐negative informants underwent both periods of stability and turmoil without getting infected.
Explanations and expectations: drug narratives among young cannabis users in treatment
Authors: Järvinen Margaretha , Ravn Signe
Published: February 2015

This article analyses how young people enrolled in drug addiction treatment in Copenhagen, Denmark, explain their cannabis careers and how they view their possibilities for quitting drug use again. Inspired by Mead and narrative studies of health and illness, the article identifies four different drug use ‘aetiologies’ drawn upon by the interviewees. These cover childhood experiences, self‐medication, the influence of friends and cannabis use as a specific lifestyle. A central argument of the article is that these explanations not only concern the past but also point towards the future by assigning the interviewee a more or less agential position in relation to drugs. Further, the drug narratives are viewed as interactional achievements, related to the social context in which they were produced, namely, the institutional setting of the treatment centres. The article is based on 30 qualitative interviews with young people in drug addiction treatment.
Contesting sustainability in urban transport — perspectives from a Swedish town
Authors: Fenton Paul , Gustafsson Sara
Published: February 2015

This paper presents findings from a document study, survey, and workshops held in a Swedish municipality. The empirical focus of the study is on the role of transport in municipal planning and transport's potential contribution to urban sustainability in the municipality. The case study highlights a problem familiar to many municipalities — a transport sector largely dependent on fossil fuel private vehicles that generates significant impacts on the climate and environment, along with other economic and social costs. However, despite awareness of these negative impacts, it is difficult to implement measures to reduce the use of private vehicles and enable a transition towards a sustainable transport sector. In Sweden, municipalities have exclusive planning monopolies and an extensive range of other powers. Despite this, many municipalities are struggling to reduce car dependency and enable sustainable mobility. This paper questions the extent to which the municipality and its governance processes are capable of contributing toward sustainable development, both locally and globally, in the absence of radical measures. In particular, the paper considers why, despite having adopted objectives to promote sustainable mobility, does the municipality struggle with the implementation of measures to enable sustainable mobility? Why is there a difference between words and actions?
Unconventional Gas in Australia: Towards a Legal Geography
Authors: TURTON DAVID J.
Published: February 2015

Recent commentary on future research directions for legal geography highlights the need for studies that are historically grounded and focused on human–environment interactions in rural settings. As a current, controversial land use in Australia, unconventional gas (UG) development provides an ideal lens through which researchers can investigate these themes. Utilising emerging international literature and current Australian examples, this paper surveys major trends in the Australian literature relating to UG, before exploring some of the ways in which Australian legal geographers might contribute constructively to community debates around this resource. Seeking to encourage further analysis, this paper contributes to this developing literature by focusing on two key areas: the various legal actors involved in UG development in Australia (including their regulatory choices, spatial interpretations, expertise, and influence) and the implications for legal geography where attempts are made to establish ‘social licence’ through contractual arrangements between industry and individual landholders. This article also delves into the place of Indigenous Australians in relation to UG extraction and the questions this resource raises about land use conflicts in Australia more generally – offering suggestions for comparative international studies and further critique at the domestic level.
Craving and substance use among patients with alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or heroin addiction: a comparison of substance‐ and person‐specific cues
Authors: Fatseas Melina , Serre Fuschia , Alexandre Jean‐Marc , Debrabant Romain , Auriacombe Marc , Swendsen Joel
Published: February 2015

Background and aims

It is well established that craving increases following exposure to substance‐related ‘cues’, but the role of life‐styles or substance use habits that are unique to each person remains poorly understood. This study examines the association of substance‐specific and personal cues with craving and substance use in daily life.

Design

Ecological momentary assessment was used during a 2‐week period.

Setting

Data were collected in a French out‐patient addiction treatment centre.

Participants

A total of 132 out‐patients beginning treatment for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or opiate addiction were included.

Measurements

Using mobile technologies, participants were questioned four times per day relative to craving, substance use and exposure to either substance‐specific cues (e.g. seeing a syringe) or personal cues unique to that individual (e.g. seeing the specific person with whom the substance is used).

Findings

Craving intensity was associated with the number of concurrently assessed substance‐specific cues (t = 4.418, P < 0.001) and person‐specific cues (t = 4.006, P < 0.001) when analysed jointly within the same model. However, only person‐specific cues were associated with increases in craving over subsequent hours of the day (t = 2.598, P < 0.05). Craving intensity, in turn, predicted increases in later substance use (t = 4.076, P < 0.001). Causal mediation analyses demonstrated that the association of cues with later substance use was mediated by craving intensity (mediated effect = 0.007, 95% confidence interval = 0.004–0.011).

Conclusions

Unique person‐specific cues appear to have a robust effect on craving addictive substances, and the duration of this association may persist longer than for more general substance‐specific cues. Mobile technologies provide new opportunities for understanding these person‐specific risk factors and for providing individually tailored interventions.
Ischaemic postconditioning: cardiac protection after the event
Authors: Jivraj N. , Liew F. , Marber M.
Published: February 2015

Ischaemic heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Novel approaches to improve morbidity and mortality in this population are essential. Cardiac ischaemic postconditioning – the technique of applying alternating cycles of sublethal myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion after a sustained insult – is one cardioprotective strategy that can reduce reperfusion injury. Infarct size reduction and improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction have been demonstrated with mechanical or pharmacological postconditioning, both after spontaneous acute myocardial infarction, and associated with cardiac surgery. Nonetheless, the benefits of postconditioning can be easily attenuated. For maximal benefit, postconditioning demands a particular patient population (large area at risk, with little collateral blood flow), timely application and the measurement of appropriate clinical endpoints. Furthermore, confounders such age, sex and medication, as well as a plethora of co‐morbidities common in patients with ischaemic heart disease, all impact on the efficacy of postconditioning. This fragility requires the security of outcomes from large‐scale human trials to ensure robust applicability to everyday clinical practice, and to provide assurance of an impact on long‐term clinical outcome. This review highlights the development of current postconditioning algorithms, the findings from current proof‐of‐concept trials, and the barriers that may limit its broad uptake into clinical practice.
What lies beneath: detecting sub‐canopy changes in savanna woodlands using a three‐dimensional classification method
Authors: Fisher Jolene T. , Witkowski Ed T.F. , Erasmus Barend F.N. , Mograbi Penelope J. , Asner Gregory P. , van Aardt Jan A.N. , Wessels Konrad J. , Mathieu Renaud
Published: February 2015

Question

Increasing population pressure, socio‐economic development and associated natural resource use in savannas are resulting in large‐scale land cover changes, which can be mapped using remote sensing. Is a three‐dimensional (3D) woody vegetation structural classification applied to LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging) data better than a 2D analysis to investigate change in fine‐scale woody vegetation structure over 2 yrs in a protected area (PA) and a communal rangeland (CR)?

Location

Bushbuckridge Municipality and Sabi Sand Wildtuin,NESouth Africa.

Methods

Airborne LiDARdata were collected over 3 300 ha in April 2008 and 2010. Individual tree canopies were identified using object‐based image analysis and classified into four height classes: 1–3, 3–6, 6–10 and >10 m. Four structural metrics were calculated for 0.25‐ha grid cells: canopy cover, number of canopy layers present, cohesion and number of height classes present. The relationship between top‐of‐canopy cover and sub‐canopy cover was investigated using regression. Gains, losses and persistence (GLP) of cover at each height class and the four structural metrics were calculated.GLPof clusters of each structural metric (calculated usingLISA– Local Indicators of Spatial Association – statistics) were used to assess the changes in clusters of each metric over time.

Results

Top‐of‐canopy cover was not a good predictor of sub‐canopy cover. The number of canopy layers present and cohesion showed gains and losses with persistence in canopy cover over time, necessitating the use of a 3D classification to detect fine‐scale changes, especially in structurally heterogeneous savannas. Trees >3 m in height showed recruitment and gains up to 2.2 times higher in theCRwhere they are likely to be protected for cultural reasons, but losses of up to 3.2‐fold more in thePA, possibly due to treefall caused by elephant and/or fire.

Conclusion

Land use has affected sub‐canopy structure in the adjacent sites, with the low intensity useCRshowing higher structural diversity. A 3D classification approach was successful in detecting fine‐scale, short‐term changes between land uses, and can thus be used as a monitoring tool for savanna woody vegetation structure.
The role of electronic healthcare record databases in paediatric drug safety surveillance: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: de Bie Sandra , Coloma Preciosa M. , Ferrajolo Carmen , Verhamme Katia M. C. , Trifirò Gianluca , Schuemie Martijn J. , Straus Sabine M. J. M. , Gini Rosa , Herings Ron , Mazzaglia Giampiero , Picelli Gino , Ghirardi Arianna , Pedersen Lars , Stricker Bruno H. C. , van der Lei Johan , Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M. ,   on behalf of the EU‐ADR consortium
Published: February 2015

Aim

Electronic healthcare record (EHR)‐based surveillance systems are increasingly being developed to support early detection of safety signals. It is unknown what the power of such a system is for surveillance among children and adolescents. In this paper we provide estimates of the number and classes of drugs, and incidence rates (IRs) of events, that can be monitored in children and adolescents (0–18 years).

Methods

Data were obtained from seven population‐based EHR databases in Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands during the period 1996–2010. We estimated the number of drugs for which specific adverse events can be monitored as a function of actual drug use, minimally detectable relative risk (RR) and IRs for 10 events.

Results

The population comprised 4 838 146 individuals (25 575 132 person years (PYs)), who were prescribed 2170 drugs (1 610 631 PYs drug‐exposure). Half of the total drug‐exposure in PYs was covered by only 18 drugs (0.8%). For a relatively frequent event like upper gastrointestinal bleeding there were 39 drugs for which an association with a RR ≥4, if present, could be investigated. The corresponding number of drugs was eight for a rare event like anaphylactic shock.

Conclusion

Drug use in children is rare and shows little variation. The number of drugs with enough exposure to detect rare adverse events in children and adolescents within an EHR‐based surveillance system such as EU‐ADR is limited. Use of additional sources of paediatric drug exposure information and global collaboration are imperative in order to optimize EHR data for paediatric safety surveillance.
Liver injury with novel oral anticoagulants: assessing post‐marketing reports in the US Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system
Authors: Raschi Emanuel , Poluzzi Elisabetta , Koci Ariola , Salvo Francesco , Pariente Antoine , Biselli Maurizio , Moretti Ugo , Moore Nicholas , De Ponti Fabrizio
Published: February 2015

Aim

We assessed the hepatic safety of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) analyzing the publicly available US‐FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS).

Methods

We extracted reports of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) associated with NOACs, including acute liver failure (ALF) events. Based on US marketing authorizations, we performed disproportionality analyses, calculating reporting odds ratios (RORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI), also to test for event‐ and drug‐related competition bias, and case‐by‐case evaluation for concomitant medications.

Results

DILI reports represented 3.7% (n = 146) and 1.7% (n = 222) of all reports for rivaroxaban and dabigatran, respectively. No statistically significant association was found for dabigatran, in primary and secondary analyses. Disproportionality signals emerged for rivaroxaban in primary analysis (ALF: n = 25, ROR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.34, 3.08). In a large proportion of DILI reports concomitant hepatotoxic and/or interacting drugs were recorded: 42% and 37% (rivaroxaban and dabigatran, respectively), especially statins, paracetamol and amiodarone. Among ALF reports, fatal outcome occurred in 49% of cases (44% and 51%, rivaroxaban and dabigatran, respectively), whereas rapid onset of the event (<1 week) was detected in 46% of patients (47% and 44%, respectively).

Conclusions

The disproportionality signal for rivaroxaban calls for further comparative population‐based studies to characterize and quantify the actual DILI risk of NOACs, taking into account drug‐ and patient‐related risk factors. As DILI is unpredictable, our findings strengthen the role of (a) timely pharmacovigilance to detect post‐marketing signals of DILI through FAERS and other data sources, (b) clinicians to assess early, on a case‐by‐case basis, the potential responsibility of NOACs when they diagnose a liver injury.
The Unacknowledged History of John Bowlby's Attachment Theory
Authors: Schwartz Joseph
Published: February 2015

I argue that attachment theory is a central part of the history of psychoanalysis, although in a form not easily recognizable partly because of Bowlby's unique formulation of the centrality of relationships in terms of attachment for understanding the dynamics of the human inner world and partly because of certain defensive features of psychoanalysis that makes changes in thinking difficult and results in the marginalization of dissident voices. Bowlby's unrecognized antecedents extend back to Bleuler in Switzerland and include White, Sullivan and Thompson in the United States and Fairbairn and Winnicott in the UK. A dangerous clinical consequence of the lack of acknowledgement of Bowlby's contribution to psychoanalysis has been a widespread ignorance of the difference between an attachment bond and a trauma bond. An attachment bond provides safety and a trauma bond provides harm. Victims of abuse can mistakenly be encouraged to remain in abusive relationships in the name of attachment because trauma bonds can be strong even though they are harmful. This is a dangerous misreading of attachment theory stemming from the marginalization and ignorance of Bowlby's work.
Simulated Small Scale Disturbances Increase Decomposition Rates and Facilitates Invasive Species Encroachment in a High Elevation Tropical Andean Peatland
Authors: Urbina Jenny C. , Benavides Juan C.
Published: February 2015

Tropical alpine peatlands are important carbon reservoirs and are a critical component of local hydrological cycles. In high elevation peatlands slow decomposition rates result from a nutrient‐poor substrate resistant to decay. The responses of páramo peatland ecosystems to increased nutrient additions and physical disturbance due to agricultural activities are unknown. Here, we conducted a two‐year fertilization and physical disturbance experiment in a Sphagnum—dominated peatland in the Central Andes of Colombia. We hypothesized that fertilization and physical disturbance will diminish the ability of the peat to store organic matter by increasing decomposition and that vascular plants will displace Sphagnum as the dominant plant group. We simulated cattle activity by adding manure as a fertilizer and physical disturbance as a proxy for cattle trampling. Species composition varied in proportion to the intensity of disturbance. Sphagnum cover was reduced under any disturbance treatment. Non‐native grasses usually found in cattle pastures invaded treatments with fertilizer additions or physical disturbance. Overall aboveground plant biomass doubled in fertilized treatments, suggesting that plant biomass production was nutrient limited. Decomposition rates tripled in disturbed treatments as compared to controls. This reduces the ability of the peatland to store organic matter. Andean peatlands are prized ecological assets; however, our results show that the El Morro páramo peatland experienced increased decomposition rates over short time periods after small‐scale disturbances. This created profound consequences for the ecological services offered by these peatlands.
The association between current unemployment and clinically determined poor oral health
Authors: Al‐Sudani Fouad Y. H. , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Suominen Anna L.
Published: February 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess whether current unemployment was associated with poor oral health and whether there was a difference in oral health according to the duration of the current unemployment.

Methods

As part of the Health 2000 Survey in Finland (a nationwide comprehensive health examination survey), we used its data based on interviews, questionnaires, and clinical oral examinations of the 30‐ to 63‐year‐old respondents (n = 4773). Current employment status was measured in its dichotomous form, employed versus unemployed, and length of current unemployment was classified into four categories. We measured oral health in terms of numbers of missing teeth, of sound teeth, of filled teeth, of decayed teeth, and of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets (≥4 mm, ≥6 mm). Poisson regression models were fitted for all oral health outcomes except number of decayed teeth, for which negative binomial regression model was used. Oral health‐related behaviors and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors were added to the analyses.

Results

The unemployed subjects had higher numbers of missing teeth, of decayed teeth, and of teeth with periodontal pockets than the employed ones. The association remained consistent even after adjustments. Oral health‐related behaviors seemed to mediate the association. We found no association between unemployment and number of sound teeth. Current long‐term unemployment showed stronger association with poor oral health than short‐term among women.

Conclusions

The unemployed can be considered as a risk group for poor oral health. Oral healthcare should be reoriented toward those who are unemployed.
Dysmorphology services: a snapshot of current practices and a vision for the future
Authors: Douzgou S. , Chervinsky E. , Gyftodimou Y. , Kitsiou‐Tzeli S. , Shalev S. , Kanavakis E. , Donnai D. , Clayton‐Smith J.
Published: February 2015

Dysmorphology concerns the recognition and management of rare, multiple anomaly syndromes. Genomic technologies and software for gestalt recognition will re‐shape dysmorphology services. In order to reflect on a model of the service in the post‐genomic era, we compared the utility of dysmorphology consultations in two Mediterranean cities, Athens, Greece and Afula, Israel (MDS), the Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, a UK service with dysmorphology expertise (UKDS) and the DYSCERNE, digital service (DDS). We show that it is more likely that chromosome microarray analysis will be performed if suggested in the UKDS rather than in the MDS; this, most probably reflects the difference of access to genetic testing following funding limitations in the MDS. We also show that in terms of achieved diagnosis, the first visit to a dysmorphology clinic is more significant than a follow‐up. We show that a confirmed syndrome diagnosis significantly decreases the requests for other, non‐genetic, laboratory investigations. Conversely, it increases the requests for reviews by other specialists and, most significantly (t‐test: 8.244), it increases further requests for screening for possible associated complications. This is the first demonstration of the demands, on a health service, following the diagnosis of a dysmorphic condition.
Host‐derived biomarkers at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10‐year retrospective study
Authors: Ramseier Christoph A. , Eick Sigrun , Brönnimann Claudia , Buser Daniel , Brägger Urs , Salvi Giovanni E.
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To assess a selection of host‐derived biomarkers in peri‐implant sulcus fluid (PISF) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from adjacent teeth 10 years following implant placement.

Material and methods

Peri‐implant sulcus fluid and GCF samples obtained from the deepest sites of 504 implants and 493 adjacent teeth were analysed for levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐3, MMP‐8, MMP‐1, and MMP‐1 bound to tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)‐1 (MMP‐1/TIMP‐1) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Results

Overall, MMP‐8 was detected in 90% of the sites. In more than 50% of the sites, IL‐1β was identified while in 30% of the sites MMP‐1, MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 and MMP‐3 were found over the detection level. Increased biomarkers levels from PISF and GCF were positively correlated (r = 0.375–0.702; P < 0.001). However, no qualitative and quantitative differences were found between PISF and GCF. The levels of MMP‐1 were negatively correlated with those of MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 at implants (r = −0.644; P < 0.001). Median MMP‐1 levels at implants were high (5.17 pg/site) in subjects with severe chronic periodontitis and low in patients with mild‐to‐moderate chronic periodontitis (0 pg/site; P = 0.026) or gingivitis (0 pg/site; P = 0.034). Levels of IL‐1β were found to be different in GCF according to the periodontal conditions (P = 0.001) with the highest level found in mild‐to‐moderate periodontitis (6.2 pg/site). Clinical attachment levels at implants demonstrated an inverse correlation with MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 (r = −0.147; P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Increased levels of MMP‐8 and IL‐1β in PISF or GCF may be associated with inflammation around teeth and implants while lower levels of MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 may be an indicator of disease progression around implants.
Comorbidity has no impact on eosinophil inflammation in the upper airways or on severity of the sinonasal disease in patients with nasal polyps
Authors: Uhliarova B. , Kopincova J. , Kolomaznik M. , Adamkov M. , Svec M. , Calkovska A.
Published: February 2015

Objective

The study was designed to determine whether there is an association between the comorbidity as atopy, bronchial asthma, aspirin intolerance and eosinophil infiltration of the upper airways, severity of the sinonasal disease and rate of revision sinus surgery in patients with nasal polyps.

Material and methods

One hundred and fifty patients were enrolled in the prospective study. Differences in CT score, rate of revision surgery, concentration of eotaxin and eosinophil cationic protein in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and distribution of eosinophils in NALF and nasal tissue in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and control group were investigated. We focused on the relationship between presence of comorbidity (atopy, bronchial asthma and aspirin intolerance) and severity of the disease, the need of revision surgery and markers of eosinophil inflammation in upper airways in patients with CRSwNP.

Results

Patients with CRSwNP had more severe form of the sinonasal disease, higher rate of revision FESS and significant higher presence of markers of eosinophil inflammation in NALF and nasal tissue than patients with CRSsNP (P < 0.05). Atopic and non‐atopic asthma as well as aspirin sensitivity significantly more often coexisted with CRSwNP. Comorbidity did not influence eosinophil infiltration or severity of the disease in patients with CRSwNP.

Conclusion

Presence of comorbidity (atopy, bronchial asthma and aspirin intolerance) has no impact on severity of the disease or eosinophil content in the upper airways in patients with CRSwNP.
Heart rate and blood pressure control in obesity – how to detect early dysregulation?
Authors: Javorka Michal , Turianikova Zuzana , Tonhajzerova Ingrid , Lazarova Zuzana , Czippelova Barbora , Javorka Kamil
Published: February 2015

Obesity is accompanied by many severe complications including various cardiovascular disorders. An impairment of cardiovascular control by autonomic nervous system could be one of the possible links between obesity and cardiovascular complications development. The aim of this study was to compare spontaneous heart rate and systolic blood pressure oscillations reflecting cardiovascular autonomic control of young obese subjects with normal control subjects by linear and nonlinear methods and to find sensitive markers of early autonomic dysregulation. Continuous recordings of beat‐to‐beat systolic blood pressure and RR intervals from ECG were obtained from 40 obese subjects (25 female, age 14·2 [13·1–16·1] (median [interquartile range]) years) and gender and age matched non‐obese control subjects. In addition to linear measures (time and frequency domain), we performed recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) and multiscale entropy analysis for both signals. While no significant differences in heart rate and systolic blood pressure dynamics were detected by linear measures and MSE, analysis of recurrence plots from RR intervals time series showed significant differences – indices trapping time and maximal length of vertical from RQA were significantly higher in obese compared to control group. We conclude that heart rate and blood pressure control by autonomic nervous system in young obese subjects is relatively well preserved. However, novel RQA‐related measures are able to detect early subtle abnormalities in cardiac autonomic control in obese subjects indicating decreased signal complexity.
Assessment of Myocardial Infarct Size by Three‐Dimensional and Two‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography: A Comparative Study to Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Authors: Wang Qiushuang , Huang Dangsheng , Zhang Liwei , Shen Dong , Ouyang Qiaohong , Duan Zhongxiang , An Xiuzhi , Zhang Meiqing , Zhang Chunhong , Yang Feifei , Zhi Guang
Published: February 2015

Objective

To compare three‐dimensional (3D) and two‐dimensional (2D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) techniques in the assessment of left ventricular function and myocardial infarct size (MIS).

Methods

Thirty‐two patients diagnosed with ST elevation myocardial infarction and 18 healthy control patients underwent 2D echocardiography, 3D echocardiography, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). 3D left ventricular global area strain (GAS), 2D and 3D global longitudinal strain (GLS), global radial strain (GRS) as well as global circumferential strain (GCS) were analyzed to correlate with myocardial infarct size detected by SPECT. 2D and 3D left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as well as 2D and 3D wall motion score index (WMSI) also were measured using conventional echocardiography.

Results

The 2D‐GLS values were significantly higher than that of 3D‐GLS, while 2D‐GCS and GRS were significantly lower than 3D‐GCS and GRS, respectively. However, no significant differences in LVEF and WMSI could be observed between 2D and 3D echocardiography. Myocardial strain indices, LVEF, and WMSI using 2D and 3D echocardiography also had good correlations with MIS as measured by SPECT. ROC curve analysis showed that the 3D and 2D myocardial indices, LVEF, and WMSI could distinguish between small and large MIS, while 2D‐GLS had the highest AUC.

Conclusion

The 2D and 3D myocardial strain indices correlated well with MIS by SPECT. Among them, the 2D‐GLS showed the highest diagnostic value, while 3D‐GRS and GCS had better diagnostic value than 2D‐GRS and GCS.
Can female preference drive intraspecific diversity dynamics in brown trout (Salmo trutta, L.)?
Authors: Gil Jordi , Caudron Arnaud , Labonne Jacques
Published: February 2015

Intraspecific diversity can be strongly impacted by the dynamics of reproductive isolation during secondary contacts. The high levels of hybridisation and introgression between Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages in contemporary populations of brown trout in the Northern part of the French Alps are a good case in point. After a long period of allopatry, which one assumes has facilitated their divergent phenotypic and genetic evolution, man has removed a geographical reproductive barrier via stocking the Atlantic lineage in the Mediterranean area, thereby potentially enabling gene flow between native and non native populations. We investigate how much a prezygotic reproductive behaviour, that is female preference for male phenotype, can influence hybridisation in natural environments, using subaquatic video recording of reproduction. Our statistical model indicates that female preference appears to be largely heterogamous: females tend to select dissimilar males with respect to their own phenotype; thus, rather than acting as a barrier to gene flow, female preference is favouring gene flow between lineages that have been artificially placed in sympatry. This finding based on observational data is in agreement with previously reported genetic data, high levels of hybridisation between the lineages. We suggest that a knowledge of reproductive behaviour in natural environments is an essential tool for biodiversity managers to assess the potential risks associated with the introduction into recipient populations of non‐native lineage fish at the intraspecific level.