bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representation of Southern Ocean Properties across Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Generations: CMIP3 to CMIP6
Authors: Beadling R. L. , Russell J. L. , Stouffer R. J. , Mazloff M. , Talley L. D. , Goodman P. J. , Sallée J. B. , Hewitt H. T. , Hyder P. , Pandde Amarjiit
Published: May 2020

The air–sea exchange of heat and carbon in the Southern Ocean (SO) plays an important role in mediating the climate state. The dominant role the SO plays in storing anthropogenic heat and carbon is a direct consequence of the unique and complex ocean circulation that exists there. Previous generations of climate models have struggled to accurately represent key SO properties and processes that influence the large-scale ocean circulation. This has resulted in low confidence ascribed to twenty-first-century projections of the state of the SO from previous generations of models. This analysis provides a detailed assessment of the ability of models contributed to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to represent important observationally based SO properties. Additionally, a comprehensive overview of CMIP6 performance relative to CMIP3 and CMIP5 is presented. CMIP6 models show improved performance in the surface wind stress forcing, simulating stronger and less equatorward-biased wind fields, translating into an improved representation of the Ekman upwelling over the Drake Passage latitudes. An increased number of models simulate an Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport within observational uncertainty relative to previous generations; however, several models exhibit extremely weak transports. Generally, the upper SO remains biased warm and fresh relative to observations, and Antarctic sea ice extent remains poorly represented. While generational improvement is found in many metrics, persistent systematic biases are highlighted that should be a priority during model development. These biases need to be considered when interpreting projected trends or biogeochemical properties in this region.
Nongeostrophic Baroclinic Instability over Sloping Bathymetry: Buoyant Flow Regime
Authors: Qu Lixin , Hetland Robert
Published: May 2020

Baroclinic instabilities are important processes that enhance mixing and dispersion in the ocean. The presence of sloping bathymetry and the nongeostrophic effect influence the formation and evolution of baroclinic instabilities in oceanic bottom boundary layers and in coastal waters. This study explores two nongeostrophic baroclinic instability theories adapted to the scenario with sloping bathymetry and investigates the mechanism of the instability suppression (reduction in growth rate) in the buoyant flow regime. Both the two-layer and continuously stratified models reveal that the suppression is related to a new parameter, slope-relative Burger number Sr ≡ (M2/f2)(α + αp), where M2 is the horizontal buoyancy gradient, α is the bathymetry slope, and αp is the isopycnal slope. In the layer model, the instability growth rate linearly decreases with increasing Sr {the bulk form Sr = [U0/(H0f)](α + αp)}. In the continuously stratified model, the instability suppression intensifies with increasing Sr when the regime shifts from quasigeostrophic to nongeostrophic. The adapted theories are intrinsically applicable to deep ocean bottom boundary layers and could be conditionally applied to coastal buoyancy-driven flow. The slope-relative Burger number is related to the Richardson number by Sr = δrRi−1, where the slope-relative parameter is δr = (α + αp)/αp. Since energetic fronts in coastal zones are often characterized by low Ri, that implies potentially higher values of Sr, which is why baroclinic instabilities may be suppressed in the energetic regions where they would otherwise be expected to be ubiquitous according to the quasigeostrophic theory.
Mechanisms of Mid- to Outer-Shelf Transport of Shoreline-Released Tracers
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Feddersen Falk , Giddings Sarah N. , Kumar Nirnimesh , Gopalakrishnan Ganesh
Published: May 2020

Transport of shoreline-released tracer from the surfzone across the shelf can be affected by a variety of physical processes from wind-driven to submesoscale, with implications for shoreline contaminant dilution and larval dispersion. Here, a high-resolution wave–current coupled model that resolves the surfzone and receives realistic oceanic and atmospheric forcing is used to simulate dye representing shoreline-released untreated wastewater in the San Diego–Tijuana region. Surfzone and shelf alongshore dye transports are primarily driven by obliquely incident wave breaking and alongshore pressure gradients, respectively. At the midshelf to outer-shelf (MS–OS) boundary (25-m depth), defined as a mean streamline, along-boundary density gradients are persistent, dye is surface enhanced and time and alongshelf patchy. Using baroclinic and along-boundary perturbation dye transports, two cross-shore dye exchange velocities are estimated and related to physical processes. Barotropic and baroclinic tides cannot explain the modeled cross-shore transport. The baroclinic exchange velocity is consistent with the wind-driven Ekman transport. The perturbation exchange velocity is elevated for alongshore dye and cross-shore velocity length scales < 1 km (within the submesoscale) and stronger alongshore density gradient ∂ρ/∂y variability, indicating that alongfront geostrophic flows induce offshore transport. This elevated ∂ρ/∂y is linked to convergent northward surface along-shelf currents (likely due to regional bathymetry), suggesting deformation frontogenesis. Both surfzone and shelf processes influence offshore transport of shoreline-released tracers with key parameters of surfzone and shelf alongcoast currents and alongshelf winds.
Contrasting Relationship between Wintertime Blocking Highs over Europe–Siberia and Temperature Anomalies in the Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Shi Ning , SuolangTajie  , Tian Pinyu , Wang Yicheng , Wang Xiaoqiong
Published: May 2020

Based on the Japanese 55-year reanalysis dataset, this study identifies 92 Europe–Siberia blocking high events (ESBs) over the 60 winters (November–March) from 1958/59 to 2017/18. According to the influence on the surface air temperature at 2 m over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the ESBs are classified into three types: cold, neutral, and warm. Although cold-type ESBs are dominant, the number of warm-type ESBs is not negligible. The present study mainly focuses on the differences between cold-type and warm-type ESBs. Both the cold-type ESBs and the warm-type ESBs are characterized by height anomalies with a northwest–southeast-tilting dipole pattern over the Eurasian continent in the mid- and upper troposphere. However, the tilting dipole pattern of the warm type is located to the northwest of its cold-type counterpart, which reflects differences in the propagation of Rossby wave packets. The Siberian high is stronger in cold-type ESBs than in warm-type ESBs. The induced advection of the climatological mean air temperature by the anomalous meridional wind velocity in the lower troposphere accounts for the largest portion of the observed tendency of the air temperature for both ESB types. In addition, diabatic heating tends to counteract the local cooling tendency of air temperature over the Yangtze River region for the cold-type ESBs. Finally, cold-type ESBs are generally characterized by air parcels originating in the region to the north and northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, while warm-type ESBs are characterized by diverse trajectories.
Monitoring the Progress and Healing Status of Burn Wounds Using Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Castro Pedro A.A. , Lima Cassio A. , Morais Mychel R.P.T. , Zorn Telma M.T. , Zezell Denise M.
Published: May 2020

Burns are one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide and the most costly traumatic injuries. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in wound healing is required to accelerate tissue recovery and reduce the health economic impact. However, the standard techniques used to evaluate the biological events associated to wound repair are laborious, time-consuming, and/or require multiple assays/staining. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to monitor the progress and healing status of burn wounds. Burn injuries were induced on Wistar rats by water vapor exposure and biopsied for further histopathological and spectroscopic evaluation at four time-points (3, 7, 14, and 21 days). Spectral data were preprocessed and compared by principal component analysis. Pairwise comparison of post-burn groups to each other revealed that metabolic activity induced by thermal injury decreases as the healing progresses. Higher amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids were evidenced on days 3 and 7 compared to healthy skin and reduced amounts of these molecular structural units on days 14 and 21 post-burn. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to determine the healing status of a wound based on the biochemical information retained by spectral signatures in each phase of healing. Our findings demonstrate that FT-IR spectroscopy can monitor the biological events triggered by burn trauma as well as to detect the wound status including full recovery based on the spectral changes associated to the biochemical events in each phase.
Locations for noninvasive brain stimulation in treating depressive disorders: A combination of meta-analysis and resting-state functional connectivity analysis
Authors: Zhang Binlong , Liu Jiao , Bao Tuya , Wilson Georgia , Park Joel , Zhao Bingcong , Kong Jian
Published: May 2020

Objective:

Many noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have been applied to treat depressive disorders. However, the target brain region in most noninvasive brain stimulation studies is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Exploring new stimulation locations may improve the efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation for depressive disorders. We aimed to explore potential noninvasive brain stimulation locations for depressive disorders through a meta-analysis and a functional connectivity approach.

Methods:

We conducted a meta-analysis of 395 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to identify depressive disorder–associated brain regions as regions of interest. Then, we ran resting-state functional connectivity analysis with three different pipelines in 40 depression patients to find brain surface regions correlated with these regions of interest. The 10–20 system coordinates corresponding to these brain surface regions were considered as potential locations for noninvasive brain stimulation.

Results:

The 10–20 system coordinates corresponding to the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, medial prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, bilateral supramarginal gyrus, bilateral primary motor cortex, bilateral operculum, left angular gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus were identified as potential locations for noninvasive brain stimulation in depressive disorders. The coordinates were: posterior to F3, posterior to F4, superior to F3, posterior to F7, anterior to C4, P3, midpoint of F7–T3, posterior to F8, anterior to C3, midpoint of Fz–Cz, midpoint of Fz–Fp1, anterior to T4, midpoint of C3–P3, and anterior to C4.

Conclusion:

Our study identified several potential noninvasive brain stimulation locations for depressive disorders, which may serve as a basis for future clinical investigations.
Consultations in Child Abuse Pediatrics
Authors: Hicks Ralph A. , Laskey Antoinette L. , Harris Tara L. , Hibbard Roberta A.
Published: May 2020

This study describes a hospital-based child abuse pediatrics consultation service. Medical records for all child abuse pediatrics consultations during 2006 to 2009 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Of 2495 consultations, 13 were excluded due to insufficient information, 1682 were examinations for suspected sexual abuse, and 800 were examinations for nonsexual abuse concerns. Among the latter group of 800 patients, the most common reasons for consultation were fracture (33.5%), nonburn skin injury (16.8%), burn (15.4%), and intracranial injury (13.2%). Median patient age was 11 months (range = 3 days to 16 years). Case fatality rate was 3.9%. Final diagnosis was classified as definite/likely abuse in 40.0%, questionable/unknown in 24.5%, definite/likely accident in 23.6%, no injury in 4.6%, neglect in 4.0%, and a medical condition in 3.2%. Therefore, among consultations requested for suspected child maltreatment, a child abuse pediatrician concluded that abuse was definite or likely in less than half of patients.
Evaluation of Outcomes in Patients Receiving Amantadine to Improve Alertness After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hadgu Rim M. , Borghol Amne , Gillard Christopher , Wilson Candice , Elqess Mossa Suzan , McKay Megan , Jastram Charles , Onor Ifeanyi O.
Published: May 2020

Background: Amantadine has been used off-label to improve alertness after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The goal of this study is to assess the mean change at 72 hours and in course of therapy (COT) Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score after amantadine initiation and to correlate the change in GCS score with participation in physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) among patients with TBI receiving amantadine during the first hospitalization. Methods: This single-center, retrospective, cohort study included patients ≥18 years old hospitalized for a TBI from August 2012 to February 2018 and received ≥1 dose of amantadine to increase alertness. The primary endpoint is the mean change in 72-hour GCS score after amantadine initiation. The secondary endpoint is the mean change in COT GCS score after amantadine initiation and the correlation between the change in GCS score and percent PT and OT participation at 72 hours and during the COT. Results: Seventy-nine patients were included. The mean age of patients was 41 years, and 79.8% of the patients were men. The mean change in 72-hour GCS score was +0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.09-1.42, P = .027), and the mean change in COT GCS score was +2.29 (95% CI = 1.68-2.90, P < .001). There was no significant correlation between the increase in GCS score and percent PT/OT session participation at 72 hours and during the COT, r = −0.15 ( P = .24) and r = −0.02 ( P = .74), respectively. The percent PT/OT session participation at 72-hour post-amantadine initiation was 61.3% compared with 65.9% during the COT. Conclusion: There were small but statistically significant increases in the mean change at 72 hours and in COT GCS score; however, they were not correlated with percent PT/OT participation. Other studies are needed to determine the appropriate time and GCS score to initiate amantadine along with the optimal dose in the inpatient setting.
Africa and Africans in Wolf Warrior 2: Narratives of Trust, Patriotism and Rationalized Racism among Chinese University Students
Authors: Talmacs Nicole
Published: May 2020

This paper analyses responses from Chinese university students to China’s most successful blockbuster to date, Wolf Warrior 2. Responses revealed racialized language objectifying the black African Other and affirmation of existing scepticisms towards Sino-African relations. It is argued that these responses must be understood within the context of trust these students have in the mediated messages they encounter, the Chinese leadership, the hearsay of social networks, and film industry standards established by Hollywood, all of which precondition Chinese student understandings of ‘Africa’ and ‘Africans’ that informs their viewing experience. Trust in the nation’s film industry, however, also suggests Chinese cinema may have the ability to improve racial awareness among Chinese audiences. To do so though, would require a shift in the film industry’s objectives from its current efforts in patriotic education, to portraying China and the Chinese as one of many within an interconnected global community.
Beliefs About the Persistence of History in Objects and Spaces in the United States and India
Authors: Marchak Kristan A. , McLaughlin Merranda , Noles Nicholaus S. , Gelman Susan A.
Published: May 2020

Scattered evidence in the literature suggests that people may believe that non-visible traces of past events (e.g., origins, emotions, and qualities of the owner) persist over time in objects and spaces, even after the original source has been removed. To date, however, there has been no unified treatment to determine the scope and cultural consistency of this expectation. This study had four primary goals: (a) to assess how broadly participants display persistence-of-history beliefs, (b) to explore individual differences in these beliefs, (c) to examine the explanatory frameworks for these beliefs, and (d) to determine whether these beliefs were endorsed across two cultural settings. Adults in both United States ( N = 195) and India ( N = 173) evaluated a broad range of situations involving possible persistence of history. In both countries, three patterns emerged: (a) A broad range of persistence-of-history scenarios were judged to be possible, falling into two underlying thematic clusters (supernatural vs. non-supernatural); (b) paranormal beliefs predicted endorsement of items in both thematic clusters; and yet (c) most scenarios were explained using natural explanatory frameworks. Together, these results demonstrate broad endorsement of the persistence of history—across cultures, situations, and individuals—as well as substantial individual variation.
Comparison of Reading Growth Among Students With Severe Reading Deficits Who Received Intervention to Typically Achieving Students and Students Receiving Special Education
Authors: Burns Matthew K. , Maki Kathrin E. , Brann Kristy L. , McComas Jennifer J. , Helman Lori A.
Published: May 2020

This study compared the reading growth of students with and without learning disabilities, and students with and without reading deficits in response to tier 2 reading interventions within a response-to-intervention framework. Participants were 499 second- and third-grade students in six urban schools. Students who scored at or below the 10th percentile on the fall reading screening assessment were identified as having a severe reading deficit and received a tier 2 reading intervention that was targeted to their needs. Results showed a significant effect between groups on reading growth. Students with severe reading deficits receiving targeted tier 2 intervention grew at a rate that equaled the rate of growth of students without reading deficits and was significantly higher than students who were receiving special education services for reading. Implications for practice, suggestions for future research, and study limitations are discussed.
Are there positive lessons for Italy’s NHS resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic?
Authors: Baldino Gennaro , Argo Antonella , Stassi Chiara , Zerbo Stefania , Ventura Spagnolo Elvira
Published: May 2020

The authors evaluate the importance of prevention measures and health care from their own experience and briefly analyse the factors that may have contributed to the rapid spread of Covid-19 in Italy, and hope this will feed into appropriate and new and improved health policies.
Heidegger and Marcuse: A history of disenchantment
Authors: Sokolsky-Tifft Samuel Elias
Published: May 2020

In a 1977 interview with Frederick Olafson, Marcuse denied that any aspect of Heidegger’s philosophy was redeemable, suggesting that its latent Nazism was clear to him ‘ex-post’. This tiny phrase raises a significant problem for Heideggerian scholarship: the equivocal nature of hindsight’s seeming clarity. Playing with the notion of disenchantment, I retrace Marcuse’s disenchantment with Heidegger, from the Olafson interview to their 1947–8 exchange of letters, to Marcuse’s little-known ‘German philosophy, 1871–1933’ and finally to Being and Time itself, to argue that Heidegger’s theory of death and guilt provides an answer to the problem of the ex-post: a way in which we can recreate from beginning to end the disenchanting story of how Heidegger’s Nazism informed his thought, yet still retrace from end to beginning the way in which Heidegger’s thought was fertile philosophical territory in the first place.
Slavery fiction in Britain
Authors: Muñoz-Valdivieso Sofia
Published: May 2020

This article analyses significant examples of slavery fiction published in Britain by writers who have family links to Africa and the Caribbean. As children of immigrants who had come to Britain after World War II, Caryl Phillips, David Dabydeen, Fred D’Aguiar, Andrea Levy and Bernardine Evaristo shared the uncertainties of coming of age in a society that offered no space for their identities as individuals with roots in other continents. This article reviews some of their fictions and considers them as a group in their re-creation of British involvement in the slave trade and slavery. They refocus the lens of history and present the perspectives of African enslaved and free individuals in stories of human suffering but also of agency and resistance. These fictions reconstruct the role of slavery in the British past as they write against traditional abolition-oriented narratives of the nation.
Do Perceptions of Legitimacy and Fairness Matter in Prison? Examining How Procedural and Distributive Justice Relate to Misconduct
Authors: Campbell Christopher M. , Labrecque Ryan M. , Schaefer Roger L. , Harvis Molly , Zavita Karma Rose , Reddy Leah , Labranche Kayla
Published: May 2020

Recent scholarship suggests disciplinary protocols and incarcerated individuals’ perceptions of procedural justice toward correctional officers may be important in influencing one’s behavior and prison order. This study provides an examination of procedural and distributive justice in prison. We surveyed a stratified random sample of 144 respondents incarcerated in Maine state prisons about their perceptions toward the disciplinary process and corrections officers to assess the relationship between such views and patterns of institutional misconduct. Findings provide partial support for the procedural justice perspective in prison. Normative perceptions (e.g., legitimacy) are positively associated with voluntary deference measures while instrumental perceptions of officer effectiveness in controlling behavior are positively associated with respondent perceived risk. These results supply insight into theory development related to voluntary deference. Similarly, these findings can inform which relationships between officers and respondents may hold the potential to promote rule compliance and prison order.
Changing Police Officers’ Attitudes in Sexual Offense Cases: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study
Authors: Tidmarsh Patrick , Hamilton Gemma , Sharman Stefanie J.
Published: May 2020

We examined whether specialist training can have an immediate and lasting impact on investigators’ attitudes in sexual offense cases. Australian police officers participated in a 4-week training program that focused on the dynamics of sexual offending. Officers completed questionnaires before, immediately after, and 9 to 12 months following training. They were presented with scenarios involving adult and child complainants with varying levels of evidence (strong, weak, or ambiguous) and rated their confidence that the case would be approved for prosecution, the likelihood of a guilty verdict, and the level of responsibility attributed to the victim. Following training, investigators became more confident in case approvals and guilty verdicts, less likely to attribute responsibility to victims, and demonstrated better understanding of sexual offense dynamics. Ratings of victim responsibility and guilty verdicts were maintained 9 to 12 months post-training; however, confidence in case approvals decreased after working in the field. Implications for police training programs are discussed.
Diversity in Academic Otolaryngology: An Update and Recommendations for Moving From Words to Action
Authors: Smith Joshua B. , Chiu Alexander G. , Sykes Kevin J. , Eck Lindsey P. , Hierl Anneliese N. , Villwock Jennifer A.
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

(1) To investigate the state of diversity and inclusion initiatives in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OHNS) as compared to general surgery and (2) assess their effects on female representation in these programs.

Methods:

The websites of OHNS residency programs, general surgery residency programs, and their associated academic medical institutions were indexed for content related to diversity and inclusion (D&I) initiatives. Gender data were gathered and used as a proxy for identity diversity.

Results:

All programs surveyed (N = 198) have D&I programs at the institutional level and have an office of D&I (or equivalent program). However, only 18% of general surgery programs and 19% of otolaryngology programs have additional department-level D&I initiatives. There was an increase in the proportion of female residents across all residency programs if the program mentioned D&I on their website (44% vs 38%, P = .004) and if the program reported a D&I initiative (45% vs 38%, P < .001).

Conclusion:

Despite the ACGME’s recent emphasis on the importance of recruiting and retaining a diverse physician workforce, the minority of otolaryngology residency programs advertise any concerted, department-level efforts toward increasing D&I at their residency program. General surgery programs have a significantly higher proportion of female department chairs and higher mean proportion of female residents when compared to OHNS. Programs that mention the diversity of their residents or faculty on the program website and programs with their own D&I initiatives have a higher mean proportion of female residents.
Inflammatory Pseudotumor in the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses: A Case Report and Associated Literature Review
Authors: Li Jing , Wang Maohua , Li Wangwei , Tao Yuejin , Shi Xinyi
Published: May 2020

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IP) is a clinically aggressive but histologically benign condition of unknown cause. It rarely appears in the nasal cavity and sinuses. Here, we describe a 24-year-old female with the main symptom of right nasal obstruction. Examinations showed dilation in the right maxillary sinus and a pale neoplasm in the nasal cavity. The neoplasm was completely excised under endoscope. Postoperative pathology showed significant proliferation of plasma cells and lymphocytes, indicating the presence of IP. No recurrence was found during 20 months of follow-up. Only 28 cases (10 males and 18 females, average 41.04 years) have been reported on Pubmed. The main clinical manifestations were nasal obstruction, epistaxis, facial swelling and pain, eyeball protrusion, diplopia, and other ocular symptoms. Inflammatory pseudotumor always erodes the surrounding bone and requires active treatments. Surgery is the optimal option with a good prognosis.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Otolaryngology Residency: A Real-Life Experience
Authors: De Luca Pietro , Colacurcio Vito , De Bonis Egidio , Petrosino Michele , Bisogno Antonella , Troisi Donato , Calvanese Matteo , Marra Pasquale
Published: May 2020

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic as been rapidly spreading worldwide. In our country, the entire Italian Healthcare System has been forced to adapt to this unprecedented condition in this century. The Head and Neck Department clinical and surgical activity was substantially reduced. In this situation, the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) residents in University Hospitals find themselves in an uncertain position; we are physicians, facing a deadly disease about which much remains unknown, but we are also trainees, and there is a high risk for our residency training to be affected. With this Letter, we would like to give a testimony of our experience and give some advices to bridge the training gap.
Effects of lunch club attendance on the dietary intake of older adults in the UK: A pilot cross-sectional study
Authors: Tsofliou Fotini , Grammatikopoulou Maria G , Lumley Rosie , Gkiouras Konstantinos , Lara Jose , Clark Carol
Published: May 2020

Background:

Lunch clubs are community-based projects where meals are offered with opportunities for social interaction, and a unique dining experience of dual commercial and communal nature.

Aim:

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to assess differences in the dietary intake between lunch club and non-lunch club days among community-dwelling elderly, living in Dorset, UK.

Methods:

A total of 39 elderly individuals attending local lunch clubs were recruited. Socioeconomic factors were recorded, anthropometric measurements were taken and the dietary intake was assessed in lunch club and non-lunch club days via 24 hour dietary recalls.

Results:

For the majority of participants, having a hot meal (74.4%), meeting with friends (92.3%), dining outside home (76.9%), having a home-styled cooked meal (71.8%) and skipping cooking (43.6%) were considered as important factors for lunch club dining. Absolute energy intake, protein, fat, carbohydrate, saturated fatty acids, fibre, potassium, calcium, iron, vitamins A, C and folate and water from drinks were significantly greater on lunch club days. When intake was expressed as a percentage of the dietary reference values, all examined nutrients were consumed in greater adequacy during lunch club days, except potassium and vitamin D.

Conclusions:

Lunch clubs appear to be an effective means for ameliorating nutrient intake among older adults, while in parallel, offer the opportunity for socializing and sharing a hot meal with peers.
Five common pitfalls in eye-tracking research
Authors: Godfroid Aline , Hui Bronson
Published: May 2020

Eye tracking has become an increasingly popular research methodology among language researchers to examine online cognitive processing of second-language (L2) speakers and bilinguals. As the scope of eye-tracking research expands, there is a need to ensure that the methodology is used properly, so as to safeguard the validity of research findings and the empirical basis upon which theories are built. We present five pitfalls in eye-tracking research that may threaten the internal or external validity of the study. We offer concrete recommendations to avoid each pitfall and demonstrate how these recommendations can be implemented so researchers may take full advantage of the opportunities of eye-tracking research. The five pitfalls occur at all stages of the research cycle. We emphasize (1) adopting a confirmatory (theory-driven, hypothesis-testing) approach to research, (2) selecting and handling eye-movement measures in a principled manner, (3) aligning the research design with the eye tracker properties (spatial accuracy, precision), (4) inspecting raw, sample-level eye-tracking data and their preprocessing by the eye-tracking software. We conclude by inviting eye-tracking researchers (5) to embrace open science practices to enhance the replication and reproducibility of their work.
Reflections on an Extraordinary Marketing Scholar
Authors: Stewart David W.
Published: May 2020

The author reflects on the contributions of and interactions with Robert Lusch.
Upper endplate nonunion after transcorporeal percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy: A case report
Authors: Huang Zhen , Li Yuefei , Liu Hui , Sun Ning , Liu Xin , Ren Jiabin , Bi Jingwei , Sun Zhaozhong
Published: May 2020

Background

Transcorporeal percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy (TcPECD) destroys the integrity of the vertebral body. We herein discuss its long-term risks and avoidance measures. Case presentation: A 44-year-old woman underwent TcPECD. Although her upper limb symptoms were relieved after the operation, the bone channel did not heal and the endplate of the segment was altered. She consequently developed chronic neck and shoulder discomfort.

Conclusion

Careful preoperative planning is needed to avoid non-healing of the bone channel following TcPECD. The diameter of the bony channel should be as small as possible and the channel should be opened at the posterior edge of the upper endplate to avoid collapse.
In smell’s shadow: Materials and politics at the edge of perception
Authors: Spackman Christy
Published: May 2020

This article examines the politics of smell at the edge of perception. In January 2014, the municipal water supply of Charleston, West Virginia was contaminated by an under-characterized chemical, crude MCHM. Even when instrumental measurements no longer detected the chemical, people continued to smell its licorice-like odor. In a space where nothing was certain, smell became the only indicator of potential harm. Officials responded by commissioning state-funded sensory testing of crude MCHM to determine its sensory threshold. Via the critical passage point of sensory science, some instances of embodied attunement were allowed to enter into the evidentiary regimes of perception, while other, similarly trained moments of attunement were excluded from the process. This, I show, produced knowledge about the spilled chemical that maintained the systems that contributed to the spill in the first place. Drawing on new materialist thought, I riff on biology and ‘transduce’ the ephemeral phenomena of smelling crude MCHM into a new medium: Rather than thinking of smell as a volatile molecular material (an odorant), I show that consideration of smell as a manipulable object that one can imagine as having tangible substance and shape offers a way to experiment with disciplinary forms. I suggest an alternate future, where sensory science acts to record sensory labor that produces facts about collective experience that cannot (easily) travel through current systems, a process that is one possible way of beginning to unravel entrenched systems of toxic harm.
Geomorphology of old and abandoned underground mines: Review and future challenges
Authors: Schuchová Kristýna , Lenart Jan
Published: May 2020

Abandoned underground mines remain insufficiently investigated landforms, which leads to underestimating their importance within world landscapes. Even though they stand as distinct and widespread geomorphic forms, research devoted to them is underpublished in comparison with natural caves. Because many mines with disturbed entrances remain hidden, various methods of their detection are reviewed, which are essential to prevent loss of life and damage due to their eventual collapse. The most prominent manifestations of the presence of abandoned underground mines are dynamic deformations along with slower subsidence. Even small related movements of the rock mass are detectable. Interest in monitoring and modelling the motions of such processes is growing. In response to the increasing number of documented mines worldwide, their reclamation, remediation or rehabilitation are being initiated as part of efforts to restore land devastated by mining activities; complex reclamation problems can be addressed by multidisciplinary expert teams. However, it is important to note that abandoned underground mines and their particular geomorphic forms are considered to be a source of great geodiversity and hence also biodiversity. The various possibilities of future research connected with abandoned underground mines as geomorphic forms are outlined.
Exploring Benefits of Cargo-Cycles versus Trucks for Urban Parcel Delivery under Different Demand Scenarios
Authors: Dalla Chiara Giacomo , Alho André Romano , Cheng Cheng , Ben-Akiva Moshe , Cheah Lynette
Published: May 2020

Urban deliveries are traditionally carried out with vans or trucks. These vehicles tend to face parking difficulties in dense urban areas, leading to traffic congestion. Smaller and nimbler vehicles by design, such as cargo-cycles, struggle to compete in distance range and carrying capacity. However, a system of cargo-cycles complemented with strategically located cargo-storing hubs can overcome some limitations of the cargo-cycles. Past research provides a limited perspective on how demand characteristics and parking conditions in urban areas are related to potential benefits of this system. To fill this gap, we propose a model to simulate the performance of different operational scenarios—a truck-only scenario and a cargo-cycle with mobile hubs scenario—under different delivery demand and parking conditions. We apply the model to a case study using data synthesized from observed freight-carrier demand in Singapore. The exploration of alternative demand scenarios informs how demand characteristics influence the viability of the solution. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis clarifies the contributing factors to the demonstrated results. The combination of cargo-cycles and hubs can achieve progressive reductions in kilometers-traveled and hours-traveled up to around densities of 150 deliveries/km2, beyond which savings taper off. Whereas the reduction in kilometers-traveled is influenced by the the carrying capacity of the cargo-cycle, the reduction in hours-traveled is related to to the cargo-cycle ability to effectively decrease the parking dwell time by reducing, for instance, the time spent searching for parking and the time spent walking to a delivery destination.
Investigating the Practices, Problems, and Policies for Port Sea–Rail Intermodal Transport in China
Authors: Ge Jiawei , Wang Xuefeng , Shi Wenming , Wan Zheng
Published: May 2020

Intermodalism is currently a mainstream mode of international transport because of its operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness compared with unimodal transport. In 2011, the Chinese government launched port sea–rail intermodal transport (PIT) projects to promote and facilitate its transport system. As a result, seaports are now ruling the waves of sea–rail intermodal transport in China. However, barriers have occurred in many parts of the system from transport sectors to government departments, challenging the accessibility, connectivity, and accountability of the intermodal system. This paper investigates the various parties that are involved in PIT, and aims to outline its development, including its present status, bottlenecks, and other influential elements. Through a questionnaire survey and content analysis, the main problems are identified as lack of institutional design and system regulation, resistance from the rail sector, insufficient cooperation and investment, and a fragmented information system. Policy recommendations are addressed through a three-step administrative framework: (a) unification of international regulations and standards; (b) rail sector reform for better alignment with other transport sectors; (c) incentive policies for enterprises instead of direct subsidies.
Effect of Temperature and Prewetting for Ice Penetration with Sodium Formate
Authors: Trzaskos Mateusz Piotr , Klein-Paste Alex
Published: May 2020

Granular sodium formate (NaCOOH) is a popular deicer used at airports. It is mainly used to weaken compacted snow/ice and thereby facilitate mechanical ice removal. Earlier research has developed a set of methods quantifying deicer performance, but linking these test results to operational guidelines is difficult. The main objective of this study is to increase the knowledge of how temperature and prewetting affect the ice penetration performance of granular sodium formate. A new method to evaluate the development of ice penetration process is presented here. Ice penetration tests were performed with single grains on large, optically clear ice cubes, and digital image analysis is used to quantify the initial waiting time, penetration rate and –depth, and melted volume. Eighteen tests including dry and prewetted sodium formate grains were performed at three different temperatures (–2°C, −5°C, and −10°C). Prewetting reduced the initial waiting time (the time it takes before the particles started to penetrate) by a few minutes at −10°C, but at higher temperatures, this reduction was insignificant. The particles penetrated the ice at a constant rate. At −10°C, the particles penetrated at 10–15 mm/hour, while at −2°C this speed is about five times higher. Prewetting does not seem to have a clear beneficial effect on the penetration rate. Suggestions are given on how to capture the results from this study into operational guidelines for deicing operations at airports, using sodium formate as deicer.
The Contextual Influences of Police and Social Service Providers on Formal Help-Seeking After Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Augustyn Megan Bears , Willyard Katherine Calle
Published: May 2020

Police notification and social service acquisition are two forms of formal help-seeking linked to improved outcomes among survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), including better socio-emotional health, improved physical health, and, importantly, increased safety. The majority of research devoted to the study of formal help-seeking among survivors of IPV focuses on incident- and individual-level factors and their relationship with formal resource utilization. Much less is known about community-level factors. Using a nationally representative sample of incidents of IPV from the National Crime Victimization Survey (2006–2016), this work explores how law enforcement and social service resources in a community are related to police notification and survivor acquisition of a victim service after an incident of IPV, net of incident- and individual-level factors. Logistic regression models indicate that the number of law enforcement personnel per 1,000 residents in a county is positively associated with police notification after an incident of IPV, and it exerts an indirect effect on survivor service acquisition through police notification. Additional analyses reveal that the race/ethnicity of the survivor of IPV is a key demographic in the explanation of this relationship, as incidents of IPV involving White and Hispanic survivors of IPV are more likely to come to the attention of police as the number of law enforcement personnel increases. The reverse is true for incidents involving Black survivors of IPV. No differences across survivor sex emerged. Potential reasons to account for varying effects across race/ethnicity are discussed as well as the importance of additional funding for police and social service agencies to serve survivors of IPV and meet the dual goals of offender accountability and survivor safety and well-being.
Framing and Claiming “Gender Equality”: A Multi-level Analysis of the French Civic Integration Program
Authors: Onasch Elizabeth
Published: May 2020

The recent construction of “gender equality” as a defining value of European societies has shaped the policy goals of immigrant integration programs. This focus on “gender equality” may function, paradoxically, to exclude immigrants, if immigrant integration policies rely on stereotypical representations of immigrants and fail to acknowledge the multiple, intersecting forms of inequality that immigrant women face. This article contributes to the critical scholarship on the role of “gender equality” in the field of immigrant integration policy by examining the framing of this concept in the policy documents and implementation of the French civic integration program. Using ethnographic observations and field interviews, I illustrate how frontline workers, many of whom were women of immigrant origin, interacted with participants to frame “gender equality” in exclusionary and inclusionary ways, and how “gender equality” functioned as a racial boundary within the program. The tensions in the discourses of frontline workers mirrored those of the political context in which the policy developed; they were constrained by a difference-blind ideology of French republicanism as they insisted on “gender equality” as the pathway to belonging in France.
The synergistic flame retardancy of modified expandable graphite and metal hydroxides on HDPE/EVA composites
Authors: Guo Xincheng , Liu Nian , Li Lingtong , Bai Zhuyu , Chen Xiaolang , Zhou Dengfeng , Qin Jun , Zhang Kun , Lu Zongcheng
Published: May 2020

In this article, the flammable behaviors and synergistic effects of modified expanded graphite (MEG) with zinc borate (ZB) on flame-retardant high-density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate (HDPE/EVA) composites containing magnesium hydroxide (MH) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) are investigated by the Underwriters Laboratories-94 (UL-94) test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CCT), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile tests. The LOI, UL-94, and CCT results show that the synergistic effect of MEG and ZB can improve the flame retardancy of the composites. With the addition of ZB and MEG, the LOI value increases, and the UL-94 reaches the V-0 rating. The heat release rate and total heat release decrease, respectively. The data obtained from the TGA indicate that the synergistic effects of ZB with MEG increase the decomposition temperature when 2 phr ZB and 8 phr MEG are added into the composites. The data from FTIR show that HMEG8 and HMEG10 composites produce phosphate at high temperatures, which promotes the formation of stable and compact charred layer. All the results show that ZB and MEG have positive synergistic effects on HDPE/EVA composites containing MH and ATH. However, ZB and MEG play a negative role in the tensile properties of the HDPE/EVA composites.
Effect of surface treatment on enhancing interfacial strength of carbon fiber/polyimide composites
Authors: Jian Li
Published: May 2020

The practical application of carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced polyimide (PI) resin composite was hampered seriously by the poor interfacial adhesion property. In this work, a novel surface treatment agent was designed and prepared to improve the interfacial strength by covalently bonding CF with PI matrix, which is beneficial to the uniform dispersion and impregnation of PI between CF, thereby improving the mechanical properties of CF/PI composites to some extent. The CF was characterized by high surface roughness, which means better wettability by PI. As a result, the interfacial shear strength and interlaminar shear strength of CF/PI composites were enhanced, benefited mainly from the strong and tough interphase.
Meaning and Affecting Factors of Spirituality in Adolescents
Authors: Kilicarslan Toruner Ebru , Altay Naime , Ceylan Ciğdem , Arpaci Tuba , Sari Ciğdem
Published: May 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of adolescents about spirituality via semistructured, in-depth interviews. Method/Design: A qualitative research design using interviews was performed with 17 adolescents in a mostly Muslim region in Turkey. Interviews were conducted via five open-ended questions. Findings: Three main categories and eight themes emerged from the analysis. The “Spirituality Meaning” category included five themes, such as mind, emotions, mind/emotions, ethical principles, and religion. Personal practices and environmental factors as well as mind, emotions, ethical principles, and religion themes were in the “Factors That Increase Spirituality” category. The theme living negativity was in the “Factors That Decrease Spirituality” category. Most of the adolescents (58.8%) stated that the meaning of spirituality was love, respect, and the ability to think, analyze, and synthesize. Conclusion: It is important to determine and evaluate the perceptions and experiences of children about spirituality in different cultures to improve the quality of care.