bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Type dependent patterns of human adenovirus persistence in human T‐lymphocyte cell lines
Authors: Markel Dominik , Lam Elena , Harste Gabriele , Darr Sebastian , Ramke Mirja , Heim Albert
Published: September 2013

Disseminated adenovirus infections cause significant mortality in stem cell transplanted patients and are suspected to originate from asymptomatic adenovirus persistence (“latency”) in lymphocytes. The infection of three human T‐lymphocyte lines (Jurkat, PM1, and CEM) with human adenovirus types of species A (HAdV‐A31), B (HAdV‐B3, ‐B11), and C (HAdV‐C2, ‐C5) was investigated for 150 days in order to establish in vitro models for adenovirus persistence. HAdV‐C5 persisted with continuous production of infectious virus progeny (about 107 TCID50/ml) in PM1 cells. More than 100 copies of HAdV‐C5‐DNA per cell were detected by real‐time PCR but hexon immunostaining showed that only 7.5% of the cells were infected (“carrier state infection”). Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression was decreased in comparison to mock infected cultures suggesting selection of a semi‐permissive subpopulation of PM‐1 cells. By contrast, latency of HAdV‐DNA (10−3–10−4 copies/cell) without production of infectious virus progeny was observed in HAdV‐C2 infection of PM1 and Jurkat, HAdV‐A31 infection of PM1, and HAdV‐B3 infection of Jurkat cells. In addition, transcription of E1A, DNA polymerase and hexon mRNA was not detected by RT‐PCR suggesting an equivalent of clinical “HAdV latency.” Persistence of HAdV‐DNA was not observed in abortive infections of PM1 cells with HAdV‐B3 and ‐B11 and in productive, lytical infections of Jurkat cells with HAdV‐C5, HAdV‐B11, and HAdV‐A31. In conclusion, lytic and persistent infections with and without production of infectious virus were observed depending on the type of adenovirus. Genetic determinants for viral persistence may be investigated using these newly established infection models. J. Med. Virol. 86:785–794, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) association and latency profile in pediatric Burkitt's lymphoma: Experience of a single institution in Argentina
Authors: Lara Julia , Cohen Melina , De Matteo Elena , Aversa Luis , Preciado Maria Victoria , Chabay Paola
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study is to characterize EBV expression and latency pattern in pediatric Burkitt's lymphoma in a single institution in Argentina. EBV‐encoded RNA or protein was analyzed in 27 patients. EBERs was expressed in 37% of patients (29% of immunocompetent and 100% of immunosuppressed patients). EBV‐positive cases were observed exclusively in patients younger than 5 years old. EBV association with immunocompetent patients exhibits the sporadic pattern in region under study, while its presence in patients infected with HIV was higher than described previously. EBV latency I profile was present in most of the patients, except for two immunosuppressed patients who displayed LMP1 expression. J. Med. Virol. 86:845–850, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of AI‐2 is mediated by the S‐ribosylhomocystein lyase gene luxS in Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides vulgatus
Authors: Peixoto Rafael José Marques , Miranda Karla Rodrigues , Ferreira Eliane Oliveira , de Paula Geraldo Renato , Rocha Edson Ribeiro , Lobo Leandro Araujo , Domingues Regina Maria Cavalcanti Pilotto
Published: September 2013

Quorum sensing is a cell–cell signaling mechanism based on cell density and that involves the production of hormone‐like molecules called autoinducers (AI). One of the most studied AIs has been termed AI‐2, and its biosynthesis requires the enzyme encoded by luxS. We have previously described for the first time that Bacteroides species can produce molecules with AI‐2 activity. In this study, we focus on the detection of luxS and its activity as the AI‐2 synthase in Bacteroides species. The strains Bacteroides fragilis B3b and Bacteroides vulgatus ATCC 8482 were selected based on a positive phenotype for AI‐2 production and the presence of a putative luxS in the genome, respectively. In order to identify the luxS gene, cloning and heterologous expression strategies were utilized. We demonstrate that both strains contain functional luxS orthologs that can complement AI‐2 production in Escherichia coli.
Alkalistable xylanase production by alkalitolerant Paenibacillus montaniterraeRMV1 isolated from red mud
Authors: Arora Amita , Krishna Pankaj , Malik Vinita , Reddy M. Sudhakara
Published: September 2013

The alkalitolerant and xylanolytic bacterial strain (RMV1) isolated from red mud pond was identified as Paenibacillus montaniterrae based on both biochemical and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The RMV1 bacterial isolate produced alkalistable and thermostable endoxylanase active over a broad range of pH (4.0–11.0) and temperature (20–100 °C), with optima at 50 °C and pH 9.0 with a T1/2 of 6.7 hours at 50 °C. This is the first report on the isolation of P. montaniterrae from bauxite residue with quite a high xylanase producing ability.
Interaction of silver nanoparticles with Escherichia coli and their cell envelope biomolecules
Authors: Ansari Mohammad Azam , Khan Haris Manzoor , Khan Aijaz Ahmed , Ahmad Mohammad Kaleem , Mahdi Abbas Ali , Pal Ruchita , Cameotra Swaranjit Singh
Published: September 2013

The antibacterial effect of AgNPs was investigated by determining MIC/MBC and growth kinetics assay. The lowest MIC/MBC was found to be in the range of 11.25–22.5 µg ml−1. The growth kinetics curve shows that 25 µg ml−1 AgNPs strongly inhibits the bacterial growth. Confocal laser scanning electron microscopy (CLSM) shows that as the concentration of NPs increases, reduction in the number of cells was observed and at 50 µg ml−1 of NPs, 100% death was noticed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows cells were severely damaged with pits, multiple depressions, and indentation on cell surface and original rod shape has swollen into bigger size. High resolution‐transmission electron microscopic (HR‐TEM) micrograph shows that cells were severely ruptured. The damaged cells showed either localized or complete separation of the cell membrane. The NPs that anchor onto cell surface and penetrating the cells may cause membrane damage, which could result in cell lysis. The interaction of AgNPs to membrane biomolecules; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and L‐α‐phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine (PE) were investigated by attenuated total reflectance–fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy. LPS and PE showed IR spectral changes after AgNPs exposure. The O‐antigen part of LPS was responsible for interaction of NPs through hydrogen bonding. The phosphodiester bond of PE was broken by AgNPs, forming phosphate monoesters and resulting in the highly disordered alkyl chain. The AgNPs‐induced structural changes in phospholipid may lead to the loss of amphiphilic properties, destruction of the membrane and cell leaking. The biomolecular changes in bacterial cell envelope revealed by ATR–FTIR provide a deeper understanding of cytotoxicity of AgNPs.
Architecture of the lower terraces and evolution of the Dordogne River at Bergerac (south‐west France) during the last glacial–interglacial cycle
Authors: BERTRAN PASCAL , FROUIN MARINE , MERCIER NORBERT , NAESSENS FABIEN , PRODEO FRÉDÉRIC , QUEFFELEC ALAIN , SIRIEIX COLETTE , SITZIA LUCA
Published: September 2013

The lower terraces of the Dordogne River at Bergerac (south‐west France) were studied in detail using cores, trenches, ground penetrating radar profiles, and 14C, optically stimulated luminescence and infrared stimulated luminescence dating. This study shows that the lowest terrace (Fx) is made up of two major lithostratigraphic units: (i) dominantly horizontal gravel strata interpreted as compound bar deposits in a braided river, which pre‐date 18–17 ka, and (ii) thick lateral accretion gravel units (point bars) formed in an anabranching river during the Late Pleniglacial and Lateglacial. Most of the anabranching channels were abandoned at ca. 11–10 ka following shrinkage of the river bed into a single meandering channel and were partially filled by gyttjas during the Boreal chronozone. Finally, the channels were plugged by overbank fines until about 5 ka. Floods seldom reached the Fx terrace during the late Holocene and accretion became negligible. The main phase of bedrock incision spanned the Holocene, whereas the period of channel adjustment to change in river regime during late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 only led to a redistribution of the Pleniglacial gravels. The higher terrace (Fw3) formed before the Eemian and was covered by colluvial fans, mainly during MIS 2 and 3. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarization‐resolved high‐resolution Raman spectroscopy with a light‐emitting diode
Authors: Schmidt Miriam A. , Kiefer Johannes
Published: September 2013

We demonstrate the use of a light‐emitting diode (LED) based experimental setup for collecting polarization‐resolved Raman spectra with good spectral resolution. The combination of a commercial red LED (630 nm), a 1‐nm bandwidth laser‐line filter, and a polarizing prism is used as a light source. Polarization‐resolved spectra in dimethyl sulfoxide are recorded and compared with the corresponding laser‐Raman spectra. The LED‐excited spectra exhibit a resolution slightly lower than those in the laser case but still close to the resolution of the spectrometer. All relevant spectral features of dimethyl sulfoxide including the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes of the CSC moiety are resolved with the experimental setup providing a spectral resolution of approximately 20 cm−1. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling Interrill Erosion on Unpaved Roads in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Cao Longxi , Zhang Keli , Dai Hailun , Liang Yin
Published: September 2013

Unpaved roads play an important role in soil loss in small watersheds. In order to assess the impact of these unpaved roads in the Loess Plateau of China, runoff and sediment yields from road‐related sources must be quantified. Field rainfall simulation experiments were conducted under three slope gradients and five rainfall intensities on unpaved loess roads in a small watershed. Results showed that the runoff generation was very fast in loess road surface (time to runoff < 1 min) and produced a high runoff coefficient (mean value > 0·8). Soil loss rates were decreased as surface loose materials were washed away during a rainstorm. Rainfall intensity, initial soil moisture, and slope gradient are key factors to model surface runoff and sediment yield. Soil loss on loess road surface could be estimated by a linear function of stream power (R2 = 0·907). Four commonly interrill erosion models were evaluated and compared, and the interrill erodibility adopted in the Water Erosion Prediction Project model was determined as 1·34 × 106 (kg s m−4). A new equation taking into account different parameters like rainfall intensity, surface flow discharge, and slope gradient was established. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence of colorectal cancer after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Singh Siddharth , Varayil Jithinraj Edakkanambeth , Loftus Edward V. , Talwalkar Jayant A.
Published: September 2013

Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and associated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We estimated the pooled incidence of CRC after liver transplantation (LT) in patients with PSC as well as in a subset of patients with associated IBD (PSC-IBD). Through a systematic review of major bibliographic databases up to April 1, 2013, we identified cohort studies reporting the incidence of de novo CRC after LT for PSC. The main outcome measure was CRC incidence rate (IR) per 1000 person-years after LT in all patients with PSC and in a subset of patients with PSC-IBD with an intact colon. According to a meta-analysis of 18 independent cohorts (69 cases of CRC among 1987 patients), the pooled IR of de novo CRC in patients with PSC after LT was 5.8 per 1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.8-7.8]. According to a meta-analysis of 16 independent cohort studies (66 cases of CRC among 1017 patients), the IR of CRC in patients with PSC-IBD and an intact colon at the time of LT was 13.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI = 8.7-18.2). A long duration of IBD and extensive colitis were identified as risk factors for CRC. Specific transplant-related factors that can increase the risk of CRC have not been identified. In conclusion, the risk of CRC remains high for patients who undergo LT for PSC, particularly in the subset of patients with associated IBD and an intact colon at the time of LT. Aggressive colonoscopic surveillance for CRC would be prudent for patients with PSC-IBD even after LT. Liver Transpl 19:1361–1369, 2013. © 2013 AASLD.
A note on inverse mean curvature flow in cosmological spacetimes
Authors: Kröner Heiko
Published: September 2013

In Gerhardt proves longtime existence for the inverse mean curvature flow in globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds with compact Cauchy hypersurface, which satisfy three main structural assumptions: a strong volume decay condition, a mean curvature barrier condition and the timelike convergence condition. Furthermore, it is shown in that the leaves of the inverse mean curvature flow provide a foliation of the future of the initial hypersurface.We show that this result persists, if we generalize the setting by leaving the mean curvature barrier assumption out. For initial hypersurfaces with sufficiently large mean curvature we can weaken the timelike convergence condition to a physically relevant energy condition.
Analytic moduli spaces of simple sheaves on families of integral curves
Authors: Burban Igor , Kreußler Bernd
Published: September 2013

We prove the existence of fine moduli spaces of simple coherent sheaves on families of irreducible curves. Our proof is based on the existence of a universal upper bound of the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of such sheaves, which we provide.
Relationship between the diffusion time and the diffusion MRI signal observed at 17.2 tesla in the healthy rat brain cortex
Authors: Pyatigorskaya Nadya , Le Bihan Denis , Reynaud Olivier , Ciobanu Luisa
Published: September 2013

Purpose

To investigate the diffusion time dependency of water diffusion in cortical brain tissue.

Methods

We have combined an oscillating gradient spin‐echo (OGSE) and a pulse gradient spin echo (PGSE) spin‐echo sequence to acquire diffusion‐weighted MRI images in vivo in healthy rat brains over a wide range of diffusion times (1.9–29.2 ms) and estimated the parameters of the biexponential and cumulant expansion diffusion MRI signal models. Diffusion images were obtained at 17.2 Tesla with maximum gradient strength of 1000 mT/m allowing 40 b values up to approximately 4000 s/mm2.

Results

At all diffusion times the log plot of diffusion signal attenuation versus b value was curved, confirming that diffusion is not free, even at very short diffusion times. This suggests that the length scale of obstacles to diffusion must be smaller than the corresponding shortest observed diffusion distance (approximately 1.7 μm). The diffusion MRI signal was also not found in a steady‐state, even at our longest diffusion time (29.2 ms), suggesting some degree of segregation of water in pools.

Conclusion

Overall, the results showed that the parameters derived from the two diffusion models could not well be related to specific tissue features. More specific models must be developed taking into account diffusion signal behavior at high b values and short diffusion times. Magn Reson Med 72:492–500, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiac imaging at 7 tesla: Single‐ and two‐spoke radiofrequency pulse design with 16‐channel parallel excitation
Authors: Schmitter Sebastian , DelaBarre Lance , Wu Xiaoping , Greiser Andreas , Wang Dingxin , Auerbach Edward J. , Vaughan J. Thomas , Uğurbil Kâmil , Van de Moortele Pierre‐François
Published: September 2013

Purpose

Higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) and improved contrast have been demonstrated at ultra‐high magnetic fields (≥7 Tesla [T]) in multiple targets, often with multi‐channel transmit methods to address the deleterious impact on tissue contrast due to spatial variations in B1+ profiles. When imaging the heart at 7T, however, respiratory and cardiac motion, as well as B0 inhomogeneity, greatly increase the methodological challenge. In this study we compare two‐spoke parallel transmit (pTX) RF pulses with static B1+ shimming in cardiac imaging at 7T.

Methods

Using a 16‐channel pTX system, slice‐selective two‐spoke pTX pulses and static B1+ shimming were applied in cardiac CINE imaging. B1+ and B0 mapping required modified cardiac triggered sequences. Excitation homogeneity and RF energy were compared in different imaging orientations.

Results

Two‐spoke pulses provide higher excitation homogeneity than B1+ shimming, especially in the more challenging posterior region of the heart. The peak value of channel‐wise RF energy was reduced, allowing for a higher flip angle, hence increased tissue contrast. Image quality with two‐spoke excitation proved to be stable throughout the entire cardiac cycle.

Conclusion

Two‐spoke pTX excitation has been successfully demonstrated in the human heart at 7T, with improved image quality and reduced RF pulse energy when compared with B1+ shimming. Magn Reson Med 70:1210–1219, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
USB‐3.0‐Zeilenkameras
Authors: Gips Peter , Ahrens Dirk , Krischke Anja , Oechsner Ulrich
Published: September 2013

USB 3.0 ist im Moment ein viel beachtetes Thema in der Bildverarbeitungsbranche. Während Matrixkameras mit USB‐3.0‐Schnittstelle auf dem Markt schon etabliert sind, waren USB‐3.0‐Zeilenkameras bis vor kurzem nicht erhältlich (Abb. 1). Ihre Vorzüge sind unter anderem die hohe optische Auflösung, die freie Dimensionierung der Bildhöhe, die Synchronisierbarkeit jeder einzelnen Zeile und die hohe Geschwindigkeit der Sensoren. Die große Bandbreite der USB‐3.0‐Schnittstelle erlaubt die Erfassung der Kameradaten mit maximaler Zeilenfrequenz. Anschraub‐ und arretierbare USB‐Steckverbinder sowie ein robustes Gehäuse sorgen für Industrietauglichkeit. Aufgrund der großen Verbreitung der USB‐3.0‐Schnittstelle sind die Systemkosten gering. Dies macht sie zu einer interessanten Alternative zu anderen etablierten Schnittstellen.
Application of Poly(Acrylic Acid)‐Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite for Enrichment of Rrace Hg(II)
Authors: Cheng Huangxin , Yu Jitao , Zeng Kefeng , Hou Guangshun
Published: September 2013

Poly(acrylic acid)‐multiwall carbon nanotubes (PAA‐MWCNTs) was synthesized and was used as a adsorbent for the preconcentration and removal of trace Hg(II) from aqueous solution. Microwave plasma technique was used to activate MWCNT surfaces, which induces the polymerization of acrylic acid on MWCNTs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that acrylic acid monomer was polymerized on MWCNT surfaces. Due to the effect of oxygen containing functional groups of Poly(acrylic acid), the adsorption capacity of PAA‐MWCNTs is much higher than that of MWCNTs. Therefore, PAA‐MWCNTs is a promising adsorbent in the preconcentration and removal of heavy metal ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions.
Control the Composition of Tantalum Oxynitride Films by Sputtering a Tantalum Target in Ar/O2/N2 Radiofrequency Magnetron Plasmas
Authors: Bousquet Angélique , Zoubian Fadi , Cellier Joël , Sauvage Thierry , Tomasella Eric
Published: September 2013

Tantalum oxynitride films can be deposited with a high versatility in composition by reactive sputtering of a tantalum target in Ar/O2/N2 mixtures. In this paper, plasma analysis was performed from simple to more complex Ar/O2/N2 gas mixtures and linked to the layer elemental composition. The presence of two reactive gases accelerates the appearance of Compound Sputtering Mode and modifies the nature of target surface. Hence, in Ar/O2/N2, nitrogen addition can lead to poison the target surface by a nitride but also by an oxide or by an oxynitride. Finally, this comprehension of interaction between target and reactive gas was used to select suitable flow rate conditions allowing tantalum oxynitride deposition with varying optical properties.
Ink‐Jet Printed Nanoparticle Alignment Layers: Easy Design and Fabrication of Patterned Alignment Layers for Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Reznikov Mitya , Sharma Anshul , Hegmann Torsten
Published: September 2013

Ink‐jet printing of monolayer‐capped gold nanoparticles is introduced as a versatile and highly efficient means to pattern the alignment of nematic liquid crystals. Any homeotropic alignment patterns can be created quickly ranging in size from 30 μm (850 dpi) to several square inches, with high accuracy that does not deteriorate with time. Depending on the alignment underlayer, intermediate configurations between homeotropic and homogeneous are also feasible. Nematic liquid crystals with both positive and negative dielectric anisotropy can be switched by applying a DC or AC electric field in the printed vertical domains with the substrate configuration determining the electro‐optic response.
A model of the relationship between weedy rice seed‐bank dynamics and rice‐crop infestation and damage in Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Dai Weimin , Song Xiaoling , Qiang Sheng
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

A heavy infestation of weedy rice leading to no harvested rice has never been predicted in China due to a lack of knowledge about the weedy rice seed bank. We studied the seed‐bank dynamics of weedy rice for three consecutive years and analyzed the relationship between seed‐bank density and population density in order to predict future weedy rice infestations of direct‐seeded rice at six sites along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China.

RESULTS

The seed‐bank density of weedy rice in all six sites displayed an increasing trend with seasonal fluctuations. Weedy rice seeds found in the 0–10 cm soil layer contributed most to seedling emergence. An exponential curve expressed the relationship between cultivated rice yield loss and adult weedy rice density. Based on data collected during the weedy rice life‐cycle, a semi‐empirical mathematic model was developed that fits well with the experimental data in a way that could be used to predict seed‐bank dynamics.

CONCLUSIONS

By integrating the semi‐empirical model and the exponential curve, weedy rice infestation levels and crop losses can be predicted based on the seed‐bank dynamics so that a practical control can be adopted before rice planting. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Iterative path integral summation for nonequilibrium quantum transport
Authors: Weiss S. , Hützen R. , Becker D. , Eckel J. , Egger R. , Thorwart M.
Published: September 2013

We have developed a numerically exact approach to compute real‐time path integral expressions for quantum transport problems out of equilibrium. The scheme is based on a deterministic iterative summation of the path integral (ISPI) for the generating function of nonequilibrium observables of interest. We apply the scheme to compute the charge current or dynamical quantities of small strongly correlated quantum systems as a quantum dot or molecules that are tunnel coupled to leads. Self‐energies due to the leads, being nonlocal in time, are fully taken into account within a finite memory time, thereby including non‐Markovian effects. Numerical results are extrapolated first to vanishing (Trotter) time discretization and, second, to infinite memory time. The method is applied to nonequilibrium transport through a single‐impurity Anderson dot in the first place. We benchmark our results in various regimes of the rich parameter space. In the respective regime of validity, iterative summation of real‐time path integrals (ISPI) results are shown to match those of other state‐of‐the art methods. Especially, we have chosen the mixed valence regime of the Anderson model to compare ISPI to time dependent density matrix renormalization group (tDMRG) and functional RG calculations. Secondly, we determine the nonequilibrium currentthrough a molecular junction in presence of a vibrational mode. We have found an exact mapping of the single impurity Anderson–Holstein model to an effective spin‐1 problem. In analytically tractable regimes, as the adiabatic phonon or weak molecule‐lead coupling regime, we reproduce known perturbative results. Studying the crossover regime between those limits shows that the Franck–Condon blockade persists in the quantum limit. At low temperature, the Franck–Condon steps in thecharacteristics are smeared due to nonequilibrium conditions. The third system under investigation here is the magnetic Anderson model which consists of a spinful single‐orbital quantum dot with an incorporated quantum mechanical spin–1/2 magnetic impurity. Coulomb interaction together with the exchange coupling of the magnetic impurity with the electron spins strongly influence the dynamics. We investigate the nonequilibrium tunneling current through the system as a function of exchange and Coulomb interaction as well as the real‐time impurity polarization. From the real‐time evolution of physical observables, we are able to determine characteristics of the time‐dependent nonequilibrium current and the relaxation dynamics of the impurity. These examples illustrate that the ISPI technique is particularly well suited for the quantum regime, when all time and energy scales are of the same order of magnitude.
COMBINING MULTIPLE MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS TO PREDICT TAXA UNDER REFERENCE CONDITIONS FOR STREAMS BIOASSESSMENT
Authors: Feio M. J. , Viana‐Ferreira C. , Costa C.
Published: September 2013

In the present study, we tested the potential of combining three machine learning techniques in a bioassessment tool to more accurately predict the pool of expected taxa at a site. This tool, the Hydra, uses the best performing technique from Support Vector Machines (SVM), Multi‐layer Perceptron and K‐Nearest Neighbour (KNN), to predict the taxa expected at a stream site, and further evaluates the quality of a site, though a classification system based on observed/expected values, similar to that used in River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS) models. To test the procedure, we used a dataset composed of 137 training sites, 15 validation sites and 174 test sites (potentially disturbed) from Portuguese streams. The combined use of three machine learning techniques was more effective in the prediction of invertebrate taxa at a site than their individual use. The three methods were always tested for all invertebrate taxa, but from the three techniques tested, SVM and KNN were most often the best performing techniques (the most accurate among the three for a higher number of taxa) in the prediction of invertebrate taxa with the present dataset. The combination of all algorithms implemented in Hydra resulted in good models for stream bioassessment (e.g. SD OE50 < 0.2, regression of O vs E: R2 > 0.6, Spearman correlations with global degradation >0.7). We also found no advantage in removing rare taxa from the training dataset, and 50% accuracy is the most adequate accuracy level for calculation of OE ratios through Hydra. Future work should consist of comparing the performance of this technique with others, such as the RIVPACS models, using the same datasets. Considering the flexibility of this technique, self‐adjustment and easy implementation through a website (aquaweb.uc.pt), we expect it to be also useful in the prediction of other aquatic elements such as fishes and algae. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How do strategic factor markets respond to rivalry in the product market?
Authors: Chatain Olivier
Published: September 2013

This paper explores the interplay between product market, strategic factor market, and resource development. More competition in the product market makes resource buyers bid higher for resources, as the value of trying to preempt the resources is higher. Holding other initial conditions constant, resources are developed more in industries with factor markets than in industries without. When buyers of resources cannot integrate more than one resource, developers choose to develop either at a low or high level, generating a type of heterogeneity that would not arise otherwise. Changes in the intensity of competition in the product market can have the opposite effect on resource development efforts depending on the presence or absence of factor markets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size Controlled Synthesis of Silicon Nanocrystals Using Cationic Surfactant Templates
Authors: Linehan Keith , Doyle Hugh
Published: September 2013

Alkyl‐terminated silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) are synthesized at room temperature by hydride reduction of silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) within inverse micelles. Highly monodisperse Si nanocrystals with average diameters ranging from 2 to 6 nm are produced by variation of the cationic quaternary ammonium salts used to form the inverse micelles. Transmission electron microscopy imaging shows that the NCs are highly crystalline, while FTIR spectra confirm that the NCs are passivated by covalent attachment of alkanes, with minimal surface oxidation. UV‐vis absorbance and photoluminescence spectroscopy show significant quantum confinement effects, with moderate absorption in the UV spectral range, and a strong blue emission with a marked dependency on excitation wavelength. The photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ) of the Si NCs exhibits an inverse relationship with the mean NC diameter, with a maximum of 12% recorded for 2 nm NCs.
Biocatalytically Triggered Co‐Assembly of Two‐Component Core/Shell Nanofibers
Authors: Abul‐Haija Yousef M. , Roy Sangita , Frederix Pim W. J. M. , Javid Nadeem , Jayawarna Vineetha , Ulijn Rein V.
Published: September 2013

For the development of applications and novel uses for peptide nanostructures, robust routes for their surface functionalization, that ideally do not interfere with their self‐assembly properties, are required. Many existing methods rely on covalent functionalization, where building blocks are appended with functional groups, either pre‐ or post‐assembly. A facile supramolecular approach is demonstrated for the formation of functionalized nanofibers by combining the advantages of biocatalytic self‐assembly and surfactant/gelator co‐assembly. This is achieved by enzymatically triggered reconfiguration of free flowing micellar aggregates of pre‐gelators and functional surfactants to form nanofibers that incorporate and display the surfactants’ functionality at the surface. Furthermore, by varying enzyme concentration, the gel stiffness and supramolecular organization of building blocks can be varied.
Precipitation Behavior of Strain‐Induced V Precipitates in Ferrite at Different Temperatures in a 0.2 wt% Carbon Steel
Authors: Nöhrer Matthias , Mayer Walter , Zamberger Sabine , Kozeschnik Ernst , Leitner Harald
Published: September 2013

The evolution of strain‐induced V precipitates at two different temperatures (600 and 700°C) in ferrite was studied via atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy. The interpretation of experimental results is supported by simulation data, which was calculated by means of MatCalc. The study reveals that V carbonitrides are formed independently from the formation temperature. Initially, the precipitates have a higher N content than C. With longer dwell times, the C to N ratio changes from N‐ to C‐rich V carbonitrides. At 700°C formation temperature, the growth of precipitates and the change from higher N to higher C occurs faster than at 600°C. Due to the faster growth, the V content in solid solution decreases earlier. The precipitates exhibit an elliptical shape and have NaCl type f.c.c structure. A [012]α//[011]V(C, N)and a [001]α//[011]V(C, N)orientation relationship with the ferrite matrix were detected.
The RNA-Binding Protein Musashi-1 Regulates Proteasome Subunit Expression in Breast Cancer- and Glioma-Initiating Cells
Authors: Lagadec Chann , Vlashi Erina , Frohnen Patricia , Alhiyari Yazeed , Chan Mabel , Pajonk Frank
Published: September 2013

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells, similar to normal tissue stem cells, rely on developmental pathways, such as the Notch pathway, to maintain their stem cell state. One of the regulators of the Notch pathway is Musashi-1, a mRNA-binding protein. Musashi-1 promotes Notch signaling by binding to the mRNA of Numb, the negative regulator of Notch signaling, thus preventing its translation. CSCs have also been shown to downregulate their 26S proteasome activity in several types of solid tumors, thus making them resistant to proteasome-inhibitors used as anticancer agents in the clinic. Interestingly, the Notch pathway can be inhibited by proteasomal degradation of the Notch intracellular domain (Notch-ICD); therefore, downregulation of the 26S proteasome activity can lead to stabilization of Notch-ICD. Here, we present evidence that the downregulation of the 26S proteasome in CSCs constitutes another level of control by which Musashi-1 promotes signaling through the Notch pathway and maintenance of the stem cell phenotype of this subpopulation of cancer cells. We demonstrate that Musashi-1 mediates the downregulation of the 26S proteasome by binding to the mRNA of NF-YA, the transcriptional factor regulating 26S proteasome subunit expression, thus providing an additional route by which the degradation of Notch-ICD is prevented, and Notch signaling is sustained. Stem Cells  2014;32:135–144
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Inhibiting PDGF Receptors or Depleting Fibronectin Induces Mesodermal Progenitors with Endothelial Potential
Authors: Ball S. G. , Worthington J. J. , Canfield A. E. , Merry C. L. R. , Kielty C. M.
Published: September 2013

Realizing the full therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) awaits improved understanding of mechanisms controlling their fate. Using MSCs cultured as spheroids to recapitulate a three-dimensional cellular environment, we show that perturbing the mesenchymal regulators, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors or fibronectin, reverts MSCs toward mesodermal progenitors with endothelial potential that can potently induce neovascularization in vivo. MSCs within untreated spheroids retain their mesenchymal spindle shape with abundant smooth muscle α-actin filaments and fibronectin-rich matrix. Inhibiting PDGF receptors or depleting fibronectin induces rounding and depletes smooth muscle α-actin expression; these cells have characteristics of mesenchymoangioblasts, with enhanced expression of mesendoderm and endoderm transcription factors, prominent upregulation of E-cadherin, and Janus kinase signaling-dependent expression of Oct4A and Nanog. PDGF receptor-inhibited spheroids also upregulate endothelial markers platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 and vascular endothelial-cadherin and secrete many angiogenic factors, and in vivo they potently stimulate neovascularization, and their MSCs integrate within functional blood vessels that are perfused by the circulation. Thus, MSC potency and vascular induction are regulated by perturbing mesenchymal fate. Stem Cells  2014;32:694–705
α6-Integrin Is Required for the Adhesion and Vasculogenic Potential of Hemangioma Stem Cells
Authors: Smadja David M. , Guerin Coralie L. , Boscolo Elisa , Bieche Ivan , Mulliken John B. , Bischoff Joyce
Published: September 2013

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common tumor of infancy. Hemangioma stem cells (HemSC) are a mesenchymal subpopulation isolated from IH CD133+ cells. HemSC can differentiate into endothelial and pericyte/smooth muscle cells and form vascular networks when injected in immune-deficient mice. α6-Integrin subunit has been implicated in the tumorgenicity of glioblastoma stem cells and the homing properties of hematopoietic, endothelial, and mesenchymal progenitor cells. Therefore, we investigated the possible function(s) of α6-integrin in HemSC. We documented α6-integrin expression in IH tumor specimens and HemSC by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. We examined the effect of blocking or silencing α6-integrin on the adhesive and proliferative properties of HemSC in vitro and the vasculogenic and homing properties of HemSC in vivo. Targeting α6-integrin in cultured HemSC inhibited adhesion to laminin but had no effect on proliferation. Vessel-forming ability in Matrigel implants and hepatic homing after i.v. delivery were significantly decreased in α6-integrin siRNA-transfected HemSC. In conclusion, α6-integrin is required for HemSC adherence to laminin, vessel formation in vivo, and for homing to the liver. Thus, we uncovered an important role for α6 integrin in the vasculogenic properties of HemSC. Our results suggest that α6-integrin expression on HemSC could be a new target for antihemangioma therapy. Stem Cells  2014;32:684–693
Experimental evaluation of seismic performance of low‐shear strength masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames with deficient seismic details
Authors: Mansouri Ali , Marefat Mohammad S. , Khanmohammadi Mohammad
Published: September 2013

The influence of openings on lateral behaviour of low‐shear strength masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames is investigated. The design of the reinforced concrete frames in this study are aimed to reflect common seismic design deficiencies, such as location of lap splices at bottom of columns, insufficient transverse reinforcements at column and beam ends and lack of stirrups at beam‐column joints. Six half‐scale single‐storey, single‐bay frame specimens were tested under in‐plane lateral loading. The investigated parameters include shape (window and door), size (regular and large windows) and location of the openings (eccentric and central). The results indicate that presence of openings alters the failure mode, increases the damage level and reduces ductility, strength and stiffness of the infilled frame. The door opening led to reductions of 29% in strength, 34% in the effective stiffness and 23% in the energy dissipation capacity. The window openings led to average reductions of 23% in strength, 8% in effective stiffness and 11% in the energy dissipation capacity. Empirical equations are proposed for estimating overall reductions in stiffness and strength of infilled frames because of the presence of openings, which take into account the effects of size, shape and location of openings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome wide identification and expression profile in epithelial cells exposed to TiO2 particles
Authors: Kim Tae‐Hoon , Shin Seung‐Woo , Park Jong‐Sook , Park Choon‐Sik
Published: September 2013

Environmental particles are believed to provoke airway inflammation in susceptible individuals by stimulating epithelial cells to release mediators that exacerbate lung diseases. Here, we sought to identify genes expressed throughout the genome by epithelial cells stimulated with TiO2 particles. A human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS‐2B, was stimulated with or without 40 µg TiO2 for 2 h. RNA was purified from cells and subjected to microarray analysis. Genes exhibiting more than a twofold change in RNA expression were selected. Candidate genes were then analyzed using bioinformatics tools, including pathway, ontology, and network analyses. ITGAV mRNA expression levels were measured in BEAS‐2B cells using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Among 37,803 genes, 92 genes displayed more than a twofold change in mRNA levels according to the microarray analysis; 87 genes were upregulated while five genes were downregulated. The 92 genes were classified based on functional annotation using a protein information resource database search for biological processes and a pathway search using the KEGG pathway database. These genes are related to macromolecule biosynthesis, metabolic processes and, in particular, RNA metabolism. When genes with more than a threefold change were analyzed, KIF11, ITGAV, SEMA3C, IBTK, and DEK were selected as candidate genes induced by TiO2‐stimulated BEAS‐2B cells. To validate these results, BEAS‐2B cells stimulated with 40 µg TiO2 expressed threefold higher ITGAV mRNA levels compared to those without TiO2 particle stimulation. We conclude that KIF11, ITGAV, SEMA3C, IBTK, and DEK are candidate genes expressed by epithelial cells when stimulated with TiO2 particles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 293–300, 2015.
Reintroduction medicine: Whooping cranes in Wisconsin
Authors: Keller Dominique L. , Hartup Barry K.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents veterinary management strategies and diagnostic findings in the reintroduction of the endangered whooping crane (Grus americana). Between 2005 and 2010, 63 (27 male, 36 female) hatchling whooping cranes were assigned to a reintroduction project involving autumn release of costume‐reared chicks in Wisconsin. Veterinary care included preventive measures and comprehensive pre‐release evaluations to improve fitness and reduce translocation of potential disease agents to native habitats. A total of 44 clinically normal birds were released (70% of assigned individuals). Cases of morbidity were classified according to primary body system affected. Musculoskeletal disorders were described in 57 birds (90%); five birds were removed from the project prior to release (8%), all for abnormalities that prevented normal function. Fourteen birds died or were euthanized prior to release (22%); pre‐release mortality was attributed to developmental abnormality, predation, trauma or infectious disease. Chronic respiratory aspergillosis, diagnosed in seven birds (11%), was the most common infectious disease of concern. Predation and trauma were primary causes of post‐release mortality; no evidence of infectious disease of captive origin was detected in the study population by the end of 2010. The assessment of data accumulated by this project helped to outline successful health management strategies, as well as identify and mitigate ongoing risks to captive whooping cranes that impede reintroduction efforts and achieving management goals for species recovery. Zoo Biol. 32:600–607, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projections of fractal percolations
Authors: RAMS MICHAŁ , SIMON KÁROLY
Published: September 2013

In this paper we study the radial and orthogonal projections and the distance sets of the random Cantor sets $E\subset { \mathbb{R} }^{2} $, which are called Mandelbrot percolation or percolation fractals. We prove that the following assertion holds almost surely: if the Hausdorff dimension of $E$ is greater than $1$ then the orthogonal projection to every line, the radial projection with every centre, and the distance set from every point contain intervals.
The Operator Space Projective Tensor Product: Embedding into the Second Dual and Ideal Structure
Authors: Jain Ranjana , Kumar Ajay
Published: September 2013

We prove that, for operator spaces V and W, the operator space V** ⊗hW** can be completely isometrically embedded into (V ⊗hW)**, ⊗h being the Haagerup tensor product. We also show that, for exact operator spaces V and W, a jointly completely bounded bilinear form on V × W can be extended uniquely to a separately w*-continuous jointly completely bounded bilinear form on V× W**. This paves the way to obtaining a canonical embedding of into with a continuous inverse, where is the operator space projective tensor product. Further, for C*-algebras A and B, we study the (closed) ideal structure of which, in particular, determines the lattice of closed ideals of completely.
Phenological and growth response of legume cover crops to shading
Authors: MAURO R. P. , SORTINO O. , DIPASQUALE M. , MAUROMICALE G.
Published: September 2013

Annual medics and clovers have distinct properties in terms of usage as cover crops in Mediterranean orchards, but little is known of their capacity to adapt to the level of shading encountered on an orchard floor. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in South–Eastern Sicily to investigate the effects of withholding 0·50 of sunlight on the phenology and growth pattern of four medic and five clover accessions, focusing on traits known to be important for cover cropping. Shading delayed both seedling emergence and the onset of flowering (by up to 5 and 9 days, respectively), while it extended both the growth period and the overall life-cycle duration (by up to 5 and 11 days, respectively). It also induced an increase in cover crop height (from 34 to 38 cm) and crop light use (from 0·60 to 0·94 g DW/m2/MJ), but a reduction in soil coverage, above-ground dry biomass, maximum growth rate and maximum relative growth rate (by up to 13, 18, 21 and 7%, respectively), so compromising the competitiveness of cover crops against weeds. The responses to shading varied between genotypes. Medicago polymorpha ecotype S. Rosalia, Medicago rugosa ecotype Piano Lauro and ecotype Zappulla were the strongest competitors against weeds, whereas Trifolium tomentosum ecotype Bucampello was interesting in terms of its biomass yield and crop light use. The performance was unstable over seasons, so any future attempt to improve the species’ performances under shade by breeding will need to focus on reseeding capacity.
Trophic importance of meiofauna to polychaetes in a seagrass (Zostera marina) bed as traced by stable isotopes
Authors: Ha Sun_Yong , Min Won-Ki , Kim Dong-Sung , Shin Kyung-Hoon
Published: September 2013

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of benthic invertebrates and their potential food sources, such as suspended particulate organic matter (POM), benthic microalgae, attached algae and seagrass, were identified in Dong-dae Bay during the winter. The carbon stable isotope ratios demonstrate that filter feeders, such as oysters (−19.5 ± 1.0‰), use benthic microalgae (−21.2 ± 0.2‰) as a major food, and polychaetes such as Glycera spp. (−14.0 ± 0.6 ‰) preferentially use meiofauna, such as nematodes (−14.0 ± 0.4‰) and copepods (−13.3 ± 1.0‰). These meiofauna may feed on mixed resources (including bacteria) with the isotope ratios between benthic microalgae (−21.2 ± 0.2‰) and seagrass (−9.3 ± 01.0‰). These findings are consistent with the trophic enrichment in the nitrogen isotope ratios (by 3–4‰) between consumers and food sources. Moreover, the results of the MixSIR model based on the observed isotope ratios suggest a large seagrass contribution to the food sources of benthic organisms such as meiofauna (~53.7–62.6%) and macrobenthos (~41.1–68%) through the food web. This model additionally suggests a relatively large contribution of benthic microalgae to the food sources of filter feeders (i.e. 26.4% for oysters).
Aortopulmonary window: a rare mechanism of inter-circulatory mixing and prepared left ventricle in transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum
Authors: Gopalan Nair Rajesh , Kalathingathodika Sajeer , Bastian Cicy
Published: September 2013

Transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and aortopulmonary window is an extremely rare anatomic combination associated with high morbidity and mortality. We report a case of a 3-month-old baby with d-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and a large aortopulmonary window as a mechanism of inter-circulatory mixing.