bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilot study of milnacipran in panic disorder
Authors: Ansseau M , von Frenckell R , Serre C
Published: April 2020

Ten outpatients with panic disorder were treated over an 8 week-period with milnacipran, an antidepressant active on both noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, at a dose between 100 and 150 mg/d. Clinical assessments included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Cottraux Rating Scale for phobias, panic attacks, and generalized anxiety. Results showed very significant improvements in the frequency and intensity of panic attacks and in the level of generalized anxiety. A good or excellent response was noted in 7 patients. Only 3 patients complained of side-effects, mostly of the digestive type. These promising results of milnacipran in panic disorder need to be confirmed in controlled studies.
Treatment duration of psychiatric disorders: long-term treatment of resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Kane JM
Published: April 2020

Although antipsychotic medications are extremely valuable in both the acute and long-term management of schizophrenia, a substantial subgroup of patients derive little or only partial benefit. A variety of strategies to treat such patients are reviewed.
Biological clocks in depression: phase-shift experiments revisited
Authors: Souêtre E , Salvati E , Candito M , Darcourt G
Published: April 2020

Five endogenous depressed patients were asked to participate in a phase-shift experiment consisting of advancing, by 5 hours, the time-schedule of the major external synchronizers such as light/dark cycle, sleep/wake, meal-time and social activity cycles. Clinical and biological parameters (body temperature, plasma cortisol, TSH and norepinephrine (NE) circadian rhythms) were observed throughout this two week period. The circadian rhythms were severely altered in the pre-treatment period, with a significant reduction of amplitude. During the phase shift experiment, the clinical state of the patients improved significantly. Their circadian rhythms were dramatically impaired in the first days of the procedure and were then restored after the first week, with higher amplitude. However, the TSH circadian rhythm remained unentrained by the phase shift leading to an internal desynchronization. Our findings suggest that entrainment of internal clocks by environmental information may be impaired in depression.
Severity of the prisoner of war experience and post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Crocq MA , Hein KD , Duval F , Macher JP
Published: April 2020

This study evaluates the relationship between stress of captivity and subsequent presence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been evaluated in a homogeneous population of 817 Alsatian World War II veterans who were imprisoned in the USSR during and after the war. Data were collected in 1988 by a questionnaire structured to investigate the presence of DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD as well as events experienced in captivity. The presumptive diagnosis of PTSD was found to be significantly associated with longer internment and with higher scores on a severity of POW experience index.
The evaluation of the severity of illness, affective blunting and neuroleptic treatment outcome in schizophrenic subgroups
Authors: Jarema M , Kacperczyk J
Published: April 2020

In 61 schizophrenic patients divided into subgroups according to DSM III-R, positive/negative symptoms and Leonhard's classification of systematic and non-systematic schizophrenia, the severity of illness (BPRS) and affective blunting (MARS and RSEB scales) were measured before and after neuroleptic therapy. The evaluation of affective blunting with the use of RSEB revealed more significant differences within schizophrenic subgroups than with the use of MARS. The severity of illness did not differentiate the subgroups studied. The affective blunting was more severe in patients with systematic than with non-systematic schizophrenia as well as in mixed and negative than in positive schizophrenia. The severity of illness correlated however with the severity of affective blunting. Clinical improvement after neuroleptic treatment was more favorable in patients with positive schizophrenia. The diminution of affective blunting after neuroleptic therapy varied among the subgroups.
Midline anomalies and organic psychosis: congenital or degenerative? A cross-sectional study of 62 patients with Andermann syndrome
Authors: Filteau MJ , Pourcher E , Bouchard RH , Baruch P , Mathieu J , Bédard F , Simard N , Vincent P
Published: April 2020

Brain alterations have been sought since the beginning of the century to explain the ‘dementia’ of dementia præcox. Kraepelin suggested in 1913 that it might have its internal origins in early childhood, while Southard (1915) considered likely a congenital or early acquired basis for the development of the disease. Afterwards, degenerative processes were described for decades until neurodevelopmental theories emerged recently (Lewis, 1988).

Using pneumoencephalography, Jacobi and Winkler (1927) first reported that some patients with schizophrenia presented enlarged ventricles. Johnstone et al (1976, 1978), in CT-scan studies, observed an increase in mean lateral ventricular size in a group of institutionalized schizophrenic patients. This finding has been replicated by other studies (Weinberger et al, 1983) but challenged by others (Gluck et al, 1980; Jernigan et al, 1982).
Social skills training as a way of improving quality of life among chronic mentally ill patients: presentation of a theoretical model
Authors: Chambon O , Eckman T , Trinh A , Liberman RP , Marie-Cardine M
Published: April 2020

Social skill training is aimed at not only preventing rehospitalization of chronic psychiatric patients by maintaining them in the community, but also to help patients have a good quality of life. We address the question of how social skill training could improve the quality of life of chronic mentally ill patients. A theoretical model, including environmental as well as individual considerations, indicates which psychological factors could be both targets of social skill training interventions and determinatives of patients subjective quality of life. The clinical and research implications of this theoretical model are discussed.
Suicide rates before, during and after the world wars
Authors: Lester D
Published: April 2020

Suicide rates were found to decline during the major world wars of this century in both men and women and in both participating and non-participating nations. The increase in suicide rates after the conclusion of the wars, however, was not as pronounced.
The role of maternal infectious diseases during pregnancy in the etiology of schizophrenia in offspring
Authors: Stöber G , Franzek E , Beckmann H
Published: April 2020

In 55 chronic schizophrenics, the occurrence of infectious diseases during their mothers’ pregnancies was investigated. Different psychiatric diagnostic systems were compared. Infections were reported by the mothers of familial and sporadic DSM III-R schizophrenics in equal proportion. However, applying Leonhard's classification, the frequency of infections was found to be significantly increased in ‘systematic’ schizophrenia (mainly exogenously induced in the view of Leonhard) compared to ‘unsystematic’ schizophrenia (mainly genetically determined according to Leonhard's findings). Most of the infections occurred during the second trimester (nine out of 13). Thus, in the ‘systematic’ forms of schizophrenia (low genetic loading), maternal infections in this crucial period of neurodevelopmenl would appear to be important causative factors in the cytoarchitectural deviance delected in the central nervous system of schizophrenics.
Psychiatric sequelae of minor head injury. A prospective follow-up study
Authors: Middelboe T , Andersen HS , Birket-Smith M , Friis ML
Published: April 2020

Psychiatric morbidity was measured in a prospective follow-up study of 51 patients admitted to hospital after minor head injury. By means of self report questionnaires (eg General Health Questionnaire (SHQ) and Impact of Event Scale), semistructured interviews and symptom-checklists, it was found that nearly half of the patients suffered considerable discomfort after 1 week. Improvement during the 3 months follow-up was generally poor. Both concussional symptoms and stress response contributed to the compromised well-being as measured by the GHQ, but outcome did not correlate to severity of injury. The GHQ-60 score of 1 week showed a strong positive correlation with outcome after 3 months. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder was low.
Epidemiology of hospitalised paediatric community-acquired pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia following the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the national immunisation programme in Japan
Authors: Takeuchi N. , Naito S. , Ohkusu M. , Abe K. , Shizuno K. , Takahashi Y. , Omata Y. , Nakazawa T. , Takeshita K. , Hishiki H. , Hoshino T. , Sato Y. , Ishiwada N.
Published: April 2020

Studies on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) related to the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction in Asia are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and microbiological determinants of hospitalised CAP and PP after PCV13 was introduced in Japan. This observational hospital-based surveillance study included children aged ⩽15 years, admitted to hospitals in and around Chiba City, Japan. Participants had bacterial pneumonia based on a positive blood or sputum culture for bacterial pathogens. Serotype and antibiotic-susceptibility testing of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from patients with bacterial pneumonia were assessed. The CAP hospitalisation rate per 1000 child-years was 17.7, 14.3 and 9.7 in children aged <5 years and 1.18, 2.64 and 0.69 in children aged 5–15 years in 2008, 2012 and 2018, respectively. There was a 45% and 41% reduction in CAP hospitalisation rates, between the pre-PCV7 and PCV13 periods, respectively. Significant reductions occurred in the proportion of CAP due to PP and PCV13 serotypes. Conversely, no change occurred in the proportion of CAP caused by H. influenzae. The incidence of hospitalised CAP in children aged ⩽15 years was significantly reduced after the introduction of PCV13 in Japan. Continuous surveillance is necessary to detect emerging PP serotypes.
The Politics of Removing Children: The International Tracing Service's German Foster Homes Investigation of 1948
Authors: Stone Dan
Published: April 2020

After the Second World War, the International Tracing Service's Child Search Branch (CSB) responded to inquiries for missing children and, until 1950 when funding was stopped, searched for children ‘in the field’. As the Cold War set in, the US military authorities restricted the opportunities for such children, mostly Eastern European, to be removed from their German foster parents and returned to their countries of origin. In the spring of 1948, when tensions between the CSB fieldworkers and the military authorities were at their height, ITS appointed an experienced fieldworker, Charlotte Babinski, to investigate cases of children in German foster homes with a view to streamlining policy regarding child removal. Despite her findings, as monetary and geopolitical pressures increased, the CSB had to accept that many children of Eastern European origin would remain in Germany. Children were thus a battleground in the early Cold War, in which politics triumphed over ethics.
‘Habitually Embodied’ Memories: The Materiality and Physicality of Music in Hardy's Poetry
Authors: Charlwood Catherine
Published: April 2020

This article reads Thomas Hardy's many musical instrument poems as the meeting point for the concerns of several critical fields: material culture, memory studies and the emerging interdisciplinary field of musical haptics. Close readings illuminate not only their relevance to such enquiries, but also how Hardy's manipulation of poetic form engenders a tactile musicality or ‘poetics of touch’ (as Marion Thain puts it). This article focuses on the aspects of these poems which have undergone least exploration: the depiction of the bodily effort involved in music-playing. While some of the poems are critical favourites (‘Old Furniture’) many of those studied here are routinely overlooked.

A mnemonically-minded poet, Hardy wrote about the memories objects hold and the memories that may be mediated through them. For Hardy, the history of objects is inseparable from that of their now-dead owners: person and thing are tied together in memory. This is in part due to an object's inherent tangibility, and musical instruments are particularly tactile objects, benefiting from the further mnemonic of music itself.

The core of the article considers Hardy's late poem ‘Haunting Fingers: A Phantasy in a Museum of Musical Instruments’, which hears instruments speak out their memories of being touched, and through memory feel ‘old muscles travel/Over their tense contours’. Revisions to the manuscript show Hardy removing ‘death’ and privileging instead the immediacy of remembered touch.

Paying attention to the reading and note-taking Hardy did within nineteenth-century science, this article traces Hardy's imaginative explorations of the processes involved in playing musical instruments back to discoveries about the workings of the unconscious. Saleeby, James, Maudesley and Bastian informed Hardy's knowledge of the science behind music-playing, while musical haptics helps this study unpack why Hardy attends to the interactions which take place at the point of mechanical contact: finger to key, and to string.
Deciphering the landscape of international humanitarian law in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Linton Suzannah
Published: April 2020

The 70th anniversary of the adoption of the Geneva Conventions on 12 August 1949 provided an opportunity for reflection on international humanitarian law (IHL). This article continues that reflection and presents some fresh scholarship about and from the Asia-Pacific region. The region's plurality leads to a complex and diverse landscape where there is no single “Asia-Pacific perspective on IHL” but there are instead many approaches and trajectories. This fragmented reality is, however, not a mess of incoherence and contradiction. In the following pages, the author argues for and justifies the following assessments. The first is that the norm of humanity in armed conflict, which underpins IHL, has deep roots in the region. This, to some extent, explains why there is no conceptual resistance to IHL, in the way that exists with the human rights doctrine. The second is that there has been meaningful participation of certain States from the region in IHL law-making. Thirdly, some Asia-Pacific States are among those actively contributing to the development of new or emerging areas relevant to IHL, such as outer space, cyberspace and the protection of the environment in armed conflict. This leads to the unavoidable issue of contradiction. How is it that in a region where such findings can be made (i.e., where there is discernible positivity towards the norm of humanity in armed conflict), there are so many armed conflicts with very serious IHL violations emerging? Should we reflect in a more nuanced way on “norm internalization” and “root causes”? These issues will be considered in the second section of the article. This examination leads to a third and final section, a concluding reflection on what all of this reveals about IHL in the Asia-Pacific. The real challenge for progressive humanitarianism, the author contends, is to traverse disciplines and to build on work done in, on and from the region in order to develop more informed and nuanced approaches to understanding the countries and societies of the region, moving on to study the process of norm internalization, and then developing creative and meaningful strategies for strengthening the links between that internalization, actual conduct on the ground, and norm socialization in the wider community.
Verstehen von Argumenten in wissenschaftlichen Texten
Authors: Münchow Hannes , Richter Tobias , Mühlen Sarah von der , Schmid Sebastian , Bruns Katherine E. , Berthold Kirsten
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Informelle Argumente sind in wissenschaftlichen Texten allgegenwärtig. Um solche Argumente verstehen und bewerten zu können, müssen Studierende ihre Struktur entschlüsseln. Zur Erfassung dieser Kompetenz wurde der computergestützte Argumentstrukturtest (AST) für Studierende sozial- und erziehungswissenschaftlicher Fächer sowie Lehramtsstudierende entwickelt. Die Testpersonen lesen kurze Texte mit informellen Argumenten und identifizieren ihre funktionalen Komponenten (z. B. Behauptung, Begründung, Schlussregel). Anhand einer Stichprobe von 225 Studierenden wurde der AST einer ersten Überprüfung seiner Reliabilität und Validität unterzogen. Dabei erwies sich der AST als intern valide, mit einer breiten Streuung der Itemschwierigkeiten. In einem explanatorischen Item-Response-Modell konnten die Itemschwierigkeiten sehr präzise durch theoretisch relevante Itemmerkmale, die das Argumentverstehen beeinflussen, vorhergesagt werden. Korrelationen mit verbaler Intelligenz und Schul- und Studienleistungen sprechen darüber hinaus für die Kriteriumsvalidität des Instruments.
Pädagogisches Wissen von berufstätigen Mathematiklehrkräften
Authors: Felske Caroline , König Johannes , Kaiser Gabriele , Klemenz Stefan , Ross Natalie , Blömeke Sigrid
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Der in der TEDS-M-Studie (Teacher Education and Development Study: Learning to Teach Mathematics) entwickelte Test zur Erfassung pädagogischen Wissens am Ende der Lehramtsausbildung hat sich in diversen Untersuchungen als zuverlässiges Messinstrument erwiesen, für das eine Reihe von Ergebnissen vorliegt, die die Validität der Testwertinterpretationen bei (angehenden) Lehrkräften in unterschiedlichen Ausbildungsstadien und –kontexten unterstreichen. Ein wesentlicher Validierungsschritt steht jedoch noch aus: Die Überprüfung, ob sich der Test eignet, um quantitative und qualitative Aussagen zum pädagogischen Wissen von berufstätigen Mathematiklehrkräften zu treffen. Im Rahmen des Projekts TEDS-Validierung wurde an 113 Mathematiklehrkräften geprüft, ob der Test das Wissen der Lehrkräfte reliabel und differenziert erfasst. Darauf aufbauend wurde im Sinne der Konstruktrepräsentation ( Embretson, 1983 ) untersucht, ob er konstruktrelevante, kognitive Bearbeitungsprozesse erfordert, wie sie von König (2009) und Klemenz und König (2019) modelliert wurden. Die Analysen bestätigen, dass der Test auch bei berufstätigen Mathematiklehrkräften ein reliables Messinstrument darstellt und unterstreichen, dass die kognitive Komplexität der erforderlichen Bearbeitungsprozesse einen bedeutsamen Anteil der Schwierigkeitsvarianz aufklärt. Sie liefern somit einen ersten Hinweis für die Konstruktrepräsentation und die Grundlage für eine qualitative Interpretation der Testwerte. Diese Interpretation wird durch Varianzanalysen validiert, die zeigen, dass Personen, die kognitiv komplexere Bearbeitungsprozesse im pädagogischen Wissenstest vollziehen können, auch ausgeprägtere situationsspezifische, pädagogische Fähigkeiten aufweisen als Vergleichspersonen.
Antarctic Sea Ice Area in CMIP6
Authors: Roach Lettie A. , Dörr Jakob , Holmes Caroline R. , Massonnet François , Blockley Edward W. , Notz Dirk , Rackow Thomas , Raphael Marilyn N. , O'Farrell Siobhan P. , Bailey David A. , Bitz Cecilia M.
Published: April 2020

Fully coupled climate models have long shown a wide range of Antarctic sea ice states and evolution over the satellite era. Here, we present a high‐level evaluation of Antarctic sea ice in 40 models from the most recent phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Many models capture key characteristics of the mean seasonal cycle of sea ice area (SIA), but some simulate implausible historical mean states compared to satellite observations, leading to large intermodel spread. Summer SIA is consistently biased low across the ensemble. Compared to the previous model generation (CMIP5), the intermodel spread in winter and summer SIA has reduced, and the regional distribution of sea ice concentration has improved. Over 1979–2018, many models simulate strong negative trends in SIA concurrently with stronger‐than‐observed trends in global mean surface temperature (GMST). By the end of the 21st century, models project clear differences in sea ice between forcing scenarios.
Sea Ice Roughness Overlooked as a Key Source of Uncertainty in CryoSat‐2 Ice Freeboard Retrievals
Authors: Landy Jack C. , Petty Alek A. , Tsamados Michel , Stroeve Julienne C.
Published: April 2020

ESA's CryoSat‐2 has transformed the way we monitor Arctic sea ice, providing routine measurements of the ice thickness with near basin‐wide coverage. Past studies have shown that uncertainties in the sea ice thickness retrievals can be introduced at several steps of the processing chain, for instance, in the estimation of snow depth, and snow and sea ice densities. Here, we apply a new physical model to CryoSat‐2, which further reveals sea ice surface roughness as a key overlooked feature of the conventional retrieval process. High‐resolution airborne observations demonstrate that snow and sea ice surface topography can be better characterized by a lognormal distribution, which varies based on the ice age and surface roughness within a CryoSat‐2 footprint, than a Gaussian distribution. Based on these observations, we perform a set of simulations for the CryoSat‐2 echo waveform over “virtual” sea ice surfaces with a range of roughness and radar backscattering configurations. By accounting for the variable roughness, our new lognormal retracker produces sea ice freeboards that compare well with those derived from NASA's Operation IceBridge airborne data and extends the capability of CryoSat‐2 to profile the thinnest/smoothest sea ice and thickest/roughest ice. Our results indicate that the variable ice surface roughness contributes a systematic uncertainty in sea ice thickness of up to 20% over first‐year ice and 30% over multiyear ice, representing one of the principal sources of pan‐Arctic sea ice thickness uncertainty.
Evaluation of OCO‐2 X Variability at Local and Synoptic Scales using Lidar and In Situ Observations from the ACT‐America Campaigns
Authors: Bell Emily , O'Dell Christopher W. , Davis Kenneth J. , Campbell Joel , Browell Edward , Scott Denning A. , Dobler Jeremy , Erxleben Wayne , Fan Tai‐Fang , Kooi Susan , Lin Bing , Pal Sandip , Weir Brad
Published: April 2020

With nearly 1 million observations of column‐mean carbon dioxide concentration (X) per day, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) presents exciting possibilities for monitoring the global carbon cycle, including the detection of subcontinental column CO2variations. While the OCO‐2 data set has been shown to achieve target precision and accuracy on a single‐sounding level, the validation of Xspatial gradients on subcontinental scales remains challenging. In this work, we investigate the use of an integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar for evaluation of OCO‐2 observations via NASA's Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT)‐America project. The project has completed eight clear‐sky underflights of OCO‐2 with the Multifunctional Fiber Laser Lidar (MFLL)—along with a suite of in situ instruments—giving a precisely colocated, high‐resolution validation data set spanning nearly 3,800 km across four seasons. We explore the challenges and opportunities involved in comparing the MFLL and OCO‐2 Xdata sets and evaluate their agreement on synoptic and local scales. We find that OCO‐2 synoptic‐scale gradients generally agree with those derived from the lidar, typically to ±0.1 ppm per degree latitude for gradients ranging in strength from 0 to 1 ppm per degree latitude. CO2reanalysis products also typically agree to ±0.25 ppm per degree when compared with an in situ‐informed CO2“curtain.” Real Xfeatures at local scales, however, remain challenging to observe and validate from space, with correlation coefficients typically below 0.35 between OCO‐2 and the MFLL. Even so, ACT‐America data have helped investigate interesting local Xpatterns and identify systematic spurious cloud‐related features in the OCO‐2 data set.
Evidence for Horizontal Blocking and Reflection of a Small‐Scale Gravity Wave in the Mesosphere
Authors: Criddle N. R. , Pautet P.‐D. , Yuan T. , Heale C. , Snively J. , Zhao Y. , Taylor M. J.
Published: April 2020

The variations of the horizontal phase velocity of an internal gravity wave, generated by wave “blocking” or “reflection” due to an inhomogeneous wind field, have been predicted theoretically and numerically investigated but had yet to be captured experimentally. In this paper, through a collaborative observation campaign using a sodium (Na) Temperature/Wind lidar and a collocated Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (AMTM) at Utah State University (USU), we report the first potential evidence of such a unique gravity wave process. The study shows that a small‐scale wave, captured by the AMTM, with initial observed horizontal phase velocity of 37 ± 5 m/s toward the northwest direction, experienced a large and increasing headwind as it was propagating in the AMTM field of view. This resulted in significant deceleration along its initial traveling direction, and it became quasi‐stationary before it was “reflected” to the opposite direction at later time. The USU Na lidar measured the horizontal wind and temperature during the event, when the wave was found traveling within a temperature inversion layer and experiencing an increasing headwind relative to the wave. The wind agrees well with the expected value for wave blocking suggested by the wave tracing theory, implying the existence of a large horizontal wind gradient that night near the OH layer altitudes. The study indicates the critical role of horizontal winds and their horizontal gradients in determining propagation in vertical and horizontal directions.
A Retrospective of Findings From the FORTE Satellite Mission
Authors: Light T. E. L.
Published: April 2020

We revisit the findings from the FORTE satellite program (1997–2004), which collected optical imaging of lightning as well as optical and radio frequency time series waveforms globally from low‐earth‐orbit. These include surveys of the earth's radio frequency anthropogenic noise environment; earth surface reflectivity at radio frequencies; a scheme for classifying lightning discharge types on the basis of their very high frequency time domain power envelope; insights into the polarization and radiation pattern characteristics of different lightning types, with implications for the underlying discharge processes; and estimates of cloud optical properties based on the statistics of scattered light. Most significantly, FORTE was uniquely suited to capture large samples of data from the rare discharge known as “narrow bipolar events,” enabling detailed examination of their basic characteristics and confirming that they appear to result from fundamentally distinct physical processes compared to other lightning. In particular, despite representing huge charge transfer they evidently produce little‐to‐no light output.
Tuning the MPI‐ESM1.2 Global Climate Model to Improve the Match With Instrumental Record Warming by Lowering Its Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Mauritsen Thorsten , Roeckner Erich
Published: April 2020

A climate model's ability to reproduce observed historical warming is sometimes viewed as a measure of quality. Yet, for practical reasons it cannot be considered a purely empirical result of the modeling efforts because the desired result is known in advance and so is a potential target of tuning. Here we report how the latest edition of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Models (MPI‐ESM1.2) atmospheric component (ECHAM6.3) had its sensitivity systematically tuned in order to improve the modeled match with the instrumental record. In practice, this was done by targeting an equilibrium climate sensitivity of about 3 K, slightly lower than in the previous model generation (MPI‐ESM), which warmed more than observed, and in particular by addressing a climate sensitivity of about 7 K in an intermediate version of the model. In the process we identified several controls on cloud feedback, some of which confirm recently proposed hypotheses. We find the model exhibits excellent fidelity with the observed centennial global warming. We further find that an alternative approach with high climate sensitivity compensated by strong aerosol cooling instead would yield colder than observed results in the second half of the twentieth century.
New Recognition for Major Players in the Ocean’s Silicon Cycle
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: April 2020

Tiny, shelled protists known as Rhizaria may be responsible for up to one fifth of the total amount of silica produced by the world’s oceanic organisms.
Contrasting Scale Dependence of Entrainment‐Mixing Mechanisms in Stratocumulus Clouds
Authors: Gao Sinan , Lu Chunsong , Liu Yangang , Mei Fan , Wang Jian , Zhu Lei , Yan Shuqi
Published: April 2020

The apparent turbulent entrainment‐mixing mechanism between clouds and surrounding air is scale dependent; however, such scale dependence has been rarely studied, hindering development of scale‐aware entrainment‐mixing parameterizations. Here we extend our previous study on cumulus clouds to investigate scale dependence of entrainment‐mixing processes in stratocumulus clouds during Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in Eastern North Atlantic and Routine AAF (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerial Facility) Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO). In contrast to previous studies, two opposite scale dependencies are found: Entrainment mixing can become more homogeneous or more inhomogeneous with increasing averaging scales, which is quantified by the difference between homogeneous mixing degree at the 100 and 10 m resolutions. A new heuristic model and two new quantities are introduced. The observations and model show that microphysical properties near and far away from droplet‐free air and relative humidity of entrained air determine both the sign and strength of scale dependence, while droplet‐free air fraction only affects the strength. The results shed new light on developing scale‐aware parameterizations of entrainment‐mixing mechanisms.
Where Resource‐Acquisitive Species Are Located: The Role of Habitat Heterogeneity
Authors: Seyednasrollah Bijan , Clark James S.
Published: April 2020

Rising temperatures with increased drought pose two challenges for management of future biodiversity. First, are the most vulnerable species concentrated in specific regions and habitats? Second, where can landscape heterogeneity potentially mitigate impacts? We conducted a comprehensive trait analysis of forest plots spanning the eastern United States to quantify how resource‐acquisitive species respond to moisture‐soil‐climate interactions. We found that resource‐acquisitive species, including nutrient‐acquisitive and moisture‐acquisitive species, respond disproportionately to environmental gradients, and their response is largely explained by soil variation. We showed that the strong boundary of resource‐acquisitive species occurs near the last glacial limit, highlighting one of the clearest indicators of soil controls. Although local soil moisture may reduce drought‐induced stress for moisture‐acquisitive species, nutrient‐acquisitive species remain vulnerable on wet soils in dry climates. The results suggest that theories explaining species distributions should devote close attention to the combination of local drainage and soil type.
Particle‐in‐Cell Simulation of Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Waves Driven by a Loss Cone Distribution
Authors: Wu Yifan , Tao Xin , Liu Xu , Chen Lunjin , Xie Huasheng , Liu Kaijun , Horne Richard, B.
Published: April 2020

Electron Cyclotron Harmonic (ECH) waves driven by a loss cone distribution are studied in this work by self‐consistent particle‐in‐cell simulations. These waves have been suggested to play an important role in diffuse auroral precipitation in the outer magnetosphere. However, particle simulation of this instability is difficult because the saturation amplitude of the wave driven by a realistic size loss cone distribution is very small. In this work we use an extraordinarily large number of particles to reduce simulation noise so that the growth and saturation of ECH waves can be investigated. Our simulation results are consistent with linear theory in terms of growth rate, and with observation in terms of wave amplitude. We demonstrate that the heating of cold electrons is negligible and nonresonant, different from previous conclusions, and suggest that the saturation of the wave is caused by the filling of the loss cone of hot electrons.
A Parameterization of Local and Remote Tidal Mixing
Authors: de Lavergne C. , Vic C. , Madec G. , Roquet F. , Waterhouse A. F. , Whalen C. B. , Cuypers Y. , Bouruet‐Aubertot P. , Ferron B. , Hibiya T.
Published: April 2020

Vertical mixing is often regarded as the Achilles' heel of ocean models. In particular, few models include a comprehensive and energy‐constrained parameterization of mixing by internal ocean tides. Here, we present an energy‐conserving mixing scheme which accounts for the local breaking of high‐mode internal tides and the distant dissipation of low‐mode internal tides. The scheme relies on four static two‐dimensional maps of internal tide dissipation, constructed using mode‐by‐mode Lagrangian tracking of energy beams from sources to sinks. Each map is associated with a distinct dissipative process and a corresponding vertical structure. Applied to an observational climatology of stratification, the scheme produces a global three‐dimensional map of dissipation which compares well with available microstructure observations and with upper‐ocean finestructure mixing estimates. This relative agreement, both in magnitude and spatial structure across ocean basins, suggests that internal tides underpin most of observed dissipation in the ocean interior at the global scale. The proposed parameterization is therefore expected to improve understanding, mapping, and modeling of ocean mixing.
Thank You to Our 2019 Reviewers
Authors: Pincus Robert , Blyth Eleanor , Griffies Stephen M.
Published: April 2020

Key Points

The editors thank the 2019 peer reviewers
Nonlinear increase, invisibility, and sign inversion of a localized fs-laser-induced refractive index change in crystals and glasses
Authors: Lapointe Jerome , Bérubé Jean-Philippe , Ledemi Yannick , Dupont Albert , Fortin Vincent , Messaddeq Younes , Vallée Réal
Published: April 2020

Multiphoton absorption via ultrafast laser focusing is the only technology that allows a three-dimensional structural modification of transparent materials. However, the magnitude of the refractive index change is rather limited, preventing the technology from being a tool of choice for the manufacture of compact photonic integrated circuits. We propose to address this issue by employing a femtosecond-laser-induced electronic band-gap shift (FLIBGS), which has an exponential impact on the refractive index change for propagating wavelengths approaching the material electronic resonance, as predicted by the Kramers–Kronig relations. Supported by theoretical calculations, based on a modified Sellmeier equation, the Tauc law, and waveguide bend loss calculations, we experimentally show that several applications could take advantage of this phenomenon. First, we demonstrate waveguide bends down to a submillimeter radius, which is of great interest for higher-density integration of fs-laser-written quantum and photonic circuits. We also demonstrate that the refractive index contrast can be switched from negative to positive, allowing direct waveguide inscription in crystals. Finally, the effect of the FLIBGS can compensate for the fs-laser-induced negative refractive index change, resulting in a zero refractive index change at specific wavelengths, paving the way for new invisibility applications.
Host-microbiota interaction helps to explain the bottom-up effects of climate change on a small rodent species
Authors: Li Guoliang , Yin Baofa , Li Jing , Wang Jun , Wei Wanhong , Bolnick Daniel I , Wan Xinrong , Zhu Baoli , Zhang Zhibin
Published: April 2020

The population cycles of small rodents have puzzled biologists for centuries. There is a growing recognition of the cascading effects of climate change on the population dynamics of rodents. However, the ultimate cause for the bottom-up effects of precipitation is poorly understood, from a microbial perspective. Here, we conducted a precipitation manipulation experiment in the field, and three feeding trials with controlled diets in the laboratory. We found precipitation supplementation facilitated the recovery of a perennial rhizomatous grass (Leymus chinensis) species, which altered the diet composition and increase the intake of fructose and fructooligosaccharides for Brandt’s vole. Lab results showed that this nutrient shift was accompanied by the modulation of gut microbiota composition and functional pathways (especially for the degradation or biosynthesis of L-histidine). Particularly, the relative abundance of Eubacterium hallii was consistently increased after feeding voles with more L. chinensis, fructose or fructooligosaccharide. These modulations ultimately increased the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and boosted the growth of vole. This study provides evidence that the precipitation pulses cascades through the plant community to affect rodent gut microbiome. Our results highlight the importance of considering host-microbiota interaction when investigating rodent population responses to climate change.
Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates
Authors: Toenders Yara J. , Schmaal Lianne , Harrison Ben J. , Dinga Richard , Berk Michael , Davey Christopher G.
Published: April 2020

Depression is a leading cause of burden of disease among young people. Current treatments are not uniformly effective, in part due to the heterogeneous nature of major depressive disorder (MDD). Refining MDD into more homogeneous subtypes is an important step towards identifying underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and improving treatment of young people. In adults, symptom-based subtypes of depression identified using data-driven methods mainly differed in patterns of neurovegetative symptoms (sleep and appetite/weight). These subtypes have been associated with differential biological mechanisms, including immuno-metabolic markers, genetics and brain alterations (mainly in the ventral striatum, medial orbitofrontal cortex, insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex amygdala and hippocampus). K-means clustering was applied to individual depressive symptoms from the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS) in 275 young people (15–25 years old) with MDD to identify symptom-based subtypes, and in 244 young people from an independent dataset (a subsample of the STAR*D dataset). Cortical surface area and thickness and subcortical volume were compared between the subtypes and 100 healthy controls using structural MRI. Three subtypes were identified in the discovery dataset and replicated in the independent dataset; severe depression with increased appetite, severe depression with decreased appetite and severe insomnia, and moderate depression. The severe increased appetite subtype showed lower surface area in the anterior insula compared to both healthy controls. Our findings in young people replicate the previously identified symptom-based depression subtypes in adults. The structural alterations of the anterior insular cortex add to the existing evidence of different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this subtype.
Correction: Combined poly-ADP ribose polymerase and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/Rad3-related inhibition targets ataxia-telangiectasia mutated-deficient lung cancer cells
Authors: Jette Nicholas R. , Radhamani Suraj , Arthur Greydon , Ye Ruiqiong , Goutam Siddhartha , Bolyos Anthony , Petersen Lars F. , Bose Pinaki , Bebb D. Gwyn , Lees-Miller Susan P.
Published: April 2020

This Article was originally published under Nature Research’s License to Publish, but has now been made available under a CC BY 4.0 license. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
The SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase complex modulates TRAIL-R2-induced apoptosis by regulating FLIP(L)
Authors: Roberts Jamie Z. , Holohan Caitriona , Sessler Tamas , Fox Jennifer , Crawford Nyree , Riley Joel S. , Khawaja Hajrah , Majkut Joanna , Evergren Emma , Humphreys Luke M. , Ferris Jennifer , Higgins Catherine , Espona-Fiedler Margarita , Moynagh Paul , McDade Simon S. , Longley Daniel B.
Published: April 2020

TRAIL-R2 (DR5) is a clinically-relevant therapeutic target and a key target for immune effector cells. Herein, we identify a novel interaction between TRAIL-R2 and the Skp1-Cullin-1-F-box (SCF) Cullin-Ring E3 Ubiquitin Ligase complex containing Skp2 (SCFSkp2). We find that SCFSkp2 can interact with both TRAIL-R2’s pre-ligand association complex (PLAC) and ligand-activated death-inducing signalling complex (DISC). Moreover, Cullin-1 interacts with TRAIL-R2 in its active NEDDylated form. Inhibiting Cullin-1’s DISC recruitment using the NEDDylation inhibitor MLN4924 (Pevonedistat) or siRNA increased apoptosis induction in response to TRAIL. This correlated with enhanced levels of the caspase-8 regulator FLIP at the TRAIL-R2 DISC, particularly the long splice form, FLIP(L). We subsequently found that FLIP(L) (but not FLIP(S), caspase-8, nor the other core DISC component FADD) interacts with Cullin-1 and Skp2. Importantly, this interaction is enhanced when FLIP(L) is in its DISC-associated, C-terminally truncated p43-form. Prevention of FLIP(L) processing to its p43-form stabilises the protein, suggesting that by enhancing its interaction with SCFSkp2, cleavage to the p43-form is a critical step in FLIP(L) turnover. In support of this, we found that silencing any of the components of the SCFSkp2 complex inhibits FLIP ubiquitination, while overexpressing Cullin-1/Skp2 enhances its ubiquitination in a NEDDylation-dependent manner. DISC recruitment of TRAF2, previously identified as an E3 ligase for caspase-8 at the DISC, was also enhanced when Cullin-1’s recruitment was inhibited, although its interaction with Cullin-1 was found to be mediated indirectly via FLIP(L). Notably, the interaction of p43-FLIP(L) with Cullin-1 disrupts its ability to interact with FADD, caspase-8 and TRAF2. Collectively, our results suggest that processing of FLIP(L) to p43-FLIP(L) at the TRAIL-R2 DISC enhances its interaction with co-localised SCFSkp2, leading to disruption of p43-FLIP(L)’s interactions with other DISC components and promoting its ubiquitination and degradation, thereby modulating TRAIL-R2-mediated apoptosis.
Drp1 regulates mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated metabolism in ischemic injury via Clec16a-, BAX-, and GSH- pathways
Authors: Duan Chenyang , Kuang Lei , Xiang Xinming , Zhang Jie , Zhu Yu , Wu Yue , Yan Qingguang , Liu Liangming , Li Tao
Published: April 2020

The adaptation of mitochondrial homeostasis to ischemic injury is not fully understood. Here, we studied the role of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in this process. We found that mitochondrial morphology was altered in the early stage of ischemic injury while mitochondrial dysfunction occurred in the late stage of ischemia. Drp1 appeared to inhibit mitophagy by upregulating mito-Clec16a, which suppressed mito-Parkin recruitment and subsequently impaired the formation of autophagosomes in vascular tissues after ischemic injury. Moreover, ischemia-induced Drp1 activation enhanced apoptosis through inducing mitochondrial translocation of BAX and thereby increasing release of Cytochrome C to activate caspase-3/-9 signalling. Furthermore, Drp1 mediated metabolic disorders and inhibited the levels of mitochondrial glutathione to impair free radical scavenging, leading to further increases in ROS and the exacerbation of mitochondrial dysfunction after ischemic injury. Together, our data suggest a critical role for Drp1 in ischemic injury.
P53 suppresses SENP3 phosphorylation to mediate G2 checkpoint
Authors: Wang Yang , Tian Jing , Huang Chao , Ma Jiao , Hu Gaolei , Chen Yalan , Wang Tianshi , Cai Rong , Zuo Yong , Tan Hongsheng , Fan Qiuju , Dong Baijun , Xue Wei , Yi Jing , Chen Guoqiang , Tu Jun , Cheng Jinke
Published: April 2020

In response to DNA damage, p53-mediated signaling is regulated by protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination to precisely control G2 checkpoint. Here we demonstrated that protein SUMOylation also engaged in regulation of p53-mediated G2 checkpoint. We found that G2 DNA damage suppressed SENP3 phosphorylation at G2/M phases in p53-dependent manner. We further found that the suppression of SENP3 phosphorylation was crucial for efficient DNA damage/p53-induced G2 checkpoint and G2 arrest. Mechanistically, we identified Cdh1, a subunit of APC/C complex, was a SUMOylated protein at G2/M phase. SENP3 could de-SUMOylate Cdh1. DNA damage/p53-induced suppression of SENP3 phosphorylation activated SENP3 de-SUMOylation of Cdh. De-SUMOylation promoted Cdh1 de-phosphorylation by phosphatase Cdc14B, and then activated APC/CCdh1 E3 ligase activity to ubiquitate and degrade Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) in process of G2 checkpoint. These data reveal that p53-mediated inhibition of SENP3 phosphorylation regulates the activation of Cdc14b-APC/CCdh1-Plk1 axis to control DNA damage-induced G2 checkpoint.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy–like phenotype in an LGMD2I patient with novel FKRP gene variants
Authors: Okazaki Tetsuya , Matsuura Kaori , Kasagi Noriko , Adachi Kaori , Kai Masachika , Okubo Mariko , Nishino Ichizo , Nanba Eiji , Maegaki Yoshihiro
Published: April 2020

A 32-year-old man initially received a diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Genetic analysis revealed two novel heterozygous FKRP variants: c.169G>A (p.Glu57Lys) and c.692G>A (p.Trp231*). These results indicated that the patient had limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I (LGMD2I) caused by recessive FKRP variants. Patients with LGMD2I and DMD have many overlapping phenotypes. LGMD2I should be considered in patients who have a DMD phenotype but not a DMD pathogenic variant.
Wnt-PLC-IP3-Connexin-Ca2+ axis maintains ependymal motile cilia in zebrafish spinal cord
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chandrasekaran Gopalakrishnan , Li Wenting , Kim Dong-Young , Jeong In Young , Lee So-Hyun , Liang Ting , Bae Jin Young , Choi Isaac , Kang Hyuno , Maeng Jin-Soo , Kim Myeong-Kyu , Lee Taewon , Park Seung Woo , Kim Min Jung , Kim Hyung-Seok , Ro Hyunju , Bae Yong Chul , Park Hae-Chul , Choi Eun Young , Choi Seok-Yong
Published: April 2020

Ependymal cells (ECs) are multiciliated neuroepithelial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord (SC). How ependymal motile cilia are maintained remains largely unexplored. Here we show that zebrafish embryos deficient in Wnt signaling have defective motile cilia, yet harbor intact basal bodies. With respect to maintenance of ependymal motile cilia, plcδ3a is a target gene of Wnt signaling. Lack of Connexin43 (Cx43), especially its channel function, decreases motile cilia and intercellular Ca2+ wave (ICW) propagation. Genetic ablation of cx43 in zebrafish and mice diminished motile cilia. Finally, Cx43 is also expressed in ECs of the human SC. Taken together, our findings indicate that gap junction mediated ICWs play an important role in the maintenance of ependymal motile cilia, and suggest that the enhancement of functional gap junctions by pharmacological or genetic manipulations may be adopted to ameliorate motile ciliopathy.