bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments (CASCADE)
Authors: Wyrowski Friedrich , Beuther Henrik , Menten Karl ,   and the CASCADE Team
Published: September 2022

Over the last decades, high-mass star formation research has concentrated on either the large-scale molecular cloud environments or on the smallscale hot dense molecular cores surrounding massive proto-stars/clusters and young stellar objects. However, questions regarding the gas flow from large to small scales, and how the gas is transferred via intermediate-scale filaments and clumps have so far been largely neglected. With “Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments (CASCADE)”, a part of the Max Planck IRAM Observatory Program (MIOP), we want to overcome this missing gap via studying one well-known molecular cloud complex with the IRAM NOEMA and 30m facilities from small to large scales, thereby connecting these important physical processes. In the nearby (1.4 kpc) luminous Cygnus X region, recent and on-going star formation combine to present a rich Northern hemisphere laboratory in which star formation and feedback processes can be studied globally as well as locally. Using the new and unique 4 mm capabilities of NOEMA, together with the IRAM 30m telescope, the flow of gas from cloudto core-scales is being probed with observations of large mosaics covering the ground state lines of many molecules, including their deuterium substituted isotopologs, with the unique large bandwidth only possible with this facility. Here a brief introduction into the program, together with initials results, is presented.
Gas properties in the Early Universe deciphered from spectral line surveys of high-z objects: The Cloverleaf Quasar
Authors: Guélin Michel , Kramer Carsten , Yang Chentao , Tercero Belén , Cernicharo José
Published: September 2022

Molecular lines observed in remote quasars arise from exceptionnally strong starburst regions in the vicinity of the QSO. Their study offers a unique opportunity to probe the gas physical and chemical properties at the epoch of peak star formation (z=2-3). We report the preliminary results of an on-going mm/sub-mm spectral line survey of the Cloverleaf Quasar (z=2.6), the archetype of gravitationally lensed quasars. We identify 14 molecular species, including rare isotopologues of CO and HCO+. The high gas density tracers HCO+, HCN, HNC and CN are detected through several rotational transitions, up to J=8-7 (Eup/k ≃ 155 K). Their emission appears to arise from dense (> 106 cm−3) gas clumps embedded in a circumnuclear disk with a flat rotation curve.
Fragmentation and disk formation in high-mass star formation: The IRAM large program CORE
Authors: Beuther Henrik , Gieser Caroline , Ahmadi Aida , Suri Sümeyye , Winters Jan Martin , Mottram Joe ,   the CORE team
Published: September 2022

The IRAM CORE large program combines data from NOEMA and the IRAM 30m telescope to study a diverse set of physical and chemical processes during the formation of high-mass stars. Here, we present a selected compilation of exciting results obtained during the survey.
Resilienz und Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung hängen mit der
Wahrnehmung der COVID-19-Symptomatik, der psychischen Gesundheit und dem Umgang
mit einer akuten COVID-19-Infektion zusammen
Authors: Kowalski Elias , Graf Johanna , Schneider Axel , Zipfel Stephan , Stengel Andreas
Published: September 2022

Ziel der Studie Die COVID-19-Pandemie kann mit massiven Auswirkungen auf
die psychische Gesundheit einhergehen. Für eine Verschlechterung der
psychischen Gesundheit besonders anfällig waren z. B. Menschen
mit vorbestehender psychischer Erkrankung. Bekannt ist, dass Resilienz &
Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung Schutzfaktoren für die psychische Gesundheit
bei Belastungen und Herausforderung wie die COVID-19-Pandemie haben
können. Diese Studie untersucht erstmals die Zusammenhänge von
Resilienz & Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung mit der psychischen
Bewältigung einer akuten COVID-19-Infektion in häuslicher
Isolation.

Methoden Diese Studie ist eine querschnittliche Untersuchung von Menschen
mit akuter, PCR-diagnostizierter COVID-19-Infektion während ihrer
häuslichen Isolation. Die Rekrutierung erfolgte telefonisch über
das Gesundheitsamt Freudenstadt (Baden-Württemberg). Nach Einwilligung
erhielten die Studienteilnehmenden einen Link für einen
Online-Fragebogen. Der Fragebogen erfasste soziodemographische Aspekte,
Resilienz, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, COVID-19-Somatik, psychische Belastung
(Depressivität, Ängstlichkeit, somatische
Belastungsstörung), Stresserleben und Coping-Strategien. Deskriptive
Statistiken, Korrelationsanalysen und multiple lineare Regressionen mit
Resilienz & Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung als unabhängige
Variablen wurden durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Es konnten 224 häuslich isolierte Menschen mit akuter
COVID-19-Infektion eingeschlossen werden. Eine geringere Resilienz &
geringere Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung hingen jeweils mit einer stärkeren
Wahrnehmung der somatischen COVID-19-Symptome, höherer psychischer
Belastung, erhöhter Stresswahrnehmung, geringeren
Coping-Fähigkeiten und geringerer wahrgenommener Unterstützung
zusammen.

Diskussion Resilienz & Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung sind sowohl
für die psychische Gesundheit als auch für die
Bewältigung einer akuten COVID-19-Infektion essenziell. Sie
schützen nicht nur vor negativen Effekten auf die psychische Gesundheit,
sondern verstärken gleichzeitig auch positive Effekte. Resilienz
hängt außerdem positiv mit der Wahrnehmung und Bewertung
somatischer COVID-19-Symptome zusammen, sodass sich resilientere Menschen mit
COVID-19-Infektion körperlich gesünder fühlen.

Schlussfolgerung Häuslich isolierte Menschen mit akuter
COVID-19-Infektion sollten mittels standardisierter Kurzfragebögen auf
Unterstützungsbedarf gescreent werden, um negative psychische und
somatische Folgen zu vermeiden. Bedarfsorientierte, niedrigschwellige, digitale
und individuell angepasste Interventionsprogramme sollten auch für das
häusliche Isolationssetting entwickelt und etabliert werden.
Spülen von Bisswunden ist obsolet. Eine anatomische
Studie
Authors: Rieck Bernd , Jördens Sabrina
Published: September 2022

In der Literatur zur Behandlung von
Tier- und Menschenbissverletzungen wird immer wieder empfohlen, zur
Säuberung der tiefen Wundabschnitte die Wunde mittels einer
Knopfkanüle oder eines Katheters und einer Spritze zu spülen.
Dadurch sollen Verschmutzungen und Fremdkörper aus der Wunde entfernt
werden. In den letzten Jahren wird nicht mehr zu Spülungen mit
großem Druck, sondern nur noch mit Vorsicht geraten.

Material und
Methodik An 8 Körperspenderpräparaten wurden an
klinisch typischen Lokalisationen mit einem speziellen Werkzeug
künstliche Bissverletzungen erzeugt und mit einer Knopfkanüle
und Spritze „gefühlt drucklos“ mit verdünnter
Tinte gespült.

Ergebnisse In allen Fällen
blieb mehr als die Hälfte der Spülflüssigkeit im
gebissenen Körperteil und verbreitete sich entlang anatomischer
Strukturen über große
Flächen.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse
zeigen, dass eine Spülung das Ziel einer Wundreinigung verfehlt, sondern
vielmehr die Gefahr einer weiteren Kontamination der Umgebung birgt. Daher
sollte aus Sicht der Autoren eine Wundspülung mittels
Knopfkanüle bei Bisswunden unterbleiben.
Grundlagen medikamentös-induzierter Polyneuropathien
Authors: Achenbach Pascal , Block Frank , Dafotakis Manuel
Published: September 2022

Zahlreiche Wirkstoffe können mit dem erstmaligen Auftreten oder dem Fortschreiten neuropathischer Symptome in Verbindung gebracht werden. Insbesondere im Kontext der modernen Polypharmazie kommt medikamentös-induzierten Polyneuropathien eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die Schädigungsmechanismen und individuellen Risikofaktoren sind vielfältig. In den meisten Fällen resultiert eine längenabhängige, axonale Polyneuropathie mit vorwiegend sensiblen Symptomen. Grundlegende Kenntnisse darüber, welche Arzneimittel mit dem Auftreten einer Polyneuropathie assoziiert sind, können dazu beitragen, das Auftreten dieser Nebenwirkung frühzeitig zu erkennen. Die Verordnung entsprechender Medikamente sollte vermieden werden, wenn das Risiko für den einzelnen Patienten als zu hoch eingeschätzt wird. Unter Therapie sind regelmäßige Kontrolluntersuchungen nötig, um bei neuauftretenden oder zunehmenden Symptomen die Therapie so früh wie möglich anpassen oder absetzen zu können. Die Prognose ist dann meist gut.
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index and the Prognosis of Patients with
Stroke: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hu Jun , Chen Ting , Wang Ziyue , Chen Xuhui , Lin Kaihua , Zhang Guogao , Wu Jun
Published: September 2022

Malnutrition evidenced by low geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) has been
suggested as a potential predictor of poor prognosis of patients with various
clinical conditions. We performed a meta-analysis to systematically assess the
association between GNRI and the prognosis of patients after stroke. Cohort
studies were identified by search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane’s Library
and Web of Science databases from inception to March 25, 2022, according to the
aim of the meta-analysis. A random-effect model incorporating the potential
between-study heterogeneity was used to pool the results. Eight cohort studies
with 13573 patients with stroke contributed to the meta-analysis. Pooled results
showed that malnutrition as evidenced by low GNRI was independently associated
with a higher risk of poor functional outcome [risk ratio (RR): 1.54,
95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19 to 1.98, p<0.001;
I2=69%] and an increased incidence of all-cause mortality (RR:
1.82, 95% CI: 1.35 to 2.47, p<0.001; I2=74%).
Sensitivity analyses showed consistent results in patients with ischemic stroke,
and in prospective cohort studies. Subgroup analyses showed that the
associations were not significant for patients with GNRI-defined mild
malnutrition (p=0.18 and 0.20 for functional and mortality outcomes,
respectively), but significant for patients with moderate-severe malnutrition
(both p<0.001). Difference in follow-up durations did not significantly
affect the associations (p for subgroup difference=0.75 and 0.70,
respectively). In conclusion, a low GNRI is associated with poor functional and
survival outcomes in patients after stroke.
Homocysteine and the Mortality of Critically Ill Patients: A
Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yuan Fawei , Zheng Kun
Published: September 2022

Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is high in critically ill patients.
However, the association between serum homocysteine level and outcomes of the
critically ill patients remains unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of cohort
studies to comprehensively evaluate the above association. Relevant cohort
studies were identified by search of electronic databases including PubMed,
Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang, and CNKI from the inception of the databases to
February 5, 2022. A randomized-effect model incorporating the possible
between-study heterogeneity was used to pool the results. Overall, 16 cohorts
with 1663 critically ill patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit
(ICU) were involved in the meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that compared to
non-survivors of the critical illnesses, survivors had significantly lower serum
level of Hcy at ICU admission [mean difference (MD): –3.42
μmol/l, 95% confidence interval (CI): –5.89 to
0.94, p=0.007; I2=86%]. Subgroup analysis showed that
the difference of Hcy between survivors and non-survivors was significant in
Asian patients (MD: –8.17 μmol/l, p<0.001), but
not in non-Asians (MD: 0.30 μmol/l, p=0.62; p for
subgroup difference<0.001). Moreover, meta-analysis with seven cohorts,
all including Chinese patients, showed that HHcy at ICU admission was
independently associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality in critically
ill patients (odds ratio: 2.99, 95% CI: 2.26 to 3.97, p<0.001;
I2=69%). A higher serum level of Hcy at ICU admission may be
associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in critically ill
patients, particularly in the Chinese population.
Can We Predict Feto-Maternal Adverse Outcomes of Vacuum Extraction?
Authors: Cohen Gal , Schreiber Hanoch , Shalev Ram Hila , Ovadia Michal , Shechter-Maor Gil , Biron-Shental Tal
Published: September 2022

Introduction Vacuum extraction (VE) is an important modality in modern obstetrics, yet sometimes results in maternal or neonatal adverse outcomes, which can cause a lifetime
disability. We aimed to characterize potential risk factors for adverse outcomes that in retrospect would have led the physician to avoid the procedure.

Materials and Methods Retrospective cohort of 3331 singleton pregnancies, ≥ 34 w delivered by VE. 263 deliveries (7.9%) incurred a VE-related feto-maternal adverse outcome, defined
as one or more of the following: 3–4th-degree perineal laceration, subgaleal hematoma, intracranial hemorrhage, shoulder dystocia, clavicular fracture, Erb’s palsy or fracture of humerus.
3068 deliveries (92.1%) did not have VE-related adverse outcomes. Both groups were compared to determine potential risk factors for VE adverse outcomes.

Results Multivariable regression found seven independent risk factors for VE-related feto-maternal adverse outcomes: Nulliparity – with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.82 (95%
CI = 1.11–2.98, p = 0.018), epidural anesthesia (OR 1.99, CI = 1.42–2.80, p < 0.001), Ventouse-Mityvac (VM) cup (OR 1.86, CI = 1.35–2.54, p < 0.001), prolonged second stage as
indication for VE (OR 1.54, CI = 1.11–2.15, p = 0.010), cup detachment (OR 1.66, CI = 1.18–2.34, p = 0.004), increasing procedure duration (OR 1.07 for every additional minute,
CI = 1.03–1.11, p < 0.001) and increasing neonatal birthweight (OR 3.42 for every additional kg, CI = 2.33–5.02, p < 0.001). Occiput anterior (OA) position was a protective factor (OR
0.62, CI = 0.43–0.89, p = 0.010).

Conclusions VE-related adverse outcomes can be correlated to clinical characteristics, such as nulliparity, epidural anesthesia, VM cup, prolonged second stage as indication for VE,
cup detachment, prolonged procedure duration and increasing neonatal weight. OA position was a protective factor. This information may assist medical staff to make an informed decision
whether to choose VE or cesarean delivery (CD).
Skaphoidfrakturen und -pseudarthrosen: Unsere Wahl des
Zugangs
Authors: Prommersberger Karl-Josef , Dimitrova Polina , Kalb Karlheinz , Mühldorfer-Fodor Marion
Published: September 2022

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt unsere bevorzugten Zugänge für
die operative Versorgung von Kahnbeinfrakturen und Kahnbeinpseudarthrosen.
Effects of Essential Oils on Scars and Wound Healing: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wang James C. , Fort Callie L. , Matl Christina M. , Harvey Bailey D. , Demke Joshua C. , Thomas J Regan , Sidle Douglas M.
Published: September 2022

Essential oils (EOs) have been considered as a potential alternative therapy for wound healing and scar reduction. The aim of this article was to provide a comprehensive review examining the effects of EOs on wound healing and scars. PubMed, Cochrane, Ovid, and Embase computerized searches were performed through June 2020. Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction, with search results reviewed by the senior author following the PRISMA protocol. Three manuscripts examining three different EO-containing topical agents were analyzed. Outcomes include healing rate, erythema, pain, pruritus, patient discomfort, physician satisfaction, percent wound reduction, wound/scar surface perimeter area, and qualitative dermatological evaluation. All articles concluded that the EO-containing topical agents resulted in either superior or noninferior outcomes in comparison with controls. Hypericum–Calendula oil obtained lower wound surface perimeter area. Erythema (p = 0.001) was significantly decreased by the peppermint EO–containing topical agent. Physicians also reported greater satisfaction (p < 0.001) in wound appearance with use of the peppermint EO–containing topical agent. A paucity of studies have examined EO use for wound healing and scar reduction. Treatment with EO-containing topical agents resulted in decreased erythema with increased physician satisfaction of wound appearance. Future studies should assess what level of purity is needed for improved results and which EO, or combination of EOs, is most beneficial.
One Digital Health for more FAIRness
Authors: Tamburis Oscar , Benis Arriel
Published: September 2022

Background One Digital Health (ODH) aims to propose a framework that merges One Health's and Digital Health's specific features into an innovative landscape. FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles consider applications and computational agents (or, in other terms, data, metadata, and infrastructures) as stakeholders with the capacity to find, access, interoperate, and reuse data with none or minimal human intervention.

Objectives This paper aims to elicit how the ODH framework is compliant with FAIR principles and metrics, providing some thinking guide to investigate and define whether adapted metrics need to be figured out for an effective ODH Intervention setup.

Methods An integrative analysis of the literature was conducted to extract instances of the need—or of the eventual already existing deployment—of FAIR principles, for each of the three layers (keys, perspectives and dimensions) of the ODH framework. The scope was to assess the extent of scatteredness in pursuing the many facets of FAIRness, descending from the lack of a unifying and balanced framework.

Results A first attempt to interpret the different technological components existing in the different layers of the ODH framework, in the light of the FAIR principles, was conducted. Although the mature and working examples of workflows for data FAIRification processes currently retrievable in the literature provided a robust ground to work on, a nonsuitable capacity to fully assess FAIR aspects for highly interconnected scenarios, which the ODH-based ones are, has emerged. Rooms for improvement are anyway possible to timely deal with all the underlying features of topics like the delivery of health care in a syndemic scenario, the digital transformation of human and animal health data, or the digital nature conservation through digital technology-based intervention.

Conclusions ODH pillars account for the availability (findability, accessibility) of human, animal, and environmental data allowing a unified understanding of complex interactions (interoperability) over time (reusability). A vision of integration between these two worlds, under the vest of ODH Interventions featuring FAIRness characteristics, toward the development of a systemic lookup of health and ecology in a digitalized way, is therefore auspicable.
Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of 3-Ethynylcoumarins by a DBU-Promoted Intramolecular Morita–Baylis–Hillman-Type Reaction/Dehydration/Isomerization Cascade
Authors: Dai Shuolu , Gu Xiaoyu , Wang Zhen , Yao Weijun
Published: September 2022

A transition-metal-free synthesis of 3-ethynylcoumarins from salicylaldehyde-derived alkynoates was developed involving a DBU-promoted intramolecular Morita–Baylis–Hillman-type reaction/dehydration/isomerization cascade. A wide variety of alkynoates were employed to deliver 3-ethynylcoumarins in moderate to good yields.
Flexor Tenosynovitis Caused by Neisseria gonorrhea Infection: Case Series, Literature Review, and Treatment Recommendations
Authors: Jain Nirbhay , Saadat Sean , Goldberg Mytien
Published: September 2022

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world and is known to cause disseminated disease, most commonly tenosynovitis. Classically, gonorrhea-associated tenosynovitis presents with concomitant dermatitis and arthralgias, though this is not always the case. N. gonorrhoeae-related tenosynovitis has become more commonly seen by hand surgeons. To aid in management, we present three cases of gonorrhea-induced tenosynovitis spanning a range of presentations with variable treatments to demonstrate the variety of patients with this disease. Only one of our patients had a positive gonococcal screening test and no patient had purulent urethritis, the most common gonorrhea-related symptom. A separate patient had the classic triad of tenosynovitis, dermatitis, and arthralgias. Two patients underwent operative irrigation and debridement, and one was managed with anti-gonococcal antibiotics alone. Though gonorrhea is a rare cause of flexor tenosynovitis, it must always be on the differential for hand surgeons when they encounter this diagnosis. Taking an appropriate sexual history and performing routine screening tests can assist in the diagnosis, the prescription of appropriate antibiotics, and potentially avoiding an unnecessary operation.
Increased Postoperative Pseudosubluxation after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Complication Accelerated by the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sun Daniel C. , Bono James V.
Published: September 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019) has accelerated the utilization of spinal anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty. Subsequently, an increase in postoperative prosthetic subluxation has been noted at our institution. We report on our experience with this complication in six patients. We also reviewed the literature for similar cases and potential risk factors. This complication may be treated by either closed reduction or watchful waiting. However, no modifications to postoperative protocols are necessary.
Integration of Risk Scores and Integration Capability in Electronic Patient Records
Authors: Heider Ann-Kathrin , Mang Harald
Published: September 2022

Background Digital availability of patient data is continuously improving with the increasing implementation of electronic patient records in physician practices. The emergence of digital health data defines new fields of application for data analytics applications, which in turn offer extensive options of using data. Common areas of data analytics applications include decision support, administration, and fraud detection. Risk scores play an important role in compiling algorithms that underlay tools for decision support.

Objectives This study aims to identify the current state of risk score integration and integration capability in electronic patient records for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in German primary care practices.

Methods We developed an evaluation framework to determine the current state of risk score integration and future integration options for four cardiovascular disease risk scores (arriba, Pooled Cohort Equations, QRISK3, and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation) and two diabetes risk scores (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score and German Diabetes Risk Score). We then used this framework to evaluate the integration of risk scores in common practice software solutions by examining the software and inquiring the respective software contact person.

Results Our evaluation showed that the most widely integrated risk score is arriba, as recommended by German medical guidelines. Every software version in our sample provided either an interface to arriba or the option to implement one. Our assessment of integration capability revealed a more nuanced picture. Results on data availability were mixed. Each score contains at least one variable, which requires laboratory diagnostics. Our analysis of data standardization showed that only one score documented all variables in a standardized way.

Conclusion Our assessment revealed that the current state of risk score integration in physician practice software is rather low. Integration capability currently faces some obstacles. Future research should develop a comprehensive framework that considers the reasonable integration of risk scores into practice workflows, disease prevention programs, and the awareness of physicians and patients.
Iontronics: A path towards biomimetic information processing
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: September 2022

Summarizing the accomplishments thus far in iontronics, an emerging field based on sophisticated control of ions as signal carriers
A comprehensive review and outlook on the experimental techniques to investigate the complex dynamics of pulsed laser ablation in liquid for nanoparticle synthesis
Authors: Mehta Kavil , Baruah Prahlad K.
Published: September 2022

Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) has been established as one of the most efficient and impactful methods for producing pure and ligand-free nanoparticles (NPs). PLAL has successfully been utilized for the synthesis of metal NPs, semiconductor NPs, ceramic NPs, and even nanocomposites. A variety of NPs, including core–shell, nanocubes, nanorods, and many other complex structures, can be synthesized using PLAL. The versatility associated with PLAL has led to the synthesis of NPs that have found applications in the field of biomedicine, sensing technology, energy harvesting, and various industries. Despite all the aforementioned advantages, there has been an ambiguity in terms of conditions/parameters for the nanoparticle synthesis as reported by various research groups. This has led to a perception that PLAL provides little or no control over the properties of the synthesized NPs. The properties of the NPs are reliant on transient dynamics caused due to a high-intensity laser’s interaction with the target material. To understand the process of nanoparticle synthesis and to control the properties of NPs, it is critical to understand the various processes that occur during PLAL. The investigation of PLAL is essential for understanding the dynamical processes involved. However, the investigation techniques employed to probe PLAL present their own set of difficulties, as high temporal as well as spatial resolution is a prerequisite to probe PLAL. Hence, the purpose of this Review is to understand the dynamical processes of PLAL and gain an insight into the various investigation techniques and their data interpretation. In addition to the current challenges, some ways of overcoming these challenges are also presented. The benefits of concurrent investigations with special emphasis on the simultaneous investigation by multiple techniques are summarized, and furthermore, a few examples are also provided to help the readers understand how the simultaneous investigation works.
Iontronics: Aqueous ion-based engineering for bioinspired functionalities and applications
Authors: Han Seok Hee , Oh Min-Ah , Chung Taek Dong
Published: September 2022

Iontronics is an artificial platform using ions or molecules as signal carriers in an aqueous environment and is inspired by biological systems and their operating principles. Applications of iontronics have been primarily developed to mimic the characteristics of biological systems or to form seamless biointerfaces for communication. This review provides a comprehensive description of such endeavors in iontronics over the recent decades, as well as demonstrations pertaining to biomimetic nonlinear behaviors and ionic chemical delivery devices. The research highlights and applications are discussed based on the types of charge-selective materials used and their underlying principles. As iontronics is still at the early stage of development and diversification, a brief overview of its historical aspects and origin is first provided, followed by theoretical discussions regarding each iontronic material and its related applications. Finally, the review is concluded with some perspectives regarding future developments of iontronics in relation to natural systems in living organisms.
Low-threshold AlGaN-based UVB VCSELs enabled by post-growth cavity detuning
Authors: Cardinali G. , Hjort F. , Prokop N. , Enslin J. , Cobet M. , Bergmann M. A. , Gustavsson J. , Ciers J. , Häusler I. , Kolbe T. , Wernicke T. , Haglund Å. , Kneissl M.
Published: September 2022

The performance of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is strongly dependent on the spectral detuning between the gain peak and the resonance wavelength. Here, we use angle-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy to investigate the emission properties of AlGaN-based VCSELs emitting in the ultraviolet-B spectral range with different detuning between the photoluminescence peak of the quantum-wells and the resonance wavelength. Accurate setting of the cavity length, and thereby the resonance wavelength, is accomplished by using doping-selective electrochemical etching of AlGaN sacrificial layers for substrate removal combined with deposition of dielectric spacer layers. By matching the resonance wavelength to the quantum-wells photoluminescence peak, a threshold power density of 0.4 MW/cm2 was achieved, and this was possible only for smooth etched surfaces with a root mean square roughness below 2 nm. These results demonstrate the importance of accurate cavity length control and surface smoothness to achieve low-threshold AlGaN-based ultraviolet VCSELs.
Collaborative mechanism of the plume expansion and fluctuations in the near-field under non-flash and flash conditions
Authors: Zhang Huidong , Liu Wenchuan , Tang Jiren , Yan Junhao , Liu Qi , Wang Junxin
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study is to unravel the driving mechanisms behind the plume expansion and fluctuations in the near-field. A collaborative experimental and numerical study was performed under various operating conditions. Spray width in the near-field was quantified using diffused back illumination imaging, and microscopic characteristics were captured by phase Doppler anemometry; the modified models were then used to obtain internal flow patterns. The dominant factors that account for the lateral expanding of the plume are examined, and the thermal factors contribute to the plume expansion under high superheat degree conditions. A new parameter is proposed to describe the lateral spreading variations on various operating conditions for different types of fuel. Aerodynamic and internal flow begins to dominate the spray characteristics when superheat degree is not strong enough. The vortex transport is investigated, functioning as a bridge connecting with the cavitation evolution, gas ingestion, and turbulence characteristics. The connection between distinct spray characteristics and operating parameters, fuel properties, and various internal flow patterns is established, supplementing our knowledge about the optimization of injector geometry and injection strategy.
Rapid mixing of metal atoms ejected in water by pulsed laser ablation of the boundary between jointed Au and Ag target metal plates
Authors: Takeda Yoshihiro , Mafuné Fumitaka
Published: September 2022

We prepared metal alloy nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation of the boundary between jointed target metal plates of Au and Ag in purified water. When the spot size radius of the focused laser on the target was 2.5 mm, separate Au nanoparticles and Ag nanoparticles were mainly observed with slight alloying. In contrast, when the spot size radius was 0.25 mm, the ejected Au and Ag atoms were found to be more mixed, efficiently forming Au and Ag alloy nanoparticles. The mixing distance of Au and Ag atoms was estimated to be ∼0.5 mm. The dynamics of the plasma plume and the cavitation and their interaction with Au and Ag atoms were quite complex. Hence, we assumed that during plasma plume formation and cavitation formation, Au and Ag atoms diffuse in the plasma plume and cavitation as a uniform medium with a maximum temperature and minimum viscosity. It was suggested that the fast mixing of Au and Ag atoms occurred inside the plasma plume, taking the high temperature, several thousand K of the plasma plume into account. Moreover, the mixing was promoted by the overlapping of plasma plumes, which were generated on Au and Ag plates separately, owing to explosive plasma motions. Then, the alloy nanoparticles were formed in the cavitation bubble where Au and Ag atoms were spatially distributed by plasma plumes. The mixing of the atoms in the cavitation bubble was not likely based on the mixing distance.
Enhanced elastodynamic resonance via co-dipole metaclusters
Authors: Touboul Marie , Cotterill Philip A. , Nigro David , Parnell William J.
Published: September 2022

Metamaterials exploit sub-wavelength microstructures to yield novel macroscopic material properties. Recently, the notion of a metacluster has emerged, which is a collection of resonators that interact in order to modify and possibly enhance the resonance. They can also be employed to modify and tune the far-field scattered response. This is particularly important with regard to metamaterial design. In the context of elastodynamics, Cotterill et al. [Proc. R. Soc. A 478(2263), 20220026 (2022)] considered the case of void metaclusters, thus permitting the modification of the so-called giant monopole resonance in elastodynamics. Here, we consider one of the original resonant configurations of metamaterial science in Liu et al. [Science 289, 1734 (2000)]; this structure consists of coated cylinders of circular cross section and gives rise to a strong dipole resonance for sufficiently soft coatings. We consider the nature of the interaction of two such identical resonators in close proximity, which we term the co-dipole metacluster. We show that, contrary to the giant monopole case, the frequency at which the resonance occurs is unchanged as compared to a single resonator. The amplitude of the resonance itself is enhanced significantly, however, by up to 5.7 times the enhancement observed when considering two non-interacting resonators. Furthermore, although the nature of the resonance remains dominated by a dipole response, both the enhancement and the far-field scattered response are now significantly affected by the incidence angle, in contrast to the single resonator.
Variational kinetic clustering of complex networks
Authors: Koskin Vladimir , Kells Adam , Clayton Joe , Hartmann Alexander K. , Annibale Alessia , Rosta Edina
Published: September 2022

Efficiently identifying the most important communities and key transition nodes in weighted and unweighted networks is a prevalent problem in a wide range of disciplines. Here, we focus on the optimal clustering using variational kinetic parameters, linked to Markov processes defined on the underlying networks, namely, the slowest relaxation time and the Kemeny constant. We derive novel relations in terms of mean first passage times for optimizing clustering via the Kemeny constant and show that the optimal clustering boundaries have equal round-trip times to the clusters they separate. We also propose an efficient method that first projects the network nodes onto a 1D reaction coordinate and subsequently performs a variational boundary search using a parallel tempering algorithm, where the variational kinetic parameters act as an energy function to be extremized. We find that maximization of the Kemeny constant is effective in detecting communities, while the slowest relaxation time allows for detection of transition nodes. We demonstrate the validity of our method on several test systems, including synthetic networks generated from the stochastic block model and real world networks (Santa Fe Institute collaboration network, a network of co-purchased political books, and a street network of multiple cities in Luxembourg). Our approach is compared with existing clustering algorithms based on modularity and the robust Perron cluster analysis, and the identified transition nodes are compared with different notions of node centrality.
Choked flow behavior of helium-4 at cryogenic temperature
Authors: Dong Caiqian , Cui Xiaoyu , Liu Shaoshuai , Jiang Zhenhua , Song Jiantang , Wu Yinong , Lu Lihao
Published: September 2022

Physical characteristics of choked helium have a significant impact on heat and mass transfer in helium cryogenic systems. Below the liquid hydrogen temperature region, the choked features of helium are numerically calculated, analyzed, and experimentally validated. Stable, one-dimensional, isentropic flows are assumed in the calculations. To analyze cryogenic helium single-phase and two-phase choked states, the developed algorithm with a mass flux criterion includes homogeneous models and different slip models. At stagnation temperatures ranging from 4 to 20 K and larger stagnation pressures (from 0.02 to 2.3 MPa), the choked parameters (pressure, temperature, sound velocity, mass flux, and critical pressure ratio) are calculated. According to the results of the analysis, two-phase choking occurs when the stagnation pressure is less than 300 kPa and the stagnation temperature is less than 6.0 K. In the experiment, the mass flow rates were tested by varying the inlet pressure and temperature of the micro-orifice (34 μm). The trends of mass fluxes calculated using the homogeneous model well match the experimental data. The reason for the difference between experimental and theoretical values is that the computational model does not account for actual fluid losses (structural impedance) and deviation of the helium physical property assumption in the two-phase region. The present study's findings are expected to improve the understanding of a cryogenic helium choked flow behavior and the limitations of theoretically choked flow models currently used in cryogenic systems.
On the effect of mixing-driven vaporization in a homogeneous relaxation modeling framework
Authors: Guo Hengjie , Torelli Roberto
Published: September 2022

The homogeneous relaxation model (HRM) is one of the most widely used models to describe the liquid–gas phase transition in multiphase flows due to the occurrence of cavitation. However, in its original formulation, the HRM does not account for the presence of ambient gas species, which generally limits its applicability to the injector's internal flow where ambient gases are negligible. In this work, a mixing-driven vaporization (MDV) model was developed to extend the capability of the HRM in handling the mixing effect in the regions external to the nozzle, where vapor–liquid equilibrium for multi-species mixtures of fuel and ambient gas is considered. To assess the model performance, simulations of the Engine Combustion Network's Spray G injector were performed with the HRM and the MDV model under both flash-boiling and evaporating conditions. It was found that the MDV model led to a better match against x-ray measurements of fuel density in the near-nozzle region. In contrast to the HRM, the MDV model was able to reproduce the vaporization process in the mixing zone at the edge of the fuel jet, which aligns with the expected physics. This resulted in substantial differences in the prediction of other flow characteristics such as mixture temperature and pressure. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that evaporation timescales have a considerable effect on the MDV model's predictions, as shown by a parametric study in which a time factor was introduced to mimic the effect of different timescales due to different phase change mechanisms.
Structural and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 thin films grown on isostructural lattice-matched substrates
Authors: Regmi Sudhir , Li Zhong , KC Shambhu , Mahat Rabin , Rastogi Ankur , Datta Ranjan , Gupta Arunava
Published: September 2022

Epitaxial thin films of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) are grown on two isostructural substrates, (001)-oriented MgGa2O4 and ZnGa2O4, using pulsed laser deposition. The substrates have a lattice mismatch of 1.26% and 0.70% with bulk CoFe2O4 (CFO) crystal. We have systematically investigated the structural and magnetic properties of the epitaxial CFO films on these substrates. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy result analysis reveal that the films deposited on spinel ZnGa2O4 are essentially free of defects and are under a small compressive strain, while films on MgGa2O4 show partial strain relaxation along with defect formation. Room temperature magnetization data indicate that CFO grown on ZnGa2O4 substrates have a bulk-like saturation magnetization of 420 emu/cc and a uniaxial substrate-induced anisotropy value of −22.9× 106 erg/cm3 with an anisotropy field as low as 60 kOe.
Structure of molten NaCl and the decay of the pair-correlations
Authors: Zeidler Anita , Salmon Philip S. , Usuki Takeshi , Kohara Shinji , Fischer Henry E. , Wilson Mark
Published: September 2022

The structure of molten NaCl is investigated by combining neutron and x-ray diffraction with molecular dynamics simulations that employed interaction potentials with either rigid or polarizable ions. Special attention is paid to the asymptotic decay of the pair-correlation functions, which is related to the small-k behavior of the partial structure factors, where k denotes the magnitude of the scattering vector. The rigid-ion approach gives access to an effective restricted primitive model in which the anion and cation have equal but opposite charges and are otherwise identical. For this model, the decay of the pair-correlation functions is in qualitative agreement with simple theory. The polarizable ion approach gives a good account of the diffraction results and yields thermodynamic parameters (density, isothermal compressibility, Debye screening length, and heat capacity) in accord with experiment. The longest decay length for the partial pair-distribution functions is a factor of ≃2.5 times greater than the nearest-neighbor distance. The results are commensurate with the decay lengths found for the effective restricted primitive model, which are much shorter than those found in experiments on concentrated electrolytes or ionic liquids using surface force apparatus.
Individual adsorption of low volatility pheromones: Amphiphilic molecules on a clean water–air interface
Authors: Jami L. , Zemb T. , Casas J. , Dufrêche J-F.
Published: September 2022

Environmental conditions can alter olfactory scent and chemical communication among biological species. In particular, odorant molecules interact with aerosols. Thermodynamics variables governing the adsorption from air to water surface of bombykol, the most studied pheromone, and of three derivative molecules, bombykal, bombykoic acid, and bombykyle acetate, are computed by steered and un-biased molecular dynamics in order to compare the role of their polar head group on adsorption on aqueous aerosols. When adsorbed, the molecule center of mass stands at about 1.2 Å from the interface and oscillates on the same length scale, trapped in an energy well. Gibbs energy of adsorption and desorption time of bombykol are found to be 9.2 kBT and 59 µs, respectively. The following ordering between the molecules is observed, reading from the more to the least adsorbed: bombykoic acid > bombykol > bombykoic acetate > bombykal. It originates from a complex interplay of entropy and enthalpy. The entropy and enthalpy of adsorption are discussed in the light of structural arrangement, H-bonding, and hydrophilic tail positioning of the molecules at the interface. Our results show that, when dispersed in the air, pheromones adsorb on aqueous aerosols. However, the individual residence time is quite short on pure water surfaces. Aerosols can, therefore, only have a decisive influence on chemical communication through collective effects or through their chemical composition that is generally more complex than that of a pure water surface.
Focused surface acoustic wave induced nano-oscillator based reservoir computing
Authors: Chowdhury Md. Fahim F. , Misba Walid Al , Rajib Md Mahadi , Edwards Alexander J. , Bhattacharya Dhritiman , Varghese Mathew S. , Friedman Joseph S. , Atulasimha Jayasimha
Published: September 2022

We demonstrate using micromagnetic simulations that a nanomagnet array excited by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can work as a reservoir. An input nanomagnet is excited with focused SAW and coupled to several nanomagnets, seven of which serve as output nanomagnets. To evaluate memory effect and computing capability, we study the short-term memory (STM) and parity check (PC) capacities, respectively. The SAW (4 GHz carrier frequency) amplitude is modulated to provide a sequence of sine and square waves of 100 MHz frequency. The responses of the selected output nanomagnets are processed by reading the envelope of their magnetization states, which is used to train the output weights using the regression method. For classification, a random sequence of 100 square and sine wave samples is used, of which 80% are used for training, and the rest are used for testing. We achieve 100% training and 100% testing accuracy. The average STM and PC are calculated to be ∼4.69 and ∼5.39 bits, respectively, which is indicative of the proposed acoustically driven nanomagnet oscillator array being well suited for physical reservoir computing applications. The energy dissipation is ∼2.5 times lower than a CMOS-based echo-state network. Furthermore, the reservoir is able to accurately predict Mackey-Glass time series up to several time steps ahead. Finally, the ability to use high frequency SAW makes the nanomagnet reservoir scalable to small dimensions, and the ability to modulate the envelope at a lower frequency (100 MHz) adds flexibility to encode different signals beyond the sine/square waves classification and Mackey-Glass predication tasks demonstrated here.
Relating dynamic free volume to cooperative relaxation in a glass-forming polymer composite
Authors: McKenzie-Smith Thomas , Douglas Jack F. , Starr Francis W.
Published: September 2022

There are a variety of complementary descriptions of the temperature dependence of the structural relaxation time τ in glass-forming materials, which we interpret positively as suggesting an underlying unified description. We examine the inter-relation between the string model, an outgrowth of the Adam and Gibbs approach that emphasizes collective particle exchange motion, and the localization model, which emphasizes the volume explored by particles in their caged states, a kind of dynamic “free volume.” Each model of liquid dynamics is described by a limited set of parameters that must be interrelated if both descriptions simultaneously describe the relaxation behavior. We pursue the consequences of this idea by performing coarse-grained molecular simulations of polymer melts with additives of variable size and interaction strength with the polymer matrix, thereby significantly altering the relaxation of the composite material. Both the string and localization models describe our relaxation time data well, and a comparison of the model parameters allows us to relate the local caging scale ⟨u2⟩ (the Debye-Waller parameter) to the entropy of activation for molecular rearrangements in the string model, thereby developing a bridge between these seemingly disparate approaches to liquid dynamics.
Influence of calcium chloride in coal on guar-based foam fracturing fluid rheological property: An experimental study
Authors: Li Mingyang , Huang Qiming , Yan Yuting , Chen Kaipeng
Published: September 2022

To investigate the influence of calcium chloride (CaCl2) in coal seams on the rheological property of a foam fracturing fluid, the guar powder was used as a foam stabilizer, and the anionic and cationic surfactants were used as foaming agents. The impact of CaCl2 concentrations on the foaming volume, half-life, viscosity, and surface tension of foam was investigated. The results show that CaCl2 has a more significant effect on the foaming amount and foam stability of the anionic surfactant-prepared foam. When the concentration of CaCl2 exceeds 0.25%, the viscosity of the base fluid shows a downward trend and gradually tends to a stable level below 10 mPa s. The foam half-life increases as the shape parameter an in the gamma function increases and decreases as the scale parameter b increases. The effect of CaCl2 on the bubble size of the anionic surfactant foam fracturing fluid is significantly greater than that of the cationic surfactant foam fracturing fluid. For coal reservoir foam fracturing, a foaming agent with better CaCl2 compatibility should be employed to reduce the influence of CaCl2 in the formation water on fracturing performance.