bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings by Vanadium Pentoxide, Phosphorous Pentoxide, and Sodium Sulfate
Authors: Mohan Prabhakar , Yuan Biao , Patterson Travis , Desai Vimal H. , Sohn Yongho H.
Published: August 2007

The presence of vanadium, phosphorus, and sodium impurities in petcoke and coal/petcoke blends used in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants warrants a clear understanding of high‐temperature material degradation for the development of fuel‐flexible gas turbines. In this study, degradation reactions of free‐standing air plasma‐sprayed (APS) yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in contact with vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were investigated at temperatures up to 1200°C. Phase transformations and microstructural development were examined using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Molten V2O5 reacted with solid YSZ to form zirconium pyrovanadate (ZrV2O7) at temperatures below 747°C. However, at temperatures above 747°C, molten V2O5 reacted with YSZ to form yttrium vanadate (YVO4). The formation of YVO4 led to the depletion of the Y2O3 stabilizer and deleterious transformation to the monoclinic ZrO2 phase. In addition, studies on YSZ degradation by Na2SO4 and a Na2SO4+V2O5 mixture (50–50 mol%) showed that Na2SO4 itself had no effect on the degradation of YSZ. However, in the presence of V2O5 at high temperatures, Na2SO4 forms vanadate compounds having a lower melting point such as sodium metavanadate (610°C), which was found to degrade YSZ by the formation of YVO4 at a relatively lower temperature of 700°C. P2O5 was found to react with APS YSZ by the formation of zirconium pyrophosphate (ZrP2O7) at all the temperatures studied. At temperatures as low as 200°C and as high as 1200°C, molten P2O5 was observed to react with solid YSZ to yield ZrP2O7, which led to the depletion of ZrO2 in YSZ (i.e., enrichment of Y2O3 in t′‐YSZ) that promoted the formation of the fluorite‐cubic ZrO2 phase.
The Application of Infrared Chemical Imaging to the Detection and Enhancement of Latent Fingerprints: Method Optimization and Further Findings
Authors: Tahtouh Mark , Despland Pauline , Shimmon Ronald , Kalman John R. , Reedy Brian J.
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) chemical imaging allows the collection of fingerprint images from backgrounds that have traditionally posed problems for conventional fingerprint detection methods. In this work, the suitability of this technique for the imaging of fingerprints on a wider range of difficult surfaces (including polymer banknotes, various types of paper, and aluminum drink cans) has been tested. For each new surface, a systematic methodology was employed to optimize settings such as spectral resolution, number of scans, and pixel aggregation in order to reduce collection time and file‐size without compromising spatial resolution and the quality of the final fingerprint image. The imaging of cyanoacrylate‐fumed fingerprints on polymer banknotes has been improved, with shorter collection times for larger image areas. One‐month‐old fingerprints on polymer banknotes have been successfully fumed and imaged. It was also found that FTIR chemical imaging gives high quality images of cyanoacrylate‐fumed fingerprints on aluminum drink cans, regardless of the printed background. Although visible and UV light sources do not yield fingerprint images of the same quality on difficult, nonporous backgrounds, in many cases they can be used to locate a fingerprint prior to higher quality imaging by the FTIR technique. Attempts to acquire FTIR images of fingerprints on paper‐based porous surfaces that had been treated with established reagents such as ninhydrin were all unsuccessful due to the swamping effect of the cellulose constituents of the paper.
Methamphetamine Body Packer: Acute Poisoning Death Due to Massive Leaking of Methamphetamine
Authors: Takekawa Kenichi , Ohmori Takeshi , Kido Akira , Oya Masakazu
Published: August 2007

We encountered three methamphetamine (MA) body packers presenting simultaneously, one of whom died. Three Nigerian men (39, 35, and 37 years old) who attempted to smuggle were found to contain 35 (498 g), 21 (292 g), and 5 packages (73 g) of methamphetamine hydrochloride (MA‐HCl) in their stomachs, respectively. Packages were wrapped with plastic film and Scotch tape. The 39‐year‐old man died with acute poisoning from c. 20 g of MA‐HCl that had leaked from the packages into the stomach. His plasma MA concentration was 8.6 μg/mL when he was hospitalized (17 h before his death). Autopsy findings showed extreme pulmonary congestion and edema as well as moderate hepatic edema and several petechiae. Quantitative analysis was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Extremely high concentrations of MA and its metabolite amphetamine (AP) were found in cardiac blood (63.5 μg/mL and 1.2 μg/mL), urine (4,518 μg/mL and 72.4 μg/mL), gastric contents (8,490 μg/mL and 16.9 μg/mL), and in all other autopsy samples. These high concentrations confirmed that the cause of death was acute MA poisoning. Furthermore, impurity‐profiling analysis of the seized MA revealed that the MA smuggled by the three suspects originated from the same batch.
Performance Characteristics of Commercial Y‐STR Multiplex Systems*
Authors: Mayntz‐Press Kathleen A. , Ballantyne Jack
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  In this work, a number of performance checks were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of commercial Y‐short tandem repeats (Y‐STR) kits for casework applications. The study evaluated the sensitivity, specificity and stability of the Y‐STR markers used and the ability to obtain a male profile from postcoital samples taken at various time points after intercourse. All systems performed well with 1–3 ng of male DNA as recommended by the manufacturers. All systems gave full profiles at 100 pg of input DNA, which is within the realm of low copy number DNA analysis. Moreover all, except Y‐Plex™ 12, gave full profiles with 30–50 pg of male DNA. No increased performance was obtained with any of the systems by increasing the cycle number beyond that recommended by the various manufacturers. When up to 1 μg of female DNA was used (in the absence of male DNA) no female DNA cross reactivity was observed with the Y‐Plex™ 12 and Y‐Filer™ systems. PowerPlex® Y produced female DNA derived products near the DYS438 and within the DYS392 loci at a rare allele position with high input DNA levels (300 ng and 1 μg, respectively). Male/female DNA admixture experiments indicated the particularly high specificity of the Y‐Filer™ and PowerPlex® Y systems under conditions of several thousand fold female DNA excess. All systems were able to detect the minor alleles in male/male DNA admixtures at a 1:5 dilution with the PowerPlex® Y and Y‐Filer™ being able to detect some minor alleles at 1:20. Species testing indicated some limited, minor cross reactivity of the commercial systems with some domestic male mammals although it is easily recognizable and would not pose any problems in casework analysis. As expected a significant number of cross‐reacting products were obtained with nonhuman primate species. All Y‐STR multiplex systems tested were able to produce complete Y‐STR profiles from bloodstains and semen stains exposed up to 6 weeks when the samples were protected against precipitation and sunlight. However, exposure of the samples to precipitation either in the presence or absence of sunlight resulted in Y‐STR profile loss over time, with total profile loss occurring with all systems after 3 weeks or more. Complete Y‐STR profiles of the male donors up to 72 h postcoitus were obtained with all of the multiplex systems tested, except for Y‐Plex™ 12, which gave partial profiles.
Age Estimation by Pulp/Tooth Ratio in Canines by Mesial and Vestibular Peri‐Apical X‐Rays
Authors: Cameriere Roberto , Ferrante Luigi , Belcastro Maria Giovanna , Bonfiglioli Benedetta , Rastelli Elisa , Cingolani Mariano
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Changes in the size of the pulp canal, caused by apposition of secondary dentine, are the best morphometric parameters for estimating age by X‐rays. The apposition of secondary dentine is the most frequently used method for age estimation in adult subjects. In two previous papers, we studied the application of the pulp/tooth area ratio by peri‐apical X‐rays as an indicator of age at death. The aim of the present study was to test the accuracy of age evaluation by combined analysis of labio‐lingual and mesial peri‐apical X‐rays of lower and upper canines. A total of 200 such X‐rays were assembled from 57 male and 43 female skeletons of Caucasian origin, aged between 20 and 79 years. For each skeleton, dental maturity was evaluated by measuring the pulp/tooth area ratio according to labio‐lingual and mesial X‐rays on upper (x1, x2) and lower (x3, x4) canines. Very good agreement was found between intra‐observer measurements. Statistical analysis showed that all variables x1, x2, x3, and x4 and the first‐order interaction between x1 and x3 contributed significantly to the fit, so that they were included in the regression model, yielding the following regression formula:
image

The residual standard error of estimated ages was 3.62 years, with 94 degrees of freedom, and the median of the residuals was −0.155 years, with an interquartile range of 4.96 years. The accuracy of the method was ME = 2.8 years, where ME is the mean prediction error. The model also explained 94% of total variance (R2 = 0.94).
The Rhetoric of Sociological Facts1
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P.
Published: August 2007

To develop inductively a preliminary list of rhetorical tools that sociologists use in their presentation of facts, we examine three general claims that are widely accepted as having been demonstrated empirically in the field of social movements: social networks are necessary for recruitment of new members; individual mental traits do not matter; and political opportunities are necessary for movement emergence. We identify eight rhetorical tools that helped promulgate these claims as facts. We all use techniques like these, but awareness about them can help us evaluate our arguments and find better ways to test them.
Comparison of the effects of travoprost, latanoprost and bimatoprost on ocular circulation: a 6‐month clinical trial
Authors: Koz Ozlem Gurbuz , Ozsoy Arzu , Yarangumeli Alper , Kose S. Kenan , Kural Gulcan
Published: August 2007

Purpose:  To study the effect of three prostaglandin F2‐α (PG) analogues on retrobulbar blood flow velocity in previously untreated patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT), using colour Doppler ultrasound.

Methods:  Sixty newly diagnosed patients with POAG or OHT were randomly assigned to travoprost 0.004% (n = 12 with POAG, n = 8 with OHT), latanoprost 0.005% (n = 11 with POAG, n = 9 with OHT) and bimatoprost 0.03% (n = 13 with POAG, n = 7 with OHT) treatment groups in a double‐masked fashion. At baseline examination, blood pressure, heart rate and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded. Peak‐systolic and end‐diastolic velocities were measured in the ophthalmic (OA), central retinal (CRA) and temporal short posterior ciliary arteries (PCA). The resistive index (RI) and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) were determined for each treatment group. After a treatment period of 6‐months, all procedures were repeated.

Results:  There were no significant differences in age (53 ± 14 years in the travoprost group, 51 ± 14 years in the latanoprost group, 53 ± 11 years in the bimatoprost group), gender (11 men, nine women; 11 men, nine women; 13 men, seven women, by group, respectively), or clinical diagnosis (POAG or OHT) among treatment groups (p > 0.05). A significant decrease in IOP (baseline: 26.4 ± 3.3 mmHg, 26.8 ± 1.3 mmHg, 25.8 ± 1.8 mmHg, respectively; month 6: 20.9 ± 1.9 mmHg, 20.8 ± 2.4 mmHg, 18.3 ± 1.2 mmHg, respectively; p < 0.0001) and an increase in OPP (baseline: 33.7 ± 3.8 mmHg, 33.5 ± 3.2 mmHg, 33.9 ± 2.6 mmHg, respectively; month 6: 40.2 ± 3.5 mmHg, 39.9 ± 3.1 mmHg, 41.7 ± 2.6 mmHg, respectively; p < 0.0001) were verified in all three groups during the study period. Mean baseline RI values for the CRA in the travoprost group and the OA in the latanoprost group were both 0.7 ± 0.1 mmHg and both values were statistically significantly lower at 6 months (0.6 ± 0.1 mmHg in both groups; p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, respectively). In the bimatoprost group there was no statistically significant difference in haemodynamic parameters over the study period (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:  Our results suggest that the three PG analogues significantly reduce IOP and increase OPP in patients with POAG or OHT. Topical travoprost and latanoprost significantly reduce the RI of the CRA and OA, respectively. We were unable to determine any effect of topical bimatoprost on ocular haemodynamics.
Vitrectomy without internal limiting membrane peeling for macular retinoschisis and foveal detachment in highly myopic eyes
Authors: Yeh Shu‐I , Chang Wei‐Chun , Chen Lee‐Jen
Published: August 2007

Purpose:  To report the surgical outcome of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in three highly myopic patients with macular retinoschisis and associated posterior staphyloma.

Methods:  We report three highly myopic patients with macular retinoschisis and foveal detachment who underwent simple PPV without ILM peeling, with long‐acting gas tamponade. Main outcome evaluations included best corrected visual acuity, biomicroscopic appearance and optical coherence tomography findings.

Results:  Pars plana vitrectomy without ILM peeling resulted in anatomic and functional improvement in all three operated eyes for follow‐up periods of ≥ 12 months.

Conclusions:  Pars plana vitrectomy without ILM peeling is effective for treating macular retinoschisis and foveal detachment in highly myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma. Visual and anatomic outcomes are comparable with those in previous studies in which ILM removal was performed.
Computer‐assisted dosage calculation for strabismus therapy in myopic patients
Authors: Koch Martina , Priglinger Siegfried , Hoerantner Robert , Haslwanter Thomas
Published: August 2007

Purpose:  The published dosage recommendations for the surgical correction of horizontal strabismus in non‐myopic patients show large, unexplained differences. For patients with high myopia, the situation becomes even more complex because the increase in the size of the bulb also affects the geometry of the oculomotor muscles. In this study, we wanted to investigate whether computer simulations of the oculomotor plant can be used to find accurate surgical parameters.

Methods:  In a retrospective study, we investigated pre‐ and postoperative strabismus patterns in 13 patients affected by convergent (seven patients) or divergent (six patients) strabismus and high myopia. Postoperative checks were made 1 day, 1 week, 3 months and 1–6 years after the operation. For each patient, we simulated the presurgical strabismus pattern with SEE++ (see ‘Further Information’ for manufacturer details), a biomechanical simulation program of the oculomotor plant. The individual results of the simulations were then compared to the measured postoperative strabismus patterns.

Results:  We found a trend of under‐correction in the postoperative situation, resulting in four patients having a large remaining strabismus angle of more than 5 degrees. The computer simulations were able to reproduce this under‐correction, and suggested an increase in dosage.

Conclusion:  We conclude that realistic biomechanical simulations of the oculomotor plant can predict the postoperative result for myopic patients accurately. The results of the computer simulation correlate well with the postoperative outcome of the patient.
Sveinsson chorioretinal atrophy: the mildest changes are located in the photoreceptor outer segment/retinal pigment epithelium junction
Authors: Jonasson Fridbert , Sander Birgit , Eysteinsson Thor , Jörgensen Thomas , Klintworth Gordon K.
Published: August 2007

Purpose:  To locate the mildest and/or earliest changes in the retina and/or choroid in Sveinsson chorioretinal atrophy (SCRA), using more advanced techniques than previous studies.

Methods:  We used fundus photography, intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) enhanced ocular coherence tomography (OCT) scans, microperimetry and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) in an attempt to locate the mildest changes in SCRA. Eight patients with SCRA were examined. To improve the resolution of OCT scans, several consecutive recorded B‐scans were retrieved for each location of interest. The scans were processed off‐line with an averaging algorithm developed to maximally reduce laser speckle (noise). Static microperimetry was performed using the Rodenstock scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO).

Results:  Biomicroscopy and fundus photographs disclosed an apparent thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the areas minimally affected, where possible changes in the transparent sensory retina were not visible. In minimally affected areas a choriocapillaris filling defect was evident on IVFA, but some choroidal blood vessels remained open. High‐resolution OCT scans in normal eyes showed three highly reflective outer layers, probably representing the junction of the inner and outer photoreceptor segments in the case of the innermost layer, the interdigitizing outer photoreceptors and RPE villi in the case of the middle layer, and the outer RPE in the case of the outermost layer. The middle layer was absent in the transition between affected and unaffected areas in all eyes with SCRA. In the more severely affected areas, the innermost layer was discontinuous and associated with increasing thinning of the outermost layer. Microperimetry of the transition areas sometimes showed clearly defined lesions that were non‐responsive to stimuli. It also revealed elevated thresholds (10–15 dB) at the margins and normal thresholds in apparently unaffected areas.

Conclusions:  The mildest changes seen in SCRA on OCT are found at the outer photoreceptor/RPE junction; the changes in the outer RPE, choriocapillaris and inner photoreceptor segments may be secondary. Corresponding functional deficits are confirmed on microperimetry and mfERG.
Depot antipsychotic medications in bipolar disorder: a review of the literature
Authors: Bond D. J. , Pratoomsri W. , Yatham L. N.
Published: August 2007

Objective:  To review the literature on the efficacy and safety of depot formulations of first‐ and second‐generation antipsychotic medications (FGAs and SGAs) in patients with bipolar disorder.

Method:  We conducted a computer‐aided MEDLINE search using the search terms ‘depot antipsychotic’, ‘bipolar disorder’ and ‘compliance.’

Results:  We identified eight published reports in bipolar patients regarding the use of depot FGAs, and six preliminary reports on the use of depot SGAs. These studies suggest that depots FGAs are efficacious in preventing manic episodes during the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Several studies, however, indicate that depot FGAs may be associated with increased time with depressive symptoms, particularly in patients with a predominantly depressive course of illness. Preliminary data on the role of depot formulations of SGAs suggest that they reduce the frequency of both manic and depressive episodes during maintenance treatment, and are well tolerated by patients.

Conclusion:  After a careful risk–benefit analysis, depot antipsychotics may be considered for the long‐term control of mood episodes in bipolar patients who have relapsed due to medication non‐adherence or who have failed to respond to standard therapies. Depot FGAs should be avoided in patients with a high burden of illness from depressive symptoms and particularly in those judged to be at high risk of suicide. The available data on depot formulations of SGAs indicate that they are efficacious in the maintenance treatment of bipolar illness without increasing the burden of the depressive pole of the illness, but further systematic studies are required to definitively assess this.
Neuropsychological functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Torres I. J. , Boudreau V. G. , Yatham L. N.
Published: August 2007

Objective: Although cognitive deficits are prominent in symptomatic patients with bipolar disorder, the extent and pattern of cognitive impairment in euthymic patients remain uncertain.

Method: Neuropsychological studies comparing euthymic bipolar patients and healthy controls were evaluated. Across studies, effect sizes reflecting patient–control differences in task performance were computed for the 15 most frequently studied cognitive measures in the literature.

Results: Across the broad cognitive domains of attention/processing speed, episodic memory, and executive functioning, medium‐to‐large performance effect size differences were consistently observed between patients and controls, favoring the latter. Deficits were not observed on measures of vocabulary and premorbid IQ.

Conclusion: Meta‐analytic findings provide evidence of a trait‐related neuropsychological deficit in bipolar disorder involving attention/processing speed, memory, and executive function. Findings are discussed with regard to potential moderators, etiologic considerations, limitations, and future directions in neuropsychological research on bipolar disorder.
Toxoplasmosis encephalitis following severe graft‐vs.‐host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: 17 yr experience in Fukuoka BMT group
Authors: Matsuo Yayoi , Takeishi Shoichiro , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Nonami Atsushi , Kikushige Yoshikane , Kunisaki Yuya , Kamezaki Kenjiro , Tu Liping , Hisaeda Hajime , Takenaka Katsuto , Harada Naoki , Kamimura Tomohiko , Ohno Yuju , Eto Tetsuya , Teshima Takanori , Gondo Hisashi , Harada Mine , Nagafuji Koji
Published: August 2007

Toxoplasmosis is a rare but rapidly fatal complication that can occur following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Over a 17‐yr period at our institutions, a definite diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was made in only two of 925 allogeneic HSCT recipients (0.22%) and none of 641 autologous HSCT recipients. These two patients received a conventional conditioning regimen followed by transplantation from an HLA‐matched donor; however, they developed severe graft‐vs.‐host disease, which required intensive immunosuppressive therapy. Despite prophylactic treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, their immunosuppressive state, as indicated by a low CD4+ cell count, might have resulted in toxoplasmosis encephalitis. Rapid and non‐invasive methods such as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test of their cerebrospinal fluid for Toxoplasma gondii and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were useful for providing a definitive diagnosis and prompt therapy in these patients: one patient stabilized and survived after responding to treatment with pyrimethamine/sulfodiazine whereas the other died of bacterial infection. In addition, retrospective PCR analyses of the frozen stored peripheral blood samples disclosed that detection of T. gondii preceded the onset of disease, indicating routine PCR testing of peripheral blood specimens may be an early diagnostic tool. It should be noted that when patients receiving HSCT have an unexplained fever and/or neurological complications, PCR tests should be considered to avoid cerebral lesions and improve the outcome of the patients.
A 9‐yr evaluation of carrier erythrocyte encapsulated adenosine deaminase (ADA) therapy in a patient with adult‐type ADA deficiency
Authors: Bax Bridget E. , Bain Murray D. , Fairbanks Lynette D. , Webster A David B. , Ind Philip W. , Hershfield Michael S. , Chalmers Ronald A.
Published: August 2007

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is an inherited disorder which leads to elevated cellular levels of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) and systemic accumulation of its precursor, 2‐deoxyadenosine. These metabolites impair lymphocyte function, and inactivate S‐adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) respectively, leading to severe immunodeficiency. Enzyme replacement therapy with polyethylene glycol‐conjugated ADA is available, but its efficacy is reduced by anti‐ADA neutralising antibody formation. We report here carrier erythrocyte encapsulated native ADA therapy in an adult‐type ADA deficient patient. Encapsulated enzyme is protected from antigenic responses and therapeutic activities are sustained. ADA‐loaded autologous carrier erythrocytes were prepared using a hypo‐osmotic dialysis procedure. Over a 9‐yr period 225 treatment cycles were administered at 2–3 weekly intervals. Therapeutic efficacy was determined by monitoring immunological and metabolic parameters. After 9 yr of therapy, erythrocyte dATP concentration ranged between 24 and 44 μmol/L (diagnosis, 234) and SAHH activity between 1.69 and 2.29 nmol/h/mg haemoglobin (diagnosis, 0.34). Erythrocyte ADA activities were above the reference range of 40–100 nmol/h/mg haemoglobin (0 at diagnosis). Initial increases in absolute lymphocyte counts were not sustained; however, despite subnormal circulating CD20+ cell numbers, serum immunoglobulin levels were normal. The patient tolerated the treatment well. The frequency of respiratory problems was reduced and the decline in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s and vital capacity reduced compared with the 4 yr preceding carrier erythrocyte therapy. Carrier erythrocyte‐ADA therapy in an adult patient with ADA deficiency was shown to be metabolically and clinically effective.
Tolerance Signaling Molecules and Pregnancy: IDO, Galectins, and the Renaissance of Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Terness Peter , Kallikourdis Marinos , Betz Alexander G , Rabinovich Gabriel A , Saito Shigeru , Clark David A
Published: August 2007

Problem  Is the concept of maternal tolerance preventing rejection of the semi‐allogeneic ‘fetal allograft’ still valid?

Method of study  Compilation of expert reviews of literature and recent advances in research on indoleamine‐2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), regulatory T cells and galectin‐1.

Results and Conclusion  A role for IDO in pregnancy success remains speculative, but solid data exist to support a role for Treg cells, and for galectin‐1 in induction and action of Treg cells. Just as several signals may need to be simultaneously present to induce Th1 cytokine‐triggered abortions, more than 1 signal may need to be simultaneously present to prevent rejection and ensure success. Both complement and coagulation pathways appear necessary for embryo execution.
Antigen‐Presenting Cells and Materno‐Fetal Tolerance: An Emerging Role for Dendritic Cells
Authors: Laskarin Gordana , Kämmerer Ulrike , Rukavina Daniel , Thomson Angus W , Fernandez Nelson , Blois Sandra M
Published: August 2007

During pregnancy, a delicate balance of innate and adaptive immune responses at the maternal–fetal interface promotes survival of the semi‐allogeneic embryo and, at the same time, allows effective immunity to protect the mother from environmental pathogens. As in other tissues, antigen handling and processing in the decidualized endometrium constitutes a primary event in the onset of immune responses and is therefore likely to determine their stimulatory or tolerogenic nature. Maternal antigen‐presenting cells [macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs)] are scattered throughout the decidualized endometrium during all stages of pregnancy and appear to be important players in this feto‐maternal immune adjustment. This review focuses on the characterization of decidual macrophages and DCs, as well as their involvement in cell–cell interactions within the decidual leukocyte network, which are likely to influence uterine and placental homeostasis as well as the local maternal immune responses to the fetus during pregnancy.
Progesterone During Pregnancy: Endocrine–Immune Cross Talk in Mammalian Species and the Role of Stress
Authors: Arck Petra , Hansen Peter J , Mulac Jericevic Biserka , Piccinni Marie‐Pierre , Szekeres‐Bartho Julia
Published: August 2007

Progesterone is critical for the establishment and the maintenance of pregnancy, both by its endocrine and immunological effects. The genomic actions of progesterone are mediated by the intracellular progesterone receptors; A and B. A protein called P‐induced blocking factor (PIBF), by inducing a TH2 dominant cytokine production, mediates the immunological effects of progesterone. Progesterone plays a role in uterine homing of NK cells and up‐regulates HLA‐G gene expression, the ligand for various NK inhibitory receptors. At high concentrations progesterone is a potent inducer of Th2‐type cytokines as well as of LIF and M‐CSF production by T cells. Though a key role for progesterone in creating local immunosuppression has been conserved during the evolution of an epitheliochorial placenta, there has been some divergence in the pattern of endocrine‐immunological cross talk in Bovidae. In sheep, uterine serpin, a progesterone‐induced endometrial protein, mediates the immunosuppressive effects of progesterone. Epidemiological studies suggest the role of stress in premature pregnancy termination and exposure to stress induces abortion in mice via a significant reduction in progesterone levels, accompanied by reduced serum levels of PIBF. These effects are corrected by progesterone supplementation. These findings indicate the significance of a progesterone‐dependent immuno‐modulation in maternal tolerance of the fetus, which is discussed in this review.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptors: New Players in the Field of Reproduction
Authors: Toth Bettina , Hornung Daniela , Scholz Christoph , Djalali Schima , Friese Klaus , Jeschke Udo
Published: August 2007

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPAR) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Synthetic ligands to one family member, PPARγ, are currently widely used as treatment for chronic diseases such as diabetes type II and other insulin resistances, e.g. as seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Moreover, novel approaches employing knock‐out mice demonstrated that PPARγ seems to play a key role in placental and fetal development. This review describes recent insights into the role of PPARs in human reproduction with specific reference to infertility, placental maturation and fetal development as well as disturbed pregnancy. Further, we highlight the current knowledge on synthetic ligands to PPARγ used as a treatment in women with PCOS.
Reduced fear and aggression and altered serotonin metabolism in Gtf2ird1‐targeted mice
Authors: Young E. J. , Lipina T. , Tam E. , Mandel A. , Clapcote S. J. , Bechard A. R. , Chambers J. , Mount H. T. J. , Fletcher P. J. , Roder J. C. , Osborne L. R.
Published: August 2007

The GTF2IRD1 general transcription factor is a candidate for involvement in the varied cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms of the microdeletion disorder, Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS). We show that mice with heterozygous or homozygous disruption of Gtf2ird1 exhibit decreased fear and aggression and increased social behaviors. These findings are reminiscent of the hypersociability and diminished fear of strangers that are hallmarks of WBS. Other core features of WBS, such as increased anxiety and problems with spatial learning were not present in the targeted mice. Investigation of a possible neurochemical basis for the altered behaviors in these mice using high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis showed increased levels of serotonin metabolites in several brain regions, including the amygdala, frontal cortex and parietal cortex. Serotonin levels have previously been implicated in fear and aggression, through modulation of the neural pathway connecting the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. These results suggest that hemizygosity for GTF2IRD1 may play a role in the complex behavioral phenotype seen in patients with WBS, either individually, or in combination with other genes, and that the GTF2I transcription factors may influence fear and social behavior through the alteration of neurochemical pathways.
Individual variability in the stress response of C57BL/6J male mice correlates with trait anxiety
Authors: Jakovcevski M. , Schachner M. , Morellini F.
Published: August 2007

Stress strongly alters the physiology and behavior of some individuals, while others are little or not affected. The causes of this individual variability have remained unknown. Here, we hypothesize that epigenetically induced levels of trait anxiety predict the stress response of individual mice in a genetically homogeneous population. Inbred C57BL/6 male mice were selected for their latency to freely enter from their home cage into an unfamiliar arena and classified as having high or low levels of trait anxiety. Mice were then exposed to acute stress (1‐h olfactory contact with a rat) or control conditions. After 24 h, acute stress enhanced state anxiety measured in the elevated‐plus maze test only in mice previously classified as having high levels of trait anxiety. This anxiogenic effect of acute stress was paralleled by enhanced novelty‐induced plasma corticosterone secretion and increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus. No effects of acute stress were observed in mice classified as having low levels of trait anxiety. Under unstressed control conditions, mice only differed in basal levels of hippocampal mRNA for the glucocorticoid receptor, which were higher in mice with high trait anxiety than in mice with low trait anxiety. In summary, inbred C57BL/6 mice display a remarkably high interindividual variability in their trait anxiety that predicts the behavioral and neuroendocrine response to an acute stressor, indicating that expression of extremely different coping strategies can develop also between genetically identical individuals.
Overexpression of plasminogen activators in the nucleus accumbens enhances cocaine‐, amphetamine‐ and morphine‐induced reward and behavioral sensitization
Authors: Bahi A. , Dreyer J.‐L.
Published: August 2007

Urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) are extracellular proteases that play a role in synaptic plasticity and remodeling. Psychostimulants induce both tPA and uPA in acute and chronic drug delivery, but cocaine induces preferentially uPA, whereas morphine and amphetamine induce preferentially tPA. Specific doxycline‐regulatable lentiviruses expressing these extracellular proteases have been prepared and stereotaxically injected into the nucleus accumbens. We show that tPA‐overexpressing animals show greater locomotor activity and behavioral sensitization upon morphine and amphetamine treatments. These effects could be fully suppressed by doxycycline or when tPA had been silenced using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)‐expressing lentiviruses. Furthermore, animals infected with lentiviruses expressing uPA show enhanced conditional place preference for cocaine compared with tPA‐overexpressing animals. In contrast, tPA‐overexpressing animals when administered amphetamine or morphine showed greater place preference compared with uPA‐overexpressing animals. The effects are suppressed when tPA has been silenced using specific siRNAs‐expressing vectors. Tissue‐type plasminogen activator and uPA possibly induce distinct behaviors, which may be interpreted according to their differential pattern of activation and downstream targets. Taken together, these data add further evidence for a significant function of extracellular proteases tPA and uPA in addiction and suggest a differential role of plasminogen activators in this context.
‘Knowledge Shall be Increased’: Natural Philosophy and Religion in the Early Modern Utopia
Authors: Houston Chloe
Published: August 2007

Recent studies of the Renaissance utopia have focused on the importance of historicising utopia and in particular of considering the influence of contemporary developments in science or natural philosophy on the development of utopianism during the period. This article, having assessed the problem of defining the utopia, surveys some of the most prominent examples of the utopian mode of discourse from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (including those of More, Bacon, Campanella, Andreae and Cavendish). Considering scholarship which illuminates the relationship between utopian writings and the theories and practices of natural knowledge, it reflects on the utopia's abiding interest in spiritual improvement alongside social and scientific reform.
Prevention of ochratoxin A‐induced neural tube defects by folic acid in the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse,Pdn/Pdn
Authors: Katagiri Ryu‐ichi , Kurome Maho , Teshima Yuko , Ueta Etsuko , Naruse Ichiro
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT The gene responsible for the polydactyly/arhinencephaly (Pdn/Pdn) mouse, which exhibits polysyndactyly and arhinencephaly and has a 13.2% risk of neural tube defects (NTD), has been identified asGli3. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a teratogen causing NTD in mice. WhenPdn/Pdnembryos were exposed to 2 mg/kg of OTA on day 7.5, the incidence of NTD inPdn/Pdnfetuses increased to 51.6%. Pre‐treatment with folinic acid (FA), metabolically the most active form of folic acid, before OTA‐treatment decreased the incidence of NTD to 20.8%. We investigated the effect of OTA and FA on gene expression in day 9 embryos using whole‐mountin situhybridization and real‐time PCR. Over‐expression ofFgf8was observed at the anterior neural ridge (ANR) in the non‐treatedPdn/Pdn. Over‐expression at the ANR expanded in the OTA‐treatedPdn/Pdn, and it was ameliorated by pretreatment with FA.Emx2signal was observed in the dorsal forebrain in the non‐treated +/+, but disappeared in the OTA‐treated +/+, and was recovered by FA. TheEmx2signal was pale and the expression amount was depressed in the non‐treated and OTA‐treatedPdn/Pdnembryos. It was suggested that down‐regulation ofGli3induced the over‐expression ofFgf8at the ANR, that OTA treatment accelerated the over‐expression, and that pretreatment with FA ameliorated the OTA‐induced over‐expression ofFgf8in thePdn/Pdn. It was also suggested that down‐regulation ofGli3induced the down‐regulation ofEmx2in thePdn/Pdn. It was further speculated that the over‐expression ofFgf8at the ANR and down‐regulation ofEmx2in the dorsal forebrain may contribute to NTD induction.
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II without the chromosome 8 deletion that resembled metachondromatosis
Authors: Kikuchi Noriaki , Ogino Toshihiko , Kashiwa Hideo , Muragaki Yasuteru
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT  We describe a 5‐year‐old girl with features resembling Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type I (sparse scalp hair, bushy eyebrows, bulbous nose, long philtrum, cone‐shaped epiphyses, clinobrachydactyly, epiphyseal changes in the femoral head and short stature), and appendicular exostoses similar to trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type II. However, despite physical resemblance to the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome variants, cytological analysis showed a structurally normal chromosome 8 and no mental deficiency was apparent. In addition, morphological congruities between multiple exostoses and metachondromatosis was indicated from radiographic findings.
An Exploration of Successful Copreneurial Relationships Postdivorce
Authors: Cole Patricia M. , Johnson Kit
Published: August 2007

It is a commonly held belief that divorce “kills” the family business, especially when copreneurs divorce or separate. Yet there are examples of copreneurs who have successfully continued to work together postdivorce. However, to date, there have been no studies or theories developed regarding successful, postdivorce copreneurs. This grounded theory study examines successful postdivorce copreneurs and proposes a model that can help advisors navigate the many potential pitfalls a divorcing couple can experience. This study finds that copreneurs who have a great deal of trust in one another can continue to work together postdivorce. Emotional connection, compartmentalization, synergy, commitment to the business, and positive gender issues also contribute to the success of the business and the business relationship.
Outcomes from the Aged Care Review
Authors: Hogan Warren P
Published: August 2007

This contribution is about the outcomes from the 2004 report of the review into aged care. The main interest is in the policy responses announced in a policy statement on Sunday, 11 February 2007. There were three elements to the announcement: domiciliary care initiatives involving a relatively greater emphasis on this form of care compared with residential care, a new funding mechanism for residential care and new measures to foster expansion of facilities in ordinary high care. The last‐mentioned drew immediate challenges because of ‘unintended impacts’ of the policy decisions. The unwillingness of the Australian Government to allow use of accommodation bonds in ordinary high care was to be compensated by these measures, but the provisions are grossly inadequate while they have had deleterious consequences for low care.

The intention had been to bring to an end the discussions flowing from the Aged Care Review. Yet, strategic issues bearing upon the implementation of policies to secure efficiencies and quality outcomes in aged care have not been addressed. Issues about future directions in aged care all too familiar in 2002, when the review was inaugurated, remain to be addressed.
Independent living units: Managing and renewing an ageing stock
Authors: McNelis Sean
Published: August 2007

Objectives:  To report on a key challenge (and its implications) that Australian not‐for‐profit organisations face as they manage and renew an ageing stock of independent living units (ILUs) for older people.

Methods:  A national survey of ILU organisations complemented by 28 interviews with ILU managers, peak aged care organisations and government officers, and five workshops with ILU managers.

Results:  ILUs are a policy response to the housing needs of older people with low income and limited assets. However, ILU organisations face significant challenges as the overall condition of ILUs deteriorates, as they seek to meet higher expectations and as they move into a phase of renewal.

Conclusions:  The future of ILU organisations is at a watershed, with many reconsidering their role as providers of ILUs. Any extensive reduction in ILUs will have implications for older people, for public housing providers and for delivery of community care to older renters.
Identification of an osteopontin‐like protein in fish associated with mineral formation
Authors: Fonseca Vera G. , Laizé Vincent , Valente Marta S. , Cancela M. Leonor
Published: August 2007

Fish has been recently recognized as a suitable vertebrate model and represents a promising alternative to mammals for studying mechanisms of tissue mineralization and unravelling specific questions related to vertebrate bone formation. The recently developed Sparus aurata (gilthead seabream) osteoblast‐like cell line VSa16 was used to construct a cDNA subtractive library aimed at the identification of genes associated with fish tissue mineralization. Suppression subtractive hybridization, combined with mirror orientation selection, identified 194 cDNA clones representing 20 different genes up‐regulated during the mineralization of the VSa16 extracellular matrix. One of these genes accounted for 69% of the total number of clones obtained and was later identified as theS. aurata osteopontin‐like gene. The 2138‐bp full‐length S. aurata osteopontin‐like cDNA was shown to encode a 374 amino‐acid protein containing domains and motifs characteristic of osteopontins, such as an integrin receptor‐binding RGD motif, a negatively charged domain and numerous post‐translational modifications (e.g. phosphorylations and glycosylations). The common origin of mammalian osteopontin and fish osteopontin‐like proteins was indicated through an in silico analysis of available sequences showing similar gene and protein structures and was further demonstrated by their specific expression in mineralized tissues and cell cultures. Accordingly, and given its proven association with mineral formation and its characteristic protein domains, we propose that the fish osteopontin‐like protein may play a role in hard tissue mineralization, in a manner similar to osteopontin in higher vertebrates.
Structural properties of semenogelin I
Authors: Malm Johan , Jonsson Magnus , Frohm Birgitta , Linse Sara
Published: August 2007

The zinc‐binding protein semenogelin I is the major structural component of the gelatinous coagulum that is formed in freshly ejaculated semen. Semenogelin I is a rapidly evolving protein with a primary structure that consists of six repetitive units, each comprising approximately 60 amino acid residues. We studied the secondary and tertiary structure of semenogelin I by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and Trp fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Fitting to the far‐UV CD data indicated that the molecule comprises 5–10%α‐helix and 20–30%β‐sheet formations. The far‐UV spectrum of semenogelin I is clearly temperature dependent in the studied range 5–90 °C, and the signal at 222 nm increased with increasing temperature. The presence of Zn2+ did not change the secondary structure revealed by the far‐UV CD spectrum, whereas it did alter the near‐UV CD spectrum, which implies that rearrangements occurred on the tertiary structure level. The conformational change induced in semenogelin I by the binding of Zn2+ may contribute to the ability of this protein to form a gel.
Functional role of Bβ‐chain N‐terminal fragment in the fibrin polymerization process
Authors: Lugovskoy E. V. , Gritsenko P. G. , Kapustianenko L. G. , Kolesnikova I. N. , Chernishov V. I. , Komisarenko S. V.
Published: August 2007

Four mAbs of the IgG1 class to the thrombin‐treated N‐terminal disulfide knot of fibrin, secreted by various hybridomas, have been selected. Epitopes for two mAbs, I‐3C and III‐10d, were situated in human fibrin fragment Bβ15–26, and those for two other mAbs, I‐5G and I‐3B, were in fragment Bβ26–36. Three of these mAbs, I‐5G, I‐3B and III‐10D, as well as their Fab‐fragments, decreased the maximum rate of fibrin desAA and desAABB polymerization up to 90–95% at a molar ratio of mAb (or Fab‐fragment) to fibrin of 1 or 2. The fourth mAb, I‐3C, did not influence the fibrin desAABB polymerization and inhibited by 50% the maximum rate of fibrin desAA polymerization. These results suggest that these mAb inhibitors block a longitudinal fibrin polymerization site. As the mAbs retard both fibrin desAABB and fibrin desAA polymerization, one can conclude that the polymerization site does not coincide with polymerization site ‘B’ (Bβ15–17). To verify this suggestion, the polymerization inhibitory activity of synthetic peptides BβSARGHRPLDKKREEA(12–26), BβLDKKREEA(19–26), BβAPSLRPAPPPI(26–36), BβAPSLRPAPPPISGGGYRARPA(26–46) and BβGYRARPA(40–46), which imitate the various sequences in the N‐terminal region of the fibrin Bβ‐chain, have been investigated. Peptides Bβ12–26 and Bβ26–46, but not Bβ40–46, Bβ19–26, and Bβ26–36, proved to be specific inhibitors of fibrin polymerization. The IC50 values for Bβ12–26 and Bβ26–46 were 2.03 × 10−4 and 2.19 × 10−4 m, respectively. Turbidity and electron microscopy data showed that peptides Bβ12–26 and Bβ26–46 inhibited the fibrin protofibril formation stage of fibrin polymerization. The conclusion was drawn that fibrin fragment Bβ12–46 took part in fibrin protofibril formation simultaneously with site ‘A’ (Aα17–19) prior to removal of fibrinopeptide B. A model of the intermolecular connection between fragment Bβ12–46 of one fibrin desAA molecule and the D‐domain of another has been constructed.