bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of COVID‐19 phobia and the feeling of loneliness in the geriatric age group
Authors: Cihan Fatma G. , Gökgöz Durmaz Funda
Published: February 2021

Objective

Social isolation and quarantine are unusual precautions taken all over the world against the COVID‐19 pandemic. Some legal sanctions were made in order to protect vulnerable age groups such as the geriatric population, to make them stay at home. These measures, which are vital for pandemic management, have negative psychological effects on elderly individuals. The aim of this study was to reveal how pandemic process affected individuals over 65 years old psychosocially.

Materials and methods

Socio‐demographic characteristics questionnaire, the COVID‐19 Phobia Scale (C19P‐S) and the Loneliness Scale for the Elderly individuals were used. Descriptive analysis, Mann‐Whitney U‐test, Kruskal‐Wallis test, Pearson correlation analysis were performed for data analysis.

Results

A total of 130 elderly people (80 women, 50 men) were included in the study. Of the participants, 61.5% were women, 67.7% were married and mean age was 71.53 ± 5.57 (min. 65‐max. 87) years old. The C19P‐S scores were significantly higher in women, singles, people living alone, those living in an apartment, and those with higher economic and educational level (P = .001). There was a strong positive correlation between age and total loneliness score. Loneliness scores were significantly higher in singles, those with higher levels of education and income, those who live alone, who was a relative of a healthcare worker, and whose relatives were infected with COVID‐19 (P < .05).

Conclusion

Our study revealed that elderly individuals, who have to comply with social isolation rules, have increased fear and loneliness due to coronavirus. Considering this situation, timely psychological treatment and social support measures should be taken.
The stratum corneum water content and natural moisturization factor composition evolve with age and depend on body site
Authors: Boireau‐Adamezyk Elise , Baillet‐Guffroy Arlette , Stamatas Georgios N.
Published: February 2021

Background

The study objective was to examine if age and chronic environmental exposure affect the water content and the composition of the natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) of the stratum corneum (SC).

Methods

Forty healthy Caucasian women 18‐70 years of age were recruited. Measurements were done on the cheek and on two skin sites on the arm (one relatively protected and one exposed to environmental factors). SC water content and NMF composition were measured by Raman confocal microspectroscopy.

Results

The SC water content was gradually reduced with age, reaching statistically significant levels only on the exposed arm site. The SC water content remained higher on the face than on the two arm sites throughout the ages tested. The age‐dependent concentration changes of various amino acids were species‐specific, potentially indicating different protein sources. Interestingly, on the arm sites, the sum of decreasing amino acid concentrations is compensated by the sum of those increasing, resulting in constant total amino acid content. However, on the face, the total amino acid content statistically increased with age potentially relating to the declining cell turnover rates. The lactate content was higher on the face for all ages and statistically decreased on both arm sites.

Conclusion

Both chronological aging and chronic exposure to environmental factors mildly affect SC hydration, while they have variable effects in the concentrations of NMF components. The dynamics of NMF composition may at least partially explain the age‐related changes in SC hydration.
BSHI guideline: HLA matching and donor selection for haematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation
Authors: Little Ann‐Margaret , Akbarzad‐Yousefi Arash , Anand Arthi , Diaz Burlinson Natalia , Dunn Paul P. J. , Evseeva Irina , Latham Katy , Poulton Kay , Railton Dawn , Vivers Sharon , Wright Paul A.
Published: February 2021

A review of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (BSHI) Guideline ‘HLA matching and donor selection for haematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation’ published in 2016 was undertaken by a BSHI appointed writing committee. Literature searches were performed and the data extracted were presented as recommendations according to the GRADE nomenclature.
The impact of emotions on stereotyping in workplace selection: The role of certainty appraisals
Authors: Benkendorf Daniel L. , Sommer Kristin L.
Published: February 2021

An appraisal tendency approach was adopted to explore the influence of emotional certainty on stereotyping and judgment in a workplace context. Across two studies, participants completed an emotional memory task designed to induce emotions representing two different levels of emotional certainty (certain versus uncertain). They then reviewed interview footage, a résumé, and qualifying criteria before rating a hypothetical job candidate’s personality and employability. Study 1 revealed that emotions high in certainty (compared to uncertainty) led to more favorable personality and employability ratings for attractive compared to unattractive candidates. Study 2 produced the same pattern of results for younger (compared to older) candidates. We conclude that certainty appraisals associated with temporary, incidental emotions are a useful predictor of the likelihood that stereotypes will be applied during decision making.
Long‐term clinical outcomes of cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias
Authors: Barwad Parag , Sinkar Kunal , Bachani Neeta , Shah Rushil , Shah Vihang , Kumar Binay , Bhoskar Shrikant , Desai Neeraj , Lokhandwala Yash
Published: February 2021

Background

Cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) is a useful therapeutic option in patients with structural heart disease (SHD) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) who are otherwise refractory to standard antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy or catheter ablation (CA). In this study, we sought to retrospectively analyze the long‐term outcomes of CSD in patients with refractory VT and/or VT storm with a majority of the patients being taken up for CSD ahead of CA.

Methods

We included consecutive patients with SHD who underwent CBD from 2010 to 2019 owing to refractory VT. A complete response to CSD was defined as a greater than 75% reduction in the frequency of ICD shocks for VT.

Results

A total of 65 patients (50 male, 15 female) were included. The underlying VT substrate was ischemic heart disease (IHD) in 30 (46.2%) patients while the remaining 35 (53.8%) patients had other nonischemic causes. The mean duration of follow‐up was 27 ± 24 months. A complete response to CSD was achieved in 47 (72.3%) patients. There was a significant decline in the number of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) or external defibrillator shocks post‐CSD (24 ± 37 vs. 2 ± 4, p < .01). Freedom from a combined endpoint of ICD shock or death at 2 years was 51.5%. An advanced New York Heart Association class (III and IV) was the only parameter found to be associated with this combined endpoint.

Conclusion

The current retrospective analysis re‐emphasizes the role of surgical CSD and explores its role ahead of CA in the treatment of patients with refractory VT or VT storm.
The role of insect pollinators in avocado production: A global review
Authors: Dymond Keira , Celis‐Diez Juan L. , Potts Simon G. , Howlett Brad G. , Willcox Bryony K. , Garratt Michael P. D.
Published: February 2021

Insect pollination increases the yield and quality of many crops and therefore, understanding the role of insect pollinators in crop production is necessary to sustainably increase yields. Avocado Persea americana benefits from insect pollination, however, a better understanding of the role of pollinators and their contribution to the production of this globally important crop is needed. In this study, we carried out a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis of studies investigating the pollination ecology of avocado to answer the following questions: (a) Are there any research gaps in terms of geographic location or scientific focus? (b) What is the effect of insect pollinators on avocado pollination and production? (c) Which pollinators are the most abundant and effective and how does this vary across location? (d) How can insect pollination be improved for higher yields? (e) What are the current evidence gaps and what should be the focus of future research? Research from many regions of the globe has been published, however, results showed that there is limited information from key avocado producing countries such as Mexico and the Dominican Republic. In most studies, insects were shown to contribute greatly to pollination, fruit set and yield. Honeybees Apis mellifera were important pollinators in many regions due to their efficiency and high abundance, however, many wild pollinators also visited avocado flowers and were the most frequent visitors in over 50% of studies. This study also highlighted the effectiveness of stingless bees (Meliponini) and blow flies (Calliphoridae) as avocado pollinators although, for the majority of flower visitors, there is a lack of data on pollinator efficiency. For optimal yields, growers should ensure a sufficient abundance of pollinators in their orchards either through increasing honeybee hive density or, for a more sustainable approach, by managing wild pollinators through practices that protect or promote natural habitat.
Evaluation of clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma conforming to the Milan criteria: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of recent randomized controlled trials
Authors: Jia Zhe , Zhang Haitao , Li Ning
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim

The few systematic reviews that have compared surgical resection (SR) with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) indicated that hepatectomy was superior to RFA in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) irrespective of overall survival (OS) or disease‐free survival (DFS). However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are scarce; therefore, there is a lack of robust evidence on the optimal first‐line treatment for HCC patients. The purpose of this study was to include all current RCT studies to compare the clinical efficacy between RFA and SR in patients with HCC who meet the Milan criteria using meta‐analysis techniques.

Methods

We conducted thorough searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Knowledge, FDA.gov, and ClinicalTrials.gov for comparative studies (published between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2019; no language restrictions) of RFA and SR. The main endpoints were OS, DFS, and postoperative complications. Only randomized clinical trials were included. The odds ratios (OR) were pooled and calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for both fixed effects and random effects models.

Results

Eight studies comparing RFA and SR were identified, which included 1177 patients treated with RFA (n = 571) or SR (n = 606). The OR values for patients treated with RFA and SR at 1, 3, and 5 years were OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.45–1.38; OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.56–1.19; and OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.61–1.73, respectively. The OS between the two treatments was not significantly different. The 1‐year DFS rates resulting from the two treatments were not statistically different (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.63–1.21). Similarly, according to long‐term DFS rates for SR compared with RFA, although the OR value was less than 1, there was no statistical significance (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.58–1.07). However, it is worth noting that RFA has advantages over SR in terms of treatment‐related complications (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44–0.80; P < 0.05), postoperative mortality, length of stay, and hospitalization costs.

Conclusion

For patients with HCC who meet the Milan criteria, RFA exhibited similar clinical efficacy to SR. However, RFA was superior to SR in terms of minor trauma and may be recommended as the first choice for tumors ≤ 4 cm in diameter.
Integrated Physicality and the Absence of God: Spiritual Technologies in Theological Context
Authors: Ritchie Sarah Lane
Published: February 2021

Why do some people effortlessly experience God and others do not, no matter how much they may desire to? In the Christian tradition, there are different answers to this question. Some have seen this as a result of the Fall, election, or as Sarah Coakley argues, the result of God’s ‘dark intimacy’. Could the fact that human experiences turn out to be, at least partly, within our own control help us choose among these theories of the hiddenness of God, or even pose an alternative account? Human experience and belief are embodied and as such are conditioned by intentional practices: for example, in daily prayer, liturgy, ritual, and charismatic activities. Research in cognitive science of religion and neurobiology suggests that the brain is essentially malleable, constantly changing in response to lived experience. This article argues for the possibility of using scientifically‐informed tools to work with psychological and neurobiological realities to provide a deeper understanding of the cooperative, participatory nature of our embodied human engagement with Divine presence and absence.
Characterizing multi‐word speech production using event‐related potentials
Authors: Ries Stephanie K. , Pinet Svetlana , Nozari N. Bonnie , Knight Robert T.
Published: February 2021

Event‐related potentials (ERPs) derived from electroencephalography (EEG) have proven useful for understanding linguistic processes during language perception and production. Words are commonly produced in sequences, yet most ERP studies have used single‐word experimental designs. Single‐word designs reduce potential ERP overlap in word sequence production. However, word sequence production engages brain mechanisms in different ways than single word production. In particular, speech monitoring and planning mechanisms are more engaged than for single words since several words must be produced in a short period of time. This study evaluates the feasibility of recording ERP components in the context of word sequence production, and whether separate components could be isolated for each word. Scalp EEG data were acquired, while participants recited word sequences from memory at a regular pace, using a tongue‐twister paradigm. The results revealed fronto‐central error‐related negativity, previously associated with speech monitoring, which could be distinguished for each word. Its peak amplitude was sensitive to Cycle and Phonological Similarity. However, an effect of sequential production was also observable on baseline measures, indicating baseline shifts throughout the word sequence due to concurrent sustained medial‐frontal EEG activity. We also report a late left anterior negativity (LLAN), associated with verbal response planning and execution, onsetting around 100 ms before the first word in each cycle and sustained throughout the rest of the cycle. This work underlines the importance of considering the contribution of transient and sustained EEG activity on ERPs, and provides evidence that ERPs can be used to study sequential word production.
Applications of carbon nanotubes and polymeric micro‐/nanoparticles in fish vaccine delivery: progress and future perspectives
Authors: Giri Sib Sankar , Kim Sang Guen , Kang Jeong Woo , Kim Sang Wha , Kwon Jun , Lee Sung Bin , Jung Won Joon , Park Se Chang
Published: February 2021

Newly evolving strains of pathogenic microorganisms in aquaculture are posing formidable challenge in controlling and/or eradication of diseases affecting aquaculture. Many research studies have aimed to address this challenge, and the delivery of vaccines using biocompatible nano‐delivery systems is widely investigated. Nanoparticles (NPs) have tremendous potential for application as delivery vehicles of novel vaccines. At present, various polymeric and non‐polymeric NPs are utilized to deliver vaccines in aquatic species. This review comprehensively discusses recent research advancements in the utilization of carbon nanotubes and polymeric micro‐/nanoparticles for the delivery of drug/nutrients to control fish diseases. Further, this review compares the potentials of various vaccine delivery systems utilized to control fish pathogens. The necessity of non‐toxic and eco‐friendly strategies for aquaculture has also been emphasized in this review.
High‐speed centrifugation of extender of freeze‐thaw boar semen
Authors: de Brito Camila R. C. , Varela Junior Antonio Sergio , Gheller Stela Mari M. , Acosta Izani B. , Anciuti Andreia N. , Gatti Norton Luiz S. , Silva Edenara A. , Knabah Nathalia W. , Corcini Carine D.
Published: February 2021

In semen cryopreservation, egg yolk is still widely used as a non‐penetrating cryoprotectant. Much has been developed in the search for alternatives for this biological product. This work aimed to evaluate the processed egg yolk through ultracentrifugation and/or sonication in the cryopreservation of swine semen. Twenty‐seven semen doses were purchased from a commercial boar stud and processed for cryopreservation using egg yolk lactose 11% (control) extender, processed using two different methods: high‐speed centrifugation and sonication. Then, they were submitted to freeze‐thawing protocol and were assessed for kinematic and cell structural parameters. Samples in which extenders underwent centrifugation had better results in velocity parameters, meanwhile those that only sonication was performed had poorest results in this parameter. The preservation of the membrane and mitochondria structure had better results when the diluent was only centrifuged in comparison with the other treatments. Therefore, centrifugation of extender containing egg yolk is important for better cryopreservation of swine semen.
Educational growth: An analysis of distribution among Brazilian municipalities
Authors: Fujita Laura Desirée Vernier , Bagolin Izete Pengo
Published: February 2021

This study analyzes the distribution of education in terms of quality and quantity in Brazilian municipalities during the first decade of 2000 to investigate how educational improvement was distributed to municipalities with different levels of income and education. Given the considerable educational heterogeneity and the lack of studies at the municipal level, the aim is to contribute to this debate by (1) applying the pro‐poor growth measurement methodology to indicators of educational quantity and quality (2) using the Brazilian municipalities as units of analysis, and (3) conducting estimations using the Growth Incidence Curve. The results indicate that there was an improvement in the quantity and quality of education and that, on average, educational growth can be considered pro‐poor.
An appreciation of Professor Stephan Klasen and his contribution to development economics
Authors: Kan Sophia , Lange Simon
Published: February 2021

Stephan Klasen, one of the world's leading development economists, passed away on October 27, 2020. We reflect on his life's work as an exemplary scholar, his relentless quest to improve development policy, and his legacy as a mentor and source of inspiration to his students.
The HLA‐A*02:954 allele identified in a volunteer donor for hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Baek In‐Cheol , Choi Eun‐Jeong , Shin Dong‐Hwan , Kim Hyoung‐Jae , Kim Tai‐Gyu
Published: February 2021

HLA‐A*02:954 differs from HLA‐A*02:06:01:01 in codon 82 in exon 2.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DPB1*1151:01 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Cargou Marine , Rouzaire Paul , Elsermans Vincent , Guidicelli Gwendaline , Visentin Jonathan
Published: February 2021

HLA‐DPB1*1151:01 differs from HLA‐DPB1*01:01:01:01 by the deletion of codon 219 in exon 4.
Potential roles of mesenchymal stromal cells in islet allo‐ and xenotransplantation for type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Qu Zepeng , Lou Qi , Cooper David K. C. , Pu Zuhui , Lu Ying , Chen Jiao , Ni Yong , Zhan Yongqiang , Chen Jun , Li Zhenjie , Zhan Naiyang , Zeng Yi , Tu Ziwei , Cao Huayi , Dai Yifan , Cai Zhiming , Mou Lisha
Published: February 2021

Islet transplantation is poised to play an important role in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, there are several challenges limiting its widespread use, including the instant blood‐mediated inflammatory reaction, hypoxic/ischemic injury, and the immune response. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are known to exert regenerative, immunoregulatory, angiogenic, and metabolic properties. Here, we review recent reports on the application of MSCs in islet allo‐ and xenotransplantation. We also document the clinical trials that have been undertaken or are currently underway, relating to the co‐transplantation of islets and MSCs. Increasing evidence indicates that co‐transplantation of MSCs prolongs islet graft survival by locally secreted protective factors that reduce immune reactivity and promote vascularization, cell survival, and regeneration. MSC therapy may be a promising option for islet transplantation in patients with T1DM.
Junctophilin‐4 facilitates inflammatory signalling at plasma membrane‐endoplasmic reticulum junctions in sensory neurons
Authors: Hogea Alexandra , Shah Shihab , Jones Frederick , Carver Chase M. , Hao Han , Liang Ce , Huang Dongyang , Du Xiaona , Gamper Nikita
Published: February 2021

Key points

Rat somatosensory neurons express a junctional protein, junctophilin‐4 (JPH4)

JPH4 is necessary for the formation of store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) complex at the junctions between plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum in these neurons.

Knockdown of JPH4 impairs endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store refill and junctional Ca2+ signalling in sensory neurons.

In vivo knockdown of JPH4 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons significantly attenuated experimentally induced inflammatory pain in rats.

Junctional nanodomain Ca2+ signalling maintained by JPH4 is an important contributor to the inflammatory pain mechanisms.

Junctions of endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane (ER‐PM junctions) form signalling nanodomains in eukaryotic cells. ER‐PM junctions are present in peripheral sensory neurons and are important for the fidelity of G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling. Yet little is known about the assembly, maintenance and physiological role of these junctions in somatosensory transduction. Using fluorescence imaging, proximity ligation, super‐resolution microscopy, in vitro and in vivo gene knockdown we demonstrate that a member of the junctophilin protein family, junctophilin‐4 (JPH4), is necessary for the formation of store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) complex at the ER‐PM junctions in rat somatosensory neurons. Thus we show that JPH4 localises to the ER‐PM junctional areas and co‐clusters with SOCE proteins STIM1 and Orai1 upon ER Ca2+ store depletion. Knockdown of JPH4 impairs SOCE and ER Ca2+ store refill in sensory neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate a key role of the JPH4 and junctional nanodomain Ca2+ signalling in the pain‐like response induced by the inflammatory mediator bradykinin. Indeed, an in vivo knockdown of JPH4 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons significantly shortened the duration of nocifensive behaviour induced by hindpaw injection of bradykinin in rats. Since the ER supplies Ca2+ for the excitatory action of multiple inflammatory mediators, we suggest that junctional nanodomain Ca2+ signalling maintained by JPH4 is an important contributor to the inflammatory pain mechanisms.
Electric Power Transfer Concept for Enhanced Performance of the More Electric Engine
Authors: Balaghi Enalou Hossein , Bozhko Serhiy
Published: February 2021

In future electrified aircraft, multispool more electric engines (MEEs) are expected to be equipped with electric generators connected to each shaft for power offtake and supplying onboard electrical loads. These can be interfaced to a common high-voltage DC bus architecture via power electronic converters. Such system architecture enables the establishment of an “electrical bridge” to circulate the desired amount of power between the engine shafts, and decouple their speeds. This paper introduces the possible benefits from the electric power transfer (EPT) for engine performance and scrutinizes a novel EPT-adopted design (EPTAD) for future MEEs. For this purpose, a zero-dimensional (0D) engine model has been developed by using the intercomponent-volume (ICV) method. By using the engine model, the CFM56-3 engine is redesigned to realize the EPTAD. Comparing the simulation results for the EPTAD and baseline CFM56-3 engines shows significant improvement for engine performance in terms of specific fuel consumption (SFC) and surge margin (SM), mainly at cruise (CR) condition. Results show that almost 3.2% and 2.2% of fuel burn reduction is achieved for the short- and medium-haul flights, respectively, with a 1150 kW EPT system. It is also shown that variable bleed valves (VBVs) can be eliminated in the EPTAD engine with a 1150 kW EPT system.
Effects of electrochemical potentiostatic activation on carrier transport in AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes
Authors: Kim Dong Yeong , Kang Hyunwoong , Lee Koh Eun , Choi Rak Jun , Lee June Key , Cho Jaehee
Published: February 2021

Electrochemical potentiostatic activation (EPA) is applied to AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The effects of EPA on DUV LEDs are disclosed by analyzing the temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics. EPA-treated DUV LEDs show improved electrical optical properties with suppressed forward leakage currents, reduced operation voltages, smaller ideality factors, and enhanced light emission compared to the reference device. EPA treatment yields distinct differences in carrier conduction across the p-AlGaN layer. The limited conductivity of the p-AlGaN layer in a DUV LED causes space-charge-limited (SCL)-like conduction behavior in the voltage regime far exceeding the turn-on voltage. EPA treatment alleviates the SCL-like conduction, which infers the improved conductivity of the p-AlGaN layer. In the same vein, the occurrence of high-level injection is retarded in the EPA-treated device, which is also consistent with enhanced conductivity of the p-AlGaN layer that mitigates asymmetry between n- and p-type conductivities of a DUV LED. Thus, the improved performance of AlGaN-based DUV LED is attributed to the promoted charge transport, which is enabled by the EPA-induced enhanced p-type conductivity.
Does Preoperative Pain Catastrophizing Influence Objectively Measured Physical Activity Before and After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Birch Sara , Bæk Hansen Torben , Stilling Maiken , Mechlenburg Inger
Published: February 2021

Background: Pain catastrophizing is associated with pain both before and after a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, it remains uncertain whether pain catastrophizing affects physical activity (PA). The aim was to examine the influence of pain catastrophizing on the PA profile, knee function, and muscle mass before and after a TKA.Methods: The authors included 58 patients with knee osteoarthritis scheduled for TKA. Twenty-nine patients had a score >22 on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and 29 patients had a score <11. PA was measured with a triaxial accelerometer preoperative, 3 months, and 12 months after TKA. Other outcome measures consisted of the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans.Results: The authors found no difference in PA between patients with a better/low or a worse/high score on the PCS, and none of the groups increased their mean number of steps/day from preoperative to 12 months postoperative. Patients with better/low PCS scores had higher/better preoperative scores on the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales (symptoms, pain, and activity of daily living), and they walked longer in the 6-min walk test. Further, they had lower body mass index, lower percent fat mass, and higher percent muscle mass than patients with worse/high PCS scores both before and after a TKA.Conclusion: Preoperative pain catastrophizing did not influence PA before or after a TKA. Although the patients improved substantially in self-reported knee function, their PA did not increase. This may be important to consider when the clinicians are informing the patients about the expected benefits from the operation.
Response to Comment on “Structural evidence for a dynamic metallocofactor during N
2
reduction by Mo-nitrogenase”
Authors: Kang Wonchull , Lee Chi Chung , Jasniewski Andrew J. , Ribbe Markus W. , Hu Yilin
Published: February 2021

Peters
et al
. comment on our report of the dynamic structure of the nitrogenase metallocofactor during N
2
reduction. Their claim that their independent structural refinement and consideration of biochemical data contradict our finding is incorrect and is strongly refuted by our biochemical and structural data that collectively and conclusively point to the binding of dinitrogen species to the nitrogenase cofactor.
Orogenic quiescence in Earth’s middle age
Authors: Tang Ming , Chu Xu , Hao Jihua , Shen Bing
Published: February 2021

A boring billion for mountains

Earth's crust has changed over time as supercontinents formed and broke apart. Tied into this cycle are the building and erosion of high mountains, which are tied to collisions between tectonic plates. Tang
et al.
use europium anomalies in zircons to estimate the mean thickness of crust over Earth's history. This proxy shows that mountain building has not always been as active as it is today or as it was very early in Earth's history. Mountain building, and the subsequent erosion, was less intense for about a billion years, roughly correlated with a so-called “boring billion” period of biological evolution.

Science
, this issue p.
728
Catalytic asymmetric and stereodivergent oligonucleotide synthesis
Authors: Featherston Aaron L. , Kwon Yongseok , Pompeo Matthew M. , Engl Oliver D. , Leahy David K. , Miller Scott J.
Published: February 2021

A P catalyst for stereogenic P(III)

Phosphodiesters, the key linkage in DNA, RNA, and bioactive oligonucleotide and cyclic nucleotides, are typically synthesized from phosphoramidite precursors. Phosphorothioate linkages, which are more stable, can also be produced this way but have the complication of chirality at the P center, which is synthetically problematic, especially for multiple linkages. Featherston
et al.
found that two different chiral phosphoric acid catalysts provide stereodivergent synthesis of a stereogenic phosphite intermediate that can be oxidatively modified to the desired stereopure nucleotide derivative. They used this approach in the synthesis of a phosphorothioate derivative of the cyclic dinucleotide 2′,3′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate, which is an important human immune signaling molecule.

Science
, this issue p.
702
Tidying up the mess
Authors: Liu Yu , Ibáñez Maria
Published: February 2021

Cadmium doping improves the thermoelectric properties of AgSbTe
2
through ordering effects
Speedy galaxy evolution
Authors: Wardlow Julie
Published: February 2021

Mature features are detected in an early galaxy
Monitoring change
Authors: Thorp H. Holden
Published: February 2021

The
Science
family of journals is launching a number of new initiatives related to our editorial policies. We now have a web page listing several important metrics for scientific journals (
www.sciencemag.org/journal-metrics
). This information will be updated at the end of each year with new data.
Accuracy of Molecular Amplification Assays for Diagnosis of Staphylococcal Pneumonia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Ke , Ahmed Sarfraz , Sun Changfeng , Sheng Yun-Jian , Wu Gang , Deng Cun-Liang , Ojha Suvash Chandra
Published: February 2021

Rapid and accurate identification of staphylococcal pneumonia is crucial for effective antimicrobial stewardship. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic value of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples from suspected pneumonia patients to avoid superfluous empirical methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) treatment. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library Database were searched from inception to 2 September 2020.
Contributions of the Human Cytomegalovirus U
L
30-Associated Open Reading Frames to Infection
Authors: Monaghan Morgan , Munger Joshua
Published: February 2021

Viral genes and their products are the critical determinants of viral infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes many gene products whose roles during viral infection have not been assessed. Elucidation of the contributions that various HCMV gene products make to infection provides insight into the infectious program, which could potentially be used to limit HCMV-associated morbidity, a major issue during congenital infection and in immunosuppressed populations.
Anterior chamber tap cytology in acute postoperative endophthalmitis: a case–control study
Authors: Leveziel Loic , Knoeri Juliette , Errera Marie-Helene , Kobal Alfred , Fardeau Christine , Bouheraoua Nacim , Sahel José Alain , Baudouin Christophe , Nordmann Jean-Philippe , Baudouin Françoise , Merabet Lilia , Borderie Vincent
Published: February 2021

Aims

To determine anterior chamber tap cytology characteristics in acute postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis.

Methods

488 eyes of 488 patients were included in this retrospective case–control study. The study group included 93 eyes with bacteriologically documented endophthalmitis and 85 eyes with clinical endophthalmitis. The control group included 33 eyes with non-infectious postoperative inflammation, 116 eyes with acute uveitis and 161 cataract surgery eyes with no ocular inflammation. Cytological analysis, direct examination and microbiological cultures were performed in aqueous humour (AqH) samples. Inclusion criteria for the study group were the following: suspected endophthalmitis within 30 days following cataract surgery by phacoemulsification, secondary lens implantation, pars plana vitrectomy or intravitreal injection; best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) <20/400; hypopyon or cyclitic membrane; absence of visibility of the retina; vitritis at a slit-lamp examination or in ultrasound B-scan.

Results

Cell line counts (mainly polymorphonuclear neutrophils) were significantly higher in the two endophthalmitis study subgroups than in the three control subgroups. The study group showed a predominance of polymorphonuclear neutrophils as opposed to the three control subgroups including uveitis (p<0.00001). The best sensitivity/specificity was obtained using a polymorphonuclear neutrophil threshold of 10 per field (sensitivity, 0.90; specificity, 0.75). The sensitivity of the bacterial culture was 32% in the AqH. High neutrophil count was associated with poorer initial BCVA (rs=0.62; p<0.00001) and higher risk of retinal detachment during (p=0.04) and after (p<0.001) hospitalisation.

Conclusion

Anterior chamber tap cytology is a quick and accessible tool complementary to culture and PCR for the management of acute postoperative endophthalmitis.
Adjunctive IgM-enriched immunoglobulin therapy with a personalised dose based on serum IgM-titres versus standard dose in the treatment of septic shock: a randomised controlled trial (IgM-fat trial)
Authors: Biagioni Emanuela , Tosi Martina , Berlot Giorgio , Castiglione Giacomo , Corona Alberto , De Cristofaro Maria Giovanna , Donati Abele , Feltracco Paolo , Forfori Francesco , Fragranza Fiorentino , Murino Patrizia , Piazza Ornella , Tullo Livio , Grasselli Giacomo , D"Amico Roberto , Girardis Massimo
Published: February 2021

Introduction

In patients with septic shock, low levels of circulating immunoglobulins are common and their kinetics appear to be related to clinical outcome. The pivotal role of immunoglobulins in the host immune response to infection suggests that additional therapy with polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulins may be a promising option in patients with septic shock. Immunoglobulin preparations enriched with the IgM component have largely been used in sepsis, mostly at standard dosages (250 mg/kg per day), regardless of clinical severity and without any dose adjustment based on immunoglobulin serum titres or other biomarkers. We hypothesised that a personalised dose of IgM enriched preparation based on patient IgM titres and aimed to achieve a specific threshold of IgM titre is more effective in decreasing mortality than a standard dose.

Methods and analysis

The study is designed as a multicentre, interventional, randomised, single-blinded, prospective, investigator sponsored, two-armed study. Patients with septic shock and IgM titres <60 mg/dL will be randomly assigned to an IgM titre-based treatment or a standard treatment group in a ratio of 1:1. The study will involve 12 Italian intensive care units and 356 patients will be enrolled. Patients assigned to the IgM titre-based treatment will receive a personalised daily dose based on an IgM serum titre aimed at achieving serum titres above 100 mg/dL up to discontinuation of vasoactive drugs or day 7 after enrolment. Patients assigned to the IgM standard treatment group will receive IgM enriched preparation daily for three consecutive days at the standard dose of 250 mg/kg. The primary endpoint will be all-cause mortality at 28 days.

Ethics and dissemination

The study protocol was approved by the ethics committees of the coordinating centre (Comitato Etico dell’Area Vasta Emilia Nord) and collaborating centres. The results of the trial will be published within 12 months from the end of the study and the steering committee has the right to present them at public symposia and conferences.

Trial registration details

The trial protocol and information documents have received a favourable opinion from the Area Vasta Emilia Nord Ethical Committee on 12 September 2019. The trial protocol has been registered on EudraCT (2018-001613-33) on 18 April 2018 and on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04182737) on 2 December 2019.
Gut microbiota composition and arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity: case–control study protocol (MIVAS study)
Authors: Salvado Rita , Santos-Minguez Sandra , Agudo-Conde Cristina , Lugones-Sanchez Cristina , Cabo-Laso Angela , Mª Hernandez-Sanchez Jesus , Benito Rocio , Rodriguez-Sanchez Emiliano , Gomez-Marcos Manuel A , Hernandez-Rivas Jesus M , Guimarães Cunha Pedro , Garcia-Ortiz Luis , Investigators MIVAS
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Intestinal microbiota is arising as a new element in the physiopathology of cardiovascular diseases. A healthy microbiota includes a balanced representation of bacteria with health promotion functions (symbiotes). The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between intestinal microbiota composition and arterial stiffness.

Methods and analysis

An observational case—control study will be developed. Cases will be defined by the presence of at least one of the following: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (ba or ba-PWV) above the 90thpercentile, for age and sex, of the reference population. Controls will be selected from the same population as cases. The study will be developed in Primary Healthcare Centres. We will select 500 subjects (250 cases and 250 controls), between 45 and 74 years of age. Cases will be selected from a database that combines data from EVA study (Spain) and Guimarães/Vizela study (Portugal). Measurements: cf-PWV will be measured using the SphygmoCor system, CAVI, ba-PWV and Ankle-Brachial Index will be determined using VaSera device. Gut microbiome composition in faecal samples will be determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Lifestyle will be assessed by food frequency questionnaire, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Body composition will be evaluated by bioimpedance.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by ‘Committee of ethics of research with medicines of the health area of Salamanca’ on 14 December 2018 (cod. 2018-11-136) and the ’Ethics committee for health of Guimaraes’ (Portugal) on 15 October 2019 (ref: 67/2019). All study participants will sign an informed consent form agreeing to participate in the study, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the WHO standards for observational studies. The results of this study will allow a better description of gut microbiota in patients with arterial stiffness.

Trial registration details

ClinicalTrials.gov, identifierNCT03900338
Implementation of patient-reported outcome measures and patient-reported experience measures in melanoma clinical quality registries: a systematic review
Authors: Blood Zachary , Tran Anh , Caleo Lauren , Saw Robyn , Dieng Mbathio , Shackleton Mark , Soyer H Peter , Arnold Chris , Mann Graham J , Morton Rachael L
Published: February 2021

Objectives

To identify patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) in clinical quality registries, for people with cutaneous melanoma, to inform a new Australian Melanoma Clinical Outcomes Registry; and describe opportunities and challenges of routine PROM/PREM collection, especially in primary care.

Design

Systematic review.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Which PROMs and PREMs are used in clinical quality registries for people with cutaneous melanoma, how they are collected, frequency of collection, participant recruitment methods and funding models for each registry.

Results

1134 studies were identified from MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, Embase, PsychInfo, Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects databases and TUFTS Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, alongside grey literature, from database inception to 5th February 2020. Following screening, 14 studies were included, identifying four relevant registries: Dutch Melanoma Registry, Adelphi Real-World Disease-Specific Programme (Melanoma), Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Initial treatment and Long-term Evaluation of Survivorship Registry, and Cancer Experience Registry. These used seven PROMs: EuroQol-5 Dimensions, Functional Assessment of Cancer-General (FACT-G) and FACT-Melanoma (FACT-M), European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Cancer 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30), Fatigue Assessment Scale Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Information System-29 and one PREM; EORTC QLQ-Information Module 26. PROMs/PREMs in registries were reported to improve transparency of care; facilitate clinical auditing for quality assessment; enable cost-effectiveness analyses and create large-scale research platforms. Challenges included resource burden for data entry and potential collection bias toward younger, more affluent respondents. Feedback from patients with melanoma highlighted the relevance of PROMs/PREMs in assessing patient outcomes and patient experiences.

Conclusions

Clinical registries indicate PROMs/PREMs for melanoma care can be incorporated and address important gaps, however cost and collection bias may limit generalisability.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42018086737.
Therapeutic effects of exercise interventions for patients with chronic kidney disease: protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials
Authors: Zhang Fan , Wang Hui , Huang Liuyan , Zhang Huachun
Published: February 2021

Introduction

An increasing number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials have begun to investigate the effects of exercise interventions in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). To systematically appraise and synthesise these results, we will conduct an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Methods and analysis

This is a protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We will search four databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection and Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials evaluating the effect of exercise interventions on patients with CKD will be included. Two independent authors will screen titles and abstracts retrieved in the literature search and select studies meeting the eligibility criteria for full-text review. The methodological quality of the included reviews will be assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews-2. We estimate the summary effects for each meta-analyses based on the standardised mean difference and its 95% CI. Additionally, the heterogeneity will be assessed by I2 evidence of small-study effect and the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval are not required as no private information from individuals is collected. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated in relevant conferences.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020223591.
Initiatives for improving delayed discharge from a hospital setting: a scoping review
Authors: Cadel Lauren , Guilcher Sara J T , Kokorelias Kristina Marie , Sutherland Jason , Glasby Jon , Kiran Tara , Kuluski Kerry
Published: February 2021

Objective

The overarching objective of the scoping review was to examine peer reviewed and grey literature for best practices that have been developed, implemented and/or evaluated for delayed discharge involving a hospital setting. Two specific objectives were to review what the delayed discharge initiatives entailed and identify gaps in the literature in order to inform future work.

Design

Scoping review.

Methods

Electronic databases and websites of government and healthcare organisations were searched for eligible articles. Articles were required to include an initiative that focused on delayed discharge, involve a hospital setting and be published between 1 January 2004 and 16 August 2019. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel. Following extraction, a policy framework by Doern and Phidd was adapted to organise the included initiatives into categories: (1) information sharing; (2) tools and guidelines; (3) practice changes; (4) infrastructure and finance and (5) other.

Results

Sixty-six articles were included in this review. The majority of initiatives were categorised as practice change (n=36), followed by information sharing (n=19) and tools and guidelines (n=19). Numerous initiatives incorporated multiple categories. The majority of initiatives were implemented by multidisciplinary teams and resulted in improved outcomes such as reduced length of stay and discharge delays. However, the experiences of patients and families were rarely reported. Included initiatives also lacked important contextual information, which is essential for replicating best practices and scaling up.

Conclusions

This scoping review identified a number of initiatives that have been implemented to target delayed discharges. While the majority of initiatives resulted in positive outcomes, delayed discharges remain an international problem. There are significant gaps and limitations in evidence and thus, future work is warranted to develop solutions that have a sustainable impact.