bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects on energy savings and occupant health of an antibacterial filter
Authors: Becchio Cristina , Bottero Marta Carla , Corgnati Stefano Paolo , Dell’Anna Federico , Fabi Valentina , Lingua Carola , Prendin Leonardo , Ranieri Micaela
Published: August 2019

The outdoor air pollution and the insufficient hygiene of HVAC systems often result in low indoor air quality. The World Health Organization estimated that 50% of indoor biological contamination comes from the air-handling system; the air filters are sources of pollution due to the accumulation and proliferation of bacteria on the surface. Furthermore, the presence of indoor contaminants can have a negative impact on the health and well-being of the occupants, who spend about 80% of their time indoors. To guarantee a better indoor air quality and a lower health risks, a new concept of biocidal filtration has been introduced. The present paper shows the results of a literature review aimed at exploring how to integrate the health effects on building occupants into the economic benefits of an antibacterial filter. The research focuses on costs and benefits produced by the application of an antibacterial filter, comparing it with a traditional one. Two methods were applied for the assessment; the Cost Benefit Analysis and the Monte Carlo Simulation. The results suggested the goodness of the economic investment on biocidal filter and showed how it allows to achieve benefits in term of energy savings and health for the different analysed case studies.
Prediction of physiological exertion in hot environments using the JOS-2 thermoregulation model
Authors: Nomoto Akihisa , Takahashi Yoshito , Ozeki Yoshiichi , Ogata Masayuki , Tanabe Shin-ichi
Published: August 2019

In recent years, the outdoor summer environment in Japan has become progressively warmer due to the severity of the heat island phenomenon. The danger of heat stroke and thermal comfort outdoors in summer are regarded as problems. In order to evaluate these problems, it is important to evaluate physiological exertion in the human body. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the possibility of predicting physiological exertion in the human body with high accuracy in an outdoor environment during summer using the JOS-2 thermoregulation model developed by our research group. First, the Japanese metabolic rate in summer and autumn was measured for various activities, including sitting, standing, and walking. As a result, we found that the metabolic rate during sitting and standing was lower by about 10% in summer than in autumn. Next, using the obtained metabolic rate measurement as an input to the model, the experiment in an outdoor environment during summer was reproduced using JOS-2. The accuracy of the predicted mean skin temperature and local skin wettedness in an outdoor environment during summer was improved by choosing the appropriate input to the model.
Passive Control Of The Bed Micro-Environment By Quilts
Authors: Bivolarova Mariya , Melikov Arsen , Snaselova Tereza , Shen Chong
Published: August 2019

An easy method to passively control the bed micro-environment and thus thermal comfort of people is to use a cover with appropriate thermal insulation. The purpose of this study was to find out the potential of generating uniform and non-uniform bed thermal micro-environment with quilts. The effect of the thermal resistance of quilts on the temperature field in the bed and dry heat loss of a human body was studied. Thermal manikin was used to resemble person in bed. Four quilts with different properties such as weight and non-uniform filling and type of filling material (Muscovy down and polyester fibre) were studied. Full-scale experiments were conducted in a ventilated climate chamber under four thermal conditions including two levels of relative humidity (50% and 70%) and two air temperatures (15ᵒC and 20ᵒC). The dry heat loss of the thermal manikin was higher with polyester fibre quilt than with quilt having the same weight but with Muscovy down filling. This was obtained under all tested room conditions. The studied non-uniformity in down distribution of the quilt provided similar thermal insulation on the feet and chest.
Measurement and Operational Improvement in an Office with Thermo Active Building System
Authors: Namai Toshiki , Shinoda Jun , Furukawa Ryoya , Tanabe Shin-ichi , Sato Kosuke , Kataoka Eri , Yoshida Kosuke
Published: August 2019

Thermo Active Building System (TABS) is applied in office buildings in many European countries as a promising energy-efficient solution with a comfortable thermal environment. However, TABS is rarely applied in Japanese buildings because of the risk of dew condensation during the hot and humid summer season. In this study, the indoor environment and thermal sensation in an office building equipped with TABS was investigated; the building is located in an urban area in Tokyo, Japan. Soon after occupancy, field measurements and questionnaire surveys were conducted during the summer and winter seasons for two consecutive years. The operation of TABS was improved based on first-year measurement results. As a result, the ceiling surface setpoint temperature was relaxed, maintaining high satisfaction in summer. In winter, it was confirmed that the operation of TABS was not necessary, and, as a result, satisfaction improved.
A Simplified Power Sizing Method for the Correct Building Integration of Wood Stoves
Authors: Thalfeldt Martin , Skare Anders , Georges Laurent , Skreiberg Øyvind
Published: August 2019

Wood stoves are widely used in dwellings for space heating, however transient heat output and relatively large heat emission might cause problems with over-heating in new well-insulated buildings. This paper introduces a simplified power sizing method for the building integration of wood stoves which was compared to dynamic building performance simulations. The analysis showed that on average the simplified method predicted the temperature increase in the living room similarly to dynamic simulations. However, in some cases the difference was up to 60%, which is significant when carried forward to selecting the optimal stove heat capacity. Precise use of the simplified power sizing method requires accurate knowledge of the building structures and effective thermal capacity of the room with the wood stove. Typically, this kind of knowledge is unavailable when selecting a wood stove and the method needs to be developed further. These investigations confirmed that more knowledge of the occupant behaviour and preference on thermal comfort is needed.
Thermal Comfort Condition of Passengers in Naturally Ventilated Train Stations
Authors: Nakano Junta , Tanabe Shin-ichi
Published: August 2019

Train is the most frequently used means of transportation in Tokyo. Train stations are gaining attention as commercial complex today, and higher level of comfort is being demanded for the indoor environment. Open structure of the train station and semi-outdoor like environment suggest that the thermal comfort condition is relaxed compared to indoor comfort standards. The objective of this study is to investigate the thermal comfort condition within train stations and to clarify the appropriate target for environmental control. Field surveys were carried out in summer, autumn and winter during July 2004 to August 2006 in four train stations located in urban area of Tokyo. Concourses were not air-conditioned except one station where spot cooling was operated in summer near the ticket gate. Each survey was conducted from 7:00 to 20:00 for 3 to 11 days per season per station for a total of 81 days. The survey consisted of thermal environment measurement and thermal comfort questionnaire. More than 80% of passengers felt thermally comfortable within the range of 19 to 29 °C SET*. However, acceptability zone was found to be 19 to 32 °C SET*, and it is recommended to design naturally ventilated train stations to fulfil this target.
The study of urban climate and traffic: Considerations from the Araraquara case, SP
Authors: de Moraes Clélia Mendonça , Melanda Edson , Carneiro Nilson Roberto de Barros
Published: August 2019

The article discusses the interface between the influence of the urban climate and the traffic accident, there are as reference the results of the research carried out for the Araraquara case, SP, Brazil. Initially presented a brief analysis of urban mobility, geoprocessing (GIS) and the climatic importance in relation to urban sustainability. The article analyzes the urban climate of Araraquara, especially with regard to solar radiation on city streets and green areas. It was based on the premise that there is a correlation between the urban microclimates and the variables related to the traffic accident. Thus, a georeferenced mapping of the urban geometry was carried out by associating the climatic variables such as solar radiation, temperature and humidity of the air, to three parameters related to the traffic accident were chosen from the a) traffic accident with victim, b) without victim and c) motorcycle. At the end, the article proposes how the results found can reduce traffic accident and contribute to urban planning
Enhancing cooling performance via airflow temperature fluctuations
Authors: Lampret Žiga , Krese Gorazd , Prek Matjaž
Published: August 2019

In ventilated and air-conditioned indoor environment, air movement substantially impacts thermal sensation and comfort of occupants from the point of view of whole body and local thermal sensation. Skin temperature and its rate of change are important factors for thermal sensation. Both are affected by the airflow velocity and temperature changes around the body which causes skin temperature fluctuations and changes in convective heat transfer. In this study the impact of temperature fluctuations in airflow on human thermal sensation was examined. For the purposes of the study, an air handling unit was designed for generating airflows with temperature fluctuations and used in a subjective experiment. The experimental study indicates that temperature fluctuations possibly influence the human perception of air movement with a distinct cooling effect.
Exhaled air speed measurements of respiratory air flow, generated by ten different human subjects, under uncontrolled conditions
Authors: Ivanov Martin
Published: August 2019

The presented study reveals a multi-point experimental measurement of the airflow speed, generated in the exhalation phase from the human respiratory cycle, based on data from 10 real human subjects. The results obtained demonstrate the exceptional irregularity and the transient character of the human respiratory cycle, in terms of measured speed at different points of man-generated exhalation air flow. The presented exponential trend lines show as expected, that there is a reduction in the exhalation speed, with the increase of the distance from the nose.

The summary analysis shows that at 10 cm distance from the nose the maximum as well as the average measured speeds are higher than the one, measured at 5 cm distance. This suggests that due to the physiology of the human nose, 5 cm distance is not enough to characterize the fully developed exhalation jet flow. It is suggested that at this distance the exhalation jets are still two, issuing from each nostril, with different flowrate ratio.

The obtained flow characteristics can be used to compare, validate and verify data from conducted numerical studies of the breathing process, via virtual models or real breathing thermal mannikins.
Double skin suitable for Mediterranean climate in school-gym buildings
Authors: Finamore Margherita
Published: August 2019

The requalification of public buildings especially schools, represents an important task for the Italian Government not only for their educational function but also for the important social role they play. These schools were usually constructions built during the ‘60s or ‘70s with old technical characteristics and expensive maintenance costs which causes a serious waste of energy. Due to the large number of schools scattered nationwide and the limited space for new buildings, it is better to refurbish them using design choices that improve their architectural quality and structural and functional efficiency. This study focuses on the restoration and energy building improvement of a school-gym located in the seaside town of Pesaro, in the center of Italy. With careful design based on the analysis of the Mediterranean climate data of the site and the microclimate related to the precise position of the building, the design concept achieves high performance energy saving and lower production of CO2.
Alliance for deep renovation in buildings. A step forward to the common European voluntary certification scheme
Authors: Zirngibl Johann , Mateo-Cecilia Carolina , Espigares-Correa Carlos
Published: August 2019

The ALDREN project (ALliance for Deep RENovation in Buildings) is the extended development and the implementation of a common European Voluntary Certification Scheme (EVCS) for non-residential buildings based on the EPBD Art. 11 (9) and CEN / ISO standards. ALDREN is a coordination and support action (CSA). It focuses on existing tools and schemes (partly developed by the European Commission), on networking, standardization, awareness raising and communications.

The main goal of ALDREN is to encourage the construction sector value chain stakeholders to undertake deep renovation projects on their properties. Issuing completed and verified Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) before and after renovation, are to contribute to the development of innovative financial valuation of building assets and financing instruments (e.g. integrating loans with differentiated interest rates) and establishing business case for deep renovation to motivate private investment.

The core objectives of the ALDREN project are:

• To provide a harmonized European energy performance rating methodology based on the European Voluntary Certification Scheme (EVCS) verified by measurements to increase comparability, confidence and market uptake by standardized solutions (CEN/ISO standards) at European scale;

• To associate low energy renovation with high quality indoor environments to trigger renovation and to promote solutions supporting health and well-being;

• To align market recognition of high quality with enhanced building value and capacity building.

The ALDREN overarching outcome will be the infrastructure to enable market transformation for deep renovation and directly support the EU policies (EED, EPBD). Specific solutions and step-by-step renovation process will be integrated in a consistent, common way in a Building Renovation Passport (BRP). The ALDREN BRP will be aligned with the GABC (Global Alliance for Building and Construction) Building Passport initiative, seconded by DG Grow and DG Environment and with the current initiatives for residential buildings.

The non-residential sector (office buildings and hotels) is to be considered as a first step. To demonstrate the ALDREN approach , the upgraded EVCS will be implemented in pilot office buildings and hotels in different climates over the European territory. However, the ALDREN approach could be adapted to other market sectors, in a further development.

ALDREN renovation protocols may be used as individual modules in existing schemes or as standalone tool, being potentially overtaken by Member States of the European Union.
Optimal operation strategy for subway HVAC system in transition seasons
Authors: Zhang Yue , Li Xiaofeng , Wang Bin , Song Zheren
Published: August 2019

This paper mainly studied the operation strategy for subway VAC system during transition seasons. Two modes including WF-AC (Whole Fresh air- Air Conditioning) mode and B/E-V (Back/Exhausted fan-Ventilation) mode were selected based on energy saving principle. In order to decide the optimal operation mode, the calculation method of “switching temperature” was proposed. The main influencing factors of the switching condition include indoor cooling load, COP of the chilled-water-system, temperature difference of the supply air, efficiency of fan and the resistance of air duct. Also, the transfer temperature diagram is provided based on proposed calculation method, which is suitable for engineering use. The aim of this study is to regulate the operation mode and to promote energy saving in subway station.
The possibilities of application of radiant wall cooling in existing buildings as a part of their retrofit
Authors: Krajčík Michal , Šikula Ondřej
Published: August 2019

In the following years and decades the increase in cooling capacity will put tremendous pressure on the energy infrastructure and severely increase the environmental impacts. In a moderate climate and well thermally insulated buildings like, e.g., in Europe, installation of low-exergy radiant systems could help alleviate these negative effects. Wall systems may be especially suitable for installation in existing buildings, however, their possible applications in buildings retrofit have not been fully explored. We therefore investigate the possible applications of wall cooling in existing buildings by numerical simulations of two-dimension heat flow through a wall fragment. Three wall systems are proposed and compared in terms of thermal response and heat transfer. The effect of various parameters is investigated to facilitate the design of the wall systems.
Energy retrofitting of a single-family house
Authors: Sánka Imrich , Petráš Dušan
Published: August 2019

This article shows a real ongoing project called RenoActive, which is financed by company Velux. In cooperation with the company mentioned above an old single-family house was chosen to renovate. Three energy alternatives had been calculated: Standard, Comfort and Deluxe.

The thermal insulation system of the building is almost the same in all three alternatives. The alternatives mostly appear in the building services systems.

This article evaluates the energy consumption and investment differences between the alternatives.
Identification of the Retrofit Actions to Achieve Cost-Optimal and NZEB Levels for Residential Buildings in Istanbul Considering the Remaining Building Lifetime
Authors: Ganiç Sağlam Neşe , Yılmaz A. Zerrin , Corgnati Stefano P.
Published: August 2019

Cost-optimal and nearly-zero energy building (NZEB) levels are two interrelated concepts identified for upgrading energy performance of buildings in Europe. In parallel, many research activities on retrofitting existing buildings in Turkey follow the methodology framework introduced by the European Commission. However, in Turkey, there is a process called “urban transformation” due to the earthquake risk, but the practice is based on new construction after demolishment of existing buildings. Especially in Istanbul, this process has been conducted rapidly. This specific aspect requires assessment of cost-optimal retrofit analyses considering the remaining lifespan of analysed buildings.

This study presents a cost-optimality assessment method for retrofitting towards NZEB in Turkey. The method integrates payback period and investment cost assessment to the methodology in order to obtain whole picture for retrofit alternatives. In the paper, suggested method is applied to a reference residential building in Istanbul. After the initial cost-optimal analyses, payback periods and initial investment costs for selected retrofit packages are assessed considering the future lifespan of the building. Together with these, possible subsidy opportunities are also investigated. Results show that, if the expected future lifespan is higher than 10 years, retrofit actions achieving 56.2kWh/m2y primary energy consumption level are considerable. Subsidies are beneficial to obtain reasonable initial investment costs.
A Case Study for large-scale nearly zero energy retrofits of existing office building in Beijing
Authors: Lu Fei , Zou Yu , Sun Deyu , Qiao Biao , Li Ji , Yu Zhenyu , Wu Jianlin
Published: August 2019

This paper studied the retrofit project of an existing office building in Beijing to meet the requirements of nearly zero energy buildings. The office building is the first retrofit nearly zero energy building project in China. There are technical difficulties under the constraints of the building and resources. In order to study the technical solutions applicable to the project, we analyzed the suitability of different energy-saving technologies based on the resources and characteristics of the project. Then we obtained the key energy-saving factors. This paper also discussed the energy saving effects of different energy efficiency technology solutions, proposing an optimized nearly zero energy technology solution and verifying the energy-saving level of the optimized plan. Compared with normal new constructions complied with national energy efficiency standard, the energy efficiency of this retrofit building increased by 60%.
Investigation of the influence of operation conditions on the discharge of PCM ceiling panels.
Authors: Quesada Allerhand José , Kazanci Ongun Berk , Olesen Bjarne W.
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to determine favorable operation conditions for ceiling panels containing phase change materials (PCM) for cooling applications in office rooms. A recently renovated room in the Technical University of Denmark was used to have realistic boundary conditions. Using TRNSYS 17, the performance of the PCM panels during the cooling season in passive operation, discharge by air, and discharge by water circulation were investigated. A set of simulations were performed during a representative week in the cooling period. The room was simulated with no climatic systems, PCM without active discharge, ventilation during occupied hours only, and PCM with ventilation during occupied hours. Afterwards, two discharge methods were investigated, night ventilation at different flow rates and water circulation in pipes embedded in the panels. A parametric analysis was performed to identify the influence of operation factors in the thermal environment of the room. The parameters studied were the water flow rate, supply water temperature and circulation schedule as well as the conductivity of the PCM. After selecting different operating conditions of the water discharge, simulations were performed from May to October to observe the performance of the selected operation conditions. The results show that the PCM is more effective to provide adequate indoor thermal conditions if it is discharged actively by means of water. The parameters that affect the thermal indoor environment the most are the water circulation schedule, the water supply temperature, and the PCM thermal conductivity. The water flow rate did not have a significant influence. The study shows the importance of selecting an appropriate operation and control strategy for the PCM system. The process used in the study can be potentially used as a procedure for the design of similar climatic systems to determine if active discharge of the PCM is needed and if yes, which discharge method is needed.
Renovation of apartment buildings with prefabricated modular panels
Authors: Kuusk Kalle , Pihelo Peep , Kalamees Targo
Published: August 2019

New recast of the EPBD requires that that Member States shall establish a long-term strategy facilitating the cost-effective transformation of existing buildings into nearly-zero energy buildings. Lack of fund and lack of awareness is often considered to be the main barrier for the renovation. Experiences with renovation grant scheme in Estonia showed that large scale renovation scheme is a challenge to the construction industry and increased demand creates new problems like labour shortage and increased construction costs. Current renovation rate of apartment buildings in Estonia is approximately 200 buildings (~1%) per year. Demand is higher but current renovation technologies makes it difficult to significantly increase the renovation rate. Achieving the deep renovation goals with current technologies would require expansion of the whole construction sector (designers, contactors, material industry), which is difficult to achieve. Therefore, innovation and new technologies are needed. The prefabrication would be one solution to allow automation of the renovation process and renovate the existing housing stock within a reasonable time period.
Experimental Nearly Zero Energy Building with Green Technology – Renovation Pilot through Passive House Expertise
Authors: Petran Horia , Varga Szabolcs , Fogas Noémi
Published: August 2019

The paper presents the preliminary planning of a demonstration pilot for exemplary renovation of an existing building (“Solar House 1 – Campina”) towards nZEB level using Passive House principles and technologies. The “Solar House” was one of the lighthouses of solar energy developments in the ‘80s in Romania, being built in 1977-1978 in Campina (Centre-South Romania) and represented an experimental building using innovative solar technologies for DHW preparation, active and passive space heating. The decision of transforming the existing building in a demonstration pilot nZEB with green materials was taken and the feasibility study is currently underway. The pilot aims to analyse and test, the cost effectiveness of Passive House (PH) technologies integration in a deep renovation process with the view to achieve the fixed nZEB levels, as an exemplary case study demonstrating the benefits and feasibility of applying PH principles and energy performance evaluation in real context. Both approaches of applying the renovation standard EnerPHit and targeting Passive House criteria are discussed together with the nZEB targets, while the analysis of technical (energy performance) and economic (total costs) feasibility is presented. The proposed building will act as a training and consultancy centre in Campina - created as a model for achieving greater energy efficiency and environmental responsibility in Romania.
Determination of the most influential and cost-optimal building characteristics on the energy performance of commercial and industrial buildings
Authors: Breesch Hilde , Wauman Barbara , Peeters Marcus
Published: August 2019

Unlike other types of buildings, commercial and industrial buildings have been so far “forgotten”. In addition, EPBD requirements are increasingly challenging for this type of buildings. This paper aims to identify the most building determinants of the energy performance of commercial and industrial buildings, focussing on the building envelope. Building energy simulations (BES) in TRNSYS are used to simulate the energy demand for heating and cooling in five building variants. The Pareto optimality approach that considers the economic and energetic objectives equally, is used to determine the cost-optimal solutions. The sensitivity analysis and cost-optimal study clearly reveal that airtightness seems to be the most important factor. Although heat recovery on a balanced mechanical ventilation system has a major impact on the energy demand for heating, this measure is not cost-optimal. The large impact of the U-value of the roof on the energy demand for heating is also reflected in the cost-optimal study. The insulation of the floor do not appear to be cost-optimal. Moreover, attention to construction detailing is important. The additional energy losses that can occur due to thermal bridges quickly reach significant values although solving the thermal bridges seems not to be cost-optimal.
Evaluation Dutch preliminary nZEB requirements for hospital and university buildings
Authors: Maassen Wim
Published: August 2019

The need for (nearly) Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs) in the Netherlands becomes increasingly important due to climate change, increasing energy prices, scarcity of fossil fuels and increasing geopolitical conflicts. In line with the EU EPBD, from 2020 new buildings, including hospital and university buildings, have to fulfil more strict energy requirements. Besides that, also the energy requirements for existing buildings will become stricter to realize an energy neutral built environment in 2050. On request of the Dutch Universities (WO) and the Dutch Academic Medical Centre’s (UMC), the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) assigned Royal HaskoningDHV to study the effect of the preliminary nZEB requirements on the real estate of the sector [1]. The feasibility of the nZEB requirements has been assessed for several representative, recently designed or realized buildings. For the selected hospital and university buildings, the results show that the preliminary nZEB requirements are not yet fulfilled. The requirement that 50% of building related energy should be of a local renewable energy source seems not to be feasible for both hospital and university buildings. Based on the results and recommendations of the study, a letter to the Dutch minister of the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations was sent and included a strong request to incorporate these in the definitive nZEB requirements, which will be set at the end of 2018.
Redefining cost-optimal nZEB levels for new residential buildings
Authors: Simson Raimo , Arumägi Endrik , Kuusk Kalle , Kurnitski Jarek
Published: August 2019

In the member states of the European Union (EU), nearly-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) are becoming mandatory building practice in 2021. It is stated, that nZEB should be cost-optimal and the energy performance levels should be re-defined after every five years. We conducted cost-optimality analyses for two detached houses, one terraced house and one apartment building in Estonia. The analysis consisted on actual construction cost data collection based on bids of variable solutions for building envelope, air tightness, windows, heat supply systems and local renewable energy production options. For energy performance analysis we used dynamic simulation software IDA-ICE. To assess cost-effectiveness, we used Net Present Value (NPV) calculations with the assessment period of 30 years. The results for cost-optimal energy performance level for detached house with heated space of ~100 m2 was 79 kWh/(m2 a), for the larger house (~200 m2) 87 kWh/(m2 a), for terraced house with heated space of ~600 m2 71 kWh/(m2 a) and for the apartment building 103 kWh/(m2 a) of primary energy including all energy use with domestic appliances. Thus, the decrease in cost-optimal level in a five-year period was ~60% for the detached house and ~40% for the apartment building, corresponding to a shift in two EPC classes.
Energy Efficient Designs of Sustainable Buildings in Urban Environment.
Authors: Doaa M.El-Sherif , Khalil Essam E.
Published: August 2019

The Developing communities in their path for rapid development is endeavoring to make all necessary and appropriate measures to enhance the efficiency of energy utilization and increase the beneficiation of the energy resources. The energy production, transmission, distribution and utilization efficiency becomes a vital factor and measure of national development. Governmental organizations were established earlier to be responsible for energy planning and efficient utilization, information dissemination and capacity building as well as devising the necessary codes and standards. Throughout the Nation Energy resources are widely used and consumption rates are in general exceeding the International accepted values. Energy rationalization and audit exercises were developed and monitored by Governmental authorities, Universities and Research centers through the past two decades with a definitive positive energy reduction and beneficiation. The development of the relevant codes for Residential and Commercial Energy Efficiency in Building is underway through the governmental bodies responsible for the research, training and development in the building Technology sector and is the umbrella under which the National and Unified Arab Codes are developed and issued.
Application of Dynamic Insulation Technique to Airflow Window System
Authors: Omodaka Yuichi , Hiyama Kyosuke , Srisamranrungruang Thanyalak , Oura Yutaka , Asaoka Yukiyasu
Published: August 2019

It is necessary to improve solar blocking performance and reduce solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of openings in office buildings in order to reduce the cooling loads. Airflow windows are often practiced in Japan’s office buildings. In this research, we apply a Dynamic Insulation (DI) technique into an airflow window system to improve the solar blocking performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses have been used to measure the thermal performance of the numerical opening model. In the case of using a conventional airflow window model, the inner-surface temperature of the inner glass is 29.4℃. In case the DI technique is applied, it is 27.0℃. The declination of the inner-surface temperature of the window improves the radiant environment in the building perimeter space. Moreover, the heat flux into the room is decreased due to the decline in the temperature difference between indoor temperature and the inner glass surface temperature.
Monitoring of a Hemp Lime External Building Insulation
Authors: Costantine Georges , Maalouf Chadi , Moussa Tala , Polidori Guillaume
Published: August 2019

In a context of promoting energy efficiency, building sector has undergone a notable evolution towards innovative construction insulation materials such as hemp concrete, in order to reduce buildings energy bills and environmental impact. Hemp-Concrete finds application as internal or external thermal insulator in wooden frame walls. In that context, a French building in Grand-Est region, employing Hemp-Concrete as an external insulator is selected and studied. An apartment is monitored for several months. Indoor temperatures, and relative humidities as well as external weather conditions are measured using sensors installed inside the apartment and a weather station placed at the building roof. Indoor comfort analysis shows satisfactory results according to ASHREA standards. Experimental approach is then coupled with a numerical validation at room scale using SPARK simulation tool. Investigations are conducted on indoor office air temperature and relative humidity. Results show a good agreement between numerical values and experimental measurements.
Effect of external solar shading usage on energy consumption and thermal comfort in the student dormitory in Niš
Authors: Krstić Dragana , Vasov Miomir , Bogdanović Veliborka , Ignjatović Marko , Ranđelović Dušan
Published: August 2019

External fixed shadings are largely used to provide solar protection for building glazed surfaces. They are reducing heat gains and sensational visual discomfort caused by excessive daylighting. This paper presents a comparative study on external aluminium fixed shadings used on a student dormitory on different orientations and different slat angles. The purpose is to determine which slat angles are best to use in different orientations, from the point of view of energy consumption, thermal comfort, and daylighting. An analysis of annual energy consumption of the student dormitory was performed by using the software EnergyPlus, whereas the model of the building was created using SketchUp and OpenStudio software. Then, a parametric study was carried out by changing slat angles and building orientations, in order to find the best-balanced results with no occupant discomfort and possible energy savings. Results have shown that by considering the most balanced results between energy savings and thermal comfort, the best angles of the slats are from 105˚ to 120˚ on the south side, and from 45˚ to 75˚ on the east and west sides. By installing external shading devices, indoor thermal conditions are improving and may lead to significant energy savings, compared to a building without shading devices.
Solar control solutions for reducing overheating risks in retrofitted Danish apartment buildings from the period 1850- 1900 – A simulation-based study
Authors: Zukowska Daria , Ananida Myrto , Kolarik Jakub , Sarey Khanie Mandana , Rammer Nielsen Toke
Published: August 2019

Advancing energy efficient renovation solutions in residential buildings necessitate adopting high-insulation and airtightness to avoid heat loss through transmission and infiltration, which can result in overheating. Elevated indoor temperatures have been proved to have a highly negative effect on occupants’ health and well-being. Energy efficient solutions to the problem with overheating include limiting the solar heat gains through the glazed parts of the facade and effective ventilation. A typical Danish residential apartment building from 1850-1900 recently refurbished, was modelled with five different solar shading devices and three typical ventilation solutions. External solar shading could efficiently reduce overheating below the limits specified by the national building regulations in all tested cases. The marquisolette reduced the number of occupied hours with temperature above 27 °C by min. 85%, the external venetian blinds by min. 81%, and the drop arm awning by min. 74% compared to the situation without solar shading. The internal solar shading as venetian blinds and roller blind could reduce the overheating hours by 20-40%, which was efficient only in combination with mechanical ventilation in case of south and east building orientations.
Can green labels become the new normal?
Authors: Molina German , Donn Michael , Johnstone Micael-Lee , MacGregor Casimir
Published: August 2019

This study sought to review the effectiveness of green labels on the residential real estate market. As past studies revealed, green labels increased property prices, which motivated developers to build more green certified buildings. However, contradictory studies revealed that many developers did not use green labels due to a lack of consumer demand. Therefore, what impact do green labels have on the residential housing market? A meta-analysis of 36 articles presenting 52 different studies, published between 2008-2018, suggests that the price premium charged for green labels may have been systematically overestimated. Consumers’ willingness-to-pay (derived from correlating green labels with purchase price) does not necessarily represent the average consumer but green consumers. The conclusion that follows from this analysis is that full market transformation via green labels is unlikely to take place because only a fraction of the population is willing to pay the premium. Therefore, full adoption is unlikely without other market “interventions”.
Study on environment conscious technologies in a super tall building: Evaluation of PV performance considering aerological climate
Authors: Inomata Ryosuke , Akimoto Takashi , Hatori Daisuke , Takanishi Shigeaki , Nakamura Shunsuke , Mochizuki Yosuke , Araki Nana , Yamashina Daiki
Published: August 2019

In recent years, buildings have tended to be taller, and their energy potential is expected be used effectively . Photovoltaics is considered one of technologies affected by air temperature, outside air velocity, and solar radiation from the aerological climate of supertall buildings with a height of 390 m. The energy potential of the “height” of photovoltaic power generation systems is affected by two factors: aerological climate and shadows cast by surrounding buildings. Taking these effects into account, the predicted annual power generation amount was calculated. At 390 m above ground, it was confirmed that the power generation amount was greater than that on the ground, when considering the effectiveness of photovoltaic systems. Then, we calculated the predicted annual power generation amount on each wall and roof surface of a tall building with a height of 390 m above the ground. By evaluating the energy-saving effect of adopting photovoltaic systems, we evaluated the photovoltaic system using the wall surface from the viewpoint of the primary energy reduction and primary energy consumption of the building.
Workflow for coupled daylight and energy simulations
Authors: Skov Pedersen Tobias , Foldbjerg Rasmussen Helle
Published: August 2019

The objective of this paper is to present a methodology with corresponding case study on how to perform coupled daylight and energy simulations with high accuracy. It is coupled in the sense that the annual daylight and energy simulations rely on the same assumptions. The workflow is developed with the intended use of evaluating performance of solar shading systems, but the approach can also be applied to other areas of interest within building simulations. Since the correct modelling of fenestrations and solar shading systems is a crucial part in the integrity of any building simulation.
An Approach to Improve Energy and Cost Performance of a Social Housing Archetype in Cold Climate Region
Authors: Yılmaz Yiğit , Yılmaz Burcu Çiğdem
Published: August 2019

The importance of building energy performance has been substantially increasing in the last decades due to the global warming. Therefore, buildings within the existing stock and the new buildings are encouraged to achieve the energy performance restrictions and efficiency levels. In this context, a social housing archetype (Harct), which is constructed in each climate region of Turkey with a common design approach for temperate climate region, is evaluated as a base case to improve the energy performance for the cold climate region by the optimization of the life cycle cost (LCC). It is, namely, aimed to not only improve the energy performance of the archetype but also to ensure optimal cost efficiency as significant criterion.

It is focused to optimize the façades of the Harct in terms of window width, and optic and thermo-physical properties of the façade with determining the efficient insulation thickness level for exterior walls and efficient glazing types for windows. Firstly, façade design is analysed to find out the minimum and maximum windows’ widths to achieve the optimal window sizes. Secondly, optic and thermo-physical properties and cost data of the opaque and transparent façade elements have been designated among the market products in accordance with the current regulations. Energy model of the building has been run by Energy Plus simulation tool, in order to integrate it with GenOpt for optimization. Optimization was performed to carry out efficient frontier cases. The results were evaluated from life cycle cost (LCC) and energy efficiency point of view to highlight the cost optimal point
The Value of sustainability
Authors: Lewry Andy , Fisher James , Holden Matt
Published: August 2019

As the market place becomes increasingly competitive and there is a need to be able to differentiate oneself as a high performer. Andrew Vaughan the CEO of Redevco stated‘Greening ourportfolio over the next two years is not only environmentally the right thing to do, it also makes soundbusiness sense.’Buildings built and/or managed to sustainability standards, such as BREEAM have been shown to minimise risk and generate maximum profit via:

• High and continuous rental income;

• Low operating & maintenance cost;

• Low depreciation.

UK valuers do not think we are paying a premium for green buildings but having to give a discount because the building is not performing well. This gives a convincing business case for new build where the certification process leads to a high-performance building.

However, what about the existing building stock?

Is the operational environmental performance of an asset reflected by its investment performance?

This paper describes a new research project which aims to test the Hypothesis –

Better operational performance in-use leads to improved investment performance of commercial offices. Improved operational performance goes “hand-in-hand” with environmental performance; where the performance can be illustrated by certification and labelling schemes.
Demand response of space heating using model predictive control in an educational office building
Authors: Mäki Aleksi , Jokisalo Juha , Kosonen Risto
Published: August 2019

The building sector plays a remarkable role in decreasing of the overall global CO2 emissions since as much as 30% from the total global CO2 emission are generated in buildings. Demand response provides one possibility to tackle the problem. It can be used to decrease CO2 emissions in entire energy system in addition to providing energy cost savings for building owners and energy companies. In this study, the demand response potential was estimated in an educational office building that was heated by district heating. The potential was defined in respect of energy cost savings, energy flexibility and thermal comfort. Model predictive control was developed, which utilized the dynamic hourly district heating prices. The MPC algorithm written in the Matlab software, predicted the future heating demand while the optimization algorithm NSGA-II minimized the heating energy cost, maximized the energy flexibility and maintained acceptable thermal comfort by changing the space heating temperature setpoints. The operation of the MPC algorithm was tested in the IDA ICE 4.8 simulation software. As a result, the annual district heating energy costs could be reduced by 4.2% compared to the reference case with constant space heating temperature setpoint of 21 °C. The maximum flexibility factor attained was 14%. Acceptable level of thermal comfort was maintained throughout the simulation time.
Investigation on the energy and air distribution efficiency with improved data centre cooling to support high-density servers
Authors: Cho Jinkyun , Jeong Yongdae , Park Beungyong , Lee Sangmoon
Published: August 2019

Cooling has become a key issue in data centers where cooling accounts for about 40% of total energy usage. This study evaluated the energy and thermal performance of two data center cooling approaches: row-based cooling and room-based cooling. This research examines the temperature and humidity distribution and air distribution efficiency of an IT environment using field measurements and six performance indices. According to the observations and index evaluation results, we suggest that a row-based cooling strategy is more efficient for server cooling. Air management helps to reduce cooling energy by enhancing optimal operation and improving cooling system efficiency.
Heat transfer vs environmental impact of modern façade systems
Authors: Ciutina Adrian , Buzatu Raluca , Muntean Daniel M. , Ungureanu Viorel
Published: August 2019

The paper makes an in-sight analysis of four actual steel-intensive envelope solutions existing on the market adaptable to steel structural systems. The solutions enable flexible modular construction, fast fabrication and erection times and easy disassembling. The analyses consider the heat transfer analysis including phase shift, amplitude attenuation and temperature amplitude ratio and the energy balance analysis. Considering the sustainability approach, the study is completed by an environmental impact analysis on Life-Cycle, by considering the production and end-of life stages. Although the selected systems from similar thermal resistances, the results show a certain variation of analysed parameters such as amplitude attenuation and temperature amplitude ratio (TAV). The energy balance analysis shows that the heating, solar gain and hot water preparation are responsible for the supplied energy. The emitted house energy break-down is almost equally shared among transmission, ventilation and sewage energies. The Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis proves that the end-of-life of the systems play an important role in the environmental impact of analysed systems, reversing the initial ranking of systems.