bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The molecular mechanism of the effect of sulfur dioxide inhalation on the potassium and calcium ion channels in rat aortas
Authors: Zhang Q , Bai Y , Yang Z , Tian J , Meng Z
Published: June 2015

This study investigated the molecular mechanism of the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) on the expression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium ion (K+; KATP) channel, big-conductance calcium ion (Ca2+)-activated K+ (BKCa) channel, and L-type (L-Ca2+) channel subunits in rat aortas with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. The results showed that the messenger RNA and protein levels of the KATP channel subunits Kir6.1, Kir6.2, and sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B) of rat aortas were significantly increased by SO2 at 14 mg/m3, whereas the levels of SUR2A were not changed. SO2 at all the treated concentrations markedly raised the expression of the BKCa channel subunits α and β1. SO2 at 14 mg/m3 significantly decreased the expression of the L-Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 and Cav1.3. The histological examination of rat aorta tissues showed moderate injury of tunica media in the presence of SO2 at 14 mg/m3. These suggest that SO2 can activate the KATP and BKCa channels by upregulating the expression of Kir6.1, Kir6.2, SUR2B, BKCa α, and BKCa β1, while inhibit the L-Ca2+ channels by downregulating the expression of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 in rat aortas. The molecular mechanism of SO2-induced vasorelaxant effect might be linked to the changes in expression of these channel subunits, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SO2-associated cardiovascular diseases.
Creative Commons licences in cultural heritage institutions in Flanders
Authors: Evens Tom
Published: June 2015

Cultural heritage institutions increasingly consider Creative Commons licences as a useful model for overcoming the barriers created by traditional copyright frameworks and for opening up archives, databases and collections for public use. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this claim. This article therefore focuses on the use of Creative Commons among cultural heritage institutions in Flanders (the northern part of Belgium) and presents the results of two sector surveys held in 2008 and 2012. Using two data points, the study provides an overview of the evolution of the use of Creative Commons and reveals the copyright policies of cultural heritage institutions.
Peer relationships and mentoring between LIS doctoral students: A qualitative approach
Authors: Lee Jongwook , Anderson Amelia , Burnett Gary
Published: June 2015

Despite the critical role of peers in the socialization of doctoral students, relatively few researchers have studied types of peer relationships and information exchanged between doctoral students. This study aims to explore doctoral students’ perceptions of their peer relationships and informal peer mentoring within a library and information science program. The authors applied Kram and Isabella’s peer relationship framework developed in organizational settings to examine peer relationship types of library and information science doctoral students. Interviews with 12 doctoral students reveal the existence of cohort, social/academic peer, and other peer groups, which can be mapped onto Kram and Isabella’s continuum of peer relationships, categorized as special, collegial, and information peers; however, this framework suffers from a limitation in explaining dysfunctional peer relationships identified in the study. In regard to differences between peer relationships and peer mentoring, respondents tend to perceive mentoring as a developmental function that takes place in peer relationships. Moreover, the authors propose five types of information exchanged between doctoral students, which are (a) basic, (b) administrative, (c) professional, (d) social, and (e) personal information, and they suggest that peer relationships influence the topical diversity and degree of disclosure in information exchange.
Zero-inflated count models for longitudinal measurements with heterogeneous random effects
Authors: Zhu Huirong , Luo Sheng , DeSantis Stacia M
Published: June 2015

Longitudinal zero-inflated count data arise frequently in substance use research when assessing the effects of behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Zero-inflated count models (e.g. zero-inflated Poisson or zero-inflated negative binomial) with random effects have been developed to analyze this type of data. In random effects zero-inflated count models, the random effects covariance matrix is typically assumed to be homogeneous (constant across subjects). However, in many situations this matrix may be heterogeneous (differ by measured covariates). In this paper, we extend zero-inflated count models to account for random effects heterogeneity by modeling their variance as a function of covariates. We show via simulation that ignoring intervention and covariate-specific heterogeneity can produce biased estimates of covariate and random effect estimates. Moreover, those biased estimates can be rectified by correctly modeling the random effects covariance structure. The methodological development is motivated by and applied to the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (COMBINE) study, the largest clinical trial of alcohol dependence performed in United States with 1383 individuals.
Distribution-free estimation of zero-inflated models with unobserved heterogeneity
Authors: Gilles Rodica , Kim Seik
Published: June 2015

This paper presents a quasi-conditional likelihood method for the consistent estimation of both continuous and count data models with excess zeros and unobserved individual heterogeneity when the true data generating process is unknown. Monte Carlo simulation studies show that our zero-inflated quasi-conditional maximum likelihood (ZI-QCML) estimator outperforms other methods and is robust to distributional misspecifications. We apply the ZI-QCML estimator to analyze the frequency of doctor visits.
A consistently efficient and accurate higher order shear deformation theory based finite element to model extension mode piezoelectric smart beams
Authors: Sulbhewar Litesh N , Raveendranath P.
Published: June 2015

The accuracy and efficiency of the conventional higher order shear deformation theory based piezoelectric beam finite elements are shown to be affected by the geometric and material parameters of piezoelectric smart beams. The accuracy is affected by the induced potential effects and the efficiency is affected by asymmetric distribution of material over the beam cross-section. In this work, a novel higher order shear deformation theory based extension mode piezoelectric beam finite element is proposed, which consistently maintains the same level of accuracy and efficiency over a wide range of applicable material properties and geometric configurations of the beam. A consistent higher order through-thickness electric potential distribution, obtained from the electrostatic equilibrium equation is used in the variational formulation to derive the governing equations. These equations are solved to establish relationships between the field variables. Starting with assumed polynomials for the transverse displacement and a layerwise electric potential, coupled polynomial expressions for axial displacement and section rotation are derived using these relations. The set of coupled shape functions obtained using these polynomials accommodates the bending–extension, bending–shear and induced potential couplings in a variationally consistent manner, at the field interpolation level itself, and is shown to improve the performance of the proposed element. Moreover, the number of mechanical degrees of freedom per node is reduced from four (for the conventional higher order shear deformation theory beam elements) to three for the present higher order shear deformation theory beam element, without affecting the applicability.
How Individual Self-Regulation Affects Group Regulation and Performance
Authors: Panadero Ernesto , Kirschner Paul A. , Järvelä Sanna , Malmberg Jonna , Järvenoja Hanna
Published: June 2015

This study explored the relationship between individual self-regulated learning (SRL), socially shared regulation of learning (SSRL), and group performance plus the effect of an intervention promoting SSRL. We hypothesized that SRL would influence SSRL and group performance as groups with high SRL students will be better regulated and that the intervention would promote SSRL over time. The results revealed a significant relationship between SRL and SSRL, but no significant effects of the intervention on group performance. The limitations of the intervention are discussed and form the basis for future design of environments to promote SSRL. The main conclusion is that SRL is an important predictor of SSRL and should be considered when designing small group activities and their environments.
The Simulated Acculturation Model in the FOUNTAINS-Game
Authors: Männamaa Ivar , Leijen Äli
Published: June 2015

Background. The problems and benefits of a multicultural society are actively discussed in many countries. FOUNTAINS is a table-top simulation game designed as a study aid to enhance comprehension of cultural integration processes. The game was developed for use in regular classroom settings and has been successfully tested with several groups of participants. The design of the game is based on the bi-dimensional model of acculturation that focuses on the joint issues of maintaining one’s culture and involvement in decision making. It also introduces the dilemma of cooperation and competition in a situation of limited resources. Participants must find ways to preserve their own comprehensive culture and at the same time provide other groups access to resources.

Aim. The article examines the dynamics of the game and describes its basic design. The rules of the game and suggestions for debriefing are provided in an accompanying article – this issue. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the game’s validity and to assess the potential educational value and usability of the game.

Method. FOUNTAINS was piloted with several groups, and a brief post-game questionnaire was conducted to evaluate learning outcomes. Experts of both integration and gaming were asked to evaluate the game; their feedback on the usability of the game referred to the face value of the game as an educational tool. After piloting the game was introduced to teachers, the majority of whom expressed willingness to use the game in their classes.

Conclusion. The article concludes with the basic results of the evaluation. In spite of some limitations it can be said that FOUNTAINS is an efficient learning aid that works well with different age groups.
Intellectual Failure and Ideological Success in Organization Studies
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Kärreman Dan
Published: June 2015

This article discusses the current self-confidence and apparent success—at least by market/popularity measures—of leadership studies (LS) in general and transformational leadership (TFL) in particular. An alternative interpretation is offered, suggesting that it is the ideological character of these approaches that account for their “success,” at least in quantitative terms. Their wide appeal needs to be understood against the background of the fragmentation in the field before the entrance of these much more popularly appealing, but theoretically questionable ideas which lack credible empirical support. The article concludes that the currently popular streams are strongly structured by ideology—drawing on hero and religious mythologies—and suggests some ways to reduce the ideological overtone and the resulting tendency to produce tautologies and biased results.
Why Is That We Know We Have to—Or Want to—Change, but Find Ourselves Moving Around in Circles?
Authors: van Nistelrooij Antonie , de Caluwé Léon
Published: June 2015

In this essay, we will explore a question which is widely recognized in the world of practitioners of change and which seems a problematic issue in any change process, but is badly understood in theory: “What is happening when there is a lot of enthusiasm about a change initiative and a lot of knowledge about the change, but nothing happens?” Why is coming into action so difficult in any change process? We ourselves, being scholars as well as practitioners, are in the middle of trying to understand the answers to these questions. In this essay, we will explore the literature to shed light on this. We discuss that (a) “people consistently act inconsistently,” (b) resistance is a multi-layered and multi-meaning concept that needs reconceptualization, and (c) perception of the change recipient plays a pivotal role in every change process.
Re-Imagining Images of Organization
Authors: Oswick Cliff , Grant David
Published: June 2015

In this article, we review the metaphors presented by Morgan in Images of Organization and highlight how they simultaneously act as “relatively static reflections” (i.e., they provide a history of organization theory) and “relatively dynamic projections” (i.e., stimulating the formulation of further organizational images). We also discuss the potential for new organizational metaphors and consider two specific metaphors (i.e., the “global brain” and “organization as media”). We also challenge the established punctuated metaphorical process (i.e., a transfer from a metaphorical source domain to an organizational target domain), propose a dynamic perspective of interchange (i.e., source domain to target domain to source domain and so on), and develop the notion of multidirectionality (i.e., two-way projections between target and source domains).
Novel Pathologic Finding of Digital Soft Tissue Chondroma in a Child
Authors: Rubin Todd , Schwartz Andrew , Fornari Eric , Schulz Jacob
Published: June 2015

Unlike osteochondromata that develop in the hand, soft tissue chondromata (STC) devoid of bone and tendinous attachments are exceedingly rare. They have been described in adult patients of middle age, though have not been previously reported in the pediatric population. We report the case of a 9-year-old female that presented with a tender digital mass 6 months following a minor hand injury. After an extensive workup, the mass was surgically excised and diagnosed as an STC. Our case is the first to identify a digital STC in a pediatric patient and expands on the pathologic differential diagnosis. While the true incidence in the pediatric population is unknown, STC should be included in the differential diagnosis when any patient, adult or child, presents with a digital mass.
Remote Ischemic Conditioning for Preventing Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions/Coronary Angiography
Authors: Bei Wei-jie , Duan Chong-yang , Chen Ji-yan , Wang Kun , Liu Yuan-hui , Liu Yong , Tan Ning
Published: June 2015

Background:

It is uncertain whether remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has a protective effect on contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)/coronary artery angiography (CAG). We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effect of RIC on CI-AKI in such patients.

Methods:

PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov , and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for RCTs that assessed the effect of RIC on CI-AKI in patients undergoing PCI/CAG.

Results:

Ten RCTs with 1389 patients (RIC group, 757 and control, 632) were included. The RIC group significantly exerted a lower risk of CI-AKI compared to the controls (odds ratio [OR] = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-0.77, P = .001), and they had the similar effect on major adverse cardiovascular events within 1 year (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.20-0.66, P < .001). The RIC reduced the rates of death within 30 days, but this was not significant (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.02-1.34, P = .091). The RIC was associated with a significantly lower incidence of CI-AKI in patients following elective PCI/CAG (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.33-0.87, P = .011). The RIC before not after the intervention was effective in reducing the occurrence of CI-AKI (OR: 0.37 vs 1.05, P = .022). The RIC of the upper arm has statistically significant effect on protecting CI-AKI but not that of the lower limb (OR: 0.41 vs 1.41, P = .004). The effect of RIC on CI-AKI was similar between patients with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and those with mean rates ≥60 (OR: 0.23 vs 0.41, P = .333).

Conclusion:

The RIC reduced the incidence of CI-AKI in those receiving PCI/CAG. And RIC of the upper arm significantly reduced the risk of CI-AKI but not RIC of the lower limb in patients undergoing PCI/CAG.
A 9-Month Toxicity and Toxicokinetic Assessment of Subcutaneous Pegylated Human C-peptide (CBX129801) in Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Naas Dennis , Morris Teresa , Kousba Ahmed , Mazzoni Michelle
Published: June 2015

C-peptide is formed in the biosynthesis of insulin and is therefore deficient in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. A pegylated form of human synthetic C-peptide (CBX129801) has been developed to extend the half-life of the native peptide and is undergoing clinical investigation as replacement therapy to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This monkey study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of CBX129801 with weekly subcutaneous dosing for 39 weeks at dose levels of 0 (vehicle), 0.4, 1.33, and 4.0 mg/kg/wk. No systemic adverse effects were observed at any dose with maximal CBX129801 plasma concentrations of 735 to 1050 nmol/L during the dosing period (physiological range is 1-3 nmol/L). CBX129801-related effects were limited to minimal macrophagic vacuolization at the injection sites and in the associated draining (axillary) lymph nodes; these local effects largely resolved by the end of a 7-week recovery period. No systemic macrophagic vacuolization was observed. Additionally, there was no histological evidence for plaque formation in the major arteries of these nondiabetic animals.
An Animal Model of Trichloroethylene-Induced Skin Sensitization in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Jia-xiang , Li Shu-long , Wang Feng , Zha Wan-sheng , Shen Tong , Wu Changhao , Zhu Qi-xing
Published: June 2015

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a major occupational hazard and environmental contaminant that can cause multisystem disorders in the form of occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis. Development of dermatitis involves several proinflammatory cytokines, but their role in TCE-mediated dermatitis has not been examined in a well-defined experimental model. In addition, few animal models of TCE sensitization are available, and the current guinea pig model has apparent limitations. This study aimed to establish a model of TCE-induced skin sensitization in BALB/c mice and to examine the role of several key inflammatory cytokines on TCE sensitization. The sensitization rate of dorsal painted group was 38.3%. Skin edema and erythema occurred in TCE-sensitized groups, as seen in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) positive control. Trichloroethylene sensitization-positive (dermatitis [+]) group exhibited increased thickness of epidermis, inflammatory cell infiltration, swelling, and necrosis in dermis and around hair follicle, but ear painted group did not show these histological changes. The concentrations of serum proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-2 were significantly increased in 24, 48, and 72 hours dermatitis [+] groups treated with TCE and peaked at 72 hours. Deposition of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 into the skin tissue was also revealed by immunohistochemistry. We have established a new animal model of skin sensitization induced by repeated TCE stimulations, and we provide the first evidence that key proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 play an important role in the process of TCE sensitization.
Effects of the Good Behavior Game on the Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Problems of Children With Psychiatric Disorders in Special Education Settings
Authors: Breeman Linda D. , van Lier Pol A. C. , Wubbels Theo , Verhulst Frank C. , van der Ende Jan , Maras Athanasios , Struiksma A. J. Chris , Hopman Juliette A. B. , Tick Nouchka T.
Published: June 2015

Teaching children with psychiatric disorders can be a challenging task. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Good Behavior Game (GBG) in children with psychiatric disorders, and their teachers, in special education. Teachers were trained by licensed school consultants to implement positive behavior support strategies to elicit desired behavior in students. A total of 389 children and their 58 teachers at 11 schools for special primary education were included in the study. Using a cluster randomized controlled design, special education schools were assigned to an intervention condition or an education as usual condition. An increase in emotional and behavioral problems was found in the control group, whereas no change was seen in the intervention group, indicating a modest intervention effect. No effects were found on children’s relationships with teachers or peers. The GBG affected teachers’ sense of self-efficacy in engaging students in schoolwork, but no effects were found on teachers’ self-efficacy in classroom management or on teachers’ burnout symptoms. Thus, although children with psychiatric disorders and their teachers in special education can benefit from the GBG, given the partial effects and modest effect sizes, a longer duration program complemented with additional elements is recommended.
Design, manufacture and test of a novel structural battery based on sandwich construction
Authors: Singh Abhendra K , Cao Lei , Ma Jun , Seo Jiho , Bakis Charles E , Zhang Yancheng , Hickner Michael A , Rahn Christopher D
Published: June 2015

The principles of sandwich construction were used to design, manufacture, and analyze multifunctional sandwich beams that can withstand structural load and also store electrochemical energy. Three sandwich beams were manufactured with aluminum face skins adhesively bonded to cores consisting of unidirectional layers of lithium-ion battery anode and cathode materials stacked across the width of the beam so that their edges can be bonded to the face skins. This novel arrangement of the battery materials enables them to contribute significantly to the through-thickness shear rigidity of the beam. All three beams were tested structurally in three-point bending and one of the beams was also tested for electrochemical performance after being filled with electrolyte. The electrochemically tested beam demonstrated an energy density of 223 W h/L, which is comparable to typical lithium-ion batteries. Stiffness of all the beams was predictable within 10% using a first-order sandwich beam analysis, confirming the existence of composite behavior between the face skins provided by the novel core design. Electrochemical testing had only a minor effect on beam stiffness. The mechanical testing had no significant effect on the battery discharge capacity. The electrochemical test results suggested that compaction of the battery materials and the quality of the electrical connections need to be improved.
Distinct functionality of neutrophils in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Hertwig Laura , Pache Florence , Romero-Suarez Silvina , Stürner Klarissa H , Borisow Nadja , Behrens Janina , Bellmann-Strobl Judith , Seeger Bibiane , Asselborn Natascha , Ruprecht Klemens , Millward Jason M , Infante-Duarte Carmen , Paul Friedemann
Published: June 2015

Background:

In contrast to multiple sclerosis (MS), lesions in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) frequently contain neutrophils. However, the phenotypic profile of neutrophils in these two distinct pathologies remains unknown.

Objective:

Our aim is to better understand the potential contribution of neutrophils to NMO and MS pathology.

Methods:

We performed the first functional analysis of blood neutrophils in NMO and MS, including evaluation of neutrophil immune response (fMLP receptor, TLR2), chemotaxis and migration (CXCR1, CD62L, CD43), regulation of complement (CD46, CD55, CD59), respiratory burst, phagocytosis and degranulation.

Results:

Compared with healthy controls (HC), neutrophils in NMO and MS show an activated phenotype characterized by an increased surface expression of TLR2 and fMLP receptor. However, contrary to MS neutrophils, NMO neutrophils show reduced adhesion and migratory capacity as well as decreased reduced production of reactive oxygen species (respiratory burst) and degranulation.

Conclusion:

Although NMO and MS neutrophils display an activated phenotype in comparison with HC, NMO neutrophils show a compromised functionality when compared with MS patients. These results suggest a distinct functional profile of neutrophils in MS and NMO.
Why does multiple sclerosis only affect human primates?
Authors: ‘t Hart Bert A
Published: June 2015

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops exclusively in humans. Non-human primates are resistant against MS, although they are highly susceptible to the MS animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Unravelling of the cause(s) underlying this discrepancy is highly relevant as insights might be gained into the elusive event(s) that trigger(s) MS. A well-established difference between the human primate ( Homo sapiens) and non-human primates is that humans are unable to synthesize the sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc).

Viewpoint:

We propose the concept that long-term ingestion by human primates of the foreign Neu5Gc, via red meat consumption, is an ignored environmental risk factor for MS. Conceptually, incorporation of dietary Neu5Gc into vital regions of the central nervous system, such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the axon–myelin unit, creates targets for binding of de novo synthesized heterophilic anti-NeuGc antibodies. Binding of the antibodies can cause BBB leakage and destabilization of the axon–myelin coupling. The ensuing cytodegeneration and release of self-antigens could be a start of the characteristic pathological features of MS.
‘Inequality in equality’ in the European Union equality directives
Authors: Neuvonen Päivi Johanna
Published: June 2015

The multi-ground anti-discrimination regimes, such as the one adopted in the European Union (EU) equality directives, have to reconcile the potentially conflicting aims of ‘integration’ and ‘diversity’ between the multiple protected grounds. A more systematic account of how the different grounds of prohibited discrimination relate to one another is needed to explain the differing scope of protection in relation to different grounds as well as to solve potential conflicts between the protected grounds. This article first briefly reiterates how the issue of ‘inequality in equality’ emerges from the EU equality directives. It will then move on to examine how these so-called ‘equality hierarchies’ can be understood in the light of the contemporary discrimination theory. From this theoretical analysis follows the argument that the relationships between different grounds of prohibited discrimination are shaped by the complexity of social identities that underlie the protected grounds. Any attempt to systematize the relationships between the protected grounds therefore stands or falls depending on how well it succeeds in taking into account this complexity. Finally, the article outlines how the idea of subjectivity as ‘identity through agency’ can respond to the complexity of identity formation and provide a much-needed substantive standard for normative ordering between the protected grounds in multidimensional anti-discrimination law.
From Navas to Kaltoft
Authors: McTigue Peter
Published: June 2015

This article will examine the definition of disability developed by the European Court of Justice (CJEU) for the purposes of the Employment Equality Directive and whether it is sufficient for the purpose of bringing people living with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS (PLHA) within its scope. The article will argue that in order to adequately protect PLHA within the European Union (EU) from discrimination, the CJEU needs to ensure that a coherent EU-wide definition of disability, based fully upon the social model of disability, is adopted. This is necessary in order to ensure adequate protection not only for PLHA but for all individuals with disabilities from discrimination throughout the EU. In addition to this central argument, this article will argue that the lack of a coherent definition of disability grounded in the social model fragments protection for PLHA across the EU leading to a number of possible unintended consequences.
The uses and implications of standards in general practice consultations
Authors: Lippert Maria Laura , Reventlow Susanne , Kousgaard Marius Brostrøm
Published: June 2015

Quality standards play an increasingly important role in primary care through their inscription in various technologies for improving professional practice. While ‘hard’ biomedical standards have been the most common and debated, current quality development initiatives increasingly seek to include standards for the ‘softer’ aspects of care. This article explores the consequences of both kinds of quality standards for chronic care consultations. The article presents findings from an explorative qualitative field study in Danish general practice where a standardized technology for quality development has been introduced. Data from semi-structured interviews and observations among 17 general practitioners were analysed using an iterative analytical approach, which served to identify important variations in the uses and impacts of the technology. The most pronounced impact of the technology was observed among general practitioners who strictly adhered to the procedural standards on the interactional aspects of care. Thus, when allowed to function as an overall frame for consultations, those standards supported adherence to general recommendations regarding which elements to be included in chronic disease consultations. However, at the same time, adherence to those standards was observed to narrow the focus of doctor–patient dialogues and to divert general practitioners’ attention from patients’ personal concerns. Similar consequences of quality standards have previously been framed as manifestations of an inherent conflict between principles of patient-centredness and formal biomedical quality standards. However, this study suggests that standards on the ‘softer’ aspects of care may just as well interfere with a clinical approach relying on situated and attentive interactions with patients.
The reflexive habitus
Authors: Decoteau Claire Laurier
Published: June 2015

The critical realist and Bourdieusian conceptions of action fundamentally disagree on a number of fronts: the synthetic versus dualistic relationship between structure and agency; the social nature of the self/body; the link between morphogenesis and reflexivity. Despite these differences, this article argues that re-reading Bourdieu’s theories with attention to some of the core tenets of critical realism (emergence, the stratification of reality, and conjunctural causality) can provide insights into how the habitus is capable of reflexivity and social change. In particular, this article reworks Bourdieu’s theory of habitus by suggesting that social selves are always situated at the intersection of multiple and competing social locations (or field positions) and that the habitus itself is always layered. Reflexivity arises from horizontal disjunctures (between field positions) and vertical disjunctures (across temporal sedimentation).
Removal efficiency of an integrated adsorption/photocatalysis system for reducing low concentrations of nitrogen oxides in microenvironments of museums for cultural relics conservation
Authors: Wang Dawei , Zhang Danian , Wu Yan , Wei Hua , Luo Jing , Wu Laiming , Xu Fangyuan , Xiu Guangli
Published: June 2015

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) could pose a threat to the conservation of cultural relics and could also enhance the corrosion induced by other pollutants such as sulphur dioxides and organic acids. The NOx removal rate was studied through a combination of adsorption onto bamboo charcoal and photocatalysis. The integrated NOx removal efficiency by both methods was evaluated in both lab and pilot scales. The studies have shown that the direct use of biomass can remove moderate level of NOx; while higher level of NOx removal was achieved by using bamboo charcoal carbonized at 520℃. The photocatalytic oxidation of NOx was found to be well fit with Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. The different carriers of photocatalysis combined with adsorbents were compared, and the optimised process was shown to reduce the nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide level to 2.76 and 0.68 µg/m3, respectively, in 20% relative humidity (RH). An integrated device was developed, and the results have demonstrated that the combined technologies of photocatalysis and adsorption can have great removal potential for reducing NOx and therefore in improving the air quality under different RH conditions.
Lower genitourinary tract trauma
Authors: Bayne David , Zaid Uwais , Alwaal Amjad , Harris Catherine , McAninch Jack , Breyer Benjamin
Published: June 2015

Lower genitourinary tract trauma comprises a substantial portion of the trauma burden in the USA. Some key trends and findings are described. Mortality is relatively high in patients with bladder trauma due to associated injuries. Urethral injuries should be suspected in patients presenting with the triad of blood at the urethral meatus, suprapubic fullness indicative of a full bladder, and urinary retention. Urethral injury is common in penetrating penile trauma, and stab wounds to the penis are more likely to involve the urethra than gunshot wounds. Penile fracture is largely a clinical diagnosis and suspicion of fracture requires urgent surgical exploration. Zipper injuries are the most common cause of presentation to the emergency department for penile trauma in adults. Toilet seat injuries are the leading cause of penile pediatric trauma presenting to the emergency department. In the setting of testicular trauma, rates of testicular salvage are excellent when exploration is prompt. Trauma in the form of animal or human bites requires treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics in addition to repair of the injury. Military trauma has seen an increase in explosive injuries to the lower urinary tracts due to evolution of warfare tactics. Increasing awareness of presentation and context of lower genitourinary tract trauma can reduce delay of diagnosis and morbidity associated with such injuries.
Deployment dynamics of large-scale flexible solar arrays
Authors: Li Haiquan , Liu Xiaofeng , Guo Shaojing , Cai Guoping
Published: June 2015

In this paper, deployment dynamics of large-scale flexible solar arrays are investigated. The adopted solar array system is introduced first, including system configuration, the tension control mechanism (TCM), guy-wire and joint damper between sub-panels. Then kinematic description of a single flexible body and kinematic constraint equations of two bodies are deduced. Finally, dynamic equation of the solar array system is established by the Jourdain velocity variation principle. The validity of the dynamic model is verified through comparison with ADAMS software. The effects of guy-wire, TCM and joint damper on the system performance are studied in detail. Simulation results indicate that the proposed model is effective to describe the deployment dynamics of the large-scale flexible solar arrays, and that guy-wire, TCM and joint damper have marked influence on the dynamic behaviour of deployment of the solar array system.
Meanings, motives and action
Authors: Voyer Andrea
Published: June 2015

Reed’s Interpretation and Social Knowledge is a valuable resource for ethnographers whose work is characterized by explicit engagement with the sense-making environments that produce social reality. In this essay, I highlight interpretivism’s strengths as a ‘theory of method’, and then discuss its limitations. Namely, I take issue with the central roles that the social actor and motivated action play in Interpretation and Social Knowledge. I draw on my ethnographic work to demonstrate an approach to explanation that, although interpretivist, does not adhere to Reed’s assertion that uncovering subjective motivations is always necessary in interpretive work. When the ongoing everyday-ness of social life is the focus of research, action may be better understood not as doing but instead as being in context. Therefore, Ethnography’s working epistemics must allow for the decentering of the subjective and, by extension, the individual, motivated subject.
Emergency medical service, nursing, and physician providers’ perspectives on delirium identification and management
Authors: LaMantia Michael A , Messina Frank C , Jhanji Shola , Nazir Arif , Maina Mungai , McGuire Siobhan , Hobgood Cherri D , Miller Douglas K
Published: June 2015

Purpose of the study

The study objective was to understand providers’ perceptions regarding identifying and treating older adults with delirium, a common complication of acute illness in persons with dementia, in the pre-hospital and emergency department environments.

Design and methods

The authors conducted structured focus group interviews with separate groups of emergency medical services staff, emergency nurses, and emergency physicians. Recordings of each session were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes with representative supporting quotations identified.

Results

Providers shared that the busy emergency department environment was the largest challenge to delirium recognition and treatment. When describing delirium, participants frequently detailed hyperactive features of delirium, rather than hypoactive features. Participants shared that they employed no clear diagnostic strategy for identifying the condition and that they used heterogeneous approaches to treat the condition. To improve care for older adults with delirium, emergency nurses identified the need for more training around the management of the condition. Emergency medical services providers identified the need for more support in managing agitated patients when in transport to the hospital and more guidance from emergency physicians on what information to collect from the patient’s home environment. Emergency physicians felt that delirium care would be improved if they could have baseline mental status data on their patients and if they had access to a simple, accurate diagnostic tool for the condition.

Implications

Emergency medical services providers, emergency nurses, and emergency physicians frequently encounter delirious patients, but do not employ clear diagnostic strategies for identifying the condition and have varying levels of comfort in managing the condition. Clear steps should be taken to improve delirium care in the emergency department including the development of mechanisms to communicate patients’ baseline mental status, the adoption of a systematized approach to recognizing delirium, and the institution of a standardized method to treat the condition when identified.
Analysis of the preforming behaviour of the braided and woven flax/polyamide fabrics
Authors: Jacquot Pierre-Baptiste , Wang Peng , Soulat Damien , Legrand Xavier
Published: June 2015

Natural flax fibres have been extensively recognized by automotive industries to reduce the weight of vehicles and obtain recyclable composite parts. Most of composite parts are produced by using resin transfer moulding or thermoforming processes. As the first step of these two composite manufacturing processes, the preforming is quite important. Braided and woven fabrics are widely used as textile reinforcements to manufacture the advanced composite parts. But few research works concern the preforming of the reinforcements based on natural fibres and also there is no analysis of dry braided fabrics forming. In the present work, the studies of formability behaviour of braided and woven fabrics made of the same flax/polyamide 12 commingled yarns are performed. Furthermore, an experimental comparison between the preforming behaviour of braided and woven flax/polyamide fabrics is investigated under identical preforming conditions. The different formability behaviour and the defects developed during preforming stage are analysed. First results obtained on hemispherical shape show a higher deformability for the braided reinforcements, which can generate some forming defects, in particular buckles.
Flat-detector computed tomography evaluation in an experimental animal aneurysm model after endovascular treatment: A pilot study
Authors: Ott Sabine , Gölitz Philipp , Adamek Edyta , Royalty Kevin , Doerfler Arnd , Struffert Tobias
Published: June 2015

We compared flat-detector computed tomography angiography (FD-CTA) to multislice computed tomography (MS-CTA) and digital subtracted angiography (DSA) for the visualization of experimental aneurysms treated with stents, coils or a combination of both.

In 20 rabbits, aneurysms were created using the rabbit elastase aneurysm model. Seven aneurysms were treated with coils, seven with coils and stents, and six with self-expandable stents alone. Imaging was performed by DSA, MS-CTA and FD-CTA immediately after treatment. Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) was performed and two experienced reviewers compared aneurysm/coil package size, aneurysm occlusion, stent diameters and artifacts for each modality.

In aneurysms treated with stents alone, the visualization of the aneurysms was identical in all three imaging modalities. Residual aneurysm perfusion was present in two cases and visible in DSA and FD-CTA but not in MS-CTA. The diameter of coil-packages was overestimated in MS-CT by 56% and only by 16% in FD-CTA compared to DSA ( p < 0.05). The diameter of stents was identical for DSA and FD-CTA and was significantly overestimated in MS-CTA ( p < 0.05). Beam/metal hardening artifacts impaired image quality more severely in MS-CTA compared to FD-CTA.

MS-CTA is impaired by blooming and beam/metal hardening artifacts in the visualization of implanted devices. There was no significant difference between measurements made with noninvasive FD-CTA compared to gold standard of DSA after stenting and after coiling/stent-assisted coiling of aneurysms. FD-CTA may be considered as a non-invasive alternative to the gold standard 2D DSA in selected patients that require follow up imaging after stenting.
Endovascular treatment of posterior communicating artery aneurysms in the presence of the fetal variant of posterior cerebral artery
Authors: Chen Zhi , Niu Yin , Tang Jun , Li Lin , Feng Zhou , Feng Hua , Zhu Gang
Published: June 2015

Posterior communicating artery (PcomA) aneurysms in the presence of the fetal variant of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) often pose technical challenges for endovascular treatment because of a greater potential for ischemic injury with the fetal PCA compromise. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and results of endovascular treatment for these lesions. We retrospectively reviewed our experience and results of endovascular treatments for a series of nine consecutive patients with PcomA aneurysms occurring at the origin of fetal PCAs at the Department of Neurosurgery of Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China, between June 2011 and June 2014. Depending on the angiographic findings, location and shape of the aneurysms, various therapeutic strategies were used including coiling by single or double microcatheter, balloon remodeling technique, and single or Y-stenting technique. Overall, fetal PCA was preserved patent in all cases, and complete or near complete occlusion was achieved in 8/9 cases. There was no procedure-related morbidity or mortality. With the exception of one patient who died of pneumonia 6 weeks after treatment, no clinical evidence of neurologic deterioration and hemorrhagic complication was seen during the follow-up period in the remaining 8 patients. Our experience suggests that endovascular treatment is relatively safe and technically feasible in most patients with PcomA aneurysms in the presence of fetal PCA using multiple strategies.
Spironolactone is secure and reduces left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Feniman-De-Stefano Greicy Mara Mengue , Zanati-Basan Silméia Garcia , De Stefano Laercio Martins , Xavier Patrícia Santi , Castro Ana Dóris , Caramori Jacqueline Costa Teixeira , Barretti Pasqual , Jorge da Silva Franco Roberto , Martin Luis Cuadrado
Published: June 2015

Objectives:

There is recent evidence that aldosterone play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients, which leads to the opportunity to block its actions for the benefit of these patients. In nondialytic chronic kidney disease, spironolactone was safe and effective in reducing left ventricular hypertrophy. However, routine use has been precluded in hemodialysis patients due to the risk of hyperkalemia. The aim of this study is to verify the safety and efficacy in regression of left ventricular hypertrophy with spironolactone in hemodialysis patients undergoing pharmacotherapeutic monitoring.

Methods:

We performed a controlled, randomized, double blind study evaluating 17 hemodialysis patients who received spironolactone at a dose of 12.5 mg titrated, in the second week, to 25 mg of spironolactone or placebo. The patients were treated for 6 months.

Results:

The groups were composed of eight patients (intervention) and nine patients (control). These groups did not differ in their baseline characteristics. The group receiving spironolactone had a left ventricular mass index reduction from 77 ± 14.6 g/m2.7 to 69 ± 10.5 g/m2.7, p < 0.04, whereas in placebo group there was an increase from 71 ± 14.2 g/m2.7 to 74 ± 17.4 g/m2.7. Systolic or diastolic blood pressure did not change during the study. Potassium did not differ statistically between groups in all instances.

Conclusion:

Spironolactone treatment in hemodialysis patients was secure and effective in regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, a major risk factor for cardiovascular events in these patients. This effect occurred in spite of blood pressure stability.

Trial registration:

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01128101
Tadalafil for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: a review of clinical data in Asian men and an update on the mechanism of action
Authors: Yokoyama Osamu , Igawa Yasuhiko , Takeda Masayuki , Yamaguchi Takafumi , Murakami Masahiro , Viktrup Lars
Published: June 2015

Tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, is approved worldwide for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH-LUTS). The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the clinical data on tadalafil 5 mg once-daily, primarily focusing on Asian men with BPH-LUTS, and to update the current understanding of the mechanism of action underlying PDE5 inhibition. Findings from studies have demonstrated that PDE5 is highly expressed in the lower urinary tract and supporting vasculature, and that PDE5 inhibition potentially decreases smooth muscle cell proliferation in the prostate, relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate, bladder neck and supporting vasculature, increases blood perfusion to the lower urinary tract, and modulates bladder afferent nerve activity. A total of 11 larger, 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of tadalafil, including four Asian studies, have been conducted globally, enrolling >3000 men with BPH-LUTS. In addition, two long-term (42- and 52-week) studies enrolled 394 Japanese and 428 North American men, respectively, with BPH-LUTS. Overall, tadalafil 5 mg once-daily resulted in significant improvements in the change from baseline to endpoint in total International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS), IPSS storage and voiding subscores, and IPSS quality of life index compared with placebo. Tadalafil was well tolerated and had a favorable safety profile. These findings support tadalafil 5 mg once-daily for treating men, including Asian men, with BPH-LUTS.