bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las ramblas del Sureste español como medio de vida: una aproximación al caso almeriense
Authors: Sánchez Escolano Luis Miguel , Toro Sánchez Francisco Javier
Published: February 2021

Las ramblas son cursos fluviales de flujo espasmódico típicos de entornos áridos y semiáridos. En la cuenca surmediterránea española su protagonismo en la configuración y articulación interna del territorio es determinante. El hecho de que el agua sólo discurra por ellas de forma esporádica y violenta las ha situado históricamente en una posición muy particular en las actividades de las poblaciones que habitan esta zona, así como las dota de unas características ambientales y ecológicas exclusivas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es reconocer, desde un punto de vista holístico, el papel social que tienen las ramblas en los modos de vida de las comunidades humanas que habitan el Sureste español, sistematizando y analizando críticamente el uso y abuso que se hace en la actualidad de esta parte del territorio: como espacio público y de convivencia, vía de comunicación, espacio productivo primario, vertedero, espacio del miedo, lugar patrimonial e infraestructura verde; en definitiva, como un híbrido mesológico o medianza. Esto permitirá acotar y profundizar en el conocimiento científico de un concepto que requiere de aproximaciones holísticas, ofreciendo herramientas para una mejor gestión de espacios tan delicados y vitales en el contexto actual de cambio global.
La vida de las palabras. Un diálogo posible entre Paulo Freire y Martin Heidegger
Authors: Beltrán Llavador José
Published: February 2021

Este artículo sugiere un hipotético diálogo entre Paulo Freire y Martin Heidegger. Ambos pensadores y educadores recuperan y recrean tradiciones filosóficas y educativas propias, abriendo una rica conversación con las voces del pasado, del presente y también del futuro. Cada uno de ellos ha inspirado una literatura abundante y creciente. Lo que no es frecuente, sino más bien excepcional, es encontrar referencias sobre los dos pensadores al mismo tiempo. Este texto pretende compensar esa ausencia. Al mismo tiempo, rinde homenaje al pedagogo brasileño, destacando la vigencia de su obra y la necesidad de reinventarla, así como anticipando su reconocimiento como patrimonio intangible de la humanidad.
Da pedagogia do oprimido à pedagogia do reconhec¡mento: Um diálogo entre o pensamento de Paulo Freire e Axel Honneth
Authors: Das Chagas Galvão de Lima Francisco , Beltrán Llavador José
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo teórico coloca em tela um tema pouco discutido no cenário brasileiro, que é fruto do diálogo da obra de Paulo Freire e Axel Honneth. Assim, este trabalho discorre acerca de aspectos nucleares do pensamento dos autores, como Amorosidade, Práxis e Solidariedade, Amor e Direito. Também evidenciamos que os autores trabalham com a mesma perspectiva de denúncia/negação da situação de exclusão/opressão dos sujeitos, os quais são traduzidos por eles como Oprimidos e Desprezo. Assim, propomos uma leitura teórica e crítica que caminha para uma pedagogia do oprimido e da esperança para uma pedagogia do reconhecimento, mostrando como os elementos teóricos e as categorias propostas por estes dois autores se encontram na atualidade.
Psychometric evaluation of recall and recognition tasks for the measurement of young spectators’ theatrical memory
Authors: Papakosta Alexia , Mastrothanasis Konstantinos , Andreou Aphrodite , Blouti Ioanna
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this research is the construction and psychometric evaluation of seven categories of recall and recognition tasks for the measurement of young spectators’ theatrical memory, based on the respective theatre codes of a specific performance for young spectators. The aim of those tasks is the evaluation of the young spectators’ mnemonic recordings on a level a) the actors’ representation of the characters on stage (acting), b) the visual frame of the performance, c) the audio code d) the lights, e) the dramatic text, f) the plot/action and g) the Shadow Theatre technique.
The recall and recognition tasks were constructed according to the Classical Test Theory of Question Analysis on a sample of 5th Grade Primary School pupils (i.e. ten-year-old pupils), who had seen this specific performance addressed to young spectators and were evaluated with the Factor Analysis method. For the evaluation of the quality of the questions, we took into consideration the difficulty coefficient of each question, the discriminant coefficient and the evaluation of the correlation level of expert judges. For the psychometric control of the tests we examined the validity of their conceptual construct via inquiry factor analysis and the internal validity coefficient.
The result of the above tasks was the creation of seven reliable and valid measurement tools, in which no gender effect is inferred.
Editorial: Feminism and Gender in Literary Education
Authors: Kalogirou Tzina , Mínguez López Xavier , Millán-Scheiding Catalina
Published: February 2021

The starting point for the making of this current issue were some fundamental questions about the intersection of Feminist Criticism and Gender Theory with Education: What might it mean to read and teach literature through the prism of feminist criticism and/or gender theory? In which texts, ways and methods can we integrate a balanced gender approach into literary didactics? How and in which teaching approaches can we produce some powerful feminist readings of the literary texts, whether they are texts long established by tradition, or contemporary and multimodal ones, belonging to popular culture? And how can these concerns about feminism and gender be adequately addressed and embedded into the literature classroom? Although we knew that all the previous questions could not be effectively addressed in one single issue, we still envisaged a publication with insightful contributions to the overall theme of Feminism and Gender in Literary Education.
Assessing red deer hunting management in the Iberian Peninsula: the importance of longitudinal studies
Authors: Carpio Camargo Antonio José , Barasona Jose , Acevedo Pelayo , Fierro Yolanda , Gortazar Christian , Vigal Carlos , Moreno Ángel , Vicente Joaquin
Published: February 2021

Understanding the dynamics of a wildlife population in relation to hunting strategies is essential to achieve sustainable management. We used monitoring data over 25 years from two red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations with different management (with and without supplemental feeding) in South Central Spain to: (i) characterise the density dependence of population dynamics under contrasted management, and (ii) provide the basis for sustainable extraction by considering the theoretical maximum sustainable yield (MSYt) as the reference. The red deer population displayed a typical management reactive culling approach (‘saw-tooth-like’ curves), with occasional strong annual harvests but not occurring on a regular basis. Interestingly, we found reduced population growth at high densities in both populations, indicating that density-mediated factors determined population growth even when artificial feeding was provided. However, no effects of sex not age class of the extracted population on the population growth rate were determined. The total number of animals hunted was only slightly above those predicted by MSYt (i.e.K50%) in both populations, despite high densities close to theoreticalK, being consistent throughout the study period. The extraction rates (30.3 and 34.0%, for supplemented and unsupplemented populations, respectively) were 13.3% and 10.2% lower compared to the MSYt situation in the unsupplemented and supplemented populations, respectively. Long term population monitoring data provided feasible and suitable baseline values to optimise the sustainable exploitation of red deer populations in the Mediterranean ecosystem under these contrasting management scenarios. Adaptive management, involving objective-driven decision making informed by data on red deer population dynamic, can contribute (i) to maximising the total extraction over the long term while (ii) reducing the ecological impact of high population densities.
Барий в океане: малые концентрации, но сильные эффекты, "Природа"
Authors: Леин А.Ю. , Кравчишина М.Д.
Published: February 2021

В статье рассматривается модель геохимического цикла бария в океане, основанная на немногочисленных собственных и литературных данных. Ион бария реагирует с сульфат-ионом различных флюидов с образованием труднорастворимого барита. По распределению бария в водной толще можно судить о величине первичной продукции в современном и древнем океане. Анализ газово-жидких включений в баритах позволяет определять соленость и температуру первичных растворов, т.е. восстанавливать физико-химические условия минералообразования.
Лауреаты Нобелевской премии 2020 года. По химии — Эммануэль Шарпантье, Дженнифер Даудна, "Природа"
Authors: Захаревич Н.В. , Никитин М.С. , Артамонова И.И.
Published: February 2021

В 2020 г. Нобелевская премия по химии присуждена француженке Эммануэль Шарпантье и американке Дженнифер Даудне «за разработку метода редактирования генома», а именно за изобретение «генетических ножниц» — технологии CRISPR/Cas9. Создание этого инструмента — яркий пример важности фундаментальных исследований. В настоящее время CRISPR/Cas системы и связанные с ними технологии активно используются не только для изучения разных процессов, протекающих в организмах животных и растений, но и для редактирования их геномов, что уже обеспечило значительные прорывы в медицине и сельском хозяйстве.
Общая стратегия поисков жизни на Марсе и экспедиция в кратер Езеро, "Природа"
Authors: Демидов Н.Э. , Иванов М.А.
Published: February 2021

В статье рассматриваются основные особенности Ноахийского, Гесперийского и Амазонийского периодов в геологической истории Марса с точки зрения их влияния на привнос / зарождение, сохранение и эволюцию живых организмов. В ноахийское время ранний Марс развивался по схожему с ранней Землей сценарию. Подобие древних марсианских и земных условий не исключает принципиальной возможности появления жизни на Марсе. Сравнительно короткий Гесперийский период был отмечен интенсивным вулканизмом, водной и ледниковой активностью, но условия на поверхности вышли за пределы выживаемости, и микроорганизмы должны были или законсервироваться в мерзлых толщах, или переместиться в глубокие водоносные горизонты. В течение Амазонийского периода Марс представлял собой мерзлую и скучную в астробиологическом отношении пустыню с крайне суровыми условиями на поверхности, которая постоянно стерилизуется космической радиацией. В целом неблагоприятные условия для эволюции жизни на Марсе позволяют сделать вывод, что жизнь на Марсе, если и зародилась в ноахийское время, не могла развиться до существования сложных многоклеточных организмов. Рассмотрены потенциальные экологические ниши современного Марса. Из них наибольшим потенциалом для выживаемости микроорганизмов обладают подземные воды и криопэги, условия в которых не зависят от условий на поверхности планеты. Кратко рассматривается геология древнего кратерного озера Езеро, куда направляется экспедиция НАСА «Марс 2020» с марсоходом «Настойчивость» на борту. Глинистые минералы и карбонаты в озерных отложениях можно считать потенциальным резервуаром, где могли накопиться и сохраниться гипотетические остатки марсианских организмов.
Пик Фортова. К 75-летию Большого Человека, которого не стало, "Природа"
Authors: Батурин Ю.М. , ЗЕЛЁНЫЙ Л.М. , Петров О.Ф. , Хоконов М.Х. , Левашов П.Р. , Иногамов Н. А. , Кузьмин М.И. , Каляев И.А.
Published: February 2021

Владимира Евгеньевича Фортова не стало 29 ноября 2020 года. 23 января ему исполнилось бы 75 лет. Эти годы вместили многое: работу в исследовательских лабораториях и в министерских кабинетах, руководство Российским фондом фундаментальных исследований в первые годы его существования и Российской академией наук в очень трудное для нее время, расследование причин и последствий аварий Чернобыльской АЭС и Саяно-Шушенской ГЭС, путешествие под парусом через Атлантику, участие в экспедициях на Северный и Южный полюсы, погружение в аппарате «Мир» на дно Байкала и восхождение на гималайскую вершину. И конечно, дело всей его жизни — физику экстремальных состояний вещества. Он принадлежал к той научной школе, где не знали слова «невозможно». Невозможно поверить, что его не стало…
БИООБРАСТАНИЕ, МОРСКИЕ И КОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ВОДЫ: ТЕОРИЯ, ПРАКТИКА, ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Орлова М.И. , РОДИОНОВ В.А.
Published: February 2021

Обзор подготовлен для планирования междисциплинарных исследований (с позиций океанологии, гидробиологии, экологической и экспериментальной физиологии, материаловедения) по проблеме обрастания в части систематизации знаний и разработки подходов к мониторингу явления; проведения актуальных натурных наблюдений и экспериментов с целью выявления закономерностей формирования сообщества обрастания в условиях разнотипных техногенно трансформированных и искусственных экосистем под влиянием различных факторов. Дана оценка современного состояния знаний, необходимых для разработки надежных долгосрочных превентивных программ решения проблемы биопомех на примере объекта энергетики, а также перспектив использования обрастателей в качестве объектов биотехнологий, направленных на улучшение качества воды в водоемах антропогенно трансформированных и (или) прилежащих к урбанизированным территориям. Обзор завершается справочным очерком для разработки модельного проекта целевых НИР и ОКР, которые могут быть реализованы в рамках национальных проектов РФ и программ международного сотрудничества в регионе Балтийского моря.
СОСТОЯНИЕ ПЛАНКТОННОГО АЛЬГОЦЕНОЗА СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОГО ШЕЛЬФА ЧЕРНОГО МОРЯ В ПЕРИОД 2015–2019 гг., "Наука Юга России"
Authors: Ясакова О.Н.
Published: February 2021

Представлены результаты исследования таксономического состава и уровня количественного развития фитопланктона на северо-восточном шельфе Черного моря (район Утриша) в разные сезоны 2015–2019 гг. Было обнаружено 109 видов фитопланктона, относящихся к 7 отделам. Наибольшее видовое разнообразие было отмечено среди динофитовых (57 видов) и диатомовых водорослей (38 видов). Средние величины количественного развития планктонных водорослей в исследуемый период составили 2156 тыс. кл./л и 126 мг/м. Самые низкие значения численности (9,3 тыс. кл./л) были отмечены в июне 2015 г. Наиболее высокие величины (4566–6644 тыс. кл./л) зарегистрированы в осенний период 2016–2017 гг. В мае – июне 2017 г. обилие фитопланктона (660–757 тыс. кл./л) на порядок уступало максимальным величинам численности. Относительно высокие показатели биомассы (127–240 мг/м) были отмечены весной и летом (май, июнь) 2015 и 2017 гг. Величины биомассы фитопланктона 32–55 мг/м в осенний сезон 2016–2017 гг. были минимальными за весь период исследования. В наибольшей степени этому способствовало развитие мелкоклеточных видов фитопланктона. Доминирующим отделом водорослей были диатомовые: в среднем они составили 40 (12–99) % общих значений численности и 34 (7–74) % биомассы. Динофитовые формировали 24 (0,7–85) % общих значений численности и значительную часть (51 (24–89) %) биомассы фитопланктона. Максимальное развитие представителя золотистых водорослей Emiliania huxleyi наблюдали в весенне-летний период 2017 г., когда на его долю приходилось от 42 до 71 % численности и от 26 до 52 % биомассы фитопланктона.
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОТИВОТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНОЙ ПОМОЩИ ДЕТЯМ И ПОДРОСТКАМ ИЗ ГРУПП РИСКА: ВЗГЛЯД ИЗ ПРОШЛОГО НА СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ (обзор литературы и комментарий), "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Эргешов А.Э. , Ovsyankina E.S. , Губкина М.Ф. , Панова Л.В. , Юхименко Н.В.
Published: February 2021

В обзоре прослежен исторический путь организации противотуберкулезной помощи детям и проведены сопоставления с современными подходами к этой проблеме. Государственная политика поддержки санитарной профилактики, направленной на охрану здоровья, была отражена в нормативных документах по обязательным плановым обследованиям на туберкулез (ТБ), во внедрении массовой иммунизации детей вакциной БЦЖ, в принципах формирования групп риска. Обращено внимание на то, что профилактическая направленность мероприятий в этой группе населения утрачивает свою приоритетную позицию при условиях добровольного согласия на их проведение со стороны родителей/законных представителей детей. В настоящее время нет нормативного документа, объединяющего медицинские, санитарно-гигиенические и правовые решения по противотуберкулезным мероприятиям в группах риска, что определяет противоречия при их организации и проведении, особенно в детской группе населения. Мероприятия в группах риска детей должны быть отражены в самостоятельном нормативном документе, как было раньше, с учетом возрастных особенностей и защиты прав на сохранение их здоровья. Семья, как часть общества, должна быть ориентирована на обязательное выполнение санитарно-эпидемиологических и медицинских правил для защиты детей и подростков от заболевания с учетом инфекционного характера заболевания, его хронического течения, тяжести и высокой контагиозности, прежде всего, в семье.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Fungicides against Fusarium musae, a Fruit Rot Disease of Banana
Authors: Baria T. T. , Rakholiya K. B.
Published: February 2021

Fruit rot disease caused by Fusarium musae is one of the post-harvest disease of banana and is adversely affecting the fruit quality and the market value In vitro evaluation of different fungicides, against F. musae. Amongst, fungicides viz., mancozeb 75 WP at 2500 ppm, azoxystrobin (20%) + difenoconazole (12.5%) at 1000 ppm and propiconazole (25 EC) at 500 ppm and 1000 ppm were found cent per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of F. musae. Whereas, in vivo evaluation were lowest fusarium fruit rot severity was observed in propiconazole (25 EC) at 1000 ppm in pre (6.61%) and post- inoculation (6.70%) treatments at 8 days after inoculation.
Role of Endoscopy in Round Window Identification during Cochlear Implant
Authors: Fouad Ayman , Erfan Fatthe , Hamed Mohamed Hisham , Aglan Yasser
Published: February 2021

Aim: To access the usage of the endoscopy in round window (RW) orientation during cochlear implant (CI).

Methodology: This was a retrospective case series study done in Otolaryngology Department, Tanta University, Egypt in 2018 and 2019. Inclusion criterion was all cases with CI surgery in which the endoscopy was used to locate the round window (RW) when this was difficult through the transmastoid approach.

Results: The total cohort consisted of 13 CI patients in which endoscopy was used. Age mean was 35.5 years. Situations necessitating the usage of endoscope were: 6/13 with cochlear rotation, 4/13 with very narrow mastoid cavity, and 3/13 with narrow facial recess. By using the endoscope, the RW was fully visualized in all patients and CI insertion done through it.

Conclusion: The endoscopy was of great value in some difficult CI cases.
Vaccination against Cervical Cancer: Profile of Accommodating Parents and Some Suggestions to Overcome Hesitancy against Vaccination
Authors: Andrew Tassang , Ekane G. E. Halle , Fru C. Neh , Cho Frederick Nchang , Thierry Tassang , Ewane T. Palle , Fru P. Ngum , Ndongo Daniel , Ndakason W. , Ncham G. , Gracious Tangui
Published: February 2021

6 million sexually active women are at risk of developing cervical cancer in Cameroon. About 2000 cases are reported annually with 55% of them being fatal.  The fight against this disease is hampered by both poor material and human resources. Methods of prevention are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary. Vaccination is one of the primary methods of prevention of cervical cancer. Despite the avoidable nature of this disease, there is a growing hesitancy in society to allow girls to be vaccinated. 

The objective of this study is to find out the characteristics of parents who allow their daughter(s ) to be vaccinated, despite the negative growing opinion about vaccination.

Sensitization on the importance of prevention of cervical cancer by the public authorities, financial empowerment of women, and level of education seem crucial to increase the uptake of vaccination against the Human Papilloma Virus.
PERBEDAAN FAKTOR EKSTERNAL DAN FAKTOR INTERNAL DALAM PERTIMBANGAN PEMBELIAN APARTEMEN DI SURABAYA ANTARA GENERASI X DAN GENERASI Y
Authors: Suyanto Widya Sari Puspa Dewi , Kwanda Timoticin , Anastasia Njo
Published: February 2021

The steady increase of human population and the limited living space encourages developers to make vertical residential namely apartments. The developers certainly need the right marketing strategy, one of them is determining the target age of the buyer. In this study, age is categorized into several generations, which is Gen X and Gen Y. Gen X and Gen Y have different characters and mindsets. This also makes a difference in consideration of buying an apartment. This research examines about the differences in the consideration of external factors and internal factors between Gen X and Gen Y in purchasing an apartment. External factors consist of physical condition of the apartment, location, environmental and financial factors. Meanwhile, internal factors consist of psychological, emotional, and intuition factors. The results stated that there were only differences in external environmental factors. Although there are no difference on other external and internal factors, Gen X tends to consider physical and location factors more, while Gen Y considers financial factors more. Meanwhile, all internal factors are considered more by Gen X than Gen Y.
Recent Advances in Synthesis of Difluoromethylene Phosphonates for Biological Applications
Authors: Shevchuk Michael , Wang Qian , Pajkert Romana , Xu Jingcheng , Mei Haibo , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker , Han Jianlin
Published: February 2021

For almost 40 years, difluoromethylene phosphonates have proven to be versatile molecular tools in biochemical studies owing to their close resemblance to naturally occurring phosphates and phosphonates. As bioisosteric, non‐hydrolyzable analogs of these essential molecules, difluoromethylene phosphonates can target the critical parts of the cellular machinery and therefore exhibit a diverse spectrum of biological activity. In the past ten years, there have appeared many new methods for the synthesis of difluoromethylene phosphonates. Most notably, photoredox catalysis has firmly entered the field, while cross‐coupling and nucleophilic strategies have met considerable elaboration and refinement, entirely in accord with the current trends in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we introduce difluoromethylene phosphonates as a distinct, high‐tech subclass of synthetic phosphonates resulting from the research efforts on the cross‐section of organophosphorus, organofluorine, and bioorganic chemistry. We then proceed to the discussion of general methods for the preparation of difluoromethylene phosphonates, comprehensively reviewing reactions developed in the past 15 years while providing the context of earlier works where appropriate. Finally, we present selected examples of molecules with high biological activity, their biological targets, and the synthetic steps employed for their preparation.

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Recent Advances in Phosphonium Salt Catalysis
Authors: Li Hongxiang , Liu Honglei , Guo Hongchao
Published: February 2021

Quaternary phosphonium salts have been extensively used in organic synthesis as Lewis acid organocatalysts. This review covers recent applications of phosphonium salts as Lewis acidic catalysts for Mannich, Strecker, and Friedel‐Crafts reactions for the formation of C−C bonds, annulation reactions, etc., allowing the construction of structurally diverse and synthetically useful architectures.

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Intelligent pig‐raising knowledge question‐answering system based on neural network schemes
Authors: Kung Hsu‐Yang , Yu Ren‐Wu , Chen Chi‐Hua , Tsai Chan‐Wei , Lin Chia‐Yu
Published: February 2021

The most important parts of Taiwan's agriculture are animal husbandry and the pig industry, of which the output value reached NT$75.6 billion in 2017. Taiwan has a high technical level of pig raising. However, practical pig‐raising skills rely mainly on the inheritance of mentoring experience. The livestock and pig breeding industry in Taiwan has no relevant pig breeding knowledge management information system and no intelligent knowledge question‐answering system. Therefore, this study designs and implements an intelligent knowledge question‐and‐answer system for pig farming. To identify intelligent questions and answers for raising livestock pigs, this study addresses the following issues: (a) to determine the semantic meaning of a sentence, the system needs to accurately interpret the meaning of a question and to identify the expression of a knowledge entity. Therefore, this study applies the lattice long‐short‐term memory (LSTM) and structured perceptron methods to parse sentences accurately and correctly perform word segmentation. A set of stop words for pig raising in Taiwan is initially established to ensure accurate sentence parsing; (b) to understand the intent of each sentence, the bidirectional gated recurrent init (bi‐GRU) method is adopted to realize the knowledge extraction of the livestock in the question and complete the intent detection and slot filling. The bi‐GRU extracts the correct livestock knowledge and classifies it into suitable topics; (c) the wide range of knowledge sources in questions often leads to unrelated vocabulary, repeated words, and structural loss in potential answers. To establish an effective knowledge search graph, the method infers implicit knowledge from the existing knowledge and conducts related knowledge retrieval based on the inference results. The knowledge data model is defined in the open standard resource description framework Knowledge filtering and knowledge reasoning strategies are presented to produce candidate answers to the livestock problem; (d) to obtain the final answer, most related works search established knowledge graphs, often producing multiple ambiguous candidate answers. The Siamese neural network (SNN) is adopted to obtain accurate answers. An SNN compares candidate answers to a livestock problem as two input values, previously trained by the bidirectional LSTM neural network. The final answer is determined from the cosine similarity value, which represents the highest relevance to the question. Finally, this study implements the intelligent pig‐raising knowledge question‐answering system based on the proposed methodology. The evaluation results reveal that the proposed system is accurate and practicable.
Agriculture, biology, and environment: Twenty first century challenges and opportunities
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Umehara Mikihisa , Hayashi Hisayoshi , Omar Mohamed Nabil Abd‐El‐Mageed
Published: February 2021

The 6th International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences (ABS 2020), was planned to be held in the People's Republic of China. Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, ABS 2020, “Agricultural and Biological Sciences: Plant, Soil, Animal, and Environment”, was the first online conference in Agricultural and Biological Sciences history. Each paper addressed a slightly different topic and provided identifiable challenges and research key questions in agriculture, agronomy, food production and security, and environmental hazards. The role of Agricultural and Biological Sciences of China is the generation of research knowledge that influence everyday activities. There were 41 manuscripts submitted, of which 25 were accepted for publication. The research domains varied and included the role of specific plant on soil C‐cycling, haploid induction, and natural doubling of Zea mays L.; plant species and soil rhizosphere microflora; forest tree biomass succession and dynamics relevant to C‐sequestration; making sandy land agriculture friendly; plantation age on C, N, and P stoichiometry; codon uses pattern of Gnetum luofuoense C.Y. Cheng using transcriptome data; suitability of plant landscape unit and natural parks; regeneration protocol of Jatropha curcas L., etc. The purpose of this special section is to generate an improved communication among international scientists that we hope will lead to enhanced food security.
Extending the fossil record for foliicolous Dothideomycetes: Bleximothyrium ostiolatum gen. et sp. nov., a unique fly‐speck fungus from the Lower Cretaceous of Virginia, USA
Authors: Le Renard Ludovic , Stockey Ruth A. , Upchurch Garland R. , Berbee Mary L.
Published: February 2021

PREMISE

Fossils can reveal long‐vanished characters that inform inferences about the timing and patterns of diversification of living fungi. Through analyzing well‐preserved fossil scutella, shield‐like covers of fungal sporocarps, we describe a new taxon of early Dothideomycetes with a combination of characters unknown among extant taxa.

METHODS

Macerated clays from the Potomac Group, lower Zone 1, from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, 125–113 Ma) of Virginia USA yielded one gymnospermous leaf cuticle colonized by 21 sporocarps of a single fungal morphotype. We inferred a tree from nuclear ribosomal DNA of extant species, and coded morphological characters to evaluate alternative, equally parsimonious placements of the fossil in a molecular constraint tree of extant species.

RESULTS

Bleximothyrium ostiolatum gen. et sp. nov. has an ostiolate scutellum of radiate, dichotomizing hyphae. Unlike otherwise similar extant and fossil taxa, B. ostiolatum has tangled hyphae at its scutellum margin. Scutella of B. ostiolatum are connected to superficial mycelium, to intercalary and lateral appressoria, and to extensive subcuticular “mycélium en palmettes”. The gymnospermous host has characters consistent with identity as a non‐papillate ginkgophyte or cycad.

CONCLUSIONS

Bleximothyrium ostiolatum is the oldest known fossil fly‐speck fungus that occurs on plant cuticles and has the radiate, ostiolate scutellum known only from Dothideomycetes. Its combination of characters, its scutellum margin, and mycélium en palmettes are unknown in other extant and fossil species, and Bleximothyrium ostiolatum likely represents a new group of fly‐speck fungi that may now be extinct.
Prolonged hematologic toxicity following treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T cells in patients with hematologic malignancies
Authors: Nagle Sarah J. , Murphree Catherine , Raess Philipp W. , Schachter Levanto , Chen Andy , Hayes‐Lattin Brandon , Nemecek Eneida , Maziarz Richard T.
Published: February 2021

Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy (CAR T) is a novel intervention for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (R/R DLBCL) and other hematologic malignancies. However, it is associated with prolonged hematologic toxicity (PHT) that is unpredictable and can significantly impair patients' quality of life. Reported here is a single‐center experience with PHT in adult patients with R/R DLBCL who received commercial CAR T‐cell therapy between March 1, 2018 and May 30, 2020. Prolonged hematologic toxicity was defined as ≥ grade 3 neutropenia or thrombocytopenia at day +30 after CAR T‐cell therapy. Of the 31 patients identified, 18 patients (58%) developed PHT. Patients with PHT had a shorter 1‐year overall survival (OS) than patients without PHT (36% vs. 81%, P < .05). There were no differences in the median time to ANC recovery for those with PHT compared to patients without PHT (16 days vs. 15 days). Several risk factors were identified to be associated with PHT including CRS (P = .002), receipt of tocilizumab (P = .002) or steroids (P = .033), peak ferritin >5000 ng/ml (P = .048), peak C‐reactive protein (CRP) > 100 mg/L (P = .007), and ferritin greater than the upper limit of normal at day +30. Seven patients with PHT underwent a bone marrow biopsy after CAR T‐cell therapy; all showed complete aplasia or were hypocellular with cellularity ranging from <5% to 10%. These findings identify PHT as a significant toxicity associated with CAR T‐cell therapy and highlight the critical need for further investigations to describe PHT in larger cohorts and identify standards for management of this condition.
Intermolecular Amination of Ketoximes with Anthranils by Rh‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Activation in Air
Authors: Chen Weiqiang , Li Chao‐Yi , Li Hui‐Jing , Wu Yan‐Chao
Published: February 2021

The formation of C−N bonds is a fundamental bond construction in organic synthesis. In this context, a [RhCp*Cl2]2/AgSbF6 system was developed for the C2‐amination of ketoximes with anthranils with the use of Piv2O as a promoter. Piv2O played an important role in the generation of catalytically active species with [RhCp*Cl2]2. The oxime unit was revealed to be effective chelating groups to activate the aryl C−H bond. The amination shows a wide substrates scope, and several important functional groups were tolerated under the benign reaction conditions.
Medicine at mass gatherings: current progress of preparedness of emergency medical services and disaster medical response during 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games from the perspective of the Academic Consortium (AC2020)
Authors: Morimura Naoto , Mizobata Yasumitsu , Sugita Manabu , Takeda Satoshi , Kiyozumi Tetsuro , Shoko Tomohisa , Inoue Yoshiaki , Otomo Yasuhiro , Sakurai Atsushi , Koido Yuichi , Tanabe Seizan , Okumura Tetsu , Yamasawa Fumihiro , Tanaka Hideharu , Kinoshi Tomoya , Kaku Koki , Matsuda Kiyoshi , Kitamura Nobuya , Hayakawa Tatsuya , Kuroda Yasuhiro , Kuroki Yumiko , Sasaki Junichi , Oda Jun , Inokuchi Masataka , Kakuta Toru , Arai Satoru , Sato Noriaki , Matsuura Hiroyuki , Nozawa Masahiro , Osamura Toshio , Yamashita Kazunori , Okudera Hiroshi , Kawana Akihiko , Koshinaga Tsugumichi , Hirano Satoshi , Sugawara Erisa , Kamata Michihiro , Tajiri Yasuhito , Kohno Mototsugu , Suzuki Michiyasu , Nakase Hiroyuki , Suehiro Eiichi , Yamase Hiroaki , Otake Hiroshi , Morisaki Hiroshi , Ozawa Akiko , Takahashi Sho , Otsuka Kotaro , Harikae Kiyokazu , Kishi Kazuo , Mizuno Hiroshi , Nakajima Hideaki , Ueta Hiroki , Nagayama Masao , Kikuchi Migaku , Yokota Hiroyuki , Shimazu Takeshi , Yukioka Tetsuo ,   The Joint Committee of the Academic Consortium on Emergency Medical Services, Disaster Medical Response Plan during the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2020 (AC2020)
Published: February 2021

Mass gatherings are events characterized by “the concentration of people at a specific location for a specific purpose over a set period of time that have the potential to strain the planning and response resources of the host country or community.” Previous reports showed that, as a result of the concentration of people in the limited area, injury and illness occurred due to several factors. The response plan should aim to provide timely medical care to the patients and to reduce the burden on emergency hospitals, and to maintain a daily emergency medical services system for residents of the local area. Although a mass gathering event will place a significant burden on the local health‐care system, it can provide the opportunity for long‐term benefits of public health‐care and improvement of daily medical service systems after the end of the event. The next Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Tokyo, during which mass gatherings will occur on a daily basis in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) epidemic. The Academic Consortium on Emergency Medical Services and Disaster Medical Response Plan during the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2020 (AC2020) was launched 2016, consisting of 28 academic societies in Japan, it has released statements based on assessments of medical risk and publishing guidelines and manuals on its website. This paper outlines the issues and countermeasures for emergency and disaster medical care related to the holding of this big event, focusing on the activities of the academic consortium.
Direct Access to Primary Amines from Alkenes by Selective Metal‐Free Hydroamination
Authors: Du Yi‐Dan , Chen Bi‐Hong , Shu Wei
Published: February 2021

Direct and selective synthesis of primary amines from easily available precursors is attractive yet challenging. Herein, we report the rapid synthesis of primary amines from alkenes via metal‐free regioselective hydroamination at room temperature. Ammonium carbonate was used as ammonia surrogate for the first time, allowing for efficient conversion of terminal and internal alkenes into linear, α‐branched, and α‐tertiary primary amines under mild conditions. This method provides a straightforward and powerful approach to a wide spectrum of advanced, highly functionalized primary amines which are of particular interest in pharmaceutical chemistry and other areas.
Structural and Spectroscopic Comparison of Soft‐Se vs. Hard‐O Donor Bonding in Trivalent Americium/Neodymium Molecules
Authors: Goodwin Conrad A. P. , Schlimgen Anthony W. , Albrecht‐Schönzart Thomas E. , Batista Enrique R. , Gaunt Andrew J. , Janicke Michael T. , Kozimor Stosh A. , Scott Brian L. , Stevens Lauren M. , White Frankie D. , Yang Ping
Published: February 2021

Covalency is often considered to be an influential factor in driving An3+ vs. Ln3+ selectivity invoked by soft donor ligands. This is intensely debated, particularly the extent to which An3+/Ln3+ covalency differences prevail and manifest as the f‐block is traversed, and the effects of periodic breaks beyond Pu. Herein, two Am complexes, [Am{N(E=PPh2)2}3] (1‐Am, E=Se; 2‐Am, E=O) are compared to isoradial [Nd{N(E=PPh2)2}3] (1‐Nd, 2‐Nd) complexes. Covalent contributions are assessed and compared to U/La and Pu/Ce analogues. Through ab initio calculations grounded in UV‐vis‐NIR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray structures, we observe differences in f orbital involvement between Am–Se and Nd–Se bonds, which are not present in O‐donor congeners.
Assessing Anatomy Education: A Perspective from Design
Authors: Roxburgh Mark , Evans Darrell J.R.
Published: February 2021

Medical and healthcare practice is likely to see fundamental changes in the future that will require a different approach to the way in which we educate, train, and assess the next generation of healthcare professionals. The anatomical sciences will need to be part of that challenge so they continue to play a full role in preparing students with the knowledge and ever increasingly the skills and competencies that will contribute to the fundamentals of their future capacity to practice effectively. Although there have been significant advances in anatomical science pedagogy, by reviewing learning and assessment in an apparently unrelated field, provides an opportunity to bring a different perspective and enable appropriate challenge of the current approaches in anatomy. Design learning has had to continually reimagine itself in response to the shifting landscape in design practice and the threats associated with technology and societal change. Design learning has also long used a student‐centric active pedagogy and allied authentic assessment methods and, therefore, provides an ideal case study to help inform future changes required in anatomical learning and assessment.
Noninertial effects on CP‐violating systems
Authors: Silveira Vinicius M. G. , Vasconcellos Cesar A. Z. , Luna Emerson G. S. , Hadjimichef Dimiter
Published: February 2021

An analysis of accelerated kaon decays based on the Unruh effect shows a slight decrease in a CP violation parameter for very high accelerations as a consequence of the previously known increase in decay rates for noninertial systems. Its consequences regarding the understanding of the relation between thermal and noninertial phenomena are briefly discussed.
Phytochemical Profile and Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of the Fraction from Artemisia lavandulaefolia
Authors: Zhang Lai‐Bin , Guo Li‐Min , Wang Feng‐Long , Lü Jie‐Li
Published: February 2021

Artemisia lavandulaefolia, a traditional herbal medicine, has been utilized as anti‐inflammatory and analgesia agent in clinic. Bioassay‐guided fractionation resulted in a fraction (ALDF) with anti‐inflammatory effect obtained from A. lavandulaefolia. Its main constituents were analyzed and identified by UPLC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS technology. ALDF showed the strong inhibitory activity on the nitrogen oxide (NO) production in LPS‐induced RAW 264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 1.64±0.41 μg/mL. Further results displayed that ALDF also significantly suppressed the secretion of key pro‐inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and the increase of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) protein expression induced by LPS stimulation. Mechanism study indicated that ALDF was able to block NF‐κB signaling pathway through inhibiting IκB and p65 phosphorylation, as well as NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, in vivo results in mice revealed that treatments with ALDF evoked significant inhibition on ear edema induced by xylene and on the writhing responses induced by acetic acid. These results suggest that ALDF holds great potential in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Deoxyribonuclease I Inhibitory Properties, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of 1‐(Pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)propan‐2‐one Derivatives
Authors: Ilić Budimir S. , Gajić Mihajlo , Bondžić Bojan P. , Džambaski Zdravko , Kocić Gordana , Šmelcerović Andrija
Published: February 2021

Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) inhibitory properties of two 1‐(pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)propan‐2‐one derivatives were examined in vitro. Determined IC50 values of 1‐[1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidin‐2‐yl]propan‐2‐one (1) (192.13±16.95 μM) and 1‐[1‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)pyrrolidin‐2‐yl]propan‐2‐one (2) (132.62±9.92 μM) exceed IC50 value of crystal violet, used as a positive control, 1.89‐ and 2.73‐times, respectively. Compounds are predicted to be nontoxic and to have favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, with high gastrointestinal absorption and blood‐brain barrier permeability. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that interactions with Glu 39, Glu 78, Arg 111, Pro 137, Asp 251 and His 252 are an important factor for inhibitors affinity toward the DNase I. Determined inhibitory properties along with predicted ADMET profiles and observed interactions would be beneficial for the discovery of new active 1‐(pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)propan‐2‐one‐based inhibitors of DNase I.
Eleven Danish patients diagnosed with Scabies and treated with Tenutex®
Authors: Soerensen Christian A. S. , Pallesen Kristine Appel Uldall , Munk Nadja Trier , Vestergaard Christian
Published: February 2021

Treatment with Tenutex® should be considered in patients diagnosed with scabies if the first‐line treatment with 5% permethrin fails. Treatment failure with 5% permethrin may be due to tolerance or resistance in scabies mites.
Vertically Oriented Graphene Nanosheets for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: He Pingge , Chen Shaowei
Published: February 2021

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Professor Shaowei Chen from the University of California (USA). The picture shows an array of graphene nanosheets vertically grown onto a substrate that may be used as effective electrodes for electrochemical energy technologies (e.g. supercapacitors, lithium‐ion batteries, etc.). This is to take advantage of the large accessible surface area, rich edges, high electrical conductivity, open network channels, and agglomeration resistance, unique characteristics unseen with conventionally, randomly, or horizontally oriented graphene derivatives. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/celc.202001364.
Regular solution theory applied to asphaltene related phase behaviour
Authors: Yarranton Harvey W. , Ramos‐Pallares Francisco
Published: February 2021

Asphaltenes are the least soluble fraction of crude oil and they can phase separate from the oil upon a change in temperature, pressure, or composition. This phase separation, often described as precipitation, may be beneficial (eg, in a partial deasphalting process) or detrimental (eg, in pipeline and surface equipment fouling). A phase behaviour model that can predict the onset and amount of asphaltene precipitation and is compatible with process simulators is desirable for the design and operation of these processes. This brief review focuses on the regular solution modelling approach. The regular solution model is based on activity coefficients and therefore is well suited for liquid‐liquid phase separations such as asphaltene precipitation. The model and its internal correlations are presented and its performance on asphaltene phase separation from mixtures of heavy oils and solvent is demonstrated. Recent updates to this approach are presented and potential future applications are discussed. The strengths and limitations of this approach for oilfield applications are highlighted.
Investigations of the effects of the non‐darkening seed coat trait coded by the recessive jj alleles on agronomic, sensory, and cooking characteristics in pinto beans
Authors: Erfatpour Mohammad , Duizer Lisa , Pauls K. Peter
Published: February 2021

The beige background of the conventional pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed coat turns brown over time due to oxidation of its proanthocyanidins. Pinto beans that have slow‐darkening (SD) or non‐darkening (ND) seed coats are more desired in the market because they are perceived to be fresh, high‐quality beans. However, correlations between the ND seed coat trait and agronomic performance have not been investigated. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to estimate variance components and broad‐sense heritabilities of agronomic and seed coat traits in pinto beans, and to determine if correlations exist between the ND seed coat trait and agronomic, sensory, and cooking traits in recombinant inbred lines, developed from crosses between ND pinto bean breeding lines, incorporating the ND gene from ‘Wit‐rood boontje’, with two regular‐darkening (RD) pinto bean varieties (‘Stampede’ in Population 1 and ‘La Paz’ in Population 2), grown in four different environments of southwest Ontario in 2016. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between the RD and ND genotypes for grain yield, 100‐seed weight, hydration capacity, and the seed coat color parameters in both populations. The color parameter L*, which represents the whiteness of the seed coat, was selected as the main discriminative parameter between the RD and ND seed coat phenotypes. There was a weak positive genetic correlation between the ND trait and days to maturity in Population 1 (rg = .11). The ND trait showed weak negative genetic correlations with grain yield (rg = −.23 in Population 1 and rg = −.13 in Population 2). Moderately weak positive genetic correlations were found between the ND trait and hydration capacity in Population 1 (rg = .44) and Population 2 (rg = .40). The ND pinto beans were perceived as sweeter and had softer and smoother textures and shorter cooking times compared with the RD pinto beans.
A Substituent‐Directed Strategy for the Selective Synthesis of L‐Hexoses: An Expeditious Route to L‐Idose
Authors: See Nicholas W. , Wimmer Norbert , Krenske Elizabeth H. , Ferro Vito
Published: February 2021

L‐Hexoses are rare but biologically significant components of various important biomolecules. However, most are prohibitively expensive (if commercially available) which limits their study and biotechnological exploitation. New, efficient methods to access L‐hexoses and their derivatives are thus of great interest. In a previous study, we showcased a stereoselective Bu3SnH‐mediated transformation of a 5‐C‐bromo‐D‐glucuronide to an L‐iduronide. We have now drawn inspiration from this result to derive a new methodology – one that can be harnessed to access other L‐hexoses. DFT calculations demonstrate that a combination of a β‐F at the anomeric position and a methoxycarbonyl substituent at C‐6 is key to optimising the selectivity for the L‐hexose product. Our investigations have also culminated in the development of the shortest known synthetic route to a derivative of L‐idose from a commercially available starting material (45 % yield over 3 steps). Collectively, these results address the profound lack of understanding of how to synthesise L‐hexoses in a stereoselective fashion.