bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Interplay Between Socio-Economic Factors and Medical Science: Yellow Fever Research, Cuba and the United States
Authors: Stepan Nancy
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the reasons for the lag of almost twenty years between the publication m 1881 of the Cuban physician Carlos J. Finlay's substantially correct theory of the mosquito transmission of yellow fever, and its eventual confirmation by the US Reed Board in 1900. The major thesis is that political and economic factors were more important in the lag than any supposed shortcomings in Finlay's science. In the period discussed, no politically or economically powerful institution in the US was threatened by yellow fever, so that support for yellow fever research was erratic, while within Cuba the prolonged war of independence prevented an attack on the disease The US army's occupation of Havana altered three critical dimensions of yellow fever research: (1) yellow fever was reclassified from a 'low threat' to a 'high threat' disease; (2) funds for researcn were sharply increased; and (3) military occupation of Havana allowed systematic application of research results. in the new political and economic conditions of 1900, the Reed Board confirmed the mosquito theory in two months, and yellow fever was eradicated in Havana in six months.
The Rise and Fall of the Limits to Growth Debate
Authors: Sandbach Francis
Published: March 2007

The intellectual roots of the Limits to Growth debate have involved a long history of controversy. This paper reviews four different perspectives on the debate. The reasons why the recent debate arouse cannot be explained simply by pointing to the comparative scientific validity of these perspectives. The prominence of Malthusian and environmentalist perspectives in the 1960s and early 1970s reflects the rise of the 'environmental movement'. The decline in interest in the Limits of Growth debate can be attributed in part to criticisms of these perspectives, but also to various economic and political changes which have led to a decrease in public concern about the environment.
Scientific Controversy as Farce: The Benveniste-Maddox Counter Trials
Authors: Picart Caroline Joan S.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines some aspects of the attempted construction of the `ghostly imprint' phenomenon which resulted in a five-month controversy, pitting immunologists against homeopathists. A striking feature of this case appeared to be its farcical atmosphere - an atmosphere reminiscent of Kafka's satirical comedy, The Trial. First, I show that such a farcical atmosphere marked the initial phase of the `ghostly imprint' episode, caused by (and generating) an underlying ambiguity in the issues, roles, types of discourse and interests in the play of events. Second, I focus on how the scientific community accomplished error counting. / examine the means by which Ben veniste's results were deemed to be `unscientific'. Crucial to my analysis of the patterns of power inscribed in the relationship of humour and rhetoric operating within the scientific community in this particular case, are the theoretical frameworks of Emerson, Collins & Pinch, and Gilbert & Mulkay.
The Science-Technology Relationship: A Model and a Query
Authors: Barnes Barry
Published: March 2007

This Note draws attention to the emergence of what is generally acknowledged to be a very satisfactory interactive model of the science-technology relationship. It goes on to ask why such a model should not be extended to describe the relationship of science with other sub-cultures, besides that of technology.
A Tale of Three Cities: Electrification and the Structure of Choice in the Ruhr, 1886-1900
Authors: Todd Edmund N.
Published: March 2007

Technological systems often take on characteristics of their social and political contexts. This was particularly clear during the 1890s, when alternating-current and direct-current systems offered different advantages. In the late nineteenth century, the two cities of Dortmund and Essen were expansive, and introduced electric light and power systems using alternating current to promote that tendency. Bochum was more locally oriented, and chose a more efficient and secure direct-current system to serve a narrowly circumscribed area. In each case, élites and officials deployed technological systems that promoted the continued development of the social and political structures within which they lived.
Religion, Heterodox Science and Brazilian Culture
Authors: Hess David
Published: March 2007

This Note presents an analysis of a heterodox science (parapsychology) in a Third World context (Brazil). In Brazil, there is a relative absence of the academic, secular parapsychology of North America and Western Europe, and instead the rival schools of the Catholic Church and the Spiritist movement structure and define parapsychology. Explanatory models involving boundary-work strains and interests help clarify the peculiar structure of Brazilian parapsychology, but they do not explain why this structure exists in the first place, nor why it seems so well adapted to Brazil. Answering this question requires examination of the dual, Afro-Catholic nature of the Brazilian religious system, as well as the importance of personalistic and hierarchical values in Brazilian culture.
Scholarly Excess and Journalistic Restraint in the Popular Treatment of Cannibalism
Authors: Kidd J. S.
Published: March 2007

Extensive coverage by the popular media, from 1977 to 1979, of a sharp controversy among anthropologists about the topic of cannibalism was followed by renewal of analytical treatment of the topic among scholars and, in contrast, a relatively long period of virtual neglect by popularizers. This gap in popular coverage ended abruptly in late 1986. This pattern of discourse in the print media can be interpreted as a reaction to concerns about credibility on the part of both scholars and journalists. The possibility is considered that journalists may have over-reacted to the attempt in 1979 to delegitimate the topic.
Science Worlds: An Integrated Approach to Social Studies of Science Teaching
Authors: Chambers David Wade , Turnbull David
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the content, approach and rationale of the courses in social studies of science currently being taught at Deakin University in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. It sets these courses in their national and intellectual contexts, and describes the publications which have been devised to support them.
Karl Marx and the Three Faces of Technological Determinism
Authors: Bimber Bruce
Published: March 2007

The literature on Marx reveals conflicting claims about the role of technology in social change. Much of the debate is attributable to confusion over what is meant by `technological determinism' (TD). There are several approaches to this concept: `Norm-Based Accounts' interpret TD as a chiefly cultural phenomenon; `Unintended Consequences Accounts' view it in terms of unexpected social outcomes of technological enterprise. Neither of these two approaches make claims which are strictly deterministic, and which rely upon features of technology itself; they should not be considered to be TD. `Logical Sequence Accounts', on the other hand, make an ontological claim, viewing TD in terms of universal laws of nature; these deserve the `TD' label, and suggest criteria for assessing Marx's views about technology. Marx's arguments about the forces of production do not represent a Logical Sequence Account. The primary factors in the development of the forces of production are human, involving drives for self-expression, resistance to alienation, and expanding needs. Technology plays only a facilitating role in this process, which is essentially non-technological in character.
Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: A Reflexive Citation Analysis or Science Disciplines and Disciplining Science
Authors: Hicks Diana , Potter Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This paper takes the form of a double text which simultaneously investigates the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) through citation analysis, and investigates citation analysis using theoretical ideas from SSK and Foucault. One strand of the text performs an analysis of citation patterns in SSK. This text identifies the figures who have had the most impact through their articles and books, and examines the possible effects of cultural and linguistic bias. It also investigates the impact of SSK outside the field, asks whether this impact has changed over time, and identifies researchers who have had a particularly high impact outside SSK.

The other strand takes citation analysis, as exemplified in the citation study of SSK, as its topic. This text focuses on the way the citation analysis constitutes its field of study, and on the way a citation is produced as a separable, countable category. It notes the `realistic' idea of science categories which is deployed, and the individualistic model of scientific activity. It questions the involvement of citation analysis with power, both in the traditional sense of institutional control of science through funding changes, and in the Foucaldian sense of scientists adopting citation counting as a regime of self-regulation. The paper ends with a dialogue between the `authors' on/in these issues.
Ending Up On the Wrong Side: Must the Two Forms of Radicalism Always Be at War?
Authors: Ashmore Malcolm
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I look at the reflexive political implications for the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) of two incipient or actual public disputes about when certain items of scientific knowledge should have been known, and consequently if and when certain actions should have been taken on the basis of this knowledge:

(1) The case of a `dying smoker' suing a tobacco company for not printing health warnings on cigarette packets in the 1960s, when the company should have known the facts about the effects of smoking on health; and

(2) The case of a technological disaster inquiry where the technology's proponents are accused of culpable negligence on the grounds that they should have known the facts about the effect of low temperature on the resilience of space-shuttle O-rings.

When SSK's contingent and symmetrical understanding of knowledge is applied to these cases, it would appear that the analytic conclusion — that it is naïve and unrealistic to retroject states of knowledge, as the accusers do — sides with the account of the situation given by the defence (who here are reactionary societal actors like tobacco companies and NASA). Thus the epistemological radicalism of SSK would appear to place it not merely as a neutral bystander, but (much worse) as an active supporter of the `wrong' side, politically-morally speaking. Should SSK therefore abandon its epistemological radicalism in favour of politico-moral radicalism? Which form of commitment should we choose? Or can we, somehow, choose both?
A Structured Didactic Model for Men For Controlling Family Violence
Authors: Reilly Patrick , Gruszski Roger , Reilly Patrick , Gruszynski Candidate Roger
Published: March 2007

The Domestic Abuse Project is a long-term, two phase treat ment program for violent men and their families. Although much atten tion has been given to the victims of domestic violence, only recently has the focus shifted to the perpetrators. Group intervention is the preferred modality when confronting the perpetrators' intense denial and minimi zation and discussion of their shame. This article addresses the implementa tion of Phase One, a structured didactic eight-week men's group that focuses on stopping domestic violence through learning new alternatives to aggressive behavior.
The Rehabilitation of Young Isralei Offenders: A Kibbutz Experiment
Authors: Fischer Michael , Teichman Meir , Geiger Brenda
Published: March 2007

A promising delinquency rehabilitation experiment that is virtually unknown to the American student is the kibbutz rehabilitation project. This program officially began in January 1983 and included, as of December 1984, 30 delinquents placed in separate kibbutzim. Following Group Dynamics and Social Learning theories an experimental program was designed in a natural non-coercive environment: the kibbutz. Within this social milieu the delinquent has an opportunity to change his learned criminal oriented cognitions and deviant life style. Through work and a regular schedule he hopefully would learn the importance of "time" and regularity. His peer-work group becomes his reference group and he tends to adopt its values, attitudes, and behaviors.
The Extent and Origins of Sexual Molestation and Abuse among Incarcerated Adolescent Males
Authors: Brannon James M. , Larson Billie , Doggett Murray
Published: March 2007

While sexual victimization is one of the mostprevalentforms of child abuse reported within this country, investigations into the history of such abuse among groups ofjuvenile offenders remain limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent and origins of sexual victimizations perpetrated upon incarcerated male juvenile offenders. The results suggest significantly large numbers of adolescent males entering the juvenile justice system have been victimized and the incidence of sexual molestation and abuse within this population is often under-reported and misunderstood. These findings are discussed in relation to the need for developing intervention and treatment strategies within residential programs and the self-reinforcing cycle of abuse often found among the families of youthful offenders.
Explaining Juvenile Delinquency from a Biosocial Developmental Perspective
Authors: Buikhuisen Wouter
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the persistent juvenile offender. A multidisciplinary theory is offered to explain his criminal behavior.

This theory starts from the assumption that in the case of the chronic juvenile delinquent we are dealing with afailing socialization process.

Factors influencing the outcome of this socialization process are discussed and analyzedfrom a developmentalperspective.

Working hypotheses are presented to help understand why some developments may lead to behavioral problems such as criminal activities, while in other cases internalization ofproblems can be observed.

This article is an attempt at integration of existing theories concerning the persistent juvenile offender.
Intensive Incarceration Programs Offer Hope of Rehabilitation to a Fortunate Few: Orleans Parish Prison Does an "About Face"
Authors: Caldas Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it re-examines the commonly espoused rationale for incarceration in the United States in light of the realities of life behind bars. Second, it focuses on an emerging type of prison rehabilitation program, referred to as intensive incarceration, which is theoretically likely to realize its lofty goal of inmate rehabilitation. Specifically, the author recounts his observation of one intensive incarceration program in the Orleans Parish Prison System, and analyzes the likelihood of its success in terms of Labeling Theory and Self-Concept Theory.
Old and Ornery: The Disciplinary Experiences of Elderly Prisoners
Authors: McShane Marilyn D. , Williams Frank P.
Published: March 2007

As a group, elderly prisoners are regarded as less troublesome and generally well-behaved. Consequently, those with adjustment problems and disciplinary actions tend to be overlooked and are virtually nonexistent in the literature. This study examined elderly prisoners in a southwestern United States institution, and compared their disciplinary histories. Since disciplined inmates represented approximately 40 percent of the elderly population, unanticipated conflict could result if special facilities and programs are designed with stereotypical images of the elderly in mind. Using variables such as physical health, relative age, previous incarcerations, and mental health problems, as few significant differences were found and prediction of elderly inmates with disciplinary histories remained problematic.
Criminology of Riots
Authors: Schneider Hans Joachim
Published: March 2007

Riots have become a regular feature of our news programmes. Yet, modern riot research is faced with a host of problems. The article allows insight into the history of riot research, underlying psychological and sociological patterns, and the presentation of riots in the mass media. It also gives an overview of recent causation theories and suggests various ways of controlling riots.
Rapists, Incest Offenders, and Child Molesters in Treatment: Cognitive and Social Skills Training
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Antonowicz Dan H.
Published: March 2007

Cognitive-behavioural therapy and social skills training was provided to sex offenders incarcerated at a maximum security jail. Weekly two-hour sessions occurred over a five-week program. The sessions were educational in nature and designed to teach inmates methods of restructuring faulty thinking and improving social skills. The total population included inmates charged for sexual offenses and a control population for other assault-related offenses. Of the sex offenders, rapists showed an increase in self-esteem over the duration of the program. Anxiety levels of rapists and molesters significantly decreased over the five-week program. MMPI code profiles emerged indicating a difference between the sex offenders; however, these were not significant.
Soaring Crime in a Midwestern American City: A Statistical Analysis
Authors: Palermo George B. , Smith Maurice B. , DiMotto John , Christopher Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

The authors, after stating that crime is more common among the underprivileged and marginalized people, briefly review statistical data from the Milwaukee Police Department and reportage from the Milwaukee media for the years 1989, 1990, and 1991. A statistical analysis of homicide, rape, robbery, and assault for the city of Milwaukee from 1965 to 1990 is given. The results show that the murder rate increased by 511% during the period studied. The authors believe that unemployment, inadequate education, media influences, and inefficient and ineffective rehabilitation methods are some of the causative factors in the above increase. They deal with the concept of social immaturity and incompetence as perpetuating factors in crime, but, most of all, they believe that the social and moral disintegration of the family in American society is the most important reason for soaring crime rates. They discuss the inconsistencies of the present-day judicial system as well as counterproductive measures against crime. They stress that preventive, rather than punitive, measures should be emphasized in the fight against crime. Quality assurance programs should be instituted. The authors believe that the solution to the problem of crime lies within the people themselves-those who break the law and those who apply it.
Ethical Issues in the Field of Probation
Authors: Silverman Mitchell
Published: March 2007

The present paper is an attempt to discuss some of the important ethical issues confronting the field of probation. Special attention is focussed on the potential conflicts that arise from the two major roles that traditionally are assigned to probation officers: that of helping agent, and that of enforcer of legal conditions. Other ethical problems arise from the pressures placed on the probation officer as a result of the organizational structure of a given department and the level of government in which it is located. Those located on the national level must deal with ethical issues that differ from those on the state level, which in turn are different from those found on the local levels.

In addition, the influence of contemporary conditions on daily decisions made by probation officers raise important ethical considerations. Such factors as lack of adequate resources in a period of recession, the increased incidence of violent offenders in the population of probationers, and caseloads that prohibit adequate supervision all serve to create conditions that place the probation officer in a position where the decisions that are made have serious ethical implications. These factors are discussed in the context of right to treatment or adequate supervision.

The use of the probation officer's role in community control programs is also viewed in terms of ethical issues. As new programs are developed to cope with ever-expanding prison populations, new and different ethical considerations will have to be dealt with in the field.
Predicting Threatening Psychopathic Patient Behavior in an Inpatient Milieu
Authors: Doren Dennis M. , Miller Robert , Maier Gary J.
Published: March 2007

This study describes a practical approach to the successful prediction of threatening behavior by psychopathic patients within an inpatient setting. Patient reports to staff concerning unit members' alleged transgressions were employed to monitor and predict the escalation of dangerous behavior by patients within an inpatient population containing both Axis I and Axis II patients. Results demonstrated that only the psychopaths (a subset of Axis II patients) within the patient population participated in the process of making such reports to the staff. Similarly, the subjects of those reports were also only other psychopaths (and staff, collectively). The successful forecasting of the potentially dangerous events led both to minimal overreactions by staff and to effective management and treatment interventions with the patients.
Drug History and Prisonization: Toward Understanding Variations in Inmate Institutional Adaptations
Authors: Winfree L. Thomas , Mays G. Larry , Crowley Joan E. , Peat Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

The study links the prior drug-use history with adjustment to prison life for a group of 72 medium-security inmates in a Southwestern prison. An overarching concept in our analysis is prisonization, especially as adoption of the inmate code affects staff rejection. Inmates with histories of drug use, particularly major illicit drug groups such as cocaine and opiates, may be viewed as "life's losers," a condition that seems associated with deeper penetration into the prison subculture and higher levels of institutional maladjustment.
Loneliness in Jail: Coping Strategies
Authors: Rokach Ami
Published: March 2007

Loneliness is a pervasive social problem and is experienced universally. It contributes to criminality and recidivism. The present study examined the influence of incarceration on coping with loneliness. Beyond the aim of gaining more insight into how offenders handle loneliness in jail, this study explores how marital status affects the chosen coping strategies (especially if the marriage has been terminated). The experiences of chronic and situational or event-related loneliness are also compared as to their effect on coping. Finally, the study is an investigation of the social stigma of loneliness, which results in people's refusal to admit it. As a result, when research is done, individuals usually report their recall of past loneliness. The present study presents a comparison of whether the salient coping strategies of offenders differ when they are recalled or when they are being experienced at the time of reporting.
Determinants of Expectation of Treatment Efficacy among Incarcerated Substance Abusers
Authors: Lemieux Catherine M.
Published: March 2007

This investigation examines the relative influence of social support and other empirically relevant inmate characteristics on incarcerated substance abusers' perceptions of their post release adjustment. Survey data were collected from 101 male and female substance-abusing offenders participating in prison-and jail-based treatment programs in south Florida. Regression equations were developed using different measures of respondents' efficacy expectations. Among predictors, only social support proved significant (p < .05) in relation to respondents' expectations of their postrelease success. This investigation demonstrates the complexity of incarcerated substance abusers' efficacy expectations and identifies social support as a potential rehabilitative resource for counselors who work with substance-abusing inmates.
The Libraries of the Future: Public Libraries and the Internet
Authors: Batt Chris
Published: March 2007

Chris Batt is Borough Libraries and Museum Officer. He can be contacted at the London Borough of Croydon, Libraries, Museum and Arts, Central Library, Croydon Clocktower, Katharine Street, Croydon CR9 1 ET, UK (fax: + (44-181) 2531004).
Stalin and the Blue Elephant: Paranoia and Complicity in Postcommunist Metahistories
Authors: Humphrey Caroline
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses certain contemporary narratives among Buryats of Russia and China. At issue is the nature of responsibility for the campaigns of terror, in particular the devastation of the Buddhist church in the 1930s. In these accounts political leaders appear as reincarnations, destined to unleash terrible events. Stalin, for example, is said by Buryat Mongol villagers to have been the reincarnation of a Blue Elephant which lived in ancient times in India. I examine local discussions around these stories to suggest that the narrators, themselves having been caught up in the seemingly objective and transparent, yet deeply irrational, accounts of the Party-State, do not (at any rate at present) confront actions in which they were both perpetrators and victims ‘matter-of-factly’. Having been a particular target of the Stalinist all-pervasive organisation of suspicion and punishment, Buryat Buddhists today are creating ‘paranoid narratives’ of their own to explain the repressions - a narrative of displacement, in which the actions attributed to an other (in this case Stalin) are in some way ‘about’ oneself. The reincarnation stories point up the crucial moral issue erased by socialist metahistory, the ethical problem of individual accountability. They are about complicity, for they reveal an uneasy, and probably unconscious, identification with Stalin.
Women's Participation in Paid Production Under Capitalism: The Spanish Experience
Authors: Beneria Lourdes , Beneria Lourdes
Published: March 2007

This article presents an analysis of the changes that have taken place in Spain regarding women's participation in production in and outside of the home, and focuses primarily on the 1940-72 period. The effects on women's work of changes in the economic structure generated by capitalist develop ment are examined in relation to the two spheres of home and paid production, and the interaction between the two spheres is emphasized. The gradual shift from a stagnant economy and rigid government regulations of the earlier period to a rapidly growing and industrializing market economy is viewed as the basis for the gradual increase in the absorption of female labor in the sphere of paid production. The relationship between this absorption and the liberalization of the highly discriminatory labor legislation set up at the beginning of the period is examined. Finally, the last part of the paper includes an analysis of the limits of this liberalization and the contradictions generated by a process of change which has taken place within an essentially static political model.
International Capital Flows and the Meaning of Capitalist Expansion: A Reply to Szymanski
Authors: Murray Martin J. , Murray Martin J.
Published: March 2007

Szymanski's treatment of capital flows as indicating revolution ary potential is criticized. On theoretical grounds, his perspective is criticized for misinterpreting the political implications of both classical Marxist and neo- Marxist theories of imperialism. On methodological grounds, he is criticized for use of measures. Finally, a number of questions are posed which are intended to expand the discussion of a Marxist interpretation of capitalist expansion across national barriers.
Marxian Crisis Theory: Structure and Implications
Authors: Wolff Richard D. , Wolff Richard D.
Published: March 2007

This paper constructs a specifically Marxian theory of economic crisis from scattered but sufficient theoretical arguments in Marx's work. This theory integrates the following conceptual elements viewed as central: capital accumulation, falling rate of profit, realization problem, the efficiency structure of firms within an industry, and capitalists' expectations. Implications of this theory for assessments of government economic policy and of recent economic history are briefly suggested.
Reconceptualizing Family, Work and Labor Organizing: Working Women in Troy, 1869-1890
Authors: Turbin Carole
Published: March 2007

This study of women collar workers in Troy, New York (1860-1890) examines the impact of the relationship between work and family life on labor organizing. It poses a neglected question: under what conditions did women form successful unions, become aware of shared interests and develop alliances with men, despite obstacles to permanent organization? By analyzing collar women's employment patterns, family and ethnic networks, as well as work-related factors such as level of expertise and status within the occupation and community, the popular view that working women were a homogeneous group characterized by temporary labor force participation, lack of identification with their work, passivity, and isolation from each other and male workers is challenged. Distinctions between women in different collar occupations shed additional light on levels and characteristics of women's labor activism and group consciousness. The relationship between ethnic and family ties and Troy's industrial structure fostered cooperation between women and men unionists and contributed to the high level of labor activism in Troy. An important conclusion is that a factor formerly viewed as suited to understanding women, the family, is also key for understanding an area thought of as men's domain, labor activity, and indeed the labor militancy of an entire community.
Gender and Class Formation: Female Clerical Workers
Authors: Gottfried Heidi , Fasenfest David
Published: March 2007

Marxist categories, emphasizing class relations, essentially ignore the ways in which gender relations shape class struggle and class formation of women workers. Accounts of class formation use indicators such as unionization and strike activity as a yardstick of class capacities, thus denying the particular conditions women workers face under a dual system of domination: capitalism and patriarchy. Women are a significant percent of the total work force and an increasing percent of the total unionized work force. Yet women work in occupations which have been regularly viewed as nontraditional arenas for unionization. Our analysis looks at the labor process and gender domination as mechanisms of control within the workplace. We argue that an understanding of the differential forms of women's struggles should consider how capital structure and labor markets affect organizational capacities of women workers, and how the degree of gender domination corresponding to technically and nontechnically controlled workplaces shape the organizational form of resistance taken by female workers.
A Marxian Alternative to the Traditional "Transformation Problem"
Authors: Wolff Richard D. , Callari Antonino , Roberts Bruce
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a unique Marxian formulation of the transformation of values in prices of production. This formulation-based upon a specific reading of Marx's economics not previously applied to the "transformation problem"-permits a radically new conception and solution to that problem. The authors underscore the theoretical distance separating this Marxian formulation not only from the generally Ricardian framework of the debates over value-price transformation, but also from certain other Marxian critiques of that framework. This intervention in the transformation debates is shown to be closely linked to and warranted by a specific view of the basic differences between Marxian and classical economic theories.
The Changing Mode of Production in American Agriculture: Emerging Conflicts in Agriculture's Role in the Reproduction of Advanced Capitalism
Authors: Holland David , Carvalho Joe
Published: March 2007

This paper has two major objectives: (1) to present and contrast the perception of certain policy issues associated with United States agricultural structure from both the neoclassical and neo-Marxist paradigms, and (2) to trace out the broad contours of United States agricultural structural change in terms of interpretations from the neo-Marxist paradigm.

Although populist ideology has dominated progressive discussion of American agricultural de-velopment such discussion has been confused by the populist failure to recognize the distinction between independent production, independent commodity production and capitalist production. The result has been poor understanding of the basic factors causing agricultural structural change and largely ineffective policy prescriptions to deal with the change.

While the structural change characterizing American agriculture is not well described by the Marxist model, the reasons can be located in peculiar circumstances of the post World War II American and world economies. This led to the phenomenon of part-time farming which in the United States disguised the emergence of capitalist agriculture. It now seems likely that the basis on which part-time farming flourished in its commodity aspects is being eliminated; in which case the destruction of independent commodity production in agriculture will become more apparent.

It is clear that as a result of the transformation of United States agriculture its role in the smooth reproduction of United States capitalism must change and may be characterized by increasing conflict. At one time agriculture could function as an important source and regulator of industrial labor supply. Now, due to the long-run substitution of capital for labor in agriculture, the agricultural sector is no longer able to absorb or release important quantities of surplus labor. Additionally, increases in agricultural surplus, an important source of industrial profits, are going to be harder to achieve.
Changes in the Character of the U.S. Business Cycle
Authors: Sherman Howard J.
Published: March 2007

The internal dynamics of the United States business cycle have changed from the period of the mild fluctuations of the 1950s and 1960s to thedepressed and crisis-ridden 1970s and 1980s. The article notes changes in the behavior of consumer demand, investment, the rate of exploitation, profit rates, consumer debt, interest rates, and business debt. One finding is that problems of demand and realization were less important in the earlier period than in the later period. Also, the earlier period shows many more series leading the cycle and turning rather slowly, whereas these key series often turned sharply at the peaks and troughs in the severe downturns of the 1970s and 1980s.
The Fiscal Crisis of the State Reconsidered: Two Views of the State and the Accumulation of Capital in the Postwar Economy
Authors: Miller John A.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the theoretical categories in The Fiscal Crisis of the State (1973) by James O'Connor produce empirical results that fail to explain the financial crisis of the state in the 1960s and 1970s. The argument has three steps: (1) a theoretical examination of the connection between O'Connor's analysis of state expenditures and revenues and the accumulation of capital; (2) an empirical estimation of O'Connor's expenditure and revenue categories for the United States from 1952 to 1980; and, (3) the presentation of an alternative theoretical understanding of the relationship between the state and the accumulation process that produces more plausible empirical results than O'Connor's.
Keynes on Investment and the Business Cycle
Authors: Burkett Paul , Wohar Mark
Published: March 2007

Keynes' analysis of the instability of investment and the businesss cycle emphasizes the effects of uncertainty and shifting expectations on investment decisions. Keynes' focus on historical/ qualitative change and on the essentially incalculable nature of expectations in a world of uncertainty distinguishes his analysis from the more determinate neoclassical world in which economic agents engage in an optimizing search for equilibrium subject to well-defined constraints. However, although Keynes demonstrates the possibility of crises in capitalist economy, his analysis of actual cyclical crisis tendencies in Chapter 22 of the General Theory suffers from an inadequate treatment of how the wage struggle and capitalist production relations influence the actual profitability of investment. In analyzing Keynes' business cycle theory it is crucial to clearly distinguish Keynes' short run, mathematical model of the factors which make crises possible from Keynes' historical/qualitative theory of the business cycle.
Toward a Marxist Theory of Labor-Managed Firms: Breaking the Degeneration Thesis
Authors: Egan Daniel
Published: March 2007

The idea that worker cooperatives are at best diversions from class struggle or, at worst, destined to turn into capitalist enterprises is common among the Marxist left. Such a position, however, is the product of an undialectical reading of Marx's comments on cooperation. A dialectical analysis finds that labor-managed sectors succeed in preserving their democratic, cooperative character to the extent that they are connected to a history of class struggle. This conclusion is reinforced through a comparative review of labor-managed sector history and performance within mediated and unmediated advanced capitalist economies.
State, Modernization and the Women's Movement in Afghanistan
Authors: Emadi Hafizullah
Published: March 2007

This article studies the socioeconomic formation and corresponding politics and ideology used to sustain the subordination of women in Afghanistan. It examines traditional male-female relations in the country and, analyzes the role of the state in the country's modernization and its policies concerning the gradual involvement of women in public and private enterprises. This article also studies the women's movement prior to and during the Soviet occupation and explores future prospects for the women's movement in Afghanistan.
Political Determinants of Income Changes for African-American Women and Men
Authors: Christensen Kimberly
Published: March 2007

Significant changes have occurred in both the relative income ratios and labor force participation rates of African-American women and men in the postwar period. These changes are most accurately described as economic bifurcation for African-American men, and increases in both participation rates and relative incomes for African-American women. Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis that the economic/political impact of the civil rights/black power movement was an important factor in these changing economic outcomes, as was the context of increasing economic crisis. These outcomes have serious implications for the future economic viability of some sectors of the African-American community, for the future of African-American politics, and for the forms that white ideological and institutional racism takes in the latter 20th-century U.S.
Where Has All the Money Gone?: Arnold on the Degeneration of Market Socialism
Authors: Gilboa David
Published: March 2007

This paper is a defense of the worker-control model of market socialism. Criticizing a recent argument by N. Scott Arnold, I show that he failed to demonstrate that, in the worker-control model of market socialism, workers are bound to lose the right to a share in the firm's income.
Mean Wage Differences Between Canada, the United States and Mexico
Authors: Baeza Alejandro Valle
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to give an explanation for wage differences among countries. A preliminary analysis of Mexican, U.S. and Canadian data from a Marxian perspective reveals that low Mexican wages are due to Mexico's lag in productivity which cannot be overcome in the short term. Thus it seems that unions in the three countries will still have to cope with these differences for a long time.
The Ideology of Economic Science in the Selling of NAFTA: The Political Economy of Elite Decision-Making
Authors: Cypher James M.
Published: March 2007

Assuming the mantle of "scientific objectivity," orthodox economic analysis has played a major and highly politicized role in the selling of Mexico and NAFTA. Trade models based in the New International Economics fail to acknowledge the strategies of transnational capital or the structural aspects of the Mexican economy, while introducing only those assumptions which enable modelers to "prove" that FTAs are mutually beneficial. The cutting edge of the corporate-government juggernaut promoting NAFTA has been forged through the propagation of the simulation results of tautological and aprioristic neoclassical trade models.
Surplus in Lewis's Theory of Development
Authors: James Vanus
Published: March 2007

An investigation of Lewis's development and use of the concept of surplus and a comparison of it with Marx's surplus value shows that this attempt to update Marxian theory with mainstream concepts was unsuccessful. Marginal productivity theory and Marx's theory of surplus value cannot be consistently developed within Lewis's analysis. Still Lewis's approach, employing classical economics from Smith to Marx, is of value to radical political economists in undeveloped capitalist economies.
Pensions, Class and Capital: An International Perspective
Authors: Green David
Published: March 2007

The growth in the number of elderly people throughout the world is beginning to have a major social and economic impact. Deep-seated demographic change is driving the large scale restructuring of many state pension systems. The way in which this restructuring is being carried out is contributing to the internationalisation of capital markets and economies. Furthermore the rapid development of funded pension schemes is creating a new, large class of rentierr retirees." While these changes pose new political difficulties for organized labor and the left, they also offer new opportunities to extend progressive, popular control over corporations and the direction of investment.
Reflexivity, Self-Organization and Emergence in the Group Matrix
Authors: Stacey Ralph
Published: March 2007

In this article the concept of the group matrix as a self-organizing process of intersubjective narrative themes that organize the experience of being together is developed, discussing how Foulkes dealt with the problem of the part and the whole, the individual and the group in three different ways without holding the paradox. It is argued that if we see the self-referential nature of the group matrix we are able to hold the paradox of it fortuning and being formed by itself at the same time; also that the notion of the group matrix as a group mind is a reification that sustains the Cartesian duality and unnecessarily mystifies the notion of matrix. When the matrix is thought of as a self- referential process that self-organizes to produce its own evolution in an emergent way we can dispense with notions of group minds and work with an experience-near concept.
Theory-Building, Theory-Use and Practice in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Whitaker Dorothy Stock
Published: March 2007

This article explores relationships between theory and practice, when building theory and when making use of it in the face of particular; unique practice situations. It discusses these issues in terms of Group Focal Conflict theory, and then raises some questions which have to do with theory-building, theory-use and practice.
A Group in Prison
Authors: Bloomfield Irene
Published: March 2007

Some twenty years ago, together with Adrian Arnold, then Deputy Governor of Her Majesty's Prison, Pentonville, I conducted what was primarily intended as a staff-support group for prison officers. Each of the officers was paired with a prison visitor with whom he took a small group of inmates for an hour per week to give them an opportunity to improve communication. The idea was that if the prisoners could learn to express in words some of their powerful feelings of rage, resentment and frustradion, there would be less need to express them through violence against others or themselves. It was a vital aspect of prison management, often forgotten today, that good communication between staff and inmates could lead to better understanding between them and it was also a valuable form of staff-training.
The Experience of Being a Pregnant Group Therapist
Authors: Anderson Linda
Published: March 2007

This paper concentrates on the impact that the group analyst's pregnancy had on a therapeutic group, highlighting the themes evoked, the transference issues that emerged and the countertransference feelings that impinged on the therapist's analytical thinking. The case material and group process is understood in relation to published literature on the subject, establishing the common ground between the individual and group reactions to the interruption of the reality of the therapist's life into the therapeutic setting. The general belief that this material can be usefully analysed and employed to the overall benefit of the patients' therapy in the group is confirmed.
Ecosystemic Thinking in Group Therapy
Authors: Boer Carla , Moore Cora
Published: March 2007

The article aims to illustrate how an ecosystemic perspective can be effectively applied in group therapy. A brief overview is provided to explain the development from a Newtonian perspective through general systems theory towards the ecosystemic approach. The application of this thinking in a therapeutic context is illustrated with a story representing the therapists' construction of the group processes and the nature of the ecosystemic therapists' involvement is discussed.
Working with Couples in a Group: Theoretical and Practical Issues
Authors: Lakoff Robert S. , Baggaley Andrea
Published: March 2007

Working with couples in a group is a recent development in group psychotherapy. It makes it possible for an individual therapist to work with difficult couples with entrenched narcissistic and personality conflicts. Despite a wide literature on groups and marital therapies, reports on treating couples in a group are still sparse. A review of the literature reveals the need for more in-depth examination of theory and technique. At the University of Alberta Hospitals' Psychiatric Walk-in Clinic, the authors ran a semi-open psychodynamically-orientated group for six couples for over four years. Theoretical and practical issues are elaborated in this paper, with examples of group interaction and therapist technique.
Group Dynamics in Sport: A Personal Experience
Authors: Sudbury Pete
Published: March 2007

The use of a group-dynamic approach to a rowing crew is used as an illustration of the possible role of pathological dynamics in inhibiting sporting performance. The author focuses on the part played by basic assumptions and by the coach in maintaining the working-group orientation towards the outside world.
Sitting Close to Death: Observation on a Palliative Care Unit
Authors: Ramsay Noreen
Published: March 2007

Working closely with patients who are dying is an anxiety-provoking situation for professional carers. A palliative care unit develops a culture which offers defences to protect its staff against this anxiety. Parallels between the experience of an observer on the ward and the culture of the palliative care unit are drawn, with their implications for clinical work with dying patients.
Rivalry, Competition and Transference in a Children's Group
Authors: Barratt Gill , Segal Barbara
Published: March 2007

The authors describe their drama therapy group for children in a North West London Child and Family Centre. They discuss the rationale for this treatment. An account is given of the group processes with special reference to rivalrous feelings as they emerged in the transference relationships. Issues concerning the dynamics of cotherapy are addressed.