bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic expression of homeostatic ion channels in differentiated cortical astrocytes in vitro
Authors: Formaggio Francesco , Fazzina Martina , Estévez Raúl , Caprini Marco , Ferroni Stefano
Published: November 2021

The capacity of astrocytes to adapt their biochemical and functional features upon physiological and pathological stimuli is a fundamental property at the basis of their ability to regulate the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). It is well known that in primary cultured astrocytes, the expression of plasma membrane ion channels and transporters involved in homeostatic tasks does not closely reflect the pattern observed in vivo. The individuation of culture conditions that promote the expression of the ion channel array found in vivo is crucial when aiming at investigating the mechanisms underlying their dynamics upon various physiological and pathological stimuli. A chemically defined medium containing growth factors and hormones (G5) was previously shown to induce the growth, differentiation, and maturation of primary cultured astrocytes. Here we report that under these culture conditions, rat cortical astrocytes undergo robust morphological changes acquiring a multi-branched phenotype, which develops gradually during the 2-week period of culturing. The shape changes were paralleled by variations in passive membrane properties and background conductance owing to the differential temporal development of inwardly rectifying chloride (Cl−) and potassium (K+) currents. Confocal and immunoblot analyses showed that morphologically differentiated astrocytes displayed a large increase in the expression of the inward rectifier Cl− and K+ channels ClC-2 and Kir4.1, respectively, which are relevant ion channels in vivo. Finally, they exhibited a large diminution of the intermediate filaments glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin which are upregulated in reactive astrocytes in vivo. Taken together the data indicate that long-term culturing of cortical astrocytes in this chemical-defined medium promotes a quiescent functional phenotype. This culture model could aid to address the regulation of ion channel expression involved in CNS homeostasis in response to physiological and pathological challenges.
Clinical and biological impact of SAMHD1 expression in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Merrien Magali , Wasik Agata M. , Ljung Elin , Morsy Mohammad H. A. , de Matos Rodrigues Joana , Carlsten Mattias , Rassidakis Georgios Z. , Christensson Birger , Kolstad Arne , Jerkeman Mats , Ek Sara , Herold Nikolas , Wahlin Björn E. , Sander Birgitta
Published: November 2021

SAMHD1 is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) that restricts viral replication in infected cells and limits the sensitivity to cytarabine by hydrolysing its active metabolite, as recently shown in acute myeloid leukemia. Cytarabine is an essential component in the Nordic mantle cell lymphoma protocols (MCL2 and MCL3) for induction and high-dose chemotherapy treatment before autologous stem cell transplantation for younger patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). We here investigated the expression of SAMHD1 in a population-based cohort of MCL (N = 150). SAMHD1 was highly variably expressed in MCL (range, 0.4% to 100% of positive tumor cells). Cases with blastoid/pleomorphic morphology had higher SAMHD1 expression (P = 0.028) and SAMHD1 was also correlated to tumor cell proliferation (P = 0.016). SAMHD1 expression showed moderate correlation to the expression of the transcriptional regulator SOX11 (P = 0.036) but genetic silencing of SOX11 and SAMHD1 by siRNA in MCL cell lines did not suggest mutual regulation. We hypothesized that expression of SAMHD1 could predict short time to progression in patients treated with Cytarabine as part of high-dose chemotherapy. Despite the correlation with known biological adverse prognostic factors, neither low or high SAMHD1 expression correlated to PFS or OS in patients treated according to the Nordic MCL2 or MCL3 protocols (N = 158).
New Directions in Imaging Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Authors: Refardt Julie , Hofland Johannes , Wild Damian , Christ Emanuel
Published: November 2021

Purpose of Review

Accurate imaging is crucial for correct diagnosis, staging, and therapy of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). The search for the optimal imaging technique has triggered rapid development in the field. This review aims at giving an overview on contemporary imaging methods and providing an outlook on current progresses.

Recent Findings

The discovery of molecular targets due to the overexpression of specific peptide hormone receptors on the NEN’s surface has triggered the development of multiple radionuclide imaging modalities. In addition to the established imaging technique of targeting somatostatin receptors, several alternative radioligands have been developed. Targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor by exendin-4 has a high sensitivity in localizing insulinomas. For dedifferentiated NENs, new molecular targets such as the C-X-C motif chemokine-receptor-4 have been evaluated. Other new targets involve the fibroblast activation protein and the cholecystokinin-2 receptors, where the ligand minigastrin opens new possibilities for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Molecular imaging is an emerging field that improves the management of NENs.
A WAR WITHOUT INFLATION: THE CASE OF ARGENTINA 1865–1870
Authors: Newland Carlos
Published: November 2021

Although paper note issuance increased dramatically in Argentina during the Triple Alliance War, inflation was not significant. This occurred because only a fraction of the increase in paper bills led to an expansion of the money supply, the rest being currency substitution. On the other hand, an increase in the demand for money for transactions was generated by rapid economic growth.
Determining the Composition of a Mixed Material with Synthetic Data
Authors: Ly Cuong , Nizinski Cody A , Toydemir Ada , Vachet Clement , McDonald Luther W , Tasdizen Tolga
Published: November 2021

Determining the composition of a mixed material is an open problem that has attracted the interest of researchers in many fields. In our recent work, we proposed a novel approach to determine the composition of a mixed material using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In machine learning, a model “learns” a specific task for which it is designed through data. Hence, obtaining a dataset of mixed materials is required to develop CNNs for the task of estimating the composition. However, the proposed method instead creates the synthetic data of mixed materials generated from using only images of pure materials present in those mixtures. Thus, it eliminates the prohibitive cost and tedious process of collecting images of mixed materials. The motivation for this study is to provide mathematical details of the proposed approach in addition to extensive experiments and analyses. We examine the approach on two datasets to demonstrate the ease of extending the proposed approach to any mixtures. We perform experiments to demonstrate that the proposed approach can accurately determine the presence of the materials, and sufficiently estimate the precise composition of a mixed material. Moreover, we provide analyses to strengthen the validation and benefits of the proposed approach.
Lernen nach meinen Bedürfnissen
Authors: Moser Sandra , Staudacher Diana , Panfil Eva-Maria
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die lernende Person ist Initiator und Organisator ihres eigenen Lernprozesses. Die Fähigkeit, zu planen, sich selbst Ziele zu setzen und zu priorisieren, bildet sich jedoch in der Adoleszenz erst schritt­weise aus. Umso wichtiger ist es, dass Berufsbildende / Praxisanleitende eine Umgebung gestalten, die selbstorganisiertes Lernen fördert und Frei­räume eröffnet, beispielsweise durch E-Learning.
„Welchen Hut habe ich jetzt gerade auf“?
Authors: Zürcher Barbara , Staudacher Diana
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Berufsbildende nehmen mehrere Rollen wahr. Dadurch sind sie mit verschiedenen und komplexen Rollenerwartungen konfrontiert. Der Bedarf, diese Rollenvielfalt und potenzielle Rollenkonflikte zu klären, ist hoch. Welchen Beitrag können syste­mische Interventionen leisten, um Berufsbildende wirksam bei der Rollenfindung zu unterstützen?
Forecasting Geohazards in the Age of Gas Hydrate Exploitation
Authors: Szakal Fanni
Published: November 2021

A curious breath-like pattern exhibited by gas hydrates may help forecast hazards associated with extracting them from the seafloor.
COVID-19 and the value of safe transport in the United States
Authors: Medlock Kenneth B. , Temzelides Ted , Hung Shih Yu
Published: November 2021

We investigate the connection between the choice of transportation mode used by commuters and the probability of COVID-19 transmission. This interplay might influence the choice of transportation means for years to come. We present data on commuting, socioeconomic factors, and COVID-19 disease incidence for several US metropolitan areas. The data highlights important connections between population density and mobility, public transportation use, race, and increased likelihood of transmission. We use a transportation model to highlight the effect of uncertainty about transmission on the commuters’ choice of transportation means. Using multiple estimation techniques, we found strong evidence that public transit ridership in several US metro areas has been considerably impacted by COVID-19 and by the policy responses to the pandemic. Concerns about disease transmission had a negative effect on ridership, which is over and above the adverse effect from the observed reduction in employment. The COVID-19 effect is likely to reduce the demand for public transport in favor of lower density alternatives. This change relative to the status quo will have implications for fuel use, congestion, accident frequency, and air quality. More vulnerable communities might be disproportionally affected as a result. We point to the need for additional studies to further quantify these effects and to assist policy in planning for the post-COVID-19 transportation future.
Combination of multivariate curve resolution with factorial discriminant analysis for the detection of grapevine diseases using hyperspectral imaging. A case study: flavescence dorée
Authors: Mas Garcia Silvia , Ryckewaert Maxime , Abdelghafour Florent , Metz Maxime , Moura Daniel , Feilhes Carole , Prezman Fanny , Bendoula Ryad
Published: November 2021

A new efficient protocol based on hyperspectral imaging and data analysis tools to detect phytopathologies is demonstrated.
Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks: from controlled synthesis to cancer therapy
Authors: He Xuelu , Jiang Zhenqi , Akakuru Ozioma Udochukwu , Li Juan , Wu Aiguo
Published: November 2021

The controlled synthesis methods and the applications of nanoscale covalent organic frameworks in cancer therapy are summarized in this feature article.
Cyclometallated complexes as catalysts for C–H activation and functionalization
Authors: Zakis Janis Mikelis , Smejkal Tomas , Wencel-Delord Joanna
Published: November 2021

This highlight describes an emerging trend in the C–H activation field: the use of the cyclometallated catalysts for the challenging and unprecedented direct transformations.
TfOH catalysed domino-double annulation of arenes with propargylic alcohols: a unified approach to indene polycyclic systems
Authors: Baire Beeraiah , Yadav Bhavna
Published: November 2021

TfOH catalysed domino-double annulation of arenes with propargylic alcohols is developed for the generation of indene based polycyclic systems. Three distinct reactions, dehydration–intramolecular hydroarylation–cationic cyclization were promoted.
Achievements in Pt nanoalloy oxygen reduction reaction catalysts: strain engineering, stability and atom utilization efficiency
Authors: Nie Yao , Li Li , Wei Zidong
Published: November 2021

Achievements in Pt nanoalloy catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are summarized from three aspects, namely, strain engineering, stability, and atom utilization efficiency.
Synthesis of 2D semiconducting single crystalline Bi2S3 for high performance electronics
Authors: Kim Youngchan , Jeong Euihoon , Joe Minwoong , Lee Changgu
Published: November 2021

Single crystalline Bi2S3 flakes have been synthesized using H2S gas as a precursor, and their electronic devices show high mobility due to the superior crystal quality.
Electrochemical switching of positronium triplet quenching
Authors: Brunner Philipp , Steyskal Eva-Maria , Würschum Roland
Published: November 2021

For the first time reversible electrochemical control over positronium triplet quenching is observed in situ in a newly designed cell set-up, using positronium oxidation by Fe(CN)63− as case study.
High loading BaTiO3 nanoparticles chemically bonded with fluorinated silicone rubber for largely enhanced dielectric properties of polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Du Fang-Yan , Chen Rui-Chao , Che Junjin , Xu Wei-Di , Liu Xiu , Li Yin-Tao , Zhou Yuan-Lin , Yuan Jinkai , Zhang Quan-Ping
Published: November 2021

Integrating high-loading dielectric nanoparticles into polar polymer matrices potentially can profit the intrinsic polarization of each phase and allow for greatly enhanced dielectric properties in polymer nanocomposites.
Semi-heterogeneous photocatalytic fluoroalkylation-distal functionalization of unactivated alkenes with RFSO2Na under air atmosphere
Authors: He Yali , Dan Xiao , Tang Yurong , Yang Qian , Wang Wentao , Cai Yunfei
Published: November 2021

An efficient and eco-friendly heterogeneous photocatalytic protocol for the synthesis of fluoroalkyl-containing compounds via the fluoroalkylation-distal functionalization of alkenes with RFSO2Na under air atomosphere is reported.
Two novel tetraphenylethylene-skeleton salamo-type fluorescent probes: specific recognition of cyanide through different response patterns
Authors: Sun Yin-Xia , Chen Zhuang-Zhuang , Guo Geng , Li Ruo-Yu , Zhang Ting , Dong Wen-Kui
Published: November 2021

The possible sensing mechanism of probes TPES1 and TPES2 towards CN−ions.
Service Delivery and the Use of Telepractice During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iceland
Authors: Crowe Kathryn , Másdóttir Thora , Einarsdóttir Jóhanna T.
Published: November 2021

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in speech-language pathology service provision in Iceland during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method:

Data were analyzed for 53 Icelandic speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who completed an online questionnaire between September and October 2020. Participants represented 54.1% of all SLPs practicing in Iceland. The questionnaire examined SLP employment status, populations served, and use of telepractice pre-COVID-19, during COVID-19, and after the first wave of COVID-19.

Results:

During COVID-19, speech-language pathology services in Iceland were reduced, but many SLPs were able to continue working in some capacity. Services to children and those with lifelong communication difficulties were most affected. There was an increase in the use of telepractice during the first wave of COVID-19, and the most frequently reported platform used was Kara Connect. Qualitative analysis of participants' free-text responses revealed that SLPs saw a range of advantages (themes: SLP service delivery and client accessibility) and disadvantages (themes: technology, personal, interpersonal, and clinical context) of telepractice.

Conclusions:

Telepractice provided a viable solution for maintaining clinical services in Iceland in response to restrictions on traditional in-person services. This survey provides a unique window into the practices of SLPs in a context that is underrepresented in the literature.
Zystektomie einer jungen Patientin mit verhornter plattenepithlialen Metaplasie der Harnblase und ausgeprägtem Kondylombefall
Authors: Gellrich Antonin L. , Eraky Ahmed , Hamann Claudius , Hügelmann Konrad , Matthias Micaela , Trentmann Jens , Osmonov Daniar
Published: November 2021

Interdisziplinär geführter Fall einer 29-jährigen Patientin mit zunächst massiven
Kondylombefalls der Vulva und papillomatösen Plattenepithelmetaplasien vom keratinisierenden
Typ der Harnblase führt nach mehrjähriger chronischer Blasenentzündung mit Harnverhaltung bei
Z. n. Meatusplastik und Laserbehandlung zur Zystektomie mit Conduit sowie einer partiellen
Vulvektomie und Fistelexzision. Bei Z. n. lang andauerndem, HPV-assoziierten Kondylombefall
fand sich neben ausgedehnten Vulva-Abszedierung ein Plattenepithelkarzinom der Vagina
(mindestens pT1, G1).
Application of α-Aminoalkyl Radicals as Reaction Activators
Authors: Doyle Michael P. , Su Yong-Liang
Published: November 2021

α-Aminoalkyl radicals are easily accessible through multiple pathways from various precursors. Apart from their utilization as nitrogen-containing building blocks, they have recently been used as halogen atom abstraction reagents or single-electron reductants to transform organic halides or sulfonium salts into their corresponding highly reactive radical species. Benefiting from the richness of various halides and the diverse reactivity of radical intermediates, new transformations of halides and sulfonium salts have been developed. This short review summarizes this emerging chemistry that uses α-aminoalkyl radicals as the reaction activators.

1 Introduction

2 Activation of Halides as Halogen-Atom Transfer Agents

2.1 Addition to Unsaturated Bonds

2.1.1 Addition to C=C Bonds

2.1.2 Addition to C=O Bonds

2.2 Substitution Reactions

2.2.1 Deuteration

2.2.2 Olefination

2.2.3 Allylation

2.2.4 Aromatic Substitution

2.2.5 Amination

3 Activation of Sulfonium Salts as Single-Electron Reductants

4 Conclusion and Outlook
1,4-Azaborines: Origin, Modern Synthesis, and Applications as Optoelectronic Materials
Authors: Lim Hee Nam , Hong Wan Pyo , Shin Inji
Published: November 2021

This short review summarizes the origins and recent progress in 1,4-azaborine research, focusing on synthetic methodologies. Academic laboratories have made significant efforts to generate boron-nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compounds that mimic arenes. 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-Azaborine motifs have provided breakthrough molecules in applications ranging from medicines to materials. Owing to recent advances in polyaromatic 1,4-azaborine synthesis and applications in industry, the research field is currently undergoing a renaissance. Photo- and electroluminescent properties driven by distinct structural variations are key components in the design of novel 1,4-azaborine structures. In this review, seminal reports on the synthesis of simple 1,4-azaborines to complex π-extended structures are briefly highlighted together along with key optoelectronic properties.

1 Introduction

2 Non-Fused 1,4-Azaborines

3 Monobenzo-Fused 1,4-Azaborines

4 Dibenzo-Fused 1,4-Azaborines and Their Derivatives

5 Ladder-Type 1,4-Azaborines

6 Complex 1,4-Azaborines

7 Optoelectronic Properties of Key 1,4-Azaborines

8 Conclusion and Outlook
Phase space geometry of isolated to condensed chemical
reactions
Authors: Nagahata Yutaka , Hernandez Rigoberto , Komatsuzaki Tamiki
Published: November 2021

The complexity of gas and condensed phase chemical reactions has generally been uncovered either approximately through transition state theories or exactly through (analytic or computational) integration of trajectories. These approaches can be improved by recognizing that the dynamics and associated geometric structures exist in phase space, ensuring that the propagator is symplectic as in velocity-Verlet integrators and by extending the space of dividing surfaces to optimize the rate variationally, respectively. The dividing surface can be analytically or variationally optimized in phase space, not just over configuration space, to obtain more accurate rates. Thus, a phase space perspective is of primary importance in creating a deeper understanding of the geometric structure of chemical reactions. A key contribution from dynamical systems theory is the generalization of the transition state (TS) in terms of the normally hyperbolic invariant manifold (NHIM) whose geometric phase-space structure persists under perturbation. The NHIM can be regarded as an anchor of a dividing surface in phase space and it gives rise to an exact non-recrossing TS theory rate in reactions that are dominated by a single bottleneck. Here, we review recent advances of phase space geometrical structures of particular relevance to chemical reactions in the condensed phase. We also provide conjectures on the promise of these techniques toward the design and control of chemical reactions.
A molecular view of plasticization of polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Cortés-Morales Ernesto C. , Rathee Vikramjit S. , Ghobadi Ahmad , Whitmer Jonathan K.
Published: November 2021

Although macromolecules such as polymers are in widespread industrial use, pure formulations rarely have precisely the properties new applications demand. Pure polymer is often too brittle and inflexible, necessitating plasticizers to soften or toughen films and bulk polymer materials. In practice, new formulations are developed by extensive trial-and-error methods, as no general molecular explanations exist for the mechanism of plasticization to aid in determining the optimal structure and concentration of plasticizers. Here, through atomistic molecular simulations augmented with advanced sampling techniques, we develop an atomic-level picture of the processes in plasticization by directly calculating free energies that govern the interaction between polymers and small-molecule plasticizers. This work focuses on the influence of two common plasticizer molecules—glycerol and sorbitol—interacting with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a frequently used component of polymer films. In particular, we focus on conformational and hydrogen bond structure changes induced in globules of PVA by the plasticizer molecules, with the hypothesis that hydrogen bonding plays a role in the incorporation of these plasticizers into PVA and, thus, in the observed mechanical properties. While we focus on nanoscopic systems, we observe distinct preferences in the conformational free energy that can be connected to the performance of polymer materials at laboratory and industrial scales. This work presents a new molecular perspective from which effective plasticizers can be developed and presents a firm basis from which important analyses of plasticization in complex chemical environments relevant to industry may be developed.
Hydrodynamic benefit of impulsive bursting in a self-propelled flexible plate
Authors: Zhao Jiazhen , Mao Qian , Pan Guang , Huang QiaoGao , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: November 2021

The hydrodynamic benefit of impulsive bursting in a self-propelled flexible plate was explored using the penalty immersed boundary method. A self-propelled flexible plate was realized by enforcing a prescribed harmonic oscillation in the vertical direction but allowing the plate to move freely in the horizontal direction. In impulsive bursting, the motion trajectory in the first half of one locomotion period was not symmetric with that in the second half. Simulations with symmetric bursting were also performed for comparison, where the motion trajectory was symmetric in the first and second halves of one period. The underlying propulsion mechanism for impulsive bursting was analyzed by examining the phase of the heaving stroke. The elastic energy (Eb), x-direction kinetic energy (Ekx), and y-direction kinetic energy (Eky) were determined to characterize the energy transformation of the self-propelled flexible plate. Vortical structures and pressure distributions were visualized to elucidate the hydrodynamic benefit of impulsive bursting. The phenomenon of impulsive bursting suppressed plate deformation, and Eb was transferred to Ekx and Eky. A strong negative vortex was formed via impulsive bursting, which was beneficial to the enhancement of cruising speed. The effect of bending rigidity (ζ) on impulsive bursting was examined. The cruising speed of the plate with impulsive bursting was 10.7% greater than that with symmetric bursting.
Priming of carbon decomposition in 27 dairy grazed soils after bovine urine additions
Authors: Lambie S. M. , Mason N. W. H. , Mudge P. L.
Published: November 2021

Context Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a vital role in carbon (C) storage and agricultural sustainability. Additions of bovine urine to soils can cause positive priming of soil C decomposition and represents a pathway for SOM loss. However, data is limited to a few soils. Aims We investigated the priming response to bovine urine of 27 dairy grazed pasture soils from the North Island of New Zealand. Methods Soils from Allophanic, Gley, Recent and Brown soil orders were collected. 14C-labelled dairy cow urine was applied (1000 kg N ha−1) to undisturbed soil cores and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes measured (25°C) for 21 days. Urine applications were repeated, and CO2 measured for a further 21 days (25°C). Water was the control treatment. Key results CO2 fluxes rapidly increased after both urine additions by 86 ± 1% 24 h after the first urine addition, and 68 ± 4% after the second. Positive, negative and no priming were observed, and the mean absolute deviation of priming ranged between 200 and 1000 μg C g−1, and variability was greater after the second urine addition. Urine induced changes in pH and electrical conductivity (EC) had no effect on priming, and soil C contents were correlated to cumulative CO2, but not priming, and varied over time. Conclusions Factors affecting soil priming remain elusive and priming was highly variable within and between soil types. Implications The impacts of bovine urine on C pools requires further investigation to determine if, or when, urine patches are potential pathways for soil C loss.
The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing
Authors: Schrimpf Martin , Blank Idan Asher , Tuckute Greta , Kauf Carina , Hosseini Eghbal A. , Kanwisher Nancy , Tenenbaum Joshua B. , Fedorenko Evelina
Published: November 2021

Significance

Language is a quintessentially human ability. Research has long probed the functional architecture of language in the mind and brain using diverse neuroimaging, behavioral, and computational modeling approaches. However, adequate neurally-mechanistic accounts of how meaning might be extracted from language are sorely lacking. Here, we report a first step toward addressing this gap by connecting recent artificial neural networks from machine learning to human recordings during language processing. We find that the most powerful models predict neural and behavioral responses across different datasets up to noise levels. Models that perform better at predicting the next word in a sequence also better predict brain measurements—providing computationally explicit evidence that predictive processing fundamentally shapes the language comprehension mechanisms in the brain.
In-cell structures of conserved supramolecular protein arrays at the mitochondria–cytoskeleton interface in mammalian sperm
Authors: Leung Miguel Ricardo , Zenezini Chiozzi Riccardo , Roelofs Marc C. , Hevler Johannes F. , Ravi Ravi Teja , Maitan Paula , Zhang Min , Henning Heiko , Bromfield Elizabeth G. , Howes Stuart C. , Gadella Bart M. , Heck Albert J. R. , Zeev-Ben-Mordehai Tzviya
Published: November 2021

Significance

Spatial organization of mitochondria is vital for cellular function. In many specialized cell types, mitochondria are immobilized at specific subcellular loci through interactions with the cytoskeleton. One of the most striking mitochondrial configurations occurs in mammalian sperm, where mitochondria wrap around the flagellum. Malformation of the mitochondrial sheath causes infertility, but the molecular structures underlying this intricate arrangement are unknown. Here, we analyzed the mitochondrial sheath in sperm from three mammalian species. We find that although mitochondrial dimensions and cristae architecture vary across species, molecular assemblies mediating intermitochondria and mitochondria–cytoskeleton interactions are conserved. These findings yield important insight into sperm physiology and evolution and are relevant for other polarized cell types, such as muscles, neurons, photoreceptors, and hair cells.
Photons from relativistic nuclear collisions
Authors: Vormann Hannah , Reichert Tom , Spieles Christian , Steinheimer Jan , Bleicher Marcus
Published: November 2021

Collisions of atomic nuclei at relativistic velocities allow us to recreate the conditions encountered in neutron stars or in the early Universe micro-seconds after the Big Bang. These reactions are performed in today’s largest accelerator facilities, e.g. at CERN in Geneva, at the relativistic heavy ion collider at Brookhaven, NY or in the planned FAIR facility in Darmstadt Germany. During such a collision the matter is heated to hundreds of MeV (billions of degrees) and compressed to densities of 3–10 times the density inside ordinary atomic nuclei (i.e. 1017–1018 kg m−3). Usually these collisions are studied via the measurement of a multitude of strongly interacting particles, called hadrons, that are emitted at the end of the collision. However, some photons are also created. These photons are of special interest as they allow us to look into the early stage of the collisions. This is because they only interact electro-magnetically with the hadrons of the created fireball, which is a much weaker interaction compared to the strong interaction. This paper elucidates the physics of the photons and what can be learned from them.
Photon force microelectromechanical system cantilever combined with a fibre optic system as a measurement technique for optomechanical studies
Authors: Orłowska Karolina , Świadkowski Bartosz , Sierakowski Andrzej , Gotszalk Teodor
Published: November 2021

In this paper we present a metrological measurement technique that is a combination of fibre optic interferometry and a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensor for photon force (PF) measurement with traceability via an electromagnetic method. The main advantage of the presented method is the reference to the current balance, which is the primary mass/force metrological standard. The MEMS cantilever transduces the PF to a deflection that can be compensated with the use of the Lorentz force. This movement is measured with the use of the interferometer and does not require any mechanical calibration. Combining the MEMS current balance system with interferometry is a unique and fully metrological solution. The resolution of the proposed measurement technique is calculated to be 4 pN Hz–0.5 (2% uncertainty). The PF–MEMS used for the investigation is a cantilever with a resolution of 46 fN Hz–0.5, which was calculated from the thermomechanical noise and is far below the resolution limit of the whole system. Because the whole construction is based on a fibre optic system, it does not require any complex adjustment procedure and may work as an optomechanical reference in any metrological laboratory.
The LHC Olympics 2020 a community challenge for anomaly detection in high energy physics
Authors: Kasieczka Gregor , Nachman Benjamin , Shih David , Amram Oz , Andreassen Anders , Benkendorfer Kees , Bortolato Blaz , Brooijmans Gustaaf , Canelli Florencia , Collins Jack H , Dai Biwei , De Freitas Felipe F , Dillon Barry M , Dinu Ioan-Mihail , Dong Zhongtian , Donini Julien , Duarte Javier , Faroughy D A , Gonski Julia , Harris Philip , Kahn Alan , Kamenik Jernej F , Khosa Charanjit K , Komiske Patrick , Le Pottier Luc , Martín-Ramiro Pablo , Matevc Andrej , Metodiev Eric , Mikuni Vinicius , Murphy Christopher W , Ochoa Inês , Park Sang Eon , Pierini Maurizio , Rankin Dylan , Sanz Veronica , Sarda Nilai , Seljak Urŏ , Smolkovic Aleks , Stein George , Suarez Cristina Mantilla , Szewc Manuel , Thaler Jesse , Tsan Steven , Udrescu Silviu-Marian , Vaslin Louis , Vlimant Jean-Roch , Williams Daniel , Yunus Mikaeel
Published: November 2021

A new paradigm for data-driven, model-agnostic new physics searches at colliders is emerging, and aims to leverage recent breakthroughs in anomaly detection and machine learning. In order to develop and benchmark new anomaly detection methods within this framework, it is essential to have standard datasets. To this end, we have created the LHC Olympics 2020, a community challenge accompanied by a set of simulated collider events. Participants in these Olympics have developed their methods using an R&D dataset and then tested them on black boxes: datasets with an unknown anomaly (or not). Methods made use of modern machine learning tools and were based on unsupervised learning (autoencoders, generative adversarial networks, normalizing flows), weakly supervised learning, and semi-supervised learning. This paper will review the LHC Olympics 2020 challenge, including an overview of the competition, a description of methods deployed in the competition, lessons learned from the experience, and implications for data analyses with future datasets as well as future colliders.
Traffic flow prediction based on BILSTM model and data denoising scheme
Authors: Li Zhong-Yu , Ge Hong-Xia , Cheng Rong-Jun
Published: November 2021

Accurate prediction of road traffic flow is a significant part in the intelligent transportation systems. Accurate prediction can alleviate traffic congestion, and reduce environmental pollution. For the management department, it can make effective use of road resources. For individuals, it can help people plan their own travel paths, avoid congestion, and save time. Owing to complex factors on the road, such as damage to the detector and disturbances from environment, the measured traffic volume can contain noise. Reducing the influence of noise on traffic flow prediction is a piece of very important work. Therefore, in this paper we propose a combination algorithm of denoising and BILSTM to effectively improve the performance of traffic flow prediction. At the same time, three denoising algorithms are compared to find the best combination mode. In this paper, the wavelet (WL) denoising scheme, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) denoising scheme, and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) denoising scheme are all introduced to suppress outliers in traffic flow data. In addition, we combine the denoising schemes with bidirectional long short-term memory (BILSTM) network to predict the traffic flow. The data in this paper are cited from performance measurement system (PeMS). We choose three kinds of road data (mainline, off ramp, on ramp) to predict traffic flow. The results for mainline show that data denoising can improve prediction accuracy. Moreover, prediction accuracy of BILSTM+EEMD scheme is the highest in the three methods (BILSTM+WL, BILSTM+EMD, BILSTM+EEMD). The results for off ramp and on ramp show the same performance as the results for mainline. It is indicated that this model is suitable for different road sections and long-term prediction.
Theoretical study on the transition properties of AlF
Authors: Zhang Yun-Guang , Ji Ling-Ling , Cai Ru , Zhang Cong-Ying , Xu Jian-Gang
Published: November 2021

Potential energy curves of the X1Σ+ and A1Π states of the AlF molecule are studied through the combination of the multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) approach and Davidson corrections (MRCI+Q). The AWCV5Z basis set is employed in the calculations. The transition dipole moments (TDMs) of the A1Π ↔ X1Σ+ transition are explored based on the AWCV5Z basis set and (4, 2, 2, 0) active space. The Schrödinger equation is solved via the LEVEL 8.2 program, and the vibrational levels and rotational constants of the X1Σ+ and A1Π states are calculated. It is shown that the AlF molecule has high diagonal Franck–Condon factors (f
00 = 0.9949 and f
11 = 0.9854) and large Einstein coefficients for the transition of A1Π (ν′ = 0) ↔ X1Σ+ (ν″ = 0). In addition, the radiative lifetimes of the vibrational levels are close to 10−9 s for the A1Π state. The line intensities of the A1Σ (ν′ = 4 – 15) ↔ X1Σ+ (ν″ = 0) transitions are also calculated. The calculated TDMs and transition probabilities in this work are credible and provide some guidance for the study of similar transitions, particularly for exploring interstellar space.
Nitrogen retention and ammonia production on tungsten
Authors: Ghiorghiu F. , Aissou T. , Minissale M. , Angot T. , De Temmerman G. , Bisson R.
Published: November 2021

We report a systematic study that quantifies nitrogen retention and ammonia production on tungsten and that sheds light on the mechanism for ammonia formation on ITER’s divertor material. Saturation of the nitrogen-implanted layer in polycrystalline tungsten is observed at room temperature for a nitrogen ion fluence in the low 1021 N+ m−2 range. Nitrogen desorption from this N-implanted layer occurs in the 800–1100 K temperature range and exhibits a zero-order kinetics with an activation energy of 1.45 eV and a prefactor of 5 × 1024 m−2 s−1. Following nitrogen and deuterium co-implantation, deuterated ammonia production is observed during temperature programmed desorption between 350 K and 650 K in conjunction with deuterium desorption. In contrast, nitrogen desorption still occurs above 800 K. Significant production of ammonia is obtained only when the nitrogen layer created by ion implantation is approaching saturation and the amount of nitrogen lost to ammonia production is only in the percent range. This result is understood by repeating cycles of deuterium implantation and thermo-desorption below the desorption temperature of the nitrogen layer. The exponential decay of the amount of produced ammonia with cycle number demonstrates that nitrogen diffusion to the surface is negligible in the ammonia production temperature range and that ammonia formation occurs at the outermost surface layer. The maximum quantity of ammonia produced from the present N implanted layer is below 2 × 1018 ND3 m−2, which is limited by the nitrogen atom surface density. Surface vibrational spectroscopy demonstrates the presence of ammonia precursors on the nitrogen-implanted tungsten surface upon deuterium implantation. These ammonia precursors can be created also at room temperature through the dissociative chemisorption of thermal D2 catalysed by nitrogen present at the tungsten surface and, more efficiently, by adsorption of deuterium atoms.
Comment on ‘Carbon Intensity of corn ethanol in the United States: state of the science’
Authors: Spawn-Lee Seth A , Lark Tyler J , Gibbs Holly K , Houghton Richard A , Kucharik Christopher J , Malins Chris , Pelton Rylie E O , Robertson G Philip
Published: November 2021

In their recent contribution, Scully et al (2021 Environ. Res. Lett.
16 043001) review and revise past life cycle assessments of corn-grain ethanol’s carbon (C) intensity to suggest that a current ‘central best estimate’ is considerably less than all prior estimates. Their conclusion emerges from selection and recombination of sector-specific greenhouse gas emission predictions from disparate studies in a way that disproportionately favors small values and optimistic assumptions without rigorous justification nor empirical support. Their revisions most profoundly reduce predicted land use change (LUC) emissions, for which they propose a central estimate that is roughly half the smallest comparable value they review (figure 1). This LUC estimate represents the midpoint of (a) values retained after filtering the predictions of past studies based on a set of unfounded criteria; and (b) a new estimate they generate for domestic (i.e. U.S.) LUC emissions. The filter the authors apply endorses a singular means of LUC assessment which they assert as the ‘best practice’ despite a recent unacknowledged review (Malins et al 2020 J. Clean. Prod.
258 120716) that shows this method almost certainly underestimates LUC. Moreover, their domestic C intensity estimate surprisingly suggests that cropland expansion newly sequesters soil C, counter to ecological theory and empirical evidence. These issues, among others, prove to grossly underestimate the C intensity of corn-grain ethanol and mischaracterize the state of our science at the risk of perversely affecting policy outcomes.
Thermodynamics of dissipative coherent states
Authors: Moura A R , Mesquita P D
Published: November 2021

Almost all traditional physical formalisms are developed by using conservative forces, and the microscopic implementation of dissipation involves a sort of unusual process, mainly in quantum systems. In this work, we study the quantum harmonic model endowed with a non-Hermitian term responsible for dissipation. In addition, we also include an oscillating field that drives the model to a coherent state, which is dominated by fluctuation in a specific frequency, while regular thermal states are lowly occupied. The usual coherent state formalism at zero temperature is extended to treat dissipative models at finite temperature. We define a generating function that is used in the evaluation of the most relevant statistical averages, such as the particle distribution. Then, we successfully employ the developed formalism to discuss two well-known applications; the damped quantum harmonic oscillator, and the precession magnetization in a ferromagnetic sample.
Kurtosis of von Neumann entanglement entropy
Authors: Huang Youyi , Wei Lu , Collaku Bjordis
Published: November 2021

In this work, we study the statistical behavior of entanglement in quantum bipartite systems under the Hilbert–Schmidt ensemble as assessed by the standard measure—the von Neumann entropy. Expressions of the first three exact cumulants of von Neumann entropy are known in the literature. The main contribution of the present work is the exact formula of the corresponding fourth cumulant that controls the tail behavior of the distribution. As a key ingredient in deriving the result, we make use of what we refer to as unsimplifiable summation bases leading to a complete cancellation. In addition to providing further evidence of the conjectured Gaussian limit of the von Neumann entropy, the obtained formula also provides an improved finite-size approximation to the distribution.
Star product for deformed oscillator algebra

Aq(2,ν)

*
Authors: Korybut Anatoly
Published: November 2021

An analogue of the Moyal star product is presented for the deformed oscillator algebra. It contains several homotopy-like additional integration parameters in the multiplication kernel generalizing the differential Moyal star product formula exp[iϵ

αβ
∂
α
∂
β
]. Using Pochhammer formula Pochhammer (1890 Math. Ann.
35 495–526), integration over these parameters is carried over a Riemann surface associated with the expression of the type z

x
(1 − z)
y
where x and y are arbitrary real numbers. Procedure for perturbative expansion in deformation parameter for the product is provided.
Generators of the cohomology ring, after Newstead
Authors: Basu Suratno , Dan Ananyo , Kaur Inder
Published: November 2021

The moduli space of rank22stable, locally-free sheaves with fixed odd degree determinant over a smooth, projective curve is a classical object. In the early 1970s, Newstead gave the generators of the cohomology ring of this moduli space. There are generalizations of this result to higher rank, but nothing is known for the case when the underlying curve is singular. In this article, we generalize Newstead’s result to the case when the underlying curve is irreducible, nodal. We show that the generators of the cohomology ring in the nodal curve case arise naturally as degeneration of Newstead’s generators in the smooth curve case.
Mean ergodic composition operators on spaces of smooth functions and distributions
Authors: Kalmes Thomas , Santacreu Daniel
Published: November 2021

We investigate (uniform) mean ergodicity of weighted composition operators on the space of smooth functions and the space of distributions, both over an open subset of the real line. Among other things, we prove that a composition operator with a real analytic diffeomorphic symbol is mean ergodic on the space of distributions if and only if it is periodic with period 2. Our results are based on a characterization of mean ergodicity in terms of Cesàro boundedness and a growth property of the orbits for operators on Montel spaces which is of independent interest.
Career advice from my father: “Go where you are loved”
Authors: Corbett Kizzmekia S.
Published: November 2021

I am honored to receive the E. E. Just Award. I applaud ASCB’s commitment to recognizing the contributions of researchers from historically excluded racial and ethnic groups and appreciate my inclusion on a long list of accomplished peers. I also thank Barney Graham, who not only had a profound impact on my own career, but has a deep commitment to advancing unrepresented groups in the sciences. Finally, I thank my parents, for encouraging me to use my scholarship to excite change, for reminding me that anything is possible, and for advising me with tenderness along the way. As I recently went through a career transition, I found myself returning to much of my father’s sage advice. In this essay, I discuss one important piece of advice that I received from my father in hopes that it will help others navigate their own career choices.
Amphilimus- vs. zotarolimus-eluting stents in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: the SUGAR trial
Authors: Romaguera Rafael , Salinas Pablo , Gomez-Lara Josep , Brugaletta Salvatore , Gómez-Menchero Antonio , Romero Miguel A , García-Blas Sergio , Ocaranza Raymundo , Bordes Pascual , Kockar Marcelo Jiménez , Salvatella Neus , Jiménez-Díaz Victor A , Alameda Mar , Trillo Ramiro , Lee Dae Hyun , Martín Pedro , López-Benito María , Freites Alfonso , Pascual-Tejerina Virginia , Hernández-Hernández Felipe , Blanco Bruno García del , Mohandes Mohsen , Bosa Francisco , Pinar Eduardo , Roura Gerard , Comin-Colet Josep , Fernández-Ortiz Antonio , Macaya Carlos , Rossello Xavier , Sabate Manel , Pocock Stuart J , Gómez-Hospital Joan A ,   SUGAR trial investigators, Salazar Carlos H , Ortega-Paz Luis , de la Torre Hernández José M , de Prado Armando Pérez , Sanchis Juan , Ojeda Soledad , Ferreiro José L , Gracida Montserrat , Fuentes Lara , Teruel Luis , Muntané-Carol Guillem , Castillo-Poyo Rocío , Jiménez-Quevedo Pilar , Cequier Angel
Published: November 2021

Aim

Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk of adverse events after percutaneous revascularization, with no differences in outcomes between most contemporary drug-eluting stents. The Cre8 EVO stent releases a formulation of sirolimus with an amphiphilic carrier from laser-dug wells, and has shown clinical benefits in diabetes. We aimed to compare Cre8 EVO stents to Resolute Onyx stents (a contemporary polymer-based zotarolimus-eluting stent) in patients with diabetes.

Methods and results

We did an investigator-initiated, randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded trial at 23 sites in Spain. Eligible patients had diabetes and required percutaneous coronary intervention. A total of 1175 patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive Cre8 EVO or Resolute Onyx stents. The primary endpoint was target-lesion failure, defined as a composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically indicated target-lesion revascularization at 1-year follow-up. The trial had a non-inferiority design with a 4% margin for the primary endpoint. A superiority analysis was planned if non-inferiority was confirmed. There were 106 primary events, 42 (7.2%) in the Cre8 EVO group and 64 (10.9%) in the Resolute Onyx group [hazard ratio (HR): 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44–0.96; P  non-inferiority < 0.001; P  superiority = 0.030]. Among the secondary endpoints, Cre8 EVO stents had significantly lower rate than Resolute Onyx stents of target-vessel failure (7.5% vs. 11.1%, HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46–0.99; P = 0.042). Probable or definite stent thrombosis and all-cause death were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusion

In patients with diabetes, Cre8 EVO stents were non-inferior to Resolute Onyx stents with regard to target-lesion failure composite outcome. An exploratory analysis for superiority at 1 year suggests that the Cre8 EVO stents might be superior to Resolute Onyx stents with regard to the same outcome.

Clinical trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03321032.