bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sentimental Ideal of the Roman Family
Authors: Dixon Suzanne
Published: November 2023

It is the contention of this chapter that, from the late Republic on, it is possible to discern a sentimental ideal of family life at Rome which can be compared with our own cultural ideal. The expectation of affection within marriage and the appreciation of young and youthful children were both part of this ideal. There were, to be sure, tensions between the ideal and the reality and many qualifications need to be made to any analogy with our own cultural norms. Although the argument rests in part on actual examples of conjugal happiness and love for children, it is not the aim of this work to explore the actual character of Roman marriage and family relations, which have been treated elsewhere (e.g. Dixon 1985, 1988). It is readily conceded that Roman marriages were not normally love matches (Treggiari 1984, 1985) and that children were regarded at least in part as sources of labour, continuity of the line, material supports in old age, and so on (Bradley 1985b). Yet literature, art (especially funerary art), and inscriptions show that the ideal of the affectionate, welcoming family unit pervaded many Republican representations of family life.
Symbol of Unity? The Persian-Wars Tradition in the Roman Empire
Authors: Spawforth Antony
Published: November 2023

The Roman empire was a multi-cultural conquest-state, the long-term survival of which depended on the creation of political consensus between rulers and subjects (and subject-élites in particular). Historians recognize that shared symbols played their part in this process, as with the imperial cult or (for parts of the empire) the figure of Alexander the Great.2 This paper focuses on another touchstone in the historical memory of subject-Greeks, the tradition about the Persian wars, and seeks to answer two questions.
Why Fasti
Authors: Herbert-Brown Geraldine
Published: November 2023

In those years Ovid was at the height of artistic maturity, at the peak of a successful career, keenly desirous of maintaining his claim to immortal fame through his art (Met. 15. 875-9). It is difficult to believe that he would choose something as problematic and unwieldy as the Roman calendar to set to verse unless extraneous pressure were being applied. For this reason it is more feasible that Ovid’s decision to produce a major work as a tribute to Caesar Augustus came first; his decision to versify the calendar was the result.
Biographical History? Cassius Dio on the Early Principate
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: November 2023

When Dio reaches the early principate, his technique becomes more biographical. This paper will explore how thoroughgoing this change is, and how far it extends to interpretation as well as presentation. Some features of his characterization will also emerge, in particular his taste for common and typical traits rather than individual and idiosyncratic: a taste which he shares with most ancient authors, and which has its roots deep within ancient society.First, the biographical features themselves. It is not that Dio gives up his annalistic presentation: most of each reign continues to be dealt with in this year-by-year fashion, and there are even regular ‘annalistic clusters ‘, annual collections of snippets of business, largely urban and senatorial, placed typically at the end of each year.
The Royal Road
Authors: Birley Anthony
Published: November 2023

Anatolia carries the great roads from the west to Syria, Mesopotamia, and Iran. The fabric of the land limits their number and defines their course. Mountains falling abruptly to the sea forbid passage either along the northern or the southern coast of Asia Minor; and, as the mountain zone extends a long way into the interior, the principal ways of transit are forced on to the plateau, where they are further constricted, having to bend either north or south of the central steppe and the salt lake. Geography presents few variations, and few are attested in history. The entrances to Anatolia lie at Dorylaeum, in the region of Afyon Karahisar, and at Celaenae (Apamea): the highways to the eastern lands must pass in their subsequent course through or close beside either Ancyra or Iconium. Crusaders and railways concur.
Taurus and Masius
Authors: Birley Anthony
Published: November 2023

THE traditional and Eratosthenic conception of the Taurus leads to many mis-conceptions. Strabo incautiously identifies the Armenian Gates with the Armenian mountains, 1,100 stades north from Thapsacus. Eratosthenes’ Taurus is not a single and narrow range, but a zone of mountains; and, as has been shown, Eratosthenes makes the Armenian mountains begin on the northern fringe of the Mesopotamian plain.
Castabala
Authors: Birley Anthony
Published: November 2023

Though the monarchs of the East might confer on some ancient city, as the fancy took them, a dynastic or descriptive tide, they could seldom prevail against habit and history. The old name would defy and outlast all the kings. That Tarsus and Adana, neighbour towns in Cilicia, should both have been afflicted with the honorary appellation of ‘Antioch’ seems a curiosity and a vexation. Coins and inscriptions reveal ‘Hierapolis on the Pyramus’. That was only the official tide. The city is really Castabala, attested by various authors, among them Pliny the Elder in his disquisition upon dogs. Site and identity are alike beyond dispute. Hierapolis—Castabala lay in the eastern plain of Cilicia Pedias, some twenty miles inland from the Gulf of Issus.
Tarcondimotus
Authors: Birley Anthony
Published: November 2023

Tarcondimotus is still only a ‘dynastes’: he or his father had no doubt been accorded recognition by Pompeius a dozen years earlier. He was not yet a king when he helped Pompeius in 48 B.C. Nor, to judge by Cicero’s narration, was Tarcondimotus yet in full control of Mount Amanus. Though Cicero mentions no ‘tyranni’ in these parts, there were recalcitrant tribes and fortresses hitherto impregnable. Castabala, however, has furnished inscriptions of the Tarcondimotid family, supplementing the meagre indications of Cicero and Strabo. One of them, in which the ruler is described merely as Tarcondimotus the toparchus, son of Strato, must be early in date.
The Pacification of Pisidia and Lycaonia
Authors: Birley Anthony
Published: November 2023

PrsrnrA and Milyas shield Pamphylia entirely, and the only notable exits from Pamphylia lead up into Milyas. The rivers that enter the Pamphylian gulf rise far back in the interior, the Cestrus north-east of Sagalassus, the Eurymedon near Tymbriada;. and the course of the Melas is nearly as long. All three trench the mountains with deep gorges, impeding movement along or across. The mountain system of inner Pisidia east of Milyas is complicated for the Taurus spreads and diverges, several of its chains running north rather than west.
C. Marcius Censorinus in the East
Authors: Birley Anthony
Published: November 2023

Maritime communications supply the clue. Who would think of going from Nicomedia or Byzantium to Sinope by land? For this reason of convenience Pompeius united Bithynia to his acquisition in Fontus, even though the latter extended a long way inland. But when Marcus Antonius had finished with Fontus it was only a strip of coast with a narrow hinterland. Antonius gave all the interior to kings and dynasts; he even took away Arnisus; but this was restored after Actium.
Persian, Greek, and Parthian overlords
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

When Cyrus Ii Conquered Babylon In 539 Bc he brought to an end the rule of kings who took Babylonian names. However, adopting the title ‘king of Babylon’, he espoused local customs, celebrating the Babylonian festival of the New Year in which he ‘took the hands’ of Bel-Marduk, and heard the Epic of Creation (Eniima Blish) recited. Even before he captured Babylon, Cyrus was hailed by the Babylonians as a fine ruler chosen by Marduk. It was nothing new for Babylon to have foreign rulers. Hammurabi’s Amorite dynasty had come from the west; the Kassite rulers originally came from western Iran, and the Chaldeans of more recent times were tribal people who had not long settled in southern Mesopotamia.
The Influence Of Mesopotamia Upon Israel and the Bible
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Before The Hebrew Tribes Chose Their first king at the end of the Late Bronze Age, they shared the land of Palestine with many other peoples: indigenous Canaanites and foreign Egyptians, Hittites, Hurrians, and Philistines. From their remote past the Hebrews could link their ancestry with west Semitic Amorites, of whom some groups had founded dynasties in Mesopotamia. After the monarchy was established, Judah and Israel inhabited a small country rich in sheep, olive oil, wine, certain luxury goods and specialized skills for which the great empires surrounding them had an insatiable appetite.
Rediscovery and Aftermath
Authors: Mccall Henrietta
Published: November 2023

This Was How Austen Henry Layard, Writing at Cheltenham in 1848, described the meagre collection of objects that had till then represented ancient Mesopotamia in the British Museum. At the time, nothing of Assyrian art was known, even by analogy, the architecture of Nineveh and Babylon was a matter of speculation only, and the interpretation of the cuneiform script was in its early stages. But on the eve of the arrival of Layard’s first consignment of cases from Nimrud, expectations ran high. George Smith of the British Museum later recalled why their arrival was to arouse such enormous interest and excitement: to scholars and the great Bible-reading public, here was the home of man’s earliest traditions, the place where Eden was supposed to have been, where some cities were older than the Flood, the actual birthplace of religious history. Babylonia was ‘the first civilized state’; its arts and sciences were, according to Smith, those of the Greeks, and - there fore ‘our own’.
Some Structures in Horace’s Odes
Authors: Syndikus H P
Published: November 2023

In this paper I try to extend somewhat an idea which Friedrich Klingner introduced in interpreting some of Horace’s poems.1 In examining the shape and structure of the Odes of Horace people generally restrict themselves to the subdivision of a poem into two, three, or more parts.2 In contrast to such a static principle of arrangement, Klingner traced dynamic developments, shifts, and alterations in content, emotional expression, and stylistic level.3 In the poems of Horace he traced the shifts which take place within a poem as in pieces of music. In this respect he perceived an important difference from modern European lyric (especially since the time of the Romantics), which strives above all for unity of mood in an individual poem.
Design and Allusion in Horace, Odes i. 6
Authors: Putnam M C J
Published: November 2023

I n the extraordinary sequence of poems that initiates Horace’s lyric masterpiece. Odes i. 6, the recusatio wherein the poet cedes to Varius the task of celebrating the praises of Agrippa and Caesar, stands out from its predecessors. It is the first poem in the collection to deal strictly with poetics, the traditions and content of poetry. The initial priamel had pitted the poet’s vocation as lyric bard, and its dependency on Maecenas, against a series of other metiers. It deftly criticizes them to the advantage of only two figures, the singular individual (est qui) who breaks the day with wine (and the poem in its midst), and then the bard himself.1 Likewise the third ode, addressed to Virgil, has been well taken to adumbrate the hazards of the poet’s career, embarked perhaps on the treacherous seas of the Aeneid. But only in the sixth ode does Horace’s speaker address directly the question of what it means to practise the lyric art, especially by contradistinction to his contemporary and friend Varius, who is imagined as about to follow in the footsteps of earlier epicists, primarily Homer. The august topics of military eulogy will be Varius’ to pursue.
Horace, Odes 3. 7: Elegy, Lyric, Myth, Learning, and Interpretation
Authors: Cairns Francis
Published: November 2023

An earlier, briefer version of this paper was read at the Horace bimillenary conference, Oxford in 1992 and, in Italian translation, at the Convegno Intern azionale di Studio, ’Non omnis moriar: La lezione di Orazio a duemila anni dalla scomparsa’ (Potenza and Venosa, 16-18 Oct. 1992). The text of this lecture appeared unannotated in the proceedings of that conference, published in 1993 under the same title (pp. 66-84). The script published there no longer necessarily represents my views, which may be found in full in the present, canonical version. The present revised and enlarged text owes much to the comments of my Oxford audience, among whom I am especially indebted to Prof. Edward Courtney. I am also grateful to Dr D. L. Cairns, Dr S. J. Harrison, and Prof. David West for their reactions to it in written form. Self-evidently, none of the above bears responsibility for stubbornness or errors on my part.
Law, Rhetoric, and Genre in Horace, Satires 2. I
Authors: Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

The reader coming for the first time to book 2 of Horace’s Satires would meet with several intriguing surprises. The First is the form of the opening satire, a dialogue for which nothing in the previous book has prepared us. For its first few lines this poem seems to be another literary monologue in the style of Sat. I. 4 or r. 10, but, with the question addressed to Trebatius, it suddenly becomes a dramatic dialogue. The interlocutor’s identity is the second surprise. This is a conversation between Horace and a well-known jurist, not the expected opening poem dedicated to Maeccnas.
Pindarici Fontis Qui Non Expalluit Haustus: Horace, Epistles 1. 3
Authors: Hubbard Margaret
Published: November 2023

Horace’s Epistles are perhaps more like letters than has some times been thought. There is, however, a respect in which one is unwilling to liken them to some Ciceronian letters (Fam. 1. 1 9, for instance): it is disconcerting to envisage the poet’s talking for some time about one subject and then adding a postscript on an unconnected matter. So when in the third epistle the Teubner edition indents line 30, and when a subtle analysis of the poem’s imagery breaks off at line 29, it seems m1tural to wonder if they are right, and to see if one can find a more unified pattern.
Second Thoughts on Three Horatian Puzzles
Authors: † C 0. Brink
Published: November 2023

To the present company of all companies I would have wished to offer something more substantial than what I have to offer—second thoughts on three puzzles. Even so, second thoughts are of the essence in this job, and there are still troubles on the way. My first puzzle touches both topography and prosody, which makes it trickier than either would be on its own. Can we put a name to that little town which Horace leaves unnamed in the lter Bnmdisinum (Sat. I. 5. 87), quod versu dicere non est? Here I have to plead guilty of acts of both omission and commission in discussing this passage in the Proceedings of the Cambridqe philologoical Society a few years ago1-fully so as regards topography, because I did not have the information I might have had, and more than u little as regards prosody, where I had the information but failed to act on it.
Towards a History of the Poetic Catalogue of Philosophical Themes
Authors: Penna Antonio La
Published: November 2023

IT is a small and involuntary paradox that this short discussion of poetic catalogues of philosophical themes should begin with a catalogue written in prose. I shall in fact start from a catalogue in Seneca’s De brevitate vitae (19. 1). After trying to persunde his addressee Paulinus, very likely his father-in-law and the praefectus annonae, to leave his heavy political duties, Seneca urges him to take refuge in the study of philosophy: recipe te ad haec tranquilliora, tutiora, maiora! Simile tu putas esse utrum cures ut incorruptum et a fraude advehentium et a neglegentia frumentum transfundatur in horrea, ne concepto umore vitietur et con- calescat, ut ad mensuram pondusque respondeat, an ad haec sacra et sub- limia accedas, sciturus quae materia sit dei, quae voluntas, quae condicio, quae forma; quis animum tuum casus expectet; ubi nos a corporibus dimissos natura componat; quid sh quod huius mundi gravissima quaeque in medio sustineat, supra levia suspendat, in summum ignem ferat, sidera vicibus suis excitet, cetera deinceps ingentibus plena miraculis? The choice here is the well-known one between active and contemplative lives, a topic which probably goes back to Thales, and had already emerged, in any case, as the paramount ethical issue of Greek philosophy in the fourth century bc, especially in Aristotle.
The Moralism of Plutarch’s Lives
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: November 2023

For there is always a risk that civil life will damage the reputation of those who owe their greatness to warfare, and are ill-suited to democratic equality. They expect to enjoy the same supremacy in this new sphere, whereas their opponents, worsted by them on campaign, find it intolerable if they cannot overtake them even here. Thus they delight in taking a man with a glorious record of campaigning and triumphs, and when they have him in the forum they take care to subdue him and put him down; whereas they behave differently to a man who lays aside and yields the honour and power he enjoyed on campaign, and they preserve his authority unimpaired. (Pomp. 23. 5–6)
Lucian’s Choice: Somnium 6–16
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine
Published: November 2023

The Somnium, Lucian’s allegedly autobiographical account of the circumstances which led to his choice of career, is a delightful, but enigmatic work. The rhetor from Samosata begins by telling of a family conference held when he came of age in order to determine his future. His father decides that young Lucian should be apprenticed as a sculptor to his maternal uncle. Lucian, who has often been punished in the past for moulding figures of wax scraped from his writing tablets at school, is, he tells us, delighted at the prospect. On the very first day of his apprenticeship, he manages to ruin a slab of marble. His uncle beats him and the tearful Lucian runs home. That night he has a dream in which two women—work-stained, poorly dressed Techne and refined, comely Paideia—fight over him and his future. Each of the two women addresses him directly, trying to convince him to adopt her way of life. Dirty, mannish Techne offers a life oflabour and pains-taking craftsmanship as a sculptor, while the ladylike Paideia promises Lucian admiration and honour, if he should become educated and learn how to speak. Lucian does not even need to hear out Paideia to the end of her speech: hers is the path he chooses. Paideia immediately rewards the young Lucian for his decision by taking him for a ride in her chariot across the heavens. The young man scatters seeds of some kind to the admiring people below and then returns home, newly garbed, where Paideia proudly presents him to his father. His choice, Lucian states at the conclusion of the Somnium, can serve as an inspiration to other young men of little means.
Female Characterization in Greek Declamation
Authors: Hawley Richard
Published: November 2023

During the past twenty years or so, classical scholarship has seen a phenomenal growth in two areas which have seldom overlapped: the examination of gender in antiquity and the study of so-called ‘later’ Greek literature. This paper is a contribution to both spheres. Classical scholars are now constantly reminded of how ancient texts constructed social ideals of masculinity and femininity. But most literary critics have clung to the safe and traditional classical period, from archaic times to the second century AD. The second current of criticism which has inspired this paper is one for which Donald Russell has provided much impetus. He has so often and eloquently performed an encomium of later Greek literature that the generations of scholars who have flourished under his inspiration are now reassessing these intriguing texts. The central texts of this brief paper will be the declamations and progymnasmata (preparatory exercises) of the fourth-century AD rhetor Libanius, but many of the observations can be applied to others among the rhetores Graeci.
π ε ρ γ ν ε σ θ α ιas a Medical Term and a Conjecture in the Cyranides
Authors: Bain David
Published: November 2023

Donald Russell is, among other things, that rare bird, a renowned expert in the field of Greek prose of the post-classical period. I offer this minor contribution to the study of later Greek vocabulary in the confident expectation that he will acknowledge with sympathy the difficulties that confront anyone seeking to investigate such a topic using the existing lexica of the Greek language.
Julian and Marcus Aurelius
Authors: Hunt David
Published: November 2023

In keeping with the fanfare of superlatives which heralds Julian’s entry into the narrative of Ammianus’ history, only the great and the good provided adequate precedents for the youthful new Caesar. Thus in the eyes of the historian Julian’s virtues amounted to a comprehensive replay of all the qualities of the best of his predecessors—the wisdom of Titus, the military success of Trajan, the clemency of Pius, ‘and in his striving after truth and perfection he was the equal of Marcus Aurelius, on whom he endeavoured to model his own actions and character’. The mention of Marcus in this list of imperial exempla is accorded a special authority of its own; for whereas the others might be dismissed as figments of the historian’s craft, it was Julian himself, it is claimed, who actually adopted the philosopher-emperor as his guiding example. Ammianus’ statement mirrors a similar observation in the Breviarium of Eutropius: Julian was ‘not unlike Marcus Antoninus, whom he even took pains to copy’. Both writers could claim first-hand knowledge of the emperor—Ammianus was serving as an officer in Gaul when Julian first arrived there as Caesar at the end of 355, and later shared with Eutropius personal experience of the Persian campaign of 363 in the course of which Julian met his death —and consequently their remarks have commanded the respect of the scholarly tradition. It has become axiomatic to link Julian’s name specifically with that of Marcus Aurelius: one recent biographer of Julian, for example, has attributed to him an admiration of Marcus which ‘went beyond all conventions’.
‘Longinus’ and the Grandeur of God
Authors: West Martin
Published: November 2023

L did not collect these examples directly from their original sources. Quotations of the Homeric passages in other authors and comments on them in the scholia show that they were current in rhetorical tradition. In the case of the fourth passage L himself acknowledges that: it had been discussed by many before him. Perhaps some or all of them had been used in Caecilius’ work on sublimity, which L aimed to supersede (r. 1 ). As for the citation of Genesis, phraseological parallels in L’s work with Philo and Josephus indicate his acquaintance with some Jewish Greek writing.
Lexicographica Graeca
Authors: Chadwick John
Published: November 2023

H.G. Liddell and R. Scott's Greek-English Lexicon (revised and augmented by H.S. Jones in 1940) has been the essential tool of advanced Greek scholars for 150 years; in order to update it a new Supplement has been published (OUP 1996) replacing that of 1968. In this provocative reconsideration both of its lexicographical principles and of individual articles, John Chadwick examines the need for further revision and expansion of the volume through a re-examination of the classical Greek vocabulary. A series of notes are presented, making important and stimulating contributions to the study of classical Greek lexicography, and offering many new interpretations of passages from familiar authors based upon a lexicographical approach. Essential reading for all scholars of classical Greek.
Laconia And Messenia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

From the hellenistic period the obes and the perioecic towns of Laconia appear to have had ephors and an assembly, but until the period of the Roman principate there is no sign that any of them had a council. Amyclae authorises expenditure on honours, and the relevant officials, whose title is not given, are to include this expenditure in their accounts.
ELIS
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

Even on the current dating of the inscriptions, a lower dating than used to be believed, Elis is remarkable for publishing public documents as early as Athens or earlier, in a style independent of that of Athens, showing that there was already a form of constitutional government for Elis as a whole before the synoecism.
Egypt
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

Though the attribution of a council to Antinooupolis but not to any other entity is correct for this date, the entities do not accord with current Egyptian reality, and the series of honours is to be regarded as fictitious J. Bingen, Stemmata: Melanges ⃛J. Labarbe , 173–85.]
Cyrenaica
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M
Published: November 2023

The government of Cyrenaica under the Ptolemies is discussed by Bagnall.1 Ptolemy I provided a well workedout constitution, apparently for the whole of Cyrenaica, treated as a single polis , with a property qualification for full citizenship and with certain powers reserved for himself (SEG ix 1).
Before and after Clisthenes
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

The Pisistratid Hipparchus, we have noted, was struck down while marshalling the Panathenaic procession. After the fall of the tyranny, the privilege of organizing the great procession would pre sumably have passed to a magistrate drawn from a restricted group of 300 aristocrats, if the oligarchic scheme of Isagoras had prevailed. It fell instead, with great symbolic propriety, to the ‘demarchs’, the executive heads of the 139 or so demes (or villages) that were the foundation upon which Clisthenes erected his restored democracy. To reshape the political life of Athens, Clisthenes had also to reshape its society. These social changes meant a transformation of the structures within which religious life took place.
Beyond the Death of Alexander
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

When should a history of Athenian religion come to an end? One date that is obviously inappropriate is 323. Could one seriously con template trying to give a feel of fourth-century religion without reference to Menander and the Characters of Theophrastus? Radical political change doubtless affects almost every area of life in the long term, but it does not overturn long-established social forms overnight. Even politically, the division at 323 is in some ways too sharp (though one must certainly allow that the forced restriction of citizen rights for much of the period between 322 and 307 was a drastic change, with, we must assume, great though unobservable consequences for the religious life of the dispossessed).
Initiating Dionysus
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene
Published: November 2023

This book offers a challenging multi-disciplinary interpretation of Aristophanes' Frogs. Drawing on a wide range of literary and anthropological approaches, it deploys an impressive series of religious and cultural considerations which have never previously been used to illuminate this text. Rather than seeking to recover the 'authorial' meaning of the Frogs, Dr Lada-Richards attempts to reconstruct the wider spectrum of potential meanings that various segments of the play could have had in their own socio-cultural milieu. The key question the book explores is how membership in Greek fifth-century society would have shaped understanding of the play, with particular emphasis on the persona of Dionysus who, as Dr Lada-Richards argues, should not be viewed merely as a stock comic character but as inseparable from the complex, paradoxical figure of his mythical and ritual counterpart. Combining sophistication and complexity with clarity and elegance of style, the book is addresses to the scholar as well as the student of Greek drama and culture, and its insights should appeal to anybody interested in the manifold ways theatre (of any period and culture) remoulds the ritual sequences of the social frame to which it belongs.
Initiation through Acting
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene
Published: November 2023

A primary dimension of Dionysus’ dramatis persona in the Frogs is his theatricality. From the beginning of the play he steps onto the stage dressed up as Heracles, that is, like a true actor, who sets out to incarnate somebody ‘other’ than himself; when the comic plot gets under way, correspondingly, he fluctuates again between his own identity (most emphatically proclaimed in 631-2) and those of Heracles and Xanthias. Now, as we have already mentioned in 2.4, role-playing is a well-known feature of ritual liminality.
The Gregorian and Hermogenian Codes
Authors: Corcoran Simon
Published: November 2023

Two of the four Roman law codes from antiquity survive in versions that are almost complete (CTh and CJ). Both have preserved with them constitutions and acta giving information on their composition and pro mulgation. Each bears the name of the emperor under whose auspices the code came into existence1 and each refers to the codes that pre ceded it. For the two earlier codes, however, we have almost no information. Even the identity of their namesakes is enigmatic. Evidence for the Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus, therefore, has to be gleaned from references and ascriptions in the later codes and other legal works. This makes possible the attempted identification of their original content, and guesses about their scope and intent.2
Imperial Edicts
Authors: Corcoran Simon
Published: November 2023

This chapter sets out a catalogue raisonné, containing all known imperial edicts for the period 284-324. It includes: edicts whose texts are preserved, in part or in whole; non-edictal texts that refer to edicts; texts of or references to the edicts of prefects and governors, where these are closely connected to imperial enactments.
Aeschylus ‘ Persae and History
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: November 2023

Writing for men who had fought in the battle, as he himself had done, it was impossible for [Aeschylus] to depart from the main outlines of known fact or even from such minor details as a substantial part of his audience would have remembered. This was drama concerned with the living past, in which he and his audience had been and continued to be intimately concerned, and so the picture of recent events which the play gives must have been substantially true to life. Thus Podlecki, and many scholars have prefaced their discussions of Salamis with similar statements of principle.
Leading the Tragic Khoros: Tragic Prestige in the Democratic City
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: November 2023

And remember Taureas, who was a khoregos competing against Alkibiades with a boys ‘ dithyrambic khoros. The law states that anyone may remove a khoreutes in the competition who is a foreigner, though it is not permitted to prevent someone who has undertaken a performance. In front of you, in front of all the other Greeks who were watching in the theatre and with all the current arkhons in Athens present, he drove him out with blows. The spectators were on Taureas ‘ side and hated Alkibiades, and so they were praising Taureas ‘ khoros and refused to listen to his; but he got no further for that, [§ 2 I] as the judges of the competition, some through fear, others through a desire to ingratiate, pronounced Alkibiades the winner, thinking less of their oath than of him. But I think it ‘s only to be expected that the judges should give in to Alkibiades, seeing Taureas, who ‘d spent so much money, was being treated with contempt, while they saw Alkibiades committing such gross transgressions and wielding enormous power.
The Place and Status of Foreigners in Athenian Tragedy
Authors: Vidal-Naquet Pierre
Published: November 2023

Can we use Attic tragedy as a source to illuminate the status of foreigners in the Greek world?1 A century ago Michel Clerc, in his classic monograph on the Athenian metic, answered this question with a firm ‘no ‘, and criticized the argu¬ment of Wilamowitz to the contrary: We shall not make any use of these passages of the tragic poets; in them the word µ,fro,Kos is practically always used in a much wider and vaguer sense than in official language. Furthermore, the very nature of the events that are dealt with makes the parallel with events in the real world either inexact or artificial.2 Yet a reading of the works that have followed makes it clear that Michel Clerc ‘s doctrine was not universally accepted-in particular those of P. Gauthier, D. Whitehead, C. Vatin, M. F. Baslez, B. Bravo, and M. H. Hansen,3 not to mention those studies whose principal object of inquiry is tragedy itself,4 or those which were presented in Nancy during the first col¬ loquium on The Foreigner in the Greek World.5 All these works try to integrate tragic and other sources in a direct way, and make comparisons between one category of source and another.
Tragedy and Religion: Constructs and Readings
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: November 2023

The relationship between tragedy and religion is important both for the reading of tragedy and for the reconstruction of religion. If we are interested in attempting to recreate as much as possible the meanings which the ancient audiences created out of the tragedies, and also the religious assumptions that are articulated in, and articulate, these tragedies-and I believe that both these enterprises are, up to a point, possible-it is necessary to avoid reading strategies conducive to the creation of meanings which make perfect sense to modern scholars but are very different from those interactively constructed by the tragedian and his contemporaries who had shared his assumptions. Since texts are made sense of through perceptual filters shaped by culturally deter¬ mined assumptions, before we try to make sense of a tragedy we must first reconstruct the relevant ancient assumptions-while avoiding the danger that circularity will seep into the enterprise. For if the ancient assumptions are not deployed to shape the filters through which we make sense of the tragedies, we will inevitably read through our own modern assumptions by default; and as these are very different from those of the ancient Athenians they will inevitably produce very different meanings from those constructed by the ancient audience. In the cases in which religion comes into play this will also lead to the distortion of the reconstruction of the religious assumptions articulated in the play and thus of ancient religion.
Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic
Authors: Kingsley Peter
Published: November 2023

Empedocles played a crucial role in the development of western culture; yet little is known or understood about this man, who lived in Sicily in the fifth century BC. That is mainly because his teaching has been reconstructed by modern scholars first and foremost on the basis of Aristotle's hostile reports -- producing a picture which is disconnected and lacking in depth. Using material never exploited before, this is the first study of Empedocles to resituate his fragmentary writings in their original context of philosophy as a way of life, mystery religion, magic, and the struggle to realize one's own divinity. Apart from providing a firm basis for understanding Empedocles' own teaching, the book also presents fresh evidence which proves he was not an isolated figure and reveals new links between his work and ancient Pythagoreanism. The process of establishing these links makes it possible, for the first time, to demonstrate in detail the Pythagorean origins of Plato's myths: a point of major importance for our appreciation not only of Plato himself, but also of the subsequent history of Neoplatonism. The second half of the book re-examines problems regarding the relation between ancient magic, science, and religion. More specifically, it traces a line of transmission from Empedocles and the early Pythagoreans down to southern Egypt, and from there into the world of Islam. This neglected process of transmission is of profound significance for our understanding not only of Presocratic philosophy but also of key themes in Graeco-Egyptian magic and alchemy, and of the background to Sufism and medieval mysticism.
The Sun
Authors: Kingsley Peter
Published: November 2023

The conclusion that Empedocles equated Hades with the element of fire is, we have already seen, inevitable. But one objection, and an apparently forceful one, has been placed in the way of accepting it. Simply stated, according to our ancient sources Empedocles described one half of the entire heavens as now filled with fire: a picture which rather obviously contradicts the notion that he confined the element of fire, or at least the greater part of it, to a subterranean Hades inside the bowels of the earth.
The Phaedo Myth: The Geography
Authors: Kingsley Peter
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we saw Plato bring Tartarus into association with Etna; we also saw that in doing so he was following a precedent already established, for example, in Pindar. But in his Phaedo he goes into considerably more detail about the geography of the underworld than Pindar does, and it will be worth turning to look at what exactly he has to say. This may seem to involve something of a detour as far as Empedocles is concerned; however, detours in the underworld are invariably instructive.
The Phaedo Myth: The Structure
Authors: Kingsley Peter
Published: November 2023

It is worth digging a little deeper and taking a brief look at two of the subterranean rivers mentioned in the Phaedo myth: the Pyriphlegethon and its opposite number, the Cocytus. This will help us to understand the structure of the myth as well as its origins and, ultimately, see what its broader relevance is to Empedocles.
Plato and Orpheus
Authors: Kingsley Peter
Published: November 2023

FROM Plato we can now start to make our way back in time, via the myth in the Phaedo, towards Empedocles. The reason for turning aside to look at the Phaedo myth in the first place was the possibility that it might throw light on Empedocles’ strange equation of Hades and fire. As a result, a number of conclusions have emerged. The similarities between Empedocles’ equation and what we find in the Phaedo myth, with its vast fires burning in the underworld, tum out to be no coincidence and are easily explained: just as in the case of Empedocles, the half-physical, half-mythical geography described by Plato has its origins primarily in Sicily. We have also seen that Plato inherited the structure and details of the Phaedo myth from western Pythagoreans. This provides an additional point of contact with Empedocles, whose own links with western Pythagoreanism cannot be denied.
Aeschines and Athenian Democracy
Authors: Fox Robin Lane
Published: November 2023

Aeschines’ surviving speeches contain some of our most explicit statements about the ideals of democracy and its procedures among the Atheniansr. Athenian ideology, the issues of sovereignty, the role of oratory, and the rule of law have been at the centre of the recent spate of writings on the subject. The importance of Aeschines’ evidence has been noted and the temptation is simply to list each passage in his speeches and take it at face value. One aim of this paper is to draw attention to the range of his references but to warn against generalizing out of context.
Beyond Reciprocity: The Akhilleus-Priam Scene in Iliad 24
Authors: Zanker Graham
Published: November 2023

The main objective of this paper is to argue that Book 24 of the Iliad presents Akhilleus as behaving with a degree of what even modem thought would recognize as altruism. More specifically, it argues that Akhi1leus transcends the institutionalized reciprocity which the epic presents as the dominant ethical orientation of the heroic society which it depicts; furthermore, Iliad 24 prescriptively commends, through the description of Akhilleus’ behaviour, a recognizable form of altruism, as a foil to the reciprocity-based values described as normal in the poem’s society.
Akhilleus and Agamemnon: Generalized Reciprocity
Authors: Postlethwaite Norman
Published: November 2023

In his address to the conference on ,which this volume is based Gabriel Herman voice<l the general consensus that ‘the [Homeric) hero [does not] seem capable of giving a gift or performing a service without expectation of return-a pattern which, since Comte, has come to be known as altruism. Benevolent and disinterested sentiments, dispositions, tendencies and actions which have as their direct object the good of others than the hero himself and his family seem to be totally alien to his spirit.’ However Graham Zanker argues in Chapter 3 that Akhilleus’ conduct towards Priam in Book 24 of the Iliad reaches beyond the norms of reciprocity evident in the dealings of other characters ‘Within the poem and does indeed display a degree of altruism.
Reciprocal Generosity in the Foreign Affairs of Fifth-Century Athens and Sparta
Authors: Missiou Anna
Published: November 2023

In modern research, Sparta and Athens are usually considered to be archetypes representing opposite political and socio-economic systems; but in studies of their inter-state relations modern scholars usually neglect to refer either to similarities or dissimilarities. However it is useful to explore the differences between these two Greek states not only in terms of socio-economic and military structure but also in terms of the ideology displayed in their diplomatic rhetoric. Relatively little archaic and fifth-century Athenian and Spartan diplomatic rhetoric has survived. It is mainly in the works of Herodotos and Thukydides that we find, either in direct or indirect speech or in comments by the historian, versions of the arguments used to express or shape the views of Athenians and Spartans on various occasions in the fifth century. Although I am, of course, aware that a strong subjective clement is inherent in the selection of cases presented by ancient historians, I take these versions as expressing the values and norms of contemporary diplomatic rhetoric.
Illyrians at Constantinople
Authors: Croke Brian
Published: November 2023

In the preface to his chronicle Marcellinus makes clear to his audience that his preoccupation is chiefly with the eastern empire—Orientale tantum imperium. So we might reasonably expect to find little in the chronicle pertaining to affairs in the western empire, and then only in so far as such affairs affected Constantinople and the East. For Marcellinus the perspective and nomen clature of the Chronicle clearly divide East and West. There is a geographical east (Oriens: 418. 3, 420. 2, 484. 1, 529) and west (Occidens: 416. 1,468), as well as an imperial east (Orientale imperium: Praef.; Orientate respublica: 379. 1) and west (Occidentalis respublica: 434, 454. 2; Occidentalie imperium: 392. 1; Occidentale regnum: 424. 3; Hesperium regnum: 454. 2; Hesperium imperium: 476. 2; principatum Occidentis: 465. 2). There are also designated eastern emperors (Orientalibus principibus: 379. 1) and consuls (Orientalium consulum: 521). Not once after 395 does he refer to the Roman empire as a whole but only to its separate halves. However, on the occasions when he identifies himself as specifically Roman it is clearly as a citizen of the Roman empire as a whole, not just the eastern part of it. In speaking of ‘us’ (447. 2), ‘our generals’ (503), ‘this expedition of ours’ (529) and ‘our emperor’ (532, 533) he identifies him self as a citizen of the Roman world as distinguished from its foes,the Huns (447) and Persians (503, 529).’
The Alexandrian Lists
Authors: Fraser P M
Published: November 2023

We shall be concerned in this opening chapter, not with the cities attested by the Alexander-historians as having been founded by Alexander in the course of his campaigns but with the lists of cities named as Alexandrias in (a) the Epitome of Stephanus of Byzantium’s ‘[ineq], (b) the earliest surviving Greek and associated versions (henceforth called the a-tradition) of the Alexander-Romance, properly called the Life of Alexander of Macedon, and (c) the lists found in Alexandrian World-Chronicles and Annals of the Imperial period. These lists agree at several points, and the type of information they provide enables us to consider them collectively, but nevertheless each group presents different problems. It seems probable that, except for Stephanus, in the form and substance in which they survive they have a common origin in the same type of popular Alexandrian literature, and, specifically, in the lost original version of the Greek Alexander Romance; although the text of Stephanus is associated with the same milieu, it only occasionally draws on the same sources. It is, in any case, essential that the traditions which they represent should in the first place be studied individually. We may begin with Stephanus.
Transmitting the Message: The Dynamics of Closure and Solidarity
Authors: Stray Christopher
Published: November 2023

The cultural and social authority of classics rested both on the power of its messages, and on the effectiveness with which these were transmitted. This chapter begins by focusing on the three major institutional media through which classics was transmitted in schools and universities: curriculum, examinations, and textbooks.
From Liberal Education to Learning: The Growth of Academic Scholarship
Authors: Stray Christopher
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I turn to the institutional and ideological development of classics in the universities after 1870. The main focus is on Cambridge, where the impact of academic organization is both clearer and more advanced than in Oxford. In the half century from 1870 to 1920, a gradual but distinct shift took place in the nature of English classical scholarship. In essence, it moved from the text-centred solidaristic affirmations of permanent humanist value to a more detached investigation of the classical world which went beyond the margins of the literary text. In the process its social bases and organization, its institutional forms, its scope and its dominant legitimations all changed. These changes were to varying degrees resisted and contested: my summary indicates direction, not completion. Not till the 1920s was an academic/faculty structure in place, and even then its introduction was in Oxford deflected by the organized power of Greats tutors.
The Politics of Cultural Pluralism: State Intervention and the Defence of Classics, 1902—1922
Authors: Stray Christopher
Published: November 2023

In December 1903, almost exactly fifty years after Hodgson’s prediction was published, the Classical Association was founded. The event reflects a belated recognition that a new era had begun in English education; one in which passivity was fatal, and even activity might not prevent loss. The early history of the Association is marked both by struggle with the promoters of other subjects, and by internal dissension on the content, organization, and methods of classics teaching. Where the previous chapter surveyed the ideological formulations produced by a range of individuals committed—in different ways—to classics, my concern here is with the politics of curricular legitimation. My attention is still directed mainly at the defenders of classics. Its critics, however, will also appear in this chapter, since we are now dealing with the emergence of a pluralized curricular field in which specialized subjects are promoted by a wide range of special-interest groups. In addition, however, conflicts of opinion are also identifiable, not only within the ranks of the Classical Association, but also within the Board of Education.