bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggregation‐Induced and Polymorphism‐Dependent Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Characteristics of an Oligothiophene: Applications in Time‐Dependent Live Cell Multicolour Imaging
Authors: Sarkar Samir Kumar , Pegu Meenakshi , Behera Santosh Kumar , Narra Siva Krishna , Thilagar Pakkirisamy
Published: October 2019

Typically, molecules with a twisted donor–acceptor (D‐A) architecture have been exploited for constructing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials. Herein, we report the first example of a thiophene‐based thermally activated delayed fluorescent molecule without a D‐A architecture. Compound 1 (2,5‐bis(2,2‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)vinyl)thiophene) is conformationally flexible and shows weak fluorescence in the solution state but displays bright TADFin both condensed and solid states. Compound 1 crystallized in two different polymorphs (1 a and 1 b). Interestingly, both polymorphs show distinctly different TADF features. The broad spectral features and the TADF characteristics of 1 have been explored for the time‐dependent multicolor (green, yellow and red) imaging of living cells.
Synthesis and Characterization of 3‐(5‐(Fluorodinitromethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)‐4‐nitrofurazan: A Novel Promising Energetic Component of Boron‐based Fuels for Rocket Ramjet Engines
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Aleksandrova Natali S. , Semyakin Svyatoslav S. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. , Lempert David B.
Published: October 2019

The synthesis of a new energetic 1,2,4‐triazole compound bearing nitrofurazanyl and fluorodinitromethyl units, which may find use as a component for rocket ramjet engines (RRE), is described. The target product was prepared in a four‐step process applying oxidation/nitration/decarboxylation/fluorination reactions and is fully characterized. Its density and structural features were uniquely determined by X‐ray analysis. It is shown that replacing HMX with the compound of this study in boron‐based fuels gives an increase in energy.
A novel intraperitoneal therapy for gastric cancer with DFP‐10825, a unique RNAi therapeutic targeting thymidylate synthase, in a peritoneally disseminated xenograft model
Authors: Ando Hidenori , Fukushima Masakazu , Eshima Kiyoshi , Hasui Taichi , Shimizu Taro , Ishima Yu , Huang Cheng‐Long , Wada Hiromi , Ishida Tatsuhiro
Published: October 2019

Purpose

In advanced gastric cancer, peritoneal dissemination is a life‐threatening mode of metastasis. Since the treatment options with conventional chemotherapy remain limited, any novel therapeutic strategy that could control such metastasis would improve the outcome of treatment. We recently developed a unique RNA interference therapeutic regimen (DFP‐10825) consisting of short hairpin RNA against thymidylate synthase (TS shRNA) and cationic liposomes. The treatment with DFP‐10825 has shown remarkable antitumor activity in peritoneally disseminated human ovarian cancer–bearing mice via intraperitoneal administration. In this study, we expanded DFP‐10825 to the treatment of peritoneally disseminated gastric cancer.

Methods

DFP‐10825 was administered intraperitoneally into mice with intraperitoneally implanted human gastric cancer cells (MKN45 or NCI‐N87). Antitumor activity and host survival benefits were monitored. Intraperitoneal distribution of fluorescence‐labeled DFP‐10825 was monitored in this MKN45 peritoneally disseminated mouse model.

Results

Intraperitoneal injection of DFP‐10825 suppressed tumor growth in two peritoneally disseminated cancer models (MKN45 and NCI‐N87) and increased the survival time of the MKN45 model without severe side effects. Throughout the treatment regimen, no significant body weight loss was associated with the administration of DFP‐10825. Interestingly, after intraperitoneal injection, fluorescence‐labeled DFP‐10825 retained for more than 72 hours in the peritoneal cavity and selectively accumulated in disseminated tumors.

Conclusions

Intraperitoneal injection of DFP‐10825 demonstrated effective antitumor activity without systemic severe adverse effects via the selective delivery of RNAi molecules into disseminated tumors in the peritoneal cavity. Our current study indicates that DFP‐10825 could become an alternative option to improve the outcomes of patients with peritoneally disseminated gastric cancer.
Distribution of pressure gradients along the left anterior descending artery in patients with angiographically normal arteries
Authors: Fukunaga Masashi , Fujii Kenichi , Mintz Gary S. , Kawasaki Daizo , Nakata Tsuyoshi , Miki Kojiro , Imanaka Takahiro , Tamaru Hiroto , Shibuya Masahiko , Masuyama Toru
Published: October 2019

Objectives

This study tested the hypothesis that there is no decline of coronary pressure from the proximal to the distal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of humans and swine.

Background

In the daily clinical practice, the fractional flow reserve (FFR) in the LAD is frequently lower than that in the other arteries in the presence of a similar degree of stenosis.

Methods

Twenty‐six patients with angiographically normal LAD were prospectively enrolled. The coronary pressure ratio (mean distal/proximal coronary pressures at hyperemia) was measured at five different positions: 12, 10, 7, and 5 cm distal from the LAD ostium, and at the ostium of the LAD. The coronary pressure measurement was further investigated in a swine model without atherosclerosis.

Results

The coronary pressure ratio during maximum hyperemia gradually decreased in proportion to the distance from the ostium (average: 0.85 ± 0.06 at 12 cm distal to the ostium). This finding was confirmed in swine model. The degree of the coronary pressure decrease during maximum hyperemia was similar in patients with and without evidence of minor plaque on intravascular ultrasound, however it was strongly associated with the amount of myocardium mass in the territory of the LAD.

Conclusions

Intracoronary pressure gradually decreases in proportion to the distance from the ostium in the LAD of humans and swine, regardless of the presence of minor atherosclerotic plaques. The degradation degree of the coronary pressure ratio during maximum hyperemia is enlarged in the presence of larger amount of myocardium mass in the territory of the LAD.
Pd Nanoparticles with Twin Structures on F‐Doped Graphene for Formic Acid Oxidation
Authors: Shen Yuwei , Zhang Shanshan , Liao Fan , Sun Jianping , Dang Qian , Shao Mingwang , Kang Zhenhui
Published: October 2019

The formic acid oxidation (FAO) on palladium (Pd) particles is relevant with their crystal structures. Here, silicon nanowires are employed as a sacrifice template to grow Pd nanoparticles with various twin structures, including two‐fold, three‐fold and five‐fold ones, as confirmed by the high‐resolution TEM image. These nanoparticles are well dispersed on the semi‐ionic fluorine (F) ions doped reduced graphene oxides, which have high activity toward FAO due to their appropriate binding energy to intermediates. The as‐prepared products show an excellent performance on FAO. The peak current of the optimal product is 0.697 A ⋅ mgPd−1 in 0.1 M HClO4 and 0.5 M HCOOH, which is 2.9 times than that of the commercial Pd/C catalyst. The electrochemical active surface area of the catalyst (0.322 m2 ⋅ mg−1) is 3.5 times than that of the commercial Pd/C (0.091 m2 ⋅ mg−1). This outstanding performance is due to the twin structure of Pd nanoparticles and the electron‐deficient surface caused by the strong electrophilicity of F ions.
Chiral‐at‐Metal Rhodium(III) Complex Catalyzed Enantioselective Vinylogous Michael Addition of α,α‐Dicyanoolefins with α,β‐Unsaturated 2‐Acyl Imidazoles
Authors: Hu Liangjian , Lin Shaoxia , Li Shiwu , Kang Qiang , Du Yu
Published: October 2019

As a development of traditional vinylogous Michael addition reactions, catalytic enantioselective γ‐functionalization of α,α‐dicyanoolefins possesses a remarkable advantage in carboxylic derivatives synthesis and has emerged as a powerful tool for the preparation of high value chemicals. In another hand, the development of versatile and highly efficient catalyst is quite critical for such asymmetric transformations. Herein, a newly developed chiral‐at‐metal rhodium (III) complex catalyzed enantioselective vinylogous Michael addition of α,α‐dicyanoolefins with α,β‐unsaturated 2‐acyl imidazoles has been realized, delivering the corresponding adducts in 68−89 % yields with up to 95 % enantioselectivity. The reaction can be conducted on a gram‐scale using a low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %) without impacting its efficiency.
Cu−Ni Bimetallic Hydroxide Catalyst for Efficient Electrochemical Conversion of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Chen Hao , Wang Jiatuan , Yao Yuan , Zhang Zihao , Yang Zhenzhen , Li Jing , Chen Kequan , Lu Xiuyang , Ouyang Pingkai , Fu Jie
Published: October 2019

2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (2,5‐FDCA) produced from 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) is a promising renewable alternative to terephthalic acid. In this work, we prepared a Cu−Ni bimetallic catalyst with a CuNi(OH)2 structure by incipient wetness impregnation. This catalyst gave a 9.2 mA cm−2 current density for 5‐HMF oxidation at 1.45 V vs RHE. Finally, 100 % conversion of HMF with 93.3 % yield of 2,5‐FDCA was obtained.
Flexible and Robust Electro‐Optically Responsive Films Based on Novel Silica/Oligoaniline/Carbon Dots Composite
Authors: Zhou Yan , Berda Erik B. , Ma Qiang , Liu Xincai , Wang Ce , Chao Danming
Published: October 2019

We report a new electro‐optical composite film based on silica, oligoaniline, and carbon dots prepared by a hydrolytic crosslinking reaction under electrokinetic potentials. The electroactive oligoaniline and fluorescent carbon dots are covalently linked through hydrolysis of siloxane, resulting in multifunctional composite films. The resultant crosslinked architecture endows the films with high flexibility and robust durability. These films display good electrochromic behavior with an obvious color contrast, quick switching rate, and acceptable cycling stability. Moreover, these films reveal an interesting electrofluorochromic performance in continuous potential ranges, attributed to the interaction between oligoaniline and carbon dots, and the change in structure that occurs with changing redox potentials. Further, an enhanced photocurrent response is observed in these materials, as a result of the organic‐inorganic interfaces.
Expression of protocadherin‐γC4 protein in the rat brain
Authors: Miralles Celia P. , Taylor Michael J. , Bear John , Fekete Christopher D. , George Shanu , Li Yanfang , Bonhomme Bevan , Chiou Tzu‐Ting , De Blas Angel L.
Published: October 2019

It has been proposed that the combinatorial expression of γ‐protocadherins (Pcdh‐γs) and other clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) provides a code of molecular identity and individuality to neurons, which plays a major role in the establishment of specific synaptic connectivity and formation of neuronal circuits. Particular attention has been directed to the Pcdh‐γ family, for which experimental evidence derived from Pcdh‐γ‐deficient mice shows that they are involved in dendrite self‐avoidance, synapse development, dendritic arborization, spine maturation, and prevention of apoptosis of some neurons. Moreover, a triple‐mutant mouse deficient in the three C‐type members of the Pcdh‐γ family (Pcdh‐γC3, Pcdh‐γC4, and Pcdh‐γC5) shows a phenotype similar to the mouse deficient in whole Pcdh‐γ family, indicating that the latter is largely due to the absence of C‐type Pcdh‐γs. The role of each individual C‐type Pcdh‐γ is not known. We have developed a specific antibody to Pcdh‐γC4 to reveal the expression of this protein in the rat brain. The results show that although Pcdh‐γC4 is expressed at higher levels in the embryo and earlier postnatal weeks, it is also expressed in the adult rat brain. Pcdh‐γC4 is expressed in both neurons and astrocytes. In the adult brain, the regional distribution of Pcdh‐γC4 immunoreactivity is similar to that of Pcdh‐γC4 mRNA, being highest in the olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus, and cerebellum. Pcdh‐γC4 forms puncta that are frequently apposed to glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. They are also frequently associated with neuron‐astrocyte contacts. The results provide new insights into the cell recognition function of Pcdh‐γC4 in neurons and astrocytes.
Improved Stability of Layered and Porous Nickel‐Rich Cathode Materials by Relieving the Accumulation of Inner Stress
Authors: Su Yuefeng , Zhang Qiyu , Chen Lai , Bao Liying , Lu Yun , Shi Qi , Wang Jing , Chen Shi , Wu Feng
Published: October 2019

The commercial application of high‐capacity LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 is impeded by its inferior cycling stability, which has been attributed to structural instability caused by stress accumulation during both calcination and cycling. A porous structure was deliberately introduced into nickel‐rich material particles to relieve such stress. Cross‐sectional SEM and mercury penetration tests confirmed the successful construction of a porous structure. Ex situ TEM and powder XRD confirmed that the porous structure reduced the stress concentration regions in uncycled nickel‐rich material by providing a buffer space. In addition, the porous structure helps the permeation of the electrolyte and alleviates the stress accumulation during cycling, endowing the nickel‐rich cathode materials with enhanced rate capability and suppressed phase transition. This strategy can be extended for the synthesis of diverse nickel‐rich cathode materials to improve their cycling stability.
Impact of caloric restriction on peripheral nerve injury‐induced neuropathic pain during ageing in mice
Authors: De Angelis Federica , Vacca Valentina , Pavone Flaminia , Marinelli Sara
Published: October 2019

The incidence of peripheral neuropathy development and chronic pain is strongly associated with the arrival of senescence. The gradual physiological decline that begins after the mature stage produces myelin dysregulation and pathological changes in peripheral nervous system, attributed to reduction in myelin proteins expression and thinner myelin sheath. Moreover in elder subjects, when nerve damage occurs, the regenerative processes are seriously compromised and neuropathic pain (NeP) is maintained. We previously demonstrated that caloric restriction (CR) in adult (4 months) nerve‐lesioned mice was able to facilitate remyelination and axons regeneration, to have anti‐inflammatory action and to prevent NeP chronification. Here, we show CR therapeutic potential on nerve injury‐induced neuropathy in mice at the beginning of the senescence (12 months). Long lasting decrease in hypersensitvity induced by peripheral nerve lesion and powerful reduction in proinflammatory circulating agents have been observed. Moreover, our results evidence that CR is able to counteract the ageing‐related delay in axonal regeneration, enhancing Schwann cells proliferation and accelerating recovery processes. Differently from adults, it does not affect fibres myelination. In light of a continuous growth in elderly population and correlated health problems, including metabolic disorders, the prevalence of neuropathy is enhancing, generating a significant public cost and social concern. In this context energy depletion by dietary restriction can be a therapeutic option in NeP.
Assessing the Impacts of Methoxychlor Exposure on the Viability, Reproduction, and Locomotor Behavior of the Seminole Ramshorn Snail (Planorbella duryi)
Authors: Frankel Tyler E. , Bohannon Meredith E. , Frankel Jack S.
Published: October 2019

In the present study, the effects of short-term methoxychlor exposure on the viability, reproduction, and locomotor behavior of adult seminole ramshorn snails (Planorbella duryi) was assessed. To examine impacts on viability and behavior, individuals were exposed to a water control, vehicle control, or 12.5, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 μg/L of methoxychlor for 48 h; and differences in mortality and locomotor behavior assessed using the freely available ToxTrac software. To determine impacts on reproduction, pairs of snails were exposed to a vehicle control and 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 250 μg/L of methoxychlor for 9 d; and the number of clutches and eggs laid quantified every 24 h. Methoxychlor concentrations in treatments were determined using gas chromatography. Complete mortality was observed in the 500 μg/L and 1000 μg/L treatments after 48 h and in the 250 μg/L treatment after 9 d. Decreases in the number of egg clutches were observed in all treatments, and the number of eggs laid decreased starting in the 25 μg/L treatment. Decreases in average speed, mobile speed, and total distance traveled, as well as a significant increase in frozen events, were also observed. Our results suggest that methoxychlor exposure causes detrimental effects on several nonlethal endpoints in a nonmodel aquatic invertebrate species and that the analysis of locomotor behaviors serves as a reliable, sensitive endpoint for ecotoxicology testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;39:220–228. © 2019 SETAC

Abstract

Graphical depiction of selected species, methoxychlor exposure, and assessed endpoints
Influence of multiple freezing/thawing cycles on a structural, rheological, and textural profile of fermented and unfermented corn dough
Authors: Yaqoob Sanabil , Liu Huimin , Zhao Chengbin , Liu Meihong , Cai Dan , Liu Jingsheng
Published: October 2019

In the current study, the impact of fermentation and freezing/thawing treatment on corn flour was studied. Fermentation revealed an increase (12%) in amylose content, while freezing reflected a loss of amylose. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed more grooves, indentations, and the irregular shape of particles. Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) exhibited different pasting behavior on the dough. The molecular structure had similar profiles but showed several discernible absorbance at the different wavelengths. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed an increase in melting temperature range due to fermentation and freezing/thawing treatment attributed to more heterogeneous morphology. Overall, the results of this research showed the insight alterations that induce the changes in corn flour leading to improvement in some properties and it may enhance the acquaintance about the upright revolution in the profile of corn dough and its potential usage in industry and homes.
The association between, depression, anxiety, and mortality in older people across eight low‐ and middle‐income countries: Results from the 10/66 cohort study
Authors: Wu Yu‐Tzu , Kralj Carolina , Acosta Daisy , Guerra Mariella , Huang Yueqin , Jotheeswaran Amuthavalli T. , Jimenez‐Velazquez Ivonne Z. , Liu Zhaorui , Llibre Rodriguez Juan J. , Salas Aquiles , Sosa Ana Luisa , Alkholy Rasha , Prince Martin , Prina A. Matthew
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Depression and anxiety are common mental disorders in later life. Few population‐based studies have investigated their potential impacts on mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The aim of this study is to examine the associations between depression, anxiety, their comorbidity, and mortality in later life using a population‐based cohort study across eight LMICs.

Methods

This analysis was based on the 10/66 cohort study including 15 991 people aged 65 years or above in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, China, and India, with an average follow‐up time of 3.9 years. Subthreshold and clinical levels of depression were determined using EURO‐D and ICD‐10 criteria, and anxiety was based on Geriatric Mental State (GMS)–Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy (AGECAT). Cox proportional hazard modelling was used to estimate how having depression, anxiety, or both was associated with mortality adjusting for sociodemographic and health factors.

Results

Participants with clinical depression (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.45; 95% CI, 1.24‐1.70) and subthreshold anxiety (HR: 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15‐1.38) had higher risk of mortality than those without the conditions after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and health conditions. Comorbidity of depression and anxiety was associated with a 30% increased risk of mortality but the effect sizes varied across countries (Higgins I2 = 58.8%), with the strongest association in India (HR: 1.99; 95% CI, 1.21‐3.27).

Conclusions

Depression and anxiety appear to be associated with mortality in older people living in LMICs. Variation in effect sizes may indicate different barriers to health service access across countries. Future studies may investigate underlying mechanisms and identify potential interventions to reduce the impact of common mental disorders.
EPR Distance Measurements as a Tool to Characterize Protein‐DNA Interactions
Authors: Sameach Hila , Ruthstein Sharon
Published: October 2019

Over recent decades, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has become an essential tool for exploring complex biological systems. Herein, we discuss the potential of pulsed EPR spectroscopy to shed light on the mechanisms of protein‐DNA interactions. To this end, we first provide an overview of pulsed EPR methodology (and specifically, double electron electron resonance; DEER), with a focus on the various spin‐labeling methods used today both for protein labeling and for DNA labeling. Next, after briefly discussing recent applications of DEER in protein‐DNA studies, we introduce a detailed case study, an example of how EPR spectroscopy has been used to resolve the transcription mechanism of the CueR copper regulator.
YAP and TAZ Mediate Osteocyte Perilacunar/Canalicular Remodeling
Authors: Kegelman Christopher D , Coulombe Jennifer C , Jordan Kelsey M , Horan Daniel J , Qin Ling , Robling Alexander G , Ferguson Virginia L , Bellido Teresita M , Boerckel Joel D
Published: October 2019

Bone fragility fractures are caused by low bone mass or impaired bone quality. Osteoblast/osteoclast coordination determines bone mass, but the factors that control bone quality are poorly understood. Osteocytes regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity on bone surfaces but can also directly reorganize the bone matrix to improve bone quality through perilacunar/canalicular remodeling; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We previously found that deleting the transcriptional regulators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-motif (TAZ) from osteoblast-lineage cells caused lethality in mice due to skeletal fragility. Here, we tested the hypothesis that YAP and TAZ regulate osteocyte-mediated bone remodeling by conditional ablation of both YAP and TAZ from mouse osteocytes using 8 kb-DMP1-Cre. Osteocyte-conditional YAP/TAZ deletion reduced bone mass and dysregulated matrix collagen content and organization, which together decreased bone mechanical properties. Further, YAP/TAZ deletion impaired osteocyte perilacunar/canalicular remodeling by reducing canalicular network density, length, and branching, as well as perilacunar flourochrome-labeled mineral deposition. Consistent with recent studies identifying TGF-β as a key inducer of osteocyte expression of matrix-remodeling enzymes, YAP/TAZ deletion in vivo decreased osteocyte expression of matrix proteases MMP13, MMP14, and CTSK. In vitro, pharmacologic inhibition of YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity in osteocyte-like cells abrogated TGF-β-induced matrix protease gene expression. Together, these data show that YAP and TAZ control bone matrix accrual, organization, and mechanical properties by regulating osteocyte-mediated bone remodeling. Elucidating the signaling pathways that control perilacunar/canalicular remodeling may enable future therapeutic targeting of bone quality to reverse skeletal fragility. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Extracellular Vesicles From Osteotropic Breast Cancer Cells Affect Bone Resident Cells
Authors: Loftus Alexander , Cappariello Alfredo , George Christopher , Ucci Argia , Shefferd Kirsty , Green Alice , Paone Riccardo , Ponzetti Marco , Delle Monache Simona , Muraca Maurizio , Teti Anna , Rucci Nadia
Published: October 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as mediators of a range of pathological processes, including cancer. However, their role in bone metastases has been poorly explored. We investigated EV-mediated effects of osteotropic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) on bone resident cells and endothelial cells. Pretreatment of osteoblasts with conditioned medium (CM) of MDA-MB-231 (MDA) cells promoted pro-osteoclastogenic and pro-angiogenic effects by osteoblast EVs (OB-EVs), as well as an increase of RANKL-positive OB-EVs. Moreover, when treating osteoblasts with MDA-EVs, we observed a reduction of their number, metabolic activity, and alkaline phosphatase (Alp) activity. MDA-EVs also reduced transcription of Cyclin D1 and of the osteoblast-differentiating genes, while enhancing the expression of the pro-osteoclastogenic factors Rankl, Lcn2, Il1b, and Il6. Interestingly, a cytokine array on CM from osteoblasts treated with MDA-EVs showed an increase of the cytokines CCL3, CXCL2, Reg3G, and VEGF, while OPG and WISP1 were downregulated. MDA-EVs contained mRNAs of genes involved in bone metabolism, as well as cytokines, including PDGF-BB, CCL3, CCL27, VEGF, and Angiopoietin 2. In line with this profile, MDA-EVs increased osteoclastogenesis and in vivo angiogenesis. Finally, intraperitoneal injection of MDA-EVs in mice revealed their ability to reach the bone microenvironment and be integrated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In conclusion, we showed a role for osteoblast-derived EVs and tumor cell–derived EVs in the deregulation of bone and endothelial cell physiology, thus fueling the vicious cycle induced by bone tumors. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Prenatal sonographic markers of the outcome in fetuses with bronchopulmonary sequestration
Authors: Cho Min Kyong , Lee Mi‐Young , Kang Jisik , Kim Juhee , Won Hye‐Sung , Lee Pil‐Ryang , Jeong Euiseok , Lee Byong Sop , Kim Ellen Ai‐Rhan , Yoon Heemang , Lee Jin Seoung , Han Minkyu
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the prenatal sonographic predictive markers of the outcome in fetuses with bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS).

Methods

BPS size and diameter of the feeding artery (FA) were measured prenatally and postnatally. Velocity of the FA and the left ventricular‐modified myocardial performance index (LV mod‐MPI) were also evaluated prenatally.

Results

Forty‐seven women were included in the study. Mean gestational age, mass size, diameter and velocity of the FA, and LV mod‐MPI at prenatal diagnosis were 23.5 ± 2.2 weeks, 3.6 ± 8.3 cm, 2.3 ± 0.6 mm, 46.6 ± 15.4 cm/s, and 0.46 ± 0.06, respectively. Mean mass diameter and FA diameter measured on postnatal CT examinations were 3.8 ± 1.0 cm and 2.3 ± 0.7 mm, respectively. Five patients had respiratory symptoms after birth. Twenty children (43%) underwent or were scheduled to undergo mass excision, and the remaining 27 (57%) were doing well without any intervention. There was no neonatal death. LV mod‐MPI at diagnosis, the FA diameter after birth and the serial change in the FA size were significantly associated with postnatal mass excision.

Conclusion

The FA diameter and LV mod‐MPI may be additional markers for predicting whether fetuses with BPS should undergo mass excision in early childhood or conservative care.
The National Football League payroll cost function and labor market institutional changes
Authors: Brook Stacey L.
Published: October 2019

Sports club payroll costs typically comprise over 50% of sport clubs' total operating expenses, but little is known empirically about this largest component of club costs. Using data from the National Football League Players Association Salary Cap Information System from 1981 to 2000, a National Football League club payroll cost function is estimated to examine the impact of labor market institutional changes (strikes and collective bargaining) and to test existing theoretical sports club cost functions. As expected, strikes have a negative effect on total payroll, and the two collective bargaining agreements had opposite effects during this time period. Additionally, empirical support is provided for the standard two‐team sport league cost function.
Meteorological application of wind speed and direction linked to remote sensing images for the modelling of sand drift potential and dune morphology
Authors: Zamani Samira , Mahmoodabadi Majid , Yazdanpanah Najme , Farpoor Mohammad Hady
Published: October 2019

Wind velocity and its direction are important erosive factors affecting sand drift potential and dune morphology in arid and semi‐arid environments. The study assesses sand drift potential using wind meteorological data acquired from eight synoptic stations of Kerman province in southeastern Iran for a statistical period of 2006–2010. Three diagrams including wind rose, storm rose and sand rose were plotted for the selected stations using WR Plot View.8 and Sand Rose Graph 3.0. The analyses were performed at seasonal and mean annual time scales. The unidirectional index and wind energy classification were compared with sand dune morphology obtained from satellite images. The seasonal analysis indicated intermediate directional variability and high energy winds, with the most erosive winds occurring in winter. The total sand flux in all directions and discharge sand flow in the resultant drift direction ranged from 53.4 to 319.1 and from 13.8 to 247.6 t·m−1·year−1, respectively. The transverse dune was the main type of sand dune detected in the region with an intermediate directional variability, implying positive sand supplies. Dune morphology coincided reasonably well with the resultant drift direction. An appropriate match was found between the wind data analyses and the morphology of dunes observed in the satellite images.
Avocatin B Protects Against Lipotoxicity and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Diet‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Ahmed Nawaz , Tcheng Matthew , Roma Alessia , Buraczynski Michael , Jayanth Preethi , Rea Kevin , Akhtar Tariq A. , Spagnuolo Paul A.
Published: October 2019

Scope

The effects of an avocado‐derived fatty acid oxidation (FAO) inhibitor, avocatin B (AvoB), on glucose and lipid metabolism in models of diet‐induced obesity (DIO) and in vitro models of lipotoxicity are evaluated. The safety of its oral consumption in humans is also determined.

Methods and results

Mice are given high‐fat diets (HFD) for 8 weeks. Thereafter, AvoB or vehicle is administered orally twice weekly for 5 weeks. AvoB inhibits FAO which led to improved glucose tolerance, glucose utilization, and insulin sensitivity. AvoB's effects on metabolism under lipotoxic conditions are evaluated in vitro in pancreatic β‐islet cells and C2C12 myotubes. AvoB inhibits FAO and increases glucose oxidation, resulting in lowering of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species that improves insulin responsiveness in C2C12 myotubes and insulin secretion in INS‐1 (832/13) cells, respectively. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial in healthy human participants is conducted to assess the safety of AvoB consumption (50 mg or 200 mg per day for 60 days). AvoB is well‐tolerated and not associated with any dose‐limiting toxicity.

Conclusion

Therapeutic agents that are safe and effectively inhibit FAO and improve DIO‐associated pathologies are currently not available. AvoB's mechanism of action and favorable safety profile highlight its nutritional and clinical importance.
Technical Note: Comprehensive evaluation and implementation of two independent methods for beam monitor calibration for proton scanning beam
Authors: Shen Jiajian , Ding Xiaoning , Hu Yanle , Kang Yixiu , Liu Wei , Deng Wei , Bues Martin
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To clinically implement and comprehensively evaluate two independent methods for beam monitor calibration of scanning proton beam.

Methods

Seven proton energies that represent the lowest to highest energy proton beams were selected. Single energy layer circular fields of diameter 15 cm with 2.5 mm spot spacing and 10 times of repainting (FS15cm) were designed for all energies. The effective measurement points of Bragg peak chamber (BPC), advanced Markus chamber (AMC) and farmer chamber (FC) were all aligned to 2 cm depth in water using SSD setup. The BPC and AMC were cross‐calibrated with farmer chamber (FC) using the field FS15cm. In order to evaluate BPC's lateral response uniformity, a collimated narrow proton beam (5.8 mm diameter) was delivered to the active area and edge of the BPC. The dose area product (DAP) was measured using two methods by two BPCs, one AMC and one FC. For method 1, a single spot proton beam was delivered to the geometric center of the BPC. For method 2, the fields FS15cm were delivered to FC and AMC, respectively. Accumulated charges by these chambers were converted to DAPs, and the quantitative difference of DAPs between both methods was calculated. The causes of the uncertainties were discussed, and the advantages of the two methods were compared.

Results

The two BPCs showed different lateral response uniformity. BPC1 has a uniform response from the center up to a radius of 3.5 cm. BPC2 has a uniform response only to 2 cm and the response dropped 1% to 2% at 3.5 cm from center. BPC2 also has significant over‐response compared to BPC1. A 2.2% systematic error would be transferred to DAP if the over‐response from BPC2 was not considered. The DAPs measured by method 1 with two BPCs and by method 2 with FC and AMC were consistent to 0.5%. The major uncertainty component of method 1 is from the cross‐calibration of the BPC.

Conclusions

The two independent methods for DAP were shown to give consistent results, given the sources of uncertainties were carefully addressed in the measurements. Direct measurement of DAP with BPC is very efficient, but it may be subject to more than 2% systematic error if the BPC lateral response is not carefully evaluated.
Low SAR 31P (multi‐echo) spectroscopic imaging using an integrated whole‐body transmit coil at 7T
Authors: van Houtum Q. , Welting D. , Gosselink W.J.M. , Klomp D.W.J. , Arteaga de Castro C.S. , van der Kemp W.J.M.
Published: October 2019

Phosphorus (31P) MRSI provides opportunities to monitor potential biomarkers. However, current applications of 31P MRS are generally restricted to relatively small volumes as small coils are used. Conventional surface coils require high energy adiabatic RF pulses to achieve flip angle homogeneity, leading to high specific absorption rates (SARs), and occupy space within the MRI bore. A birdcage coil behind the bore cover can potentially reduce the SAR constraints massively by use of conventional amplitude modulated pulses without sacrificing patient space. Here, we demonstrate that the integrated 31P birdcage coil setup with a high power RF amplifier at 7 T allows for low flip angle excitations with short repetition time (TR) for fast 3D chemical shift imaging (CSI) and 3D T1‐weighted CSI as well as high flip angle multi‐refocusing pulses, enabling multi‐echo CSI that can measure metabolite T2, over a large field of view in the body. B1+ calibration showed a variation of only 30% in maximum B1 in four volunteers. High signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) MRSI was obtained in the gluteal muscle using two fast in vivo 3D spectroscopic imaging protocols, with low and high flip angles, and with multi‐echo MRSI without exceeding SAR levels. In addition, full liver MRSI was achieved within SAR constraints. The integrated 31P body coil allowed for fast spectroscopic imaging and successful implementation of the multi‐echo method in the body at 7 T. Moreover, no additional enclosing hardware was needed for 31P excitation, paving the way to include larger subjects and more space for receiver arrays. The increase in possible number of RF excitations per scan time, due to the improved B1+ homogeneity and low SAR, allows SNR to be exchanged for spatial resolution in CSI and/or T1 weighting by simply manipulating TR and/or flip angle to detect and quantify ratios from different molecular species.
Mesenchymal stromal cells in cancer: a review of their immunomodulatory functions and dual effects on tumor progression
Authors: Galland Sabine , Stamenkovic Ivan
Published: October 2019

Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells implicated in a broad range of physiological events, including organogenesis and maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as tissue regeneration and repair. Because their current definition is somewhat loose – based primarily on their ability to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues, adhere to plastic, and express, or lack, a handful of cell surface markers – MSCs likely encompass several subpopulations, which may have diverse properties. Their diversity may explain, at least in part, the pleiotropic functions that they display in different physiological and pathological settings. In the context of tissue injury, MSCs can respectively promote and attenuate inflammation during the early and late phases of tissue repair. They may thereby act as sensors of the inflammatory response and secrete mediators that boost or temper the response as required by the stage of the reparatory and regenerative process. MSCs are also implicated in regulating tumor development, in which they are increasingly recognized to play a complex role. Thus, MSCs can both promote and constrain tumor progression by directly affecting tumor cells via secreted mediators and cell–cell interactions and by modulating the innate and adaptive immune response. This review summarizes our current understanding of MSC involvement in tumor development and highlights the mechanistic underpinnings of their implication in tumor growth and progression. © 2020 Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
CEO characteristics, firm performance, and corporate political contributions
Authors: Subrahmanyam Vijaya , Singh Manohar , Pennathur Anita
Published: October 2019

We investigate if CEO characteristics determine the choice of Political Action Committee (PAC) contributions by firms and if such participation leads to better firm performance. Using a unique, hand‐collected database, we also focus on the identity of the politicians receiving PAC contributions to examine the impact of the value‐relevance of such contributions. Examining data on corporate contributions made to candidates seeking federal office during the 2002, 2004, and 2006 election cycles, we find that CEO dominance and interest alignment influence strategic choices of firms with regards to establishing PACs. Our analysis of value‐relevant contributions shows that firms prefer to donate to politicians representing the state of a firm's headquarters, validating the truth to the adage that all politics is local. However, these targeted political contributions do not have a discernible impact on firm performance.
Rivers need floods: Management lessons learnt from the regulation of the Norwegian salmon river, Suldalslågen
Authors: Saltveit Svein Jakob , Brabrand Åge , Brittain John E.
Published: October 2019

The Norwegian river Suldalslågen, known for its population of large‐sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), has been regulated for hydropower in 1966–1967 and in 1980. The initial regulation increased winter flows and reduced summer flows and major floods. The second regulation, involving abstraction of water to a power station in an adjacent fjord, led to a strong reduction in flow. In addition to implementing different flow regimes, many remedial actions have been taken, often concurrently, making it almost impossible to detect the effect of single measures. In addition, the monitoring data have not always been consistent as regards methods and scope, and also, few data are available for preregulation conditions. This highlights major challenges in the long‐term management of regulated rivers. The absence of major floods after regulation led to increased sedimentation and encouraged carpet mosses. This reduced interstitial spaces, creating a poor habitat for salmon fry and benthic invertebrates. The knowledge gained from the wide‐ranging studies of the different flow regimes have enabled the environmental authorities to devise a final regulation regime from 2012. The final flow regime focused on biological values and functions to sustain the strain of wild, large adult salmon. The catch of wild salmon >7 kg has in fact increased since 2010 and stabilized between 1 and 2 metric tons, although the yield of large salmon prior to 1994 is unknown. In addition, the increase in the catch of large salmon is based on hatchery fish. Hatchery fish have also to a large extent contributed to the increase in the total salmon catch in recent years. Thus, that the catches in Suldalslågen are now at an all‐time high is not due to improved conditions in the river but likely to hatchery fish.
Study on fire resistance time of hybrid reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Tian Jingbo , Zhu Peng , Qu Wenjun
Published: October 2019

This paper studies the fire resistance time of hybrid reinforced concrete beams. A method of calculating the strength reduction coefficient of the longitudinal reinforcement of the hybrid reinforced concrete beams is proposed. Then, an allowable flexural reduction coefficient is suggested for the fire endurance of hybrid reinforced concrete beams. Based on the section properties of the hybrid reinforced concrete beams and the allowable flexural reduction coefficient, a method of calculating the fire resistance time that considers the ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement and the thickness of the concrete cover is described. This method uses mechanical properties of the materials at high temperatures proposed by scholars from various countries and analytic calculations of the temperature profiles in the rectangular beams. Fire resistance tests of six hybrid reinforced concrete beams were carried out. The temperatures measured from the test and the calculated temperatures are well fitted. The calculated fire resistance times and those obtained from a test are similar. Finally, the fire resistance time of the hybrid reinforced concrete beams is calculated under different conditions to provide two samples. The influence of the thickness of the concrete cover and the ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement on hybrid reinforced concrete beams is studied.
D2 autoreceptor switches CB2 receptor effects on [3H]‐dopamine release in the striatum
Authors: López‐Ramírez Gabriel , Sánchez‐Zavaleta Rodolfo , Ávalos‐Fuentes Arturo , José Sierra Juan , Paz‐Bermúdez Francisco , Leyva‐Gómez Gerardo , Segovia Vila José , Cortés Hernán , Florán Benjamín
Published: October 2019

CB2 receptors (CB2R) are expressed in midbrain neurons. To evidence the control of dopamine release in dorsal striatum by CB2R, we performed experiments of [3H]‐dopamine release in dorsal striatal slices. We found a paradoxical increase in K+‐induced [3H]‐dopamine release by CB2R activation with GW 833972A and JWH 133 two selective agonist. To understand the mechanism involved, we tested for a role of the D2 autoreceptor in this effect; because in pallidal structures, the inhibitory effect of CB1 receptors (CB1R) on GABA release is switched to a stimulatory effect by D2 receptors (D2R). We found that the blockade of D2 autoreceptors with sulpiride prevented the stimulatory effect of CB2R activation; in fact, under this condition, CB2R decreased dopamine release, indicating the role of the D2 autoreceptor in the paradoxical increase. We also found that the effect occurs in nigrostriatal terminals, since lesions with 6‐OH dopamine in the middle forebrain bundle prevented CB2R effects on release. In addition, D2–CB2R interaction promoted cAMP accumulation, and the increase in [3H]‐dopamine release was prevented by PKA blockade. D2–CB2R coprecipitation and proximity ligation assay studies indicated a close interaction of receptors that could participate in the observed effects. Finally, intrastriatal injection of CB2R agonist induced contralateral turning in amphetamine‐treated rats, which was prevented by sulpiride, indicating the role of the interaction in motor behavior. Thus, these data indicate that the D2 autoreceptor switches, from inhibitory to stimulatory, the CB2R effects on dopamine release, involving the cAMP → PKA pathway in nigrostriatal terminals.
Neural mechanisms of decision‐making in aging
Authors: Lighthall Nichole R.
Published: October 2019

The present review synthesizes findings on decision neuroscience and aging by focusing on decision processes that have been extensively studied in neuroeconomics and critically assessing the driving mechanisms of age‐related change. The paper first highlights age‐related changes to key brain structures that have been implicated in decision‐making, then, reviews specific decision components and discusses investigations of age‐related changes to their neural mechanisms. The review also weighs evidence for organic brain aging versus age‐related changes to social and psychological factors in mediating age effects. Reviewed findings are discussed in the context of theories and frameworks that have been used to explain trajectories of change in decision‐making across adulthood.

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision‐Making

Neuroscience > Cognition
2D Seiberg-like dualities for orthogonal gauge groups
Authors: Kim Hyungchul , Kim Sungjoon , Park Jaemo
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We consider the analogue of Seiberg duality for two-dimensional

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (2, 2) gauge theory with orthogonal gauge groups and with fundamental chiral multiplets proposed by Hori. Following Hori, when we consider O(k) gauge group as the (semi)-direct product of SO(k) ⋉ Z
2, we have to consider two kinds of the theories O±(k) depending on the orbifold action of Z
2. We give the evidences for the proposed dualities by working out the elliptic genus of dual pair. The matching of the elliptic genus is worked out perfectly for the proposed dualities.
Genetic Diversity of Potato Cultivars for Nitrogen Use Efficiency Under Contrasting Nitrogen Regimes
Authors: Getahun Baye Berihun , Kassie Molla Mekonen , Visser Richard G. F. , van der Linden C. Gerard
Published: October 2019

Developing cultivars that use nitrogen more efficiently is a sustainable strategy for reducing nitrogen use in crop production. To assess the genetic diversity for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and related traits in potato, a total of 97 (88 for the Western-European market and 9 Ethiopian) cultivars were evaluated at two nitrogen levels (40 kg/ha and 120 kg/ha) for 24 quantitative traits in Debre-Tabor and Injibara (Ethiopia) in the 2013 main rainy season (June to September). Highly significant variation was found among genotypes for almost all measured traits. Plant height, NUE, tuber yield, and yield-related traits and model parameters for canopy development (maximum canopy covers area under the canopy curve) were significantly affected by N levels across locations. Dutch cultivars had more rapid initial canopy development and matured earlier than the Ethiopian cultivars at both N levels and locations. A hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the cultivars in 9 and 11 genetically distinct classes at low and high N, respectively. The genetic component accounted for a large portion of the phenotypic variation for plant height, tuber number per plant, average tuber weight, and NUE under both N regimes, as indicated by a high heritability. Strong phenotypic correlations were observed between NUE and tuber number per plant, days to maturity, tuber dry matter %, maximum canopy cover, and area under the canopy curve under both low and high N conditions. The result is indicative to set the best parental line selection criteria for crossing purpose and utilize the cultivars for further potato NUE breeding programmes.