bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Validations of Hybrid Excited Linear Flux Switching Machine
Authors: Ullah Noman , Khan Faisal , Basit Abdul , Shahzad Mohsin
Published: November 2021

Linear Flux Switching Machines (LFSMs) possess the capability to generate adhesive thrust force, thus problems associated with conventional rotatory electric machines and mechanical conversion assemblies can be eliminated. Additionally, the unique features of high force/power density, efficiency, and a robust secondary structure make LFSMs a suitable candidate for linear motion applications. However, deficiency of controllable air-gap flux, risk of PM demagnetization, and increasing cost of rare earth PM materials in case of PMLFSMs, and inherent low thrust force capability of Field Excited LFSMs compels researchers to investigate new hybrid topologies. In this paper, a novel Double-Sided Hybrid Excited LFSM (DSHELFSM) with all three excitation sources, i.e., PMs, DC, and AC windings confined to short moving primary and segmented secondary providing short flux paths is designed, investigated, and optimized. Secondly, unequal primary tooth width optimization and additional end-teeth at all four corners of the primary equip proposed design with balanced magnetic circuit and reduced end-effect and thrust force ripples. Thirdly, the measured experimental results of the manufactured proposed machine prototype are compared with corresponding simulated model results and shows good agreements, thus validating the theoretical study.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Laser-Ignited Direct Injection Gasoline Spray for Emission Control
Authors: Tagliante Fabien , Nguyen Tuan M. , Pickett Lyle M. , Sim Hyung Sub
Published: November 2021

Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of a gasoline spray, where the mixture was ignited rapidly during or after injection, were performed in comparison to a previous experimental study with quantitative flame motion and soot formation data [SAE 2020-01-0291] and an accompanying Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulation at the same conditions. The present study reveals major shortcomings in common RANS combustion modeling practices that are significantly improved using LES at the conditions of the study, specifically for the phenomenon of rapid ignition in the highly turbulent, stratified mixture. At different ignition timings, benchmarks for the study include spray mixing and evaporation, flame propagation after ignition, and soot formation in rich mixtures. A comparison of the simulations and the experiments showed that the LES with Dynamic Structure turbulence were able to capture correctly the liquid penetration length, and to some extent, spray collapse demonstrated in the experiments. For early and intermediate ignition timings, the LES showed excellent agreement to the measurements in terms of flame structure, extent of flame penetration, and heat-release rate. However, RANS simulations (employing the common G-equation or well-stirred reactor) showed much too rapid flame spread and heat release, with connections to the predicted turbulent kinetic energy. With confidence in the LES for predicted mixture and flame motion, the predicted soot formation/oxidation was also compared to the experiments. The soot location was well captured in the LES, but the soot mass was largely underestimated using the empirical Hiroyasu model. An analysis of the predicted fuel–air mixture was used to explain different flame propagation speeds and soot production tendencies when varying ignition timing.
Fault Detection in PV Tracking Systems Using an Image Processing Algorithm Based on PCA
Authors: Amaral Tito G. , Pires Vitor Fernão , Pires Armando J.
Published: November 2021

Photovoltaic power plants nowadays play an important role in the context of energy generation based on renewable sources. With the purpose of obtaining maximum efficiency, the PV modules of these power plants are installed in trackers. However, the mobile structure of the trackers is subject to faults, which can compromise the desired perpendicular position between the PV modules and the brightest point in the sky. So, the diagnosis of a fault in the trackers is fundamental to ensure the maximum energy production. Approaches based on sensors and statistical methods have been researched but they are expensive and time consuming. To overcome these problems, a new method is proposed for the fault diagnosis in the trackers of the PV systems based on a machine learning approach. In this type of approach the developed method can be classified into two major categories: supervised and unsupervised. In accordance with this, to implement the desired fault diagnosis, an unsupervised method based on a new image processing algorithm to determine the PV slopes is proposed. The fault detection is obtained comparing the slopes of several modules. This algorithm is based on a new image processing approach in which principal component analysis (PCA) is used. Instead of using the PCA to reduce the data dimension, as is usual, it is proposed to use it to determine the slope of an object. The use of the proposed approach presents several benefits, namely, avoiding the use of a wide range of data and specific sensors, fast detection and reliability even with incomplete images due to reflections and other problems. Based on this algorithm, a deviation index is also proposed that will be used to discriminate the panel(s) under fault. Several test cases are used to test and validate the proposed approach. From the obtained results, it is possible to verify that the PCA can successfully be adapted and used in image processing algorithms to determine the slope of the PV modules and so effectively detect a fault in the tracker, even when there are incomplete parts of an object in the image.
Small-Signal Modeling of Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Converter Considering the Delay Associated to the Leakage Inductance
Authors: Ochoa Diego , Lázaro Antonio , Zumel Pablo , Sanz Marina , Rodriguez de Frutos Jorge , Barrado Andrés
Published: November 2021

This paper demonstrates that in the Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge (PSFB) buck-derived converter, there is a random delay associated with the blanking time produced by the leakage inductance. This random delay predicts the additional phase drop that is present in the frequency response of the open-loop audio-susceptibility transfer function when the converter shows a significant blanking time. The existing models of the PSFB converter do not contemplate the delay and gain differences associated to voltage drop produced in the leakage inductor of the transformer. The small-signal model proposed in this paper is based on the combination of two types of analysis: the first analysis consists of obtaining a small-signal model using the average modeling technique and the second analysis consists of studying the natural response of the power converter. The dynamic modeling of the Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge converter, including the random delay, has been validated by simulations and experimental test.
Spraying of Composite Liquid Fuels Based on Types of Coal Preparation Waste: Current Problems and Achievements: Review
Authors: Volkov Roman , Valiullin Timur , Vysokomornaya Olga
Published: November 2021

This article discusses the atomization of composite liquid fuels. A large group of injectors is considered. A comparative analysis of the atomization characteristics (droplet sizes and velocities, jet opening angles) and the influence of the fuel characteristics (density, viscosity, component composition) and the process parameters (the ratio of the fuel–air mass flow rates, the features of the jet formation) has been carried out. Finally, the most effective types of injectors, which provide for the necessary characteristics of fuel atomization for its combustion, have been determined. The most favorable conditions for the applicability of each type of atomization have been formulated. Possible mechanisms of secondary fragmentation of droplets of composite fuels have been analyzed: those resulting from mutual collisions of droplets in the flux and from the interaction with a solid surface as well as those resulting from thermal overheating in the presence of a phase boundary or a large gradient of component volatility. A conclusion is made about the need of using a synergistic effect of primary and secondary atomization of fuel suspension droplets.
Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Dissolved Oxygen Concentration within a Thin-Layer Cascade Reactor for Microalgae Cultivation
Authors: Petera Karel , Papáček Štěpán , González Cristian Inostroza , Fernández-Sevilla José María , Acién Fernández Francisco Gabriel
Published: November 2021

High concentration of dissolved oxygen within microalgae cultures reduces the performance of corresponding microalgae cultivation system (MCS). The main aim of this study is to provide a reliable computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based methodology enabling to simulate two relevant phenomena governing the distribution of dissolved oxygen within MCS: (i) mass transfer through the liquid–air interface and (ii) oxygen evolution due to microalgae photosynthesis including the inhibition by the same dissolved oxygen. On an open thin-layer cascade (TLC) reactor, a benchmark numerical study to assess the oxygen distribution was conducted. While the mass transfer phenomenon is embedded within CFD code ANSYS Fluent, the oxygen evolution rate has to be implemented via user-defined function (UDF). To validate our methodology, experimental data for dissolved oxygen distribution within the 80 meter long open thin-layer cascade reactor are compared against numerical results. Moreover, the consistency of numerical results with theoretical expectations has been shown on the newly derived differential equation describing the balance of dissolved oxygen along the longitudinal direction of TLC. We argue that employing our methodology, the dissolved oxygen distribution within any MCS can be reliably determined in silico, and eventually optimized or/and controlled.
Global Transmission of Returns among Financial, Traditional Energy, Renewable Energy and Carbon Markets: New Evidence
Authors: Liu Yang , Yang Xueqing , Wang Mei
Published: November 2021

Connections to world markets facilitate local markets developments to support more efficient capital allocation and greater investment and growth opportunities. Under the framework of cross-market rebalancing theory, in this study, we aim to systematically examine the market connections among world financial, energy, renewable energy and European carbon markets by measuring the return spillovers from 2008 to 2021. We find that the renewable energy market is more closely connected to the world financial and energy markets in the sense of the return transmission, while the carbon market is less connected to them. However, due to improved market regulations and determinations related to fighting climate change, the connections between the carbon market and other markets have gradually intensified. Plotting the return spillover indexes, we observe that strong return spillovers from the renewable energy market to other markets occurred when large investment plans were announced. Regarding the carbon market, regulation changes introduced by the EU Commission to improve and stabilize market environment induced intensified return transmission from carbon market to other markets. Another interesting finding is that the highly intensified return transmission among markets due to the COVID-19 crisis started to loosen when COVAX published the first interim distribution forecast on 3 February 2021.
An Approach to Dynamic Disaster Prevention in Strong Rock Burst Coal Seam under Multi-Aquifers: A Case Study of Tingnan Coal Mine
Authors: Zhou Xinxin , Ouyang Zhenhua , Zhou Ranran , Ji Zhenxing , Yi Haiyang , Tang Zhongyi , Chang Bo , Yang Chengcheng , Sun Bingcheng
Published: November 2021

In order to prevent the multi-dynamic disasters induced by rock burst and roof water inrush in strong rock burst coal seams under multi-aquifers, such as is the case with the 207 working face in the Tingnan coal mine considered in this study, the exhibited characteristics of two types of dynamic disasters, namely rock burst and water inrush, were analyzed. Based on the lithology and predicted caving height of the roof, the contradiction between rock burst and water inrush was analyzed. In light of these analyses, an integrated method, roof pre-splitting at a high position and shattering at a low position, was proposed. According to the results of numerical modelling, pre-crack blasting at higher rock layers enables a cantilever roof cave in time, thereby reducing the risk of rock burst, and pre-crack blasting at underlying rock layers helps increase the crushing degree of the rock, which is beneficial for decreasing the caving height of rock layers above goaf, thereby preventing the occurrence of water inrush. Finally, the proposed method was applied in an engineering case, and the effectiveness of this method for prevention and control of multi-dynamics disasters was evaluated by field observations of the caving height of rock layers and micro-seismic monitoring. As a result, the proposed method works well integrally to prevent and control rock burst and water inrush.
Py-GC-MS Study on Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biocrude Obtained via HTL of Fruit Pomace
Authors: Wądrzyk Mariusz , Plata Marek , Zaborowska Kamila , Janus Rafał , Lewandowski Marek
Published: November 2021

Herein, we proposed new two-stage processing of blackcurrant pomace toward a value-added, hydrocarbon-rich biocrude fraction. The approach consisted of thermochemical liquefaction of a wet-type organic matter into liquid biocrude followed by its upgrade by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis. Particularly, we put effort into investigating the effect of selected catalysts (ZSM-5 and HY zeolite) on the composition of the volatiles released during the pyrolysis of the biocrude. The latter was obtained through liquefaction of the raw material in the binary solvent system of water and isopropanol. The biocrude yield accounted for ca. 45 wt.% of the initial dry biomass. It was a complex mixture of various component groups with an abundant share of oxygenates, especially carboxylic acids and esters. Thereafter, the biocrude was subjected to a pyrolysis study performed by means of the microscale coupled pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique (Py-GC-MS). The dominant components identified in the catalytic pyrolytic volatiles were unsaturated hydrocarbons (both cyclic and aliphatic ones) and, to a lesser extent, oxygen and nitrogen compounds. The addition of the ZSM-5 and HY zeolite allowed us to attain the relative total share of hydrocarbons in the volatile fraction equal to 66% and 73%, respectively (in relation to identified compounds). Thus, catalytic pyrolysis over zeolites seems to be particularly prospective due to the promotion of the deoxygenation reactions, which manifested in the noticeable decrease in the share of oxygen compounds in the evolved volatiles. The developed innovative two-stage processing of blackcurrant pomaces allows for obtaining value-added products that could serve as chemicals, biocomponents, and self-contained biofuels as well as bioplastic precursors. The presented contribution brings some new insights into the field of valorization of residuals generated by the food industry sector.
Elastic Properties of Pannonian Basin Limestone under Different Saturation Conditions
Authors: Vukadin Domagoj , Orešković Jasna , Kutasi Csaba
Published: November 2021

Understanding elastic properties of reservoir rocks is essential for seismic modeling under different saturation conditions as well as lithology discrimination. Experiments on elastic properties of limestones are significantly less published compared to siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. The current study presents the results of laboratory measurements on Pannonian Basin limestone cores. The research was carried out for the first time for a hydrocarbon reservoir in the Bjelovar Depression, located in the southern part of the Pannonian Basin. Ultrasonic velocity measurements and determination of dynamic elastic properties were performed on limestone plugs, in dry and saturated condition under different confining pressure steps. Based on the results obtained in laboratory conditions, an empirical relationship between shear wave velocity (Vs) and compressional wave velocity (Vp) has been defined. The saturated samples show an effect of shear modulus weakening, while three samples have a shear modulus strengthening effect. Two models were used in the interpretation of the measured data, the Kuster and Toksöz and the Xu-Payne model. The results show that the Xu-Payne model describes the data well and the dominant pore type system in the limestone samples can been identified. The interpretation revealed an interparticle pore system with a fraction of microcracks from 20% to 35%. The results have helped to understand the elastic properties of limestones from the southern part of the Pannonian Basin, which are necessary for any process of reservoir characterization, such as porosity distribution and permeability variation.
Toxic Effects of Thallium on Biological Indicators of Haplic Chernozem Health: A Case Study
Authors: Kolesnikov Sergey , Minnikova Tatiana , Minkina Tatiana , Rajput Vishnu D. , Tsepina Natalya , Kazeev Kamil , Zhadobin Alexander , Nevedomaya Elena , Ter-Misakyants Tigran , Akimenko Yulia , Mandzhieva Saglara , Sushkova Svetlana , Ranjan Anuj , Asylbaev Ilgiz , Popova Victoria , Tymoshenko Alena
Published: November 2021

Thallium (Tl) was introduced into Haplic Chernozem in the amounts of 3, 30, and 300 mg/kg, and biological indicators were observed at 10, 30, and 90 days after incubation in the laboratory experiment. An increase in biological activities; i.e., the total number of bacteria, Azotobacter spp. abundance, enzymes (catalase, dehydrogenases), and phytotoxic indicators (germination rate of radish) after 30 days of Tl exposure were noted. The total number of bacteria and Azotobacter spp. abundance, enzyme activity, and phytotoxicity were more sensitive (16–76%) and informative (12–65%) indicators compared to the control, respectively. Integral biological indicators of soil state (IIBS) noted at 10, 30, and 90 days decreased at a dose of 30 and 300 mg/kg by 13–43% in relation to the control. An increase in Tl concentration and duration of exposure (up to 90 days) inhibited biological properties and caused ecotoxicological effects, respectively. We concluded that the use of individual indicators served as an indicator of the state of the soil.
Bio-Based Polyurethane Resins Derived from Tannin: Source, Synthesis, Characterisation, and Application
Authors: Aristri Manggar Arum , Lubis Muhammad Adly Rahandi , Iswanto Apri Heri , Fatriasari Widya , Sari Rita Kartika , Antov Petar , Gajtanska Milada , Papadopoulos Antonios N. , Pizzi Antonio
Published: November 2021

Tannins are soluble, astringent secondary phenolic metabolites generally obtained from renewable natural resources, and can be found in many plant parts, such as fruits, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, buds, and tree barks, where they have a protective function against bacterial, fungal, and insect attacks. In general, tannins can be extracted using hot water or organic solvents from the bark, leaves, and stems of plants. Industrially, tannins are applied to produce adhesives, wood coatings, and other applications in the wood and polymer industries. In addition, tannins can also be used as a renewable and environmentally friendly material to manufacture bio-based polyurethanes (bio-PUs) to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of isocyanates used in their manufacture. Tannin-based bio-PUs can improve the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers used in the automotive, wood, and construction industries. The various uses of tannins need to be put into perspective with regards to possible further advances and future potential for value-added applications. Tannins are employed in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of leather and wood adhesives, accounting for almost 90% of the global commercial tannin output. The shortage of natural resources, as well as the growing environmental concerns related to the reduction of harmful emissions of formaldehyde or isocyanates used in the production of polyurethanes, have driven the industrial and academic interest towards the development of tannin-based bio-PUs as sustainable alternative materials with satisfactory characteristics. The aim of the present review is to comprehensively summarize the current state of research in the field of development, characterization, and application of tannin-derived, bio-based polyurethane resins. The successful synthesis process of the tannin-based bio-PUs was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses.
Evaluation of LandscapeDNDC Model Predictions of CO2 and N2O Fluxes from an Oak Forest in SE England
Authors: Cade Shirley M. , Clemitshaw Kevin C. , Molina-Herrera Saúl , Grote Rüdiger , Haas Edwin , Wilkinson Matthew , Morison James I. L. , Yamulki Sirwan
Published: November 2021

Process-based biogeochemical models are valuable tools to evaluate impacts of environmental or management changes on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of forest ecosystems. We evaluated LandscapeDNDC, a process-based model developed to simulate carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and water cycling at ecosystem and regional scales, against eddy covariance and soil chamber measurements of CO2 and N2O fluxes in an 80-year-old deciduous oak forest. We compared two LandscapeDNDC vegetation modules: PSIM (Physiological Simulation Model), which includes the understorey explicitly, and PnET (Photosynthesis–Evapotranspiration Model), which does not. Species parameters for both modules were adjusted to match local measurements. LandscapeDNDC was able to reproduce daily micro-climatic conditions, which serve as input for the vegetation modules. The PSIM and PnET modules reproduced mean annual net CO2 uptake to within 1% and 15% of the measured values by balancing gains and losses in seasonal patterns with respect to measurements, although inter-annual variations were not well reproduced. The PSIM module indicated that the understorey contributed up to 21% to CO2 fluxes. Mean annual soil CO2 fluxes were underestimated by 32% using PnET and overestimated by 26% with PSIM; both modules simulated annual soil N2O fluxes within the measured range but with less interannual variation. Including stand structure information improved the model, but further improvements are required for the model to predict forest GHG balances and their inter-annual variability following climatic or management changes.
Construction of the Core Collection of Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii (Huangxinzimu) Based on Molecular Markers and Phenotypic Traits
Authors: Xue Huifen , Yu Xiaochi , Fu Pengyue , Liu Bingyang , Zhang Shen , Li Jie , Zhai Wenji , Lu Nan , Zhao Xiyang , Wang Junhui , Ma Wenjun
Published: November 2021

To promote the conservation and utilization of Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii (Huangxinzimu) germplasm resources, a total of 252 accessions were used to construct a preliminary core collection according to phenotypic traits and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. In this study, 24 phenotypic traits, namely, 9 quantitative traits and 15 qualitative traits, were investigated. The core collection of C. fargesii f. duclouxii (Huangxinzimu) was constructed to remove redundant samples from the collected materials. First, the phenotypic core collection, with a sample proportion of 30, consisting of 24 clones, was constructed according to two genetic distances (Euclidean distance and Mahalanobis), four system clustering methods (the unweighted pair-group average method, Ward’s method, the complete linkage method, and the single linkage method), and three sampling methods (random sampling, deviation sampling, and preferred sampling). The best construction strategies were selected for further comparison. Three core collections (D2C3S3-30, D2C3S3-50, and D2C3S3-70) were constructed according to the optimal construction strategy at three sampling proportions. The core collection D2C3S3-30 with the best parameters was evaluated by using six parameters: the mean difference percentage (MD), variance difference percentage (VD), periodic rate of range (CR), changeable rate of the coefficient of variation (VR), minimum rate of change (CRMIN), and maximum rate of change (CRMAX). Three core collections (M-30, M-50, and M-70) were constructed by molecular markers, and the optimal core collection M-30 was selected by using five parameters, namely, Ho, He, PIC, MAF, and loci. The combination of D2C3S3-30 and M-30 was used to construct the final core collection DM-45, 45 samples representing the complete range of phenotypic and genetic variability. In this study, phenotypic traits combined with molecular markers were used to construct core collections to effectively capture the entire range of trait variation, effectively representing the original germplasm and providing a basis for the conservation and utilization of C. fargesii f. duclouxii (Huangxinzimu).
Current Progress in Production of Building-Block Organic Acids by Consolidated Bioprocessing of Lignocellulose
Authors: Mazzoli Roberto
Published: November 2021

Several organic acids have been indicated among the top value chemicals from biomass. Lignocellulose is among the most attractive feedstocks for biorefining processes owing to its high abundance and low cost. However, its highly complex nature and recalcitrance to biodegradation hinder development of cost-competitive fermentation processes. Here, current progress in development of single-pot fermentation (i.e., consolidated bioprocessing, CBP) of lignocellulosic biomass to high value organic acids will be examined, based on the potential of this approach to dramatically reduce process costs. Different strategies for CBP development will be considered such as: (i) design of microbial consortia consisting of (hemi)cellulolytic and valuable-compound producing strains; (ii) engineering of microorganisms that combine biomass-degrading and high-value compound-producing properties in a single strain. The present review will mainly focus on production of organic acids with application as building block chemicals (e.g., adipic, cis,cis-muconic, fumaric, itaconic, lactic, malic, and succinic acid) since polymer synthesis constitutes the largest sector in the chemical industry. Current research advances will be illustrated together with challenges and perspectives for future investigations. In addition, attention will be dedicated to development of acid tolerant microorganisms, an essential feature for improving titer and productivity of fermentative production of acids.
Microbial Exopolysaccharides in Traditional Mexican Fermented Beverages
Authors: Cázares-Vásquez Martha L. , Rodríguez-Herrera Raúl , Aguilar-González Cristóbal N. , Sáenz-Galindo Aidé , Solanilla-Duque José Fernando , Contreras-Esquivel Juan Carlos , Flores-Gallegos Adriana C.
Published: November 2021

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are biopolymers produced by many microorganisms, including some species of the genus Acetobacter, Bacillus, Fructobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Pediococcus, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomycodes, Schizosaccharomyces, and Sphingomonas, which have been reported in the microbiota of traditional fermented beverages. Dextran, levan, glucan, gellan, and cellulose, among others, are EPS produced by these genera. Extracellular biopolymers are responsible for contributing to specific characteristics to fermented products, such as modifying their organoleptic properties or contributing to biological activities. However, EPS can be easily found in the dairy industry, where they affect rheological properties in products such as yogurt or cheese, among others. Over the years, LAB has been recognized as good starter strains in spontaneous fermentation, as they can contribute beneficial properties to the final product in conjunction with yeasts. To the best our knowledge, several articles have reported that the EPS produced by LAB and yeasts possess many both biological and technological properties that can be influenced by many factors in which fermentation occurs. Therefore, this review presents traditional Mexican fermented beverages (tavern, tuba, sotol, and aguamiel) and relates them to the microbial EPS, which affect biological and techno-functional activities.
Microstructural, Volatile Compounds, Microbiological and Organoleptical Characteristics of Low-Fat Buffalo Milk Yogurt Enriched with Whey Protein Concentrate and Ca-Caseinate during Cold Storage
Authors: Barakat Hassan , Mohamed Ahmed , Gemiel Dalia G. , Atallah Atallah A.
Published: November 2021

Yogurt is a popular fermented milk product across the world. Structure, taste, and odor characteristics are created by fermenting yogurt with diverse ingredients and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which contribute the most to the acceptance and quality of yogurt. In this study, low-fat buffalo milk yogurts (LFBY) were produced with the enrichment of 1% (w/w) whey protein concentrate (WPC) and Ca-caseinate (Ca-CN). Yogurts were analyzed based on microstructural, microbiological, organoleptical properties; volatile compounds (solid-phase microextraction method associated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) during cold storage for 21 days. Yogurts enriched with WPC and Ca-CN had higher total solids, total protein contents, and pH values. A total of 36 volatile components were identified in all produced yogurts. Acetic acid, butanoic acid, acetaldehyde, acetoin, 2,3-butanedione, ethanol, and 1-heptanol were found in significant amounts and mainly contributed to organoleptical properties. Interestingly, the focused volatile compounds that improve taste and odor were higher in LFBY+WPC yogurt than in plain LFBY or LFBY+Ca-CN yogurt. The Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus viable counts were higher in LFBY+WPC yogurt than plain LFBY or/and LFBY+Ca-CN. Conclusively, yogurt enriched with 1% WPC exhibited the best organoleptical properties and volatile component concentrations. The microstructure of the LFBY with WPC was less compact and dense, and regular, with tiny pores and long and individualized casein filaments than the other treatments. The microstructure of the Ca-CN samples caused a compact structure and coarse than in the control yogurt.
Sensory Characteristics of Two Kinds of Alcoholic Beverages Produced with Spent Coffee Grounds Extract Based on Electronic Senses and HS-SPME-GC-MS Analyses
Authors: Wang Lu , Yang Xu , Li Zhuoting , Lin Xue , Hu Xiaoping , Liu Sixin , Li Congfa
Published: November 2021

In this work, the hydrothermal extract of spent coffee grounds (SCG) was used to make alcoholic beverages with commercial S. cerevisiae strain D254. The sensory characteristics of the SCG alcoholic beverages were analyzed using sensory description, electronic nose, electronic tongue, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results suggested that the supplement of 0.20% (NH4)2HPO4 was effective at improving growth and alcohol fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae D254 in SCG extract. SCG fermented beverages (SFB) and SCG distilled spirits (SDS) produced at the optimized fermentation conditions had appropriate physicochemical properties and different sensory characteristics. Fermentation aromas, especially esters, were produced in SFB, increasing the complexity of aroma and lowing the irritating aroma. The combination of original and fermentation components might balance the outstanding sourness, astringency, and saltiness tastes of SFB. The fermentation aroma was partially lost and the sourness, bitterness, astringency, and saltiness tastes were relieved in distillation, leading to the relatively more prominent aroma typicality of coffee and a soft taste. These findings lay a foundation for producing new high-quality coffee-flavored alcoholic beverages or flavoring liquors.
Foundation and Prospects of Wild Population Reconstruction of Acipenser dabryanus
Authors: Li Junyi , Du Hao , Wu Jinming , Zhang Hui , Shen Li , Wei Qiwei
Published: November 2021

Acipenser dabryanus is an endemic fish inhabiting the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. It is classified as a first-class nationally protected animal in China and is listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Critically Endangered Species (CR). Recently, there has been a decrease in natural reproduction of A. dabryanus, and the wild population is almost extinct. This paper summarizes the changes observed in the natural population of A.dabryanus and the factors leading to its endangerment. Based on the process of artificial propagation and achievement of relevant protection goals, this paper presents the concept and technical framework for reconstruction of the wild population of A. dabryanus. In addition, by comprehensively reviewing the research findings and existing problems in the resource protection and monitoring of A. dabryanus in recent years, we assessed the possibility of wild population reconstruction and resource restoration for A. dabryanus. Reconstruction and restoration measures for the wild population of A. dabryanus are proposed, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for the reconstruction of the natural population and the improvement and restoration of critical habitat of this species. Furthermore, it is hoped that this paper will serve as a reference for the protection and restoration of other endangered fishes.
Carps, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Are Resistant to Experimental Infection with Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV)
Authors: Pradhan Pravata , Verma Dev , Yadav Shrish , Dev Atul , Swaminathan Thangaraj , Paria Anutosh , Valappil Rajendran , Sood Neeraj
Published: November 2021

Tilapia tilapinevirus, also known as tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is an emerging fish virus that primarily affects tilapines. However, the virus has also been detected in a few non-tilapines. As tilapia is generally farmed in polyculture systems along with carps in South Asian countries, there is a likelihood that TiLV-infected tilapia can transmit the virus to the co-cultured species. In view of the above, the susceptibility of three carp species, namely catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was evaluated vis-à-vis tilapia, following experimental infection with TiLV. No clinical signs and histopathological alterations could be observed in carps. RT-qPCR revealed that TiLV copy numbers in liver and brain of all the three carps were almost negligible and did not show any increase with time, suggesting that the virus did not replicate in liver and brain, the target organs of TiLV. Further, TiLV could not be isolated from pooled liver and brain tissues of carps using permissive CFF cell line. On the contrary, in tilapia, typical clinical signs and histopathological lesions were observed and there was significant increase in TiLV copy number up to 6 days post-injection. Furthermore, the virus was successfully isolated from pooled liver and brain tissue of infected tilapia. From the above findings, it could be concluded that C. catla, C. mrigala and H. molitrix are resistant to TiLV infection and unlikely to be carriers for this virus.
How Do Consumers Perceive Sensory Attributes of Apple?
Authors: Drkenda Pakeza , Ćulah Asmira , Spaho Nermina , Akagić Asima , Hudina Metka
Published: November 2021

Pomological characteristics and consumer acceptability of four scab-resistant apple cultivars (‘Topaz’, ‘Florina’, ‘Goldstar’ and ‘Golden Orange’) and standard commercial cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’ were investigated. Consumer acceptability consisted of rating fruit samples on Likert scales measuring appearance, flavour, size, sweetness, acidity, crispiness, juiciness, skin texture and general impression. Consumers better evaluated the cultivar ‘Topaz’ sensory characteristics of flavour, juiciness, taste and general impression than other evaluated scab-resistant apple cultivars and the cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. ‘Golden Delicious’ got good grades for appearance, size and sweetness. ‘Topaz’ also had the best pomological characteristic related to measured fruit firmness, contents of soluble solids and organic acids. It can be concluded that only the cultivar ‘Topaz’ among the scab-resistant apple cultivars achieved a good consumer assessment.
From Sampling to Analysis: How to Achieve the Best Sample Throughput via Sampling Optimization and Relevant Compound Analysis Using Sum of Ranking Differences Method?
Authors: Radványi Dalma , Szelényi Magdolna , Gere Attila , Molnár Béla Péter
Published: November 2021

The determination of an optimal volatile sampling procedure is always a key question in analytical chemistry. In this paper, we introduce the application of a novel non-parametric statistical method, the sum of ranking differences (SRD), for the quick and efficient determination of optimal sampling procedures. Different types of adsorbents (Porapak Q, HayeSep Q, and Carbotrap) and sampling times (1, 2, 4, and 6 h) were used for volatile collections of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) samples. SRD identified 6 h samplings as the optimal procedure. However, 1 or 4 h sampling with HayeSep Q and 2 h sampling with Carbotrap are still efficient enough if the aim is to reduce sampling time. Based on our results, SRD provides a novel way to not only highlight an optimal sampling procedure but also decrease evaluation time.
The Frequency Fluctuation Model for the van der Waals Broadening
Authors: Letunov Andrei , Lisitsa Valery , Astapenko Valery
Published: November 2021

The effect of atomic and molecular microfield dynamics on spectral line shapes is under consideration. This problem is treated in the framework of the Frequency Fluctuation Model (FFM). For the first time, the FFM is tested for the broadening of a spectral line by neutral particles. The usage of the FFM allows one to derive simple analytical expressions and perform fast calculations of the intensity profile. The obtained results are compared with Chen and Takeo’s theory (CT), which is in good agreement with experimental data. It is demonstrated that, for moderate values of temperature and density, the FFM successfully describes the effect of the microfield dynamics on a spectral line shape.
Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Gels Based on Bromelain, Whey and Quince Extract
Authors: Mazilu Amalia , Popescu Violeta , Sarosi Codruta , Dumitrescu Radu Silaghi , Chisnoiu Andrea Maria , Moldovan Marioara , Dumitrescu Laura Silaghi , Prodan Doina , Carpa Rahela , Gheorghe Georgiana Florentina , Chisnoiu Radu Marcel
Published: November 2021

The growing interest in the appearance and color of teeth has led to the emergence of a wide range of teeth whitening methods, both in dental offices and in patients’ homes. Concerns about the possible side effects or toxic effects of peroxide-based whitening gels leads to the identification of alternative whitening methods, based on natural compounds with mild action on tooth enamel and remineralizing effect. In this context, this study describes the preparation and in vitro analysis of whitening gels based on natural active agents—bromelain, quince and whey—using organic (polyacrylate, polyethylene glycol) and/or inorganic (silicate) excipients. Five natural products gels were prepared, containing bromelain extract, quince extract and whey, in various proportions. Two supplementary gels, one containing Lubrizol and another containing SiO2, were prepared. All gels were submitted for multiple in vitro analysis such as: SDS-PAGE analysis, UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM microscopy, antibacterial activity on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The quince extract sample was the only one which completely discolored the blue dye on SDS-PAGE analysis. On the UV-vis spectra, the 303 nm band is assigned to an in situ modified form of bromelain. SEM images of gels containing SiO2 particles show evident marks of these particles, while the rest of the gels containing Lubrizol or whey are more uniform. Regarding antibacterial tests, the SiO2 gel samples did not show inhibition in any strains, but the other tested samples varied in the size of the inhibition diameter depending on the amicrobial strain tested; the protease activity of bromelain modulates the composition of the added whey proteins. Bromelain added as a nanoencapsulated assembly better preserves its integrity. The prepared gels showed antibacterial properties.
Luminescent Hydrogel Based on Silver Nanocluster/Malic Acid and Its Composite Film for Highly Sensitive Detection of Fe3+
Authors: Liu Xiangkai , Li Chunhui , Wang Zhi , Zhang Na , Feng Ning , Wang Wenjuan , Xin Xia
Published: November 2021

Metal nanoclusters (NCs) with excellent photoluminescence properties are an emerging functional material that have rich physical and chemical properties and broad application prospects. However, it is a challenging problem to construct such materials into complex ordered aggregates and cause aggregation-induced emission (AIE). In this article, we use the supramolecular self-assembly strategy to regulate a water-soluble, atomically precise Ag NCs (NH4)9[Ag9(C7H4SO2)9] (Ag9-NCs, [Ag9(mba)9], H2mba = 2-mercaptobenzoic acid) and L-malic acid (L–MA) to form a phosphorescent hydrogel with stable and bright luminescence, which is ascribed to AIE phenomenon. In this process, the AIE of Ag9-NCs could be attributed to the non-covalent interactions between L–MA and Ag9-NCs, which restrict the intramolecular vibration and rotation of ligands on the periphery of Ag9-NCs, thus inhibiting the ligand-related, non-radiative excited state relaxation and promoting radiation energy transfer. In addition, the fluorescent Ag9-NCs/L–MA xerogel was introduced into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to form an excellently fluorescent film for sensing of Fe3+. Ag9-NCs/L–MA/PMMA film exhibits an excellent ability to recognize Fe3+ ion with high selectivity and a low detection limit of 0.3 μM. This research enriches self-assembly system for enhancing the AIE of metal NCs, and the prepared hybrid films will become good candidates for optical materials.
The Influence of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genetic Variation on Diabetes Mellitus Risk in People Taking Antidepressants and Antipsychotics
Authors: Austin-Zimmerman Isabelle , Wronska Marta , Wang Baihan , Irizar Haritz , Thygesen Johan H. , Bhat Anjali , Denaxas Spiros , Fatemifar Ghazaleh , Finan Chris , Harju-Seppänen Jasmine , Giannakopoulou Olga , Kuchenbaecker Karoline , Zartaloudi Eirini , McQuillin Andrew , Bramon Elvira
Published: November 2021

CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 enzymes are essential in the metabolism of antidepressants and antipsychotics. Genetic variation in these genes may increase risk of adverse drug reactions. Antidepressants and antipsychotics have previously been associated with risk of diabetes. We examined whether individual genetic differences in CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 contribute to these effects. We identified 31,579 individuals taking antidepressants and 2699 taking antipsychotics within UK Biobank. Participants were classified as poor, intermediate, or normal metabolizers of CYP2D6, and as poor, intermediate, normal, rapid, or ultra-rapid metabolizers of CYP2C19. Risk of diabetes mellitus represented by HbA1c level was examined in relation to the metabolic phenotypes. CYP2D6 poor metabolizers taking paroxetine had higher Hb1Ac than normal metabolizers (mean difference: 2.29 mmol/mol; p < 0.001). Among participants with diabetes who were taking venlafaxine, CYP2D6 poor metabolizers had higher HbA1c levels compared to normal metabolizers (mean differences: 10.15 mmol/mol; p < 0.001. Among participants with diabetes who were taking fluoxetine, CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizers and decreased HbA1c, compared to normal metabolizers (mean difference −7.74 mmol/mol; p = 0.017). We did not observe any relationship between CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 metabolic status and HbA1c levels in participants taking antipsychotic medication. Our results indicate that the impact of genetic variation in CYP2D6 differs depending on diabetes status. Although our findings support existing clinical guidelines, further research is essential to inform pharmacogenetic testing for people taking antidepressants and antipsychotics.
Assessing the Climatological Relationship between Heatstroke Risk and Heat Stress Indices in 47 Prefectures in Japan
Authors: Iwamoto Yuki , Ohashi Yukitaka
Published: November 2021

This study provides a decade-long link between summer heatstroke incidence and certain heat stress indices in 47 prefectures of Japan. The results for each prefecture were determined from the age-adjusted heatstroke incidence rate (TRadj) with heatstroke patients transported by ambulance, as well as from the daily maximum temperature (TEMPmax), maximum wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGTmax), and maximum universal thermal climate index (UTCImax) recorded from July to September of 2010–2019. The UTCImax relatively increased the vulnerability in many prefectures of northern Japan more distinctly than the other indices. In the following analysis, the ratio of the TRadj of the hottest to coolest months using the UTCImax was defined as the heatstroke risk of the hottest to coolest (HRHC). Overall, the HRHC varied approximately from 20 to 40 in many prefectures in the past decade. In contrast, for the same analysis performed in each month, HRHC ratios in July and August fell within 2–4 in many prefectures, whereas in September, the average and maximum HRHC ratios for all prefectures were 7.0 and 32.4, respectively. This difference can be related to the large difference in UTCImax between the maximum and minimum for a decade.
The Basse-Terre Island of Guadeloupe (Eastern Caribbean, France) and Its Volcanic-Hydrothermal Geodiversity: A Case Study of Challenges, Perspectives, and New Paradigms for Resilience and Sustainability on Volcanic Islands
Authors: Moretti Roberto , Moune Séverine , Jessop David , Glynn Chagnon , Robert Vincent , Deroussi Sébastien
Published: November 2021

The volcanic-hydrothermal geo-diversity of the Basse-Terre Island of Guadeloupe archipelago (Eastern Caribbean, France) is a major asset of the Caribbean bio-geoheritage. In this paper, we use Guadeloupe as a representative of many small island developing states (SIDS), to show that the volcanic-hydrothermal geodiversity is a major resource and strategic thread for resilience and sustainability. These latter are related to the specific richness of Guadeloupe’s volcanic-geothermal diversity, which is de facto inalienable even in the wake of climate change and natural risks that are responsible for this diversity, i.e., volcanic eruptions. We propose the interweaving the specificity of volcanic-geothermal diversity into planning initiatives for resilience and sustainability. Among these initiatives research and development programs focused on the knowledge of geodiversity, biodiversity and related resources and risks are central for the long-term management of the water resource, lato sensu. Such a management should include a comprehensive scientific observatory for the characterization, exploration, and sustainable exploitation of the volcanic-hydrothermal geodiversity alongside planning for and mitigating geophysical risks related to sudden volcanic-induced phenomena and long-term systemic drifts due to climate change. The results of this exercise for Guadeloupe could typify innovative paths for similar SIDS around their own volcanic-hydrothermal geodiversity.