bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotational and angular distributions of NO products from NO-Rg (Rg = He, Ne, Ar) complex photodissociation
Authors: Holmes-Ross Heather L. , Valenti Rebecca J. , Yu Hua-Gen , Hall Gregory E. , Lawrance Warren D.
Published: January 2016

We present the results of an investigation into the rotational and angular distributions of the NO Ã state fragment following photodissociation of the NO-He, NO-Ne, and NO-Ar van der Waals complexes excited via the Ã←X̃ transition. For each complex, the dissociation is probed for several values of Ea, the available energy above the dissociation threshold. For NO-He, the Ea values probed were 59, 172, and 273 cm−1; for NO-Ne they were 50 and 166 cm−1; and for NO-Ar they were 44, 94, 194, and 423 cm−1. The NO Ã state rotational distributions arising from NO-He are cold, with most products in low angular momentum states. NO-Ne leads to broader NO rotational distributions but they do not extend to the maximum possible given the energy available. In the case of NO-Ar, the distributions extend to the maximum allowed at that energy and show the unusual shapes associated with the rotational rainbow effect reported in previous studies. This is the only complex for which a rotational rainbow effect is observed at the chosen Ea values. Product angular distributions have also been measured for the NO Ã photodissociation product for the three complexes. NO-He produces nearly isotropic fragments, but the anisotropy parameter, β, for NO-Ne and NO-Ar photofragments shows a surprising change in sign from negative to positive as Ea increases within the unstructured excitation profile. Franck-Condon selection of a broader distribution of geometries including more linear geometries at lower excitation energies and more T-shaped geometries at higher energies can account for the changing recoil anisotropy. Two-dimensional wavepacket calculations are reported to model the rotational state distributions and the bound-continuum absorption spectra.
SCAN-based hybrid and double-hybrid density functionals from models without fitted parameters
Authors: Hui Kerwin , Chai Jeng-Da
Published: January 2016

By incorporating the nonempirical strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) semilocal density functional [J. Sun, A. Ruzsinszky, and J. P. Perdew, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 036402 (2015)] in the underlying expression of four existing hybrid and double-hybrid models, we propose one hybrid (SCAN0) and three double-hybrid (SCAN0-DH, SCAN-QIDH, and SCAN0-2) density functionals, which are free from any fitted parameters. The SCAN-based double-hybrid functionals consistently outperform their parent SCAN semilocal functional for self-interaction problems and noncovalent interactions. In particular, SCAN0-2, which includes about 79% of Hartree-Fock exchange and 50% of second-order Møller-Plesset correlation, is shown to be reliably accurate for a very diverse range of applications, such as thermochemistry, kinetics, noncovalent interactions, and self-interaction problems.
GaSb quantum rings in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs quantum wells
Authors: Hodgson P. D. , Hayne M. , Robson A. J. , Zhuang Q. D. , Danos L.
Published: January 2016

We report the results of continuous and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on type-II GaSb quantum rings embedded within GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs quantum wells. A range of samples were grown with different well widths, compensation-doping concentrations within the wells, and number of quantum-ring layers. We find that each of these variants have no discernible effect on the radiative recombination, except for the very narrowest (5 nm) quantum well. In contrast, single-particle numerical simulations of the sample predict changes in photoluminescence energy of up to 200 meV. This remarkable difference is explained by the strong Coulomb binding of electrons to rings that are multiply charged with holes. The resilience of the emission to compensation doping indicates that multiple hole occupancy of the quantum rings is required for efficient carrier recombination, regardless of whether these holes come from doping or excitation.
Growth and magnetic properties of ultrathin epitaxial FeO films and Fe/FeO bilayers on MgO(001)
Authors: Kozioł-Rachwał A. , Ślęzak T. , Nozaki T. , Yuasa S. , Korecki J.
Published: January 2016

Ultrathin FeO(001) films were grown via molecular beam epitaxy on MgO(001) using reactive deposition of Fe. The growth conditions were adjusted toward stabilization of the wüstite phase, the existence of which was confirmed by means of conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was shown how the metallic Fe overlayer modified the chemical state and the magnetic properties of the FeO oxide. Finally, we observed the exchange bias for an epitaxial Fe/FeO bilayer grown on MgO(001).
Effect of supersonic molecular beam injection deposition on edge localized mode mitigation in the HL-2A H-mode plasmas
Authors: Yang Z. C. , Shi Z. B. , Zhong W. L. , Zhang B. Y. , Fan Q. C. , Li H. D. , Jiang M. , Shi P. W. , Chen C. Y. , Chen W. , Liu Z. T. , Yu D. L. , Zhou Y. , Feng B. B. , Song X. M. , Ding X. T. , Yang Q. W. , Duan X. R. ,   HL-2A Team
Published: January 2016

The ELM (edge localized mode) mitigation by SMBI (supersonic molecular beam injection) has been studied in the HL-2A H-mode plasmas. The ELM mitigation effect and its relationship with the deposition position of SMBI in the H-mode pedestal are reported for the first time experimentally. We found that when the deposition of SMBI is about 20% into the pedestal, the best ELM mitigation effect is achieved, which is identified by a significant increase of the ELM frequency and also a decrease of the ELM amplitude. The theoretical inference that no deep injection is needed is confirmed. The sand-pile model is used to simulate the ELM burst and explain the mitigation effect for different SMBI deposited positions. It is found that the gradient threshold is a key parameter in the process of the ELM mitigation, and there should be a local gradient threshold in the middle of the pedestal. When the deposition of SMBI is close to the edge of this region, the best ELM mitigation effect can be observed.
A two-fluid study of oblique tearing modes in a force-free current sheet
Authors: Akçay Cihan , Daughton William , Lukin Vyacheslav S. , Liu Yi-Hsin
Published: January 2016

Kinetic simulations have demonstrated that three-dimensional reconnection in collisionless regimes proceeds through the formation and interaction of magnetic flux ropes, which are generated due to the growth of tearing instabilities at multiple resonance surfaces. Since kinetic simulations are intrinsically expensive, it is desirable to explore the feasibility of reduced two-fluid models to capture this complex evolution, particularly, in the strong guide field regime, where two-fluid models are better justified. With this goal in mind, this paper compares the evolution of the collisionless tearing instability in a force-free current sheet with a two-fluid model and fully kinetic simulations. Our results indicate that the most unstable modes are oblique for guide fields larger than the reconnecting field, in agreement with the kinetic results. The standard two-fluid tearing theory is extended to address the tearing instability at oblique angles. The resulting theory yields a flat oblique spectrum and underestimates the growth of oblique modes in a similar manner to kinetic theory relative to kinetic simulations.
Communication: Rigidification of a lipid bilayer by an incorporated n-alkane
Authors: Hishida Mafumi , Yanagisawa Ryuta , Usuda Hatsuho , Yamamura Yasuhisa , Saito Kazuya
Published: January 2016

Towards a greater understanding of the effects of organic molecules in biomembranes, the effects of a flexible alkyl chain on the morphologies of phospholipid vesicles are investigated. Vesicles composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine and tetradecane (TD) rupture during cooling from the liquid-crystalline phase to the gel phase. A model calculation based on the size-dependent rupture probability indicates that the bending rigidity of the bilayer in the gel phase is more than 10 times higher than that without TD, resulting in the rupture arising from elastic stress. The rigidification is caused by the denser molecular packing in the hydrophobic region by TD. There is little change of the rigidity in the liquid-crystalline phase. Additionally, the rigidification produces a characteristic morphology of the ternary giant vesicles including TD. Reported thermal behaviors imply that molecules with a linear and long alkyl chain, such as trans fatty acids, universally exhibit a similar effect, in contrast to rigid and bulky molecules, such as cholesterol.
Organic/inorganic hybrid synaptic transistors gated by proton conducting methylcellulose films
Authors: Wan Chang Jin , Zhu Li Qiang , Wan Xiang , Shi Yi , Wan Qing
Published: January 2016

The idea of building a brain-inspired cognitive system has been around for several decades. Recently, electric-double-layer transistors gated by ion conducting electrolytes were reported as the promising candidates for synaptic electronics and neuromorphic system. In this letter, indium-zinc-oxide transistors gated by proton conducting methylcellulose electrolyte films were experimentally demonstrated with synaptic plasticity including paired-pulse facilitation and spatiotemporal-correlated dynamic logic. More importantly, a model based on proton-related electric-double-layer modulation and stretched-exponential decay function was proposed, and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimentally measured synaptic behaviors.
Absence of anomalous Nernst effect in spin Seebeck effect of Pt/YIG
Authors: Miao B. F. , Huang S. Y. , Qu D. , Chien C. L.
Published: January 2016

The Pt/YIG structure has been widely used to study spin Seebeck effect (SSE), inverse spin Hall effect, and other pure spin current phenomena. However, the magnetic proximity effect in Pt when in contact with YIG, and the potential anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) may compromise the spin current phenomena in Pt/YIG. By inserting a Cu layer of various thicknesses between Pt and YIG, we have separated the signals from the SSE and that of the ANE. It is demonstrated that the thermal voltage in Pt/YIG mainly comes from spin current due to the longitudinal SSE with negligible contribution from the ANE.
Effect of crystal structure and cationic order on phonon modes across ferroelectric phase transformation in Pb(Fe0.5-xScxNb0.5)O3 bulk ceramics
Authors: Mallesham B. , Viswanath B. , Ranjith R.
Published: January 2016

Pb(Fe0.5-xScxNb0.5)O3 [(PFSN) (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)] multiferroic relaxors were synthesized and the temperature dependence of phonon modes across ferroelectric to paraelectric transition was studied. With varying Sc content from x = 0 to 0.25 the structure remains monoclinic and with further addition (x = 0.3 - 0.5) the structure transforms into rhombohedral symmetry. Structural refinement studies showed that the change in crystal structure from monoclinic to rhombohedral symmetry involves a volume increment of 34-36%. Associated changes in the tolerance factor (1.024 ≤ t ≤ 0.976) and bond angles were observed. Structure assisted B′-B″ cation ordering was confirmed through the superlattice reflections in selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of Pb(Sc0.5Nb0.5)O3 (x = 0.5). Cation ordering is also evident from the evolution of Pb-O phonon mode in Raman spectra of compositions with rhombohedral symmetry (x ≥ 0.3). The high temperature Raman scattering studies show that the B-localized mode [F1u, ∼250 cm−1] and BO6 octahedral rotational mode [F1g, ∼200 cm−1], both originating from polar nano regions (PNRs) behave like coupled phonon modes in rhombohedral symmetry. However, in monoclinic symmetry they behave independently across the transition. Softening of B localized mode across the transition followed by the hardening for all compositions confirms the diffusive nature of the ferroelectric transformation. The presence of correlation between the B localized and BO6 rotational modes introduces a weak relaxor feature for systems with rhombohedral symmetry in PFSN ceramics, which was confirmed from the macroscopic dielectric studies.
Mechanism to synthesize a ‘moving optical mark’ at solid-ambient interface for the estimation of thermal diffusivity of solid
Authors: Balachandar Settu , Shivaprakash N. C. , Kameswara Rao L.
Published: January 2016

A novel mechanism is proposed, involving a novel interaction between solid-sample supporting unsteady heat flow with its ambient-humidity; invokes phase transformation of water-vapour molecule and synthesize a ‘moving optical-mark’ at sample-ambient-interface. Under tailored condition, optical-mark exhibits a characteristic macro-scale translatory motion governed by thermal diffusivity of solid. For various step-temperature inputs via cooling, position-dependent velocities of moving optical-mark are measured at a fixed distance. A new approach is proposed. ‘Product of velocity of optical-mark and distance’ versus ‘non-dimensional velocity’ is plotted. The slope reveals thermal diffusivity of solid at ambient-temperature; preliminary results obtained for Quartz-glass is closely matching with literature.
Variability study of Si nanowire FETs with different junction gradients
Authors: Yoon Jun-Sik , Kim Kihyun , Rim Taiuk , Baek Chang-Ki
Published: January 2016

Random dopant fluctuation effects of gate-all-around Si nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) are investigated in terms of different diameters and junction gradients. The nanowire FETs with smaller diameters or shorter junction gradients increase relative variations of the drain currents and the mismatch of the drain currents between source-drain and drain-source bias change in the saturation regime. Smaller diameters decreased current drivability critically compared to standard deviations of the drain currents, thus inducing greater relative variations of the drain currents. Shorter junction gradients form high potential barriers in the source-side lightly-doped extension regions at on-state, which determines the magnitude of the drain currents and fluctuates the drain currents greatly under thermionic-emission mechanism. On the other hand, longer junction gradients affect lateral field to fluctuate the drain currents greatly. These physical phenomena coincide with correlations of the variations between drain currents and electrical parameters such as threshold voltages and parasitic resistances. The nanowire FETs with relatively-larger diameters and longer junction gradients without degrading short channel characteristics are suggested to minimize the relative variations and the mismatch of the drain currents.
Dual resonant structure for energy harvesting from random vibration sources at low frequency
Authors: Li Shanshan , Peng Zhuoteng , Zhang Ai , Wang Fei
Published: January 2016

We introduce a design with dual resonant structure which can harvest energy from random vibration sources at low frequency range. The dual resonant structure consists of two spring-mass subsystems with different frequency responses, which exhibit strong coupling and broad bandwidth when the two masses collide with each other. Experiments with piezoelectric elements show that the energy harvesting device with dual resonant structure can generate higher power output than the sum of the two separate devices from random vibration sources.
Habitat-specific and season-specific faecal pellet decay rates for five mammalian herbivores in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Davis Naomi E. , Coulson Graeme
Published: January 2016

The accuracy of population abundance estimates of mammalian herbivores from faecal pellet counts is potentially affected by pellet decay. We collected fresh pellet groups from hog deer (Axis porcinus), European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) (n = 300 per species) at Wilsons Promontory National Park, Victoria, Australia. We deposited five pellet groups per species per month within each of five vegetation types in the park, then monitored pellet group decay over 24 months. We demonstrate that age estimation of pellet groups was inaccurate and is unlikely to improve the efficiency of pellet counts. We present habitat- and species-specific estimates of pellet and pellet group decay using two measures: decay rate (the proportion of pellets surviving per unit of time); and mean time to decay. We explain how our data can be used to optimise faecal pellet count design, and to improve the accuracy of both indices and estimates of abundance from pellet counts. The variability observed in the decay of pellet groups among vegetation types, and for species among seasons, suggests that caution should be used if applying pellet decay rates over long time-frames or to locations with differing environmental conditions.
Corrigendum to: Optimising grain yield and grazing potential of crops across Australia’s high-rainfall zone: a simulation analysis. 1. Wheat
Authors: Bell Lindsay W. , Lilley Julianne M. , Hunt James R. , Kirkegaard John A.
Published: January 2016

Interest is growing in the potential to expand cropping into Australia's high-rainfall zone (HRZ). Dual-purpose crops are suited to the longer growing seasons in these environments to provide both early grazing for livestock and later regrow to produce grain. Grain yield and grazing potential of wheats of four different maturity types were simulated over 50 years at 13 locations across Australia's HRZ, and sowing date, nitrogen (N) availability and crop density effects were explored. Potential grazing days on wheat were obtained by simulating sheep grazing crops to Zadoks growth stage Z30 at 25 dry sheep equivalents (DSE)/ha. Optimal sowing dates for each maturity type at each location were matched to the flowering window during which risk of frost and heat stress was lowest. Overall, we found significant national potential for dual-purpose use of winter wheat cultivars across Australia's HRZ, with opportunities identified in all regions. Simulated mean wheat yields exceeded 6t/ha at most locations, with highest mean grain yields (8–10t/ha) in southern Victoria, and lower yields (5–7t/ha) in the south-west of Western Australia (WA) and central and northern New South Wales (NSW). Highest grazing days were from winter cultivars sown early (March–mid-April), which could provide 1700–3000 DSE-days/ha of grazing across HRZ locations; this was 2–3 times higher than could be obtained from grazing spring cultivars (200–800 DSE-days/ha). Sowing date was critical to maximise both grazing and grain yield potential from winter cultivars; each 1-week delay in sowing after 8 March reduced grazing by 200–250 DSE-days/ha and grain yield by 0.45t/ha. However, in Mediterranean climates, a lower frequency of early sowing opportunities before mid-April (
Reexamining the acquisition of null subject pronouns in a second language
Authors: Clements Maria , Domínguez Laura
Published: January 2016

This study re-examines the L2 acquisition of referential and pragmatic properties of null and overt subject pronouns by advanced English learners of Spanish under the assumption that both forms display levels of complexity at the syntax–pragmatics interface. Our main hypothesis is that null subjects should be as difficult to acquire as overt subjects, challenging current generative accounts (e.g., the Interface Hypothesis) in which the acquisition of null subjects is problem-free. Data obtained by a group of 20 advanced English speakers of Spanish in aPicture Verification Taskand aContext-Matching Preference Taskcorroborate this hypothesis. Results show that L2 speakers over-accept null subjects and find it difficult to reject them when an overt pronoun is preferred by the controls. We propose that they may be using null subjects as a default form as they have an incomplete knowledge of the pragmatic constraints governing the use ofproin context.
Characteristics of pure-titanium and low carbon steel friction-welded joint with post-weld heat-treatment
Authors: Kimura Masaaki , Fuji Akiyoshi
Published: January 2016

The characteristics of friction-welded joint between commercially pure-titanium (CP-Ti) and low carbon steel, of which was subjected to post-weld heat-treatment (PWHT), was investigated. When the joint was made with friction speed of 25 s−1, friction pressure of 200 MPa, friction time of 2.5 s and forge pressure of 250 MPa, it had the same tensile strength as that of the CP-Ti base metal. The joint had no intermediate layer consisting of intermetallic compound (IMC interlayer) at the weld interface. The joint efficiency of the joint subjected to PWHT decreased with increasing heating temperature and its holding time, and the joint fractured at the weld interface although it had no IMC interlayer. The void was generated on the weld interface of the joint during PWHT process.
Bearing performance as a function of structure and heat treatment
Authors: Blass T. , Dinkel M. , Trojahn W.
Published: January 2016

The rings of rolling bearings are either through hardened with a martensitic or bainitic structure or case hardened. They differ in cleanliness, structure and residual stresses. The over-rolling fatigue resistance mirrors these differences. Typical results are given for over-rolling conditions causing classical fatigue, surface-initiated failure or failure by white etching cracking.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Recent developments in bearing steels.
High-pH inclined stress corrosion cracking in Australian and Canadian gas pipeline X65 steels
Authors: Lavigne O. , Gamboa E. , Griggs J. , Luzin V. , Law M. , Roccisano A.
Published: January 2016

High-pH stress corrosion cracking is a form of environmental degradation of gas pipeline steels. The crack path is intergranular by nature and typically perpendicular to the maximum applied (hoop) stress (i.e. perpendicular to the pipe outer surface). Some unusual instances of cracks have been observed in Canadian and Australian X65 pipes, where cracks grow away from the perpendicular for considerable distances. This paper presents a comparative study in terms of crack morphology, mechanical properties and crystallographic texture for these Australian and Canadian pipe steels. It is shown that the crack morphologies are quite similar, the main difference being the angle at which the cracks propagate into the material. This difference could be explained by the different through-wall texture and grain aspect ratio measured in the two materials. The interdependency of crack tip plasticity, crack tip electrochemistry and anisotropy in microstructural texture seems to heavily affect the resulting inclined crack path.
Modelling the plastic deformation of Ti6Al4V under dynamic loading
Authors: Kakogiannis D. , Coghe F. , Verleysen P. , Louar M. A. , Rabet L.
Published: January 2016

In this paper, a multiscale numerical method is presented with the aim to model the response of a Ti6Al4V sheet under explosive forming. The numerical modelling focuses on the accurate definition of the plastic deformation of the Ti6Al4V specimens based on the texture of the material. The viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal model code (VPSC) is used as a link between macroscopic response and the underlying microstructure taking into account the viscoplastic deformation of the specimen. Comparison is made with experimental results. The Cazacu–Barlat (CB06) material model is used because of its capability to describe the yielding asymmetry between tension and compression and to take into account the anisotropic behaviour of the sheet. The study focuses on the evaluation of the material model parameters and on how these affect the structural response of the Ti6Al4V specimens under explosive loading.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Euromech 570: Interface-dominated materials.
Study on controlling inclusions and total oxygen of high-carbon steel
Authors: Ma W. J. , Lui G. L. , Gao P. , Luo Y. Z. , Li H. B. , Chen B.
Published: January 2016

The inclusion type, and the relationship between inclusions and the total oxygen, and the ways of decreasing the inclusion count and controlling the inclusion evolution are studied. The results are shown as follows: when the slag composition is controlled in an appropriate range, the slag melting point is low and the ability of deoxidation and inclusion absorption are good. The total oxygen is proportional to the count of 0–6 μm inclusions in the unit area. The mixing of the ladle and the removal of inclusion were promoted by optimising the ladle field. By Mg or Ca treatment, the size of Al2O3 inclusions can be reduced. But the large size CaO inclusions may be brought into steel by the Ca treatment.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Recent developments in bearing steels.
The impact of hydrogen on the ductility loss of bainitic Fe–C alloys
Authors: Depover T. , Van den Eeckhout E. , Verbeken K.
Published: January 2016

The influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of generic lab-cast Fe–C bainitic alloys is studied by tensile tests on notched samples. The bainitic microstructure is induced in a 0.2% C and 0.4% C Fe–C alloy by an appropriate heat treatment. The hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility is evaluated by mechanical tests on both in situ hydrogen pre-charged and uncharged specimens. The observed ductility loss of the materials is correlated with the present amount of hydrogen and the hydrogen diffusion coefficient. In addition to the correlation between the amount of hydrogen and the hydrogen-induced ductility loss, the hydrogen diffusion during the tensile test, quantified by the hydrogen diffusion distance during the test, appears to be of major importance as well.
Chlorogenic acid ameliorates intestinal mitochondrial injury by increasing antioxidant effects and activity of respiratory complexes
Authors: Zhou Yan , Zhou Lili , Ruan Zheng , Mi Shumei , Jiang Min , Li Xiaolan , Wu Xin , Deng Zeyuan , Yin Yulong
Published: January 2016

Dietary polyphenols are thought to be beneficial for human health by acting as antioxidants. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is abundant in plant-based foods as an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid. In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on mitochondrial protection. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with CGA ameliorated the intestinal mitochondrial injury induced by H2O2; membrane potential was increased, mitochondrial swelling, levels of reactive oxygen species, contents of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, and cytochrome c released were decreased. The beneficial effects of CGA were accompanied by an increase in antioxidant and respiratory-chain complex I, IV, and V activities. In trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid-induced colitic rats indicated that CGA supplementation improved mitochondria ultrastructure and decreased mitochondrial injury. Our results suggest a promising role for CGA as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant in combating intestinal oxidative injury. Daily intake of diets containing CGA, such as coffee and honeysuckle, may be useful for prevention of intestinal diseases.
Syntheses and biological activities of deoxy-d-allose fatty acid ester analogs
Authors: Chowdhury Md Tazul Islam , Ando Hikaru , Yanagita Ryo C , Kawanami Yasuhiro
Published: January 2016

We describe the syntheses of three different deoxy-D-allose analogs [2-deoxy-D-allose (2-DOAll), 1,2-dideoxy-D-allose (1,2-DOAll), and 1,2-didehydro-1,2-dideoxy-D-allose (1,2-DHAll)] and their fatty acid esters via regioselective lipase-catalyzed transesterification. Among them, 2-DOAll and its decanoate (2-DOAll-C10) showed higher inhibitory activity on plant growth, which is similar to D-allose (All) and its decanoate (All-C10). Bioassay results of deoxy-All-C10 on four plant species suggest that the hydroxy group at the C-1 position might be important showing growth inhibitory activity. In addition, co-addition of gibberellin (GA3) with 1,2-DHAll-C10 and 2-DOAll-C10 recovered plant growth, suggesting that they might mainly inhibit biosynthesis of gibberellin.
Allyl isothiocyanate suppresses the proteolytic activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and de novo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
Authors: Miyata Shingo , Inoue Jun , Shimizu Makoto , Sato Ryuichiro
Published: January 2016

Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the expression of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. In this study, we used a stable cell line that expresses a luciferase reporter gene driven by an SRE-containing fatty acid synthase promoter to identify allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), one of the major isothiocyanates in cruciferous vegetables, as a novel SREBP inactivator. We found that AITC downregulated the proteolytic processing of SREBPs and the expression of their target genes in human hepatoma Huh-7 cells. Furthermore, AITC reduced the de novo synthesis of both fatty acids and cholesterol. Our results indicate a novel physiological function of AITC in lipid metabolism regulation.
Response Inhibition in the Parametric Go/No-Go Task and Its Relation to Impulsivity and Subclinical Psychopathy
Authors: Weidacker Kathrin , Whiteford Seb , Boy Frederic , Johnston Stephen J.
Published: January 2016

The current study utilizes the parametric go/no-go task (PGNG), a task that examines changes in inhibitory performance as executive function load increases, to examine the link between psychopathic traits, impulsivity, and response inhibition in a cohort of healthy participants. The results show that as executive function load increased, inhibitory ability decreased. High scores on the Cognitive Complexity subscale of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS–11) predict poor inhibitory ability in the PGNG. Similarly, high scores on the Psychopathy Personality Inventory–Revised (PPI–R) Blame Externalization subscale predict response inhibition deficits in the PGNG, which loads more on the executive functions than the standard go/no-go task. The remaining BIS–11 as well as PPI–R subscales did not interact with inhibitory performance in the PGNG highlighting the specificity of associations between aspects of personality and impulsivity with inhibitory performance as cognitive load is increased. These data point towards the sensitivity of the PGNG in studying response inhibition in the context of highly impulsive populations and its utility as a measure of impulsivity.
Enhanced attention to context: An intervention that increases perceived control in mild depression
Authors: Msetfi R. M. , Brosnan L. , Cavus H. A.
Published: January 2016

People perceive that they have control over events to the extent that the same events do not occur outside of their control, randomly, in the environment or context. Therefore, perceived control should be enhanced if there is a large contrast between one's own control and the control that the context itself seems to exert over events. Given that depression is associated with low perceived control, we tested the hypothesis that enhanced attentional focus to context will increase perceived control in people with and without depression. A total of 106 non-depressed and mildly depressed participants completed a no control zero-contingency task with low and high outcome probability conditions. In the experimental context-focus group, participants were instructed to attend to the context, whereas in the control group, participants were instructed to attend to their thoughts. Irrespective of attentional focus, non-depressed participants displayed illusory control. However, people with mild depression responded strongly to the attention focus manipulation. In the control group, they evidenced low perceived control with classic depressive realism effects. In the experimental group, when asked to focus on the context in which events took place, participants with mild depression displayed enhanced perceived control or illusory control, similar to non-depressed participants. Findings are discussed in relation to whether depression effects on perceived control represent tendencies towards realism or attentional aspects of depressive thoughts.
Interpreting Infant Emotional Expressions: Parenthood has Differential Effects on Men and Women
Authors: Parsons Christine E. , Young Katherine. S. , Jegindoe Elmholdt Else-Marie , Stein Alan , Kringelbach Morten L.
Published: January 2016

Interpreting and responding to an infant's emotional cues is a fundamental parenting skill. Responsivity to infant cues is frequently disrupted in depression, impacting negatively on child outcomes, which underscores its importance. It is widely assumed that women, and in particular mothers, show greater attunement to infants than do men. However, empirical evidence for sex and parental status effects, particularly in relation to perception of infant emotion, has been lacking. In this study, men and women with and without young infants were asked to rate valence in a range of infant facial expressions, on a scale of very positive to very negative. Results suggested complex interaction effects between parental status, sex, and the facial expression being rated. Mothers provided more positive ratings of the happy expressions and more extreme ratings of the intense emotion expressions than fathers, but non-mothers and non-fathers did not. Low-level depressive symptoms were also found to correlate with more negative ratings of negative infant facial expressions across the entire sample. Overall, these results suggest that parental status might have differential effects on men and women's appraisal of infant cues. Differences between fathers’ and mothers’ perceptions of infant emotion might be of interest in understanding variance in interaction styles, such as proportion of time spent in play.
Distorted Body Representations in Healthy Cognition
Authors: Longo Matthew R.
Published: January 2016

Delusions and misperceptions about the body are a conspicuous feature of numerous neurological and psychiatric conditions. In stark contrast to such pathological cases, the immediacy and familiarity of our ordinary experience of our body can make it seem as if our representation of our body is highly accurate, even infallible. Recent research has begun to demonstrate, however, that large and systematic distortions of body representation are a normal part of healthy cognition. Here, I describe this research, focusing on distortions of body representations underlying tactile distance perception and position sense. I also discuss evidence for distortions of higher-order body representations, such as the conscious body image. Finally, I will end with a discussion of the potential relations among different body representations and their distortions.
The neurotic wandering mind: An individual differences investigation of neuroticism, mind-wandering, and executive control
Authors: Robison Matthew K. , Gath Katherine I. , Unsworth Nash
Published: January 2016

Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience have recently developed a keen interest in the phenomenon of mind-wandering. People mind-wander frequently, and mind-wandering is associated with decreased cognitive performance. But why do people mind-wander so much? Previous investigations have focused on cognitive abilities like working memory capacity and attention control. But an individual's tendency to worry, feel anxious, and entertain personal concerns also influences mind-wandering. The Control Failure × Concerns model of mind-wandering. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 188–197] argues that individual differences in the propensity to mind-wander are jointly determined by cognitive abilities and by the presence of personally salient concerns that intrude on task focus. In order to test this model, we investigated individual differences in mind-wandering, executive attention, and personality with a focus on neuroticism. The results showed that neurotic individuals tended to report more mind-wandering during cognitive tasks, lower working memory capacity, and poorer attention control. Thus the trait of neuroticism adds an additional source of variance in the tendency to mind-wander, which offers support for the Control Failure × Concerns model. The results help bridge the fields of clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, affective neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience as a means of developing a more complete understanding of the complex relationship between cognition, personality, and emotion.
DrosophilaNedd4-long reduces Amphiphysin levels in muscles and leads to impaired T-tubule formation
Authors: Safi Frozan , Shteiman-Kotler Alina , Zhong Yunan , Iliadi Konstantin G. , Boulianne Gabrielle L. , Rotin Daniela
Published: January 2016

Drosophila Nedd4 (dNedd4) is a HECT ubiquitin ligase with two main splice isoforms: dNedd4-short (dNedd4S) and -long (dNedd4Lo). DNedd4Lo has a unique N-terminus containing a Pro-rich region. We previously showed that whereas dNedd4S promotes neuromuscular synaptogenesis, dNedd4Lo inhibits it and impairs larval locomotion. To delineate the cause of the impaired locomotion, we searched for binding partners to the N-terminal unique region of dNedd4Lo in larval lysates using mass spectrometry and identified Amphiphysin (dAmph). dAmph is a postsynaptic protein containing SH3-BAR domains and regulates muscle transverse tubule (T-tubule) formation in flies. We validated the interaction by coimmunoprecipitation and showed direct binding between dAmph-SH3 domain and dNedd4Lo N-terminus. Accordingly, dNedd4Lo was colocalized with dAmph postsynaptically and at muscle T-tubules. Moreover, expression of dNedd4Lo in muscle during embryonic development led to disappearance of dAmph and impaired T-tubule formation, phenocopying amph-null mutants. This effect was not seen in muscles expressing dNedd4S or a catalytically-inactive dNedd4Lo(C→A). We propose that dNedd4Lo destabilizes dAmph in muscles, leading to impaired T-tubule formation and muscle function.
PtdIns4KIIα generates endosomal PtdIns(4)P and is required for receptor sorting at early endosomes
Authors: Henmi Yuji , Morikawa Yoshiaki , Oe Natsuko , Ikeda Narumi , Fujita Akikazu , Takei Kohji , Minogue Shane , Tanabe Kenji
Published: January 2016

Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα (PtdIns4KIIα) localizes to the trans-Golgi network and endosomal compartments and has been implicated in the regulation of endosomal traffic, but the roles of both its enzymatic activity and the site of its action have not been elucidated. This study shows that PtdIns4KIIα is required for production of endosomal phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) on early endosomes and for the sorting of transferrin and epidermal growth factor receptor into recycling and degradative pathways. Depletion of PtdIns4KIIα with small interfering RNA significantly reduced the amount of vesicular PtdIns(4)P on early endosomes but not on Golgi membranes. Cells depleted of PtdIns4KIIα had an impaired ability to sort molecules destined for recycling from early endosomes. We further identify the Eps15 homology domain–containing protein 3 (EHD3) as a possible endosomal effector of PtdIns4KIIα. Tubular endosomes containing EHD3 were shortened and became more vesicular in PtdIns4KIIα-depleted cells. Endosomal PtdIns(4,5)P2 was also significantly reduced in PtdIns4KIIα-depleted cells. These results show that PtdIns4KIIα regulates receptor sorting at early endosomes through a PtdIns(4)P-dependent pathway and contributes substrate for the synthesis of endosomal PtdIns(4,5)P2.
Program models and semi-public environments
Authors: Grossi Davide , van der Hoek Wiebe , Moyzes Christos , Wooldridge Michael
Published: January 2016

We develop a logic for reasoning about semi-public environments , i.e. environments in which a process is executing, and where agents in the environment have partial and potentially different views of the process. Previous work on this problem illustrated that it was problematic to obtain both an adequate semantic model and a language for reasoning about semi-public environments. We here use program models for representing the changes that occur during the execution of a program. These models serve both as syntactic objects and as semantic models, and are a modification of action models in Dynamic Epistemic Logic, in the sense that they allow for ontic change (i.e. change in the world or state). We show how program models can elegantly capture a notion of observation of the environment. The use of these models resolves several difficulties identified in earlier work, and admit a much simpler treatment than was possible in previous work on semi-public environments.
Cardiovascular disease
Authors: Telford Richard , Murphy Peter
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with cardiovascular disease. The topics include ischaemic heart disease (including perioperative myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention), valvular heart disease (including prosthetic valves), congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease, and the patient with a transplanted heart. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described.
Renal disease
Authors: Milner Quentin
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with renal disease. The topics include estimation of renal function, chronic kidney disease, renal replacement therapy (including haemodialysis), acute renal failure, and the patient with a transplanted kidney. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described. The effects of impaired renal function on the elimination of anaesthetic drugs are discussed.
Haematology: drugs, tests, and disorders
Authors: Kerr Paul , Ford Pete
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with a haematological disorder. Topics covered include anaemia, sickle-cell disease, porphyria, coagulation disorders, haemophilia and related disorders, platelet disorders, and hypercoagulability syndromes. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described. There is detailed discussion about the perioperative management of the patient taking a drug which affects the coagulation system, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic drugs. Coagulation tests are discussed in detail, and the haematological management of the bleeding patient is described.
Vascular surgery
Authors: Stoneham Mark
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of vascular surgery. It begins with general principles of the anaesthetic management of vascular surgical patients. Surgical procedures covered include abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (including emergency and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm repair), carotid endarterectomy, peripheral revascularization operations, axillobifemoral bypass, amputations, thoracoscopic sympathectomy, first rib resection, and varicose vein surgery.
General surgery
Authors: Rucklidge Matt , McLeod Andrew , Wigmore Tim
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of general surgery. It begins with a description of management principles for several of the important considerations: analgesia, temperature control, fluid management, and oncological considerations. Surgical procedures covered include colorectal surgery, emergency laparotomy, laparoscopic surgery (including laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic colonic surgery), appendicectomy, inguinal hernia repair, haemorrhoidectomy, testicular surgery, and breast surgery.
Ear, nose, and throat surgery
Authors: Roberts Fred
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of ear, nose, and throat surgery (otolaryngological surgery). It begins with a discussion of relevant general principles (including the shared airway) and covers airway obstruction and sleep apnoea. Surgical procedures covered include grommet insertion, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, myringoplasty, stapedectomy, tympanoplasty, nasal cavity surgery, microlaryngoscopy, tracheostomy, laryngectomy, pharyngectomy (including glossectomy), radical neck dissection, and parotidectomy. It concludes with a series of vignettes of other ear, nose, and throat procedures.
Day surgery
Authors: Stocker Mary
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of day surgery. It describes aspects of organization, facilities, and staffing, patient preparation and optimization, and selection criteria. It then describes the conduct of anaesthesia to facilitate rapid recovery with a low incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).
Airway assessment and management
Authors: Cranshaw Jules , Cook Tim
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the assessment and management of the airway. It begins with methods of assessing the airway and describes the approach to the unanticipated difficult airway. Topics covered include failed intubation, techniques for managing the anticipated difficult intubation, the cannot-intubate-cannot-ventilate scenario, the management of the obstructed airway, rapid sequence induction, inhalational induction, and awake fibreoptic intubation. It concludes with a discussion of extubating the patient after a difficult intubation.
Blood products and fluid therapy
Authors: Telford Richard
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic uses of blood products and other fluids. It begins with a discussion of blood products (red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and so on). It goes on to describe blood conservation techniques such as cell salvage. Massive transfusion is discussed with its protocol. The problems posed by Jehovah’s Witnesses who refuse blood products are explored. The chapter concludes with a discussion of fluid and electrolyte therapy.
Acute pain
Authors: Dashfield Adrian
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the management of acute pain. It begins with an introduction which describes the benefits of acute pain management and the measurement of pain. Analgesic drugs are then described, including paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids (including their comparative efficacy). Patient-controlled analgesia, epidural analgesia, and continuous peripheral nerve blockade are described. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture are discussed. The management of the patient with a substance misuse disorder is discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of non-opioid adjuvant analgesics.
Angiogenesis
Authors: Arriaga Yull E. , Frankel Arthur E.
Published: January 2016

Angiogenesis, the process of vessel growth from preexistent blood vessels, is a necessary step in tumour growth and metastasis. The tumour angiogenic process is complex and involves multiple cells including tumour cells, endothelial tip and stalk and phalanx cells, mural pericytes–smooth muscle cells–fibroblasts,and recruited macrophages–neutrophils–marrow progenitors. The molecular signals among these cell participants lead sequentially to breakdown of the extracellular matrix, loosening of endothelial adhesions, invasion of tip cells towards the tumour, proliferation of stalk cells, fusion of neighbouring branches, lumen formation, phalanx quiescence, engagement of pericytes, and maturation of a new extracellular matrix. Multiple, redundant, and interactive molecules achieve each milestone. Therapeutics aimed at inhibiting or modifying tumour angiogenesis have reached clinical practice with modest benefit. Application of knowledge of the biologic and biochemical processes should yield predictive biomarkers and improved antitumour angiogenesis regimens in the near future.