bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reserpine subdued non-small cell lung cancer cells via ROS-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Senthamizh N. , Vidhyavathi R. , Raj E. Mohan , Lobo Vijay , Kumar R. Arun
Published: September 2021

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the prevailing kind of lung cancer. Molecular target has exceptionally improved the treatment viability of lung cancer, however, new difficulties have developed, for example, drug resistance and cancer repeat. Along these lines, new chemotherapeutic operators and treatment techniques are earnestly required. Reserpine, a natural indole alkaloid, is the fundamental dynamic piece of Indian restorative plant which has been appeared to show ground-breaking hostile to cancer action in specific kinds of cancer; be that as it may, its movement in drug-safe lung cancer has never been tended to. In this investigation, we utilized 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) measure and 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) test to examine reserpine anticancer movement. The cytotoxicity of reserpine in NSCLC cell lines was profoundly investigated. Reserpine displayed specific cytotoxicity among NSCLC at 15, 25 and 35 μM concentrations. Reserpine essentially expanded the action of ROS, which are profoundly expanded apoptosis. Improved ROS, altogether initiated customized cell passing in human NSCLC cells. The upgrade of ROS age in drug-safe NSCLC cells prompts impedance of development and acceptance of apoptosis. In this way, reserpine-prompted cell apoptosis is firmly connected with ROS rise in the cells. These discoveries show that reserpine can be a powerful mix of treating drug-safe NSCLC.
Enumeration of Involutions of Finite Rings
Authors: SHAIK Sajana , TEKURI Chalapathi
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we study a special class of elements in the finite commutative rings called involutions. An involution of a ring R is an element with the property that x^2-1=0 for some x in R. This study describes both the implementation and enumeration of the involutions of various rings, such as cyclic rings, non-cyclic rings, zero-rings, finite fields, and especially rings of Gaussian integers. The paper begins with simple well-known results of an equation x^2-1=0 over the finite commutative ring R. It provides a concrete setting to enumerate the involutions of the finite cyclic and non-cyclic rings R, along with the isomorphic relation I(R)≅Z_2^k.
Neuroprotective effects of proanthocyanidins of grape seed extracts against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in PC12 cells
Authors: Rodrigues Patricia de Araújo , Maia de Morais Selene , Fernandes Pereira Juliana , Costa de Assis Albert Layo , Aragão Alves Amanda , Benjamin Stephen Rathinara , Pinto Vieira Ícaro Gusmão , Machado Nuno Jesus , Santos do Carmo Marta Regina , Andrade Geanne Matos de
Published: September 2021

A doença de Parkinson (DP) é um distúrbio neurológico caracterizado pela destruição neuronal dopaminérgica. Devido à óbvia existência de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) principalmente em sementes de uva, Vitis Vinifera L era mais comumente usado em doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel das proantocianidinas do extrato de semente de uva exibindo efeitos neurocitoprotetores contra a citotoxicidade induzida por 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) em células PC12, prevenindo a depleção do conteúdo de GSH e reduzindo os níveis de nitrito e malondialdeído. As células foram pré-tratadas com proantocianidinas (100 µg / ml) e subsequentemente expostas a 6-OHDA a 50% da concentração letal. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a resposta ao PA em células PC12 aumentou significativamente a viabilidade celular, diminuiu a citotoxicidade. A atividade de apoptose induzida por OHDA foi determinada por citometria de fluxo usando anexina v e caspase-3 clivada e expressão de caspase-7 foram analisadas por western blot. Além disso, medimos marcadores de estresse oxidativo, como; Níveis de MDA, GSH e nitrito em células PC12. As proantocianidinas preveniram a citotoxicidade induzida por 6-OHDA, preveniram a depleção do conteúdo de GSH e reduziram os níveis de nitrito e malondialdeído. Além disso, as proantocianidinas atenuaram a redução induzida por 6-OHDA das proteínas caspase-3 e caspase-7 clivadas. Esses resultados sugerem que as proantocianidinas protegem as células PC12 contra a neurotoxicidade induzida pela 6-OHDA por meio da atividade antioxidante e apoptótica.
La omisión teórica en la interpretación de los resultados de las investigaciones científicas
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de las Fuerzas Armadas, Morales Valera Alí Antonio
Published: September 2021

The present essay finds to show the way in which theories are omitted in the interpretation of results of some scientific investigations, be for papers, degree works or thesis. Theoretical importance was observed independently of the research approach and cases of omission were reviewed of their own accord, as well as those that occur due to ignorance or little methodological and scientific knowledge. To avoid this inconvenience, it was mentioned as a suggestion to increase the space given to the interpretation of results in the methodology texts, as well as the greater attention to this aspect in the methodology subjects taught in higher education institutions. Keywords: theory, theoretical framework, research, methodology, interpretation of results.
Autoestima y violencia doméstica: intervención psicoterapéutica
Authors:   Instituto Superior Tecnológico Central Técnico, Villamarín Rodríguez Mayra del Rosario , García Pazmiño Mercedes Angélica ,   Universidad Central del Ecuador
Published: September 2021

Self-esteem is trusting in oneself and one's own abilities to face the challenges of life and reach self-realization. On the other hand, domestic violence is an aggression of a physical, psychological, social, patrimonial or sexual type that affects the self-esteem and mental health of the victim, leading to a state of defenselessness and psychosocial imbalance. In this state of vulnerability, the group psychotherapeutic intervention, allows to recognize the problem in an atmosphere of solidarity and cooperation, develops assertive behaviors and affective social skills. Objective: To relate the effectiveness of group therapy in the improvement of self-esteem in women victims of domestic violence. Quantitative, correlational approach; design of longitudinal pre-experimental cutting. Through the application of the Coopersmith scale and satisfaction with the treatment received in a non-probabilistic sample of 16 women in domestic violence status of the Comprehensive Care Center. Initial registration of the low and medium self-esteem level (7:10). After the intervention 8:10 women raised their self-esteem; 7:10 showed a high level of satisfaction with the treatment received. The hypothesis proved a positive correlation between variables. Intervened women gained self-assessment and assertiveness in the management of interpersonal relationships. Key words: self-esteem, domestic violence, psychotherapeutic intervention, group therapy
Aproximación a mecanismos digitales en amazonía ecuatoriana partiendo de muestreo en la Universidad Estatal Amazónica
Authors:   Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Ojeda William
Published: September 2021

It reflects on new mechanisms of consumption and access to information used by young people, taking as a starting point the result of the study conducted among undergraduate students, second semester of 2018 at the Amazonian State University, Ecuador, which shows a clear shift from conventional media, through new digital instruments on the rise, a situation that poses new mechanisms, languages and information consumption habits. The objective is to identify young people's interest in certain information and the mechanisms through which they access it. The scope of the study is limited because it is restricted to the Amazon region, and specifically to the group of students who entered the period and institution indicated above. The methodological approach is two-dimensional, since a documentary work is developed in order to evaluate the different theoretical approaches related to founding reflections and the most recent contributions in the field of communication within the framework of the globalization process. An experimental phase is also carried out by means of a sample survey. Among the results of the analysis, note is taken of the redimensioning of interpersonal relations promoted by the digital era of this time, when new procedures that force the resemantization and re-signification of concepts and messages hit the scene; with a redimensioning of the public space of encounter in social interrelations, where the transitory emerges as an essential characteristic of a new public square of socialization, but now virtual, as a public sphere of passage that gradually becomes an ordinary stage. It is concluded that there is a majority inclination among young people starting university studies in Ecuador, specifically in the Amazon region, to inform themselves about events they consider relevant through the Internet and digital platforms, to the detriment of conventional information media that have been gradually displaced from attention. KEYWORDS: communication, digital networks, public square, conventional media.
Derechos de las personas con discapacidad hacia la inclusión sociolaboral. Visión Ecuador y Venezuela
Authors:   Universidad Central del Ecuador, Romero Chico Rosa Angélica , Pascucci Stelluto Dante Pino ,   Universidad de Los Andes
Published: September 2021

The revision of the Constitutions of the Republics of Ecuador and Venezuela, the Organic Law on Disabilities in Ecuador in force as of September 25, 2012 and the Law for Persons with Disabilities in Venezuela in force as of January 5, 2007, are developed based on a comparative analysis of the rights of persons with disabilities. The objective of this research is to analyze what is the formal legal treatment that promotes public policies on people with disabilities, in order to protect, include, and develop a shared responsibility between the individual, the family, the work, society and the State. The methods used are deductive and comparative; the technique is legal hermeneutics, to interpret the texts. The opportunity is identified for improvement in the determination of the degrees of disability, the controlled implementation of public policies and that these policies are based on updated data. Keywords: inclusion, disability law, law, public policy.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PARACETAMOL, ACECLOFENAC AND TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM BY RP-HPLC METHOD
Authors:   School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore - 452 001, M.P. India, Sharma Rajesh , Sharma Mukesh C. , Vijaywargiya Gaurav
Published: September 2021

Chromatographic separation of paracetamol, aceclofenac and tramadol hydrochloride was performed on a Chromatopak C-18 column (25 cm x 4.6mm i.d. x 5µm) as stationary phase with a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer pH 7.0: acetonitrile (65:35 V/V), pH 7.0 (adjusted with triethylamine) at flow rate of 1mL/min. Detection was carried out at 265 nm. The retention times of paracetamol, aceclofenac and Tramadol hydrochloride were found to be 2.7, 4.5 and 6.0 min, respectively. The proposed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ. The method was found to be accurate, precise, specific, robust, and linear for the determination of paracetamol, aceclofenac and tramadol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form.
APPLICATION OF LIQUISOLID TECHNIQUE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF DISSOLUTION OF WATER INSOLUBLE DRUG CHOLECALCIFEROL
Authors:   Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi - 838 5215, India, Handa Preha , Shinde Nagoji , Sivabalan Bhagvati , Varma Akhilesh , Pathak Mehul , Singh Sandeep , Varma P. R. P. ,   Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited, Dholka, Ahmedabad - 382 225, India
Published: September 2021

The issue of low solubility and bioavailability poses a significant challenge for most of the drug candidates for oral delivery. Liquisolid, a recently evolved technique for dissolution enhancement, can dodge these barriers. The purpose of this research was to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drug cholecalciferol by liquisolid technique. The cholecalciferol’s solubility studies were performed in a mixture of Polysorbate 80 and PEG 400 in different ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3, and 3:1). Maximum solubility was observed in a 1:2 ratio. There were changes in the X-ray diffractogram and shifting of the endothermic peak in DSC from 85oC to 146oC, which indicated the drug’s conversion into an amorphous form. The liquisolid form was adsorbed on the carrier material and compressed. The optimization was done by using Plackett Burman Design with Design-Expert software. It was observed that the drugs release profile of the optimized formulation was better than the generic product and was comparable to Divisun tablets 2000 I.U (Innovator).
COLOCASIA ESCULENTA STARCH: NOVEL ALTERNATIVE DISINTEGRANT FOR PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION
Authors: Kandekar Ujjwala Y. , Tapkir Mayuri H. , Bhalerao Priyanka H. , Rukhe Nikita B. , Kad Shubhada K. ,   JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy and research, Tathwade, Pune- 411 033, Maharashtra, India,   PES’s Modern College of Pharmacy (For Ladies), Moshi, Pune- 412 105, Maharashtra, India
Published: September 2021

Oral drug delivery system has always been the most prevalent route of administration and continuous efforts are made to improve the drug delivery by this route. Tablets are one of the most extensively used dosage forms and various excipients have been developed for their formulation. The purpose of the current research work was to isolate and study the physicochemical properties of the Colocasia esculenta starch and further compare its disintegration ability with maize starch. Starch was isolated from C. esculenta corms by aqueous extraction method and possesses characteristics that are typical of starches. It was further evaluated for the presence of other foreign matter and phytoconstituents. Results showed that the isolated sample was free from foreign organic matter and the total ash value was found to be 0.4%. Tablets were prepared by the wet granulation method by varying concentrations in the range of 2.5 to 10% w/w for both the starches. Pre and post-compression parameters were studied and were found to be within the pharmacopoeial limits. Disintegration tests showed that disintegration time decreases with increasing concentration of both the starches. At 10% w/w concentration, disintegration time was found to be lowest, hence it was selected as an optimized formulation Stability studies were performed on F4 batch and it was found to be stable. The determination of disintegration efficiency indicates that C. esculenta starch exhibits disintegrating potential.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Communication Strategies for Achieving Millennium Development Goals in Zambia
Authors: Matafwali Muleba , Makungu Kenny
Published: September 2021

According to various reports by the UN and other organizations, Africa is facing big challenges in achieving the world's anti-poverty Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This prompted a study by Muleba Matafwali (2010) which aimed at enhancing the understanding that communication plays a very critical role in the quest to attain development in Zambia. Key findings were that Twenty-Five point Five percent (25.5%) of the respondents indicated that television and radio documentaries were the most useful tool sources of information on MDGs for them. Forty-Three point Six percent (43.6%) indicated that community education on MDGs should be intensified. A total of 16.4% of respondents indicated that radio and television programmes should be prioritized in an effort to accelerate the achievement of MDGs. The findings also revealed that MDG experts and politicians make up 19.1% and 18.2% respectively of people who were good sources of information for them. A total of 126 people were sampled for the study. In the conclusion, the study noted that all key players in the MDG campaign were making significant efforts to reach the wider public with the MDG message. However there was need to accelerate these efforts in order to reach the wider population. The study recommended that MDG campaigners should use more inexpensive communication methods such as folk media alongside conversional means of communication such as radio.
Factors Affecting Academic Performance of In-Service Students in Science Education: A Case of The University of Zambia
Authors: Chilufya Foster , Ndhlovu Daniel
Published: September 2021

The study sought to determine factors that affected academic performance of in-service students in Science Education Degree Programme at the University of Zambia. The study was motivated by the knowledge gap as to why it was common in Science Education at the University of Zambia for both school leavers and in-service students to be excluded from school, repeat courses or change to non-science programmes due to poor academic performance. In order to have in-depth understanding of the phenomenon being studied, a case study design was used. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to collect data from 88 respondents. Simple random and purposive sampling procedures were used to select the study sample. 80 students were selected by simple random sampling procedure. This procedure was used in order to allow all the students to have an equal chance to be selected for the sample. Purposive sampling procedure was used in order to select the lecturers and tutors. The procedure was used to select the lecturers and tutors because they were the only ones with adequate knowledge about Science Education Degree programme at the level of lecturers which the researchers were inquiring. The study findings showed that several factors adversely affected academic performance of the in-service students who were studying Science Education Degree programme at the University of Zambia. These included; inadequate supportive lecturer-student relationship, combining Science with Mathematics in one programme, dilapidated classroom infrastructure especially the laboratories, too much content in the curriculum of which some was considered irrelevant to what was taught in schools, personal life problems and responsibilities, pace at which material were being delivered in class was too fast for them, poor attendance to lectures and laboratories by students themselves. In addition, students were stressed by their own poor academic performance and they had difficult to comprehend advanced concepts in Mathematics. Based on these findings, the study recommended that (1) the school of Education should introduce a programme in Science Education specifically for student training to be teachers of science, (2) review its current curriculum so that its content relates with what is taught in schools, (3) in order to support the students who felt the pace of delivery was too fast for them, there was need to encourage group discussion among them,(4) the school should provide a conducive learning environment by preparing classroom infrastructure and providing adequate learning materials.
Determinan Kegagalan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif Pada Ibu Rumah Tangga Di Kecamatan Marga
Authors: Friska Armynia Subratha Hesteria
Published: September 2021

Latar belakang dan Tujuan: (WHO) merekomendasikan pemberian ASI eksklusif selama 4-6 bulan. Namun, pada tahun 2001, melalui telaah artikel penelitian secara sistematik dan berkonsultasi dengan para pakar, WHO merevisi rekomendasi ASI eksklusif tersebut dari 4-6 bulan menjadi 6 bulan. Hasil telaah artikel tersebut menyimpulkan bahwa bayi yang disusui secara eksklusif sampai 6 bulan umumnya lebih sedikit menderita penyakit gastrointestinal, dan lebih sedikit mengalami gangguan pertumbuhan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menjadi penyebab kegagalan ibu rumah tangga dalam memberikan eksklusif pada bayinya di Kecamatan Marga.

Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada ibu rumah tangga yang tidak memberikan ASI eksklusif pada anaknya. Penelitian  menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam kepada 16  informan, dan diambil dengan cara purposive yang terdiri dari ibu rumah tangga, suami dan keluarga. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode tematik.

Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan beberapa faktor yang menjadi penyebab kegagalan ASI Eksklusif pada balita usia 6 bulan seperti faktor predisposisi (pengetahuan, pendidikan, kepercayaan, usia dan pendapatan keluarga), faktor pemungkin (cara lahir, IMD, rooming in, kondisi bayi, kondisi ibu dan paritas ibu) dan faktor penghambat (kondisi ibu, waktu, psikologis ibu, kurangnya dukungan keluarga dan tenaga kesehatan). Ketiga faktor tersebutlah yang menjadi alasan ibu rumah tangga tidak bisa memberikan ASI Eksklusif pada anaknya.

Simpulan: Ada beberapa faktor yang menjadi penyebab kegagalan pemberian ASI Ekslusif seperti  faktor predisposisi, faktor pemungkin serta penghambat. Sehingga diperlukan adanya edukasi dan pendekatan dari keluarga dan tenaga kesehatan supaya semua ibu rumah tangga mau memberikan ASI Eksklusif.
Gambaran Pengetahuan Remaja Tentang Program GenRe Di SMP Negeri 2 Penebel
Authors: Ariyanti Kadek Sri , Peratiwi Ni Made Indra
Published: September 2021

Latar Belakang : Program GenRe adalah suatu program untuk memfasilitasi terwujudnya  tegar  remaja,  yaitu  remaja yang berperilaku  sehat,  terhindar  dari risiko Triad KRR, menunda usia pernikahan, mempunyai perencanaan kehidupan berkeluarga untuk mewujudkan   keluarga   kecil  bahagia sejahtera. Pentingnya dilakukan penelitian tentang program GenRe agar dapat membantu pemerintah dalam menjalankan program kerja untuk menurunkan angka kejadian pernikahan dini, narkoba dan sek bebas.

Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan remaja tentang program GenRe di SMP Negeri 2 Penebel.

Metode : Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMP Negeri 2 Penebel, pada bulan agustus 2020 dengan Jumlah sample sebanyak 75 siswa yang di ambil secara random. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner yang diberikan secara online dengan item pertanyaan 15 soal dan analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat.

Hasil dan simpulan : gambaran pengetahuan remaja tentang program GenRe di SMP Negeri 2 Penebel sebagian besar dalam katagori baik yaitu 62 responden sebanyak (82,7%).

Kesimpulan : Gambaran pengetahuan remaja tentang program GenRe sebagian besar dalam kategori baik.
Gambaran Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Pijat Bayi Di Desa Dajan Peken Tabanan
Authors: Mita Pemayun Cokorda Istri , Winangsih Rini
Published: September 2021

Abstract - is the oldest and most popular touch therapy. Lack of stimulation given to babies adds to the delay in baby development. This baby massage needs to be known by a mother because with the touch and eyes when the massage will be able to drain the strength of the relationship between the two. The purpose of this study is to describe the knowledge of mothers about infant massage in the village of Dajan Peken Tabanan. The research methodology used a quantitative descriptive method which was carried out in the village of Dajan Peken Tabanan in September 2020. The sample in this study were 33 mothers who had babies aged 0-12 months and were taken by total sampling. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire sheet. The data analysis technique used univariate analysis. The result of the research is that the knowledge of mothers about baby massage in the village of Dajan Peken Tabanan is mostly in the sufficient category, namely as many as 22 people (66.7%). The conclusion in this study is that the description of the knowledge of mothers about baby massage in the village of Dajan Peken Tabanan is mostly sufficient as many as 22 respondents (66.7%). Therefore, Posyandu cadres together with midwives should provide information or counseling about infant massage to mothers who have babies 0-12 months.
ASSESSMENT OF NURSES MANAGEMENT SKILLS FOR CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
Authors: Ali S , Gillani SA , Afzal M , Parveen K
Published: September 2021

The Nurses usually use physical restraints for maintaining patients’ therapies and devices in a critical ill setting like ICU, like central lines, endotracheal tubes and the arterial lines. It has been found that about up to 78% among the critical ill patients who have been admitted into various types of ICUs and may have a need for applying a physical self-possession due to the alterations found among their levels of the awareness while during their stay at ICU ward. The nurses' attitude, knowledge and their practice for physical self-control played a vital role for nursing care which has to be provided for restrained patients to prevent form complications in ICU. We have conducted our research to assess nurse's attitudes, knowledge and practice regarding their physical self-control among the most critically ill patients in ICU. We have used a descriptive type of design for our study. The number of nurses used for our study was 66 in total who are working at Lahore School of Nursing, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. From our study most of the samples were female, who had a bachelor degree in nursing, with experience of more than 5 years, the aged was ranged between 21-30 years old, along with not attended any of the previous degree or equivalent educational program related with self-control or restraints were under consideration. It was found from our study that majority of samples under study were with reasonable level of nursing knowledge, offensive type of attitude however, around 90.8% out of all nurses showed a satisfactory and moderate type of practice for applications of the physical self-control or restraints for critical ill patients in ICU. It was frond from correlation among the socio-demograhpic characters and nurses` knowledge, the practice and attitude, no significant type of correlation was recorded while among the nurses' age vs knowledge, the practice and attitude, a significant and positive correlation was found while among the nurses’ knowledge, gander and practice was also found a significant correlation along with nurse’s practice and qualification, a significant positive correlation was also among the nurses’ practice score, attitude and experience. It was concluded from our study that, a reasonable level of nurses' improper attitude, knowledge and a satisfactory practice for physical self-control or restraints was found among the critically ill patients in ICU. From our study we have suggested that there must be some proper training programs to teach nurses to develop their knowledge and physical restraints while working in ICU for proper care of patients.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PROBLEMS FACED BY VEGETABLE GROWERS REGARDING POST-HARVEST PRACTICES IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD
Authors: Khan HS , Chaudhry KM , Ashraf I , Usman M , Ejaz R , Khadim MM
Published: September 2021

Vegetables have important role in daily food which have essential nutritionals because they have a significant source of vitamins, sugar and dietary fibre as well as antioxidants. The study was conducted in district Faisalabad. Tehsil Sammundri and Jaranwala were selected purposively, because there are maximum vegetables growers. The population of Jaranwala and Sammundri were 178 and 241 vegetable growers respectively making a total population of 419 according to the list of agricultural extension department. Sample size was 202 by using online software (survey system.com) keeping confidence interval 5% and confidence level 95%. Proportionate sampling was used to select the respondents in these two tehsils. By using proportionate sampling respondents of tehsils named Jaranwala and Sammundri were 86 and 116 respectively. Results show that majority of respondents were falling between 41-60 years age interval, cultivating the vegetables. About one third 31.7% of the respondents were matriculation those farmers having knowledge about education importance and values. Manual washing is method of washing the vegetables by using of clean water this method was ranked 4th, it secured mean value of 3.82. In studied areas mostly farmers were using simple packing including polythene, plastic bags it ranked 6th. About vast majority of 90.1% respondents have been used the simple packing for vegetables it secured mean value of 3.26. In transportation process of vegetables over whelming majority 99% of respondents were using less expensive and easily approach able vehicle that was loader Rikshaw, which ranked 1st as compared to other vehicle which secured a mean value of 4.25. About vast majority 84.2% respondents were facing the problem of middle man involvement in markets. Middle man has most important role between customer and farmers that was observed, it ranked 17th and it secure mean value of 3.25. There was maximum issue of technology was noticed that they had no awareness regarding the machinery. They had faced the issue of markets and middle man commission. Government should pay attention toward infrastructure, markets governance and reduce the commission of middle man by involving the responsible authorities. Government institutes should deliver the proper guideline related to vegetables post-harvest problems to improve the quality and quantity of products.
RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS LEVELS AND APPLICATION METHODS ON THE GROWTH YIELD AND QUALITY OF LINSEED CROP
Authors: Muhammad HF , Ahmad A , Tahir M
Published: September 2021

The effects of five phosphorus levels and two fertilizer application methods on the growth, yield and quality of linseed were evaluated at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Linseed variety ‟Chandni” was grown under triplicate RCBD factorial design following two application methods of fertilizer, including side drilling and broadcast, with different doses of P2O5, i.e. 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha-1,using DAP as a source in sub plots, with net plot size of 5 m × 1.8 m. The data was recorded for different traits and statistically analyzed which showed highly significant results with respect to side drilling method; while, parameters including time to start germination and time taken to 50% germination showed non-significant effect in regard of phosphorus application methods. Broadcasting method of application has showed statistically significant results for mean emergence time, plant population, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield and biological yield as well. Among different phosphorus levels, phosphorus applied @ 60 kgha-1 significantly affected maximum to start germination, mean emergence time, plant height, number of capsule per plant, number of seeds per capsule, biological yield and seed protein content; while, plant population, 1000-seed weight, seed oil content were significantly affected by the phosphorus applied @ 40 kgha-1. Among the interaction effect between application method and different phosphorus levels, phosphorus applied @ 60 kgha-1 through the method of side drilling significantly affected the time to start germination, mean emergence time, plant height, biological yield and seed protein content. It was concluded from our study that the application method of side drilling and level of phosphorus when applied @ 60 kgha-1 significantly affected on growth, yield and quality of linseed.
CONSERVATION OF AN ENDANGERED CARNIVOROUS FISH RITA RITA THROUGH INDUCED BREEDING
Authors: Hayat S , Ramzan M , Zafarullaf M , Ahmad I , Ali Q , Malik A
Published: September 2021

In present study the Effects of different doses of ovaprim on induced spawning activities of Rita rita were observed with an aim to standardize the dose of ovaprim for successful breeding. In the trial experiment, the females of Rita rita were treated with ovaprim at the rate of 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0ml/kg body weight and males of Rita rita in all the cases were treated at the rate of 0.4ml/kg.  The doses of ovaprim at the rates of 0.5, 0.8, 1.0 ml/kg body weight resulted in 0%, 100% and 100% ovulation respectively. In case of injection of ovaprim at the rate of 0.8ml/kg, the fertilization rate was observed to be about 70% and hatching rate was 58%, which occurred within 20-25 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 270C-290C. In case of injection of ovaprim at the rate of 1.0ml/kg, 18% fertilization rate and 5% hatching rate was observed. The doses of ovaprim at the rates of 0.8ml/kg and 0.4ml/kg body weight for female and male Rita rita respectively was found to be satisfactory for overall breeding performance and the commercially successful production of this fish. Hatchlings from over all experiment were reared up to fingerlings size to about 2 month and were finally stocked into the Chashma lake.
RISK ASSESSMENT OF NON-CONVENTIONAL CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS IN ONSET OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II
Authors: Chudhary HRZ , Amin A , Malik MH , Hafeez MM , Rana MA , Malik A
Published: September 2021

The aim of current study is the risk assessment of biochemical variables of medical importance, vitamin D and calcium, in pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus Type II (T2DM) human beings and the risk assessment due to variation of these biochemical variables in diabetic patients. One hundred subjects (n=100) were recruited from different hospitals in Lahore (31.5204° N, 74.3587° E) after taken informed consents individually. This study was approved by the ethical committee of Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore. Subjects were equally divide in two groups; diabetic (case group; n=50) and non-diabetic (control; n=50). Calcium and vitamin D levels were measured by the biochemical laboratory of Hospitals. Finally the data was statistically analyzed by using SPSS software (Version 16). A total of 52 % males and 48 % females were investigated for changes in serum calcium and vitamin D in relation to their biochemical importance in Diabetes Mellitus. Both calcium and vitamin D levels were significantly low in diabetic group (p=0.003 and p=0.001 respectively) as compare to control group. Persons correlation showed calcium and vitamin D were directly proportional to each other (R2= 0.577). Odds ratio showed that the low vitamin D and low Calcium levels were 3.47 and 3.17 time more prevalent in diabetic group as compare to the non- diabetic group. Diabetes Mellitus is an increasing health issue in world causing severe morbidity and mortality. So it is important to investigate the non-conventional risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus. Thus, the current study illuminates the risk assessment of altered levels of vitamin D and calcium, their possible pathogenesis in Diabetes Mellitus. It can be concluded from this study that supplementation of vitamin D and calcium till to the normal physiological limits can help not only lowering the risk of diabetes but may also prevent its progression.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES OF GARLIC CONSTITUENT PHYTOCHEMICALS
Authors: Ashfaq F , Ali Q , Haider MA , Hafeez MM , Malik A
Published: September 2021

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has medicinal value but also an important dietary component for centuries. It belongs to the family of Liliaceae, which is mostly grown and found in Ethiopia and Africa. Ethiopian garlic has been mostly used in traditional medicines. Inhibitory activity of garlic extract has been reported by various researchers for Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphyloccocus aureus, Nocardia asteroids, pseudomonas aeruginosa, actinomyces viscosus, veillonella alcaligens bacterial strains. The garlic paste and lime was used for mouth sore, sore throat and also can be used in toothpaste to prevent dental caries. The present review describes the potential of garlic phytochemicals for the improvement of the immune system against diseases in humans.
BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY OF LAB AND HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS
Authors: Ishaque S , Asrhad A , Haider MA , Fatima F
Published: September 2021

Microbes have the ability to transmit and reproduce. Pathogenic microbes when released and spread in the environment can cause infectious diseases. This release can be natural, accidental, or intentional. Whatever might be the cause of release it can cause devastation and destruction of not just human health but the entire system of the affected region. It is, therefore, very important to handle these microbes with utmost precautions to avoid any such situation. When released either intentionally or accidentally the best response is to limit its transmission by adopting preventive measures. Most of the lab acquired infections (LAIs) are bacterial and viral in nature. Infectious agents having a potential hazard to cause LAIs are bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella spp., yersinia pestis, smallpox, VHF agents, and botulinum. Small doses of these agents can be controlled under BSL2 while dealing with large quantities requires BSL3 practices. Hospital-Acquired infections (HAIs) can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact, droplet transmission, and air. Pathogens encountered causing HAIs are usually bacteria, viruses, and mites. The transfer of pathogenic agents in healthcare personnel can be avoided by treating them with vaccines whenever such a risk is expected. They should also be given PPEs and trained to use them in an effective manner. All the hygiene and sterilization procedures should be strictly followed. The cleansing of surgical instruments and the physical environment in hospitals is also very important to prevent HAIs.
APPLICATIONS OF EPIGENETICS IN FORENSIC INVESTIGATIONS: A BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: Ullah RA , Ali A , Hussain N , Malik A
Published: September 2021

Forensic science is a discipline that has the capacity to be merged with every promise to offer a solution to a criminal investigation to help the legal system. Epigenetics is a branch of genetics that deals with the study of environmental interaction with the genome. The emerging field of forensic epigenetics has a variety of applications in criminal investigations. It provides an addictive tool to solve criminal activity-related issues. In this review, we have showcased the brief use of epigenetics to sort out forensic-related issues and help the legal system. We have briefly taken a snapshot of genetics, epigenetics, and application of epigenetics in forensic science that how it could offer solutions to queries of forensic nature. Also, potential future developments in the field and their probable impact have been anticipated. It has many potential applications which are still to be explored. It complements forensic science at many potential levels.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF SWERTIA CHIRAYITA AND ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM PLANT EXTRACTS
Authors: Afzal A , Aftab B , Siddique J , Babar S , Sohail A , Yasir M , Hanif S
Published: September 2021

The Swertia chirayita and Artemisia absinthium (Afsanteen) plants extracts were evaluated for phytochemicals and their antimicrobial activity against 3 bacteria and 2 fungal strains by using the disc diffusion technique. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids in Swertia chirayita while in Artemisia absinthium only saponins, terpenoids were present. To a very small extent tannins were present in the ethanolic extract of Afsanteen. But both plant extracts gave negative results for the presence of cardiac glycosides. Antibacterial activity of Swertia chirayita and Afsanteen plant extracts were screened against 3 bacterial strains (E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas syringola) and 2 fungal strains (Aspergillus niger and Fusarium Solani). Ampicillin was used as a standard drug for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Results showed that Afsanteen and chirayita extracts showed activity against bacterial strains except for chirayita n-hexane and ethanol extract for Bacillus subtilis and Chirayita n-hexane extract for Pseudomonas syringola. A maximum zone of inhibition was noticed for chirayita ethanol extract against Pseudomonas syringola. But both plant extracts showed zero activity against fungal strains except Chirayita acetone extract against Fusarium solani while chirayita ethanol extract against Aspergillus niger. Both extracts of plants gave concentration-dependent activity. It was concluded that the presence of antimicrobial activity for both plant extracts indicated that is due to the presence of phytochemical compounds.
The diversity and spatial polarisation of own incomes of the Polish gminas
Authors: Kossowski Tomasz M. , Motek Paweł
Published: September 2021

Own incomes are considered one of the most important sources of financing for local governments in Poland. Although own incomes have been the subject of numerous analyses, extensive research focusing on their spatial aspect is rarely conducted. This article aims to identify the changes in the spatial diversification and polarisation of gminas (communes’) own incomes. Data from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland, the National Bank of Poland and the World Bank were used. The analysis covered the years 1995–2019. The study used the global spatial autocorrelation coefficient and the LISA method to identify the process of spatial dependence and to determine the degree of spatial polarisation. The Gini coefficient was applied to assess the level of diversity.
The results of the analysis confirmed that an increasing spatial autocorrelation occurred in the studied period, leading to the spatial polarisation of the Polish gminas in terms of their own incomes. Gminas with a high level of own income formed spatial clusters within large urban agglomerations, in regions where natural resources were exploited, along the western border and the coastal belt. The findings show that the area of these clusters was expanding. On the other hand, low-own-income gminas were located in eastern and south-eastern Poland. The analysis has not confirmed that the dynamics of the gross domestic product or the level of inequality in gminas’ own income per capita had any effect on the changes in the spatial autocorrelation coefficient, nor, consequently, on the process of spatial polarisation.
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings of lung invasive adenocarcinoma subgroups and comparison of their short-term survivals
Authors: Ağaoğlu Şanlı Bahar , İlknur Ulugün Fatma , Karaçam Volkan , Gürel Duygu , Bekiş Recep , Şanlı Aydın , Özdemir Nezih
Published: September 2021

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the maximum standardized uptake values on positron emission tomography/ computed tomography and survival of lung invasive adenocarcinoma subgroups.

Methods: Between January 2010 and January 2016, a total of 152 patients (112 males, 40 females; mean age: 64.2±8.6 years; range, 41 to 88 years) who underwent lung resection for an invasive adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into subgroups as follows: acinar, lepidic, micropapillary, papillary, and solid. The maximum standardized uptake values in the imaging study and their relationship with survival were examined.

Results: There were 84 acinar (55%), 31 solid (20%), 23 lepidic (15%), nine papillary (5%), and five micropapillary (3%) cases. The positron emission tomography/computed tomography enhancement showed a statistically significant difference among the subgroups (p=0.004). The solid subgroup was the most involved (9.76), followed by micropapillary (8.98), acinar (8.06), papillary (5.82), and lepidic (4.23) subgroups, respectively. According to Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging, Stage I was present in 48.68% (n=74) of the cases, Stage II in 25.0% (n=38), Stage III in 25.0% (n=38), and Stage IV in 1.31% (n=2). The one-year, three-year, and five-year survival rates were significantly different among the disease stages (p=0.01). The longest survival duration was in the lepidic subgroup, although it did not reach statistical significance among the subgroups (p=0.587).

Conclusion: The evaluation of invasive adenocarcinomas based on maximum standardized uptake values provides valuable information and may guide neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies in the future.
Surgical results of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary endarterectomy in our recently developed program
Authors: Orhan Gökçen , Kuplay Hüseyin , Selçuk Nehir , Sert Sena , Yıldırımtürk Özlem
Published: September 2021

Background: In this case series, we aimed to present our diagnostic workup, surgical management, and results of the patients who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy.

Methods: In this case series, a total of 26 patients (8 males, 18 females; median age: 58 years; range, 34 to 67 years) who were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team and were diagnosed with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy in our clinic between November 2015 and December 2019 were included. Pulmonary endarterectomy procedure was performed in all cases under cardiopulmonary bypass and total circulatory arrest. The results of the procedures were analyzed retrospectively.

Results: Perioperative complications were observed in seven patients (26.9%) and in-hospital mortality rate caused by perioperative complications was 15.38%. At one-year of postoperative follow-up, the mean systolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 78±22 mmHg to 41±20 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 698±10 dyn·s·cm-5 to 235±10 dyn·s·cm-5, 6-min walk distance increased from 345±10 m to 460±10 m and, arterial oxygen saturation increased from 85±3.5% to 95±4%. New York Heart Association functional class improvement from Class III-IV to Class I-II was observed in most patients, and one-year mortality rate was 19.23%.

Conclusion: We suggest that patients diagnosed chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension should be referred to cardiac surgery centers for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, early before irreversible arteriopathy occurs.
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in-hospital cardiac arrest due to acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Emre Gürcü Mustafa , Külahçıoğlu Şeyhmus , Karaca Baysal Pınar , Fidan Serdar , Doğan Cem , Deniz Acar Rezzan , Erkılınç Atakan , Alıcı Gökhan , Özdemir Nihal , Kırali Kaan
Published: September 2021

Background:The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival and neurological outcomes in in-hospital cardiac arrest patients.

Methods:Between January 2018 and December 2020, a total of 22 patients (17 males, 5 females; mean age: 52.8±9.0 years; range, 32 to 70 years) treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation using veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for in-hospital cardiac arrest after acute coronary syndrome were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups as those weaned (n=13) and non-weaned (n=9) from the veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Demographic data of the patients, heart rhythms at the beginning of conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the angiographic and interventional results, survival and neurological outcomes of the patients before and after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation were recorded.

Results:There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of comorbidity and baseline laboratory test values. The underlying rhythm was ventricular fibrillation in 92% of the patients in the weaned group and there was no cardiac rhythm in 67% of the patients in the non-weaned group (p=0.125). The recovery in the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly evident in the weaned group (36.5±12.7% vs. 21.1±7.4%, respectively; p=0.004). The overall wean rate from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 59.1%; however, the discharge rate from hospital of survivors without any neurological sequelae was 36.4%.

Conclusion:In-hospital cardiac arrest is a critical emergency situation requiring instantly life-saving interventions through conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation. If it fails, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be initiated, regardless the underlying etiology or rhythm disturbances. An effective conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation is mandatory to prevent brain and body hypoperfusion.