bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of monsoon rainfall in response to past and future land use and land cover changes
Authors: Quesada Benjamin , Devaraju Narayanappa , de Noblet‐Ducoudré Nathalie , Arneth Almut
Published: December 2016

Land use and land cover changes (LULCC) can have significant biophysical impacts on regional precipitation, including monsoon rainfall. Using global simulations with and without LULCC from five general circulation models, under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario, we find that future LULCC significantly reduce monsoon precipitation in at least four (out of eight) monsoon regions. While monsoon rainfalls are likely to intensify under future global warming, we estimate that biophysical effects of LULCC substantially weaken future projections of monsoons' rainfall by 9% (Indian region), 12% (East Asian), 32% (South African), and 41% (North African), with an average of ~ 30% for projections across the global monsoon region. A similar strong contribution is found for biophysical effects of past LULCC to monsoon rainfall changes since the preindustrial period. Rather than remote effects, local land‐atmosphere interactions, implying a decrease in evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and clouds along with more anticyclonic conditions, could explain this reduction in monsoon rainfall.
Satellite‐based observations of tsunami‐induced mesosphere airglow perturbations
Authors: Yang Yu‐Ming , Verkhoglyadova Olga , Mlynczak Martin G. , Mannucci Anthony J. , Meng Xing , Langley Richard B. , Hunt Linda A.
Published: December 2016

Tsunami‐induced airglow emission perturbations were retrieved by using space‐based measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broad‐band Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics spacecraft. At and after the time of the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake on 11 March 2011, and the Chile earthquake on 16 September 2015, the spacecraft was performing scans over the Pacific Ocean. Significant (~10% relative to the ambient emission profiles) and coherent nighttime airglow perturbations were observed in the mesosphere following Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broad‐band Emission Radiometry limb scans intercepting tsunami‐induced atmospheric gravity waves. Simulations of emission variations are consistent with the physical characteristics of the disturbances at the locations of the corresponding SABER scans. Airglow observations and model simulations suggest that atmospheric neutral density and temperature perturbations can lead to the observed amplitude variations and multipeak structures in the emission profiles. This is the first time that airglow emission rate perturbations associated with tsunamis have been detected with space‐based measurements.
Phase relations of Fe3C and Fe7C3 up to 185 GPa and 5200 K: Implication for the stability of iron carbide in the Earth's core
Authors: Liu Jin , Lin Jung‐Fu , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Prescher Clemens , Yoshino Takashi
Published: December 2016

We have investigated phase relations and melting behavior of Fe3C and Fe7C3 using X‐ray diffraction in a laser‐heated diamond cell up to 185 GPa and 5200 K. Our results show that the starting Fe3C sample decomposes into a mixture of solid orthorhombic Fe7C3 and hcp‐Fe at above 145 GPa upon laser heating and then transforms into Fe‐C liquid and solid Fe7C3 at temperatures above 3400 K. Using the intensity of the diffuse scattering as a primary criteria for detecting melting, the experimentally derived liquidus for a bulk composition of Fe3C fitted with the Simon‐Glatzel equation is Tm(K) = 1800 × [1 + (Pm − 5.7)/15.10 ± 2.55]1/2.41 ± 0.17 at 24–185 GPa, which is ~500 K higher than the melting curve of iron reported by Anzellini et al. (2013) at Earth's core pressures. The higher melting point and relative stability of Fe7C3 in Fe‐rich Fe‐C system at Earth's core conditions indicate that Fe7C3 could solidify out of the early Earth's molten core to become a constituent of the innermost inner core.
Impact of explosive cyclones on the deep ocean in the North Pacific using an eddy‐resolving ocean general circulation model
Authors: Kuwano‐Yoshida Akira , Sasaki Hideharu , Sasai Yoshikazu
Published: December 2016

The oceanic response to explosive cyclones over the North Pacific in winter is investigated using eddy‐resolving 34 year hindcast simulation of a quasi‐global ocean. Its response appears as a horizontal divergence of the surface layer above 60 m depth and upward flow that reaches 2000 m depth. A case study of a typical explosive cyclone using hourly outputs from January 2011 shows that the explosive cyclone induces horizontal divergence within the surface‐mixed layer and upward flow that reaches 6000 m depths. The flow causes oceanic internal waves and temperature cooling because of the vertical advection in the deep ocean. The interannual variability of explosive cyclone activity in January affects the amplitude of the vertical motion and the daily‐scale temperature variations in the deep ocean.
The volume and mean depth of Earth's lakes
Authors: Cael B. B. , Heathcote A. J. , Seekell D. A.
Published: December 2016

Global lake volume estimates are scarce, highly variable, and poorly documented. We developed a rigorous method for estimating global lake depth and volume based on the Hurst coefficient of Earth's surface, which provides a mechanistic connection between lake area and volume. Volume‐area scaling based on the Hurst coefficient is accurate and consistent when applied to lake data sets spanning diverse regions. We applied these relationships to a global lake area census to estimate global lake volume and depth. The volume of Earth's lakes is 199,000 km3 (95% confidence interval 196,000–202,000 km3). This volume is in the range of historical estimates (166,000–280,000 km3), but the overall mean depth of 41.8 m (95% CI 41.2–42.4 m) is significantly lower than previous estimates (62–151 m). These results highlight and constrain the relative scarcity of lake waters in the hydrosphere and have implications for the role of lakes in global biogeochemical cycles.
Spread in the magnitude of climate model interdecadal global temperature variability traced to disagreements over high‐latitude oceans
Authors: Brown Patrick T. , Li Wenhong , Jiang Jonathan H. , Su Hui
Published: December 2016

Unforced variability in global mean surface air temperature can obscure or exaggerate global warming on interdecadal time scales; thus, understanding both the magnitude and generating mechanisms of such variability is of critical importance for both attribution studies as well as decadal climate prediction. Coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (climate models) simulate a wide range of magnitudes of unforced interdecadal variability in global mean surface air temperature (UITglobal), hampering efforts to quantify the influence of UITglobal on contemporary global temperature trends. Recently, a preliminary consensus has emerged that unforced interdecadal variability in local surface temperatures (UITlocal) over the tropical Pacific Ocean is particularly influential on UITglobal. Therefore, a reasonable hypothesis might be that the large spread in the magnitude of UITglobal across climate models can be explained by the spread in the magnitude of simulated tropical Pacific UITlocal. Here we show that this hypothesis is mostly false. Instead, the spread in the magnitude of UITglobal is linked much more strongly to the spread in the magnitude of UITlocal over high‐latitude regions characterized by significant variability in oceanic convection, sea ice concentration, and energy flux at both the surface and the top of the atmosphere. Thus, efforts to constrain the climate model produced range of UITglobal magnitude would be best served by focusing on the simulation of air‐sea interaction at high latitudes.
Correcting urban bias in large‐scale temperature records in China, 1980–2009
Authors: Wang J. , Tett S. F. B. , Yan Z.
Published: December 2016

Trends in urban fraction around meteorological station were used to quantify the relationship between urban growth and local urban warming rate in temperature records in China. Urban warming rates were estimated by comparing observed temperature trends with those derived from ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. With urban expansion surrounding observing stations, daily minimum temperatures were enhanced, and daily maximum temperatures were slightly reduced. On average, a change in urban fraction from 0% to 100% induces additional warming in daily minimum temperature of +1.7 ± 0.3°C; daily maximum temperature changes due to urbanization are −0.4 ± 0.2°C. Based on this, the regional area‐weighted average trend of urban‐related warming in daily minimum (mean) temperature in eastern China was estimated to be +0.042 ± 0.007 (+0.017 ± 0.003)°C decade−1, representing about 9% (4%) of overall warming trend and reducing the diurnal temperature range by −0.05°C decade−1. No significant relationship was found between background temperature anomalies and the strength of urban warming.
Snow‐(N)AO relationship revisited over the whole twentieth century
Authors: Douville H. , Peings Y. , Saint‐Martin D.
Published: December 2016

Several studies suggest that the Siberian snow cover in fall is a source of predictability of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in winter. Although a plausible dynamical mechanism was proposed, the robustness of this relationship was recently challenged. Here we use two atmospheric reanalyses to revisit the snow‐AO relationship and its modulation across the whole twentieth century. While our results support a stratospheric pathway mechanism, they show that the snow‐AO relationship has only emerged in the 1970s and should be rather analyzed as a contrasted multidecadal behavior of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific North America pattern. They confirm that the quasi‐biennial oscillation is a plausible candidate for the modulation of the snow‐(N)AO relationship across the twentieth century, but they further show that this modulation might be a purely stochastic effect. Therefore, they emphasize the limitations of any empirical prediction of the (N)AO only based on snow and/or sea ice predictors.
Ground deformation and source geometry of the 24 August 2016 Amatrice earthquake (Central Italy) investigated through analytical and numerical modeling of DInSAR measurements and structural‐geological data
Authors: Lavecchia G. , Castaldo R. , de Nardis R. , De Novellis V. , Ferrarini F. , Pepe S. , Brozzetti F. , Solaro G. , Cirillo D. , Bonano M. , Boncio P. , Casu F. , De Luca C. , Lanari R. , Manunta M. , Manzo M. , Pepe A. , Zinno I. , Tizzani P.
Published: December 2016

We investigate the ground deformation and source geometry of the 2016 Amatrice earthquake (Central Italy) by exploiting ALOS2 and Sentinel‐1 coseismic differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) measurements. They reveal two NNW‐SSE striking surface deformation lobes, which could be the effect of two distinct faults or the rupture propagation of a single fault. We examine both cases through a single and a double dislocation planar source. Subsequently, we extend our analysis by applying a 3‐D finite elements approach jointly exploiting DInSAR measurements and an independent, structurally constrained, 3‐D fault model. This model is based on a double fault system including the two northern Gorzano and Redentore‐Vettoretto faults (NGF and RVF) which merge into a single WSW dipping fault surface at the hypocentral depth (8 km). The retrieved best fit coseismic surface deformation pattern well supports the exploited structural model. The maximum displacements occur at 5–7 km depth, reaching 90 cm on the RVF footwall and 80 cm on the NGF hanging wall. The von Mises stress field confirms the retrieved seismogenic scenario.
Self‐formed waterfall plunge pools in homogeneous rock
Authors: Scheingross Joel S. , Lo Daniel Y. , Lamb Michael P.
Published: December 2016

Waterfalls are ubiquitous, and their upstream propagation can set the pace of landscape evolution, yet no experimental studies have examined waterfall plunge pool erosion in homogeneous rock. We performed laboratory experiments, using synthetic foam as a bedrock simulant, to produce self‐formed waterfall plunge pools via particle impact abrasion. Plunge pool vertical incision exceeded lateral erosion by approximately tenfold until pools deepened to the point that the supplied sediment could not be evacuated and deposition armored the pool bedrock floor. Lateral erosion of plunge pool sidewalls continued after sediment deposition, but primarily at the downstream pool wall, which might lead to undermining of the plunge pool lip, sediment evacuation, and continued vertical pool floor incision in natural streams. Undercutting of the upstream pool wall was absent, and our results suggest that vertical drilling of successive plunge pools is a more efficient waterfall retreat mechanism than the classic model of headwall undercutting and collapse in homogeneous rock.
Cassini UVIS observations of Titan ultraviolet airglow intensity dependence with solar zenith angle
Authors: Royer E. M. , Ajello J. M. , Holsclaw G. M. , West R. A. , Esposito L. W. , Bradley E. T.
Published: December 2016

The Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (UVIS) observed the airglow (dayglow and nightglow) of Titan over a range of solar zenith angles (SZA) from 14 to 150° on five separate observations obtained between 2008 and 2012. The modeling of the solar cycle normalized UVIS observations indicates that a Chapman layer function provides a satisfactory fit to the intensity of the EUV and FUV airglow molecular emissions of the N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield band system (LBH
), the Carroll‐Yoshino band system (
), and of several atomic multiplets of nitrogen (NI, II) as a function of SZA. This result shows that the strongest contribution to the Titan dayglow occurs by processes (photoelectrons and photodissociation) involving the solar EUV flux rather than magnetospheric particle precipitation that dominates emission excitation in the nightglow.
Solar wind, F10.7, and geomagnetic activity relationship to the equatorial plasma mass density at geosynchronous orbit
Authors: Veibell V. , Weigel R. S. , Denton R. E.
Published: December 2016

We consider two types of events, identified by decreases in Dst below a threshold value and increases in the equatorial mass density at geosynchronous altitudes, ρeq, above a threshold value using the Takahashi et al. (2010) data set. From the Dst events and 1 day averages, we find that there is a statistically weak and small‐amplitude difference between ρeq on the day of the event and the days before and after. When hourly averages are considered, a significant peak is found to occur 6 h after event onset, and the primary factor that determines the postonset peak amplitude in ρeq is elevated F10.7. In addition, for hourly averages, ρeq following the onset of a Dst event depends on the north‐south component of the interplanetary magnetic field, Bz, after the time of onset, with higher average Bz 4 h after the event onset corresponding to larger ρeq values 7–11 h after onset. From the ρeq events, we find a weak dependence on Bz after the onset of an event, with higher average Bz 4 h after the event onset corresponding to larger ρeq values 24–36 h after onset.
Relation between social information processing and intimate partner violence in dating couples
Authors: Setchell Sarah , Fritz Patti Timmons , Glasgow Jillian
Published: December 2016

We used couple‐level data to predict physical acts of intimate partner violence (IPV) from self‐reported negative emotions and social information‐processing (SIP) abilities among 100 dating couples (n = 200; mean age = 21.45 years). Participants read a series of hypothetical conflict situation vignettes and responded to questionnaires to assess negative emotions and various facets of SIP including attributions for partner behavior, generation of response alternatives, and response selection. We conducted a series of negative binomial mixed‐model regressions based on the actor‐partner interdependence model (APIM; Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006, Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press). There were significant results for the response generation and negative emotion models. Participants who generated fewer coping response alternatives were at greater risk of victimization (actor effect). Women were at greater risk of victimization if they had partners who generated fewer coping response alternatives (sex by partner interaction effect). Generation of less competent coping response alternatives predicted greater risk of perpetration among men, whereas generation of more competent coping response alternatives predicted greater risk of victimization among women (sex by actor interaction effects). Two significant actor by partner interaction effects were found for the negative emotion models. Participants who reported discrepant levels of negative emotions from their partners were at greatest risk of perpetration. Participants who reported high levels of negative emotions were at greatest risk of victimization if they had partners who reported low levels of negative emotions. This research has implications for researchers and clinicians interested in addressing the problem of IPV. Aggr. Behav. 43:329–341, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MnO2 Gatekeeper: An Intelligent and O2‐Evolving Shell for Preventing Premature Release of High Cargo Payload Core, Overcoming Tumor Hypoxia, and Acidic H2O2‐Sensitive MRI
Authors: Ma Zhifang , Jia Xiaodan , Bai Jing , Ruan Yudi , Wang Chao , Li Jianming , Zhang Mengchao , Jiang Xiue
Published: December 2016

Premature leakage of photosensitizer (PS) from nanocarriers significantly reduces the accumulation of PS within a tumor, thereby enhancing nonspecific accumulation in normal tissues, which inevitably leads to a limited efficacy for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the enhanced systematic phototoxicity. Moreover, local hypoxia of the tumor tissue also seriously hinders the PDT. To overcome these limitations, an acidic H2O2‐responsive and O2‐evolving core–shell PDT nanoplatform is developed by using MnO2 shell as a switchable shield to prevent the premature release of loaded PS in core and elevate the O2 concentration within tumor tissue. The inner core SiO2‐methylene blue obtained by co‐condensation has a high PS payload and the outer MnO2 shell shields PS from leaking into blood after intravenous injection until reaching tumor tissue. Moreover, the shell MnO2 simultaneously endows the theranostic nanocomposite with redox activity toward H2O2 in the acidic microenvironment of tumor tissue to generate O2 and thus overcomes the hypoxia of cancer cells. More importantly, the Mn(ΙΙ) ion reduced from Mn(ΙV) is capable of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging selectively in response to overexpressed acidic H2O2. The facile incorporation of the switchable MnO2 shell into one multifunctional diagnostic and therapeutic nanoplatform has great potential for future clinical application.
Effect of Current Collector on Performance of Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Raguzin Ivan , Choudhury Soumyadip , Simon Frank , Stamm Manfred , Ionov Leonid
Published: December 2016

Efficient, scalable energy storage systems such as lithium‐sulfur batteries have become a technological bottleneck for the growing energy demands in automotive sector. To realize the ultimate performance of such batteries, the effect of all structural components of the batteries has to be considered. Nowadays the effect of current collectors appears to be less explored in the battery research field. Therefore, this report draws attention to exploit different current collectors such as, copper, aluminum, platinum, and nickel. It is found that nickel has a profound effect on the performance of the lithium‐sulfur batteries by direct involvement in electrochemical reaction with soluble polysulfides leading to the formation of nickel sulfide. The formation of such unwanted species can be reduced dramatically by silane‐surface modification. Aluminum and platinum, on the other hand, have been found to be the most inert collector toward the cycle performance because of nonreactivity within the potential window.
MoSe2 Nanosheets Grown on Polydopamine‐Derived Porous Fibers: A High‐Performance Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yan Jiajie , Zhang Youfang , Huang Yunpeng , Miao Yue‐E , Liu Tianxi
Published: December 2016

The development of platinum‐free electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is highly essential to the large‐scale production and application of water splitting devices. Herein, a novel type of molybdenum diselenide decorated porous carbon fiber (MoSe2‐PCF) composite has been reported for HER. Notably, the unique mesoporous structure of electrospun polystyrene (PS) fibers is perfectly duplicated via the in situ self‐polymerization of dopamine by using PS fibers as the hard template, while porous carbon fibers are formed after the subsequent thermal annealing of polydopamine‐coated PS fibers. Thus obtained porous carbon fibers exhibit largely improved surface area which could provide highly conductive framework for electron transport, being an ideal substrate for the decoration of MoSe2. With maximally exposed active edge sites from the perpendicularly orientated MoSe2 nanosheets, the MoSe2‐PCF composite exhibits high catalytic activity toward HER, holding great potentials as highly efficient metal‐free electrodes for energy related applications.
Giant Faraday Rotation through Ultrasmall Fe0n Clusters in Superparamagnetic FeO‐SiO2 Vitreous Films
Authors: Nakatsuka Yuko , Pollok Kilian , Wieduwilt Torsten , Langenhorst Falko , Schmidt Markus A. , Fujita Koji , Murai Shunsuke , Tanaka Katsuhisa , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: December 2016

Magnetooptical (MO) glasses and, in particular, Faraday rotators are becoming key components in lasers and optical information processing, light switching, coding, filtering, and sensing. The common design of such Faraday rotator materials follows a simple path: high Faraday rotation is achieved by maximizing the concentration of paramagnetic ion species in a given matrix material. However, this approach has reached its limits in terms of MO performance; hence, glass‐based materials can presently not be used efficiently in thin film MO applications. Here, a novel strategy which overcomes this limitation is demonstrated. Using vitreous films of xFeO·(100 − x)SiO2, unusually large Faraday rotation has been obtained, beating the performance of any other glassy material by up to two orders of magnitude. It is shown that this is due to the incorporation of small, ferromagnetic clusters of atomic iron which are generated in line during laser deposition and rapid condensation of the thin film, generating superparamagnetism. The size of these clusters underbids the present record of metallic Fe incorporation and experimental verification in glass matrices.
The Hartree‐Fock method: from self‐consistency to correct symmetry
Authors: Martinez Jean‐Philippe
Published: December 2016

The Hartree‐Fock method, one of the first applications of the new quantum mechanics in the frame of the many‐body problem, is a good example of the attempts of many physicists to adapt their work on the old Bohr theory to new discoveries. It also shows the necessity to enlarge the theoretical foundations given by Schrödinger and Heisenberg. The present work illustrates the challenges of the many‐body problem in the new quantum mechanics by evaluating the contributions of both Hartree, who developed a self‐consistent process to calculate the energy of an atom, and Fock, who set out the correct theoretical foundations of the method.
Untersuchung von intrinsisch unstrukturierten Proteinen mithilfe des Austausches mit hyperpolarisiertem Wasser
Authors: Kurzbach Dennis , Canet Estel , Flamm Andrea G. , Jhajharia Aditya , Weber Emmanuelle M. M. , Konrat Robert , Bodenhausen Geoffrey
Published: December 2016

Hyperpolarisiertes Wasser kann NMR‐Signale schnell austauschender Protonen des intrinsisch unstrukturierten Proteins Osteopontin (OPN), welches eine Rolle bei Metastasenbildung spielt, bei annähernd physiologischem pH‐Wert und Temperatur verstärken. Der Transfer der Magnetisierung des hyperpolarisierten Wassers beschränkt sich auf lösungsmittelexponierte Aminosäuren und verstärkt deshalb nur selektiv bestimmte Signale in (1H,15N‐)Korrelationsspektren. Die Bindung des Polysaccharids Heparin induziert die Entfaltung vorgeformter Strukturelemente von OPN.
Atomically Dispersed Iron–Nitrogen Species as Electrocatalysts for Bifunctional Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Reactions
Authors: Chen Pengzuo , Zhou Tianpei , Xing Lili , Xu Kun , Tong Yun , Xie Hui , Zhang Lidong , Yan Wensheng , Chu Wangsheng , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: December 2016

Rational design of non‐noble materials as highly efficient, economical, and durable bifunctional catalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction reactions (OER/ORR) is currently a critical obstacle for rechargeable metal‐air batteries. A new route involving S was developed to achieve atomic dispersion of Fe‐Nx species on N and S co‐decorated hierarchical carbon layers, resulting in single‐atom bifunctional OER/ORR catalysts for the first time. The abundant atomically dispersed Fe‐Nx species are highly catalytically active, the hierarchical structure offers more opportunities for active sites, and the electrical conductivity is greatly improved. The obtained electrocatalyst exhibits higher limiting current density and a more positive half‐wave potential for ORR, as well as a lower overpotential for OER under alkaline conditions. Moreover, a rechargeable Zn–air battery device comprising this hybrid catalyst shows superior performance compared to Pt/C catalyst. This work will open a new avenue to design advanced bifunctional catalysts for reversible energy storage and conversion devices.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C7‐Olefination of Indazoles Using an N‐Amide Directing Group
Authors: Guo Lei , Chen Yanyu , Zhang Rong , Peng Qiujun , Xu Lanting , Pan Xianhua
Published: December 2016

A rhodium‐catalyzed regioselective C−H olefination of indazole is described. This protocol relies on the use of an efficient and removable N,N‐diisopropylcarbamoyl directing group, which offers facile access to C7‐olefinated indazoles with high regioselectivity, ample substrate scope and broad functional group tolerance.
Non‐centrosymmetric Selenides AZn4In5Se12 (A=Rb, Cs): Synthesis, Characterization and Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Lin Hua , Zheng Yu‐Jun , Hu Xiao‐Ning , Chen Hong , Yu Ju‐Song , Wu Li‐Ming
Published: December 2016

Two new non‐centrosymmetric polar quaternary selenides, namely, RbZn4In5Se12 and CsZn4In5Se12, have been synthesized and structurally characterized. They exhibit a 3D diamond‐like framework (DLF) consisting of corner‐shared MSe4 (M=Zn/In) tetrahedra, in which the A+ ions are located. Both compounds are thermally stable up to 1300 K and exhibit large transmittance in the infrared region (0.65–25 μm) with measured optical band gaps of 2.06 eV for RbZn4In5Se12 and 2.11 eV for CsZn4In5Se12. Inspiringly, they exhibit a good balance between strong second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency (3.9 and 3.5×AgGaS2) and high laser‐induced damage thresholds (13.0×AgGaS2). Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) methods confirm that such strong SHG responses originate from the 3D DLF structure.
Results of Belgian quality control framework for cavity wall insulation
Authors: Janssens Arnold , Delghust Marc , Van Den Bossche Nathan
Published: December 2016

Since 2012 a quality control system is in operation in Belgium to provide confidence in the quality of the works of cavity wall insulation in existing walls. When the works are in line with the quality framework, the installer may provide a declaration of conformity to the client, which he can use to receive subsidies or for energy performance certification.

A field study was performed to analyze the relationship between the information provided by installers in the declaration of conformity, the results of the conformity checks performed by the certification organization and the effective cavity wall performance measured on site.

Ergebnisse der Belgischen Qualitätskontrolle für die nachträgliche Wärmedämmung von Hohlwänden. Seit 2012 ist in Belgien ein System zur Qualitätskontrolle in Betrieb, das Vertrauen in die nachträgliche Wärmedämmung bestehender Wände schaffen soll. Wenn die Arbeiten im Einklang mit dem Qualitätsrahmen erbracht wurden, kann der Ausführungsbetrieb dem Kunden eine Konformitätserklärung ausstellen, die dieser für die Zuteilung von Zuschüssen und für die Ausstellung eines Energieausweises nutzen kann. Es wurde eine Feldstudie durchgeführt, um die Angaben in den Konformitätserklärungen der Ausführungsbetriebe mit den Ergebnissen der Konformitätsprüfung durch die Zertifizierungsgesellschaft und mit den vor Ort gemessenen effektiven Dämmwerten zu vergleichen.
A new procedure for selecting moisture reference years for hygrothermal simulations
Authors: Zhou Xiaohai , Derome Dominique , Carmeliet Jan
Published: December 2016

Hygrothermal models allow designers to evaluate the hygrothermal performance of building envelopes. However, hygrothermal modeling needs the input of the external climate loading, a moisture reference year, to evaluate moisture damage risk of building envelope. In this paper, a new procedure is proposed for selecting moisture reference years. A metric, called Climatic Index, combining wind‐driven rain load and potential evaporation is developed in this study. Climatic Indices over 30 years are determined for a wall envelope located in Zurich, Switzerland. The hygrothermal performance of the wall envelope and its moisture damage risk are simulated and evaluated using a hygrothermal risk indicator, called the RHT Index. A clear correlation between Climatic Index and RHT Index is found for the specific moisture damage considered, mold growth. The selection procedure combines a first selection of three years around the 10 % level criterion based on the Climatic Index, followed by a careful comparison of different years based on RHT Index and a final selection of the year with the largest RHT Index as moisture reference year. The combination of Climatic Index and RHT Index allows for the selection of moisture reference years with known level of damage risk.

Ein neues Verfahren zur Auswahl von Feuchte‐Referenzjahren für hygrothermische Simulationen. Hygrothermische Modelle ermöglichen es Planern, die hygrothermischen Eigenschaften der Gebäudehülle zu bewerten. Zur Bewertung des Risikos von Feuchteschäden sind für die hygrothermische Modellierung Daten zur äußeren klimatischen Belastung erforderlich, und zwar in Form eines Feuchte‐Referenzjahres. Der vorliegende Beitrag schlägt ein neues Verfahren zur Auswahl von Feuchte‐Referenzjahren vor. In der Studie wird eine Maßzahl namens “Klimatischer Index” entwickelt, die windbasierte Regenlast und potenzielle Verdunstung kombiniert. Klimatische Indexwerte für 30 Jahre werden für eine Außenwand in Zürich (Schweiz) bestimmt. Das hygrothermische Verhalten der Außenwand sowie ihr Risiko von Feuchteschäden werden simuliert und bewertet anhand eines hygrothermischen Risikoindikators, genannt RHT‐Index. Für die hier speziell betrachtete Art von Feuchteschäden, den Schimmelbefall, wird ein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zwischen Klimatischem Index und RHT‐Index ermittelt. Das Verfahren umfasst eine erste Auswahl von drei Jahren basierend auf einem 10%‐Kriterium und dem Klimatischen Index, dem dann ein sorgfältiger Vergleich verschiedener Jahre auf Grundlage des RHT‐Index folgt und schließlich die Auswahl jenes Jahres mit dem höchsten RHT‐Index als Feuchte‐Referenzjahr. Die Kombination von Klimatischem Index und RHT‐Index ermöglicht die Auswahl von Feuchte‐Referenzjahren mit bekanntem Schadensrisiko.
Genome analysis of a hyper acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) producing Clostridium acetobutylicum BKM19
Authors: Cho Changhee , Choe Donghui , Jang Yu‐Sin , Kim Kyung‐Jin , Kim Won Jun , Cho Byung‐Kwan , Papoutsakis E. Terry , Bennett George N. , Seung Do Young , Lee Sang Yup
Published: December 2016

Previously the development of a hyper acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) producing Clostridium acetobutylicum BKM19 strain capable of producing 30.5% more total solvent by random mutagenesis of its parental strain PJC4BK, which is a buk mutant C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 strain is reported. Here, BKM19 and PJC4BK strains are re‐sequenced by a high‐throughput sequencing technique to understand the mutations responsible for enhanced solvent production. In comparison with the C. acetobutylicum PJC4BK, 13 single nucleotide variants (SNVs), one deletion and one back mutation SNV are identified in the C. acetobutylicum BKM19 genome. Except for one SNV found in the megaplasmid, all mutations are found in the chromosome of BKM19. Among them, a mutation in the thlA gene encoding thiolase is further studied with respect to enzyme activity and butanol production. The mutant thiolase (thlAV5A) is showed a 32% higher activity than that of the wild‐type thiolase (thlAWT). In batch fermentation, butanol production is increased by 26% and 23% when the thlAV5A gene is overexpressed in the wild‐type C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and in its derivative, the thlA‐knockdown TKW‐A strain, respectively. Based on structural analysis, the mutation in thiolase does not have a direct effect on the regulatory determinant region (RDR). However, the mutation at the 5th residue seems to influence the stability of the RDR, and thus, increases the enzymatic activity and enhances solvent production in the BKM19 strain.
Designing easy DNA extraction: Teaching creativity through laboratory practice
Authors: Susantini Endang , Lisdiana Lisa , Isnawati  , Tanzih Al Haq Aushia , Trimulyono Guntur
Published: December 2016

Subject material concerning Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) structure in the format of creativity‐driven laboratory practice offers meaningful learning experience to the students. Therefore, a laboratory practice in which utilizes simple procedures and easy‐safe‐affordable household materials should be promoted to students to develop their creativity. This study aimed to examine whether designing and conducting DNA extraction with household materials could foster students’ creative thinking. We also described how this laboratory practice affected students’ knowledge and views. A total of 47 students participated in this study. These students were grouped and asked to utilize available household materials and modify procedures using hands‐on worksheet. Result showed that this approach encouraged creative thinking as well as improved subject‐related knowledge. Students also demonstrated positive views about content knowledge, social skills, and creative thinking skills. This study implies that extracting DNA with household materials is able to develop content knowledge, social skills, and creative thinking of the students. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(3):216–225, 2017.
Prognostic impact of MutT homolog‐1 expression on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Akiyama Shingo , Saeki Hiroshi , Nakashima Yuichiro , Iimori Makoto , Kitao Hiroyuki , Oki Eiji , Oda Yoshinao , Nakabeppu Yusaku , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: December 2016

MutT homolog‐1 (MTH1) is a pyrophosphatase that acts on oxidized nucleotides and hydrolyzes 8‐oxo‐2’‐deoxyguanosine triphosphate in deoxynucleoside triphosphate pool to prevent its incorporation into nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, result in reduce cytotoxicity in tumor cells. MTH1 is overexpressed in various cancers and is considered as a therapeutic target. Environmental factors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are critical risk factors for the development and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), suggesting that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of ESCC. We examined the expression of MTH1 and the accumulation of 8‐oxo‐2’‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxo‐dG) in 84 patients with ESCC who underwent curative resection without neoadjuvant therapy. MTH1 mRNA level was quantified by performing quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin‐embedded cancer tissues was performed to determine MTH1 protein expression and 8‐oxo‐dG accumulation. MTH1 mRNA expression was higher in cancerous tissues than in the corresponding normal epithelium (P < 0.0001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that high MTH1 expression was significantly associated with deeper tumor invasion and venous invasion, advanced cancer stage, and poor overall survival (P = 0.0021) and disease‐specific survival (P = 0.0013) compared with low MTH1 expression. Furthermore, high MTH1 expression was an independent predictor of poor disease‐specific survival (P = 0.0121). In contrast, 8‐oxo‐dG accumulation was not associated with any clinicopathological factor and poor prognosis. These results suggest that MTH1 overexpression is a predictor of ESCC progression and poor prognosis and that MTH1 can serve as a therapeutic target for treating patients with ESCC.
Surface State and Catalytic Performance of Ceria‐Supported Cobalt Catalysts in the Steam Reforming of Ethanol
Authors: Turczyniak Sylwia , Greluk Magdalena , Słowik Grzegorz , Gac Wojciech , Zafeiratos Spyridon , Machocki Andrzej
Published: December 2016

The effect of the particle size and the addition of a K promoter on the oxidation state of Co/CeO2 was investigated and correlated with selectivity for ethanol steam reforming performed with various H2O/EtOH molar ratios. Spectroscopic studies showed that the oxidation state of the catalyst components depends on the H2O/EtOH molar ratio. Surface oxygen‐containing species (OH and Kδ+−Oδ−) are necessary to achieve a good catalyst selectivity, to decrease the amount of coke deposited and to change the nature of the product from fully dehydrogenated C=C to CHx. Besides the surface concentration of oxygen‐containing species, the catalyst morphology and the location at which oxygen‐containing species are chemisorbed may be equally important to their abundance; the selective ceria‐supported Co catalyst should have well‐dispersed Co particles deposited on a well‐dispersed support.
Zirconia on Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets: Synergistic Catalyst with High Selectivity for H2O2 Electrogeneration
Authors: Carneiro Jussara F. , Paulo Maria J. , Siaj Mohamed , Tavares Ana C. , Lanza Marcos R. V.
Published: December 2016

In situ electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide through the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) represents a potentially greener route for wastewater treatment. However, the development of adequate catalysts following a two‐electron pathway with high selectivity and low overpotential is still of great importance. To address this issue, nanoparticles of zirconium oxide supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets were prepared through a hydrothermal reaction, and the composite catalysts were tested for the ORR in both acid and alkaline media. The presence of zirconium oxides (ZrO2‐x and ZrO2) significantly improved the activity of rGO for the ORR and its selectivity toward H2O2 electrogeneration. Indeed, an increase from 73.7 to 89.5% was obtained in acid solution, and from 72.9 to 83.1% in alkaline medium. The high activity of the composite catalysts is assigned to the synergistic effect between ZrO2‐x and rGO. The highest selectivity for H2O2 electrogeneration was correlated to the presence of ZrO2 phase. In addition, the zirconia‐rGO catalysts are stable and reusable. Therefore, these composites are very promising catalysts to be used in gas diffusion electrodes for advanced oxidation processes.
Die Entdeckung der Mercerisation
Authors: Vogler Herbert
Published: December 2016

In dem bereits teilweise industrialisierten England vollzog sich in der ersten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts der Übergang der Chemie aus der handwerklichen Fertigung zur Wissenschaft. In diese Zeit wurde John Mercer hineingeboren. Als Autodidakt schaffte er den Weg zum Chemiker. Nicht zuletzt wegen zahlreicher Erfindungen erfreute er sich einer hohen Anerkennung. Am bekanntesten wurde Mercer durch die Entdeckung der Mercerisation, in der sein Name weiter lebt.
Nobelpreis für Chemie
Authors: Welter Kira
Published: December 2016

Den Nobelpreis für Chemie 2016 teilen sich Jean‐Pierre Sauvage, J. Fraser Stoddart und Bernard (Ben) Feringa für die Entwicklung von molekularen Maschinen. Die drei Forscher haben Moleküle entworfen, deren Untereinheiten sich auf kontrollierte Weise gegeneinander bewegen lassen, wodurch sie unter bestimmten Bedingungen, beispielsweise bei Zufügen von Energie in Form von Licht, Aufgaben erledigen können. Die Wissenschaftler haben mit Ihrer Arbeit ein ganz neues Forschungsgebiet eröffnet. Die von ihnen beschriebenen Moleküle bilden die Grundlage für die unterschiedlichsten Nanomaschinen – von winzigen Motoren und steuerbaren Aufzügen bis hin zu molekularen Muskeln und Nanoautos. Das Potenzial der kleinen Maschinen ist groß. Man rechnet damit, sie eines Tages in der Nanomedizin oder bei der Herstellung von intelligenten Materialien einsetzen zu können.
Sehen alle Menschen Farben gleich?
Authors: Heller Philipp
Published: December 2016

Können wir sicher sein, dass die Farben, wie wir sie wahrnehmen in gleicher Weise auch von anderen Menschen so gesehen werden? Eher nicht, es gibt abgesehen von ausgesprochenen Farbblindheiten Hinweise, dass Individuen Farben unterschiedlich wahrnehmen.
Big data from small samples: Informatics of next‐generation sequencing in cytopathology
Authors: Roy‐Chowdhuri Sinchita , Roy Somak , Monaco Sara E. , Routbort Mark J. , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: December 2016

The rapid adoption of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) in clinical molecular laboratories has redefined the practice of cytopathology. Instead of simply being used as a diagnostic tool, cytopathology has evolved into a practice providing important genomic information that guides clinical management. The recent emphasis on maximizing limited‐volume cytology samples for ancillary molecular studies, including NGS, requires cytopathologists not only to be more involved in specimen collection and processing techniques but also to be aware of downstream testing and informatics issues. For the integration of molecular informatics into the clinical workflow, it is important to understand the computational components of the NGS workflow by which raw sequence data are transformed into clinically actionable genomic information and to address the challenges of having a robust and sustainable informatics infrastructure for NGS‐based testing in a clinical environment. Adapting to needs ranging from specimen procurement to report delivery is crucial for the optimal utilization of cytology specimens to accommodate requests from clinicians to improve patient care. This review presents a broad overview of the various aspects of informatics in the context of NGS‐based testing of cytology specimens. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:236–244. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Using Dicyanoanthracene Triflates as Superior Precursors: Modifying Properties by Sterically Hindered Aryl Substituents
Authors: Glöcklhofer Florian , Kautny Paul , Fritz Patrick , Stöger Berthold , Fröhlich Johannes
Published: December 2016

The preparation of 9,10‐dicyanoanthracene triflates is reported. Taking advantage of the high reactivity of these precursors in Suzuki coupling reactions, sterically hindered substituents were introduced. The impact of the substituents on the crystallographic and photophysical properties was investigated. The results highlight the usefulness of the new triflate derivatives and the substituents for the development of 9,10‐dicyanoanthracene‐based materials.
Evolution of real structure in Ge‐Si mosaic crystals
Authors: Borisova D. , Abrosimov N.V. , Shcherbachev K. , Klemm V. , Schreiber G. , Heger D. , Juda U. , Bublik V. , Oettel H.
Published: December 2016

The structure and properties of Czochralski (Cz)‐grown Ge1‐xSix mosaic crystals were investigated using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, microprobe analysis, FTIR and transmission electron microscopy. The role of segregation, form of solid‐liquid interface and dislocation generation in the development of mosaic structure were analyzed and used for optimization of growth parameters such as Si concentration and growth rate. The dislocation density estimated experimentally was compared with the calculated data. Composition fluctuations caused by formation of cellular structure at the interface lead to a local lattice misorientation that is one of the reasons for crystal mosaicity. Model of mosaic structure generation in terms of dislocation density and composition variations is presented.
A hypothesis to explain accuracy of wasp resemblances
Authors: Boppré Michael , Vane‐Wright Richard I. , Wickler Wolfgang
Published: December 2016

Mimicry is one of the oldest concepts in biology, but it still presents many puzzles and continues to be widely debated. Simulation of wasps with a yellow‐black abdominal pattern by other insects (commonly called “wasp mimicry”) is traditionally considered a case of resemblance of unprofitable by profitable prey causing educated predators to avoid models and mimics to the advantage of both (Figure 1a). However, as wasps themselves are predators of insects, wasp mimicry can also be seen as a case of resemblance to one's own potential antagonist. We here propose an additional hypothesis to Batesian and Müllerian mimicry (both typically involving selection by learning vertebrate predators; cf. Table 1) that reflects another possible scenario for the evolution of multifold and in particular very accurate resemblances to wasps: an innate, visual inhibition of aggression among look‐alike wasps, based on their social organization and high abundance. We argue that wasp species resembling each other need not only be Müllerian mutualists and that other insects resembling wasps need not only be Batesian mimics, but an innate ability of wasps to recognize each other during hunting is the driver in the evolution of a distinct kind of masquerade, in which model, mimic, and selecting agent belong to one or several species (Figure  1b). Wasp mimics resemble wasps not (only) to be mistaken by educated predators but rather, or in addition, to escape attack from their wasp models. Within a given ecosystem, there will be selection pressures leading to masquerade driven by wasps and/or to mimicry driven by other predators that have to learn to avoid them. Different pressures by guilds of these two types of selective agents could explain the widely differing fidelity with respect to the models in assemblages of yellow jackets and yellow jacket look‐alikes.
Developing Environmental NGO Power for Domestic Battles in a Multilevel Context: Lessons from a Slovenian case
Authors: Rodela Romina , Udovč Andrej , Boström Magnus
Published: December 2016

Many have discussed the crucial role that environmental nongovernmental organizations (ENGOs) have played in the implementation of nature protection policies across European member states. However, there are important differences in the opportunity structures among new and old member states that influence how ENGOs can act and undertake activities. This article seeks to clarify the role of ENGO capacity building within the context of multilevel environmental governance and focuses on a case in which Slovene ENGOs mobilized against the siting of 80 windmills in a natural area suggested for protection under the EU Birds and Habitats Directive. The dispute involved ENGOs seeking to pursue nature protection objectives against state authorities who prioritized green energy infrastructural development. The article analyses the mobilization strategies pursued and the combination of material, cognitive, social and symbolic resources used. The results suggest that these resources had to be mobilized and organized along both horizontal (domestic) and vertical (international) axes, and that this combination appears key in advancing an environmental protection agenda. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment