bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information-Transmission Method for Expressing Short-Term Memory Span as Channel Capacity
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

A general method, including procedural and computational aspects, for expressing short-term memory span as channel capacity is described. The method is then illustrated on an experiment performed to determine the channel capacity for short-term memory storage of decimal digits of two subjects. Curves representing transmitted information as a function of input information are similar in shape to those obtained in information-transmission experiments on absolute judgment.
Prediction of First-Grade Reading Achievement from Performance on Perceptual Tests in Kindergarten
Authors: Warren David H. , Widawski Mel H. , Anooshian Linda J.
Published: September 2011

A battery of 8 tests of visual-auditory integrative and simple perceptual abilities was administered to 100 kindergarteners and 100 first graders. From the pattern of relationships between the perceptual test scores and reading achievement scores for the first graders, predictive formulas were designed to identify kindergarteners who were high risks for reading failure. Reading scores were obtained a year later (in first grade) for the original kindergarteners, and the predictions were evaluated against these reading scores. A substantial success rate was found for the predictions.
Performance of Retarded and Nonretarded Adolescents When Processing Relevant and Irrelevant Information
Authors: Morelan Steve J. , Prehm Herbert J. , Warrick Diane B.
Published: September 2011

The information-processing performance of 12 retarded and 12 nonretarded adolescents was compared. Using reaction time keys each subject classified color words, secondary color words, non-color words, nonsense syllables, and stick figures according to the color of ink in which each stimulus was presented. Reaction time of the nonretarded subjects was significantly faster than that of retarded subjects; color words and secondary color words significantly interfered with processing performance as measured by correct reaction time. The results indicate that the Stroop task interferes with response initiation rather than memory retrieval and that the locus of interference for retarded and nonretarded subjects is equivalent.
Effects of Framed Spectacles and Contact Lenses on Self-Ratings of Facial Attractiveness
Authors: Terry Roger L. , Brady Carol S.
Published: September 2011

15 females with glasses tended to defend against relatively low self-perceptions of attractiveness by de-emphasizing the influence of their eyes on facial beauty.
Attributions of Helpful and Blameworthy Behavior by Black and White Boys and Girls
Authors: Kempler Bernhard , Shatzer Craig
Published: September 2011

60 black and white boys and girls, ages 5, 8 and 11 yr., were shown four pictures depicting conflict, and four pictures depicting cooperation between a black and a white figure. They told stories that included the attribution of helpfulness and blameworthy behavior to one of the two figures. No age trends were found, and helpfulness was not attributed on a racial basis. However, females, particularly white females, blame their own race, while boys do not make racially based blame attributions. The traditional female sex-role of accepting blame in resolving conflict situations may be involved. Methodologically, studies of racial attitudes should concentrate on specific attributions in emotionally arousing situations.
Immediate Proprioceptive Decrement with Hypnotic Anesthesia: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Wallace Benjamin
Published: September 2011

Hypnotic anesthesia induced in a subject's entire arm produced a decrement in proprioceptive abilities as assessed by the inability to locate the nose position with the forefinger of the anesthetized arm. The magnitude of the decrement was positively related to level of hypnotic susceptibility.
Knowledge of Results and Counting of Sequential Light Flashes by Retarded and Intellectually Normal Children
Authors: Thor Donald H. , Drous Juliana
Published: September 2011

12 adolescent retarded boys and 12 younger third-grade boys of equivalent mental age observed sequential flashes of light and made judgments of numerosity. Durations of successive flashes were 300, 500, 700, and 900 msec. in trains of 1 to 15 flashes. Over six daily sessions, subgroups receiving information about accuracy after each trial made fewer errors, and subgroups receiving none made more errors. The linear trend interaction of knowledge of results with IQ was significant, with performance of the nonretarded boys decreasing to the level of the retarded boys in the no-feedback condition. With feedback, the rate of decrease in error over sessions was similar for both levels of IQ. The results indicate a substantial effect of knowledge of results in improving accuracy of counting by retarded and nonretarded children, this effect being relatively greater for the latter group.
Unilateral Control of Bilaterally Symmetrical Movement as Factor in Lateralization of Speech
Authors: Peters Michael
Published: September 2011

A number of bilaterally symmetrical motor patterns, preformed in their basic topography at brainstem levels, are most efficiently guided through unilateral input. This concept is related to the lateralization of speech.
Lateral Organization in Pictures and Aesthetic Preference: IV. Construction with Original vs Mirror-Image Elements
Authors: Swartz Paul , Swartz Shirley
Published: September 2011

Six pictures by Western artists were selected from a group of 10 reproduced as sets of transparent component overlays. For each work university students, 34 women and 16 men, were presented with one set of disassembled overlays, all either in original orientation or all laterally reversed. Their task was to select that assemblage of elements which created the best picture. Subjects' constructions confirmed that in each picture there is a constancy of structure that is independent of lateral organization. This fact coexists with whatever differential effects eliminating a component may achieve as a function of picture orientation. Pictures differ, it is suggested: (a) in the distribution of contributions which individual components make to the organization of the work and (b) in their resistance to fragmentation. Lateral elements in particular are expendable. Susceptibility to fragmentation is greater for mirror-image than original representations.
Report and Validation of a Novel Telephone-Sampling Technique
Authors: Pirot Michael , Penner Ronald S. , Rosenblood Lorne K.
Published: September 2011

This is a report on validity testing of a novel telephone-sampling technique created as a less expensive and less time-consuming survey method. The technique also enables the sampling of both listed and unlisted telephone numbers. Validity coefficients were computed for door-to-door and telephone interview samples of the same population. Chi-square analyses showed that items of the two techniques were similar, suggesting that the telephone-sampling method is valid.
Comparison between Information Rates Generated by Rotary Hand and Arm Movements
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the performance for rotary hand and arm movements in the vertical plane in a target-aiming task. The results show that hand movements produce an information rate of some 11 bits/sec., which is (a) 30% higher than that generated by arm movements at the elbow joint, (b) 134% higher than that generated by arm rotations in the horizontal plane with the elbow free, and (c) twice the rate of linear hand movements. Significant performance differences were noted between individuals ( n = 5).
Curvilinear Relation of Schematizing Test Scores and Their Statistical Treatment
Authors: Levine Brian Evan
Published: September 2011

Constraints are imposed by the curvilinear relation of schematizing test scores, accuracy and lag. These are explored, using the performance of 60 adult subjects, to illustrate the inappropriateness of a discontinuous statistical treatment and the appropriateness of a multiple regression analysis.
Judgments of Historical Architectural Styles
Authors: Breuer Leslie F. , Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 22 Ss each, equally divided by sex, ranked or rated the complexity, preference, pleasingness, and interestingness of 7 pairs of outline drawings of buildings representing different architectural styles. In general, a linear rather than a curvilinear relationship was found between the four measures; the sexes did not differ in their responses to architecture; and the extent to which reactions to the architectural examples differed depended on the task.
Effects of Auditory Deprivation on Cutaneous Sensitivity
Authors: Bross Michael , Zubek John P.
Published: September 2011

Numerous experiments have shown that visual deprivation (darkness) produces cross-modal sensory enhancement effects. Only recently it has been demonstrated that auditory deprivation can produce similar effects. An experiment was conducted where subjects were exposed to a 1-wk. period of auditory deprivation (silence) with measures of their tactual fusion threshold being taken at daily intervals. The experimental subjects showed, relative to a control condition, a lowering of their threshold. The results are discussed in the context of the sensoristatic model, and the latter's capacity to account for these effects.
Effectiveness of Verbal Praise as a Function of Expertise of its Source
Authors: Catano Victor M.
Published: September 2011

Verbal praise was given 40 undergraduates who worked on a mirror-tracing task by an agent taking the role of experimenter, a member of the subject's peer group, or a peer with expertise on the task. Experimenter's praise improved performance most and peer's praise least; the expert peer's praise was intermediate. Verbal praise affected rate of improvement. The improvement in quality of performance was not at the expense of time needed to complete the task.
Information Processing Components of Digit Symbol Performance in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hemsley D. R.
Published: September 2011

The present report is of the relationship between digit symbol performance in schizophrenia and measures derived from a visual choice reaction-time task. The ability to ignore irrelevant visual stimuli was most closely related to digit symbol performance, other measures adding little to the predicted variance.
Validity and Reliability of Two Brief Scales of Educational Attitudes
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Two brief scales of 10 items each were taken from Kerlinger's Education Scale VII, a 30-item scale with considerable empirical evidence of validity. Each brief scale has five items measuring each of two factors: A (Progressive) and B (Traditional) attitudes toward education. Factorial validity and moderate internal consistency reliability were shown for both scales. Form I was shown to have high test-retest reliability and concurrent validity with measures of attitudes toward innovative school practices. Potential uses of the scales were discussed.
Use of the Beery Visual-Motor Integration Test with Partially Sighted Students
Authors: Kraetsch-Heller Gayla
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to determine the difference in performance of partially sighted and sighted students on the Beery Visual-Motor Integration Test. Since this test is only standardized on sighted students, there are no norms for partially sighted students. 60 partially sighted students, ranging in age from 6 to 18 yr., were tested on Beery's Visual-Motor Integration Test. These students did not achieve as well as Beery's norms indicate his sighted population did. The average age of the partially sighted students was 3 yr., 8 mo. below that of Beery's seeing students. Partially sighted students had greater difficulty with certain test items than Beery's normal subjects. A special test which would rank geometric forms by developmental stages seems needed for partially seeing students.
Are Two Hands Better Than One? Assessing Information Acquired from One- and Two-Handed Haptic Exploration of Random Forms
Authors: Butter Eliot J. , Bjorklund David F.
Published: September 2011

15 male undergraduates were presented with 10-sided random forms which they explored visually, or one-handed haptically, or two-handed haptically. Forms were exposed for various durations and subjects were required to draw each form immediately after its removal. The results indicated that 30 sec of one-handed exploration and 20 and 30 sec of two-handed exploration produced performance comparable to just 2 sec. of visual exploration. Two-handed exploration was significantly superior to one-handed exploration only at the 20-sec. exposure duration. These results illustrate the disparity in the information-gathering capabilities between the visual and haptic systems.
Variation of Reinforcement in Performance of a Motor Skill
Authors: Ward J.
Published: September 2011

A simple experimental procedure administered by parents was used to study the effects of variation of reinforcement on performance of a motor skill by a 7-yr.-old retarded male. Owing to hemiplegia this subject had a very restricted range of movement in his left hand. The task required him to use his left hand to place wooden cubes within squares drawn on a paper sheet. Factors varied were type of reinforcer (3 consumables), schedule (continuous, fixed ratio and variable ratio), and frequency of reinforcement. Administration of variable ratio delivery was perceived as an enjoyable game by the subject who produced his best performances under this condition. Functional analyses (mini-experiments) should include type of reinforcer and form of delivery.
Adult's Presence: Effects of an Adult as the Site and the Mediator of Reinforcement
Authors: Boyce Kathleen , Clinton Leroy
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated two variables that may control institutionalized, retarded children's behavior under a schedule of contingent reinforcement for a simple motor response. The distance between the adult and the site at which reinforcers were administered (locus of reinforcement) and the extent to which the adult mediated the dispensement of reinforcers (mediation of reinforcement) were varied. A Setting main effect and a Setting × Time interaction were observed.
Frequency of Eidetic Imagery among Hydrocephalic Children
Authors: Giray Erol F. , Altkin Warren M. , Barclay Allan G.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 75 mentally retarded children, including 14 with arrested hydrocephalus, 39 with other diagnoses of brain damage, and 22 familial cases, was tested for eidetic imagery, in order to clarify the relationship between eidetic imagery and neuropathology. The hypotheses tested were that the frequency of eidetic imagery is higher among hydrocephalics than among other brain-damaged children and higher among hydrocephalics than among familials. The data confirmed the hypotheses and are interpreted as supporting a theory in which particular structural impairments in the visual system may delay neural development and result in a persistence of eidetic imagery.
Age, Sex, and Delay Time as Factors Affecting Reaction to Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Timmons Beverly A. , Boudreau James P.
Published: September 2011

Five groups of 10 males and 10 females each, aged 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 yr., recited a nursery rhyme under normal delay and 113-, 226-, 306-, 403-, and 520-msec delayed auditory-feedback conditions. Speaking rate and disfluency count changes from normal delay to each delayed auditory feedback condition were calculated as indicators of reaction to delayed auditory feedback. Analyses of variance and post hoc comparisons indicated that 5-yr.-olds reacted with greater change in rate at 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback than did older subjects. Five- and 7-yr.-olds were more disfluent at 413- and 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback than were older subjects. Sex differences were found in the 7-, 11-, and 13-yr.-old groups, using speaking rate as a measure of delayed auditory-feedback reaction. No significant sex differences were noted when disfluencies were used as indicators of delayed auditory-feedback reaction.
Effects of Concrete Reward/Cost Contingencies upon Discrimination-Learning Styles of Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Children
Authors: Phillips Sheridan
Published: September 2011

13 kindergarten and 10 prekindergarten children received elaborated instructions and material reward/cost contingencies in discrimination-learning problems containing blank-trial probes. Kindergarteners' performance was superior both to that obtained in a previous study, and to prekindergarteners' performance. Further exploration of task variables and individual differences is suggested.
An Apparatus for Indirect Measurement of Perceived Distance
Authors: Gogel Walter C. , Newton Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Two methods of measuring perceived distance are contrasted. One of these, called a direct method, accepts the observer's direct response to perceived distance as a valid measure of the distance perceived. The other, called an indirect measure, uses the observer's direct response to a perception that is not perceived distance but which has a known relation to perceived distance in order to calculate the distance perceived. There are indications that the direct measure of perceived distance provided by the verbal report sometimes will be modified by cognitive factors. A procedure and apparatus for an indirect measure is suggested which is likely to be free of the cognitive effects found in verbal reports of distance. This apparatus adjusts the distance around which the line-of-sight to the object pivots as the head is moved laterally. The pivot distance at which no apparent motion of the object occurs with head motion is a measure of the perceived distance of the object.
Transcendental Meditation and Fine Perceptual-Motor Skill
Authors: Williams L. R. T. , Herbert P. G.
Published: September 2011

30 college male meditators had a 20-min. meditation followed by a 6-min. waking phase prior to 5-min. continuous practice on the pursuit rotor task. This was followed by a 4-min. rest then a further 2-min. of pursuit rotor practice. A similar group of college males who were non-meditators ( N = 30) followed the same procedures except that instead of meditating they sat quietly for the initial 20-min. period. The expectations that Transcendental Meditation would (a) facilitate learning and performance; (b) cause less within-subject variability; and (c) cause less reactive inhibition, were not upheld by the results. With the exception of performance, which was significantly lower for the meditators, the two groups were no different. Thus, it appears that certain reported physiological and psychological benefits that are attributed to the practice of Transcendental Meditation (such as less anxiety, greater consistency, more awareness, alertness, and attention) are not manifested in the present behavioral test of perceptual-motor function. In fact, in terms of performance, the meditators seemed to be at a disadvantage.
Sex Differences in Carrying Behavior
Authors: Jenni Mary A.
Published: September 2011

Males and females differ in their methods of carrying books. Females wrap one or both arms around their books, which they clasp against the body. Males carry their books in one hand at the side of the body. Sex differences in carrying behavior occur in college students, high school students, and heterogeneous adult populations which include elderly people. These differences are widespread in the United States and are found in college students in other cultures. Both male and female college students are individually consistent in their use of sex-typical carrying methods, but males are much more consistent than females. Although size of load affects the sex-typical book-carrying behavior of some females, it has no effect on males' carrying. Males who carried books atypically for their sex scored differently on psychological tests from those who carried typically. This difference was not found in females. There does not seem to be a simple explanation for the sex differences in book-carrying behavior, but psychological, social and cultural, and various biological factors all appear to be involved.
Factorial Structure of the Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale
Authors: Novack Harry S. , Bonaventura Elisa , Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

The Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale, a pupil-behavior-observation scale for use by classroom teachers in Grades K through 2, has been constructed. The items comprising the scale reflect statements used by teachers to describe learning problems children have in school. The present study was designed to investigate the factorial structure of the scale, to confirm the rationale underlying its construction, and to determine the number and nature of its dimensionality. 16 principal component analyses were performed on each administration of the scale separately for Parts I and II. Part I yielded five factors which accounted for an average of 67.8% of the total variance; Part II yielded four factors for an average of 69.0% of the variance. The authors offer their interpretation of the factors and conclude that the items on the scale appear to reflect the kinds of skills required of children as they progress through the Piagetian perceptual-motor levels to those of higher cognitive operations.
Copulatory Behavior of Pine Voles (Microtus Pinetorum)
Authors: Dewsbury Donald A.
Published: September 2011

7 male and 6 female pine voles, Microtus pinetorum, were observed in a total of 26 tests of copulatory behavior. They displayed a pattern with no lock, intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation possible on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. The first ejaculatory series required approximately 5 min., with a mean of five intromissions and 36 thrusts. Post-ejaculatory intervals following the first series averaged 16 min. and increased in successive series.
“Stranger” Distress: Confirmation of a Developmental Shift in a Longitudinal Sample
Authors: Gaensbauer Theodore J. , Emde Robert N. , Campos Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

Whether infants normally develop distress to a stranger in the second half year of life is an important and apparently unresolved question in view of recent criticisms of prior research. To answer the question whether there is a developmental shift in infants' reactions to a standardized approach by a stranger, a longitudinal study was carried out of 14 infants tested during monthly home visits from months 4 through 12. Films of facial expressions were rated to establish the presence and absence of distress. Positive as well as negative facial expressions were recorded, and attention was given to details of behavioral reactions rather than to pooled indices of behavior. All infants tested showed distress at some point in the first year with a mean age of onset of 8 months. Distress tended to persist on subsequent testings. The developmental course of the infants' reactions involved two opposite functions: a decline in positive responding and an increase in negative responding in association with the stranger's approach during the second half of the first year. Thus, we concluded that a developmental shift was found, and, in conjunction with other recent work contrasting reactions to mothers, the shift was interpreted as due to reactions to strangers.
Running Speed of Goal-Seeking Rats: A Field Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Griesinger Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Lewin introduced into psychology the concept of psychological force but was unable to specify an equation of motion, relating force to behavior. Physical analogs prove helpful in developing Lewin's ideas. The effort exerted by a hungry rat seeking food at the end of a linear runway can be defined as proportional to the gradient of a maximally smooth scalar field, whose source is the food in the goal box. This assumption leads to a direct analog between potential energy and utility in psychology. If a Newtonian equation of motion is used with this definition of force, the results compare favorably with Hull's data on rats' running behavior.
Developmental Changes in the Infant's Attention to Pattern Detail
Authors: Ruff Holly A.
Published: September 2011

To assess developmental changes in the importance of stimulus intensity and pattern detail for infants' visual attention, infants of 10, 17, and 25 wk. of age were shown pairs of stimuli equated for stimulus intensity but different in pattern detail (angles or straight lines). The youngest infants gave equivalent amounts of attention to the stimuli of each pair while the two older groups showed a significant preference for the angular stimuli. The results are interpreted as showing the increased attention to elements with development, and a possible explanation of the preference for the angle stimuli is discussed.
Institutional Males' Perceptions of Three Counseling Techniques
Authors: Horne Arthur M. , Chaney Reece , Dougherty A. Michael
Published: September 2011

The use of advice-giving, Adlerian interpretation, and analytically derived interpretation with regard to whether feelings of approach, attack, or withdrawal were elicited was investigated by having subjects view a videotape of eight role-played counseling segments. The videotape presented problem-statements by a role-playing adolescent followed by a role-playing counselor who made three separate responses to the statements. Subjects were 20 internally and 20 externally controlled incarcerated youth who indicated how each counselor's response made them feel (approach, attack, or withdrawal). Both internally and externally controlled subjects tended to respond to Adlerian interpretation and analytically derived interpretation with attack—and withdrawal—feelings and to advice-giving with approach-feelings in this quasi-counseling situation.
Assessment of Visual Field Impairment by Objective Technique
Authors: Leisman Gerald
Published: September 2011

An objective psychophysical technique for investigating visual fields by averaged scalp potentials evoked by pattern gratings of alternating contrast and by sinusoidally modulated flickering light is applied to a child with a right homonomous hemianopsia. This technique illustrates a value in obtaining clinical data on visual fields in situations where subjective perimetry is difficult to administer or where conservative diagnostic methods do not yield evidence of pathology.
Field Dependence among Male and Female Alcoholics: II. Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Jacobson George R. , Van Dyke Ann , Sternbach Theodore G. , Brethauer Russell
Published: September 2011

402 males and 160 females hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were tested in a standardized manner on the Rod-and-frame test as a means of supplementing an earlier report of normative data on perceptual style among male alcoholics. When their performance was contrasted with that of normal and psychiatric samples, alcoholics were clearly the most field dependent of all groups studied. Statistically significant sex differences justify the need for separate norms for males and females.
On the Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: I. The Relationship between Color and Affect
Authors: Frank George
Published: September 2011

Interpretation of response to color on the Rorschach rests on Rorschach's assertion that color has affective connotations. His assumption was based on the connection of color and affect in culture and as regards the differential response to color by patients he tested. This review focused on research which could lend support to Rorschach's empirically derived notion. Ignoring clinical studies of psychiatric patients (in the absence of any theory of affects unique to specific psychiatric groups), this review focuses primarily on psychological tests of the hypothesis. Affect does seem to be associated with colors but not so specifically as to be useful in interpreting the meaning of the response by any one person. Moreover, affect was seen to affect the many dimensions of the Rorschach stimuli. Interpretation of the response to color must take into account the unsystematic way in which factors that influence response to color on the Rorschach, e.g., saturation, context, area covered, etc., vary from card to card. These factors alone influence the response to color and make it impossible to draw conclusions using the plates as constructed. The interpretation of affect from response to color on the Rorschach was seriously questioned.
Effects of Imipramine and Methylphenidate on Perceptual-Motor Performance of Hyperactive Children
Authors: Spring Carl , Yellin Absalom M. , Greenberg Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Perceptual-motor effects of imipramine and methylphenidate were evaluated in a double-blind study of 47 hyperactive children. No effects were found for imipramine, although methylphenidate improved performance on several tests. Improvement due to methylphenidate was not related to baseline scores. A discriminant function was computed to compare baseline perceptual-motor scores of the hyperactive and 41 normal children. Only half of the hyperactive children were clearly discriminated from normal children by the discriminant function. The digit-span test, which was not sensitive to methylphenidate, effectively discriminated hyperactive from normal children.
Effect of Degree of Separation of Visual-Auditory Stimulus and Eye Position upon Spatial Interaction of Vision and Audition
Authors: Bermant Robert I. , Welch Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were exposed to a visual and to an auditory stimulus that differed spatially in laterality of origin. The subjects were observed for visual biasing of auditory localization (the momentary influence of a light on the spatially perceived location of a simultaneously presented sound) and for auditory aftereffect (a change in perceived location of a sound that persists over time and is measured after termination of the visual stimulus). A significant effect of visual stimulation on auditory localization was found only with the measure of bias. Bias was tested as a function of degree of visual-auditory separation (10/20/30°), eye position (straight-ahead/visual stimulus fixation), and position of visual stimulus relative to auditory stimulus (left/right). Only eye position proved statistically significant; straight-ahead eye position induced more bias than did fixation of the visual stimulus.
Object, Intensity and Subject Variables in Visual Evoked Response
Authors: Norton James C.
Published: September 2011

10 subjects were studied to determine AEP effects of square, circle, and blank stimuli with variable stimulus intensity For the group as a whole, object and intensity effects were significant on a number of amplitude and latency measures, but the object effect appears largely to reflect the presence or absence of a figure, rather than its nature. Increased intensity differentially affected latency, shortening the first negative deflection while lengthening the second positive. Amplitude is generally increased with higher intensity. Analysis of within-subjects effects showed considerable variability as to which parameters were significantly related to the independent variables in individual subjects. A repeated-measures, within-subjects research strategy is seen as appropriate on the basis of these data.
Heterosexual Social Competence, Anxiety, Avoidance and Self-Judged Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Mitchell Kenneth R. , Orr Fred E.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between self-judged physical attractiveness and opposite-sex behavior was examined as part of a large survey on the interaction patterns of 963 college students. The findings suggest that a self-rated negative physical image is related to significantly high levels of heterosexual difficulties.
Economy of Time Applied to Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Silberfeld Michel
Published: September 2011

A method is described for surveying and analyzing time spent in activities such as interpersonal relationships. A pilot study of relationships of psychiatric patients was carried out to illustrate the method.
Transitivity of Length: A Comparison of Different Experimental Procedures
Authors: Wilkening Karin , Sarris Viktor , Wilkening Friedrich
Published: September 2011

A sample of 48 children (4,8–8,7 yr.) was tested for transitivity using the well-known experimental procedures of Braine, Smedslund, and Lindenbaum and Blum, which differ with respect to the assessment technique as well as to the critical transitivity age. Taking the original criteria as a basis, the main findings of each of the studies cited above could on the whole be confirmed. A closer analysis of the data obtained in this investigation showed, however, that the original criteria are quite arbitrary and not comparable among themselves. Therefore, a new scoring principle based on conventional statistical reasoning is proposed. Application of this principle to all three procedures resulted in a convergence of the transitivity age on about 5 yr.
Some Considerations in Analytic Instrument Design for Study of Developmental Cognitive-Affect
Authors: Jones Keith Allan
Published: September 2011

Considerations in the study of cognitive-affective development are presented. Primary points concern the interrelationship between intellectual and emotional functioning, the greater generalizability of cognitive functions, the greater complexity of affective apparatus, and the need for more relativistic measures, methods, and models.
Reliability of the Depression Adjective Check Lists
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Himelstein Philip
Published: September 2011

Data from 172 college subjects (93 males and 79 females) with mean age = 24.3 yr. ( SD, 7.0) were used to replicate and extend previous findings on the alternate form, split-half and test-retest reliability for Set 2 (Forms E, F, G) of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (Lubin, 1967). Findings are reported for complete lists and for the two columns, i.e., “half lists.”
Field Dependency and Perceptual Cues in Perception of Two Trapezoid Illusions
Authors: Zenhausern Robert , Renna Michael
Published: September 2011

40 males and 40 females rated as field-independent or field-dependent on the Group Embedded-figures Test were tested on two dynamic trapezoid illusions and made position judgments of static trapezoidal targets. Field-independent subjects reported more illusory experiences on the perception of rotation of an oscillating target than the perception of oscillation of a rotating target. The opposite was true for field-dependent subjects. Position judgments were related to the latter illusion but not the former. There was strong evidence of a differential use of perceptual cues for the two dependency groups.
Comprehension of Linguistic Ambiguity and Development of Classification
Authors: Goldstein David
Published: September 2011

This study assessed comprehension of structurally related ambiguous sentences and classification problems by children in Grades K through 5. Each of three ambiguous-sentence tasks and three classification tasks was based on one of the principles of substitution, grouping, and logical relations. Results indicated that these tasks form two factors, the developmentally easier factor composed of those tasks that required a single operation and the developmentally harder factor composed of tasks that required a multiple operation.
Effects of Bilingual Language System on Release from Proactive Inhibition
Authors: Newby Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the effects of the compound-coordinate distinction on bilingual memory storage. Two groups of bilinguals, corresponding to the two language systems, served in four Brown-Peterson short-term memory conditions: Category change, Language change, Language and Category change, and Control. No differences between the two types of bilinguals were found.
Stability of Behavior Ratings
Authors: Camp Bonnie W.
Published: September 2011

Significant correlations were obtained between teachers' ratings of behavior on Miller's School Behavior Checklist in two consecutive grades for 246 boys. Ratings on the Aggressive subscale were significantly higher than for other subscales.
Successive Visual Reversal Learning in Rats as a Function of Amount of Training per Reversal and Reduced Spatial Cues
Authors: Winefield A. H. , Mullins G. P.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is reported which examined the effects of varying amounts of training per reversal over successive brightness discrimination reversals in rats, in a situation which reduced visual cues to spatial position. The results were similar to those of studies showing that amount of training affects successive reversal improvement on spatial problems but no differences were observed as a result of varying the cues for spatial position. The latter finding failed to confirm the result of a recent experiment in which a learning criterion was employed rather than a fixed-trials procedure.
Effects of Stimulus Incongruity, Task Demand, and Induced Involvement on Amplitude of GSR
Authors: Shackel Denis S. J.
Published: September 2011

Previous investigations into the arousing effects of incongruity have not only reported inconsistent findings but have displayed the limitation of using only two levels of incongruity. An experiment using four levels of incongruity confirmed the hypothesized positive linear function between incongruity and arousal (as measured by GSR amplitude). However, the results of two additional experiments confirmed the hypothesis that the marked arousing effects of incongruity were attributable at least in part to the demands of the task employed which included subjects having to choose and verbally commit themselves to one of the alternatives. The interaction between incongruity and degree of involvement engendered by the task demand suggests that involvement may facilitate the arousing effects of additional collative variables such as novelty, uncertainty, and complexity.
Spatial Nature of Consumer Usage and Perceptual Fields
Authors: Potter Robert B.
Published: September 2011

The results of an analysis of the attributes of the usage and perceptual fields pertaining to different social groups of consumers are presented and it is shown that consumers within the upper ranks of the social class spectrum visit and possess information about a larger number of spatially more distant retailing centers.
Competitive Trait Anxiety, Success-Failure and Sex as Determinants of Motor Performance
Authors: Martens Rainer , Gill Diane L. , Scanlan Tara K.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments determined the effects of competitive trait anxiety, success-failure, and sex on the performance of 10- to 12-yr.-old children competing on a complex motor maze. Competitive trait anxiety was assessed by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test and success-failure was induced by giving bogus win-loss feedback. High and low competitive trait-anxiety children were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: winning 80%, 50% or 20% of 20 contests. The average completion time and the variability of times within each of two blocks of 10 contests were the two performance measures. State-anxiety was assessed with Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory for Children as an indicant of arousal prior to and during competition. The findings of Exp. 1 yielded no significant performance differences. In Exp. 2 a significant interaction of competitive trait anxiety × success-failure × sex for performance time and variability was obtained. This interaction was largely attributed to sex differences.
Some Data Inconsistent with the Optimal Arousal Theory of Motivation
Authors: Apter Michael J.
Published: September 2011

67 undergraduates were asked to rate a list of 50 varied situations in terms of degree of felt arousal and affective tone associated with that level of arousal. 11 situations were generally judged to be highly pleasurable in felt arousal; 4 of these had a very high average on the arousal scale, 4 a very low average, and 3 an intermediate average. These results were considered inconsistent with what one might expect from optimal arousal theory, but compatible with a new theory of Smith and Apter (1975).
Experience and Latency to Achieve Stereopsis
Authors: Cracken Peter J. Mac , Hayes William N.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed perceptual learning effects with complex random-dot stereograms. Observers were shown the same complex anaglyph five times daily, for four consecutive days, and latencies to achieve stereopsis were recorded. Two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded significant effects of days, trials, and days-by-trials interaction. Latency to achieve stereopsis decreases over trials each day, but this decrease is not completely transferred across days. It is concluded that observers must, in some sense, “re-learn” how to perceive complex stereograms if subsequent presentations occur over more than one day.
Neural Efficiency Analyzer Scores of Reading Disabled, Normally Reading and Academically Superior Children
Authors: Evans James R. , Martin Donna , Hatchette Robert
Published: September 2011

Usefulness, under field-testing conditions, of one version of a Neural Efficiency Analyzer for discriminating among children of various levels of academic performance was investigated. The equipment was said to measure efficiency of information processing as reflected in time between alternate EEG falling zero-crossing points. Special emphasis was placed on the difference score, a measure of right-left hemisphere “efficiency” differences. Contrary to earlier reports, no significant differences were found between such scores of groups of reading disabled, normally reading, and academically superior children. Possible reasons for the negative findings are explored.
Similarity between Complexity on Role Construct Repertory Technique and Articulation on Draw-a-Person Test for Patients and Non-Patients
Authors: Phillips Walter M. , Phillips Anne M.
Published: September 2011

In an investigation of the underlying unity of the articulation of human figure drawings and personal construct complexity, moderate correlations were found, but in opposite directions, for inpatient and non-patient groups. For inpatients, greater construct complexity was associated with less sophisticated drawings. For non-patients, greater construct complexity was correlated with more sophisticated human figures. Mean and range differences in complexity and articulation scores between the two groups suggested that the higher complexity scores of the patient group indicated a loss of construct coordination, rather than greater articulation and organization of self and interpersonal experience.
A General Experimentwise Error Rate for Multiple Significance Tests
Authors: Rule Stanley J.
Published: September 2011

No current method of controlling error rate is appropriate for all experiments. When the error rate is set at traditional levels a per comparison error rate can yield too high a proportion of Type I errors, while an experimentwise error rate can be too conservative because the purpose of the experiment is not taken into account. A definition of error rate is proposed in which the number of significant outcomes needed to answer the question of interest is considered and a distinction is made between tests of fundamental importance and those of only subsidiary interest. The definition provides a systematic method of unequally allotting the error rate such that more power is provided for tests of crucial interest and for experiments in which several significant results are required.
On An Application of Switching Circuit Analysis to Concurrent Test Validation
Authors: Vanderplas James M. , Vanderplas Jean H.
Published: September 2011

A method of analysis of relations between performance and patterns of decision criteria for a test battery (pass-fail) using Boolean switching circuit theory is presented. The method does not require assumptions of additivity, linearity or independence, usually required by profile and/or regression methods and deals equally well with nominal as well as scaled data.
Reliability of Reaction Time
Authors: Eckert Helen M. , Eichorn Dorothy H.
Published: September 2011

Various statistical models for assessing the reliability of repeated measures of reaction time are compared. The results indicate that the intraclass correlation for scores is appropriate for assessing reliability of an individual's performance during repeated measures, whereas the intraclass correlation for means or the odd-even product-moment correlation represents the reliability of the mean performance of the individual with respect to the group.
Effects of Perceptual Isolation on Recall by Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Subjects
Authors: Alovisetti Max C.
Published: September 2011

The effects of perceptual isolation on recall were predicted to differ for field-independent and field-dependent subjects. 78 undergraduate students were administered the Hidden Figures Test to determine field dependency. An experimental and control list of 13 nonsense syllables, with a single isolated item and corresponding critical item, were presented spatially by means of an overhead projector. Significant facilitation of recall for the isolated item was found for both field-independent and dependent subjects. No support was found for the prediction that field-independent subjects would be facilitated in recall of the non-isolated items with the isolated item present; however, as predicted, field-dependent subjects were inhibited in recall of the non-isolated items. The results are in accordance with predictions from Gestalt theory. Gibson's stimulus-generalization theory did not adequately account for isolation effects.
Robustness of the Pearson Correlation against Violations of Assumptions
Authors: Havlicek Larry L. , Peterson Nancy L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine empirically effects of the violation of assumptions of normality and of measurement scales on the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The effects of such violations were studied separately and in combination for samples of varying size from 5 to 60. Monte Carlo procedures were used to generate populations of scores for four basic distributions: normal, positively skewed, negatively skewed, and leptokurtic. Samples of varying sizes were then randomly selected from specific populations. Results of the study were based on distributions of rs which were calculated on 5,000 sets of samples of n = 5 or n = 15 and 3,000 sets of samples of n = 30 and n = 60. Results indicated that the Pearson r is insensitive to rather extreme violations of the basic assumptions of normality and type of measurement scale. Failure to meet the basic assumptions separately or in combinations had little effect upon the obtained distributions of rs.
Comparison of Phonetic Judgments and Electropalatographic Measurements of Articulatory Place of Production
Authors: McCarty Thomas A. , Hamlet Sandra L.
Published: September 2011

Judgments of articulatory place of production were obtained for a set of consonant-vowel nonsense syllables spoken with a known place of production by two normal speakers. Correspondence between judgments and actual place of production was poor.
WAIS Differences between Murderers and Attackers Referred for Evaluation
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Klein Iris
Published: September 2011

12 first and second degree murderers were matched on sex and age with subjects who had perpetrated aggressive interpersonal attacks short of homicide. Both groups had been referred for psychological testing by courts and social agencies. A substantial and significant difference in IQ was found in favor of the attackers over the murderers. Results were interpreted as lending credence to the hypothesis that differences in IQ exist among important sub-populations of murderers.