bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Asymmetric Hypervinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions of Extended Furan‐Based Silyl Enolates.
Authors: Curti Claudio , Battistini Lucia , Sartori Andrea , Lodola Alessio , Mor Marco , Rassu Gloria , Pelosi Giorgio , Zanardi Franca , Casiraghi Giovanni
Published: December 2011

It is found that Denmark′s bisphosphoramide efficiently promotes the title reaction and allows formation of various γ‐alkylidene butenolide carbinols with complete ω‐site selectivity and good to excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Umpolung Reactivity of Indole Through Gold Catalysis.
Authors: Lu Biao , Luo Yingdong , Liu Lianzhu , Ye Longwu , Wang Yanzhao , Zhang Liming
Published: December 2011

Cyclization of ortho‐azido arylalkynes generates intermediate indole complexes with an Umpolung reactivity of the 3‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Fluorocyclizations.
Authors: Lozano Oscar , Blessley George , Martinez del Campo Teresa , Thompson Amber L. , Giuffredi Guy T. , Bettati Michela , Walker Matthew , Borman Richard , Gouverneur Veronique
Published: December 2011

Two different halogenation procedures including both (DHQ)2‐PHAL as the enantioselective agent are developed for the preparation of fluorinated heterocyclic scaffolds which are obtained as exclusive cis isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Some Novel 4‐(Substitutedamino)‐5‐substituted‐3‐mercapto‐(4H)‐1,2,4‐triazoles.
Authors: Chhabria Mahesh T. , Suhagia Bhanubhai N. , Brahmkshatriya Pathik S. , Raval Priyesha M.
Published: December 2011

A variety of novel mercaptotriazoles [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of New Photoactivatable Diaryltetrazoles for Photoclick Chemistry via “Scaffold Hopping”.
Authors: Yu Zhipeng , Ho Lok Yin , Wang Zhiyong , Lin Qing
Published: December 2011

Five diaryltetrazoles are prepared by using the Kakehi procedure, followed by elaboration of the side chains in most of the cases.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Methyl 3‐Acyl‐6‐amino‐5‐cyano‐4‐phenyl‐4H‐pyran‐2‐carboxylates and Their Rearrangement into 2‐Hydroxy‐4‐ [hydroxy(R)methylidene]‐3‐oxo‐5‐phenylcyclopent‐1‐ene‐1‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Sheverdov V. P. , Nasakin O. E. , Andreev A. Yu. , Gein V. L. , Tafeenko V. A.
Published: December 2011

A simple and convenient synthesis of the compounds (IV) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of α‐Hydroxy Allylic Acetates: A Formal Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Swainsonine.
Authors: Bates Roderick W. , Dewey Mark R. , Tang Chi H. , Safii Shahidah bte , Hong Yanhan , Hsieh Jolyn Ke Hui , Siah Pei Shan
Published: December 2011

The Pd‐catalyzed cyclization of allylic acetate (I) is directed by the OH group to give a trans‐substituted piperidine.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Quinoxalines in PEG‐400.
Authors: Zhang Xia‐Zhong , Wang Jin‐Xian , Bai Lin
Published: December 2011

A green and efficient method for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives (18 examples) by condensation of aryl‐1,2‐diamines with 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,5‐Benzoheteroazepines Through Eco‐Friendly General Condensation Reactions.
Authors: Nardi Monica , Cozza Annalisa , Maiuolo Loredana , Oliverio Manuela , Procopio Antonio
Published: December 2011

The presence of Er(OTf)3 allows the synthesis of various heterocyclic ring systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical C‐Glycosylation Reaction of Pyranosides with the 2,3‐trans Carbamate Group.
Authors: Manabe Shino , Aihara Yoshiyuki , Ito Yukishige
Published: December 2011

Radical C‐glycosylation of title compounds (I) shows high α‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Petasis Olefination in a Continuous‐Flow Microwave Reactor: exo‐Glycals from Sugar Lactones.
Authors: Koch Stefan , Loewe Holger , Kunz Horst
Published: December 2011

The titled conversion into exo‐glycals can be steered by adjusting the resindence time an the concentration of the reaction mixture.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Rare Sugars with L‐Fuculose‐1‐phosphate Aldolase (FucA) from Thermus thermophilus HB8.
Authors: Li Zijie , Cai Li , Qi Qingsheng , Styslinger Thomas J. , Zhao Guohui , Wang Peng George
Published: December 2011

A one‐pot, four‐enzyme approach yields the rare sugars (D)‐psicose (III), (D)‐sorbose (IV), (L)‐tagatose, and (L)‐fructose in the presence of the thermophilic source‐derived title aldolase as the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Fabrication and Application of Inorganic Hollow Spheres
Authors: Hu Jing , Chen Min , Fang Xiaosheng , Wu Limin
Published: December 2011

Review: 235 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of Heterocyclic Compounds Using Polyfunctional Magnesium and Zinc Reagents
Authors: Knochel Paul , Schade Matthias A. , Bernhardt Sebastian , Manolikakes Georg , Metzger Albrecht , Piller Fabian M. , Rohbogner Christoph J. , Mosrin Marc
Published: December 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Bismuth(III) Compounds in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Bothwell Jason M. , Krabbe Scott W. , Mohan Ram S.
Published: December 2011

Review: 358 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery and Protein Engineering of Biocatalysts for Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Behrens Geoffrey A. , Hummel Anke , Padhi Santosh K. , Schaetzle Sebastian , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 240 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multi‐Enzymatic Cascade Reactions: Overview and Perspectives
Authors: Ricca Emanuele , Brucher Birgit , Schrittwieser Joerg H.
Published: December 2011

Review: asymmetric syntheses of chiral alcohols, amines and amino acids, as well as C—C bond formation, industrial applications; ca. 175 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Methods for the Preparation of Complex Linear and Cross‐Linked Macromolecular Structures
Authors: Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla , Yagci Yusuf
Published: December 2011

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Mikami Koichi , Fustero Santos , Sanchez‐Rosello Maria , Acena Jose Luis , Soloshonok Vadim , Sorochinsky Alexander
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible Light Responsive Photocatalysts: Doping, Sensitization and Surface Modification
Authors: Ohtani Bunsho
Published: December 2011

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Physical Methods
Authors: Slinn Robert N.
Published: December 2011

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biologically Active Cyclic Polypeptides with Fragments of β‐Amino Acid Derivatives Isolated from Marine Organisms
Authors: Romanova N. N. , Tallo T. G. , Rybalko I. I. , Zyk N. V. , Shvyadas V. K.
Published: December 2011

Review: structure, stereochemistry, bioactivity; 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Strategies for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Profens — Recent Trends and Developments
Authors: Kourist Robert , Dominguez de Maria Pablo , Miyamoto Kenji
Published: December 2011

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Dimensional Nanocomposites Based on Chemically Modified Graphene.
Authors: Wu Dongqing , Zhang Fan , Liu Ping , Feng Xinliang
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Unitary Quantum Theory and Catalytic Process Theory
Authors: Sapogin Leo G. , Ryabov Yu A.
Published: December 2011

Review: 27 refs.
Microporous PVC – New Membrane Material for Application in Microfiltration
Authors: Trommer Kristin , Palitzsch Wolfram , Morgenstern Bernd , Loser Ulrich
Published: December 2011

Die Membranfiltration ist ein etabliertes Verfahren für die Aufbereitung von industriellen Abwässern sowie von Prozesschemikalien. Allerdings stellt die Abtrennung von Partikeln und Kolloiden aus chemisch aggressiven Medien für die verwendeten Materialien nach wie vor eine Herausforderung dar. Speziell für Trennprobleme im Bereich stark saurer oder stark basischer, heißer Lösungen wurde unter Ausnutzung der Chemikalienbeständigkeit des Kunststoffes PVC eine neuartige Filtermembran entwickelt. Die mikroporöse PVC‐Membran ist in kontinuierlicher Weise von Rolle zu Rolle auf etablierten Anlagen zur Polymerverarbeitung herstellbar.
Cortical projections to the superior colliculus in prosimian galagos (Otolemur garnetti)
Authors: Baldwin Mary K.L , Kaas Jon H.
Published: December 2011

The superior colliculus (SC) is a key structure within the extrageniculate pathway of visual information to cortex and is highly involved in visuomotor functions. Previous studies in anthropoid primates have shown that superficial layers of the SC receive direct inputs from various visual cortical areas such as V1, V2, and middle temporal (MT), while deeper layers receive direct inputs from visuomotor cortical areas within the posterior parietal cortex and the frontal eye fields. Very little is known, however, about the corticotectal projections in prosimian primates. In the current study we investigated the sources of cortical inputs to the SC in prosimian galagos (Otolemur garnetti) using retrograde anatomical tracers placed into the SC. The superficial layers of the SC in galagos received the majority of their inputs from early visual areas and visual areas within the MT complex. Yet, surprisingly, MT itself had relatively few corticotectal projections. Deeper layers of the SC received direct projections from visuomotor areas including the posterior parietal cortex and premotor cortex. However, relatively few corticotectal projections originated within the frontal eye fields. While prosimian galagos resemble other primates in having early visual areas project to the superficial layers of the SC, with higher visuomotor regions projecting to deeper layers, the results suggest that MT and frontal eye field projections to the SC were sparse in early primates, remained sparse in present‐day prosimian primates, and became more pronounced in anthropoid primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2002–2020, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kisspeptin expression in guinea pig hypothalamus: Effects of 17β‐estradiol
Authors: Bosch Martha A. , Xue Changhui , Rønnekleiv Oline K.
Published: December 2011

Kisspeptin is essential for reproductive functions in humans. As a model for the human we have used the female guinea pig, which has a long ovulatory cycle similar to that of primates. Initially, we cloned a guinea pig kisspeptin cDNA sequence and subsequently explored the distribution and 17β‐estradiol (E2) regulation of kisspeptin mRNA (Kiss1) and protein (kisspeptin) by using in situ hybridization, real‐time PCR and immunocytochemistry. In ovariectomized females, Kiss1 neurons were scattered throughout the preoptic periventricular areas (PV), but the vast majority of Kiss1 neurons were localized in the arcuate nucleus (Arc). An E2 treatment that first inhibits (negative feedback) and then augments (positive feedback) serum luteinizing hormone (LH) increased Kiss1 mRNA density and number of cells expressing Kiss1 in the PV at both time points. Within the Arc, Kiss1 mRNA density was reduced at both time points. Quantitative real‐time PCR confirmed the in situ hybridization results during positive feedback. E2 reduced the number of immunoreactive kisspeptin cells in the PV at both time points, perhaps an indication of increased release. Within the Arc, the kisspeptin immunoreactivity was decreased during negative feedback but increased during positive feedback. Therefore, it appears that in guinea pig both the PV and the Arc kisspeptin neurons act cooperatively to excite gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons during positive feedback. We conclude that E2 regulation of negative and positive feedback may reflect a complex interaction of the kisspeptin circuitry, and both the PV and the Arc respond to hormone signals to encode excitation of GnRH neurons during the ovulatory cycle. Comp. Neurol. 520:2143–2162, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enabling hierarchical dissemination of streams in content distribution networks
Authors: Pallickara Shrideep , Fox Geoffrey
Published: December 2011

In streaming systems the content distribution network routes streams based on interests registered by the consuming entities. In hierarchical streaming, the dissemination is also predicated on the resolution of hierarchical dependencies between various streams. Entities specify explicit wildcards, in addition to the implicit ones in place, to further control the types of streams within a given hierarchy that should be routed to them. This paper presents an analysis and performance evaluation of three different algorithms for hierarchical streaming. In our evaluation of these algorithms we are especially interested in three factors: performance, ability to cope with flux, and memory consumption. Comprehensive benchmarks for these algorithms, in this paper, will enable system designers to harness the best algorithm that satisfies their hierarchical streaming requirements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and cathodoluminescence study of GaN nanowires without/with P‐doping
Authors: Liu Baodan , Hu Tao , Wang Zaien , Liu Lizhao , Qin Fuwen , Huang Nan , Jiang Xin
Published: December 2011

In this work, P‐doped GaN nanowires were synthesized in a co‐deposition CVD process and the effects of P‐doping on the microstructure and cathodoluminescence (CL) of GaN nanowires were studied in details. SEM observation and CL measurments demonstrated that P‐doping has led to a rough morphology evolution and a depression of the band‐gap emission of GaN nanowires, whereas the visible emission of GaN nanowires was obviously enhanced. Finally, the corresponding morphology transition and optical properties of GaN nanowires with P‐doping were discussed. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conformality Investigation of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films on 3‐D Micrometer‐ and Nanometer‐scale Features by Pulsed‐Pressure Metal‐organic CVD
Authors: Siriwongrungson Vilailuck , Krumdieck Susan P. , Alkaisi Maan M.
Published: December 2011

The influence of the processing parameters on conformality is studied for pulsed‐pressure (PP) metal‐organic (MO)CVD. A statistical method to measure conformality, and a model for pulse vapor exposure are presented. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films are deposited from a liquid titanium isopropoxide (TTIP, Ti(OPr)4) solution with no carrier gas on silicon and silicon nitride substrates with 3‐D micrometer‐ and nanometer‐scale structures. The deposited films are columnar anatase TiO2 with thicknesses between 130 nm and 310 nm, controlled by the number of pulses. The statistical conformality varies from 0.81 to 0.93, decreased slightly with increasing deposition temperature, and is insensitive to pulse exposure.
A Ballistic Transport and Surface Reaction Model for Simulating Atomic Layer Deposition Processes in High‐Aspect‐Ratio Nanopores
Authors: Adomaitis Raymond A.
Published: December 2011

In this paper we develop a model describing the ballistic transport of chemical precursor species for an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. In the application we consider, pore geometry or surface properties of nanoporous materials are modified using ALD, taking advantage of its potential for conformal deposition in high‐aspect‐ratio structures. Because of the very large Knudsen number corresponding to these processes, the transport of gas‐phase species inside the nanostructures takes place in a purely ballistic manner. Precursor transmission probability functions describing the fluxes between the pore surface features are developed and compared to previously published results. The transport model elements are then coupled to ALD surface‐reaction models, spatially discretized, and integrated over each precursor exposure period to determine the pore spatial surface reaction extent profile. Predictions from our dynamic model are then compared to four previously published studies of ALD in nanopores to validate our simulator, and to gain further insight into the physical mechanisms at work in ALD processes. The utility of physically based models of the type we develop can be exploited to determine optimal precursor exposure levels for ALD‐based nanomanufacturing operations.
CD300a is expressed on human basophils and seems to inhibit IgE/FcεRI‐dependent anaphylactic degranulation
Authors: Sabato Vito , Verweij Marjoke M. , Bridts Chris H. , Levi‐Schaffer Francesca , Gibbs Bernhard F. , De Clerck Luc S. , Schiavino Domenico , Ebo Didier G.
Published: December 2011

Background.

The final response that leads to basophil degranulation results from a cross‐talk between activatory and inhibitory signals. However, in the context of basophil biology, the inhibitory mechanisms that control these processes are still poorly understood.

Aim.

To investigate the expression and function of the inhibitory receptor CD300a in human basophils.

Methods.

Peripheral blood of 20 patients with birch pollen allergy and 10 healthy control individuals were assessed for CD300a expression before and after activation. To study the function of CD300a, basophils were pre‐incubated with anti‐human CD300a/c monoclonal antibodies and analyzed for the up‐regulation of the activation marker CD203c and appearance of the degranulation marker CD63 following IgE‐dependent and IgE‐independent triggering.

Results.

Basophils from allergic individuals constitutively expressed significantly less CD300a than non‐allergics (P = 0.001). However, after cross‐linking with either anti‐IgE or recombinant major birch pollen allergen (rBet v 1), basophils from allergic patients demonstrated a significant and rapid (3 min) up‐regulation of CD300a expression in all activated basophils that persisted for over 2 h (P < 0.05). Moreover, CD300a expression was significantly higher in the CD203cbright+CD63bright+ subpopulation than in CD203cbright+CD63− cells (P < 0.05). In both patients and controls, pre‐incubation with anti‐CD300a/c significantly inhibited IgE‐mediated CD63 expression (P < 0.05), though it did not affect CD203c. In contrast, IgE‐independent basophil activation was not inhibited by CD300a/c engagement.

Conclusion.

CD300a is expressed on human peripheral blood basophils and rapidly up‐regulated upon cross‐linking of IgE/FcεRI and suppresses anaphylactic degranulation. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Differentiation of methoxybenzoylpiperazines (OMeBzPs) and methylenedioxybenzylpiperazines (MDBPs) By GC‐IRD and GC‐MS
Authors: Abdel‐Hay Karim M. , DeRuiter Jack , Randall Clark C.
Published: December 2011

The designer drug 3,4‐methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (3,4‐MDBP), its positional isomer 2,3‐methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (2,3‐MDBP) and three regioisomeric ring‐substituted methoxybenzoylpiperazines (OMeBzPs) have identical elemental composition and no marked differences in their mass spectra with only the three methoxybenzoylpiperazine regioisomers showing one unique major fragment ion at m/z 152. Perfluoroacylation of the secondary amine nitrogen of these isomeric piperazines gave mass spectra with differences in the relative abundance of some fragment ions but did not alter the fragmentation pathway to provide unique ions for discrimination among these isomers. Exact mass determination using gas chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC‐TOF‐MS) did not provide any discrimination among these compounds since the main fragment ions are of identical elemental composition.

Gas chromatography coupled to infrared detection (GC‐IRD) provides direct confirmatory data for the identification of the carbonyl containing compounds and the differentiation of the psychoactive designer drug 3,4‐MDBP from its direct (2,3‐MDBP) and indirect (OMeBzPs) regioisomers. The mass spectra in combination with the vapour phase infrared spectra provide for specific confirmation of each of the isomeric piperazines. The underivatized and perfluoroacyl derivative forms of the five piperazines involved in this study were resolved on a stationary phase of 100% trifluoropropyl methyl polysiloxane (Rtx‐200). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of stable isotope labelling for the analytical chemistry of drugs
Authors: Unkefer Clifford J. , Martinez Rodolfo A.
Published: December 2011

This perspective reviews the potential for stable isotope labelling to examine the metabolic transformations of drugs. The increased sensitivity and widespread availability of modern nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high‐resolution mass spectrometers will increase the application of stable isotopes to study drug metabolism. Creating mass doublets by mixing a natural isotopic abundance compound with a labelled isotopomer and applying stable isotope filtering to high resolution mass spectrometry allows one to rapidly identify drug metabolites in very complex samples, such as blood or urine. Applying this approach to drug metabolism will require a significant synthesis effort. The relatively small number of 13C, 15N, or 17,18O‐labelled precursors exacerbates this problem, making the synthesis of the labelled drug often more difficult than that of the parent compound. We have developed new strategies for stable isotope labelling of complex molecules based on the rich chemistry of [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide, where the phenylthio group acts as a stable, non‐volatile carrier for the valuable 13C‐label. For example we have used [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide to prepare the three possible 13C‐isotopomers ([1‐13C]‐, [2‐13C]‐, [1,2‐13C2]) of the two carbon precursors, ethyl 2‐(phenylthio) acetate and ethyl N,N‐dimethyl oxamate. In each case, these two‐carbon labelling precursors are asymmetric and the differential reactivity of the carbons allows for either/or 13C‐labelling in the products. We demonstrate the utility of these two carbon precursors in the synthesis of aromatic ring‐labelled N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)acetamide (acetaminophen or paracetamol). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C–H Bond Activation of Palladium Complexes That Feature Pendant Benzamidinate Ligands and Their Catalytic Behaviours
Authors: Chen Ming‐Tsz , Wu Kai‐Min , Chen Chi‐Tien
Published: December 2011

The pendant benzamidines {Ph–C[=N–(2,6‐di‐iPr‐C6H3)](NHE)} [E = (CH2)2NMe2, CH2Py] and their palladium complexes [(Ph–C{=NE}{NH–(2,6‐di‐iPr‐C6H3)})Pd(OAc)2] [E = (CH2)2NMe2 (1), CH2Py (2)] have been prepared. Upon heating, the corresponding palladacyclic complexes, [({η1‐C6H4}–C(=NE){NH–(2,6‐di‐iPr‐C6H3)})PdOAc] [E = (CH2)2NMe2 (3), CH2Py (4)], were obtained. Due to the substituent groups on the ortho positions of the phenyl ring attached to the nitrogen atom of the amidinate group, the C–H bond activation process was observed on the ortho position of the phenyl ring attached to the carbon atom of the amidinate group. This process can be proved by X‐ray structural determination. The molecular structures are reported for compounds 1 and 4. Catalytic application of cyclopalladated derivatives 3 and 4 toward the Suzuki reaction was also investigated.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles detoxify pirimicarb under UV irradiation at ambient intensities
Authors: Seitz Frank , Bundschuh Mirco , Dabrunz André , Bandow Nicole , Schaumann Gabriele E. , Schulz Ralf
Published: December 2011

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) form reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation by ultraviolet light (UV). This known photocatalytic activity may finally affect the presence and toxicity of organic environmental chemicals, which have not yet been studied at ambient UV intensity. The authors used a three-factorial design to evaluate the interaction of the carbamate insecticide pirimicarb (initial nominal concentration, 20 µg/L), ambient UV irradiation (40 W/m2 for 15 min), and nTiO2 (∼100 nm; 2.0 mg/L). Pirimicarb, pirimicarb × UV, and pirimicarb × nTiO2 treatments revealed a median immobilization of Daphnia magna after 72 h ranging between 70 and 80%. This effect seemed to be caused by the initial nominal pirimicarb concentration. However, UV irradiation before an exposure of daphnids in the presence of 2.0 mg nTiO2/L reduced pirimicarb concentrations to values below the limit of quantification, likely because of the formation of ROS. This reduction was associated with an almost complete removal of toxicity for D. magna. Furthermore, during a second experiment, 0.2 mg nTiO2/L in combination with 15 min UV irradiation reduced pirimicarb concentrations by approximately 30%. These results indicate a detoxification and therefore remediation potential of the combined application of nTiO2 and UV irradiation at ambient levels. This potential has not been documented to date in surface waters, where nTiO2 concentrations in the low to medium µg/L range may occur. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:518–523. © 2011 SETAC
The neoplastic impact of tobacco‐free betel‐quid on the histological type and the anatomical site of aerodigestive tract cancers
Authors: Lee Chien‐Hung , Lee Ka‐Wo , Fang Fu‐Min , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Tsai Shih‐Meng , Chen Ping‐Ho , Shieh Tien‐Yu , Chen Chung‐Ho , Wu I‐Chen , Huang Hsiao‐Ling , Chen Bai‐Hsiun , Chang Cheng‐Hsien , Chen Mu‐Kuan , Chou Shah‐Hwa , Tsai Yi‐Shan , Chiang Shang‐Lun , Ko Ying‐Chin
Published: December 2011

Little is known about any consequences of swallowing tobacco‐free betel‐quid (TF‐BQ) juice/remnants following chewing and its carcinogenic impact on the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) to gastrointestinal tract (GIT). We investigated the neoplastic impact of TF‐BQ on different anatomical locations along UADT and GIT, and differences according to their histological categories. We conducted a multicenter case–control study examining patients with 2,163 pathology‐proven UADT and GIT cancers, comparing them with 2,250 control subjects. Generalized additive models, piecewise regression and polytomous logistic models were applied to identify possible dose‐dependent structures and cancer risks. Contrary to nonsignificant GIT‐adenocarcinoma risk (aOR = 0.9), TF‐BQ users experienced a 1.7‐ to 16.2‐fold higher risk of UADT‐squamous cell carcinomas than nonusers, with the peak risk discovered in oral neoplasms. We separately observed a curvilinear and linear TF‐BQ dose‐risk relationship in oral/pharyngeal/esophageal and laryngeal cancers. Chewers of betel inflorescence were generally at a greater UADT cancer risk. A higher first‐piecewise increased risk of esophageal cancer was recognized among areca‐fluid swallowers than among nonswallowers (continuous aOR = 1.12 vs. 1.03). TF‐BQ use accounted for 66.1–78.7% and 17.8–33.2% of the cases of oral/pharyngeal and esophageal/laryngeal cancers, respectively. However, a reduction from heavy TF‐BQ consumption to low‐to‐moderate consumption only reduced 11.3–34.6% of etiologic fraction of oral/pharyngeal cancers. Alcohol supra‐additively modified the risk of TF‐BQ in determining the development of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers. In conclusion, the interplay of TF‐BQ and alcohol/tobacco use, combined with how chewing habit is practiced, influences carcinogenic consequences on anatomically diverse sites of UADT and GIT cancers, and histologically different types.
Simultaneous Determination of Sulfation and Glucuronidation of Flavones in FVB Mouse Intestine in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Fan Yanfang , Tang Lan , Zhou Juan , Feng Qian , Xia Bijun , Liu Zhongqiu
Published: December 2011

Glucuronidation and sulfation are the two major phase II metabolic pathways for flavones, natural compounds that hold great potential for improving human health. We investigated the positional preference for sulfation and glucuronidation of seven structurally similar flavones in vitro and in situ. An FVB mouse intestinal perfusion model was used in addition to three small intestine S9 fractions catalyzing sulfation only (Sult enzymes), glucuronidation only (Ugt enzymes) or both (Sult and Ugt enzymes). In both the single and co‐reaction S9 systems, flavones containing 7‐OH groups were conjugated only at 7‐OH despite the presence of other hydroxyl groups, and 7‐OH glucuronidation was faster than sulfation (P < 0.05). The sulfation rate was enhanced in the Sult‐Ugt co‐reaction system, while glucuronidation was usually unchanged by the presence of Sult. In the intestinal perfusate, sulfation patterns were the same in the small intestine and colon, and the excretion rate of 7‐O‐sulfate was the fastest or second fastest. The excretion of 7‐O‐glucuronidates was faster in small intestine (P < 0.05) than in colon. The S9‐mediated sulfation rates of the different flavones were significantly correlated with the excretion rates of the same flavones from perfused intestine. In conclusion, flavone glucuronidation and sulfation rates were sensitive to minor changes in molecular structure. In intestinal S9 fractions, both Ugts and Sults preferentially catalyzed reactions at 7‐OH. The sulfation rate was significantly enhanced by simultaneous glucuronidation, but glucuronidation was unaltered by sulfation. Sulfation rates in mouse S9 fractions correlated with sulfation rates in perfused intestine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemokine receptor CXCR7 mediates human endothelial progenitor cells survival, angiogenesis, but not proliferation
Authors: Yan Xiaoqing , Cai Shaoxi , Xiong Xin , Sun Wei , Dai Xiaozhen , Chen Sijia , Ye Qunfang , Song Zhen , Jiang Qifeng , Xu Zhiling
Published: December 2011

Stromal cell‐derived factor 1 (SDF‐1) is a critical regulator of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) mediated physiological and pathologic angiogenesis. It was considered to act via its unique receptor CXCR4 for a long time. CXCR7 is a second, recently identified receptor for SDF‐1, and its role in human EPCs is unclear. In present study, CXCR7 was found to be scarcely expressed on the surface of human EPCs derived from cord blood, but considerable intracellular CXCR7 was detected, which differs from that on EPCs derived from rat bone marrow. CXCR7 failed to support SDF‐1 induced human EPCs migration, proliferation, or nitric oxide (NO) production, but mediated human EPCs survival exclusively. Besides that, CXCR7 mediated EPCs tube formation along with CXCR4. Blocking CXCR7 with its antagonist CCX733 impaired SDF‐1/CXCR4 induced EPCs adhesion to active HUVECs and trans‐endothelial migration. Those results suggested that CXCR7 plays an important role in human cord blood derived EPCs in response to SDF‐1. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1437–1446, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of notch‐1 enhances epithelial–mesenchymal transition in gefitinib‐acquired resistant lung cancer cells
Authors: Xie Mian , Zhang Li , He Chao‐sheng , Xu Fei , Liu Jun‐ling , Hu Zhi‐huang , Zhao Li‐ping , Tian Ying
Published: December 2011

Despite an initial response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKI) in EGFR mutant lung cancer, most patients eventually become resistant and result in treatment failure. Recent studies have shown that epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with drug resistance and cancer cell metastasis. Strong multiple gene signature data indicate that EMT acts as a determinant of insensitivity to EGFR‐TKI. However, the exact mechanism for the acquisition of the EMT phenotype in EGFR‐TKI resistant lung cancer cells remains unclear. In the present study, we showed that the expression of Notch‐1 was highly upregulated in gefitinib‐resistant PC9/AB2 lung cancer cells. Notch‐1 receptor intracellular domain (N1IC), the activated form of the Notch‐1 receptor, promoted the EMT phenotype in PC9 cells. Silencing of Notch‐1 using siRNA reversed the EMT phenotype and restored sensitivity to gefitinib in PC9/AB2 cells. Moreover, Notch‐1 reduction was also involved in inhibition of anoikis as well as colony‐formation activity of PC9/AB2 cells. Taken together, these results provide strong molecular evidence that gefitinib‐acquired resistance in lung cancer cells undergoing EMT occurs through activation of Notch‐1 signaling. Thus, inhibition of Notch‐1 can be a novel strategy for the reversal of the EMT phenotype thereby potentially increasing therapeutic drug sensitivity to lung cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1501–1513, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CaM kinase control of AKT and LNCaP cell survival
Authors: Schmitt John M. , Smith Samantha , Hart Brendon , Fletcher Luke
Published: December 2011

AKT and its substrate BAD have been shown to promote prostate cancer cell survival. Agonists, such as carbachol, and hormones that increase intracellular calcium concentration can activate AKT leading to cancer cell survival. The LNCaP prostate cancer cells express the carbachol‐sensitive M3‐subtype of G protein‐coupled receptors that cause increases in intracellular calcium and activate the family of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinases (CaM Ks). One type of CaM Kinase, CaM Kinase Kinase (CaM KK), phosphorylates several substrates including AKT on threonine 308. AKT phosphorylation and activation enhances cell survival through phosphorylation of BAD protein and the subsequent blockade of caspase activation. Our goals were to examine the mechanism of carbachol activation of AKT and BAD in LNCaP prostate cancer cells and evaluate whether CaM KK may be mediating carbachol's activation of AKT and cell survival. Our results suggest that carbachol treatment of LNCaP cells promoted cell survival through CaM KK and its phosphorylation of AKT. The bacterial toxin anisomycin triggered caspase‐3 activation in LNCaP cells that was blocked by carbachol in a CaM KK‐ and AKT‐dependent manner. AKT and BAD phosphorylation were blocked by the selective CaM KK inhibitor, STO‐609, as well as siRNA directed against CaM KK. BAD phosphorylation was also blocked by treating cells with the AKT inhibitor, AKT‐X, as well as siRNA to AKT. Additionally, epinephrine promoted LNCaP cell survival through activation of AKT that was insensitive to STO‐609. Taken together these data suggest a survival role for CaM KK operating through AKT and BAD in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1514–1526, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IL‐4 induces proliferation in prostate cancer PC3 cells under nutrient‐depletion stress through the activation of the JNK‐pathway and survivin up‐regulation
Authors: Roca Hernan , Craig Matthew J. , Ying Chi , Varsos Zachary S. , Czarnieski Paul , Alva Ajjai S. , Hernandez James , Fuller David , Daignault Stephanie , Healy Patrick N. , Pienta Kenneth J.
Published: December 2011

Interleukin (IL)‐4 plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses and has been detected at high levels in the tumor microenvironment of cancer patients where it correlates with the grade of malignancy. The direct effect of IL‐4 on cancer cells has been associated with increased cell survival; however, its role in cancer cell proliferation and related mechanisms is still unclear. Here it was shown that in a nutrient‐depleted environment, IL‐4 induces proliferation in prostate cancer PC3 cells. In these cells, under nutrient‐depletion stress, IL‐4 activates mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including Erk, p38, and JNK. Using MAP‐signaling‐specific inhibitors, it was shown that IL‐4‐induced proliferation is mediated by JNK activation. In fact, JNK‐inhibitor‐V (JNKi‐V) stunted IL‐4‐mediated cell proliferation. Furthermore, it was found that IL‐4 induces survivin up‐regulation in nutrient‐depleted cancer cells. Using survivin‐short‐hairpin‐RNAs (shRNAs), it was demonstrated that in this milieu survivin expression above a threshold limit is critical to the mechanism of IL‐4‐mediated proliferation. In addition, the significance of survivin up‐regulation in a stressed environment was assessed in prostate cancer mouse xenografts. It was found that survivin knockdown decreases tumor progression in correlation with cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, under nutrient depletion stress, IL ‐4 could induce proliferation in cancer cells from multiple origins: MDA‐MB‐231 (breast), A253 (head and neck), and SKOV‐3 (ovarian). Overall, these findings suggest that in a tumor microenvironment under stress conditions, IL‐4 triggers a simultaneous activation of the JNK‐pathway and the up‐regulation of survivin turning on a cancer proliferation mechanism. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1569–1580, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serial administration of a modified richmond agitation and sedation scale for delirium screening
Authors: Chester Jennifer G. , Beth Harrington Mary , Rudolph James L. ,   on behalf of the VA Delirium Working Group
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVES:

Because delirium is a common yet frequently unrecognized condition, this study sought to design a brief screening tool for a core feature of mental status and to validate the instrument as a serial assessment for delirium.

DESIGN:

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING:

Tertiary VA Hospital in New England.

PARTICIPANTS:

A total of 95 veterans admitted to the medical service.

METHODS:

A consensus panel developed a modified version of the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) to capture alterations in consciousness. Upon admission, and daily thereafter, patients were screened with a modified RASS (mRASS) and independently underwent a comprehensive mental status interview by a geriatric expert, who determined whether the criteria for delirium were met. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio (LR) of the mRASS for delirium are reported.

RESULTS:

As a single assessment, the mRASS had a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 93% for delirium (LR, 9.4). When used to detect change, serial mRASS assessments had a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 92% (LR, 8.9) in both prevalent and incident delirium. When prevalent cases were excluded, any change in the mRASS had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 92% for incident delirium (LR, 10.2)

CONCLUSION:

When administered daily, the mRASS has good sensitivity and specificity for incident delirium. Given the brevity of the instrument (<30 seconds), consideration should be given to incorporating the modified RASS as a daily screening measure for consciousness and delirium. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Non‐contrast enhanced MR angiography: Established techniques
Authors: Miyazaki Mitsue , Akahane Masaaki
Published: December 2011

Until recently, time‐of‐flight (TOF) and phase contrast (PC) were the only non‐contrast MR angiography (NC‐MRA) techniques practically used in clinical. In the decade, NC‐MRA have been gained a revival of an interest among the MR researchers and scientists, in part because of safety concerns related to the possible link between gadolinium‐based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). This article introduces other established NC‐MRA techniques, such as ECG‐gated partial Fourier fast spin echo (FSE) and balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP), both with and without arterial spin labeling. Then, the article focuses on two main applications: peripheral run‐off and renal MRA. Recently, both applications have achieved remarkable advancements and have become a viable clinical option as an alternative to contrast‐enhanced (CE)‐MRA. In addition, developments on the horizon including whole body MRA applications and further advancement at 3 Tesla are discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1‐19. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conclusions from meta‐analytic structural equation models generally do not change due to corrections for study artifacts
Authors: Michel Jesse S. , Viswesvaran Chockalingam , Thomas Jeffrey
Published: December 2011

Meta‐analytic structural equations modeling is increasingly used in theory testing. There has been much debate when meta‐analyzed correlation matrices are used in structural equations modeling on whether to use mean observed correlations (i.e., corrected only for sampling error) or correlations corrected for study artifacts such as unreliability in measures. This paper investigates whether the fit indices are affected by the corrections and if the stability of the paths (i.e., changes in significance, magnitude, and relative strengths or rank order) is affected by the corrections. Results suggest that substantive model conclusions are generally unaffected by study artifacts and related statistical corrections as long as the variables included in the path analyses had typical levels of reliability as found in the psychological literature. More specifically, all models examined exhibited similar model fit and pathway stability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic interesterification of oils
Authors: Gibon Véronique
Published: December 2011

Due to health concerns, the food industry now aims to replace partially hydrogenated oils by other products having similar techno‐functional properties. There is a growing interest to produce trans‐free fats through interesterification technology. Enzymatic interesterification (EIE) has received considerable attention in recent years to replace chemical interesterification (CIE). Increased interest for EIE is related to the production of margarines and shortenings and also to the design of other innovative food fats.
The use of NMR in lipid analysis: Characterisation of E484, castor oil polyethylene glycol
Authors: Diehl Bernd W.K.
Published: December 2011

1H NMR spectroscopy enables the selective analysis of castor oil polyethylene glycol or E484 – an emulsifier commonly used in animal feed. The specific chemical composition of castor oil and the chemical substructures after the reaction with ethylene oxide enables the detection of E484 types in raw materials as well as in finished products and its differentiation from other polyethylene glycol based emulsifier systems. The detailed analysis of the NMR signals and the corresponding integral ratios gives values for the mean ethylene glycol units per mol fatty acid and provides significant parameters for monitoring the reaction kinetics and the by‐product profile.
Self‐Healing Rubbers Based on NBR Blends with Hyperbranched Polyethylenimines
Authors: Schüssele Andreas C. , Nübling Fritz , Thomann Yi , Carstensen Oliver , Bauer Georg , Speck Thomas , Mülhaupt Rolf
Published: December 2011

Hyperbranched PEI and urea‐functionalized PEI amphiphiles are employed as additives in NBR compounding. Polarity design governing phase separation, PEI migration and PEI‐mediated self‐healing of NBR is demonstrated. The compatibility of PEI and NBR decreases with increasing molecular weight of PEI and with decreasing degree of substitution. Microphase‐separated NBR/PEI blends are prepared with varying PEI molecular architectures. Thermal self‐healing of NBR/PEI is monitored by applying tests combining crack initiation with annealing under compression. All PEI additives show complete crack‐healing upon annealing at 100 °C for 12 h. In contrast to neat NBR, the NBR/PEI‐2 blend afforded a self‐healing efficiency of 44% after cutting and re‐joining by compression and annealing.

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Mechanical and Optical Properties of Polyamide 6/Clay Nanocomposite Cast Films: Influence of the Degree of Exfoliation
Authors: Soulestin Jérémie , Rashmi Baralu J. , Bourbigot Serge , Lacrampe Marie‐France , Krawczak Patricia
Published: December 2011

PA6 nanocomposite films with different nanoclay dispersion degrees are prepared by melt compounding and cast extrusion. The dispersion of the MMT platelets (homogeneity and degree of exfoliation) is evaluated qualitatively by TEM and quantitatively by rheology and NMR; it ranges from microcomposites to highly exfoliated nanocomposites. Compared to neat PA6, the optical properties (clarity, gloss, haze) are worse for the microcomposites and better for the nanocomposites. The mechanical properties depend strongly on the exfoliation level. Better exfoliation leads to higher stiffness. The strain at break decreases compared to neat PA6 films even in the case of highly exfoliated nanocomposites films. At low MMT content, the microcomposite has a higher ductility than well exfoliated nanocomposites films.

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Construction of global‐in‐time solutions to Kolmogorov‐Feller pseudodifferential equations with a small parameter using characteristics
Authors: Albeverio Sergio , Danilov Vladimir
Published: December 2011

Using an idea going back to Madelung, we construct global in time solutions to the transport equation corresponding to the asymptotic solution of the Kolmogorov‐Feller equation describing a system with diffusion, potential and jump terms. To do that we use the construction of a generalized delta‐shock solution of the continuity equation for a discontinuous velocity field. We also discuss corresponding problem of asymptotic solution construction (Maslov tunnel asymptotics).
Computing invariants via slicing groupoids: Gel'fand MacPherson, Gale and positive characteristic stable maps
Authors: Alper Jarod
Published: December 2011

We offer a groupoid‐theoretic approach to computing invariants. We illustrate this approach by describing the Gel'fand‐MacPherson correspondence and the Gale transform. We also provide Zariski‐local descriptions of the moduli space of ordered points in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathbb {P}^1$\end{document}. We give an explicit description of the moduli space \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$M_0(\mathbb {P}^1,2)$\end{document} over \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mbox{Spec}\mathbb {Z}$\end{document}. In characteristic 2, the singularity at the totally ramified cover is isomorphic to the affine cone over the Veronese embedding \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathbb {P}^1 \rightarrow \mathbb {P}^4$\end{document}.
Probing Polymersome‐Protein and ‐Cell Interactions: Influence of Different End‐Groups and Environments
Authors: Bleul Regina , Bachran Diana , Thiermann Raphael , Bertin Annabelle , Fuchs Hendrik , Maskos Michael
Published: December 2011

Developing polymersomes for drug delivery purposes requires a deeper understanding of their behavior in physiological environment. We performed the self‐assembly and in‐situ loading of polybutadiene‐block‐polyethyleneoxide (PB‐b‐PEO) polymersomes in a continuous process using micromixers. Varying the length and end‐groups of the starting block copolymer allows us to control the polymer membrane thickness and surface functionalities (hydroxyl or carboxylic acid), required to realize a further coupling with specific cell targeting ligands. To get a deeper understanding of these polymersomes in physiological environment, we studied the cellular response (HeLa cells) in presence of various polymersomes, and showed by cytotoxicity tests the relative biocompatibility of the systems. Flow cytometry experiments at 4 °C in PBS buffer showed a different behavior of hydroxyl‐functionalized vesicles compared to carboxylic acid‐functionalized vesicles. On the contrary cell binding in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FCS was almost completely blocked with both kinds of polymersomes. Protein adsorption measurements by dynamic light scattering confirmed that protein binding occurs in all cases, which apparently influences the particle‐cell interaction. This study contributes towards a deeper understanding of polymersomes in biological environment and further investigations will help us to design highly effective polymersomes for in vitro as well as in vivo applications.