bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Washington’s Soldier
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

Captain William Croghan entered Valley Forge with ten thousand soldiers in December 1777 and left with Washington the following June as a major in Charles Scott’s brigade. He lived and worked with Lafayette, Steuben, Wayne, Hamilton, Burr, and Knox for six brutal months before emerging to encounter Clinton’s British army on a blistering day near Monmouth Court House, New Jersey.
Reassigned to the Southern army in defense of Charleston, Croghan was one of approximately thirty-five hundred Americans who were forced to ground their arms to the tune of TheTurk’sMarchon 12 May 1780, the largest patriot defeat of the American Revolution. Released on parole with Colonel Jonathan Clark in the next spring, Croghan was assigned to Fort Pitt, but raced to take part in the battle of Yorktown, the last major military encounter of the Revolution.
Country Houses
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

John and Ann Rogers Clark, along with their youngest children, joined their second son, George Rogers, in Louisville early in 1785. The Clark’s eldest son and daughter remained in Virginia with their spouses, and two sons had not survived the Revolution.Settled in a massive log house, the Clarks soon hosted the marriages of two daughters: Elizabeth, to Colonel Richard Clough Anderson, and Lucy, to Major William Croghan. Youngest daughter, Fannie, followed with the first of her three weddings, but youngest son, William, would postpone marriage until his return from Mr. Jefferson’s expedition. George Rogersnever married. William spent much of his young manhood mediating his brother’s financial and legal entanglements, often spending his own income to resolve the differences. As a consequence, he sold the home he had inherited from his parents and moved with George Rogers across the Ohio, to the Indiana Territory land Virginia had provided its general as payment for the American Revolution.
Diseño y validación de una escala para evaluar el aprendizaje-servicio universitario en actividad física y deporte
Authors: Santos Pastor Maria Luisa , Cañadas Laura , Martínez Muñoz Luis Fernando , García Rico Luis
Published: May 2020

El interés que está teniendo el Aprendizaje-Servicio en el marco de la Educación Superior incita a comprobar sus efectos en la formación universitaria. Para ello se precisa de herramientas rigurosas y fiables que ayuden a medir el impacto de estas propuestas formativas desde un enfoque integral. Eneste artículo se describe el proceso de diseño y validación de un instrumento que permita evaluar la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios sobre el Aprendizaje-Servicio en Actividad Física y Deporte y cómo contribuyen a su aprendizaje. Para la construcción del instrumento se realizó una revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el objetivo propuesto. Para su validación se contó con 200 estudiantes de cinco universidades españolas, que participaron  durante los cursos 2017/2018 y 2018/2019 en alguna experiencia de Aprendizaje-Servicio en Actividad Física con colectivos en situación de desventaja. La validación de contenido fue llevada a cabo por seis expertos. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para valorar la estructura de dimensiones teóricas propuesta para la escala y se comprobó la consistencia interna de la escala global y de cada una de sus dimensiones. Los resultados confirman la adecuación del modelo estructural elegido (RMSEA= .08) y la fiabilidad de la escala (α = .95) y de cada una de sus dimensiones (α entre .68 y .86).  Se concluye que laescala es válida para medir la percepción del alumnado sobre la participación en experiencias de Aprendizaje-Servicio Universitario y su contribución al aprendizaje y desarrollo personal y social. Además, nos permitirá objetivar y validar los efectos concretos que tiene este enfoque pedagógico en su dimensión formativa, profesional, personal y comunitaria.
Enfoques de aprendizaje y perspectiva temporal: persistencia en estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Zamora Menéndez Ángela , Gil Flores Javier , De Besa Gutiérrez Manuel Rafael
Published: May 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el papel de los enfoques de aprendizaje y la perspectiva temporal de futuro en la persistencia académica de estudiantes universitarios de primer año. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 453 estudiantes de grado de primer año de la Universidad de Sevilla (España). Para medir la probabilidad de persistencia de los estudiantes, se emplearon los tres predictores significativos de la traducción al español del Cuestionario de Persistencia Universitaria (College Persistence Questionnaire, CPQ). Además, se utilizaron el cuestionario revisado de procesos de estudio de dos factores (Revised Two Factor Study Process Questionnaire, RSPQ-2F) y el inventario de perspectiva temporal (Time Perspective Inventory) para medir, respectivamente, los enfoques de aprendizaje y la perspectiva temporal de futuro. Un análisis de clúster jerárquico permitió la identificación de dos grupos de estudiantes con alta y baja probabilidad de persistencia. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de regresión logística por pasos para evaluar la contribución de los enfoques de aprendizaje y la perspectiva temporal de futuro a la explicación de la probabilidad de persistencia de los estudiantes. Nuestros resultados mostraron que ambos constructos son predictores significativos de la persistencia de los estudiantes universitarios. Los estudiantes con enfoque profundo y con una visión positiva de su futuro tienen mayor probabilidad de persistir en sus estudios que aquellos estudiantes con enfoque superficial de aprendizaje y una perspectiva de futuro negativa. Teniendo en cuenta que se ha demostrado que es posible provocar cambios en los enfoques de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, nuestros hallazgos ponen de manifiesto la relevancia de utilizar metodologías de enseñanza que faciliten la utilización del enfoque profundo de aprendizaje para prevenir el abandono de los estudiantes.
Valoración de la práctica orientadora y tutorial en la universidad: validación de una escala para el alumnado
Authors: Pantoja-Vallejo Antonio , Molero David , Molina-Jaén María Dolores , Colmenero-Ruiz María Jesús
Published: May 2020

reciente implantación en los estudios superiores, independientemente de las materias o áreas de las que se trate. Esto ha conllevado una falta de formación específica del profesorado universitario para atender demandas del alumnado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue validar la escala denominada POTAE-17, cuya finalidad es la de medir y valorar la práctica orientadora y tutorial en el alumnado y egresados universitarios. La muestra representativa, siguiendo un sistema de muestreo aleatorio proporcional, estuvo compuesta por 4003 estudiantes matriculados en 2º y 4º curso de las 24 titulaciones comunes en las universidades españolas de Granada y Jaén, máster y doctorado (35,22% hombres; 64,77% mujeres). A la misma se suman las otras instituciones participantes en el estudio general, Instituto Politécnico de Coímbra (Portugal) y Queen Mary University of London (Reino Unido), si bien los sujetos que aportan no presentan proporcionalidad al no haber coincidencia de estudios en estos países. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el paquete R Project for Statistical Computing y Lavaan de R. La escala POTAE-17 reflejó una estructura de 4 factores (orientación académica, orientación personal, orientación profesional, y orientación y TIC), mostrando la multidimensionalidad de la escala y una adecuada fiabilidad y validez. Estos resultados se apoyan en la necesidad de disponer de una medida que sea útil para el profesorado y alumnado en el ámbito de la orientación y la tutoría en el contexto universitario y, por ende, de fomentar la formación en acciones orientadoras universitarias.
La calidad de la docencia percibida por el alumnado y el profesorado universitarios: análisis de la dimensionalidad de un cuestionario de evaluación docente
Authors: Castro Morera María , Navarro Asencio Enrique , Blanco Blanco María Ángeles
Published: May 2020

Tras 75 años de investigación sobre los cuestionarios de evaluación de los estudiantes sobre la enseñanza, se mantiene abierto el debate sobre su dimensionalidad. Esta cuestión tiene importantes repercusiones, tanto teóricas (para la validación del constructo “calidad de la docencia”) como prácticas (asociándose ventajas a las medidas unidimensionales para fines sumativos y a las multidimensionales para fines formativos).La presente investigación se propone un análisis de la dimensionalidad de un cuestionario estándar de evaluación de la docencia por parte del alumnado; así como completar el análisis del constructo calidad de la docencia añadiendo la perspectiva del profesorado, profundizando en la naturaleza de lo que unos y otros perciben como una docencia de calidad.La doble perspectiva adoptada en este estudio se sustenta en el uso del mismo cuestionario de valoración de la actividad docente con los dos colectivos implicados, profesores y estudiantes de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Se analizan un total de 125.155 encuestas cumplimentadas por estudiantes de grado y máster de la UCM en el curso 2016-2017. La muestra de profesorado incluye las respuestas de los 666 profesores participantes en el Programa DOCENTIA-UCM que impartían clase en grado y máster durante el curso 2016-2017.Los análisis que se presentan están centrados en la dimensionalidad de los cuestionarios aplicados mediante Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE), aportando una aproximación analítica actualizada que se alinea con las buenas prácticas recomendadas en el presente para los estudios que hacen uso de AFE de ítems ordinales en estudios de validación.Los resultados muestran que la estructura interna del cuestionario para alumnado se define sobre la base de un solo factor que explica 73,4% de la varianza, denominado Calidad de la Docencia.  Los resultados para el cuestionario del profesorado sugieren una configuración bidimensional del constructo calidad de la docencia, explicando el 63,912% de la varianza extraida. Estos dos factores se denominaron Competencia docente general y Desarrollo específico de la propuesta docente, que muestra una perspectiva más diferenciada o matizada que el alumnado en su visión del constructo.
Christian Mission to the Jews Revisited: Exploring the Logic of the Vatican Document “The Gifts and Calling of God are Irrevocable”
Authors: Rutishauser Christian M.
Published: May 2020

This article examines how the Vatican document "The Gifts and Calling of God are Irrevocable" (2015) deals with the universal claim of Christian faith and the mission of Jesus to make the people of all nations his disciples in relation to Judaism, while the document clearly recognizes that the Jewish people are in an irrevocable covenant with God. The article shows how Church representatives have considered the question since the 1970s and found the formula in dialogue with Jewish representatives with whom the Roman Catholic Church has no institutionalized Jewish mission. The “no” to active mission among Jews and the “yes” to the Jewish-Christian dialogue of the document does not mean, however, that Christians should not testify their faith before all people. Finally, the article considers three topics: historically there have always been Jews and Gentiles who have seen the Messiah in Jesus; the Church sees itself in principle as a church of Gentiles and Jews; and the commitment to religious freedom guarantees Jews and Christians to change sides.
Samira K. Mehta. Beyond Chrismukkah: The Christian-Jewish Interfaith Family in the United States
Authors: Yares Laura
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
Kevin P. Spicer, Ed. and Martina Cucchiara, Trans. The Evil that Surrounds Us: The WWII Memoir of Erna Becker-Kohen
Authors: Menke Martin
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
“Genuine Brotherhood” without Remorse: A Commentary on Joseph Ratzinger’s "Comments on 'De Iudaeis'"
Authors: Cunningham Philip A. , Gregerman Adam
Published: May 2020

This article critically engages, section by section, a 2018 essay on Catholic-Jewish relations by emeritus Pope Benedict XVI. It is the result of joint analysis by a Jewish professor and a Catholic professor who co-direct an academic institute devoted to Catholic-Jewish relations. Benedict’s treatment of such topics as supersessionism, the “unrevoked covenant,” and the State of Israel is complex, and his reasoning is often difficult to follow, but the authors conclude that his essay makes genuine contributions to a Catholic theology of relations with Jews and Judaism that deserve serious, dispassionate, and critical study. This is true despite some serious weaknesses, especially its lack of consistent engagement with Judaism as lived by Jews today.
Daniel Joslyn-Siemiatkoski. The More Torah, the More Life: A Christian Commentary on Mishnah Avot
Authors: Benjamin Bickart Noah
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
Alon Goshen-Gottstein. Luther the Anti-Semite: A Contemporary Jewish Perspective
Authors: Burnett Stephen
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
Guilt and the Transformation of Christian-Jewish Relations
Authors: Von Kellenbach Katharina
Published: May 2020

While many church bodies condemned race-based antisemitism, both during and immediately after the Holocaust, the repudiation of theological anti-Judaism (e.g., the deicide charge and supersessionism) and renunciation of anti-Jewish writings by prominent theologians (e.g., Luther) required decades of intense study and negotiation. In Germany, in particular, activists in the Jewish-Christian dialogue understand the destruction of Jewish religious life in Europe as a turning point in Christian teachings on the Jewish future. In Dresden, for instance, the campaign to rebuild the destroyed Frauenkirche was tied to the construction of a new Jewish synagogue as a penitential act of restitution.
Pope John Paul II’s Encounters with Polish Jews
Authors: Krajewski Stanislaw
Published: May 2020

This article examines the official encounters in Poland of Pope John Paul II with representatives of the Polish Jewish community. This study includes a first-hand account of the atmosphere of the meetings and their backgrounds. This article also offers an analysis of the Pope’s addresses.
Jewish Universalism?: The Nations in the Rosh Hashanah Liturgy
Authors: Langer Ruth
Published: May 2020

Today’s positive relationship with Christians and Christianity challenges the voices of particularism in Jewish tradition. To discern how contemporary Jewish leaders are guiding their communities to think about the place of Jews within the larger human community, this article analyzes commentaries on a selection of Rosh Hashanah prayers from recently published prayer books commonly used in North American congregations. These prayers’ traditional texts themselves engage in a dialectic between universalism and particularism. The commentaries’ responses range along a spectrum, from an embrace of universalism by Reform Jews, to an advocacy also, but not exclusively, for particularism, among the orthodox.
Proyecto: Danza Butho (Exposición Signos – Forum 2004)
Authors: Farrais Sandra
Published: May 2020

En este artículo Sandra nos explica paso a paso cómo ha llevado a cabo las prácticas del grupo de trabajo del Fórum 2004 para la versión virtual de la exposición Voces.
Oliverio
Authors: Mosaic
Published: May 2020

Mosaic ha entrevistado al dj y vj Oliverio, un profesional de la música y la creatividad audiovisual para marcas instalado desde hace dos años en España para generar proyectos basados en la herramienta Visual Jammer, un sistema de creación y modificación de audio y video en tiempo real. Oliverio nos explica qué es Visual Jammer y qué cambios puede introducir en el trabajo audiovisual próximamente.
Oomycete small RNAs bind to the plant RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence
Authors: Dunker Florian , Trutzenberg Adriana , Rothenpieler Jan S , Kuhn Sarah , Pröls Reinhard , Schreiber Tom , Tissier Alain , Kemen Ariane , Kemen Eric , Hückelhoven Ralph , Weiberg Arne
Published: May 2020

The exchange of small RNAs (sRNAs) between hosts and pathogens can lead to gene silencing in the recipient organism, a mechanism termed cross-kingdom RNAi (ck-RNAi). While fungal sRNAs promoting virulence are established, the significance of ck-RNAi in distinct plant pathogens is not clear. Here, we describe that sRNAs of the pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, which represents the kingdom of oomycetes and is phylogenetically distant from fungi, employ the host plant’s Argonaute (AGO)/RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence. To demonstrate H. arabidopsidis sRNA (HpasRNA) functionality in ck-RNAi, we designed a novel CRISPR endoribonuclease Csy4/GUS reporter that enabled in situ visualization of HpasRNA-induced target suppression in Arabidopsis. The significant role of HpasRNAs together with AtAGO1 in virulence was revealed in plant atago1 mutants and by transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a short-tandem-target-mimic to block HpasRNAs, that both exhibited enhanced resistance. HpasRNA-targeted plant genes contributed to host immunity, as Arabidopsis gene knockout mutants displayed quantitatively enhanced susceptibility.
Addressing selective reporting of experiments through predefined exclusion criteria
Authors: Neves Kleber , Amaral Olavo B
Published: May 2020

The pressure for every research article to tell a clear story often leads researchers in the life sciences to exclude experiments that 'did not work' when they write up their results. However, this practice can lead to reporting bias if the decisions about which experiments to exclude are taken after data have been collected and analyzed. Here we discuss how to balance clarity and thoroughness when reporting the results of research, and suggest that predefining the criteria for excluding experiments might help researchers to achieve this balance.
Aberrant subchondral osteoblastic metabolism modifies NaV1.8 for osteoarthritis
Authors: Zhu Jianxi , Zhen Gehua , An Senbo , Wang Xiao , Wan Mei , Li Yusheng , Chen Zhiyong , Guan Yun , Dong Xinzhong , Hu Yihe , Cao Xu
Published: May 2020

Pain is the most prominent symptom of osteoarthritis (OA) progression. However, the relationship between pain and OA progression remains largely unknown. Here we report osteoblast secret prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) during aberrant subchondral bone remodeling induces pain and OA progression in mice. Specific deletion of the major PGE2 producing enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in osteoblasts or PGE2 receptor EP4 in peripheral nerve markedly ameliorates OA symptoms. Mechanistically, PGE2 sensitizes dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons by modifying the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8, evidenced by that genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting NaV1.8 in DRG neurons can substantially attenuate OA. Moreover, drugs targeting aberrant subchondral bone remodeling also attenuates OA through rebalancing PGE2 production and NaV1.8 modification. Thus, aberrant subchondral remodeling induced NaV1.8 neuronal modification is an important player in OA and is a potential therapeutic target in multiple skeletal degenerative diseases.
Against the State
Authors: McCargo Duncan
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the trial of Jon Ungpakorn and his nine codefendants, who were accused of violating national security. Their crime was having entered the compound of the junta-appointed National Legislative Assembly (the NLA: in effect, a puppet parliament) in December of 2007 to stage a peaceful protest that briefly halted proceedings. A group of prominent non-governmental organization (NGO) leaders and civil society activists involved in the protest were later charged with trespass and sedition. Unlike most of the freedom of expression defendants during this period, these defendants were not aligned with the pro-Thaksin redshirt movement: many were in fact well known for their anti-Thaksin views. However, the authorities seemed confused about the aims of the NLA protests, mixing up Jon Ungpakorn with his more radical younger brother Giles Ji Ungpakorn, who had been named on the military's 2010 lom jao organogram. Ultimately, the defendants were found guilty, and their chosen mode of protest was declared illegal by the Supreme Court, in a binding precedent that had major negative ramifications.
Laws, Organizations, Programs, and Practices
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses state institutions. Much scholarly effort has been invested in the definition of institution; some definitions are quite abstract. There is nothing wrong with such definitions, but as one scholar has observed, they might be “a little too general to be terribly helpful.” Four particular kinds of institutions are of interest when one discusses the architecture of the state. The first are laws. These are general rules of conduct that dictate how people and organizations inside and outside of the state should behave. One variant is constitutional or basic law, which provides the framework for the operation of the state. Another variant is statute law, which typically consists of rules generated by legislative assemblies. A third variant is subordinate legislation, which usually consists of regulations or rules made by executives and bureaucrats under authority granted by statutes. Organizations make up the second form of institution that is critical to the architecture of modern states. Organizations are responsible for implementing programs, a third important type of institution in the modern era. Lastly, there are informal practices that are so firmly established that they can be counted as institutions, even though these practices may not be recognized in law and may even be inconsistent with law.
Efficiency or Extravagance
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the first dilemma in the making of governance strategies, which is the choice between efficiency and extravagance in the design of institutions and policies. For the past forty years, research and practice in public administration have focused on providing high-quality services at the lowest possible cost. Indeed, efficiency has been the main concern of the public management movement that emerged in the 1970s and now dominates the field of public administration in the West. The goal is to make government “work better and cost less” and to increase “value for money.” In this view, organizations are healthy if they are lean and performance focused. Wastefulness and extravagance are regarded as cardinal sins. However, the choice between efficiency and extravagance is not so clear. Sometimes it makes sense to apply more resources to a task than is strictly necessary to accomplish it. For example, this is often true when fighting wars.
Present or Future
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how leaders also think about another border as they formulate a strategy for governing. This is the temporal divide between present and future, the invisible line that separates the present generation from the generations that follow. Institutions can be designed to give more weight to the interests of future generations. Indeed, leaders have built institutions with a vested interest in tending to future threats. In the United States, the Department of Defense regularly reviews threats to national security that will likely face the next generation. However, leaders are often driven toward shortsightedness, because they must also respond to more immediate challenges. Any state, democratic or authoritarian, must deal with the reality of competition within the system of states. To maintain security and influence, leaders must keep their national economies growing, even if it causes long-term environmental damage.
Research
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores public administration research. Complaints about a lack of rigor in public administration research intensified in the 1980s. “Lack of rigor” meant a failure to define concepts and problems precisely, to test the validity of claims properly, and to build on the work of earlier scholars. In the interdisciplinary schools of public policy established in the 1970s and 1980s, researchers in public management worked alongside scholars from “hard” disciplines such as economics, and struggled to win support from their peers when they applied for tenure and promotion. The public management approach was designed to overcome this stigma. Scholars in public management sought to focus on questions of manageable size, define concepts and hypotheses precisely, and rely on the quantitative-statistical research methods preferred by economists. All of this would assure “rigorous empirical analysis.” By the early 2000s, quantitative-statistical research methods were dominant in the field. The worry today is that a shift in the focus of research toward the macro-level of analysis—that is, toward big questions about the role and design of the state—will mean abandoning the accomplishments of the last thirty years. The chapter then considers three ways to respond to such concerns.
Strategy and the Surge
Authors: Rovner Joshua
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the relationship between strategy and the surge. Strategy is the bridge that links military operations and political objectives in war. A practical strategy describes those objectives and explains how military action will achieve them. The chapter disputes the idea that the surge constituted a new US strategy in Iraq. Instead, it can be considered as a “decision to put strategy on hold.” The surge, the chapter argues, encouraged a perverse strategic effect—by obscuring the political objectives of the war, it undercut efforts to forge competent and self-reliant governance in Iraq and contributed to the breakdown of the Iraqi state in the face of the subsequent rise of the Islamic State.
The Bush Administration’s Decision to Surge in Iraq
Authors: Immerman Richard H.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues—using the Eisenhower administration as a model of peacetime national security decision making—that the surge decision-making process displayed by the oral histories was idiosyncratic, excessively compartmentalized, and profoundly flawed. No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has fully adopted his model, and each has tailored procedures appropriate for his needs. The Bush process had to take into account his lack of expertise in military affairs, an increasingly polarized political climate, the legacy of the Vietnam War, the proliferation of leaks of sensitive information in the new media age, the resistance of the uniformed military leadership, and most important, Rumsfeld. Administration insiders argue that for these reasons Bush jettisoned fundamental tenets of Eisenhower's system in an effort to make a virtue out of necessity. Yet the evidence suggests that Eisenhower's best practices are just that—best practices. It further suggests that their rigorous application would have benefited Bush's process by expediting the instigation of a comprehensive review, co-opting opponents of a change in strategy, mitigating politicization, facilitating the exchange of information and advice, and accelerating implementation.
Iroquois Food Diplomacy in the Revolutionary North
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter details how Indians used hunger to fight back. During the summer of 1779, the rebel American army mounted a devastating victual-warfare campaign, known today as the Sullivan Campaign, against Britain's Iroquois allies. Two major related changes occurred after the expedition. First, British descriptions of Iroquois hunger by the 1780s allowed most officials to envision Indians as useful mouths who could overlook hunger while also requiring more provisions. This altered perception of Iroquois hunger created a second change: a reworking of Iroquoian food diplomacy into something more violent than its previous iterations. Iroquoian food diplomacy in the American Revolution was constituted, in part, by mutual fasting—a policy the Indians sometimes had to enforce through the use of aggression. This diplomacy took Indian requests for certain types of provisions into account, obliging non-Natives to go out of their way to accommodate Native tastes. The American Revolution ravaged Indian communities, including Iroquois ones, but, during the war, changing British perceptions of hungry Indians allowed the Iroquois to challenge the state of power relations at a time when contemporaries assumed they were powerless in the face of crop destruction and land losses. Iroquois abilities to ignore and endure hunger made it impossible for their British allies to think of them as useless mouths.
Learning from Food Laws in Nova Scotia
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses black hunger in Nova Scotia. When white Loyalists fled the mainland American colonies, they transported ideas about hunger prevention with them. As refugee colonists, they advocated for food aid based on their knowledge of previous colonization efforts. In Nova Scotia, they blocked black colonists' access to land while taking more of it for themselves, and they enacted food laws to avoid famine. Their actions became a way to fight white hunger while ignoring—and sometimes creating—black hunger. Because white Loyalists interfered with black people's food choices while keeping them from obtaining land, their actions in Nova Scotia can be characterized as victual imperialism. These food laws were so consequential because they stopped black colonists from producing and obtaining edible commodities using the methods that had previously worked in land-scarce environments. Ultimately, black hunger was a product of several factors: inadequate planning prior to migrants' arrival in the province, land dearth, distance from food-aid distribution centers, unfavorable weather, and, finally, the introduction of laws controlling bread production, fish harvesting, and marketing practices.
Black Loyalist Hunger Prevention in Sierra Leone
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes how, from 1792 to 1800, black colonists in Freetown, Sierra Leone—also referred to hereafter as “black Loyalists” and “Nova Scotians”—won several battles in the fight against black hunger. The Nova Scotians arrived in Africa in 1792 imbued with a sense of how to use food laws to exert dominance, and within half a decade, they had learned to behave as British subjects entitled to enforce that power. Whereas in Nova Scotia white Loyalists' food laws had controlled former bondpeople's access to food, in Sierra Leone, black colonists gained the right to enact their own antihunger rules, which white colonists uniformly approved, beginning in 1793. These Nova Scotians fought famine first by regulating their trade in alcohol, bread, fish, and meat. Later, the black Loyalists tried to regulate the trade of Africans, particularly Susu and Temne. These laws enabled former victual warriors to try to become victual imperialists by altering African food sales while occupying African land. This attempt failed because violent Temne and Susu reactions to colonists' price-fixing encouraged white councilmen in Sierra Leone to curtail black Loyalist lawmaking; those councilmen would later try to interfere with Africans' trade.
Richly Endowed
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a background of Alcibiades. One quality is immediately apparent about Alcibiades: he is exceptionally gorgeous. All the sources speak of his beauty and describe all the love affairs in which he figures. It should be remembered that at that time beauty was a virtue, widely recognized and celebrated. Along with beauty, Alcibiades had charm and the power of seduction. He was a celebrity, the spoiled child of Athens, allowed to do whatever he pleased and admired for everything he did. Indeed, Alcibiades came from an aristocratic family, a fact not to be ignored even in the egalitarian democracy that governed Athens at the time. Around the middle of the fifth century BCE, powerful families were highly regarded and enjoyed considerable authority. Alcibiades came from the two largest of these families. He was thus born with every advantage, everything money could buy to advance his career, from an excellent education among the greatest minds to the means of achieving fame throughout the democracy. The chapter then describes the friendship between Alcibiades and Socrates.
Political Debut
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter details Alcibiades' entry into politics. The first mention of Alcibiades in Thucydides' work refers to the year 420 BCE. Thucydides' introduction lacks the personal charm found in Plato, but it goes straight to the heart of the man's character. The juxtaposition of contrasting motives—the future of Athens versus the promotion of self-interest—is found throughout the work of Thucydides whenever Alcibiades is involved: in the Sicilian expedition and later during the action in Asia Minor. Once the subject of politics was brought up, all the flaws and insults were erased as compared with the ambition that would lead Alcibiades to the pinnacle of success and the depths of disaster. Alcibiades intended to become general, and without delay. In fact, he was elected in the same year, 420 BCE. The chapter also describes the Peloponnesian War, which provided Alcibiades an opportunity to make his name and he did not let the opportunity escape him. However, the war was more than an occasion of brilliant conduct for a young man like Alcibiades; it led him to make some critical decisions about the conduct of his affairs. The chapter then considers the Argive alliance.
In Asia Minor
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the defections of the islands and the cities of Asia Minor following the disaster of the Sicilian expedition which left Athens' empire badly shaken. The empire represented its power; now Athens had been shown to be weak. Very quickly, the effects were felt in Ionia, in the islands close to Asia Minor, and in the Greek cities of Asia Minor. This was a key region for Greece because, in general, Asia Minor was part of Persia, and an old rivalry existed between the two peoples. During the Peloponnesian War, Sparta had, from the beginning, thought about an alliance with Persia; it knew the barbarians wanted to destroy Athens. As soon as the disaster in Sicily became known, defections of Greek cities took place one by one, and negotiations between Sparta and the Persian satraps began. In Sparta, there was one person who knew better than anyone else what these defections meant to Athens, and how much Athens feared an alliance between Sparta and Persia. This person had every reason to encourage Sparta, and to show it the price of these two means for destroying Athenian power. That was, of course, Alcibiades. The strategy in Ionia was his third counsel.
The Difference
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter details Alexander Kluge's 1985 acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving the Kleist Prize, which had been revived after a half-century hiatus. Kluge claims that if there is anyone in the German literary tradition who insists on the importance of difference then it is Heinrich von Kleist. He then recounts the work of the writer Robert Musil, who is among the award's many recipients. He also discusses the seam between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a seam where especially open forms developed. These open forms can be found not only in Kleist's but also Friedrich Hölderlin's work. Kluge claims that “at this seam spanning more than three decades bridging these two antagonistic centuries, three new developments arise while individual forces struggle against one another: popular war, industrialization, and the codification of a new tenderness.” He says “it is important to recognize the changed guises these three elementary processes have assumed, processes that begin in earnest in the early nineteenth century but whose roots go back to the eighteenth century.” Ultimately, Kluge is afraid of the incompetence of new media as well as its destructive power to fill people's heads. In the age of new media, Kluge considers writers as the guardians of difference.
The Political without Its Despair
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on populism and passivity, making available for the first time in English one of four essays Alexander Kluge penned alone for his third collaboration with social philosopher Oskar Negt, Measured Relations of the Political (1992). Words like “folkish,” “folksy,” “popular,” “populist,” “popularis,” “folk festival,” “national community,” and even phrases like “in the name of the people” not only describe different ideas, but each also assumes a different historical guise. The seriousness contained in the use of these words cannot be found if the shadows, perspectives, and temporal signs accompanying such words are destroyed. Amid falsehoods and instrumental appropriations, appeals to the people revolve around the search for autonomy and distinctive character. What is sovereignty's elemental material? How is the creation of autonomy, if need be by proxy, organized? How is it balanced? Which building blocks are used to construct a community? People pose these questions more frequently at two historical transitions: when they doubt the materials used to construct their community along with the organization of their experience; and when they believe they have reason to be proud of their achievements, like when they succeed at attaining autonomy. With regard to the concept of the political in both positions—doubt and pride—people are currently witnessing a peculiar devaluation.
Like Any Other Job?
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores some of the challenges that organizers of domestic workers in Ecuador face. Its discussion of domestic worker organizing touches on the three major themes of this book: social reproduction, informal arrangements that render domestic work invisible, and class relations that degrade and dehumanize workers. Workers' engagement in long hours of paid and unpaid social reproduction makes them difficult to reach and organize. Informal arrangements, and lack of political will and political effectiveness to change these arrangements, combine to make the enforcement of existing laws difficult. Moreover, relationships with the left-leaning state, embedded in traditional assumptions about who constitutes the working class—assumptions that leave out women and informal workers—have been fraught. The chapter then shows how domestic workers and their advocates have been organizing, what strategies they have used to demand the rights of these workers, and what the implications of these strategies are for political action and change.
Voices on the Page
Authors: McCarthy Kathleen
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of first-person Latin poems. It begins by studying a poem by Gaius Valerius Catullus, which yokes together the world of the characters and the world of the reader by means of the first-person speaker, who is positioned as both a character in the storyworld and the author of the text. The chapter then seeks to describe how first-person Latin poems produce their distinctive charisma by intertwining social and literary communication. Central to the effects of such poems is the fact that one can see the poem's discourse as an artistic creation designed to communicate with readers who will have no other contact with the poet. Also central to their effects, however, is the fact that this orientation toward distant or future readers is almost never registered explicitly in the poem, which instead shows an image of face-to-face communication in an intimate social world that readers can never access.
Introduction
Authors: Aulino Felicity
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of care in Thailand. Thailand, this relatively small nation of sixty-six million people in mainland Southeast Asia, faces struggles similar to many other places in the world, including a rapidly aging population, the exploitation of the working and middle classes, and economic and authoritarian roadblocks to political participation. People care for the sick and provide for their communities amid such conditions, and much of what they do can be described—using familiar analytic concepts—as reflecting and resisting a variety of social pressures. However, Thailand is also predominantly Buddhist, one of many indications of the powerful influence of centuries-old practice and philosophical lineages, distinct from European traditions. Close attention to mundane affairs—from home-care routines to friendly social interactions, from volunteer home visits to professional conference presentations—invites an appreciation of the subtle logics of engagement from which lived experience here stems. This book thus highlights the habituated ways people provide for one another. This focus illustrates that care is not universally parsed as a matter of concern and assistance, but rather is a function of the ways people's attention is trained by the social world to perceive and prioritize what needs to be done, and for whom, and in what ways.
Introduction
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter discusses how objects were the tools that turned yesterday's civilians into soldiers, as they first learned to wear their uniforms, care for and use their weapons, pack their knapsacks, and dig shelter. At the beginning of their service, these things were all that distinguished soldiers from civilians. Putting their civilian things in storage and their previous lives on hold, they would trade their disparate civilian worlds for one in which all their things were government issue. These objects were the quotidian material that made the epic events of the war possible. Thus, this book tells the story of the central event in Soviet history, the Great Patriotic War, through objects. It explores how soldiers used and the government provided a plethora of things from underwear to tanks, tracing major changes in Soviet society via government-issue objects. The standardized world of uniforms, rations, weapons, and trenches render explicit many aspects of the meaning of the war for the Soviet government and its citizens. Moreover, the material culture of the Red Army embodied the obligations shared by state and soldier.
Cities of Earth, Cities of Rubble
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the destroyed landscape of war and the cities of earth that soldiers built to survive, crafting a semi-urban space using standard issue spades and attempting to recreate aspects of civilian life. During the Great Patriotic War, survival at the front was virtually impossible without the help of an ancient hand tool: the spade. Indeed, the idea of the spade as a loyal friend became a major trope of military propaganda. That such a humble object received so much attention is telling. The spade was the key to soldiers' reading, shaping, and using the landscape. The soldier's small spade was an anonymous object, standard to everyone, and manuals taught soldiers to dig trenches according to a regular plan, yet Red Army soldiers excavated highly personalized spaces. Ultimately, the small, relatively primitive object and the labor it facilitated were central to the experience of millions of people in one of the most technologically advanced conflicts in world history.
Trophies of War
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on all manner of trophies, from German prisoners of war to objects looted from houses in the Third Reich. Between 1941 and 1945, soldiers of the Red Army were confronted with an enemy who was often better dressed, wealthier, and initially much more effective. First on Soviet territory and then abroad, Red Army soldiers confronted an alien culture. For average citizens, this trip abroad was a unique chance to go beyond Soviet borders, one that came at great personal risk and with a clear objective—to destroy Fascism and the Third Reich. What soldiers saw along the way was puzzling. They not only reckoned with material objects and institutions that the Soviet Union had purged but were also left to wonder why people who lived materially so much better than they did had waged a genocidal war against them, marked by systematic rape, pillaging, and wanton destruction. The chapter then shows how a Soviet understanding of jurisprudence and a particular perception of the bourgeois world combined with a desire for vengeance to both justify looting and frame Soviet understandings of the Third Reich.
Conclusion
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter discusses the socialist framework that undergirded Soviet society. Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism divided the world into objective and subjective phenomena. History was seen as a series of massive processes that were objective and inexorable. How these massive changes were experienced by individuals was simply subjective, a mere byproduct of these processes. The war served both to highlight and to undermine this logic of history: Soviet victory had always been touted as inevitable, but what individual soldiers did seemed to matter very much in its outcome. In place of a Marxist narrative of “objective” and “subjective” experience, the chapter explains that the book has been a story of objects and subjects—things and people. Specific subjectivities, or senses of self, formed around the use of specific objects, as Red Army soldiers came to identify themselves with the weapons they wielded, invest meaning in rituals both mundane and extraordinary, and inhabit the idiosyncratic ranks of the army and its cities of earth.
The Thing-Bag
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the soldier's knapsack, exploring the few personal items that soldiers carried, from knickknacks to print propaganda to personal letters. Given the nomadic nature of soldiers' existence and the lack of free space in their packs, these items had to be either useful or precious. The thing-bag was the closest thing soldiers had to a private place. However, like everything else in the army, the soldier's pack was subject to random inspections. Superiors could look into thing-bags if they so desired, and they were encouraged to do so. The only nonmilitary items that soldiers were encouraged to carry in their packs were ephemera. Books, magazines, and newspapers were published to raise soldiers' morale, allowing them to expand their knowledge and distract themselves from the miseries of life at the front. In an army learning on the job, they also provided useful information about how to fight and transmitted the latest tactical innovations. Finally, this was the medium where soldiers could find explanations of the meaning of the war and their place in it. Of even greater importance were letters, which reified connections with home and allowed soldiers to participate in the lives of distant relatives.