bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aceptación y adopción de sistemas productivos adaptativos en la microcuenca el Guayabo-San José, Municipio el Sauce, León
Authors: Toruño Pedro José , Roque-Gómez Johanna Lissette , Torres-Ríos Zeneyda Antonia
Published: June 2013

El establecimiento de Sistemas Productivos Adaptativos (SPA), constituye una alternativa de producción sostenible y compatible con la conservación del medio ambiente; sin embargo se desconocen los elementos que inciden en los proceso de aceptación y adopción. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar desde la perspectiva social la aceptación, adopción e integración de género en los Sistemas Productivos Adaptativos en la microcuenca “Guayabo-San José”. Los SPA estudiados fueron granos básicos en callejones mejorados y granos básicos con árboles dispersos. El presente es un estudio cualitativo, la información se obtuvo a través de triangulación de métodos: entrevistas, observación participante y grupos focales. Se realizó un análisis de contenido obteniéndose como resultados una percepción positiva de aceptación por parte de los productores. Existe un 100% de aceptación y un 25 % de adopción de los sistemas.La adopción aumenta cuando los productores disponen de tierra propia, beneficios extras en sus parcelas y adecuadas capacitaciones y asistencia técnica. Sobre el rol que las cónyuges desempeñan, las entidades no tomaron en cuenta su involucramiento en el proceso de transferencia de los sistemas. Las cónyuges no se involucran de manera directa en el manejo de los sistemas, desempeñando únicamente actividades domésticas y el cuido de los hijos. Los productores no realizan todas las prácticas de manejo del sistema; sin embargo, se incluyen los tres componentes del modelo productivo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v12i18.1125 Revista Científica Vol. 12. Nº 18, p. 52-60 / junio 2012
Impacto del plan comunal universitario en el fortalecimiento del sistema de extensión y promotoría rural en Nicaragua
Authors: Aguilar-Bustamante Victor , Nicaragua Karla
Published: June 2013

El Plan Comunal Universitario (PCU) fue iniciado de Mayo a Diciembre del año de 2009 entre las universidades del Consejo Nacional de Universidades (CNU) y la Oficina de Desarrollo Institucional (ODI) del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). El financiamiento fue obtenido del Fondo para el Desarrollo de Capacidades del PRORURAL (FADECAPRO). Se involucraron un total de 136 egresados y graduados de las carreras de Agronomía, Veterinaria, Zootecnia, Ingeniería Agrícola, Economía, comunicación, Ingeniería en Sistemas y Antropología de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua Managua (UNAN Managua), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua de León (UNAN León), Universidad Católica del Trópico Seco (UCATSE), Escuela internacional de Agricultura y Ganadería de Rivas (EIAG), Universidad Centroamerciana (UCA), Bluefield Indian and Caribbean Universitiy (BICU) y la Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense (URACCAN). El curso de inducción, el curso de promotoría rural y demás capacitaciones fueron impartidas en el CNIAB – INTA Managua, Campos Azules INTA Masatepe, INTA Juigalpa, Centro del Valle de Sébaco -CEVAS INTA Matagalpa y en el Centro Experimental de Occidente -CEO León. Los objetivos del PCU fueron los de capacitar a recién egresados y graduados de las Universidades, fortalecer la red de promotores rurales, aumentar la cobertura de asistencia técnica del INTA y mejorar la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de las familias campesinas. Se logró organizar a un total de 588 promotores y beneficiar a través del proceso de capacitación y transferencia tecnológica a un total de 10 571 productores de los cuáles 42% fueron mujeres. Se logró incrementar en un 12% el número de beneficiarios o cobertura del INTA con los servicios de asistencia técnica pública. La vitalidad de estos jóvenes, protagonizó una faena técnica y humana y cuyas repercusiones dejaron una profunda huella en las comunidades y cooperativas que ellos atendieron y una huella en sus propias vidas, lo cual se resalta en un incremento de la autoestima y la buena voluntad de un relevo generacional responsable y comprometido con el desarrollo de Nicaragua. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v12i18.1126 Revista Científica Vol. 12. Nº 18, p. 61-66 / junio 2012
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder after Cardiac Transplantation in Children: Life Threatening Complications Associated with Chemotherapy Combined with Rituximab
Authors: Fukushima Norihide
Published: June 2013

Despite the excellent long-term survival currently achieved in pediatric heart transplant recipients, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality after heart transplantation (HTx), especially in children. Timely and accurate diagnosis based on histological examination of biopsy tissue is essential for early intervention for PTLD. Chemotherapy is indicated for patients with poor response to reduction of immunosuppressive medication and for highly aggressive monomorphic PTLD. The use of rituximab in combination with chemotherapy is effective to suppress B cell type PTLD (B-PTLD). However, PTLD relapses frequently and the outcome is still poor. Although everolimus (EVL) has been reported to inhibit growth of human Epstein-Barr-virus- (EBV-) transformed B lymphocytesin vitroandin vivo, EVL has several side effects, such as delayed wound healing and an increase in bacterial infection. During combined treatment of chemotherapy and rituximab, B-PTLDs are sometimes associated with life-threatening complications, such as intestinal perforation and cardiogenic shock due to cytokine release syndrome. In HTx children especially treated with EVL, stoma should be made to avoid reoperation or sepsis in case of intestinal perforation. In cases with cardiac graft dysfunction possibly due to cytokine release syndrome by chemotherapy with rituximab for PTLD, plasma exchange is effective to restore cardiac function and to rescue the patients.
Comment on “Exact Bayesian variable sampling plans for the exponential distribution based on type-I hybrid censored samples” and “its corrections”
Authors: Liang Tachen
Published: June 2013

We compare the performances of two sampling plans, namely, the Lin-Liang-Huang (2002)'s Bayesian sampling plan $(n^*,\xi^*)$ and the Lin-Huang-Balakrishnan (2008a, 2010a)'s exact Bayesian sampling plan $(n_0,r_0,t_0,\xi_0)$. We also comment the accuracy of the values of the design parameters $(n_0,r_0,t_0,\xi_0)$ provided in Lin-Huang-Balakrishnan (2010a). We conclude that among the class of sampling plans $(n,r,t,\xi)$ of Lin et al.~(2008a, 2010a), the exact Bayesian sampling plan does not exist.
A Class of Shannon-McMillan theorems for mth-order Markov information source on generalized random selection system
Authors: Kang Wang Kang , Cai Zong De
Published: June 2013

In this paper, our aim is to establish a class of Shannon-McMillan theorems for $m$th-order nonhomogeneous Markov information source on the generalized random selection system by constructing the consistent distribution functions. As corollaries, we obtain some Shannon-McMillan theorems for $m$th-order nonhomogeneous Markov information source and the general nonhomogeneous Markov information source. Some results which have been obtained are extended. In the proof, a new technique for studying Shannon-McMillan theorems in information theory is applied.
Nectary structure and nectar secretion of Echium russicum J. F. Gmel. flowers
Authors: Chwil Mirosława , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta
Published: June 2013

In this study, the micromorphology of nectaries in Echium russicum J. F. Gmel. flowers was determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their anatomy by using light microscopy (LM). The rate of nectar production of flowers and sugar concentration in nectar were investigated. The nectary gland is located below the ovary of the pistil. It is composed of 4 parts corresponding to the parts of the ovary. The widest regions of the nectar-producing tissue are situated by the furrows separating the adjacent parts of the ovary. Nectar is secreted through anomocytic stomata, located only in the lower part of the nectary. The stomata were distributed evenly or they formed clusters of 2-3. The average number of stomata on the surface of the whole nectary was 184. At the nectar secretion stage, open and closed, as well as not fully mature stomata were observed. The orientation of most of the stomata was parallel to the nectary base. The cuticle surface of the cells of the upper and lateral part of the nectary was smooth, whereas in the region producing stomata it showed various folds facilitating the retention of nectar. The flowers produced nectar throughout the flowering period. The weight of nectar secreted throughout the lifetime of ten flowers was, on the average, 20 mg, with the concentration of sugars of 58% and their weight reaching 17 mg.
Pollen productivity and morphology of pollen grains in two cultivars of honeyberry (Lonicera kamtschatica (Sevast.) Pojark.)
Authors: Bożek Małgorzata
Published: June 2013

In the years 2004-2006, investigations on the abundance of pollen production in two cultivars of Lonicera kamtschatica (Sevast.) Pojark. - Atut and Duet, were conducted at the Felin Experimental Farm of the Agricultural University in Lublin. Moreover, the viability of pollen grains was estimated and measurements of their size were taken. Ten flowers of both studied cultivars supplied 11.42 mg of pollen and the average pollen productivity per 1 ha of a several-years-old plantation was 30.04 kg. The pollen of the observed plants was eagerly collected by honey bees. Pollen grains of both cultivars are suboblate. Considering their size, they can be described as large ones (P=47.55 µm, E=60.37 µm). Pollen viability for both cultivars is high, about 95%.
Effects of cadmium and lead concentrations and arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth, flowering and heavy metal accumulation in scarlet sage (Salvia splendens sello 'torreador')
Authors: Nowak Joanna
Published: June 2013

The objective of this research was to examine the influence of Cd (0, 10, 20, 40 mg Cd·dm-3) and Pb (0, 10, 100, 200 mg Pb·dm-3) in growing substrate and mycorrhizal colonization of root system on growth, flowering, Cd and Pb accumulation in scarlet sage shoots. Both Cd and Pb had a negative effect on mycorrhizal colonization of scarlet sage roots. The effect of Cd and Pb on the growth of scarlet sage was negligible. Cd at 40 mg·dm-3 lowered the number of inflorescences and caused slight chlorosis of the lowermost leaves. Pb at 200 mg·dm-3 caused drying of the lowermost leaves. Both heavy metals accelerated flowering of non-mycorrhizal plants, independently of the concentration in growing media. Cd and Pb contents in scarlet sage shoots increased with the increasing content of these heavy metals in growing substrate in both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhization decreased the growth of scarlet sage and increased the accumulation of Cd and Pb in shoots of plants grown in media strongly polluted with heavy metals.
Changes in structure of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings shoots under aluminum stress conditions
Authors: Konarska Agata
Published: June 2013

The seedlings of the red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. Trapez grown in water culture for a period of 14 days with Al (0, 10, 20 and 40 mg·dm-3 AlCl3·6 H2O). Some morphological and anatomical features of red pepper shoots were analyzed. Reduction in height and diameter of stems as well as decrease in fresh mass of shoots were observed after Al-treatment. In the hypocotyl the thickness of cortex parenchyma layer and the size of their cells were reduced. The aluminum treatment resulted in the increased in thickness of the epidermis outer cell wall. Under Al stress in the cotrex and the central cylinder parenchyma cells were present numerous enlarge plastids which contained large grains of starch and dark little bodies which were possible aluminum deposits. They weren`t observed in control seedlings.
The influence of the mineral composition of the medium on in vitro propagation of Kohleria amabilis (Planch. et Linden) Fritsch shoots
Authors: Kozak Danuta , Hetman Jerzy , Witek Małgorzata
Published: June 2013

The aim of the study was to test the influence of the mineral salt composition of the medium on in vitro multiplication and growth of kohleria shoots. Shoot tips were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) (full- and half strength), Gamborg et al. (B5), Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) or Lloyd and McCown (WPM) media supplemented with BA 1 mg·dm-3. The influence of passage time on the induction and growth of shoots on the medium containing half strength of MS mineral salts and BA 1 mg·dm-3, GA3 1 mg·dm-3 was also studied. The explants used in the experiments were obtained from aseptically grown shoot clusters. A significant influence of the medium type and the time of propagation on the number, length and weight of axillary shoots was observed. The medium containing full or half strength of mineral salts according to MS was the best. The propagation of kohleria shoots should take place at 4-week passages.
The inhibitory effect of tropolone and hinokitiol on the mycelium growth of Phoma narcissi in vitro
Authors: Saniewska Alicja , Saniewski Marian
Published: June 2013

Tropolone and hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin) that are present in heartwood of several Cupressaceae trees are known for their antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal properties. In the present studies it was showed that tropolone and hinokitiol greatly inhibited in vitro, on PDA medium, the mycelium growth of Phoma narcissi, a pathogen of Hippeastrum and other species of family Amaryllidaceae. Total inhibition of the mycelium growth of Phoma narcissi took place at a tropolone concentration of 6.0 µg·cm-3 and at a hinokitiol concentration of 50.0 µg·cm-3. Fungicidal doses of tropolone and hinokitiol for the mycelium growth of Phoma narcissi were also documented. The results presented in this paper are discussed with data available in literature on the antifungal action of tropolone and hinokitiol on other species of pathogenic fungi.
Disease symptoms and their frequency of occurrence in sycamores (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in the Rymanów Forest Unit stands
Authors: Kowalski Tadeusz , Materniak Paulina
Published: June 2013

Field studies were conducted in the years 2003 - 2005 in the Rymanów Forest Unit in 13 stands aged between 40 to 100 years, which had 10% - 60% of the sycamore in their species composition. They grew on a mountain forest site (12 stands) and mountain riparian forest (1 stand). In each of them 100 trees were examined, growing next to each other in the central part of the stands. The disease symptoms, on trunks and in the crown area of each tree, and their intensity were determined according to the predefined symptomatic - developmental code. More than 80 fragments of wood and bark were collected from trunks of living and dead trees with local cankers and bark peeling off exposing wood. From the samples, 798 isolations were made on 2% malt - agar medium. The examined sycamores in the Rymanów Forest Unit showed a large variation in the disease symptoms and their occurrence frequency. Among 1300 analyzed trees, only 13.7% did not show external, macroscopic disease symptoms. There was a relatively large share of dead trees (15.0%), which in individual stands ranged 4.0 - 32.0%. The most frequent symptoms in crowns were as follows: top dying (6.3% trees), entire branch dying (16.2%) or only their tops (9.6%), crown thinning (19.4%), leaf atrophy (10.8%) and leaf discoloration (11.6%). On sycamores trunks, the following symptoms were found: plate-like and strip-like necrosis of bark that was breaking, falling off and exposing wood (8.6% trees), local bark cankers (14.7%), among which healed ones dominated (10.3%), bark cracks (14.3%) and tree cancer symptoms (3.8%). Bark necrosis and wood exposure formed 1.5 times more frequently on the northern and western side than on the southern and eastern side, bark cracks appeared most frequently on the southern trunk side. On the cross sections of sycamore trunks, the following symptoms were found predominantly: T-shaped discolorations which appeared in the place of local healed cankers, dead wood regions in the places of local unhealed cankers and widespread bark cankers, sometimes taking the form of a sector reaching the part near the pith, and greyish - green or greenish - brown wood discolorations in the form of numerous stains, especially in the trunk periphery part. On the trunks of 184 (14.2%) sycamores, perithecia of Nectria coccinea were present. They formed in the area of cankers on bark and exposed wood alike. Fruiting bodies of Nectria cinnabarina, Eutypa acharii, Melanomma pulvis-pyrius, conidiomata of Cytospora ambiens, Aposphaeria cf. pulviscula and conidiomata of Stegonsporium pyriforme occurred sporadically. From wood, the following were isolated predominantly: Basidiomycetes sp. 1, Chalara sp. 1, Cadophora fastigiata, Nectria cinnabarina and Cytospora ambiens. Chalara sp.1, with its morphological features, best matched the anamorph of Ceratocystis coerulescens sensu lato.
Decorative values of selected cultivars of climbing roses (Rosa L.) with regard to thermal conditions
Authors: Włodarczyk Zofia , Perzanowska Agnieszka
Published: June 2013

In the years 2004-2006 in Kraków, phenological observations of climbing roses were conducted in order to determine the length and dates of their flowering period. The diameters of their flowers were also compared. Eight flowering repeating cultivars were selected for the experiment: 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', 'Dortmund', 'Golden Showers', 'Goldstern', 'New Dawn', 'Parade', 'Sympathie' and 'White New Dawn'. During the studies, the shrub roses were not artificially watered in order to create conditions similar to those prevailing in public green areas. It was observed that irrespective of the air temperature pattern in a given year, the studied cultivars did not bloom before 15 June. In 2006 high temperatures (above 20oC), which continued throughout the whole flowering period, caused its shortening, and the interval between the first and the next flowering in the season lasted longer than in the previous years. In the years 2004-2006, the cultivar 'New Dawn' bloomed the longest. In 2005 the studied cultivars produced larger flowers than the next year. The cultivars 'Dortmund' and 'White New Dawn' were characterised by the smallest diameter of flowers, whereas 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', 'Golden Showers' and 'Parade' were marked by the largest diameter.
The effect of herbicides on Chenopodium album L. phenology in fodder beet, spring wheat and faba bean crops
Authors: Wesołowski Marian , Harasim Elżbieta
Published: June 2013

The objective of the study was to determine the time of occurrence of the emergence, budding, fruiting and seed shedding stages, as well as the degree of advancement of the white goosefoot fruiting and diaspores shedding stages in fodder beet, spring wheat and faba bean crops under mechanical and chemical weed control. Phenological observations were conducted in the years 2000-2002 at 10-day intervals, starting from the day of crop sowing on alluvial soil made of light loam. Chemically weed controlled objects were treated with herbicides: fodder beet - lenacil 80%; spring wheat - MCPA 30% + dicamba 4%; faba bean - linuron 50%. It was proven that the times of occurrence and the scale of the studied phenological stages of white goosefoot depended on the crop species, the in-crop weed control method and the pattern of weather conditions in the study years. White goosefoot had the most favourable conditions of growth in the fodder beet crop. The herbicides in the fodder beet and faba bean crops delayed the emergence and the time of occurrence of successive white goosefoot growth stages. These agents also decreased the degree of diaspores shedding by the weed species studied. The most white goosefoot specimens shed fruits on the mechanically weed controlled plots. The diaspores dissemination was promoted by a warm and moist growing season.
Plant communities of cultivated fields of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion. Part 5. Root crop communities of light soils
Authors: Rzymowska Zofia , Skrzyczyńska Janina
Published: June 2013

This present paper, focused on root crop communities of light soils, is a part of the wide range characteristics of segetal communities of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu (Podlasie Bug River Gorge) mesoregion. On the basis of 160 phytosociological relevés made according to the Braun-Blanquet method, phytocenoses representing the Panico-Setarion alliance were distinguished. Most often, patches of the association Echinochloo-Setarietum were recorded in the study area. Heterogeneous habitat conditions affect its floristic diversity. Two subassociations of the phytocenosis, divided according to the species composition into 9 lower syntaxa, were identified on light soils. The following subassociations were distinguished: Echinochloo-Setarietum setarietosum glaucae in a typical variant and a variant with Juncus bufonius, both with subvariants with Digitaria ischaemum, as well as a typical variant of Echinochloo-Setarietum typicum, a variant with Juncus bufonius and a subvariant with Oxalis stricta in the typical and wet variant. Another association found in root crops on light soils of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion is Digitarietum ischaemi. Its patches were observed in cultivations on light, acidic, poor soils. The characteristic feature of this community is the occurrence of numerous acidophilous species. In habitat conditions typical for the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion, Digitarietum ischaemi is differentiated into the typical and wet variant. Quite frequent patches of the Setaria pumila-Setaria viridis community were noted in intermediate habitat conditions, between those characteristic for Digitarietum ischaemi and Echinochloo-Setarietum.
Development of the pollen in the antarctic flowering plant Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl.
Authors: Giełwanowska Irena , Bochenek Anna , Szczuka Ewa
Published: June 2013

Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. produced two types very small bisexual fl owers. In the Antarctic natural conditions chasmogamic and cleistogamic fl owers most often form fi ve stamina with short fi laments. Two microsporangia with a three-layer wall form in the anther. Microspore mother cells, which develop into microspores after meiosis, form inside the microsporangium. Microsporocytes of Colobanthus quitensis are surrounded with a thick callose layer, the special wall. After meiosis, the callose wall is dissolved and microspores are released from the tetrad. The production of proorbicules, orbicules and peritapetal membrane, and the construction of a complex sporoderm with numerous apertural sites were observed. When microspore and pollen protoplasts underwent necrosis, probably as a result of temperature and osmotic stress, sporoderm layers formed around microspores, and the cell tapetum did not disintegrate. However, woody wall layers did not accumulate in endothecium cells.
Micromorphology of nectaries of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. at different flower development stages
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Chwil Mirosława , Michońska Magdalena
Published: June 2013

The analysis of the structure of fl oral nectaries of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. was performed using stereoscopic, light and scanning electron microscopy. Nectaries were sampled at different development stages: closed bud, budburst and full bloom. The nectary gland exhibits clear ribbings corresponding to fi ve small ribs of the ovary. In the top part of the gland, unicellular and multicellular non-glandular trichomes occur in great density. The upper surface of the nectary differs from its lateral surface by a stronger degree of cuticle development. Stomata are evenly distributed on the upper surface and in the higher regions of the lateral wall. The cuticle forms clear striae on the surface of stomatal cells. Stomata at different development stages were observed, as well as the beginning of nectar secretion which takes places already in the closed bud.
Umbellifers as potential keystone species in restoration projects
Authors: Zych Marcin , Niemczyk Paweł , Niemirski Radosław
Published: June 2013

We studied visitation rates to four common European umbellifers: Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota, and Heracleum sphondylium. Our observations and literature data confi rm that a single plant species from the family Apiaceae may be visited by over a hundred insect taxa from taxonomically diverse groups. Here we suggest that in the light of pollination shortage faced by many endangered plant species, co-planting of relevant native Apiaceae plants, especially in Europe, should be taken into consideration in many restoration projects to provide, via umbelliferean magnet species, appropriate pollination service for focus plant taxa.
The phytocoenoses of anthropogenically transformed areas with a great importance for Apoidea
Authors: Wrzesień Małgorzata , Denisow Bożena
Published: June 2013

The paper indicates the phytocenoses most rich in bee taxons and occurring in habitats located along railway lines crossing Lublin Upland. To date, in the study area 124 basic phytocoenoses have been discovered, described and classifi ed into 12 different synecological groups. Among 52 phytocoenoses, the participation of bee flora was considerable. Most voluble phytocoenoses represent ruderal and segetal associations (Artemisietea vulgaris, Stellarietea mediae classes - 87 species), meadow and pasture associations (Mollinio-Arrhenatheretea - 56 species), psammophilous and xerothermic grasslands (Festuco- Brometea, Koelerio glauce-Corynophoretea canescensis - 38 species), thermophilous forest edge communities and thickets (Trifolio-Geranietea and Rhamno-Prunetea - 33 species). Significantly fewer melliferous and polleniferous taxons were noticed in mesophilous deciduous forests or thermophilous oak forests - 29 species. Most simple in structure and species richness are associations with Rumex acetosa, Reseda lutea, Linaria vulgaris, Papaver rhoeas, Cirsium arvense, Oenothera biennis, Viola arvensis and Potentilletum anserine or Sisymbrietum altissimi. The communities form patches (15-20 m2) with 80-100% cover of the diagnostic taxon and are of low or medium stability. The most persistent and floristically stable are Tanaceto Artemisietum, Rudbeckio- Solidaginetum, Echio-Melilotetum, Sambucetum nigrae, Rubo fruticosi-Prunetum spinosae and communities with Rosa rugosa, Rubus caesius, Geranium robertianum, Pastinaca sativa, Trifolium medium or Euphorbia cyparissias. The maintenance of the mosaic of phytocoenoses in anthropogenically transformed habitats, including those along railway lines, is of decisive importance for the protection of floristic diversity and adaptation processes of Apoidea.
The flowering pattern of Arnica montana L. and A. chamissonis Less. under field cultivation conditions with successive flower head collection
Authors: Sugier Danuta
Published: June 2013

The research on the flowering of Arnica montana L. and A. chamissonis Less. was carried out in the years 2005-2006 on two- and three-year plantations on grey-brown podsolic soil with the granulometric composition of heavy clay sand. The aim of the work was to determine the pattern and length of flowering of two- and three-year-old plants under field cultivation conditions with successive flower head collection. The flowering of Arnica montana in both years of study lasted 26 days (from the 28th of May to the 22nd of June). In this period, eight collections of flower heads were made. When analyzing the number of inflorescences gathered during particular collections, it was concluded that at the initial stage of flowering it was not great, but it successively increased with the passage of time up to the seventh collection. The pattern of flowering of the two- and three-year-old Arnica montana plants was similar. The inflorescences of Arnica chamissonis were collected six times, and the most abundant flowering was found in the middle period of this stage, which lasted 20 days.
Effect of the kind of habitat on flowering of Hierochloë repens (Host) Simonkai
Authors: Gęsiński Krzysztof
Published: June 2013

Studies on flowering of Hierochloë repens were performed over the years 2005-2007 in five habitats located in Bydgoszcz. The first habitat is a degenerated fresh ryegrass meadow (Arrhenatheretum elatioris). Another one is a degenerated form of initial xerothermic swards (Tunico-Poetum compressae). The third habitat in which the occurrence of Hierochloë repens was found and flowering was analyzed is sandy sward (Koelerio-Corynephoretea). Yet another habitat is ruderal in character and it was located on the side of the road (Convolvulo-Brometum inermis). The last one is a fertile and moist habitat of elm-ash marshy meadow being gramineous herb fringe communities in character. The evaluation was based on the following analyses: morphological characters of inflorescences (length of inflorescence, stem length, number of inflorescence branches and number of spikelets), stem and inflorescence weight and reproduction effort as well as the share of generative individuals in the population and the number of generative individuals per m2. Differences were found in the structure of Hierochloë repens inflorescence in the habitats analyzed. The biggest inflorescence, in terms of all the characters analyzed, was found in fertile elm-ash marshy meadow, and the smallest in poor xerothermic sward. The highest generative reproduction potential of Hierochloë repens was found in the ruderal habitats. They are the basic potential source of generative diaspora production, which can affect the spreading of this species in Poland.
Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Malathion Induced Alterations in Antioxidant Defense System and Morphology of Erythrocytes in Wistar Rats
Authors: G.K. Bhatti  , I.P.S. Sidhu  , J.S. Bhatti
Published: June 2013

Malathion intoxication has been shown to produce oxidative stress due to the generation of free radicals and alter the antioxidant defense system in erythrocytes. Previous studies have shown the ameliorative role melatonin against oxidative stress induced by generation of free radicals. Present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin against malathion induced oxidative stress. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control; Melatonin (10mg/Kg body weight) group; Malathion (250mg/Kg body weight) treated group; Malathion + Melatonin treated group. Animals were administered an acute dose of malathion orally. The result of this study shows that in vivo administration of malathion caused inhibition in AChE activity in erythrocytes. Malathion intoxication also significantly increased the oxidative damage as evidenced by increased level of LPO and GSH content. The Inhibition of GSH level and increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes was relieved in malathion + melatonin group. Enhanced activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx were observed in erythrocytes of malathion treated rats as compared to control group. Moreover, melatonin supplementation in malathion treated rats maintain normal level of antioxidant enzymes as compared to malathion treated rats which indicates that melatonin provide protection against malathion-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes. No significant change in the membrane bound enzymes such as Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase was observed in malathion intoxicated rats. Findings of scanning electron micrographs of erythrocytes revealed that both the malathion treated and malathion+melatonin treated groups exhibited morphological changes in erythrocytes. However, concomitant melatonin supplementation normalized the morphological alterations in erythrocytes induced by malathion toxicity. In conclusion, melatonin supplementation may ameliorate malathion-induced oxidative imbalance by enhancing the glutathione level, reducing lipid peroxidation and normalizing antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes.
Quality Improvements in Public Livestock Services Delivery: Are Farmers Ready to Pay? An Inquiry in South India
Authors: Kathiravan G. , Thirunavukkarasu M.
Published: June 2013

Farmers Willingness To Pay (WTP) for improving the quality of public livestock services delivery, in terms of Service Provider and Farmer Relationship (SPFR), chance of recovery from ailments and chance of conception following Artificial Insemination (AI), was assessed through Contingent Valuation (CV) in southern peninsular state of India, the Tamil Nadu State. The districts of the state were categorized as ‘Livestock Developed’ (LD) and ‘Livestock Under Developed’ (LUD) based on initial base line developed. Contingent Valuation (CV) approach and Tobit regressions were used to assess variations in the stated Willingness To Pay (WTP) values, and the probability of stating a positive WTP value for respondents who declared that they were not willing to pay. Overall, the respondents in the study area were willing to pay INR 3.91 for improving the SPFR attribute of the public veterinary centre, while they were ready to pay INR 5.84 for augmenting the chances of recovery from illness by the services of public veterinary centres. In order to benefit from improved chance of conception of their bovines after AI, the farmers were willing to pay INR 11.71. An absolute concordance on the levels of attributes and the variations in the stated positive WTP values for quality improvements was noticed. Tobit regression analyses on the improvements of all above attributes indicated that the farmers who were at disadvantaged levels of an attribute were willing to pay more compared to those at an advantaged level.
Comparative Analysis of Molecular Structure, Function and Expression of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Toll-Like Receptor 9
Authors: Manuja Anju , Manuja Balvinder K. , Kataria Ranjit S. , Sethi Ramesh K. , Singh Raj K.
Published: June 2013

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been characterized as a receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG motif and triggers a pro-inflammatory cytokine response that influences both innate and adaptive immunity. Buffalo is an economically important livestock species in many Asian and Mediterranean countries, but there is little information available on its TLR9 structure and response to stimulation with its agonist CpG-ODNs. Hence in this study, we report the analysis of newly sequenced buffalo TLR9 gene fragment. In this study, buffalo TLR9 amino acid sequence revealed close association of TLR9 proteins within other bovines and small ruminants; but high divergence from other species. Multiple alignment of deduced amino acid sequence of Bubalus bubalis TLR9 with other species showed that 156/201 (74.28%) amino acids were conserved in all species. Leucine rich repeat (LRR) motifs in the ectodomain of TLR9 are responsible for molecular recognition of its agonist. The LRR pattern of Bubalus bubalis TLR9 protein was predicted towards N-terminal sequence and was found to be conserved among all species except Rattus norvegicus and Equus caballus. Blast analysis of buffalo TLR9 sequence with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) database revealed 13 SNPs out of which 7 were cds-synonymous and 6 were of the functional significance. Furthermore, kinetics of TLR9 and proinflammatory IL-1β and TNF-α cytokine expression by buffalo PBMCs influenced by CpG-ODN is also discussed.
Some Hematological and Blood Biochemical Profile of Iraqi Riverine Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) During Different Gestation Periods
Authors: Abdulkareem Talal A.
Published: June 2013

This study was conducted to demonstrate some hematological and blood biochemical profile of Iraqi riverine buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during pregnancy. Ten out of 22 adult buffaloes of 4.6 ± 0.97 years old were used in this study. Blood samples was collected from each buffalo from mating (day 0), day 22-24 PM, 10-12 days interval during gestation period. Hemoglobin (Hb) was greater (P < 0.05) at days 103 – 106, 133 – 136 and 238 – 241 of pregnancy than those at 32 -34 days PM. The AST was highest at days 133 – 136 of pregnancy. Higher and lower ALP activity was noted at days 178-181 of gestation. A considerable increase in plasma albumin occurred at days 268–271 of gestation in comparison to days 42 – 44 PM. In conclusion, nutritional deficiencies and metabolic disorders during gestation in riverine buffaloes can be detected by monitoring blood alterations.
Hypospadias in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Mediterranean Breed - Case Report
Authors: Volpato Rodrigo , Araujo Michelle S. , Vexenate Stephane C.O.R. , Oba Eunice
Published: June 2013

Hypospadias is a rare congenital condition characterized by abnormal development of the penile urethra, penis, scrotum and prepuce. The etiopathogenesis is still not fully elucidated, but it is based on a deficiency of testosterone during the critical stage of morphogenesis. At UNESP’s experimental farm was born a Mediterranean breed buffalo calf with congenital abnormalities in the reproductive system, being diagnosed with hypospadias
Point Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthiaisis in Buffaloes of Jammu, India
Authors: Mir Muzaffar Rasool , Chishti M.Z. , Rashid Majidah , Rashid Majidah , Dar S.A. , Katoch Rajash , Kuchay J.A. , Dar J.A.
Published: June 2013

The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in buffaloes of Jammu area of Jammu And Kashmir State for the period of one year. For this purpose, 173 faecal samples were collected from different areas (Bisnah, R S Pura, Sidrah, Jammu city and Akhnoor) of subtropical Jammu. Parasitological procedures used for the identification of helminthes were direct and indirect methods. The overall prevalence of helminthiasis was 38.72%. Helminthic infection was recorded throughout the year with seasonal variations.
Effect of Heat Stress on Milk Production and Composition in Murrah Buffaloes
Authors: Pawar Hitesh N. , Kumar G.V.P.P.S. Ravi , Narang Raman
Published: June 2013

Temperature humidity index (THI) is widely used to assess the effect of temperature and relative humidity on performance in animals. In summer the THI was between 74 – 89 with average value of 81.18. in winter months THI ranged between 49 -70 with the average of 60. The results showed a significant effect of heat stress on daily milk yield and milk composition. In the present study the daily milk yield decreases from 4.46 to 3.65kg, heat stress reduced milk yield by 18.2%. There was a significant effect of heat stress on milk composition. Heat stress significantly reduced milk fat content from 8.3% during the winter to 7.19% during the summer. Milk protein percentage significantly decreased as a result of summer heat stress (3.08 vs.2.9 %, respectively for the winter and summer). In the present study the SNF decreases from 9.08 to 9.05 %, heat stress reduced SNF % as the THI value went from ≤ 74 to ≥ 83 in summer. Results showed that milk production is a function of THI. The negative slope of regression line indicates that milk production fat%, protein% and SNF% decreases as THI increases. This regression indicates that in general for each point increase in THI value. There was decrease in milk yield of 0.028kg per buffalo per day. Heat stress environments have been associated with depression in milk fat%, protein% and SNF%. There was decrease in milk fat of 0.046% per buffalo per day. There was also decrease in milk protein of 0.00014 % per buffalo per day. The decrease in milk SNF of 0.0047 % per buffalo per day.
Fatty Acids in the Meat of Buffaloes Supplemented with Fish Oil
Authors: Cedres J.F. , Patiño E.M. , Judis M.A. , Negrette M. Sanchez , Romero A.M. , Doval M.M. , Rebak G. , Crudeli G.A.
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study has been to investigate the influence of both a supplementary fish oil diet on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n6 and n3 fatty acids on intramuscular fat in Mediterranean buffalo meat. Twenty animals were randomly divided into two groups and fed with Brachiaria brizantha, 3Kg rice bran, 500 g corn and 500 g sunflower pellets for 60 days. Group I received this diet only while in group II each animal received additional 100 ml fish oil daily. Results indicated a significant decrease of palmitic fatty acid in group II (232.67 mg/g fat) in relation to group I (254.73 mg/g fat). Among unsaturated acids (AGI), the 9c 11t CLA value of group II (21.23 mg/g fat) showed an increase in relation to group I (15.80 mg/g fat), while the linoleic acid content of group II (28,85 mg/g fat) decreased significantly in relation to group I (47,00 mg/g fat). However, the alpha linolenic acid showed no significant difference between the supplemented diet group and the control group (10.31 and 10.70 mg/g fat, respectively). Group II n6/n3 ratio was narrower (2.69:1) than that of group I (4.55:1). Summing up, group II diet, which included fish oil, increased the CLA content in intramuscular fat and decreased the n6 fatty acids, improving the n6/n3 ratio.
Drugs/Substance Use in Sports
Authors: Ritchie Ian
Published: July 2024

Drugs and substance use in sport represents a major social problem studied in sociology and in related social‐scientific fields. Research in sociology, history, philosophy, and policy studies has considered issues such as the prevalence of drug use in sport, the efficacy of anti‐doping policies, the rights of athletes, and the history of the creation of anti‐doping rules. Some researchers support anti‐doping in principle, while others are critical and offer alternatives.
E‐Commerce
Authors: Williams Dana M.
Published: July 2024

Electronic commerce (e‐commerce) involves business that is done electronically and includes economic exchange between businesses (B2B), businesses selling to consumers (B2C), or exchange between individual consumers (C2C). By the twenty‐first century, e‐commerce had become increasingly central to affluent economies, as a result of the creation of vast telecommunications networks and the Internet; the proliferation of personal computers and mobile phones; developments in business systems, software, and websites; and the establishment of trust in vendor reliability and personal financial information security (especially credit cards), through promotional marketing and advances in encryption.
Globalization, Sexuality and
Authors: Binnie Jon , Gaytán Marie Sarita
Published: July 2024

Defined broadly, globalization refers to the increase in the movement of financial goods, products, labor, people, and ideas across national boundaries. Although theorists disagree about its origin and its significance in contemporary society, most agree that globalization involves the increased interconnectedness of individuals, capital, and materials. It has been made possible by technological advancements in communication and travel. Sexuality refers to sexual practices, acts, and desires and the meanings associated with them. Sociologists recognize sexuality as socially constructed, and emphasize that a person's social location (e.g., gender identity, class) shapes their perceptions and interactions.
Social Change
Authors: Sekulić Duško
Published: July 2024

The analogy of historical development with the life cycle has played a great role throughout the history of western thought. From the nineteenth century up to the present the dominant model for explaining social change has been evolutionary theory. Some of these theories derive their inspiration from biological evolution while others regard history as possessing an internal mechanism that gives rise to change. The representative of the latter group is Herbert Spencer. This group of theories, usually unilinear, holds that history will progress until the final stage (for Comte the positive stage, or for Marx communism) is reached. Modern approaches have abandoned the grand schemes that aim to find the explanatory principles of history. Their more relativistic perspective explains change in terms of the complex interplay of ecological, social, and economic factors as developed by Lenski, Diamond, and Tainter. Modern theories of change differ according to their emphasis on institutions or values as the main determinant of social change.
Stratification Systems: Openness
Authors: Bögenhold Dieter
Published: July 2024

The concept of stratification refers to the idea of vertical segmentation in the sense of having more or fewer resources. Degrees of stratification are always relational and express degrees of social inequality. Open stratification systems exist when a society leaves channels for upward or downward mobility, where actors or families can change their position inter‐ or intragenerationally. The classic idea in Marx's categorization was that access to means of production is the pivot point of all sociological and economic analysis. An early contrast to the dominant Marxist view was elaborated by Max Weber, who stressed the fact of differentiation. Bourdieu sees the social world in terms of a metaphor: Consider a multidimensional social sphere in which different groups of actors reflect, on the one hand, the sphere of social position and, on the other hand, the sphere of lifestyles. Other authors emphasize the growing relativity of the class concept due to increasing trends of mobility caused by education, urbanization, and changing demographic patterns, including the declining significance of the institution of the family, which leads more and more to a multicolored puzzle of conditions, lifestyles, attitudes, and behavior.
Self‐Assembled HYP Liposome Nanoparticles Promote Diabetic Wound Healing by Regulating the Polarization of M1 Macrophages
Authors: Hou Bao , Zhang Shijie , Wen Yuanyuan , Xu Anjing , Zhu Xuexue , Cai Weiwei , Zhou Yuetao , Qiu Liying , Sun Haijian
Published: July 2024

Suppression of the polarization of M1 macrophages is crucial for promoting diabetic wound healing. Hypahorine (HYP), a small molecule alkaloid compound with anti‐inflammatory properties, is encapsulated in liposome nanospheres (HYP‐INPS) using a one‐step ultrasound method and applied to treat open wounds in diabetic rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that HYP‐INPS nanoparticles are spherical and coated with a lipid layer. ZetaPALS analysis demonstrated that HYP‐INPS has a potential of ‐15.67 ± 2.58 mV and a size of 212.87 ± 13.34 nm. In vitro, confocal microscopy revealed the cellular uptake of HYP‐INPS in macrophages. Flow cytometry showed that HYP‐INPS inhibited the polarization of bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) to the M1 phenotype. In vivo, HYP‐INPS promoted diabetic wound healing by improving the inflammatory microenvironment within wounds. Immunofluorescence revealed that HYP‐INPS up‐regulated the expression of M2 macrophages and down‐regulated the expression of M1 macrophages at the wound site. Transcriptome sequencing showed that HYP‐INPS treatment specifically up‐regulated ASB10 expression in LPS‐induced RAW264.7 cells. Loss‐of‐function or gain‐of‐function experiments confirmed the regulatory role of ASB10 in M1 macrophage polarization. Therefore, HYP‐INPS targeted ASB10 is concluded to accelerate wound healing in diabetes by inhibiting the polarization of M1 macrophages and improving the inflammatory microenvironment. This newly developed HYP‐INPS system holds promise as a potential treatment for diabetic wounds.