bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence-based Assessment
Authors: Hunsley John , Mash Eric J.
Published: February 2013

Evidence-based assessment relies on research and theory to inform the selection of constructs to be assessed for a specific assessment purpose, the methods and measures to be used in the assessment, and the manner in which the assessment process unfolds. An evidence-based approach to clinical assessment necessitates the recognition that, even when evidence-based instruments are used, the assessment process is a decision-making task in which hypotheses must be iteratively formulated and tested. In this chapter, we review (a) the progress that has been made in developing an evidence-based approach to clinical assessment in the past decade and (b) the many challenges that lie ahead if clinical assessment is to be truly evidence-based.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Sysko Robyn , Wilson G. Terence
Published: February 2013

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) describes two eating disorder diagnoses, anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Provisional criteria are also provided in DSM-IV for binge eating disorder (BED), which is an example of an eating disorder not otherwise specified. This chapter presents a summary and synthesis of research related to the clinical features and treatment of AN, BN, and BED, including studies of prevalence, common comorbidities, and treatment efficacy. Both psychological and pharmacological treatments are reviewed, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, family therapy, and the use of antidepressant medications. Recommendations are made for future research across the eating disorders.
Interventions for Mental Health Problems in Later Life
Authors: Holland Jason M. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores
Published: February 2013

Older adults are increasingly making up a larger segment of the worldwide population, which presents both challenges and opportunities for the clinical psychologist in the 21st century. In this chapter, we address some of the unique aspects of working with this population, focusing on general guidelines for tailoring interventions for older adults, specific treatments for particular problems commonly faced in later life, as well as issues of diversity and how they might impact psychotherapy with older clients. We also outline several areas in geropsychology that are in need of further investigation, namely the use of technology, post-traumatic stress, and family therapy, and offer some recommendations for future directions in this field of study.
The Future of Clinical Psychology: Promises, Perspectives, and Predictions
Authors: Barlow David H. , Carl Jenna R.
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we speculate on near to immediate future trends in clinical psychology and make ten predictions in the broad areas of training, diagnosis and assessment, and treatment. These include: (1) an increased focus on competencies in training; (2) the implications of evidence-based practice as a new major focus of training; (3) changes in the accreditation of training programs; (4) a move to dimensional conceptions of diagnosis; (5) clinical outcomes assessment as an integral part of practice, as well as a more individual focus in clinical research; (6) the increasing recognition and dissemination of psychological treatments; (7) the end of single-diagnosis psychological treatment manuals; (8) the development of drugs that specifically enhance the mechanisms of action of psychological treatments; (9) an expanded role for technology in service delivery; and (10) a clearer delineation of the terms “psychological treatments,” referring to interventions directed at psychopathology and pathophysiology in the context of our health-care delivery system, and, “psychotherapy,” increasingly based on data from positive psychology, but directed at enhancing personal adjustment and growth.
Interacting with Animals
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses a theory that has often been called deontological, but now is increasingly called Kantian because of its origins in the theory of Immanuel Kant. It starts with a characterization of two ways in which differences between human beings and nonhuman animals might be drawn in moral theory: thinking about what is good and thinking about right and obligation. Two general types of argument have therefore been used by philosophers in their attempts either to justify or criticize our uses of animal. This article argues that since animals cannot give consent, we should adopt the norm that we should “interact” with other animals in ways that are mutually beneficial and fair, and allow them to live something reasonably like their own sort of life. It is also implausible, this argument states, to hypothesize that an animal would consent to painful scientific experimentation.
Human Animals and Nonhuman Persons
Authors: Chan Sarah , Harris John
Published: February 2013

This article starts with the assumption that the term “person” in the everyday sense is generally taken to be synonymous with the term “human”. Philosophers tend to use the word “person” in the more abstract sense of entities as someone who possess a particular moral status and about whom particular moral claims may be made on the basis of that status. This article considers whether a nonhuman animal or any other entity could, under certain specifiable conditions, be a person. It approaches this subject through personhood theory and asks why certain attributes are thought so important to being a person. It then asks what this account requires of nonhuman animals in order to be deemed persons. It also explores the implications of nonhuman animal personhood.
Keeping Pets
Authors: Bok Hilary
Published: February 2013

This article defines “pets” as nonhuman animals that people take into their homes and accept as members of the household. It assumes that cats and dogs are happy living in human households and have better lives than they would if they were in the wild. There is welcomed companionship and often a genuine friendship across species. There can of course be many failures and problems such as animal aggression and human cruelty and neglect. In some circumstances, the fact that humans can understand in ways their pets cannot creates a situation in which we should require more of ourselves in the way of care and patience than we would require in the case of a competent adult human. It suggests that it is a mistake to regard duties to nonhuman animals as situated in a hierarchy of moral status in which animals with high-level capacities occupy a higher rank.
Vegetarianism
Authors: Rachels Stuart
Published: February 2013

This article takes up a series of moral problems about industrial farming, which it assesses as a form of cruelty to animals, as well as environmentally destructive, harmful to rural regions, and with serious consequences for human health. It lays out and attempts to document the pertinent facts behind these claims, especially facts about the farming of pigs, cows, chickens, turkeys, and seafood. It attempts to explain why the industrial system has been remarkably successful as a dominant economic force. It argues that we should boycott industrially produced meat and should not kill animals for food even if the means are humane. It eventually concludes that in practice we should all be vegetarians.
Anthropology, Colonialism, and Eugenics
Authors: Levine Philippa
Published: February 2013

This article traces what catalyzed the ideas of eugenic policies, what gave them weight in an increasingly precise scientific environment. It draws an explicit link between this interest and the development of eugenics. It presents the association between the emergence of anthropology and a growing interest in dying race theory. It provides the basic concepts of the term “savage” as it seems to have become widespread. The idea of the savage fed assumptions that are discussed here under eugenics relate to topics such as reproductive capacity, the idea of generational throwbacks, and crucially what role the environment plays in promoting or preventing development. The article thus reflects an older anxiety about environment rather than heredity, thus destabilizing not only the twin powers of civilization and colonialism, but also the new hereditarian orthodoxy out of which eugenics was born and is growing.
Gender and Sexuality: A Global Tour and Compass
Authors: Stern Alexandra Minna
Published: February 2013

This article considers the adjacent analytics of gender and sexuality and explores the emergence, consolidation, and persistence of eugenics over the twentieth century with keen attention to transnational variations and networks. It seeks to synthesize the growing body of literature on gender, sexuality, and eugenics and discusses various examples for hereditarian ideas and practices in the United States and Latin America. Furthermore, it turns to three substantive areas and discusses women's ambivalent relationship to eugenics, with emphasis on how female reformers navigated the tensions between breeding as an act of empowerment versus a biological burden. It examines the complicated relationship between sexology and eugenic thought, which ultimately supports an overwhelmingly hetero-normative interpretation of the family, despite scattered subversive possibilities. Finally, it concludes with a brief discussion about eugenic continuities into the twenty-first century, especially in regard to debates over the gay gene and the demonization of same-sex relationships and families.
Eugenics in Canada: A Checkered History, 1850s–1990s
Authors: Strange Carolyn , Stephen Jennifer A.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses eugenics in Canada and states that Canada's eugenic past was connected closely to that of the United States and to a lesser extent England. It presents numerous case studies and this body of research paints a checkered history of eugenics in Canada. It was a cluster of ideas and a disparate set of solutions that responded to local concerns, inflected by the unique Canadian demographic, and legal, political, and economic conditions. The race-based reproduction management efforts established a prior logic for eugenic policies concerned to shore up the fitness of Canada's Euro-Canadian majority. This article explains that the history of eugenics in Canada is inseparable from racist assimilationist policies and practices. The people most affected by Canada's eugenic policies were those whose sexual morality and reproductive futures appeared suspect.
Epidemiology and Course of Eating Disorders
Authors: Keel Pamela
Published: February 2013

The epidemiology of eating disorders holds important clues for understanding factors that may contribute to their etiology. In addition, epidemiological findings speak to the public health significance of these deleterious syndromes. Information on course and outcome are important for clinicians to understand the prognosis associated with different disorders of eating and for treatment planning. This chapter reviews information on the epidemiology and course of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and two forms of eating disorder not otherwise specified, binge eating disorder and purging disorder.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders
Authors: Wilson Gregory D.
Published: February 2013

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is the most effective treatment of bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). Initial findings with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) other than BED promise similar outcomes. Options for improving upon the efficacy and efficiency of CBT are discussed, primarily by incorporating an expanded range of principles and clinical strategies from CBT in general. Fairburn’s (2008) enhanced CBT provides an illustration. Dissemination of CBT is poor. Guided self-help based on CBT principles is effective for a subset of patients with BN and BED and provides the means for making evidence-based treatment available to a wider range of patients. There is scant research on CBT for anorexia nervosa, and evidence of efficacy is lacking.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Eating Disorders
Authors: Tanofsky-Kraff Marian , Wilfley Denise E.
Published: February 2013

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a focused, time-limited treatment that targets interpersonal problem(s) associated with the onset and/or maintenance of EDs. IPT is supported by substantial empirical evidence documenting the role of interpersonal factors in the onset and maintenance of EDs. IPT is a viable alternative to cognitive behavior therapy for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The effectiveness of IPT for the treatment of anorexia nervosa requires further investigation. The utility of IPT for the prevention of obesity is currently being explored. Future research directions include enhancing the delivery of IPT for EDs, increasing the availability of IPT in routine clinical care settings, exploring IPT adolescent and parent–child adaptations, and developing IPT for the prevention of eating and weight-related problems that may promote full-syndrome EDs or obesity.
Evidence-Based Treatment for the Eating Disorders
Authors: Hay Phillipa J. , Claudino Angélica de M.
Published: February 2013

This chapter comprises a focused review of the best available evidence for psychological and pharmacological treatments of choice for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and other specified and unspecified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED and UFED), discusses the role of primary care and online therapies, and presents treatment algorithms. In AN, although there is consensus on the need for specialist care that includes nutritional rehabilitation in addition to psychological therapy, no single approach has yet been found to offer a distinct advantage. In contrast, manualized cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for BN has attained “first-line” treatment status with a stronger evidence base than other psychotherapies. Similarly, CBT has a good evidence base in treatment of BED and for BN, and BED has been successfully adapted into less intensive and non-specialist forms. Behavioral and pharmacological weight loss management in treatment of co-morbid obesity/overweight and BED may be helpful in the short term, but long-term maintenance of effects is unclear. Primary care practitioners are in a key role, both with regard to providing care and with coordination and initiation of specialist care. There is an emerging evidence base for online therapies in BN and BED where access to care is delayed or problematic.
Making Plans
Authors: Hoch Charles
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the process of plan making in urban design. It explains that the historical roots of the planning profession included the collaborative efforts of architects, landscape architects, and civil engineers, and suggests that urban planners learn to make plans by studying plans and how they are made. The article considers current professional plan making as a kind of practical judgment to compose future settlements using the evidence of science to inform and tame imaginative designs about future alternatives.
Visualizing Information
Authors: Esnard Ann-Margaret
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the state of knowledge about information-visualization tools, urban-planning applications, and theoretical constructs and dilemmas. It argues that simply adding information-visualization tools and methods to a planner's toolbox does not guarantee that new questions will be raised or new insights will be developed, or that use of visual information will lead to appropriate and inclusive planning processes and actions. The article explains that the emergence of mixed methodologies, which can help address some concerns about the representational flexibility of geographic information systems (GIS) and other visualization tools, has also brought implicit dilemmas for visualization scholars and practitioners. These include social cognition, and the confrontation between expert knowledge and lay knowledge.
The Politics of Planning
Authors: Thompson J. Phillip
Published: February 2013

This article examines the political aspect of urban planning. It discusses Robert Beauregard's opinion that planning should not reject modernism entirely or unconditionally embrace postmodernism, and that planners should instead maintain a focus on the city and the built environment as a way of retaining relevancy and coherence, and should maintain modernism's commitment to political reform and to planning's meditative role within the state, labor, and capital. The article suggests that planners should also advocate utopian social justice visions for cities which are not so far-fetched as to be unrealizable so that planning can then attach itself to widespread values such as democracy, the common good, or equality.
Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia in the Middle Bronze Age
Authors: Laneri Nicola , Schwartz Mark
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) of southeastern and eastern Anatolia, which were more resilient than northern Mesopotamia and never endured the collapse suffered there at the end of the third millennium BCE. On the contrary, the mixed subsistence economy and the relatively lower levels of urbanism and reliance on intensive dry farming made these Anatolian societies more resilient and less prone to ecological disaster. Thus, the climatic catastrophe that devastated numerous urban centers of northern Mesopotamia did not affect the Anatolian regions, which instead show clear signs of continuity between the Early and the Middle Bronze Age periods. In addition, interregional exchange between these regions and northern Mesopotamia played an important part in the further development of these communities during the MBA and in creating the framework for the creation of important city-states, especially along the Upper Euphrates River Valley, and for strengthening local networks of chiefly estates, primarily in the Upper Tigris region.
Urartian and the Urartians
Authors: Zimansky Paul
Published: February 2013

This article profiles the history of the discovery of the forgotten kingdom of Urartu and the deciphering of its language, yet another hitherto-unknown linguistic tradition of Anatolia. Through this deciphering, the magnificent monuments of this eastern Anatolian kingdom, which extended well beyond the eastern border of present-day Turkey, come to life. The most minimal definition of an Urartian would be someone who spoke the language of the royal inscriptions of Biainili. The discussion begins with linguistic considerations, before returning to the question of who should be included among the Urartians.
Troy in Regional and International Context
Authors: Jablonka Peter
Published: February 2013

This article presents an overview of Troy's place in the larger Aegean/Anatolian world, highlighting the continued important role this settlement played over three millennia. From the point of view of archaeology, Hisarlık–Troy ranks high among important sites of the Anatolian and Aegean Bronze Age. Both its Early and Late Bronze Age architecture, the treasures as well as ceramics and other finds reflecting long-distance contacts, the size of the site, its layout comprising a fortified stronghold surrounded by a larger, outlying settlement, and its strategic position clearly show that Troy served as the center of the surrounding region.
The Greeks in Anatolia: From the Migrations to Alexander the Great
Authors: Harl Kenneth W.
Published: February 2013

This article lays out the early history of the Greeks' presence along the Anatolian western coast and their progress inward. It discusses the Greek settlements of Asia Minor, the emergence of East Greece, East Greeks and Philhellene Anatolian kings, the achievement of East Greek civilization, East Greeks under the Achaemenid kings, imperial Athens and the East Greeks, East Greece under Persian satraps and Anatolian dynasts, and Alexander the Great and the Greeks of Asia Minor.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Calamari John E. , Chik Heather M. , Pontarelli Noelle K. , DeJong Brandon L.
Published: February 2013

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex, often debilitating syndrome that significantly diminishes quality of life. Although the exact prevalence of OCD is unclear, estimates suggest that it is a common form of psychopathology in the West and throughout the world. A challenge to researchers and clinicians is the significant heterogeneity of OCD. Initial heterogeneity research points to important subtypes of the disorder. Elucidation of disorder heterogeneity might advance etiologic theory and treatment research, and suggest where OCD or OCD-like conditions should be placed in a comprehensive psychiatric disorder nosology. OCD more often occurs with other psychiatric disorders, and evaluation of OCD comorbidity will help clarify this condition’s relation to anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and conditions posited to be part of a broad OCD spectrum. Despite significant advancements, much work remains before we can fully understand obsessional disorders and the relation of OCD to commonly experienced negative intrusive thoughts.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Kelly Megan M. , Phillips Katharine A.
Published: February 2013

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often severe DSM-IV disorder characterized by distressing or impairing preoccupations with imagined or slight defects in appearance. Individuals with BDD suffer from time-consuming obsessions about their bodily appearance and excessive repetitive behaviors (for example, mirror checking, excessive grooming, and skin picking). Functioning and quality of life are typically very poor, and suicidality rates appear markedly elevated. While prevalence data are still limited, they suggest that BDD affects 0.7% to 2.4% of the population; however, BDD typically goes unrecognized in clinical settings. In this chapter we discuss demographic and clinical features of BDD, prevalence, and morbidity. In addition, we discuss BDD’s relationship to obsessive compulsive disorder, hypochondriasis, and psychotic disorders.
Genetic Understanding of OCD and Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Samuels Jack , Grados Marco A. , Planalp Elizabeth , Bienvenu O. Joseph
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews the evidence for the genetic etiology of OCD and spectrum conditions. A genetic basis is supported by the familial aggregation of OCD; evidence for involvement of genes of major effect in segregation analyses; and higher concordance for OCD in identical than non-identical twins. Recent studies also support linkage of OCD to specific chromosomal regions and association of OCD with specific genetic polymorphisms. However, specific genes causing OCD have not yet been firmly established. The search for genes is complicated by the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of OCD, as well as the possibility of gene–gene and gene–environmental interactions. Despite this complexity, developments in molecular and statistical genetics, and further refinement of the phenotype hold promise for further deepening our genetic understanding of OCD and spectrum disorders in the coming decade.
The Role of Family and Social Relationships in OCD and Spectrum Conditions
Authors: Renshaw Keith D. , Caska Catherine M. , Rodrigues Camila S. , Blais Rebecca K.
Published: February 2013

Children and adults with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have impairments in social and family functioning, and relatives of those with OCD endorse elevated levels of relationship and psychological distress. The levels of impairments appear equal to or greater than those associated with other disorders. Furthermore, OCD is specifically associated with higher levels of accommodation, or behaviors that facilitate the completion of compulsive rituals, in relatives. Although levels of general social and family impairments do not demonstrate a clear association with treatment response in OCD, higher levels of pretreatment accommodation and hostility in relatives is associated with poorer response to exposure and response prevention (ERP). In contrast, higher levels of nonhostile criticism in relatives may be associated with enhanced response to ERP in patients. Findings are mixed as to whether family-based treatments for OCD, most of which include psychoeducation and attempts to reduce accommodating behaviors in relatives, are associated with enhanced response to ERP.
Assessing Comorbidity, Insight, Family and Functioning in OCD
Authors: Purdon Christine
Published: February 2013

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex and debilitating disorder that has a high degree of comorbidity and functional impairment, and significant impact on the family. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of comorbidity, family, insight, and quality of life issues, and to review assessment and treatment implications of those issues. Measures for assessing relevant constructs are described.
Combining Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatments for OCD
Authors: Tolin David F. , Worden Blaise L.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews the outcome literature on the efficacy of combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). By far, most research on combinations of CBT and pharmacotherapy for OCD has examined antidepressant medications, particularly those in the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) class. Quantitative review of randomized studies in which treatments were combined simultaneously indicated that combined therapy shows a small but significant advantage over exposure and response prevention (ERP) monotherapy, and a moderate advantage over pharmacologic (antidepressant) monotherapy. Studies of sequential treatment combination, in which CBT was added after a trial of antidepressant medication, suggest a significant incremental benefit of CBT, including for patients who show minimal response to antidepressant medication alone. The chapter concludes by discussing new pharmacologic possibilities for combined therapy, such as the use of D-cycloserine (DCS).
Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Storch Eric A. , Rahman Omar , Aldea Mirela A. , Reid Jeannette M. , Bodzin Danielle , Murphy Tanya K.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews the literature on obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders (i.e., obsessive compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, Tourette syndrome, and varied body-focused repetitive behaviors) in children and adolescents. For each disorder, data on phenomenology, associated clinical characteristics, etiology, and treatment are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future research and clinical directions, such as novel augmentation strategies, diagnostic classification of obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders, and methods of maximizing treatment outcome.
Future Research on Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Conditions
Authors: Steketee Gail , McCorkle Brian H.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews comments raised by authors of 25 chapters of the Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders. Among the challenges raised are those within the areas of diagnosis and features of the several OC spectrum conditions, including revisions to the diagnostic nomenclature for DSM-V under consideration, especially with regard to the possible addition of hoarding disorder to distinguish this more clearly from OCD. Research on clinical versus nonclinical samples, and controversies regarding possible subtypes of OCD and of some of its spectrum conditions like BDD and hoarding, are examined. Relationships among OCD and the spectrum conditions are examined with attention to the general lack of information about this issue. Several authors in the handbook comment on personality features and their association with outcomes following treatment, with a general consensus that assessing features rather than disorders will be most useful. The impact of culture on expression of OC spectrum conditions is clearly under-studied. Causes and mechanisms underlying OCD and spectrum conditions are examined, including neurological and genetic underpinnings, information processing, beliefs and cognitive models, as well as social and familial factors. Concerns about assessment are raised with regard to OCD and its expression in older adults, in hoarding and in BDD, and the impact of culture on assessment. With regard to treatment, chapters focus on research needs concerning mechanisms of action and predictors of change, and the need to improve treatments to enhance their effects. Improvement of outcomes in a variety of areas (e.g., hoarding, children, culturally sensitive treatments) is noted, including outcomes for medications and combined CBT plus medication regimens. Special issues are raised with regard to BDD, tic disorders, and trichotillomania.
Urban Decentralization, Suburbanization, and Sprawl: An Equity Perspective
Authors: Persky Joseph , Wiewel Wim
Published: February 2013

This article argues that public policy should focus more sharply on the distributional consequences of sprawl. There are two sides to a sprawl. On one side is the market-oriented position that maintains urban decentralization. On the other side is the market failure position that argues low-density suburbanization has been an inefficient and inequitable outcome. However, the argument states that the benefits and costs of both are large and roughly of the same order of magnitude, making policy choices far more difficult and the debate far more intense. Both sides are tempted to build on the logic of their own position and trivialize the critiques of the other in an effort to deny the underlying complexity of the welfare analysis of metropolitan form. As long as the population keeps growing, metropolitan areas will continue to expand at relatively low densities and the debate about sprawl will continue.
The Role of Industrial Clustering and Increasing Returns to Scale in Economic Development and Urban Growth
Authors: McCann Philip
Published: February 2013

The size of cities is a crucial issue for the ability of an economy to promote economic growth and development. This article opens with discussing the transactions costs perspective and briefly reviews the different types of industrial clusters that exist. Furthermore, it explores how cities have grown during the twentieth century. At the turn of the twentieth century, the relationship between cities and national economic development was very simple. Large cities meant wealthy economies. However, at the turn of the twenty-first century, urban scale was not a simple indicator of urban productivity. In many parts of the world the most productive cities are not the largest. This fact poses major challenges to regional planning strategies that are discussed in detail. The article also argues that twenty-first-century planning strategies in many countries will involve the promotion of global connectivity, and this tendency toward polycentric urban systems will dominate land-use planning strategies.
Toward a Second Generation of Land-Use/Travel Models: Theoretical and Empirical Frontiers
Authors: Crane Randall , Guo Zhan
Published: February 2013

The lack of a systematic behavioral framework for empirical studies of the influence of land use on travel raises questions regarding potential statistical bias. This article presents and assesses this debate in the language of economics to clarify the terms of the arguments and their underlying analytics. It also offers a discussion of modern empirical challenges and strategies. The article develops a general integration of land use into a travel demand framework, where land use potentially affects not only out-of-pocket and time costs of both travel and goods but also can affect travel utility directly. Thus it models built environment features that affect travel and consumer goods cost, in time and money, as well as quality with a view to study these issues in a great variety of settings. Finally, it discusses associated statistical challenges of this work and then develops an empirical model of path choice.
Varieties of Juvenile Court
Authors: Butts Jeffrey A. , Roman John K. , Lynn‐Whaley Jennifer
Published: February 2013

A juvenile court is a type of specialized court or a court docket devoted to one or more specific categories of legal matter. Today, there are many specialized courts. This article addresses the growing use of specialized, problem solving courts for delinquent juveniles. It introduces the specialized nature of the juvenile court and describes three of the most popular forms of specialized courts for youths, which are, teen courts, juvenile drug courts, and juvenile or family mental health courts. It examines several key policy and practice issues related to their operation. It also discusses the origin of each type of specialized court, giving data such as their numbers, types of legal matters handled by them, procedures of processing the case, and what is known about their effectiveness.
Procedural Rights in Juvenile Courts
Authors: Feld Barry C.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the “law on the books” and the “law in action” in juvenile courts. It analyzes developmental psychological research on juveniles' competence to exercise rights. It also examines the impact of juveniles' limited competence to exercise and waive their right to counsel. Juveniles' developmental limitations adversely affect the delivery of legal services in juvenile courts and increase the risks of erroneous adjudications. Youths' diminished competence and the absence of counsel compounds the risks of erroneous convictions. It then studies the Court's rationale to deny juveniles a constitutional right to a jury trial and analyzes why that makes it easier to convict delinquents than criminals and how the subsequent use of delinquency convictions to enhance criminal sentences compounds that procedural disparity. Finally, the article concludes that most states do not provide delinquents with procedural safeguards that provide formal or functional protections comparable to those of adult criminal defendants.
Musical Styles and Song Conventions
Authors: Laird Paul R.
Published: February 2013

The composers seeking appropriate music for the American musical theater have used many styles over the years. The popular music has changed greatly over the years but some old musical styles have stayed current in the theater for long. One of the composers, Lehman Engel, provides a useful typology in The American Musical Theater (1975) for songs in musicals. Broadway opera include several song types, such as the “I want” song and “eleven-o-clock number”. The most typical popular song form used on Broadway is a verse followed by a chorus or refrain. A verse is often rendered in speech rhythms, often over a simple, chordal accompaniment, somewhat like operatic recitative. An operetta score might include a variety of musical types, from the familiar strains of the waltz and march to contemporary popular music. Opera itself has also appeared on Broadway. The style includes virtuosic vocal writing for large voices and major segments of the show that are sung throughout. The most famous opera on Broadway was George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess (1935), with vocal demands on the major characters necessitating that the show be double or triple cast for Broadway runs with eight performances per week. Jazz emerged as a popular musical style after World War I, and it was a major influence on musical theater. Folk music has been an occasional influence on musical theater and films and often appearing in shows where the plot or a particular character renders such music appropriate.
After the “Golden Age”
Authors: Sternfeld Jessica , Wollman Elizabeth L.
Published: February 2013

The article focuses on some of the more important developments that have affected the American musical over the years. The amount of money needed to produce a musical has increased since the onset of the depression, but especially since the 1960s. The cost of production, coupled with the introduction of several cheaper, more widely accessible entertainment forms, has forced the musical to struggle financially and aesthetically at various periods during the postwar era. Periods of high inflation, such as during the 1930s, affected the criteria for hit status, for example shows had to run for longer stretches to be profitable. The marketing for the show at that time was particularly intense, and the spectacle aspect was strongly promoted by producer Garth Drabinsky, under the auspices of his Canadian production company, Livent. The longer average runs of Broadway musicals depended in part on an increasingly international audience, which was seen as transitory and ever renewing. Since the advent of rock, amplification has become increasingly common and this was for several reasons. Many actors needed microphones to protect their voices and to be heard above the electric instruments that accompanied them. Film and sound recording technologies exerted significant influence on the stage musical and advances in sound design have allowed theatrical productions to offer cleaner, more balanced sound from the orchestra pit and stage.
The Animated Film Musical
Authors: Smith Susan
Published: February 2013

The article presents several unique features that constitute an animated film musical and make it distinct from its live action counterpart. The frequency with which the animated films have animals or some other nonhuman character at their center indicates that the animated film employs a much broader notion of performance and a greater range of performer types, some of whom such as “Little April Shower” sequence, may not even have the kind of bodily presence that is for granted in the delivery of a live action musical number. The presence of the human voice on the soundtrack pulls against any more radical decentering of the human figure from the field of performance, although the pairing of this with the animated body engenders further complexities specific to the animated musical genre. The actions that constitute the performance are instead created through the manipulation of a set of drawings or other inanimate shapes and forms outside of the filming process, rather than from any physical action performed within the frame. Plasticity offers unique opportunities in performance terms, with the animated human body, being capable of stretching, compressing, and changing shape in response to the rhythms and patterns of music to a degree that is impossible in the live-action musical.
Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: February 2013

The article provides several frameworks for analyzing gender and sexuality in musicals. The characters as gendered fall into types, and often according to vocal range such as for women, these include the ingénue, typically a soprano, such as Christine in The Phantom of the Opera or Marian in The Music Man and the comic sidekick, or bitch, or witch, typically a mezzo, such as Aldonza in Man of La Mancha or Sally in Urinetown. Altos there sometimes are middle-aged principals, such as Rose in Gypsy or Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd, or older character roles, such as Mme. Armfeldt in A Little Night Music. Many male romantic leads are tenors, such as Tony in West Side Story and the title character in Pippin but male roles are less typecast by vocal range than women's. When every character is gendered, some musicals actually present the process of becoming gendered as the central narrative such as Gypsy follows Louise from a disregarded tomboy who plays the back end of a cow to a rich and successful stripper. Heterosexual relationships, romance, and marriage provide the narrative foundation of most musicals, typically this comes in the form of the story of a couple's initial antipathy followed by a series of complications that eventually lead to their admission of love. Many musicals also introduce a secondary couple, sometimes comedic, forming a quartet of contrasting representations of masculinity and femininity.
Singing
Authors: Morris Mitchell , Knapp Raymond
Published: February 2013

The article discusses the basis of vocal production in the human body and explains the accepted typologies regarding voices and styles. The human vocal apparatus is a complex system involving a number of muscles and organs. The components of the oral cavity take the sound generated in the larynx and shape it in an astonishing variety of ways. The most important features of the oral cavity are the palate or roof of the mouth, the tongue, the teeth, and the lips and the nasal cavity plays a substantial role in managing sound production as well. Singing depends upon using the vocal apparatus to create sustained pitches, more or less stable frequencies. The vocal type refers to the combination of characteristic range and timbre of an individual voice. Male singers are named by the vocal type bass, baritone, and tenor, in order of ascending range and the female equivalents are alto, mezzo-soprano, and soprano. The baritone type is considered the most common type of male voice, and this is true for much of the repertory of musicals. The standard complement of female voices parallels that of the male voices. The mezzo-soprano is roughly equivalent to the male baritone and is probably the most common female voice type. Its characteristic range is A3/a-A5/a'. The term register refers to vocal range, the characteristic feeling of resonance in a specific section of the upper body, a timbre, or a given segment of a singer's range defined by the location of vocal “breaks”.
Theory of the Big Dance
Authors: Vrooman John
Published: February 2013

This chapter covers the economic aspects of championship playoffs, and the nexus of the regular season and the post-season in the four major North American professional sports leagues and the English Premier League (EPL). The parameters of the champion effect are isolated, and the playoff structures and payoffs to the teams and players are compared for each of the sports leagues. The chapter explores the internal contradiction of the post-season. Although the results increase the risk and lower the expected payoff of the champion effect, particularly for Major League Baseball (MLB), they also suggest an optimum playoff strategy for profit-maximizing owners. The most likely candidates for the champion effect are MLB and EPL, with reservations about the uncertainty of MLB's short playoffs and the symmetry of EPL/UEFA Champions' League qualification and relegation. Winning during the regular season is talent driven, and winning in the post-season is riskier business.
The Bosman Ruling and Labor Mobility in Football (Soccer)
Authors: Goddard John , Sloane Peter J. , Wilson John O. S.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews the historical development of free agency in professional football, using the English leagues as representative of what has happened in Europe, and then summarizes work that has been undertaken to unravel the effects of the Bosman ruling. Some data on changes in the patterns of employment of professional footballers in the English leagues since the mid-1980s, which enable several effects of the Bosman ruling to be identified, are also presented. A number of potential direct effects of the Bosman ruling on the market for playing talent were identified by Simmons. There have been significant changes in employment opportunities in the Premier League and Football League for players born in England and Wales. The influx of foreign players is one of the most visible post-Bosman developments. Although there is evidence that Bosman increased the average duration of players' employment contracts, employment turnover has also risen.
Remembering Three Economic Studies on Professional Golf
Authors: Hood Matthew
Published: February 2013

This chapter reports the literature on the labor-supply decision of professional golfers and is able to replicate with new data three important results. It also reviews three studies on the participation decision of professional golfers and tests their conclusions, and two natural extensions, concentrating on the European tournaments of the European Tour. It is confirmed that professional golfers respond to incentives, and is revealed that professional golfers are more likely to play the events they played the previous year, particularly if they played well. Then, it is shown that non-elite players recognize the value of their tour card, by playing in more events when their playing privileges for the next year are at stake.
To Be or Not to Be
Authors: Tollison Robert D.
Published: February 2013

This chapter explores the various aspects of the analysis of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a cartel, using the economic theory of cartels to study the institutional practices of the NCAA with respect to its regulation of student-athletes. The NCAA's unique qualities do not require a different kind of economic analysis, only careful application of the appropriate and existing analysis. The NCAA provides a useful setting for applications and tests of cartel theory. The available evidence of price fixing, output controls, compensation of athletes below their marginal-revenue products (MRPs), the absence of regulation of brand-name and capital assets, and so on, taken together, indicate cartel behavior. The linkage between academics and athletics is probably the real source of the NCAA's cartel power. The enforcement process is predictably carried out to benefit traditional winners in college football, and there is no easy way to break down the cartel.
Economics of the Olympics
Authors: Dawson Peter
Published: February 2013

This chapter provides an overview of the literature on the impact of the Olympics. In addition, empirical findings relating to the announcement effect associated with the Olympics are presented, using London 2012 as a case study. Original research based on the impact of the 2012 announcement on participation rates in sport and physical activity in the UK is included. In the immediate aftermath of the announcement, there were notable gains on the London Stock Exchange experienced by companies in the construction sector and the leisure and hospitality sectors. The data suggest a positive and statistically significant effect of the Olympic announcement on participation in sport and leisure activity. They also show that there are potential intangible benefits associated with hosting the Olympics, but more work is required to unpick the mechanism which links the Olympics to participation in sport and to establish whether the legacy effects are permanent.
Demand for Attendance
Authors: Burdekin Richard C. K.
Published: February 2013

This article explores several additional concerns about the estimation of an attendance demand function. In particular, it highlights that there are multiple prices and multiple categories of consumer with potentially different demand elasticities to consider in the set of those in attendance at a specific game. It also emphasizes that price is likely to be endogenous when a longer run perspective is taken. The possible effect of changes in team ownership structures in accounting for departures from profit maximization and the complications to the price-attendance relationship posed by such ancillary factors as customer-based discrimination are elaborated. Overall profit maximization and inelastic ticket pricing are by no means incompatible. Inelastic ticket pricing can itself still be consistent with long-term profit maximization or maximization across other revenue streams, such as television fees or concessions earnings. Data limitations seem unlikely to allow any irrefutable measures of price and attendance relationships.