bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climbing plants from Seridó Ecological Station: diversity, interactive key and five new records from Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil
Authors: Moreira Fernanda Gondim Lambert , Moreira Víctor de Paiva , Nascimento Maurício Borges do , Paula Luiza Fonseca Amorim de , Dias Rodrigo de Loyola , Carvalho Fernanda Antunes
Published: September 2021

Abstract In Brazil, Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTFs) are represented by Caatinga, which exhibits one of the greatest species richness and endemisms among the Neotropical SDTFs. However, studies of the flora of this biome remain deficient, especially in scientifically neglected areas, such as the Seridó region. Located between the states of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Paraíba, the Seridó region has an underestimated floristic diversity, especially for non-arboreal components such as climbers. Given this scenario, the study aimed to survey the climbers of the Seridó Ecological Station, a federal conservation unit located in the RN state, as well as to provide a multiple access online identification key. Collections were carried out from 2018 to 2019, as well as consultation of material deposited at the UFRN herbarium. In total, 56 species were listed, being 33 herbaceous and 23 woody climbers, respectively, adding 14 species of climbers to the previous checklist of the unit. Five new occurrences were found for the state of Rio Grande do Norte: Cuscuta globosa, Cuscuta partita (Convolvulaceae), Macroptilium bracteatum (Fabaceae), Heteropterys trichanthera and Tetrapterys longibracteata (Malpighiaceae), being the latest a new occurrence of the genus Tetrapterys for the state. Convolvulaceae is the most representative family (18 spp.), followed by Fabaceae (10 spp.), Apocynaceae (eight spp.) and Cucurbitaceae (five spp.). This is the first study that provides an interactive identification key for the Seridó region and for the RN state. The interactive identification key is published throughout the Xper³ platform, and can be accessed at .
Screening for inhibitory activity of volatile oils from Piper spp. on acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase
Authors: Silva Luiz Everson da , Confortin Camila , Amaral Wanderlei do , Alberton Michele Debiasi , Paim Milena , Santos Sarah Castro dos , Rebelo Ricardo Andrade
Published: September 2021

Abstract The Atlantic Forest is regarded a rich source of aromatic plants with a broad spectrum of biological properties. The leaves of seven Piper species were collected from the Atlantic Forest domain in the coastal region of Paraná state in winter (W) and spring (S). The volatile oils were extracted from the leaves through hydrodistillation method. The volatile oils were characterized by means of GC-FID and GC-MS. Sesquiterpenes were among the major compounds in all species studied, with many dozens of representatives. However, very low concentrations of monoterpenes were observed; α-pinene in Piper mosenii and P. cernuum, δ-3-carene in P. rivinoides, camphene and β-pinene in P. cernuum are exceptions. The arylpropanoides myristicine and elemicin were found in considerable amount in P. diospyrifolium (26.2%/S) and P. mosenii (16.4%/W), respectively. These oils were also screened for inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glucosidase (AG). For AChE the most active samples were P. diospyrifolium, P. aduncum and P. cernuum, with inhibiting level > 93%. For the less sensitive AG, the most promising candidates were P. diospyrifolium and P. mosenii, with inhibiting level > 65%. These results highlight the importance of native plants as renewable source of new inhibitors for AChE and AG. Further investigation is required to identify the most active constituents or fractions from the selected volatile oils.
Primed Prediction: A Critical Examination of the Consequences of Exclusion of the Ontological Now in AI Protocol
Authors: O’Connell Carrie , Van de Wiele Chad
Published: September 2021

Revisiting Norbert Wiener’s cybernetic prediction as the theoretical foundation of AI this chapter makes a plea how we need to uncover the black box of what is behind prediction and simulation. It explores the shortcomings of cybernetic prediction, the theoretical foundation of Artificial Intelligence, through the lens of Jean Baudrillard’s simulacra and simulation. Specifically, what prediction excludes – namely, an accounting for the ontological now – is what Baudrillard warned against in his analysis of the role technological innovations play in untethering reality from the material plane, leading to a crisis of simulacrum of experience. From this perspective, any deep-learning system rooted in the Wiener’s view of cybernetic feedback loops risks creating behaviour more so than predicting it. As this chapter will argue, such prediction is a narrow, self-referential system of feedback that ultimately becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy girded by the psycho-social effects of the very chaos it seeks to rationalise.
'Not Ready for Prime Time': Biometrics and Biopolitics in the (Un)Making of California’s Facial Recognition Ban
Authors: Babu Asvatha , Shahin Saif
Published: September 2021

Facial recognition is one of the most contentious applications of artificial intelligence. In 2019, the US state of California passed The Body Camera Accountability Act (AB-1215), banning police from using facial recognition technology on body cameras for three years. This article traces the trajectory of AB-1215 as a social discourse from its first reading until it was signed into law through a close reading of legislative documents, industry reports, civil society releases, and media coverage. Specifically, we investigate why the ban, initially intended to be permanent, was reduced and identify the actors shaping the discourse surrounding the bill. While initial criticism of facial recognition from lawmakers and civil society emphasised its potential to exacerbate discrimination against minorities and people of colour, we find that these critics later shifted their justification for a ban on the low accuracy of the technology itself. This allowed proponents of using facial recognition, including manufacturers and police lobbies, to contend that the technology was not only more accurate than human recognition but could be improved in coming years – undercutting the need for a permanent ban. Drawing on our analysis, we conclude that opposition to algorithmic governance should be biopolitical rather than technology-centred to be effective.
The effectiveness of an online intervention in stimulating injury-preventive behaviour in adult novice runners. Results of a randomised controlled trial.
Authors: Kemler Ellen , Cornelissen Maaike , Gouttebarge Vincent
Published: September 2021

Background: The online intervention Runfitcheck was developed to stimulate injury-preventive behaviour among adult novice runners.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Runfitcheck on injury-preventive behaviour among adult novice runners.

Material and methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted among adult novice runners. The intervention group had access to the Runfitcheck intervention, the control group performed their running activities as usual. One, three, and five months after enrolment, participants reported retrospectively what they had done regarding injury-preventive behaviour (operationalised as (i) using a (personalised) training schedule; (ii) performing strength and technique exercises; and (iii) performing a warm-up routine prior to running). Relative Risks (RR) and 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) were used to analyse behavioural change.

Results: The intervention group (n=715) searched more often for information about a warm-up routine (RR 1.211; 95%CI 1.080-1.357), added more often strength exercises to their warm-up routine ( RR 1.228; 95%CI 1.092-1.380). The intervention group performed more often running technique exercises compared to the control group (n=696) (RR 1.134; 95%CI 1.015-1.267), but less often strength exercises (RR 0.865 (95%CI 0.752-0.995). Within the group of runners that did not perform any warm-up routine at enrolment (n=272), the intervention group performed a regular warm-up routine more often than the control group (RR 1.461; 95%CI 1.084-1.968) No significant results were found for using a training schedule.

Discussion and conclusion: The online intervention Runfitcheck was effective in stimulating aspects of injury-preventive behaviour in adult novice runners, mostly related to a warm-up routine.
PARENTAL CHILD ABDUCTION CASES: PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE
Authors: Frans M Mahlobogwane
Published: September 2021

The past few decades have witnessed an unprecedented growth of child abduction cases that has generated the need for legislative framework governing such cases. This happened, after a period of uncertainty on how the courts should deal with abduction cases, as a result our South African legislature incorporated the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction Act 72 of 1996. The Act came into operation on the 01 October 1997, making the Hague Conventionapplicable in South Africa. This paper will look into the issue of prevention of parental child abduction and whether such prevention will promote the child's best interests in such cases.
THE BASTARDIZATION OF ISLAMIC LAW BY THE SOUTH AFRICAN COURTS
Authors: Razaana Denson  , Marita Carnelley  , Andre Mukheibir
Published: September 2021

Notwithstanding the fact that South Africa is a country rich in cultural diversity, and despite section 15 of the Constitution, the recognition of systems of religious, personal or family law for certain cultural and religious groups has either been limited or is virtually non-existent. This is particularly true in the case of Muslim marriages. To this extent, marriages concluded in terms of Islamic rites do not enjoy the same legal recognition that is accorded to civil and customary marriages. Non-recognition of Muslim marriages has dire consequences for the parties to the marriage, more so for women who are parties to Muslim marriages as there is no legal regulatory framework to enforce any of the consequences that arise as a result of the marriage. Therefore, in most cases, parties to a Muslim marriage are left without adequate legal protection, where the marriage is dissolved either by death or divorce. The non-recognition of Muslim marriages effectively means that despite the fact that the parties to a Muslim marriage may regard themselves as married, there is no legal connection between them.Despite South Africa’s commitment to the right of equality and freedom of religion, the courts have acknowledged that the failure to grant recognition to Muslim marriages on the ground of gender equality, has worsened the plight of women in these marriages, in that they were left without effective legal protection during the subsistence of the marriage and also when the marriage is dissolved either by death or divorce. Whilst the ad hoc recognition of certain consequences of Muslim marriages by the judiciary has gone some way to redress the plight of Muslim women and provided relief to the lived realities of Muslim women, these decisions are in fact contrary to the teachings and principles of Islam and therefore problematic for Muslims. These court decisions that are in conflict with Muslim Personal Law (MPL) will ultimately lead to the emergence of a distorted set of laws relating to Muslim family law. This is a real cause for concern. A discussion of these cases is undertaken in this article.
ASPECTS OF THE REGULATION OF CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Howard Chitimira
Published: September 2021

This article analyses the regulation of cross-border insolvency under the Cross-Border Insolvency Act 42 of 20001 in order to examine the adequacy of such regulation as regards to the enforcement of insolvency proceedings in South Africa and other relevant jurisdictions. To this end, the paper provides an overview analysis of the regulation and/or enforcement of insolvency proceedings under the Cross-Border Insolvency Act. Moreover, where possible, the paper also provides a comparative analysis of selected aspects of the regulation and/or enforcement of insolvency proceedings under the Cross-Border Insolvency Act and those that are provided under the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 and other related international instruments. This is done to expose the challenges and future prospects of the regulatory and enforcement framework under the Cross-Border Insolvency Act in South Africa.
Observations of astronomical objects using radio (Irbene RT-32 telescope) and optical (Baldone Schmidt) methods
Authors: SKIMANTE K , EGLITIS Ieglitid , JEKABSONS N , BEZRUKOVS V , BLEIDERS M , NECHAEVA M , JASMONTS G
Published: September 2021

Institute of Astronomy (University of Latvia) with Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre (Ventspils University of Applied Sciences) participation is implementing the scientific project "Complex investigations of the small bodies in the Solar system" which is related to the research of the small bodies in the Solar system (mainly focusing on asteroids and comets) using methods of radio and optical astronomy and signal processing.To detect the rotation period and other physical characteristics of NEO objects using optical methods, 566 positions and photo-metric observations of NEO objects 2006 VB14 = Y5705 = 345705 (hereafter 2006 VB14) and 1986 DA = 6178 (hereafter 1986 DA) were obtained with Baldone Schmidt telescope in 2018. A Fourier transform was applied to determine the rotation period for asteroid 1986 DA. Value 3.12 0.02 h was obtained. Observations confirm the previously obtained rotation period P = 3.25 h for 2006 VB14. To detect weak (~0.1 Jy) OH maser of astronomical objects using radio methods, a researcher group in VIRAC adapted Irbene RT-32 radio telescope working at 1665.402 and 1667.359 MHz frequencies. Novel data processing methods were used to acquire weak signals. Spectral analysis using Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transform were applied to radio astronomical data from multiple observations related to weak OH maser detection. Successful observations of multiple galactic masers were carried out in 2019 and adapted Irbene RT32 radio telescope is ready for the observations of comets in the near future.
Estimation of errors at the calibration of spectral data at the Irbene RT-32 radio telescope
Authors: ANTYUFEYEV O , BLEIDERS M , PATOKA O , BEZRUKOVS V , ABERFELDS A , SHMELD I. , ORBIDANS A. , STEINBERGS J , SHULGA V
Published: September 2021

We analyze calibration errors that occur during the single-dish observations at the Irbene RT-32 radio telescope when calibration is done using noise diode. Only frequency switched mode of spectral line observations is considered. The purpose of the article is to find possible values of noise diode temperature Tcal and period of switching oscillator frequency 2tq. For this, we have analyzed the formula for calculating the antenna temperature of the source. It is shown that noise diode temperature affects the standard deviation of source antenna temperature σTs and the error of source antenna temperature δTs caused by instability of system temperature. tq affects the stability of the characteristics of the receiving system. In this article, the dependencies between Tcal, tq, σTs and δTs were found and analyzed. Based on these dependencies, possible values of Tcal and tq are found.
Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch on the occasion of his 120th anniversary
Authors: PETROVA M.A , SHAKHT N.A
Published: September 2021

The year 2019 is the year of the 120th anniversary of Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch (1899-1986), the Pulkovo astronomer, doctor of physical and mathematical Sciences, Professor, who for many years was the head of the Department of photographic astrometry and stellar astronomy of the Main Astronomical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences (GAO RAS), the supervisor and teacher of several generations of Pulkovo astronomers and employees of other observatories. This article presents the scientific and social activities of A.N. Deutsch. Archived
data is provided that evidence his participation, along with other Pulkovo employees, in the salvation of the property and scientific Fund of the Pulkovo Observatory during the great Patriotic war, as well as in the work to restore the Observatory. The article is based on the presentation given to and approved by the conference "Astrometry: yesterday, today, tomorrow" (Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, October 14-16, 2019).
Ultraviolet Luminous Objects in GALEX data: search and possible explanation of their nature
Authors: MALKOV O.Yu , KARPOV S.V , ZHAO G
Published: September 2021

Multi-wavelength characterization of astrophysical objects by means of cross-matching of modern large sky surveys is a powerful tool intensively used for classification, parameterization and studies of various classes of sources. The objects detected in many or all surveys under study represent convenient material for the research, however,
objects that are found in only one of the surveys, and absent in all others, should also attract close attention. Our goal is to identify and study objects apparent in only a single wave band, and invisible in the others. It is still a relatively poorly investigated field and may lead to the detection of a new unique (or transient) class of objects. Here we explore the possibility of detecting of objects with a significant UV excess in their spectra by cross-matching of the GALEX all-sky catalogue with several other surveys
in different wavelength ranges and analyzing the ones visible in GALEX only (ultraviolet luminous objects). We describe the methodology for such investigation, explain the selection of surveys for this study, and show initial results based on the search in several small sky areas. The ultraviolet luminous objects should reside in the Milky Way Galaxy and must be either very hot massive stars in the main sequence stage of their evolution, or isolated old neutron stars, slowly accreting interstellar matter. Our results will be used as an input for a larger-scale investigation.
THE MODEL OF MOTIVATING THE HIGHER EDUCATION FACULTIES OF UKRAINE BY EMPLOYING IT IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING TO IMPROVE ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS
Authors: Burdiuh O.
Published: September 2021

Research and development are central to national and civilizational achievements. Research and development in any country is measured by the results of research, such as scientific publications. Scientific publications become the main criterion for evaluating teachers, as well as research and teaching staff of higher education institutions and research institutions. Knowledge is the most important resource in universities. Useful knowledge can improve the performance of employees in the organization. The exchange of knowledge or information exchange between employees is important for scientists and practitioners. Acquisition of knowledge, exchange of knowledge and use of knowledge are three types of knowledge management. Higher education in Ukraine seeks to strengthen research as a key component of the development of the nation and its universities. In recent years, higher education in Ukraine has initiated many projects to improve research on the productivity of research and teaching staff in Ukrainian universities. Ukrainian higher education seeks to automate all research activities to increase the effectiveness of research. This article discusses the impact of knowledge use. Joint use to improve the scientific publications of scientists and teachers of Ukrainian universities. In addition, this study identifies factors that lead to an increase in the level of knowledge exchange in Ukrainian universities. The author conducted an online interview with 350 representatives of the scientific and pedagogical staff of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, studied scientific articles and websites of academic institutions to determine important indicators for measuring the productivity of scientific research. The results show that computer- mediated communication and the nature of knowledge are the main factors that positively affect the exchange of knowledge in Ukrainian universities.
The author also concluded that scientific publications are a key indicator for measuring research performance. In addition, the exchange of academic knowledge and indirect communication significantly increases the productivity of research in Ukrainian universities.
YAROSLAV ROZUMNYI’S EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES AIMING AT THE DISSEMINATION OF IVAN FRANKO’S CREATIVE LEGACY AMONG UKRAINIAN EMIGRANTS
Authors: Moser Maiia
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes the pro-Ukrainian activities carried out by Yaroslav Rozumnyi, the renowned Canadian Ukrainian emigrant, linguist and literary scholar, a doctor of philosophy and Slavic studies. It was primarily the third of four waves of Ukrainian emigration to North America that was marked by a high percentage of migrants with an intellectual and scholarly background. These emigrants, among them Yaroslav Rozumnyi, gathered in nonprofit non-party organizations that represented and supported the Ukrainian community, contributed to the development of Ukrainian organizations, to the cultural, religious and political vitality of Canada's Ukrainians. Their major goal was the representation of Ukrainians in the diaspora, the establishment and coordination of international relations, the development of a civic society among Ukrainians with their Ukrainian national identity, spirit, and language.
These people were united by their commitment to the idea of an independent Ukrainian state and the renovation of Ukraine's sovereignty. They did not cease to protest against the ongoing Russification of Ukrainian culture and the Ukrainian language, stood up against arrests or the physical destruction of Ukrainian dissidents.
Yaroslav Rozumnyi, who was forced to leave his native country for political reasons, devoted his entire life to his major principle “to carry on the burden and one‟s duty for the Motherland.” As a consequence, he, in the period from 1990 to 1992, became a co-founder and chairman of the Manitoba branch of the supporters of the party “Narodnyi Rukh Ukraiiny” (“National Movement of Ukraine”).
While living and working in Canada, Rozumnyi's heart kept beating for Ukraine. While analyzing various aspects of Franko's texts in German-language scholarly organs, Rozumnyi used them for a broadening of the perception of Ukrainian culture in the world and disseminated Ivan Franko's creative legacy among Ukrainian emigrants. Although Yaroslav Rozumnyi was a resident of Canada he contributed a lot to the revival of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. In 1992, he became the representative of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in Canada and, subsequently, a member of its International Consultative Counci. In 1996, Yaroslav Rozumnyi was awarded the title of honorary professor at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.
RESEARCHES OF IVAN OHIJENKO IN UKRAINIAN STUDIES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF HIS SCIENTIFIC POSITION IN EMIGRATION
Authors: Sorochuk Liudmyla
Published: September 2021

The article raises the issue of the importance of Ukrainian studies by Ivan Ogienko, as a representative of the Ukrainian intellectual elite in emigration, because his works influenced the progress of cultural, educational and spiritual life of Ukrainians both in our country and abroad. It is known that he is one of the founders of Ukrainian science and education and an outstanding Ukrainian educator of the twentieth century.
The role of preserving national identity, spiritual values, patriotism of the outstanding scientist, teacher, linguist, culturologist, public and church figure, Ivan Ogienko, through the prism of hard work, incredible diligence, stability and consistency in scientific research is emphasized. Attention is focused on the fact that the Ukrainian scientist was the bearer of national and cultural ideas and spiritual values of his people. The opinion is confirmed that the world recognition of I. Ogienko / Metropolitan Ilarion was brought by fundamental works on the history of Ukrainian culture, language, history of the church, which have not lost their scientific significance even today. The scientist-researcher made dictionaries, headed the Ministry of Education of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and being in emigration – headed the Ukrainian autocephalous Orthodox Church. It is worth mentioning the most common and used translation of the Bible into Ukrainian, on which Ivan Ogienko worked for more than 45 years.
The article analyzes I. Ogienko's scientific achievements during the emigration, which significantly strengthened Ukrainian studies, and also considers the works "Pre-Christian Beliefs of the Ukrainian People", "Ukrainian Culture", "Serve the People - Serve God: Theological Studio" and others. The book "Our Life Abroad: Ideological and Historical Essays" by Ivan Ogienko, published in Winnipeg (Canada), where the author spoke about the difficult life of Ukrainian emigrants abroad, deserves attention and listening. I. Ogienko describes how important it is to preserve one's national identity, culture and native language in a foreign country.
It is concluded that national culture has great potential for the establishment of Ukraine in the world cultural space, and the life and scientific and educational work of Ivan Ogienko became an example for many researchers in studying the socio-cultural heritage of the Ukrainian diaspora.
THE SACRAL NATURE OF STRAW MOSAIC BY OLEKSANDR SAJENKO (Review of the creative works of Ukrainian artist O.F. Sajenko)
Authors: Obushnyy Mykola
Published: September 2021

The publication aims to draw the attention of Ukrainian scholars and researchers of Ukrainian cultural heritage to study the work of a unique domestic artist of monumental and decorative art, whose name is included in the list of prominent figures of world heritage of the twentieth century - Alexander Saenko. O. Saenko's artistic heritage includes more than 500 works of painting, graphics and monumental and decorative art: decorative panels, carpets, tapestries, etc. But O. Saenko possessed the technique of straw inlay most perfectly. He subtly felt the diversity of sacred energies that give "joy to people." It was in the colors of straw that O. Saenko saw such energy.
O. Saenko's paintings are not only artistically perfect, but also the vast majority of them are filled with nationalpatriotic content. Among them, one of the most famous is the decorative painting "Kozak Mamai" (1928, 1936). The analysis of O. Saenko's paintings shows that they are deeply folk, and therefore perceived as modern in their content and style.
UKRAINIAN DIASPORA FROM HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Hrabovsky Serhiy
Published: September 2021

The article considers issues related to the phenomenon of the Ukrainian Diaspora and presented from a historical and theoretical point of view. Stories related to the emergence and transformation of certain components of the Diaspora are briefly analyzed and outlined. Cases of transformation of the population of Ukrainian ethnic lands outside the Ukrainian state or territories of diffuse settlement into the Diaspora in this country are described. A theoretically and practically important question has been raised: how much historical time is needed for the territories occupied by Ukrainian settlers to be considered Ukrainian ethnic territories. Another important question is when the Ukrainian Diaspora began to form. The author of the article believes that the Diaspora begins to form after the beginning of the formation of the modern Ukrainian nation, when social barriers between different groups of society become less important than the affiliation of all these groups to one nation. The article argues that in the twentieth century all Ukrainians living outside the UkrSSR belonged to the Ukrainian Diaspora and raises the question of whether Ukrainian seasonal workers and students and doctoral students from foreign universities belong to the Diaspora. The article pays special attention to the conflicts that have taken place and are taking place today with Ukrainians on ethnic lands and the Ukrainian Diaspora in the Russian Federation. Finally, the author raises the issue of the status of non-ethnic immigrants from Ukraine abroad in this case, if they do not sever ties with their homeland and support the Ukrainian state.
Glioblastoma hücre hattında (U87) siklopamin ve temozolomid kombine tedavisinin miR-20a ekspresyonu üzerine etkileri
Authors: SENCAR Leman , YILMAZ Derviş Mansuri , GÖKTÜRK Dilek , ÖZANDAÇ POLAT Sema , COŞKUN Gülfidan , ŞAKER Dilek , SAPMAZ Tuğçe , KARA Samet , ÇELENK Alper , POLAT Sait
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, glioblastoma hücre hattında (U87) siklopamin ve temozolomid (TMZ) tedavisinin ayrı ayrı ve kombine olarak uygulanmasından sonra miR-20a ekspresyonunun araştırılması ve bu miRNA’nın glioblastoma tedavisindeki etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: U87 MG, tedaviden önce 35 mm'lik kültür kabı üzerine yerleştirildi ve çoğaltıldı. Çalışma kapsamında 7 grup oluşturuldu: Grup 1: Kontrol grubu, Grup 2: Sham grubu (Dimetil sülfoksit), Grup 3: 2 Gün TMZ, Grup 4: 5 Gün TMZ, Grup 5: 3 saat siklopamin, Grup 6: 2 Gün TMZ + 3 saat siklopamin, Grup 7: 5 Gün TMZ + 3 saat siklopamin. Tedaviden sonra total miRNA izolasyonu ve qRT-PCR yapıldı.
Bulgular: Glioblastoma hücre hattında miR-20a ekspresyonunun grup 3, grup 4, grup 5, grup 6 ve grup 7’de belirgin olarak azaldığı tespit edildi. Ancak bu azalmanın en fazla grup 7 de olduğu saptandı . Ek olarak grup 7’de hücre sayısının azaldığı görüldü.
Sonuç: Glioblastoma hücrelerinde miR-20a’nın yüksek oranda eksprese olduğu; ancak siklopamin ve TMZ tedavilerinden sonra ekspresyonun azaldığı tespit edildi. miR-20a’nın glioblastoma için yeni bir terapötik hedef ve biyobelirteç olarak kullanılabileceği, siklopamin ve TMZ’nin glioblastomada tedavi amaçlı kullanılabileceği ancak bu konuda daha ileri çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.
A multipole representation of earthquake source mechanisms
Authors: Yeatts F. Richard
Published: September 2021

abstract

The static displacement field in an elastic half-space caused by a general, finite disturbance is derived in the form of an infinite series (multipole) expansion. The relationship between this theory and dislocation theory is discussed with the aid of examples. A multipole source model is derived for the strain-step field associated with the nuclear blast HANDLEY set off at the Nevada Test Site on March 26, 1970. The results suggest that there was significant fault movement associated with the detonation.
Seismicity of the mendocino escarpment and the aftershock sequence of June 26, 1968: Ocean bottom seismic measurements
Authors: Nowroozi Ali A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Since May 1966, OBS 3, an ocean-bottom geophysical station located 220 km south of the Mendocino fracture zone at a depth of 3903 meters and PTA, a supporting land station at Point Arena, California, have been operating continuously. During a 5-year period OBS 3 recorded over 650 local earthquakes with suboceanic epicenters, about 200 of which were also recorded by PTA. Earthquakes recorded by OBS 3 have clear P, S, and T phases; those recorded by PTA have clear P and S phases but generally do not have clear T phases. The 200 earthquakes recorded by both stations were located on the basis of S —P time intervals at OBS 3 and at PTA. Readings from the Berkeley network of seismographic stations were also used when possible. Most of the submarine earthquakes located are related to the Mendocino and Gorda escarpments. Earthquakes do not occur beyond the intersection of the Mendocino fracture zone and the Gorda Ridge. The entire Gorda Basin is seismically active, implying that it is presently undergoing internal deformation.

In an attempt to confirm a possible subduction zone in the vicinity of the coast and north of the Mendocino fracture zone, five earthquakes were relocated, two of which were probably subcrustal. One earthquake (August 23, 1962) had a focal depth of 59.4 km, which is confirmed by the time intervals of the pP—P and sP—P phases. The second (September 4, 1962) had a depth of 45 km, but because of the earthquake's small magnitude, its depth could not be confirmed. These subcrustal earthquakes do indicate a possible active subduction zone close to the coast north of the Mendocino fracture zone. The submarine aftershock sequence of June 26, 1968 indicates that (1) b = 0.5 ± 0.1 (This is slightly smaller than other b values given for the adjacent continental region.); (2) the magnitude versus the length of the fault for this sequence is approximately similar to that of other recent sequences in California; (3) the composite fault-plane solution for all of the aftershocks is similar to that of the main shock and gives a fault trend of N41°E.
Three-dimensional soil-structure response to earthquakes
Authors: Weaver William , Brandow Gregg E. , Höeg Kaare
Published: September 2021

abstract

Calculations for the dynamic response of multistory buildings to earthquake accelerations of bedrock should include the effects of the soil and the structural foundation. For this purpose a three-dimensional analytical model is developed, consisting of the following parts. The superstructure is modeled as a tier building (with rigid floor diaphragms, space frame members, bracing, and setbacks); the foundation is approximated by a rigid block in combination with piles (prismatic members with pinned ends), and the soil is idealized by a finite-element mesh (three-dimensional rectangular prisms) with special boundary conditions (viscous damping at lateral boundaries and a rigid boundary at bedrock). This analytical model is incorporated into a computer program, which performs response analyses for specified earthquakes. Sample problems are included to demonstrate the capabilities of both the analytical model and the computer program. The results show that the combination of a three-dimensional analytical model and the presence of underlying soil has important influences on the calculated responses of multistory buildings to earthquakes.
Statistical correlation of observed ground motion with low-rise building damage
Authors: Scholl Roger E. , Farhoomand Iraj
Published: September 2021

abstract

A statistical study was conducted correlating ground motion with structure damage data from the RULISON underground nuclear explosion gas stimulation experiment. The statistical study first leads to the identification of the ground-motion characterization that best represents the damage potential of ground motion; then to the development of motion-damage relationships for low-rise buildings subjected to ground motion. The motion-damage relationships are derived both for overall damage as well as for the most frequently damaged building components. The overall motion-damage relationships are given in terms of incidence of complaints (complaint ratio), incidence of damage (damage ratio), and damage cost (damage cost factor).
Earthquake location based on the gradient method and on minima of beams of directions
Authors: Gershanik Simón
Published: September 2021

abstract

Earthquake location is usually made by means of the Gauss-Newton iterative method, known in seismology as the Geiger method. As this method may fail to be efficient in some cases, attention is turned to the possibilities offered to the problem by the gradient method, which is always convergent, and, when properly used, may lead to the vicinity of the solution after a few iterations.

But in the vicinity of the solution, the gradient method becomes slowly convergent. Therefore, in addition, another convergent method based on the minimum value, g, of the sum of the squared residuals taken on a beam of directions, is presented. In it the sum g is approximated by a polynomial of Laplace spherical harmonics.

The new method includes the gradient method as a particular case; it is well suited in the vicinity of the solution and may lead quickly to it.
Field reconnaissance of the effects of the earthquake of April 13, 1973, near Laguna de Arenal, Costa Rica
Authors: Plafker George
Published: September 2021

abstract

The April 13, 1973, earthquake (MS = 6.5) in northwestern Costa Rica caused significant damage and the loss of 23 lives in a rural area of about 150 km2 centered south of Laguna de Arenal. Earthquake-triggered failures of mountain slopes were the cause of all deaths and injuries attributable to the earthquake. Incipient landslides and landslide-dammed lakes pose a continuing hazard to populated areas at Tronadora and Rio Chiquito during the 1973 rainy season.

The modest amount of shaking damage to structures is attributable to the moderate size of the earthquake and to the predominance of small wood-frame buildings with lightweight corrugated roofs that have good shear resistance to lateral forces. Most of the structural damage that did occur was to buildings made of concrete block with little or no reinforcing steel; none of these, however, involved total collapse. In some areas, damage to buildings and roads was also caused by foundation failures involving downslope slumping or sliding, lateral spreading, and differential compaction of unconsolidated or poorly consolidated surficial deposits including thick lateritic soil.

The location of the epicentral region and the nature of the earthquake and aftershock sequence suggest that the earthquake was of tectonic, rather than volcanic, origin. The shape and size of the damage area and the apparent absence of surface faulting are compatible with a moderately shallow source, possibly several kilometers in depth.
Single-station spectral discrimination using coda waves
Authors: Hartse Hans E. , Phillips W. Scott , Fehler Michael C. , House Leigh S.
Published: September 2021

Spectral discrimination methods applied at regional distances are based on the observation that there is a difference in the frequency content of the seismic waves radiated from the source region of earthquakes and explosions. We have investigated a spectral discrimination method that exploits the scattered energy contained in the event codas of seismograms to measure the relative source excitation of earthquakes and explosions as a function of frequency. Key strengths of the coda method include the following: (1) it is not affected by source radiation pattern because the scattering process averages the radiation over the focal sphere, (2) path corrections are not required with the coda method because coda waves are scattered throughout a common crustal volume, (3) it can be successfully applied using data from only a single station, and (4) it can be successfully applied using data with clipped direct arrivals. To implement the coda method, we first estimate a “type curve,” which represents the average shape of all the individual coda decay curves for a particular frequency band. The shape of the type curve (as well as the shape of all individual coda decay curves) is controlled by the scattering and attenuation properties of the crustal volume sampled by the coda waves (a common path effect). The amplitude of the type curve is not defined, and we arbitrarily adjust it to have a zero mean. The amplitude difference between an individual event coda decay curve and the type curve provides a relative measure of the event's source size within the particular frequency band. We define this amplitude difference as the “relative source factor.” Our approach exploits all of an event's usable coda for each spectral measurement, thus providing a more stable measure of relative source size than could be obtained from using a predefined, fixed-length time window. Analysis of 27 Nevada Test Site explosions and 15 southern Great Basin earthquakes (3.1 ≦ M ≦ 4.7), shows that the source factor difference between the 0.5- to 1- and 2- to 4-Hz bands plotted against the 1- to 2-Hz source factor is a stable event discriminant. The method reliably distinguishes small explosions from small earthquakes (3.0 < M < 3.5), even if the explosions are overburied. Because the coda method requires only one seismic station, we believe that it would be especially useful in identifying small, clandestine underground nuclear tests that occur far from established networks.
Vertical and near-vertical incidence of P waves in a layered solid
Authors: Abramovici F.
Published: September 2021

This article gives two analytical expressions of the displacement in a flat structure: one based on Cagniard's method for simpler cases, the other using a Fourier integral for more general cases. The numerical experiments aimed to check the methods by comparing zero-offset cases with cases of near-vertical incidence confirm the existence of longitudinal PS waves as obtained by Hron and his collaborators. In addition, the experiments reveal that the longitudinal motion of the PS waves is the limit of an elliptical-like particle motion associated with the PS waves for near-vertical incidence. It turns out that this unusual particle motion tends to the classical transverse rectilinear motion when the source-receiver offset is large enough. A similar behavior was found for the particle motion associated with the reflected PS, P2S, and PS2 for small offset receivers located on the free surface of a solid consisting of one homogeneous layer over a half-space.
Variation of regional seismic discriminants with surface topographic roughness in the Western United States
Authors: Zhang Tian-Run , Lay Thorne , Schwartz Susan , Walter William R.
Published: September 2021

Regional distance P and S waves behave differently with propagation distance due to complex elastic and anelastic effects in the crustal wave guide and uppermost mantle. It is well recognized that seismological discriminants based on P/S ratios or individual phase spectral ratios must be corrected for regionally dependent path effects for successful discrimination to be achieved. Such corrections usually involve only distance-dependent decay, parameterized to account for geometric spreading and attenuation factors averaged over some geographic region. However, large scatter persists in distance-corrected discriminants, which degrades their performance, and strategies are needed to further reduce the scatter by accounting for individual path variability. We demonstrate that characterizing some of the path variability by the readily measured surface topographic roughness along each path allows reduction of the scatter in some regional discriminants. Pg/Lg and Pn/Lg ratios and Pg, Pn, and Lg low-frequency/high-frequency spectral ratios for 80 earthquakes in the Western United States recorded at four stations of the Livermore NTS Network are analyzed for path effects. While all of these discriminants display distance dependence, log Pg/Lg is also found to be significantly correlated with average surface roughness along each path. The correlation is emphasized when the product of distance and roughness is used as an independent variable, and the data in the frequency range 1 to 6 Hz have the strongest trends. Corrections based on the correlations with distance and roughness can reduce the variance of the log Pg/Lg discriminant by 22 to 25% in the 2- to 4-Hz band. Log Pn/Lg and individual phase spectral ratios have stronger distance dependence than log Pg/Lg, but the correlation with surface roughness is weak for those measurements. It appears that interchange of Pg and Lg energy that reverberates in the crust accounts for the sensitivity to the gross wave-guide properties that are manifested in the surface roughness parameterization. The results support the concept of pursuing path corrections beyond purely range-dependent trends.
Ray theoretical analysis of Lg
Authors: Keers H. , Nolet G. , Dahlen F. A.
Published: September 2021

Ray theory is used to investigate the effect that irregular crustal interfaces have on the different phases that comprise Lg. We concentrate on the effects of a variable Moho in this initial study, while keeping the surface flat. The Moho models considered are a cosinusoid, a model of the Moho below the German part of the European Geo-Traverse (EGT) and a model representing an ocean-continent transition.

It is found that even slight undulations of the Moho give rise to extensive multipathing. This affects the amplitudes of the supercritically reflected crustal multiples comprising Lg in a dramatic way. Two different types of ray behavior are distinguished. The first type, corresponding to regular or weakly chaotic ray behavior, occurs at smaller values of the ray parameter and gives rise to large amplitudes at distinct epicentral distances due to focusing, accompanied by “gaps” containing very little energy due to defocusing in between. The second type, corresponding to strongly chaotic ray behavior, occurs at larger values of the ray parameter. Small changes in the take-off angle in this chaotic regime produce large fluctuations in the epicentral distance of arrivals. The Moho below Germany, for example, produces 140 supercritically reflected arrivals at an epicentral distance of 400 km. Since the amplitudes of arrivals in the chaotic region are smeared out over a large epicentral distance range, they are much less prominent than the arrivals from the regular region, even though they are supercritically reflected.

Travel-time fluctuations are less sensitive to the undulations in the Moho than amplitude variations. They are more affected by the magnitude than by the wavelength of the undulations. Amplitude undulations of more than 3 km produce multiple arrivals that have differences in travel time of up to 10 sec.
Q-phase compensation of seismic records in the frequency domain
Authors: Bano Maksim
Published: September 2021

The attenuation process acts as a low-pass filter that attenuates the high frequencies (absorption) of the signal spectrum and also changes the phase of the seismic wavelet (dispersion). Seismic frequency losses are usually recovered according to an appropriate processing technique (such as deterministic or statistical deconvolution methods), while phase distortions are generally disregarded. Therefore, accurate processing of seismic data requires a careful investigation of the relationship between absorption and phase.

In this article, a procedure is presented to accomplish this goal. To account for anelastic losses, a complex power function of frequency for the phase velocity is introduced into the one-way wave-field equation in 1D. The compensation, for both effects (absorption and dispersion) described here, is analyzed in the context of wave-field extrapolation in one dimension 1D, equivalent to that in the f-k domain as phase-shift and/or Stolt migration. The phase-only inverse Q filtering works in the frequency domain. It provides for dispersion according to a constant-Q (frequency-independent) model and is valid for any positive value of Q. The extension of this algorithm for a Q depth-variable model is also shown. The amplitude compensation is accomplished through the use of a standard statistical approach. Synthetic and real data are shown to illustrate both amplitude and phase inverse Q filtering of seismic reflection records.