bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Fourier representation of elastic immersed boundaries
Authors: Pacull F. , Garbey M.
Published: February 2009

This paper presents an efficient treatment of fluid/elastic–structure interactions that takes advantage of the Fourier representation of immersed boundaries. We assume that the fluid is incompressible with uniform density and viscosity and that the immersed boundaries have fixed topologies. These elastic bodies can have large deformations and evolve anywhere within the fluid domain. They may be thick and are assumed to be piecewise smooth. We process the fluid–structure coupling with the immersed boundary method of C. S. Peskin. We can take advantage of the Fourier representation of the immersed bodies in many ways. First, the use of Fourier expansions allows us to filter out the high frequencies of the spatial oscillations along the boundary vectors. Second, we can work with a smaller number of boundary points to represent the interface, while preserving the same level of accuracy as long as enough points are used in the force spreading process. Finally, the harmonic information gathered by the Fourier coefficients is useful to control some global properties of the immersed boundaries. For example, we introduce a technique that corrects the volume conservation issue of closed immersed boundaries by performing constrained optimization in the Fourier space. We illustrate our method with two applications: one is a suspension flow with a large number of elastic ‘bubbles’, the other is an interesting case of artificial motion based on inertia rather than on flapping fins or flagella. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Ganzstein tunnel 1971 to 2008 – from preliminary design to completion
Authors: Steiner Michael , Schweiger Horst , Eder Manfred
Published: February 2009

Asfinag Baumanagement GmbH has been commissioned to construct the second tube of the Ganzstein tunnel. After completion, it will be possible to travel the entire length of the S6 expressway on dual carriageway. This investment will improve the connection of the industrial area of the Upper Steiermark with the Vienna Basin and also improve the traffic safety of the busy route. The article describes the current state of the construction works and also makes comparisons with the first tube of the tunnel, which was opened in 1980.
Kops II pumped storage works: construction contract 3 – machine caverns
Authors: Tergl Michael
Published: February 2009

125,000 m3 of excavation were completed in only 14 months, between October 2004 and December 2005, for the powerhouse and transformer caverns. The excavation of the shafts and tunnels – altogether 1,782 m – was undertaken parallel to the excavation of the caverns with a total volume of 78,000 m3. The internal construction works were also remarkable. From December 2005 to May 2007, which is a period of only 1.5 years, 48,000 m3 of concrete were placed in the caverns. The multitude of linings and backfill concreting in the tunnels, shafts and other subsidiary works were constructed at the same time as the concrete work in the caverns. This extraordinary performance was only possible through intensive preparation work, continuing during the construction phase, and the involvement of specialists. At peak times, 130 skilled construction workers were employed on the site. All works were carried out in continuous operation with day and night shifts. The only interruption was for the traditional Christmas and Easter holidays.
Neurosphere cell differentiation to aldynoglia promoted by olfactory ensheathing cell conditioned medium
Authors: Doncel‐Pérez Ernesto , Caballero‐Chacón Sara , Nieto‐Sampedro Manuel
Published: February 2009

Cells from central nervous system with morphology similar to radial glia and properties intermediate between astrocytes and Schwann cells were called growth‐promoting glia or aldynoglia. These cells are present in adult brain olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hypophysis, pineal gland and in the developing brain, and spinal cord (Cameron and Rakic (1991) Glia 4:124–137; Gudiño‐Cabrera and Nieto‐Sampedro (2000) 30:49–63). We report now that neurosphere cells, abundantly generated from E15 rat or E13 mouse corpus striatum, differentiate to aldynoglia‐like cells when plated onto an adhesive substrate, and cultured in the presence of olfactory ensheathing cell conditioned medium, supplemented with EGF and bFGF. The immunophenotype, mRNA expression (microarray and RT‐PCR analysis), neurite growth‐promoting and ensheathing properties of the cells derived from neurospheres were similar to those of aldynoglia. Neurosphere‐derived, aldynoglia‐like cells expressed, with respect to neurospheres, very increased levels of GFAP, high levels of nestin and vimentin, extracellular matrix proteins, and inhibitors of the catabolism of those extracellular matrix proteins. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal‐dependent spatial memory functions might be lateralized in rats: An approach combining gene expression profiling and reversible inactivation
Authors: Klur Sandra , Muller Christophe , Pereira de Vasconcelos Anne , Ballard Theresa , Lopez Joëlle , Galani Rodrigue , Certa Ulrich , Cassel Jean‐Christophe
Published: February 2009

The hippocampus is involved in spatial memory processes, as established in a variety of species such as birds and mammals including humans. In humans, some hippocampal‐dependent memory functions may be lateralized, the right hippocampus being predominantly involved in spatial navigation. In rodents, the question of possible lateralization remains open. Therefore, we first microdissected the CA1 subregion of the left and right dorsal hippocampi for analysis of mRNA expression using microarrays in rats having learnt a reference memory task in the Morris water‐maze. Relative to untrained controls, 623 genes were differentially expressed in the right hippocampus, against only 74 in the left hippocampus, in the rats that had learnt the hidden platform location. Thus, in the right hippocampus, 299 genes were induced, 324 were repressed, and about half of them participate in signaling and transport, metabolism, and nervous system functions. In addition, most differentially expressed genes associated with spatial learning have been previously related to synaptic plasticity and memory. We then subjected rats to unilateral (left or right) or bilateral reversible functional inactivations in the dorsal hippocampus; lidocaine was infused either before each acquisition session or before retrieval of a reference spatial memory in the Morris water maze. We found that after drug‐free acquisition, right or bilateral lidocaine inactivation (vs. left, or bilateral phosphate buffered saline (PBS) infusions) of the dorsal hippocampus just before a delayed (24 h) probe trial impaired performance. Conversely, left or bilateral hippocampus inactivation (vs. right, or bilateral PBS infusions) before each acquisition session weakened performance during a delayed, drug‐free probe trial. Our data confirm a functional association between transcriptional activity within the dorsal hippocampus and spatial memory in the rat. Further, they suggest that there could be a leftward bias of hippocampal functions in engram formation or information transfer, and a rightward bias in spatial memory storage/retrieval processes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corticosterone reduces dendritic complexity in developing hippocampal CA1 neurons
Authors: Alfarez Deborah N. , De Simoni Anna , Velzing Els H. , Bracey Ed , Joëls Marian , Edwards Frances A. , Krugers Harm J.
Published: February 2009

Although prolonged stress and corticosteroid exposure induce morphological changes in the hippocampal CA3 area, the adult CA1 area is quite resistant to such changes. Here we addressed the question whether elevated corticosteroid hormone levels change dendritic complexity in young, developing CA1 cells. In organotypic cultures (prepared from P5 rats) that were 14–21 days cultured in vitro, two doses of corticosterone (30 and 100 nM) were tested. Dendritic morphology of CA1 neurons was established by imaging neurons filled with the fluorescent dye Alexa. Application of 100 nM corticosterone for 20 minutes induced atrophy of the apical dendritic tree 1–4 hours later. Fractal analysis showed that total neuronal complexity was reduced twofold when compared with vehicle‐treated neurons. Exposing organotypic slices to 30 nM corticosterone reduced apical length in a more delayed manner: only neurons examined more than 2 hours after exposure to corticosterone showed atrophy of the apical dendritic tree. Neither dose of corticosterone affected the length of basal dendrites or spine density. Corticosterone was ineffective in changing morphology of the apical dendrites when tested in the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486. These results suggest that high physiological levels of corticosterone, via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, can, during the course of only a few hours, reduce the dendritic complexity of CA1 pyramidal neurons in young, developing hippocampal tissue. These findings suggest that it is relevant to maintain plasma corticosterone levels low during hippocampal development. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recollection is impaired, but familiarity remains intact in rats with lesions of the fornix
Authors: Easton Alexander , Zinkivskay Ann , Eacott Madeline J.
Published: February 2009

It has been argued that a neural system including the hippocampus, fornix, mamillary bodies, and anterior thalamus is specifically involved in recollection, but not in familiarity based memory processes. Here we test this hypothesis using a task of episodic‐like memory within an E‐shaped maze. Animals seek out a preferred object (what) in a particular location (where) that is unique to a particular context (which occasion). As objects are hidden from view at the point of decision making, the animals can only base their decision on recall of their previous episode in the E‐shaped maze. In contrast, once a decision has been made animals are free to explore both objects and display an object preference when objects are visible to the animal and decisions can be made on the basis of familiarity. Animals with fornix lesions are impaired at recalling a past event. However, the same animals on the same trials show no such impairment in a judgement of familiarity. We therefore demonstrate that recall is dependent upon the fornix, while familiarity based memory is not. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Acylated Secoiridoid Glucosides from Gentiana straminea (Gentianaceae)
Authors: Xu Min , Zhang Ming , Zhang Ying‐Jun , Yang Chong‐Ren
Published: February 2009

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Two new acylated secoiridoid glucosides, 4′‐acetyl‐6′‐{[2‐hydroxy‐3‐(1‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)]benzoyloxy}sweroside and 3′,4′‐diacetyl‐6′‐{[2‐hydroxy‐3‐(1‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)]benzoyloxy}swertiamarin, named gentistraminosides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the MeOH extract of Gentiana straminea Maxim (Gentianaceae), together with twelve known ones, including eight iridoid and secoiridoid glucosides, macrophylloside A (3), loganic acid (4), secologanic acid (5), swertiamarin (6), gentiopicroside (7), loganic acid methyl ester (8), 6′‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl gentiopicroside (9), and loganic acid 11‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (10), one flavone C‐glucoside, isovitexin (11), one chromenecarboxylic acid glycosyl ester, macrophylloside D (12), and two triterpenoids, 1α,2α,3β,24‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid (13), and 3β,6α,24‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid (14). Their structures were determined by means of detailed spectroscopic (NMR and MS) analysis.
Effect of Petroleum Condensate/Gasoline Mixture on Automotive Engines
Authors: Osuji Leo C. , Ogali Regina E. , Usen Moses U.
Published: February 2009

Twelve combustible mixtures of condensate/gasoline were evaluated with the aim to delimit the extent at which the adulteration of premium motor spirit (PMS) with condensate samples becomes hazardous to spark‐ignited gasoline engines. Results of the quality‐assurance tests (low RON (research octane number) rating and low volatility corroborated by <0.45 kg/cm2 RVP (Reid vapor pressure) and high boiling‐point (IBP (initial boiling point), FPB (final boiling point), and TR (total recovery)) ranges of atmospheric distillation) show that 16–100% (v/v) of condensate in the adulterated blends are undesirable for automotive engines. Such fuels may cause rough idling, detonation (pinging), and eventual knock of the spark‐ignited engine. Continued availability of petroleum products in developing countries like Nigeria might discourage the uncanny practice of ‘black marketers’ who perpetrate the distribution of the ‘killer products’. This might also boost the already impeded consumer trust on petroleum products.
Herticins A and B, New Sesquiterpenes from Hertia intermedia
Authors: Yasmeen Shazia , Riaz Naheed , Bibi Amna , Afza Nighat , Malik Abdul , Tareen Rasool Bukhsh
Published: February 2009

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Herticins A (=(8αH)‐10β‐hydroxyeremophilenolide; 1) and B (=(8αH)‐6α,10β‐dihydroxyeremophilenolide; 2), two new sesquiterpenes, have been isolated from the AcOEt‐soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of Hertia intermedia (whole plant). Their structures were assigned from 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra (DEPT) and 2D‐NMR analyses (COSY, NOESY, and HMBC experiments) in combination with HR‐MS experiments and comparison with literature data of related compounds.
The (Tetraazaannulene)copper‐Catalyzed Reduction of Sulfur(IV) Species. A Pulse‐Radiolysis and Theoretical Study of the Associated Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Ferraudi Guillermo , Estiu Guillermina , Lappin A. Graham , Villagran Manuel , Muena Juan P. , Costamagna Juan , Zagal Jose
Published: February 2009

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The monomeric species, [CuII{Hx(tmdnTAA)}]x+ (x=0, 1, and 2, and (tmdnTAA)2−=[5,7,12,14]tetramethyldinaphtho[b,i][1,4,8,11]tetraaza[14]annulenato(2−)=7,9,18,20‐tetramethyldinaphtho[2,3‐b : 2′,3′‐i] [1,4,8,11]tetraazacyclotetradecinato(2−)) catalyze the electrochemical reduction of SO2(aq) in homogeneous solution. A pulse‐radiolytic study of the reaction of the [CuI(tetraazaannulene)] complexes with SIV species revealed the formation of CuISO2 adducts. The formation of CuISO2 adducts prevents the disproportionation of the CuI complexes and precedes the reduction of the SIV species to S2O$\rm{ _4^{2 - } }$. DFT Calculations were carried out to establish the structure and stability of the CuISO2 adducts. A good agreement between the calculated and recorded electronic spectrum of the CuISO2 adducts corroborated the formation of species with SO2 coordinated to CuI through the O‐atom.
The 50th Anniversary of the Treadwellian Father‐and‐Son Era (1881–1959) at the ETH
Authors: Craig G. Wayne , Kauffman George B.
Published: February 2009

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This year marks the 50th anniversary of the end of the Treadwellian Era. More than three quarters of a century earlier American Frederic Pearson Treadwell (1857–1918) began his research at the Eidgenössiches Polytechnikum (since June 23, 1911, known as the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)). After Frederic's death, William Dupré Treadwell (1885–1959), Frederic's son, was later appointed as assistant professor. Together, their publications in analytical, inorganic, and physical chemistry spanned three quarters of a century, and their impact on the usage of instrumentation at the ETH and in the chemical world is still apparent today.
New Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes from Ligularia japonica
Authors: Xu Ji‐Qing , Hu Li‐Hong
Published: February 2009

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Four new eremophilane‐type sesquiterpenes, 3β‐(acetyloxy)‐6β‐(2‐methylbutanoyloxy)‐10β‐hydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (1), 3β‐(acetyloxy)‐6α,7α‐epoxy‐11‐noreremophil‐9(10)‐ene‐8,11‐dione (2), 3β‐hydroxy‐11‐noreremophila‐6(7),9(10)‐diene‐8,11‐dione (3), and 3β‐(3‐methylbutanoyloxy)‐11‐noroxoeremophila‐6(7),9(10)‐diene‐8,11‐dione (4) were isolated from roots of Ligularia japonica. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated through spectral studies including HR‐EI‐MS, IR, and NMR data.
Birth weight predicts subclinical orthostatic hypotension in children
Authors: Sachman Jason L. , Mayefsky Jay H. , Ozhog Stanislav , Perlmuter Lawrence C.
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: Relatively low birth weight is associated with elevated heart rate and increased circulation of catecholamines and overall higher sympathetic activation in children. Increased levels of each of these variables in turn may promote poorer systolic blood pressure regulation in response to an orthostatic challenge. The present study examined the relationship between subsyndromal orthostatic systolic change in children and birth weights varying from 4 to 10 pounds. METHODS: Boys and girls (N=34) ranging in age from 7 – 10 years from a culturally diverse population were recruited. After lying supine for five minutes and again after about one minute of standing, blood pressure and pulse were measured. The greater the difference between standing minus supine systolic blood pressure, the stronger the response to orthostatic challenge. RESULTS: As birth weight increased, the systolic increase in blood pressure to an orthostatic challenge grew stronger. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing birth weight is associated with more efficient subsyndromal orthostatic blood pressure responses. Thus, increased heart rate and greater sympathetic nervous system activation found in low birth weight neonates are associated with poorer orthostatic blood pressure regulation that in turn is prognostic of cardiovascular difficulties and hypertension as well as cognitive and affective difficulties in childhood and in adulthood.
Locally applied TCP inhibits tumor growth via possible activation of macrophages
Authors: Naito Yukiko , Nagata Tomoko , Tachibana Shigehiro , Okimoto Mari , Ohara Naoki , Hakamatsuka Yasuharu , Cheng Jinyan
Published: February 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate whether beta‐tricalcium phosphate (TCP) inhibits cancer growth, because TCP, a widely used bone replacement material, is known to attract immune cells. Human colon cancer (WiDr) cells were subcutaneously injected on the backs of nude mice, and tumor growth was observed. Seven days after the injection, five animals were implanted with TCP at the tumor sites, five animals were treated by a direct application of 0.12 mg cisplatin at the sites, and four animals were not treated, as a control. Tumor size on the 43rd day of implantation was 1173 mm3 in the TCP group and was smaller than that in the control, 1621 mm3. This inhibition was comparable to that with cisplatin. Furthermore, tumor‐growing rate in the TCP group was significantly lower than that in the control group. Histopathological examination of the tumors showed migration of macrophages only in the TCP group, with TCP particles remaining at the implantation loci. There were no between‐group differences in neutrophil infiltration and angiogenesis. In another series of in vitro experiments, a concentration‐dependent increase in luminol chemiluminescence was observed in isolated human peripheral neutrophils incubated with TCP, and the chemiluminescence due to phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan in the presence of TCP occurred with a lower level of TCP than when the chemiluminescence was due to TCP alone. These results suggest that subcutaneously implanted TCP inhibits tumor growth of implanted WiDr cells, and that the activation by TCP of macrophages plays a role in that inhibition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Rheological blends for drug delivery. I. Characterization in vitro
Authors: Hoare Todd , Zurakowski David , Langer Robert , Kohane Daniel S.
Published: February 2009

Rheological blends of hyaluronic acid (HA) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) are attractive as injectable drug delivery vehicles given their shear thinning viscoelastic rheological properties and excellent biocompatibility. In this study, the rheological and water binding properties of HA‐HPMC blends are investigated to optimize both the injectability and the drug release kinetics of polymer blends. The time required to release 75% of a bupivacaine payload was correlated with the overall polymer concentration of the blend and the water binding properties of the constituent polymers. This correlation enables the tuning of drug release kinetics over a range of several hours according to the total concentration and ratio of the polymers used in the blend. The injectability is also promoted by polymer blending; HPMC suppresses the high yield stress of HA solutions, whereas HA induces flow instabilities in the needle, which facilitate blend injection via plug flow. Consequently, significantly higher polymer concentrations can be injected as blends compared with that achievable with either of the polymers alone, extending the potential of these polymers for drug delivery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
A novel porous collagen scaffold around an implantable biosensor for improving biocompatibility. II. Long‐term in vitro/in vivo sensitivity characteristics of sensors with NDGA‐ or GA‐crosslinked collagen scaffolds
Authors: Ju Young Min , Yu Bazhang , West Leigh , Moussy Yvonne , Moussy Francis
Published: February 2009

We have developed a new 3D porous and biostable collagen scaffold for implantable glucose sensors. The scaffolds were fabricated around the sensors and crosslinked using nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) or glutaraldehyde (GA) to enhance physical and biological stability. The effect of the scaffolds on sensor function and biocompatibility was examined during long‐term (≥28 days) in vitro and in vivo experiments and compared with control bare sensors. To evaluate the effect of the sensor length on micromotion and sensor function, we also fabricated short and long sensors. 3D porous scaffold application around glucose sensors did not significantly affect the long‐term in vitro sensitivity of the sensors. The scaffolds, crosslinked by either NDGA or GA, remained stable around the sensors during the 4 week in vitro study. In the long‐term in vivo study, the sensitivity of the short sensors was higher than the sensitivity of long sensors presumably because of less micromotion in the subcutis of the rats. The sensors with NDGA‐crosslinked scaffolds had a higher sensitivity than the sensors with GA‐crosslinked scaffolds. Histological examination showed that NDGA‐crosslinked scaffolds retained their physical structure with reduced inflammation when compared with the GA‐crosslinked scaffolds. Therefore, the application of NDGA‐crosslinked collagen scaffolds might be a good method for enhancing the function and lifetime of implantable biosensors by minimizing the in vivo foreign body response. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
What caused the financial crisis?
Authors: Rouse Robert W.
Published: February 2009

In this special opinion column, JCAF's SEC columnist reveals the true reasons for the latest financial crisis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cut energy costs with scorecard measuring
Authors: Roth Harold P.
Published: February 2009

With the rising cost of energy, many companies see energy usage as a critical success factor in their operations. But organizations need to develop strategic energy consumption plans—and measures to see if strategic goals are being met. The balanced scorecard can be a great tool for this, communicating strategic goals and linking performance measures to the strategy. The author explains what types of performance measures you can use to achieve their goals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hackers don't take vacations
Authors: Smith Gordon
Published: February 2009

Cutting costs is good—but don't scrimp on information technology security. The author of this article warns that you may take vacations, but hackers never do. And he discusses other common mistakes that can place your firm in danger. © 2008 Canaudit, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
The CFO's new mission—supporting marketing and sales
Authors: Cokins Gary
Published: February 2009

Business is no longer just about increasing sales. It's about increasing profitability from sales. By identifying the difference in the cost to serve different types of customers, companies can get a complete picture of where their businesses are making—or losing—money. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Missed opportunities in performance and enterprise risk management
Authors: Paladino Bob , Cuy Larry , Frigo Mark L.
Published: February 2009

Is your organization missing opportunities to incorporate enterprise risk management (ERM) into its strategic planning and strategy management processes? This article addresses how an organization can ensure that its strategic planning process considers risk and risk management. How well, in other words, do your ongoing performance management reports include ERM program concerns? And are your ERM and strategy management or balanced scorecard (BSC) processes operated together or separately? © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parathyroid hormone regulation of the human bone sialoprotein gene transcription is mediated through two cAMP response elements
Authors: Araki Shouta , Mezawa Masaru , Sasaki Yoko , Yang Li , Li Zhengyang , Takai Hideki , Nakayama Youhei , Ogata Yorimasa
Published: February 2009

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates serum calcium and inorganic phosphate levels through its actions on kidney and bone. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an early marker of osteoblast differentiation and bone metabolism. We here report that two cAMP response elements (CRE) in the human BSP gene promoter are target of PTH. In human osteoblast‐like Saos2 cells, PTH (human 1−34 PTH, 10 nM) increased BSP mRNA and protein levels at 3 h. From transient transfection assays, 2‐ to 2.5‐fold increase in transcription by PTH was observed at 3 and 6 h in −184, −211, −428, −868, and −927 luciferase constructs that included the human BSP gene promoter. Effect of PTH was abrogated by 2 bp mutations in either the CRE1 (−79 to −72) or CRE2 (−674 to −667). Luciferase activities induced by PTH were blocked by protein kinase A inhibitor H89 and tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. Gel shift analyses showed that PTH increased binding of nuclear proteins to the CRE1 and CRE2 elements. The CRE1–protein and CRE2–protein complexes were disrupted by CRE binding protein 1 (CREB1) antibodies and supershifted by phospho‐CREB1 antibody. ChIP assays detected binding of CREB1 and phospho‐CREB1 to a chromatin fragment containing CRE1 and CRE2, and increased binding of phospho‐CREB1 to the both sites. These studies demonstrate that PTH stimulates human BSP gene transcription by targeting the two CREs in the promoter of the human BSP gene. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 618–625, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic peroxide method for kLaO2 estimation
Authors: Marcelino Marcos , Guisasola Albert , Baeza Juan Antonio
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: A reliable kLaO2 estimation methodology in bioreactors is a recurrent topic in the literature owing to the significance of this value, particularly in respirometric measurements. The most common methodologies for kLaO2 estimation consist of modeling the profile of dissolved oxygen (DO) obtained after a perturbation of the system aeration. Among them, the dynamic peroxide method (DPM), which consists of a small addition of peroxide hydrogen for a sudden increase in the DO level, is a promising methodology.

RESULTS: This work studies the reliability of kLaO2 estimates using DPM. Different experiments were performed with sludge cultures enriched with heterotrophs, nitrifiers and polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO). The influence of several operational conditions (i.e. air flow, sludge concentration, H2O2 volume addition) on kLaO2 estimates was studied and the reliability of DPM was compared with the widely used reaeration methodology. An application of DPM in the assessment of oxygen surface transfer in a mechanically stirred bioreactor is described.

CONCLUSION: DPM is a reliable methodology for kLaO2 estimation that can be successfully applied to heterotrophs, nitrifiers and PAO without observing any inhibitory effect ([H2O2] ≤ 6 mg L−1). Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
On the number of (r,r+1)‐ factors in an (r,r+1)‐factorization of a simple graph
Authors: Hilton A. J. W.
Published: February 2009

For integers d≥0, s≥0, a (d, d+s)‐graph is a graph in which the degrees of all the vertices lie in the set {d, d+1, …, d+s}. For an integer r≥0, an (r, r+1)‐factor of a graph G is a spanning (r, r+1)‐subgraph of G. An (r, r+1)‐factorization of a graph G is the expression of G as the edge‐disjoint union of (r, r+1)‐factors. For integers r, s≥0, t≥1, let f(r, s, t) be the smallest integer such that, for each integer d≥f(r, s, t), each simple (d, d+s) ‐graph has an (r, r+1) ‐factorization with x (r, r+1) ‐factors for at least t different values of x. In this note we evaluate f(r, s, t). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 60: 257‐268, 2009
Polychromatic colorings of bounded degree plane graphs
Authors: Horev Elad , Krakovski Roi
Published: February 2009

A polychromatic k‐coloring of a plane graph G is an assignment of k colors to the vertices of G such that every face of G has all k colors on its boundary. For a given plane graph G, one seeks the maximum number k such that G admits a polychromatic k ‐coloring. In this paper, it is proven that every connected plane graph of order at least three, and maximum degree three, other than K4 or a subdivision of K4 on five vertices, admits a 3‐coloring in the regular sense (i.e., no monochromatic edges) that is also a polychromatic 3‐coloring. Our proof is constructive and implies a polynomial‐time algorithm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 60: 269‐283, 2009
Marine Isotope Stage 7–6 transition age for beach sediments at Morston, north Norfolk, UK: implications for Pleistocene chronology, stratigraphy and tectonics
Authors: Hoare P. G. , Gale S. J. , Robinson R. A. J. , Connell E. R. , Larkin N. R.
Published: February 2009

Optically stimulated luminescence age estimates for the Pleistocene beach at Morston, north Norfolk, UK, obtained by the single‐aliquot regenerative‐dose protocol, indicate a Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7–6 transition date. The view that the beach is of Ipswichian (MIS 5e) age, held virtually unanimously for the last 75 years, may now be discarded. The extant beach sequence lies up to ∼5 m OD, yet global models suggest that MIS 7–6 sea levels were typically substantially below that of today. The explanation may lie with poorly understood regional tectonic movements. The MIS 7–6 date helps to constrain the ages of glacial deposits that bracket the beach sediments at Morston. The underlying Marly Drift till cannot be younger than MIS 8; this may also be true for the complex assemblage of glaciogenic landforms and sediments, including the Blakeney esker, in the adjacent lower Glaven valley. The well‐established Late Devensian (MIS 2) age of the Hunstanton Till is not compromised by the date of the Morston beach. There is no indication of a proposed Briton's Lane glaciation during MIS 6 times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations of di‐amino acid peptides: α‐ and β‐N‐acetyl‐L‐Asp‐L‐Glu in the solid state
Authors: Kausar Nighat , Alexander Bruce D. , Dines Trevor J. , Withnall Robert , Chowdhry Babur Z.
Published: February 2009

Experimental vibrational spectroscopic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the di‐amino acid peptide derivatives α‐ and β‐N‐acetyl‐L‐Asp‐L‐Glu have been undertaken. Raman and infrared spectra have been recorded for samples in the solid state. DFT simulations were conducted using the B3‐LYP correlation functional and the cc‐pVDZ basis set to determine energy minimized/geometry optimized structures (based on a single isolated molecule in the gaseous state). Normal coordinate calculations have provided vibrational assignments for fundamental modes, including their potential energy distributions. Significant differences are observed between α‐ and β‐N‐acetyl‐L‐Asp‐L‐Glu both in the computed structures and in the vibrational spectra. The combination of experimental and calculated spectra provide an insight into the structural and vibrational spectroscopic properties of di‐amino acid peptide derivatives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy
Authors: Umapathy Siva , Lakshmanna Adithya , Mallick Babita
Published: February 2009

This paper deals with a new form of nonlinear Raman spectroscopy called ‘ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy (URLS)’. URLS is analogous to stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) but is much more sensitive than SRS. The signals are background (noise) free unlike in coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and it provides natural fluorescence rejection, which is a major problem in Raman spectroscopy. In addition, being a self‐phase matching process, the URLS experiment is much easier than CARS, which requires specific phase matching of the laser pulses. URLS is expected to be alternative if not competitive to CARS microscopy, which has become a popular technique in applications to materials, biology and medicine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative analysis of Herman‐Wallis factors for uses in coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectra of light molecules
Authors: Marrocco Michele
Published: February 2009

The cross section of Raman processes involving light molecules takes into account the unavoidable coupling between rotational and vibrational modes. This coupling is quantified by the Herman‐Wallis (HW) factor and its use was recently criticized in view of the known thermometric application of vibrational spectra of coherent antiStokes Raman scattering (CARS) of hydrogen. Following this line of research, this paper addresses the physical limitations of the HW factors employed ordinarily in Q‐branch CARS measurements. Furthermore, new determinations of the vibration–rotation coupling are considered. These are based on a more realistic scenario consisting of anharmonic oscillations and polarizability variations during vibration. Numerical examples for fundamental diatomics, namely H2 and N2, are given throughout the text. It is found that, as expected, the Raman cross section of H2 is strongly dependent on the HW factor and the consequent correction to CARS line intensities is of the order of 10% or greater. Surprisingly, the analysis suggests that N2 spectral data are also affected, to a certain extent, by the new HW factors. Usually, this correction is completely disregarded, but under the new understanding of the vibration–rotation coupling, Q‐branch CARS lines of N2 are predicted to undergo variations between 1 and 5% for rotational levels that are sufficiently populated at temperatures of interest for CARS studies. Oxygen is also prone to vibration–rotation corrections and is finally shown as an example between the two limits of hydrogen and nitrogen. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman study of V/III flux ratio effect in InP/InAlAs/InP heterostructures grown by MOCVD
Authors: Sayari A. , Yahyaoui N. , Oueslati M. , Maaref H. , Zellama K.
Published: February 2009

Micro‐Raman measurements have been carried out in order to study the V/III flux ratio effect in InP/InAlAs/InP heterostructures grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Photoluminescence (PL) studies in InP/InAlAs/InP heterostructures1,2 show a strong dependence of the PL band linewidth on V/III molar ratio. In addition to the observation of the two‐mode behavior and the disorder activated modes in InAlAs alloy, an analysis of Raman spectra shows a line shape broadening and wavenumber shift of Raman peaks for various V/III molar ratios, with minimum linewidth and lattice mismatch occurring at V/III = 50. Also, a strong dependence on the composition modulation of the AlAs‐like longitudinal optic (LOAlAs−like) phonon was observed due to clustering. Calculation of the in‐plane strain shows that the lattice mismatch between the epilayer and the substrate is relatively insensitive to flux ratio variation within the range investigated. Therefore, the high arsenic overpressures used have an insignificant adverse effect on the quality of the hetero‐interfaces. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel surgical approach for complex destructive acetabular malignancies
Authors: Lietman Steven A.
Published: February 2009

Current treatment of acetabular defects created by metastatic disease involve extensile approaches removing the abductors from the greater trochanter or greater trochanteric osteotomy. We have developed a technique which does not involve removal of the muscle from the greater trochanter or trochanteric osteotomy. We remove the gluteus medius muscle from its anterior origin along several inches of the anterior iliac wing and the gluteus maximus from its insertion (the conjoined tendon) along the posterior proximal femur. The entire hip joint capsule is removed from anterior and posterior to the gluteus medius and minimus taking care to leave the insertion of these muscles intact. We have performed this approach in 13 patients with known metastatic disease and our preliminary results indicate that their limp and immediate weight bearing are improvements from the current standard of care involving removal of either the insertion of the gluteus medius and minimus from the greater trochanter or greater trochanteric osteotomy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:379–381. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A community‐based survey of posttraumatic stress disorder in the Netherlands
Authors: Bronner M. B. , Peek N. , Vries M. de , Bronner A. E. , Last B. F. , Grootenhuis M. A.
Published: February 2009

In this study, the lifetime prevalence of stressful events and current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general adult population in the Netherlands were examined, and risk groups for PTSD were determined. A representative sample of 2,238 adults (≥18 years) in the Netherlands completed digital questionnaires by computer‐assisted self‐interviewing. In total, 52.2% of the population reported at least one stressful event throughout their life. The estimated prevalence of current PTSD in the total population was 3.8%. Rape and physical assault were the stressful events most likely to be associated with PTSD, witness of injury the least likely. Stressful medical events were moderately associated with PTSD. Prevalence of PTSD was elevated among single women and middle‐aged men.
Self‐reported extremely adverse life events and longitudinal changes in five‐factor model personality traits in an urban sample
Authors: Löckenhoff Corinna E. , Terracciano Antonio , Patriciu Nicholas S. , Eaton William W. , Costa Paul T.
Published: February 2009

This study examined longitudinal personality change in response to extremely adverse life events in a sample (N = 458) drawn from the East Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Five‐factor model personality traits were assessed twice over an average interval of 8 years. Twenty‐five percent of the participants reported an extremely horrifying or frightening event within 2 years before the second personality assessment. Relative to the rest of the sample, they showed increases in neuroticism, decreases in the compliance facet of agreeableness, and decreases in openness to values. Baseline personality was unrelated to future events, but among participants who reported extreme events, lower extraversion and/or conscientiousness at baseline as well as longitudinal increases in neuroticism predicted lower mental health at follow‐up.
Tough Photonic Crystals Fabricated by Photo‐Crosslinkage of Latex Spheres
Authors: Tian Entao , Cui Liying , Wang Jingxia , Song Yanlin , Jiang Lei
Published: February 2009

A general method to enhance the mechanical properties and solvent resistance of photonic crystals (PCs) has been demonstrated. This is carried out by the crosslinkage of latex spheres via photopolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) infiltrated among them. The crosslinked PAAm enhances the interaction among latex spheres of the PCs film, and contributes to the improvement of mechanical strength and solvent resistance. The result provides a simple approach to make tough PCs films by photo‐crosslinkage, and can be extended to a wide variety of materials, will be of great importance for the practical application of PCs.

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Switching the Solubility of PMMA Bearing Attached Cyclodextrin‐Moieties by Supramolecular Interactions with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Amajjahe Sadik , Munteanu Maricica , Ritter Helmut
Published: February 2009

Methacrylate‐modified β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) have been radically copolymerized to obtain hydrophobic CD copolymers. The water‐insoluble copolymers are able to form highly stable inclusion complexes with anions of ionic liquids. Surprisingly, the inclusion of the anions in the CD cavity results in a significant change of thermal and solution properties. Furthermore, it can be shown that the structure of the ionic liquid anions influences the coil structure of the copolymers. The obtained results could be proven by means of microcalorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic light scattering.

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Analytical solution in transient thermo‐elasticity of functionally graded thick hollow cylinders (Pseudo‐dynamic analysis)
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Mahmoud , Akhlaghi Mehdi
Published: February 2009

This work studies transient thermal stresses in a thick hollow cylinder made of a functionally graded material (FGM). Material properties are considered to be nonlinear with a power law distribution through the thickness. The cylinder is assumed to be of infinite length, and the plane strain condition is supposed. The displacement and the distribution of stresses are obtained by analytical solution of governing differential equations of the Navier type. The transient dynamic behavior of thermal stresses is determined and discussed for various power law exponents appearing in functions determining mechanical properties of FGMs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of accuracy of diffusion MRI using real‐time self‐gated data acquisition
Authors: Shi Xianfeng , Kholmovski Eugene G. , Kim Seong‐Eun , Parker Dennis L. , Jeong Eun‐Kee
Published: February 2009

Diffusion‐weighted and diffusion tensor MR imaging (DWI, DTI) techniques are generally performed with signal averaging of multiple measurements to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and the accuracy of the diffusion measurement. Any discrepancy in the images between different averages causes errors which reduce the accuracy of the diffusion MRI measurements. In this report, a motion artifact reduction scheme with a real‐time self‐gated (RTSG) data acquisition for diffusion MRI using two‐dimensional echo planar imaging (2D EPI) is described. A subject's translational and rotational motions during application of the diffusion gradients induce an additional phase term and a shift of the echo‐peak position in the k‐space, respectively. These motions also reduce the magnitude of the echo‐peak. Based on these properties, we present a new scheme which monitors the position and the magnitude of the largest echo‐peak in the k‐space. The position and the magnitude of each average is compared to those of early averaging shot to determine if the differences are within or beyond the given threshold values. Motion corrupted data are reacquired in real time. Our preliminary results using RTSG indicate an improvement of both SNR and the accuracy of diffusion MRI measurements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress and strain‐driven algorithmic formulations for finite strain viscoplasticity for hybrid and standard finite elements
Authors: Jog C. S. , Bayadi Ramaprakash
Published: February 2009

This work deals with the formulation and implementation of finite deformation viscoplasticity within the framework of stress‐based hybrid finite element methods. Hybrid elements, which are based on a two‐field variational formulation, are much less susceptible to locking than conventional displacement‐based elements. The conventional return‐mapping scheme cannot be used in the context of hybrid stress methods since the stress is known, and the strain and the internal plastic variables have to be recovered using this known stress field. We discuss the formulation and implementation of the consistent tangent tensor, and the return‐mapping algorithm within the context of the hybrid method. We demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm on a wide range of problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of silver nano‐additive amount on the supramolecular structure, porosity, and properties of polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers
Authors: Mikołajczyk Teresa , Szparaga Grzegorz , Janowska Grażyna
Published: February 2009

This work examines the influence of the amount of silver nanoparticles added to polyacrylonitrile spinning solutions on their rheological properties as well as the structure and properties of the fibers produced. The influence of the amount of silver nanoparticles on the supramolecular structure of nanocomposite polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers, their porosity, as well as thermal and tensile strength properties was determined. The distribution of the nano‐ additive in fiber cross‐sections and on the surface was estimated. It was found that the addition of silver nanoparticles to polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers in an amount of up to 1.5% does not cause a decrease in the susceptibility of the fiber matter to deformation at the drawing stage. The produced fibers were characterized by an increased total volume of pores of 0.35 cm3/g and tenacity of more than 34 cN/tex. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame‐retardancy and anti‐dripping effects of intumescent flame retardant incorporating montmorillonite on poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Li Shumao , Yuan Hua , Yu Tao , Yuan Weizhong , Ren Jie
Published: February 2009

In the present study, the effects of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) incorporating organically modified montmorillonite (O‐MMT) on the flame retardancy and melt stability of PLA were investigated. The flame‐retardant PLA was prepared using a twin‐screw extruder and a two roll mill. Then, the influence of IFR and MMT on flame retardancy and melt stability was thoroughly investigated by means of limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electronic microscopy, melt flow index (MFI), and parallel plate rheological experiments. The experimental results show that the IFR system in combination with MMT has excellent fire retardancy, i.e. the sample could achieve a UL94 V‐0 rating and LOI value increases from 20.1 for pristine PLA to 27.5 for the flame‐retarded PLA. MFI and rheological measurement indicate that O‐MMT significantly enhances the melt stability and suppresses the melt dripping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of self‐enhancement on agreement on personality profiles
Authors: Borkenau Peter , Zaltauskas Katrin
Published: February 2009

Effects of self‐enhancement and socially desirable responding (SDR) on rater agreement for personality profiles were studied in 304 students. Dyads of participants described themselves and their peer on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) that measures 30 facets of personality. In addition, participants filled in six scales measuring self‐enhancement or SDR. Data analyses focussed on moderator and suppressor effects of SDR on the similarity between self‐reported and other reported NEO‐PI‐R profiles. Three kinds of profile agreement were distinguished: (a) normative agreement; (b) distinctive agreement and (c) profile normativeness, that is, how strongly a self‐reported personality profile resembled the average profile of all participants. There were no moderator or suppressor effects on distinctive agreement, but SDR predicted profile normativeness quite strongly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.