bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weighing picogram aerosol droplets with an optical balance
Authors: Reich Oliver , David Grégory , Esat Kιvanç , Signorell Ruth
Published: December 2020

Optical traps are used to isolate and manipulate small objects in air and liquids, enabling the thorough characterization of their properties in situ. However, no broadly applicable technique for mass measurements of optically trapped objects is currently available. Here we propose an optical balance for mass measurements of optically trapped aerosol particles. By analyzing light-induced harmonic oscillations of a particle, its mass is determined non-destructively and with high accuracy on a time scale of seconds. Its performance is demonstrated for aqueous salt droplets, where masses as low as 4 pg (4 × 10−15 kg) have been measured with an accuracy of ~100 fg. The balance is straightforward to implement and broadly applicable.
Deterioration mechanism of perovskite solar cells by operando observation of spin states
Authors: Watanabe Takahiro , Yamanari Toshihiro , Marumoto Kazuhiro
Published: December 2020

Perovskite solar cells are attractive because of their remarkably improved power conversion efficiency. In view of their application, however, it is important not only to increase the power conversion efficiency, but also to elucidate the deterioration mechanism. Here, we show operando direct observation of spin states in the cells using electron spin resonance, thereby investigating the operation and deterioration mechanisms from a microscopic viewpoint. By simultaneous measurements of solar cell characteristics and electron spin resonance, the spin states in the hole transport material spiro-OMeTAD are demonstrated to change in accordance with the device performance variation under operation. These variations are ascribed to the change of hole transport and to interfacial electric dipole layers. Reverse electron transfer from TiO2 to the hole transport material layer is demonstrated under ultraviolet light irradiation, which decreases hole doping. Conducting such operando microscopic investigation will be useful to obtain further guidelines for improving the device performance and durability.
Structural changes during glass formation extracted by computational homology with machine learning
Authors: Hirata Akihiko , Wada Tomohide , Obayashi Ippei , Hiraoka Yasuaki
Published: December 2020

The structural origin of the slow dynamics in glass formation remains to be understood owing to the subtle structural differences between the liquid and glass states. Even from simulations, where the positions of all atoms are deterministic, it is difficult to extract significant structural components for glass formation. In this study, we have extracted significant local atomic structures from a large number of metallic glass models with different cooling rates by utilising a computational persistent homology method combined with linear machine learning techniques. A drastic change in the extended range atomic structure consisting of 3–9 prism-type atomic clusters, rather than a change in individual atomic clusters, was found during the glass formation. The present method would be helpful towards understanding the hierarchical features of the unique static structure of the glass states.
Arrival and magnetization of carbonaceous chondrites in the asteroid belt before 4562 million years ago
Authors: O’Brien Timothy , Tarduno John A. , Anand Atma , Smirnov Aleksey V. , Blackman Eric G. , Carroll-Nellenback Jonathan , Krot Alexander N.
Published: December 2020

Meteorite magnetizations can provide rare insight into early Solar System evolution. Such data take on new importance with recognition of the isotopic dichotomy between non-carbonaceous and carbonaceous meteorites, representing distinct inner and outer disk reservoirs, and the likelihood that parent body asteroids were once separated by Jupiter and subsequently mixed. The arrival time of these parent bodies into the main asteroid belt, however, has heretofore been unknown. Herein, we show that weak CV (Vigarano type) and CM (Mighei type) carbonaceous chondrite remanent magnetizations indicate acquisition by the solar wind 4.2 to 4.8 million years after Ca-Al-rich inclusion (CAI) formation at heliocentric distances of ~2–4 AU. These data thus indicate that the CV and CM parent asteroids had arrived near, or within, the orbital range of the present-day asteroid belt from the outer disk isotopic reservoir within the first 5 million years of Solar System history.
Synthetic biology, engineering biology, market expectation
Authors: Clarke Lionel
Published: December 2020

‘Engineering biology’ is being increasingly adopted as a term by organisations that seek to deliver benefits from ‘synthetic biology’. However, are ‘engineering biology’ and ‘synthetic biology’ different words with the same meaning or do they signal important differences? By observing how these two terms are currently being described and applied in practice, it is possible to differentiate the two whilst also acknowledging significant overlaps and complementarity. Increasing adoption of the term ‘engineering biology’ reflects the maturing of synthetic biology since the early years of this century from a research concept to a technological platform that is facilitating the delivery of commercial products and services. The term ‘synthetic biology’ retains a strong association with its original goal to help make biology engineerable, a challenge that will inevitably continue to stimulate research for decades to come as ever more complex and demanding systems are tackled. In comparison, the term ‘engineering biology’ relates more commonly to the utilisation of the synthetic biology platform alongside other related technologies to deliver effective solutions in response to increasing market challenges and expectations.
A puzzling non-detection of [O III] and [C II] from a z ≈ 7.7 galaxy observed with ALMA
Authors: Binggeli C. , Inoue A. K. , Hashimoto T. , Toribio M. C. , Zackrisson E. , Ramstedt S. , Mawatari K. , Harikane Y. , Matsuo H. , Okamoto T. , Ota K. , Shimizu I. , Tamura Y. , Taniguchi Y. , Umehata H.
Published: December 2020

Context. Characterizing the galaxy population in the early Universe holds the key to understanding the evolution of these objects and the role they played in cosmic reionization. However, there have been very few observations at the very highest redshifts to date.

Aims. In order to shed light on the properties of galaxies in the high-redshift Universe and their interstellar media, we observe the Lyman-α emitting galaxy z7_GSD_3811 at z = 7.664 with bands 6 and 8 at the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).

Methods. We target the far-infrared [O III] 88 μm and [C II] 158 μm emission lines and dust continuum in the star-forming galaxy z7_GSD_3811 with ALMA. We combine these measurements with earlier observations in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) in order to characterize the object and compare the results to those of earlier studies that observed [O III] and [C II] emission in high-redshift galaxies.

Results. The [O III] 88 μm and [C II] 158 μm emission lines are undetected at the position of z7_GSD_3811, with 3σ upper limits of 1.6  ×  108 L⊙ and 4.0  ×  107 L⊙, respectively. We do not detect any dust continuum in band 6 nor band 8. The measured rms in the band 8 and band 6 continua are 26 and 9.9 μJy beam−1, respectively. Similar to several other high-redshift galaxies, z7_GSD_3811 exhibits low [C II] emission for its star formation rate compared to local galaxies. Furthermore, our upper limit on the [O III] line luminosity is lower than the previously observed [O III] lines in high-redshift galaxies with similar UV luminosities. Our ALMA band 6 and 8 dust continuum observations imply that z7_GSD_3811 likely has a low dust content, and our non-detections of the [O III] and [C II] lines could indicate that z7_GSD_3811 has a low metallicity (Z ≲ 0.1 Z⊙).
Fast radio burst repeaters produced via Kozai-Lidov feeding of neutron stars in binary systems
Authors: Decoene V. , Kotera K. , Silk J.
Published: December 2020

Neutron stars are likely surrounded by gas, debris, and asteroid belts. Kozai-Lidov perturbations, induced by a distant, but gravitationally bound companion, can trigger the infall of such orbiting bodies onto a central compact object. These effects could lead to the emission of fast radio bursts (FRBs), for example by asteroid-induced magnetic wake fields in the wind of the compact object. A few percent of binary neutron star systems in the Universe, such as neutron star-main sequence star, neutron star-white dwarf, double neutron star, and neutron star-black hole systems, can account for the observed non-repeating FRB rates. More remarkably, we find that wide and close companion orbits lead to non-repeating and repeating sources, respectively, and they allow for one to compute a ratio between repeating and non-repeating sources of a few percent, which is in close agreement with the observations. Three major predictions can be made from our scenario, which can be tested in the coming years: (1) most repeaters should stop repeating after a period between 10 years to a few decades, as their asteroid belts become depleted; (2) some non-repeaters could occasionally repeat, if we hit the short period tail of the FRB period distribution; and (3) series of sub-Jansky level short radio bursts could be observed as electromagnetic counterparts of the mergers of binary neutron star systems.
The tungsten-gold veins of Bonnac (French Massif central): new constraints for a Variscan granite-related genesis
Authors: Cheval-Garabédian Florent , Faure Michel , Marcoux Eric , Poujol Marc
Published: December 2020

In the Brioude-Massiac district (French Massif Central: FMC), a network of W-As-Bi-Au quartz veins constitutes the Bonnac deposit, where tungsten is the major economic element, together with high-grade gold (up to 15 g/t Au). The evolution of this mineralization has been divided into 3 stages: (i) an early deep-seated wolframite-löllingite stage formed between 12 to 9 km, at up to 400 °C; (ii) a ductile/brittle deformation stage associated with scheelite and arsenopyrite deposition, with an estimated temperature of 480–300 °C; (iii) a late stage controlled by fluid-overpressure potentially triggered by fault-valve mechanism, at a depth of 7 to 5 km, and a temperature estimated between 266 to 240 °C, is marked by micro-fracturing infilled by native bismuth, bismuthinite, hedleyite, electrum, pyrite and base-metals. Structural analysis and apatite LA-ICP-MS U/Pb dating demonstrate a spatial and temporal link between the emplacement of the peraluminous leucogranitic dykes and the Bonnac mineralization. In more details, the mineralization was deposited between 321–316 Ma, during, or just after, the emplacement of the peraluminous dykes estimated around 329–315 Ma, suggesting a magmatic-hydrothermal transition for the ore-forming process. In the proposed model, the cooling of a hidden two-mica granitic pluton could have generated a magmatic fluid, and acted as the heat source responsible for fluid flow towards inherited permeability zones. The magmatic fluid could have then re-equilibrated at high temperature by fluid-rocks interaction. The sharp changes in pressure, associated with the decrease of the temperature, and sulfide-fugacity generated by a late input of meteoric fluid were responsible for the deposition of the late gold-stage. At the regional scale, the tungsten-gold event is ascribed to an early hydrothermal stage, dissociated from the formation of the antimony event in the district. The leucogranitic dykes and Bonnac quartz veins are controlled by a NW-SE stretching direction, interpreted as an expression of the Serpukhovian-Bashkirian syn-orogenic extension (D4 event of the FMC). These new data provide evidence for an early tungsten and gold metallogenic event in the FMC, prior the “Or300” event. The genetic classification of the Bonnac mineralization is equivocal. The W-As-Bi-Au-quartz veins exhibit the features of both an “orogenic gold” deposit at a relatively deep emplacement level (mesozonal), and an Intrusion-Related-Gold-Deposit (IRGD) type with a spatial-temporal link with the peraluminous intrusion emplacement. We propose that the Bonnac deposits represent an intermediate type between a typical orogenic-gold deposit and an IRGD. We argue that the presence of economic high-grade gold content in tungsten vein-type, and more generally the IRGD deposits, have been underestimated in the Variscan French Massif Central.
Sparse optimal control of a phase field system with singular potentials arising in the modeling of tumor growth
Authors: Sprekels Jürgen , Tröltzsch Fredi
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we study an optimal control problem for a nonlinear system of reaction–diffusion equations that constitutes a simplified and relaxed version of a thermodynamically consistent phase field model for tumor growth originally introduced in H. Garcke, et al. [Math. Model. Methods Appl. Sci. 26 (2016) 1095–1148]. The model takes the effect of chemotaxis into account but neglects velocity contributions. The unknown quantities of the governing state equations are the chemical potential, the (normalized) tumor fraction, and the nutrient extra-cellular water concentration. The equation governing the evolution of the tumor fraction is dominated by the variational derivative of a double-well potential which may be of singular (e.g., logarithmic) type. In contrast to the recent paper [P. Colli, et al. To appear in: Appl. Math. Optim. (2019)] on the same system, we consider in this paper sparsity effects, which means that the cost functional contains a nondifferentiable (but convex) contribution like the L1−norm. For such problems, we derive first-order necessary optimality conditions and conditions for directional sparsity, both with respect to space and time, where the latter case is of particular interest for practical medical applications in which the control variables are given by the administration of cytotoxic drugs or by the supply of nutrients. In addition to these results, we prove that the corresponding control-to-state operator is twice continuously differentiable between suitable Banach spaces, using the implicit function theorem. This result, which complements and sharpens a differentiability result derived in [P. Colli, et al. To appear in: Appl. Math. Optim. (2019)], constitutes a prerequisite for a future derivation of second-order sufficient optimality conditions.
Trends in the development of technical means for recycling organic waste from agricultural production
Authors: Kachanova Ludmila , Bondarenko Anatoly , Golovko Alexander
Published: December 2020

Obtaining record harvests of grain crops in Russia in recent years has led to a decrease in soil fertility and degradation of agricultural lands. More than 40 million hectares of arable land require restoration. The lack of organic raw materials does not contribute to the restoration of soil fertility, and the manure and manure produced are the main sources of en-vironmental pollution. The purpose of the work was to develop trends in the development of technical means for recycling organic waste from agri-cultural production. The main method for achieving the goal was a system-atic analysis of literary sources on this topic and the results of the authors' own research. The results of the recycling of liquid, semi-liquid and solid manure into concentrated organic fertilizers are given. The main develop-ment trends: the ability to interact with animal husbandry and crop produc-tion; transfer of raw materials (organic waste of animal husbandry and crop production) into a product in the form of high-quality concentrated organic fertilizers, necessary for the restoration of soil fertility; digitalization of technological processes for the production of KOU and their differentiated application to the field by scanning the qualitative composition of nutrients in the production layer of the soil.
Analysis of factors affecting the fuel economy of ice when operating a hydrocarbon fuel activator
Authors: Maksimenko Alexander , Buryanova Natalia
Published: December 2020

The article examines the issue of the influence of a hydrocarbon fuel activator on the fuel consumption by the internal combustion engine when the activator is installed in the fuel system when the car is running. The analysis of the previously performed work was carried out, hereupon the installation of a hydrocarbon fuel activator was identified as the parameter influencing the fuel consumption of a vehicle. The indicators that require accounting the rate of fuel consumption when the hydrocarbon fuel activator is installed, have been determined.
Modeling the decision-making problem for multi-connected technical systems based on expert knowledge
Authors: Kerimov Mukhtar , Belinskaia Irina , Ognev Oleg
Published: December 2020

The problem of evaluating the effectiveness of a carousel-type grain dryer is considered. To solve this problem, we used the fuzzy-probability approach of Zadeh-Mamdani, based on expert knowledge. The substantiation of the factor space systemically describing the functioning of the grain dryer is carried out. A fuzzy probability model is constructed in the space of linguistic variables. The article presents a method for constructing a functioning model of the carousel-type grain dryer, which allows obtaining quantitative estimates of the technological process state in a four-dimensional space of linguistic variables. It is established that to ensure the technological reliability of the grain drying process in carousel-type installations, it is necessary to use an automatic control system based on operational control of the system output parameters.
Regulatory and legal means of ensuring food security and its role in the implementation of national priorities of the Russian Federation
Authors: Sarayev Nikolay , Studenikina Svetlana
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this work is to establish and determine, on the basis of a systematic analysis, the factors influencing the state of food security of the Russian Federation, the problems of legal support of national priorities related to food independence. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the current state of food security in the Russian Federation are closely related to the criteria for the development of the socio-economic system of the state. An important condition for the effective implementation of national priorities is the normative regulation of the toolkit of state management impact on the threats and risks of food independence. To understand the essence of these problems and minimize their consequences, the authors substantiate the need to study the indicated problem within the framework of the concept of legal dementia. Legal dementia is a state of compliance by subjects of law with the provisions of the law, which is characterized by non-fulfillment to one degree or another by state bodies not only of their functions, but also by the inability to respond, due to a low level of competence and professionalism, to factors that weaken the effectiveness of legal guarantees.
Certain aspects of African countries food security provision
Authors: Kopteva Lyudmila , Shabalina Lyudmila , Budagov Artur
Published: December 2020

Analysis of the African countries food security demonstrate significant aggravation of the situation in several countries to the south of the Sahara. Conflicts, social inequality, high level of poverty against the background of a rapid population growth, unfavorable climatic conditions as well as ineffective government policy in the field of providing the population with foodstuff were determined as the main causes of population undernourishment. In Africa, due to low incomes of the population, most of the food ration consists of cereals and a small part of meat, fish and dairy products. It was revealed that African countries are the net importers of foodstuff, with cereals accounting for the largest part of imports. It was noted that international experts forecast foodstuff and fodder demand increase in these countries. It was defined the African region can potentially become one of the promising sales markets for Russian producers of grain crops and agricultural products. The results of the study are aimed at overcoming the problem of starvation, economic backwardness and improving the living standards of the African continent population, as well as developing an economic toolkit for the interaction of the Russian Federation with African countries.
Innovative technologies and equipment from “Amazone” company for fertilizer application
Authors: Buxmann Viktor , Meskhi Besarion , Mozgovoy Andrey , Rudoy Dmitry , Olshevskaya Anastasiya
Published: December 2020

The development of new technologies and a complex of machines for applying mineral and liquid fertilizers is going on more and more intensively. Due to the warming climate, more frequent years with arid conditions during the ripening period of plants, the requirements for the complex of machines for applying fertilizers are changing. „Amazonen-Werke“ or „AMAZONE“ is a pioneer in precision farming, differentiated fertilization with the use of automation, electronics and telematics systems in agriculture. The article presents materials of new technical solutions for the introduction of both granular and liquid fertilizers. Especially the development and research of new machines in the arid regions of Russia, allow you to find the optimal solution in the application of liquid fertilizers.
Pedology: history and contemporaneity
Authors: Sukhova Natalia , Yurkina Lera , Leonov Vladimir , Greshnikov Sergey
Published: December 2020

This article is a study devoted to the scientific direction that existed in the 30-40-s in the system of general pedagogy - pedology. The article examines the origins of interest in the scientific and comprehensive study of childhood, the history of the emergence and development of pedology abroad and in Russia. In this study, the emergence of pedology in Russia is interpreted by the authors as a response to the growing interest of social and humanitarian knowledge in the personality of the child and the spread of the ideas of humanism that came to Russia from the West. However, due to the prevailing social, political conditions, as well as objective reasons that are analyzed in the work, pedology was abolished and the interdisciplinary study of childhood was suspended for a long time. The presented material also provides an analytical overview of the main directions of the formation of pedology as an academic subject for pedagogical educational institutions in the period of the 30-s – 40-s. The sources used were educational programs and textbooks on pedology, works of pedologists of the 30-s – 40-s, articles from the journal “Pedology”, documents of the People's Commissariat of Education and archival materials. In addition, the article attempts to highlight the range of pedological problems relevant to the modern educational system.
Studying of the dielectric loss factor of grain by indirect method
Authors: Budnikov Dmitry , Vasilev Alexey , Vasilev Alexey
Published: December 2020

Significant losses of grain crops at various stages of cultivation, harvesting, post-harvest processing and storage dictate the need to technologies and equipment for these processes. Currently, one of the most promising directions in the field of heat treatment of grain is the use of combined influence methods with the use of electrophysical effects. The purpose of this work is to develop and test a method for measuring the dielectric loss factor by an indirect method, which makes it possible to control the humidity of grain material exposed to microwave. The paper presents the equipment and the design of the experimental installation. The results of the experiment were subjected to regression analysis. The results of experimental studies and dependencies can be used for modelling microwave effects on agricultural bulk materials in electromagnetic modelling software, such as CST Studio.
New biologically pure fertilizers in grape nursery
Authors: Verzilin Alexander , Fedulova Yulia , Pimkin Michael
Published: December 2020

The effect of new biologically pure organic fertilizers, Dia Guma and Gumi Turf, on the yield and quality of grape seedlings on nutrient-poor soils has been studied. The positive effect of silicon - organic fertilizer Dia Gum in combination with the growth stimulator Zircon on the survival rate of shanks, the formation of the aboveground part and the root system of plants is shown (the survival rate of shanks in relation to the control (pure water) increases almost 2 times from 36 to 70%, the diameter of growth - from 4.3 to 7 mm, total growth - from 32 to 54 cm, the volume of the root system - from 15 to 25 cm3). The use of peat - sapropel concentrate Gumi Peat in combination with the growth stimulator Zircon, according to the results of the yield and quality of the planting material, is close to the use of Dia Guma + Zircon. These fertilizers allow to a greater extent to biologize the process of growing planting material in the nursery.
Scientific support of the rice growing industry of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation in solving the problems of food security
Authors: Bagirov Vugar , Treshkin Sergey , Korobka Andrey , Dereka Fedor , Garkusha Sergey , Kovalev Victor , Esaulova Lyubov , Kizinek Sergey
Published: December 2020

According to FAOSTAT, in 2018-2019 rice was planted in 118 countries on an area of 167 million hectares, the annual grain production in the world is about 782 million tons. Rice is the most popular cereal in the diet of the Russian consumer. Rice growing is a small but rather important branch of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The main rice producers in the world are China (over 214 million tons), India (over 172 million tons), Indonesia (83 million tons), Bangladesh (56 million tons), Vietnam (44 million tons), Thailand (32 million tons) and Myanmar (25 million tons). In the Russian Federation, rice is grown in three federal districts, in nine subjects: in the Southern Federal District - the Republic of Adygea, Kalmykia, Krasnodar, Astrakhan and Rostov Regions; North Caucasian Federal District - Republics of Dagestan and Chechen; Far Eastern Federal District - Primorsky Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region. Scientific support of the rice-growing industry in the Russian Federation is carried out by the Federal Scientific Rice Centre.
Analysis of the reasons for inefficiencies of grain sowing and harvesting processes
Authors: Kataev Victor , Markvo Ilia , Khubiian Kaprel , Zubrilina Elena
Published: December 2020

The efficiency of sowing and harvesting processes in agriculture is one of the most important components of the success of an agricultural firm. Natural and climatic conditions typical for the majority of Russian agricultural territories impose restrictions on the timing and the fundamental possibility of sowing and harvesting. Therefore, the low efficiency of sowing and harvesting processes leads to a corresponding decrease in the volume of crop production. A number of works [1-4] consider various approaches to increasing the efficiency of sowing and harvesting, however, a systematic approach to the management of agricultural company processes requires the identification of the most significant reasons for the decrease in the efficiency and addresses as a priority their elimination (or reduction in the strength of their influence). The paper analyzes the reasons for the inefficiencies of sowing and harvesting processes and provides recommendations for reducing the impact of these reasons.
The growth characteristics of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. in the greenhouse conditions of the Southern coast of the Crimea
Authors: Pashtetsky Andrey , Plugatar Yuri , Ilnitsky Oleg
Published: December 2020

The dependence of the growth intensity of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb on some environmental factors in the greenhouse conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea was studied. Vegetation and trunk diameter growth (d,%) started after March 15. There are two growth peaks: the first growth peak (15.03.–27.07.) led to an increase in d,% by 7.12% (0.053% per day) – with a slowdown in growth (28.04 –27.05) and (13.07 – 25.07) associated with a decrease in air temperature. The second – (12.09 – 18.11) led to an increase in d,% by 5.06% (0.075% per day), while also slowing growth at this time (05.11.–14.11.) was observed. After the second phase of active growth (14.11), there is an access to the growth plateau with the resumption of the growing season only in March next year. During the studied vegetation period (2019), the increase in trunk diameter d,% was 12.18% or 1.89 mm. Optimal conditions of maxima and boundaries of optimal regions for the first growth peak: d%=f(I,Ta) – Ta=22–28°C, I=500–800 mkmol/m2s, for d,%=f(I,Da) – Da=1.8–2.3 kPa, I=500–800 mkmol/m2s. For the second growth peak: d%=f(I,Ta) – Ta=22–26°C, I=400–750 mkmol/m2s, for d,%=f(I, Da) – Da =0.3–1.2 kPa, I=400–750 mkmol/m2s.
Research of the detoxification properties of the preparation phytoglinol on the heat stress model
Authors: Semenenko Marina , Lanets Olga , Abramov Andrey , Kuzminova Elena , Zholobova Inna
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the possibility of using a new veterinary preparation phytoglinol to improve the quality of meat and dairy raw materials in the context of solving the problems of food security in the Russian Federation. An experiment conducted on laboratory animals to simulate heat stress revealed pronounced detoxification and stress-correcting properties of the preparation. The obtained results indicate that the new preparation phytoglinol not only ensures the correction of metabolic homeostasis under heat stress conditions, but also helps to weaken endotoxicosis, reduce the level of lipid peroxidation products in the body of experimental animals, thereby exhibiting a pronounced antitoxic and antioxidant effect.
Integration of reliability-based topology optimization into biomechanics: Application on hollow stems used in cementless total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Kharmanda Ghais , Antypas Imad , Dyachenko Alexey
Published: December 2020

The integration of topology optimization into biomechanical applications possesses an important key to increase the performance levels. In literature, two models can be found: Deterministic Topology Optimization (DTO) and Reliability-Based Topology Optimization (RBTO). The DTO leads to a single layout for a given design space. However, the RBTO generates several reliability-based topologies with high performance levels. Topology optimization has been already integrated into biomechanical applications such as prosthesis design. The filter-based approaches being tied to the element discretization, are previously used to control the resulting topologies or to prevent undesirable designs. These are expensive operations for fine meshes or complex domains and numerous numerical difficulties can be met. In this work, the RBTO is integrated at the conceptual design stage of the total hip replacement to control the resulting topologies to meet different constraints such as manufacturing constraints. This can provide several types of hollow stems considering the daily loading cases. Two alternative approaches based on the Optimum Safety Factors (OSF) are developed to provide two categories of solutions. The RBTO model can be integrated into the additive manufacturing technology as a topology generator satisfying several manufacturing constraints. The resulting different configurations can then be provided for various patients.
The change in the energy metabolism of broiler chickens under the influence of Enterococcus faecium ICIS 96
Authors: Kochkina Elena , Torshkov Alexey , Kislinskaya Larisa , Kartashova Olga , Sycheva Maria
Published: December 2020

The intensive development of domestic poultry farming determines the urgent need to achieve the environmental safety of the industry's products, which excludes the introduction of feed antibiotics into the poultry diet. In addition, the existing instability in the market for domestic biological products, whose share is currently no more than 40% and continues to decline steadily, dictates the need to search for approaches to import substitution. An example of a current trend in poultry farming is the use of domestic veterinary drugs of natural origin, which include probiotic feed additives containing cultures of live lactic acid microorganisms, typical representatives of which are enterococci. A wide search for bio-technologically valuable microorganisms among representatives of the genus Enterococcus allowed us to isolate and characterize the Enterococcus faecium ICIS 96 strain, which is promising for creating a probiotic feed additive. It is known from the literature that lactic acid microorganisms are able to regulate the metabolism of poultry. It is appropriate to assume that the culture of E. faecium ICIS 96, when introduced into the diet of poultry, can have a beneficial effect on energy metabolism. Clarification of this assumption determined the purpose of our work.
Various sources of methionine in broiler chicken rations
Authors: Koshchaev Ivan , Mezinova Kristina , Ryadinskaya Antonina , Tatyanicheva Olga , Ordina Natalia
Published: December 2020

Fodder methionine is one of the most important amino acids in animal nutrition, and its deficiency in the ration negatively affects productivity. Currently, the following sources of methionine are represented on the Russian market of feed additives: DL-Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy. Liquid form — Methionine Hydroxy Analog Free Acid (MHA-FA) and dry (for example, МНA) — calcium salt (MHA-Ca2+). The most popular sources of dry methionine are DL-Methionine and hydroxy analog as calcium salt. Many sources state that the bioavailability of the hydroxy analog varies from 65 to 72% (one of the manufacturers of the commercial hydroxy analog claims that the availability of methionine is 84%). The experiment was carried out on broiler chickens. As a result of the studies carried out, it can be argued that the content of DL-methionine in the ration (in the amount of 65% of the hydroxyanalogue) in comparison with MHA-Ca increases the productivity of broilers: preservation – by 4%; live weight by 4.3%; average daily gains by 4.6%; feed conversion decreased by 7.1%; has a positive effect on meat productivity. Based on the data obtained during the experiment, it follows that the efficiency of MHA-Ca does not exceed 65%, compared to DL-Methionine.
The spectrum of molecules of medium mass as endogenous intoxication indicator in quails with mycotoxicosis
Authors: Kuzminova Elena , Dolgov Evgeny , Semenenko Marina , Osepchuk Denis , Semenenko Ksenia
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the results of determining the level of molecules of medium mass (MMM) in the blood serum of poultry with experimental mycotoxicosis. The study revealed a relationship between the concentration of MMM in the blood serum and the severity of the pathological process in poultry with different types of mycotoxicosis. The most pronounced changes occur in mycotoxicosis due to the combined intake of T-2 toxin and aflatoxin B1 into the poultry body, even when their concentration individually does not exceed the maximum permissible level. In this case, a significant increase in the concentration of MMM in the blood serum is recorded – in 1.8 times (λ = 254 nm) and in 2.2 times (λ = 280 nm), with an increase in the MMM distribution index. Next, according to the severity of endogenous intoxication, follows mycotoxicosis caused by aflatoxin B1, and the lowest values were recorded with T-2 toxicosis.
Exterior and interior indicators of development of Tsigai breed young sheep on the background of diet supplement with iodine in liposomal form
Authors: Pashtetskaia Aleksandra , Pashtetskiy Vladimir , Ostapchuk Pavel , Yemelianov Sergey
Published: December 2020

The effect of the liposomal form of antioxidants with the inclusion of organic iodine on the growth of young Tsigai sheep was described in the article. The liposomal form allowed increasing average daily gain of young animals by 11.9 % and live weight by 10.8 % compared to the control one-year age group. The animals of the experimental group were characterized by more embodied meat forms according to the analysis of their exterior. Interior indicators were represented by the increased content of RBC that reached 1.8×1012 cells per liter or 25.7 % (p≤0.001), and WBC – 1.80×10⁹ cells per liter or 20.0 % (p≤0.01) at 7-months age; 1.9×1012 cells per liter (p≤0.001) and 1.74×10⁹ cells per liter (p≤0.05) at 12 months, respectively. This fact was due to the increased content of monocytes and neutrophils: the difference between the control and experimental groups of animals was within 1.1% and 0.6% at the age of 12 months.
Visualisation of penile structures of laboratory rabbit: ultrasound, histology, and micro-CT
Authors: Kogan Mikhail , Popov Igor , Mitrin Boris , Popov Ilya , Sadyrin Evgeniy , Pasetchnik Dmitry , Ermakov Alexey , Ugrekhelidze Natia , Kulikova Natalia
Published: December 2020

Current imaging methods in pre-clinical and animal model studies of penile disease are limited because of the small penis of a rat – standard laboratory animal used in this type of research. Routine visualization methods of surface and inner structures of the penis used in clinical medicine are not suitable in experimental animal researches. The only method available for these purposes is histopathological analysis, which does not provide complex view on penile structures due to two-dimensional imaging per slide. In the pre study we evaluated and compared capability of ultrasound, histopathological and micro-computed tomography imaging methods to visualize anatomical structures of laboratory rabbit penis. Ultrasound provides limited imaging in comparison with other methods. However, it could be useful in assessment rough structural alterations of tunica albuginea and corpora cavernosa as a secondary and supportive method. Micro computed tomography provides nearly the same image quality as histopathological analysis. Moreover, it gives a complex view on the whole penile sample due to three-dimensional reconstruction. This fact gives reason to use this method as a basic one in the pre-clinical trials and animal model studies.
Structural features of the ovaries of texas quail in the experiment
Authors: Saenko Natalia , Lemeshchenko Vladimir , Sokolov Vitaly , Nekhaychuk Elena , Saenko Julia
Published: December 2020

The article analyzes the postembryonic organogenesis of the ovaries of Texas quail when using biologically active substances. A set of morphological techniques is used. It was found that the use of probiotic in combination with succinic acid to Texas quail at the age of 5-45 days caused intensive growth and development of their ovaries. Probiotic preparation "Sporovit" and succinic acid do not cause pathological changes in the micromorphological structure of the reproduction organs of quails.
Effect of marine feed addition on growth of poultry
Authors: Tsoy Zoya , Nikulin Yuri , Nikulina Olga
Published: December 2020

Poultry farming is one of the most precocious and important branches of animal husbandry. It makes it possible to get food products such as meat and eggs in the shortest time. The main factor affecting the development of poultry farming is the feed base. For poultry, the lack of protein and minerals is very harmful. Far East has all the opportunities to realize its genetic potential. Primorye region makes it possible to widely use inexpensive seafood and waste products, as well as plant raw materials in animal and poultry feeding. Marine and fish products, as well as waste from their reprocessing, are rich in protein and minerals necessary to ensure the fullness of animal and poultry rations. Additions of marine origin have antioxidant, radioprotective activity, increase the body's resistance to diseases, increase the immune system, and improve metabolism.
Identification of cases of pododermatitis in broiler chickens when feeding a probiotic feed additive
Authors: Koshchaev Ivan , Mezinova Kristina , Ryadinskaya Antonina , Sorokina Nadezhda , Chuev Sergei
Published: December 2020

Pododermatitis is a major concern in broiler production and is used as an audit criterion for poultry health checks in the United States and Europe. Pododermatitis is often associated with wet litter or poor litter quality. It is considered painful for birds and reduces the number of times the affected bird approaches the feeders and drinkers. Reduced feed and water consumption has a significant impact on weight gain, feed conversion and overall herd performance. As a result of the studies carried out to assess the degree of pododermatitis, it was observed that the quality of the paws increases or decreases, depending on the composition of the feed consumed.
The experience of application of microbiological indicators in monitoring procedures of aquatic ecosystems in the Middle Ob basin
Authors: Shornikova Elena , Arslanova Marina
Published: December 2020

The results of microbiological monitoring of the rivers with the various nature and intensity of anthropogenic load in the Middle Ob basin carried out from 2002 to 2019 is presented. The programme of monitoring included following parameters: the number of bacteria of 5 ecological-trophic groups, gram-staining and morphology of isolated bacteria study, testing of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and phenols. Also coefficients of mineralization and Water quality indexes were calculated. On the base of calculated values, the self-purification potential of the rivers was estimated. Studied rivers were categorized into 5 classes of water quality. In the most rivers on unpolluted and urban area G+ and coccus forms of bacteria were predominant in the microbial community. In the rivers within oilfields the proportion of G– and rod-shaped bacteria was increased considerably. Seasonal and spatial distribution of resistant bacteria over the rivers allows to apply them as markers of the nature and intensity of the anthropogenic load.
Circulating power in transmissions of transport and technological machines for agricultural purposes
Authors: Drovnikov Alexandr , Kalmykov Boris
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the process of the occurrence of energy circulation arising in planetary gearboxes of wheeled and tracked transport vehicles for agricultural purposes. The high efficiency of the planetary gear in the absence of circulating energy in it is predetermined by the correct choice of its kinematic scheme and the use of friction elements for gear shifting, which will allow changing gears while the machine is moving without interrupting the power flow supplied to the driving wheels. The analysis of the work carried out in the study of transmissions of modern transport wheeled and tracked vehicles shows that in the absolute majority of them the already mentioned circulating energy arises during operation. This indicates the importance of the problem and the need, firstly, to analyse it, and secondly, to identify ways to improve and find optimal technical solutions in the field of planetary gearboxes, which will improve the technical and economic performance of the transmission and the machine as a whole. Therefore, at present, the question of the advisability of a more thorough study of the study of such programs has become very relevant.
Substantiation of the parameters of an innovative working body for shallow tillage
Authors: Parkhomenko Galina , Kambulov Sergey , Pakhomov Victor , Kolodkin Vladimir , Lebedenko Viacheslav , Doroshenko Artem , Koltsov Alexander , Muratov Denis
Published: December 2020

The purpose of study: determine the rational parameters of an innovative working body that carries out a high-quality technological process of shallow soil cultivation. An innovative working body for shallow soil cultivation was developed on the basis of nature-like technologies that are currently relevant in scientific research. The ratio when using the golden ratio arises when comparing curvilinear and rectilinear, i.e. natural and artificial forms. The development of a new working body design is based on the physics of the interaction process with the processed environment, using analogies of shape and optimal proportions existing in nature. The working body design for shallow tillage with curved surfaces of increased streamlining using the configuration of natural sliding lines of the treated medium layer during cultivation has been developed. Depending on the required processing depth (6-16 cm), the innovative working body efficiently performs the cutting process with sliding, and also performs flat-cut loosening. Rational parameters and functioning modes of an innovative working body for shallow tillage have been obtained: length – 305 mm; working width – 450 mm; angle of crumbling, sharpening, posterior occipital cutting, mortar, rise – 15, 12, 10, 75-110, 10 degrees respectively; speed – 9-12 km/h.
Application of solar maps to select a rational shape of the shading device for the tractor cabin
Authors: Maslensky Viktor , Bulygin Yuriy , Temirkanov Alan , Shchekina Ekaterina , Loskutnikova Inna
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the use of solar maps to determine the period of unwanted insolation and the amount of thermal radiation that penetrates into the tractor cabin throughout the entire working day. In addition, an optimal form of a sun-protection device has been proposed, which makes it possible to reduce the magnitude of the exposure dose of thermal radiation affecting the operator. Since solar radiation makes the main contribution to the heat balance of the cabins of mobile machines (tractors, combines, etc.), the results obtained can mainly be used in assessing the working conditions of operators and in calculating and choosing systems for normalizing the microclimate (ventilation and air conditioning).
Friction welding of austenitic steel fasteners
Authors: Shchepkin Viktor , Poletaev Yuri
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this work is to increase the efficiency of manufacturing non-standard fasteners. In the course of the work, the technology of friction welding bolts, which ensures the formation of high-quality welded joins, from steels of grades 14X17H2 and 12X18H10T was experimentally investigated and developed.
Environmental principles for planting of greenery in settlements of Baikal Siberia
Authors: Vinkovskaya Oksana , Enin Eduard
Published: December 2020

Based on the publications analysis and our own research, the ecological principles are considered, which should form the basis of long-term plans for planting of greenery in settlements in Baikal Siberia and take into account important regional features. The research was conducted using methods of information collection and analysis, which include comparison and systematization of data on the indicated problem. The current general urban plans of towns, which are in open access, as well as urban planning standards for the allocation of functional zones of settlements were studied. The influence of the urban environment on the existence of plants is examined. The problem of invasion of cultivated species as a result of unreasoned planting of greenery and the need to use indigenous species for amenity planting, especially those that are rare and in need of protection, were identified. The conclusion was made that when planting of greenery, one should take into account the florogenetic and phytocoenotic properties of the vegetation cover of the studied territory. Environmental principles of planting of greenery in settlements of Baikal Siberia are proposed as conceptual. Keywords: amenity planting, urban infrastructure, Cisbaikalia, Transbaikalia.