bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry monitoring of anthocyanins in extracts from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves
Authors: Marczak Łukasz , Kachlicki Piotr , Koźniewski Piotr , Skirycz Aleksandra , Krajewski Paweł , Stobiecki Maciej
Published: November 2008

Anthocyanins are secondary plant metabolites ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. They have different biological activities, so monitoring their content in plant tissue or in feed/food derived from plants may be an important task in different projects from various fields of molecular biology and biotechnology. Profiling of secondary metabolites with high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) systems is time‐consuming, especially when many samples have to be checked within a defined time frame with a reasonable number of repetitions according to the metabolomic standards. Even application of the advanced ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/MS or equivalent systems would require a long time for analysis of numerous samples. We demonstrate the applicability of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) for the assessment of level (concentration) of anthocyanins in leaf tissues of four Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes grown at normal (20°C/16°C day/night) and decreased (4°C) temperature. The quantitative results were obtained for anthocyanins with MALDI‐TOF MS using ferulic acid as a matrix. The amounts of anthocyanins in leaves of A. thaliana varied from 0.3–2.5 µg per gram of leaves for ecotypes Col‐0 and C24, respectively, and contents of these markedly increased in plants grown in the cold. The applied analytical method exhibited better repeatability of measurements than obtained with an HPLC/ion trap MS system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hypergraph regularity method for generalized Turán problems
Authors: Keevash Peter
Published: November 2008

We describe a method that we believe may be foundational for a comprehensive theory of generalized Turán problems. The cornerstone of our approach is a quasirandom counting lemma for quasirandom hypergraphs, which extends the standard counting lemma by not only counting copies of a particular configuration but also showing that these copies are evenly distributed. We demonstrate the power of the method by proving a conjecture of Mubayi on the codegree threshold of the Fano plane, that is, any 3‐graph onnvertices for which every pair of vertices is contained in more thann/2 edges must contain a Fano plane, fornsufficiently large. For projective planes over fields of odd sizeqwe show that the codegree threshold is betweenn/2 −q+ 1 andn/2, but forPG2(4) we find the somewhat surprising phenomenon that the threshold is less than (1/2 − ϵ)nfor some small ϵ > 0. We conclude by setting out a program for future developments of this method to tackle other problems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Simultaneous Unsupervised Learning of Disparate Clusterings
Authors: Jain Prateek , Meka Raghu , Dhillon Inderjit S.
Published: November 2008

Most clustering algorithms produce a single clustering for a given dataset even when the data can be clustered naturally in multiple ways. In this paper, we address the difficult problem of uncovering disparate clusterings from the data in atotally unsupervised manner. We propose two new approaches for this problem. In the first approach, we aim to find good clusterings of the data that are alsodecorrelatedwith one another. To this end, we give a new and tractable characterization of decorrelation between clusterings, and present an objective function to capture it. We provide an iterative “decorrelated”k‐means type algorithm to minimize this objective function. In the second approach, we model the data as a sum of mixtures and associate each mixture with a clustering. This approach leads us to the problem of learning a convolution of mixture distributions. Though the latter problem can be formulated as one of factorial learning8,13,16, the existing formulations and methods do not perform well on many real high‐dimensional datasets. We propose a new regularized factorial‐learning framework that is more suitable for capturing the notion of disparate clusterings in modern, high‐dimensional datasets. Furthermore, we provide kernelized version of both of our algorithms. The resulting algorithms do well in uncovering multiple clusterings, and are much improved over existing methods. We evaluate our methods on two real‐world datasets—a music dataset from the text‐mining domain, and a portrait dataset from the computer‐vision domain. Our methods achieve a substantially higher accuracy than existing factorial learning as well as traditional clustering algorithms. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2008
Cluster Ensemble Selection
Authors: Fern Xiaoli Z. , Lin Wei
Published: November 2008

This paper studies the ensemble selection problem for unsupervised learning. Given a large library of different clustering solutions, our goal is to select a subset of solutions to form a smaller yet better‐performing cluster ensemble than using all available solutions. We design our ensemble selection methods based on quality and diversity, the two factors that have been shown to influence cluster ensemble performance. Our investigation revealed that using quality or diversity alone may not consistently achieve improved performance. Based on our observations, we designed three different selection approaches that jointly consider these two factors. We empirically evaluated their performance in comparison with both full ensembles and a random selection strategy. Our results indicate that by explicitly considering both quality and diversity in ensemble selection, we can achieve statistically significant performance improvement over full ensembles. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2008
Global Correlation Clustering Based on the Hough Transform
Authors: Achtert Elke , Böhm Christian , David Jörn , Kröger Peer , Zimek Arthur
Published: November 2008

In this article, we propose an efficient and effective method for finding arbitrarily oriented subspace clusters by mapping the data space to a parameter space defining the set of possible arbitrarily oriented subspaces. The objective of a clustering algorithm based on this principle is to find those among all the possible subspaces that accommodate many database objects. In contrast to existing approaches, our method can find subspace clusters of different dimensionality even if they are sparse or are intersected by other clusters within a noisy environment. A broad experimental evaluation demonstrates the robustness and effectiveness of our method. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2008
The Relevant‐Set Correlation Model for Data Clustering
Authors: Houle Michael E.
Published: November 2008

This paper introduces a model for clustering, theRelevant‐Set Correlation(RSC) model, that requires no direct knowledge of the nature or representation of the data. Instead, the RSC model relies solely on the existence of an oracle that accepts a query in the form of a reference to a data item, and returns a ranked set of references to items that are most relevant to the query. The quality of cluster candidates, the degree of association between pairs of cluster candidates, and the degree of association between clusters and data items are all assessed according to the statistical significance of a form of correlation among pairs of relevant sets and/or candidate cluster sets. The RSC significance measures can be used to evaluate the relative importance of cluster candidates of various sizes, avoiding the problems of bias found with other shared‐neighbor methods that use fixed neighborhood sizes. A scalable clustering heuristic based on the RSC model is also presented and demonstrated for large, high‐dimensional datasets using a fast approximate similarity search structure as the oracle. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2008
Correction
Authors: Norén G. Niklas , Sundberg Rolf , Bate Andrew , Edwards I. Ralph
Published: November 2008

The results presented as case studies four and five in Section 3.1 of ‘A statistical methodology for drug–drug interaction surveillance’ by G. Niklas Norén, Rolf Sundberg, Andrew Bate, and I. Ralph Edwards (Statist. Med. 2008; 27:3057–3070) are based on data from the third quarter 2003, and not on data from the fourth quarter 2004 as stated in the article. The total number of reports in this version of the database was 3 033 514, and not 3.2 × 106 as stated in the article. This slightly changes some of the entries in Table II, for which reason a corrected version is provided below. The authors offer their apologies to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience that the error may have caused.

Empirical data for three case studies of suspected drug–drug interaction in ICSR data from the literature [8,9,11] together with data from the WHO database for two examples of established drug–drug interaction.

Itraconazole
Diuretics
Terfenadine
Digoxin

Drug 1
Oral contraceptives
NSAIDs
Ketoconazole
Clarithromycin
Gemfibrozil

Drug 2
Delayed
Cardiac
Ventricular
Drug level
Cerivastatin

ADR
bleeding
events
fibrillation
increased
Rhabdomyolysis

n111
10
25
5
35
1084

n11.
23
278
27
85
1431

n1.1
10
78
63
1193
1304

n.11
19
67
11
245
3022

n1..
39
1775
6083
10 650
6756

n.1.
1489
1613
5071
12 390
9181

n..1
39
305
3695
10 781
6321

n...
5503
9822
3.2 × 106
3.0 × 106
3.0 × 106

f00
0.0050
0.028
0.0011
0.0030
0.0010

f10
0
0.035
0.0096
0.11
0.041

f01
0.0061
0.031
0.0012
0.017
0.25

f11
0.43
0.090
0.19
0.41
0.76

g11
0.0061
0.039
0.0096
0.12
0.27

log2(OR)
+∞
+1.23
+4.50
+0.03
−2.17

Ω0
+6.15
+1.20
+4.27
+1.72
+1.47

Ω
+4.03
+1.16
+2.86
+1.68
+1.47

Ω025
+3.00
+0.54
+1.33
+1.16
+1.38
Does distance still matter?
Authors: Wolf Timo , Nguyen Thanh , Damian Daniela
Published: November 2008

Nowadays, distributed development is common in software development. Besides many advantages, research in the last decade has consistently found that distribution has a negative impact on collaboration in general, and communication delay and time to complete tasks in particular. Adapted processes, practices, and tools are demanded to overcome these challenges.

We report on an empirical study of communication structures and delay in IBM's distributed development project Jazz. The Jazz project explicitly focuses on distributed collaboration and has adapted processes and tools to overcome known challenges. We explore the effect of distance on communication and task completion time and use social network analysis to obtain insights about the collaboration in the Jazz project. We discuss our findings in the light of existing literature on distributed collaboration and delays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear seismic response of Milad Tower using finite element model
Authors: Yahyai Mahmood , Rezayibana Bahram , Daryan Amir Saedi
Published: November 2008

Milad Tower is a 436‐m‐tall telecommunications tower ranked as the fourth tallest structure of its kind in the world. The study of its seismic behaviour is of great importance as it is located in a highly seismic‐prone region. Because of the existence of the world's largest revolving restaurant in the head structure, and also because of the highly sensitive communication devices such as TV and telecommunications antennas installed on the tower, nonlinear deformation under future earthquakes should be studied. In this paper, a detailed finite element model is developed and nonlinear dynamic analysis was carried out under the design earthquakes. The foundation, concrete shaft, head structure and 120‐m antenna structure were modelled. Three components of the earthquakes are considered, and the selected earthquakes were normalized based on three design levels: design basis level, maximum design level and maximum credible level. The results of the analysis showed that all parts of the tower behave in the plastic zone except the elements of the head structure. It is also observed that in some cases, the earthquakes with lower peak accelerations and higher energy contents may have more severe effect on the tower than that with higher peak accelerations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable structure of tall buildings
Authors: Elnimeiri Mahjoub , Gupta Prairna
Published: November 2008

Structure by its own nature is sustainable. It is all about doing more with less. Good structural engineering revolves around achieving efficiency and minimization of material. However, thinking will have to be broadened to accommodate the pressing needs of the environment. Structure can no longer stay on the sidelines and will have to be an active partner in the building‐design process. Although the architect is usually perceived as the designer of a tall building, a partnership between him/her and the engineer will have to be established before any meaningful design process can commence. This paper presents an insight into sustainable structures within tall buildings. The elements that constitute such a structure, the strategies that confirm this approach and the proposed hypothesis for the structure‐environment interaction are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable structural engineering strategies for tall buildings
Authors: Moon Kyoung Sun
Published: November 2008

Sustainable structural engineering strategies for tall buildings are presented with an emphasis on stiffness‐based material‐saving design methodologies. The design methodologies are applied to the systems with diagonals such as braced tubes and more recently developed diagrid structures. Guidelines for determination of bending and shear deformations for optimal design, which uses the least amount of structural material to meet the stiffness requirements, are presented. The impact of different geometric configurations of the structural members on the material‐saving economic design is also discussed, and recommendations for optimal geometries are made. The design strategies discussed here will contribute to constructing built environments using the minimum amount of resources. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind and tall buildings: negatives and positives
Authors: Irwin Peter , Kilpatrick John , Robinson Jamieson , Frisque Andrea
Published: November 2008

Wind is often regarded as the foe of tall buildings since it tends to be the governing lateral load. Careful aerodynamic design of tall buildings through wind tunnel testing can greatly reduce wind loads and their affect on building motions. Various shaping strategies are discussed, aimed particularly at suppression of vortex shedding since it is frequently the cause of crosswind excitation. The use of supplementary damping systems is another approach that takes the energy out of building motions and reduces loads. Different applications of damping systems are described on several buildings, and an example of material savings and reduced carbon emissions is given. Wind also has some potential beneficial effects particularly to tall buildings. One is that, since wind speeds are higher at the heights of tall buildings, the potential for extracting wind energy using wind turbines is significantly improved compared with ground level. This paper explores how much energy might be generated in this way relative to the building's energy usage. Other benefits are to be found in judicious use of natural ventilation, sometimes involving double‐layer wall systems, and, in hot climates, the combination of tailored wind and shade conditions to improve outdoor comfort near tall buildings and on balconies and terraces. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomistic Origin of Rate-Dependent Serrated Plastic Flow in Metallic Glasses
Authors: Jiang SY , Jiang MQ , Dai LH , Yao YG
Published: November 2008

Nanoindentation simulations on a binary metallic glass were performed under various strain rates by using molecular dynamics. The rate-dependent serrated plastic flow was clearly observed, and the spatiotemporal behavior of its underlying irreversible atomic rearrangement was probed. Our findings clearly validate that the serration is a temporally inhomogeneous characteristic of such rearrangements and not directly dependent on the resultant shear-banding spatiality. The unique spatiotemporal distribution of shear banding during nanoindentation is highlighted in terms of the potential energy landscape (PEL) theory.
Influence of Interesterification of a Stearic Acid‐Rich Spreadable Fat on Acute Metabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Robinson Dawn M. , Martin Natalie C. , Robinson Lindsay E. , Ahmadi Latifeh , Marangoni Alejandro G. , Wright Amanda J.
Published: November 2008

Chemical and enzymatic interesterification are used to create spreadable fats. However, a comparison between the two processes in terms of their acute metabolic effects has not yet been investigated. A randomised crossover study in obese (plasma TAG > 1.69 mmol/L, and BMI > 30 (BMI = kg/m2) or waist circumference > 102 cm, n = 11, age = 59.3 ± 1.8 years) and non‐obese (plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) < 1.69 mmol/L, and BMI < 30  or waist circumference < 102 cm, n = 10, age = 55.8 ± 2.2 years) men was undertaken to compare the effects of chemical versus enzymatic interesterification on postprandial risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). TAG, cholesterol, glucose, insulin and free fatty acid concentrations were measured for 6 h following consumption of 1 g fat/kg body mass of non‐interesterified (NIE), chemically interesterified (CIE), enzymatically interesterified (EIE) stearic acid‐rich fat spread or no fat, each with 50 g available carbohydrate from white bread. Interesterification did not affect postprandial glucose, insulin, free fatty acids or cholesterol (P > 0.05). Following ingestion of NIE, increases in serum oleic acid were observed, whereas both oleic and stearic acids were increased with CIE and EIE (P < 0.05). While postprandial TAG concentrations in non‐obese subjects were not affected by fat treatment (P > 0.05), obese subjects had an 85% increase in TAGs with CIE versus NIE (P < 0.05). The differences in TAG response between non‐obese and obese subjects suggest that interesterification may affect healthy individuals differently compared to those already at risk for T2D and/or CVD.
Atorvastatin Decreases Stearoyl‐CoA Desaturase Gene Expression in THP‐1 Macrophages Incubated with Oxidized LDL
Authors: Martín‐Fuentes Paula , García‐Otín Angel Luis , Calvo Luisa , Gómez‐Coronado Diego , Civeira Fernando , Cenarro Ana
Published: November 2008

Statins, inhibitors of HMG‐CoA reductase, reduce plasma low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels decreasing the incidence of coronary events. However, the observed benefit of statins appears to extend beyond their lipid‐lowering effects. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated that atorvastatin in oxidized LDL incubated macrophages modifies the gene expression profile of certain enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, mainly stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD). SCD is a rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids and its expression is mediated by sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1 (SREBP‐1). The aim of this study was to determine whether atorvastatin might affect the fatty acid composition in macrophages and if their SCD gene expression profile could explain this effect. Therefore, THP‐1 macrophages were treated with atorvastatin and native or oxidized LDL, their fatty acid composition was determined by gas‐chromatography, and the SCD and SREBP‐1 gene expression profile was analysed using quantitative RT‐PCR. We found that atorvastatin reduces the percentage of palmitoleic and oleic acids in THP‐1 cells incubated with oxLDL, which could be explained by the inhibition of SCD and SREBP‐1 gene expression. The observed results were reversed when mevalonate was added to THP‐1 macrophages. This would suggest that inhibition of SCD in THP‐1 macrophages incubated with oxLDL and the change in fatty acid composition is an important effect of atorvastatin.
Effect of a Seaweed Extract on Fatty Acid Accumulation and Glycerol‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: He M. L. , Wang Y. , You J. S. , Mir P. S. , McAllister T. A.
Published: November 2008

This study was to determine the effect of a seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum extract (SE) containing 220 mg g−1 phlorotannins on differentiation and fatty acid accumulation in differentiating 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. 3T3‐L1 cells (2 × 104 mL−1) were seeded to 24‐well plates and proliferated to reach confluence and then were treated with media containing 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg mL−1 SE for 8 days. Dexamethasone, methyl‐isobutylxanthine and insulin (DMI) were added to the media in the first 2 days to induce cell differentiation. On day 8 the adipocytes were harvested for measuring cellular fatty acid concentration and the activity of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). It was found that treatment with SE increased (P < 0.01, n = 6) cellular myristoleic acid (C14:1), palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and oleic acid (C18:1) and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) without significantly affecting the cell number and saturated fatty acid (SFA). Ratios of MUFA/SFA, C14:1/C14:0, C16:1/C16:0 and C18:1/C18:0 in cellular lipids increased (P < 0.05, n = 6) with the SE treatment in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.001). Treatment with 75 μg mL−1 SE depressed (P < 0.05) cellular GPDH activity. The results indicate that the biological factors in the SE may be involved in differentiation and MUFA accumulation in adipocytes.
A Phenomenological Model of the Peroxide Value’s Rise and Fall During Lipid Oxidation
Authors: Aragao Glaucia M. F. , Corradini Maria G. , Peleg Micha
Published: November 2008

During isothermal lipid oxidation at relatively high temperatures, the peroxide concentration frequently peaks while at relatively low temperatures it only rises slowly. These are two manifestations of a process where formation and degradation happen simultaneously on different time scales. A phenomenological mathematical model, comprising a decay factor superimposed on an accumulation term can describe these scenarios. Each has a characteristic time constant shortened by raising the temperature and a rate constant that increases with it. The model’s mathematical structure and the magnitude of its coefficients depend on the particular system. However, regardless of the chosen expressions, if the degradation characteristic time falls within or just beyond the experiment’s duration, a peak peroxide value will be observed whose height and shape will primarily depend on the other model’s parameters. If this characteristic time is far outside the time of the experiment , no peak will be recorded. The model need not be unique and no detailed knowledge of the oxidation mechanisms is required for its formulation. Consequently it can be derived directly from experimental peroxide value versus time relationships, without the need to monitor the intermediate reactions by specialized instrumental methods such as DSC. Through the formation term adjustment, the model can also account for the temperature dependent lag in the rise of the peroxide value and/or the appearance of its peak.
Low-dimensional characteristics of a transonic jet. Part 2. Estimate and far-field prediction
Authors: TINNEY C. E. , UKEILEY L. S. , GLAUSER M. N.
Published: November 2008

Complementary low-dimensional techniques are modified to estimate the most energetic turbulent features of a Mach 0.85 axisymmetric jet in the flow's near-field regions via spectral linear stochastic estimation. This model estimate is three-dimensional, comprises all three components of the velocity field and is time resolved. The technique employs the pressure field as the unconditional input, measured within the hydrodynamic periphery of the jet flow where signatures (pressure) are known to comprise a reasonable footprint of the turbulent large-scale structure. Spectral estimation coefficients are derived from the joint second-order statistics between coefficients that are representative of the low-order pressure field (Fourier-azimuthal decomposition) and of the low-order velocity field (proper orthogonal decomposition). A bursting-like event is observed in the low-dimensional estimate and is similar to what was found in the low-speed jet studies of others. A number of low-dimensional estimates are created using different velocity–pressure mode combinations from which predictions of the far-field acoustics are invoked using Lighthill's analogy. The overall sound pressure level (OASPL) directivity is determined from the far-field prediction, which comprises qualitatively similar trends when compared to direct measurements at r/D=75. Retarded time topologies of the predicted field at 90° and 30° are also shown to manifest, respectively, high- and low-frequency wave-like motions when using a combination of only the low-order velocity modes (m=0, 1, 2). This work thus constitutes a first step in developing low-dimensional and dynamical system models from hydrodynamic pressure signatures for estimating and predicting the behaviour of the energy-containing events that govern many of the physical constituents of turbulent flows.
Development of coherent structures in concentrated suspensions of swimming model micro-organisms
Authors: ISHIKAWA TAKUJI , LOCSEI J. T. , PEDLEY T. J.
Published: November 2008

A swimming micro-organism is modelled as a squirming sphere with prescribed tangential surface velocity and referred to as a squirmer. The centre of mass of the sphere may be displaced from the geometric centre, and the effects of inertia and Brownian motion are neglected. The well-known Stokesian dynamics method is modified in order to simulate squirmer motions in a concentrated suspension. The movement of 216 identical squirmers in a concentrated suspension without any imposed flow is simulated in a cubic domain with periodic boundary conditions, and the coherent structures within the suspension are investigated. The results show that (a) a weak aggregation of cells appears as a result of the hydrodynamic interaction between cells; (b) the cells generate collective motions by the hydrodynamic interaction between themselves; and (c) the range and duration of the collective motions depend on the volume fraction and the squirmers' stresslet strengths. These tendencies show good qualitative agreement with previous experiments.
Extra-long Montgomery T tube in major airway stenosis
Authors: Liu Y-H , Wu Y-C , Hsieh M-J , Chao Y-K , Wang C-J , Ko P-J , Liu H-P
Published: November 2008

Background:

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the extra-long Montgomery T tube for the management of major airway obstruction in tertiary care patients in Taiwan.

Method:

Eleven patients with major airway stenosis treated with an extra-long Montgomery T tube between April 2004 and December 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Five patients had tracheostomy stenosis, two had intubation stenosis, one had traumatic stenosis, one had corrosive stenosis, one had laser burn stenosis and one had tubercular stenosis. All patients underwent three-dimensional airway reconstruction and endoscopic evaluation of airway stenosis. After determining the severity and location of airway stenosis, rigid bronchotherapy and Montgomery T tube placement were performed by rigid bronchoscopy.

Results:

The overall procedural success rate was 100 per cent. Three (27 per cent) patients were weaned from artificial ventilation, and all patients exhibited improved respiratory and functional status. No major post-operative complications or mortality were observed. At follow up (mean, 21.5 months), the decannulation rate was 27 per cent, and eight (73 per cent) patients had stable T tube ventilation. In four patients, granulation over the end of the T tube was controlled by endoscopic procedures. Three patients with stents above the vocal folds showed aspiration and required further intervention (i.e. one nasogastric feeding tube for nutrient supplement, one feeding jejunostomy and one stent shortening to decrease aspiration).

Conclusion:

The extra-long Montgomery T tube is an effective and safe method for treating major airway obstruction in the supra-glottic to lower tracheal region.
Cryptosporidiumspecies and subtype analysis from dairy calves in Spain
Authors: QUILEZ J. , TORRES E. , CHALMERS R. M. , ROBINSON G. , DEL CACHO E. , SANCHEZ-ACEDO C.
Published: November 2008

Faecal specimens from 287 diarrhoeic calves younger than 21 days, collected over a 2-year period (2006–2007) from 82 dairy cattle farms in 14 provinces across the north of Spain, were examined for the presence ofCryptosporidiumoocysts. Overall, 63 farms (76·8%) and 166 calves (57·8%) tested positive by microscopy. In order to elucidate the genetic diversity, selected positive specimens from 149 calves originating from 61 farms in the 14 provinces were examined by genotyping and subtyping techniques.Cryptosporidium parvumwas the only species identified by PCR-RFLP of SSU rDNA from all 149 isolates and sequencing of a subset of 50 isolates, except for 2 specimens that were identified asC. bovis. Sequence analyses of the glycoprotein (GP60) gene revealed that mostC. parvumisolates (98%) belonged to the subtype family IIa and 2 isolates were identified as the novel subtype IIdA23G1. Subtype IIaA15G2R1 was the most common and widely distributed (80·3% of the 61 farms), followed by subtype IIaA16G3R1 (14·7%), whereas the remaining IIa subtypes (IIaA16G2R1, IIaA17G2R1, IIaA18G3R1, IIaA19G3R1) were restricted to 1–3 farms. All theseC. parvumIIa subtypes have previously been described in human patients, indicating that most isolates from diarrhoeic calves in northern Spain have zoonotic potential.
Who will turn the knobs when I die?
Authors: Pennycook Bruce
Published: November 2008

This paper addresses questions regarding the performance of interactive music compositions through an examination of the author's own works. The questions emerge from the compositional impetus and the subsequent technical design of each of the works. The paper also examines some of the forces impacting the performance, preservation and long-term viability of interactive works and non-interactive electroacoustic compositions.
Power and markets in global finance: the gold standard, 1890–1926
Authors: Balachandran G.
Published: November 2008

This paper explores the intimate connection between imperialism and a liberal global economy in the late nineteenth century and the inter-war period by distinguishing and disentangling the imperial and political dimensions of the pre-World War I gold standard, and interwar efforts to restore it. By doing so it attempts partial!y to redress the relative neglect of power in historical accounts of the international financial arrangements, and re-balance conventional liberal assumptions about the role of markets and incentives in the consolidation and spread of global institutions such as the gold standard. By re-embedding the intertwined financial histories of the imperial and Atlantic worlds into a global context, perspectives from the empire help develop more historically-situated analyses of global economic institutions and arrangements, and help clarify the many intersecting processes involving both power, in all its forms, and markets, that have historically shaped financial relations and institutions.
Schulter- und Armverletzungen im Skirennsport. Eine Umfrage zur Häufigkeit dieser Verletzungen bei Mitgliedern der Swiss-Ski-Kader und bei den Regionalkadern
Authors: Bachmann C. , Schlegel Ch. , Bachmann S.
Published: November 2008

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Verletzungshäufigkeit und die Verletzungsarten der oberen Extremität bei Swiss-Ski-Rennfahrern und bei Regionalkaderfahrern untersucht. Das Verletzungsmuster bezüglich Schulter- und Armverletzungen bei Schweizer Sportlern korreliert mit den Angaben in der bisherigen Literatur. Am häufigsten ist das Schultergelenk betroffen, gefolgt von Verletzungen der Finger, insbesondere des Daumens. Bezüglich Verletzungshäufigkeit war kein Unterschied zwischen den Damen und Herren vorhanden. Dagegen zeigte sich eine erhöhte Verletzungsrate bei den Regionalkaderfahrern. Die meisten Verletzungen ereigneten sich bei den Damen und Herren und in allen Kadern im Training. Während bei den Herren alle Verletzungsmuster (Prellungen, Bandverletzungen, Luxationen, Frakturen) vorkommen, sind Knochenbrüche die dominierende Verletzung bei den Damen.
Update der lipidsenkenden Therapie
Authors: Riesen W.F. , Mordasini R.C.
Published: November 2008

Die Dyslipidämie stellt einen der wichtigsten kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren dar. Entsprechend wichtig sind präventive Massnahmen zur Normalisierung der Lipide. Die Indikation zur lipidsenkenden Behandlung richtet sich gemäss verschiedenen Empfehlungen nach dem globalen kardiovaskulären Risiko, d.h. der Gesamtheit der wichtigsten Risikofaktoren. Bei der Wahl des Medikaments ist der Art der Fettstoffwechselstörung Rechnung zu tragen. Die Erreichung der Zielwerte stellt eine Herausforderung dar, denn es gilt, neben der optimalen LDL-Senkung auch die Sicherheitsaspekte im Auge zu behalten. Statine gelten in der Monotherapie unter Standarddosierung als besonders sichere Medikamente. In höherer Dosierung treten Nebenwirkungen, insbesondere unerwünschte Effekte auf Leber und Muskeln vermehrt auf. Begleitend zu sämtlichen medikamentösen Interventionen sind Lebensstiländerungen (vermehrte körperliche Aktivität, diätetische Massnahmen) unverzichtbar.
Anfallsartige Thoraxschmerzen
Authors: Vogler S. , Kurz D.
Published: November 2008

Bei einem 46-jährigen Patienten wird im Rahmen der Abklärung eines Thoraxschmerzes die Diagnose einer vasospastischen Angina gestellt. Die initiale Differentialdiagnose, der komplizierte Verlauf des Patienten sowie insbesondere das klinische Bild mit Diagnostik, Therapie und Prognose der vasospastischen Angina werden beschrieben.
Der unabdingbare Blick in die Windel. Eine aussergewöhnliche Vulvaveränderung bei einem Mädchen
Authors: Kaczala G.W. , Minocchieri S. , Messer A.M. , Dingeldein I. , Nelle M.
Published: November 2008

Wir berichten über ein drei Tage altes, am Termin geborenes Mädchen, welches anlässlich der ersten Vorsorgeuntersuchung eine interlabiale, zystische Raumforderung zeigte. Schwangerschaft, Geburt und postnataler Verlauf waren unauffällig. Die Läsion imponierte in der anterioren Hälfte der Vulva und hatte eine glatte Oberfäche mit feiner Vaskularisation. Die medial verschobene Urethra und das medio-posteriore Hymen konnten identifiziert werden. Die Miktion war nicht beeinträchtigt. Wir beschreiben die Differentialdiagnose der zystischen Raumforderung der Vulva im Neugeborenenalter. Eine sorgfältige Körperuntersuchung gehört zum Standard der pädiatrischen Vorsorgeuntersuchungen im Säuglingsalter.
Using the oceans as a calorimeter to quantify the solar radiative forcing
Authors: Shaviv Nir J.
Published: November 2008

Over the 11‐year solar cycle, small changes in the total solar irradiance (TSI) give rise to small variations in the global energy budget. It was suggested, however, that different mechanisms could amplify solar activity variations to give large climatic effects, a possibility which is still a subject of debate. With this in mind, we use the oceans as a calorimeter to measure the radiative forcing variations associated with the solar cycle. This is achieved through the study of three independent records, the net heat flux into the oceans over 5 decades, the sea‐level change rate based on tide gauge records over the 20th century, and the sea‐surface temperature variations. Each of the records can be used to consistently derive the same oceanic heat flux. We find that the total radiative forcing associated with solar cycles variations is about 5 to 7 times larger than just those associated with the TSI variations, thus implying the necessary existence of an amplification mechanism, although without pointing to which one.
Effective stress and pore pressure in the Nankai accretionary prism off the Muroto Peninsula, southwestern Japan
Authors: Tsuji Takeshi , Tokuyama Hidekazu , Costa Pisani Patrizia , Moore Gregory
Published: November 2008

We developed a theoretical method for predicting effective stress and pore pressure based on rock physics model. We applied the method to reveal the pore pressure distribution within the Nankai accretionary prism off southwestern Japan and to investigate variations in pore pressure associated with evolution of the plate boundary décollement. From the crack aspect ratio spectrum estimated from laboratory and well‐log data, we calculated a theoretical relationship between acoustic velocity and mean effective stress by using differential effective medium theory. By iteratively fitting the theoretically calculated velocity to the seismic velocities derived from 3D tomographic inversion, we estimated in situ mean effective stress within the accretionary prism. Pore pressure is then the difference between the effective stress and the confining stress. When we calculated pore pressure, we considered compressive state of stress in the accretionary prism. Our results confirm that pore fluid pressure is high within the subducting sedimentary sequence below the décollement; we determined a normalized pore pressure ratio (λ*) of 0.4–0.7. Abnormal pore pressures develop in the underthrust sequence as a result of the increase in overburden load because of the thickened overlying prism and a low permeability barrier across the décollement. Overpressuring within the accreted sequence is initiated at the deformation front and proceeds landward. The increase in horizontal compaction within the accreted sequence may raise pore pressures within the accreted sequence, and the pore pressure (mean effective stress) contrast at the décollement becomes smaller landward of the deformation front.
Resolution enhancement for microwave‐based atmospheric sounding from geostationary orbits
Authors: Di Paola F. , Dietrich S.
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate techniques that improve the spatial resolution of the channels already selected in the preliminary studies for Geostationary Observatory for Microwave Atmospheric Soundings (GOMAS). Reference high resolution multifrequency brightness temperatures scenarios have been derived by applying radiative transfer calculation to the spatially and microphysically detailed output of meteorological events simulated by the University of Wisconsin–Nonhydrostatic Model System. Three approaches, Wiener filter, Super‐resolution and Image‐fusion have been applied to some representative GOMAS frequency channels to enhance the resolution of antenna temperatures. The Wiener filter improved resolution of the largely oversampled images by a factor 1.5–2.0 without introducing any penalty in the radiometric accuracy. Super‐resolution, suitable for not largely oversampled images, improved resolution by a factor ∼1.5 but introducing an increased radiometric noise by a factor 1.4–2.5. The Image‐fusion allows finally to further increase the spatial frequency of the images obtained by the Wiener filter increasing the total resolution up to a factor 5.0 with an increased radiometric noise closely linked to the radiometric frequency and to the examined case study.
Water management with water conservation, infrastructure expansions, and source variability in Jordan
Authors: Rosenberg David E. , Howitt Richard E. , Lund Jay R.
Published: November 2008

A regional hydroeconomic model is developed to include demand shifts from nonprice water conservation programs as input parameters and decision variables. Stochastic nonlinear programming then jointly identifies the benefit‐maximizing portfolio of conservation and leak reduction programs, infrastructure expansions, and operational allocations under variable water availability. We present a detailed application for 12 governorates in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It considers targeted installations of water‐efficient appliances, leak reduction in the distribution system, surface and groundwater development, seawater desalination, conveyance, and wastewater treatment projects. Results show that (1) water conservation by urban users generates substantial regional benefits and can delay infrastructure expansions; (2) some rationing and conjunctive use operations smooth operations during droughts; (3) a broad mix of source developments, conveyance expansions, and leak reduction programs can forestall the need for desalination; (4) the Disi carrier to Amman should include a large branch to Karak; and (5) increasing conveyance from Ma'an, Irbid, and Mafraq can avert impending crises in the neighboring districts of Tafelah, Ajloun, and Zarqa.
Evidence against a young volcanic origin of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: van de Flierdt Tina , Hemming Sidney R. , Goldstein Steven L. , Gehrels George E. , Cox Stephen E.
Published: November 2008

The Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains of East Antarctica are among Earth's most enigmatic mountain ranges. They are situated in the middle of Antarctica, buried under hundreds of meters of ice, and reach an elevation of more than 3000 m. These characteristics have given rise to speculation about their origin and composition, in particular whether they are a hotspot or remnants of ancient orogenic events. We studied fluvio‐deltaic sands from ODP Site 1166 in Prydz Bay which were deposited prior to the onset of East Antarctic glaciation to address the question of their origin. Results for U‐Pb dating of detrital zircons reveal an important age population of ∼530 Ma, which is accompanied by a dominant 40Ar/39Ar age population of ∼519 Ma for detrital hornblendes. The data show no sign of young volcanic contributions, suggesting an old continental origin of the mountains, leaving as enigmatic the cause of their great height and size.
Laboratory simulations of Martian gullies on sand dunes
Authors: Védie E. , Costard F. , Font M. , Lagarde J. L.
Published: November 2008

Small gullies, observed on Mars, could be formed by groundwater seepage from an underground aquifer or may result from the melting of near‐surface ground ice at high obliquity. To test these different hypotheses, a cold room‐based laboratory simulation has been performed. The experimental slope was designed to simulate debris flows on sand dune slopes at a range of angles, different granulometry and permafrost characteristics. Preliminary results suggest that the typical morphology of gullies observed on Mars can best be reproduced by the formation of linear debris flows related to the melting of a near‐surface ground ice with silty materials. This physical modelling highlights the role of the periglacial conditions, especially the active‐layer thickness during debris‐flow formation.
Synergistic use of AIRS and MODIS radiance measurements for atmospheric profiling
Authors: Liu Chian‐Yi , Li Jun , Weisz Elisabeth , Schmit Timothy J. , Ackerman Steven A. , Huang Hung‐Lung
Published: November 2008

Retrieval of atmospheric profiles from combined radiance measurements of the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite is investigated. The collocated operational MODIS cloud mask product and the clear‐sky InfraRed (IR) radiance measurements are used to characterize the AIRS sub‐pixel cloud fraction and improve the atmospheric sounding and the surface parameters at the AIRS single field‐of‐view (SFOV) resolution. The synergistic algorithm employs an eigenvector based regression with additional information from MODIS measurements. The regression coefficients are derived from a global dataset containing atmospheric temperature, moisture, and ozone profiles. Evaluation of the retrieved profiles is performed by comparisons between AIRS soundings, European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis fields and radiosonde observations from the Cloud And Radiation Testbed (CART) in Oklahoma. Spectral radiance calculations from the sounding retrievals agree with the observations from AIRS adjacent clear neighbor footprint quite well. These comparisons demonstrate the potential advantage of synergistic use of high‐spectral sounder and high‐spatial imager over either system alone.
Global thermospheric density variations caused by high‐speed solar wind streams during the declining phase of solar cycle 23
Authors: Lei Jiuhou , Thayer Jeffrey P. , Forbes Jeffrey M. , Sutton Eric K. , Nerem R. Steven , Temmer Manuela , Veronig Astrid M.
Published: November 2008

Thermosphere densities at 400 km altitude from accelerometer measurements on the CHAMP satellite are used to investigate oscillations at periods of less than 13 days during the declining phase of solar cycle 23 (2002–2007). The periodic oscillations around 7 and 9 days in neutral density tend to occur during the latter part of the declining solar cycle when periodically recurrent fast streams in the solar wind modulate the level of geomagnetic activity in the geospace environment. It is interesting that the periodic oscillations in neutral density are felt globally and are proportional to the periodic Kp perturbations at the same frequency. Moreover, the periods of 7 and 9 days apparently reflect subharmonics of the 27‐day rotation and may be related to the longitudinal distribution of coronal holes; however the comparison of the temporal evolution of the periodicities between the coronal holes area and solar wind in 2005 indicates that their relationships are rather complex.
The dawn‐dusk asymmetry of energetic electron in the Earth's magnetotail: Observation and transport models
Authors: Imada S. , Hoshino M. , Mukai T.
Published: November 2008

We have studied the dawn‐dusk asymmetry of the energetic/thermal particle in the plasma sheet using the Geotail data. We found the species‐ and energy‐dependent dawn‐dusk asymmetries in the plasma sheet. The dawn‐dusk asymmetries have some typical structures, and we used a finite width two‐dimensional model of the magnetotail to explain their characteristics. The characteristics and assumptions of our model can be summarized as follows: (1) the magnetotail convection is steady (both of magnetic field and electric field is steady), (2) the directions of electric fields are duskward, (3) the directions of magnetic fields are northward, (4) the magnetic field gradient is constant for earthward (constant for other directions), (5) the width of the magnetotail is constant in the entire plasma sheet (40 RE), (6) the plasma source region is steady at XGSM ∼ −100 RE, (7) the magnetic moment μ is conserved during transport, and (8) the particle spatial diffusion takes place only for dawn‐dusk direction. In this model, we found that the energetic electrons cannot be provided sufficiently at the dusk flank with the simple adiabatic process (no spatial diffusion). Furthermore we applied the Bohm‐type diffusion to the model and found that the observed asymmetries are well reproduced in the case that the diffusion coefficient is equal to 0.006/0.03v⊥rg for electron/ion.