bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mothers’ Perspectives on Their Child's Mental Illness as Compared to Other Complex Disorders in Their Family: Insights to Inform Genetic Counseling Practice
Authors: Lautenbach Denise M. , Hiraki Susan , Campion MaryAnn W. , Austin Jehannine C.
Published: November 2011

To facilitate the development of a therapeutic alliance in genetic counseling, it is important that the counselor understands how families might perceive the condition that constitutes the reason for the referral. Through training and professional practice, genetic counselors develop a thorough understanding of families’ perceptions of the conditions that are common indications for genetic counseling. But, for referral indications that are less frequent, like serious mental illnesses, genetic counselors may feel less confident in their understanding of the family's experience, or in their ability to provide psychosocial support when serious mental illness is reported in a family history. This may impede the establishment of a therapeutic alliance. As research shows that most referrals for genetic counseling related to serious mental illness are for female first‐degree family members of affected individuals, we sought to explore how this group perceives serious mental illness. To provide a frame of reference with which genetic counselors may be more familiar, we explored how women perceived serious mental illness compared to other common complex disorders in their family. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with women who had a child with a serious mental illness (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder) and a first‐degree relative with another common complex disorder (diabetes, heart disease, cancer). Interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis. Saturation was reached when nine women had participated. Serious mental illness was perceived as being more severe and as having a greater impact on the family than diabetes, heart disease, or cancer. Themes identified included guilt, stigma, and loss. Some of the most important issues that contribute to mothers’ perceptions that serious mental illness is more severe than other common complex disorders could be effectively addressed in genetic counseling. Developing a heightened awareness of how family members experience a relative's mental illness may help genetic counselors to be better able to provide psychosocial support to this group, whether serious mental illness constitutes the primary reason for referral or appears in the family history during counseling for a different referral reason.
The CLASSI-N Method for the Study of Sequential Processes
Authors: Vande Gaer Eva , Ceulemans Eva , Van Mechelen Iven , Kuppens Peter
Published: November 2011

In many psychological research domains stimulus-response profiles are explained by conjecturing a sequential process in which some variables mediate between stimuli and responses. Charting sequential processes is often a complex task because (1) many possible mediating variables may exist, and (2) interindividual differences may occur in the relationship between these mediating variables and the response. Recently, Ceulemans and Van Mechelen (Psychometrika 73(1):107–124, 2008) addressed these challenges by developing the CLASSI model. A major drawback of CLASSI is that it requires information about the same set of stimuli for all participants (i.e., crossed data), whereas recently a number of data gathering techniques have been proposed in which the set of stimuli differs across participants, yielding nested data. Therefore we present the CLASSI-N model, which extends the CLASSI model to nested data. A simulated annealing algorithm is proposed. The results of a simulation study are discussed as well as an application to data concerning depression.
Benti, Practice and State: On the Doctrine of Mind in the Four Chapters of Guanzi
Authors: Peng PENG
Published: November 2011

“Xin 心 (Mind)” is one of the key concepts in the four chapters of Guanzi. Together with Dao, qi 气 (air, or gas) and de 德 (virtue), the four concepts constitute a complete system of the learning of mind which is composed of the theory of benti 本体 (root and body), the theory of practice and the theory of spiritual state. Guanzi differentiates the two basic layers of mind—the essence and the function. It tries to attain a state of accumulated jing 精 (essence, anima) and nourished qi, in which qi is concentrated in a miraculous way, through a series of methods of mind cultivation and nurturing, including being upright, calm, tranquil and moderate, and to concentrate the mind and intention. The doctrine of mind of the four chapters of Guanzi influenced Daoism and Confucianism and is a key link in the history of Chinese thought. It is a prelude to the merger of Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism.
Form and Formless: A Discussion with the Authors of Anticipating China
Authors: Gang ZHANG
Published: November 2011

Chinese culture is neither the first problematic thinking (analogy) claimed by the authors of Anticipating China, nor the second one (logical inference). On the one hand, analogies are one of the most remarkable aspects of Chinese thinking, while on the other hand, Yin-Yang, Dao and Fo are all universal codes that could neither be reached by analogy nor by logical inference. In fact, both the first and second problematic thinking share the same world view, taking the world as a composite, and the difference lies merely in whether the components are irreplaceable particulars or substitutable elements. Both build their knowledge on the components and how they combine. In the terms of this paper, both systems are constructed with spatially definable forms, real or nominal. The highest codes in Chinese culture are not built upon the physical properties of an object, and could never be found by analysing the object, physically or logically. Yin-Yang, Dao and Fo are names without form, and thus are thinking modes that cannot be described by a spatial concept. They are non-structural systems and a way of formless thinking.
The Arab Spring and the Challenge of Minority Rights: Will the Arab Revolutions Overcome the Legacy of the Past?
Authors: el-Issawi Fatima
Published: November 2011

The blood of Egyptian Copts on the streets of central Cairo on 9 October 2011 could be accurately described as the first major set-back for the Arab Spring. Preserving the rights of minorities as full citizens in the face of long-standing persecution and neglect is a pressing challenge for the Arab revolutions. However, the dilemma of the rights of Christian minorities within the Arab world is a historical one, deeply rooted in a complex interplay of social, economic and political factors predating the Arab Spring and its unpredicted implications. The growing signs of a radical Islam empowered by the loosening grip of Arab dictatorships raise concerns that go beyond the question of security and political representation for minorities. There is a bitter race between, on the one hand, secular forces weakened both by the absence of any previous organisational cadres and by the misuse of secularism by nationalist Arab regimes and, on the other, religious forces that are pushing forcefully for further overlap between religion and the state. As the results of the first free elections in Tunisia demonstrate the popularity of Islamism in the midst of entrenched secular countries, it is clear that the battle between the two trends is an unequal one.
Failed States in the Balkans: Seven Myths
Authors: Huliaras Asteris
Published: November 2011

The Balkans is often portrayed as an area full of ancient hatreds, bloody conflicts, political instability, flagrant corruption and incompetent leadership. In reality, the Balkans is not a homogeneous region. And, despite the mayhem of the early 1990s, recent developments are far from negative: law and order are spreading, democratisation is deepening and economic development is gradually but steadily transforming urban centres and rural hinterlands. This article attempts to discard seven widespread myths about the Balkans.
Making a Face: Graphical Illustrations of Managerial Stances toward Customer Creativity
Authors: Campbell Colin L. , Berthon Pierre R. , Pitt Leyland F. , McCarthy Ian , Plangger Kirk
Published: November 2011

Creative consumers – consumers who adapt, modify or transform a proprietary offering – represent an intriguing paradox for business. On the one hand they can be a black hole for future revenue, with breach of copyright and intellectual property, while on the other hand they represent a gold mine of ideas and business opportunities. This problem is central to business – business needs to both create and capture value; the problem is that creative consumers demand a shift in the mindsets and business models of how firms both create and capture value. We develop a typology of firms’ stances to creative consumers based upon their attitude and action towards customer innovation. We then consider the implications of the stances model for corporate strategy, and examine a three-step approach to dealing with creative consumers, namely, awareness, analysis and response.
Water, societies and sustainability: A few anthropological examples of non-market water values
Authors: Wateau Fabienne
Published: November 2011

In a sustainable development research context, how can the anthropological literature on social management of water be reread? This article proposes to recall—in the context of a certain number of studied societies, in cases where water management is entrusted to local users—why and how the economic argument is not primary. It will then examine the nature of a possible link between anthropology and economics, specifically identifying differences in rationales, and inviting us to take a closer look at the most enduring technical systems, in their relationship to the land and to the people who use them.
Flow instabilities between two parallel planes semi-obstructed by an easily penetrable porous medium
Authors: Silin N. , Converti J. , Dalponte D. , Clausse A.
Published: November 2011

A study of instabilities in planar flows produced by the presence of a parallel penetrable porous obstruction is presented. The case considered is a flow between parallel plates partially obstructed by a porous medium. The most unstable perturbation modes are obtained solving numerically the eigenvalue problem derived from the linear stability analysis of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations applied to the geometry of interest. The analysis leads to an extended Orr–Sommerfeld equation including a porous term. It was found that the ratios of the permeability and depth of the obstruction with respect to the free flow layer depth are the relevant parameters influencing the stability margin and the structure of the most unstable modes. To validate the conclusions of the theoretical analysis, an experiment with air flowing through a channel semi-obstructed by a regular array of cylindrical wires was performed. The critical Reynolds number, which was determined by measuring the amplitude of velocity fluctuations at the interface of the porous medium, agrees with the theoretical predictions. The dominant instability mode was characterized by the cross-section profile of the root mean square of the velocity perturbations, which matches reasonable well with the eigenfunction of the most unstable eigenvalue. Also, the wavenumber was determined by correlating the velocity measurements in two sequential locations along the channel, which compares well with the theoretical value.
New analytic solutions for wave propagation in flexible, tapered vessels with reference to mammalian arteries
Authors: Papadakis George
Published: November 2011

Novel, closed-form, analytic solutions for the pressure and velocity fields are derived for the linear problem of wave propagation inside a tapered flexible vessel of conical shape. It is shown that pressure and velocity can be written in terms of Bessel functions of orders $1/ 3$ and $4/ 3$ respectively. An expression is also derived that quantifies the effect of the cone angle on the wave propagation velocity. The analytic solutions are general and valid for tube variations at any length scale in relation to the wavelength of the wave. In other words, the requirement that the changes in vessel properties with distance should take place over a length scale large compared to the wavelength of the wave, is not employed or needed. This is the basic condition for the application of WKB theory to tapered vessels. However, this condition is not satisfied in pressure pulses propagating in mammalian arteries. The general expressions derived in this paper are directly applicable to the cardiovascular system of mammals. It is further shown that the presented solution naturally tends to the asymptotic WKB solution when the assumptions of the theory are applied to the general expressions. An explicit formula is provided for the time-averaged energy flux of the wave that shows clearly the effect of the continuous reflection of the wave from the vessel wall. Viscous effects are incorporated by coupling the derived analytic solution with the radial velocity profile of Womersley. The results are compared with full nonlinear fluid–structure interaction simulations and very good agreement is found (maximum differences are ${\ensuremath{\sim} }1\hspace{0.167em} \% $ and 1.6 % for area-averaged pressure and velocity respectively, and 4–6 % for local velocity values).
Effect of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) (BMOV) on selenium nutritional status in diabetic streptozotocin rats
Authors: Sanchez-Gonzalez Cristina , Bermudez-Peña Carmen , Guerrero-Romero Fernando , Trenzado Cristina E. , Montes-Bayon María , Sanz-Medel Alfredo , Llopis Juan
Published: November 2011

The role of V as a micronutrient, and its hypoglycaemic and toxicological activity, have yet to be completely established. The present study focuses on changes in the bioavailability and tissue distribution of Se in diabetic streptozotocin rats following treatment with V. The following four study groups were examined: control; diabetic (DM); diabetic treated with 1 mg V/d (DMV); diabetic treated with 3 mg V/d (DMVH). V was supplied in the drinking water as bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV). The experiment had a duration of 5 weeks. Se was measured in food, faeces, urine, serum, muscle, kidney, liver and spleen. Glucose and insulin serum were studied, together with glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver. In the DM group, we recorded higher levels of food intake, Se absorbed, Se retained, Se content in the kidney, liver and spleen, GSH-Px and GST activity, in comparison with the control rats. In the DMV group, there was a significant decrease in food intake, Se absorbed, Se retained and Se content in the liver and spleen, and in GSH-Px and GST activity, while fasting glycaemia and MDA remained unchanged, in comparison with the DM group. In the DMVH group, there was a significant decrease in food intake, glycaemia, Se absorbed, Se retained, Se content in the kidney, liver and spleen, and in GSH-Px and GST activity, and increased MDA, in comparison with the DM and DMV groups. We conclude that under the experimental conditions described, the treatment with 3 mg V/d caused a tissue depletion of Se that compromised Se nutritional status and antioxidant defences in the tissues.
AUTONOMY, LIBERTY, AND MEDICAL DECISION-MAKING
Authors: Coggon John , Miola José
Published: November 2011

A central tenet to much ethical argument within medical law is patient autonomy.1 Although we have seen a welcome move away from a system governed by largely unchecked paternalism, there is not universal agreement on the direction in which medical law should advance.2 Competing concerns for greater welfare and individual freedom, complicated by an overarching commitment to value-pluralism, make this a tricky area of policy-development.3 Furthermore, there are distinct understandings of, and justifications for, different conceptions of autonomy.4 In this paper, we argue that in response to these issues, there has been a failure by the courts properly to distinguish political concepts of liberty and moral concepts of autonomy.
IMPLIED TERMS: THE JOURNEY OF THE MAN ON THE CLAPHAM OMNIBUS
Authors: McCaughran John
Published: November 2011

This article is about the implication of terms into contracts based upon the presumed intention of the parties. It is particularly concerned with the decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Attorney General of Belize v. Belize Telecom Limited,1 a number of recent Court of Appeal decisions thereafter, and whether there has been any change in the law. Before getting to Belize, it is necessary to consider, as briefly as possible, what went before.
Questions about ‘Internal and external questions about God’
Authors: DENG NATALJA
Published: November 2011

This article is an evaluation of Le Poidevin's use of Carnap's stance on ontology within the philosophy of religion. Le Poidevin claims that (1) theists need to take God to be a putative entitywithin space-timein order for their claim that God exists to be meaningful, and that (2) instrumentalism about theology is viable. I argue that although Le Poidevin's response to Carnap's argument is no less problematic than that argument itself, his position is in fact thoroughly un-Carnapian. The upshot is that his discussion provides some support to atheism, but none to either of his two official conclusions.
A monograph of Dolerotheca Halle, and related complex permineralised medullosan pollen organs
Authors: Rothwell Gar W. , Eggert Donald A.
Published: November 2011

Numerous permineralised, complex medullosan pollen organs are described from Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian sediments of North America. Together with a reinvestigation of type specimens for the previously described species, these provide the basis for fully characterising internal structure and external morphology, and for recognising structural homologies among all medullosan synangia. All medullosan pollen organs, simple and complex, can be interpreted as consisting of sporangial tubes that are embedded in parenchymatous and sclerenchymatous ground tissue, and that have vascular bundles within the parenchymatous tissue. The sporangial tubes are arranged in a single series, usually a ring, with parenchymatous ground tissues and vascular bundles to the outside of the ring and sclerenchymatous ground tissue to the inside of the ring. In the larger, complex forms the ring is plicately folded and there may be a centrally-placed hollow in the distal surface. Differences in morphology, in the folding pattern of the rings, in the structure (or absence) of a distal hollow, and in architecture of the major vascular system are employed to delimit genera. Size and shape of the organ, histological features, numbers of sporangia, and presence or absence of lacunae are used to delineate species. Currently recognised genera are Dolerotheca Halle, Sullitheca Stidd et al., Stewartiotheca Eggert and Rothwell, and Bernaultia gen. nov.
SOME EXTENSIONS OF THE RESIDUAL LIFETIME AND ITS CONNECTION TO THE CUMULATIVE RESIDUAL ENTROPY
Authors: Kapodistria Stella , Psarrakos Georgios
Published: November 2011

In this article we present a sequence of random variables with weighted tail distribution functions, constructed based on the relevation transform. For this sequence, we prove several recursive formulas and connections to the residual entropy through the unifying framework of the Dickson–Hipp operator. We also give some numerical examples to evaluate our results.
Factors driving lexical variation in L2 French: A variationist study of automobile, auto, voiture, char and machine
Authors: NADASDI TERRY , MOUGEON RAYMOND , REHNER KATHERINE
Published: November 2011

Our paper examines lexical variation in the spoken French of second language learners and focuses on words referring to the notion of ‘automobile’ (i.e.,automobile,auto,voiture,charandmachine). Results reveal that while students do follow the native speaker pattern of using the neutral variantautoin most instances, they diverge from native speakers by making no use of the vernacular formcharand relatively high use of the prestige variantvoiture. The principal external factors that influence variant choice are students' home language and the representation of variants in the input to which students are exposed.
Relative formal topology: the binary positivity predicate comes first
Authors: VALENTINI SILVIO
Published: November 2011

In this paper we introduce relative formal topology so that we can deal constructively with the closed subsets of a topological space as well as with the open ones. In fact, within standard formal topology, the cover relation allows the definition of the formal opens, which are supposed to act as the formal counterparts of the open subsets, and within balanced formal topology, the binary positivity predicate allows the definition of the formal closed subsets, which are supposed to act as the formal counterparts of the closed subsets. However, these approaches are only fully satisfactory (according to the criterion introduced by the author in Valentini (2005)) if we can provide an adequate formalisation of the cover relation and the positivity predicate. But current formalisations fail in this respect since some intuitionistically valid relations between the open and closed subsets of a concrete topological space cannot be expressed. Our central result is that we can solve this problem through a generalisation of the standard cover relation together with a binary positivity predicate satisfying the positivity axiom.
Validity of Affect Measurements in Evaluating Symptom Reporting in Athletes
Authors: Ramanathan Deepa M. , Rabinowitz Amanda R. , Barwick Fiona H. , Arnett Peter A.
Published: November 2011

Identifying factors that improve the assessment of athletes’ psychological functioning is imperative to make proper return-to-play decisions following concussion. Prior research indicates that an individual's affect is related to symptom reporting. The present study examines two novel methods of affect assessment in college athletes at baseline participating in a sports-concussion management program. A total of 256 athletes completed a neuropsychological baseline battery with measurements of psychological symptoms (BDI-Fast Screen, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, and ImPact Total Symptom Score) and a measure of affective memory bias (the Affective Verbal Learning Test; AVLT). Examiners completed an observation-based rating of affect. Multivariate analysis of variance and χ2 analyses were conducted to examine the effect of affect on symptom reports. Examiners’ Affect Ratings were predictive of broad symptom reporting, while the performance based index of affect (Affective Verbal Learning Test, AVLT) was more predictive of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that performance on the AVLT may be a useful indicator of self-reported depression in a collegiate athlete sample. Additionally, these results demonstrate that examiners’ behavioral assessments of affect are important in the assessment of psychological functioning in athletes. Continued work should focus on developing objective measures that are sensitive and valid for the evaluation of outcomes from concussion. (JINS, 2012, 18, 101–107)
INSIDE MONEY IN GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM: DOES IT MATTER FOR MONETARY POLICY?
Authors: Stracca Livio
Published: November 2011

This paper analyzes the role and importance of “inside” money, made out of commercial banks' liabilities, for a New Keynesian model of the type commonly used for monetary policy analysis. The active role of inside money stems from its unique role in allowing payment for at least some consumption goods; shocks to the production of inside money may therefore have real effects. A calibrated version of the model is shown to generate small, but nonnegligible effects of inside money shocks on output and inflation. Moreover, the presence of inside money in the model leads to a slight attenuation of the effect of technology and monetary policy shocks. Finally, it is found that it is optimal for monetary policy to react to inside money shocks, but reacting to inflation alone does not result in a significant loss of household welfare.
Pharmacological targets in the ubiquitin system offer new ways of treating cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases
Authors: Edelmann Mariola J. , Nicholson Benjamin , Kessler Benedikt M.
Published: November 2011

Recent advances in the development and discovery of pharmacological interventions within the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) have uncovered an enormous potential for possible novel treatments of neurodegenerative disease, cancer, immunological disorder and microbial infection. Interference with proteasome activity, although initially considered unlikely to be exploitable clinically, has already proved to be very effective against haematological malignancies, and more specific derivatives that target subsets of proteasomes are emerging. Recent small-molecule screens have revealed inhibitors against ubiquitin-conjugating and -deconjugating enzymes, many of which have been evaluated for their potential use as therapeutics, either as single agents or in synergy with other drugs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the characterisation of novel UPS modulators (in particular, inhibitors of ubiquitin-conjugating and -deconjugating enzymes) and how they pave the way towards new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of proteotoxic disease, cancer and microbial infection.
A PROBABILISTIC SEMANTICS FOR COUNTERFACTUALS. PART A
Authors: LEITGEB HANNES
Published: November 2011

This is part A of a paper in which we defend a semantics for counterfactuals which is probabilistic in the sense that the truth condition for counterfactuals refers to a probability measure. Because of its probabilistic nature, it allows a counterfactual ‘ifAthenB’ to be true even in the presence of relevant ‘Aand notB’-worlds, as long such exceptions are not too widely spread. The semantics is made precise and studied in different versions which are related to each other by representation theorems. Despite its probabilistic nature, we show that the semantics and the resulting system of logic may be regarded as a naturalistically vindicated variant of David Lewis’ truth-conditional semantics and logic of counterfactuals. At the same time, the semantics overlaps in various ways with the non-truth-conditional suppositional theory for conditionals that derives from Ernest Adams’ work. We argue that counterfactuals have two kinds of pragmatic meanings and come attached with two types of degrees of acceptability or belief, one being suppositional, the other one being truth based as determined by our probabilistic semantics; these degrees could not always coincide due to a new triviality result for counterfactuals, and they should not be identified in the light of their different interpretation and pragmatic purpose. However, for plain assertability the difference between them does not matter. Hence, if the suppositional theory of counterfactuals is formulated with sufficient care, our truth-conditional theory of counterfactuals is consistent with it. The results of our investigation are used to assess a claim considered by Hawthorne and Hájek, that is, the thesis that most ordinary counterfactuals are false.
4-Channel, time-domain measurement system using track and hold amplifier for the characterization and linearization of high-power amplifiers
Authors: Ahmed Sajjad , Saad El Dine Mohammad , Neveux Guillaume , Reveyrand Tibault , Barataud Denis , Nebus Jean-Michel
Published: November 2011

We propose in this paper a 4-channel time-domain test bench for the characterization and linearity enhancement of microwave power amplifiers (PAs). The proposed time-domain measurement system utilizes four track and hold amplifiers (THAs) for direct subsampling of radiofrequency (RF) signals. The use of wideband THAs to replace samplers or mixers enables reducing analog IF circuit complexity. It permits direct digitization of RF signals like CW, two-tone and pulsed modulated signals, bringing more flexibility in the receiver's performance by enhancing the dynamic range and bandwidth. This test bench is capable of completely extracting the phase, amplitude, and transfer characteristics of non-linear devices excited with CW or modulated RF signals. In this work, two-tone transfer characteristics of a 50 W GaN HEMT Nitronex PA were extracted and processed for applying digital pre-distortion linearization to enhance linearity performance. Time-domain envelope and carrier waveforms (voltage and current) along with third-order inter-modulation distortion (IMD) products with and without digital pre-distortion scheme are also presented.
Trust – a Subject for Social Neuroscience?
Authors: Schipper Marc , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2011

The term trust has its roots in psychology and the social sciences, it stands for a complex construct having a high relevance in certain domains, ranging from everyday-live issues over sociology and medicine to economics, law and politics. To a certain extend it plays a crucial role in all social interactions, displaying its enormous societal relevance. In the last years a new research domain emerged, referred to as ‘Social Neuroscience’. Within this domain many intriguing findings have been made regarding the neural basis of social behavior. In this review we want to present what is known about the neural mechanisms underlying trust and present ideas on how social neuroscientific research can improve our understanding of this important social phenomenon and its dysfunctions, focusing on interpersonal trust. Especially the integration of social-neuroscientific methods with clinical and developmental psychological paradigms should provide new insights into the biology and development of trust and distrust.
The changes in near‐surface ozone and precursors at two nearby tropical sites during annular solar eclipse of 15 January 2010
Authors: Girach I. A. , Nair Prabha R. , David Liji Mary , Hegde Prashant , Mishra Manoj Kumar , Kumar G. Mohan , Das S. Murali , Ojha N. , Naja M.
Published: November 2011

Studies on the solar eclipse–induced changes in near‐surface ozone and its precursors NOx and CO were carried out at two nearby tropical coastal locations, Thumba (very close to the sea) and the Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), which is 4.5 km off the Thumba coast and with varying topography, during the annular eclipse of 15 January 2010. The surface ozone decreased by 12 and 13 ppb (35% and 52%) over Thumba and CESS, with the time lag of 40 min and 25 min from the maximum phase of eclipse, respectively, and at CESS, post‐eclipse recovery was faster compared to Thumba. No pronounced change was observed in NOx, but CO showed an enhancement toward the ending phase of the eclipse. The diurnal patterns of ozone and their differences at the two sites were strongly dependent on local meteorology, in particular, the mesoscale dynamics and topography. While the temperature decreased by 1.2°C at Thumba, the decrease was almost double (∼2.1°C) at CESS. The early fall in temperature caused the early setting in of land‐breeze (post‐eclipse effect), which in turn triggered an early evening decrease in near‐surface ozone compared to the control conditions. The present study points to the role of mesoscale meteorology/dynamics in controlling the evolution of solar eclipse–induced changes in ozone in a relatively clean environment. The chemical box model simulations reproduced these broad features: a percentage decrease and the time lag in surface ozone. The observation of total column ozone showed a decrease and fluctuations, after the eclipse maximum.
Effect of irrigation regimes on mobilization of nonreactive tracers and dissolved and particulate phosphorus in slurry‐injected soils
Authors: Glæsner Nadia , Kjaergaard Charlotte , Rubæk Gitte H. , Magid Jakob
Published: November 2011

Understanding the mobilization processes of phosphorus (P) in the plow layer are essential to quantify potential P losses and suggest management strategies to reduce P losses. This study is aimed at examining nonequilibrium exchange dynamics on the mobilization of slurry‐amended Br−, and dissolved and particulate P in slurry‐injected soils. We compared leaching from intact soil columns (20 cm diam., 20 cm high) under unsaturated flow (suction at the lower boundary of 5 hPa) subjected to continuous irrigation at 2 mm hr−1, and intermittent irrigation at 2 mm hr−1 and 10 mm hr−1 to with interruptions of 10 h duration simulate periodic precipitation events. Suction was increased to 20 hPa during interruptions to allow drainage of the largest pores. Irrigation interruptions induced fluctuations in leaching of nonreactive tracers, particles, and particulate P indicating nonequilibrium transport. A nonreactive tracer, 3H2O, applied with irrigation water, diffused from mobile to less mobile pore regions during interruptions, leading to a lower mass recovery during low‐intermittent (76.4%) compared with continuous irrigation (86.6%). In contrast, mass recovery of slurry‐injected Br− increased as Br− diffused from less mobile to mobile pore regions during low‐intermittent (53%–64%) compared with continuous irrigation (42%–47%). Despite high fluctuations during the leaching of particles and particulate P during low‐intermittent irrigation, accumulated values did not differ from continuous irrigation. Increased preferential flow during high‐intermittent irrigation lowered the mass exchange between pore regions of nonreactive tracers, particles, and particulate P compared with low‐intermittent irrigation. The leaching of dissolved inorganic and organic P was low during all of the experiments and scarcely affected by the irrigation regime. These results highlight that nonequilibrium exchange dynamics are important when evaluating processes affecting mobilization and transport in structured soils. Leaching experiments, including cycles of irrigation interruptions and gravitational drainage, thus, adds significantly to the understanding and interpretation of processes affecting mobilization and transport under natural conditions.
The activity level of a microbial community function can be predicted from its metatranscriptome
Authors: Helbling Damian E , Ackermann Martin , Fenner Kathrin , Kohler Hans-Peter E , Johnson David R
Published: November 2011

The objective of this work was to improve our understanding of the quantitative predictive capabilities of metatranscriptomics. To meet this objective, we investigated whether we can predict the activity level of a specific biochemical function based on the abundance of the corresponding gene transcript within measured community metatranscriptomes. In addition, we investigated the lower limit of a microorganism's abundance that still allows detection of its transcripts within a metatranscriptome and prediction of the activity levels of the enzyme encoded by the transcript. To do this, we amended an undefined microbial community with varying fractions of an Escherichia coli strain that can catalyze a specific transformation reaction for the herbicide atrazine. We observed a linear and proportional relationship between the activity level of the transformation reaction and the abundance of its associated encoding transcript down to an E. coli cell density of 0.05% of the population.
Mode of Consumption Plays a Role in Alleviating Hunger and Thirst
Authors: Martens Mieke J.I. , Westerterp‐Plantenga Margriet S.
Published: November 2011

While studying the effect of structure on satiety, effects of mode of consumption, additional water to drink, and thirst have been neglected. The objective was to assess effects of structure, mode of consumption of food, and additional drinking of water on fullness and thirst. In study 1, 20 subjects (BMI 22.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2; age 21.4 ± 3 years) underwent consumption conditions; SEW: solids to eat + 750 ml water to drink; LEW: liquefied soup to eat including 500 ml water + 250 ml water separately to drink; LDW: the same as LEW but served as drinks; SE, LE, and LD: the same as previous but without water to drink. In study 2, a subset of subjects underwent consumption conditions: solid carbohydrate, solid protein, solid fat: the same as SEW, but for each macronutrient separately; liquefied carbohydrate, liquefied protein, liquefied fat: the same as LEW, but for each macronutrient separately. Appetite, insulin concentration, glucose concentration, and ghrelin concentration were measured. Eating, independent of structure, suppressed desire to eat more than drinking (P < 0.01). Drinking water separately vs. water consumption in the food suppressed thirst more (P < 0.001). Regarding protein, satiety was higher in the solid vs. liquefied condition, while blood parameters were not significantly different. Only after drinking a meal most subjects (80%) wanted to consume more of the same meal, in order to alleviate hunger (63%) or quench thirst (37%). We conclude that mode of consumption plays a role in alleviating hunger and thirst. Subjects required further consumption after drinking the meal, motivated by hunger or thirst, showing that drinking a meal causes confusion that may imply a risk of overconsumption.
Abnormal actin binding of aberrant β-tropomyosins is a molecular cause of muscle weakness in TPM2-related nemaline and cap myopathy
Authors: Marttila Minttu , Lemola Elina , Wallefeld William , Memo Massimiliano , Donner Kati , Laing Nigel G. , Marston Steven , Grönholm Mikaela , Wallgren-Pettersson Carina
Published: November 2011

NM (nemaline myopathy) is a rare genetic muscle disorder defined on the basis of muscle weakness and the presence of structural abnormalities in the muscle fibres, i.e. nemaline bodies. The related disorder cap myopathy is defined by cap-like structures located peripherally in the muscle fibres. Both disorders may be caused by mutations in the TPM2 gene encoding β-Tm (tropomyosin). Tm controls muscle contraction by inhibiting actin–myosin interaction in a calcium-sensitive manner. In the present study, we have investigated the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying five disease-causing mutations in Tm. We show that four of the mutations cause changes in affinity for actin, which may cause muscle weakness in these patients, whereas two show defective Ca2+ activation of contractility. We have also mapped the amino acids altered by the mutation to regions important for actin binding and note that two of the mutations cause altered protein conformation, which could account for impaired actin affinity.
Dispersion curves of surface acoustic waves in a two-dimensional phononic crystal
Authors: Badreddine Assouar M. , Oudich Mourad
Published: November 2011

Reliable numerical simulations of band structure for surface acoustic waves propagating in a two-dimensional phononic crystal are reported. Through an efficient finite element method and specific boundary conditions, a theoretical approach allowing a direct computation of surface acoustic wave’s band structure for phononic crystal is proposed. Three types of phononic structures are investigated; fluid/solid, solid/solid, and air connected stubbed substrate. Using sound cone limitation, calculated results show the propagation of surface acoustic waves in the nonradiative region of the substrate. In addition, the modal displacements of the original guided surface modes supported by the studied structures are computed showing their original characteristics.
Improved amorphous/crystalline silicon interface passivation by hydrogen plasma treatment
Authors: Descoeudres A. , Barraud L. , De Wolf Stefaan , Strahm B. , Lachenal D. , Guérin C. , Holman Z. C. , Zicarelli F. , Demaurex B. , Seif J. , Holovsky J. , Ballif C.
Published: November 2011

Silicon heterojunction solar cells have high open-circuit voltages thanks to excellent passivation of the wafer surfaces by thin intrinsic amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We show a dramatic improvement in passivation when H2 plasma treatments are used during film deposition. Although the bulk of the a-Si:H layers is slightly more disordered after H2 treatment, the hydrogenation of the wafer/film interface is nevertheless improved with as-deposited layers. Employing H2 treatments, 4 cm2 heterojunction solar cells were produced with industry-compatible processes, yielding open-circuit voltages up to 725 mV and aperture area efficiencies up to 21%.
Continuous-wave operation above room temperature of GaSb-based laser diodes grown on Si
Authors: Reboul J. R. , Cerutti L. , Rodriguez J. B. , Grech P. , Tournié E.
Published: November 2011

We have investigated specifically designed GaSb-based laser diodes epitaxially grown on a Si substrate. We demonstrate continuous-wave operation of these laser diodes emitting near 2 μm up to 35 °C with several mW/facet output powers, limited by our experimental setup. Our results open the way to direct monolithic III-V/Si integration.
Microcavity effects in SiGe/Si heterogeneous nanostructures prepared by electrochemical anodization of SiGe/Si multiple quantum wells
Authors: Pan S. W. , Zhou B. , Chen Rui , Chen S. Y. , Li Cheng , Huang Wei , Lai H. K. , Sun H. D.
Published: November 2011

We present the systematic investigations of the microcavity effects from SiGe/Si heterogeneous nanorods (HNRs) prepared by electrochemical anodization of SiGe/Si multiple quantum wells. Visible photoluminescence (PL) emission with narrow bandwidth is observed because of the wavelength selective effect of the microcavity. The resonance of the microcavity is confirmed by the temperature dependent PL measurement, which is consistent with the prediction from the thermo-optic effect. Furthermore, electroluminescence from the ITO/i-SiGe/Si HNR/n−-Si diode shows multiple peak emissions under low current density, which is in good agreement with the PL results.
High-resolution single-mode fiber-optic distributed Raman sensor for absolute temperature measurement using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors
Authors: Tanner Michael G. , Dyer Shellee D. , Baek Burm , Hadfield Robert H. , Woo Nam Sae
Published: November 2011

We demonstrate a distributed fiber Raman sensor for absolute temperature measurement with spatial resolution on the order of 1 cm at 1550 nm wavelength in a single-mode fiber using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Rapid measurements are shown, with less than 60 s integration period, allowing the demonstration of temperature evolution in an optical fiber recorded at over 100 resolvable, 1.2 cm spaced positions along the fiber simultaneously. This distributed sensor has potential application as a primary reference standard, in which high-accuracy, high-spatial-resolution temperature measurements can be obtained without the need for a separate temperature calibration standard.
Improved model of quasi-particle turbulence (with applications to Alfvén and drift wave turbulence)
Authors: Mendonça J. T. , Hizanidis K.
Published: November 2011

We consider the classical problem of wave stability and dispersion in a turbulent plasma background. We adopt a kinetic description for the quasi-particle turbulence. We describe an improved theoretical approach, which goes beyond the geometric optics approximation and retains the recoil effects associated with the emission and absorption of low frequency waves by nearly resonant quasi-particles. We illustrate the present approach by considering two particular examples. One is the excitation of zonal flows by drift wave turbulence or driftons. The other is the coupling between ion acoustic waves and Alfvén wave turbulence, eventually leading to saturation of Alfvén wave growth. Both examples are relevant to anomalous transport in magnetic fusion devices. Connection with previous results is established. We show that these results are recovered in the geometric optics approximation.
Sensitivity analysis of dense gas flow simulations to thermodynamic uncertainties
Authors: Cinnella Paola , Marco Congedo Pietro , Pediroda Valentino , Parussini Lucia
Published: November 2011

The paper investigates the sensitivity of numerically computed flow fields to uncertainties in thermodynamic models for complex organic fluids. Precisely, the focus is on the propagation of uncertainties introduced by some popular thermodynamic models to the numerical results of a computational fluid dynamics solver for flows of molecularly complex gases close to saturation conditions (dense gas flows). A tensorial-expanded chaos collocation method is used to perform both a priori and a posteriori tests on the output data generated by thermodynamic models for dense gases with uncertain input parameters. A priori tests check the sensitivity of each equation of state to uncertain input data via some reference thermodynamic outputs, such as the saturation curve and the critical isotherm. A posteriori tests investigate how the uncertainties propagate to the computed field properties and aerodynamic coefficients for a flow around an airfoil placed into a transonic dense gas stream.
Novel coherent two-dimensional optical spectroscopy probes of chirality exchange and fluctuations in molecules
Authors: Šanda František , Mukamel Shaul
Published: November 2011

We demonstrate how stochastic transitions between molecular configurations with opposite senses of chirality may be probed by 2D optical signals with specific pulse polarization configurations. The third-order optical response of molecular dimers (such as biphenyls) with dynamical axial chirality is calculated to order of k2 in the wavevector of light. Spectroscopic signatures of equilibrium chirality fluctuations are predicted for three dynamical models (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, two-state jump, and diffusion in double well) of the dihedral angle that controls the chirality.
Resonant generation of internal waves by short length scale topography
Authors: Stastna Marek
Published: November 2011

We consider the resonant generation of internal waves by small-amplitude topography with multiple local maxima. We demonstrate that for near-critical inflows, the initial resonant generation process is locked to the topography. However, the process undergoes a profound reorganization in the long time limit, and over the topography yields waves with an amplitude that is larger than the theoretical maximum for waves far upstream. For subcritical flows, we demonstrate that short length-scale topography can successfully generate finite amplitude, quasi-periodic mode-1 waves, but that the most energetic of these are confined to the region over and downstream of the topography. We demonstrate that, due to the inherently shorter length scale of higher mode solitary waves, subcritical flows over short topography can generate mode-2 waves even for stratifications whose center is well removed from the mid-depth. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results to slowly changing currents such as tides, namely that periods of near critical flow dominate wave generation.