bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ORAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMAS. An Ultrastructural Study of the Vessels
Authors: Andersen Lis , Fejerskov Ole , Theilade Jørgen
Published: August 2010

Eight peripheral and 2 central oral giant cell granulomas have been studied in the electron microscope in order to examine the structure and nature of the vessels. The vascular wall was composed of a continuous layer of endothelial cells resting on a basal lamina, which was frequently multilayered. The lamina also surrounded scattered subjacent pericytes. The endothelial cells overlapped slightly so as to form narrow intercellular spaces. Based on these observations the vessels are supposed to be postcapillary venules. Dark cells exhibiting degenerative features were encountered in the endothelial lining of most vessels. Small gaps and larger defects in the vascular lining allowed direct continuity between the lumen and the perivascular tissue. It is suggested that the extreme extravasation of red blood cells frequently observed in oral giant cell granulomas may be mediated through this incomplete lining.
FIBRINOID NECROSIS OF LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELLS.
Authors: Sümegi I.
Published: August 2010

By means of different histological and histochemical investigations and fluorescence microscopy it has been possible to demonstrate fibrinoid necrosis of parenchymal liver cells in cases of delayed chloroform death and in septic, toxic and infectious hepatitis. This type of necrosis has previously been observed only in connective tissue and in vessel walls, in particular in collagenoses. It was also possible to provoke this type of liver cell necrosis in animal experiments. Reference has been made to differences in the chemical composition of the fibrinoid substance and to relations to other related substances (amyloid, keratin, fibrin). The importance of fluorescence microscopic investigations with fluorochromes, using Novelli's method, and with certain other procedures is emphasized.
ENZYMATIC HETEROGENEITY OF GRANULES IN HUMAN LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Lundgren E. , Roos G. , Tärnvik A.
Published: August 2010

Homogenates of highly purified polymorphonuclear leucocytes and of a mixture of mononuclear leucocytes and platelets from human blood were separated by differential and isopyknic centrifugation. A heterogeneity in granules containing digesting enzymes was found in both cell preparations. Enzymes typical of lysosomes were found in the two cell preparations in a similar density range. Granules of low density were indicated in polymorphonuclear leucocytes by alkaline phosphatase. In both cell preparations a third granule, of lower density, seemed to exist enriched in amino acid naphthylamidase, acid hydrolases and in polymorphonuclear leucocytes also alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme. A remarkable difference between the two cell preparations was the occurrence of amino acid napthylamidase in denser granules of polymorphonuclear leucocytes only, although the nature of these granules could not be determined.
INFLUENCE OF NEONATAL THYMECTOMY ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND HYPERTENSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE IN RATS WITH RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Svendsen Ulrik Gerner
Published: August 2010

The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the degree and prognosis of hypertension and on the vascular lesions in rats with renal hypertension was studied. There were no differences between thymectomized and sham operated hypertensive rats. The degree of hypertension, the frequency of spontaneous death and heart infarcts were the same in both groups. The occurrence and degree of perivascular cell infiltrations, deposits of perivascular connective tissue and fibrinoid degenerations of the media were found to be the same in both the thymectomized and the sham operated hypertensive animals. The results do not support the assumption that delayed type immune reactions are important in the pathogenesis of hypertensive vascular disease in renal hypertensive rats.
SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS FROM OBSTRUCTED AND NON‐OBSTRUCTED UPPER URINARY TRACT:
Authors: Winblad B. , Duchek M.
Published: August 2010

As part of an experimental study of the spread of urogenital tuberculosis, male guinea pigs were inoculated with tubercle bacilli (H37Rv) in the upper part of the ureter. Half of the animals were prepared by ligature of the ureter below the injection site prior to inoculation. Spread of the infection to the lower urinary tract and the genitalia occurred whether the ureter was intact or ligated. It is concluded that lymphatic spread is possible and seems to be more common than urinary (canalicular) spread.
HEALING OF A CRUSH INJURY IN RAT STRIATED MUSCLE
Authors: Järvinen Markku , Sorvari Tapani
Published: August 2010

In this report an apparatus is described which can quickly and reliably induce a standard crushing injury in a desired location of rat calf muscle without tearing the skin. To test the constancy of injury caused by the apparatus, both hind legs of rats were traumatized. Two days after traumatization, the rats were killed and the hind legs were inspected macroscopically and microscopically following prior formalin fixation. The breaking strength of the muscles was measured immediately after traumatization. In every case, the injury totally penetrated the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, but never damaged the whole jumping complex of muscles (gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus). Both the location and the dimensions of the wound as well as the breaking strength of the injured muscles remained inside such narrow limits that the trauma can be regarded as constant.
THE EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN INFUSION, SODIUM LOADING AND SODIUM RESTRICTION ON THE RENAL AND CARDIAC ADRENERGIC NERVES
Authors: Ljungqvist Arne
Published: August 2010

The renal and cardiac adrenergic nerve patterns in rats infused with large and small amounts of angiotensin and in rats given NaCl plus DOCA, NaCl alone, and salt‐free diets were examined by the histochemical fluorescence method. Infusion of small amounts of angiotensin led to a persistent blood pressure elevation whereas infusion of large amounts of angiotensin resulted in a transient rise in blood pressure, probably due to the development of tachyphylaxis. Nerve patterns were found to be normal in angiotensin‐infused rats and in rats given NaCl. In rats given NaCl plus DOCA and in rats subjected to salt restriction, a partial or complete disappearance of the transmitter of the adrenergic nerve terminals were recorded. The findings suggest that angiotensin in itself is incapable of inducing visible alterations in the transmitter content of the terminals. The findings agree with the view that angiotensin potentiates a norepinephrine depletion of the terminals during sympathetic activity, since it can be assumed that increased plasma angiotensin levels as well as various degrees of increased sympathetic tonus were present in the rats subjected to salt restriction. The similar effect on the nerve terminals produced by the combined NaCl and DOCA administration is consistent with earlier reports of an increased turnover of norepinephrine in animals thus treated.
VARIATION IN DISTRIBUTION OF ANTRAL GASTRIN CELLS
Authors: Asnæs Stig , Johansen Aage
Published: August 2010

Using immunoperoxidase technique a considerable variation in the number of antral gastrin cells was demonstrated in patients with atrophic gastritis. This variation must be taken in consideration when the number of gastrin cells is to be estimated on the basis of gastric biopsies.
IDENTIFICATION OF CELLS WITH PANCREATIC‐TYPE AND GUT‐TYPE GLUCAGON IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE HUMAN COLON
Authors: Knudsen J. B. , Holst J. J. , Asnæs S. , Johansen Aa.
Published: August 2010

The existence of cells with pancreatic‐type glucagon and gut‐type glucagon immunoreactivity is for the first time demonstrated in the human colon using immunohistochemical techniques and specific antisera.
LOSS OF EPITHELIAL BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS A AND B IN ORAL PREMALIGNANT LESIONS
Authors: Dabelsteen E. , Roed‐Petersen B. , Pindborg J. J.
Published: August 2010

Tissue from 40 oral premalignant lesions were investigated for the presence of blood group antigens A and B. The material included 18 leukoplakias, 1 erythroplakia, and 3 lichen planus, all with varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia, and 18 leukoplakias without histological evidence of impending malignancy. Thirty‐eight benign keratotic oral mucosal lesions were included as a control group. The antigens were demonstrated by a double layer immunofluorescence technique, and the reactivity was compared, by titration, to the reactivity of adjacent normal epithelium from the same patient. All 22 lesions with dysplasia showed decreased reactivity for blood group antigen. Among the 18 leukoplakias without any signs of impending malignancy 4 cases demonstrated loss of antigen reactivity. None of 38 benign control lesions showed any change in antigen reactivity as compared to normal adjacent epithelium.
POSTMORTEM FINDINGS IN PRIMARY FAMILIAL AMYLOIDOSIS WITH POLYNEUROPATHY
Authors: Hofer P.‐Å. , Andersson R.
Published: August 2010

The pathology of primary familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy is described on the basis of post‐mortem examination of six cases from Northern Sweden. Clinically the disease is characterized by progressive sensory and motor disturbances with loss of sensation, muscular wasting and flaccid paralysis. Impotence, urinary bladder dysfunction, motility disturbances of the gastro‐intestinal tract and postural hypotension indicate affection of the autonomic nervous system as well. Malabsorption, cardiac insufficiency and vitreous opacites also occur. As regards the distribution of amyloid, the following findings seemed to be characteristic. Usually there were no gross lesions indicating the amyloid disease. Histopathologically, amyloid deposits were observed in great extent in the peripheral nervous system and in various parts of the peripheral autonomic nervous system as well. It occurred extensively in the walls of blood vessels of various calibres, in the perivascular collagenous connective tissue and adjacent to the smooth musculature. Amyloid deposition was also found more or less abundantly in various other organs and tissues. No deposits, however, or only insignificant amounts, were found in the central nervous system, either in the parenchyma of the liver, in the islets of Langerhans, or in the bone marrow. Clinical manifestations seemed to be related to the local deposition of the amyloid substance. Our clinical and pathological findings in this particular type of familial amyloidosis conformed mostly to those previously described.
MYXOVIRUS‐LIKE STRUCTURES IN THE GLOMERULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL CYTOPLASM IN CANINE NEPHRITIS
Authors: Krohn Kai , Sandholm Markus
Published: August 2010

Electron microscopic examinations revealed the presence of myxovirus‐like tubular structures, 200Å in diameter, in the endothelial cytoplasm of the glomeruli in four dogs with chronic interstitial nephritis and in one healthy control dog. The structures were found inside the endoplasmic reticulum and in some longitudinal sections, the tubuli seemed to have a helical or spiral substructure. The morphology and cellular localization of the structures resembled those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus in man, and in cultures of cells from tissue infected with canine distemper. Precipitating canine distemper virus antibodies were not in evidence in dogs in which such structures were demonstrable by electron microscopy while these antibodies were found in other dogs.
INFLUENCE OF THYMECTOMY, TRANSFER OF THYMUS AND BONE MARROW CELLS AND TREATMENT WITH THYMOSIN ON THE DEPRESSED SPLENIC RELEASE OF LYMPHOCYTES INTO THE BLOOD AFTER IRRADIATION
Authors: Ernström Ulf , Sandberg Göran , Björkholm Magnus
Published: August 2010

The content of lymphocytes in blood samples from the splenic vein and the splenic artery of guinea pigs was determined and the veno‐arterial difference in number of cells was used as measure of the net release of cells from the spleen into the blood. The splenic release of lymphocytes was reduced after whole body irradiation with 300 rad. This reduction could partly be prevented by transfusion of bone marrow cells after irradiation, 106 cells being the most effective dose. In thymectomized, irradiated animals the restoration of the splenic release of lymphocytes after irradiation was impaired in comparison with sham‐operated animals. In the thymectomized animals the transfusion of 106 thymus cells had a restitutive effect on the splenic release of lymphocytes, while transfusion of bone marrow cells or daily treatments with thymosin, alone or combined with transfusion of bone marrow cells, had no such restitutive effect. The results indicate that restoration of the splenic release of lymphocytes into the blood after irradiation is thymus dependent and probably caused by a traffic of lymphocytes from the thymus to the spleen.
THYMIC CARCINOID
Authors: Sundström C. , Wilander E.
Published: August 2010

A case of thymic carcinoid appearing in a 56‐year‐old man is presented. No endocrine disturbances were apparent. Mediastinal lymph node metastases were found at operation. The tumour was positive with Grimelius argyrophil silver stain. Ultrastructurally neurosecretory granules were seen.
HETEROTRANSPLANTATION OF A HUMAN MAMMARY CARCINOMA TO THE MOUSE MUTANT NUDE
Authors: Spang‐Thomsen M.
Published: August 2010

A human mammary carcinoma was heterotransplanted to athymic nude mice. Viable tumour tissue was maintained throughout the observation periods which, because of the limited life span of nude mice, were relatively short; in one animal surviving for a longer period, actual tumour growth was observed. It is concluded that human mammary carcinoma is capable of growing in nude mice but, because of the frequently low growth rate of these tumours, prolonged periods of observation are required in order to reveal such growth.
REPAIR IN ARTERIAL TISSUE. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF EVANS BLUE VITAL STAINED EMBOLECTOMY CATHETER LESION OF THE RABBIT THORACIC AORTA
Authors: Christensen B. Collatz , Chemnitz J. , Tkocz I.
Published: August 2010

The rabbit thoracic aorta was studied by EM and vital staining with Evans blue at varied points of time after a single lesion produced by an embolectomy catheter. EM of white areas: the surface cells of the myo‐intimal thickening resembled endothelial cells with a discrete occurrence of microfilaments inside the plasma‐membranes and rather differentiated flap‐like junctions. EM of blue areas: the surface cells resembled modified smooth muscle cells with a heavily contrasted zone just inside the luminal plasma membrane containing closely packed microfilaments. The cell contacts either were missing, or they presented undifferentiated side‐to‐side contacts.
DIABETIC CARDIOPATHY.
Authors: Ledet Thomas
Published: August 2010

A quantitative morphological study, at light microscopical level, of hearts from young diabetics and nondiabetics was performed. The groups were comparable with respect to sex‐ratio, age, heart weight and blood pressure. Findings in the hearts were as follows: In arterioles in which the luminal diameter ranged between 15–50 μ, a strongly PAS‐positive stained vessel wall occurred at a higher frequency among diabetics than among non‐diabetics (75 per cent respectively 33 per cent). The PAS‐positive structures, however, occupied the same area of the vessel wall in the two groups. In arterioles from diabetics, the number of cells in tunica media was increased as compared with that in non‐diabetics (2p<0.01). The amount of perivascular connective tissue was also increased in the diabetics (2p<0.01). There was no indication of an endothelial cell proliferation in the PAS‐positive stained vessels from diabetics and non‐diabetics.—The wall of the capillaries was not thickened and it was not more PAS‐positive in the hearts from diabetics than in those from non‐diabetics. Moreover, the number of capillaries per square millimeter of heart muscle was the same in the two groups of hearts. In the present light microscopical study, the diabetic micro‐angiopathy of the heart was demonstrable in the arterioles. The capillaropathy known to occur in other organs was not present in the heart muscle from patients with diabetes of long standing.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER FROM BODY FLUIDS:
Authors: Krivinkova H. , Pontén J. , Blöndal T.
Published: August 2010

A consecutive series of 70 exudates from 45 patients with clinically suspected malignancy was examined by cytology, cytophotometric measurement of DNA, short‐term cell culture, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In seven patients (21 fluids), the presence of malignant disease was verified. Malignant and benign cases were correctly diagnosed by combination of cytology nad DNA analyses. An abnormal DNA profile defined by >10 per cent cells with >2c DNA or single cells with >8c DNA was only seen in malignant exudates. Short‐term cell culture with scanning electron microscopy could distinguish between lymphoid cells, histiocytes, fibroblasts, mesothelial cells and cancer cells. Only cancer cells had prominent microvilli on their surface. A future larger series will explore whether a combination of cytology and cytophotometric DNA estimation alone will improve the diagnostic accuracy to the same substantial degree as this pilot study would suggest.
EVIDENCE FOR AN INITIAL, THYMUS INDEPENDENT AND A CHRONIC, THYMUS DEPENDENT PHASE OF DOCA AND SALT HYPERTENSION IN MICE
Authors: Svendsen Ulrik Gerner
Published: August 2010

Treatment with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and 1 per cent saline as drinking water for 21 days caused a significant and similar increase in blood pressure in haired mice, with a normal thymus function, as in nude mice with genetical aplasia of the thymus. After 57 and 78 days there was, however, a significantly more pronounced increase in blood pressure in haired than in nude mice. A marked degree of round cell infiltration around intrarenal vessels and degenerative changes including wedge‐shaped infarcts were observed in the kidneys of the haired mice, commencing after 57 days of treatment, while no such changes were found in nude mice. Thymus grafting in nude mice, successively treated with DOCA and salt, conferred the ability to react with chronic hypertension and intrarenal vascular disease, equal to the reaction seen in haired mice. The present investigation has provided evidence for the existence of an initial thymus independent and a chronic thymus dependent phase of DOCA and salt hypertension in mice. It still remains an unsolved problem whether the secondary blood pressure fall observed in nude athymic mice is a direct consequence of the lack of perivascular cellular immune reactions, or caused by other defects in this strain of mice.
G‐BAND ANALYSES OF A HUMAN INTESTINAL LEIOMYOSARCOMA
Authors: Mark J.
Published: August 2010

The chromosomes of a human intestinal leiomyosarcoma were studied by a direct method. The tumour had a hypodiploid stemline (S = 42) with both numerical and structural changes. These could be clarified using a G‐banding method. The evolutionary pattern in the sarcoma was reminiscent of that found earlier in human meningiomas.
PROLONGATION OF SURVIVAL OF RENAL XENOGRAFTS BY INFUSION OF DONOR BLOOD
Authors: Kemp Ejvind , Kemp Grethe , Jacobsen Ib Abildgaard , Lundborg Carl Johan
Published: August 2010

Renal xenotransplantation between cat (donor) and rabbit (recipient) leads to hyperacute rejection and destruction of the graft in a few hours. Infusion of donor blood to the recipient prolongs the graft survival considerably.
SPONTANEOUS MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN C57BL AND C3H MICE
Authors: Gad A. , Rowlatt C. , Sheriff M. U.
Published: August 2010

The mucosubstances in a series of 12 mammary carcinomas arising in C57BL mice were compared with those in tumours in nine C3H mice and with normal “resting” and lactating glands. A strain difference rather than a difference according to tumour type was found. The epithelial elements in the C57BL tumours contained mainly sialomucin with a little neutral mucosubstance and sulphomucin was present in some. Sulphated mucopolysaccharide was prominent in the stroma of these tumours. The C3H mice tumours contained no sulphomucin, less sialomucin but more neutral mucosubstance. The mucosubstances were studied in serial transplants of four tumours. An acid to neutral mucosubstance change with dedifferentiation of the tumour has been observed and found to be similar to a series of changes previously observed in a group of human gastrointestinal tumours.
INCREASED PERMEABILITY FOR PLASMA COMPONENTS OF THE CEREBRAL VESSELS DURING ACUTE ANGIOTENSIN HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Olsen Finn
Published: August 2010

Experimentally induced acute angiotensin hypertension has been shown to increase the permeability of cerebral arterioles, venules and veins to plasma components within a few hours. This increase in permeability was demonstrated by means of circulating homologous fluorescent serum proteins and colloidal carbon particles. The results support the view that an increased permeability of the cerebral vessels to plasma components is either a causal or an additional pathogenetic factor in the development of the hypertensive encephalopathy.
ALPHA‐1‐ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY
Authors: Reintoft Ingermarie
Published: August 2010

Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency of genotype PiZ was found in 15 persons (6.3 per cent) out of an autopsy series of 238. The hepatic tissue was screened after diastase digestion and PAS staining. The globules demonstrated thereby showed by the immunoperoxidase reaction an antigenic identity with alpha‐1‐antitrypsin. It is estimated that one of the persons was homozygous, the others heterozygous. Among the latter, pulmonary emphysema was rather more common than found previously, whereas the hepatic changes were not quite so pronounced.
DIFFERENTIAL STAINING OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS, UTILIZING BACTERIAL CHONDROITINASE AND CHONDROSULPHATASE
Authors: Kindblom Lars‐Gunnar , Karlsson Karin
Published: August 2010

A histochemical method for the differentiation of glucosaminoglycans, utilizing bacterial chondroitinase ABC and chondro‐4 and ‐6 sulphatases, and staining with Alcian blue, is presented. The method is applied on human tissues with known glucosaminoglycan content (ganglion cyst, umbilical cord, foetal cartilage, adult cartilage) and the results are compared with the results obtained by staining with Alcian blue at controlled pH levels, with or without prior digestion with bovine testicular hyaluronidase, and the Scott method, utilizing Alcian blue at varying concentrations of MgCl2. It is concluded that chondroitinase ABC digest chondroitin‐4 and ‐6 sulphate and to some extent also hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulphate, but not heparin and keratosulphate.
SECRETION OF CALCITONIN AND GASTRIN IN RATS WITH TRANSPLANTED MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
Authors: Normann Trine , Normann Eldar , Schrumpf Erik , Gautvik Kaare M.
Published: August 2010

Rats transplanted with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MCT) were followed with radio‐immuno assay of serum calcitonin (iCT) using antisera to human CT and I125 labelled calcitonin‐M. From the 4th month after transplantation, serum from the tumour rats contained iCT in concentrations 8–10 fold higher than serum from the control rats. The tumour cells had retained their ability to react on pentagastrin and calcium injections with increased CT release. It was further shown that the tumour bearing rats had elevated basal gastrin concentrations in serum. While calcium injection lead to a rise in the serum gastrin concentration in the control group, the adverse effect was seen in the tumour bearing rats. The morphological features and the responsiveness of the rat tumour cells to physiological secretagogues make this tumour a suitable animal model for the study of interactions between CT and gastro‐intestinal factors. It is suggested that the gastrin response to calcium might be of interest also in the diagnosis of human MCT.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF LYMPH NODES OF HAMSTERS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH TREPONEMA PERTENUE
Authors: Blom J. , Hovind‐Hougen K. , Jensen H.‐J. Skovgaard , Birch‐Andersen A.
Published: August 2010

The morphology of lymph node tissue from normal hamsters and from hamsters experimentally infected with Treponema pertenue Gauthier was compared by means of light and electron microscopy. The capsules of the lymph nodes from infected hamsters showed an increased thickness in comparison with those of the non‐infected animals. The infected lymph nodes differed from normal lymph nodes by small accumulations of neutrophilic leucocytes in the cortical areas. In addition, the amount of intercellular collagenous matrix present between large elongated cells was greatly increased in lymph nodes from infected animals. Electron microscopy of thin sections of infected lymph nodes showed intercellularly located treponemes in the leucocyte infiltration areas. These regions also showed the increased amounts of the collagenous matrix. Treponemes were occasionally found intracellularly in macrophages. These treponemes did not show their typically helical shape, but were present as spherical forms or cysts.
FINE STRUCTURE OF EPITHELIAL THYMUS CYSTS IN DOGS
Authors: Oksanen Aili
Published: August 2010

Epithelial thymus cysts in dogs were investigated by electron microscopy. Epithelial cells from one and the same cyst showed morphological differences. Regular columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells predominated. These had an elongated nucleus, poor in chromatin but with abundant cytoplasmic organelles, e.g. mitochondria, and a Golgi region with sacs and vacuoles. Other cells possesed a narrower, indented nucleus richer in chromatin, a cytoplasm with numerous tonofilaments and cell membranes showing interdigitations with other cell membranes. Some cysts displayed a pseudostratified epithelium. In these cells the same organelles were present as were seen in the cuboidal cells. Abundant cilia and microvilli were present in the lumenal cells. All these different morphological characteristics were considered to be different functional aspects of the same kind of thymus epithelial cell. The cells had a structure indicating a secretory‐activity.
EFFECT OF 1.25‐DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL ADMINISTRATION ON BLOOD GLUCOSE AND PANCREATIC ISLET MORPHOLOGY IN MICE
Authors: Boquist L. , Hagström S. , Strindlund L.
Published: August 2010

1.25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC) administration to fed and starved mice had no effect on the blood‐glucose concentration or the light‐microscopic appearance of the endocrine or exocrine pancreas. Electron microscopy, however, disclosed changes which appeared early after the injection and were more marked in starved than in fed animals. The B‐cells exhibited mitochondrial hypertrophy, studied both by qualitative and quantitative methods, invagination and vacuolation of mitochondrial membranes, increased occurrence of light secretory granules, multiple rough endoplasmic cisternae, multi‐lamellar bodies, and a rather rich Ca2+‐containing pyroantimonate precipitation mainly localized to nuclei and mitochondria. A tendency to mitochondrial hypertrophy was observed also in some D‐cells. The A‐cells were unaffected. The findings indicate that the endocrine pancreas (or at least the B‐cells) is affected in some way, directly or indirectly, by DHCC.
GASTRIC CARCINOMA
Authors: Teglbjærg P. Stubbe , Vetner M.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of the present paper has been to examine the reproducibility of the classification of gastric carcinomas, as proposed by Mulligan and Rember. Two microscopic slides from each of one hundred randomly selected specimens of gastric carcinoma, obtained by gastrectomy or gastric resection, were classified independently by both authors. Neither of the authors knew which slides originated from the same specimen. The inter‐examiner reproducibility rate was 79 per cent. The reproducibility rates of the diagnoses with two independent slides from the same tumour was 74 per cent with examiner I and 80 per cent with examiner II.
GASTRIC CARCINOMA
Authors: Teglbjærg P. Stubbe , Vetner M.
Published: August 2010

One‐hundred and fifteen gastric adenocarcinomas were classified according to Mulligan and Rember into one of the following types: Intestinal cell carcinoma (IC), pyloro‐cardiac gland carcinoma (PC), mucous cell carcinoma (MC) and unclassified. The tumour type was cor‐related to the growth pattern and inflammatory reaction at the margin of the tumour, invasion of the veins and nerve sheaths, Dukes' stage, intra‐ and extracellular mucous production, and occurrence of intestinal metaplasia in the non‐tumour bearing parts of the gastric mucosa. MC was the only type of tumour producing the macroscopic picture “linitis plastica”. PC was the type of tumour that dominated in the cardiac region. The following parameters showed no relation to tumour type: Sex and age, size of tumour, invasion of lymphatic vessels. This study suggests that the three types of tumour are different entities, MC being the most aggressive and IC the least aggressive of the types of tumour.
TRANSTHORACIC ASPIRATION BIOPSY
Authors: Francis Dorthe
Published: August 2010

On correlating our cytological classification of aspirated malignant tumour cells from intrathoracic lesions with the histological classification of the same lesions, agreement was found in 75 per cent. The cytological criteria used for the classification of the differentiated types of tumour cells were convenient. It is proposed to utilize the cytological classification in the planning of an individualized tumour therapy in cases not accessible to pretreatment bioptic histological classification.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE BENIGN AND BORDERLINE BRENNER TUMOURS
Authors: Klemi Pekka J. , Nevalainen Timo J.
Published: August 2010

One benign Brenner tumour and one Brenner tumour of borderline malignancy were investigated by electron microscopy. The cells of the benign Brenner tumour nests and the cells in the borderline tumour were similar in ultrastructure. The intercellular spaces were large and reinforced by a moderate number of desmosomes. The nuclei were round or oval. The nuclear membrane was irregular in shape with deep infoldings corresponding to the characteristic nuclear groovings seen by light microscopy. Only few secreting cells could be found in the benign Brenner tumour. The cystic cavities of the borderline Brenner tumour were lined by nonciliated secreting and ciliated nonsecreting cells. The secretory granules were PAS‐positive and diastaseresistant. The granules stained homogeneously and strongly with the PASM‐method at the electron microscopical level indicating the presence of 1.2‐hydroxyl groups. The Brenner tumours have many similarities to the transitional epithelium and to the Muellerian‐derived tubular structures. The findings support the theory that Brenner tumours are of coelomic origin and develop by direct metaplasia from the ovarian surface epithelium.
THE EFFECT OF D‐GALACTOSAMINE ON LCAT SECRETION AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES
Authors: Nordby Grete , Schreiner Berit , Berg Trond , Norum Kaare R.
Published: August 2010

The effect of D‐galactosamine on secretory activity and morphology of isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated: Galactosamine was found to reduce the secretion of lipoproteins (as indicated by the release of free cholesterol and triacylglycerol) as well as the secretion of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and [14C]‐labelled proteins from the isolated cells. The secretion of LCAT was inhibited much more than that of the other secretory products studied. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that galactosamine induced morphological changes in RER, mitochondria and nucleoli. The most striking feature of galactosamine‐treated hepatocytes, however, was the appearance of swollen lysosomes. Some of these organelles measured up to 3 μμm in diameter. Uridine did not abolish the effect of galactosamine upon the secretory activity of hepatocytes. The most conspicuous ultrastructural feature in cells that had been incubated with both uridine and galactosamine was the appearance of large amounts of glycogen. The possibility that galactosamine inhibits glycogenosis is discussed. The rather selective effect of galactosamine on LCAT secretion suggests the use of this compound for the study of the interrelationship between LCAT and lipoprotein secretion.
MUSCLE CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH VARICOSE VEINS
Authors: Mäkitie Jukka
Published: August 2010

Gastrocnemius muscle specimens from 19 patients with varicose veins without clinical neuropathy were examined with a light microscope after staining fresh‐frozen sections with modified Gomori trichrome and after histochemical reactions for NADH diaphorase, ATPases and phosphorylase. Only four muscle specimens from these 19 patients were regarded as completely normal. In five of the patients (26 per cent) a combination of fiber type grouping and small‐group atrophy, and in nine patients (47 per cent) fiber type grouping with occasional small angulated fibers were observed. These changes were less frequent in nine biopsies from brain‐death control patients (11 per cent). Various forms of abnormalities in the distribution of NADH diaphorase were seen in 13 patients with varicose veins (68 per cent) and in one of the controls (11 per cent). Necrosis and phagocytosis of the muscle fibers were present in three biopsies from patients with varicose veins (16 per cent) and in one of the controls (11 per cent).
TRANSTHORACIC ASPIRATION BIOPSY
Authors: Francis Dorthe , Højgaard Knud
Published: August 2010

Based on a randomized material of 100 histologically verified transthoracic aspiration biopsies an inter‐ and intraobserver variation study was carried out by the two investigators. The results showed a high degree of diagnostic reproducibility pointing towards the value of the aspiration biopsy per se. It is concluded that this diagnostic method is reliable in the hands of the expert and useful even in the hands of a pathologist only given a short introduction to—and a reasonable amount of correction within—this special field.
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus in a Human Kidney with Polar Artery Stenosis
Authors: Christensen J. A. , Meyer D. S. , Jakubowski H. D. , Neuenhö;fer J. , Bohle A.
Published: August 2010

Juxtaglomerular apparatuses (JGA) of a human kidney with stenosis of a polar artery from a hypertensive 18‐year‐old male patient were studied qualitatively and quantitatively on 2 μ thick serial sections from plastic embedded renal tissue. 11 JGA from juxtamedullary and 9 JGA from subcapsular cortical zones were photographed serially, the copies taped together and the cells and relationships within the JGA studied. On the copies the length of contact between the different juxtaglomerular structures and the basement membrane of the macula densa was measured. Furthermore we calculated the areas of surface contact and the macula densa basal area. In the juxtamedullary JGA affected by the polar artery stenosis allGoormaghtighcells were transformed into epithelioid cells and theGoormaghtighcell field was significantly larger than in the JGA of the subcapsular cortex, which obviously had been exposed to the systemic hypertension. The macula densa basal area was significantly greater in the juxtamedullary JGA than in the subcapsular JGA, but neither of these differed significantly from the macula densa in the normal JGA reported previously.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN HEARTS FROM PIGS FED RAPESEED OIL, FISH OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED FISH OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL AND LARD
Authors: SVAAR H. , LANGMARK F. T. , LAMBERTSEN G. , OPSTVEDT J.
Published: August 2010

Female pigs, fed diets in which 42% of the caloric intake came from either rapeseed oil, fish oil, partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil or lard, were killed after one week, five weeks, six months and one year. Type of fat or length of feeding did not affect the cardiac content of total fat which was normal in all animals. The fatty acid pattern of tissue triglycerides only partly reflected the fatty acid pattern of diets. The relative amounts of C22:1 and C20:1 were greatest after six months and levelled off during the following six months. The content of C22:1 in cardiac triglycerides never exceeded one fifth of the dietary concentration. Microscopic lipidosis was found in some pigs after one week, five weeks and six months. Minor heart lesions consisting of focal necrosis of muscle cells were found after one week and more frequently after six months and one year. No relationship between incidence and severity of the heart lesions and any particular type of fat in the diet could be found.
STEREOMICROSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE COLON OF GUINEA PIGS FED DEGRADED CARRAGEENAN
Authors: OLSEN P. SKOV , POULSEN S. SEIER
Published: August 2010

A colitis‐like state was induced in Guinea Pigs fed degraded carrageenan orally. By means of a combined semimacroscopic and histologic technique the course of the disease was followed during 28 days. The changes were primarily seen and became most prominent in the caecum. The first lesions were observed following 24 hours of treatment as small rounded foci initially with degenerative changes and inflammation in the surface epithelium, later forming superficial focal ulcerations. Ulcerative changes gradually progressed during the experiment, forming linear and later large, geographical ulcerations. Topographically the ulcerative process was strongly related to the larger submucosal vessels Nonulcerated parts of the mucosa were not changed until following 7–14 days of treatment. The mucosa became bulging, granulated and finally villus‐like. Accumulation of macrophages was found under the surface epithelium after 7–14 days. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed, especially the development of the early lesions and the significance of the macrophages.
A NEW HYPOTHESIS FOR ALLOXAN DIABETES
Authors: BOQUIST LENNART
Published: August 2010

A new hypothesis (»Pi‐pH hypothesis«) for alloxan diabetes is presented. It is based upon data from our own studies and from the literature. The following data and interpretations are assumed to be of special importance for the B‐cytotoxicity of alloxan: Inhibition of a mitochondrial sulfhydryl dependent transport system for inorganic phosphate (Pi) leading to increased concentration of Pi and decreased pH in the cytosol, and to inhibition of NAD‐dependent oxidations and oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondrial lesion because of altered localization and concentration of Pi: inhibited synthesis and glucose induced release of insulin, at least partly due to a fall in intracellular pH; and finally necrosis because of absent mitochondrial function. An inverse relationship between Pi and pH may exist in the B‐cells; alloxan sensitivity being associated with high Pi and low pH. Alloxan antagonism may be due to induction of low Pi and high pH in the cytosol. The selectivity of the B‐cell for alloxan is believed to be associated with its free permeability for glucose.
BRONCHIOLAR EPITHELIAL LESIONS INDUCED IN THE PREMATURE RABBIT NEONATE BY SHORT PERIODS OF ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
Authors: NILSSON R. , GROSSMANN GERTIE , ROBERTSON B.
Published: August 2010

Premature newborn rabbits were ventilated with standardized tidal volume (10 ml/kg) or standardized insufflation pressure (35 cm H2O) for 1–30 min. The lungs of the experimental fetuses were fixed by perfusion of the pulmonary artery and examined by light and electron microscopy, with particular reference to the prevalence and ultrastructure of bronchiolar epithelial lesions. Necrosis and desquamation of bronchiolar epithelium were constant findings in fetuses ventilated for 5 min. or more, and were also present in some of the fetuses ventilated for only 1 min. Since the light microscopic and ultrastructural appearance of these bronchiolar lesions is similar to early stages of human neonatal hyaline membrane disease, we conclude that artificially ventilated pre‐term newborn rabbits might serve as a useful model of this disease.
THE EFFECT OF FIXATION AND TRYPSINIZATION ON THE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF INTRACELLULAR IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN PARAFFIN EMBEDDED MATERIAL
Authors: JACOBSEN MARIANNE , CLAUSEN PER P. , SMIDTH SUSANNE
Published: August 2010

Using an indirect labelled immunoperoxidase technique the influence of fixation time on the antigenicity of intracellular immunoglobulin in lymphoid tissue fixed in buffered formalin has been investigated. Within a fixation period of 96 hours a decrease of 15% of stainable immunoglobulin containing cells was found, for every 24 hours the fixation time was prolonged. By comparing sections from tissue fixed in buffered formalin and selected fixatives (Lillie's AAF, Bouin's fluid, Clarke's fluid and 96% ethanol 1% acetic acid (E‐A) processed at 4°C and at 25°C) an increased number of stained immunoglobulin containing cells was found in tissue fixed in Lillie's AAF, Bouin's fluid, Clarke's fluid and E‐A processed at 4°C. No difference was found between tissue fixed in buffered formalin and E‐A processed at 25°C. In addition the effect of pretreatment of the sections with trypsin on the number of stainable immunoglobulin containing cells was investigated. Trypsinization of sections from formalin fixed material increased the number of stainable cells substantially. No essential effect was seen on tissue fixed in Lillie's AAF and Bouin's fluid. In contrast trypsin treatment of sections from tissue fixed in Clarke's fluid and E‐A completely destroyed the tissue. No differences were observed between different immunoglobulin classes examined as regards the effect of fixation time, fixatives and trypsinization.
ENZYMECYTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IN MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY AND REACTIVE PLASMACYTOSIS
Authors: JOHANSEN PREBEN , JENSEN MOGENS KROGH
Published: August 2010

Peripheral blood smears and bone‐marrow smears from 29 patients with malignant M‐components (25 with multiple myeloma and 4 with malignant lymphoma), 13 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG), and 20 patients with polyclonal reactive plasmacytosis were examined by leucocyte alkaline phosphatase score (LAP‐score) and by acid phosphatase score in plasma cells from bone‐marrow smears. Furthermore, tissue sections from marrow biopsies from all patients were examined by the three‐layer unlabelled immunoperoxidase technique to detect cytoplasmic immunoglobulin. The LAP‐score was significantly higher in patients with malignant M‐components than in patients with BMG and also higher in IgA and IgG myeloma than in IgA and IgG BMG, but the latter difference was not significant. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between paraprotein concentration and LAP‐score was found in multiple myeloma. Acid phosphatase score in plasma cells showed no clear distinction between multiple myeloma and BMG. Immunohistochemical examination showed a distinct monoclonal pattern in both multiple myeloma and BMG, allowing identification of the M‐cxsomponent which in all cases corresponded to the M‐component detected by serum examination. Cells producing immunoglobulin classes not matching the M‐component were more rare in multiple myeloma than in BMG, but the difference between the two conditions was quantitative and allowed no clear distinction.
RELOCATION, RESEARCH, AND FORENSIC EVALUATION, PART I: EFFECTS OF RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY ON CHILDREN OF DIVORCE1
Authors: Austin William G.
Published: August 2010

The issue of relocation presents courts and child custody evaluators with dilemmas on the issue of allowing a child to move with a parent to a new community and how to craft long‐distance parenting plans if relocation is allowed. The issue of the potential effects of residential moves on children of divorce has focused on the importance of the child–nonresidential parent relationship. The research literature on the effects of residential moves, or relocation, on children of divorce has not been fully integrated into the examination of this issue and its relevance for the child custody evaluation. The literature shows residential mobility is a general risk factor for children of divorce and this is a starting point for the custody evaluation, but it is not a basis for bias or a presumption against relocation. Predicting a child's adjustment to relocating or not relocating requires a careful and contextual investigation of the child and family circumstances. The research literature is a helpful frame of reference.
Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacogenetic Study of Nevirapine in HIV-Infected Cambodian Patients
Authors: Chou Monidarin , Bertrand Julie , Segeral Olivier , Verstuyft Céline , Borand Laurence , Comets Emmanuelle , Le Tiec Clotilde , Becquemont Laurent , Ouk Vara , Mentre France , Taburet Anne-Marie
Published: August 2010

The aims of this ANRS12154 open-label, single-center, multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study were to characterize nevirapine pharmacokinetics in a Cambodian population of HIV-infected patients and to identify environmental and genetic factors of variability, focusing on theCYP2B6,CYP3A5, andABCB1(MDR1) genes. A total of 170 Cambodian HIV-infected patients were included. Nevirapine trough concentrations were measured after 18 and 36 months of starting antiretroviral treatment and in samples drawn during a dosing interval in a subset of 10 patients. All data were analyzed by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. The effect of covariates was investigated using the population pharmacokinetic model. Patients carrying homozygous loss-of-function allelesCYP3A5 6986A>G,CYP2B6 516G>T,CYP2B6 1459C>T, andABCB1 3435C>Trepresent 42.4%, 9.2%, 0%, and 18% of the population, respectively. The median nevirapine trough concentrations did not differ after 18 and 36 months of treatment (5,705 ng/ml [range, ≤50 to 13,871] and 5,709 ng/ml [range, ≤50 to 15,422], respectively). Interpatient and intrapatient variabilities of nevirapine apparent clearance were 28% and 17%, respectively.CYP2B6 516G>Tand creatinine clearance were found to significantly affect nevirapine apparent clearance. The estimated nevirapine apparent clearances were 2.95 liters/h, 2.62 liters/h, and 1.86 liters/h forCYP2B6 516GG,CYP2B6 516GT, andCYP2B6 516TTgenotypes, respectively. The impact of creatinine clearance was small. This study demonstrates that 95% of the patients had sustained nevirapine exposure well above the 3,000-ng/ml threshold. Nevirapine clearance was shown to be affected byCYP2B6 516G>Tgenetic polymorphism and creatinine clearance, although this explained only part of the interpatient variability, which remains low compared to that for other antiretroviral drugs.
A Gene for Speed: The Emerging Role of α-Actinin-3 in Muscle Metabolism
Authors: Berman Yemima , North Kathryn N.
Published: August 2010

A common polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene results in complete deficiency of α-actinin-3 protein in ∼16% of humans worldwide. The presence of α-actinin-3 protein is associated with improved sprint/power performance in athletes and the general population. Despite this, there is evidence that the null genotype XX has been acted on by recent positive selection, likely due to its emerging role in the regulation of muscle metabolism. α-Actinin-3 deficiency reduces the activity of glycogen phosphorylase and results in a fundamental shift toward more oxidative pathways of energy utilization.