bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Nwe Aung Aung , Tun Myo Tint , Aung Si Thu , Tun La Min , Myaing Khin Thuzar
Published: March 2019

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the commonest chronic joint problems presenting with pain and stiffness. As a consequence, activities of daily living are limited and decline the quality of life. Kinesio tape (KT) has been popular in worldwide by its positive effects including reducing pain, relieving stiffness and improving function. However, the therapeutic application tension, direction and technique have not been identified yet and still weak evidence in OA knee.

Aims: To find out the effectiveness of Kinesio taping in the management of OA knee.

Study Design: Hospital based randomized control trial.

Place and duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in both Mandalay Orthopedics Hospital and 300 Bedded Teaching Hospital, Mandalay. It was started from May, 2017 to August, 2018.

Methodology: A total of 60 patients were randomly assigned into group A and group B. Group A (intervention group) received KT plus conventional exercise and group B (control group) received conventional exercise alone. Both groups were assessed in week 0 (before study), week 2 (during study) and week 3 (end of study). Assessments measures were VAS, WOMAC index and TUG test. The amount of analgesic consumptions was recorded in week 2 and week 3 assessments.

Results: There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics of patients between the two groups. The intragroup analysis showed significant difference in VAS, WOMAC index and TUG test (p<0.05) in both groups. However, intergroup analysis showed more significant improvements of VAS, WOMAC index and TUG test in intervention group than control group in week 2 and week 3 (p<0.05).

Conclusion: KT plus conventional exercise is more effective than conventional exercise alone in terms of relieving pain, reducing stiffness and improving function in patients with OA knee.
Pattern of Maternal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization in Relation to CD4 Count among HIV Positive Women in Jos
Authors: Samuel Dahal A. , Zainu Sabitu M. , Hamafyelto Hosea S. , Mamman Ille , Egah Daniel Z. , T. Yvonne Kandakai-Olukemi
Published: March 2019

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of GBS colonization among HIV positive and HIV negative pregnant women in relation to CD4 cell counts.

Materials and Methodology: This was a hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study of 200 pregnant women (100 HIV positive and 100 HIV negative) and 100 non-pregnant women (50 HIV positive and 50 HIV negative) obtaining health care at the Jos University Teaching Hospital between July 2017 and November 2017. Systematic sampling technique and written informed consent were used in recruiting subjects for this study. High vaginal and anorectal swabs were collected from each subject after filling a structured questionnaire. CD4 cell count was also done for all the HIV positive patients at Aids Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN) of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). The results from the laboratory analysis of the specimens were computed using SPSS version 21.

Results: A colonization rate of 7.3% was observed in HIV positive patients compare to 5.3% in HIV negative. The different in colonization rate between the two groups was not statistically significant (X2 = 0.507; P = 0.477) (Table 1). In pregnant women living with HIV, colonization rate was 8.0% compare to 5.0% observed in non-pregnant women living with HIV. This however, was not statistically significant (Table 2) (χ2 = 0.013; P = 0.908). HIV positive subjects with low CD4 counts (<200 cells/μl) were observed to have high colonization rate (20.0%) than patients with high CD4 counts (≥500 cells/μl). Those with CD4 counts between 200-499 cells/μl had 8.1% colonization rate. These findings, though not statistically significant (Table 4) (χ2 = 1.3814; P = 0.2399), the increased colonization rate in low CD4 cell counts may be due to inability of the patient to mount immune response against the organism.

Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in GBS colonization among HIV positive patients. A higher colonization rate was observed in HIV patients among the age group 21-25 years; ager was not significantly risk factor for GBS colonization in HIV patients. CD4 cell counts seem not to play any significant role in GBS colonization rate. Although, it was observed to be higher in patients with low CD4 cell counts; the different was not statistically significant.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potentials and Adverse Effect of Kolanut (Kola nitida Malvaceae) on the Oral Cavity and the Impact on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Socio-Demographic Study
Authors: Agbor Ashu Michael , Bissong Marie Ebob Agbor-Tabot , Tembe-Fokunang Estella , Eyong Clinton , Kourouma Kaba , Fokunang Charles Ntungwen
Published: March 2019

Kola nut (Kola nitida, Malvaceae) is one of the nuts consumed for socio-cultural reasons in West Africa sub-region and it has been used in Western African and Anglo-American herbal medicine as an antidepressant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the beneficial and adverse effect of kola nut consumption on the oral cavity.

This was a cross sectional survey conducted on Kola nuts consumers using a qualitative in-vitro analytical phyto-chemical screening and microbiological activity testing of the Kola nut samples.

One hundred and two volunteers participated in the study that was made up of 66(64.4 %) males and 36(35.3%) of females. Kola nuts consumers had the age of participants ranging between 20 to 60 years and derived from all social classes of the West African community. There was a high prevalence of dental attrition 95(93.3 %), arrested caries 95(93.3 %), and extrinsic stains 91(90 %). The DMFT (Decayed/Missing/Filled Teeth) score was 4.7.

The phytochemical screening of Kola nut showed the presence of phenol, tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanin, sterol, and antraquinone. Methanol extracts of Kola nitida showed no activity against the isolates of Candida spp. But there was less activity against Streptococcus spp and an average activity against Actinomycetes and isolate of Lactobacillus spp respectively.

 Kolanut exhibited some degree of remineralization oral hard tissues, causing esthetic problems (dental staining) and non-carious dental tooth wear (attrition). Kola nut inhibited the growth of cariogenic bacteria and did not inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Studies on intra-oral activities needs some further investigations to establish its importance to dental oral care. Results showed that extract of Kola nitida had antibacterial effects by inhibiting the growth of cariogenic bacteria of the mouth at certain level of concentration. The poor oral health seeking behaviours of participants were observed as factors contributing to a poor oral hygiene status and consequently the impairment of oral health of the kola nut consumers.
GIS-Based Approach in Drainage Morphometric Analysis of Bharathapuzha River Basin, India
Authors: Dhanusree M. , Bhaskaran G.
Published: March 2019

Aims: The paper aims to study about the river basin morphometry namely the physical, linear and aerial parameters for the basin.

Study Design: The Study has been carried out with the help of Geospatial techniques and statistical formulas.

Place and Duration of Study: Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India between January 2018 to July 2018.

Methodology: The Study of River morphometry of Bharathapuzha River basin has been done with the help of SRTM satellite data. The downloaded data has been analyzed with the help of ARC GIS Software. The morphometric analysis has been carried out by dividing the basin into nine watersheds based on Water shed Atlas of India Prepared by Soil and Land Use board of           India. Relief, Linear and areal parameters of the basin is calculated with the help of statistical formulas.

Results: Based on the analysis it is noted that there is not much difference in morphometric values except in some watersheds. Watershed number 5A2B5, 5A2B6 and 5A2B7 has highest drainage density, stream frequency, relief, relief ratio, ruggedness number, stream length ratio and lowest bifurcation ratio. These watersheds are characterized by highest surface runoff and erosion. The values of form factor, circulatory ratio and elongation ratio suggests that most of the watersheds are elongated and has high basin relief. The maximum stream order frequency is observed in case of first order streams and then for second order streams. Hence it is noted that there is decrease in stream frequency as stream order increases.

Conclusion: The mean bifurcation ratio of the Bharathapuza basin is 1.52 which indicates the whole basin is less effected by structural control. This present study is valuable for the erosion control, watershed management, land and water resource planning and future prospective related to runoff study.
Virus Diseases of Grapevine
Authors: Martelli Giovanni P
Published: March 2019

There are 25 recognised virus and virus‐like diseases of grapevines (VitisandMuscadiniaspp.). Many have a clear‐cut detrimental effect on the vines, that is stunting, reduced vigour, malformation of the leaves and twigs, foliar discolourations ranging from reddening to chlorotic or bright yellow mottling, ringspots and line patterns. The productive life of the vineyards can be shortened and the quantity and quality of the crop badly affected. Prevailing disease agents are viruses transmitted by nematodes (nepoviruses andStrawberry latent ringspot virus), pseudococcid mealybugs and soft‐scale insects (closteroviruses and vitiviruses). Infected propagation materials (scions and rootstocks) are the major way for long‐distance dissemination of diseases, several of which have now a worldwide distribution and have entered areas where the grapevine industry is expanding. Control is based on preventive measures such as sanitary selection, sanitation and induction of resistance through conventional breeding or, to come in the future, genetic engineering.

Key Concepts

Virus and virus‐like diseases are a major threat to the world's grapevine industry.

The world of grapevine‐infecting viruses is the most variegated among woody crops.

Prevailing viruses are soil‐borne and mealybug‐transmitted.

Spreading of diseases and their agents is mediated by infected propagative material and vectors.

Nursery productions have played, and still do, a major role in disease dissemination.

Disease control relies on preventive measures aimed at reducing vector populations and sources of inoculum.

Sanitary selection and sanitation are most efficient means for producing certified stocks.
Bacterial Amyloids
Authors: Marcoleta Andrés , Wien Frank , Arluison Véronique , Lagos Rosalba , Giraldo Rafael
Published: March 2019

Amyloids are supramolecular protein assemblies based on fibrillar arrangements of β‐sheets that were first found as linked to neurodegenerative and systemic human diseases. However, there is now overwhelming evidence on alternative roles of amyloids as functional assemblies and as epigenetic determinants of beneficial traits, both in Fungi and Metazoa. Bacteria also use amyloids as functional devices, mainly as extracellular scaffolds in biofilms, but there is increasing evidence for functional roles of amyloids in the bacterial cytosol, and these have enabled to engineer minimal models of a ‘generic’ amyloid disease. Amyloids are thus key players in the physiology of bacteria and versatile building blocks in synthetic biology.

Key Concepts

Besides determining human diseases and functional traits in yeast, amyloids also play functional roles in bacteria.

Secreted bacterial amyloidogenic proteins scaffold the extracellular matrix in biofilms, bacterial consortia key for biofouling and antibiotic resistance.

Intracellular amyloid assemblies control regulation of gene expression by small RNAs, transcription termination and plasmid DNA replication in bacteria.

The assembly of antimicrobial peptides as amyloids counteracts their toxicity, while functional amyloids can be turned into cytotoxic models of disease.

Bacterial amyloids, due to their modularity and high stability, are excellent blocks for the design of synthetic supramolecular assemblies.
Stapled Peptides as Potential Therapeutics
Authors: McDougall Laura , Jamieson Andrew G
Published: March 2019

Stapled peptides are an important class of conformationally constrained, bioactive α‐helical peptides. They have been used extensively as chemical probes for the regulation of protein–protein interactions (PPIs), with one currently progressing through late‐stage clinical trials as a peptide drug candidate. Their ability to interact with shallow protein–protein interfaces, which have previously proven to be challenging to target with small molecules, has led to their rapid uptake by the chemical biology and drug discovery communities. Stapled peptides overcome some of the undesirable physicochemical properties that limit the use of peptides as therapeutics. They generally exhibit good binding affinity and specificity as they aim to accurately reproduce the α‐helix recognition motif from a PPI interface. They are protease resistant and in some instances have shown good cell permeability. The development of stapled peptides has thus resulted in a transformative shift by validating difficult PPIs as therapeutic targets and providing promising drug candidates.

Key Concepts

Stapled peptides are conformationally constrained α‐helical peptides.

Stapling reduces the entropic penalty of folding to produce the bioactive conformation, thus giving an increase in binding affinity over an unfolded peptide.

Through mimicking the interface these compounds have good binding affinity and specificity.

Proteolytic stability is enhanced through the induction of secondary structure and the effective shielding of the peptide backbone from recognition by protease enzymes.

Cell permeability can be enhanced by peptide stapling as the distribution of lipophilicity compared to the native peptide is altered.

Key PPIs implicated in cancer, including p53‐MDM2/MDMX, Aurora‐A/TPX2 and the Bcl family, have been probed using stapled peptides.
Structural Engineering of Cathode Materials for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Ligui , Yu Jingping , Wang Nan , Zhao Jun , Fan Bin , Zeng Shuaibo , Chen Shaowei
Published: March 2019

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery represents a high‐performance energy storage technology that will find applications in diverse areas, such as stationary and portable electronics as well as electric vehicles. Yet, dissolution of lithium polysulfides from cathode into organic electrolytes and the subsequent diffusion toward anode are two primary challenges that compromise the battery performance and hamper its wide‐spread commercialization. Deliberate manipulation of the sulfur cathode by physical confinement, covalent formation of polymeric sulfur, and incorporation of chemically binding materials has been extensively reported in the literature for improving the corresponding cycling stability and other key electrochemical properties. In this article, we summarize recent key progress in structural engineering of cathode materials in the enhancement of the device performance and conclude with a perspective of the promises and challenges of Li–S battery technology.
Effect of Tui Na on upper limb spasticity after stroke: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Wang Meng , Liu Shouguo , Peng Zhihang , Zhu Yi , Feng Xiaodong , Gu Yihuang , Sun Jianhua , Tang Qiang , Chen Hongxia , Huang Xiaolin , Hu Jun , Chen Wei , Xiang Jie , Wan Chunxiao , Fan Gangqi , Lu Jianhu , Xia Wenguang , Chen Liping , Wang Lihua , Lu Xiao , Li Jianan
Published: March 2019

Objective

To investigate the efficacy and safety of Tui Na for treating spasticity of the upper limbs of stroke patients.

Design

A prospective, multicenter, blinded, randomized controlled intervention study.

Subjects

Stroke patients with upper limb spasticity who were treated between December 2013 and February 2017 in 16 participating institutions in China were randomly assigned to receive either Tui Na plus conventional rehabilitation (Tui Na group, n = 222,) or conventional rehabilitation only (control group, n = 222).

Methods

Eligible adult patients (aged 18–75 years) were enrolled 1–12 months after stroke and randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the two groups. Outcome assessors were blinded to treatment allocation. Muscle tone in the spastic muscles was evaluated using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and the primary endpoint was the change in MAS score over 4 weeks of treatment.

Results

Among patients who had experienced stroke 1–3 months before treatment, the Tui Na group experienced significantly greater reductions in MAS scores for three muscle groups than did the control group after 4 weeks of treatment. These improvements were sustained at the 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups. However, among patients who suffered from stroke 4–6 months and 7–12 months before treatment, the change in MAS with treatment did not differ significantly between those who did and those who did not receive Tui Na. No Tui Na‐related adverse events during treatment were reported the groups.

Conclusion

Tui Na was effective and safe for alleviating poststroke spasticity within 1–3 months after stroke onset.
Influence of Reduced Graphene Oxide on Epoxy/Carbon Fiber‐Reinforced Hybrid Composite: Flexural and Shear Properties under Varying Temperature Conditions
Authors: Jenkins Paddy , Siddique Shohel , Khan Samrin , Usman Aliyu , Starost Kristof , MacPherson Allan , Bari Pravin , Mishra Satyendra , Njuguna James
Published: March 2019

This study investigat the effectiveness of reduced graphene oxide as nanofiller in enhancing epoxy/carbon fiber‐reinforced composite at varying temperature conditions. The graphene oxide is synthesized using modified Hummer's method and then is chemically reduced to yield reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The rGO is dispersed in epoxy matrix system through combination of mechanical and sonication methods. The flexural and shear test samples are manufactured using resin infusion technique. These samples are then tested to determine their shear and flexural properties at varying temperatures (−10 °C, 23 °C, 40 °C) and the results correlate to neat samples. It is found that the composites’ flexural strength and flexural modulus increase with rGO wt% content up to 62% and 44%, respectively. The shear testing results show improvement on the shear strength and modulus at maximum of 6% and 40%, respectively. The rGO improvements advantage is lost for flexural strength, shear strength, and modulus at elevated temperatures while flexural modulus withheld at 40% improvements over virgin epoxy/carbon fiber‐reinforced composite. An interesting observation is that all samples with rGO exhibit reduced damage characteristics superior to the neat samples under flexural and shear loading conditions. This study indicates that the addition of rGO significantly alter the flexural and shear properties, failure modes, damage characteristics, and they are overall sensitive to elevated temperature conditions.
Permanent Hydrophilization and Generic Bioactivation of Melt Electrowritten Scaffolds
Authors: Bertlein Sarah , Hochleitner Gernot , Schmitz Michael , Tessmar Jörg , Raghunath Michael , Dalton Paul D. , Groll Jürgen
Published: March 2019

Melt electrowriting (MEW) is an emerging additive manufacturing technology that direct‐writes low‐micron diameter fibers into 3D scaffolds with high porosities. Often, the polymers currently used for MEW are hydrophobic thermoplastics that induce unspecific protein adsorption and subsequent uncontrolled cell adhesion. Here are developed a coating strategy for MEW scaffolds based on six‐arm star‐shaped NCO‐poly(ethylene oxide‐stat‐propylene oxide) (sP(EO‐stat‐PO)). This permanently hydrophilizes the PCL through the formation of a hydrogel coating and minimizes unspecific interactions with proteins and cells. It also provides the option of simultaneous covalent attachment of bioactive molecules through reaction with isocyanates before these are hydrolyzed. Furthermore, a photoactivatable chemical functionalization is introduced that is not dependent on the time‐limited window of isocyanate chemistry. For this, photo‐leucine is covalently immobilized into the sP(EO‐stat‐PO) layer, resulting in a photoactivatable scaffold that enables the binding of sterically demanding molecules at any timepoint after scaffold preparation and coating and is decoupled from the isocyanate chemistry. A successful biofunctionalization of MEW scaffolds via this strategy is demonstrated with streptavidin and collagen as examples. This hydrogel coating system is a generic one that introduces flexible specific and multiple surface functionalization, potentially for a spectrum of polymers made from different manufacturing processes.
Controlling the Output of Organic Micro/Nanolasers
Authors: Dong Haiyun , Zhang Chunhuan , Zhao Yong Sheng
Published: March 2019

Organic micro/nanolasers hold a promising potential in advancing the fields of photonics and optoelectronics. Recently, great progress has been made in designing and controlling the output characteristics of organic micro/nanolasers, which significantly expands the capabilities and improves the performance of micro/nanolasers. In this Progress Report, the design philosophy, research progress, and further research directions in manipulating the output behaviors of organic micro/nanolasers are presented. A brief introduction to the fundamentals of the organic micro/nanolasers is given with an emphasis on the basic principle for laser output control. Various organic micro/nanolasers with desired output are discussed in detail, including wavelength tunable lasers, multiwavelength lasers, mode controllable lasers, and directional lasers. Special emphasis is put on gaining insight into the structure–property relationship in the controllable organic micro/nanolasers. Finally, future research directions and challenges toward more advanced control strategies of organic micro/nanolasers are provided to give an outlook on this emerging field.
An Organocatalytic Two‐atom Ring Expansion Approach to Optically Active Glutarimides
Authors: Wei Yun‐Long , Ren Yajun , Mailhol Damien , Rajzmann Michel , Rodriguez Jean , Coquerel Yoann
Published: March 2019

An original two‐step organocatalytic synthesis of optically active glutarimides from 2‐oxocyclobutane carboxamides is described featuring an isothiourea‐catalyzed two‐atom ring‐expansive rearrangement.

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Precision medicine in Thailand
Authors: Shotelersuk Vorasuk , Tongsima Sissades , Pithukpakorn Manop , Eu‐ahsunthornwattana Jakris , Mahasirimongkol Surakameth
Published: March 2019

Extraordinary advances in high throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technology and bioinformatics are the main thrust that transforms the current state of healthcare into the era of precision medicine where clinical practice takes individual variability into account. Here, we summarize the current status of the infrastructure we have and the adoption of precision medicine in Thailand in four spheres: rare diseases, oncology, pharmacogenomics, and noncommunicable diseases. Moreover, we provide our perspectives to the future of precision medicine in Thailand, especially the manpower and ethical, legal, and social issues. We believe that with decreasing costs of NGS, increasing ability to interpret the genomic data, a greater number of actionable and available treatments, implementation of precision medicine at the public health level is not a matter of if but when.
Absolute Quantifizierung nicht‐kodierender RNA‐Spezies mittels Mikroskala‐Thermophorese
Authors: Jacob Dominik , Thüring Kathrin , Galliot Aurellia , Marchand Virginie , Galvanin Adeline , Ciftci Akif , Scharmann Karin , Stock Michael , Roignant Jean‐Yves , Leidel Sebastian A. , Motorin Yuri , Schaffrath Raffael , Klassen Roland , Helm Mark
Published: March 2019

Die genaue Quantifizierung nicht‐kodierender RNA‐Spezies hat sich in jüngerer Zeit als dringendes Problem herauskristallisiert, das unter anderem Anwendung in der RNA‐Modifikationsanalytik, der Untersuchung von Gewebedifferenzierung und vielen anderen Bereichen findet. Wir stellen hier einen hybridisierungsbasierten Ansatz vor, der die Mikroskala‐Thermophorese (MST) als sehr schnelles und hochpräzises Verfahren verwendet, um z. B. einzelne tRNA‐Spezies mit einer Durchlaufzeit von etwa einer Stunde zu quantifizieren. Mithilfe der MST wurde u. a. die Wirkung von tRNA‐Toxinen, Hitzestress sowie von RNA‐Modifikationen auf einzelne tRNA‐Spezies untersucht. Eine vergleichende Analyse ergab weiterhin signifikante Unterschiede zu RNA‐Seq‐basierten Quantifizierungsansätzen, was auf eine Verzerrung letzterer aufgrund von tRNA‐Modifikationen hindeutet. Weitere Anwendung fand die Methode bei der Bestimmung von rRNA sowie von PolyA‐Fraktionen in zellulärer RNA.
High‐Throughput Reaction Screening with Nanomoles of Solid Reagents Coated on Glass Beads
Authors: Tu Noah P. , Dombrowski Amanda W. , Goshu Gashaw M. , Vasudevan Anil , Djuric Stevan W. , Wang Ying
Published: March 2019

Technologies that enable rapid screening of diverse reaction conditions are of critical importance to methodology development and reaction optimization, especially when molecules of high complexity and scarcity are involved. The lack of a general solid dispensing method for chemical reagents on micro‐ and nanomole scale prevents the full utilization of reaction screening technologies. We herein report the development of a technology in which glass beads coated with solid chemical reagents (ChemBeads) enable the delivery of nanomole quantities of solid chemical reagents efficiently. By exploring the concept of preferred screening sets, the flexibility and generality of this technology for high‐throughput reaction screening was validated.
Neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Minisci‐Reaktion
Authors: Proctor Rupert S. J. , Phipps Robert J.
Published: March 2019

Reaktionen, die über die Addition von kohlenstoffzentrierten Radikalen an basische Heteroarene gefolgt von der formalen Abspaltung eines Wasserstoffatoms verlaufen, sind heute allgemein als Minisci‐Reaktionen bekannt. Als synthetisches Werkzeug erstmals in den 1960er Jahren von Minisci entwickelt, wurde diese Reaktion in den letzten fünfzig Jahren kontinuierlich genutzt, um Heterozyklen schnell und direkt zu funktionalisieren, ohne dass eine De‐novo‐Synthese von Heterozyklen nötig ist. Während die meisten der ursprünglich beschriebenen Syntheseprotokolle zur Radikalerzeugung auch heute noch genutzt werden, wurde in den vergangenen Jahren eine Reihe neuer Strategien zur Erzeugung von Radikalen entwickelt, die den Einsatz vielfältigerer Radikalvorläufer und milderer Reaktionsbedingungen ermöglichen. Das in den letzten Jahren gestiegene Interesse an neuen Umsetzungen mit freien Radikalen hat dazu geführt, dass Synthesechemikern heute eine Vielzahl von Möglichkeiten für eine Minisci‐Reaktion zur Verfügung stehen. Inzwischen sind zusätzlich zu Methoden, die die thermische Spaltung oder In‐situ‐Bildung reaktiver Radikalvorläufer nutzen, auch die Photoredoxkatalyse und die Elektrochemie als Strategien zur Radikalerzeugung etabliert. Dieser Aufsatz deckt die bemerkenswert umfangreiche Literatur ab, die in den letzten Jahren auf diesem Gebiet erschienen ist, und unternimmt so den Versuch, Chemikern eine Orientierungshilfe zu geben und gleichzeitig eine Perspektive über die Herausforderungen zu bieten, die bereits bewältigt wurden und offen bleiben. Neben den logischen Klassifizierungen dieser Fortschritte entsprechend der Art des jeweiligen Radikalvorläufers, auf die sich die meisten Arbeiten konzentrieren, werden in diesem Aufsatz auch aktuelle Fortschritte in der Kontrolle verschiedener Selektivitätsaspekte von Minisci‐Reaktionen diskutiert.
Towards Novel Photodynamic Anticancer Agents Generating Superoxide Anion Radicals: A Cyclometalated IrIIIComplex Conjugated to a Far‐Red Emitting Coumarin
Authors: Novohradsky Vojtech , Rovira Anna , Hally Cormac , Galindo Alex , Vigueras Gloria , Gandioso Albert , Svitelova Marie , Bresolí‐Obach Roger , Kostrhunova Hana , Markova Lenka , Kasparkova Jana , Nonell Santi , Ruiz José , Brabec Viktor , Marchán Vicente
Published: March 2019

Although cyclometalated IrIIIcomplexes have emerged as promising photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, some key drawbacks still hamper clinical translation, such as operability in the phototherapeutic window and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production efficiency and selectivity. In this work, a cyclometalated IrIIIcomplex conjugated to a far‐red‐emitting coumarin, IrIII–COUPY, is reported with highly favourable properties for cancer phototherapy. IrIII–COUPY was efficiently taken up by HeLa cells and showed no dark cytotoxicity and impressive photocytotoxicity indexes after irradiation with green and blue light, even under hypoxia. Importantly, a clear correlation between cell death and intracellular generation of superoxide anion radicals after visible light irradiation was demonstrated. This strategy opens the door to novel fluorescent photodynamic therapy agents with promising applications in theragnosis.
Catalytic Conjunctive Coupling of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with 9‐BBN‐Derived Ate Complexes
Authors: Law Chunyin , Meng Yan , Koo Seung Moh , Morken James P.
Published: March 2019

β‐Boryl carbonyl compounds are produced by a Ni‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of vinylboron “ate” complexes and acid chloride or acid anhydride electrophiles. The reactions are efficient, being complete in as little as two minutes, and can be applied to a broad range of substrates.
Ligand‐Promoted Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Hydrofluorination of Alkenes
Authors: Xie Yongtao , Sun Peng‐Wei , Li Yuxin , Wang Siwei , Ye Mengchun , Li Zhengming
Published: March 2019

An iron‐catalyzed hydrofluorination of unactivated alkenes has been developed. The use of a multidentate ligand and the fluorination reagent N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) proved to be critical for this reaction, which afforded various fluorinated compounds in up to 94 % yield.
Absolute Quantification of Noncoding RNA by Microscale Thermophoresis
Authors: Jacob Dominik , Thüring Kathrin , Galliot Aurellia , Marchand Virginie , Galvanin Adeline , Ciftci Akif , Scharmann Karin , Stock Michael , Roignant Jean‐Yves , Leidel Sebastian A. , Motorin Yuri , Schaffrath Raffael , Klassen Roland , Helm Mark
Published: March 2019

Accurate quantification of the copy numbers of noncoding RNA has recently emerged as an urgent problem, with impact on fields such as RNA modification research, tissue differentiation, and others. Herein, we present a hybridization‐based approach that uses microscale thermophoresis (MST) as a very fast and highly precise readout to quantify, for example, single tRNA species with a turnaround time of about one hour. We developed MST to quantify the effect of tRNA toxins and of heat stress and RNA modification on single tRNA species. A comparative analysis also revealed significant differences to RNA‐Seq‐based quantification approaches, strongly suggesting a bias due to tRNA modifications in the latter. Further applications include the quantification of rRNA as well as of polyA levels in cellular RNA.
Highly Selective Synthesis of Iridium(III) Metalla[2]catenanes through Component Pre‐Orientation by π⋅⋅⋅π Stacking
Authors: Shan Wei‐Long , Lin Yue‐Jian , Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Jin Guo‐Xin
Published: March 2019

A series of molecular metalla[2]catenanes featuring Cp*Ir vertices have been prepared by the template‐free, coordination‐driven self‐assembly of dinuclear iridium acceptors and 1,5‐bis[2‐(4‐pyridyl)ethynyl]anthracene donors. The metalla[2]catenanes were formed by using a strategically selected linker type that is capable of participating in sandwich‐type π–π stacking interactions. In the solid state, the [2]catenanes adopt two different configurations depending on the halogen atoms at the dinuclear metal complex bridge. Altering the solvent or the concentration, as well as the addition of guest molecules, enabled controlled transformations between metalla[2]catenanes and tetranuclear metallarectangles.
Recent Advances in Minisci‐Type Reactions
Authors: Proctor Rupert S. J. , Phipps Robert J.
Published: March 2019

Reactions that involve the addition of carbon‐centered radicals to basic heteroarenes, followed by formal hydrogen atom loss, have become widely known as Minisci‐type reactions. First developed into a useful synthetic tool in the late 1960s by Minisci, this reaction type has been in constant use over the last half century by chemists seeking to functionalize heterocycles in a rapid and direct manner, avoiding the need for de novo heterocycle synthesis. Whilst the originally developed protocols for radical generation remain in active use today, they have been joined in recent years by a new array of radical generation strategies that allow use of a wider variety of radical precursors that often operate under milder and more benign conditions. The recent surge of interest in new transformations based on free radical reactivity has meant that numerous choices are now available to a synthetic chemist looking to utilize a Minisci‐type reaction. Radical‐generation methods based on photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have joined approaches which utilize thermal cleavage or the in situ generation of reactive radical precursors. This review will cover the remarkably large body of literature that has appeared on this topic over the last decade in an attempt to provide guidance to the synthetic chemist, as well as a perspective on both the challenges that have been overcome and those that still remain. As well as the logical classification of advances based on the nature of the radical precursor, with which most advances have been concerned, recent advances in control of various selectivity aspects associated with Minisci‐type reactions will also be discussed.
Intermolecular Radical C(sp3)−H Amination under Iodine Catalysis
Authors: Bosnidou Alexandra E. , Muñiz Kilian
Published: March 2019

The direct amination of aliphatic C−H bonds has remained one of the most tantalizing transformations in organic chemistry. Herein, we report on a unique catalyst system, which enables the elusive intermolecular C(sp3)−H amination. This practical synthetic strategy provides access to aminated building blocks and fosters innovative multiple C−H amination within a new approach to aminated heterocycles. The synthetic utility is demonstrated by the synthesis of four relevant pharmaceuticals.
Integration of Graphite and Silicon Anodes for the Commercialization of High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chae Sujong , Choi Seong‐Hyeon , Kim Namhyung , Sung Jaekyung , Cho Jaephil
Published: March 2019

Silicon is considered a most promising anode material for overcoming the theoretical capacity limit of carbonaceous anodes. The use of nanomethods has led to significant progress being made with Si anodes to address the severe volume change during (de)lithiation. However, less progress has been made in the practical application of Si anodes in commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The drastic increase in the energy demands of diverse industries has led to the co‐utilization of Si and graphite resurfacing as a commercially viable method for realizing high energy. Herein, we highlight the necessity for the co‐utilization of graphite and Si for commercialization and discuss the development of graphite/Si anodes. Representative Si anodes used in graphite‐blended electrodes are covered and a variety of strategies for building graphite/Si composites are organized according to their synthetic methods. The criteria for the co‐utilization of graphite and Si are systematically presented. Finally, we provide suggestions for the commercialization of graphite/Si combinations.
Self‐healable and thiol–ene UV‐curable waterborne polyurethane for anticorrosion coating
Authors: Li Ting , Zhang Ze Ping , Rong Min Zhi , Zhang Ming Qiu
Published: March 2019

Thiol–ene ultraviolet‐curable waterborne polyurethane (WPU) crosslinked networks capable of self‐healing of cracks were developed for anticorrosion coating application. The healing mechanism is attributed to the rearrangement of the crosslinked networks caused by triethylamine‐catalyzed thiol–disulfide exchange reaction proved by high‐performance liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, and rheology tests. The crack remendability can be repeated for at least two times as demonstrated by visual inspection. Moreover, the self‐healing effect was further demonstrated in terms of corrosion and electrochemical tests. Comparatively, the control specimens without disulfide bonds were not self‐healable. The present study provides a simple way for achieving self‐healing WPU to conform to the trend of development of high performance and environmental friendly anticorrosive coatings. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47700.
Toward a large‐scale and deep phenological stage annotation of herbarium specimens: Case studies from temperate, tropical, and equatorial floras
Authors: Lorieul Titouan , Pearson Katelin D. , Ellwood Elizabeth R. , Goëau Hervé , Molino Jean‐Francois , Sweeney Patrick W. , Yost Jennifer M. , Sachs Joel , Mata‐Montero Erick , Nelson Gil , Soltis Pamela S. , Bonnet Pierre , Joly Alexis
Published: March 2019

Premise of the Study

Phenological annotation models computed on large‐scale herbarium data sets were developed and tested in this study.

Methods

Herbarium specimens represent a significant resource with which to study plant phenology. Nevertheless, phenological annotation of herbarium specimens is time‐consuming, requires substantial human investment, and is difficult to mobilize at large taxonomic scales. We created and evaluated new methods based on deep learning techniques to automate annotation of phenological stages and tested these methods on four herbarium data sets representing temperate, tropical, and equatorial American floras.

Results

Deep learning allowed correct detection of fertile material with an accuracy of 96.3%. Accuracy was slightly decreased for finer‐scale information (84.3% for flower and 80.5% for fruit detection).

Discussion

The method described has the potential to allow fine‐grained phenological annotation of herbarium specimens at large ecological scales. Deeper investigation regarding the taxonomic scalability of this approach is needed.
Peptoid drug discovery and optimization via surface X‐ray scattering
Authors: Andreev Konstantin , Martynowycz Michael W. , Gidalevitz David
Published: March 2019

Synthetic polymers mimicking antimicrobial peptides have drawn considerable interest as potential therapeutics. N‐substituted glycines, or peptoids, are recognized by their in vivo stability and ease of synthesis. Peptoids are thought to act primarily on the negatively charged lipids that are abundant in bacterial cell membranes. A mechanistic understanding of lipid–peptoid interaction at the molecular level will provide insights for rational design and optimization of peptoids. Here, we highlight recent studies that utilize synchrotron liquid surface X‐ray scattering to characterize the underlying peptoid interactions with bacterial and eukaryotic membranes. Cellular membranes are highly complex, and difficult to characterize at the molecular level. Model systems including Langmuir monolayers, are used in these studies to reduce system complexity. The general workflow of these systems and the corresponding data analysis techniques are presented alongside recent findings. These studies investigate the role of peptoid physicochemical characteristics on membrane activity. Specifically, the roles of cationic charge, conformational constraint via macrocyclization, and hydrophobicity are shown to correlate their membrane interactions to biological activities in vitro. These structure–activity relationships have led to new insights into the mechanism of action by peptoid antimicrobials, and suggest optimization strategies for future therapeutics based on peptoids.
Safety and efficacy of the novel sirolimus‐eluting bioresorbable scaffold for the treatment of de novo coronary artery disease: One‐year results from a prospective patient‐level pooled analysis of NeoVas trials
Authors: Xu Kai , Fu Guosheng , Xu Bo , Zhou Yujie , Su Xi , Liu Huiliang , Zhang Zheng , Yu Bo , Wang Xiaozeng , Han Yaling ,   on behalf of the NeoVas OPC Investigators
Published: March 2019

Objectives

This prospective, patient‐level analysis assessed the safety and efficacy of NeoVas sirolimus‐eluting bioresorbable scaffold (BRS) in patients with coronary lesions. Furthermore, to meet China Food and Drug Administration requirements, we conducted an objective performance criterion study by pooling all patients implanted with the NeoVas BRS in a previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) and registry trial.

Background

Drug‐eluting stent‐related permanent vessel caging by metallic struts may lead to several complications associated with percutaneous coronary intervention. BRSs reportedly result in more stent thromboses (ST) in comparison to everolimus‐eluting stents. The NeoVas (Lepu Medical, Beijing, China) is a novel sirolimus‐eluting poly‐l‐lactic acid (PLLA)‐based BRS whose safety and efficacy remains to be fully elucidated.

Methods

Patient‐level data derived from 1,103 patients with de novo native coronary lesions in the NeoVas RCT (n = 278) and NeoVas registry (n = 825) were prospectively collected, pooled, and analyzed. The primary outcome was 12‐month target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or ischemia‐driven‐target lesion revascularization. The patient‐oriented composite endpoint (PoCE) of all‐cause death, all MI, or any revascularization was also analyzed.

Results

The 12‐month rate of TLF in 1,103 patients (follow‐up rate, 99.8%) was 3.0%, significantly lower than the performance goal of 8.5% (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, 50 (5.4%) PoCEs and five definite/probable ST (0.5%) were recorded.

Conclusions

This pooled, patient‐level analysis indicates that the NeoVas BRS has promising 1‐year efficacy and safety profiles.
Co3O4@Cu‐Based Conductive Metal–Organic Framework Core–Shell Nanowire Electrocatalysts Enable Efficient Low‐Overall‐Potential Water Splitting
Authors: Hu Lei , Xiong Tuzhi , Liu Ran , Hu Yuwen , Mao Yanchao , Balogun M.‐Sadeeq (Jie Tang) , Tong Yexiang
Published: March 2019

In the work reported herein, the electrocatalytic properties of Co3O4 in hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions have been significantly enhanced by coating a shell layer of a copper‐based metal–organic framework on Co3O4 porous nanowire arrays and using the products as high‐performance bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. The coating of the copper‐based metal–organic framework resulted in the hybridization of the copper‐embedded protective carbon shell layer with Co3O4 to create a strong Cu−O−Co bonding interaction for efficient hydrogen adsorption. The hybridization also led to electronically induced oxygen defects and nitrogen doping to effectively enhance the electrical conductivity of Co3O4. The optimal as‐prepared core–shell hybrid material displayed excellent overall‐water‐splitting catalytic activity that required overall voltages of 1.45 and 1.57 V to reach onset and a current density of 10 mA cm−2, respectively. This is the first report to highlight the relevance of hybridizing MOF‐based co‐catalysts to boost the electrocatalytic performance of nonprecious transition‐metal oxides.
Supramolecular Crowding Can Avoid Oxygen Quenching of Photon Upconversion in Water
Authors: Kouno Hironori , Sasaki Yoichi , Yanai Nobuhiro , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: March 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Nobuhiro Yanai and Nobuo Kimizuka at Kyushu University. The image depicts the photon upconverting self‐assemblies of amphiphilic chromophores in water. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201806076.
Directing‐Group‐Free C7‐Alkylations of N‐Alkylindoles Mediated by Cationic Zirconium Complexes: Role of Brønsted Acid for Catalytic Manifold
Authors: Chen Ping , Hao Yanhong , Wang Xinxin , Yuan Dan , Yao Yingming , Ackermann Lutz
Published: March 2019

Highly position selective alkylations of N‐alkylindoles at C7‐positions have been enabled by cationic zirconium complexes. The strategy provides a straightforward access to install alkyl groups at C7‐positions of indoles without a complex directing group. Mechanistic studies provided support for the importance of Brønsted acids in the catalytic manifold.
Copper‐Bismuth Bimetallic Microspheres for Selective Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Formate
Authors: Jia Lin , Yang Hui , Deng Jun , Chen Junmei , Zhou Yuan , Ding Pan , Li Leigang , Han Na , Li Yanguang
Published: March 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction holds great promise for reducing the atmospheric CO2 level and alleviating the energy crisis. High‐performance electrocatalysts are often required in order to lower the high overpotential and expedite the sluggish reaction kinetics of CO2 electroreduction. Copper is a promising candidate metal. However, it usually suffers from the issues of poor stability and low product selectivity. In this work, bimetallic Cu‐Bi is obtained by reducing the microspherical copper bismuthate (CuBi2O4) for selectively catalyzing the CO2 reduction to formate (HCOO–). The bimetallic Cu‐Bi electrocatalyst exhibits high activity and selectivity with the Faradic efficiency over 90% in a wide potential window. A maximum Faradaic efficiency of ~95% is obtained at –0.93 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, the catalyst shows high stability over 6 h with Faradaic efficiency of ~95%. This study provides an important clue in designing new functional materials for CO2 electroreduction with high activity and selectivity.
Structure–Activity Relationships of 1‐Benzoylazulenes at the OX1 and OX2 Orexin Receptors
Authors: Turku Ainoleena , Leino Teppo O. , Karhu Lasse , Yli‐Kauhaluoma Jari , Kukkonen Jyrki P. , Wallén Erik A. A. , Xhaard Henri
Published: March 2019

We previously demonstrated the potential of di‐ or trisubstituted azulenes as ligands (potentiators, weak agonists, and antagonists) of the orexin receptors. In this study we investigated 27 1‐benzoylazulene derivatives, uncovering seven potentiators of the orexin response on OX1 and two weak dual orexin receptor agonists. For potentiators, replacement of the azulene scaffold by indole retained the activity of four out of six compounds. The structure–activity relationships for agonism and potentiation can be summarized into a bicyclic aromatic ring system substituted with two hydrogen‐bond acceptors (1‐position, benzoyl; 6‐position, carboxyl/ester) within 7–8 Å of each other; a third acceptor at the 3‐position is also well tolerated. The same pharmacophoric signature is found in the preferred conformations of the orexin receptor agonist Nag26 from molecular dynamics simulations. Subtle changes switch the activity between weak agonism and potentiation, suggesting overlapping binding sites.