bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left Leg Apraxia after Anterior Cerebral Artery Territory Infarction: Functional Analysis Using Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Authors: Ito Ikuno , Ito Kimiteru , Shindo Naoko
Published: February 2013

Left hand apraxia is known as a unique symptom of callosal apraxia, but lower limb symptoms are rarely mentioned. We report a patient who experienced left ideomotor apraxia affecting both the upper and lower limbs after a stroke in the territory of the right anterior cerebral artery. His spontaneous gait was normal, but he was unable to move his left leg intentionally either by verbal command or by imitation. His leg symptoms gradually improved over time. We evaluated the change in cerebral blood flow in this patient using single-photon emission computed tomography. The results showed an increase in blood flow in the posterior corpus callosum; therefore, we suggested that the callosal pathway might contribute to left leg as well as left hand volitional movement.
Decrease Recurrence Rate of Condylomata Acuminata by Photodynamic Therapy Combined with CO2 Laser in Mainland China: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhu Xiaoling , Chen Hongxiao , Cai Longfeng , Yu Zhiming , Cai Limin
Published: February 2013

Background: Condylomata acuminata (CA) are caused by human papillomavirus. Most conventional therapies for CA have high recurrence rate. Objectives: To compare the recurrence rate of 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) combined with CO2 laser and CO2 laser alone for CA treatment in mainland China. Methods: In this meta-analysis, 2,048 cases of CA from 22 articles were divided into two groups. The treatment group was treated by using ALA-PDT combined with CO2 laser, and CO2 laser alone was applied in the control group. The recurrence rate of the two groups was calculated and compared. Results: The recurrence rate was 42.67% (451/1,057) in the control group and 10.29% (102/991) in the treatment group, with a significant statistical difference between the two groups (χ2 = 271.98, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: ALA-PDT combined with CO2 laser was more effective in decreasing the recurrence rate of CA compared with CO2 laser alone. It might offer a wide clinical application for CA treatment.
The Ethical Introduction of Genome-Based Information and Technologies into Public Health
Authors: Howard H.C. , Swinnen E. , Douw K. , Vondeling H. , Cassiman J.-J. , Cambon-Thomsen A. , Borry P.
Published: February 2013

With the human genome project running from 1989 until its completion in 2003, and the incredible advances in sequencing technology and in bioinformatics during the last decade, there has been a shift towards an increase focus on studying common complex disorders which develop due to the interplay of many different genes as well as environmental factors. Although some susceptibility genes have been identified in some populations for disorders such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, the integration of this information into the health care system has proven to be much more problematic than for single gene disorders. Furthermore, with the 1000$ genome supposedly just around the corner, and whole genome sequencing gradually being integrated into research protocols as well as in the clinical context, there is a strong push for the uptake of additional genomic testing. Indeed, the advent of public health genomics, wherein genomics would be integrated in all aspects of health care and public health, should be taken seriously. Although laudable, these advances also bring with them a slew of ethical and social issues that challenge the normative frameworks used in clinical genetics until now. With this in mind, we highlight herein 5 principles that are used as a primer to discuss the ethical introduction of genome-based information and genome-based technologies into public health.
Jesus Christ, Homosexuality and Masculinity in African Christianity: Reading Luke 10:1-12
Authors: Gunda Masiiwa Ragies
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Since 1995, homosexuality has been part and parcel of public discourses in Zimbabwe. The Bible is a dominant resource, so that the Sodom narrative (Gen. 19) has become synonymous with homosexual condemnation. Interestingly, Jesus has been absent in the debate; justified by the claim that Jesus had not spoken on the subject. However, contrary to this claim, a socio-literary analysis of Luke 10: 1-12 demonstrates that Jesus may have fundamentally differed with this popular interpretation of Genesis 19. A textual analysis of Luke 10: 1-12 shows Jesus undermining dominant masculinities by de-masculinizing his followers in ways that belittle the gulf between masculinity and femininity. This article argues that to use the categories of masculinity and femininity to condemn same-sex relationships is no longer sustainable. Rather, this text can be a basis for the construction of ‘redemptive masculinities’ in Christian communities, which may provide a new platform for understanding and accepting homosexuality.
Skillful Seasonal Predictions of Boreal Winter Accumulated Heating Degree-Days and Relevance for the Weather Derivative Market
Authors: Brands S.
Published: February 2013

It is demonstrated that boreal winter accumulated heating degree-days, a weather derivative product that is frequently demanded by energy suppliers (among others), can be skillfully predicted with a lead time of 1 month, that is, at the beginning of the previous November, for many regions of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. This finding contradicts the assumption of poor seasonal predictability for this variable. This short paper is meant to properly inform the participants of the weather derivative market to assure market transparency and to foster a scientific discussion on how to disseminate this formerly unknown expert knowledge.
On the Predictability of Supercell Thunderstorm Evolution
Authors: Cintineo Rebecca M. , Stensrud David J.
Published: February 2013

Supercell thunderstorms produce a disproportionate amount of the severe weather in the United States, and accurate prediction of their movement and evolution is needed to warn the public of their hazards. This study explores the practical predictability of supercell thunderstorm forecasts in the presence of typical errors in the preconvective environmental conditions. The Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF) is run at 1-km grid spacing and a control run of a supercell thunderstorm is produced using a horizontally homogeneous environment. Forecast errors from supercell environments derived from the 13-km Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) valid at 0000 UTC for forecast lead times up to 3 h are used to define the environmental errors, and 100 runs initialized with environmental perturbations characteristic of those errors are produced for each lead time. The simulations are analyzed to determine the spread and practical predictability of supercell thunderstorm forecasts from a storm-scale model, with the control used as truth.

Most of the runs perturbed with the environmental forecast errors produce supercell thunderstorms; however, there is much less predictability for storm motion and structure. Results suggest that an upper bound to the practical predictability of storm location with the current environmental uncertainty for a 1-h environmental forecast is about 2 h, with the predictability of the storms decreasing to 1 h as lead time increases. Smaller-scale storm features, such as midlevel mesocyclones and regions of heavy rainfall, display much less predictability than storm location. Mesocyclone location is predictable out to 40 min or less, while heavy 5-min rainfall location is not predictable.
The Ability of CMIP5 Models to Simulate North Atlantic Extratropical Cyclones*
Authors: Zappa Giuseppe , Shaffrey Len C. , Hodges Kevin I.
Published: February 2013

The ability of the climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to simulate North Atlantic extratropical cyclones in winter [December–February (DJF)] and summer [June–August (JJA)] is investigated in detail. Cyclones are identified as maxima in T42 vorticity at 850 hPa and their propagation is tracked using an objective feature-tracking algorithm. By comparing the historical CMIP5 simulations (1976–2005) and the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim; 1979–2008), the authors find that systematic biases affect the number and intensity of North Atlantic cyclones in CMIP5 models. In DJF, the North Atlantic storm track tends to be either too zonal or displaced southward, thus leading to too few and weak cyclones over the Norwegian Sea and too many cyclones in central Europe. In JJA, the position of the North Atlantic storm track is generally well captured but some CMIP5 models underestimate the total number of cyclones. The dynamical intensity of cyclones, as measured by either T42 vorticity at 850 hPa or mean sea level pressure, is too weak in both DJF and JJA. The intensity bias has a hemispheric character, and it cannot be simply attributed to the representation of the North Atlantic large-scale atmospheric state. Despite these biases, the representation of Northern Hemisphere (NH) storm tracks has improved since CMIP3 and some CMIP5 models are able of representing well both the number and the intensity of North Atlantic cyclones. In particular, some of the higher-atmospheric-resolution models tend to have a better representation of the tilt of the North Atlantic storm track and of the intensity of cyclones in DJF.
Dynamical Downscaling with Reinitializations: A Method to Generate Finescale Climate Datasets Suitable for Impact Studies
Authors: Lucas-Picher Philippe , Boberg Fredrik , Christensen Jens H. , Berg Peter
Published: February 2013

To retain the sequence of events of a regional climate model (RCM) simulation driven by a reanalysis, a method that has not been widely adopted uses an RCM with frequent reinitializations toward its driving field. In this regard, this study highlights the benefits of an RCM simulation with frequent (daily) reinitializations compared to a standard continuous RCM simulation. Both simulations are carried out with the RCM HIRHAM5, driven with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data, over the 12-km-resolution European Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) domain covering the period 1989–2009. The analysis of daily precipitation shows improvements in the sequence of events and the maintenance of the added value from the standard continuous RCM simulation. The validation of the two RCM simulations with observations reveals that the simulation with reinitializations indeed improves the temporal correlation. Furthermore, the RCM simulation with reinitializations has lower systematic errors compared to the continuous simulation, which has a tendency to be too wet. A comparison of the distribution of wet day precipitation intensities shows similar added value in the continuous and reinitialized simulations with higher variability and extremes compared to the driving field ERA-Interim. Overall, the results suggest that the finescale climate dataset of the RCM simulation with reinitializations better suits the needs of impact studies by providing a sequence of events matching closely the observations, while limiting systematic errors and generating reliable added value. Downsides of the method with reinitializations are increased computational costs and the introduction of temporal discontinuities that are similar to those of a reanalysis.
Heat Balance and Eddies in the Caribbean Upwelling System
Authors: Jouanno Julien , Sheinbaum Julio
Published: February 2013

The upper-ocean heat budget of the Caribbean upwelling system is investigated during the onset of the Atlantic warm pool (June–September) using high-resolution observations of sea surface temperature and a high-resolution (°) regional model. Vertical mixing is found to be the major cooling contribution to the mixed layer heat budget in the nearshore and offshore Colombia Basin. Numerical results show that intense mesoscale eddies in the Colombia Basin significantly shape the turbulent cooling and may participate in the maintenance of cooler temperature in this region compared to surrounding areas. Indeed, increased mixing at the base of the mixed layer occurs below energetic surface jets that form on the downstream side of the eddies. These jets generally flow offshore and may arise from the deformation of the surface mesoscale field. It is shown that significant contribution of horizontal advection to the mixed layer heat budget is limited to a radius of 300 km around the Guajira and Margarita upwelling zones.
Coupled Response of the Trade Wind, SST Gradient, and SST in the Caribbean Sea, and the Potential Impact on Loop Current's Interannual Variability*
Authors: Chang Y.-L. , Oey L.-Y.
Published: February 2013

Air–sea coupling in the IntraAmerican seas (IAS; Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico) is studied through analyses of observational data from satellite, reanalysis products, and in situ measurements. A strong coupling is found between the easterly trade wind −U and meridional SST gradient ∂T/∂y across a localized region of the southern-central Caribbean Sea from seasonal and interannual to decadal time scales. The ∂T/∂y anomaly is caused by a variation in the strength of coastal upwelling off the Venezuelan coast by the wind, which in turn strengthens (weakens) for stronger (weaker) ∂T/∂y. Wind speeds and seasonal fluctuations in IAS have increased in the past two decades with a transition near 1994 coinciding approximately with when the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) turned from cold to warm phases. In particular, the seasonal swing from summer's strong to fall's weak trade wind has become larger. The ocean's upper-layer depth has also deepened, by as much as 50% on average in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. These conditions favor the shedding of eddies from the Loop Current, making it more likely to shed at a biannual frequency, as has been observed from altimetry data.
The Track Integrated Kinetic Energy of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Misra V. , DiNapoli S. , Powell M.
Published: February 2013

In this paper the concept of track integrated kinetic energy (TIKE) is introduced as a measure of seasonal Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and applied to seasonal variability in the Atlantic. It is similar in concept to the more commonly used accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) with an important difference that in TIKE the integrated kinetic energy (IKE) is accumulated for the life span of the Atlantic tropical cyclone. The IKE is, however, computed by volume integrating the 10-m level sustained winds of tropical strength or higher quadrant by quadrant, while ACE uses the maximum sustained winds only without accounting for the structure of the storm. In effect TIKE accounts for the intensity, duration, and size of the tropical cyclones. In this research, the authors have examined the seasonality and the interannual variations of the seasonal Atlantic TIKE over a period of 22 yr from 1990 to 2011. It is found that the Atlantic TIKE climatologically peaks in the month of September and the frequency of storms with the largest TIKE are highest in the eastern tropical Atlantic. The interannual variations of the Atlantic TIKE reveal that it is likely influenced by SST variations in the equatorial Pacific and in the Atlantic Oceans. The SST variations in the central equatorial Pacific are negatively correlated with the contemporaneous seasonal (June–November) TIKE. The size of the Atlantic warm pool (AWP) is positively correlated with seasonal TIKE.
Toward a history of devotional Vaishnavism in the West Himalayas: Kullu and the Ramanandis, c. 1500–1800
Authors: Moran Arik
Published: February 2013

The unlikely emergence of the remote Himalayan valley of Kullu as a centre of devotional ( bhakti) Vaishnavism c. 1650 has customarily been explained as the residual outcome of regional integration into the Mughal Empire. However, recent research on the role of ascetic movements in the history of early modern India suggests the bairagi sadhus behind this shift in religious orientation played a far greater role in the mountain kingdom’s development than the mere ‘conversion’ of its raja that is reported in local tradition. This article traces the development of bairagi involvement in Kullu to revise the customary account of state formation in the region. It shows that Vaishnava ascetics directly contributed to Kullu’s development at various historical junctures and links these processes with parallel phases of the Ramanandi sampraday’s evolution in north India. In investigating a pan-Indian phenomenon in a limited area, this article highlights the importance of integrating regional histories within the broader framework of the history of the subcontinent.
The local universality of poetic pleasure: Sirājuddin ‘Ali K- h- ān Ārzu and the speaking subject
Authors: Keshavmurthy Prashant
Published: February 2013

The concept of the speaking subject that fundamentally underlay all Perso-Arabic discourses on language came to be constituted as a problem in mid-eighteenth-century Mughal India when a certain Persian ghazal stylistics called ‘Speaking Anew’ (tāza-goy’ī) came to be criticised. In defending this stylistics against its detractors, Sirājuddin ‘Ali Ḵẖān Ārzu, an Indo-Persian polymath of the period, responded in a variety of genres to this problematisation of the subject of speech, retrieving in Persian traditionally authoritative Arabic theories of mimesis and reinterpreting traditional Perso-Arabic ethico-aesthetic attitudes for his purposes. Central to the older discourses on language that Ārzu interpreted was the category of ‘linguistic purity’. Ārzu marshaled his treatises, dictionaries, commentaries and poetry to demonstrate that the trans-temporal and trans-spatial criteria of this category had always had local content peculiar to pedagogically trained peoples in each period and across periods of Persian literary history. This article discusses the motivations for Ārzu’s oeuvre and explicates its conceptual grid, focusing in particular on Ārzu’s historicisation of the concept of ‘linguistic purity’.
Paul and the Patriarch: The Role of Abraham in Romans 4
Authors: Wright N.T.
Published: February 2013

In Rom. 4 Paul has the whole of Gen. 15 in mind, and expounds it in relation to the covenantal promise of a single worldwide family. This forms a key part of his demonstration that Israel’s God has been faithful to the covenant, and Paul’s language of δικαιοσύνη reflects that. His reference to Abraham’s ‘reward’ (μισθός) in 4.4 is an allusion to Gen. 15.1, where the ‘reward’ is the large family; he is not, then, refuting a view of justiﬁcation which involves ‘earning’ a righteous status. One may then read 4.1 (modifying Hays’s earlier proposal) as ‘Have we found Abraham to be our ancestor in a human, fleshly sense?’, with 4.16-17 as the eventual answer to that question, not a parenthesis. ‘The justiﬁcation of the ungodly’ in 4.5 is then a reference, not to Abraham’s own justiﬁcation, but to the divine promise to include Gentile sinners within his family.
The ‘New’ Hennecke
Authors: Elliott J.K.
Published: February 2013

This review article evaluates the latest in a long line of German translations of the early Christian apocrypha.
Ethics as Critical Practice: The “Pentagon Papers”, Deciding Responsibly, Truth-telling, and the Unsettling of Organizational Morality
Authors: Weiskopf Richard , Willmott Hugh
Published: February 2013

This paper contributes to the development of a practice-based understanding of ethics. Ethics is here conceived as a critical practice of questioning and problematizing moral orders and moral rules-in-use in which subjects (re)define their relations to self and others. Situating this conception of ethics in the context of practice theory, we draw upon ideas of responsible decision-making (Derrida) and truth-telling (Foucault) to examine Daniel Ellsberg’s leaking of the “Pentagon Papers” as illustrative of ethics as critical practice.
Distributed Leadership in Policy Formulation: A Sociomaterial Perspective
Authors: Oborn Eivor , Barrett Michael , Dawson Sandra
Published: February 2013

Leadership in public policy making is challenging. There is tension in gaining commitment from competing stakeholder groups, in sustaining public engagement in technically complex areas and securing broad-based support. Our paper illuminates these challenges through a case study of health policy development in the UK. We go beyond individual roles and leader–follower exchange relationships to develop the concept of distributed leadership using a sociomaterial approach to reveal how and why leadership is distributed across sociomaterial practices which together (re)configure policy coalitions and context. In so doing we also show how legitimacy and trust are sociomaterially enacted and shape leadership in public policy.
How multi-agency are Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Committees?
Authors: Reeves Carla
Published: February 2013

This article reports on the observations of a combined level 2 and 3 Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Committee (MARAC) over a 12 month period. It considers agency representation and discusses this in respect to attendance and the nature of relationships between representatives. The key findings are structured around the experiences of three identifiable groups of panel members and leads to a discussion of how the status of agencies and the informal roles adopted by the different members are defined by power relationships based on possession of knowledge. These relationships reflect cultural traditions in working with high risk offenders, but are also shaped by statutory responsibilities placed on different agencies within the MARAC forum.
‘Stop a minute’
Authors: Eadie Tina , Wilkinson Bernadette , Cherry Sally
Published: February 2013

This article draws on the content of four linked seminars in a series entitled ‘Thinking in Practice: Ensuring quality in the supervision of offenders in the community’ which offered practitioners and managers from probation and youth justice services some ‘reflective space’ to critically engage with current knowledge and research around a range of topics including risk assessment tools, compliance and desistance theory, responsivity in supervision (offenders and staff), and the future shape of offender management provision. The series valued not only knowledge derived from research and theory, but also the exercise of professional judgement developed through experience and reflection. This account of contributions from speakers and subsequent discussions highlights the dangers of over prescriptive and simplified solutions to complex problems, and a consequent diminution of professional confidence in using judgement. It also suggests that there is the potential for practice to develop in positive directions, ones that will engage the enthusiasm and optimism of both practitioners and managers. The centrality of making space for ‘thinking in practice’ is reaffirmed.
A survey of existing program strategies for offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities under correctional supervision in Pennsylvania
Authors: Hutchison Miranda , Hummer Don , Wooditch Alese
Published: February 2013

Mental institutions housed individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I&DD) until the 1960s. Community-based alternatives became the preferred treatment method to relieve overcrowding and declining living conditions. This movement towards deinstitutionalization had several unintended consequences, including placing responsibility on the criminal justice system to serve as mental health providers. This study examines treatment programs for offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities in county jails and probation and parole offices in Pennsylvania to examine current treatment models. The research examines the extent of programming for individuals with I&DD and provides recommendations for improving service provision for this growing population of offenders.
Migration, Mobility and Memories: Meos in the Processes of Peasantisation and Islamisation in Medieval Period
Authors: Bharadwaj Surajbhan
Published: February 2013

Image of communities in medieval India as a self-sufficient and autonomous entity has come under scrutiny in the recent past. Studies have successfully challenged these stereotypes and have argued that communities have regularly seen changes and transformations have been an integral part. Another dominant corollary has been the argument that these communities were averse to centralised polity as any negotiation with the state would have diluted their autonomy and dominance over various components. Meos of Mewat have also been portrayed as practitioner and believer of ‘Pal polity’/ autonomous community. It is in this respect, the present article makes an attempt to challenge the oft-repeated idiom of ‘autonomy of communities’ in the medieval India. During Sultanate period Meos were broadly identified as tribes inhabiting the Aravalli hills, valleys and dense forest of the Mewat region and were known for cattle-lifting, loot and plunder. However, one witnesses a major transformation in their identity with the passage of time. Soon Meos were not only peasantised but they were also able to establish their zamindaris. One also notices gradual and very slow but continuous Islamisation of this community. During Mughal era we follow them engaged in several other important occupations. They became trusted post carriers for the Mughal Empire and came to be known as dak Meoras. Similarly, they were also employed as personal bodyguards and as security guards in the royal palace and came to be known as khidmatiyyas. Interestingly and contrary to traditional portrayal, Meos approached Mugahl state administration for the redressal of their grievances, even intra-community. Rajasthan State Archives has a good repository of numerous Arzdashts, Chithis, Vakil reports, Khatut-ahalkarn, Arsattas, etc., depicting the processes of negotiations and contestation among Meos and between Meos and Mughals. Thus, it is necessary to challenge the established scholarship on these counts and the present article argues, on the basis of contemporary Turko-Persian literature and archival records, that there is a need to examine the inherent dynamism of any community, in this case Meos of Mewat region between thirteenth and eighteenth centuries.
War of Words: Language and Policies in Nineteenth-century Assam
Authors: Sengupta Madhumita
Published: February 2013

One of the crucial features of the tussle over Assamese in the nineteenth century was that it inspired multiple imaginings of the ‘Assamese’. This article has been conceived with the aim of following some of these different mappings of the ‘Assamese’ that became the focal point of a debate over the identity of the Assamese language in nineteenth-century Assam. The article contends that neither the official nor the missionary discourses on linguistic identity can be labeled as either exclusively ideological or instrumentalist. One of its principal aims has been to foreground a particular moment in the history of the debate when official rhetoric seems to have shed, if only momentarily, its usual concerns of governance and power and engaged in a genuine quest for ‘authentic’ linguistic attributes for defining the vernacular. The article addresses both the ideological parameters of the official discourses on the identity of Assamese as well as the pragmatic considerations and the lack of harmony in the seemingly unanimous discourse of the missionaries. Further, there has been an attempt to reflect on the many lives of Assamese in the pages of the vernacular periodicals, wherein, apparently fixed linguistic boundaries were tampered with in an attempt to equip the ‘mother tongue’ with suitable linguistic and cultural properties. The article shows how boundaries of religion were drawn up and affirmed as the provincial elite sought to produce a Hindu–Sanskrit identity for the ‘Assamese’ community.
Improvements in Children With Cerebral Palsy Following Intrathecal Baclofen
Authors: Baker Karin W. , Tann Beverley , Mutlu Akmer , Gaebler-Spira Deborah
Published: February 2013

Implantation of an intrathecal baclofen pump is recommended for children with cerebral palsy as a means to improve care and comfort when other options fail to control severe hypertonia. Making an assessment of a child’s spasticity-related limitations in both routine care and activity is a necessary component of selection of intrathecal baclofen candidates. The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Care and Comfort Caregiver Questionnaire (RIC CareQ) is a validated, easy-to-use questionnaire that elicits information about the ease of daily activity and caregiving in patients with severe spasticity. Questionnaires completed by caregivers and patients at a pediatric physiatry spasticity clinic over an 11-year period were reviewed to evaluate whether the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Care and Comfort Caregiver Questionnaire captured improved caregiving and comfort of children with cerebral palsy and severe spasticity following intrathecal baclofen pump implantation. The Questionnaire scores showed improvement after intrathecal baclofen pump implantation, consistent with subjective reports of patient and caregiver satisfaction.
Concomitant Meningioma and Glioma Within the Same Optic Nerve in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Büyükkapu-Bay Sema , Akça Ahmet , Karadoğan Meriban , Çorapçioğlu Funda , Anik Yonca
Published: February 2013

A patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 and the rare finding of concomitant meningioma and optic pathway glioma within the same optic nerve is presented. A 4-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital with right-sided proptosis. He also had numerous café-au-lait macules and axillary freckling on physical exam. According to National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria, he met the diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis type 1. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a mass originating from the right optic nerve sheath with normal appearance of the optic nerve was observed, which was consistent with optic nerve sheath meningioma. Another mass lesion was observed in the prechiasmatic region of the same optic nerve, which was consistent with optic nerve glioma. Two different types of optic pathway tumors in the same optic nerve is an extraordinary case. It is important to recognize imaging findings of these tumors and make correct diagnosis.
The Vision of the Glory of God in The Apocalypse of Baruch (3 Baruch)
Authors: Morgan Jonathan
Published: February 2013

A common occurrence in apocalyptic literature is the heavenly ascent of a revered figure, followed by a theophany. The divine image the seer beholds is often described as the ‘glory of God'. The Apocalypse of Baruch ( 3 Baruch) is unique among apocalyptic literature in that Baruch, the main character and heavenly sojourner, receives no vision of God, despite all signs within the narrative pointing to a theophanic climax. The most significant indication is an oft-repeated promise by his angelic guide that he would ‘see the glory of God'. Scholars are divided as to how to explain this unfulfilled expectation in the narrative. In this essay, it is argued that the ‘glory of God’ concept is broader and more multi-faceted in 3 Baruch than in other apocalyptic works. In this regard, Baruch does see the glory of God even without experiencing a theophany.
Psychopathology beyond semiology. An essay on the inner workings of psychopathology
Authors: Rejón Altable Carlos , Dening Dr Tom
Published: February 2013

This text develops three interwoven issues: first, a succinct comparative analysis of medical and psychiatric semiology, which proposes that the lack of referring relations between psychiatric symptoms and brain/psychic dysfunction is a fundamental distinction between medical and psychiatric semiology. Second, the multiple features of psychiatric semiology are reviewed. Third, a new approach to psychopathology is introduced, proposing three different ways to shape symptoms (perception, linguistic structure, praxis); highlighting its role as a cognitive activity that creates intelligibility from undifferentiated experiences; and distinguishing psychopathology and semiology on an activity/product relation basis.
Use and abuse of alcohol and other drugs during the heroic age of Antarctic exploration
Authors: Guly HR
Published: February 2013

During the heroic age of Antarctic exploration, there was much discussion on the role of alcohol. The explorers expected to be able to consume alcohol, and the expeditions were supported by companies producing alcoholic beverages that used the Antarctic connection in their advertising. On the other side, it was said (incorrectly) than Fridjof Nansen, perhaps the most famous of the Arctic explorers, had taken no alcohol and this was used in the arguments against alcohol by the temperance movement. In general, alcohol consumption was low but it was felt that alcohol played an important role in maintaining the psychological welfare of the participants. A number of them had alcohol problems, and participation in an expedition was thought to be of benefit in that it would remove the temptation to consume alcohol. However, there were episodes of drunkenness on the ships and in the Antarctic. Cocaine was taken as one of a number of tonics but only one explorer is thought to have abused drugs, though another is said to have done so.
Public Hospital Care
Authors: James Chris D. , Peabody John , Hanson Kara , Solon Orville
Published: February 2013

In low- and middle-income countries, government budgets are rarely sufficient to cover a public hospital’s operating costs. Shortfalls are typically financed through a combination of health insurance contributions and user charges. The mixed nature of this financing arrangement potentially creates financial incentives to treat patients with equal health need unequally. Using data from the Philippines, the authors analyzed whether doctors respond to such incentives. After controlling for a patient’s condition, they found that patients using insurance, paying more for hospital accommodation, and being treated in externally monitored hospitals were likely to receive more care. This highlights the worrying possibility that public hospital patients with equal health needs are not always equally treated.
Ethnic Disparities in Routine Immunization Coverage
Authors: Siddiqui Nida Tariq , Owais Aatekah , Agha Ajmal , Karim Mehtab S. , Zaidi Anita K. M.
Published: February 2013

Karachi is the only mega city in the world with persistent poliovirus transmission. We determined routine childhood immunization rates in Karachi and identified predictors of vaccine completion. A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Karachi between August and September 2008. Data on demographics, socioeconomic, and DTP3 vaccination status in children 12 to 23 months old were collected. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of vaccination completion. Overall, 1401 participants were approached; 1391 consented to participate. Of these, 1038 (75%) were completely vaccinated. Punjabi families had the highest DTP3 coverage (82%), followed by Urdu-speaking families (79%). Pashtun (67%) and Bengali (48%) families had the lowest vaccine coverage. Children of mothers with ≥12 years of schooling (OR = 25.4; 95% CI = 5.7-113.1) were most likely to be vaccinated. A quarter of study participants were unvaccinated. Targeted strategies for boosting DTP3 rates in communities with low immunization coverage are essential for polio eradication in Karachi.
The Evaluation of General Practitioners’ Awareness/Knowledge and Adherence to the GOLD Guidelines in a Shanghai Suburb
Authors: Li Fan , Cai Yingyun , Zhu Yunxia , Chen Xiaoli , Xu Xun , Zhang Xuemin , Yin Weiwen , Zhu Wanghui , Fu Huanjuan , Shen Chaoying , Zhuang Qijun , Yin Jianfeng
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study was to determine levels of awareness of basic knowledge concerning control and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among general practitioners (GPs) in a Shanghai suburb and to evaluate adherence to GOLD (COPD) guidelines in primary care. All 593 practitioners, including rural and urban community GPs at 15 primary care centers in the Songjiang district of Shanghai, were questioned, comprising 331 from urban communities and 262 from rural. Only 115 GPs (19.4%) understood that COPD is categorized into acute exacerbation and stable stages, and 328 GPs (55.3%) recognized that treatment for COPD patients was still required during stable stages. A total of 235 GPs (39.6%) knew that oxygen therapy should be administered for >15 h/d as regular home therapy. In 97 cases of stage III and IV COPD, only 1 patient had accepted long-term home oxygen therapy. Prescriptions that conformed with the GOLD recommendations occurred in approximately 8% of patients according to GOLD COPD severity staging. Basic knowledge of prevention and treatment of COPD was seriously lacking in GPs. Additional training is clearly needed.
Bringing Breakfast to Our Students
Authors: Olsta Julia
Published: February 2013

The relationship between breakfast consumption and academic success has been extensively studied over the past 30 years. Despite the wide availability of school breakfast programs and the preponderance of evidence that breakfast consumption has positive effects on a student’s ability to learn and function in the school setting, many students do not eat breakfast. A survey of students at a large Midwestern high school identified the main barriers to breakfast consumption as not having enough time in the morning to eat and not feeling hungry before school. A program that included extending breakfast cafeteria hours and providing a mobile cart that served a complete school breakfast during students’ morning study hall classes was implemented. By the end of the school year, average daily school breakfast participation increased by more than 400%. In a student survey conducted 6 months after implementation of the program, more than a quarter of the students reported purchasing food from the cart.
Gender and the Development of Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Burnette Mandi L.
Published: February 2013

Research is needed to understand the role of gender in the stability, course and etiology of antisocial behavior. Family environment, given its proximal association with children’s behavior, holds great promise in understanding risk for antisocial behavior. The present study examined the role of parental acceptance and emotional responsivity as assessed using the HOME, caregiver report of intimate partner violence (IPV), and levels of physical abuse as assessed using the Conflict Tactics Scales, on subsequent symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), a childhood disorder characterized by antisocial behavior. Data were drawn from Waves 1-3, cohorts 3 and 6 of the Project for Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Results suggest only minor gender differences in levels of ODD symptoms, with equal rates of stability from Wave 2 to 3 in symptom levels. For boys and girls, IPV was associated with an increased risk of ODD symptoms, and higher acceptance was associated with reduced risk of ODD symptoms. However, gender differences emerged in the impact of physical abuse and emotional responsiveness, in that the former was a significant predictor for girls only, and the latter was significant for boys only. Potential implications for these findings, including the role of gender socialization are discussed.
Framing Deadly Domestic Violence
Authors: Gillespie Lane Kirkland , Richards Tara N. , Givens Eugena M. , Smith M. Dwayne
Published: February 2013

The news media play a substantial role in shaping society’s perceptions of social issues, including domestic violence. However, minimal research has been conducted to examine whether news media frame stories of femicide within the context of domestic violence. Using frame analysis, the present research compares newspaper articles representing 113 cases of femicide that define the murder as domestic violence to a random sample of 113 cases without coverage defining the femicide as domestic violence. Findings indicate that both groups are represented by multiple frames, including a previously unidentified frame that places the femicide in the context of domestic violence as a social problem.
PTSD Symptoms in Young Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Levendosky Alytia A. , Bogat G. Anne , Martinez-Torteya Cecilia
Published: February 2013

Intimate partner violence (IPV) places infants and young children at risk for development of trauma symptoms. However, this is an understudied consequence of IPV because young children pose particular difficulties for assessment of trauma symptoms. The authors collected maternal reports on mothers’ and children’s posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and IPV yearly, from ages 1 to 7. Approximately half of the children exposed to IPV at each time period developed some trauma symptoms, and frequency of IPV witnessed was associated with PTSD symptoms. Maternal and child PTSD symptoms were correlated, suggesting that young children may be particularly vulnerable to relational PTSD due to their close physical and emotional relationship with their parents.
Grace’s Story
Authors: Salter Michael
Published: February 2013

Some sexually abused women in mental health settings are reporting prolonged incest and yet little is known about the circumstances that enable fathers to sexually abuse their daughters over a period of decades. This article draws from the life history of Grace, a woman who survived prolonged incest, in order to document and analyze the interplay of familial, social, and political factors that entrap girls and women within prolonged incestuous abuse.
The Flat Cat
Authors: Murphy Kate , Hibbert Angie
Published: February 2013

Aim:

Detailed information regarding the causes and treatment of acute collapse in the cat can be difficult to locate in a single published source. This two-part review aims to provide a logical approach to the clinical assessment and stabilisation of the critically ill collapsed cat.

Practical relevance:

Laboratory evaluation, in the form of an emergency database, is an important part of the initial assessment of a collapsed patient and should be considered in conjunction with physical abnormalities.

Clinical challenges:

Rapid identification and correction of life-threatening metabolic abnormalities, including hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia and hyperkalaemia, is essential in stabilising this group of patients. Clinicians often lack confidence if they are not dealing with these problems regularly.

Audience:

The information provided in this article will be of use to any veterinarian working with feline patients and particularly those dealing with emergencies on a regular basis.

Evidence base:

There is an extensive body of published literature, both original studies and textbook chapters, pertaining to the causes and treatment of the important metabolic abnormalities covered in this article. The authors draw on information from original articles, reviews and their clinical experience to provide simple but detailed practical information to guide interpretation of the emergency database and its application to therapy in the emergency setting.
Impact of organizational vitality on Black voter turnout in the South
Authors: Whitby Kenny J
Published: February 2013

In the voting behaviour literature, political organizations are often mentioned as playing an important role in mobilizing a deactivated electorate. Nevertheless, researchers have paid little attention to the relationship between organization strength and Black voter participation. In this study, a direct test of the organizational strength hypothesis is examined by utilizing official voter turnout data at the county level from the November 2004 elections. Controlling for socio-demographic factors, campaign factors and the impact of Black Churches, the findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between political organizations and Black turnout. The findings suggest that the Democratic Party and civil rights organizations can play a critical role in promoting Black turnout if they improve upon their organizational features.
Valorative prosody and the symbolic construction of time in recent national historical discourses
Authors: Oteíza Teresa , Pinuer Claudio
Published: February 2013

In this article we explore the semantic category of graduation, specifically force (appraisal theory), which builds the symbolic dimension of time in historical discourses. Our aim is to provide a more refined and extensive theoretical framework to analyse the symbolic construction of time in historical discourses – one that allows us to take into consideration how social, political and economic processes and events are represented and valued in historical discourses. We propose that this symbolic ‘scenification’ of time is constructed in the discourse by a combination and accumulation of congruent and metaphorical lexico-grammatical resources. In this manner, meanings of quantification of time as duration and sequencing tend to be expressed in a more congruent way, whereas meanings of intensification of time as accelerating, deepening and expectation tend to be expressed in a more metaphorical manner by means of processes and nominalizations. The chronological dimension of time imbricates the symbolic dimension in a way that allows historians and sociologists to legitimate particular historical memories of the recent Chilean past.
Optimum multi-objective modified constant-stress accelerated life test plan for the Burr type-XII distribution with type-I censoring
Authors: Srivastava Preeti W , Mittal Neha
Published: February 2013

Accelerated life test is usually performed using constant, step, progressive, cyclic and random stress loadings. In most of the existing accelerated life test plans, the stress level changes instantaneously, which is impractical. So, it is desirable to increase the stress at some finite rate, since a sudden jump in stress level may cause a thermal shock or undesirable failure modes that may not occur at the normal use condition. To overcome this problem, modified constant-stress loading and modified step-stress loading have been used in the literature in each of which stress is increased from a low stress level to higher stress level at a finite rate. This article deals with the design of an optimum multi-objective modified constant-stress accelerated life test plan for Burr type-XII distribution with type-I censoring. The inverse power law and a cumulative exposure model are assumed. The optimal test plan consists of determining an optimum low stress level, and also optimum proportion of units to be allocated at low and high stress levels by minimizing the weighted sum of the asymptotic variances of the maximum likelihood estimator of quantile lifetimes at design constant stress. The multi-objective modified constant-stress accelerated life test plan devised has been explained using a numerical example and the effects of the deviations from the pre-estimates of the design parameters investigated. The proposed model has been compared with the pre-existing model using the simulated failure time data set. For the same data set the proposed multi-objective plan has been compared with a single-objective plan with respect to changes in the values of the parameters, equal weights and unequal weights.