bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacogenetic Profiling and Clinical Outcome of Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer Treated With Palliative Chemotherapy
Authors: Ruzzo Annamaria , Graziano Francesco , Kawakami Kazuyuki , Watanabe Go , Santini Daniele , Catalano Vincenzo , Bisonni Renato , Canestrari Emanuele , Ficarelli Rita , Menichetti Ettore Tito , Mari Davide , Testa Enrica , Silva Rosarita , Vincenzi Bruno , Giordani Paolo , Cascinu Stefano , Giustini Lucio , Tonini Giuseppe , Magnani Mauro
Published: April 2006

Purpose

To investigate whether polymorphisms with putative influence on fluorouracil/cisplatin activity are associated with clinical outcomes of patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC).

Patients and Methods

Peripheral blood samples from 175 prospectively enrolled AGC patients treated with fluorouracil/cisplatin palliative chemotherapy were used for genotyping 13 polymorphisms in nine genes (TS, MTHFR, XPD, ERCC1, XRCC1, XRCC3, GSTPI, GSTTI, GSTMI). Genotypes were correlated to response and survival.

Results

The overall response rate was 41%, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 24 weeks (range, 4 to 50 weeks), and the median overall survival (OS) was 39 weeks (range, 8 to 72+ weeks). Chemoresistance and poor survival were significantly associated with TS 5′-UTR 3G-genotype (2R/3G, 3C/3G, 3G/3G) and GSTP1 105 A/A homozygous genotype. Sixty-one patients (35%) did not show any of these risk genotypes (group 0), 57 patients (32.5%) showed one of the two risk genotypes (group 1), and 57 patients (32.5%) showed both risk genotypes (group 2). Median PFS and OS in group 0 patients were 32 weeks (range, 8 to 50 weeks) and 49 weeks (range, 18 to 72+ weeks), respectively. Group 1 and group 2 patients showed significantly worse PFS (median, 26 weeks [range, 6 to 44 weeks] and 14 weeks [range, 4 to 38 weeks], respectively) and worse OS (median, 39 weeks [range, 10 to 58 weeks] and 28 weeks [range, 8 to 56 weeks]), respectively, than group 0 patients. This adverse effect was retained in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

Specific polymorphisms may influence clinical outcomes of AGC patients. Selecting palliative chemotherapy on the basis of pretreatment genotyping may represent an innovative strategy that warrants prospective studies.
Rapid increase in the partial pressure of NH3 on the cutaneous surface of air-exposed mangrove killifish,Rivulus marmoratus
Authors: Litwiller S. L. , O'Donnell M. J. , Wright P. A.
Published: April 2006

Mangrove killifish, Rivulus marmoratus, are tolerant of prolonged periods of air exposure (>30 days). Air-exposed R. marmoratuseliminate more than 40% of their total ammonia through NH3volatilization; however, the sites and mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that the cutaneous surface is an important site of NH3volatilization in air-exposed R. marmoratus. Ion-selective microelectrodes were used to measure the NH4+concentration and pH in the boundary layer on the cutaneous surface of fish in water or air (acute: 1 h, chronic: 11 days). Following acute and chronic air exposure, there was a ∼18-fold increase in the NH4+concentration and a 0.3–0.6 pH unit increase on the cutaneous surface of R. marmoratus. In air-exposed fish, the calculated cutaneous partial pressure (PNH3) was 608–1251 μTorr,representing a 33- to 75-fold increase over control (immersed) fish. The PNH3 on the cutaneous surface water film was more than sufficient to account for the rate of NH3 volatilization under terrestrial conditions. Together, these data indicate that during air exposure, R. marmoratus utilize the cutaneous surface as a key site of NH3 volatilization.
The Thick Frame of a Weak Twin Building
Authors: Caprace Pierre-Emmanuel
Published: April 2006

We prove the following extension to twin buildings of a result for spherical buildings which appears in [11]: to every weak twin building ∆, there is canonically associated a thick twin building ∆̄ whose Weyl group W (∆̄) can be considered as a reflection subgroup of the Weyl group W(∆) of ∆; conversely, it is possible to recover ∆ from the thick twin building ∆̄ and from the inclusion W(∆̄), ↪ W(∆).
Residues for Holomorphic Foliations of Singular Pairs
Authors: Bracci Filippo , Suwa Tatsuo
Published: April 2006

Let X be a (possibly singular) subvariety of a complex manifold M and Y a subvariety of X. We assume that Y is the intersection locus of X with a submanifold P ⊂ M and that this intersection is generically transversal. For such a pair (X, Y), we prove a generalization of the classical Camacho–Sad residue theorem, in case there exists a holomorphic foliation ℱ of X leaving Y invariant. Also, we compute explicitly the residues at isolated singular points.
The convergent evolution of radial constructions: French and English deictics and existentials
Authors: Bergen Benjamin K. , Plauché Madelaine C.
Published: April 2006

English deictic and existential there-constructions have been analyzed as constituting a single radial category of form—meaning pairings, related through motivated links, such as metaphor (Lakoff 1987). By comparison, existentials and deictic demonstratives in French make use of two distinct radial categories. The current study analyzes the varied senses of French deictic demonstratives (voilà ‘there is’ and voici ‘here is’) and the existential (il y a ‘there is’). We argue that the syntactic behavior of each of their senses is best explained by the semantic and pragmatic function of that sense, in combination with constraints imposed by its relation to other senses. A cross-linguistic comparison of the deictic demonstrative and existential constructions in French and English supports this claim: despite the different historical origins of these forms in the two languages, they display a strikingly similar array of uses and formal constraints. The parallel evolution of deictics and existentials in these two languages is interpreted as a case of convergent evolution of linguistic items, much like convergent evolution in biological species.
DNA analysis : Current status in court
Authors: Wall W. J.
Published: April 2006

Since the introduction of DNA profiling the methods have change considerably and so have the way that results are expressed. There have been many different techniques used to produce a DNA profile. The starting point was multilocus probes, followed by single locus probes, neither of which are now widely used, and then Short tandem Repeat (STR) analysis. Whatever the next step in DNA analysis is, the methods of interpretation will remain essentially the same. We rely on the concept and reality of the benign state for this to be used for the good of society, not the oppression of individuals or groups.
The International Treatment of Biological Material as Intellectual Property
Authors: Kerr William A. , Isaac Grant E.
Published: April 2006

The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization was negotiated prior to the commercialization of any plant-based biotechnology. While the negotiators of the TRIPS anticipated biotechnology a number of important international issues in the treatment of biological material as intellectual property have arisen in the wake of commercialization. This paper analyses the international treatment of biotechnology and other plant genetic resources in the light of this experience. In particular, the problem of monopoly rents, the differential treatment of scientific discovery versus traditional knowledge in international intellectual property law and differences in scientific capacity are examined. The paper ends with some suggestions for the reform of the international regime for the protection of intellectual property.
Use of Genetic Test Information in Life Insurance: An Evaluation of Different Regulatory Models
Authors: Otlowski Margaret
Published: April 2006

Introduction

The new knowledge from the Human Genome Project has created much interest and anticipation of improved health for the population. A significant aspect of this has been the expanded use of genetic testing to identify whether a person has the affected gene and is therefore at risk of developing a particular condition or, in the case of conditions inherited on an autosomal dominant basis, establishing that a person is presymptomatic of a condition that they will almost certainly develop. Whilst knowledge of genetic risk can be of great benefit, in allowing life-planning in the knowledge of that risk, and in some cases, taking of preventative measures, concerns have been generated about the availability of genetic test information, and the use that commercial third parties may seek to make of this information.
Pharmacogenomics and Data Protection
Authors: Dey Bindu
Published: April 2006

Introduction

That the genes are responsible for disease susceptibility, differential drug response and drug toxicity was always suspected; post-genome developments, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics have proven that beyond doubt. The trials of AstraZeneca drug, IRESSA, an EGFR kinase inhibitor approved for non-small lung cancer have clearly shown the consequences of exposing the non-responders to such drugs. It has also initiated an intense debate within the regulatory set up to seek genomic solutions to drug variability during development, clinical testing and their approvals. The strong drug lobby that is used to “one drug for all”, pushing their products across continents to re-coup the heavy ivestments made in R&D and currently fighting for “TRIPS plus” rights over ”Data Protection” may not like the population dynamics. However, one wonders the worth of such clinical data if the drug fails or induces adverse reactions in a different set of population with variation in crucial set of genes that the drug intends to target!
Comments on Object Shift and Cyclic Linearization
Authors: Sells Peter
Published: April 2006

In this short review I address certain issues and predictions that arise from the position papers by Erteschik-Shir, and by Fox and Pesetsky. The two proposed analyses are radically different, so I have made no attempt to relate them in terms of their properties. In section 1 I discuss some underlying issues in the architecture of grammar assumed by Erteschik-Shir, and in section 2 I evaluate some of the predictions generated by Fox and Pesetsky’s approach. In section 3 I draw some more general conclusions about what consequences Object Shift shows us concerning the organization of grammar, and the nature of grammatical principles. While my remarks mainly address problems or drawbacks that I see with the proposals in the two position papers, they both offer a stimulating account of OS and explore the wider implications of the natures of their enterprises, and deserve fuller consideration beyond the present venue, consideration that they will surely receive.
Cyclic Linearization and its interaction with other aspects of grammar: a reply
Authors: Fox Danny , Pesetsky David
Published: April 2006

Our proposal is concerned with the relation between an aspect of phonology (linearization) and syntax. In the picture that we had in mind, the syntax is autonomous – ‘‘it does what it does’’ – but sometimes the result maps to an unusable phonological representation. In this sense, linearization acts logically as a filter on derivations. We know of no evidence that the syntax can predict which syntactic objects will be usable by the phonology, and we know of no clear evidence that the phonology communicates this information to the syntax. In this sense, our proposal fits squarely into the tradition that Svenonius characterizes as the ‘‘mainstream’’. We thus attempted to identify certain deviant configurations that are not plausibly excluded for syntax-internal reasons, but are filtered out in the linearization process.
Post-Davidsonianism
Authors: Ramchand Gillian
Published: April 2006

The pioneering work of Davidson (1967) gave rise to a productive and exciting tradition within formal semantics and especially at the interface between syntax and semantics, whereby event variables were exploited as elements of the referential ontology in the expression of the semantics of natural language. The existence of such logical elements (events, or eventuality variables) cannot seriously now be doubted, in my opinion, although many aspects of the formal theory of syntax and semantics have changed in the nearly forty years since Davidson’s seminal article. The time has definitely come for a more critical and nuanced understanding of the use of eventuality variables, in the light of recent research in the field. Maienborn (this volume) is an important example of this kind of work. She takes a new look at the idea of eventuality variables and argues that the case has been overstated, that there are both empirical and conceptual reasons for denying the existence of events in the Davidsonian sense for a certain class of statives and copular predications. I wish to show in this article that Maienborn both goes too far and not far enough in deconstructing the traditional Davidsonian assumptions. Instead, I propose a Davidson-inspired method of representation which fits better with current syntactic understanding, but which is liberated from some of the assumptions and methodologies of earlier work – I call this ‘Post-Davidsonianism’. I will argue that once one makes the adjustments in the Davidsonian tradition to make the idea coherent, Maienborn’s arguments for introducing a new ontological type (‘Kimian states’) into the system disappear.
Morphologie im Internet [Morphology in the Internet]
Authors: Boland Jan Hendrik
Published: April 2006

In dieser sechsten Ausgabe der Rubrik „Germanistische Linguistik im Internet“ werden ausgewählte Angebote zur Morphologie im Internet vorgestellt. Folgende Auswahl wurde getroffen: zwei Beispiele für online einsehbare Vorlesungsmitschriften, multimediale Lerneinheiten, Software zur morphologischen Analyse, ein morphologisches Spezialwörterbuch, ins Internet gestellte Bibliographien sowie eine Linkliste zur Morphologie.
Nuer Time-Reckoning
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

All Europeans who have lived among the Nuer have, I suppose, found difficulty in discussing with them any matter involving an estimate of time. I do not refer to such a simple arrangement as meeting a Nuer at a certain hour on a certain day. The idiomatic technique necessary to effect a meeting is soon learnt, after a few disasters have taught one not to translate European time-reckoning too literally. I refer to conceptual differences more fundamental than those that give rise to such minor misunderstandings, for the Nuer have a different sense of time to ours.
La Poésie Chez les Basuto
Authors: Laydevant F.
Published: April 2006

Il ne faut pas juger les gens sur la mine, dit le proverbe. Quand on voit les Basuto sortir de leurs pauvres habitations guère plus grosses que des fourmilières, pour aller cultiver leurs champs de maïs ou de sorgho, lorsqu'on les rencontre drapés dans leurs couvertures de laine, tantôt neuves tantôt en lambeaux, se demandant mutuellement, non pas ce qu'il y a de nouveau sous le soleil, mais dans quel village et dans quelle maison il y a de la bière à boire, il est difficile de s'imaginer que sous ces guenilles il y a souvent l'étoffe d'un vrai poête. Cependant c'est un fait connu que le génie poétique est souvent l'apanage de gens peu favorisés de la fortune. Le poète Lamartine a dit avec raison:

Le souffle inspirateur qui fait de l'âme humaine

Un instrument mélodieux

Dédaigne des palais la pompe souveraine.
Four Edo Fables
Authors: Butcher H. L. M. , Gbinigie E. O.
Published: April 2006

Among the Edo tribes which inhabit the Benin Province of Southern Nigeria are found in each village men corresponding to the old medieval troubadours, the repositories of the stories and legends of the past. They are not, of course, peculiar to the Edo tribes, but are found in most African societies. Sometimes these persons are the elders of the village, sometimes the telling of the tales is left to the young men, who amuse themselves and their friends by relating fables of the Aesop variety, or by describing with a wealth of pantomime and gesture some event round which a mass of legendary detail has arisen. The narration holds the audience enthralled, though most of the tales will be familiar, and the eloquence of the teller receives instant appreciation. The various actions described are imitated, and onomatopoeic sounds are freely used. Any misfortune to the characters of the story, particularly if caused by the tricks of the ‘villain’, draws forth roars of laughter, and any magical or mysterious happening elicits a chorus of grunts and exclamations of surprise.
Simples Notes sur l'Émigration des Indigènes de l'Afrique Centrale vers les Centres industriels
Authors: Guillemé
Published: April 2006

L'Afrique possède des richesses immenses que les indigènes, pendant des siècles, n'ont pas su exploiter. Cette carence des indigènes a été la principale cause de la venue et de l'installation des blancs en Afrique. Elle est considérée, par beaucoup de sociologues, comme la meilleure justification du fait de la colonisation. Dans l'intérêt des colonisants et aussi, sans doute, des colonisés, il faut exploiter ces richesses. En tout cas, aucune nation ne consentirait des sacrifices considérables d'hommes et d'argent dans un but exclusivement sentimental et humanitaire. D'autre part, l'exploitation industrielle du sol et du sous-sol africain suppose nécessairement la collaboration des indigènes. D'immenses travaux doivent être exécutés pour lesquels il est besoin d'une énorme main-d'œuvre qui ne peut être qu'indigène. Mais ou trouver cette main-d'œuvre et comment l'organiser? Problème difficile qu'on a jusqu'aujourd'hui résolu dans des conditions telles qu'elles inspirent les plus graves inquiétudes à ceux que préoccupe l'avenir des populations africaines.
Some Notes on the Initiation of Young Men and Girls in the Bari Tribe
Authors: Spagnolo L. M.
Published: April 2006

In past times, when the Bari tribes, untouched as yet by foreign civilization, were still following their tribal customs, the relation between the people and their chiefs was fostered by various subsidiary customs, such as the erection of shrines to the chief's (Kɔ mɔnyε kak) ancestors, and purification ceremonies, ordered and presided over by the same. To these we might add the tribal hunting-parties and the magic ritual connected with cattle-breeding in the large kraals of the upland pastures (kurumi-et).
Notes on Some Fulani Tribes and Customs
Authors: Reed L. N.
Published: April 2006

The following preliminary notes on some Fulani tribes were compiled as the result of a series of tours carried out in 1928 among the Fulani of the Bornu Emirate Division of Bornu Province in the northern provinces of Nigeria, and it is to the Fulani of that area only that the notes refer.
The Teaching of Agriculture in West Africa
Authors: Irvine F. R.
Published: April 2006

The teaching of agriculture in West Africa is difficult compared with other more literary subjects, first, because it is impossible to rely so much on a text-book, and, secondly, because the outdoor practical work is so difficult to arrange, if the students' continued interest and enthusiasm are to be kept. The main reasons why agriculture and gardening as taught in schools are not more effective can be understood by a closer study of the motives of the methods adopted.
Die Bedeutung des Rindes bei den Nuer
Authors: Crazzolara P. P.
Published: April 2006

Das Rind drückt dem Nuerland sein Gepräge auf. Es bedingt die Ansiedlungsweise, Dorfanlage, Jahreseinteilung mit entsprechender Lebenseinrichtung und Arbeitsverteilung. Rind heisst auf Nuer yaŋ, pl. ɣɔ́k. Dine Nuer halten ausser Rindern in geringer Anzahl auch Schafe und Ziegen, beide in dem Worte dεεl inbegriffen. Sie kommen jedoch der Milch wegen nicht ernstlich in Betracht, höchstens für Kinder. Für die Tafel haben sie gelegentlich für Gäste und kleinere Familienfeiern Fleisch zu liefern. Für religiöse Zwecke kommt ihnen eine grössere Bedeutung zu als Opfergegenständen bei Gelegenheiten von untergeordneter Bedeutung oder bei Ermangelung von Rindern.
The Isoko Tribe
Authors: Welch James W.
Published: April 2006

The Isoko country in the north-western corner of the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria, is a virgin field for anthropologists. Beyond one or two brief and usually inaccurate references in accounts of the Delta, and a Government Intelligence Report, nothing has been collected about or written upon the Isoko people. The following notes were collected by me during a first tour of eighteen months, purely out of personal interest and curiosity, and in my spare time, without any previous training in anthropology.
The BaKxatlaBaxa Kxafêla. Preliminary Report of Field Investigations
Authors: Schapera I.
Published: April 2006

The BaKxatla baxaKxafêla belong to the Sotho cluster of Southern Bantu peoples. They lived originally in the Rustenberg district of the Transvaal, where many of them are still found; but in 1869 the main body of the tribe, owing to trouble with the local Dutch authorities, crossed the border into what is now Bechuanaland Protectorate. Here they are now settled in a proclaimed reserve approximately 3,600 sq. miles in extent. Much of their land, however, is arid, poorly watered, and of little practical value. Their population inside the Reserve may be estimated at about 12,000 souls. Two-thirds of them live in the large central town of Mochudi. The rest are distributed over nearly a dozen much smaller villages to the south and west, at distances of six to thirty miles from Mochudi.
The African Chief under European Rule
Authors: Tagart E. S. B.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The preamble to one of the clauses in the Charter under which the British Crown entrusted the administration of the natives of Northern Rhodesia to the British South Africa Company runs as follows:

‘In the administration of justice to the said peoples or inhabitants careful regard shall always be had to the customs and laws of the class or tribe or nation to which the parties respectively belong.’

It enunciates a very important principle of our policy in dealing with backward races. ‘Careful regard shall always be had to their laws and customs…’ but there is a saving clause to be added, ‘in so far as such laws or customs are not repugnant to natural justice, equity, and good government’. The extension of this principle to all branches of native administration has of late years been strongly emphasized in various pronouncements by those whose duty it is to supervise or comment upon British government of native communities in general and of those of East Africa in particular. All that is best in tribal organizations and tribal institutions must be preserved and adapted to the machinery of government in the native territories which we administer.
The Linguistic Situation in East Africa
Authors: Roehl K. E.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In considering the linguistic situation of East Africa the first outstanding impression is that of a vast multiplicity of languages which is not met with in any other part of the continent. For instance travelling inland from Tanga for about a hundred miles, the areas of the following languages are entered or crossed: Swahili, Digo, Bondei, Ruvu, Zigula, Shambala, Mbugu, Pare (also called Chasu), and also various linguistic enclaves, viz. Taita, Kamba, Kwafi, Ndorobo, and Masai. For such a small district this is a somewhat bewildering richness, even when allowance is made for the fact that most of these languages are Bantu, and some of them, as for example Ruvu and Zigula, or Shambala and Bondei, are closely related. In addition several languages, such as Jagga on the Kilimanjaro, are split up into a number of widely divergent dialects. Although the linguistic divisions are not in all parts of East Africa as marked as they are in the district between the coast and Kilimanjaro, yet there are other districts, where for the periods when on ‘safari’, almost every day a new language is encountered, as for example on the way to Lake Nyassa. In a survey like this it cannot therefore be our object to enumerate all the languages of East Africa, even in the case of those which possess the beginnings of a literature.
The Anthropologist and the Practical Man: A Reply and A Question
Authors: Mitchell P. E.
Published: April 2006

In an article entitled ‘Practical Anthropology’, which appeared in Vol. II, No. I of Africa, Professor Malinowski makes suggestions as to the manner in which the anthropologist can be of service to those who are engaged in the practical business of colonial administration, especially in Africa. He writes, it is true, as an anthropologist, and he proposes that the anthropologist shall record the facts and the ‘practical’ man draw his deductions therefrom. How many anthropologists would agree that a division into anthropologists and practical men is satisfactory may be open to doubt: but as I am certainly not an anthropologist I hope that I may speak for the practical man.
Some Gweabo Proverbs
Authors: Sapir Edward , Blooah Charles G.
Published: April 2006

In the eastern part of Liberia, both along the coast and for a considerable distance into the interior, is spoken the Gweabo language. The tribes that use it, with slight dialectic differences, live some distance west of the Cavally River, which is the dividing line between Liberia and the Ivory Coast, a French dependency, though some of the interior tribes extend also into French territory. These peoples are divided into five tribes: the Nyabo (with six divisions), the NlWie (English ‘Nimiah’, with three divisions), the Bolokwe (with three divisions), the Drebo (English ‘Tremble’), and the Gbwolo, Gwlobo. These five tribes, collectively known as Gweabo, are generally, but incorrectly, classed as ‘Grebo ’, which should be reserved for a coast tribe lying just east of the coast Gweabo and at the mouth of the Cavally. The true ‘Grebo’ are subdivided into six divisions and speak a language which is quite different from Gweabo, though closely related to it, being intermediate between it and Kru. The ‘Grebo’ are known as Gbwobo by the Gweabo-speaking tribes. West of the Grebo proper are found the Kru, who are termed Menãkwe by the Gweabo.
The Problem of Relationship between Pygmies and Bushmen
Authors: Hirschberg Walter
Published: April 2006

The problem of the relationship between Pygmies and Bushmen is not yet solved. The earlier investigators contented themselves with the methods of Physical Anthropology which have predominated over all others. Father Wilhelm Schmidt, using more especially arguments based on his studies of religious history, was the pioneer of the ethnological approach. The only student to make use of linguistic evidence was Father Schebesta, who tried to establish the unity of all African Pygmies and Bushmen by means of tribal names.
Aufgaben der Gemeinschaftsbildung in Afrika
Authors: Gutmann D. Bruno
Published: April 2006

Wenn sich noch vor zwanzig Jahren die Abkömmlinge verschiedener Stämme in der Steppe Ostafrikas begegneten, gingen sie teilnahmlos aneinander vorüber, ja wohl noch erfüllt miteinem Gefühle gegenseitiger Ablehnung. Das hat sich völlig gewandelt, und gerade die Bewohner der Steppen sind es, die das ihnen begegnende Glied eines altangesessenen Bergstammes fragen: wer bist du? Und wenn der auf ihre Frage antwortet: ich bin ein Christ, dann laden sie ihn freundlich ein zum Niedersitzen mit dem Rufe: karibu karibu, tuzungumze: tritt näher, wir wollen uns besprechen.
Bw Anga Among the Bemba
Authors: Moore R. J. B.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The conception of bwanga among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia is very similar to that recorded by Edwin Smith among the Ila and by C. Doke among the Lamba. In collecting the following material I have, however, followed a slightly different method. The traditional method of studying this subject has been in the main categories of ‘Magic’, ‘Taboo’, ‘Omen’, and so on. While this has proved useful in collecting together many facts under their appropriate heads it has resulted in taking, as it were, a cross-section through native thought. The native does not think in these categories, he observes an object and knows certain facts about it; whether it is edible, fierce, or dangerous, whether if found in a certain way it constitutes an evil omen. The arrangement of my material, therefore, has been according to this latter method, i.e. taking one object at a time and recording as much about it as possible. The two methods are represented diagrammatically on a later page, the traditional method being equivalent to reading the columns vertically: the method here adopted reads them horizontally.
Le Problème des Mulâtres
Authors: Hulstaert G.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Dans cette étude nous nous limitons aux problèmes posés pat l'existence des mulâtres et nous éliminons la discussion de l'opportunité du mélange des races, qui est une toute autre question. On peut déplorer ce mélange ou l'apptouver — d'après les circonstances, d'après ses idèes philosophiques ou ses sentiments, ses préjugés, etc. — mais il est une réalité objective dont on doit tenir compte; il pose un problème auquel il faut chercher une solution. Si la solution de tout problème doit, pour être raisonnable, équitable, viable et utile, se baser sur des principes sûrs et sains, cela est doublement nécessaire quand il s'agit d'un problème gravement complexe et d'une portée sociale considérable comme est celui qui nous occupe ici.
Yoruba Food
Authors: Bascom William R.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The subsistence economy of the Yoruba of West Africa, like that of their neighbours, on the Guinea Coast, is based on sedentary hoe agriculture. Hunting, fishing, animal husbandry, and the gathering of wild foods are practised, but the basis of the Yoruba diet consists of starchy tubers, grains, and fruits grown on their farms, supplemented by vegetable oils, wild and cultivated fruits and vegetables, and meat and fish. The commercial economy of the Yoruba is based on cocoa (koko, from English) Theobroma cacao, originally native to Central America, which has become the principal cash crop of the Yoruba during the present century. Today Nigeria's major export, cocoa, is produced almost entirely by the Yoruba. More than 99 per cent, of the total tonnage of Nigerian cocoa graded in 1940-1 was produced in Yoruba territory, only 741 out of 97,862 tons coming from Benin and Warri provinces. First exported in the last decade of the nineteenth century, cocoa has increased in importance until in 1947 it ranked first among Nigeria's exports in terms of value. It is the principal cash crop in Ǫyǫ, Ondo, Ijębu-Ode and Abęokuta provinces and part of the Colony, all of which are inhabited by the Yoruba.
The Sacrificial Role of Cattle Among the Nuer
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In my two books on the Nuer I gave some account of the importance of cattle in their economy and social life. I scarcely mentioned their role in religion as I did not wish to stray too far from the topics I was then discussing. I summarize very briefly what was said there before discussing their religious significance.
The Age-Set System of the Pastoral Pokot: Mechanism, Function and Post-Sapana Ceremonies
Authors: Peristiany J. G.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The following features of the sapana initiation ceremony were isolated in my first article.

(1) This ceremony is held towards the end of the rainy season as often as there are candidates for initiation; (2) each candidate is, usually, initiated separately; and (3) the immediate effect of this ceremony is not so much to integrate the initiate into a new corporate group, as to permit him to participate in some of the activities of manhood.

The initiated are divided into various ranks of seniority, and passage from the lower to the immediately higher rank is the result of a specific initiation ceremony. The main difference between such a ceremony and that of sapana is that sapana admits initiates to manhood individually whereas the ceremonies which follow it raise a whole group of initiated men through a series of progressively senior age-ranks. They function, that is, as parts of a true age-set mechanism. The moment a man enters one of these strata, his vertical age-mobility is conditioned by their movements, and individual transition is no longer possible.
The Age-Set System of the Pastoral Pokot: The Sapana Initiation Ceremony
Authors: Peristiany J. G.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The society to which this paper refers is a Nilo-Hamitic tribe of north-western Kenya among whose people, the Pokot, I carried out field-work for a period of approximately 6 months in 1947. For the opportunity to do so I am indebted to the Government of Kenya.

The population of West Suk does not exceed 25,000 but is dispersed over an area of 1,810 square miles. The eastern and western sections of this tribe are composed of semi-nomadic pastoralists, the pi-pa-tich (cattle people) who live in arid and often semi-desert plains. Between the plains rise the Suk Hills, inhabited by the pi-pa-pagh (people of the grain) who, in certain areas, practise intensive irrigation agriculture and in others follow the usual ecological pattern of the mixed-economy Kipsigis and Nandi. The hill people have close cultural affinities with the Nandi group, while the pastoralists have been strongly influenced by their Karamojong and Turkana neighbours.
Nuer Bridewealth
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

Like many other African peoples the Nuer marry by the family and kin of the bridegroom handing over cattle to the family and kin of the bride. The marriage is brought about by this payment and by the performance of a series of ceremonial acts. Though these ceremonies and payments of cattle proceed pari passu as inter-connected movements towards the completion of the union they can be treated separately. It should be remembered, however, that Nuer do not consider the union to be complete till a child has been born of it, even though spouses may continue to cohabit where the union proves to be unfruitful.
An Analytical Commentary on the Social Structure of the Dogon
Authors: Tait David
Published: April 2006

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It is useful to review existing ethnographic writings from time to time in the light of advancing theory. The data considered here are contained in an impressive body of first-rate material collected in accordance with the best descriptive methods on which French ethnographers rely. This paper is in no sense a summary of the data collected by the various Missions Griaule; it is an ‘analytical commentary’ dealing only with the social system of the Dogon of Sanga that a structural analysis of the material reveals. Its purpose is to direct attention to some problems of structure for which further investigation is needed. It can most usefully be read side by side with the principal works on this people so far published.
The Problem of Language in Education in the Gold Coast
Authors: Asamoa E. A.
Published: April 2006

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In a memorandum on education published in 1952, the Government of the Gold Coast declared that its policy was ‘to provide as soon as possible a six-year basic primary course for all children at public expense’. This policy has naturally led, not only to a rapid multiplication of the number of existing primary schools, but also to a widening of the individual classes, in order to make room for the increased number of children now entering school.
La Coutume du Hlonepho
Authors: Laydevant F.
Published: April 2006

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Au Basutoland ainsi que dans beaucoup d'autres tribus indigènes du Sud de l'Afrique, il arrive souvent que le magistrat dans son office, ou le missionnaire à son bureau, doit écrire les noms et prénoms des individus, soit pour la célébration d'un mariage, ou d'un baptême, soit pour quelqu'autre raison.
The Recent Development of Crafts and Industries in Palestine
Authors: Stewart W. A.
Published: April 2006

Before the war local crafts and industries were already established and a certain measure of organization had, at least in the Jewish community, been started. Handwork of many varieties had been modernized, both in processes of manufacture and in design. The Bezalel school of applied arts had been remodelled, and design for metal-work, posters, and weaving was based on a thorough course of drawing from nature and a study of processes. The general tendency was towards simplicity and fine form rather than to over-decoration, and good examples of table silverware had been produced. Home industries were being encouraged both by a committee working in Tel-Aviv and by the Association of Palestine Arts and Crafts, under the direct control of the Jewish Agency.
Structural Change in the Sierra Leone Protectorate
Authors: Little Kenneth
Published: April 2006

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In recent centuries indigenous West African society has experienced the impact of two external cultural forces, the one personified by Moslem invaders and migrants from the north, the other by European colonists from the West. With the spread of Islam, the way of life of whole peoples has been largely transformed, but the main changes which have occurred in the structure of African society are the result of Western and Westernizing influences. It is the purpose of this article to examine a particular aspect of these structural changes which is exemplified by the appearance of a new class of ‘educated’ and ‘literate’ individuals and their relationship with traditional society in the Sierra Leone Protectorate. The Protectorate, with which this article is exclusively concerned, comprises the hinterland of the Sierra Leone Colony, and is under a Native Authority system of government. In the Colony, political and legal institutions are modelled mainly on the English system. As explained later, the terms ‘educated’ and ‘literate’ are used throughout to denote relative degrees of Westernization due to education.
The Lyric in the Fante Methodist Church
Authors: Williamson S. G.
Published: April 2006

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The Methodist Church in Ghana, in common with all the missionary-implanted Churches in the area, strongly reflects its Western origins: its organization and polity, its worship and discipline, and its ethos are manifestly those of the British Methodism which gave it birth. Methodist institutions have been present in parts of Ghana, particularly in the coastal strip, for over a century and have thereby become part of the social and religious landscape; but whether they are related to it or rooted in the soil has been seriously questioned. It is therefore all the more notable that within this implanted institutional framework typically Ghanaian attitudes seek expression, and that in one direction at least a Fante cultural form has found an honoured place within the Church's life. This is the Fante lyric.
The Influence of Ecological Factors and External Relations on the Mbembe Tribes of South-East Nigeria
Authors: Harris Rosemary
Published: April 2006

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This paper is concerned with the significance of environmental factors for the reconstruction and interpretation of the history of the Mbembe tribes during the period immediately prior to the first arrival of the Europeans in the late 1880's. It seems probable that developments occurring mainly during the nineteenth century led to differences between the tribes, both in the distribution of their populations and in the character of their villages. These in turn resulted in considerable divergences in political organization despite the fact that the tribes remained adjacent and culturally very similar, and that the main principles and assumptions on which their organization was based remained essentially similar. It would be possible to discuss these political differences simply in terms of the present variations in demography and village structure. But an attempt to discover the processes by which they came about will, I think, increase our understanding of the development of these divergent political structures.
Migrant Aŋlo Fishing Companies and Socio-Political Change: A Comparative Study
Authors: Wyllie Robert W.
Published: April 2006

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The Aŋlo are an Ewe-speaking people who occupy the low-lying coastal area between the Volta river in Ghana and Lome, the capital of Togo. They are among the most mobile of West African peoples, Aŋlo beach seine fishing companies having for many years operated from beaches as far afield as Sierra Leone and Angola. In recent years, however, the governments of certain West African countries have ordered their removal in attempts to protect the interests of indigenous fishermen. This has meant that these companies have tended more and more to return to Ghanaian beaches, but have found that the increasing mechanization of Ghanaian coastal fishing presents a serious threat to their continued operation.
Craft Work in Bida
Authors: Vernon-Jackson Hugh
Published: April 2006

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According to the last census (1952) the population of Bida, capital of the Emirate of the same name in Niger Province, Nigeria, is about 26,000, of which some 2,000 are listed as craftsmen. But many Bida men described in the census as having other occupations, most women, and many children are to some extent craft-workers, either part-time or spasmodic, often skilled in several crafts.
The Categories of Number in Noun forms in the Borana Dialect of Galla
Authors: Andrzejewski B. W.
Published: April 2006

Introduction

The aim of this article is to give a brief account of certain inflexional features in Borana Nouns, which may throw light on similar characteristics in other dialects of Galla.

The inflexional features under discussion are those set out in the lists in Section II of this article. These features are not described in formal terms, as I have found that, in this case, a formal approach leads to a confused and unsatisfactory statement. Instead, I have endeavoured to correlate the given inflexional features with notional categories which have been established through direct observation of the speakers' behaviour rather than simply on the basis of translation. These categories were obtained by analysing the situations in which the forms listed in Section II were used, a process which was based on personal observation of these situations, together with my knowledge of the events which preceded them.
Mosque-Building and Tribal Separatism in Freetown East
Authors: Proudfoot L.
Published: April 2006

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Of recent years many mosques have been built in Sierra Leone, while in Freetown itself the number and character of these new buildings is transforming the Eastern Ward into a visibly Islamic city. Several of the new Freetown mosques are alike in their ambitious scale, their architectural style, and in being associated with a particular sponsoring tribe. The older mosques, even the two or three which were built of permanent materials, were small in scale, had but few architectural pretensions, and were communal rather than tribal in character. The new mosques—the Temne, the Mandinka, the Fula, and the Hausa—are all very large and advertise the ecclesiastical architecture of the Near East; a particular tribe was responsible for the building of each, and the tribal vernaculars are—except in the case of the Mandinka—either being used already within them, or about to be introduced. Moreover, the process is obviously continuing. The foundation-stone has been laid of a Limba mosque; land has been acquired and collections are being taken for a Mende mosque, and both are intended to be large buildings in the new style. Finally, a small Susumosque, scarcely finished as yet, is reported to be destined for demolition in order that it may be replaced by a more handsome structure.
Indirect Rule—French and British Style
Authors: Crowder Michael
Published: April 2006

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In his witty and thought-provoking Lugard Memorial Lecture, ‘Et maintenant, Lord Lugard?’ (Africa, xxxiii. 4, 1963), Gouverneur Deschamps has provided us with an excellent general appraisal of the relative achievements and failures of French and British ‘native’ administration in Africa. But he does not do full justice to the fundamental differences between the two systems. Though he hints at these differences on several occasions in his lecture, he contends that, far from what is generally supposed, the two were in practice very similar, since they both reposed on indigenous chiefs. He insists that ‘la seule différence est que nous n'avons pas tenté, comme vous, Lord Lugard, de moderniser ces états anciens, ni de créer des embryons d'états là où il n'en existait point’; or‘…[our administrative practice] ne différait de la vôtre (au moins en Afrique noire) que par une allure plus familière et des buts moins définis’. This seems seriously to underestimate the nature of the differences between the two systems, which were rather those of kind than of degree.
Hill Settlements and their Abandonment in Western Yorubaland
Authors: Gleave Michael B.
Published: April 2006

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It is well known that villages and small towns in the savanna and derived savanna area of West Africa have, at some time, moved down from hill sites to their present position on the plains. It has been suggested that settled conditions resulting from the penetration of colonial administration provided the stimulus in a number of cases in the Western Region of Nigeria, notably Okeiho which was moved in 1917, and Igbetti in 1905. In the Afenmai district of northern Benin, fortified hill sites were abandoned and villages were moved down to the plains after British administration entered the district in 1904, while New Idanre in Ondo Province was laid out with broad streets on a rectangular plan at the foot of the hill, leaving Old Idanre on the hill-top site. This paper outlines the reasons for the earlier choice of hill-top sites and for later movement of settlements in a small part of the derived savanna in Ibadan and Oyo Provinces, bounded by arbitrary limits to the north and east, by the Dahomey frontier to the west, and by the boundary between Ibadan and Abeokuta Provinces to the south.
Notes sur la Situation du Sango à Bangui: Résultats d'un Sondage
Authors: Jacquot André
Published: April 2006

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La langue véhiculaire dite sango commercial, ou tout simplement sango, est parlée principalement sur le territoire de la République Centrafricaine, ne débordant que légèrement sur la rive gauche du fleuve Oubangui et sur la République du Congo dans la région comprise entre la Sangha et l'Oubangui. Elle est dérivée du parler des Sango de Mobaye, sur le Haut Oubangui, qui appartient d'après Tucker à un agrégat de dialectes qu'il désigne par le nom du principal, ngbandi.
Nden-Bobo, l'Araignée-Toilière
Authors: Gaspard  , Towo-Atangana Françoise
Published: April 2006

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Ce conte a été enregistré, transcrit, traduit et présenté sous les auspices du Centre Fédéral Linguistique et Culturel de Yaoundé (Cameroun) et grâce à une subvention de l'Institut International Africain. Après un rapide commentaire, nous le donnons sous la version française d'abord et ensuite sous sa version Eton avec une traduction linéaire.
Univers Religieux et Cohésion Interne dans les Communautés Villageoises Bwa Traditionnelles
Authors: Capron Jean
Published: April 2006

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On a souvent répété des cultures négro-africaines qu'elles étaient imprégnées de spiritualité sinon de religiosité; pourtant, comme le remarquait dans un récent article Madame Calame-Griaule: ‘il serait faux de croire que le facteur religieux y joue un rôle essentiel’; il se situe en réalité sur le même plan que les autres manifestations de la vie sociale; il concourt à la construction de cet ensemble fonctionnel que constitue toute culture. C'est dans cette perspective que nous voudrions tenter d'examiner comment la religion bwa – dont les manifestations les plus élaborées et les plus valorisées s'expriment dans l'organisation et le fonctionnement de la société du do – s'intègre dans un complexe institutionnel précis dont elle n'est pas seulement, à certains égards, le reflet, mais l'un des rouages essentiels.