bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reference without anaphora: on agency through grammar
Authors: Raymond Chase Wesley , Clift Rebecca , Heritage John
Published: April 2021

In this article, we investigate a puzzle for standard accounts of reference in natural language processing, psycholinguistics and pragmatics: occasions where, following an initial reference (e.g.,the ice), a subsequent reference is achieved using the same noun phrase (i.e.,the ice), as opposed to an anaphoric form (i.e.,it). We argue that such non-anaphoric reference can be understood as motivated by a central principle: the expression of agency in interaction. In developing this claim, we draw upon research in what may initially appear a wholly unconnected domain: the marking of epistemic and deontic stance, standardly investigated in linguistics as turn-level grammatical phenomena. Examination of naturally-occurring talk reveals that to analyze such stances solely though the lens of turn-level resources (e.g., modals) is to address only partially the means by which participants make epistemic and deontic claims in everyday discourse. Speakers’ use of referential expressions illustrates a normative dimension of grammar that incorporates both form and position, thereby affording speakers the ability to actively depart from this form-position norm through the use of a repeated NP, a grammatical practice that we show is associated with the expression of epistemic and deontic authority. It is argued that interactants can thus be seen to be agentively mobilizing the resources of grammar to accommodate the inescapable temporality of interaction.
Logophoric speech is not indirect: towards a syntactic approach to reported speech constructions
Authors: Nikitina Tatiana , Bugaeva Anna
Published: April 2021

The distinction between direct and indirect speech has long been known not to reflect the crosslinguistic diversity of speech reporting strategies. Yet prominent typological approaches remain firmly grounded in that traditional distinction and look to place language-specific strategies on a universalcontinuum, treating them as deviations from the “direct” and “indirect”ideals. We argue that despite their methodological attractiveness, continuum approaches do not provide a solid basis for crosslinguistic comparison. We aim to present an alternative by exploring the syntax oflogophoricspeech, which has been commonly treated in the literature as representative of “semi-direct” discourse. Based on data from two unrelated languages, Wan (Mande) and Ainu (isolate), we show that certain varieties of logophoric speech share a number of syntactic properties with direct speech, and none with indirect speech. Many of the properties of indirect speech that are traditionally described in terms ofperspectivefollow from its syntactically subordinate status. Constructions involving direct and logophoric speech, on the other hand, belong to a separate, universal type of structure. Our findings suggest that the alleged direct/indirect continuum conflates two independent aspects of speech reporting: the syntactic configuration in which the report is integrated, and language-specific meaning of indexical elements.
Phonological derivation from proximal to distal demonstratives in Chinese
Authors: Shi Yuzhi
Published: April 2021

Every language has at least two demonstratives or deictic terms, a proximal one and a distal one, and some languages in addition have a medial (or some other additional) demonstrative. Demonstratives exhibit a variety of grammatical and pragmatic functions, and they also serve as major sources for the development of various important grammatical devices, such as copulas, relativizers, definite articles, and complementizers. However, lexical sources for demonstratives remain largely unknown, as do the mechanisms leading to their emergence. Based on a database of more than 1000 subdialects of Chinese, this article demonstrates that the distal demonstratives in these subdialects are phonologically derived from their corresponding proximal demonstratives, which were themselves grammaticalized from classifiers in Late Medieval Chinese. This finding identifies a new type of mechanism leading to the emergence of grammatical items: within a pair of two closely related grammatical elements, the basic and unmarked member originates from a lexical source, and gives rise to the other member through certain phonological principles. The domain of demonstratives thus illustrates how processes of grammaticalization and phonological derivation can interact giving rise to the emergence of new grammatical forms.
Szeged-type indices of subdivision vertex-edge join (SVE-join)
Authors: Asghar Syed Sheraz , Binyamin Muhammad Ahsan , Chu Yu-Ming , Akhtar Shehnaz , Malik Mehar Ali
Published: April 2021

In this article, we compute the vertex Padmakar-Ivan (PIv) index, vertex Szeged (Szv) index, edge Padmakar-Ivan (PIe) index, edge Szeged (Sze) index, weighted vertex Padmakar-Ivan (wPIv) index, and weighted vertex Szeged (wSzv) index of a graph product called subdivision vertex-edge join of graphs.
Harmonic generation with multi-layer dielectric metasurfaces
Authors: Marino Giuseppe , Rocco Davide , Gigli Carlo , Beaudoin Grégoire , Pantzas Konstantinos , Suffit Stéphan , Filloux Pascal , Sagnes Isabelle , Leo Giuseppe , De Angelis Costantino
Published: April 2021

Metasurfaces have recently gained extensive interest because of their extraordinary optical behavior as artificial material interfaces with ultrahigh compactness. In this framework, dielectric platforms have newly become very promising for nonlinear nanophotonics, providing opportunities, especially for ultrafast optical switching, and high harmonic generation, opening the research field of nonlinear metaoptics. Up to now, nonlinear metaoptics have been mostly explored using single metasurfaces. However, in a long-term vision, the stacking of optical metasurfaces, very challenging in terms of fabrication, is one key goal of this research field. Here, we demonstrate a three-layer metasurface in the AlGaAs-on-insulator platform, which improves the second harmonic generation efficiency by more than one order of magnitude with respect to its one-layer counterpart. Our achievement paves the way toward phase-shaping multilayer and multifunctional all-dielectric metasurfaces.
Numerical simulations of stochastic conformable space–time fractional Korteweg-de Vries and Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equations
Authors: Pedram Leila , Rostamy Davoud
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we investigate the effect of white noise on conformable time and space fractional KdV and BBM equations. For this purpose, we convert these equations with external noise to homogeneous conformable time and space fractional KdV and BBM equations with defined transformation and then we solve them by modified Kudryashov method. We bring our numerical results in some figures in the last section.
Friction stir spot welding of AA5052 with additional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite interlayer
Authors: Kalaf Omer , Nasir Tauqir , Asmael Mohammed , Safaei Babak , Zeeshan Qasim , Motallebzadeh Amir , Hussain Ghulam
Published: April 2021

In this study, similar aluminum alloys AA5052 with additional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) interlayer were selected to investigate the effect of welding parameters (rotational speed and dwell time) on the mechanical properties, joint efficiency, and microstructure of friction stir spot weld joint. The maximum tensile shear load was 1779.6 N with joint efficiency of 14.6% obtained at rotational speed of 2,000 rpm and 2 s dwell time, which is 39.5% higher than the value at low rotational speed 850 rpm and 2 s dwell time. Meanwhile, the maximum microhardness 58 HV was attained in the keyhole region at rotational speed of 2,000 rpm and dwell time of 5 s, which is 22.4% higher compared to low rotational speed. The SEM-EDS results reveal the presence of intermetallic compounds (Al–Mg–C), which enhance the intermetallic bonding between elements.
Women in science: from images to data
Authors: Jami Catherine
Published: April 2021

In recent decades research in the social sciences, including in the history of science, has shown that women scientists continue to be depicted as exceptions to the rule that a normal scientist is a man. The underlying message is that being an outstanding scientist is incompatible with being an ordinary woman. From women scientists’ reported experiences, we learn that family responsibilities as well as sexism in their working environment are two major hindrances to their careers. This experience is now backed by statistical analysis, so that what used to be regarded as an individual problem for each woman of science can now be identified as a multi-layered social phenomenon, to be analysed and remedied as such. Over the last five years, international scientific unions have come together to address these issues, first through the Gender Gap in Science Project, and recently through the setting up of a Standing Committee for Gender Equality in Science (SCGES) whose task is to foster measures to reduce the barriers that women scientists have to surmount in their working lives.
Vibratory Polishing – A Preparation Technique for Demanding Tasks in Microstructural Characterization
Authors: Scheck R. , Speicher M. , Willer D.
Published: April 2021

Vibratory polishing is a rather straightforward technique for the preparation of microstructures for microscopic examinations which would otherwise be difficult to prepare. This work will present a number of practical application examples. For instance, this technique is well-suited for soft materials, pore analysis, interference layer metallography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) as well as electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI).
Euphemism in laxative TV commercials: at the crossroads between politeness and persuasion
Authors: Crespo-Fernández Eliecer
Published: April 2021

Despite the stigma attached to human defecation and people’s reluctance to talk about it openly, there are certain communicative situations in which one cannot evade referring to the elimination of body wastes. This is the case of laxative TV commercials, a type of discourse focused on the infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels that constitutes a breeding ground for euphemism. In this regard, following a socially-oriented approach to discourse analysis, politeness theory, and cognitive linguistics, the purpose of this paper is to gain an insight into the way euphemism works in a sample of contemporary American TV commercials advertising laxatives. The analysis reveals that euphemism – mostly in the form of metonymy and understatement – and non-euphemistic metaphors and similes serve as face-saving mechanisms for the company’s self-presentational purposes and are ultimately used as part of a sales strategy aiming to attract the interest of viewers.
Lexikalischer Zugriff bei Mehrsprachigen: Eine Studie zur visuellen Verarbeitung von Kognaten im Polnischen als Erstsprache
Authors: Długosz Kamil
Published: April 2021

Research into cross-linguistic influence in L3 acquisition and processing has recently shown remarkable growth. However, still little is known about reverse interactions, i. e. the effects of L2 and L3 on L1. This study investigates visual cognate processing in Polish to determine whether lexical access in the dominant L1 is susceptible to the influence of the non-dominant L2 and L3. A group of 13 Polish learners of German and English participated in a lexical decision task in which both double and triple cognates were examined in comparison to control non-cognates and non-words. In line with the pattern found in most similar studies, the results reveal no cognate facilitation effect, thus indicating that L1 lexical access in multilinguals may also be selective with respect to L2 and L3. The theoretical consequences for L1 lexical processing in the multilingual mind are discussed.
A new surgical method of treatment spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage
Authors: Du Ning , Wang Xinjun , Zhang Xuyang , Xie Jingwei , Zhou Shaolong , Wu Yuehui , Guo Yongkun
Published: April 2021

Objective

This study aimed to determine the safety and effectiveness of DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy for treating intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

This retrospective study included clinical data from 260 patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH who received neuroendoscopic hematoma removal. Patients were separated into groups based on the surgery method they received: DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy (69 cases) and standard neuroendoscopy (191 cases). All patients were followed up for 6 months. Multivariate logistic regression analyzed the risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients. The outcomes of the two groups were compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves.

Results

The prognostic modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was significantly better (P = 0.027) in the DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy group than in the standard neuroendoscopy group. Logistic regression analysis showed that DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy is an independent protective factor for a favorable outcome (model 1: odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, P = 0.015; model 2: OR = 0.40, P = 0.013). Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to show that the median time for a favorable outcome was 66 days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 48.50–83.50 days) in the DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy group and 104 days (95% CI = 75.55–132.45 days) in the standard neuroendoscopy group. Log-rank testing showed that the DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy group had a lower pulmonary infection rate (χ
2 = 4.706, P = 0.030) and a better prognosis (χ
2 = 5.223, P = 0.022) than the standard neuroendoscopy group. The survival rate did not differ significantly between the DTI-assisted neuroendoscopy group and the standard neuroendoscopy group (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The use of DTI in neuroendoscopic hematoma removal can significantly improve neurological function outcomes in patients, but it does not significantly affect the mortality of patients.
Hypothesengetriebene Analyse von Ausfallursachen
Authors: Uhlmann Eckhart , Polte Julian , Simsek Deniz , Koutrakis Nikolaos-Stefanos , Epping Mario
Published: April 2021

Die Zuverlässigkeit von Werkzeugmaschinen ist ein entscheidender Faktor für die Sicherung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit produzierender Unternehmen. Maschinenhersteller können durch Datenanalysen Ausfallursachen in der Produktplanung entgegenwirken und Maschinen systematisch verbessern. Viele Unternehmen stehen allerdings bei der Durchführung vor großen Herausforderungen. Der folgende Beitrag addressiert diese Problematik und stellt eine Methodik vor, die Unternehmen bei der zielgerichteten Datenanalyse unterstützt.**
Reverse Engineering Ein Matrix-organisierter Ansatz zur Element-Funktions-Assoziation
Authors: Meyer Tobias , Hartig Sascha , Musienko Eugen , Fette Marc , Wulfsberg Jens P.
Published: April 2021

Das Ersatzteilgeschäft stellt einen wichtigen Wirtschaftszweig vieler Unternehmen dar. Da Ersatzteile jedoch aus Gründen der Wirtschaftlichkeit nicht für einen unbegrenzten Zeitraum vorgehalten werden können, sind Verfügbarkeitsengpässe bei älteren Produkten die Regel. Fehlen zusätzlich Zeichnung oder CAD-Modelle der betreffenden Bauteile, so ist eine Nach- oder Eigenfertigung schwierig. Abhilfe schafft das Reverse Engineering, in welchem aus einem gegebenen Bauteil neue Konstruktionsunterlagen erzeugt werden. Im Zuge dessen bietet sich neben der reinen Modelaufnahme die Gelegenheit zur Bauteiloptimierung, etwa um Vorteile der additiven Fertigung nutzbar zu machen. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit einem Matrix-organisierten Ansatz zur Element-Funktions-Assoziation, welcher nicht nur die Rekonstruktion, sondern auch die systematische Optimierung eines bestehenden Bauteils erlaubt.**
Interactions of Whisking and Touch Signals in the Rat Brainstem
Authors: Ebert Coralie , Bagdasarian Knarik , Haidarliu Sebastian , Ahissar Ehud , Wallach Avner
Published: April 2021

Perception is an active process, requiring the integration of both proprioceptive and exteroceptive information. In the rat's vibrissal system, a classical model for active sensing, the relative contribution of the two information streams was previously studied at the peripheral, thalamic, and cortical levels. Contributions of brainstem neurons were only indirectly inferred for some trigeminal nuclei according to their thalamic projections. The current work addressed this knowledge gap by performing the first comparative study of the encoding of proprioceptive whisking and exteroceptive touch signals in the oralis (SpVo), interpolaris (SpVi), and paratrigeminal (Pa5) brainstem nuclei. We used artificial whisking in anesthetized male rats, which allows a systematic analysis of the relative contribution of the proprioceptive and exteroceptive information streams along the ascending pathways in the absence of motor or cognitive top-down modulations. We found that (1) neurons in the rostral and caudal parts of the SpVi convey whisking and touch information, respectively, as predicted by their thalamic projections; (2) neurons in the SpVo encode both whisking and (primarily) touch information; and (3) neurons of the Pa5 encode a complex combination of whisking and touch information. In particular, the Pa5 contains a relatively large fraction of neurons that are inhibited by active touch, a response observed so far only in the thalamus. Overall, our systematic characterization of afferent responses to active touch in the trigeminal brainstem approves the hypothesized functions of SpVi neurons and presents evidence that SpVo and Pa5 neurons are involved in the processing of active vibrissal touch.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe present work constitutes the first comparative study of the encoding of proprioceptive (whisking) and exteroceptive (touch) information in the rat's brainstem trigeminal nuclei, the first stage of vibrissal processing in the CNS. It shows that (1) as expected, the rostral and caudal interpolaris neurons convey primarily whisking and touch information, respectively; (2) the oralis nucleus, whose function was previously unknown, encodes both whisking and (primarily) touch touch information; (3) a subtractive computation, reported at the thalamic level, already occurs at the brainstem level; and (4) a novel afferent pathway probably ascends via the paratrigeminal nucleus, encoding both proprioceptive and exteroceptive information.
Using Digitized Museum Collections to Investigate Population Variation in Plants
Authors: Guy-Gaytán Candice , Scholl Cynthia , Leger Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

Understanding the causes and consequences of variation among populations is fundamental for understanding the process of evolution via natural selection. To support students in noticing, questioning, and investigating variation in wild populations, we describe an introductory investigation that used digitized museum plant specimens as the primary focus. The activity illustrates how digitized museum collections can be used to introduce natural phenomena into the classroom, even without physical access to a museum. Through measuring plant specimens and examining patterns in data, students had opportunities to discuss how to obtain accurate measurements, handle noisy data, and request data that would be helpful for further investigation of the patterns they observed. In our example, we focused on one flowering plant, the royal penstemon (Penstemon speciosus), which varies in size across environmental gradients: larger plants are found at lower elevations, and smaller ones on the highest peaks, a pattern commonly observed in nature. Overall, this lesson led students to observe this pattern and wonder about the environmental constraints affecting phenotypes. We provide examples of the kinds of activities that could follow our lesson to provide students with opportunities to connect their ideas to intraspecific variation, a key component for understanding evolutionary processes.
Using Crayfish Burrows to Illustrate Simple Ecological Field Techniques
Authors: Hartzell Sean M. , Klinger Thomas S.
Published: April 2021

Ecological field techniques such as transect surveys are long-used, integral means of immersing students in field exercises to illustrate ecological measures. Many species of crayfish create conspicuous burrows within or near aquatic habitats. Such burrows can easily be identified and measured by students during an ecological field exercise. In this article, we describe a field activity we developed as part of a college-level course in which students utilized transects and calipers to collect counts and measurements of crayfish burrows in order to evaluate their distribution and size among different substratum types along a small stream. This field exercise could be incorporated, with or without modification, into an applicable high school or introductory/intermediate college biology course as a means of illustrating ecological concepts, sampling technique, and/or behavioral biology.
Special Issue Introduction
Authors: Martin Joseph D. , Mateos Gisela , Munns David P. D. , Suárez-Díaz Edna
Published: April 2021

This special issue, “Revealing the Michigan Memorial–Phoenix Project,” highlights the Michigan Memorial–Phoenix Project at the University of Michigan, a program of civilian nuclear research established after World War II that also memorialized Michigan’s victims of the two World Wars. It blossomed into a broad-based, multidisciplinary program supporting work pursuing peaceful uses of the atom, understood broadly. It became the basis for sustained interdisciplinary and international collaboration, a conduit for scientific diplomacy, a privileged site for the alliance between the US government and industry, and a pioneer in the education of nuclear engineers. The Phoenix Project was an unusual and highly local phenomenon, but contributors to this issue nevertheless find ways in which it embodied larger trends in the early Cold War. In this introduction, we highlight the multiple dimensions of the Phoenix Project and reflect on the challenges and opportunities posed by writing the history of peculiar entities.
“The Door to the Promised Land of Atomic Peace and Plenty”
Authors: Mateos Gisela , Suárez-Díaz Edna
Published: April 2021

Most countries met the promotion of the peaceful uses of atomic energy as a tool for social and economic development with skepticism. In countries where it took hold, its acceptance was driven by a few elite actors. In Mexico the most salient included the Rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Nabor Carrillo, and William Draper Jr., President of the Canadian-based Mexican Light and Power Company. Nuclear technologies for so-called less-developed countries became a key niche for non-governmental actors such as the Michigan Memorial–Phoenix Project, the Atomic Industrial Forum, and the Fund for Peaceful Atomic Development, Inc., which played a relevant role in the implementation of the new foreign atomic policy after 1954 in close consonance with US governmental offices like the Foreign Operations Administration, which was superseded by the International Cooperation Administration in 1955. Without signing a manifest government-to-government agreement, Mexican officials were able to overcome domestic obstacles and historical distrust with her northern neighbor to get nuclear expertise and commodities. Apparently restricted to universities and private industries, this negotiation justified and backed the education and training of the first generation of Mexican nuclear engineers as part of the Phoenix Project at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. At the same time, the Mexican Program provided a learning experience in nuclear and technical assistance diplomacy for industrialists and private interests in the implementation of the Atoms for Peace initiative abroad. This paper is part of a special issue entitled “Revealing the Michigan Memorial–Phoenix Project.”
Análisis factorial confirmatorio del inventario de ideación suicida positiva y negativa Pansi con muestras de Colombia y México
Authors: Avendaño-Prieto Bertha Lucía , Toro Ronald Alberto , González Claudia Jaquelina , Mejía Vélez Susana , Hernández-Ortiz Manuel
Published: April 2021

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la estructura factorial e invarianza del inventario de ideación suicida positiva y negativa PANSI con una muestra de Colombia y México, como evidencia de la validez de constructo del instrumento y su capacidad de medición transcultural. Se contó con 815 adultos (402 mexicanos y 413 colombianos), con una edad media de 30.08 años (DE = 12.05). Los resultados obtenidos arrojaron los dos factores correlacionados de la propuesta original y la adaptada con versión exploratoria en Colombia. Se obtuvo evidencias de la validez de constructo corroborada con la muestra total y la de cada país, compuesta por un factor protector de ideación suicida positiva y una de riesgo manifiesto de ideación suicida negativa. En conclusión, el estudio generó un aporte al conocimiento sobre el valor transcultural al resultar invariantes en la medida de ideación suicida, lo que validó su aplicación en estas poblaciones.
Concepto de hombre emprendedor: tendencias disciplinares
Authors: Torres Oviedo Carlos Fernando , Rentería-Pérez Erico
Published: April 2021

Exploramos el concepto de Hombre Emprendedor (HE) que ha emergido en dos campos del conocimiento, a partir de los cambios estructurales impuestos por el nuevo orden social neoliberal en las últimas décadas del siglo XX. En el campo de la Economía el HE ha sido asociado a prácticas de asumir riesgos, innovar y detectar oportunidades, lo cual muestra una tendencia a incorporar nociones/conceptos/constructos/categorías típicamente tratadas por la Psicología en general. En Psicología Organizacional y del Trabajo, el concepto HE estuvo inicialmente asociado a rasgos de personalidad, noción que actualmente coexiste con un abordaje que destaca la interacción individuo-contexto, que tiende a privilegiar nociones/conceptos/constructos/categorías de corte psicosocial. Finalmente se proponen algunas cuestiones de contraste y convergencia analítica del HE en los dos campos; así como la importancia de explicitar la influencia recíproca entre ciencias sociales aplicadas y su contexto histórico, sin desconocer las tensiones actuales
Homosexualidad masculina y lesbianismo en la psicología china: revisión sistemática entre 2012 y 2016
Authors: Yang Jinfang , Íñiguez Rueda Lupicinio
Published: April 2021

Para identificar el estudio y enfoque que la psicología de China realiza sobre la homosexualidad y el lesbianismo se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía publicada entre 2012-2016. Hemos realizado la búsqueda en seis bases de datos: BVS, Dialnet, PsycINFO (PsycNET), Scopus, Web of Science y CNKI (中国知网). Como resultado encontramos 240 artículos: 202 de la China continental, 30 de Hong Kong y 12 de Taiwan. Hemos analizado los idiomas utilizados, cantidad de publicación en cada año, las áreas de psicología en que se publican y los temas de los artículos publicados se han organizado en doce categorías. A partir de los resultados, presentamos una discusión sobre la patologización construida de la población homosexual, la invisibilidad de la población homosexual femenina, la hegemonía de la lengua inglesa y el efecto de la censura de la publicación científica
Candidate Programs as a Genre of Political Rhetoric
Authors: Biržietienė Skirmantė , Gabrėnaitė Eglė
Published: April 2021

Candidate programs are a publication of political parties during the agitation campaign, which presents the political attitudes of a political actor and influence voters’ motivation to vote in elections. The electoral candidate program illustrates a politician’s relationship with voters. It is an element of political communication, part of the image of a political figure. The article deals with the rhetoric of electoral candidate programs announced before the elections to the Seimas, the European Parliament, and Municipal Councils (2014–2019). The aim is to identify and expand the characteristic rhetorical elements that allow qualifying political electoral programs as a specific genre of political rhetoric: at the inventive level, the study of rhetorical strategies includes the analysis of rhetorical reasoning, the relationship between a political actor and a voter; at the dispositional level, the composition of programs is analyzed; and finally, at the elocutionary level, the specifics of the linguistic expression of discourse are investigated. A rhetorical study of discourse revealed that, in many cases, the electoral candidate program functions as a tool for building the image of a political actor, a tool for discrediting opponents and spreading populist promises.
The Linguistic Variability of the Kaunas District: The Basis for the Development of the "Tarmynas" Model
Authors: Bakšienė Rima
Published: April 2021

The article analyses the linguistic basis of the Tarmynas, the database Lithuanian local language variants. The development of the database model was based on the linguistic variability of the Kaunas district as an important zone for the development of Standard Lithuanian. Until now, the territory of the Kaunas district has not been systematically studied by dialectologists; therefore, the study is relevant in assessing the interaction between Standard language and local variants; the conclusions drawn are significant for prog-nostic models of the Lithuanian language. The analysis performed by the methods of geolinguistics research showed a significant horizontal and vertical variability of the Kaunas district. Based on the characteristics of the traditional dialects and their spread in the new dialectal structures, four linguistic areas of the Kaunas district were distinguished. Their main distinguishing features are the shortening of long vowels in unaccented inflexions and the hardening of the compounds le and lė. The influence of the local Polish dialects on the current linguistic variants was also identified. The possibilities of the explication of the dialectal phonetic features in the database are also briefly presented: transcriptions of acoustic recordings and a questionnaire about the frequency of usage of the dialectal features.
The Image of an Architect and Masonic Symbols in Works by Milorad Pavić
Authors: Huk Zoriana
Published: April 2021

The paper analyzes works by the Serbian postmodernist writer Milorad Pavić. It attempts to prove that he possesses knowledge of royal art and uses masonic symbols in his writing related to geometry and architecture, including the radiant delta, compass, masonic gloves, and clepsydra. It is assumed that under the influence of these particular ideas, the writer creates the leading image of an architect and the motif of construction as freemasons believe in the Great Architect of the Universe. In the short novel Damascene, according to speculative masonry’s beliefs, the building of the church projects the building of a temple in a human soul. M. Pavić, as an architect, creates a structure of every novel, which he identifies with the golden section. This paper finds special symbols of the divine proportion in his prose, including snail’s shells, pyramids, and violins. A dynamic structure as an embodiment of the open work concept and a broad spectrum of themes provide artistic communication with a creative recipient. A reader has an opportunity to choose their own style of reading and solving textual puzzles because Pavić’s prose represents a wide variety of themes, symbols, images, and allusions that embody the secrets of Freemasonry, allowing for various interpretations.
Religious Translation between Arabic and English, with Reference to Quranic Rhetorical Questions
Authors: Najjar Ibrahim , Kadhim Kais Amir
Published: April 2021

Translating rhetorical questions from one language into another is not an easy task at all. This is due to the fact that rhetorical questions are not posed to elicit information, but rather to denote something else, namely rhetorical functions or purposes. Such functions might be changed and or distorted in translation if certain issues are not considered. Of these issues is the tenor of rhetorical questions. As such, the current study is an attempt to investigate Quranic rhetorical questions that denote rhetorical functions such as negation, testing, and showing abundance to determine the extent to which the tenor of such questions is preserved in the English translation of al-Hilali and Khan (1996). Toward this end, the interpersonal metafunction of the Quranic rhetorical questions and their English translation is analysed. In this case, the study employs Halliday's (1996) tenor and its associated metafunction, i.e., interpersonal metafunction. The analysis shows that the tenor of Quranic rhetorical questions under investigation is maintained, highly distorted and partially distorted. Consequently, the functions of such rhetorical questions are mostly affected.
Paternity Test Through Kinship Analysis as Forensic Identification Technique
Authors: Yudianto Ahmad , Setiawan Fery , Sumino Reni
Published: April 2021

Paternity tests is often faced with the unavailability of information from the father, mother, or child as a comparison in forensic DNA examination process. Therefore, comparisons with information from close family lines are needed, for example from the victim's siblings or the perpetrator if there are no comparisons from parents or siblings. This study was conducted by the Human Genetic Study Group of Airlangga University in its campus from January to April 2020. The aim of the study was to analyze the use of kinship analysis in paternity test through STR CODIS examination on siblings. This was an observational laboratory study with a temporary design. DNA sample extraction level and purity results were measured with the mean DNA sample level of 675±5.35ng/µL, while the purity values ranged from 1.05 to 1.86. The paternity test principle is based on comparison process between the parents’ alleles with the child’s alleles. However, if the parents’ alleles are not available, the siblings’ alleles can be used as a comparison for identification purpose, which is known as kinship analysis. Statistically, full siblings have a 2 alleles accuracy probability of [0.25] 25%, which was the same as not having the same allele or 0 allele, while 1 allele accuracy reached 50%. All CODIS STR loci had the highest percentage of 2 allele sharing. Therefore, it is recommended to use sibling or kinship analysis if both parents are absent.
IP-10 as a Non Sputum Biomarker in TB Treatment Monitoring
Authors:   Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran / Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia, Efriyani Yuhpita Indah , Parwati Ida , Tristina Nina , Tjandrawati Anna
Published: April 2021

There are currently still limitations in the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Sputum collection as specimen for diagnosis is not only difficult but also has low sensitivity.In blood, IP-10/CXCL-10 chemokine plays a role in inducing the movements of chemotactic inflammatory cells towards the sites of inflammation. A high level of IP-10 is found in active pulmonary TB patients and significantly decline after the patients have completed the TB treatments. The aim of this study was to analyze the decline of the IP-10 level before and after 2 months of TB treatment. This study was conducted from March­ toJuni 2020. This was a comparative observational cohort study on active pulmonary TB patients who were >18 years old at the DOTS Clinic of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Thirty patients who met the inclusion criteria were followed up until 2 months of TB treatment. Serum of these patients were collected and examined for the IP-10 level before and after 2 months of TB treatment. It was demonstrated that the median IP-10 level in new active pulmonary TB patients was 384.1 pg/mL (136.70–779.80) and dropped to 251.85 pg/mL (91.10–698.30) (p<0l001) two months of TB treatment. Thus, the IP-10 level in the active pulmonary TB patients is significantly declined (p<0.001) after 2 months of TB treatment and that serum IP-10 level could be considered as a non-sputum-based marker to monitor TB treatment.
Effects of Ethanol Extract from Sunkist (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Peels on Rat’s Estrus Cycle
Authors:   Departemet of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia, Mutia Maya Sari , Suhartina
Published: April 2021

Kuhnle et al. has reported that Sunkist peels contain 36 µg/100 g wet weight of phytoesterogen. This study was designed to explore Sunkist peels' potential to recover the infertility due to ovulation failure. This study was performed in June 2020 at the Pharmacology Laboratory, Universitas Prima Indonesia, on 25 rats. These rats were divided into five groups: Control, Standard, and Sunkist Peels Extract-I, II, and III that received 1 ml of 0.5% Sodium Carboxymethyl cellulose suspension, ethinyl estradiol 50 g/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW, 450 mg/k BW, and 600 mg/kgBW of ethanol extract from Sunkist peel, respectively. Every 8-12 hours, the rat’s vagina were swabbed and smear into on object glass to be stained by 10% Giemsa and viewed at 40x and 100x magnifications. The leucocytes, especially neutrophils, epithelial cells, cornified and epithelial cells as well as the density of cells in vaginal swab were evaluated to determine the estrus cycle of the rats. The length of estrus phases was express as median (IQR) and analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. The result of this study showed that the standard and highest dosage extract showed a significant extending of estrus and metestrus phases compared to the control group and significantly shortened diestrus phases. Hence, the highest dosage of Sunkist extract can prevent infertility by increasing the period of estrus cycle (ovulation) at the same level as the standard group.
White Turmeric Rhizome Protection Effect of against Lung Tissue Damage in Copper Sulfate-Induced Wistar Rats
Authors: Chiuman Linda , Tanjung Fahrul Azmi , Djamin Djamin
Published: April 2021

One of common heavy metals that pollute rivers in Indonesia is copper, which can damage various organs, including the lungs. As a potential natural herbal medicine, white turmeric rhizome has antioxidant properties that potentially protect the body from copper pollution. This study aimed to explore the potential of the white turmeric rhizome (Curcuma zedoaria) to provide a protective effect on the lungs against copper contamination. This study was an experimental study performed in June 2020 on 25 copper-induced Wistar rats which were divided into five groups: negative group that received 1 ml of copper sulfate suspension at the 12th to 14th day; positive group that received 10 mg/200 g BW of ethanol extract from white turmeric without copper sulfate suspension; and three experimental groups that received 10 mg/200 gBW, 20 mg/200 gBW, and 40 mg/200 gBW of ethanol extract from white turmeric every day, respectively, followed by copper sulfate suspension at the 12th–14th day. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed by chloroform inhalation and the lung was excised and processed for histopathology preparation. The edema, hemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration, and alveolar septal thickness were evaluated from the lung tissue perparation. The score of tissue damage was express as median (Range) and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The result of this study shows that there was a significant difference in lung tissue score among all groups of treatment (p-Value=0.001). The experimental group with highest dosage extract presented a good protection effect as well as the positive group. Hence, white turmeric has a good protective property for the lung against damages caused by copper contamination.
Mutation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Spike Glycoprotein of Indonesian Isolates of Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Authors:   Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, Gaffar Shabarni , Rahmani Syifa Al Fauziah , Hardianto Ari
Published: April 2021

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious acute respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The protein that plays a role in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human cells is the surface protein, or the Spike, which is thought to be the effective vaccine target to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Until December 2020, Indonesia has reported 106 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences identified from COVID-19 positive patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of the Spike protein of the Indonesian isolates of SARS-CoV-2 Indonesian, as well as the virus mutations and their effects on changes in the amino acid. The 106 Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 genomes were downloaded from GISAID and the Spike nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analyzed by multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and mutation analysis using the ClustalW method. Phylogenetic trees were created using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA-X software. The results showed that 30 of the 106 Indonesian isolate SARS-CoV-2 Spike were 100% identical to the Wuhan-Hu-1, while the remaining 76 had experienced mutations at 1-4 sites. There were 43-point mutations in the Spike gene, 27 of which led to amino acid changes and four had not been reported in other countries. The global mutation D614G was found in 60 Indonesian isolates , of which West Java was the province with the most reports. The phylogenetic of Spike showed that the Indonesian samples have been divided into several branches that are far from Wuhan-Hu-1. This study indicates the possibility of differences in the protein structure of Indonesian isolate SARS-CoV-2 Spike that need to be further studied to manufacture a vaccine against the Indonesian strain of SARS-CoV-2.
Collision deformations of the Dnieper-Donets Depression Article 3. Geodynamic model of tectonic inversion
Authors: BARTASHCHUK Оleksiy
Published: April 2021

The article concludes the trilogy on post-strip deformations of the Dnieper-Donets Basin. The results of tectonophysical analysis of collision deformations of the platform cover of the south-eastern part of the Dnieper-Donets Basin are summarized. Using the original method of reconstruction of stress and strain fields and tectonophysical analysis of geostructures, the system organization of inversion structural deformations of the Dnieper-Donets Basin and Donbass was studied. The tectonic inversion of the Dnieper-Donets Basin began in the Late Hercynian epoch in the situation of a general-plate collision under the influence of the inversion rise of the Donbas. Structural and kinematic analysis of deformations shows that the folds in the depression and linear anti- and synforms of the Donets Foldbelt were formed by the natural mechanism of longitudinal bending as a result of collisional warping of horizons in the geodynamic mode of transformation. In the late Mesozoic–­­Cenozoic inversion continued in the field of right-hand horizontal-shear deformations with a variable compressive component. This mode caused the advancing and pushing of sedimentary geomass from the Donets Foldbelt to the Hercynian neo-autochthonous and syneclise autochthonous of the South-Eastern Dnieper-Donets Basin. Due to the influence of the tectonic stamp of the Donets Foldbelt, the West Donets wedge-shaped segment was formed – the orocline of geomass tectonic wedging. Geodynamic bands of injection and displacement of sedimentary geomass were formed in the front of the invasion and in the axial zone of the orocline, where the main folded zones were formed. In Forland, at the ends of the main thrusts – “tectonic rails” of the wedging, an advanced scaly compression fan was formed. In the hinterland of the orocline, folded suture zones are formed by the roots of the covers of thrusting. The original geodynamic model of tectonic inversion provides for the destruction of the riftogenic structure in the Southeast of the Dnieper-Donets Basin by thrusting echelons of scaly covers and coulisses-articulated upliftt-folding. They compose a segment of the insertion of the geomasses of the Paleozoic cover into the territory of the West Donets Graben from the side of the Donets Foldbelt. The intrusion of the tectonic segment led to the formation of an inversion structure of a regional scale – the West Donets Cover-Folded Region.
Influence of grain size on mechanisms of plastic deformation and yield stress
Authors:   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NAS of Ukraine, Borysovska K. M. , Podrezov Y.M. ,   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NAS of Ukraine, Firstov S.O. ,   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NAS of Ukraine
Published: April 2021

The influence of grain size on the physical yield strength of the polycrystal is considered by the method of cellular automata. The physical yield strength of the polycrystal in this model is defined as the stress at which, the plastic deformation covers the entire cross section of the sample from one edge to another. Three mechanisms of plastic deformation are considered. The first one is an initiation of plastic flow from grain to grain by dislocation pile-ups. The second one is plastic flow in different grains independently of each other under the action of external stress and the third one is intergranular slippage. Computer simulations have shown that at large grain sizes (d > 200 nm) deformation propagates from grain to grain by initiating dislocations pile-ups, since in this case pile-ups are quite powerful and have a large effect on neighboring grains. At average values of grain size (20 nm <d <200 nm) plastic deformation occurs in the grains independently of each other, and the external strain give a major influence on plastic deformation. With further reduction of the grain sizes (d <20 nm) the main mechanism of deformation is intergranular slippage. because in grains of this size are quite large image stresses that do not allow large dislocation clusters. In small grains the image forces are quite large to prevent large dislocation pile-ups formation, but the mass and volume of grain are quite small to turn or slip its under the action of external stresses. In accordance with these mechanisms, on the calculated dependence of the physical yield strength vs grain size, there are three areas with different angles of inclination in logarithmic coordinates. Keywords: yield point, grain size, Hall―Petch low.