bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable futures over the next decade are rooted in soil science
Authors: Evans Daniel L. , Janes‐Bassett Victoria , Borrelli Pasquale , Chenu Claire , Ferreira Carla S. S. , Griffiths Robert I. , Kalantari Zahra , Keesstra Saskia , Lal Rattan , Panagos Panos , Robinson David A. , Seifollahi‐Aghmiuni Samaneh , Smith Pete , Steenhuis Tammo S. , Thomas Amy , Visser Saskia M.
Published: July 2021

The importance of soils to society has gained increasing recognition over the past decade, with the potential to contribute to most of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With unprecedented and growing demands for food, water and energy, there is an urgent need for a global effort to address the challenges of climate change and land degradation, whilst protecting soil as a natural resource. In this paper, we identify the contribution of soil science over the past decade to addressing gaps in our knowledge regarding major environmental challenges: climate change, food security, water security, urban development, and ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. Continuing to address knowledge gaps in soil science is essential for the achievement of the SDGs. However, with limited time and budget, it is also pertinent to identify effective methods of working that ensure the research carried out leads to real‐world impact. Here, we suggest three strategies for the next decade of soil science, comprising a greater implementation of research into policy, interdisciplinary partnerships to evaluate function trade‐offs and synergies between soils and other environmental domains, and integrating monitoring and modelling methods to ensure soil‐based policies can withstand the uncertainties of the future.

Highlights

We highlight the contributions of soil science to five major environmental challenges since 2010.

Researchers have contributed to recommendation reports, but work is rarely translated into policy.

Interdisciplinary work should assess trade‐offs and synergies between soils and other domains.

Integrating monitoring and modelling is key for robust and sustainable soils‐based policymaking.
Self‐compassion mediates the link between attachment security and intimate relationship quality for couples navigating pregnancy
Authors: Huynh Tuyen , Phillips Eric , Brock Rebecca L.
Published: July 2021

Millions of couples navigate the transition from pregnancy to postpartum in a given year, and this period of change and adjustment in the family is associated with elevated risk for intimate relationship dysfunction. Self‐compassion has the potential to promote skills that are essential for healthy adaptation (e.g., emotion regulation, greater openness and flexibility, and more awareness of the needs of oneself and one's partner). The overarching goal of the present study was to investigate the role of self‐compassion in intimate relationship quality during pregnancy. A sample of 159 couples completed semi‐structured interviews and questionnaires. Parents engaging in more compassionate self‐responding during pregnancy have higher‐quality intimate relationships as measured across multiple facets—the degree of emotional intimacy and closeness in the relationship, adaptive conflict management and resolution, high‐quality support in response to stress, and a high degree of respect and acceptance directed toward each other. Furthermore, compassionate self‐responding emerged as a mediator of the link between attachment security and intimate relationship quality. Specifically, mothers who were higher in attachment anxiety reported lower levels of compassionate self‐responding, which in turn undermined multiple dimensions of the intimate relationship. Furthermore, fathers who were higher in attachment avoidance practiced less self‐compassion, which have deleterious consequences for the couple. These results provide implications that can inform conceptual frameworks of intimate relationship quality and clinical implications for interventions targeting the transition into parenthood.
The effect of autumn closing date on over winter tissue turnover in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) swards
Authors: Looney Caitlin , Hennessy Deirdre , Wingler Astrid , Egan Michael
Published: July 2021

Autumn closing date (CD) in intensive pasture‐based systems influences spring herbage availability. Little is known about the impact of earlier closing of swards in autumn on sward structure. A two‐year experiment was undertaken to investigate the impact of five CD on herbage production, leaf extension rate (LER), leaf senescence rates (LSR), sward free leaf lamina (FLL) content and the production and survival of tillers over winter and into spring. The five CD ranges were October 1–15 (CD1), October 16–30 (CD2), October 31––November 14 (CD3), November 15–29 (CD4), November 30–December 14 (CD5) and sward measurements were made on four measurement dates (MD): December 11 (MD1), January 6 (MD2), January 27 (MD3) and prior to spring defoliation (MD4). Thirty perennial ryegrass tillers were measured until the first defoliation in spring (average 1 March). Herbage mass was greatest in early CD and tillers had greater LER and LSR (4.6 and 4.5 mm tiller−1 day−1 respectively) compared to swards with a later CD (3.2 and 2.3 mm tiller−1 day−1 respectively). Early CD had greater parent and daughter tiller mortality than later CD (parent tiller mortality 1.1 and 0.3 ± 0.19 tillers; daughter tiller mortality 1.1 and 0.3 ± 0.27 tillers respectively). Early CD also had greater LER and LSR in daughter tillers (2.6 and 1.5 mm tiller−1 day−1, respectively) compared to late (1.5 and 0.5 mm tiller−1 day−1, respectively). Earlier closing of sward increased herbage mass in spring, however, there were negative implications, such as increased LSR and tiller mortality.
Symptomatic migraine: A systematic review to establish a clinically important diagnostic entity
Authors: Thomsen Andreas Vinther , Sørensen Morten Togo , Ashina Messoud , Hougaard Anders
Published: July 2021

Objective

To determine if a clinical presentation indistinguishable from migraine can occur due to an underlying condition or pathology, that is, "symptomatic migraine."

Background

It is currently not clear whether migraine truly can be caused by an underlying condition or pathology. Characterization of the etiology and clinical features of possible symptomatic migraine is of significant clinical importance and further may help elucidate the pathophysiology of migraine.

Methods

We devised operational diagnostic criteria for “symptomatic migraine” and “possible symptomatic migraine” requiring strong evidence for a causal relation between underlying cause and migraine symptoms adhering strictly to diagnostic criteria. PubMed was searched for case reports of symptomatic migraine from inception to March 2020. Only articles published in English or German were included. No restrictions were placed on study design. Relevant references in the articles were also included. Papers were systematically reviewed by two independent reviewers for detailed clinical features of migraine as well as the proposed underlying conditions and the effects of treatment of these conditions.

Results

Our search retrieved 1726 items. After screening, 109 papers comprising 504 cases were reviewed in detail. Eleven patients with migraine with aura (MWA) fulfilled our working criteria for symptomatic migraine, and 39 patients fulfilled our criteria for possible symptomatic migraine. The most common etiologies of symptomatic migraine were arteriovenous malformations, carotid stenosis, dissection or aneurysm, brain infarctions, meningioma, and various intra‐axial tumors.

Conclusions

Symptomatic MWA, indistinguishable from idiopathic MWA, may occur due to cortical lesions or microembolization. We found no clear evidence supporting the existence of symptomatic migraine without aura although we did identify possible cases. Our findings are limited by the available literature, and we suggest that prospective studies are needed.
CHOKED BY RED TAPE? THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF WASTEFUL TRADE BARRIERS
Authors: Maggi Giovanni , Mrázová Monika , Neary J. Peter
Published: July 2021

The implications of red‐tape barriers (RTBs) under lobbying pressures differ markedly from those of traditional trade barriers. RTBs affect the extensive margin of trade and may respond in opposite ways to reductions in tariffs versus reductions in natural trade costs: The former induce a protectionist backlash that may reduce trade both at the intensive and extensive margin, whereas the latter may induce a reduction in RTBs magnifying the direct trade‐increasing effects. Furthermore, if tariff commitments are optimized, the availability of RTBs limits the extent of tariff liberalization, and political uncertainty tends to increase the prevalence of RTBs.
Evolution of volatile compounds during dry‐cured deer loin processing
Authors: Vargas‐Ramella Marcio , Munekata Paulo E. S. , Pateiro Mirian , Franco Daniel , Lorenzo José M. , Domínguez Rubén
Published: July 2021

During dry‐cured meat processing, several reactions leads to the development of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) responsible for a typical flavour and aroma. Hence, this study aimed to access the evolution of VOCs profile in dry‐cured deer loin during its manufacture at day 0, 30 and 60. For the sake of characterising the changes of VOCs, 8 chemical families (95 compounds) were identified, with the hydrocarbons (terpenes), ketones, acids and aldehydes as the most powerful descriptors for ripening period. Meanwhile, the most abundant compounds were acetoin and o‐cymene. Except for ‘others’, all VOCs families steadily increased (P < 0.001) along processing and reached their content at 60 days. The main VOCs found in the present research, which derived mainly from the degradation of lipids and amino acids/proteins during ripening stage, contributed to the VOCs profile evolution. This fact agrees with the results obtained in a previous study about the lipolytic, proteolytic and oxidative changes of dry‐cured deer loin during processing. Additionally to the general increase of volatiles, other specific VOCs play a vital role in the dry‐cured deer loin aroma, such as 2‐ketones, acetoin, alcohols (1‐octanol, 1‐hexanol, 1‐octen‐3‐ol), aliphatic (pentanal, hexanal, heptanal) and branched aldehydes (butanal, 2‐methyl and butanal, 3‐methyl), furans, acids and esters. The content of these compounds showed a dramatic increase, which produce the typical odour of cured meat, while the terpenoids provide the VOCs derived from spices. Within these compounds, the results indicated that the ketones, aldehydes and acids chemical family could play an important role on the aroma and flavour of dry‐cured deer loin. However, it is important to note that further studies should be performed evaluating the sensory characteristics and acceptability of dry‐cured deer loin.
Influence of ultrasound treatment in combination with modified atmosphere on microorganisms and quality attributes of fresh‐cut lettuce
Authors: Chen Li‐bing , Fan Kai
Published: July 2021

The influence of ultrasound (US) treatment in combination with modified atmosphere packaging on microbial loads and quality attributes of fresh‐cut lettuce was investigated during storage at 4 °C for up to 15 days. Fresh‐cut lettuces were sonicated for different durations (0, 5, 10 and 15 min) by US (20 kHz, 226 W cm−2) and then packed in active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Results showed that US treatment combined with modified atmosphere effectively inhibited growth of bacteria, mold and yeast during storage. The US treatment for 10 min combined with MAP reduces mass losses and colour change, inhibits POD and PPO activities, conserves ascorbic acid and chlorophyll contents and maintains water distribution in fresh‐cut lettuce. These results illustrated that US treatment combined with modified atmosphere was an effective preservation method to improve storage quality of fresh‐cut lettuce.
The EU's ‘return rate’ with third countries: Why EU readmission agreements do not make much difference
Authors: Stutz Philipp , Trauner Florian
Published: July 2021

The signing of EU readmission agreements is commonly believed to lead to a higher rate of returns of migrants found ineligible to stay in Europe. By analysing the EU’s ‘return rate’ with the whole world over a period of 11 years (2008–18), this article argues that (formal or informal) EU readmission arrangements may have less impact than widely assumed. They often lead only to temporary increases in the return rates of third countries – if at all. Their relevance may have been overstated, even in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, when looking at the return rates of neighbouring states without agreement. The return rates of third countries tend to follow regional dynamics. Most African states have converged at lower levels, irrespective of readmission cooperation with the EU. These regional trends imply a widening gap between regions with high and low EU return rates.
Effectiveness of the Lapidus plate system in foot surgery: APRISMAcompliant systematic review
Authors: López‐López Daniel , Larrainzar‐Garijo Ricardo , De‐Bengoa‐Vallejo Ricardo Becerro , Losa‐Iglesias Marta Elena , Bayod‐López Javier
Published: July 2021

Lapidus arthrodesis is an established standard procedure to correct various foot surgery problems and hallux limitus, hypermobility of the first ray, hallux abductus valgus, and symptomatic lesser metatarsal. After decades, many fixation methods in the orthopaedic surgery industry have been developed for decreasing complications and improving this technique. The aim of this PRISMA compliant systematic review is to analyse the effectiveness of several lapidus plate systems in foot surgery. We have carried out the first systematic review of the relevant published literature so as to systematically evaluate the scientific knowledge available now on this association, assigning predefined eligibility criteria. Fourteen studies were selected which had an overall of 738 cases. The first tarsal metatarsal joint and hallux valgus were treated by the application of different types of Lapidus plate system. The optimal level of the fixation in these procedures is related with the type and system insertion place of the plate with or without screw in each specific foot disease. There is an insufficient number of studies about the effectiveness of the different types of Lapidus plate system in foot surgery, and there is a need to increase outcomes knowledge on the level of the fixation, sort of the system, and insert place in foot surgery.
Born to innovate? The birth‐order effect of CEOs on corporate innovation
Authors: Wan Qing , Cheng Xiaoke , Chan Kam C. , Gao Shenghao
Published: July 2021

This study explores the effect of CEO birth order on corporate innovation. Using hand‐collected data, we find that firms led by firstborn CEOs are less innovative. This finding survives a number of robustness checks. When firms are more risky, non‐state‐owned or less financially constrained, the association between birth order and innovation is stronger, suggesting that the negative impact of firstborn CEOs is larger when their innovative personality is more demanding or influential. Meanwhile, firstborn CEOs have larger impact on corporate innovation when they are born in cities where Confucian culture are more influential or grow up in a low‐income family, consistent with our argument that sibling competition makes firstborns less innovative. Overall, our results suggest that firstborn CEOs have negative effect on corporate innovation because they are less innovative intrinsically.
The use of psoriasis biomarkers, including trajectory of clinical response, to predict clearance and remission duration to UVB phototherapy
Authors: Watson N. , Wilson N. , Shmarov F. , Zuliani P. , Reynolds N.J. , Weatherhead S.C.
Published: July 2021

Background

Remission duration and treatment response following phototherapy for psoriasis are highly variable and factors influencing these are poorly understood.

Objectives

Our primary outcome was to investigate whether selected clinical/serum biomarkers were associated with remission duration, and secondly with psoriasis clearance at the end of phototherapy. In addition, we looked at whether early trajectory of UVB clearance was associated with final clearance outcome.

Methods

We performed a prospective cohort study of 100 psoriasis patients, routinely prescribed Narrowband UVB and measured selected clinical and biochemical biomarkers, including weekly PASI (psoriasis area and severity index) scores. Patients were followed up for 18 months.

Results

The median time to relapse was 6 months (95% CI 5–18) if PASI90 was achieved, and 4 months (95% CI 3–9) if less than PASI90 was achieved. Achieving PASI100 did not result in prolonged remission. On UVB completion, the median final PASI (n = 96) was 1.0 (IQR 0.5, 1.6) with 78 (81%) achieving PASI75 and 39 (41%) achieving PASI90. Improved PASI90 response was significantly associated with lower BMI, higher baseline PASI, non‐smoking status and lower cumulative NbUVB. Serum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and vitamin D were not associated with clearance or remission duration. Early treatment response from weeks 2–3 was predictive of final outcome. For example, achieving PASI30 at week 3 was significantly associated with PASI90 at the end of the course [36/77 (51%) vs. 2/24 (8%), P < 0.001].

Conclusions

Raised BMI and positive smoking status predicted poorer phototherapy response. For the first time, we have shown that PASI clearance trajectory over the first 2–3 weeks of UVB, can predict psoriasis clearance. This is an important new step towards developing psoriasis personalized prescribing, which can now be formally tested in clinical trials. These simple clinical measures can be used to inform patient treatment expectations; allowing treatment modifications and/or switching to alternative therapies.
Effect of baseline disease severity on achievement of treatment target with apremilast: results from a pooled analysis
Authors: Reich K. , Mrowietz U. , Menter A. , Griffiths C.E.M. , Bagel J. , Strober B. , Nunez Gomez N. , Shi R. , Guerette B. , Lebwohl M.
Published: July 2021

Background

Treating to absolute treatment targets rather than relative measures such as Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI)‐75 is emerging as an important clinical concept included in psoriasis guidelines and clinical practice. Achieving treatment targets is associated with achievement of long‐term outcomes.

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between psoriasis severity, disease characteristics and achievement of PASI ≤2 with apremilast in a pooled analysis of the phase 3 ESTEEM 1 and 2 (NCT01194219 and NCT01232283), phase 3b LIBERATE (NCT01690299) and phase 4 UNVEIL (NCT02425826) clinical trials.

Methods

Pooled data from patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis randomized to apremilast 30 mg BID were analysed by baseline PASI quartiles (Q1: 2.4–13.1; Q2: 13.2–15.9; Q3: 16.0–20.0; Q4: 20.1–57.8). Assessments included PASI, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Scalp Physician’s Global Assessment (ScPGA; ScPGA ≥1) and target (worst) Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI; NAPSI ≥1).

Results

Of 1062 patients, 963 had ScPGA ≥1 and 643 had NAPSI ≥1; 771 patients with baseline and Week 32 PASI assessments were included in analyses of Week 32 PASI target achievement. Rates of PASI ≤2 at Week 32 were greater in lower PASI quartiles (Q1: 43.5%; Q2: 31.2%; Q3: 26.8%; Q4: 18.4%). Most patients achieving PASI ≤2 target (83.6%) achieved DLQI ≤5 at Week 32; 59.3% of patients who did not achieve PASI ≤2 target achieved DLQI ≤5. At Week 32, mean improvements in ScPGA and NAPSI were similar with more moderate vs. more severe disease (ScPGA, range: 1.1–1.4; NAPSI, range: 1.6–2.5). In a subgroup analysis, achievement of PASI ≤2 target was higher in the lowest PASI quartile and with disease duration <5 years.

Conclusions

Greater achievement of PASI ≤2 was observed in patients with more moderate vs. more severe skin disease. Apremilast may be particularly beneficial in more moderate disease early in the treatment paradigm.
An improved Yolov3 based on dual path network for cherry tomatoes detection
Authors: Chen Jiqing , Wang Zhikui , Wu Jiahua , Hu Qiang , Zhao Chaoyang , Tan Chengzhi , Teng Long , Luo Tian
Published: July 2021

With the development of deep learning theory, the application of Yolov3 in fruit detection has been widely studied. Aiming at the problem that Yolov3 loses information during network transmission and the semantic feature extraction of small targets is not rich, this article proposed an improved Yolov3 cherry tomato detection algorithm. Firstly, the proposed algorithm uses dual path network as a feature extraction network to extract richer small target semantic features. Second, four feature layers with different scales are established for multiscale prediction. Finally, the improved K‐means++ clustering algorithm is used to calculate the scale of anchor boxes. Experiments showed that the algorithm has a precision rate of 94.29%, a recall rate of 94.07%, and an F1 value of 94.18%. The F1 value is 1.54% higher than Faster R‐CNN and 3.45% higher than Yolov3. It takes 58 ms on average to recognize an image, which provides a theoretical basis for the fruit detection.

Practical Applications

Fruit picking is a labor‐intensive task. Traditionally, fruit picking relies on manpower. This method of harvesting has high cost and low efficiency, which seriously hinders the development of the fruit industry. This research uses deep learning algorithms to detect and recognize cherry tomatoes, guide robots in picking, and improve production efficiency. It is of great value to the recognition technology of industrial‐scale fruit picking robots.
Spinal Nrf2 translocation may inhibit neuronal NF‐κB activation and alleviate allodynia in a rat model of bone cancer pain
Authors: Fu Jie , Ni Chaobo , Ni Hua‐Dong , Xu Long‐Sheng , He Qiu‐Li , Pan Huan , Huang Dong‐Dong , Sun Yan‐Bao , Luo Ge , Liu Ming‐Juan , Yao Ming
Published: July 2021

Bone cancer pain (BCP) is a clinical pathology that urgently needs to be solved, but research on the mechanism of BCP has so far achieved limited success. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been shown to be involved in pain, but its involvement in BCP and the specific mechanism have yet to be examined. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that BCP induces the transfer of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and further promotes nuclear transcription to activate heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and inhibit the activation of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) signalling, ultimately regulating the neuroinflammatory response. Von‐Frey was used for behavioural analysis in rats with BCP, whereas western blotting, real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect molecular expression changes, and immunofluorescence was used to detect cellular localization. We demonstrated that BCP induced increased Nrf2 nuclear protein expression with decreased cytoplasmic protein expression in the spinal cord. Further increases in Nrf2 nuclear protein expression can alleviate hyperalgesia and activate HO‐1 to inhibit the expression of NF‐κB nuclear protein and inflammatory factors. Strikingly, intrathecal administration of the corresponding siRNA reversed the above effects. In addition, the results of double immune labelling revealed that Nrf2 and NF‐κB were coexpressed in spinal cord neurons of rats with BCP. In summary, these findings suggest that the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus promotes the expression of HO‐1, inhibiting activation of the NF‐κB signalling pathway, reducing neuroinflammation and ultimately exerting an anti‐nociceptive effect.

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Investigation of the association between human fascia lata thickness and its neighboring tissues' morphology and function using B‐mode ultrasonography
Authors: Otsuka Shun , Shan Xiyao , Kurumisawa Keisuke , Omura Shiho , Yamagishi Takaki , Naito Munekazu , Kawakami Yasuo
Published: July 2021

The fascia lata is a membrane tissue which envelopes all thigh muscles and connects with the subcutaneous adipose tissues through loose connective tissues. It is presumable that the morphology of the fascia lata is strongly affected by the unique properties of underlying thigh muscles and subcutaneous adipose tissues. We aimed to investigate the relationships between characteristics of the fascia lata and adjoining adipose tissues and underlying muscles. Twenty healthy people were recruited (25 ± 3 years, 167.1 ± 8.5 cm, 62.5 ± 13.2 kg). The thickness of the skeletal muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus), and their overlying fascia lata and subcutaneous adipose tissues were measured by B‐mode ultrasonography. Isometric knee extension and flexion torque during maximal voluntary contraction were also tested. The fascia lata thickness demonstrated site‐dependent differences (vastus lateralis: 0.91 ± 0.20 mm > rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus: 0.56–0.69 mm, p < 0.01). Furthermore, there were large individual variations in the fascia lata thickness even in the same region of the thigh. The fascia lata showed positive simple correlations with height (rectus femoris: r = 0.39 p = 0.01, semitendinosus: r = 0.37 p < 0.05), body mass (rectus femoris: r = 0.59, p < 0.01, vastus lateralis: r = 0.47, p < 0.01, semitendinosus: r = 0.55, p < 0.01), corresponding muscle thickness (rectus femoris: r = 0.39, p < 0.05, semitendinosus: r = 0.74, p < 0.01) and knee extension (rectus femoris: r = 0.52, p < 0.01, vastus lateralis: r = 0.40, p < 0.01) and flexion (semitendinosus: r = 0.41, p < 0.01) torques. After adjusting for the influence of height and/or body mass, the fascia lata thickness showed a partial correlation only with the skeletal muscle thickness at the semitendinosus (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). The present study revealed that the fascia lata has site‐specific differences of the thickness, which positively correlates with the underlying muscle thickness and corresponding joint torque. Furthermore, the fascia lata over the semitendinosus is associated with the underlying muscle characteristics independent of the physical constitution. It is assumed that the fascia lata has the plasticity and changes its thickness, which likely corresponds to the morphology of the neighboring tissues and underlying muscle function.
The role and contribution of family carers accompanying community‐living older people with cognitive impairment to the emergency department: An interview study
Authors: Fry Margaret , Elliott Rosalind , Murphy Sandra , Curtis Kate
Published: July 2021

Background

Older people with cognitive impairment may have lack of understanding of their health and ability to co‐ordinate care needs. Family carers play a key role in supporting older people but the role of family carers in emergency discharge has not been explored well.

Objective

To explore and describe the role and contribution of family carers accompanying the older person with cognitive impairment to the emergency department.

Design

A exploratory descriptive study was conducted in which telephone interviews were performed.

Setting

Three emergency departments located in metropolitan Sydney, Australia; two major tertiary referral centres and one district hospital. The EQUATOR research checklist (COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research) (COREQ) was used to report the qualitative study.

Subjects

Participants were family carers accompanying people aged ≥64 years with cognitive impairment; with non‐urgent triage classifications; English speaking and eligible for discharge home. Semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted 2 to 4 weeks after the older person was discharged. Data were reflexively thematically analysed in NVIVO independently by three researchers.

Results

Twenty‐eight interviews were conducted. Three key themes were evident: (1) 'communicating knowledge of the older person's health status and usual behaviour'; (2) 'providing advocacy, translation, surrogacy and care co‐ordination'; and (3) 'ensuring safe transition from the emergency department to home'.

Conclusions

Study findings detailed how family carers created an important safety net while the older person was in emergency, through advocacy and the communication of vital health information. More importantly, their knowledge influenced the healthcare management of the older person and ensured safe discharge and co‐ordination of care in the community.

Relevance to clinical practice

The study identified for older persons with cognitive impairment a safe stay in the ED and transition home from hospital was supported by family carers and assisted to ensure that discharge information was understood and adhered to optimise wellbeing and prevent adverse outcomes. The findings of this study can inform discharge processes for nurses, nurse practitioners and doctors. Additionally, processes to support family carer engagement would optimise older person compliance and better inform healthcare decision‐making and choice for older peoples, family carers. The findings of the study should inform discharge processes to minimise risk of readmission, financial burden and harm.
Information Asymmetry, Mispricing, and Security Issuance
Authors: LEE JIYOON
Published: July 2021

I examine the effects of information asymmetry–driven mispricing on security issuance. Using predisclosure changes in purchase obligations as a proxy for information asymmetry–driven mispricing, I find that managers avoid (prefer) issuing securities when they perceive their firms to be undervalued (overvalued). The effects of information asymmetry–driven mispricing are stronger on equity issuance than debt issuance. Consequently, undervaluation (overvaluation) causes an increase (decrease) in leverage. These effects are more pronounced for firms, periods, and securities associated with greater information asymmetry. The stock‐trading patterns that managers follow suggest that their perceived mispricing is an important factor in both private and firm‐level decisions.
Volatility, Valuation Ratios, and Bubbles: An Empirical Measure of Market Sentiment
Authors: GAO CAN , MARTIN IAN W. R.
Published: July 2021

We define a sentiment indicator based on option prices, valuation ratios, and interest rates. The indicator can be interpreted as a lower bound on the expected growth in fundamentals that a rational investor would have to perceive to be happy to hold the market. The bound was unusually high in the late 1990s, reflecting dividend growth expectations that in our view were unreasonably optimistic. Our approach exploits two key ingredients. First, we derive a new valuation ratio decomposition that is related to the Campbell–Shiller loglinearization but that resembles the Gordon growth model more closely and has certain other advantages. Second, we introduce a volatility index that provides a lower bound on the market's expected log return.
Capacity of Japanese institutions to manage obstetrical disseminated intravascular coagulation in 2018: A national surveillance questionnaire and retrospective cohort study
Authors: Morikawa Mamoru , Nii Masafumi , Nakabayashi Yasushi , Itakura Atsuo , Kobayashi Takao , Adachi Tomoko
Published: July 2021

Aim

To investigate the management of obstetrical disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in Japan.

Methods

We sent a surveillance questionnaire to 2299 institutions to collect details about the deliveries they performed in 2018. We investigated differences in the management of obstetrical DIC among three types of institutions: perinatal medical centers (PMCs), general hospitals with obstetrical facilities (GHs), and maternal clinics with beds (MCs).

Results

We received responses from 703 institutions (30.6% of the total mailed) with results of 306 799 women who gave birth in 2018. In Japan, the potential to treat postpartum hemorrhage and obstetrical DIC was high in the PMC group, moderate in the GH group, and low in the MC group. The incidence of obstetrical DIC in the PMC group (0.44%) was significantly higher than that in the GH (0.21%) and MC (0.06%) groups. The mortality of women with obstetrical DIC in PMCs (1.3%) was similar to that in GHs (0.6%) and MCs (0.0%). The percentages of PMCs that always or sometimes transfused fresh frozen plasma or fibrinogen concentrates (100% and 42.2%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the GH (88.2% and 29.5%, respectively) and MC groups (29.4% and 5.3%, respectively). Furthermore, institutions whose internal protocols mandated that replacement therapy be always administered in women with obstetrical DIC scores of ≥8 had similar protocols to those for women with fibrinogen levels of ≤1.5 g/L.

Conclusions

The capacity to provide therapy for postpartum hemorrhage and obstetrical DIC varied widely among the three groups of institutions.
The strain rate of endometrium measured by real‐time sonoelastography as a predictive marker for pregnancy in gonadotropin stimulated intrauterine insemination cycles
Authors: Kabukçu Cihan , Çabuş Ümit , Öztekin Özer , Fenkçi Veysel
Published: July 2021

Aim

Sonoelastography is an imaging technique that measures tissue strain quantitatively. This study aims to investigate whether the strain rate of endometrium measured by elastography can predict pregnancy after intrauterine insemination (IUI).

Methods

This study examined 197 gonadotropin‐stimulated IUI cycles of 148 women diagnosed with unexplained infertility from February 2019 to November 2020. Endometrial thickness, pattern, and strain rate were measured by transvaginal ultrasonography immediately before the insemination. The endometrium and the parametrial tissue were selected for regions of interest, and the strain rate was calculated. The measurements were analyzed concerning the IUI outcome.

Results

Of the 197 IUI cycles, the pregnancy rate was 15.20% (n = 30), and ongoing pregnancy rate was 12.2% (n = 24). The mean strain rates were not different between pregnant and nonpregnant groups (2.68 ± 1.28 vs. 2.81 ± 1.32, p = 0.651). Strain rate was not predictive for pregnancy, shown by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis; the area under the curve was 0.526 (95% CI 0.413–0.639; p = 0.649). Pregnancy rates were significantly affected by the women's age and the inseminated sperm count. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the other parameters, including body mass index, anti‐Müllerian hormone, endometrial thickness, endometrial strain rate, and echogenic endometrial pattern, did not significantly change the odds ratio of pregnancy.

Conclusion

The endometrial strain rate does not significantly affect the pregnancy rates in gonadotropin stimulated IUI cycles. It appears that strain rate does not predict IUI outcome. More research is needed to evaluate the usefulness of sonoelastography in infertility treatments.
A rare case of heterotopic pregnancy after a single embryo transfer: A case report and literature review
Authors: Hosoya Satoshi , Kasahara Yuta , Komazaki Hiromi , Kishi Hiroshi , Takano Hirokuni , Okamoto Aikou
Published: July 2021

Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) is a rare but life‐threatening disease. We report a rare case of HP that occurred after single embryo transfer (SET) with spontaneous natural pregnancy possibly due to sexual intercourse (SI) during assisted reproductive technology treatment and reviewed previous reports. A 39‐year‐old woman at 7 weeks 5 days' gestation with anti‐sperm antibody who underwent a single frozen–thawed embryo transfer in her natural cycle presented with lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. She had several SIs before the day of SET. A viable intrauterine fetus and an extrauterine mass at the right adnexa were detected on transvaginal ultrasonography. An emergent laparoscopic surgery showed a swollen right fallopian tube, and right salpingectomy was performed. Unfortunately, intrauterine fetal death was diagnosed at 19 weeks' gestation. In conclusion, the possibility of HP should be considered in patients with SIs around the day of SET.
Racial/ethnic inequality in the association of allostatic load and dental caries in children
Authors: Park Leslie , Gomaa Noha , Quinonez Carlos
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Allostatic load (AL), defined as the overtime “wear and tear” on biological systems due to stress, disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities and has been shown to associate with racial inequality in oral health in the adult population. This study aims to assess racial/ethnic inequality in AL and untreated dental caries (UD) in children, and to assess the association between allostatic load and UD, and whether it varies by race/ethnicity.

Methods

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2001–2010) for 8–17‐year‐old children (n = 11,378) was used. AL scores were generated using cardiovascular, metabolic and immune biomarkers. Multivariable log binomial regression models adjusted for age, sex, poverty: income ratio (PIR), health insurance status and the frequency of healthcare visits, were used to assess the relationships of interest.

Results

Racial/ethnic inequality was evident in UD and AL, where Mexican American and black children exhibited more UD and a higher AL score than white. AL was associated with UD in fully adjusted models. This association was significant across all racial/ethnic groups, but was stronger in Mexican American and black children, compared to their white counterparts.

Conclusions

Similar racial inequality is evident in AL and UD that is not explained by poverty and/or behavioral factors. Racial/ethnic inequality is also evident in the association between AL and UD.
Relationship between periodontitis and microangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Xuexue , Wang Miaoran , Wang Xujie , Qu Hua , Zhang Rui , Gu Jiyu , Wu Yufei , Ni Tian , Tang Wei , Li Qiuyan
Published: July 2021

Objective

Whether periodontitis increases the risk of diabetic microangiopathy remains controversial. The present meta‐analysis aims to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and diabetic microangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, and WanFang data were searched without language restrictions. The methodological quality of the studies included was assessed using Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale method, and meta‐analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.3. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the risk of periodontitis for diabetic microangiopathy among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Results

Thirteen cross‐sectional studies, covering 10 570 participants, were included in the present meta‐analysis. The results demonstrated that periodontitis was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetic microangiopathy (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.65–3.56), diabetic retinopathy (OR: 4.33, 95% CI: 2.19–8.55), and diabetic nephropathy (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.07–2.85), while periodontitis was not associated with diabetic neuropathy (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.19–5.12). Subgroup analysis among the studies in Asian (OR: 3.06, 95% CI: 1.94–4.84) and North American (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.08–1.86) populations confirmed the existed association between periodontitis and type 2 diabetic microangiopathy. The relationship still existed in groups with sample size larger than 500 (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.34–2.34) and smaller than 500 (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.38–8.03). A sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results by excluding moderate quality studies or removing articles one after the other.

Conclusion

Current evidences have proved that periodontitis is associated with increased risk of diabetic microangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This conclusion may provide useful evidence for correlated clinical researches.

PROSPERO registration number CRD42021247773.
Regular multidimensional stationary time series
Authors: Szabados Tamás
Published: July 2021

The aim of this article is to give a simpler, more usable sufficient and necessary condition to the regularity of generic weakly stationary time series. Also, this condition is used to show how a regular process can be approximated by a lower rank regular process. The relevance of these issues is shown by the ever increasing presence of high‐dimensional data in many fields lately, and because of this, low rank processes and low rank approximations are becoming more important. Moreover, regular processes are the ones which are completely influenced by random innovations, so they are primary targets both in the theory and applications.
Impact of human disturbance on temporal partitioning within carnivore communities
Authors: Sévêque Anthony , Gentle Louise K. , Vicente López‐Bao José , Yarnell Richard W. , Uzal Antonio
Published: July 2021

Interspecific competition is an important evolutionary force, influencing interactions between species and shaping the composition of biological communities. In mammalian carnivores, to reduce the risks of negative encounters between competitors, species can employ a strategy of temporal partitioning, adapting activity patterns to limit synchronous activity. This strategy of non‐human competitor avoidance, however, may be influenced by the expansion of human activities, which has driven wild mammals towards nocturnality.

We hypothesise that the disruption of temporal niche partitioning by humans and their activities could increase temporal overlap between carnivores, enhancing interspecific competition.

We reviewed the published literature systematically and employed generalised linear models to evaluate quantitatively the relative influence of a range of human, meteorological and ecological variables on coefficients of temporal overlap within mammalian terrestrial carnivore communities (orders Carnivora and Didelphimorphia) on a global scale.

None of the models investigated showed evidence of an impact of humans on temporal partitioning between carnivores on a global scale. This illustrates that temporal avoidance of humans and competitors does not always follow a consistent pattern and that its strength may be context‐dependent and relative to other dimensions of niche partitioning (spatial and trophic).

Similarly, the regulation of activity patterns may be strongly site‐specific and may be influenced by a combination of biotic and abiotic characteristics. Temporal avoidance of both humans and competitors by carnivores may take the form of short, reactive responses that do not impact activity patterns in the longer term.

Although we did not detect a global disruption of temporal partitioning due to human disturbance, carnivore communities may still experience an increase in interspecific competition in other niche dimensions. Further research would benefit from using controlled experimental designs and investigating multiple dimensions of niche partitioning simultaneously. Finally, we recommend complementing the coefficient of temporal overlap with other metrics of fine‐scale spatiotemporal interactions.
Establishing asymmetry: stomatal division and differentiation in plants
Authors: Guo Xiaoyu , Wang Lu , Dong Juan
Published: July 2021

In the leaf epidermis, stomatal pores allow gas exchange between plants and the environment. The production of stomatal guard cells requires the lineage cells to divide asymmetrically. In this Insight review, we describe an emerging picture of how intrinsic molecules drive stomatal asymmetric cell division in multidimensions, from transcriptional activities in the nucleus to the dynamic assembly of the polarity complex at the cell cortex. Given the significant roles of stomatal activity in plant responses to environmental changes, we incorporate recent advances in external cues feeding into the regulation of core molecular machinery required for stomatal development. The work we discuss here is mainly based on the dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana with summaries of recent progress in the monocots.
Point‐of‐sale nutrition information interventions in food retail stores to promote healthier food purchase and intake: A systematic review
Authors: Chan Jasmine , McMahon Emma , Brimblecombe Julie
Published: July 2021

Providing simple information that identifies healthier/less healthy products at the point‐of‐sale has been increasingly recognized as a potential strategy for improving population diet. This review evaluated the effect on healthiness of food purchasing/intake of interventions that identify specific products as healthier/less healthy at the point‐of‐sale in food retail settings. Five databases were searched for peer‐reviewed randomized controlled or quasi‐experimental trials published 2000–2020. Effects on primary outcomes of the 26 eligible studies (322 stores and 19,002 participants) were positive (n = 14), promising (effective under certain conditions; n = 3), mixed (different effect across treatment arms/outcomes; n = 4), null (n = 3), negative (n = 1), or unclear (n = 1). Shelf‐label studies (three studies of two rating systems across all products) were positive. Technology‐delivered (mobile applications/podcast/kiosk) interventions were positive (n = 3/5) or promising/mixed (n = 2/5). In‐store displays (n = 16) had mixed effectiveness. Interventions provided information on targeted healthier products only (n = 17), unhealthy products only (n = 1), both healthy and unhealthy (n = 2), and across all products (n = 5). No patterns were found between behavior change technique used and effectiveness. Study quality was mixed. These findings indicate that point‐of‐sale interventions identifying healthy/unhealthy options can lead to healthier customer purchasing behavior, particularly those delivered using shelf‐labels or technology. Further research on discouraging unhealthy foods is needed.
Subcutaneous implanted cardioverter‐defibrillator in ventricular noncompaction, coronary artery disease and stroke
Authors: Stöllberger Claudia , Gatterer Edmund , Hasun Matthias , Arnold Zsuzsanna , Finsterer Josef
Published: July 2021

Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVHT) is associated with arrhythmias. Guidelines for prevention of sudden cardiac death by implanted cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) also apply to LVHT‐patients. Right ventricular perforation by the ICD‐lead is a matter of concern. Subcutaneous ICD (S‐ICD) may overcome disadvantages of transvenous ICD in patients without a need for pacing therapy. We report a LVHT‐patient with arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease with an anterior‐wall myocardial infarction 2004 and stroke without neurological deficits in 2018. Since ejection fraction of 33% remained unchanged despite bisoprolol, sacubitril/valsartan and spironolactone, he was treated with S‐ICD for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death.