bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Value of Timing Flexibility in Restaurant Reservations
Authors: Thompson Gary M.
Published: October 2018

A recent paper presented and evaluated 10-integer programming models for restaurant reservations, finding that the models that pooled reservations by same-size tables were superior to models that matched reservations to specific tables. An assumption in all the models was that demand timing was inflexible and the evaluation of the models assumed that all customers arrived exactly at the designated reservation time. Although restaurant customers may have an ideal dining time, many customers have some flexibility in when they would accept a reservation. To address this, we extend the pooled-table models to allow for demand timing flexibility and evaluate the models with a range of differences between customer arrival times and their designated reservation time. With the highest flexibility in demand timing, a top-performing model increased revenue by over 21% compared with rigid demand timing. Fortunately for restaurateurs, the increased revenue came at the expense of only a small deterioration in customer service, as measured by the percentage of parties that need to wait for a table upon arrival.
Toward “Responsible Foresight”: Developing Futures that Enable Matching Future Technologies with Societal Demands
Authors: van der Duin Patrick
Published: October 2018

Innovation and foresight should be two sides of the same coin. In the area of innovation, the concept of “responsible innovation” has emerged, signifying that innovation processes have to take into account ethical, social, and cultural considerations and changes. A better and more just society will not be created if we only give priority to technology and commerce. To make sure that responsible innovation has a positive and effective impact, it is important to develop “responsible foresight,” that is, a combination of “responsible futures” and a responsible foresight process. In particular, images of the images of the future have to be inspiring, both experts and nonexperts are involved and it has to be made sure that the use of foresight in innovation is not merely a cosmetic exercise.
IgG4-related intracranial disease
Authors: Goulam-Houssein Shahine , Grenville Jeffrey L , Mastrocostas Katerina , Munoz David G , Lin Amy , Bharatha Aditya , Vlachou Paraskevi A
Published: October 2018

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a multi-organ chronic inflammatory process caused by infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells in one or more organs. Intracranial involvement has only recently become better recognized. Our case series adds to the growing literature on the varying presentations of intracranial IgG4 by describing the clinical and imaging findings of three patients who presented to our institution with intracranial involvement. Our first patient presented with a mass-forming IgG4 pachymeningitis mimicking a sphenoid wing meningioma, which is to our knowledge the largest mass-forming pachymeningitis published in the literature. Our second case depicts another presentation of extensive IgG4 pachymeningitis involving both cavernous sinuses and surrounding Meckel’s caves. The third case describes a patient with presumed lymphocytic hypophysitis, which was later determined to be IgG4-related hypophysitis with concomitant pachymeningitis and perineural spread along the optic nerves. The delayed diagnoses in our cases illustrates the diagnostic challenge that clinicians face in differentiating intracranial IgG4-RD from other infiltrative diseases such as sarcoidosis, granulomatous disease, tuberculosis and lymphoma. Earlier consideration of IgG4-related hypophysitis and hypertrophic pachymeningitis in the differential diagnosis can prevent significant morbidity including unnecessary surgical intervention and organ failure secondary to extensive fibrosis.
The application of updating PIM-Taiwan criteria in clinic-visiting older patients with polypharmacy
Authors: Chang Chirn-Bin , Lai Hsiu-Yun , Hwang Shinn-Jang , Yang Shu-Yu , Wu Ru-Shu , Liu Hsing-Cheng , Chan Ding-Cheng
Published: October 2018

Background:

PIM-Taiwan criteria were first established in 2010 for potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). Currently, updating of PIM criteria is mandatory because of newly established evidence and newly developed medications. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of PIM based on country-specific PIM criteria and factors associated with PIM use by applying 2010 version and newly updating PIM-Taiwan criteria in a cohort with polypharmacy.

Methods:

The baseline data of Medication Safety Review Clinic Taiwan (MSRC–Taiwan) study were used to investigate the prevalence of PIMs. Older patients (aged ⩾65 years) who were either having polypharmacy or visited ⩾3 different physicians were enrolled between August and October 2007. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regressions were used to evaluate the factors associated with PIM use.

Results:

The prevalence of having at least one PIM was 46.1% for 2010 version and increased to 74.6% for 2018 version. The average number of PIMs generally to be avoided per patient also increased for 2018 version (0.2 versus 1.2, p < 0.0001). In contrast, the average number of PIMs considering chronic conditions per patient decreased (0.6 versus 0.3, p < 0.001). The associated chronic conditions of PIM users were distinct between 2010 and 2018 version. The major leading PIMs were benzodiazepines (BZDs) in both versions of criteria.

Conclusions:

As there were significant differences in medication lists between PIM-Taiwan version 2010 and 2018, the prevalence of PIM and factors associated with PIM users varied accordingly. Physicians should pay special attention before prescribing BZDs which keep being the major leading PIM.
Exercise training to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: How does it work?
Authors: Kränkel Nicolle , Bahls Martin , Van Craenenbroeck Emeline M. , Adams Volker , Serratosa Luis , Solberg Erik Ekker , Hansen Dominique , Dörr Marcus , Kemps Hareld
Published: October 2018

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) – a clustering of pathological conditions, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia – is closely associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a high risk of cardiovascular disease.

A combination of multigenetic predisposition and lifestyle choices accounts for the varying inter-individual risk to develop MetS and T2DM, as well as for the individual amount of the increase in cardiovascular risk in those patients. A physically active lifestyle can offset about half of the genetically mediated cardiovascular risk. Yet, the extent to which standardized exercise programmes can reduce cardiovascular risk differs between patients. Exercise parameters, such as frequency, intensity, type and duration or number of repetitions, differentially target metabolic function, vascular health and physical fitness. In addition, exercise-induced molecular mechanisms are modulated by other patient-specific variables, such as age, diet and medication.

This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular risk specifically in patients with MetS and T2DM.
Racketeering in religion: Adorno and evangelical support for Donald Trump
Authors: Brittain Christopher Craig
Published: October 2018

In the 2016 American presidential election, 81% of White evangelicals voted for Donald Trump despite the obvious fact that he had little knowledge or interest in Christianity. This has continued to puzzle many commentators, as well as conservative Christian leaders. This paper argues that Theodor W. Adorno’s 1943 analysis of the radio broadcasts of Martin Luther Thomas provides insight into Trump’s popularity among evangelicals. Adorno compares the fascist-style broadcasts of Thomas to a pagan religious sect. He describes this practice as “racketeering in religion,” which effectively results in the “liquidation of religion.” The article demonstrates ways in which this analysis is relevant for understanding the relationship between Trump and American Evangelicals.
Kidney Function, ACE-Inhibitor/Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use, and Survival Following Hospitalization for Heart Failure: A Cohort Study
Authors: Chiu Michael H. , Miller Robert J. H. , Barry Rebecca , Li Bing , Har Bryan J. , Wilton Stephen B. , Knudtson Merril , Howlett Jonathan G. , James Matthew T.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker (ACE-I/ARB) improve outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced left-ventricular (LV) systolic function. However, these medications can cause a rise in serum creatinine and their benefits in patients with HF accompanied by kidney disease are less certain.

Objective:

To characterize associations between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), patterns of ACE-Is and ARBs use, and 1-year survival following hospitalization for heart failure (HF).

Design:

We formed a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted with HF and followed HF medication prescriptions using the pharmaceutical information network, stratified by discharge eGFR.

Setting:

Cardiology services in 3 centers in Southern Alberta, Canada.

Patients:

The study cohort included patients admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of HF.

Measurements:

eGFR was determined from inpatient laboratory data prior to discharge. Outpatient prescription data prior to and following the index hospitalization was obtained using the Pharmaceutical Information Network of Alberta and survival was determined from provincial vital statistics.

Methods:

Characteristics of the HF cohort were obtained from the Admissions Module of the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) database. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between time-varying ACE-I/ARB use, and mortality, and to test whether eGFR modified this association.

Results:

Totally, 1404 patients were included. Within the first 3 months following discharge, ACE-I/ARBs were used in 71%, 67%, 62%, and 52% for those with eGFR > 90, 45-89, 30-44, and < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively, with differences in use persisting after 1 year of follow-up. Patients with eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 had significantly lower rates of ACE-I/ARB use following hospitalization. In adjusted models, ACE-I/ARB use following discharge was associated with 25% lower risk of mortality (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61-0.92; P < 0.01), without evidence that this association differed by eGFR ( P = 0.75).

Limitations:

LV function measurements were not available for the cohort. Due to the observation design of the study, treatment-selection bias may be present.

Conclusion:

Patients with HF and reduced eGFR at time of hospital discharge were less likely to receive ACE-I/ARB despite these medications being associated with lower mortality independent of eGFR. These findings demonstrate the need for further research on strategies for safe use of ACE-I and ARB in patients with HF and kidney disease.
Changes in intestinal flora, TNF-α, L-17, and IL-6 levels in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Yu Haiyan , Liu Zhonglan , Dong Shaohua
Published: October 2018

To study the changes in intestinal flora and different inflammatory factors in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a total of 80 patients with GDM treated in our hospital were selected as the study group. Meanwhile, another 60 normal pregnant women were selected as the control group. The contents of intestinal Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides were measured in both groups followed by comparison of the incidence of intestinal flora imbalance. In the meantime, the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum were detected and compared between those two groups. Afterwards, multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors related to GDM. The number of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides in the study group was significantly less than those in the control group. The incidence of intestinal flora imbalance in the study group was 33.75%, which is higher than that in the control group. The serum levels of inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6 in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The result of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Bifidobacterium, Lactobacilli, Bacteroides, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6 were risk factors related to GDM. Patients with GDM are prone to intestinal flora imbalance with elevated different inflammatory, which affects immune function in patients and may play an important role in the development of diabetes mellitus.
The Evolution of Ethnic Identity From Adolescence to Middle Adulthood: The Case of the Immigrant Second Generation
Authors: Feliciano Cynthia , Rumbaut Rubén G.
Published: October 2018

Through an analysis of qualitative interview and survey data, this study examines ethnic identity development from midadolescence to middle adulthood among a representative sample of immigrants’ children from Mexico, the Philippines, and other countries, who were followed for more than 20 years. Findings reveal that ethnic self-identity labels are more stable in adulthood than adolescence or the transition to adulthood, but the importance of ethnic identity diminishes, especially among those born abroad. Most prefer ethnic identity labels referencing their origin country, reflecting family ties and cultural attachments. However, some, mostly foreign-born, shift to ethnic self-identity labels exclusively related to their American experience, including panethnic labels in response to U.S. racialization. Only a few actively resist such labeling and claim nonhyphenated American identities. Overall, the findings reveal how diverse ethnic identity development patterns over the life course are shaped both by ancestral attachments and the imposition of existing U.S. racial structures.
A Case of Tuberculosis Spondylodiscitis With Paraspinal Abscess in a 2-Year-Old Child
Authors: Goh Jeannette Lay Kuan , Chong Chia Yin , Lim Samuel Zhi Rui , Lim Kevin Boon Leong , Tan Natalie Woon Hui
Published: October 2018

In this article, we report a case of tuberculosis spondylodiscitis in a 2-year-old child. Imaging of her spine showed a paraspinal abscess. The diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis remains difficult, and we discuss its salient features and current management within the pediatric population.
A Patient-Centered Utility Index for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer in the United States
Authors: Swan J. Shannon , Lennes Inga T. , Stump Natalie N. , Temel Jennifer S. , Wang David , Keller Lisa , Donelan Karen
Published: October 2018

Background. A preference-based quality-of-life index for non–small cell lung cancer was developed with a subset of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)–General (G) and FACT–Lung (L) items, based on clinician input and the literature. Design. A total of 236 non–small cell lung carcinoma patients contributed their preferences, randomly allocated among three survey groups to decrease burden. The FACT-L Utility Index (FACT-LUI) was constructed with two methods: 1) multiattribute utility theory (MAUT), where a visual analog scale (VAS)–based index was transformed to standard gamble (SG); and 2) an unweighted index, where items were summed, normalized to a 0 to 1.0 scale, and the result transformed to a scale length equivalent to the VAS or SG MAUT-based model on a Dead to Full Health scale. Agreement between patients’ direct utility and the indexes for current health was assessed. Results. The agreement of the unweighted index with direct SG was superior to the MAUT-based index (intraclass correlation for absolute agreement: 0.60 v. 0.35; mean difference: 0.03 v. 0.19; and mean absolute difference 0.09 v. 0.21, respectively). Mountain plots showed substantial differences, with the unweighted index demonstrating a median bias of 0.02 versus the MAUT model at 0.2. There was a significant difference ( P = 0.0002) between early (I-II) and late stage (III-IV) patients, the mean difference for both indexes being greater than distribution-based estimates of minimal important difference. Limitations. The population was limited to non–small cell lung cancer patients. However, most quality-of-life literature consulted and the FACT instruments do not differentiate between lung cancer cell types. Minorities were also limited in this sample. Conclusions. The FACT-LUI shows early evidence of validity for informing economic analysis of lung cancer treatments.
Disturbances in reproduction and expression of steroidogenic enzymes in aquatic invertebrates exposed to components of the herbicide Roundup
Authors: Reddy Sneha B , Nolan Colleen J , Plautz Carol Zygar
Published: October 2018

Exposure of organisms to environmental contaminants is a growing concern. We have investigated the effects of the individual active ingredients of the herbicide Roundup (glyphosate and diquat dibromide [DD]) since Roundup causes alterations in reproduction, mortality, and development in the aquatic snail Lymnaea palustris. Snails chronically treated with elevated but ecologically relevant levels of DD exhibit reduction in fecundity ( p < 0.05), while fecundity in glyphosate-treated snails is comparable to or exceeds control levels. To investigate a possible mechanism for the reproductive disturbance, we monitored levels of steroid acute regulatory (StAR) protein in whole snails and observed a correlation in StAR protein decrease with treatment with Roundup, glyphosate, or DD. We detect StAR in organs where steroid biosynthesis occurs (ovotestis, brain, kidney); StAR protein is reduced following chronic exposure to Roundup, glyphosate, or DD ( p < 0.01). Estradiol and testosterone concentrations in hemolymph were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following 3-week exposure of snails to 3.5 mg/L glyphosate or 140 µg/L DD. Testosterone levels decrease in DD-treated groups ( p < 0.05); a trend of lower testosterone is also observed in glyphosate-treated groups ( p > 0.05). Estradiol concentration is greater than or equal to control levels in glyphosate, but decreased in DD ( p < 0.05). Because of its role in the conversion of testosterone to estradiol, we monitored abundance of aromatase and observed a reduction ( p < 0.05) in DD-treated snails (consistent with the drop in fecundity and estradiol levels) and a comparable level to control in glyphosate-treated snails (consistent with their high fecundity and estradiol levels). Although the toxicity of commercially-available Roundup to aquatic animals may have many contributing factors including its inactive surfactant, the constituent of Roundup associated with the greatest reproductive disturbances and observed developmental abnormalities of offspring is DD. This study details the analysis of particular herbicide constituents and their effect on specific targets in the reproductive pathway.
Increased functional connectivity between the right temporo-parietal junction and the temporal poles in migraine without aura
Authors: Lisicki Marco , D’Ostilio Kevin , Coppola Gianluca , de Noordhout Alain Maertens , Parisi Vincenzo , Schoenen Jean , Magis Delphine
Published: October 2018

Rather than a localized alteration, increased visual reactivity in migraine patients seems to result from a complex interaction between several brain structures, mostly involving the ventral attention network. The hub of this network is the right temporo-parietal junction. In this report, complementing our previous findings, we describe the differences in seed-to-voxel resting-state functional connectivity seeded in the right temporo-parietal junction (right angular gyrus) between migraine patients and healthy controls. Resting-state functional MRIs of episodic migraine without aura patients in the interictal period ( n = 19) and matched healthy controls ( n = 19) were analysed. With the seed placed in the right temporo-parietal junction (right angular gyrus), seed-to-voxel connectivity was compared between groups. Electrophysiological, voxel-based morphometry (both groups) and specific region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI functional connectivity (migraine patients) data have already been published. Migraine patients showed a higher positive interaction between the right temporo-parietal junction and both temporal poles and a higher negative interaction between this same region and bilateral areas of the visual cortex. On the basis of our results, and because of their established properties as multisensory integration hubs, it is likely that the right temporo-parietal junction and both temporal poles are involved in the altered processing of sensory stimulus commonly observed in migraine patients. Therefore, more attention should be paid to these regions for migraine research in the future.
Involvement of Epigenetic Promoter DNA Methylation of miR-124 in the Pathogenesis of HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Buch Shilpa , Periyasamy Palsamy , Guo Minglei
Published: October 2018

Despite the efficacy of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in controlling viremia, the central nervous system (CNS) continues to harbor viral reservoirs. The persistence of low-level virus replication leads to the accumulation of early viral proteins, including HIV-1 Transactivator of transcription (HIV-1 Tat) protein. Based on the premise that cART does not impact levels of HIV-1 Tat, and since the CNS is inaccessible to the cART regimens, HIV-1-Tat-mediated neuroinflammation has been implicated as an underlying mediator of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The mechanism(s) underlying the pathogenesis of HAND, however, remain less understood. Understanding the epigenetic/molecular mechanism(s) by which viral proteins such as HIV-1 Tat activate microglia is thus of paramount importance. The study published by Periyasamy et al provides new mechanistic insights into the role of HIV-1-Tat-mediated DNA methylation of miR-124 promoter in regulating microglial activation via the MECP2-STAT3 signaling axis. Furthermore, the authors have also reported that exposure of mouse primary microglial cells to HIV-1 Tat notably increased DNA methylation of primary miR-124-1 and primary miR-124-2 promoters (with no change in primary miR-124-3), resulting in turn to downregulated expression of both primary miR-124-1 and primary miR-124-2 as well as mature miR-124 in mouse primary microglial cells. The authors also examined the involvement of MECP2-STAT3 signaling in HIV-1-Tat-mediated microglial activation. Based on these novel findings, it is evident that dysregulation of miR-124 is involved in the pathogenesis of HAND and that restoration of miR-124 could serve as an adjunctive treatment for dampening neuroinflammation associated with HAND.
Neuroprotective effect and antioxidant activity of Passiflora edulis fruit flavonoid fraction, aqueous extract, and juice in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer’s disease rats
Authors: Doungue Hermine Tsafack , Kengne Anne Pascale Nouemsi , Kuate Dieudonné
Published: October 2018

Background

Oxidative stress is known to contribute to the mechanisms underpinning the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have identified the presence of flavonoids as the major constituents of Passiflora edulis (PE) with antioxidant activity. This work aims at investigating the antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, and neuroprotective effect of three PE fruit extracts, flavonoid fraction, and juice on neurodegenerative rat model.

Methods

Extracts were prepared using fruit pulp and peel and juice using pulp. Phytochemical contents (phenolic content and flavonoid) and in vitro antioxidant activity were evaluated through the DPPH radical scavenging capacity and the ability to reduce ferric ion. The neurocognitive dysfunction, activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), levels and activities of in vivo oxidant–antioxidant indices as well as neuroinflammatory markers were evaluated in the hippocampus and cortex of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced Alzheimer’s rats (AD).

Results

The highest total phenolic and flavonoids’ contents, the best DPPH scavenging activity and the ability to reduce ferric ion (Fe3+) were obtained with peel aqueous extract. The administration of the peel aqueous extract, juice, and flavonoid fraction resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in plasma and tissue levels of malondialdehyde compared to the positive control (PC). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cycyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and amyloid ß-42 (ß-42) were significantly reduced whereas the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione level were significantly higher in the treated than that in the untreated Alzheimer’s rats (PC) groups (P < 0.05), respectively, in the hippocampus and in plasma, brain, and liver homogenates following the administration of juice, flavonoid fraction, and extracts (both doses). Treatment of AD-rats with PE ameliorated neurobehavioral changes, as evidenced by the improvement in brain function, as well as, modulation of AChE, and confirmed by the histological changes and Morris water maze test. The effect of aqueous extract was slightly greater than that of the flavonoids fraction, thus suggesting that flavonoids account for most of the Passiflora edulis antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effect.
Recombinant Human FSH Treatment Outcomes in Five Boys With Severe Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Authors: Kohva Ella , Huopio Hanna , Hero Matti , Miettinen Päivi J , Vaaralahti Kirsi , Sidoroff Virpi , Toppari Jorma , Raivio Taneli
Published: October 2018

Context

Recombinant human FSH (r-hFSH), given to prepubertal boys with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), may induce Sertoli cell proliferation and thereby increase sperm-producing capacity later in life.

Objective

To evaluate the effects of r-hFSH, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and testosterone (T) in such patients.

Design and Setting

Retrospective review in three tertiary centers in Finland between 2006 and 2016.

Patients

Five boys: ANOS1 mutation in two, homozygous PROKR2 mutation in one, FGFR1 mutation in one, and homozygous GNRHR mutation in one. Prepubertal testicular volume (TV) varied between 0.3 and 2.3 mL; three boys had micropenis, three had undergone orchidopexy.

Interventions

Two boys received r-hFSH (6 to 7 months) followed by r-hFSH plus hCG (33 to 34 months); one received T (6 months), then r-hFSH plus T (29 months) followed by hCG (25 months); two received T (3 months) followed by r-hFSH (7 months) or r-hFSH plus T (8 months).

Main Outcome Measures

TV, inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone, T, puberty, sperm count.

Results

r-hFSH doubled TV (from a mean ± SD of 0.9 ± 0.9 mL to 1.9 ± 1.7 mL; P < 0.05) and increased serum inhibin B (from 15 ± 5 ng/L to 85 ± 40 ng/L; P < 0.05). hCG further increased TV (from 2.1 ± 2.3 mL to 8.6 ± 1.7 mL). Two boys with initially extremely small testis size (0.3 mL) developed sperm (maximal sperm count range, 2.8 to 13.8 million/mL), which was cryopreserved.

Conclusions

Spermatogenesis can be induced with gonadotropins even in boys with HH who have extremely small testes, and despite low-dose T treatment given in early puberty. Induction of puberty with gonadotropins allows preservation of fertility.
Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine, Dexamethasone, and Their Combination on Postoperative Sore Throat: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Subedi Asish , Tripathi Mukesh , Pokharel Krishna , Khatiwada Sindhu
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:

Postoperative sore throat (POST), hoarseness, and cough after tracheal intubation are not uncommon. Although both lidocaine and dexamethasone have been used independently to reduce these events, there is no study assessing the combined effects of lidocaine and dexamethasone.

METHODS:

This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study enrolled 180 patients requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation for >90 minutes. They received 1 of the 4 intravenous agents just before induction of anesthesia: lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg-) in group L, dexamethasone (8 mg) in group D, lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) with dexamethasone (8 mg) in group DL, and placebo as normal saline in group NS. Standard anesthesia protocol was followed. Incidence and severity of a sore throat, cough, and hoarseness of voice were assessed up to 24 hours postoperatively. The primary outcome was the incidence of POST, and the main effects of dexamethasone and lidocaine were the primary interest.

RESULTS:

Data of 45 patients in D, 44 in L, 44 in DL, and 43 in NS groups were analyzed. The incidence of a sore throat was 36%, 43%, 25%, and 56% in group D, L, DL, and NS, respectively (P = .02). Dexamethasone with or without lidocaine reduced the incidence of the POST (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.24–0.82; P < .01). However, lidocaine was not effective in reducing POST (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.33–1.14; P = .12). No difference was observed in the severity of a sore throat, incidence and severity of a cough, and hoarseness among the groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

Dexamethasone, with or without lidocaine, was effective in reducing the incidence of POST in patients requiring prolonged tracheal intubation.
Attenuation of Unevoked Mechanical and Cold Pain Hypersensitivities Associated With Experimental Neuropathy in Mice by Angiotensin II Type-2 Receptor Antagonism
Authors: Shepherd Andrew J. , Mohapatra Durga P.
Published: October 2018

Recent findings from a phase II clinical trial showed analgesic effects of an angiotensin II type-2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist in postherpetic neuralgia patients. This study aimed to investigate whether AT2R antagonism could provide effective analgesia in voluntary measures of unevoked/ongoing pain-like behaviors in mice with experimental neuropathy. Mice were subjected to spared nerve injury to induce neuropathy and tested in 2 operant behavioral tests to measure ongoing mechanical and cold pain hypersensitivities. Systemic administration of an AT2R antagonist provided effective analgesia in these behavioral measures of mechanical and cold pain in spared nerve injury mice, suggesting its effectiveness in neuropathic pain.
Electronic Audit and Feedback With Positive Rewards Improve Anesthesia Provider Compliance With a Barcode-Based Drug Safety System
Authors: Bowdle T. Andrew , Jelacic Srdjan , Nair Bala , Zucker Frank , Bussey Logan S. , Togashi Kei , Yang Jen-Ting , Lang John
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:

We implemented a previously described barcode-based drug safety system in all of our anesthetizing locations. Providers were instructed to scan the barcode on syringes using our Anesthesia Information Management System before drug administration, but the rate of provider adherence was low. We studied an implementation intervention intended to increase the rate of scanning.

METHODS:

Using our Anesthesia Information Management System and Smart Anesthesia Manager software, we quantified syringe drug administrations by anesthesia providers with and without barcode scanning. We use an anesthesia team model in which an attending anesthesiologist is paired with a certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) or a resident. Our system identified the pair of providers associated with a particular drug administration, but did not distinguish which providers actually administered the drug. Therefore, the rate of barcode scanning for a particular case was assigned to both providers equally. A baseline rate of scanning was established over a period of 17 months. An audit and feedback intervention was then performed that consisted of monthly performance reports sent by email to individual providers along with coffee gift card awards for top performers. The coffee gift cards were awarded in only the first 2 months of the intervention, while the email performance reports continued on a monthly basis. The coffee card awards were made public. The monthly emails reported the individual provider’s rank order of performance relative to other providers, but was otherwise anonymous. The baseline rate of scanning was compared to the rate of scanning after the intervention for a period of 7 months.

RESULTS:

From November 2014 to March 2017, we accumulated 60,197 cases performed by 88 attending anesthesiologists, 65 CRNAs, and 148 residents. The total number of syringe drug administrations was 653,355. Average scanning performance improved from 8.7% of syringe barcodes scanned during the baseline period from November 2014 to February 2016 to 64.4% scanned during the period September 2016 to March 2017 (P < .001). Variation in performance among individuals was marked, ranging from 0% to 100% of syringes scanned. The performance of some individuals showed marked oscillation over time. There was greater variation in performance attributable to residents than in performance attributable to CRNAs.

CONCLUSIONS:

Feedback of individual provider performance data from the anesthesia information system to providers can be used in conjunction with other measures to improve performance. Despite improved average performance, there was marked variation in performance between individuals, and some individuals had marked oscillation of their performance over time.
Endocytic trafficking factor VPS45 is essential for spatial regulation of lens fiber differentiation in zebrafish
Authors: Mochizuki Toshiaki , Kojima Yutaka , Nishiwaki Yuko , Harakuni Tetsuya , Masai Ichiro
Published: October 2018

In vertebrate lens, lens epithelial cells cover the anterior half of the lens fiber core. Lens epithelial cells proliferate, move posteriorly and start to differentiate into lens fiber cells at the lens equator. Although FGF signaling promotes this equatorial commencement of lens fiber differentiation, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show that lens epithelial cells abnormally enter lens fiber differentiation without passing through the equator in zebrafish vps45 mutants. VPS45 belongs to the Sec1/Munc18-like protein family and promotes endosome trafficking, which differentially modulates signal transduction. Ectopic lens fiber differentiation in vps45 mutants does not depend on FGF, but is mediated through activation of TGFβ signaling and inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling. Thus, VPS45 normally suppresses lens fiber differentiation in the anterior region of lens epithelium by modulating TGFβ and canonical Wnt signaling pathways. These data indicate a novel role of endosome trafficking to ensure equator-dependent commencement of lens fiber differentiation.
High accuracy at low frequency: detailed behavioural classification from accelerometer data
Authors: Tatler Jack , Cassey Phillip , Prowse Thomas A. A.
Published: October 2018

Accelerometers are a valuable tool for studying animal behaviour and physiology where direct observation is unfeasible. However, giving biological meaning to multivariate acceleration data is challenging. Here, we describe a method that reliably classifies a large number of behaviours using tri-axial accelerometer data collected at the low sampling frequency of 1 Hz, using the dingo (Canis dingo) as an example. We used out-of-sample validation to compare the predictive performance of four commonly used classification models (Random Forest, k-Nearest Neighbour, Support Vector Machine, and Naïve Bayes). We tested the importance of predictor variable selection and moving window size for the classification of each behaviour and overall model performance. Random Forests produced the highest out-of-sample classification accuracy, with our best performing model predicting 14 behaviours with a mean accuracy of 87%. We also investigated the relationship between overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) and the activity level of each behaviour given its increasing use in ecophysiology as a proxy for energy expenditure. ODBA values for our four ‘high activity’ behaviours were significantly greater than all other behaviours, with an overall positive trend between ODBA and intensity of movement. We show that a Random Forest model of relatively low complexity can mitigate some major challenges associated with establishing meaningful ecological conclusions from acceleration data. Our approach has broad applicability to free-ranging terrestrial quadrupeds of comparable size. Our use of a low sampling frequency shows potential for deploying accelerometers over extended time periods, enabling capture of invaluable behavioural and physiological data across different ontogenies.
Innate visual preferences and behavioral flexibility inDrosophila
Authors: Grabowska Martyna J. , Steeves James , Alpay Julius , van de Poll Matthew , Ertekin Deniz , van Swinderen Bruno
Published: October 2018

Visual decision-making in animals is influenced by innate preferences as well as experience. Interaction between hard-wired responses and changing motivational states determines whether a visual stimulus is attractive, aversive, or neutral. It is however difficult to separate the relative contribution of nature versus nurture in experimental paradigms, especially for more complex visual parameters such as the shape of objects. We used a closed-loop virtual reality paradigm for walking Drosophila flies to uncover innate visual preferences for the shape and size of objects, in a recursive choice scenario allowing the flies to reveal their visual preferences over time. We found that Drosophila flies display a robust attraction / repulsion profile for a range of objects sizes in this paradigm, and that this visual preference profile remains evident under a variety of conditions and persists into old age. We also demonstrate a level of flexibility in this behavior: innate repulsion to certain objects could be transiently overridden if these were novel, although this effect was only evident in younger flies. Finally, we show that a neuromodulatory circuit in the fly brain, Drosophila neuropeptide F (dNPF), can be recruited to guide visual decision-making. Optogenetic activation of dNPF-expressing neurons converted a visually repulsive object into a more attractive object. This suggests that dNPF activity in the Drosophila brain guides ongoing visual choices, to override innate preferences and thereby provide a necessary level of behavioral flexibility in visual decision-making.
Common guillemot (Uria aalge) eggs are not self-cleaning
Authors: Jackson Duncan , Thompson Jamie E. , Hemmings Nicola , Birkhead Timothy R.
Published: October 2018

Birds are arguably the most evolutionarily successful extant vertebrate taxon, in part because of their ability to reproduce in virtually all terrestrial habitats. Common guillemots, Uria aalge, incubate their single egg in an unusual and harsh environment; on exposed cliff ledges, without a nest, and in close proximity to conspecifics. As a consequence, the surface of guillemot eggshells is frequently contaminated with faeces, dirt, water and other detritus, which may impede gas exchange or facilitate microbial infection of the developing embryo. Despite this, guillemot chicks survive incubation and hatch from eggs heavily covered with debris. To establish how guillemot eggs cope with external debris, we tested three hypotheses: (1) contamination by debris does not reduce gas exchange efficacy of the eggshell to a degree that may impede normal embryo development; (2) the guillemot eggshell surface is self-cleaning; and, (3) shell accessory material (SAM) prevents debris from blocking pores, allowing relatively unrestricted gas diffusion across the eggshell. We show that (1) natural debris reduces the conductance of gases across the guillemot eggshell by blocking gas exchange pores. Despite this problem, we find (2) no evidence that guillemot eggshells are self-cleaning, but instead show that (3) the presence of SAM on the eggshell surface largely prevents pore blockages from occurring. Our results demonstrate that SAM is a crucial feature of the eggshell surface in a species whose eggs are frequently in contact with debris, acting to minimise pore blockages and thus ensure a sufficient rate of gas diffusion for embryo development.
Adaptive frequency shifts of echolocation sounds in Miniopterus fuliginosus according to the frequency-modulated pattern of jamming sounds
Authors: Maitani Yosuke , Hase Kazuma , Kobayasi Kohta I. , Hiryu Shizuko
Published: October 2018

When flying in a group, echolocating bats have to separate their own echoes from pulses and echoes belonging to other individuals to extract only the information necessary for their own navigation. Previous studies have demonstrated that frequency-modulated (FM) bats change the terminal frequencies (TFs) of downward FM pulses under acoustic interference. However, it is not yet clear which acoustic characteristics of the jamming signals induce the TF shift according to the degree of acoustic interference. In this study, we examined changes in the acoustic characteristics of pulses emitted by Miniopterus fuliginosus while presenting jamming stimuli with different FM patterns to the bat flying alone. Bats significantly altered their TFs when responding to downward (dEXP) and upward (uEXP) exponential FM sounds as well as to a constant-frequency (CF) stimulus, by approximately 1–2 kHz (dEXP: 2.1±0.9 kHz; uEXP: 1.7±0.3 kHz; CF: 1.3±0.4 kHz) but not for linear FM sounds. The feature common to the spectra of these three jamming stimuli is a spectrum peak near the TF frequency, demonstrating that the bats shift the TF to avoid masking of jamming sounds on the TF frequency range. These results suggest that direct frequency masking near the TF frequency range induces the TF shift, which simultaneously decreases the similarity between their own echolocation sounds and jamming signals.
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy on Atomically Precise Metal Clusters
Authors: Yamazoe Seiji , Tsukuda Tatsuya
Published: October 2018

Metal clusters show novel and size-specific properties due to unique geometric and quantized electronic structures. State-of-the art synthetic methods allow us to control with atomic precision the size and compositions of clusters stabilized with polymers, protected by ligands, and immobilized on supports. The geometric structure is key information for understanding the origin of the specific and novel properties and for rationally designing their functions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis provides direct and atomic-level structural information on ligand-protected metal clusters that can be crystallized, but cannot be applied to polymer-stabilized and supported clusters even though their size and composition are precisely defined. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a versatile tool for determining the local structure and electronic state of a specific element within the clusters regardless of their environment. In addition to static structures, dynamic changes in electronic and geometric structures can be probed by a time-resolved measurement. Simultaneous measurement of XAS with other spectroscopies provides further insight into the reaction mechanism. This article summarizes our XAS studies on the size and atomic packing of metal clusters, location of dopant in the clusters, interfacial structures between the clusters and the surroundings, thermal properties of the clusters, and structural and electronic dynamics during the reactions.
Do funding applications where peer reviewers disagree have higher citations? A cross-sectional study.
Authors: Barnett Adrian G , Glisson Scott R. , Gallo Stephen
Published: October 2018

Background: Decisions about which applications to fund are generally based on the mean scores of a panel of peer reviewers. As well as the mean, a large disagreement between peer reviewers may also be worth considering, as it may indicate a high-risk application with a high return.

Methods: We examined the peer reviewers' scores for 227 funded applications submitted to the American Institute of Biological Sciences between 1999 and 2006. We examined the mean score and two measures of reviewer disagreement: the standard deviation and range. The outcome variable was the relative citation ratio, which is the number of citations from all publications associated with the application, standardised by field and publication year.

Results: There was a clear increase in relative citations for applications with a better mean. There was no association between relative citations and either of the two measures of disagreement.

Conclusions: We found no evidence that reviewer disagreement was able to identify applications with a higher than average return. However, this is the first study to empirically examine this association, and it would be useful to examine whether reviewer disagreement is associated with research impact in other funding schemes and in larger sample sizes.
Practicalities of setting up a hepatitis C service in the era of direct-acting antivirals
Authors: Phillips Clare , File Alexandra , Jamil Khaleel , Tibble Jeremy
Published: October 2018

If the UK is to achieve the NHS England strategy of viral elimination of hepatitis C by 2025, it is essential for operational delivery networks (ODNs) to establish outreach clinics in locations more accessible to those at greatest risk of infection. Setting up new services takes time and requires careful planning, and nurses should be aware of the practical considerations and potential obstacles they may face. To set up an outreach clinic, a prospective location must first be selected according to a number of considerations. A scoping visit can confirm its suitability and begin engagement with the local team. The clinic should be planned with a standard operating procedure document, risk assessments and appropriate staffing arrangements organised. Support should be established from management, consultants and pharmacy.
Segmentation of Activated Sludge Filaments using Phase Contrast Images
Authors: Hang Ho Yuen , Nisar Humaira , Burhan Khan Muhammad
Published: October 2018

Segmentation algorithms play an important role in image processing and analysis. The identification of objects and process monitoring strongly depends on the accuracy of the segmentation algorithms. Waste water treatment plants are used to treat wastewater from municipal and industrial plants. Activated sludge process is used in wastewater treatment plants to biodegrade the organic constituents present in waste water. This biodegradation is done with the help of microorganisms and bacteria. There are two important types of microscopic organisms present in the activated sludge plants, named as flocs as filaments, which are visible under microscope. In this paper we study the microscopic images of wastewater using phase contrast microscopy. The images are acquired from wastewater sample using a microscope. The samples of wastewater are collected from domestic wastewater treatment plant aeration tank. Our main aim is to segment threadlike organisms knows as filaments. Several segmentation algorithms (such as edge based algorithm, k-means algorithm, texture based algorithm, and watershed algorithm) will be explored and their performance will be compared using gold approximations of the images. The performance of the algorithms are evaluated using different performance metrics, such as Rand Index, specificity, variation of information, and accuracy. We have found that edge based segmentation works well for phase contrast microscopic images of activated sludge wastewater.
A MULHER NA EDUCAÇÃO: UM CAMINHO DE PEDRAS
Authors: SANTOS MARIA DAS GRAÇAS MOURA , COSTA DHEMERSSON WARLY SANTOS
Published: October 2018

Este artigo é fruto do recorte inicial de uma pesquisa desenvolvida junto ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal do Pará, campus de Altamira. Buscarei nas linhas que entrelaçam esse texto tracejar um breve percurso histórico da inserção da mulher na educação brasileira. Uma estrada que é marcada por exclusões, mas também resistências e enfrentamento na luta por uma formação igualitária. Falar da história da educação feminina é narrar histórias de vida, vidas que compõe histórias de mulheres-professoras-mães-filhas-educadoras... Histórias de vida que estão diretamente engendradas na formação, seja como mulher, seja como professora.