bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estudio sedimentológico en la cuenca del Rio San Alberto del Espíritu Santo, municipio de San Alberto, departamento del Cesar (Colombia)
Authors: MANCO JARABA DINO CARMELO
Published: April 2020

El Rio San Alberto del Espíritu Santo se localiza en el municipio de San Alberto, departamento del Cesar, con una extensión de 26.110 hectáreas, donde se realizaron estudios granulométricos, de humedad y estimación de volumen de sedimentos aportados por la cuenca mediante el modelo EROSUP-U. El objetivo de la investigación se basó en cuantificar el aporte sedimentológico del Rio San Alberto del Espíritu Santo y clasificar los tipos de suelo basado en AASTHO y USC. La metodología se fundamentó en la recolección de 84 muestras, cada 10 mts y 15 mts, siguiendo el proceder metodológico del Ministerio de Energía y Minas (Perú). La estimación volumétrica, aplicando la ecuación universal de perdida de suelo (EUPS), establece que el aporte sedimentológico del Rio es de 44.226,36 m3/año; el suelo se clasificó en cuatro (4) grupos (A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-6, A-3 y A-4), el más representativo es el A-1-a con un 51,19% de las muestras analizadas.

En conclusión, el Rio San Alberto del Espíritu Santo cuenta con una amplia variabilidad granulométrica de sedimentos, siendo de mayor proporción gravas, arenas gruesas y arenas finas, con o sin material fino bien graduado.
Estado social y democrático de derecho, representación política y reelección inmediata en Colombia: sus efectos en el comportamiento electoral
Authors: Pab Juan Antonio , Torres Arg Alfredo
Published: April 2020

En este trabajo investigativo reflexioné sobre la relevancia de la representación política en el Estado Social y Democrático de Derecho, el ejercicio voluntario del voto y el derecho fundamental que constituye, la participación política, democrática, de los diferentes partidos y movimientos políticos, las condiciones en las cuales esta se efectúa y la seguridad implícita que simboliza, si se da en términos de igualdad y respeto para todo el pueblo colombiano, fomentando la tolerancia por la diferencia, la libertad de elección y decisión, en la cual prevalezcan los intereses colectivos sobre los individuales; y se reduzca la posibilidad de la concentración del poder. Y finalmente, resalto laincidencia del comportamiento electoral de la ciudadanía en Colombia, como resultado de la implantación de la reelección presidencial inmediata.

 

AbstractIn this investigation writing think about the main politic representation in the social and democratic law state’s, the exercise voluntary vote’ and the fundamental right. Also, the politic and democratic participation different movements, the security and conditions, the equality and respect for all the Colombians citizens, developing tolerance for the difference, the choice and decision liberty’s where the desires people is above individual and reduce the authority. Finally, the incident o impact the electoral behavior citizen’s in Colombia over the apply reelection presidential.
Percepción del agua como derecho fundamental: los efectos producidos por la prestación del servicio de agua potable en los habitantes del municipio de santa lucía, atlántico
Authors: Reales Vega Rosario Joaquín , De Castro Marriaga Daniel , Arcón Daniela Viana
Published: April 2020

En este documento se ha abordado la afectación de la calidad de vida y las condiciones mínimas de salubridad padecida por los habitantes del municipio de Santa Lucía, debido al irregular suministro de la prestación del servicio del agua, alcantarillado y su facturación; el desconocimiento o conocimiento frente a esta situación, la reacción de los habitantes ante esta problemática social y las acciones instauradas para mejorar la situación. Asimismo, se incluye en este escrito, la entrevista realizada a la presidenta de la Junta de Acción Comunal del barrio Abajo, uno de los más afectados por la cesación del agua y el deterioro de la estructura física del Municipio.
Sobre la memoria
Authors: Gonz F Ernesto
Published: April 2020

Este artículo surge del planteamiento de varios interrogantes, entre los cuales se encuentra, si existe la responsabilidad moral de recordar, el papel de la memoria en los procesos sociales e individuales de verdad, justicia y reparación, y cómo se podría definir el término memoria. Cuestionamientos estimuladores durante décadas en las diferentes disciplinas del conocimiento, en torno a la memoria como instrumento político, pero reconociendo su diferencia con el recuerdo, factor fundamental en los procesos de reconciliación nacional y una exigencia moral que reclaman las víctimas a la sociedad. Asimismo, se dará respuesta a las preguntas formuladas y para ello, en un primer momento, se definirá qué es la memoria en el contexto que se ha esbozado, para posteriormente examinar los sentidos en que le atribuimos una responsabilidad moral.
Tarihi binaların sağlamlaştırılması için killi kireçtaşından üretilen enjeksiyon malzemesinin karakterizasyonu
Authors: OKTAY Didem , UĞURYOL Mehmet , GÜNER M. Buğra , HAZAR YORUÇ A. Binnaz , YÜZER Nabi
Published: April 2020

Bu çalışma kapsamında, % 70 oranında kalsiyum
karbonat içeren killi kireçtaşının kalsinasyonu ile hidrolik özellik gösteren nano
boyutlu enjeksiyon malzemesi üretimi ve bu malzemenin karakterizasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Enjeksiyon malzemesi üretimi için öncelikle ham madde 950 °C ve 1100 °C sıcaklıklarda
kalsine edilerek doğal hidrolik kireç üretilmiştir. Üretilen kireç
numunelerinin mineral içerikleri ile kimyasal bileşimleri XRD ve XRF analiziyle
ortaya koyulmuş, bağlayıcılık ve hidrolik indeks değerleri belirlenmiştir. Böylelikle
1100 °C sıcaklıkta kalsine edilen numunenin enjeksiyon malzemesi üretimi için
uygun olduğu kanısına varılmış ve bu numune mekanik öğütme işlemine tabi
tutulmuştur. Öğütülen numune ile yaygın olarak kullanılan bir ticari enjeksiyon
malzemesinin bağlayıcılık ve hidrolik indeks değerleri XRF analizi, tane boyutu
ise DLS analizi vasıtası ile hesaplanmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma
sonucunda öğütülen numunenin tane boyutunun ticari üründen daha küçük ve
nanometre mertebesinde olduğu, bağlayıcılık ve hidrolik indeks değerlerinin ise
ticari ürüne kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ticari ürüne kıyasla daha
kuvvetli hidrolik özellik göstermesi beklenen numunenin enjeksiyon işleminde
kullanılabilirliğini araştırmak için farklı su/bağlayıcı ve kimyasal katkı
oranları ile şerbet (enjeksiyon malzemesi) üretimleri yapılmıştır. Üretilen
şerbetlerin akışkanlık, hacim sabitliği ve penetrasyon özellikleri Marsh Hunisi,
Akış Konisi, terleme ve kum kolonu testleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Elde
edilen nano boyutlu doğal hidrolik kireç esaslı enjeksiyon malzemesinin,
belirlenen su/bağlayıcı oranı, süper akışkanlaştırıcı miktarı ve karıştırma
prosedürü kullanıldığında, söz konusu testlerdeki sınır şartları sağladığı ve
dolayısıyla tarihi binaların sağlamlaştırılması için enjeksiyon işleminde kullanılan
mevcut ticari ürünlere alternatif olabileceği anlaşılmıştır.
Asymmetric structure of the influenza A virus and novel function of the matrix protein M1
Authors: Zhirnov O. P.
Published: April 2020

Influenza virus is an enveloped virus. It comprises two major modules: external lipoprotein envelope and internal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) containing the genomic negative-strand RNA. Lipoprotein envelope contains four vital proteins: hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), transmembrane ionic channel M2, and minor amounts of nuclear export protein NEP. RNP contains RNA and four polypeptides: major nucleocapsid protein NP and three polymerase subunits PB1, PB2, PA. Both modules are linked with each other by matrix M1 maintaining the virus integrity. According to the structural function, NP and M1 are predominant in virus particle in the amounts of 1000 and 3000 molecules, respectively. In addition to the structural function, M1 plays a role in regulation of intracellular and nuclear migration of viral RNP and virus assembly, referred as budding process, at the plasma membrane in infected cells. The bipolar structure of the influenza virus characterized by asymmetric location of RNP and nonregular distribution of M1 and M2 inside the virion is reviewed. The role of M1 in maintaining the asymmetric structure of the virus particle and regulation of RNP transport inside virus particle is considered. First experimental data confirming (i) intravirion RNP transport and its outside exit directed by the M1 and (ii) the importance of this process in virus uncoating and initiation of infection in target cell are discussed. A novel class of antiviral agents activating ATP-ase of the early endosome compartment in the target cell is discussed.
Markers of hepatitis E among the population of the Greater Sochi and in monkeys of the Adler primate center
Authors: Korzaia L. I. , Keburia V. V. , Dogadov D. I. , Lapin B. A. , Kyuregyan K. K. , Mikhailov M. I.
Published: April 2020

Serum from humans (n = 646) and monkeys (n = 1867) collected during the period 1999-2013 was tested by enzyme immunoassay. Anti-HEV IgG was detected significantly more frequently (P ≥ 0.001) in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) - 45.1 ± 1.6% (n = 1001) than in cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis) 16.2 ± 1.8% (n = 426). Single seropositive individuals were found among M. nemestrina - 4.0±2.8% (n = 50). Anti-HEV was not detected in the sera of green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) - n = 162, Papio hamadryas (n = 124), and Papio anubis - n = 104. The presence of the anti-HEV IgM indicating the cases of fresh infection in Macaca mulatta - 2.1 ± 0.5% (n = 717) and M. fascicularis - 3.5 ± 1.3% (n = 266) is of great significance. The overall frequency of detection of the anti-HEV IgG among the staff of the Adler Primate Center - 6.8 ± 2.3% (n = 118) was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.001) than among the population of the Greater Sochi - 15.9% ± 1.6 (n = 528). It is important that only in patients of medical institutions (clinic, hospital, cancer center), anti-HEV IgM were detected (2.7-11.8%) along with anti-HEV IgG (15-23.5%), thereby indicating the presence of acute cases of HEV infection among this population. HEV RNA was not detected in the serum of anti-HEV IgM-positive people and monkeys. Seroepidemiological data do not confirm the assumption on the ability of seropositive monkeys of Macaca genus to be a natural reservoir of HEV infection for humans.
Highly reproductive attenuated H2N2 and H7N9 reassortants on the basis of A/Hong Kong/1/68/162/35 donor virus
Authors: Vidyaeva I. G. , Potapchuk M. V. , Repko I. A. , Petrov S. V. , Tsybalova L. M.
Published: April 2020

Reassortants with surface antigens from potentially pandemic A/H2N2 and A/H7N9 influenza viruses were created on the basis of attenuated and highly reproductive A/Hong Kong/1/68/162/35(H3N2) donor virus obtained in the Research institute of influenza. High reproductive activity of reassortant viruses and immunogenicity of live and inactivated influenza vaccines based on these viruses indicate the possibility to use obtained reassortants for production of live and inactivated vaccines against potentially pandemic influenza A viruses.
Comparative efficiency of pathogen treatment of acute respiratory viral infections
Authors: Petlenko S. V. , Osidak L. V. , Smirnov V. S. , Stukan’ N. I. , Afanas’Eva O. I. , Golovacheva E. G.
Published: April 2020

The article presents the results of clinical studies on the comparative effectiveness of different forms of the drug Cytovir-3 (syrup and powder for solution for oral administration) and Immunal l in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections in children. It was found in a comparative randomized parallel-group study of 90 children aged two through six years that the drug Cytovir-3 (syrup and powder) became active faster than the comparison drug Immunal, providing normalization of body temperature, reduction of some manifestations of the general intoxication and respiratory syndrome, as well as elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin A. All drugs in the study had an equally normalizing effect on the content of peripheral blood leukocytes and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. The compared products were characterized by good tolerability, lack of side effects and high preventive efficacy against respiratory disease complications. Cytovir-3 drugs (syrup and powder for oral solution) and Immunal had similar ratios of clinical and laboratory safety, efficacy and tolerability. Both products can be used for the treatment of respiratory diseases in children aged two through six years.
Testing patients with uveal melanoma for herpesvirus infections
Authors: Saakyan S. V. , Myakoshina E. B. , Krichevskaya G. I. , Slepova O. S. , Panteleeva O. G. , Andryushin A. E. , Khoroshilova I. P. , Zakharova G. P.
Published: April 2020

Results of comprehensive ELISA tests of blood serum for the presence of IgM-, IgA-, and IgG-antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, human herpes virus 8 type, Chlamydia trachomatis in 38 patients with uveal melanoma are presented. The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect DNA of these pathogens in tumor biopsies, vitreous body of 10 enucleated eyes, as well as in plasma IgG-antibodies to HHV 6 were revealed in 50% of patients; IgG-antibodies to HHV 8, in 5.3% of patients. Among the 16 patients with uveal melanoma at advanced stages, 6 patients had antibodies indicative of EBV reactivation (1.2-3.3). Chlamydia trachomatis genome was detected in both biopsies; in one of them, in conjunction with EBV and CMV DNA . Tissue samples from the identified infectious agents were related only to the spindle-cell histologic type AB of uveal melanoma. In plasma, genomes of pathogens were not determined. The results indicate the presence of infectious agents in patients with uveal melanoma and require further study of the pathogenetic role of infections in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma.
Multiplex immunoassay for detection of immunoglobulin G to herpes simplex virus types 1, 2 and cytomegalovirus based on PHOSPHAN technology
Authors: Nikitina A. V. , Pomelova V. G. , Osin N. S. , Mardanly S. G.
Published: April 2020

We have developed a multiplex immunoassay test (immunochip) based on PHOSPHAN technology for the detection of immunoglobulin G to herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1, 2 and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The immunochip consists of HSV type specific gG1 (HSV-1) and gG2 (HSV-2) recombinant antigens, the lysate antigen for detection of total IgG to both HSV types (HSV 1/2), and CMV specific chimeric recombinant antigen containing the immunodominant sequences of pp150, gB, pp28 and pp52 proteins. The sensitivity and specificity of simultaneous IgGs detection with recombinant proteins were comparable to the commercial ELISA kits regardless of the kind of investigated serum specimens (patient sera, standard serum panels). The lysate HSV antigen was as sensitive but significantly less specific, so that it could not be recommended for use as a component of the multiplex test. These results can be used as a basis for creating commercial multiplex tests intended for high-productive screening of HSV, CMV and other TORCH-infections in a clinical laboratory.
DIAGNOSTIC CAPACITY OF DETECTION OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES TO PANDEMIC INFLUENZA A(H1N1)PDM09 VIRUS
Authors: Mukasheva E. A. , Nikolaeva L. I. , Makhnovsky P. I. , Kirillova E. S. , Kolobukhina L. V. , Merkulova L. N. , Kruzhkova I. S. , Malyshev N. A. , Burtseva E. I.
Published: April 2020

Serologic studies occupy a significant place in influenza diagnosis. The article presents an analysis of the developed experimental version of ELISA test-systems for the detection of specific antibodies to the virus influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and their dynamics at different stages of infection as compared with those of the traditional HAI method. The study included 20 paired samples of serum from patients hospitalized at different stages of the disease with etiology associated with the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09. Two groups were formed on the basis of HAI data, which showed the presence or absence of significant growth of specific antibodies to the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09. The control group consisted of 20 serum samples from individuals without influenza but with chronic hepatitis C. To examine the virus specific antibody two types of ELISA test systems were used. The first system was intended for the detection of IgM to the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09; the second was used for revealing specific IgG. The study showed the accuracy and specificity of detectable IgM and IgG to the virus influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. The dynamics of specific IgG titers in 15 of the 20 pairs of sera was reliable. The increase in titers was more pronounced than in the HAI. IgM against influenza virus could be detected up to 10 days, although reliable dynamics of these antibodies was not detected in paired samples. The test system was specific for the determination of both IgG and IgM antibodies to the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 and significantly more sensitive than HAI. Using this ELISA test system, it is possible to monitor the dynamics of IgG to this virus even in the absence of diagnostic increases in antibody titers in HAI.
INFLUENCE OF THE IMIQUIMOD ON THE INTERFERON PRODUCTION AND TREATMENT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Smirnov V. S. , Petlenko S. V.
Published: April 2020

Background. Imiquimod is an imidazole derivative acting as an immunomodulator on the level of innate and adaptive immune system. Our objective was to evaluate the antiviral activity of generically reproduced imiquimod administered subcutaneously in mice and intravaginally in guinea pigs against herpes simplex virus (HSV), as well as to study the dynamics of serum interferon (IFN) synthesis under different dosing regimens. Results. When administered subcutaneously at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg imiquimod increased IFN production in mice in a dose-dependent manner with maximum serum IFN concentrations occurring 4 hours after dosing. Imiquimod protected mice from intraperitoneal HSV infection at doses of 3.2 and 32 LD50.The utmost protection (100% survival) was observed when imiquimod was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily for 5 days before infection. Topical application of imiquimod 5% cream exhibited significantly more rapid and complete virus elimination in guinea pigs intravaginally infected with HSV type 2 compared to control group. Conclusion. Imiquimod produced as a generic possesses the same immunomodulatory and antiviral properties as the originally synthesized substance.
ADAPTATION OF HUMAN ROTAVIRUS STRAINS OF GROUP A TO THE REPRODUCTION IN PASSAGED CELL CULTURES
Authors: Kolpakov S. A. , Kolpakova E. P.
Published: April 2020

The incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the world still has no tendency to reduction. The development of an effective vaccine would reduce or, in the future, even defeat this highly contagious dangerous disease. However, both in Russia and abroad there is still no developed technique for adapting and cultivating strains of the human rotavirus A that would stably produce a high "yield" of virus progeny in transplanted culture cells. The phenomenon of gene exchange for the segmented genome of rotavirus was used by foreign researchers to create the rotavirus vaccine using reassortant strains which are the result of joint cultivation of low-titer (1-2·106 virions per ml) human rotavirus strains and rotavirus strains of animals, such as monkey rotavirus SA-11 or Nebraska calf rotavirus diarrhea providing a relatively high "yield" of virus progeny (1·107-1·108). It is clear that such vaccine compositions will not be able to replace a full-fledged vaccine of human rotavirus strains of different serotypes, but they can be used for the time being as a solution to the problem. Ideally, a rotavirus vaccine is needed that includes the full set of G and P serotypes of rotaviruses circulating in the territory of their application. The paper describes an original technique for adaptation and cultivation of human rotaviruses of group A on the culture of transplantable cells developed by the authors. This technique allows 5·108 virions to be obtained per 1 ml of culture fluid. High-titer cultivated strains of human rotavirus that can be used as vaccine strains were obtained, as well as highly-active antigens for the construction of diagnostic test-systems.
ANTIVIRAL COMPOUNDS AND PREPARATIONS EFFECTIVE AGAINST BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA
Authors: Glotova T. I. , Nikonova A. A. , Glotov A. G.
Published: April 2020

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae. It causes various clinical forms of infection leading to significant economic losses in beef and dairy industry worldwide. Furthermore, the virus is a contaminant of biological preparations (bovine fetal serum, continuous cell cultures, vaccines for human and veterinary medicine, interferons, trypsin, biotechnological preparations, embryos, stem cells, etc.). It is used as a test object when developing methods of decontamination. In some countries, a tool for monitoring the infection caused by the virus is vaccination based on the use of live and inactivated vaccines with varying efficiency. The antiviral compounds are a potential means of control in case of insufficient efficacy of vaccines. Their advantage for BVDV control is the ability to provide immediate protection for animals at risk in the case of an outbreak of the disease. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about antiviral compounds against BVDV. It was noted that due to the use of advanced biomedical technologies there is a tendency to search for drugs that might be effective for antiviral therapy of BVDV, as indicated by numerous studies of new compounds and the antiviral efficacy of known drugs used in medical practice. In addition to the well-known antiviral targets for the virus, such as the RdRp, IMPDH, NS3, new targets were discovered, such as protein p7. Its mechanism of action remains to be explored. It can be concluded that there is a great potential for BVDV control through the use of antiviral drugs which has not yet implemented. The biggest obstacle for commercial implementation of identified compounds is the lack of demonstration of their efficacy in vivo. Further studies should be performed to develop a method for administering effective drugs to groups of animals.
WEST NILE FEVER IN THE SARATOV REGION IN 2013-2015
Authors: Kazorina E. V. , Krasovskaya T. Yu. , Kazantsev A. V. , Naydenova E. V. , Sharova I. N. , Zakharov K. S. , Porshakov A. M. , Chekashov V. N. , Matrosov A. N. , Shilov M. M. , Yakovlev S. A. , Knyazeva T. V. , Tolokonnikova S. I. , Mironova N. I. , Chastov A. A. , Kazakova L. V. , Kirillova L. P. , Krasilnikova N. N. , Kozhanova O. I. , Shcherbakova S. A. , Kutyrev V. V.
Published: April 2020

West Nile virus (WNV) circulation in the territory of Saratov region and its role in the infectious pathology were investigated. For this purpose, in studies conducted in 2013-2015, suspensions of bloodsucking arthropods, organs of birds and small mammals were analyzed for the presence of WNV markers (antigens and/or RNA). The seroprevalence level in live-stock animals and population of the region was evaluated; clinical samples from patients with symptoms compatible with West Nile fever (WNF) were analyzed. As a result of the investigations, WNV markers were detected in field samples gathered in natural biotopes and in the city of Saratov. Immunity to WNV was detected in horses. A stable domain of persons with immunity to this agent was revealed among regional population. Patients with WNF have been annually registered in the region since 2012. The obtained results confirm active circulation of WNF in the Saratov region, as well as formation of stable natural and anthropourgic foci.
A STUDY OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SURFACE OF THE TRANSPLANTABLE LINE VERO CELLS INFECTED WITH THE RABIES VIRUS (RABV, LISSAVIRUS, RHABDOVIRIDAE)
Authors: Generalov S. V. , Erokhin P. S. , Krasovskaya T. Yu. , Osina N. A. , Abramova E. G. , Nikiforov A. K. , Shcherbakova S. A.
Published: April 2020

Characteristics of the effect of attenuated rabies virus strain «Moscow 3253» on morphological parameters of transplantable line Vero cells were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Methods based on phase contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence were used to confirm the specificity of interaction and to identify the infectious activity of the rabies virus. Images of intact Vero cells and Vero cells infected with rabies virus were obtained at different periods of cultivation. The character of changes in the cell dimensions (length, width, height) and the cell membrane roughness depending on the rabies virus cultivation time was determined. During the observation period both increases and decreases in the size of the cells were recorded. The size of the infected cells exceeded that of the intact. An increase in the membrane roughness in cells exposed to rabies occurred during the entire period of observation, since the first hours of the interaction of the virus with the cell, while the intact Vero cells exhibited only minor changes in the membrane surface roughness, which were not dependent on the age of the culture. The dependence of the increase in the cell membrane roughness on the infecting dose of the rabies virus was determined. The obtained results open up the prospect of developing a methodological approach to the quantitative in vitro evaluation of the rabies virus using AFM. Changes in the cell membrane roughness appear to be the most indicative parameter for such evaluation.
EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS NS1 PROTEIN
Authors: Vasin A. V. , Petrova-Brodskaya A. V. , Plotnikova M. A. , Tsvetkov V. B. , Klotchenko S. A.
Published: April 2020

Influenza A virus (IAV) NS1 protein is one of the key viral factors responsible for virus-host interactions. NS1 counteracts host antiviral defense, participates in the processing and export of cellular mRNAs, regulates the activity of viral RNA polymerase and the expression of viral genes, and influences the cellular signaling systems. Multiple NS1 functions are carried out due to the interactions with cellular factors, the number of which exceeds one hundred. It is noteworthy that only two segments of IAV genome - NS and NP - did not undergo reassortment and evolved in the course of genetic drift, beginning with the pandemic of 1918 to the present. This fact may indicate the importance of NS1 and its numerous interactions with cellular factors in the interspecific adaptation of the virus. The review presents data on the evolution of the human IAV NS1 protein and analysis of the amino acid substitutions in the main structural and functional domains of NS1 protein during evolution.
COMPARISON OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS INHIBITION IN VITRO BY SIRNA COMPLEXES WITH CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES, POLYETHYLENEIMINE AND HYBRID POLYARGININE-INORGANIC MICROCAPSULES
Authors: Petrova-Brodskaya A. V. , Bondarenko A. B. , Timin A. S. , Plotnikova M. A. , Afanas’Ev M. V. , Semenova A. A. , Lebedev K. I. , Gorshkov A. N. , Gorshkova M. Yu. , Egorov V. V. , Klotchenko S. A. , Vasin A. V.
Published: April 2020

Anti-influenza drugs and vaccines have a limited effect due to the high mutation rate of virus genome. The direct impact on the conservative virus genome regions should significantly improve therapeutic effectiveness. The RNA interference mechanism (RNAi) is one of the modern approaches used to solve this problem. In this work, we have investigated the antiviral activity of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), targeting conserved regions of NP and PA. Polycations were used for intracellular siRNA delivery: chitosan’s derivatives (methylglycol and quaternized chitosan), polyethyleneimine, lipofectamine, and hybrid organic/non-organic microcapsules. A comparative study of these delivery systems with fluorescent labeled siRNA was conducted. The antiviral activity of three small interfering RNAs targeting the NP (NP-717, NP-1496) and PA (PA-1630) influenza A viruses genes was demonstrated, depending on the chosen carrier. The most effective intracellular delivery and antiviral activity were observed for hybrid microcapsules.
DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GENOMIC STRUCTURE OF SIBERIAN STRAINS OF TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS OF THE EUROPEAN SUBTYPE
Authors: Demina T. V. , Kozlova I. V. , Tkachev S. E. , Doroshchenko E. K. , Lisak O. V. , Savinova Yu. S. , Suntsova O. V. , Verkhozina M. M. , Dzhioev Yu. P. , Paramonov A. I. , Kiselev D. O. , Zlobin V. I.
Published: April 2020

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is classified into three subtypes: Far Eastern (TBEV-FE), European (TBEV-EU) and Siberian (TBEV-SIB). In Russia, these are also called genotypes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Geographically, TBEV-EU dominates in Central and Northern Europe, but its representatives are also found to the east - along the southern part of the forest zone of extratropical Eurasia - up to Eastern Siberia and South Korea. However, the strains isolated outside Europe remain poorly investigated. In the proposed study, eight full genomes of the Siberian isolates of TBEV-EU were determined and 13 complete genomes were compared. The analysis of 152 full-genome TBEV sequences showed that the TBEV-EU has a higher degree of stability of the genome-coding region in the entire Eurasian area (3.1% of differences) compared to TBEV-FE (6.6%) and TBEV-SIB (7.8%). At the same time, the maximum differences are observed not between European and Siberian strains, as one could expect, but between the representatives from Europe - TBEV strains Mandl-2009 from Norway and Hypr from the Czech Republic. The studied strains from Siberia form the compact genetic cluster of 42 TBEV-EU strains and are divided into two subclusters - West Siberian and East Siberian variants. These variants differ in the combinations of amino acid substitutions in all proteins except NS2B. The West Siberian variant mostly circulates in the territory of Altai, and the closest relative of its representatives is Absettarov strain from the European part of Russia. The strains similar to the East Siberian variant of the European subtype were recorded in the Altai (strain 84.2, 2007) and in Belarus (N256, about 1940).
DRIFT OF INFLUENA A(H3N2) VIRUS: BIOLOGICAL, ANTIGENIC AND GENETIC PROPERTIES IN EPIDEMIC SEASON 2016-2017 IN RUSSIA AND COUNTRIES OF THE NOTHERN HEMYSPHERE
Authors: Lvov D. K. , Burtseva E. I. , Kirillova E. S. , Kolobukhina L. V. , Mukasheva E. A. , Trushakova S. V. , Feodoritova E. L. , Merkulova L. N. , Krasnoslobodtsev K. G. , Garina E. O. , Fedyakina I. T. , Aristova V. A. , Vartanyan R. V. , Kisteneva L. B. , Deryabin P. G. , Prilipov A. G. , Rosatkevich A. G. , Breslav N. V. , Kruzhkova I. S. , Belyaev A. L. , Aksel’Rod E. V. , Sadykova G. K. , Shlyapnikova O. V. , Bazarova M. V. , Devyatkin A. V.
Published: April 2020

The article presents the features of the influenza virus circulation for the period from October 2016 to May 2017 in some territories of Russia collaborating with the D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. One of the 2016-2017 season’s peculiarities in Russia and countries of the Northern hemisphere was the earlier start of an increase in ARD morbidity with peak indexes reached towards the end of December 2016 - January 2017. First, influenza A(H3N2) virus was predominant; then, it was followed by influenza B virus activity observed until the end of the season. The indexes of morbidity were higher than in the previous season, while the rates of hospitalization and mortality were lower, lethal cases being detected in persons 65 years old and older. Epidemic strains of influenza A(H3N2) virus belonged to 3c.2a genetic group, reference strain A/Hong Hong/4408/2014, and its subgroup 3c.2a1, reference A/Bolzano/7/2016, that are antigenically similar. Strains of influenza B virus were antigenically similar to the B/Brisbane/60/2008 vaccine virus. Strains were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir. The share participation of non-influenza ARI viruses was similar to preliminary epidemic seasons. WHO has issued recommendations for influenza virus vaccines composition for 2017-2018 for the Northern hemisphere.
INCREASED FORMATION OF PHOSPHORYLATED H2AX FOCI IN NUCLEI OF CELLS INFECTED BY HEPATITIS B AND B+D VIRUSES
Authors: Kostyushev D. S. , Brezgin S. A. , Kostyusheva A. P. , Lipatnikov A. D. , Simirskii V. N. , Mamonova N. A. , Volchkova E. V. , Maleyev V. V. , Chulanov V. P.
Published: April 2020

Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are the most common outcomes of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) induces transformation and cell death in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most dangerous type of genome damage. It was shown previously that generation of phosphorylated histone H2AX foci is a reliable marker of DSBs. The aim of this study was to analyse generation of yH2AX foci in HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in vitro and in liver biopsies of patients with CHB and CHB with delta-agent (CHD). Human hepatoma cell line HepG2-1.1merHBV with activated HBV life cycle was used to perform real-time PCR for analysis of pregenomic RNA, HBV DNA, HBV cccDNA and for immunocytochemical analysis of yH2AX. Liver biopsies from CHB and CHD patients were analyzed to confirm the results. HBV induces multiple discrete yH2AX foci in HepG2-1.1merHBV cells in vitro and in biopsies of CHB and CHB+D patients. The ratio of hepatocytes w/o yH2AX foci is significantly lower (49,9+/-12,3% vs. 85,5+/-0,9%, p
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO HEMAGGLUTININ OF INFLUENZA B VIRUSES VICTORIA EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE
Authors: Sorokin E. V. , Tsareva T. R. , Zheltukhina A. I.
Published: April 2020

Co-circulation of two evolutionary distinct lineages of influenza virus in one epidemic season has led to development specific reagents for rapid identification and typing of new isolates. Panel of MAbs to hemagglutinin of influenza virus B/Brisbane/46/15 belonging to Victoria evolutionary lineage was developed. All MAbs reacted in ELISA with B/Victoria-like strains only. There were no interactions with heterologous influenza viruses of B/Yamagata lineage, seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza A viruses. All MAbs reacted in hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization. MAbs interacted in hemagglutination inhibition only with B/Victoria-like viruses, but did not interacted B/Yamagata-like strains. Neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition studies of viruses isolated before 1983 with MAbs revealed that MAbs 6E11, 9G5, 9B5 and 6A4 had the ability to interact with the virus B/ Russia/69 which may evidence that B strains of early isolation period (before lineage separation) have common epitope with recent Victoria lineage viruses. MAbs 7C8, 7G9, 7H8 and 8D11 were directed to a conserved epitope (or epitopes) specific for influenza hemagglutinin viruses of B/Victoria group. The presence of differences in the effectiveness of the interaction of MAbs 6A9, 7G9 and 8A8 in hemagglutination inhibition test allows the identification and differentiation of strains isolated in chicken embryos and MDCK cell culture. Thus, the developed MAbs can be successfully used for identification and antigenic analysis of B/Victoria-like strains.
EVALUATION OF THE MOLECULAR-BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN ROTAVIRUS A STRAIN WA
Authors: Khametova K. M. , Alekseev K. P. , Yuzhakov A. G. , Kostina L. V. , Raev S. A. , Musienko M. I. , Mukhin A. N. , Aliper T. I. , Vorkunova G. K. , Grebennikova T. V.
Published: April 2020

Introduction. Rоtaviruses are amоng the leading causes of severe diarrhea in children all over the Wоrld. Vaccination is considered to be the mоst effective way to cоntrоl the disease. Currently available vaccines for prevention of rоtavirus infection are based on live attenuated rotavirus strains human оr animal origin. Objectives and purposes. The aim of this investigation was to study the biological and genetic properties of an actual epidemic human rotavirus A (RVA) strain Wa G1P[8] genotype. Material and methods. RVA Wa reproduction in a monolayer continuous cell lines, purification and concentration of RVA antigen, PAAG electrophoresis and Western-Blot, electrophoresis of viral genomic RNA segments, sequencing. Results. Human RVA G1P[8] Wa strain biological and molecular genetic properties were assessed in the process of the adaptation to MARC145 continuous cell line. Cell cultured RVA antigen was purified, concentrated and then characterized by the method of PAAG electrophoresis and immunoblot. To verify RVA Wa genome identity, electrophoresis of viral genomic RNA segments was performed. The lack of accumulation of changes in the RVA Wa genome during adaptation to various cell cultures and during serial passages was demonstrated by sequencing fragments of the viral genome. Conclusion. RVA Wa strain is stable, it possesses high biological activity: it has been successfully adapted to the MARC145 cell line and RVA Wa virus titer after the adaptation reached 7,5-7,7 lg TCID50/ml. The identity of the cultivated RVA to the original strain Wa G1P[8] was confirmed.
ALLOKIN-ALPHA - NEW APPROACHES IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC VIRUS EPSTEIN-BARR INFECTIONS
Authors: Rakitianskaya I. A. , Riabova T. S. , Todzhibaev U. A. , Kalashnikova A. A.
Published: April 2020

Introduction. Epstein-Barr virus causes recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms. Today it is shown that the poisons of insects and animals are rich sources of antimicrobial substances (peptides) and contain a wide range of active biological compounds. Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in the immune response of the innate immunity of the host in the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Russia has developed an antiviral drug Allokin-alpha on the basis of antimicrobial peptides. The active ingredient of this drug is cytokin-like peptide alloferon. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of allokin-alpha therapy on the amount of EBV DNA in saliva samples and clinical complaints in patients with chronic Epstein-Barr infection (ChEBVI). Material and methods. 59 patients with ChEBVI were examined (45 women and 14 men; mean age 32.52 ± 1.75 years). Patients were examined quantification of DNA Epstein-Barr virus in saliva samples by the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization-fluorescence detection in “real time” mode. The analytical sensitivity of the test system is 400 copies / ml. Patients were randomized into two groups: group 1 (25 patients) received Allokin-alpha therapy (9 injections of s / c, 1.0 mg every other day); group 2 (33 patients) received Valtrex (500 mg x 2 times / day, by mouth) for two months. Results. 59.67% of patients had negative PCR results after treatment with Allocin-alpha. Only 27.27% of patients had negative PCR results after two months of treatment with Valtrex. In a correlation analysis, a significant effect of the initial number of copies of DNA EBV on the severity of clinical complaints in patients was revealed in the general group ChEBVI. Discussion. Allokin-alpha improves the recognition of virus-infected cells and helps suppress viral replication. Conclusions. Allocin-alpha therapy can be recommended for the treatment of chronic EBVI at a dose of 1 mg subcutaneously every other day with a course dose of at least 9 injections.
A Coverage Prediction Technique for Indoor Wireless Campus Network
Authors: Mukti Fransiska Sisilia , Junikhah Allin
Published: April 2020

The placement of an Access Point (AP) is an important key to determine the spread of the signal. To get the optimal spread of signals, a network designer is required to understand how much coverage an AP can generate. A prediction is given to describe the coverage area produced based on AP placement for the wireless campus network, using a coordinate map modeling based on the real size for the indoor environment. The theoretical approach is used to determine the coverage area of an AP device by testing the function of the distance between the AP and the user. The results show that the signal generated by an AP will cover the entire area that is still on the LOS propagation path. The coverage area generated through AP placement in this case study reached 77.5%. The maximum distance between the AP and the user so that it is within the coverage area is 13.851m. There are still areas that are not covered by the AP, especially for the NLOS propagation path because of the obstruction around the AP.
Modeling and Simulation of Dual-band Yagi Antennas for Voice Communication on Microsatellite
Authors: Darsono Muhammad , Wijaya Ahmad Ruri , Hartono Rommy
Published: April 2020

The design of the dual-band Yagi antenna was developed to support voice communication through voice repeaters on microsatellites in the UHF-VHV frequency from ground stations. The Yagi antenna is a type of half lambda dipole antenna that makes it easy to obtain direction and increase gain. The antenna is designed using the method of moment through a simulation with the CST microwave studio software application. The design used as an antenna element material is a type of copper pipe cylinder. The results of the Yagi antenna design in the VHF frequency consist of one driven element, one reflector element, and three director elements, while the UHF frequency consists of one reflector element and seven directors. The results of simulation parameters are obtained, such as Bandwidth of return loss below 10 dB is 4.3 MHz(VHF), and 44 MHz (UHF), VSWR (2:1) is 1.24 (VHF) and 1.36 (UHF), Gain is 9.19 dBi (VHF) and 10.5 dBi (UHF) and Beam Width is 64 degree (VHF) and 58 degree (UHF). The suitability of the antenna design target is dual-band, and Gain value in UHF is higher than VHF.
Design Of Bedside Monitor Based On Microcontroller
Authors: Irianto Bambang Guruh , Wibowo Agus Susilo , Andayani Dwi Herry
Published: April 2020

A Bedside monitor is the equipment used to monitor patient condition through some parameters that need sustainable monitoring so that the patient condition is always monitored. This research is monitored by 5 parameters namely heart signal, heart rate, temperature, respiration and SPO2. This research applies quasi experimental design. The free variable is an ECG phantom or human, and the dependent variable is a bedside monitor. The research instruments are a calibration equipment of ECG signal, temperature, and respiration. The result of the heart signal lead 2 is not different from the standard and the result of the heart rate lead has uncertainty (probability) 0 for Lead 2; which is still under the tolerance number (0.5). The results of the temperature measurement of 5 samples with 5 measurements show that there are 3 samples which have standard deviation and 0 (zero) uncertainty, whereas 2 samples have 0.76 (higher than 0.5) uncertainty. This condition is influenced by the patient movements, so the sensor attached on the patient-body does not fit with the standard installation. The respiration measurement results have an accuracy of 98%, while the SPO2 results have a standard deviation and uncertainty below 5% after being compared with the standard calculations. Here are the details: standard deviation 0.894427; 0.547723; 0.44; Probability 0.4; 0.244949; 0.2 and 0.2. Overall, it can be concluded that The Design of  Bedside Monitor Based on Microcontroller is feasible and the measurement result of heart signal Lead 2, heart rate, temperature, respiration, SPO2 can be presented on a PC.
Integrated Approach in the Control and Management of Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases in Three Health Districts of Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Koffi Aboa Paul , Yao Théodore Ange Kouakou , BAROGUI Yves Thierry , Diez Gabriel , Djakeaux Simplice , Zahiri Marie Hélène , Sopoh Ghislain Emmanue l , Santos Silvia , Kingsley Asiedu , Johnson Roch Christian , Assé Henri
Published: April 2020

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) comprise 20 communicable diseases that are prevalent in rural poor and remote communities with less access to the health system. For effective and efficient control, the WHO recommends that affected countries implement integrated control interventions that take into account the different co-endemic NTDs in the same community. However, implementing these integrated interventions involving several diseases with different etiologies, requiring different control approaches and driven by different vertical programs, remains a challenge. We report here the results and lessons learned from a pilot test of this integrated approach based on integrated screening of skin diseases in three co-endemic health districts of Côte d'Ivoire, a West African country endemic for Buruli ulcer, leprosy and yaw.Method: This cross-sectional study took place from April 2016 to March 2017 in 3 districts of Côte d’Ivoire co-endemic for BU, leprosy and yaws. The study was carried out in 6 stages: identification of potentially co-endemic communities; stakeholder training; social mobilization; mobile medical consultations; case detection and management; and a review meeting.Results: We included in the study all patients with skin signs and symptoms at the screening stage who voluntarily accepted screening.In total, 2310 persons screened had skin lesions at the screening stage. Among them, 07 cases were diagnosed with Buruli ulcer. There were 30 leprosy cases and 15 yaws detected. Other types of ulcerations and skin conditions have been identified and represent the majority of cases detected. We learned from this pilot experience that integration can be successfully implemented in co-endemic communities in Côte d’Ivoire. Health workers are motivated and available to implement integrated interventions instead of interventions focused on a single disease. However, it is essential to provide capacity building, a minimum of drugs and consumables for the care of the patients identified, as well as follow-up of identified patients, including those with other skin conditions.Conclusions: The results of this study show that the integration of activities can be successfully implemented in co-endemic communities under the condition of staff capacity building and minimal care of identified patients.