bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptualising Community Policing, Crime Prevention and Criminology: A Singapore Perspective
Authors: Ganapathy Narayanan
Published: January 2017

The paper traces the development of the community policing approach to crime prevention in Singapore, examines the perspectives which inform the approach, and briefly describes the various crime prevention initiatives that have been undertaken by the Singapore police as part of its machinery and philosophy of community policing. In addition to linking the interior history of crime prevention to specific social-historical contexts and modes of state governance, the paper attempts to conceptualise the Singapore Police Force's (SPF) community policing approach to crime prevention by using the criminological paradigms of Right Realism and Administrative Criminology to illustrate the tertiary role of the police in the social and situational crime prevention processes respectively.
Violent Crime in Australia: Patterns and Politics
Authors: Indermaur David
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the evidence regarding the nature of violent crime in Australia. Although it is often assumed that violence is increasing and that violence represents an equal risk to all citizens, the evidence does not support these assumptions. A closer look at the data that is available suggests that violence is not increasing and the risks of violence are not equally spread. The effects of these misperceptions on public opinion, political strategy and crime policy is discussed. It is argued that the interplay between information and policy is complex. For example, the interests and proclivities of the public in seeing crime in a sensationalised way can not be dismissed. Further, the usefulness of crime and punishment to politicians looking for grand symbols is central to the politics of violence. It is argued that those responsible for crime policy can be encouraged to pursue more effective directions if policies are subjected to robust evaluations which are designed to test for outcomes in terms of improved public safety.
Preventing Sexual Violence?
Authors: Carmody Moira , Carrington Kerry
Published: January 2017

This article critically assesses the main social policy responses to preventing rape following much feminist struggle to make sexual violence a public matter of legitimate concern. It considers the preventative potential of legal measures, anti-violence campaigns waged by feminist and men's groups in the US and Australia, public education campaigns in Schools and Universities, and public awareness campaigns sponsored by the state. We argue that sexual violence is not amenable to quick fix strategies that place responsibility for prevention entirely on individual men or women. While we recognise that responsibilising victims and individualising offenders is consistent with wider global shifts in social policy calling upon individuals to manage their own risk, we argue that the increasing reliance on such neo-liberal social policy is especially problematic in preventing rape. The paper suggests ways to resist this which place greater emphasis on the promotion of sexual ethics; the eroticisation of consent; the reinvention of the norms of romance to include both these, and the complete separation of the psycho-social-symbolic connections between sex and violence, and ultimately the re-evaluation of the cultural expectations of masculinity and femininity.
"What God hath joined ...": Religious perspectives on marriage and divorce in late Victorian Canada
Authors: Van Die Marguerite
Published: January 2017

Prompted by recent debate and legislation in Canada about the definition of "marriage," this article explores the impact of socio-economic change and stress upon marriage as an institution among the middle class in Victorian Canada. It does this through the lens of "lived religion" as defined by Robert Orsi and others, taking the form of a case study of a marital scandal involving a respected Presbyterian minister in Brantford, Ontario in 1883. This is placed within the wider context of competing definitions of marriage as found in folk tradition and community networks, in various ecclesiastical marriage liturgies, and in marriage, divorce and property law. In its final section it examines the contradictions, tensions and anxieties that surrounded these definitions in late Victorian Canada as a result of changes in people's experience of space and time. It concludes by briefly drawing attention to the nature of "lived religion" and its implications in redefining marriage within a society that today has become highly urbanized, secular and pluralistic.
Missteps on The Way to Nicea: A critical reading of Lonergan's theory of the development of Nicene doctrine
Authors: Barter Moulaison Jane
Published: January 2017

This article explores the foundational assumptions which govern Bernard Lonergan's reading of the ante-Nicene Fathers and the development of doctrine on "the way to Nicea." In contrast to Lonergan, I examine an alternative and non-foundationalist position on the Nicene Creed and its development by considering the approach offered by postliberal theologian, George Lindbeck. This article engages Lindbeck's famous regulative theory of doctrine therapeutically against the position of Lonergan. In so doing, I hope to point out not only the shortcomings of Lonergan's approach, but also the abiding ecumenical promise of George Lindbeck's study of doctrine, not only as it describes its "nature," but also, the "development" and normativity of trinitarian doctrine.
George Grant and Augustine of Hippo on human will and technological mastery
Authors: Colorado Carlos D.
Published: January 2017

Canadian philosopher George Grant's claims that technological mastery, especially as it is founded on a degeneracy of the will, finds its starting point in Augustinian anthropology. This essay explores the Grantian critique and takes Augustine's account of sexuality as the point of focus, since some form of domination and instrumentality is arguably a necessary element of the Augustinian perspective on sexuality. Though an inconsistency is found in Augustine's language of "use" which gives some traction to the charge of mastery, his own account is considered as a potential remedy to the very problem that Grant wants to attribute to Augustinian Christianity.
Le pari d'un catholicisme citoyen
Authors: Routhier Gilles
Published: January 2017

Aux lendemains du concile Vatican II, trois interventions publiques des évêques catholiques du Canada sur des questions relevant du débat politique expriment la posture citoyenne alors adoptée par les évêques. Ces prises de position contrastent singulièrement, dans la manière de prendre la parole et d'intervenir dans le débat politique, avec celles faites quelques décennies plus tôt sur les mêmes sujets (contraception et divorce). On observe dans chacune de ces interventions des réflexions sur leur conduite qui renvoient à chaque fois à l'enseignement du concile sur les rapports entre l'Église, la société et l'Etat. On peut donc conclure que leur changement de posture découle directement de l'assimilation de cet enseignement et du pari qu'ils ont alors fait d'adopter une posture citoyenne.
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Authors: Echols John M.
Published: January 2017

This study tests the hypothesis that socialist systems have provided significantly greater political and economic equality for their ethnic and racial minorities than have liberal-capitalist societies. The method used herein is a comparison of the relative status of, and changes over time in the status of, minority groups in four socialist states (the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia), with the same attributes of approximately similar groups in capitalist societies. Comparisons are made with respect to the distribution of political power, income, education, and health care. The hypothesis is not supported. Instead, the relative status of minorities is remarkably similar in both socialist and capitalist societies. The validity of this finding is tested against the experience of the more recent Chinese and Cuban revolutions, which thus far have been no more successful in eradicating inegalitarianism along ethnic lines. Sources of these persisting cleavages in socialist societies are considered in conclusion. It is suggested that, in addition to structural constraints, socialist elites have not given high priority to policies aimed at reducing racial and ethnic inequalities.
Economic Growth and Equality in Rural China
Authors: Blecher Marc , Meisner Mitch
Published: January 2017

This article first describes the basic outlines of the transformation of the political economy of Xiyang County from the 1960s to 1976. Particular attention is given to the relationship between rapid economic growth and the achievement of increased equality at various levels. Second, we describe and evaluate recent Chinese criticisms which relate to the experience of growth coupled with increased equality in Xiyang, and consider the efforts of some other places to emulate that experience. Finally, the significance of Xiyang County's experience is reevaluated in the light both of the criticisms and of new information on the development of another Chinese county in which the authors carried out field research in 1979.
Foreign Policy Opinion as a Function of International Position
Authors: Hveem Helge
Published: January 2017

The main thesis of this paper is that the world images and foreign policy attitudes of the leading foreign policy and opinion-making strata of a given national actor are a function of the position which that actor enjoys in the international system. This thesis is based on a structural-sociological approach to the functioning of the international system and the ways in which the images and attitudes of elites and other social strata are formed. It proposes a way of classifying national actors according to their position in the international structure along a center-periphery dimension. It emphasizes the importance of symmetry vs. asymmetry in the relationship between actors and the role of penetration and external dominance of national politics. The paper also discusses the potential influence of various factors in the formation of images and attitudes and shows how factors other than the external, ‘systemic’ one may play a role under certain conditions. It ends up with a discussion of where Norway fits into the model and makes certain propositions concerning images and attitudes held by Norwegian foreign policy elites, being ‘centrist’ and in certain respects of an ‘over-centrist’ type.
Notes on Foreign Policy Research
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo
Published: January 2017

The author makes a distinction between three approaches to foreign policy research: (1) the traditional approach emphasizing diplomatic history, (2) the ‘scientific’ approach à la Rosenau, and (3) the radical approach (represented, e.g. by William A. Williams and Gabriel Kolko). These approaches are evaluated by criteria which include diachronic vs. synchronic orientation, nomothetic vs. ideographic orientation, and the type of strategic actors postulated as well as the model of explanation applied (whether the foreign policy orientations are explained by relational or domestic factors). This is followed by a discussion of some of the critical problems in the analysis of foreign policy. These problems are the distinction between external behavior and foreign policy, the role of subjective vs. objective factors in the determination of foreign policy, and the need to analyze the outcomes of foreign policies, not just the decision-making processes and tools applied in the execution of the policy.
South Africa's Trade with Australia
Authors: Bothma C.H. , Cant M.C.
Published: January 2017

everal international market selection models have been developed over the years to measure export potential for companies and countries. The models in question aim to identify those export markets offering the best opportunities for the exporting nation. That is, they attempt to select one or a few target markets from many. If the objective is to identify the best product categories to export to a given country, the models generally do not meet this objective. In order to address this objective, research was undertaken in respect of a particular destination country to analyze and compare the imports of a supplying (export) country in the context of the importing country's import profile with the purpose of identifying those products with the best export potential. In support of this market demand approach, this article reports on a time-series analysis of Australia's imports from South Africa compared with those from the rest of the world from 2001 to 2009. The research concludes that the proposed approach provides additional and unique insights at a detailed product-level which should prove valuable in the process of evaluating the export potential between the two countries.
Color Coding for Information Location
Authors: Shontz William D. , Trumm Gerald A. , Williams Leon G.
Published: January 2017

Visual search performance was investigated as a function of color-coded and uncoded information location, number of categories coded, number of objects per category, and background clutter. Thirty-three subjects searched 12 areas of modified sectional aeronautical charts for a total of 48 checkpoints. Identification of checkpoints was established with labels plus geographical context information. Color served as a partially redundant code for information location. In general, the findings indicate that color coding for information location is most effective when: (1) many categories of information can or must be coded, (2) colors highly discriminable in peripheral vision are used, and (3) the number of objects per category is kept reasonably small.
Magnification and Microminiature Inspection
Authors: Smith George L. , Adams S. Keith
Published: January 2017

Experienced and naive subjects used a binocular microscope to inspect microminiature patterns (O's) containing occasional defective elements (C's). Detection of defective elements was significantly affected by the level of magnification. The performance curves indicate the existence of a level of magnification which will minimize time per correct inspection. This optimum point occurs when the visual angle subtended by the magnified defect is between 9.0 and 12.0 minutes of arc. Both illumination and pattern size affect the absolute level of inspector performance, but the optimum performance point with respect to magnification does not appear to be affected by either.
A Rule for the Integration of Bayesian Opinions
Authors: Hershman Ramon L.
Published: January 2017

A rule is derived for the integration of probabilistic opinions. Each opinion is taken to be the output of a Bayesian processor which attaches a posteriori probabilities to the possible states of nature (hypotheses). Each processor is assumed to interpret a single independent component of a multidimensional input datum. The rule combining the several opinions is realized in a straightforward multiplicative algorithm which corrects for the redundancy of the a priori probabilities in each processor. The scheme is discussed in relation to implications for man-machine diagnosis in dispersed decision systems.
The Role of Payoffs and Signal Ratios in Criterion Changes during a Monitoring Task
Authors: Williges Robert C.
Published: January 2017

Forty-eight subjects detected a long-duration (1.7 or 1.3 sec.) change in brightness (from a 5 ft.-l. standard to a 4 ft.-l. level) of an electroluminescent panel during a 60-min. monitoring session. Signal/nonsignal ratios (1/9 or 1/1) and payoffs (lax, neutral, or strict) were combined factorially in a between-subject design. Signal ratios affected both the percent of signal detections and the percent of false-alarm errors. When subjects monitored under the lower signal ratios, a decrease in percent of signal detections occurred over time. Payoffs affected only the percent of false alarms in the higher signal rate conditions. Signal detection theory analyses resulted in a slight decrease in d' and a marked increase in β during the watch period. The change in β was due primarily to the lower signal ratio conditions. Payoffs had no effect on subsequent β change. It was concluded that signal ratios rather than payoffs play the major role in determining decision performance in simple visual monitoring tasks.
Travel in Nursing Units
Authors: Lippert Stanley
Published: January 2017

A method of comparing the efficiency of hospital-ward layouts in terms of nurses' travel is described. Comparisons of several floor plans are made. Travel that depends solely on physical layout and travel that is related to typical patterns of work can be identified. The method is useful to the behavioral scientist in making nursing unit studies in which equating travel or accounting for differences in travel are desired. The method is also useful to the industrial engineer and the architect in preventing needless travel, and to nursing management in showing the value of planned tours in reducing travel.
An Empirical Model for Automobile Driver Horizontal Curve Negotiation
Authors: Herrin Gary D. , Neuhardt John B.
Published: January 2017

Continuous recordings of test drivers on rural horizontal curves indicated that test drivers exhibited a non-linear relation in velocity and lateral acceleration at the point of maximum acceleration. A model is proposed which includes a driver aspiration velocity, maximum lateral acceleration tolerance, and an expedience parameter related to the driver's willingness to trade velocity for lateral acceleration. The model provides a good fit to different types of data which include: (1) “relaxed” drive vs. “late for appointment” scenarios; and (2) familiarity of roadway. The empirical models indicate changes in the expedience parameter and aspiration velocity.
Picture Quality Judgments in a Digital Television System
Authors: Soliday Stanley M. , Gardner James A.
Published: January 2017

Digital communication systems distort their signals as a consequence of the digitization process. The distortions are related to the code length and sampling frequency of the system. The present study assessed viewers' responses to these variables by using simulated digital television. To do this, 24 subjects rated the quality of pictures distorted by several combinations of the variables. A response surface generated from the ratings showed that the ratings were affected by both variables, but most profoundly by code length. Interpretation of the surface's contours from the perspective of system costs revealed that costs should be considered solely from the standpoint of code length.
Detection of the Sign of Relative Motion When following a Vehicle
Authors: Evans Leonard , Rothery Richard
Published: January 2017

The ability to detect the sign of relative motion in the driving situation was investigated on a freeway. Subject passengers in a specially instrumented vehicle were given controlled looks, normally of four sec. duration, of a lead car. It was the subjects' task to estimate whether the two cars had come closer or moved further apart during the exposure. The comparative ability of nine stimulus functions to predict the detection of the sign of relative motion was examined. The most consistent results were obtained when it was assumed that the response was to either the average value of relative speed during the exposure divided by spacing or to the spacing change divided by spacing. One of the most consistent effects observed was a response bias in favor of indicating that the cars had come closer when they had not. The results of the experiment indicate considerable sensitivity to the sign of relative motion.
Effects of Alcohol on Peripheral Vision as a Function of Attention
Authors: Moskowitz Herbert , Sharma Satanand
Published: January 2017

Twelve males were tested under a control and two alcohol treatments in a perimeter apparatus used for testing peripheral vision. They were required to fixate either on a steady-state central fixation light and detect peripheral lights, or to count blinks produced by the cessations of the fixation light and to detect peripheral lights. Alcohol produced an impairment of peripheral vision only under conditions where the central fixation light blinked and thus required information processing. No performance decrement occurred when the central light did not blink. The results suggest that alcohol interferes with central information processing rather than peripheral sensory mechanisms.
Drivers' Judgments of Safe Distances in Vehicle Following
Authors: Colbourn Christopher J. , Brown Ivan D. , Copeman Alan K.
Published: January 2017

Driver behavior in the vehicle-following situation, a major source of road accidents, was investigated using a controlled-track experiment. Drivers were found to adopt headways of approximately 2 s irrespective of speed of travel, driving experience, or instructed probability of the leading vehicle's stopping. Under the optimal conditions used, drivers demonstrated that such headways were more than adequate to avoid tail-end collisions in an emergency situation. The implications of these results for the development of perceptual-motor support devices and the attribution of causes in road accidents are discussed.
Control-Display Relationships on the Four-Burner Range: Population Stereotypes versus Standards
Authors: Shinar David , Acton Marie B.
Published: January 2017

In a follow-up of Chapanis and Lindenbaum's (1959) study of the control-display linkages on the four-burner range, 222 persons were surveyed to test the existence of population stereotypes concerning control-burner relationships. In parallel, a market survey of 49 different models of currently marketed ranges was conducted to assess the variation between existing ranges. Subjects' responses to the questionnaire revealed at least four commonly expected different linkage relationships, with no one particular stereotype emerging as predominant among them. Nonetheless, there was a very strong consensus among the respondents (98%) that the right burners should be controlled by either one of the right control knobs, while the left burners should be controlled by either one of the left control knobs. The results of the market survey yielded five different burner-control arrangements that are in current production, the most common of which was not selected by any of the subjects and violated the above expectation. The subjects' awareness of the lack of standardization was manifested in relatively low confidence associated with their choices.
Monocular Vision and Landing Performance in General Aviation Pilots: Cyclops Revisited
Authors: Grosslight J. H. , Fletcher Harold J. , Masterton R. Bruce , Hagen Richard
Published: January 2017

Thirteen low-time, but current, private pilots flew 18 monocular landings (with an eyepatch placed over the non-dominant eye during the downwind leg) and 18 normal binocular landings. To assure equal effort under both conditions, pilots were told that they were in a spot landing contest with from $200 to $40 in prizes awarded on the basis of total accuracy on both monocular and binocular trials. No pilot was familiar with any prior research regarding monocular/binocular landing ability. Monocular landings were as accurate as binocular landings, but monocular approaches were flown higher/steeper, those landings tended to be longer and harder, the pilots judged them to be poorer, and they reported greater anxiety during the monocular landings. These results more nearly duplicate one study with military jet pilots but failed to confirm a second study which showed that similar low-time pilots landed significantly better monocularly. The results of that study (Cyclops II) must be considered an artifact of the methodology used. Evidence to date suggests that both high-time and low-time pilots can land as accurately monocularly (not better) but that monocular approaches and landings are flown differently.
Quantitative Models of Motor Responses Subject to Longitudinal, Lateral, and Preview Constraints
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: January 2017

First- and second-order linear models of mean movement time for serial arm movements aimed at a target and subject to preview constraints and lateral constraints were formulated as extensions of the so-called Fitts's law of motor control. These models were validated on the basis of experimental data from five subjects and found to explain from 80% to 85% of the variation in movement time in the case of the first-order models and from 93% to 95% of such variation for the second-order models. Fitts's index of difficulty (ID) was generally found to contribute more to the movement time than did either the preview ID or the lateral ID defined. Of the different types of errors, target overshoots occurred far more frequently than undershoots.
Design of Safety Vest Detonators
Authors: Dalby Philip H. , Price Dennis L.
Published: January 2017

An attempt was made to evaluate the performance of SCUBA divers in pulling the detonator knob on the diver's personal flotation device while treading water. Three shapes, three sizes, and three positions of the detonator knob were tested to determine their effects on the time it took divers to activate the emergency detonator. Three different glove conditions were also tested (bare hands, cotton gloves, and three-fingered mitts). The size, position, and glove type made a statistically significant difference in the time it took the diver to activate the detonator on the diver's personal flotation device, while the different shapes of the detonator knob did not show any significance. The results indicate that detonator knobs should be at least 51 mm in diameter and located on the middle portion of the vest.
Transfer of Training on Manual Control Systems Differing in Short Period Frequency and Damping Characteristics
Authors: Lincoln Robert S.
Published: January 2017

Each of four groups of 16 subjects was trained on one of four compensatory tracking tasks that differed with regard to short period natural frequency (Ωn) and damping characteristics (2ξΩn). After completion of the training sessions, the members of each group either transferred to a task on which they had not been trained or continued with their original task.

Analysis of the training data indicated that relative task difficulty was largely determined by system damping which, however, had little effect on the amount of transfer during the transfer trials. The effect of system frequency was essentially reversed, and a marked interaction between training and transfer frequencies was observed in the transfer data. Similar results were obtained both with relative error scores and transinformation scores.

Positive transfer was exhibited by most of the groups when they transferred to tasks on which they had not been trained.
Aspects of Criterion-Referenced Measurement in Performance Evaluation
Authors: Swezey Robert W.
Published: January 2017

Four measurement models for use in performance evaluation (norm, criterion, domain, and objectives-referenced measurement) are presented and the contingent relationships among them are discussed. An argument is made for the use of criterion-referenced measurement in performance testing. Literature on two major problem areas in criterion-referenced measurement, reliability and validity, is briefly reviewed; and a recent example of criterion-referenced performance test development in an applied training context is described.
Equal Employment Opportunity Issues in Training
Authors: Bartlett C. J.
Published: January 2017

Equal employment opportunity and federal regulation of personnel selection have had a major impact on research and application in that field. Federal guidelines have broadened the definition of selection to include all employment decisions. Federal court decisions have begun to include applications to training. Thus, fair employment issues in training need to be considered in requiring training as a prerequisite to employment, in selection for training, in the training process itself, in decisions about retention and advancement in training programs, in job placement following training, and in decisions about promotion, advancement, or extra compensation as an outcome of training. It is urged that professional standards be developed by training professionals rather than wait for federal agenices to develop standards which may not be compatible with the best professional goals.
Critical Variables in Adaptive Motor Skills Training
Authors: Williges Robert C. , Williges Beverly H.
Published: January 2017

Automatic adaptive training procedures for motor skills learning have been suggested for several years. Adaptive training is a closed-loop system in which some aspect of the student's performance is monitored and used in a computer algorithm to adjust the difficulty of the training task. Only limited research exists on the evaluation of these procedures both in basic laboratory motor learning tasks and in applications to flying training using synthetic flight trainers. In this paper critical variables dealing with the performance measurement procedure, the choice of the adaptive variable, and the appropriate adaptive logic are evaluated. The results of a series of laboratory studies are reviewed, and several suggestions for additional research as well as a general model of instruction are discussed. It was concluded that the most effective automated adaptive motor skills training probably should use multivariate performance measurement schemes which manipulate stimulus-related adaptive variables in connection with a closed-loop adaptive logic model that is optimized for individual differences.
Comparison of Primary and Secondary Task Measures as a Function of Simulated Vehicle Dynamics and Driving Conditions
Authors: Wierwille Walter W. , Gutmann James C.
Published: January 2017

In a previously reported experiment involving a moving base driving simulator with computer-generated display, secondary task measures of workload showed significant increases as a function of large changes in vehicle dynamics and disturbance levels. Because the secondary task measures appeared less sensitive than desired, driving performance measures recorded during the same experiment were later analyzed. Particular emphasis in examining the driving performance data was placed on (1) determining the degree of intrusion of the secondary task on the driving task as a function of the independent variables, and (2) on comparing the sensitivity of the primary and secondary task measures. The results showed the secondary task does intrude significantly upon the driving task performance at low workload levels, but that it does not significantly intrude at high workload levels. Also, when the four primary task measures were analyzed for sensitivity to the independent variables, new information was obtained indicating greater sensitivity than is obtained with the single secondary task measure. Steering ratio, for example, is found to affect performance at high disturbance levels—a result not obtained in examining the secondary task by itself. The merits of primary and secondary task performance analysis are discussed, and suggestions are made for future work.
Sex: The Missing Variable in Human Factors Research
Authors: Hudgens Gerald A. , Billingsley Patricia A.
Published: January 2017

During the past 35 years, an ever-increasing number of women has been entering the work force and assuming numerous jobs that were traditionally reserved for men. To see if human factors research has been keeping up with the problems and questions this trend inevitably poses, the content of two leading human factors journals (Human Factors and Ergonomics) was analyzed for the time period 1965 through 1976. Nearly half the 859 studies examined included only male subjects; only a quarter included females, either exclusively (6%), or with males (19%); and nearly a third gave no indication of the subjects' sex. Even in studies that included both males and females, only a third did analyses to determine whether there were sex differences. The desirability of considering the sex variable in human factors studies and several of the problems associated with doing so are discussed, and recommendations are offered.
Predisposition and Behaviour in a Collective Dilemma
Authors: Alcock James E. , Mansell Diana
Published: January 2017

Three studies examined subjects' self-predicted and actual cooperation in a 10-person collective dilemma game. The first study examined the behaviour of subjects who were provided with full information about the nature of their social interdependency and their “dilemma.” Contrary to Kelley and Grzelak's (1972) prediction, the overall degree of cooperation was low (30%). However, subjects classified as “cooperators” on the basis of their pregame self-predictions were more cooperative than those classified as “non-cooperators” (p < .005). The second study provided false feed back, indicating that the majority of the players were cooperating. “Cooperators” were more cooperative than their counterparts in the first study, (p < .05), while “noncooperators” were as uncooperative as before. This led to the conclusion that the lack of cooperation in the free play situation did not stem from misperception or suspicion of the other players' motivation, but rather from the individualistic predispositions of some of the players. The third study provided further evidence about the stability of the individualistic predispositions.
Intergroup Bargaining
Authors: Wall James A.
Published: January 2017

This study investigated the effects of three factors on a representative's bargaining: (a) an opposing constituent's announced bargaining stance, (b) an opposing representative's bargaining, and (c) the representative's locus of control. In the study, each subject served as a constituent's representative and bargained with an opposing representative who represented the opposing constituent. The roles of the representative's constituent, the opposing representative, and the opposing constituent were enacted by the experimenter. Succinctly, the results revealed that the opposing constituent's bargaining stance, in addition to producing main effects, interacted with the opposing representative's bargaining and with the representative's locus of control to influence the representative's bargaining.
Sex-Role Orientation, Defensiveness, and Competitiveness in Women
Authors: Ingram Barbara Lichner , Berger Stephen E.
Published: January 2017

Women of differing sex-role orientations and levels of defensiveness played a PDG with a woman identified as either traditionally or career-oriented, but who was actually a confederate using a nonresponsive 60% cooperative strategy. To facilitate avoidance of competition, matrix values minimized the pull toward defection, and a third self-protective choice was provided as an alternative to unilateral cooperative sacrifice. Women rejecting the traditional feminine role consistently avoided competition, regardless of their level of defensiveness, and particularly when the other was similar in orientation. For women endorsing both traditional and career values, low defensiveness corresponded with avoidance of competition, while high defensiveness corresponded with competitive behavior, similar to that of traditionally oriented women. Both sex-role orientation and defensiveness demonstrated their usefulness as individual difference dimensions affecting the behavior of women in the PDG.
World History and Resources of Oil Shale
Authors: Russell Paul L.
Published: January 2017

Oil shale, under one name or another, is found all over the world, and new deposits are reported frequently.

Total worldwide resources in place probably contain of the order of 1014 barrels of oil if all grades are considered, but only rough estimates of reserves are available since exploration and definitive resource evaluation have, for the most part, been extremely limited.

Oil shale industries have operated in at least 14 countries. Most of the operations were quite small by today's standards, and only a very few survived for any length of time. Abundant, inexpensive crude petroleum caused most oil shale operations to be uneconomical.
Environmentally Compatible Coal Extraction and Utilisation Indian Scenario
Authors: Maudgal S. , Kakkar M.
Published: January 2017

Environmental quality is as much an indicator of the level of development as the generally accepted norm of per capita consumption of energy. Coal, being the mainstay of energy in India, will continue to play a crucial role on both the counts as annual coal utilization is expected to increase by 2.5 times by the year 2005. Indian coal being of poor quality with 35 to 48% ash content has serious adverse implications on air, water and land environment which will be aggravated further by opening up extensive areas for opencast coal mining operations to meet the increased coal demand. Many coal deposits in India are located in areas rich in bio-diversity and, these areas need to be specially protected as they are crucial for our very survival. Mining operations, therefore, need to be harmonised with protection of genetic stock and the forest areas which serve as cheap “Carbon-dioxide Sinks”.

A prerequisite in coal extraction and its utilization is the need for making technological conversion processes as efficient as possible to achieve a higher output from the same resource base. This calls for setting up a chain of coal washeries for better plant performance, reduced environmental pollution and overall cost savings. Demonstrated benefits of coal washeries include 5–15% saving in coal consumption with a freight saving alone to the tune of $3 billion in the year 2000; 2% increase in plant availability for every percent drop in ash content and, improved plant load factor netting annual savings of $1.4 million in a single 210 MW thermal power plant. Switching over to cleaner technologies and replacement or retrofitting of vintage boilers can further add to coal savings, and an improved environment.

Optimisation of coal utilisation and internalisation of environmental concerns demands adoption of “carrying capacity based” planning process. Adoption of rational pricing at full cost, introduction of fiscal incentives for promoting Clean Coal Technologies and, reorientation of lending policies towards “Greener Credit” can also contribute to improved benefit stream with reduced environmental damage.

This paper outlines the strategy for sustainable development while concurrently meeting the obligations for controlling Green House Gases under the International Conventions.
Biofuel Demand Estimation in the Rural Domestic Energy Sector of India
Authors: Sinha Chandra Shekhar , Joshi Veena
Published: January 2017

The major efforts and their limitations to formulate rural domestic energy requirements in India are discussed. Results of some of the recent efforts for quantifying biofuel consumption in rural areas are presented thereafter. Emphasis in this paper is on the recent efforts to collate and analyze results of energy consumption survey of 638 villages covering over 39,000 households. These are used to estimate biofuel use for different agro-climatic regions in India by estimating consumption at the district level in the rural domestic sector. The results are aggregated at the state level and they are compared with other estimates for India. The range of consumption aggregated at the national level is found to vary widely (93–252 million tonnes/y of firewood, 54–107 million tonnes/y of animal waste and 36–99 million tonnes/y of agricultural residues). Reasons for the wide disparity in the results is briefly discussed.
Issues Related to Development of Indian Photovoltaic Market
Authors: Chaurey Akanksha , Laxminarayan Ramanan
Published: January 2017

As is the case of most energy deficient countries in the tropics, India offers an enormous potential for use of photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, the demand in true commercial sense has not yet been created. The constraints for market development are not only related to the cost but also to several local parameters. The paper highlights these issues and constraints and suggests a market development strategy.
Insurance for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Development Projects
Authors: Lerche I.
Published: January 2017

Two major exploration and development scenarios for evaluation of insurance premium versus insurance coverage are considered here. The first situation considers insurance against catastrophic loss due to a major adverse event while drilling, irrespective of whether commercially attractive hydrocarbon reserves are found or not; the second situation considers insurance against an hydrocarbon spill after hydrocarbons are found. Numerical examples indicate how the insurance premium to be paid is related to the insurance cover provided for a fixed corporate requirement on the probability to make a profit.

The examples illustrate how considerations of mean expected value, and variance around the mean, can both be incorporated in a quantitative measure of worth of insurance cover versus premium paid.
Maximization Techniques for Oilfield Development Profits
Authors: Lerche I.
Published: January 2017

In 1981 Nind provided a quantitative procedure for estimating the optimum number of development wells to emplace on an oilfield to maximize profit. Nind's treatment assumed that there was a steady selling price, that all wells were placed in production simultaneously, and that each well's production profile was identical and a simple exponential decline with time. This paper lifts these restrictions to allow for price fluctuations, variable with time emplacement of wells, and production rates that are more in line with actual production records than is a simple exponential decline curve. As a consequence, it is possible to design production rate strategies, correlated with price fluctuations, so as to maximize the present-day worth of a field. For price fluctuations that occur on a time-scale rapid compared to inflation rates it is appropriate to have production rates correlate directly with such price fluctuations. The same strategy does not apply for price fluctuations occurring on a time-scale long compared to inflation rates where, for small amplitudes in the price fluctuations, it is best to sell as much product as early as possible to overcome inflation factors, while for large amplitude fluctuations the best strategy is to sell product as early as possible but to do so mainly on price upswings. Examples are provided to show how these generalizations of Nind's (1981) formula change the complexion of oilfield development optimization.
Measures of Value-Added Information in Hydrocarbon Exploration Projects
Authors: Lerche I.
Published: January 2017

This paper shows that use solely of the expected value for an exploration project does not include any aspects concerning the risk of the project. Three additional measures, involving the variance around the expected value, the volatility, and the cumulative probability of making a profit, are shown to be the correct way to characterize the risk. This procedure allows one to distinguish between projects that have the same expected value and which would otherwise be considered equal in worth. In addition, the acquisition (at some cost) of further data or of further studies in attempts to resolve better the project, are both shown to depend on two factors: first, whether the information is to be acquired in order to produce desired changes in the success and failure chances of the project (which such newly acquired data may not end up doing!); second, even if the data do as required, one cannot use the difference between expected values of the project in the absence and presence of the new data to provide an estimate of value-added to the project assessment. Such a determination can arise only when measures of risk and uncertainty are used in addition to expected value because expected value, on its own, does not contain the risk information required. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate these points using decision-tree methods.
Questions Concerning Biblical Theology
Authors: Murphy Roland E.
Published: January 2017

These questions are based on a research report given at the August, 2000, annual meeting of the Catholic Biblical Association, at Loyola-Marymount University, Los Angeles, California. (1) Are there lessons to be derived from the spate of volumes on biblical theology published in the second half of the 20th century? (2) Is there an inner unity to the Bible? (3) How does the relationship between the Testaments affect a reading of the Old Testament? (4) How does biblical theology differ from history of religion (Religionsgeschichte)? (5) Conclusion: what, then, does “biblical theology” stand for?
The Endangered and Reaffirmed Promises of God: A Fruitful Framework for Biblical Theology
Authors: Hanson James
Published: January 2017

Traditional ways of understanding the relationship between the First and Second Testaments of the Christian Bible have proven untenable both theologically and historically. Theologically, they have had at their foundation a supersessionistic stance over against biblical Israel and Judaism, and have often proffered an unsustainable claim of triumph over evil and suffering. Historically, historical-critical interpretation has rendered a straightforward reading of the First Testament as pointing toward the coming of Jesus problematic. This article proposes that seeing the relationship between the Testaments in light of the literary and theological rubric of God's endangered and reaffirmed promises overcomes many of these problems. It yields a fruitful basis for a biblical theology that acknowledges that both the story of Jesus and the church and the story of Israel and Judaism involve a mix of faithful response to God's promises, fundamental struggle with their endangerment, and common hope for their reaffirmation.
If Esther Had Not Been That Beautiful: Dealing with a Hidden God in the (Hebrew) Book of Esther
Authors: Van Den Eynde Sabine M. L.
Published: January 2017

The Hebrew story of Esther seems to be a story without God. God does not intervene, is not present as a character in the book, is even never referred to (Fox: 235–47; Beat 1999: xix-xxii). Yet, the religious overtones are present throughout the book. The present article studies some of these religious hints, with special attention to the (reversal of the) power relationships.
Opening Blind Eyes: A Revisioning of Mark 8:22-10:52
Authors: Keller Marie Noël
Published: January 2017

Keller argues that Mark uses the stories of the two blind men in his Gospel to serve as metaphors for his community. The “Man from Bethsaida” (8:22–26) represents where Mark's community is in their faith at present and “Bartimaeus” (10:46–52) where he wants them to be. Their stories and the material within the frame of 8:22-10:52 work together to help his community learn the lessons they need in order to advance from the fear they are experiencing to follow Jesus boldly “on the way.”
Competitive Harm and Companies' Positions on SFAS No. 131
Authors: Ettredge Michael , Kwon Soo Young , Smith David
Published: January 2017

This paper examines companies' positions on the Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) exposure draft (ED) for SFAS No. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information. Companies' lobbying positions are obtained from comment letters sent in response to the FASB's 1996 request for input on the ED. We relate these positions to variables proxying for the likelihood a firm will be required to make its segment disclosures more informative and the potential for competitive harm, given the changes in segment disclosures' informativeness. We find that companies' lobbying positions toward the ED are explained by proxies for expected changes in segment disclosure when the standard described in the ED is adopted and by proxies for expected competitive harm related to the disclosure requirements in the new standard. These results imply that companies' responses to the FASB's ED were motivated by self-interest related to costs potentially imposed on them by the proposed new standard.