bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABO‐Specific Autoagglutinins
Authors: Ehnholm C. , Mäkelä O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The serum of healthy Mrs. Ste. whose blood group is A1B agglutinated the erythrocytes of some 50% of B persons tested. No other erythrocytes were agglutinated. The agglutinin was absorbed by group B and AB erythrocytes, slightly weaker by A1 erythrocytes and still more weakly by A2 and O erythrocytes. The specificity of the agglutinin thus resembles that of freshly harvested Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin. The relationship between the agglutinin and her self‐tolerance was discussed.
Dental Extractions and the Use of Christmas Factor Concentrate in Cases of Haemophilia B
Authors: Creveld S. van , Buchner R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Dental extractions were performed in five patients with Christmas disease, whilst giving infusions of a concentrate which contained three other clotting factors in addition to factor IX. The therapy was supported locally by inserting a plate over the extraction area, which was removed for cleaning on the third and subsequent days for a short period. The concentrate was extremely well tolerated. There was little or no bleeding following extraction, and several extractions of wisdom teeth were carried out without loss of blood. In order to obtain the required level of factor IX in the plasma at a minimum of 10% after the first infusion and before the extractions, a quantity of the concentrate had to be given which was equivalent to at least two units of factor IX per kg of body weight. A higher level of factor IX was sometimes required in the days following the extractions.
An Evaluation of the Single‐Channel Auto Analyzer in the Quantitation of Anti‐Rh0
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip , Kaye Bea
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Quantitation of Rh antibody with the Auto‐Analyzer is remarkably precise during short periods of replication. As the duration of operation extends over several hours considerable variation develops. This can be minimized with frequent calibrations. However, repeated intralaboratory tests on the same specimen over a period of several months show the range in values can vary from the mean by ±30%; with interlaboratory testing this may reach ±50%. Nevertheless, the AA technique does represent a distinct advance in the accuracy of Rh antibody quantitation when compared with established manual methods. With better control of the sources of variation such as drift in sensitivity and of cell base, and with extension of the accurate part of the calibration curve or limiting determinations to the most accurate portion, it should be possible to improve considerably the accuracy of the system. The correlations of prenatal serologic data determined quantitatively on the AA with severity of disease, were found, in these studies on a limited number of cases, not to be significantly better than those obtained with the semiquantitative manual methods employed. Studies of amniotic mud with enzyme treated cells gave the best prediction of severity of disease when done either by automated or manual methods.
High Voltage Agarose Gel Electrophoresis in the Study of C 3 Polymorphism
Authors: Teisberg P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new method of C 3 type determination on high voltage agarose gel electrophoresis is described. The influence of some electrophoretic variables on the results has been investigated and a standard technique developed. The method is quick, simple and gives good separation of C 3 proteins. The three common C 3 phenotypes and the four variant types so far studied are easily demonstrated.

Preliminary allele frequencies in a Norwegian population sample is presented. The values found, C 3S = 0.80 and C 3F = 0.19, are in good accordance with the allele frequencies in two population groups of North American Caucasians.
Anti‐ITP1: An Antibody Showing a Further Association Between the I and P Blood Group Systems
Authors: Booth P. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The specificity of an antibody originally thought to be anti‐P1 has been shown to depend upon the IT antigenicity of P1 positive cells. Anti‐P1 agglutinates P1+ cells irrespective of their IT content, whereas the strength of reaction of anti‐ITP1 correlates with the IT antigenicity of P1+ cells having similar P1 reactivity. Anti‐ITP1 does not react with adult IT + P1 — cells, but the original serum weakly agglutinated IT + + P1—cells from cord bloods, due to the presence of a trace of free anti‐IT.
The Effect of Red Cell Age on its Agglutinability by Anti‐A Serum
Authors: van Gastel C. , de Wit C. Dudok
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The influence of red cell age on their agglutin‐obility by bloodgroup isoagglutinins was investigated in various ways. No definite differences between young and old red cells could be established although some experiments suggested a somewhat lesser agglutinability of the young cells in comparasion to the total cell population.
Anti‐H from Cerastium tomentosum Seeds
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A good anti‐H was found in Cerastium tomentosum seeds. It was studied and compared with other seed anti‐H agglutinins. A spectrum of activity appears to exist which ranges from the l‐fucose specific agglutinin of Lotus tetragonolobus to those agglutinins which react more strongly with normal than with Oh cells. The reactions of the Lotus agglutinin provided further evidence of a close steric association between the ABH and Ii receptors.
Investigations on Enzyme Absorption on the Red Cell Surface
Authors: Ishiyama I. , Takatsu A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The absorption of blood group A‐decomposing enzyme from Clostridium tertium on the red cell surface was examined. The enzyme was thoroughly absorbed on the surface of red cells of blood group A. Cells which were treated for a few minutes and separated from the enzyme solution lost their A‐activity more rapidly than those which were maintained in enzyme solution. Enzyme absorption occurs with biochemical and biophysical specificity; i.e. A‐enzyme is absorbed solely on A‐cells and it competes with anti‐A agglutinin from Euphadra periomphala for their reactive sites. N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine and D‐galactosamine are considered to release cell‐fixed A‐enzyme by an elution process.
Electron Microscopy of Hepatitis Associated Antigens1
Authors: Taylor Patricia E. , Zuckerman A. J. , Bird R. G.
Published: March 2009

The examination of clinical material from patients with acute hepatitis and chronic liver disease is described. Three structures are present in serum containing the hepatitis‐associated (Australia) antigen. Small pleomorphic spherical particles measuring an average of 20 nm in diameter, long tubular froms often in bizarre shapes with a diameter ranging between 20–40 nm, and larger spheroidal particles with a diameter of 40–45 nm are usually present. Coronavirus and coronavirus‐paramyxovirus‐like particles have been observed in some cases of acute and chronic hepatitis. Pleomorphic spherical particles measuring 20–23 nm have been visualized by the electron microscope in Detroit‐6 cells inoculated with the AR‐17 agent (haemovirus), and reference is also made to other studies using such cells.
Four Examples of Bhm Blood in One Family
Authors: FAWCETT K. J. , ECKSTEIN EDITH G. , INNELLA FILOMENA , YOKOYAMA M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During routine blood grouping, the patient's (L.S.) red cells typed as group O, but the serum lacked anti‐B agglutinins. Further investigation revealed that the red cells had no H antigen but did have a weak expression of B. The saliva contained both B and H in amounts comparable to normal B. Family studies provided evidence that this rare phenotype, designated Bhm, is recessive, dependent on a genetic locus possibly independent of, but linked to, the ABO locus.
Accidental Injection of Anti‐D Immunoglobulin to an Infant
Authors: MARSH G. W. , STIRLING YVONNE , MOLLISON P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An Rh‐positive infant, birthweight 2.6 kg, was inadvertently given an injection of 200 μg anti‐D 5 h after birth. The rise in serum bilirubin concentration and the rate of fall of haemoglobin concentration suggested that a mild haemolytic syndrome was produced. No treatment was required and recovery was uneventful.
Influence of the Parental Rhesus Types on the Segregation of Genetic Abnormalities
Authors: NIJENHUIS L. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Following the observation that in families with elliptocytosis parental Rhesus types may influence the elliptocytosis segregation in the children, the hypothesis has been put forward that in families with other genetic abnormalities, abnormal segregations of the affections may be expected to depend to some extent on the parental Rhesus types. Influence of the Rhesus type of the normal mating partners on the carrier: non‐carrier segregation in the children has been demonstrated for abnormal serum cholinesterase and for the chromosomal translocation D/21. Children of normal E+ mating partners in families with abnormal cholinesterase were found to have an excess of non‐affected; when the normal mating‐partner is E‐ there is an excess of carriers. In families with D/21 translocation an excess of carriers was found when the normal parent is E+. In a pedigree with Wagner's syndrome no such influence could be demonstrated, the amount of genetic information available being, however, relatively small. In families with the nail‐patella syndrome the Rhesus types of both parents appeared to be important, together with the sex of the offspring. Mating types involving Ccee produce an excess of non‐affected children, those with CCee an excess of affected sons and a deficiency of affected daughters. Mating types with neither Ccee or CCee produce a relative excess of affected daughters.

These and other phenomena appear to indicate that genetic abnormalities are to some extent balanced polymorphisms, the selective mechanism being most probably selective fertilization. Selections of this kind, caused by the genetic, rather than by the external environment, may be of importance in limiting the increase of the genetic load in man which is generally expected to occur in the near future.
Specific Antibodies Compared to Cross‐Reacting Antibodies in ABO Incompatibility
Authors: Shilo R. , Toledo R. , Stanetzky J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The purpose of the present work was to determine the significance of specific antibodies, as compared to cross‐reacting antibodies in causing the hemolytic disease of the newborn in cases of ABO incompatibility. Fifteen cases of severe icterus, including twelve who had received exchange transfusion and two cases of ante partum fetal death, were investigated. The amount of anti A, anti B, and cross‐reacting antibodies was assayed in maternal blood within 48 h after delivery. Specific antibodies were found more consistently and in higher titres than cross‐reacting antibodies. It therefore seems reasonable to assume that these are the antibodies responsible for the development of the disease in the newborn in our cases.
Plasma Protein Fraction (Human)
Authors: Hink J. H. , Pappenhagen .A. R. , Lundblad J. , Johnson F. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma Protein Fraction, USP (PPF) has largely replaced preparations of pooled plasma as a plasma expander. Three commercial lots of PPF (Plasmanate ®‐Cutter) prepared in 1959 were subjected to a planned stability study extending over a nine year period with the following findings: 1. Motion lability was not adversely affected by storage for periods up to 7 years at temperatures of 25° or below. 2. With extended time, there was a small gradual decrease in the albumin component and a corresponding increase in a component with an electrophoretic mobility of alpha‐globulin but with a sedimentation rate equivalent to that of albumin; this rate of change was greatly accelerated at 40°. 3. Viscosity increased at a rate of approximately 0.3% per year at 5° and 25°; at 40° viscosity increased sharply with extended time. 4. Turbidity was little affected by time and temperature except for periods in excess of 2 years at 40°. 5. No antigenic changes were detectable after 2 years at 40° or 8 years at 25°. 6. Clinical studies in normal volunteers with PPF stored 9 years at 25°, and in ill patients with PPF stored 2 years at 40° and 9 years at 25° showed no adverse reactions. It is concluded that Plasma Protein Fraction can be safely used after storage for 5 years at temperatures not exceeding 30°.
IgG‐Type Cold Agglutinins in Children and Corresponding Antigens
Authors: Roelcke D. , Anstee D. J. , Jungfer H. , Nutzenadel W. , Webb A. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two IgG‐type cold auto‐agglutinins causing transiently occurring haemolytic anaemia in children are described. The antibodies were limited to the IgG fraction obtained by DEAE cellulose chromatography and were resistant to 2‐mercaptoethanol treatment.

One auto‐agglutinin reacted ‘incompletely’ (in the enzyme test), the other reacted ‘completely’ and its reactivity was furthermore abolished by treatment of red cells with proteolytic enzymes, but not with neuraminidase. Because of the inactivation of the corresponding antigen on red cells by proteolytic enzymes, this receptor belongs to the Pr complex, but it can be distinguished from Pr1/Pr2 through its resistance to neuraminidase. Therefore a new symbol ‘Pra’ is proposed.

Based on these findings an immunochemical classification for antigens corresponding to cold auto‐antibodies is given and a new nomenclature of the antigens which are inactivated by proteases is proposed depending on their determination or non‐determination by neuraminic acid.
The Conversion Rate of Human C 3 under Different Storage Conditions
Authors: Teisberg P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The stability of the third component of human complement (C 3) under different storage conditions has been studied. Conversion of the protein was demonstrated by change in electrophoretic mobility on agarose.

C 3 patterns were observed for 4–7 days, 15–24 days and 8–12 months in sera stored at 20, 4 and −23°C, respectively. After storage for 12 months at −75°C there was no sign of C 3 conversion. Addition of merthiolate did not increase C 3 stability. Exposure to air and haemolysate increased C 3 conversion rate.
Reactions of HL‐A Antisera in Three Populations
Authors: Hammond M. G. , Brain P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cytotoxic antisera against HL‐A antigens were tested in panels of Caucasian, Bantu and Indian donors. A serum that gives reliable results in Caucasians may prove quite unreliable when used in Bantu or Indians, since it may possess extra antibodies against antigens that are very rare in Caucasians but common in the other groups. Every serum that is to be used in a population different from that in which it was standardized must therefore be re‐standardized in the new group before use. Results obtained in previous studies by EDTA agglutination cannot be compared with those obtained by cytotoxicity. The NIH serum Willett (anti‐HL‐A 8) gives identical results by agglutination and by cytotoxicity when tested in Caucasians; but in the Bantu it reacts with 49% by agglutination and only 8% by cytotoxicity. The Bantu evidently possess several unidentified HL‐A antigens.
The Inheritance of the Rh Blood Groups
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko , Chown B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. One thousand unrelated Caucasian families (2,000 parents and 2,806 children) were extensively and intensively Rh typed. The resulting and estimated gene frequencies do not differ significantly from other large Caucasian series (England, Sweden, Canada). Except for 2 children inheritance accorded with expectation. No evidence of crossing‐over or of mutation was forthcoming.
Discelectrophoretic Variation of Human Serum Lipoproteins (LDL)
Authors: Rittner Ch.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results of a second series of 35 families with 86 offspring do not contradict the previously proposed model of three alleles ‐ C1, C2 and C0 ‐ at one genetic locus for the El(C) system. The model may therefore be maintained.
Immunogenetic Studies of Rhesus Monkeys1
Authors: Duggleby C. R. , Blystad C. , Stone W.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have produced 7 typing reagents (agglutinins) reactive with the erythrocytes of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Each detects a unit antigenetic factor controlled by a Mendelian dominant autosomal gene. The blood factors fall into 5 clearly defined independent blood group systems, named H, I, J, K and L. The H system consists of 2 isoimmune reagents that react best in an anti‐globulin test. There are 3 phenotypes and 3 genotypes, but no H‐negative phenotype in this system. The I system consists of 2 isoimmune reagents also, but there is a ‘silent allele’ producing a non‐reactive phenotype, consequently the I system has only 4 distinguishable phenotypes among its 6 genotypes. The remaining 3 reagents (J‐1, K‐1, and L‐1) each detect a single factor; each system is defined as the presence or absence of this factor. Statistic and genetic tests on over 300 families at the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center indicate that each system is genetically independent. Using these 7 reagents plus the 5 reagents of which the G‐system is comprised, as previously described [2], it is now theoretically possible to distinguish almost 5,000 blood types in the rhesus monkey.
Haemagglutination and Haemagglutination‐Inhibition Reactions of Extracts from Snails and Sponges
Authors: Khalap S. , Thompson T. E. , Gold E. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Agglutination‐inhibition, precipitation and precipitation‐inhibition tests have been performed with 2 sponge and 4 snail extracts using as inhibitors a number of biological materials and some glycoproteins and glycolipids. Some human salivas and fluids from ovarian pseudomucinous cysts inhibited, others did not inhibit. Inhibiting power was unrelated to presence of ABH substances.

Some snail and seed extracts inhibited haemagglutination by Axinella sp. extract and some snail extracts haemagglutination by Cliona celata extract. Axinellasp. extract precipitated non‐haemagglutinating Achatina granulata and Hedleyella falconeri snail extracts; this precipitation was inhibited by the same sugars which also inhibit haemagglutination by Axinella sp. extract.
IgM Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies Following Multiple Transfusion
Authors: Crome Patricia , Moffatt Beryl
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The immunoglobulin class of leucocyte antibodies occurring after multiple transfusion was investigated. In 7 of the 8 sera tested, both agglutinating and cytotoxic activity was found only in IgG‐containing fractions. The 8th serum, from a patient with erythrogenesis imperfecta and haemochromatosis, showed weak agglutinating activity in IgG‐containing fractions and strong cytotoxic activity in IgM‐containing fractions.
Occurrence of Cytotoxic Antibodies During Pregnancy
Authors: Nymand G. , Heron I. , Jensen K. G. , Lundsgaard Anne
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera from 1,001 pregnant women were drawn at the time of delivery and examined for the presence of cytotoxic antibodies directed against their husbands' lymphocytes. 12.3% of all the women had cytotoxins in serum at delivery. The frequencies ranged from 9.6% in first pregnancies to 18.2% in women with more than 3 pregnancies. The occurrence of foeto‐maternal leucocyte immunization is discussed and a review of the literature is given.
Maternal Serum and Amniotic Fluid Rh‐D Antibody Levels in Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Authors: Lappin T. R. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During management of Rhesus‐D incompatible pregnancies, the anti‐D antibody levels have been determined in both amniotic fluid and maternal serum by an automated method. The ratio of maternal serum to amniotic fluid levels has been found to remain fairly constant over the period studied. Neither maternal serum nor amniotic fluid antibody levels are completely reliable as a guide to management of Rhesus‐D incompatible cases.
Alterations of Red Blood Cell Osmotic Fragility During Storage of Blood Drawn on ACD Solution1
Authors: Stoltz J. F. , Vigneron C. , Streiff F.
Published: March 2009

A study of red re11 osmotic fragility measured by the techniques of gradual and drastic haemolysis shows a ‘fragilisation’ during the storage of blood drawn on ACD solution, kept at 4°C. The rheological incidences are outlined.
Simultaneous Electrophoresis of Three Isoenzyme Polymorphisms; 6‐Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase (6‐PGD), Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Adenylate Kinase (AK)
Authors: Brinkmann B. , Thoma G.
Published: March 2009

A method is described which renders possible simultaneous electrophoretic determination of 3 isoenzyme polymorphisms. Results are comparable with those obtained by original methods.
The Inheritance of the Rh Blood Groups
Authors: Chown Bruce , Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Dosage studies of 114 Down's syndrome and 7 other autosomal trisomics failed to show any lengthening of reaction times of the Rh antigens or of S, Fya, Jka or Jkb, nor was there any alteration in reaction times for Xga in 13 Turner's and 7 Klinefelter's. Distribution of length of reaction times was tabulated for the Rh antigens c, E and e in 200 families and the C and D antigens in individual families. The reaction times of at least 2 members of 5 families fell outside the expected range. Two of the deviations were explicable on the basis of known causes (‐D‐ and depression of D by r′). The reasons for a second deviation in one of these 2 families and of a deviation in 2 others is uncertain. In the fifth family the cause was an unlinked Rh depressor gene.
The Kell System Studied with Radioactively‐Labelled Anti‐K
Authors: Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Gardner Brigitte
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The Kell system has been investigated using radioactively‐labelled antibodies. Estimates of the number of K sites on KK cells ranged between 4,430 and 7,050, and on Kk cells between 2,100 and 5,400 on each red cell. Average equilibrium constants ranged between 1 × 1010 and 3 × 1010 1/m.
Rh Blood Groups of Australian Aborigines in the Tribe Containing the Original Rhnull Propositus
Authors: BOETTCHER B. , HASEKURA H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Quantitative haemagglutination studies on samples from 113 members of the tribe revealed 5 individuals whose red cells showed weak expression of Rh antigens. Two were of group R1R2, 2 of group R1R2, and one of group R2R0. All were close tribal relatives of the propositus.

It is proposed that these individuals are heterozygous for the allele for which the propositus is homozygous, and which is responsible for her Rhnull phenotype. The case appears to be similar to that studied by Levine and co‐workers, and it seems that the propositus does not express Rh antigens due to a genetically‐determined lack of a precursor, which is necessary for Rh (and LW) antigen biosynthesis. The locus at which the block has occurred is not closely linked with the Rh locus.
Early ‘Enzyme’ Rh Antibodies and Second Pregnancies
Authors: MURRAY SHEILAGH
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 135 primiparous Rh(D) negative women were studied after delivery. 56 had been delivered of Rh positive ABO compatible infants and eleven Rh antibodies were found. Seven of the antibodies were able to be detected only with enzyme treated cells. Six of the seven patients had a second infant which, in each case, was Coombs' positive and required treatment for haemolytic disease of the newborn.

398 serial blood samples were examined from 46 other primiparous Rh(D) negative patients and five early Rh antibodies were demonstrated (10.8%). The time of appearance and reactions of the antibodies are reported.
An Enhancing Effect of Albumin on the Determination of Cold Hemagglutinins1
Authors: Haynes C.R. , Chaplin H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum from a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia was found to have a cold agglutinin titer of 128 when diluted in saline and 131,000 when diluted in 22% bovine serum albumin. Human Serum albumin and a non‐protein‐containing commercial agglutination potentiator had similar enhancing properties. A degree of albumin enhancement of cold agglutination was observed in approximately 25% of normal and patient sera examined. The mechanism of enhancement and the possible clinical significance of the phenomenon are not yet known.
Some Serological Properties of the Cad Receptor
Authors: Bird G.W.G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Some serological studies of the rare red cell character Cad are described and discussed, and a scheme for the characterisation of in uivo red cell polyagglutinability is presented.
A Dextran Agglomeration Method for the Preparation in a Closed Plastic Bag System of Leucocyte Poor Blood for Transfusion
Authors: Wit J. J. Fr. M. de , Werner H. G. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described for the preparation of leucocyte poor red cell suspensions for transfusion.

In this method a plastic bag system is used, consisting of 4 plastic bags filled with all the solutions necessary for the dextran agglomeration technique. The donor packed cells are allowed to flow into this system and the inlet tube is sealed. Consequently all manipulations are performed in a ‘closed’ system, which prevent bacterial contamination.

The very short time (15 min) necessary for the sedimentation steps is the fundamental difference with earlier described methods of dextran sedimentation.

The described procedure makes it possible to obtain ‘leucocyte poor’ blood with relative ease and without specially instructed technicians. Approximately 1% of the leucocytes remain in the treated packed cells, the red cell recovery is over 80%.
I‐, MN‐ and Pr1/Pr2‐Activity of Human Erythrocyte Glycoprotein Fractions Obtained by Ficin Treatment
Authors: Roelcke D. , Ebert W. , Metz J. , Weicker H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human erythrocyte glycoproteins obtained by the phenol/saline extraction procedure are split using ficin. Ficin treatment results in diffusable and non‐diffusable glycopeptides. The nondialysable material is separated on sephadex G 50 columns in 4 fractions with different antigen activities. The main I activity is found in fraction 1 (neuraminic acid (NANA) content 21%). Quantitative differences concerning the MN activity are observed in the fractions 1–3. While fraction 2 (NANA content 22%) is Pr1active but Pr2‐inactive, fraction 3 (NANA content 20%) is Pr1‐inactive but Pr2‐active. Therefore, the NANA determinating Pr1 is not involved in the Pr2 antigenicity. NANA‐free fraction 4 is serologically inactive.
Ox Erythrocyte Agglutinability
Authors: Cowpertwait Jill L. , Spooner R. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This paper presents evidence to show that previous seemingly conflicting reports of the differential agglutinability of bovine red cells are in fact only different interpretations of the same character. The variation in agglutinability of ox red cells is shown to be consistent in anti‐globulin systems using several species of sensitising and anti‐globulin antisera. The type of agglutinability is inherited and controlled by genes at one locus Agg. High agglutinability Agg I is recessive to low Agg L. The frequencies of Agg I and Agg L in some British breeds have been studied.
A New Antibody, anti‐ILebH, Specific for a Determinant Formed by the Combined Action of the I, Le, Se and H Gene Products1
Authors: Tegoli J. , Cortez Myrna , Jensen Leila , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody has been found that agglutinates only group O or A2, I, Le(a‐b +) red cells. The reacting antigen appears to be a product of interaction between the I, Le, Se and H genes and the antibody has been named anti‐ILebH. The antibody can be inhibited by saliva containing I, H, and Leb substances, but is not inhibited by serum from the same people. Transformation experiments, aimed at changing ILebH‐negative red cells into ILebH‐positive, were unsuccessful and it was concluded that the reacting antigen is of red cell origin and does not arise by passive adsorption of group substance from the plasma.
A New Genetic Marker of Human IgG3 Immunoglobulins
Authors: Loghem Erna van , Grobbelaar B. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antigenic determinant was found which is present on proteins of the main IgG3 allotypes, Gm(g) and Gm(b), but absent from IgG3 proteins carrying Gm(s). It was shown to be a genetical marker in family studies.

The antiserum detecting this specificity is similar to antisera of ‘long specificity’, which term is used in HL‐A serology. The antigenic determinant offers a link for the generation sequence of Gm allotypes during evolution.
Class‐Specific Anti‐IgA Associated with Severe Anaphylactic Transfusion Reactions in a Patient with Pernicious Anaemia
Authors: Bjerrum O. J. , Jersild C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The case history and investigations of a 32‐year‐old man with pernicious anaemia and selective absence of IgA in serum and saliva are presented and discussed. On two occasions, the patient, who had not previously been exposed to foreign human serum, developed severe anaphylactic shock after blood transfusion of a few millilitres. A precipitating antibody to IgA was identified in his serum. It was of class‐specific type reacting not only with the donors' sera, but also with other normal sera. The patient had no apparent chromosome abnormality, and no close family members had similar IgA lack. Lymphocyte transformation in vitro with PHA was normal: no stimulation followed exposure to IgA. On fluorescent microscopy, very few IgA‐containing cells were seen in the gastric mucosa.
Assay of Anti‐D Activity by Two Radioimmunoassay Techniques Using Purified 125I‐Labelled Anti‐D
Authors: Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Gardner Brigitte , Hunt Valerie , Norley I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two methods are described for the estimation of anti‐D activity in immunoglobulin preparations which are based on the radioimmunoassay inhibition techniques. In one of the methods, estimates were made under equilibrium conditions in a solution of normal ionic strengh. In this method, the assay is affected both by the concentration of the anti‐D and the value of its equilibrium constant. This method did not correlate well with the standard assay method using 125I‐labelled anti‐IgG. In the second method, conditions were modified so that measurements were made at non‐equilibrium conditions and in a solution of low ionic strength. Under these conditions, the assay is mainly dependent on concentration of anti‐D, although it is influenced by the rate of association of anti‐D with red cells. The second method correlated well in 24 out of 27 instances with the concentration of anti‐D measured by the method using 125I‐labelled anti‐IgG.
A Pure Example of Anti‐Cob and Frequency of the Cob Antigen in New Zealand and Australian Blood Donors
Authors: Case J.
Published: March 2009

A pure example of anti‐Cob is reported which, in common with those previously recognized in mixtures, reacts preferentially by enzyme techniques. 224 Co(b +) bloods were found on screening 2471 randomly selected donors.
Serum Albumin Variation in Indian Populations
Authors: McDermid E.M.
Published: March 2009

The occurrence of a slowly‐moving albumin variant possibly similar to Albumin Gainesville is reported in Indian populations from New Delhi and South Africa.
Salivary Anti‐A and Anti‐B Activity of Group O Males
Authors: Bell C. E. , Fortwengler H. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐A whole saliva agglutinins were detected in 98% and anti‐B in 96% of 80 group O males. After subcutaneous injection of 5 group O males with A and B blood group substances, both whole saliva and parotid saliva agglutinins increased in titer. This agglutinating activity was demonstrated to be primarily due to secretory IgA, both pre‐ and postimmunization. IgG coating activity was also demonstrated in postimmunization whole saliva. In other studies, whole saliva agglutinin titers correlated poorly with saline agglutinin, neutralization‐resistant antibody, or hemolysin titers of the corresponding sera. These findings indicate little or no value for whole saliva agglutinins in predicting the nature of serum antibody and support the concept that the secretory immunoglobulin system is distinct from the system producing circulating antibody.
Haemagglutinins from some British Non‐Marine Mollusca
Authors: Pemberton R. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 15 out of 29 species of British non‐marine Mollusca examined yielded agglutinins against human erythrocytes. Six had agglutinins of varying anti‐A specificities, one anti‐B, one anti‐A+B, one anti‐H and five of no evident specificity. Another agglutinated native erythrocytes without specificity, but did not agglutinate red cells treated with proteolytic enzymes or neuraminidase. A further species showed some evidence of possessing a blood group B‐like substance.
Anti‐NA. An Antibody Sub‐dividing Melanesian N
Authors: Booth P. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody has been encountered occurring naturally in two healthy untransfused male Melanesian blood donors, the specificity of which is directed against a part of the N antigen. The effect is demonstrable with Melanesian but not so far with Caucasian red cell samples. Against the latter, the antibody acts as anti‐N, with a pronounced dosage effect, whereas a proportion of N‐containing Melanesian bloods fail to react. There are indications that the same may hold good for some American Negroes and South American Indians.

The antibody may be ‘new’, or may possibly be the same as the ‘anti‐N’ reported on two occasions as occurring in MN individuals, but not acting as an auto‐agglutinin.

The antibody has been designated anti‐NA, the corresponding part of the N antigen NA, and cells lacking this specificity Na. It has not proved possible to separate any component having the properties of anti‐NA from five human and one rabbit anti‐N sera, and these sera failed to distinguish NA from Na cells.

Family studies on Melanesians show that NA appears to be inherited in a straightforward manner. The proportion of NN Melanesians who lack NA varies between 10 and 30% in different ethnic groups, in one of which there is a hint of significant association between S and NA. The varying IT content of Melanesian bloods does not enter into the NA — Na difference.
Demonstration of Lex Substance in the Saliva of ABH Non‐Secretors
Authors: Andresen P. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Agglutination inhibition of anti‐Lex was observed with saliva from nonsecretor individuals of blood group Le(a–b–x–), even when these persons do not posses the Leb1 substance. This shows that the anti‐Lex must be different from anti‐Leb1 and that the receptor Lex is different from Leh1
Freezing of Lymphocytes. Presentation of a New Fully Automated Device and Comparison Between Three Methods
Authors: Lindblom J. B. , Johansson H. , Högman C. F. , Säfwenberg J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A fully automated device for temperature‐controlled freezing of cell suspensions is described and compared with a commercially available apparatus and with a manual technique.

The results obtained with the new machine, when used to freeze lymphocytes was superior to those of the two other methods both with respect to the amount of liquid nitrogen required for a freezing cycle, easiness to handle and freeze‐injury to the cells.
Removal of Leukocytes from Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Suspensions by Filtration through Cotton Wool
Authors: Diepenhorst P. , Reijnierse E. , Prins H. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Units of packed red cells, derived from CPD blood, were stored for 2 or 7 days at 2°C. Using the filtration method described earlier, practically all leukocytes were removed. After filtration, the erythrocyte suspensions were again stored for 2 or 7 days at 2°C. The red cells were then labelled with Na2 61CrO4 and infused into the original donors. The survival of the red cells was determined 24 and 48 h after infusion.

Comparison to the data obtained after transfusion of labelled but unfiltered packed cells derived from CPD blood and stored for 14 or 17 days in PVC bags showed no differences in viability.
Frequency of Monoclonal Gammapathy (‘M Components’) in 13,400 Sera from Blood Donors
Authors: Fine J. M. , Lambin P. , Leroux P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Serum electrophoresis were performed in 13,400 healthy adult subjects (blood donors) and 20 cases of monoclonal gammapathy were detected: ten cases out of 10,300 blood donors from Paris and ten out of 3,100 blood donors from Saint‐Nazaire. The frequency of ‘M Component’ was of 0.1 and 0.3%, respectively. Four cases were related to myeloma or Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia and the other 16 cases could be ascribed to a ‘benign essential monoclonal gammapathy’ (BEMG). The distribution of heavy and light chain classes in BEMG was 13 γ (11 K and 2 L) and 3 MK. This screening of a normal population allowed detection of either clinically premalignant states or the occurrence and evolution of benign essential forms of gammapathies.
A Serum Agglutinating Human Red Cells Exposed to EDTA
Authors: Gillund T. D. , Howard P. L. , Isham Betsy
Published: March 2009

A sample of serum was found to agglutinate cells which had been exposed to EDTA. Agglutination disappeared when EDTA was removed and reappeared when the EDTA was readded. This phenomenon can lead to unexpected agglutination and confusion in backtyping.
The Action of the Blood Group B Gene‐Specified α‐Galactosyltransferase from Human Serum and Stomach Mucosal Extracts on Group O and ‘Bombay’ Oh Erythrocytes
Authors: Race Caroline , Watkins Winifred M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human blood group O cells were converted to B‐active cells by incubation with uridine diphosphate d‐galactose and enzyme preparations from group B stomach mucosa or serum from group B or AB subjects. The specificity of the converted cells was tested by their reaction with human and rabbit anti‐B sera and by the specific inhibition of the newly acquired agglutinating properties by soluble blood group B substance and B‐active oligosaccharides. The failure of the α‐galactosyltransferases to transform cells of the ‘Bombay’ Oh phenotype into B‐active cells supports the concept that H‐active structures are the acceptors of the transferred galactosyl residues.
Interaction between Placental Alkaline Phosphatase and ABO System Polymorphisms
Authors: Bottini E. , Lucarelli P. , Orzalesi M. , Palmarino R. , Di Mino M. , Gloria F. , Terrenato L. , Spennati G. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Placental alkaline phosphatase is a polymorphic glycoenzyme, produced by the fetal part of the placenta, which is found at an early stage of gestation and in considerable amount in the maternal bloodstream. Previous studies have shown an interaction of this polymorphism with that of ABO system during intrauterine life.

In the present study the relationship between placental alkaline phosphatase phenotype and feto‐maternal isoimmunization in the ABO system was investigated. Isoimmunization was defined by a positive direct Coombs test on cord blood and/or jaundice in the neonatal period. In infants incompatible with their mothers in the B group, the incidence of the above‐mentioned signs of isoimmunization was lower in the presence of allele PIf1 of placental alkaline phosphatase. This relationship was not found in infants of group A.

The present observations suggest that placental alkaline phosphatase may play an important role in the maternal‐fetal immunological relationships.
Haemoglobin Siriraj, β‐7 (βA4) Glu→ Lys, in a Chinese Subject in Taiwan
Authors: Blackwell R. Q. , Liu C.‐S. , Wang C.‐L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Haemoglobin Siriraj, β‐7 Glu→Lys, was reported in members of a Thai family by Tuchinda, Beale and Lehmann [Brit. med. J. 1: 1583–1585, 1965]. The same variant now is reported in a normal Chinese subject originating from the Chinese province of Honan. Relative amounts of haemoglobins Ao and Siriraj were 67 to 33. Incidence of Siriraj in Chinese subjects is low; only one subject was found among 160,000 Chinese tested.
Anti‐Lu8, an Antibody Recognizing Another Lutheran‐Related Antigen
Authors: MacIlroy Mija , McCreary Joan , Stroup Marjory
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody defining another high‐frequency antigen within the Lutheran system, designated as anti‐Lu8, has been found in the serum of a Caucasian woman. The serum is compatible with Lu(a‐b‐) cells of the dominant and recessive types but reacts with Lu(a‐b+) cells that are Lu(‐4), Lu(‐5), Lu(‐6) and Lu(‐7). All of the family members are Lu(a‐b+). The red cells of two of the four siblings are not agglutinated by the serum but the red cells of her parents and two children are agglutinated suggesting that Lu8 is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene.
Loss of Blood Group Antigenicity in a Patient with Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Scott G. L. , Rasbridge M. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An instance of change in ABO blood group is described in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. The patient's red cells previously grouped as A developed characteristics resembling Am. In addition, I antigenicity became weaker.
A Simplified Method for Lymphocyte Separation1
Authors: Weisbart R. H. , Webb W. F. , Bluestone R. , Goldberg L. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple method for separating lymphocytes from peripheral blood is described. Using this technique, 40% of the lymphocytes present in whole blood could be recovered. The cells isolated were all viable and the average composition was 91% mononuclear cells with 87% lymphocytes.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Vogelaar E. F. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Beentjes S. P. , Krijnen H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Analysis of the production of plasma protein fraction (PPF) showed a considerable loss of albumin (18 to 25% of the amount present in whole blood) in the cell concentrate after centrifugation of blood and in fraction IV (11% of the amount present in plasma) during ethanol fractionation with a modified Cohn VI method.

The recovery of albumin could be increased by washing 10 volumes of cell concentrate, derived from blood centrifuged in a ‘bottle centrifuge’ with one volume of 6% NaCl solution. After centrifugation, 120 ml supernatant per unit of blood is obtained with a protein content of 3%. This diluted plasma is mixed with normal plasma and fractionated according to the modified Cohn VI method. The effect of the described modifications is that the quantity of PPF obtained from blood centrifuged in a ‘bottle centrifuge’ is at least 30% more, not only by the recovery of the plasma proteins formerly remaining in the red cell suspension, but also by a decreased loss of albumin in fraction IV. The final product meets the minimum requirements for PPF.

When the blood is centrifuged in a continuous centrifuge, the loss of albumin could be decreased from 18 to 5% by using 2.6% trisodiumcitrate and 0.72% NaCl as an anticoagulant solution instead of ACD and by a lower flow rate.
IgG Cold Agglutinins and First Trimester Abortion
Authors: Mygind K. , Ahrons S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two patients with first trimester abortion and idiopathic cold agglutinin syndrome due to cold auto‐antibodies of the IgM and IgG immunoglobulin classes are reported.

Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and 2‐mercapto‐ethanol treatment indicated the presence of IgM as well as IgG cold agglutinins.

The possible relationship between the abortions and these cold agglutinins is discussed.
Recovery of Australia Antigen from Human Plasma Products Separated by a Modified Cohn Fractionation
Authors: Berg Rebekka , Björling H. , Berntsen K. , Espmark Å.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. One liter of strongly Australia antigen positive plasma was subjected to a modified Cohn fractionation and samples from the various steps of the process were assayed quantitatively for Australia antigen. More than 85% of the original quantity of Australia antigen was recovered from fraction IV. Intermediate amounts, about 2%, were found in fraction III and in the washing fluids after the fibrinogen wash. The final fibrinogen product had no detectable Australia antigen. About 1 % of the antigen was recovered from the albumin. γ‐Globulin before treatment with DEAE‐Sephadex had a low content, about 0.1% of the original amount of antigen, whereas DEAE‐Sephadex treated material (final gammaglobulin) was free of demonstrable Au‐antigen.

The findings are discussed in relation to clinical reports on hepatitis risks connected with the various products.
Erythrocyte Destruction and Reticuloendothelial Function in the Autoimmune Hemolytic Disease of NZB Mice1
Authors: Login I. S. , Mellors R. C. , Mayer K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. New Zealand Black (NZB) mice spontaneously develop Coombs positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The pathogenesis of the hemolytic anemia was investigated through radioisotopic methods using chromium‐labeled (51Cr) syngeneic erythrocytes to measure the chromium disappearance rate. Chromium disappearance was monitored in both the presence and absence of ‘bound’ autoantibodies. Technetium‐labeled colloidal sulfide (99mTc) was injected i.v. to assess the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. The mean rate of disappearance of chromium from the circulation of Coombs negative NZB mice was comparable to that of a control CBA strain. Coombs positive NZB mice had a greater destruction rate with the rate being proportional to the degree of autoantibody sensitization. The hepatic technetium uptake in Coombs positive NZB mice was about 50% greater than in Coombs negative NZB mice. The spleen and bone marrow had a greater uptake and the liver a smaller uptake of 99mTc in Coombs negative NZB mice than in a control group of mice.

It is concluded that both erythrocyte autoantibodies and increased reticuloendothelial activity influence the destruction of erythrocytes in Coombs positive NZB mice.
Population and Family Studies on the Amount of Salivary ABH Blood Group Substances
Authors: Giusti G. V. , Panari G. , Floris M. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The saliva of 600 subjects (369 unrelated individuals and 231 distributed in 42 families) was analyzed as to the titre of the specific ABO substances and of the H substance. The distribution of secretor and non‐secretor individuals is in agreement with data reported by others. It has been shown that a correlation exists between the amount of the specific substance and of the H substance in unrelated individuals. The hypothesis of a possible genetic control over the amount of the specific substance has been confirmed.
Further Examples of the Lutheran Lu(‐5) Blood Type1
Authors: Bowen Ann B. , Haist Anna L. , Talley Linda L. , Reid Marion E. , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

Further examples of the Lu(‐5) blood type have been found in a family with three siblings, providing evidence that it is an inherited character. Parents of the propositus were second cousins but are dead and the family study is incomplete. The results of Lutheran, Lewis and ABH secretor studies do, however, give some positive evidence of the possibility of linkage between Lu, Lu5 and Secretor, and make linkage between Lu5 and Le unlikely.
A Second Example of Lu(–6) in the Lutheran System1
Authors: Wrobel D. M. , Moore B. P. L. , Cornwall Sheila , Wray Elizabeth , Øyen Ragnhild , Marsh W. L.
Published: March 2009

A further blood sample lacking the high frequency red cell antigen Lu6 has been found. The cells are agglutinated by the low frequency antibody anti‐Lu9, and the results provide additional confirmation that the antigens Lu6 and Lu9 are controlled by allelic genes. Serum of the propositus contains anti‐Lu6, agglutinating all red cell samples except those that are Lu(a–b–) or Lu(–6).
Monocyte Receptors for Immunoglobulin and Complement in Immunologic Deficiency Diseases1
Authors: Douglas S. D. , Goldberg L. S.
Published: March 2009

Semiquantitative assessment of the human monocyte IgG receptor in normal subjects and patients with acquired agammaglobulinemia, chronic granulomatous disease chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and the Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome revealed no detectable differences. The monocyte C3 receptor was found to be normal in cells from patients with the Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome. Monocyte receptors should be further investigated in patients with various forms of immunologic deficiency.