Synthesis of Novel Plant-Derived Encapsulated Radiolabeled Compounds for the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease and the Evaluation of Biological Effects with In Vitro/In Vivo Methods
Authors: Uygur Emre , Karatay Kadriye Büşra , Derviş Emine , Evren Vedat , Kılçar Ayfer Yurt , Güldü Özge Kozguş , Sezgin Ceren , Çinleti Burcu Acar , Tekin Volkan , Muftuler Fazilet Zumrut Biber 
Published: April 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of individuals globally. It is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc) and striatum. Neuroimaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help diagnosing PD. In this study, the focus was on developing technetium-99 m ([99mTc]Tc) radiolabeled drug delivery systems using plant-derived compounds for the diagnosis of PD. Madecassoside (MA), a plant-derived compound, was conjugated with Levodopa (L-DOPA) to form MA-L-DOPA, which was then encapsulated using Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) to create MA-PLGA and MA-L-DOPA-PLGA nanocapsules. Extensive structural analysis was performed using various methods such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize the synthesized products. Radiochemical yields of radiolabeled compounds were determined using thin layer radio chromatography (TLRC) and high performance liquid radio chromatography (HPLRC) methods. In vitro cell culture studies were conducted on human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cell lines to assess the incorporation of [99mTc]Tc radiolabeled compounds ([99mTc]Tc-MA, [99mTc]Tc-MA-L-DOPA, [99mTc]Tc-MA-PLGA and [99mTc]Tc-MA-L-DOPA-PLGA) and the cytotoxicity of inactive compounds (MA and MA-L-DOPA compounds and encapsulated compounds (MA-PLGA and MA-L-DOPA-PLGA). Additionally, the biodistribution studies were carried out on healthy male Sprague–Dawley rats and a Parkinson’s disease experimental model to evaluate the compounds’ bioactivity using the radiolabeled compounds. The radiochemical yields of all radiolabeled compounds except [99mTc]Tc-L-DOPA-PLGA were above 95% and had stability over 6 h. The cytotoxic effects of all substances on SH-SY5Y and PC-12 cells increase with increasing concentration values. The uptake values of PLGA-encapsulated compounds are statistically significant in SH-SY5Y and PC-12 cells. The biodistribution studies showed that [99mTc]Tc-MA is predominantly retained in specific organs and brain regions, with notable uptake in the prostate, muscle, and midbrain. PLGA-encapsulation led to higher uptake in certain organs, suggesting its biodegradable nature may enhance tissue retention, and surface modifications might further optimize brain penetration. Overall, the results indicate that radiolabeled plant-derived encapsulated drug delivery systems with [99mTc]Tc hold potential as diagnostic agents for PD symptoms. This study contributes to the advancement of drug delivery agents in the field of brain research.