bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronique du droit « Post-Snowden » : La CJUE et la CEDH sonnent le glas de la surveillance de masse
Authors: Foegle Jean-Philippe
Published: March 2016

Le 6 octobre 2015, la Cour de Justice de l'Union Européenne a invalidé la décision 2000/520/CE relative aux transferts de données à caractère personnel vers les États-Unis validant les principes dits de la « sphère de sécurité » ou Safe Harbor qui constituaient auparavant le fondement des transferts de données de l'Union Européenne vers les Etats-Unis. Dans un contexte d'interaction et de concurrence entre le droit de la Convention Européenne des droits de l'Homme, il est remarquable de noter que la Cour de Strasbourg a, elle aussi, opéré une condamnation stricte de la surveillance de masse dans son arrêt Zakharov de décembre 2015 et son arrêt Szabo de janvier 2016, tout en élargissant le statut de « victime » en matière de surveillance. Les trois arrêts, condamnant la surveillance de masse, apparaissent tout entier tournés vers une exigence commune de prééminence du droit et d'effectivité des recours, ce qui est inédit au regard des positions précédentes de ces juridictions. Cette nouvelle approche ne semble avoir d'autre but que d'instaurer plus aisément un dialogue direct avec les citoyens et d'instaurer une perméabilité des discours juridictionnels et des discours « militants », la révélation de l'existence du programme « Prism » par Edward Snowden jouant, en toile de fond, un rôle prééminent dans le raisonnement mené par les juges de Luxembourg et de Strasbourg. L'on peut indéniablement parler en la matière de l'émergence d'un droit « Post-Snowden », marqué de manière subtile par le développement et la légitimation des techniques de surveillance, mais aussi par la remise en cause croissante des aspects les plus liberticides de celle-ci. A cet égard, si les arrêts commentés sonnent en apparence le glas de la surveillance de masse, ceux-ci semblent également en partie aller une reconnaissance de l'inéluctabilité du développement de celle-ci, dont les effets devraient alors être contre-balancés par un contrôle effectif des cours sur les abus d'une surveillance de ce type. La frontière entre les valeurs de liberté et les valeurs de sécurité est ainsi plus que jamais mouvante et incertaine.
The Relationship between Fast Fashion and Luxury Brands
Authors: Amatulli Cesare , Mileti Antonio , Speciale Vincenzo , Guido Gianluigi
Published: March 2016

This chapter explores how the luxury sector has been affected by the fast fashion brands in the UK market. In particular, this chapter examines the effects of fast fashion activity on luxury brands and more specifically on how the marketing strategies of luxury brands have been drawn to the fast fashion model. Moreover, it analyzes how co-branding collaborations between luxury and fast fashion brands have positively affected consumer' perception of the luxury brands. The chapter is based on a theoretical review and two studies. Results provide insights for the international fashion business, showing how luxury fashion brands lean towards the fast fashion model and how co-branding collaborations between luxury and fast fashion brands are positive for luxury brands in terms of customer perception.
The Role of the Founder's DNA throughout Crisis
Authors: Re Piergiorgio , Giachino Chiara , Bertoldi Bernardo , Minopoli Marta
Published: March 2016

In this chapter the authors analyze the Moncler case using concepts link to the family business world. In the luxury industry family businesses are existing entities with a strong DNA created by a founder leader and guided by his vision across generations; the strong link between the founder's DNA, the company and the customers implies a high level of influence on how resources are managed and, consequently, it changes dynamics and results. In the rapid changing luxury industry's business environment it is necessary for the companies to maintain the DNA's heritage. To succeed it is necessary to innovate and to remain linked to the root of the past through innovation and evolution. Moncler perfectly shows how - from the successful vision of the founder to a deep crisis - is possible to reach a second life (with a new re-founder) appealing to the original values and DNA of the company.
Using Audio and Video Feedback to Increase Instructor Presence in Asynchronous Online Courses
Authors: Olesova Larisa , Borup Jered
Published: March 2016

Due to a growing number of online courses and programs, educators' interest in using audio and video feedback in asynchronous online environment has increased. Studies have found evidence that the use of audio and video feedback in asynchronous online courses can increase instructor presence and enhance online community interactions. The purpose of this chapter is to share research findings on audio and video feedback and to overview qualities of effective feedback. The chapter also presents potential benefits and limitations of audio and video feedback in online environments. Researchers and practitioners interested in implementing both types of feedback in online courses will find solutions, recommendations and possible future research directions.
An Exact Solution of Non-Newtonian Peristaltic Flow in a Tube : Rabinowitsch Fluid Model
Authors: Singh U.P.
Published: March 2016

With the development of medical science, non-Newtonian fluids have taken on added significance with a variety of applications in real life. The flow of non-Newtonian fluids in tubes and pipes plays a vital role in daily life. The examples of such applications are medical instruments, human body, machines, etc. The study of such mechanisms with the Newtonian fluids has not been found satisfactory due to nonlinear behavior of stress strain relationship. In the present analysis, the study of peristaltic flow in a tube has been carried out taking into account the non-Newtonian fluid : Rabinowitsch fluid model. Considering the significant terms in Navier-Stokes equations, solutions have been derived for fluid flow in axial direction in terms of pressure gradient. Using the continuity of flow, and exact solution has been derived for fluid pressure at wall. To establish the applicability of the solution, results for pressure rise at wall, pressure gradient and streamlines have been presented graphically.
Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Plays a Major Role in Streptococcus pneumoniae–Induced Immunosuppression
Authors: Saumyaa  , Pujanauski Lindsey , Colino Jesus , Flora Michael , Torres Raul M. , Tuomanen Elaine , Snapper Clifford M.
Published: March 2016

Intact, inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae [including the unencapsulated S. pneumoniae, serotype 2 strain (R36A)] markedly inhibits the humoral immune response to coimmunized heterologous proteins, a property not observed with several other intact Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we determined the nature of this immunosuppressive property. Because phosphorylcholine (PC), a major haptenic component of teichoic acid in the S. pneumoniae cell wall, and lipoteichoic acid in the S. pneumoniae membrane were previously reported to be immunosuppressive when derived from filarial parasites, we determined whether R36A lacking PC (R36Apc−) was inhibitory. Indeed, although R36Apc− exhibited a markedly reduced level of inhibition of the IgG response to coimmunized chicken OVA (cOVA), no inhibition was observed when using several other distinct PC-expressing bacteria or a soluble, protein–PC conjugate. Further, treatment of R36A with periodate, which selectively destroys PC residues, had no effect on R36A-mediated inhibition. Because R36Apc− also lacks choline-binding proteins (CBPs) that require PC for cell wall attachment, and because treatment of R36A with trypsin eliminated its inhibitory activity, we incubated R36A in choline chloride, which selectively strips CBPs from its surface. R36A lacking CBPs lost most of its inhibitory property, whereas the supernatant of choline chloride–treated R36A, containing CBPs, was markedly inhibitory. Coimmunization studies using cOVA and various S. pneumoniae mutants, each genetically deficient in one of the CBPs, demonstrated that only S. pneumoniae lacking the CBP pneumococcal surface protein A lost its ability to inhibit the IgG anti-cOVA response. These results strongly suggest that PspA plays a major role in mediating the immunosuppressive property of S. pneumoniae.
A Study of Failure Events in Drinking Water Systems as a Basis for Comparison and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Potable Reuse Schemes
Authors: Onyango Laura A. , Quinn Chloe , Tng Keng H. , Wood James G. , Leslie Greg
Published: March 2016

Potable reuse is implemented in several countries around the world to augment strained water supplies. This article presents a public health perspective on potable reuse by comparing the critical infrastructure and institutional capacity characteristics of two well-established potable reuse schemes with conventional drinking water schemes in developed nations that have experienced waterborne outbreaks. Analysis of failure events in conventional water systems between 2003 and 2013 showed that despite advances in water treatment technologies, drinking water outbreaks caused by microbial contamination were still frequent in developed countries and can be attributed to failures in infrastructure or institutional practices. Numerous institutional failures linked to ineffective treatment protocols, poor operational practices, and negligence were detected. In contrast, potable reuse schemes that use multiple barriers, online instrumentation, and operational measures were found to address the events that have resulted in waterborne outbreaks in conventional systems in the past decade. Syndromic surveillance has emerged as a tool in outbreak detection and was useful in detecting some outbreaks; increases in emergency department visits and GP consultations being the most common data source, suggesting potential for an increasing role in public health surveillance of waterborne outbreaks. These results highlight desirable characteristics of potable reuse schemes from a public health perspective with potential for guiding policy on surveillance activities.
UTILIZAÇÃO DO SPAD-502 PARA A PREDIÇÃO DOS TEORES DE NITROGÊNIO EM MUDAS DE Croton urucurana Baill.
Authors: Uesugi Glaucia , Favan João Ricardo , Moraes Cristiano Bueno de , Wankginiak Thayana Cristina Rebello , Silva Magali Ribeiro da
Published: March 2016

O clorofilômetro portátil SPAD-502 permite avaliar o aspecto nutricional da planta de forma rápida e não destrutiva, sendo utilizado na área agronômica, mas com poucas pesquisas na silvicultura. Dessa maneira, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a viabilidade do uso do SPAD na predição dos teores de nitrogênio em mudas de Croton urucurana produzidas em diferentes doses de solução nutritiva. As leituras com o equipamento foram realizadas em quatro folhas do terço médio de cada muda, para a obtenção de uma média/muda. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, três tratamentos de doses crescentes de solução nutritiva, quatro parcelas, 12 plantas/parcela. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Houve correlação entre a leitura SPAD e o teor de N (R² = 0,87), sendo que nas doses menos concentradas houve correlação positiva. O uso do SPAD pode ser indicado como uma alternativa para a predição do teor de nitrogênio em mudas da espécie Croton urucurana.
Philosophy in a Meaningless Life
Authors: Tartaglia James
Published: March 2016

Philosophy in a Meaningless Life provides an account of the nature of philosophy which is rooted in the question of the meaning of life. It makes a powerful and vivid case for believing that this question is neither obscure nor obsolete, but reflects a quintessentially human concern to which other traditional philosophical problems can be readily related; allowing them to be reconnected with natural interest, and providing a diagnosis of the typical lines of opposition across philosophy’s debates.

James Tartaglia looks at the various ways philosophers have tried to avoid the conclusion that life is meaningless, and in the process have distanced philosophy from the concept of transcendence. Rejecting all of this, Tartaglia embraces nihilism (‘we are here with nothing to do’), and uses transcendence both to provide a new solution to the problem of consciousness, and to explain away perplexities about time and universals. He concludes that with more self-awareness, philosophy can attain higher status within a culture increasingly in need of it.
Stratospheric ozone changes under solar geoengineering: implications for UV exposure and air quality
Authors: Nowack Peer Johannes , Abraham Nathan Luke , Braesicke Peter , Pyle John Adrian
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Various forms of geoengineering have been proposed to counter anthropogenic climate change. Methods which aim to modify the Earth's energy balance by reducing insolation are often subsumed under the term solar radiation management (SRM). Here, we present results of a standard SRM modelling experiment in which the incoming solar irradiance is reduced to offset the global mean warming induced by a quadrupling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. For the first time in an atmosphere–ocean coupled climate model, we include atmospheric composition feedbacks for this experiment. While the SRM scheme considered here could offset greenhouse gas induced global mean surface warming, it leads to important changes in atmospheric composition. We find large stratospheric ozone increases that induce significant reductions in surface UV-B irradiance, which would have implications for vitamin D production. In addition, the higher stratospheric ozone levels lead to decreased ozone photolysis in the troposphere. In combination with lower atmospheric specific humidity under SRM, this results in overall surface ozone concentration increases in the idealized G1 experiment. Both UV-B and surface ozone changes are important for human health. We therefore highlight that both stratospheric and tropospheric ozone changes must be considered in the assessment of any SRM scheme, due to their important roles in regulating UV exposure and air quality.
Notes Toward a World-Historical Data Resource
Authors: Manning Patrick
Published: March 2016

n/a
Contributors
Authors: Ruvolo David T.
Published: March 2016

n/a
Custos da implantação de um protocolo de prevenção de úlceras por pressão em um hospital universitário
Authors: Lima Antônio Fernandes Costa , Castilho Valéria , Rogenski Noemi Marisa Brunet , Baptista Cleide Maria Caetano , Rogenski Karin Emília
Published: March 2016

Pesquisa quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso, objetivando calcular os custos diretos da implantação de um protocolo de prevenção de úlceras por pressão (UPs) em um hospital universitário. Foram mapeadas as atividades constituintes das etapas elaboração, implantação e avaliação da implantação do protocolo. O salário hora/profissional foi multiplicado pelo tempo despendido em cada atividade e o custo unitário dos produtos, acessórios e equipamentos multiplicado pela quantidade adquirida para a viabilização do protocolo. A moeda brasileira (R$) utilizada originalmente para os cálculos foi convertida para a moeda norte-americana pela taxa de US$ 0.49/R$. Os custos totalizaram US$ 60,857.38 (100%), sendo US$ 38,297.64 (62,93%) relativos à mão de obra direta de enfermeiros, técnicos/auxiliares de enfermagem e secretária, e US$ 22,559.74 (37,07%) referentes à aquisição de produtos, acessórios e equipamentos. Espera-se que os resultados obtidos contribuam para subsidiar discussões acerca da imprescindibilidade de investimentos financeiros à efetivação de medidas preventivas de UPs.
Como você se sente? Emoções de estudantes após praticarem bullying
Authors: Silva Jorge Luiz da , Oliveira Wanderlei Abadio de , Sampaio Julliane Messias Cordeiro , Farias Marilurdes Silva , Alencastro Lidiane Cristina da Silva , Silva Marta Angélica Iossi
Published: March 2016

Objetivou-se identificar e analisar as emoções geradas em estudantes envolvidos em situações de bullying como agressores. Trata-se de estudo transversal descritivo realizado com 232 estudantes do sexto ao nono ano do ensino fundamental que responderam a um questionário autoaplicável. Os dados foram analisados no Statistical Analysis Software, mediante estatística descritiva e Teste Exato de Fisher. Do total de estudantes, 17,4% foram identificados como agressores. Prevaleceu não sentir nenhuma emoção após a prática de agressões contra colegas para meninos (36,7%) e meninas (25,0%). Os meninos demonstraram sentirem ainda raiva (26,7%) e tristeza (23,3%) em menor proporção, ao passo que as meninas também demonstraram sentir culpa (25,0%), tristeza (16,7%) e vergonha (8,3%). O estudo indica que os agressores investigados apresentam emoções que não concorrem para compreensão dos efeitos negativos da violência que praticam, bem como não colaboram para a interrupção das agressões.
Clima de segurança do paciente em um hospital especializado em oncologia
Authors: Barbosa Maria Helena , Sousa Eduarda Mendes , Felix Márcia Marques dos Santos , Oliveira Karoline Faria , Barichello Elizabeth
Published: March 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o clima de segurança na perspectiva dos profissionais da equipe de saúde de um hospital especializado em oncologia. Estudo observacional, seccional, realizado com 66 profissionais da saúde, utilizando-se o Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. Para as análises foram utilizados teste t de Student e correlação de Sperman (?=0,05). O escore geral do instrumento foi 70,28. O domínio com melhor escore foi satisfação no trabalho (86,74) e os domínios com menor escore foram percepção da gerência (64,99) e percepção do estresse (61,74). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativa das médias entre os sexos, mas esta esteve presente entre os que realizaram ou não pós-graduação. Não houve correlação entre escores e tempo na especialidade de atuação na instituição. A avaliação final demonstrou fragilidades na percepção dos profissionais da saúde em relação às questões que envolvem o clima de segurança institucional.
Anopheles DIVERSITY AND MALARIA INFECTION IN THE COCAIS ZONE, STATE OF MARANHÃO, BRAZIL
Authors: Francisca Silva Nascimento Lopes Nadja , Maria Trindade Bezerra Juliana , Santos Leonardo Francisco , Pinheiro Rodrigues Vandilson , Pedro Tadei Wanderli , Cristina Soares Pinheiro Valéria
Published: March 2016

Realizou-se um levantamento das espécies de Anopheles no município de São Mateus, estado do Maranhão. Foram estudados os hábitos da espécie, a hematofagia, a influência da sazonalidade, assim como a infecção do vetor por Plasmodium. Os mosquitos fêmeas de Anopheles foram capturados entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2010 e em março de 2012, das 18h às 21h, no intra e peridomicílio. A PCR foi utilizada para os estudos de infecção. Um total de 615 espécimes de Anopheles foi capturado, sendo 223 (36,2%) na localidade de Piquizeiro e 392 (63,8%) na Fazenda Retiro Velho, distribuídos entre as espécies An. nuneztovari, An. darlingi, An. triannulatus, An. albitarsis e An. oswaldoi. No Piquizeiro, a maioria foi capturada na área intradomiciliar e, na Fazenda Retiro Velho, no peridomicílio. Os resultados mostram a influência da sazonalidade, o tempo de captura e frequência hematofágica dos Anopheles capturados. A análise da infecção negativa para Plasmodium demonstra a redução dos casos de malária no estado no período de estudo.
Influence of Process Parameters on the Surface Roughness during turning operation of High Strength Steel
Authors: Mohamed Abbas Adel Taha
Published: March 2016

High strength steels are used in many high-end applications. Due to the high cost of raw material, manufacturing engineers should be very careful during their machining process. Surface finish is the critical factor in the turning process of combustion chambers of gun barrels. It should conform to the required accuracy values. This paper analyzes the impact and parameters of the process have on the roughness of the surface. The impact is analyzed during turning operations of high strength steel material. The parameters considered include feed rate, depth of cut and cutting speed. The test plan was implemented through 125 test specimens. The latters were divided into 25 groups. Each five groups were subjected to one common machining speed. Each group was machined using five levels of cutting depth. Each depth was processed using feed rate having five levels. Tessa was used for the examination of the roughness of surface. The experimental findings were compared to the requirement of the surface finish on the basis of the design drawing of gun barrel. The combination of the process variables showed excellent agreement with the design drawing of gun barrels.
H2-TPR, XPS and TEM Study of the Reduction of Ru and Re promoted Co/γ-Al2O3, Co/TiO2 and Co/SiC Catalysts
Authors: Romar H. , Lillebo A. H. , Tynjala P. , Hu T. , Holmen A. , Blekkan E. A. , Lassi U.
Published: March 2016

Effects of Ru and Re promoters on Co-CoOx catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3, TiO2 and SiC were investigated to improve the understanding of the role of promoters of the active phase of Co-CoOx-Ru and Co-CoOx-Re. The influence of promoter addition on the composition and activity of the catalysts was characterized by several methods, such as H2-TPR, XPS, chemisorption and TEM. Furthermore, the role of support and metal-support interaction was especially studied and different support materials were compared.

Based on the results, addition of promoter metals (Ru or Re) will most likely improve catalytic activity of Co/γ-Al2O3, Co/TiO2 and Co/SiC catalysts by increasing the active metal surface available for chemical reaction and by decreasing the size of the metallic nanoparticles. These changes in the catalytic activity were also associated with the changes in the ratio of metal and metal oxide phases in the surface composition as observed by XPS. Promoter metals also decreased the reduction temperatures needed for the reduction of Co3O4 to CoO and further to metallic cobalt. Significant decrease in reduction temperature was observed especially when ruthenium was used as the promoter.
Research of Properties and Structure of Boron-modified Roll-foundry Iron
Authors: Vdovin K. N. , Zaitseva A. A. , Feoktistov N. A.
Published: March 2016

The aim of the research is to determine the properties and the structure of boron-alloyed iron used for rolls production. It was found that boron can form different carbides in iron, which significantly improve both hardenability and microhardness. Iron borides Fe3(B,C) are also formed in cast iron as only 40% of carbon atoms in cementite matrix can be replaced by boron. Besides, boron influences the temperatures of structural constituents decomposition (increases the rate of cementite decomposition), it also decreases the temperatures of developing phase transformations. The research group determined the kinetics of martensite decomposition, which is formed when chilled cast iron is poured into a metal mold and then undergoes thermal treatment to the temperature of 400 °C. In the temperature range of 210 – 400 °C the main process is decomposition of the retained austenite into bainite, while in the temperature range of 400 – 500 °C, the main process is decomposition of martensite and forming a ferrite-cementite mixture. In order to get the necessary properties of the roll face, it is necessary to provide its thermal treatment (tempering), when it is heated to the temperature of 400 °C to avoid martensite decomposition, because otherwise in the process of roll operation it can result in crack formation. 
Evidence and Attestation Conflicts with Other Cases to Prove Litigation in Iran
Authors: Payrvandi Nazar Ali , Fahimi AzizAllah
Published: March 2016

Conflicts of cases to prove litigation is that between the two reasons that is presented to magistrate in legal disputes have had conflicts and these two reasons are not also retractable. Cases to prove litigation in civic law and Code of Civil Procedure has been described in detail in accordance with Article of 1258 of the Civil Code of cases to prove litigation include: Confession, written documents, attestation, dominion and oath. Evidence and attestation has been emerged as the most important cases to prove litigation and other cases to prove litigation conflicts between those two together and other cases to prove litigation will be responsible for important effects and results to votes and court verdicts. In this paper we investigate the Conflict of Evidence and attestation together and other cases of proving.
Diagnostic Ultrasound of the Soleal Sling
Authors: Rader Andrew J. , Cancelliere Pasquale , Kelly Tyler
Published: March 2016

The soleal sling may be a site of tibial nerve entrapment. Objective diagnosis of this syndrome is difficult with current nerve conduction study techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, and neurosensory testing. Diagnostic ultrasound is ideally suited to visualize the tibial nerve statically and dynamically as it enters the soleal sling, thus making an objective diagnosis of soleal sling impingement much easier.
Diagnosis and Management of Onychomycosis
Authors: Vlahovic Tracey C. , Joseph Warren S. , Scher Richard K. , Tosti Antonella , Plasencia Jesse , Pariser David M. , Markinson Bryan C.
Published: March 2016

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection, and, as such, one of the goals of treatment should be eradication of the infective agent. Despite this, in contrast to dermatologists, many podiatric physicians do not include antifungals in their onychomycosis treatment plans. Before initiating treatment, confirmation of mycologic status via laboratory testing (eg, microscopy with potassium hydroxide preparation, histopathology with periodic acid–Schiff staining, fungal culture, and polymerase chain reaction) is important; however, more podiatric physicians rely solely on clinical signs than do dermatologists. These dissimilarities may be due, in part, to differences between specialties in training, reimbursement patterns, or practice orientation, and to explore these differences further, a joint podiatric medicine–dermatology roundtable was convened. In addition, treatment options have been limited owing to safety concerns with available oral antifungals and relatively low efficacy with previously available topical treatments. Recently approved topical treatments—efinaconzole and tavaborole—offer additional options for patients with mild-to-moderate disease. Debridement alone has no effect on mycologic status, and it is recommended that it be used in combination with an oral or topical antifungal. There is little to no clinical evidence to support the use of lasers or over-the-counter treatments for onychomycosis. After a patient has achieved cure (absence of clinical signs or absence of fungus with minimal clinical signs), lifestyle and hygiene measures, prophylactic/maintenance treatment, and proactive treatment for tinea pedis, including in family members, may help maintain this status.
Accurate energy bands calculated by the hybrid quasiparticle self-consistent GW method implemented in the ecalj package
Authors: Deguchi Daiki , Sato Kazunori , Kino Hiori , Kotani Takao
Published: March 2016

We have recently implemented a new version of the quasiparticle self-consistent GW (QSGW) method in the ecalj package released at http://github.com/tkotani/ecalj. Since the new version of the ecalj package is numerically stable and more accurate than the previous versions, we can perform calculations easily without being bothered with tuning input parameters. Here we examine its ability to describe energy band properties, e.g., band-gap energy, eigenvalues at special points, and effective mass, for a variety of semiconductors and insulators. We treat C, Si, Ge, Sn, SiC (in 2H, 3C, and 4H structures), (Al, Ga, In) × (N, P, As, Sb), (Zn, Cd, Mg) × (O, S, Se, Te), SiO2, HfO2, ZrO2, SrTiO3, PbS, PbTe, MnO, NiO, and HgO. We propose that a hybrid QSGW method, where we mix 80% of QSGW and 20% of LDA, gives universally good agreement with experiments for these materials.
Aging and serum MCP-1 are associated with gut microbiome composition in a murine model
Authors: Conley Melissa N. , Wong Carmen P. , Duyck Kyle M. , Hord Norman , Ho Emily , Sharpton Thomas J.
Published: March 2016

Introduction.Age is the primary risk factor for major human chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic, low-grade, systemic inflammation is associated with aging and the progression of immunosenescence. Immunosenescence may play an important role in the development of age-related chronic disease and the widely observed phenomenon of increased production of inflammatory mediators that accompany this process, referred to as “inflammaging.” While it has been demonstrated that the gut microbiome and immune system interact, the relationship between the gut microbiome and age remains to be clearly defined, particularly in the context of inflammation. The aim of our study was to clarify the associations between age, the gut microbiome, and pro-inflammatory marker serum MCP-1 in a C57BL/6 murine model.

Results.We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile the composition of fecal microbiota associated with young and aged mice. Our analysis identified an association between microbiome structure and mouse age and revealed specific groups of taxa whose abundances stratify young and aged mice. This includes the Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. We also profiled pro-inflammatory serum MCP-1 levels of each mouse and found that aged mice exhibited elevated serum MCP-1, a phenotype consistent with inflammaging. Robust correlation tests identified several taxa whose abundance in the microbiome associates with serum MCP-1 status, indicating that they may interact with the mouse immune system. We find that taxonomically similar organisms can exhibit differing, even opposite, patterns of association with the host immune system. We also find that many of the OTUs that associate with serum MCP-1 stratify individuals by age.

Discussion.Our results demonstrate that gut microbiome composition is associated with age and the pro-inflammatory marker, serum MCP-1. The correlation between age, relative abundance of specific taxa in the gut microbiome, and serum MCP-1 status in mice indicates that the gut microbiome may play a modulating role in age-related inflammatory processes. These findings warrant further investigation of taxa associated with the inflammaging phenotype and the role of gut microbiome in the health status and immune function of aged individuals.
Sources of dissolved inorganic carbon to the Canada Basin halocline: A multitracer study
Authors: Brown Kristina A. , McLaughlin Fiona , Tortell Philippe D. , Yamamoto‐Kawai Michiyo , Francois Roger
Published: March 2016

We examine the dissolved inorganic carbon maximum in the Canada Basin halocline using a suite of geochemical tracers to gain insight into the factors that contribute to the persistence of this feature. Hydrographic and geochemical samples were collected in the upper 500 m of the southwestern Canada Basin water column in the summer of 2008 and fall of 2009. These observations were used to identify conservative and nonconservative processes that contribute dissolved inorganic carbon to halocline source waters, including shelf sediment organic matter remineralization, air‐sea gas exchange, and sea‐ice brine export. Our results indicate that the remineralization of organic matter that occurs along the Bering and Chukchi Sea shelves is the overwhelming contributor of dissolved inorganic carbon to Pacific Winter Water that occupies the middle halocline in the southwestern Canada Basin. Nonconservative contributions from air‐sea exchange and sea‐ice brine are not significant. The broad salinity range associated with the DIC maximum, compared to the narrow salinity range of the nutrient maximum, is due to mixing between Pacific and Atlantic water and not abiotic addition of DIC.
On the composite response of the MLT to major sudden stratospheric warming events with elevated stratopause
Authors: Limpasuvan Varavut , Orsolini Yvan J. , Chandran Amal , Garcia Rolando R. , Smith Anne K.
Published: March 2016

Based on a climate‐chemistry model (constrained by reanalyses below ~50 km), the zonal‐mean composite response of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) to major sudden stratospheric warming events with elevated stratopauses demonstrates the role of planetary waves (PWs) in driving the mean circulation in the presence of gravity waves (GWs), helping the polar vortex recover and communicating the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) impact across the equator. With the SSW onset, strong westward PW drag appears above 80 km primarily from the dissipation of wave number 1 perturbations with westward period of 5–12 days, generated from below by the unstable westward polar stratospheric jet that develops as a result of the SSW. The filtering effect of this jet also allows eastward propagating GWs to saturate in the winter MLT, providing eastward drag that promotes winter polar mesospheric cooling. The dominant PW forcing translates to a net westward drag above the eastward mesospheric jet, which initiates downwelling over the winter pole. As the eastward polar stratospheric jet returns, this westward PW drag persists above 80 km and acts synergistically with the return of westward GW drag to drive a stronger polar downwelling that warms the pole adiabatically and helps reform the stratopause at an elevated altitude. With the polar wind reversal during the SSW onset, the westward drag by the quasi‐stationary PW in the winter stratosphere drives an anomalous equatorial upwelling and cooling that enhance tropical stratospheric ozone. Along with equatorial wind anomalies, this ozone enhancement subsequently amplifies the migrating semidiurnal tide amplitude in the winter midlatitudes.
Dryland, calcareous soils store (and lose) significant quantities of near‐surface organic carbon
Authors: Cunliffe Andrew M. , Puttock Alan K. , Turnbull Laura , Wainwright John , Brazier Richard E.
Published: March 2016

Semiarid ecosystems are susceptible to changes in dominant vegetation which may have significant implications for terrestrial carbon dynamics. The present study examines the distribution of organic carbon (OC) between particle size fractions in near‐surface (0–0.05 m) soil and the water erosion‐induced redistribution of particle‐associated OC over a grass‐shrub ecotone, in a semiarid landscape, subject to land degradation. Coarse (>2 mm) particles have comparable average OC concentrations to the fine (<2 mm) particles, accounting for ~24–38% of the OC stock in the near‐surface soil. This may be due to aggregate stabilization by precipitated calcium carbonate in these calcareous arid soils. Critically, standard protocols assuming that coarse fraction particles contain no OC are likely to underestimate soil OC stocks substantially, especially in soils with strongly stabilized aggregates. Sediment eroded from four hillslope scale (10 × 30 m) sites during rainstorm events was monitored over four annual monsoon seasons. Eroded sediment was significantly enriched in OC; enrichment increased significantly across the grass‐shrub ecotone and appears to be an enduring phenomenon probably sustained through the dynamic replacement of preferentially removed organic matter. The average erosion‐induced OC event yield increased sixfold across the ecotone from grass‐dominated to shrub‐dominated ecosystems, due to both greater erosion and greater OC enrichment. This erosional pathway is rarely considered when comparing the carbon budgets of grasslands and shrublands, yet this accelerated efflux of OC may be important for long‐term carbon storage potentials of dryland ecosystems.
Association of dissolved mercury with dissolved organic carbon in U.S. rivers and streams: The role of watershed soil organic carbon
Authors: Stoken Olivia M. , Riscassi Ami L. , Scanlon Todd M.
Published: March 2016

Streams and rivers are important pathways for the export of atmospherically deposited mercury (Hg) from watersheds. Dissolved Hg (HgD) is strongly associated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream water, but the ratio of HgD to DOC is highly variable between watersheds. In this study, the HgD:DOC ratios from 19 watersheds were evaluated with respect to Hg wet deposition and watershed soil organic carbon (SOC) content. On a subset of sites where data were available, DOC quality measured by specific ultra violet absorbance at 254 nm, was considered as an additional factor that may influence HgD:DOC . No significant relationship was found between Hg wet deposition and HgD:DOC, but SOC content (g m−2) was able to explain 81% of the variance in the HgD:DOC ratio (ng mg−1) following the form: HgD:DOC=17.8*SOC−0.41. The inclusion of DOC quality as a secondary predictor variable explained only an additional 1% of the variance. A mathematical framework to interpret the observed power‐law relationship between HgD:DOC and SOC suggests Hg supply limitation for adsorption to soils with relatively large carbon pools. With SOC as a primary factor controlling the association of HgD with DOC, SOC data sets may be utilized to predict stream HgD:DOC ratios on a more geographically widespread basis. In watersheds where DOC data are available, estimates of HgD may be readily obtained. Future Hg emissions policies must consider soil‐mediated processes that affect the transport of Hg and DOC from terrestrial watersheds to streams for accurate predictions of water quality impacts.
Ice cap melting and low‐viscosity crustal root explain the narrow geodetic uplift of the Western Alps
Authors: Chéry J. , Genti M. , Vernant P.
Published: March 2016

More than 10 years of geodetic measurements demonstrate an uplift rate of 1–3 mm/yr of the high topography region of the Western Alps. By contrast, no significant horizontal motion has been detected. Two uplift mechanisms have been proposed: (1) the isostatic response to denudation responsible for only a fraction of the observed uplift and (2) the rebound induced by the Wurmian ice cap melting which predicts a broader uplifting region than the one evidenced by geodetic observations. Using a numerical model to fit the geodetic data, we show that a crustal viscosity contrast between the foreland and the central part of the Alps, the latter being weaker with a viscosity of 1021 Pa s, is needed. The vertical rates are enhanced if the strong uppermost mantle beneath the Moho is interrupted across the Alps, therefore allowing a weak vertical rheological anomaly over the entire lithosphere.
Canopy and physiological controls of GPP during drought and heat wave
Authors: Zhang Yao , Xiao Xiangming , Zhou Sha , Ciais Philippe , McCarthy Heather , Luo Yiqi
Published: March 2016

Vegetation indices (VIs) derived from satellite reflectance measurements are often used as proxies of canopy activity to evaluate the impacts of drought and heat wave on gross primary production (GPP) through production efficiency models. However, GPP is also regulated by physiological processes that cannot be directly detected using reflectance measurements. This study analyzes the co‐limitation of canopy and plant physiology (represented by VIs and climate anomalies, respectively) on GPP during the 2003 European summer drought and heat wave for 15 Euroflux sites. During the entire drought period, spatial pattern of GPP anomalies can be quantified by relative changes in VIs. We also find that GPP sensitivity to relative canopy changes is higher for nonforest ecosystems (1.81 ± 0.32%GPP/%enhanced vegetation index), while GPP sensitivity to physiological changes is higher for forest ecosystems (−0.18 ± 0.05 g C m−2 d−1/hPa). A conceptual model is further built to better illustrate the canopy and physiological controls on GPP during drought periods.
Rejection of unknown periodic disturbances for continuous‐time MIMO systems with dynamic uncertainties
Authors: Jafari Saeid , Ioannou Petros A.
Published: March 2016

Rejection of unknown periodic disturbances in multi‐channel systems has several industrial applications that include aerospace, consumer electronics, and many other industries. This paper presents a design and analysis of an output‐feedback robust adaptive controller for multi‐input multi‐output continuous‐time systems in the presence of modeling errors and broadband output noise. The trade‐off between robust stability and performance improvement as well as practical design considerations for performance improvements are presented. It is demonstrated that proper shaping of the open‐loop plant singular values as well as over‐parameterizing the controller parametric model can significantly improve performance. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter‐dependent Lyapunov function‐based robust iterative learning control for discrete systems with actuator faults
Authors: Ding Jian , Cichy Blazej , Galkowski Krzysztof , Rogers Eric , Yang Huizhong
Published: March 2016

This paper considers iterative learning control for a class of uncertain multiple‐input multiple‐output discrete linear systems with polytopic uncertainties and actuator faults. The stability theory for linear repetitive processes is used to develop control law design algorithms that can be computed using linear matrix inequalities. A class of parameter‐dependent Lyapunov functions is used with the aim of enlarging the allowed polytopic uncertainty range for successful design. The effectiveness and feasibility of the new design algorithms are illustrated by a gantry robot case study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous and Directional Transportation of Gas Bubbles on Superhydrophobic Cones
Authors: Yu Cunming , Cao Moyuan , Dong Zhichao , Wang Jingming , Li Kan , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2016

Understanding the behavior of gas bubbles in aqueous media and realizing their spontaneous and directional manipulation are of vital importance in both scientific research and industrial applications, owing to their significant influences on many processes, such as waste water treatment, gas evolution reactions, and the recovery of valuable minerals. However, the behaviors of gas bubbles in aqueous media are mainly dominated by the buoyant force, which greatly impedes gas bubble transportation to any other direction except upward. Consequently, the spontaneous and directional transportation of gas bubbles in aqueous media is still identified as a big issue. Here, superhydrophobic copper cones have been successfully fabricated by integrating low‐surface‐tension chemical coatings with conical morphology. The generated superhydrophobic copper cones are capable of transporting gas bubbles from their tip to the base spontaneously and directionally underwater, even when they are vertically fixed with tips pointing up. The present study will inspire people to develop novel strategies to achieve efficient manipulation of gas bubbles in practical applications.
Nanoscale Thermal Phenomena in the Vicinity of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Alternating Magnetic Fields
Authors: Chiu‐Lam Andreina , Rinaldi Carlos
Published: March 2016

Magnetic nanoparticles can be made to dissipate heat to their immediate surroundings in response to an applied alternating magnetic field. This property, combined with the biocompatibility of iron oxide nanoparticles and the ability of magnetic fields to penetrate deep in the body, makes magnetic nanoparticles attractive in a range of biomedical applications where thermal energy is used either directly to achieve a therapeutic effect or indirectly to actuate the release of a therapeutic agent. Although the concept of bulk heating of fluids and tissues using energy dissipated by magnetic nanoparticles has been well accepted and applied for several decades, many new and exciting biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles take advantage of heat effects that are confined to the immediate nanoscale vicinity of the nanoparticles. Until recently the existence of these nanoscale thermal phenomena had remained controversial. In this short review we summarize some of the recent developments in this field and emerging applications for nanoscale thermal phenomena in the vicinity of magnetic nanoparticles in alternating magnetic fields.
Tuning the Electrochemical Reactivity of Boron‐ and Nitrogen‐Substituted Graphene
Authors: Wu Jingjie , Rodrigues Marco‐Tulio F. , Vajtai Robert , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: March 2016

The structural modification of nanomaterials at the atomic level has the potential to generate tailor‐made components with enhanced performance for a variety of tasks. The chemical versatility of graphene has been constantly employed to fabricate multi‐functional doped 2D materials with applications encompassing energy storage and electrocatalysis. Despite the many reports on boron‐ and nitrogen‐doped graphenes, the possible synergy that arises from combining these electronically complementary elements has yet to be fully understood and explored. The techniques used for the fabrication of these nanomaterials are reviewed, along with the most recent reports on the benefits of B, N singly doping and co‐doping in the electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction reactions and for energy storage in supercapacitors and lithium secondary batteries. The investigation of bulk co‐doped materials has intrinsic limitations in fully understanding the real role of heteroatoms in the above applications. Ultimately, the design and creation of substituted monolayers with controlled compositions might hold the key for carbon‐based energy‐related applications.
Low‐Pressure Hybrid Chemical Vapor Growth for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Large‐Area Module
Authors: Shen Po‐Shen , Chen Jia‐Shin , Chiang Yu‐Hsien , Li Ming‐Hsien , Guo Tzung‐Fang , Chen Peter
Published: March 2016

Vapor‐based deposition technique is considered as a promising approach for preparing a high‐quality and uniform perovskite thin film. With evolution from coevaporation deposition to a low‐pressure vapor‐assisted solution process, both energy budget and reaction yield for perovskite film fabrications are improved. In this paper, a low‐pressure hybrid chemical vapor deposition (LPHCVD) method is applied to fabricate CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films. The crucial dependence of working pressure on the perovskite formation is revealed. Moreover, the reaction time plays an important role in controlling the quality of the synthesized perovskite film. Efficient perovskite solar cells of 14.99% (mesoscopic), 15.37% (planar), and perovskite modules (active area of 8.4 cm2) of 6.22% are achieved by this LPHCVD method.
Regioselective Synthesis of Naphtho‐fused Heterocycles via Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of N‐Tosylhydrazones
Authors: Ngo Thang Ngoc , Dang Tuan Thanh , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: March 2016

We have developed a palladium(0)‐catalyzed tandem process which involves the cross‐coupling reaction of N‐tosylhydrazones with dibromide compounds followed by a sequence of intramolecular 5‐exo‐trig, 3‐exo‐trig cyclization, ring opening, and β‐hydride elimination to produce 6‐endo‐trig cyclized products. The strategy was successfully applied for the regioselective synthesis of substituted benzo[b]naphtho[2,1‐d]thiophenes, naphtho[1,2‐b]benzofurans, and benzo[a]carbazoles in moderate to excellent yields.

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