bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherent imaging of an attosecond electron wave packet
Authors: Villeneuve D. M. , Hockett Paul , Vrakking M. J. J. , Niikura Hiromichi
Published: July 2017

Attosecond pulses image the quantum mechanical nodal structure as an electron is expelled from a neon atom.
Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with chemical resolution
Authors: Aslam Nabeel , Pfender Matthias , Neumann Philipp , Reuter Rolf , Zappe Andrea , Fávaro de Oliveira Felipe , Denisenko Andrej , Sumiya Hitoshi , Onoda Shinobu , Isoya Junichi , Wrachtrup Jörg
Published: July 2017

NMR on diamonds gets down to chemistry

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is immensely useful for chemical characterization, but it requires relatively large amounts of sample. Recent studies have leveraged nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond to detect NMR signals from samples of just a few cubic nanometers, but with low resolution. Aslam
et al.
optimized this technique to achieve a resolution of 1 part per million—sufficient to distinguish among alkyl, vinyl, and aryl protons in solution (see the Perspective by Bar-Gill and Retzker). They also demonstrated solid-state implementation and fluorine detection.

Science
, this issue p.
67
; see also p.
38
Growing anisotropic crystals at the nanoscale
Authors: Liz-Marzán Luis M. , Grzelczak Marek
Published: July 2017

Single-nanoparticle imaging and theoretical modeling can guide synthesis strategies
Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication
Authors: Avni Raz , Nave Moran , Barad Omer , Baruch Kobi , Twardziok Sven O. , Gundlach Heidrun , Hale Iago , Mascher Martin , Spannagl Manuel , Wiebe Krystalee , Jordan Katherine W. , Golan Guy , Deek Jasline , Ben-Zvi Batsheva , Ben-Zvi Gil , Himmelbach Axel , MacLachlan Ron P. , Sharpe Andrew G. , Fritz Allan , Ben-David Roi , Budak Hikmet , Fahima Tzion , Korol Abraham , Faris Justin D. , Hernandez Alvaro , Mikel Mark A. , Levy Avraham A. , Steffenson Brian , Maccaferri Marco , Tuberosa Roberto , Cattivelli Luigi , Faccioli Primetta , Ceriotti Aldo , Kashkush Khalil , Pourkheirandish Mohammad , Komatsuda Takao , Eilam Tamar , Sela Hanan , Sharon Amir , Ohad Nir , Chamovitz Daniel A. , Mayer Klaus F.X. , Stein Nils , Ronen Gil , Peleg Zvi , Pozniak Curtis J. , Akhunov Eduard D. , Distelfeld Assaf
Published: July 2017

Genomics and domestication of wheat

Modern wheat, which underlies the diet of many across the globe, has a long history of selection and crosses among different species. Avni
et al.
used the Hi-C method of genome confirmation capture to assemble and annotate the wild allotetraploid wheat (
Triticum turgidum
). They then identified the putative causal mutations in genes controlling shattering (a key domestication trait among cereal crops). They also performed an exome capture–based analysis of domestication among wild and domesticated genotypes of emmer wheat. The findings present a compelling overview of the emmer wheat genome and its usefulness in an agricultural context for understanding traits in modern bread wheat.

Science
, this issue p.
93
Ambient quantum optomechanics
Authors: Harris Jack G. E.
Published: July 2017

Quantum kicks are delivered to a mechanical oscillator in air and at room
temperature
Kilogram-scale prexasertib monolactate monohydrate synthesis under continuous-flow CGMP conditions
Authors: Cole Kevin P. , Groh Jennifer McClary , Johnson Martin D. , Burcham Christopher L. , Campbell Bradley M. , Diseroad William D. , Heller Michael R. , Howell John R. , Kallman Neil J. , Koenig Thomas M. , May Scott A. , Miller Richard D. , Mitchell David , Myers David P. , Myers Steven S. , Phillips Joseph L. , Polster Christopher S. , White Timothy D. , Cashman Jim , Hurley Declan , Moylan Robert , Sheehan Paul , Spencer Richard D. , Desmond Kenneth , Desmond Paul , Gowran Olivia
Published: July 2017

Continuous-flow technology is devised and implemented for manufacture of a drug candidate in clinical trials.
Food and microbiota in the FDA regulatory framework
Authors: Green Jonathan M. , Barratt Michael J. , Kinch Michael , Gordon Jeffrey I.
Published: July 2017

How should microbiota-directed foods be regulated?
A catalytic fluoride-rebound mechanism for C(sp
3
)-CF
3
bond formation
Authors: Levin Mark D. , Chen Tiffany Q. , Neubig Megan E. , Hong Cynthia M. , Theulier Cyril A. , Kobylianskii Ilia J. , Janabi Mustafa , O’Neil James P. , Toste F. Dean
Published: July 2017

Trifluoromethylation via broken C-F bonds

Trifluoromethyl substituents are widely used in pharmaceutical research to tune the properties of drug candidates. Generally, they are introduced intact through the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. Levin
et al.
discovered an unusual alternative mechanism, in which borane abstracts fluoride from the CF
3
group in a gold complex. The activated CF
2
fragment can then bond to a wide variety of other carbon substituents added to the same gold center. Return of the fluoride liberates a trifluoromethylated compound from the metal. This mechanism could be useful for the introduction of radioactive fluoride substituents for positron emission tomography applications.

Science
, this issue p.
1272
Hunting down unconventional superconductors
Authors: Lee Dung-Hai
Published: July 2017

Recent experiments provide clues as to how iron-based materials are
superconducting
Fast exoskeleton optimization
Authors: Malcolm Philippe , Galle Samuel , De Clercq Dirk
Published: July 2017

An algorithm optimizes exoskeleton walking assistance in 1 hour
Scaling pain threshold with microRNAs
Authors: Cassels Laura , Barde Yves-Alain
Published: July 2017

Tuning pain with a defined microRNA cluster
Enterovirus 3A Facilitates Viral Replication by Promoting Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase IIIβ–ACBD3 Interaction
Authors: Xiao Xia , Lei Xiaobo , Zhang Zhenzhen , Ma Yijie , Qi Jianli , Wu Chao , Xiao Yan , Li Li , He Bin , Wang Jianwei
Published: July 2017

Like other enteroviruses, enterovirus 71 (EV71) relies on phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) for genome RNA replication. However, how PI4KB is recruited to the genome replication sites of EV71 remains elusive. Recently, we reported that a host factor, ACBD3, is needed for EV71 replication by interacting with viral 3A protein. Here, we show that ACBD3 is required for the recruitment of PI4KB to RNA replication sites. Overexpression of viral 3A or EV71 infection stimulates the interaction of PI4KB and ACBD3. Consistently, EV71 infection induces the production of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P). Furthermore, PI4KB, ACBD3, and 3A are all localized to the viral-RNA replication sites. Accordingly, PI4KB or ACBD3 depletion by small interfering RNA (siRNA) leads to a reduction in PI4P production after EV71 infection. I44A or H54Y substitution in 3A interrupts the stimulation of PI4KB and ACBD3. Further analysis suggests that stimulation of ACBD3-PI4KB interaction is also important for the replication of enterovirus 68 but disadvantageous to human rhinovirus 16. These results reveal a mechanism of enterovirus replication that involves a selective strategy for recruitment of PI4KB to the RNA replication sites.

IMPORTANCE
Enterovirus 71, like other human enteroviruses, replicates its genome within host cells, where viral proteins efficiently utilize cellular machineries. While multiple factors are involved, it is largely unclear how viral replication is controlled. We show that the 3A protein of enterovirus 71 recruits an enzyme, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ, by interacting with ACBD3, which alters cellular membranes through the production of a lipid, PI4P. Consequently, the viral and host proteins form a large complex that is necessary for RNA synthesis at replication sites. Notably, PI4KB-ACBD3 interaction also differentially mediates the replication of enterovirus 68 and rhinovirus 16. These results provide new insight into the molecular network of enterovirus replication.
Viral MicroRNAs Repress the Cholesterol Pathway, and 25-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits Infection
Authors: Serquiña Anna K. P. , Kambach Diane M. , Sarker Ontara , Ziegelbauer Joseph M.
Published: July 2017

From various screens, we found that Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) viral microRNAs (miRNAs) target several enzymes in the mevalonate/cholesterol pathway. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthase 1 (HMGCS1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR [a rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway]), and farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1 [a committed step in the cholesterol branch]) are repressed by multiple KSHV miRNAs. Transfection of viral miRNA mimics in primary endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells [HUVECs]) is sufficient to reduce intracellular cholesterol levels; however, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting only HMGCS1 did not reduce cholesterol levels. This suggests that multiple targets are needed to perturb this tightly regulated pathway. We also report here that cholesterol levels were decreased in
de novo
-infected HUVECs after 7 days. This reduction is at least partially due to viral miRNAs, since the mutant form of KSHV lacking 10 of the 12 miRNA genes had increased cholesterol compared to wild-type infections. We hypothesized that KSHV is downregulating cholesterol to suppress the antiviral response by a modified form of cholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). We found that the cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) gene, which is responsible for generating 25HC, had increased expression in
de novo
-infected HUVECs but was strongly suppressed in long-term latently infected cell lines. We found that 25HC inhibits KSHV infection when added exogenously prior to
de novo
infection. In conclusion, we found that multiple KSHV viral miRNAs target enzymes in the mevalonate pathway to modulate cholesterol in infected cells during latency. This repression of cholesterol levels could potentially be beneficial to viral infection by decreasing the levels of 25HC.

IMPORTANCE
A subset of viruses express unique microRNAs (miRNAs), which act like cellular miRNAs to generally repress host gene expression. A cancer virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, or human herpesvirus 8 [HHV-8]), encodes multiple miRNAs that repress gene expression of multiple enzymes that are important for cholesterol synthesis. In cells with these viral miRNAs or with natural infection, cholesterol levels are reduced, indicating these viral miRNAs decrease cholesterol levels. A modified form of cholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, is generated directly from cholesterol. Addition of 25-hydroxycholesterol to primary cells inhibited KSHV infection of cells, suggesting that viral miRNAs may decrease cholesterol levels to decrease the concentration of 25-hydroxycholesterol and to promote infection. These results suggest a new virus-host relationship and indicate a previously unidentified viral strategy to lower cholesterol levels.
Noroviruses Co-opt the Function of Host Proteins VAPA and VAPB for Replication via a Phenylalanine–Phenylalanine-Acidic-Tract-Motif Mimic in Nonstructural Viral Protein NS1/2
Authors: McCune Broc T. , Tang Wei , Lu Jia , Eaglesham James B. , Thorne Lucy , Mayer Anne E. , Condiff Emily , Nice Timothy J. , Goodfellow Ian , Krezel Andrzej M. , Virgin Herbert W.
Published: July 2017

The
Norovirus
genus contains important human pathogens, but the role of host pathways in norovirus replication is largely unknown. Murine noroviruses provide the opportunity to study norovirus replication in cell culture and in small animals. The human norovirus nonstructural protein NS1/2 interacts with the host protein VAMP-associated protein A (VAPA), but the significance of the NS1/2-VAPA interaction is unexplored. Here we report decreased murine norovirus replication in VAPA- and VAPB-deficient cells. We characterized the role of VAPA in detail. VAPA was required for the efficiency of a step(s) in the viral replication cycle after entry of viral RNA into the cytoplasm but before the synthesis of viral minus-sense RNA. The interaction of VAPA with viral NS1/2 proteins is conserved between murine and human noroviruses. Murine norovirus NS1/2 directly bound the major sperm protein (MSP) domain of VAPA through its NS1 domain. Mutations within NS1 that disrupted interaction with VAPA inhibited viral replication. Structural analysis revealed that the viral NS1 domain contains a mimic of the phenylalanine–phenylalanine-acidic-tract (FFAT) motif that enables host proteins to bind to the VAPA MSP domain. The NS1/2-FFAT mimic region interacted with the VAPA-MSP domain in a manner similar to that seen with bona fide host FFAT motifs. Amino acids in the FFAT mimic region of the NS1 domain that are important for viral replication are highly conserved across murine norovirus strains. Thus, VAPA interaction with a norovirus protein that functionally mimics host FFAT motifs is important for murine norovirus replication.

IMPORTANCE
Human noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, but host factors involved in norovirus replication are incompletely understood. Murine noroviruses have been studied to define mechanisms of norovirus replication. Here we defined the importance of the interaction between the hitherto poorly studied NS1/2 norovirus protein and the VAPA host protein. The NS1/2-VAPA interaction is conserved between murine and human noroviruses and was important for early steps in murine norovirus replication. Using structure-function analysis, we found that NS1/2 contains a short sequence that molecularly mimics the FFAT motif that is found in multiple host proteins that bind VAPA. This represents to our knowledge the first example of functionally important mimicry of a host FFAT motif by a microbial protein.
A Novel Single-Cell FISH-Flow Assay Identifies Effector Memory CD4
+
T cells as a Major Niche for HIV-1 Transcription in HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Grau-Expósito Judith , Serra-Peinado Carla , Miguel Lucia , Navarro Jordi , Curran Adrià , Burgos Joaquin , Ocaña Imma , Ribera Esteban , Torrella Ariadna , Planas Bibiana , Badía Rosa , Castellví Josep , Falcó Vicenç , Crespo Manuel , Buzon Maria J.
Published: July 2017

Cells that actively transcribe HIV-1 have been defined as the “active viral reservoir” in HIV-infected individuals. However, important technical limitations have precluded the characterization of this specific viral reservoir during both treated and untreated HIV-1 infections. Here, we used a novel single-cell RNA fluorescence
in situ
hybridization-flow cytometry (FISH-flow) assay that requires only 15 million unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to characterize the specific cell subpopulations that transcribe HIV RNA in different subsets of CD4
+
T cells. In samples from treated and untreated HIV-infected patients, effector memory CD4
+
T cells were the main cell population supporting HIV RNA transcription. The number of cells expressing HIV correlated with the plasma viral load, intracellular HIV RNA, and proviral DNA quantified by conventional methods and inversely correlated with the CD4
+
T cell count and the CD4/CD8 ratio. We also found that after
ex vivo
infection of unstimulated PBMCs, HIV-infected T cells upregulated the expression of CD32. In addition, this new methodology detected increased numbers of primary cells expressing viral transcripts and proteins after
ex vivo
viral reactivation with latency reversal agents. This RNA FISH-flow technique allows the identification of the specific cell subpopulations that support viral transcription in HIV-1-infected individuals and has the potential to provide important information on the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis, HIV persistence, and viral reactivation.

IMPORTANCE
Persons infected with HIV-1 contain several cellular viral reservoirs that preclude the complete eradication of the viral infection. Using a novel methodology, we identified effector memory CD4
+
T cells, immune cells preferentially located in inflamed tissues with potent activity against pathogens, as the main cells encompassing the transcriptionally active HIV-1 reservoir in patients on antiretroviral therapy. Importantly, the identification of such cells provides us with an important target for new therapies designed to target the hidden virus and thus to eliminate the virus from the human body. In addition, because of its ability to identify cells forming part of the viral reservoir, the assay used in this study represents an important new tool in the field of HIV pathogenesis and viral persistence.
Protective factors for social-emotional well-being of refugee children in the first three years of settlement in Australia
Authors: Zwi Karen , Woodland Lisa , Williams Katrina , Palasanthiran Pamela , Rungan Santuri , Jaffe Adam , Woolfenden Susan
Published: July 2017

Aim

This longitudinal study investigated protective factors for social-emotional well-being in refugee children in Australia.

Methods

Newly arrived refugee children aged 4–15 years were recruited between 2009 and 2013 and assessments were conducted at two points, at years 2 and 3 postarrival. Social-emotional well-being was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Protective factors were assessed by structured interview and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS); scores <150 reflect fewer stressful life events in the previous year.

Results

Forty-three eligible refugee children were recruited. The SDQ was completed by parents in 90% and protective factor data in 80% at years 2 and 3 of follow-up. Protective factors for normal SDQ scores were: originating from Africa (p=0.01), father present on arrival (p=0.019) and family SRRS scores <150 at year 2 (p=0.045). The median number of protective factors was 4 (range 1–8). Better SDQ scores were associated with ≥4 protective factors (p<0.006). Furthermore, more protective factors increased the child’s likelihood of a stable or improved SDQ score over time (p<0.04). Modifiable protective factors likely to promote social-emotional well-being include stability in the child’s school and residence, parental employment, financial and marital stability, proximity to one’s own ethnic community and external community support.

Conclusions

Cumulative protective factors, some of which are potentially modifiable, can predict social-emotional well-being in newly arrived refugee children. Children with four or more protective factors are at low risk of poor social-emotional well-being.
Research protocol for platelets in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational, case-controlled, feasibility study to assess coagulation and platelet function abnormalities with ROTEM following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PoHCAR)
Authors: Skorko Agnieszka , Thomas Matthew , Mumford Andrew , Johnson Thomas , Griffiths Elinor , Greenwood Rosemary , Benger Jonathan
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has an annual incidence of approximately 60 000 in the UK. Less than 10% of those who receive resuscitation survive to hospital discharge. For OHCA of a presumed cardiac cause, the optimal antiplatelet therapy is currently unknown. Previous studies indicate that a procoagulopathic state exists postcardiac arrest which may contribute to the formation of thrombi and contribute to poor outcomes. However, the administration of antiplatelet therapies needs to be balanced against the increased risk of bleeding that these individuals face.

Methods and analysis

This observational feasibility study will recruit 30 individuals who achieve return of spontaneous circulation post-OHCA, are admitted to a single tertiary centre over a 6-month period and meet Utstein cohort criteria (witnessed cardiac arrest, VF or pulseless VT and cardiac cause of arrest likely). Rotational thromboelastometry and platelet function assessment will be performed on hospital arrival, postemergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post-PCI. As a comparator, 30 individuals presenting to our institution with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and undergoing primary PCI will have the same blood sampling performed. Plasma samples will be retained and batch tested on completion of the study for levels of protein C, protein S, thrombin–antithrombin complex, thrombin, antithrombin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasmin–antiplasmin complex, d-dimer, platelet factor-4, P selectin, E selectin and prothrombin fragments 1 and 2. 30-day follow-up for complications will be undertaken.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been approved by the Wales REC 7Research Ethics Committee. The results will be submitted to peer-reviewed medical journals and suitable national and international meetings. Results will be locally disseminated via our patient and public interest group.

Trial registration number

Pre-results;ISRCTN34122839.
Protocol for an observational study of delirium in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) as a potential predictor of subsequent postoperative delirium
Authors: Cui Victoria , Tedeschi Catherine M , Kronzer Vanessa L , McKinnon Sherry L , Avidan Michael S
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Postoperative delirium can be a serious consequence of major surgery, associated with longer hospital stays, readmission, cognitive and functional deterioration and mortality. Delirium is an acute, reversible disorder characterised by fluctuating course, inattention, disorganised thinking and altered level of consciousness. Delirium occurring in the hours immediately following anaesthesia and delirium occurring in the postoperative period of 1–5 days have been described as distinct clinical entities. This protocol describes an observational study with the aim of determining if delirium in the first hour following tracheal tube removal is a predictor of delirium in the 5 subsequent postoperative days. Improved understanding regarding the development of postoperative delirium would improve patient care and allow more effective implementation of delirium prevention measures.

Methods and analysis

Patients enrolled to the Electroencephalography Guidance of Anesthesia to Alleviate Geriatric Syndromes (ENGAGES) randomised controlled trial will be eligible for this substudy. A validated delirium assessment method, the 3-min Diagnostic Confusion Assessment Method and the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale will be used to assess 100 patients for delirium at 30 min and 60 min following tracheal tube removal. Patients will also be assessed for delirium over postoperative days 1–5 using three validated methods, the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), CAM for the Intensive Care Unit and structured chart review. Logistic regression analysis will then be performed to test whether immediately postoperative delirium independently predicts subsequent postoperative delirium.

Ethics and dissemination

This observational substudy of ENGAGES has been approved by the ethics board of Washington University School of Medicine. Enrolment began in June 2016 and will continue until June 2017. Dissemination plans include presentations at scientific conferences and scientific publications.

Trial registration number

NCT02241655.
Reasons for computerised provider order entry (CPOE)-based inpatient medication ordering errors: an observational study of voided orders
Authors: Abraham Joanna , Kannampallil Thomas G , Jarman Alan , Sharma Shivy , Rash Christine , Schiff Gordon , Galanter William
Published: July 2017

Objective

Medication voiding is a computerised provider order entry (CPOE)-based discontinuation mechanism that allows clinicians to identify erroneous medication orders. We investigated the accuracy of voiding as an indicator of clinician identification and interception of a medication ordering error, and investigated reasons and root contributors for medication ordering errors.

Method

Using voided orders identified with a void alert, we conducted interviews with ordering and voiding clinicians, followed by patient chart reviews. A structured coding framework was used to qualitatively analyse the reasons for medication ordering errors. We also compared clinician-CPOE-selected (at time of voiding), clinician-reported (interview) and chart review-based reasons for voiding.

Results

We conducted follow-up interviews on 101 voided orders. The positive predictive value (PPV) of voided orders that were medication ordering errors was 93.1% (95% CI 88.1% to 98.1%, n=94). Using chart review-based reasons as the gold standard, we found that clinician-CPOE-selected reasons were less reflective (PPV=70.2%, 95% CI 61.0% to 79.4%) than clinician-reported (interview) (PPV=86.1%, 95%CI 78.2% to 94.1%) reasons for medication ordering errors. Duplicate (n=44) and improperly composed (n=41) ordering errors were common, often caused by predefined order sets and data entry issues. A striking finding was the use of intentional violations as a mechanism to notify and seek ordering assistance from pharmacy service. Nearly half of the medication ordering errors were voided by pharmacists.

Discussion

We demonstrated that voided orders effectively captured medication ordering errors. The mismatch between clinician-CPOE-selected and the chart review-based reasons for error emphasises the need for developing standardised operational descriptions for medication ordering errors. Such standardisation can help in accurately identifying, tracking, managing and sharing erroneous orders and their root contributors between healthcare institutions, and with patient safety organisations.
Recruiting adult participants to physical activity intervention studies using sport: a systematic review
Authors: Cooke Rachel , Jones Andy
Published: July 2017

Objective

To undertake a systematic review of the effectiveness of recruitment mechanisms for engaging and retaining target participants in sports interventions to promote physical activity behaviour change in adults.

Design

A narrative systematic review of published studies providing details of the effectiveness of recruitment techniques used in interventions aimed at increasing physical activity via sport in adults.

Data sources

Searches were conducted using five electronic databases, clinical trial registers, grey literature and snowballing from reference lists. All papers published in the English language were considered. The search was completed in November 2015.

Eligibility criteria

All articles providing information on the recruitment of adults into interventions involving sport and reporting physical activity or participation outcomes were included.

Results

Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. The quality of recruitment reporting across included studies was generally classified as poor, lacking detailed descriptions of recruitment processes and providing insufficient reporting of recruitment outcomes. There was a distinct recruitment bias for more affluent, white, middle-aged women. Active-only recruitment techniques appeared to achieve a participant sample with more representative demographic characteristics than passive approaches.

Conclusions

Due to inadequate reporting and evaluation, the mechanisms for achieving effective recruitment and engagement in sport, particularly in hard-to-reach groups, are still unclear. Independent of recruitment mode, creating an intervention and context that reflect the interests and motivations of the target audience presents a promising area. There is an urgent need for more robust evaluation design and reporting of sports interventions.
Chromoendoscopy versus narrow band imaging in UC: a prospective randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bisschops Raf , Bessissow Talat , Joseph Joseph A , Baert Filip , Ferrante Marc , Ballet Vera , Willekens Hilde , Demedts Ingrid , Geboes Karel , De Hertogh Gert , Vermeire Séverine , Rutgeerts Paul , Van Assche Gert
Published: July 2017

Background

Patients with long-standing UC have an increased risk for the development of colonic neoplastic lesions. Chromoendoscopy (CE) has been proven to enhance neoplasia detection while the role of virtual chromoendoscopy (VC) is still to be defined.

Objective

To compare the performance of CE to VC for the detection of neoplastic lesions in patients with long-standing UC.

Design

A multicentre prospective randomised controlled trial. 131 patients with long-standing UC were randomised between CE with methylene blue 0.1% (n=66) or VC with narrow band imaging (NBI) (n=65). Biopsies were taken from visible lesions and surrounding mucosa. No random biopsies were performed. The primary outcome was the difference in total number of neoplastic lesions detected in each group.

Results

There was no significant difference between NBI and CE for neoplasia detection. Mean number of neoplastic lesions per colonoscopy was 0.47 for CE and 0.32 for NBI (p=0.992). The neoplasia detection rate was not different between CE (21.2%) and NBI (21.5%) (OR 1.02 (95% CI 0.44 to 2.35, p=0.964). Biopsies from the surrounding mucosa yielded no diagnosis or dysplasia. The per lesion neoplasia detection was 17.4% for CE and 16.3% for NBI (OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.59 to 1.99, p=0.793). The total procedural time was on average 7 min shorter in the NBI group.

Conclusion

CE and NBI do not differ significantly for detection of colitis-associated neoplasia. Given the longer withdrawal time for CE and easier applicability, NBI may possibly replace classical CE.

Trial registration number

NCT01882205; Results.
Occupational and leisure-time physical activity and risk of disability pension: prospective data from the HUNT Study, Norway
Authors: Fimland Marius Steiro , Vie Gunnhild , Holtermann Andreas , Krokstad Steinar , Nilsen Tom Ivar Lund
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To prospectively investigate the association between occupational physical activity (OPA) and disability pension due to musculoskeletal cause, mental cause or any cause. We also examined the combined association of OPA and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with disability pension.

Methods

A population-based cohort study in Norway on 32 362 persons aged 20–65 years with questionnaire data on OPA and LTPA that were followed up for incident disability pension through the National Insurance Database. We used Cox regression to estimate adjusted HRs with 95% CIs.

Results

During a follow-up of 9.3 years, 3837 (12%) received disability pension. Compared with people with mostly sedentary work, those who performed much walking, much walking and lifting, and heavy physical work had HRs of 1.26 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.38), 1.44 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.58) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.33 to 1.70), respectively. These associations were stronger for disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders, whereas there was no clear association between OPA and risk of disability pension due to mental disorders. People with high OPA and low LTPA had a HR of 1.77 (95% CI 1.58 to 1.98) for overall disability pension and HR of 2.56 (95% CI 2.10 to 3.11) for disability pension due to musculoskeletal disorders, versus low OPA and high LTPA.

Conclusions

We observed a positive association between OPA and risk of disability pension due to all causes and musculoskeletal disorders, but not for mental disorders. Physical activity during leisure time reduced some, but not all of the unfavourable effect of physically demanding work on risk of disability pension.
Scoring ultrasound synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: a EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound taskforce-Part 2: reliability and application to multiple joints of a standardised consensus-based scoring system
Authors: Terslev Lene , Naredo Esperanza , Aegerter Philippe , Wakefield Richard J , Backhaus Marina , Balint Peter , Bruyn George A W , Iagnocco Annamaria , Jousse-Joulin Sandrine , Schmidt Wolfgang A , Szkudlarek Marcin , Conaghan Philip G , Filippucci Emilio , D'Agostino Maria Antonietta
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To test the reliability of new ultrasound (US) definitions and quantification of synovial hypertrophy (SH) and power Doppler (PD) signal, separately and in combination, in a range of joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using the European League Against Rheumatisms–Outcomes Measures in Rheumatology (EULAR-OMERACT) combined score for PD and SH.

Methods

A stepwise approach was used: (1) scoring static images of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints in a web-based exercise and subsequently when scanning patients; (2) scoring static images of wrist, proximal interphalangeal joints, knee and metatarsophalangeal joints in a web-based exercise and subsequently when scanning patients using different acquisitions (standardised vs usual practice). For reliability, kappa coefficients (κ) were used.

Results

Scoring MCP joints in static images showed substantial intraobserver variability but good to excellent interobserver reliability. In patients, intraobserver reliability was the same for the two acquisition methods. Interobserver reliability for SH (κ=0.87) and PD (κ=0.79) and the EULAR-OMERACT combined score (κ=0.86) were better when using a ‘standardised’ scan. For the other joints, the intraobserver reliability was excellent in static images for all scores (κ=0.8–0.97) and the interobserver reliability marginally lower. When using standardised scanning in patients, the intraobserver was good (κ=0.64 for SH and the EULAR-OMERACT combined score, 0.66 for PD) and the interobserver reliability was also good especially for PD (κ range=0.41–0.92).

Conclusion

The EULAR-OMERACT score demonstrated moderate-good reliability in MCP joints using a standardised scan and is equally applicable in non-MCP joints. This scoring system should underpin improved reliability and consequently the responsiveness of US in RA clinical trials.
Scoring ultrasound synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: a EULAR-OMERACT ultrasound taskforce—Part 1: definition and development of a standardised, consensus-based scoring system
Authors: D’Agostino Maria-Antonietta , Terslev Lene , Aegerter Philippe , Backhaus Marina , Balint Peter , Bruyn George A , Filippucci Emilio , Grassi Walter , Iagnocco Annamaria , Jousse-Joulin Sandrine , Kane David , Naredo Esperanza , Schmidt Wolfgang , Szkudlarek Marcin , Conaghan Philip G , Wakefield Richard J
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To develop a consensus-based ultrasound (US) definition and quantification system for synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

A multistep, iterative approach was used to: (1) evaluate the baseline agreement on defining and scoring synovitis according to the usual practice of different sonographers, using both grey-scale (GS) (synovial hypertrophy (SH) and effusion) and power Doppler (PD), by reading static images and scanning patients with RA and (2) evaluate the influence of both the definition and acquisition technique on reliability followed by a Delphi exercise to obtain consensus definitions for synovitis, elementary components and scoring system.

Results

Baseline reliability was highly variable but better for static than dynamic images that were directly acquired and immediately scored. Using static images, intrareader and inter-reader reliability for scoring PD were excellent for both binary and semiquantitative (SQ) grading but GS showed greater variability for both scoring systems (κ ranges: −0.05 to 1 and 0.59 to 0.92, respectively). In patient-based exercise, both intraobserver and interobserver reliability were variable and the mean κ coefficients did not reach 0.50 for any of the components. The second step resulted in refinement of the preliminary Outcome Measures in Rheumatology synovitis definition by including the presence of both hypoechoic SH and PD signal and the development of a SQ severity score, depending on both the amount of PD and the volume and appearance of SH.

Conclusion

A multistep consensus-based process has produced a standardised US definition and quantification system for RA synovitis including combined and individual SH and PD components. Further evaluation is required to understand its performance before application in clinical trials.
Fast FPGA Implementation for Computing the Pixel Purity Index of Hyperspectral Images
Authors: Guo Jie , Li Yunsong , Liu Kai , Lei Jie , Wang Keyan
Published: July 2017

The pixel purity index (PPI) algorithm is one of the most popular endmember extraction algorithms employed in hyperspectral image unmixing, which is too time-consuming to obtain real-time analysis in remote sensing applications. The fast field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation for computing the PPI is proposed in this reported work. The parallel strategy by skewers consumes lower I/O bandwidth and on-chip memory capacity, and the Xilinx Vivado high-level-synthesis (HLS) tool speeds up our architecture design and implementation. The overall design can be simple to implement, and makes the FPGA hardware appealing for on-board hyperspectral unmixing.
Data analysis of massive gravitational waves from gamma ray bursts
Authors: Prasia P. , Kuriakose V. C.
Published: July 2017

We investigate the detectability of massive mode of polarization of Gravitational Waves (GWs) in [Formula: see text] theory of gravity associated with Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) sources. We obtain the beam pattern function of Laser Interferometric Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) corresponding to the massive polarization of GWs and perform Bayesian analysis to study this polarization. It is found that the massive polarization component with a mass of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]eV/c2 is too weak to be detected at LIGO with its current configuration.
2-Amino-5-Nitropyridinium Halides (Br, Cl): An Efficient Frequency Doubler
Authors: Indumathi C. , Raj S. Alfred Cecil
Published: July 2017

2-Amino-5-nitropyridinium halides (2A5NPBr)/(2A5NPCl) were synthesized by dissolving 2-amino-5-nitropyridine in hydrobromic/hydrochloric acid. Nanoparticles of 2A5NPBr and 2A5NPCl were attained by hydrothermal method. For comparison and estimation of mechanical properties, single crystals of the samples were grown by slow evaporation process. SEM analysis shows the formation of nanoparticles of 2A5NPBr and 2A5NPCl with average grain size of 50 and 100[Formula: see text]nm, respectively. UV-Vis analysis reveals that the materials possess low cut-off wavelength and a wide optical transmission window. By Vickers test, the Meyer index (n) was estimated to be 1.33 for 2A5NPBr and 2.49 for 2A5NPCl crystals. The SHG efficiency of 2A5NPBr and 2A5NPCl nanoparticles was calculated to be 1.5 and 4.3 times that of well known NLO material KDP. The role of cations in demonstrating the desired NLO properties were discussed in detail.
Simulation Studies on the Interaction of Graphene and Gold Nanoparticle
Authors: Devi J. Meena
Published: July 2017

In this computational study, the interaction between a single layer graphene sheet and a gold nanoparticle is investigated employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulation at room temperature. The interactions between the graphene and gold nanoparticle were explored for three different types of gold nanoparticle, namely, bare gold nanoparticle, methyl terminated alkane thiol-coated gold nanoparticle and hydroxy terminated alkane thiol-coated gold nanoparticle. The interactions between the graphene and gold nanoparticle have resulted in the adsorption of gold nanoparticle on the surface of graphene. The structural properties of the graphene–gold hybrid nanostructures were found to be influenced by the capping layer of the gold nanoparticle.
Examining the effect of quantum strategies on symmetric conflicting interest games
Authors: Bolonek-Lasoń Katarzyna
Published: July 2017

The explicit construction is presented of two-player game satisfying: (i) symmetry with respect to the permutation of the players; (ii) the existence of upper bound on total payoff following from Bell inequality; (iii) the existence of unfair equilibrium with total payoff saturating the above bound. The quantum counterpart of the game is considered which possesses only fair equilibria and strategies outperforming the classical ones.
Research on information quantization based on the quantum theory
Authors: Liu Feng-Ming , Jin Mei-Ling
Published: July 2017

The research on information quantization is important in the field of information theory. As a result, based on the quantum theory, the information was quantified from the information receiving aspect in this report. First of all, several concepts were presented, such as the InfoBar, the Amount of Information and the Power of Information as well as the algorithm of the Power of Information. Then, according to the relationship between the InfoBar and the amount of Information, the wave equation was decided based on the receiving information, meanwhile, the equation of wave function was defined as well. Finally, via the numerical simulation, the received model results as well as the sample result were basically matched. Thus, the validity of the model can be proved.
Legendrian contact homology and topological entropy
Authors: Alves Marcelo R. R.
Published: July 2017

In this paper we study the growth rate of a version of Legendrian contact homology, which we call strip Legendrian contact homology, in 3-dimensional contact manifolds and its relation to the topological entropy of Reeb flows. We show that: if for a pair of Legendrian knots in a contact 3-manifold [Formula: see text] the strip Legendrian contact homology is defined and has exponential homotopical growth with respect to the action, then every Reeb flow on [Formula: see text] has positive topological entropy. This has the following dynamical consequence: for all Reeb flows (even degenerate ones) on [Formula: see text] the number of hyperbolic periodic orbits grows exponentially with respect to the period. We show that for an infinite family of 3-manifolds, infinitely many different contact structures exist that possess a pair of Legendrian knots for which the strip Legendrian contact homology has exponential growth rate.
Regional distribution of volcanism within the North Atlantic Igneous Province
Authors: Á Horni Jim , Hopper John R. , Blischke Anett , Geisler Wolfram H. , Stewart Margaret , McDermott Kenneth , Judge Maria , Erlendsson Ögmundur , Árting Uni
Published: July 2017

An overview of the distribution of volcanic facies units was compiled over the North Atlantic region. The new maps establish the pattern of volcanism associated with breakup and the initiation of seafloor spreading over the main part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP). The maps include new analysis of the Faroe–Shetlands region that allows for a consistent volcanic facies map to be constructed over the entire eastern margin of the North Atlantic for the first time. A key result is that the various conjugate margin segments show a number of asymmetric patterns that are interpreted to result in part from pre-existing crustal and lithospheric structures. The compilation further shows that while the lateral extent of volcanism extends equally far to the south of the Iceland hot spot as it does to the north, the volume of material emplaced to the south is nearly double of that to the north. This suggests that a possible southward deflection of the Iceland mantle plume is a long-lived phenomenon originating during or shortly after impact of the plume.
Rewriting the Genetic Code
Authors: Mukai Takahito , Lajoie Marc J. , Englert Markus , Söll Dieter
Published: July 2017

The genetic code—the language used by cells to translate their genomes into proteins that perform many cellular functions—is highly conserved throughout natural life. Rewriting the genetic code could lead to new biological functions such as expanding protein chemistries with noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) and genetically isolating synthetic organisms from natural organisms and viruses. It has long been possible to transiently produce proteins bearing ncAAs, but stabilizing an expanded genetic code for sustained function in vivo requires an integrated approach: creating recoded genomes and introducing new translation machinery that function together without compromising viability or clashing with endogenous pathways. In this review, we discuss design considerations and technologies for expanding the genetic code. The knowledge obtained by rewriting the genetic code will deepen our understanding of how genomes are designed and how the canonical genetic code evolved.
Germination of Spores of the Orders Bacillales and Clostridiales
Authors: Setlow Peter , Wang Shiwei , Li Yong-Qing
Published: July 2017

Dormant Bacillales and Clostridiales spores begin to grow when small molecules (germinants) trigger germination, potentially leading to food spoilage or disease. Germination-specific proteins sense germinants, transport small molecules, and hydrolyze specific bonds in cortex peptidoglycan and specific proteins. Major events in germination include (a) germinant sensing; (b) commitment to germinate; (c) release of spores’ depot of dipicolinic acid (DPA); (d) hydrolysis of spores’ peptidoglycan cortex; and (e) spore core swelling and water uptake, cell wall peptidoglycan remodeling, and restoration of core protein and inner spore membrane lipid mobility. Germination is similar between Bacillales and Clostridiales, but some species differ in how germinants are sensed and how cortex hydrolysis and DPA release are triggered. Despite detailed knowledge of the proteins and signal transduction pathways involved in germination, precisely what some germination proteins do and how they do it remain unclear.
Bacterial Cell Division: Nonmodels Poised to Take the Spotlight
Authors: Eswara Prahathees J. , Ramamurthi Kumaran S.
Published: July 2017

The last three decades have witnessed an explosion of discoveries about the mechanistic details of binary fission in model bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Caulobacter crescentus. This was made possible not only by advances in microscopy that helped answer questions about cell biology but also by clever genetic manipulations that directly and easily tested specific hypotheses. More recently, research using understudied organisms, or nonmodel systems, has revealed several alternate mechanistic strategies that bacteria use to divide and propagate. In this review, we highlight new findings and compare these strategies to cell division mechanisms elucidated in model organisms.
Asking Willingness-to-Accept Questions in Stated Preference Surveys: A Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Whittington Dale , Adamowicz Wiktor , Lloyd-Smith Patrick
Published: July 2017

Stated preference (SP) researchers have encountered an increasing number of policy problems for which a willingness-to-accept (WTA) compensation question would seem to be the most reasonable approach to structure the respondent's valuation choice task. However, most SP researchers are still reluctant to pose WTA questions to respondents due to concerns about reliability of responses and confusion about what contexts warrant a WTA question compared to a willingness-to-pay question. This review synthesizes the current literature, provides guidance on when and how to use WTA elicitation formats, and identifies research needs. We present a typology of valuation tasks that illustrates the situations in which WTA questions are appropriate and should be used to estimate welfare-theoretic measures of economic benefits—and when they should be avoided. We also discuss three different design issues that SP researchers need to consider when they use WTA questions: (a) elicitation of reference and status quo conditions, (b) incentive compatibility and private versus public goods, and (c) nonconforming responses. We conclude that good survey design makes it possible to ask respondents sensible WTA questions in many cases, yet several key research issues require attention.