bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An explanation of magic angle spinning NMR experiments in the time domain
Authors: Jiang Yi Jin , Harper James K.
Published: September 2009

Sample spinning is successful in narrowing line widths of NMR spectra in both liquid and solid‐state NMR experiments due to a common underlying mechanism. Here, sample spinning is demonstrated to convert the effects on line width due to magnetic field inhomogeneity in the space domain into a periodic frequency variations in the time domain. The conditions needed to achieve this conversion differ significantly for liquids and solids by spinning the sample along a different axis having a unique orientation with the direction of external magnetic field. This is in order to form an NMR signal with a periodic frequency modulation composed of a distinct center band and side bands. The reason for this will be explained in detail in the text. Commonly, encountered experimental results can be clearly understood when described in terms of frequency modulation including the origin of spinning side‐bands in liquids and solids, and why one needs to spin the solid state sample faster for narrowing line widths of NMR spectra caused by magnetic dipole–dipole interaction when compared with chemical shift anisotropy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 249–263, 2009.
Neuroprotection of midbrain dopaminergic cells in MPTP‐treated mice after near‐infrared light treatment
Authors: Shaw Victoria E. , Spana Sharon , Ashkan Keyoumars , Benabid Alim‐Louis , Stone Jonathan , Baker Gary E. , Mitrofanis John
Published: September 2009

This study explores whether near‐infrared (NIr) light treatment neuroprotects dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the zona incerta‐hypothalamus (ZI‐Hyp) from degeneration in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐treated mice. BALB/c albino mice were divided into four groups: 1) Saline, 2) Saline‐NIr, 3) MPTP, 4) MPTP‐NIr. The injections were intraperitoneal and they were followed immediately by NIr light treatment (or not). Two doses of MPTP, mild (50 mg/kg) and strong (100 mg/kg), were used. Mice were perfused transcardially with aldehyde fixative 6 days after their MPTP treatment. Brains were processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunochemistry. The number of TH+ cells was estimated using the optical fractionator method. Our major finding was that in the SNc there were significantly more dopaminergic cells in the MPTP‐NIr compared to the MPTP group (35%–45%). By contrast, in the ZI‐Hyp there was no significant difference in the numbers of cells in these two groups. In addition, our results indicated that survival in the two regions after MPTP insult was dose‐dependent. In the stronger MPTP regime, the magnitude of loss was similar in the two regions (≈60%), while in the milder regime cell loss was greater in the SNc (45%) than ZI‐Hyp (≈30%). In summary, our results indicate that NIr light treatment offers neuroprotection against MPTP toxicity for dopaminergic cells in the SNc, but not in the ZI‐Hyp. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:25–40, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the paralogous tyrosine hydroxylase encoding genes th1 and th2 reveals the full complement of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in zebrafish larval and juvenile brain
Authors: Filippi Alida , Mahler Julia , Schweitzer Jörn , Driever Wolfgang
Published: September 2009

The development of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons has received much attention based on their modulatory effect on many behavioral circuits and their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a new model organism with which to study development and function of catecholaminergic systems. Tyrosine hydroxylase is the entry enzyme into catecholamine biosynthesis and is frequently used as a marker for catecholaminergic neurons. A genome duplication at the base of teleost evolution resulted in two paralogous zebrafish tyrosine hydroxylase‐encoding genes, th1 and th2, the expression of which has been described previously only for th1. Here we investigate the expression of th2 in the brain of embryonic and juvenile zebrafish. We optimized whole‐mount in situ hybridization protocols to detect gene expression in the anatomical three‐dimensional context of whole juvenile brains. To confirm whether th2‐expressing cells may indeed use dopamine as a neurotransmitter, we also included expression of dopamine beta hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase, and dopamine transporter in our analysis. Our data provide the first complete account of catecholaminergic neurons in the zebrafish embryonic and juvenile brain. We identified four major th2‐expressing neuronal groups that likely use dopamine as transmitter in the zebrafish diencephalon, including neurons of the posterior preoptic nucleus, the paraventricular organ, and the nuclei of the lateral and posterior recesses in the caudal hypothalamus. th2 Expression in the latter two groups resolves a previously reported discrepancy, in which strong dopamine but little tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity had been detected in the caudal hypothalamus. Our data also confirm that there are no mesencephalic DA neurons in zebrafish. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:423–438, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Workload performance characterization of DARPA HPCS benchmarks
Authors: Seelam Seetharami , Chung I‐Hsin , Cong Guojing , Wen Hui‐Fang , Klepacki David
Published: September 2009

It is critical to understand the workload characteristics and resource usage patterns of available applications to guide the design and development of hardware and software stacks of future machines. In this article, we analyze the workload performance characteristics of three large‐scale DARPA HPCS benchmarks: Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, Parallel Ocean Program, and Lattice Boltzemann Magneto‐Hydrodynamics Code while executing on IBM Power5+ processor machines. Our analysis is focused on the CPU/memory performance using Cycles Per Instruction (CPI) model and multiprocess communication performance using MPI traces. For each benchmark, we provide a high‐level performance analysis followed by the hotspot analysis for selected input parameters. Then we present a detailed workload performance characterization using CPI model with data from a unique set of performance counters available on the Power5+ processor system. From communication performance analysis, we describe the sources of load imbalances in the applications and identify the potential impediments to the scalability of the applications under large processor counts. We identify several sources of performance problems that are potential bottlenecks and discuss methods to ameliorate them. We also present a comparative analysis of these benchmarks to summarize the similarities and differences in their performance characteristics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Behaviour of Iron in a Third‐Generation Ionic Liquid: Cyclic Voltammetry and Micromachining Investigations
Authors: Moustafa Essam M. , Mann Olivier , Fürbeth Wolfram , Schuster Rolf
Published: September 2009

The electrochemical behaviour of Fe in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim]+Ntf2−) and mixtures with Cl− is studied with the aim of investigating the applicability of ionic liquids (IL) for the electrochemical machining of iron. Whereas in pure IL iron could not be significantly dissolved, the addition of Cl− enables the active dissolution with anodic current densities up to several mA cm−2. Although several anodic peaks appear in the cyclic voltammograms (CV), the distinct assignment of those electrochemical processes remain difficult. In particular no proof for the formation of FeClx2−x complexes during Fe dissolution are deduced from the CV, although such complexes are shown to be stable in the employed electrolyte. In addition, we present electrochemical drilling experiments with short potential pulses, which demonstrate that electrochemical machining of Fe is, in principle, possible in IL based electrolytes, even though hampered by slow machining speed.
Single‐crystal growth and characterization of mullite‐type orthorhombic Bi2M4O9 (M = Al3+, Ga3+, Fe3+)
Authors: Burianek M. , Mühlberg M. , Woll M. , Schmücker M. , Gesing Th. M. , Schneider H.
Published: September 2009

Pure and homogeneous single crystals of orthorhombic mullite‐type Bi2M4O9 (M = Al3+, Ga3+, Fe3+), and a mixed Bi2Fe1.7Ga2.3O9 crystal from an equimolar Ga/Fe composition were grown by the top seeded solution growth (TSSG) method. All these compounds melt incongruently in the range of about 800 and 1100 °C. In case of bismuth gallate and ferrate inclusion‐free crystals with dimensions up to several cubic centimeters can be grown. Limited solubility in Bi2O3 and the high steepness of the liquidus curve are the reasons for getting only small imperfect bismuth aluminate crystals. In contrast to ceramic materials preparation reported in literature, divalent calcium and strontium could not be incorporated into the mullite‐type structure during the melt growth process. Several fundamental physical properties like heat capacity, thermal expansion, heat conductivity, elastic constants, high‐pressure behavior and oxygen diffusivity were determined by different research groups using single‐crystalline samples from the as‐grown materials. Furthermore, the refractive indices of Bi2Ga4O9 were measured in the range of 0.430 and 0.700 μm. Such as many other bismuth containing compounds the refractive indices of Bi2Ga4O9 are larger than 2, and Bi2Ga4O9 is an optic biaxial positive crystal. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Shallow trapping center parameters in as‐grown AgIn5S8 crystals determined by thermally stimulated current measurements
Authors: Yildirim T. , Gasanly N. M.
Published: September 2009

Thermally stimulated current measurements were carried out on as‐grown AgIn5S8 single crystals. The investigations were performed in temperatures ranging from 10 to 70 K with heating rate of 0.2 Ks–1. The analysis of the data revealed the electron trap level located at 5 meV. The activation energies of the traps have been determined using various methods of analysis, and they agree with each other. The calculation for these traps yielded 2.2 × 10–25 cm2 for capture cross section and 6.1 × 1012 cm–3 for the concentration. It was concluded that in this center retrapping was negligible, as confirmed by the good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions of the model that assumes slow retrapping. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Commentary on ‘Intranasal corticosteroids for nasal airway obstruction in children with moderate to severe adenoidal hypertrophy’
Authors: Ntzani Evangelia E.
Published: September 2009

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Zhang L, Mendoza‐Sassi RA, César JA, Chadha NK. Intranasal corticosteroids for nasal airway obstruction in children with moderate to severe adenoidal hypertrophy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006286. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006286.pub2
Commentary on ‘Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children’, with a response from the review authors
Authors: El‐Hakim Hamdy , McDonald Stephen , Langton Hewer Claire D. , Nunez Desmond A
Published: September 2009

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: McDonald S, Langton Hewer CD, Nunez DA. Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art, No.: CD004741. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004741.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Bifurcation and stability analysis of laminar flow in curved ducts
Authors: Machane Werner
Published: September 2009

The development of viscous flow in a curved duct under variation of the axial pressure gradient q is studied. We confine ourselves to two‐dimensional solutions of the Dean problem. Bifurcation diagrams are calculated for rectangular and elliptic cross sections of the duct. We detect a new branch of asymmetric solutions for the case of a rectangular cross section. Furthermore we compute paths of quadratic turning points and symmetry breaking bifurcation points under variation of the aspect ratio γ (γ=0.8…1.5). The computed diagrams extend the results presented by other authors. We succeed in finding two origins of the Hopf bifurcation. Making use of the Cayley transformation, we determine the stability of stationary laminar solutions in the case of a quadratic cross section. All the calculations were performed on a parallel computer with 32×32 processors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of ecological water conveyance on groundwater dynamics and riparian vegetation in the lower reaches of Tarim River, China
Authors: Chen Yaning , Chen Yapeng , Xu Changchun , Ye Zhaoxia , Li Zhongqin , Zhu Chenggang , Ma Xiaodong
Published: September 2009

On the basis of the field measurements of changes in groundwater level and plant species abundance along nine transects crossing the Tarim River in Xinjiang, China, we examined the responses of groundwater and plant communities to a government‐controlled 7‐year recharge regime to the lower reaches of the river. Our results showed that the water recharges considerably lifted the groundwater table on both sides of the river course. The 6–8‐m groundwater depths before the water recharges rose to 2–4 m after the recharges. In the transverse direction, the response of the groundwater table could be observed at as far as 850 m from the river course, and the affected Populus euphratica could be observed at 700 m. However, we did not observe significant influence of the water recharges on herbaceous plants. We infer that the plant communities will be benefited more from the combination of overbank flows and stream aquifer recharge than from sole stream aquifer recharge. Such a combination may maximize the ecological benefits of water conveyance and accelerate the restoration of the damaged arid ecosystems in this area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytotoxicity and biological effects of functional nanomaterials delivered to various cell lines
Authors: Mahmood Meena , Casciano Daniel A. , Mocan Teodora , Iancu Cornel , Xu Yang , Mocan Lucian , Iancu Dana Todea , Dervishi Enkeleda , Li Zhongrui , Abdalmuhsen Mustafa , Biris Alexandru R. , Ali Nawab , Howard Paul , Biris Alexandru S.
Published: September 2009

Functional nanomaterials that included gold, silver nanoparticles and single wall carbon nanotubes were delivered to two cell lines (MLO‐Y4 osteocytic cells and HeLa cervical cancer cells) in various concentrations. The cells were found to uptake the nanomaterials in a relatively short time, a process that significantly affected the shape and the size of the cells. The percentage of cellular death, due to the delivery of these nanomaterials, was found to be the highest for carbon nanotubes and increased gradually with the concentration of these nanostructures. Moreover, when the nanomaterials were delivered to the cells combined with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents such as etoposide or dexamethasone, the number of the cells that died increased significantly (100–300%) as compared with the case when only the nanomaterials or the chemotherapeutic agents were delivered. The experimental results were confirmed by Caspase 3 studies, indicating a strong interaction between the nanomaterials used in this study and the protein structure of the cells, which allowed a more effective action of the apoptotic agents. These findings could be the foundation of a new class of cancer therapies that are composed of both chemotherapeutic agents and nanomaterials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lymphadenectomy for patients with cervical cancer: Is it of value?
Authors: Rossi Peter J. , Horowitz Ira R. , Johnstone Peter A.S. , Jani Ashesh B.
Published: September 2009

Introduction

Discovery of positive lymph nodes (LNs) in patients with cervix cancer is important prognostically, may direct adjuvant therapy, and may have therapeutic benefit. The purpose of this Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) analysis was to assess the value of lymphadenectomy (LND) in patients with cervical cancer.

Methods

The 17‐registry SEER database was searched for patients treated for cervical cancer between 1988 and 1998. Observed survival (OS) and expected survival (ES) were reported with a minimum of 5‐year follow‐up. Chi‐square analysis and log‐rank test were used to compare OS and ES.

Results

Between 1988 and 1998, 4,059 of 12,882 patients underwent LND for cervical cancer and were registered. By stage, 2,653 of 7,621 stage I, 341 of 2,042 stage II, 814 of 1,986 stage III, 251 of 1,233 stage IV, and 28 of 226 stage IVA patients underwent LND. Of these, 778 stage III and 210 stage IV patients had a +LN. Patients who underwent LND had improved OS (P = 0.001). OS was significantly increased for each stage after LND. OS increased based on number of nodes resected. OS increased up to 15 nodes resected (P = 0.01).

Conclusion

This SEER analysis of 12,882 patients suggests that LND benefited patients with cervical cancer and OS was improved. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:404–406. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychometric evaluation and validation of the German version of the Acute Stress Disorder Scale across two distinct trauma populations
Authors: Helfricht Susanne , Landolt Markus A. , Moergeli Hanspeter , Hepp Urs , Wegener Dominique , Schnyder Ulrich
Published: September 2009

Addressing the lack of self‐report tools for acute stress disorder assessment, the authors aimed at translating and evaluating the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) into German. The scale was applied to parents of children following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (n = 61), and to patients with an acute cardiac event (n = 52) within one month of illness‐related trauma. Indices of reliability, construct, and predictive validity with established measures of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression suggest that the German ASDS is a psychometrically sound and valid instrument.
A cross‐sectional study of ultrasound estimated bladder weight in a sample of men and women without lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Morris Vikky , Steventon Nigel , Hazbun Saleh , Wagg Adrian
Published: September 2009

Aims

A non‐invasive ultrasound method of estimating bladder weight (UEBW) has been proposed as diagnostic for outflow tract obstruction and detrusor overactivity in men and women. There are no data on asymptomatic men and women. This study aimed to examine the relationship between UEBW, age, height, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA).

Methods

Healthy volunteers of either sex were recruited from hospital staff, visitors, and patients. All were screened as asymptomatic using a validated tool and variables recorded. Bladder scans were performed using the Bladderscan BVM 6500 (Verathon, Aylesbury, England).

Results

Thirty men and 40 women were included in the study. There was no correlation between UEBW and BMI or age. There was a statistically significant correlation between height and UEBW (rs = 0.78 (95% CI 0.66–0.86), P < 0.0001), span and UEBW (M,rs = 0.68, P < 0.0001, F,rs = 0.36, P < 0.02), BSA and UEBW (M,rs = 0.75, P < 0.0001, F,rs = 0.34, P < 0.035), and height and UEBW (rs = 0.78 (95% CI 0.66–0.86), P < 0.0001) for both men and women.

Conclusions

This study has described a highly significant association between UEBW and height, and span and BSA in a group of asymptomatic individuals of both sexes. Caution should be taken when ascribing pathological significance to observations made in the absence of understanding of normal physiology. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:995–997, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semi‐analytical integration of the elastic stiffness matrix of an axisymmetric eight‐noded finite element
Authors: Lozada I.J. , Griffiths D.V. , Cerrolaza M.
Published: September 2009

The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical method for approximate solution of partial differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions. This work describes a methodology for generating the elastic stiffness matrix of an axisymmetric eight‐noded finite element with the help of Computer Algebra Systems. The approach is described as “semi analytical” because the formulation mimics the steps taken using Gaussian numerical integration techniques. The semianalytical subroutines developed herein run 50[percnt] faster than the conventional Gaussian integration approach. The routines, which are made publically available for download,1 should help FEM researchers and engineers by providing significant reductions of CPU times when dealing with large finite element models. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Treatment results of the Ewing sarcoma of bone and prognostic factors
Authors: Sarı Neriman , Toğral Giray , Çetindağ M. Faik , Güngör B. Şafak , İlhan İnci Ergürhan
Published: September 2009

Background

The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical outcome of patients with ESFT of the bone treated with the European Intergroup Cooperative Ewings Sarcoma Study (EICESS)‐92 treatment protocol at a single center, and to identify prognostic factors.

Methods

Ninety‐eight patients younger than 18 years of age, diagnosed with ESFT of the bone between 1992 and 2005, were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

Eighty‐seven patients were treated with the EICESS‐92 protocol. The median follow‐up was 105 ± 38 months. The 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) survival rate was 40%, the 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 47%. For non‐metastatic disease, the rates of 5‐year EFS and OS were 45% and 51%. These rates were 18% and 27%, for metastatic disease. The 5‐year EFS and OS rates were 17% and 30%, respectively for females. For males, theses rates were 45% and 48%. Of 87 patients, 52 were admitted with primary extremity lesions. Distant metastasis was detected in 48% of patients with a metaphyseal tumor. In patients with diaphyseal lesions, it was 17%. The 5‐year EFS and OS were 35% and 43%, respectively. In non‐metastatic disease, these measures were 43% and 50%, whereas in metastatic disease, they were 20% and 27%. In patients with a lesion originating from metaphysis, the 5‐year EFS was 17%, and the 5‐year OS was 29%, for patients with a diaphyseal lesion, these values were 50% and 54%.

Conclusion

The presence of metastasis was closely related with metaphyseal tumors. The localization of tumor in the bone (i.e., diaphyseal or metaphyseal) and gender of patients seem to have prognostic importance. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:19–24. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
End of life in children with cancer: Experience at the Pediatric Oncology Department of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori in Milan
Authors: Beretta Silvia , Polastri Daniela , Clerici Carlo Alfredo , Casanova Michela , Cefalo Graziella , Ferrari Andrea , Luksch Roberto , Massimino Maura , Meazza Cristina , Podda Marta Giorgia , Spreafico Filippo , Terenziani Monica , Bellani Franca Fossati
Published: September 2009

Background

Coping with end‐stage pediatric cancer patients and the related bereavement is a challenge for all the caregivers involved.

Procedure

Forty‐seven cancer patients who died in 2006 were assessed as concerns the main place of care in the end stage of their disease, their symptoms, the palliative treatments received, and the site of death.

Results

The end stage was managed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori Pediatric Oncology Department in 61% of cases, at home in 26%, and in hospices or other hospital facilities in 11%. Pain was the most common symptom, followed by asthenia, anorexia, dyspnea, and nausea/vomiting. About half the patients died at home, 8.5% at our institute, 43% at other hospitals, and 8.5% in hospices.

Conclusions

The care of pediatric cancer patients during the end stage of their disease is the responsibility of the caregivers who have followed them up since their diagnosis. However, it would be useful to establish an exchange of information and expertise between pediatric oncologists and the other facilities involved (hospices, other hospitals) or people assisting patients at home (family, family pediatrician/general practitioner GP). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:88–91. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electromagnetic interference and electrical conductivity characteristics of carbon/polycyanate composite with nanostrandsTM under tensile load
Authors: Mall S. , Harder B.T. , Petrosky J.C. , Hansen G. , Alexander M.D. , Hansen N.D.
Published: September 2009

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) shielding effectiveness of M55/RS‐3 composite (i.e., carbon fiber in a toughened polycyanate resin matrix) combined with nickel nanostrandsTM was investigated when subjected to the monotonic tensile load. These were quantified in the terms of dB attenuation and sheet resistance, respectively. A baseline panel without nanostrandsTM and three lay‐ups with different locations of nickel nanostrandsTM layers were characterized. These locations were outside surfaces, dispersed throughout the laminate thickness or the mid‐plane. The nanostrandsTM are capable of providing EMI and ESD shielding protection without any detrimental effects on the mechanical behavior of the composite (i.e., damage mechanisms and ultimate tensile strength) under the tensile loading condition. The placement of nanostrandsTM on the exterior surfaces in the composite lay‐up provided better EMI and ESD shielding effectiveness. The EMI protection capability from nanostrandsTM at any location was practically constant with increasing tensile load up to the final fracture. However, sheet resistance did not change with increasing tensile load only when nanostrandsTM were placed at the outside surfaces. The nanostrandsTM layers were not damaged until the final composite fracture. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1343–1351, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fabrication of polycrystalline silver nanowires via reversed micelle with amphiphilic diblock copolymer and aluminum oxide template at controlled temperature
Authors: Liu Jui‐Hsiang , Hsieh Feng‐Ming
Published: September 2009

An amphiphilic diblock copolymer consisting of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid was synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization via a hydrolysis process design. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by a reverse micelle method using the synthesized diblock copolymer as a surfactant. Silver nanoparticle‐embedded fibers were then fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide template. Silver nanoparticle‐embedded porous polymer fibers were fabricated by adding unreactive diphenyl sulfide in polymer matrix. They are expected to be applied to recyclable metal catalyst systems. After sintering of silver nanoparticle‐embedded polymer fibers at a relatively lower temperature, silver nanowires were fabricated. Moreover, the surfactant effect on both self assembly of nanoparticle clusters and silver nanowires surface smoothness were compared with the previously reported results. Silver nanoparticles coordinated amphiphilic copolymer was found to reveal higher thermal resistance. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1352–1359, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
The oligomerization of CynR in Escherichia coli
Authors: Knapp Gwendowlyn S. , Hu James C.
Published: September 2009

Deletion analysis and alanine‐scanning based on a homology‐based interaction model were used to identify determinants of oligomerization in the transcriptional regulator CynR, a member of the LysR‐type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) family. Deletion analysis confirmed that the putative regulatory domain of CynR was essential for driving the oligomerization of λ repressor‐CynR fusion proteins. The interaction surface of a different LTTR and OxyR was mapped onto a multiple sequence alignment of the LTTR family. This mapping identified putative contacts in the CynR regulatory domain dimer interface, which were targeted for alanine‐scanning mutagenesis. Oligomerization was assayed by the ability of mutant λ repressor‐CynR fusions to assemble in E. coli revealing interesting similarities and differences between OxyR and CynR.
The Trend in the Rate of Labor Force Participation of Older Men, 1870–1930: A Reply to Moen
Authors: Ransom Roger L. , Sutch Richard
Published: September 2009

In the 1986 volume of this JOURNAL we discussed the frequency of retirement and downward occupational mobility (on-the-job retirement) of older men in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century.1As we noted, study of retirement in the years before World War II is hampered by the lack of data on the labor force status of individuals. Indeed, until the concept of “gainful employment” was replaced by that of the “labor force” in 1940, the official census figures on occupations contained a large proportion of older men and women who by today's standard would be regarded as retired2.
System Building at the Margin: The Problem of Public Choice in the Telephone Industry
Authors: Lipartito Kenneth
Published: September 2009

This article considers whether natural monopoly conditions or AT'T's market power was responsible for the formation of a single, standardized network in the United States telephone industry. It shows that AT&T was able to move the industry towards a single system under its management through a strategy of competition and compromise with competitors. The article also examines the impact of AT's actions on state regulators, concluding that public officials, lacking necessary knowledge and authority to set policy, ended up supporting AT's position in the industry.
Plantation Management in the Chesapeake, 1620–1820
Authors: Walsh Lorena S.
Published: September 2009

Over the course of two hundred years Chesapeake planters sought to make the most of scarce labor while exploiting abundant land. Large planters were able to offset a secular decline in tobacco crops per laborer with productivity gains in grains, thus maintaining or enhancing revenues per hand in constant value. Intensification of the labor process and a switch from hoe to plow culture account for most of the increase; agricultural improvements, very little.
Education, Economic Development, and Technology Transfer: A Colonial Test
Authors: Hanson John R.
Published: September 2009

I test the hypothesis advanced by Richard Easterlin and others that the importation of modern technology and prospects for economic development in the Third World are principally a function of the local population's formal schooling. According to orthodoxy, manufacturing more than any other sector should repay investment in human capital. Yet the correlation of schooling with the manufacturing sector is much lower than with the mineral sector, an enclave in colonial economies and a symbol of underdevelopment.
Fatherless and Friendless: Factors Influencing the Flow of English Emigrant Servants
Authors: Grubb Farley
Published: September 2009

The incidence of fatherlessness among English emigrant servants was measured using contracts recorded in London between 1682 and 1686. This incidence was relatively high and systematically related to the servant's age, gender, county of origin, occupation, and father's occupation. Many emigrant servants were youths who had lost their fathers and lacked alternative support in England. Fatherlessness helps explain why the short-run supply of emigrant servants was relatively inelastic, and why some unskilled servants continued to migrate to America in spite of competition from slave labor.
Patent Growth in the Old Dominion: The Impact of Railroad Integration before 1880
Authors: Phillips William H.
Published: September 2009

Endogenous growth theories suggest that market integration will be more conducive to economic development when the previously isolated regions have large stocks of human capital. This paper uses the level of per capita patenting in nineteenth-century Virginia to measure this human capital. By the end of the 1870s, the rail network of the Old Dominion was rapidly being integrated with the rest of the nation. Inventiveness spread throughout northern Virginia, but the former plantation areas of the state fell behind.
Wage Discrimination and Occupational Crowding in a Competitive Industry: Evidence from the American Whaling Industry
Authors: Craig Lee A. , Fearn Robert M.
Published: September 2009

We test for wage discrimination and occupational crowding in the nineteenthcentury American whaling industry. Although our results indicate little evidence of wage discrimination, we cannot reject the hypothesis that certain groups—specifically blacks and Portuguese–experienced some occupational crowding, though it was by no means complete and the minority-dominated occupations were not low-paying ones. In addition, we find that members of the majority group—white American and Northern European seamen—did accept a negative compensating wage differential for working with members of their own group.
After the Famine: Emigration from Ireland, 1850–1913
Authors: Hatton Timothy J. , Williamson Jeffrey G.
Published: September 2009

This article examines the determinants of emigration from post-Famine Ireland. As Irish real wages rose relative to those in destination countries, the emigration rate fell. We argue, from time series analysis, that much of the secular fall in the rate can be explained by that narrowing of the wage gap. County-level, cross-sectional analysis of emigration rates indicates that poverty and low wages, large family size, and limited opportunities to acquire smallholdings all contributed to high rates of emigration. Changes in those variables over time reflect the rise in living standards, consistent with time series evidence.
“Man to Loan $1500 and Serve as Clerk”: Trading Jobs for Loans in Mid-Nineteenth-Century San Francisco
Authors: Rogers F. Halsey
Published: September 2009

This paper explores the phenomenon of “job-loan trading”—in which employers offered jobs in exchange for substantial loans from their new employees—as practiced in mid-nineteenth-century California. A sample of newspaper advertisements from 1857–76 reveals that despite the obvious inefficiencies of linking labor and capital markets, job-loan trading was both common and profitable. I assess labor market bonding against moral hazard or adverse selection as a possible explanation, but conclude that the job-loan trades primarily provide evidence of substantial Pacific Coast capital market imperfections. This conclusion has implications for the broader question of how financial markets develop.
Work Relief and the Labor Force Participation of Married Women in 1940
Authors: Finegan T. Aldrich , Margo Robert A.
Published: September 2009

Economic analysis of the labor supply of married women has long emphasized the impact of the unemployment of husbands—the added worker effect. This article re-examines the magnitude of the added worker effect in the waning years of the Great Depression. Previous studies of the labor supply of married women during this period failed to take account of various institutional features of New Deal work relief programs, which reduced the size of the added worker effect.
City and Countryside in Siena in the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Caferro William
Published: September 2009

This article reopens the classic debate about the relationship between the city and the countryside in medieval/Renaissance Italy. It examines city-countryside relations in Siena in the second half of the fourteenth century and compares them with what we know of Siena≈s northern neighbor, Florence. It argues that Sienese policy was moderate and even-handed and, despite similar pressures, less harsh than that of the Florentines. The difference is explained by the fact that Siena was economically far less potent and thus ever mindful that its own fate was intrinsically linked with that of the countryside.
Productivity, Extent of Markets, and Manufacturing in the Late Antebellum South and Midwest
Authors: Tchakerian Viken
Published: September 2009

This article uses the Bateman-Weiss samples of manufacturing firms from 1850 and 1860 to estimate the labor and total factor productivity of southern and midwestern manufacturing industries in the late antebellum period. The results indicate rapid growth in productivity, especially in the South. The article also demonstrates a positive association between measured productivity, firm size, and urbanization. Differences in manufacturing performance between the South and the Midwest are shown to be crucially dependent on the extent of markets within the two regions.
A New Look at U.S. Agricultural Productivity Growth, 1800–1910
Authors: Geib-Gundersen Lisa , Zahrt Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

A debate has recently been re-ignited over the pace of long-run productivity growth in nineteenth-century agriculture. Before 1966 the view was one of accelerated productivity over the course of the century, and this view was confirmed by the statistics on farm gross product published in 1960 by Marvin Towne and Wayne Rasmussen. The appearance in 1966 of Stanley Lebergott's labor force series changed this traditional perspective. When combined with Towne and Rasmussen's output figures, Lebergott's figures suggested that productivity growth was slower after the Civil War than before, calling into question the more plausible pattern of postbellum increases. A few historians were skeptical of these new findings, but were unable to dispute the seemingly solid foundation upon which they were built. Finally in 1993, Thomas Weiss argued that the skeptics were in fact correct to be wary of Lebergott's revisions.
Agricultural Seasonalily and the Organization of Manufacturing in Early Industrial Economies: The Contrast Between England and the United States
Authors: Sokoloff Kenneth L. , Dollar David
Published: September 2009

The greater flexibility associated with workers being able to choose the time and circumstance of their work allowed cottage manufacture to compete with technically more productive manufactories by rendering it more effective at harnessing a part time or offpeak workforce whose opportunity cost was low. Not only did this mean that cottage manufacture was better suited to the employment of women and children, who preferred flexibility in their hours and place of work, but also that the greater seasonality of labor supply in England led that economy to rely more on cottage manufacturing than did the United States during early industrialization.
Institutions and Economic Growth: The Politics of Productivity in West Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, 1945–1955
Authors: Booth Alan , Melling Joseph , Dartmann Christoph
Published: September 2009

This article reviews Mancur Olson’s ideas concerning the impact of institutions on growth rates and national competitive performance. We suggest that Olson’s “ideal typical” methodology limits the usefulness of his approach and that institutional structures and strategies can be dependent variables. In comparing the performance of three European countries in the postwar period, we argue (contrary to strict Olsonian principles) that changing market and political environments helped to determine the kind of institutional forms that emerged. We question the weight that Olson places on the role of institutional structures and strategies on long-run economic performance.
The Check Tax: Fiscal Folly and the Great Monetary Contraction
Authors: Lastrapes William D. , Selgin Grorge
Published: September 2009

Although its role has been overlooked by monetary historians, a two-cent tax on bank checks effective from June 1932 through December 1934 appears to have been an important contributing factor to that period's severe monetary contraction. According to the estimates in this article, the currency–demand deposit ratio was about 15 percent higher, and the M1 money stock about 12 percent smaller, ceteris paribus, than each would have been without the tax. The contractionary consequences had in fact been anticipated by many legislators who were, nevertheless, unable to prevent the measure from being included in the Revenue Act of 1932.
Patronage and Public-Sector Wages in 1896
Authors: Troesken Werner
Published: September 2009

Few systematic studies of the effects of patronage on public-sector employees' wages and working conditions exist. Exploiting a sample of nearly 90,000 workers, this article provides systematic evidence: Where patronage was widespread, state and local employees earned 40 percent more per hour; worked 16 to 17 percent fewer hours; and earned 22 percent more per week than comparable private-sector workers. Public-sector wage premia varied; low-skilled workers, and workers in Baltimore and New York, enjoyed relatively large wage premia. Wages were less dispersed in the public sector than in the private, suggesting that pay scales reflected politics, not marginal products.
Investigating a Debt Channel for the Smoot-Hawley Tariffs: Evidence from the Sovereign Bond Market
Authors: Carey Kevin
Published: September 2009

I examine the change in prices of foreign sovereign dollar bonds over several weeks in 1930 that marked major legislative progress for the Smoot-Hawley tariffs. If the market was preoccupied by anticipated debt-repayment problems arising from the tariffs, this should be visible in the cross-countty pattern of bond prices. The bond price data are compared to indicators of country sensitivity to the tariffs and debt service. A significant relationship is found for bond price changes in June 1930, but the size of the effect is very small. Analysis at the regional and individual country level reveals some puzzling cases.
Did They Jump or Were They Pushed? The Exit of Older Men from the London Labor Market, 1929–1931
Authors: Baines Dudley , Johnson Paul
Published: September 2009

We examine the income of older men in London around 1930, based on a large sample. The income of nonworking older men was substantially below that of men still working. We find no evidence that retirement rates increased at the state-penionable—unsurprisingly, since pension paryments provided less than a povertyline income. Less demanding or part-time work was unavailable. Hence we conclude that the decision of older manual workers to leave the labor market was determined primarily by the absence of appropriate employment opportunities, rather than the presence of substantial assets or nonlabor income.
An Analysis of Japanese Corporate Structure, 1915–1937
Authors: Frankl Jennifer L.
Published: September 2009

Corporate groups have been very important in the economies of many developing countries, including prewar Japan, wherezaibatsucontrolled approximately one-third of the capital stock. Regression analysis of a new firm-level financial data set distinguishes the economic behavior ofzaibatsumember firms from independent firms. The only significant difference between old-zaibatsumember firms and independent firms is that some measures of earnings of oldzaibatsuwere less stable. The earnings of new-zaibatsufirms were higher, faster-growing and less variable than those of independent firms. These results cast doubt on the anecdotal literature about oldzaibatsu.
The Economics of Normalcy
Authors: Zevin Robert B.
Published: September 2009

For reasons that were exogenous or predetermined, the ex ante propensity to invest out of income in the United States declined in the 1920s while the ex ante propensity to save increased. The consequent ex ante surplus available for saving drove up asset prices. Higher asset prices produced a substantial wealth effect on consumption, converting ex ante saving into ex post consumption. Output was consequently maintained at high employment. Eventually asset markets reacted to excessive price levels. Then the momentum of falling asset prices released and reinforced the weight of “surplus” saving.
The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673–1723
Authors: Galenson David W.
Published: September 2009

Evidence drawn from records of auctions held by the Royal African Company in Barbados between 1673 and 1723 is used to obtain annual estimates of slave prices by demographic category. These price series are then used to investigate the implications of an economic analysis of the demographic composition of the slave trade. The results provide quantitative support for the prediction that rising slave prices in the West Indies caused an increase in the share of children among the population of slaves in the transatlantic trade. This economic effect may have been a significant link between American slave markets and the demographic history of black populations in both Africa and America.
Oligopoly Agreement and the Timing of American Railroad Construction
Authors: Harley C. Knick
Published: September 2009

The railroads in the American West were constructed in a few concentrated building booms. This timing of construction resulted from the alternate creation and collapse of imperfect property rights to rights of way in partially settled areas. These “property rights” arose from strategic behavior within the railroad oligopoly. When enforcement costs of cooperative action were low, the railroads were able to create rents by avoiding construction ahead of demand. When enforcement became difficult, however, construction was the only way to capture rents on unbuilt lines so a construction boom ensued.
Determinants of Mortality Among New England Cotton Mill Workers During the Progressive Era
Authors: Aldrich Mark
Published: September 2009

Multiple regression analysis reveals that work in New England cotton textile mills during 1905–1912 raised age-adjusted mortality rates over those of non-mill- workers, and that worker mortality increased with years of mill experience. Mortality varied among groups because of differential self selection. Central age group native males with broad occupational choices had lower mortality rates than control groups. Young males, women, and the foreign born had restricted occupational choices. Hence they were less self selected and experienced higher mortality. Death rates were highest among married women workers who bore children. The combination of homework and millwork worsened their health and raised their mortality rates.
Measurement of Levels of Living in the People's Republic of the Congo since 1950
Authors: Sanders Margaret
Published: September 2009

It is obvious that the path taken by Europe and North America is not to be a universal one. If the rest of the world can never live as we have lived in the past half-century and cannot have our material level of living, what goals and direction of change can be found that will offer an acceptable future? The People's Republic of the Congo offers an interesting backgound from which to address this process of reformulation.
The Ottoman Empire in the “Great Depression” of 1873–1896
Authors: Pamuk Şevket
Published: September 2009

Contrary to the view that the periphery of the world economy benefited from rapidly expanding trade, the Ottoman economy actually faced a distinctly unfavorable world conjuncture during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Rates of growth of foreign trade dropped, external terms of trade deteriorated, declining wheat prices affected peasant producers, and the establishment of European control over Ottoman finances led to large debt payments abroad.Indirect data indicate that rates of change of agricultural and aggregate production were also lower during the “Great Depression” as compared to the later period.