bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinesioterapia respiratoria en la bronquiolitis aguda: estrategia terapéutica, bases fisiológicas e impacto clínico
Authors: Rodríguez Iván , Báez Claudio , Contreras Tania , Zenteno Daniel
Published: December 2021

La bronquiolitis aguda (BA) es una enfermedad respiratoria aguda frecuente que afecta a niños menores de 2 años, siendo su principal agente etiológico el virus respiratorio sincicial. El rol de la kinesioterapia respiratoria (KTR) en el manejo de esta patología ha sido materia de estudio en los últimos años con resultados discrepantes debido a que las técnicas de KTR convencional han sido diseñadas para su aplicación en el paciente adulto, lo que compromete significativamente la validez externa de los estudios que han evaluado la efectividad de estos protocolos terapéuticos en lactantes. En este contexto, surge la técnica de espiración lenta prolongada (ELPr) como alternativa terapéutica, puesto que el sustrato fisiológico de su ejecución responde al mecanismo mediante el cual se deteriora funcionalmente la mecánica ventilatoria en este grupo de pacientes. En los últimos años, se han publicado reportes consecutivos respecto a los beneficios de la técnica de ELPr sobre el curso clínico de los pacientes con BA, donde se ha observado contribuye a reducir la hiperinsuflación y permeabilizar la vía aérea del lactante, sin gatillar hiperinsuflación dinámica; pilares claves en la disfunción respiratoria en estos pacientes. En la presente revisión se abordaron de manera integrada los aspectos más relevantes vinculados a mecanismo de obstrucción bronquial del lactante, efecto fisiológico de la ELPr e impacto cínico de su ejecución. Datos que pretenden ser un aporte para avanzar en el desarrollo de investigaciones futuras que contribuyan a enriquecer el conocimiento de esta disciplina.
infrastructure
Authors: Grigoryeva Elena
Published: December 2021

The darkness that came from the Mediterranean Sea covered the city hated by the procurator... М. Bulgakov. The Master and MargaritaThe seventh airfield subzone covered our beloved city. Construction was stopped, and engineering was frozen. Now we have as much free time as we need. And while Irkutsk is struggling with the mistakes of previous administrations, let's see how new air terminals are opened one by one in the regional capitals of the country: Kemerovo, Saratov, Perm... The first one we saw was LEONOV in Kemerovo. And we saw it not online, but live, when we arrived at the Festival “Zodchestvo in Siberia”.The object of the issue is not a frequent section in PB. This issue contains several significant infrastructure facilities by Moscow authors. Airport terminals in three Russian regional capitals (41) and the Nizhegorodskaya transport hub in Moscow (63).The main Siberian festival of this autumn is a regular festival “Zodchestvo in Siberia” held in the first decade of September in Kemerovo (15-36). It is noteworthy that the main focus of the work of the key speakers of this festival, Nikolay Shumakov and Timur Bashkaev, is on transport infrastructure facilities. So the stars are aligned for us to talk about it, about INFRASTRUCTURE.The infrastructural crisis has hit fully half of the inhabited world. The gigantic transport, energy and information systems created in the middle of the last century have exhausted their resources. Mikhail Mishustin's government is adopting an ambitious plan to invest tens of trillions of rubles into the country's infrastructures. Joe Biden's government is discussing a similar plan that costs trillions of dollars. Meanwhile, it turns out that both the philosophy and methodology of infrastructure design have fundamentally changed and now require a deep rethinking. Along with the burning issues, however, we do not forget about anniversaries. The new issue of PB opens with a diptych devoted to the 80th anniversary of our regular author Alexander Rappaport.
Three airports
Authors: Asadov Alexander , Asadov Andrey
Published: December 2021

The airport terminals in Perm, Saratov and Kemerovo created by Asadov Architectural bureau are presented. General concepts of complexes, architectural and interior solutions for passenger terminals, as well as elaboration of design codes of administrative and technical buildings are given. Particular attention is paid to passenger comfort and safety.
Epidemija španske gripe v Ljubljani
Authors: Šorn Mojca
Published: December 2021

Članek v prvem delu oriše svet med špansko pandemijo, v nadaljevanju pa je osredinjen na kranjska mesta, s poudarkom na Ljubljani, in podeželje. Kljub pomanjkanju virov uspe na podlagi tiskanih virov do določene mere prikazati zdravstveno stanje prebivalcev, hkrati pa vsaj delno odgovori na vprašanje, ali so bili ti o epidemiološki situaciji dovolj dobro obveščeni in koliko so oblasti naredile za njihovo varnost. S podatki, ki bi razjasnili, kako so ljudje dojemali bolezen, ki je v tako kratkem času terjala toliko življenj kot nobena vojna in nobena lakota pred tem, kako so se z njo spopadli oboleli, kakšni so bili odzivi prebivalcev na (nezadostne) ukrepe oblasti ipd., avtorica ne razpolaga.
A economia alimentar em Chibanes (Palmela) – Horizonte Campaniforme
Authors: Cardoso João Luís , Tavares da Silva Carlos , Soares Joaquina , Martins Filipe
Published: December 2021

Estudam‑se os restos faunísticos da C.2A do Locus I15, recuperados nos níveis de ocupação do Calcolítico tardio com cerâmicas campaniformes do grupo estilístico de Palmela (Fase IC ‑cerca de 2250 cal BC) do povoado de Chibanes (Palmela). Nos mamíferos observou‑se claro predomínio de animais domésticos, representados por ordem decrescente pelo porco, seguido dos caprinos (ovelhas e cabras) e do boi doméstico. A alimentação era complementada pela caça de animais de grande, médio e pequeno porte, estando provavelmente representado o auroque e eventualmente o javali, e seguramente o veado e o coelho bravo. Residualmente identificaram‑se peixes, e um pequeno conjunto de aves. Este estudo permitiu conhecer as características da economia alimentar dos habitantes do povoado de Chibanes correspondente à presença de produções campaniformes, possibilitando assim a comparação com os escassos resultados disponíveis para outros sítios arqueológicos do mesmo horizonte cultural, tanto da Estremadura como do Baixo Alentejo.
Luto en la cara: ablaciones de duelo en el Mediterráneo ancestral
Authors: Gómez Peña Álvaro , Escacena Carrasco José Luis
Published: December 2021

Algunas representaciones de la pintura rupestre esquemática, numerosas figurillas neolíticas y calcolíticas de la Península Ibérica y varias máscaras fenicio-púnicas encontradas a lo largo de todo el Mediterráneo exhiben como característica común incisiones paralelas sobre los pómulos. Tradicionalmente, dichas marcas han sido interpretadas como tatuajes en el rostro o inserciones de varillas a la altura de la nariz. Frente a estas hipótesis se propone que estas líneas faciales podrían ser rasguños y laceraciones como símbolos de duelo ante la muerte. En apoyo de esta idea se analizan varias referencias textuales de diversas épocas, así como distintos elementos arqueológicos.
Formaldehyde evolution in US wildfire plumes during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality experiment (FIREX-AQ)
Authors: Liao Jin , Wolfe Glenn M. , Hannun Reem A. , St. Clair Jason M. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Gilman Jessica B. , Lamplugh Aaron , Selimovic Vanessa , Diskin Glenn S. , Nowak John B. , Halliday Hannah S. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Holmes Christopher D. , Fite Charles H. , Agastra Anxhelo , Ryerson Thomas B. , Peischl Jeff , Bourgeois Ilann , Warneke Carsten , Coggon Matthew M. , Gkatzelis Georgios I. , Sekimoto Kanako , Fried Alan , Richter Dirk , Weibring Petter , Apel Eric C. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Brown Steven S. , Womack Caroline C. , Robinson Michael A. , Washenfelder Rebecca A. , Veres Patrick R. , Neuman J. Andrew
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the most abundant non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by fires. HCHO also undergoes chemical
production and loss as a fire plume ages, and it can be an important oxidant precursor. In this study, we disentangle the processes controlling HCHO
by examining its evolution in wildfire plumes sampled by the NASA DC-8 during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality experiment (FIREX-AQ) field campaign. In 9 of the 12 analyzed plumes,
dilution-normalized HCHO increases with physical age (range 1–6 h). The balance of HCHO loss (mainly via photolysis) and production (via
OH-initiated VOC oxidation) seems to control the sign and magnitude of this trend. Plume-average OH concentrations, calculated from VOC decays,
range from −0.5 (± 0.5) × 106 to 5.3 (± 0.7) × 106 cm−3. The production and loss rates of
dilution-normalized HCHO seem to decrease with plume age. Plume-to-plume variability in dilution-normalized secondary HCHO production correlates
with OH abundance rather than normalized OH reactivity, suggesting that OH is the main driver of fire-to-fire variability in HCHO secondary
production. Analysis suggests an effective HCHO yield of 0.33 (± 0.05) per VOC molecule oxidized for the 12 wildfire plumes. This finding can
help connect space-based HCHO observations to the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and to VOC emissions.
Ozone deposition impact assessments for forest canopies require accurate ozone flux partitioning on diurnal timescales
Authors: Visser Auke J. , Ganzeveld Laurens N. , Goded Ignacio , Krol Maarten C. , Mammarella Ivan , Manca Giovanni , Boersma K. Folkert
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Dry deposition is an important sink of tropospheric ozone that affects surface concentrations and impacts crop yields, the land carbon sink, and the terrestrial water cycle. Dry deposition pathways include plant uptake via stomata and non-stomatal removal by soils, leaf surfaces, and chemical reactions. Observational studies indicate that ozone deposition exhibits substantial temporal variability that is not reproduced by atmospheric chemistry models due to a simplified representation of vegetation uptake processes in these models. In this study, we explore the importance of stomatal and non-stomatal uptake processes in driving ozone dry deposition variability on diurnal to seasonal timescales. Specifically, we compare two land surface ozone uptake parameterizations – a commonly applied big leaf parameterization (W89; Wesely, 1989) and a multi-layer model (MLC-CHEM) constrained with observations – to multi-year ozone flux observations at two European measurement sites (Ispra, Italy, and Hyytiälä, Finland). We find that W89 cannot reproduce the diurnal cycle in ozone deposition due to a misrepresentation of stomatal and non-stomatal sinks at our two study sites, while MLC-CHEM accurately reproduces the different sink pathways. Evaluation of non-stomatal uptake further corroborates the previously found important roles of wet leaf uptake in the morning under humid conditions and soil uptake during warm conditions. The misrepresentation of stomatal versus non-stomatal uptake in W89 results in an overestimation of growing season cumulative ozone uptake (CUO), a metric for assessments of vegetation ozone damage, by 18 % (Ispra) and 28 % (Hyytiälä), while MLC-CHEM reproduces CUO within 7 % of the observation-inferred values. Our results indicate the need to accurately describe the partitioning of the ozone atmosphere–biosphere flux over the in-canopy stomatal and non-stomatal loss pathways to provide more confidence in atmospheric chemistry model simulations of surface ozone mixing ratios and deposition fluxes for large-scale vegetation ozone impact assessments.
Measurement report: Photochemical production and loss rates of formaldehyde and ozone across Europe
Authors: Nussbaumer Clara M. , Crowley John N. , Schuladen Jan , Williams Jonathan , Hafermann Sascha , Reiffs Andreas , Axinte Raoul , Harder Hartwig , Ernest Cheryl , Novelli Anna , Sala Katrin , Martinez Monica , Mallik Chinmay , Tomsche Laura , Plass-Dülmer Christian , Bohn Birger , Lelieveld Jos , Fischer Horst
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Various atmospheric sources and sinks regulate the abundance of tropospheric formaldehyde (HCHO), which is an important trace gas impacting the HOx (≡ HO2 + OH) budget and the concentration of ozone (O3). In this study, we present the
formation and destruction terms of ambient HCHO and O3 calculated from in situ observations of various atmospheric trace gases measured at
three different sites across Europe during summertime. These include a coastal site in Cyprus, in the scope of the Cyprus Photochemistry Experiment (CYPHEX) in 2014, a mountain site in southern Germany, as part of the Hohenpeißenberg Photochemistry Experiment (HOPE) in 2012, and a forested site in Finland, where measurements were performed during the Hyytiälä United Measurements of Photochemistry and Particles (HUMPPA) campaign in 2010. We show that, at all three sites, formaldehyde production from the OH oxidation of methane (CH4), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), isoprene (C5H8) and methanol (CH3OH) can almost completely balance the observed loss via photolysis, OH oxidation and dry deposition. Ozone chemistry is clearly controlled by nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) that include
O3 production from NO2 photolysis and O3 loss via the reaction with NO. Finally, we use the HCHO budget calculations
to determine whether net ozone production is limited by the availability of VOCs (volatile organic compounds; VOC-limited regime) or NOx (NOx-limited regime). At the mountain site in Germany, O3 production is VOC limited, whereas it is
NOx limited at the coastal site in Cyprus. The forested site in Finland is in the transition regime.
Using analog computers in today's largest computational challenges
Authors: Köppel Sven , Ulmann Bernd , Heimann Lars , Killat Dirk
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Analog computers can be revived as a feasible technology platform for low
precision, energy efficient and fast computing. We justify this statement by
measuring the performance of a modern analog computer and comparing it with
that of traditional digital processors. General statements are made about the solution
of ordinary and partial differential equations.
Computational fluid dynamics are discussed as an example of large scale scientific
computing applications. Several models are proposed which demonstrate the benefits
of analog and digital-analog hybrid computing.
Road Surface Characteristics for the Automotive 77 GHz Band
Authors: Kurz Vera , Stuelzebach Hannes , Pfeiffer Florian , van Driesten Carlo , Biebl Erwin
Published: December 2021

Abstract. In order to achieve a safety proof of autonomous driving using simulations, information about the environment has to be determined, which is not sufficiently available until now.
This work is concerned with road surfaces and their scattering of radar signals.
As it is not enough to look at geometries, as it is already done for many ray tracing approaches, also material and composition have to be investigated.
Therefore, measurements are performed using a SAR setup in a laboratory as well as open space measurements using a radar evaluation board on a testing area of the Federal Highway Research Institute.
The SAR setup enables a quick estimation on differences in reflection of different test objects.
With the result from the latter values for the relative permittivity are calculated for different road surface types exploiting Fresnel's equations.
The differences in reflection depending on material and surface structure of the road see in the measurements of both setups are discussed in the paper.
Influence of geomagnetic disturbances on mean winds and tides in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere at midlatitudes
Authors: Jacobi Christoph , Lilienthal Friederike , Korotyshkin Dmitry , Merzlyakov Evgeny , Stober Gunter
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Observations of upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) wind have been performed at Collm (51.3∘ N, 13.0∘ E) and Kazan (56∘ N, 49∘ E), using two SKiYMET all-sky meteor radars with similar configuration. Daily vertical profiles of mean winds and tidal amplitudes have been constructed from hourly horizontal winds.
We analyse the response of mean winds and tidal amplitudes to geomagnetic disturbances. To this end, we compare winds and amplitudes for very quiet (Ap ≤ 5) and unsettled/disturbed (Ap ≥ 20) geomagnetic conditions. Zonal winds in both the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are weaker during disturbed conditions for both summer and winter. The summer equatorward meridional wind jet is weaker for disturbed geomagnetic conditions. Tendencies for geomagnetic effects on mean winds over Collm and Kazan qualitatively agree during most of the year. For the diurnal tide, amplitudes in summer are smaller in the mesosphere and greater in the lower thermosphere, but no clear tendency is seen for winter. Semidiurnal tidal amplitudes increase during geomagnetic active days in summer and winter. Terdiurnal amplitudes are slightly reduced in the mesosphere during disturbed days, but no clear effect
is visible for the lower thermosphere. Overall, while there is a noticeable effect of geomagnetic variability on the mean wind, the effect on tidal amplitudes, except for the semidiurnal tide, is relatively small and partly different over Collm and Kazan.
A MIMO Radar System based on Fractal Antenna Arrays for Level Measurement Applications
Authors: Dahl Christoph , Vogt Michael , Rolfes Ilona
Published: December 2021

Abstract. In this contribution, the design of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system in 77–81 GHz range with 18 transmitting antennas and 24 receiving antennas for measuring the height profile of bulk solids in silos, is presented and discussed. The antenna array topologies are optimized by utilizing space filling fractals in order to approximate a circular shaped antenna array on a hexagonal grid. The proposed MIMO radar system achieves an angular resolution of 3.1∘ for a maximum scanning angle of ±45∘ and a side lobe suppression of 12.6 dB. The performance of the system has been evaluated by test measurements on a sand heap, showing an improved measurement accuracy compared to conventional radar level systems.
Calculations of electromagnetic fields in longitudinal irregular TEM-cells
Authors: Pham Hoang Duc , Tüting Katja , Garbe Heyno
Published: December 2021

Abstract. TEM-cells can be used as a standardized field generator for field probe calibration purposes or electromagnetic compatibility measurements.
Because of its practical use as a measurement environment, the electromagnetic behavior over a broad range of frequencies is essential.
However, without the understanding of wave reflection, mode-conversion, and attenuation, using such a measurement environment is impractical.
In this contribution, we calculate the electromagnetic fields in a longitudinal irregular coaxial TEM-cell.
Using a semi-analytical approach, we can determine these wave characteristics.
The method is based on the projection of Maxwell's equations onto eigenfunctions.
This work's primary objective is to examine the effect of irregular deformed boundaries on the electromagnetic field and the resonance frequencies.
Dynamic Eigenimage Based Background and Clutter Suppression for Ultra Short-Range Radar
Authors: Ehrnsperger Matthias G. , Noll Maximilian , Punzet Stefan , Siart Uwe , Eibert Thomas F.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Background and clutter suppression techniques are important towards the successful application of radar in complex environments. We investigate eigenimage based methodologies such as principal component analysis (PCA) and apply it to frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. The designed dynamic principal component analysis (dPCA) algorithm dynamically adjusts the number of eigenimages that are utilised for the processing of the signal. Furthermore, the algorithm adapts towards the number of objects in the field of view as well as the estimated distances. For the experimental evaluation, the dPCA algorithm is implemented in a multi-static FMCW radar prototype that operates in the K-band at 24 GHz. With this background and clutter removal method, it is possible to increase the signal-to-clutter-ratio (SCR) by 4.9 dB compared to standard PCA with mean removal (MR).
Downscaling CMIP6 Global Solutions to Regional Ocean Carbon Model: Connecting the Mississippi, Gulf of Mexico, and Global Ocean
Authors: Zhang Le , Xue Z. George
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Coupled physical-biogeochemical models can significantly reduce uncertainties in estimating the spatial and temporal patterns of the ocean carbon system. Challenges of applying a coupled physical-biogeochemical model in the regional ocean include the reasonable prescription of carbon model boundary conditions, lack of in situ observations, and the oversimplification of certain biogeochemical processes. In this study, we applied a coupled physical-biogeochemical model (Regional Ocean Modelling System, ROMS) to the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and achieved an unprecedented 20-year high-resolution (5 km, 1/22°) hindcast covering the period of 2000–2019. The model’s biogeochemical cycle is driven by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6-Community Earth System Model 2 products (CMIP6-CESM2) and incorporates the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pools as well as the formation and dissolution of carbonate minerals. Model outputs include generally interested carbon system variables, such as pCO2, pH, aragonite saturation state (ΩArag), calcite saturation state (ΩCalc), CO2 air-sea flux, carbon burial rate, etc. The model’s robustness is evaluated via extensive model-data comparison against buoy, remote sensing-based Machine Learning (ML) predictions, and ship-based measurements. Model results reveal that the GoM water has been experiencing an ~ 0.0016 yr−1 decrease in surface pH over the past two decades, accompanied by a ~ 1.66 µatm yr−1 increase in sea surface pCO2. The air-sea CO2 exchange estimation confirms that the river-dominated northern GoM is a substantial carbon sink. The open water of GoM, affected mainly by the thermal effect, is a carbon source during summer and a carbon sink for the rest of the year. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to evaluate the impacts from river inputs and the global ocean via model boundaries. Our results show that the coastal ocean carbon cycle is dominated by enormous carbon inputs from the Mississippi River and nutrient-stimulated biological activities, and the carbon system condition of the open ocean is primarily driven by inputs from the Caribbean Sea via Yucatan Channel.
Empfehlungen für die Charakterisierung und Benennung ausgewählter IPCC Klimaszenarien
Authors: Kreienkamp Frank , Früh Barbara , Kotlarski Sven , Linke Carsten , Olefs Marc , Schauser Inke , Schinko Thomas , Schwierz Cornelia , Walter Andreas , Zimmer Matthias
Published: December 2021

Eine zentrale Aufgabe von Klimaforschung und Klimakommunikation ist die Beschreibung möglicher Entwicklungspfade des künftigen Klimas sowie der antreibenden Kräfte. Diese Entwicklungspfade werden Klimaszenarien genannt. Klimaszenarien wiederum basieren auf Szenarien möglicher Entwicklung von Gesellschaft, Technologie und Ressourcennutzung, um daraus die resultierenden Emissionen von Treibhausgasen abzuschätzen. 

In der Nutzerkommunikation werden die Klimaszenarien des Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in der Regel mit prägnanten Namen beschrieben. Im deutschsprachigen Raum wurden in den letzten Jahren jedoch verschiedene Namen für dieselben Klimaszenarien genutzt. Dies führte oft zu Irritationen und Verwechslungen.

Um dem entgegenzuwirken hat nun eine Arbeitsgruppe der drei deutschsprachigen Wetterdienste, Bundes- und Landeseinrichtungen und aus der Klimaforschung erstmals eine Empfehlung für eine einheitliche Benennung, Beschreibung und farbliche Kennzeichnung einer Auswahl von Klimaszenarien des IPCC vorgelegt. Dieses betrifft die Szenarien der CMIP61-Generation die aus zwei sich gegenseitig ergänzenden Komponenten bestehen: den Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) und den Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Im speziellen hier die Szenarien SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 und SSP5-8.5. Dieses sind die Szenarien die zum einen von den Modellgruppen für Modellsimulationen genutzt wurden und oder in der politischen Diskussion regelmäßig besprochen werden.

Dieser Beitrag stellt die Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppe für eine einheitliche Sprach- und Kommunikationsregelung  der fünf derzeit am häufigsten genutzten Klimaszenarien im deutschsprachigen Raum vor.

1 CMIP6: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6
Simulation-based indices for a climate-resilient agriculture - insights from ADAPTER
Authors: Bathiany Sebastian , Rechid Diana , Goergen Klaus , Ney Patrizia , Belleflamme Alexandre
Published: December 2021

Agriculture is among the sectors that are most vulnerable to extreme weather conditions and climate change. In Germany, the dry and hot summers 2018, 2019, and 2020 have brought this into the focus of public attention. Agricultural actors like farmers, advisors or companies are concerned to adapt to interannual climate variability and extremes. In the ADAPTER project, we collaborate with stakeholders from these groups and generate practically relevant information, tailored climate change indices and usable information products.

 

The challenges of climate change for agriculture are manifold. The genetic traits of crops need to be adapted to a new climatic average, for instance by breeding new sorts of crops that are specialised for warmer and dryer conditions (i.e. maximising average yields). Agricultural practises need to be adapted to changing seasonal weather patterns under changing climate conditions. It is also vital to ensure the resilience to climate extremes by aiming for a low inter-annual yield variability, in order to prevent price shocks or food shortages.

 

In order to adequately determine the optimal balance between specialisation and risk diversification, the agricultural sector hence requires knowledge not only about changes in the mean climate, but also on the variance around the changing mean. In this contribution, we focus on this second aspect by analysing the potential impact of forced changes in climate variability on the stability of crop yields in central Europe.

 

We analyse the changing climate variability in 85 regional climate model projections from Coordinated Downscaling Experiments over Europe (EURO-CORDEX). We first show how the projections indicate a general increase in climate variability during critical development stages of wheat, rapeseed and maize in Europe. Second, we determine several more specific agronomic climate indices that capture events that have previously been shown to be critical for yields, for instance the occurrence of high daily maximum temperature, the seasonal sum of rainfall, the number of dry days, or the occurrence of compound events with simultaneous drought and increased temperatures. Finally, we illustrate how the results can be made accessible to practitioners in the agriculture sector by co-designing interactive browser applications, thus directly supporting the adaptation of the agricultural system to climate change.

 
Der Klimawandel in den Alpen: Was erwartet uns in Zukunft?
Authors: Kotlarski Sven , Gobiet Andreas , Morin Samuel , Olefs Marc , Rajczak Jan , Samacoïts Raphaëlle
Published: December 2021

Wir präsentieren eine umfassende Analyse des alpinen Klimawandels im 21. Jahrhundert basierend auf den regionalen Klimasimulationen der EURO-CORDEX Initiative. Klimaänderungssignale verschiedener Temperatur- und Niederschlagsindikatoren sowie der natürlichen Schneedecke bis zum Ende des Jahrhunderts wurden unter expliziter Berücksichtigung der Modellunsicherheiten und für drei Treibhausgas-Emissionsszenarien (RCPs 2.6, 4.5 und 8.5) ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eindeutig, dass der Alpenraum im Laufe des Jahrhunderts mit einer weiteren Erwärmung zu rechnen hat. Deren Intensität hängt stark vom jeweils betrachteten Emissionsszenario ab und dürfte während des Sommers und für Regionen südlich des Alpenhauptkamms am stärksten ausfallen. Je nach Jahreszeit gibt es Tendenzen zu einer leicht verstärkten Erwärmung in mittleren und hohen Lagen der Alpen. Die Unterschiede in der mittleren Temperaturänderung zwischen den Modellsimulationen können beträchtlich sein, jedoch sind die Hauptmuster der projizierten Erwärmung konsistent über das gesamte Ensemble und robust. Bei den mittleren jahreszeitlichen Niederschlagsmengen zeigt sich eine Tendenz zur Verschiebung vom Sommer in Richtung Winter, wobei hier noch eine relativ grosse Modellunsicherheit besteht und einzelne Simulationen von diesem generellen Muster abweichen können. Hohe tägliche Niederschlagsmengen werden in alles Jahreszeiten tendenziell zunehmen während die Niederschlagshäufigkeit in den Sommermonaten abnimmt. Es zeigt sich ein zum Teil deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen der projizierten Änderung jahreszeitlicher Mitteltemperaturen und der mittleren Niederschlagsmengen, der von der jeweils betrachteten Jahreszeit abhängt: Simulationen und Regionen mit starker Erwärmung weisen im Sommer eine recht deutliche Niederschlagsabnahme, im Winter aber eine vergleichsweise hohe Niederschlagszunahme auf. Die natürliche Schneedecke des Alpenraums wird von den erwarteten Änderungen bei Temperatur und Niederschlag deutlich beeinflusst und wird sich zumindest in tiefen und mittleren Höhenlagen merklich zurückziehen. Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen generell die Erkenntnisse aus vorherigen Studien. Sie erlauben durch das grosse ausgewertete Modellensemble und die relativ hohe räumliche Auflösung der Simulationen aber robustere Aussagen zu kleinräumigen Facetten des zukünftigen alpinen Klimawandels und zur Projektionsunsicherheit.
Variations in Atmospheric Energy Transport across the Arctic Circle
Authors: Höschel Ines , Handorf Dörthe , Rinke Annette , Bresson Hélène
Published: December 2021

Understanding the variability of energy transport and its components, and the mechanisms involved, is critical to improve our understanding of the Arctic amplification. Large amounts of energy are transported from the equator to the poles by the large-scale atmospheric circulation. At the Arctic Circle, this represents an annual average net transport of about two PW. The energy transport can be divided into latent and dry static components which, when increasing, indirectly contribute to the Arctic amplification. While the enhanced dry static energy transport favors sea ice melt and changes the lapse rate, the enhanced influx of latent energy affects the water vapor content and cloud formation, and thus also the lapse rate and sea ice melt via radiative effects.

In this study, 40 years (1979-2018) of 6-hourly ERA-Interim reanalysis data are used to calculate the energy transport and its components. Inconsistencies due to spurious mass-flux are accounted for by barotropic wind field correction before the calculation. The first and last decade of the ERA-Interim period differ in terms of sea ice cover, sea surface temperature, and greenhouse gas concentrations, all of which affect the atmospheric circulation.

The comparison between these periods shows significant changes in monthly and annual vertically integrated energy transport across the Arctic Circle. On an annual average, energy transport significantly increases in the late period for both total energy and its components, whereas the transport of dry static energy decreases in the winter season. The analysis of the atmospheric circulation reveals variations in the frequency of occurrence of preferred circulation regimes and the associated anomalies in energy transport as a potential cause for the observed changes.

The hemispheric-scale and climatological view provides an expanded overall picture in terms of poleward energy transport to atmospheric events as cold air outbreaks and atmospheric rivers. This is demonstrated using the example of the atmospheric river which occurred over Svalbard on 6th & 7th June 2017.
Untersuchung der Effekte des 2020 verringerten Flugverkehrs auf das Vorkommen von hohen dünnen Cirrus-Wolken über JOYCE
Authors: van Gelder Lars , Löhnert Ulrich , Pospichal Bernhard
Published: December 2021

Cirrus-Wolken können zur Erwärmung des Klimas beitragen, weshalb in diesem Beitrag mögliche Effekte des verringerten Flugverkehrs im Jahr 2020 auf das Vorkommen von hohen dünnen Cirrus-Wolken untersucht werden. Als Grundlage dienen gemessene Profile der Hydrometeorklassifikation von Cloudnet, einem Wolkenbeobachtungsnetzwerk im Rahmen der Forschungsinfrastruktur ACTRIS. Für die Auswertung werden Daten der Standorte Jülich und München verwendet. Der Referenzzeitraum, der mit dem Zeitraum seit dem Beginn der Corona-Pandemieverglichen wird, erstreckt sich von 2018 bis März 2020. Durch eine Analyse der Tage mit gleichen Wetterlagen, die auf Basis der objektiven Wetterlagenklassifikation des Deutschen Wetterdienstes existiert, konnte ein aussagekräftiger Vergleich durchgeführt werden.

Die Analyse aller vorhandenen Daten zeigt, dass zu Beginn der Pandemie im Frühjahr 2020 viele Tage mit einem sehr geringem Vorkommen von Eiswolken in einer Höhe von 7 bis 12 km vorhanden waren.

Die Wetterlagenklassifikation zeigt weiter, dass die antizyklonale Südwestwetterlage in dem Zeitraum 2018 bis März 2020, sowie in dem Zeitraum April 2020 bis März 2021 zu jeweils knapp 25 % vorherrschend war. Generell ergibt sich über Jülich bei der antizyklonalen Südwetterlage während der Corona-Pandemie ein Rückgang der detektierten Eiswolken von knapp 5 %.

Durch das weitere Kriterium der Jahreszeit, also der Betrachtung des Frühjahrs, wird der Vergleich noch aussagekräftiger, da hier gleich große Datensätze verglichen werden. Im Frühjahr ist der Rückgang des Vorkommens von Cirren in 7 bis 12 km Höhe mit 5 % (Jülich), bzw. 8 % (München) noch deutlicher zu erkennen.

Der Rückgang des Vorkommens von Cirren im Höhenbereich 7-12 km geht einher mit dem Rückgang von dünnen, isolierten Cirren zwischen 8,5 und 12 km, welche auf Kondensstreifen-Cirren zurückgeführt werden können. Bei dieser Betrachtung wurden zwischen Grenzschicht und 8,5 km wenig bis keine Eishydrometeore registriert.

Die vorhandenen Ergebnisse werden mit den Feuchteprofilen (Einfluss der Feuchte in den höheren Atmosphärenschichten) der jeweiligen Frühjahre ergänzt, wodurch ein weiterer wichtiger Faktor in der Betrachtung des Vorkommens von hohen dünnen Cirren hinzugezogen wird.
Evapotranspiration measurements in the Brazilian Caatinga dry forest
Authors: de Araújo José Carlos , Vellame Lucas Melo , Raabe Armin , de Jong van Lier Quirijn
Published: December 2021

The Brazilian semiarid region (one million km²) is densely populated (25 million inhabitants), but its natural water availability is low. Despite the fact that evaporative processes are key to the regional water deficit, the actual evapotranspiration of natural environment has rarely been measured, especially in the native Caatinga dry forest. We hereby propose a simple method that demands the monitoring of five meteorological variables: relative humidity, global radiation, canopy and air temperature, as well as wind speed. These values are used to assess leaf energy balance, yielding net radiation (Rn) and actual evapotranspiration (LE). To estimate the actual Caatinga evapotranspiration under natural conditions and in different seasons, the proposed method was applied in situ during nine months. The application site was the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, situated in an environmental protection area in the North-eastern Brazil. The method provided consistent results when compared with independent measurements, such as atmospheric demand, leaf area, and soil water content variation. Results indicate that the daily average net radiation is 12 MJ m-². During the dry season, the actual evapotranspiration is very low, with negligible LE/Rn ratio. Contrastingly, in the rainy season, it raises to 6 mm per day, with average LE/Rn ratio equalling 0.89. The results show that the actual evapotranspiration in the Caatinga long-lasting dry season (up to nine months per year) is controlled by the water availability in the soil.
Sensitivity of the middle and upper atmospheric dynamics to the modification of the gravity wave drag parameterization in ICON model
Authors: Karami Khalil , Borchert Sebastian , Eichinger Roland , Jacobi Christoph , Kuchar Ales , Mehrdad Sina , Pisoft Petr , Sacha Petr
Published: December 2021

The gravity waves play a crucial role in driving and shaping the middle atmospheric circulation. The Upper-Atmospheric extension of the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (UA-ICON) general circulation model was recently developed with satisfying performances in both idealized test cases and climate simulations, however the sensitivity of the circulation to the parameterized orographic and non-orographic gravity wave drag remains largely unexplored. Using UA-ICON and ICON-NWP, the sensitivity of the dynamics and circulation to both orographic and non-orographic parameterized gravity waves effects are investigated. ICON-NWP stands for the numerical-weather prediction mode of the ICON model (see Zängl et al, 2015, QJRMetSoc), with a model top at about 80 km altitude. The UA-ICON mode differs from ICON-NWP in deep-atmosphere dynamics (instead of shallow-atmosphere dynamics) and upper-atmosphere physics parameterizations being switched on. In addition, the model top is at about 150 km.

The sensitivity experiments involve employing repeated annual cycle sea surface temperatures, sea ice, and greenhouse gases under year 1988. This year is selected as both El-Nino southern oscillation and pacific decadal oscillation are in their neutral phase and no explosive volcano eruption has occurred and hence conditions in this year can serve as a useful proxy for the multi-year mean condition and an estimate of its internal variability. For both UA-ICON and ICON-NWP, we perform simulations where in the control (CTL) simulation both orographic and non-orographic gravity wave drags are switched on. The other two experiments are identical to the control simulation except that either orographic (OGWD-off) or b) non-orographic (NGWD-off) gravity wave drags are switched off. The analysis include comparisons between CTL and OGWD-off and NGWD-off simulations and include wave-mean flow interaction diagnostics (Eliassen-Palm flux and its divergence and refractive index of Rossby waves) and mass stream function of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. We also investigate the sudden stratospheric warming frequency and polar vortex morphology in order to understand whether a missing gravity wave forcing can further amplify or curtail the effects of future climate. We present our goal, method as well as first results and discuss possible further analysis. 
Attributionsforschung am DWD – Stand und Pläne
Authors: Kreienkamp Frank , Lorenz Philip , Tradowsky Jordis
Published: December 2021

Mit so genannten "Attributionsstudien" lässt sich abschätzen, inwieweit der vom Menschen verursachte Klimawandel für das Auftreten und die Intensität individueller Wetter- oder Klimaextreme verantwortlich ist. Für derartige statistische Analysen werden hauptsächlich Klimasimulationen mit speziell gewählten Randbedingungen verwendet, da die Beobachtungszeitreihen häufig noch nicht ausreichend lang sind.

Für die Erstellung von Echtzeit-Attributionsstudien, welche Ergebnisse bereits kurz nach dem Ereignis veröffentlichen, wurde in den letzten Jahren von der World Weather Attribution Initiative (WWA) und einem Copernicus-Projekt ein Protokoll entwickelt. Viele der Bearbeitungsschritte werden aktuell manuell im Climate Explorer, einer vom niederländischen Wetterdienst entwickeltem und frei zur Verfügung gestellten Onlineanwendung, abgearbeitet. Der Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD) nutzt das vorliegende Protokoll für seine Beiträge zu internationalen Attributionsstudien der World Weather Attribution und führt eigene Analysen durch.

Im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderten ClimXtreme - Klimawandel und Extremereignisse - Projekts entwickelt der DWD einen Arbeitsablauf der viele Schritte der Attributionsanalyse automatisiert. Dieses reduziert sowohl die Fehleranfälligkeit als auch die Bearbeitungszeit und ermöglicht es den Forschenden somit sich auf Aspekte der Attributionsstudie welches Expertenwissen benötigen, zu konzentrieren. Diese Entwicklungsarbeit erfolgt in enger Kooperation mit der WWA-Initiative und wird auch deren Arbeit erleichtern.

Der Vortrag liefert einen Überblick zum aktuellen Stand der Forschung, zeigt Ergebnisse und gibt einen Ausblick zu den Entwicklungen der nächsten Jahre.   
Dynamic regimes of the Greenland Ice Sheet emerging from interacting melt-elevation and glacial isostatic adjustment feedbacks
Authors: Zeitz Maria , Haacker Jan M. , Donges Jonathan F. , Albrecht Torsten , Winkelmann Ricarda
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet under global warming is governed by a number of dynamic processes and interacting feedback mechanisms in the ice sheet, atmosphere and solid Earth. Here we study the long-term effects due to the interplay of the competing melt-elevation and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) feedbacks for different temperature step forcing experiments with a coupled ice-sheet and solid-Earth model. Our model results show that for warming levels above 2 °C, Greenland could become essentially ice-free on the long-term, mainly as a result of surface melting and acceleration of ice flow. These ice losses can be mitigated, however, in some cases with strong GIA feedback even promoting the partial recovery of the Greenland ice volume. We further explore the full-factorial parameter space determining the relative strengths of the two feedbacks: Our findings suggest distinct dynamic regimes of the Greenland Ice Sheets on the route to destabilization under global warming – from recovery, via quasi-periodic oscillations in ice volume to ice-sheet collapse. In the recovery regime, the initial ice loss due to warming is essentially reversed within 50,000 years and the ice volume stabilizes at 61–93 % of the present-day volume. For certain combinations of temperature increase, atmospheric lapse rate and mantle viscosity, the interaction of the GIA feedback and the melt-elevation feedback leads to self-sustained, long-term oscillations in ice-sheet volume with oscillation periods of tens to hundreds of thousands of years and oscillation amplitudes between 15–70 % of present-day ice volume. This oscillatory regime reveals a possible mode of internal climatic variability in the Earth system on time scales on the order of 100,000 years that may be excited by or synchronized with orbital forcing or interact with glacial cycles and other slow modes of variability. Our findings are not meant as scenario-based near-term projections of ice losses but rather providing insight into of the feedback loops governing the "deep future" and, thus, long-term resilience of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Cycles in Earth Sciences, Quo Vadis? Essay on Cyclicity Concepts in Geological Thinking and their Historical Influence on Stratigraphic Practices
Authors: Fragoso Daniel Galvão Carnier , Kuchenbecker Matheus , Magalhães Antônio Jorge Campos , Scherer Claiton Marlon Dos Santos , Gabaglia Guilherme Pederneiras Raja , Strasser André
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The archetype of a cycle has played an essential role in explaining observations of nature over thousands of years. At present, this perception significantly influences the worldview of modern societies, including several areas of science. In Earth sciences, the concept of cyclicity offers simple analytical solutions in the face of complex events and their respective products, both in time and space. Current stratigraphic research integrates several methods to identify repetitive patterns in the stratigraphic record and to interpret oscillatory geological processes. This essay proposes a historical review of the cyclic conceptions from the earliest phases in Earth sciences to their subsequent evolution into current stratigraphic principles and practices, contributing to identifying opportunities in integrating methodologies and developing future research mainly associated with quantitative approaches.
MODELING AND INVESTIGATION OF THE REGULATOR WORKING IN THE POINTWISE SLIDING MODE
Authors: Gasimov Asif Yusif-oqlu , Mammedova Afaq Tofiq
Published: December 2021

The main disadvantage of the classic sliding mode is that the control signal is made of high frequency variations. In the recommended pointwisesliding mode the frequency of the variations decreases, since the control signal makes jumps at the isolated points. At the same time, the trajectory remains in a small neighborhood of the plane of switching. In the finish mode, the trajectories that start over the sliding plane reach simultaneously the equilibrium point. It is possible to assume that these regulators will expand the implementation scope of the sliding (quazisliding) modes.
Relações entre família e escola no desenvolvimento de crianças com Síndrome Congênita do Zika Vírus
Authors: Campos Érica Costa Vliese Zichtl , Pletsch Márcia Denise , Antonioli Camyla
Published: December 2021

Este artigo discute as vivências e expectativas maternas sobre a escola e o desenvolvimento de crianças com deficiência múltipla decorrente da Síndrome Congênita do Zika Vírus (SCZV). Uma pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada com base em entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro mães de crianças com SCZV residentes em municípios da Baixada Fluminense, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O artigo argumenta que o acesso à Educação Infantil em turmas comuns contribuiu para o desenvolvimento das crianças. Também, foi verificado que, em complemento às ações desenvolvidas pelos professores na escola, as mães desempenharam um papel importante ao estimularem a funcionalidade das crianças em casa. Sendo assim, conhecer as concepções maternas se mostra relevante, visto que estas podem contribuir para práticas inclusivas, favorecendo a participação da criança com SCZV nas atividades escolares, e consequentemente, melhorando a sua qualidade de vida.
Water Resources and Management in Gori Ganga Watershed, Kumaun Himalaya by Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Authors: Parihar D. S. , Singh Mahendra , Singh Surendra
Published: December 2021

Uttarakhand Himalaya has been famous for its water resources (source for many rivers), forest diversity, unique wildlife, rich traditional culture, tribal culture and sacred Hindu’s shrine (i.e. Gangotri, Yamnotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath). The present study aims to assess the status of water resources in the Gori Ganga watershed. Water resources and their management were collected through field visit, use of Global Position System (GPS) and various methods (include questionnaire, personal interviews, direct interaction and group discussion with the villagers). Study explores the ability of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in delineating watershed and drainage network of the Gori Ganga River basin. Gori Ganga watershed is laying in Eastern Kumaon Himalaya with great utility of water resources in socio-economic development for livelihood where the settlements are situated in valleys to high altitude. Gori Ganga drainage network i.e. Ralam, Mandakani and Bona gad is glacial fed river and these entire Rivers’s water received annually from glaciers which are very useful for development of villages, towns and hydro power stations in the watershed region. Study explores some traditional water resources (Glacier, streams, springs/Dhare/Naule, lakes/Kund/Taals and drainage network) and uses of water resources for traditional uses i.e. Gharat (watermill), drinking water, hydro power production, agriculture irrigation, fisheries and animal husbandry etc. in the study area.

Keywords: Water Resource, Management, Socio and Economic Development, Remote Sensing and GIS.