bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The therapeutic utility of combining dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with arterial spin labeling in the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Li Haodong , Gong Guanzhong , Wang Lizhen , Su Ya , Lu Jie , Yin Yong
Published: May 2023

Background

To research the pathological and clinical staging uses of arterial spin labeling (ASL) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI).

Materials and methods

64 newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients were enrolled from December 2020 to January 2022, and 3.0 T MRI (Discovery 750W, GE Healthcare, USA) were used for ASL and DCE-MRI scans. The DCE-MRI and ASL raw data were processed post-acquisition on the GE image processing workstation (GE Healthcare, ADW 4.7, USA). The volume transfer constant (Ktrans), blood flow (BF), and accompanying pseudo-color images were generated automatically. Draw the region of interest (ROIs), and the Ktrans and BF values for each ROI were recorded separately. Based on pathological information and the most recent AJCC staging criteria, patients were divided into low T stage groups = T1–2 and high T stage groups = T3–4, low N stage groups = N0–1 and high N stage groups = N2–3, and low AJCC stage group = stage I–II and high AJCC stage group = stage III–IV. The association between the Ktranst and BF parameters and the T, N, and AJCC stages was compared using an independent sample t-test. Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of Ktranst, BFt, and their combined use in T and AJCC staging of NPC were investigated and assessed.

Result

The tumor-BF (BFt) (t = − 4.905, P < 0.001) and tumor-Ktrans (Ktranst) (t = − 3.113, P = 0.003) in the high T stage group were significantly higher than those in the low T stage group. The Ktranst in the high N stage group was significantly higher than that in the low N stage group (t = − 2.071, P = 0.042). The BFt (t = − 3.949, P < 0.001) and Ktranst (t = − 4.467, P < 0.001) in the high AJCC stage group were significantly higher than those in the low AJCC stage group. BFt was moderately positively correlated with the T stage (r = 0.529, P < 0.001) and AJCC stage (r = 0.445, P < 0.001). Ktranst was moderately positively correlated with T staging (r = 0.368), N staging (r = 0.254), and AJCC staging (r = 0.411). There was also a positive correlation between BF and Ktrans in gross tumor volume (GTV) (r = 0.540, P < 0.001), parotid (r = 0.323, P < 0.009) and lateral pterygoid muscle (r = 0.445, P < 0.001). The sensitivity of the combined application of Ktranst and BFt for AJCC staging increased from 76.5 and 78.4 to 86.3%, and the AUC value increased from 0.795 and 0.819 to 0.843, respectively.

Conclusion

Combining Ktrans and BF measures may make it possible to identify the clinical stages in NPC patients.
The role of oral and prenatal healthcare providers in the promotion of oral health for pregnant women
Authors: Al Agili Dania E. , Khalaf Zeinab I.
Published: May 2023

Background

Hormonal alterations and lowered immunity during pregnancy aggravated by poor oral hygiene increase the risk of pregnant women of developing oral diseases. We conducted this cross-sectional study to examine the role of oral and prenatal health providers in promoting dental care for pregnant women attending primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

An online questionnaire was sent to a random sample of women who attended PHCs in Jeddah, during 2018–2019. From a total of 1350 women who responded to our questionnaire, 515 women reported having a dental visit before pregnancy. These women comprised our study sample. Bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regression models were conducted to examine associations between oral practices of dental and prenatal health providers (exposures) and women’s utilization of dental care during pregnancy (outcome). Covariates included age, education (< 12 years of education, 12 years of education, and > 12 years of education), family income (≤ 5,000, 5,001–7,000, 7,001–10,000, and > 10,000 Saudi Riyals), health insurance (yes/no), nationality (Saudi Arabian/non-Saudi Arabian), and presence of dental problems, such as toothache, dental caries, gingival inflammation, and the need for dental extractions.

Results

Only 30.0% of women were informed by a dentist during their dental visit before pregnancy about the importance of visiting a dentist during pregnancy. About 37.0% of women were asked about oral health, 34.4% were informed about the importance of dental care during pregnancy, and 33.2% had their mouths inspected by prenatal health providers. Women informed by dentists about the importance of dental visits during pregnancy were twice as likely (Odds ratio [OR]: 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.63–3.60) to visit a dentist during pregnancy. Women who were referred to dentists, had their mouth inspected, or were advised to visit a dentist during pregnancy by prenatal providers were 4.29 (95% CI: 2.67–6.88), 3.79 (95% CI: 2.47–5.82), and 3.37 (95% CI: 2.16–5.27) times as likely to visit a dentist during pregnancy.

Conclusion

The partaking of oral and prenatal healthcare providers in evidence-based oral health promotion practices, antenatal-dental collaboration, and closing the referral loop increase pregnant women’s access to and utilization of preventive and treatment dental services.
Prevalence of syphilis and associated factors among female sex workers in Ethiopia: findings from a multilevel analysis of a national bio-behavioral survey
Authors: Tura Jaleta Bulti , Ayalew Jemal , Moreda Ammar Barba , Lulseged Sileshi , Rameto Mohammed Ahmed , Debel Lemessa Negeri , Bedassa Birra Bejiga , Ebo Gemechu Gudeta , Wariso Feyiso Bati , Belihu Wudinesh Belete , Gutema Edosa Amente , Habteselassie Abebe , Tollera Getachew , Hailu Mesay , Abrahim Saro Abdella
Published: May 2023

Background

Syphilis is a highly contagious sexually transmitted infection posing a significant public health challenge, especially in developing countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. Female sex workers are exposed to sexually transmitted infections, including syphilis, because of their sexual behavior and limited access to health services. However, data on national syphilis prevalence estimates and the associated factors are scarce in Ethiopia. This, as well as our limited knowledge about the extent of clustering among female sex workers in the country, is a critical gap in information we aimed to fill through this analysis.

Methods

The study was a cross-sectional, bio-behavioral survey conducted among female sex workers in six cities and ten major towns in Ethiopia. Participants were selected using a respondent-driven sampling method. Survey participants provided blood samples for syphilis, HIV, and hepatitis serological testing. Survey data were collected via an interviewer-administered questionnaire. In this analysis, we employed descriptive statistics to summarize data on the study variables. In addition, we used multilevel bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models to examine the association between independent variables and the dependent variable (syphilis prevalence) while accounting for the clustering effect.

Result

A total of 6085 female sex workers participated in the survey. Their median age [Interquartile Range (IQR) was 25 (8)] years, and a majority (96.1%) were in the 20–24-year-old age group. The prevalence of syphilis among female sex workers in Ethiopia’s six cities and ten major towns was 6.2%. Being in the age group of 30–34 (AOR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.40, 4.98) and 35–59 (AOR = 4.7; 95% CI = 2.5, 8.86), being divorced/widowed (AOR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.82), having no formal education (AOR = 3.38; 95% CI = 2.34, 5.11), primary 1st cycle (grades 1–4) education (AOR = 2.77; 95% CI = 1.79, 4.30), and having primary 2nd cycle (grades 5–8) education (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.21, 2.69) were significantly associated with syphilis among female sex workers.

Conclusion

The prevalence of syphilis among female sex workers was high. Being divorced/widowed or in the older age group and having a low level of education were significantly associated with an increased risk of syphilis. The high prevalence and associated factors identified need to be considered in planning comprehensive interventions to control syphilis among female sex workers in Ethiopia.
Hounsfield units predicts the occurrence but not the patterns of proximal humerus fracture in the elderly patients
Authors: Liu Gang , Li Lu , Yang Chengzhi , Wei Lu , Li Tao , Zhu Li , Hu Juzheng
Published: May 2023

Background

Increased incidence of fragility fractures of the proximal humerus has been reported. Proximal humerus Hounsfield unit (HU) measurements based on computed tomography (CT) scans of the shoulder can be used to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD). It is unknown whether HU values can predict the risk of proximal humerus osteoporotic fracture and /or fracture patterns. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify whether the HU value is associated with proximal humeral osteoporotic fracture risk, and whether or not it has an impact on the complexity of the fracture.

Methods

We identified 60 + years old patients’ CT scans between 2019 and 2021 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or lack of a fracture in the proximal humerus, meanwhile, patients with fractures were stratified into simple and comminuted fractures based on the Neer classification. HU values were calculated within the proximal humerus and compared between groups using the Student t-test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the ability of HU values to predict fracture.

Results

A total of 138 patients with proximal humerus fracture (PHF) including 62 simple PHFs and 76 complex PHFs and 138 non-fracture patients were enrolled in the study. The HU values decreased as age increased among all patients. Both male and female patients with PHF had significantly lower HU values compared with non-fracture patients, the area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve for males and females was 0.8 and 0.723 respectively. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found between simple and complex fractures of the proximal humerus in the HU values.

Conclusion

Decreasing HU values on CT may be an early warning sign of fracture potential, however, it was not a predictive factor for comminuted fracture of the proximal humerus.
Clinical survival of No-prep indirect composite laminate veneers: a 7-year prospective case series study
Authors: Kam Hepdeniz Ozge , Temel Ugur Burak
Published: May 2023

Background

The no preparation technique which is a reversible form of treatment characterized by the absence of tooth tissue preparation and preserves the soft tissue architecture while preserving all natural tooth structures is indicated in cases where the tooth structure allows material to be added. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical performance and survival rates of indirect composite laminate veneers with no preparation after 7 years.

Materials and methods

A total of 80 indirect composite veneers were placed on maxillary anterior teeth in 35 patients (n = 80). Diastema (n = 64), wedge tooth anomalies (n = 9) and re-shaping (n = 7) were the main indications for veneer treatments. All laminate veneers were fabricated with an indirect microhybrid composite material (Gradia, GC Dental). No tooth preparation was performed. Light-cured resin cement (Choice 2, Bisco) was used to lute the veneers. Composite veneers were evaluated using Modified United States Public Health Service criteria. Survival rates of the veneers were calculated using Kaplan-Meier statistics. The data containing the results of the USPHS criteria at baseline, 2 years and 7 years was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test at the 0.05 level of significance.

Results

The overall survival rate was 91.3%. After 7 years, 7 absolute failures including 4 debonding (marginal adaptation, score 4) and 3 fractures (fracture of restoration, score 3) were noted. Color match was scored as 1 (n = 34) and 2 (n = 15). Slightly rough surfaces (41 of 73 laminates) and slight marginal discoloration (15 of 73 laminates) were noted. The overall scores after 84 months were significantly higher than the baseline scores for the marginal adaptation (p = 0.008), color match (p = 0.000), marginal discoloration (p = 0.000), surface roughness (p = 0.000), and fracture of restoration (p = 0.001) criteria.

Conclusions

In this study, indirect composite veneers without any preparation on maxillary anterior teeth showed acceptable performance in terms of both survival rate and quality of restorations. This procedure offers a predictable and successful treatment that ensures maximum preservation of the intact tooth.
Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, motivators and intentional practice of female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age: a community-based analytical cross-sectional study in Tanzania
Authors: Mwanja Charlotte H. , Herman Patricia Z. , Millanzi Walter C.
Published: May 2023

Background

To harmonize and enhance economic growth at the individual, family, community, and national levels, healthy women embody the guardian of family health and a healthy world. They are anticipated to have the freedom to choose their identity in opposition to female genital mutilation in a thoughtful, responsible, and informed manner. Despite restrictive traditions and culture, it is unclear from the available information what exactly would be the drivers of FGM practices in Tanzania from an individual or social perspective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age in terms of its frequency, knowledge, attitudes, and purposeful practice.

Methods

Three hundred twenty-four randomly selected Tanzanian women of reproductive age were studied using a community-based analytical cross-sectional study design quantitatively. Structured questionnaires from earlier studies that were delivered by interviewers were utilized to gather information from the study participants. The statistical software package Statistical Packages for Social Science was used to examine the data. (SPSS v.23). A 5% significance threshold was used with a 95% confidence interval.

Result

A total of 324 women of reproductive age participated in the study with a 100% response rate with a mean age of 25 ± 7.481 years. Findings revealed that 81.8% (n = 265) of study participants were mutilated. 85.6% (n = 277) of women had inadequate knowledge about FGM, and 75.9% (n = 246) had a negative attitude toward it. However, 68.8% (n = 223) of them were willing to practice FGM. Their age (36–49 years) (AOR = 2.053; p < 0.014; 95%CI: 0.704, 4.325), single women (AOR = 2.443; p < 0.029; 95%CI: 1.376, 4.572), never go to school (AOR = 2.042; p < 0.011; 95%CI: 1.726, 4.937), housewives (AOR = 1.236; p < 0.012; 95%CI: 0.583, 3.826), extended family (AOR = 1.436; p < 0.015; 95%CI: 0.762, 3.658), inadequate knowledge (AOR = 2.041; p < 0.038; 95%CI: 0.734, 4.358) and negative attitude (AOR = 2.241; p < 0.042;95%CI: 1.008, 4.503) were significantly associated to practice female genital mutilation.

Conclusion

The study observed that the rate of female genital mutilation was significantly high and still, women demonstrated the intention to continue practicing it. However, their sociodemographic characteristic profiles, inadequate knowledge, and negative attitude towards FGM were significantly linked with the prevalence. The private agencies, local organizations, the Ministry of Health, and community health workers are alerted to the findings of the current study to design and develop interventions and awareness-raising campaigns for women of reproductive age against female genital mutilation.
Mother’s perceptions and concerns over sharing sexual and reproductive health information with their adolescent daughters- A qualitative study among mothers of adolescent girls aged 14–19 years in the developing world, Sri Lanka
Authors: Mataraarachchi D , Buddhika Mahesh P.K. , Pathirana T.E.A. , Ariyadasa Gayan , Wijemanne Chamanthi , Gunatilake Indumini , Nupahewa Indika , Gunasoma Ayesha , Vithana P.V.S.C.
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Studies across the world have shown that parent-adolescent SRH communication can prevent unhealthy sexual and reproductive health (SRH) practices among adolescents and promote their sexual and reproductive health. Parents have the ability to provide individualized sex education to suit the needs of their children, their families, and societal values. The fact that children have more opportunities in the family, makes parent-based sexuality education of children a better approach to Sri Lankan context.

Objective

To explore mother’s perceptions and concerns over sharing SRH information with their daughters among Sinhalese mothers of adolescent girls aged 14–19 years in Sri Lanka.

Methodology

Six Focus group discussions (FGD) were carried out among mothers of adolescent girls aged 14–19 years. Each focus group discussion included 10–12 participants who were recruited using the purposive sampling method. A focus group discussion guide developed after an extensive literature search and expert opinion was used to retrieve information from mothers. Data management and analysis mainly followed an inductive approach to thematic analysis principles. The findings were presented in narrative form using respondents’ quotes in their own words and were developed into codes and themes.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 43.5 years while 62.4% (n = 40) were educated above the Ordinary level. Analysis of data identified eight main themes from the FGDs. Many mothers thought that sexual and reproductive information is important to adolescent girls. They tried to keep their girl adolescents informed about Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) issues. They preferred abstinence-only education over abstinence-plus education. Lack of skills and lack of knowledge on adolescent SRH issues was a major challenge identified by the mothers to communicate SRH matters with their children.

Conclusions and recommendations

Although mothers perceived their role as primary sex educators to their children, they were not confident about their knowledge and skills in discussing SRH matters with children. Implementation of interventions to improve mothers’ attitudes and skills in communicating SRH matters with children is recommended.
Association between serum uric acid and female infertility: a cross-sectional study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2018
Authors: Luo Chen , Cheng Haiying , He Xiao , Tan Xiaojun , Huang Xianghong
Published: May 2023

Background

Female infertility is a major problem for women of reproductive-age worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in processes related to female infertility. Serum uric acid levels, an indicator of oxidative stress and inflammation, have rarely been reported to be associated with female infertility. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid levels and female infertility.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included women aged 18–44 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2018. All data were extracted from NHANES questionnaires and laboratory measurements. Weighted univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were utilized to explore the relationship between serum uric acid and female infertility. Stratified analyses were performed based on body mass index (BMI, < 25 kg/m2 and ≥ 25 kg/m2) and age (≤ 30 years and > 30 years). The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to report associations.

Results

A total of 2,884 women were included, of which 352 (13.30%) had infertility. Women with high serum uric acid concentrations were related to higher odds of infertility (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.03–1.39) after adjusting for confounders. Compared with serum uric acid concentrations ≤ 3.72 mg/dL, women with uric acid concentrations of 4.43–5.13 mg/dL (OR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.02–2.67) and > 5.13 mg/dL (OR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.10–3.13) were related to higher odds of infertility. Stratified analyses showed that high serum uric acid concentrations were associated with higher odds of infertility in women with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 (OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.04–1.93), but not in women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.056). In addition, high serum uric acid concentrations were associated with higher odds of infertility in women aged > 30 years (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.04–1.45), but not in women aged ≤ 30 years (P = 0.556).

Conclusion

Women with high serum uric acid concentrations were associated with higher odds of infertility, and this association may vary by BMI and age.
An observational human study investigating the effect of anabolic androgenic steroid use on the transcriptome of skeletal muscle and whole blood using RNA-Seq
Authors: Kolliari-Turner Alexander , Lima Giscard , Wang Guan , Malinsky Fernanda Rossell , Karanikolou Antonia , Eichhorn Gregor , Tanisawa Kumpei , Ospina-Betancurt Jonathan , Hamilton Blair , Kumi Paulette Y.O. , Shurlock Jonathan , Skiadas Vasileios , Twycross-Lewis Richard , Kilduff Liam , Martin Renan Paulo , Ash Garrett I. , Potter Cynthia , Guppy Fergus M. , Seto Jane T. , Fossati Chiara , Pigozzi Fabio , Borrione Paolo , Pitsiladis Yannis
Published: May 2023

Background

The effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are largely illustrated through Androgen Receptor induced gene transcription, yet RNA-Seq has yet to be conducted on human whole blood and skeletal muscle. Investigating the transcriptional signature of AAS in blood may aid AAS detection and in muscle further understanding of AAS induced hypertrophy.

Methods

Males aged 20–42 were recruited and sampled once: sedentary controls (C), resistance trained lifters (RT) and resistance trained current AAS users (RT-AS) who ceased exposure ≤ 2 or ≥ 10 weeks prior to sampling. RT-AS were sampled twice as Returning Participants (RP) if AAS usage ceased for ≥ 18 weeks. RNA was extracted from whole blood and trapezius muscle samples. RNA libraries were sequenced twice, for validation purposes, on the DNBSEQ-G400RS with either standard or CoolMPS PE100 reagents following MGI protocols. Genes were considered differentially expressed with FDR < 0.05 and a 1.2- fold change.

Results

Cross-comparison of both standard reagent whole blood (N = 55: C = 7, RT = 20, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 14, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 10, RP = 4; N = 46: C = 6, RT = 17, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 12, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 8, RP = 3) sequencing datasets, showed that no genes or gene sets/pathways were differentially expressed between time points for RP or between group comparisons of RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. C, RT, or RT-AS ≥ 10. Cross-comparison of both muscle (N = 51, C = 5, RT = 17, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 15, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 11, RP = 3) sequencing (one standard & one CoolMPS reagent) datasets, showed one gene, CHRDL1, which has atrophying potential, was upregulated in RP visit two. In both muscle sequencing datasets, nine differentially expressed genes, overlapped with RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. RT and RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. C, but were not differentially expressed with RT vs. C, possibly suggesting they are from acute doping alone. No genes seemed to be differentially expressed in muscle after the long-term cessation of AAS, whereas a previous study found long term proteomic changes.

Conclusion

A whole blood transcriptional signature of AAS doping was not identified. However, RNA-Seq of muscle has identified numerous differentially expressed genes with known impacts on hypertrophic processes that may further our understanding on AAS induced hypertrophy. Differences in training regimens in participant groupings may have influenced results. Future studies should focus on longitudinal sampling pre, during and post-AAS exposure to better control for confounding variables.
Biosensor-guided rapid screening for improved recombinant protein secretion in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Navone Laura , Moffitt Kaylee , Behrendorff James , Sadowski Pawel , Hartley Carol , Speight Robert
Published: May 2023

Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) is widely used for industrial production of heterologous proteins due to high secretory capabilities but selection of highly productive engineered strains remains a limiting step. Despite availability of a comprehensive molecular toolbox for construct design and gene integration, there is high clonal variability among transformants due to frequent multi-copy and off-target random integration. Therefore, functional screening of several hundreds of transformant clones is essential to identify the best protein production strains. Screening methods are commonly based on deep-well plate cultures with analysis by immunoblotting or enzyme activity assays of post-induction samples, and each heterologous protein produced may require development of bespoke assays with multiple sample processing steps. In this work, we developed a generic system based on a P. pastoris strain that uses a protein-based biosensor to identify highly productive protein secretion clones from a heterogeneous set of transformants. The biosensor uses a split green fluorescent protein where the large GFP fragment (GFP1-10) is fused to a sequence-specific protease from Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) and is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. Recombinant proteins targeted for secretion are tagged with the small fragment of the split GFP (GFP11). Recombinant protein production can be measured by monitoring GFP fluorescence, which is dependent on interaction between the large and small GFP fragments. The reconstituted GFP is cleaved from the target protein by TEV protease, allowing for secretion of the untagged protein of interest and intracellular retention of the mature GFP. We demonstrate this technology with four recombinant proteins (phytase, laccase, β-casein and β-lactoglobulin) and show that the biosensor directly reports protein production levels that correlate with traditional assays. Our results confirm that the split GFP biosensor can be used for facile, generic, and rapid screening of P. pastoris clones to identify those with the highest production levels.
Molecular investigation of malaria-infected patients in Djibouti city (2018–2021)
Authors: Moussa Rahma Abdi , Papa Mze Nasserdine , Arreh Houssein Yonis , Hamoud Aicha Abdillahi , Alaleh Kahiya Mohamed , Omar Abdoul-Razak Yonis , Abdi Warsama Osman , Guelleh Samatar Kayad , Abdi Abdoul-Ilah Ahmed , Aboubaker Mohamed Houmed , Basco Leonardo K. , Khaireh Bouh Abdi , Bogreau Hervé
Published: May 2023

Background

The Republic of Djibouti is a malaria endemic country that was in pre-elimination phase in 2006–2012. From 2013, however, malaria has re-emerged in the country, and its prevalence has been increasing every year. Given the co-circulation of several infectious agents in the country, the assessment of malaria infection based on microscopy or histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) has shown its limitations. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the prevalence of malaria among febrile patients in Djibouti city using more robust molecular tools.

Methods

All suspected malaria cases reported to be microscopy-positive were randomly sampled (n = 1113) and included in four health structures in Djibouti city over a 4-year period (2018–2021), mainly during the malaria transmission season (January–May). Socio-demographic information was collected, and RDT was performed in most of the included patients. The diagnosis was confirmed by species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analysed using Fisher’s exact test and kappa statistics.

Results

In total, 1113 patients with suspected malaria and available blood samples were included. PCR confirmed that 788/1113 (70.8%) were positive for malaria. Among PCR-positive samples, 656 (83.2%) were due to Plasmodium falciparum, 88 (11.2%) Plasmodium vivax, and 44 (5.6%) P. falciparum/P. vivax mixed infections. In 2020, P. falciparum infections were confirmed by PCR in 50% (144/288) of negative RDTs. After the change of RDT in 2021, this percentage decreased to 17%. False negative RDT results were found more frequently (P < 0.05) in four districts of Djibouti city (Balbala, Quartier 7, Quartier 6, and Arhiba). Malaria occurred less frequently in regular bed net users than in non-users (odds ratio [OR]: 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42–0.92).

Conclusions

The present study confirmed the high prevalence of falciparum malaria and, to a lesser extent, vivax malaria. Nevertheless, 29% of suspected malaria cases were misdiagnosed by microscopy and/or RDT. There is a need to strengthen the capacity for diagnosis by microscopy and to evaluate the possible role of P. falciparum hrp2 gene deletion, which leads to false negative cases of P. falciparum.
Protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration 1 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis
Authors: Lv Ya , Chen Deming , Tian Xinyi , Xiao Ji , Xu Congcong , Du Linan , Li Jiacong , Zhou Siyu , Chen Yuxiang , Zhuang Rong , Gong Yuqiang , Ying Binyu , Gao-Smith Fang , Jin Shengwei , Gao Ye
Published: April 2023

Background

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and serious complication of sepsis with high mortality. Ferroptosis, categorized as programmed cell death, contributes to the development of lung injury. Protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration 1 (PCTR1) is an endogenous lipid mediator that exerts protective effects against multiorgan injury. However, the role of PCTR1 in the ferroptosis of sepsis-related ALI remains unknown.

Methods

A pulmonary epithelial cell line and a mouse model of ALI stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were established in vitro and in vivo. Ferroptosis biomarkers, including ferrous (Fe2+), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), were assessed by relevant assay kits. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) protein levels were determined by western blotting. Lipid peroxides were examined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Cell viability was determined by a CCK-8 assay kit. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was observed with transmission electron microscopy. Morphology and inflammatory cytokine levels predicted the severity of lung injury. Afterward, related inhibitors were used to explore the potential mechanism by which PCTR1 regulates ferroptosis.

Results

PCTR1 treatment protected mice from LPS-induced lung injury, which was consistent with the effect of the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1. PCTR1 treatment decreased Fe2+, PTGS2 and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, increased GSH and GPX4 levels and ameliorated mitochondrial ultrastructural injury. Administration of LPS or the ferroptosis agonist RSL3 resulted in reduced cell viability, which was rescued by PCTR1. Mechanistically, inhibition of the PCTR1 receptor lipoxin A4 (ALX), protein kinase A (PKA) and transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) partly decreased PCTR1 upregulated GPX4 expression and a CREB inhibitor blocked the effects ofPCTR1 on ferroptosis inhibition and lung protection.

Conclusion

This study suggests that PCTR1 suppresses LPS-induced ferroptosis via the ALX/PKA/CREB signaling pathway, which may offer promising therapeutic prospects in sepsis-related ALI.
High prevalence of sacroiliitis and early structural changes in the sacroiliac joint in children with enthesitis-related arthritis: findings from a tertiary centre in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Oi Man , Lai Billy Ming-Hei , Leung Agnes Sze-Yin , Leung Ting Fan , Ho Assunta Chi-Hang
Published: May 2023

Background

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a wide, unexplained disparity in the prevalence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) subtypes depending on geographical location, ethnicity and other factors. Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is more prevalent in Southeast Asia. Axial involvement in ERA patients is increasingly recognised to occur early in the disease course. Inflammation in the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) observed on MRI seems highly predictive of subsequent structural radiographic progression. The resulting structural damage can have significant impacts on both functional status and spinal mobility. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of ERA in a tertiary centre in Hong Kong. The primary objective of the study was to provide a comprehensive description of the clinical course and radiological findings of the SIJ among ERA patients.

Method

Paediatric patients diagnosed with JIA attending the paediatric rheumatology clinic from January 1990 to December 2020 were recruited from our registry based at the Prince of Wales Hospital.

Results

In our cohort, 101 children were included. The median age of diagnosis was 11 years, interquartile range (IQR) 8-15 years. The median follow-up duration was 7 years (IQR 2–11.5 years). ERA was the most prevalent subtype (40%), followed by oligoarticular JIA (17%).

Axial involvement was frequently reported in our cohort of ERA patients. 78% demonstrated radiological evidence of sacroiliitis. Among those, 81% had bilateral involvement. The median duration from disease onset to confirmation of radiological sacroiliitis was 17 months (IQR 4-62 months). Among the ERA patients, 73% had structural changes of the SIJ. Alarmingly, 70% of these patients had already developed radiological structural changes when sacroiliitis was first detected on imaging (IQR 0-12 months). Erosion was the most common finding (73%), followed by sclerosis (63%), joint space narrowing (23%), ankylosis (7%) and fatty change (3%). The duration from symptom onset to diagnosis was significantly longer in ERA patients with SIJ structural changes (9 vs 2 months, p = 0.009), comparing with those without.

Conclusion

We found that a high proportion of ERA patients had sacroiliitis and a significant number of them had radiological structural changes during early disease. Our findings illustrate the importance of prompt diagnosis and early treatment in these children.
The effects of aerobic exercise on neuroimmune responses in animals with traumatic peripheral nerve injury: a systematic review with meta-analyses
Authors: Sleijser-Koehorst Marije L. S. , Koop Meghan A. , Coppieters Michel W. , Lutke Schipholt Ivo J. , Radisic Nemanja , Hooijmans Carlijn R. , Scholten-Peeters Gwendolyne G. M.
Published: May 2023

Background

Increasing pre-clinical evidence suggests that aerobic exercise positively modulates neuroimmune responses following traumatic nerve injury. However, meta-analyses on neuroimmune outcomes are currently still lacking. This study aimed to synthesize the pre-clinical literature on the effects of aerobic exercise on neuroimmune responses following peripheral nerve injury.

Methods

MEDLINE (via Pubmed), EMBASE and Web of Science were searched. Controlled experimental studies on the effect of aerobic exercise on neuroimmune responses in animals with a traumatically induced peripheral neuropathy were considered. Study selection, risk of bias assessment and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Results were analyzed using random effects models and reported as standardized mean differences. Outcome measures were reported per anatomical location and per class of neuro-immune substance.

Results

The literature search resulted in 14,590 records. Forty studies were included, reporting 139 comparisons of neuroimmune responses at various anatomical locations. All studies had an unclear risk of bias. Compared to non-exercised animals, meta-analyses showed the following main differences in exercised animals: (1) in the affected nerve, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were lower (p = 0.003), while insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (p < 0.001) and Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP43) (p = 0.01) levels were higher; (2) At the dorsal root ganglia, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/BDNF mRNA levels (p = 0.004) and nerve growth factor (NGF)/NGF mRNA (p < 0.05) levels were lower; (3) in the spinal cord, BDNF levels (p = 0.006) were lower; at the dorsal horn, microglia (p < 0.001) and astrocyte (p = 0.005) marker levels were lower; at the ventral horn, astrocyte marker levels (p < 0.001) were higher, and several outcomes related to synaptic stripping were favorably altered; (4) brainstem 5-HT2A receptor levels were higher (p = 0.001); (5) in muscles, BDNF levels (p < 0.001) were higher and TNF-α levels lower (p < 0.05); (6) no significant differences were found for systemic neuroimmune responses in blood or serum.

Conclusion

This review revealed widespread positive modulatory effects of aerobic exercise on neuroimmune responses following traumatic peripheral nerve injury. These changes are in line with a beneficial influence on pro-inflammatory processes and increased anti-inflammatory responses. Given the small sample sizes and the unclear risk of bias of the studies, results should be interpreted with caution.
Sustained Shugoshin 1 downregulation reduces tumor growth and metastasis in a mouse xenograft tumor model of triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Jusino Shirley , Rivera-Rivera Yainyrette , Chardón-Colón Camille , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Patricia C. , Román-González Janeishly , Juliá-Hernández Valeria S. , Isidro Angel , Mo Qianxing , Saavedra Harold I.
Published: April 2023

Background

Triple-negative breast cancer (TBNC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with a poor prognosis. Shugoshin-1 (SGO1) protects chromatids from early separation. Previous studies from our group have demonstrated that transient SGO1 downregulation suppresses early stages of metastasis (the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, or EMT, cell invasion, and cell migration) in TNBC cells. Thus, the inhibition of SGO1 activity may represent a potential therapeutic intervention against cancers that progress to metastasis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of sustained shRNA-mediated SGO1 downregulation on tumor growth and metastasis in TBNC. To that end, female NOD-SCID Gamma (NSG) mice were injected with 2.5 × 106 shRNA Control (n = 10) or shRNA SGO1 (n = 10) MDA-MB-231 cells. After eight weeks, the number of mice with metastasis to the lymph nodes was calculated. Primary and metastatic tumors, as well as lung and liver tissue, were harvested, measured, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain.

Results

Tumor growth and metastasis to the lymph nodes and lungs were significantly reduced in the shRNA SGO1-treated mice group, while metastasis to the liver tends to be lower in cells with downregulated SGO1, but it did not reach statistical significance. Furthermore, sustained SGO1 downregulation significantly reduced cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion which correlated with lower levels of Snail, Slug, MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9.

Conclusion

The supression of SGO1 activity in TNBC harboring dysregulated expression of SGO1 may be a potential target for preventing breast cancer growth and metastasis.
Mental illness stigma and associated factors among Arabic-speaking refugee and migrant populations in Australia
Authors: Chimoriya Ritesh , Mohammad Yaser , Thomson Russell , Webster Cheryl , Dunne Rachel , Aibangbee Michaels , Ip David , Slewa-Younan Shameran
Published: May 2023

Background

Arabic-speaking refugee and migrant populations form a significant proportion of Australia’s population. Despite high levels of psychological distress among Arabic-speaking populations, low uptake of mental health services has been demonstrated. Evidence suggests poor levels of mental health literacy (MHL) and high levels of stigmatising attitudes among Arabic-speaking populations, which may act as barriers to help-seeking behaviours. This study aimed to explore the relationships between measures of mental illness stigma, socio-demographic factors and psychological distress, as well as to determine the factors associated with MHL (i.e., correct recognition of mental illness and knowledge of causes) among Arabic-speaking refugee and migrant populations in Australia.

Methods

Participants were recruited from non-government organisations in Greater Western Sydney that provided support services to Arabic-speaking migrants and/or refugees. As this study is nested within an interventional pilot study evaluating a culturally tailored MHL program, only the pre-intervention survey responses for 53 participants were utilised. The survey measured key aspects of MHL (i.e., recognition of mental illness, knowledge of causes), levels of psychological distress (using K10 scale), and stigmatising attitudes towards mental illness (using Personal Stigma Subscales and Social Distance Scale).

Results

The Personal Stigma subscale of ‘Dangerous/unpredictable’ was strongly positively correlated with participants’ K10 psychological distress scores and strongly negatively correlated with years of education completed. There were moderate negative correlations between two Personal Stigma subscales (‘Dangerous/unpredictable’ and ‘I-would-not-tell-anyone’) and the length of stay in Australia. Being female was associated with an increase in personal stigma demonstrated by higher scores for ‘I-would-not-tell-anyone’ subscale than males. Similarly, increase in age was associated with a decrease on scores of the personal stigma ‘Dangerous/unpredictable’.

Conclusions

While future research with larger sample size are needed, the study findings can be considered as adding to the evidence base on mental illness related stigma in Arabic-speaking populations. Further, this study provides a starting point in developing the rationale for why population sub-group specific interventions are required to address mental illness stigma and improve MHL among Arabic-speaking refugee and migrant populations in Australia.
A novel micro-ECoG recording method for recording multisensory neural activity from the parietal to temporal cortices in mice
Authors: Setogawa Susumu , Kanda Ryota , Tada Shuto , Hikima Takuya , Saitoh Yoshito , Ishikawa Mikiko , Nakada Satoshi , Seki Fumiko , Hikishima Keigo , Matsumoto Hideyuki , Mizuseki Kenji , Fukayama Osamu , Osanai Makoto , Sekiguchi Hiroto , Ohkawa Noriaki
Published: May 2023

Characterization of inter-regional interactions in brain is essential for understanding the mechanism relevant to normal brain function and neurological disease. The recently developed flexible micro (μ)-electrocorticography (μECoG) device is one prominent method used to examine large-scale cortical activity across multiple regions. The sheet-shaped μECoG electrodes arrays can be placed on a relatively wide area of cortical surface beneath the skull by inserting the device into the space between skull and brain. Although rats and mice are useful tools for neuroscience, current μECoG recording methods in these animals are limited to the parietal region of cerebral cortex. Recording cortical activity from the temporal region of cortex in mice has proven difficult because of surgical barriers created by the skull and surrounding temporalis muscle anatomy. Here, we developed a sheet-shaped 64-channel μECoG device that allows access to the mouse temporal cortex, and we determined the factor determining the appropriate bending stiffness for the μECoG electrode array. We also established a surgical technique to implant the electrode arrays into the epidural space over a wide area of cerebral cortex covering from the barrel field to olfactory (piriform) cortex, which is the deepest region of the cerebral cortex. Using histology and computed tomography (CT) images, we confirmed that the tip of the μECoG device reached to the most ventral part of cerebral cortex without causing noticeable damage to the brain surface. Moreover, the device simultaneously recorded somatosensory and odor stimulus-evoked neural activity from dorsal and ventral parts of cerebral cortex in awake and anesthetized mice. These data indicate that our μECoG device and surgical techniques enable the recording of large-scale cortical activity from the parietal to temporal cortex in mice, including somatosensory and olfactory cortices. This system will provide more opportunities for the investigation of physiological functions from wider areas of the mouse cerebral cortex than those currently available with existing ECoG techniques.
Risk of second primary cancer among women in the Kaiser Permanente Breast Cancer Survivors Cohort
Authors: Ramin Cody , Veiga Lene H. S. , Vo Jacqueline B. , Curtis Rochelle E. , Bodelon Clara , Aiello Bowles Erin J. , Buist Diana S. M. , Weinmann Sheila , Feigelson Heather Spencer , Gierach Gretchen L. , Berrington de Gonzalez Amy
Published: May 2023

Background

Breast cancer survivors are living longer due to early detection and advances in treatment and are at increased risk for second primary cancers. Comprehensive evaluation of second cancer risk among patients treated in recent decades is lacking.

Methods

We identified 16,004 females diagnosed with a first primary stage I-III breast cancer between 1990 and 2016 (followed through 2017) and survived ≥ 1 year at Kaiser Permanente (KP) Colorado, Northwest, and Washington. Second cancer was defined as an invasive primary cancer diagnosed ≥ 12 months after the first primary breast cancer. Second cancer risk was evaluated for all cancers (excluding ipsilateral breast cancer) using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), and a competing risk approach for cumulative incidence and hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for KP center, treatment, age, and year of first cancer diagnosis.

Results

Over a median follow-up of 6.2 years, 1,562 women developed second cancer. Breast cancer survivors had a 70% higher risk of any cancer (95%CI = 1.62–1.79) and 45% higher risk of non-breast cancer (95%CI = 1.37–1.54) compared with the general population. SIRs were highest for malignancies of the peritoneum (SIR = 3.44, 95%CI = 1.65–6.33), soft tissue (SIR = 3.32, 95%CI = 2.51–4.30), contralateral breast (SIR = 3.10, 95%CI = 2.82–3.40), and acute myeloid leukemia (SIR = 2.11, 95%CI = 1.18–3.48)/myelodysplastic syndrome (SIR = 3.25, 95%CI = 1.89–5.20). Women also had elevated risks for oral, colon, pancreas, lung, and uterine corpus cancer, melanoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR range = 1.31–1.97). Radiotherapy was associated with increased risk for all second cancers (HR = 1.13, 95%CI = 1.01–1.25) and soft tissue sarcoma (HR = 2.36, 95%CI = 1.17–4.78), chemotherapy with decreased risk for all second cancers (HR = 0.87, 95%CI = 0.78–0.98) and increased myelodysplastic syndrome risk (HR = 3.01, 95%CI = 1.01–8.94), and endocrine therapy with lower contralateral breast cancer risk (HR = 0.48, 95%CI = 0.38–0.60). Approximately 1 in 9 women who survived ≥ 1 year developed second cancer, 1 in 13 developed second non-breast cancer, and 1 in 30 developed contralateral breast cancer by 10 years. Trends in cumulative incidence declined for contralateral breast cancer but not for second non-breast cancers.

Conclusions

Elevated risks of second cancer among breast cancer survivors treated in recent decades suggests that heightened surveillance is warranted and continued efforts to reduce second cancers are needed.