bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic idiopathic portal vein thrombosis: A case study
Authors: Mitrović Bojan , Gluvić Zoran , Samardžić Vladimir , Obradović Milan , Lačković Milena , Cvetković Zorica , Pavlović Aleksandar , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare disorder of splanchnic circulation, frequently caused by concomitant presence of local and/or systemic factors. When portal vein thrombosis complicates causative diseases, it will worsen their prognosis, and in such a case, the causative disease and PVT are treated concomitantly. Despite the fact that PVT frequently complicates liver cirrhosis, intraabdominal malignancies, and some hematological diseases, after all causes are excluded, one can define idiopathic portal vein thrombosis. In this study we have described the case of idiopathic chronical portal vein thrombosis.
Sex differences in risk factors for acute stroke
Authors: Milenković Sara , Georgijevski-Brkić Biljana , Maksimović Miloš , Radak Đorđe , Maksimović Jadranka
Published: February 2022

Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in both developed countries and developing countries. The aim of this study is to examine whether there are differences in demographic characteristics, life habits (e.g.smoking and consumption of alcohol) and medical anamnesis of men and women diseased by acute stroke. Using cross - sectional study, the patients that were diagnosed with acute stroke and hospitalized in the period from November 1st to November 30th 2014. In Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases Sveti Sava in Belgrade were taken into account. Discharge lists from these patients were read through and analyzed giving data about general demographic characteristics, life habits (e.g. smoking and alcohol consumption) and medical anamnesis (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiac disorders (arrhythmia, the heart failure, coronary artery disease ), atherosclerosis). For statistical analysis we used the ch² and t - test. The total number of hospitalized patients with the diagnosis of acute stroke in the given period was 113, of which 57 were males (50.4 %) and 56 females (49.6 %). The average age of patients with stroke was significantly higher in women than in men (t = 2.62; DF = 111; p = 0.010). Men were significantly more likely to consume alcohol than women (ch² = 7.35; p = 0.007), while in the other examined risk factors for acute stroke, there was no statistically significant difference between men and women. The results point that men and women with acute stroke statistically significantly differ in relation to age and alcohol consumption.
Vascular dementia revised
Authors: Đukić Nenad , Nešković Mihailo , Ševković Milorad , Radak Đorđe
Published: February 2022

Vascular dementia is the second leading cause of dementia, right after Alzheimer's disease. It is a condition with great medical, social and economic burden. Although its concept has been recognized for over a century, disease mechanisms, diagnostic criteria and treatment modalities remain unclear and generate confusion and debate. Dementia and cerebrovascular disease share risk factors and neuropathology, and may contribute to VaD. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia) and behavioral factors (physical inactivity, obesity) as major substrate for both cerebrovascular disease and dementia. Also, macro and micro-embolic events and chronic brain hypoper fusion contribute to vascular dementia . Having in mind that disease mechanisms for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease are overlapping, and that clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment are often very similar, setting the diagnosis of vascular dementia is not an easy task. In clinical research, various diagnostic criteria are proposed. They are based on two major requirements: clinical diagnosis of dementia and its vascular origin. According to its multi causal nature, vascular dementia stands as a difficult condition to treat. Several therapeutic modalities have been offered; however, further investigation and trials with long-term follow-up are needed.
Hypercholesterolemias: Pathogenesis and pathophysiological implications
Authors: Vučević Danijela , Đorđević Drago , Stanojević Marija , Jorgačević Bojan , Đorović Danka , Radak Đorđe , Radosavljević Tatjana
Published: February 2022

In this review, we provide an overview of recent literature data and practical knowledge related to hypercholesterolemias and their pathophysiological implications. Elevated blood lipid levels (hyperlipidaemias) are the most common metabolic disorders in global population. There is consensus regarding hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and cigarette smoking as the three main risk factors for atherothrombosis, with consequences such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In relation to this, familial hypercholesterolemia is the most deleterious precursor of coronary artery disease. This severest form of hyperlipidaemia refers to an inherited disorder of cholesterol metabolism due to defects in the receptor for low density lipoprotein (LDL). Besides, numerous factors, including drugs, can influence lipid status and significantly contribute to the development of secondary hypelipidaemias. Thus, inappropriate diet, obesity, diabetes mellitus and alcohol use, in particular, are commonly associated with high blood lipid levels. Therefore, secondary causes of high blood lipids should be considered in each patient with a lipid disorder before lipid-lowering therapy is started. Having in mind the increase of prevalence of lipid metabolism disorders in future, it is necessary to take preventive actions to decrease risk factors (inappropriate diet rich in carbohydrates and saturated fat, obesity, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity). However, although various studies related to this medical problem have been carried out, scientists are still far from a complete understanding of the molecular basis of this problem.
Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive 'Streptococcus pneumoniae' isolated in Serbia in 2012-2013
Authors: Gajić Ina , Marković Miloš , Kekić Dušan , Popović Sunčica , Mijač Vera , Ranin Lazar , Opavski Nataša
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study was to: determine susceptibility patterns of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae to antimicrobial agents, evaluate macrolide resistance phenotypes and genotypes and identify capsular serotypes among invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae circulating in Serbia. The total of 85 invasive pneumococcal strains, collected during 2012 and 2013, were sent from regional laboratories to the National Reference Laboratory. Susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion and E test, while phenotypes and genotypes of macrolide resistant strains were determined by double-test and PCR, respectively. Serotyping was performed by Quelling reaction. The overall penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptibility rates were 14.12% and 28.23%, respectively. Resistance rates were significantly higher in children than in adults and (p<0,01). Co-resistance to penicillin and erythromycin was detected in 7.06% strains. Resistance rates to tetracycline and chloramphenicol were 29.41% and 15.29%, respectively. The rate of multi resistance was 27.06%. cMLS phenotype was detected in 62.5% of all macrolide resistant isolates, while 37.5% expressed M phenotype. All 15 isolates with cMLS phenotype harbored ermB gene and all M isolates harbored mefA. The most common resistant serotypes were 3, 9A and 23F. This study revealed that penicillin and macrolide resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates is high. Obtained results emphasize the need for continuous monitoring of invasive pneumococcal disease in Serbia.
Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm and retroperitoneal fibrosis
Authors: Nešković Mihailo , Đukić Nenad , Rakic Alexander , Radak Đorđe
Published: February 2022

The inflammatory aneurysm of abdominal aorta (IAAA) accounts for 3-11% of all abdominal aortic aneurysms, and occurs predominantly in men. It has similar pathological mechanisms like idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) and perianeurysmal retroperitoneal fibrosis (PRF), thus presenting the same non-specific systemic inflammatory disorder known as chronic periaortitis (CP). Recognition of CP early in its course is important in order to reduce morbidity due to complications, such as renal failure and mortality from aortic rupture. However, the initial symptoms of CP are non-specific, which makes early clinical diagnosis extremely difficult. Various studies have shown favorable outcomes following corticosteroid treatment in nearly 90% of patients. The positive effects of adding different immunosuppressants to corticoid therapy have established such "duo-therapy" as a durable treatment option. Also, cessation of smoking has a positive effect on disease course and it should be an integral part of every treatment regimen. Operative repair of the abdominal aortic aneurysm is considered to be the definitive treatment for IAAA. The effects of both open and endovascular interventions on the inflammatory component however remain unclear. Resolution of periaortic fibrotic tissue after surgery for IAAA is still debated. Some investigators have reported a complete resolution while the others have noted partial regression and even persistence of the inflammatory cuff. Current treatment strategies are based upon "the best available evidence'', mostly derived from clinical experience obtained by case series involving a small number of patients. Studies of a higher evidence level are very much needed to adjust our approach to such patients and to establish guidelines for treating this complex and serious disorder.
Tracheobronchial aspiration syndrome
Authors: Pešut Dragica , Nagorni-Obradović Ljudmila , Žugić Vladimir , Minić Predrag , Popević Spasoje , Marić Dragana
Published: February 2022

Aspiration-inhalation of solid or liquid materials into the airways-occurs when solids or liquids are introduced into the supraglottic area rapidly or in large volumes or when airway defences are reduced by structural abnormalities or neurological impairment. Tracheobronchial aspiration (TBA) syndrome is currently among leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world when it comes to accidents, and it is the leading cause in one-year-old children. During the last several years, destructive effects of some food and drugs on respiratory system have been revealed. TBA may cause no complications at all or may result in a range of complications from paroxysmal cough to respiratory failure and lethal outcome. Rapid diagnosis is of utmost importance in correct interventions that should be done in a timely manner, and in prevention of complications, which are sometimes irreversible. This is a review of TBA syndrome etiopathogenesis with special reference to those caused by solid foreign bodies, including those of biological origin, hydrocarbons, lipids, and water-drowning. Special attention is given to TBA syndrome in children, and to complications such as aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis. Current approach in treatment of the syndrome is explained in dependence of its etiology. Importance, indications and possibilities of interventional bronchoscopy are highlighted.
Disability milestones in Huntington disease
Authors: Ćuk Jelena , Đuranović Ana , Svetel Marina , Pekmezović Tatjana
Published: February 2022

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by the presence of involuntary choreatic movements, cognitive impoverishment and behavioral disorders. The objectives of this research were: analysis of the clinical specifics of people with HD and definition of chronology in the occurrence of milestone disease progression. 56 patients with HD were interviewed by telephone about their age, family history, age at onset of the disease, first symptoms, current symptoms and their beginning. Also, the number of trinucleotide (CAG) repeats was determined by PCR method. In group of 50 alive patients the average age was 54.5 years, age at the beginning of disease 46.7 years, disease duration 7.8 years and latency to diagnosis 2 years, approximately. Family history was positive for 22 patients. Most frequently first symptoms were involuntary movements as isolated symptom (24 patients). In a progression of the disease swallowing difficulty and choking were first problem in everyday life for patients and they occurred 4.5 years after the first symptoms. Talking difficulty, falls, dependence on the assistance of another person during bathing and eating and walking difficulty happened after 4.6, 5.2, 6.2, 7.5 and 7.5 years, respectively. The average number of trinucleotide repeats was 43.8, in range from 40 to 51 repeats. HD in short term leads to significant disability with the emergence of problems with swallowing, speaking and walking, leading thus to complete depending on the physical assistance of another person.
Molecular prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases: How close are we?
Authors: Pekmezović Tatjana
Published: February 2022

Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNDs) are a leading cause of death worldwide; preterm mortality in people younger than 70 years accounts for 40% of the total of 38 million deaths due to CNDs. Heterogeneity and complexity of CNDs cause shifting the prevention focus towards the molecular level in order to contribute to the global decrease of disease burden. Given that fact, the aims of molecular prevention are determination of crucial genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that influence different responses to agents, as well as those that modify responses to agent exposure and tendency of development of chronic diseases. Also, it is important to mention the recognition of new pathways of pharmacologic modulation. Although basic postulates of molecular preventions are still at their beginning, the fact that significant results in the field of clarifying CNDs etiology and early pathogenesis, risk assessment and modeling, as well as targeting of agents with high preventable efficacy have already been achieved, it is clear that there is a possibility to decrease CNDs burden in the earliest phases of its natural course. Accordingly, it is important to change the belief that a person without clinical symptoms and signs of disease is necessarily healthy. On the other hand, there is a need to balance the risks and health; molecular prevention has its own place in that interspace. Studies investigating the effects of potential preventive measures at molecular level have clearly determined high-risk cohorts, outcomes and other design elements, similarly to clinical studies. There is an intensive development of new research fields, like nutrigenomics which investigates the impact of diet on metabolic pathways and homeostasis, that is, their regulation in early stages of diseases associated with nutrition, as well as the level of susceptibility of person with certain genotype to those diseases. The investigations in the fields of molecular prevention may contribute to new biomarkers development or help the setting of strategies for CNDs molecular prevention and nanotherapy. In other words, they represent the marker of genomics applying in population sciences.
Advancements in mesenchymal stem cell treatment for Buerger's disease
Authors: Pavlović Sonja , Fazlagić Amira , Lozuk Branko , Spasovski Vesna , Vreća Miša , Đukić Nenad , Radak Đorđe
Published: February 2022

Buerger's disease or thromboangiitis obliterans, is a non-atherosclerotic inflammatory process which mostly involves medium and small sized arteries and veins in lower and upper extremities. It is categorized as vasculitis. The disease is known to be closely linked to smoking. Buerger's disease is a long-term debilitating condition because of the pain, the development of ulcers and gangrene, and the risk of amputation. Drugs effective on erythrocyte flexibility, agents acting on platelets, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and vascular reconstruction are among several therapeutic methods for Buerger's disease. However, the applied therapies are insufficiently effective. Still, the base of treatment is smoking cessation. Lately, cell therapy has offered us entirely new possibilities. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment has been proposed as a novel approach for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for various ischemic disorders, including Buerger's disease. In 2016, the first MSC based therapy has received regulatory approval for the treatment of Buerger's disease in India. In March 2017, orphan designation was granted by the European Commission for autologous adipose tissue-derived MSC for the treatment of Buerger's disease. Novel therapeutic approach needs to be validated in the upcoming studies conducted in different clinical centers.
Influence of glycaemia and HbA1C levels at admission of insulin-independent diabetes patients on the length and outcome of hospitalization due to NSTEMI/STEMI
Authors: Kovačević Pejka , Gluvić Zoran , Putniković Biljana , Zarić Božidarka , Radenković Saša , Resanović Ivana , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

This study aims to examine the influence of admission glycaemia and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels on the length of hospitalization and its outcome in insulin-independent diabetes mellitus (DM) patients suffering from ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)/Non-STEMI (NSTEMI). This cross-sectional study included 103 subjects with a history of insulin-independent DM, currently hospitalized due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Out of 103 subjects, 59 (57%) were men and 66 (64.1%) of them suffered from STEMI. Mean age of study population was 67±9 years. The following parameters were monitored: demographic, coronary, cardiovascular and DM risk factors history, as well as laboratory, clinical, echocardiography and angiography parameters. DM mean duration was 7 (1-30) months, and it influenced the length of hospitalization (r=0.232, p<0.05), but not the outcome (r=0.174, p>0.05). Mean length of hospitalization was 8 and 8.5 days in STEMI and NSTEMI patients respectively, with no difference between groups (log-rank ch2= 0.476, p>0.05). HbA1C values influenced the length of hospitalization (r=0.213, p<0.05), opposite to admission glycaemia (r=0.148, p>0.05). Duration of DM and the level of HbA1C prolong the length of hospitalization, but do not influence the clinical outcome of AMI patients suffering from insulin-independent DM.
Experience of the Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia in radiotherapy treatment of malignant tumors in children
Authors: Stanić Dragana , Bokun Jelena , Nikitović Marina
Published: February 2022

The Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia in Belgrade is an institution in which the implementation of radiotherapy of children and adolescents started 35 years ago. To date, pediatric radiotherapy has been set up and has been following technological possibilities and progress, and a highly specialized multidisciplinary team has been established in the institution with a focus on pediatric oncology and radiotherapy. Purchase of equipment for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in 2006 enabled qualitative progress in the planning and implementation of pediatric radiotherapy. 60 to 80 patients aged 1 to 18 years are treated annually in our institution. For children aged up to 3 years, and in extremely rare cases older, radiotherapy is carried out in anesthesia, which is emphasized as a significant experience and quality of work of our institution. In the ten-year period from January 2007 to September 2016, 648 children were treated with radiotherapy. In the majority of children, 90.6%, radiotherapy was conducted using 3D conformal technique (3D-CRT) and in small number, 9.4% with conventional radiotherapy (2D-RT). The most frequent patients were children with central nervous system tumors 30.1%, leukemia 16.5%, bone tumors 15.4%, lymphoma 11.9%, soft tissue sarcoma 11.6%, neuroblastoma 6.5%, nephroblastoma 3.6%, retinoblastoma 1.7% and other rare tumors. Besides operative treatment, the majority of children were treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 89.8%. Most of the children treated with radiotherapy were treated with chemotherapy in our institution, 45.8%. In a small number of children, radiotherapy was conducted as the only therapeutic approach, 10.2%. At the Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, as a central institution for pediatric radiotherapy, 3D-CRT has been fully adopted as a standard in the treatment of children and adolescents. In the past ten years, we have gained our own experiences which will be of great use to us with introduction of advanced techniques that we expect to gain by further purchase of machines and equipment for radiotherapy.
Pediatric Radiotherapy Department: Recommendations for optimal infrastructure and personnel
Authors: Nikitović Marina , Stanić Dragana
Published: February 2022

In multidisciplinary treatment of malignant diseases in pediatric population, radiotherapy with or without surgery, represents the basic modality of local treatment. Although the basic principles of radiotherapy in children are the same as in adults, it has its own specificity because it is applied to an organism in the phase of growth and development. Also, pediatric tumors differ from tumors in adults, so pediatric radiation oncologist has to have knowledge of pediatric oncology. Treatment of children with malignant diseases requires coordinated work of a multidisciplinary team: radiation oncologist, pediatrician, various specialty surgeons, pathologists, each of whom participates in the decision making on combined oncological treatment. Treatment decisions are necessary made in a multidisciplinary environment with the necessary knowledge of all members of the pediatric oncology team. Pediatric radiation oncology has its specifics and requirements in terms of infrastructure and organization. The basic requirements apply to rooms, equipment, staff, and procedures. Based on the international recommendations, the necessary radiotherapy equipment and its number, for the work with children, is defined. In the treatment of children it is recommended to use 3D conformal radiotherapy, or other advanced techniques, in order to avoid the irradiation of healthy tissues as much as possible. Monitoring early and late unwanted effects of radiotherapy is of great importance in treating children with malignant tumors. Also, a certain level of knowledge in the pathology of malignant diseases of children is necessary of all the members of radiotherapy team. Pediatric radiotherapy, as an extremely sophisticated and complex method of treatment, can therefore only be performed in hospitals and centers that can meet all of the above high standards and recommendations with the coordinated work of a multidisciplinary team with experience in pediatric oncology.
Factors influencing Internet addiction
Authors: Banjanin Nikolina , Banjanin Nikola
Published: February 2022

Using the Internet is a part of everyday life. The Internet is used for various purposes such as obtaining information, communication, education, entertainment. Some of the factors that influence Internet addiction are gender, neuroticism, using the Internet every day. Today it would be difficult to imagine life without the Internet, but it should find a measure in the use of the Internet.
The role of the liver in glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity
Authors: Stanimirović Julijana , Obradović Milan , Gluvić Zoran , Isenović Esma
Published: February 2022

The liver plays a vital role in metabolic homeostasis and represents a major site for complex regulation of substrates (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) by insulin and other hormones. The significance of liver metabolic functions in many pathophysiological conditions is highlighted over the past decades. Mechanisms of obesity-induced metabolic disturbance in the liver are the topic of numerous research studies. Metabolic and hormonal changes which are caused primarily by visceral obesity lead to hepatic lipid accumulation. Increased prevalence of obesity and the development of metabolic syndrome contribute to pathophysiological changes in the liver and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one of the most common diseases in Western societies. In this review, we discussed most recent literature data related to the role of the liver in glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity.
Prebiotics as food supplements
Authors: Đorović Danka , Maksimović Miloš , Radak Đorđe
Published: February 2022

Prebiotics are selectively fermented food ingredients that allow specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora, that confer benefits. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are the most common targeted genera for prebiotics. Prebiotics change the composition of the intestinal microflora, promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, improve the intestinal barrier and regulate the mucous and systemic immune response. Their intake leads to a reduction in the prevalence and duration of infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Studies have revealed the increase of calcium absorption with an increased prebiotic intake, mainly fructans. Food consumption rich in prebiotics can also affect energy intake, fat mass and changes in body weight. Literature data on the benefits of prebiotics in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases are contradictory, but some studies have shown that some prebiotics led to decrease in total and LDL-cholesterol levels and an increase in the HDL-cholesterol concentration. Recently, many studies have examined the effect of prebiotics on CNSs functions. Due to the beneficial effects of the prebiotics, further research is needed to understand the mechanism of their positive effects on human health and general well-being. Future research should provide evidence of the efficacy, safety and dosage of prebiotics in order to be used for prevention or delaying different diseases.
Factors of adolescent reproductive and sexual health
Authors: Duganovska Marija
Published: February 2022

The goal of this review was to present the risk factors of adolescent reproductive and sexual health. During adolescence, a large number of young people become sexually active. Young people often do not have enough knowledge about sexuality, fertility control and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. It is important to comprehensively observe the sexuality of adolescents, as well as all the elements that contribute to the disruption of their reproductive health. Sexual behavior among adolescents is a complex problem, because facts shows that adolescents, despite being accurately and well informed, still behave inconsistently when it comes to protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. One of the main reasons seems to be insufficient amount of information and untimely use of contraceptives.
Health literacy in the elderly
Authors: Brcanski Jelena , Jović-Vraneš Aleksandra
Published: February 2022

Aging of the population is particularly notable in high-income countries, while the vulnerability of elderly is well described in the literature. Cognitive and social skills decline during the aging process, which affects the level of health literacy. Health literacy refers to the ability to obtain, process and understand basic health information, and act upon information within the healthcare system. Elderly with an adequate level of health literacy are empowered to manage their health, as opposed to those with a low level of health literacy who have the greater chance of developing chronic illnesses and premature death. Also, elderly with low level of health literacy rarely use preventive services, but seek emergency services more often, they know less about their basic chronic illness and are more often faced with difficulties in managing their own disease. They have worse health outcomes and self-perception of health than those with adequate health literacy. This indicates the necessity of creating specific interventions aimed to improve the health outcomes of older people.
Business continuity as a function of corporate security: SARS-CoV 2 pandemic case study
Authors: Mandić Goran , Putnik Nenad , Rakić Sandra
Published: February 2022

Business continuity occupies an important place both in the academic sphere and in the practical application that is carried out in order to ensure continuation of the legal entity. Multiple complex factors and threats that shape not only national but also global security, significantly affect the functioning of corporations, which makes the traditional approach to corporate security relatively outdated. The aim of this article is to present the most important discussions related to this phenomenon within the academic literature, as well as to identify issues that are important for successful theoretical development and application of this concept in business practice. The authors consider the concept of business continuity as one of the most important concepts in the function of corporate security, having in mind the challenges and threats faced by companies, especially those that orient their business towards exports to foreign markets. The pandemic caused by the SARS - CoV 2 virus, which culminated in 2020, largely showed the weaknesses of "classic" business continuity planning, bearing in mind that many companies in Serbia and around the world have completely suspended their production processes. Therefore, in this paper, on the example of a pandemic, the current weaknesses will be partially identified, as well as recommendations that would ensure the continuity of the work process and thus achieve the functionality of corporations.
Energy security: The impact of environmental policies on energy security
Authors: Vitošević Jovana , Lukinović Mario , Škvareninová Lucia
Published: February 2022

Extreme climatic events, global warming, biodiversity loss, ozone depletion, water, air and soil pollution, major accidents have made the issues of environmental change in the environment and the impact on environmental insecurity has become the center of security analysis. The notion of energy security is constantly changing, as is the attitude towards the complex strategic activities that they entail. National security strategies did not include environmental security considerations until the end of the Cold War. Population growth, globalization and general technological and economic progress have led to a drastic increase in natural resources, the provision of energy sources to supply the economy and citizens is on the map of the most important geostrategic and geopolitical issues. Climate change and the issue of environmental protection have posed new challenges for the energy sector. Energy is the basis of modern life, from heating the household to driving a car, which is why its provision is vital for any national security.
Strategic planning as the inevitability of modern management
Authors: Veselinović Jovan , Mitić Milovan , Berjan-Bačvarević Bobana , Zlatanović-Marković Valentina
Published: February 2022

The business strategy includes identifying different ways to achieve the vision, mission and goals of the organization. Organizations, both formal and informal, have their own goals and plans. The extent to which they will achieve their goals depends on managerial performance, efficiency and effectiveness. In conditions of increasing levels of turbulence and complexity of the environment in which organizations perform their business and wider social mission, managers are increasingly required to have leadership qualities and entrepreneurial spirit. Ability to create vision, mission, goals and strategies and their implementation in the life of the organization, change management, communication, ability to constantly learn, intuitiveness, confidence, creating new values are just some of the features of a modern manager required by new competition, new technology and new lifestyle. The company must strive to provide and permanently maintain a competitive advantage - its position in relation to other companies engaged in the same activity. The choice of business area is, in fact, the positioning of the company on the market and is oriented towards business efficiency. Strategy as a planning decision refers only to those decisions on the choice of business area and allocation of factors of production that have a significant and lasting impact on the profitability of the company. The basic elements for defining the area of business activity are products, market and technology. The business area is determined, first of all, by the category of customers whose needs the company intends to satisfy with its business activity. In order to define business areas, it is important to always talk about the product-market relationship.
Mortgage legal relationship and rights of a mortgage creditor in case of decrease in the value of a pledgeed property
Authors: Mitić Nikola , Nikolova-Marković Aleksandra
Published: February 2022

The right of the mortgagee and the mortgage relationship as part of the content of the mortgage is a very interesting area for research and study. Within the research and studies in this area, there are a number of elements that need to be analyzed and appropriate conclusions drawn. We have covered the concept of mortgage, mortgage relationship, rights and obligations of the mortgagee and the debtor, as well as the right of the mortgagee in case of reduction of the value of the mortgage by the debtor, by his act, to jeopardize the interests of the mortgagee.
The role of digital diplomacy in creating the image of the nation
Authors: Baltezarević Radoslav
Published: February 2022

Digital technologies have advanced many spheres of modern society, including the methods of public diplomacy. The virtual environment has become a place of great importance to diplomatic representatives for highlighting political views, responding to crisis situations, exchanging opinions with colleagues or simply for communicating with the public within the country or internationally. Digital diplomacy, through internet technologies and social networks, has paved the way for diplomats to build not only a personal image, but also through a wide range of activities, to build the image of the nation they represent, as well. Unfortunately, the perceptions of the international public about the image of countries are mostly based on stereotypes and prejudices. However, cultural diplomacy, combined with the tools of digital technologies, becomes an important instrument of state foreign policy, which by presenting and promoting the country's cultural activities can influence the improvement of associations in the minds of the general international public and thus improve the nation's global image. The main goal of this paper is to point out the effectiveness of digital diplomacy methods in building a positive image of the nation, but also to draw the attention of diplomatic representatives, marketing experts and the professional public in general, to the many benefits of using digital tools in communication with the international public, in order to create positive mental associations about the country.
Application of internal audit as a new way of doing business in modern socio-economic relations in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Vitomir Jelena , Tomaš-Miskin Sonja
Published: February 2022

With its existence, internal audit enables the top management of the company to improve business decision-making in terms of increasing the security of making business decisions. The new way of doing business within the overall socio-economic relations that prevail in the economy of the transition country requires new and modern solutions that will strengthen major business decisions of top management. Internal audit in its new context of existence in companies is based on: realistic planning of internal audit, taking each business segment as part of the business, starting point in a constructive approach to internal audit, regular reporting to top management, and giving suggestions to top management to implement actions on based on the internal auditor's report. In this paper, the authors paid special attention to the analysis of internal audit in the conditions of real functioning of the company. In addition, the authors point out that the new approach to internal audit implies the acceptance of all phases of internal audit in the company, which result from the authority of the internal auditor and the adopted work plan of the internal auditor.
Application of internal control within the making of management decisions of top management considered as a new way of company operation in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Mitrović Goran , Vitomir Goran , Davidov Tatjana
Published: February 2022

The process of introducing internal control in the regular operations of companies is related to the processes of establishing overall control in companies. The process of introducing internal control begins with the decision of the top management of the company to establish an internal control system in its regular operations. The process of implementing the internal control system is a very complex process in which the issue of overall control over the work and functioning of all parts of the company is substantially improved. The interest of top management in the implementation of internal control should be decisive and crucial in the process of its implementation. The advantages of introducing internal control are numerous, such as: increasing the overall security of the entire company, improving the overall business results resulting from the reduction of operating costs, improvements related to improving the financial reporting of top management and more. The practical application of internal control is performed by experts who are specially trained to perform internal control tasks. It should also be noted that employees in the internal control of the company, in addition to strong motivation to perform internal control, are also persons in whom they have great trust and expectations, all in the company, from top management to each individual employee. This trust stems from the independence of internal control on the one hand, and on the other hand from the expectations of all employees that the work of internal control will be protected from subversion of various types in presenting the objective situation in the company. The work of internal control is largely related to the implementation of a quality IT sector that is increasingly developing in companies, regardless of whether it is a small or large company. In addition to the above, it should be noted that the work of internal audit is closely related to the degree of implemented standardization processes in companies.
The problem of the Eurozone in the process of European integration from the aspect of entrepreneurship planning in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Stevanović Miroslav , Đurđević Dragan
Published: February 2022

The situation in eurozone, which encompasses some of the most developed countries, inevitably impacts the planning of individual entrepreneurship in Serbia, as the candidate for EU membership. In this article, we analyze how much the eurozone is part of economic integration in Europe or the result of that process in the context of the political process of EU enlargement. In this context, we look into the motives for integration and enlargement, the institutional framework for the functioning of the monetary union, and the implications on the concept of European integration. The findings indicate that entrepreneurship planning, today, cannot rely on the monetary stability provided by the institutions of the eurozone and that there are indications of divisions within the EU itself. Moreover, some of the observed problems indicate that monetary policy is one of the key sources of disagreement within the European Union and that for now, it is unlikely that real monetary stability will be ensured outside the accounting operations of the European and national central banks. The conclusion that follows is that, while the Republic of Serbia still has monetary sovereignty, entrepreneurship, primarily small and medium-sized, must focus primarily on internal resources and find internal models that will provide a market orientation of capital, in which the leading role could be played. has a chamber connection.
Sale contract with special reference to the importance of price treatment: Legal and economic reviews, dilemmas and perspectives
Authors: Pavlović Radica
Published: February 2022

In modern business conditions, due to the process of globalization, deregulation and liberalization, sales have reached enormous proportions in the world. It is for these reasons that sales contracts in international trade are of great importance today. Also, the development of industry and economy, as well as the development of multinational and transnational companies, has led to a huge expansion of the range of goods that become the subject of economic trade and thus contracting, since the sales contract has economic and legal effects, but also different conflict norms, dilemmas and treatments. Given the increase in prices in all business segments and the fact that foreign trade has reached enormous proportions in the world, sales contracts in international trade are of great importance today. Also, the development of industry and economy as well as the development of multinational and transnational companies has led to a huge expansion of the range of goods that become the subject of economic transactions. treatment of items and prices, different points of view.
Knowledge and natural rights
Authors: Radovanović Snežana
Published: February 2022

Knowledge is the value connected with each social development and development of economy, as well. It is generally recognised value and, therefore, it is in reference to ius naturale, native rights, generally recognised also. Such values are, nowdays, the part of concept of fundamental freedoms and rights and their protection. However, their protection must be accompanied by the consciousness of wellbeing of everybody. The values like universalisation, globalisation, education, help restauration of society and social and economic progress. In such a progress, there must be place for free economy, market, economic growth, and such a development belongs to people. Without knowledge and education these values could turn to their opposition, under the exuse of achievement of "welfare state". It is why they are protected by the highest domestic and international regulations.
Regional international organizations with a special focus on the European Union
Authors: Danilović Nemanja
Published: February 2022

After studying international organizations, we may freely say that their international legal personality is undeniable, while their role in international law and international relations is of great importance. For that reason, this paper is dedicated to one type of such organizations - to regional organizations, that is, to the European Union as one of the most important international organizations of the kind. Although the European Union was created with the goal of connecting and integrating European countries and its nations, today it plays one of the leading roles in world politics. The paper follows the concept and types of regional international organizations, as well as emergence, development, characteristics, values and goals, and the institutionalism of the European Union. Today, undeniably, the European Union plays one of the leading roles in international political, economic, strategic, geopolitical, cultural and social relations.
Cyber security: Building digital trust
Authors: Baltezarević Ivana , Baltezarević Radoslav
Published: February 2022

Although information and communication technologies have made communication, entertainment and business easier for people, they have also enabled cybercriminals to carry out their illegal activities in the digital environment. By misusing data, but also by activities that can cause emotional and physical damage to Internet users, cybercriminals have contributed to the erosion of the trust of consumers who have satisfied their needs and desires with digital shopping. In times of global pandemic, when a large number of consumers were forced to use online shopping services, this distrust caused great damage to companies. Strategies to rebuild trust and revitalize consumer loyalty are imperative for many organizations if they want to survive in the marketplace. Of course, legislative support is also needed to ensure cyber security, which is increasingly taking on global dimensions in its scope, presenting imperatives in defense against cyber threats to states themselves, threatening their economic and political stability.
Computer crime as a modern form of crime
Authors: Lutovac Svetislav , Račić Julijana
Published: February 2022

The development of technology has significantly contributed to the improvement of communication, the way of doing business of humanity, the flow and availability of information via the Internet, but it also entails negative consequences in the form of abuse by committing crimes in the field of computer security. The fight against it is very difficult, and the reason for that is the constant progress, ie modification of this form of crime, where it is necessary to change the existing legislation, achieve international cooperation, invest money in equipment suitable for adequate response to computer crime. In this paper, the emphasis is placed on the very concept of computer crime, international and domestic legislation, the forms in which it most often manifests itself.
Ravishment of the material treasure of Kosovo and Metohija by international and domestic factors
Authors: Milović Marko , Baltezarević Borivoje
Published: February 2022

The material and cultural treasures of Kosovo and Metohija have been written and spoken about for decades, even centuries. Somehow, this story about both treasures, both for us and for others, and here we also mean various international factors, never loses its significance. Although the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, as it has been known since 1999, is not under the jurisdiction of the state of Serbia, this topic is not extreme. Conflicts, wars, riots and the like in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija are an inseparable part of its history, and the background of all these unpleasant events is not only the territory as such, but precisely its enormous wealth that it possesses. In our paper, we referred to those riches, primarily ores, and why many have the desire to rule the southern Serbian province. The more brokers there are at various levels and in various areas in those areas, the less justice and rights there are, especially when it comes to the rights of the Serbian people and the protection of both their property and the property of the state of Serbia. In that sense, we pointed out the objective inability of the existing Kosovo judiciary to do its job, but also the subjective reasons, which are mostly of a political nature.