bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Timing and evolution of Middle Triassic magmatism in the Southern Alps (northern Italy)
Authors: Storck Julian-Christopher , Brack Peter , Wotzlaw Jörn-Frederik , Ulmer Peter
Published: November 2018

Middle Triassic magmatism in the Southern Alps (northern Italy) consists of widespread volcanoclastic deposits, basaltic lava flows and intrusive complexes. Despite their importance in understanding the geodynamic evolution of the westernmost Tethys, the timing of magmatic activity and the links between the different igneous products remain poorly understood. We present a comprehensive high-precision zircon U–Pb geochronology dataset for the major intrusive complexes and several volcanic ash layers and integrate this with a high-resolution stratigraphic framework of Middle Triassic volcano-sedimentary successions. The main interval of Middle Triassic magmatism lasted at least 5.07 ± 0.06 myr. Magmatic activity started with silicic eruptions between 242.653 ± 0.036 and 238.646 ± 0.037 Ma, followed by a <1 myr eruptive interval of voluminous basaltic lava flows. Coeval mafic to intermediate intrusions dated at 238.190 ± 0.055 to 238.075 ± 0.087 Ma may represent feeder and subvolcanic complexes related to the basalt flows. The youngest products are silicic tuffs from latest Ladinian to early Carnian sequences dated at 237.680 ± 0.047 and 237.579 ± 0.042 Ma. Complemented by zircon trace element data, our high-resolution temporal framework places tight constraints on the link between silicic and mafic igneous products in a complex geodynamic setting.

Supplementary material:
Isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry trace element data tables, sample coordinates, supplementary geochemical data, cathodoluminescence images of isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry dated zircons and supplementary field documentation are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4287506
Statistical Aspects of Wasserstein Distances
Authors: Panaretos Victor M. , Zemel Yoav
Published: November 2018

Wasserstein distances are metrics on probability distributions inspired by the problem of optimal mass transportation. Roughly speaking, they measure the minimal effort required to reconfigure the probability mass of one distribution in order to recover the other distribution. They are ubiquitous in mathematics, with a long history that has seen them catalyze core developments in analysis, optimization, and probability. Beyond their intrinsic mathematical richness, they possess attractive features that make them a versatile tool for the statistician: They can be used to derive weak convergence and convergence of moments, and can be easily bounded; they are well-adapted to quantify a natural notion of perturbation of a probability distribution; and they seamlessly incorporate the geometry of the domain of the distributions in question, thus being useful for contrasting complex objects. Consequently, they frequently appear in the development of statistical theory and inferential methodology, and they have recently become an object of inference in themselves. In this review, we provide a snapshot of the main concepts involved in Wasserstein distances and optimal transportation, and a succinct overview of some of their many statistical aspects.
Evidence for differential control of muscle sympathetic single units during mild sympathoexcitation in young, healthy humans
Authors: Incognito Anthony V. , Doherty Connor J. , Nardone Massimo , Lee Jordan B. , Notay Karambir , Seed Jeremy D. , Millar Philip J.
Published: November 2018

Two subpopulations of muscle sympathetic single units with opposite discharge characteristics have been identified during low-level cardiopulmonary baroreflex loading and unloading in middle-aged adults and patients with heart failure. The present study sought to determine whether similar subpopulations are present in young healthy adults during cardiopulmonary baroreflex unloading ( study 1) and rhythmic handgrip exercise ( study 2). Continuous hemodynamic and multiunit and single unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) data were collected at baseline and during nonhypotensive lower body negative pressure (LBNP; n = 12) and 40% maximal voluntary contraction rhythmic handgrip exercise (RHG; n = 24). Single unit MSNA responses were classified as anticipated or paradoxical based on whether changes were concordant or discordant with the multiunit MSNA response, respectively. LBNP and RHG both increased multiunit MSNA burst frequency (∆5 ± 3 bursts/min, P < 0.001; ∆5 ± 8 bursts/min, P = 0.005), burst amplitude (∆5 ± 7%, P = 0.04; ∆13 ± 14%, P < 0.001), and total MSNA (∆302 ± 191 AU/min, P = 0.001; ∆585 ± 556 AU/min, P < 0.001). During LBNP and RHG, 43 and 64 muscle single units were identified, respectively, which increased spike frequency (∆9 ± 11 spikes/min, P < 0.001; ∆10 ± 19 spikes/min, P < 0.001) and the probability of multiple spike firing (∆10 ± 12%, P < 0.001; ∆11 ± 26%, P = 0.001). During LBNP and RHG, 36 (84%) and 39 (61%) single units possessed anticipated firing responses (∆12 ± 10 spikes/min, P < 0.001; ∆19 ± 19 spikes/min, P < 0.001), whereas 7 (16%) and 25 (39%) single units exhibited paradoxical reductions (∆−3 ± 1 spikes/min, P = 0.003; ∆−4 ± 5 spikes/min, P < 0.001). The observation of divergent subpopulations of muscle sympathetic single units in healthy young humans during two mild sympathoexcitatory stressors supports differential control at the fiber level as a fundamental characteristic of human sympathetic regulation.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The activity of muscle sympathetic single units was recorded during cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading and rhythmic handgrip exercise in young healthy humans. During both stressors, the majority of single units (84% and 61%) exhibited anticipated behavior concordant with the integrated muscle sympathetic response, whereas a smaller proportion (16% and 39%) exhibited paradoxical sympathoinhibition. These results support differential control of postganglionic muscle sympathetic fibers as a characteristic of human sympathetic regulation during mild sympathoexcitatory stress.

Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/differential-control-of-sympathetic-outflow-in-young-humans/ .
Multiregion Sequencing Reveals the Genetic Heterogeneity and Evolutionary History of Osteosarcoma and Matched Pulmonary Metastases
Authors: Wang Di , Niu Xiaohui , Wang Zhijie , Song Cheng-Li , Huang Zhen , Chen Ke-Neng , Duan Jianchun , Bai Hua , Xu Jiachen , Zhao Jun , Wang Yu , Zhuo Minglei , Xie X. Sunney , Kang Xiaozheng , Tian Yanhua , Cai Liangliang , Han Jie-Fei , An Tongtong , Sun Yu , Gao Shugeng , Zhao Jun , Ying Jianming , Wang Luhua , He Jie , Wang Jie
Published: November 2018

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy, and the lung is the most frequent site of metastasis. The limited understanding of the tumoral heterogeneity and evolutionary process of genomic alterations in pulmonary metastatic osteosarcoma impedes development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here we systematically illustrate the genomic disparities between primary tumors and corresponding pulmonary metastatic tumors by multiregional whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing in 86 tumor regions from 10 patients with osteosarcoma. Metastatic tumors exhibited a significantly higher mutational burden and genomic instability compared with primary tumors, possibly due to accumulation of mutations caused by a greater number of alterations in DNA damage response genes in metastatic tumors. Integrated analysis of the architecture and relationships of subclones revealed a dynamic mutational process and diverse dissemination patterns of osteosarcoma during pulmonary metastasis (6/10 with linear and 4/10 with parallel evolutionary patterns). All patients demonstrated more significant intertumoral rather than intratumoral heterogeneity between primary tumors and metastatic tumors. Mutated genes were enriched in the PI3K–Akt pathway at both the early and late stages of tumor evolution and in the MAPK pathway at the metastatic stage. Conversely, metastatic tumors showed improved immunogenicity, including higher neoantigen load, elevated PD-L1 expression, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes than the corresponding primary tumors. Our study is the first to report the dynamic evolutionary process and temporospatial tumor heterogeneity of pulmonary metastatic osteosarcoma, providing new insights for diagnosis and potential therapeutic strategies for pulmonary metastasis.

Significance:

High-throughput sequencing of primary and metastatic osteosarcoma provides new insights into the diagnosis of and potential clinical therapeutic strategies for pulmonary metastasis.
Choroid Plexus Papilloma of Bilateral Lateral Ventricle in an Infant Conceived by in vitro Fertilization
Authors: Cao Li-Rong , Chen Jing , Zhang Rui-Ping , Hu Xiao-Li , Fang Yu-Lian , Cai Chun-Quan
Published: November 2018

Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is a rare benign tumor of the central nervous system. Bilateral lateral ventricle CPP is extremely uncommon. In this case report, we described a case of bilateral lateral ventricle CPP in a 4-month-old female patient conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Neurological examination and imaging were performed. In neurological examination, meningeal irritation signs and sunset phenomenon were positive. Brain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) displayed masses located in the trigone of the bilateral lateral ventricle with hydrocephalus. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed intense homogeneous enhancement. The diagnoses of bilateral lateral ventricle CPP related to hydrocephalus and extravasation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were made. Repeated surgical procedures via parietotemporal craniotomy were performed, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology examination. The patient presented with delayed development during a follow-up period of 1 year. In conclusion, imaging is an effective approach of investigation. CPP could be highly suspected according to the features of hydrocephalus, lobulated appearance, and homogeneous enhancement on imaging. Total surgical removal is a valid curative method for CPP.
The Incidence of Retinal Vein Occlusion in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Antman Gal , Keren Shay , Kurtz Shimon , Rosenblatt Amir , Rachmiel Rony
Published: November 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate pseudoexfoliation (PXF) as an independent risk factor for the occurrence of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study on the records of 300 PXF glaucoma patients (PXF group), 300 non-PXF glaucoma patients, and 599 nonglaucoma non-PXF (nGnP group) patients. Results: Multivariate analysis resulted in a significant probability for RVO in the PXF (p = 0.005; OR 2.29 [1.13–4.68]) and non-PXF glaucoma groups (p = 0.005; OR 3.03 [1.55–5.94]) compared to the nGnP group. There was a much higher probability for central RVO (CRVO) in the PXF (p = 0.013; OR 3.64 [1.39–9.49]) and non-PXF glaucoma groups (p = 0.013; OR 3.78 [1.48–9.65]) compared to the nGnP group. After matching and excluding neovascular glaucoma, no significant difference was found between the PXF and non-PXF glaucoma groups regarding RVO (p = 0.541), CRVO (p = 0.092), and branch RVO (p = 0.774). Conclusions: PXF and other types of glaucoma are associated with RVOs, mainly CRVO. PXF was not found to be an independent risk factor for CRVO.
Camostat Mesilate, Pancrelipase, and Rabeprazole Combination Therapy Improves Epigastric Pain in Early Chronic Pancreatitis and Functional Dyspepsia with Pancreatic Enzyme Abnormalities
Authors: Yamawaki Hiroshi , Futagami Seiji , Kaneko Keiko , Agawa Shuhei , Higuchi Kazutoshi , Murakami Makoto , Wakabayashi Mako , Sakasegawa Noriko , Kodaka Yasuhiro , Ueki Nobue , Gudis Katya , Kawamoto Chiaki , Iwakiri Katsuhiko
Published: November 2018

Background/Aims: The aims of the study are to clarify the pathophysiological differences among early chronic pancreatitis (ECP), functional dyspepsia with pancreatic (FD-P) enzyme abnormalities and FD patients and to determine whether camostat mesilate, pancrelipase, and rabeprazole triple therapy improve FD symptoms in the ECP patients and FD-P patients in cross-over way. Methods: We enrolled 84 consecutive patients presenting with typical symptoms of FD patients (n = 42), ECP patients (n = 15), and FD-P patients (n = 27). Gastric emptying was assessed by the 13C-acetate breath test. ECP was diagnosed based on the criteria recommended by the Japan Pancreatic Association. Results: The proportions of female in ECP patients and FD-P were significantly higher compared to that in FD patients. The early phase of gastric emptying in ECP and FD-P patients was significantly disturbed compared to that in FD patients. The primary outcome of this study is that 4 weeks of camostat mesilate, pancrelipase, and rabeprazole triple therapy significantly ameliorated epigastric pain in ECP patients compared to acotiamide and rabeprazole combination therapy. Conclusion: Although there were no significant differences in pathophysiology between ECP patients and FD-P patients, triple therapy can significantly ameliorate epigastric pain in ECP patients. Further studies will be needed to clarify why triple therapy can improve epigastric pain in ECP patients.
Lower Urinary Tract Function in Familial Spastic Paraplegia
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Shimizu Ayami , Takahashi Osamu , Tateno Fuyuki , Kishi Masahiko , Aiba Yosuke , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Yamamoto Tatsuya , Shibata Chiharu , Yamanishi Tomonori
Published: November 2018

In order to investigate lower urinary tract function in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), we recruited 12 HSP patients: 8 men, 4 women; mean age, 64.6 years; mean disease duration, 18.9 years; walk without cane, 2, walk with cane, 6, wheelchair bound, 3. We performed urinary symptom questionnaires and a urodynamic testing in all patients. As a result, urinary symptoms were observed in all but 3, including urinary urgency/frequency (also called overactive bladder) in 9 and hesitancy/poor stream in 6. Urodynamic abnormalities included detrusor overactivity during bladder filling in 10, underactive detrusor on voiding in 8 (detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contraction [DHIC] in 5), detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) on voiding in 3, and post-void residual in 5. Sphincter electromyography showed neurogenic motor unit potential in 4. In conclusion, we observed high frequency of urinary symptoms in HSP. Urodynamics indicated that the main mechanism is DHIC with/without DSD for their urinary symptom, and sacral cord involvement in some cases. These findings facilitate patients’ care including clean, intermittent catheterization.
Kidney Injury from Recurrent Heat Stress and Rhabdomyolysis: Protective Role of Allopurinol and Sodium Bicarbonate
Authors: Sánchez-Lozada Laura-Gabriela , García-Arroyo Fernando E. , Gonzaga Guillermo , Silverio Octaviano , Blas-Marron Mónica G. , Muñoz-Jimenez Itzel , Tapia Edilia , Osorio-Alonso Horacio , Madero Magdalena , Roncal-Jiménez Carlos A. , Weiss Ilana , Glaser Jason , Johnson Richard J.
Published: November 2018

Background: Heat stress and rhabdomyolysis are major risk factors for the occurrence of repeated acute kidney injury in workers exposed to heat and strenuous work. These episodes, in turn, may progress to chronic kidney disease. Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the effect of allopurinol (AP) and sodium bicarbonate on the kidney injury induced by recurrent heat stress dehydration with concomitant repeated episodes of rhabdomyolysis. Methods: The model consisted of heat stress exposure (1 h, 37°C) plus rhabdomyolysis (R) induced by repetitive IM injections of glycerol (7.5 mL/kg BW days) in the rat. In addition, to replicate the human situation, uricase was inhibited (oxonic acid [OA] 750 mg/K/d) to increase uric acid (UA) levels. Additional groups were treated either with AP 150 mg/L, n = 10, bicarbonate (BC; 160 mM, n = 10), or both (AP + BC, n = 10) in drinking water. We also included 2 control groups consisting of normal controls (N-Ref, n = 5) and uricase-inhibited rats (OA, n = 5) that were not exposed to heat or muscle injury. Groups were studied for 35 days. Results: Uricase-inhibited rats exposed to heat and rhabdomyolysis developed pathway and increased intrarenal oxidative stress and inflammasome activation. Kidney injury could be largely prevented by AP, and also BC, although the treatments were not synergistic. Conclusion: Increased levels of UA may play an important role in the renal alterations induced by heat stress and continuous episodes of rhabdomyolysis. Therefore, treatments aimed to reduce hyperuricemia may help to decrease the renal burden in these conditions. Clinical trials are suggested to test whether this is also true in humans.
КЛІНІКО-ЕПІДЕМІОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЛЕПТОСПІРОЗУ В РІЗНИХ ЛАНДШАФТНИХ ЗОНАХ
Authors: Vynohrad N. O. , Vasylyshyn Z. P. , Kozak L. P.
Published: November 2018

Метою роботи було виявлення особливостей лептоспірозу в госпіталізованих пацієнтів з лабораторно верифікованим діагнозом, вивчення проявів і тенденцій епідемічного процесу при лептоспірозі на територіях карпатського регіону з рівнинним, гірським та змішаним рельєфом (по два адміністративних райони в кожній зоні).

Матеріали і методи. У кожній географічній зоні було обрано по два адміністративних райони, де впродовж календарного року обстежили 312 госпіталізованих в інфекційні стаціонари хворих із симптомами, що не виключали ймовірності цього захворювання. Верифікацію діагнозів здійснювали в ІФА шляхом детекції IgM до лептоспір, що дозволило виявити 82 хворих на лептоспіроз, з яких 25 – жителі рівнинної території, 19 – гірської, 38 – змішаного рельєфу.

Результати досліджень. Частка лептоспірозу в структурі інфекційних захворювань у середньому становила у районах рівнинної зони – (22,7±2,4) %, гірської – (18,8±2,1) %, змішаного рельєфу – (39,2±2,5) %. Інтенсивний показник захворюваності (ІПЗ) був високим у всіх зонах: 11,0-15,2 (рівнина), 6,2-39,7 (гори), 9,7-26,8 (змішаного рельєфу).

Більшість пацієнтів із верифікованим лептоспірозом – (72,7±2,5) % проживала у сільській місцевості. Лише в районах змішаного рельєфу частка хворих чоловіків була більшою – (65,8±4,8) %, ніж жінок, в інших ландшафтних зонах не виявлено статистично достовірної різниці за статевою ознакою. Хворі були з усіх вікових груп, але переважали дорослі працездатні особи – (73,1±2,5) %. Найвища частка лептоспірозу серед усіх професійно-побутових груп на досліджуваних територіях виявлена у категорії непрацюючих – (18,4±3,9)-(31,6±4,5) %, незначну частку становили пенсіонери – (2,6±0,8) % випадку.

Виявлено цілу низку професійно-побутових чинників ризику, що могли потенціювати ризик зараження людей лептоспірами.

Лептоспіроз маніфестував переважно легкими та середньо-тяжкими формами захворювання з поліморфним перебігом. На всіх територіях переважали форми лептоспірозу з гіпертермічним станом і ураженням дихального тракту – (41,5±5,4) %. Характерними були класичний варіант клінічної маніфестації та синдром гепатиту – по (14,6±3,9) %.

Висновок. Лептоспіроз є крайовою патологією в Карпатському регіоні та поширеним захворюванням у всіх ландшафтних зонах, про що свідчить висока частка цієї нозології в структурі інфекційних хвороб та показники ІПЗ сукупного населення. Гіперендемічними територіями були райони гірської зони та змішаного рельєфу. Групами ризику щодо захворювання на лептоспіроз виявилися жителі сільської території, переважно доросле працездатне населення. Виявлено широкий спектр обставин, що потенційно могли сприяти ймовірності зараження людей лептоспірами.
МІКРОБІОМ У ФІЗІОЛОГІЇ ЛЮДИНИ
Authors: Yankovskyi D. S. , Shyrobokov V. P. , Dyment H. S.
Published: November 2018

Загальні відомості про мікробіом людини. В результаті тривалої коеволюції людини з мікробним співтовариством сконструйовано і вдосконалено додаткову анатомічну структуру тіла людини, яка отримала назву мікробіом. Цей унікальний мікробний орган має складну органну структуру, функціонуючу у взаємній згоді з усіма іншими органами та системами людини.

Локалізація мікробіому в тілі людини. Всі біотопи тіла людини (ротова порожнина, волосся, ніс, вуха, сечостатеві шляхи, шкіра, очі, шлунково-кишковий тракт, бронхо-легенева системи) містять свій власний унікальний специфічний складний мікробний комплекс, що складається зі спеціалізованих мікробів з різними функціями. При цьому всі локальні мікробіоми перебувають у постійній взаємодії між собою і з макроорганізмом, утворюючи єдину надорганізмову систему.

Функціональна активність мікробіому. Мікробіом бере активну участь в реалізації широкого спектра життєво важливих фізіологічних процесів, включаючи енергетичний гомеостаз і метаболізм, синтез вітамінів та інших важливих нутрієнтів, ендокринну сигналізацію, регуляцію імунної функції, метаболізм ксенобіотиків, токсинів, канцерогенів та інших шкідливих сполук, запобігає колонізації патогенами. Більшість цих функцій взаємопов’язана та тісно переплетена з фізіологією людини.

Зміни мікробіому в онтогенезі. Процес формування мікробіому починається задовго до народження дитини і продовжується 2-3 роки після народження. У міру дорослішання та старіння організму спостерігаються помітні зміни мікробіому. Підтримка мікробіому на всіх етапах життя людини має величезне значення для поліпшення здоров’я населення всіх вікових категорій.

Місце мікробіомних порушень в етіології захворювань людини. Багатьма дослідженнями показано, що зміни в мікробіомі асоціюються з широким спектром шлунково-кишкових і системних захворювань, включаючи запальні хвороби кишечнику, астму, ожиріння, метаболічний синдром, серцево-судинну патологію, автоімунні, нейроповедінкові, та з багатьма іншими хворобами.

Сучасні підходи до оздоровлення мікробіому. Сьогодні пропонуються різні методи терапевтичного впливу на мікробіом: зміна дієти, застосування пробіотиків, пребіотиків або їх комплексів (синбіотиків), продуктів функціонального харчування, ентеросорбентів, проведення фекальної трансплантації та ін. Авторами запропоновані універсальні підходи до профілактики мікробіомних порушень та їх усунення в осіб різних вікових категорій, ефективність яких переконливо доведена клінікою.
ВИВЧЕННЯ БУДОВИ ПРОДУКТУ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ДИЛТІАЗЕМУ З БРОМКРЕЗОЛОВИМ ЗЕЛЕНИМ
Authors: Sulyma M. I. , Ogurtsov V. V. , Zhuk Yu. M. , Vasyuk S. O. , Khomyak S. V.
Published: November 2018

Мета роботи. Виділення та ідентифікація продукту взаємодії дилтіазему гідрохлориду з бромкрезоловим зеленим.Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні використано робочий стандартний зразок дилтіазему гідрохлориду, бромкрезоловий зелений (БКЗ), зразки готових лікарських форм вітчизняного та закордонного виробництва.Реагенти і розчинники: стандартний зразок дилтіазему гідрохлориду, бромкрезоловий зелений, ацетон.Аналітичне обладнання: спектрофотометр Bruker Alpha (Bruker Optik GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) з використанням приставки (повного внутрішнього відбиття) ATR (пряме уведення речовини), спектрофотометр Specord 200 (Німеччина) (190–1100 нм).Результати й обговорення. Експериментально встановлено, що дилтіазем гідрохлорид взаємодіє з бромкрезоловим зеленим у середовищі ацетону з утворенням йонного асоціату. ІЧ-спектр йонного асоціату відповідає сумі поглинань вихідних сполук із деякими відмінностями, що підтверджують його утворення. У йонному асоціаті в області 3600–3400 см-1 смуги фенольних –ОН  проявляються з меншою інтенсивністю, що можна пояснити перетворенням БКЗ у хінонну структуру. У продукті також відсутні поглинання в області 2370 см-1  (R3N+ Cl- в дилтіаземі гідрохлориді), що пояснюється утворенням йонного асоціату з БКЗ, а саме поглинання проявляється у вигляді уширеного сигналу в області 3200–2000 см-1.Висновки. У результаті проведених досліджень встановлено, що дилтіазем гідрохлорид взаємодіє з бромкрезоловим зеленим у співвідношенні 1:1, виділено та встановлено будову продукту взаємодії дилтіазему гідрохлорид із бромкрезоловим зеленим. За допомогою ІЧ-спектроскопії підтверджено, що продуктом реакції є йонний асоціат.
ГОСТРА ТОКСИЧНІСТЬ 4-КАРБОКСИМЕТИЛПІРИДИНІЮ ГЕКСАФТОРОСИЛІКАТУ
Authors: Shyshkin I. O. , Tymchyshyn O. L. , Gelmboldt V. O.
Published: November 2018

Мета роботи. Вивчення токсикометричних характеристик 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію гексафторосилікату як потенційного антbкарієсного  препарату в гострому експерименті на щурах при пероральному введенні.Матеріали і методи. Проведено дослідження гострої токсичності 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію гексафторосилікату на 48 щурах-самцях лінії Вістар масою 180–200 г. Основним критерієм кількісної характеристики токсичності 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію гексафторосилікату була ЛД50, яка визначалася з використанням методу найменших квадратів. Розраховано такі показники небезпеки: 1/ЛД50 – обернена величина середньосмертельної дози (абсолютна токсичність), ЛД84/ЛД16 – діапазон смертельних доз (зона гострої токсичної дії), 1/(ЛД50 – S) – сумарний показник токсичності та S – функція кута нахилу (варіабельність смертельних доз). Статистичну обробку отриманих результатів проводили з використанням програми «StatPlus 2009» (компанія AnalystSoft, США, 2009).Результати й обговорення. Результати визначення гострої токсичності 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію гексафторосилікату показують, що ця сполука при пероральному шляху введення належить до III класу токсичності (помірно токсичні сполуки). З огляду на варіабельність смертельних доз, вивчений гексафторосилікат можна зарахувати до сполук, які не становлять високої потенційної небезпеки виникнення та розвитку отруєння. Розрахункові показники токсичності та небезпеки 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію гексафторосилікату показують, що він не становить особливої небезпеки і для людини. Висновки. Гостра токсичність 4-карбоксиметилпіридинію гексафторосилікату в експерименті на щурах при пероральному шляху введення становить 481,28 мг/кг, що дозволяє віднести це похідне до III класу токсичності (помірно токсичні сполуки).
A revision of Eastern Palaearctic Anthobium Leach, 1819 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Anthophagini). II. fusculum group, and two additional species of the nigrum group
Authors: SHAVRIN ALEXEY V. , SMETANA ALEŠ
Published: November 2018

The fusculum-group of the genus Anthobium Leach, 1819 is defined and briefly discussed. It contains western-palaearctic A. fusculum (Erichson, 1839), with a new synonym Lathrimaeum mesasiaticum Kirschenblat, 1961 syn.n., and fourteen species from the eastern Palaearctic Region, nine of which are described as new: A. besucheti Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (central and eastern Nepal), A. capitale Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (China: Yunnan, Meili-Xue Shan), A. confucii Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (China: Sichuan, Gongga Shan and Erlang Shan; Hubei, Daba Shan), A. cuccodoroi Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (India: Uttar Pradesh), A.denticulatum Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (central Nepal), A. laozii Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (China: Yunnan, Diancang Shan, Yanmen), A. latissimum Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (China: Yunnan, Gaoligong Shan), A. liliputense sp.n. (China: Sichuan, Emei Shan) and A. splendidulum Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (China: Gaoligong Shan, Meili Xue Shan and Baima Shan). A key to the species of the fusculum group is given. Lectotypes are designated for Lathrimaeum cavicrus Champion, 1925 and L. monticola Cameron, 1924. Additionally, two Himalayan species of the nigrum group defined by Shavrin & Smetana (2017) are presented: A. alticola Coiffait, 1977 comb.nov. (from Deliphrum) and A. flaveolum Shavrin & Smetana, sp.n. (eastern Nepal). The key for the nigrum group was modified. All species are described/redescribed, illustrated and their geographical distribution is mapped. Several members of Anthobium are recorded for the first time from certain area: A. fusculum from Pakistan, A. altivagans (Cameron, 1941), A. cavicrus (Champion, 1925) and A. sociale (Cameron, 1941) from Nepal, and A. monticola (Cameron, 1924) from Pakistan and Nepal.
A new species of highland vampire crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae: Geosesarma) from Serian, Sarawak
Authors: NG PETER K. L. , GRINANG JONGKAR
Published: November 2018

A new species of semiterrestrial highland vampire crab of the family Sesarmidae, Geosesarma larsi n. sp., is described from western Sarawak. This brings the number of Bornean Geosesarma species to 12. Geosesarma larsi n. sp. is distinguished from congeners by the structures of the carapace, third maxilliped exopod and gonopods, as well as the proportions of its ambulatory legs. The colour pattern in life is also strikingly different from allied species. Notes on its ecology are provided and conservation threats briefly discussed.
A new name for Dendronephthya kukenthali Gravier, 1908 (Octocorallia, Nephtheidae): Dendronephthya perezi nom. n.
Authors: CORDEIRO RALF T. S. , VAN OFWEGEN LEEN P.
Published: November 2018

The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is an online resource, which provides the most comprehensive database of scientific names of marine organisms (WoRMS, 2018). WoRMS is regularly retrieved by multidisciplinary researchers around the globe, regarded as a source of reliable taxonomic information. The database is continuously improved by taxonomic experts, which frequently have to address issues raised by users and other editors (Costello et al., 2013). This study is a result of one of these exchanges of knowledge stimulated by WoRMS.
Weakened Anomalous Western North Pacific Anticyclone during an El Niño–Decaying Summer under a Warmer Climate: Dominant Role of the Weakened Impact of the Tropical Indian Ocean on the Atmosphere
Authors: He Chao , Zhou Tianjun , Li Tim
Published: November 2018

The western North Pacific subtropical anticyclone (WNPAC) is the most prominent atmospheric circulation anomaly over the subtropical Northern Hemisphere during the decaying summer of an El Niño event. Based on a comparison between the RCP8.5 and the historical experiments of 30 coupled models from the CMIP5, we show evidence that the anomalous WNPAC during the El Niño–decaying summer is weaker in a warmer climate although the amplitude of the El Niño remains generally unchanged. The weakened impact of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) on the atmosphere is essential for the weakened anomalous WNPAC. In a warmer climate, the warm tropospheric temperature (TT) anomaly in the tropical free troposphere stimulated by the El Niño–related SSTA is enhanced through stronger moist adiabatic adjustment in a warmer mean state, even if the SSTA of El Niño is unchanged. But the amplitude of the warm SSTA over TIO remains generally unchanged in an El Niño–decaying summer, the static stability of the boundary layer over TIO is increased, and the positive rainfall anomaly over TIO is weakened. As a result, the warm Kelvin wave emanating from TIO is weakened because of a weaker latent heating anomaly over TIO, which is responsible for the weakened WNPAC anomaly. Numerical experiments support the weakened sensitivity of precipitation anomaly over TIO to local SSTA under an increase of mean-state SST and its essential role in the weakened anomalous WNPAC, independent of any change in the SSTA.
Lagrangian Geography of the Deep Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Miron P. , Beron-Vera F. J. , Olascoaga M. J. , Froyland G. , Pérez-Brunius P. , Sheinbaum J.
Published: November 2018

Using trajectories from acoustically tracked (RAFOS) floats in the Gulf of Mexico, we construct a geography of its Lagrangian circulation within the 1500–2500-m layer. This is done by building a Markov-chain representation of the Lagrangian dynamics. The geography is composed of weakly interacting provinces that constrain the connectivity at depth. The main geography includes two provinces of near-equal areas separated by a roughly meridional boundary. The residence time is about 4.5 (3.5) years in the western (eastern) province. The exchange between these provinces is effected through a slow cyclonic circulation, which is well constrained in the western basin by preservation of f/H, where f is the Coriolis parameter and H is depth. Secondary provinces of varied shapes covering smaller areas are identified with residence times ranging from about 0.4 to 1.2 years or so. Except for the main provinces, the deep Lagrangian geography does not resemble the surface Lagrangian geography recently inferred from satellite-tracked drifter trajectories. This implies disparate connectivity characteristics with potential implications for pollutant (e.g., oil) dispersal at the surface and at depth. Support for our results is provided by a Markov-chain analysis of satellite-tracked profiling (Argo) floats, which, while forming a smaller dataset and having seemingly different water-following characteristics than the RAFOS floats, replicate the main aspects of the Lagrangian geography. Our results find further validation in independent results from a chemical tracer release experiment.
Long-Term Follow-Up After Treatment of Drug-Eluting Stent Restenosis and De Novo Lesions Using SeQuent Please Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons
Authors: Zhang Dai , Sun Yan , Liu Xiaoli , Liu Fang , Cheng Yujing , Ma Xiaoteng , Zhao Yingxin , Zhou Yujie
Published: November 2018

Managing patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains an important clinical challenge. In particular, large, randomized trials assessing the effect of drug-eluting balloons (DEB) in patients with de novo lesions are warranted. We investigated the effect of DEB on procedural complications, target lesion revascularization (TLR), and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in patients with drug-eluting stent ISR and de novo lesions. The clinical profiles of 238 consecutive patients treated for coronary ISR (n = 174) and de novo lesions (n = 64) using SeQuent Please paclitaxel-coated balloon were analyzed. Study end points were major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). At 1-year follow-up, TLR and MACEs occurred with acceptably low rates (5.0% and 6.3%, respectively). At 2.00 (0.74) years of follow-up, there was a significant difference in the rates of TLR between the ISR and the de novo lesions groups (14.4% [ISR] vs 3.1% [de novo], P = .028), and the occurrence of MACEs distinctly increased in the ISR group compared to the de novo lesions group (21.8% vs 6.2%, P = .009). The long-term outcomes of the ISR group were inferior to those of the de novo group (TLR, log-rank P = .019; MACEs, log-rank P = .010). Drug-eluting balloon for ISR and de novo lesions of small coronary vessels is effective and safe.
Adequacy of treatment for child and adolescent mental disorders in Australia: A national study
Authors: Sawyer Michael G , Reece Christy E , Sawyer Alyssa CP , Hiscock Harriet , Lawrence David
Published: November 2018

Objective:

Worldwide, little information is available about the extent to which children with mental disorders in the general population receive treatment from health professionals that meets minimal clinical practice guidelines. This study identifies the percentage of 6–17 year olds with mental disorders in the 2013–2014 Australian national survey of mental health who had sufficient contact with health professionals during the 18 months after the survey to have received treatment meeting criteria for minimally adequate treatment (MAT). It also identifies factors associated with children having this level of contact with health professionals.

Method:

Mental disorders were identified using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV completed by parents. Health professional attendances and psychotropic medications dispensed were identified from linked national Medicare Benefits Schedule and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme records.

Results:

Only 11.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] [9.1, 14.8]) of children with disorders ( n = 517) had sufficient contact to achieve study criteria for MAT. Furthermore, among children with mental disorders who had severe functional impairment and whose parents perceived that their child needed help ( n = 146), 20.2% (95% CI [14.3, 27.9]) had contact sufficient for MAT, 46.0% (95% CI [37.8, 54.4]) had contact that did not achieve MAT criteria and 33.8% (95% CI [26.1, 42.3]) had no contact with health professionals. In multivariable regression, children with moderate or severe functional impairment were more likely to have had sufficient contact to meet MAT criteria.

Conclusion:

During the 18 months after being identified with a mental disorder, only a small percentage of children have enough contact with health professionals to allow provision of MAT. This may be contributing to the unchanging high prevalence of childhood mental disorders.
Recruiting and Maintaining a Consumer Panel
Authors: Allison Harry E. , Zwick Charles J. , Brinser Ayres
Published: November 2018

This article summarizes the effort involved in recruiting and maintaining a consumer panel. The panel was recruited from a population cross-section for the purpose of studying meat, fish, and poultry demand relationships. The results of several variations in recruiting this panel—a one-interview versus a two-interview approach, reworking of families not initially available for an interview versus adding new families to the sample, and use of a call-back after the first week of panel membership versus omission of the call-back—are also evaluated. As expected, a sizable effort, measured in terms of attempted and actual contacts, was involved in recruiting and maintaining the panel. A one-interview approach used in conjunction with a pre-interview letter but without a call-back yielded the most panel members for a given recruiting effort.
The Impact of Consumer Premiums on Marketing Efficiency
Authors: Beem Eugene R.
Published: November 2018

The boom in trading stamps and other consumer premiums raises some interesting questions about the social value of this form of marketing. The author indicates that consumer premiums have probably increased the social efficiency of marketing.

He shows how substantial savings have resulted from moving certain types of goods to consumers as premiums. Also premiums are an outlet for competition where quick retaliation or other factors would make price competition infeasible. Finally, premiums have often stirred up competition which has taken non-premium forms. From all indications there have been enough shrewd shoppers and enough non-premium sellers to prevent “free” premiums from serving as a camouflage for price increases.
The Importance of Convenience in Consumer Purchasing
Authors: Kelley Eugene J.
Published: November 2018

Both commodity and convenience costs influence consumer patronage. One key to understanding shopping behavior is the increased importance consumers are attaching to convenience considerations. The trend toward higher consumer valuations of ten convenience forms is identified.

Four aspects of place convenience are analyzed. The planned shopping-center movement and other related adjustments in the metropolitan retail structure are discussed, as well as the possible effects of the higher consumer assessment of convenience considerations.
Effects of Injecting “Local Color” into Advertisements
Authors: Kay Herbert , Clark Dan E.
Published: November 2018

Are people more likely to notice and remember advertisements if people or things from the readers' own geographic area are featured? The authors found an answer to this question by figuratively moving the psychological laboratory into the field. They found that what may attract readers to an editorial item may not attract them to an advertisement.
Salesmen in Conflict: A Challenge to Marketing
Authors: Krugman Herbert E.
Published: November 2018

This study of insurance underwriters highlights a paradox facing these highly-trained salesmen. They want to be popular and well respected, but their success in selling rests in part on the need to intrude upon the privacy of others.
A Simple Seasonal Pattern
Authors: Semon Thomas T.
Published: November 2018

The process described here is a practical alternative to the traditional moving-average method for determining seasonal patterns. The illustration given demonstrates advantages in simplified computation, and flexibility of application in short-term forecasting.
A Recent Example of the “Regression” Fallacy
Authors: Brooks Robert C.
Published: November 2018

Further analysis of drug-store operating ratios casts considerable doubt on the alleged tendency toward mediocrity.
The Ghost of Subliminal Advertising
Authors: Klass Bertrand
Published: November 2018

Some believe that subliminal advertising can make people vote the way it wants them to rather than the way they want to … that it can make people buy things that they neither want nor need … that it can make them believe things that are not true—and all of this without being aware of what is happening to them. But, to what extent are these claims true? This article helps to place the subject of subliminal advertising in proper perspective and removes much of the existing confusion.
Do Husbands or Wives Make the Purchasing Decisions?
Authors: Wolgast Elizabeth H.
Published: November 2018

How do husbands and wives describe their roles in making purchasing decisions? Are their purchase plans different? And how well are their respective plans fulfilled?

Some answers to these questions are presented here. Results are based on interviews with a representative national sample of husbands and wives, and reinterviews over a period of two-and-a-half years.
Barter in Mexican Cotton—A New Concept in International Trade?
Authors: Newcomer Hale A.
Published: November 2018

The United States Department of Agriculture has resorted to limited “dumping” activities in the overseas market in order to dispose of its cotton surplus. This action has had adverse effects on several small, cotton-producing countries, such as Mexico.

Mexican cotton producers have attempted to solve their problem by using a barter system to increase cotton sales. This article analyzes the effects of the American “dumping” program on the Mexican economy and on world multilateral trade patterns.
Getting “Not-at-Homes” to Interview Themselves
Authors: Edsall Richard L.
Published: November 2018

Can answers to survey questions be obtained from “not-at-homes” without expensive call-backs? This article describes a successful method of doing this.
Increasing the Response of a Mail Questionnaire
Authors: Frazier George , Bird Kermit
Published: November 2018

A postscript can increase the number of replies in mail questionnaires, as this article demonstrates.
The Need for Marketing Engineering
Authors: Burger Henry G.
Published: November 2018

The Industrial Revolution produced an applied science of industrial engineering. As the spotlight has shifted from manufacturing to marketing, however, no similarly systematic treatment has appeared for the “creative” techniques of distribution.

Ninety-eight per cent of new products fail. Yet the years have revealed many examples of successful introduction of new products; and the author believes that these cases should be classified and indexed into a ten-part loose-leaf treasury of marketing tactics. From this step might follow the other elements of scientific method: deduction, hypothesis, and verification.
Why Not Promote the Marketing-Research Manager?
Authors: Vance Jack O.
Published: November 2018

How many marketing-research people have moved to broader management responsibilities? If the answer is not enough, find out in this brief article what some researchers have done.
Wholesale Marketing in Japan
Authors: Dowd Laurence P.
Published: November 2018

Japanese wholesale marketing methods are quite different from those in the United States. Many manufacturers engage in no marketing activities at all; and even those which have sales departments usually relegate them to a subordinate position!

Even more intriguing, wholesale organizations dominate all distribution, and one large wholesaler may control production in an entire industry. The author, who knows Japan firsthand, gives some insights into this situation.
Consumer Convenience and the Retail Structure of Cities
Authors: Cox Reavis
Published: November 2018

This article is based on a Charles Coolidge Parlin Memorial Lecture given under the auspices of the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Marketing Association on May 27, 1958. On that same occasion T. V. Houser, recently retired Chairman of the Board of Directors of Sears, Roebuck and Co., also gave a Parlin Lecture on “The True Role of the Marketing Executive”; and an adaptation of his presentation appears in this same issue of the journal of marketing, pp. 363–369.

Professor Cox points out that surveys of what goes on after goods have reached ultimate consumers are wholly inadequate. Yet many things of great importance for marketing take place here.

The vaunted American standard of living results in consumers’ clustering their purchases. Therefore, consumer convenience means aggregate convenience—facilitating the collection of an entire standard of living rather than purchase of individual units of particular goods.

Cities provide aggregate convenience by crowding people together, but do so economically only when governed by the “principle of efficient congestion.”
Tenant-Selection Policies of Regional Shopping Centers
Authors: Sweet Morris L.
Published: November 2018

In the development of the regional shopping center, a policy of tenant selection is evolving that favors the traditional retailer, the department store, and the national chain. By giving these outlets more favorable rental terms and a veto power over prospective tenants, many successful low-margin mass retailers are put into a marginal category.

Is this policy in the best interests of the regional shopping center's future? Is it likely to lead to the lowering of distribution costs? The answers are analyzed in this article.
How to Design Sales Territories
Authors: Talley Walter J.
Published: November 2018

What are the kinds of evils that are generated from poorly designed sales territories? What are the goals of a “perfect” system for designing sales territories?

The author uses an actual case history to point out how the development of improved techniques of territorial design allowed one national company to reap the harvest of having the right number of salesmen at the right place at the right time.
A New Approach to Sales Forecasting and Production Scheduling
Authors: Parkany John
Published: November 2018

The potential contributions of short-term sales forecasts to production economies are often overlooked. The short-term behavior of the manufacturer's shipments can be anticipated with accuracy once the constant interaction of the sales of stock-carrying intermediaries, the changes of inventories of such intermediaries, and the order pattern of such intermediaries are known and understood.

The volume of sales during a 3-month forecast period is largely determined by events which occurred prior to the beginning of the forecast period. If accurate information on all past events of importance is available, reliable forecasts can be produced.
Market Segmentation and Marketing Mixes
Authors: Bowman Burton F. , McCormick Frederick E.
Published: November 2018

The total marketing concept acknowledges that the business of business is the creating and fulfilling of product user needs and desires at a profit, and that every part of a business should be oriented to this objective.

Accurate problem definition is a requisite to any good business decision. Once the basic problems have been determined, we are well on the way toward solving them. This article illustrates how the Agricultural Division of the American Cyanamid Company utilizes the total marketing concept and the principle of problem definition in operating a highly diversified business with widely varying market segmentation and marketing mix requirements.
Information Sources on Foreign Marketing
Authors: Abbott John C.
Published: November 2018

The Chief of the Marketing Branch of the Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, reviews the main international reference sources on marketing.

The need for a new marketing bibliographical service is indicated. The help of foundations, marketing authorities, and teachers is enlisted in bringing together in one convenient volume basic data on publications of major international interest.