bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Childhood Program for Pre-Primary Teachers of Karachi: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Abdul Rehman Munira , John Stephen , Latif Qehrman
Published: December 2024

Early years of childhood are a crucial period of life for their growth and development which laid the foundation for life time opportunities. Teachers play a fundamental role in the effective learning experiences of children. The objective of this study was to explore the current practice of Early childhood Teachers in the public schools of Karachi, their challenges and opportunities were also revealed through this study. The population of this study included the ECT (Early Childhood Teacher) in public school of Karachi, the sample size was 21 ECT which were selected through snowball sampling method due to unavailability of complete data of target population and closure of schools due to summer vacation. A questionnaire was developed which consisted of open ended and closed ended questions, using the mixed method approach i.e., sequential explanatory research design was followed, the finding revealed current practices of ECT in pre-primary schools of Karachi. It was found that majority teachers appointed as early Childhood Teachers in pre-primary schools of Karachi are trained and they are aware of the psychological needs of children, the biggest challenge which they are facing is lack of parental involvement which make their task more challenging. The findings from the open-ended questions explore more challenges of Early Childhood Teacher that are facing challenges of presenting, planning, creating a learning environment, establishing curriculum and dealing with the needs of toddlers. Equal distribution of resources, recruitment of more Early Childhood Teachers, awareness programs for parents, productive teachers training, effective mechanism for supervision from government was recommended for the improvement of Early childhood Education in Public schools.
Exploring Culturally Relative Elements of Feminism among University Students
Authors: Manzoor Zubair , Saleem Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Feminism, a term that encompasses a vast, intricate, and controversial spectrum, represents both an intellectual and social crusade that strives to acknowledge, fathom, and dismantle the pervasive problem of gender inequality.
Methodology: This qualitative study was designed to explore the culturally relative elements of feminism. The participants were recruited through purposive sampling technique by using screening questions and after interviewing nine (N=9) participants [04 online; 05 Physical], saturation point was achieved. Nature of the study encouraged us to go for in-depth interviews that lasted from 45-60 minutes on average. Before starting the data collection, a formal protocol of study was approved from the departmental research committee. The data were recorded and transcribed by three veterans of qualitative research; memos were also furnished along with the data. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data through the lens of Tracy (2010). This study sheds light on the primary concerns of feminists, which are focused on achieving gender equality and empowering women.
Findings: Through the exploration of culturally relative factors, the study revealed that gender inequality remains a prevalent issue within the feminist movement. Additionally, findings of the study highlighted the ultimate goal of feminists is to secure freedom and equality in their lives, irrespective of their cultural background.
Conclusion: These conclusions underscore the continued importance of feminist discourse and activism in promoting gender equality, and provide valuable insights into the cultural nuances of feminist theory and practice. Study also discussed limitations and future directions of the study.
Exploring Subaltern Identity in the Postcolonial Context: Resistance and Agency in Khalid Hosseini's The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns
Authors: Ghilzai Shazia Akbar , Batool Qubra , Shahnaz Ambreen
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study aims to explore the concept of subaltern identity in the two works of Khalid Hosseini, The Kite Runner, and A Thousand Splendid Suns. Drawing on Spivak's "subaltern theory," this paper aims to examine how the characters of both novels interact with their oppressors and express their reactions to the forces that shape the subaltern experience.
Methodology: This paper utilizes postcolonial theory to explore the subaltern identity of the characters in The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns. It examines how the characters are subjected to a specific form of marginalization and exclusion based on their social status. It looks at how characters' identities are shaped by their religion, ethnicity, and gender. The paper also examines how characters such as Amir and Mariam use their resources to fight for a better future for the subalterns.
Findings: Through an analysis of the themes of power, marginalization, and gender, this paper reveals how the characters of both novels navigate the complexities of their subaltern identities and work to resist the structures of oppression they encounter. It shows how the characters are subjected to a specific form of marginalization and exclusion based on their social status, and how they use their resources to fight for a better future for the subalterns.
Conclusion: This paper concludes that characters in both The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns are able to navigate the complexities of their subaltern identities and work to resist the structures of oppression they encounter. Through an analysis of the themes of power, marginalization, and gender, this paper has revealed how characters use their resources to fight for a better future for the subalterns. The paper has also highlighted how postcolonial theory can be used to examine the subaltern identity of characters in works of literature.
An Explorative Probe into Pakistan’s Engagement with Central Asia
Authors: Khan Hashmat Ullah , Li Wang , Iqbal Khalid
Published: December 2024

Aims of the Study: This study aims to answer the questions like what is the existing level of engagement and interregional connectivity between Pakistan and Central Asia, and what are its prospects?
Methodology: The study has been conducted through descriptive and analytical methodologies; data is collected from secondary sources and analyzed through content analysis technique.  
Findings: Pakistan is providing the shortest route to Central Asia to connect it with the international market, energy export corridor, and smooth connectivity increase the volume of trade between the two regions. The entire regional trade is expected to expand by 160 per cent after completion of the corridors linking the two regions. The smooth connectivity will also help resolve the energy crisis in Pakistan through TAPI and CASA.
Conclusion: Landlocked Central Asia has numerous strategic resources and economic opportunities, which are the leverages in regional politics. While Pakistan is an energy deficit country, it has good seaports and potentially acts as the land bridge between Central Asia and South Asia to improve its trade deficits. Therefore, engagement and interregional connectivity of both sides are apparently beneficial for strengthening multi-level economic cooperation, political stability and security needs.
Play Way as a Kindergarten Pedagogy: Perceived Effectiveness of Pre-Primary Level Teachers
Authors: Yameen Ayesha , Naz Farah Latif , Sial Zahida Aziz
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The current study was designed to investigate the teachers’ perceived effectiveness of play way method. Objectives of the study were to find out the effectiveness of play-way method as a method of teaching at primary level.
Methodology: The present study was descriptive in nature. Keeping in view the main objective of the research, quantitative tool was used for data collection and data analysis. The questionnaire was used to collect data from teachers from different schools including both private and Govt. sectors. 5X form were also used for some of the items. The questionnaire was developed after analyzing the intense literature review. The population consisted on both male and female teachers of primary schools of district Multan. Total 66 schools were randomly selected out of 940 from Multan district. Thus, total sample of teachers was three hundred and sixty (n=360). The quantitative data was analyzed through statistical package for social sciences. Different statistical techniques were computed. Variance simple mean and percentages were. Data analysis mainly focused to answer the research questions.
Findings: It was drawn from the study that majority of the teachers were strongly agreed that play way method focalize holistic development of students along with emotional development and amusement. The similar findings of this research were merged and differences were minutely studied. Afterwards the results of present study were compared to official documents and previous researches to maintain coherence.
Job Satisfaction among Teachers of Higher Secondary Schools of Quetta
Authors: Shah Naseer Ali , Sajjad Shahida , Akram Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: One of the most discussed and debated topics in the field of education having a direct bearing on the overall output and achievements of an organization is job Satisfaction. This descriptive study is an effort to figure out and assess the job satisfaction among Higher Secondary School teachers with regards to the supervision, opportunity for promotion, colleagues' support, salary & bonus, and work environment. The study further explores if any gender difference exists in the level of job satisfaction among teachers.
Methodology: The study is quantitative in nature. With the help of purposive sampling method 07 Government Higher Secondary Schools of Quetta city were selected, among them 03 were boys’ schools and 04 were girls’ schools. However, a sample size for this study was 126 teachers (female = 73, male = 53) who were selected again through purposive sampling method. A survey was conducted with the help of 21 items Job satisfaction questionnaire, having 0.84 reliability. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Findings: Findings of the research indicate that majority of the teachers were satisfied with their job in all aspects, however, considerable number of the participants were not satisfied with their organization in providing salaries and bonuses to their staff. Results also revealed that there is a gender difference found in the level of job satisfaction among teachers of higher secondary schools. It is recommended that HR (Human Resource Management) and school management should assess and revise the policy of salaries and bonuses as per need where applicable. 
Conclusion: The current study concluded that while finding out the job satisfaction of secondary schools’ teachers’ majority of them were satisfied with supervision, promotion, support by colleagues, and work conditions. However considerable numbers were dissatisfied with the salaries and bonuses by the institutions. The study further concluded that there was a gender difference exist in the level of job satisfaction among teachers of Higher Secondary Schools.
Analysis of Defected Investigation and it Effect on Trial in Pakistan: Causes and Solutions
Authors: Jatoi Shabana Kouser , Leghari Ali Raza , Tahir Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This research aims to examine the defects in the investigation process as carried out by Police   in Pakistan, its effect on trial and to propose solution. Investigation is a process of evidence collection in support of prosecution/complainant case after registration of FIR. There is very low conviction rate in Pakistan due to deficiency of evidence.
Methodology: The study employed qualitative research approach and utilize data collection methods, such as interviews with police officers and officials, review of relevant documents, and observation of police investigation procedures. This study is done to assess the causes and impact of defects in investigation on the administration of justice. The goal of this research is to contribute to the body of knowledge on the investigation process and to provide practical solutions that can be applied by other organizations to improve their own investigative practices. Researcher has conducted interviews in depth to reach a conclusion and also asked about solution from experts of investigation, trial and who encounter in routine non implementation of laws by police.
Findings: During study there is a very huge gap of facilities between big cities i.e. Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, and remote areas i.e. Dadu, Khairpur, Rajanpur etc. In big cities forensic Labs are established and in remote areas police stations even don’t have basic investigation tools. These issues have a significant impact on the rate of conviction and the overall effectiveness of the criminal justice system. It is essential that the government and relevant authorities take immediate action to address these issues and improve the investigation process.
Conclusion: The solutions and recommendations outlined in this study, such as training and capacity building, anti-corruption measures, improved record-keeping, and increased funding, can help to address these issues and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the investigation process.
Impact of Childhood Trauma and Attachment Styles on Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Shahzad Fizzah , Bilal Ahmad , Arif Mehak
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study explores the relationship between childhood trauma and attachment styles on marital satisfaction.
Methodology: 400 married people, all over 25, were chosen using a purposive sample technique to represent a range of demographic backgrounds. A number of survey questions were completed by participants in order to evaluate important variables such attachment styles, marital happiness, and experiences with childhood trauma. Extensive statistical analyses of the gathered data allowed investigation of the hypothesized correlations, providing important new understandings of the complex links between attachment styles, traumatic childhood experiences, and marital satisfaction.
Findings: The findings showed a strong positive association between the anxious attachment style and childhood trauma and a negative correlation with satisfaction in marriage. On the other hand, a negative association was discovered between closed attachment style and marital happiness as well as childhood trauma.
Conclusion: In order to better understand these complex relationships and help in the development of specific interventions targeted at improving general well-being and marital satisfaction, future studies should make use of longitudinal methods.
A Psychoanalytic Probe into Pre-birth vs. Post-birth Learning and Discourse Disorders in Young Children: Reasons and Remedies
Authors: Saleem Shazia , Hussain Muhammad Sabboor
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The purpose of the study was to determine how parents’ mental health affected their child’s early learning and speech development and ascertain the reasons behind parents' low empathy and unfavorable expectations for their children.
Methodology: Using a qualitative study approach, information regarding the common causes and contributing factors of anxiety among parents has been gathered from a variety of couples with diverse backgrounds through the use of questionnaires and open ended interviews. Subsequently, the effects of parents' apprehension on children have been noted through firsthand observations and conversations with parents and children to examine different learning and speech deficits in them.
Findings: The study showed that while anxiety is common emotions among parents who are or wish to be parents, the effects of this anxiety differ according to the parents' age, socioeconomic status, and family structure. According to the data analysis, male participants are more likely than female participants to have impairments during the first two years of life due to their parent's lack of responsiveness; however, male participants are more likely to have focus issues following the first two years of life. The male to female ratio in terms of impairments remains higher beyond age six, perhaps due to the fact that their caretakers were less sensitive or nervous when they were younger.
Conclusion: Numerous noteworthy investigations shed light on the mental health disorders of parents or primary careers, which might negatively impact a child's ability to learn, particularly when it comes to discourse. This article addresses several paternal issues that negatively impact a child's mental pictures and disrupt their ability to learn, resulting in internal conflicts that impede the child's ability to express themselves and communicate with.
Brand Commitment, Image, Identification and Trust on Brand Evangelism
Authors: Rehman Hina , Khan Qudratullah , Ahmed Mehboob
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The purpose of this paper is to check the nature of customer and customer behavior toward brand or services. This paper is to check the customer relationship with different type of brand influence on evangelism brand. Evangelism brand is termed as intense form of brand support behavior. This study investigated the four-trend relation construct brand commitment, brand identification, brand image and brand trust on brand evangelism and also checked the mediating role of emotional attachment.
Methodology: For this study, survey technique is conducted on 245 Students conveniently selected from three Universities of Islamabad. Emotional attachment fully mediates the relation between four independent variables and one dependent (brand identification, brand image, commitment and trust and evangelism).
Findings: This study found that in today’s drowning market consumption society which consumer to demonstrate extreme devotion and contempt toward brand or service. In today’s market it is important for firm and marketer to understand the driver of consumer behavior toward brand.
Conclusion: The study concluded that brand evangelism is by building brand commitment, brand image, brand trust and brand identification and also emotionally attached the consumer with their brand. Marker should understand the brand evangelist because evangelist customer is the most engaged customer with brand or services.
Climate Change: Students’ Perspective on Eco-linguistic Elements in Secondary English Textbooks
Authors: Amjad Sundus , Binth e Zia Atifa , Masood Mahrukh
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study is to explore the eco-pedagogical and eco-linguistic elements in the English textbooks of the Punjab Text board from class 6th to class 10th. Climate change is a growing concern for Pakistan as carbon emission in Pakistan has already raised to 123% and the increase in the development would increase the emission too. Awareness in students regarding such environmental issues can reduce its impact. Moreover, it may also make students more environmentally friendly.
Methodology: To check the awareness of about environment in students, through quantitative method, the opinions of students were taken through questionnaires and the data was run on SPSS to find the results.
Results: The results show that there is less environment related content in the books and it is not enough for develop an understanding of students related to environment and to enhance their language skills.
Conclusion: The study concluded that at secondary level books, very less content presented in Pakistan and this is the reason that most of the students at school level are not aware about climate change in Pakistan.
Concept of Ontology, Ontological Transformation and its Representation in The Wake of Pandemic Crisis in Malorie
Authors: Dar Maidah Basit , Binth e Zia Atifa
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This research paper explores the ontological transformation of the image of human from being a rational, authentic and intelligent being into a distorted self in Malorie. This study also highlights the negation of metanarratives in the form of postmodern mini-narratives which describes the fragmented image of a postmodern man.
Methodology: The purpose of this study is to reveal the fragmented self of human and his ontological transformation in the light of Brian McHale’s concept of ‘ontology’ from Postmodernist Fiction. By doing a postmodern reading of the novel, different characteristics of postmodernism will be explored with the support of Bran Nicol, 2009. P.’s The Cambridge Introduction to Postmodern Fiction (2009) and Hans Bertens’ The Idea of the Postmodern: A History (1955). This research highlights Jean-Francois Lyotard’s claim of postmodernism as “incredulity towards metanarratives” from The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge in Malorie.
Findings: This research finds out postmodern mini-narratives such as fragmented narration, paranoia, nostalgia, intertextuality and temporal distortion or schizophrenia. These mini-narratives show ontological transformation of a human being from being the center of everything into a contorted self.
Conclusion: So this study highlights the contorted condition of a postmodern man in ontological terms. It also presents postmodern mini-narratives which elaborate the decentered image of a human from being the center of everything to be a contorted self.
The Impact of Perceived Control on Undergraduate Students' Ability to Tolerate Uncertainty during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan: Meaning in Life as a Moderator
Authors: Rasheed Nisma , Fatima Iram , Tariq Omama
Published: December 2024

Aim of the study: The present study explored the tolerance of uncertainty among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic, its relationship with perceived control, and meaning in life as a moderator in this association.
Methodology: This cross-sectional research study included 277 undergraduate students (169 females and 108 males, aged 18-24 years) from three public universities in Pakistan who completed an online survey. The research tools included the Mastery Scale (MS), Meaning in Life Scale (MLS), and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). Pearson’s correlation and moderation analyses were employed.
Findings: The study’s findings revealed that perceived control has a positive relationship with the presence of meaning in life and tolerance of uncertainty. Both the presence of and search for meaning in life were also positively related to the tolerance of uncertainty. Among sociodemographic variables, gender was associated with perceived control; male undergraduate students had more perceived control than female undergraduate students, while the disturbance in studies due to COVID-19 had a negative association with the presence of meaning in life, perceived control, and tolerance of uncertainty.
Conclusion: The study model demonstrated that the search for meaning in life moderates perceived control and tolerance of uncertainty. Those with high perceived control and lower motivations to seek meaning showed elevated levels of tolerance for uncertainty. The study results highlight the importance of perceived control in tolerating uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic and indicate that effective measures should be taken to enhance undergraduate students’ control.
Examining the Stance of International Donor Organizations Uplift the Role of Civil Society in Social Development during Post Musharaf Era
Authors: Asim Muhammad , Chaudhary Ayesha , Mahmood Babak , Chaudhary Muhammad Shabbir
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This research study examines the role of international donor organizations to uplift the involvement of civil society in social development in post Musharaf era.
Methodology: The study was conducted in District Jhang and Chiniot where various development programs were launched. The nature of this study was qualitative and subjective experience of representatives of International Donors Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations about social development was assessed. Interpretive research was a methodological philosophy of this research that creates meaning and social realty within subjective experiences. Population of the study was those NGO’s which were involved in developmental programs in district Jhang and Chiniot. (N=15) representatives of NGO’s were approached through snowball sampling technique because many NGO’s had been closed their offices and respondents were not easily available. Interview guide was used as tool of data collection and field notes were prepared during interviews.
Findings: Thematic analysis was used to approach the themes including creating democratic values, women’s participation, poverty alleviation, community engagement in emergency response.
Conclusion and Suggestions: International donors and local NGO’s have concerns all sides of human development. The role of these NGO’s is crucial and important to know what development has been taking place in Post Muharaf era, the era was dominant by involvement of NGO’s to uplift the standard of living of local people.  It was suggested that government must enhance the capacity of civil society through administering and technical support for social development. Government must ensure the participation of NGO’s and civil society in policy making to have collective impact on society.
Exploring the Euphemistic and Taboo Expressions from Punjabi and Saraiki Newspapers: A Comparative Study
Authors: Khan Saima , Tehseem Tazanfal , Arshad Aqsa
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The paper aims to explore the taboo and euphemistic expressions in the Punjabi and Saraiki languages as well as compare the taboos and euphemistic expressions through jargon, contractions, metaphoric expressions, circumlocutions, etc.
Methodology: To explore the similarities between taboo and euphemistic expressions in the language of Punjabi and Saraiki newspapers the Politeness theory of Brown and Levinson is used. The data for this study is taken from the Saraiki newspaper Daily Jhoke Siraiki (2022) and the Punjabi newspaper Daily Bhulekha (2022), comprises fifteen clauses from Punjabi and fifteen clauses from Saraiki to undertake the research.
Findings: The findings show that both languages used a lot of euphemistic expressions, linguistic choices, and strategies that are similar to each other and portray the culture, norms, and behaviors of both areas. There is a lot of research and literature on euphemisms in western languages and cultures for example British, American, and French languages and their cultures. However, research on taboos and euphemisms in Saraiki and Punjabi language is not initiated yet.
Conclusion: The study explores the similarities between taboo and euphemistic expressions in the language of Punjabi and Saraiki newspapers. The study is significant because it highlights the similarities between the taboo and euphemistic expressions in the two different cultures. It focuses on the linguistic choices that had been made by addresses to avoid taboo words. Moreover, this research aims to explore the similarities between the cultures of Saraiki and Punjabi taboos and euphemistic expressions that are portrayed in the newspapers by using Brown and Levinson's Politeness theory so this study will add value to the discourse of taboos and euphemisms. Furthermore, this research will provide an opportunity for future researchers to explore more types and strategies of euphemism in the field of newspapers.
Structural Equation Model for Determinants of Labor Quits in Manufacturing Organizations
Authors: Makhdoom Tayyaba Rafique , Jamali Sanaullah , Memon Maria Tufail
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study invokes the need to prioritize the issues of non-executive workers, whose wellbeing is overlooked by organizations and researchers. The study aimed to measure the factors influencing the turnover intention of employees, and examine how turnover intention influences employee turnover at manufacturing organizations.
Methodology: This study is cross-sectional, and a closed-ended questionnaire was used for collecting data that comprised 36 items about nine variables/constructs. The sample of the study consists of 342 workers from 12 mills—from four different industries—situated at Site Area Kotri, Pakistan.
Key Findings: There were eight hypotheses developed for the study, except for H7, all seven were supported. A comprehensive model has been developed that contains seven determinants of employee turnover intention and a relationship between turnover intention and employee turnover. The structural model has fulfilled the requirement of achieving accepted values of fit indexes, and all the paths have positive beta coefficients.
Conclusion: Insecure jobs were found to be the main determinant of turnover intention in manufacturing organizations, followed by alternate job opportunities and poor reward and benefits. Management of manufacturing organizations needs to devise policies for job security of employees along with improvements in the reward and benefit systems, thereby ensuring that their employees will not divert toward alternate jobs. The findings urge the management to improve the factors responsible for turnover, which will help reduce the quits.
Psychophysiological Causes of Youth Violence
Authors: Tansif Ur Rehman  , Usmani Mehmood Ahmed , Parveen Sajida , Khan Muhammad Ahad Yar
Published: December 2024

Youth violence is a contributing factor to global public health problems. It covers various behaviors, from physical violence and bullying to more severe sexual and bodily assault and killing. Around 200000 killings occur annually among people aged 10 to 29; this accounts for 42% of all homicides committed worldwide. The fourth most common cause of death for individuals between the ages of 10 and 29 is homicide, and 84% of these killings involve male victims (WHO, 2022). For every young person who dies, many others suffer injuries that require medical attention. When it is not deadly, youth violence significantly, frequently lasting impact on an individual's ability to function physically, mentally, and socially. The research objective was to discuss the leading psychophysiological causes of youth violence. A systematic review approach was used to conduct this research. The study's key findings emphasize the significance of aggressiveness, biological factors, hormonal influence, and mental health issues concerning comprehending the complex phenomenon of youth violence.
Development of Urban Agglomerations in Pakistan: Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Ghafoor Naghmana
Published: December 2024

Background: Population and industries cluster in the cities and their peripheries or sub-urban areas, making urban agglomerations. These urban agglomerations are the growth poles for the spread of business activity from central city to periphery. Apart from creating positive economies, this clustering of population and industries create various socioeconomic and environmental impacts for the agglomerated cities, collectively. Cities in Pakistan are also facing many such challenges in the emerging urban agglomerations.
Aim of the Stud: The present study attempts to define and review the growth and development of urban agglomerations in Pakistan, and the associated challenges faced by our big cities.
Methodology: The study conducted qualitative research design and data was collected from secondary sources. The study focuses on the theoretical deliberations of the concept of urban agglomerations. The concept of urban agglomerations evolves with human civilization, and the development of cities. Theoretically agglomeration means the clustering of population and industries in together, for economic activities.
Findings: Urban agglomerations have numerous socioeconomic and infrastructural benefits. However, socioeconomic and environmental challenges faced by urban agglomerations of Pakistan exhibit that the cost of urban development is very high in metropolitan cities. It clearly affects the sustainability process of urban development and necessitates strategies for urban growth with emphasis on shift towards development of secondary cities.
Conclusion: Policies are needed for control and mitigation of out-migration that occurs towards larger cities. The study suggests for empirical studies for the cities of Pakistan to measure the expansions of cities and to analyze the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of urban agglomerations on the overall health of the cities.
Sociological Context of the Prevalent Forms of Violence
Authors: Tansif ur Rehman  , Usmani Mehmood Ahmed , Bukhari Syed Adeel Ali
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Globally, violence has emerged as a severe problem. Depending on how violence is defined, different outcomes are possible, like whether or not an offender is prosecuted, whether or not a prevention program is funded, or how a victim sees their situation. It is essential to identify key areas for successful intervention in order to end violence and its detrimental psychological and physiological impacts. The study's goal was to describe the most common types of violence.
Methodology: The method employed to perform this study was a systematic review technique.
Findings: The primary, secondary, and tertiary preventive strategies are essential for reducing and controlling violence, according to the study's core outcomes.
Conclusion: Violence is an act intended to cause injury, pain, or harm. Violence can be thought of as the outward manifestation of aggression. 4.38 people perish each year as a result of violent actions, according to the World Health Organization.
Audyt wewnętrzny jako mechanizm ładu organizacyjnego w szkolnictwie wyższym
Authors:   Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach, Palus Grzegorz
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The primary objective of the study is to verify the use of the internal audit function
as an instrument of New Public Management (NPM) and a mechanism for improving the
activities of Polish universities.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study used public information on the work and results of
internal the audit in Polish public higher education institutions subordinate to the Ministry of Science
and Higher Education, made available by the Ministry of Finance. The article put forward
three research hypotheses. The regression and correlation methods were used to verify two of
the hypotheses. Scatter plots were created in the study and the Spearman rank correlation measure
was selected. The third hypothesis was verified using the accuracy index of recommendations
and recommendations developed in the tasks, which is the proportion of the number of recommendations
accepted by the auditees to the number of recommendations issued by auditors.
Findings: The study showed a statistically significant, positive relationship between the size
of the university (the size of revenues and employment) and the number of internal auditor
positions filled. In the period under review, at least 90% of recommendations were accepted by
the auditees as relevant and improving their management area. Internal audit as a supervision
mechanism is becoming an NPM instrument in the Polish higher education sector.
Research limitations/Implications: The limitation of the conducted research is that it focused
only on quantitative analysis. However, this limitation indicates directions for future qualitative
research, in which it is possible to learn the opinion of rectors and the Audit Committee on the
functioning of the internal audit function in Polish universities.
Originality/value: The conducted study complements the existing scientific achievements in
the field of the application of NPM instruments in the Polish higher education sector by launching
and using an internal audit function.
Niezgodność wyrobu budowlanego z deklaracją właściwości użytkowych jako praktyka wprowadzająca w błąd co do właściwości produktu – uwagi na tle decyzji Prezesa UOKiK z dnia 4 października 2019 r. (DOZiK-6/2019)
Authors:   SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny z siedzibą w Warszawie, Wędrychowska-Karpińska Aleksandra
Published: December 2024

Artykuł przedstawia rozważania dotyczące decyzji Prezesa UOKiK z 4 października 2019 r. (DOZiK-6/2019) w sprawie nieuczciwych praktyk rynkowych polegających na niezgodności wyrobów budowlanych (płyt styropianowych) z deklarowanymi cechami. Uzasadnienie decyzji wskazuje, w jakich przypadkach Prezes UOKiK, jako horyzontalny organ ochrony konkurencji i konsumentów, podejmuje ingerencję w sprawach, które są lub były rozpoznawane równolegle przez odpowiednie organy sektorowe (w tym przypadku wojewódzkich inspektorów nadzoru budowlanego oraz Głównego Inspektora Nadzoru Budowlanego), korzystając z dowodów z dokumentów urzędowych zebranych przez organy sektorowe. Artykuł przedstawia wykładnię terminu „nieuczciwych praktyk rynkowych” w kontekście stosowania przez przedsiębiorcę nieprawdziwych informacji o cechach towaru o charakterze technicznym i specjalistycznym. Podejmuje również rozważania wokół sankcji zastosowanych w decyzji Prezesa UOKiK z 4 października 2019 r. w kontekście potrzeby usunięcia trwałych skutków nieuczciwej praktyki rynkowej.
Prawne aspekty ochrony konsumenta oraz odpowiedzialności za szkody w kontekście samochodów autonomicznych
Authors:   Wydział Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Helińska Lena , Paczocha Bartosz ,   Wydział Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Piskorz Arkadiusz ,   Wydział Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Published: December 2024

Upowszechnienie się samochodów autonomicznych będzie wiązało się z powstaniem nieznanych dotychczas stanów faktycznych, w których istotną rolę będą odgrywać relacje pomiędzy konsumentami a producentami lub sprzedawcami. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje te relacje, ze szczególnym naciskiem na odpowiedzialność producenta. Problemy, które mogłyby zaistnieć w przypadku najwyższego, piątego stopnia automatyzacji, rozważane są w odniesieniu do istniejących ram prawnych w zakresie wolności, obowiązków informacyjnych, rękojmi za wady, odpowiedzialności deliktowej i na zasadzie ryzyka. Celem jest identyfikacja możliwych obszarów, w których obecne uregulowania byłyby niewystarczające. Przywołane zagadnienia prowadzą do konkluzji, że chociaż prawodawstwo powinno opierać się na wiedzy o funkcjonowaniu systemu autonomicznego i pośpiech w niwelowaniu możliwych luk nie jest wskazany, wyprzedzająca fakty dyskusja na temat reżimów odpowiedzialności odgrywa ważną rolę ze względu na pewność prawa.
Ochrona „konsumencka” niektórych osób fizycznych prowadzących działalność gospodarczą – wybrane zagadnienia
Authors:   Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii, Wyżykowski Bartosz
Published: December 2024

Od 1 stycznia 2021 r. nastąpiło rozszerzenie stosowania wybranych przepisów z zakresu ochrony konsumentów do osób fizycznych, zawierających umowę bezpośrednio związaną z prowadzoną działalnością gospodarczą, gdy z treści tej umowy wynika, że nie posiada ona dla takiej osoby charakteru zawodowego, wynikającego w szczególności z przedmiotu wykonywanej przez nią działalności gospodarczej, udostępnionego na podstawie przepisów o CEIDG. Chodzi o przepisy o postanowieniach niedozwolonych, przepisy o rękojmi za wady, które dotychczas odnosiły się wyłącznie do konsumentów, a także o przepisy regulujące prawo konsumenta do odstąpienia od umowy zawartej na odległość oraz poza lokalem przedsiębiorstwa. Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie wątpliwości interpretacyjnych pojawiających się wraz z wejściem w życie nowych przepisów.
Obowiązek zbadania przez sąd z urzędu nieuczciwego charakteru warunków umownych w przypadku braku stawiennictwa konsumenta w sprawach nieuczciwych praktyk rynkowych na rynku finansowym. Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości z dnia 4 czerwca 2020 r. w sprawie C-495/19 Kancelaria Medius SA przeciwko RN
Authors:   Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Wydział Prawa i Administracji, Sieradzka Małgorzata , Zawisza Magdalena ,   Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Wydział Prawa i Administracji
Published: December 2024

Celem artykułu jest omówienie i analiza wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości z dnia 4 czerwca 2020 r. w sprawie C-495/19 Kancelaria Medius SA przeciwko RN z punktu widzenia jego znaczenia dla rozpoznawania spraw z zakresu nieuczciwych praktyk rynkowych na rynku finansowym, których jedna ze stron jest konsumentem. Na gruncie przedmiotowego wyroku zostanie przedstawiony w szczególności obowiązek zbadania przez sąd z urzędu oceny nieuczciwego charakteru warunków umowy. Artykuł obejmuje analizę i komentarz podjętego przez TS rozstrzygnięcia. Ponadto zostanie zaprezentowany wpływ wyroku na późniejszą praktykę sądownictwa powszechnego.
Wybrane zagadnienia formalno-prawne związane z implementacją dyrektywy w sprawie interoperacyjności oraz dyrektywy w sprawie bezpieczeństwa
Authors: Zięba Michał
Published: December 2024

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wybrane zagadnienia związane z implementacją dyrektywy w sprawie interoperacyjności systemu kolei w Unii Europejskiej oraz dyrektywy w sprawie bezpieczeństwa kolei do krajowego porządku prawnego. Ze względu na konieczność stosowania przez organy administracji bezpośrednio skutecznych aktów prawa pochodnego Unii Europejskiej, które wchodzą w zakres filaru technicznego IV pakietu kolejowego, dochodzić może do konieczności rozstrzygania przez te organy kolizji z prawem krajowym, które nie zostało dotychczas dostosowane do rozwiązań unijnych. Do momentu pełnego dostosowania polskiej legislacji do uregulowań IV pakietu kolejowego niezbędne będzie stosowanie reguł kolizyjnych zapewniających pierwszeństwo stosowania prawa Unii Europejskiej (w tym przypadku rozporządzeń wykonawczych) przed prawem krajowym. Będzie to stanowić wyzwanie dla Krajowej Władzy Bezpieczeństwa i może prowadzić do powstania różnego rodzaju ryzyka prawnego po stronie wnioskodawców.
Method of product placement in computer games. Qualitative research amongst Polish players
Authors:   Department of Organizational Relationship Management University of Economics in Katowice, Poland, Hofman-Kohlmeyer Magdalena
Published: December 2024

Nowadays, new technologies enable practitioners to create brand experience in the virtual world of
computer games. Marketers use product placement to reach potential and current customers. In the
meantime, computer games have become an attractive medium because they attract an increasingly
wider audience of different genders and various age groups. Therefore, an important issue is to know
and systematize current methods of brand placement in computer games. For the purpose, the author
carried out 20 in-depth interviews with players of chosen computer games, Second Life, Euro Truck
Simulator 2 and The Sims. According to the analysis, it can be distinguished by the following typology:
place of brand placement (before logging, inside the game, in separate windows, and on external
websites), brand availability (paid brand appearance and free brand appearance), the source of brand
placement (game producer, organizations, and players), virtual forms of promotion (advertising, public
relations, direct marketing, personal selling, sales promotion, and word-of-mouth marketing), the
degree of use of the branded product in game (full use and limited use of the branded product).
The presented paper contributes to the theory of marketing communication and branding.
Entre le « grand territoire » et l’amour décolonial – Nirliit et Uvanga
Authors: Pascal Marie
Published: December 2024

Cet article s’intéresse à deux oeuvres situées dans des communautés inuites : le roman Nirliit (2015) de Juliana Léveillé-Trudel et le film Uvanga (2013) de Marie-Hélène Cousineau et Madeline Piujuq Ivalu. Ces récits représentent le Grand Nord canadien comme source à la fois de fascination et d’engloutissement, et le décrivent comme la cause de la mort de l’être humain qui l’arpente, l’abandonne, pour s’y jeter à nouveau. En étudiant les différentes modalités de description du « grand territoire » (le Nunavik et le Nunavut), je mets en regard les propositions littéraires et les images et la bande-son du film afin de montrer que le grand territoire sous-tend un potentiel à inséminer l’amour décolonial et participe à la survivance.
« Devenir tout, détruire tout, exploser » : corps-à-corps avec la nature, lutte pour la survie et poétique de la déflagration dans la poésie québécoise contemporaine (Desmeules, Lafleur, Morin)
Authors: Borgomano Alix
Published: December 2024

Les recueils examinés dans la présente étude (Alexie Morin, Chien de fusil [2013] ; Annie Lafleur, Ciguë [2019] ; Anne-Marie Desmeules, Nature morte au couteau [2020]) mettent en scène la fuite et la confrontation de sujets humains à une nature hostile, qui ne cesse de les menacer. Dans ces textes qui brouillent les frontières entre l’humain et l’autre qu’humain ou présentent au contraire leur face-à-face et leur lutte, l’on cherchera à déceler une reconfiguration du rapport au vivant et à identifier une poétique de la violence, fondée sur le conflit primordial avec le monde et la puissance créatrice de la destruction.
Corporalité féminine et communion avec la nature dans Le Corps des bêtes et Blanc résine d’Audrée Wilhelmy
Authors: Lafrance Laura
Published: December 2024

Dans ses romans Le Corps des bêtes (2017) et Blanc résine (2019), l’écrivaine québécoise Audrée Wilhelmy s’intéresse, à travers ses personnages féminins, à la thématique de la communion avec la nature. Cette communion, qui prend la forme d’une fusion avec les animaux et les éléments naturels, permet aux femmes et aux filles de ses romans d’explorer leur relation avec la nature, mais aussi avec leur propre corps. Dans une démarche d’analyse écoféministe, cet article observe comment Wilhelmy reprend le trope qui associe les femmes à la nature pour en faire un lieu d’affirmation et de résistance féministe.
Confiance, émotion et communication non verbale en médiation, le virtuel est-il à la hauteur ?
Authors: Lebeau Annie , Denault Vincent
Published: December 2024

En mars 2020, la pandémie de COVID-19 et la mise en place de mesures de distanciation physique ont changé le rapport à autrui. Progressivement, certaines rencontres virtuelles sont devenues la norme, si bien que malgré l’amélioration de la situation sanitaire, plusieurs organisations ont maintenu le télétravail. Les modes de prévention et de règlement des différends (PRD) en ligne, quant à eux, ont fait l’objet d’une attention accrue. Mais les médiations virtuelles représentent-elles un substitut adéquat aux médiations en personne? Plus spécifiquement, nous tenterons de mieux comprendre comment l’établissement du lien de confiance et la reconnaissance des émotions lors de médiations intégratives peuvent être influencés par la tenue de médiations virtuelles. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons un survol des écrits en droit et PRD au sujet de deux importants facteurs de succès de la médiation intégrative, soit l’établissement du lien de confiance et la reconnaissance des émotions. Par la suite, nous présentons l’état de la connaissance sur ces mêmes sujets, mais cette fois-ci, nous nous tournons vers la littérature scientifique sur la communication non verbale. Dans un troisième temps, nous expliquons en quoi les recherches sur la communication non verbale permettent de développer une vision globale de la médiation virtuelle. Finalement, nous posons un regard critique sur l’enjeu de la médiation virtuelle, et nous concluons en formulant des recommandations à l’intention des médiateurs.