bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pastoral Power and Algorithmic Governmentality
Authors: Cooper Rosalind
Published: July 2019

This paper contributes to inquiries into the genealogy of governmentality and the nature of secularization by arguing that pastoralism continues to operate in the algorithmic register. Drawing on Agamben’s notion of signature, I elucidate a pair of historically distant yet archaeologically proximate affinities: the first between the pastorate and algorithmic control, and the second between the absconded God of late medieval nominalism and the authority of algorithms in the cybernetic age. I support my hypothesis by attending to the signaturial kinships between, on the one hand, temporality and authority in our contemporary conjuncture, and, on the other, obedience and submission in Christian thought from late antiquity and the late Middle Ages. I thereby illustrate the hidden genealogical continuities between theological-pastoral technologies of power and technocratic-algorithmic modalities of governance. I conclude by suggesting that medieval counter-conducts may be redeployed in our present circumstances for emancipatory ends.
Concordance, communication, and shared decision-making about family planning among couples in Nepal: A qualitative and quantitative investigation
Authors: Underwood Carol R. , Dayton Lauren I. , Hendrickson Zoé Mistrale
Published: July 2019

Couple communication and joint decision-making are widely recommended in the family planning and reproductive health literature as vital aspects of fertility management. Yet, most studies continue to rely on women’s reports to measure couple concordance. Moreover, the association between communication and decision-making is often assumed and very rarely studied. Arguably, associations between dyadic communication and shared decision-making constitute a missing link in our understanding of how communication affects fertility-related practices. Informed by Carey’s notions of transmission and ritual communication, this study sought to address those gaps with two complementary studies in Nepal: a qualitative study of married men and women and a quantitative study of 737 couples. To assess spousal concordance on matters of family planning-related communication and decision-making in the quantitative study, responses from the couple were compared for each question of interest and matched responses were classified as concordant. Quantitative results found that more than one-third of couples reported spousal communication on all measured family planning-related topics. Nearly, 87% of couples reported joint decision-making on both family planning use and method type. Partner communication was significantly and positively associated with concordant family planning decision-making in both bivariate and multivariate models. Couples communicating about three family planning topics had more than twice the odds of concordant family planning decision-making than did those not reporting such communication. The qualitative findings provided insights into discordant as well as concordant interactions, revealing that decision-making, even when concordant, is not necessarily linear and is often complex.
Influence of the distribution of bone cement along the fracture line on the curative effect of vertebral augmentation
Authors: Xu Kai , Li Ya-Ling , Song Fei , Liu Hua-Wei , Yang Hua-Dong , Xiao Song-Hua
Published: July 2019

Objective

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of different bone cement distributions along the fracture line on clinical and imaging outcomes of vertebral augmentation.

Methods

In total, 84 patients who underwent vertebral augmentation for a single osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture from January 2016 to August 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. These patients were divided into two groups according to the relationship between the bone cement distribution and the fracture line: the unilateral group (n = 23) and the bilateral group (n = 61). Postoperative clinical and imaging parameters were compared between the two groups.

Results

Statistical analyses showed no significant difference in postoperative pain relief, bone cement leakage, nerve injury, or new vertebral fracture between the two groups. Significant recovery from vertebral compression was observed in the bilateral group after surgery, but there was no significant difference in vertebral compression after surgery in the unilateral group.

Conclusions

Pain relief was similar for different types of cement distributions along the fracture line, but a bilateral cement distribution exhibited better recovery from vertebral compression and did not increase bone cement leakage in the vertebral augmentation procedure.
Impending Collision Judgment from an Egocentric Perspective in Real and Virtual Environments: A Review
Authors: Feldstein Ilja T.
Published: July 2019

The human egocentric perception of approaching objects and the related perceptual processes have been of interest to researchers for several decades. This article gives a literature review on numerous studies that investigated the phenomenon when an object approaches an observer (or the other way around) with the goal to single out factors that influence the perceptual process. A taxonomy of metrics is followed by a breakdown of different experimental measurement methods. Thereinafter, potential factors affecting the judgment of approaching objects are compiled and debated while divided into human factors (e.g., gender, age, and driving experience), compositional factors (e.g., approaching velocity, spatial distance, and observation time), and technical factors (e.g., field of view, stereoscopy, and display contrast). Experimental findings are collated, juxtaposed, and critically discussed. With virtual-reality devices having taken a tremendous developmental leap forward in the past few years, they have been able to gain ground in experimental research. Therefore, special attention in this article is also given to the perception of approaching objects in virtual environments and put in contrast to the perception in reality.
Anthropocratic Republic? Theocracy, secularity and Kemalism in Turkey
Authors: Houston Christopher
Published: July 2019

Over the past three decades, many once taken for granted assumptions about processes of secularism have been questioned and revised. One unifying feature of these reassessments is recognition of the plurality of social–historical contexts of secularism[s], their contrasting political arrangements, and thus of individuals’ radically different regional experiences of them. Given, then, both this variety of ‘secular’ political systems and the incomparability of subjects’ perceptions about/of them, the question becomes whether we should grant the same word – secularism – to all of them? In this paper, I propose that we should not, and suggest the term anthropocracy to describe a particular modern project of political order. To illustrate the argument, I present an example of what I interpret to be an exemplary anthropocratic political system, that of the Turkish Republic. I conclude by illustrating certain advantages that accrue to our understanding of contemporary politics in Turkey and elsewhere by diagnosing its governing policies as anthropocratic.
Discharge, Disposal, and Death: Outcomes for Child Inmates of the Scottish National Institution, Larbert, and Stanley Hall, Wakefield, to 1913
Authors: Hutchison Iain , Hoole Dee
Published: July 2019

This article surveys end experiences at two mental institutions catering specifically for young people up to 1913: the Scottish National Institution, Larbert, and Stanley Hall, Wakefield. The two establishments differed in the types of children received and in their time spans of operation before changes to the mental deficiency acts in Scotland and England in 1913. The aims and ethos of the two institutions are discussed, followed by exploration of removal of children from asylum registers. “Success” levels claimed by both institutions are considered by surveying outcomes upon discharge but tempered in acknowledging removal of children from registers through their deaths.
Thermo-electro–elastic behavior of a carbon nanotubes bundles–reinforced electro-active polymer hollow cylinder considering hierarchical structure of the bundles
Authors: He Qi , Pang Jian , Dai Hong-Liang , Xu Xiao-Min , Li Xing-Quan
Published: July 2019

In this paper, thermo-electro–elastic behavior of a hollow cylinder made of carbon nanotubes bundles–reinforced electro-active polymer considering the hierarchical structure of carbon nanotube bundles is investigated. Material properties of carbon nanotube bundles are calculated on the basis of the rule-of-mixtures, and material parameters of the composite are computed in accordance to the self-consistent micromechanical model. Utilizing the finite difference method and numerical solutions for thermo-electro–elastic behavior of the carbon nanotubes bundles–reinforced electro-active polymer hollow cylinder under thermal, electric, and mechanical loads are obtained. Numerical examples show the influences of electric load, thermal load, and material properties, geometric parameters, and boundary conditions on the thermo-electro–elastic behavior of carbon nanotubes bundles–reinforced electro-active polymer cylindrical structures.
A multibiomarker approach to evaluate the effect of polyaromatic hydrocarbon exposure on oxidative and genotoxic damage in tandoor workers
Authors: Miglani Kanika , Kumar Sunil , Yadav Anita , Aggarwal Neeraj , Ahmad Imteyaz , Gupta Ranjan
Published: July 2019

We conducted a cohort study of tandoor workers to evaluate the relationship between the biomarkers of oxidative and genotoxic damage and exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons. A series of oxidative and genotoxic damage biomarkers, including urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and tail moment (TM) by comet assay, was studied. A total of 76 tandoor workers and 79 demographically matched healthy individuals as controls were included. Our results showed that the tandoor workers had significantly higher urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, urinary 8-OHdG, MDA content, and TM compared with the control population. The concentration of all these biomarkers increased with age in the control population as well as tandoor workers. In tandoor workers, significant variation in MDA, 8-oxodG (8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine) and TM concentration was detected between smokers (5.08 ± 1.72 nmol/mL, 16.01 ± 4.94 ng/mg creatinine, and 5.87 ± 0.98 µm, respectively) and nonsmokers (3.84 ± 0.98 nmol/mL, 13.74 ± 3.60 ng/mg creatinine, and 5.32 ± 0.69 µm, respectively). A similar pattern was obtained for the control population. We did not obtain significant variations for alcoholics and tobacco chewers. A significant increase in all these three biomarkers was observed with the increase in the period of work exposure in tandoor workers. Multivariate regression analysis also revealed that urinary 8-oxodG, MDA, and TM were statistically significantly related to age and period of work exposure. Overall, the present study showed that the exposure to wood smoke in tandoor workers under occupational conditions led to increased DNA damage because of oxidative stress and genotoxicity. These biomarkers, therefore, are good indices to assess oxidative DNA damage in these workers exposed to occupational genotoxicants. It is also necessary to make preventive changes in work conditions and lifestyle, which will help these occupational workers to lead a healthy life.
Microstructure and tribological properties of epoxy composites modified by methyl silicone oil-loaded microcapsules and/or reinforced with potassium hexatitanate whiskers
Authors: Mu Bo , Li Xin , Yang Baoping , Cui Jinfeng , Wang Xia , Guo Junhong , Bao Xuemei , Chen Li
Published: July 2019

Self-lubricating functional microcapsules using melamine-formaldehyde resin encapsulating methyl silicone oil as core materials were synthesized by in situ polymerization method. And they are further adopted as antifriction additive to improve the tribological properties of binary and ternary epoxy (EP) composites, which were fabricated by incorporating microcapsules and the potassium hexatitanate whiskers (PTWs) into the EP matrix. The tribological behaviors of the as-synthesized EP composites have been evaluated by means of a block-on-ring high-speed wear tester. The results demonstrated that the friction coefficient and wear rate of EP /microcapsules binary composites decreased with the increase of microcapsule concentration due to the self-lubricating effect of the core material. For the EP /microcapsules/PTWs ternary composites, not only the mechanical properties and thermal stability PTWs were improved, but also the friction reduction and antiwear effect of the ternary composite are further enhanced due to the synergistic effect of PTWs and microcapsules.
Late-Holocene floodplain development, land-use, and hydroclimate–flood relationships on the lower Ohio River, US
Authors: Bird Broxton W , Barr Robert C , Commerford Julie , Gilhooly William P , Wilson Jeremy J , Finney Bruce , McLauchlan Kendra , Monaghan G William
Published: July 2019

Floodplain development, land-use, and flooding on the lower Ohio River are investigated with a 3100-year-long sediment archive from Avery Lake, a swale lake on the Black Bottom floodplain in southern Illinois, US. In all, 12 radiocarbon dates show that Avery Lake formed at 1130 BCE (3100 cal. yr BP), almost 3000 years later than previously thought, indicating that the Black Bottom floodplain is younger and more dynamic than previously estimated. Three subsequent periods of extensive land clearance were identified by changes in pollen composition, corresponding to Native American occupations before 1500 CE and the current Euro-American occupation beginning in the 18th century. Sedimentation rates prior to 1820 CE changed independently of land clearance events, suggesting natural as opposed to land-use controls. Comparison with high-resolution paleoclimate data from Martin Lake, IN, indicates that lower Ohio River flooding was frequent when cold-season precipitation originating from the Pacific/Arctic predominated when atmospheric circulation resembled positive Pacific North American (PNA) conditions and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was in a positive mean state (1130 BCE to 350 CE and 1150–1820 CE). Conversely, Ohio River flooding was less frequent when warm-season precipitation from the Gulf of Mexico prevailed during negative PDO- and PNA-like mean states (350 and 1150 CE). This flood dynamic appears to have been fundamentally altered after 1820 CE. We suggest that extensive land clearance in the Ohio River watershed increased runoff and landscape erosion by reducing interception, infiltration, and evapotranspiration, thereby increasing flooding despite a shift to negative PDO- and PNA-like mean states. Predicted increases in average precipitation and extreme rainfall events across the mid-continental US are likely to perpetuate current trends toward more frequent flood events, because anthropogenic modifications have made the landscape less resilient to changing hydroclimatic conditions.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and mRNA primary cervical cancer screening: Evaluation and triaging options for HPV-positive women
Authors: Sangrajrang Suleeporn , Laowahutanont Piyawat , Wongsena Metee , Muwonge Richard , Imsamran Weerawut , Ploysawang Pattama , Basu Partha
Published: July 2019

Objective

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Thai women; human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause. This study aimed to determine the clinical performance of HPV mRNA compared with HPV DNA testing.

Methods

Cervical specimens were collected from women aged 35 to 60 who attended the routine organized screening programme. We compared accuracy parameters of standalone HPV mRNA and HPV DNA tests, and those of triaging with liquid-based cytology or HPV genotyping and liquid-based cytology for those positive only for the less oncogenic HPV types. Test accuracy parameters were estimated using latent class analysis using Bayesian models.

Results

Of the 5046 women enrolled, 174 (3.4%) were HPV DNA positive and 141 (2.8%) HPV mRNA positive. Colposcopy compliance was 95.4% ( n = 166) among HPV DNA-positive women and 94.3% ( n = 133) among those HPV mRNA positive. The estimated sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for detection of CIN2 or worse were 67.4%, 97.1%, 12.1% for HPV DNA testing, and 73.1%, 97.8%, 16.3% for HPV mRNA testing. These estimates for triaging of HPV DNA-positive women with liquid-based cytology were 64.4%, 98.8%, and 19.0%, respectively, and slightly better for liquid-based cytology triage of HPV mRNA-positive women, at 71.8%, 98.9%, and 22.1%.

Conclusion

A triaging strategy based on HPV genotyping and liquid-based cytology for those positive only for the less oncogenic HPV types had test characteristics comparable with that of liquid-based cytology triage. The HPV mRNA detection-based strategies had non-significant advantages over the HPV DNA detection-based strategies.
Validation of the failure to maturation equation and proposal for a novel scoring system for arteriovenous fistula maturation in multiethnic Asian haemodialysis patients
Authors: Tng Alvin Ren Kwang , Lee Kian Guan , Tan Ru Yu , Pang Suh Chien , Foo Marjorie Wai Yin , Choong Hui Lin , Li Hui Hua , Goh Nicholette , Shaam Achudan , Tan Yi Liang , Chong Tze Tec , Tan Chieh Suai
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

A successful arteriovenous fistula is essential for effective haemodialysis. We aim to validate the existing failure to maturation equation and to propose a new clinical scoring system by evaluating arteriovenous fistula success predictors.

Methods:

Data of end-stage renal disease patients initiated on haemodialysis from January 2010 to December 2012 were retrospectively obtained from medical records with follow-up until 1 January 2014. Application of the failure to maturation equation was evaluated. A nomogram was developed using arteriovenous fistula success predictors and was calibrated with a bootstrapping technique.

Results:

A total of 694 patients were included with mean duration of follow-up of 2.3 years. Arteriovenous fistula maturation was achieved by 542 patients (78%). Comparing our cohort with the failure to maturation cohort, there were statistically significant differences in mean age, ethnicity and presence of diabetes mellitus. The failure to maturation equation failed to predict arteriovenous fistula outcomes with area under the curve performance of 0.519 on a receiver operating characteristic curve. Multivariate logistic regression showed that Malay patients (odds ratio = 0.628; 95% confidence interval = 0.403–0.978; p < 0.05) and patients requiring preoperative vein mapping (odds ratio = 0.601; 95% confidence interval = 0.410–0.883; p < 0.01) had a lower chance of arteriovenous fistula success, whereas male gender (odds ratio = 1.526; 95% confidence interval = 1.040–2.241; p < 0.05) and presence of postoperative good thrill (odds ratio = 3.137; 95% confidence interval = 2.127–4.625; p < 0.0001) had a higher chance of arteriovenous fistula success. The derived nomogram predicted arteriovenous fistula success (odds ratio = 1.030; 95% confidence interval = 1.022–1.038; p < 0.0001) with the area under the curve of 0.695 on a receiver operating characteristic curve and an adequacy index of 99.86% ( p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

The failure to maturation equation was not validated in our cohort. The clinical utility of our proposed arteriovenous fistula scoring system requires external validation in larger studies.
Potential Mechanisms of Ovarian Protection with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist in Breast Cancer Patients: A Review
Authors: Poggio Francesca , Lambertini Matteo , Bighin Claudia , Conte Benedetta , Blondeaux Eva , D’Alonzo Alessia , Dellepiane Chiara , Buzzatti Giulia , Molinelli Chiara , Boccardo Francesco , Del Mastro Lucia
Published: July 2019

The use of chemotherapy in premenopausal cancer patients may lead to chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian failure. Pharmacological temporary ovarian suppression obtained with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) administered concomitantly with chemotherapy has been investigated as a technique capable to reduce the gonadotoxicity, reducing the risk of developing premature menopause. In recent years, important evidence has become available on the efficacy and safety of this strategy that should now be considered a standard option for ovarian function preservation in premenopausal breast cancer patients. However, in women interested in fertility preservation, this is not an alternative to cryopreservation strategies, which remains the first option to be proposed. The purpose of this review is to summarize the mechanisms of GnRHa in the preservation of fertility in premenopausal cancer patient candidates to receive chemotherapy, highlighting the areas of doubt that require further investigation.
Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: A Narrative Review
Authors: van der Plas W. Y. , Noltes M. E. , van Ginhoven T. M. , Kruijff S.
Published: July 2019

End-stage renal disease is often complicated by the occurrence of secondary and eventually tertiary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by increased parathormone, calcium, and phosphate concentrations. Related symptoms include pruritus and osteodynia, concentration difficulties, and feelings of depression may be present. In the long-term, end-stage renal disease patients with hyperparathyroidism have an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Among treatment options are vitamin D supplements, phosphate binders, calcimimetics, and surgical parathyroidectomy. Determining the optimal treatment for the individual patient is challenging for nephrologists and endocrine surgeons. This review resumes the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism, clinical presentation, required diagnostic work-up, and discusses indications for the available treatment options for patients with secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
Book review: Caouette, D and Kapoor, D., editors, 2016. Beyond Colonialism, Development and Globalization: Social Movements and Critical Perspectives
Authors: Singh Chandni
Published: July 2019

Caouette, D and Kapoor, D., editors, 2016. Beyond Colonialism, Development and Globalization: Social Movements and Critical Perspectives. London: Zed Books. 292 pp. 28.95$, ISBN: 978-1-78360-584-2 pb
A multispectral, extinction-based diagnostic for drop sizing in optically dense diesel sprays
Authors: Poursadegh Farzad , Bibik Oleksandr , Yraguen Boni , Genzale Caroline L
Published: July 2019

Diesel sprays present a challenging environment for detailed quantitative measurement of the liquid field, and to date, there have been only a few efforts to characterize drop sizes within the family of Engine Combustion Network (ECN) diesel sprays. Drop sizing diagnostics, including optical microscopy and Ultra-Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS), have been recently demonstrated in Spray A/D ECN activities, but little data exist to validate these results. This work therefore seeks to extend the available ECN data on the liquid phase field and provide a new comparative data set for assessment of previous ECN drop sizing measurements. In particular, this work presents the development of a two-wavelength, line-of-sight extinction measurement to examine liquid volume fraction and the corresponding droplet field in high-pressure fuel sprays. Here, extinction of lasers emitting at 10.6 μm and 0.633 μm are used for the measurement. To enable quantification of the liquid field in optically dense regions of the spray, a transfer function is developed to account for the influence of multiple scattering. The developed diagnostic is then applied to n-dodecane sprays from the ECN Spray A and Spray D injectors at varying fuel rail pressures and atmospheric chamber condition. Overall, the results show a reasonable agreement with droplet sizes measured using USAXS, as well as from more recent measurements using a Scattering-Absorption Measurement Ratio (SAMR) technique also developed in our group. This is particularly the case near the spray periphery, where on average, less than 40% difference in the measured Sauter mean diameter is observed. Nonetheless, an apparent discrepancy is observed between drop sizes from different diagnostics close to the jet centerline (i.e. nearly 100% difference between available data for Spray D injector). Moreover, the presented diagnostic shows an improved capability in the dilute regions of the spray, where x-ray-based diagnostics are generally subject to high noise and low signal sensitivity.
Assessment of right heart functions in the patients with arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis access: Right ventricular free wall strain and tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity as the predictors of right heart failure
Authors: Gumus Fatih , Saricaoglu Mehmet Cahit
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Previous studies have mostly focused on the left-sided cardiovascular changes, but right-sided cardiac changes and predictive factors have not been examined in advance following arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation. We aimed to identify new parameters which contribute to the prediction of right heart failure (RHF) after AVF creation.

Methods

The study cohort comprised 81 patients who underwent AVF creation between January 2014 and April 2019 in our center. The study cohort was divided into the patients with RHF ( n = 15, 18.5%) and without RHF ( n = 66, 72.5%) following AVF creation.

Results

Mean age of cohort was 49.9 ± 14.7 years (range 23–66) and 39 (48.1%) were men. Approximately 74.07% (60 patients) were in New York Heart Association Class II and III profile preoperatively. Independent predictors for RHF following AVF were right ventricle longitudinal strain (RVLS) free wall <-19% [odds ratio (OR) 2.31, 95% CI 1.02–3.22], and tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity (TRJV) >2.5 m/s [odds ratio (OR) 5.68, 95% CI 1.21–4.38]. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed with a resulting area under the curve value of 0.86 (95% CI 0.55–0.89, p = 0.004) for RVLS free wall <-14.2% and 0.81 for TRJV >2.61 m/s (95% CI 0.55–0.89, p = 0.005) in predicting RHF following AVF.

Conclusions

RVLS free wall <-14.2% and TRJV >2.61 m/s were independent predictors of RHF following AVF creation. The patients at risk for having RHF following AVF creation or who may benefit from AVF should be identified with predictive parameters and prospective clinical studies.
Hyaluronan Injections Show No Histologic Evidence of Adverse Tissue Effects
Authors: Bisogno Michael , Vojdani Saman , Aalai Marriam , Shapiro Daniel , Moriarty Meghan , Vigorita Vincent , Capozzi James
Published: July 2019

Background:

The safety of hyaluronan intra-articular injections is mostly based on animal studies and clinical evidence rather than histologic studies from human administration.

Objective:

This study analyzed the histologic effects of viscosupplementation with sodium hyaluronate on the synovium and articular cartilage of human knee specimen status post total knee arthroplasty within 3 years of viscosupplementation.

Methods:

Twenty-four specimens from total knee arthroplasties from April 2012 to August 2016 at NYU Winthrop Hospital were selected for microscopic analysis. All cases had a diagnosis of end-stage osteoarthritis at the time of surgery. Thirteen of the cases had 3 viscosupplementation injections of the knee with Euflexxa, a hyaluronate-based viscosupplementation agent, within 3 years preceding a total knee replacement. The remaining 11 did not receive viscosupplementation and were incorporated as controls. Upon histologic review, synovium was categorized by degree of hyperplasia and inflammation and the presence or absence of foreign material and giant cell reactions. Residual articular cartilage was categorized by staining intensity, and the presence or absence of crystals, foreign material, and giant cell reactions.

Results:

No significant difference was found between these groups for degree of synovial hyperplasia ( P = .33) or for cartilage staining density ( P = .42). None of the samples displayed evidence of foreign material, crystals, or giant cell reactions.

Conclusion:

In this cohort of patients, we demonstrated that Euflexxa was administered without any discernible microscopic adverse tissue effects.
In Blogospheres: Comprehending Sociopolitical Implications
Authors: Pathak Dev Nath , Priyam Chayanika
Published: July 2019

This article will focus on the ‘blogosphere’ in India as an emerging forum for critical readings of social and political events and issues. By concentrating on the blogosphere, read as a morphology of horizontal societal communication enabled through a network of blogs and social media sites on the internet, we have tried to offer a glimpse into the kind of issues and interactions that various groups and communities are engaging with and the scope for such online activism to usher in social transformation. For this study, we have limited our discussion to a close reading of contents on blogs as one confronts the positions and critiques offered by individuals and groups and gets a sense of the local concerns articulated in the blog entries. Our concern in this article is to fathom the potential of blogs in transformative politics and mass mobilisation, namely civic engagement against the framework of an emerging public sphere on the Internet by analysing case studies of select blogs, primarily—Kafila, an academic-activist blog, Youth Ki Awaaz (YKA ), a students’ blog and Round Table India, a Dalit blog.
Blazing the trail to San Antonio
Authors: Taylor Kelsy
Published: July 2019

Make your way to San Antonio for the 2019 SEG International Exposition and 89th Annual Meeting 15–20 September. Join geoscience professionals and students from all over the world to network, learn, and grow during one of the most dynamic geophysical events of the year.
Does Science Advance One Funeral at a Time?
Authors: Azoulay Pierre , Fons-Rosen Christian , Zivin Joshua S. Graff
Published: July 2019

We examine how the premature death of eminent life scientists alters the vitality of their fields. While the flow of articles by collaborators into affected fields decreases after the death of a star scientist, the flow of articles by non-collaborators increases markedly. This surge in contributions from outsiders draws upon a different scientific corpus and is disproportionately likely to be highly cited. While outsiders appear reluctant to challenge leadership within a field when the star is alive, the loss of a luminary provides an opportunity for fields to evolve in new directions that advance the frontier of knowledge. (JEL I23, O31, O33)
Comparing UK Tax Returns of Foreign Multinationals to Matched Domestic Firms
Authors: Bilicka Katarzyna Anna
Published: July 2019

In this paper, I use confidential UK corporate tax returns data to explore whether there are systematic differences in the amount of taxable profits that multinational and domestic companies report. I find that the ratio of taxable profits to total assets reported by foreign multinational subsidiaries is one-half that of comparable domestic standalones. The majority of the difference is attributable to the fact that a higher proportion of foreign multinational subsidiaries report zero taxable profits. I document how the estimated difference is related to profit shifting and show that using accounting data leads to much smaller estimates of the difference. (JEL F23, H25, H32, L25)
Staphylococcus aureus and bovine mastitis: molecular typing of methicillinresistance and clinical description of infected quarters
Authors: OREIBY Α. , KHALIFA H. , EID A. , AHMED A. , SHIMAMOTO T. , SHIMAMOTO T.
Published: July 2019

This study targeted Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-mastitis of bovine as a possible source of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), to describe clinical signs of mastitis associated with MRSA and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The study area was the Gharbia and Kafrelsheikh governorates, in the central and northern regions of the Egyptian Delta. Clinical examination of animals was performed to detect clinical mastitis (CM) and clinically normal cases were tested by the California mastitis test (CMT) to identify subclinical mastitis (SCM). Accordingly, 38 mastitis cases (68 infected quarters) were detected. Milk samples were collected aseptically and were cultured on Baird Parker agar. Fifty nine Gram-positive cocci-shaped isolates were selected and preserved. In addition, 33 Staphylococcus spp. isolates originated from bovine mastitis at the same study area were obtained from Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI). The cocci-shaped Gram-positive bacteria and AHRI Staphylococcus spp. isolates were used for molecular identification of S. aureus and MRSA. Molecular screening had yielded 17 S. aureus isolates, from which five isolates (29.41%) were MRSA and 12 isolates (70.59%) were MSSA. The five MRSA isolates were mecA positive, but mecC negative. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the five MRSA isolates indicated that all were sequence type 1 (ST1). S. aureus-associated cases showed different clinical forms of mastitis, including subclinical, acute, chronic, and gangrenous. However, subclinical mastitis was the only detected form associated with MRSA, which may represent a potential hidden risk for humans. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern of MRSA isolates showed resistance to all of the tested β-lactam antimicrobials, with marked orgaresistance to tetracycline and gentamycin. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report to identify MRSA ST1 in Egypt. Bovine mastitis could be a source for the dissemination of MRSA to humans and other animals. Additionally,while methicillin-resistance may have no effect on the clinical severity of mastitis, it does affect therapeutic success, particularly when β-lactam antimicrobials are used.
The effects of royal jelly on oxidative stress and toxicity in tissues induced by malathion, an organophosphate insecticide
Authors: AKSOY L. , ALPER Y.
Published: July 2019

Royal jelly is a bee product frequently used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries due to its biological activities. The present study aimed to determine the effects of royal jelly on malathion-induced toxicity and biochemical changes. The rats that were used as experimental animals in the study were divided into 6 groups. Control group rats were administered nothing, while carrier chemicals (1% DMSO) were administered to sham group rats. Malathion group (MAL) rats were injected with 0.8 g/kg malathion in DMSO subcutaneously. Saline solution that included 100 mg/kg royal jelly was administered with gavage to the rats in the royal jelly group (RJ). 100 mg/kg royal jelly was administered to RJ+MAL group rats via gavage 1 hour before the injection of 0.8 g/kg malathion. 100 mg/kg royal jelly was administered to MAL+RJ group rats via gavage 1 hour after the injection of 0.8 g/kg malathion. After the experimental process (24 hours), blood samples were taken from the rats in each group under anesthesia (ketamine+xylazine). MDA, NO, GSH, GPx (glutathione peroxidase), CAT, SOD and AChE activities were determined in blood, liver, kidney and brain tissues. It was found that erythrocyte, liver, kidney and brain MDA (malondialdehyde) concentrations in MAL groups were statistically significantly higher when compared to the other groups (p<0.05). It was observed that GSH (glutathione) concentrations increased in the brain, while they decreased in erythrocyte, liver and kidney in the MAL group when compared to the control and sham groups. CAT (catalase) concentration significantly decreased in erythrocyte, liver, kidney and brain tissues in the MAL group when compared to the control and sham groups (p<0.05). SOD (superoxide dismutase) concentration in the MAL group decreased significantly (p<0.05) when compared to other groups, while SOD concentration increased significantly in the therapy and prevention groups (p<0.05) when compared to the others. It was found that serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) concentration was significantly lower in the MAL group when compared to sham and control groups (p<0.05). Thus, it was concluded that malathion led to lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in MDA and NO (nitric oxide) levels and toxicity in AChE activities. It was also determined that royal jelly could be effective against oxidative damage and toxicity. The findings suggested that the antioxidant effect of royal jelly could support the treatment of malathion, which is one of the insecticides that contain organophosphate and could lead to oxidative stress. It is considered that the prophylactic characteristics of royal jelly was more effective on malathion toxicity when compared to therapatic properties.
General chemical technology in examples, laboratory works, tasks and tests
Authors: Кошелева Мария , Kosheleva Mariya
Published: July 2019

The basic laws and methods of calculation of chemical-technological processes and chemical industries are considered on the basis of the methodology of the system approach in chemical technology. Examples of solution of typical chemical engineering problems, and also the original objectives, including objectives for individual homework are stated. Detailed description of laboratory works is given; tasks in the test form for control and self-control of mastering by students of educational material are given, the business game is included.
Radionavigation systems of airports and air routes
Authors: Скрыпник Олег , Skrypnik Olyeg
Published: July 2019

The textbook deals with the General theory of navigation, necessary for the development of the material, revealing the principles of construction and operation of ground facilities and radio navigation systems. The General characteristic of technical means of navigation is given. The classification is given and the generalized block diagrams and the main characteristics of radio navigation systems are considered. Navigation concepts and terms are explained. The lines of positions, coordinate systems used in aviation navigation, coordinate transformations are considered. The technique of construction and analysis of working zones of radio navigation systems is shown. The modern re-quirements of aviation consumers to the accuracy of navigation are given.
The main attention is paid to the theoreti-cal aspects and principles of radio navigation systems. The model of the block diagram, the basic mathematical equations characterizing the operation of non directional beacons, automatic direction finders, very high frequency omni-directional radio beacons VOR (DVOR), distance measuring equipment beacons DME, instrumental landing systems ILS, marker beacons are given. As examples of practical implementation the structural schemes are given, the main characteristics of radio navigation systems of the Russian production are considered.
The textbook also describes the ba-sic principles and features of the use of satellite navigation systems to solve the problems of landing and multi-lateration systems. The presented text material is accompanied by a sufficient number of illustrations.
This book is intended for college students of the aviation and radio technical educational profile specializations connected with aeronautical radio electronical equipment operation. This book can be useful to the specialists of aviation enterprises and flying personnel who operate technical means of aeronautical radio navigation. It can also be useful for aeronautic and aerospace equipment’s operation.
RAZONAMIENTO CONFIGURAL Y ORGANIZACIÓN DISCURSIVA EN PROCESOS DE PRUEBA EN CONTEXTO GEOMÉTRICO
Authors: Saorin Villa Antonio , Torregrosa-Gironés Germán , Quesada Vilella Humberto
Published: July 2019

En este estudio analizamos el cambio de estatus de las afirmaciones matemáticas que componen el proceso discursivo en la resolución de problemas geométricos de prueba. En particular, nos centramos en cómo se desarrolla y organiza el discurso escrito (respuesta) que comunica la solución, con el objetivo de identificar relaciones con los desenlaces del razonamiento configural. Para ello, analizamos las respuestas de estudiantes de cuarto curso de educación secundaria obligatoria a cuatro problemas geométricos de prueba. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de un cambio en el status de las afirmaciones matemáticas involucradas en el razonamiento que conduce a la solución y el desarrollo de una argumentación que progrese desde el modo de acumulación hasta el modo de sustitución. No obstante, la presencia de estas características del proceso de prueba, no garantiza que se dé el truncamiento del razonamiento configural que genera la prueba formal, debido, entre otros factores, a la influencia que ejerce la subconfiguración relevante identificada en el proceso de razonamiento.
A randomized controlled trial of tibial component migration with kinematic alignment using patient-specific instrumentation versus mechanical alignment using computer-assisted surgery in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Laende E. K. , Richardson C. G. , Dunbar M. J.
Published: July 2019

Aims

Patient-specific instrumentation of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a technique permitting the targeting of individual kinematic alignment, but deviation from a neutral mechanical axis may have implications on implant fixation and therefore survivorship. The primary objective of this randomized controlled study was to compare the fixation of tibial components implanted with patient-specific instrumentation targeting kinematic alignment (KA+PSI) versus components placed using computer-assisted surgery targeting neutral mechanical alignment (MA+CAS). Tibial component migration measured by radiostereometric analysis was the primary outcome measure (compared longitudinally between groups and to published acceptable thresholds). Secondary outcome measures were inducible displacement after one year and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) over two years. The secondary objective was to assess the relationship between alignment and both tibial component migration and inducible displacement.

Patients and Methods

A total of 47 patients due to undergo TKA were randomized to KA+PSI (n = 24) or MA+CAS (n = 23). In the KA+PSI group, there were 16 female and eight male patients with a mean age of 64 years (sd 8). In the MA+CAS group, there were 17 female and six male patients with a mean age of 63 years (sd 7). Surgery was performed using cemented, cruciate-retaining Triathlon total knees with patellar resurfacing, and patients were followed up for two years. The effect of alignment on tibial component migration and inducible displacement was analyzed irrespective of study group.

Results

There was no difference over two years in longitudinal migration of the tibial component between the KA+PSI and MA+CAS groups (reaching median maximum total point motion migration at two years of 0.40 mm for the KA+PSI group and 0.37 mm for the MA+CAS group, p = 0.82; p = 0.68 adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) for all follow-ups). Both groups had mean migrations below acceptable thresholds. There was no difference in inducible displacement (p = 0.34) or PROMS (p = 0.61 for the Oxford Knee Score) between groups. There was no correlation between alignment and tibial component migration or alignment and inducible displacement. These findings support non-neutral alignment as a viable option with this component, with no evidence that it compromises fixation.

Conclusion

Kinematic alignment using patient-specific instrumentation in TKA was associated with acceptable tibial component migration, indicating stable fixation. These results are supportive of future investigations of kinematic alignment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:929–940.
Routine fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures is not cost-effective
Authors: Nicholson J. A. , Clement N. , Goudie E. , Robinson C. M.
Published: July 2019

Aims

The primary aim of this study was to establish the cost-effectiveness of the early fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures.

Patients and Methods

A cost analysis was conducted within a randomized controlled trial comparing conservative management (n = 92) versus early plate fixation (n = 86) of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was used to express the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The Six-Dimension Short-Form Health Survey (SF-6D) score was used as the preference-based health index to calculate the cost per QALY at 12 months after the injury.

Results

The mean 12-month SF-6D was 0.9522 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9355 to 0.9689) following conservative management and 0.9607 (95% CI 0.9447 to 0.9767) following fixation, giving an advantage for fixation of 0.0085, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.46). The mean cost per patient was £1322.69 for conservative management and £5405.32 for early fixation. This gave an ICER of £480 309.41 per QALY. For a threshold of £20 000 per QALY, the benefit of fixation would need to be present for 24 years to be cost-effective compared with conservative treatment. Linear regression analysis identified nonunion as the only factor to adversely influence the SF-6D at 12 months (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Routine plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures is not cost-effective. Nonunion following conservative management has an increased morbidity with comparable expense to early fixation. This may suggest that a targeted approach of fixation in patients who are at higher risk of nonunion would be more cost-effective than the routine fixation of all displaced fractures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:995–1001.
Orthoplastic reconstruction of type IIIB open tibial fractures retaining debrided devitalized cortical segments
Authors: Al-Hourani K. , Stoddart M. , Khan U. , Riddick A. , Kelly M.
Published: July 2019

Aims

Type IIIB open tibial fractures are devastating high-energy injuries. At initial debridement, the surgeon will often be faced with large bone fragments with tenuous, if any, soft-tissue attachments. Conventionally these are discarded to avoid infection. We aimed to determine if orthoplastic reconstruction using mechanically relevant devitalized bone (ORDB) was associated with an increased infection rate in type IIIB open tibial shaft fractures.

Patient and Methods

This was a consecutive cohort study of 113 patients, who had sustained type IIIB fractures of the tibia following blunt trauma, over a four-year period in a level 1 trauma centre. The median age was 44.3 years (interquartile range (IQR) 28.1 to 65.9) with a median follow-up of 1.7 years (IQR 1.2 to 2.1). There were 73 male patients and 40 female patients. The primary outcome measures were deep infection rate and number of operations. The secondary outcomes were nonunion and flap failure.

Results

In all, 44 patients had ORDB as part of their reconstruction, with the remaining 69 not requiring it. Eight out of 113 patients (7.1%) developed a deep infection (ORDB 1/44, non-ORDB 7/69). The median number of operations was two. A total of 16/242 complication-related reoperations were undertaken (6.6%), with 2/16 (12.5%) occurring in the ORDB group.

Conclusion

In the setting of an effective orthoplastic approach to type IIIB open diaphyseal tibial fractures, using mechanically relevant debrided devitalized bone fragments in the definitive reconstruction appears to be safe. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1002–1008.
Da antropofagia e autofagia, ou a colonização que (já) vem de dentro
Authors: De Carvalho Paulo Archer
Published: July 2019

https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8622_19_10
Psiquiatría, derecho y profilaxis del crimen
Authors: Campos Ricardo
Published: July 2019

En este trabajo pretendemos reflexionar sobre las relaciones entre psiquiatría, derecho y peligrosidad social en las décadas de 1920 y 1930 en tres países europeos,  España, Francia y Bélgica,  con el fin de mostrar la importancia que tuvo la peligrosidad social en el marco de la higiene mental y como se llevaron a cabo como se implementaron con las políticas de defensa social.