bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MSR founders narrative and content analysis of scholarly papers: 2000–2015
Authors: Tackney Charles T. , Chappell Stacie F. , Sato Toyoko
Published: July 2017

This is a founders’ narrative and research paper content analysis of the first 15 years of the Management Spirituality and Religion Interest Group (MSR) of the Academy of Management. Based on archival data and founder interviews, our inquiry recounts how the early collaborators
established the Interest Group. The founders interviewed were identified through preliminary inquiry and from archival sources. As complement and extension, we concurrently conducted a content analysis of the 15 years of MSR Best Papers and Carolyn Dexter Award MSR nominated papers for
Academy internationalization: a corpus epitomizing MSR research and practice. The combined study is a benchmark of founding and institutionalization for current and potential MSR members. By tracing the research trends MSR has taken in light of the founding aspirations, we illuminate the distinctive
values, tensions, and meanings of spirituality in management practices that infuse MSR with its enduring organizational vitality.
Kite Escape Device: a New Approach to Reduce Bycatch in Shrimp Trawls
Authors: Vieira Wagner João , Domingos Marcelo Manoel , Rodrigues-Filho Jorge Luiz , Farias Eduardo Guilherme Gentil
Published: July 2017

Shrimp trawls are one of the main bycatch generators in artisanal fisheries. Our work evaluated the adoption of low cost devices for artisanal bottom trawling to reduce bycatch assimilation and improve shrimp catches. To evaluate the proposed changes, we evaluated the performance of four different trawl gears from May to July 2015 in Pinheira Beach, Brazil. The hauls were divided into four treatments as follows: (1) hauls with unmodified control gear, (2) hauls with gear that included the kite escape device (KED), (3) hauls with gear that included long sweeps, and (4) hauls with gear that included both the KED and long sweeps. The second trawling group (2) showed the highest reduction in bycatch for all trawl gears. Additionally, all hauls that included the KED and/or long sweeps had improved shrimp catches during the study compared with trawl nets without the KED. During the hauls with KEDs we got the best shrimp-to-bycatch proportion (1:8.9). The modifications proposed can improve trawl gear selectivity while maintaining the shrimp catches.
Dynamic Changes in the Rice Blast Population in the United States Over Six Decades
Authors: Wang Xueyan , Jia Yulin , Wamishe Yeshi , Jia Melissa H. , Valent Barbara
Published: July 2017

Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases of rice. Field isolates of M. oryzae rapidly adapt to their hosts and climate. Tracking the genetic and pathogenic variability of field isolates is essential to understand how M. oryzae interacts with hosts and environments. In this study, a total of 1,022 United States field isolates collected from 1959 to 2015 were analyzed for pathogenicity toward eight international rice differentials. A subset of 457 isolates was genotyped with 10 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The average polymorphism information content value of markers was 0.55, suggesting that the SSR markers were highly informative to capture the population variances. Six genetic clusters were identified by both STRUCTURE and discriminant analysis of principal components methods. Overall, Nei’s diversity of M. oryzae in the United States was 0.53, which is higher than previously reported in a world rice blast collection (0.19). The observed subdivision was associated with collection time periods but not with geographic origin of the isolates. Races such as IC-17, IE-1, and IB-49 have been identified across almost all collection periods and all clusters; races such as IA-1, IB-17, and IH-1 have a much higher frequency in certain periods and clusters. Both genomic and pathogenicity changes of United States blast isolates were associated with collection year, suggesting that hosts are a driving force for the genomic variability of rice blast fungus.
Detection and Characterization ofXanthomonas vasicolapv.vasculorum(Cobb 1894) comb. nov. Causing Bacterial Leaf Streak of Corn in the United States
Authors: Lang J. M. , DuCharme E. , Ibarra Caballero J. , Luna E. , Hartman T. , Ortiz-Castro M. , Korus K. , Rascoe J. , Jackson-Ziems T. A. , Broders K. , Leach J. E.
Published: July 2017

Bacterial leaf streak of corn (Zea mays) recently reached epidemic levels in three corn-growing states, and has been detected in another six states in the central United States. Xanthomonas vasicola was identified as the causal agent of this disease. A multilocus sequence alignment of six housekeeping genes and comparison of average nucleotide identity from draft genome sequence were used to confirm phylogenetic relationships and classification of this bacteria relative to other X. vasicola strains. X. vasicola isolates from Nebraska and South Africa were highly virulent on corn and sugarcane and less virulent on sorghum but caused water-soaking symptoms that are typical of X. vasicola infection on the leaves of all three hosts. Based on host range and phylogenetic comparison, we propose the taxonomic designation of this organism to X. vasicola pv. vasculorum ( Cobb 1894 ) comb. nov. Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic assays were developed that distinguish X. vasicola pv. vasculorum and X. vasicola pv. holcicola from each other and from other Xanthomonas spp.
Cambrian origin of the CYP27C1-mediated vitamin A
1
-to-A
2
switch, a key mechanism of vertebrate sensory plasticity
Authors: Morshedian Ala , Toomey Matthew B. , Pollock Gabriel E. , Frederiksen Rikard , Enright Jennifer M. , McCormick Stephen D. , Cornwall M. Carter , Fain Gordon L. , Corbo Joseph C.
Published: July 2017

The spectral composition of ambient light varies across both space and time. Many species of jawed vertebrates adapt to this variation by tuning the sensitivity of their photoreceptors via the expression of CYP27C1, an enzyme that converts vitamin A
1
into vitamin A
2
, thereby shifting the ratio of vitamin A
1
-based rhodopsin to red-shifted vitamin A
2
-based porphyropsin in the eye. Here, we show that the sea lamprey (
Petromyzon marinus
), a jawless vertebrate that diverged from jawed vertebrates during the Cambrian period (approx. 500 Ma), dynamically shifts its photoreceptor spectral sensitivity via vitamin A
1
-to-A
2
chromophore exchange as it transitions between photically divergent aquatic habitats. We further show that this shift correlates with high-level expression of the lamprey orthologue of CYP27C1, specifically in the retinal pigment epithelium as in jawed vertebrates. Our results suggest that the CYP27C1-mediated vitamin A
1
-to-A
2
switch is an evolutionarily ancient mechanism of sensory plasticity that appeared not long after the origin of vertebrates.
A phase-plane analysis of localized frictional waves
Authors: Putelat T. , Dawes J. H. P. , Champneys A. R.
Published: July 2017

Sliding frictional interfaces at a range of length scales are observed to generate travelling waves; these are considered relevant, for example, to both earthquake ground surface movements and the performance of mechanical brakes and dampers. We propose an explanation of the origins of these waves through the study of an idealized mechanical model: a thin elastic plate subject to uniform shear stress held in frictional contact with a rigid flat surface. We construct a nonlinear wave equation for the deformation of the plate, and couple it to a spinodal rate-and-state friction law which leads to a mathematically well-posed problem that is capable of capturing many effects not accessible in a Coulomb friction model. Our model sustains a rich variety of solutions, including periodic stick–slip wave trains, isolated slip and stick pulses, and detachment and attachment fronts. Analytical and numerical bifurcation analysis is used to show how these states are organized in a two-parameter state diagram. We discuss briefly the possible physical interpretation of each of these states, and remark also that our spinodal friction law, though more complicated than other classical rate-and-state laws, is required in order to capture the full richness of wave types.
Functional dissection of the enhancer repertoire in human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Barakat Tahsin Stefan , Halbritter Florian , Zhang Man , Rendeiro André F. , Bock Christoph , Chambers Ian
Published: July 2017

Enhancers are genetic elements that regulate spatiotemporal gene expression. Enhancer function requires transcription factor (TF) binding and correlates with histone modifications. However, the extent to which TF binding and histone modifications can functionally define active enhancers remains unclear. Here we combine chromatin immunoprecipitation with a massively parallel reporter assay to identify functional enhancers in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) genome-wide in a quantitative unbiased manner. While active enhancers associate with TFs, only a minority of regions marked by NANOG, OCT4, H3K27ac and H3K4me1 function as enhancers, with activity changing markedly with culture conditions. Our analysis also reveals a novel enhancer set associated with housekeeping genes. Moreover, while transposable elements associate with putative enhancers only some exhibit activity. Similarly, within super-enhancers, large tracts are non-functional, with activity restricted to small sub-domains. This catalogue of validated enhancers provides a valuable resource for further functional dissection of the regulatory genome.

Highlights

A catalog of functional enhancers in hESCs including a novel housekeeping class

Active enhancers feature specific transcription factors and transposable elements

Major shifts in enhancer activity occur during induction of naive pluripotency

Super-enhancers consist of small units with enhancer function
Three-dimensional cell neighbourhood impacts differentiation in the inner mass cells of the mouse blastocyst
Authors: Fischer Sabine C. , Corujo-Simón Elena , Lilao-Garzón Joaquín , Stelzer Ernst H. K. , Muñoz-Descalzo Silvia
Published: July 2017

During mammalian blastocyst development, inner cell mass (ICM) cells differentiate into epiblast (Epi) or primitive endoderm (PrE). These two fates are characterised by the transcription factors NANOG and GATA6, respectively. Here, we present quantitative three-dimensional single cell-based neighbourhood analyses to investigate the spatial distribution of NANOG and GATA6 expression in the ICM of the mouse blastocyst. The cell neighbourhood is characterised by the expression levels of the fate markers in the surrounding cells, together with the number of surrounding cells and cell position. We find that cell neighbourhoods are established in early blastocysts and different for cells expressing different levels of NANOG and GATA6. Highest NANOG expressing cells occupy specific positions within the ICM and are surrounded by 9 neighbours, while GATA6 expressing cells cluster according to their GATA6 levels. The analysis of mutants reveals that NANOG local neighbourhood is regulated by GATA6.

Summary statement

Three-dimensional cell neighbourhood, which includes fate marker levels, number of neighbouring cells and cell position, determines cell fate decision in early mouse embryos.
Isolation of High-Molecular-Weight DNA from Monolayer Cultures of Mammalian Cells Using Proteinase K and Phenol
Authors: Green Michael R. , Sambrook Joseph
Published: July 2017

This procedure is the method of choice for purification of mammalian genomic DNA from monolayer cultures when large amounts of DNA are required, for example, for Southern blotting. Approximately 200 µg of mammalian DNA, 100–150 kb in length, is obtained from 5 × 107 cultured aneuploid cells (e.g., HeLa cells).
Direct Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Authors: Kohl Thomas O. , Ascoli Carl A.
Published: July 2017

The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (cELISA; also called an inhibition ELISA) is designed so that purified antigen competes with antigen in the test sample for binding to an antibody that has been immobilized in microtiter plate wells. The same concept works if the immobilized molecule is antigen and the competing molecules are purified labeled antibody versus antibody in a test sample. Direct cELISAs incorporate labeled antigen or antibody, whereas indirect assay configurations use reporter-labeled secondary antibodies. The cELISA is very useful for determining the concentration of small-molecule antigens in complex sample mixtures. In the direct cELISA, antigen-specific capture antibody is adsorbed onto the microtiter plate before incubation with either known standards or unknown test samples. Enzyme-linked antigen (i.e., labeled antigen) is also added, which can bind to the capture antibody only when the antibody’s binding site is not occupied by either the antigen standard or antigen in the test samples. Unbound labeled and unlabeled antigens are washed away and substrate is added. The amount of antigen in the standard or the test sample determines the amount of reporter-labeled antigen bound to antibody, yielding a signal that is inversely proportional to antigen concentration within the sample. Thus, the higher the antigen concentration in the test sample, the less labeled antigen is bound to the capture antibody, and hence the weaker is the resultant signal.
Webrooming behaviour: a conceptual framework
Authors: Arora Sourabh , Sahney Sangeeta
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Recent statistics on increasing webrooming customers make it topical in the multi-channel retailing domain. The purpose of this paper is to offer an enhanced understanding on “Webrooming behaviour”, an area of concern for e-retailers by proposing an integrated framework grounded on the Theory of planned behaviour and Technology acceptance model.

Design/methodology/approach

The conceptual model presented develops a number of propositions applicable to webrooming behaviour utilizing the rich literature on channel choice behaviour in the multi-channel retailing environment. The propositions are open for verification and can serve the basis for future line of research.

Findings

The model proposed provides basis for understanding the webrooming sequence via search attitude towards online channels, purchase attitude towards offline channels, perceived ease of online search and perceived usefulness of webrooming behaviour. The impact of online risk perceptions and mediating role of (lack of) “trust” have been proposed along with the direct impact of product type and category which offers an holistic view towards understanding the webrooming conduct.

Research limitations/implications

The model proposed lacks empirical verification. There is a need to test the model empirically to validate the model and to find out the suitability of integrated TPB-TAM model.

Practical implications

Webrooming substantially erodes online profits. Before retailers’ strategies to defend webroomers, it is imperative to understand the phenomenon from the consumer’s side. The model proposed is a step in this direction and provides the basis for formulating strategies for holding back the webroomers.

Originality/value

This paper adds to the body of knowledge in retailing by proposing a conceptual model on webrooming behaviour which is an emerging area of research in the present retail landscape.
Brand-driven retail format innovation: a conceptual framework
Authors: Botschen Guenther , Wegerer Philipp K.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to engage in the research gap regarding the missing link between retail innovation and branding by providing a brand-driven process to systematically develop retail format innovation projects. The so-called “Brand-driven Retail Format Innovation” (BRFI) approach provides a structured three-phase model that serves as a conceptual guide for the development of any type of retail format.

Design/methodology/approach

Longitudinal collaborative action research over a time span of 20 years plus extended case study research to develop the current BRFI approach.

Findings

BRFI is a circular three-phase framework, which integrates branding, and retail format innovation. It starts with the definition of the intended retail brand identity, which in phase 2 becomes translated into concrete touchpoint experiences along the main constituents of a retail format, finally during phase 3 materializing into the new retail format. A case study of a major food retailer is prototypically used to illustrate the application of the designed approach and to report achieved results.

Research limitations/implications

Brand-driven retail format development based on translating socio-cultural meanings into touchpoint experiences to materialize format constituents is opening up new research avenues to govern retail format development. At present the approach is based on retail and services case studies in Western Austria.

Practical implications

The three-phase model represents a practical tool for retail managers, who want to renew and to develop their retail format in a structured way. The approach is applicable to all retail industries from small- to large-scale organizations as well as online and offline environments.

Originality/value

This is the first study engaging in the missing link regarding retail innovation and branding by providing a brand-driven process to systematically develop retail format innovation projects. BRFI locks into anthropological research findings where cultural meanings are considered as the main source for the construction of brand identities whereby the new retail format is transformed around brand-derived touchpoint experiences.
Robust dexterous telemanipulation following object-orientation commands
Authors: Montaño Andrés , Suárez Raúl
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to present a procedure to change the orientation of a grasped object using dexterous manipulation. The manipulation is controlled by teleoperation in a very simple way, with the commands introduced by an operator using a keyboard.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper shows a teleoperation scheme, hand kinematics and a manipulation strategy to manipulate different objects using the Schunk Dexterous Hand (SDH2). A state machine is used to model the teleoperation actions and the system states. A virtual link is used to include the contact point on the hand kinematics of the SDH2.

Findings

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposed approach with different objects, varying the initial grasp configuration and the sequence of actions commanded by the operator.

Originality/value

The proposed approach uses a shared telemanipulation schema to perform dexterous manipulation; in this schema, the operator sends high-level commands and a local system uses this information, jointly with tactile measurements and the current status of the system, to generate proper setpoints for the low-level control of the fingers, which may be a commercial close one. The main contribution of this work is the mentioned local system, simple enough for practical applications and robust enough to avoid object falls.
What’s trending in the library cybersphere – Recent conferences and posts focus on data and information literacy
Authors: Oyelude Adetoun A.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This edition looks at trending snippets mainly from library conferences around the world in the past few months.

Design/methodology/approach

The conferences and the themes reflect the thoughts and focus of library and information professionals worldwide as seen in internet reports from wikis and blogs.

Findings

Thus far, data and data management is the most focused topic of 2017.

Social implications

Daniel Shapiro in his report on the LITA blog described his experience at the two-day workshop organized by the Library of Congress, George Washington University and George Mason University.

Originality/value

The workshop titled “Collections as data: hack-to-learn” had four datasets and five tools to work with. Over the two-day period, participants worked with data tools such as OpenRefine, Voyant, MALLET, Gephi and Carto. Working with the data and data analysis tools for Shapiro yielded results, but the usual process in research of formulating hypothesis is still crucial even with all the deluge of data.
Predicting Satisfaction with Smart Irrigation Controllers and Their Long‐Term Use among Homeowners in Central Florida
Authors: Morera Maria C. , Monaghan Paul F. , Dukes Michael D. , Breder Eliza
Published: July 2017

Studies throughout Florida have shown smart controllers can substantially reduce irrigation under residential high‐water use conditions. However, successful promotion requires understanding the link between controller performance and the mechanisms by which they are adopted. This article compares irrigation water‐use and survey data collected from households installed with soil moisture sensor and evapotranspiration controllers. The study investigated whether the relative change in irrigation use between two years preceding and two years following installation was a reliable predictor of a homeowner's satisfaction with the device and likelihood of continuing to use it. Results indicated relative changes in irrigation use were only significantly associated with the quality of controller programming. Satisfaction with the controller was largely attributable to satisfaction with the appearance of the landscape and the perceived water‐saving effectiveness of the controller whereas the likelihood of its continued use was only significantly predicted by the level of technical knowledge regarding its functioning and whether or not challenges were experienced with it. Targeting homeowners with supplemental user‐friendly information may best support their long‐term adoption of smart controllers while providing irrigation contractors with training in implementation techniques would represent an integrated strategy for added reductions in residential outdoor water use.
Improving Predictive Models of In‐Stream Phosphorus Concentration Based on Nationally‐Available Spatial Data Coverages
Authors: Scown Murray W. , McManus Michael G. , Carson John H. , Nietch Christopher T.
Published: July 2017

Spatial data are playing an increasingly important role in watershed science and management. Large investments have been made by government agencies to provide nationally‐available spatial databases; however, their relevance and suitability for local watershed applications is largely unscrutinized. We investigated how goodness of fit and predictive accuracy of total phosphorus (TP) concentration models developed from nationally‐available spatial data could be improved by including local watershed‐specific data in the East Fork of the Little Miami River, Ohio, a 1,290 km2 watershed. We also determined whether a spatial stream network (SSN) modeling approach improved on multiple linear regression (nonspatial) models. Goodness of fit and predictive accuracy were highest for the SSN model that included local covariates, and lowest for the nonspatial model developed from national data. Septic systems and point source TP loads were significant covariates in the local models. These local data not only improved the models but enabled a more explicit interpretation of the processes affecting TP concentrations than more generic national covariates. The results suggest SSN modeling greatly improves prediction and should be applied when using national covariates. Including local covariates further increases the accuracy of TP predictions throughout the studied watershed; such variables should be included in future national databases, particularly the locations of septic systems.
High‐resolution phylogenetic analysis of Endomicrobia reveals multiple acquisitions of endosymbiotic lineages by termite gut flagellates
Authors: Mikaelyan Aram , Thompson Claire L. , Meuser Katja , Zheng Hao , Rani Pinki , Plarre Rudy , Brune Andreas
Published: July 2017

Bacteria of the class Endomicrobia form a deep‐branching clade in the Elusimicrobia phylum. They are found almost exclusively in the intestinal tract of animals and are particularly abundant in many termites, where they reside as intracellular symbionts in the cellulolytic gut flagellates. Although small populations of putatively free‐living lineages have been detected in faunated and flagellate‐free hosts, the evolutionary origin of the endosymbionts is obscured by the limited amount of phylogenetic information provided by the 16S rRNA gene fragment amplified with Endomicrobia‐specific primers. Here, we present a robust phylogenetic framework based on the near‐full‐length 16S–23S rRNA gene region of a diverse set of Endomicrobia from termites and cockroaches, which also allowed us to classify the shorter reads from previous studies. Our data revealed that endosymbionts arose independently at least four times from different free‐living lineages, which were already present in ancestral cockroaches but became associated with their respective hosts long after the digestive symbiosis between termites and flagellates had been established. Pyrotag sequencing revealed that the proportion of putatively free‐living lineages increased, when all flagellates and their symbionts were removed from the gut of lower termites by starvation, starch feeding or hyperbaric oxygen, but results varied between different methods.
First detection of etoxazole resistance in Australian two‐spotted mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) via bioassay and DNA methods
Authors: Herron Grant A , Woolley Lauren K , Langfield Kate L , Chen Yizhou
Published: July 2017

Etoxazole is used in Australia to control mites on a range of crops including pome fruit and cotton. Although resistance has been widely reported elsewhere, it has not previously been detected in Australia. Here, we report the first detection of etoxazole resistance (>12 500 fold) in Australian two‐spotted mite Tetranychus urticae from pome fruit via both bioassay and DNA methods. It is envisaged that the DNA‐based method developed here can be used to monitor etoxazole resistance in T. urticae.
Human Rights Beyond Humanitarianism: The Radical Challenge to the Right to Asylum in the Mediterranean Zone
Authors: Sciurba Alessandra , Furri Filippo
Published: July 2017

This article argues for a new centrality of the right to asylum within the Mediterranean zone and the necessity to defend and implement this right beyond the “humanitarian regime”. The first section describes the ways in which humanitarianism's logic has weakened the right to asylum through the implementation of specific EU migration policies since 2013. The second section focuses on the distinction between such a humanitarian regime and the human rights system, assessing the possibility of and necessity for a renewed defense of human rights, starting with the right to asylum. The third section focuses on the Charter of Lampedusa, a radical, alternative normative instrument developed through a grassroots process which involved activists and migrant rights groups and which represents a concrete illustration of how the horizon of human rights might be redefined.
Hijacking the Narrative: The First World Forum on Natural Capital, #natcap13, and Radical Dissent
Authors: Matulis Brett S. , Moyer Jessica R.
Published: July 2017

The first World Forum on Natural Capital (WFNC) was an important moment in the production of “valued” nature. It brought together bankers, CEOs, and business elites to promote financialized environmental accounting as a solution to ecosystem degradation. Anti‐capitalist activists, however, opposed the further intrusion of economic logic to environmental decision‐making and resisted its progression. While WFNC organizers were able to advance the concept of “natural capital” through traditional (print and web 1.0) media, they struggled to control the social media narrative. Digital activists were able to challenge the official narrative on Twitter and compel organizers to address the associated social and environmental justice concerns. As such, social media produced the conditions for both abstracting nature into value‐bearing commodities and, simultaneously, resisting such abstraction. Drawing on theories of counterpublic organization, public spheres of deliberation, and agonistic confrontation, this paper explores the discursive co‐production of nature in a new digitally mediated world.
Video‐assisted segmental resection of an intrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst mimicking a middle mediastinal cystic tumor
Authors: Takeichi Haruka , Yamada Shunsuke , Nakamura Yusuke , Tajiri Takuma , Iwazaki Masayuki
Published: July 2017

We report a case of an intrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst that radiologically mimicked a cystic tumor of the middle mediastinum. During video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery, the lesion was confirmed to be in the lung parenchyma rather than in the mediastinum. A video‐assisted thoracoscopic anterior basal segmentectomy was eventually performed, and an intrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst was the diagnosis based on histology.
Genotype disclosure in the genomics era: roles and responsibilities
Authors: Denholm L
Published: July 2017

Disclosure of affected breed without disclosure of major progenitors has been the usual practice in scientific papers reporting recessive heritable disorders of cattle. Before molecular genetics, carrier identity could not be used by breeders to control causal mutations because phenotypically normal heterozygotes among genetically related animals could not be detected other than by test mating. Accurate, low‐cost DNA tests fundamentally changed this situation. Genomics can provide relief from the old problem of emerging recessive disorders in cattle breeding, but greater transparency of genotype data between breeders is necessary to fully exploit the opportunities for cost‐efficient genetic disease control. Effective control of several recessive disorders has been demonstrated in Angus cattle, based entirely on voluntary DNA testing by breeders but mandatory public disclosure of test results and genotype probabilities for all registered animals. When a DNA test is available, major progenitors (particularly bulls from which semen has been distributed) should be identified and disclosed concurrently with the affected breed. As a minimum, whenever possible the closest common ancestors in the pedigrees of the parents of homozygous mutants should be disclosed after confirmation of carrier status. Progenitor disclosure in scientific publications should occur in cooperation with breed societies, which should have the opportunity to advise breeders and initiate management programs before scientific publication. Unless properly managed, genomic enhancement of animal selection using SNP markers may increase inbreeding, co‐ancestry and emergence of recessive disorders. The information systems and genotype disclosure policies of some breed societies will be increasingly challenged, particularly with accelerating mutation discovery using next‐generation sequencing.
A Stochastic Film Grain Model for Resolution‐Independent Rendering
Authors: Newson A. , Delon J. , Galerne B.
Published: July 2017

The realistic synthesis and rendering of film grain is a crucial goal for many amateur and professional photographers and film‐makers whose artistic works require the authentic feel of analogue photography. The objective of this work is to propose an algorithm that reproduces the visual aspect of film grain texture on any digital image. Previous approaches to this problem either propose unrealistic models or simply blend scanned images of film grain with the digital image, in which case the result is inevitably limited by the quality and resolution of the initial scan. In this work, we introduce a stochastic model to approximate the physical reality of film grain, and propose a resolution‐free rendering algorithm to simulate realistic film grain for any digital input image. By varying the parameters of this model, we can achieve a wide range of grain types. We demonstrate this by comparing our results with film grain examples from dedicated software, and show that our rendering results closely resemble these real film emulsions. In addition to realistic grain rendering, our resolution‐free algorithm allows for any desired zoom factor, even down to the scale of the microscopic grains themselves.
Practical Path Guiding for Efficient Light‐Transport Simulation
Authors: Müller Thomas , Gross Markus , Novák Jan
Published: July 2017

We present a robust, unbiased technique for intelligent light‐path construction in path‐tracing algorithms. Inspired by existing path‐guiding algorithms, our method learns an approximate representation of the scene's spatio‐directional radiance field in an unbiased and iterative manner. To that end, we propose an adaptive spatio‐directional hybrid data structure, referred to as SD‐tree, for storing and sampling incident radiance. The SD‐tree consists of an upper part—a binary tree that partitions the 3D spatial domain of the light field—and a lower part—a quadtree that partitions the 2D directional domain. We further present a principled way to automatically budget training and rendering computations to minimize the variance of the final image. Our method does not require tuning hyperparameters, although we allow limiting the memory footprint of the SD‐tree. The aforementioned properties, its ease of implementation, and its stable performance make our method compatible with production environments. We demonstrate the merits of our method on scenes with difficult visibility, detailed geometry, and complex specular‐glossy light transport, achieving better performance than previous state‐of‐the‐art algorithms.
Fiber‐Level On‐the‐Fly Procedural Textiles
Authors: Luan Fujun , Zhao Shuang , Bala Kavita
Published: July 2017

Procedural textile models are compact, easy to edit, and can achieve state‐of‐the‐art realism with fiber‐level details. However, these complex models generally need to be fully instantiated (aka. realized) into 3D volumes or fiber meshes and stored in memory, We introduce a novel realization‐minimizing technique that enables physically based rendering of procedural textiles, without the need of full model realizations. The key ingredients of our technique are new data structures and search algorithms that look up regular and flyaway fibers on the fly, efficiently and consistently. Our technique works with compact fiber‐level procedural yarn models in their exact form with no approximation imposed. In practice, our method can render very large models that are practically unrenderable using existing methods, while using considerably less memory (60–200× less) and achieving good performance.
Radiosensibilisierung durch BRAF Inhibitoren
Authors: Strobel Sophia Boyoung , Pätzold Sylvie , Zimmer Lisa , Jensen Alexandra , Enk Alexander , Hassel Jessica Cecile
Published: July 2017

Hintergrund

In der letzten Zeit wurden in der Literatur vermehrt erhöhte Hauttoxizitäten während einer Kombinationstherapie mit BRAF Inhibitoren und Radiotherapie beschrieben.

Material und Methodik

Wir berichten über sieben Melanompatienten in einem nicht resezierbaren Stadium III oder IV, die eine kombinierte Behandlung aus Bestrahlung und BRAF‐Inhibitor erhielten.

Ergebnisse

Bei allen Patienten konnte durch die Kombinationstherapie ein gutes lokales Ansprechen erreicht werden. Nur bei zwei Patienten wurde eine schwere Radiodermatitis (CTCAE Grad 3 bzw. 4) beobachtet. Bei diesen Patienten, die beide Vemurafenib erhielten, trat die Radiodermatitis nach ein bzw. zwei Wochen auf und resultierte in einer Unterbrechung der BRAF‐Inhibitor Behandlung.. Die kumulative Dosis bis zum Zeitpunkt der Strahlendermatitis betrug 10 Gy bzw. 35 Gy. Bei allen anderen Vemurafenibpatienten konnten nur milde Reaktionen im Sinne einer Radiodermatitis CTCAE Grad 2, beim Dabrafenibpatienten CTCAE Grade 1 diagnostiziert werden. Bei einem Patienten wurde eine Recalldermatitis nach 14 Tagen einer beendeten Strahlentherapie mit einer kumulativen Dosis von 30 Gy diagnostiziert.

Schlussfolgerungen

Schwere Toxizitätsreaktionen der Haut unter einer BRAF‐Inhibitionen treten nicht häufig auf und sind meistens gut therapierbar. Deshalb sollte die Kombinationstherapie bei aggressiv wachsenden Melanomen eine Therapieoption bleiben. Obwohl ein erhöhtes Risiko der Hauttoxizität unter einer Kombinationstherapie von Radiatio und BRAF‐Inhibitoren besteht, wird diese von den meisten Patienten gut toleriert. Sequenzielle Therapie anstelle von gleichzeitiger Behandlung scheint die Toxizitätreaktionen nicht zu verhindern.
Agronomic biofortification of cereals with zinc: a review
Authors: Cakmak I. , Kutman U. B.
Published: July 2017

Zinc (Zn) still represents an important health problem in developing countries, caused mainly by inadequate dietary intake. A large consumption of cereal‐based foods with small concentrations and low bioavailability of Zn is the major reason behind this problem. Modern cultivars of cereals have inherently very small concentrations of Zn and cannot meet the human need for Zn. Today, up to 50% of wheat‐cultivated soil globally is considered poor in bioavailable Zn. Agricultural strategies that are used to improve the nutritional value of crop plants are known as biofortification strategies. They include genetic biofortification, which is based on classical plant breeding and genetic engineering for larger nutrient concentrations, and greater agronomic biofortification, which is based on optimized fertilizer applications. This review focuses on agronomic biofortification with Zn, which has proved to be very effective for wheat and also other cereal crops including rice. Molecular and genetic research into Zn uptake, transport and grain deposition in cereals are critically important for identifying ‘bottlenecks’ in the biofortification of food crops with Zn. Transgenic plants with large Zn concentrations in seeds are often tested under controlled laboratory or glasshouse conditions with sufficient available Zn in the growth medium for the entire growth period. However, they might not always show the same performance under ‘real‐world’ conditions with limited chemical availability of Zn and various stress factors such as drought. What purpose can an upgraded transport and storage system serve if the amount of goods to be transported and stored is limited anyway? Given the fact that the Zn concentrations required to achieve a measurable impact on human health are well above those required to avoid any loss of yield from Zn deficiency, providing crop plants with sufficient Zn through the soil and foliar fertilizer strategy under field conditions is critically important for biofortification efforts.

Highlights

Zinc malnutrition is a major global health issue associated with cereal‐based diets.

Agronomic biofortification with Zn aims to provide edible parts of crop plants with sufficient Zn.

Biofortification with Zn fertilizers, particularly foliar applications, works well for wheat and other cereals.

Agronomic biofortification with Zn provides a practical and cost‐effective option to tackle the global Zn malnutrition problem.
Variations of leaf longevity in tropical moist forests predicted by a trait‐driven carbon optimality model
Authors: Xu Xiangtao , Medvigy David , Joseph Wright Stuart , Kitajima Kaoru , Wu Jin , Albert Loren P. , Martins Giordane A. , Saleska Scott R. , Pacala Stephen W.
Published: July 2017

Leaf longevity (LL) varies more than 20‐fold in tropical evergreen forests, but it remains unclear how to capture these variations using predictive models. Current theories of LL that are based on carbon optimisation principles are challenging to quantitatively assess because of uncertainty across species in the ‘ageing rate:’ the rate at which leaf photosynthetic capacity declines with age. Here, we present a meta‐analysis of 49 species across temperate and tropical biomes, demonstrating that the ageing rate of photosynthetic capacity is positively correlated with the mass‐based carboxylation rate of mature leaves. We assess an improved trait‐driven carbon optimality model with in situLL data for 105 species in two Panamanian forests. We show that our model explains over 40% of the cross‐species variation in LL under contrasting light environment. Collectively, our results reveal how variation in LL emerges from carbon optimisation constrained by both leaf structural traits and abiotic environment.
Netrin‐1 and multiple sclerosis: a new biomarker for neuroinflammation?
Authors: Mulero P. , Córdova C. , Hernández M. , Martín R. , Gutiérrez B. , Muñoz J. C. , Redondo N. , Gallardo I. , Téllez N. , Nieto M. L.
Published: July 2017

Background and purpose

Netrin‐1, an axon guidance protein, reduces serum levels of pro‐inflammatory mediators and stabilizes the blood−brain barrier limiting the entrance of immune cells into the central nervous system. The aim was to investigate its presence in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without clinical activity.

Methods

Netrin‐1 levels were evaluated in EAE mouse tissues. Afterwards, serum netrin‐1 was cross‐sectionally quantified in 90 patients with different MS phenotypes and 30 control subjects. An additional group of 10 relapsing−remitting MS (RRMS) patients was longitudinally evaluated throughout a relapse (RRMSr) with an interval of 60 days. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), a reference inflammatory cytokine, and netrin‐1 were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice showed significantly lower netrin‐1 levels and higher TNFα amounts in sera, spinal cord and cerebella than healthy control mice. MS patients showed significantly lower serum netrin‐1 levels than controls (511.62 ± 209.30 and 748.32 ± 103.24 pg/ml, respectively; P ≤ 0.005). The lowest protein levels were found in RRMSr, remaining significantly lower throughout the relapse. TNFα serum concentrations were higher in MS patients compared to controls, and negatively correlated with netrin‐1 levels (r = −0.3734, P ≤ 0.0001).

Conclusions

Netrin‐1 decreased in EAE and in MS patients, mainly during relapse, suggesting an anti‐inflammatory role of netrin‐1. Further research should be performed in a larger cohort of patients to validate netrin‐1 as a biomarker of MS inflammatory activity.
Correlation of CD4 counts with clinical and histopathological findings in disseminated histoplasmosis: a 10‐year retrospective study
Authors: Sirait Sondang P. , Bramono Kusmarinah , Hermanto Nathalia
Published: July 2017

Background

Disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis (DCH) is one of the manifestations of systemic histoplasmosis infection in HIV‐positive patients. Interaction between host immune status and histoplasmosis infection is still poorly understood. It is thought that immune status, represented by CD4 counts, may be correlated with clinical and histopathological findings.

Objective

To correlate the CD4 counts with the different clinical and histopathological findings in cutaneous histoplasmosis.

Methods

This was a serial case report of seven HAART‐treated HIV positive patients with disseminated histoplasmosis observed within the period of January 2004 through December 2014 from the Dermatology and Venereology Department, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. The patients came with different complaints and clinical findings. CD4 counts were recorded prior to lesion biopsy.

Results

The CD4 counts were independent from clinical morphology and distribution of lesions. Lower CD4 counts were associated with the presence of intraepidermal yeast‐like cells, whereas there is the ability of forming granulomas at higher CD4 counts.

Conclusion

CD4 count correlates to histopathological findings of cutaneous histoplasmosis.
From graduate employability to employment: policy and practice in UK higher education
Authors: Minocha Sonal , Hristov Dean , Reynolds Martin
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to enrich the current conceptualization of graduate employability and employment through the lens of policy, academia and practice in UK higher education. We examine the UK policy context that is shaping graduate employability and employment debates before enriching this conceptualization through a discussion of key themes in the academic literature. We then undertake a comparative study across a sample of 35 higher education institutions in the UK to identify and discuss key employability practice areas shaping their graduate employability and employment provision. We do so by drawing on institutional employability data that is already available in the public domain. In mapping key themes in the literature against institutional employability practice, we conclude that the employer‐university interaction theme in the literature is not sufficiently addressed in UK higher education practice. Drawing on the evidence from our comparative study, we provide a discussion on four directions worthy of further exploration by universities as they shape their institutional responses to the lack of employer‐university interaction.
Medical management and leadership: a time of transition?
Authors: Dickinson Helen , Phelps Grant , Loh Erwin , Bismark Marie
Published: July 2017

Perspectives on medical management and leadership are in a time of transition, but there is much we still need to understand better. This paper explores some of the tensions and dilemmas inherent in understandings of medical management and leadership.
A Phenomenological Study of Family Experiences of Resettled Iraqi Refugees
Authors: Gangamma Rashmi
Published: July 2017

Using a cross‐sectional, phenomenological design, this qualitative study sought to explore Iraqi refugees’ experiences of family relationships resettled in a northeastern city in the United States after the start of the 2003 war. Participants’ experience of family relationships was situated within the context of their displacement, which included fear and uncertainty during displacement, and experiences of safety and isolation during resettlement. Themes related to family relationships were as follows: shared experiences of losses; increased trust between family members; shifts in communication and gender roles; and constructing a family legacy. Findings from this study indicate that family relationships play a central role in making meaning of forced displacement and resettlement experiences, which have significant clinical implications for family therapists working with refugees.