bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extinction of threatened vertebrates will lead to idiosyncratic changes in functional diversity across the world
Authors: Toussaint Aurele , Brosse Sébastien , Bueno C. Guillermo , Pärtel Meelis , Tamme Riin , Carmona Carlos P.
Published: August 2021

Although species with larger body size and slow pace of life have a higher risk of extinction at a global scale, it is unclear whether this global trend will be consistent across biogeographic realms. Here we measure the functional diversity of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates in the six terrestrial biogeographic realms and predict their future changes through scenarios mimicking a gradient of extinction risk of threatened species. We show vastly different effects of extinctions on functional diversity between taxonomic groups and realms, ranging from almost no decline to deep functional losses. The Indo-Malay and Palearctic realms are particularly inclined to experience a drastic loss of functional diversity reaching 29 and 31%, respectively. Birds, mammals, and reptiles regionally display a consistent functional diversity loss, while the projected losses of amphibians and freshwater fishes differ across realms. More efficient global conservation policies should consider marked regional losses of functional diversity across the world.
The pesticide chlorpyrifos promotes obesity by inhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue
Authors: Wang Bo , Tsakiridis Evangelia E. , Zhang Shuman , Llanos Andrea , Desjardins Eric M. , Yabut Julian M. , Green Alexander E. , Day Emily A. , Smith Brennan K. , Lally James S. V. , Wu Jianhan , Raphenya Amogelang R. , Srinivasan Krishna A. , McArthur Andrew G. , Kajimura Shingo , Patel Jagdish Suresh , Wade Michael G. , Morrison Katherine M. , Holloway Alison C. , Steinberg Gregory R.
Published: August 2021

Obesity results from a caloric imbalance between energy intake, absorption and expenditure. In both rodents and humans, diet-induced thermogenesis contributes to energy expenditure and involves the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). We hypothesize that environmental toxicants commonly used as food additives or pesticides might reduce BAT thermogenesis through suppression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and this may contribute to the development of obesity. Using a step-wise screening approach, we discover that the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos suppresses UCP1 and mitochondrial respiration in BAT at concentrations as low as 1 pM. In mice housed at thermoneutrality and fed a high-fat diet, chlorpyrifos impairs BAT mitochondrial function and diet-induced thermogenesis, promoting greater obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance. This is associated with reductions in cAMP; activation of p38MAPK and AMPK; protein kinases critical for maintaining UCP1 and mitophagy, respectively in BAT. These data indicate that the commonly used pesticide chlorpyrifos, suppresses diet-induced thermogenesis and the activation of BAT, suggesting its use may contribute to the obesity epidemic.
Four dimensions characterize attributions from faces using a representative set of English trait words
Authors: Lin Chujun , Keles Umit , Adolphs Ralph
Published: August 2021

People readily (but often inaccurately) attribute traits to others based on faces. While the details of attributions depend on the language available to describe social traits, psychological theories argue that two or three dimensions (such as valence and dominance) summarize social trait attributions from faces. However, prior work has used only a small number of trait words (12 to 18), limiting conclusions to date. In two large-scale, preregistered studies we ask participants to rate 100 faces (obtained from existing face stimuli sets), using a list of 100 English trait words that we derived using deep neural network analysis of words that have been used by other participants in prior studies to describe faces. In study 1 we find that these attributions are best described by four psychological dimensions, which we interpret as “warmth”, “competence”, “femininity”, and “youth”. In study 2 we partially reproduce these four dimensions using the same stimuli among additional participant raters from multiple regions around the world, in both aggregated and individual-level data. These results provide a comprehensive characterization of trait attributions from faces, although we note our conclusions are limited by the scope of our study (in particular we note only white faces and English trait words were included).
Universal scaling of robustness of ecosystem services to species loss
Authors: Ross Samuel R. P.-J. , Arnoldi Jean-François , Loreau Michel , White Cian D. , Stout Jane C. , Jackson Andrew L. , Donohue Ian
Published: August 2021

Ensuring reliable supply of services from nature is key to the sustainable development and well-being of human societies. Varied and frequently complex relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services have, however, frustrated our capacity to quantify and predict the vulnerability of those services to species extinctions. Here, we use a qualitative Boolean modelling framework to identify universal drivers of the robustness of ecosystem service supply to species loss. These drivers comprise simple features of the networks that link species to the functions they perform that, in turn, underpin a service. Together, they define what we call network fragility. Using data from >250 real ecological networks representing services such as pollination and seed-dispersal, we demonstrate that network fragility predicts remarkably well the robustness of empirical ecosystem services. We then show how to quantify contributions of individual species to ecosystem service robustness, enabling quantification of how vulnerability scales from species to services. Our findings provide general insights into the way species, functional traits, and the links between them together determine the vulnerability of ecosystem service supply to biodiversity loss.
A statistics-based reconstruction of high-resolution global terrestrial climate for the last 800,000 years
Authors: Krapp Mario , Beyer Robert M. , Edmundson Stephen L. , Valdes Paul J. , Manica Andrea
Published: August 2021

Curated global climate data have been generated from climate model outputs for the last 120,000 years, whereas reconstructions going back even further have been lacking due to the high computational cost of climate simulations. Here, we present a statistically-derived global terrestrial climate dataset for every 1,000 years of the last 800,000 years. It is based on a set of linear regressions between 72 existing HadCM3 climate simulations of the last 120,000 years and external forcings consisting of CO2, orbital parameters, and land type. The estimated climatologies were interpolated to 0.5° resolution and bias-corrected using present-day climate. The data compare well with the original HadCM3 simulations and with long-term proxy records. Our dataset includes monthly temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, and 17 bioclimatic variables. In addition, we derived net primary productivity and global biome distributions using the BIOME4 vegetation model. The data are a relevant source for different research areas, such as archaeology or ecology, to study the long-term effect of glacial-interglacial climate cycles for periods beyond the last 120,000 years.
Predictive value of women’s weight trajectories in determining familial cardiovascular disorders: a family-based longitudinal study
Authors: Naseri Parisa , Amiri Parisa , Zareie Shab-khaneh Amirali , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: August 2021

Considering the dynamic nature of body mass index (BMI) and its importance in determining cardiovascular risks, this study aimed to investigate the life-course trajectory pattern of women’s BMI and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 1356 couples with 2976 children were recruited and followed up for an average period of 20 years. Latent growth curve modeling was applied to determine women's BMI trajectories; logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between trajectory patterns and cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity. Women were classified into three trajectories, including normal, stage 1 obesity, and stage 2 obesity. Compared to women’s in the normal trajectory group, those in obesity trajectories had higher odds ratios for HTN, DM, and dyslipidemia. Men with obese spouses showed a higher rate of HTN 1.54 (95% CI 1.05–2.25) and DM 1.55; (95% CI 1.00–2.44). The odds of men’s obesity were higher in obese spouses (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.10–2.62). Offspring of stage 2 obese (OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.67–3.44) and stage 1 obese (OR 4.81; 95% CI 3.16–7.34) mothers were more likely to be obese. Our findings emphasized paying more attention to women with excessive weight to promote familial cardiovascular health in the communities.
Clinical outcomes of frozen autograft reconstruction for the treatment of primary bone sarcoma in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Araki Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Norio , Hayashi Katsuhiro , Takeuchi Akihiko , Miwa Shinji , Igarashi Kentaro , Higuchi Takashi , Abe Kensaku , Taniguchi Yuta , Yonezawa Hirotaka , Morinaga Sei , Asano Yohei , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: August 2021

Age affects the clinical outcomes of cancer treatment, including those for bone sarcoma. Successful reconstruction using frozen autograft after excision of bone sarcoma has been reported; however, little is known about the clinical outcomes of frozen autograft reconstruction according to age. The purpose was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the frozen autograft reconstruction focusing on skeletally mature adolescents and young adults (AYAs) that was 15 to 39 years of age. A total of 37 AYA patients with primary bone sarcoma on the appendicular skeleton were enrolled in this study. The mean follow-up period was 89 months. The graft survival (GS), overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), complications and the function were retrospectively evaluated using medical records. The 10-year GS, OS, and RFS rates were 76%, 84%, and 79%, respectively. Bone union was achieved with a rate of 94% within 1 year after surgery, and nonunion (n = 1) and fracture (n = 2) were infrequently observed. Graft removal was performed in 7 cases, and the most common reason for the removal was infection (n = 5). The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was excellent in 23 cases of the available 29 cases. Frozen autograft reconstruction for AYAs showed excellent clinical outcomes, although the long-term follow-up is required.
Defining drinking water metal contaminant mixture risk by coupling zebrafish behavioral analysis with citizen science
Authors: Babich Remy , Craig Emily , Muscat Abigail , Disney Jane , Farrell Anna , Silka Linda , Jayasundara Nishad
Published: August 2021

Contaminated drinking water is an important public health consideration in New England where well water is often found to contain arsenic and other metals such as cadmium, lead, and uranium. Chronic or high level exposure to these metals have been associated with multiple acute and chronic diseases, including cancers and impaired neurological development. While individual metal levels are often regulated, adverse health effects of metal mixtures, especially at concentrations considered safe for human consumption remain unclear. Here, we utilized a multivariate analysis that examined behavioral outcomes in the zebrafish model as a function of multiple metal chemical constituents of 92 drinking well water samples, collected in Maine and New Hampshire. To collect these samples, a citizen science approach was used, that engaged local teachers, students, and scientific partners. Our analysis of 4016 metal-mixture combinations shows that changes in zebrafish behavior are highly mixture dependent, and indicate that certain combinations of metals, especially those containing arsenic, cadmium, lead, and uranium, even at levels considered safe in drinking water, are significant drivers of behavioral toxicity. Our data emphasize the need to consider low-level chemical mixture effects and provide a framework for a more in-depth analysis of drinking water samples. We also provide evidence for the efficacy of utilizing citizen science in research, as the broader impact of this work is to empower local communities to advocate for improving their own water quality.
Topological isoconductance signatures in Majorana nanowires
Authors: Ricco L. S. , Sanches J. E. , Marques Y. , de Souza M. , Figueira M. S. , Shelykh I. A. , Seridonio A. C.
Published: August 2021

We consider transport properties of a hybrid device composed by a quantum dot placed between normal and superconducting reservoirs, and coupled to a Majorana nanowire: a topological superconducting segment hosting Majorana bound states (MBSs) at the opposite ends. It is demonstrated that if highly nonlocal and nonoverlapping MBSs are formed in the system, the zero-bias Andreev conductance through the dot exhibits characteristic isoconductance profiles with the shape depending on the spin asymmetry of the coupling between the dot and the topological superconductor. Otherwise, for overlapping MBSs with less degree of nonlocality, the conductance is insensitive to the spin polarization and the isoconductance signatures disappear. This allows to propose an alternative experimental protocol for probing the nonlocality of the MBSs in Majorana nanowires.
Enhancing recovery of bioactive compounds from Cosmos caudatus leaves via ultrasonic extraction
Authors: Latiff Norliza Abdul , Ong Pei Ying , Abd Rashid Siti Nor Azlina , Abdullah Luqman Chuah , Mohd Amin Nor Amaiza , Fauzi Noor Akhmazillah Mohd
Published: August 2021

Cosmos caudatus (C. caudatus) is a medicinal plant that is high in bioactive compounds such as phenolics. In this study, an ultrasound extraction method was used to optimise the extraction of bioactive compounds from C. caudatus leaves. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to obtain the optimum extraction parameters which is solid–liquid ratio (10–30 g/mL), particle size (180–850 µm) and extraction time (20–30 min) for maximal quercitrin and total phenolic content (TPC) yields. Analysis of antimicrobial activity was performed against two human pathogenic microbes: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) by the agar well diffusion method. The optimal ultrasonic extraction condition was as follow: solvent-liquid ratio of 1:28 (g/mL), particle size of 485 µm, and duration of 30 min, respectively. Remarkably, extraction using ultrasonic method had recovered more bioactive content and antioxidant activity than the Soxhlet method. The extract also exhibited good antimicrobial activities. Due to the above findings, the ultrasonic extraction was found to be suitable to improve recovery extraction of quercitrin and TPC from C. caudatus leaves. It also opens the possibility that the plant extract can be used for functional food and antimicrobial agents in various applications.
Analysis of Acanthamoeba genotypes from public freshwater sources in Thailand reveals a new genotype, T23 Acanthamoeba bangkokensis sp. nov.
Authors: Putaporntip Chaturong , Kuamsab Napaporn , Nuprasert Warisa , Rojrung Rattanaporn , Pattanawong Urassaya , Tia Taweesak , Yanmanee Surasuk , Jongwutiwes Somchai
Published: August 2021

A survey of Acanthamoeba in 100 public freshwater sources in 28 provinces across Thailand has identified 9 genotypes comprising T2/6, T3-T5, T9, T11, T12, T18 and a novel ‘T23’ among 131 isolates. Sequencing of the near complete 18S rRNA gene of Acanthamoeba of all isolates has shown that the most predominant genotype T4 found in 87 isolates (66.4%) contained 4 subtypes, i.e. T4A, T4B, T4C and T4F, while all isolates assigned to genotype T2/6 belonged to subtype B. Among intron-bearing genotypes, most isolates harbouring genotype T3 contained S516 introns, characterised by 3 distinct variants whilst all genotypes T4A and T5 were intronless. Identical 18S rRNA sequences of Acanthamoeba were identified across regions of the country and four isolates in this study shared the same sequences with those from remote nations, suggesting that some strains have reproductive success in diverse ecological niche. Nucleotide diversity of genotypes T2/6B, T3, T4, T9 and T11 in this study was significantly less than that among global isolates outside Thailand, implying that limited sequence diversity occurred within local populations. A remarkably higher level of nucleotide diversity in genotype T11 than those of other genotypes (0.041 vs. 0.012–0.024) could be due to cryptic subtypes. Recombination breakpoints have been detected within genotypes and subtypes as well as within isolates despite no evidence for sexual and parasexual cycles in the genus Acanthamoeba. Tajima’s D, Fu & Li’s D* and F* statistics revealed significantly negative deviation from neutrality across genotypes and subtypes, implying purifying selection in this locus. The 18S rRNA gene of the novel genotype ‘T23’ displayed 7.82% to 28.44% sequence differences in comparison with all known genotypes. Both Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees have placed genotype T23 as sister to the clade comprising genotypes T10, T12 and T14, all of these possess cyst structure belonging to morphological group III. Hence, Acanthamoeba bangkokensis sp. nov. is proposed for this novel genotype. It is likely that more genotypes of Acanthamoeba remain to be discovered while the evolution of the 18S rRNA gene of this pathogenic-free living amoeba seems to be ongoing.
Strategic deployment of riparian buffers and windbreaks in Europe can co-deliver biomass and environmental benefits
Authors: Englund Oskar , Börjesson Pål , Mola-Yudego Blas , Berndes Göran , Dimitriou Ioannis , Cederberg Christel , Scarlat Nicolae
Published: August 2021

Within the scope of the new Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, in coherence with other EU policies, new incentives are developed for farmers to deploy practices that are beneficial for climate, water, soil, air, and biodiversity. Such practices include establishment of multifunctional biomass production systems, designed to reduce environmental impacts while providing biomass for food, feed, bioenergy, and other biobased products. Here, we model three scenarios of large-scale deployment for two such systems, riparian buffers and windbreaks, across over 81,000 landscapes in Europe, and quantify the corresponding areas, biomass output, and environmental benefits. The results show that these systems can effectively reduce nitrogen emissions to water and soil loss by wind erosion, while simultaneously providing substantial environmental co-benefits, having limited negative effects on current agricultural production. This kind of beneficial land-use change using strategic perennialization is important for meeting environmental objectives while advancing towards a sustainable bioeconomy.
Micro-scale dissolution seams mobilise carbon in deep-sea limestones
Authors: Schrank Christoph E. , Jones Michael M. W. , Kewish Cameron M. , van Riessen Grant A. , Elphick Kathryn E. , Sloss Craig R. , Nothdurft Luke D. , Webb Gregory E. , Paterson David J. , Regenauer-Lieb Klaus
Published: August 2021

Measuring the amount of carbon captured in deep-sea limestones is fundamental to understanding the long-term carbon cycle because pelagic limestones represent Earth’s largest carbon sink since the mid-Mesozoic. However, their contribution to the long-term carbon cycle is poorly quantified. Here, we use X-ray fluorescence and scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy for high-resolution chemical and structural analysis of pelagic limestone from the Paleocene Kaiwhata Formation in New Zealand. We identify densely packed diagenetic micro-dissolution seams that are invisible to light and electron-beam microscopes in most cases. Mass-balance calculations indicate that individual seams remove ~50% of the calcite mud matrix while their bulk-sample carbon loss adds up to ~10%. The liberated carbon is trapped in situ as calcite cement or returned to the ocean during physical compaction or soft-sediment deformation. We suggest micro-dissolution structures may play an important role in the long-term carbon cycle by modulating carbon exchange between the geosphere and hydrosphere.
Xylochemicals and where to find them
Authors: Groß Jonathan , Grundke Caroline , Rocker Johannes , Arduengo Anthony J. , Opatz Till
Published: August 2021

More than 100 useful ‘xylochemicals’ and their natural origins are offered combined with an overview of comparative petro- and xylochemical approaches to synthetic chemistry.
Feasible polarised white-light emission based on conjugate plane-structured yellow/blue dye molecules encapsulated in metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Wang Jin , Hu Huiqing , Liu Xiaoli , Zhou Minxiang , Lu Yunqing , Zhou Xinhui
Published: August 2021

White-light emission based on yellow/blue dyes orderly encapsulated in MOFs, with polarised photoluminescence characteristics for an angle difference of 90°.
Magnetic shielding paints an accurate and easy-to-visualize portrait of aromaticity
Authors: Karadakov Peter B. , VanVeller Brett
Published: August 2021

Computed off-nucleus magnetic shielding isosurfaces and contour plots provide a feature-rich picture of aromaticity and bonding and breathe new life into Clar's aromatic sextet theory.
Excimer–monomer fluorescence changes by supramolecular disassembly for protein sensing and quantification
Authors: Liu Hongxu , Westley Jenna , Thayumanavan S.
Published: August 2021

A binding-induced supramolecular dissociation strategy is developed with the ratio of monomer and excimer fluorescence as the tool for protein sensing and quantification, exhibiting excellent selectivity.
Glycocalixarene with luminescence for Warburg effect-mediated tumor imaging and targeted drug delivery
Authors: Li Yang , Liu Shengnan , Liang Min , Cui Yujun , Zhao Hongxia , Gao Qingzhi
Published: August 2021

A fluorescently labeled mono-glycoconjugated calix[4]arene, as a multifunctional molecular carrier possesses ability for Warburg effect mediated tumor diagnosis and GLUT1 targeted drug delivery.
A supramolecular double-helix based on complementary phosphate–guanidinium pairing
Authors: Thiele Maike , Octa-Smolin Frescilia , Thölke Simon , Wölper Christoph , Linders Jürgen , Mayer Christian , Haberhauer Gebhard , Niemeyer Jochen
Published: August 2021

A supramolecular double-helix self-assembles from 1,1′-binaphthyl-based bisguanidines and bisphosphoric acids. A matching backbone chirality is required for efficient double-helix formation.
Two-dimensional multimetallic alloy nanocrystals: recent progress and challenges
Authors: Zheng Yiqun , Wang Xiping , Kong Yuhan , Ma Yanyun
Published: August 2021

In this highlight article, the recent progress on the preparation and application of multimetallic alloy nanocrystals with 2D nanostructures is systematically reviewed, as well as perspectives on future challenges and opportunities.
Defects of monolayer PbI2: a computational study
Authors: Wang Han , Wang Xiao , Li Da
Published: August 2021

We performed a systematic study on the defects in PbI2 of both 1T and 1H phases by DFT calculations. The stability at the neutral and charged states was calculated. The impact of the defects on the electronic properties was also discussed.
Reply to the ‘Comment on “Topography of the Free Energy Landscape on the Claisen–Schmidt Condensation: Solvent and Temperature Effect in the Rate-Controlling Step”’ by N. D. Coutinho, H. G. Machado, V. H. Carvalho-Silva and W. A. da Silva, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 6738
Authors: Coutinho Nayara Dantas , Machado Hugo Gontijo , Carvalho-Silva Valter Henrique , da Silva Wender Alves
Published: August 2021

New calculations improved by explicit-implicit hybrid treatment ensure that the overall iKIE > 1 does not exclude step R4 as a limiting-step and that the debate about the infallibility of the generalization of step R5 as RCS is reasonable.
Dielectric relaxation of water: assessing the impact of localized modes, translational diffusion, and collective dynamics
Authors: Hölzl Christoph , Forbert Harald , Marx Dominik
Published: August 2021

The dielectric relaxation spectrum of water can be quantitatively reproduced by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Its decomposition into auto- and crosscorrelation terms suggests that fits of experimental spectra may require revision.
Near-infrared light-responsive photothermal α-Fe2O3@Au/PDA core/shell nanostructure with on–off controllable anti-bacterial effects
Authors: Xiong Qingshan , Fang Qunling , Xu Kezhu , Liu Guanghui , Sang Min , Xu Yunqi , Hao Lingyun , Xuan Shouhu
Published: August 2021

A near-infrared light-responsive photothermal α-Fe2O3@Au/PDA core/shell nanostructure with on–off controllable anti-bacterial effects against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Catalyst-free visible light-mediated selective oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides under clean conditions
Authors: Fan Qiangwen , Zhu Longwei , Li Xuhuai , Ren Huijun , Wu Guorong , Zhu Haibo , Sun Wuji
Published: August 2021

A facile and efficient visible-light mediated method was reported, which would convert a series of sulfides into sulfoxides without using any photocatalysts. Moreover, the reaction mechanism was studied both experimentally and theoretically.
High-performance wide bandgap perovskite solar cells fabricated in ambient high-humidity conditions
Authors: Menda Ugur Deneb , Ribeiro Guilherme , Nunes Daniela , Calmeiro Tomás , Águas Hugo , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo , Mendes Manuel J.
Published: August 2021

Low cost wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated in ambient air (relative humidity ∼70%) with a PCE of 16.4% with long term stability.
Meso- and macroporous silica-based arsenic adsorbents: effect of pore size, nature of the active phase, and silicon release
Authors: Sanna Angotzi Marco , Mameli Valentina , Cara Claudio , Borchert Konstantin B. L. , Steinbach Christine , Boldt Regine , Schwarz Dana , Cannas Carla
Published: August 2021

We report on meso- and macrostructured amorphous silicas as supports for accessible inorganic and organic active phases for arsenic removal from water.
High resolution patterning of PbS quantum dots/graphene photodetectors with high responsivity via photolithography with a top graphene layer to protect surface ligands
Authors: Ahn Seungbae , Chen Wenjun , Vazquez-Mena Oscar
Published: August 2021

We use a top-graphene layer to protect QD surface ligands during the lithography process, allowing reliable patterning of hybrid Gr/QD photodetectors via lithography and dry etching.
Metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes
Authors: Yan Xiaorui , Chen Lele , Song Huaxing , Gao Zhaohua , Wei Haisheng , Ren Wanzhong , Wang Wenhua
Published: August 2021

The MOFs derived catalysts conducted in the chemoselective hydrogenation of substituted nitroarenes, including pyrolysis and confined catalyst, are reviewed.
Facile synthesis of porous porphyrin-based polymers by solvent-crosslinking method
Authors: Jiang Xiaowei , Liu Zhihong , Ma Libo , Tao Yu , Luo Yali
Published: August 2021

Three solvents were employed as crosslinkers to synthesise porous porphyrin-based polymers via Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction.
The Knoevenagel condensation catalysed by ionic liquids: a mass spectrometric insight into the reaction mechanism
Authors: Salvitti Chiara , Bortolami Martina , Chiarotto Isabella , Troiani Anna , de Petris Giulia
Published: August 2021

Mass spectrometry was used to study the Knoevenagel condensation catalysed by imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Two pathways were highlighted by intercepting two different reaction intermediates: a base-catalysed and a carbene-catalysed mechanism.
Gadolinium–porphyrin based polymer nanotheranostics for fluorescence/magnetic resonance imaging guided photodynamic therapy
Authors: Chen Wandi , Zhao Junkai , Hou Mengfei , Yang Mo , Yi Changqing
Published: August 2021

A simple and robust synthetic route is successfully demonstrated to prepare metalloporphyrin-based nanotheranostics for fluorescence/magnetic resonance (FL/MR) imaging guided photodynamic therapy (PDT).
Multicompartment dendrimicelles with binary, ternary and quaternary core composition
Authors: Kaup Rebecca , ten Hove Jan Bart , Bunschoten Anton , van Leeuwen Fijs W. B. , Velders Aldrik H.
Published: August 2021

Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in combination with fluorescence quenching are exploited to reveal the binary, ternary and quaternary core compositions of dendrimer-based complex coacervate core micelles.
Efficient synthesis of isoindolones by intramolecular cyclisation of pyridinylbenzoic acids
Authors: Solea Atena B. , Wang Sining , Xue Xiao-Song , Crochet Aurelien , Fromm Katharina M. , Houk Kendall N. , Mamula Olimpia , Allemann Christophe
Published: August 2021

Instead of anhydrides, isoindolones are formed in excellent yields by the deprotonation and tosylation of 2-pyridinylbenzoic acids. The mechanism of this new intramolecular cyclisation has been studied by DFT calculations.
N-Acyl pyrroles: chemoselective pyrrole dance vs. C–H functionalization/aroylation of toluenes
Authors: Wang Huan , Mao Jianyou , Shuai SuJuan , Chen Shuguang , Zou Dong , Walsh Patrick J. , Li Jie
Published: August 2021

Chemoselectivity is one of the most challenging issues facing the chemical sciences.
Tuning the exposure of BiVO4-{010} facets to enhance the N2 photofixation performance
Authors: Chu Honghao , Zheng Shisheng , Li Yang , Xu Kuanda , Hong Qingshui , Li Tangyi , Ren Wenju , Li Shunning , Mei Zongwei , Pan Feng
Published: August 2021

Effective separation of photoexcited carriers and chemisorption of the N2 molecule are two key issues to efficient nitrogen photofixation.
Energetics of hydrogen adsorption and diffusion for the main surface planes and all magnetic structures of γ-iron using density functional theory
Authors: Youhan Urslaan K. , Koehler Sven P. K.
Published: August 2021

Calculations of adsorption and diffusion energies of hydrogen on and through iron relevant to hydrogen embrittlement.
Ionic liquid-derived polyelectrolyte promoting the biphasic condensation of immiscible reactants at moderate temperature
Authors: Kohno Yuki , Makino Takashi
Published: August 2021

Both an ionic liquid catalyst (ILC1) and a related cross-linked polyelectrolyte effectively promote the biphasic condensation of glycerol with oleic acid at moderate temperature.
An HSS‐based robust and lightweight multiple group authentication for ITS towards 5G
Authors: Hsu Chingfang , Harn Lein , Xia Zhe
Published: August 2021

The next generation of network communications (5G) has the particularity of being heterogeneous, which has different abilities with storage, computing and communication. Group communications is more and more popular for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in 5G since various smart devices have been constantly connected to ITS over the past decades. One of the main challenges faced by the group communications for ITS towards 5G is how to make the communications secure among these heterogeneous devices. Membership authentication is used to ensure that all users are legitimate group members in ITS communication systems towards 5G. A new type of authentication, called t‐secure m‐user n‐group authentication scheme ((t, m, n) GAS), has been proposed in 2013. GAS is different from conventional peer‐to‐peer authentications which authenticate users one at a time. GAS can authenticate m users at once. GAS is specially designed for group communications which involve multiple users. Since then, extended research papers on group authentication have been published. A discrete‐logarithm‐based GAS with multiple authentications has been proposed in the original paper. In this paper, based on homomorphic secret sharing (HSS), a novel multiple group authentication is presented, which is more lightweight and robust than the original scheme. The security of the proposed scheme is unconditionally secure without any assumption. More importantly, since polynomial evaluations with a smaller modulus are needed in our proposed scheme, it is more efficient than the original scheme which needs modular exponentiations with a larger modulus, thus this design is more suitable for lightweight multiple group authentication in ITS towards 5G.
Identifying changing jets through their radio variability
Authors: Liodakis I. , Hovatta T. , Aller M. F. , Aller H. D. , Gurwell M. A. , Lähteenmäki A. , Tornikoski M.
Published: August 2021

Context.Supermassive black holes can launch highly relativistic jets with velocities reaching Lorentz factors of as high as Γ >  50. How the jets accelerate to such high velocities and where along the jet they reach terminal velocity are open questions that are tightly linked to their structure as well as their launching and dissipation mechanisms.

Aims.Changes in the beaming factor along the jets could potentially reveal jet acceleration, deceleration, or bending. We aim to (1) quantify the relativistic effects in multiple radio frequencies and (2) study possible jet velocity–viewing angle variations at parsec scales.

Methods.We used the state-of-the-art codeMagnetronto model light curves from the University of Michigan Radio Observatory and the Metsähovi Radio Observatory’s monitoring programs in five frequencies covering about 25 years of observations in the 4.8 to 37 GHz range for 61 sources. We supplement our data set with high-frequency radio observations in the 100–340 GHz range from ALMA, CARMA, and SMA. For each frequency we estimate the Doppler factor which we use to quantify possible changes in the relativistic effects along the jets.

Results.The majority of our sources do not show any statistically significant difference in their Doppler factor across frequencies. This is consistent with constant velocity in a conical jet structure, as expected at parsec scales. However, our analysis reveals 17 sources where relativistic beaming changes as a function of frequency. In the majority of cases, the Doppler factor increases towards lower frequencies. Only 1253–053 shows the opposite behavior. By exploring their jet properties we find that the jet of 0420–014 is likely bent across the 4.8–340 GHz range. For 0212+735, the jet is likely parabolic, and still accelerating in the 4.8–37 GHz range. We discuss possible interpretations for the trends found in the remaining sources.
Molecular gas budget and characterization of intermediate-mass star-forming galaxies at z ≈ 2–3
Authors: Solimano M. , González-López J. , Barrientos L. F. , Aravena M. , López S. , Tejos N. , Sharon K. , Dahle H. , Bayliss M. , Ledoux C. , Rigby J. R. , Gladders M.
Published: August 2021

Star-forming galaxies (SFGs) with stellar masses below 1010 M⊙ make up the bulk of the galaxy population at z > 2. The properties of the cold gas in these galaxies can only be probed in very deep observations or by targeting strongly lensed galaxies. Here we report the results of a pilot survey using the Atacama Compact Array of molecular gas in the most strongly magnified galaxies selected as giant arcs in optical data. The selection in rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths ensures that sources are regular SFGs, without a priori indications of intense dusty starburst activity. We conducted Band 4 and Band 7 observations to detect mid-J CO, [C I] and thermal continuum as molecular gas tracers from four strongly lensed systems at z ≈ 2 − 3: our targets are SGAS J1226651.3+215220 (A and B), SGAS J003341.5+024217 and the Sunburst Arc. The measured molecular mass was then projected onto the source plane with detailed lens models developed from high resolution Hubble Space Telescope observations. Multiwavelength photometry was then used to obtain the intrinsic stellar mass and star formation rate via spectral energy distribution modeling. In only one of the sources are the three tracers robustly detected, while in the others they are either undetected or detected in continuum only. The implied molecular gass masses range from 4 × 109 M⊙ in the detected source to an upper limit of ≲109 M⊙ in the most magnified source. The inferred gas fraction and gas depletion timescale are found to lie approximately 0.5–1.0 dex below the established scaling relations based on previous studies of unlensed massive galaxies, but in relative agreement with existing literature about UV-bright lensed galaxies at these high redshifts. Our results indicate that the cold gas content of intermediate to low mass galaxies should not be extrapolated from the trends seen in more massive high-z galaxies. The apparent gas deficit is robust against biases in the stellar mass or star formation rate. However, we find that in this mass-metallicity range, the molecular gas mass measurements are severely limited by uncertainties in the current tracer-to-gas calibrations.
Pharmakotherapie der Depression – neue Erkenntnisse und neue Strategien
Authors: Hullmeine Lisa , Bschor Tom
Published: August 2021

In Deutschland sind ca. 30 Wirkstoffe, die zur Gruppe der Antidepressiva zählen, zugelassen 1. Trotz ihrem langen Einsatz und Hunderten von placebokontrollierten Studien wird ihre Wirksamkeit immer wieder hinterfragt. Der Beitrag führt die Ergebnisse aus den entscheidenden Studien zusammen und zeigt Therapieoptionen auf.
Microleakage of Direct Restorations-Comparisonbetween Bulk-Fill and Traditional Composite Resins:Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zotti Francesca , Falavigna Edoardo , Capocasale Giorgia , De Santis Daniele , Albanese Massimo
Published: August 2021

Since the bulk-fill composites were produced, there was a progressive diffusion of their use for direct conservative treatment in posterior teeth. Their chemical structure increases the depth of cure and decreases the polymerization contraction; in this manner, bulk-fill composites can be placed in 4 mm single layers and the treatment times are considerably reduced. However, aesthetic and mechanical properties and impact on microleakage of bulk-fill resins are still unclear.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the risk of microleakage of direct posterior restorations made of bulk-fill versus conventional composite resins.

Researches were performed on PubMed and Scopus databases. Eligible in vivo studies, published since 2006, were reviewed. Outcomes of marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, and recurrent caries were considered to conduct the systematic review and meta-analysis. Secondary data were examined to implement additional analysis and assess the risk of bias.

Eight randomized clinical trials were analyzed, involving 778 direct restorations. The summary of RCTs led to significant but inconsistent results; the marginal discoloration and recurrent caries were found to be improved respectively by 5.1 and 1.4%, whereas the marginal adaptation was reduced of 6.5%. Secondary analyses revealed that follow-up periods, the adhesive system used and the class of carious lesions evaluated are confounding factors, and they result in a risk of bias across studies.

Bulk-fill composites are innovative materials for conservative dentistry and they can be used to reduce treatment steps and duration of operative times. There are insufficient data to explore the relationship between bulk-fill composites and microleakage and further investigations are needed.
Hand and Wrist Neuropathies: High-resolution Ultrasonography and MR Neurography
Authors: Chhabra Avneesh , Ratakonda Raghu , Zaottini Federico , Picasso Riccardo , Martinoli Carlo
Published: August 2021

High-resolution ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) have followed parallel paths for peripheral nerve imaging with little comparison of the two modalities. They seem equally effective to study a variety of neuropathies affecting large and small nerves in the wrist and hand. This article outlines the technical considerations of US and MRN and discusses normal and abnormal imaging appearances of hand and wrist nerves from etiologies such as entrapment, injury, tumor, and proximal and diffuse neuropathy, with specific case illustrations.
Taxonomy of Pathogen Codetection in Pediatric Case Fatalities with Adenoviral Respiratory Infection
Authors: Ninmer Emily K. , Stewart Claire , Sharron Matthew P. , Ashworth Julia Noether , Martinez-Schlurman Natalia , Kavanagh Robert P. , Signoff Jessica K. , McCrory Michael C. , Eidman Daniel B. , Subbaswamy Anjali V. , Shea Paul L. , Sheram Mary Lynn , Watson Christopher M. , Spaeder Michael C.
Published: August 2021

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and taxonomy of pathogen codetection in pediatric case fatalities associated with adenoviral respiratory infection.

Methods This retrospective case series included 107 pediatric case fatalities associated with adenoviral respiratory infection.

Results We observed a high rate of pathogen codetection with broad diversity from both respiratory and nonrespiratory sources. We noted differences in codetection characteristics based on immune status; most notably that immunocompromised cases were more likely to have bacteremia and adenoviremia.

Conclusions In pediatric case fatalities associated with adenoviral respiratory infection, we observed a high degree of pathogen codetection.
Systematic Review on White Spot Lesions Treatments
Authors: Puleio Francesco , Fiorillo Luca , Gorassini Francesca , Iandolo Alfredo , Meto Aida , D’Amico Cesare , Cervino Gabriele , Pinizzotto Mirta , Bruno Giancarlo , Portelli Marco , Amato Alessandra , Lo Giudice Roberto
Published: August 2021

The difference in refractive index between the healthy enamel and the demineralized area generates a lesion with a milky white opaque appearance, clearly distinguishable from the surrounding healthy enamel. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate if the infiltration technique is the most efficient treatment to resolve a white spot lesion when compared with remineralization and microabrasion techniques. The Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome question investigated: “in enamel WS lesion, the infiltration treatment compared to remineralization or microabrasion treatments is more or less effective in the camouflage effect?.” The research was performed on electronic databases, including Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and web of science. The search was conducted up to April 1, 2020. The scientific search engines produced 324 results. Only 14 were screened after screening. Based on the articles analyzed in this systematic review, the resin infiltration technique seems to be the most effective and predictable treatment for the aesthetic resolution of WSLs.
Disruption in Circadian Rhythm Increases Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Shift Working Nurses
Authors: Fatima Ghizal , Jha Ashish , Khan Mohsin Ali
Published: August 2021

Background Shift work is associated with behavioral, psychosocial, and physiological consequences in the body that may cause cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Therefore, in this study we tried to demonstrate the disruption in circadian rhythm of blood pressure by ambulatory blood pressure monitor in shift working nurses.

Methods A total of 50 nurses, 25 night shift working nurses (NSWN), and 25 day shift working nurses (DSWN) underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for a period of 24 hours. Along with measurements of inflammatory markers (hs-CRP and IL-6) the risk factors for cardiovascular disease between NSWN and DSWN and their possible relationship with disrupted circadian rhythm were measured by circadian rhythm questionnaire.

Results The mean systolic and diastolic pressure for a period of 24 hours and mean diastolic blood pressure analysis throughout the sleep time was found greater in the NSWN than the DSWN (118 mm Hg vs. 112 mm Hg, p < 0.05: 72 mm Hg vs. 68 mm Hg, p < 0.05: 62 mm Hg vs. 59 mm Hg, p < 0.05). High mean blood pressure readings were found to be more frequent in the NSWN (p < 0.05) than in DSWN. No significant differences were found in IL-6 and hs-CRP levels. However, a significant difference in circadian rhythm abnormality was found in NSWN than in DSWN.

Conclusion The 7 day/24 hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in NSWN showed a reduced circadian rhythm variation in blood pressure along with abnormality in circadian rhythm itself as compared with DSWN. Work schedules and the consequent rest–activity schedules affect circadian rhythms, with likely long-term impact on health. Therefore, working in critical care unit during night hours leads to abnormal blood pressure in NSWN, suggesting that this type of work, in which sleep is disturbed, leading to mental stress, could be a direct risk factor in cardiovascular diseases.
Influence of Sociodemographic Factors and Behavioral Habits on Periodontal Disease Status
Authors: Mavi Sunny , Arora Sachitananad , Chinna Shivjot , Baiju C. S. , Marya C. M. , Chatterjee Anirban , Reju Renu
Published: August 2021

Aim The aim of this study is to asses the influence of sociodemographic factors and behavioral habits on the periodontal disease status of the population in a selected region.

Methodology Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire and clinical examination. Various sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status and behavioral habits, such as tobacco usage and oral hygiene practices, were factored into the questionnaire. Factors determining the socioeconomic status were education, work profile, and salary. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 21, IBM Corp, 2015 Virginia, United States).

Results The total prevalence of periodontal disease was 94.6%, out of which 90% had gingivitis and 4.6% had periodontitis. Only 5.4% of the population was healthy. In the present study, sociodemographic factors such as socioeconomic status, age, and gender were found to have a positive correlation with the periodontal disease status.

Conclusion Since the treatment of periodontal disease is not simple and is expensive, it needs early intervention for its prevention.
“Step-by-Step” Minimally Invasive Hemostatic Technique Using Intrauterine Double-Balloon Tamponade Combined with Uterine Isthmus Vertical Compression Suture for the Control of Placenta Accreta and Severe Atonic Hemorrhage during a Cesarean Section
Authors: Takahashi Masaya , Takeda Jun , Haneda Sumie , Ishii Sumire , Shinohara Mitsuko , Yoshida Emiko , Sato Anna , Makino Shintaro , Itakura Atsuo
Published: August 2021

A sudden onset of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) during a cesarean delivery requires urgent hemostasis procedures, such as the B-Lynch, Hayman, or double-vertical compression sutures, when bimanual compression, uterotonic agent administration, and intrauterine balloon tamponade had failed to achieve sufficient hemostasis. However, after invasive hemostatic procedures, postoperative complications, including subsequent synechiae and infection followed by ischemia, have been reported to occur even in successful cases. To avoid these complications, we devised and performed a minimally invasive combined technique based on a “step-by-step” minimally invasive hemostatic protocol for a case of placenta accreta and severe atonic hemorrhage during a cesarean delivery. A nullipara woman with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus and treatment with prednisolone and tacrolimus underwent a cesarean section because of a nonreassuring fetal status. Severe atonic hemorrhage and placenta accreta were observed which did not respond to bimanual compression and uterotonics. Because severe uterine atony and continuous bleeding from the placental attachment area were observed even with intrauterine balloon tamponade, vertical compression sutures were placed in the uterine isthmus. However, severe uterine atony and atonic bleeding from the uterine corpus persisted; thus, a second balloon was inserted into the uterine corpus. Hemostasis was accomplished with a combination of isthmus vertical compression sutures and double balloons which is a less-invasive approach than existing compression techniques. No complications related to these procedures were observed. This step-by-step minimally invasive hemostatic technique has the potential to control PPH with less complications, especially in immunocompromised patients.