bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Schistosomiasis Transmission in China
Authors: Zhou Xiao-Nong , Yang Guo-Jing , Yang Kun , Wang Xian-Hong , Hong Qing-Biao , Sun Le-Ping , Malone John B. , Kristensen Thomas K. , Bergquist N. Robert , Utzinger Jürg
Published: September 2018

Appraisal of the present and future impact of climate change and climate variability on the transmission of infectious diseases is a complex but pressing public health issue. We developed a biology-driven model to assess the potential impact of rising temperature on the transmission of schistosomiasis in China. We found a temperature threshold of 15.4°C for development of Schistosoma japonicum within the intermediate host snail (i.e., Oncomelania hupensis), and a temperature of 5.8°C at which half the snail sample investigated was in hibernation. Historical data suggest that the occurrence of O. hupensis is restricted to areas where the mean January temperature is above 0°C. The combination of these temperature thresholds, together with our own predicted temperature increases in China of 0.9°C in 2030 and 1.6°C in 2050 facilitated predictive risk mapping. We forecast an expansion of schistosomiasis transmission into currently non-endemic areas in the north, with an additional risk area of 783,883 km2 by 2050, translating to 8.1% of the surface area of China. Our results call for rigorous monitoring and surveillance of schistosomiasis in a future warmer China.
Habitat-Based Larval Interventions: A New Perspective for Malaria Control
Authors: Gu Weidong , Utzinger Jürg , Novak Robert J.
Published: September 2018

Interest in environmental management of mosquito larval habitats has been rekindled due to deterioration of malaria in tropical Africa. Environmental management programs were typically implemented as “all-out” campaigns by treating all potential breeding habitats. In contrast, targeted environmental management is based on a sound understanding of the heterogeneity in mosquito productivity. However, deficiencies in field methodology for measuring productivity hamper our progress in understanding of mosquito productivity. To address these issues, we develop a framework of habitat-based interventions by adoption of a landscape approach to elucidate mechanisms underlying mosquito productivity. The importance of vigorously quantitative estimation of the productivity is highlighted. Spatial models are proposed to examine the interrelationship between mosquito productivity and oviposition of gravid mosquitoes. In our view, environmental management approaches must take into account variability in productivity, in efforts to improve feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of such approaches, particularly when implemented along with other malaria control measures.
Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase-4 in Cerebrospinal Fluid with Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Patients with Eosinophilic Meningitis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Authors: Tsai Hung-Chin , Chung Li-Yu , Chen Eng-Rin , Liu Yung-Ching , Lee Susan Shin-Jung , Chen Yao-Shen , Sy Cheng-Len , Wann Shue-Ren , Yen Chuan-Min
Published: September 2018

To evaluate possible blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction caused by matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its regulation by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 40 patients and 28 controls were included in this study. Concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):serum albumin ratios (QAlb values) were significantly increased in patients compared with controls. However, concentrations of TIMP-4 were significantly lower in patients. In contrast to MMP-2, proteolytic activity of MMP-9 detected by gelatin zymography was only observed in patients with eosinophilic meningitis. We detected higher levels of antibodies specific for A. cantonensis and higher QAlb values and MMP-9 concentrations in CSF of patients with eosinophilic meningitis, Furthermore, the increase in the QAlb value was significantly correlated with the increase in MMP-9 in patients. In parallel with CSF MMP-9, patients also showed an increase in CSF leukocyte counts. Gradual decreases in levels of QAlb, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 and increases in levels of TIMP-4 were observed in six patients during recovery from eosinophilic meningitis. These results suggest that the source of MMP-9 in CSF of patients with eosinophilic meningitis was probably associated with leukocytes migrating from peripheral blood to CSF. Activity of MMP-9 in CSF of patients could not be completely inhibited because of the decrease of TIMP-4, which may cause BBB dysfunction, as shown by higher QAlb values in patients.
Chikungunya Virus–Induced Myopericarditis: Toward an Increase of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Countries with Epidemics?
Authors: Simon Fabrice , Paule Philippe , Oliver Manuela
Published: September 2018

The acute stage of infection with chikungunya virus, which is characterized of fever, polyarthritis, and occasional rash, can be complicated by myocarditis, as reported in a 21-year-old woman. Persisting changes on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging one year after disease onset could lead to delayed myocardial damage. An unexpected delayed increase in dilated cardiomyopathy may be observed in countries affected by the outbreak of chikungunya virus disease during 2005–2007.
Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in the Treatment of Acute Watery Diarrhea in Myanmar Children: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Htwe Khin , Yee Khin Saw , Tin Marlar , Vandenplas Yvan
Published: September 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii in acute diarrhea. One hundred hospitalized children in Myanmar (age range = 3 months to 10 years) were included. Fifty were treated with S. boulardii for five days in addition to oral rehydration solution (ORS) and 50 were given ORS alone (control group) in an alternating order. The mean duration of diarrhea was 3.08 days in the S. boulardii group and 4.68 days (P < 0.05) in the control group. Stools had a normal consistency on day 3 in 38 (76%) of 50 patients in the S. boulardii group compared with only 12 (24%) of 50 in the control group (P = 0.019). On day 2, 27 (54%) of 50 had less than three stools per day in the S. boulardii group compared with only 15 (30%) of 50 in the control group (P = 0.019). Saccharomyces boulardii shortens the duration of diarrhea and normalizes stool consistency and frequency. The shortening of the duration of diarrhea results in a social and economic benefits.
Reversibility of Schistosomal Periportal Thickening/Fibrosis after Praziquantel Therapy: A Twenty-Six Month Follow-up Study in Ethiopia
Authors: Berhe Nega , Myrvang Bjørn , Gundersen Svein G.
Published: September 2018

To study outcome determinants of schistosomal periportal thickening/fibrosis (PPT/F), 199 subjects (mean age = 24.0 years, range = 7–68 years), 109 with mild (image pattern C) PPT/F, 69 with moderate (image pattern D) PPT/F, and 21 with severe (image patterns E and F) PPT/F were treated with praziquantel and evaluated every six months for a mean duration of 26 months. Subjects excreting Schistosoma mansoni eggs during any of the six-month evaluations were offered repeat treatment. Thirty-five had some improvement, and 69 had total resolution of PPT/F, of which 63.8% resolved within one year. Compared with subjects with moderate lesions, a significantly higher proportion of subjects with mild lesions had resolution/improvement of PPT/F (40.6% versus 69.7%, P < 0.001). Subjects with severe PPT/F showed no improvement. Resolution of PPT/F was significantly more frequent at a younger age, among seronegative for hepatitis B virus and among those with a lower frequency of post-treatment recurrence of S. mansoni infections.
Rapid Control of Malaria by Means of Indoor Residual Spraying of Alphacypermethrin in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
Authors: Tseng Lien Fen , Chang Wen Chun , Ferreira Maria Conceição , Wu Cheng Hua , Rampão Herodes Sacramento , Lien Jih Ching
Published: September 2018

A nationwide yearly cycle of indoor residual spraying (IRS) with a pyrethroid, alphacypermethrin, at a dosage of 50 mg/m2 was instituted in 2004 in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Rates of IRS acceptance were high, varying from 82% to 95% for dwellings and outhouses. Epidemiologic surveys of the children < 9 years of age before and after the first IRS cycle revealed a rapid reduction in malaria. Overall prevalence of malaria parasitemia for all districts was lowered from 20.1% to 2.8% at 12 months after the first IRS and reached 0.7% at 8 months after the second IRS. Longer insecticidal persistence was found on wood than on cement with alphacypermethrin.
Sensitivity of the Immunochromatographic Card Test Relative to Detection of Adult Wuchereria bancrofti Worms by Ultrasound
Authors: Dreyer Gerusa , Lins Renato , Norões Joaquim , Rizzo José Ângelo , Figueredo-Silva José
Published: September 2018

The diagnosis of active infection in bancroftian filariasis continues to pose an important and continuously evolving challenge to filariasis-endemic countries and to health personnel. Sensitivity of the immunochromatographic card test (ICT) relative to detection of adult Wuchereria bancrofti worms by ultrasound was evaluated in a retrospective study conducted in the Center for Teaching, Research and Tertiary Referral Hospital for bancroftian filariasis (Federal University of Pernambuco) in Recife, Brazil. The results showed that among 408 persons tested, the overall sensitivity of the ICT was 84.5% and varied from 52% to 100% when patients were grouped by different criteria (age, sex, presence or absence of living adult worms by ultrasound, microfilaremia status/density). The present study provides evidence that a negative antigen result should be interpreted cautiously and may help to explain the different sensitivities of the antigen test found by different investigators in settings with different transmission intensities.
Molecular Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi I Tropism for Central Nervous System in Chagas Reactivation Due to AIDS
Authors: Burgos Juan M. , Begher Sandra , Silva Helder M. Valadares , Bisio Margarita , Duffy Tomas , Levin Mariano J. , Macedo Andrea M. , Schijman Alejandro G.
Published: September 2018

Trypanosoma cruzi lineages, microsatellite allelic polymorphism, and mithocondrial gene haplotypes were directly typified from peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid specimens of a Bolivian patient with Chagas disease with accompanying AIDS and central nervous system severe involvement. Of note, the patient’s blood was infected by a mixture of T. cruzi I and T. cruzi IId/e polyclonal populations while the cerebrospinal fluid showed only a monoclonal T. cruzi I population. Our findings do not corroborate the original assumption of innocuity for T. cruzi I in the southern cone of the Americas and highlight lineage I tropism for central nervous system causing lethal Chagas reactivation.
Identification of Culex pipiens Complex Mosquitoes in a Hybrid Zone of West Nile Virus Transmission in Fresno County, California
Authors: McAbee Rory D. , Green Emily N. , Holeman Jodie , Christiansen Julie , Frye Niki , Dealey Katherine , Mulligan F. Steve , Brault Aaron C. , Cornel Anthony J.
Published: September 2018

Culex pipiens sensu lato mosquitoes were collected from 24 gravid traps (mid-June to mid-October, 2005) in Fresno County, CA. Captured gravid females were allowed to oviposit before sibling species identification by Ace.2 PCR and detection of West Nile virus (WNV) RNA by RT-PCR were performed on the mother and her offspring. Of the 442 Cx. pipiens s.l. female mosquitoes collected, 88 were positive for WNV viral RNA (peaked in August) with no significant differences among complex members or habitat. Vertical transmission was detected in 4 out of 20 families originating from WNV-positive mothers, however, in only a small number of offspring from each family. Out of 101 families that had PCR-based maternal and offspring identifications, the offspring from 15 families produced inexplicable amplicon patterns, suggesting ambiguities in the PCR assay identifications. Male genitalia (DV/D ratio) and Ace.2 PCR identifications revealed numerous discrepancies in our ability to accurately determine the identity of Cx. pipiens complex members in the hybrid zone of Fresno County.
Murine Typhus in Caldas, Colombia
Authors: Hidalgo Marylin , Salguero Edgar , de la Ossa Alberto , Sánchez Ricardo , Vesga Juan F. , Orejuela Leonora , Valbuena Gustavo
Published: September 2018

In the north of Caldas, Colombia, febrile syndromes with positive Weil-Felix reactions have been reported as Murine typhus to the national health authorities. We used indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) of serial paired samples to confirm the diagnosis of murine typhus in 14 of 120 patients with a compatible febrile syndrome.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infection as a Risk Factor for Infertility among Women in Ghana, West Africa
Authors: Siemer Jorn , Theile Oliver , Larbi Yaw , Fasching Peter A. , Danso K. A. , Kreienberg Rolf , Essig Andreas
Published: September 2018

In developing countries, data about the prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections and their sequelae, especially tubal infertility, is scarce. A prospective case-control study was performed enrolling 439 Ghanaian women. The case group included 191 patients with primary or secondary infertility. The control group consisted of 248 healthy pregnant women. First-void urine samples were investigated by PCR, and serum specimens were tested for C. trachomatis-specific IgG and IgA antibodies. Demographic and behavioral information were gathered for statistical analysis. The PCR prevalence of C. trachomatis was relatively low and did not differ significantly among both groups (2.4 versus 1.6%). In contrast, significantly higher prevalences of specific IgG (39% versus 19%) and IgA (14% versus 3%) antibodies were found among infertile women. The adjusted odds ratios were 2.1 and 2.8, respectively. Our data suggest that previous C. trachomatis infections may contribute to infertility in Ghanaian women.
Protection of Hamsters by Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Candidate Vaccine V3526 against Lethal Challenge by Mosquito Bite and Intraperitoneal Injection
Authors: Turell Michael J. , Parker Michael D.
Published: September 2018

In an attempt to improve the current live, attenuated vaccine (TC-83) for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), specific mutations associated with attenuation of VEEV in rodent models were inserted into a full-length cDNA clone of the Trinidad donkey strain of VEEV by site-directed mutagenesis. Because some viruses have been reported to be more pathogenic when introduced by mosquito bite than the same virus introduced by needle inoculation, there were concerns that the presence of mosquito saliva, or changes in the virus caused by replication in a mosquito, might allow the virus to overcome the protective effects of prior vaccination with V3526. Therefore, we determined if hamsters vaccinated with V3526 were protected from challenge with the virulent Trinidad donkey strain of VEEV. All non-vaccinated hamsters died after intraperitoneal challenge or after being fed on by VEEV-inoculated Aedes taeniorhynchus. In contrast, hamsters vaccinated with V3526 were resistant to intraperitoneal challenge and infection by VEEV-infected Ae. taeniorhynchus. Therefore, the V3526 candidate vaccine elicits protection against VEEV infection by mosquito bite.
Assay for and Replication of Karshi (Mammalian Tick-Borne Flavivirus Group) Virus in Mice
Authors: Turell Michael J. , Whitehouse Chris A. , Butler Ashley , Baldwin Carson , Hottel Hannah , Mores Christopher N.
Published: September 2018

Little is known about the replication of Karshi virus, a member of the mammalian tick-borne flavivirus group, in its rodent hosts. Therefore, we developed a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay and measured the amount of viral RNA in selected tissues of infected Swiss Webster mice. Two-day-old mice were highly susceptible, with 100% fatality 9 to 12 days after infection, whereas infection in 9-day-old mice was less virulent, with death occurring only rarely. In nearly all cases, mice inoculated when 2 days old contained similar numbers of viral genome equivalents from blood and liver samples from any given mouse, with titers declining after day 7. In contrast, the amount of viral RNA in the brain began to rise rapidly 4 days after exposure, peaked at about 6 days after virus exposure (titer of > 1013 genome equivalents/g), and remained at that level until euthanasia or death. Viral profiles were similar in needle-inoculated or tick-exposed mice.
Phylogenetically Distinct Hantaviruses in the Masked Shrew (Sorex cinereus) and Dusky Shrew (Sorex monticolus) in the United States
Authors: Arai Satoru , Bennett Shannon N. , Sumibcay Laarni , Cook Joseph A. , Song Jin-Won , Hope Andrew , Parmenter Cheryl , Nerurkar Vivek R. , Yates Terry L. , Yanagihara Richard
Published: September 2018

A limited search for hantaviruses in lung and liver tissues of Sorex shrews (family Soricidae, subfamily Soricinae) revealed phylogenetically distinct hantaviruses in the masked shrew (Sorex cinereus) from Minnesota and in the dusky shrew (Sorex monticolus) from New Mexico and Colorado. The discovery of these shrew-borne hantaviruses, named Ash River virus and Jemez Springs virus, respectively, challenges the long-held dogma that rodents are the sole reservoir hosts and forces a re-examination of their co-evolutionary history. Also, studies now underway are aimed at clarifying the epizootiology and pathogenicity of these new members of the genus Hantavirus.
Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. Co-infection
Authors: Jones Jeffrey L. , Kruszon-Moran Deanna , Won Kimberly , Wilson Marianna , Schantz Peter M.
Published: September 2018

Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. infections can cause systemic and ocular disease. To estimate the prevalence of infection with these organisms, we tested serum samples from persons ≥ 12 years of age obtained in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994). Among those tested for both T. gondii and Toxocara spp. (n = 16,646), the age-adjusted T. gondii antibody prevalence was 23.6% (95% confidence limit [CL] = 22.1–25.1%) and the Toxocara spp. antibody prevalence was 14.0% (95% CL = 12.7–15.4%). Multivariate analysis controlling demographic and risk factors showed that persons infected with Toxocara spp. were more likely to be infected with T. gondii (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93, 95% CL = 1.61–2.31), and similarly, persons infected with T. gondii were more likely to be infected with Toxocara spp. (OR = 1.91, 95% CL = 1.59–2.28). Infection with T. gondii and Toxocara spp. are common and can be prevented by many similar interventions.
Varicella Zoster Virus–Specific Immune Response after Treatment with Sodium Stibogluconate for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Yoon In-Kyu , Cox Josephine , Zhou Yaling , Lukes Yvonne , Reinhardt Brian , Valencia-Micolta Anais , Wortmann Glenn
Published: September 2018

Sodium stibogluconate has been associated with the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in otherwise healthy adults who receive the drug as treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ten patients receiving daily sodium stibogluconate underwent phlebotomy at baseline and at day 10. Flow cytometry–based immunophenotyping, VZV-specific IgG levels, and lymphocyte proliferative responses and intracellular cytokine secretion to VZV, cytomegalovirus, tetanus toxoid, superantigen, and mitogens were performed at both time points. The absolute number of total leukocytes, total lymphocytes, and lymphocyte subsets decreased overall without predilection for any particular subset of lymphocytes, such that the percentage of the total lymphocyte population for each lymphocyte subset did not change significantly (except for a marginal increase in percentage of cytotoxic T cells). Antibodies to VZV were measured in seven patients before and after treatment, and did not change. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to VZV and other antigens and mitogens did not change from baseline. The mechanism for the increased rate of VZV reactivation after treatment with sodium stibogluconate remains undefined.
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Tetravalent Live-attenuated Dengue Vaccine in Flavivirus Naive Children
Authors: Simasathien Sriluck , Thomas Stephen J. , Watanaveeradej Veerachai , Nisalak Ananda , Barberousse Célia , Innis Bruce L. , Sun Wellington , Putnak J. Robert , Eckels Kenneth H. , Hutagalung Yanee , Gibbons Robert V. , Zhang Chunlin , De La Barrera Rafael , Jarman Richard G. , Chawachalasai Wipa , Mammen Mammen P.
Published: September 2018

A live-attenuated tetravalent dengue virus (DENV) vaccine candidate has been well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy, US flavivirus naive adult volunteers. We conducted a pilot, safety, and immunogenicity trial of the vaccine candidate in healthy Thai children (6–7 years of age) to prepare for its eventual evaluation in Thai infants. In an uncontrolled, open clinical trial, the investigational vaccine was administered on study Days 0 and 180 to seven volunteers residing in Bangkok without neutralizing antibodies to DENV1–4 or to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Clinical and laboratory safety assessments were completed during the 30 days after each vaccine dose, and immunogenicity was determined at Day 30. In this study, the vaccine was well tolerated with no serious adverse events or alert laboratory values. One volunteer experienced fever (38.2°C, < 2 days) and associated DENV4 vaccine viremia 7 days after Dose 2. One month after Dose 2, six volunteers in the per-protocol analysis exhibited a tetravalent neutralizing antibody response with DENV1–4 geometric mean titers of 55, 475, 350, and 171, respectively. Ten weeks (~75 days) after Dose 2, five of the six volunteers continued to exhibit a tetravalent neutralizing antibody profile; one volunteer’s DENV4 PRNT50 titer fell below the assay cut-off (29 → < 10); (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00384670).
Prevalence of Infection with Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women in Cali, Colombia, South America
Authors: Rosso Fernando , Les Jessica T. , Agudelo Alejandro , Villalobos Carlos , Chaves José A. , Tunubala Gloria Anais , Messa Adriana , Remington Jack S. , Montoya José G.
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies among pregnant women in Cali, Colombia. In 2005, 955 pregnant women were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies and sociodemographic information was collected. Their average age was 25.1 years, overall IgG seroprevalence 45.8% (95% CI: 41.8%, 48.2%), IgM 2.8% (95% CI: 1.5%, 3.6%). Seroprevalence increased significantly with age, 39.0% in 14 to 19 years to 55.3% in 30 to 39 years (P = 0.001). There was a significant trend toward a higher seroprevalence in the lower socioeconomic strata (SES) (low: 49.0%, high: 29%, P = 0.004). The increase in seroprevalence by age was more significant in the lower socioeconomic strata (P = 0.002). Our results suggest a higher prevalence when compared with those of the national 1980 (33–37.6%) survey. In contrast to reports from other regions of the world, Cali has not seen a decrease in T. gondii seroprevalence over the past 25 years.
Seroconversion to Filarial Antigens in Australian Defence Force Personnel in Timor-Leste
Authors: Frances Stephen P. , Baade Lisa M. , Kubofcik Joseph , Nutman Thomas B. , Melrose Wayne D. , McCarthy James S. , Nissen Michael D.
Published: September 2018

To investigate whether Australian soldiers were exposed to filarial parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis during a 6-month deployment to Timor-Leste, antifilarial antibody levels were measured in 907 soldiers using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Initial testing using Dirofilaria immitis antigen demonstrated that 49 of 907 (5.4%) soldiers developed antifilarial antibodies of the IgG1 subclass after deployment, whereas 1 of 944 (0.1%) seroconverted to the IgG4 subclass. When a sub sample of 88 D. immitis-reactive sera was subject to testing with an antifilarial antibody test using Brugia malayi antigen, 46 had elevated IgG antibodies, whereas 5 had elevated antibodies of the IgG4 subclass. A total of 24 soldiers seroconverted to B. malayi, as measured by parasite-specific IgG, whereas 1 seroconverted to IgG4. The relatively low number of seroconversions indicates a low but measurable risk of exposure to human filarial parasites among Australian soldiers deployed to Timor-Leste. However, to reduce the risk of exposure to these parasites, soldiers deploying to endemic areas should practice strict adherence to personal protective measures against mosquito bites.
Oxidative and Nitrative Stress in Opisthorchis viverrini–Infected Hamsters: An Indirect Effect after Praziquantel Treatment
Authors: Pinlaor Somchai , Prakobwong Suksanti , Hiraku Yusuke , Kaewsamut Butsara , Dechakhamphu Somkid , Boonmars Thidarut , Sithithaworn Paiboon , Pinlaor Porntip , Ma Ning , Yongvanit Puangrat , Kawanishi Shosuke
Published: September 2018

Praziquantel causes adverse effects after short-term treatment. To examine the mechanism of these effects, we studied the distribution of Opisthorchis viverrini antigens and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and antioxidant enzymes in O. viverrini-infected hamsters during short-term praziquantel treatment. Praziquantel-induced dispersion of parasite antigens produced a recruitment of inflammatory cells. NF-κB and iNOS mRNA expression was significantly elevated and associated with their immunoreactivity in the bile duct epithelium and inflammatory cells. Plasma nitrate, end products of nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde level increased significantly. Expression of mRNA for antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) also increased significantly, which suggests host defense against oxidative stress. These results suggest that short-term praziquantel treatment induces inflammation and resulting oxidative and nitrative stress through O. viverrini antigen release. Data in this study can be used as a basis to understand potential side effects of praziquantel treatment in humans.
Helicobacter pylori Seroprevalence in Amerindians from Isolated Locations
Authors: Contreras Monica , Pujol Flor H. , Pérez-Pérez Guillermo I. , Marini Elisabetta , Michelangeli Fabian A. , Ponce Liliana , Domínguez-Bello María G.
Published: September 2018

Helicobacter pylori seems universally distributed in all human populations, with high prevalence in the third world. Because H. pylori is an ancestral indigenous microbe of the human stomach, we hypothesized that its prevalence in isolated Amerindians would be high. A serologic study was performed on 19 Guahibo-Piaroa and 17 Warao in Venezuela, using H. pylori whole cell (WC) and CagA antigens from US strains. For Guahibo-Piaroa Amerindians, CagA seropositivity was 95%, but WC seropositivity was only 74%. For Warao, both CagA and WC seropositive proportions were low (65% and 76%, respectively). Because all CagA-seropositive individuals carry H. pylori, the results suggest that there has been bacterial antigen divergence, probably caused by genetic drift/natural selection, on humans and their microbes in isolated human groups.
The Functional State of the Complement System in Leprosy
Authors: Gomes Gabriela I. , Nahn Edilbert P. , Santos Rose K. R. G. , Da Silva Wilmar D. , Kipnis Thereza L.
Published: September 2018

Ninety-one patients with different clinical forms of leprosy, 36 lepromatous (LL), 33 tuberculoid (TL), and 22 dimorphic (DL), and 31 healthy volunteer donors were included in this study. Total complement system (CS) activity was assessed by hemolytic methods, whereas individual components were quantified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Under conditions allowing initiation of cascade by the classic pathway (CP) but not alternative pathway (AP) activation, significant CS consumption was detected only in sera from patients with LL. In this group of patients, C4 but not factor B (fB) or C3 was significantly reduced, whereas mannose-binding lectin (MBL) serum levels were significantly higher. These results indicate that the CP is involved in CS activation in patients infected with Mycobacterium leprae manifesting LL clinical form of leprosy. An association is likely between circulating immune complexes and MBL high serum levels for initiation of CS activation in patients with LL form of leprosy.
First Isolation of West Nile Virus in the Caribbean
Authors: Barrera Roberto , Hunsperger Elizabeth , Muñoz-Jordán Jorge L. , Amador Manuel , Diaz Annette , Smith Joshua , Bessoff Kovi , Beltran Manuela , Vergne Edgardo , Verduin Mark , Lambert Amy , Sun Wellington
Published: September 2018

A sentinel chicken program for West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance was initiated in July 2006 in eastern Puerto Rico, yielding the first seroconversions on June 4, 2007. WNV was isolated from sentinel chicken serum and mosquito pools (Culex nigripalpus, Culex bahamensis) for the first time in Tropical America. Preliminary sequence analysis of the prM and E genes revealed a 1-amino acid difference (V159A) between the Puerto Rican 2007 and the NY99. This mutation has been observed in the current dominant clade circulating in the United States. Sentinel chicken surveillance was a useful tool for the detection of West Nile virus in the tropics.
Dhori Virus (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus) Infection of Mice Produces a Disease and Cytokine Response Pattern Similar to That of Highly Virulent Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in Humans
Authors: Li Guangyu , Wang Nan , Guzman Hilda , Sbrana Elena , Yoshikawa Tomoki , Tseng Chien-tek , Tesh Robert B. , Xiao Shu-Yuan
Published: September 2018

Mice infected with Dhori virus (DHOV) develop a fulminant, systemic, and uniformly fatal illness that has many of the clinical and pathologic findings seen in H5N1 influenza A virus infection. However, the role of host’s immune response in DHOV infection remains unclear. In this study, the concentrations of 23 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were measured in the liver, lungs, and sera of mice during the course of DHOV infection. Liver function, level of viremia, and hematologic response were also monitored. Infected animals exhibited significant leucopenia and lymphopenia, which directly correlated with the disease progression. High yields of infectious virus along with strikingly elevated expression of various inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inter-leukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, manocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and interferon (IFN)- α, indicate that these responses play an important role in the observed disease and pathology. The overall clinical, pathologic, and immunologic responses of ICR mice to DHOV infection closely resemble those described for highly virulent influenza A virus infection in humans, thereby offering a realistic, safe, and alternative animal model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.
Analysis of Naturally Acquired Antibody Responses to the 19-kd C-Terminal Region of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 of Plasmodium vivax from Individuals in Sanliurfa, Turkey
Authors: Zeyrek Fadile Yildiz , Babaoglu Aylin , Demirel Seda , Erdogan Derya Dirim , Ak Mucide , Korkmaz Metin , Coban Cevayir
Published: September 2018

Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent global Plasmodium species causing malaria after P. falciparum. These two Plasmodium spp. co-exist in most endemic areas, apart from west and central Africa, which has only P. falciparum. However, southeastern Turkey is one of the exceptional regions with the sole presence of P. vivax infection, where a thorough epidemiologic survey has not been performed. Here, we report for the first time the identification of naturally acquired antibodies against the 19-kd C-terminal region of the merozoite surface protein-1 of P. vivax (PvMSP119), using ELISA, from residents in the Sanliurfa region of southeastern Turkey. Among the 82 samples from patients with patent P. vivax malaria, 85% of the individuals were sero-reactive to PvMSP119. Particularly, 69.5% of the subjects were positive for IgM, 53.6% were positive for IgG (predominantly IgG1 and IgG3), and 7.3% were positive for IgA.
Antileishmanial Activity of Azitahromycin Against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi
Authors: de Oliveira-Silva Fernanda , de Morais-Teixeira Eliane , Rabello Ana
Published: September 2018

Azithromycin, an azalide antibiotic, is highly concentrated within different phagocytic cells, especially macrophages. The potential antileishmanial activity of azithromycin against three species of Leishmania from the New World was assessed using in vitro models. Azithromycin decreased viability of promastigote cultures of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi as determined by the colorimetric Alamar blue assay. In amastigote intracellular cultures, a significant decrease in infected macrophages counts was observed for all three species with IC50 of 20.83 (27 μ mol/L), 2.18 (2.7 μmol/L), and 6.12 (7.8 μmol/L) μg/mL, respectively. Azithromycin showed in vitro activity against L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, and L. (L.) chagasi and may offer an alternative to current leishmaniasis treatment.
Evaluation of Mosquito Densoviruses for Controlling Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Variation in Efficiency due to Virus Strain and Geographic Origin of Mosquitoes
Authors: Hirunkanokpun Supanee , Carlson Jonathan O. , Kittayapong Pattamaporn
Published: September 2018

Four mosquito densovirus strains were assayed for mortality and infectivity against Aedes aegypti larvae from different geographic regions. The viral titers were quantified by real-time PCR using TaqMan technology. Firstinstar larvae were exposed to the same titer of each densovirus strain for 48 hours. All strains of densoviruses exhibited larvicidal activity and caused more than 80% mortality and infectivity in the three mosquito strains. AalDNV-exposed larvae had the highest mortality rate. The mean time to death of AalDNV-exposed larvae was shorter than other DNVs-exposed larvae. We can conclude that different densovirus strains exhibit some variations in their pathogenicity to different populations of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. A few mosquitoes from Chachoengsao and Bangkok exposed to AeDNV and AThDNV survived to the adult stage to lay eggs and showed 22% to 50% vertical transmission in the F1 generation. Phylogenetic analysis of four densovirus strains indicated that mosquito densoviruses are separated into two distinct clades.
Modeling the Financial and Clinical Implications of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests in the Case-management of Older Children and Adults in Kenya
Authors: Zurovac Dejan , Larson Bruce A. , Skarbinski Jacek , Slutsker Laurence , Snow Robert W. , Hamel Mary J.
Published: September 2018

Using data on clinical practices for outpatients 5 years and older, test accuracy, and malaria prevalence, we model financial and clinical implications of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) under the new artemether-lumefantrine (AL) treatment policy in one high and one low malaria prevalence district in Kenya. In the high transmission district, RDTs as actually used would improve malaria treatment (61% less over-treatment but 8% more under-treatment) and lower costs (21% less). Nonetheless, the majority of patients with malaria would not be correctly treated with AL. In the low transmission district, especially because the treatment policy was new and AL was not widely used, RDTs as actually used would yield a minor reduction in under-treatment errors (36% less but the base is small) with 41% higher costs. In both districts, adherence to revised clinical practices with RDTs has the potential to further decrease treatment errors with acceptable costs.
African Water Storage Pots for the Delivery of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to the Malaria Vectors Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles funestus
Authors: Farenhorst Marit , Farina Daniela , Scholte Ernst-Jan , Takken Willem , Hunt Richard H. , Coetzee Maureen , Knols Bart G. J.
Published: September 2018

We studied the use of African water storage pots for point source application of Metarhizium anisopliae against the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. funestus. Clay pots were shown to be attractive resting sites for male and female An. gambiae s.s. and were not repellent after impregnation with fungus. M. anisopliae was highly infective and virulent after spray application inside pots. At a dosage of 4 × 1010 conidia/m2, an average of 95 ± 1.2% of An. gambiae s.s. obtained a fungal infection. A lower dosage of 1 × 1010 conidia/m2 infected an average of 91.5 ± 0.6% of An. gambiae s.s. and 91.8 ± 1.2% of An. funestus mosquitoes. Fungal infection significantly reduced mosquito longevity, as shown by differences between survival curves and LT50 values. These pots are suitable for application of entomopathogenic fungi against malaria vectors and their potential for sustainable field implementation is discussed.
Comparative Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Different Epidemic Areas of Scrub Typhus in Shandong, China
Authors: Yang Li-Ping , Zhao Zhong-Tang , Li Zhong , Wang Xian-Jun , Liu Yun-Xi , Bi Peng
Published: September 2018

Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a zoonosis that spreads rapidly in Shandong, China. To investigate the molecular characterization of O. tsutsugamushi in new and old epidemic areas in Shandong Province, we compared the genetic relationships of O. tsutsugamushi between Linyi and Tai’an districts, typical old and new epidemic areas in Shandong, respectively. O. tsutsugamushi was detected in blood from 12 of 16 patients in Linyi and in eschar from 3 of 4 patients in Tai’an; 17 of 128 rodents were found to be infected with O. tsutsugamushi in Linyi, and 4 of 68 rodents were found to be O. tsutsugamushi-positive in Tai’an. The results indicated less genetic variation in O. tsutsugamushi between the new and old epidemic areas, and the Sdu-1 type, similar to Japan Kawasaki, was the main genotype of O. tsutsugamushi in Shandong Province.
Prevalence of Different Virulence Factors and Biofilm Production in Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Isolates Causing Diarrhea in Children in Ifakara (Tanzania)
Authors: Mendez-Arancibia Eva , Vargas Martha , Soto Sara , Ruiz Joaquim , Kahigwa Eliseus , Schellenberg David , Urassa Honoraty , Gascón Joaquim , Vila Jordi
Published: September 2018

This study investigated the prevalence of 19 virulence factors and biofilm production in 86 EAEC isolates causing diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania. Virulence factors were detected by PCR, whereas biofilm production was determined using a microtiter plate assay. No virulence factor, with the exception of the aat gene used to identify EAEC, was detected in 11/86 isolates (12.8%). The most frequently detected virulence factor was the aggR gene in 53 (61.6%) EAEC, followed by antigen 43 in 33.7%, dispersin in 26.7%, yersiniabactin in 22.1%; autrotransporter Sat in 20.9%; Shigella enterotoxin-1 in 16.3%, and heat-stable toxin-1 in 15.1%. Biofilm was produced in 66/86 (76%) isolates. AggR was the most prevalent virulence factor in the biofilm-forming group (65% versus 38%, P = 0.032). These results again show the high heterogeneity of virulence factors among EAEC isolates causing diarrhea in children, and that biofilm may be an important virulence factor, strongly associated with the presence of AggR.
Community-acquired Pneumonia in Children in Lambarene, Gabon
Authors: Lassmann Britta , Poetschke Marc , Ninteretse Bonito , Issifou Saadou , Winkler Stefan , Kremsner Peter G. , Graninger Wolfgang , Apfalter Petra
Published: September 2018

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) accounts for more than two million deaths per year in children < 5 years of age. Recognition of pathogens is vital for guiding antibiotic treatment. In Gabon, no epidemiologic data on childhood CAP were available to help guide antibiotic therapy. We conducted a prospective, hospital-based, cross-sectional survey at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambarene, Gabon, to assess the importance of atypical organisms (Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, and Legionella pneumophila) and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the etiology of CAP in children by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction, cell culture, and serology. Collectively, atypical bacteria accounted for 11% of cases with a special emphasis on B. pertussis, accounting for 6% of cases. Clinical differentiation of atypical from typical pneumonia in children remains challenging. Molecular diagnostic methods offer fast and highly sensitive diagnostic tools and would be able to help guide antimicrobial therapy in rural areas where follow-up is difficult.
Spatial Targeted Vector Control Is Able to Reduce Malaria Prevalence in the Highlands of Burundi
Authors: Protopopoff Natacha , Van Bortel Wim , Marcotty Tanguy , Van Herp Michel , Maes Peter , Baza Dismas , D’Alessandro Umberto , Coosemans Marc
Published: September 2018

In a highland province of Burundi, indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal net distribution were targeted in the valley, aiming also to protect the population living on the hilltops. The impact on malaria indicators was assessed, and the potential additional effect of nets evaluated. After the intervention—and compared with the control valleys—children 1–9 years old in the treated valleys had lower risks of malaria infection (odds ratio, OR: 0.55), high parasite density (OR: 0.48), and clinical malaria (OR: 0.57). The impact on malaria prevalence was even higher in infants (OR: 0.14). Using nets did not confer an additional protective effect to spraying. Targeted vector control had a major impact on malaria in the high-risk valleys but not in the less-exposed hilltops. Investment in targeted and regular control measures associated with effective case management should be able to control malaria in the highlands.
Antigenic Relationships between Sylvatic and Endemic Dengue Viruses
Authors: Vasilakis Nikos , Durbin Anna P. , da Rosa Amelia P. A. Travassos , Munoz-Jordan Jorge L. , Tesh Robert B. , Weaver Scott C.
Published: September 2018

Sylvatic dengue viruses (DENVs) are transmitted between non-human primates and arboreal Aedes spp. mosquitoes in Southeast Asia and west Africa. Recent evidence suggests that the risk for re-emergence of sylvatic DENV into the urban endemic/epidemic cycle may be high, which could limit the potential for eradicating the human transmission cycle with vaccines now under development. We assessed the likelihood of sylvatic DENV re-emergence in the face of immunity to current endemic strains or vaccines by evaluating the neutralization capacity of sera from DENV vaccinees and convalescent patients after primary infection with DENV-2 and DENV-3 serotypes. Our data indicate robust homotypic cross-immunity between human sera and sylvatic DENV strains, but limited heterotypic neutralization. Should a licensed vaccine lead to the eradication of the urban transmission cycle in the future, re-emergence of sylvatic strains into the urban cycle would be limited by homotypic immunity mediated by virus-neutralizing antibodies.
Unique Impacts of HBV Co-infection on Clinical and Laboratory Findings in a Recent Dengue Outbreak in China
Authors: Tang Yangbo , Kou Zhihua , Tang Xiaoping , Zhang Fuchun , Yao Xian , Liu Shengyong , Jin Xia
Published: September 2018

High prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China offers a unique setting to examine HBV’s influence on the presentation of dengue fever. In 398 patients admitted for suspected dengue fever, 89% (353/398) were positive for dengue IgM antibodies. Among dengue-infected patients, 8% (29/353) had chronic HBV co-infection. Only dengue virus serotype 1 was identified by virus isolation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. No case of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome was diagnosed. In addition to routine clinical tests, inter-leukin 2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels were measured in the sera of 95% (334/353) of dengue-infected subjects as well as controls. Surprisingly, HBV/dengue co-infected patients made less IL-6 (P < 0.05) and TNFα (P < 0.05) than patients with only dengue infection. Similar levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IFNγ were found in both groups. Thus, HBV co-infection seems to alter the cytokine production pattern when patients contract dengue infection.
Women’s Experiences Living with Epilepsy in Zambia
Authors: Birbeck Gretchen L. , Chomba Elwyn , Atadzhanov Masharip , Mbewe Edward , Haworth Alan
Published: September 2018

Epilepsy-associated stigma is a well-recognized phenomenon that adversely impacts the lives of people with epilepsy (PWE). The burden of stigma follows power differentials, with socially and economically disenfranchised groups being particularly susceptible. To guide instrument development for quantitative studies, we conducted a series of focus group discussions among PWE and found that women with epilepsy experienced especially adverse social and economic problems because of epilepsy-associated stigma. The social burden of the disease largely outweighed the medical burden. Women revealed seizure worries related to accidental and intentional injury and the risk of breaking taboos as well as limitations in role fulfillment and extremes of social rejection by family and community. Our findings have implications for access to care and care delivery for vulnerable populations with epilepsy.
Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Suriname: A Study Performed in 2006
Authors: van der Meide Wendy F. , Jensema Annigje J. , Akrum Ralph A. E. , Sabajo Leslie O. A. , Lai A Fat Rudy F. M. , Lambregts Lisa , Schallig Henk D. F. H. , van der Paardt Marije , Faber William R.
Published: September 2018

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a widespread disease in Suriname caused by Leishmania Viannia guyanensis. It is argued that other Leishmania species are also responsible for CL and that the incidence is increasing. This study aimed to identify the species causing the disease and to estimate the annual detection rate of CL in Suriname in 2006. In Paramaribo, 152 patients were registered, of whom 33 were tested in two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. Twenty-seven patients were infected with L. (V.) guyanensis (complex), one with L. (V.) lainsoni, and one with L. (Leishmania) amazonensis. In the hinterland, 162 CL suspected patients were registered by questionnaires; of these, 24 of 27 tested positive by PCR-RFLP (88.9%; 95% CI, 77.1–100%). With extrapolation of collected data, a detection rate was calculated of 5.32 to 6.13 CL patients per 1,000 inhabitants for the hinterland and 0.64 to 0.74 patients per 1,000 inhabitants for the whole country.