bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peccary movements as determinants of the movements of large cats in Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Mendes Pontes A. R. , Chivers D. J.
Published: July 2007

As part of a study on the ecology of a community of middle‐sized and larger mammals in a seasonally dry forest in the far north of the Brazilian Amazonia, peccaries (the white‐lipped peccary Tayassu pecari and the collared peccary Tayassu tajacu) and large cats (the jaguar Panthera onca and the puma Puma concolor) were regularly surveyed for 1 year. Diurnal and nocturnal surveys were carried out by the line‐transect method, in five different forest types along a 10 km transect, and data were collected on their use of the forest types. The peccary herds and the large cats were sighted regularly throughout the study period, but more frequently over the dry season in the high‐ground forests in eastern Maracá. Over the dry season, when food was scarce except in the Buritizals, T. pecari, closely followed by a P. onca, monopolized the Buritizal forests, whereas T. tajacu, followed by a P. concolor, exploited the other available high‐ground forest types. Fluctuations in food supply regulated the dynamics of the two species of peccaries, which ultimately determined the whereabouts of the large cat predators. This may be a counter‐strategy to survive in an extremely seasonal environment where food, more than any other variable, is the key determinant of the survival of both peccaries and large cats.
Sexual segregation in western grey kangaroos: testing alternative evolutionary hypotheses
Authors: MacFarlane A. M. , Coulson G.
Published: July 2007

In sexually dimorphic ungulates, sexual segregation is hypothesized to have evolved because of sex‐specific differences in body size and/or reproductive strategies. We tested these alternative hypotheses in kangaroos, which are ecological analogues of ungulates. Kangaroos exhibit a wide range of body sizes, particularly among mature males, and so the effects of body size and sex can be distinguished. We tested predictions derived from these hypotheses by comparing the distribution of three sex–sex size classes of western grey kangaroos Macropus fuliginosus, in different habitats, and the composition of groups of kangaroos, across seasons. In accordance with the predation risk‐reproductive strategy hypothesis, during the non‐breeding season, females, which were more susceptible to predation than larger males, and were accompanied by vulnerable young‐at‐foot, were over‐represented in secure habitats. Large males, which were essentially immune to predation, occurred more often than expected in nutrient‐rich habitat, and small males, which faced competing demands of predator avoidance and feeding, were intermediate between females and large males in their distribution across habitats. During the breeding season, females continued to be over‐represented in secure habitats when their newly emerged pouch young were most vulnerable to predation. All males occupied these same habitats to maximize their chances of securing mates. Consistent with the social hypotheses, groups composed of individuals of the same sex, irrespective of body size, were over‐represented in the population during the non‐breeding season, while during the breeding season all males sought females so that mixed‐sex groups predominated. These results indicate that body size and reproductive strategies are both important, yet independent, factors influencing segregation in western grey kangaroos.
Can whisker spot patterns be used to identify individual polar bears?
Authors: Anderson C. J. R. , Roth J. D. , Waterman J. M.
Published: July 2007

Studies of population dynamics, movement patterns and animal behavior usually require identification of individuals. We evaluated the reliability of using whisker spot patterns to noninvasively identify individual polar bears Ursus maritimus. We obtained the locations of polar bear whisker spots from photographs taken in western Hudson Bay, tested the independence of spot locations, estimated the complexity of each spot pattern in terms of information and determined whether each whisker spot pattern was reliable from its information content. Of the 50 whisker spot patterns analyzed, 98% contained enough information to be reliable, and this result varied little among observers. Photographs taken <50 m from polar bears were most useful. Our results suggest that individual identification of polar bears in the field based on whisker spot pattern variations is reliable. Researchers studying polar bear behavior or estimating population parameters can benefit from this method if proximity to the bears is feasible.
The Akt/GSK‐3β axis as a new signaling pathway of the histamine H3receptor
Authors: Bongers Gerold , Sallmen Tina , Passani Maria Beatrice , Mariottini Chiara , Wendelin Dominique , Lozada Adrian , Marle André van , Navis Marjon , Blandina Patrizio , Bakker Remko A. , Panula Pertti , Leurs Rob
Published: July 2007

Drugs targeting the histamine H3receptor (H3R) are suggested to be beneficial for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. The H3R activates Gi/o‐proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity and modulates phospholipase A2and MAPK activity. Herein we show that, in transfected SK‐N‐MC cells, the H3R modulates the activity of the Akt/Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β) axis both in a constitutive and agonist‐dependent fashion. H3R stimulation with the H3R agonist immepip induces the phosphorylation of both Ser473 and Thr308 on Akt, a serine/threonine kinase that is important for neuronal development and function. The H3R‐mediated activation of Akt can be inhibited by the H3R inverse agonist thioperamide, and by Wortmannin, LY294002 and PTX, suggesting the observed Akt activation occurs via a Gi/o‐mediated activation of phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase. H3R activation also results in the phosphorylation of Ser9 on GSK‐3β, which acts downstream of Akt and has a prominent role in brain function. In addition, we show the H3R‐mediated phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 to occur in primary rat cortical neurons and in rat brain slices. The discovery of this signaling property of the H3R adds new understanding to the roles of histamine and the H3R in brain function and pathology.
Distribution of sphingosine kinase activity and mRNA in rodent brain
Authors: Blondeau Nicolas , Lai Yushuan , Tyndall Sarah , Popolo Margherita , Topalkara Kamil , Pru James K. , Zhang Ling , Kim HyungHwan , Liao James K. , Ding Kan , Waeber Christian
Published: July 2007

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator that exerts multiple cellular functions through activation of a subfamily of G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Although there is evidence that S1P plays a role in the developing and adult CNS, little is known about the ability of brain parenchyma to synthesize this lipid. We have therefore analyzed the brain distribution of the enzymatic activity of the S1P synthesizing enzyme, sphingosine kinase (SPHK) [EC:2.7.1.91], as well as mRNA distribution for one of the two isoforms of this enzyme, sphingosine kinase 2. SPHK activity, measured by the conversion of [3H]sphingosine to [3H]S1P, is highest in cerebellum, followed by cortex and brainstem. Lowest activities were found in striatum and hippocampus. Sensitivity to 0.1% Triton‐X suggests that this activity is accounted for by SPHK2. RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization studies show that mRNA for this isoform has a distribution similar to that of SPHK activity. In vivo and in vitro ischemia increase SPHK activity and SPHK2 mRNA levels. These results indicate that SPHK2 is the predominant S1P‐synthesizing isoform in normal brain parenchyma. Its heterogeneous distribution, in particular laminar distribution in cortex, suggests a neuronal localization and a possible role in cortical and cerebellar functions, in normal as well as ischemic brain.
Disparities in oral health‐related quality of life in a population of Canadian children
Authors: Locker David
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  To assess socioeconomic disparities in the oral health‐related quality of life in a group of Canadian children.

Methods:  Data were obtained as part of a study designed to assess the functional and psychosocial impact of traumatic dental injury. Clinical data were collected on a random sample of children during a school‐based dental screening program that included measures of dental decay experience, treatment needs, dental trauma, fluorosis, and malocclusion. Children with dental trauma and a comparison group of trauma‐free children were selected for follow‐up. Their parents were mailed a questionnaire concerning the child's personal and family characteristics. Also enclosed was a questionnaire for the child that contained a short form of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ) 11–14. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were undertaken to determine whether there were disparities in oral health‐related quality of life according to household income.

Results:  Complete data were collected from 370 children. Mean CPQ11–14 scores showed a gradient across income categories with children from low income households having poorer oral health‐related quality of life. Children from households containing only one adult also had higher scores than children living with two or more adults. In both linear and logistic regression analyses household income and family structure remained significant predictors of CPQ11–14 scores after controlling for oral disease variables. Further analyses suggested that oral disorders had little impact on the health‐related quality of life of higher income children but a marked impact on lower income children. The highest mean CPQ11–14 scores were observed among low income children with the more severe levels of oral disease.

Conclusion:  The data indicate that in this group of children there were socioeconomic disparities in oral health‐related quality of life. A potential explanation may be differences in psychological assets and psychosocial resources.
T‐cell receptor signaling to integrins
Authors: Burbach Brandon J. , Medeiros Ricardo B. , Mueller Kristen L. , Shimizu Yoji
Published: July 2007

Summary:  Integrin adhesion receptors are critical for antigen recognition by T cells and for regulated recirculation and trafficking into and through various tissues in the body. T‐cell receptor (TCR) signaling induces rapid increases in integrin function that facilitate T‐cell activation by promoting stable contact with antigen‐presenting cells and extracellular proteins in the environment. In this review, we outline the molecular mechanisms by which the TCR signals to integrins and present a model that highlights four key events: (i) initiation of proximal TCR signals nucleated by the linker for activated T cells (LAT) adapter protein and involving Itk, phospholipase C‐γ1, Vav1, and Src homology 2 domain‐containing leukocyte‐specific phosphoprotein of 76 kDa; (ii) transmission of integrin activation signals from the LAT signalosome to integrins by protein kinase (PK) C and the adapter protein, adhesion and degranulation‐promoting adapter protein; (iii) assembly of integrin‐associated signaling complexes that include PKD, the guanosine triphosphatase Rap1 and its effectors, and talin; and (iv) reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton by WAVE2 and other actin‐remodeling proteins. These events coordinate changes in integrin conformation and clustering that result in enhanced integrin functional activity following TCR stimulation.
Platelet integrins and immunoreceptors
Authors: Kasirer‐Friede Ana , Kahn Mark L. , Shattil Sanford J.
Published: July 2007

Summary:  Stable platelet adhesion to extracellular matrices and the formation of a hemostatic or pathological thrombus are dependent on integrin αIIbβ3, also known as GPIIb–IIIa. However, maximal platelet responses to vascular injury may involve the participation of other integrins expressed in platelets (αVβ3, α2β1, α5β1, and α6β1). Platelet membrane ‘immunoreceptors’ contain at least one subunit with an extracellular immunoglobulin superfamily domain and/or an intracellular stimulatory immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM) or immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif (ITIM). Platelet ITAM receptors, such as FcγRIIA and the GPVI–FcRγ complex, promote activation of integrins, while ITIM receptors, such as platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1, may promote their inhibition. This review summarizes the structure and function of platelet integrins and immunoreceptors, the emerging functional relationships between these receptor classes, and the consequences of their interaction for platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis.
Adhesion and signaling molecules controlling the transmigration of leukocytes through endothelium
Authors: Vestweber Dietmar
Published: July 2007

Summary:  Migration of leukocytes into tissue is a key element of innate and adaptive immunity. While the capturing of leukocytes to the blood vessel wall is well understood, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the actual transmigration of leukocytes through the vessel wall (diapedesis). Even a basic question such as whether leukocytes migrate through openings between adjacent endothelial cells (junctional pathway) or through single endothelial cells (transcellular pathway) is still a matter of intensive debate. It is generally accepted that both pathways exist; however, whether they are of equal physiological significance is unclear. Several endothelial adhesion and signaling molecules have been identified, most of them at endothelial cell contacts, which participate in leukocyte diapedesis. A concept is evolving suggesting that transendothelial migration of leukocytes is a stepwise process. Blocking or eliminating some of the different adhesion and signaling proteins results in very different effects, such as trapping of leukocytes above endothelial cell contacts, in between endothelial cells, or between the endothelium and the underlying basement membrane. Other proteins are involved in the opening of endothelial cell contacts and yet others in their maintenance providing the barrier for extravasating leukocytes. The various molecular players and the functional steps involved in diapedesis are discussed.
Small GTPases and LFA‐1 reciprocally modulate adhesion and signaling
Authors: Mor Adam , Dustin Michael L. , Philips Mark R.
Published: July 2007

Summary:  Leukocyte‐function‐associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1) is an integrin that is critical for T‐cell adhesion and immunologic responses. As a transmembrane receptor and adhesion molecule, LFA‐1 signals bidirectionally, whereby information about extracellular ligands is passed outside‐in while cellular activation is transmitted inside‐out to the adhesive ectodomain. Here, we review the role of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) in LFA‐1 signaling. Rap1, a Ras‐related GTPase, appears to be central to LFA‐1 function. Rap1 is regulated by receptor signaling [e.g. T‐cell receptor (TCR), CD28, and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4)] and by adapter proteins [e.g. adhesion and degranulation‐promoting adapter protein (ADAP) and Src kinase‐associated phosphoprotein of 55 kDa (SKAP‐55)]. Inside‐out signaling flows through Rap1 to regulator of adhesion and cell polarization enriched in lymphoid tissues (RAPL) and Rap1‐GTP interacting adapter molecule (RIAM) that act in conjunction with the cytoskeleton on the cytosolic domain of LFA‐1 to increase adhesion of the ectodomain. Outside‐in signaling also relies on small GTPases such as Rho proteins. Vav‐1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho proteins, is activated as a consequence of LFA‐1 engagement. Jun‐activating binding protein‐1 (JAB‐1) and cytohesin‐1 have been implicated as possible outside‐in signaling intermediates. We have recently shown that Ras is also downstream of LFA‐1 engagement: LFA‐1 signaling through phospholipase D (PLD) to RasGRP1 was required for Ras activation on the plasma membrane following stimulation of TCR.
Compartmentalization of ITAM and integrin signaling by adapter molecules
Authors: Bezman Natalie , Koretzky Gary A.
Published: July 2007

Summary:  Adapters are multidomain molecules that recruit effector proteins during signal transduction by immunoreceptors and integrins. The absence of these scaffolding molecules profoundly affects development and function of various hematopoietic lineages, underscoring their importance as regulators of signaling cascades. An emerging aspect of the mechanism by which engaged immunoreceptors and integrins transmit signals within the cell is by differential usage of various adapters that function to nucleate formation of distinct signaling complexes in a specific location within the cell. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which adapter proteins coordinate signal transduction with an emphasis on the role of subcellular compartmentalization in adapter function.
Pre‐clinical evaluation of an sLex‐glycosylated complement inhibitory protein in a non‐human primate model of reperfused stroke
Authors: Ducruet Andrew F. , Mocco J. , Mack William J. , Coon Alexander L. , Marsh Henry C. , Pinsky David J. , Hickman Zachary L. , Kim Grace H. , Connolly E. Sander
Published: July 2007

Background  Soluble complement receptor‐1 (sCR1), a potent complement inhibitor, confers neuroprotection in a murine stroke model. Additional neuroprotective benefit is achieved by sLex‐glycosylation of sCR1. In an effort to translate sCR1‐sLex to clinical trials, we evaluated this agent in a primate stroke model.

Methods  Adult male baboons randomly received either sCR1‐sLex or vehicle. Stroke volume was assessed on day 3, and neurological examinations were conducted daily. Complement activity (CH50) was measured at 30 minute, 2, 6, 12 hour, 3, and 10 days post‐ischemia.

Results  The experiment was terminated prematurely following an interim analysis. In a preliminary cohort (n = 3 per arm), infarct volume was greater in the treated animals. No difference in neurological score was found between groups. CH50 levels were significantly reduced in the sCR1sLex‐treated groups. A hypotensive response was also observed in animals treated with sCR1‐sLex.

Conclusions  Further work is necessary to explain the hypotensive response observed in primates prior to further clinical development of sCR1‐sLex.
FK506 and Sildenafil Promote Erectile Function Recovery After Cavernous Nerve Injury Through Antioxidative Mechanisms
Authors: Lagoda Gwen , Jin Liming , Lehrfeld Todd J. , Liu Tongyun , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Immunophilin ligands and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are touted to promote erectile function recovery after cavernous nerve (CN) injury. However, the mechanisms for their effects remain unclear.

Aim

To compare the erection recovery effects of the immunophilin ligand FK506 and the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil after CN injury and determine whether they involve antioxidative and/or antiapoptotic mechanisms.

Methods

Initial experiments established conditions of our CN injury model in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subsequently, we evaluated treatment effects 14 days after: (i) unilateral CN injury (UNI)+saline (vehicle control); (ii) UNI+FK506 (5 mg/kg once daily, subcutaneous ×5 days); (iii) UNI+sildenafil (20 mg/kg every 8 hours, subcutaneous ×7 days); (iv) UNI+FK506/sildenafil; and (v) sham surgery.

Main Outcome Measures

Intracavernous pressure (ICP) measurement after CN electrical stimulation to assess erectile function and Western blot analysis of expressions of glutathione peroxidase (GPX; antioxidant enzyme), nitrotyrosine (NT; oxidative stress marker), and phosphorylated and total Akt (antiapoptotic factor) in penes.

Results

In the UNI model, GPX expression was increased at Days 1 and 7, while p-Akt expression decreased at Day 1 and returned to baseline at Day 7. GPX expression was significantly higher in the UNI+FK506 group compared with the saline-treated group (P  < 0.05). ICP increased in all treatment groups compared with that of the saline-treated group (P  < 0.05). NT levels were increased after saline treatment (P  < 0.05) but not after FK506 and sildenafil treatment, alone or in combination. GPX was localized to nerves coursing through the penis and to smooth muscle and endothelium of the dorsal vein and arteries.

Conclusions

Both FK506 and sildenafil protect erectile function after CN injury by decreasing oxidative stress-associated tissue damage. FK506 may act through increased GPX activity. Further research is required to elucidate mechanisms associated with the beneficial effect of sildenafil.
Changes in Sexual Functioning Associated with Duloxetine, Escitalopram, and Placebo in the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Clayton Anita , Kornstein Susan , Prakash Apurva , Mallinckrodt Craig , Wohlreich Madelaine
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Depression and antidepressant therapy have been associated with sexual dysfunction in short-term and point-prevalence trials.

Aim

This report describes effects of duloxetine and escitalopram on sexual functioning during acute and long-term treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

In this 8-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, adult outpatients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV)-defined MDD were randomized to duloxetine 60 mg/day (N = 273; 173 female), escitalopram 10 mg/day (N = 274; 186 female), or placebo (N = 137; 87 female). After the first 8 weeks of treatment, dose increases were permitted to optimize treatment.

Main Outcome Measure

The 14-item Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ) was used to assess sexual functioning.

Results

Of the 114 patients who did not meet total CSFQ score criteria for global sexual dysfunction at baseline (duloxetine, N = 51; escitalopram, N = 39; placebo, N = 24), the incidence of treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction was significantly higher for escitalopram compared with placebo at 4 and 8 weeks, and significantly higher compared with duloxetine at 4 weeks. At 8 weeks, the incidence of treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction was 17/51 (33.3%) for duloxetine-treated patients; 19/39 (48.7%) for escitalopram-treated patients; and 4/24 (16.7%) for placebo-treated patients (P  = 0.01 escitalopram vs. placebo; P  = 0.13 duloxetine vs. placebo). After 12 weeks, no significant differences were observed between active drugs. At 8 months, the incidence of treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction was 33.3% for duloxetine, 43.6% for escitalopram, and 25.0% for placebo. Regardless of treatment, patients who achieved remission of MDD showed improvement in global sexual functioning, whereas worsening was observed for patients who did not achieve remission (P  < 0.001). Discontinuation rates for sexual side effects did not differ between duloxetine (N = 2) and escitalopram (N = 7) (P  = 0.07).

Conclusions

Short-term treatment demonstrated a higher incidence of treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction with escitalopram compared with duloxetine and placebo. After 12 weeks, there were no statistically significant differences between drugs; however, MDD outcome (regardless of treatment) had a significant impact on improvement in global sexual functioning.
Eunuchs in Contemporary Society: Characterizing Men Who are Voluntarily Castrated (Part I)
Authors: Johnson Thomas W. , Brett Michelle A. , Roberts Lesley F. , Wassersug Richard J.
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Some males desire to be emasculated for no medical reason. These individuals are often secretive about their desires and little is known about their background and motivation.

Aims

We sought to characterize these modern eunuchs and to identify risk factors for genital self-mutilation or self-administered chemical castration.

Methods

We posted a questionnaire on the Eunuch Archive (http://www.eunuch.org) that was responded to by 135 voluntarily castrated males. Questionnaire data were supplemented by accompanying narrative responses and several personal interviews.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants answered questionnaire items pertaining to their knowledge about androgen deprivation, the nature of their castration, and the length of time between initial presentation of castration paraphilia and castration. These questionnaire data allowed us to compare and contrast voluntary chemical and physical eunuchs.

Results

The physical castrations were largely premeditated, with an average of 18 years from the time that an individual developed interest in being a eunuch to the time of their actual castration. We identified four factors that may promote castration ideations: (i) abuse sustained during childhood, including parental threats of castration; (ii) homosexuality; (iii) exposure to animal castration during youth; and (iv) religious condemnation of sexuality. Chemical eunuchs were more likely to have sought castration for libido control or to advance transition from male to female (P  < 0.05). Physical eunuchs had a nonsignificant tendancy to have masochistic paraphilia involving genital mutilation in advance of their castration (P  < 0.1). Both Body Integrity Identity Disorder and Gender Identity Disorders occur among those who self-identify as eunuch.

Conclusions

We present evidence that the majority of self-identified voluntary eunuchs are not male-to-female transsexuals. Whereas the majority identify as male, many view themselves as in an alternate nonmale, nonfemale, gender space. We therefore suggest that male-to-eunuch is a valid transgender identity.
Gender Assignment and Medical History of Individuals with Different Forms of Intersexuality: Evaluation of Medical Records and the Patients' Perspective
Authors: Brinkmann Lisa , Schuetzmann Karsten , Richter-Appelt Hertha
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Until now, there are only few studies that focus on the specific treatment experiences of people with intersexuality and evaluate their outcome in terms of psychological, physical, and social well-being. Further, the presentation of the patients' perspective is often neglected in research.

Aim

Overview of preliminary results of the Hamburg-Intersex-Study on gender assignment and medical history of adult subjects with intersexuality (disorders of sex development), as well as the patients retrospectively stated thoughts and feelings regarding these interventions.

Main Outcome Measures

Medical records from participants of the study were analyzed. The subjective attitudes and evaluation of the treatment measures were assessed with a self-constructed questionnaire. Data on psychological well-being were measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory.

Methods

In total, 37 adult participants (mean age 30.6 years) with following diagnosis were included: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, complete and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis and disturbances of the androgen biosynthesis, such as 5 alpha reductase deficiency and 17 beta hydroxysteroid deficiency.

Results

The majority of participants had (often multiple) genital surgery to correct the appearance of their genitalia and/or to enable sexual functioning. The diagnostic groups differ not only in amount and invasiveness of experienced surgical and medical treatment but also in the subjective and retrospective evaluation of the treatment measures and in the amount of reported psychological distress.

Conclusion

Many subjects stated to have experienced the medical procedures and care very negatively, whereby the aspects of secrecy, untruthfulness, and concealment were stated as most difficult and burdening.
The Relationship Between Testosterone Levels, the Metabolic Syndrome (by Two Criteria), and Insulin Resistance in a Population of Men with Organic Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Guay Andre , Jacobson Jerilynn
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men increases with age, as does cardiovascular disease (CVD). Major risk factors of CVD are similar to ED, including insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS). Hypogonadism has been associated with MS and IR in general populations.

Aim

To determine the association between hypogonadism and MS and/or IR in men with ED, and to determine if hypogonadism is related to these cardiovascular (CV) risks.

Main Outcome Measures

To compare the mean testosterone levels in men with and without IR and MS, and to show the difference in hypogonadism prevalence in mutually exclusive definitions of MS.

Methods

Mean testosterone for the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of MS were calculated using independent t-tests. Multiple range t-tests were used to compare and contrast four groups: (i) only NCEP-Third Adult Treatment Panel criteria; (ii) only the WHO criteria; (iii) men with no MS; and (iv) men fulfilling both MS definitions. Chi-squared analysis was employed to determine the association of hypogonadism with IR.

Results

The prevalence of IR was 79% and of MS was 35 % by the WHO but 43% by the NCEP. Differences in point prevalences were negligible when mutually exclusive groups of MS were compared. Mean free testosterone was lower for the WHO MS or the WHO and NCEP MS (P  = 0.04) but not for only the NCEP MS criteria. IR was significantly associated with low free testosterone and hypogonadism (P  = 0.02 for each). If more than one criteria were present for either the WHO or NCEP MS, free testosterone was lower (P  = 0.02).

Conclusion

MS and IR are strongly associated with lower testosterone and hypogonadism. The WHO criteria are a more sensitive indicator of MS and may predict ED better. Men with ED should not only have CV risks evaluated, but should also have testosterone levels drawn.
The Burden of Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome in Adult Men: Economic and Quality-of-Life Impact
Authors: Maggi Mario , Schulman Claude , Quinton Richard , Langham Sue , Uhl-Hochgraeber Kerstin
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) causes a wide range of symptoms that can lead to significant morbidity. Preliminary evidence has also linked TDS with premature mortality and with a number of comorbid diseases including diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Such associations can lead to substantial economic and quality- of-life implications, the magnitude of which remains largely unknown.

Aim

To review the economic and quality-of-life consequences of a largely untreated condition and to consider the likely health economic benefits of testosterone treatment.

Methods

A systematic review of four main areas: epidemiological evidence of the magnitude of TDS, estimates of cost of illness, impact on quality-of-life, and cost-effectiveness of testosterone treatment.

Main Outcome Measure

Review of peer-reviewed literature.

Results

The lack of clear universally accepted diagnostic criteria and the uncertainty surrounding the link between TDS and some of its consequences complicate the estimation of the burden of illness of TDS. Consequences of TDS that potentially lead to increased economic burden include depression, sexual dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. However, although good evidence exists demonstrating an association between TDS and sexual dysfunction and cognitive impairment, evidence is less strong for depression, the incidence of fractures and mortality, and highly controversial for cardiovascular disease. The consequences that are likely to impact on patients' quality of life include sexual function, energy levels, body composition, mood, and cognitive function.

Conclusion

Understanding the burden is only the first step decision makers need to take to decide whether to allocate scarce resources to treat the condition. To make informed decisions on when and who to treat information is also needed on the cost-effectiveness of available treatments. Such data would highlight the benefits of treatment of TDS to physicians, patients, and to society as a whole.
Heme Oxygenase vs. Nitric Oxide Synthase in Signaling Mediating Sildenafil Citrate Action
Authors: Abdel Aziz M. Talaat , El-Asmer Mohamed Farid , Mostafa Taymour , Mostafa Samia , Atta Hazem , Abdel Aziz Wassef M. , Fouad Hanan , Rashed Laila , Sabry Dina , Mahfouz Soheir
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting step in oxidative degradation of heme to biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO). CO has been shown to share many properties with nitric oxide (NO), including activation of guanyl cyclase, signal transduction, and gene regulation.

Aim

To assess the signaling pathways mediating cavernous tissues response to sildenafil citrate intake experimentally.

Main Outcome Measures

In dissected cavernous tissues; detection of HO-1, HO-2 and nueronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene expressions by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), HO enzyme activity assay, HO-1, HO-2 protein detection by Western blot, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) tissue levels by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and histopathology.

Methods

Two hundred forty Sprague-Dawley rats divided into five equal groups were investigated: group (Gr) 1, controls received regular diet; Gr 2, received sildenafil citrate 4 mg/kg orally; Gr 3, received the same dose of sildenafil added to HO inducer, diferuloylmethane; Gr 4, received sildenafil added to HO inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin, and Gr 5, received sildenafil kg orally by gastric tube. Gr 3 received the same dose of sildenafil added to HO inducer, added to nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-Nitroarginine methylester. Twelve rats from each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation successively after 1/2, 1, 2, and 3 hours from the intake.

Results

HO-2 gene expression was demonstrated in all groups. HO-1 was not expressed in controls, expressed in Gr 2, accentuated in Gr 3, and attenuated in Gr 4 and 5. These results were confirmed by Western blot. The nNOS was expressed in controls, increased in Gr 2 and 3, and decreased in Gr 4 and 5. HO enzyme activity and cGMP levels were significantly elevated in Gr 2, accentuated in Gr 3, and significantly decreased in Gr 4 and 5 compared to controls. Vasodilatations were observed in cavernous tissues of histopathologic sections of Gr 2 and increased in those of Gr 3.

Conclusion

Sildenafil citrate actions may be mediated by up-regulation of HO-1 gene expression.
The South Australian Couples Sildenafil Study: Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Study to Examine the Psychological and Relationship Consequences of Sildenafil Use in Couples
Authors: Hundertmark James , Esterman Adrian , Ben-Tovim David , Austin Mary-Anne , Dougherty Melissa
Published: July 2007

Introduction

The South Australian Couples Sildenafil (SACS) study sought to look more closely at the role of sexual functioning in couples by exploring the impact of treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) with sildenafil.

Aim

The SACS study investigated the individual and dyadic impact of the drug sildenafil (Viagra) on couples over a 6-month period.

Main Outcome Measures

A range of outcome measures were utilized including the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction.

Methods

Couples were recruited through the use of local media and general practitioners. Couples were randomly allocated to placebo or active drug with the option of using up to one study tablet per day for 6 months. Couples were reviewed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months.

Results

There were 108 couples who were eligible for the study with the eventual analysis including 49 couples in the active treatment group and 47 in the placebo group with similar demographic and background profiles found in both groups. A large number of psychosocial, quality-of-life, and sexual measures were recorded at the end of the trial for both male subjects and their female partners. Predictably, the erectile response in the active treatment group showed a significant improvement as measured by the IIEF although no change was found between the active and placebo groups in relationship functioning as measured by the DAS scores.

Conclusions

The SACS study found no difference between treatment arms with regard to relationship functioning after the use of sildenafil for ED. Potential contributing factors to a “no change” result are discussed. The SACS study adds to the available literature on psychological and interpersonal factors in the treatment of ED which have not been sufficiently investigated until recently.
Critical Overview of Recent Approaches to Improved Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Sales Brian C.
Published: July 2007

Thermoelectric devices can convert heat into useful electricity with no moving parts. Considerable progress has been made in improving the efficiency of these devices over the past 15 years. The key ideas responsible for most of this progress will be examined using specific examples. Recent improvements in thermoelectric efficiency appear to be dominated by a reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity. This reduction is accomplished by the careful introduction of 0.1–5‐nm sized “objects” that effectively scatter acoustic phonons without significantly affecting electronic transport. Future research directions will be discussed.
Differences of HBV genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Asian countries
Authors: Orito Etsuro , Mizokami Masashi
Published: July 2007

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B (HBV B) and genotype C (HBV C) are prevalent in Asia. Recently HBV B has been classified into two subtypes, HBV Ba, which is ubiquitous in Asia, and HBV Bj specific to Japan. However, little is known about etiological, virological and clinical differences among patients who have various genotypes and who developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the relation of HBV subgenotype with etiological and clinical differences of HCC patients between Taiwan and Okinawa in Japan. HBV Bj may be associated with lower incidence of HCC and older development of HCC while HBV Ba or HBV C may be associated withhigher incidence of HCC and younger development of HCC. In addition, we demonstrated the relationship of the specific mutation of HBV, T1653 mutation in the core promoter region, with development of HCC in Japanese patients with HBV C. These data suggest that great differences exist among patients with HCC who are infected with different HBV genotypes or genotype‐specific mutations.
Bifunctional Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates: 2. Symmetrical 2-{[Bis(phosphono)methoxy]methyl}ethyl Derivatives of Purines and Pyrimidines
Authors: Vrbková Silvie , Dračínský Martin , Holý Antonín
Published: July 2007

Novel bisphosphonate alkylating agent, tetraisopropyl {2-[(mesyloxy)methyl]propane-1,3-diyl}bis(oxymethylene)bisphosphonate 19, was synthesized from diethyl 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)malonate. Decarbethoxylation of the diethyl 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-5,5-dicarboxylate was followed by chloromethylation of 2-[(benzyloxy)methyl]propane-1,3-diol and Arbuzov reaction with triisopropyl phosphite. Bisphosphonate building block 19 was used in the alkylation of various nucleobases (2-amino-6-chloropurine, adenine, 2-amino-6-(cyclopropyl)aminopurine, cytosine, uracil and 4-methoxy-5-methylpyrimidin-2(1H)-one). N9-Substituted purines and N1-substituted pyrimidines were converted to appropriate free bisphosphonic acids. No antiviral or cytostatic activity was detected.
Influence of passive hyperthermia on human ventilation during rest and isocapnic hypoxia
Authors: Curtis Andrew N. , Walsh Michael L. , White Matthew D.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential interaction of core temperature and isocapnic hypoxia on human ventilation and heart rate (HR). In 2 resting head-out water-immersion trials, 8 males first breathed air and then 12% O2in N2while the end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide was kept 0.98 (0.66) mmHg (mean (SD)) above normothermic resting levels. The first immersion trial was with a normothermic esophageal temperature (Tes) of ~36.7 °C, and for the second trial, 1 h later, water temperature was increased to give a hyperthermic Tesof ~38.2 °C. Isocapnic hypoxia increased normothermic ventilation by 4 L·min–1(p = 0.01) from 10.12 (1.07) to 14.20 (3.21) L·min–1, and hyperthermic ventiliation by 7 L·min–1(p = 0.002) from 13.58 (2.58) to 20.79 (3.73) L·min–1. Ventilation increases during hyperthermia were mediated by breathing frequency and, during isocapnic hypoxia, by tidal volume. Unexpectedly, there was an absence of any hypoxic ventilatory decline that could be attributed to a hydrostatic effect of immersion. Isocapnic hypoxia increased the HR by similar amounts of ~10 and ~11 beats·min–1in normothermia and hyperthermia, respectively. In conclusion, it appears that hyperthermia increases human ventilatory but not heart rate responses to isocapnic hypoxia.
Parenteral nutrition related hepato-biliary disease in adults
Authors: Raman Maitreyi , Allard Johane P.
Published: July 2007

Parenteral nutrition is a life-saving therapy in patients with intestinal failure. One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is liver disease. Early on, there is steatosis, which can evolve to steatohepatitis and eventually to cholestasis of varying severity. The etiology of parenteral nutrition related liver disease is multifactorial. Provision of excess calories in the TPN solution, along with lipids administered >1 g/kg are thought to increase the risk of parenteral nutrition related liver disease. Other factors such as nutrient deficiencies and nutrient toxicities may also play a role in the pathogenesis of liver disease, along with sepsis and the lack of enteral stimulation. Non-pharmacological management strategies for TPN-related liver disease include enteral stimulation, optimal TPN composition, and avoidance of excess carbohydrate and lipid calories. Pharmacological therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid and antibiotic therapy to reduce the risk of bacterial translocation and sepsis should be considered. Early referral for transplantation should be considered in patients with evidence of portal hypertension. This review focuses on the clinical aspects, pathogenesis, and management strategies of parenteral nutrition-related liver disease in adult patients.
Activity levels in pregnant New Zealand women: relationship with socioeconomic factors, well-being, anthropometric measures, and birth outcome
Authors: Watson Patricia E. , McDonald Barry W.
Published: July 2007

Activity during pregnancy has health implications for mother and child. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to examine changes in activity levels during pregnancy; the influence of socioeconomic factors and well-being on activity, and the influence of activity on maternal anthropometric measures and birth outcome. Twenty-four hour activity diaries were collected for 3 d in months 4 and 7 of pregnancy in 197 volunteers. Anthropometric measures and questionnaires to determine personal details were collected at these times and 2 months post-partum. Health records were used to supply infant measures. The time spent on each activity category was calculated, and used to calculate overall daily metabolic equivalents (METs). Low socioeconomic (SES) group 24 h activity levels were significantly higher than for high SES or welfare groups (p = 0.013). Activity declined throughout pregnancy in all groups (p = 0.002). Women with children had higher 24 h activity, spending 41% more time walking and (or) on housework than nulliparous women (p = 0.013). Reduced well-being was associated with lower levels of activity. Sleep and lying down time influenced 2 month post-partum body mass (upper quartile gained 2.54 kg, lower quartile lost 0.24 kg, p < 0.001). Mean infant gestational age increased with increasing 24 h activity (p = 0.047). No infants were born prematurely to mothers who spent more than 190 min/d walking or doing housework activities in month 4. Probability of infant admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) declined with time spent walking or doing housework in month 4 (p = 0.007). Mean (SE) birth weight was 3883 (±165) g in the 10% of women spending less than 530 min sleeping or lying down per day, compared with 3413 (±104) g in the 10% of women spending 725 min or more sleeping or lying down. Socioeconomic factors were therefore important influences on activity levels during pregnancy. Inactivity, especially in early pregnancy, was associated with more maternal weight retention at 2 months post-partum and a greater probability of admission to NICU and premature delivery.
FLAVOR SYMMETRY AND VACUUM ALIGNED MASS TEXTURES
Authors: KANEKO SATORU , SAWANAKA HIDEYUKI , SHINGAI TAKAYA , TANIMOTO MORIMITSU , YOSHIOKA KOICHI
Published: July 2007

A texture-zeros is an approach to reduce the number of free parameters in Yukawa couplings and it is one of the most attractive ones. In our paper, we discuss the origin of zero-structure in texture-zeros by S3 flavor symmetry approach. Some of electroweak doublet Higgs fields have vanishing vacuum expectation value (VEV) which leads to vanishing elements in quark and lepton mass matrices. Then, the structure of supersymmetric scalar potential is analyzed and Higgs fields have non-trivial S3 charges. As a prediction of our paper, a lower bound of a MNS matrix element, Ue3 ≥ 0.04, is obtained. The suppression of flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNC) mediated by the Higgs fields is discussed and lower bounds of the Higgs masses are derived.
EXTENDED DOUBLE SEESAW MODEL AND LOW SCALE LEPTOGENESIS
Authors: KANG SIN KYU , KIM C. S.
Published: July 2007

We propose a variant of seesaw mechanism by introducing extra singlet neutrinos, with which we show how the low scale leptogenesis is realized without imposing the tiny mass splitting between two heavy Majorana neutrinos required in the resonant leptogenesis. Thus, the so-called gravitino problem encountered in the typical supersymmetric seesaw model can be avoided. It is showed that an introduction of the new singlet fermion leads to a new contribution which can enhance the lepton asymmetry for certain range of parameter space.
Crossover between Cooper-Pair Condensation and Bose-Einstein Condensation of “Di-Electronic Molecules” in Two-Dimensional Superconductors
Authors: Tokumitu Akio , Miyake Kazumasa , Yamada Kazuo
Published: July 2007

The problem on crossover between the Cooper-pair condensation and the Bose-Einstein condensation of “di-electronic molecules” in two-dimensional superconductors is discussed. a result based on the Nozières and Schmitt-Rink formalism is reviewed and a preliminary result beyond their formalism is presented. In the latter, effect of repulsion between electron pairs due to the exchange effect among constituent electrons plays a crucial role.
Strongly Driven Semiconductor Quantum Wells
Authors: Holthaus Martin
Published: July 2007

The influence of resonances in a classical Hamiltonian system on its quantum mechanical counterpart is particularly transparent in periodically driven systems with one degree of freedom. Wide semiconductor quantum wells, subjected to strong far-infrared laser radiation, may be suitable objects to study the classical-quantum correspondence experimentally.
Σ
− Atoms and Σ4He Hypernucleus with Σ-N Interactions
Authors: Yamada Taiichi , Yamamoto Yasuo
Published: July 2007

The combined analysis of Σ− atoms and Σ4He hypernucleus is shown to be useful to clarify the characteristic differences among the model D, model F and soft-core versions of the Nijmegen one-boson-exchange potentials. We found that the three potentials do not reproduce both the Σ−-atomic X-ray data and the binding energy and width of Σ4He within the frame of our treatment.