bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of component findings in 79 patients diagnosed with VACTERL association
Authors: Solomon Benjamin D. , Pineda‐Alvarez Daniel E. , Raam Manu S. , Bous Sophia M. , Keaton Amelia A. , Vélez Jorge I. , Cummings Derek A.T.
Published: August 2010

VACTERL association is a relatively common condition, though the causes remain poorly understood. We present data on 79 patients diagnosed with VACTERL association and perform statistical analysis on a selected subset of 60 patients with at least three component features, and who, after review, did not meet criteria for a likely alternate diagnosis. Considered individually, no two component features are significantly associated, but several multivariate statistical techniques suggest novel patterns of the co‐occurrence of component features, and latent class cluster analysis demonstrates the presence of five major subgroups of patients. These findings have implications for both our understanding of VACTERL association and for the approach to research involving this condition. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inheritance and variable expression in Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Authors: Bartsch Oliver , Kress Wolfram , Kempf Olga , Lechno Stanislav , Haaf Thomas , Zechner Ulrich
Published: August 2010

Familial Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RTS) is very rare. Here we report on the 6th and 7th case of inherited RTS. Family 1 presents with incomplete or mild RTS over three generations; a 13‐year‐old girl (proband 1) with mild but typical facial features and learning disabilities, her very mildly affected mother (proband 2), and the maternal grandmother (proband 3). Family 2 includes three females with classical RTS (probands 4–6) and their father (proband 7) with broad thumbs and halluces. Proband 5 also had a brain tumor (ganglioglioma) at the age of 3 years. In probands 1–3, direct sequencing identified a novel CREBBP missense mutation, c.2728A > G (predicting p.Thr910Ala), that was absent in non‐affected family members. The p.Thr910Ala variant is outside the crucial histone acetyltransferase domain, and this may explain the mild and variable phenotype. In probands 4–7 we identified another novel CREBBP mutation, c.4134G > T, which alters the consensus splice sequence at position 1 of exon 25. The c.4134G > T mutation was transmitted from the very mildly affected father who displayed somatic mosaicism (with 38% mutated alleles in blood and 31% in buccal smear DNA) to his three daughters. Our findings emphasize that variable expression (family 1) and somatic mosaicism (family 2) contribute to the phenotypic variability of RTS. Somatic mosaicism may be more frequent in RTS than previously assumed. Accumulating data suggest a recurrence risk of approximately 0.5–1% for parents of a child with RTS, exceeding the so far estimated risk of ∼0.1% for siblings. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Line transect surveying of arboreal monkeys: problems of group size and spread in a highly fragmented landscape
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Chagas Renata R.D. , Souza‐Alves João Pedro
Published: August 2010

Line transect surveying is a relatively rapid and efficient procedure for the assessment of primate populations; although the reliability of the resulting density estimates is affected by a number of factors, including habitat configuration. In this study, primate populations were surveyed at a highly fragmented site in northeastern Brazil, where the resident species include the endangered Coimbra‐Filho's titi,Callicebus coimbrai, and the critically endangered yellow‐breasted capuchin,Cebus xanthosternos. In addition to standard line transect surveys, data were collected on the composition and distribution of resident groups during playback surveys and ecological monitoring. During surveys, a 5.3‐km trail system was walked regularly over a 7‐month period, accumulating a total transect length of 476 km and 104 sightings ofCallicebusand 41 ofCebus(as well as 19 records of a third primate,Callithrix jacchus). Data were analyzed using the DISTANCE program and the Kelker method, using the perpendicular distances to first animal sighted. Estimates of group density were highly discrepant from known values for both species; although in the case ofCebus, this seemed to reflect grouping patterns at the site. ForCallicebus, population density was overestimated considerably when known group counts were used. Overall, there seems to be a need for a much more rigorous standardization of procedures, and the analysis and presentation of results, in order to guarantee the most reliable interpretation possible of the data. These considerations are especially important in the case of endangered species, such as those studied here. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1100–1107, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust stability criteria for uncertain neutral system with interval time varying discrete delay
Authors: Guo LiangDong , Gu Hong , Zhang DaQing
Published: August 2010

This paper deals with the problem of rubost stability for the uncertain neutral system with interval time varying discrete delay. By defining an appropriate Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional and by employing the developed free weight matrices technique, several less conservative sufficient conditions are derived in term of the linear matrix inequalities. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and the feasibility of the proposed method.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Intraseasonal variability of the West African monsoon
Authors: Janicot S. , Caniaux G. , Chauvin F. , de Coëtlogon G. , Fontaine B. , Hall N. , Kiladis G. , Lafore J.‐P. , Lavaysse C. , Lavender S. L. , Leroux S. , Marteau R. , Mounier F. , Philippon N. , Roehrig R. , Sultan B. , Taylor C. M.
Published: August 2010

The intraseasonal time scale is critical in West Africa where resources are highly rainfall dependent. Three main modes of variability have been identified, two with a mean periodicity of 15 days and one with a mean periodicity around 40 days. These modes have a regional scale and can strongly influence precipitation and convective activity. They are mainly controlled by atmospheric dynamics and land–surface interactions. They can also modulate the very specific phase of the African summer monsoon onset. A better knowledge of the mechanisms controlling this scale is necessary to improve its predictability. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The unusual Buenos Aires snowfall of July 2007
Authors: Pezza Alexandre Bernardes , Simmonds Ian , Coelho Caio A. S.
Published: August 2010

Buenos Aires lies near the east coast of South America at about 34°S where snow is extremely rare. The only events measured in the city had occurred before 1930. The high latitude causes of the widespread snowstorm of 9th July 2007 are discussed, making it an extraordinary case in light of the historical record. Here, we show that this event can be linked to unprecedented seasonal circulation anomalies in the sub‐Antarctic, featuring a dipole around the Antarctic Peninsula that drives the cold advection toward mid‐latitudes. Our index suggests that conditions have become more favorable for cold surges over mid‐latitudes with a repetition of widespread snow over mid‐latitudes in 2009. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of static magnetic fields on the budding of yeast cells
Authors: Egami Shigeki , Naruse Yujiro , Watarai Hitoshi
Published: August 2010

The effect of static magnetic fields on the budding of single yeast cells was investigated using a magnetic circuit that was capable of generating a strong magnetic field (2.93 T) and gradient (6100 T2 m−1). Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells were grown in an aqueous YPD agar in a silica capillary under either a homogeneous or inhomogeneous static magnetic field. Although the size of budding yeast cells was only slightly affected by the magnetic fields after 4 h, the budding angle was clearly affected by the direction of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous magnetic fields. In the homogeneous magnetic field, the budding direction of daughter yeast cells was mainly oriented in the direction of magnetic field B. However, when subjected to the inhomogeneous magnetic field, the daughter yeast cells tended to bud along the axis of capillary flow in regions where the magnetic gradient, estimated by B(dB/dx), were high. Based on the present experimental results, the possible mechanism for the magnetic effect on the budding direction of daughter yeast cells is theoretically discussed. Bioelectromagnetics 31:622–629, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: New Frequency Doubling Compounds: K4Ln2(CO3)3F4 (Ln: Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Eu); Crystal Structure and Characterization.
Authors: MERCIER N. , LEBLANC M. , DURAND J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Transformation of 2‐Isoxazoline 2‐Oxides by Lewis Acids
Authors: HARADA K. , KAJI E. , TAKAHASHI K. , ZEN S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Electron‐Releasing Carbonyl Group. Part 2. Spectroscopic Detection and Synthetic Applications
Authors: VOGEL P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiiranium and Thiirenium Ions. From Reaction Intermediates to Building Blocks in Organic Synthesis
Authors: LUCCHINI V. , MODENA G. , PASQUATO L.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A (Critical) Survey of Modeling Protocols Used to Explore the Conformational Space of Oligosaccharides
Authors: VON DER LIETH C.‐W. , KOZAR T. , HULL W. E.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dimethylpyrimidoheterocycles as Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: ZOOROB H. H. , ELZAHAB M. A. , ABDEL‐MOGIB M. , ISMAIL M. A. , ABDEL‐HAMID M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Opening in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydrocarbonation of Methylenecyclopropanes with Pronucleophiles.
Authors: TSUKUDA N. , SHIBUYA A. , NAKAMURA I. , YAMAMOTO Y.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Racemization of Optically Active Organic Compounds: Prospects for Asymmetric Transformation
Authors: EBBERS E. J. , ARIAANS G. J. A. , HOUBIERS J. P. M. , BRUGGINK A. , ZWANENBURG B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptidomimetic Building Blocks for Drug Design
Authors: GOODMAN M. , ZHANG J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellular Immune Recognition and the Biological Role of Major Transplantation Antigens (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: ZINKERNAGEL R. M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pulsed‐Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Tool for Studying Translational Diffusion. Part 1. Basic Theory
Authors: PRICE W. S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Total Synthesis of (‐)‐ and (+)‐Chuangxinmycins.
Authors: KATO K. , ONO M. , AKITA H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Developments in Solid‐Liquid Extraction by Solvent‐Impregnated Resins
Authors: CORTINA J. L. , WARSHAWSKY A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Diamantoide. Chemie mit Nano‐Juwelen
Authors: Schwertfeger Hartmut , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: August 2010

Zukunft der Diamontoide. Obwohl die Klasse der Diamantoide schon seit Jahrzehnten bekannt ist, hat die Renaissance dieser molekularen Nanodiamanten erst vor kurzem begonnen. Im letzten Jahrhundert gab es bereits eine Vielzahl an Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiet des kleinsten Diamantoiden, dem Adamantan. Viele dieser Arbeiten führten bereits zu Anwendungen auf unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Gebieten. Allerdings wurden die großen Geschwister des Adamantans (bis auf Diamantan und Triamantan) bislang überhaupt noch nicht chemisch untersucht. Die selektive Modifikation der höheren Diamantoide stellt eine beeindruckende Herausforderung für die organische Chemie dar, bietet aber auch eine große Chance auf neuartige Materialien mit einzigartigen Eigenschaften. Während andere nanoskalige Diamantmaterialien oftmals Probleme mit Größenverteilungen und Reinheit aufweisen, besitzen die Diamantoide klar definierte Strukturen und hohe Reinheit. Nur sieben Jahre nach der ersten Isolation von höheren Diamantoiden aus Rohöl können wir festhalten, dass die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet mit sehr großen Schritten voranschreitet.
Prediction of the Three‐Dimensional Structure for the Rat Urotensin II Receptor, and Comparison of the Antagonist Binding Sites and Binding Selectivity between Human and Rat Receptors from Atomistic Simulations
Authors: Kim Soo‐Kyung , Li Youyong , Park Changmoon , Abrol Ravinder , Goddard William A.
Published: August 2010

Urotensin‐II (U‐II) has been shown to be the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor known. Thus, a U‐II antagonist might be of therapeutic value in a number of cardiovascular disorders. However, interspecies variability of several nonpeptidic ligands complicates the interpretation of in vivo studies of such antagonists in preclinical animal disease models. ACT058362 is a selective antagonist for the human U‐II receptor (hUT2R) with a reported Kd value of ∼4 nM in a molecular binding assay, but it is reported to bind weakly to rat UT2R (rUT2R), with a Kd value of ∼1 500 nM. In contrast, the arylsulphonamide SB706375 is a selective antagonist against both hUT2R (Kd=∼9 nM) and rUT2R (Kd=∼21 nM). To understand the species selectivity of the UT2R, we investigated the binding site of ACT058362 and SB706375 in both hUT2R and rUT2R to explain the dramatically lower (∼400‐fold) affinity of ACT058362 for rUT2R and the similar affinity (∼10 nM) of SB706375 for both UT2Rs. These studies used MembStruk and MSCDock to predict the UT2R structure and the binding site of ACT058362 and SB706375. Based on binding energies, we found two binding modes each with D1303.32 as the crucial anchoring point (Ballesteros–Weinstein numbering given in superscript). We predict that ACT058362 (an aryl–amine–aryl or ANA ligand) binds in the transmembrane (TM) 3456 region, while SB706375 (an aryl–aryl–amine or AAN ligand) binds in the TM 1237 region. These predicted sites explain the known differences in binding of the ANA ligand to rat and human receptors, while explaining the similar binding of the AAN compound to rat and human receptors. Moreover the predictions explain currently available structure–activity relationship (SAR) data. To further validate the predicted binding sites of these ligands in hUT2R and rUT2R, we propose several mutations that would help define the structural origins of differential responses between UT2R of different species, potentially indicating novel UT2R antagonists with cross‐species high affinity.
IL‐22‐producing CD4+ T cells: Middle‐men between the immune system and its environment
Authors: Trifari Sara , Spits Hergen
Published: August 2010

CD4+ Th cell populations such as Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cells regulate immune responses by inducing (or inhibiting) proliferation, differentiation and activation of other immune cells. Recent findings have expanded the universe of CD4+ T‐cell subsets by identifying a cell population dedicated to the production of the cytokine IL‐22. These so‐called Th22 cells may mediate interactions of the immune system with stromal cells. Th22 cells have so far only been observed in humans and are present in inflamed tissues in some skin diseases and evidence suggests that these cells may play a role in the disease process. It is therefore of importance to learn the mechanisms of regulation of development and function of these cells. A paper in the current issue of the European Journal of Immunology indicates that the ligand‐dependent transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor is important for regulating IL‐22 production of this new class of human Th cells.
Optimization of the Abencor system to extract olive oil from irrigated orchards
Authors: Ben‐David Eric , Kerem Zohar , Zipori Isaac , Weissbein Sebastian , Basheer Loai , Bustan Amnon , Dag Arnon
Published: August 2010

Studying the composition of olive oil requires cold‐press olive oil extraction. One of the most common laboratorial mills is the Abencor system. However, its operation protocol was formulated decades ago for Spanish olive varieties from traditionally rain‐fed orchards. We modified this protocol for use with “Barnea” and “Picual” olives from irrigated orchards that are characterized by high water content. Independent effects of malaxation time, temperature, water addition and talc addition on extraction efficiency, and major quality indices of virgin olive oil were studied. Overall, addition of talc to the fruit paste was the most significant treatment in terms of yield and quality of the oil although its effect was cultivar dependent. Improved oil yield was particularly significant for “Picual.” Extended malaxation time was also effective in improving oil extractability. Addition of talc generally improved oil‐quality parameters, while water addition had the opposite effect. Yet, quality parameters remained within the extra virgin level. Temperature increments reduced oil quality. The need to adapt a modified protocol for use with fruits from irrigated orchards that will facilitate critical comparison of results obtained from different agronomic theses and different laboratories is highlighted. It is recommended that each laboratory develops an appropriate protocol for the operation of the Abencor system in accordance to the characteristics of the olive fruit they are working with.

Practical applications: Abencor system serves as the major laboratorial mill world‐wide. Those mills allow the researchers to characterize olive oil in accordance to the treatments received by the trees. This cannot be done in commercial mills. The system operation protocol was established decades ago for fruits from rain‐fed orchards. In the past decade there was a rapid increase in the use of irrigation in olive orchards and therefore it is crucial to optimize the operation protocol for fruit with relatively high water content. In the current work we have evaluated the influence of a series of technological parameters (i.e., talc and water addition, malaxation time, and temperature) on the extraction efficiency and quality indices of olive oil. This allowed us to present a modified protocol for the Abencor system operation suitable for olive fruit of irrigated orchards that will facilitate a reliable representation of the influence of different treatments on the yield and characteristics of the olive oil.
Oxidative Amidation of Activated Alkenes Using Pd(OAc)2 as a Catalyst Precursor
Authors: Liu Xinzhu , Hii King Kuok (Mimi)
Published: August 2010

A new “chloride‐free” protocol was developed for oxidative amidation reactions between cyclic and acyclic amides and carbamates with activated olefins, conducted under Pd/Cu catalysis, using air as a terminal oxidant. The presence of TsOH is important for catalytic activity. The scope of the reaction includes the addition of primary amides, carbamates, as well as cyclic oxazolidinone and pyrrolidinone. The reactions are found to be sensitive to steric demand of the N‐nucleophile, and E‐selectivity can be achieved exclusively with cyclic N‐nucleophiles. The products can be easily hydrogenated to afford the saturated product in high yields.
Ethyl α‐Nitrocinnamates in the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Isoxazoles
Authors: Chen Kuang‐Po , Chen Yu‐Jyun , Chuang Che‐Ping
Published: August 2010

An effective method for the synthesis of highly functionalized isoxazoles from readily available starting ethyl α‐nitrocinnamates has been developed. Ethyl α‐nitrocinnamates react smoothly with α‐nitro carbonyl compounds to produceisoxazoles in good yields. Michael addition of pyridinium ylides to ethyl α‐nitrocinnamates can also produce these isoxazoles effectively. These pyridinium salts can be generated in situ from the corresponding alkyl bromides. The one‐pot multicomponent process was also developed. Isoxazoles can be produced directly from readily available aromatic aldehydes, ethyl nitroacetate, and pyridinium salts.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Donor–Acceptor Dithienophospholes
Authors: Romero‐Nieto Carlos , Kamada Kenji , Cramb David T. , Merino Sonia , Rodríguez‐López Julián , Baumgartner Thomas
Published: August 2010

The synthesis and detailed photophysical studies of a series of 2,6‐asymmetrically functionalized dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]phospholes are reported. One‐photon spectroscopy revealed that the materials show similar significant Stokes shifts supporting very polar excited intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) states. Investigation of their two‐photon absorption (TPA) behavior indicated that the materials are also valuable TPA chromophores with reasonable cross‐sections between 285–385 GM in the biologically relevant wavelength range 800–1100 nm. Moreover, the nonlinear optical features of the phosphole derivatives reported herein were found to remain almost unaltered after modification of the phosphorus center, either by oxidation and/or complexation.
A possible causal relationship between creep and sliding on Rwaza Hill, southern Rwanda
Authors: Moeyersons J.
Published: August 2010

Stability calculations on a strongly creeping 28o slope on Rwaza Hill in Southern Rwanda reveal an apparent contradiction: terracette formation within the kaolinitic soil mantle should only be possible during hydrological conditions of high phreatic surfaces, for which the entire soil mantle should already have slid down in a translational sliding movement.

This apparent contradiction can only be explained if it is accepted that the soil shear resistance can fall temporarily below the residual soil shear strength. A creep experiment confirms the theoretical possibility of this hypothesis. Furthermore, the configuration of the sliding surfaces in the field, consisting in fact of lenses of crumbled earth, shows close affinities with the pattern of potential ruptures in a creeping soil as provided by rheological theory.

These data strongly suggest that, on natural slopes, creep should be the ultimate soil mechanical resason for sudden failures.
Nature of ergastic substances in some mediterranean angiospermous seeds — VI
Authors: Gill L. S. , Nyawuame H. G. K. , Aibangbee M. I. , Agho D. A.
Published: August 2010

The ergastic substances of 394 temperate angiospermous seed samples belonging to 49 families have been investigated. Starch grains have been recorded in 24 taxa distributed in Acanthaceae (1), Caryophyllaceae (13), Chenopodiaceae (2), Primulaceae (2), Umbelliferae (4), Solanaceae (1) and Passifloraceae (1). Although there is no relationship between starch grain characteristics and phylogenetic position of the taxa investigated, the occurrence of starch grains is associated with herbaceous habit.

Alkaloids, fats and oil, inulin, proteins and tannins are the other ergastic substances recorded during this study. The occurrence of these substances is rather sporadic. However, the complete lack of tannins in families like Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Campanulaceae, Convolvulaceae and Geraniaceae suggests that these families are phylogenetically more advanced than those with tannins.
Detrital zircon UPb ages, Hf isotopes and tectonic implications for Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks from the Xing‐Meng orogenic belt, middle‐east part of inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Li Dapeng , Chen Yuelong , Wang Zhong , Hou Kejun , Liu Changzheng
Published: August 2010

The Xing‐Meng Orogenic Belt is the eastern extension of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt that marks the boundary between the North China Block and the Siberian Block. Studies of zircon UPb ages and Hf isotopic compositions show that four clastic sedimentary rock samples from different parts of the regional stratigraphic sequence were deposited at different ages, none earlier than Mid‐ or Early Silurian. Two sedimentary rocks were deposited during or after the Early Permian. Almost all zircons are of igneous origin. In Silurian and Devonian sediments, zircons show several modal age peaks, and in Permian sediments, zircons show a unimodal age peak. Based on the zircon age distribution of sedimentary rocks versus known ages from exposed rocks of the potential source regions, most of the zircons were derived from the Xing‐Meng Orogen itself. A few came from the South Mongolian microcontinent or the Siberia Block, but none came from the North China Block. The zircons of a biotite‐plagioclase paragneiss in Xilinhot have similar provenance to the sediments and were deposited during or after the Middle Devonian. Similarities between zircon age spectra and events in underlying rocks of sedimentary origin show that the sediments lie at their deposition site north of the Solonker suture zone because north‐dipping subduction and elevation blocked deposition of material from farther afield. Hf isotope compositions show the crustal accretion stages of the provenance areas during the Meso‐ to Neoarchaean, Palaeoproterozoic and Early and Late Palaeozoic. A two‐component mixing calculation based on Hf isotopes shows the large scale of the crustal accretion event of the region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immediate reconstruction of the mandible using a vascularized segment of radius
Authors: Soutar David S. , Widdowson W. Peter
Published: August 2010

Resection of a segment of mandible, particularly when associated with malignant disease, carries a high morbidity and mortality. Traditional methods of autogenous bone grafting have proved unreliable in immediate reconstruction of such mandibular defects because of the variability of the recipient bed. These unfavorable conditions for bone graft survival can be largely overcome using vascularized bone and vascularized soft tissue reconstruction. The radial forearm free flap has proved a versatile and useful method in intraoral reconstruction and can be used together with a segment of radius as a composite flap. The technique of raising a segment of vascularized radius is described and its use in immediate reconstruction of the mandible at the time of resection illustrated in a series of 14 consecutive cases. There was one microvascular failure in this series and one postoperative death. The remaining 12 cases have had a successful outcome and show clinical union in the follow‐up period varying from 11‐36 months. There is evidence indicating that the bone maintains its viability even in the presence of preoperative or early postoperative radiotherapy.
Mangiferin attenuates osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, and RANKL‐induced activation of NF‐κB and ERK
Authors: Ang Estabelle , Liu Qian , Qi Ming , Liu Hua G. , Yang Xiaohong , Chen Honghui , Zheng Ming H. , Xu Jiake
Published: August 2010

Osteolytic bone diseases such as osteoporosis have a common pathological feature in which osteoclastic bone resorption outstrips bone synthesis. Osteoclast formation and activation are regulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). The induction of RANKL‐signaling pathways occurs following the interaction of RANKL to its cognate receptor, RANK. This specific binding drives the activation of downstream signaling pathways; which ultimately induce the formation and activation of osteoclasts. In this study, we showed that a natural immunomodulator, mangiferin, inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorption by attenuating RANKL‐induced signaling. Mangiferin diminished the expression of osteoclast marker genes, including cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, DC‐STAMP, and V‐ATPase d2. Mechanistic studies revealed that mangiferin inhibits RANKL‐induced activation of NF‐κB, concomitant with the inhibition of IκB‐α degradation, and p65 nuclear translocation. In addition, mangiferin also exhibited an inhibitory effect on RANKL‐induced ERK phosphorylation. Collectively, our data demonstrates that mangiferin exhibits anti‐resorptive properties, suggesting the potential application of mangiferin for the treatment and prevention of bone diseases involving excessive osteoclastic bone resorption. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 89–97, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Youth's strategies for staying safe and coping
Authors: Teitelman Anne , McDonald Catherine C. , Wiebe Douglas J. , Thomas Nicole , Guerra Terry , Kassam‐Adams Nancy , Richmond Therese S.
Published: August 2010

Youth living in urban environments of pervasive violence are exposed to a variety of violence‐related stressors. This qualitative descriptive study sought to ascertain how community‐dwelling youth perceived exposure to violence and how these youth identified and used available resources. The intent of this community‐based participatory research study was to help inform the design of a youth violence prevention center intervention. Semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 18 youth, aged 10–16 years. Youth reported high levels of exposure to neighborhood violence. A theme of identifying and navigating safe and unsafe places emerged. Other stressors were more proximal and included interpersonal issues and conflicts. Youth used neighborhood and individual resources to cope with stressors. Youth maintained a high level of vigilance and developed clear strategies to safely navigate violent neighborhoods. Implications of the constant vigilance and exquisite sensitivity to stressors of chronic neighborhood violence for youth are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Public relationship building in grassroots community organizing: relational intervention for individual and systems change
Authors: Christens Brian D.
Published: August 2010

Building relationships among participants has become a strategic lynchpin of many community organizing initiatives. Although the relational work of organizing is often mentioned in studies on community change, it has not been studied as a process or model for community intervention. This article positions the development of a specific type of relationships—public relationships—as a transactional intervention aimed at both individual and systems change. Interpersonal relationship development through semistructured, one‐to‐one conversations is highlighted as a key to effecting change at both the individual and the systems level, through broadening individuals' networks of relationships, developing new understandings of the social world, and strengthening commitments to civic involvement. This model for transactional, relational intervention provides insights into the development of grassroots infrastructure for increasing sense of community and capacity to engage in civic life. Strengths and limitations of relationship building as an approach to community intervention are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An application of the social support deterioration deterrence model to rescue workers
Authors: Prati Gabriele , Pietrantoni Luca
Published: August 2010

This study examined the role of social support in promoting quality of life in the aftermath of critical incidents involvement. Participants were a sample of 586 Italian rescue workers. Structural equation modelling was used to test the social support deterioration deterrence model. Results showed that the impact of critical incident involvement on quality of life indicators, such as compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue, was both direct and indirect through the mediation of social support. Critical incidents involvement was related to less received social support. Received social support predicted perceived social support, which, in turn, predicted quality of life. Results supported the application of the social support deterioration deterrence model to rescue workers. However, it should be noted that the relationship between exposure to critical incidents and received social support was not positive, as in the original model, but negative, meaning that rescue workers felt less supported in times of crisis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glutaminolysis and glycolysis regulation by troglitazone in breast cancer cells: Relationship to mitochondrial membrane potential
Authors: Friday Ellen , Oliver Robert , Welbourne Tomas , Turturro Francesco
Published: August 2010

We studied the roles of glycolysis and glutaminolysis following an acute reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) induced by the thiazolidinedione troglitazone (TRO) and compared the responses with CCCP‐induced depolarization in breast cancer derived MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells as well as in the MCF‐10A normal breast cell line. TRO and CCCP both acutely reduced Ψmbut after 24 h TRO‐treated cells had restored Ψmassociated with both increased glycolysis and glutaminolysis. In contrast, CCCP‐treated cells exhibited only a partial restoration of Ψmassociated with increased glycolysis but decreased glutaminolysis. TRO‐induced glutaminolysis was coupled to increased ammonium (GDH flux) and decreased alanine production (ALT flux) in all three cell lines. Both cancer cell lines exhibited a higher spontaneous GDH/ALT flux than the normal breast cell line associated with a reduced keto‐acid pool. TRO's effect on GDH/ALT fluxes and mitochondrial keto‐acid pool homeostasis was additive with glucose withdrawal suggesting limited intramitochondrial pyruvate availability. The TRO‐induced acceleration in GDH flux supplies substrate for Complex I contributing to the restoration of Ψmas well as Krebs cycle intermediates for biosynthesis. Inhibiting mitochondrial proton ATPase with oligomycin or nullifying the proton gradient with CCCP prevented both the TRO‐induced recovery of Ψmand accelerated GDH flux but restored ALT flux consonant with important roles for proton pumping in regulating GDH flux and Ψmrecovery. Blocking enhanced GDH flux reduced DNA synthesis consistent with glutaminolysis via GDH playing an important biosynthetic role in tumorigenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 511–519, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High fluence low‐power laser irradiation induces apoptosis via inactivation of Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway
Authors: Huang Lei , Wu Shengnan , Xing Da
Published: August 2010

High fluence low‐power laser irradiation (HF‐LPLI) is a newly discovered stimulus through generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) to trigger cell apoptosis. Activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is proved to be involved in intrinsic apoptotic pathways under various stimuli. However, whether the proapoptotic factor GSK3β participates in HF‐LPLI‐induced apoptosis has not been elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the involvement of GSK3β in apoptosis under HF‐LPLI treatment (120 J/cm2, 633 nm). We found that GSK3β activation could promote HF‐LPLI‐induced apoptosis, which could be prevented by lithium chloride (a selective inhibitor of GSK3β) exposure or by GSK3β‐KD (a dominant‐negative GSK3β) overexpression. We also found that the activation of GSK3β by HF‐LPLI was due to the inactivation of protein kinase B (Akt), a widely reported and important upstream negative regulator of GSK3β, indicating the existence and inactivation of Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. Moreover, the inactivation of Akt/GSK3β pathway depended on the fluence of HF‐LPLI treatment. Furthermore, vitamin c, a ROS scavenger, completely prevented the inactivation of Akt/GSK3β pathway, indicating ROS generation was crucial for the inactivation. In addition, GSK3β promoted Bax activation by down‐regulating Mcl‐1 upon HF‐LPLI treatment. Taken together, we have identified a new and important proapoptotic signaling pathway that is consisted of Akt/GSK3β inactivation for HF‐LPLI stimulation. Our research will extend the knowledge into the biological mechanisms induced by LPLI. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 588–601, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correction of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA somatic and central nervous system pathology by lentiviral‐mediated gene transfer
Authors: McIntyre Chantelle , Byers Sharon , Anson Donald S.
Published: August 2010

Background

The hallmark of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) is microscopically demonstrable lysosomal distension. In mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA), this occurs as a result of an inherited deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase sulphamidase. Consequently, heparan sulphate, a highly sulphated glycosaminoglycan, accumulates primarily within the cells of the reticulo‐endothelial and monocyte‐macrophage systems and, most importantly, neurones. Children affected by MPS IIIA experience a severe, progressive neuropathology that ultimately leads to death at around 15 years of age.

Methods

MPS IIIA pathology was addressed in a mouse model using two separate methods of therapeutic gene delivery. A lentiviral vector expressing murine sulphamidase was delivered to 6‐week‐old MPS IIIA affected mice either by intravenous injection, or by intraventricular infusion. Therapeutic outcomes were assessed 7 months after gene transfer.

Results

After intravenous gene delivery, liver sulphamidase was restored to approximately 30% of wild‐type levels. The resultant widespread delivery of enzyme secreted from transduced cells to somatic tissues via the peripheral circulation corrected most somatic pathology. However, unlike an earlier study, central nervous system (CNS) pathology remained unchanged. Conversely, intraventricular gene delivery resulted in widespread sulphamidase gene delivery in (and reduced lysosomal storage throughout) the brain. Improvements in behaviour were observed in these mice, and interestingly, pathological urinary retention was prevented.

Conclusions

The CNS remains the last major barrier to effective therapy for children affected by LSDs. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits the uptake of lysosomal enzymes from the peripheral circulation into the CNS, making direct gene delivery to the brain a reasonable, albeit more challenging, therapeutic option. Future work will further assess the relative advantages of directly targeting the brain with somatic gene delivery with sulphamidase modified to increase the efficiency of transport across the BBB. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vascular space occupancy (VASO) cerebral blood volume‐weighted MRI identifies hemodynamic impairment in patients with carotid artery disease
Authors: Donahue Manus J. , Jan van Laar Peter , van Zijl Peter C.M. , Stevens Robert D. , Hendrikse Jeroen
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To assess the role of vascular space occupancy (VASO) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a noninvasive cerebral blood volume (CBV)‐weighted technique, for evaluating CBV reactivity in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis.

Materials and Methods

VASO reactivity, defined as a signal change in response to hypercapnic stimulus (4‐second exhale, 14‐second breath‐hold), was measured in the left and right ICA flow territories in patients (n = 10) with varying degrees of unilateral and bilateral ICA stenosis and in healthy volunteers (n = 10).

Results

Percent VASO reactivity was more negative (P < 0.01) bilaterally in patients (ipsilateral: −3.6 ± 1.5%; contralateral: −3.4 ± 1.2%) compared with age‐matched controls (left: −1.9 ± 0.6%; right: −1.9 ± 0.8%). Owing to the nature of the VASO contrast mechanism, this more negative VASO reactivity was attributed to autoregulatory CBV effects in patients. A postbreath‐hold overshoot, which was absent in healthy volunteers, was observed unilaterally in a subset of patients.

Conclusion

More negative VASO reactivity was observed in patients with ICA stenosis and may be a marker of autoregulatory effects. Furthermore, the postbreath‐hold overshoot observed in patients is consistent with compensatory microvascular vasoconstriction and may be a marker of hemodynamic impairment. Based on the results of this feasibility study, VASO should be useful for identifying CBV adjustments in patients with steno‐occlusive disease of the ICA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:718–724. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do respiration and cardiac motion induce magnetic field fluctuations in the breast and are there implications for MR thermometry?
Authors: Peters Nicky H.G.M. , Bartels Lambertus W. , Sprinkhuizen Sara M. , Vincken Koen L. , Bakker Chris J.G.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To assess the distribution of respiration and cardiac motion‐induced field fluctuations in the breast and to evaluate the implications of such fluctuations for proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) MR thermometry in the breast.

Materials and Methods

Gradient echo MR field maps were made to study the effect of regular respiration, maximum capacity respiration, and cardiac motion on the stability of the local magnetic field in four healthy female volunteers. Field fluctuations (in parts‐per‐million [ppm]) were averaged over a region of interest covering both breasts.

Results

The average field fluctuation due to regular respiration was 0.13 ppm, due to maximum capacity respiration 0.16 ppm and <0.03 ppm due to cardiac motion. These fluctuations can be misinterpreted as temperature changes of 13, 16, and 3°C when PRFS‐based MR thermometry is used during thermal treatment of breast cancer.

Conclusion

Respiration causes significant field fluctuations in the breast. If MR thermometry were to be safely used in clinical practice, these fluctuations should be taken into account and should probably be corrected for. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:731–735. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of T2‐correction in single‐voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hepatic lipid fraction
Authors: Sharma Puneet , Martin Diego R. , Pineda Nashiely , Xu Qin , Vos Miriam , Anania Frank , Hu Xiaoping
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To investigate the accuracy and reproducibility of hepatic lipid measurements using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with T2 relaxation correction, compared to measurements without correction.

Materials and Methods

Experiments were conducted in phantoms of varying lipid and iron‐induced susceptibility to simulate fatty liver with variable T2. Single‐voxel 1H MRS was conducted with multiple TE values, and percent lipid content (lipid%) was determined at each TE to assess accuracy and TE dependency. Concurrently, T2 and equilibrium values of water and lipid were determined separately, and T2 effects on the lipid% were corrected. A similar procedure was conducted in 12 human subjects to determine susceptibility effects on water and lipid MRS signals and lipid%. Multiple measurements were used to test reproducibility.

Results

The use of T2‐correction was found to be more accurate than uncorrected lipid% in phantom samples (<10% error). Uncorrected lipid% error increased with increasing TE (>20% when TE > 24 msec) and with increasing susceptibility effect. In humans, while measurement repeatability was high for both corrected and uncorrected MRS, uncorrected lipid% was sensitive to acquisition TE, with 83.6% of all measurements significantly different than T2‐corrected measures (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Separate T2‐correction of water and lipid 1H MRS signals provides more accurate and consistent measurements of lipid%, in comparison to uncorrected estimations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:629–635. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.