bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cambios maduracionales en el ECG bovino: I. Activación ventricular
Authors: Santisteban R. , Tovar F. M. Castejon y P.
Published: May 2010

Maturation changes in the ECG of cattle: I. Ventricular activation

The effects of physical maturation on the parameters associated with the ventricular activation process were analyzed on the ECG from Holstein‐Friesian cattle at different ages.

The morphology of the ventricular complex shows great variability in leads I and aVF, which is due to the different directions of the activity fronts that spread across the ventricular myocardium.

The voltage of the QRS complex undergoes a significant decrease from 15 days old; conversely its duration is not affected by physical maturation; in contrast ventricular electrical systole undergoes increases in duration with age.

Se han analizado ECG procedentes de bovinos de raza Holstein Frisia, obtenidos a diferentes edades con el fin de determinar los efectos de la maduración física sobre los parámetros relacionados con el proceso de activación ventricular.

La morfología del complejo ventricular muestra una gran variabilidad en las derivaciones I y aVF, debido, probablemente, a la dirección variable de los frentes de actividad que atraviesan el miocardio ventricular.

El voltaje del complejo QRS experimenta una disminución significativa a partir de los 15 días de edad; por el contrario, su duración no se ve afectada por la maduración física. Sin embargo, no ocurre así con la sístole eléctrica ventricular que experimenta un incremento en su duración a medida que aumenta la edad del individuo.

Entwicklungsbedingte Veränderungen im EKG des Rindes: I. Kammeraktivierung

Bei Holstein‐Friesian‐Rindern unterschiedlichen Alters wurden entwicklungsabhängige Veränderungen der die Kammeraktivierung widerspiegelnden Parameter des EKG's untersucht. Die Form des Kammerkomplexes zeigte in der I‐ und aVF‐Ableitung jeweils eine große Variabilität, die wahrscheinlich auf unterschiedliche Ausbreitungsrichtungen der Aktivitätsfront in den Ventrikeln zurückgeht. Die Amplitude des QRS‐Komplexes verringert sich ab einem Alter von 15 Tagen. Dagegen unterliegt die Dauer des QRS‐Komplexes keinen entwicklungsbedingten Veränderungen. Die elektrische Ventrikelsystole jedoch verlängert sich mit dem Alter.
Distribution of Load between the Lateral and Medial Hoof of the Bovine Hind Limb
Authors: Ossent P. , Peterse D. J. , Schamhardt H. C.
Published: May 2010

Although theories on the aetiology of sole lesions in cattle have long included aspects on weight bearing, there is little data available. Using a force‐plate which enabled simultaneous determination of the load on both hooves as well as the total load per foot, we investigated a herd of 24 sound pregnant heifers one month before and again two months after calving. The load oscillation was considerable and very rapid. The group of animals which developed the more severe sole lesions after calving had already overburdened their lateral hooves on the first occasion. Other categories of cattle also indicated that there is a lateral shift of load with increasing age. The reasons remain unclear.

Verteilung der Belastung zwischen lateraler und medialer Klaue der Hinterextremität beim Rind

Obwohl in Theorien über die Aetiologie von Sohlenläsionen bei Rindern Aspekte der Gewichtsverteilung schon lange einbezogen wurden, ist wenig darüber bekannt. Wir untersuchten 24 gesunde trächtige Färsen einen Monat vor und zwei Monate nach dem Abkalben mittels einer Kraft‐Meßplatte. Dabei konnte sowohl die Belastung einer einzelnen Klaue als auch des ganzen Fußes simultan erfaßt werden. Die Belastungs‐Schwankungen waren beträchtlich und von hoher Frequenz. Tiere bei denen sich nach dem Abkalben schwerere Sohlenläsionen entwickelten, zeigten bereits bei der ersten Messung eine Mehrbelastung der lateralen Klauen. Bei anderen Gruppen von Rindern wurde eine altersabhängige Verlagerung der Belastung der Klauen nach lateral beobachtet. Die Gründe bleiben unklar.
Evidence of High Activity Carbonic Anhydrase in Sheep Placenta
Authors: Szenci O.
Published: May 2010

Carbonic anhydrase activity originating from an enzyme antigenically similar to the bovine erythrocyte high activity isoenzyme was found in the sheep cotyledon. Its tissue concentration was two and half‐times higher in the fetal placenta than that in the maternal placenta, whereas the bovine low activity isoenzyme was not detectable. It is concluded that the higher carbonic anhydrase activity in the fetal placenta promotes in situ the elimination of CO2 from the fetus.

Nachweis einer hohen Carbonanhydrase‐Aktivität in der Plazenta des Schafes

In Kotyledonen des Schafes wurde Carbonanhydrase‐Aktivität gefunden, die von einem Enzym stammte, das bezüglich seiner Antigeneigenschaften dem in bovinen Erythrozyten vorkommenden Isoenzym mit hoher Aktivität ähnlich war. Die Gewebskonzentration des Enzyms war in der foetalen Plazenta 2 1/2mal höher als in der maternalen Plazenta. Das bovine Isoenzym mit niedriger Aktivität war dagegen nicht nachweisbar. Es wird geschlossen, daß die höhere Carbonanhydrase‐Aktivität in der foetalen Plazenta in situ die CO2‐Elimination aus dem Foetus fördert.
Altered Urinary Excretion of Pteridines in Dogs with Various Tumours
Authors: Goldberg M. , Gassner F. , Merkenschlager M.
Published: May 2010

Urinary excretion levels of four pteridines in healthy dogs and in four groups of dogs with tumours were determined by HPLC after partial purification by ion exchange chromatography. Increased concentrations of all four pteridines were found in the mammary tumour group (17 cases). Neopterin, biopterin and pterin were elevated in patients with perianal gland tumours (11 cases). In patients with testicular tumours (8 cases), only pterin and isoxanthopterin showed elevated excretion levels. Bone tumour patients (6 cases) showed increased biopterin and pterin concentrations. These results suggest that each of the tumour groups analyzed is associated with a specific alteration in pteridine metabolism and can be distingished from the other tumour groups by means of this pattern.

Veränderung der Pteridin‐Exkretion im Hundeurin bei verschiedenen Tumorarten: Nach Anreicherung durch Ionen‐Austauschchromatographie wurden vier Pteridine im Urin von gesunden Hunden und von vier Gruppen mit verschiedenen Tumoren mittels HPLC untersucht. Konzentrationserhöhungen aller vier Pteridine wurden in der Gruppe von Hunden mit Mammatumoren gefunden (17 Patienten). Die Gehalte an Neopterin, Biopterin und Pterin waren bei Patienten mit Perianaldrüsentumor erhöht (11 Fälle). Bei Hodentumor (8 Patienten) war ein Anstieg nur für Pterin und Isoxanthopterin nachzuweisen. Patienten mit Knochentumor schieden Biopterin und Pterin vermehrt aus.

Die Befunde weisen darauf hin, daß jede der untersuchten Tumorarten mit einer spezifischen Veränderung des Pteridinstoffwechsels verbunden ist und aufgrund des Pteridinmusters von den anderen Tumorgruppen unterschieden werden kann.
Pharmakologische Untersuchungen mit Rekombinantem Humanen Interleukin‐2
Authors: Mayer P. , Hodgin L.
Published: May 2010

Pharmacological investigations with recombinant human Interleukin‐2 The production of recombinant human interleukin‐2 (rh IL‐2) in large amounts has made it possible to perform experiments in vitro as well as in vivo. Rh IL‐2 was able to augment the development of alloreactive cytotoxic T‐cells in vitro. The intraperitoneal injection of rh IL‐2 augmented peritoneal “natural killer” (NK) cell activity, whereas splenic NK cell augmentation required it to be administered by the intravenous route.

Because rh IL‐2 is highly effective for mouse cells in increasing their cytotoxic reaction against tumour cells in vitro, rh IL‐2 was explored in tumour models. It was found that the number of experimentally induced tumours, as well as of spontaneously developing metastases, in the B 16 melanoma tumour model was reduced by the systemic application of rh IL‐2. This biological effect may play an important role in the immunotherapy of human tumours.

Die Produktion von rekombinantem humanen Interleukin‐2 (rh IL‐2) in größeren Mengen ermöglichte es, vergleichende in vitro‐ und in vivo‐Untersuchungen durchzuführen. Rh IL‐2 ist in der Lage, in vitro im Mäusesystem die Entwicklung von alloreaktiven zytotoxischen T‐Zellen zu begünstigen. Die intraperitoneale Verabreichung von rh IL‐2 erhöht die Aktivität der “natural killer”‐(NK)‐Zellen im Peritonealraum. Die NK‐Zellen in der Milz werden erst durch intravenöse Applikation höherer Dosen aktiviert.

Da gezeigt werden konnte, daß die zytotoxische Wirkung von lymphoiden Zellen gegen Tumorzellen unter dem Einfluß von rh IL‐2 sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo gesteigert ist, wurde rh IL‐2 in Tumormodellen getestet. Sowohl in einem experimentellen als auch in einem spontanmetastasierenden Tumormodell konnte durch die Verabreichung von rh IL‐2 die Zahl der hämatogen entstehenden Metastasen reduziert werden.

Die beobachtete in vivo‐anti‐Tumorwirkung von rh IL‐2 und die Verfügbarkeit des Materials durch Herstellungsverfahren mittels rekombinanter Gentechnologie lassen die Behandlung von Tumorpatienten mit diesem Lymphokin als attraktive Alternative in der Tumortherapie erscheinen.
Utero‐ovarian vein catheterization in the pig: Blood levels of oestradiol‐17β and progesterone during follicular and early luteal phases in the gilt
Authors: Rojanasthien S. , Henriksson A. , Seguin B. E. , Einarsson S.
Published: May 2010

A method for utero‐ovarian vein catheterization in the pig is described. Utero‐ovarian and jugular vein catheterization were performed in 3 gilts. Blood samples were taken every 8 h from day 15 of the oestrous cycle until day 3 of the subsequent cycle. Blood samples were analysed for progesterone and oestradiol‐17β concentrations. Progesterone and oestradiol‐17β levels in the utero‐ovarian vein were higher than in the jugular vein until they became lower than the detectable limit of the assays. Progesterone levels in the utero‐ovarian vein and the jugular vein became lower than the detectable limit 4–5 days before standing oestrus. Progesterone in the utero‐ovarian vein increased 16–24 h after the beginning of standing oestrus, while the corresponding increase in the jugular vein occurred about 16 h later. Similarly, oestradiol‐17 β rose during the late luteal phase 40–48 h earlier in the utero‐ovarian vein than in the jugular vein. However, oestradiol‐17 β declined concurrently to low levels in the utero‐ovarian vein and jugular vein around the beginning of standing oestrus. These results show that utero ovarian vein catheterization can be easily performed in the pig. Blood sampling close to the ovary makes possible the earlier detection of changes in the hormonal release from the ovary.

Katheterisierung der Uteroovarialvene beim Schwein: Blutspiegel von Oestradiol‐17 β und Progesteron während der Follikelphase und frühen Lutealphase bei der Jungsau

Es wird eine Methode zur Katheterisierung der Uteroovarialvene beim Schwein beschrieben. In die Uteroovarialvene sowie die Jugularvene wurde bei 3 Jungsauen jeweils ein Katheter eingesetzt. Blutproben wurden vom 15. Tag des Brunstzyklus bis zum 3. Tag des nachfolgenden Zyklus alle 8 h entnommen. In den Blutproben wurden die Progesteron‐ und Oestradiol‐17 β ‐Konzentrationen bestimmt. Die Progesteron‐ und Ocstradiol‐17 β‐Konzcntrationen waren in der Uteroovarialvene höher als in der Jugularvene, zumindest solange die Nachweisgrenze nicht unterschritten wurde. Die Progesteronspiegel in der Uteroovarialvene und Jugularvene fielen 4–5 Tage vor dem Vollöstrus unter die Nachweisgrenze ab. Die Progesteronkonzentration in der Uteroovarialvene nahm 16–24 h nach dem Beginn des Vollöstrus zu, während die entsprechende Zunahme in der Jugularvene ungefähr 16 h später erfolgte. Ähnlich stieg die Oestradiol‐17 β‐Konzentration während der späten Lutealphase in der Uteroovarialvene 40–48 h früher an als in der Jugularvene. Jedoch fielen die Oestradiol‐17 β‐Spiegel in der Uteroovarialvene und Jugularvene bei Beginn des Vollöstrus parallel ab. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Katheterisierung der Uteroovarialvene beim Schwein leicht durchführbar ist. Die Blutgewinnung in der Nähe des Ovars ermöglicht den früheren Nachweis von Veränderungen der Hormonfreisetzung aus dem Ovar.
Ein Radiotelemetriesystem zur langfristigen, kontinuierlichen Registrierung der Körperkerntemperatur von kleinen Versuchstieren*
Authors: Petry H. , Kugler W. , Maier J.
Published: May 2010

A Radiotelemetry System for Long‐term Continuous Recording of Body Core Temperature in Small Animals

A radiotelemetry system for long‐term continuous recording of body core temperature in small experimental animals is described.

The function time of the VHF‐transmitter is at least 6 months; its transmission range is up to 5 m. Voltage control for stable operating voltage, battery box for reliable battery connection, and glass encapsulation against moisture are the special features of the transmitter. The implantable transmitter capsule weighs about 8g (length 34 mm, diameter 13 mm).

The receiver is constructed for 5 transmitters. The measurement range is 35–41 °C (accuracy ± 0.1 °C). Signals not coming from the transmitter are eliminated as interferences by an electronic logic.

The measured values are evaluated by a PC‐computer system. In the calculating program also the non‐linear characteristic of the thermistor is considered. The results are immediately displayed, stored up in desired intervals, and printed out numerically or plotted as histograms.

Es wird ein Radiotelemetriesystem zur langfristigen, kontinuierlichen Registrierung der Körperkerntemperatur von Versuchstieren beschrieben.

Die Funktionsdauer des UKW‐Senders beträgt mindestens 6 Monate; seine Reichweite liegt bei 5m. Spannungsregler, Batteriefassung und Verkapselung in Glas sind die besonderen Merkmale des Senders. Die implantierbare Senderkapsel hat die Maße: Länge 34 mm, Durchmesser 13 mm, Gewicht 8g.

Der Empfänger ist für 5 Sender ausgelegt. Der Meßbereich ist auf 35–41 °C festgelegt (Aullösung 0,1 °C). Durch eine Störungslogik werden nicht vom Sender kommende Signale als Störungen eliminiert.

Die Verarbeitung der Meßdaten erfolgt durch ein Computersystem. In dem Rechenprogramm wird auch die logarithmische Sender‐Kennlinie linearisiert. Die Meßergebnisse werden direkt angezeigt, abgespeichert bzw. numerisch oder in Histogrammen ausgedruckt.
Polyamine Metabolism in the Digestive Tract of Goats
Authors: Eliassen Knut Arnet
Published: May 2010

The distribution of ornithine‐ and S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity and the polyamine concentration in different parts of the digestive tract of adult goats was examined.

The ornithine decarboxylase activity was very low in rumen and abomasum mucosa, about 1 nmol CO2/g·h. The activity in the mucosa of the small intestine was higher, with a peak in the duodenum, of about 18 nmol CO2/g·h.

The S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity increased gradually from about 4 nmol CO2/g·h in rumen mucosa to about 11 nmol CO2/g·h in ileum mucosa. The lowest concentration of all three amines was found in the rumen. Spermine was the polyamine found in highest concentration in the digestive mucosa, its mean concentration in the small intestine was about 800 nmol/g wet weight, while the corresponding values for spermidine and putrescine was about 300 nmol/g wet weight. In luminal contents of the small intestine the concentrations of polyamines were much lower than in the corresponding segments of the mucosa.

Insulin treatment caused a significant increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity In abomasum, duodenum and particularly in ileum mucosa 4 to 5 h alter injection. Also, mucosal S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity increased significantly, particularly in the abomasum, but also in the duodenum and jejunum part. Corresponding changes in the concentration of polyamines in the mucosa were not observed in any part of the digestive tract.

Polyamin‐Stoffwechsel im Verdauungstrakt von Ziegen

Es wurde die Verteilung der Ornithin‐ und S‐Adenosylmethionindecarboxylase‐Aktivität sowie der Polyaminkonzentrationen in verschiedenen Abschnitten des Verdauungsiraktes adulter Ziegen untersucht.

Die Ornithindecarboxylase war in der Rumen‐ und Abomasummucosa sehr niedrig (etwa 1 nmol CO2/g·h). Die Aktivität in der Dünndarmmucosa war höher, wobei der höchste Wert (18 nmol CO2/g·h) im Duodenum gefunden wurde.

Die S‐Adenosylmethionindecarboxylase‐Aktivität nahm von der Pansenmucosa (4 nmol CO2/g·h) zur Ileummucosa (11 nmol CO2/g·h) allmählich zu. Die niedrigste Konzentration für alle drei Amine wurde im Pansen gefunden. Spermin war das Polyamin mit der höchsten mucosalen Konzentration im Verdauungstrakt. Seine mittlere Konzentration im Dünndarm betrug etwa 800 nmol/g Naßgewicht, während die entsprechenden Werte für Spermidin und Putrescin bei etwa 300 nmol/g Naßgewicht lagen. Im Dünndarminhalt waren die Konzentrationen der Polyamide viel niedriger als in den entsprechenden Mucosaabschnitten. Die Injektion von Insulin führte 4–5 h nach der Injektion in der Mucosa des Abomasums, Duodenums und insbesondere des Ileums zu einer signifikanten Zunahme der Ornithindecarboxylase‐Aktivität. Auch die mucosale S‐Adenosylmethionindecarboxylase‐Aktivität nahm insbesondere im Abomasum, aber auch im Duodenum und Jejunum signifikant zu. Für die mucosalen Pölyaminkonzentrationen wurden in keinem Abschnitt des Verdauungstrakts entsprechende Veränderungen beobachtet.
Evaluation of Preserved Homologous Pericardium for Hernioplasty in Buffalo Calves
Authors: Deokiouliyar U. K. , Khan A. A. , Sahay P. N. , Prasad R.
Published: May 2010

Glycerol preserved buffalo pericardial sac was used to repair large experimentally induced hernias in 12 clinically healthy buffalo‐calves. Functional, histological and histochemical results after the hernioplasty were evaluated. The pericardial implant proved to be a good prosthetic material which became firmly incorporated in the host tissue. The growth of the surrounding collagenous tissues produced a firm union between the graft and host tissue. The graft was gradually invaded by collagen fibres and had been almost completely replaced by 16 weeks. Preservation with glycerol appeared to make the pericardial sheet appropriate for subsequent use after collection.

Evaluation von konserviertem homologen Pericard für die Hernienbehandlung bei Büffel‐Kälbern

Mit Glycerin konserviertes Büffel‐Pericard wurde zur Beseitigung großer experimentell induzierter Hernien bei 12 klinisch gesunden Büffel‐Kälbern verwendet. Funktionelle, histologische und histochemische Befunde wurden nach der Hernienbehandlung ausgewertet. Das Pericard‐Implantat erwies sich als gut verträgliches Ersatzmaterial, das fest in das Gewebe der Empfänger inkorporiert wurde. Das Wachstum des kollagenen Gewebes in der Umgebung erzeugte eine feste Verbindung zwischen dem Transplantat und dem Gewebe des Empfängers. Das Transplantat wurde allmählich von kollagenen Fasern durchdrungen und war nach 16 Wochen fast vollständig ersetzt. Die Konservierung mit Glycerin machte das Pericard anscheinend für die entsprechende Verwendung nach der Gewinnung geeignet.
Keratin Staining of Canine Epithelial Tissues by a Polyclonal Antiserum
Authors: Vos J. H. , Ingh T. S. G. A. M. van den , Misdorp W. , Ramaekers F. C. S. , Mil F. N. van , de Neijs M.
Published: May 2010

The keratin distribution pattern in various canine epithelial tissues has been studied using a commercially available rabbit antiserum, raised against human skin keratins, in an immunoperoxidase staining method with the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase complex (PAP). The staining results of two fixation methods were compared. Paraffin sections after fixation in Carnoy's solution showed optimal results, whereas paraffin sections after fixation in 10% buffered formalin resulted in a strongly reduced keratin staining reaction. Keratinizing and non‐keratinizing stratified epithelia showed a strong staining reaction. Glandular epithelium and the non‐stratified epithelia of internal organs e. g. liver, kidney and intestine did not react with the antiserum. However, glandular ductal epithelium, myoepithelial cells and basal cells in various epithelial tissues showed a positive staining reaction. The results indicate the presence of different keratin types in these canine epithelial tissues. The keratin distribution pattern is compared with the distribution pattern observed in tissues of other species.

Färbung des Keratins in epithelialen Geweben des Hundes mit einem polyclonalen Antiserum

In verschiedenen epithelialen Geweben des Hundes wurde das Keratin‐Verteilungsmuster unter Verwendung eines kommerziellen, gegen humane Haut‐Keratine gerichteten Kaninchen‐Antiserums mittels einer Immuno‐Peroxydase‐Färbemethode mit dem Peroxydase‐Antiperoxydase‐Komplex (PAP) untersucht. Dabei wurden auch die Auswirkungen zweier Fixationsverfahren auf die Färbung verglichen. Optimale Ergebnisse wurden mit Paraffinschnitten nach Fixation in der Carnoyschen Lösung erhalten, während sich mit Paraffin‐Schnitten nach Fixation in 10%iger gepufferter Formalin‐Lösung eine stark abgeschwächte Keratin‐Färbung ergab.

Keratinisierendes und nicht keratinisierendes mehrschichtiges Epithel zeigte die stärkste Färbereaktion. Drüsenepithel und Epithel innerer Organe, wie z. B. der Leber, der Niere und des Darms reagierten mit dem Antiserum nicht. Dagegen zeigten das Epithel von Drüsengängen, Myoepithelzellen und Basalzellen verschiedener epithelialer Gewebe eine positive Reaktion. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf das Vorhandensein verschiedener Keratin‐Typen in diesen epithelialen Geweben des Hundes hin. Das Keratinverteilungsmuster wird mit dem Keratinverteilungsmuster von Geweben anderer Species verglichen.
Pancreatic Degenerative Atrophy in the Collie Breed: A Hereditary Disease
Authors: Westermarck E. , Pamilo P. , Wiberg M.
Published: May 2010

In Finland pancreatic degenerative atrophy (PDA) is most commonly diagnosed in two breeds of dogs: the German Shepherd and the rough coated Collie. The incidence of PDA in the Collie breed in Finland is close to 1%. Of the 51 cases diagnosed in the Collie breed 44 could be placed in one composite pedigree. An affected dog in that pedigree had, on average, 17 affected relatives distributed in 11 different litters. This clustering strongly suggests that PDA is a hereditary disease. The pedigree data indicate that PDA could be an autosomal recessive trait, although the estimated proportion of affected offspring within litters (0.13) was lower than the expected Mendelian frequency (0.25).

Die degenerative Pankreasatrophie beim Collie, eine Erbkrankheit

In Finnland wird die degenerative Pankreasatrophie (PDA) hauptsächlich bei zwei Hunderassen diagnostiziert, dem Deutschen Schäferhund und dem Rauhhaar‐Collie. Das Vorkommen der PDA beim Collie liegt in Finnland bei etwa 1%. Von den 51 bei Collies diagnostizierten Fällen konnten 44 in einem Stammbaum untergebracht werden. Ein betroffener Hund in diesem Stammbaum hatte durchschnittlich 17 betroffene Verwandte, die sich auf 11 verschiedene Würfe verteilten. Aufgrund dieser Häufung dürfte es sich bei der PDA um eine Erbkrankheit handeln. Die Stammbaum‐Daten lassen vermuten, daß die PDA autosomal rezessiv vererbt wird, obgleich der geschätzte Anteil betroffener Nachkommen innerhalb der Würfe (0,13) niedriger war als der nach den Mendelschen Gesetzen zu erwartende Anteil (0,25).
Intrauterine Growth Rates of the West African Dwarf Goat and Some Foetal Organs in Relation to Strategic Feed Supplementation During Pregnancy
Authors: Osuagwuh A. I. A. , Aire T. A.
Published: May 2010

The intrauterine growth rate of West African dwarf (WAD) goats and their foetal brain, heart and liver were studied to provide possible approaches for formulating maternal feeding strategies during pregnancy for minimizing reproductive wastage due to abortion, dystocia and neonatal mortality. Twenty‐five pregnant adult WAD does, involving 58 foetuses were studied. The goats were fed a standard farm ration and the foetuses were harvested by caesarean section at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 140 days of gestation. The data were analysed by an exponential growth model subjected to multiple linear regression analysis to obtain the daily growth rate and maximal rate of increase of each variable studied.

The results showed that the foetal body, brain, heart and liver weights were significantly related with gestational age (P<0.01). The coefficients, b1 and b2, were also significant (P<0.01). The variables considered in this study showed different maximum rates of growth and different initial instantaneous growth rates which also decreased at different rates for each day of gestation. The results indicated that feed supplementation in pregnant WAD does should be determined from changes in foetal growth rate in order to minimize reproductive wastage and for economics of animal production, and that high feed supplementation before 70 and after 118 days post‐breeding should be avoided.
Diprosopia in a Cat
Authors: Camón J. , Ruberte J. , Ordóñez G.
Published: May 2010

A diprosopic cat is described. In the head, two snouts, three eyes and two pinnae were present. The mandible was single and immobile because labial skin of both upper lips and single lower lip was partly fused. Superimposition of upper and lower dental arches was impossible and the mouths remained permanently open. Two incomplete oral cavities were present and the two tongues were joined at their base. The brain was duplicated in part. In the cranium only occipital and temporal bones were normal, the basisphenoid was bifurcated and the remaining bones were duplicated. Embryological mechanisms are discussed.
Relaxation of Muscle Strips from the Reticular Groove and Reticulo‐Omasal Orifice by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Authors: Denac M. , Oertle C. , Kumin G. , Eggenberger E. , Scharrer E.
Published: May 2010

The effect of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) on muscle strips from the reticular groove, the reticulo‐omasal orifice (ROO) and the omasal canal was studied. VIP caused a concentration‐dependent (10−8–5 · 10−7mol/l) reduction of the acetylcholine‐induced (55 · 10−6mol/l) contraction of the reticular groove muscle preparations from calves and adult cattle. VIP was more effective in the muscle strips from calves than in those from adult cattle. Moreover, the circular muscle strips from the reticular groove were more sensitive to VIP than the longitudinal muscle strips.

VIP also induced a concentration‐related (10−8–5 · 10−7mol/l) relaxation of muscle strips from the calf ROO. Furthermore, both circular and longitudinal muscle strips from the omasal canal of the calf were relaxed by VIP (10−7–5 · 10−7mol/l). The relaxing effect of VIP on the circular muscle strips from the reticular groove of the calf was not significantly affected during incubation with 5 · lO−6mol/l tetrodotoxin. The relaxing effect of VIP therefore seems to be mediated by VIP receptors of smooth muscle cells.

These properties of VIP in conjunction with its presence in nerve fibres located in the wall of the reticular groove and ROO are consistent with a role of VIP as inhibitory transmitter in this region of the bovine stomach.
Effect of Perinatal Anti‐TCR2 Treatment and Thymectomy on Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in the Chicken
Authors: Cihak J. , Ziegler‐Heitbrock H. W. L. , Stein H. , Lösch U.
Published: May 2010

Treatment of chickens as embryos and in the first six days after hatching with mg amounts of anti‐TCR2 (αβ T cell antigen receptor) antibody plus thymectomy 6 to 8 days after hatching suppressed by more than 90% the TCR2 and TCR1 (TCRγδ) subpopulations in the blood. Thymectomy alone resulted only in a profound reduction (> 90%) of the absolute number of TCR1 cells, while the absolute number of TCR2 cells was reduced only by 65%. We were interested in the regulation of the immunoglobulin synthesis in these T cell deficient chickens. We determined serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels and found a profound selective reduction (by about 90% on average) of the serum IgA level in anti‐TCR2 antibody treated plus thymectomized chickens. In chickens which had been thymectomized only, the serum IgA level was reduced on average only by about 60%. Serum IgG and IgM levels were not reduced in any group.

Thus, there was a positive correlation of the serum IgA level and the absolute number of TCR2 cells in all groups. These results indicate that T cells which play a role in IgA specific isotype switching or in IgA B cell differentiation belong to the TCR2 subpopulation.
The Influence of Thiourea on the Development of the Cultured Quail Embryo*
Authors: Kaltner H. , Heydner Ch. , Wittmann J.
Published: May 2010

Although thyroid hormones are known to promote embryonic development, it is still questionable whether the hormones of the thyroid gland exert a stimulatory effect on the early embryo. In attempting to elucidate the thyroid function in this period, we tried to block the synthesis of thyroid hormones by thiourea and followed the embryogenesis under these conditions.

The experiments were performed with cultured quail embryos (Coturnix coturnix japonica), which seemed especially suitable for those studies.

The results demonstrate that thiourea causes a decrease of the survival rate, DNA‐synthesis and of the excretion of uric acid into the allantoic liquid. Furthermore, it exerts an inhibitory effect on weight gain and developmental stages. On the basis of these results it seems very likely, that thyroid hormones exert a stimulatory effect on the development of quail embryos earlier than assumed previously.
Osteopenia Caused by Ovariectomy in Young Female Rats and Prophylactic Effects of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3*
Authors: Kohn B. , Erben R. G. , Weiser H. , Rambeck W. A. , Zucker H.
Published: May 2010

Young female rats were subjected to either bilateral ovariectomy or sham operation. One group of ovariectomized (ovx) animals was treated with the vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 after surgery. The effects of ovariectomy and 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment on different markers of bone formation (serum alkaline phosphatase, serum bone gla protein) and bone resorption (fasting urinary hydroxyproline) were determined. All rats were euthanized at 7 weeks post ovariectomy and their first lumbar vertebra were processed undecalcified for quantitative bone histomorphometry. A significant decrease in cancellous bone mass was noted in ovx compared with sham‐operated rats. This bone loss was associated with increased biochemical markers of bone formation and bone resorption. Furthermore, ovariectomy led to elevated osteoblast perimeter and osteoid parameters as well as an increased osteoclast number. These data indicate that young growing rats develop osteopenia 7 weeks after ovariectomy which goes along with an accelerated bone turnover. Bone gla‐protein, alkaline phosphatase and hydroxyproline can be useful markers in studies with ovx rats. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 led to a lowered urinary hydroxyproline excretion and a significant decrease of osteoclast number whereas histomorphometrical indices of bone formation were nearly unchanged. Cancellous bone mass increased significantly in ovx rats treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 compared with non‐treated rats. These results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 has a prophylactic effect with regard to bone loss in ovx rats which refers to a diminished bone resorption in the high bone turnover condition of ovx animals.
Lobeline‐Induced Hyperpnea in Equids
Authors: Art T. , Desmecht D. , Amory H. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

In order to facilitate lung auscultation, a transitory hyperpnea may be obtained by lobeline administration, use of a rebreathing bag or exercise. The effect of these three methods on the pulmonary function were studied and compared in 5 healthy ponies. Respiratory airflow and tidal volume were measured with a pneumotachograph Nr. 5 and pleural pressure with the esophageal balloon catheter technique. Pulmonary function values were measured before, during and after the hyperpnea induced by (i) lobeline, (ii) rebreathing and (iii) exercise.

Lobeline administration induced an hyperpnea due to both an increase in tidal volume and respiratory rate; this increase in ventilation lasted for about 90s and was accompanied by a sharp rise in the respiratory peak airflows, especially the expiratory ones. The rebreathing method induced a less hyperpnea which lasted only 30s. Lastly the hyperpnea after a light treadmill exercise was the longer in duration and intermediate between the preceding methods in intensity.
Finnish Dairy Cows: Energy Balance and Seasonal Variation in Fertility
Authors: Miettinen P. V. A. , Rainio V. A. , Kukkonen S. A. , SetäläU J. J.
Published: May 2010

The relationship between metabolic balance and seasonal variations in fertility was studied in middle Finland in 104 cows that had calved from February to June. The cows were kept indoors until the end of May when they turned out to pasture.

Urea and acetone concentrations in milk were used to evaluate metabolic balance, and progesterone assays were used to determine the onset of ovarian activity.

The length of ovarian quiescence was influenced by the season. All cows that calved in May had started their ovarian activity by 7 weeks postpartum, while 64% and 70%, respectively, of those that calved in March and April had increased levels of progesterone (p < 0.01).

Cows that calved in March had the highest concentrations of acetone beyond 4 weeks postpartum. On pasture the energy balance reached equilibrium in five weeks postpartum, whereas cows kept indoors had an increased level of acetone even 9 weeks after parturition.

No correlation was found between urea levels and reproductive performance. The most harmful effect of increased acetone concentration was found in late puerperium. The adverse effect of low energy level was also observed when cows were on pasture; increased level of acetone was significantly correlated with a long interval from calving to first insemination and conception (p < 0.05). Cows that calved in late spring had the shortest interval from calving to first insemination and conception.

In dairy cows an imbalance in energy metabolism in late puerperium affects reproductive performance negatively. The effect of season on fertility was due to the better metabolic balance of cows on pasture. The positive effect of pasture may be due to exercise and to better nutrition.
Haematological Profile in Neonatal Dwarf and Landrace Kids
Authors: Mbassa G. K. , Poulsen J. S. D.
Published: May 2010

The haematological profile in neonatal dwarf and Danish landrace kids was investigated in 62 healthy Danish landrace and 34 dwarf kids from birth to 12 months of age in 7 herds. The objective was to determine the reference values in the breeds, and evaluate the influence of age and environment on haematological parameters. Parametric (means and standard deviations) and non‐parametric (5th, 95th percentile, median) values were calculated for each analysis. Results of the two statistical methods were close to each other. The number of erythrocytes in both breeds increased with age from neonatal minimum values. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit decreased from the neonatal values in the following two weeks of life, whereafter they increased. Haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volumes were significantly higher in neonatal dwarf than in landrace kids. Differences in erythrocyte counts and haematocrit were observed with subsequent growth. There were significant differences in erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin, between breeds (in kids of similar age), age groups (within the breeds) and herds (in kids of similar age within the breeds). Statistically significant differences in haematological values between female and male kids of similar young ages within the same breed were not observed. Age, breed and environment influenced the level of haematological parameters in kids.
Serum Lysozyme Activity and Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction Test in Dogs With Diabetes Mellitus*
Authors: Lechowski R. , Lenarcik M. , Degòrski A. , Winnicka A.
Published: May 2010

Serum lysozyme activity and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction by blood phagocytes were studied in 24 dogs with controlled insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and in 16 healthy controls aged from 6 to 12 years. In dogs with diabetes mellitus serum lysozyme activity was significantly (p < 0.001) lowered. The NBT reducing value of circulating phagocytes in diabetic dogs was increased (p < 0.05), whereas these cells increase in NBT reduction following stimulation (stimulation index) was decreased (p <0.05).

It is suggested that in diabetic dogs changes in activity of circulating and tissue phagocytes may occur.
Ein indirekter Nachweis der Ovulation und Fertilisation beim Hund durch Progesteronverlaufsuntersuchungen*
Authors: Arbeiter K. , Dobretsberger M. , Müller Erika , Holzmann A.
Published: May 2010

About an Indirect Proof of Ovulation and Ovafertilisation in Dogs by Continued Controls of Plasma Progesterone Levels: In addition to already published data (Arbeiter et al., 1990) we could achieve important facts concerning the estimation of mating time of the bitch by measuring the progesterone (P4) level continuously and observing the clinical signs on a collective of 106 ambulant patients. We found that a P 4‐concentration of 5 ng/ml plasma and above is signalizing ovulation or ovafertilisation; a sudden rise of the progesterone over 10 ng (Ovucheck®), reflecting 19.2 ng/ml (Serozyme®‐Progesterone), turned out to be a diagnostic mark for determination of mating time.

Copulation took place between the 9th and 19th day of heat. 89% of the controllable bitches (n = 79) conceived and birth occurred 61.4 days (x̄) later. The litter size and the loss of dead born puppies (4.7 %) was normal with regard to the pertinent races. Because of their easy handling the P 4‐testkits (Ovucheck®; Serozyme®‐Progesterone) are of good use for the practician.

Bereits publizierte Untersuchungen weiterführend (Arbeiter u. Mitarb., 1990), konnten an 106 ambulant betreuten Patienten aufgrund von Progesteron‐Verlaufskontrollen im Verein mit den klinischen Befunden wesentliche Erkenntnisse für eine präzisere Bestimmung der Deckzeit bei der Hündin gewonnen werden. Es wurde ermittelt, daß ein P4‐Gehalt von 5 ng/ml Plasma und darüber die Freisetzung und nachfolgende Fertilisation der Ova anzeigt und das sprunghafte Ansteigen auf > 10 ng/ml (Ovucheck®) entsprechend 19,2 ng/ml (Serozyme®‐Progesteron), ein diagnostischer Richtwert für die Deckzeitbestimmung ist.

Die Belegungen erfolgten zwischen dem 9. und 19. Tag der Läufigkeit; 89% der kontrollierbaren Hündinnen (n = 79) konzipierten und kamen nach 61,4 Tagen (x̄) zur Geburt. Die Wurfgrößen waren den Rassen gemäß, der Verlust an Totgeburten (4,7%) der Norm entsprechend. — Die einfach auszuführenden P4‐Messungen (Ovucheck®‐Schätzwerte; Serozyme®‐Progesteron‐Digitalmessung) machen die Verfahren auch für die Praxis geeignet.
Possible Importance for Laminitis Research of Recent Studies on Substances Influencing the Differentiation of Cultured Keratinocytes
Authors: Ekfalck A. , Jones B. , Obel N.
Published: May 2010

After a survey of the state of laminitis research the authors conclude that none of the present concepts of the pathogenesis of laminitis unequivocally explains the basic clinical and morphological observations in this disease. There is therefore reason to consider the advances that have been made during the last decades in respect to the influence of various substances on the differentiation of cultured skin keratinocytes. The technique is available for studying hoof keratinocytes in a comparable way. Relevant literature on cultured skin keratinocytes is surveyed. Some of the results from experimental studies on skin keratinocytes have an obvious connection with observations in laminitis, a fact which has led the authors to hypothesize that laminitis may be a “multifactorial” disease and that it may be provoked by agents stimulating multiplication of hoof keratinocytes with consequent reduction of differentiation.
Zahl und Reifegradverteilung der Retikulozyten von sechs Tierarten
Authors: Fuchs A. , Eder H.
Published: May 2010

Enumeration and maturation distribution of reticulocytes of six species:

With the fully automated reticulocyte analyzer Sysmex R‐1000 (Fa. Toa Medical Electronics Co., LTD) the reticulocyte count and the reticulocyte ratio of rabbit, rat, mouse, mastomys, dog and swine was determinated. Simultaneously, the reticulocytes were subdivided into 10 maturation classes according to their fluorescence intensity.

The maturation distribution can be characterized by a distribution quotient. Both the maturation distribution as well as the distribution quotient are considered to be useful as good indicators of erythropoietic activity.

The investigation establishes, that the reticulocyte count and the maturation distribution of these six species can be determinated quickly and easily. The distinct differences between the species reflect the maturation locus of the reticulocytes, which varies among the species (medullary or humoral type of maturation).

Mit Hilfe der vollautomatisierten Analysemethode Sysmex R‐1000 (Fa. Toa Medical Electronics Co., LTD) wurde die absolute und relative Retikulozytenzahl von Kaninchen, Ratte, weißer Maus, Vielzitzenmaus, Hund und Schwein bestimmt. Gleichzeitig erfolgte über die Erfassung der Fluoreszenzintensität eine Einteilung dieser Zellen in 10 Reifeklassen.

Durch einen Verteilungsquotienten wird eine Rechengröße angegeben, die diese Reifegradverteilung einfach charakterisiert. Sowohl die Reifegradverteilung als auch der Verteilungsquotient bieten aufgrund ihrer höheren Objektivität und besseren Auflösung eine gute Grundlage zur Beurteilung der erythropoetischen Aktivität.

Die Untersuchung hat ergeben, daß die Retikulozytenzahl und die Retikulozyten‐Reifegradverteilung bei den erwähnten sechs Tierarten schnell und problemlos bestimmt werden kann. Die Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Tierarten sind deutlich und spiegeln die tierartspezifische Ausreifung der Retikulozyten wider (medullärer oder humoraler Ausreifungstyp).
Bone Biopsy in the Horse: 2. Evaluation of Histomorphometric Examination
Authors: Savage C. J. , Tidd L. C. , Melsen F. , Jefetott L. B. , ØStblom L.
Published: May 2010

The histomorphometrical examination of a series of bone biopsies from the wing of ilium of foals and older horses is reported. Biopsies were obtained from 20 clinically normal horses, which had previously been infused with tetracycline intravenously twice at a 7 day interval at a dose rate of 10 to 15 mg kg−1. The horses were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 10 foals (mean age: 4± 1 months) which were biopsied at 3 different sites in the wing of ilium. Group 2 comprised 10 older horses (mean age: 91 ± 63 months) which were biopsied from only one site in the left ilium. A systematic evaluation of intra‐observer, intra‐core, intra‐bone and inter‐bone errors was made to investigate parameter variations that might affect interpretation of bone biopsies. The measurements carried out included cancellous bone volume (Cn‐BV/TV), osteoid surface (OS/BS), eroded surface (ES/BS), mean wall thickness (W. Th), mean osteoid thickness (O. Th), distance between labels (Ir. L. Th) and mineralising surface (MS/BS).

The intra‐observer variance, the variance between sections, the variance between adjacent biopsies and that between right and left sides proved to be smaller than the inter‐individual variance. The estimate of errors associated with the histomorphometrical analysis of bone biopsies is important for correct interpretations of changes due to disease.
Selenium Content and Distribution in Bovine and Human Milk from Different Regions of Poland
Authors: Dębski B. , ŻArski T.P. , Milner J.A.
Published: May 2010

Human milk and bulk cow's milk samples from 3 different areas of central Poland were analized for their Se content. Cow's milk specimens were also analyzed for Se distribution and GSH‐Px activity. Mature human milk contained 34–68% more Se than bulk cow's milk obtained from analogous areas of central Poland. Comparison of literature values suggest, that human and cow's milk from vicinity of Warsaw and Piotrków Trubunalski were Se‐adequate but milk from Siedlce area was Se‐deficient. Glutathione peroxidase activity accounted for 25–31% of the total peroxidase activity of cow's milk. The majority of the Se was found in the whey fraction. It was suggested that the participation of the casein fraction in total milk selenium increased faster than milk Se content. Cow's milk obtained near Warsaw had a 2‐times higher concentration of Se than in milk from Siedlce but the content of this microelement in the casein fraction (pellet) was 3‐times higher.
Intravenous and Intraruminal Administration of Short Chain Fatty Acids Increase the Potential Difference Across the Sheep Rumen Epithelium
Authors: Holtenius K.
Published: May 2010

The effect of intraruminal loads of a propionate/butyrate mixture and of intravenous administration of butyrate on the potential difference across the rumen epithelium (PD) was studied in conscious sheep. The PD was elevated during the measurement period 5 to 15 minutes after intraruminal loading with a propionate/butyrate mixture.

Intravenously injected butyrate caused a prompt transitory increase in PD. The results show that both intraruminal and intravenous administration of certain short chain fatty acids stimulated the PD indicating altered ion transport properties across the rumen epithelium.
Pharmacokinetics of the Gyrase Inhibitor Marbofloxacin: Influence of Pregnancy and Lactation in Sows
Authors: PETRACCA KATHARINA , RIOND J.‐L. , GRASER T. , WANNER M.
Published: May 2010

Six pregnant sows were treated in early pregnancy, late pregnancy and during lactation. Marbofloxacin was administered (2mg/kg body weight) intravenously and orally. The active drug concentration in the plasma was quantitated by use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by use of statistical moments. In lactating animals, the concentrations in milk were also determined by HPLC. Mean elimination half‐life of the drug after oral administration was significantly shorter in lactating sows (5.74 h) than that of the early pregnancy group (10.09 h). Total body clearance was highest in the lactating sows (3.27 ml/minute · kg body weight). The volume of distribution was large in all physiological states studied indicating good tissue penetration. Bioavailability was about 80% in pregnant and lactating sows. Antimicrobial secretion in milk contributed greatly to marbofloxacin elimination. These results indicate an important influence of lactation on marbofloxacin pharmacokinetics in sows. Therefore, in such cases, marbofloxacin dose should be increased during lactation.
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloidosis in a Two Month Old Foal
Authors: SMALL A.C. , KELLY W.R. , SEAWRIGHT A.A. , MATTOCKS A.R. , JUKES R.
Published: May 2010

A foal, small and jaundiced from birth, succumbed after two months to chronic hepatic damage which was characterised by fibrosis, biliary ductular hyperplasia and the presence of pleomorphic hepatocytes containing either a single large nucleus or multiple nuclei. The fixed liver contained sulfur‐bound pyrroles, which are derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids. During pregnancy the pasture was heavily infested with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid‐containing plant, Senecio madagascariensis. The hepatic disease affecting the foal appears to have been initiated by consumption of the alkaloids by the mare during gestation, and to represent a rare case of congenital pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis.