bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DE DATASETS GOVERNAMENTAIS DO BRASIL E DA COLÔMBIA, COM DADOS DE AGRICULTURA E DESENVOLVIMENTO RURAL
Authors: Camperos Reyes Jacquelin Teresa , Gonçalves Sant'Ana Ricardo César , Santarém Segundo José Eduardo
Published: July 2018

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar datasets de agricultura e desenvolvimento rural dos governos do Brasil e da Colômbia, questionando, a partir de princípios de dados abertos, se esses datasets realmente estão disponibilizados como dados abertos. Realizou-se análise qualitativa de datasets observando a aderência de alguns dos princípios de dados abertos criados na cidade de Sebastopol, Estados Unidos. Os datasets no site do Brasil estão publicados em arquivos estruturados e não proprietários. A Colômbia tem tanto um número maior de datasets publicados quanto maior diversidade nos assuntos desses dados, no entanto, no que diz respeito ao Brasil, ainda é preciso trabalhar em que os dados estejam em formatos estruturados processáveis por máquina e não proprietários. Propõe-se desenvolver novas pesquisas direcionadas à criação de modelos de avaliação de datasets de governos, perante princípios de dados abertos como os de Sebastopol, bem como estudos na padronização dos metadados.
A Novel Constraint Method During Solution Treatment to Suppress Heating Rate‐Dependent Martensitic Stabilization in Cu–17.0Al–10.5Mn Alloy
Authors: Yang Qin , Chen Jie , Meng Yutang , Ge Jiqiang , Wang Shanling , Peng Huabei , Wen Yuhua
Published: July 2018

Martensitic stabilization in copper‐based shape memory alloys can be suppressed by up‐quenching treatment through lowering vacancy concentration. Nevertheless, the up‐quenching time should be continuously extended to suppress martensitic stabilization as the recovery heating rate lowered. In terms of cost, it is not advisable to extend the up‐quenching time infinitely to suppress the heating rate‐dependent martensitic stabilization. In this paper, instead of eliminating vacancies through up‐quenching treatment, we focus on reducing vacancies from their origin, that is, the process of solution treatment. We investigate differences in the vacancy concentration and the resulting heating rate‐dependent martensitic stabilization in Cu–17.0Al–10.5Mn (at%) alloys subjected to solution treatment with and without constraint. The results show that the vacancy concentration in the unconstrained samples is remarkably lower than that in the constrained ones, leading to the suppression of heating rate‐dependent martensitic stabilization. We propose a novel constraint method during solution treatment avoiding shape change and suppressing martensitic stabilization simultaneously.
Nanogenerators Begin to Light Up: A Novel Poling‐Free Piezoelectric System with Multicolor Photoluminescence as an Efficient Mechatronics Development Platform
Authors: Ma Songyuan , Jin Long , Huang Xi , Riziotis Christos , Huang Rui , Zhang Chaoliang , Lu Jun , Yang Weiqing
Published: July 2018

In this work, a novel design of poly (vinylidene fluoride)/carbon quantum dots (PVDF/CQDs) based flexible poling‐free hybrid material system able to efficiently convert small amounts of mechanical energy into electricity through the intrinsic piezoelectric nanostructures is reported. The PVDF/CQDs composite is fabricated through solution casting followed by a high‐pressure crystallization process. The introduction of 3D quasi‐spherical CQDs has in situ induced the self‐assembly of polymorphic substructures in the PVDF crystallites at high pressure, and piezoelectric 3D nanosheet arrays, 1D nanometer small sticks, and 1D nanowires, respectively, are formed in situ with the increase of CQDs concentration. Without any electrical polarization treatment, the maximum open‐circuit voltage output density of the durable composite system reaches 19.2 V cm−2and short‐circuit current output density of 550 nA cm−2, both far exceeding that of pure PVDF. Simultaneously, owing to the successful incorporation of CQDs, the material shows excellent fluorescent effect with high stability, and its multicolor photoluminescence is well retained even after the endurance for a rigorous treatment at high pressure and high temperature. The as‐developed environmental friendly PVDF/CQDs compound may diversify niche applications in a new‐generation of self‐powered autonomous optoelectronic devices, biosensors, cell imaging, and so on.
Encapsulation of CoSx Nanocrystals into N/S Co‐Doped Honeycomb‐Like 3D Porous Carbon for High‐Performance Lithium Storage
Authors: Yin Bo , Cao Xinxin , Pan Anqiang , Luo Zhigao , Dinesh Selvakumaran , Lin Jiande , Tang Yan , Liang Shuquan , Cao Guozhong
Published: July 2018

A honeycomb‐like 3D N/S co‐doped porous carbon‐coated cobalt sulfide (CoS, Co9S8, and Co1–xS) composite (CS@PC) is successfully prepared using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the nitrogen‐containing carbon source through a facile solvothermal method and subsequent in situ conversion. As an anode for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), the CS@PC composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including high reversible capacity, good rate capability, and cyclic stability. The composite electrode delivers specific capacities of 781.2 and 466.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 5 A g−1, respectively. When cycled at a current density of 1 A g−1, it displays a high reversible capacity of 717.0 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles. The ability to provide this level of performance is attributed to the unique 3D multi‐level porous architecture with large electrode–electrolyte contact area, bicontinuous electron/ion transport pathways, and attractive structure stability. Such micro‐/nanoscale design and engineering strategies may also be used to explore other nanocomposites to boost their energy storage performance.
Seshat — a web‐based educational resource for teaching the most common algorithms of lexical analysis
Authors: Arnaiz‐González Álvar , Díez‐Pastor Jose‐Francisco , Ramos‐Pérez Ismael , García‐Osorio César
Published: July 2018

The theoretical background to automata and formal languages represents a complex learning area for students. Computer tools for interacting with the algorithm and interfaces to visualize its different steps can assist the learning process and make it more attractive. In this paper, we present a web application for learning some of the most common algorithms in an appealing way. They are specifically linked to the recognition of regular languages that are, taught in classes on both automata theory and compiler design. Although several simulators are available to students, they usually only serve to validate grammars, automata, and languages, rather than helping students to learn the internal processes that an algorithm can perform. The resource presented here can execute and display each algorithm process, step by step, providing explanations on each step that assist student comprehension. Additionally, as a web‐based resource, it can be used on any device with no need for specific software installation.
Understanding the CO Oxidation on Pt Nanoparticles Supported on MOFs by Operando XPS
Authors: Vakili Reza , Gibson Emma K. , Chansai Sarayute , Xu Shaojun , Al‐Janabi Nadeen , Wells Peter P. , Hardacre Christopher , Walton Alex , Fan Xiaolei
Published: July 2018

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are playing a key role in developing the next generation of heterogeneous catalysts. In this work, near ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP‐XPS) is applied to study in operando the CO oxidation on Pt@MOFs (UiO‐67) and Pt@ZrO2 catalysts, revealing the same Pt surface dynamics under the stoichiometric CO/O2 ambient at 3 mbar. Upon the ignition at ca. 200 °C, the signature Pt binding energy (BE) shift towards the lower BE (from 71.8 to 71.2 eV) is observed for all catalysts, confirming metallic Pt nanoparticles (NPs) as the active phase. Additionally, the plug‐flow light‐off experiments show the superior activity of the Pt@MOFs catalyst in CO oxidation than the control Pt@ZrO2 catalyst with ca. 28 % drop in the T50% light‐off temperature, as well as high stability, due to their sintering‐resistance feature. These results provide evidence that the uniqueness of MOFs as the catalyst supports lies in the structural confinement effect.
Monitoring Simultaneous Electrochemical Reactions with Single Particle Imaging
Authors: Sundaresan Vignesh , Monaghan Joseph W. , Willets Katherine A.
Published: July 2018

Studying multiple simultaneous electrochemical reactions using typical electrochemical methods is challenging, because the measured current is a convolution of concurrent electrochemical reactions. Thus, to monitor multiple simultaneous electrochemical reactions, secondary techniques, such as imaging or spectroscopy are increasingly useful. Herein we use dark‐field optical microscopy to visualize the electrodeposition of silver oxide (AgxOy) particles using the Ag+ ions generated by the concurrent electrodissolution of individual Ag nanoparticles at high anodic potential. We propose that the formation of AgxOy particles is based on an aggregative growth mechanism, where electrodeposited AgxOy nanoclusters aggregate over time to form a larger AgxOy particle. The electrodeposited AgxOy particles catalyze water oxidation and decrease the local pH, which alters the reaction equilibrium by hindering continued growth of the AgxOy particles at 1.2 V and consuming the AgxOy particles and producing Ag+ ions at open circuit. Overall the understanding obtained by imaging these reactions is not possible to decode using the measured ensemble current.
Flame‐assisted spray pyrolysis of lithium and manganese precursors to polycrystalline LiMn2O4
Authors: Saadatkhah Nooshin , Aghamiri Seyedfoad , Talaie Mohammad Reza , Patience Gregory S.
Published: July 2018

Lithium manganese oxide cathodes have a smaller environmental footprint compared to cathodes with cobalt and nickel. Flame assisted spray pyrolysis (FASP) is an emerging technique that may improve the economics of the process at the commercial scale while controlling purity. reacts with to form . Carbon from the flame coats the particles and, together with the Mn oxides, they reduce electrical capacity. The reaction temperature and droplet residence time are the main parameters that determine manganese oxide content and therefore the product purity. LECO carbon analysis confirms that the fuel and precursor type affect carbon content. It increases from  % with nitrate precursors to 2  % with carbonate and acetate precursors. The temperature profile as well as the solute type and concentration change the product morphology. The particle surface is wrinkled at a mild temperature and blowholes form at a high temperature. Primary nano‐crystals (5–8 nm) agglomerate to form 1 polycrystalline particles from a 0.5 nitrate precursors solution, while a 5 solution produces 10 powders. We modelled the reaction kinetics based on thermogravimetric analyses to identify the principle reaction steps. Oxide formation increases below 400C and above 800C, while fast heating rates and short residence time reduce purity.
Making Spiroketal‐based Diphosphine (SKP) Ligands via a Catalytic Asymmetric Approach
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Ding Kuiling
Published: July 2018

The spiro concept for chiral ligand design represents an important contribution to the area of asymmetric catalysis. Due to the considerable difficulties in the construction of enantiopure all‐carbon spiro backbones, the development of catalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral spiro structures via short steps is highly valuable. Herein we present our studies on the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of aromatic spiroketals and the corresponding diphosphine (SKP) ligands.
Pyroptosis Induction and Detection
Authors: den Hartigh Andreas B. , Fink Susan L.
Published: July 2018

Pyroptosis is a form of programmed pro‐inflammatory cell death that plays a protective role in the host response to infection, but can also promote pathogenic inflammation. Pyroptosis is mediated by the cysteine protease, caspase‐1. Caspase‐1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N‐terminal pore‐forming domain, which inserts into the plasma membrane and drives osmotic lysis. Caspase‐1 also proteolytically activates the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐18. This unit describes methods for stimulating pyroptosis and assessing subsequent loss of plasma membrane integrity. We also describe an ELISA to quantify released IL‐1β. These methods can be applied to many different types of experiments. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The relationship between corporate social responsibility and sustainable financial performance: firm‐level evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Hou Tony Chieh‐Tse
Published: July 2018

This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) in Taiwan. Using CSR awards as a social responsibility indicator, this study finds that socially responsible firms can achieve financial results superior to those of firms which do not pursue CSR initiatives. The relationship remains after endogeneity is treated. The Google Search Volume Index (SVI) is used as a specific proxy for firm visibility, observing that it has a positive influence on the CSR–CFP relationship. On further separation of the sample into electronics and non‐electronics industries, the results demonstrate that SVI has a positive influence on the CSR–CFP relationship in the electronics industry. For the non‐electronics industries, the results reveal that board ownership has a significant positive influence on the CSR–CFP relationship, and a negative relationship if it is a family business.
The pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular injection to F344 rats
Authors: Moeller Benjamin , Espelien Brenna , Weber Waylon , Kuehl Philip , Doyle‐Eisele Melanie , Garner C. Edwin , McDonald Jacob D. , Garcia Efrain , Raulli Robert , Laney Judith
Published: July 2018

Ketamine is a glutamate N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist that is a rapid‐acting dissociative anesthetic. It has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment along with other drugs (atropine, midazolam, pralidoxime) used in the current standard of care (SOC) for organophosphate and nerve agent exposures. Ketamine is a pharmaceutical agent that is readily available to most clinicians in emergency departments and possesses a broad therapeutic index with well‐characterized effects in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of ketamine and its active metabolite, norketamine, in F344 rats following single or repeated intramuscular administrations of subanesthetic levels (7.5 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) of ketamine with or without the SOC. Following administration, plasma and brain tissues were collected and analyzed using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method to quantitate ketamine and norketamine. Following sample analysis, the pharmacokinetics were determined using non‐compartmental analysis. The addition of the current SOC had a minimal impact on the pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular administration and repeated dosing at 7.5 mg/kg every 90 minutes allows for sustained plasma concentrations above 100 ng/mL. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine with and without the SOC in rats supports further investigation of the efficacy of ketamine co‐administration with the SOC following nerve agent exposure in animal models.
Energy‐saving inferential control of an industrial furnace
Authors: Obika Masanobu , Yamamoto Toru
Published: July 2018

In process industries, there is a growing trend toward low carbon society. Especially in oil refinement and petrochemical industries, furnaces consume a lot of energy. In order to reduce the energy consumption, excess O2 has to be reduced safely. However, high gain O2 control cannot be done due to L/T > 1. Therefore, conventional O2 controllers are operated with low gains, that is, high stable control performance for disturbances has not been able to obtain, then minimum excess O2 control cannot be achieved. The proposed method that utilizes the estimated O2 variable can derive much better control performance. Moreover, since the proposed estimation technique consists of a physical model part and a stochastic soft‐sensor, both estimation accuracy and reliability for extrapolation can be obtained. The validity of the proposed scheme is verified through actual application results.
Novel phosphorus‐nitrogen‐silicon copolymers with double‐decker silsesquioxane in the main chain and their flame retardancy application in PC/ABS
Authors: Wang Zhang , Yonggang Li , Huijuan Ma , Wenpeng Song , Tao Lin , Cuifen Lu , Junqi Nie , Guichun Yang , Zuxing Chen
Published: July 2018

Two novel phosphorus‐nitrogen‐silicon copolymers (DDSQ‐N‐P‐yne and DDSQ‐N‐P‐ene) were synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction with DDSQ and DOPO derivatives. DOPO derivatives with different end groups were designed and synthesized to compare the flame retardancy and compatibility of phosphorus‐nitrogen‐silicon copolymers by different linkers between DDSQ and DOPO derivatives. The synthesized copolymers have been evidenced by1H,29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography and then introduced into polycarbonate (PC)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) alloy to study their flame retardancy and explore whether they exhibit a synergistic effect on the flame retardancy. The flame‐retardant properties of DDSQ‐N‐P‐yne (or ene) systems as well as the morphology were investigated in detail by using limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis, UL‐94, microcalorimeter, energy dispersive X‐ray, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. When DDSQ‐N‐P‐yne (or ene) content is 10 wt%, the composites of PC/ABS are identified to be very effective according to limiting oxygen index, UL‐94, and microcalorimeter. The microstructures of the char were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the results indicated a tight and compact graphitized layer shaped, which plays an important role in improving the excellent thermal stability and flame retardancy of PC/ABS alloy.
Retinol but not retinoic acid can enhance the glutathione level, in a manner similar to β‐carotene, in a murine cultured macrophage cell line
Authors: Mukai Yuuka , Yamanishi Rintaro
Published: July 2018

Scope

We evaluated the potential of retinol and retinoic acid (RA) to enhance intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in a murine cultured macrophage cell line, RAW264, to investigate whether the RA signaling pathway is involved in the β‐carotene‐induced GSH enhancement.

Methods and results

We examined GSH levels in RAW264 cells cultured in media supplemented with β‐carotene and various inhibitors (ER50891 for RA receptor (RAR)α, CD2665 for RARβ/γ, or HX531 for all subtypes of retinoid X receptor (RXR)), to verify each inhibitor's activity against β‐carotene, as well as in media supplemented with various stimulants (AM80 for RARα, CD2314 for RARβ, CD437 for RARγ, or SR11237 for RXR), to compare their activity with that of β‐carotene. We also examined the GSH level and glutamate‐cysteine‐ligase (GCL) expression in RAW264 cells cultured in all‐trans RA‐ or retinol‐supplemented media. Enhanced GSH production was not inhibited by any tested antagonist, and, apart from β‐carotene, no agonist induced GSH production. Retinol, but not all‐trans RA, enhanced GSH synthesis and increased GCL expression, similar to that observed with β‐carotene.

Conclusion

The RA signaling pathway may not be involved in the β‐carotene‐induced enhancement of GSH levels in RAW264 cells, whereas, like β‐carotene, retinol can enhance the GSH level and GCL expression.
Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis in KK‐Ay mice is modulated by administration of persimmon peel extract: A DNA microarray study
Authors: Izuchi Ryoichi , Ishijima Tomoko , Okada Shinji , Abe Keiko , Nakai Yuji
Published: July 2018

Scope

Previously, we showed that the intake of a persimmon peel (PP) extract altered hepatic gene expression associated with the insulin signaling pathway and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptors in nonobese type 2 diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of fat‐soluble PP extract on obese type 2 diabetic KK‐Ay mice with insulin resistance.

Methods and results

KK‐Ay mice were fed a diet mixed with 0.1% of the extract for 8 weeks. The total ketone body levels in the plasma of PP extract‐fed mice were significantly lower than those in the normal diet‐fed mice. Hepatic nonesterified palmitic acid content was higher in the PP extract‐fed mice than in normal diet‐fed mice. The hepatic gene expression profiles of the treated mice indicated upregulation of fatty acid synthesis and downregulation of inflammation‐associated genes, predicting SREBP‐1c and PPARγ activation.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the PP extract enhances hepatic fatty acid synthesis via SREBP‐1c and PPARγ, as well as anti‐inflammatory activity in KK‐Ay mice.
Synthesis of 2D Magnesium Oxide Nanosheets: A Potential Material for Phosphate Removal
Authors: Ahmed Saeed , Iqbal Arshad
Published: July 2018

Phosphate ions are responsible for eutrophication in drinking and wastewater, so it is necessary to limit the phosphate concentration in water bodies to limit the eutrophication problem. Porous magnesium oxide (MgO) nanosheets are synthesized at room temperature by simple precipitation and calcination. The synthesized material is characterized by various techniques. The sheet‐like MgO and commercial MgO are evaluated by the batch adsorption test. The synthesized material has an efficient adsorption efficiency of 95% at pH 5 as compared with commercial MgO, having a removal efficiency of 24% under the same investigated conditions. The synthesized MgO can be an efficient adsorbent material to overcome the eutrophication problem of the waste/domestic water.
Elevated blood levels of Dickkopf‐1 are associated with acute infections
Authors: Mazon Melody , Larouche Valérie , St‐Louis Maryse , Schindler Detlev , Carreau Madeleine
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Dickkopf‐1 (DKK1) is a soluble protein and antagonist of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. DKK1 is found elevated in serum from patients affected with various types of cancers and in some instances, it is considered a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Elevated serum levels of DKK1 have also been detected in animal models of chronic inflammatory diseases. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated upregulation of DKK1 in cells and mouse models of the bone marrow failure (BMF) and cancer‐prone disease Fanconi anemia (FA). The present study aimed to investigate whether DKK1 blood levels in patients are associated with FA or inflammatory responses to acute infections.

Methods

Plasma samples were collected from 58 children admitted to the Centre Mère‐Enfant Soleil du Centre Hospitalier de Québec‐Université Laval with signs of acute infections. Blood plasma specimens were also collected from healthy blood donors at the Héma‐Québec blood donor clinic. Plasmas from patients diagnosed with FA were also included in the study. DKK1 levels in blood plasmas were assessed by standard ELISA.

Results

Patients with acute infections showed dramatically high levels of DKK1 (6072 ± 518 pg/ml) in their blood compared to healthy blood donors (1726 ± 95 pg/ml). No correlations were found between DKK1 levels and C reactive protein (CRP) concentration, platelet numbers, or white blood cell counts. Patients with FA showed higher DKK1 plasma levels (3419 ± 147.5 pg/ml) than healthy blood donors (1726 ± 95 pg/ml) but significantly lower than patients with acute infections.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that blood DKK1 is elevated in response to infections and perhaps to inflammatory responses.
Aggregation‐induced Phosphorescence Enhancement in IrIII Complexes
Authors: Mauro Matteo , Cebrián Cristina
Published: July 2018

Transition metal complexes that efficiently emit from an excited state with formally triplet character are an appealing class of compounds. However, they typically suffer from severe quenching, e. g. triplet‐triplet annihilation, in aggregated phase that often hampers their use in the solid‐state. Nonetheless, an intriguing effect, namely aggregation‐induced phosphorescence enhancement, has been sometimes observed, but clear elucidation of the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon is far from trivial. Nowadays, cyclometalated IrIII emitters play a leading role due to their outstanding features. Aiming at a rationalization of the AIPE effect, an overview of the different classes of IrIII emitters displaying enhancement of the emission upon aggregation will be herein provided along with their potential applications. Their photophysical properties will be discussed jointly with their X‐ray structural analysis. IrIII complexes represent the largest family of AIPE‐active compounds to date.
Probing the viability of palladium‐challenged bacterial cells using flow cytometry
Authors: Omajali Jacob B , Mikheenko Iryna P , Overton Tim W , Merroun Mohamed L , Macaskie Lynne E
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

The ability of bacterial cells to retain membrane integrity and membrane potential when challenged with palladium (II) solution has not being examined previously, which would provide a platform towards the bio‐fabrication of a multifunctional tandem bio‐nanoparticles. This study investigates the use of flow cytometry coupled with fluorescent probes to determine membrane integrity and membrane potential of cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Bacillus benzeovorans challenged with 1 mmol L−1 of sodium tetrachloropalladate (II) (Na2PdCl4) solution at pH 2 followed by reduction of palladium (II) (Pd(II)) with formate to give 1 wt% loading of Pd(0) on the cells.

RESULTS

Fluorescently labelled active bacterial cells retained over 80% of membrane potential when challenged with Pd(II) solutions except for Bacillus benzeovorans (Bb) with about 32% retention. Cell viability was also seen to be variable and strain‐dependent while dead cells lack any membrane integrity. Since esterase activity is energy independent and unable to confirm the membrane potential of the bacterial cells, the dye 3,3′‐dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiO6(3)] was used to determine and confirm the membrane potential of the bacterial cells.

CONCLUSION

The results revealed that since fluorescently labelled bacterial cells containing Pd(0) can retain metabolic activity when analysed with flow cytometry, it provides the potential for combining chemical catalysis with biochemical activity in reactions that require metabolic synergy. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Analgesic and Anti‐inflammatory Potential of Merged Pharmacophore Containing 1,2,4‐triazoles and Substituted Benzyl Groups via Thio Linkage
Authors: Ahirwar J. , Ahirwar D. , Lanjhiyana S. , Jha A. K. , Dewangan D. , Badwaik H.
Published: July 2018

A plethora of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are available in the market with adverse side effects like gastrointestinal irritation, bleeding, and ulceration. Currently, the focus of researcher on the development of better, synergistic molecules by the hybridization of two or more active biomolecule or ligands to develop newer derivative possessing good anti‐inflammatory activity with minimum side effects. In line with this, the present study was designed to synthesize a series of merged pharmacophore contaning1,2,4‐triazoles and substituted benzyl groups via thio linkage. Purity of the derivatives was confirmed by thin‐layer chromatography, combustion analysis, and melting point. Structure of these derivatives was set up by determining infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. All the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities in mice and rats, respectively. In animal studies, the derivative 3‐(5‐(4‐nitrobenzylthio)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl) pyridine showed more potent analgesic activity, and the derivative 3‐(5‐(2,4‐dimethylbenzylthio)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl) pyridine showed more potent anti‐inflammatory activity as compared with other derivatives. The results of the present study indicate that reaction of pyridine linked 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiol with different substituted benzyl halides to produce merged pharmacophore contaning1,2,4‐triazoles and substituted benzyl groups with potent analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities. Docking studies were performed by using Argus lab, and all the derivatives exhibited good docking scores between −10 and −12 kcal/mol and were better as compared with standard drugs aspirin and indomethacin against cyclooxygenase‐2. Among all compounds, 3j has shown the maximum docking score and found in agreement to in pharmacological activities.
Moving forward: why responding to migration, mobility and HIV in South(ern) Africa is a public health priority
Authors: Vearey Jo
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Global migration policy discussions are increasingly driven by moral panics – public anxiety about issues thought to threaten the moral standards of society. This includes the development of two Global Compacts – agreed principles to guide an international response – for (1) “Refugees” and (2) “Safe, Regular and Orderly Migration.” While the need to address migration and health is increasingly recognized at the global level, concerns are raised about if this will be reflected in the final Compacts. The Compacts focus on securitization, an approach that aims to restrict the movement of people, presenting potentially negative health consequences for people who move. Globally, concern is raised that migration‐aware public health programming initiatives could be co‐opted through a global health security agenda to further restrict movement across borders. This is particularly worrying in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) – a regional economic community associated with high levels of migration and the largest population of people living with HIV globally; this case is used to explore concerns about the health implications of the Global Compacts.

Discussion

Current HIV responses in SADC do not adequately engage with the movement of healthcare users within and between countries. This negatively affects existing HIV interventions and has implications for the development of universal HIV testing and treatment (UTT) programmes. Drawing on literature and policy review, and ongoing participant observation in policy processes, I outline how Global Compact processes may undermine HIV prevention efforts in SADC.

Conclusions

The global health imperative of developing migration‐aware and mobility‐competent health responses must not be undermined by moral panics; the resultant international policy processes run the risk of jeopardizing effective action at the local level. Globally, migration is increasingly recognized as a central public health concern, providing strategic opportunities to strengthen public health responses for all. Without mainstreaming migration, however, health responses will struggle. This is particularly concerning in SADC where HIV programmes – including UTT initiatives – will struggle, and key health targets will not be met. Globally, contextually appropriate migration‐aware responses to health are needed, including and a specific focus on HIV programming in SADC.
Arrhythmia induced cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sugumar Hariharan , Prabhu Sandeep , Voskoboinik Aleksandr , Kistler Peter M.
Published: July 2018

Arrhythmia induced cardiomyopathies (AIC) refer to the collective condition of Arrhythmia, Tachycardia, and ectopy‐induced Cardiomyopathy. Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) are modern epidemics that often coexist and exacerbate one another. We aim to provide an overview of the current understanding and evidence for treatment and management in AIC with a particular focus on AF‐mediated cardiomyopathy and suggest approaches to recognize, screen, and manage AIC.
Trans‐aortic pulmonary vein isolation using magnetic navigation system for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in a patient with dextrocardia, situs inversus, and inferior vena cava continuity with azygos vein
Authors: Okajima Katsunori , Nakanishi Tomoyuki , Ichibori Hirotoshi , Shirai Takeaki , Kadotani Makoto , Shimizu Hiroki , Onishi Yoshio , Yamashiro Kohei
Published: July 2018

A 51‐year‐old male with dextrocardia and situs inversus underwent catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Because the procedure through the trans‐septal approach was impossible due to the inferior vena cava continuity with azygos vein, we performed pulmonary vein isolation using magnetic navigation system through the retrograde trans‐aortic approach. Superior and inferior left‐sided and superior right‐sided pulmonary veins could be isolated which was confirmed by the ablation catheter. The patient was free from atrial fibrillation episode at the 12 months follow‐up except only one palpitation episode lasting nearly 12 hours at 9 months after the ablation.
Ostracod‐based reconstruction of Late Quaternary lake level changes within the Tangra Yumco lake system (southern Tibetan Plateau)
Authors: Alivernini M. , Akita L. G. , Ahlborn M. , Börner N. , Haberzettl T. , Kasper T. , Plessen B. , Peng P. , Schwalb A. , Wang J. , Frenzel P.
Published: July 2018

Tangra Yumco, a large saline lake located in the central–southern part of the Tibetan Plateau, lies in a hydrologically closed basin and is part of a cascade lake system including Tangqung Co, Tangra Yumco and Xuru Co. The extension and position of this lake system makes it valuable for reconstructing palaeoclimatic variations through the lake history and to compare both with the adjacent lake systems. We reconstructed Late Quaternary lake level changes based on data from two lacustrine sediment cores. A micropalaeontological analysis focusing on Ostracoda was carried out combined with dating (14C, 210Pb, 137Cs), sedimentology and stable isotope data from bulk sediment. Ostracod analysis involves the quantitative documentation of associations. An ostracod‐based transfer function for specific conductivity was applied to assess and refine lake level changes and to compare the results with other lake level reconstructions from the Tibetan Plateau for evaluating inter‐regional climatic patterns. Seven ostracod species were detected, with Leucocytherella sinensis dominating the associations followed by Leucocythere? dorsotuberosa, Limnocythere inopinata and Tonnacypris gyirongensis. Fabaeformiscandona gyirongensis, Candona candida and Candona xizangensis were found in only a few samples and at low percentages. The synthesis of ostracod‐based environmental reconstruction and chronology for samples from Tangra Yumco reveals the evolution of the lake system during the past 17 ka. A low lake level around 17 cal ka BP is followed by a recovering until the reaching of a high stand around 8–9 cal ka BP. Subsequently, between 7.7 and 2.5 cal ka BP, it remained relatively stable with a subsequent short‐living lowstand–highstand cycle at around 2 ka. Thereafter, the ostracod‐based conductivity transfer function shows an increase of conductivity corresponding to a lake level rising phase at around 0.4 ka. The recorded changes are indicators of past climatic conditions and refine the palaeoclimatic models in this area.
Evaluation of Intratesticular Lesions With Strain Elastography Using Strain Ratio and Color Map Visual Grading: Differentiation of Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Lesions
Authors: Konstantatou Eleni , Fang Cheng , Romanos Odyssefs , Derchi Lorenzo E. , Bertolotto Michele , Valentino Massimo , Kalogeropoulou Christina , Sidhu Paul S.
Published: July 2018

Objective

To investigate the role of strain elastography using calculated strain ratio and visual elastography score in differentiating nonneoplastic, benign, and malignant neoplastic intratesticular lesions.

Materials and Methods

The study was approved by the hospital review board as a retrospective review of 86 patients examined with gray scale, color Doppler ultrasonography and strain elastography (visual elastography score and strain ratio). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio of color Doppler and stain elastography were documented. Receiver operator characteristic curves assessed the diagnostic accuracy of strain elastography to discriminate nonneoplastic, benign, and malignant neoplasms. Histology or follow‐up ultrasonography determined lesion character.

Results

Thirty‐one of 86 (36.0%) intratesticular malignant neoplasms, 17 of 86 (19.8%) benign neoplasms, and 38 of 86 (44.2%) nonneoplastic lesions were confirmed with histology (n = 52) or follow‐up sonography (n = 34); 89.5% of intratesticular lesions were heterogeneous or hypoechoic on gray scale, with no difference between benign and malignant. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio for nonneoplasm versus neoplasm were documented: color Doppler: 68.8%, 97.4%, 26.5, 0.32; visual elastography score: 81.3%, 57.9%, 1.93, 0.32; strain ratio: 68.8%, 81.6%, 3.73, 0.38. Neoplastic lesions showed a higher strain ratio than nonneoplastic lesions (P < .001), with strong correlation between median strain ratio and visual elastography score (Spearman's coefficient, 0.693; P < .001). Strain ratio is a significantly better assessment than visual elastography score for malignant lesions (P = .025). Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between size (P = .001), hypervascularity (P < .001), and malignancy.

Conclusion

Higher strain ratio and visual elastography score are associated with neoplastic lesions and offer an alternative to assess tissue characteristics but do not improve the diagnostic accuracy when compared with the color Doppler pattern.
Ultrasound Features of Palmar Fibromatosis or Dupuytren Contracture
Authors: Morris Gregory , Jacobson Jon A. , Kalume Brigido Monica , Gaetke‐Udager Kara , Yablon Corrie M. , Dong Qian
Published: July 2018

Objectives

To retrospectively characterize the ultrasound appearance of palmar fibromatosis in patients with a surgical or clinical diagnosis of palmar fibromatosis.

Methods

A search of ultrasound reports from 2005 to 2015 and a subsequent search of medical records were performed to identify patients with a surgical or clinical diagnosis of palmar fibromatosis. The ultrasound images were retrospectively reviewed to record the lesion location, size, echogenicity, compressibility, hyperemia, and calcification.

Results

A total of 36 patients were identified (average age, 60 years; 61% male), yielding a total of 55 palmar fibromatosis lesions, of which 2%, 7%, 29%, 36%, 20%, and 5% were located at the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth digits and between the fourth and fifth digits, respectively. The lesions were located directly superficial to the flexor tendons in 93% with their epicenters at the distal metacarpal in 89%. Average lesion dimensions were 13.1 mm in length, 6.8 mm in width, and 2.5 mm in depth. On ultrasound images, the lesions were characteristically hypoechoic (98%) and noncompressible (95%). Atypical features included calcification (2%), compressibility (5%), hyperemia on color Doppler images (6%), epicenters at the metacarpophalangeal joint (7%) or proximal phalanx (4%), and location superficial but lateral to the flexor tendons (7%).

Conclusions

Palmar fibromatosis most commonly appears hypoechoic and is located directly superficial to the flexor tendons with an epicenter at the distal metacarpal, most commonly the fourth digit. However, the epicenter location may be at the distal metacarpal and proximal phalanx of other digits, adjacent to the flexor tendons, with possible hyperemia and calcification.
Thiamin (vitamin B1) content in phytoplankton and zooplankton in the presence of filamentous cyanobacteria
Authors: Fridolfsson Emil , Lindehoff Elin , Legrand Catherine , Hylander Samuel
Published: July 2018

Top predators in several aquatic food webs regularly display elevated reproductive failure, caused by thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency. The reasons for these low‐thiamin levels are not understood and information about the transfer of thiamin from the producers (bacteria and phytoplankton) to higher trophic levels is limited. One main concern is whether cyanobacterial blooms could negatively affect thiamin transfer in aquatic systems. Laboratory experiments with Baltic Sea plankton communities and single phytoplankton species were used to study the effect of filamentous cyanobacteria on the transfer of thiamin from phytoplankton to zooplankton. Experiments showed that the thiamin content in copepods was reduced when exposed to elevated levels of cyanobacteria, although filamentous cyanobacteria had higher levels of thiamin than any other analyzed phytoplankton species. Filamentous cyanobacteria also had a negative effect on copepod egg production despite high concentrations of non‐cyanobacterial food. Phytoplankton species composition affected overall thiamin concentration with relatively more thiamin available for transfer when the relative abundance of Dinophyceae was higher. Finally, phytoplankton thiamin levels were lower when copepods were abundant, indicating that grazers affect thiamin levels in phytoplankton community, likely by selective feeding. Overall, high levels of thiamin in phytoplankton communities are not reflected in the copepod community. We conclude that presence of filamentous cyanobacteria during summer potentially reduces the transfer of thiamin to higher trophic levels by negatively affecting phytoplankton and copepod thiamin content as well as copepod reproduction, thereby lowering the absolute capacity of the food web to transfer thiamin through copepods to higher trophic levels.
The trouble with stress: A flexible method for the evaluation of nonmetric multidimensional scaling
Authors: Dexter Eric , Rollwagen‐Bollens Gretchen , Bollens Stephen M.
Published: July 2018

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) is a powerful statistical tool which enables complex multivariate data sets to be visualized in a reduced number of dimensions. Users typically evaluate the fit of an NMDS ordination via ordination “stress” (i.e., data distortion) against a commonly accepted set of heuristic guidelines. However, these guidelines do not account for the mathematical relationship which links ordination stress to sample size. Consequently, researchers working with large data sets may unnecessarily present ordinations in an intractable number of dimensions, subdivide their data, or forego the use of NMDS entirely and lose the benefits of this highly flexible and useful technique. In order to overcome the limitations of these practices, we advocate for an alternative approach to the evaluation of NMDS ordination fit via the usage of permutation‐based ecological null models. We present the rationale for this approach from a theoretical basis, supported by a brief literature review, and an example usage of the methodology. Our literature review shows that NMDS analyses often far exceed the number of observations under which the original stress guidelines were formulated—with a significant increasing trend in recent decades. Adoption of a permutation‐based approach will consequently provide a more flexible and quantitative evaluation of NMDS fit and allow for the continued application of NMDS in an era of increasingly large datasets.
Mechanical and wear performance evaluation of tungsten added Co‐30Cr‐4Mo‐1Ni biomedical alloy with Taguchi optimization
Authors: Aherwar A. , Singh A. , Patnaik A.
Published: July 2018

Development of biomaterial with diverse properties (physical, mechanical, wear, and many others) for hip femoral head is one of the most exigent tasks. Improper material often causes component failure during functioning. Therefore, in this study, a series of implant materials containing tungsten of different weight percentages were fabricated by high temperature vacuum casting induction furnace and the physical, mechanical, and wear properties were examined. The proportions were varied from 0 wt. % ‐ 4 wt.% in a cobalt–chromium alloy (Co‐30Cr‐4Mo‐1Ni). The mechanical properties were tested by the micro‐hardness tester and the compression testing machine, while the wear performance was analyzed through a pin‐on‐disc tribometer under different operating conditions at room temperature. Initially in this study, steady state experimental analysis was performed to obtain the volumetric wear loss and coefficient of friction by varying sliding velocity and normal load respectively. Afterwards, the Taguchi experimental design has been conducted to obtain the optimum wear response. Lastly, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were utilized to analyze the contour of wear mechanism and 3D surface topography. From the results obtained, it was found that Co‐30Cr‐4Mo‐1Ni‐2 W implant material provides the best combination of the properties for a given application.
Effects of ultrasonic field on the Pb‐Sn alloys during heating process
Authors: Le Q. , Lan Q. , Zhang J. , Cui J. , Liu X.
Published: July 2018

In this work, the effects of ultrasonic field on the Pb‐Sn alloys during heating process have been discussed using electrical resistivity and thermal curves. The semi‐solid and liquid alloy have different resistivity responses to ultrasonic irradiation, due to ultrasound irradiation only available to liquid phase. Sensitive structural change by ultrasound can be only found in the liquid state, according to the resistivity drop and thermal curves. It might be due to the low volume fraction of liquid phase at initial stage and the fast solid‐to‐liquid transitions at the final stage. Ultrasound can also trigger the nucleation and growth of liquid phase, through driving the melting of solid phase at solid/liquid interface and transferring into the liquid phase. The concerned mechanisms have been discussed in detail.
Analytische Betrachtung der Bruchmechanismen in AlSiCu‐Gusslegierungen
Authors: Papenberg N. , Bozorgi S. , Pippan R.
Published: July 2018

Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Untersuchung der Bruchzähigkeit und der bruchbestimmenden Gefügeanteile in AlSiCu‐Gusslegierungen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Bruchzähigkeiten einer konventionellen A226 Legierung sowie einer für die Hochtemperaturanwendung modifizierten Legierung untersucht. Es erfolgte eine Ermittlung der bruchauslösenden Phasen außerdem konnte eine Abhängigkeit der Bruchzähigkeit von der Abkühlgeschwindigkeit aufgezeigt werden.
Extraforaminal Lumbar Disk Herniations Lead To Neuroplastic Changes: a Study Using Quantitative Sensory Testing
Authors: Tschugg Anja , Lener Sara , Hartmann Sebastian , Fink Valentin , Neururer Sabrina , Wildauer Matthias , Löscher Wolfgang N. , Thome Claudius
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Extraforaminal lumbar disk herniations are characterized by distinct clinical features in comparison to paramedian lumbar disk herniations. Methods: We applied the quantitative sensory testing (QST) protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain in 63 patients with a single lumbar disk herniation. They were categorized in 2 groups: (I) an intraspinal (group I; n = 47, 75%) and an extraforaminal (group E; n = 16, 25%). Results: The wind‐up ratio for assessing endogenous pain‐modulating pathways was higher in group E (2.9 ± 2) than in group I (1.4 ± 1; P = 0.021). After a subsequent series of pinprick stimuli, an increase in pain assessed by the numeric rating scale could be shown in group E (2.1 ± 2 vs 1.1 ± 1; P = 0.032). Discussion: Extraforaminal compression is associated with chronic as well as neuropathic pain, presumably caused by direct compression of the dorsal root ganglion, which may preferentially promote specific chronic pain mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 58: 676–680, 2018