bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitric oxide produced in Peyer's patches exhibits antiapoptotic activity contributing to an antimicrobial effect in murine salmonellosis
Authors: Alam Mohammad S. , Zaki Mohammad H. , Sawa Tomohiro , Islam Sabrina , Ahmed Khandaker A. , Fujii Shigemoto , Okamoto Tatsuya , Akaike Takaaki
Published: April 2008

Salmonella species normally infect hosts via the oral‐fecal route. We previously reported that NO had potent host defense functions in murine salmonellosis, not only via a direct antibacterial effect but also because it was cytoprotective for infected host cells. Here, we used an oral route to infect iNOS‐deficient mice infected with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to further investigate the cytoprotective role of NO in preventing damage caused by Salmonella organisms in PP. Oral bacterial challenge (2 × 105 CFU, or >100 LD50) produced a more severe infection and greater lethality in iNOS‐deficient mice than in iNOS‐competent mice. We used specific antibodies to S. enterica Typhimurium, neutrophils, iNOS, nitrotyrosine, and dendritic cells (CD11c‐positive) in histochemical and immunohistochemical studies to examine infected PP tissues. S. enterica Typhimurium colonization in PP from iNOS‐deficient mice was significantly higher than that in wild‐type mice. Histochemical assays showed extensive cellular damage in PP. We then examined PP tissues for apoptosis by means of in situ TUNEL analysis and by measuring caspase‐3 specific activity in tissue homogenates. Increased numbers of TUNEL‐positive cells and severe granulomatous inflammation with increased infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages were observed during infection in iNOS‐deficient mice compared with wild‐type mice. iNOS‐deficient mice had increased numbers of dendritic cells and significantly higher caspase‐3‐specific activity in PP. These data confirm that NO exerts its protective function not only through direct antibacterial action, but also by preventing apoptosis and thereby contributing to antimicrobial defense during salmonellosis.
In silico prediction and immunological validation of common HLA‐DRB1‐restricted T cell epitopes of Candida albicans secretory aspartyl proteinase 2
Authors: Tongchusak Songsak , Leelayuwat Chanvit , Brusic Vladimir , Chaiyaroj Sansanee C.
Published: April 2008

Sap2 is the most abundant virulence factor expressed during Candida infection, and the principal protein known to induce antibody response during Candida infection in humans. Its role in T‐cell activation however, has not yet been determined. Sequence analysis revealed that Sap2 contains two variable regions: Var1 and Var2. Computational predictions by the Hotspot Hunter program identified that Var1 contains three candidate T‐cell epitopes, whereas Var2 contains four. Thirty‐nine overlapping peptides of Sap2 were then synthesized, and tested for their ability to induce proliferation of PBMC from 12 donors. Peptides P11, P17 and P31 exhibited significantly higher proliferative indices when compared with those of other peptides or controls. P17 and P31 are located in the areas of prediction, while P11 is not. There were other peptides outside the prediction areas that could stimulate PBMC proliferation at low levels. Nevertheless, the proliferative noise caused by such peptides was ruled out by IL‐2 ELISpot analysis. Only P17 and P31 were shown to induce clonal proliferation of IFN‐γ producing lymphocytes, suggesting that these two peptides contain T cell epitopes. P11, which stimulated IL‐2 producing clones, contains a known B‐cell epitope. Interestingly, P17 and P31 elicited both Th1 and Th2 cell responses with significant numbers of IL‐13 secreting clones in response to stimulation. Taken together, the computer‐based T cell epitope prediction method could identify the immunogenic T cell epitopes of C. albicans Sap2 that promiscuously bind to the HLA‐DRB1 supertype.
Regulation of catalase activity and gene expression duringPhytophthora nicotianaedevelopment and infection of tobacco
Authors: BLACKMAN LEILA M. , HARDHAM ADRIENNE R.
Published: April 2008

Plant defence against pathogen attack typically incorporates an oxidative burst involving elevated levels of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. In the present study, we have used an in‐gel assay to monitor the activity of the hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme, catalase, during asexual development ofPhytophthora nicotianaeand during infection of host tobacco plants.In vitro, catalase activity is highest in sporulating hyphae;in planta, catalase activity increases dramatically about 8 h after host inoculation. We have cloned and characterized three catalase genes, designatedPnCat1,PnCat2andPnCat3, fromP. nicotianaeand identified their homologues inP. infestans,P. sojaeandP. ramorum. In all three species, Cat2 is predicted to be targeted to the peroxisome and the other catalases are likely to be cytosolic. Quantitative real‐time PCR assessment of catalase transcripts during development and infection indicates that peroxisomalPnCat2is the gene predominantly expressed, with transcript levels peakingin vitroin sporulating hyphae andin plantaincreasing dramatically during the first 24 h after inoculation of susceptible tobacco seedlings. Levels of tobacco catalase gene expression are significantly down‐regulated in susceptible tobacco 4, 8 and 24 h post‐inoculation and in resistant plants at 24 h post‐inoculation. Together, our results give evidence that during infectionP. nicotianaeincreases its own peroxisomal catalase levels while concurrently down‐regulating host catalase expression. This behaviour is consistent with a role of pathogen catalase in counterdefence and protection against oxidative stress and of pathogen‐orchestrated enhanced plant cell death to support necrotrophic pathogen growth and plant colonization.
Co‐proxamol withdrawal has reduced suicide from drugs in Scotland
Authors: Sandilands Euan A. , Bateman D. Nicolas
Published: April 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Co‐proxamol is associated with excess mortality in overdose

• Legislative change in 2005 has led to a phased withdrawal of co‐proxamol from the UK market

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Co‐proxamol legislation resulted in a marked reduction in the number of prescriptions for co‐proxamol within 6 months

• This was followed by a major reduction in mortality associated with co‐proxamol poisoning

• Overall mortality from drug poisoning in Scotland has also fallen over the same period, suggesting an effect on total overdose mortality

AIM

To determine what effect the withdrawal of co‐proxamol from the UK market has had on mortality from poisoning in Scotland.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, observational study of mortality relating to poisoning by single agents in Scotland for the period 2000–2006. Mortality data were obtained from the General Register Office Scotland, and primary care prescribing data from the Information and Statistics Division of the Scottish Executive Health Department.

RESULTS

A significant reduction in the proportion of poisoning deaths due to co‐proxamol was observed following legislation [mean 2000–2004, 37 deaths (21.8% of total poisoning deaths); 2006, 10 (7.8%); P < 0.0001]. The most significant reduction was seen in male out‐of‐hospital deaths [mean 2000–2004, 17 (21.8%); 2006, two (2.9%); P < 0.0001]. This was associated with a decline in prescriptions by 60% within 6 months of legislation. The total number of poisoning deaths also fell, slightly earlier than the full impact on co‐proxamol deaths (mean 2000–2004, 171.2; mean 2005–2006, 129.5; P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

Legislation has resulted in a major reduction in the number of deaths associated with co‐proxamol poisoning in Scotland, with no compensatory rise in mortality from poisonings from other common analgesics. We estimate from this study that a minimum of 300 lives across the UK will have been saved by the withdrawal of co‐proxamol.
Dose‐effect study of domperidone as a galactagogue in preterm mothers with insufficient milk supply, and its transfer into milk
Authors: Wan Elise W‐X. , Davey Kaye , Page‐Sharp Madhu , Hartmann Peter E. , Simmer Karen , Ilett Kenneth F.
Published: April 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Domperidone is an effective treatment for some mothers with insufficient milk supply.

• However, dose–effect data are not available, and the safety of domperidone use in both mother and infant has been questioned.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Domperidone only increases milk production in about two‐thirds of preterm mothers with insufficient milk supply.

• On average, the responders showed increasing levels of milk production with dose escalation from 30 mg to 60 mg daily.

• The amount of domperidone that transferred into breast milk was very low, and the risk to the breastfed infant is minimal.

AIMS

To investigate the possibility of a dose–response relationship for the use of domperidone in treating insufficient milk supply in mothers of preterm infants, and to quantify the exposure of the breastfed infant to domperidone.

METHODS

Six preterm mothers received domperidone (30 mg daily or 60 mg daily) in a double‐blind, randomized, crossover trial. Milk production and serum prolactin were measured before and during the trial, and domperidone concentration in milk was measured during drug treatment.

RESULTS

For milk production, two of the mothers were ‘nonresponders’, whereas the other four were ‘responders’ and showed a significant increase in milk production from 8.7 ± 3.1 g h−1 in the run‐in phase (mean ± SEM), 23.6 ± 3.9 g h−1 for the 30‐mg dose (P = 0.0217) and 29.4 ± 6.6 g h−1 for the 60‐mg dose (P = 0.0047). In all participants, serum prolactin was significantly increased for both doses, but the response was not dose dependent. Median (interquartile range) domperidone concentrations in milk over a dose interval at steady‐state were 0.28 µg l−1 (0.24–0.43) and 0.49 µg l−1 (0.33–0.72) for the 30‐mg and 60‐mg doses, respectively. The mean relative infant dose was 0.012% at 30 mg daily and 0.009% at 60 mg daily.

CONCLUSION

In one‐third of mothers, domperidone did not increase milk production. In the remainder, milk production increased at both domperidone doses, and there was a trend for a dose–response relationship. The amount of domperidone that transfers into milk was extremely low, and infant exposure via breastfeeding was not considered to be significant.
Bood POZ containing gene type 2 is a human counterpart of yeast Btb3p and promotes the degradation of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase
Authors: Maezawa So , Hayano Takahide , Koiwai Kotaro , Fukushima Rie , Kouda Kousuke , Kubota Takashi , Koiwai Osamu
Published: April 2008

Bood POZ containing gene type 2 (BPOZ‐2) is involved in the growth suppressive effect of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). We showed that BPOZ‐2 is a human counterpart of yeast Btb3p, which is a putative adaptor for Pcu3p‐based ubiquitin ligase. BPOZ‐2 bound to E3 ligase CUL3 in vitro and in vivo. BPOZ‐2 itself was ubiquitinated through the CUL3‐based E3 ligase mainly within the nucleus and degraded by the 26S proteasome. Although BPOZ‐2 was mainly expressed within the cytoplasm, it accumulated within the nucleus in the presence of the specific 26S proteasome inhibitor MG132. BPOZ‐2 may be recruited to the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) was detected as a BPOZ‐2‐binding protein using a yeast two‐hybrid system by screening a human thymus cDNA library. TdT, BPOZ‐2, and CUL3 formed a ternary complex in vivo. TdT was ubiquitinated only within the nucleus and degraded by the 26S proteasome. The ubiqutination or degradation of TdT was markedly promoted by co‐expression of BPOZ‐2 and CUL3 or BPOZ‐2 in 293T cells, respectively.
Badger Meles meles diet: a review of literature from the former Soviet Union
Authors: ROPER T. J. , MICKEVICIUS E.
Published: April 2008

We review 69 studies of the diet of Badgers Meles meles L. in the former Soviet Union, using information from 58 Russian‐language papers. Animal foods occurred more frequently in the diet than vegetal foods and constituted, on average, 62% of all intake by volume. The most important individual food categories were insects (30% by volume) and small mammals (20% by volume), which appear to be staple foods of Badgers over virtually the whole of the former Soviet Union. Earthworms were mentioned in only a few reports and never exceeded 5% of the diet by volume. Other animal foods included birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, molluscs and carrion. Fruits were seasonally important in some areas while roots, tubers, bulbs, cereals and nuts were also eaten; but in general, the Soviet literature lacks detailed information about vegetal foods. Many authors comment on seasonal variation in the diet and there was statistically significant seasonal variation in the frequency with which small mammals, reptiles, insects and vegetal foods were eaten. No largescale geographical trends were apparent in the composition of the diet, but foods which were of minor importance overall, such as reptiles, amphibians and molluscs, were sometimes eaten with high frequency in particular localities. The results support the view that Badgers are opportunistic, generalist foragers, with a preference for animal foods when these are available.
A novel regulatory protein governing biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Chu Frances , Kearns Daniel B. , McLoon Anna , Chai Yunrong , Kolter Roberto , Losick Richard
Published: April 2008

Production of an extracellular matrix is a hallmark of biofilm formation. In the spore‐forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis, the matrix consists of an exopolysaccharide, which is specified by the epsA–O operon, and a secreted protein TasA, which is encoded by the yqxM‐sipW‐tasA operon. Past and present evidence establish that the epsA–O and yqxM‐sipW‐tasA operons are controlled by the repressor proteins SinR and AbrB. Here, we report the identification of a novel regulatory protein Slr that promotes transcription of the yqxM‐sipW‐tasA operon but is not needed for expression of the epsA–O operon. We further show that the gene for Slr is itself under the negative control of SinR and AbrB. These findings reveal that matrix production is governed by an intricate network involving the interplay of negatively and positively acting regulatory proteins.
Identification and characterization of KpsS, a novel polysaccharide sulphotransferase in Mesorhizobium loti
Authors: Townsend Guy E. , Keating David H.
Published: April 2008

Plants enter into symbiotic relationships with bacteria that allow survival in nutrient‐limiting environments. The bacterium Mesorhizobium loti enters into a symbiosis with the legume host, Lotus japonicus, which results in the formation of novel plant structures called root nodules. The bacteria colonize the nodules, and are internalized into the cytoplasm of the plant cells, where they reduce molecular dinitrogen for the plant. Symbiosis between M. loti and L. japonicus requires bacterial synthesis of secreted and cell‐surface polysaccharides. We previously reported the identification of an unusual sulphate‐modified form of capsular polysaccharide (KPS) in M. loti. To better understand the physiological function of sulphated KPS, we isolated the sulphotransferase responsible for KPS sulphation from M. loti extracts, determined its amino acid sequence and identified the corresponding M. loti open reading frame, mll7563 (which we have named kpsS). We demonstrated that partially purified KpsS functions as a fucosyl sulphotransferase in vitro. Furthermore, mutants deficient for this gene exhibit a lack of KPS sulphation and a decreased rate of nodule formation on L. japonicus. Interestingly, the kpsS gene product shares no significant amino acid similarity with previously identified sulphotransferases, but exhibited sequence identity to open reading frames of unknown function in diverse bacteria that interact with eukaryotes.
What should be given a priority – costly medications for relatively few people or inexpensive ones for many? The Health Parliament public consultation initiative in Israel
Authors: Guttman Nurit , Shalev Carmel , Kaplan Giora , Abulafia Ahuva , Bin‐Nun Gabi , Goffer Ronen , Ben‐Moshe Roei , Tal Orna , Shani Mordechai , Lev Boaz
Published: April 2008

Background In the past two decades, government and civic organizations have been implementing a wide range of deliberative public consultations on health care‐related policy. Drawing on these experiences, a public consultation initiative in Israel called the Health Parliament was established.

Goals To implement a public consultation initiative that will engage members of the public in the discussion of four healthcare policy questions associated with equity in health services and on priorities for determining which medications and treatments should be included in the basket of national health services.

Method One hundred thirty‐two participants from the general population recruited through a random sample were provided with background materials and met over several months in six regional sites. Dilemma activities were used and consultants were available for questions and clarifications. Participants presented their recommendations in a national assembly to the Minister of Health.

Outcomes Across the regional groups the recommendations were mostly compatible, in particular regarding considering the healthcare system’s monetary state, even at the expense of equity, but for each policy question minority views were also expressed. A strong emphasis in the recommendations was pragmatism.

Conclusion Participants felt the experience was worthwhile; though the actual impact of their recommendations on policy making was indirect, they were willing to participate in future consultations. However, despite enthusiasm the initiative was not continued. Issues raised are whether consultation initiatives must have a direct impact on healthcare policy decisions or can be mainly a venue to involve citizens in the deliberation of healthcare policy issues.
Roles of neural stem progenitor cells in cytomegalovirus infection of the brain in mouse models
Authors: Tsutsui Yoshihiro , Kosugi Isao , Kawasaki Hideya , Arai Yoshifumi , Han Gui‐Ping , Li Li , Kaneta Masaaki
Published: April 2008

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most significant infectious cause of brain disorders in humans. Although the brain is the principal target organ for CMV infection in infants with congenital infection and in immunocompromised patients, little has been known about cellular events in pathogenesis of the brain disorders. Mouse models have been developed by the authors for studying the cell tropism, infectious dynamics of CMV infection and the effects of CMV infection on proliferation, regeneration and differentiation of neural cells. It has been shown, using brain slice cultures and neurospheres, that neural stem progenitor (NSP) cells are the most susceptible to CMV infection in developing brains. The NSP cells are also susceptible to CMV infection in adult and aged brains. The susceptibility can be enhanced by stimulation of neurogenesis. It was shown that latent murine CMV infection occurs in NSP cells by demonstrating the reactivation in brain slice culture or neurospheres. It is hypothesized that CMV brain disorder such as microcephaly is caused by disturbance of cellular events in the ventricular regions, including proliferation and differentiation of the neural stem cells, whereas neurons are also targets in persistent CMV infection, presumably resulting in functional disorders such as mental retardation.
CD109 expression in basal‐like breast carcinoma
Authors: Hasegawa Masaki , Moritani Suzuko , Murakumo Yoshiki , Sato Tomoko , Hagiwara Sumitaka , Suzuki Chikage , Mii Shinji , Jijiwa Mayumi , Enomoto Atsushi , Asai Naoya , Ichihara Shu , Takahashi Masahide
Published: April 2008

Breast cancer can be classified into several subtypes based on gene expression profiling. Basal‐like breast carcinoma (BLC) has a triple negative phenotype, that is, the subtype lacks the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It has been recently reported that CD109, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored cell surface protein, is a new breast myoepithelial marker. In the present study CD109 expression was investigated in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast on immunohistochemistry. Eighty‐eight formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded breast carcinoma sections were immunostained with anti‐CD109, anti‐cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), anti‐calponin, anti‐vimentin and anti‐p63 antibodies. CD109 expression was detected in 18 of 30 basal‐like breast carcinomas (BLC) but not in other types of 53 IDC (non‐BLC) that were positive for ER, PgR and/or HER2. The percentage of CD109‐positive tissues (60%) in BLC was similar to that of CK5/6 (63%) and higher than that of other myoepithelial markers including p63 (23%), calponin (33%) and vimentin (33%). Statistical analysis indicated that the CD109‐positive group in BLC, but not the CK5/6‐positive group in BLC, was associated with reduced fat invasion (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that CD109 is a useful diagnostic marker for BLC and that CD109 expression may affect biological properties of cancer cells.
Metastatic breast carcinoma identified in a uterine leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Yasuhara Yumiko , Mikami Yoshiki , Ishiguro Shingo
Published: April 2008

A rare example is described of an advanced invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast with concomitant metastatic foci in a uterine leiomyosarcoma. Both tumors arose in a 48‐year‐old woman, without any evidence of distant metastases as assessed on imaging at the time of diagnosis. The double diagnosis in this particular case was established on a combination of microscopic appearance of the uterine tumors in the hysterectomy specimen, immunophenotype assessment, and clinical information on the breast carcinoma. But the association between the two malignancies can be challenging and potentially difficult to prove.
Diversity of microbes associated with the marine sponge, Haliclona simulans, isolated from Irish waters and identification of polyketide synthase genes from the sponge metagenome
Authors: Kennedy Jonathan , Codling Caroline E. , Jones Brian V. , Dobson Alan D. W. , Marchesi Julian R.
Published: April 2008

Samples of the sponge Haliclona simulans were collected from Irish waters and subjected to a culture‐independent analysis to determine the microbial, polyketide synthase (PKS) and non‐ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) diversity. 16S rRNA gene libraries were prepared from total sponge, bacterial enriched sponge and seawater samples. Eight phyla from the Bacteria were detected in the sponge by phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene libraries. The most abundant phylum in the total sponge library was the Proteobacteria (86%), with the majority of these clones being from the γ‐Proteobacteria (77%); two groups of clones were dominant and together made up 69% of the total. Both of these groups were related to other sponge‐derived microbes and comprised novel genera. Within the other bacterial phyla groups of clones representing novel candidate genera within the phyla Verrucomicrobia and Lentisphaerae were also found. Selective enrichment of the bacterial component of the sponge prior to 16S rRNA gene analysis resulted in a 16S rRNA gene library dominated by a novel genus of δ‐Proteobacteria, most closely related to the Bdellovibrio. The potential for the sponge microbiota to produce secondary metabolites was also analysed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of PKS and NRPS genes. While no NRPS sequences were isolated seven ketosynthase (KS) sequences were obtained from the sponge metagenome. Analyses of these clones revealed a diverse collection of PKS sequences which were most closely affiliated with PKS from members of the Cyanobacteria, Myxobacteria and Dinoflagellata.
Tests against stationary and explosive alternatives in vector autoregressive models
Authors: Ahlgren Niklas , Nyblom Jukka
Published: April 2008

Abstract.  The article proposes new tests for the number of unit roots in vector autoregressive models based on the eigenvalues of the companion matrix. Both stationary and explosive alternatives are considered. The limiting distributions of test statistics depend only on the number of unit roots. Size and power are investigated, and it is found that the new test against some stationary alternatives compares favourably with the widely used likelihood ratio test for the cointegrating rank. The powers are prominently higher against explosive than against stationary alternatives. Some empirical examples are provided to show how to use the new tests with real data.
A complete VARMA modelling methodology based on scalar components
Authors: Athanasopoulos George , Vahid Farshid
Published: April 2008

Abstract. This article proposes an extension to scalar component methodology for the identification and estimation of VARMA models. The complete methodology determines the exact positions of all free parameters in any VARMA model with a predetermined embedded scalar component structure. This leads to an exactly identified system of equations that is estimated using full information maximum likelihood.
Large‐scale volatility models: theoretical properties of professionals’ practice
Authors: Zaffaroni Paolo
Published: April 2008

Abstract.  This article examines the way in which GARCH models are estimated and used for forecasting by practitioners in particular using the highly popular RiskmetricsTM approach. Although it permits sizable computational gains and provide a simple way to impose positive semi‐definitiveness of multivariate version of the model, we show that this approach delivers non‐consistent parameter’ estimates. The novel theoretical result is corroborated by a set of Monte Carlo exercises. A set of empirical applications suggest that this could cause, in general, unreliable forecasts of conditional volatilities and correlations.
Portmanteau tests for ARMA models with infinite variance
Authors: Lin J.‐W. , McLeod A. I.
Published: April 2008

Abstract.  Autoregressive and moving‐average (ARMA) models with stable Paretian errors are some of the most studied models for time series with infinite variance. Estimation methods for these models have been studied by many researchers but the problem of diagnostic checking of fitted models has not been addressed. In this article, we develop portmanteau tests for checking the randomness of a time series with infinite variance and for ARMA diagnostic checking when the innovations have infinite variance. It is assumed that least squares or an asymptotically equivalent estimation method, such as Gaussian maximum likelihood, is used. It is also assumed that the distribution of the innovations is identically and independently distributed (i.i.d.) stable Paretian. It is seen via simulation that the proposed portmanteau tests do not converge well to the corresponding limiting distributions for practical series length so a Monte Carlo test is suggested. Simulation experiments show that the proposed Monte Carlo test procedure works effectively. Two illustrative applications to actual data are provided to demonstrate that an incorrect conclusion may result if the usual portmanteau test based on the finite variance assumption is used.
The Demand for Money in the United Kingdom 1956‐1967: Preliminary Estimates. A Comment.
Authors: Masera Rainer S.
Published: April 2008

“We must never forget that our progress in understanding economic laws depends strictly on the quality… of statistical data. Nothing can take the place of the painstaking work of objective observation of the facts. All improvements in methodology would be in vain if they had to be applied to mediocre data”.*
SOME MONETARY IMPLICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS*
Authors: CURRIE D. A. , KATZ E.
Published: April 2008

Since the early 1940s a considerable literature has developed concerned with the interdependence of national incomes between countries, and specifically, since the original contribution of Metzler (1942), with the transfer problem.1 This interest springs partly from theoretical and partly from historical concern. On the theoretical plane the transfer problem captures many facets of international economic interdependence and, therefore, highlights the differing implications of alternative macroeconomic theories. On the historical level, the interest in the interdependence of economies (using Metzler's foreign trade multiplier approach) came at a time when the U.S.A. was transferring a large volume of funds to post‐war Europe, and the literature was concerned to examine the effects of such transfers.
DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER(?): NASSAU SENIOR AND UTILITY THEORY
Authors: WHITE MICHAEL V.
Published: April 2008

“In the development of the mental sciences exegesis has frequently played an important part. A change of doctrine has been justified, or supported, or commended for general acceptance, by the interpretation of an authoritative text.”

W. J. Ashley (1895, p. 474).

“We must … try to avoid an outlook narrowly constrained by the marginalist principles of 1871.”

Samuel Hollander (1973, p. 138).
Space, Place and Sexual Sociality: Towards an ‘Atmospheric Analysis’
Authors: Green Adam Isaiah , Follert Mike , Osterlund Kathy , Paquin Jamie
Published: April 2008

In this article we seek to contribute to the spatial turn in sociology by highlighting the socializing, cultivating and pedagogical properties of space in relation to sexual sociality and sexual practice. Towards this end, we develop two fundamental concepts — space and place — and anchor these to an existing corpus of empirical research on sexuality and space. This article explores public restrooms, bathhouses and sadomasochistic dungeons as organized sexual spaces, and in particular analyses how these places and spaces are organized and become organized around sexual activity. We argue that analysing the role of space in sexual sociality requires attention to both space and place, and their interrelationships — in short, an atmospheric analysis.
Gender Mainstreaming: The Answer to the Gender Pay Gap?
Authors: Eveline Joan , Todd Patricia
Published: April 2008

This article examines the argument that gender mainstreaming offers the way forward for closing the gender pay gap. It juxtaposes research on the process of gender mainstreaming with our account of the processes involved in Australian state government Inquiries into the gender pay gap since the late 1990s. We indicate that the continuous process of analysis and response that gender mainstreaming can offer demands political will, intensive links between research and action, and adequate resources — which means that gender mainstreaming is seldom delivered in practice. We use our account of the Australian Inquiries to argue that, provided adequate political and financial resources are in place, the gender pay gap can be narrowed through the institutional mechanisms of an industrial relations system but that the regulatory approach is limited by its vulnerability to changes in industrial relations policy. The article concludes that, whatever strategy is used to narrow the gender pay gap, it must be able to show those who use and observe it that gender itself is a continuous, effortful and political process.
Collagenous microstructure of the glenoid labrum and biceps anchor
Authors: Hill A. M. , Hoerning E. J. , Brook K. , Smith C. D. , Moss J. , Ryder T. , Wallace A. L. , Bull A. M. J.
Published: April 2008

The glenoid labrum is a significant passive stabilizer of the shoulder joint. However, its microstructural form remains largely unappreciated, particularly in the context of its variety of functions. The focus of labral microscopy has often been histology and, as such, there is very little appreciation of collagen composition and arrangement of the labrum, and hence the micromechanics of the structure. On transmission electron microscopy, significant differences in diameter, area and perimeter were noted in the two gross histological groups of collagen fibril visualized; this suggests a heterogeneous collagenous composition with potentially distinct mechanical function. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated three distinct zones of interest: a superficial mesh, a dense circumferential braided core potentially able to accommodate hoop stresses, and a loosely packed peri‐core zone. Confocal microscopy revealed an articular surface fine fibrillar mesh potentially able to reduce surface friction, bundles of circumferential encapsulated fibres in the bulk of the tissue, and bone anchoring fibres at the osseous interface. Varying microstructure throughout the depth of the labrum suggests a role in accommodating different types of loading. An understanding of the labral microstructure can lead to development of hypotheses based upon an appreciation of this component of material property. This may aid an educated approach to surgical timing and repair.
Foraging behaviour and habitat partitioning of two sympatric cormorants in Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: FRERE ESTEBAN , QUINTANA FLAVIO , GANDINI PATRICIA , WILSON RORY P.
Published: April 2008

Radiotelemetry was used to assess the distribution and diving behaviour of Rock Shags Phalacrocorax magellanicus and Red‐legged Cormorants Phalacrocorax gaimardi breeding in sympatry, and Rock Shags breeding in isolation. When breeding in sympatry there was little overlap in the foraging locations of the two species, with the highest densities of each species separated by 10 km. Red‐legged Cormorants fed significantly closer to the breeding colony than did Rock Shags and undertook shorter foraging trips, making almost twice as many foraging trips per day as Rock Shags. Rock Shags breeding in isolation had a shorter foraging range than the birds breeding in sympatry with Red‐legged Cormorants and foraging trip duration was significantly shorter. However, the number of feeding trips per day was similar between areas of sympatry and allopatry. Differences in the foraging ecology of Rock Shags in areas of sympatry and allopatry may be due to interspecific competition, which forces niche differentiation. The distance between foraging sites, the speed of movement of the prey, a species tendency to move into prey‐depleted areas and the length of the breeding season (during which the birds are constrained to be in the same area) may play critical roles in determining the extent to which differential area use by competitors is a strategy that benefits both parties.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and metalloproteinase‐2 activity and expression is reduced by melatonin during experimental colitis
Authors: Esposito Emanuela , Mazzon Emanuela , Riccardi Luisa , Caminiti Rocco , Meli Rosaria , Cuzzocrea Salvatore
Published: April 2008

Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with matrix turnover in both physiological and pathological conditions. Several data indicate that MMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of colitis. Various evidence has documented that the pineal secretory product melatonin exerts an important anti‐inflammatory effect in different experimental models including colitis. However, no reports are available on the relationship between the activity and expression of MMPs and anti‐inflammatory effect of melatonin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether melatonin prevents the experimental colitis in rats by regulating MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 activity and expression. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS). Four days after DNBS administration, colon TNF‐αproduction was associated with colon damage. Biochemical methods and zymography were used to analyse MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 activities in colon tissues from DNBS‐injured rats. Our studies reveal that melatonin prevented colon injury and lipid peroxidation in rats at 4 days after DNBS‐induced colitis. Melatonin also reduced proMMP‐9 and MMP‐2 activities that were induced in the colon tissues by DNBS administration. Reduced MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 activities were associated with reduced expression of TNF‐α. We conclude that melatonin’s ability to reduce DNBS‐induced colon injury in rats is related to a reduction in proMMP‐9 and MMP‐2 activities and expression.
First rotavirus vaccine licensed: Is there really a need?
Authors: Glass RI , Bresee JS , Parashar UD , Holman RC , Gentsch JR
Published: April 2008

The first rotavirus vaccine was licensed in the United States on 31 August 1998 for the prevention of severe rotavius diarrhea in children. Despite this landmark in new vaccines, many pediatricians and public health professionals in Europe are uncertain of the need for this vaccine for the routine immunization of infants. In Europe, ample evidence suggests that rotavirus is the most common cause of hospitalizations for severe diarrhea among children, but proper studies documenting the disease burden of rotavirus or th cost‐effectiveness of a rotavirus immunization program have only been conducted in the United Kingdom following epidemiologic models used in the United States. All children are infected with rotavirus during their first few years of life, 30‐50% of diarrheal hospitalizations among children <5 years are due to this agent, and, by the age of 5 years, between 1 in 40 and 1 in 77 children in Europe and the United States may be hospitalized for rotavirus. The first vaccine is a live, oral preparation combining four different serotypes of rotavirus and administered in three doses with other childhood immunizations. The good efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhea, the low risk of adverse side effects and the positive costeffectiveness equation have led the two major immunization advisory groups in the U.S. to recommend this vaccine for routine use in American infants. European physicians and policymakers should re‐examine the epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus diarrhea now that an effective method of prevention is at hand. □Childhood immunization, diseases, rotavirus, vaccination.
Seasonality and diversity of Group A rotaviruses in Europe
Authors: Koopmans M , Brown D
Published: April 2008

Group A rotaviruses are a mojor cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under 4 y of age worldwide. Group A rotaviruses have been identified in many animal and bird species, they are antigenically complex, and multiple serotypes infect humans. Re‐assortant rotavirus vaccines are now available which confer protection against severe illness due to rotavirus serotypes G1‐4. Before vaccines are introduced it is necessary to establish the diversity of rotavirus in the target population to ensure efficacy and to establish a baselinefor future surveillance strategies. The purpose of this review is to describe our current knowledge of the diversity of rotaviruses accross Europe. Since multinatinal studies with standardized methodology have not been performed, this review is based on the available published studies. In Europe, more than 90% of Group A rotavirus strains that have been typed are of serotypes G1‐4, with an average 8% of non‐G1‐4 Strains in published studies. The percentage of non‐typeable strains may fluctuate from one year to another, and has been as high as 18% in one study in Great Britain, indicating the need for a more systematic study. Group A rotavirus infection typically occurs as a winter peak in the European countries studied. Comparison of seasonality data from national laboratory surveillance systems showed seasonal differences, with the annual rotavirus peak occuring first in Spain, usually in December, followed by France in February, and ending in Northern Europe in England and Wales in February or March, and the Netherlands and Finland in March. □Europe, G‐types, P‐types, rotavirus, seasonality, serotypes.
Incidence and estimates of the diease burden of rotavirus in Sweden
Authors: Johansen K , Bennet R , Bondesson K , Eriksson M , Hedlund K‐O , De Verdier Klingenberg K , Uhnoo I , Svensson L
Published: April 2008

Laboratory and hospitalization data from two children's hospitals with large primary catchment areas and national laboratory and hospitalization data for children under 4 y of age with acute diarrhoea were compiled to estimate the number of hospitalizations and the cost burden associated with rotavirus diarrhoea in Sweden. According to our estimates 1500‐1700 rotavirus‐associated hospitalizations occur annually in Sweden in children under 4 y of age (3.7 hospitalizations/lOOO children/y). This number represents 2.3% of admissions for all diagnoses in children of this age group. The cost of these hospitalizations is 13.5–15 million Swedish crowns (US$1.8–2 million). Serotyping by PCR for two years revealed that serotype 1 (GI) was the most common (49% and 58%, respectively) identified. Serotypes 2‐4 were identified in the following proportions G2 (23% and 5%), G3 (21% and 0%) and G4 (7% and 16%). The national laboratory report data for 1993‐96 show that as much as 7‐13% of rotavirus infections occur in elderly people. □G‐typing, incidence, rotavirus
Rotavirus gastroenteritis in Finland: burden of disease and epidemiological features
Authors: Vesikari T , Rautanen T , Von Bonsdorff C‐H
Published: April 2008

The burden of disease attributable to childhood rotavirus infection in Finland was assessed from data on hospital admissions for acute gastroenteritis and from reported virological diagnoses of rotavirus from 1985 to 1995. The mean number of hospitalizations (3584 annually in children under 5 y of age) corresponded to approximately 5.6% of the birth cohort. Rotavirus was estimated to be responsible for 54% of cases; accordingly, 3% of all children in Finland are hospitalized for rotavirus diarrhoea. The monthly distribution of hospitalizations for acute diarrhoea showed a similar pattern as monthly diagnoses of rotavirus, with a long epidemic period starting as early as November or December and lasting until June or even July. The prevalent rotavirus G‐type throughout the study period was G1, which was detected in over 60% of the cases; however, in the season 1988‐89 G4 was the prominent type. Improved case management has led to a shorter duration of hospital stay (3.3 d in 1985 vs. 2.3 d in 1995), but otherwise these was no significant trend for rotavirus gastroenteritis over the years. These findings underscore the need to control rotavirus gastroenteritis with a specific intervention, notably rotavirus vaccination.
Epidemiology of rotavirus infections in The Netherlands
Authors: Koopmans M , Van Asperen I
Published: April 2008

This paper reviews published and unpublished data from epidemiological and virological studies or rotavirus in the Netherlands to identify gaps in our knowledg; it includes analysis of surveillance data for seasonality and age groups at risk. Rotavirus was found in approximately 5% of stool specimens from people consulting a physician for gastroenteritis, Of these cases, 38% were under 5y of age. A clear seasonality was observed, with a peak in rotavirus activity in winter and early spring, In one hospital‐based study between 1976 and 1983 rotavirus was found in 30% of children under 3y of age hospitalized for gastroenteritis. In addition, nosocomial infections have been documented. Analysis of monthly data from laboratory surveillance from 1981 to 1996 showed that between 6 and 16% of stool samples tested positive for rotavirus, again with a clear seasonal distribution. A total of 98% of rotavirus strains that were typed were G‐type 1‐4, We conclude that more recent data about hospitalization rates are needed for a well‐founded costbenefit analysis.
Male reproductive health after childhood cancer
Authors: Lähteenmäki PM , Arola M , Suominen J , Salmi TT , Andersson AM , Toppari J
Published: April 2008

Aim: Twenty‐five male patients were investigated to elucidate the correlation of semen parameters and other related parameters in the assessment of spermatogeneis after childhood cancer treatment.

Methods: Evaluation of given cancer treatment, anthropometric and testicular size measurements, semen analysis, and measurement of gonadotrophins, testosterone, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), and inhibin B were performed according to a protocol.

Results: Median (range) sperm concentration (SC) was 35.5 (0–273) ×106/mL, and percentage of motile sperm 56 (0–86)%. Testicular size (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) and the level of inhibin B (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) correlated strongly to SC. SC correlated negatively to FSH (r = 0.46, p = 0.03). Only testicular size predicted SC significantly (p = 0.03). Inhibin B showed highest area under ROC curve (0.83, 95%CI 0.67–0.99) in showing SC < 20 ×106/mL. Body mass index (BMI) did not correlate with SC, but negative correlation between BMI and SHBG was found (r =−0.41, p = 0.04).

Conclusion: Although semen analysis is a useful instrument for fertility assessment in men, it is often difficult to get these samples from childhood cancer survivors. Thus, indirect methods are needed in prediction of possible sperm count impairment in postpubertal adolescents after cancer treatment. When combined with the data on testicular size and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) level, inhibin B gives valuable addition to the estimations of spermatogenesis.
Oxidant/antioxidant status and vitamin A levels in children infected with varicella
Authors: Avci Zekai , Avci Aslihan , Alioglu Bulent , Malbora Baris , Bayraktar Nilüfer , Derbent Murat , Ozbek Namik
Published: April 2008

Aim: Varicella is a childhood disease, with its highest incidence being found in children aged 1 to 9 years. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma oxidant and antioxidant status in Turkish children with varicella infection.

Methods: The study population consisted of 29 children infected with varicella recruited from the Department of Pediatrics at Baskent University Hospital in Ankara, Turkey. The control group consisted of 20 age‐matched children from the same region who were apparently otherwise healthy. After overnight fasting, venous blood samples were obtained and transferred to heparinized tubes. Plasma malondialdehyde and vitamin A levels were measured in both groups.

Results: The plasma malondialdehyde levels were higher in children in the infected group than they were in children in the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in plasma vitamin A levels between the groups.

Conclusion: This study suggests that oxidant stress causes significant peroxidation, and the antioxidant defence system is affected in varicella infection. Antioxidant supplementation may yield beneficial results in these patients. Further studies are needed to determine the positive effects of vitamin A supplementation in patients with varicella infections.
Children in Foster Care: A Vulnerable Population at Risk
Authors: Bruskas Delilah
Published: April 2008

TOPIC: Nationally, 542,000 children are in foster care. Many of these children have prior histories of maltreatment such as abuse and neglect, with neglect being the most common form of maltreatment and the reason for many children requiring foster care services. Painful experiences associated with maltreatment and the trauma of being removed from one's parents (foster care) may affect the developmental and mental health of children.

PURPOSE: This paper synthesizes the experiences associated with foster care and reveals foster care outcomes obtained through a literature search of published research. Specifically, the notions of oppression and domination defined by Young (1990) experienced by children in foster are explored.

SOURCES: Review of the literature and clinical practice.

CONCULSIONS: Most children in foster care, if not all, experience feelings of confusion, fear, apprehension of the unknown, loss, sadness, anxiety, and stress. Such feelings and experiences must be addressed and treated early to prevent or decrease poor developmental and mental health outcomes that ultimately affect a child's educational experience and the quality of adulthood. Systemic orientation for all children entering foster care is proposed as a preventative intervention that addresses associated experiences of children in foster care.