bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between neighbourhood convenience stores and independent living in older people in Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroshige , Igarashi Ayumi , Suzuki Miho , Yamamoto‐Mitani Noriko
Published: January 2019

Objective

On ageing, and as physical functionality declines, shopping for food and commodities can become a challenge. In Japan, convenience stores (CVSs) play an important role in older people's daily lives. This study investigated the relationship between the geographical accessibility of CVSs, supermarkets and grocery stores and shopping independence.

Methods

We used the administrative long‐term care insurance data from a sample of 7703 older adults. The spatial coverages of the stores were calculated using a geographic information system. A multilevel regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between neighbourhood spatial coverage and individual shopping independence.

Results

After adjusting for demographic characteristics, individual functioning and neighbourhood‐level population density, the regression analysis revealed that the CVSs spatial coverage was negatively associated with a risk of shopping dependence (odds ratio = 0.73, P = 0.03).

Conclusion

The findings suggest that geographical accessibility of CVSs may be beneficial for maintaining shopping independence.
Validation study showed that ratings on the Welch Emotional Connection Screen at infant age six months are associated with child behavioural problems at age three years
Authors: Frosch Cynthia A. , Fagan Marcus A. , Lopez Mark A. , Middlemiss Wendy , Chang Mei , Hane Amie A. , Welch Martha G.
Published: January 2019

Aim

The emotional connection between mothers and infants born preterm has been associated with positive behaviour. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between emotional connection at six months of age and behavioural problems at three years.

Methods

This study was carried out by the University of North Texas, USA and comprised 49 mothers and infants from a longitudinal investigation of family interaction and infant development conducted in 1994–1997. Face‐to‐face interaction and toy‐based play were videotaped and coded at six months of age using the Welch Emotional Connection Screen (WECS), a brief screening tool for relational health. When the children were three years of age, the mothers reported on child behavioural problems.

Results

The children from dyads that were rated as emotionally connected at six months of age had fewer externalising and internalising behavioural problems at the age of three. No links were found between emotional connection during toy‐based play at six months and later child behavioural problems.

Conclusion

We showed that when the WECS was used at six months of age it was a promising and valid relational screening tool for infants at risk of adverse behavioural outcomes at the age of three.
Pharmacokinetic herb‐drug interaction between ginger and crizotinib
Authors: Revol Bruno , Gautier‐Veyret Elodie , Arrivé Capucine , Fouilhé Sam‐Laï Nathalie , McLeer‐Florin Anne , Pluchart Hélène , Pinsolle Julian , Toffart Anne‐Claire
Published: January 2019

The use of complementary and alternative medicine at least once during or after cancer treatment has increased over the past years from an estimated 25% in the 1970s and 1980s to more than 32% in the 1990s and to 49% after 2000. The risk of herb‐drug interaction is therefore increasingly recognized as a public health problem. To the best of our knowledge, we report here the first case of interaction between ginger and anticancer drug, with serious consequences for the patient. There is an urgent need regarding complementary and alternative medicine: Both clinicians and patients should be aware of the potential interactions between herbs and prescribed drugs.
The interaction effects of proactive personality and empowering leadership and close monitoring behaviour on creativity
Authors: Kim Seckyoung Loretta
Published: January 2019

In today's hurried information‐oriented business environment, it is crucial to examine under what conditions individuals may perform for creativity. Taking an interactional perspective, this study investigates how the interactions of proactive personality and empowering leadership or close monitoring behaviour may influence employee creativity in opposite directions. Data from 163 samples indicate that proactive personality promotes creativity, while close monitoring behaviour lowers creativity. Furthermore, the study shows that proactive employees are likely to engage in creativity when their leaders demonstrate high levels of empowering leadership. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Programmed cell death ligand 1 disruption by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9‐genome editing promotes antitumor immunity and suppresses ovarian cancer progression
Authors: Yahata Tamaki , Mizoguchi Mika , Kimura Akihiko , Orimo Takashi , Toujima Saori , Kuninaka Yumi , Nosaka Mizuho , Ishida Yuko , Sasaki Izumi , Fukuda‐Ohta Yuri , Hemmi Hiroaki , Iwahashi Naoyuki , Noguchi Tomoko , Kaisho Tsuneyasu , Kondo Toshikazu , Ino Kazuhiko
Published: January 2019

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) on tumor cells suppresses anti‐tumor immunity and has an unfavorable prognostic impact in ovarian cancer patients. We herein report the pathophysiological and therapeutic impacts of PD‐L1 disruption in ovarian cancer. PD‐L1 was genetically disrupted in the murine ovarian cancer cell line ID8 using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9‐mediated genome editing. PD‐L1 knockout (KO) and control ovarian cancer cells were intraperitoneally inoculated into syngeneic mice, and survival and tumor dissemination were evaluated. Survival times were significantly longer in the PD‐L1‐KO ID8‐inoculated groups than in their control groups, and its therapeutic benefit was enhanced in combination with the cisplatin treatment. Tumor weights and ascites volumes were significantly lower in the PD‐L1‐KO ID8 groups than in their control groups. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses showed that intratumoral CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and CD11c+ M1 macrophages were significantly increased, whereas regulatory T cells were significantly decreased in the PD‐L1‐KO ID8 groups compared with those in their control groups. The intratumoral mRNA expression of interferon‐γ, tumor‐necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐12a, CXCL9 and CXCL10 was significantly stronger, while that of IL‐10, vascular endothelial growth factor, CXCL1 and CXCL2 was significantly weaker in the PD‐L1‐KO ID8 groups. These results indicate that CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated PD‐L1 disruption on tumor cells promotes anti‐tumor immunity by increasing tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes and modulating cytokine/chemokine profiles within the tumor microenvironment, thereby suppressing ovarian cancer progression. These results suggest that PD‐L1‐targeted therapy by genome editing may be a novel therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer.
Effect of combining pre‐exercise carbohydrate intake and repeated short sprints on the blood glucose response to moderate‐intensity exercise in young individuals with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Soon W. H. K. , Guelfi K. J. , Davis E. A. , Smith G. J. , Jones T. W. , Fournier P. A.
Published: January 2019

Aims

To determine whether pre‐exercise ingestion of carbohydrates to maintain stable glycaemia during moderate‐intensity exercise results in excessive hyperglycaemia if combined with repeated sprints in individuals with Type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Eight overnight‐fasted people with Type 1 diabetes completed the following four 40‐min exercise sessions on separate days in a randomized counterbalanced order under basal insulinaemic conditions: continuous moderate‐intensity exercise at 50% peak; intermittent high‐intensity exercise (moderate‐intensity exercise interspersed with 4‐s sprints every 2 min and a final 10‐s sprint); continuous moderate‐intensity exercise with prior carbohydrate intake (~10 g per person); and intermittent high‐intensity exercise with prior carbohydrate intake. Venous blood was sampled during and 2 h after exercise to measure glucose and lactate levels.

Results

The difference in marginal mean time‐averaged area under the blood glucose curve between continuous moderate‐intensity exercise + prior carbohydrate and intermittent high‐intensity exercise + prior carbohydrate during exercise and recovery was not significant [0.2 mmol/l (95% CI –0.7, 1.1); P = 0.635], nor was the difference in peak blood glucose level after adjusting for baseline level [0.2 mmol/l (95% CI –0.7, 1.1); P = 0.695]. The difference in marginal mean time‐averaged area under the blood glucose curve between continuous moderate‐intensity and intermittent high‐intensity exercise during exercise and recovery was also not significant [–0.2 mmol/l (95% CI –1.2, 0.8); P = 0.651].

Conclusions

When carbohydrates are ingested prior to moderate‐intensity exercise, adding repeated sprints is not significantly detrimental to glycaemic management in overnight fasted people with Type 1 diabetes under basal insulin conditions.
Is the Europe of Knowledge the talk of the town? Exploring how members of the European Parliament refer to higher education
Authors: Vukasović Martina , Birkholz Julie , Brankovic Jelena
Published: January 2019

While the European Parliament is increasingly involved in EU governance, its role in policy developments in domains of strategic importance for the EU has not been the focus of many studies. In this article, we analyse a new digital dataset containing more than 10,000 speeches delivered in the European Parliament plenary between 1999 and 2014 and identify patterns related to temporal increase or decrease in the Parliament's focus on higher education, the topics linked to higher education discussions and patterns concerning the country and party group affiliation of the European Parliament members who speak about higher education. Our findings suggest that the total number of speeches, either specifically dedicated to higher education, or mentioning higher education when addressing other issues, did increase over time and particularly during the adoption of action programmes and related budgetary decision. Furthermore, higher education was less referred to in the Parliament speeches as a stand‐alone issue than in relation to other policy areas in which the EU has strong jurisdiction. Finally, our findings indicate that the variance in whether a Member of the European Parliament speaks about higher education is more closely linked to country of origin than party affiliation, highlighting the persistent national dimension of higher education discussions at the European level. These findings attest to the increasing – yet largely overlooked – role of the European Parliament in higher education policy making.
What's the point of knowing how?
Authors: Habgood‐Coote Joshua
Published: January 2019

Why is it useful to talk and think about knowledge‐how? Using Edward Craig's discussion of the function of the concepts of knowledge as a jumping off point, this paper argues that considering this question can offer us new angles on the debate about knowledge‐how. We consider two candidate functions for the concept of knowledge‐how: pooling capacities and mutual reliance. Craig makes the case for pooling capacities, which connects knowledge‐how to our need to pool practical capacities. I argue that the evidence is much more equivocal and in fact supports both functions. I propose that the concept of knowledge‐how plays both functions, meaning that it is inconsistent and that the debate about knowledge‐how is at least partly a metalinguistic negotiation. In closing, I suggest a way to revise the philosophical concept of knowledge how.
Loneliness and appearance: Toward a concept of ontological agency
Authors: Lucas Sarah Drews
Published: January 2019

In this paper, I posit loneliness, as Hannah Arendt defines it in the final chapter of The Origins of Totalitarianism as the conceptual opposite of agency. I give a brief overview of Arendt's phenomenology of loneliness, which is the total loss of the common world—the state in which one is incapable of being an interlocutor, through thought, speech, or action, with others and, ultimately, incapable of appearing as an individual to others. Though loneliness is realised in its most extreme form in the concentration camps, it is a problem that haunts all human interaction. It is often very difficult, especially for marginalised and traumatised subjects, to give an account of themselves, indeed, to make any sense of their lives at all. I argue that this difficulty is not insurmountable and make the claim that ontological agency, understood as the appearance as oneself to others in the world (the exercise of self‐disclosure), is an irreducible and constant capacity of every individual, no matter how deeply silenced or oppressed she may have been. I argue, further, that ontological agency is a precondition for meaningful political agency, understood as the public articulation of a well‐formed opinion or judgment.
Understanding urbanization and its impact on the livelihood levels of urban residents in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Authors: Cui Dan , Wu Dianting , Liu Jingjing , Xiao Ye , Yembuu Batchuluun , Adiya Zolzaya
Published: January 2019

This paper took Ulaanbaatar as a case study and selected data from 2002 to 2016 to understand the complex relationship between urbanization and the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results showed that the urbanization of Ulaanbaatar was fast unfolding, while the livelihood levels of urban residents were not simultaneously improved but were in a state of constant fluctuation. A distributed lag model was conducted to investigate the impact of urbanization on the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results confirmed that urbanization has an obvious lag effect on livelihood levels, and with the urbanization development, it could improve public services and labor wages at a lag of 3 years, better healthcare at a lag of 2, 3, and 4 years, increase healthcare and cultural services at a lag of 2 years, and gradually improve the residents’ livelihood levels in the long run. We concluded with an overview of how our analysis can offer useful insights to policy makers and urban planners.
Perennial ryegrass productivity and nutritive quality as affected by frequency of nitrogen fertilizer addition
Authors: Loaiza Pablo , Balocchi Oscar , de la Barra Cristóbal , López Ignacio F.
Published: January 2019

In intensive dairy pasture‐based systems, split applications of nitrogen (N) use throughout the growth cycle has played an important role in increasing the herbage production and additional forage supply at specific times across the pasture growth season. However, little is known about how the frequency of N applications can modify the crude protein content and their fractions. A mini‐sward study was conducted between August 2011 and January 2012 in Valdivia, Chile, to quantify the effect of frequency of N application on herbage yield, growth dynamics and protein fractions in perennial ryegrass swards. A single N rate equivalent of 250 kg N ha−1 year−1 of ammonium nitrate (27% N) fertilizer was applied in five patterns based on phyllochron. Thus, the mini‐swards were fertilized when they reached 1–2–4–8 phyllochrons, and there was a zero rate of fertilizer application. All mini‐swards were defoliated when the ryegrass reached two complete expanded leaves per tiller. The treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized block design. Defoliations were carried out by harvesting each plot with hand shears to a stubble height of 5 cm. Crude protein fractions were analyzed using the Cornell Carbohydrate and Protein Scheme (CNCPS). The results showed that plants fertilized more frequently (1–2–4 phyllochrons) had a higher (p < 0.001) accumulated herbage mass than plants fertilized every 8 phyllochrons. On the other hand, the fertilization frequency modified the herbage production over the experimental period (p < 0.05). Total crude protein was higher in plants fertilized less frequently, but crude protein fractions were not affected by fertilization frequency.
Habitat preferences of Ceruchus chrysomelinus, an endangered relict beetle of the natural Central European montane forests
Authors: Kašák Josef , Mazalová Monika , Šipoš Jan , Foit Jiří , Hučín Marek , Kuras Tomáš
Published: January 2019

Montane forests represent the majority of natural forests remaining in Europe. Their quality can be indicated by the occurrence of saproxylic invertebrates. Information on the habitat requirements of threatened species inhabiting such forests is a necessary prerequisite for qualified management decisions.

Ceruchus chrysomelinus (Lucanidae) is an endangered relict species of European montane forests, but its ecology has been poorly studied to date. Hence, the habitat requirements of the species were analysed using fallen log sampling at four localities in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts., Czech Republic.

The main factors affecting the beetle's occurrence were decay stage, rot type, diameter, and humidity of the log. We found that C. chrysomelinus developed in humid, medium‐to‐strongly decayed logs, with brown rot penetrated deep into the wood. Spatial analysis showed random distribution of logs colonised by C. chrysomelinus, which is likely a result of the continual long‐term presence of the species at the localities.

C. chrysomelinus can thrive only in forests with a continuously sufficient supply of logs with specific features. Since the majority of European forests suffer from diminished spatio‐temporal heterogeneity, populations of C. chrysomelinus need to be supported by repetitive felling and leaving suitable trees (within a radius of tens to a hundred metres from colonised logs). In well‐preserved natural forests, just leaving them unmanaged might be an appropriate conservation strategy. C. chrysomelinus is one of the relicts indicating European natural forests; successful conservation of its habitat may then open an umbrella for many other saproxylic organisms.
Identifying historical roots of knowledge development in cardiovascular nursing using bibliometrics
Authors: Blažun Vošner Helena , Kokol Peter , Železnik Danica , Završnik Jernej
Published: January 2019

Aims

The aim of the paper is to present the results of the Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy analysis of the historical roots of knowledge development in cardiovascular nursing.

Background

The importance of studying nursing history is well known. It enables nurses to learn from past experiences of other nurses to influence the everyday practice settings better. Cardiovascular nursing has made major contributions in improving cardiovascular health; however, the history of its knowledge development has not been studied yet.

Design

Bibliometric analysis was used in our study.

Methods

The corpus was harvested from Scopus on 9 April 2018, using the search string cardi* nurs* in Source titles. Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy analysis was performed using the CRExplorer software.

Results

The search resulted in 4226 papers containing 53 711 references. Among them, we identified 22 important historical root papers, the oldest from 1651. Thematically historical root papers were related mostly to cardiovascular phenomena, depression, and ethical questions. The oldest roots of cardiovascular nursing are mostly medically oriented; however, they include a paper written by nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale.

Conclusion

Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy Analysis showed to be a viable approach to analyse the historical roots of knowledge development in cardiovascular nursing
Rate of change in body mass index at different ages during childhood and adult obesity risk
Authors: Zhang Tao , Whelton Paul K. , Xi Bo , Krousel‐Wood Marie , Bazzano Lydia , He Jiang , Chen Wei , Li Shengxu
Published: January 2019

Background

Childhood body mass index (BMI) predicts adult obesity. How growth trajectories during childhood relate to adult obesity risk is not well defined.

Objective

We aimed to characterize BMI growth trajectories from childhood to midlife and to examine the associations between BMI growth rates at childhood age points and adult obesity risk.

Methods

The longitudinal study included 2732 participants with repeated BMI measurements from childhood (4‐19 y) to adulthood (20‐51 y). A random‐effects model was used to construct BMI growth curves by race and sex. Model‐estimated levels and linear growth rates of BMI were linked to adult obesity in separate multivariable logistic regression models at individual childhood age points.

Results

BMI followed cubic growth curves. Childhood BMI linear slope estimates were higher in adults with obesity than in adults without obesity (P < 0.001). The association between childhood BMI growth rate and adult obesity was significantly higher in puberty and postpuberty (12‐19 y) than in early childhood (4‐11 y) with a peak at age 14 (odds ratio = 3.1 and 95% confidence interval, 2.7‐3.5).

Conclusions

Rates of change in BMI at different childhood ages are differentially associated with adult obesity. Puberty and postpuberty are crucial periods for the development of obesity in later life.
A literature review about self‐care on ostomy patients and their caregivers
Authors: Villa Giulia , Mannarini Micol , Della Giovanna Giulia , Marzo Elisabetta , Manara Duilio F. , Vellone Ercole
Published: January 2019

Self‐care is a key concept for ostomy patients as much as for chronically ill patients. Many studies describe how reaching a good self‐care level permits patient to perceive a higher quality of life, to adjust faster to the new condition, to grow empowerment feelings and to reduce readmissions and negative outcomes. There are many studies that state the negative impact of living with an ostomy on patients' quality of life. Quality of life is proven to be strictly related to self‐care ability. Health professionals cannot fail to consider this aspect of ostomized patients' life to identify existing lacking areas of self‐care abilities and to be able to project‐specific educative interventions so to improve the impact that living with an ostomy has on patients. Specific self‐care assessment tools could ensure self‐care measurement, specific educational intervention planning and evaluation of caregivers' role.
Enrolment in Mathematics and Physics at The Advanced Level in Secondary School Among Two Generations of Highly Skilled Immigrants
Authors: Lissitsa Sabina , Chachashvili‐Bolotin Svetlana
Published: January 2019

This research focuses on enrolment in advanced level Mathematics and Physics in secondary school among first and second generations of Former Soviet Union immigrants and third generation Israeli‐born Jews. The article made use of the Israeli Ministry of Education's database, which includes data on all students who finished their secondary education with a matriculation certificate in 2013. Our findings show the advantage of enrolment in Physics, which is perceived as the most difficult subject, among FSU immigrant students compared to the third generation of Israeli‐born students. This advantage may be explained by their STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)‐related cultural capital. However, first‐generation FSU students were less likely to be enrolled in advanced‐level Mathematics compared to third‐generation Jews. These findings may emphasize the role of the Israeli education system as a gatekeeper in entering more prestigious Mathematics.
Impact of influenza on hospitalization rates in children with a range of chronic lung diseases
Authors: Homaira Nusrat , Briggs Nancy , Oei Ju‐Lee , Hilder Lisa , Bajuk Barbara , Snelling Tom , Chambers Georgina M. , Jaffe Adam
Published: January 2019

Background

Data on burden of severe influenza in children with a range of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) remain limited.

Method

We performed a cohort study to estimate burden of influenza‐associated hospitalization in children with CLDs using population‐based linked data. The cohort comprised all children in New South Wales, Australia, born between 2001 and 2010 and was divided into five groups, children with: (a) severe asthma; (b) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD); (c) cystic fibrosis (CF); (d) other congenital/chronic lung conditions; and (e) children without CLDs. Incidence rates and rate ratios for influenza‐associated hospitalization were calculated for 2001‐2011. Average cost/episode of hospitalization was estimated using public hospital cost weights.

Results

Our cohort comprised 888 157 children; 11 058 (1.2%) had one of the CLDs. The adjusted incidence/1000 child‐years of influenza‐associated hospitalization in children with CLDs was 3.9 (95% CI: 2.6‐5.2) and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.5‐0.9) for children without. The rate ratio was 5.4 in children with CLDs compared to children without. The adjusted incidence/1000 child‐years (95% CI) in children with severe asthma was 1.1 (0.6‐1.6), with BPD was 6.0 (3.7‐8.3), with CF was 7.4 (2.6‐12.1), and with other congenital/chronic lung conditions was 6.9 (4.9‐8.9). The cost/episode (95% CI) of influenza‐associated hospitalization was AUD 19 704 (95% CI: 11 715‐27 693) for children with CLDs compared to 4557 (95% CI: 4129‐4984) for children without.

Discussion

This large population‐based study suggests a significant healthcare burden associated with influenza in children with a range of CLDs.
On the synchronicity of flash sintering and phase transformation
Authors: Yoon Bola , Yadav Devinder , Ghose Sanjit , Sarin Pankaj , Raj Rishi
Published: January 2019

There is growing evidence that oxides of complex chemistries can be formed in one step by reactive flash sintering of their elemental constituents. Here we explore the temporal relationship between phase transformation and sintering by combining measurements of sintering with in situ measurements of phase transformation. The experiments are carried out under current rate, where flash is induced by injecting current and increasing it at a constant rate. We show that phase transformation of powders of magnesia and α‐alumina into single‐phase magnesium aluminate spinel was completed in 45 seconds, whereas sintering to full density required 60 seconds.
The reducing effect of positive imagined intergroup contact on intergroup attributional bias
Authors: Ma Weijun , Feng Rui , Lu Binglei , Xie Qiang , Jiang Lianxiong , Liu Xiting
Published: January 2019

Currently, the Han and Uygur ethnicities in Xinjiang, China are generally in a peaceful state; however, there are also disagreements and conflicts. Through three studies, this article explores intergroup attributional bias (in‐group favoring and out‐group derogating pattern of attribution) between the Hans and Uygurs in Xinjiang, China, and the reducing effect of positive imagined intergroup contact on intergroup attributional bias. Using high school students from Han and Uygur as participants, Study 1 investigated participants’ attributional patterns for in‐group and out‐group members presenting desirable or undesirable behaviors in daily situations. The results revealed that both Hans and Uygurs demonstrate an in‐group favoring pattern of attribution, but not an out‐group derogating pattern. Study 2 added a brief positive imagined intergroup contact (experimental group) or a brief positive imagination of an outdoor scene (control group) before participants completed the same questionnaire as in Study 1 and found a weaker intergroup attributional bias in the experimental group. In Study 3, Han students who had a positive imagined contact with a Uygur demonstrated a closer distance and reported more positive attitudes toward Uygurs than Han students who had imagined contact with a nonspecific stranger. Studies 2 and 3 together indicated a reducing effect of imagined contact on intergroup attributional bias through improvement of intergroup attitudes. The conclusion of this research is particularly meaningful for the Hans and Uygurs, as it implies that properly implemented positive imagined intergroup contacts might be a useful remedy for reducing potential conflicts.
Patch‐scale biodiversity retention in fragmented landscapes: Reconciling the habitat amount hypothesis with the island biogeography theory
Authors: Bueno Anderson Saldanha , Peres Carlos A.
Published: January 2019

Aim

To test whether the species richness of understorey insectivorous birds on forest islands induced by a major hydroelectric dam is best explained by either the island biogeography theory (IBT) or the habitat amount hypothesis (HAH). Given the low dispersal ability of the focal species group and the hostile water matrix, we predict that the species richness will be predominantly driven by an island effect as posited by the IBT, rather than a sample area effect as posited by the HAH.

Location

Forest islands within the Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir, central Brazilian Amazonia.

Taxon

Birds.

Methods

We mist‐netted birds at 33 forest islands (0.63–1,699 ha), totalling 874 individuals of 59 species. The size of the local landscape used to calculate the habitat amount was determined by a multi‐scale analysis in which buffers around mist‐net lines ranged from 50 to 2,000 m. We applied four tests to examine whether the species richness on forest islands is predominantly driven by either an island effect (island size) or a sample area effect (habitat amount).

Results

From the four tests applied, one was consistent with an island effect, two were regarded as inappropriate to test the HAH, and one could not be adequately addressed due to island size being highly correlated with habitat amount in the local landscape (200‐m buffer).

Main conclusions

Some of the proposed ways of testing the HAH may lead to misleading conclusions. The relative importance of island size in determining the species richness of understorey insectivorous birds on forest islands is higher than that of surrounding habitat amount, thereby providing stronger support for IBT. We propose a conceptual framework, based on the degree of matrix permeability and species dispersal ability, to determine to what extent a patch‐ or landscape‐centric worldview in landscape ecology provides the most appropriate framework to assess the effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity.
Trans‐3,5,4´‐trimethoxystilbene reduced gefitinib resistance in NSCLCs via suppressing MAPK/Akt/Bcl‐2 pathway by upregulation of miR‐345 and miR‐498
Authors: Lu Min , Liu Bin , Xiong Hui , Wu Fang , Hu Chunhong , Liu Ping
Published: January 2019

Despite initial dramatic efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) in EGFR‐mutant lung cancer patients, subsequent emergence of acquired resistance is almost inevitable. Resveratrol and its derivatives have been found to exert some effects on EGFR‐TKI resistance in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We screened several NSCLC cell lines with gefitinib resistance by MTT assay and analysed the miR‐345/miR‐498 expression levels. NSCLC cells were pre‐treated with a resveratrol derivative, trans‐3,5,4‐trimethoxystilbene (TMS) and subsequently challenged with gefitinib treatment. The changes in apoptosis and miR‐345/miR‐498 expression were analysed by flow cytometry and q‐PCR respectively. The functions of miR‐345/miR‐498 were verified by CCK‐8 assay, cell cycle analysis, dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay and immunoblotting analysis. Our results showed that the expression of miR‐345 and miR‐498 significantly decreased in gefitinib resistant NSCLC cells. TMS pre‐treatment significantly upregulated the expression of miR‐345 and miR‐498 increasing the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to gefitinib and inducing apoptosis. MiR‐345 and miR‐498 were verified to inhibit proliferation by cell cycle arrest and regulate the MAPK/c‐Fos and AKT/Bcl‐2 signalling pathways by directly targeting MAPK1 and PIK3R1 respectively. The combination of TMS and gefitinib promoted apoptosis also by miR‐345 and miR‐498 targeting the MAPK/c‐Fos and AKT/Bcl‐2 signalling pathways. Our study demonstrated that TMS reduced gefitinib resistance in NSCLCs via suppression of the MAPK/Akt/Bcl‐2 pathway by upregulation of miR‐345/498. These findings would lay the theoretical basis for the future study of TMS for the treatment of EGFR‐TKI resistance in NSCLCs.
FBXL10 regulates cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy via the PKC β2 pathway
Authors: Yin Leilei , Fang Yingying , Song Tao , Lv Dan , Wang Zheng , Zhu Li , Zhao Zihui , Yin Xinhua
Published: January 2019

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition associated with significant structural changes including cardiac tissue necrosis, localized fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. This study sought to assess whether and how FBXL10 can attenuate DCM using a rat streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced DCM model system. In the current study, we found that FBXL10 expression was significantly decreased in diabetic rat hearts. FBXL10 protected cells from high glucose (HG)‐induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in vitro. In addition, FBXL10 significantly activated PKC β2 signaling pathway in H9c2 cells and rat model. The cardiomyocyte‐specific overexpression of FBXL10 at 12 weeks after the initial STZ administration attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby reducing cardiomyocyte death and preserving cardiac function in these animals. Moreover, FBXL10 protected against DCM via activation of the PKC β2 pathway. In conclusion, FBXL has the therapeutic potential for the treatment of DCM.
Response to ‘Cutaneous eruptions associated with haematological malignancies: the need for a unifying nomenclature’
Authors: Visseaux L. , Durlach A. , Barete S. , Ingen‐Housz‐Oro S. , Ortonne N. , Grange F.
Published: January 2019

Linked article: R. Maglie et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33: e191–e192. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15452
Age structure and multi‐model growth estimation of longnose stingray Hypanus guttatus (Dasyatidae: Myliobatoidei) from north‐east Brazil
Authors: Gianeti Michel D. , Santana Francisco M. , Yokota Leandro , Vasconcelos Jonas E. , Dias June F. , Lessa Rosangela P.
Published: January 2019

We collected 729 Hypanus guttatus from the northern coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), of which 196 were used to estimate age and growth. Ninety‐five were male (12.7 to 57.0 cm disc width; WD) and 101 were female (13.0 to 88.5 cm WD); females were significantly larger than males. Cross sections of vertebrae showed band‐pairs ranging from 0 to > 14 in females and from 0 to 9 in males. New‐borns presented an opaque edge at birth in vertebrae without a birthmark. The average percentage of error (APE; %E) for the entire sample provided evidence that ages were repeatable. The mean monthly marginal increment (IM) indicates annual band‐pair formation from August to November. The annual cycle model for one band‐pair deposition provided the best fit to data based on the AIC, with peaks between August and October, similar to that found in the IM analysis, suggesting an annual formation pattern. A multi‐model approach that included four models based on the observed mean WD at age indicated a modified von Bertalanffy growth model as the best for describing the species growth: W0 (WD at birth) = 14.6 cm for both sexes; females W∞ = 98.61 cm (95% CI = 87.34–114.61 cm); k = 0.112 year−1 (CI = 0.086–0.148 year−1); males W∞ = 60.22 cm (CI = 55.66–65.35 cm); k = 0.219 year−1 (CI = 0.185–0.276 year−1). The age‐at‐maturity in males and females is 5 years and 7 years, respectively. The age composition shows that most (84%) specimens were aged 0 to 2 years. The information provided here is essential for analytical assessments of H. guttatus, which is subject to significant fishing pressure mainly on new‐borns and juveniles.
Use of mucus as a non‐invasive sampling method for DNA barcoding of stingrays and skates (batoid elasmobranchs)
Authors: Domingues Rodrigo R. , Garrone‐Neto Domingos , Hilsdorf Alexandre W. S. , Gadig Otto B. F.
Published: January 2019

In this study we tested the use of mucus from five species of Neotropical marine batoid elasmobranchs to extract genomic DNA for barcoding and phylogenetic analysis. The DNA from all individuals sampled was successfully amplified and sequenced for molecular barcode, allowing 99–100% accuracy to the species level. This method proved to provide reliable and good‐quality DNA for barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of Neotropical elasmobranchs, through rapid handling and with low disturbance to animals.
Differential responses to increasing numbers of mild traumatic brain injury in a rodent closed‐head injury model
Authors: Fehily Brooke , Bartlett Carole A. , Lydiard Stephen , Archer Michael , Milbourn Hannah , Majimbi Maimuna , Hemmi Jan M. , Dunlop Sarah A. , Yates Nathanael J. , Fitzgerald Melinda
Published: January 2019

Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), further mild impacts can exacerbate negative outcomes. To compare chronic damage and deficits following increasing numbers of repeated mTBIs, a closed‐head weight‐drop model of repeated mTBI was used to deliver 1, 2 or 3 mTBIs to adult female rats at 24 h intervals. Outcomes were assessed at 3 months following the first mTBI. No gross motor, sensory or reflex deficits were identified (p > 0.05), consistent with current literature. Cognitive function assessed using a Morris water maze revealed chronic memory deficits following 1 and 2, but not 3 mTBI compared to shams (p ≤ 0.05). Oxidative damage to DNA was assessed immunohistochemically in the dentate hilus of the hippocampus and splenium of the corpus callosum; no changes were observed. IBA1‐positive microglia were increased in size in the cortex following 1 mTBI and in the corpus callosum following 2 mTBI compared to shams (p ≤ 0.05); no changes were observed in the dentate hilus. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive astrocyte immunoreactivity was assessed in all three brain regions and no chronic changes were observed. Integrity of myelin ultrastructure in the corpus callosum was assessed using transmission electron microscopy. G ratio was decreased following 2 mTBIs compared to shams (p ≤ 0.05) at post hoc level only. The changing patterns of damage and deficits following increasing numbers of mTBI may reflect dynamic responses to small numbers of mTBIs or a conditioning effect such that increasing numbers of mTBIs do not necessarily result in worsening pathology.

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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14508.
Light and Electron Microscopic Studies on the Development of Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.) in Susceptible Soybean Leaves
Authors: KOCH E. , EBRAHIM-NESBAT F. , HOPPE H. H.
Published: January 2019

The development of Phakopsora pachyrhizi from infection to uredospore development was studied by light‐ and electron microscopy. Uredospores germinated with a single germ tube, formed appressoria and infected always by direct, cuticular penetration. Penetration started with the formation of an appressorial cone which was continuous with the cell wall of the penetration hypha. The penetration hypha entered the epidermal cell, transversed it and reached the intercellular space of the mesophyll where the first septum was formed separating the penetration hypha from the primary hypha. Spread of the fungus in the tissue was followed in whole‐leaf mounts. The first haustorium was visible between 24 and 48 hours after inoculation. Haustoria were formed in mesophyll and epidermal cells. Occasionally, encapsulations of haustoria were observed. In sections of uredia two cells, obviously the pedicel and the sporogenous cell, were observed below developing uredospores. This indicates that uredosporogenesis in P. pachyrhizi is the same as known from other rust fungi. As in the case of other rusts partial septa and perforate septa were found in the sporogenous tissue. Perforate septa were also observed elsewhere in hyphae of the infected tissue.
A Model to Simulate Acquired Resistance Induced by Localized Virus Infections in Hypersensitive Tobacco
Authors: WIERINGA-BRANTS D. H.
Published: January 2019

Intercellular fluids were obtained from leaves with local or systemic acquired resistance. Injection of such a fluid in a hypersensitive tobacco leaf followed by TMV inoculation resulted in reduction of lesion numbers and diameters when the fluids were obtained from LAR leaves on 5 or more days after inoculation and from SAR leaves at least 10 days after inoculation.
Paper and the poor: Romantic media ecologies and the Bank Restriction Act of 1797
Authors: Brylowe Thora
Published: January 2019

Rag paper is a common denominator for many Romantic‐era medial forms. The term “media ecology” has become increasingly accepted in media theory, and its spatial and ecological affinities connect it to the urgent topic of climate change. Media ecology invites book historians to consider the labor as well as the origins of the materials that underwrite our culture. This consideration of paper recasts the literary archive as an accretion of physical as well as intellectual labor. The physical labor necessary for the making of rag paper included increasingly industrialized agricultural work and textile production, as well as rag collecting and sorting, as many period authors were aware. At the inception of the Bank Restriction Period (1797–1821), the introduction of low‐denomination paper banknotes changed the London media ecology in ways that had a devastating effect on the English poor, including the very orders of agricultural and textiles workers, rag collectors, and papermill rag‐room women who had a hand in paper making. The Bank of England investigated and prosecuted hundreds, resulting in poverty, transportation, imprisonment, and executions. Paper notes and their forgeries invited considerations of other forms of cultural value and circulation, including literary authorship, and the article ends with the Bank of England's current celebration of Jane Austen as a literary icon by including her portrait on the polymer £10 note.
How to tell them apart? Discriminating tropical blackfish species using fin and body measurements from photographs taken at sea
Authors: Yahn Shelby N. , Baird Robin W. , Mahaffy Sabre D. , Webster Daniel L.
Published: January 2019

The misidentification of species and populations is a hindrance to effective cetacean management. We devised a method of species identification using 10 fin and body measurements obtainable from at‐sea photographs, and demonstrated its ability to distinguish four species of Hawaiian “blackfish”: pygmy killer, melon‐headed, short‐finned pilot, and false killer whales. Measurements from photos of 382 known individuals were converted into 14 ratios and reduced using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and principal component analysis. The first three components of the PCA explained 81% of variance among species. Ratios indicated by PCA and NMDS were tested using analysis of variance, and results identified three fin ratios that had distinct means across all four species: height/base, depth (from anterior insertion) at trailing edge apex/depth at topmost point, and width (from leading edge) at posterior point/base. Dual analysis of adults and all age classes showed near‐identical sources of variance, 90% similarity in interspecies ratio relationships, and overlapping ratio means and ranges. Results suggest similar ontogenetic growth across these four species, and confirm the efficacy of this discrimination technique for all age classes. This study established a reliable means of distinguishing these cetacean species, which will improve the efficacy of management in areas with sympatric distributions.
A comparison of image and observer based aerial surveys of narwhal
Authors: Bröker Koen C. A. , Hansen Rikke G. , Leonard Kathleen E. , Koski William R. , Heide‐Jørgensen Mads Peter
Published: January 2019

From 25 to 30 August 2014 a double‐observer line‐transect survey was conducted over Melville Bay, home to one of two summering populations of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) off West Greenland. A total of 1,932 linear kilometers was surveyed along 33 transects. In addition to using observers, the aircraft was equipped with two oblique cameras to capture a comparable data set. Analysts reviewed the images for narwhal sightings, which were then matched to the observer sightings. The objectives of the study were to determine advantages and disadvantages of the detection capabilities of both methodologies, and to conduct a comparative analysis of population abundance estimates. Correcting for the truncated detection distance of the images (500 m), the image analysts recorded more sightings (62) and a lower mean group size (2.2) compared to aerial observers (36 and 3.5, respectively), resulting in comparable numbers of individuals detected by both platforms (135vs. 126). The abundance estimate based on the image sightings was 2,536 (CV = 0.51, 95% CI: 1,003–6,406), which was not significantly different from the aerial observers estimate of 2,596 individuals (CV = 0.51; 95% CI: 961–7,008). This study supports the potential of using UAS for marine mammal abundance studies.
Critically ill patients' experiences of nursing care in the intensive care unit
Authors: Kisorio Leah C , Langley Gayle C
Published: January 2019

Background

Understanding critically ill patients' experiences of nursing care is an important aspect that can improve quality of care in the intensive care unit.

Aim

To elicit critically ill patients' experiences of nursing care in the adult intensive care units.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design was utilized.

Methods

Sixteen patients who had a predicted mortality risk of above 50% within the first 24 h of admission to the intensive care unit and had been discharged to the ward were purposively selected. The study was conducted at three academic affiliated, tertiary/quaternary specialist hospitals in South Africa. Individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted with the selected participants until a point of data saturation was reached. Data were analysed using a conventional content analysis technique (Hsieh and Shannon, 2005). Lincoln and Guba's criteria for ensuring the trustworthiness of qualitative research were applied.

Findings

Four major themes emerged: ‘being in someone's shoes', ‘communication’, ‘presence’ and ‘religion and spirituality’.

Conclusions

Even though some participants' responses reflected ‘good’ nursing care, the majority of the participants had negative experiences in relation to the nursing care they received while admitted in the selected intensive care units.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study demonstrates critically ill patients' voices and preferences of intensive nursing care and describes some issues that require not only nurses' but also managerial improvements and interventions in order to ensure quality care and, eventually, patients' satisfaction with intensive nursing care.