bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPATIBILIDADE DA ARBORIZAÇÃO DE RUAS EM CENTROS HISTÓRICOS: ESTUDO DE CASO DE SÃO GABRIEL – RS
Authors: Teixeira Italo Filippi
Published: September 2015

Os centros históricos constituem um elemento central de uma nova sintaxe do espaço urbano. Enquanto objeto de estudo, são um instrumento privilegiado para analisarmos a dialética urbana da permanência e da mudança e para apreendermos a cidade no seu todo. É um objeto que permite, ao mesmo tempo, dar conta do hiato entre a cidade imaginada e ensaiada pelos projetos e a cidade vivida. Os novos dimensionamentos de usos em concordância com a visão atual dos centros históricos também refletem a sua compatibilização com a inserção de novas estruturas e de um elemento de qualidade de vida que é a arborização. Com o objetivo de analisar a compatibilidade da arborização de ruas com a estrutura edificada e de infraestrutura componente do Centro Histórico do município de São Gabriel – RS foi realizado um censo na vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva presente no referido local. Utilizou-se como instrumento de avaliação um formulário estruturado com quesitos quali-quantitativos. Os resultados demonstraram uma arborização tradicional constituída em sua maioria (77,15%) de espécies exóticas, localizadas principalmente em canteiros centrais, de porte mediano, com fuste baixo, plantadas muito próximas do meio-fio em área livre restrita, com compasso inadequado, alto índice de interferência de copa e grande predomínio da incompatibilidade da vegetação.
Quelques remarques épistémologiques et méthodologiques sur le judaïsme et le christianisme de l’Antiquité classique et tardive
Authors: Mimouni Simon C.
Published: September 2015

Dans ces quelques remarques épistémologiques et méthodologiques sur les problèmes que posent les études historiques du judaïsme et du christianisme antiques, on se penche notamment sur les phénomènes de continuité et de discontinuité dont les incidences peuvent être « redoutables » dans les élaborations idéologiques contemporaines. On donne surtout des propos généraux sur le judaïsme et le christianisme dans l’Antiquité classique et tardive au regard des résultats de la recherche actuelle. On parle aussi des rapports entre judaïsme et christianisme à l’époque où ce dernier n’est qu’un mouvement parmi d’autres dans le cadre du premier, et des questions de légitimités qui ont débouché sur des conflits engendrant la distinction ou la séparation et la mise en place progressive de deux religions.
Odio humani generis
Authors: Piovanelli Pierluigi
Published: September 2015

Tacite est le seul témoin explicite d’une persécution des « chrétiens » de Rome à la suite du célèbre incendie de la capitale, en 64 de notre ère, une catastrophe dont la population aurait attribué la responsabilité criminelle à l’empereur Néron, si les adeptes de cette « superstition pernicieuse » originaire de la Judée n’avaient pas été opportunément identifiés comme les coupables. Si, d’un côté, il est facile de comprendre la nécessité pour le pouvoir impérial de trouver rapidement des boucs émissaires, de l’autre, il n’est pas aisé de concevoir les raisons qui firent que le choix se porte sur les membres d’un groupe sectaire judéen tout à fait marginal. L’examen de quelques textes clés de Flavius Josèphe et des écrits apocalyptiques contemporains permet de mieux comprendre quelles étaient les attentes des milieux radicaux judéens et quelle était la perception que les Romains pouvaient avoir de ceux qui, à leurs yeux, n’étaient que des agitateurs et des brigands.
Augustin dans le sermon Dolbeau 26
Authors: Pasquier Anne
Published: September 2015

Le sermon Dolbeau 26 provient d’un manuscrit datant de la deuxième moitié du xve siècle qui sortit de l’oubli grâce à la publication, en 1990, d’un catalogue de manuscrits de la Stadtbibliothek de Mayence (Mainz, Stadtbibliothek I, 9). Découvert par François Dolbeau, ce sermonnaire contient 63 sermons d’Augustin et un de Césaire d’Arles. L’intérêt pour ces oeuvres est d’autant plus grand que plusieurs des sermons sont partiellement ou complètement inédits. C’est le cas du sermon D. 26 en lequel s’élaborent plusieurs réflexions qu’Augustin exprimera par la suite dans la Cité de Dieu. Dans le cadre de cet article, seront examinés les thèmes et les enjeux identitaires que l’on peut déceler en particulier dans les chapitres 1 à 9 de ce sermon.
Assimilation chrétienne d’éléments païens
Authors: Roessli Jean-Michel
Published: September 2015

Cette brève contribution a pour but de revenir sur une question soulevée par Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui (« Christian Assimilation of “Pagan” Elements : An Apologetic Concept ? », New Perspectives on Late Antiquity, edited by David Hernández de la Fuente, Cambridge, 2011, p. 380-392), à propos de la façon dont les historiens de l’Antiquité tardive envisagent les contacts ou échanges entre Juifs, chrétiens et païens et, plus particulièrement, les phénomènes d’acculturation ou d’appropriation culturelle. Cette question est abordée à la lumière de la figure d’Orphée, dont Miguel Herrero se sert pour illustrer sa thèse dans le domaine de l’iconographie religieuse, alors qu’il recourt à d’autres thèmes ou motifs pour vérifier son hypothèse dans la sphère des rites et de la poésie. La question soulevée est de savoir si l’opinio communis selon laquelle certains éléments de la culture païenne ont été « assimilés » à et par la culture chrétienne (et peut-être juive avant elle) est une représentation biaisée qui se fonde sur une construction apologétique plus ou moins inconsciente ou s’il s’agit d’une réalité culturelle historiquement attestée.
La théorie de la prière chez Jamblique
Authors: Timotin Andrei
Published: September 2015

L’objectif de cette étude est de dégager la structure générale et les articulations de la théorie de la prière de Jamblique et de préciser sa place dans l’histoire du platonisme. Elle montre comment la doctrine de la prière remplace, chez Jamblique, la démonologie médio-platonicienne en tant que théorie de la médiation (cosmologique et religieuse) entre les hommes et les dieux. Cette transformation permet de comprendre l’évolution de la théorie de la prière, dans le cadre de l’histoire du platonisme, d’une pratique religieuse à caractère philosophique (Second Alcibiade, Maxime de Tyr, Porphyre) vers une réalité d’ordre métaphysique (Jamblique).
Étalement urbain, empreinte écologique et ville durable. Y a-t-il une solution de rechange à la densification ?
Authors: Simard Martin
Published: September 2015

L’étalement urbain est un concept désormais classique en géographie et en urbanisme. Le terme semble même un peu passé de mode au Québec et au Canada. Non pas que la réalité spatiale qu’il dénonce soit révolue, mais à cause des difficultés majeures à en faire un objectif politique prioritaire ainsi qu’à contrer le phénomène sur le terrain. Malgré tout, le concept d’étalement urbain suscite un intérêt croissant en France, et il a été hissé au rang de problème mondial par l’ONU, en 2010. Par ailleurs, la montée du paradigme du développement durable remet le débat à l’ordre du jour à travers des mouvements comme ceux dunew urbanismet dusmarth growth. Dans ce contexte, le concept de l’étalement urbain mérite qu’on s’y attarde à nouveau. Ce sera donc l’objectif de cet article. D’abord, ce sujet pose avec acuité la question de la « bonne forme », question qui demeure centrale en urbanisme. Deuxièmement, l’étalement urbain est généralement traité de manière descriptive, alors que les dilemmes éthiques et politiques associés au contrôle strict de l’urbanisation sont nombreux. Est-il légitime pour les institutions politiques d’intervenir contre les désirs pavillonnaires de la majorité de la population ? De quelle manière le concept d’empreinte écologique peut-il contribuer au débat ? Y a-t-il d’autres modèles pour la ville durable que la densification ? Nous discuterons ces questions à l’aide d’une revue de littérature. Au final, nous proposons une utilisation nuancée des concepts d’étalement urbain et d’empreinte écologique, tout en constatant l’absence de modèle urbanistique générique pour ériger la ville durable.
L’émiettement urbain ? Ville compacte et ville diffuse sont dans le même bateau
Authors: Ruegg Jean , Salomon Cavin Joëlle , Quincerot Richard
Published: September 2015

La ville compacte et la ville diffuse sont les deux faces indissociables de l’urbanisation contemporaine. Pour défendre ce point de vue, notre article revient d’abord sur la notion d’échelle géographique. Genève présente l’exemple d’une ville-centre très dense et d’une agglomération transfrontalière étalée, dont l’existence fut longtemps masquée par la présence d’une frontière nationale. En second lieu, nous présentons l’engouement pour la ville compacte et le rejet de la ville diffuse comme des instruments d’une « économie de la rareté ». Celle-ci entretient la gentrification dans les centres et la dispersion dans des périurbains toujours plus lointains. En troisième lieu, nous discutons l’hypothèse proposée par ce numéro thématique selon laquelle l’agriculture urbaine contribuerait à l’émergence d’une ville diffuse durable. Un enthousiasme aveugle pour cette piste pourrait, si elle n’est pas bien évaluée, perpétuer le processus global d’émiettement urbain et entraver l’identification d’approches innovantes pour faire face aux défis du moment.
Quels leviers pour la fabrique ordinaire de la ville durable ? Le cas du Clos des Éparviers
Authors: Herrmann Lou
Published: September 2015

Dans cet article, nous faisons l’hypothèse que la mise en oeuvre d’une ville durable n’est pas incompatible avec des formes raisonnées d’extension urbaine. Un des enjeux majeurs est alors de comprendre comment peut s’effectuer la diffusion des exigences d’un développement urbain durable dans la fabrique de la ville ordinaire. À travers une grille d’analyse morphologique, nous montrons ainsi en quoi le Clos des Éparviers, lotissement périurbain de l’agglomération lyonnaise en France, peut être considéré comme durable. L’étude de la mise en oeuvre de cette opération montre que l’intégration de critères de qualité dans la conception de ce nouveau quartier repose en grande partie sur la capacité de la commune de Solaize à mener les négociations avec le lotisseur, grâce à la constitution d’une maîtrise d’ouvrage urbaine forte.
Temporal trends in TB notification rates during ART scale‐up in Cape Town: an ecological analysis
Authors: Hermans Sabine , Boulle Andrew , Caldwell Judy , Pienaar David , Wood Robin
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces individual tuberculosis (TB) risk by two‐thirds, the population‐level impact remains uncertain. Cape Town reports high TB notification rates associated with endemic HIV. We examined population trends in TB notification rates during a 10‐year period of expanding ART.

Methods

Annual Cape Town TB notifications were used as numerators and mid‐year Cape Town populations as denominators. HIV‐stratified population was calculated using overall HIV prevalence estimates from the Actuarial Society of South Africa AIDS and Demographic model. ART provision numbers from Western Cape government reports were used to calculate overall ART coverage. We calculated rates per 100,000 population over time, overall and stratified by HIV status. Rates per 100,000 total population were also calculated by ART use at treatment initiation. Absolute numbers of notifications were compared by age and sub‐district. Changes over time were described related to ART provision in the city as a whole (ART coverage) and by sub‐district (numbers on ART).

Results

From 2003 to 2013, Cape Town's population grew from 3.1 to 3.7 million inhabitants, and estimated HIV prevalence increased from 3.6 to 5.2%. ART coverage increased from 0 to 63% in 2013. TB notification rates declined by 16% (95% confidence interval (CI), 14–17%) from a 2008 peak (851/100,000) to a 2013 nadir (713/100,000). Decreases were higher among the HIV‐positive (21% (95% CI, 19–23%)) than the HIV‐negative (9% (95% CI, 7–11%)) population. The number of HIV‐positive TB notifications decreased mainly among 0‐ to 4‐ and 20‐ to 34‐year‐olds. Total population rates on ART at TB treatment initiation increased over time but levelled off in 2013. Overall median CD4 counts increased from 146 cells/µl (interquartile range (IQR), 66, 264) to 178 cells/µl (IQR 75, 330; p<0.001). Sub‐district antenatal HIV seroprevalence differed (10–33%) as did numbers on ART (9–29 thousand). Across sub‐districts, infant HIV‐positive TB decreased consistently whereas adult decreases varied.

Conclusions

HIV‐positive TB notification rates declined during a period of rapid scale‐up of ART. Nevertheless, both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative TB notification rates remained very high. Decreases among HIV positives were likely blunted by TB remaining a major entry to the ART programme and occurring after delayed ART initiation.
Foraging habits of reef fishes associated with mangroves and seagrass beds in a Caribbean lagoon: A stable isotope approach
Authors: Vaslet Amandine , Bouchon-Navaro Yolande , Harmelin-Vivien Mireille , Lepoint Gilles , Louis Max , Bouchon Claude
Published: September 2015

Mangroves and seagrass beds represent suitable fish habitats as nurseries or feeding areas. This study was conducted in a Caribbean lagoon to assess the foraging habits of juvenile transient reef fishes in these two habitats. Twelve fish species were sampled in coastal mangroves, an offshore mangrove islet, and a seagrass bed site, and stable isotope analyses were performed on fishes and their prey items. The SIAR mixing model indicated that transient fishes from both mangroves and seagrass beds derived most of their food from seagrass beds and their associated epiphytic community. Only a few species including planktivores (Harengula clupeola, Anchoa lyolepis) and carnivores (Centropomus undecimalis and small specimens of Ocyurus chrysurus) presented depleted carbon values, showing reliance on mangrove prey in their diets. Mangrove-derived organic matter contributed marginally to the diet of transient fishes, which relied more on seagrass food sources. Thus, mangroves seem to function more as refuge than feeding habitats for juvenile transient fishes.
Laboratory investigation of perchlorate deliquescence at the surface of Mars with a Raman scattering lidar
Authors: Nikolakakos George , Whiteway James A.
Published: September 2015

A sample of magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate was subjected to the water vapor pressure and temperatures found at the landing site of the Phoenix Mars mission. Laser Raman scattering was applied to detect the onset of deliquescence and provide a relative estimate of the quantity of water taken up and subsequently released by the sample. As the temperature of the sample decreased at the same rate as measured on Mars during the evening, significant uptake of water from the atmosphere was observed to occur prior to the frost point temperature being reached. As the temperature was lowered further, the relative humidity over ice increased to 100% and frost formed on the surface surrounding the perchlorate sample. Freezing of the brine film was observed at the eutectic temperature of −67°C, and thawing occurred at a temperature of −62°C.
Sensitivity of soil water availability to changing snowmelt timing in the western U.S.
Authors: Harpold Adrian A. , Molotch Noah P.
Published: September 2015

The ecohydrological effects of changing snowmelt are strongly mediated by soil moisture. We utilize 259 Snow Telemetry stations across the western U.S. to address two questions: (1) how do relationships between peak soil moisture (PSM) timing and the day of snow disappearance (DSD) vary across ecoregions and (2) what is the regional sensitivity of PSM timing to earlier DSD associated with warming and drying scenarios? All western U.S. ecoregions showed significant relationships between the timing of PSM and DSD. Changes in the timing of PSM based on warming predicted for the middle and end of the 21st century ranged from 1 to 9 days and from 6 to 17 days among ecoregions, respectively. The maritime ecoregions PSM timing were 2–3 times more sensitive to warming and drying versus the interior mountain ecoregions. This work suggests that soil hydrology modifies the effects of earlier snowmelt on regional streamflow response and vegetation water stress.
Model forecast skill and sensitivity to initial conditions in the seasonal Sea Ice Outlook
Authors: Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth E. , Cullather R. I. , Wang W. , Zhang J. , Bitz C. M.
Published: September 2015

We explore the skill of predictions of September Arctic sea ice extent from dynamical models participating in the Sea Ice Outlook (SIO). Forecasts submitted in August, at roughly 2 month lead times, are skillful. However, skill is lower in forecasts submitted to SIO, which began in 2008, than in hindcasts (retrospective forecasts) of the last few decades. The multimodel mean SIO predictions offer slightly higher skill than the single‐model SIO predictions, but neither beats a damped persistence forecast at longer than 2 month lead times. The models are largely unsuccessful at predicting each other, indicating a large difference in model physics and/or initial conditions. Motivated by this, we perform an initial condition sensitivity experiment with four SIO models, applying a fixed −1 m perturbation to the initial sea ice thickness. The significant range of the response among the models suggests that different model physics make a significant contribution to forecast uncertainty.
Multisensor profiling of a concentric gravity wave event propagating from the troposphere to the ionosphere
Authors: Azeem Irfan , Yue Jia , Hoffmann Lars , Miller Steven D. , Straka William C. , Crowley Geoff
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we present near‐simultaneous observations of a gravity wave (GW) event in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere over the South Central United States and track it from its convective source region in the troposphere to the ionosphere, where it appears as a traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID). On 4 April 2014 concentric GW ring patterns were seen at stratospheric heights in close proximity to a convective storm over North Texas in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data on board the NASA Aqua satellite. Concentric GWs of similar orientation and epicenter were also observed in mesospheric nightglow measurements of the Day/Night Band of the Visible/Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite on the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership satellite. Concentric TIDs were seen in total electron content data derived from ground‐based GPS receivers distributed throughout the U.S. These new multisensor observations of TIDs and atmospheric GWs can provide a unique perspective on ionosphere‐atmosphere coupling.
An Indian Ocean precursor for Indian summer monsoon rainfall variability
Authors: Sreejith O. P. , Panickal S. , Pai S. , Rajeevan M.
Published: September 2015

The Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) depicts large interannual variability strongly linked with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, many of the El Niño years were not accompanied by deficient ISMR. The results from the study reveal the significant role of coupled air‐sea interaction over the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) in modifying the ENSO‐ISMR association. The IO warm water volume (WWV), a measure of heat content variations in the equatorial IO has strong influence on ISMR. A deepening (shoaling) of thermocline in the eastern equatorial IO (EEIO) during late boreal spring (April–May) accompanied by increase (decrease) in WWV anomalies weaken (enhance) the ISMR by enhancing (suppressing) the convection over EEIO resulting in the below (above) normal ISMR. Thus, the changes in the WWV anomalies in the EEIO along with ENSO conditions during boreal spring can be considered as a precursor for the performance of subsequent ISMR.
Understanding moisture stress on light use efficiency across terrestrial ecosystems based on global flux and remote‐sensing data
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Song Conghe , Sun Ge , Band Lawrence E. , Noormets Asko , Zhang Quanfa
Published: September 2015

Light use efficiency (LUE) is a key biophysical parameter characterizing the ability of plants to convert absorbed light to carbohydrate. However, the environmental regulations on LUE, especially moisture stress, are poorly understood, leading to large uncertainties in primary productivity estimated by LUE models. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of moisture stress on LUE for a wide range of ecosystems on daily, 8 day, and monthly scales. Using the FLUXNET and Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer data, we evaluated moisture stress along the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum, including soil water content (SWC) and soil water saturation (SWS), land surface wetness index (LSWI) and plant evaporative fraction (EF), and precipitation and daytime atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). We found that LUE was most responsive to plant moisture indicators (EF and LSWI), least responsive to soil moisture (SWC and SWS) variations with the atmospheric indicator (VPD) falling in between. LUE showed higher sensitivity to SWC than VPD only for grassland ecosystems. For evergreen forest, LUE had better association with VPD than LSWI. All moisture indicators (except soil indicators) were generally less effective in affecting LUE on the daily and 8 day scales than on the monthly scale. Our study highlights the complexity of moisture stress on LUE and suggests that a single moisture indicator or function in LUE models is not sufficient to capture the diverse responses of vegetation to moisture stress. LUE models should consider the variability identified in this study to more realistically reflect the environmental controls on ecosystem functions.
Seasonal variability of δ18O and δ13C of planktic foraminifera in the Bering Sea and central subarctic Pacific during 1990–2000
Authors: Asahi Hirofumi , Okazaki Yusuke , Ikehara Minoru , Khim Boo‐Keum , Nam Seung‐Il , Takahashi Kozo
Published: September 2015

We evaluated a 10 year time series of δ18O and δ13C records from three planktic foraminifers (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Globigerina umbilicata, and Globigerinita glutinata) in the Bering Sea and central subarctic Pacific with a focus on their responses to environmental changes. Foraminiferal δ18O followed the equilibrium equation for inorganic calcite, with species‐specific equilibrium offsets ranging from nearly zero (−0.02‰ for N. pachyderma and −0.01‰ for G. umbilicata) to −0.16‰ (G. glutinata). Equilibrium offsets in our sediment trap samples were smaller than those from plankton tow studies, implying that foraminiferal δ18O was modified by encrustation during settling. Habitat/calcification depths varied from 35–55 m (N. pachyderma and G. umbilicata) or 25–45 m (G. glutinata) during warm, stratified seasons to around 100 m during winter, when the mixed layer depth increases. Unlike δ18O, foraminiferal δ13C showed species‐specific responses to environmental changes. We found a dependency of δ13C in G. umbilicata on CO32− concentrations in ambient seawater that agreed reasonably well with published laboratory results, suggesting that δ13C of G. umbilicata is subject to vital effects. In contrast, δ13C of N. pachyderma and G. glutinata are likely affected by other species‐specific biological activities. Seasonal flux patterns reveal that fossil records of N. pachyderma and G. glutinata represent annual mean conditions, whereas that of G. umbilicata most likely indicates those of a specific season. Because none of these three taxa was abundant from December to February, their fossil records likely do not reflect isotope signals from cold seasons.
North Pacific Intermediate Water circulation enhanced by the closure of the Bering Strait
Authors: Knudson Karla P. , Ravelo Ana Christina
Published: September 2015

The Bering Strait provides a shallow connection that allows freshwater to flow from the North Pacific into the North Atlantic, but this passage was closed during past glacials when sea level was at least 50 m lower than at present. Climate models investigating Bering Strait closure predict that this mechanism increases the salinity in the North Atlantic and reduces the salinity in the North Pacific, inducing a Pacific‐Atlantic seesaw in meridional overturning circulation and poleward heat flux. However, the Pacific circulation response to Bering Strait closure, and thus the seesaw theory, has not been tested by long paleoceanographic records. We present long records of foraminiferal δ18O and δ13C from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1342 in the Bering Sea, which provide the first evidence of enhanced North Pacific Intermediate Water when the Bering Strait was closed during each of the extreme glacials of the last 1.2 Myr. These results suggest that orbital‐scale variations in North Pacific Intermediate Water are coherent and in phase with variations in upper North Atlantic Deep Water but are unrelated to changes in lower North Atlantic Deep Water. Together, these results provide evidence for systematic, orbital‐scale variability in North Pacific Ocean circulation and may challenge the idea of an orbital‐scale Pacific‐Atlantic seesaw.
Ionospheric delay gradient monitoring for GBAS by GPS stations near Suvarnabhumi airport, Thailand
Authors: Rungraengwajiake Sarawoot , Supnithi Pornchai , Saito Susumu , Siansawasdi Nattapong , Saekow Apitep
Published: September 2015

Ground‐based augmentation system (GBAS) is an important augmentation system that provides the differential corrections and integrity information from the reference stations to the aircrafts for precision approach and landing. It is known that the nonuniform ionospheric characteristics called “ionospheric delay gradient” can cause the errors in differential corrections degrading the accuracy and safety level if they are undetected by the reference stations. Since the characteristics of the ionosphere are different for each region, the ionospheric delay gradient observations in equatorial and low‐latitude regions are necessary for developing the suitable ionospheric threat models. The purpose of this work is to analyze the ionospheric delay gradients observed by three GPS stations near Suvarnabhumi airport in Bangkok, Thailand, which is located in the low‐latitude region. The ionospheric irregularities in this region are mainly caused by the plasma bubble, which usually occurs after sunset. The GPS data with plasma bubble occurrence during the September equinox 2011 and 2012 are therefore analyzed. In addition, the data analysis procedure utilizing the rate of total electron content change index for this region is proposed. The results show that the ionospheric delay gradients observed in the west‐east direction appear higher than the south‐north direction, varying from 28 to 178 mm/km during plasma bubble occurrences.
Hydrogen Self‐Sufficient Arene Reduction to Cyclohexane Derivatives Using a Combination of Platinum on Carbon and 2‐Propanol
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Mori Misato , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: September 2015

Various arenes have been hydrogenated using platinum on carbon in a 2‐propanol‐aqueous mixed solvent at 100 °C without the addition of flammable hydrogen gas to give the corresponding cyclohexane derivatives. 2‐Propanol plays a role as an efficient hydrogen source based on the platinum on carbon‐catalyzed dehydrogenation.

magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Consecutive Amination and Sonogashira Coupling for Selective Synthesis of 2‐Alkynylanilines
Authors: Pan Shanfei , Ma Xueji , Zhong Danni , Chen Wanzhi , Liu Miaochang , Wu Huayue
Published: September 2015

An efficient catalytic approach to the synthesis of N,N‐dialkyl‐2‐alkynylanilines was developed by using Pd‐catalyzed norbornene‐mediated three‐component reactions of haloarenes, alkoxyamines (RO‐NR2), and alkynes. The procedure forms one CN bond and one CC bond efficiently in a one‐pot manner from readily available starting materials. A number of 2‐alkynylanilines with a broad range of functional groups were afforded in good to excellent yields.

magnified image
Improvements and Applications of the Transition Metal‐Free Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation using Grignard Reagents and Magnesium Alanates
Authors: Grassi David , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: September 2015

Two new N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been synthesized and employed in the transition metal‐free asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) mediated by Grignard reagents and magnesium alanates. The employment of these ligands showed high yields and improved regio‐ and enantioselectivity in the formation of tertiary and quaternary stereocenters. Moreover, the low catalyst loading (up to 0.3 mol%) and high scalability (up to 10 mmol) of this improved methodology provide a convenient access to biologically active compounds and synthetically valuable intermediates.

magnified image
Catalytic Asymmetric 1,6‐Conjugate Addition of para‐Quinone Methides: Formation of All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Wang Zhaobin , Wong Yuk Fai , Sun Jianwei
Published: September 2015

Described herein is a general and mild catalytic asymmetric 1,6‐conjugate addition of para‐quinone methides (p‐QMs), a class of challenging reactions with previous limited success. Benefiting from chiral Brønsted acid catalysis, which allows in situ formation of p‐QMs, our reaction expands the scope to general p‐QMs with various substitution patterns. It also enables efficient intermolecular formation of all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters with high enantioselectivity.
Enantiomerically Pure Tribenzotriquinacenes through Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Greschner Wilko , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Gröger Harald , Kuck Dietmar
Published: September 2015

Inherently chiral acetophenones and benzaldehydes bearing the large, bowl‐shaped framework of tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) were synthesized in enantiomerically pure form employing enzyme catalysis. Five‐step sequences involving lipase CAL‐B lead to the (M)‐enantiomers, (+)‐2‐acetyl‐TBTQ (M)‐5 and (+)‐2‐formyl‐TBTQ (M)‐6, whereas use of lipase PS leads to the (P)‐enantiomers, (−)‐2‐acetyl‐TBTQ (P)‐5 and (−)‐2‐formyl‐TBTQ (P)‐6, with at least 99 % ee in each case. The absolute configuration of these rigid 3D building blocks was determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis of the ketones 5 and by comparison of their chiroptical properties with those of the aldehydes 6.
Valve Position‐based Control at Engine Key‐on of an Electro‐mechanical Valve Actuator for Camless Engines: A Robust Controller Tuning Via Bifurcation Analysis
Authors: Hoyos Velasco Carlos I. , di Gaeta Alessandro
Published: September 2015

Electro‐mechanical valve actuators (EMVA) formed by two opposed electromagnets and two balanced springs are appealing solutions to implement advanced combustion concepts for camless engines. A crucial control problem for this valve actuator regards the first valve lift manoeuvre (termed 'first catching') to be rapidly performed after each insertion of the engine ignition key, when the EMVA rests at middle position where electromagnets offer low control authority. The control problem is challenging due to system nonlinear behavior. Mathematically, the EMVA system can be assumed to be a spring‐mass impacting system affected by a non‐smooth friction force and a dynamic saturated magnetic force. In this work an effective valve position‐based first catching control strategy is proposed to control the strongly nonlinear system. Bifurcation analysis and parameter space simulations are used to study the closed‐loop system behavior and to tune the controller gains as well. The effectiveness of the control approach is validated through numerical simulations of a highly predictive dynamic model of the valve actuator developed by authors in a previous work.
Analysis of General Ideal Proportional Navigation Guidance Laws
Authors: Tyan Feng
Published: September 2015

In this work, the capture region of the general ideal proportional navigation guidance law is analyzed with the following constraints: (i) the target's input acceleration is subject to independent or magnitude saturation, and (ii) the missile's input acceleration is subject to magnitude saturation. In addition to the case of unbounded maneuverability of missile with or without knowing the target acceleration, the necessary and sufficient condition for a bounded maneuvering missile that captures a nonmaneuvering target is also derived. Furthermore, the conditions that result in zero impact velocity are discovered and discussed in some of the cases. The capture regions that cannot be obtained analytically are determined numerically by a powerful classifier, the least square support vector machines. To have the capture region ready for least square support vector machines, all the state variables are transformed into modified polar variables and non‐dimensionalized to reduce the number of independent variables. In order to make the implementation possible in real time, an approximation of the Gaussian radial basis function is adopted to obtain the corresponding nonlinear feature mapping function. Through numerous numerical experiments, the proposed technique is found to be adequate for storing the capture region in an onboard fire control computer.
Thrombosis during pregnancy: Risks, prevention, and treatment for mother and fetus—harvesting the power of omic technology, biomarkers and in vitro or in vivo models to facilitate the treatment of thrombosis
Authors: Ornaghi Sara , Mueller Martin , Barnea Eytan R. , Paidas Michael J.
Published: September 2015

Maternal thromboembolism and a spectrum of placenta‐mediated complications including the pre‐eclampsia syndromes, fetal growth restriction, fetal loss, and abruption manifest a shared etiopathogenesis and predisposing risk factors. Furthermore, these maternal and fetal complications are often linked to subsequent maternal health consequences that comprise the metabolic syndrome, namely, thromboembolism, chronic hypertension, and type II diabetes. Traditionally, several lines of evidence have linked vasoconstriction, excessive thrombosis and inflammation, and impaired trophoblast invasion at the uteroplacental interface as hallmark features of the placental complications. “Omic” technologies and biomarker development have been largely based upon advances in vascular biology, improved understanding of the molecular basis and biochemical pathways responsible for the clinically relevant diseases, and increasingly robust large cohort and/or registry based studies. Advances in understanding of innate and adaptive immunity appear to play an important role in several pregnancy complications. Strategies aimed at improving prediction of these pregnancy complications are often incorporating hemodynamic blood flow data using non‐invasive imaging technologies of the utero‐placental and maternal circulations early in pregnancy. Some evidence suggests that a multiple marker approach will yield the best performing prediction tools, which may then in turn offer the possibility of early intervention to prevent or ameliorate these pregnancy complications. Prediction of maternal cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular consequences following pregnancy represents an important area of future research, which may have significant public health consequences not only for cardiovascular disease, but also for a variety of other disorders, such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:209–225, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postsynthetic modification of peptoids via the Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Nam Ho Yeon , Seo Jiwon
Published: September 2015

We developed a new method for modifying the side chains of peptoids on a solid phase resin, employing the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction. Optimized conditions using Pd(PPh3)4 and K2CO3 in the presence of Buchwald's SPhos ligand provided a high conversion in the coupling reaction. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by synthesis of a two pyrene‐conjugated peptoid helix, which exhibited an interesting excimer formation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 82–88, 2016.
Speech intelligibility in Parkinson's disease patients with zona incerta deep brain stimulation
Authors: Sandström Linda , Hägglund Patricia , Johansson Louise , Blomstedt Patric , Karlsson Fredrik
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To investigate the effects of l‐dopa (Levodopa) and cZi‐DBS (deep brain stimulation in caudal zona incerta) on spontaneous speech intelligibility in patients with PD (Parkinson's disease).

Materials and Methods

Spontaneous utterances were extracted from anechoic recordings from 11 patients with PD preoperatively (off and on l‐dopa medication) and 6 and 12 months post bilateral cZi‐DBS operation (off and on stimulation, with simultaneous l‐dopa medication). Background noise with an amplitude corresponding to a clinical setting was added to the recordings. Intelligibility was assessed through a transcription task performed by 41 listeners in a randomized and blinded procedure.

Results

A group‐level worsening in spontaneous speech intelligibility was observed on cZi stimulation compared to off 6 months postoperatively (8 adverse, 1 positive, 2 no change). Twelve months postoperatively, adverse effects of cZi‐DBS were not frequently observed (2 positive, 3 adverse, 6 no change). l‐dopa administered preoperatively as part of the evaluation for DBS operation provided the overall best treatment outcome (1 adverse, 4 positive, 6 no change).

Conclusions

cZi‐DBS was shown to have smaller negative effects when evaluated from spontaneous speech compared to speech effects reported previously. The previously reported reduction in word‐level intelligibility 12 months postoperatively was not transferred to spontaneous speech for most patients. Reduced intelligibility due to cZi stimulation was much more prominent 6 months postoperatively than at 12 months.
A Bifunctional Nano‐Electrocatalyst Based on a Flower‐like Gold/Palladium Bimetallic Alloy Nanostructure and Its Graphene Hybrid
Authors: Sahu Subash Chandra , Satpati Biswarup , Besra Laxmidhar , Jena Bikash Kumar
Published: September 2015

This work demonstrates the one‐pot, seed‐free synthesis of unique flower‐like Au/Pd alloy nanostructures and their self‐assembly on a graphene support in an aqueous medium. The as‐prepared nanostructures were characterized thoroughly by TEM, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, XRD, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The bifunctional electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of methanol and reduction of oxygen was investigated thoroughly. The results reveal that the Au/Pd alloy nanostructures show a composition‐dependent electrochemical activity. The Au/Pd alloy nanostructure with a flower‐like morphology shows superior electrocatalytic activity compared to its monometallic Pd counterpart and a commercially available Pd/C. Furthermore, the graphene support tunes the electrocatalytic performance of the Au/Pd alloy nanoflowers and substantiates their promising energy‐conversion applications for use in fuel cells.
Silica‐Grafted SnIV Catalysts in Hydrogen‐Transfer Reactions
Authors: Conrad Sabrina , Verel René , Hammond Ceri , Wolf Patrick , Göltl Florian , Hermans Ive
Published: September 2015

The front cover artwork for Issue 20/2015 is provided by the Hermans research group at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison (formerly located at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich). The image shows silica‐supported Lewis acidic SnIV sites that are tuned to be catalytically active in the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction of cyclohexanone with 2‐butanol. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500630.
Combination of Glycosyltransferases and a Glycosynthase in Sequential and One‐Pot Reactions for the Synthesis of Type 1 and Type 2 N‐Acetyllactosamine Oligomers
Authors: Henze Manja , Schmidtke Simon , Hoffmann Natalie , Steffens Hanna , Pietruszka Jörg , Elling Lothar
Published: September 2015

The front cover artwork for Issue 19/2015 is provided by the groups of Prof. Lothar Elling and Prof. Jörg Pietruszka (RWTH Aachen University and Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf, respectively). The image shows the combination (“juggling”) of two glycosyltransferases (blue and red protein structures) and a galactosynthase (yellow protein structure) for the synthesis of a glycan library. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500645.
State of Supported Nickel Nanoparticles during Catalysis in Aqueous Media
Authors: Chase Zizwe A. , Kasakov Stanislav , Shi Hui , Vjunov Aleksei , Fulton John L. , Camaioni Donald M. , Balasubramanian Mahalingam , Zhao Chen , Wang Yong , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: September 2015

The state of Ni supported on HZSM‐5 zeolite, silica, and sulfonated carbon was studied during aqueous‐phase catalysis of phenol hydrodeoxygenation using in situ extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. On sulfonated carbon and HZSM‐5 supports, NiO and Ni(OH)2 were readily reduced to Ni0 under reaction conditions (≈35 bar H2 in aqueous phenol solutions containing up to 0.5 wt. % phosphoric acid at 473 K). In contrast, Ni supported on SiO2 was not stable in a fully reduced Ni0 state. Water enables the formation of NiII phyllosilicate, which is more stable, that is, difficult to reduce, than either α‐Ni(OH)2 or NiO. Leaching of Ni from the supports was not observed over a broad range of reaction conditions. Ni0 particles on HZSM‐5 were stable even in presence of 15 wt. % acetic acid at 473 K and 35 bar H2.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Hydrophobically Modified Iminosugar C‐Alkynylglycosides: Facile Synthesis of Polyhydroxy Tetrahydroindolizines
Authors: Senthilkumar Soundararasu , Prasad Sure Siva , Das Amrita , Baskaran Sundarababu
Published: September 2015

A mild and efficient one‐pot method has been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of structurally diverse novel iminosugar C‐alkynylglycosides. The generality of this methodology has been demonstrated with a wide variety of amines and copper acetylides. This one‐pot method has been exploited in the synthesis of new class of DNA cross‐linking agents, polyhydroxy 1‐vinyl‐tetrahydroindolizine derivatives.
Cooperative Catalysis: Calcium and Camphorsulfonic Acid Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Diynols
Authors: Rauser Marian , Schroeder Sebastian , Niggemann Meike
Published: September 2015

The first transition metal‐free cycloisomerization of easily accessible diynols is presented as a novel approach to bicyclic 2H‐pyrans. As a one‐step protocol, the reaction proceeds in a single reaction cascade by intertwining mechanistic fragments borrowed from transition metal‐catalyzed Claisen rearrangment of vinyl ethers with our own work on allenyl/propargyl cation rearrangements and a 6π‐oxo‐electrocylization. It is enabled by a new cooperative catalytic system that combines a simple Ca2+ catalyst with camphorsulfonic acid.
The use of simultaneous confidence bands for comparison of single parameter fluorescent intensity data
Authors: Kim Dongha , Donnenberg Vera S. , Wilson John W. , Donnenberg Albert D.
Published: September 2015

Despite the utility of multiparameter flow cytometry for a wide variety of biological applications, comparing single parameter histograms of fluorescence intensity remains a mainstay of flow cytometric analysis. Even comparisons requiring multiparameter gating strategies often end with single parameter histograms as the final readout. When histograms overlap, analysis relies on comparison of mean or median fluorescence intensities, or determination of percent positive based on an arbitrary cutoff. Earlier attempts to address this problem utilized either simple channel‐by‐channel subtraction without statistical evaluation, or the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov (KS) or Chi‐square test statistics, both of which proved to be overly sensitive to small and biologically insignificant differences. Here we present a method for the comparison of two single‐parameter histograms based on difference curves and their simultaneous confidence bands generated by bootstrapping raw channel data. Bootstrapping is a nonparametric statistical approach that can be used to generate confidence intervals without distributional assumptions about the data. We have constructed simultaneous confidence bands and show them to be superior to KS and Cox methods. The method constructs 95% confidence bands about the difference curves, provides aPvalue for the comparison and calculates the area under the difference curve (AUC) as an estimate of percent positive and the area under the confidence band (AUCSCB95), providing a lower estimate of the percent positive. To demonstrate the utility of this new approach we have examined single‐color fluorescence intensity data taken from a cell surface proteomic survey of a lung cancer cell line (A549) and a published fluorescence intensity data from a rhodamine efflux assay ofP‐glycoprotein activity, comparing rhodamine 123 loading and efflux in CD4 and CD8 T‐cell populations. SAS source code is provided as supplementary material. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Conserved and divergent expression patterns of markers of axial development in eutherian mammals
Authors: Yoshida Michio , Kajikawa Eriko , Kurokawa Daisuke , Tokunaga Tomoyuki , Onishi Akira , Yonemura Shigenobu , Kobayashi Kensaku , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Aizawa Shinichi
Published: September 2015

Background: Mouse embryos are cup shaped, but most nonrodent eutherian embryos are disk shaped. Extraembryonic ectoderm (ExEc), which may have essential roles in anterior–posterior (A‐P) axis formation in mouse embryos, does not develop in many eutherian embryos. To assess A‐P axis formation in eutherians, comparative analyses were made on rabbit, porcine, andSuncusembryos.Results: All embryos examined expressedNodalinitially throughout epiblast and visceral endoderm; its expression became restricted to the posterior region before gastrulation. Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) genes were expressed inOtx2‐positive visceral endoderm, withDkk1expression being most anterior. The mouse pattern of AVE formation was conserved in rabbit embryos, but had diverged in porcine andSuncusembryos. No structure that was molecularly equivalent toBmp‐positive ExEc, existed in rabbit or pig embryos. InSuncusembryos, A‐P axis was determined at prehatching stage, and these embryos attached to uterine wall at future posterior side.Conclusions:Nodal, but notBmp, functions in epiblast and visceral endoderm development may be conserved in eutherians. AVE functions may also be conserved, but the pattern of its formation has diverged among eutherians. Roles of BMP and NODAL gradients in AVE formation seem to have been established in a subset of rodents.Developmental Dynamics 245:67–86, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.