bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governance and control
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 11 considers the governance and control of alliances. It begins with the aims of alliance governance. It continues by considering the key issue of partner control, including formal and informal ways of exercising control. It discusses different dimensions of control that apply to alliances. These are the extent of control exercised by partners over their alliance, the activities and decisions which they control (focus), the mechanisms by which control is exercised, and the foundations for control. The chapter then discusses different combinations of control and coordination mechanisms which are appropriate for coping with the alliance governance challenges arising from financial, resource, and market risks as well as from the requirement to overcome potential conflicts and to ensure the necessary level of internal coordination. While the chapter focuses on governance in international joint ventures, it also discusses the governance of collaborations and of global value chains.
High technology: biopharma and IT
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines cooperative strategies in the biopharma sector and then in IT. In the latter case, it focuses primarily on software production. These industries are archetypical of the knowledge-based and high-tech sector in which innovation is a key competitive factor. The increasing use of an open innovation approach makes cooperation, especially through a range of networked links, an appropriate strategy to follow. The chapter examines different types of alliance commonly found in the biopharmaceutical industry, and then continues by indicating the tensions that can arise between partners because of specific differences of interest, issues over intellectual property, and an imperfect cultural fit. It then turns to cooperation within the large and diverse IT sector. The focus is on alliances within the IT industry, as well as collaborations between IT firms and those in other industries, including life sciences. Again, different variants of cooperation are identified.
Automobiles: a key manufacturing industry
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 17 focuses on the automobile industry as a familiar, large-scale, globalized exemplar of manufacturing industries in general. It begins with the widespread use of cooperative strategies at the corporate level—whether using a corporate brand, building a family of brands that can use common innovation, platforms, and parts, or pursuing specific markets through alliances, the automotive industry offers a variety of cooperative strategies. The chapter then looks specifically at the use of joint production and supply agreements, a practice that is universal in the auto sector and has grown steadily as it has matured. Finally, it addresses market entry alliances to build and sell (and sometimes to design) cars—and perhaps to manage competition—in foreign markets. The chapter also addresses the issue of alliance versus acquisition in manufacturing before closing with a look at changes coming from the rapid growth of emerging markets.
Emerging economies
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 22 notes the growing attraction of emerging economies as host locations for foreign direct investment (FDI). While acquisitions are generally the favored mode of FDI into developed-economy markets, cooperative forms allowing for local participation, such as joint ventures, have been more prevalent in emerging economies, often due to the mandatory requirements of host governments. Emerging economies are distinctive environments for MNEs partnering with local firms, and this can give rise to certain challenges. One is a conflict of objectives held by MNEs and their emerging economy alliance partner(s), with the latter prioritizing defensive and developmental needs. Additionally, the number of multinationals from emerging economy firms (EMNEs) has grown substantially, often internationalizing through alliances with developed economy MNEs as well as with firms in other emerging economies.
Mitonuclear Ecology
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: June 2019

Eukaryotes were born of a chimeric union of two prokaryotes. The legacy of this fusion is organisms with both a nuclear and mitochondrial genome that must work in a coordinated fashion to enable cellular respiration. The coexistence of two genomes in a single organism requires tight coadaptation to enable function. The need for coadaptation, the challenge of co-transmission, and the possibility of genomic conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear genes have profound consequences for the ecology and evolution of eukaryotic life. This book defines mitonuclear ecology as an emerging field that reassesses core concepts in evolutionary ecology in light of the necessity of mitonuclear coadaptation. I discuss and summarize research that tests new mitonuclear-based theories for the evolution of sex, two sexes, senescence, a sequestered germ line, speciation, sexual selection, and adaptation. The ideas presented in this book represent a paradigm shift for evolutionary ecology. Through the twentieth century, mitochondrial genomes were dismissed as unimportant to the evolution of complex life because variation within mitochondrial genomes was proposed to be functionally neutral. These conceptions about mitochondrial genomes and mitonuclear genomic interactions have been changing rapidly, and a growing literature in top journals is making it increasingly clear that the interactions of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes over the past 2 billion years have played a major role in shaping the evolution of eukaryotes. These new hypotheses for the evolution of quintessential characteristics of complex life hold the potential to fundamentally reshape the field of evolutionary ecology and to inform the emerging fields of mitochondrial medicine and mitochondrial-based reproductive therapies.
Life eternal in the face of senescence
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: June 2019

Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes are born, mature, grow old, and die. Why death is inevitable for all complex life is among the most important questions in evolutionary biology. The mitochondrial theory of aging proposes that senescence is the process of depletion of viable mitochondria, which is an inevitable and unavoidable outcome of life processes. Mitonuclear interactions are proposed to play a key role in the evolution of the pace of life, and I review and discuss this emerging literature. Moreover, some eukaryotes, and most notably bilaterian animals, have a sequestered germ line that remains perpetually undifferentiated with no participation in organismal functions across generations. New hypotheses propose that germ lines enable intense selection on mt genomes thus preserving a mitochondrial template across generations. The implications of a mitonuclear perspective on aging and the evolution of germ lines are the focus of this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

The First World War has been the topic of many scholarly and popular books, and the extent of German civilian nutritional deprivation has been debated since the war. But new research offers a stunning picture of the impact of the war on German women and children. By using a variety of sources and methods, including height and weight measurements from over 600,000 children during the war, as well as diaries, reports, legal and diplomatic documents, letters, and children’s drawings, nutritional deprivation experienced by civilians can be elucidated. It should be little surprise that the stratification of German society before the war largely determined which families persisted and those which perished during wartime. But the data also reveal that food aid imported to Germany after the Treaty of Versailles helped poor children recover their growth far more quickly than their affluent counterparts. The fact that this most vicious of conflicts was followed by the unification of former foes in an effort to save German children might offer hope for the future.
Armistice and Blockade
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

Germans hoped the Allied blockade would be lifted with the Armistice, yet it was not fully lifted until July 1919, after the Treaty of Versailles had been signed. Interim treaties relating to food were made between the Allies and Germany in between the Armistice and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. This chapter considers the various attempts during this eight-month period within and without Germany to revictual the country, as well as efforts by some of the victors to prevent foodstuffs from entering. Germany was still the enemy, feelings were charged, and there was political pressure, particularly from France, to continue the blockade. The United States Food Administration, created in 1917 and based on the vision of Herbert Hoover, increased total food supplies available for shipping to the Allies during the war. This resulted in a surplus amount of food during the armistice that could have been directed towards feeding vanquished Germany, but only if the Allies agreed.
Survey of Subterranean Life
Authors: Culver David C. , Pipan Tanja
Published: June 2019

A wide variety of organisms are found in subterranean habitats and they have varying degrees of dependence and permanence in these habitats. Some species, stygobionts and troglobionts, have an obligate dependence on subterranean habitats, and are found nowhere else. Other species have an obligate dependence on caves and other subterranean habitats, such as bats and aquatic insects, but only spend part of their life cycle in caves (stygoxenes and trogloxenes). Others can spend their life cycle in or out of caves (stygophiles and troglophiles). There are 21 invertebrate orders that have over 50 stygobiotic and troglobiotic species. Among vertebrates, salamanders and especially fishes are also well represented in caves and deep aquifers. Although the information obtained is very informative, very few subterranean species have been maintained successfully in the laboratory. There are a few specialized collecting techniques that are very useful, especially in non-cave subterranean habitats.
Ecosystem Function
Authors: Culver David C. , Pipan Tanja
Published: June 2019

An important aspect of all aquatic subterranean ecosystems is the nature and connectivity of surface inputs. A theme common to both is heterogeneity of inputs that exist at even the smallest scale. At least in cave streams, carbon appears to be limiting. Studies at the scale of entire caves are of two very different kinds. For caves with surface inputs, inputs from percolation water are quantitatively less important than inputs from sinking streams, but are qualitatively more important because they occur throughout the cave and form the basis for the biofilm. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are the trophic base for most chemoautotrophic cave communities. Only two ecosystem studies of an entire karst basin have been carried out. For the Dorvan basin in France, most carbon entering the ecosystem is DOC, and there is considerable storage of organic carbon in sediments. In the Edwards Aquifer of Texas, chemolithoautotrophy contributes to all the components.
Introduction
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

Bolzano’s life coincides almost exactly with what has been called the Age of Revolutions. Born in 1781, he lived through the revolution from above launched by Joseph II in 1780, the French Revolution, the triumphs and defeats of Napoleon, the conservative reaction embodied in the Metternich System, the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution, the July revolution of 1830, and finally the uprisings of 1848, the last year of his life. It was a time of exaggerations, of great hopes and fears, sudden reversals, and crushing disappointments, a time of vast enthusiasms and general confusion, as unprecedented forces were let loose upon a world almost completely unprepared for them. The world of letters was not spared, as authors strove to make their voices count in an ever more crowded and noisy public forum. Novelty was everywhere sought, overreach and passion common on all sides....
Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

As professor at the Charles University, Bolzano lectured on religion for many years, developing a theoretical framework for understanding religions in general, which was then applied to Catholicism. The starting point is the notion of a religious proposition, defined as a proposition that if believed, would have an impact on someone’s virtue and happiness, and which one may be inclined to accept or reject based not on reasons but rather on one’s wishes. A person’s religion is then defined as the collection of his religious beliefs. Given this very general conception, it is clear that Bolzano counts as religious far more propositions than most would, to the point where even atheists can properly be said to have a religion. Other inquiries deal with the figurative content of many religious doctrines and with divine revelation, the latter the subject of one of the most subtle of Bolzano’s conceptual analyses. (148 words)
Homo Ludens
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

Despite its ban in England, sacred drama remained a popular genre on the Catholic European mainland. The most famous of the European Passion plays in the Victorian period was the Oberammergau Passionsspiele, which had been staged every ten years since 1634. The large body of accounts, diaries, and newspaper reports written by members of British expeditions to Oberammergau tell us much about what it meant for sacred drama to be performed rather than simply read. Whilst many commentators critiqued the Passionsspiele in the terms that have become familiar throughout this study (including its Catholic ‘materialism’, and the betrayal of a sacred ‘Ideal’ by the flawed bodies of the all-too-human actors), others saw nothing less than a harbinger of renewal for the English stage if it could only foreground ‘genuine folk art’ in the way that Bavaria had done.
A Study in Repetition and Revival
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

This chapter offers close readings of a series of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century play-scripts about the murder of Thomas à Becket in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170, including works by Douglas Jerrold, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Alfred Tennyson, and T. S. Eliot. Tracing their performance over 100 years involves the exploration of changing attitudes to the performance of Christian worship and sacrifice on stage and, more broadly, the changing status of the Established Church itself. In the repetitions and variations of Becket’s narrative deployed over time, we can chart changes in the idea of Christian tragedy, renewed appreciation of the communal significance of religious ritual, especially in the revival of the classical chorus, and a growing sense that sacred drama was not just an aberration to be carefully policed and perhaps suppressed, but part of the living fabric of English national drama with a performative future as well as a past.
The Institutional Framework of Sino-African Relations
Authors: Taylor Ian
Published: June 2019

Chinese policy towards Africa is mediated through an array of different actors and institutions, which complicates the ability of Beijing to see through specific policy pronouncements. Liberalization has seen a plethora of agencies and companies engaging with the continent, and while China has official policies, different interests and dynamics within the official structures may frustrate the smooth delivery of such goals. A study of the institutional framework demonstrates that China is by no means a unitary actor, and contrary to popular belief, what happens on the ground in Africa may not necessarily reflect the official Chinese position. Despite this, China is routinely blamed if something negative occurs. This problem is compounded by an asymmetry in the Sino-African relationship and the fact that Chinese officials will not admit that they are not fully in control of matters.
The Changing Dynamics of Chinese Oil and Gas Engagements in Africa
Authors: Obi Cyril
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the changing patterns of Chinese state oil corporations’ engagements with African petro-states through investments in the upstream and downstream oil and gas sectors, and their potential for Africa’s development within the context of evolving China–Africa relations. It conceptually frames such relations, analyzes the contextual shifts and interests involved, and cautions against rather alarmist or biased readings of China–Africa relations that neglect or gloss over the ‘facts on the ground’ and specificities. It also unpacks the notion of African agency in the context of Africa–China economic relations, particularly in the ways Chinese state oil corporations operating in Africa’s oilfields—traditionally dominated by Western oil multinationals—have been exposed to opportunities, risks, structural challenges, and regulation by African petro-states. This provides a sound basis for understanding how lessons learnt and experiences on both sides define the place of China–Africa oil engagements as a key element for potential economic transformation.
Conceptual Conspectus
Authors: O’Leary Brendan
Published: June 2019

This chapter explains the development of the concepts of consociation and arbitration in political science. Full consociations reference political systems characterized by parity, proportionality, autonomy, and veto powers among the several parties to the pact. There are, however, important variations in the manner and the extent to which consociations are formally institutionalized. Arbitration defines political roles and policies through which third parties profess to act as neutral mediators willing to pursue impartially the shared and several interests of potentially conflicting ethnic groups. The chapter reviews both normative and explanatory debates over the formation and breakdown of consociations, and intimates their importance for the case at hand, Northern Ireland.
The Book Market, the Good Reader, and the Rise of Fan Fiction
Authors: Birkhold Matthew H.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 documents the rise of fan fiction in the decades after 1760, as it transformed from something radically unexpected to an accepted, if hotly debated, literary practice. This chapter argues that widespread changes in reading and writing habits, as well as the emergence of new aesthetic theories, provided a social and educational framework that primed readers to write fan fiction. The attendant writing revolution modified the book trade in ways that further spurred the creation of fan fiction. As the market became saturated with novels, publishers and booksellers looked for promising new products. Because works of fan fiction had established audiences, these texts became a safe bet for profit-hungry publishers and authors. The result was the proliferation of fan fiction.
Fan Fiction in the Eighteenth-Century Literary Landscape
Authors: Birkhold Matthew H.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 5 examines the reciprocal relationship between authors and their readers who wrote fan fiction, illuminating the aesthetic consequences of fan fiction as part of a text’s dynamic reception. Based on close readings of key texts, including works by once-popular but now largely forgotten authors including Friedrich Nicolai, this chapter demonstrates the potential for interaction between works of fan fiction and their sources. Some source authors responded in footnotes and forewords to the unwanted appropriation of a character. Others wrote new chapters. And some, like Friederike Helene Unger, wrote entire sequels in response to the fan fiction they inspired. The result is a dense network of interlinked texts. This chapter contends that fan fiction gave rise to a unique form of collaborative authorship distinct from the so-called Romantic author.
Education Policies
Authors: Bischof Christopher
Published: June 2019

Chapter one, ‘Education Policies’, explores the policies that framed teachers’ careers, especially from the perspective of teachers. Seen this way, the history of policies looks quite different. It begins in 1846, more than two decades before the 1870 Education Act which so much scholarship on the history of education takes as its starting point. In the very year of laissez-faire’s supposed triumph, the state undertook a massive social intervention by creating two remarkable—and quite expensive—institutions open to girls and boys alike: pupil teaching and training colleges. Hundreds of thousands of British girls and boys took advantage of the clear, state-funded path which these institutions offered to becoming a teacher.
Pupil Teaching
Authors: Bischof Christopher
Published: June 2019

Chapter two, ‘Pupil Teaching’, tells the story of those boys and girls who secured pupil teaching apprenticeships starting around age thirteen. These paid apprenticeships enabled boys and girls who would usually otherwise have had to go to work to continue their studies for five years—even to delve into subjects like Latin, French, literature, and physics. They had to balance these studies with their work teaching younger children, however. They both learned from and worked under head teachers, whose poignant accounts and painstaking work with their young charges testifies to the bonds they formed with pupil teachers. Like apprenticeship in its classic form (and emerging ideas about adolescence), pupil teaching involved working and learning, growing freedom but continued supervision, an institutionalized and paternalistic relationship. Teachers and the state together revived, but also modernized apprenticeship—though as much in tension with one another as in cooperation.
Diaspora Engagement goes Global
Authors: Gamlen Alan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 8 shows how diaspora engagement shifted from a regional model of migration management to a global best practice. In the late 1990s, engaging diasporas was openly advocated by a range of regional organizations, but by 2006, the Secretary General of the United Nations had become a cheerleader. Drawing on concepts from World Society theory and the literature on Epistemic Communities, this chapter argues that the global spread of diaspora institutions is a response to the growth of a new global institution: a global migration regime. ‘Engaging diasporas’ has become a central theme in efforts to link migration with the international development agenda and build a decentralized but coherent system of global migration governance. It has been enthusiastically promoted by migration policy experts and international organizations, as a way of sharing responsibility for migration management without the need for a world migration organization. Governments around the world have responded to these recommendations by establishing diaspora institutions.
Strategies of Justice
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: June 2019

Political theorists often imagine themselves as political architects, asking what an ideal set of laws or social structures might look like. Yet persistent injustices can endure for decades or even centuries despite such ideal theorizing. In circumstances of this kind, it is essential for political theorists to think carefully about the political choices normatively available to those who directly face persistent injustices and seek to change them. The book focuses on the claims of Aboriginal peoples to better treatment from the United States and Canada. The book investigates two intertwined issues: the kinds of moral permissions that those facing persistent injustice have when they act politically, and the kinds of transformations that political action may bring about in those who undertake it. The book argues for normative permissions to speak untruth to power; to circumvent or nullify existing law; to give primary attention to protecting one’s own community first; and to engage in political experimentation that reshapes future generations. The book argues that, when carefully used, these permissions may help political actors to avoid co-optation and self-delusion. At the same time, divisions of labor between those who grapple most closely with state institutions and those who keep their distance may be necessary to facilitate escape from persistent injustice over the long term.
Deliberation and Political Strategy
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: June 2019

Theorists of deliberative democracy often argue that political actors entering the public sphere should speak openly and fully in pursuing their political goals. These requirements do not seem appropriate for those facing conditions of persistent injustice, however, especially when they encounter patterns of institutionally created discursive domination. Focusing on the interplay between legal doctrines of Aboriginal title and broader patterns of discourse within Canada, this chapter argues for the moral permissibility of strategic and deceptive speech when this may facilitate the realization of arrangements that are more just. The chapter argues that acknowledging the permissibility of deceptive strategies will often allow disadvantaged actors to think more clearly about their political goals, rather than becoming intellectually co-opted by engagement with state institutions.
The Conatus Doctrine
Authors: Lin Martin
Published: June 2019

Spinoza believes that all things “strive to persevere in their being.” This claim, known as Spinoza’s conatus doctrine, raises many questions. Does Spinoza believe that nature is goal directed? Does he think that all natural things, including ones that are typically classified as inanimate, such as particles of matter and stars in the sky have desires and goals? This chapter explicates the meaning of Spinoza’s conatus doctrine and argues that it must be interpreted teleologically despite the apparent tension between teleology and mechanism. It also examines Spinoza’s argument for the conatus doctrine and argues that it is not meant to follow from claims about the impossibility of self-destruction alone, as many commentators would have it. Rather, he must be relying on important assumptions about the nature of God and the expressive relationship that finite individuals bear to it. It concludes by considering the problem of goal-directed human action in Spinoza.
Matheron's Theory of Regionalised Variables
Authors: Matheron Georges
Published: June 2019

This book has never been published before, although its contents have provided the basis for hundreds of papers, theses, and books on geostatistics. The chapters are based on the lectures of a summer course given by Georges Matheron in 1970; initially written in French, they were translated into English by Charles Huijbregts. They do not contain mathematical technicalities or practical case studies; instead, they present major topics like estimation variances, kriging systems, mining estimation, and intrinsic theory, all of which are established by simple proofs. The reader is invited to wonder about the physical meaning of the notions Matheron deals with. When Matheron wrote these lectures, he considered the theory of linear geostatistics complete; however, what was an ending for Matheron has been the starting point for most geostatisticians. Many discovered the book’s content indirectly, via the many borrowings one can find in several books; in such a situation, it is always instructive to come back to the original document, where the author's motivations, his physical intuitions, and his thoughts on the meaning of what he does are detailed. The decision to publish this book was motivated by the desire to introduce Matheron’s work to a larger audience. The book has remained faithful to the original notes while introducing a common structure for the chapters and sections, numbering equations sequentially within each chapter, numbering the figures (most of which were redrawn) sequentially, and adding captions. In addition, Matheron’s comments on the exercises, or suggestions for solutions, have been added.
Theory of Intrinsic Random Functions
Authors: Matheron Georges
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 discusses intrinsic random functions Y(x) of the space variable x, i.e. functions whose mean and variance of the increments Y(x + h) − Y(x) depend on h only. Half of this variance defines the variogram γ‎(h). The behaviour of the variogram near the origin, such as continuity, the nugget effect, etc., expresses the regularity of these functions. Regularisations of them, by grading and convolutions, produce new variograms, via the same rules as for transitive methods. When Z(v) and Z(v′) are the averages of these functions in v and v′, respectively, then the variance of Z(v) − Z(v′) by attributing to v′ the grade in v is called extension variance. Its formal expression is given and calculated for various patterns of sampling v, in dimensions 1, 2, or 3, via the de Wijsian scheme and the spherical scheme, and for various models of variograms, such as the semi-variogram.
Lessons in Reading and Ideology
Authors: Petrovic Andrej
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 explores the transmission of Greek epigrams outside poetic books, that is, in compilations of texts designed to satisfy an individual’s needs and not for widespread distribution. Therefore the chapter analyses in particular the papyri with selections of and excerpts from literary texts assembled for a use on specific occasions and following personal tastes, collections used in school contexts, as well as ostraca and templates for stonemasons. The chapter detects in such Hellenistic ‘paraliterary’ contexts resonances of contemporary literary production and argues that already in the third century BCE school anthologies trained young readers in the sequential reading of epigrams and served as a means of disseminating Ptolemaic ideology.
Studying Non-Democratic Regional Organizations: Methodological Issues
Authors: Obydenkova Anastassia V. , Libman Alexander
Published: June 2019

The chapter describes the methodology of this book’s analysis. In particular, it presents details on our mixed methods research strategy and how the insights from the small-N studies contribute to the large-N research. In particular, it describes the benefits of using a concurrent instead of a sequential research design for our research question; it shows how we integrate the findings from the world-wide (large-N) analysis with the analysis of three regional organizations in post-Soviet Eurasia (combining large-N and small-N approaches). It also shows how the theoretical concept of non-democratic regional organizations can be operationalized empirically and presents details on the data that are used.
Introduction
Authors: Cremona Marise , Scott Joanne
Published: June 2019

The Introduction to this book introduces the concept of the extraterritorial or global reach of EU law, encompassing the extraterritorial application of EU law, territorial extension and the so-called ‘Brussels Effect’ through unilateral, bilateral and multilateral legal instruments, and explores its significance for the EU’s external relations and its identity as an international actor. It introduces the contributions of the subsequent chapters on specific fields of law and policy, including the environment, the internet and data protection, banking and financial markets, competition policy and migration. Finally, it offers some conclusions to the research findings of the book, exploring the ways in which law shapes the EU’s external identity and its relations with other legal regimes, both enabling and constraining the EU’s external action, and making the case for a normative perspective.
Economic Relations between South Asia and East Asia
Authors: Rana Pradumna B. , Chia Wai-Mun
Published: June 2019

This chapter reviews the ‘Look East’ policies implemented, either formally or informally, by the South Asian countries. It argues that these policies have had a number of positive impacts. Efforts are also being made to improve connectivity to reduce trading costs between the two regions. The chapter then assesses the potential for South Asia–East Asia trade. It also reviews the literature on how greater SA–EA economic linkages especially through SA joining production networks will lead to a win-win situation for all countries in both South Asia and East Asia. South Asian economic integration will also be reinvigorated.
Perception Survey of Asian Opinion Leaders
Authors: Rana Pradumna B. , Chia Wai-Mun
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents the results of an online perception survey of South Asian and East Asian opinion leaders defined as representatives of the academia, government officials, business, and media. The objective of the survey was to assess the views of the stakeholders in SA and EA on the relative strengths of the key findings of the earlier chapters of the book. A sample of 5,300 respondents was selected and the survey was undertaken to assess the views of opinion leaders on findings and recommendations of the above chapters. Are the findings and recommendations robust? Among the questions asked were: What are the benefits and costs of SA/EA integration? What are the respective roles of market-led versus regional cooperation policies? Could SA/EA integration be an example of ‘open’ regionalism? What are the policies that SA should adopt under their LEP2 to link themselves with production networks in EA? What is the role of connectivity? What are the factors that have led to the revival of land connectivity or old South-western Silk Road in Asia? Should efforts to promote ASEAN–India connectivity be supported? Should the membership of East Asian institutions be expanded to cover South Asian countries or should South Asia establish its own institutions? In particular, should India be invited to join the various ASEAN+3 initiatives for financial cooperation? Should South Asian countries (other than India) be invited to join the negotiations for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership? Why is the level of economic integration in SA low and can SA–EA integration reinvigorate economic integration in South Asia?
Ambedkar’s Liberty Concept in Comparative Constitutional Thought
Authors: Tundawala Moiz , Choudhuri Salmoli
Published: June 2019

This chapter elaborates Ambedkar’s constitutional thought on liberty and compares the same with competing conceptualizations of liberty in Western political traditions. It argues that unlike the West where the concept was developed keeping at the centre the figure of a slave, Ambedkar conceptualized liberty in light of the practice of untouchability in India. Examining the ‘postcolonial’ critical analysis, the chapter extends its enquiry to the particularistic and universalistic categories of comparative methodology, and concludes that the relationship between universality and particularity is messier than what has been generally presented by the comparitivists, and that the concept of liberty ‘contemporanized’ by Ambedkar in his constitutional thought can be utilized in a similar manner more widely across the globe.
The Stakeholder Approach towards Directors’ Duties under Indian Company Law
Authors: Naniwadekar Mihir , Varottil Umakanth
Published: June 2019

Drawing upon the experience of other countries, above all, of the United Kingdom, this chapter examines in detail the nature and content of the duties of the director of a company under Section 166(2) of the Indian Companies Act. Their principal thesis is that while at a superficial level Section 166(2) extensively encompasses the interests of non-shareholder constituencies in the context of directors’ duties and textually adheres to the pluralist approach, a detailed analysis based on an interpretation of the section and the possible difficulties that may arise in its implementation substantially restrict the rights of stakeholders in the companies, although it does not makes the legal position in Indian altogether different from the ‘enlightened shareholder value’ model followed in the United Kingdom.
Corporate Governance of Family-run Companies
Authors: Deva Swati
Published: June 2019

This chapter compares the corporate governance issues of family-run companies in Hong Kong and India. It highlights some of the challenges faced in such companies like balancing the interest of the owners with the stakeholders and managing the relationship between the professional managers and owners of the company. Examining the socio-economic environment in these two jurisdictions and highlighting the legal reforms they have undertaken, the chapter suggests that the challenge faced by such companies can be met through certain corporate governance policies, both at government and corporate levels.
Public Participation in Environmental Governance in India and Indonesia
Authors: Chowdhury Nupur , Afriansyah Arie
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines public participation in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in India and Indonesia. It argues that despite the top-down approach of adoption of EIA, it has undergone a process of intense indigenization in most jurisdictions, influenced significantly by public mobilization and judicial intervention in those jurisdictions. Again, India and Indonesia being densely populated developing countries remarkable similarities are found in them with respect to the manner in which the EIA process has emerged in these legal regimes. It puts forth the claim that the contestation and mediation in regard to fundamental ideas about the nature and process of economic development and public involvement in environmental governance in the two jurisdictions have stark resemblance.
Environmental Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Tandon Usha
Published: June 2019

This chapter provides a critical comparative analysis of Australia’s Land and Environment Court (LEC) and India’s National Green Tribunal (NGT) with reference to their historical background, relevant statutory provisions, and functioning of LEC in New South Wales and NGT in India. It suggests that though to begin with both of these adjudicatory bodies in environmental issues have faced challenges, the LECs in Australia have now achieved a high standard for environmental adjudication. On the other hand, NGT in India is comparatively new and will take its time to establish its impact on environmental issues. For ensuring the success of NGT in India, the chapter argues for support to it from the various stakeholders in particular of the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change for removing the hurdles in its effective and efficient working among others through infrastructural and competent staff capable of handling effectively the multiple issues that are brought before it.
L.M. Singhvi
Authors: Singhvi Abhishek Manu , Malik Lokendra
Published: June 2019

L.M. Singhvi was an eminent jurist, a distinguished parliamentarian, a renowned author, and a successful diplomat. He was the second longest serving Indian High Commissioner to England after Krishna Menon. A lawyer by profession, a professor by attitude, a politician by compulsion, a parliamentarian by choice, a researcher by nature, a gentleman by character, and a humanist by heart—each manifestation excelling the other, he graced many fields of human excellence for a long time. The creativity of a poet, the aesthetics of an art lover, the precision of a professional, the urge of a social reformer are innate elements of his being, which burst out at the slightest touch as flowers blossom in the spring. He was a born genius who left an indelible ...
Address at Royal Society, London
Authors: Singhvi L.M.
Published: June 2019

Dr Singhvi’s speech delivered at Royal Society, London, is presented in in this chapter. In his address Dr Singhvi admires India’s role in making a safe and prosperous global order based on equality and dignity. He equally appreciates Britain’s cooperation in this regard. Dr Singhvi believes that India’s role in the world is intertwined not only with defence and security but with a whole range of other issues. What are at stake are economic and social change and the future of humankind in Asia in a framework of peace and cooperation. If Pakistan and India could work together and evolve a common strategy, or if SAARC could function effectively as a bloc a great deal could be achieved within the region and for the region.
Islamic Heritage in the Contemporary Dialogue among Civilizations
Authors: Singhvi L.M.
Published: June 2019

Dr Singhvi opines that the Islamic civilizational contribution to dialogue among civilizations is large, momentous, and versatile. He states that to restore to Islam and the people of Islam the dignity of their civilizational glory, it is necessary to delve into its heritage and history and to reinvigorate that sense of heritage, humanitarian ethos, and the rich legacy of science, art, philosophy, law, astronomy, and statecraft. Obviously, a few self-appointed fanatics and terrorists who claim to speak or act in the name of Islam cannot be taken to represent Islam, its message and its heritage, states Dr Singhvi.
Convocation Address at Osmania University, Hyderabad
Authors: Singhvi L.M.
Published: June 2019

During his academic journey Dr Singhvi delivered many convocation addresses in prestigious universities in the country as well as abroad. Chapter 20 is founded on his convocation address delivered at Osmania University, Hyderabad. He says that India’s educational philosophy must be global and, at the same time, genuinely Indian. It has to be based on the worldwide experience in the field of education and its new techniques and technologies. Modern educational philosophy has to facilitate a meaningful dialogue between learning and life. In the process it must be a repository as well as a vehicle of culture, skills, values, and beliefs, states Dr Singhvi in his oration.
University of Mysore Convocation Address
Authors: Singhvi L.M.
Published: June 2019

In Chapter 26 Dr Singhvi address in the convocation of University of Mysore. In his address, Dr Singhvi says that universities are important because knowledge is important. Universities engage in the systematic quest, compilation, and transmission of knowledge. It is knowledge of life and knowledge for life, which together sustain civilizations, ensure their survival and facilitate their progress and prosperity. Knowledge enlightens, emancipates, empowers, and transforms. He asks the students to utilize their knowledge for the nation-building process.
Stigma or Red Tape? Roadblocks in the Use of Affirmative Action
Authors: Deshpande Ashwini
Published: June 2019

Affirmative action in India is largely caste-based and takes the form of quotas or reservations of seats in public institutions of higher education, government jobs, and elected positions. Using a mixed methods research design, this chapter examines whether and to what extent, additional stigmatization adversely affects the use of reservations for higher education or jobs. The quantitative analysis is based on a primary survey conducted by the author in the city of Delhi in 2014–15. The empirical analysis focuses on differences in perception of additional stigma of affirmative action between two groups: individuals from the Scheduled Castes (SCs) or Dalits, who belong to castes that are already highly stigmatized, and those from Other Backward Classes (OBCs) who belong to castes and communities that might be low- ranked, but not necessarily stigmatized. The results indicate that a greater proportion of SCs use reservations at least once as compared to OBCs, and a higher score in Class XII (the school-leaving examination) increases the probability that individuals will avail of reservations. As a reason behind the non-use of reservations, between 9 and 16 per cent of the non-users cite stigma as a reason. Overall, bureaucratic red tape and lack of information constitute much more substantial reasons for the non-use of reservations compared to stigma. Non-use of quotas due to possible additional stigmatization is a bigger factor for OBCs compared to SCs. The chapter also contains qualitative accounts based on in-depth interviews of 61 individuals, who got into college on reserved seats, and successfully completed their chosen course of study. These detailed accounts give insights into institutional barriers that pose challenges to the full assimilation of affirmative action beneficiaries, as well as highlight the multiple layers of disadvantage that they battle with.
Indian Muslim(s) After Liberalization
Authors: Islam Maidul
Published: June 2019

Close to the turn of the century and almost 45 years after Independence, India opened its doors to free-market liberalization. Although meant as the promise to a better economic tomorrow, three decades later, many feel betrayed by the economic changes ushered in by this new financial era. Here is a book that probes whether India’s economic reforms have aided the development of Indian Muslims who have historically been denied the fruits of economic development. Maidul Islam points out that in current political discourse, the ‘Muslim question’ in India is not articulated in terms of demands for equity. Instead, the political leadership camouflages real issues of backwardness, prejudice, and social exclusion with the rhetoric of identity and security. Historically informed, empirically grounded, and with robust analytical rigour, the book tries to explore connections between multiple forms of Muslim marginalization, the socio-economic realities facing the community, and the formation of modern Muslim identity in the country. At a time when post-liberalization economic policies have created economic inequality and joblessness for significant sections of the population including Muslims, the book proposes working towards a radical democratic deepening in India.
Prologue
Authors: Islam Maidul
Published: June 2019

The Prologue contextualises the socio-economic conditions of Muslim minorities in contemporary India. It points out severe income inequality as the most significant feature of contemporary India, which is governed by the logic of neoliberal economic policies. This chapter reviews the political, policymaking, and academic discourses in the socio-political and economic contexts of neoliberal reforms in India. It introduces the questions that the book addresses in the later chapters. This introductory chapter also narrates the theoretical framework, the conceptual clarifications regarding the specificity of the Indian Muslim identity, the particular characteristics of the Indian version of neoliberalism, and the peculiarities of the political and policy regimes that sustain Indian neoliberalism and spells out the chapter plan in the book.
Political Articulations of Indian Muslims in an Era of Globalization
Authors: Islam Maidul
Published: June 2019

This chapter primarily analyses the politics of Muslim particularism. This politics is predominantly focused on the issues of Muslim identity (such as personal laws, blasphemy, minority status of educational institutions, and so on) and security. The chapter is also concerned with delineating the limits of such a narrow sectarian politics. It argues how the absence of progressive political leadership among Indian Muslims has created conditions in which the theo-political identity of the community has been foregrounded at the cost of class and citizenship identities of the Muslim minorities. This chapter tries to locate Muslim politics in India as part and parcel of a particular genre of subaltern politics with its specific dynamics of the peculiar rhetoric of victimhood, discrimination, and exclusion. Finally, the chapter charts out a possible political agency of progressive political articulation among Indian Muslims.