bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and temporal relationships of egg production and sound production by black drumPogonias cromis
Authors: Locascio J. V. , Burghart S. , Mann D. A.
Published: August 2012

The timing and levels of black drumPogonias cromissound production and egg production were compared in an estuarine canal basin of Cape Coral in south‐west Florida. Surface plankton samples were collected hourly from 1800 to 0400 on two consecutive nights while continuous acoustic recordings were made simultaneously at five locations in the canal basin. Five pairs of nights were sampled during a part of the spawning season from late January to early April 2006.Pogonias cromissound production and egg production occurred on all evenings that samples were collected; however, both the timing and levels of sound production were negatively associated with those of egg production. Egg production estimates ranged from a low of 4·8 eggs m−3in February to a high of 2889·2 eggs m−3in April. Conversely, maximum nightly sound pressure levels (SPL) ranged from a low of 89·5 dB in April to a high of 131·9 dB (re: 1 µPa) in February. The temporal centre of sound production was relatively stable among all nights sampled but spawning occurred earlier in the day as the season progressed and exhibited a strong, positive association with increased water temperature. The negative relationship between the levels of sound production and egg production was unexpected given the usefulness of sound production as a proxy for reproduction on a seasonal basis and may possibly be explained by differences in the spawning potential of the female population in the study area on nights sampled. Egg mortality rates increased throughout the season and were positively associated with densities of hydrozoans and ctenophores.
Spatial distribution correspondence of a juvenile Atlantic salmonSalmo salarcohort from age 0+ to 1+ years
Authors: Foldvik A. , Teichert M. A. K. , Einum S. , Finstad A. G. , Ugedal O. , Forseth T.
Published: August 2012

The spatial distribution of Atlantic salmonSalmo salaryoung‐of‐the‐year (0+) and 1 year old parr (1+) from the 2006 spawning cohort in a 5125 m reach of the River Skauga in central Norway was documented. A high degree of similarity was found between the distribution of 0+ and 1+ parr based on catches at 205 transects sampled in both years. Cross‐correlations and partial cross‐correlations (correcting for habitat variables) confirmed significant positive association between the two distributions on a small spatial scale (within 100 m) and a clear pattern of decreasing correlation with distance.
‘She is Too Young for These Chores’ — Is Housework Taking a Back Seat in Urban Chinese Childhood?
Authors: Goh Esther Chor Leng , Kuczynski Leon
Published: August 2012

The child in contemporary urban China is experiencing an increasingly exclusive focus on academic achievement at the expense of non‐academic activities, particularly housework. In‐depth interviews with caregivers (including grandparents and parents) from 9 three‐generational families (n = 34) and parents from 10 nuclear families (n = 20) were conducted. Results show that although children from both family types were low in housework participation, children in three‐generational families were perceived by their caregivers to be less competent in performing self‐care and family‐care tasks. They were also less frequently assigned regular tasks as compared with children from nuclear families. Unlike caregivers from western societies, where children's participation in housework is seen as either a means of socialisation or a source of domestic labour, Chinese caregivers consider housework as a distraction, at best an addendum to academic work.
How to generalize efficacy results of randomized trials: recommendations based on a systematic review of possible approaches
Authors: Post Piet N. , de Beer Hans , Guyatt Gordon H.
Published: August 2012

Rationale, aims and objectives

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the preferred source for evidence for the effect of treatment. However, patients participating inRCTs often manifest important differences from patients seen in practice. Therefore, guideline developers have to decide whether the results are generalizable to the target population not represented inRCTs.

Method

A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to identify methods to decide whether to generalize the results fromRCTs to patients who were not represented in these trials.

Results

One approach is to examine the in‐ and exclusion criteria of trials and infer from these whether the trial population was sufficiently representative. Other authors suggest, because of the inclusion of a broader range of patients, reliance on observational studies if no direct evidence for the target population is available.

Another approach is to apply the relative effect of treatment found in trials to patients in practice unless there is a compelling reason to believe the results would differ substantially as a function of particular characteristics of those patients. Although there are exceptions, this approach is supported by empirical evidence that, in general, relative effect of treatment on benefit outcomes seldom differs to an important extent across subgroups of patients.

Conclusion

We propose this last approach: focusing onRCTs unless there is a compelling reason not to do so. Compelling reasons will most often be found with respect to issues of rare adverse effects, for which observational studies are likely to provide the best estimates.
A new medium for the detection of fluorescent pigment production by pseudomonads
Authors: Lamichhane J. R. , Varvaro L.
Published: August 2012

Two media (King’s B [KB] and CSGA) commonly used for the detection of fluorescent pigment by Pseudomonas spp. were compared to a new medium proposed in this study, PGS agar. Thirty‐nine strains of 10 different species of Pseudomonas from several geographic regions were screened. The efficacies of these media were examined under several conditions, including the addition of iron‐binding substances or supplementation with extra iron. The medium developed, which included an iron‐binding agent, was the most permissive for production of fluorescent pigments when compared to KB and CSGA. Thirty‐seven of the 39 pseudomonad strains screened were highly fluorescent on this new medium compared to 15 and 16 strains, respectively, on KB or CSGA. The optimal composition of the medium per litre was Bacto peptone 10 g, gelatin 20 g, sucrose 20 g, agar 15 g, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 1 g, magnesium sulphate heptahydrate 1 g and conalbumin 2 g. Protocol validation tests performed through an intra‐laboratory study in comparison to KB demonstrated the effectiveness of the new PGS medium.
Simple questionnaire and urine reagent strips compared to microscopy for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium in a community in northern Ghana
Authors: Bogoch Isaac I. , Andrews Jason R. , Dadzie Ephraim Richard K. , Utzinger Jürg
Published: August 2012

Objectives  To evaluate the utility of a simple questionnaire and urine reagent strip testing for the rapid diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium in rural northern Ghana.

Methods  Cross‐sectional parasitological and questionnaire survey in a community in northern Ghana. Participants provided two urine specimens that were examined under a microscope using a centrifugation method. The first urine sample was additionally subjected to reagent strip testing. A short questionnaire was administered to all participants.

Results  Microscopy of urine samples obtained from 208 individuals aged 1–77 years revealed an S. haematobium prevalence of 6.8%. The presence of any blood or protein on a urine reagent strip was 100% and 42% sensitive, and 93% and 80% specific for S. haematobium diagnosis. Questionnaires were completed by 198 individuals. Self‐reported haematuria showed a sensitivity of 53% and a specificity of 85%. A dichotomous two‐question panel was helpful in S. haematobium diagnosis, with working and playing near the river significantly associated with S. haematobium infection (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  The use of urine reagent strips, coupled with questions pertaining to water contact patterns, might be considered for point‐of‐contact diagnosis of S. haematobium where microscopy is unavailable.
PS: Pain and sodium channels
Authors: Teo RTY , Pouladi MA
Published: August 2012

Methylglyoxal modification of Nav1.8 facilitates nociceptive neuron firing and causes hyperalgesia in diabetic neuropathy

Bierhaus et al. (2012)

Nature Medicine 18:926–933.
Heritability of pain sensitivity and opioid analgesia
Authors: Huang YH , Pouladi MA
Published: August 2012

Pain sensitivity and opioid analgesia: a pharmacogenomic twin study

Angst et al. (2012)

Pain 153: 1397–1409
Fabry disease in children: agalsidase‐beta enzyme replacement therapy
Authors: Borgwardt L , Feldt‐Rasmussen U , Rasmussen AK , Ballegaard M , Meldgaard Lund A
Published: August 2012

Fabry disease is a rare, multiorgan disease. The most serious complications involve the kidney, brain and heart. This study aims to assess the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using agalsidase‐beta in children with Fabry disease. We carried out a nationwide, descriptive and observational retrospective cohort study of 10 children (9–16 years at baseline), who underwent regular systematic investigations for 1–8 years after initiation of ERT with agalsidase‐beta (Fabryzyme®, Genzyme). Ophthalmological, echocardiographic abnormalities and hypohidrosis were found at baseline and during the follow‐up period. Serious kidney, heart or brain involvement had not developed at the last follow‐up examination. For the majority of the patients improvements were found concerning headache, acroparaesthesias and gastrointestinal pain during the follow‐up period. The level of energy and physical activity also increased. Treatment with agalsidase‐beta was associated with a reduction of neuropathic and abdominal pain and headache. Although all aspects of the Fabry pain phenotype cannot be treated with ERT, the observed effects were clinically significant in the lives of the majority of Fabry children and together with the absence of serious Fabry manifestations at last follow‐up, we argue that early initiation of ERT may be considered.
Clinical issues in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: could DNA copy number hold the key?
Authors: Frankel Adam , Nancarrow Derek , Wayte Nicola , Barbour Andrew
Published: August 2012

While not being considered a common cancer, since 1975 oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) has had the fastest‐rising incidence of any malignancy in Caucasian Western populations. In the absence of major improvements in treatment since this rise began, the number of deaths has also increased rapidly. In contrast, there have been significant advances in basic science in this period. One such advance is the discovery of DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs), and their potential role in carcinogenesis. The study of CNAs offers the potential to answer fundamental clinical questions in OAC, which in turn may lead to improved diagnosis, staging and treatment. This review outlines current clinical dilemmas in OAC, discusses the role that CNAs have been shown to play to date and highlights potential future applications.
Anterior segment fluorescein angiography of the normal feline eye using a dSLR camera adaptor
Authors: Alario Anthony F. , Pirie Christopher G. , Pizzirani Stefano
Published: August 2012

Purpose  To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal feline eye using a digital single‐lens reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor.

Animals  Ten cats free of ocular and systemic disease were evaluated.

Methods  All cats received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ) 20 min prior to anesthesia using propofol (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red‐free images were obtained prior to the administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Imaging was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF‐S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/second immediately following IV bolus of sodium fluorescein for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min.

Results  Ten cats with an average age of 3.7 ± 0.9 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases occurred 4.6, 7.8, and 8.9 s postinjection, respectively. Visibility of the vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation. Patency of a persistent pupillary membrane was noted in one cat. Vessel leakage was common, as well as, leakage into the aqueous humor. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical. No adverse events were noted.

Conclusions  This study demonstrates ASFA findings in normal feline eyes using a cost‐effective dSLR camera adaptor. Fluorescein leakage from vessels and into the aqueous humor was a common finding. Visibility of iris vasculature was not impaired by the degree of iris pigmentation.
Inheritance Practices and Gender Differences in Poverty and Well‐Being in Rural Ethiopia
Authors: Kumar Neha , Quisumbing Agnes
Published: August 2012

This article examines the role of men's and women's asset inheritance in poverty and well‐being in rural Ethiopia. Data from the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey (1997, 2004, and 2009) are used to investigate the following. (i) What is the long‐term impact of gender differentials in inheritance on household consumption, poverty and food security? (ii) Are there significant differences in poverty and well‐being between male‐and female‐headed households? The most important finding is that it is the amounts of inheritance received, and not whether women inherit at all, that have the most profound impacts. The area of land inherited is particularly important for women's long‐term well‐being. These findings underscore the importance of women's rights to inherit equally with men.
A hobby no more: Anxieties of engaged anthropology: at the heart of empire (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Mahmood Cynthia Keppley
Published: August 2012

Previous calls for an engaged anthropology were met by scholars who rose to the challenge successfully. But the current conservative political climate witnesses a regression of ‘academic standards’ to the traditional publish‐or‐perish model in many institutions, which themselves claim as mission not ivory‐tower academics but contribution to world affairs. Anthropologists may have to place themselves at the forefront of institutional reform if the ‘engaged anthropology’ moment is to be more than a passing fashion.
Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited: Input, Output and ‘Throughput’
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: August 2012

Scholars of the European Union have analyzed the EU's legitimacy mainly in terms of two normative criteria: output effectiveness for the people and input participation by the people. This article argues that missing from this theorization is what goes on in the ‘black box’ of governance between input and output, or ‘throughput’. Throughput consists of governance processes with the people, analyzed in terms of their efficacy, accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness to interest consultation. This article defines and discusses this third normative criterion as well as the interaction effects of all three normative criteria. It does so by considering EU scholars' institutional and constructivist analyses of EU legitimacy as well as empirical cases of and proposed solutions to the EU's democracy problems. The article also suggests that unlike input and output, which affect public perceptions of legitimacy both when they are increased or decreased, throughput tends to be most salient when negative, because oppressive, incompetent, corrupt or biased practices throw not just throughput but also input and output into question.
EFNS‐ENS guidelines for the use of PCR technology for the diagnosis of infections of the nervous system
Authors: Steiner I. , Schmutzhard E. , Sellner J. , Chaudhuri A. , Kennedy P. G. E.
Published: August 2012

Background

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a means to amplify nucleic acids has become an essential element in diagnosis of infections. It has evolved into a simple and rapid, easy‐ to‐ use approach. At present there are no published guidelines for the usage of PCR technology for the diagnosis of infections of the nervous system.

Methods

We reviewed the advantages and pitfalls of PCR in order to guide neurologists and infectious diseases experts in its application for the diagnosis of infections of the nervous system. Medical reference systems were searched, and original papers, meta‐analyses, review papers, book chapters and guidelines recommendations were reviewed. The final literature search was performed in May 2012. Recommendations were reached by consensus.

Recommendations

The reliability of PCR technology for the diagnosis of neurological infections is currently based on the pathogens. The main contribution of PCR is to the diagnosis of viral infections followed by bacterial CNS infections with the notable exception of tuberculous meningitis. Efficacy for the diagnosis of protozoal infections and helminthic infestations has also been established in many instances. Unfortunately, current molecular PCR technology is far from becoming routine in resource‐poor countries where such infections are prevalent. Despite the importance of fungal infections in the context of the immune‐compromised host, there is not enough data to recommend the routine use of PCR.

Conclusions

PCR technology is currently a reliable method for the diagnosis of viral and bacterial (except tuberculosis) infections, and only for some protozoal infections and helminthic infestations.
Does Positive Perception of Oneself Boost Learning Motivation and Performance?
Authors: Kim Kwanghyun , Oh In‐Sue , Chiaburu Dan S. , Brown Kenneth G.
Published: August 2012

We examine whether core self‐evaluations (CSEs) affect learning motivation and performance beyond individual‐level established predictors of general mental ability and conscientiousness. Based on self‐regulation theories, we develop and test a process model, whereby learning motivation mediates the effects of CSE on performance. We also compare the explanatory value of single and multidimensional models of learning motivation. Using a longitudinal design and data from 631 students, we provide support for the proposed model, indicating the usefulness of CSE as another important, indirect predictor of performance in a learning setting via multiple dimensions of learning motivation: self‐efficacy, goal setting, and goal commitment. The results also indicate the superiority of the multidimensional model of learning motivation over the unidimensional model of learning motivation as a mediator. We conclude with the discussion of theoretical and practical implications of this finding for management education.
The Effects of Coaching on Situational Judgment Tests in High‐stakes Selection
Authors: Lievens Filip , Buyse Tine , Sackett Paul R. , Connelly Brian S.
Published: August 2012

Although the evidence for the use of situational judgment tests (SJTs) in high‐stakes testing has been generally promising, questions have been raised regarding the potential coachability of SJTs. This study reports the first examination of the effects of coaching on SJT scores in an operational high‐stakes setting. We contrast findings from a simple comparison of SJT scores for coached and uncoached participants (posttest only) with three different approaches to deal with the effects of self‐selection into coaching programs, namely using a pretest as a covariate and using two different forms of propensity score‐based matching using a wide range of variables as covariates. Coaching effects were estimated at about 0.5 SDs. The implications for the use of SJTs in high‐stakes settings and for coaching research in general are discussed.
Practitioner Review: Children in foster care – vulnerabilities and evidence‐based interventions that promote resilience processes
Authors: Leve Leslie D. , Harold Gordon T. , Chamberlain Patricia , Landsverk John A. , Fisher Philip A. , Vostanis Panos
Published: August 2012

Background:  An increasing number of children are placed in foster care (i.e., a kin or nonkin family home other than the biological parent) due to experiences of physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse, and/or neglect. Children in foster care are at increased risk for a host of negative outcomes encompassing emotional, behavioral, neurobiological, and social realms.

Methods:  Areas of risk and vulnerability among foster children are described, including emotional and behavioral deficits, impaired neurobiological development, and social relationship deficits. Evidence suggesting the significance of family placement changes and prenatal exposure to substances as contributing mechanisms is presented. Based on a systematic search of the PsycINFO database (to March 2012), eight efficacious evidence‐based interventions for foster families are summarized.

Findings:  Although the development of evidence‐based interventions that improve outcomes for foster children has lagged behind the delivery of interventions in other service sectors (e.g., mental health and educational sectors), several interventions across childhood and adolescence offer promise. Service system constraints offer both challenges and opportunities for more routine implementation of evidence‐based interventions.

Conclusions:  Given the increased likelihood of poor outcomes for foster children, increased efforts to understand the pathways to vulnerability and to implement interventions shown to be effective in remediating risks and improving outcomes for this population are indicated. Evaluation of efficacious interventions in countries outside of the United States is also needed.
Neuropsychological correlates of emotional lability in children with ADHD
Authors: Banaschewski Tobias , Jennen‐Steinmetz Christine , Brandeis Daniel , Buitelaar Jan K. , Kuntsi Jonna , Poustka Luise , Sergeant Joseph A. , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. , Frazier‐Wood Alexis C. , Albrecht Björn , Chen Wai , Uebel Henrik , Schlotz Wolff , van der Meere Jaap J. , Gill Michael , Manor Iris , Miranda Ana , Mulas Fernando , Oades Robert D. , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Faraone Stephen V. , Asherson Philip
Published: August 2012

Background:  Emotional lability (EL) is commonly seen in patients with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The reasons for this association remain currently unknown. To address this question, we examined the relationship between ADHD and EL symptoms, and performance on a range of neuropsychological tasks to clarify whether EL symptoms are predicted by particular cognitive and/or motivational dysfunctions and whether these associations are mediated by the presence of ADHD symptoms.

Methods:  A large multi‐site sample of 424 carefully diagnosed ADHD cases and 564 unaffected siblings and controls aged 6–18 years performed a broad neuropsychological test battery, including a Go/No‐Go Task, a warned four‐choice Reaction Time task, the Maudsley Index of Childhood Delay Aversion and Digit span backwards. Neuropsychological variables were aggregated as indices of processing speed, response variability, executive functions, choice impulsivity and the influence of energetic and/or motivational factors. EL and ADHD symptoms were regressed on each neuropsychological variable in separate analyses controlling for age, gender and IQ, and, in subsequent regression analyses, for ADHD and EL symptoms respectively.

Results:  Neuropsychological variables significantly predicted ADHD and EL symptoms with moderate‐to‐low regression coefficients. However, the association between neuropsychological parameters on EL disappeared entirely when the effect of ADHD symptoms was taken into account, revealing that the association between the neuropsychological performance measures and EL is completely mediated statistically by variations in ADHD symptoms. Conversely, neuropsychological effects on ADHD symptoms remained after EL symptom severity was taken into account.

Conclusions:  The neuropsychological parameters examined, herein, predict ADHD more strongly than EL. They cannot explain EL symptoms beyond what is already accounted for by ADHD symptom severity. The association between EL and ADHD cannot be explained by these cognitive or motivational deficits. Alternative mechanisms, including overlapping genetic influences (pleiotropic effects) and/or alternative neuropsychological processes need to be considered.
An ERP study of coreference in Spanish: Semantic and grammatical gender cues
Authors: Silva‐Pereyra Juan , Gutierrez‐Sigut Eva , Carreiras Manuel
Published: August 2012

We report two event‐related potentials (ERPs) experiments aimed to investigate the roles played by semantic and syntactic information during pronoun resolution. The first experiment was designed to show that ambiguity of the pronoun (e.g., word class ambiguity) makes an important contribution to the pattern observed in previous ERP studies. As expected, the results showed a different ERP pattern for ambiguous and nonambiguous pronouns. The second experiment analyzed pronoun resolution when gender agreement and animacy were manipulated, using only unambiguous pronouns. Results showed P600 effects at 500 to 700 ms and at 700 to 900 ms. Amplitude of the second window was significantly greater for animate than for inanimate antecedents. The modulation of the agreement effect by animacy suggests that repair processes after grammatical disagreement detection are influenced by semantics.
Frontotemporal anatomical connectivity and working‐relational memory performance predict everyday functioning in schizophrenia
Authors: Hanlon Faith M. , Houck Jon M. , Klimaj Stefan d. , Caprihan Arvind , Mayer Andrew R. , Weisend Michael P. , Bustillo Juan R. , Hamilton Derek A. , Tesche Claudia D.
Published: August 2012

Hippocampal (relational memory) and prefrontal cortex (PFC; working memory) impairments have been found in patients with schizophrenia (SP), possibly due to a dysfunctional connection between structures. Neuroanatomical studies that describe reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the uncinate fasciculus support this idea. The dysconnection hypothesis in SP was investigated by examining frontotemporal anatomical connectivity (uncinate fasciculus FA) and PFC‐hippocampal memory and their relationship with each other and everyday functioning. PFC‐hippocampal memory was examined with two working‐relational memory tasks: transverse patterning and a virtual Morris water task. SP exhibited a performance deficit on both tasks and had lower FA in bilateral uncinate fasciculus than healthy volunteers. Lower frontotemporal anatomical connectivity was related to lower working‐relational memory performance, and both predicted worse everyday functioning.
The cellular form of the prion protein is involved in controlling cell cycle dynamics, self‐renewal, and the fate of human embryonic stem cell differentiation
Authors: Lee Young Jin , Baskakov Ilia V.
Published: August 2012

Prion protein (PrPC), is a glycoprotein that is expressed on the cell surface. The current study examines the role of PrPC in early human embryogenesis using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and tetracycline‐regulated lentiviral vectors that up‐regulate or suppresses PrPC expression. Here, we show that expression of PrPC in pluripotent hESCs cultured under self‐renewal conditions induced cell differentiation toward lineages of three germ layers. Silencing of PrPC in hESCs undergoing spontaneous differentiation altered the dynamics of the cell cycle and changed the balance between the lineages of the three germ layers, where differentiation toward ectodermal lineages was suppressed. Moreover, over‐expression of PrPC in hESCs undergoing spontaneous differentiation inhibited differentiation toward lineages of all three germ layers and helped to preserve high proliferation activity. These results illustrate that PrPC is involved in key activities that dictate the status of hESCs including regulation of cell cycle dynamics, controlling the switch between self‐renewal and differentiation, and determining the fate of hESCs differentiation. This study suggests that PrPC is at the crossroads of several signaling pathways that regulate the switch between preservation of or departure from the self‐renewal state, control cell proliferation activity, and define stem cell fate.
A predictive modelling tool for assessing climate, land use and hydrological change on reservoir physicochemical and biological properties
Authors: Hughes Samantha Jane , Cabecinha Edna , Andrade dos Santos João Carlos , Mendes Andrade Cristina Maria , Mendes Lopes Domingos Manuel , da Fonseca Trindade Henrique Manuel , dos Santos Cabral João Alexandre Ferreira Abel , dos Santos Mário Gabriel Santiago , Lourenço José Manuel Martinho , Marques Aranha José Tadeu , Sanches Fernandes Luís Filipe , Morais Maria Manuela , Mendonça Leite Maria Solange , de Oliveira Paula Cristina Ribeiro Coutinho , Vitor Cortes Rui Manuel
Published: August 2012

Reservoirs are fundamental for water and energy supply but vulnerable to impacts including climate change. This paper outlines the steps in the development of a model to predict how climate, land use and hydrological change could affect the physiochemical and ecological quality of reservoirs in Portugal's Douro region. Climatic data will be downscaled for subsequent finer spatial scale models to develop scenarios and outputs. Field observations and satellite imagery analysis will create dynamic maps providing data on change in land use and vegetation cover, while Artificial Neural Networks will determine how climate, land use and vegetation cover change may influence catchment hydrology. Data from field surveys of biological indicators, greenhouse gas emissions plus additional research will be applied in the Stochastic Dynamic Methodology, a sequential modelling process based on statistical parameter estimation, developed to predict and model physiochemical and ecological changes in reservoirs. This interdisciplinary approach will provide vital modelling tools for end users essential for water resource management in Portugal and to comply with the EU Water Framework Directive.
Assessing the Poverty Impacts of Migrants’ Remittances Using Propensity Score Matching: The Case of Tonga*
Authors: JIMENEZ‐SOTO ELIANA V. , BROWN RICHARD P. C.
Published: August 2012

We estimate the impacts of remittances on poverty in Tonga, a poor Pacific island country highly dependent on migrants’ remittances. Using household survey data, we apply Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to estimate without‐remittances incomes of migrant households from which counterfactual poverty rates are derived. We compare these with poverty rates from observed income including remittances to gauge their effects on poverty. We find that remittances reduce the incidence of poverty by 31 per cent and depth of poverty by 49 per cent. The results are robust both to alternative specifications of the PSM model and to use of an alternative counterfactual income estimation method.
Sticky Prices in Customer Markets*
Authors: CHOUDHARY M. ALI , KARLSSON THORLAKUR , ZOEGA GYLFI
Published: August 2012

This paper uses survey data on 884 firms from Iceland to test some of the implications of the theory of customer markets proposed by Phelps and Winter (1970). Responses indicate that customers are valuable to firms in accordance with the theory. Firms that list customers as the most valuable asset differ from others in more frequently responding that they would keep prices unchanged when interest rates change; they more frequently mention low prices or habit formation as a source of customer loyalty and they attract customers mainly through marketing and salesmanship. Price changes appear not to be an important policy for attracting and retaining customers.
Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics? Nineteenth Century Crime Statistics for England and Wales as a Historical Source
Authors: Walliss John
Published: August 2012

Criminal statistics for England and Wales have been collected since 1810, presenting the historian of crime with a wealth of information on crime and criminality in the nineteenth century. Contemporary commentators as well as historians, however, have raised a number of questions about both the reliability and validity of the statistics, with some suggesting that they can tell us little or nothing about crime in the period. This article reviews this debate, describing both the development of criminal statistics over the course of the nineteenth century and examining the debate among historians about their relative utility in constructing an image of crime and criminality in the period.
Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Aerobic Exercise Training on Arterial Stiffness and Autonomic Functions in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Dobšák Petr , Tomandl Josef , Spinarova Lenka , Vitovec Jiri , Dusek Ladislav , Novakova Marie , Jarkovsky Jiri , Krejci Jan , Hude Petr , Honek Tomáš , Siegelova Jarmila , Homolka Pavel
Published: August 2012

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of leg muscles has been introduced in clinical practice as a rehabilitation (RHB) method in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF); however, the role of NMES on the reduction of arterial stiffness and autonomic disbalance in these patients has not yet been studied. Sixty‐one patients with stable CHF (mean age 58.9 [2.1] years; mean ejection fraction 31 [4.2]%, New York Heart Association II–III) were randomly assigned into two groups. Patients in (i) exercise training group (ET; n = 30) underwent 12 weeks of bicycle ET (3 × 40 min/week); (ii) group NMES (n = 31) performed 12 weeks of NMES of quadriceps and calf muscles (frequency 10 Hz, mode “20 s on–20 s off,” intensity 60 mA), 2 × 60 min/day. Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness was done using the cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI). CAVI and heart rate variability (HRV) and were evaluated before and after RHB program. Both types of RHB reduced significantly CAVI (ET from 9.6 [0.2] to 8.9 [0.2], P < 0.012; NMES from 9.3 [0.2] to 8.7 [0.2], P < 0.013), increased high frequency (HF) component of HRV (+65.6%; P = 0.001) and decreased ratio of low frequency (LF) component with HF component (LF/HF ratio) in group ET (−39.8%; P < 0.001). Changes of HRV parameters in group NMES were not significant; however, a marked tendency to autonomic stabilization was present. Both types of RHB led also to significant increase of (ET from 18.7 [0.7] to 20.8 [0.7] mL/kg/min, P <  0.004; NMES from 17.3 [0.7] to 19.0 [0.7] mL/kg/min, P <  0.001). ET or NMES has been shown to improve significantly arterial stiffness and to stabilize autonomic balance.
Membrane Transport of Several Ions During Peritoneal Dialysis: Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Galach Magda , Waniewski Jacek
Published: August 2012

Peritoneal dialysis utilizes a complex mass exchange device created by natural permselective membranes of the visceral and abdominal muscle tissues. In mathematical modeling of solute transport during peritoneal dialysis, each solute is typically considered as a neutral, independent particle. However, such mathematical models cannot predict transport parameters for small ions. Therefore, the impact of the electrostatic interactions between ions on the estimated transport parameters needs to be investigated. In this study, transport of sodium, chloride, and a third ion through a permselective membrane with characteristics of the peritoneal transport barrier was described using two models: a model with the Nernst–Planck (NP) equations for a set of interacting ions and a model with combined diffusive and convective transport of each ion separately (DC). Transport parameters for the NP model were calculated using the pore theory, while the parameters for the DC model were estimated by fitting the model to the predictions from the NP model. Solute concentration profiles in the membrane obtained by computer simulations based on these two models were similar, whereas the transport parameters (diffusive mass transport parameters and sieving coefficients) were generally different. The presence of the third ion could substantially modify the values of diffusive mass parameter for sodium and chloride ions estimated using the DC model compared with those predicted by NP. The extent of this modification depended on the molecular mass and concentration of the third ion, and the rate of volumetric flow. Closed formulas for the transport parameters of the DC model in terms of the NP model parameters, ion concentration profiles in the membrane, and volumetric flow across the membrane were derived. Their reliable approximations, which include only boundary ion concentrations instead of spatial intramembrane concentration profiles, were formulated. The precision of this approximation was demonstrated by numerical simulations of the investigated three‐ion system. Our modeling demonstrated that the fitted transport parameters depend not only on ion molecular weight but also on the characteristics and concentration of all other ions in the fluid as well as on the fluid flow rate through the membrane. Therefore, theoretical predictions of ion transport parameters need to take into account multi‐ionic character of dialysis and body fluids. The transport parameters estimated using the DC model for one ion may vary with the ionic composition, ion concentrations in the fluids, and volumetric flow and may not reflect the theoretical description of diffusive and convective characteristics of single ion.
Reevaluation of the Harboe Assay as a Standardized Method of Assessment for the Hemolytic Performance of Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Chan Chris H.H. , Hilton Andrew , Foster Graham , Hawkins Karl
Published: August 2012

The Harboe spectrophotometric assay is regarded as one of the safest and most reproducible methods for measuring plasma free hemoglobin (pfHb). However, there is still some ambiguity in the application of the assay when assessing the hemolytic performance of ventricular assist devices (VADs). The purpose of this study was to reexamine and compare values of pfHb obtained using different concentrations of plasma diluent (Na2CO3) as cited by various studies such that a standard practice may be recommended for the application of the Harboe assay in the hemolytic evaluation of VADs, allowing reliable comparisons to be made between laboratories. As a means to examine the Harboe assay, a BioMedicus BPX‐80 was tested using both whole blood and a washed suspension of red blood cells (RBCs). Results show that for whole blood, the pfHb may be underestimated by 13–23%, dependent upon the concentration of Na2CO3 diluent solution. This trend was not observed for the washed suspension of RBCs. Furthermore, it is shown that the concentration of diluent influences the stability of a sample. The results of this study show that the problems associated with the incongruity of pfHb readings are a direct result of the precipitation of proteins from the plasma under alkaline conditions; as the molarity of the diluent controls pH, it becomes essential to use the appropriate concentration of Na2CO3 diluent in order to avoid turbidity of the solution and the consequent misrepresentation of pfHb values. Such standardization is pertinent when measuring the very low levels of pfHb observed during the in vivo testing of modern ventricular assist devices.
Miniaturization of Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems
Authors: Giridharan Guruprasad A. , Lee Thomas J. , Ising Mickey , Sobieski Michael A. , Koenig Steven C. , Gray Laman A. , Slaughter Mark S.
Published: August 2012

Heart failure (HF) is increasing worldwide and represents a major burden in terms of health care resources and costs. Despite advances in medical care, prognosis with HF remains poor, especially in advanced stages. The large patient population with advanced HF and the limited number of donor organs stimulated the development of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices as a bridge to transplant and for destination therapy. However, MCS devices require a major operative intervention, cardiopulmonary bypass, and blood component exposure, which have been associated with significant adverse event rates, and long recovery periods. Miniaturization of MCS devices and the development of an efficient and reliable transcutaneous energy transfer system may provide the vehicle to overcome these limitations and usher in a new clinical paradigm in heart failure therapy by enabling less invasive beating heart surgical procedures for implantation, reduce cost, and improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Further, it is anticipated that future ventricular assist device technology will allow for a much wider application of the therapy in the treatment of heart failure including its use for myocardial recovery and as a platform for support for cell therapy in addition to permanent long‐term support.
Multifactorial etiology of interictal behavior in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Helmstaedter Christoph , Witt Juri‐Alexander
Published: August 2012

Purpose:  Based on discussions on the so called “epileptic personality” in patients with epilepsy, interictal behavioral impairments in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsies were examined in a multivariate approach that took demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological determinants into consideration.

Methods:  A total of 428 patients with epilepsies originating from the temporal (TLE; 84%) or frontal (FLE; 16%) lobes were examined in regard to personality (Fragebogen zur Persönlichkeit bei zerebralen Erkrankungen [FPZ], a clinical personality questionnaire) and mood (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI I]). Prevalence of impaired behavioral domains was determined. Etiologically relevant determinants of behavioral problems were identified via multiple regression analyses.

Key Findings:  Elevated depression scores (BDI) were evident in 42% of the patients, and not different in TLE and FLE. In regard to personality, introversion together with low mood, sociability, and self‐determination, as well as problems with interpersonal communication were frequent. The TLE group tended to show greater neuroticism and introversion, while FLE appeared more associated with behavioral aspects of an organic psychosyndrome. Multivariate analyses revealed demographic characteristics (age, gender, education), clinical aspects (psychiatric history, affected hemisphere, mesial pathology, seizure frequency, cognitive functions), and treatment (antiepileptic drug treatment) as relevant determinants, explaining up to 30% of the behavior.

Significance:  Behavioral abnormalities in patients with frontal or temporal lobe epilepsy are common but on the average mostly mild. Within a multivariate etiological model, localization (mesial yes/no) and lateralization (left > right) dependent behavioral problems in TLE and FLE seem to be overshadowed by other variables, of which patients’ and their families’ psychiatric history, patient characteristics and pharmacological treatment appear of major importance. Better education and cognitive capabilities may be discussed as protective features.
Teratogenesis in repeated pregnancies in antiepileptic drug‐treated women
Authors: Vajda Frank J. E. , O’Brien Terence J. , Lander Cecilie M. , Graham Janet , Roten Annie , Eadie Mervyn J.
Published: August 2012

Purpose:  Considerable information is now available concerning the risk of teratogenesis in the individual pregnancy exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, there is comparatively little information available concerning the risk in the subsequent pregnancies of women who continue to take the AED associated with a fetal malformation in a previous pregnancy. This article addresses this matter.

Methods:  Analysis of data concerning fetal abnormalities in 1,243 women who had 2,637 pregnancies between mid‐1999 and 2010 recorded in the Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy. Of the 2,637 pregnancies, 1,114 had been completed before initial enrolment in the Register.

Key Findings:  Women taking any AED who had given birth to a malformed baby in their first enrolled pregnancy and who continue taking the same drug were at increased risk of having a malformed offspring in their next pregnancy (35.7% vs. 3.1%; odds ratio [OR] 17.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.5–68.7). Among these women, those taking valproate (VPA) were more likely to have malformed fetuses in their next pregnancies than those who had taken VPA without fetal abnormalities (57.2% vs. 7.0%, OR 17.8; 95% CI 2.7, 119.1). There were similar although not statistically significant trends in those who had taken AEDs other than VPA. Similar, although again not statistically significant, trends were found, when considering the pairings of the most recent preenrollment pregnancy and the following one. If a woman had two or more pregnancies that resulted in AED‐associated fetal malformation, the types of malformation were often different.

Significance:  Women whose last pregnancy resulted in a fetal malformation have a substantially increased risk of having further malformed fetuses if they become pregnant again while taking the same AED, particularly VPA. This suggests that maternal factors, perhaps genomic, predispose to at least VPA‐associated malformations. This knowledge, together with information about the outcome of any previous pregnancy, should help in advising women with AED‐treated epilepsy who plan further pregnancies.
Prevalence of Frailty in Community‐Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review
Authors: Collard Rose M. , Boter Han , Schoevers Robert A. , Oude Voshaar Richard C.
Published: August 2012

Objectives

To systematically compare and pool the prevalence of frailty, including prefrailty, reported in community‐dwelling older people overall and according to sex, age, and definition of frailty used.

Design

Systematic review of the literature using the key words elderly, aged, frailty, prevalence, and epidemiology.

Setting

Cross‐sectional data from community‐based cohorts.

Participants

Community‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older.

Measurements

In the studies that were found, frailty and prefrailty were measured according to physical phenotype and broad phenotype, the first defining frailty as a purely physical condition and the second also including psychosocial aspects.

Results

Reported prevalence in the community varies enormously (range 4.0–59.1%). The overall weighted prevalence of frailty was 10.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.5–10.9; 21 studies; 61,500 participants). The weighted prevalence was 9.9% for physical frailty (95% CI = 9.6–10.2; 15 studies; 44,894 participants) and 13.6% for the broad phenotype of frailty (95% CI = 13.2–14.0; 8 studies; 24,072 participants) (chi‐square (χ2) = 217.7, degrees of freedom (df)=1, P < .001). Prevalence increased with age (χ2 = 6067, df = 1, P < .001) and was higher in women (9.6%, 95% CI = 9.2–10.0%) than in men (5.2%, 95% CI = 4.9–5.5%; χ2 = 298.9 df = 1, P < .001).

Conclusion

Frailty is common in later life, but different operationalization of frailty status results in widely differing prevalence between studies. Improving the comparability of epidemiological and clinical studies constitutes an important step forward.