bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychophysical recovery from single-pulse forward masking in electric hearing
Authors: Nelson David A. , Donaldson Gail S.
Published: July 2002

Psychophysical single-pulse forward-masking (SPFM) recovery functions were measured for three electrodes in each of eight subjects with the nucleus mini-22 cochlear implant. Masker and probe stimuli were single 200-μs/phase biphasic current pulses. Recovery functions were measured at several masker levels spanning the electric dynamic range of electrodes chosen from the apical, middle, and basal regions of each subject’s electrode array. Recovery functions were described by an exponential process in which threshold shift (in μA) decreased exponentially with increasing time delay between the masker and probe pulses. Two recovery processes were observed: An initial, rapid-recovery process with an average time constant of 5.5 ms was complete by about 10 ms. A second, slow-recovery process involved less masking than the rapid-recovery process but encompassed much longer time delays, sometimes as long as several hundred milliseconds. Growth-of-masking slopes for the rapid process depended upon time delay, as expected in an exponential recovery process. Unity slopes were observed at a time delay of 0 ms, whereas progressively shallower slopes were observed at time delays of 2 ms and 5 ms. Many recovery functions demonstrated nonmonotonicities or “facilitation” at very short masker-probe delays (1–2 ms). Such nonmonotonicities were usually most pronounced at low masker levels. Time constants for the rapid-recovery process did not vary systematically with masker level or with electrode location along the implanted array. Most subjects demonstrated rapid-recovery time constants less than 7 ms; however, the subject with the longest duration of deafness prior to implantation exhibited clearly prolonged time constants (9–24 ms). Time constants obtained on basal electrodes were inversely related to word recognition scores.
Modulation detection interference: Effects of concurrent and sequential streaming
Authors: Oxenham Andrew J. , Dau Torsten
Published: July 2002

The presence of amplitude fluctuations in one frequency region can interfere with our ability to detect similar fluctuations in another (remote) frequency region. This effect is known as modulation detection interference (MDI). Gating the interfering and target sounds asynchronously is known to lead to a reduction in MDI, presumably because the two sounds become perceptually segregated. The first experiment examined the relative effects of carrier and modulator gating asynchrony in producing a release from MDI. The target carrier was a 900-ms, 4.3-kHz sinusoid, modulated in amplitude by a 500-ms, 16-Hz sinusoid, with 200-ms unmodulated fringes preceding and following the modulation. The interferer (masker) was a 1-kHz sinusoid, modulated by a narrowband noise with a 16-Hz bandwidth, centered around 16 Hz. Extending the masker carrier for 200 ms before and after the signal carrier reduced MDI, regardless of whether the target and masker modulators were gated synchronously or were gated with onset and offset asynchronies of 200 ms. Similarly, when the carriers were gated synchronously, asynchronous gating of the modulators did not produce a release from MDI. The second experiment measured MDI with a synchronous target and masker and investigated the effect of adding a series of precursor tones, which were designed to promote the forming of a perceptual stream with the masker, thereby leaving the target perceptually isolated. Four modulated or unmodulated precursor tones presented at the masker frequency were sufficient to completely eliminate MDI. The results support the idea that MDI is due to a perceptual grouping of the masker and target, and show that conditions promoting sufficient perceptual segregation of the masker and target can lead to a total elimination of MDI.
A robust method to study stress “deafness”
Authors: Dupoux Emmanuel , Peperkamp Sharon , Sebastián-Gallés Núria
Published: July 2002

Previous research by Dupoux et al. [J. Memory Lang. 36, 406–421 (1997)] has shown that French participants, as opposed to Spanish participants, have difficulties in distinguishing nonwords that differ only in the location of stress. Contrary to Spanish, French does not have contrastive stress, and French participants are “deaf” to stress contrasts. The experimental paradigm used by Dupoux et al. (speeded ABX) yielded significant group differences, but did not allow for a sorting of individuals according to their stress “deafness.” Individual assessment is crucial to study special populations, such as bilinguals or trained monolinguals. In this paper, a more robust paradigm based on a short-term memory sequence repetition task is proposed. In five French–Spanish cross-linguistic experiments, stress “deafness” is shown to crucially depend upon a combination of memory load and phonetic variability in F0. In experiments 3 and 4, nonoverlapping distribution of individual results for French and Spanish participants is observed. The paradigm is thus appropriate for assessing stress deafness in individual participants.
Temporal modulation transfer functions obtained using sinusoidal carriers with normally hearing and hearing-impaired listeners
Authors: Moore Brian C. J. , Glasberg Brian R.
Published: July 2002

Temporal modulation transfer functions were obtained using sinusoidal carriers for four normally hearing subjects and three subjects with mild to moderate cochlear hearing loss. Carrier frequencies were 1000, 2000 and 5000 Hz, and modulation frequencies ranged from 10 to 640 Hz in one-octave steps. The normally hearing subjects were tested using levels of 30 and 80 dB SPL. For the higher level, modulation detection thresholds varied only slightly with modulation frequency for frequencies up to 80 Hz, but decreased for high modulation frequencies. The decrease can be attributed to the detection of spectral sidebands. For the lower level, thresholds varied little with modulation frequency for all three carrier frequencies. The absence of a decrease in the threshold for large modulation frequencies can be explained by the low sensation level of the spectral sidebands. The hearing-impaired subjects were tested at 80 dB SPL, except for two cases where the absolute threshold at the carrier frequency was greater than 70 dB SPL; in these cases a level of 90 dB was used. The results were consistent with the idea that spectral sidebands were less detectable for the hearing-impaired than for the normally hearing subjects. For the two lower carrier frequencies, there were no large decreases in threshold with increasing modulation frequency, and where decreases did occur, this happened only between 320 and 640 Hz. For the 5000-Hz carrier, thresholds were roughly constant for modulation frequencies from 10 to 80 or 160 Hz, and then increased monotonically, becoming unmeasurable at 640 Hz. The results for this carrier may reflect “pure” effects of temporal resolution, without any influence from the detection of spectral sidebands. The results suggest that temporal resolution for deterministic stimuli is similar for normally hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.
Treatment of frequency-dependent admittance boundary conditions in transient acoustic finite/infinite-element models
Authors: Van den Nieuwenhof Benoı̂t , Coyette Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2002

The paper addresses the handling of frequency-dependent, local admittance boundary conditions in acoustic transient finite/infinite-element models. The proposed approach avoids the evaluation of a convolution integral along the related boundary. Based on a similar technique developed in an aeroacoustic/finite difference context, the spatially local boundary condition is rewritten in a discrete form that involves normal accelerations and pressure time derivatives at the current time step and few steps before. The incorporation of such a discrete (in time) boundary condition in a finite/infinite-element context is addressed. The infinite-element scheme selected for that purpose relies on the conjugated Astley–Leis formulation. Implementation aspects cover the handling of frequency-dependent boundary conditions along both finite- and infinite-element edges. Numerical examples (waveguide, single source in a half-space bounded by an impedance plane, diffraction by an acoustically treated screen) are presented in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Temporal integration of loudness, loudness discrimination, and the form of the loudness function
Authors: Buus Søren , Florentine Mary , Poulsen Torben
Published: July 2002

Temporal integration for loudness of 5-kHz tones was measured as a function of level between 2 and 60 dB SL. Absolute thresholds and levels required to produce equal loudness were measured for 2-, 10-, 50-, and 250-ms tones using adaptive, two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice procedures. The procedure for loudness balances was new and employed ten interleaved tracks to obtain concurrent measurements for ten tone pairs. Each track converged at the level required to make the variable stimulus just louder than the fixed stimulus. Thus, the data yield estimates of the just-noticeable difference (jnd) for loudness level and temporal integration for loudness. Results for four listeners show that the amount of temporal integration, defined as the level difference between equally loud short and long tones, varies markedly with level and is largest at moderate levels. The effect of level increases as the duration of the short stimulus decreases and is largest for comparisons between the 2- and 250-ms tones. The loudness-level jnds are also largest at moderate levels and, contrary to traditional jnds for the level of two equal-duration tones, they do not appear to depend on duration. The latter finding indicates that loudness discrimination between stimuli that differ along multiple dimensions is not the same as level discrimination between stimuli that differ only in level. An equal-loudness-ratio model, which assumes that the ratio of loudnesses for a long and short tone at equal SPL is the same at all SPLs, can explain the level dependence of temporal integration and the loudness jnds. It indicates that the loudness function [log(loudness) versus SPL] is flatter at moderate levels than at low and high levels in agreement with earlier findings for 1-kHz tones [M. Florentine et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 1633–1644 (1996)].
Sound production in recorderlike instruments. II. A simulation model
Authors: Verge M. P. , Hirschberg A. , Caussé R.
Published: July 2002

A simple one-dimensional representation of recorderlike instruments, that can be used for sound synthesis by physical modeling of flutelike instruments, is presented. This model combines the effects on the sound production by the instrument of the jet oscillations, vortex shedding at the edge of the labium, and turbulence in the mouth of the instrument. The jet oscillation model used is a modification of the semi-empirical model by Fletcher [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 926–936 (1976)]. The steady-state drive of the acoustical oscillations in the pipe by the jet motion is represented by a pressure jump in the mouth of the instrument. Vortex shedding at the edge of the labium during steady-state operation is taken into account by the use of a free-jet model. The combined effects of this nonlinearity and the jet-drive model enable one to correctly predict the steady-state amplitude of the fundamental. The turbulence noise source is represented by an additional pressure jump across the mouth of the instrument having an amplitude scaling with the square of the jet velocity. This simple model appears to correctly predict the noise level and its spectrum, both with and without oscillations of the jet. The transient response of the model is triggered by the initial volume injection into the mouth of the instrument and is dependent on the steepness of the driving pressure rise.
A unitary model of pitch perception
Authors: Meddis Ray , O’Mard Lowel
Published: July 2002

A model of the mechanism of residue pitch perception is revisited. It is evaluated in the context of some new empirical results, and it is proposed that the model is able to reconcile a number of differing approaches in the history of theories of pitch perception. The model consists of four sequential processing stages: peripheral frequency selectivity, within-channel half-wave rectification and low-pass filtering, within-channel periodicity extraction, and cross-channel aggregation of the output. The pitch percept is represented by the aggregated periodicity function. Using autocorrelation as the periodicity extraction method and the summary autocorrelation function (SACF) as the method for representing pitch information, it is shown that the model can simulate new experimental results that show how the quality of the pitch percept is influenced by the resolvability of the harmonic components of the stimulus complex. These include: (i) the pitch of harmonic stimuli whose components alternate in phase; (ii) the increased frequency difference limen of tones consisting of higher harmonics; and (iii) the influence of a mistuned harmonic on the pitch of the complex as a function of its harmonic number. To accommodate these paradigms, it was necessary to compare stimuli along the length of the SACF rather than relying upon the highest peak alone. These new results demonstrate that the model responds differently to complexes consisting of low and high harmonics. As a consequence, it is not necessary to postulate two separate mechanisms to explain different pitch percepts associated with resolved and unresolved harmonics.
The functionally and physiologically plastic adult auditory system
Authors: Palmer Catherine V. , Nelson Charles T. , Lindley George A.
Published: July 2002

The potential for functional and underlying physiological change in the adult auditory system is examined through review and evaluation of several sets of literature including auditory deprivation and recovery, auditory learning after hearing aid fitting, auditory abilities of normal listeners exposed to masking noise, and neural plasticity in the sensory and motor systems of animals. This tutorial review is meant for the reader who may be interested in auditory learning and who would like to have a summary and evaluation of the various findings to date. The focus of the review is the effect that various findings of auditory learning may have on hearing aid fitting and selection.
Use of genetic algorithms for the vibroacoustic optimization of a plate carrying point-masses
Authors: Ratle Alain , Berry Alain
Published: July 2002

Optimal design of mechanical structures for vibration or noise reduction often requires finding the minima of highly nonlinear multi-dimensional functions. In this paper, genetic algorithms are introduced as a new promising tool for numerical optimization of such problems. The application presented is on the control of the vibroacoustic response of a plate carrying point-masses. Genetic algorithms have been used to determine the optimal positions of the masses on the plate. Several cases are presented, using various optimization criteria, showing the importance of selecting the most appropriate criterion.
Suppression and the upward spread of masking
Authors: Oxenham Andrew J. , Plack Christopher J.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of suppression in the growth of masking when a signal is well above the masker in frequency (upward spread of masking). Classical psychophysical models assume that masking is primarily due to the spread of masker excitation, and that the nonlinear upward spread of masking reflects a differential growth in excitation between the masker and the signal at the signal frequency. In contrast, recent physiological studies have indicated that upward spread of masking in the auditory nerve is due to the increasing effect of suppression with increasing masker level. This study compares thresholds for signals between 2.4 and 5.6 kHz in simultaneous and nonsimultaneous masking for conditions in which the masker is either at or well below the signal frequency. Maximum differences between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous masking were small (<6 dB) for the on-frequency conditions but larger for the off-frequency conditions (15–32 dB). The results suggest that suppression plays a major role in determining thresholds at high masker levels, when the masker is well below the signal in frequency. This is consistent with the conclusions of physiological studies. However, for signal levels higher than about 40 dB SPL, the growth of masking for signals above the masker frequency is nonlinear even in the nonsimultaneous-masking conditions, where suppression is not expected. This is consistent with an explanation based on the compressive response of the basilar membrane, and confirms that suppression is not necessary for nonlinear upward spread of masking.
Resonant phenomena in bulk-wave scattering by in-plane periodic cracks
Authors: Danicki Eugene J.
Published: July 2002

A resonant phenomenon is investigated for the generation of interfacial waves when bulk waves are scattered by in-plane periodic cracks embedded in an isotropic elastic body. A new method of analysis is developed and numerical results are presented. This analysis can have useful applications involving the generation of surface acoustic waves by comb transducers.
Target localization for a three-dimensional multibeam sonar imaging system
Authors: Jaffe Jules S.
Published: July 2002

One advantage of three-dimensional multibeam imaging systems is that they have the ability to image and track many targets concurrently in their field of view. In this regard, the accurate estimation of both position and target strength are important data which can be derived from the echo responses of an active multibeam imaging system. This article considers an algorithm which can be used to yield more accurate positional estimates for targets than available from the preformed beams of a given multibeam system: FishTV [, Deep-Sea Res. 42, 1495 (1995)]. The method refines a least squares residual of the predicted data versus observed data by adjusting the parameters of a model. The parameters are the position and target strength of the target. It is demonstrated that this procedure is a maximum likelihood estimator for position and target strength in high signal-to-noise. In addition, the shape of the least squares surfaces indicates that the algorithm is somewhat robust with respect to noise.
Compression and expansion of the temporal envelope: Evaluation of speech intelligibility and sound quality
Authors: van Buuren Ronald A. , Festen Joost M. , Houtgast Tammo
Published: July 2002

Sensorineural hearing loss is accompanied by loudness recruitment, a steeper-than-normal rise of perceived loudness with presentation level. To compensate for this abnormality, amplitude compression is often applied (e.g., in a hearing aid). Alternatively, since speech intelligibility has been modeled as the perception of fast energy fluctuations, enlarging these (by means of expansion) may improve speech intelligibility. Still, even if these signal-processing techniques prove useful in terms of speech intelligibility, practical application might be hindered by unacceptably low sound quality. Therefore, both speech intelligibility and sound quality were evaluated for syllabic compression and expansion of the temporal envelope. Speech intelligibility was evaluated with an adaptive procedure, based on short everyday sentences either in noise or with a competing speaker. Sound quality was measured by means of a rating-scale procedure, for both speech and music. In a systematic setup, both the ratio of compression or expansion and the number of independent processing bands were varied. Individual hearing thresholds were compensated for by a listener-specific filter and amplification. Both listeners with normal hearing and listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment participated as paid volunteers. The results show that, on average, both compression and expansion fail to show better speech intelligibility or sound quality than linear amplification.
Incorporation of thermal overlap effects into multiple scattering theory
Authors: McClements D. Julian , Hemar Yacine , Herrmann Norbert
Published: July 2002

Existing multiple scattering theories do not give accurate predictions of the ultrasonic properties of concentrated emulsions because overlap of thermal waves generated by the droplets in the presence of an ultrasonic field is not taken into account [McClements, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 849–853 (1992)]. Recently, a core-shell model was developed which accounts for the effects of thermal overlap, but ignores multiple scattering, intrinsic absorption and visco-inertial effects [Hemar et al., J. Phys. II 7, 637–647 (1997)]. A multiple scattering theory is combined with the core-shell model to obtain a new theory that overcomes the limitations of each of the individual theories. The new theory gives excellent agreement with experimental measurements of the attenuation spectra of concentrated monodisperse emulsions.
Use of electrodynamic drivers in thermoacoustic refrigerators
Authors: Wakeland Ray Scott
Published: July 2002

Some issues involved in matching electrodynamic drivers to thermoacoustic refrigerators are examined using an equivalent circuit model. Conclusions are that the driver should be chosen to have a large product (Bl)2/(ReRm); the suspension stiffness should be chosen to make the combined impedance of the mechanical and acoustical parts of the system entirely real at the operating frequency; and the piston area should be selected to maximize electroacoustic efficiency, or other desired parameter, by matching the acoustic load to the optimum mechanical load for the particular driver. Alternately, if the piston area is fixed, the operating frequency can be adjusted to make this same match.
Physical source realization of complex source pulsed beams
Authors: Heyman Ehud , Lomakin Vitality , Kaiser Gerald
Published: July 2002

Complex source pulsed beams (CSPB) are exact wave-packet solutions of the time-dependent wave equation that are modeled mathematically in terms of radiation from a pulsed point source located at a complex space–time coordinate. In the present paper, the physical source realization of the CSPB is explored. This is done in the framework of the acoustic field, as a concrete physical example, but a similar analysis can be applied for electromagnetic CSPB. The physical realization of the CSPB is addressed by deriving exact expressions for the acoustic source distribution in the real coordinate space that generates the CSPB, and by exploring the power and energy flux near these sources. The exact source distribution is of finite support. Special emphasis is placed on deriving simplified source functions and parametrization for the special case where the CSPB are well collimated.
Emerging Versatile Two‐Dimensional MoSi2N4 Family
Authors: Yin Yan , Gong Qihua , Yi Min , Guo Wanlin
Published: April 2023

The discovery of 2D layered MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4 without knowing their 3D parents by chemical vapor deposition in 2020 has stimulated extensive studies of 2D MA2Z4 system due to its structural complexity and diversity as well as versatile and intriguing properties. Here, a comprehensive overview on the state‐of‐the‐art progress of this 2D MA2Z4 family is presented. Starting by describing the unique sandwich structural characteristics of the emerging monolayer MA2Z4, their versatile properties including mechanics, piezoelectricity, thermal transport, electronics, optics/optoelectronics, and magnetism is summarized and anatomized. The property tunability via strain engineering, surface functionalization and layered strategy is also elaborated. Theoretical and experimental attempts or advances in applying 2D MA2Z4 to transistors, photocatalysts, batteries and gas sensors are then reviewed to show its prospective applications over a vast territory. New opportunities are further discussed and prospects are suggested for this emerging 2D family. The overview is anticipated to guide the further understanding and exploration on 2D MA2Z4.
Giant Pressure‐Induced Spectral Shift in Cyan‐Emitting Eu2+‐Activated Sr8Si4O12Cl8 Microspheres for Ultrasensitive Visual Manometry
Authors: Zheng Teng , Runowski Marcin , Xue Junpeng , Luo Laihui , Rodríguez‐Mendoza Ulises R. , Lavín Víctor , Martín Inocencio R. , Rodríguez‐Hernández Plácida , Muñoz Alfonso , Du Peng
Published: April 2023

To address the unsatisfactory pressure sensitivity of luminescent manometers, Eu2+‐activated supersensitive microspheres operating in the visible range are developed. A series of Eu2+‐doped Sr8Si4O12Cl8 materials are synthesized as microspheres, and their structural and spectroscopic properties are studied theoretically and experimentally. Excited at 350 nm, the samples emit a bright cyan luminescence at ambient conditions that, upon pressure, changes to green emission and finally to yellow light above 7 GPa. Most importantly, a huge red‐shift of the emission band from 497.3 to 568.8 nm is observed as the pressure increases, leading to an ultrahigh‐pressure sensitivity of 9.69 nm/GPa, which is the highest sensitivity ever reported. The designed microspheres with polychromatic emissions and high‐pressure sensitivity are suitable for visual optical pressure sensing, and the applied strategy provides some important guidelines for the development of new optical manometers, allowing pressure monitoring with unprecedented accuracy.
Low‐Intensity Sensitive and High Stability Flexible Heart Sound Sensor Enabled by Hybrid Near‐Field/Far‐Field Electrospinning
Authors: Li Yihao , Huang Yan , Zhao Ni
Published: April 2023

Low‐cost and wearable heart sound sensors can facilitate early detection and monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Such sensors are currently limited by either the complexity of fabrication processes or low sensitivity and reliability for weak signal detection. Here, a hybrid near‐field/far‐field electrospinning approach is demonstrated that enables low‐cost fabrication and optimization of triboelectric heterostructures for heart sound sensing. Specifically, by combining the far‐field produced highly polarized and porous polyvinylidene difluoride network for triboelectric electrification and near‐field patterned polyurethane grid spacers for vibration enhancement and charge trapping, the greatly improved sensor output at the heart sound frequency (50–150 Hz) and intensity (<80 dB) range, demonstrating record high sensitivity of 7027 mV Pa−1 and low detection limit of 47 dB. The sensor exhibits excellent stability under both sudden physical disturbance and long‐term cycling stress, showing no degradation during 7 h of continuous operation. It is demonstrated that the sensor can be integrated with apparel and capture high‐quality heart sound signals at all five diagnostic auscultation points and distinguish characteristic heart sound patterns caused by different cardiovascular diseases.
First Evidence of Electron Trapped Ln2+ Promoting Afterglow on Eu2+, Ln3+ Activated Persistent Phosphor‐Example of BaZrSi3O9:Eu2+, Sm3+
Authors: Peng Feng , Seto Takatoshi , Wang Yuhua
Published: April 2023

BaZrSi3O9:Eu2+, Sm3+ (Em:525 nm) is prepared. The role played by the trivalent co‐doping ion Sm3+ in the afterglow and the type of trap are clarified. BaZrSi3O9:Eu2+, Sm3+ is found to produce Sm2+ during the excitation by X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES), etc., and it is thus proved that Sm3+ exists as an electron trap in the afterglow process. In the field of persistent phosphors activated by Eu2+ and Re3+ such as Sm3+ or Dy3+ having been widely utilized as emergency guide lights, clock faces, etc. for > 25 years, for the first time it is successfully observed that after excitation Re2+ is formed, transferring its electron to 5d band of Eu2+, returning to Re3+ by itself, where the decrease in Sm2+ coincides with the increase in Sm3+, and the two decay time τ1 and τ2 of PL (5D0→7F0) of Sm2+ coincides with the two evolution time of PL (5d→4f) of Eu2+. The behavior of electron transfer from Sm2+ to Eu2+ as a key of afterglow is detected. The detailed afterglow mechanism is proposed by analysis of thermoluminescence and defect reaction, which is very important for the in‐depth investigation of the long afterglow material and the further improvement of the mechanism.
A Universal Interfacial Strategy Enabling Ultra‐Robust Gel Hybrids for Extreme Epidermal Bio‐Monitoring
Authors: Wang Zibi , Wang Ding , Liu Dong , Han Xiang , Liu Xiaoxu , Torun Hamdi , Guo Zhanhu , Duan Sidi , He Ximin , Zhang Xuehua , Xu Ben Bin , Chen Fei
Published: April 2023

A seamless and tough interface to integrate incompatible/immiscible soft materials is highly desired for flexible/wearable electronics and many soft devices with multi‐layer structures. Here, a surfactant‐mediated interfacial chemistry is introduced to achieve seamless and tough interfaces in soft multi‐layer structures, with an ultra‐high interfacial toughness up to ≈1300 J m−2 for the architectural gel hybrid (AGH). The reversible noncovalent interfacial interactions efficiently dissipate energy at the interface, thereby providing excellent durability. The interfacial toughness only decreases by ≈6.9% after 10 000 tensile cycles. This strategy can be universally applied to hybrid systems with various interfaces between an interior hydrogel (PAA, PVA, PAAm, and gelatin) and an exterior hydrophobic soft matter (ionogel, lipogel and elastomer). The AGH‐based mechano‐sensor presents high robustness and stability in a wide range of conditions, including open air, underwater, and various solvents and temperatures. Epidermal bio‐monitoring, tactile trajectory, and facial expression recognition are demonstrated using the AGH sensors in various environments. A rich set of electrophysiological signals of high quality are acquired.
Physio‐Electrochemically Durable Dry‐Processed Solid‐State Electrolyte Films for All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Lee Dong Ju , Jang Jihyun , Lee Jung‐Pil , Wu Junlin , Chen Yu‐Ting , Holoubek John , Yu Kunpeng , Ham So‐Yeon , Jeon Yuju , Kim Tae‐Hee , Lee Jeong Beom , Song Min‐Sang , Meng Ying Shirley , Chen Zheng
Published: April 2023

The dry process is a promising fabrication method for all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) to eliminate energy‐intense drying and solvent recovery steps and to prevent degradation of solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) in the wet process. While previous studies have utilized the dry process to enable thin SSE films, systematic studies on their fabrication, physical and electrochemical properties, and electrochemical performance are unprecedented. Here, different fabrication parameters are studied to understand polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder fibrillation and its impact on the physio‐electrochemical properties of SSE films, as well as the cycling stability of ASSBs resulting from such SSEs. A counter‐balancing relation between the physio‐electrochemical properties and cycling stability is observed, which is due to the propagating behavior of PTFE reduction (both chemically and electrochemically) through the fibrillation network, resulting in cell failure from current leakage and ion blockage. By controlling PTFE fibrillation, a bilayer configuration of SSE film to enable physio‐electrochemically durable SSE film for both good cycling stability and charge storage capability of ASSBs is demonstrated.
Ultrafast Charging of a 4.8 V Manganese‐Rich Cathode‐Based Lithium Metal Cell by Constructing Robust Solid Electrolyte Interphases
Authors: An Kihun , Joo Myeong Jun , Tran Yen Hai Thi , Kwak Sehyun , Kim Hyung Gi , Jin Chang Soo , Suk Jungdon , Kang Yongku , Park Yong Joon , Song Seung‐Wan
Published: April 2023

Fast charging of Li‐metal battery (LMB) is a challenging issue owing to the interfacial instability of Li‐metal anode in liquid electrolyte and Li‐dendrites growth, resulting in fire hazard. Those issues motivated to pioneer a stabilization strategy of liquid electrolyte‐derived solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that enables dendrites‐free Li‐metal anode under extremely high current density, which solid‐state battery cannot. Here, the novel electrolyte formulation is reported including trace‐level pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA) combined with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additives, and the SEI stabilization in Li//Mn‐rich LMB, achieving unprecedented ultrafast charging under simultaneous extreme conditions of 20 C (charged in 3 min), 4.8 V and 45 °C, delivering 118 mAh g−1 for long reversible 400 cycles, and unprecedented high stability of Li//Li cell under extremely high current 10 mA cm−2 (Li stripping/plating in 6 min) for a prolonged time of 200 h. The SEI analysis results reveal that the PFPA, which has a symmetric 10 F‐containing molecular structure, is a strong F source for promptly producing thin, uniform, and robust F‐ and organics‐enriched SEI layers at both Li‐metal anode and Mn‐rich cathode, preventing Li‐dendrites. This study provides a potential concept for ultrafast charging, long‐cycled, and safer high‐energy LMBs and LIBs.
Aligned Phthalocyanine Molecular Nanowires by Graphoepitaxial Self‐Assembly and Their In Situ Integration into Photodetector Arrays
Authors: Liao Jihui , Wang Xingyu , Danieli Yarden , Houben Lothar , Rechav Katya , Song Jiaxun , Song Jian , Zhao Zihao , Zhang Lingyu , Zhou Guofu , Joselevich Ernesto , Xu Jinyou
Published: April 2023

Large‐scale on‐chip integration of organic nanowire‐based devices requires the deterministic assembly of organic small molecules into highly‐aligned nanowires. In this work, phthalocyanine molecules are self‐assembled into horizontally‐aligned nanowires after generating parallel hydrophobic nanogrooves on a sapphire surface. In contrast to previous self‐oriented inorganic nanowires, these molecular nanowires are separated from their supporting sapphire by an ultrathin amorphous layer, indicating a complete elimination of lattice matching between nanowires and substrates. Therefore, small molecules beyond phthalocyanines hold promise to form aligned nanowires using this graphoepitaxial self‐assembly strategy. The excellent alignment and high crystallinity of these nanowires enable the desired in‐situ integration of nanowire‐based devices without additional postgrowth processing steps. As a proof of concept, self‐oriented CuPc nanowires are integrated into photodetector arrays directly on their growth substrate after electrode arrays are transferred onto the nanowires. Compared to previous CuPc photodetectors constructed using other approaches, these detectors exhibit a faster response to the spectrum in the 488–780 nm range (rise and fall times are 0.05–0.43 s and 0.38–2.34 s, respectively) while offering comparable detectivities (2.49 × 1010 Jones on average). This graphoepitaxial self‐assembly offers new opportunities for the aligned growth of organic crystalline nanowires and their large‐scale in‐situ integration into functional devices.
Chiral Magnetic Oxide Nanomaterials: Magnetism Meets Chirality
Authors: Liu Xing , Du Yanli , Mourdikoudis Stefanos , Zheng Guangchao , Wong Kwok‐Yin
Published: April 2023

Chiral magnetic oxide nanomaterials (CMONs), which combine the beneficial effects of chirality and magnetism in a single unit, have found applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic devices as well as in catalysis and sensing. This is largely due to the simultaneous presence of magnetic properties, catalytic activity, biocompatibility and optical activity, or magneto‐optical effects, which are circular polarization and magnetization dependent. This review summarizes the key findings derived from recent research works on the synthesis, properties, and applications of CMONs. The three main approaches in the synthesis and property tuning of CMONs, namely, post‐functionalization, in situ approach, and assembly with soft templates, are discussed. A summary and some future prospects of the CMONs with respect to their synthetic routes, chirality origin, and applications are also provided.
Random forest models to predict the densities and surface tensions of deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Wang Yan‐Xu , Hou Xiao‐Jing , Zeng Jing , Wu Ke‐Jun , He Yuchen
Published: April 2023

The use of machine learning in physicochemical properties modeling has great potential to accelerate the application of emerging materials. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), an emerging class of solvents, are promising for applications as inexpensive “designer” solvents. Due to the unique structure of DESs, the hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor can be varied to create a mixture with specific physical properties. In this work, we proposed random forest (RF) models to predict the densities and the surface tensions of DESs, which are essential for the separation process. In the proposed models, the structural information and the calculated critical properties were used as two different types of features, respectively. The results demonstrate that the RF models predict the densities and surface tensions of DESs with high accuracy, with absolute average relative deviation (AARD%) less than 1% in the prediction of density and 3% in the prediction of surface tension.
Automated Solid‐Phase Oligo(disulfide) Synthesis
Authors: Frandsen Martin , El‐Chami Kassem , Palmfeldt Johan , Melgaard Smidt Jakob , Langballe Maja E. T. , Sandahl Alexander , Gothelf Kurt V.
Published: April 2023

A method for automated solid‐phase synthesis of oligo(disulfide)s was developed. It is based on a synthetic cycle comprising removal of a protecting group from a resin‐bound thiol followed by treatment with monomers containing a thiosulfonate as an activated precursor. For ease of purification and characterization, the disulfide oligomers were synthesized as extensions of oligonucleotides on an automated oligonucleotide synthesizer. Six different dithiol monomer building blocks were synthesized. Sequence‐defined oligomers of up to seven disulfide units were synthesized and purified. The sequence of the oligomer was confirmed by tandem MS/MS analysis. One of the monomers contains a coumarin cargo that can be released by a thiol‐mediated release mechanism. When the monomer was incorporated into an oligo(disulfide) and subjected to reducing conditions, the cargo was released under near‐physiological conditions, which underlines the potential use of these molecules in drug delivery systems.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Benzylic C(sp3)−H Carbonylative Arylation with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Hu Bowen , Zhao Haoqiang , Wu Yu , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: April 2023

A novel, selective and high‐yielding palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative arylation of a variety of weakly acidic (pKa 25–35 in DMSO) benzylic and heterobenzylic C(sp3)−H bonds with aryl bromides has been achieved. This system is applicable to a range of pro‐nucleophiles for access to sterically and electronically diverse α‐aryl or α,α‐diaryl ketones, which are ubiquitous substructures in biologically active compounds. The Josiphos SL‐J001‐1‐based palladium catalyst was identified as the most efficient and selective, enabling carbonylative arylation with aryl bromides under 1 atm CO to provide the ketone products without the formation of direct coupling byproducts. Additionally, (Josiphos)Pd(CO)2 was identified as the catalyst resting state. A kinetic study suggests that the oxidative addition of aryl bromides is the turnover‐limiting step. Key catalytic intermediates were also isolated.
Electroreductive Dicarboxylation of Unactivated Skipped Dienes with CO2
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liao Li‐Li , Li Li , Liu Yi , Dai Long‐Fei , Sun Guo‐Quan , Ran Chuan‐Kun , Ye Jian‐Heng , Lan Yu , Yu Da‐Gang
Published: April 2023

Carboxylation of easily available alkenes with CO2 is highly important to afford value‐added carboxylic acids. Although dicarboxylation of activated alkenes, especially 1,3‐dienes, has been widely investigated, the challenging dicarboxylation of unactivated 1,n‐dienes (n>3) with CO2 remains unexplored. Herein, we report the first dicarboxylation of unactivated skipped dienes with CO2 via electrochemistry, affording valuable dicarboxylic acids. Control experiments and DFT calculations support the single electron transfer (SET) reduction of CO2 to its radical anion, which is followed by sluggish radical addition to unactivated alkenes, SET reduction of unstabilized alkyl radicals to carbanions and nucleophilic attack on CO2 to give desired products. This reaction features mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, facile derivations of products and promising application in polymer chemistry.
Low Bandgap 2D Perovskite Single Crystal with Anomalous‐large Charges/ions Collection Ratio for Ultra‐sensitive and Stable X‐ray Detectors
Authors: Guo Keke , Li Weijun , He Yuhong , Feng Xiaopeng , Song Jinmei , Pan Wanting , Qu Wei , Yang Bai , Wei Haotong
Published: April 2023

The low‐dimensional halide perovskites have attracted increasing attention due to their improved moisture stability, reduced defects, and suppressed ions migration in many optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, light‐emitting diodes, X‐ray detectors, and so on. However, they are still limited by their large band gap and short charge carriers’ diffusion length. Here, we demonstrate that the introduction of metal ions into organic interlayers of two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite by cross‐linking the copper paddle‐wheel cluster‐based lead bromide ([Cu(O2C−(CH2)3−NH3)2]PbBr4) perovskite single crystals with coordination bonds can not only significantly reduce the perovskite band gap to 0.96 eV to boost the X‐ray induced charge carriers, but can also selectively improve the charge carriers’ transport along the out‐of‐plane direction and blocking the ions motion paths. The [Cu(O2C−(CH2)3−NH3)2]PbBr4 single‐crystal device can reach a record charges/ions collection ratio of 1.69×1018±4.7 % μGyair−1 s, and exhibit a large sensitivity of 1.14×105±7% μC Gyair−1 cm−2 with the lowest detectable dose rate of 56 nGyair s−1 under 120 keV X‐rays irradiation. In addition, [Cu(O2C−(CH2)3−NH3)2]PbBr4 single‐crystal detector exposed to the air without any encapsulation shows excellent X‐ray imaging capability with long‐term operational stability without any attenuation of 120 days.
Ontogeny of cranial musculoskeletal anatomy and its relationship to allometric increase in bite force in an insectivorous bat (Eptesicus fuscus)
Authors: Stanchak Kathryn E. , Faure Paul A. , Santana Sharlene E.
Published: April 2023

Bite force is a performance metric commonly used to link cranial morphology with dietary ecology, as the strength of forces produced by the feeding apparatus largely constrains the foods an individual can consume. At a macroevolutionary scale, there is evidence that evolutionary changes in the anatomical elements involved in producing bite force have contributed to dietary diversification in mammals. Much less is known about how these elements change over postnatal ontogeny. Mammalian diets drastically shift over ontogeny—from drinking mother's milk to feeding on adult foods—presumably with equally drastic changes in the morphology of the feeding apparatus and bite performance. Here, we investigate ontogenetic morphological changes in the insectivorous big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), which has an extreme, positive allometric increase in bite force during development. Using contrast‐enhanced micro‐computed tomography scans of a developmental series from birth to adult morphology, we quantified skull shape and measured skeletal and muscular parameters directly related to bite force production. We found pronounced changes in the skull over ontogeny, including a large increase in the volume of the temporalis and masseter muscles, and an expansion of the skull dome and sagittal crest that would serve to increase the temporalis attachment area. These changes indicate that development of the jaw adductors play an important role in the development of biting performance of these bats. Notably, static bite force increases with positive allometry with respect to all anatomical measures examined, suggesting that modifications in biting dynamics and/or improved motor coordination also contribute to increases in biting performance.
Oromotor skills in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review
Authors: Maffei Marc F. , Chenausky Karen V. , Gill Simone V. , Tager‐Flusberg Helen , Green Jordan R.
Published: April 2023

Oromotor functioning plays a foundational role in spoken communication and feeding, two areas of significant difficulty for many autistic individuals. However, despite years of research and established differences in gross and fine motor skills in this population, there is currently no clear consensus regarding the presence or nature of oral motor control deficits in autistic individuals. In this scoping review, we summarize research published between 1994 and 2022 to answer the following research questions: (1) What methods have been used to investigate oromotor functioning in autistic individuals? (2) Which oromotor behaviors have been investigated in this population? and (3) What conclusions can be drawn regarding oromotor skills in this population? Seven online databases were searched resulting in 107 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Included studies varied widely in sample characteristics, behaviors analyzed, and research methodology. The large majority (81%) of included studies report a significant oromotor abnormality related to speech production, nonspeech oromotor skills, or feeding within a sample of autistic individuals based on age norms or in comparison to a control group. We examine these findings to identify trends, address methodological aspects hindering cross‐study synthesis and generalization, and provide suggestions for future research.
Consistency between parent report and direct assessment of development in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and other delays: Does sex assigned at birth matter?
Authors: James Stephen , Hallur Shreyas , Anbar Joshua , Matthews Nicole , Pierce Karen , Smith Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

The current study examined differences between parent report and diagnostician direct assessment of receptive language, expressive language, and fine motor abilities in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other delays. Additionally, this study examined whether parent‐diagnostician consistency varied by child diagnosis and sex assigned at birth (SAB). Initial mixed analysis of variances (ANOVAs) were conducted using data from a sample of 646 toddlers to examine whether parent‐diagnostician consistency differed by child diagnosis. Matched samples (using child age, SAB, and nonverbal IQ) were then created within each diagnostic group and mixed ANOVAs were conducted to examine if consistency was similar in matched diagnostic subsamples and whether it differed by SAB. Findings from the full sample mostly replicated previous research that has documented consistency between parent report and direct observation regardless of child diagnosis. However, when examined in matched diagnostic subgroups, more nuanced patterns were observed. Parent report of receptive language was lower in ASD and ASD features subgroups and parent report of fine motor skills was lower than direct observation in the ASD, ASD features, and developmental delay groups. When examining the moderating effect of SAB, only expressive language was impacted for children in the ASD group. Results indicate the importance of considering child demographic characteristics and that child SAB may impact parent report and/or diagnostician perception of expressive language.