bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing Infringement: Developments in Content Regulation in the US and the DNS
Authors: Bridy Annemarie
Published: May 2020

The reach of privately ordered online content regulation is wide and deepening. It is deepening with reference to the internet’s protocol stack, migrating downward from the application layer into the network’s technical infrastructure, specifically, the Domain Name System (DNS). This chapter explores the recent expansion of intellectual property enforcement in the DNS, with a focus on associated due process and expressive harms. It begins with a technical explanation of the operation and governance of the DNS. It goes on to discuss existing and proposed alternative dispute resolution (ADR) regimes for resolving intellectual property complaints involving domain names. In doing so, it compares the long-running Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) for adjudicating trademark cybersquatting claims to newer ADR programmes targeting copyright infringement on websites underlying domain names.
Guarding the Guardians: Content Moderation by Online Intermediaries and the Rule of Law
Authors: Elkin-Koren Niva , Perel Maayan
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes three ways in which content moderation by online intermediaries challenges the rule of law: it blurs the distinction between private interests and public responsibilities; it delegates the power to make social choices about content legitimacy to opaque algorithms; and it circumvents the constitutional safeguard of the separation of powers. The chapter further discusses the barriers to accountability in online content moderation by intermediaries, including the dynamic nature of algorithmic content moderation using machine learning; barriers arising from the partialness of data and data floods; and trade secrecy which protects the algorithmic decision-making process. Finally, the chapter proposes a strategy to overcome these barriers to accountability of online intermediaries, namely ‘black box tinkering’: a reverse-engineering methodology that could be used by governmental agencies, as well as social activists, as a check on private content moderation. After describing the benefits of black box tinkering, the chapter explains what regulatory steps should be taken to promote the adoption of this oversight strategy.
Algorithmic Accountability: Towards Accountable Systems
Authors: Wagner Ben
Published: May 2020

There is an ongoing move towards privatization of law enforcement online through algorithmic tools. This chapter discusses algorithmic accountability and its relevance for intermediary liability and human rights. First, the chapter looks into open issues related to the specific nature of accountability within the context of algorithmic accountability, especially regarding ‘to whom’ and ‘for what’ algorithms should be accountable. In doing so, the chapter considers algorithmic accountability to users, listing a number of technical, organizational, and regulatory challenges to make accountability possible in ensuring access to data. Considering intermediary liability and algorithmic accountability more closely, the chapter describes specific provisions for ensuring algorithmic accountability by online intermediaries and platforms, contextualizing them within a proposal in which adherence to algorithmic accountability would lower liability of intermediaries and contribute to more effectively ensuring compliance with human rights.
Intermediary Liability and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Geiger Christophe , Frosio Giancarlo , Izyumenko Elena
Published: May 2020

This chapter sets the stage for considering the tension between intermediary liability and fundamental rights with special emphasis on the European legal framework. Competing fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression, privacy, freedom of business, and the right to property are entangled with the intermediary liability conundrum. Policymakers are still in search of a balanced and proportional fine-tuning of online intermediaries’ regulation that might address the miscellaneous interests of all stakeholders involved, with special emphasis on users’ rights. In this context, the increasing reliance on automated enforcement technologies, which will be the topic of further review in multiple chapters throughout the Handbook, might set in motion dystopian scenarios where users’ fundamental rights are heavily undermined.
Material Time
Authors: Robb John
Published: May 2020

Material culture theorists have had limited success in integrating the material qualities of objects into social and historical interpretations. Following Ingold, this chapter argues that material qualities have to be understood as experientially mediated affordances for human action. One of the most salient material qualities of an object is its inherent temporality—how the processes it forms unfold in time. The temporal qualities of materials demonstrably structure how people understand and use them in both obvious and subtle ways. Building upon this, I argue that much of what people do when they work with materials is to cope with their temporality to align them with human needs and the rhythms of social life. The chapter finishes by pointing out some important implications of the materiality of time for historical analysis.
Artifacts and Their Functions
Authors: Eaton A. W.
Published: May 2020

How do artifacts get their functions? It is typically thought that an artifact’s function depends on its maker’s intentions. This chapter argues that this common understanding is fatally flawed. Nor can artifact function be understood in terms of current uses or capacities. Instead, it proposes that we understand artifact function on the etiological model that Ruth Millikan and others have proposed for the biological realm. This model offers a robustly normative conception of function, but it does so naturalistically by employing our best scientific theories, in particular natural selection. To help make this case, it proposes “living artifacts” (organisms designed for human purposes through artificial selection) as a bridge between the artifactual and the biological realms.
Mind, Time, and Material Engagement
Authors: Malafouris Lambros , Gosden Chris
Published: May 2020

The study of material culture is changing the way we perceive and study the past, as well as how we understand the process of human becoming. This chapter proposes that a focus on the phenomenon of material engagement provides a productive means to situate and integrate evolutionary, historical, and developmental processes. The material engagement approach brings with it a relational conceptualization of human cognition as profoundly embodied, enacted, extended, and distributed. This conceptualisation opens the way to, on the one hand, reanimate the importance of history and development in the study of human cognitive evolution, and on the other hand, allow a new approach to historical analysis, one in which minds and things play a more central role. Specifically, we explore some of the implications of the view that humans and things coconstitute each other for understanding the processes by which human cognitive abilities develop and change in different cultural and historical contexts.
Material Culture, Museums, and the Creation of Multiple Meanings
Authors: Curtis Neil G. W.
Published: May 2020

This chapter aims to show that ideas of the sacred, the numinous, and the contested, rather than of the rational, are most important in understanding how the meanings of material culture are formed and the role of museums. It considers how museums have offered rich contexts in which the changing, conflicting, and multiple meanings of material culture have developed. Scottish national identity, contested and unsettled, is shown in the contribution of museums and objects to discussions about a link between the Classical past and Scottish history in the early nineteenth century, the creation of a national museum in the second half of the nineteenth century, a temporary exhibition of Scottish history as part of a Great Exhibition in 1911, and two repatriation cases at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Recent developments in museum practice are discussed, including the impact of both growing professionalism and the recognition of the rights of groups in museums. The chapter concludes by arguing that objects generate and embody meanings that are shared, entangled, and co-constitutive. Instead of attempting to identify the “correct” meaning, it is therefore the responsibility of museums to explore the range of personal and shared rights that objects engender.
Remaking the Kitchen, 1800–1850
Authors: Garrison J. Ritchie
Published: May 2020

Despite fine studies of foodways, women’s work, domestic technology, and architecture, we still know too little about the important changes that took place in American and Western European kitchens between 1800 and 1850. This chapter argues that the majority of early modern kitchen technologies emerged before most domestic advice and reform literature recorded their presence. While most households did not have the technologies explored here by 1850, owner-occupied dwellings of the middling and wealthier sort often had at least some of them. Managed mostly by women of varying ages and conditions, kitchen technologies in this era were often experimental hybrids. Implementation was strategic but near-universal adoption of the things pioneered in this era was incomplete until the mid-twentieth century. This study is grounded in fieldwork because objects materialized behaviors and ideas differently than advice literature. Buildings show the aesthetic and spatial dimensions of work and social relationships; the advice literature reflected the period conversations associated with gender roles and daily experience. The four buildings analyzed address specific cases to remind us that remaking the kitchen was a bumpy process of experimentation in the places where people were powerful.
Heritage Religion and the Mormons
Authors: McDannell Colleen
Published: May 2020

This chapter teases out the various ways that religion intersects with historical material culture to create “heritage religion.” The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains a series of “historic sites” across the United States. Like nonreligious historic sites, Latter-day Saint sites use material culture, historic re-enactments, educational videos, and sophisticated media technology to teach visitors about sacred places and histories. However, Latter-day Saint historic sites have the additional mission to spiritually uplift members and convert nonbelievers. By using recently renovated Mormon Battalion Historic site of San Diego as a case study, this chapter illustrates how the secular “heritage industry” and traditional religion merge to become “heritage religion.” Heritage religion is defined as a set of generic religious beliefs, cast into the past, and translated into media and material culture. Through heritage religion, faith communities use the past to make sense out of their present and craft an agenda for the future. “Heritage Religion and the Mormons” illustrates how a specific historic site can be constructed to convince visitors that they can easily understand the past because they share similar values and mutual struggles. Through material culture, history is made familiar and the complexities of interpretation fall away. Through heritage religion, church leaders for the Latter-day Saints can reinforce religious practices that resonate with wider American values and beliefs.
Words or Things in American History?
Authors: Conn Steven
Published: May 2020

This chapter uses John Kouwenhoven’s 1963 essay “American Studies: Words or Things” as a touchstone to examine the history of the relationship between material culture and the study of the past. Material culture studies promised access both to the history of those who left no written records and to a different kind of cognitive insight than could be gained from traditional historical sources. While this was of a piece with the development of the “new social history” in the 1960s, the chapter looks back to the early twentieth century to put Kouwenhoven’s call for the study of material culture in a longer historical context, and it traces what happened to material culture studies over the last half-century. The chapter suggests that despite its many accomplishments, the use of material culture remains on the edges of most historical work, especially after historians took the linguistic turn, which refocused their attention on texts rather than things.
Nilo-Saharan and Its Limits
Authors: Dimmendaal Gerrit J.
Published: May 2020

Interspersed between two other major phyla on the African continent, Afro-Asiatic (mainly to the north) and Niger-Congo (mainly to the south), lies the Nilo-Saharan phylum. In this chapter a survey is presented of the major groups classified as members of this phylum by Greenberg and other authors in subsequent contributions. The present chapter also addresses the methodological background to the establishment of this phylum as well as controversies over the inclusion or exclusion of specific language groups. In addition, it discusses the most prominent and convincing grammatical (and, to a lesser extent, lexical) features pointing towards a common origin for languages classified as Nilo-Saharan today.
Berber
Authors: Kossmann Maarten
Published: May 2020

Berber languages are a close-knit language group within Afro-Asiatic. In Berber scientific and political discourse, there is a tendency to play down the differences, and often Berber is represented as one single language with only some superficial regional variation. Berber dialectology is predominantly synchronic. Instead of providing a tree-model of the different varieties, this chapter, by using different approaches, attempts to define a number of different synchronic blocks. In a block-like classification of Berber languages, seven such historically defined entities are established. In view of the continuous movement of convergence one may doubt that the reconstruction of a Proto-Berber entity is possible.
Atlantic
Authors: Lüpke Friederike
Published: May 2020

Atlantic is one of the controversial branches of the Niger-Congo language family. Both its validity as a genetic group and its internal classification are far from being settled. The longstanding debate on the status and structure of Atlantic cannot be closed before the descriptive situation of these languages allows for sufficient and reliable lexical data; before attempts at applying the comparative method have been made; and before the extensive role of language contact for shaping the languages in question is taken into account. Although no typological feature or feature combinations characterizes the group as a whole, several features are considered typical for Atlantic languages, including noun class systems, consonant mutation, and complex systems of verbal derivation, which have been used to justify suggested genealogical groupings. Atlantic languages, with the exception of Fula, are attested in an area from Liberia to Senegal, stretching from the Atlantic coast to the hinterland.
Syntax
Authors: Zeller Jochen
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents an overview of the most important syntactic properties of African languages and language families. It investigates the status of syntactic word categories (noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, etc.) and examines the different word orders and word order alternations that are observed phrase-internally and at the level of the clause. Also discussed are syntactic constructions such as the passive, wh-questions, and relative clauses, as well as morphological phenomena that bear a close relation to syntax, such as case and agreement. Special attention is drawn to syntactic traits which are attested in African languages but which occur rarely, or not at all, outside Africa, such as the SVO–S-Aux-OV word order alternation (found in Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages as well as in Northern Khoisan), the construct state nominal (a characteristic of Afro-Asiatic languages), or logophoricity (a feature of subgroups of Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-Asiatic).
Quiver matrix model of ADHM type and BPS state counting in diverse dimensions
Authors: Kanno Hiroaki
Published: May 2020

We review the problem of Bogomol’nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield (BPS) state counting described by the generalized quiver matrix model of Atiyah–Drinfield–Hitchin–Manin type. In four dimensions the generating function of the counting gives the Nekrasov partition function, and we obtain a generalization in higher dimensions. By the localization theorem, the partition function is given by the sum of contributions from the fixed points of the torus action, which are labeled by partitions, plane partitions and solid partitions. The measure or the Boltzmann weight of the path integral can take the form of the plethystic exponential. Remarkably, after integration the partition function or the vacuum expectation value is again expressed in plethystic form. We regard it as a characteristic property of the BPS state counting problem, which is closely related to the integrability.
Decoding Stimulus–Response Representations and Their Stability Using EEG-Based Multivariate Pattern Analysis
Authors: Takacs Adam , Mückschel Moritz , Roessner Veit , Beste Christian
Published: May 2020

Goal-directed actions require proper associations between stimuli and response. This has been delineated by cognitive theory, for example, in the theory of event coding framework, which proposes that event files represent such bindings. Yet, how such event file representations are coded on a neurophysiological level is unknown. We close this gap combining temporal electroencephalography (EEG) signal decomposition methods and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). We show that undecomposed neurophysiological data is unsuitable to decode event file representations because different aspects of information coded in the neurophysiological signal reveal distinct and partly opposed dynamics in the representational content. This is confirmed by applying MVPA to temporal decomposed EEG data. After intermixed aspects of information in the EEG during response selection have been separated, a reliable examination of the event file’s representational content and its temporal stability was possible. We show that representations of stimulus–response bindings are activated and decay in a gradual manner and that event file representations resemble distributed neural activity. Especially representations of stimulus–response bindings, as well as stimulus-related representations, are coded and reveal temporal stability. Purely motor-related representations are not found in neurophysiological signals during event coding.
First Draft Genome Sequence Resource of a Strain of Pseudocercospora fijiensis Isolated in North America
Authors: Amarillas Luis , Estrada-Acosta Mitzi , León-Chan Rubén G. , López-Orona Carlos , Lightbourn Luis
Published: May 2020

Black Sigatoka disease, caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is one of the most devastating diseases of banana around the world. Fungicide applications are the primary tool used to manage black Sigatoka, but fungicide resistance in P. fijiensis, as in other fungal pathogens, is one of the major limitations in the efficient management and prevention of this disease. In the current study, we present the draft genome of P. fijiensis strain IIL-20, the first genomic sequence published from a strain of this fungus isolated in North America. Bioinformatic analysis showed putative genes involved in fungus virulence and fungicide resistance. These findings may lead us to a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this fungal pathogen and also to the discovery of the mechanisms conferring fungicide resistance.
Impact of Early Tranexamic Acid Administration on Overall Blood Product Utilization at 24 Hours
Authors: Douglas Alisha , Faviere Donna , Gallo Amber , VanderSchaaf Ashley , Wall Ward , Wilson Kayla , Young Ashley
Published: May 2020

Antifibrinolytics have demonstrated a mortality benefit in trauma patients when utilized early after injury. In line with recent literature, the authors hypothesize that early tranexamic acid (TXA) administration will decrease overall blood product administration at 24 hr. This is a retrospective cohort evaluation of 65 trauma patients admitted and discharged between May 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017, who received packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and TXA within 3 hr following injury. The primary outcome was overall PRBC utilization at 24 hr when TXA was administered less than 1 hr of injury compared with 1–3 hr of injury. A subgroup analysis compared PRBC usage at 24 hr when PRBC to TXA administration time was less than 30 min compared with 30 min or more. During the study time, 15 patients received TXA early, less than 1 hr from injury, and 50 patients received TXA within 1–3 hr of injury. Patients received a median of 7 units of PRBCs in the early group and 8 units in the standard group (p = .64) at 24 hr. Patients who received TXA less than 30 min after first PRBC received a median of 6 units at 24 hr compared with 9 units when PRBC to TXA time was 30 min or more (p = .014). There was no difference in PRBCs at 24 hr in patients who received TXA early compared with 1–3 hr from injury. There was a significant increase in PRBC requirement at 24 hr when patients received TXA 30 min or more from first PRBC. Further inquiry into the optimal timing of TXA administrated is needed.
Does a Surgical Post-Acute Unit Help Elders With Rib Fractures? Definitely Maybe!
Authors: Singh Shridevi , DiGiacomo Jody C. , Angus L. D. George , Cardozo-Stolberg Sara , Gerber Noam , Munnangi Swapna
Published: May 2020

A surgical post-acute treatment unit (SPA) was developed for acutely injured elderly patients who no longer warranted acute care in an intensive care setting to decrease complications by focusing increased bedside attention to cognition, nutrition, respiration, and mobilization. A retrospective review was performed comparing patients 65 years and older with isolated rib fractures treated before the SPA was opened with patients treated in the SPA. The 2 populations were comparable except the SPA group had a higher mean Injury Severity Score. Nine complications occurred in the pre-SPA group, and no complications occurred in the SPA patient population. Four patients in the pre-SPA group died compared with zero deaths for the SPA group. The rates of complications and mortality between elderly patients with isolated rib fractures were not statistically different between patients treated with a traditional admission to an inpatient ward and patients admitted to the SPA, even though the SPA patients had significantly more severe chest injuries. Establishing a physical environment to support the needs of elderly trauma patients with isolated rib fractures who no longer need the intensive care unit (ICU) is effective in decreasing the complications and unplanned returns to the ICU.
Correlation of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Concentration With Need for Critical Resources for Blunt Trauma Patients Triaged to Lower-Tier Trauma Activation
Authors: Day Darcy L. , Terada Kara E. F. , Vondrus Philip , Watabayashi Ruth , Severino Richard , Inn Holly , Ng Karen
Published: May 2020

Patients assigned lower-tier trauma activation may be undertriaged. Delayed recognition and intervention may adversely affect outcome. For critically injured intubated patients, research shows that abnormally low end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) values correlate with need for blood transfusion, surgery, and mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate EtCO2 monitoring for patients triaged to lower-tier trauma activation. EtCO2 monitoring may aid in the recognition of patients who have greater needs than anticipated. This is a prospective observational study conducted at a Level I trauma center. Potential subjects presenting from the field were identified by lower-tier trauma activation for blunt mechanism. EtCO2 measurements acquired using nasal cannula sidestream technology were prospectively recorded in the trauma bay during the initial assessment. The medical record and trauma registry were queried for demographics, injury data, mortality, and critical resource data defined as intubation, blood transfusion, surgery, intensive care unit admission, and vasoactive medication infusion. EtCO2 data were obtained for 682 subjects during a 10.5-month period. Following exclusions, 262 patients were enrolled for data collection. EtCO2 values less than 30 mmHg were significantly associated with blood transfusion (p = .03) but not with other critical resources or mortality. Although capnography had limited utility for patients triaged to lower-tier trauma activation, EtCO2 values less than 30 mmHg correlated with blood transfusion, consistent with previous studies of critically injured intubated patients. EtCO2 monitoring is noninvasive and may serve as a simple prompt for earlier initiation of blood transfusion, a resource-intensive intervention.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Improve Pain Management and Satisfaction in a Trauma Population
Authors: Elkbuli Adel , Stotsenburg Madonna , Epstein Caroline , Calvert Kathy , Boneva Dessy , McKenney Mark , Deaton Keri
Published: May 2020

An adult trauma center identified pain management as a potential area for improvement. Pain management is at the height of discussion in medical centers across the United States. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Provider and System (HCAHPS) scores relating to pain management were consistently low (<5th percentile). This project was designed to use a collaborative and systematic approach to pain management to improve HCAHPS pain management scores. This is an evaluation of a quality improvement project using a before-and-after design with historical control. Using HCAHPS data to evaluate patients' pain management perceptions, an integrative three-pronged approach was developed and implemented: (1) development of a trauma nurse leadership program, (2) collaboration with pain management providers, and (3) modifications made to the trauma admission order set. Trauma nurse leaders educated patients and families regarding pain management goals and expectations utilizing a standardized script. HCAHPS survey data obtained before and after the intervention showed a significant improvement in patient satisfaction. HCAHPS scores on the three pain questions prior to intervention in Quarters 2 and 3 (Q2–3) 2017 had a mean of less than the 5th percentile. After intervention, HCAHPS scores on the three pain questions improved to a mean of more than the 60th percentile on Q4 2018. Implementation of a pain management strategy involving a three-pronged approach of a dedicated trauma nurse leadership program, collaboration with a pain management team, and evaluation and modification of a trauma admission order set was associated with an improvement in communication about pain with the trauma patients and HCAHPS pain satisfaction scores.
Blackout Versus Pass Out in Allegations of Alcohol-involved Sexual Assault: Why Knowing the Difference Matters
Authors: SCHNEIDER NICOLE
Published: May 2020

It is common for not only laypersons but also courts, witnesses, attorneys, and even some experts involved in a criminal sexual assault investigation to confuse the terms “blackout” and “pass out” when referring to the memory, consciousness, and other behavioral ramifications of alcohol intoxication. A typical alcohol-involved sexual assault allegation often includes the partial or total absence of memory for events of the alleged incident. The etiology and behavioral presentations of the types of alcohol-induced memory deficiency evidenced are not all created equal and understanding the differences is crucial to understanding the reasonableness of the potential perceptions or misperceptions of an accused. By improving our understanding of these terms, we can assist the legal process with proper and more accurate history gathering and documentation if we become a party to such an investigation.
Documentation Practices for Transgender Youth Admitted to an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit
Authors: BIEBER EWA D. , VANDE VOORT JENNIFER L. , CROARKIN PAUL E. , VON DREHLE CASEY T. , SIMON SUE M. , HOPP BRIANNA N. , HEIL HOLLIE M. , ROMANOWICZ MAGDALENA
Published: May 2020

Background:

Population-based surveys estimate that 0.7% of youth (13 to 17 y of age) in the United States identifies as transgender. Transgender youth are at an increased risk of anxiety, depression, and suicide attempts that often require inpatient care. Unfortunately, because of perceived insensitivity to gender identity from their providers, which includes incorrect use of names and/or pronouns, they may delay seeking necessary care. To date, there have been no specific documentation practice guidelines published by the International Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), or other professional associations. The main goal of this study was to review documentation practices among multidisciplinary teams caring for hospitalized transgender youth on a child and adolescent inpatient psychiatry unit.

Methods:

Retrospective chart reviews were completed for 44 transgender patients who were hospitalized between 2008 and 2017. The charts were reviewed for consistency in the documentation of name and gender by the multidisciplinary team. Members included child and adolescent staff psychiatrists, residents, fellows, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and social workers. Inconsistency was defined as at least 2 members of the team referring to a patient by a different name and/or gender pronoun in separate notes or >2 interchanges of name and/or gender pronoun in a single note. Kappa coefficient was calculated between each team member role to estimate exact agreement statistics.

Results:

In 43.2% (n=19) of cases, team members did not have a consistent approach to documenting a patient’s name and/or gender pronoun and 18% (n=8) of discharge summaries were also inconsistent in this documentation. The greatest agreement in documentation practices was noted between the team and the staff psychiatrist (κ=0.446).

Conclusions:

Findings from this study suggest that inpatient treatment teams show inconsistency in documentation practices for youth transgender inpatients. Further work is necessary to understand the implications of these findings for patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes.
Laparoscopic-assisted Rectus Sheath Block as a Novel Technique is Effective and Safe: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Miyazaki Dai , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Ebihara Yuma , Kurashima Yo , Murakami Soichi , Noji Takehiro , Nakamura Toru , Tsuchikawa Takahiro , Okamura Keisuke , Hirano Satoshi
Published: May 2020

Purpose:

We developed laparoscopic-assisted rectus sheath block (LRSB) as a novel technique and report on its safety and effectiveness.

Methods:

Patients were randomly enrolled to an LRSB or control group (n=19 each). In the LRSB group, after the umbilical wound was closed, local anesthetic was injected transcutaneous at each of 4 sites (3 cm above and below the umbilicus bilaterally) with 10 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine, laparoscopically. The control group received conventional postoperative pain management. The primary endpoint was visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score at the end of surgery. Secondary endpoints were VAS and Prince Henry pain scale after surgery, number of administrations of analgesics, and side effects of anesthesia.

Results:

No significant differences in background were seen between groups. VAS at the end of surgery was significantly lower in the LRSB group than in controls (P<0.01). VAS and Prince Henry pain scale were significantly lower in the LRSB group from soon after surgery to postoperative day 2. No complications related to LRSB were encountered.

Conclusions:

LRSB was particularly effective at the end of surgery and pain scores were significantly lower in the LRSB group long after surgery. Our study shows LRSB is effective and safe for laparoscopic abdominal surgery.
Updated functional annotation of the Mycobacterium bovis AF2122/97 reference genome
Authors: Farrell Damien , Crispell Joseph , Gordon Stephen V.
Published: May 2020

Mycobacterium bovis

AF2122/97 is the reference strain for the bovine tuberculosis bacillus. Here we report an update to the

M. bovis

AF2122/97 genome annotation to reflect 616 new protein identifications that replace many of the old hypothetical coding sequences and proteins of unknown function in the genome. These changes integrate information from functional assignments of orthologous coding sequences in the

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

H37Rv genome. We have also added 69 additional new gene names.
Description of Citrobacter cronae sp. nov., isolated from human rectal swabs and stool samples
Authors: Oberhettinger Philipp , Schüle Leonard , Marschal Matthias , Bezdan Daniela , Ossowski Stephan , Dörfel Daniela , Vogel Wichard , Rossen John W. , Willmann Matthias , Peter Silke
Published: May 2020

Nine independent Gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated from rectal swabs or stool samples of immunocompromised patients from two different wards of a university hospital. All isolates were phylogenetically analysed based on their 16S rRNA gene sequence, housekeeping gene recN, multilocus sequence analysis of concatenated partial fusA, leuS, pyrG and rpoB sequences, and by whole genome sequencing data. The analysed strains of the new species cluster together and form a separate branch with

Citrobacter werkmanii

NBRC105721T as the most closely related species. An average nucleotide identity value of 95.9–96% and computation of digital DNA–DNA hybridization values separate the new species from all other type strains of the genus

Citrobacter

. Biochemical characteristics further delimit the isolates from closely related

Citrobacter

type strains. As a result of the described data, a new

Citrobacter

species is introduced, for which the name Citrobacter cronae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Tue2-1T with a G+C DNA content of 52.2 mol%.
Devosia marina sp. nov., isolated from deep seawater of the South China Sea, and reclassification of Devosia subaequoris as a later heterotypic synonym of Devosia soli
Authors: Liu Yang , Du Juan , Zhang Jun , Lai Qiliang , Shao Zongze , Zhu Honghui
Published: May 2020

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain, designated L53-10-65T, was isolated from deep seawater of the South China Sea. Strain L53-10-65T was found to grow at 4–41 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 5.0–9.0 (pH 7.0–8.0) and in 0–7 % (w/v) NaCl (2 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain L53-10-65T fell within the genus

Devosia

, with the highest similarity to

Devosia indica

IO390501T (98.4 %), followed by ‘

Devosia lucknowensis

’ L15T (97.7 %) and

Devosia riboflavina

IFO 13584T (96.8 %). The digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain L53-10-65T and the three relatives above were 43.7, 21.5 and 20.9 %, respectively; the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were 91.3, 78.4 and 76.8 %, respectively. These values were below the 70 % dDDH and 95–96 % ANI thresholds for bacterial species delineation. The major cellular fatty acids of strain L53-10-65T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1
ω7c and/or C18 : 1
ω6c), C18 : 1
ω7c 11-methyl and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipids. The respiratory quinone was identified as Q-10. The DNA G+C content of strain L53-10-65T was 61.3 mol%. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis and distinctive phenotypic characteristics, strain L53-10-65T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus

Devosia

, for which the name Devosia marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is L53-10-65T (=MCCC 1A05139T=KCTC 72888T). Moreover, we propose that

Devosia subaequoris

is a later heterotypic synonym of

Devosia soli

based on the present results.
Genome-based reclassification of Paenibacillus jamilae Aguilera et al. 2001 as a later heterotypic synonym of Paenibacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Ash et al. 1994
Authors: Kwak Min-Jung , Choi Seon-Bin , Ha Sung-min , Kim Eun Hye , Kim Byung-Yong , Chun Jongsik
Published: May 2020

Paenibacillus

is one of the genera that has high species diversity and

Paenibacillus polymyxa

, the type species of the genus, is mainly isolated from plant-associated environments. Among the plant-associated species,

Paenibacillus jamilae

B.3T (=CECT 5266T=DSM 13815T=KACC 10925T=KCTC 13919T) was proposed to be a novel species according to 16S rRNA gene similarity and DNA–DNA relatedness with related species, including

Paenibacillus polymyxa

. Nevertheless, in the description of

Paenibacillus jamilae

the used strain of

Paenibacillus polymyxa

was not the type strain of this species. In this work we found that the type strains of both species showed 16S rRNA gene similarity of 99.6 %. Therefore, in this study, we sequenced the genome of

Paenibacillus jamilae

KACC 10925T and compared it with those of the type strain of

Paenibacillus polymyxa

ATCC 842T and other phylogenetically related species. Genome relatedness value calculated by DNA–DNA hybridization between type strains of

Paenibacillus polymyxa

and

Paenibacillus jamilae

was 73.5 %, which is higher than the threshold value (70 %). For more objective and repeatable results of genome relatedness, we analysed an average nucleotide identity (ANI) between two strains. Our results showed that ANI value between the type strains of

Paenibacillus jamilae

and

Paenibacillus polymyxa

is 98.5 %, a phylogenetic distance also higher than the threshold values (95~96 %). These values were proposed by Yoon et al. (2017). In addition, their phylogenetic distance based on 92 bacterial core genes is highly close compared to other species. These mean that

Paenibacillus jamilae

and

Paenibacillus polymyxa

should be reclassified as a single species. Based on the results from genomic level comparison as well as reexamination results of physiological and chemotaxonomic features, we propose reclassification of

Paenibacillus jamilae

as a later heterotypic synonym of

Paenibacillus polymyxa

.
Use of Greek in the prokaryotic nomenclature: proposal to change Principle 3, Recommendation 6, Rule 7, Rule 65 and Appendix 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
Authors: Oren Aharon , Schink Bernhard
Published: May 2020

Principle 3 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) states that the scientific names of all taxa are Latin or latinized words treated as Latin regardless of their origin. They are usually taken from Latin or Greek. Recently we encountered cases where newly proposed names were based on words from Modern Greek that are not derived from words found in the dictionaries of Classical Greek. In our opinion, there is no special reason why Modern Greek words not found in the classical language should have a special status in the ICNP. We therefore propose modifying Principle 3, Recommendation 6, Rule 7, Rule 65 and Appendix 9 of the ICNP to specify the special status of Classical Greek besides Latin.
Corynebacterium godavarianum Jani et al. 2018 and Corynebacterium hadale Wei et al. 2018 are both later heterotypic synonyms of Corynebacterium gottingense Atasayar et al. 2017, proposal of an emended description of Corynebacterium gottingense Atasayar et al. 2017
Authors: Bernard K. A. , Pacheco A. L. , Burdz T. , Wiebe D. , Bernier Anne-Marie
Published: May 2020

Seven strains of an unidentifiable

Corynebacterium

species recovered from blood cultures, urine or cerebrospinal fluid over 26 years, closest to but differentiated from

Corynebacterium imitans

by 16S rRNA gene and partial rpoB gene sequencing, were studied. In November 2017, Atasayar et al. described a blood culture isolate as

Corynebacterium gottingense

sp. nov., which had >99 % similarity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to the Canadian strains. In January 2018, Jani et al. described

Corynebacterium godavarianum

sp. nov., recovered from the Godavari River, India, which also had >99 % similarity by 16S/rpoB sequencing to the Canadian strains and C. gottingense. In May 2018, Wei et al. described

Corynebacterium hadale

recovered from hadopelagic water; this too had >99 % similarity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to

C. gottingense

,

C. godavarianum

and the Canadian strains.

C. gottingense

DSM 103494T and

C. godavarianum

LMG 29598T were acquired and whole genome sequencing was performed (not previously done). Results were compared with genomes from

C. hadale

(GenBank accession NQMQ01) and the Canadian isolates. We found that these ten genomes formed a single taxon when compared using digital DNA–DNAhybridization, average nucleotide identity using blastn and average amino acid identity criteria but exhibited some subtle biochemical and chemotaxonomic differences. Heuristically, we propose that

C. godavarianum

and

C. hadale

are later heterotypic synonyms of, and the Canadian isolates are identifiable as,

C. gottingense

. We provide an emended description of

Corynebacterium gottingense

Atasayar et al. 2017; genomes ranged from 2.48 to 2.69 Mb (

C. gottingense

DSM 103494T, 2.62 Mb) with G+C content of 65.1–65.6 mol% (WGS), recovered from clinical and environmental sites.
Saccharopolyspora coralli sp. nov. a novel actinobacterium isolated from the stony coral Porites
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Pei Shengxiang , Xie Fuquan , Gu Li , Zhang Gaiyun
Published: May 2020

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile actinobacterium, designated strain E2AT, was isolated from a coral sample and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain E2ATformed a distinct phyletic lineage in the genusSaccharopolysporaand was closely related toS. cavernaeCCTCC AA 2012022T(96.4 %) andS. lacisalsiCCTCC AA 2010012T(95.3 %). The isolate grew at 15–35 °C, pH 5–12 and in the presence of 1–16 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell-wall diamino acid wasmeso-DAP. Major fatty acids identified wereiso-C15 : 0,iso-C16 : 0and C17 : 1 ω8c. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4). The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, one unidentified glycolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 68.6 mol%. Based on the data from the polyphasic taxonomic study reported here, strain E2ATrepresents a novel species within the genusSaccharopolyspora, for which the nameSaccharopolyspora corallisp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is E2AT=(JCM 31844T=MCCC 1A17150T).
Lysinibacillus antri sp. nov., isolated from cave soil
Authors: Narsing Rao Manik Prabhu , Dong Zhou-Yan , Niu Xue-Ke , Zhang Kun , Kang Ying-Qian , Dhulappa Awalagaway , Xiao Min , Li Wen-Jun
Published: May 2020

A Gram-stain-positive, motile, rod-shaped and endospore-forming strain, SYSU K30002T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Xingyi county, Guizhou province, south-west China. SYSU K30002T grew at 28–40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum in the absence of NaCl). The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A4α (Lys–Asp). The cell-wall sugars of SYSU K30002T were ribose, galactose and mannose, and MK-7 was the menaquinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1
ω7c alcohol and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.1 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values between SYSU K30002T and its closest relatives were below the cut-off level (95–96 %) for species delineation. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genome comparisons, strain SYSU K30002T represents a novel species of the genus

Lysinibacillus

, for which the name Lysinibacillusantri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU K30002T (=KCTC 33955T=CGMCC 1.13504T).
Streptomyces mimosae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the root of Mimosa pudica in Thailand
Authors: Klykleung Nattaporn , Yuki Masahiro , Kudo Takuji , Ohkuma Moriya , Phongsopitanun Wongsakorn , Inahashi Yuki , Matsumoto Atsuko , Tanasupawat Somboon
Published: May 2020

An endophytic actinomycete, strain 3MP-10T, isolated from the root of Mimosa pudica was taxonomically studied based upon polyphasic approaches. This strain formed spiral spore chains on aerial mycelia. ll-Diaminopimelic acid, glucose and ribose were found in the whole-cell hydrolysates. It belonged to the genus

Streptomyces

and was closely related to

Streptomyces zhaozhouensis

DSM 42101T (98.9 %) and

Streptomyces sedi

JCM 16909T (98.6 %) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis results. The major menaquinones were MK-10(H8), MK-10(H6) and MK-9(H8). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The detected phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain 3MP-10T had a genome size of 7.2 Mb with a genome G+C content of 73.4 mol%. Results of in silico genome-based similarity analysis revealed ANIb values of 84.94 and 84.77 %, ANIm values of 88.01 and 87.92 %, and dDDH values of 29.9 and 29.6 % when compared with

S. zhaozhouensis

DSM 42101T and

S. sedi

JCM 16909T, respectively. Based on the polyphasic approach, digital DNA–DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity, we propose that the novel actinomycete represents a novel species, Streptomyces mimosae, with type strain 3MP-10T (=JCM 33328T=TISTR 2646T).
Kluyveromyces osmophilus is not a synonym of Zygosaccharomyces mellis; reinstatement as Zygosaccharomyces osmophilus comb. nov.
Authors: Matos Thelma T. S. , Teixeira Juliana F. , Macías Laura G. , Santos Ana Raquel O. , Suh Sung-Oui , Barrio Eladio , Lachance Marc-André , Rosa Carlos A.
Published: May 2020

Kluyveromyces osmophilus, a single-strain species isolated from Mozambique sugar, has been treated a synonym of Zygosaccharomyces mellis. Analyses of D1/D2 LSU rRNA gene sequences confirmed that the species belongs to the genus Zygosaccharomyces but showed it to be distinct from strains of Z. mellis. During studies of yeasts associated with stingless bees in Brazil, nine additional isolates of the species were obtained from unripe and ripe honey and pollen of Scaptotrigona cfr. bipunctata, as well as ripe honey of Tetragonisca angustula. The D1/D2 sequences of the Brazilian isolates were identical to those of the type strain of K. osmophilus CBS 5499 (=ATCC 22027), indicating that they represent the same species. Phylogenomic analyses using 4038 orthologous genes support the reinstatement of K. osmophilus as a member of the genus Zygosaccharomyces. We, therefore, propose the name Zygosaccharomyces osmophilus comb. nov. (lectotype ATCC 22027; MycoBank no. MB 833739).