bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ZFAT binds to centromeres to control noncoding RNA transcription through the KAT2B–H4K8ac–BRD4 axis
Authors: Ishikura Shuhei , Nakabayashi Kazuhiko , Nagai Masayoshi , Tsunoda Toshiyuki , Shirasawa Senji
Published: September 2020

Centromeres are genomic regions essential for faithful chromosome segregation. Transcription of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) at centromeres is important for their formation and functions. Here, we report the molecular mechanism by which the transcriptional regulator ZFAT controls the centromeric ncRNA transcription in human and mouse cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing analysis shows that ZFAT binds to centromere regions at every chromosome. We find a specific 8-bp DNA sequence for the ZFAT-binding motif that is highly conserved and widely distributed at whole centromere regions of every chromosome. Overexpression of ZFAT increases the centromeric ncRNA levels at specific chromosomes, whereas its silencing reduces them, indicating crucial roles of ZFAT in centromeric transcription. Overexpression of ZFAT increases the centromeric levels of both the histone acetyltransferase KAT2B and the acetylation at the lysine 8 in histone H4 (H4K8ac). siRNA-mediated knockdown of KAT2B inhibits the overexpressed ZFAT-induced increase in centromeric H4K8ac levels, suggesting that ZFAT recruits KAT2B to centromeres to induce H4K8ac. Furthermore, overexpressed ZFAT recruits the bromodomain-containing protein BRD4 to centromeres through KAT2B-mediated H4K8ac, leading to RNA polymerase II-dependent ncRNA transcription. Thus, ZFAT binds to centromeres to control ncRNA transcription through the KAT2B–H4K8ac–BRD4 axis.
Single-nucleotide polymorphism of the DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3H haplotype I leads to enzyme destabilization and correlates with lung cancer
Authors: Hix Mark A , Wong Lai , Flath Ben , Chelico Linda , Cisneros G Andrés
Published: September 2020

A number of APOBEC family DNA cytosine deaminases can induce mutations in tumor cells. APOBEC3H haplotype I is one of the deaminases that has been proposed to cause mutations in lung cancer. Here, we confirmed that APOBEC3H haplotype I can cause uracil-induced DNA damage in lung cancer cells that results in γH2AX foci. Interestingly, the database of cancer biomarkers in DNA repair genes (DNArCdb) identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs139298) of APOBEC3H haplotype I that is involved in lung cancer. While we thought this may increase the activity of APOBEC3H haplotype I, instead we found through computational modeling and cell-based experiments that this single-nucleotide polymorphism causes the destabilization of APOBEC3H Haplotype I. Computational analysis suggests that the resulting K121E change affects the structure of APOBEC3H leading to active site disruption and destabilization of the RNA-mediated dimer interface. A K117E mutation in a K121E background stabilized the APOBEC3H haplotype I, thus enabling biochemical study. Subsequent analysis showed that K121E affected catalytic activity, single-stranded DNA binding and oligomerization on single-stranded DNA. The destabilization of a DNA mutator associated with lung cancer supports the model that too much APOBEC3-induced mutation could result in immune recognition or death of tumor cells.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Associations of Non-cigarette Tobacco Product Use With Subsequent Initiation of Cigarettes in US Youths
Authors: Stokes Andrew C , Wilson Anna E , Lundberg Dielle J , Xie Wubin , Berry Kaitlyn M , Fetterman Jessica L , Harlow Alyssa F , Cozier Yvette C , Barrington-Trimis Jessica L , Sterling Kymberle L , Benjamin Emelia J , Blaha Michael J , Hamburg Naomi M , Bhatnagar Aruni , Robertson Rose Marie
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Understanding which non-cigarette tobacco products precede smoking in youth across different racial/ethnic groups can inform policies that consider tobacco-related health disparities.

Methods

We used nationally representative, longitudinal data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study waves 1–4. The sample was a dynamic cohort of cigarette-naïve youth aged 12–17 years. Mixed-effects models were used to assess non-cigarette product (e-cigarette, cigar product, or other product) use with cigarette use over 1-year intervals.

Results

Of the 28 788 observations pooled across waves 1–4, respondents were 48.7% non-Hispanic white, 13.9% non-Hispanic black, and 23.1% Hispanic. Odds of cigarette initiation over 1-year follow-up were higher among youth with prior use of e-cigarettes (odds ratio [OR], 2.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.21–3.45), cigars (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.42–2.80), or other products (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.28–2.14) compared to never users. At the population level, 20.6% of cigarette initiation was attributable to e-cigarette use among white youth and 21.6% among Hispanic youth, while only 3.5% of cigarette initiation was attributable to e-cigarette use among black youth. In contrast, 9.1% of cigarette initiation for black youth was attributable to cigar use compared to only 3.9% for both white and Hispanic youth.

Conclusions

Prior use of e-cigarettes, cigars, and other non-cigarette products were all associated with subsequent cigarette initiation. However, white and Hispanic youth were more likely to initiate cigarettes through e-cigarette use (vs. cigar or other product use), while black youth were more likely to initiate cigarettes through cigar use (vs. e-cigarette or other product use).

Implications

Our findings suggest that previous studies on effects of non-cigarette tobacco products may overlook the critical role of cigar products as a pathway into cigarette smoking among US youth, particularly black youth. While our data support the importance of e-cigarette use as a pathway into smoking, regulatory actions aimed at addressing youth e-cigarette use alone may contribute to disparities in black versus white tobacco use and further exacerbate inequities in tobacco-related disease. Thus, contemporary policy development and discourse about the effects of non-cigarette tobacco products on cigarette initiation should consider cigar and other non-cigarette products as well as e-cigarettes.
E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury: Looking Back, Moving Forward
Authors: King Brian A , Jones Christopher M , Baldwin Grant T , Briss Peter A
Published: September 2020

Implications

In this commentary, we describe the evidence-based approach used to identify the primary cause of EVALI and to curb the 2019 outbreak. We also discuss future research opportunities and public health practice considerations to prevent a resurgence of EVALI.
National nutrition policy in high-income countries: is health equity on the agenda?
Authors: Zorbas Christina , Browne Jennifer , Chung Alexandra , Baker Phillip , Palermo Claire , Reeve Erica , Peeters Anna , Backholer Kathryn
Published: September 2020

Objective

Equity-oriented policy actions are a key public health principle. In this study, how equity and socioeconomic inequalities are represented in policy problematizations of population nutrition were examined.

Data Sources

We retrieved a purposive sample of government nutrition-policy documents (n = 18) from high-income nations.

Data Synthesis

Thematic analysis of policy documents was informed by a multitheoretical understanding of equitable policies and Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?’ analysis framework. Despite common rhetorical concerns about the existence of health inequalities, these concerns were often overshadowed by greater emphasis on lifestyle “problems” and reductionist policy actions. The notion that policy actions should be for all and reach everyone were seldom backed by specific actions. Rhetorical acknowledgements of the upstream drivers of health inequalities were also rarely problematized, as were government responsibilities for health equity and the role of policy and governance in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in nutrition.

Conclusion

To positively influence health equity outcomes, national nutrition policy will need to transition toward the prioritization of actions that uphold social justice and comprehensively address the upstream determinants of health.
Cannabis use and work-related injuries: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Zhang J C , Carnide N , Holness L , Cram P
Published: September 2020

Background

Although the association of cannabis use with automobile accidents has been well-studied, the impact of cannabis on workplace safety and injuries is less clear.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between work-related injury and cannabis use in the past year.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey (2013–16) of working individuals. We used multiple logistic regression modelling to calculate the odds of experiencing a work-related injury (defined as non-repetitive strain injury) among workers who reported using cannabis more than once during the prior 12 months as compared to non-users. We repeated the analysis among participants working in high injury risk occupational groups only.

Results

Among the 136 536 working participants, 2577 (2%) had a work-related injury in the last 12 months. Of these 2577 who had a work-related injury, 4% also reported being a cannabis user in the same period. We found no association between past-year cannabis use and work-related injury (odds ratio for work injury among users 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.66–0.99). The association was unchanged in the subgroup analysis limited to high injury risk occupational groups.

Conclusions

We found no evidence that cannabis users experienced higher rates of work-related injuries. While awaiting prospective studies, occupational medicine practitioners should take a risk-based approach to drafting workplace cannabis policies.
What Really Drives Team Effectiveness? (And Getting the Most Out of This Book)
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a high-level overview of what really drives team effectiveness—the science of teamwork. It describes what is and is not a team; defines a highly effective team as one that demonstrates sustained performance, team resilience, and vitality; and introduces the seven drivers of team effectiveness. The model contains seven evidence-based drivers: capability, cooperation, coordination, communication, cognition, coaching, and conditions, each of which are explored in detail in their own chapter later in the book. The chapter concludes with advice about how to get the most out of the book, including how to use it as a team leader, team member, senior leader, or consultant.
Busting a Few Teamwork Myths
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

There are many opinions about what makes teams work, most of which are pure conjecture. Fortunately, there is a growing body of research that reveals what really drives team effectiveness. This chapter debunks five myths including (a) focusing on teamwork is a distraction from real work; (b) if team members like each other and maintain harmony the team will be successful; (c) being a team player means suppressing individual excellence; (d) teamwork can overcome a significant lack of talent; and (e) teams are always the answer. Evidence is provided that collaboration requirements are increasing and teamwork is a business imperative. As each team experience can make a person more or less eager to be on teams, it is important to create successful experiences. The chapter concludes with an example that illustrates that behind most individual displays of excellence are subtle teamwork contributions that made it possible.
Conditions
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

No team works in a vacuum. Some conditions may encourage collaboration, while others can act as constraints or inhibitors. This chapter examines “conditions,” the context or environment in which a team operates. Some conditions exhibit strong situational strength that greatly influence expected behaviors; others offer only hints or nudges about collaboration. Tangible elements such as organizational policies and practices (e.g., that guide compensation and promotion decisions), resources (e.g., are enough people assigned to the team, does the team have the information it needs), and less tangible elements such as senior leader support and organizational culture are all relevant for promoting teamwork. This chapter highlights six organizational practices and three senior leadership behaviors that can influence many teams, as well as four local team-specific conditions (i.e., resource availability, time availability, authority levels, and mission). The implications of working in a broader cultural context is also considered, as behavioral norms vary around the world.
A Quick Refresher
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

In the prior chapters the authors shared findings and insights from an ever-growing science of teamwork, introducing and delving into the seven drivers of team effectiveness. This chapter provides a brief summary and reminder of key points from each of the prior chapters, highlighting takeaways about each of the seven drivers.
Applying to Industrial-Organizational Master’s Programs
Authors: Stone Nancy J. , Sanders Adriane M. F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the competitive process of admission into industrial-organizational (I-O) master’s programs, beginning with a discussion of how to determine if an I-O psychology master’s degree is the best career path. The authors give advice on how to locate, evaluate, and analyze I-O master’s programs of interest. Special attention is given to the distinction between traditional brick-and-mortar and newer online types of programs in terms of lectures and seminars, testing, applied experiences, interaction with faculty, time commitment, and other factors. The application process for I-O master’s programs is reviewed. Finally, the authors discuss how to accept an offer from one of these programs. Following the steps suggested in this chapter should enhance students’ chances of entering a quality I-O master’s program that meets their career goals.
Challenging Institutional Resistance
Authors: Gautier Arlette , Déroff Marie-Laure , Prigent Pierre-Guillaume , Hellégouarch Sophie
Published: September 2020

Numerous cases of sexual harassment in French higher education institutions led to the creation in 2002 of a student association dedicated to anti-sexist action against sexual harassment in higher education (Collectif de Lutte Anti-Sexiste Contre le Harcèlement Sexuel dans l’Enseignement Supérieur, also known as CLASCHES). More recently, the French minister for higher education introduced a policy requiring universities to take steps to eradicate sexual harassment and commissioned a survey of violence and gender relations in universities. Focusing on one of the universities where the survey was conducted, this chapter presents key findings from the survey and discusses the university’s responses. Although the university governing body set up a Victim Support Unit and organized activities annually to mark the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, it has not used the survey to develop a specific policy but has, in fact, tried to obscure the results. Students criticize the university’s governing body’s discourses for blaming victims and making perpetrators invisible.
Introduction
Authors: Sommar Mary E.
Published: September 2020

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter introduces the question and considers some methodological issues.
The New Testament and Slavery
Authors: Sommar Mary E.
Published: September 2020

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter provides an overview of ancient Roman and Hebrew slavery and discusses slavery as it is mentioned in the New Testament.
Reformed Resurgence
Authors: Vermurlen Brad
Published: September 2020

One of the biggest movements in American Christianity, especially among younger Evangelicals, is a groundswell of interest in the Reformed tradition. In Reformed Resurgence, Vermurlen provides a comprehensive sociological account of this New Calvinist phenomenon—and what it entails for the broader Evangelical landscape in the United States. Vermurlen’s explanation of the Reformed resurgence develops a new theory for understanding how conservative religion can be strong and thriving in the hypermodern Western world. It is a paradigm using and expanding on strategic action field theory, a recent framework proposed for the study of movements and organizations but rarely applied to religion. This approach to religion moves beyond market dynamics and cultural happenstance and instead shows how religious strength can be fought for and won as the direct result of religious leaders’ strategic actions and conflicts. But the battle comes at a cost. In the same storyline by which conservative Calvinistic belief experiences a resurgence in its field, present-day American Evangelicalism has turned in on itself. Because a field-theoretic model of strength is premised upon an underlying current of disunity and conflict, it has baked into it a concomitant element of significant overall religious weakness. The vision of Evangelicalism in the United States, in the end, consists of pockets of subcultural and local strength within a broader framework of secularization as “cultural entropy,” as religious meanings and coherence fall apart.
Commercial approach and river-related conflicts in South Asia
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 uses the experience of South Asia to illustrate how the Commercial approach leads to conflicts among co-riparian countries. It notes that river basins were fragmented in South Asia by borders that were drawn based on political considerations and not physical geography. While greater cooperation among South Asian countries was necessary to protect the river basins, adoption of the Commercial approach led to more conflicts than cooperation. India, which lies at the center of the region, has borders with most South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Pakistan and finds itself in conflict with all of them. The chapter focuses on the most serious and numerous conflicts, which are with Bangladesh, and center on such major water diversionary barrages as the Farakka Barrage and the Gajoldoba Barrage. It notes that India’s proposed River Linking Project is only likely to aggravate these conflicts. The chapter also reviews India’s conflicts with Nepal and Bhutan regarding sharing the costs and benefits of the dams that it has constructed under joint ventures as well as conflicts with Pakistan over sharing the Indus River. Finally, the chapter notes the burgeoning conflicts with China regarding the Brahmaputra River.
Ecological approach as part of greater environmental awareness
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 shows that the emergence of the Ecological approach to rivers is a part of the broader process of greater recognition of the importance of protection of environment, in general. The huge increase in population and production following the Industrial Revolution led to breaches in planetary boundaries, putting the earth and human civilization in a jeopardy. Since the 1970s there has been growing recognition of this mortal danger, and various initiatives were begun along different directions to confront this danger, many focused on protection of rivers and waterbodies. Among these are the Ramsar Convention of 1971, UN Convention on International Rivers of 1997, and formation and report of the World Commission on Dams in 2000. The rise of the Ecological approach to rivers is a continuation of this process.
Rivers, policies, and interests
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 13 examines the determinants of river-related policies and considers ways of making further progress toward the Ecological and Open approaches to rivers. It shows that there are broadly two types of obstacles impeding adoption of the Ecological and Open approaches. These are, first, paucity of required knowledge, and, second, vested interests favoring the Commercial and Cordon approaches. External influence from developed countries, until now, has mostly favored the Commercial and Cordon approaches in developing countries. Informing and engaging the public is the main way in which both the obstacles of paucity of knowledge and vested interests can be overcome. Moving the discussion of river policies to the public arena is therefore important.
Politics and Life after Trump
Authors: Hibbing John R.
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, consideration is given to American politics in the post-Trump era. In light of the importance of securitarian orientations to Trump’s political rise, the chapter looks at the distribution of securitarians across the life cycle and across racial groups. Generational replacement is likely to lower the number of securitarians but the relatively large number of black securitarians could increase it. Other wings of the Republican Party tend to share securitarians’ general policy preferences, and this fact could keep the Republican coalition together, though strains will result from some people’s intense attachment to Trump himself. The biggest challenges facing the country will revolve around democratic values and political civility, both of which have been set back significantly. The struggle between securitarians and unitarians is the most fundamental of conflicts and needs to be understood if democracy is to be preserved in the post-Trump era.
In Search of a Future
Authors: Kölbel Andrea
Published: September 2020

In a conversation about youth agency, the most common discourses that come up are of acts of liberation, resistance, and deviance. However, this perspective is fairly narrow and runs the risk of reinforcing pervasive and often polarizing depictions of youth. In order to broaden the understanding of young people’s collective actions and their potential social implications, it is necessary to ask: What types of agency do young people demonstrate? This book aims to scrutinize some of the conceptual ideas that underlie prevalent visions of youth as agents of social change and as a source of hope for a better future. As a part of the Education and Society in South Asia series, it provides insightful accounts of students’ daily routines on and around a public university campus in Kathmandu, Nepal, and calls attention to a group of non-elite university students who have remained less visible in scholarly and public debates about student activism, youth unemployment, and international migration. By placing different strands of literature on youth, aspiration, and mobility into conversation, In Search of a Future unveils new and important perspectives on how young people navigate competing social expectations, educational inequalities, and limited job prospects.
Consumerist Encounters
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep
Published: September 2020

Economic liberalization and globalization in India in the early 1990s resulted in a whirlwind of consumerist activities. New material and visual temptations swept markets, infiltrated consumer minds through media, and aroused inhibited desires. This has engendered a fast-paced and relentless relationship with things and images that permeate our everyday lives. Consumerist Encounters elucidates how our all-consuming relationship with objects and their representations have transformed rapidly over the last few decades in contemporary urban India. It argues that ephemerality, frivolousness, and multiplicity of choice regulate our flirtatious encounters with commodities and their images as we restlessly use, exhaust, dispose, and move on. Such a trend is illustrated by examining a plethora of commodity-centric phenomena such as exclusion through apparel, eroticization of body images, population of the T-shirt surface with graphics and text, rise of business process outsourcing, instantaneous seeing and sharing of images, and rejection of material goods in junkyards and ruins. These explorations collectively shed light on the constant negotiation of our identities, statuses, and mobilities in the image-saturated commodity landscape.
Frenzy
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

Large commercial banks and their securities affiliates helped to finance an unsustainable credit boom and stock market bubble during the 1920s. Charles Mitchell of National City Bank and Albert Wiggin of Chase National Bank pioneered a new universal banking (“financial department store”) business model for large commercial banks. The rise of universal banks resulted in frenzied competition between those institutions and private investment banks. That rivalry resulted in the widespread marketing and sale of speculative, high-risk securities to unsophisticated, poorly informed investors. More than $80 billion of debt and equity securities were issued in the U.S. between 1919 and 1930. The easy availability of financing during the 1920s caused many American companies and households to overexpand and take on excessive debts. Those debt burdens left businesses and consumers in a highly vulnerable position when the credit boom suddenly ended in late 1929.
Crash
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

The Great Crash on Wall Street in October 1929 undermined the U.S. economy and led to the Great Depression. National City Bank, Chase National Bank, and other U.S. universal banks eagerly promoted the stock market bubble of the late 1920s. The reputations of those institutions and their leaders plummeted during the Great Crash and its aftermath. Their inability to prevent the stock market’s collapse severely eroded their credibility with the public. The financial and psychological trauma of the Great Crash led to a steep drop in household consumption, which triggered sharp downturns in industrial production and investments in new business facilities and equipment. The U.S. economy fell into a severe recession by the fall of 1930. That recession exposed the speculative risks that universal banks had assumed during the boom years of the 1920s.
Nemesis
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

Banking crises occurred on both sides of the Atlantic during the Great Depression. Troubled universal banks were at the center of each crisis. The first U.S. banking crisis in late 1930 was caused by the failures of two large financial conglomerates. In May 1931, the collapse of Austria’s biggest universal bank triggered a series of crises that swept through Europe. Austria, Germany, Belgium, and Italy took extraordinary measures to rescue their largest universal banks. In the U.S., the Reconstruction Finance Corporation provided loans that prevented the failures of two large universal banks in 1932. However, the RFC allowed the two biggest banks in Detroit to fail in February 1933, thereby precipitating a nationwide banking panic. In contrast, Great Britain and Canada did not experience systemic banking crises despite serious economic downturns. The separation between commercial banks and securities markets in those two nations prevented financial contagion that could have undermined their entire financial systems.
Resurgence, Part I
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

The Glass-Steagall Act created a decentralized financial system composed of three separate and independent financial sectors—commercial banking, securities markets, and insurance. The Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 reinforced Glass-Steagall’s policy of structural separation by prohibiting bank holding companies from engaging in any activities that were not “closely related to banking.” Glass-Steagall’s structural barriers prevented the occurrence of systemic financial crises for more than four decades. During that period, federal regulators could deal with problems arising in one financial sector without need to rescue the entire financial system. Despite Glass-Steagall’s success, federal agencies and courts undermined its prudential buffers during the 1980s and 1990s by opening loopholes. Those loopholes allowed banks to convert their loans into asset-backed securities and to offer derivatives that functioned as synthetic substitutes for securities and insurance products. Regulators and courts also allowed money market mutual funds and other nonbanks to issue short-term financial claims that served as deposit substitutes, despite Glass-Steagall’s prohibition against deposit-taking by nonbanks.
See No Evil
Authors: Wilmarth Jr. Arthur E.
Published: September 2020

During the 2000s, universal banks originated and securitized trillions of dollars of toxic subprime loans and sold the resulting debt securities to investors around the world. Governments on both sides of the Atlantic encouraged universal banks to engage in high-risk lending and securitization. Universal banks enjoyed unrivaled influence, and government officials ignored warnings about the dangers of subprime lending from consumer advocates and academics who did not hold “mainstream” views. Policymakers in the U.S. and Europe recognized that many households were becoming more deeply indebted and were relying more heavily on home mortgages and other types of consumer credit to cover their living expenses. Officials tolerated those developments because they viewed housing construction and household consumption as the primary drivers of economic growth in an otherwise challenging environment. The decision by policymakers to rely on housing credit as the main stimulus for economic growth in a period of stagnant incomes had catastrophic results.
Deformed Beauty?
Authors: Grey Thomas
Published: September 2020

The last of Felix Mendelssohn’s series of popular and influential concert overtures, the Overture to the Tale of the Fair Melusina of 1835 remains the least familiar of these works. It is also the most unusual with regard to formal design in its purposeful confounding of introduction and sonata-form elements alongside the dialogic relation of clearly gendered thematic materials. Such calculated ‘deformation’ of classic and early Romantic sonata form has been understood as a means of generating a kind of musical-narrative content, though the precise relation of formal experiment to such narrative content has remained elusive. This chapter reconsiders the problematic relation of experimental formal procedure to the narrative dimension and the role this may have played in the composer’s subsequent abandonment of the quasi-programmatic concert overture genre, despite his unparalleled artistic success in the field.
Mendelssohn and the Idea of the North
Authors: Waltz Sarah Clemmens
Published: September 2020

This chapter re-evaluates Felix Mendelssohn’s ‘Scottish’ works by placing them in the context of the early-nineteenth-century North German view of Scotland, especially as channelled through Mendelssohn’s mentors Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Carl Friedrich Zelter. Such interest in Scotland was undergirded by a belief in a shared German-Celtic past and a sense that Scottish culture was not exotic but rather essentially German. Figures in Mendelssohn’s circle participated in deliberate attempts to claim a general northern antiquity for German culture, using arguments concerning the relationship of climate, race, and character. A recontextualization of Scotland as representing a lost German past may signal additional reinterpretations of Mendelssohn’s anticipations of travel, his travel experiences, and his statements concerning folk song, as well as his Fantasy, Op. 28, originally titled Sonate écossaise.
Sacred Sound and Secular Space in Mendelssohn’s Instrumental Music
Authors: Kramer Lawrence
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines instances in Felix Mendelssohn’s oeuvre in which religious music arises in an otherwise secular context, specifically in the slow movement of the ‘Italian’ Symphony and the finale of the C minor Piano Trio. In Mary Douglas’s famous definition, dirt is matter out of place, but what is spirit out of place? Why, in these two movements by Mendelssohn, does it lose its place? The answer turns on the idea that each movement, in its own way, transfers the value of the sacred from its ‘own’ place to a foreign one—in one case, literally so, to an Italian landscape that even in its material form appears in nostalgic quotation marks, and in the other case, to the music (or a certain historically emergent music) itself. Both instances suggest an ecumenical change in the very category of the sacred, its absorption into a repertoire of expressive acts not limited to the articulation of creed.
Reassessing Mendelssohn’s Song Aesthetic through the Lens of Religion
Authors: Ronyak Jennifer
Published: September 2020

Felix Mendelssohn’s ‘Entsagung’, Op. 9 No. 11, sets a text by Johann Gustav Droysen that is influenced by Protestant practice, although the song is not sacred in the traditional sense and was published in the context of a secular song collection. Scholars have long been interested in the role of Protestantism in Mendelssohn’s music; however, they have seldom addressed the issue with respect to his solo lieder, having focused instead on his larger-scale sacred works. This chapter examines this unusual lied in order to explore how Protestant thought found its place in Mendelssohn’s lieder. In so doing, it also shows how aesthetic problems particular to religious lieder presented challenges to Mendelssohn’s philosophy of song composition.
Changes of Pace
Authors: Krebs Harald
Published: September 2020

Felix Mendelssohn’s lieder were subjected to severe criticism during the late nineteenth century, with his supposedly ‘sloppy declamation’ often criticized against an aesthetic ideal drawn from Hugo Wolf. Mendelssohn’s own song aesthetic was, however, quite different. This chapter investigates Mendelssohn’s text setting, examining the stress patterns of the poetry from which he constructs his vocal melodies. Covering both early and later songs, the chapter incorporates analyses of Mendelssohn’s song autographs, which reveal that declamation was the focus of a considerable amount of care by the composer. Distortions of the poetic rhythm (such as accelerations or decelerations) that occur in his mature songs can often be explained as deliberate expressive effects responding to the deeper meaning of the poem.
Dover Priory (1530–31)
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

Tallis’s first known job was as “player of the organs” at Dover Priory in 1530–31. He was not a monk himself; he was a professional musician hired by the monks to enhance their worship. Dover Priory was a Benedictine monastery known for its hospitality. It was an important stop on the journey across the English Channel, with many visiting dignitaries, ambassadors, and clergy staying there or having their retinue (including musicians) housed there. Lay musicians at monasteries were most often young men, and Tallis’s position as organist was not particularly grand or well paid, but it would have been an opportunity for constant contact with the broader musical world. We do not know if Tallis continued at Dover after 1531 because those records are lost. The priory was dissolved during the first stages of the English Reformation in 1535.
The Chapel Royal (1543–85), II
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

The life of a sixteenth-century Chapel Royal musician was highly itinerant. Tudor kings and queens did not live in one place; they moved freely among their many residences, bringing their musicians and other staff with them. The most important royal residences in Tallis’s day were located along the River Thames within easy reach of London. This chapter is a tour of these Tudor palaces and their chapels, with notes on the daily routine and working conditions of the Chapel Royal singers. Some of the chapels (at Hampton Court Palace, St. James’s Palace, and the Tower of London) are still intact to some degree. Others (at Windsor, Richmond, Whitehall, and Greenwich) have been destroyed but are documented in sixteenth-century descriptions and pictures. The journey ends in Greenwich, where Tallis lived when he was not traveling with the royal household.
The Mulliner Book
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

Tallis was known as an organist for fifty years, but only a small amount of his keyboard music has been preserved. Most of it is found in a manuscript called the Mulliner Book. This chapter takes a closer look at the Mulliner Book itself, at Tallis’s instrumental works, and at the context in which they were played. Much of this music was rooted in a flourishing Tudor tradition of keyboard improvisation. The organ substituted for the voices of singers or alternated with them, adding an extra dimension to the soundscape of church services. The latter part of the chapter discusses Tallis’s few surviving secular songs (also found in the Mulliner Book) and his equally few known works for viol consort—two groups of pieces that reveal some unexpectedly close ties with the music of the broader European Renaissance.
Archbishop Parker’s Psalter
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

Printed books of psalms in English verse were extremely popular in Elizabethan England. Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, published his own metrical psalter in 1567. It includes eight deceptively simple musical settings by Tallis, one in each of the eight traditional modes. The third of these settings has become famous as the theme of a fantasia by Vaughan Williams. This chapter looks at Tallis’s eight “tunes” and the tradition of metrical psalms, as well as Elizabethan views on musical mode and expression. It also discusses the printer John Day, who published (sometimes with questionable accuracy) these and various other works by Tallis during the 1560s.
Remembrances
Authors: McCarthy Kerry
Published: September 2020

This final chapter returns to the details of Tallis’s biography. It examines his will and the will of his wife Joan, two documents which offer considerable insight into his social circles and the everyday material surroundings of his household, as well as what little we can deduce of his family background. The chapter also discusses Tallis’s epitaph (very recently rediscovered by the author in a more accurate version) and the other memorial poems written at his death in 1585, including Ye sacred Muses, set to music by Byrd. It concludes with some reflections on Tallis’s enigmatic life and his musical gifts.
Wither Legislative Supremacy?
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter evaluates a central critique of the President’s power to make policy through enforcement, embodied in Justice Anthony Kennedy’s exclamation that President Obama’s relief initiatives would have turned the government “upside down.” This worry that the Executive might transform its authority to enforce the law into a legislative power that belongs to Congress is misplaced. The history of presidential immigration law underscores why. After demonstrating the impossibility of constraining enforcement judgments through a lawyerly search through the immigration code for congressional priorities, the chapter then explains and defends a two-principals model of decision-making, using the terms of contemporary separation of powers theory. The governance in which the Executive engages as a co-principal in the formulation of immigration policy provides a vital complement to the legislature, not only by checking legislative excess and adapting the legal regime in response to the effects of the law on the ground, but also by expanding possibilities for democratic engagement and policymaking within an otherwise sluggish system.
Executive Governance Through Enforcement
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

chapter grapples with the risks associated with executive governance through enforcement, tracing them to core and undisputed executive powers whose reach has been magnified in immigration law by the emergence of the shadow system. Two interrelated features of executive governance should prompt vigilance. First, when executive branch officials pursue a policy agenda through their management of the enforcement bureaucracy, discretionary decision-making drives their choices about how to threaten or wield force, as well as offer forbearance. It is natural to worry that this discretion will lead to the lawless, arbitrary exercise of power. Second, discretionary decision-making processes are often opaque. This feature exacerbates the possibility of abuse and makes it difficult to hold government power accountable. After defining these risks, the chapter then focuses on how the domain of de facto delegation can be structured to preserve the virtues of executive governance while promoting rule of law values. It offers a qualified defense of the centralized, political control of enforcement discretion as a means of disciplining the Executive’s awesome power.
First-Generation Students at Selective Colleges
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 provides a portrait of first-generation students who attend selective colleges by placing them in comparison with continuing-generation students, the dominant demographic group on these campuses. This chapter focuses on students’ high school backgrounds—the ways they get to college—and then discusses briefly the ways this background leads them into an initial institutional sorting process. While first-generation students share a similarly strong high school academic profile as their continuing-generation counterparts, they come of age within very different contexts. The authors show that some of these differences have implications for how first-generation students identify connections on campus during the first few weeks of college. Moreover, first-generation students find themselves in somewhat different campus geographies than continuing-generation at the end of their first year of college. First-generation are more likely to be Disconnected than their continuing-generation peers and less embedded in campus geographies connected to mainstream social life (Play Hard and Multisphere).
Connecting to Post-College Life and Locating Success
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 shows how campus geographies expose students to different models of success (or not) and shape their strategies for attaining that success. Play Hard students learn early not to prioritize academic outcomes above friendships and social life but rather to focus on building powerful networks with more affluent friends through parties, team sports, and Greek Life. Work Hard students, by contrast, remain in more class-segregated spaces, meaning they have less exposure to peers with upper-class habituses. They prioritize building their formal resume, connections with faculty, and having high grade point averages, which guide their decisions both academically and in terms of the kinds of extracurricular opportunities they seek out. Multisphere students rely on both academic and network strategies and seem to be comfortable navigating each, while Disconnected students struggle to locate a clear and consistent route toward post-college success and plan to rely on themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 recaps the primary takeaways and discusses their implications for selective campuses. While campuses and scholarly literature generally treat first-generation students as a cohesive whole, this book speaks to a much more complicated process whereby students’ intersectional identities and preferences work along with institutional structures to sort first-generation students into one of several campus geographies that then lead to different types of connections with faculty, peers, extracurricular activities, and social engagements. Campus geographies are important because they provide informal social knowledge, tools, resources, and inclinations that may be more or less helpful both in college and as they prepare for post-college life. The authors close by discussing the implications of this research for selective colleges wishing to support a range of first-generation students more successfully.
Commemorative Architecture and Salih’s “Blessed Mausoleum”
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild
Published: September 2020

As the widow of the Ayyubid sultan, Shajar al-Durr represented a vital link to that dynasty. But as the newly appointed sultan and a former slave, she was historically important as the first Mamluk ruler of Egypt. She built a domed tomb for her husband, adding it to his madrasa and thus endowing that educational institution with a new commemorative function. With the unification of the tomb and madrasa, a powerful new ensemble was created in which both functions were enhanced: the tomb absorbing the charitable purpose of the adjacent madrasa, and the madrasa gaining new political purpose as an embodied site of memory. In Cairo thereafter, a mausoleum’s large dome became a semiotic sign for the individual interred beneath it so that architecture gained “identity.”
Matronage
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild
Published: September 2020

Shajar al-Durr’s life is reflected in her architecture, coinage, and accounts of her deeds. Seen through the comparative methodological lenses of the historian and the art historian, the two modes of documentation tell different stories about power and gender. Written accounts dismiss her as a political anomaly whose autonomous rule was brief, whereas the material record indicates that she continued to play a role in politics even after her abdication. Her architectural patronage shows her to have been an innovator who changed the communicative potential of Islamic architecture to express the identity of the patron.
Growing Up with Fear
Authors: Garbarino James , Governale Amy , Nesi Danielle
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the impact of political violence on children and youth through an examination of theory and research, particularly social-ecological systems theory, dealing with prolonged exposure to armed political conflicts and experiences of single-incident attacks. The chapter discusses both the direct traumatic effects of being a victim of political violence and the indirect effects of living in communities and societies in which the experience of violence is transmitted through the media to the minds of children, adults, and policymakers. The chapter further discusses the role and limitations of psychological resiliency and the importance of fostering normalcy to help children overcome the effects of exposure to political violence. The chapter concludes with suggestions for programmatic initiatives at the community and national level that reinforce a return to normalcy and provide assistance to traumatized children and adolescents.