bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Are You Learning a Second Language? Motivational Orientations and Self‐Determination Theory
Authors: Noels Kimberly A. , Pelletier Luc G. , Clément Richard , Vallerand Robert J.
Published: March 2003

As an initial step in extending Deci and Ryan' (1985) self‐determination theory to the investigation of motivation in second language (L2) learning, the first goal of our study was to assess the validity and reliability of a scale of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for L2 learning. The second purpose was to examine the relations between these types of motivationand the four orientations discussed by Clément and Kruidenier (1983). The results generally supported the psychometric integrity of the scale. Moreover, the 7 correlated motivational subscales corresponded with different orientations. The results are discussed with reference to how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are relevant to theorizing on the role of orientations in L2 motivation.
The Role of Gender and Immersion in Communication and Second Language Orientations
Authors: Baker Susan C. , MacIntyre Peter D.
Published: March 2003

The present study examines the nonlinguistic outcomes of an immersion versus a nonimmersion program. The dependent variables included attitudes toward learning French, orientations for learning, willingness to communicate, communication anxiety, perceived communicative competence, and self‐reported frequency of communication in both English (L1) and French (L2). Immersion students indicated higher willingness to communicate, lower communication anxiety, higher perceived communicative competence, and more frequentcommunication only in the French language. Among the nonimmersion students, perceived competence was strongly correlated with willingness to communicate, but among the immersion students, communication anxiety correlated most strongly with willingness to communicate. Male nonimmersion students showed the least positive attitudes toward learning French; female nonimmersion students showed higher endorsement of three of the four language learningorientations.
Interlanguage Development by Two Korean Speakers of English With a Focus on Temporality
Authors: Lee Eun‐Joo
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the acquisition of temporality in English by 2 Korean speakers over a period of 24 months. Temporality is examined from two perspectives: (1) the expression of past‐time events (PTEs) and (2) semantic aspect and verb morphology, that is, the testing of the Aspect Hypothesis. The analysis of the expression of PTEs confirms earlier findings. The learners’ use of discourse devices preceded lexical means, which, in turn, preceded inflectional means. The analysis of the distribution of verb morphology in relation to semantic aspect generally supported the claims of the Aspect Hypothesis. The extension of progressive marking, however, was not observed. Further, contrary to the hypothesis, learners used progressive marking on state verbs.
Semantic and Structural Elaboration in L2 Lexical Acquisition
Authors: Barcroft Joe
Published: March 2003

This study examined the effects of semantic and structural elaboration on second language (L2) lexical acquisition. English‐speaking low‐intermediate L2 Spanish learners attempted to learn 24 new Spanish words in three conditions: (a) make pleasantness ratings about each word referent based on previous experiences (+semantic); (b) count letters in each word (+structural); and (c) “do your best” only (no elaboration). Dependent variables were free recall of the target words in Spanish, free recall of the target words in English, and cued recall (generate Spanish words when presented with pictures). Results indicated higher Spanish free recall for +structural than for +semantic; higher English free recall for +semantic than for +structural; higher overall recall for no elaboration than for +semantic and +structural; and higher cued recall for control than for +semantic and +structural. The results provide evidence that increased semantic processing can inhibit one's ability to encode the formal properties of new words.
Biases in Self‐Ratings of Second Language Proficiency: The Role of Language Anxiety
Authors: MacIntyre Peter D. , Noels Kimberly A. , Clément Richard
Published: March 2003

Previous studies have shown a strong link between participants' apprehension about communicating and their perception of communicative competence in both native (L1) and second (L2) languages. This apprehension may intensify when participants communicate in the L2, especially if they believe their level of L2 competence to be very low. This study examines perceived competence in an L2 as a function of actual competence and language anxiety. Thirty‐seven young adult Anglophone students, with widely varied competence in French, participated. They completed scales of language anxiety and a modified version of the “can‐do” test, which assessed their self‐perceptions of competence on 26 French tasks. They then attempted each of those tasks. We found that L2 language anxiety, perceived L2 competence, and actual L2 competence intercorrelated. However, regression analysis with actual proficiency level controlled showed that anxious students tended to underestimate their competence relative to less anxious students, who tended to overestimate their competence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Socio‐Cognitive Functions of L1 Collaborative Interaction in the L2 Classroom
Authors: Antón Marta , Dicamilla Frederick J.
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the use of L1 in the collaborative interaction of adult learners of Spanish who are native speakers of English. Viewed as a psychological tool that mediates human mental activity on the external (interpsychological) and the internal (intrapsychological) planes, L1 use is found to serve a critical function in students' attempts to mutually define various elements of their task, that is, to establish and maintain intersubjectivity (Rommetveit, 1985). Also, L1 is shown to be an indispensable device for students in providing each other with scaffolded help (Wood, Bruner, & Ross, 1976). Finally, this study provides evidence of the use of L1 for the purpose of externalizing one's inner speech (Vygotsky, 1986) throughout the task as a means of regulating one's own mental activity. The analysis of student interaction presented here not only highlights these critical functions of L1 in the second language learning process, but attempts to show how various communicative moves and linguistic forms achieve these functions.
The Relationship between Listening and Reading Rates of Japanese EFL Learners
Authors: Hirai Akiyo
Published: March 2003

It has been claimed that the first language (L1) optimal listening rate (LR) is comparable to the reading rate (RR) of college students if the material is relatively easy (e.g., Hausfeld, 1981). However, it is questionable whether these two rates are comparable for second language (L2) learners who have not had the same amount of exposure to spoken English as L1 learners. This study seeks to find the answers to this question by establishing and examining the relationship between the LR and RR of 56 Japanese college students of English at different proficiency levels. Experimental results showed that optimal LRs and RRs are also similar among English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. However, a majority of the less proficient learners in the study encountered considerable difficulty in listening comprehension. Consequently, it was difficult to estimate their optimal LRs. Important pedagogical implications for English teaching and learning are discussed.
Gender Differences: Vocabulary Retention and Access to Translations for Beginning Language Learners in CALL
Authors: Grace Caroline A.
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the effect of first language (L1) translations on males and females who are beginning French students engaged in a computer assisted language learning (CALL) lesson. Specifically, it examined whether access to L1 translations affected their performance differently on receptive vocabulary tests. It also examined whether there were differences in how much time they spent looking up translations. Analyses indicated that, when the students were given bilingual multiple‐choice tests, there were no significant differences between males and females on their short‐term (ST; immediately after the lesson) or long‐term (LT; 2 weeks after the lesson) retention test scores, though all learners in the translation group demonstrated significantly greater ST and LT retention than those without translations (p < .001). In addition, there were no significant differences in the amount of time males and females spent in looking up translations. Findings suggest that males and females can benefit from a CALL environment that renders meaning clearly and that they should be free to select their preferred modes of learning when learning from a CALL lesson.
Cultural Differences in Student and Teacher Perceptions Concerning the Role of Grammar Instruction and Corrective Feedback: USA‐Colombia
Authors: Schulz Renate A.
Published: March 2003

A questionnaire administered to 607 Colombian foreign language (FL) students and 122 of their teachers, as well as to 824 U.S. FL students and 92 teachers, elicited student and teacher perceptions concerning the role of explicit grammar instruction and corrective feedback in FL learning. Data comparisons indicated relatively high agreement between students as a group and teachers as a group across cultures on the majority of questions. A number of discrepancies were, however, evident between student and teacher beliefs within each culture, as well as in comparisons of the two groups across cultures, particularly regarding the role of formal grammar instruction in language learning. Given that discrepancies in student and teacher belief systems can be detrimental to learning, it is important that teachers explore their students' perceptions regarding those factors believed to enhance the learning of a new language and make efforts to deal with potential conflicts between student beliefs and instructional practices.
Analogue, Analytical and Digital Photogrammetric Workstations: Practical Investigations of Peformance
Authors: Walker A. S.
Published: March 2003

Prospective customers often request information on the accuracy of digital photogrammetry. Suitable data have been scarce, so Leica has begun a programme of internal tests. These are neither comprehensive nor necessarily representative of other suppliers' equipment, but several experienced operators and sets of imagery are being used and the results do provide general guidelines. A selection of analogue, analytical and digital workstations is being tested, together with scanners giving different pixel sizes.

The early stages of the work are reported here. The tests include interior and exterior orientation of individual stereomodels followed by measurement of check points. Subsequent stages, covering DTMs, orthophotographs, mosaics and aerial triangulation, are planned.
Windsor Castle: Photogrammetric And Archaeological Recording After The Fire
Authors: Dallas R. W. A. , Kerr J. B. , Lunnon S. , Bryan P. G.
Published: March 2003

Following the disastrous fire in the State Apartments at Windsor Castle in 1992, a programme of photogrammetric surveying followed by archaeological recording was carried out by English Heritage. This paper details the background to this work, the provision of the photogrammetric surveys and the use and analysis of the data by the archaeology team.
The Principal Point and CCD Cameras
Authors: Clarke T. A. , Wang X. , Fryer J. G.
Published: March 2003

The principal point has long been regarded as one of the fundamental parameters in camera calibration. In the age of film based aerial and large format terrestrial cameras, the principal point could be located by a variety of techniques with a certainty of ±10 mm (Carman and Brown, 1961) and this was considered sufficient. However, aerial cameras were precision, purpose built, expensive pieces of equipment where the assembly was painstaking and the location of the principal point measured to a known tolerance. In the digital era, photogrammetrists, and many others, are using cameras which have not been specifically designed or built for photogrammetry. For these cameras there is no requirement for the manufacturers to position the lens in a pre‐defined location relative to the image sensing plane or for the lens manufacturer to align the lens elements precisely. In fact, deviations from the centre of the sensor can be a considerable percentage of the extent of the sensor (up to 10 per cent for some zoom lenses (Burner, 1995)). This paper discusses the development of methods of obtaining the location of the principal point, considers the relationship between the principal point and other parameters in the functional model, and shows how the location of this point can be estimated with and without recourse to autocollimation methods.
Evaluation of Information Loss in Digital Elevation Models With Digital Photogrammetric Systems
Authors: Huang Y. D.
Published: March 2003

Information loss is caused when a surface is sampled with a finite interval, such as in the production of a digital elevation model (DEM). This information loss can become the dominant part of the error in a DEM. The ability to quantify information loss enables guidance to be provided for an appropriate choice of grid interval and better accuracy assessment for the DEM. With the use of digital photogrammetric systems, evaluation of information loss has become much easier. This paper describes three methods of evaluating information loss. An example is given of the method which is most appropriate for use with a digital photogrammetric system, based on rock cliff surface data and the VirtuoZo system.
Small Format Digital Cameras for Aerial Survey: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Graham R. W. , Mills J. P.
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces the subject of digital sensors for aerial survey by reviewing the use made of small format digital cameras in such an application. The major advantages and disadvantages of employing such consumer technology for aerial survey are highlighted. Finally, a specification is proposed for a minimum requirement for a digital solution based on a single area array sensor.
Geopositioning Accuracy of Ikonos Imagery: Indications from Two Dimensional Transformations
Authors: Hanley Harry B. , Fraser Clive S.
Published: March 2003

Earth observation satellites with 1m resolution, such as Space Imaging's Ikonos system, offer the photogrammetric and remote sensing communities a significant new means for geospatial information collection. These satellites possess the potential for pixel‐level geopositioning precision and promise timely, highly automated generation of two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) spatial information products. This paper concentrates on the pursuit of optimal accuracy and considers an essential first step in the evaluation of the Ikonos imaging system, namely the metric integrity of the sensor system. In the absence of sensor calibration information (the camera model), an empirical evaluation approach has been adopted. This involves an assessment of 2D transformations between image and planar object space. It is shown that based on results obtained in the Melbourne Ikonos Testfield, 2D geopositioning to 0.5 m accuracy is possible from the base‐level “Geo”product when a modest amount of good quality ground control is available and sub‐pixel image mensuration is achieved. These findings are applicable to both near‐nadir imagery and oblique stereo images. Moreover, the results obtained suggest that there are no significant geometric perturbations in the sensor system and initial image processing, which augurs well for the successful application of non‐collinearity based 3D orientation and triangulation models for Ikonos imagery.
The Myth of the Bureaucratic Paradigm: What Traditional Public Administration Really Stood For
Authors: Lynn Jr. Laurence E.
Published: March 2003

For a decade, public administration and management literature has featured a riveting story: the transformation of the field's orientation from an old paradigm to a new one. While many doubt claims concerning a new paradigm—a New Public Management—few question that there was an old one. An ingrained and narrowly focused pattern of thought, a “bureaucratic paradigm,” is routinely attributed to public administration's traditional literature. A careful reading of that literature reveals, however, that the bureaucratic paradigm is, at best, a caricature and, at worst, a demonstrable distortion of traditional thought that exhibited far more respect for law, politics, citizens, and values than the new, customer‐oriented managerialism and its variants. Public administration as a profession, having let lapse the moral and intellectual authority conferred by its own traditions, mounts an unduly weak challenge to the superficial thinking and easy answers of the many new paradigms of governance and public service. As a result, literature and discourse too often lack the recognition that reformers of institutions and civic philosophies must show how the capacity to effect public purposes and accountability to the polity will be enhanced in a manner that comports with our Constitution and our republican institutions.
The Profession of Public Administration: An Ethics Edge in Introductory Textbooks?
Authors: Bowman James S. , Berman Evan M. , West Jonathan P.
Published: March 2003

Given the substantial interest in public service ethics, this study examines its foundations as reflected in paradigmatic textbooks—a unit of analysis that informs both theory and practice in the field. The interpretative framework employed evaluates the context (the amount and placement of the topic, the use of graphics, and sources cited) as well as the content (conceptualization of management ethics and inclusion of implementation issues) of ethics found in the publications. A limited definition of a professional—one in possession of largely technical skills—is reflected in the textbooks. The implications of the findings are explored.
Organizational Characteristics and Funding Environments: A Study of a Population of United Way–Affiliated Nonprofits
Authors: Stone Melissa Middleton , Hager Mark A. , Griffin Jennifer J.
Published: March 2003

This study examines a population of United Way–affiliated nonprofit organizations in Massachusetts (1) to test hypotheses generated by previous research on relationships between government funding and specific nonprofit organizational characteristics, (2) to compare differences in organizational characteristics between nonprofits receiving higher percentages of revenues from the United Way and from government sources, and (3) to explore associations between government funding and United Way and underexamined characteristics, including use of commercial income and racial diversity of organizational membership. The study supports previous research on the relationship between government funding and nonprofit characteristics, with one notable exception—less administrative complexity was associated with higher percentages of government funding. The study also finds differences in organizational characteristics between nonprofits with higher proportions of government funding and those with higher percentages of United Way funding, including organization size, number of board members, administrative complexity, use of volunteers, and the racial diversity of boards, staff, and volunteers.
A Strategic Framework for Devolving Responsibility and Functions from Government to the Private Sector
Authors: Cohen Steven
Published: March 2003

Whether a function should be performed within or outside government is a very broad issue that relates to personal values and views concerning the relationship between individual and state, as well as a complex set of management issues. Without trying to answer those questions here, this article begins from the premise that a particular function has been judged by the political process to be the responsibility of government. The article seeks to develop an approach for government managers to use when deciding whether to perform the function directly in‐house or to perform the function indirectly through the use of a non‐governmental organization. The first part of this article begins by delineating distinguishing characteristics of government, nonprofit, and private organizations, and then assesses the degree to which those characteristics impede or facilitate the performance of public functions. The article then develops a framework and a method for making privatization decisions. The decision to privatize requires strategic thinking; this article provides an example of how a strategic framework might be applied by analyzing the issues that would be faced in privatizing a key element of New York City's homeless program.
Probing the Strategic Intricacies of Public–Private Partnership: The Patent as a Comparative Reference
Authors: Ghere Richard K.
Published: March 2003

This article pursues a detailed understanding of strategic considerations in large‐scale partnership negotiations that have implications for public service over the long term. Specifically, this study focuses upon the strategic context of negotiation between governmental entities and private firms as fundamental to partnership viability. Metaphorical comparison between U.S. patent policy (especially as it pertains to cutting‐edge biotechnical and digital information issues) and public–private partnership is used to coax out new insight about the latter. The first section sketches an outline of U.S. patent policy as a means of generating analogous questions that can structure discussion of strategy in public–private partnerships. The second section explores the intricacies of public partnership by responding to four questions derived from the patent metaphor. In probing the implications of strategic partnership issues for public managers, the final section defines new capacity‐building roles that are consistent with governance as an emerging form of public administration.
Putting More Public in Policy Analysis
Authors: Walters Lawrence C. , Aydelotte James , Miller Jessica
Published: March 2003

A persistent criticism of policy analysis is that it undermines basic democratic institutions and processes by replacing public participation with expert analysis. Many decision makers shun broader participation because of the complexity of an issue or the cost, uncertainty, and delay often associated with public involvement. This article presents a model for the systematic inclusion of public input into relatively complex public policy decisions. It outlines two determinants of success in public participation efforts: the purpose for public involvement and the nature of the issue; furthermore, it applies the model to two issues in recent Utah history that have involved public participation. Using these principles, decision makers should be able to design and implement public participation strategies that both inform the public about substantive policy questions and improve the quality of the final decision.
Domestic Reform in sub‐Saharan African Governments under International Influence
Authors: Raadschelders Jos C.N.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Ladipo Adamolekun, ed. Public Administration in Africa: Main Issues and Selected Country Studies

Joshua Bernard Forrest, Namibia's Post‐Apartheid Regional Institutions: The Founding Year
Reinventing Government: City Manager Attitudes and Actions
Authors: Kearney Richard C. , Feldman Barry M. , Scavo Carmine P.F.
Published: March 2003

With the aim of helping move research from rhetoric to empirical reality, this article reports results of a national survey of city managers on attitudes towards and actions taken to implement principles of reinventing government. A large majority of managers support key principles of reinvention. A smaller proportion of managers has taken actions to recommend adoption of reinvention programs in their budget proposals to council. Managers' action‐taking is influenced by certain characteristics of city managers, their communities, and their governments, including managers' attitudes and experiences, slack resources, and region.
The New Public Service: Serving Rather than Steering
Authors: Denhardt Robert B. , Denhardt Janet Vinzant
Published: March 2003

The New Public Management has championed a vision of public managers as the entrepreneurs of a new, leaner, and increasingly privatized government, emulating not only the practices but also the values of business. Proponents of the New Public Management have developed their arguments largely through contrasts with the old public administration. In this comparison, the New Public Management will, of course, always win. We argue here that the better contrast is with what we call the “New Public Service,” a movement built on work in democratic citizenship, community and civil society, and organizational humanism and discourse theory. We suggest seven principles of the New Public Service, most notably that the primary role of the public servant is to help citizens articulate and meet their shared interests rather than to attempt to control or steer society.
Workplace Relations: Friendship Patterns and Consequences (According to Managers)
Authors: Berman Evan M. , West Jonathan P. , Richter, Jr. Maurice N.
Published: March 2003

This article examines orientations toward workplace friendship. Based on a survey of senior managers in cities with populations over 50,000, it addresses the following questions: Do senior managers promote, condone, or discourage workplace friendship? What risks and benefits of workplace friendships do these managers perceive? What policies and strategies that affect workplace friendship are found in organizations? How do these organizational efforts affect perceptions of employee performance? This article finds that, despite the risks, orientations in favor of workplace friendships are widespread, and many jurisdictions engage in efforts to promote them.
Live Bureaucrats and Dead Public Servants: How People in Government Are Discussed on the Floor of the House
Authors: Hall Thad E.
Published: March 2003

This article examines how members of Congress refer to individuals in government on the House floor. Using content analysis, floor speeches from the 103rd and 104th Congresses were examined to determine the way in which terms such as “bureaucrats” and “public servants” were manipulated in floor speeches, and the political gain members seek to achieve from these moves. The data show that the Republican takeover of Congress led to a marked change in the tone of debate, and a sharp increase in pejorative discussions of individuals in government. Republicans tended to use bureaucrats in legislative debate in their efforts to shape the debate over the size and role of government.
Does Regionalism Beget Regionalism? The Relationship between Norms and Regional Partnerships for Economic Development
Authors: Olberding Julie Cencula
Published: March 2003

Social scientists traditionally have described local governments as competing with each other for residents and businesses. But in a number of metropolitan areas in the United States, local governmental officials have formed groups voluntarily to enhance the economic development of multijurisdictional areas. This article develops a theory that asserts the key determinants of the formation of these regional partnerships for economic development are cooperative norms—or a tradition of regional cooperation—and need. The theory also posits that norms influence regional partnerships' organizational structure and processes. Hypotheses are tested empirically using data from all metropolitan areas in the United States and responses to a national survey of regional partnerships for economic development. Results provide some support for the theory that norms and need are both positively related to the formation of regional partnerships for economic development. Support is weak that norms are related the organizational characteristics of regional partnerships for economic development.
Building Citizenship: How Student Voice in Service‐Learning Develops Civic Values
Authors: Morgan William , Streb Matthew
Published: March 2003

Objective. Though many decry the decline in political participation and interest, few academic studies present a clear approach to help reverse these trends. This paper examines the impact of service‐learning programs on students' self‐concept, political engagement, and attitudes toward out‐groups. Methods. The data come from a pre and post survey given to more than 200 high school students in 10 different schools. We use Huber regression to assess the impact of student voice in the service‐learning project on six dependent variables. Results. We show that if students are involved in service‐learning projects in which they have a high degree of voice and ownership, their self‐concept and political engagement will improve, and they become more tolerant toward out‐groups. Conclusion. In short, having a voice in service‐learning programs builds citizenship.
The Positive Effect of Black Density on White Crossover Voting: Reconsidering Social Interaction Theory
Authors: Liu Baodong
Published: March 2003

Objective. Social interaction theory has received considerable attention. One limitation of previous studies has been that they did not examine how the positive effect of racial interaction on white racial tolerance may be enhanced or reduced by other factors. This article tests five hypotheses derived from the basic assumption of social interaction theory. Methods. Employing EI procedure, a newly developed ecological inference method, this study uses the precinct‐level data from New Orleans' 29 biracial elections to estimate white crossover voting at the neighborhood level. The hypotheses are tested by both ordinary least squares and weighted least squares models. Results. White crossover voting is positively related to black density. The positive effect of black density, however, is relatively weak. Other factors such as the racial composition of candidate field and election type are more important. Conclusions. Caution needs to be exercised in accepting social interaction theory. The level of racial competition in biracial elections may reverse white support for black candidates.
The Benefits of Biculturalism: Exposure to Immigrant Culture and Dropping out of School among Asian and Latino Youths
Authors: Feliciano Cynthia
Published: March 2003

Objective. This study examines how retaining an immigrant culture affects school dropout rates among Vietnamese, Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans. Methods. I use 1990 Census data to analyze how language use, household language, and presence of immigrants in the household affect dropping out of school. Results. Overall, I found that these measures have similar effects on these diverse groups: bilingual students are less likely to drop out than English‐only speakers, students in bilingual households are less likely to drop out than those in English‐dominant or English‐limited households, and students in immigrant households are less likely to drop out than those in nonimmigrant households. Conclusions. These findings suggest that those who enjoy the greatest educational success are not those who have abandoned their ethnic cultures and are most acculturated. Rather, bicultural youths who can draw resources from both the immigrant community and mainstream society are best situated to enjoy educational success.
Hope, Anguish, and the Problem of Our Time: An Essay on Publication of the Black-White Test Score Gap
Authors: Lucas Samuel R.
Published: March 2003

The Black-White Test Score Gap, edited by Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, raises a series of important questions as to the cause and consequences of observed differences in measured achievement. Jencks, Phillips, and colleagues provide the most successful and sustained assessment of the claims of racial difference attributed to Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve. Even so, striking similarities between the two books reveal the inability of current analyses to truly deepen our understanding of race in America.
Disability, Schooling, and the Artifacts of Colonialism
Authors: Kliewer Christopher , Fitzgerald Linda May
Published: March 2003

Eloquent, empirical, and philosophic decrees have been put forth describing and demanding a fundamental democratization of American public education. The primary foci of these critiques have centered on race, class, and gender. All but absent from the multicultural, feminist, and critical studies of schooling are serious analyses of the subjugation experienced by students tagged with disability labels. No other culturally recognized group of students experiences a similar mass level of deterministic segregation, tracking, and systematic social devaluation. That calls for school democratization consistently ignore students with disabilities suggests to us a certain ambivalence on the part of progressive scholars toward the place of disability in a just and excellent school: “Perhaps at disability,” so the logic must go, “we have encountered an essential need for separation.” In this paper, we reject the essentialist notion of the need to exclude children with disabilities from the community of school. We trace the origin of disability segregation to the advent of Western colonialism, and demonstrate the symbiotic relationship between cultural and racial oppression and the oppression of people with disabilities. We end with an urgent argument to include disability issues within postcolonial educational frameworks.
Psychological Warfare in Vietnam
Authors: Whittaker James O.
Published: March 2003

Although psychological warfare was practiced to a greater degree in the Vietnam conflict than in any other war in history, virtually nothing has been published about it. Perhaps few wished to be identified with such activity, or it may be that security considerations prevented discussion of the operations. At any rate, the end of the Cold War has made it possible to take a brief look at a hitherto unknown (or undiscussed) subject. This article, however, does not make a pretense of being comprehensive for the whole war, but rather reflects personal observations during one brief period of intense fighting—the summer of 1966.
Political Power and Race Relations in South Africa: African Attitudes Before and After the Transition
Authors: Duckitt John , Mphuthing Thobi
Published: March 2003

When an oppressed majority finally gains political power, what happens to its attitudes to its erstwhile oppressor, and to its perceptions and feelings about its socioeconomic disadvantages that were established during its oppression? Longitudinal data from pre‐ and post‐transition surveys of black South African college and high school students indicate marked reductions in perceptions of and outrage about intergroup socioeconomic inequity and deprivation relative to English‐speaking and Afrikaans‐speaking whites, but no change in attitudes toward these groups or toward whites in general. The findings are discussed in terms of contemporary theory and research on justice, intergroup relations, and group conflict. Some tentative implications for the prospects for a democratic political culture in South Africa are noted.
Understanding and Evaluating Bureaucratic Politics: The Nexus Between Political Leaders and Advisory
Authors: Preston Thomas , 't Hart Paul
Published: March 2003

Bureaucratic politics—for example, the “political” interaction between individuals and organizations in the executive branch of government—is a potentially significant force affecting the course and outcomes of governmental policymaking processes. In this article, an empirical and normative model and operationalization of bureaucratic politics is developed, treating it as a variable rather than as an immutable (and by definition problematic) property of policy decision‐making. A conceptual model, linking the nature and intensity of bureaucratic politics in advisory systems to the characteristics of the political leaders served by them, is also developed. On the basis of earlier studies of presidential leadership (e.g., Preston, 1996), the leader's need for power, cognitive complexity, and prior policy experience/expertise are hypothesized to affect the organization and operation of the advisory system in terms of bureaucratic politics. Using Hermann's (1983) Personality Assessment‐at‐a‐Distance (PAD) coding technique, theoretical assertions are illustrated in a detailed case study of two critical episodes in U.S. decision‐making in the conduct of the Vietnam war in 1965 and 1968.
Social Dominance and Social Identity in the United States and Israel: Ingroup Favoritism or Outgroup Derogation?
Authors: Levin Shana , Sidanius Jim
Published: March 2003

American and Israeli university students completed questionnaires in their native languages assessing ingroup identification, social dominance orientation (SDO), and ingroup and outgroup affect. The interrelationships among the variables were examined for high‐ and low‐status groups in three intergroup contexts: whites and Latinos in the United States, Ashkenazim and Mizrachim in Israel, and Jews and Arabs in Israel. Theoretical predictions of social identity theory and social dominance theory were tested. Results indicated that for all high‐ and low‐status groups, stronger ingroup identification was associated with more positive ingroup affect, and for nearly all groups, higher SDO was associated with more negative affect toward the low‐status group. In addition, SDO was positively associated with ingroup identification for all high‐status groups, and negatively associated with ingroup identification for almost all low‐status groups. Explanations for cross‐cultural differences in the factors driving group affect are suggested, and theoretical refinements are proposed that accommodate them.
The Political Universe of Lyndon B. Johnson and His Advisors: Diagnostic and Strategic Propensities in Their Operational Codes
Authors: Walker Stephen G. , Schafer Mark
Published: March 2003

This study uses the Verbs in Context System (VICS) to analyze and compare the operational codes of President Lyndon Johnson and his advisors during the Vietnam conflict. The initial focus is on changes in Johnson's general operational code as revealed in public statements during the period leading to the decisions to bomb North Vietnam and to intervene with ground forces in South Vietnam. Johnson's public operational codes for the domestic, foreign, and Vietnam domains are then compared, and his public operational code for the Vietnam conflict is contrasted with the private operational code of his Vietnam advisors (as expressed in private memoranda). Period effects, domain effects, and other differences are revealed between the views of Johnson and those of his advisors.
From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory
Authors: Huddy Leonie
Published: March 2003

Interest in the concept of identity has grown exponentially within both the humanities and social sciences, but the discussion of identity has had less impact than might be expected on the quantitative study of political behavior in general and on political psychology more specifically. One of the approaches that holds the most promise for political psychologists is social identity theory, as reflected in the thinking of Henri Tajfel, John Turner, and colleagues. Although the theory addresses the kinds of problems of interest to political psychologists, it has had limited impact on political psychology because of social identity theorists' disinclination to examine the sources of social identity in a real world complicated by history and culture. In this review, four key issues are examined that hinder the successful application of social identity theory to political phenomena. These key issues are the existence of identity choice, the subjective meaning of identities, gradations in identity strength, and the considerable stability of many social and political identities.
Experiments as Politics
Authors: Spears Russell , Smith Heather J.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the political nature of laboratory experiments. Such experiments can be construed as paradigms of power, open to construction and debate, where different agents and interests are involved in a process of struggle over both (re)presentation and substance. Experimenters should take a reflexive perspective on their own role and power in producing results, and they should recognize that participants in experiments take into account power relations and accordingly modify behavior that is visible or accountable to powerful others (the “panopticon”). This argument is illustrated by recent research on intergroup behavior, which suggests that biases often taken at face value reflect strategic responses to the situation that balance social reality with social resistance.
Why Does Fear Override Hope in Societies Engulfed by Intractable Conflict, as It Does in the Israeli Society?
Authors: Bar‐Tal Daniel
Published: March 2003

The question of why fear overrides hope in societies embarked on the road of peacemaking after years of intractable conflict is answered on the basis of accumulated knowledge in the psychology and sociology of emotions. This knowledge suggests that fear is an automatic emotion, grounded in the perceived present and often based on the memorized past (also processed unconsciously), that leads to freezing of beliefs, conservatism, and sometimes preemptive aggression. Hope, in contrast, involves mostly cognitive activity, which requires the search for new ideas and thus is based on creativity and flexibility. Because hope is based on thinking, it can be seriously impeded by the spontaneous and unconscious interference of fear. Both fear and hope can become collective emotional orientations that organize society’s views and direct its forms of action. It is assumed that societies involved in intractable conflict are dominated by a collective emotional orientation of fear, which is functional in their coping with the stressful and demanding situation. But such an orientation serves as a psychological obstacle to a peace process once it starts. The Israeli Jewish case of collective fear orientation is offered as an example. The presentation includes the roots of this orientation, the ways in which it is reflected and disseminated, and its expressions among the Israeli Jewish public; it ends optimistically with the suggestion that societies can determine to overcome their fear and establish a collective orientation of hope for peace.
Trust in Government in the Aftermath of 9/11: Determinants and Consequences
Authors: Chanley Virginia A.
Published: March 2003

Among the most notable changes in U.S. public opinion that occurred after 11 September 2001 was a significant increase in trust in the national government. This study extends existing research on the causes of such changes in public opinion to include the post–9/11 period. The results indicate that a shift in public focus from domestic to international concerns was an important factor in the decline in cynicism that occurred after 9/11, and that public support for expending resources to address issues such as homeland security will be greater if increased trust in government can be sustained.
The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias
Authors: Eveland William P. , Shah Dhavan V.
Published: March 2003

A large percentage of the public believes that the news media are biased, and the majority of these individuals consider the direction of bias to be against their own viewpoints. Past research has examined how individual factors such as strength of partisanship or extent of political involvement heighten bias perceptions, but little attention has been paid to interpersonal factors such as the ideological similarity or dissimilarity of personal communication networks. Results of a national survey show that perceptions of media bias were unrelated to the overall amount of discussion but were positively related to conversations with ideologically like–minded individuals. Moreover, the impact of conversations with similar others was stronger among Republicans than among Democrats, a finding consistent with recent work on news self–coverage of media bias claims.
Risk Analysis of PCB Exposure via the Soil–Food Crop Pathway, and Alternatives for Remediation at Serpukhov, Russian Federation
Authors: Tsongas Theodora , Orlinskii Dmitrii , Priputina Irina , Pleskachevskaya Galina , Fetishchev Alexander , Hinman George , Butcher Walter
Published: March 2003

A risk assessment was conducted to determine the likelihood of certain health risks resulting from exposure to soils and food crops contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs). PCBs have contaminated soils, river sediments, and air in the past as a result of industrial activities at a capacitor plant located in the City of Serpukhov, Russian Federation. This risk assessment and suggestions for remediation are designed to aid in decision‐making efforts by a joint Russian–American research team developing a community, national, and international response to industrial contamination. Bobovnikova et al. (The Science of the Total Environment139/140, 357–364, [1993]) have reported that PCBs are elevated in soils and sediments, breast milk, and locally grown foods in the Serpukhov area. Data from these and other investigators have been used in this risk assessment to calculate a potential cancer risk resulting from exposure to PCBs. Our assessment indicates that members of the local population may be at increased risk of cancer, and possibly other adverse health effects, as a result of PCB contamination of their environment. Because previously unassessed environmental contamination is a common problem in the former Soviet Republics, as well as many other areas of the world, we believe this type of evaluation, using known methods, can serve as a model for assessment efforts in other parts of the globe and result in remediative efforts in regions constrained by faltering economies.
Risk of Extreme Events in Multiobjective Decision Trees Part 2. Rare Events
Authors: Frohwein Hendrik I. , Haimes Yacov Y. , Lambert James H.
Published: March 2003

Earlier work with decision trees identified nonseparability as an obstacle to minimizing the conditional expected value, a measure of the risk of extreme events, by the well‐known method of averaging out and folding back. This second of two companion papers addresses the conditional expected value that is defined as the expected outcome assuming that a random variable is observed only in the upper 100 (1 −α) percent of potential outcomes, where α is a cumulative probability preselected by the decision maker. An approach is proposed to overcome the need to evaluate all policies in order to identify the optimal policy. The approach is based in part on approximating the conditional expected value by using statistics of extremes. An existing convenient approximation of the conditional expected value is shown to be separable into two constituent elements of risk and can thus be optimized, along with other objectives including the unconditional expected value of the outcome, in a multiobjective decision tree. An example of sequential decision making for remediation or environmental contamination is provided. The importance of the results for risk analyis beyond the minimization of conditional expected values is pointed out.