bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recycling acidic iron wastewater for the production of an iron oxalate anode material with superior long-cycling lithium storage ability
Authors: Jin Bo , Gao Geng , Zhao Qing , Chen Keqi , Zi Guangping , Zhang Shaoze , Li Yin , Hu Junxian , Yao Yaochun , Zhang Keyu
Published: January 2025

Mechanism of ionic synergism in solution systems and physical and electrochemical characterisation of iron(ii) oxalate.
Impacts of grid‐forming inverters on distance protection
Authors: Johansson Henrik , Xing Qianli , Taylor Nathaniel , Wang Xiongfei
Published: January 2025

Grid‐forming (GFM) inverters are anticipated to play an essential role in facilitating the integration of renewable energy in bulk power systems. The fault response of GFM inverters and its impact on traditional protection schemes are ongoing research topics. Distance protection is today one of the most commonly applied protection schemes and depends on multiple system preconditions for reliable operation—many of which may no longer hold in systems with a high penetration of inverters. This paper investigates the impacts of GFM inverters on distance protection, with the main objective of providing an improved understanding of the topic. Important interoperability issues are highlighted with simulation results and elaborated upon based on the theory behind the distance relay model and the behaviours of GFM inverters during faults. The simulations consider numerous fault types and two GFM inverters with different current‐limiting control techniques in their fault‐ride through strategies. Results indicate several challenges that state‐of‐the‐art distance relays may face with GFM inverters.
Exploring emotional patterns in social media through NLP models to unravel mental health insights
Authors: Shetty Nisha P. , Singh Yashraj , Hegde Veeraj , Cenitta D. , K Dhruthi
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to develop an advanced ensemble approach for automated classification of mental health disorders in social media posts. The research question was: can an ensemble of fine‐tuned transformer models (XLNet, RoBERTa, and ELECTRA) with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization improve the accuracy of mental health disorder classification in social media text. Three transformer models (XLNet, RoBERTa, and ELECTRA) were fine‐tuned on a dataset of social media posts labelled with 15 distinct mental health disorders. Bayesian optimization was employed for hyperparameter tuning, optimizing learning rate, number of epochs, gradient accumulation steps, and weight decay. A voting ensemble approach was then implemented to combine the predictions of the individual models. The proposed voting ensemble achieved the highest accuracy of 0.780, outperforming the individual models: XLNet (0.767), RoBERTa (0.775), and ELECTRA (0.755). The proposed ensemble approach, integrating XLNet, RoBERTa, and ELECTRA with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization, demonstrated improved accuracy in classifying mental health disorders from social media posts. This method shows promise for enhancing digital mental health research and potentially aiding in early detection and intervention strategies. Future work should focus on expanding the dataset, exploring additional ensemble techniques, and investigating the model's performance across different social media platforms and languages.
Multi‐load forecasting for integrated energy systems based on GAT‐MTL
Authors: Zeng Xianqiang , Ji Guoliang , Zhou Yun , Li Hengjie , Wei Tengfei
Published: January 2025

Accurately forecasting multi‐load in integrated energy systems is crucial for enhancing overall energy efficiency and achieving greater economic benefits. However, a strong spatial correlation exists between load and meteorology. Graph attention network, a kind of neural network model dealing with graph data, can greatly analyse the intrinsic relationship between multi‐load and meteorological factors. To this end, a multi‐load prediction model with graph attention network and multi‐task learning is proposed. Firstly, considering the complex influencing factors of multi‐load, the authors propose a method combining Spearman correlation and causality tests to select feature variables for the model. Subsequently, an attention mechanism is introduced to assign varying degrees of attention to nodes in the graph data, thereby enhancing the model's ability to learn representation. Secondly, graph attention network is employed to construct the shared layer of multi‐task learning, with the Bayesian optimization algorithm utilized to optimize hyperparameters and fully explore the interdependencies among cooling, heating, and electricity loads. Finally, a real case study is used to demonstrate that the model can effectively improve the accuracy of multi‐load forecasting.
MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW)
Authors: Cherrey Maxime , Bouché Nicolas F. , Zabl Johannes , Schroetter Ilane , Wendt Martin , Langan Ivanna , Schaye Joop , Wisotzki Lutz , Guo Yucheng , Pessa Ismael
Published: January 2025

Aims. The circumgalactic medium (CGM) is a key component in understanding the physical processes governing the flows of gas around galaxies. Quantifying its evolution and its dependence on galaxy properties is particularly important for our understanding of accretion and feedback mechanisms.

Methods. We selected a volume-selected sample of 66 isolated star-forming galaxies at 0.4 < z < 1.5 with log(M⋆/M⊙) > 9 from the MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) survey. Using Mg IIλλ2796,2803 absorptions in background quasars, we measured the covering fraction, fc, and quantified how the cool gas profile depends on galaxy properties (such as star formation rate (SFR), stellar mass (M⋆) or azimuthal angle relative to the line of sight) and how these dependencies evolve with redshift.

Results. The Mg II covering fraction of isolated galaxies is a strong function of impact parameter and is steeper than previously reported. The impact parameter, b50, at which fc = 50% is b50 = 50 ± 7 kpc for Wr2796 > 0.5 Å. It is weakly correlated with SFR (∝SFR0.08 ± 0.09) and decreases with cosmic time (∝(1 + z)0.8 ± 0.7), contrary to the expectation of increasingly larger halos with time. The covering fraction is also higher along the minor axis than along the major axis at the ≈2σ level.

Conclusions. The CGM traced by Mg II is similar across the isolated galaxy population. Indeed, among the isolated galaxies with an impact parameter below 55 kpc, all have associated Mg II absorption with Wr2796 > 0.3 Å, resulting in a steep covering fraction, fc(b).
Euclid preparation. LXV. Determining the weak lensing mass accuracy and precision for galaxy clusters
Authors:   Euclid Collaboration, Ingoglia L. , Sereno M. , Farrens S. , Giocoli C. , Baumont L. ,   et al.
Published: January 2025

The ability to measure unbiased weak-lensing (WL) masses is a key ingredient to exploit galaxy clusters as a competitive cosmological probe with the ESA survey or future missions. We investigate the level of accuracy and precision of cluster masses measured with the data processing pipeline. We use the DEMNUni-Cov N-body simulations to assess how well the WL mass probes the true halo mass, and, then, how well WL masses can be recovered in the presence of measurement uncertainties. We consider different halo mass density models, priors, and mass point estimates, that is the biweight, mean, and median of the marginalised posterior distribution and the maximum likelihood parameter. WL mass differs from true mass due to, for example, the intrinsic ellipticity of sources, correlated or uncorrelated matter and large-scale structure, halo triaxiality and orientation, and merging or irregular morphology. In an ideal scenario without observational or measurement errors, the maximum likelihood estimator is the most accurate, with WL masses biased low by 〈 b_M 〉 = -14.6 ± 1.7 , % on average over the full range M_ 200c M_⊙ and z < 1. Due to the stabilising effect of the prior, the biweight, mean, and median estimates are more precise, that is with smaller intrinsic scatter. The scatter decreases with increasing mass and informative priors can significantly reduce the scatter. Halo mass density profiles with a truncation provide better fits to the lensing signal, while the accuracy and precision are not significantly affected. We further investigate the impact of various additional sources of systematic uncertainty on the WL mass estimates, namely the impact of photometric redshift uncertainties and source selection, the expected performance of cluster detection algorithms, and the presence of masks. Taken in isolation, we find that the largest effect is induced by non-conservative source selection with 〈 b_M 〉 = - 33.4 ± 1.6 , %. This effect can be mostly removed with a robust selection. As a final test, we combine systematic effects in a realistic observational setting and find 〈 b_M 〉 = - 15.5 ± 2.4 , % under a robust selection. This is very similar to the ideal case, though with a slightly larger scatter mostly due to cluster redshift uncertainty and miscentering.
X-ray view of a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z ∼ 3
Authors: Travascio A. , Cantalupo S. , Tozzi P. , Vito F. , Pezzulli G. , Paggi A. , Elvis M. , Fabbiano G. , Fiore F. , Fossati M. , Fresco A. , Fumagalli M. , Galbiati M. , Lazeyras T. , Ledos N. , Pannella M. , Pensabene A. , Quadri G. , Wang W.
Published: January 2025

Context. Exploring supermassive black hole (SMBH) populations in protoclusters offers valuable insights into how environment affects SMBH growth. However, research on active galactic nuclei (AGN) within these areas is still limited by the small number of protoclusters known at high redshift and by the availability of associated deep X-ray observations.

Aims. In order to understand how different environments affect AGN triggering and growth at high redshift, we investigated the X-ray AGN population in the field of the MUSE Quasar Nebula 01 (MQN01) protocluster at z ≃ 3.25. This field is known for hosting one of the largest Ly α nebulae and overdensities of UV continuum selected and sub-millimetre galaxies found so far at this redshift.

Methods. We conducted an ultra-deep Chandra X-ray survey (634 ks) observation of the MQN01 field and produced a comparative analyses of the properties of the X-ray AGN detected in MQN01 against those observed in other selected protoclusters, such as Spiderweb and SSA22.

Results. By combining the X-ray observations with deep MUSE and ALMA data of the same field, we identified six X-ray AGN within a volume of 16 comoving Mpc2 and ±1000 km s−1, corresponding to an X-ray AGN overdensity of δ ≈ 1000. This overdensity increases at the bright end (log(L2#x2212;10 keV/erg s−1) ≳ 44.5), exceeding what was observed in the Spiderweb and SSA22 within similar volumes. The AGN fraction measured in MQN01 is significantly higher (> 20%) than in the field and increases with stellar masses, reaching a value of 100% for log(M*/M⊙) > 10.5. Lastly, we observe that the average specific accretion rate (λsBHAR) for SMBH populations in MQN01 is higher than in the field and other protoclusters, generally increasing as one moves toward the centre of the overdense structures.

Conclusions. Our results, especially the large fraction of highly accreting SMBHs in the inner regions of the MQN01 overdensity, suggest that protocluster environments offer ideal physical conditions for SMBH triggering and growth.
Stellar halos tracing the assembly of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
Authors: Querci Lapo , Pallottini Andrea , Branca Lorenzo , Salvadori Stefania
Published: January 2025

Context. Ultra-faint dwarfs (UFDs) are expected to be relics of the earliest galaxies to have formed in the Universe. Observations show the presence of a stellar halo around UFDs, which can give precious insights into UFD evolution. Indeed, stellar halos can form via tidal interaction, early supernova feedback, or merging events.

Aims. This work investigates how merger properties impact the formation of stellar halos around UFDs, focusing on Tucana II, the most promising UFD assembled through mergers.

Methods. We developed N-body simulations of dry isolated mergers between two UFDs, resolving their stellar component down to 1 M⊙. We built a suite of simulations by varying: the merger-specific i) angular momentum, l, and ii) kinetic energy k, iii) the merger mass ratio, M1/M2, iv) the dark-to-stellar mass ratio, MDM/M⋆, of the progenitors, and v) their stellar size, R1/2. To fully explore such a five-dimensional parameter space, we trained a neural network to emulate the properties of the resulting “post-merger” UFD, by quantifying the half-mass radius (R⋆) and the fraction of stars at radii > 5R⋆ (f5).

Results. Our principal component analysis clearly shows that f5 (R⋆) is primarily determined by M1/M2 (R1/2), with R1/2 (M1/M2) playing a secondary role. Both f5 and R⋆ show almost no dependence on k, l, and MDM/M⋆ in the explored range. Using our emulator, we find that to form the stellar halo observed in Tucana II; that is, f5 = 10 ± 5% and R⋆ = 120 ± 30 pc, we need to merge progenitors with M1/M2 = 8−3+4, the size of the more massive one being R1/2 = 97−18+25 pc. Such findings are corroborated by the consistency (χ2 ≃ 0.5 − 2) between stellar density profiles observed for Tucana II and those of simulations that have M1/M2 and R1/2 close to the values predicted by the emulator.

Conclusions. The stellar halos of UFDs contain crucial information about the properties of their smaller progenitor galaxies. Ongoing and planned spectroscopic surveys will greatly increase the statistics of observed stars in UFDs, and thus of their associated stellar halos. By interpreting such observations with our simulations, we will provide new insights into the assembly history of UFDs, and thus the early galaxy formation process.
CO-CHANGES
Authors: Jiang Yan , Li Jiang-Tao , Tan Qing-Hua , Ji Li , Bregman Joel N. , Daniel Wang Q. , Wang Jian-Fa , Lu Li-Yuan , Jiang Xue-Jian
Published: January 2025

Context. Molecular gas, which serves as the fuel for star formation, and its relationship with atomic gas are essential for understanding how galaxies regulate their star forming activities.

Aims. We conducted IRAM 30 m observations of 23 nearby spiral galaxies as part of the CHANG-ES project to investigate the distribution of molecular gas and the Kennicutt–Schmidt star formation law in these galaxies. By combining these results with atomic gas masses studied in previous work, we aim to investigate the scaling relations that connect the molecular and atomic gas masses with stellar masses and the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation.

Methods. Based on spatially resolved observations of the 12CO J = 1 − 0, 13CO J = 1 − 0, and 12CO J = 2 − 1 molecular lines, we calculated the total molecular gas masses, obtained the ratios between different CO lines, and derived some key physical parameters, such as the temperature and optical depth of the molecular gas.

Results. For the nuclear and disc regions, the median values of the 12CO/13CO J = 1 − 0 line ratio are 8.6 and 6.1, respectively, while those of the 12CO J = 2 − 1/J = 1 − 0 line ratio are 0.53 and 0.39. The molecular gas mass derived from 13CO J = 1 − 0 is strongly correlated with but systematically lower than that derived from 12CO J = 1 − 0. Most of the galaxies in our sample follow the spatially resolved star forming scaling relation between the star formation rate surface density and molecular gas mass surface density, with a median gas depletion time scale of ∼1 Gyr. A few galaxies exhibit enhanced star formation efficiency, with shorter time scales of ∼0.1 Gyr. Our sample shows a weak correlation between molecular and atomic gas but a strong correlation between the molecular-to-atomic gas mass ratio (MH2/MHI) and stellar mass, consistent with previous studies. Galaxies with lower stellar masses in our sample exhibit an excess of atomic gas by one magnitude compared to molecular gas, suggesting that the transformation of atomic gas into molecular gas is less efficient. Most galaxies tightly follow the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, but NGC 2992 and NGC 4594 deviate from the relation due to different physical factors. We find that the ratio of the cold gas (comprising molecular and atomic gas) to the total baryon mass decreases with the gravitational potential of the galaxy, as traced by rotation velocity, which could be due to gas consumption in star formation or being heated to the hot phase.
Study on the effects of Shuangkunsha Daqu on the microbial community and enzyme activity of Maotai-flavor liquor fermented grains
Authors: Liu Keyi , Zheng Yingying , Li Piwu , Shen Zuoshu , Wang Longxiang , Zhang Bin , Wang Yangyang
Published: January 2025

Focusing on Maotai-flavor liquor fermented grains, this study compared samples with Shuangkunsha Daqu to those with ordinary Daqu. 16S and ITS sequencing, along with enzyme activity detection, were conducted. Results indicated higher microbial community abundance, greater diversity in community distribution, and significantly increased glucoamylase activity in the experimental group. Furthermore, distinct differences were observed in indicators among fermented grains samples from different layers of the cellar. These findings offer a foundational framework for future research into Maotai-flavor liquor and Shuangkunsha Daqu.
Purification of crude turpentine oil through acid degumming using phosphoric acid
Authors: Sisdikarini Dana , Sulistiawati Endah , Hakika Dhias Cahya , Sulistyo Hary
Published: January 2025

The production of bio-based materials is one of the accomplishments of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially responsible consumption and production (SDG 12). One way to produce raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry is by utilizing waste from turpentine condensate. This study focused on turpentine waste derived from pine resin in the Trenggalek pine plantation area of East Java, Indonesia. Degumming is one of the preliminary treatments generally applied for oil refining, while acid degumming is a method of degumming. This research studied mass transfer and chemical reactions on the degumming of turpentine with phosphoric acid solutions. An amount of 100 mL of turpentine and 10 mL of 50% phosphoric acid solution was placed in a three-necked flask and stirred. The batch process was carried out at a temperature range of 40-80°C and stirred at 200 rpm for 30-120 minutes. Every 30 minutes, a 2 mL sample was taken from a three-neck flask to measure the refractive index and determine the gum concentration in the turpentine oil. Stirring the substance for two hours at 80°C resulted in the best gum removal at 44.9%.
Combination of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) with chemometrics for halal authentication of face mask products made from gelatin
Authors: Nina Salamah , Rabiatul Adawiyah , Any Guntarti , Hari Susanti
Published: January 2025

Porcine gelatin is often used to replace bovine gelatin because its production costs are more affordable, so there are concerns about contamination with haram ingredients such as porcine, along with the boom in face mask products circulating in Indonesia. This research was conducted to determine the origin of gelatin in facial mask products using the differences in the functional groups of bovine and porcine gelatin. Reference face mask samples were made with a concentration variation ratio of pure bovine gelatin and pure porcine gelatin of 1:0; 0.75:0.25; 0.50:0.50; 0.25:0.75; and 0:1. The gelatin contained in reference face mask samples and face mask samples circulating on the market was isolated with acetone, which was then carried out by a vortexing process and centrifuged to obtain the supernatant. The supernatant obtained was then analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method to determine the absorbance value and wave number. Next, it was analyzed further using chemometrics. The results of the FTIR analysis showed the compound composition of gelatin consisting of groups O-H, C-N, C=O, C-H, and C-O. The number of waves in the 1235–1077 cm-1 optimization result was used for the PLS and PCA analyses. PCA analyses showed that one gelatin mask product was in a square with gelatin masks used as porcine gelatin references, while the other two samples were outside the bovine and porcine gelatin quadranes. The conclusion of this study was that of the three samples of facial masks studied, one came from porcine gelatin, and the other two were of unknown gelatin origin.
Healthy food discourse in language learning: Analysing nutritional content in ELT materials
Authors: Widi Pratolo Bambang , Purwanti Eko , Bao Dat , Daifullah Alsulami Naif , Dwi Hatmanto Endro , Wulandari Yosi , Setyo Humanika Eko
Published: January 2025

This study examines the representation of healthy food discourse in English Language Teaching (ELT) textbooks, addressing the intersection of language education and nutritional awareness. As ELT materials play a crucial role in shaping learners’ linguistic and cultural knowledge, understanding how they present health-related content is vital. The research aims to analyze the explicit and implicit messages about healthy eating in ELT textbooks, evaluate the integration of nutritional information with language learning objectives, and explore potential cultural biases in food representation. Employing a qualitative approach, this study utilizes critical discourse analysis to examine ELT textbooks Bahasa Inggris: Work in Progress untuk SMA/SMK/MA Kelas X published in 2022 by Indonesian ministry of education. The methodology involves systematic content identification and multi-layered discourse analysis. The findings reveal varied approaches to healthy food representation, cultural disparities in nutritional content, and the extent of alignment between food-related discourse and current health guidelines. The implications of this research could inform future ELT material development, enhancing the integration of health literacy within language education. This study contributes to the growing field of content-based language instruction and provides insights into the broader sociocultural impacts of ELT materials on learners’ health awareness. In the end, an activity is proposed for students to experience a vibrant sample of ELT materials on food and health that are discussed throughout the article.
Evaluating subsurface damage in optical glasses
Authors: Wang Jian , Li Yaguo , Han Jinghua , Xu Qiao , Guo Yinbiao
Published: January 2025

Hard brittle materials (e.g. glasses and ceramics) increasingly appeal to general interests because of their excellent physical, mechanical and chemical properties such as super hardness and strength at extreme temperature and chemical stability. The precision manufacturing of these materials is primarily achieved by grinding and polishing, which generally employs abrasives to wear the materials. With this manufacturing technology, the materials are removed due principally to the fracture of brittle materials, which will leave a cracked layer on the surface of manufactured components, namely subsurface damage (SSD). The subsurface damage affects the strength, performance and lifetime of components. As a result, investigation into the subsurface damage is needed. A host of characterizing techniques have been developed during the past several decades. These techniques based on different mechanisms provide researchers with invaluable information on the subsurface damage in various materials. In this article the typical SSD evaluation techniques are reviewed, which are regularly used in optical workshops or laboratories.
Polishing material removal correlation on PMMA – FEM simulation
Authors: Almeida R. , Börret R. , Rimkus W. , Harrison D. K. , DeSilva A. K. M.
Published: January 2025

The complexity of polishing is very high and experience in this field is required to achieve reproducible deterministic results concerning shape accuracy. The goal of this work is to predict the material removal of the polishing process on PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) using an industrial robot polisher. In order to predict the material removal, a FEM Model was created representing the polishing process. This model will help to predict the material removal when polishing parameters are changed. Experiments were carried out and compared to the results obtained from the different parameters tested in the simulation.
Comment et quand utiliser les antibiotiques dans les affections dentaires et sinusales chez le cheval
Authors: Beinert-Zeit Astrid , Verwilghen Denis
Published: January 2025

L’antibiothérapie est un aspect clé dans le traitement de maladies infectieuses. Néanmoins, le développement de la résistance aux antimicrobiens, qui a des implications importantes pour la médecine et la santé publique, est un sujet avec un grand intérêt public.
L’utilisation des antibiotiques pour le traitement et la prévention des infections bactériennes a pour but de contrôler la croissance bactérienne afin que le système immunitaire de l’hôte puisse lui-même contenir ou éliminer les bactéries responsables de la maladie.
Ces raisons nous portent aujourd’hui plus que jamais à utiliser les antibiotiques de façon raisonnée. Le cas des sinusites et des affections dentaires, où leur utilisation n’est pas toujours justifiée, en témoigne. L’antibiothérapie en dentisterie équine, allié ou ennemi ?
Dans la plupart des affections dentaires chez le cheval, le principal problème n’est pas l’infection bactérienne mais bien l’affection dentaire primaire.

L’enjeu majeur est donc d’éliminer la cause primaire, et non de couvrir l’affection avec une antibiothérapie.
Lors d’extraction dentaire, une étude récente démontre la présence d’une bactériémie pendant la procédure d’extraction. Ce fait justifie donc l’utilisation d’une antibiothérapie prophylactique et ce, pour la durée de la procédure uniquement, mais non après.
Cet article discute de la nécessité et des avantages et désavantages de l’antibiothérapie dans la médecine dentaire et sinusale équine. Selon l’évidence présente, une approche ciblée et avec une utilisation minimale d’antimicrobien est à préconisé.
Transitioning from Teaching to Mentoring in Medical Sciences
Authors: Gupta Amod
Published: January 2025

The transition from traditional teaching to mentoring in medical education is urgently required to create future-ready physicians, researchers, and medical teachers in India. A roadmap was drawn by the pioneers of modern medicine more than 100 years ago, who mentored and prepared the next generation of subspecialists and teachers. We need mentors rather than conventional teachers to inspire students to dream, learn, and grow. In today's world, the role of teachers transcends imparting information to foster critical thinking and contextual application of knowledge. Mentors play a pivotal role in cultivating future medical leaders through recognition, guidance, and mutual respect. Mentors guide lifelong learning and personal development. A trusting mentor–mentee relationship is critical for effective medical education, research, and professional growth. Mentoring significantly benefits residents by fostering well-being, collegiality, and professional skills. Academic mentorship results in increased publication rates, grants, career satisfaction, and retention of faculty in the institutions. With mentors, navigating academia's challenges proves manageable, impacting career trajectory. While mentoring is crucial for career advancement and personal development, there are disparities, especially for women. Formal institutional support for mentoring is essential for sustained impact. Mentor–mentee relationships in academia are evolving toward short-term, need-driven interactions facilitated by workshops during the annual professional society meetings and speed mentoring. E-mentoring offers flexible, cost-effective support transcending geographies and time zones. Identifying the right mentor is crucial for academic success, emphasizing shared knowledge, effective communication, and mutual trust. Evaluating mentoring programs remains challenging, requiring comprehensive, stakeholder-driven assessment tools.
5-ALA-Induced Fluorescent Urine Cytology in Comparison with Conventional Cytology, BTA-TRAK, and NMP-22 Tests in the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Nerli Rajendra B , Rangrez Shadab , Ghagane Shridhar C. , Lalakia Parth , Chandra Shoubhik , Chandra Shreya
Published: January 2025

Introduction To assess the sensitivity fluorescent urine cytology induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in the diagnosis of bladder cancer and to compare the sensitivity and specificity with currently available markers approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), bladder tumour antigen (BTA-TRAK, Bard Diagnostic Sciences, Redmond, WA, United States) assay based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP-22), and conventional cytology.

Materials and Methods Age- and gender-matched patients ≥ 18 years of age admitted with imaging-confirmed bladder cancer and non-malignant conditions formed the cases and controls respectively. A freshly-collected voided urine sample was divided into four parts, with each part used to perform: a) conventional cytology with Papanicolaou staining; b) the BTA-TRAK assay; c) the NMP-22 assay; and d) 5-ALA-induced fluorescent urine cytology. The resected bladder specimen was sent for histopathological examination.

Results In low-grade bladder cancers, the sensitivity of 5-ALA fluorescent cytology was of 88.02%, which was significantly higher than conventional cytology (p < 0.0001), the NMP-22 assay (p < 0.0035), and the BTA-TRAK assay (p < 0.0007). The sensitivity of 5-ALA fluorescent cytology was significantly higher in high-grade lesions when compared to conventional cytology (p < 0.0005) and the BTA-TRAK assay (p < 0.039).

Conclusions Fluorescent urine cytology induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid is a highly-sensitive test in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, and its sensitivity rates are significantly superior to those of conventional cytology, the NMP-22 assay, and the BTA-TRAK assay.
Academic Pursuits in Teleradiology: At the Crossroads of Technology, Radiology, and Implementation
Authors: Agrawal Anjali , Kalyanpur Arjun , Sodickson Aaron D.
Published: January 2025

Teleradiology is an essential part of modern radiology practice. It enhances efficiencies in image interpretation by improving availability and accessibility of radiologists. Being at the crossroads of technology, diagnostic radiology, and complex workflows, teleradiology provides abundant opportunities for academic engagement and innovative workflows, and allows for research and publication encompassing these multiple facets. This perspective provides an insight into the academic pursuits in teleradiology, highlighting the potential for contributions across these various domains, including core radiology, technological advancements, implementation challenges, innovative solutions, and lifestyle opportunities. By exploring these areas, we aim to provide a glimpse of the scope of a fulfilling academic career in teleradiology for radiologists, which extends beyond its primary attributes of convenience, lifestyle, and economics.
Approach to Publishing a Scientific (Radiology) Book
Authors: Gowda Ramesh Harshith , Jana Manisha , Bhalla Ashu Seith
Published: January 2025

In the modern landscape of information technology, the role of books remains pivotal in education and research, especially in scientific fields such as radiology. This article outlines a comprehensive approach to publishing a scientific book in radiology, from the initial concept to distribution and ongoing updates. The process is influenced by factors such as the author's motivation, expertise, and target audience. Key prerequisites include a clear understanding of the subject, proficiency in writing and layout planning, and adherence to publication ethics. The book's content should be tailored to the intended readership, with considerations for content depth and presentation style. Decisions regarding book size, color versus black-and-white printing, and publication format (print vs. online) are crucial. Factors such as cost, physical characteristics, and the choice between paperback and hardcover affect both the book's accessibility and its durability. The online version offers interactive features and updatable content, while print versions provide a tactile reading experience. Authors are responsible for content creation, including illustrations, and chapter structure. Editors play a crucial role in maintaining uniformity, overseeing content quality, and ensuring technical accuracy. Collaboration with section editors and coauthors is often necessary for comprehensive coverage. Effective distribution and marketing strategies are essential for reaching the target audience. Options include direct retail distribution or using aggregators. Regular updates are vital to keep the book relevant amidst the fast-growing field of radiology. This guide serves as a practical roadmap for aspiring authors and editors in the field of radiology.
Comprehensive Guide to Randomized Controlled Trials in Radiology: Everything You Need to Know
Authors: Shukla Shreya , Mahajan Abhishek
Published: January 2025

Evidence-based medicine integrates clinical research, personal expertise, and patient values. The most robust forms of clinical evidence, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective studies, provide the strongest support for medical decision-making. RCTs are vital in radiology for evaluating new imaging technologies, contrast agents, and therapeutic procedures, despite challenges in translating preclinical findings to clinical practice. This guide discusses the history, principles, methodologies, and applications of RCTs in radiology, highlighting their role in advancing the field and supporting evidence-based practice.
Indexing of Journals and Indices of Publications
Authors: Vasudevan Biju , Chatterjee Manas , Sharma Vishal , Sahdev Ravinder
Published: January 2025

Journal indexes are indicators toward the quality of a journal. Authors, researchers, and the audience need some criteria to judge which literature they need to read or which journal they need to send their article to. Journal indexes help the respective groups to make this decision. From Index Medicus to Web of Science, journal indexes use different criteria to judge the quality of a journal or an article. Figures like impact factor and CiteScore also rank journals and articles based on various criteria so that the audience and authors can make their pick. Author indices like h-index and ResearchGate score aid in comparing scientific work done by authors and researchers. Indexes of journals, publications, and authors therefore offer a classification of medical literature from which the best can be chosen depending on the requirements in their respective fields.
The land left behind: a systematic review of transnational migration-induced change and its implication for rural sustainability in Nepal
Authors: Koirala Saroj , Bashyal Soniya
Published: January 2025

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted impacts of transnational migration in Nepal, drawing on findings from 42 systematically selected research articles. Employing a thematic analysis approach, the study constructs a schematic representation delineating four key themes: the use effect of remittance income on individuals, the offset effect on land, the substitution effect on people due to a reduced workforce, and the neglect effect on land stemming from decreased working members in households and communities. This comprehensive examination sheds light on the migration dynamics and addresses its implications for rural sustainability. The central theme underscores the connections between transnational migration and its implication for food security, livelihood enhancement, income diversification, and ecological restoration. The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding these interlinkages for informed policy decisions aligned with long-term macroeconomic goals. The synthesized framework contributes to theoretical foundations and encourages further research on the impacts of transnational migration in agrarian economies and the pathways for socio-economic transitions.
The past and future of fast transistors
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: January 2025

Transistors operating in the GHz-THz range have been the backbone of mobile communication technology for decades, although continuous performance improvements might be running out.
Combating dry mouth by studying the rheology of saliva
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: January 2025

The saliva of healthy adults is a viscoelastic material that demonstrates shear thinning and time-dependent recovery.
Lattice Boltzmann modeling of droplet actuation via temperature gradient and electrowetting
Authors: Zhu Haorong , Zhang Jingheng , Cheng Yankun , Li Qinglian , Xu Xianwen , Tang Biao , Liu Feilong , Zhou Guofu
Published: January 2025

Droplet manipulation under various physical fields is crucial for microfluidics. Theoretical models are key to understand the physics. In this work, by extending the binary phase lattice Boltzmann model to fully coupled thermodynamics and electrostatics, we systematically explore the behaviors of droplet transport driven by temperature-dependent surface tension, thermocapillary, and electrowetting effects. It is shown that electrowetting enables bidirectional transport of the droplet, determined by various physical parameters such as electric voltage, wettability, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and surface tension. Specifically, the physics revealed in this work is more than simply electrowetting modified wettability. Actually, the droplet transport is controlled further by contact angle hysteresis and thermocapillary-induced temperature gradient.
A 1 kV sub-nanosecond electrical pulse generated by a linear GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch and its characterization
Authors: Wang Hongqi , Shi Wei , Ma Cheng , Wu Meilin , Tao Jiang , Chen Kaipeng
Published: January 2025

The generation of high-voltage ultrafast electrical pulses has significant potential for application in ultrawideband microwave sources, terahertz technology, and inertial confinement fusion. However, there is still a lack of the generation of high-voltage ultrafast electrical pulses with greater peak amplitudes and faster pulse widths and ultrafast characteristics. In this paper, a linear low-temperature gallium arsenide photoconductive semiconductor switch (LT-GaAs PCSS) is developed using the ps-scale carrier lifetime of low-temperature gallium arsenide (LT-GaAs). The generation of ultrafast electrical pulses with a pulse width of 0.5 ns and a voltage amplitude of 1 kV is achieved by triggering a pulsed laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, a single pulse energy of 70 μJ, and a pulse width of 30 ps. The impact of parameters, such as bias electric field, laser pulse energy, and transmission line length, on the ultrafast characteristics of the output electric pulse of the LT-GaAs PCSS is investigated through a synthesis of experimental and simulation approaches. The results show that (1) in linear conditions, the output pulse amplitude is mainly determined by the bias voltage and laser pulse energy, and the output pulse amplitude is also affected by conductor and dielectric attenuation in the transmission line; (2) the falling edge is determined by the carrier lifetime. Because of the absorption depth at 1064 nm and the carrier lifetime of semi-insulating gallium arsenide material, the output electrical pulse has a trailing edge; (3) the bias voltage and laser pulse energy can improve voltage transmission efficiency, and the saturation of voltage transmission efficiency is caused by the saturation of photon absorption in LT-GaAs material.
Fast response solid electrolyte oxygen sensors with porous thin film electrodes
Authors: Hoerner I. , Stern N. , Eberhart M. , Loehle S. , Fasoulas S.
Published: January 2025

A novel solid electrolyte sensor with considerably improved response times is presented. The new so-called eFIPEX [etched flux (Φ) probe experiment] is based on the FIPEX [flux (Φ) probe experiment] sensor applied for the measurement of molecular and atomic oxygen concentrations. A main application is the measurement of atmospheric atomic oxygen aboard sounding rockets up to altitudes of 250 km. eFIPEX employs a new manufacturing technique for its electrodes combining two manufacturing steps—the deposition of platinum films with a polyol process and electrochemical etching to carve out the electrode geometry. Selectivity toward atomic oxygen is achieved through gold plating. All work steps can be completed in ambient air. Electrodes with thicknesses of 200 nm to 1.5 μm are manufactured and characterized with optical and electron microscopy as well as with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. It is shown that the significantly faster response times are related to pores in the platinum film reaching down to the substrate. The new eFIPEX were flown in comparison with conventional FIPEX sensors on the PMWE-2 sounding rocket flight showing significantly improved performance. Due to the easier fabrication and the superior transient behavior, this new sensor system will be preferentially used in future missions.
A four-primary-color micro-LED display with wide color gamut, low blue light hazard, and promise to improve working efficiency in the working conditions
Authors: Sun Peiyu , Min Min , Wu Qingfeng , Huang Weijun , Xiao Qing , Xiao Wei , Zheng Chaodan
Published: January 2025

Attention should be paid to the circadian rhythm effect, photobiological safety, and color gamut coverage (CGC) of displays. In this study, we use genetic algorithm to search the displays satisfying the demands of health, wide color gamut, and promise to improve working efficiency in the working conditions, when the correlated color temperature is around 6500 K. We also studied the variations in optimal results when changing the peak wavelength and full width at half maximum (FWHM), finding that the impacts of peak wavelengths are greater than those of FWHMs on the circadian action factor (CAF), blue light hazard, and CGC, and a balance should be made between the CAF and the luminous efficacy of radiation.
A theoretical model and experimental investigation of fluid flow in granite rough fracture
Authors: Dong Yunsheng , Xi Baoping , He Shuixin , Chen Luhai , Liu Keliu , Gao Pengli
Published: January 2025

The fissure serves as the primary flow channel within a rock mass and plays a crucial role in the flow behavior of rock fractures. The geometric features of the fracture, combined with nonlinear flow phenomena, complicate the flow process significantly. To investigate the fluid flow characteristics in fractures of rough granite, this study presents an improved mathematical model that correlates the geometric features of the rock's true rough surfaces with the pressure variations during fluid flow. The model effectively describes the relationship between pressure drop and flow velocity. To investigate the flow characteristics of fluids in rough rock fractures, this study proposes an improved mathematical model based on Forchheimer's law to describe the relationship between pressure drop and flow rate. The model accounts for two flow conditions: linear flow in the low Reynolds number region and nonlinear flow in the higher Reynolds number region. Hydraulic tests were conducted on three granites with varying fracture geometries, validating the model's accuracy. Subsequently, the flow characteristics in rough granite fractures are quantitatively described, and the underlying mechanisms are illustrated through the analysis of the experimental data. Finally, an empirical formula was established to describe the critical Reynolds number based on the geometrical characterization parameters of the fracture, with clear physical significance. These results enhance the understanding of flow behavior in granite rough fractures and contribute to the numerical simulation of nonlinear flow processes.
Lindblad superoperators from Wigner’s phase space continuity equation
Authors: Steuernagel Ole , Lee Ray-Kuang
Published: January 2025

For a simple quantum system weakly interacting with the environment, Wigner’s 1932 formulation of quantum physics can be used to derive coupling to the environment using simple algebra. We show that the correct expressions, using coupling terms of “Lindblad form,” are forced upon us. This is remarkable given that it took several decades before Lindblad’s result was found in 1976.
Numerical simulation of the effects of double blocking regions on transpiration cooling in directional porous structures
Authors: Li Yunhui , Zhang Bo , Fan Xueling
Published: January 2025

This study uses numerical simulations based on the local thermal non-equilibrium model to investigate the effects of varying intervals between two blocking regions on the transpiration cooling performance of directional porous structures. Numerical methods illustrate the complex thermal interactions within the porous structure, enabling a detailed analysis of temperature distribution and heat transfer mechanisms. The results indicate that as the blocking intervals increase, the maximum temperature of the porous structure first decreases and then rises. A relationship is established between the degree of orientation and the inflection point in maximum temperature corresponding to the blocking interval. For isotropic structures, negligible interaction between the two blocking regions occurs when the blocking interval is approximately five times the width of the blocking region, while for directional structures with εx = 0.001, this interaction becomes negligible at an interval equal to the width of the blocking region. Additionally, the depth of the blocking region plays a crucial role. Under the same coolant injection rate, the maximum temperature of the directional structure is reduced by more than 200 K compared to the isotropic structure. Furthermore, the maximum temperature of the porous structure with two blocking regions is ∼50 K lower than that of a structure with a single blocking region. These findings contribute to assessing the performance of porous structures under blockage conditions and provide an overview for addressing potential issues in next-generation thermal protection systems.
Influence of liquid nitrogen droplet fragmentation and deformation on tracing in cryogenic wind tunnels
Authors: Hou Jiaxin , Gao Xinxin , Zeng Wang , Liu Jinwu , Chen Jianye , Xie Junlong
Published: January 2025

Cryogenic wind tunnels (CWT) replicate high-Reynolds-number environments by cooling the medium with liquid nitrogen, realizing critical research on aircraft aerodynamics under extreme conditions. The application of nitrogen droplets as tracer particles for noninvasive measurements in CWT shows significant potential based on prior research. Furthermore, nitrogen droplets should remain in a steady shape to ensure accurate measurements. However, the droplet fragmentation and deformation characteristics during tracing in CWT remain to be investigated, and the analysis regarding the shape stability of droplet tracing is lacking. Accordingly, direct numerical simulation was conducted to study the fragmentation and deformation of nitrogen droplets as tracer particles in CWT. The dual Gaussian distribution effectively characterizes post-breakup droplet size, resulting in a predictive formula for size distributions across varying Weber numbers (We). A critical threshold has been established, with a deformation coefficient remaining below 2 for We up to 17.8, which ensures effective tracing with minimal distortion. Even at We values reaching 23.2, transient deformation has negligible effects on accuracy. Additionally, droplets with an initial diameter below 1.3 μm maintain their structural integrity and consistent performance as tracers, while those exceeding 22 μm break apart into smaller droplets above 1 μm, which remain suitable for tracing applications. These findings provide insights into optimizing the use of nitrogen droplets for more accurate flow measurements in cryogenic conditions.