bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the relationship between foreign direct investment and privatization in the European Union Founder Nations by using panel data approach
Authors: Tüzüntürk Selim , İnam Betül , Giray Filiz
Published: August 2016

Foreign direct investment (FDI) and privatization are two of the most important components in liberalization World. The aim of this study is to analyze whether there exist a statistically significant relationship between FDI and privatization, or not. To do so, a panel data sample of fourteen European Union (EU) Founder Nations in 1998-2012 was used to estimate various panel data models. The special feature of panel data is that it allows researchers to construct and test more realistic behavioral models that could not be identified using crosssection or time series data alone. Based on the sample results, between privatization as the primary independent variable and FDI was found a statistically significant positive relationship. Although other explanatory variables such as growth, trade openness, and corruption perceptions index, were found to have statistically significant effects on FDI, budget deficit was found to be statistically insignificant. Moreover, statistically significant parameters? signs showed that all of the economic expectations were satisfied.
A compressibility corrections of the pressure strain linear part models
Authors: Khlifi Hechmi
Published: August 2016

The main focus of this paper is the analysis of the compressibility effects and the validation of some recent Reynolds stress models for computing compressible turbulent flows. The pressure strain correlation is one of the several terms appearing in the Reynolds stress equation which directly reflect the compressibility effects on the turbulence. For this reason, a special attention is paid to the modeling of this term in order to account for compressibility effects at high-speed. The models developed by Speziale Sarkar and Gatski (SSG) and Fu, Launder and Tselepidakis (FLT) for the pressure strain correlation are examined to be extended to compressible turbulent flows. A compressibility corrections of these models using the turbulent Mach number are proposed. The calculations have been performed for the compressible homogeneous shear flow and the turbulent plate mixing-layers. The comparison of the proposed compressibility modifications of the SSG and FLT models with its universal version shows some important ameliorations in results for the majority characteristic parameter of the structural compressibility effects. It?s found that the predicted results from the modified SSG and FLT models are in reasonable agreement with the accepted data.
Experimental investigation review of biodiesel usage in bus diesel engine
Authors: Kegl Breda , Kegl Marko
Published: August 2016

This paper assembles and analyses extensive experimental research work conducted for several years in relation to biodiesel usage in a MAN bus Diesel engine with M injection system. At first the most important properties of the actually used neat rapeseed biodiesel fuel and its blends with mineral diesel are discussed and compared to that of mineral diesel. Then the injection, fuel spray, and engine characteristics for various considered fuel blends are compared at various ambient conditions, with special emphasis on the influence of low temperature on fueling. Furthermore, for each tested fuel the optimal injection pump timing is determined. The obtained optimal injection pump timings for individual fuels are then used to determine and discuss the most important injection and combustion characteristics, engine performance, as well as the emission, economy, and tribology characteristics of the engine at all modes of emission test cycles test. The results show that for each tested fuel it is possible to find the optimized injection pump timing, which enables acceptable engine characteristics at all modes of the emission test cycles test.
FNEP: Finnish-Nepalese Project for improving the meteorological readiness in Nepal
Authors: Mäkelä Antti , Ylikangas Irma , Karki Ramchandra , Budhathoki Kamal Prakash , Perrels Adriaan , Säntti Kristiina , Partio Mikko , Keränen Matti
Published: August 2016

The Finnish Nepalese Project (FNEP) is a project aimed for the development of infrastructure, education and preparedness to better respond to the increased risks related to the weather-related natural disasters by climate change in Nepal. The project duration was 2010-2012, and the partners were the Finnish Meteorological Institute and the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Environment and Science, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. The project is financed by the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This paper introduces the concept and main results of the project.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) 2012, p.72-76
Solar Energy Potential in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Regmi Santosh , Adhikary Sunil
Published: August 2016

Meteorological data such as solar radiation (1975-1984, and 2002-2010) and sunshine duration (1968-2004) were analyzed to study temporal characteristics of solar energy and investigate solar energy potential in Kathmandu valley. Pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons have higher mean monthly sunshine duration (about 8 hours/day) than summer (about 5 hours/day) and winter (about 7 hours/day) seasons over Kathmandu. Pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons receive solar energy of about 190 Wm-2 and 170 Wm-2 respectively. The winter season receives the least amount of solar radiation (135 Wm-2). Approximately 220 MW of solar electricity can be produced in Kathmandu that will substantially fulfill current energy demand and reduce environmental pollution in the valley by replacing fossil fuels with clean solar electricity.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) 2012, p.77-82
Estimation of Discharge From Upper Kabul River Basin, Afghanistan Using the Snowmelt Runoff Model
Authors: Rasouli Hafizullah , Kayastha Rijan B. , Bhattarai Bikas C. , Shrestha Ahuti , Arian Hedayatullah , Armstrong Richard
Published: August 2016

In this study, we estimated discharge from Upper Kabul River basin in the Hindu Kush Mountain (Paghman range) in Afghanistan. The Upper Kabul River basin covers an area of 1633.8km2 with a maximum elevation of 4522 m and minimum elevation of 1877 m. The Kabul River is one of the main rivers in Afghanistan and sustains a significant flow of water in summer months due to the melting of snow. In this study, daily discharge from Upper Kabul River basin, west of Kabul basin, for 2009 and 2011 is estimated by using Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) (Version 1.12, 2009), originally developed my J. Martinec in 1975. Daily precipitation, air temperature, discharge and snow cover data are used in the model as input variables. We calibrated the model for 2009 and validated in 2011. The observed and calculated annual average discharges in 2009 are 5.7m3/s and 5.6m3/s, respectively; and in 2011 are 1.33m3/s and 1.31m3/s, respectively. The model results are in good agreement with the measured daily discharges. With an increase of 1°C in temperature and 10% precipitation, the increase in discharge in winter, summer and annually relative to 2009 discharge are 39%, 18.5% and 17.9%, respectively. Similarly, with an increase of 2°C in temperature and 20% in precipitation, modeled discharge increases by 51.2%, 40.8% and 47.3%, respectively. The results obtained suggest that the SRM can be used efficiently for estimating discharge in the snow fed sub-catchment of the Upper Kabul River basin and other mountain basins in Afghanistan.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 9(1) 2015, p.85-94
Programmvereinbarungen Wald – strategische und operative Ebene im Zusammenspiel (Essay)
Authors: Walker David , Roose Zilla
Published: August 2016

Forest Program Agreements – interplay between the strategic and the operational level (essay)

With the reform of the fiscal equalization and division of tasks between the Confederation and the cantons program agreements were introduced as a new subsidy instrument in Swiss forest policy. The forest policy tasks continue to be jointly performed by the Confederation and the cantons, as was the case prior to the latter reform. The Confederation and the cantons are confronted with the challenge of balancing strategic steering by the Confederation and implementation by the cantons. This essay shows that in the domains of protection forest, forest biodiversity and forest management there are big differences in terms of how and to what extent the Confederation includes the cantons in the further development of the respective program agreements. In addition, the degree of steering through the Confederation varies in these three domains. Due to diverse objects of funding the Confederation steers broadly in the domain of forest management, but not in great detail. Conversely, the steering by the Confederation in the domains of protection forest and forest biodiversity is less broad, but due to the detailed content specifications the steering depth is high in these domains.
Waldspezifische Förderung in der Europäischen Union: Umsetzung in drei Fallbeispielen
Authors: de Buren Guillaume , Lieberherr Eva , Steinmann Kathrin
Published: August 2016

Forest-specific funding in the European Union: implementation in three cases

The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development is the most important source of funding for forest relevant activities in the European Union. In order to simplify administrative procedures, the fund underwent major changes in light of the funding period 2014–2020. Based on the cases of Austria and the two German constituent states Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria we analyze the development of the fund in relation to its use in the funding periods 2007–2013 und 2014–2020. The cases have taken different implementation strategies: from widespread utilization of the EU instrument in Austria to withdrawing from the funding mechanism in Bavaria. The analysis indicates that national conditions and the forest administrations' perceptions of the complexity of the EU instrument could have led to such diverging uses.
Grosse Fledermausvielfalt in den Waldnaturschutzgebieten des Kantons Zug
Authors: Deplazes Lucretia , Frey-Ehrenbold Annie , Ziegler Martin , Bontadina Fabio
Published: August 2016

High bat diversity in forest nature reserves in the Canton Zug

Switzerland harbours 30 bat species. Of these, more than 80% have at least part of their habitat in forests. All 22 Swiss priority bat species are considered as forest species. These include twelve forest target species, for which a specific management is required. However, because of the secretive life of bats, missing information on the presence of bat species precluded the implementation of targeted conservation measures. In the last years, new broadband ultrasound recorders were developed as a powerful tool to detect and identify bat species in forests. The aim of our study was to use these new methods to record the presence of bat species in five forest nature reserves in the Canton Zug, to analyse their activity and to evaluate the site-specific differences. During 258 nights of data collection, we recorded 30,522 bat passes of at least twelve different bat species. 23.5% of the recorded bat passes were species from the Swiss Red List. At least three national priority forest target species were detected and three species were discovered for the first time in the Canton Zug. The variation of bat activity between the different forest reserves was high. In particular, areas with diverse and light forest communities, which are rich in dead and decayed wood, proved to be attractive habitats to bats. Alluvial forests, open waters and the presence of old oaks enhanced the diversity of species and bat activity in general. These results were used to define one target species for each forest nature reserve in the study sites and to promote species conservation measures.
How to Get Out of the Multiple Crisis? Contours of a Critical Theory of Social-Ecological Transformation
Authors: Brand Ulrich
Published: August 2016

The concept of transformation has become a buzzword within the last few years. This has to do, first, with the ever broader recognition of the profound character of the environmental crisis, secondly, with increasingly obvious limits to existing forms of (global) environmental governance, thirdly, with the emergence of other dimensions of the crisis since 2008 and, fourthly, with intensified debates about required profound social change, especially of societal nature relations. However, the term transformation itself is contested. It largely depends on theoretical assumptions as well as the plausibility and applicability of the arguments which are made. In this paper, a historical-materialist approach to social-ecological transformation is outlined by referring to a theoretically sophisticated understanding of ‘subject(s)’ of transformation as well as the ‘object(s)’ of what is to be transformed. Theoretical concepts like the capitalist mode of production, regulation and hegemony, a critical understanding of the state and governance as well as the term societal nature relations are key. Such a perspective contributes to a more sophisticated understanding of the obstacles and requirements of real-world transformation. Finally, the argument has implications for visions and strategies, i.e., an emancipatory and democratic shaping of social relations and societal nature relations.
Liberalism and Economic Growth: A Theoretical Exploration
Authors: Ferguson Peter
Published: August 2016

This article explores how the liberal tradition of political thought has dealt with the prospect of limits to economic growth and how it should approach this issue in the future. Using Andrew Moravcsik's explanatory liberal theory, it finds that the commitment of governments to growth stems primarily from the aggregation of societal preferences for the social goods that growth produces. The arguments of liberal thinkers who have grappled with the issue of growth are then examined to gain a deeper theoretical understanding of the relationship between liberal democracy and growth. These include John Stuart Mill, for whom a non-growing economy was essential for overcoming the tension between liberty and equality; Ronald Dworkin, who argues that growth is a derivative means to further more fundamental ends; and Marcel Wissenburg, who suggests that it is legitimate for liberal democracies to limit the preference for growth if it risks undermining liberal norms and institutions. Using these theoretical insights, it is argued that environmental degradation, which is partly driven by growth, now threatens the fundamental liberal commitments of many liberals, including some forms of state neutralism, utilitarianism, inalienable individual rights and above all human autonomy. Therefore, liberal democratic states not only can, but must move towards a post-growth economy to secure these objectives into the future.
Registration of ‘NuMex COT 15 GLS’ Glandless Cotton
Authors: Zhang Jinfa , Wedegaertner Tom , Idowu Omololu J. , Flynn Robert , Hughs Sidney E. , Jones Don C.
Published: August 2016

The New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station announces the release of ‘NuMex COT 15 GLS’ (Reg. CV‐132, PI 678371), a glandless cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar that carries the incomplete dominant glandless allele Gl2e. NuMex COT 15 GLS was derived from an advanced backcross progeny of a cross between the Gl2e allele donor ‘Bahtim 110’ (G. barbadense) and glanded Upland cotton ‘CRI 12’, followed by five backcrosses with glanded Upland ‘CRI 35’ as the recurrent parent. In the advanced backcross population, the conventional NuMex COT 15 GLS was selected as a glandless progeny out of a mixture of glandless and glanded plants, followed by further testing for adventitious presence of genetically engineered biotech traits controlled by insect‐resistant Bt gene(s) and herbicide‐tolerant gene(s). This new cultivar was tested in four replicated field trials in New Mexico in 2013 to 2014 and in 11 tests across nine states in 2014. As compared to glandless ‘Acala GLS’, NuMex COT 15 GLS yielded 50% more lint, and it produced 90% of that of glanded ‘Acala 1517‐08’. Its fiber quality is classified as a medium to long staple with strong fiber strength and high uniformity, similar to other commercial medium staple cultivars, but it was inferior to both Acala cultivars. It had higher fiber elongation than most commercial cultivars tested in New Mexico. NuMex COT 15 GLS responded to thrips (Thrips or Frankliniella spp.) and Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) similarly to Acala 1517‐08 and Acala GLS. The release of NuMex GLS represents the first glandless Upland cotton cultivar carrying the introgressed incomplete dominant glandless allele Gl2e from G. barbadense with acceptable yield and fiber quality traits in the United States.
Nondestructive inspection of control rods in nuclear power plants using an encircling-type magnetic camera
Authors: Sim Sunbo , Le Minhhuy , Kim Jungmin , Lee Jinyi , Kim Hoon , Do Hwa-Sik
Published: August 2016

This paper proposes an encircling-type magnetic camera for inspecting the damage to control rods. The magnetic source and sensors in the magnetic camera were separated from each other, which minimized the electromagnetic interference of adjacent sensors and improved the spatial resolution. An induced current (IC) appears on a control rod whenever a time-varying current is applied to the magnetic source, i.e., an encircling coil. The IC flows along the circumferential direction (θ -direction) of the rod, and generates a time-varying magnetic field in the radial direction (r-direction) around the defect. Bobbin-type integrated Hall sensors are arrayed inside the encircling coil, and therefore the r-direction magnetic field around the defect is measured. Seventeen Hall sensors were arrayed at a 21° angle with respect to 1.85-mm resolution to measure the electromagnetic field distribution on a stainless-steel small bore piping system, which had an external diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm. The 40% (1-mm diameter) and 20% (3-mm diameter) depths of the hole-type wears were inspected using the proposed system. In addition, slit-type cracks with a length of 3 mm, depth of 0.2 mm, and width of 0.1 mm in both axial and circumferential directions could be inspected.
Active vibration control of the panel reflection antenna by MFC sensors and actuators
Authors: Wu Chengsong , Xu Minglong , Wu Tonghui , Ma Guoliang
Published: August 2016

Panel reflection antenna in large diameter is a typical cantilever structure and has the quality of low-stiffness, weak-damping and flexible-significantly. Large amplitude and enduring vibration will occur when satellite adjusts posture due to frequency coupling, which will greatly affect pointing accuracy of the antenna. In this paper, four Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) patches are applied as sensors and actuators to control the coupling vibration of the antenna. PD and fuzzy control algorithms are utilized to build the closed-loop feedback control system. Active vibration control of the first two vibration modes in both free attenuation vibration situation and steady excitation vibration situation are implemented. The experiment results suggest that using MFC sensors and actuators in active vibration control of the antenna is effective.
An ultra-low frequency pendulum isolator using a negative stiffness magnetic spring
Authors: Zheng Yisheng , Zhang Xinong , Ma Chicheng , Zhang Zhifeng , Zhang Shuai
Published: August 2016

To design an ultra-low frequency (ULF) isolator, a magnetic spring composed of a pair of ring magnets is employed in parallel with the conventional pendulum. The magnetic spring can produce magnetic torque to cancel the gravitational torque of the pendulum and hence reduce the resonance frequency. The magnetic torque is calculated based on the Amperian current model. After establishing the analytical dynamic model of the ULF isolator, the transfer function is achieved and the isolation performance is evaluated from two aspects analytically: the resonance frequency and the center of percussion effect.
Retained surfactant catheter and pneumothorax in a premature neonate
Authors: Ismawan J.M. , Abdallah C.
Published: August 2016

Surfactant catheters are used to administer exogenous surfactant as a preventive and therapeutic measure for surfactant deficiency in premature neonates. We describe the case of a retained surfactant catheter in a 700 g premature neonate with associated pneumothorax.
Use of uterine artery embolization to prevent peripartum hemorrhage of placental abruption with fetal demise & severe DIC
Authors: Latif E. , Adam S. , Rungruang B. , Al-Hendy A. , Diamond M.P. , Rotem E. , Cannell J. , Browne P.C.
Published: August 2016

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is typically not indicated in the pre-operative management of pregnancies with a live fetus, because risk of fetal death from reduced uteroplacental blood flow. However, pre-operative UAE in pregnancies with a fetal demise poses no fetal risk, and may offer maternal benefits. Patients with placental abruption resulting in fetal demise are at high-risk for developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which could have devastating complications such as peri-operative hemorrhage and death. This case report describes the first successful execution of a pre-operative UAE that effectively prevented antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage in a patient with DIC secondary to a placental abruption and recent fetal demise.
An international survey on persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: A need for an evidence-based management
Authors: Nakwan N. , Chaiwiriyawong P.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE: To assess the current practice preferences in diagnosis and management of persistent hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) of neonatologists or pediatricians with expertise in neonatal care.

STUDY DESIGN: Investigators identified potential participants worldwide through a literature search. They were emailed the URL of an online 25-item questionnaire through the web survey site SurveyMonkey®. Additional respondents were also acquired through a professional online discussion group. The survey was conducted during July - September 2015.

RESULTS: Overall, there were 200 respondents from 51 different countries. Of these, the average 2014 mortality rate of the 90 respondents who completed this section of the questionnaire was 8.3% (interquartile range (IQR): 0-20.3). Echocardiography together with pre-to-post ductal oxygen pulse oximetry (SpO2) gradient was the most common PPHN diagnostic method. The most frequent first-line pulmonary vasodilator was inhaled nitric oxide (155/199, 77.9%). Oral sildenafil was most commonly used as second-line adjunctive therapy by 46.3% (81/175). Dopamine (139/198, 70.2%) was chosen to be the initial inotropic agent and normal saline (191/199, 96.0%) was the preferred initial fluid resuscitation for hypotension. Sedation and analgesia were routinely used for PPHN treatment. Twenty-one percent (42/199) of respondents also used muscle relaxants to control respiratory distress. The most commonly used targets for partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, SpO2 and hemoglobin were 71–80 mmHg (60/197, 30.4%), 36–45 mmHg (100/199, 50.2%), 91–95% (111/199, 55.8%), and 13–15 gm/dL (156/196, 79.6%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: This survey shows that the management of PPHN varies widely around the world. The major PPHN diagnostic method is echocardiography together with bedside SpO2 monitoring. The study numbers show the main differences are between developed and developing countries. Further studies exploring evidence-based principles of diagnosis and management in PPHN are warranted.
Anterior placenta previa is associated with increased umbilical cord blood hematocrit concentrations
Authors: Daglar K. , Tokmak A. , Kirbas A. , Kara O. , Biberoglu E. , Uygur D. , Danisman N.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the umbilical cord blood (CB) hematocrit (Hct) levels in women with anterior located placenta previa (PP).

METHODS: This is a prospective case-control study performed in a tertiary level maternity hospital. Thirty seven pregnant women diagnosed with anterior PP (study group) and 37 women without PP (control group) included into the study. Groups were matched with regard to age, gestational age, and fetal gender. All women underwent Cesarean section. Umbilical CB Hct levels of the newborns were measured. Demographics, operative features, and neonatal outcomes were recorded.

RESULTS: Umbilical CB Hct levels were statistically significantly higher in the PP patients compared with controls (p: 52.6±5.0 vs. 47.5±5.0, p < 0.001). Preoperative maternal hemoglobin (Hgb) and Hct levels were similar in the two groups. However, postoperative Hb and Hct levels were significantly lower in the study group (p: 0.003, p < 0.001, respectively). Intraoperative complication rates were higher in this group. Neonatal Apgar scores were lower and neonatal intensive care unit admission was more common in the PP group when compared with controls.

CONCLUSION: We think that anterior PP is associated with increased umbilical CB Hct levels. Neonatologists should consider this condition in the infants born to mothers with anterior PP.
Feasibility of Coloring Bamboo with the Application of Natural and Extracted Fungal Pigments
Authors: Vega Gutierrez Sarath , Vega Gutierrez Patricia , Godinez Auna , Pittis Lauren , Huber Megan , Stanton Savannah , Robinson Sara
Published: August 2016

Fungal pigments, specifically those generated from spalting fungi, are being developed for broader use in the wood and textile industry, and due to their coloration properties, may also be useful as aesthetic bamboo dyes. This paper evaluates the potential use of fungal pigments in bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.), and compares the difference between natural spalting and the direct application of extracted fungal pigments of three known spalting fungi: Scytalidium cuboideum, Scytalidium ganodermophthorum, and Chlorociboria aeruginosa. Bamboo was significantly spalted by S. cuboideum under live inoculation, while the other two fungi did not colonize. For the direct application of fungal pigments, bamboo did not develop internal pigmentation with any pigment, but did develop visible surface color for S. cuboideium and C. aeruginosa. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of hyphae in bamboo vessels and parenchyma. An HPLC analysis for simple sugars showed the presence of glucose but no sucrose. Results indicate that the extracted pigments of the aforementioned fungi are ideal for the surface treatment of bamboo, while only direct inoculation of S. cuboideum is appropriate for internal coloration.
Efficiency Enhancement of a Low-Voltage Automotive Vacuum Cleaner Using a Switched Reluctance Motor
Authors: Seon Han-Geol , Han Man-Seung , Ahn Hyun-Jin , Kim Jaehyuck , Lim Young-Cheol
Published: August 2016

A recent increase in the number of diverse leisure activities and family outdoor activities has increased the need for the automobile-embedded vacuum cleaner. To date, this technology has not been applied in Korea and development efforts are not underway. Many of the existing portable cleaners connecting to the lighter jack of the vehicle use a direct current motor (DC motor). However, they do not have sufficient suction power to satisfy consumers; moreover, they have low durability and efficiency. In this paper, we therefore propose a technology for increasing the efficiency of the low-voltage automobile vacuum cleaner by replacing the existing DC motor with a switched reluctance motor (SRM), which has superior durability and efficiency.
Microbial Proteases in Baked Goods: Modification of Gluten and Effects on Immunogenicity and Product Quality
Authors: Heredia-Sandoval Nina , Valencia-Tapia Maribel , Calderón de la Barca Ana , Islas-Rubio Alma
Published: August 2016

Gluten-related diseases are a range of inflammatory disorders of the small intestine, characterized by an adverse response to gluten ingestion; therefore, the treatment is a gluten withdrawal. In spite of the increased market of gluten-free products, widely available breads with high acceptability are still missing due to the technological challenge of substituting the special gluten properties. Instead of using alternative ingredients for baking, some attempts have been done to decrease gluten immunogenicity by its enzymatic degradation with microbial proteases. Although the gluten immunogenicity reduction has been reached to an acceptable level, some quality parameters of the products are affected. This review focus on the use of microbial peptidases to prepare less immunogenic baked goods and their effect on product quality.
Intra-Peritoneal Administration of Mitochondrial DNA Provokes Acute Lung Injury and Systemic Inflammation via Toll-Like Receptor 9
Authors: Zhang Lemeng , Deng Songyun , Zhao Shuangping , Ai Yuhang , Zhang Lina , Pan Pinhua , Su Xiaoli , Tan Hongyi , Wu Dongdong
Published: August 2016

The pathogenesis of sepsis is complex. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is responsible for energy metabolism, intrinsic apoptotic pathway, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammatory responses, is closely related with severe sepsis induced death. Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) contain un-methylated cytosine phosphate guanine (CpG) motifs, which exhibit immune stimulatory capacities. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of mtDNA release on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute lung injury (ALI) and systemic inflammation. Following LPS injection, plasma mtDNA copies peak at 8 h. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, mtDNA in toll like receptor 4 knockout (TLR4 KO) mice were significantly decreased. MtDNA intra-peritoneal administration causes apparent ALI as demonstrated by increased lung injury score, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) total protein and wet/dry (W/D) ratio; mtDNA injection also directly provokes systemic inflammation, as demonstrated by increased IL-1β, IL-6, high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) level; while nuclear DNA (nDNA) could not induce apparent ALI and systemic inflammation. However, compared with WT mice, TLR4 KO could not protect from mtDNA induced ALI and systemic inflammation. Specific TLR9 inhibitor, ODN 2088 pretreatment can significantly attenuate mtDNA induced ALI and systemic inflammation, as demonstrated by improved lung injury score, decreased lung wet/dry ratio, BALF total protein concentration, and decreased systemic level of IL-1β, IL-6 and HMGB1. MtDNA administration activates the expression of p-P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in lung tissue and specific TLR9 inhibitor pretreatment can attenuate this activation. Thus, LPS-induced mtDNA release occurs in a TLR4-dependent manner, and mtDNA causes acute lung injury and systemic inflammation in a TLR9-dependent and TLR4-independent manner.
Flame Retardancy of Sorbitol Based Bioepoxy via Combined Solid and Gas Phase Action
Authors: Szolnoki Beáta , Bocz Katalin , Marosi György , Toldy Andrea
Published: August 2016

Flame-retarded bioepoxy resins were prepared with the application of commercially available sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPE). The additive-type flame retardancy of the cycloaliphatic amine-cured SPE was investigated. Three-percent phosphorus (P)-containing samples were prepared with the application of the liquid resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), the solid ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and by combining them. Synergistic effect was found between the inorganic APP and the organophosphorus RDP, when applied in combination: formulations applying RDP or APP alone showed increased limiting oxygen index (LOI) values, however, their UL-94 standard ratings remained HB. When the same amount of P originated from the two additives, V-0, self-extinguishing rating and LOI value of 34% (v/v) was reached. By the combined approach the heat release rate of SPE could be lowered by approximately 60%. The assumed balanced solid and gas phase mechanism was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) analysis (of the gases formed during laser pyrolysis), attenuated total reflection-infrared spectrometry (ATR-IR) analysis (of the charred residues), as well as by mechanical testing (of the char obtained after combustion).
Comparison of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness from Satellites, Aircraft, and PIOMAS Data
Authors: Wang Xuanji , Key Jeffrey , Kwok Ron , Zhang Jinlun
Published: August 2016

In this study, six Arctic sea ice thickness products are compared: the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder-extended (APP-x), ICESat, CryoSat-2, SMOS, NASA IceBridge aircraft flights, and the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS). The satellite products are based on three different retrieval methods: an energy budget approach, measurements of ice freeboard, and the relationship between passive microwave brightness temperatures and thin ice thickness. Inter-comparisons are done for the periods of overlap from 2003 to 2013. Results show that ICESat sea ice is thicker than APP-x and PIOMAS overall, particularly along the north coast of Greenland and Canadian Archipelago. The relative differences of APP-x and PIOMAS with ICESat are −0.48 m and −0.31 m, respectively. APP-x underestimates thickness relative to CryoSat-2, with a mean difference of −0.19 m. The biases for APP-x, PIOMAS, and CryoSat-2 relative to IceBridge thicknesses are 0.18 m, 0.18 m, and 0.29 m. The mean difference between SMOS and CryoSat-2 for 0~1 m thick ice is 0.13 m in March and −0.24 m in October. All satellite-retrieved ice thickness products and PIOMAS overestimate the thickness of thin ice (1 m or less) compared to IceBridge for which SMOS has the smallest bias (0.26 m). The spatial correlation between the datasets indicates that APP-x and PIOMAS are the most similar, followed by APP-x and CryoSat-2.
A High Precision Approach to Calibrate a Structured Light Vision Sensor in a Robot-Based Three-Dimensional Measurement System
Authors: Wu Defeng , Chen Tianfei , Li Aiguo
Published: August 2016

A robot-based three-dimensional (3D) measurement system is presented. In the presented system, a structured light vision sensor is mounted on the arm of an industrial robot. Measurement accuracy is one of the most important aspects of any 3D measurement system. To improve the measuring accuracy of the structured light vision sensor, a novel sensor calibration approach is proposed to improve the calibration accuracy. The approach is based on a number of fixed concentric circles manufactured in a calibration target. The concentric circle is employed to determine the real projected centres of the circles. Then, a calibration point generation procedure is used with the help of the calibrated robot. When enough calibration points are ready, the radial alignment constraint (RAC) method is adopted to calibrate the camera model. A multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) is then employed to identify the calibration residuals after the application of the RAC method. Therefore, the hybrid pinhole model and the MLPNN are used to represent the real camera model. Using a standard ball to validate the effectiveness of the presented technique, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed novel calibration approach can achieve a highly accurate model of the structured light vision sensor.
Drain Current Modulation of a Single Drain MOSFET by Lorentz Force for Magnetic Sensing Application
Authors: Chatterjee Prasenjit , Chow Hwang-Cherng , Feng Wu-Shiung
Published: August 2016

This paper reports a detailed analysis of the drain current modulation of a single-drain normal-gate n channel metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (n-MOSFET) under an on-chip magnetic field. A single-drain n-MOSFET has been fabricated and placed in the center of a square-shaped metal loop which generates the on-chip magnetic field. The proposed device designed is much smaller in size with respect to the metal loop, which ensures that the generated magnetic field is approximately uniform. The change of drain current and change of bulk current per micron device width has been measured. The result shows that the difference drain current is about 145 µA for the maximum applied magnetic field. Such changes occur from the applied Lorentz force to push out the carriers from the channel. Based on the drain current difference, the change in effective mobility has been detected up to 4.227%. Furthermore, a detailed investigation reveals that the device behavior is quite different in subthreshold and saturation region. A change of 50.24 µA bulk current has also been measured. Finally, the device has been verified for use as a magnetic sensor with sensitivity 4.084% (29.6 T−1), which is very effective as compared to other previously reported works for a single device.
Can We Improve Indicator Design for Complex Sustainable Development Goals? A Comparison of a Values-Based and Conventional Approach
Authors: Burford Gemma , Tamás Peter , Harder Marie
Published: August 2016

A conceptual framework was constructed for United Nations’ complex Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 4.7 focusing on education for sustainable development (ESD), and used to analyse the usefulness and character of indicators produced from a values-based approach called ESDinds, compared to a UN process. The analysis shows that the latter generated very few indicators concerning the wider aspects of knowledge such as ‘critical thinking’ or ‘learning to learn’. The values-based approach, created for a different purpose, produced complementary if not better coverage of Target 4.7, including finely-developed concepts for competencies and less tangible aspects. It is suggested that the UN process would benefit from ESDinds design elements such as intersubjective and slightly disruptive elements, purposeful contextualisation at group level, and a holistic and inductive consideration of values. The use of a reference ‘fuzzy framework’ of slightly generalised proto-indicators suited for deep contextualisation locally is recommended, rather than any rigid global-level indicator with unclear local value. It is recommended that ESD practitioners immediately develop localised interpretations of valid measures for whatever final Target 4.7 indicator is selected by the UN, as this localisation process will itself cause important learning towards local ESD achievements.
Identifying Efficient Nitrate Reduction Strategies in the Upper Danube
Authors: Udias Angel , Malagò Anna , Pastori Marco , Vigiak Olga , Reynaud Arnaud , Elorza Francisco , Bouraoui Faycal
Published: August 2016

Nitrogen losses in the form of Nitrate (N-NO3) from point and diffuse sources of pollution are recognized to be the leading cause of water body impairment throughout Europe. Implementation of conservation programs is perceived as being crucial for restoring and protecting the good ecological status of freshwater bodies. The success of conservation programs depends on the efficient identification of management solutions with respect to the envisaged environmental and economic objectives. This is a complex task, especially considering that costs and effectiveness of conservation strategies depend on their locations. We applied a multi-objective, spatially explicit analysis tool, the R-SWAT-DM framework, to search for efficient, spatially-targeted solution of Nitrate abatement in the Upper Danube Basin. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model served as the nonpoint source pollution estimator for current conditions as well as for scenarios with modified agricultural practices and waste water treatment upgrading. A spatially explicit optimization analysis that considered point and diffuse sources of Nitrate was performed to search for strategies that could achieve largest pollution abatement at minimum cost. The set of optimal spatial conservation strategies identified in the Basin indicated that it could be possible to reduce Nitrate loads by more than 50% while simultaneously provide a higher income.
Water Age Responses to Weather Conditions in a Hyper-Eutrophic Channel Reservoir in Southern China
Authors: Du Wei , Li Yiping , Hua Lei , Wang Chao , Wang Peifang , Wang Jingyu , Wang Ying , Chen Li , Bofah Buoh Robert , Jepkirui Mercy , Pan Baozhu , Jiang Yong , Acharya Kumud
Published: August 2016

Channel reservoirs have the characteristics of both rivers and lakes, in which hydrodynamic conditions and the factors affecting the eutrophication process are complex and highly affected by weather conditions. Water age at any location in the reservoir is used as an indicator for describing the spatial and temporal variations of water exchange and nutrient transport. The hyper-eutrophic Changtan Reservoir (CTR) in Southern China was investigated. Three weather conditions including wet, normal, and dry years were considered for assessing the response of water age by using the coupled watershed model Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model Environmental Fluid Hydrodynamic Code (EFDC). The results showed that the water age in CTR varied tremendously under different weather conditions. The averaged water ages at the downstream of CTR were 3 d, 60 d, and 110 d, respectively in the three typical wet, normal, and dry years. The highest water ages at the main tributary were >70 d, >100 d, and >200 d, respectively. The spatial distribution of water ages in the tributaries and the reservoir were mainly affected by precipitation. This paper provides useful information on water exchange and transport pathways in channel reservoir, which will be helpful in understanding nutrient dynamics for controlling algal blooms.
Improving Outcomes for Noncommunicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: LaBresh Kenneth A.
Published: August 2016

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the main cause of death worldwide. In addition, the incidence, prevalence, and death rates from NCDs are expected to increase in the future. No single discipline can address the issues of prevention, early detection, access to care, and appropriate treatment that are needed to improve outcomes for NCDs; this growing need will require transdisciplinary collaborations. Improving outcomes in NCDs is clearly a difficult endeavor that will require significant efforts. However, previous research and program implementation indicate that improving outcomes for NCDs is an achievable goal. Given the tremendous impact of NCDs on morbidity, mortality, and costs worldwide, there is little doubt that efforts to improve NDC outcomes are much needed. Recognizing the importance of new strategies and interventions addressing NCDS globally, RTI funded the projects described here to assess how the institute’s range of expertise could be focused on the reduction of NCDs. The projects described in this book focus on the risk factors or treatment (or both) of one or more of the four NCDs that are responsible for the greatest impact on morbidity and mortality: cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. The pilot projects were carried out in low- and middle-income countries, which are disproportionately affected by NCDs. The lessons learned from these initial pilot projects have great potential to be increased in their scale and reduce the devastating impact of noncommunicable diseases.
DISCOVERY OF A GALAXY CLUSTER WITH A VIOLENTLY STARBURSTING CORE AT z = 2.506
Authors: Wang Tao , Elbaz David , Daddi Emanuele , Finoguenov Alexis , Liu Daizhong , Schreiber Corentin , Martín Sergio , Strazzullo Veronica , Valentino Francesco , Burg Remco van der , Zanella Anita , Ciesla Laure , Gobat Raphael , Brun Amandine Le , Pannella Maurilio , Sargent Mark , Shu Xinwen , Tan Qinghua , Cappelluti Nico , Li Yanxia
Published: August 2016

We report the discovery of a remarkable concentration of massive galaxies with extended X-ray emission at z
spec = 2.506, which contains 11 massive (M
* ≳ 1011
M
⊙) galaxies in the central 80 kpc region (11.6σ overdensity). We have spectroscopically confirmed 17 member galaxies with 11 from CO and the remaining ones from Hα. The X-ray luminosity, stellar mass content, and velocity dispersion all point to a collapsed, cluster-sized dark matter halo with mass M
200c
 = 1013.9±0.2
M
⊙, making it the most distant X-ray-detected cluster known to date. Unlike other clusters discovered so far, this structure is dominated by star-forming galaxies (SFGs) in the core with only 2 out of the 11 massive galaxies classified as quiescent. The star formation rate (SFR) in the 80 kpc core reaches ∼3400 M
⊙ yr−1 with a gas depletion time of ∼200 Myr, suggesting that we caught this cluster in rapid build-up of a dense core. The high SFR is driven by both a high abundance of SFGs and a higher starburst fraction (∼25%, compared to 3%–5% in the field). The presence of both a collapsed, cluster-sized halo and a predominant population of massive SFGs suggests that this structure could represent an important transition phase between protoclusters and mature clusters. It provides evidence that the main phase of massive galaxy passivization will take place after galaxies accrete onto the cluster, providing new insights into massive cluster formation at early epochs. The large integrated stellar mass at such high redshift challenges our understanding of massive cluster formation.
Influence of Parental and Some Demographic Characteristics on Overweight/Obesity Status among a Sample of Egyptian Children
Authors: Hassan Nayera E. , El-Masry Sahar A. , Farid Tarek , Khalil Aya
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND: Overweight/obesity is a multi-factorial problem, which results from rapidly changing social, economic, and physical environments that have led to an energy imbalance.AIM: To identify the association between childhood overweight/obesity and some socio-demographic risk factors, as parental age, body mass index (BMI), education and occupation, family size and residence (urban/rural).SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study included 154 children of both sexes; aged 5-18 years; with their parents; one of them was working at the National Research Centre and from their relatives and neighbours. Data was collected about the child birth weight, family size, parental ages, education, occupation and place of residence. Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) of children and their parents were conducted.RESULTS: Obesity was detected among 19.5% of children (BMI > 95th percentile), 75.3% of their mothers and 49.6% of their fathers (BMI > 30 Kg/m^2). While overweight was present in 11.0% of the children (BMI > 85th- <95 percentile), 16.9% of their mothers and 36.5% of their fathers (BMI > 25-29.9 Kg/m^2). Child obesity was more prominent in urban than rural areas (21.3% versus 12.5%) and among housewives (22.8%) than among working mothers (16%, p < 0.016). Child overweight was more common in rural than urban areas (12.5% versus 10.7%) and among children with high father education (20%). Child BMI had significant positive correlations only with the child age, parental ages and BMIs, and family size. In spite of that, parental BMIs had significant positive correlations with each other and with family size, and significant negative correlations with maternal education and occupation and paternal education.CONCLUSION: Childhood obesity and overweight were more prominent in urban than rural areas, among children with non-working housewives mothers and highly educated fathers (college or above). Parental education and occupation had an indirect significant effect on child BMI through their significant effect on parental BMIs.
Memorial Architecture as the Symbol of Remembrance and Memories
Authors: Dimković Danijela Miodrag
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study is to assess memory and remembrance in presenting important concepts that establish construction of space, architecture and memorialization of the Holocaust. Some examples of memorials as the visual arts in the evocations of the Holocaust indicate a change in the ideological image of memory and understanding approach to European heritage after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Architecturally, the memorial spaces created a system of allusions, coding of real space and new findings are part of the implementation and presentation of the architecture of memory.