bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of STOPP Criteria and Beers Criteria in an inpatient psychiatric facility and impact on utilization of potentially inappropriate medications and adverse outcomes
Authors: Snyder Morgan C. , Mican Lisa M. , Smith Tawny , Barner Jamie
Published: December 2014

Background: The Beers Criteria and STOPP Criteria were developed to identify potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in the geriatric population. Utilization of STOPP Criteria PIMs have shown a significant association with presence of avoidable adverse drug events (ADEs) as compared to utilization of Beers Criteria PIMs.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to utilize STOPP and Beers Criteria to identify PIMs in geriatric patients at an inpatient psychiatric facility, with the goal of implementing a formal process for assessing medication regimens. This process would be expected to decrease adverse outcomes.

Methods: Both criteria were used by the pharmacist to identify PIMs and recommendations were made to address the PIMs. A retrospective chart review evaluated whether utilization of the two criteria led to a significant change in number of PIMs and associated adverse outcomes. The primary outcome was the change in number of PIMs for the Beers Criteria versus the STOPP Criteria. Secondary outcomes included the change in number of PIMs, falls, required referrals/transfers, and medication-specific ADEs for each set of criteria assessed separately.

Results: Twenty-nine patients met inclusion criteria, and 76 treatment recommendations were made. More PIMs per patient were identified at baseline utilizing STOPP (mean±SD,3.9±2.3) versus Beers Criteria (mean±SD, 2.2±1.3) (p<0.001). The number of PIMs decreased using STOPP (from 112 to 66; mean decrease per patient −1.6±1.5, p<0.0001) and Beers Criteria (from 63 to 23; mean decrease per patient −1.4±1.1, p<0.0001), although the change was not significant for STOPP vs. Beers (p=0.375). All secondary outcomes decreased using both criteria.

Conclusions: Utilization of each set of criteria by the pharmacist led to a significant decrease in PIMs and adverse outcomes decreased at follow-up using both criteria. Implementation of a process for assessing medication regimens of geriatric patients utilizing the Beers and/or STOPP Criteria would likely be beneficial to this institution.
Have you seen Molly? A review of Molly in primary literature
Authors: Steinhardt Sarah J. , Moore Thea R. , Casella Sean S.
Published: December 2014

There has been a recent increase in public awareness of the drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as Ecstasy. A purified version of this drug, known as “Molly”, is perceived by users to be safer than other illicit drugs, as it is expected to be free of toxic adulterants. This article reviews the clinical effects and toxicity associated with MDMA, as well as data on the purity of Molly and Ecstasy.
Toolbox: Psychotropic medications for augmentation or combination in treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Ng Audrey
Published: December 2014

This toolbox compares pharmacologic options for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) that may be considered if the patient fails to experience adequate response or remission despite optimizing antidepressant therapy.
Integrating psychiatric PharmD services into an emergency department psychiatry team
Authors: VandenBerg Amy M. , Mullis Diana
Published: December 2014

Typical services for psychiatric pharmacists include inpatient psychiatry units and outpatient psychiatry clinics. An increasingly common portal of entry to psychiatric hospitals, however, is the emergency department (ED). We describe a new clinical pharmacy service for psychiatric patients in the ED at our institution.
Impact of nighttime donepezil administration on sleep in the older adult population: A retrospective study
Authors: Agboton Carmen , Mahdavian Soheyla , Singh Angela , Ghazvini Patty , Hill Angela , Sweet Ragan
Published: December 2014

Introduction
. Although not definite, studies are finding Alzheimer's disease may be related to loss of cholinergic innervation. In order to impact this loss of function, therapeutic agents have been developed to reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter vital in cognitive processes. Donepezil has been used in Alzheimer's disease for improving cognition. Although the package insert suggests nighttime administration to reduce the instance of daytime side effects, some patients report sleep disturbances.

Methods
. Patient charts at the Tallahassee Memorial Healthcare Neuroscience Center (TMH-NSC) were reviewed. Charts of those patients who met the inclusion criteria were used to determine the correlation between night time administration of donepezil and sleep disturbances.

Results
. A total of 186 patient charts were analyzed. Of those 186, 103 of the patients were taking donepezil as directed in the package labeling, at night time. Nearly half (47.6%) of the patients taking donepezil at night reported night time disturbances (NTD) and only 21 of the 83 patients taking donepezil in the morning reported NTD.

Conclusion
. This retrospective study showed that taking donepezil at night may be associated with sleep disturbances. Although labeling suggests administration in the evening, should NTDs occur, changing the medication administration to the morning should be explored before switching therapeutic agents.
Monitoring and Treatment of Weight Gain in Children and Adolescents Treated with Second Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs)
Authors: Saldaña Shannon N. , Kawsky Jaclyn
Published: December 2014

The use of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses in children and adolescents is increasing. Adverse effects of SGAs include weight gain, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance that can subsequently progress to diabetes. Data suggest that the metabolic effects of SGAs may be more severe in children and adolescents than in adults. The mechanism of SGA-related weight gain is not fully understood and almost certainly due to a combination of factors. A vital first step to minimize risk and long-term adverse outcomes from SGA treatment is to implement consistent metabolic monitoring.
Implementation and outcomes of a pharmacy managed clinic for veterans in a substance abuse residential rehabilitation treatment program
Authors: McNeil Julie , Johnson Catherine , Krahn Dean
Published: December 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of a newly implemented pharmacy managed service in a Substance Abuse Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program (SARRTP) within a Veterans Medical Center setting. Patients receiving residential treatment may have a lapse in primary care services if their primary care provider is based out of a different facility. This can result in undesirable outcomes, including unnecessary emergency department (ED) visits or unaddressed medical needs. Additionally, these patients have often made significant lifestyle modifications that can have a major impact on the treatment of their chronic medical conditions. A pharmacy-managed clinic was created for these patients to provide medication therapy management as appropriate within the scope of a pharmacist.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed using the Computerized Patient Record System to assess outcomes of the newly implemented pharmacy managed clinic for SARRTP patients. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained prior to data collection. Outcomes assessed included number of ED visits before and after clinic initiation, as well as number and type of pharmacist interventions. Fisher's exact test was used to determine statistical significance, defined as p<0.05.

Results: Thirty-seven patients were seen in a total of 46 clinic visits over a period of six months. ED visits had a statistically significant decrease of 27.9% following clinic initiation (p<0.05). There was an average of 4.3 problems assessed per patient. Average number of interventions per patient was 2.7 with an average of 3.5 educational topics documented.

Conclusion: ED visits decreased significantly following clinic initiation, resulting in cost savings. Multiple interventions were made through this new clinical service to improve Veteran care. Lifestyle modifications made by this patient population often require therapy adjustments and education to optimize care. This type of innovative clinical service would likely be beneficial for other facilities to consider providing.
New Drug Review: Lurasidone (Latuda®) - The new antipsychotic on the block
Authors: Gable Kelly N.
Published: December 2014

Lurasidone was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011. This article reviews clinically significant aspects of this new drug including: the FDA-approved indications, mechanism of action, administration, drug interactions, adverse effects, clinical trial evidence, innovative properties and place in therapy.
New Drug Review: Gabapentin enacarbil extended release (Horizant™) – A new formulation on the horizon
Authors: Werremeyer Amy B.
Published: December 2014

Gabapentin enacarbil was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in April of 2011. This article reviews clinically significant aspects of this new drug including: the FDA-approved indications, mechanism of action, administration, drug interactions, adverse effects, clinical trial evidence, innovative properties and place in therapy.
Drug-induced movement disorders
Authors: Chen Jack J.
Published: December 2014

This comprehensive review covers approaches for both the recognition and management of drug-induced movement disorders. Pharmacotherapeutic approaches for treating akathisia, dystonia, Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia are explored. The importance of early detection via periodic assessment is discussed.
Disruption and reaccretion of midsized moons during an outer solar system Late Heavy Bombardment
Authors: Movshovitz N. , Nimmo F. , Korycansky D. G. , Asphaug E. , Owen J. M.
Published: December 2014

We investigate the problem of satellite survival during a hypothetical Late Heavy Bombardment in the outer solar system, as predicted by the Nice model (Tsiganis, Gomes, Morbidelli, and Levison 2005, Nature 435). Using a Monte Carlo approach we calculate, for satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, the probability of experiencing a catastrophic collision during the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB). We find that Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, and Miranda experience at least one catastrophic impact in every simulation. Because reaccretion is expected to be rapid, these bodies will have emerged as scrambled mixtures of rock and ice. Tidal heating may have subsequently modified the latter three, but in the nominal LHB model Mimas should be a largely undifferentiated, homogeneous body. A differentiated Mimas would imply either that this body formed late or that the Nice model requires significant modification.
Outflow of low‐energy ions and the solar cycle
Authors: André M. , Li K. , Eriksson A. I.
Published: December 2014

Magnetospheric ions with energies less than tens of eV originate from the ionosphere. Positive low‐energy ions are complicated to detect onboard sunlit spacecraft at higher altitudes, which often become positively charged to several tens of volts. We use two Cluster spacecraft and study low‐energy ions with a technique based on the detection of the wake behind a charged spacecraft in a supersonic ion flow. We find that low‐energy ions usually dominate the density and the outward flux in the geomagnetic tail lobes during all parts of the solar cycle. The global outflow is of the order of 1026 ions/s and often dominates over the outflow at higher energies. The outflow increases by a factor of 2 with increasing solar EUV flux during a solar cycle. This increase is mainly due to the increased density of the outflowing population, while the outflow velocity does not vary much. Thus, the outflow is limited by the available density in the ionospheric source rather than by the energy available in the magnetosphere to increase the velocity.
Upscale and downscale energy transfer over the tropical Pacific revealed by scatterometer winds
Authors: King Gregory P. , Vogelzang Jur , Stoffelen Ad
Published: December 2014

The direction of the energy cascade in the mesoscales of atmospheric turbulence is investigated using near‐surface winds over the tropical Pacific measured by satellite scatterometers SeaWinds (QuikSCAT) and ASCAT (MetOp‐A). The tropical Pacific was subdivided into nine regions, classified as rainy or dry. Longitudinal third‐order along‐track structure functions
and skewness
were calculated as a function of separation
for each region and month during the period November 2008 to October 2009. We find that the results support both downscale and upscale interpretations, depending on region and month. The results indicate that normally energy cascades downscale, but cascades upscale over the cold tongue in the cold season and over the west Pacific in summer months. An explanation is offered based on the heating or cooling of the air by the underlying sea surface temperature. It is also found that the signature of intermittent small‐scale (<100 km) events could be identified in graphs of
, implying that this diagnostic may be useful in the studies of tropical disturbances.
Quality assessment of spaceborne sea surface salinity observations over the northern North Atlantic
Authors: Köhler Julia , Sena Martins Meike , Serra Nuno , Stammer Detlef
Published: December 2014

Spaceborne sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements provided by the European Space Agency's (ESA) “Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity” (SMOS) and the National Aeronautical Space Agency's (NASA) “Aquarius/SAC‐D” missions, covering the period from May 2012 to April 2013, are compared against in situ salinity measurements obtained in the northern North Atlantic between 20°N and 80°N. In cold water, SMOS SSS fields show a temperature‐dependent negative SSS bias of up to −2 g/kg for temperatures <5°C. Removing this bias significantly reduces the differences to independent ship‐based thermosalinograph data but potentially corrects simultaneously also other effects not related to temperature, such as land contamination or radio frequency interference (RFI). The resulting time‐mean bias, averaged over the study area, amounts to 0.1 g/kg. A respective correction applied previously by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to the Aquarius data is shown here to have successfully removed an SST‐related bias in our study area. For both missions, resulting spatial structures of SSS variability agree very well with those available from an eddy‐resolving numerical simulation and from Argo data and, additionally they also show substantial salinity changes on monthly and seasonal time scales. Some fraction of the root‐mean‐square difference between in situ, and SMOS and Aquarius data (approximately 0.9 g/kg) can be attributed to short time scale ocean processes, notably at the Greenland shelf, and could represent associated sampling errors there.
Evolution of summer Arctic sea ice albedo in CCSM4 simulations: Episodic summer snowfall and frozen summers
Authors: Light Bonnie , Dickinson Suzanne , Perovich Donald K. , Holland Marika M.
Published: December 2014

The albedo of Arctic sea ice is calculated from summertime output of twentieth century Community Climate System Model v.4 (CCSM4) simulations. This is compared with an empirical record based on the generalized observations of the summer albedo progression along with melt onset dates determined from remote sensing. Only the contributions to albedo from ice, snow, and ponds are analyzed; fractional ice area is not considered in this assessment. Key factors dictating summer albedo evolution are the timing and extent of ponding and accumulation of snow. The CCSM4 summer sea ice albedo decline was found, on average, to be less pronounced than either the empirical record or the CLARA‐SAL satellite record. The modeled ice albedo does not go as low as the empirical record, nor does the low summer albedo last as long. In the model, certain summers were found to retain snow on sea ice, thus inhibiting ice surface melt and the formation or retention of melt ponds. These “frozen” summers were generally not the summers with the largest spring snow accumulation, but were instead summers that received at least trace snowfall in June or July. When these frozen summers are omitted from the comparison, the model and empirical records are in much better agreement. This suggests that the representation of summer Arctic snowfall events and/or their influence on the sea ice conditions are not well represented in CCSM4 integrations, providing a target for future model development work.
Decoupling the influence of biological and physical processes on the dissolved oxygen in the Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Du Jiabi , Shen Jian
Published: December 2014

It is instructive and essential to decouple the effects of biological and physical processes on the dissolved oxygen condition, in order to understand their contribution to the interannual variability of hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay since the 1980s. A conceptual bottom DO budget model is applied, using the vertical exchange time scale (VET) to quantify the physical condition and net oxygen consumption rate to quantify biological activities. By combining observed DO data and modeled VET values along the main stem of the Chesapeake Bay, the monthly net bottom DO consumption rate was estimated for 1985–2012. The DO budget model results show that the interannual variations of physical conditions accounts for 88.8% of the interannual variations of observed DO. The high similarity between the VET spatial pattern and the observed DO suggests that physical processes play a key role in regulating the DO condition. Model results also show that long‐term VET has a slight increase in summer, but no statistically significant trend is found. Correlations among southerly wind strength, North Atlantic Oscillation index, and VET demonstrate that the physical condition in the Chesapeake Bay is highly controlled by the large‐scale climate variation. The relationship is most significant during the summer, when the southerly wind dominates throughout the Chesapeake Bay. The seasonal pattern of the averaged net bottom DO consumption rate (
) along the main stem coincides with that of the chlorophyll‐a concentration. A significant correlation between nutrient loading and
suggests that the biological processes in April–May are most sensitive to the nutrient loading.
Recent trends in the Southern Ocean eddy field
Authors: Hogg Andrew McC. , Meredith Michael P. , Chambers Don P. , Abrahamsen E. Povl , Hughes Chris W. , Morrison Adele K.
Published: December 2014

Eddies in the Southern Ocean act to moderate the response of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) to changes in forcing. An updated analysis of the Southern Ocean satellite altimetry record indicates an increase in eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in recent decades, contemporaneous with a probable decrease in ACC transport. The EKE trend is largest in the Pacific (14.9 ± 4.1 cm2 s−2 per decade) and Indian (18.3 ± 5.1 cm2 s−2 per decade) sectors of the Southern Ocean. We test the hypothesis that variations in wind stress can account for the observed EKE trends using perturbation experiments conducted with idealized high‐resolution ocean models. The decadal increase in EKE is most likely due to continuing increases in the wind stress over the Southern Ocean, albeit with considerable interannual variability superposed. ACC transport correlates well with wind stress on these interannual time scales, but is weakly affected by wind forcing at longer periods. The increasing intensity of the Southern Ocean eddy field has implications for overturning circulation, carbon cycling, and climate.
Machine Tool and CAM‐NC Data Chain for Laser Polishing Complex Shaped Parts
Authors: Flemmer John , Ross Ingo , Willenborg Edgar , Fröba Horst
Published: December 2014

Its high impact on functional and aesthetical properties makes the polishing operation a crucial part of the manufacturing process of tools and dies. While manual polishing still is the state of the art for many finishing tasks, the laser polishing process offers full automation, high processing speed and unique surface properties. In order to bring laser polishing from laboratory to industrial scale; from flat samples to freeform surfaces; three main challenges have to be met: (i) process adaption for 3D laser polishing; (ii) development of the necessary machine technology; and (iii) development of a user‐friendly CAM‐NC process chain. Facing these challenges, an industry‐ready machine tool implementing the most recent developments in 3D laser polishing was developed and tested in an industrial environment.
Effect of Doping Concentration on Microstructure of Conjugated Polymers and Characteristics in N‐Type Polymer Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Liu Chuan , Jang Junhyuk , Xu Yong , Kim Hyo‐Jung , Khim Dongyoon , Park Won‐Tae , Noh Yong‐Young , Kim Jang‐Joo
Published: December 2014

Despite extensive progress in organic field‐effect transistors, there are still far fewer reliable, high‐mobility n‐type polymers than p‐type polymers. It is demonstrated that by using dopants at a critical doping molar ratio (MR), performance of n‐type polymer poly[[N,N9‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,59‐(2,29‐bithiophene)] (P(NDI2DO‐T2)) field‐effect transistors (FETs) can be significantly improved and simultaneously optimized in mobility, on–off ratio, crystallinity, injection, and reliability. In particular, when using the organic dopant bis(cyclopentadienyl)–cobalt(II) (cobaltocene, CoCp2) at a low concentration (0.05 wt%), the FET mobility is increased from 0.34 to 0.72 cm2 V–1 s–1, and the threshold voltage was decreased from 32.7 to 8.8 V. The relationship between the MR of dopants and electrical characteristics as well as the evolution in polymer crystallinity revealed by synchrotron X‐ray diffractions are systematically investigated. Deviating from previous discoveries, it is found that mobility increases first and then decreases drastically beyond a critical value of MR. Meanwhile, the intensity and width of the main peak of in‐plane X‐ray diffraction start to decrease at the same critical MR. Thus, the mobility decrease is correlated with the disturbed in‐plane crystallinity of the conjugated polymer, for both organic and inorganic dopants. The method provides a simple and efficient approach to employing dopants to optimize the electrical performance and microstructure of P(NDI2DO‐T2).
Noncovalent Polymer‐Gatekeeper in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Targeted Drug Delivery Platform
Authors: Palanikumar L. , Choi Eun Seong , Cheon Jae Yeong , Joo Sang Hoon , Ryu Ja‐Hyoung
Published: December 2014

Selective targeting of tumor cells and release of drug molecules inside the tumor microenvironment can reduce the adverse side effects of traditional chemotherapeutics because of the lower dosages required. This can be achieved by using stimuli‐responsive targeted drug delivery systems. In the present work, a robust and simple one‐pot route is developed to synthesize polymer‐gatekeeper mesoporous silica nanoparticles by noncovalent capping of the pores of drug‐loaded nanocontainers with disulfide cross‐linkable polymers. The method offers very high loading efficiency because chemical modification of the mesoporous nanoparticles is not required; thus, the large empty pore volume of pristine mesoporous silica nanoparticles is entirely available to encapsulate drug molecules. Furthermore, the polymer shell can be easily decorated with a targeting ligand for selective delivery to specific cancer cells by subsequent addition of the thiol‐containing ligand molecule. The drug molecules loaded in the nanocontainers can be released by the degradation of the polymer shell in the intracellular reducing microenvironment, which consequentially induces cell death.
Sodium Halides as Halogenating Reagents: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Versatile and Practical Halogenation of Aryl Compounds
Authors: Zhang Panpan , Hong Liang , Li Guofeng , Wang Rui
Published: December 2014

We report a concise, versatile and practical method for the ortho‐chlorination, ortho‐bromination and ortho‐iodination of aryl compounds. The significant advantage of this transformation is the creation of the carbon‐halogen bond by use of readily available and cheap halide salts as formal nucleophilic halogenating reagents under mild reaction conditions.

magnified image
Very Important Publication: Hypoiodite‐Catalyzed Regioselective Oxidation of Alkenes: An Expeditious Access to Aldehydes in Aqueous Micellar Media
Authors: Swamy Peraka , Reddy Marri Mahender , Naresh Mameda , Kumar Macharla Arun , Srujana Kodumuri , Durgaiah Chevella , Narender Nama
Published: December 2014

A highly anti‐Markovnikov selective oxidation of alkenes based on in situ generated hypoiodite catalysis in aqueous micellar media under mild conditions has been described. This novel catalytic system realizes an efficient synthesis of aldehydes from alkenes in an economically viable and environmentally safe fashion. The preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via tandem iodofunctionalization/1,2‐aryl or alkyl migration. The scope and limitations of this tandem process are demonstrated with various mono‐ and disubstituted (terminal and internal) olefins.

magnified image
Energetic damping in electronic transport simulations on finite systems
Authors: Collet Tim , Schmitteckert Peter
Published: December 2014

In this paper, an implementation of energetic damping for fermionic transport simulations which respects particle conservation is presented. For this, nonhermitian terms in the Hamiltonian of the system are used. After an explanation of the method, it is demonstrated studying the current over time and I/V characteristics in the noninteracting resonant level model for spinless fermions.

image
Thermodynamik und Kinetik in der Nanosynthese
Authors: Wang Yawen , He Jiating , Liu Cuicui , Chong Wen Han , Chen Hongyu
Published: December 2014

Ein Werkzeug aus Stein kann möglicherweise durch Zufall entdeckt werden, aber es erfordert mehr als nur Glück, um ein Auto oder ein Handy zu entwickeln. Mit zunehmenden Fortschritten der Nanowissenschaften verlangt die Synthese der immer aufwendigeren Nanostrukturen nach einem rationalen Design und einem systematischen Ansatz. In diesem Aufsatz plädieren wir für eine Unterscheidung zwischen thermodynamisch und kinetisch kontrollierten Szenarien, oder anders gesagt, nach einer Unterscheidung, ob sich ein Produkt bildet, weil es sich um den stabilsten Zustand handelt oder weil der dahin führende Weg die geringste Barriere aufweist. Unser Ziele sind eine genaue Beschreibung der vielen, gleichzeitig ablaufenden Prozesse bei typischen Nanosynthesen und die Einordnung von mechanistischen Vorschlägen in der Literatur in einen gemeinsamen Rahmen, damit diese sich leichter vergleichen lassen.
Polymerkomposite für thermoelektrische Anwendungen
Authors: McGrail Brendan T. , Sehirlioglu Alp , Pentzer Emily
Published: December 2014

Dieser Kurzaufsatz berichtet über kürzlich veröffentlichte Polymerkomposite, die einen thermoelektrischen (TE) Effekt zeigen und demzufolge potenzielle Anwendungen als thermoelektrische Generatoren und Peltier‐Kühler haben. Der wachsende Bedarf an Wärmemanagementsystemen und Energiequellen mit verringertem CO2‐Ausstoß lässt die Entwicklung neuer TE‐Materialien zu einer zentralen Herausforderung für Forscher unterschiedlichster Disziplinen werden, besonders in Anbetracht der Verknappung und Toxizität herkömmlicher anorganischer, auf Te und Pb basierender TE‐Materialien. Neueste Veröffentlichungen zu Kompositen mit anorganischen und organischen Additiven in konjugierten und nichtleitenden Polymermatrizes sowie die zur vollständigen Charakterisierung ihrer TE‐Eigenschaften erforderlichen Methoden werden behandelt.
Photochemically Induced Intramolecular Six‐Electron Reductive Elimination and Oxidative Addition of Nitric Oxide by the Nitridoosmate(VIII) Anion
Authors: Thornley Wyatt A. , Bitterwolf Thomas E.
Published: December 2014

UV photolysis of the nitridoosmate(VIII) anion, OsO3N−, in low‐temperature frozen matrices results in nitrogen–oxygen bond formation to give the OsII nitrosyl complex OsO2(NO)−. Photolysis of the OsII nitrosyl product with visible wavelengths results in reversion to the parent OsVIII complex. Formally a six‐electron reductive elimination and oxidative addition, respectively, this represents the first reported example of such an intramolecular transformation. DFT modelling of this reaction proceeds through a step‐wise mechanism taking place through a side‐on nitroxyl OsVI intermediate, OsO2(η2‐NO)−.
Towards a Psychoanalytic Concept of Community (I): Consideration of Current Concepts
Authors: Koh Eugen , Twemlow Stuart W.
Published: December 2014

“Community” is a word that is used frequently in everyday exchanges and, increasingly, in public policies and government funding strategies. Mental health promotion campaigns strongly promote “community‐focused” initiatives. The predominant discourse on the topic of “community” has been from socio‐political perspectives. Very little has been written specifically about the nature of communities, or their psychodynamics, from a psychoanalytic perspective. This paper, the first of three, considers three major conceptualizations of communities – philosophical, sociological and ecological – from a psychoanalytic perspective. Within this paradigm, a community, unless arbitrarily defined, is as much a subjective notion as it is an objective entity. Psychoanalysis has much to add to the current thinking on this subject by adding a description of its dynamic qualities, and highlighting the subjective experience (both individual and collective, conscious and unconscious) of communities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase 2, multicenter, open‐label study of sepantronium bromide (YM155) plus docetaxel in patients with stage III (unresectable) or stage IV melanoma
Authors: Kudchadkar Ragini , Ernst Scott , Chmielowski Bartosz , Redman Bruce G. , Steinberg Joyce , Keating Anne , Jie Fei , Chen Caroline , Gonzalez Rene , Weber Jeffrey
Published: December 2014

Survivin is a microtubule‐associated protein believed to be involved in preserving cell viability and regulating tumor cell mitosis, and it is overexpressed in many primary tumor types, including melanoma. YM155 is a first‐in‐class survivin suppressant. The purpose of this Phase 2 study was to evaluate the 6‐month progression‐free survival (PFS) rate in patients with unresectable Stage III or IV melanoma receiving a combination of YM155 plus docetaxel. The study had two parts: Part 1 established the dose of docetaxel that was tolerable in combination with YM155, and Part 2 evaluated the tolerable docetaxel dose (75 mg/m2) in combination with YM155 (5 mg/m2 per day continuous infusion over 168 h every 3 weeks). The primary endpoint was 6‐month PFS rate. Secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), 1‐year overall survival (OS) rate, time from first response to progression, clinical benefit rate (CBR), and safety. Sixty‐four patients with metastatic melanoma were treated with docetaxel and YM155. Eight patients received an initial docetaxel dose of 100 mg/m2 and 56 patients received 75 mg/m2 of docetaxel. Six‐month PFS rate per Independent Review Committee (IRC) was 34.8% (n = 64; 95% CI, 21.3–48.6%), and per Investigator was 31.3% (n = 64; 95% CI, 19.5–43.9%). The best ORR (complete response [CR] + partial response [PR]) per IRC was 12.5% (8/64). The stable disease (SD) rate was 51.6% (33/64), leading to a CBR (CR + PR + SD) of 64.1% (41/64). Estimated probability of 1‐year survival was 56.3%. YM155 is a novel agent showing modest activity when combined with docetaxel for treating patients with melanoma. YM155 was generally well tolerated, but the predetermined primary efficacy endpoint (i.e., 6‐month PFS rate ≥20%) was not achieved.
Skeletal Platinum Nanostructures with High Surface Area on a Substrate by Chemical Reduction Deposition with Ammonium Carbonate
Authors: Gopalan Nishanth K. , Zhang Shupeng , Du Donghe , Li Pengcheng , Ouyang Jianyong
Published: December 2014

Noble metals such as platinum are excellent catalysts. Increasing the surface area of these metal catalysts is important for their practical application. We report a facile method to directly deposit skeletal platinum nanostructures through the chemical reduction of its precursor. Although porous platinum structures can be deposited on a substrate through the chemical reduction of H2PtCl6 with ethylene glycol vapor, their electrochemical surface area is 13.2 m2g−1, comparable to the commercial platinum black. The surface area is significantly increased by mixing (NH4)2CO3 into H2PtCl6 in the solid state. (NH4)2CO3 decomposes at relatively low temperature, giving rise to skeletal H2PtCl6. The reduction of H2PtCl6 with ethylene glycol vapor at 190 °C leads to the deposition of skeletal Pt nanostructures. The electrochemical surface area of the skeletal Pt nanostructures can be as high as 36.3 m2g−1. The electrocatalytic activity also increases significantly.
Reversible Photoswitching of RNA Hybridization at Room Temperature with an Azobenzene C‐Nucleoside
Authors: Goldau Thomas , Murayama Keiji , Brieke Clara , Steinwand Sabrina , Mondal Padmabati , Biswas Mithun , Burghardt Irene , Wachtveitl Josef , Asanuma Hiroyuki , Heckel Alexander
Published: December 2014

Photoregulation of RNA remains a challenging task as the introduction of a photoswitch entails changes in the shape and the stability of the duplex that strongly depend on the chosen linker strategy. Herein, the influence of a novel nucleosidic linker moiety on the photoregulation efficiency of azobenzene is investigated. To this purpose, two azobenzene C‐nucleosides were stereoselectively synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into RNA oligonucleotides. Spectroscopic characterization revealed a reversible and fast switching process, even at 20 °C, and a high thermal stability of the respective cis isomers. The photoregulation efficiency of RNA duplexes upon trans‐to‐cis isomerization was investigated by using melting point studies and compared with the known D‐threoninol‐based azobenzene system, revealing a photoswitching amplitude of the new residues exceeding 90 % even at room temperature. Structural changes in the duplexes upon photoisomerization were investigated by using MM/MD calculations. The excellent photoswitching performance at room temperature and the high thermal stability make these new azobenzene residues promising candidates for in‐vivo and nanoarchitecture photoregulation applications of RNA.
Phase 2 multi‐institutional trial evaluating gemcitabine and stereotactic body radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Herman Joseph M. , Chang Daniel T. , Goodman Karyn A. , Dholakia Avani S. , Raman Siva P. , Hacker‐Prietz Amy , Iacobuzio‐Donahue Christine A. , Griffith Mary E. , Pawlik Timothy M. , Pai Jonathan S. , O'Reilly Eileen , Fisher George A. , Wild Aaron T. , Rosati Lauren M. , Zheng Lei , Wolfgang Christopher L. , Laheru Daniel A. , Columbo Laurie A. , Sugar Elizabeth A. , Koong Albert C.
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

This phase 2 multi‐institutional study was designed to determine whether gemcitabine (GEM) with fractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) results in acceptable late grade 2 to 4 gastrointestinal toxicity when compared with a prior trial of GEM with single‐fraction SBRT in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).

METHODS

A total of 49 patients with LAPC received up to 3 doses of GEM (1000 mg/m2) followed by a 1‐week break and SBRT (33.0 gray [Gy] in 5 fractions). After SBRT, patients continued to receive GEM until disease progression or toxicity. Toxicity was assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4.0] and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group radiation morbidity scoring criteria. Patients completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ‐C30) and pancreatic cancer‐specific QLQ‐PAN26 module before SBRT and at 4 weeks and 4 months after SBRT.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up was 13.9 months (range, 3.9‐45.2 months). The median age of the patients was 67 years and 84% had tumors of the pancreatic head. Rates of acute and late (primary endpoint) grade ≥2 gastritis, fistula, enteritis, or ulcer toxicities were 2% and 11%, respectively. QLQ‐C30 global quality of life scores remained stable from baseline to after SBRT (67 at baseline, median change of 0 at both follow‐ups; P>.05 for both). Patients reported a significant improvement in pancreatic pain (P = .001) 4 weeks after SBRT on the QLQ‐PAN26 questionnaire. The median plasma carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA 19‐9) level was reduced after SBRT (median time after SBRT, 4.2 weeks; 220 U/mL vs 62 U/mL [P<.001]). The median overall survival was 13.9 months (95% confidence interval, 10.2 months‐16.7 months). Freedom from local disease progression at 1 year was 78%. Four patients (8%) underwent margin‐negative and lymph node‐negative surgical resections.

CONCLUSIONS

Fractionated SBRT with GEM results in minimal acute and late gastrointestinal toxicity. Future studies should incorporate SBRT with more aggressive multiagent chemotherapy. Cancer 2015;121:1128–1137. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Design to appeal to the “connected” generation of students
Authors: Gruskin Kenneth A.
Published: December 2014

While officials at almost every higher education institution already understand that making investments in signature buildings is a time‐honored way to communicate the promise and excitement of an education at that particular university or college, there are ways to make smaller, strategic investments in both new and existing facilities.
Melanopsin ganglion cells extend dendrites into the outer retina during early postnatal development
Authors: Renna Jordan M. , Chellappa Deepa K. , Ross Christopher L. , Stabio Maureen E. , Berson David M.
Published: December 2014

Melanopsin ganglion cells express the photopigment melanopsin and are the first functional photoreceptors to develop in the mammalian retina. They have been shown to play a variety of important roles in visual development and behavior in the early postnatal period (Johnson et al., 2010; Kirkby and Feller, 2013; Rao et al., 2013; Renna et al., 2011). Here, we probed the maturation of the dendritic arbors of melanopsin ganglion cells during this developmental period in mice. We found that some melanopsin ganglion cells (mainly the M1‐subtype) transiently extend their dendrites not only into the inner plexiform layer (where they receive synaptic inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells) but also into the outer plexiform layer, where in mature retina, rod and cone photoreceptors are thought to contact only bipolar and horizontal cells. Thus, some immature melanopsin ganglion cells are biplexiform. This feature is much less common although still present in the mature retina. It reaches peak incidence 8–12 days after birth, before the eyes open and bipolar cells are sufficiently mature to link rods and cones to ganglion cells. At this age, some outer dendrites of melanopsin ganglion cells lie in close apposition to the axon terminals of cone photoreceptors and express a postsynaptic marker of glutamatergic transmission, postsynaptic density‐95 protein (PSD‐95). These findings raise the possibility of direct, monosynaptic connections between cones and melanopsin ganglion cells in the early postnatal retina. We provide a detailed description of the developmental profile of these processes and consider their possible functional and evolutionary significance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 935–946, 2015
Different Contributions of Aliphatic and Conjugated Organic Cations to Both the Crystal and Electronic Structures: Three Hybrid Iodoargentates Showing Two Isomers of the (AgI2)– Chain
Authors: Liu Guang‐Ning , Liu Le‐Le , Chu Ya‐Nan , Sun Yi‐Qiang , Zhang Zhen‐Wei , Li Cuncheng
Published: December 2014

Three new hybrid iodoargentates (H2pipe)0.5(α‐AgI2) (1), (Me2teda)0.5(α‐AgI2) (2), and (H2dpe)0.5(β‐AgI2) (3) have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions, whereby the aliphatic organic cations (H2pipe)2+ and (Me2teda)2+ (pipe = piperazine, teda = triethylenediamine) and the conjugated organic cation (H2dpe)2+ [dpe = 1,2‐di(4‐pyridyl)ethylene] exhibit different contributions to both the crystal and electronic structures. The (H2pipe)2+ and (Me2teda)2+ cations direct the formation of α‐type (AgI2)– polyanionic chains and influence the bandgaps of 1 and 2 indirectly by modulating the iodoargentate anionic structures. By contrast, the (H2dpe)2+ cation directs the formation of a novel β‐type (AgI2)– chain and changes the bandgap of 3 directly to make up the bottom of the conduction band. From 1 and 2 to 3, a direct to indirect bandgap transformation and reduced bandgap can be observed (3.74, 2.88, and 1.99 eV for 1–3, respectively). Relative to the bandgap of bulk AgI2, the bandgaps of 1 and 2 show a blueshift as a result of the quantum confinement effect, whereas the bandgap of 3 shows a redshift owing to the direct participation of the conjugated cation (H2dpe)2+ in adjusting the bandgap.
Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Chalcogenyl‐1,3‐oxazin‐2‐ones by Chalcogen‐Mediated Yne–Carbamate Cyclisation: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Monleón Alicia , Blay Gonzalo , Domingo Luis R. , Muñoz M. Carmen , Pedro José R.
Published: December 2014

A very efficient synthesis of 5‐chalcogenyl‐1,3‐oxazin‐2‐ones has been accomplished by the chalcogen‐mediated yne–carbamate cyclisation of chiral, non‐racemic N‐Cbz‐protected propargylic amines using PhXY (X = Se, S, Te; Y = Br or Cl) as electrophile sources. The reactions gave good‐to‐excellent yields for a wide range of substrates. In all cases the reaction was totally regioselective, occurring by a 6‐endo‐dig process regardless of the nature of the reagent and of the substituents in the starting material. This methodology permits the formation of the 1,3‐oxazin‐2‐one moiety as well as the simultaneous installation of a chalcogen functionality onto the heterocyclic ring. The experimental results have been rationalised by theoretical studies at the B3LYP/6‐311G* level of theory.
Dependence of Stereoelectronic and Charge Effects on pKa Values of 1,3‐Dithiane‐Derived Sulfides, Sulfoxides, and Sulfones: An Experimental and Computational Investigation
Authors: Süveges Bastian D. , Podlech Joachim
Published: December 2014

The pKa values of conformationally fixed 1,3‐dithianes were investigated with experimental and theoretical methods to gain an insight into the influence of the relative orientation of the acidic proton and the stabilising S=O or S–C bonds. Experimental values were determined with a modification of the spectrophotometric method using overlapping indicators developed by Bordwell; theoretical values were obtained with the proton exchange methods using DFT calculations. It turned out that stereoelectronic stabilisation is important for sulfides and sulfoxides, whereas charge effects become dominant in sulfones. Deprotonation of the equatorial proton is favoured for most of the compounds except for the equatorial/axial bis‐sulfoxide.
Effects of sediment pulses on bed relief in bar‐pool channels
Authors: Zunka John P. P. , Tullos Desiree D. , Lancaster Stephen T.
Published: December 2014

To further develop prediction of the range of morphological adjustments associated with sediment pulses in bar‐pool channels, we analyze channel bed topographic data collected prior to and following the removal of two dams in Oregon: Marmot Dam on the Sandy River and Brownsville Dam on the Calapooia River. We hypothesize that, in gravel‐bed, bar‐pool channels, the response of bed relief to sand and gravel sediment pulses is a function of initial relief and pulse magnitude. Modest increases in sediment supply to initially low‐relief, sediment‐poor cross‐sections will increase bed relief and variance of bed relief via bar deposition. Modest increases in sediment supply to initially high‐relief cross‐sections, characteristic of alternate bar morphology, will result in decreased bed relief and variance of relief via deposition in bar‐adjacent pools. These hypothesized adjustments are measured in terms of bed relief, which we define as the difference in elevation between the pool‐bottom and bar‐top. We evaluate how relief varies with sediment thickness, where both relief and mean sediment thickness at a cross‐section are normalized by the 90th percentile of observed relief values within a reach prior to a sediment pulse. Field measurements generally supported the stated hypotheses, demonstrating how introduction of a sediment pulse to low‐relief reaches can increase mean and variance of relief, while introduction to high‐relief reaches can decrease the mean and variance of bed relief, at least temporarily. In general, at both sites, the degree of impact increased with the thickness of sediment delivered to the cross‐section. Results thus suggest that the analysis is a useful step for understanding the morphological effects of sediment pulses introduced to gravel‐bed, bar‐pool channels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunophenotypic analysis reveals heterogeneity and common biologic aspects in monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis
Authors: Kostopoulos Ioannis V. , Paterakis Georgios , Papadimitriou Konstantinos , Pavlidis Dimitrios , Tsitsilonis Ourania E. , Papadhimitriou Stefanos I.
Published: December 2014

Monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is the presence of small B‐cell clones in the peripheral blood of healthy subjects. Most MBL have the characteristic phenotype of chronic lymphocyte leukemia (chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)‐like MBL), and depending on the number of monoclonal B‐cells, may characterize a preclinical stage of the CLL. However, there are also MBL with an atypical (CD5+CD20+/brightCD23dim/−) or a CD5neg phenotype, which remain largely unexplored. We performed an extended immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and hematologic analysis in 75 CLL‐like, 39 atypical, 50 CD5neg, and 7 biphenotypic MBL cases to detect differences or similarities among the MBL subsets. The phenotypic analysis showed expression variations in many surface markers and a wide spectrum of disease‐specific phenotypes within each MBL subtype. Interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis showed a different panel of aberrations according to the phenotype. Overall, del(13q14) and +12 were the most common abnormalities (39%), whereas del(11q13), del(17p13), and del(6q23) were detected only in 3, 1, and 0 cases, respectively. A comparison of MBL with overt chronic lymphoproliferations revealed common aspects in the preclinical state, regarding both the kind of cytogenetic aberrations detected and the lymphocyte composition. Our findings highlight not only the heterogeneity among MBL subsets but also indicate common biologic features which differentiate MBL from clinical disease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.