bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Same same or adapted?” Therapists’ feedback on the implementation of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with unaccompanied young refugees
Authors: Unterhitzenberger Johanna , Haberstumpf Sophia , Rosner Rita , Pfeiffer Elisa
Published: November 2021

Background

Rates of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are high among refugee youth. Although there is a vast evidence base on effective trauma-focused interventions for children and adolescents, there is only limited understanding of how to adapt these interventions for oftentimes severely traumatized young refugees. This study aims to investigate adaptations undertaken during trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) in a pilot study with unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs).

Method

Written answers on five questions given by N = 9 therapists on N = 16 TF-CBT cases were analysed qualitatively using Mayring’s content analysis. The questions were on (1) additional techniques used in the sessions, (2) obstacles to TF-CBT treatment, (3) cultural factors considered and most helpful components for (4) patient and (5) therapist. The categories were built inductively and analysed descriptively.

Results

In addition to the regular TF-CBT components, added content mostly concerned the so-called “crisis of the week”, meaning a more lengthy discussion of struggles and concerns in their daily lives. Few obstacles in treatment were reported, and little cultural factors had to be considered. The implementation of a trauma narrative and the agenda provided by the manual were frequently reported as helpful.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that the manualized evidence-based treatment TF-CBT can be used in the culturally heterogeneous population of URMs with minor adaptations. These findings can contribute to future research as well as clinical practice with URMs.
Heritage Naturecultures
Authors: Krieg C. Parker , Thomas Suzie , Zeiler Xenia
Published: November 2021

This chapter considers the threats posed to heritage sites by anthropogenic change. Anthropocene changes confront researchers and communities alike with a collapse in distinctions between cultural and natural heritage. Examples include a recent novel, the climate strategy of the US National Parks, the material memory of the Lapland War in northern Finland, and intangible landscapes in South Asian video games that offer players an immersive encounter with aerial species (e.g. birds, insects) and mythological beings.
Extractivisms
Authors: Kröger Markus , Hagolani-Albov Sophia E. , Gills Barry K.
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the rise of extractivisms in the material resource economy, and as a critical discourse in both activism and academe. Drawing on fieldwork in the Brazilian Amazon, it situates the extractivist turn of the global economy within national and local contexts. Likewise, by analyzing developments in these settings, it offers lessons for transitioning away from economic practices that take more from these ecosystems than they could ever possibly return.
La Carta internacional de los museos memoriales de IC-MEMO: una guía ética para la musealización de patrimonios disonantes
Authors: Galán Pérez Ana , Vieira Eduarda
Published: November 2021

El patrimonio cultural procedente de hechos históricos trágicos requiere profesionales de todas las áreas de gestión que comprendan sus retos y dificultades y que consigan además un equilibrio entre significancia, conservación y accesibilidad social. Una de las herramientas museológicas puestas en funcionamiento desde 2011 es la Carta internacional de Principios de los museos memoriales de la red de ICOM IC-MEMO, cuyas recomendaciones sirven de guía ética para la gestión de patrimonios disonantes. Dichos museos generalmente se emplazan en los lugares históricos donde ocurrieron los hechos trágicos, convirtiéndose dichos espacios en elemento patrimonial en si mismo, y en los que los museos se apoyan para conducir su tarea educativa y cívica a la sociedad. Así, espacio, legado intangible y el legado tangible se salvaguardan para defender la memoria de las víctimas y procurar que el mensaje de paz sea un valor inherente a la visita.
Sierra del Cristal and Alturas de Moa its ophiolitic rainforests syntaxa
Authors: Reyes Orlando Joel , Acosta-Cantillo Felix , Bergues-Garrido Pedro
Published: November 2021

In order to know the characteristics of rainforest developed over Sierra de Cristal and northeastern part of Moaˈs highlands the objective was to study theese phytocoenosis by using Braun Blanquet method. One alliance and two associations besides their physiognomical, ecological and phytosociological characteristics are described which is too important for analyze the latter use their community property.
Digital Forensik Deleted Cyber Crime Evidence pada Pesan Instan Media SosialDigital Forensik Deleted Cyber Crime Evidence pada Pesan Instan Media Sosial
Authors: Dasmen Rahmat Novrianda , Kurniawan Ferry
Published: November 2021

Cyber crime merupakan tindak kejahatan yang terjadi di dunia maya, yang mana salah satu cyber crime paling marak terjadi adalah cyberbullying pada remaja. Adapun dari hasil survei diperoleh bahwa terdapat 2 pesan instan dari media sosial yang paling sering digunakan, yaitu Facebook Messenger dan Whatsapp. Oleh sebab itu, cyber crime juga kemungkinan besar terjadi pada kedua pesan instan tersebut karena penggunanya sangat dominan. Melihat perkembangan IoT yang mempengaruhi setiap kegiatan melalui komunikasi di dunia maya, maka bukti digital dari pesan instan di media sosial saat ini telah menjadi bukti yang valid dalam mengungkap berbagai persoalan, salah satunya cyberbullying. Akan tetapi, tindak kejahatan akan sulit diungkap jika bukti digital tersebut terhapus atau sengaja dihapus. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian dengan Metode Action Research ini, penulis melakukan proses Digital Forensik untuk mengungkap bukti cyberbullying dari Facebook Messenger dan Whatsapp. Dalam hal ini, cyberbullying hanyalah contoh kecil dari sekian banyak cyber crime yang terjadi. Oleh karena itu, proses Digital Foresik ini dapat diterapkan untuk mengungkapkan berbagai jenis cyber crime lainnya. Selain itu, hasil dari penelitian ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mengungkap bukti-bukti digital lain yang dibutuhkan dalam proses penyidikan.
FEATURES OF TECHNOGENIC RADIONUCLIDES IN PRIVATE SECTOR OF SEMEY TOWN
Authors: Kuderinov Serikbek M. , Isabekova Kamila S. , Kuderinova Nazira A.
Published: November 2021

This article considers the issues of contamination with man-made radionuclides in the land of the city of Semipalatinsk. The purpose of accounting for the impact of land contamination with radionuclides is the assessment of the degree of impact of secondary contamination of urban areas and the definition of the boundary of this contamination, affecting the cadastral value. Factors contributing to the spread of pollution, such as in a coal warehouse, as well as in the burning of coal, during delivery, on automobile roads, which delivers coal to industrial enterprises, boiler-houses and the consumer sector. The sources of secondary pollution, which are located in the city, are considered. It has been established that the cadastral value will have an impact on the level of contamination of the land plot with man-made radionuclides. It is proposed to supplement the boundary plan of contaminated land plots.
LAND EXPERTISE OF AUTHORIZED RECONSTRUCTION ON THE EXAMPLE OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Authors: Parkhomenko Daria V.
Published: November 2021

Unauthorized construction, including unauthorized reconstruction, is a frequent violation of building and land management norms in the regulation of low-rise residential development in the Russian Federation. Giving the status of legality to such buildings is possible only in court, which is always accompanied by a judicial land management (cadastral) examination. At the same time, there are currently no requirements for its implementation. The author also observes a tendency for a lack of a unified approach to measurements, to state cadastral registration and to the life cycle of an unauthorizedly reconstructed building. In this article, using the example of the analysis of compliance with the distances from newly erected walls or other elements of the construction object in the process of (unauthorized) reconstruction to the boundaries of the land plot and to neighboring buildings, for the first time, an approach to the forensic land management examination of this type is systematized.
MODERN PROBLEMS OF INVENTORY AND CADASTRAL REGISTRATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
Authors: Studenkova Natalia A. , Dobrotvorskaya Nadezhda I.
Published: November 2021

The article deals with the problems of inventory and cadastral accounting of agricultural land, as well as the lack of a comprehensive information system for data accounting. The comparative analysis of the land accounting systems of the Soviet period and the present time reflects a unified approach to the forms of accounting and indicates fundamental differences in the mechanisms of information collection. Conclusions are drawn about the need to develop a regulatory framework regulating the inventory of land in this category, and a single legally approved methodology for carrying out these works. The State Program for the involvement of agricultural land in the turnover is being considered. The necessity of carrying out a complete inventory of agricultural land is justified. The structure of a new information resource (register) of agricultural land is proposed, which will ensure the integration of data obtained during the inventory of agricultural land with data from state sources of information on land resources.
Анализ системы кадастрового учета месторождений в Российской Федерации
Authors: Клименко Елизавета Олеговна , Ершов Анатолий Викторович
Published: November 2021

В статье рассмотрены основные понятия, нормативные документы и порядок ведения кадастра месторождений и проявлений полезных ископаемых в Российской Федерации.
Анализ корректности публичных кадастровых данных на примере СНТ «Сигнал» с целью обоснования необходимости проведения комплексных кадастровых работ
Authors: Лапшин Владислав Денисович , Викторович Анатолий Викторович
Published: November 2021

В статье описана разработка алгоритмов выявления реестровых ошибок в семантических и графических базах данных Публичной кадастровой карты Росреестра с помощью геоинформационного анализа. Проведена апробация предлагаемых алгоритмов на основе выполнения эксперементального исследования по выявлению реестровых ошибок в публичных сведениях ЕГРН на примере СНТ «Сигнал» Тогучинского района Новосибирской области. Выполнена проверка полученных результатов и даны рекомендации по использованию данных алгоритмов, в том числе для целей проведения комплексных кадастровых работ.
LuHui Derivative, A Novel Compound That Inhibits the Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO), Alleviates the Inflammatory Response and Injury in Hyperlipidemia-Induced Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Yu Ying , Pan Yumiao , Fan Ziyi , Xu Silun , Gao Zhiyuan , Ren Zijing , Yu Jie , Li Wen , Liu Fangtong , Gu Jintao , Yuan Ye , Du Zhimin
Published: November 2021

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders and cardiovascular injury. The excessive deposition of saturated fatty acids in the heart leads to chronic cardiac inflammation, which in turn causes myocardial damage and systolic dysfunction. However, the effective suppression of cardiac inflammation has emerged as a new strategy to reduce the impact of hyperlipidemia on cardiovascular disease. In this study, we identified a novel monomer, known as LuHui Derivative (LHD), which reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and reduced lipid deposition in cardiomyocytes. In addition, LHD treatment improved cardiac function, reduced hyperlipidemia-induced inflammatory infiltration in cardiomyocytes and suppressed the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). From a mechanistic perspective, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), an important cell surface receptor, was identified as a downstream target following the LHD treatment of palmitic acid-induced inflammation in cardiomyocytes. LHD specifically binds the pocket containing the regulatory sites of RNA methylation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein that is responsible for elevated intracellular m6A levels. Moreover, the overexpression of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase FTO markedly increased CD36 expression and suppressed the anti-inflammatory effects of LHD. Conversely, loss-of-function of FTO inhibited palmitic acid-induced cardiac inflammation and altered CD36 expression by diminishing the stability of CD36 mRNA. Overall, our results provide evidence for the crucial role of LHD in fatty acid-induced cardiomyocyte inflammation and present a new strategy for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and its complications.
Wnt7b Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis via AKT Activation and Glucose Metabolic Rewiring
Authors: Wu Fanzi , Li Boer , Hu Xuchen , Yu Fanyuan , Shi Yu , Ye Ling
Published: November 2021

The imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption causes osteoporosis, which leads to severe bone fractures. It is known that increases in osteoclast numbers and activities are the main reasons for increasing bone resorption. Although extensive studies have investigated the regulation of osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), new pharmacological avenues still need to be unveiled for clinical purpose. Wnt ligands have been widely demonstrated as stimulators of bone formation; however, the inhibitory effect of the Wnt pathway in osteoclastogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Wnt7b, a potent Wnt ligand that enhances bone formation and increases bone mass, also abolishes osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Importantly, enforced expression of Wnt in bone marrow macrophage lineage cells significantly disrupts osteoclast formation and activity, which leads to a dramatic increase in bone mass. Mechanistically, Wnt7b impacts the glucose metabolic process and AKT activation during osteoclastogenesis. Thus, we demonstrate that Wnt7b diminishes osteoclast formation, which will be beneficial for osteoporosis therapy in the future.
The Gut Microbiota of an Individual Varies With Intercontinental Four-Month Stay Between Italy and Nigeria: A Pilot Study
Authors: Afolayan Ayorinde O. , Biagi Elena , Rampelli Simone , Candela Marco , Brigidi Patrizia , Turroni Silvia , Ayeni Funmilola A.
Published: November 2021

Despite well-established knowledge of the role of diet and the geographic effect on the gut microbiota of human populations, the temporal dynamics of the individual microbiota profile across changes associated with intercontinental short residence are still far from being understood. This pilot study sought to provide insights into the trajectory of the gut microbiota of an individual during a two-month stay in Italy and a subsequent two-month stay in Nigeria, by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and inferred metagenomics. The gut microbiota underwent massive but temporary changes, both taxonomically and based on predicted functionality. The faecal microbiota associated with the short stay in Italy progressively lost diversity and showed a dominance of Firmicutes, while after returning to Nigeria, the microbial community quickly regained the typical profile, in terms of biodiversity and bacterial signatures of traditional lifestyle, i.e., Prevotella and Treponema. Predicted pathways involved in glycolysis, fermentation and N-acetylneuraminate degradation were enriched during the subsequent two-month stay in Nigeria, whereas pathways associated with amino acid and peptidoglycan synthesis and maturation became over-represented during short stay in Italy. Our findings stress the plasticity of the individual gut microbiota even during a short-term travel, with loss/gain of taxonomic and functional features that mirror those of the gut microbiota of indigenous people dwelling therein.
Regulatory Fragmentation: An Unexamined Barrier to Species Conservation Under Climate Change
Authors: Camacho Alejandro E. , McLachlan Jason S.
Published: November 2021

Requirements for the protection or restriction of species are based on regulatory classifications such as “native” or “invasive,” which become anachronistic when climate change drives species outside of their historical geographic range. Furthermore, such regulatory classifications are inconsistent across the patchwork of land ownership that species must traverse as they move between jurisdictions or when transported by humans, which obstructs effective regional management. We surveyed the U.S. laws and regulations relevant to species movement and found that the immigration of species to new jurisdictions makes paradoxical existing regulatory language that sets the categories of species deserving protection or removal. Climate change is universal and progressing rapidly, which provides a shrinking window to reconcile regulatory language originally developed for a static environment.
Twitter’s Fake News Discourses Around Climate Change and Global Warming
Authors: Al-Rawi Ahmed , OʼKeefe Derrick , Kane Oumar , Bizimana Aimé-Jules
Published: November 2021

In this empirical study, we collected about 6.8 million tweets that mentioned “fake news”, and we extracted references to climate change and/or global warming to understand the public discourses around these two issues. Using a mixed method, the study’s findings show that there is a clear politically polarized discussion on climate change. We found that the majority of tweets focus on the United States context though references to other Western coutnries are often made. The anti-Liberal or anti-Democratic online community was more active on Twitter than the anti-conservative or anti-Republican community. Also, more than half the examined most retweeted posts contained claims about climate change being a natural cycle or even denying it exists, while about a third of these tweets stated that climate change was anthropogenic. The implications of the study are discussed, we argue that fake news as a term has a hollow meaning as it is used as a buzzword to discredit opponents and further the political agenda of different parties not only in the United States but also in other Western countries like Australia.
Correlation Between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Myocardial Injury in Population Exposed to High Altitude
Authors: He Siyi , He Shengdong , Yang Yongxiang , Li Bin , Gao Liang , Xie Qingyun , Zhang Lin
Published: November 2021

Objective: Myocardial injury is a severe complication in population exposed to high altitude. As a new biomarker for inflammatory response, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been widely used to predict the prognosis of various diseases. In this study, we intend to explore the risk factors for myocardial injury at high altitude and examine the relationship between NLR level and development of myocardial injury.

Methods: Consecutive patients admitted to a secondary general hospital at high altitude from June 2019 to May 2020 were selected into this retrospective study. Clinical and biochemical data were collected. According to the results of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB), and aspartate amino transferase (AST), patients were divided into myocardial injury group and normal group.

Results: A total of 476 patients were enrolled in this study. Myocardial injury occurred in 158 patients (33.2%). We found that altitude, NLR, hemoglobin, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and lipoprotein A in myocardial injury group were significantly higher than that in normal group (P < 0.05), while platelet count in myocardial injury group was significantly lower than that in normal group (P < 0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis revealed that there was an independent relationship between myocardial injury and smoke, NLR, hemoglobin (P < 0.05). By using Spearman correlation analysis, NLR was proved to have a significant positive correlation with LDH, CK, and CK-MB (P < 0.05) instead of AST. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to demonstrate that NLR could significantly predict the occurrence of myocardial injury with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.594 (95% CI: 0.537–0.650, P < 0.05), and the level of 2.967 (sensitivity = 38.0%, specificity = 83.6%) was optimal cutoff value.

Conclusion: The incidence of myocardial injury is high in population at high altitude. Smoke, hemoglobin, and NLR are independent factors related to myocardial injury. As a convenient and efficient marker, NLR is found to be closely associated with myocardial enzymes and have a predict role in the occurrence of myocardial injury. This study will provide a theoretical basis on NLR for the early diagnosis of myocardial injury at high altitude.
Case Report: A Rare Complication Following Catheter Ablation of Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Xu Xiaoyong , Ye Ming , Sun Yaxun , Liu Qiang , Ma Fusheng , Jiang Chenyang
Published: November 2021

Background: The substrate for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with structural heart disease is usually complex and often requires extensive ablation. As a result, the incidence of major procedure-related complications has been reported to be higher when compared to patients without structural heart disease. In this study, we present a rare complication after extensive substrate modification of scar-related VT.

Case: A 65-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy was referred to the electrophysiology laboratory for radiofrequency ablation of VT following repetitive implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks within a short period. As with hemodynamic intolerance of induced VT, an approach involving extensive endocardial substrate modification to reduce the arrhythmogenicity of the scars was adopted. After the procedure, the heart function of the patient deteriorated significantly. The postprocedural ECG showed a bizarre, extremely wide surface QRS complex (360 ms), termed as homologous ventricular separation. The pronounced dyssynchrony of the ventricle was corrected by an upgrade to cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillation (CRT-D). As a result, the symptoms of the patient improved significantly. The width of the intrinsic QRS complex was not recovered during an 18-month follow-up.

Conclusion: Homologous ventricular separation is a rare arrhythmia, manifested as two separated QRS waves. This case report demonstrates, for the first time, that homologous ventricular separation may occur after extensive substrate modification of scar-related VT. CRT-D can correct the dyssynchronous ventricle caused by homologous ventricular separation.
Low Intrinsic Aerobic Capacity Limits Recovery Response to Hindlimb Ischemia
Authors: Granier Elizabeth , Zakari Madaniah O. , Alsahly Musaad B. , Koch Lauren G. , Britton Steven , Katwa Laxmansa C. , Lust Robert M.
Published: November 2021

Introduction: In this study, we determined the influence of intrinsic exercise capacity on the vascular adaptive responses to hind limb ischemia. High Capacity Running, HCR; Low Capacity Running, LCR, rats were used to assess intrinsic aerobic capacity effects on adaptive responses to ischemia.

Methods: Muscle samples from both ischemic and non-ischemic limb in both strains were compared, histologically for the muscle-capillary relationship, and functionally using microspheres to track blood flow and muscle stimulation to test fatigability. PCR was used to identify the differences in gene expression between the phenotypes following occlusive ischemia.

Results: Prior to ligation, there were not significant differences between the phenotypes in the exhaustion time with high frequency pacing. Following ligation, LCR decreased significantly in the exhaustion time compare with HCRs (437 ± 47 vs. 824 ± 56, p < 0.001). The immediate decrease in flow was significantly more severe in LCRs than HCRs (52.5 vs. 37.8%, p < 0.001). VEGF, eNOS, and ANG2 (but not ANG1) gene expression were decreased in LCRs vs. HCRs before occlusion, and increased significantly in LCRs 14D after occlusion, but not in HCRs. LCR capillary density (CD) was significantly lower at all time points after occlusion (LCR 7D = 564.76 ± 40.5, LCR 14D = 507.48 ± 54.2, both p < 0.05 vs. HCR for respective time point). NCAF increased significantly in HCR and LCR in response to ischemia.

Summary: These results suggest that LCR confers increased risk for ischemic injury and is subject to delayed and less effective adaptive response to ischemic stress.
MiR-17-5p Inhibits TXNIP/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway and Suppresses Pancreatic β-Cell Pyroptosis in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Liu Sijun , Tang Ge , Duan Fengqi , Zeng Cheng , Gong Jianfeng , Chen Yanming , Tan Hongmei
Published: November 2021

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic progressive inflammatory metabolic disease with pancreatic β-cells dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate whether miR-17-5p plays a protective effect on pancreatic β-cells function in diabetes mellitus (DM) mice and dissect the underlying mechanism.

Methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control, DM, DM + Lentivirus negative control (LV-NC), and DM + Lenti-OE™ miR-17-5p (LV-miR-17-5) groups. DM was established by feeding a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin (STZ) in mice. Blood glucose and glucose tolerance in circulation were measured. Meanwhile, the activation of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, pancreas pyroptosis, and the expression of miR-17-5p and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) were detected in the pancreas of DM mice. Pancreatic β-cell line INS-1 subjected to different concentrations of glucose was used in in vitro experiments.

Results: Compared with control mice, glucose tolerance deficit, elevated blood glucose level, and decreased pancreatic islet size, were presented in DM mice, which was associated with a downregulation of miR-17-5p. Importantly, exogenous miR-17-5p alleviated pancreas injury, and consequently improved glucose tolerance and decreased blood glucose in DM mice. In vitro experiments showed that high glucose decreased miR-17-5p expression and impaired insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. Mechanistically, miR-17-5p inhibited the expression of TXNIP and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and thus decreased pancreatic β-cell pyroptosis.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that miR-17-5p improves glucose tolerance, and pancreatic β-cell function and inhibits TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway-related pyroptosis in DM mice.
Case Report: Reconstruction of the Right Atrium With the Left Atrial Appendage
Authors: Jiang Xuan , Liu Jinduo , Zhang Yuhai , Gu Tianxiang , Liu Bo
Published: November 2021

We herein present a case of infective endocarditis of the mitral valve and a paravalvular abscess around the tricuspid valve. Preoperative blood culture confirmed the presence of pathogenic diphtheroids. During the operation, an unexpected infection of the free wall of the right atrium (RA) near the tricuspid annulus was found. We harvested the left atrial appendage (LAA) en bloc. After resection of the infected and abnormal tissues, the resected LAA was used to reconstruct the RA. The infected mitral valve was replaced with a mechanical valve without any accident. Postoperative echocardiography showed that the RA had a supple shape, with no kinking.
Effects of Carbonate Minerals on Shale-Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid Interactions in the Marcellus Shale
Authors: Ferguson Brennan , Agrawal Vikas , Sharma Shikha , Hakala J. Alexandra , Xiong Wei
Published: November 2021

Natural gas extracted from tight shale formations, such as the Marcellus Shale, represents a significant and developing front in energy exploration. By fracturing these formations using pressurized fracturing fluid, previously unobtainable hydrocarbon reserves may be tapped. While pursuing this resource, hydraulic fracturing operations leave chemically complex fluids in the shale formation for at least two weeks. This provides a substantial opportunity for the hydraulic fracturing fluid (HFF) to react with the shale formation at reservoir temperature and pressure. In this study, we investigated the effects of the carbonates on shale-HFF reactions with a focus on the Marcellus Shale. We performed autoclave experiments at high temperature and pressure reservoir conditions using a carbonate-rich and a decarbonated or carbonate-free version of the same shale sample. We observed that carbonate minerals buffer the pH of the solution, which in turn prevents clay dissolution. Carbonate and bicarbonate ions also scavenge reactive oxidizing species (ROS), which prevents oxidation of shale organic matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Carbonate-free samples also show higher pyrite dissolution compared to the carbonate-rich sample due to chelation reactions. This study demonstrates how carbonate minerals (keeping all other variables constant) affect shale-HFF reactions that can potentially impact porosity, microfracture integrity, and the release of heavy metals and volatile organic contaminants in the produced water.
Apelin and Vasopressin: The Yin and Yang of Water Balance
Authors: Girault-Sotias Pierre-Emmanuel , Gerbier Romain , Flahault Adrien , de Mota Nadia , Llorens-Cortes Catherine
Published: November 2021

Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. Experimental data performed in rodents have shown that apelin has an aquaretic effect via its central and renal actions. In the brain, apelin inhibits the phasic electrical activity of vasopressinergic neurons and the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream and in the kidney, apelin regulates renal microcirculation and counteracts in the collecting duct, the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin occurring via the vasopressin receptor type 2. In humans and rodents, if plasma osmolality is increased by hypertonic saline infusion/water deprivation or decreased by water loading, plasma vasopressin and apelin are conversely regulated to maintain body fluid homeostasis. In patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, in which vasopressin hypersecretion leads to hyponatremia, the balance between apelin and vasopressin is significantly altered. In order to re-establish the correct balance, a metabolically stable apelin-17 analog, LIT01-196, was developed, to overcome the problem of the very short half-life (in the minute range) of apelin in vivo. In a rat experimental model of vasopressin-induced hyponatremia, subcutaneously (s.c.) administered LIT01-196 blocks the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin and the vasopressin-induced increase in urinary osmolality, and induces a progressive improvement in hyponatremia, suggesting that apelin receptor activation constitutes an original approach for hyponatremia treatment.
Wind Speed Distributions Used in Wind Energy Assessment: A Review
Authors: Shi Huanyu , Dong Zhibao , Xiao Nan , Huang Qinni
Published: November 2021

With economic development and population growth, energy demand has shown an upward trend. Renewable energy is inexhaustible and causes little pollution, which has broad prospects for development. In recent years, wind energy has been developed as an essential renewable energy source. The use of wind power is very environmentally friendly and plays a critical role in economic growth. Assessing the characteristics and potential of wind energy is the first step in the effective development of wind energy. The wind speed distribution at a specific location determines the available wind energy. This paper reviews the wind speed distribution models used for wind energy assessment, and they are applicable to different wind regimes. All potential wind speed distribution models should be considered for modeling wind speed data at a particular site. Previous studies have selected several parameter estimation methods and evaluation criteria to estimate model parameters and evaluate the goodness-of-fit. This paper discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The characteristics of wind speed distribution are constantly varying geographically and temporally. Wind energy assessment should consider local geographical elements, such as local climate, topography, and thermal properties difference between the land and the sea, and focus on long-term variations in wind characteristics.
Two-Phase Short-Term Frequency Response Scheme of a DFIG-Based Wind Farm
Authors: Yang Dejian , Sang Shun , Zhang Xinsong
Published: November 2021

The kinetic energy stored in the doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG)-based wind farm can be utilized to sustain the dynamic system frequency. However, difficulties arise in determining the control gain to effectively improve the frequency nadir and smoothly return to the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation. This paper addresses a two-phase short-term frequency response (STFR) scheme to boost the frequency nadir and minimize the second drop in the system frequency based on a piecewise control gain. To achieve the first goal, a constant control coefficient, which is determined according to the initial operating conditions of the DFIG-based wind farm, is employed until the frequency nadir produces. To achieve the second goal, the control coefficient, which changes with time, facilitates to smoothly return to the MPPT operation. The effectiveness of the proposed two-phase STFR scheme is verified under various wind power penetration levels, wind speeds, and disturbances. The results reveal that the frequency nadir is improved, and simultaneously, it smoothly returns to the MPPT operation and minimizes the second drop in the system frequency.
Torque Limit-Based Inertial Control of a DFIG for Rapid Frequency Stabilization
Authors: Xu Yien , Wang Hongmei
Published: November 2021

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy generation, the frequency stability of a power grid can be significantly threatened. A doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) participates in the frequency support of a power grid by releasing kinetic energy (KE) to boost the frequency nadir (FN). However, during rotor speed restoration, it is difficult to counterbalance the size of a second frequency drop (SFD) and the rotor speed recovery duration. This paper proposes an improved torque limit-based inertial control (TLBIC) to raise the FN by releasing less kinetic energy while guaranteeing rapid frequency stabilization with reduced SFD. To this end, when detecting a disturbance, the DFIG enhances the active reference power to the torque limit, and then the active power reduces smoothly based on an exponential function until the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) curve is met, and the rotor speed reverts to the initialization operating condition along the MPPT curve. A simulation system model with various wind power penetrations is established in EMTP-RV. Results show that the proposed scheme boosts the FN at a high level with less KE and guarantees rapid frequency stabilization.
Multielemental Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Seawater by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) After Matrix Separation and Pre-concentration With Crab Shell Particles
Authors: Li Danyi , Wang Xunuo , Huang Ke , Wang Zenghuan
Published: November 2021

Considering the unique characteristics of rare earth elements (REEs), the presence of REEs beyond specific limits will adversely affect the environment and it can be employed as a powerful probe for investigating hydrogeochemical processes. This requires sensitive determination of REEs in natural seawater. A matrix separation and pre-concentration technique using the mini-column packed with crab shell particles (CSPs) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as a means of determination has been developed. The aim of the proposed method was to simultaneously determine 16 REEs (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) at trace or ultra-trace concentrations in seawater. The biosorption capacity of CSPs was found to achieve 1.246–1.250 mg g−1 for all elements. In order to optimize performance of the method, the effects of analytical parameters concerning oscillation time, solution pH, salt concentration and eluent concentration were explored. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits of REEs ranged 0.0006–0.0088 μg L−1, and relative standard deviations (n = 7) varied between 0.55 and 1.39%. The accuracy of developed method was evidenced by applying it to the analysis of REEs in seawater samples, with the overall recoveries at a level of 95.3 and 104.4%. Together, this work provides a promising and cost-effective CSPs-based pretreatment approach for REEs detection in sea environment.
Cancer Evo–Dev: A Theory of Inflammation-Induced Oncogenesis
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Deng Yang , Li Zishuai , Chen Yifan , Zhu Xiaoqiong , Tan Xiaojie , Cao Guangwen
Published: November 2021

Chronic inflammation is a prerequisite for the development of cancers. Here, we present the framework of a novel theory termed as Cancer Evolution-Development (Cancer Evo-Dev) based on the current understanding of inflammation-related carcinogenesis, especially hepatocarcinogenesis induced by chronic infection with hepatitis B virus. The interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental exposures, such as viral infection, maintains chronic non-resolving inflammation. Pollution, metabolic syndrome, physical inactivity, ageing, and adverse psychosocial exposure also increase the risk of cancer via inducing chronic low-grade smoldering inflammation. Under the microenvironment of non-resolving inflammation, pro-inflammatory factors facilitate the generation of somatic mutations and viral mutations by inducing the imbalance between the mutagenic forces such as cytidine deaminases and mutation-correcting forces including uracil–DNA glycosylase. Most cells with somatic mutations and mutated viruses are eliminated in survival competition. Only a small percentage of mutated cells survive, adapt to the hostile environment, retro-differentiate, and function as cancer-initiating cells via altering signaling pathways. These cancer-initiating cells acquire stem-ness, reprogram metabolic patterns, and affect the microenvironment. The carcinogenic process follows the law of “mutation-selection-adaptation”. Chronic physical activity reduces the levels of inflammation via upregulating the activity and numbers of NK cells and lymphocytes and lengthening leukocyte telomere; downregulating proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 and senescent lymphocytes especially in aged population. Anti-inflammation medication reduces the occurrence and recurrence of cancers. Targeting cancer stemness signaling pathways might lead to cancer eradication. Cancer Evo-Dev not only helps understand the mechanisms by which inflammation promotes the development of cancers, but also lays the foundation for effective prophylaxis and targeted therapy of various cancers.
In-Silico Tool for Predicting, Scanning, and Designing Defensins
Authors: Kaur Dilraj , Patiyal Sumeet , Arora Chakit , Singh Ritesh , Lodhi Gaurav , Raghava Gajendra P. S.
Published: November 2021

Defensins are host defense peptides present in nearly all living species, which play a crucial role in innate immunity. These peptides provide protection to the host, either by killing microbes directly or indirectly by activating the immune system. In the era of antibiotic resistance, there is a need to develop a fast and accurate method for predicting defensins. In this study, a systematic attempt has been made to develop models for predicting defensins from available information on defensins. We created a dataset of defensins and non-defensins called the main dataset that contains 1,036 defensins and 1,035 AMPs (antimicrobial peptides, or non-defensins) to understand the difference between defensins and AMPs. Our analysis indicates that certain residues like Cys, Arg, and Tyr are more abundant in defensins in comparison to AMPs. We developed machine learning technique-based models on the main dataset using a wide range of peptide features. Our SVM (support vector machine)-based model discriminates defensins and AMPs with MCC of 0.88 and AUC of 0.98 on the validation set of the main dataset. In addition, we created an alternate dataset that consists of 1,036 defensins and 1,054 non-defensins obtained from Swiss-Prot. Models were also developed on the alternate dataset to predict defensins. Our SVM-based model achieved maximum MCC of 0.96 with AUC of 0.99 on the validation set of the alternate dataset. All models were trained, tested, and validated using standard protocols. Finally, we developed a web-based service “DefPred” to predict defensins, scan defensins in proteins, and design the best defensins from their analogs. The stand-alone software and web server of DefPred are available at https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/defpred.
Regulatory Functions of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type O in Immune Cells
Authors: Xie Feiling , Dong Hongmei , Zhang Hao
Published: November 2021

The members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family are key regulators in multiple signal transduction pathways and therefore they play important roles in many cellular processes, including immune response. As a member of PTP family, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) belongs to the R3 receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases. The expression of PTPRO isoforms is tissue-specific and the truncated PTPRO (PTPROt) is mainly observed in hematopoietic cells, including B cells, T cells, macrophages and other immune cells. Therefore, PTPROt may play an important role in immune cells by affecting their growth, differentiation, activation and immune responses. In this review, we will focus on the regulatory roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of PTPRO/PTPROt in immune cells, including B cells, T cells, and macrophages.
Successful Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer in a Patient With TSC2 and SMAD4 Mutations: A Case Report
Authors: Ye Yanghui , Zheng Song
Published: November 2021

Background

Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis, and it is traditionally treated with chemotherapy. Fortunately, immunotherapy has rapidly changed the landscape of solid tumor treatment, and improving the survival of cancer patients. However, pancreatic cancer is non-immunogenic, and single agent immunotherapies are unfavorable to its prognosis.

Case Presentation

Here, we report a case of stage IV pancreatic cancer in a patient with TSC2 and SMAD4 mutations treated with immunotherapy when the disease progressed after multi-line chemotherapy. Next generation sequencing (NGS) confirmed the presence of TSC2 and SMAD4 mutations and microsatellite stability (MSS). When the disease progressed after chemotherapy, a combination strategy was devised consisting of chemotherapy (S-1) and sintilimab. The patient had a partial response to therapy with this regimen, the lesions were significantly reduced and nearly disappeared. In metastatic pancreatic cancer, responses of this magnitude are rarely seen.

Conclusions

This outcome reveals that this combination can be effective in treating metastatic pancreatic cancer, especially in pancreatic cancer patients with SMAD4 and TSC2 mutations. This may help increase the use of this therapy in large-scale clinical research.
Implications of Genetic Structure for Aquaculture and Cultivar Translocation of the Kelp Ecklonia radiata in Northern New Zealand
Authors: Nepper-Davidsen Jacob , Magnusson Marie , Glasson Christopher R. K. , Ross Philip M. , Lawton Rebecca J.
Published: November 2021

The fast expansion of the global seaweed aquaculture industry has created an interest in translocating seedlings cultivated from wild type brood stock. However, such translocations must be applied with caution as introduced cultivars can reduce genetic structure and diversity of wild populations. An understanding of the genetic structure and connectivity of target species is required to guide decision making around aquaculture translocation activities. In this study we used 14 microsatellite loci in a three-level hierarchical sampling design to analyze the genetic structure and connectivity of the native kelp Ecklonia radiata across 12 sites among four geographic regions (Northland, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, and Wellington) in the North Island of New Zealand. Our aim was to provide guidance for translocation of cultivars to prevent the introduction of locally absent genotypes of E. radiata. Strong genetic structure and low geneflow were observed at all hierarchical levels, indicating the presence of multiple genetically distinct sub-populations. On a regional scale, high genetic differentiation was found between the Wellington region and the other three regions (FST = 0.407–0.545), and within regions most sites were significantly different (measured by pairwise FST) with high relatedness found between individuals within sites (mean 28.2% ± 0.7 SE). Bayesian modeling and redundancy analysis showed a high degree of genetic clustering and indicate that ocean currents and other factors that have resulted in biogeographical breaks along the coast are likely to be the main factors shaping genetic structure and connectivity of E. radiata on the North Island, rather than isolation by distance. Based on these findings, we recommend that that cultivars of E. radiata should not be translocated outside their area of origin to avoid introducing locally absent genotypes to local sub-populations.
Temporal Variability in Acoustic Behavior of Snapping Shrimp in the East China Sea and Its Correlation With Ocean Environments
Authors: Lee Dae Hyeok , Choi Jee Woong , Shin Sungwon , Song H. C.
Published: November 2021

The snapping shrimp sound is known to be a major biological noise source of ocean soundscapes in coastal shallow waters of low and mid-latitudes where sunlight reaches. Several studies have been conducted to understand the activity of snapping shrimp through comparison with surrounding environmental factors. In this paper, we report the analysis of the sound produced by snapping shrimp inhabiting an area where sunlight rarely reaches. The acoustic measurements were taken in May 2015 using two 16-channel vertical line arrays (VLAs) moored at a depth of about 100 m, located ∼100 km southwest of Jeju Island, South Korea, as part of the Shallow-water Acoustic Variability Experiment (SAVEX-15). During the experiment, the underwater soundscape was dominated by the broadband impulsive snapping shrimp noise, which is notable considering that snapping shrimp are commonly observed at very shallow depths of tens of meters or less where sunlight can easily reach. To extract snapping events in the ambient noise data, an envelope correlation combined with an amplitude threshold detection algorithm were applied, and then the sea surface-bounced path was filtered out using a kurtosis value of the waveform to avoid double-counting in snap rate estimates. The analysis of the ambient noise data received for 5 consecutive days indicated that the snap rate fluctuated with a strong one-quarter-diurnal variation between 200 and 1,200 snaps per minute, which is distinguished from the periodicity of the snap rate reported in the euphotic zone. The temporal variation in the snap rate is compared with several environmental factors such as water temperature, tidal level, and current speed. It is found that the snap rate has a significant correlation with the current speed, suggesting that snapping shrimp living in the area with little sunlight might change their snapping behavior in response to changes in current speed.