bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison between Magnetic Field Directions Inferred from Planck and Starlight Polarimetry toward Gould Belt Clouds
Authors: Gu Qilao. , Li Hua-b.
Published: January 2019

We compare the magnetic field (B-field) orientations inferred from Planck 353 GHz thermal dust polarization and starlight polarimetry data and study the cloud-field alignment based on these two tracers within Gould Belt clouds, which show good agreement with each other. Furthermore, we analyze two fundamentally different alignment studies—global (cloud scale, ∼10–100 pc) cloud-field alignment, which compares mean fields and global cloud orientations, and local (pixel size scale, ∼0.1–1 pc) structure-field alignment, which compares this relation pixel by pixel—and find the connection between them.
Mode and change of mode in the 13th-century motet
Authors: Martínez-Göllner Marie Louise
Published: January 2019

La mayoría de las diferentes versiones en las que eran anotados los motetes en varios manuscritos desde el siglo XIII dan fe de la gran flexibilidad de este género. El presente artículo se centra en las pocas claves existentes en las fuentes prácticas y teóricas que indican que el modo rítmico en sí mismo estaba, a menudo, sujeto a cambios dentro de un grupo concreto de motetes. La evidencia de esta práctica se halla en un grupo temprano de manuscritos y después, de nuevo, en los posteriores, que son fuentes más orientadas hacia la liturgia, incluyendo Las Huelgas. Al principio, el primero y segundo modos podían ser intercambiados para corresponderse con textos en latín o en francés, respectivamente, y en posteriores ocasiones la combinación anotada de tercer y quinto modos, ahora considerada anticuada, podía ser interpretada simplemente como sexto y segundo modos. En ambos casos el cambio de modo aparece para representar una práctica casi improvisatoria la cual podía ser interpretada sin alterar la versión escrita, o sea, era una práctica posiblemente más común que lo que indican las propias fuentes.
Das Patrem im Buxheimer Orgelbuch (Nr. 222)
Authors: Körndle Franz
Published: January 2019

Since the beginning of musicological research concerning the Buxheimer Orgelbuch scholars (Schrade, Southern) have always believed the Patrem (Nr 222) to be based on Credo IV of the Editio Vaticana, and to be incomplete. However its cantus firmus is derived from a strophic Credo created in the 14th or 15th century. The setting in the Buxheimer Orgelbuch only uses one "strophe" of this melody and therefore can be considered as complete. Liturgical documents of the time indicate that from the 14th to the 16th century existed a practice of alternatim in performing the Credo. Sometimes the sung melody ended with "et homo factus est". The organ then played the remaining part. There exist several two-part Credos of that time as well. The beginning of the version Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München (elm 5023) is very similar to the beginning of Nr 222 in the Buxheimer Orgelbuch. Therefore it could be that the Patrem is an intabulation of a pre-existing polyphonic setting. Another kind of "incompleteness" of the Patrem is found in the facsimile edition of Bertha Antonia Wallner. In 1955 this facsimile was produced in which the stains found in the original manuscript had been removed. Along with one of the stains disappeared a complete chord in the Patrem.
Spätwerk Beethovens
Authors: Eggebrecht Hans Heinrich
Published: January 2019

The latter production of Beethoven is distinguished by an increase of those features about the man and the composes, that can be described as Beethoven's ethical center. As far as Beethoven improves the many different traditions of musical forms in his latter piano sonatas, the Ninth Symphony, the Missa Solemnis, and his latter string quartets, appears the ethical message of his music conditioned because of he was an advanced age, even though every time in a different way, so that we cannot speak about a unified latter style of Beethoven's latter production. The messages analyzed in this article are about a present of internal peace, joyfulness and Utopia of the reconciliation, pray for peace, and thanks for lifetime.
Ramón Barce, un compositor entre la vanguardia y un lenguaje personalizado. Análisis de Canadá trío y la Sinfonía número 3
Authors: Soler Agustín Charles
Published: January 2019

Ramón Barce es, sin duda, uno de los compositores españoles que más ha escrito sobre la problemática de la música del siglo XX. Sus reflexiones han influenciado a un nada despreciable número de compositores a los cuales, indirectamente, ha ayudado a tomar una dirección u otra en su propio proceder compositivo. Este trabajo aborda, desde el área analítica, dos de las obras de mayor trascendencia en su corpus creativo, pormenorizado en los sistemas empleados en aquellas y en su desarrollo formal. Desde esa perspectiva, este trabajo pone de manifiesto la influencia de su participación en las vanguardias más comprometidas y en la elaboración de un sistema compositivo propio, características ambas que marcan la mayor parte de su obra.
Estudio estadístico-descriptivo sobre los contenidos y líneas de investigación del Anuario Musical (vol. 1, 1946 al vol. 51, 1996)
Authors: Lambea Mariano , Duque Gutiérrez Javier , Esbert Tobeña Víctor , Gómez Sáez Xavier , Quesada Solà Francesc
Published: January 2019

Se ofrece una panorámica diacrónica sobre los contenidos, metodología y líneas de investigación de la revista musicologica Anuario Musical, desde el volumen 1 (1946) hasta el volumen 51 (1996). Los contenidos científicos de los artículos se clasifican en las siete áreas temáticas siguientes: «Musicología nacional», «Musicología internacional», «Etnomusicología nacional», «Etnomusicología internacional», «Organología», «Biografías» y «Fuentes y documentación». Se ofrece un listado alfabético de autores con su número de artículos, los diversos consejos editoriales de la revista, la descripción de cada período de dirección y una breve reseña de los autores que han aportado un mayor número de colaboraciones. Se incluyen gráficos de carácter descriptivo.
Die Orchesterwerke Isaac Albéniz' nach dem Manuskript 984 der „Biblioteca de Catalunya": Versuch einer einschätzung
Authors: Bruach Agustí
Published: January 2019

This paper mainly deals with Isaac Albéniz' orchestral music (1860-1909), often partially reviled in favor of his piano music, after Manuscript 984 from the "Biblioteca de Cataluya" (Barcelona coming to light, and having its origin in the musician's family legacy. The composer born in Camprodon appears here located in the context of the Catalan Modernism at the change of the century who is then partially influenced by the first waves of Wagnerism, from the interpretations by german composed performed in Spain, Manuscript 984 clearly shows the insuperable contradiction that the scholar has to face when considering completed works like the tone poem Catalonia (1908), with a remarkably rich orchestration reminding the French scent of the Paul Dukas school; on the other, a number of rough drafts, often written an extremely neglected scoring technique, that seem to be created by a different composer. Compositions like the aforementioned Catalonia suggest the necessity of considering the probable intervention of an orchestrator in Albéniz' works in which the orchestral palette appears with a wider range of nuances.
Beethovens Klaviervariationen über God Save the King als Battaglia
Authors: Bockmaier Claus
Published: January 2019

After some explanations about God save the King as a hymn, originally used in England, but soon also in Germany, Beethoven's piano-variations about this theme will be examined closely. Although it might not be obvious at first glance, the composition turns out to be batde music at its centre. In particular, variations no. IV to VI correspond directly to the typical sequence: attack and fight - lament about the victims - march of victory. Around this kind of musical concentration, an attitude of cheerfull keyboard playing is dominating. The idea behind the music, however, brings us especially to an understanding of the eventful character of the music itself. This can be recognized in certain factors of suspense of which variation no. I already gives warning.
The Role of Cloud-MANET Framework in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: Alam Tanweer , Benaida Mohamed
Published: January 2019

In the next generation of computing, Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) will play a very important role in the Internet of Things (IoT).  The MANET is a kind of wireless networks that are self-organizing and auto connected in a decentralized system. Every device in MANET can be moved freely from one location to another in any direction. They can create a network with their neighbors’ smart devices and forward data to another device. The IoT-Cloud-MANET framework of smart devices is composed of IoT, cloud computing, and MANET. This framework can access and deliver cloud services to the MANET users through their smart devices in the IoT framework where all computations, data handling, and resource management are performed. The smart devices can move from one location to another within the range of the MANET network. Various MANETs can connect to the same cloud, they can use cloud service in a real time. For connecting the smart device of MANET to cloud needs integration with mobile apps. My main contribution in this research links a new methodology for providing secure communication on the internet of smart devices using MANET Concept in 5G. The research methodology uses the correct and efficient simulation of the desired study and can be implemented in a framework of the Internet of Things in 5G.
Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network Based on Automatic Cluster Optimization
Authors: Hu Zhongdong , Wang Zhendong , Wang Junling , Zeng Ting
Published: January 2019

The existing routing protocols such as LEACH and its improvements are all balance the overall energy consumption of the network by electing cluster heads looping and randomly. However, it also causes defects such as different cluster sizes and uneven cluster head distribution, resulting in uneven energy loss. In response to these shortcomings, this paper proposes a new routing protocol called AOCRP based on automatic optimization of clustering. The AOCRP has an optimized and fixed number of clusters, and the cluster head distribution is relatively uniform. It can adjust the number of nodes in each cluster automatically during the operation and keep the number of nodes the same in each cluster during each round. The AOCRP balances node energy loss and extends the life cycle of wireless sensor networks. Simulation experiments show that the performance of this protocol is better than EH-LEACH and DEEC in extending the network lifecycle and data transmission.
New Features of User’s Behavior to Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Detection in Application Layer
Authors: Bravo Silvia , Mauricio David
Published: January 2019

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are a threat to the security of red. In recent years, these attacks have been directed especially towards the application layer. This phenomenon is mainly due to the large number of existing tools for the generation of this type of attack. The highest detection rate achieved by a method in the application capacity is 98.5%. Therefore, the problem of detecting DDoS attacks persists. In this work an alternative of detection based on the dynamism of the web user is proposed. To do this, evaluate the user's characteristics, mouse functions and right click. For the evaluation, a data set of 11055 requests was used, from which the characteristics were extracted and entered into a classification algorithm. To that end, it can be applied once in Java for the classification of real users and DDoS attacks. The results showed that the evaluated characteristics achieved an efficiency of 100%. Therefore, it is concluded that these characteristics show the dynamism of the user and can be used in a detection method of DDoS attacks.
Real-Time Image Transmission Algorithm in WSN with Limited Bandwidth
Authors: Huang Hui , Li Zhe
Published: January 2019

In this paper, a real-time image transmission algorithm in WSN with limited bandwidth networks is studied. Firstly, a simple and effective monitoring network architecture is established, which allows multiple video monitoring nodes to access the network, and the data transmission is controlled by the synchronization mechanism without collision. Then, the image data is compressed locally at the monitoring nodes (over 85%), so that the image of each node can meet the needs of real-time data transmission, and the overall power consumption of the system is greatly reduced. Finally, based on NVIDIA TX1, four test nodes are constructed to test the algorithm cumulatively, which verifies the effectiveness of the system framework and compression algorithm.
WSN Optimization Algorithm for Traffic Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Zhu Li , Li Jianwu
Published: January 2019

In accordance with the features of variety and disparity of traffic information, using wireless sensor network to monitor traffic environment, this paper proposes an optimization algorithm of applying wireless sensor to monitor traffic environment. In this paper, to optimize the coverage, we analyze the irregularity of network sensing areas based on environmental factors and propose a wireless sensor network optimization algorithm. According to the irregularity of network node sensing areas, we build an irregular network coverage model, divide the node monitoring area to improve the network coverage and make corrections to the coverage according to the network coverage connectivity and other features. The simulation test proves that the method proposed in this paper can avoid too many redundant nodes - it only requires a reasonable number of network nodes. This will reduce network energy costs and increase network connectivity without affecting the coverage, thus improving the network performance. the algorithm can satisfy the requirements of real-time acquisition, processing and remote supervision of traffic information.
B Cell–Mediated Antigen Presentation through MHC Class II Is Dispensable for Atherosclerosis Progression
Authors: Williams Jesse W , Elvington Andrew , Kessler Skyler , Wohltmann Mary , Wu Gregory F , Randolph Gwendalyn J
Published: January 2019

Depletion of B cells attenuates plaque development and modulates T cell responses in mouse models of atherosclerosis, suggesting that Ag presentation by B cells may promote disease progression. Thus, we set out to determine the role of B cell–mediated MHC class II (MHC II) Ag presentation during atherosclerotic plaque development. We developed murine conditional MHC II deletion and expression systems under control of the B cell–restricted CD19 promoter in an experimental model of atherosclerosis. Mice lacking MHC II expression only on B cells exhibited systemic shifts in germinal center and marginal zone B cell populations, leading to a reduced Ab response compared with littermate control animals. However, all populations were present and normal cholesterol uptake was detected in the plasma following high-fat diet treatment. In a second model, in which conditional expression of MHC II is limited only to B cells, showed similar overall cellularity characteristics compared with mice with complete MHC II deficiency. High-fat diet feeding showed no major changes in atherosclerotic plaque size or plaque cellular content in either conditional deletion or conditional expression approaches, compared with control animals. By testing the necessity and sufficiency of MHC II on B cells in the progression of atherosclerosis, we determine that MHC II on B cells does not directly regulate lesion development in murine models.
Resolution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Persistence ofLeishmania majorin the Absence of Arginase 1
Authors: Paduch Katrin , Debus Andrea , Rai Baplu , Schleicher Ulrike , Bogdan Christian
Published: January 2019

Arginase (Arg) 1 is expressed by hematopoietic (e.g., macrophages) and nonhematopoietic cells (e.g., endothelial cells) and converts l-arginine into ornithine and urea. The enzyme is implicated in tissue repair but also antagonizes the production of NO by type 2 NO synthase in myeloid cells and thereby impedes the control of intracellular parasites such as Leishmania major. In this study, we tested whether Arg1 is required for spontaneous healing of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice and for lifelong parasite persistence in draining lymph nodes (dLNs) of healed mice. In vitro, bone marrow–derived macrophages and lymphoid endothelial cells readily expressed Arg1 in response to IL-4 and/or IL-13, whereas skin or dLN fibroblasts failed to do so, even during hypoxia. In vivo, Arg1 was found in skin lesions and, to a much lower extent, also in dLNs of acutely infected C57BL/6 mice but became undetectable at both sites after healing. Deletion of Arg1 in hematopoietic and endothelial cells using Tie2Cre+/−Arg1fl/fl C57BL/6 mice abolished the expression of Arg1 in skin lesions and dLNs but did not affect development and resolution of skin lesions, parasite burden, NO production, or host cell tropism of L. major during the acute or persistent phase of infection. Similar to wild-type controls, parasites persisting in Arg1-deficient mice favored NO synthase 2−negative areas and mainly resided in myeloid cells and fibroblasts. We conclude that Arg1 expression by hematopoietic and endothelial cells is completely dispensable for clinical resolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis and for long-term persistence of L. major.
Venous and glymphatic drainage of the brain: Brief history of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease
Authors: Haacke Ewart Mark , Wang Meiyun , Ma Xiaoyue , Utriainen David
Published: January 2019

The International Society of Neurovascular Diseases is an International, Interdisciplinary Scientific Organization (ISNVD: www.isnvd.org) devoted to the study of intracranial and extracranial vasculature. Different from other scientific societies, ISNVD is interested also in the investigation of the cerebral drainage, including the venous and glymphatic systems. Moreover, ISNVD promotes studies on: stroke, carotid surgery, neurovascular aspects of neurodegeneration, models of circulation, vasoactive peptides, and basic science. This review summarizes the contribution of the society to the fields above, as well as the history of the annual meetings and the major impact papers promoted by ISNVD.
Commentary on the documents Nostra aetate and Lumen gentium
Authors: Van der Merwe Piet J.
Published: January 2019

No abstract available.
Co-constructing integrity: A conceptual framework
Authors: Van Niekerk Annelize , May Michelle S.
Published: January 2019

Orientation: The use of an integrity framework can positively influence the impact senior management has on middle management’s experience of integrity and subsequently contribute towards creating a positive work environment and establishing healthy relationships between these two groups.Research purpose: The aim of this research is to obtain insights from psychology practitioners about the potential application of, and the value added by, a particular integrity framework within organisations.Motivation for the study: Establishing a positive work environment and organisational culture that upholds integrity and that is conducive to behaviour marked by integrity, requires investment into the development of leadership integrity. Utilising an integrity framework will enable psychology practitioners and organisational leadership to create an environment in which healthy relationships can be established between all stakeholders, in particular, between senior and middle managers, allowing integrity to flourish.Research approach/design and method: A hermeneutic, qualitative study was undertaken and convenient sampling was used. Participants included industrial and counselling psychologists. A listening post was convened and the data obtained were analysed using thematic analysis.Main findings: The findings indicate organisations can use the framework effectively by customising it according to their specific needs, organisational strategy, vision and mission.Practical/managerial implication: The framework will enable senior management to influence follower behaviour positively regarding their integrity within the organisation. The framework will assist middle managers in gaining a better understanding of the impact senior management has on their experience of integrity.Contribution/value-add: The study also highlights the important role organisations play in creating and establishing an ethical work climate that will ensure corporate integrity. This will enable organisations to provide value to their corporate stakeholders and to society at large.
Reference centile charts of first-trimester aneuploidy screening & Doppler parameters for Indian population
Authors: Kumar Manisha , Singh Shalini , Sharma Karuna , Singh Ritu , Ravi Vajala , Gupta Usha , Bhattacharjee Jaya
Published: January 2019

Background & objectives:

The risk estimation for foetal aneuploidies in the first trimester of pregnancy uses reference curves based on western data. The objective of this study was to construct the reference curves of first-trimester foetal aneuploidy screening parameters for the Indian women.

Methods:

Cross-sectional data were obtained from 1204 singleton pregnancies between the crown-rump length (CRL) of 40-84 mm. Linear regression models were constructed; the mean, median and standard deviation were derived as a function of CRL.

Results:

The mean value of CRL was 61.3 mm. The regression analysis showed a significant correlation between all variables and CRL (P<0.001). There was a positive correlation of CRL with nuchal translucency (NT) (y=0.010x+0.629, R2=0.116) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) (y=0.107x−1.079, R2=0.173), whereas inverse correlation was seen with free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) (y=−0.409x+75.025, R2=0.018) and Doppler parameters pulsatility index (PI) (y=−0.008x+1.924 R2=0.053). The centile charts of NT, PAPP-A, free β-hCG and uterine artery (Ut A) Doppler PI were constructed.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The reference centile charts of first trimester aneuploidy screening along with Doppler parameters were derived in Indian pregnant women. These centile charts may be used as a reference for clinical use in Indian population.
Journey from food toxins to food safety
Authors: Siruguri Vasanthi
Published: January 2019

Since the first report of lathyrism in 1926, the ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) at Hyderabad, India, has made tremendous contributions in the field of food toxins/food safety for the benefit of the people. The present article highlights the Institute's work on various food toxins/foodborne diseases since its inception and discusses the important contributions made in the context of public health protection that formed the basis for several national policies on their prevention and control. The investigations on food toxins, in the initial decades, were limited to the description of lathyrism and its endemicity. Subsequently, the horizon was broadened to include the problem of mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis, which had received global attention and variety of other disease outbreaks investigations leading to total food safety transition in the forthcoming decades. Important contributions in epidemiological investigations, reproduction of the disease in experimental animals, surveillance and monitoring studies, development of methods for detection of food toxins and contaminants, evolving strategies for prevention and control and developing the concept of risk assessment and risk management for addressing food safety issues in the country are discussed.
Are excess carbohydrates the main link to diabetes & its complications in Asians?
Authors: Mohan Viswanathan , Unnikrishnan Ranjit , Shobana S. , Malavika M. , Anjana R.M. , Sudha V.
Published: January 2019

Dietary carbohydrates form the major source of energy in Asian diets. The carbohydrate quantity and quality play a vital function in the prevention and management of diabetes. High glycaemic index foods elicit higher glycaemic and insulinaemic responses and promote insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) through beta-cell exhaustion. This article reviews the evidence associating dietary carbohydrates to the prevalence and incidence of T2D and metabolic syndrome (MS) in control of diabetes and their role in the complications of diabetes. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show that higher carbohydrate diets are linked to higher prevalence and incidence of T2D. However, the association seems to be stronger in Asian-Indians consuming diets high in carbohydrates and more marked on a background of obesity. There is also evidence for high carbohydrate diets and risk for MS and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the quality of carbohydrates is also equally important. Complex carbohydrates such as brown rice, whole wheat bread, legumes, pulses and green leafy vegetables are good carbs. Conversely, highly polished rice or refined wheat, sugar, glucose, highly processed foods such as cookies and pastries, fruit juice and sweetened beverages and fried potatoes or French fries are obviously ‘bad’ carbs. Ultimately, it is all a matter of balance and moderation in diet. For Indians who currently consume about 65-75 per cent of calories from carbohydrates, reducing this to 50-55 per cent and adding enough protein (20-25%) especially from vegetable sources and the rest from fat (20-30%) by including monounsaturated fats (e.g. groundnut or mustard oil, nuts and seeds) along with a plenty of green leafy vegetables, would be the best diet prescription for the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases such as T2D and CVD.
Nature's bountiful gift to humankind
Authors: Krishnaswamy Kamala , Gayathri Rajagopal
Published: January 2019

Fruits and vegetables (FVs) are recognized as healthy constituents of diet and a sustainable solution to the existing twin burden of micronutrient deficiencies and non-communicable diseases in developing and developed countries. In general, FVs are nutrient dense foods low in energy, containing varying amounts of vitamins and minerals including carotenoids, B vitamins, vitamin C, iron, zinc, potassium, calcium, magnesium and fibre. These are abundantly rich in phytochemicals that function as antioxidants, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory agents. This review summarizes some epidemiological, prospective cohort and intervention studies on the health benefits of FVs in relation to cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. The rich varieties of FVs available, their composition, production scenario in India, dietary intake and trends over time, barriers to sufficient intake mainly sociocultural, economic and horticulture environment, policies for promotion and prevention of diseases are considered.
Undernutrition in children & critical windows of opportunity in Indian context
Authors: Hemalatha R. , Radhakrishna K.V. , Kumar B. Naveen
Published: January 2019

It is intriguing to note that majority of the wasting among the under 5 yr in India is present at birth. The National Family Health Survey 4 (NFHS-4) data analysis shows 31.9 per cent wasting at birth, which is decreasing to 17.7 per cent in the under five children; clearly suggesting that any reduction in wasting should come from improvement in foetal growth. In addition, children with both severe wasting and severe stunting, in whom the risk of mortality increases many folds, are <1 per cent in almost all the States; and these are the children in whom special care is required under the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition. This article presents an overview of nutrition status in children, their antecedents, and the critical phases; especially, nutrition status before pregnancy that plays a crucial role in all the nutrition status indicators of children. More attention on the critical phases is crucial to maximize the benefits from national programmes.
Smokeless tobacco cessation interventions
Authors: Nethan Suzanne Tanya , Sinha Dhirendra Narain , Chandan Kumar , Mehrotra Ravi
Published: January 2019

Background & objectives:

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption is a global health issue with about 350 million users and numerous adverse health consequences like oral cancer and myocardial disorders. Hence, cessation of SLT use is as essential as smoking cessation. An update on the available literature on SLT cessation intervention studies is provided here.

Methods:

Through an extensive literature search on SLT cessation intervention studies, using keywords such as smokeless tobacco, cessation, interventions, quitlines, brief advice, nicotine replacement therapy, nicotine gum, nicotine lozenge, nicotine patch, bupropion, varenicline, mHealth, etc., 59 eligible studies were selected. Furthermore, efficacy of the interventions was assessed from the reported risk ratios (RRs) [confidence intervals (CIs)] and quit rates.

Results:

Studies were conducted in Scandinavia, India, United Kingdom, Pakistan and the United States of America, with variable follow up periods of one month to 10 years. Behavioural interventions alone showed high efficacy in SLT cessation; most studies were conducted among adults and showed positive effects, i.e. RR [CI] 0.87 [0.7, 1.09] to 3.84 [2.33, 6.33], quit rate between 9-51.5 per cent, at six months. Regular telephone support/quitlines also proved beneficial. Among pharmacological modalities, nicotine lozenges and varenicline proved efficacious in SLT cessation.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Globally, there is limited information available on SLT cessation intervention trials, research on which must be encouraged, especially in the low-resource, high SLT burden countries; behavioural interventions are most suitable for such settings. Appropriate training/sensitization of healthcare professionals, and school-based SLT use prevention and cessation programmes need to be encouraged.
Bridging the Gender Digital Gap
Authors: Mariscal Judith , Mayne Gloria , Aneja Urvashi , Sorgner Alina
Published: January 2019

Despite the headway the world has experienced over the last couple of years in terms of a substantial increase in digital access, there are still significant challenges to overcome in ensuring women are included in the transformation to a digital society, which in turn will enhance productivity and social development. Efforts to increase internet adoption access through broadband plans and legislative reforms have yielded improvements in use and adoption. However, there is still a stark and pervasive gender inequality in terms of access, ownership of digital devices, digital fluency as well as the capacity to make meaningful use of the access to technology. Even though affordability is a key source of exclusion, there are also significant socio-cultural norms that restrict access for women. This paper brings forward the argument that access alone is not enough, women need agency and capacity to leverage access. The authors thus highlight the need to make an assessment of the global gender gap and develop meaningful indicators that contribute to the design and implementation of effective policies that drive adoption. We need effective promotion of women´s digital adoption not only from the government but also from the private sector and civil society in order to lead the digital adoption of best practices for women around the world.
Aerosol influences on low-level clouds in the West African
monsoon
Authors: Taylor Jonathan W. , Haslett Sophie L. , Bower Keith , Flynn Michael , Crawford Ian , Dorsey James , Choularton Tom , Connolly Paul J. , Hahn Valerian , Voigt Christiane , Sauer Daniel , Dupuy Régis , Brito Joel , Schwarzenboeck Alfons , Bourriane Thierry , Denjean Cyrielle , Rosenberg Phil , Flamant Cyrille , Lee James D. , Vaughan Adam R. , Hill Peter G. , Brooks Barbara , Catoire Valéry , Knippertz Peter , Coe Hugh
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Low-level clouds (LLC) cover a wide area of southern West Africa (SWA) during the summer monsoon months, and have an important cooling effect on the regional climate. Previous studies of these clouds have focused on modelling and remote sensing via satellite. We present the first comprehensive set of regional, in situ measurements of cloud microphysics, taken during June – July 2016, as part of the DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Clouds Interactions in West Africa) campaign, assessing spatial and temporal variation in the properties of these clouds. LLC developed overnight and mean cloud cover peaked a few hundred kilometres inland around 10:00 local solar time (LST), before clouds began to dissipate and convection intensified in the afternoon. Additional sea breeze clouds developed near the coast in the late morning, reaching a maximum extent around 12:00 LST. Regional variation in LLC cover was largely determined by the modulation of the cool maritime inflow by the local orography, with peaks on the upwind side of hills and minima on the leeward sides. In the broad-scale cloud field, no lasting impacts related to anthropogenic aerosol were observed downwind of major population centres. The boundary layer cloud drop number concentration (CDNC) was locally variable inland, ranging from 200 to 840 cm−3 (10th and 90th percentiles at standard temperature and pressure), but showed no systematic regional variations. Enhancements were seen in pollution plumes from the coastal cities, but were not statistically significant across the region. The majority of accumulation mode aerosols, and therefore cloud condensation nuclei, were from ubiquitous biomass burning smoke transported from the southern hemisphere. Consequently, all clouds measured (inland and offshore) had significantly higher CDNC and lower effective radius than clouds over the remote south Atlantic from literature. A parcel model sensitivity analysis showed that doubling or halving local emissions only changed the calculated CDNC by 13–22 %, as the high background meant local emissions were a small fraction of total aerosol. As the population of SWA grows, local emissions are expected to rise. Biomass burning smoke transported from the southern hemisphere is likely to dampen any effect of these increased local emissions on cloud-aerosol interactions. An integrative analysis between local pollution and Central African biomass burning emissions must be considered when predicting anthropogenic impacts on the regional cloud field during the West African monsoon.
Validity and limitations of simple reaction kinetics to calculate
concentrations of organic compounds from ion counts in PTR-MS
Authors: Holzinger Rupert , Acton W. Joe F. , Bloss William J. , Breitenlechner Martin , Crilley Leigh R. , Dusanter Sébastien , Gonin Marc , Gros Valerie , Keutsch Frank N. , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Kramer Louisa J. , Krechmer Jordan E. , Languille Baptiste , Locoge Nadine , Lopez-Hilfiker Felipe , Materić Dušan , Moreno Sergi , Nemitz Eiko , Quéléver Lauriane L. J. , Sarda Esteve Roland , Sauvage Stéphane , Schallhart Simon , Sommariva Roberto , Tillmann Ralf , Wedel Sergej , Worton David R. , Xu Kangming , Zaytsev Alexander
Published: January 2019

Abstract. In September 2017, we conducted the Proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometry (PTR-MS) Intercomparison campaign at CABauw (PICAB), a rural site in central Netherlands. Nine research groups deployed a total of eleven instruments covering a wide range of instrument types and performance. We applied a new calibration method based on fast injection of a gas standard through a sample loop. This approach allows calibrations on time scales of seconds and within a few minutes an automated sequence can be run allowing to retrieve diagnostic parameters that indicate the performance status. We developed a method to retrieve the mass dependent transmission from the fast calibrations, which is an essential characteristic of PTR-MS instruments, limiting the potential to calculate concentrations based on counting statistics and simple reaction kinetics in the reactor/drift tube. Our measurements show that PTR-MS instruments follow the simple reaction kinetics if operated in the standard range for pressures and temperature of the reaction chamber (i.e. 1–4 mbar, 30–120 ℃, respectively), and a reduced field strength E/N in the range of 100–160 Td. If artefacts can be ruled out, it becomes possible to quantify the signals of uncalibrated organics with accuracies better than ±30 %. The simple reaction kinetics approach produces less accurate results at E/N levels below 100 Td, because significant fractions of primary ions form water hydronium clusters. De-protonation through reactive collisions of protonated organics with water molecules need to be considered when the collision energy is a substantial fraction of the exoergicity of the proton transfer reaction, and/or if protonated organics undergo many collisions with water molecules.
Quasi-separatrix Layers Induced by Ballooning Instability in Near-Earth Magnetotail
Authors: Zhu Ping , Wang Zechen , Chen Jun , Yan Xingting , Liu Rui
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Magnetic reconnection processes in the near-Earth magnetotail can be highly 3-dimensional (3D) in geometry and dynamics, even though the magnetotail configuration itself is nearly two dimensional due to the symmetry in the dusk-dawn direction. Such reconnection processes can be induced by the 3D dynamics of nonlinear ballooning instability. In this work, we explore the global 3D geometry of the reconnection process induced by ballooning instability in the near-Earth magnetotail by examining the distribution of quasi-separatrix layers associated with plasmoid formation in the entire 3D domain of magnetotail configuration, using an algorithm previously developed in context of solar physics. The 3D distribution of quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) as well as their evolution directly follows the plasmoid formation during the nonlinear development of ballooning instability in both time and space. Such a close correlation demonstrates a strong coupling between the ballooning and the corresponding reconnection processes. It further confirms the intrinsic 3D nature of the ballooning-induced plasmoid formation and reconnection processes, in both geometry and dynamics. In addition, the reconstruction of the 3D QSL geometry may provide an alternative means for identifying the location and timing of 3D reconnection sites in magnetotail from both numerical simulations and satellite observations.
Quantifying global N2O emissions from natural ecosystem soils using trait-based biogeochemistry models
Authors: Yu Tong , Zhuang Qianlai
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A group of soil microbes plays an important role in nitrogen
cycling and N2O emissions from natural ecosystem soils. We
developed a trait-based biogeochemical model based on an extant process-based
biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), by
incorporating the detailed microbial physiological processes of
nitrification. The effect of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea (AOA),
ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was
considered in modeling nitrification. Microbial traits, including
microbial biomass and density, were explicitly considered. In addition,
nitrogen cycling was coupled with carbon dynamics based on stoichiometry
theory between carbon and nitrogen. The model was parameterized using
observational data and then applied to quantifying global N2O
emissions from global terrestrial ecosystem soils from 1990 to 2000. Our
estimates of 8.7±1.6 Tg N yr−1 generally agreed with previous
estimates during the study period. Tropical forests are a major emitter,
accounting for 42 % of the global emissions. The model was more sensitive
to temperature and precipitation and less sensitive to soil organic carbon
and nitrogen contents. Compared to the model without considering the detailed
microbial activities, the new model shows more variations in response to
seasonal changes in climate. Our study suggests that further information on
microbial diversity and ecophysiology features is needed. The more specific
guilds and their traits shall be considered in future soil N2O
emission quantifications.
Exploring Geomorphic Processes and Martian Gale Crater Topography on Mars using CTX and HiRISE Express Image Dataset
Authors: Kumar Pavan , Rawat Jiwan Singh , Rehman Sufia , Sajjad Haroon , Rani Meenu , Mohanto Kirti Kumar , Rai Osheen , Tripathy Bismay
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Exploration of Martian surface and the crater deposition has recently attracted scientific community. We hypothesized the existence of momentous topographic features of different origin on the Martian surface. It was observed that Gale Crater has a thick sediment deposition mainly of fluvial and aeolian origin. This study has utilized spatially referenced topographic dataset Context Camera images acquired from Mars reconnaissance orbiter for exploring the geomorphic processes and topography of Gale Crater. A base map was prepared by mosaicking all imagesfor preparing geomorphologic map of the crater. Surface map of the topography of the Crater was prepared using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. HiRISE images were used to examine the identified geomorphic features. Results revealed that the presence of both fluvial and aeolian processes and their respective associated landforms in the Crater. Depositional landforms such as alluvial fan, inverted channel and mound and erosional landform namely canyons were distinctly identified on the image. Yardangs produced by erosional and ripple and dunes formed by the depositional work of wind were also identified in the Crater. The fluvial channel, inverted channels and fan shaped deposits further signifies ongoing aqueous activity on the Gale Crater. Sinuous ridges are the common features present on the floor of Crater. Rock particles, sand and silt in the crater were found to have been transported and deposited by flowing water on its floor. Presence of different sedimentary structures and valley revealed ancient sedimentary deposition due to water action. Significant ejecta morphologies were also identified on Martian surface. Our study confirms the previous studies that presence of H2O sub surface volatiles. Concentrations of volatiles have produced double layer ejecta morphology. The concept and findings of this study will escalate knowledge about the surface features on Gale Crater. However, more coherent investigation is needed for modelling and understanding the processes and landforms of the crater. Context Camera (CTX) and High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images have proved useful for geomorphic and topographic mapping of the Mars planet. The dataset used in this study can be accessed on Mars Orbital Data Explorer (https://ode.rsl.wustl.edu/mars/indexproductsearch.aspx).
An index concentration method for suspended load monitoring in large rivers of the Amazonian foreland
Authors: Santini William , Camenen Benoît , Le Coz Jérôme , Vauchel Philippe , Guyot Jean-Loup , Lavado Waldo , Carranza Jorge , Paredes Marco A. , Pérez Arévalo Jhonatan J. , Arévalo Nore , Espinoza Villar Raul , Julien Frédéric , Martinez Jean-Michel
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Because increasing climatic variability and anthropic pressures have affected the sediment dynamics of large tropical rivers, long-term sediment concentration series have become crucial for understanding the related socio-economic and environmental impacts. For operational and cost rationalization purposes, index concentrations are often sampled in the flow and used as a surrogate of the cross-sectional average concentration. However, in large rivers where suspended sands are responsible for vertical concentration gradients, this index method can induce large uncertainties in the matter fluxes. Assuming that physical laws describing the suspension of grains in turbulent flow are valid for large rivers, a simple formulation is derived to model the ratio (α) between index and average concentrations. The model is validated using an exceptional dataset (1330 water samples, 249 concentration profiles, 88 particle size distributions (PSDs) and 494 discharge measurements) that was collected between 2010 and 2017 in the Amazonian foreland. The α prediction requires the estimation of the Rouse number (P), which summarizes the balance between the suspended particle settling and the turbulent lift, weighted by the ratio of sediment to eddy diffusivity (β). Two particle size groups, washload and sand, were considered to evaluate P. Discrepancies were observed between the evaluated and measured P, that were attributed to biases related to the settling and shear velocities estimations, but also to diffusivity ratios β ≠ 1. An empirical expression taking into account these biases was then formulated to predict accurate estimates of β, then P (∆P = ±0.03) and finally α. The proposed model is a powerful tool for optimizing the concentration sampling. It allows for detailed uncertainty analysis on the average concentration derived from an index method. Finally, this model can be coupled with remote sensing and hydrological modeling to serve as a step toward the development of an integrated approach for assessing sediment fluxes in poorly monitored basins.
Short communication: Challenges and applications of structure-from-motion photogrammetry in a physical model of a braided river
Authors: Leduc Pauline , Peirce Sarah , Ashmore Peter
Published: January 2019

Abstract. For extending the applications of structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry
in river flumes, we present the main challenges and methods used to collect a
large dataset (>1000 digital elevation models, DEMs) of high-quality
topographic data using close-range SfM photogrammetry with a resulting
vertical precision of ∼1 mm. Automatic target detection, batch
processing, and considerations for image quality were fundamental to the
successful implementation of the SfM technique on such a large dataset, which
was used primarily for capturing details of gravel-bed braided river
morphodynamics and sedimentology. While the applications of close-range SfM
photogrammetry are numerous, we include sample results from DEM differencing,
which was used to quantify morphology change and provide estimates of water
depth in braided rivers, as well as image analysis for mapping bed surface
texture. These methods and results contribute to the growing field of SfM
applications in geomorphology and close-range experimental settings in
general.