bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pruning
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

The pruning of trees is probably the most noticeable and important of all tree maintenance practices. Thoughtful pruning produces a structurally sound tree that can better withstand adverse environmental conditions. In addition, properly pruned trees require less cabling, bracing, and sometimes require less managing of pests to maintain good health. Appropriate pruning will add to the aesthetics and prolong the useful life of trees.
Damage Due to Nonparasitic Factors
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

Poor growth and even death of trees are frequently caused by nonparasitic agents. Nonparasitic disorders generally affect a wide range of tree species, whereas most parasites such as disease organisms and insects usually attack specific tree species. Following are some of the most common nonparasitic problems.
Insect and Mite Pests of Trees
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

A working knowledge of insect pests, of how they injure plants, and of methods of combating them is essential to any tree preservationist. A detailed discussion on insect identification methods is best left to texts written specifically for that purpose; however, important characteristics of the major insect pests are presented here.
Coping with Tree Pests and Diseases
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the term pest will be used to mean all types of tree pests, whether insect, mite, fungus, bacterium, phytoplasma, virus, nematode, parasitic plant, weed, or animal. For the most part the discussion of pest management will focus on arthropod (insect and mite) pests, which cause tree damage, and microbial pests (pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and nematodes), which cause tree dis eases. Some of the chemicals used to manage pests are called pesticides and include fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, insecticides, miticides, herbicides, and rodenticides.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

On a warm saturday morning in August 1992, on Chicago’s South Side, several hundred people gathered in the basement of the Carter Temple CME Church. Carter Temple, which borders Wabash and Michigan avenues along the Seventy-ninth Street corridor, is a part of the Christian Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church, a majority black denomination historically connected to the United Methodist Church South. This formerly all-white denomination broke with northern United Methodists over the issue of slavery on the eve of the Civil War. On this particular morning, before the regular Sunday service, the church’s parking lot was packed with cars, many with stickers proclaiming their faith with such phrases as “God, my co-pilot,” “Jesus on Board,” and “Christ: Try Him, You’ll Like Him.” Surrounding streets provided parking spaces for latecomers.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935)
Authors: Berkin Carol Ruth
Published: November 2023

Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born July 3, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut, to parents who separated soon after she was born. Following her own divorce from her first husband in 1894, Gilman moved to California where she began to establish her career of social reform by publishing in several literary forms and by lecturing to women’s clubs and to socialist and working men’s associations.
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: November 2023

Eleanor Roosevelt was born October 11, 1884. Educated privately, in her youth she combined an upper-class social whirl with great interest in “social housekeeping,” working for the National Consumers’ League and at a New York settlement house. She married her cousin, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1905; they had six children between 1906 and 1916.
Showing Politics: Tabloid Journalism and Entertainment Television
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

One of the most vehement criticisms levied against the new media is that they trivialize serious issues of governing by infusing politics with entertainment. Social commentators have envisioned a frightening fu ture where entertainment dominates politics. In a culture where “all politics is entertainment,” Neil Postman laments that Americans are “amusing themselves to death.’’ Oliver Stone’s Natural Born Killers depicts a chilling vision of a society held hostage by entertainment media gone berserk. While these characterizations are at present exaggerations, the trend toward more sensational presentations of politics is real. The concern is greatest when the role of the tabloid press and television programs in the new media revolution are considered. As we will dis cuss shortly, the inextricable blending of politics and entertainment is a fact of American life that precedes the Founding. The most recent development is that tabloid newspapers and television programs have assumed an enhanced position in the political process, and politicians and the mainstream press cannot help but take them seriously.
The Audiences
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

Coinciding with any significant alteration in the mass media system are changes in patterns of public media consumption. By providing more choices of format and greater variety of content, the political media product has become increasingly diverse in the new media era. With more sources competing for shares, the media target their products to reach specific groups. Thus the mass audience has become highly fragmented. Identifying who uses particular communication forms and why has become a difficult task. Yet the importance of understanding the audiences for mass communication cannot be underestimated. This knowledge can enhance our ability to address essential concerns about the new media’s role in a democratic polity. Political information is packaged in formats de signed to appeal to a wide range of audience tastes, potentially enhancing the media’s power in politics.
Talking about Treatment
Authors: Roberts Felicia D
Published: November 2023

Clear and accessible, this book is the first qualitative analysis of the complex conversations that occur between breast cancer patients and their oncologists. Roberts focuses on discussions about possible avenues of treatment, and shows them to be an active and mutual collaboration of information on the one hand, and a subtle delineation of the roles of “expert” and “novice” on the other. Her work highlights how doctors achieve a delicate balance between promoting one particular treatment option while not guaranteeing a cure.
Structural Changes Underlying Long-Term Memory
Authors: Bailey Craig H
Published: November 2023

Recent studies of the biological basis of learning and memory, in both higher in vertebrates and vertebrates, have demonstrated that aspects of long-term memory storage are associated with altered gene expression, new protein synthesis, and the growth of synaptic connections (for review, see Bailey et al., 1996). Such changes also appear to accompany the de nova synapse formation that occurs during development and in the adult brain could reflect the recruitment, by environmental stimuli, of developmental processes that are latent or inhibited in the fully differ entiated neuron. The ability to study learning and memory at the cellular and molecular levels now makes it possible to examine the degree to which the central nervous system may utilize a similar set of cell biological mechanisms to achieve learning-related plasticity in the mature animal as it does for the reorganization of synaptic connections during the later stages of development.
Continuity and Change in the Development of Children with Autism
Authors: Sigman Marian , Kim Norman
Published: November 2023

The extent to which a child with autism continues to develop in the same way during his or her life is of the utmost importance to everyone concerned. Autism is characterized by pervasive impairments in social interactions and communication that are manifested in the first 3 years of life. The most compelling question asked by parents at the time of diagnosis, usually when the child is quite young, is whether the child will be able to have a “normal life.” Implicit in this question is the issue of change and continuity-whether the child will ever be able to relate socially to other people, learn to speak and communicate with others, function in dependently, and abstain from the repetitive and stereotyped behaviors that char acterize children with autism. The deficits in social communication that define autism are evidenced to some degree irrespective of intellectual ability (Szatmari et al., 1989). Individual outcomes, however, evince considerable variability, ranging from a very small number of autistic adults who manage to achieve relative normalcy in their level of functioning to the majority who continue to suffer significant impairments throughout their lives. Defining those characteristics of the disorder that tend to remain stable and those that show change represents an ini tial approach toward identifying the extent and nature of plasticity in the development of children with autism.
Development, Learning, and Neuroplasticity: Where We Are Now
Authors: Shaywitz Bennett a.
Published: November 2023

As a scientist who knew little about neural plasticity before being cajoled by the editors into writing a commentary and, as a result, having to carefully listen to 2 days of extraordinary presentations, the resulting volume can be considered a crash course in neural plasticity. What strikes this novice is not only the great range of studies that comprise plasticity but the extraordinary progress in the field. Though the volume has been divided into four sections, in fact we can consider two general domains of plasticity: animal models and studies in children.
Introduction
Authors: Soyinka Wole
Published: November 2023

In the 1992 presidential elections, it would appear that the United States stood a reasonable chance of acquiring a new president in the person of a certain Mr. David Duke. Who knows, it may yet happen. No, perhaps we should consider it unlikely; but the state of Louisiana may eventually settle on him as its governor or reward his industry with a senatorial seat—Mr. Duke appears quite determined to move into the power structure at some level or another. For the moment, however, he may be said to have declined into a state of well-earned obscurity in the United States. Not elsewhere though; not in Germany where, a few years ago, it was reported that he had made his presence felt in familiar ideological territory. Even more recently, Mr. Duke appears to have sought a new lease on life in South Africa.

What is remarkable about Mr. Duke and his bid to represent the Republican party as a presidential candidate? Simply that many Americans were startled to learn that he was a prominent and still active member of the Ku Klux Klan. He lost at the primaries of course, but his loss in the governorship race was a narrow one, and that fact remains a frightening reminder of the yet unconcluded business of racism, not only in the United States, but in much of Europe and the recently desegregated society of apartheid South Africa. After Mr. Duke’s political setbacks in his own country, he cavorted briefly with the neo-Nazis and skinheads in Germany but found that the Germans, eager to renounce and distance themselves from any glorification of their shameful past, wisely kept him—in the main—at arm’s length.
A Natural History of Plants, Animals, and People
Authors: Smith Nigel J H
Published: November 2023

The floodplain forest of the Amazon is the last major agricultural frontier of the Americas. This unique habitat, inundated in some places to a depth of thirty feet a year, contains a marvellous variety of plant and animal resources that inhabitants have long reaped--fruit, nuts, building materials, fuelwood, and medicinal plants. While the floodplain has great potential for food production, its natural resource base is becoming increasingly threatened by ranching and agricultural expansion and impaired by inappropriate land-use practices. This important book, based both on field observations carried out over the past quarter century and historical material, demonstrates that knowledge possessed by area dwellers offers vital insights for promoting the sound economic development of the floodplain. Nigel Smith argues for the importance of balance between land-use systems, and suggests that research and development should be realigned to incorporate both modern science and traditional systems. Beautifully illustrated with the author's own photographs, this authoritative volume explores a broad range of ecological, historical, cultural, and socioeconomic issues, and offers practical suggestions for developing the floodplain that enhance, rather than destroy, biodiversity.
A Forest Cornucopia
Authors: Smith Nigel J H
Published: November 2023

Floodplain forests are biologically diverse, in spite of the annual floods, and people have learned to tap this biodiversity for food, medicines, and other uses. Inhabitants of the Amazon floodplain gather fruits, nuts, barks, and other plant products from a wide variety of habitats, ranging from flooded forests to floating meadows and weedy communities around garden plots and homes. The composition of the varzea forest changes markedly along the Amazon. Some species are found only in the middle or upper stretches, while other plants are widespread but occur in concentrations. Gathering activities follow a seasonal rhythm. Some species fruit during the dry season, while others release their fruits at high water to be dispersed by currents or fish. Floodplain residents thus benefit from a year-round supply of food, building materials, and other supplies for the household gathered from the wild.
Question about Globalization
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

Globalization is the great hope for some and the great terror for others. The fact is that the world economy is in an upheaval: it is growing together and forming a network. Even China and the former Soviet bloc have opened up; the ASEAN states are showing a tremendous economic dynamic which is rapidly also spreading to China. All over the world giant new markets are forming, with offers of goods and labour and possibilities of communication, but at the same time competition is hardening world-wide and there is growing unemployment in the industrial nations. There is no question that the epoch-making paradigm shift which has also been evident in the economy since the First World War and the rise of the new economic great powers, the USA and the USSR, away from a Eurocentric to a polycentric world economy, has achieved its definitive breakthrough after the collapse of the Soviet block and the globalization processes of the 1990s.
Introduction: Swept Away the Truth about Dirt
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

Housekeeping as Autobiography: Two Kinds of Invisibility Here, a photograph found by chance in an old family scrapbook, detailing a moment perhaps completely forgotten by both participants. A mother and daughter. Coffee. Date? The 1950s, the era of domesticity, of the baby boom, denoted by the clothing, the round bulky lines of the refrigerator, the serrated edges of the black-and-white photo. A memento from the private sphere, from the space of the family, the photo depicts a mute pedagogy, knowledge passed on by a miming of the mother, by a wordless exchange. The child’s chin cranes upward, looking on to adapt her pose to that of her mother. The mother is working, preparing coffee for absent others. Her work; a child’s play.
Lessons in Labor and Love the Melodramatic Imperatives of Hollywood Housekeeping
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

Griffith’s domestic melodramas illustrate with particular clarity the representational conventions that the cinema inherited from nineteenth-century domesticity. Yet his Victorian vision of a highly moralized performative femininity was not only anachronistic and excessively sentimental, it was also represented as opposed to leisure and overt displays of sexuality, two crucial attractions of the nascent film industry. Griffith’s sensibility was quickly supplanted by more sophisticated renderings of “appropriate” domestic life that tended to validate leisure and commodity acquisition and suppress the fact of domestic labor. Furthermore, even during Griffith’s heyday, an array of films took on the question of women’s work and its value within the home and marriage from a much more modern viewpoint. Many of these films were comedies, such as A Windy Day on the Roof and Alice Guy Blache’s A House Divided (1913), though others adopted didactic formats that, while lacking the sensations and extreme moral polarities of melodramas like Griffith’s, nevertheless recounted implicitly pedagogical stories about proper domesticity. These films reveal the explicitly moral and implicitly political standards that now defined the “goodness” of home and wife within a secular commodity culture. Their narratives foreground the values that constituted the success and competence of domestic femininity as it was disengaged from images of useful labor.
Housekeeping against the Grain Feminist Domesticity’s Visible Style
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

In a series of superimposed stills, a broom moves back and forth, sweeping dirt off the bricks of a patio. No hand is visible; the camera frames the bristles of the broom. Beneath the dirt, a word emerges-a brand name engraved on the brick. The word is “savage,” a term that also describes the character of the surface that the brick covers and civilizes. The image, from Patricia Gruben’s experimental film The Central Character (1977), captures the salient motif of the work, the role housekeeping plays in articulating and maintaining the oppositions between surface and depth, inside and outside, nature and culture. Yet, as the paradoxical image-inscription suggests, these apparently separate categories overlap, imbricated in a pattern of distinct but interdependent surfaces.
Experimental Domesticities Patricia Gruben’s The Central Character and Zeinabu Davis’s Cycles
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

In 1960 Yoko Ono wrote Kitchen Piece as part of her Instruction Paintings series: “Hang a canvas on a wall. Throw all the leftovers you have in the kitchen that day on the canvas. You may prepare special food for the piece.” Just as Lydia Child appropriated the recipe to serve as the basis for a system of knowledge about domesticity, so Ono takes it up to fashion a stunning piece of conceptual art that confounds instructions and experience, print and image, art concept and art object. Kitchen Piece also solicits an entirely different public and orientation for the recipe, the kitchen, and the home-cooked meal. She transforms what has been understood as the antithesis of art into its very mode and substance. Before her time in this, as in many other aspects of her work, Ono anticipates U.S. feminist artists’ intense interest in the domestic from the 1970s onward.
Network Flows and Facility Location
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues the discussion in the previous chapter on network algorithms for GIS-T. In the previous chapter, we reviewed shortest path algorithms, their implementations and methods for solving tours and vehicle routings within networks. In this chapter, we complete our discussion by reviewing methods for routing multiple flows and locating facilities within a network.
Transportation, Environment, and Hazards
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

Transportation facilities and systems are major sources of environmental degradation and risk in modern societies. Building transportation facilities requires major alterations to the physical environment, often creating negative impacts on sensitive environmental features and hydrological systems and visual blight in natural or historical areas. Automobile-oriented transportation systems are a major source of energy consumption and air pollution. Transportation systems also have an inherent degree of risk due to accidents, potentially causing harm to individuals and property.
Introduction
Authors: Reynolds Larry J
Published: November 2023

With the publication of Twice-Told Tales in 1837, Nathaniel Hawthorne gained recognition as an important American author; “a new star rises in the heavens,” declared his friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in a review of the book. Some thirteen years later, with the publication of The Scarlet Letter (1850), Hawthorne joined the ranks of Americaߣs greatest writers. “None but a man of true genius and a highly cultivated mind could have written it,” declared a typical contemporary review. “It is a work of rare, we may say of fearful power.” During the 150 years since the publication of his masterpiece, Hawthorne has continued to occupy a central place in the American literary canon despite major shifts in critical fashions and reading tastes. Although recent scholarship has revealed the ways that influential friends, editors, and publishers assisted in the construction of Hawthorneߣs literary reputation, his short stories and novels continue to speak to a reading public fascinated by stories of sin and guilt and by exceptional individuals struggling with themselves and repressive institutions.
Hawthorne and Children in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Brown Gillian
Published: November 2023

When Hawthorne rewrote the story of King Midas for his 1852 collection of children’s stories, A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys , he added the character of a daughter, whom he called Marygold. Midas, we are told, loved this “little maiden who played so merrily around her father’s footstool. But the more Midas loved his daughter, the more he did desire and seek for wealth,” thinking, “the best thing he could possibly do for this dear child would be to bequeath her the immensest pile of yellow, glistening gold, that had ever been heaped together since the world was made.” Even though she is the intended beneficiary of Midas’s gold, Marygold herself does not at all share her father’s “insane desire for riches.”
Hawthorne and the Visual Arts
Authors: Gollin Rita K
Published: November 2023

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born into a confident and rapidly expanding America where the visual arts were of little importance. There were no major collections of art, no government patronage of the arts nor generous private patrons, no academies where aspiring artists could develop their skills. Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley had done fine work in America, but then both moved to London and remained there for the rest of their lives. English-born portraitists like John Smibert had prospered in. colonial times, and Gilbert Stuart’s reputation soared when he returned from England to the new republic. During the early decades of the nineteenth century, talented painters like John Vanderlyn and Washington Allston spent long stretches of time in France and Italy. When they returned home, they were imbued with European standards of High Art, which preferred sacred, mythological, and historical subject matter to representations of present-day realities.
Genetics of Emotional Development
Authors: Goldsmith H Hill
Published: November 2023

The genetics of early emotional development is both a big and a small topic. The literature is a small one when emotional development is defined narrowly as involving measurement of relatively “pure” emotion expression or reception. However, the literature is substantial when we turn to the genetics of emotion-relevant features of temperament and psychopathology in early development. Rather than a comprehensive review, this chapter samples the literature, noting how various aspects of temperament or psychopathology relate to emotion. The chapter depends on the four other contributions in this part of the Handbook to elaborate the nongenetic, developmental aspects of the emotional phenomena that it features. In practical research on genetics, however, these developmental issues need to be integrated into the design of studies and assessment of infants and children. The chapter begins with a brief description of what is entailed in the behavior-genetic research paradigm. After this conceptual overview, both concepts of behavioral genetics and illustrative empirical findings on temperament and emotion-related psychopathology are treated. When possible, the examples in this lengthy section are drawn from typical infant and childhood development or from childhood psychopathology. The emphasis in this section is on quantitative genetic approaches. The next section turns to molecular genetic approaches in humans and describes linkage and association studies. Recently, this has become a very large field, heavily weighted toward analyses of disorders rather than quantitative variation. Then, the chapter turns to a few examples of nonhuman animal research to illustrate the potential of complementary animal and human approaches. This section is highly selective and brief; fortunately, other chapters in this handbook provide much more detail on the animal studies. The chapter concludes with the prospects for integrating molecular and quantitative genetic approaches and for dealing with complex, nonlinear systems. To place any particular set of behavior-genetic results in proper perspective, it is well to have in mind the broader paradigm of research in this field. This paradigm, as outlined in Table 16.1, applies to any phenotypic behavioral pattern. The term “emotion phenotype” in the table can be understood as “emotional trait” or “emotional disorder” within the context of this chapter.
Language and Emotion
Authors: Reilly Judy , Seibert Laura
Published: November 2023

For centuries, philosophers have been concerned with the two basic human systems involved in communication: language and emotion. The first reported experiment on language was conducted in the 7th century B.C. by the Egyptian King Psammetichus. He reputedly left two infants in an isolated mountain hideaway as a means to discover the “original” language of humans. Somewhat later, in the 4th century B.C., in the dialogue Cratylus, Plato wrote on the nature of reference and the origins of words. With respect to emotion, in modern times, Darwin has made the most impact and is cited in virtually every study of emotion. However, we have records from the Greeks discussing emotion and temperament and the role of the bodily humors in mediating emotions. Thus, from the oldest available records, language and emotion have been central themes in human behavior. What is most striking, however, is that these two literatures, which are both vast and voluminous, rarely refer to one another. These nonintersecting paths continue to this day, with linguists rarely referring to emotion and the influences it may have on language, and psychologists working in the area of emotions rarely considering language and how these systems intersect. Nonetheless, these two systems are concurrently involved in daily interactions of members of all cultures: In natural discourse, any linguistic utterance is produced and interpreted in an emotional context. Moreover, specific utterances convey emotion and are interpreted as emotionally significant. A spoken utterance can incorporate emotional information paralinguistically, using facial expression, vocal prosody, and gesture, as in, “JOHN!” (walking toward the person, arms outstretched, smiling). Or similar emotional information can be lexically encoded within the actual words of the sentence, as in “John, I am so very happy to see you again.” Finally, speakers and writers have a vast repertoire of linguistic devices to convey subtle attitudinal information to “color” their utterances, and these can reflect emotional stance. For example, minimal modifications of the verb of the simple declarative sentence “I eat squid” can indicate a broad spectrum of personal preferences: I adore eating squid; I’ll eat squid; I might eat squid; I could eat squid; I don’t eat squid; I never eat squid; to I detest eating squid. In this chapter, we examine some of the different relationships of language and emotion by focusing on their expression, and the integration of their co-expression from primarily a developmental perspective. In cultures all over the world, infants begin to produce their first words around their first birthday, yet they are already skilled affective communicators. One question that arises is the role affective expression plays in language acquisition. One possibility, reflecting a modular viewpoint, is that the systems develop orthogonally to one another; a second option, from a broader cognitive perspective is that the two communicative systems are linked.
Emotional Factors in Attitudes and Persuasion
Authors: Petty Richard E , Fabrigar, Leandre R , Wegener Duane T
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine the role of emotional factors in attitudes and persuasion. Attitudes refer to people’s global evaluations of any object, such as oneself, other people, possessions, issues, abstract concepts, and so forth. Thus a person’s dislike of ice cream and favorable predisposition toward a political candidate are examples of attitudes. Persuasion is said to occur when a person’s attitude changes. Change can refer to moving from no attitude to some attitude or from one attitude to another. Persuasion can be very explicit and blatant, such as when a person sets out to modify another’s evaluation and provides a strong communication against the other’s point of view, or it can be rather implicit and subtle, such as when a person’s attitude changes simply because the attitude object (e.g., one’s car) shifts from being associated with pleasant to unpleasant outcomes. Classic treatises on persuasion have held that understanding emotion is critical to understanding attitude change. For example, Aristotle’s Rhetoric described how to make an audience feel specific emotions, such as anger or fear, and then how to use these emotions to influence the audience (see also Cicero, 55 B.C./1970). The importance of emotional factors was also recognized in some of the earliest contemporary work on attitudinal processes. We begin by discussing work on the structure of attitudes because it is in this work that emotional factors first received substantial attention as a theoretical construct. Then we turn to the role of affect in producing attitude change. Attitude structure refers to the underlying foundation, components, and organization of a person’s evaluation. Probably the first major attitude structure theory to feature affect prominently was the tripartite theory of attitudes. According to advocates of this perspective (e.g., Insko & Schopler, 1967; Katz & Stotland, 1959; Rosenberg & Hovland, 1960; Smith, 1947), attitudes can be conceptualized as made up of three components: affective, cognitive, and behavioral. The affective component consists of positive and negative feelings associated with the attitude object. The cognitive component comprises beliefs about and perceptions of the attitude object. Finally, the behavioral component is made up of response tendencies and overt actions related to the attitude object.
The (De-)Construction of the “Other” in The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
Authors: Manzanas Jesus Benito Ana
Published: November 2023

Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European travelers in remote regions of the world easily found new subjects for the position of “the other,” that elusive and mobile entity that constitutes the opposite of self. “The other” becomes a discursive concept upon which the so-called “civilized” imagination projects its fantasies and anxieties. Nowhere did travelers blend fact and fiction in their accounts as much as in their description of Africa. The tradition went back to classical historians such as Herodotus and Pliny, who had already peopled Africa with monstrous wonders such as beings without heads and with mouth and eyes in their breasts.I These monstrous “others,” along with Acridophagi (insect eaters), Ichthyophagi (fish eaters), Ilophagi (wood eaters), Spermatophagi (seed eaters), and the common Anthropophagi as described by classical writers, were to fertilize the Elizabethan imagination, thirsty as it was for the details of savage life, which the Elizabethans located in the newly opened world overseas.
Landings: Robert Hayden’s and Kamau Brathwaite’s Poetic Renderings of the Middle Passage in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Charras Françoise
Published: November 2023

The ideas developed in this essay proceed from a series of reflections evoked by Toni Morrison’s comments on her treatment of the slaves’ narratives in her novel Beloved, where she assumed that she was giving a voice to the former slaves’ “interior life” that had remained, up to then, veiled. In this experience, which had found almost no expression in the various slaves’ narratives, the collective and individual ordeal of the Middle Passage, also situated at the core of Beloved, was central. Looking into the past, to verify Toni Morrison’s claims, I tried to find literary attempts by previous African Americans to lift up the veil that had hidden the Middle Passage so deeply in the memories and consciousness of their past. The most obvious texts in the English-speaking world were Equiano’s Narrative (1792) but also the work of Cuguano who, in a very brief part of his antislavery tract published in 1787, had already evoked the horrors of the transatlantic passage.
Dislocation, Violence, and the Language of Sentiment
Authors: Hamilton Cynthia S
Published: November 2023

Dislocation and violence provided evocative material for the slave narratives published before the Civil War, but more interesting than the continuing presence of such material are the changing literary conventions used to handle it. By examining these conventions, one can begin to see the impact of other popular literary genres on the slave narrative. Through wide availability and popularity, the Indian captivity narrative and later the sentimental novel provided both authors and reading public with conventions and expectations on which the slave narratives could draw. The Indian captivity narrative, which anticipated the slave narrative by over half a century, provided its earliest formal template.
The Hues and Uses of Liberia
Authors: Tyler-McGraw Marie
Published: November 2023

On December 28, 1816, the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour, soon to become the American Colonization Society, was organized in the hall of the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C. Its goal was to send free persons of color, with their consent, from the United States to a colony to be acquired on the west coast of Africa. The recent and surprisingly successful conclusion to the War of 1812 encouraged a heady sense of national destiny and the moment seemed auspicious for grand schemes. One of those schemes was an effort to move beyond the cautious founding fathers and address the manifest contradictions between republican liberty and chattel slavery in the United States. The society was primarily the product of steady but separate agitation and organization by a Virginia congressman and a New Jersey minister and, in addressing the condition and prospects of the free black, focused on race more than slavery.
Alice Walker, Activist Matron of FORWARD
Authors: Levin Tobe , Gleichen Freifrau von
Published: November 2023

Although the demonstrators, diasporan African women, oppose a Brent councillor’s 1992 motion to legalize genital cutting, we know that the majority of African women involved approve “female circumcision”the “culturally sensitive” and “respectful” word until 1990-when a regional conference of the Inter-African Committee (IAC) in Addis Ababa proposed altering the terminology. In 1991, the UN Seminar on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, held in Burkina Faso, recommended the term “female genital mutilation,” or FGM, which is now codified in World Health Assembly Resolution WHA46.18 and other international instruments, including documents approved during the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, September 1995 (WHO J2). Sadly, a footnote appears in the Beijing Platform for Action’s chapter on women and health, allowing “the various religious and ethical values and cultural backgrounds” (United Nations, Draft Platform, 43) to influence assessment of implementation risks and potentially undermine FGM eradication efforts.
Social Context
Authors: Pilowsky Issy
Published: November 2023

Until the psychiatric profession emerged as an independent medical discipline, and, even more recently, found a role in general hospitals, it was not possible for hypochondriasis to be comprehensively considered from a “psychiatric” view point. Before then, when psychiatrists (or “alienists” as they were known) practiced almost exclusively in “asylums,” the only occasions on which they encountered hypochondriacal phenomena were when they were part of a psychotic illness such as schizophrenia or affective disorder. The patients with nonpsychotic hypochondriasis were seen, in the main, by physicians who were not necessarily inclined to write about or research the subject, with occasional notable exceptions.
The Black Arts Movement: Performance, Neo-Orality, and the Destruction of the “White Thing”
Authors: Sell Mike
Published: November 2023

It is worth recalling that a cofounder of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense—Bobby Seale—was at one time an actor in a San Francisco theater troupe run by an up-and-coming playwright and director named Ed Bullins. It is worth recalling because the relationships among institutions, communities, and the peculiar ontologies and epistemologies of performance are foundational dynamics of both the Black Power and Black Arts movements. Both movements devised Black Nationalist strategies to effectively respond to the complications of race politics by the peculiar characteristics of the American political scene in the 1960s, a scene dominated by a tendentiously racist mass media, which seemed intent on transforming the social and civil turmoil of the era into a multimedia spectacle.1 However, significant differences exist between the performance politics of the two movements. While the Panthers attempted to seduce and exploit the media(and wealthy liberals) by way of outrageous, blatant displays of hypermasculine “Blackness,” the Black Arts Movement sought to evade white media, tolerant liberal wealth, and Euro-American aesthetic traditions by taking their revolutionary, Afrocentric cultural program to historically African American colleges and urban, geographically distinct, African American communities.2 These very different negotiations of what Guy Debord calls the “society of the spectacle”3 were linked to very different understandings of the relationship between political radicalism and artistic radicalism.
Beyond a Liberal Audience
Authors: Sonnega William
Published: November 2023

In 1960 it was thought by a lot of black people and a lot of white liberals that if the two cultures met and white Americans embraced our {black} culture, if they got to know our music and to know our dance, then somehow we could come to a better understanding. But that was not the case. You could be KKK and still watch Bill Cosby on Thursday nights.
Uh Tiny Land Mass Just Outside of My Vocabulary: Expression of Creative Nomadism and Contemporary African American Playwrights
Authors: Dixon Kimberly D
Published: November 2023

African American cultural history includes within it an extensive expatriate tradition. Scholars often foreground the stories of famous African American writers, such as James Baldwin, Richard Wright, and Chester Himes, who left America behind to seek out new homes abroad for themselves and their work and who produced work with themes and stories that frequently reflected their expatriate status. While these writers are deservedly prominent both for their literary merit and for the influence their lives and careers have had on African American and other cultures, their status as representatives of the African American expatriate tradition is misleading. Their common gender and association with a single genre create an image of the African American expatriate writer as being male and a novelist.3 Furthermore, the fact that these writers’ identities as African American expatriates were secured during the 1950s and l 960s leads some scholars to suggest that the African American expatriate tradition died when they did.4 Perhaps most significant, these histories frame literal, physical migration as the only means of movement and repositioning embraced by African American artists.
Acting Out Miscegenation
Authors: Paulin Diana R
Published: November 2023

Because of the ways that black-white, or interracial, intimate affairs have symbolized both explicit acts of racial transgression and implicit threats to essentialized racial categories in the United States, their representation creates space for complex readings of racial identities. The ambivalent and liminal space in which interracial desire is most frequently represented does not merely complicate race, it functions as a place for more productive and multivalent articulations of black and white subjectivities.
Birmingham’s Federal Theater Project Negro Unit: The Administration of Race
Authors: Redd Tina
Published: November 2023

In a social order that is deeply racialized, any policy that invokes race as a sign, a mark of, rather than as grounds for preferential treatment, even where justified, is likely to be used to exacerbate racial tensions and divides, to magnify whatever racially characterized tensions and ambivalences there are.
Variation
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: November 2023

An essential component of all Darwinian theories is variation. Neither primary nor secondary theories can function without assuming that the units of selection display some degree of inheritable or transferable variation. The variants are what feed the selection process, whether natural or sexual, immunological or sociocultural. In the absence of such variability, Darwinian evolution and development would screech to a halt. It should not surprise us, therefore, that the behavioral scientists most influenced by Charles Darwin’s ideas have displayed a fascination with how human beings can differ in so many of their attributes. Francis Galton counts among the earliest and most prominent examples. Profoundly inspired by reading Origin of Species, Galton became convinced that individual differences are both substantial and consequential. For example, Galton’s 1869 Hereditary Genius argues emphatically that individuals vary immensely in what he styled “natural abilitY:’ a character that includes “those qualities of intellect and disposition, which urge and qualify a man to perform acts that lead reputation. I do not mean capacity without zeal, nor zeal without capacity, nor even a combination of both of them, without an adequte power of doing a great deal of very laborious work.
Relational Meaning and Discrete Emotions
Authors: Lazarus Richard S
Published: November 2023

The growing importance of cognitive-mediational or value-expectancy approaches to mind and behavior in the social sciences has generated a renewed interest in the emotions as discrete categories. This is in contrast with the position that views emotions as a limited set of dimensions (see, for example, Daly, Polivy, & Lancee, 1983, Plutchik, 1980a, Russell, 1980, 1983, Schlosberg, 1941, and Wundt, 1905, for data and discussions of the dimensional approach, and Lazarus, 1991b for further discussion). In the discrete emotion approach, dimensions of emotional intensity are still employed, but these are applied within each emotion category. In contrast, the dimensional approach minimizes the importance of distinctions among the emotions because it is based on a factor-analytic search for the minimal number of emotion dimensions that account for the maximum emotion variance.
Toward Delivering on the Promise of Appraisal Theory
Authors: Smith Craig A , Kirby Leslie D
Published: November 2023

Appraisal theory promises a lot to the student of emotion. Although nominally a theory of the cognitive antecedents of emotion, the theory aspires to much more. In addition to describing the specific cognitions that elicit various emotions (e.g., Roseman, 1984; Scherer, 1984c; Smith & Ellsworth, 1985; Smith & Lazarus, 1990), appraisal theory promises to reveal much about broader issues in emotion psychology, such as: the kinds of situations and contexts likely to give rise to specific emotions for a particular individual (e.g., Smith & Pope, 1992) and the organization of physiological activity (both facial and autonomic) in emotion (e.g., Kirby, 1999b; Lazarus, 1968b; Scherer, 1986a, 1992c; C. A. Smith, 1989; Smith & Scott, 1997), as well as the motivational functions served by emotion (e.g., Frijda, 1987; Roseman, Wiest, & Swartz, 1994) and the role of emotion in coping and adaptation (e.g., Lazarus, 1968b, 1991b; Smith & Wallston, 1992).
The Twin Method: What We Can Learn from a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hewitt John K , Emde Robert N , Plomin Robert
Published: November 2023

The studies reported in this volume address issues about the organization of behavior and its development in infancy. Of interest to the research team were the roles of genes, shared family environments, and individual experiences in shaping individual differences during early development. Thus, the study was designed to make use of the “natural experiment” of twinning that provides one of the most direct and well-controlled methods for the detection and quantitative assessment of the impact of heritable (genetic) and non-heritable (environmental) influences (Neale and Cardon, 1992).
The Structure of Temperament
Authors: Kagan Jerome
Published: November 2023

Explanations of the adult variation in mood, talents, and personality traits have cycled between an emphasis on external events, whether air, water, diet, or social encounters, on the one hand, and endogenous influences, on the other. When endogenous influences take the form of inherited physiological factors, they become synonymous with the idea of human temperaments. The concept of temperament, which was popular in the West from ancient Greece to the end of the nineteenth century, was ignored for the first half dozen decades of this century because of the political necessity of emphasizing the role of environment and minimizing biological differences among young children.
Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index
Authors: Chambers Marcie L , Hewitt John K , Schmitz Stephanie , Corley Robin P , Fulker David W
Published: November 2023

Being overweight or obese is a health problem of increasing concern in indus trialized societies. The prevalence of being overweight in the United States appears to be rising both in adults (Kuczmarski et al., 1994) and in children (Gortmaker et al., 1987). Obesity in childhood is predictive of obesity in adult hood (Rolland-Cachera et al., 1987), and being overweight or obese is related to morbidity for a variety of diseases, including non-insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease (Hubert et al., 1983; Pi-Sunyer, 1991; Van Hallie, 1985;) as well as being associated with reduced longevity (Lew, 1985; Lew and Garfinkel, 1979).
Reciprocal Altruism
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

It was the spring semester of 1969 and the population geneticist Richard Lewontin had come to Harvard to deliver a talk on a new methodology that promised to revolutionize the field of population genetics. Lewontin was then at nearly the height of his powers, and 250 people, myself included, were crammed into a lecture hall to hear his eagerly anticipated talk. It was my devout wish that he would fall flat on his face.