bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibrin Derivatives, Plasma Hemoglobin and Glomerular Fibrin Deposition in Experimental Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Beller F. K , Theiss W
Published: June 2018

Plasma fibrinogen, circulating fibrinmonomers (as indicated by a positive ethanol gelation test), fibrinolysis breakdown products and plasma hemoglobin were assayed in 122 rats subjected to endotoxin injection or infusion. The results were correlated with the quantitative measurement of glomerular fibrin deposition. Based on these data four groups were determined : consumption coagulopathy and three stages of increasing severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIG).

Consumption coagulopathy was defined by a decrease in plasma fibrinogen and a positive ethanol gelation test in the absence of glomerular fibrin deposition. Plasma hemoglobin and fibrinolysis breakdown products were normal or only slightly increased.

DIG as characterized by glomerular fibrin deposition was defined as moderate (1 to 20% glomeruli showing fibrin strands), intermediate (21 to 80%), and severe (81 to 100%). Decrease in plasma fibrinogen and frequence of a positive ethanol gelation test in all stages of DIG were only slightly different from the findings in consumption coagulopathy. However, a sharp increase in plasma hemoglobin levels was noted when glomerular fibrin deposition did occur even in small amounts. At this time only a moderate increase was noted in fibrin(ogen) breakdown products. These two parameters increased only slightly in the group of intermediate DIG. Severe DIG was characterized by a massive increase in fibrin (ogen) breakdown products and high levels of plasma hemoglobin.
Lipid Infusions in Man
Authors: Hovig T , Grøttum K. A
Published: June 2018

The soybean lipid emulsion “Intralipid” was infused in 10 volunteer individuals, and platelets, obtained up to 22 hours after the infusions, were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Using negative staining technique, platelet coating with lipid particles could be demonstrated. Platelet engulf ment of the lipid particles was found in ultrathin sections. The lipid particles appeared to enter the platelets via invaginations of the surface membranes and were located in vacuoles and in’ ‘humps”. The platelet shape and internal structure was strikingly well preserved and no evidence of platelet aggregation was demonstrated. Small platelet cytoplasmic fragments containing lipid were observed, and it is suggested that these may be pinched off from the platelets. Both with negative staining and in scanning electron micrographs occasional clumps of lipid particles were observed, and the possibility can not be excluded that such clumps may interfere with microcirculatory flow.
Fibrinogen Montreal
Authors: Lacombe M , Soria J , Soria C , d’Angelo G , Lavallee R , Bonny Y
Published: June 2018

A new case of congenital dysfibrinogenemia characterized by a prolonged thrombin clotting time and a low optical density of the polymerization curve has been discovered in Montreal. The functional defect is due to an abnormal aggregation of fibrin monomers.

The characteristics of this abnormal fibrinogen are serum gélification (Paracoagulation) at 37°, 22° and 4° C, a normal immuno-electrophoretic and electrofocusing pattern, a slight increase in the mobility in the α (A) chain by electrophoresis of the dissociated chains in polyacrylamide gel. However, no abnormality was found in the α (A) chain of the disulphide knot.
Congenital Dysfibrinogenemmia(Fibrinogen Giessen)
Authors: Krause W.H , Heene D.L , Lasch H.G
Published: June 2018

This report discusses congenital dysfibrinogenemia with facultative hemorrhagic diathesis in a 27-year-old woman patient. The autosomal-dominant hereditary transmission is assumed because of the occurrence of dysfibrinogenemia in the patient’s daughter now two-years-old. More extensive genetic examinations were impossible as the patient had been adopted.

The thrombin-time, the thromboplastin- and the partial thromboplastin-time were all prolonged. Reptilase and arvin did not lead to visible coagulation. Immunologically the concentration of fibrinogen was found to be normal, but fibrinogen, when determined as a thrombin clottable protein was clearly reduced. The patient’s plasma and isolated fibrinogen had an inhibitory effect on the coagulation of normal plasma or fibrinogen. Inhibitory factors of the fibrinogen-fibrin transition or an increased fibrinolysis was not found. An isolated determination of coagulation factors gave normal results. The fibrin polymerisation of the patient’s isolated fibrin monomer was delayed and did not reach the normal maximum. By applying bidimen- sional paper electrophoresis to the patient’s isolated fibrinogen after incubation with thrombin the separation of fibrinopeptide A was shown to be absent. Plasmin applied to the pathological fibrinogen did not release any late lysis products. Based on these findings which in part differ from other reported anomalies of fibrinogen, we propose to call this variant type of fibrinogen Giessen.
A New Congenital Abnormality of Human Fibrinogen
Authors: Gralnick H. R , Givelber H. M , Finlayson J. S
Published: June 2018

A dysfibrinogenemia (fibrinogen Bethesda II) was recognized in a Caucasian family with no history of bleeding or thrombosis. Thrombin and Reptilase times were prolonged, and there was a discrepancy between the fibrinogen levels determined by the fibrin tyrosine content and the Clauss method. Other coagulation and fibrinolytic measurements yielded normal values. The half-life of homologous and autologous 125I-fibrinogen in the propositus was approximately 20% shorter than the mean (3.70 ±0.45 days) of normal individuals. Fibrinogen Bethesda II exhibited normal migration during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate) or cellulose acetate, normal ultracentrifugal behavior, a normal chromatographic elution pattern and normal levels of hexose and sialic acid. Upon immunoelectrophoresis of whole plasma, the arc was more anodal than that produced by the fibrinogen of normal plasma. Functionally, fibrinogen Bethesda II prolonged the thrombin and Reptilase times of normal plasma and fibrinogen. The rate at which fibrinopeptides were released by thrombin or ancrod was similar to that for normal fibrinogen, and the amounts eventually reached the same levels, but a slight delay was consistently observed in the early stages of the reaction. Aggregation of fibrin monomers prepared with either thrombin or Reptilase was markedly abnormal, whereas the crosslinking (as assessed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) did not differ from that of normal fibrin.
The Effect of Exocrine Pancreas Stimulation on the Coagulation and Fibrinolytic System in Dogs
Authors: Gabryelewicz A , Prokopowicz J , Szalaj W , Wolosowicz N , Laszewicz W , Szmitkowski M
Published: June 2018

The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems have been investigated in the dogs treated intravenously with secretin, pancreozymin and CCK.

There was significant shortening of plastic and glass clotting times, a fall in blood platelet numbers, prolongation of the prothrombin time, and a transitory inhibition of plasma euglobulin fibrinolytic activity. The greatest changes were found after CCK.

It should be stressed that the peak changes were earlier and more intense when morphine was given with the hormones.

In the authors’ opinion the present findings support the supposition concerning the role of enzymatic toxemia in hemostatic disturbances seen in acute pancreatitis.
Cold Promoted Activation of Factor VII VI. Effect of Inhibitors
Authors: Gjønnæss H
Published: June 2018

The cold promoted activation of factor VII occurs in parallel with an activation of a plasma arginine esterase, and, on inhibition of the cold activation of factor VII, the esterase activation also decreased. The inhibitor pattern supported our theory that the arginine esterase that is activated in the cold activation of factor VII is plasma kallikrein.

The cold activation of factor VII was completely inhibited with soya bean trypsin inhibitor in doses that did not interfere with the contact activation. On the other hand, inhibition of the contact activation with hexadimethrine bromide did not interfere with the cold activation of factor VII except when this was kaolin induced. Contact and cold activation therefore appear to represent two different pathways for the activation of factor VII. The cold activation reaction is probably mediated by the activation of plasma prekallikrein, and inhibition of the plasma kallikrein activity correlates with the inhibition of the cold promoted activation of factor VII.
Coagulation Factors of the Newborn and His Mother
Authors: Biland L , Duckert F
Published: June 2018

In 50 mothers and their newborns 13 parameters of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis have been investigated. No correlation was found between the activity in the mother’s blood and in the cord blood.

The activity of the factors V, VIII and IX can be so low in the blood of the normal newborn that it is not possible to detect a hereditary coagulopathy early at birth time. Fibrinogen and factor XIII make an exception. The factor XIII is normal in the cord blood, even higher than in the mother’s blood.

The values of fibrinogen measured with different methods disagree (Table 1). These results are discussed in connection with the antithrombin II, antithrombin III, split products and plasminogen values.
Immune Reactive Factor IX in Acquired Factor IX Deficiency
Authors: Lechner K
Published: June 2018

Factor IX-antibody-neutralizing material has been estimated in plasmas of patients with acquired factor IX deficiency. In patients with liver cirrhosis and patients who had been treated with L-Asparaginase the plasma neutralized an amount of antibody expected from the biological activity. In patients treated with phenprocoumon and in one patient with biliary obstruction an excess of factor IX-antibody neutralizing material was found. This inactive factor IX probably represents a precursor molecule of factor IX.
Studies on Blood Coagulation Factor V
Authors: Kahn M. J. P , Hemker H. C
Published: June 2018

It is confirmed that a protein from Russell’s viper venom has a direct activating action on human as well as bovine factor V.

Unactivated human factor V has a molecular weight as estimated by gel filtration of ∼410,000, after activation the molecular weight is ∼110,000, thus suggesting the dissociation of a tetramer.

The approximative molecular weight figures for unactivated and activated bovine factor V are 400,000 and 195,000, resp. This suggests the dissociation into a dimer accompanying the process of activation.
The Inactivation of Factor VIII in Vitro
Authors: Stibbe J , Hemker H. C , Creveld S. v
Published: June 2018

When normal citrated plasma is stored at 37° C and pH 7.8 the factor VIII activity drops to about 50% of its initial value during the first 8-12 h. In the following 4 days practically no further drop in activity is found. If the logarithm of the factor VIII activity is plotted against time a curve is obtained which can be described as biphasic. To explore the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon the influence of temperature, pH, Ca++ concentration and some other clotting factors was investigated. Between temperatures of 21° C and 45° C the inactivation of factor VIII was biphasic, the decrease of factor VIII being faster in both phases at higher temperatures. The inactivation at these temperatures showed a Q10 of about 2. At 52° C nearly all factor VIII activity disappeared within 8 h. Possibly the precipitation of fibrinogen at this temperature is of influence. Between pH 6.4 and 8.5 the decrease in factor VIII in the first phase was obviously slower at lower pH and the level of the second phase maintained at a higher factor VIII activity. No alteration of the normal inactivation pattern was seen in plasma from patients with congenital deficiencies of factors XII, IX or V or in normal plasma adsorbed with BaS04 which has factors II, VII, IX and X markedly decreased, nor was there any difference between platelet rich and platelet poor plasma. Low calcium concentrations (Resinplasma) markedly increased the rate of inactivation in the first phase, but did not influence the second phase.

Four hypotheses are given to explain the biphasic inactivation of factor VIII: a) The presence of an inactivating substance in the first phase or a stabilizing factor in the second phase of factor VIII inactivation. b) The existence of two independent substances with factor VIII activity with different inactivation rates. c) Reversible denaturation of factor VIII in one or more steps. d) Factor VIII exists in plasma in two interdependent molecular forms. It is discussed that in view of the results of the experiments hypotheses a and b are not very likely. At present we cannot differentiate experimentally between c and d.
Observations on Factor X Activity after Adsorption to Barium Sulphate
Authors: Howell R. M , Dupe R. J
Published: June 2018

The amount of preformed clotting activity exhibited by factor X was found to be closely related to the bulk density of the barium sulphate used for its adsorption from serum.

The X-ray grade of barium sulphate compares closely with that manufactured by precipitation and its bulk density is half that of the soil grade which is similar to the material obtained by grinding natural barytes. Microscopically, the soil grade shows an irregular crystalline surface and when used for the adsorption of serum, the resulting eluate has a greater clotting and esterase activity than is the case when the X-ray grade, which has a smooth surface, is used. Possible mechanisms leading to the surface activation of factor X by barium sulphate are discussed and the findings are also related to earlier observations on variations in the availability of serum thrombotic accelerator (STA) after its adsorption to the same grade of barium sulphate.

The importance of defining the barium sulphate used for the adsorption of clotting factors in terms of its physical properties and microscopic appearance is emphasised.
A New Method Based on One Dimensional Diffusion Using Small Glass Tubes for the Measurement of Fibrinolytic Activity
Authors: Yasukouchi Taro , Watanabe Takeo
Published: June 2018

A new method of estimating fibrinolytic activity is introduced. This method based on one dimensional diffusion (simple diffusion) is characterized by adopting small glass tubes, internal diameter about 3.5 mm calibrated from the bottom by 50 mm, as containers of substratecl fibrin.

The results and advantages over previous methods are as follows :

1. Clear line of demarcation between lyzed zone and remaining fibrin makes it easier to measure the extract of lysis than in the fibrin plate method.

2. The enzyme activity of materials tested is kept stable for many hours.

3. The quantity of test material in the fibrin tube is optional.

4. Only 1/10 fibrinogen required for fibrin plate method is sufficient.

5. Adopting a standard euglobulin unit gives a free choice of experimental conditions. The pooled euglobulin prepared from 48 healthy persons represented 1 standard euglobulin unit.

Standard deviations of “Euglobulin + Streptokinase” level in plasmas from 24 healthy men (aged 18-54 yrs) and women (aged 17-50 yrs) were ±0.27 and ±0.20 standard euglobulin units, respectively.
Comparison of Ethanol and Protamine Tests in Demonstration of Soluble Fibrin and Early Products of Fibrin Degradation
Authors: Konttinen Y. P , Kemppainen L , Turunen O
Published: June 2018

Performance and applicability of ethanol-induced gelation and protamine-induced paracoagulation for the demonstration of soluble fibrin monomer complexes and fragment Xo complexes was studied by using 1. fibrin monomer plasma prepared by adding small amounts of thrombin to plasma, 2. clot lysis products, and 3. thrombin -treated mixture of fibrinogen degradation products and plasma. To increase the specificity of the protamine tests only visible fibrin strand formation was recorded as positive. In addition to qualitative tests the amount of paracoagulable material was measured by a spectrophotometric method.

The ethanol gelation test proved very simple, reproducible and considerably more sensitive than the protamine tests in demonstrating soluble fibrin monomer complexes, irrespective of whether fibrinogen degradation products were present or not. On the other hand, the protamine tests were clearly superior for demonstration of clot lysis products (fragment Xo complexes). Therefore it seems advisable to perform both types of tests when screening for intravascular coagulation.
The Significance of Plasma Inhibitor(s) in the Control of Fibrinolytic (Plasmin) Activity in Blood
Authors: Monkhouse Frank C. , Milojevic Susan , Schmitt Adrianne
Published: June 2018

A single one minute wash with three volumes of iso-amyl alcohol will remove all effective antithrombin and antiplasmin activity from plasma. On centrifugation, a clear inhibitor-free plasma with prothrombin activity and with no measurable loss of plasminogen or plasmin is obtained. Studies were carried out on both dog and human plasma. When iso-amyl alcohol treated plasma is stored either at room temperature or at 4° C, the plasminogen in it spontaneously converts to plasmin. The rate at which it does this is proportional to the amount of activator present in the original plasma. When stored at -20° C, this plasmin is stable indefinitely and provides an excellent source of plasmin for routine studies. Experiments in which urokinase was added to plasma samples and the mixture allowed to incubate for varying periods of time from 10 minutes to 15 hours before inhibitor was removed, showed that very little plasmin is destroyed by inhibitor. The plasmin-inhibitor complex is largely reversible. Zone electrophoresis studies indicate that iso-amyl alcohol removes alpha globulins, lipoproteins and some glycoproteins.
Coagulation Studies in a Case of Severe Congenital Hypofibrinogenemia
Authors: Barbui T , Porciello P. I , Dini E
Published: June 2018

A case of severe congenital hypofibrinogenemia is presented. The patient was a 26 year old female with congenital heart disease.

Partial thromboplastin time, Quick’s time and thrombin time were infinite. There was no immunoelectrophoretic precipitation with anti-fibrinogen serum. The thrombo-elastogram, carried out in PPP, indicated the complete lack of fibrinogen. On the contrary, the thromboelastographic pattern in PRP showed a very small opening of the branches, suddenly followed by their rejoining. Using an immunodiffusion method, it was possible to estimate the fibrinogen level at 12 mg%.
Transport of Low Molecular Weight Proteins through Aorta and Vena Cava of Rats and Rabbits
Authors: Pinkas J , Spaet Th. H
Published: June 2018

Histochemical methods were adapted to study the passage of different sized molecules through the aortic wall of rats and rabbits. Horseradish peroxidase, myoglobin and cytochrome C served as tracers of different molecular weights easily identifiable by light microscopy after peroxidase staining. All three proteins were transported from the lumen through the aortic wall to the adventitia; no penetration from the adventitia was seen. When compared for rate of transportation, horseradish peroxide with the highest molecular weight was slower than myoglobin and cytochrome C. In the vena cava the transport of these proteins occurred from both directions but the media was saturated from the lumen only. No difference between velocity of transport of horseradish peroxidase, myoglobin and cytochrome C was found in the vena cava. In vitro incubation in various solutions containing dissolved horseradish peroxidase showed penetration of peroxidase to be minimal. The molecular weight of material transported and pressure in the lumen are considered as the most important factors influencing the transport of nutrients through the wall of an avascular large vessel. When abdominal aorta was isolated from surrounding tissue, clearance of peroxidase from the vessel wall was greatly retarded.
Studies on Fibrin Formation and Effects of Dextran
Authors: Muzaffar T. Z , Youngson G. G , Bryce W. A. J , Dhall D. P
Published: June 2018

In this study highly reproducible turbidimetric techniques are used to investigate clotting of human platelet-poor plasma and purified human fibrinogen solutions by thrombin. Three phases are clearly distinguishable turbidimetrically during clotting. All the three phases are altered by dextran. This effect of dextran is not mediated by any action on the enzymatic activity of thrombin. Further, it is independent of the molecular weight of dextran, but is found related to the final dextran, thrombin and fibrinogen concentrations. Evidence is presented to show that dextran accelerates the polymerisation of fibrin monomer. However, it seems clear that dextran has an additional action quite apart from this effect. These actions of dextran are discussed in relation to kinetics of clot formation.
Parallel Determinations of FDP and Fibrin Monomers with Various Methods
Authors: Hedner U , Nilsson I. M
Published: June 2018

The following tests were performed in 305 persons with one or other of the following conditions: malignant disease, postoperative complications, sepsis or multiple fractures, liver disease, pregnancy, the puerperium, renal disease, dysproteinaemia and different blood disorders : 1. fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) with Niléhn’s immunochemical method; 2. the thrombin time; 3. the Reptilase time; 4. the ethanol gelation test; 5. the protamine sulphate precipitation test. It was found that a prolonged thrombin time or Reptilase time in a given case was not necessarily a sign of the presence of FDP. Thus, neither determination of the thrombin time nor of the Reptilase time can substitute for specific determination of FDP. A positive ethanol gelation test was found in only 5 out of 17 patients with a low platelet count, low P & P test, low factor V, low fibrinogen and clinical signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation such as shock, disturbance of the periphery circulation, oliguria or anuria. No association was found between a positive ethanol gelation test and the presence of FDP. The protamine sulphate precipitation test was positive in only one of the 305 patients.
The Effect of Apyrase on Platelet Retention in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Abnormal Cardiac Valves or with von Willebrand’s Disease
Authors: Rifkin Paul L. , Friedberg Neal M. , Zucker Marjorie B.
Published: June 2018

Earlier studies showed that platelet retention was low in disturbed blood and was restored by incubating the blood with apyrase. The low values appeared to be due to ADP-induced inhibition. Patients with von Willebrand’s disease and some patients with cardiac valve abnormalities or prostheses had reduced platelet retention in glass bead columns. Although retention was often increased by incubating the blood with apyrase, it never reached normal values. Retention in normal blood was low when short columns were used and was also increased by apyrase. Thus, ADP-induced inhibition is apparently present even in carefully drawn blood and is probably not responsible for the poor retention in von Willebrand’s disease and cardiac valve abnormalities.
Observations on the Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Acylates by Purified Bovine Thrombin
Authors: Lundblad Roger L.
Published: June 2018

The ability of purified bovine thrombin to catalyze the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl butyrate has been studied. The butyrate derivative appears to be hydrolyzed more rapidly than the acetate derivative. An examination of the time course of hydrolysis of these compounds by thrombin shows an initial ‘‘burst” reaction followed by a slower ‘‘steady-state” reaction. The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acylates by thrombin is inhibited by the presence of benzamidine as well as by prior reaction of thrombin with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. It is suggested that bovine thrombin catalyzes the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acylates and that the reaction proceeds via the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate.
Incidence and Course of Inhibitors among Patients with Classic Hemophilia
Authors: Kasper Carol K.
Published: June 2018

The incidence of known inhibitors among patients with severe classic hemophilia seen at Orthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, increased from 4.8 percent in 1967 to 7.8 percent in 1972. Possible reasons for the increase may include : 1. selective referral of patients with inhibitor to this center and 2. a three-fold increase in the frequency of plasma product infusion and an eight-fold increase in the factor VIII units infused per year per patient. The incidence of inhibitors was highest among young children; in 1972, 14.6 percent of children under age 10 years and 6 percent of older patients had inhibitors. Several patients developed inhibitors in late adolescence or adulthood, some after little exposure to blood products, and others after many more than a hundred accumulated days of exposure. Anamnestic responses to plasma product infusions occurred in all children under age 4 with inhibitors and all older patients with pre-infusion inhibitor titers of at least two units. Some adolescent or adult patients with low-titer inhibitors received plasma products on several occasions without developing higher titers but later responded to another infusion with a marked rise in titer.
The Platelet of the Newborn Infant 5-hydroxytryptamine Uptake and Release
Authors: Whaun June M.
Published: June 2018

It is well recognized that some newborn infants experience unexplainable bruising, petechiae, and occasionally, intraventricular hemorrhage.

Total endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 14C-5-HT uptake and release Aver e studied as part of a comprehensive survey.

Total endogenous 5-HT levels were assayed in platelets of normal adult subjects, parturient mothers, and full-term normal newborn infants. Mean values expressed as micromoles per 1011 platelets were 0.186 ±0.018 (S.E.), 0.138 ±0.02, and 0.069 ± 0.008 respectively. Mean values expressed as nanomoles per milligram platelet protein were 0.417±0.03 (S.E.), 0.371 ±0.04, 0.161 ±0.02, respectively. No significant difference was noted between samples from adult controls and those from mothers. Newborn platelets were significantly different from either adult control platelets or maternal platelets.

14C-5-HT binding was measured in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the three groups. No significant difference between the three groups was noted. 14C-5-HT release following addition of solubilized collagen to PRP was measured in each of the three groups. No significant difference was noted in samples from adult normal controls (mean value 53.2 ±2.5%) and samples from mothers who had not ingested aspirin or other drugs (mean value 53.7 ±3.4%). Newborn platelet samples in contrast did not release as completely as platelet samples of the other two groups (mean value 37.2±2.4%).

Newborn platelets have both low serotonin stores, which may reflect immaturity of intestinal secretory function or block in amine synthesis, and an intrinsically defective reíase reaction which may reflect immaturity of membrane structure. Both these findings may provide further insight into altered hemostasis in the newborn.
Generalized Shwartzman Reaction Induced by Liquoid in the Rat
Authors: Evensen Stein A. , Shepro David
Published: June 2018

In an autoradiographic study the number of DNA-synthesizing aortic endothelial cells was compared 48 hours after an intravenous injection of the acidic polymer Liquoid or saline in rats. Doses of 1.5-2 mg per 100 g body weight produced a 14-fold increase in DNA-synthesizing endothelial cells and the generalized Shwartzman reaction. These results show that Liquoid causes severe endothelial injury.
Volume Distribution and Ultrastructure of Platelets in Acute Hog Cholera
Authors: Weiss E , Teredesai A , Hoffmann R , Hoffmann-Fezer G
Published: June 2018

Hog cholera is an excellent model to study virus related haemorrhagic diatheses of man, since coagulation parameters and morphology of swine platelets are quite similar to those of man. 15 pigs were infected with hog cholera virus. The volume distribution curves of platelets, immediately stabilized with glutaraldehyde after sampling, indicates a right shift of their peaks after infection, which is due to increase in number of megathrombocytes and aggregates. Electron microscopy shows from the first day p.i. an increase in number of giant platelets, and thrombocytes with multiple dense granules including “bull’s eyes”, more mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. These findings indicate an accelerated thrombocytopoiesis, in which more immature platelets appear in the blood stream. The other changes (dilatation of surface connecting system, increase of dense tubular system and microtubuli, formation of aggregates) are obviously due to a release-reaction, following adsorption and phagocytosis of the virus by the platelets. The studies reveal that in the beginning of acute hog cholera platelets already are directly damaged by the virus. Since thrombocytopoiesis cannot match the severe and progredient destruction of platelets, from the second day p.i. marked thrombocytopenia develops. Together with virus-induced endothelial lesions and disseminated intravascular coagulation, as described by us, it causes the haemorrhagic diathesis, typical for terminal stages of acute hog cholera.
The Effect of Some Synthetic Arginyl and Lysyl Compounds on Clotting and Fibrinolysis
Authors: Weinstein M. J , Doolittle R. F
Published: June 2018

The effects of a number of synthetic arginyl- and lysyl-compounds on clotting and fibrinolysis have been studied. The lysyl derivatives had no significant effect on the clotting of recalcified plasma or recalcified euglobulin preparations, but tosyllysine (TL) and tosyllysine methyl ester (TLME) were very effective inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Certain arginyl-peptides (in particular, tosylarginylsarcosine methyl ester) were very effective at delaying clotting in these systems. These same substances gave rise to an exaggerated thrombin production, however, evidently by interfering with the natural thrombin activation of plasma antithrombin(s).
Induction of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in the Factor XII-deficient Fowl
Authors: Skjørten Fredrik , Evensen Stein A.
Published: June 2018

Birds are naturally deficient in the coagulation factors responsible for the contact activation reactions in mammalian plasma. In the present study, fowl lungs were examined for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 5 min or 4 hours after injection of either Liquoid or bacterial endotoxin. These substances are potent initiators of DIC in mammals, and activation of factor XII is believed to be essential for their triggering effect.

Liquoid injection produced intravascular deposits with the light microscopical staining properties of fibrin. However these deposits had a purely granular ultra-structure; their formation was not prevented by adequate anticoagulation, and there was no concomitant thrombocyte aggregation. It is suggested that the deposits represent precipitates of plasma proteins, including fibrinogen.

Endotoxin failed to produce clinical reactions, intravascular deposits or thrombocyte aggregates. In contrast, animals injected with homologous tissue thromboplastin died, and fibrillar material with the ultrastructural appearance of fibrin, as well as thrombocyte aggregates were found in small pulmonary vessels. These effects were completely prevented by anticoagulation.

We conclude that both Liquoid and endotoxin failed to trigger DIC in the factor XII-deficient fowl, suggesting that these substances depend on the contact activation reactions for the generation of thrombin.
Leucocytes and Thrombosis
Authors: Banks D.C , Mitchell J.R.A
Published: June 2018

The rate of white cell loss from heparinised whole blood in a rotating glass flask has been used to study leucocyte behaviour.

Leucocyte loss requires divalent cations and magnesium is more active than calcium. Sulphydryl blockers and potassium cyanide inhibit white cell loss, showing that sulphydryl groups and a glycolytic pathway play a part in leucocyte adhesion.

White cell loss from plasma rotated in a flask is negligible, but is markedly increased by adding red cells, red cell sonicates or ADP.

The role of platelets and of substances which affect platelet behaviour in white cell adhesion is discussed.
A Preliminary Study on the Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase of Human Platelets
Authors: Chuang Hanson Y.K. , Mason Reginald G.
Published: June 2018

Evidence obtained from a colorimetrie assay method and from a more sensitive and specific radiometric assay method strongly suggests that one of the cholinestera-ses of intact human platelets is an acetylcholinesterase. Examination of disrupted platelets indicates that a butyrylcholinesterase also may be associated with these cells. However, it remains to be seen whether the butyrylcholinesterase is actually present within the platelets’ cytoplasm or whether it is a plasma enzyme trapped in the surface-connected canalicular system of these cells during the process of their isolation from blood.
Platelet Factor 3 Activity Made Available from Human Platelets by ADP
Authors: Gold Michael , Evensen Stein A. , Belamarich F.A , Shepro David
Published: June 2018

Pretreament of normal human platelets with colchicine at a final concentration of 10-3 M strikingly modifies their subsequent reaction to ADP. The generation of platelet factor 3 activity is inhibited, the secondary wave of aggregation fails to appear, and platelet factor 4 is not released. Colchicine also inhibits the increase in platelet factor 3 activity that results from washing and centrifugation of platelets.
Evaluation of a Semi-micro Method for Measuring Platelet Aggregation in Whole Blood Samples
Authors: Gordon John L.
Published: June 2018

Platelet aggregation has been measured rapidly and simply in 0.5 ml samples of citrated whole blood, by counting the unaggregated platelets remaining after the samples were mixed with aggregating agents, and the erythrocytes rapidly sedimented by adding physiological saline. Concentration-dependent aggregation responses were obtained with adenosine diphosphate, glass beads, serotonin and connective tissue. Aggregation induced by mixing alone was also measured.

The aggregation responses were altered by minor changes in citrate concentration, and increased during the first hour after venepuncture. In heparinised blood samples, platelet counts were reduced and all aggregation responses substantially increased. Extending the time interval between aggregating stimulus and platelet counting had no significant effect on the aggregation responses. The main source of technical error was sampling for platelet counts, and the variablility was inversely related to the size of micropipette used. Results of tests in volunteers established the normal range of responses to aggregating agents, and showed that blood samples taken weeks apart from the same subject gave more variable responses than did samples taken an hour apart.
Metabolic Properties of Human Platelet Membranes
Authors: Kaulen Hermann Dietrich , Gross Rudolf
Published: June 2018

The preparation of human platelet membranes and their characterization by electron microscopy and their enzymatic, lipid and protein content is reported. The membranes can be prepared in good yield from about one unit of blood. Using both sucrose and Ficoll density gradients as controls to each other, constant and reproducible membrane preparations of comparable biochemical composition are obtained. Electron microscopy shows uniform membrane structures without other contaminating subcellular organelles. The membranes are characterized by the enrichment of the acid para-nitrophenylphosphatase, a low activity of granular enzymes and by proteins of molecular weights from 20.000 to more than 100.000. They show a high content of N-acetylneuraminic acid, cholesterol, phospholipids, and in particular a high percentage of sphingomyelin. This preparation can be used for metabolic tracer studies at a subcellular level.
Human Coumarin Prothrombin
Authors: Cesbron Nicole , Boyer Catherine , Guillin Marie-Claude , Ménaché Doris
Published: June 2018

The abnormal prothrombin produced in patients under coumarin treatment has been isolated from oxalated plasma. After removal of normal prothrombin by adsorption on to small amounts of barium sulfate, coumarin prothrombin proved to be adsorbable on to larger amounts of barium sulfate. After elution into citrate the coumarin prothrombin was precipitated with ethanol and chromatographed on DEAE cellulose. Using a similar linear gradient than for normal prothrombin, the coumarin prothrombin was eluted ahead of normal prothrombin. Immunological studies performed on chromatographed coumarin prothrombin showed that it shared with normal prothrombin the main antigenic determinants and a complete line of identity was obtained when tested against antihuman normal prothrombin antiserum. On crossed Immunoelectrophoresis the electrophoretic mobility of coumarin prothrombin, unlike normal prothrombin, was not modified by the addition of calcium ions. Coagulation studies revealed that coumarin prothrombin could not be activated by physiological activators whereas conversion to thrombin was possible by non physiological activators such as staphylocoagulase and Echis carinatus venom. The amounts of thrombin generated under staphylocoagulase activation per 100 antigen units were similar to those generated by normal prothrombin. The amounts of thrombin obtained under the action of the venom were less than from normal prothrombin. In addition, the activation of coumarin prothrombin proved to be slower than for normal prothrombin.
Further Evidence for a Humoral Control of Factor VIII Plasma Levels
Authors: Landaburu Ricardo H. , Castellanos Delicia E.
Published: June 2018

Factor VIII increase after stress or adrenergic stimulation appears to be justified by ACTH release, which in turn liberates a principle other than steroids, from the adrenal cortex. A substance isolated from adrenal cortex and denominated S3 increase, when injected, the level of plasma factor VIII. The rise in factor VIII after S3 also occurs in adrenalectomized animals where ACTH or catecholamines administration gives negative results.
Effect of Aspirin on the Thrombelastogram of Human Blood
Authors: de Gaetano G , Vermylen J
Published: June 2018

Thrombelastograms of both native blood and re-calcified platelet-rich plasma samples taken from subjects given a single oral dose of aspirin (1 gram) were not significantly different from the pretreatment recordings. Aspirin also did not modify the thrombelastogram when preincubated in vitro with platelet-rich plasma at concentrations inhibiting the platelet “release reaction” by collagen. Thrombelastography therefore cannot evaluate the effect of aspirin on platelet function.
Leucocytes and Thrombosis
Authors: Banks D. C , Mitchell J. R. A
Published: June 2018

Normal white cell adhesiveness was found in a group of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia in whom the mean platelet count was 34,000 per cu. mm.

Marked elevation of white cell adhesiveness was observed after splenectomy. This did not correlate with changes in the white cell count but did parallel the increase in platelet count and adhesiveness.

White cell adhesiveness was increased in patients with a recent myocardial infarction. As it was also increased in patients with other acute illnesses and was normal in patients with old myocardial infarcts, the test is not of diagnostic value in thrombotic disease.
A Comparison of the Effects of Antihistamines on Platelet Function
Authors: Thomson Carl , Forbes Charles D. , Prentice C. R. M
Published: June 2018

Antihistamines are frequently given to haemophilic patients prior to replacement therapy. As these compounds have inhibitory properties against platelets, the relative effects of three commonly used antihistamines against platelets were compared. The actions of promethazine, chlorpheniramine, or mepyramine were tested against platelet aggregation induced by A.D.P., collagen, noradrenaline, and 5 hydro-xytryptamine, as well as platelet adhesiveness and the in vivo rat tail bleeding time. Overall, promethazine had the greatest inhibitory effects, mepyramine had intermediate, and chlorpheniramine least effect. It is suggested that these findings may be important when antihistamines are given to patients with intrinsic coagulation defects and that the compounds which possess the greatest inhibitory action against platelets should be avoided.
Platelets and Clot Retraction
Authors: Bottecchia Domenico , Fantin Gianpaolo
Published: June 2018

The effect of Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and some drugs known to influence smooth muscle behaviour on human and rat whole blood and PRP clot retraction was studied.

The force of the retraction was measured by a dynographic apparatus using electrical transduction. Clot retraction was studied by thrombelastographic method as well.

The results obtained by using EDTA and EGT A show that both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are necessary for the normal development of clot retraction. They suggest the coexistence in the platelets of an accessible calcium fraction and a fraction not readily accessible to chelating agents, which is released following the calcium chelation in the first fraction.

MnCl2 inhibits clot retraction and induced a quick, complete and irreversible relaxation of fully contracted clots. It is concluded that there are some analogies between blood clots and smooth muscle.

The absence of any effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline and ADP, which strongly modify smooth muscle contraction, is not surprising. This is probably because clotting caused by thrombin-triggered platelets has already produced a maximal clot retraction.
Differentiation between Plasminogen Activators by Means of Epsilon- Aminocaproic Acid
Authors: Kok P , Astrup T
Published: June 2018

The differentiation between plasminogen activators from tissue and urine by means of the patterns of inhibition produced by epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) in fibrin plate assays was investigated. Different inhibition patterns reflected genuine differences between two types of activators. The method allows the differentiation between two types of activators in weakly fibrinolytic and impure activator solutions.

A biphasic pattern of inhibition by EACA was observed with human urine as well as with the purified urokinase preparations. The degree of enhancement of fibrinolysis observed in the millimolar concentration range of EACA fluctuated with the fibrin substrate and was, in part, related to its plasminogen content. Increasing concentrations of EACA produced a uniformly increasing inhibition of preparations of tissue activator obtained in various degrees of purity from porcine ovary and heart. Plasmin was uniformly inhibited by EACA. Inhibition of plasmin required about 100 times higher concentrations of EACA than inhibition of tissue activator-induced fibrinolysis. EACA produced a slightly biphasic pattern of inhibition with plasminogen activator from human uterine tissue.
Evidence of Phylogenetic Canalisation of the Circulating Platelet Mass in Man
Authors: von Behrens W. E
Published: June 2018

Phylogenetically mammalian platelets are an apocrine secretion from nucleated thrombocytes, and biologically the number of circulating fragments is irrelevant compared with their total mass and biochemical function. The literature on human genetic derangements affecting the circulating platelet mass is reviewed. The product of platelet count and platelet volume is shown to be “canalised” since many congenital forms of thrombocytopenia are associated with a reciprocal increase in the mean platelet volume. Considerations of platelet size are essential since macrothrombocytopenia is a racial characteristic of many Mediterranean peoples and probably also occurs frequently in others races. The location of platelet disorders in relation to the phylogenetic canal provides an objective classification which has diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic significance.
Reaction Characteristics of Antiprothrombin Antibody on the Activation of Prothrombin (Sheep)
Authors: Hussain Q. Z , Chaudhuri S
Published: June 2018

1. Prothrombin was purified by a series of steps and subsequently on DEAE-Cellu- lose chromatography and specific antibody to pure prothrombin was prepared.

2. The effect of Anti-prothrombin antibody was tested on the activation of prothrombin. The generated thrombin was assayed for its clotting function as well as for esterase activity on TAMe (Tosyl-Arginine-Methyl ester) as substrate.

3. Anti-prothrombin antibody inhibits the clotting function of generated thrombin completely but its esterase function is only partially affected.
Separation of Sub-Units of Antihemophilic Factor (AHF) by Agarose Gel Chromatography
Authors: Weiss H. J , Phillips Louise L. , Rosner W.
Published: June 2018

The molecular weight of antihemophilic factor (AHF) in plasma and cryoprecipitate was studied by chromatography on agarose gel (Bio-Gel A, 1.5 M). At a pH of 7.4 and the ionic strength of plasma, AHF appeared in the void volume as a sharp, symmetrical peak, indicating a molecular weight of 1.5 million or greater. Similar findings were obtained in a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia. At a pH of 7.7, the major peak of AHF-activity was again found in the void volume, but a spreading of activity into higher elution volumes was also observed. In 1 M NaCl, pH 7.4, AHF dissociated into active sub-units of varying molecular size. The molecular weights of the smallest subunits were estimated to be 169,000-194,000. These studies provide further evidence that AHF is a high molecular weight substance, not associated with fibrinogen, whose quarternary structure may be disrupted to produce active sub-units of varying sizes.
Platelet Metabolism during the Interiorization of Two Different Types of Particulate Matter
Authors: Cooper I. A. , Cochrane P , Firkin B. G. , Pinkard K. J.
Published: June 2018

It has been suggested that human platelets possess the ability to phagocytose particulate matter similar to the polymorphonuclear leukocyte. However some difference of opinion has arisen regarding this contention, particularly as differences have been demonstrated with regard to the observed metabolic changes occurring in platelets related to such a process.

The experiments reported in this paper were designed to observe the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in human platelets during and following interiorization of two different particles, viz. polystyrene latex and thorotrast. The results of these experiments show a marked difference between both types of particles with regard to observable metabolic changes despite the rapid interiorization of both types of material. Some alteration occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism a considerable time after interiorization of latex, whereas no alteration could be demonstrated after interiorization of thorotrast. It is suggested that the interiorization of particulate matter is by some process other than phagocytosis and that observed metabolic changes related to latex may be due to a release reaction.
On the Early Detection of Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Fedder G , Prakke Elisabeth M. , Vreeken J
Published: June 2018

Since the conception of intravascular coagulation has been introduced in clinical medicine, the interest of clinicians in the early detection of this syndrome is continuously increasing. Therefore small amounts of thrombin and thromboplastin were infused into rabbits and special parameters, such as presence of an activated form of factor V and occurrence of a positive fibrin monomer test, were checked. As it turned out, activation of factor V (proaccelerin, accelerator globulin or AcG) was an earlier sign of intravascular coagulation than the appearance of a positive gelation test, which may occur without changes in fibrinogen or the number of blood platelets. These experiments could be of value for the early detection of intravascular coagulation in man.