bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Oceanic Trajectory Based Operations Concept Shaped by Operational Influences
Authors: Fernandes Alicia , Rebollo Juan
Published: September 2016

Oceanic operations suffer from multiple inefficiencies, including large separation requirements relative to domestic airspace, time-consuming processes for amending en route trajectories, difficulties exchanging data between Flight Information Regions (FIRs), and restrictions on User Preferred Routes (UPRs). The result is that aircraft fly suboptimal trajectories, burning fuel and time that could be conserved.

Transitioning to Trajectory Based Operations (TBO) is expected to improve operational efficiency. However, few TBO research initiatives involve operational personnel before it is too late for operational feedback to do more than de-scope the implementation to a single dimension. A human-centered approach to developing a concept for applying TBO to improve trajectory efficiency in oceanic airspace yielded a concept that explicitly incorporates uncertainty in strategic planning and requires careful consideration of the fourth dimension – in this case, altitude – in trajectory negotiation and conformance monitoring.
An Exploratory Evaluation of General Aviation Pilot Performance and Preferences Using Synthetic Vision Displays for Approaches and Missed Approaches in Flat and Challenging Terrain
Authors: Beringer Dennis B.
Published: September 2016

Eight instrument-rated General Aviation pilots completed CAT I SA approaches to Oklahoma City (KOKC) and localizer approaches to Aspen (KASE), the latter with missed approaches. Approaches to KOKC were conducted in two levels of runway visual range (RVR) with two decision heights (DH) using a head-up or head-down display with Synthetic Vision (SV) imagery. The lower DH led to significantly more completed approaches while the higher DH regularly caused pilots to execute missed approaches. RVR was not a significant factor for those values examined. Although SV was expected to be more beneficial for missed approaches in mountainous terrain (KASE) than for initial approaches, terrain clearance achieved was not influenced by display format. Cross-track and glide-slope root-mean-square error for the approaches to KOKC did not differ reliably between display conditions. Pilots uniformly believed they could successfully and comfortably complete approaches in lower visibilities if SV equipped as compared with other displays.
Human Factors and the United States Military
Authors: Tossell Chad C. , Finomore Victor S. , Endsley Mica R. , Wickens Christopher D. , Bennett Winston R. , Knott Benjamin A. , McClernon Christopher K.
Published: September 2016

For nearly 75 years, the United States military has partnered with human factors researchers and practitioners to improve its effectiveness by designing better systems and contributing to a better understanding of human-system performance. Aviation, for example, has been one of several domains to reap numerous benefits from this partnership. Still, there is an enormous amount of research requiring human factors expertise in the years to come. This panel will discuss the current state and benefits of military human factors research and identify areas of future collaboration.
Dispatching Information in 911 Teams
Authors: Preusse Kimberly C. , Gipson Christina
Published: September 2016

Recent tragedies in police emergency responses have brought to light the need for a human factors perspective in team information-sharing. Emergency dispatchers, such as police dispatchers on large college campuses, are an information center. Dispatchers obtain information from, and forward information to, multiple members of the response team (e.g., the civilian caller, police officers, medical dispatchers, other local, state, and national departments, language services, investigative units, etc.). In this case study, we take a systems approach wherein we conducted semi-structured interviews with three police dispatchers. Results describing the task, the team, and information sharing are presented through a hierarchical task analysis and a knowledge network representation. Findings document multitasking, communicating in multiple modalities (e.g., verbally, written), bi-directional communications, and quick decision making about information-sharing by dispatchers. Human factors interventions, such as technology support and altering team dynamics, may help promote efficient and effective information- sharing across the emergency response team.
Game-Based Delegation Interface Design for Unmanned Vehicles
Authors: Mersch Elizabeth M. , Behymer Kyle J. , Calhoun Gloria L. , Ruff Heath A. , Dewey Jared S.
Published: September 2016

Video game interfaces featuring multiple distinct icons that enable a player to quickly select specific actions from a larger set of possible actions have the potential to inform the development of interfaces that enable a single operator to control multiple unmanned vehicles (UVs). The goal of this research was to examine the design of a video game inspired interface for delegating actions (called “plays”) to highly autonomous UVs. Specifically, the impact of color coding (by Play Type, by Vehicle Type, and No Color) and icon row assignment (by Play Type, by Vehicle Type, and Random) for a delegation play calling interface was evaluated in terms of participants’ performance in identifying and manually selecting a commanded play icon in an interface depicting a large set of UV plays. Both the objective performance data and subjective ratings indicated that icon row assignment impacted icon selection, whereas color coding did not. Mean icon selection time and subjective ratings were more favorable when the icons were assigned to rows in the Play Calling interface by vehicle type. Suggestions are made for follow-on research.
Representing Work for Device Design and Evaluation Using Biclustering
Authors: Billman Dorrit , Wu Shu-Chieh , Fan Chengcheng
Published: September 2016

Successful design of technology for safety critical or high-stakes work demands a clear understanding of the work to be supported, a demand not required for many casual-use applications. Methods are needed to ensure the interaction design of safety-critical systems is aligned with the structure of work. We describe a method for representing work needs, the Work Matrix, to guide design and evaluation. A Work Matrix can be input to biclustering algorithms. Biclustering uncovers implicit structure in the Work Matrix, which can provide guidance for design. Our approach should be relevant to analysts and designers of software and automation for demanding work domains. We present our approach using the domain of piloting and flight deck automation to illustrate how biclustering results can provide guidance for interaction design.
Monitoring and Cross-Checking Automation
Authors: Cymek D.H. , Jahn S. , Manzey D.H.
Published: September 2016

The present study addresses effects of human redundancy on automation monitoring and cross-checking. Thirty-six participants performed a multi-task, consisting of three subtasks that mimic basic work demands of operators in a control room of a chemical plant. One of the tasks was to monitor and cross-check a highly reliable and safety-critical automated process. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: (1) “Non-redundant”: participants worked on all tasks alone as the only responsible operator. (2) “Redundant”: participants were informed that a second crewmate would work in parallel on the automation monitoring task and that they both were responsible for ensuring safe operation of the automation. Results provide evidence for social loafing effects in automation cross-checking. Participants working redundantly with another crewmate were found to cross-check the automation significantly less than participants, who were working alone. Even if the combined team performance of the participants working in the redundant condition was considered, the number of cross-checks did not significantly differ from the performance in the non-redundant condition. This result suggests that human redundancy can induce social loafing effects which fully compensate a possible reliability gain intended to be achieved by this measure. It challenges the often stated assumption that “four eyes see more than two” and shows that human redundancy does not necessarily lead to enhanced safety in automation monitoring.
Big Data Meets Team Expertise in a Dynamic Task Environment
Authors: Sangster Matthew-Donald D. , Mendonca David J. , Gray Wayne D.
Published: September 2016

Objective; This research employs large-scale data from a massively multiplayer online game to examine the links between the composition, processes and outcomes of teams operating in high tempo, data-rich environments. Background: Research on the performance of teams– particularly over long time scales–is often expensive and time-consuming. But Big Data from competitive, team-based games can mitigate these costs. Methods: Data visualization techniques are used to explore team data harvested from publicly accessible sources for the online game League of Legends™, one of the most popular such games in the world. Results: The exploratory results suggest potentially complex relationships between team composition, processes and outcomes, and in particular how team composition and process may unfold over longer time spans. Conclusions: The results point to the potentially substantial benefits of large-scale studies of teamwork, and–in parallel–to the need for the development of tools, techniques and measures to bring Big Data to bear in teamwork studies. Application: This work demonstrates the feasibility of exploring online gaming data for new insights into team and individual performance.
From Cognitive Theory to Operational Transition: One Program’s Path Across the Valley of Death
Authors: Zachary Wayne W , Fiore Stephen M. , Morrison Jeffery , Wales Josey , Wickens Christopher
Published: September 2016

Cognitive engineering and decision support are applied fields that build on cognitive theory and empirical data but ultimately seek to design and build interactive artifacts that improve human decision-making, performance, and use-experiences. However, the path from theory to operational transition has often been very difficult, often ending in failure in a “valley of death” between successful research and successful practical application. This panel presents different perspectives on the trek through this valley – researcher, end-user/operator, program manager, and what-can-we-learn-from-past-failures– set in the issues of current research program making that trip.
How Analysts Think
Authors: Gerber Matylda , Wong B.L. William , Kodagoda Neesha
Published: September 2016

In this paper we present three cognitive acts analysts use while solving criminal cases: intuition, leap of faith and insight. We used the Emergent Themes Analysis to find out how these cognitive acts help analysts’ inference making and what are their features. We analyzed the interviews with six analysts that were done with the Critical Decision Method. What we discovered is that intuition, leap of faith and insight relate to each other creating an integrated process while solving problems. We propose that a leap of faith occurs between intuition and insight. This is a preliminary study that we plan to develop further. However, current results are interesting enough that we hope the findings may help us design computer systems that will facilitate the process of solving criminal cases by analysts.Criminal intelligence analysis, analytical reasoning, inference making, intuition, leap of faith, insight, critical decision method.
Trust in Automated Agents is Modulated by the Combined Influence of Agent and Task Type
Authors: Smith Melissa A. , Allaham M. Mowafak , Wiese Eva
Published: September 2016

Trust in automation is an important topic in the field of human factors and has a substantial impact on both attitudes towards and performance with automated systems. One variable that has been shown to influence trust is the degree of human-likeness that is displayed by the automated system with the main finding being that increased human-like appearance leads to increased ratings of trust. In the current study, we investigate whether humanness unanimously leads to higher trust or whether the degree to which an agent is trusted depends on context variables (i.e., task type). For that purpose, we created a task with a social (i.e., judging emotional states from the eye region) and an analytical component (i.e., mathematical task) and measured how strongly participants complied to human, avatar or computer agents when performing the social versus the analytical version with them. We hypothesized that human-like agents are trusted more on social tasks, while machine-like agents are trusted more on analytical tasks. In line with our hypothesis, the results show that, human agents are in general not trusted more than automated agents but that the degree to which an agent is trusted depends on the anticipated expertise of an agent for a given task. The findings suggest that when designing automated systems that are supposed to interact with humans, the degree of humanness of the agent needs to match the degree to which a task requires social skills.
Adaptive Visualization of Complex Networks with FocalPoint
Authors: Inibhunu Catherine , Langevin Scott
Published: September 2016

Maintaining situational awareness of a dynamic global computer network that consists of ten to hundreds of thousands of computers is a complex task for cyber administrators and operators looking to understand, plan and conduct operations in real time. Currently, cyber specialists must manually navigate complex networks by continuous cycles of overviews, drilldowns and manually mapping network incidents to mission impact. This is inefficient as manually maneuvering of network data is laborious, induces cognitive overload, and is prone to errors caused by distractive information resulting in important information and impacts not being seen. We are investigating “FocalPoint” an adaptive level of detail (LOD) recommender system tailored for hierarchical network information structures. FocalPoint reasons about contextual information associated with the network, user task, and user cognitive load to tune the presentation of network visualization displays to improve user performance in perception, comprehension and projection of current situational awareness. Our system is applied to two complex information constructs important to dynamic cyber network operations: network maps and attack graphs. The key innovations include: (a) context-aware automatic tailoring of complex network views, (b) multi-resolution hierarchical graph aggregation, (c) incorporation of new computational models for adaptive-decision making on user tasks, cost/benefit utility and human situation awareness, and (d) user interaction techniques to integrate recommendations into the network viewing system. Our aim is to have a direct impact on planning and operations management for complex networks by; overcoming information overload, preventing tunnel vision, reducing cognitive load, and increasing time available to focus on optimum level of details of the global network space and missions.
Approaches to Context-Based Proactive Decision Support
Authors: Zachary Wayne , Vorm Eric
Published: September 2016

Research into decision-making and decision support has long implicitly included the context of the decision as an important perspective on how a decision is made and how improved decisions could be engineered. Only recently has context itself begun to be studied explicitly to determine precisely how it affects decision-making and how it can be leveraged to create automated decision support. This symposium brings together current results in this area, all sponsored by the Office of Naval Research’s Proactive Decision Support program, with the common goal of explicitly representing context and using it to create decision support that is both proactive and context-sensitive.
Are Individuals Sensitive to Changes in Performance when Interrupted?
Authors: Foroughi Cyrus K. , Werner Nicole E. , Boehm-Davis Deborah A.
Published: September 2016

Although there is an abundance of research showing how interruptions disrupt performance, there is little evidence regarding whether individuals believe they are personally affected by interruptions. The goal for this research was to determine whether individuals are sensitive to changes in performance when interrupted. Thirty-two participants wrote essays while interrupted or not interrupted and rated the quality of their essay on a 7-point Likert scale. Afterwards, the participants answered a separate 7-point Likert scale question that directly asked whether they believed that the interruptions negatively affected their performance. Participants' subjective ratings of their essay quality were not affected by the presence or absence of an interruption even though actual essay quality suffered from the interruptions. Additionally, a majority of the participants claimed that the interruptions had no or little impact on performance. Our data suggest individuals may not be sensitive to differences in their actual performance when interrupted.
Interruptions Reduce Performance across All Levels of Signal Detection When Estimations of Confidence are Highest
Authors: Aguiar Nathan , Zish Kevin , McCurry J. Malcolm , Trafton J. Gregory
Published: September 2016

When people are highly confident in their memory of a particular event, it is likely that the accuracy of that memory is also high. However, research has shown that the relationship between confidence and memory accuracy changes under certain circumstances. Interruptions, for instance, have been shown to change this relationship (Zish, Hassanzadeh, McMurry, & Trafton, 2015). The present study sought to determine the response behavior associated with this change. Results indicated that the change in the relationship between memory and confidence is characterized by a decrease in the rate of hits and an increase in the rate of false alarms. Thus, interruptions disrupt the relationship between memory and confidence by reducing sensitivity across all levels of signal detection.
The CSSS Microworld
Authors: Vachon François , Vallières Benoît R. , Suss Joel , Thériault Jean-Denis , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: September 2016

The CSSS microworld simulates the task of a closed-circuit television (CCTV) operator responsible for monitoring multiple CCTV feeds in the context of security surveillance. Operators must manage the display of multiple CCTV feeds, monitor the feeds for critical incidents, and then report detected incidents. The microworld can be used for human factors research, interface design, training and personnel selection, and systems engineering. We present a use case of the CSSS microworld to identify the best predictors of CCTV performance. Our results show that the Automated Operation Span and inattentional blindness tests can predict both CSSS detection rate and false alarms, suggesting that these instruments have the potential for quickly assessing the surveillance competency of candidates. This use case illustrates how the CSSS platform may prove to be useful in the selection of personnel for CCTV operator roles.
Experienced drivers are quicker to achieve situation awareness than inexperienced drivers in situations of transfer of control within a Level 3 autonomous environment
Authors: Wright Timothy J. , Samuel Siby , Borowsky Avinoam , Zilberstein Shlomo , Fisher Donald L.
Published: September 2016

Previous researchers examining transfers of control from semi-autonomous to manual driving have found that younger drivers engaged in a secondary task while in automated mode need at least 8 seconds to achieve the same level of situation awareness as drivers always in control of their vehicle (Samuel et al., 2016). It is likely that middle-age drivers, with their increased driving experience would require less time. To test this hypothesis, middle-age drivers participated in a driving simulator experiment where they were asked to either drive manually (control) or with a simulated autonomous system (experimental conditions). While in automated mode, drivers either received an alert 4s, 6s, 8s, or 12s prior to the presence of a latent hazard. The proportion of latent hazards anticipated was examined. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that middle-age drivers were better at anticipating hazards overall and were faster to achieve appropriate situation awareness associated with manual driving than younger drivers.
Categorization of Events in Security Scenarios
Authors: Rajivan Prashanth , Konstantinidis Emmanouil , Ben-Asher Noam , Gonzalez Cleotilde
Published: September 2016

An essential skill in security involves categorizing events based on observed event attributes. That is, determining threat level and priority of the event when choosing an appropriate response action. To explore the basic mechanisms of learning and decision making, we conducted two experiments wherein participants were asked to categorize security events into four categories on the basis of the cues that define each event. Participants had no prior knowledge about the relationship between events and categories and through 128 categorization trials they had to learn the relationship between them using feedback received per trial in terms of rewards (higher reward for appropriate categorization). Results from the experiments demonstrate the significant role of task abstraction and experiment context in the categorization success. The effect of heuristics and knowledge on categorization performance was measured and compared. We conclude with recommendation for future experiments on learning and decision making in security event categorization.
Pip and Pop
Authors: Chamberland Cindy , Hodgetts Helen M. , Vallières Benoît R. , Vachon François , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: September 2016

Dynamic and complex command and control situations often require the timely recognition of changes in the environment in order to detect potentially malicious actions. Change detection can be challenging within a continually evolving scene, and particularly under multitasking conditions whereby attention is necessarily divided between several subtasks. On-screen tools can assist with detection (e.g., providing a visual record of changes, ensuring that none are overlooked), however, in a high workload environment, this may result in information overload to the detriment of the primary task. One alternative is to exploit the auditory modality as a means to support visual change detection. In the current study, we use a naval air-warfare simulation, and introduce an auditory alarm to coincide with critical visual changes (in aircraft speed/direction) on the radar. We found that participants detected a greater percentage of visual changes and were significantly quicker to detect these changes when they were accompanied by an auditory alarm than when they were not. Furthermore, participants reported that mental demand was lower in the auditory alarm condition, and this was reflected in reduced classification omissions on the primary task. Results are discussed in relation to Wickens’ multiple resource theory of attention and indicate the potential for using the auditory modality to facilitate visual change detection.
Asymmetric Effects of False Positive and False Negative Indications on the Verification of Alerts in Different Risk Conditions
Authors: Wiczorek Rebecca , Meyer Joachim
Published: September 2016

Indications from alerts or alarm systems can be the trigger for decisions, or they can elicit further information search. We report an experiment on the tendency to collect additional information after receiving system indications. We varied the proclivity of the alarm system towards false positive or false negative indications and the perceived risk of the situation. Results showed that false alarm-prone systems led to more frequent re-checking following both alarms and non-alarms in the high risk condition, whereas miss-prone systems led to high re-checking rates only for non-alarms, representing an asymmetry effect. Increasing the risk led to more re-checks with all alarm systems, but it had a stronger impact in the false alarm-prone condition. Results regarding the relation of risk and the asymmetry effect of false negative and false positive indications are discussed.
Triggering and Detecting Attentional Narrowing in Controlled Environments
Authors: Prinet Julie C. , Mize Alexander C. , Sarter Nadine
Published: September 2016

Attentional narrowing refers to a state in which operators, involuntarily and unconsciously, fail to process a subset of potentially critical information. Little is known about factors that trigger the phenomenon and how to detect and distinguish it from a related state, focused attention, where one deliberately concentrates on one source of information. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of three factors - workload, a novel difficult problem and incentive - for inducing attentional narrowing, and (2) identify markers of attentional narrowing and focused attention. Performance, eye-tracking data and anxiety levels were recorded while participants timeshared numerous tasks. When confronted with a novel problem, participants’ visual attention narrowed towards the affected task, and performance dropped on several tasks when all three factors were present. The findings from this study highlight promising means of inducing narrowing and show that eye-tracking, together with performance data, enable real-time detection of attentional narrowing.
Purchasing Information to Reduce Uncertainty in Trajectory Prediction
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Herdener Nathan , Clegg Benjamin A. , Smith C. A. P.
Published: September 2016

Previous studies show people underestimate the amount of uncertainty in predictive states. This experiment tested an implication of such findings: that people will be less likely (than optimal) to acknowledge their uncertainty, and hence less likely to purchase information that reduces future uncertainty. In a trajectory prediction task, participants had the opportunity to reduce uncertainty by a constant amount by purchasing either an expensive (bad deal), neutral-cost, or cheap (bargain) sensor. Participants were biased, relative to expected value theory, in integrating cost with uncertainty reduction in their decisions to purchase. In contrast to our primary hypothesis that they would place more decision weighting on reducing the cost of the purchase, than on gaining information, our results revealed the opposite. The findings are interpreted in the context of models of attribute salience in decision-making.
Representing Stages and Levels of Automation on a Decision Ladder
Authors: Li Yeti , Burns Catherine , Hu Rui
Published: September 2016

We propose that representing stages and levels of automation on a decision ladder (DL) could help to identify information requirements for designing automation interfaces. We look at automated financial trading systems, a domain with variable degrees of automation (DOA). We give examples of modelling a financial trading task for two DOAs: basket trading (a low DOA) and trend following trading (a high DOA). On the resulting DLs, both human and automated information-processing activities are presented. The steps and states of knowledge allocated to automation are first categorized by the commonly known four stages of automation, and then shaded to represent the level of automation in each stage. This work advances the understanding of automated trading, and automation in general, and may provide a deeper representation of human-automation interactions and thus better understanding of design requirements.
GoodGovUX
Authors: Deaven Keith , Kabel Margo , Sun Norm , Pass Jeff , Stoner Jason , Gartland Emily
Published: September 2016

The mission of GoodGovUX is: “to drive the adoption of a common set of UX best practices within the government agency and government contracting communities.” The initiative is an effort between private and public sector UI/UX professionals to drive conversation, and more importantly, action, between the private and public sectors to improve the user experience of government-owned web and digital properties. The group consists of working teams focused on three key areas of improvement: terminology and definitions, the Request for Proposal (RFP) process, and standards and best practices.

The Terminology and Definitions Team is primarily focused on consolidating and defining the myriad of words and phrases that are unique to the UX profession. The goal of this effort, in addition to simply getting everyone speaking the same language, is to allow for non-UX professionals to author portions of RFP’s to better request UX services. In concert, the RFP Team is working to ensure UX is a critical consideration of any RFP that contains digital properties that users will need to interact with. They are integrated into the TechFAR process, and are creating tools to help RFP authors better recognize the need for, and incorporate, UX requirements. The focus of the Standards and Best

Practices Team is to provide resources to guide the improvement of UX deliverables, and to facilitate a conversation around industry best practices. Currently under development is a decision support tool to assist users in determining UX best practices for a given topic and providing links to examples. Future deliverables from this team could be aggregating and showcasing examples of excellent UX work, partnerships with other government agencies to drive standards (i.e., USDS and their digital style guide) and other initiatives geared toward the specifics of UX quality and methodology.

The discussion by this panel will center on the GoodGovUX effort, and progress made to date, in the context of the changing UX landscape within the government and private sector. The panel will engage the audience for feedback and suggestions for

improvement, give the audience a chance to participate in the overall effort, and facilitate a general Q&A session on the state of UX within the federal government. The panel will consist of UX professionals from both the public and private sectors, representing each of the working teams. Each of the panelists has a unique perspective on the evolution of UX and its intersection with digital government.
The Importance of Water is in Question
Authors: Neilson Brittany , Klein Martina , Briones Elizabeth , Craig Curtis
Published: September 2016

Previous research has indicated that aquatic features in nature may have additional restorative potential. The present study assessed the perceived restorativeness for nature images that contained only aquatic features (no greenery) and compared them to images that contained only greenery (no water) and only urban environments (no water or greenery) instead of using images that had various proportions of water and greenery, as conducted in previous research. There were no significant differences in ratings on the short-version of Perceived Restorativeness Scale’s (PRS) for aquatic-only compared to green-only images, but both had superior ratings on the short PRS compared to urban images. Thus, our findings indicated that aquatic-only images may not increase restorative potential compared to green-only images, at least not as assessed by the short PRS. Future research needs to assess the restorative effect induced by aquatic-only and green-only nature scenery on cognitive performance.
Mock Trial
Authors: Zackowitz Ilene , Lenorovitz David , Borzendowski Stephanie , Rice Valerie , Calkins Lynn , Feeley Cheryl , Milewski Julia , Farmer Jessica
Published: September 2016

This special joint session with shared interest from the Forensics Professional Technical Group and the Safety Technical Group presents an enactment of human factors expert testimony for a trial involving the use and possible misuse of a child’s transportation safety product: a used car seat. The mock trial session presents human factors issues related to the use of the product, including packaging and instructions retention, expectations, user environment, and foreseeable use/misuse of this product. Human factors experts for the plaintiff and the defense will each weigh in on the circumstances surrounding the injury, with examination from the respective attorneys, and cross examination from the opposing attorneys. An attorney commentator will provide reactions and explanation of how the information will be used after each side has given its testimony. No judgment or verdict on the case will be reached at the end of the session.
Applied Human Error Theory
Authors: Martin Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2016

Since 2001, there have been 10 documented instances of TASER/handgun weapon-confusion shootings by police. In each of these cases, the TASERs were carried in a configuration that facilitated being drawn with the dominant (strong) hand. One police human factors expert has attributed the unintentional shootings to slip errors and capture errors. While some laypersons have disputed this – usually without any proof of alternative theories – very little literature analyzing these shootings in light of prevalent human error theory exists. This paper applies current slip-and-capture theory to the facts of a highly publicized and well-documented case, concluding that this police TASER-confusion shooting falls within those theoretical frameworks. The need for further research and the criminalization of such errors is briefly discussed.
Ratings of the Effectiveness of Warnings on Consumer Paint Stripper Products
Authors: Nemire Kenneth
Published: September 2016

Accidental inhalation of vapors from paint stripper products containing methylene chloride has resulted in injuries and deaths. Warnings on paint stripper products may play a role in reducing the number and severity of injuries resulting from using them. Warning labels consistent with Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z535.4 formatting were evaluated by 159 university students and by 173 Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers. Results indicated that both groups rated the ANSI-formatted warnings as more effective (more likely to be noticed, read, understood, and followed) than the FHSA-formatted warnings, providing support for both use of crowdsourcing as a reliable and valid source for study participants to evaluate warnings, as well as for updating FHSA labeling requirements to include evidence-based guidelines on warning effectiveness. Implications for future research are discussed.
Panel: Peculiarities in Human Factors Consulting on Government Projects
Authors: Horst Dick , Fitzpatrick Sean , Panzer Rich , Lebson Cory , Pass Jeff
Published: September 2016

This panel will provide a forum for ruminating about the unique challenges that arise for human factors consultants when working on government projects. Even practitioners who are well-experienced in the private, non-profit, or academic sectors, frequently encounter obstacles when offering their services to government agencies. Government contracting involves its own set of terminology, business practices, and procurement procedures. We have assembled a panel of well-experienced human factors engineering consultants to identify and discuss such peculiarities They each have considerable recent experience in federal government IT projects as well as a history that includes project work in other business sectors. Drawing upon that experience we will ask them to discuss what makes government consulting different. The audience will have ample opportunities to pose questions to the panelists about the challenges faced in government human factors and user experience consulting work and how they have dealt with those challenges.
Multimodal team interactions in Robot-Assisted Surgery
Authors: Tiferes Judith , Bisantz Ann M. , Bolton Matthew L. , Higginbotham D. Jeffery , O’Hara Ryan P. , Wawrzyniak Nicole K. , Kozlowski Justen D. , Ahmad Basel , Hussein Ahmed A. , Guru Khurshid A.
Published: September 2016

Communication gaps have been systematically linked to failures during surgery; however few studies have addressed challenges related to the remoteness of the surgeon during robot-assisted surgery (RAS). While studies on team communication in the Operating Room (OR) rarely report on nonverbal aspects, our initial work has shown that the vast majority of interaction events between the console surgeon and the right bed side assistant is nonverbal. This study focuses on improving our understanding of the nature of the multimodal interactions between surgeons and right bed side assistants. Six robot-assisted radical prostatectomies were recorded and the interaction events between the surgeon and the right bed side assistant were categorized by type (verbal/nonverbal), topic, and sender. The proportion of verbal and nonverbal events varied with the topic of the interaction. Strategies to improve team communication during surgery should take into account both the use of nonverbal communication means and the change in communication strategies based on purpose.
Using the SEIPS Framework to Reveal Hidden Factors That Can Complicate a Vaccine Documentation Process
Authors: Khunlertkit Adjhaporn , Jantzi Nichole
Published: September 2016

Health care organizations have deployed root cause analysis (RCA) method to identify trends and assess risks. RCA can be used whenever human error is suspected. An organization that appropriately takes a system approach when conducting an RCA, often discovers both active and latent errors that may be mitigated through system changes (e.g., policies and procedures). However, in many circumstances, the RCA is rushed, the process is not systematic, and only active errors are identified in a complex situation. In addition, the findings are oftentimes driven by hindsight bias, in which the true root causes are neither identified nor mitigated. A macro-ergonomics concept could be deployed to guide a systematic RCA, to further discover specific system issues that cause human errors and poor performance. This paper gives a specific example of how a macro-ergonomics concept, the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, could be applied to systematic RCAs to frame data collection and analysis, and for identifying solutions to increase vaccine documentation rate in a pediatric primary care clinic. We found interactive multi-factorial issues that contributed to lack of proper vaccine documentation, such as an inefficient design of technology, the unit workflow that did not fit with its physical layout, inadequate task allocation, training, and interruptions. Multiple recommendations and their assessments are also discussed.
Workload in Nursing
Authors: Umansky Jonathan , Rantanen Esa
Published: September 2016

Nursing is a high workload profession, and excessive workload has been shown to have an adverse effect on patient care. Prior research has focused on patient-staff ratios and skill mix to analyze the relationship of workload and degradation of care. This study used a comprehensive, multi-dimensional approach for analyzing nurses’ workload in a large general hospital. Workload drivers were introduced as unique factors that contributed to the totality of nursing workload. Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) framework was used to map out the work domain of nurses and identify sources of workload within it. The output was a collection of diagrams, tables, and interviews that illustrated areas in nursing that produced the most workload. A detailed integration of the material supported an estimation of workload experienced by nurses.
Digital Human Models for Automated Ultrasound User Interface Design
Authors: Andreoni Giuseppe , Mazzola Marco , Atzori Tiziana , Vannetti Federica , Modi Lucia , D’Onofrio Sara , Forzoni Leonardo
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this theoretical paper is to describe the development of a new technology for the automated analysis and design definition of Ultrasound (US) system User Interfaces (UI) and US transducers.

US examination is a real-time multi-factor approach, which involves the whole sonographer’s body; its automated evaluation, analysis and design must take into account many different factors and aspects which need to be evaluated and implemented.

The proposed technology, based on Digital Human Modeling (DHM) systems, would get input from multi-factor technologies such as Motion Analysis, Eye Tracking, Superficial Electromyography, Stereo Imaging and also physical information such as temperature, ECG, respiration activity, etc., applied to different US users for different clinical applications and protocols.

The utilization of DHM to manage and analyze these diverse requirements would drive the automated optimization of system design, in terms of ergonomics and workflow.
An Electronic Task Management (ETM) system for after hours hospital work and subsequent socially mediated effects of task completion
Authors: Marshall Stuart , Warren Benjamin , Roodenburg Owen , Smolenaers Frank , Leon Graciela , McKimm Amy , Keogh Martin , Stuart Josh , Logan Maria , Stripp Andrew
Published: September 2016

Modern Hospitals are under ever increasing efficiency pressures; patient safety and flow are paramount. In the after-hours period, many tasks such as transfers between clinical areas and procedures are delayed because the resources may be limited or poorly distributed compared to in hours. An Electronic Task Management (ETM) system was iteratively designed to support the redesign of the after hours staffing and task distribution model that addressed these delays and improved staff efficiency.

The solution consisted of a task controller program installed on desktop PCs in the clinical areas and similar software on smart phones for the clinical staff (operatives) undertaking the clinical tasks. In a system without clinical leadership and workload transparency, the forced reallocation of tasks to operatives was strongly resisted by the operatives. The development of an interface that allowed workloads of all operatives to be visualized by all other operatives led to a socially mediated, cooperative solution that was readily accepted. The quality of the information sent by the ETM was superior to the previous paging system and workloads were more equitable among operatives with the introduction of the ETM.
Design Features of Wearable AR Information Display for Surgery and Anesthesiology
Authors: del Rio Richard A. , Branaghan Russell J. , Gray Rob
Published: September 2016

The medical community is constantly looking for technological solutions to reduce use-error and improve procedures to benefit the healthcare system worldwide. One area that has seen frequent improvement in the past few decades due to improved computing capabilities, lower cost and better displays has been augmented reality (AR) (Sauer, Khamene, Bascle, Vogt, & Rubino, 2002). In an operating room, surgeons and anesthesiologists are required to attend to a patient while receiving information from many different displays and instruments. This paper analyzes the human factors components of various AR devices and information display techniques to provide design guidelines for display configurations of wearable, medical AR devices that will improve upon current methods of information presentation in the operating room.
Heuristic Usability Evaluation of Wearable Mental State Monitoring Sensors for Healthcare Environments
Authors: Leape Charlotte , Fong Allan , Ratwani Raj M.
Published: September 2016

In recent years, there has been tremendous growth in both the number and diversity of wearable sensors, including sensors for monitoring mental state. Understanding physiological metrics such as fatigue and stress is an important aspect of human factors research, yet collecting and analyzing these measures can be resource intensive. This paper explores the usability and applicability of four off-the-shelf wearable sensors (Emotiv Epoc, Melon Headband, Spire Stone, and Muse™ Headband) for applied healthcare research. We perform a heuristic usability evaluation of the four sensors and discuss the extent to which each device can be applied to human factors healthcare research in clinical settings.
Architects’ and interior designers’ perspectives on hospital patient rooms designed by the people who work in these rooms
Authors: Sommerich Carolyn M. , Pires Alex S. , Lavender Steven A. , Sanders Elizabeth B.-N. , Evans Kevin D. , Li Jing , Patterson Emily
Published: September 2016

Increasing interest in acuity-adaptable patient rooms, performing more services in patient rooms, and the increasing size of the population all have implications for the patient room as a workspace, including the number of people working in the room, types of tasks performed, and amount and layout of the space in which tasks are performed. This presentation describes an analysis of the opinions of professionals who typically control the design of hospital patient rooms, concerning five med/surg patient room designs developed through a participatory process involving mixed groups of hospital staff members, all of whom work in patient rooms. Ratings and comments provided by the design professionals identified clear preferences for one of the designs, as well as rooms and design elements for which there were more mixed or negative opinions. It is important for architects and designers to understand how room size, layout, and organization of features can be used to facilitate work for the full spectrum of hospital staff members who work in patient rooms. Such facilitation can reduce physical strain and improve efficiency and patient care.
Predicting Factors of Consumer Acceptance of Health Information Technologies
Authors: Tao Da , Shao Fenglian , Liu Shuang , Wang Tieyan , Qu Xingda
Published: September 2016

Consumer-oriented health information technologies (CHITs) are emerging as promising tools to fulfill consumer requirements for healthcare. However, factors affecting user acceptance of the technologies are unclear. We conducted a systematic review to examine empirically tested predicting factors of consumer acceptance of CHITs, and to provide suggestions for future CHIT design. Thirty-one studies met our selection criteria after a screening of 1855 articles. We identified 72 different factors that were tested for association with acceptance. The factors were related to user characteristics, technology features, human– technology interaction, organizational and social factors. Forty-one of the factors (57%) were reported to have significant positive influence on user acceptance. Our study offers insights into the derivation of reliable predictors of CHIT acceptance and into future CHIT design to improve consumer acceptance of the technologies. Further efforts are warranted to examine theoretically-based, context-specific factors, and to test technology acceptance models with a comprehensive set of relevant individual, technology-related, human-technology interaction, organizational and social factors in a sociotechnical system framework.
Medical Audible Alarms and IEC 60601-1-8
Authors: Edworthy Judy , Baldwin Carryl
Published: September 2016

It is well acknowledged in the literature that the set of audible alarms supporting a global standard for medical devices (IEC 60601-1-8) is in need of updating. Developments in sound design, computer technology and sound reproduction now make it possible to develop a wider range of possible alarm sounds producing both new challenges and opportunities. In this symposium we discuss and present progress in developing both new audible alarms for IEC 60601-1-8 and a framework for evaluation, covering the processes of design, usability in middleware, testing sounds in realistic work environment, and masking.