bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings differentiating low‐grade intestinal T‐cell lymphoma from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis in cats
Authors: Freiche Valérie , Fages Julien , Paulin Mathieu Victor , Bruneau Julie , Couronné Lucile , German Alexander J. , Penninck Dominique , Hermine Olivier
Published: October 2021

Background

Low‐grade intestinal T‐cell lymphoma (LGITL) is the most common intestinal neoplasm in cats. Differentiating LGITL from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) is challenging because clinical signs, laboratory results, diagnostic imaging findings, histology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality features may overlap.

Objectives

To evaluate possible discriminatory clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic features to differentiate LGITL from LPE.

Animals

Twenty‐two cats diagnosed with LGITL and 22 cats with LPE based upon histology, immunohistochemistry, and lymphoid clonality.

Methods

Prospective, cohort study. Cats presented with clinical signs consistent with LGITL or LPE were enrolled prospectively. All data contributing to the diagnostic evaluation was recorded.

Results

A 3‐variable model (P < .001) consisting of male sex (P = .01), duration of clinical signs (P = .01), and polyphagia (P = .03) and a 2‐variable model (P < .001) including a rounded jejunal lymph node (P < .001) and ultrasonographic abdominal effusion (P = .04) were both helpful to differentiate LGITL from LPE.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Most clinical signs and laboratory results are similar between cats diagnosed with LGITL and LPE. However, male sex, a longer duration of clinical signs and polyphagia might help clinicians distinguish LGITL from LPE. On ultrasonography, a rounded jejunal lymph node, and the presence of (albeit small volume) abdominal effusion tended to be more prevalent in cats with LGITL. However, a definitive diagnosis requires comprehensive histopathologic and phenotypic assessment.
Rapid detection for infected ascites in cirrhosis using metagenome next‐generation sequencing: A case series
Authors: Li Beiling , He Qinjun , Rui Yongyu , Chen Yan , Jalan Rajiv , Chen Jinjun
Published: October 2021

Empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is common as pathogen(s) are identified in only 5%‐20% patients using conventional culture‐based techniques. Metagenome next‐generation sequencing (mNGS) test is a promising approach for the diagnosis of infectious disease. The clinical application of mNGS for infected ascites in cirrhotic patients is rarely reported. Here, we describe three cases to preliminarily explore the potential role of mNGS for microbiological diagnosis of ascites infection in an exploratory manner. The clinical performance of ascites mNGS in cirrhotic patients remains to be further evaluated.
Risk factors for bleeding hepatocellular adenoma in a United States cohort
Authors: McDermott Chelsea , Ertreo Marco , Jha Reena , Ko Jimin , Fernandez Stephen , Desale Sameer , Fishbein Thomas , Satoskar Rohit , Winslow Emily , Smith Coleman , Hsu Christine C
Published: October 2021

Background & Aims

Known risk factors for hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) bleeding are size >5 cm, growth rate, visible vascularity, exophytic lesions, β‐catenin and Sonic Hedgehog activated HCAs. Most studies are based on European cohorts. The objective of this study is to identify additional risk factors for HCA bleeding in a US cohort.

Methods

Retrospective chart review was performed on patients diagnosed with HCA on magnetic resonance imaging (n = 184) at an academic tertiary institution. Clinical, pathological, and imaging data were collected. Primary outcomes measured were HCA bleeding and malignancy. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS 9.4 using Chi‐Square, Fisher’s exact test, sample t test, non‐parametric Wilcoxon test, and logistic regression.

Results

After excluding patients whose pathology showed focal nodular hyperplasia and non‐adenoma lesions, follow‐up data were available for 167 patients. 16% experienced microscopic or macroscopic bleeding and 1.2% had malignancy. HCA size predicted bleeding (P < .0001) and no patients with lesion size <1.8 cm bled. In unadjusted analysis, hepatic adenomatosis (≥10 lesions) trended towards 2.8‐fold increased risk of bleeding. Of patients with a single lesion that bled, 77% bled from a lesion >5 cm. In patients with multiple HCAs that bled, 50% bled from lesions <5 cm. In patients with multiple adenomas, size (P = .001) independently predicted bleeding and hepatic steatosis trended towards increased risk of bleeding (P = .05).

Conclusions

In a large US cohort, size predicted increased risk of HCA bleeding while hepatic adenomatosis trended towards increased risk of bleeding. In patients with multiple HCAs, size predicted bleeding and hepatic steatosis trended toward increased risk of bleeding.
DNA methylation and sexual dimorphism: New insights from mealybugs
Authors: Sarkies Peter
Published: October 2021

DNA methylation is an ancient epigenetic pathway found across eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the targets of DNA methylation within genomes evolve extremely rapidly. Arthropods display many such examples. The mealybug Planococcus citri has evolved methylation at promoter sequences, associated with gene silencing just as in mammals. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Bain et al. (2021), thoroughly characterise mealybug methylation, exploring its potential functions in gene expression and the spectacular sexual dimorphism that is a characteristic of this species. Their results provide new insights into the complex relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression and highlight how rapidly different methylation systems can evolve.
Demographic inferences and climatic niche modelling shed light on the evolutionary history of the emblematic cold‐adapted Apollo butterfly at regional scale
Authors: Kebaïli Caroline , Sherpa Stéphanie , Rioux Delphine , Després Laurence
Published: October 2021

Cold‐adapted species escape climate warming by latitudinal and/or altitudinal range shifts, and currently occur in Southern Europe in isolated mountain ranges within “sky islands”. Here, we studied the genetic structure of the Apollo butterfly in five such sky islands (above 1,000 m) in France, and infer its demographic history since the last interglacial, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (ddRADseq SNPs). The Auvergne and Alps populations show strong genetic differentiation but not alpine massifs, although separated by deep valleys. Combining three complementary demographic inference methods and species distribution models (SDMs) we show that the LIG period was highly unfavourable for Apollo that probably survived in small population in the highest summits of Auvergne. The population shifted downslope and expanded eastward between LIG and LGM throughout the large climatically suitable Rhône valley between the glaciated summits of Auvergne and Alps. The Auvergne and Alps populations started diverging before the LGM but remained largely connected till the mid‐Holocene. Population decline in Auvergne was more gradual but started before (~7 kya vs. 800 ya), and was much stronger with current population size ten times lower than in the Alps. In the Alps, the low genetic structure and limited evidence for isolation by distance suggest a nonequilibrium metapopulation functioning. The core Apollo population experienced cycles of contraction‐expansion with climate fluctuations with largely interconnected populations overtime according to a “metapopulation‐pulsar” functioning. This study demonstrates the power of combining demographic inferences and SDMs to determine past and future evolutionary trajectories of an endangered species at a regional scale.
Evolutionary divergence in embryo and seed coat development of U’s Triangle Brassica species illustrated by a spatiotemporal transcriptome atlas
Authors: Gao Peng , Quilichini Teagen D. , Yang Hui , Li Qiang , Nilsen Kirby T. , Qin Li , Babic Vivijan , Liu Li , Cram Dustin , Pasha Asher , Esteban Eddi , Condie Janet , Sidebottom Christine , Zhang Yan , Huang Yi , Zhang Wentao , Bhowmik Pankaj , Kochian Leon V. , Konkin David , Wei Yangdou , Provart Nicholas J. , Kagale Sateesh , Smith Mark , Patterson Nii , Gillmor C. Stewart , Datla Raju , Xiang Daoquan
Published: October 2021

The economically valuable Brassica species include the six related members of U’s Triangle. Despite the agronomic and economic importance of these Brassicas, the impacts of evolution and relatively recent domestication events on the genetic landscape of seed development have not been comprehensively examined in these species. Here we present a 3D transcriptome atlas for the six species of U’s Triangle, producing a unique resource that captures gene expression data for the major subcompartments of the seed, from the unfertilized ovule to the mature embryo and seed coat. This comprehensive dataset for seed development in tetraploid and ancestral diploid Brassicas provides new insights into evolutionary divergence and expression bias at the gene and subgenome levels during the domestication of these valued crop species. Comparisons of gene expression associated with regulatory networks and metabolic pathways operating in the embryo and seed coat during seed development reveal differences in storage reserve accumulation and fatty acid metabolism among the six Brassica species. This study illustrates the genetic underpinnings of seed traits and the selective pressures placed on seed production, providing an immense resource for continued investigation of Brassica polyploid biology, genomics and evolution.
Steroid‐free maintenance immunosuppression using alemtuzumab in pediatric kidney transplantation: Long‐term longitudinal follow‐up
Authors: Jain Ashokkumar , Daoud Deborah , Kees‐Folts Deborah , Freeman Michael A. , Butt Fauzia , Abendroth Catherine S. , Shike Hiroko , Kadry Zakiyah
Published: October 2021

Background

There is a scarcity of long‐term data on steroid‐free immunosuppression using alemtuzumab in pediatric kidney transplantation (KTx). This study examines long‐term outcomes with alemtuzumab without steroid maintenance therapy in pediatric KTx.

Methods

From July 2005 to June 2015, 71 pediatric KTx recipients received alemtuzumab without steroid maintenance. They were followed from 4.1 to 14.1 years post KTx.

Results

Patient survival: One child expired with a functioning graft from post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Patient survival was 98.6%.

Graft survival: Eighteen grafts were lost (16 from chronic rejection). Graft survival at 5 and 10 years was 92.3% and 61.3%, respectively.

Rejection: Twenty‐three (32.4%) patients were free from T‐cell‐mediated rejection (TCMR), 16 (22.5%) had >3 episodes. Sixteen (22.5%) were treated for antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR).

Infection: Twenty‐three children developed Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), 5 developed cytomegalovirus (CMV), and 20 developed BK virus infection. Four (5.6%) developed PTLD. Twenty‐two (31.0%) required treatment for neutropenia.

Growth parameters: Mean height and weight increased by 0.56 and 0.69 SDS (standard deviation score), respectively. Body mass index increased by 5.1 kg/m2 at 10 years. Less than 40% required antihypertensive medications at all‐time points.

Conclusion

Alemtuzumab, without corticosteroid maintenance, offers 98.6% patient survival at 14 years with five and 10‐year graft survival of 92.3% and 61.3%, respectively. TCMR and AMR requiring treatment were 67.4% and 22.5%, respectively. CMV, EBV, and BK viremia rates were 7.0%, 32.4%, and 28.2%, respectively. Thirty‐one percent were treated for neutropenia; 5.6% developed PTLD. There were improvements in growth parameters and blood pressure.
Kidney transplant outcomes in children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Mai Katherine , Singer Pamela , Fahmy Ahmed E. , Teperman Lewis W. , Molmenti Ernesto P. , Grodstein Elliot I. , Castellanos Laura , Sethna Christine B.
Published: October 2021

Background

Literature supports equivalent kidney transplant outcomes in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with those without SLE. However, there are conflicting and scant data on kidney transplant outcomes, as well as controversy over optimal timing of transplantation, in children and adolescents with SLE.

Methods

Analysis included kidney‐only transplant recipients aged 2–21 years from 2000 to 2017 enrolled in the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN). The relationship between diagnosis (SLE n = 457, non‐SLE glomerular disease n = 4492, and non‐SLE non‐glomerular disease n = 5605) and transplant outcomes was evaluated. The association between dialysis time and outcomes was analyzed in the SLE group only.

Results

In adjusted models, SLE had higher mortality compared with non‐SLE glomerular recipients (HR 1.24 CI 1.07–1.44) and non‐glomerular recipients (HR 1.42 CI 1.20–1.70). SLE was associated with higher graft failure compared with non‐SLE glomerular (HR 1.42 CI 1.20–1.69) and non‐glomerular disease (HR 1.67 CI 1.22–2.28). SLE had a higher risk of acute rejection at 1 year compared with non‐glomerular disease (HR 1.39 CI 1.03–1.88). There was a decreased risk of delayed graft function compared with non‐SLE glomerular disease (HR 0.54, CI 0.36–0.82). There were no significant associations between dialysis time and transplant outcomes in the SLE group.

Conclusion

SLE in children and adolescents is associated with worse patient and graft survival compared with non‐SLE diagnoses. Outcomes in children and adolescents with SLE are not associated with dialysis time. Further studies are needed to assess implications of potential earlier transplantation and shorter time on dialysis prior to transplantation.
Investigation and rapid detection of fungal pathogens causing mulberry sclerotial disease in south‐west China
Authors: Lv Zhiyuan , He Ziwen , Yuan Jianglian , Hao Lijuan , Song Zhiguang , Chen Guokang , Ren Jiequn , He Ningjia
Published: October 2021

Mulberry sclerotial disease is a destructive disease that afflicts mulberry fruits throughout the world. In recent years, the impact of mulberry sclerotial disease has increased with the development of the mulberry fruit industry. Ciboria carunculoides, C. shiraiana, and Scleromitrula shiraiana are all pathogens causing mulberry sclerotial disease, but the dominant pathogen may be different in different mulberry planting areas. In this study, we investigated the causal agents of mulberry sclerotial disease in Chongqing and Sichuan, the main mulberry planting areas in south‐west China. The results showed that C. carunculoides was the dominant pathogen in the investigated areas, and the disease incidence rate on some widely cultivated mulberry varieties exceeded 90%. Based on the differences in internal transcriber spacer sequences of different pathogens, we developed a method using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) from digestion with the three restriction enzymes HindIII, EcoRI, and MluI for rapid detection of pathogens on mulberry fruits. Use of this method confirmed that the diseased fruits of some mulberry varieties were infected by a mixture of C. carunculoides and S. shiraiana. Long‐fruit mulberry, which was considered to be resistant to sclerotial disease in the past, was also infected by C. carunculoides. Diseased fruit infected by C. shiraiana or by S. shiraiana alone were not detected. Our results suggest that C. carunculoides is probably the dominant pathogen causing mulberry sclerotial disease in south‐west China. The CAPS method for rapid detection of pathogens could assist diagnosis, epidemiology, and disease monitoring.
Oak seedling performance and soil development across a forest restoration chronosequence following agriculture in the American Midwest—a greenhouse experiment
Authors: Woods Michaela J. , Frankenberg Sarah J. , Juodvalkis Joseph R. , Lloyd Mary C. , Cobb Meredith , McEwan Ryan W.
Published: October 2021

Overcoming establishment limitation is an integral task during forest restoration on degraded lands for tree species whose prominence is declining, such as those in theQuercusgenus. Fallow agricultural lands are suitable for forest restoration efforts by planting seedlings; however, tree seedling success may be limited due to soil conditions that are distinct from relict forests. Here, we assessed soil nutrient content, physicochemical parameters, and microorganism function via soil enzyme activity from five restorations that were implemented 0, 7, 10, 50, or 100 years ago. We plantedQ. macrocarpa(bur oak) seedlings in soils collected from each site for 5 months before collecting dry biomass, used as a proxy for size. We found thatQ. macrocarpaseedlings had the largest total biomass when they were planted in soils from older restorations. There was a significant positive correlation of the amount of soil carbon, nitrogen, organic matter, and soil moisture with tree size, and these soil parameters increased with forest age. We assessed seedling roots for mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungi, but we did not find associations between their presence and tree size. Forest restoration is a complex process, which can take many decades, but we suggest that reforestation may be accelerated by implementing active soil restoration to increase soil carbon, nitrogen, and water holding capacity prior to planting tree seedlings in target sites. Active soil restoration may aide in overcoming a significant portion of establishment limitation of ecologically important tree species that typically do not fare well in early‐stage restorations.
Does Weather Sharpen Income Inequality in Russia?†
Authors: Otrachshenko Vladimir , Popova Olga
Published: October 2021

Using subnational panel data, this paper analyzes how hot and cold extreme temperatures and precipitation affect economic activity and income distribution in Russia. We account for the intensity of exposure to extreme temperatures by analyzing the impacts of both single and consecutive days with extreme temperature, i.e., heat waves and cold spells, and examine several labor market channels behind those effects. We find that consecutive extremely hot days decrease regional GDP per capita but do not affect income inequality. Poor regions are affected by extreme temperatures relatively more than rich regions. These effects occur because of reallocation of labor from employment to unemployment, an increase in prices in poor regions, and to some extent because of changes in the industrial employment structure, while relative wages are not affected. Extremely cold days, both single and consecutive, as well as extreme precipitation have a limited impact on economic activity and income distribution.
Capital and Labor Income Pareto Exponents Across Time and Space
Authors: de Vries Tjeerd , Toda Alexis Akira
Published: October 2021

We estimate capital and labor income Pareto exponents across 475 country‐year observations that span 52 countries over half a century (1967–2018). We document two stylized facts: (i) capital income is more unequally distributed than labor income in the tail; namely, the capital exponent (1–3, median 1.46) is smaller than labor (2–5, median 3.35), and (ii) capital and labor exponents are nearly uncorrelated. To explain these findings, we build an incomplete market model with job ladders and capital income risk that gives rise to a capital income Pareto exponent smaller than but nearly unrelated to the labor exponent. Our results suggest the importance of distinguishing income and wealth inequality.
The role of cytokines in determining the Th1/Th2 phenotype of an immune response: Coherence of the T cell response and the Cytokine Implementation Hypothesis
Authors: Bretscher Peter A.
Published: October 2021

The widely accepted Cytokine Milieu Hypothesis proposes that the cytokine milieu, in which antigen activates CD4 T cells, from a non‐T cell source, primarily determines the Th subset to which the ensuing effector Th cells belong. We focus on the generation of Th1 and Th2 cells. We briefly restate the grounds for the Threshold Hypothesis we favour for how the Th1/Th2 phenotype of a response is primarily determined: tentative and robust thresholds of antigen‐mediated CD4 T cell interactions lead to the generation of Th1 and Th2 cells. The component antigens of pathogens are present in different amounts. It is expected, within the context of the threshold mechanism that, although there is often an initial predominance of Th1 or Th2 cells, some Th cells of the opposing type are initially generated. An initially somewhat heterogeneous Th response is known to become with time more ‘coherent’ in its Th1/Th2 phenotype. I propose The Cytokine Implementation Hypothesis as a mechanism for how coherence is achieved. Most cytokines made by Th cells of one subset tend to facilitate the further generation of Th cells of this subset and/or inhibit the generation of Th cells of opposing subsets, accounting for how coherence may be achieved. Many observations on which The Cytokine Milieu Hypothesis is based are accounted for by this alternative hypothesis. We outline predictions of the new hypothesis and discuss the importance of coherence of immune responses for their efficacy in protecting against foreign invaders.
Metabolomic analysis elucidates how shade conditions ameliorate the deleterious effects of greening (Huanglongbing) disease in citrus
Authors: Suh Joon Hyuk , Guha Anirban , Wang Zhixin , Li Sheng‐Yang , Killiny Nabil , Vincent Christopher , Wang Yu
Published: October 2021

Under tropical and subtropical environments, citrus leaves are exposed to excess sunlight, inducing photoinhibition. Huanglongbing (HLB, citrus greening), a devastating phloem‐limited disease putatively caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, exacerbates this challenge with additional photosynthetic loss and excessive starch accumulation. A combined metabolomics and physiological approach was used to elucidate whether shade alleviates the deleterious effects of HLB in field‐grown citrus trees, and to understand the underlying metabolic mechanisms related to shade‐induced morpho‐physiological changes in citrus. Using metabolite profiling and multinomial logistic regression, we identified pivotal metabolites altered in response to shade. A core metabolic network associated with shade conditions was identified through pathway enrichment analysis and metabolite mapping. We measured physio‐biochemical responses and growth and yield characteristics. With these, the relationships between metabolic network and the variables measured above were investigated. We found that moderate‐shade alleviates sink limitation by preventing excessive starch accumulation and increasing foliar sucrose levels. Increased growth and fruit yield in shaded compared with non‐shaded trees were associated with increased photosystem II efficiency and leaf carbon fixation pathway metabolites. Our study also shows that, in HLB‐affected trees under shade, the signaling of plant hormones (auxins and cytokinins) and nitrogen supply were downregulated with reducing new shoot production likely due to diminished needs of cell damage repair and tissue regeneration under shade. Overall, our findings provide the first glimpse of the complex dynamics between cellular metabolites and leaf physiological functions in citrus HLB pathosystem under shade, and reveal the mechanistic basis of how shade ameliorates HLB disease.
Autologous platelet‐rich fibrin as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal therapy—A follow up clinical pilot study
Authors: Narendran Nirosha , Anegundi Raghavendra Vamsi , Shenoy Santhosh B. , Chandran Thara
Published: October 2021

The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of autologous platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in moderate periodontal pockets. The split‐mouth study involved 32 sites from 16 patients. Baseline parameters were recorded followed by complete full‐mouth SRP. The test and control sites were randomly selected and autologous PRF was placed in the test site and other site served as control. The blinded examiner recorded clinical parameters at baseline, 60 days, and 90 days. No statistical significance was found at baseline in probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Statistically, significant improvement was observed within test and control groups at 90 days compared to baseline values. A statistically significant difference in test sites was found in terms of reduction in PD and clinical attachment gain (CAG) compared to the control sites at the end of the study period (p value <0.05). This split‐mouth pilot study emphasized a statistically significant improvement in pocket depth reduction and CAL gain when PRF was used as an adjunct to SRP in moderate periodontal pockets.
Mental Performance Consultants’ Perspectives on Content and Delivery of Sport Psychology Services to Masters Athletes
Authors: Makepeace Tyler , Young Bradley W.
Published: October 2021

In the absence of sport psychology resources for Masters Athletes, mental performance consultants could benefit from information to assist consultancy with older adult athletes. We conducted semistructured interviews to explore 10 Canadian professional mental performance consultants’ (two men and eight women) perspectives of targeted content and the nature of service delivery to Masters Athletes. Following inductive thematic analysis, results for Content of Sport Psychology related to performance readiness (e.g., preparatory routines, mental focus plans); prioritizing sport (e.g., balance/time management, recruiting social support); preserving sport enjoyment (e.g., self-reflection, gratitude/sport as opportunity); and age-related considerations (e.g., managing changing physical realities). Results pertaining to Addressing and Delivering Sport Psychology Services included considerations toward age-related attributes (e.g., values/identity, engaged/invested clients) and accommodating barriers/constraints (e.g., time, stigma). Our results show there are novel considerations when consulting with Masters Athletes, and we discuss what these findings mean for adult-oriented approaches in applied practice.
Overhead Shoulder Position Versus Scapular Retraction Position to Normalize the Electromyographic Signal of the Lower Trapezius Muscle
Authors: dos Santos Jefferson J. , Nagy Rebeca O. , Intelangelo Leonardo , Ferreira Isabella C. , Barbosa Michelle A. , Silveira-Nunes Gabriela , Barbosa Alexandre Carvalho
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to compare electromyographic response of the lower trapezius muscle during maximal voluntary isometric contractions under two conditions: overhead shoulder position versus scapular position, rating the pain after each condition. Twenty-six participants with shoulder pain (SP; n = 15; Shoulder Pain and Disability Index-Pain = 34 [range 6–66]) and without shoulder pain (nSP; n = 11; Shoulder Pain and Disability Index-Pain = 0 [range 0–14]) performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions in those 2 conditions while the lower trapezius was monitored using surface electromyography. Pain was rated using the visual analog scale. The nSP group experienced no pain, whereas the SP group reported pain in both conditions with higher pain during the overhead movement. No differences were observed for muscle excitation between conditions, but higher levels were observed for the nSP group compared with the SP group. The overhead condition was more painful for the SP group (visual analog scale: SP = 4 vs nSP = 1.09, P = .036). Scapular position showed the same levels of LT excitation than overhead position. The scapular position is preferable, compared with overhead positioning, to normalize the lower trapezius instead of overhead positioning.
Neurodegenerative processes accelerated by protein malnutrition and decelerated by essential amino acids in a tauopathy mouse model
Authors: Sato Hideaki , Takado Yuhei , Toyoda Sakiko , Tsukamoto-Yasui Masako , Minatohara Keiichiro , Takuwa Hiroyuki , Urushihata Takuya , Takahashi Manami , Shimojo Masafumi , Ono Maiko , Maeda Jun , Orihara Asumi , Sahara Naruhiko , Aoki Ichio , Karakawa Sachise , Isokawa Muneki , Kawasaki Noriko , Kawasaki Mika , Ueno Satoko , Kanda Mayuka , Nishimura Mai , Suzuki Katsuya , Mitsui Akira , Nagao Kenji , Kitamura Akihiko , Higuchi Makoto
Published: October 2021

Intake of specific seven essential amino acids affects the pathology of the brain.
Motor training improves coordination and anxiety in symptomatic
Mecp2
-null mice despite impaired functional connectivity within the motor circuit
Authors: Yue Yuanlei , Xu Pan , Liu Zhichao , Sun Xiaoqian , Su Juntao , Du Hongfei , Chen Lingling , Ash Ryan T. , Smirnakis Stelios , Simha Rahul , Kusner Linda , Zeng Chen , Lu Hui
Published: October 2021

Even symptomatic
Mecp2
-null mice can develop motor skills, which improve behavior and extend life span by 20%.
Computer vision reveals hidden variables underlying NF-κB activation in single cells
Authors: Patel Parthiv , Drayman Nir , Liu Ping , Bilgic Mustafa , Tay Savaş
Published: October 2021

An image-based machine learning approach finds mechanisms underlying variable activation of NF-κB pathway in single cells.
Proteome-wide profiling of transcriptional machinery on accessible chromatin with biotinylated transposons
Authors: Zhang Haizhu , Qin Zhaoyu , Yue Xuetong , Liu Yang , Sun Xiaogang , Feng Jinwen , Xu Ziyan , Zhao Jiangyan , Li Kai , Qiu Jiange , Yang Wenjun , He Fuchu , Ding Chen
Published: October 2021

The toolbox of ATAC-MS, fATAC-MS, and ctATAC-MS portrays the transcriptional machinery atlas on genome scale with loci resolution.
Orbital variations as a major driver of climate and biome distribution during the greenhouse to icehouse transition
Authors: Tardif Delphine , Toumoulin Agathe , Fluteau Frédéric , Donnadieu Yannick , Le Hir Guillaume , Barbolini Natasha , Licht Alexis , Ladant Jean-Baptiste , Sepulchre Pierre , Viovy Nicolas , Hoorn Carina , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume
Published: October 2021

Usually overlooked orbital forcing unlocks persistent mismatch between model and paleobotanical data across the EOT.
Robust detection of forced warming in the presence of potentially large climate variability
Authors: Sippel Sebastian , Meinshausen Nicolai , Székely Enikő , Fischer Erich , Pendergrass Angeline G. , Lehner Flavio , Knutti Reto
Published: October 2021

Forced climate warming can now be identified using statistical learning even under potentially large climate variability.
NLRC4 inflammasome–dependent cell death occurs by a complementary series of three death pathways and determines lethality in mice
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Liu Yifei , Hu Lichen , Huang Kai , Hong Mao , Wang Yuze , Fan Xinrui , Ulevitch Richard J. , Han Jiahuai
Published: October 2021

The death of cells elicited by NLRC4 inflammasome overactivation plays a decisive role in lethal outcome of the mice.
Limited data exist to inform our basic understanding of micronutrient requirements in pregnancy
Authors: Smith Emily R. , He Siran , Klatt Kevin C. , Barberio Matthew D. , Rahnavard Ali , Azad Negeena , Brandt Carolyn , Harker Bethany , Hogan Emily , Kucherlapaty Padmini , Moradian Dina , Gernand Alison D. , Ahmadzia Homa K.
Published: October 2021

Women and pregnant people are missing from high-quality research that informs nutrient reference values.
The Relationship of the Agent of Heart-Water Fever—
Rickettsia ruminantium
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , Alexander R. , Hamre Dorothy M.
Published: October 2021

Sera from sheep which were infected with heart-water fever from 39 to 110 days before the serum was withdrawn failed to fix complement in the presence of lymphogranuloma venereum antigen.
A Rapid Staining Method for
Rickettsia orientalis
Authors: Clancy Carl F. , Wolfe Don M.
Published: October 2021

A rapid method for staining
R. orientalis
is described. Smears of infected tissues are defatted and stained in a dilute aqueous solution of methylene blue and basic fuchsin. Smears thus stained show
R. orientalis
as blue organisms on a pinkish-purple background.
A Correction
Authors: Riess Bernard F.
Published: October 2021

IN a recent note, "A possible explanation of 'freezing' behavior in rats" (Bernard F. Riess.
Science
, 1945, 102, 570), the author was guilty of a serious omission which completely vitiated the meaning of the article. A comparison was made between two groups of animals, one living in multiple-animal cages, the other in isolation. In giving a description of the groups, the population of the multiple-housed animals was given as 124 and that of the second group was inadvertently omitted. There were 84 animals in this second group. This makes it possible to evaluate the difference between the two groups. The author apologizes for the omission.
Correction on the Nomenclature of Human Plasmodium
Authors: Sabrosky Curtis W.
Published: October 2021

In the nomenclatorial and zoological confusion in the names for the human malaria parasites (Sabrosky and Usinger.
Science
, 1944, 100, 190-192; Beltran.
Gaceta Med. Mexico
, 1944, 74, 61-74), one further point has been discovered.

It has usually been considered that there were only two different proposals involving
malariae
as a new specific name—
Oscillaria malariae
Laveran, 1881, and
Haemamoeba malariae
Feletti and Grassi, 1890. Actually it now appears that there were
three
!
Autolyzed Brain Tissue as a Means of Facilitating Transmission of Experimental Poliomyelitis
Authors: Milzer Albert , Byrd Chester L.
Published: October 2021

Autolyzed brain tissue diluent shortens the incubation period and facilitates the transfer of poliomyelitis virus to CFW Swiss mice, hamsters, and rhesus monkeys. The Leon monkey-passage strain of poliomyelitis virus was successfully adapted to CFW Swiss mice by means of this technic.

Since this manuscript was submitted we have isolated several strains of poliomyelitis virus from infected human feces and spinal cord in CFW Swiss mice by means of this technic.
Studies on the Stability of Streptomycin in Solution
Authors: Oswald E. J. , Nielsen J. K.
Published: October 2021

Streptomycin held in solution in concentrations of 100 and 1,000 μg./ml. at 10°C. is stable at pH 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 for a period of three months. The depressor effect observed in the turbidimetric assay appears to be the result of two factors, buffer salt concentration and pH, and is most marked at pH 6.0. Almost normal activity reappears at pH 8.0 even in the presence of the greater concentration of phosphates.
Failure of Nicotine to Affect Development of Offspring When Administered to Pregnant Rats
Authors: Geller Lester M.
Published: October 2021

Administration of nicotine to rats at any point in pregnancy has no apparent effect upon completion or duration of pregnancy, or upon body development, litter size, weight, or mortality of offspring. These results differ sharply from the effects in mice reported by others. The possible etiologic significance of anoxia in the malformations reported in mice is discussed.
Thermal Decomposition of Rare Earth Fluoride Hydrates
Authors: Wendlandt Wesley W. , Love Bernard
Published: October 2021

A thermogravimetric study of the thermal decomposition of La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, and Y fluoride hydrates shows that minimum dehydration temperatures are from 315° to 405°C; conversion of the fluorides to oxyfluorides begins in the 600° to 690°C temperature range.
Neopilina (Vema) ewingi
, a Second Living Species of the Paleozoic Class Monoplacophora
Authors: Clarke Arthur H. , Menzies Robert J.
Published: October 2021

In December 1958 the Lamont Geological Observatory research vessel "Vema" dredged four specimens of Monoplacophora from the Peru-Chile Trench off northern Peru. This is the second discovery of living representatives of this class of Mollusca which was thought, until 1957, to have become extinct in the Devonian. The specimens are considered to represent a new subgenus and species:
Neopilina (Vema) ewingi
, and the discovery suggests that more relict types may exist alive in the deep sea off Central and South America.
Influence of Currents on Form of Sponges
Authors: Warburton Frederick E.
Published: October 2021

Small reconstituted
Microciona prolifera
produced central oscular chimneys, perpendicular to the surface of attachment, in standing water; in a slow, steady current, the oscular chimneys were eccentrically placed and directed obliquely downstream. Gravity and directional illumination did not affect the orientation of the chimney.
Desynchronized Electroencephalogram in the Deeply Sleeping Cat
Authors: Horovitz Zola P. , Chow May-I
Published: October 2021

Electroencephalographic patterns of the different stages of sleep in the cat are shown, with special reference to a desynchronized deep sleep. This sleep stage is characterized by an increase in reticular stimulation arousal threshold and by the reappearance of 5 to 6 spikes per second on the electroencephalogram immediately after threshold behavioral arousal.
Explanation of Cocaine Desensitization of Blood Pressure Responses to Ephedrine
Authors: Cannon Carolyn , Cowan F. F. , Koppanyi T. , Maengwyn-Davies G. D.
Published: October 2021

It is suggested that cocaine desensitizes ephedrine blood pressure responses by depletion of norepinephrine depots. This was shown by reversing cocaine desensitization through the administration of agents such as bretylium, which has a sparing effect on norepinephrine, and by the infusion of norepinephrine itself.
Sources and Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Sulfur
Authors: Jensen M. L. , Nakai N.
Published: October 2021

In nonindustrial areas the prime source of SO--4in rain and snow is atmospherically oxidized H2S that is produced predominately along coastal belts by anaerobic bacteria. The δ S34analyses of atmospheric SO--4vary from +3.2 to +15.6 per mil in contrast to +20.7 per mil for sea water SO--4. Contrary to previous studies based on Cl-/SO--4ratios, sea spray SO--4is a minor source.
Azeotropic Freeze-Drying
Authors: Wistreich Hugo E. , Blake Jeremy A.
Published: October 2021

Spheres of comminuted frozen meat were freeze-dried by boiling in toluene under reduced pressure. The dehydration was performed at 30°C and apparently took place without melting the ice. The dried product rehydrated readily and showed all the characteristics of freeze-dried defatted meat.
Solar Plasma Experiment
Authors: Neugebauer Marcia , Snyder Conway W.
Published: October 2021

A preliminary summary of the data received from the Mariner II solar plasma experiment for the period 29 August through 31 October 1962 is presented. During this period there was always a measurable flow of plasma from the direction of the sun. The velocity of this ion motion was generally in the range 400 to 700 km/sec. Time variations, plasma density, and ion temperatures are also discussed.
Lingual Vein Injection in the Rat
Authors: Anderson J. Maxwell
Published: October 2021

The difficulties encountered with repeated intravenous injections in rodents limit many experiments. A method is described which employs the lingual veins of anesthetized rats and which allows for repeated intravenous administration of fluids and cells in young rats and hamsters.
Stratospheric Cloud over Northern Arizona
Authors: McDonald James E.
Published: October 2021

An unusual ring-shaped cloud was widely observed over northern Arizona near sunset on 28 February 1963. From a large number of observers' reports it is known to have appeared overhead near Flagstaff, Arizona. From initial computations based on four photos taken in Tucson, 190 miles south of the cloud, its altitude was approximately 35 kilometers. The most distant observation reported was made 280 miles from the cloud. The cloud remained sunlit for 28 minutes after local sunset. Iridescence was noted by many observers. Tentatively, the cloud may be regarded as similar to a nacreous cloud; but its unusually great height and unusually low altitude, plus its remarkable shape, suggest that it was a cloud of previously unrecorded type.
Renal Tubular Localization of Chlormerodrin Labeled with Mercury-203 by Autoradiography
Authors: Wedeen Richard P. , Goldstein Marvin H.
Published: October 2021

An autoradiographic technique has been developed for determining the intrarenal distribution of therapeutic doses of chlormerodrin labeled with mercury-203. Highest concentrations of mercury were detected in the straight portion of the proximal tubule in the rat and in the convoluted portion of the proximal tubule in the dog.
Superconductivity of Metallic Indium Telluride
Authors: Bömmel H. E. , Darnell A. J. , Libby W. F. , Tittmann B. R. , Yencha A. J.
Published: October 2021

Metallic indium telluride is a superconductor with a transition temperature of 2.18° K. The critical magnetic field is about 800 gauss.
Origin of Diamonds in the Ureilites
Authors: Lipschutz Michael E.
Published: October 2021

Diamonds in two of the three diamantiferous stony meteorites (ureilites) show a pronounced crystallographic orientation. This suggests that the diamonds were produced by shock during breakup of the meteorite's parent body rather than by high gravitational pressure.
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Cerebral Cortex: Evidence for a Crossed Pathway
Authors: Glickstein M. , Miller J. , Smith O. A.
Published: October 2021

Lesions were placed in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cats, and degeneration was traced in the brains after survival times ranging from 5 to 21 days. Degenerated fibers could be seen in the corpus callosum and in the lateral and suprasylvian gyri of the opposite hemisphere. Results suggest the presence of a crossed geniculocortical pathway.
Maternal Deprivation: Its Influence on Visual Exploration in Infant Monkeys
Authors: Green Phillip C. , Gordon Michael
Published: October 2021

Visual exploration was studied in maternally reared and maternally deprived monkeys. When an animal pressed a bar an opaque screen was raised providing a brief view of either of a pair of stimuli. Subjects reared by their mothers pressed more to see animate than inanimate objects. With increasing age, the number of bar-pressing responses decreased for an adult female stimulus, increased for an age peer and for food, and remained low for geometric forms and an empty chamber. Maternally deprived subjects established uniformly low response levels to all stimuli.
Bats: Sensitivity to DDT
Authors: Luckens Mark M. , Davis Wayne H.
Published: October 2021

Big brown bats,
Eptesicus fuscus
, were fed single doses of varying amounts of DDT in corn oil injected into meal worms. All the doses of DDT fed to the bats, 40 milligrams or more per kilogram of body weight, were lethal. Within a few hours to 13 days after being dosed, the animals developed convulsions; some bats survived up to 3 days after the onset of the symptoms of poisoning. Bats appear to be far more sensitive to DDT than any other mammal yet tested.
A Naturally Acquired Quotidian-Type Malaria in Man Transferable to Monkeys
Authors: Chin William , Contacos Peter G. , Coatney G. Robert , Kimball Harry R.
Published: October 2021

A quotidian-type parasite,
Plasmodium knowlesi
, has been found as a natural infection in man. The infection was acquired by a white male during a short visit to peninsular Malaysia. This occurrence constitutes the first proof that simian malaria is a true zoonosis.
Separation of Living and Dead Cells by Dielectrophoresis
Authors: Pohl Herbert A. , Hawk Ira
Published: October 2021

High-frequency non-uniform electric fields were used to cause selective dielectrophoresis of yeast cells in an aqueous medium. Living cells separated from admixed dead ones remained viable after the separation process.
Stalactite Growth beneath Sea Ice
Authors: Paige Russell A.
Published: October 2021

Fresh ice stalactites were observed beneath sea ice in Antarctica. They are hollow, tapering, inverted cones having a base diameter between 10 and 20 centimeters and a tip diameter of 4 to 10 centimeters extending downward about 100 centimeters. The stalactites form when dense, chilled brine drains downward from the ice sheet into seawater of normal salinity and near-freezing temperature.
Discovery of Currently Active Extraterrestrial Volcanism
Authors: Morabito L. A. , Synnott S. P. , Kupferman P. N. , Collins Stewart A.
Published: October 2021

Two volcanic plumes were discovered on an image of Io taken as part of the Voyager optical navigation effort. This is the first evidence of active volcanism on any body in the solar system other than Earth.
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Engineered Structural Materials
Authors: Beardmore P. , Harwood J. J. , Kinsman K. R. , Robertson R. E.
Published: October 2021

Fiber-reinforced composites are an emerging new class of engineering materials. The ability to tailor-make composite materials and structures offers exciting opportunities for a broad spectrum of industrial applications. This article reviews the nature of fiber-reinforced polymer composites, their characteristics and properties, and the manufacturing and fabrication processes involved in composite production. The automotive industry is used as an example of the striking potential of composites as structural materials and the issues involved in bringing this potential into reality.
Somali Current: Evolution of Surface Flow
Authors: Düing W. , Molinari R. L. , Swallow J. C.
Published: October 2021

The transition of the Somali Current from northeast monsoon conditions to southwest monsoon conditions was observed from April through August 1979. The northeastward flow associated with the Somali Current of the southwest monsoon progressed from the equator in April to 4° N in August. The separation of the current from the coast, as observed at the northern boundary of the northeastward flow, did not intrude north continuously, but rather in distinct steps. South of 4° N, the circulation was characterized by the incorporation of increasing amounts of somewhat more saline water from the south and east into the boundary current. A clockwise gyre with northeastward flow along the coast developed between 6° and 10° N during June.
Neurotrophin-3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF
Authors: Maisonpierre PC , Belluscio L , Squinto S , Ip NY , Furth ME , Lindsay RM , Yancopoulos GD
Published: October 2021

The development and maintenance of the nervous system depends on proteins known as neurotrophic factors. Although the prototypical neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), has been intensively studied for decades, the discovery and characterization of additional such factors has been impeded by their low abundance. Sequence homologies between NGF and the recently cloned brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were used to design a strategy that has now resulted in the cloning of a gene encoding a novel neurotrophic factor, termed neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). The distribution of NT-3 messenger RNA and its biological activity on a variety of neuronal populations clearly distinguish NT-3 from NGF and BDNF, and provide compelling evidence that NT-3 is an authentic neurotrophic factor that has its own characteristic role in vivo.
Correction
Authors: Busa William B.
Published: October 2021

I would like to correct a misattribution in the 10 April "This Week in
Science
" in the discussion of our report in the same issue. We did not inject lithium into cells of the early frog embryo and show that it disrupts mesoderm development. Rather, this was first done by Kao, Masui, and Elinson, and in later work Gimlich and I extended these studies and demonstrated that myoinositol counteracted lithium's effect. In our study of lithium-sensitive polyphosphoinositide cycle activity during mesoderm induction, we added Li
+
to the bathing medium; no microinjections were performed.
When Federal Science Stopped
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey , Marshall Eliot
Published: October 2021

The budget battle that shut down much of the federal government for 3 weeks—compounded by the “Blizzard of '96,” which shut down Washington for another 3 days—has left an impact on science programs that could linger for months. Grants from NIH and NSF have been delayed, federal officials are faced with a mountain of paperwork, and many critical peer review and planning meetings have been postponed. NIH alone could take 6 to 9 months to get back on track.