bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Different Fertilizers and Approaches on Nutrient Use Efficiency and Economics of Aerobic Rice Under Rice-Cowpea Cropping Sequence in Ecological Conditions of Karnataka, India
Authors: T Jayanthi , H.R Umesh , Madappa Savitha , H.S Latha , L.B Ashok , Umilsingh Nunavath
Published: October 2024

At the University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, a field experiment was conducted in 2015-16 and 2016-17 to examine the impact of fertigation on the yield, nutrient usage efficiency, and economics of aerobic rice in an aerobic rice–cowpea cropping sequence. In a randomized block design, hybrid rice was tested in aerobic conditions with 16 treatments that were reproduced three times. The results indicated that significantly higher grain (62.98 q ha-1) and straw (85.26 q ha-1) yield of rice was recorded in 100% STCR dose through WSF at 8 DI. Similarly higher NRn (3.50 kg q-1) and  NRp (0.86 kg q-1) of grain production in 100% STCR dose with WSF at 8 DI on contrary, higher NRk of 2.27 kg q-1 was noticed in 100% STCR with WSF at 4 DI. While higher AUE-N (32.51 kg kg-1), AUE-P (65.02 kg kg-1) and AUE-K (65.02 kg kg-1) were recorded in 30% RDF with WSF at 8 DI. The higher ACRE-N (78.60 %) was recorded with 100% RDF with WSF at 8 DI and higher ACRE-P (44.40%) was recorded with 30% RDF with WSF at 8 DI. Notably higher ACRE-K (132.51%) was recorded in 30% STCR with WSF at 8 DI. However, supplement of 30% STCR dose with WSF at 8 DI obtained notably higher IUE-N (35.05 kg kg-1), IUE-P (163.27 kg kg-1) and IUE-K ( 60.11 kg kg-1). Significantly higher PFP-N, P and K (261.23, 522.46 and 522.46, respectively) were recorded in 30% RDF with WSF at 8 DI. Among all treatments, 100% RDF through CF at 4 DI found significantly higher B: C ratio (2.74) during both years of pooled data.
AI Versus Human Graders: Assessing the Role of Large Language Models in Higher Education
Authors: Ragolane Mahlatse , Patel Shahiem , Salikram Pranisha
Published: October 2024

While AI grading is seeing an increase in use and adoption, traditional educational practices are also forced to adapt and function together with AI, especially in assessment grading. In retrospect, human grading, on the other hand, has long been the cornerstone of educational assessment. Traditionally, educators have assessed student work based on established criteria, providing feedback intended to support learning and development. While human grading offers nuanced understanding and personalized feedback, it is also subject to limitations such as grading inconsistencies, biases, and significant time demands. This paper explores the role of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4, in grading processes in higher education and compares their effectiveness with that of traditional human grading methods. The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, and the research extends across multiple academic programs and modules, providing a comprehensive assessment of how AI can complement or replace human graders. In study 1, we focused on (n=195) scripts in (n=3) modules and compared GPT 3.5, GPT 4, and human graders. Manually marked scripts exhibited an average of 24%-mark difference. Subsequently, (n=20) scripts were assessed using GPT-4, which provided a more precise evaluation, a total average of 4% difference in results. There were individual instances where marks were higher, but this could not naturally be a marker judgment. In Study 2, the results from the first study highlighted the need for a comprehensive memorandum; thus, we identified (n=4341), among which (n=3508) scripts were used. The study found that AI remains efficient when the memorandum is well-structured. Furthermore, the study found that while AI excels in scalability, human graders excel in interpreting complex answers, evaluating creativity, and picking up plagiarism. In Study 3, we evaluated formative assessments in GPT 4 (statistics n=602, Business Statistics n=859 and Logistics Management n=522). The third study demonstrated that AI marking tools can effectively manage the demands of formative assessments, particularly in modules where the questions are objective and structured, such as Statistics and Logistics Management. The first error in Statistics 102 highlighted the importance of a well-designed memorandum. The study concludes that AI tools can effectively reduce the burden on educators but should be integrated into a hybrid model in which human markers and AI systems work in tandem to achieve fairness, accuracy, and quality in assessments. This paper contributes to ongoing debates about the future of AI in education by emphasizing the importance of a well-structured memorandum and human discretion in achieving balanced and effective grading solutions.
Effect of Selected Botanicals and Carbendazim on Alternaria Blight Disease (Alternaria brassicae) of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Kumar Vikash , Lal Abhilasha A.
Published: October 2024

Mustard is an important oilseed crop in India. Alternaria leaf blight caused by Alternaria brassicae is an economically important disease of oilseeds. It reduces the quality and quantity of the seeds. To evaluates selected botanicals and carbendazim for the management of Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae) of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) by applying of foliar spray of botanical and seed treatment of carbendazim. The disease intensity (%), yield (q/ha), and cost benefit ratio were recorded. The minimum disease intensity (%) at 75 and 90 day after sowing was recorded on neem leaf extract + carbendazim (31.72) and (35.63) followed by lantana leaf extract+ carbendazim (33.54) and (38.72) as compared with the control (T0). The maximum yield (q/ha) was recorded (13.07q/ha) and cost benefit (1:1.85) neem leaf extract followed by lantana leaf extract + carbendazim as compared to untreated check(T0). This study will helpful for farmers those are shifting to organic farming as well as researchers to find out potent natural fungicides.
Impact of Neem Leaves and Stem Derived Smoke Water Treatment on Growth, Yield and Seedling Parameters of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Genotype IC 329195
Authors: Pawar Vishalraje Anil , Dayal Abhinav , Budhbaware Swapnil , Bobade Sanmitra Kishor
Published: October 2024

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), a nutrient-rich pseudocereal, is valued for its high protein content, essential amino acids, and adaptability to harsh environments, making it a vital crop for sustainable agriculture. However, enhancing its growth and yield under challenging conditions remains a focus of agricultural research. This study investigates the impact of neem leaves and stem-derived smoke water treatment on the growth, yield, and seedling traits of buckwheat genotype IC-329195 during the 2023 growing season at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Randomized Block Design (RBD) were employed for laboratory and field experiments, respectively. The seeds were soaked for 18 hours in various concentrations of smoke water (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10%) before sowing. Significant enhancements were observed in key growth parameters, including field emergence percentage, plant height, and number of branches, with the highest values recorded in the 1% concentration treatment. However, as the smoke water concentration increased beyond 1%, there was a progressive decline in these parameters. The treatment also resulted in earlier flowering and improved yield attributes, such as seed yield per plant, which reached 35.47 g in the 1% concentration compared to 28.17 g in the untreated control. Seedling parameters, including germination percentage, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, and seed vigour indices, showed remarkable improvement, especially at 1% concentration. The findings highlight the efficacy of neem-derived smoke water as an organic treatment to enhance the growth and yield of buckwheat, supporting its application in sustainable agricultural practices to improve crop performance in challenging environments.
Screening of Rice Genotypes for Water and Salinity Stress Tolerance
Authors: K. Krishna Surendar , N. Sritharan , E. Sathiyavani , S. Krishna Kumar , B.Venudevan  , ChelviRamessh.  , Balaji T. , B Nallakurumban
Published: October 2024

Experiments were undertaken to study the effect of drought and salinity on growth of various genotypes of rice. Listed, IET  26871, IET  26478, IET  26910, 26866, IET  26908, IET  26493, IET 26917, IET 26913; BPT  2766, BPT 2593, BPT 2595, BPT 2782, BPT 2776, BPT 2411, KARJA747, MEL26487, LALAT, GONTRABADAN, KRH4, US312, SAHABAGYADHAM, PA6129, PA6444, PR 113, MTU1010 and HRI174 lines were used and CB06-803, CB13-804, CB13-805 and TNRH 55from TNAU were taken for this study. Germination and seedling characters were measured at seventh day after inducing abiotic stress conditions such as, drought by application of mannitol at 1% and 2% and salinity by application of NaCl at 200mM concentration. Physiological and biochemical parameters were estimated at the twentieth day after inducing the drought and salinity stress conditions. The number of seeds germinated, shoot and root length, vigor index, nitrate reductase, α-amylase content and the soluble protein content were studied under the laboratory conditions in comparison to the control. Analyses of variance, revealed significant differences for germination percentage, shoot and root length, vigor index, nitrate reductase, α-amylase and protein contents, for mannitol levels as well as for sodium chloride. It was evident from the data that increased levels of mannitol and sodium chloride decreased the germination percent, shoot and root lengths and hence the vigor index nitrate reductase, α-amylase and protein contents linearly. The lesser reduction was noticed in the genotypes US 312, KRH-4, CB06-803, CB13-804 and PA-6444 (14 to 23%) due to increased levels of mannitol and sodium chloride over control. The highest reduction was recorded in SahabhagidhanandHRI174 (28 to 37%) among the rice genotypes studied.
Influence of Storage Stability on Quality of Sapota Flakes
Authors: K.P Sivakumar , B.Nallakurumban  , A.Vijayakumar  , P.Veeramani  , T.Balaji
Published: October 2024

Sapota, fruits are not only delicious and nutritious but also having good medicinal values. However, it is not possible to enjoy its taste throughout the year because of its seasonal and highly perishable nature. Moreover, in India, these fruits are sold in local market in fresh form. So value addition through product diversification should be the main theme in future. The present investigation was carried to know the effect of storage on quality of sapota flakes as influenced by different storage methods. An On Farm Trial (OFT) carried out on the effect of storage stability on quality of sapota flakes was influenced the end product of sapota flakes. The flakes was prepared from uniformly ripened sapota fruit peeled, sliced and pretreated with citric acid solution. The pretreated sapota slices were dried in sun drying, and then the dried slices were packed in polythene bag and pet jars for storage studies. During storage period chemical composition and organoleptic tests were carried out. Qualitative changes exhibited the increasing trend in TSS, reducing sugar, total sugar and pH with decline in acidity of sapota flakes during the storage period of three months. Similarly in organoleptic qualities, except colour, the acceptability of all sensory parameters like flavour, texture and taste of flakes was declined significantly during storage period of three months. The chemical composition retention and organoleptic scores were high in stored at pet jars when compared to polythene bag during storage period (room temperature).
Pharmacists Attitude and Perceived Barriers toward Providing Vaccination Services
Authors: Ali Abu Sufiyan , Shah Ahmad Hanan , Safiyan Ahmad , Ijaz Malaika , Bhatti Hammad Ali , Razzaq Tabinda , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid
Published: October 2024

Background: Vaccination has significantly reduced the global burden of infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths annually. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, suboptimal vaccination coverage remains a challenge, limiting the full realization of vaccination benefits. With their expertise in medication management and patient education, pharmacists play a crucial role in public health, particularly in vaccination services. But, due to low involvement of pharmacist specially Community Pharmacist who is available to public more than the other health care professionals effect the success and coverage of target immunization.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the attitude and perceived barriers among community pharmacists in providing immunization services at community pharmacies in Lahore, Pakistan.
Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a different community pharmacy in Lahore city. A validated questionnaire was used for this study with a Cronbach alpha value of 0.721. The students of pharm-D distributed the questionnaire to pharmacists in various community pharmacies. The study assessed attitudes and barriers using a Likert scale and examined the impact of demographics such as gender, education, and work experience on these variables. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) ver. 25.0 was used to analyze the data. Post-hoc pairwise comparison of chi-squared test for different variables with attitude and perceived barriers in community pharmacists is done.
Results: The results revealed that male pharmacists had a slightly more positive attitude toward vaccinations than females, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.094). Pharmacists with PhDs demonstrated a higher enthusiasm for providing vaccination services, which was attributed to their advanced knowledge. Full-time pharmacists exhibited better attitudes than part-time pharmacists, although this difference was also not statistically significant (p = 0.161). A key finding was the positive influence of vaccine availability, particularly Hepatitis B, on pharmacists' attitudes, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.003. However, several barriers persist, including inadequate training, lack of public trust, and limited vaccine access. These barriers were consistent across genders, as both male and female pharmacists reported similar challenges (p = 0.928).
Conclusion: In conclusion, community pharmacists in Lahore demonstrate positive attitudes toward providing vaccination services. However, addressing the barriers to vaccination administration is essential for optimizing the pharmacists’ involvement in vaccination programs. The study highlights the need for targeted education and policy interventions to address these barriers and enhance pharmacists' roles in vaccination services, ultimately improving public health outcomes in Pakistan.
Objective Visual Acuity Estimation via the Optokinetic Response to High-pass Filtered Stimuli: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Aleci Carlo , Tabasso Costanza , Dutto Ketty , Rosa Claudio
Published: October 2024

Aims: Optokinetic-based paradigms used to derive objective visual acuity suffer so far from low predictive power. Arguably, the contribution of the peripheral stimulation and the discrepancy between detection and discrimination threshold can bias the outcomes. In this respect, high-pass filtered stimuli (HPSs) have the advantage of activating only the foveal region and their detection and discrimination thresholds converge. In this exploratory study a novel optokinetic-based induction method (named “ghost oktotype”) that uses HPSs is probed. The aim was to establish whether this type of procedure is worth being extensively investigated. 
Study Design: Analytical transversal study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Turin, Italy, between June 2023 and  June 2024.
Methodology: After testing for their subjective acuity (expressed as logMAR) at ten different defocusing conditions, four normal and cooperative subjects were repeatedly administered sequences of HPS-Landolt rings arranged on a serial pattern that drifted horizontally. Their angular size was logarithmically reduced and objective acuity was computed for each defocusing condition as a function of the smallest size of the rings that evoked the optokinetic reflex (logMAER). The estimate was compared to the subjective values obtained both at the conventional Landolt-C ETDRS charts and with modified ETDRS charts made up of high-pass filtered Landolt Cs.
Results: The repeatability of the HPS-based optokinetic paradigm was good in the three subjects (ICC=0.77; 0.86; 0.89) and the outcomes were significantly correlated with the conventional ETDRS values (R2=0.96, R2=0.88, R2=0.81: P<0.001). Nevertheless, objective visual acuity was lower (higher logMAER) compared to the subjective, conventional assessment with the ETDRS chart, especially at the highest acuities. This difference decreased when logMAER was compared to the subjective discrimination acuity (logMAR) measured with the HPS-ETDRS charts, and, supposedly, to detection acuity.
Conclusion: According to these preliminary results, high-pass filtered stimuli reduce the mismatch between subjective and objective acuity. Within this frame, the “ghost” oktotype could be a promising tool to assess visual acuity in non-collaborative patients and is worth being extensively investigated. Forthcoming studies could support our impression i.e., that detection and not resolution is the main requisite for the optokinetic response. This peculiarity must be considered when investigating the potential of the optokinetic-based paradigms to derive resolution acuity.
Culture and safety of healthcare professionals in urgent and emergency services during pandemics / Cultura e segurança do profissional de saúde nos serviços de urgência e emergência em pandemia
Authors: Silva Samuel de Paula Pinheiro , Souza Freitas Amanda Tainara , Moura Lanza Fernanda , Rocha Dutra Izabela , Maria da Fonseca Viegas Selma
Published: October 2024

Objetivo: mapear as evidências científicas sobre a cultura de segurança e segurança do profissional de saúde no enfrentamento da pandemia de COVID-19 nos serviços de urgência e emergência móveis e de pronto atendimento. Métodos: Scoping Review, desenvolvida segundo diretrizes de JBI. Realizou-se a busca em sete bases de dados e os achados foram encaminhados para uma pasta de arquivos da plataforma Rayyan. Resultados: 7.357 publicações das quais foram selecionados 19 artigos e 03 documentos da literatura cinzenta. Conclusões: houve elevação exponencial dos casos de infecção entre os profissionais de saúde nos momentos críticos da pandemia, repercussões na saúde mental dos profissionais e elevadas cargas físicas e sociais. A cultura de segurança foi afetada pela escassez de infraestrutura, desproteção e abandono pelas instituições de saúde e governos. Proteger os profissionais da urgência/emergência deve ser prioridade no enfrentamento de pandemias.
Climate Variability, Vulnerability, and Natural Disasters: A Case Study of Zika Virus in Manabi, Ecuador Following the 2016 Earthquake
Authors: Sorensen Cecilia J. , Borbor‐Cordova Mercy J. , Calvello‐Hynes Emilie , Diaz Avriel , Lemery Jay , Stewart‐Ibarra Anna M.
Published: October 2017

Climate change presents complex and wide‐reaching threats to human health. A variable and changing climate can amplify and unmask ecological and socio‐political weaknesses and increase the risk of adverse health outcomes in socially vulnerable regions. When natural disasters occur in such areas, underlying climatic conditions may amplify the public health crisis. We describe an emerging epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Ecuador following the 2016 earthquake, which coincided with an exceptionally strong El Niño event. We hypothesize that the trigger of a natural disaster during anomalous climate conditions and underlying social vulnerabilities were force multipliers contributing to a dramatic increase in ZIKV cases postearthquake.
Large‐Scale Atmospheric Transport in GEOS Replay Simulations
Authors: Orbe Clara , Oman Luke D. , Strahan Susan E. , Waugh Darryn W. , Pawson Steven , Takacs Lawrence L. , Molod Andrea M.
Published: October 2017

Offline chemical transport models (CTMs) have traditionally been used to perform studies of atmospheric chemistry in a fixed dynamical environment. An alternative to using CTMs is to constrain the flow in a general circulation model using winds from meteorological analyses. The Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) “replay” approach involves reading in analyzed fields every 6 h and recomputing the analysis increments, which are applied as a forcing to the meteorology at every model time step. Unlike in CTM, all of the subgrid‐scale processes are recalculated online so that they are consistent with the large‐scale analysis fields, similar in spirit to “nudged” simulations, in which the online meteorology is relaxed to the analysis. Here we compare the transport of idealized tracers in different replay simulations constrained with meteorological fields taken from The Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2). We show that there are substantial differences in their large‐scale stratospheric transport, depending on whether analysis fields or assimilated fields are used. Replay simulations constrained with the instantaneous analysis fields produce stratospheric mean age values that are up to 30% too young relative to observations; by comparison, simulations constrained with the time‐averaged assimilated fields produce more credible stratospheric transport. Our study indicates that care should be taken to correctly configure the model when the replay technique is used to simulate stratospheric composition.
Metabolism and Toxicity of Inhalational General Anesthetics (
IGA
)
Authors: Minkovich Leonid , Ng William C. K.
Published: October 2017

Inhaled general anesthetics (IGA) undergo metabolism, biotransformation, and chemical breakdown that can generate toxic substances. Modern IGA are metabolized minimally compared to early generations of IGA and hence are more safe. Pharmacogenomics, age, gender, drug‐drug interaction, concomitant liver and kidney diseases can affect the metabolism and toxicity of IGA. Products of IGA metabolism can rarely induce immune‐mediated hepatotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity of IGA is related to inorganic fluoride, a product of IGA metabolism. There is growing evidence for the neurotoxicity of IGA, especially in the developing or immature brain. Lastly, IGA has complex interactions with the immune system, which may adversely affect susceptible patients.
The Fusion of Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Polymer and Carbon Nanotubes: One Type of New Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Precursors for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Pan Hui , Cheng Zhibin , Xiao Zhubing , Li Xiaoju , Wang Ruihu
Published: October 2017

Rational design of sulfur host materials with high electrical conductivity and strong polysulfides (PS) confinement is indispensable for high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. This study presents one type of new polymer material based on main‐chain imidazolium‐based ionic polymer (ImIP) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs); the polymer composites can serve as a precursor of CNT/NPC‐300, in which close coverage and seamless junction of CNTs by N‐doped porous carbon (NPC) form a 3D conductive network. CNT/NPC‐300 inherits and strengthens the advantages of both high electrical conductivity from CNTs and strong PS entrapping ability from NPC. Benefiting from the improved attributes, the CNT/NPC‐300‐57S electrode shows much higher reversible capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability than NPC‐57S and CNTs‐56S. The initial discharge capacity of 1065 mA h g−1 is achieved at 0.5 C with the capacity retention of 817 mA h g−1 over 300 cycles. Importantly, when counter bromide anion in the composite of CNTs and ImIP is metathesized to bis(trifluoromethane sulfonimide), heteroatom sulfur is cooperatively incorporated into the carbon hosts, and the surface area is increased with the promotion of micropore formation, thus further improving electrochemical performance. This provides a new method for optimizing porous properties and dopant components of the cathode materials in Li–S batteries.
Integration of Energy Harvesting and Electrochemical Storage Devices
Authors: Zhong Yu , Xia Xinhui , Mai Wenjie , Tu Jiangping , Fan Hong Jin
Published: October 2017

Multifunctional energy devices with various energy forms in different operation modes are under current research focus toward the new‐generation smart and self‐powered electronics. In this review, the recent progress made in developing integrated/joint multifunctional energy devices, with a focus on electrochromic batteries/supercapacitors, and solar cells powered batteries/supercapacitors, is summarized. The different integration modes and design strategies are highlighted and their merit/demerits are also discussed. The authors' opinions on future research toward smart multifunctional energy devices are provided at the end.
Epidermal Tattoo Patch for Ultrasound‐Based Transdermal Microballistic Delivery
Authors: Soto Fernando , Mishra Rupesh K. , Chrostowski Robert , Martin Aida , Wang Joseph
Published: October 2017

This work presents a flexible transdermal tattoo patch with a novel penetrative ultrasound‐triggered microballistic delivery capability toward enhanced skin penetration of its microdose payload. The new microballistic transdermal patch consists of a microporous membrane attached on an elastic temporary tattoo designed to conform to the skin surface and resist repeated common mechanical strains characteristic of epidermal wear. The porous membrane contains cylindrical micropores, which are fully loaded with a microdose of a model cargo along with a perfluorocarbon emulsion. Application of a high intensity focused ultrasound pulse vaporizes the perfluorocarbon emulsion, which serves as a propellant for the rapid ejection of the encapsulated payload and its penetration into soft adherent surfaces. The utility of the new microballistic concept and advantages over passive diffusion are illustrated using a skin‐mimicking phantom model toward enhanced drug delivery and improved nerve agent decontamination. The marriage between wearable epidermal tattoo‐patch technology and penetrative needle‐free ultrasound‐microballistic processes paves the way for new skin‐worn delivery devices for diverse therapeutic, detoxification, and skin‐care applications.
2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ)‐Mediated C(sp2)–C(sp3) Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction: α‐Alkylation of Push‐Pull Enamines and α‐Oxo Ketene Dithioacetals
Authors: Cheng Dongping , Wu Lijun , Deng Zhiteng , Xu Xiaoliang , Yan Jizhong
Published: October 2017

A novel, metal‐free cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction of C(sp2)–H bonds of enamines and α‐oxo ketene dithioacetals with C(sp3)–H bonds of 1,3‐diarylpropenes mediated by 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) is reported. The α‐alkylation products are obtained with moderate to good yields. The method provides an efficient and alternative strategy for the synthesis of the corresponding products.

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Cadmium(II) Chloride‐Catalyzed Dehydrative C−P Coupling of Propargyl Alcohols with Diarylphosphine Oxides to Afford Allenylphosphine Oxides
Authors: Yang Jianlin , Zhang Ming , Qiu Kang , Wang Lize , Yu Jingjing , Xia Zefeng , Shen Ruwei , Han Li‐Biao
Published: October 2017

The cadmium(II) chloride‐catalyzed dehydrative C−P cross‐coupling reaction of propargyl alcohols with diarylphosphine oxides is reported. Several propargyl alcohols including those bearing the sterically demanding tert‐butyl group at the triple bond terminus can be used as good substrates in the reaction to produce the corresponding allenylphosphine oxides in good to high yields in acetonitrile at 100 °C. The reaction can also be easily scaled up to a gram‐scale synthesis. A mechanism study indicates that the reaction may proceed through a process of propargylic substitution to generate phosphonite intermediates followed by [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement to produce the allenyl products, rather than through a common allenylative substitution resulting from P‐nucleophilicity.

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Relationships between the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and game‐related statistics in semi‐professional female basketball players
Authors: Dyer Makailah , Short Sandra E. , Short Martin , Manning John T. , Tomkinson Grant R.
Published: October 2017

Objective

Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a negative correlate of sports performance, although this relationship may be weak in open‐skill sports such as basketball. The primary aim was to quantify relationships between 2D:4D and game‐related statistics in semi‐professional female basketball players. The secondary aim was to quantify the differences in mean 2D:4Ds between players based on their position in the starting lineup.

Methods

Using a cross‐sectional design, 64 female basketball players who competed in the South Australian Premier League were measured in‐season for height, mass, and 2D:4D, with game‐related statistics collected end‐season. Partial correlations (adjusted for age and body mass index) were used to quantify relationships between right and left 2D:4Ds and game‐related statistics. Unpaired t‐tests were used to quantify differences in mean 2D:4Ds between starting and reserve players.

Results

2D:4D was a substantial negative correlate of blocks, rebounds, and field‐goal percentage; meaning, females with lower 2D:4Ds were generally better defensively as they recorded more blocks and rebounds, and were more efficient scorers, irrespective of their age and body size. Mean 2D:4D differed by position in the starting lineup, as females with lower 2D:4Ds were more likely to be in the starting lineup.

Conclusions

This study found evidence that 2D:4D was a correlate of performance in an open‐skill sport. Female players with lower digit ratios tended to perform better in several aspects of basketball, especially defensively, and were more likely to be starters, suggesting they are the best players on the team in their positions. These results probably reflect the organizational benefits of prenatal testosterone.
C−H Functionalisation for Hydrogen Isotope Exchange
Authors: Atzrodt Jens , Derdau Volker , Kerr William J. , Reid Marc
Published: October 2017

The various applications of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, D, and tritium, T) in the physical and life sciences demand a range of methods for their installation in an array of molecular architectures. In this Review, we describe recent advances in synthetic C−H functionalisation for hydrogen isotope exchange.
Equine Endometrial Explants Undergo Significant Degenerative Changes in Culture
Authors: Schwinghamer Rose , Massolo Alessandro , Knight Cameron , Klein Claudia
Published: October 2017

This study evaluated equine endometrial explants following 12, 24, and 48 hr in culture. Measurement of an indicator of cell death in explant supernatant, light microscopy, and gene expression of biomarkers of endometrial function and cellular stress were used to compare the effect of six different media on explant viability and morphology. Viability of explants was assessed indirectly through measuring LDH activity in the culture supernatant. Regardless of culture medium composition, a significant increase in LDH activity was observed within 12 hr of culture, indicating occurrence of cell damage. Morphological analysis through light microscopy revealed degenerative changes occurring within 12 hr and, after 48 hr, there is nearly complete loss of luminal and superficial glandular epithelium and diffuse detachment of deep glandular epithelium. Transcript abundance of prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed as biomarkers of endometrial function. A marked increase in PTGS2 and VEGF expression occurred; ESR1 displayed more or less steady expression levels. Above‐described changes were seen irrespective of cell culture medium used. The marked increase in expression in PTGS2 expression presents a limitation to using endometrial explants in the current culture system to study aspects of endometrial function such as the inflammatory response to insemination. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:148–153, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Querdruckverhalten von Brettschichtholz aus Nadelholz
Authors: Windeck Lukas , Blaß Hans Joachim
Published: October 2017

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Querdruckverhalten von Brettschichtholz aus Nadelholz. Die Ergebnisse einer 101 Versuche umfassenden Testreihe, in der sowohl die Auflagerlänge als auch die Auflagersituation variiert wurden, werden mit den Tragfähigkeitswerten verglichen, die sich nach dem aktuell gültigen Nachweis nach EN 1995‐1‐1:2010 sowie dem Bemessungsansatz nach van der Put ergeben. Die Verformungen über die Trägerhöhe werden analysiert und mithilfe des Elastizitätsmoduls Rückschlüsse auf die Spannungsverteilung sowie die mitwirkenden Faserlängen im Auflagerbereich gezogen. Es wird festgestellt, dass der im Querdrucknachweis enthaltene Faktor kc,90 entgegen der bisherigen Nachweisführung von der Art der Lastausbreitung abhängig ist. Auf dieser Basis wird ein Bemessungsansatz entwickelt und diskutiert, der eine Berechnung der Querdrucktragfähigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der zulässigen Verformung ermöglicht.
Routine Rigidity and Environmental Sustainability: Why Rational Innovations are Regularly Ignored
Authors: Dooley Kenneth
Published: October 2017

Rigidities describe the sluggishness of an organization's response in the face of discontinuous external change, and routine rigidity is the failure to change the organization's processes. This article aims to provide empirical evidence that substantiates the relevance of routine rigidity in the discussion on environmental sustainability. A qualitative approach employs a logic model to analyse two sequences of events and tracks the implementation of innovations that had been overlooked for some time. The evidence shows that the selected organizational innovations were previously inhibited by a failure to change the organization's formal processes and informal cultural norms. This is especially true of innovations that altered the daily routines of the focal firm's employees and of innovations that potentially alienated customers. The characteristics of the innovations (high impact and low barrier to implementation) indicate that firms are now less able to justify inaction through the traditional barriers of environmentally focused innovation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Market Orientation and FIRMS' Environmental Innovation: The Moderating Role of Environmental Attitude
Authors: Liao Zhongju
Published: October 2017

Drawing on market orientation theory, innovation theory and the theory of reasoned action, this paper integrates market orientation, environmental attitude and firms' environmental innovation into a model to establish a relationship among these three variables. By taking 247 manufacturing firms in China as the research sample and by analyzing the data using SPSS19.0, we found that customer and competitor orientation have a significant and positive impact on firms' environmental innovation, while the effect of inter‐functional coordination is not significant. Furthermore, environmental attitude plays a positive moderating role between customer orientation and firms' environmental innovation, as well as between competitor orientation and firms' environmental innovation. Finally, the results of the study are discussed, and the theoretical and practical significance of this study is clarified further. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Thermodynamic Considerations on the Oxidation State of Co/γ‐Al2O3 and Ni/γ‐Al2O3 Catalysts under Dry and Steam Reforming Conditions
Authors: Giehr Andreas , Maier Lubow , Schunk Stephan A. , Deutschmann Olaf
Published: October 2017

The oxidation state of the active metal is an important factor for catalyst stability under dry and steam reforming conditions. This work explores the correlation of the oxidation state of the active metal with the coking behavior of alumina‐supported cobalt and nickel catalysts from a thermodynamic point of view. To this end, the thermodynamics of the oxidation of Co/γ‐Al2O3 and Ni/γ‐Al2O3 were investigated by using calculations at both standard and technical reforming conditions. It is shown that oxidation of nickel by water or CO2 cannot occur spontaneously under reforming conditions regardless of participation of the alumina support material because of the positive Gibbs reaction energies. Cobalt, in contrast, is more easily oxidized and may form CoAl2O4 through interaction with the support. This phase may react with surface carbon to regenerate the catalyst after carbon formation through thermal cracking of methane. A Mars–van Krevelen type reaction scheme is proposed to explain the higher coking resistance of cobalt compared to nickel.
Performance Analysis on an Entrained‐Flow Gasifier by Coal Moisture
Authors: Ju Youngsan , Lee Hyeon-Hui , Oh Min , Lee Chang-Ha
Published: October 2017

The performance of a 300‐MW‐class Shell entrained‐flow gasifier along with moisture contents in low‐rank coal was studied by a rigorous dynamic model. The developed model predicted the steady‐state reference data well. The gas and slag temperature profiles decreased with higher coal moisture content, which led to an increase of the slag thickness on the gasifier wall. The high‐moisture coal resulted in reduced power generation together with reduced low heating value (LHV) of syngas, higher amount of oxygen supply, and less energy recovery in the membrane. The amount of coal required to produce the same total LHV of syngas was smallest when the coal was dried to 5 % moisture. Therefore, the coal‐drying level for appropriate power production was between 5 and 10 %.
Reverse Translational Research of ABCG2 (BCRP) in Human Disease and Drug Response
Authors: Brackman Deanna J. , Giacomini Kathleen M.
Published: October 2017

Reverse translational research takes a bedside‐to‐bench approach, using sophisticated basic research to explain the biological mechanisms behind observed clinical data. For transporters, which play a role in human disease and drug response, this approach offers a distinct advantage over the typical translational research, which often falters due to inadequate in vitro and preclinical animal models. Research on ABCG2, which encodes the Breast Cancer Resistance Protein, has benefited immensely from a reverse translational approach due to its broad implications for disease susceptibility and both therapeutic and adverse drug response. In this review, we describe the success of reverse translational research for ABCG2 and opportunities for further studies.
Reverse Translation in PBPK and QSP: Going Backwards in Order to Go Forward With Confidence
Authors: Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin
Published: October 2017

Significant events have taken place shaping the recent industrialization of physiologically based pharmacokinetic in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (PBPK‐IVIVE) use in drug development. Due to our knowledge gaps about drug‐independent systems parameters, there are limitations in the use of purely IVIVE‐based (bottom‐up) approaches. This has encouraged combining the classical data analysis (top‐down) with PBPK‐IVIVE‐linked models in order to optimize model parameters by taking advantage of observed clinical data. This concept, when initiated after clinical observations, can be viewed as “reverse translation,” since it refers back to available systems information preclinical data before trying to describe the observations. This review demonstrates the advantages of such strategies in filling knowledge gaps and discusses the perceived hurdles in widening applications. It is paramount that no clinical data are assessed on their own, but in conjunction with other studies for that drug in different populations and/or other similar drugs in the same population.
Global longitudinal strain corrected by RR interval is a superior predictor of all‐cause mortality in patients with systolic heart failure and atrial fibrillation
Authors: Modin Daniel , Sengeløv Morten , Jørgensen Peter Godsk , Bruun Niels Eske , Olsen Flemming Javier , Dons Maria , Fritz Hansen Thomas , Jensen Jan Skov , Biering‐Sørensen Tor
Published: October 2017

Aims

Quantification of systolic function in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is challenging. A novel approach, based on RR interval correction, to counteract the varying heart cycle lengths in AF has recently been proposed. Whether this method is superior in patients with systolic heart failure (HFrEF) with AF remains unknown. This study investigates the prognostic value of RR interval‐corrected peak global longitudinal strain {GLSc = GLS/[RR^(1/2)]} in relation to all‐cause mortality in HFrEF patients displaying AF during echocardiographic examination.

Methods and results

Echocardiograms from 151 patients with HFrEF and AF during examination were analysed offline. Peak global longitudinal strain (GLS) was averaged from 18 myocardial segments obtained from three apical views. GLS was indexed with the square root of the RR interval {GLSc = GLS/[RR^(1/2)]}. Endpoint was all‐cause mortality. During a median follow‐up of 2.7 years, 40 patients (26.5%) died. Neither uncorrected GLS (P = 0.056) nor left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.053) was significantly associated with all‐cause mortality. After RR^(1/2) indexation, GLSc became a significant predictor of all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.22, P = 0.014, per %/s^(1/2) decrease). GLSc remained an independent predictor of mortality after multivariable adjustment (age, sex, mean heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, left atrial volume index, and E/e′) (hazard ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.31, P = 0.005 per %/s^(1/2) decrease).

Conclusions

Decreasing {GLSc = GLS/[RR^(1/2)]}, but not uncorrected GLS nor left ventricular ejection fraction, was significantly associated with increased risk of all‐cause mortality in HFrEF patients with AF and remained an independent predictor after multivariable adjustment.
Degradation of Fat by a Bioaugmentation Product Comprising of Bacillus spp. Before and After the Addition of a Pseudomonas sp
Authors: Tzirita Markella , Papanikolaou Seraphim , Quilty Bríd
Published: October 2017

A bioaugmentation product, BFL, comprising strains of the genus Bacillus, is evaluated for its ability to degrade fat in laboratory‐scale experiments. Addition of a Pseudomonas putida strain CP1 to the commercial mixed population (BFL‐CP1) is tested for optimization of fat degradation. Experiments are carried out in aerobic batch culture, at 30 °C and 150 rpm for 13 days incubation. A minimal medium (MM) and an enriched nutrient medium (ENM) are investigated supplemented with 1% (w/v) butter. Fat removal is determined gravimetrically and the lipid content is analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC). No degradation of butter by the product is recorded after 13 days of incubation, while up to 97% degradation is observed by BFL‐CP1. All the Bacillus isolates produced lipase but not the Pseudomonas putida. TLC and GC results suggested that while the Bacillus spp. hydrolyzed the fat to fatty acids and glycerol, complete metabolism of the breakdown products only took place in the presence of the Pseudomonad sp. A citrate buffer is used to investigate fat removal by BFL‐CP1in low and stable pH using citrated minimal buffer. Similar fat removal is observed. The use of citrated minimal buffer caused flocculation of the mixed culture, a phenomenon desirable for fats, oils, and grease (FOGs) degradation in grease traps.

Practical Applications: The bioaugmentation product, BFL, comprising strains of the genus Bacillus, only promoted high fat removal in a few days incubation after the addition of a Pseudomonas putida strain CP1. Analysis of the remaining fat suggested a cooperative activity between the Bacillus spp., which hydrolyzed the fat to fatty acids and glycerol, and the Pseudomonas putida CP1, which assimilated the released fatty acids. Formation of flocs were observed when the inoculum was tested under different environmental conditions with low pH. This phenomenon is desirable and along with the high degradative ability of the that new inoculum, it showed good potential for use in the treatment of FOG in grease traps.

Fats, oils, and greases (FOGs) are generated in high amounts from food facilities presenting potential blockages and wastewater management problems. FOG may be intercepted at source using grease traps and may be treated biologically in situ using bioaugmentation, an environmentally desirable approach that involves the introduction of suitable microorganisms. In this study, combination of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria successfully cooperated and degraded the FOG breaking down the lipids to fatty acids and glycerol by the activity of lipases, and also assimilating the produced fatty acids to carbon dioxide and water through the β‐oxidation process.
Enhanced Lycopene Extraction from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) by the Z‐Isomerization Induced with Microwave Irradiation Pre‐Treatment
Authors: Honda Masaki , Watanabe Yo , Murakami Kazuya , Hoang Nguyen Ngoc , diono Wahyu , Kanda Hideki , Goto Motonobu
Published: October 2017

This study aims to improve the efficiency of lycopene extraction from gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) by the Z‐isomerization induced with microwave irradiation pre‐treatment. Although 93.6% of lycopene exist as all‐E‐isomers in dried gac aril, the total Z‐isomer content reaches 35.6 and 58.5% by microwave irradiation at 900 W for 40 s and at 1050 W for 60 s, respectively. The 35.6 and 58.5% Z‐isomerization treatment improves lycopene content of extract (by 6.0 or 8.5 times for press extraction, 7.8 or 13.5 times for ethanol extraction, and 4.5 or 6.1 times for supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2)extraction, respectively) compared with no treatment. In addition, the extracts containes high amounts of lycopene Z‐isomers, which have higher bioavailability and antioxidant capacity than (all‐E)‐lycopene.

Practical Applications: This study clearly shows that lycopene recovery by press, organic solvent, and SC‐CO2 extraction from dried gac aril improved by the increase in the Z‐isomer content. It indicates that the Z‐isomers are more soluble in oil, organic solvent, and SC‐CO2 than the all‐E‐isomer. Moreover, the thermal Z‐isomerization pre‐treatment increases the content of lycopene Z‐isomers in the extract. Therefore, this procedure is important not only for improving the productivity of lycopene, but also for providing a highly functionalized extract.

The effect of the Z‐isomerization, induced by microwave irradiation pre‐treatment of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) aril, on the lycopene recovery and lycopene content of the extracts obtained using press, ethanol, and SC‐CO2 extractions is investigated. For all extraction methods, as the content of Z‐isomers in the raw material increases, the recovery and lycopene content of gac extracts improve.