bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic integration of danofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to rabbits
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ‐VARÓN E. , MARIN P. , ESCUDERO E. , VANCRAEYNEST D. , CÁRCELES C. M.
Published: January 2007

The pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin was studied following intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of 6 mg/kg to healthy rabbits. Danofloxacin concentration were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography assay with fluorescence detection. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) assay of danofloxacin against 30 strains ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom several European countries was performed in order to compute pharmacodynamic surrogate markers. The danofloxacin plasma concentration versus time data after i.v. administration could best be described by a two‐compartment open model. The disposition of i.m. and subcutaneously administered danofloxacin was best described by a one‐compartment model. The terminal half‐life for i.v., i.m. and s.c. routes was 4.88, 6.70 and 8.20 h, respectively. Clearance value after i.v. dosing was 0.76 L/kg·h. After i.m. administration, the absolute bioavailability was mean (±SD) 102.34 ± 5.17% and theCmaxwas 1.87 mg/L. After s.c. administration, the absolute bioavailability was mean (±SD) 96.44 ± 5.95% and theCmaxwas 1.79 mg/L. Danofloxacin shows a favourable pharmacokinetics profile in rabbits reflected by parameters such as a long half‐life and a high bioavailability. However, in consideration of the lowAUC/MICindices obtained, its use by i.m. and s.c. route against theS. aureusstrains assayed in this study cannot be recommended given the risk for selection of first mutant subpopulations.
Religiousness, Antisocial Behavior, and Altruism: Genetic and Environmental Mediation
Authors: Koenig Laura B. , McGue Matt , Krueger Robert F. , Bouchard Thomas J.
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
Although religiousness is considered a protective factor against antisocial behaviors and a positive influence on prosocial behaviors, it remains unclear whether these associations are primarily genetically or environmentally mediated. In order to investigate this question, religiousness, antisocial behavior, and altruistic behavior were assessed by self‐report in a sample of adult male twins (165 MZ and 100 DZ full pairs, mean age of 33 years). Religiousness, both retrospective and current, was shown to be modestly negatively correlated with antisocial behavior and modestly positively correlated with altruistic behavior. Joint biometric analyses of religiousness and antisocial behavior or altruistic behavior were completed. The relationship between religiousness and antisocial behavior was due to both genetic and shared environmental effects. Altruistic behavior also shared most all of its genetic influence, but only half of its shared environmental influence, with religiousness.
Does Familiarity Breed Contempt? The Impact of Information on Mass Attitudes toward Congress
Authors: Mondak Jeffery J. , Carmines Edward G. , Huckfeldt Robert , Mitchell Dona‐Gene , Schraufnagel Scot
Published: January 2007

Two features of citizen response to Congress can be taken as grounds for concern. First, Americans know relatively little about Congress, and especially about congressional procedures and policy output. Second, Congress typically emerges as the least respected political institution. Although these matters are troubling when viewed individually, more disturbing is the dilemma posed when knowledge and attitudes toward Congress are viewed in tandem. It appears that citizens who know Congress the best like Congress the least. Consequently, a sophisticated polity and a well‐respected legislature seem fundamentally incompatible. This article seeks to resolve this dilemma, contending that there is nothing about knowledge per se that leads citizens to view Congress unfavorably. Rather, differences in knowledge levels alter the considerations citizens bring to bear when evaluating Congress, with the best‐informed individuals constructing judgments on the basis of the most relevant Congress‐specific criteria while less knowledgeable citizens employ readily available but more peripheral criteria.
One of Our Own: Black Female Candidates and the Voters Who Support Them
Authors: Philpot Tasha S. , Walton Hanes
Published: January 2007

This article examines the role of race and gender in candidate evaluations. Unlike previous research, we argue that the role of race and gender in electoral politics must be examined simultaneously because of their mutually reinforcing relationship. To do so, we explore the connection between the race and gender of voters and their propensity to support black female candidates. Using precinct‐level data, experimental data, and national exit poll data from two congressional election years, we demonstrate that black women are the strongest supporters of black female candidates. We also find that support for black female candidates is contingent on their background and political experience. Black female candidates with significant experience in politics can attract both black and white voters, regardless of gender.
Explaining Policy Punctuations: Bureaucratization and Budget Change
Authors: Robinson Scott E. , Caver Floun'say , Meier Kenneth J. , O'Toole Laurence J.
Published: January 2007

Recent policy research has turned from the testing of static, cross‐sectional theories to time‐serial analyses of dynamic processes. This attention has renewed interest in the debate over incrementalism in policy development. Recent efforts have suggested that policy histories involve a series of short periods of instability followed by extended periods of stability. These theories are collectively known as punctuated equilibrium theories of policy. Efforts to test these models of policy have been limited to descriptive analyses of samples of policy budgets or univariate hypothesis testing. This article presents a strategy for multivariate hypothesis testing of punctuated equilibrium models based on the foundations of punctuated equilibrium theory. The strategy is illustrated with a test of the effects of organization size and centralization on the budgetary process.
Mucus secretion by single tracheal submucosal glands from normal and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator knockout mice
Authors: Ianowski Juan P. , Choi Jae Young , Wine Jeffrey J. , Hanrahan John W.
Published: January 2007

Submucosal glands line the cartilaginous airways and produce most of the antimicrobial mucus that keeps the airways sterile. The glands are defective in cystic fibrosis (CF), but how this impacts airway health remains uncertain. Although most CF mouse strains exhibit mild airway defects, those with the C57Bl/6 genetic background have increased airway pathology and susceptibility to Pseudomonas. Thus, they offer the possibility of studying whether, and if so how, abnormal submucosal gland function contributes to CF airway disease. We used optical methods to study fluid secretion by individual glands in tracheas from normal, wild‐type (WT) mice and from cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) knockout mice (Cftrm1UNC/Cftrm1UNC; CF mice). Glands from WT mice qualitatively resembled those in humans by responding to carbachol and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), although the relative rates of VIP‐ and forskolin‐stimulated secretion were much lower in mice than in large mammals. The pharmacology of mouse gland secretion was also similar to that in humans; adding bumetanide or replacement of HCO3− by Hepes reduced the carbachol response by ∼50%, and this inhibition increased to 80% when both manoeuvres were performed simultaneously. It is important to note that glands from CFTR knockout mice responded to carbachol but did not secrete when exposed to VIP or forskolin, as has been shown previously for glands from CF patients. Tracheal glands from WT and CF mice both had robust secretory responses to electrical field stimulation that were blocked by tetrodotoxin. It is interesting that local irritation of the mucosa using chili pepper oil elicited secretion from WT glands but did not stimulate glands from CF mice. These results clarify the mechanisms of murine submucosal gland secretion and reveal a novel defect in local regulation of glands lacking CFTR which may also compromise airway defence in CF patients.
Reversible inhibition of GABAA receptors by α7‐containing nicotinic receptors on the vertebrate postsynaptic neurons
Authors: Zhang Jingming , Berg Darwin K.
Published: January 2007

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed throughout the central nervous system and influence a variety of higher order functions including learning and memory. While the effects of presynaptic nAChRs on transmitter release have been well documented, little is known about possible postsynaptic actions. A major species of neuronal nAChRs contains the α7 gene product and has a high relative permeability to calcium. Both on rodent hippocampal interneurons and on chick ciliary ganglion neurons these α7‐nAChRs are often closely juxtaposed to GABAA receptors. We show here that in both cases activation of α7‐nAChRs on the postsynaptic neuron acutely down‐regulates GABA‐induced currents. Nicotine application to dissociated ciliary ganglion neurons diminished subsequent GABAA receptor responses to GABA. The effect was blocked by α7‐nAChR antagonists, by chelation of intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA, and by inhibition of both Ca2+–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II and mitogen‐activated protein kinase. A similar outcome was obtained in the hippocampus where electrical stimulation to activate cholinergic fibres reduced the amplitude of subsequent GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents. The reduction showed the same calcium and kinase dependence seen in ciliary ganglion neurons and was absent in hippocampal slices from α7‐nAChR knockout mice. Moreover, α7‐nAChR blockade in hippocampal slices reduced rundown of GABAA receptor‐mediated whole‐cell responses, indicating ongoing endogenous modulation. The results demonstrate regulation of GABAA receptors by α7‐nAChRs on the postsynaptic neuron and identify a new mechanism by which nicotinic cholinergic signalling influences nervous system function.
Coding/Decoding and Reversibility of Droplet Trains in Microfluidic Networks
Authors: Fuerstman Michael J. , Garstecki Piotr , Whitesides George M.
Published: January 2007

Droplets of one liquid suspended in a second, immiscible liquid move through a microfluidic device in which a channel splits into two branches that reconnect downstream. The droplets choose a path based on the number of droplets that occupy each branch. The interaction among droplets in the channels results in complex sequences of path selection. The linearity of the flow through the microchannels, however, ensures that the behavior of the system can be reversed. This reversibility makes it possible to encrypt and decrypt signals coded in the intervals between droplets. The encoding/decoding device is a functional microfluidic system that requires droplets to navigate a network in a precise manner without the use of valves, switches, or other means of external control.
Unesco’s Global Ethics Observatory
Authors: ten Have H , Ang T W
Published: January 2007

The Global Ethics Observatory, launched by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization in December 2005, is a system of databases in the ethics of science and technology. It presents data on experts in ethics, on institutions (university departments and centres, commissions, councils and review boards, and societies and associations) and on teaching programmes in ethics. It has a global coverage and will be available in six major languages. Its aim is to facilitate the establishment of ethical infrastructures and international cooperation all around the world.
CONTROL OF FUSION IN FUSION SYSTEMS
Authors: STANCU RADU
Published: January 2007

Let P be a p-group and [Formula: see text] a fusion system on P. The aim of this paper is to give necessary and sufficient conditions on a subgroup Q of P for the normalizer [Formula: see text] to be [Formula: see text] itself. This generalizes a result of Gilotti and Serena on finite groups. As an application we find some classes of resistant p-groups, which are p-groups P such that the normalizer [Formula: see text] is equal to [Formula: see text], for any fusion system [Formula: see text] on P.
Concurrent duodenal manometric and impedance recording to evaluate the effects of hyoscine on motility and flow events, glucose absorption, and incretin release
Authors: Chaikomin Reawika , Wu Keng Liang , Doran Selena , Jones Karen L. , Smout Andre J. P. M. , Renooij Willem , Holloway Richard H. , Meyer James H. , Horowitz Michael , Rayner Christopher K.
Published: January 2007

Upper gastrointestinal motor function and incretin hormone secretion are major determinants of postprandial glycemia and insulinemia. However, the impact of small intestinal flow events on glucose absorption and incretin release is poorly defined. Intraluminal impedance monitoring is a novel technique that allows flow events to be quantified. Eight healthy volunteers were studied twice, in random order. A catheter incorporating six pairs of electrodes at 3-cm intervals, and six corresponding manometry sideholes, was positioned in the duodenum. Hyoscine butylbromide (20 mg) or saline was given as an intravenous bolus, followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of either hyoscine (20 mg/h) or saline over 60 min. Concurrently, glucose and 3- O-methylglucose (3-OMG) were infused into the proximal duodenum (3 kcal/min), with frequent blood sampling to measure glucose, 3-OMG, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). The frequency of duodenal pressure waves and propagated pressure wave sequences was reduced by hyoscine in the first 10 min ( P < 0.01 for both), but not after that time. In contrast, there were markedly fewer duodenal flow events throughout 60 min with hyoscine ( P < 0.005). Overall, blood glucose ( P < 0.01) and plasma 3-OMG concentrations ( P < 0.05) were lower during hyoscine than saline, whereas plasma insulin, GLP-1, and GIP concentrations were initially ( t = 20 min) lower during hyoscine ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, intraluminal impedance measurement may be more sensitive than manometry in demonstrating alterations in duodenal motor function. A reduction in the frequency of duodenal flow events is associated with a decreased rate of glucose absorption and incretin release in healthy subjects.
Reduced expression of SKCa and IKCa channel proteins in rat small mesenteric arteries during angiotensin II-induced hypertension
Authors: Hilgers Rob H. P. , Webb R. Clinton
Published: January 2007

Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCa), in particular, the small and intermediate KCa (SKCa and IKCa, respectively) channels, are key players in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated relaxation in small arteries. Hypertension is characterized by an endothelial dysfunction, possibly via reduced EDHF release and/or function. We hypothesize that during angiotensin II (14 days)-induced hypertension (ANG II-14d), the contribution of SKCa and IKCa channels in ACh-induced relaxations is reduced due to decreased expression of SKCa and IKCa channel proteins in rat small mesenteric arteries (MAs). Nitric oxide- and prostacyclin-independent vasorelaxation to ACh was similar in small MAs of sham-operated and ANG II-14d rats. Catalase had no inhibitory effects on these relaxations. The highly selective SKCa channel blocker UCL-1684 almost completely blocked these responses in MAs of sham-operated rats but partially in MAs of ANG II-14d rats. These changes were pressure dependent since UCL-1684 caused a greater inhibition in MAs of 1-day ANG II-treated normotensive rats compared with ANG II-14d rats. Expression levels of both mRNA and protein SK3 were significantly reduced in MAs of ANG II-14d rats. The IKCa channel blocker 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole (TRAM-34) resulted in comparable reductions in the relaxation responses to ACh in MAs of sham-operated and ANG II-14d rats. Relative mRNA expression levels of IK1 were significantly reduced in MAs of ANG II-14d rats, whereas protein levels of IK1 were not but tended to be lower in MAs of ANG II-14d rats. The findings demonstrate that EDHF-like responses are not compromised in a situation of reduced functional activity and expression of SK3 channels in small MAs of ANG II-induced hypertensive rats. The role of IK1 channels is less clear but might compensate for reduced SK3 activity.
Activation of the external urethral sphincter central pattern generator by a 5-HT1A receptor agonist in rats with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Dolber Paul C. , Gu Baojun , Zhang Xiaoyang , Fraser Matthew O. , Thor Karl B. , Reiter Jerome P.
Published: January 2007

We recently demonstrated that treatment with the 5-HT1A/7 receptor agonist [(R)-(+)-8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylamino]tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) increases bladder capacity in chloralose-anesthetized female cats with chronic spinal cord injury. In the current study, we investigated the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on bladder capacity and external urethral sphincter (EUS) activity in urethane-anesthetized female rats (initial body mass 175–200 g) with chronic spinal cord injury (transsection at T10). Cystometric study took place 8–12 wk posttranssection. Intravesical pressure was monitored in urethane-anesthetized rats with a transvesical catheter, and EUS activity was assessed electromyographically. Spinal cord injury disrupts phasic activity of the EUS, resulting in decreased voiding efficiency and increased residual volume. 8-OH-DPAT induced a dose-dependent decrease in bladder capacity (the opposite of its effect in chronic spinal cord-injured cats) with an increase in micturition volume and decrease in residual volume resulting from improvement in voiding efficiency. The unexpected improvement in voiding efficiency can be explained by the 8-OH-DPAT-induced emergence of phasic EUS relaxation. Phasic EUS relaxation was also altered by 8-OH-DPAT in spinally intact rats, whereas the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist N-tert-butyl-3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-2-phenylpropanamide (WAY-100635), on its own, was without effect. It remains to be determined when phasic relaxation is restored after spinal cord injury, and indeed whether it is ever truly lost or is only temporarily separated from excitatory input.
Transmission of Lung Sounds through Light Clothing
Authors: Kraman Steve S.
Published: January 2007

Background: Doctors are exhorted to always place the stethoscope directly on the skin and never to auscultate through clothing. Nevertheless, casual observation reveals that doctors and even pulmonologists often violate this principle. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity of two common stethoscopes when used through clothing. Methods: Littmann Classic and Littmann Master Cardiology stethoscopes were studied under conditions of light (60–100 g), medium (240 g) and heavy (555 g) force when placed on a lung sound test platform with one or two layers of cloth (T-shirt material and flannel) interposed between the stethoscope and the test surface. The test platform was designed to mimic the acoustic and mechanical properties of the chest wall and was driven by amplified white noise. The recorded amplitude spectra were compared over a range of 150–1,000 Hz. Results: Compared to the sensitivity on a bare test platform surface, either fabric in single or double layers attenuated the sounds by a mean of 5–18 dB under light pressure. This attenuation was nearly abolished by the addition of either medium or heavy force on the stethoscope head. Conclusions: The deleterious effect of one or two layers of indoor clothing on lung sounds acquired through a stethoscope can be negated by force on the stethoscope head making effective auscultation possible. Nevertheless, auscultation through clothing remains problematic due to the hindrance to inspection and percussion and the risk of acoustic artifacts caused by clothing.
Oral Mucosal Conditions and Risk Factors among Elderly in a Turkish School of Dentistry
Authors: Dundar Nesrin , Ilhan Kal Betul
Published: January 2007

Background: Prevalence studies are important to determine the oral health status and treatment needs of elderly people. Our aim was to obtain data for the prevalence of oral mucosal conditions (OMC) in a Turkish elderly sample and to compare our results with different geographic regions. Objective: The purpose of this clinical-based study was to determine the prevalence of OMC and associated risk factors in a clinical-based Turkish elderly sample. Methods: The study sample consisted of 700 patients >60 years old. The clinical examination of patients was performed by both authors. All participants were questioned about their general health status, medication use, oral hygiene habits, tobacco or alcohol use, use of dentures, and the length of denture use. χ2 Pearson’s test with Fisher’s exact probability test was used to analyze the data. Logistic regression models were used to assess the influence of independent variables; odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was defined as p <0.05. Results: OMC were recorded in 40.7% of the study sample. The logistic regression model revealed that male gender, length of denture use, smoking habit, and being a former smoker increased the probability of having an OMC. Smoking habit also increased the risk of having leukoplakia. The denture-related lesions accounted for 36.4% with the length of denture use and diabetes mellitus being significant risk factors for denture stomatitis and denture hyperplasia. The model for traumatic ulcer included medication use as a significant risk factor. Conclusions: Our results regarding an elderly Turkish sample support the studies of other populations where the prevalence of OMC was related to length of denture use, smoking, and gender. We also observed some important associations between denture-related lesions, systemic diseases, and medication use which require further investigation.
Underlying Factors in the Association between Depressed Mood and Mobility Limitation in Older People
Authors: Hirvensalo Mirja , Sakari-Rantala Ritva , Kallinen Mauri , Leinonen Raija , Lintunen Taru , Rantanen Taina
Published: January 2007

Background: Depressed mood may either precede mobility limitation or follow from mobility limitation. Objective: To compare mood status among people with manifestmobility limitation, those with preclinical mobility limitation and those without mobility limitation and investigate factors explaining the association between depressed mood and mobility limitation. Design: Cross-sectional. Subjects: 645 community-living 75- to 81-year-old people. Methods: Depressed mood was assessed using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D, cut-off score 16); difficulty walking 500 m was assessed by self-report. Those reporting difficulty were categorised as having manifest mobility limitation. Those with no difficulty but reporting task modifications, such as reduced frequency of walking, were categorised as having preclinical mobility limitation. The association between depressed mood and mobility limitation was analysed using logistic regression analysis with gender, age, economic situation, the availability of a confidant, chronic conditions, and widespread pain as covariates. Results: Depressed mood was found in 34% of subjects with manifest mobility limitation, in 26% of those with preclinical mobility limitation, and in 13% of those without mobility limitation. The unadjusted odds ratio for depressed mood was 3.43 (95% CI 2.04–5.76) among subjects with manifest mobility limitation and 2.38 (95% CI 1.52–3.73) among those with preclinical mobility limitation, compared to those without mobility limitation.Adjustment forcovariates reduced the risks to 2.10 (95% CI 1.15–3.82) and 1.99 (95% CI 1.24–3.20), respectively. Widespread pain explained 28% of the increased risk of depressed mood among those with manifest mobility limitation. Conclusion: The dose-response relationship between depressed mood and mobility limitation suggests that both conditions may progress simultaneously and may share aetiology, at least in part. Pain may be an underlying factor in both depressed mood and mobility limitation.
Ramosetron versus Ondansetron in the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Side Effects: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Shi Yuankai , He Xiaohui , Yang Sheng , Ai Bin , Zhang Changgong , Huang Dingzhi , Dong Mei , Liu Peng , Zhou Shengyu , Han Xiaohong
Published: January 2007

Background: This study observed and compared the preventive effects of ramosetron and ondansetron on gastrointestinal side effects caused by cisplatin-containing chemotherapy. Methods: Fifty patients with malignant tumors undergoing their first chemotherapy were randomly divided into two groups, and each group received 0.3 mg of ramosetron and 16 mg of ondansetron in a prospective crossover comparison study. Results: Data were collected for analysis of the therapeutic effect in 47 cases and for adverse events in 50 cases. Both drugs showed similar results in regard to chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal side effects, emesis and appetite loss on day 1, but by day 5, ramosetron was significantly better than ondansetron in terms of controlling appetite loss. From days 3–5, ramosetron tended to be more effective than ondansetron in its antiemetic action. The incidence of headache, fatigue and constipation was the same for both drugs. Conclusions: Ramosetron is a long-lasting and safe antiemetic agent.
Clarithromycin Suppresses Invasiveness of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Wada Toshihiro , Sata Makoto , Sato Jun , Tokairin Yoshikane , Machiya Jun-ichi , Hirama Noriyuki , Arao Tsuyoshi , Inoue Sumito , Takabatake Noriaki , Shibata Yoko , Kubota Isao
Published: January 2007

Background: It has been speculated that clarithromycin (CAM), a 14-membered ring macrolide, possesses antitumor effects besides antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Method: We evaluated the effects of CAM on the growth and invasiveness of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Results: Although CAM did not affect the growth of A549 cells, the Matrigel invasion assay showed that the potential of invasion was diminished by CAM treatment. When analyzed by flow cytometry, CAM suppressed α2- and β1-integrin expression. Furthermore, thymidine phosphorylase (TP) expression was diminished by CAM treatment in a dose-dependent manner. A specific TP inhibitor also suppressed β1-integrin expression in flow cytometric analysis. Conclusions: These results suggest that CAM may suppress invasive activity of A549 cells in part by diminishing the expression of TP, α2- and β1-integrin, which may be a downstream signal of the TP pathway, and that CAM could be useful in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
Group V Secretory Phospholipase A
2
Promotes Atherosclerosis
Authors: Bostrom Meredith A. , Boyanovsky Boris B. , Jordan Craig T. , Wadsworth Marilyn P. , Taatjes Douglas J. , de Beer Frederick C. , Webb Nancy R.
Published: January 2007

Objective—

Group V secretory phospholipase A
2
(GV sPLA
2
) has been detected in both human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. This enzyme has potent hydrolytic activity towards phosphatidylcholine-containing substrates, including lipoprotein particles. Numerous studies in vitro indicate that hydrolysis of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) by GV sPLA
2
leads to the formation of atherogenic particles and potentially proinflammatory lipid mediators. However, there is no direct evidence that this enzyme promotes atherogenic processes in vivo.

Methods and Results—

We performed gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies to investigate the role of GV sPLA
2
in atherogenesis in LDL receptor–deficient mice. Compared with control mice, animals overexpressing GV sPLA
2
by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer had a 2.7 fold increase in lesion area in the ascending region of the aortic root. Increased atherosclerosis was associated with an increase in lesional collagen deposition in the same region. Mice deficient in bone marrow–derived GV sPLA
2
had a 36% reduction in atherosclerosis in the aortic arch/thoracic aorta.

Conclusions—

Our data in mouse models provide the first in vivo evidence that GV sPLA
2
contributes to atherosclerotic processes, and draw attention to this enzyme as an attractive target for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease.
Total Body ABCG1 Expression Protects Against Early Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Mice
Authors: Out Ruud , Hoekstra Menno , Meurs Illiana , de Vos Paula , Kuiper Johan , Van Eck Miranda , Van Berkel Theo J.C.
Published: January 2007

Objective—

ABCG1 has recently been identified as a facilitator of cholesterol and phospholipid efflux from macrophages to HDL. In bone marrow transplantation studies, we and others have now shown that the absence of macrophage ABCG1 may differentially influence atherosclerotic lesions dependent on the experimental setting and/or the stage of atherosclerotic lesion development. To further define the role of ABCG1 in atherogenesis, we investigated in the current study the effect of total body deficiency of ABCG1 on atherosclerotic lesion development.

Methods and Results—

ABCG1
−/−
mice and wild-type littermates were fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks to induce atherosclerotic lesion formation. Both before and after the start of the atherogenic diet, serum lipid levels and lipoprotein profiles did not differ significantly between the two groups. In addition no significant difference in serum apoE levels was found after diet feeding. In wild-type mice the atherogenic diet induced the formation of macrophage-rich early lesions (size: 24±7×10
3
μm
2
[n=6]). Feeding ABCG1
−/−
mice the atherogenic diet led to a significant 1.9-fold stimulation of atherosclerotic lesion size (46±6x10
3
μm
2
[n=7]; Student
t
test
P
=0.034 and Mann–Whitney test
P
=0.050) compared with controls, suggesting a clear antiatherogenic role for ABCG1. At the same time, excessive lipid accumulation was observed in macrophage-rich areas of the lungs and spleens of ABCG1
−/−
mice as compared with wild-type mice.

Conclusions—

Total body ABCG1 expression protects against early atherosclerotic lesion development.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Tirilazad in Experimental Stroke
Authors: Sena Emily , Wheble Philippa , Sandercock Peter , Macleod Malcolm
Published: January 2007

Background and Purpose—

Tirilazad is a candidate neuroprotective drug with reported efficacy in animal models of stroke that was, however, without benefit in clinical trials. This apparent contradiction might be explained if the animal studies were falsely positive, if the clinical trials were falsely negative, or if tirilazad was not tested under the same conditions in animal and clinical studies. Here we use systematic review and meta-analysis to describe the characteristics and limits to the neuroprotective action of tirilazad in animal models of stroke.

Methods—

Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies describing the efficacy of tirilazad in animal models of focal ischemia, in which outcome was measured as infarct volume and/or neurological score. Weighted mean difference random effects meta-analysis was used to measure overall efficacy in prespecified subgroups.

Results—

Eighteen studies describing outcome in 544 animals were identified. Study quality (median score, 5/10; interquartile range, 4 to 6) was similar to that seen in systematic reviews of other candidate neuroprotective drugs. Tirilazad reduced infarct volume by 29.2% (95% confidence interval 21.1% to 37.2%) and improved neurobehavioral score by 48.1% (95% confidence interval 29.3% to 66.9%).

Conclusion—

Tirilazad may have substantial efficacy in animal models of stroke, but this conclusion must be qualified because of the presence of potential sources of bias.
Stroke Symptoms and the Decision to Call for an Ambulance
Authors: Mosley Ian , Nicol Marcus , Donnan Geoffrey , Patrick Ian , Dewey Helen
Published: January 2007

Background and Purpose—

Few acute stroke patients are treated with alteplase, partly because of significant prehospital delays after symptom onset. The aim of this study was to determine among ambulance-transported stroke patients factors associated with stroke recognition and factors associated with a call for ambulance assistance within 1 hour from symptom onset.

Methods—

For 6 months in 2004, all ambulance-transported stroke or transient ischemic attack patients arriving from a geographically defined region in Melbourne (Australia) to 1 of 3 hospital emergency departments were assessed. Tapes of the call for ambulance assistance were analyzed and the patient and the caller were interviewed.

Results—

One hundred ninety-eight patients were included in the study. Stroke was reported as the problem in 44% of ambulance calls. Unprompted stroke recognition was independently associated with facial droop (
P
=0.015) and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (
P
<0.001). More than half of the calls for ambulance assistance were made within 1 hour from symptom onset and only 43% of these callers spontaneously identified the problem as “stroke.” Factors independently associated with a call within 1 hour were: speech problems (
P
=0.009), caller family history of stroke (
P
=0.017), and the patient was not alone at symptom onset (
P
=0.018).

Conclusions—

Stroke was reported as the problem (unprompted) by <50% of callers. Fewer than half the calls were made within 1 hour from symptom onset. Interventions are needed to more strongly link stroke recognition to immediate action and increase the number of stroke patients eligible for acute treatment.
Glycated Hemoglobin and Risk of Stroke in People Without Known Diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer (EPIC)–Norfolk Prospective Population Study
Authors: Myint Phyo K. , Sinha Shubhada , Wareham Nicholas J. , Bingham Sheila A. , Luben Robert N. , Welch Ailsa A. , Khaw Kay-Tee
Published: January 2007

Background and Purpose—

Diabetes is a well-recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Evidence suggests a linear relationship between blood glucose and myocardial infarction, even at blood glucose concentrations below the threshold for diabetes. The relationship between blood glucose concentration and stroke in people without established diabetes has been studied less extensively.

Methods—

We examined the prospective relationship between usual blood glucose level measured by glycohemoglobin (HbA
1c
) concentrations and incident stroke risk in a general population without diabetes and stroke at baseline assessment in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer (EPIC)–Norfolk.

Results—

A total of 10 489 men and women aged 40 to 79 years at baseline were followed up (mean=8.5 years). Mean age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and proportion of current smokers increased and mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased with increasing HbA
1c
concentrations. There were 164 incident strokes identified over 88 652 person-years. After adjustment for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors, the relative risks (95% CI) for stroke for participants with HbA
1c
concentrations 5% to 5.4%, 5.5% to 6.9%, and ≥7% were 0.78 (0.50 to 1.22), 0.83 (0.54 to 1.27), and 2.83 (1.40 to 5.74), respectively, compared with those with HbA
1c
<5%.

Conclusions—

In contrast to the continuous linear relationship observed between blood glucose level and coronary heart disease risk, the association between blood glucose level and stroke risk appears to be more consistent with a threshold relationship. These observations may give insights into the differing pathogenesis of different vascular diseases.
Self-Concept in Gifted Youth: An Investigation Employing the Piers-Harris Subscales
Authors: Lewis Joan D. , Knight Harold V.
Published: January 2007

The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale was used to investigate the self-concept of 368 intellectually gifted children in grades 4-12. Previous research had suggested that differences by gender and grade level might be masked by reporting only global self-concept scores, however, few studies reported subscale scores. In this Population gender was not a Significant variable for global self-concept. Significant gender differences were observed on three subscales. Behavior, Intellectual and School Status, and Anxiety. Females rated themselves higher on the first two and males on the latter. School level was a significant variable for glob self-concept; Students in junior high school reported lower self-concept than did students in either elementary school or high school. Similar results were observed with the Behavior subscale. The present study supports the view that a global score for self-concept can mask underlying differences when subscale scores are summed.
Defining Belief in Self: Intelligent Young Men in an Urban High School
Authors: Hibert Thomas P.
Published: January 2007

To address the [ILLEGIBLE] of research on high-ability youth in urban environments this article chronicles the experiences of six intelligent young men in an urban high school. Through a qualitative research design that integrated features of case study and ethnographic research, the study examined how urban life experiences influenced academic achievement. The six cases reported in this study are a subset of 12 cases (Hebert, 1993) that contributed to a larger study (Reis, Hebert, Diaz, Maxfield, & Ratley, 1995) of talented students in an urban high school. Major findings for the high-ability achieving males were a strong belief it self that incorporated an “inner will,” aspirations, heightened sensitivity and a multicultural awareness and appreciation. Data analysis on the participants identified the following factors that influenced the strong belief it self relationships with supportive adults; involvement in extracurricular activities, sports, special programs, and summer school experiences, and family support Implications of the findings are presented along with suggestions for meeting the educational needs of intelligent young men in urban high schools.
The Underachievement of Gifted Students: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?
Authors: Reis Sally M. , McCoach D. Betsy
Published: January 2007

The process of defining underachievement, identifying underachieving gifted students, and explaining the reasons for this underachievement continues to stir controversy among practitioners, researchers, and clinicians. Despite this interest, the underachievement of gifted students remains an enigma. This article reviews and analyzes three decades of research on the underachievement of gifted students in an attempt to clarify the present state of research. The problems inherent in defining and identifing underachieving gifted students are given special attention. The authors also include suggestions for those interested in pursuing potentially promising new lines of research and inquiry in this area.
Flip Sides of the Same Coin or Marching to the Beat of Different Drummers? A Response to Pyryt
Authors: Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: January 2007

Pyryt has raised important questions about the results reported in Plucker, Callahan, and Tomchin (1996). Although Pyryt's comments focus directly on statistical issues (issues upon. which we generally agree), he indirectly touches on some major issues related to contemporary intelligence theory and the use of alternative assessments. Our different approaches to these conceptual issues highlight important areas for future research and practice, illustrating the value of this type of intellectual debate for the fields of gifted education and talent development.
Learning Styles of Gifted and Nongifted Secondary Students in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan David W.
Published: January 2007

The learning activities and learning styles of 398 gifted and nongifted Chinese secondary students were assessed using the Chinese version of the Learning Styles Inventory (Renzulli & Smith, 1978; Renzulli, Smith, & Rizza, 1998). Dimensions of preferred learning activities common for gifted and nongifted students included factors interpretable as learning through verbal interaction, learning by role-play, and learning by doing. Comparing gifted and nongifted students, gifted students indicated significantly greater preferences for learning styles related to interpersonal verbal exchanges and autonomous learning. Although there were no significant gender differences in learning style preferences, the younger age group indicated significantly greater preference for learning styles related to structured activities and games than the older age group. Plausible reasons for the differences between the present findings and findings from non-Chinese settings regarding the learning styles of gifted students are discussed.
Comparing and Contrasting: Stories of Competition
Authors: Rizza Mary G. , Reis Sally M.
Published: January 2007

Competition plays an important role in the lives of gifted adolescents. Some research suggests that schools encourage competition simply by the nature of assigning grades and that students learn very early about the winners and losers. This study investigated how a group of 11 successful high school female students described the impact of competition on their academic and social lives. Qualitative methodology was used to identify themes that described how the participants maintained a competitive profile while still sustaining social contacts and friendships. Competition was viewed by participants as a negative behavior and comparing was a preferred word to describe their own competitive actions.
Lessons From Another Field: Applying Coteaching Strategies to Gifted Education
Authors: Hughes Claire E. , Murawski Wendy A.
Published: January 2007

Because research has found that differentiation of instruction for gifted students does not typically occur within the general classroom, collaboration between gifted and general education teachers is critical in order to ensure appropriate services to students with high abilities. Gifted education teachers are now being called upon to provide services to their students in the regular education environment. This fundamental change in setting mirrors mandated changes in special education, wherein students with disabilities are increasingly served in the general education classroom. This article provides a new definition of collaboration within the context of gifted education and expands on the utilization of coteaching as a collaborative strategy. Five models of coteaching originally developed for meeting the needs of students with disabilities were adapted, and examples of their use with gifted students in the general education classroom are provided.
Successful Adults Who Were Once Adolescent Underachievers
Authors: Peterson Jean Sunde
Published: January 2007

This retrospective study of professionally successful adults who were academic underachievers during adolescence ( N = 31) explored the phenomenological experience of underachievement, with particular focus on potentially interactive factors that might be associated with onset. maintenance, and reversal of underachievement. Underinvolved and nonencouraging parents and teachers, negative parental attitudes toward work, family conflict, lack of career direction, and family transitions were found to be associated with underachievement. Both the adolescents and their parents achieved in nonacademic areas. Findings suggest that personality factors, achiever role models outside of the family, developmental task accomnplishmrent, changes in location, and new academic courses may contribute to reversal of underachievement.
Gender Differences in the Motivation for and Selection of Courses in a Summer Program for Academically Talented Students
Authors: Schweigardt Wendy J. , Worrell Frank C. , Hale Robert J.
Published: January 2007

In this study, we examined gender differences in course enrollment patterns, reasons for course choice, and enjoyment of course. Participants consisted of 804 academically talented students (433 females, 371 males) attending a summer program. Data were self-reported and were collected on a program evaluation questionnaire. Males enrolled in traditionally male (TM) courses in significantly greater numbers than they enrolled in traditionally female (TF) courses, but female enrollment in the two types of courses was more equal. Asian American students' course enrollmnent in TM and TF courses was more balanced than non-Asian American student enrollment, and Asian American students endorsed fewer internal reasons than non-Asian students did. Students in TM classes endorsed more external reasons for course choice than their colleagues in TF classes. Finally, students who gave more internal reasons for course choice reported enjoying classes more than students who gave more external reasons. No gender differences in motivation were found.
Changing General Education Classroom Practices to Adapt for Gifted Students
Authors: Johnsen Susan K. , Haensly Patricia A. , Ryser Gail R. , Ford Randal F.
Published: January 2007

Funded by the Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Education Act, the Mustard Seed Project's major goal T91maoivti1ts was to train teachers to differentiate curricula for gifted students in the general education classroom. This study addressed the changes in classroom practices and the factors that influenced these changes. Changes were measured using the Classroom Instructional Practices Scale Johnsen, 1992). The sample included 1 urban and 5 rural sites, 8 principals, 74 teachers, mentor teachers, and 18 community representatives. Throughout the two years of implementation, majority of teachers at each site made changes. Changes in classroom practices and influencing factors, were determined from interviews, field notes, formal and informal observations, and a final survey. Participants cited staff-development activities, leadership, mentoring, resources, and project support as extremely beneficial.
Perceptions of a Self-Contained Cass for Fourth and Fith-Grade Students With High to Extreme Levels of Intellectual Giftedness
Authors: Moon Sidney M. , Swift Melanie , Shallenberger Ann
Published: January 2007

This qualitative case study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a new self-contained classroom with curriculum that was differentiated for highly intellectually gifted students. The special class was investigated throughout its first year of operation in a school district. Participating students were fourth and fifth graders with IQ scores on the Slosson Intelligence Test Revised ranging from 148 to 193. Data were collected using observations, interviews, comparison essays, and a goal-attainment scale.Qualitative data were analyzed using the techniques of open, axial, and selective coding, data displays, and peer debriefing; quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The results suggested that the self-contained classroom provided a challenging learning environment for highly intellectually gifted students, but that the responses of individual students to this more challenging environment varied considerably, creating different emotional and social outcomes fo-r specific students at different times during the school year. The results suggest that gifted and talented programming can have differential effects on individual students and that future program evaluation research should attempt to investigate the etiology of these differential effects.