bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Nurses’ Infection-preventive Behaviors for Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Choi Min Kyung , Choi Jeong Sil
Published: February 2024

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of knowledge, risk perception, and nursing professionalism on nurses’ infection-preventive behaviors for emerging infectious diseases (EIDs).Methods: This cross-sectional study’s participants were 204 nurses with at least 3 months of experience caring for patients with EIDs at four government-designated medical institutions in Korea, which were the first to handle cases of EIDs.Results: The average score for infection-preventive behaviors concerning EIDs was 4.54±0.45 points out of 5.00, and the score for the early response stage for EIDs was the lowest. The factors influencing nurses’ infection preventive behaviors for EIDs were personal protective equipment education, knowledge, and risk perception. Nursing professionalism was identified as a new influencing factor.Conclusion: To improve nurses’ infection prevention behaviors for EIDs, specific and practical training in protective equipment must be conducted. Increasing nurses’ professional knowledge, strengthening risk perception, and implementing strategic programs to strengthen nursing professionalism are required. Nurses should be instructed and given clear rules on properly utilizing personal protection equipment. Nursing managers and nurses can improve their professionalism by creating a positive organizational culture.
Factors Influencing Medication Adherence in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Kim Jeonghyeon , Cha Jieun
Published: February 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate medication regimen complexity, social support, and beliefs about medicine as factors related to medication adherence, with the eventual goal of targeting these factors to improve medication adherence in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Methods: This study included 143 patients undergoing hemodialysis (hospitalized or outpatients) from two hospitals located in Daegu city. Data were collected from January 11 to March 31, 2023, using self-reported questionnaires, including the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), medication regimen complexity index, multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and beliefs about medicine. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive tests, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression via SPSS for Windows version 25.0.Results: Based on the MMAS-8 scores, the prevalence of medication nonadherence was determined to be 53.8%. In hierarchical regression analysis, the factors affecting medication adherence included beliefs about medicine (β=.34, p<.001) and social support (β=.30, p<.001). The total explanatory power of the regression model was 44% (F=16.83, p<.001).Conclusion: Social support and beliefs about medicine can be effective strategies for positively changing medication adherence in patients undergoing hemodialysis. It is essential to establish nursing intervention programs to increase social support and modify beliefs about medicine in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Checking the Cleanliness of Surgical Instruments Using the Adenosine Triphosphate-Bioluminescence Assay
Authors: Park Hyun Hee , Lee Sung Soon , Kim Su Mi
Published: February 2024

Purpose: Cleaning is crucial for reprocessing reusable surgical instruments (RSIs). In this study, we used the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence method to assess the cleanliness of RSIs according to the cleaning method used.Methods: From April 3 to June 2, 2023, surgical sets, including hemostatic forceps, needle holders, operating scissors, dressing forceps, and suction tubes, that arrived at the decontamination room in the central sterile supply department of one general hospital were selected through convenience sampling. For each of the three cleaning processes, 30 cleaned RSIs were sampled with test swabs for inspection, and the relative light unit value was measured using ATP test equipment.Results: Suction tubes, hemostatic forceps, and needle holders ranked low in cleanliness (x2=11.69, p=.020), and the contamination rate after mechanical cleaning was significantly lower than that after manual cleaning (x2=31.34, p<.001).Conclusion: Surgical instruments treated by manual processing and those containing tubes were associated with the low cleanliness. Therefore, it is necessary to check whether surgical instruments, including tubes, are manually washed at an appropriate level, and regular monitoring will be required.
Factors Influencing the Dietary Behavior of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Jin Sohyun , Song Youngshin
Published: February 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors that affect the dietary behavior of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by examining their sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes-related characteristics, and treatment self-regulation.Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between August and September 2019 at the Hypertension and Diabetes Registration Management Center in South Korea. Data were collected from 109 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis.Results: Among the investigated variables(nutrition education experience, the number of nutrition education sessions, alcohol consumption, autonomous motivation, externally controlled motivation, and amotivation), the number of nutrition education sessions (β=.19, p=.041), alcohol consumption (yes) (β=-.22, p=.014), and autonomous motivation (β=.21, p=.029) influenced patients’ dietary behavior. These factors explained approximately 12% of the total variance.Conclusion: To improve the dietary behavior of patients with type 2 diabetes, it is crucial to boost their motivation, implement policies on alcohol consumption, and provide ongoing education on nutrition tailored to their needs.
Estimate of Wave Overtopping Rate on Armoured Slope Structures Using FUNWAVE-TVD Model
Authors: Kwak Moon Su
Published: February 2024

In this study, the program was modified by adding the empirical formula of EurOtop (2018) to enable calculation of wave overtopping on armoured slope structures in the FUNWAVE-TVD model using the fully nonlinear Boussinesq equation. The validity of the modified numerical model was verified by comparing it with CLASH data and experiment data for the rubble mound structure. This model accurately reproduced the change in wave overtopping rate according to the difference in the roughness factor of the armoured block, and well reproduced the rate of decrease in wave overtopping rate due to the increase in relative freeboard. The overtopping rate of the armoured slope structures showed significant differences depending on the positioning condition of the armoured blocks. When Tetrapods were placed with regular positioning, the overtopping rate increased significantly compared to when they were placed with random positioning, and it was consistent with when they were placed with Rocks. Meanwhile, when rocks were placed in one row, the wave overtopping rate was greater than when rocks were placed in two rows, which is believed to be due to the influence of the roughness and permeability of the structure’s surface.
Gap and proposals for educational practices of sexual and reproductive health for the LGBTQIA+ population: an integrative review / Lacunas e propostas de práticas educativas de saúde sexual e reprodutiva para população LGBTQIA+: revisão integrativa
Authors: Nepomuceno de Paiva Carla Cardi , Bastos Mariana Guimarães
Published: February 2024

Objetivo: analisar as publicações científicas nacionais sobre a atenção à saúde sexual e reprodutiva oferecida para população LGBTQIA+ com relação às principais lacunas e possibilidades das práticas educativas referentes a essa temática no contexto brasileiro. Método: revisão integrativa, em seis etapas, com busca dos estudos realizada em junho de 2022 nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, SCIELO e Web of Science e SCOPUS. Resultados:  foram recuperados 5.643 estudos e selecionados 14 para análise e discussão. Destacaram-se os temas: saúde sexual e reprodutiva com foco na reprodução e nas técnicas reprodutivas, infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e educação em saúde sexual e, por fim, direitos sexuais e reprodutivos. Conclusão: foram evidenciadas as principais lacunas quanto ao tema de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, assim como sugestões para práticas educativas ligadas à temática.
Developmental regulation of
DNA
methyltransferases
Authors: Lees‐Murdock Diane J. , Walsh Colum P.
Published: April 2006

The mammalian genome appears to undergo two waves of demethylation, one in the preimplantation embryo and the other in the germ cells of the primitive gonad. Methylation is reestablished at the egg cylinder stage and either in the prospermatogonia for the male or the growing oocyte for the female. Precise control of methyltransferase activity is required to ensure that these events occur reliably. Here we discuss the various mechanisms, from promoter switching to protein stabilization, used to regulate the maintenance and de novo enzymes catalyzing CpG methylation during development, and how these converge to limit the periods during which all the required factors are present in the nucleus.
The Use of Substituted Iridium Complexes in Doped Polymer Electrophosphorescent Devices: The Influence of Triplet Transfer and Other Factors on Enhancing Device Performance
Authors: King S. M. , Al‐Attar H. A. , Evans R. J. , Congreve A. , Beeby A. , Monkman A. P.
Published: April 2006

The problem of phosphorescence quenching by the host polymer of a dopant in a polyfluorene‐based electrophosphorescent device has been extensively studied. This paper concentrates on reduction of the rate of triplet‐energy transfer from the dopant to the host by making inert t‐butyl substitutions to the ligands of the well‐understood fac‐trisphenylpyridine iridium phosphorescent dopant. These substitutions introduce steric bulk to the dopant that approximately halves the rate of energy transfer compared to the unsubstituted dopant, and a concomitant increase in device performance is observed. This is attributed to the strong distance dependence of the Dexter‐type energy transfer involved, the steric bulk of the t‐butyl groups effectively preventing the energy transfer from emissive dopant to the host. In addition, through the use of specific substitutions on either the pyridyl or phenyl ring, the pathway of the energy transfer has been identified as being through the pyridyl ring of the ligand. Employing this technique of steric prevention of the triplet‐energy transfer to the host reduces the need for development of hosts with a high triplet level for electrophosphorescent devices.
Cyclophilin A is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and stimulates cell proliferation through CD147
Authors: Li Min , Zhai Qihui , Bharadwaj Uddalak , Wang Hao , Li Fei , Fisher William E. , Chen Changyi , Yao Qizhi
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND

Although overexpression of cyclophilin A (CypA) is associated with several types of cancer, its role in pancreatic cancer has not been studied. In this study the expression of CypA and its receptor CD147 on pancreatic cancer was determined as well as the effect of exogenous CypA on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation.

METHODS

The expression of CypA and CD147 in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and tissues was determined with real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blot, and immunostaining. Cell proliferation in response to CypA was performed by [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. Phosphorylation of MAPK and cytokine secretion profiles in pancreatic cancer cells were determined by using the Bio‐Plex phosphoprotein assay and cytokine assay.

RESULTS

Pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed significantly higher levels of CypA and CD147 than normal human pancreatic ductal epithelium (HPDE) cells. Expression of CypA and CD147 was also substantially higher in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues than those in normal pancreatic tissues. Addition of exogenous CypA significantly stimulated pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner and this effect was effectively blocked by pretreatment with anti‐CD147 antibody. In addition, CypA activated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways and increased the secretion of 2 key cytokines IL‐5 and IL‐17 in Panc‐1 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The expression of CypA and CD147 was significantly increased in both pancreatic cancer cell lines and tissues. Exogenous CypA promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth, which may be mediated through the interaction with CD147 and the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Multiplex analysis of circulating cytokines in the sera of patients with different clinical forms of visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Kurkjian Katie M. , Mahmutovic Aida J. , Kellar Kathryn L. , Haque Rashidul , Bern Caryn , Secor W. Evan
Published: April 2006

Background:

The clinical spectrum of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a chronic intracellular parasitic disease, ranges from a subclinical, asymptomatic infection to severe clinical disease (kala‐azar). In experimental leishmaniasis, mice that have a Th1 response to infection tend to have limited disease while a Th2 response is associated with disease progression. Humans with VL most often have mixed rather than polarized responses. However, most clinical studies have used methods that require a relatively large sample volume, thus limiting their scope. Measuring multiple cytokine levels in blood samples using a multiplexed microsphere assay (MMA) may be useful to further evaluate the Th1/Th2 paradigm in humans.

Methods:

Bangladeshi individuals (n = 120) living in an area endemic for VL were categorized into one of the five clinical categories. Sera from these individuals were measured for levels of IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α by multiplexed microsphere cytokine immunoassay.

Results:

Circulating IL‐8, IL‐10, and IL‐12 differed significantly among the clinical groups. Persons with kala‐azar demonstrated the highest median levels of IL‐8 and IL‐10 but lower median levels of IL‐12.

Conclusions:

The MMA for cytokines is an extremely time‐and sample‐efficient method for characterizing circulating cytokine levels in visceral leishmaniasis patients. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Effect of microsphere binding site density on the apparent affinity of an interaction partner
Authors: Iannone Marie A. , Consler Thomas G.
Published: April 2006

Background:

Flow cytometric microsphere‐based binding assays can be used to measure molecular interactions with high sensitivity. We have used multiplexed microsphere technology to explore the effect that binding site density has on the apparent affinity of a soluble interaction partner.

Methods:

The interaction of a nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma ligand binding domain (PPARγ LBD), with a synthetic peptide derived from a nuclear receptor coactivator protein, PPARγ coactivator‐1 alpha (PGC‐1α), is the interacting system being studied. The density of this peptide coupled to fluorescently unique microsphere populations is varied by co‐incubating the biotinylated peptide and avidin‐coated microsphere populations with increasing the amounts of free D‐biotin. The discrete‐density peptide‐coupled microsphere populations are combined to conduct a multiplexed binding experiment with Alexa 532‐labeled PPARγ LBD, in the absence or presence of a small molecule ligand.

Results:

As the immobilized binding site density of PGC‐1α peptide on fluorescent microspheres is increased the measured apparent affinity for PPARγ LBD is increased.

Conclusions:

The density of binding sites immobilized to a surface has a pronounced effect on the apparent affinity for soluble binding partners. By controlling and varying the binding site density it is possible to increase the sensitivity of an interaction assay. In multiplexed assay formats it should be possible to normalize intrinsically unequal binding interactions by individually optimizing the binding site density of the immobilized interaction partner. However, to quantitatively measure intrinsic affinities of molecular interactions, low binding site densities are required and multivalent reagents must be avoided. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Simultaneous detection of porcine proinflammatory cytokines using multiplex flow cytometry by the xMAP™ technology
Authors: Johannisson Anders , Jonasson Robert , Dernfalk Johanna , Jensen‐Waern Marianne
Published: April 2006

Background:

Multiplex flow cytometry is in widespread use for detection of cytokines in human samples. However, no report on the measurement of porcine cytokines using this method has previously been published. We report on the detection of the porcine proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐8, and IL‐1β by the xMap‐assay for multiplex flow cytometry.

Methods:

Commercially available antibodies to porcine cytokines were used as capture antibodies by attaching them to goat anti‐mouse IgG coated microspheres with different fluorescent signatures. By the use of biotinylated detection antibodies and SAv‐PE the amount of cytokines bound to the spheres were measured. Experiments were performed to determine the limits of detection and the amount of crossreactivity in buffer, serum, and plasma, using spiking with recombinant porcine cytokines.

Results:

The limit of detection ranged from 0.18 to 12 ng/ml. Generally, the detection limit was higher in serum and plasma, than in buffer. No crossreactivity between reagents was found.

Conclusions:

Porcine proinflammatory cytokines can be detected utilizing this method with satisfactory detection limits, and no crossreaction between the reagents involved. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Amiodarone lung toxicity in a cardiac transplant candidate initially diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration: Cytologic, histologic, and electronmicroscopic findings
Authors: Omeroglu Gulbeyaz , Kalugina Yelena , Ersahin Cagatay , Wojcik Eva M.
Published: April 2006

A cardiac transplant candidate with ischemic cardiomyopathy developed bilateral small parenchymal opacities in lower lobes of the lung. A fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) was performed that revealed changes characteristic of amiodarone toxicity. Subsequently performed lung biopsies and electron microscopic studies confirmed the initial FNA diagnosis. The patient has been successfully transplanted with marked improvement in his clinical findings. This is the first case of amiodarone lung toxicity where the diagnosis was initially suggested based on the FNA findings. We also describe the clinical, cytological, histological, and electron microscopic (EM) findings of amiodarone‐related pulmonary toxicity and provide a review of the literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:351–354. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dysbacteriosis and squamous (pre)neoplasia of immigrants and Dutch women as established in population‐based cervical screening
Authors: Verbruggen Banut‐Sabine M. , Boon Mathilde E. , Boon L. Matthijs
Published: April 2006

We examined the statistical relationships between dysbacteriosis and (pre)neoplasia related to age and ethnicity from the cervical screening of almost half a million smears. Data from 445,080 smears were coded according to KOPAC (the Dutch national cervical smear coding system) with nine grades. Prevalence per 100,000 smears and relative risks (RR) were calculated for dysbacteriosis and for squamous abnormalities. Patients were stratified by their probable country of origin. Dutch women had an RR of 0.92 for dysbacteriosis. Surinamese women had the highest RR for dysbacteriosis (RR = 2.36) and Moroccan women had the lowest (RR = 1.00). The same trends were seen for the risks of squamous abnormalities. The data for Turkish women follow the patterns of those for Surinamese women. The RR of dysbacteriosis is highest at 50 yr (1.28) and lowest at 35 yr (0.86). When dysbacteriotic and non‐dysbacteriotic smears were compared, dysbacteriosis was observed more frequently in smears with squamous abnormalities (4.1% vs. 2.2%). Dysbacteriosis may warrant more intensive cytological surveillance and changes in lifestyle. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34: 377–381. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can hamartoma of the breast be distinguished from fibroadenoma using fine‐needle aspiration cytology?
Authors: Herbert Mehrdad , Mendlovic Sonia , Liokumovich Pavel , Segal Michael , Zahavi Sergei , Rath‐Wolfson Lea , Sandbank Judith
Published: April 2006

In an attempt to determine if it is possible to distinguish hamartoma of the breast from fibroadenoma using fine‐needle aspiration cytology, we reviewed the cytological slides of 13 histopathologically confirmed cases of hamartoma of the breast and compared them with the cytological features of 13 histologically confirmed fibroadenomas. In each case, we studied the epithelial and stromal features. Cytologic characteristics were retrospectively evaluated in a semiquantitive manner. In conclusion, the finding of intact lobular units and a relative paucity of stroma may suggest the diagnosis of hamartoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:326–329. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological features of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Valdman Alexander , Jonmarker Sara , Ekman Peter , Egevad Lars
Published: April 2006

Fine‐needle aspiration cytolotogy (FNAC) is an acknowledged method for diagnosing prostate cancer. False‐positive results are uncommon, but concerns have been raised that prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) could be misinterpreted as carcinoma. Therefore, we attempted to describe cytological features of PIN. Cells were scraped from macroscopically normal areas of 177 radical prostatectomy specimens, smeared and Giemsa‐stained. Histological slides from these areas were reviewed, and 17 samples with high‐grade PIN and with no invasive cancer were selected. Smears from 17 invasive cancers were used for comparison. Cancer showed high cellularity and dissociation, while PIN smears only contained a few clusters of atypical cells. Pronounced nuclear atypia, prominent or multiple nucleoli and mucin were more common in cancer, while cytoplasmic granules, crystalloids and cluster size did not distinguish between PIN and cancer. In conclusion, PIN should not be diagnosed by FNAC alone. However, a highly cellular smear with pronounced atypia seems to preclude PIN. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:317–322. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma
Authors: Stelow Edward B. , Bardales Ricardo H. , Shami Vanessa M. , Woon Carolyn , Presley Allison , Mallery Shawn , Lai Rebecca , Stanley Michael W.
Published: April 2006

Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) of the pancreas is extremely uncommon and its cytologic features have rarely been described. We describe the cytologic features of cases we have seen, review the literature regarding its cytologic features and discuss the pitfalls that may be encountered and the use of immunohistochemistry for its diagnosis. We searched our databases for all cases of histologically confirmed pancreatic ACC which had undergone prior fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the primary pancreatic lesion. The clinical histories, radiographic and sonographic findings, cytologic features, original cytologic diagnoses, and final histologic diagnoses were reviewed. Four cases of pancreatic ACC were found that had undergone FNA prior to histologic confirmation of the diagnoses. They were from 2 men and 2 women aged 50–75 yr. All masses were in the head of the pancreas, 2 had apparent peri‐pancreatic adenopathy and 1 had an apparent liver metastasis. On review, all 4 had had diagnostic material on cytology samples. Original cytologic diagnoses included “acinar cell carcinoma,” “pancreatic endocrine tumor,” “favor neuroendocrine tumor, low‐grade” and “non‐diagnostic specimen.” The cytologic features included small to moderate‐sized loose groups with numerous single cells, prominent acinar formation, little anisonucleosis and prominent nucleoli. The cytologic features showed significant overlap with those of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006; 34:367–372. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative proteomic analysis to study molecular events during gonad development in mice
Authors: Wilhelm Dagmar , Huang Eugene , Svingen Terje , Stanfield Scott , Dinnis Diane , Koopman Peter
Published: April 2006

Sex determination represents a critical bifurcation in the road of embryonic development. It is based on a finely regulated network of gene activity, as well as protein–protein interactions and activation or silencing of signaling pathways. Despite the identification of a number of critical genes, many aspects of the molecular cascade that drives the differentiation of the embryonic gonad into either a testis or an ovary remain poorly understood. To identify new proteins involved in this cascade, we employed two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to compare the protein expression profiles of fetal mouse testes and ovaries. Three proteins, hnRPA1, TRA1, and HSC71, were found to be expressed in a male‐specific manner and this expression was confirmed by real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and in situ hybridization. Moreover, HSC71 was found to be hyperphosphorylated in male compared to female gonads, emphasizing the advantage of the proteomic approach in allowing the detection of posttranslational modifications. genesis 44:168–176, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of a mouse with conditionally activated signaling through the BMP receptor, ALK2
Authors: Fukuda Tomokazu , Scott Gregory , Komatsu Yoshihiro , Araya Runa , Kawano Masako , Ray Manas K. , Yamada Masahisa , Mishina Yuji
Published: April 2006

BMP signaling plays pleiotropic roles in various tissues. Transgenic mouse lines that overexpress BMP signaling in a tissue‐specific manner would be beneficial; however, production of each tissue‐specific transgenic mouse line is labor‐intensive. Here, using a Cre‐loxP system, we generated a conditionally overexpressing mouse line for BMP signaling through the type I receptor ALK2 (alternatively known as AVCRI, ActRI, or ActRIA). By mating this line with Cre‐expression mouse lines, Cre‐mediated recombination removes an intervening floxed lacZ expression cassette and thereby permits the expression of a constitutively active form of Alk2 (caAlk2) driven by a ubiquitous promoter, CAG. Tissue specificity of Cre recombination was monitored by a bicistronically expressed EGFP following Alk2 cDNA. Increased BMP signaling was confirmed by ectopic phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 in the areas where Cre recombination had occurred. The conditional overexpression system described here provides versatility in investigating gene functions in a tissue‐specific manner without having to generate independent tissue‐specific transgenic lines. genesis 44:159–167, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo imaging and differential localization of lipid‐modified GFP‐variant fusions in embryonic stem cells and mice
Authors: Rhee Jerry M. , Pirity Melinda K. , Lackan Chantal S. , Long Jonathan Z. , Kondoh Gen , Takeda Junji , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina
Published: April 2006

The visualization of live cell behaviors operating in situ combined with the power of mouse genetics represents a major step toward understanding the mechanisms regulating embryonic development, homeostasis, and disease progression in mammals. The availability of genetically encoded fluorescent protein reporters, combined with improved optical imaging modalities, have led to advances in our ability to examine cells in vivo. We developed a series of lipid‐modified fluorescent protein fusions that are targeted to and label the secretory pathway and the plasma membrane, and that are amenable for use in mice. Here we report the generation of two strains of mice, each expressing a spectrally distinct lipid‐modified GFP‐variant fluorescent protein fusion. The CAG::GFP‐GPI strain exhibited widespread expression of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion, while the CAG::myr‐Venus strain exhibited widespread expression of a myristoyl‐Venus yellow fluorescent protein fusion. Imaging of live transgenic embryonic stem (ES) cells, either live or fixed embryos and postnatal tissues demonstrated that glycosylphosphatidyl inositol‐ and myristoyl‐tagged GFP‐variant fusion proteins are targeted to and serve as markers of the plasma membrane. Moreover, our data suggest that these two lipid‐modified protein fusions are dynamically targeted both to overlapping as well as distinct lipid‐enriched compartments within cells. These transgenic strains not only represent high‐contrast reporters of cell morphology and plasma membrane dynamics, but also may be used as in vivo sensors of lipid localization. Furthermore, combining these reporters with the study of mouse mutants will be a step forward in understanding the inter‐ and intracellular behaviors underlying morphogenesis in both normal and mutant contexts. genesis 44:202–218, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiwet scrubbing: Design and operational experience of a state‐of‐the‐art unit
Authors: Spooren Tom , Raveel Ann , Adams Bart , Du Toit Gerrit , Waller Peter
Published: April 2006

Semiwet scrubbers are used for the removal of acid components from flue gases in a variety of thermal processes. The focus of this study is application of the technology in the recently commissioned municipal waste incinerator of the Isle of Man, characterized by considerable variations in the pollutant concentrations and the gas flow rate. The concept and principles, the design procedure, and the performance of the scrubber are discussed. The latter is illustrated by means of detailed operational data over extended periods. Special design features include adjustable guiding vanes in the diffuser, advanced temperature control for optimum removal efficiency, and advanced lime‐dosing control for minimal reagent consumption.

Long‐term results indicate that the scrubber allows continuous operation below the current EU emission limit values for acid gas components (averages of 8 mg HCl per Nm3 and 14 mg SO2 per Nm3). Furthermore, operation and maintenance experience indicates optimal spray pattern control, illustrated by low moisture content of the residues (average of 2%), no handling or transport problems, and the total absence of lime caking on the reactor walls. Finally, the influence of operational parameters such as the reaction temperature and the inlet pollutant level are shown by means of industrial‐scale measurements in the reference plant. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
Essential oil composition of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. from the Northern Himalayan region of India
Authors: Khan Merajuddin , Verma S. C. , Srivastava S. K. , Shawl A. S. , Syamsundar K. V. , Khanuja S. P. S. , Kumar Tej
Published: April 2006

The leaves of Indian yew Taxus wallichiana, growing in Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir, on hydrodistillation, gave 0.025% oil on a fresh weight basis. GC and GC‐MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 62 constituents, representing 93.3% of the oil. The main constituents identified in the leaf oil were (E)‐2‐octen‐1‐ol (14.5%), n‐pentacosane (8.1%), caryophyllene oxide (7.1%), 1‐octanol (6.5%), hexanoic acid (5.5%) and (Z)‐3‐hexenol (4.1%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of essential oils of Hoslundia opposita Vahl. from Ivory Coast.
Authors: Tonzibo Z. F. , Coffy A. Ahibo , Chalachat J. C. , N'guessan Y. T.
Published: April 2006

Hoslundia opposita Vahl. was collected in different locations on the Ivory Coast. Samples of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed variability in the chemical composition of the oils. Four chemotypes of H. opposita were identified: the essential oil from Dabou (south) was rich in germacrene D (31.1%); the oil from Guiglo (west) contained a combination of β‐caryophyllene (13.3%), germacrene D (24.1%) and benzyl benzoate (30.1%); in the essential oil from Agboville (southeast) the major constituents were menthol (10.9%), thymol (13.9%), β‐caryopyllene (20.5%) and germacrene D (10.7%). The oil from Bouake (centre) was characterized by β‐caryophyllene (24.8%) and germacrene D (24.1%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The essential oil composition of devil's club, Oplopanax horridus J. E. Smith Miq.
Authors: Garneau Francois‐X. , Collin Guy , Gagnon Hélène , Jean France‐I. , Strobl Herbert , Pichette André
Published: April 2006

The chemical composition of the essential oil of the stems and the roots of Devil's Club (Oplopanax horridus J.E. Smith Miq.) growing wild in British Columbia, Canada, was investigated. The oils were analysed by GC and GC/MS and (E)‐nerolidol was found to be the major constituent in both the stems (54.5%) and the roots (54.6%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of perfume compounds in shampoo using solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Chen Yong , Frédéric Begnaud  , Chaintreau Alain , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: April 2006

Methods for the quantitative analysis of perfume compounds in shampoo were developed using SPME (solid‐phase microextraction). The method development started with the extraction of the perfume compounds from water, and subsequently from shampoo aqueous dispersion. It was observed that the addition of salts decreased the extraction efficiencies with the concentration of shampoo in water as low as 0.1% in contrast to the effect of the salt in water. Step‐by‐step optimization to increase extraction efficiency and minimize matrix effect was investigated. Dilution of shampoo with water was found to be an efficient method for quantification. It decreased the viscosity of the shampoo and increased the concentration of free analytes. Largely diluted shampoos enabled an efficient SPME extraction and allowed the use of a unified calibration applicable to different types of shampoo. The exhaustive SPME extraction of small amounts of sample, e.g. 50 µl, provided another fast quantitative method. This unprecedented work presents quantitative methods for the analysis of perfume compounds in shampoo. This research extends the knowledge of perception and reconstitution of perfume compounds in shampoo, and facilitates development of new detergent products. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioluminescence imaging after HSV amplicon vector delivery into brain
Authors: Pike Lisa , Petravicz Jeremy , Wang Samuel
Published: April 2006

Background

Firefly luciferase (Fluc) has routinely been used to quantitate and analyze gene expression in vitro by measuring the photons emitted after the addition of ATP and luciferin to a test sample. It is now possible to replace luminometer‐based analysis of luciferase activity and measure luciferase activity delivered by viral vectors directly in live animals over time using digital imaging techniques.

Methods

An HSV amplicon vector expressing Fluc cDNA from an inducible promoter was delivered to cells in culture and into the mouse brain. In culture, expression of Fluc was measured after induction in a dose‐dependent manner by a biochemical assay, and then confirmed by Western blot analysis and digital imaging. The vectors were then stereotactically injected into the mouse brain and Fluc expression measured non‐invasively using bioluminescence imaging.

Results

Rapamycin‐mediated induction of Fluc from an HSV amplicon vector in culture resulted in dose‐dependent expression of Fluc when measured using a luminometer and by digital analysis. In mouse cortex, a single injection of an HSV amplicon vector (2 µl, 1 × 108 transducing units (t.u.)/ml) expressing Fluc from a viral promoter (CMV) was sufficient to detect robust luciferase activity for at least 1 week. Similarly, an HSV amplicon vector expressing Fluc under an inducible promoter was also detectable in the mouse cortex after a single dose (2 µl, 1 × 108 t.u./ml) for up to 5 days, with no detectable signal in the uninduced state.

Conclusions

This HSV amplicon vector‐based system allows for fast, non‐invasive, semi‐quantitative analysis of gene expression in the brain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of CID spectra of singly charged polypeptide antibiotic precursor ions obtained by positive‐ion vacuum MALDI IT/RTOF and TOF/RTOF, AP‐MALDI‐IT and ESI‐IT mass spectrometry
Authors: Pittenauer Ernst , Zehl Martin , Belgacem Omar , Raptakis Emmanuel , Mistrik Robert , Allmaier Günter
Published: April 2006

Various classes of polypeptide antibiotics, including blocked linear peptides (gramicidin D), side‐chain‐cyclized peptides (bacitracin, viomycin, capreomycin), side‐chain‐cyclized depsipeptides (virginiamycin S), real cyclic peptides (tyrocidin, gramcidin S) and side‐chain‐cyclized lipopeptides (polymyxin B and E, amfomycin), were investigated by low‐energy collision induced dissociation (LE‐CID) as well as high‐energy CID (HE‐CID). Ion trap (IT) based instruments with different desorption/ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP‐MALDI) and vacuum MALDI (vMALDI) as well as a vMALDI‐time‐of‐flight (TOF)/curved field‐reflectron instrument fitted with a gas collision cell were used. For optimum comparability of data from different IT instruments, the CID conditions were standardized and only singly charged precursor ions were considered. Additionally, HE‐CID data obtained from the TOF‐based instrument were acquired and compared with LE‐CID data from ITs. Major differences between trap‐based and TOF‐based CID data are that the latter data set lacks abundant additional loss of small neutrals (e.g. ammonia, water) but contains product ions down to the immonium‐ion‐type region, thereby allowing the detection of even single amino‐acid (even unusual amino acids) substitutions. For several polypeptide antibiotics, mass spectrometric as well as tandem mass spectrometric data are shown and discussed for the first time, and some yet undescribed minor components are also reported. De novo sequencing of unusually linked minor components of (e.g. cyclic) polypeptides is practically impossible without knowledge of the exact structure and fragmentation behavior of the major components. Finally, the described standardized CID condition constitutes a basic prerequisite for creating a searchable, annotated MSn‐database of bioactive compounds. The applied desorption/ionization techniques showed no significant influence on the type of product ions (neglecting relative abundances of product ions formed) observed, and therefore the type of analyzer connected with the CID process mainly determines the type of fragment ions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A (4R)‐Hydroxy‐L‐proline‐derived chiral scaffold and its oligomers as chiral selectors in liquid chromatography chiral stationary phases for enantioseparation
Authors: Sancho Raquel , Pérez Anna M. , Minguillón Cristina
Published: April 2006

The chromatographic behaviour of a poly‐L‐proline‐derived chiral stationary phase (CSP) is compared to the corresponding single proline‐derived CSP. Structurally diverse racemic test compounds and mobile phases, including normal‐ and RP conditions, were used. Although the application domain of the poly‐L‐proline‐derived CSP (CSP‐3) was considerably restricted, this CSP showed a higher retention and a slightly broader application domain than the monomeric analogue (CSP‐1) when heptane/2‐PrOH was used as mobile phase. The presence of an alcohol in the mobile phase was essential for enantioseparation in the poly‐L‐proline‐derived CSP when normal‐phase conditions were applied.
Time‐resolved fluorescence studies of energy migration in acenaphthylene‐containing polymers
Authors: Smith Trevor A , Ghiggino Kenneth P
Published: April 2006

The rate and efficiency of energy migration in a series of polymers containing the acenaphthylene chromophore were investigated. Both poly(acenaphthylene) homopolymer [P(ACE)] and an acenaphthylene/maleic anhydride copolymer [P(ACE/MA)] were studied by time‐resolved fluorescence methods. Magic‐angle fluorescence decays and time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements on these polymers were carried out in low‐temperature glasses and analysed in terms of rapid energy migration occurring between the ACE chromophores. In the case of P(ACE) the rate of complete fluorescence depolarisation was found to be greater than 2 × 1010 s−1, suggesting extremely rapid excitation energy migration. The rate of energy migration was slowed significantly to ∼3.8 × 109 s−1 in the case of P(ACE/MA). These findings are supported by analysis of the magic‐angle fluorescence decays analysed using the model developed by Fredrickson and Frank. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Shell‐like structure of valence band orbitals of silicon nanocrystals in silica glass
Authors: Kroll Peter , Schulte Hendrik J.
Published: April 2006

Quasi‐spherical Si nanocrystals with diameters from 0.8 to 1.6 nm are embedded into amorphous SiO2 networks and further optimized using density functional methods. After relaxation the nanocrystals exhibit a smooth interface without defects to the glass matrix. Tensile strain is observed within the nanocrystalline core, with a maximum strain for sub‐surface Si atoms close to the suboxide interface. We find the highest occupied states of the valence band being located at Si–Si bonds close to the interface forming a shell‐like structure around the central core of the nanocrystal. The lowest unoccupied states are centered within the nanocrystal. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in Doped Face‐Centered Cubic Fe Nanoparticles
Authors: Wei Bingqing , Shima Mutsuhiro , Pati Ranjit , Nayak Saroj K. , Singh David J. , Ma Renzhi , Li Yubao , Bando Yoshio , Nasu Saburo , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: April 2006

The magnetism of Fe and its alloys has been at the center of scientific and technological interest for decades. Along with the ferromagnetic nature of body‐centered cubic Fe, the magnetic properties of face‐centered cubic (fcc) Fe have attracted much attention. It is well known that fcc Fe is thermodynamically unstable at ambient conditions and not ferromagnetic. Contrary to what is known, we report that elongated nanoparticles of fcc Fe, grown within graphitic nanotubes, remain structurally stable and appear ferromagnetic at room temperature. The magnetic moment (2±0.5 μB) in these nanoparticles and the hyperfine fields for two different components of 57Fe (33 and 21 T), measured by Mössbauer spectroscopy, are explained by carbon interstitials in the expanded fcc Fe lattice, that is, FeCx where x≈0.10, which result in the formation of a dominant Fe4C stoichiometry. First‐principles calculations suggest that the ferromagnetism observed in the fcc Fe is related to both lattice expansion and charge transfer between iron and carbon. The understanding of strain‐ and dopant‐induced ferromagnetism in the fcc Fe could lead to the development of new fcc Fe‐based alloys for magnetic applications.
Crystallographic Order in Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized in the Presence of Nitrogen
Authors: Ducati Caterina , Koziol Krzystof , Friedrichs Steffi , Yates Timothy J. V. , Shaffer Milo S. , Midgley Paul A. , Windle Alan H.
Published: April 2006

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition from pure toluene and toluene/diazine mixtures using ferrocene as a catalyst precursor at 760 °C. As recently announced,[1] characterization of the resulting nanotube films showed that, unlike pure carbon nanotubes, those grown in the presence of nitrogen have an extremely high degree of internal order, both in terms of the uniform chirality in the nanotube walls and of the crystallographic register between them. Here, the structure, defects, and morphology of the nanotubes were analyzed in depth using advanced electron microscopy techniques, and compared with existing models and observations. Nitrogen, which seems to be responsible for the dramatic structural order, was found to segregate preferentially within the core of the nanotubes.
Beitrag zur Geschichte plastischer Berechnungsmethoden im Stahlbau
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen , Huerta Santiago
Published: April 2006

Jacques Heyman (Bild 1b) leistete einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Baustatik im 20. Jahrhundert. Nach seinem Studium trat er dem berühmten Team unter der Leitung von John Fleetwood Baker (1901–1985) (Bild 1a) in Cambridge bei, das die Grundlagen für die Berechnung von Stahlskelettkonstruktionen nach der Plastizitätstheorie entwickelte. Baker hatte zwischen 1928 und 1936 für das Steel Structures Research Committee (SSRC) an der Entwicklung einer rationellen Methode für die Schnittkraftberechnung von Rahmenkonstruktionen nach der Elastizitätstheorie gearbeitet. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeiten konnten erstmals Versuche an ausgeführten Bauwerken durchgeführt werden. Die Ergebnisse waren überraschend, denn entgegen der vorherrschenden Meinung stellte sich heraus, daß die Schnittkraftberechnung nach der Elastizitätstheorie nicht geeignet war, den tatsächlichen Zustand von Stahlkonstruktionen vorherzusagen. Diese Einsicht veranlaßten Baker , eine andere Forschungsrichtung einzuschlagen. 1936 reiste Baker zur IVBH‐Konferenz nach Deutschland, wo er Verbindung mit einer Reihe von Wissenschaftlern aus Mitteleuropa knüpfte, die sich bereits seit über zwei Jahrzehnten mit der Erforschung des elastoplastischen Verhaltens von Stahlträgern befaßt hatten. Nach seiner Rückkehr setzte er seine Forschungsarbeiten in diesem Bereich an der Universität von Bristol fort. Er wiederholte die Versuche von Hermann Maier‐Leibnitz (1885–1962) und führte eine eigene Versuchsreihe an Rahmenkonstruktionen durch. Diese Arbeiten wurden durch den 2. Weltkrieg unterbrochen, konnten aber nach Kriegsende in Cambridge fortgesetzt werden und wurden durch die Bücher “The steel skeleton” [1], [2] sowie “Plastic design of portal frames” [3] gekrönt. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bridging generations: Applying “adult” leadership theories to youth leadership development
Authors: MacNeil Carole A.
Published: April 2006

The vast literature related to adult leadership has very little to say about youth leadership. Adult leadership literature tends to focus on issues of authority (voice, influence, and decision‐making power). In contrast, youth leadership literature tends to focus on issues of ability (skills, knowledge, and talents). The author explores the difference and attempts to bridge the gap.
Exploring youth leadership in theory and practice
Authors: Klau Max
Published: April 2006

The author of this chapter draws on adult leadership literature by presenting the adaptive leadership model. He then presents case studies of three existing youth leadership education programs, viewed through the lens of the adaptive leadership model. The analysis explores the conceptions of leadership that inform each program, the pedagogies employed by each program to teach leadership, and the alignment that exists between theory and practice. The study concludes with a grounded theory exploration of the theories and pedagogies employed in youth leadership education in the field today.