bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How do Educational Staff and Students in a Medical School Perceive Social Accountability? A Multi-Perspective Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Oudbier Janique , Boerboom Tobias , Peerdeman Saskia , Suurmond Jeanine
Published: May 2024

Background: The majority of medical education is currently biomedical, while the concept of social accountability is not always systematically integrated. Education on social accountability equips students with the knowledge and skills to be socially accountable health professionals. However, the existing definitions of social accountability are not consistently applied, and the perspectives of important stakeholders are lacking. This study explores the perceptions of medical students and educational staff members on the construct of social accountability. Methods: This study uses an exploratory qualitative design in which online semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 educational staff members and 16 students at a medical school in the Netherlands. Participants were recruited using purposeful sampling and snowballing techniques. The interviews were qualitatively analyzed according to the grounded theory approach. Results and Conclusion: Amongst the participants, there was unfamiliarity with the term, social accountability. Participants mentioned the impact on society, institutional responsibility, and context-dependency as all features of social accountability. In line with previous studies, participants identified community-based learning and working, patient-centeredness, and diversity as sub-aspects of social accountability. Further aspects identified by the participants are sustainability, moral issues, and interprofessional collaboration. This study provided more insight into the construct of social accountability from the perspectives educational staff and students at a medical school.
Lessons learned in development of vision and mission statements
Authors: Pandya Himanshu , Dongre Amol , Varma Jagdish
Published: May 2024

Background: Educational institutions need to formulate vision and mission statements to support the alignment of their decision-making and practices, and also as one of the standards for accreditation. However, “vision” and “mission” are misunderstood terms. Organizations may end up declaring quite vague and fuzzy vision and mission statements not owned by members.
What was done: We used Collins and Porras conceptual framework for development of vision and mission statements for five constituent institutes of our university. We carried out Process Documentation (PD) of the activity of formulating these statements. We took the following steps: rapport-building, identifying focus, facilitation of process identification, reflection, and closure. A month later, we invited the participants in this activity to reflect on the entire process. We carried out an inductive thematic analysis of text data generated during guided group discussions, and the participants' reflections.
Lessons learned: To begin with, the participants lacked clarity and ownership of the process, which progressively improved over the course of the activity. The participants felt that several factors contributing to the formulation of the statements were: setting the stage and use of a conceptual framework; probing questions and handholding by the facilitators; and the collective exercise. We, as facilitators, felt that the use of an iterative group process, thoughtful probes by us, and an environment conducive for open exchange of ideas contributed to the development of the statements. We documented ten steps for the development of the vision and mission statements, which might be useful for any academic medical center tasked with a similar activity.
Early Childhood Fine Art Learning
Authors: Ningsih Elisa Pitria
Published: May 2024

Art has been an important part of human development for a long time, one type of art is fine art. Fine art is a field of art that involves the creation of visual works, both in two-dimensional and three-dimensional form. The aim of this research is to describe the fine arts activities of early childhood. The research method used is a literature study that utilizes existing library sources. Fine arts in PAUD cannot be separated, many learning activities carried out in PAUD utilize fine arts such as painting and coloring, playing with clay or sand, collage, finger painting, drawing with sand, using recycled materials, decorating or painting. plant's pot. Activities that provide benefits for children are not only in the artistic aspect but also in other developmental aspects.
QUEM SE TORNA CONGRESSISTA? o impacto das alterações legais na composição da Câmara dos Deputados (2002-2022)
Authors: Dantas Humberto , Silva Bruno , Souza Cláudio André
Published: May 2024

Respeitando o princípio da anualidade das leis eleitorais, as reformas políticas têm ocorrido em anos ímpares por iniciativa do Congresso Nacional. Somam-se a elas, o papel ativo da justiça na interpretação das regras vigentes e na formulação de resoluções que alteram a lógica do regramento que norteia os pleitos. Com base em tais aspectos, o principal objetivo desse artigo é compreender, a partir de informações disponíveis nos repositórios de dados do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), o quanto as alterações legais são capazes de alterar o perfil das candidaturas e, adicionalmente, o quanto impactam em quem serão os eleitos. Diante de tal esforço, este trabalho partirá da hipótese basilar de que o perfil das candidaturas, em maior medida, e dos eleitos, sob menor impacto, mudam de acordo com variações de natureza institucional-legal. Reforçaria tal argumentação o fato de que variáveis que não passaram por alterações legais no período de 2002 a 2022 não sofrem movimentações dignas de destaque quando consideradas candidaturas e pessoas eleitas ao cargo de deputado federal. São exemplos de variáveis que passaram por mudanças, ou foram diretamente impactadas pela lei: o total de candidaturas, o total de partidos, a média de candidaturas por partidos, as candidaturas femininas, as candidaturas de pessoas negras e as candidaturas sob coligações. Em contrapartida, o total de eleitos, a média de idade, o percentual de jovens, a escolaridade, o estado civil, a busca pela reeleição e a naturalidade dos candidatos – estado onde nasceram – não passaram por alterações.
Overview of Animal Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Russell Vivienne Ann
Published: January 2011

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous, highly heritable, behavioral disorder that affects ∼5% to 10% of children worldwide. Although animal models cannot truly reflect human psychiatric disorders, they can provide insight into the disorder that cannot be obtained from human studies because of the limitations of available techniques. Genetic models include the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), the Naples High Excitability (NHE) rat, poor performers in the 5‐choice serial reaction time (5‐CSRT) task, the dopamine transporter (DAT) knock‐out mouse, the SNAP‐25 deficient mutant coloboma mouse, mice expressing a human mutant thyroid hormone receptor, a nicotinic receptor knock‐out mouse, and a tachykinin‐1 (NK1) receptor knock‐out mouse. Chemically induced models of ADHD include prenatal or early postnatal exposure to ethanol, nicotine, polychlorinated biphenyls, or 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). Environmentally induced models have also been suggested; these include neonatal anoxia and rat pups reared in social isolation. The major insight provided by animal models was the consistency of findings regarding the involvement of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and sometimes also serotonergic systems, as well as more fundamental defects in neurotransmission.Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 54:9.35.1‐9.35.25. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Patterns of medication use during pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Kuriya Bindee , Hernández‐Díaz Sonia , Liu Jun , Bermas Bonnie L. , Daniel Gregory , Solomon Daniel H.
Published: January 2011

Objective

To characterize therapies prescribed during pregnancy to women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

We conducted a cohort study of women with RA with pregnancies using health care utilization data from 2002–2008. We examined the distribution of RA drugs by therapeutic classes, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)/coxibs, glucocorticoids, nonbiologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic DMARDs, during 90‐day pregnancy trimesters and the 180 days prior to pregnancy. Drugs were characterized according to the Food and Drug Administration risk classification system. Differences in exposure by period were determined by chi‐square tests.

Results

A total of 393 pregnancies were identified among 34,169 women with RA. Seventy‐two percent of pregnancies ended in a delivery. Approximately 24% of women with RA received a DMARD during preconception. At any point during pregnancy, 23% of women with deliveries were dispensed ≥1 DMARD and the proportion of use declined from the first to the third trimester (P = 0.03). Similar to DMARD therapy, use of NSAIDs/coxibs and exposure to category D/X medications were significantly lower compared to prepregnancy use (P < 0.05). In contrast, more women were prescribed glucocorticoids during pregnancy than before pregnancy. Use of biologics occurred in 12.5% of pregnancies. Compared to women with deliveries, women who experienced abortions were more frequently exposed to NSAIDs/coxibs (P < 0.05). Dispensing of category D/X medications was also higher in women with spontaneous abortions and primarily involved methotrexate (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Approximately 24% of women with RA received a DMARD in the 180 days before conception, and the proportion dropped during pregnancy. Glucocorticoid use remained high throughout pregnancy. Our results suggest that continued efforts directed at counseling women and their physicians about the potential risks/benefits of RA therapies during pregnancy are warranted.
Bimetallic Nanocrystals: Liquid‐Phase Synthesis and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: January 2011

Bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs) with core/shell, heterostructure, or inter­metallic and alloyed structures are emerging as more important materials than monometallic NCs. They are expected to display not only a combination of the properties associated with two distinct metals, but also new properties and capabilities due to a synergy between the two metals. More importantly, bimetallic NCs usually show composition‐dependent surface structure and atomic segregation behavior, and therefore more interesting applied potentials in various fields including electronics, engineering, and catalysis. Compared with monometallic NCs, preparation of bimetallic NCs is much more complicated and difficult to be achieved. In recent years, researchers from many groups have made great efforts in this area. This review highlights the recent progress in the chemical synthesis of bimetallic NCs. The control over morphology, size, composition, and structure of bimetallic NCs as well as the exploration of their properties and applications are discussed.
Brief communication: Preliminary radiocarbon dates from Florida crania in Hrdlička's gulf states catalog
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. , Johnson Kent M.
Published: January 2011

Aleš Hrdlička produced a tremendous amount of data in his career, much of which was published in a series of catalogs by the US National Museum. The Gulf States catalog, for example, contains raw craniometric data for over 700 individuals from the state of Florida alone. However, many of these skeletons are poorly sourced by Hrdlička, thus limiting their utility in modern bioarchaeological analyses where context is critical. In particular, the age of the skeletal material is often based solely on associated material culture and information on the sites themselves is not presented by Hrdlička. To address this impasse we attempted radiocarbon dates for 10 of the largest Florida sites published in the Gulf States catalog. In addition, archival data in the form of unpublished field notes and personal correspondence were accessed to better contextualize the radiocarbon dates and to provide some guidance on the degree of temporal variability at the sites. Eight AMS radiocarbon dates were successful. Archival data was of variable quality per site. In some cases very little is known about the provenience of the specimens. In other cases, however, individual burials could be allocated to specific strata within specific mounds. The relevance of using published raw data is discussed with respect to the Howells and Boas Immigrant datasets and the impact the dissemination of these resources has had on the discipline. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:163–167, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locomotor energetics in primates: Gait mechanics and their relationship to the energetics of vertical and horizontal locomotion
Authors: Hanna Jandy B. , Schmitt Daniel
Published: January 2011

All primates regularly move within three‐dimensional arboreal environments and must often climb, but little is known about the energetic costs of this critical activity. Limited previous work on the energetics of incline locomotion suggests that there may be differential selective pressures for large compared to small primates in choosing to exploit a complex arboreal environment. Necessary metabolic and gait data have never been collected to examine this possibility and biomechanical mechanisms that might explain size‐based differences in the cost of arboreal movement. Energetics and kinematics were collected for five species of primate during climbing and horizontal locomotion. Subjects moved on a treadmill with a narrow vertical substrate and one with a narrow horizontal substrate at their maximum sustainable speed for 10–20 min while oxygen consumption was monitored. Data during climbing were compared to those during horizontal locomotion and across size. Results show that climbing energetic costs were similar to horizontal costs for small primates (<0.5 kg) but were nearly double for larger species. Spatio‐temporal gait characteristics suggest that the relationship between the cost of locomotion and the rate of force production changes between the two locomotor modes. Thus, the main determinants of climbing costs are fundamentally different from those during horizontal locomotion. These new results combining spatiotemporal and energetic data confirm and expand on our previous argument (Hanna et al.: Science 320 (2008) 898) that similar costs of horizontal and vertical locomotion in small primates facilitated the successful occupation of a fine‐branch arboreal milieu by the earliest primates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene triblock copolymer‐g‐polylactic acid copolymer and its potential application as a toughener for polylactic acid
Authors: Qi Rongrong , Luo Mengni , Huang Mark
Published: January 2011

The copolymer of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene triblock copolymer‐g‐polylactic acid (SEBS‐g‐PLA) was successfully prepared using a novel solvothermal synthetic method, in which the graft copolymerization of PLA and SEBS was simply performed in cholorform solution at 100–150°C with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The effect of various factors including the reaction temperature and time and the content of BPO and PLA on the graft copolymerization was investigated in detail. It is found that the optimal reaction condition for the grafted copolymers SEBS‐g‐PLA was 120°C for 5 h, while the optimal formulation of SEBS/PLA/BPO was 5 g/2 g/0.5 g in 30 mL chloroform. The properties and microstructures of the obtained SEBS‐g‐PLA copolymers were also studied. The tensile strength and elongation at break were higher than that of pure SEBS and improved with the increase of grafting degree. In addition, SEBS‐g‐PLA copolymer possessed two‐phase structure with vague phase boundaries. The as‐prepared SEBS‐g‐PLA copolymers can be used as the toughening component to improve the impact strength of PLA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Minimization of residual monomer content of superabsorbent hydrogels via alteration of initiating system
Authors: Kabiri K. , Hesarian S. , Jamshidi A. , Zohuriaan‐Mehr M. J. , Boohendi H. , Poorheravi M. R. , Hashemi S. A. , Ahmad‐Khanbeigi F.
Published: January 2011

Production of superabsorbent polymer hydrogels with minimized residual monomer content is an essential prerequisite particularly in their related hygienic, pharmaceutical, and food packaging products. Effect of two thermodissociating initiators and an innovative two‐step initiation approach on the residual monomer content of acrylic acid‐based SAP was preliminarily investigated. Ammonium persulfate (APS) and 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanopentanoic acid) (ACPA) were used as water‐soluble initiators for the aqueous solution polymerization. FTIR spectroscopy was used for the structural characterization. It was found that APS was more effective than ACPA, and residual monomer was determined in the range of 2200–3000 and 8900–16,600 ppm for APS‐ and ACPA‐initiated polymerization products, respectively. Residual monomer resulted from APS/tetramethyl ethylenediamine (TMEDA) initiation system was measured to be about 4500 ± 117 ppm for one step initiation. However, a two‐step initiation strategy using the APS‐TMEDA was exposed to be a very effective method to decrease residual monomer to 212 ± 6 ppm. The variation of the hydrogel properties (i.e., gel content, swelling capacity, and the residual monomer content) versus the initiator system and concentration was discussed based on the basic literature and supported by some rheological evidences obtained from rheoanalysis of water‐swollen samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A case study on multiple‐choice testing in anatomical sciences
Authors: Golda Stephanie DuPont
Published: January 2011

Objective testing techniques, such as multiple‐choice examinations, are a widely accepted method of assessment in gross anatomy. In order to deter cheating on these types of examinations, instructors often design several versions of an examination to distribute. These versions usually involve the rearrangement of questions and their corresponding answer choices. This study will determine whether the distribution of different versions of an examination affects student performance in a lower division anatomical science course. Students who receive the original version of an examination may be at an advantage over those that receive a shuffled version of an examination because of the systematic tendencies that go into examination construction. This study concludes that the shuffling of questions and answer choices to produce multiple versions of an examination does not affect student performance. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: Predictors of long‐term survival
Authors: Tomassini Francesco , Gagnor Andrea , Migliardi Alessandro , Tizzani Emanuele , Infantino Vincenzo , Giolitto Sara , Rosa Conte Maria , Antonio Lanza Gaetano , Gnavi Roberto , Varbella Ferdinando
Published: January 2011

Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a severe complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), associated with a high mortality. A significant improvement in survival has been reported with immediate coronary revascularization. However, there is no clear evidence of such an improvement amongst older patients. The aim of our work was to evaluate in‐hospital and long‐term outcomes in the group of elderly AMI patients with CS (≥75 years old). Methods: We collected data of 157 consecutive AMI patients with CS who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and compared clinical and procedural characteristics and in‐hospital and long‐term outcomes between patients <75 years and patients ≥75 years old. Results: There were 58 patients (36.9%) with age ≥75 years and 99 patients (63.1%) with age <75 years. Patients were followed up for an average period of 34 months (range 5–69). In‐hospital and long‐term mortality was significantly higher in the older group (55 vs. 25%, P < 0.0001; and 62.1 vs. 37.3%, P = 0.005, respectively). Multivariate predictors of in‐hospital mortality were age ≥75 years (hazard ratio 1.81, 95% CI 1.006–3.27, P = 0.04) and PCI failure (hazard ratio 2.67, 95% CI 1.34–5.307, P = 0.005), whereas, the only multivariate predictor of long‐term mortality was PCI failure (hazard ratio 2.88, 95% CI 1.52–5.46, P = 0.001). Age ≥75 years showed only a trend toward statistical significance (hazard ratio 1.62, 95% CI 0.96–2.76, P = 0.07). Conclusions: In elderly AMI patients with CS, PCI can be performed with an acceptable risk that seems lower than that reported in most previous studies. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics and Efficiency Analysis of Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol: Influence of Anode Materials and Operational Conditions
Authors: Cui Y. H. , Feng Y. J. , Li X. Y.
Published: January 2011

The influence of operational parameters and anode materials on degradation kinetics, mineralization current efficiency, and energy consumption for electrochemical oxidation of phenol was studied. Phenol elimination follows pseudo‐first‐order kinetics in most cases except for the Ti/RuO2 anode with a phenol concentration of 500 mg L–1, where pseudo‐zero‐order kinetics is observed. The total organic carbon removal by a Ti/Sb‐SnO2 anode follows pseudo‐first‐order kinetics in contrast to pseudo‐zero‐order kinetics by Pt and Ti/RuO2 anodes. For a certain anode, a higher current or voltage input results in a higher reaction rate. With a Ti/Sb‐SnO2 anode, the highest current efficiency and the lowest energy consumption are obtained, but the current efficiency decreases (increases for energy consumption) quickly as the reaction is prolonged due to the reduction of organics.
Exceptionally Large Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Response in Donor–Graphene Nanoribbon–Acceptor Systems
Authors: Zhou Zhong‐Jun , Li Xiao‐Ping , Ma Fang , Liu Zhen‐Bo , Li Zhi‐Ru , Huang Xu‐Ri , Sun Chia‐Chung
Published: January 2011

Graphene nanoribbon (GNR) has been used, for the first time, as an excellent conjugated bridge in a donor–conjugated bridge–acceptor (D–B–A) framework to design high‐performance second‐order nonlinear optical materials. Owing to the unique diradical planar conjugated bridge of GNR, D(NH2)–GNR–A(NO2) exhibits exceptionally large static first hyperpolarizability (β0) up to 2.5×106 a.u. (22000×10−30 esu) for H2N–(7,3)ZGNR–NO2 (ZGNR=zigzag‐edged GNR), which is about 15 times larger than the recorded value of β0 (1470×10−30 esu) for the D–A polyene reported by Blanchard‐Desce et al. [Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1091]. Interestingly, we have found that the size effect of GNR plays a key role in increasing β0 for the H2N–GNR–NO2 system, in which the width effect of GNR perpendicular to the D–A direction is superior to the length effect along the D–A direction.
ChemInform Abstract: Blue‐Emitting Phosphor M2B5O9Cl: Eu2+ (M: Sr, Ca) for White LEDs.
Authors: Guo Chongfeng , Xu Yan , Ding Xu , Li Ming , Yu Jie , Ren Zhaoyu , Bai Jintao
Published: January 2011

The title phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3 or CaCO3, SrCl2 or CaCl2 (5% excess), H3BO3 (10% excess), and Eu2O3 (corundum crucible, 900 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Hollow‐Flower‐Ball‐Like Cd4(OH)5Cl3 Using Microwave Irradiation Method.
Authors: Peng Yin , Liu Shuhua , Yang Zihui
Published: January 2011

New mesoporous hollow‐flower‐ball‐like Cd4(OH)5Cl3 samples are prepared in high yield by microwave irradiation for 10 min of aqueous solutions of CdCl2, hexamethylenetetramine, and polyacrylamide and characterized by powder XRD, FE‐SEM, HRTEM, and UV/VIS spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Isomorphous Substitutions of Rare Earth Elements for Calcium in Synthetic Hydroxyapatites.
Authors: Ardanova Lyudmyla I. , Get'man Evgeni I. , Loboda Stanislav N. , Prisedsky Vadim V. , Tkachenko Tatiana V. , Marchenko Valeriy I. , Antonovich Valeriy P. , Chivireva Nataliya A. , Chebishev Konstantin A. , Lyashenko Alexandra S.
Published: January 2011

Polycrystalline hydroxyapatites Ca10‐xLnx(PO4)6 (OH)2‐xOx and Ca10‐xLnx(VO4)6 (OH)2‐xOx (Ln: La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) are prepared from mixtures of CaCO3, (NH4)2HPO4 or NH4VO3, and Ln2O3 at 1100 °C for 30—36 h, or by dissolving the starting compounds in HNO3 or tartric acid solution followed by evaporation and annealing at 600—1100 °C for 6—48 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Bismuth(III) Bromide in Organic Synthesis. A Catalytic Method for the Allylation of Tetrahydrofuranyl and Tetrahydropyranyl Ethers.
Authors: Krabbe Scott W. , Angeles Veronica V. , Mohan Ram S.
Published: January 2011

The procedure affords moderate yields of highly functionalized acetates in a single step from the cyclic ether substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Butadien‐2‐ylcarbinols via (Silylmethyl)allenic Alcohols from Chromium‐Catalyzed Additions to Aldehydes Utilizing Chiral Carbazole Ligands.
Authors: Duran‐Galvan Maria , Worlikar Shilpa A. , Connell Brian T.
Published: January 2011

Several new tridentate bis(oxazolinyl)carbazole ligands are synthesized and evaluated as source of chirality in the preparation of allenic alcohol (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Thiolation of the Di‐ or Trimethoxybenzene Arene C—H Bond with Disulfides.
Authors: Zhang Shouhui , Qian Pengcheng , Zhang Manli , Hu Maolin , Cheng Jiang
Published: January 2011

The process provides a convenient and efficient method to prepare aryl sulfides like (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Coupling of N,N‐Dialkylanilines Using Iodic Acid and Sodium Nitrite.
Authors: Huddar Sameerana N. , Mahajan Ulhas S. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G.
Published: January 2011

The coupling reaction is para‐selective.
ChemInform Abstract: Weinreb Amide Based Building Blocks for Convenient Access to Analogues of Phenstatin.
Authors: Sivaraman Balasubramaniam , Aidhen Indrapal Singh
Published: January 2011

Phosphonium salts (I) contain two functionalities to undergo both C—C bond formation through Wittig reaction with simple or functionalized aldehydes, and nucleophilic addition reactions with aryl/heteroarylmagnesium bromides to give diarylketones including novel analogues of phenstatin such as ketones (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization of Heteroarenes with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides.
Authors: Tamba Shunsuke , Okubo Youhei , Tanaka Shota , Monguchi Daiki , Mori Atsunori
Published: January 2011

The reaction allows an efficient access to various arylated heteroarenes including a one‐pot, two‐step synthesis of differently substituted 2,5‐diarylthiazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Darzens‐Type Epoxidation via Chiral Ammonium Ylides.
Authors: Kinoshita Hiroyo , Ihoriya Akiko , Ju‐ichi Motoharu , Kimachi Tetsutaro
Published: January 2011

Electron‐poor benzylammonium chlorides, generated in situ from benzyl chlorides and brucine, undergo a highly trans‐selective asymmetric Darzens‐type epoxide synthesis to yield (S,S)‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Two‐Step Sequence for the Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted Furan Derivatives from Functionalized Nitroalkanes: Successive Amberlyst A21‐ and Amberlyst 15‐Catalyzed Processes.
Authors: Palmieri Alessandro , Gabrielli Serena , Ballini Roberto
Published: January 2011

The reaction of ketal‐functionalized nitroalkanes with α‐oxoaldehydes, promoted by Amberlyst A21 and followed by acidic treatment of the mixture with Amberlyst 15, avoids isolation of the nitroaldol intermediates and leads directly to formation of the desired furan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Free NH2‐Substituted Thiophene Derivatives.
Authors: Derridj Fazia , Roger Julien , Djebbar Safia , Doucet Henri
Published: January 2011

The most reactive position for a direct arylation of 3‐aminothiophenes is C‐2, which can be blocked by an ester function.
ChemInform Abstract: Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Indole‐2‐carboxaldehyde: New Vistas for Indole‐Annulated Systems.
Authors: Biswas Subhasish , Singh Virender , Batra Sanjay
Published: January 2011

DABCO mediates the title reaction of several N‐substituted indole‐2‐carbaldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Fischer Indole Synthesis.
Authors: El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Ronsseray Caroline
Published: January 2011

The three‐component coupling affords α‐hydrazonium salts which are directly subjected to Fischer‐type cyclization for the synthesis of complex indole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Domino Synthesis of 4,9‐Diphenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[f]isoindole Derivatives.
Authors: Hu Yi‐min , Lin Xian‐gang , Zhu Tao , Wan Jing , Sun Yong‐jie , Zhao Quan‐sheng , Yu Tao
Published: January 2011

The process allows the regioselective preparation of various complex condensed N‐heterocyclic systems in a single operation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 1,1′‐Carbonyl‐bis[3‐aryl(heteroaryl)‐5‐(trihalomethyl)‐1H‐pyrazoles] and Trifluoromethyl Derivatives Through Ring‐Opening Reactions.
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Cechinel Cleber A. , Porte Liliane M. F. , Navarini Jussara , Cavinatto Susiane , Sehnem Ronan C. , Martins Demetrius B. , Zanatta Nilo , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: January 2011

A simple, convenient and regioselective one‐pot condensation reaction is used for the preparation of the title pyrazoles, e.g. (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Dibromination of 5‐Pyrazolones and 5‐Hydroxypyrazoles via Dibromoisocyanuric Acid.
Authors: Cheng Kaung‐Min , Wu Jin Bin , Lin Hui‐Chang , Huang Jiann‐Jyh , Huang Yu‐Ying , Lin Shao‐Kai , Lin Tsung‐Ping , Wong Fung Fuh
Published: January 2011

Dibromoisocyanuric acid proves to be a more efficient reagent for the dibromination of the title pyrazole derivatives than NBS.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel 3‐Alkyl/Aryl‐6‐((1H‐benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐ [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles.
Authors: Chen Xiqing , Liu Chenjiang , Wang Jide , Li Yanping
Published: January 2011

Compounds (IIId) and (IIIf) show weak antiinflammatory activity but no analgesic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 7,8‐Diarylflavones by Site‐Selective Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions.
Authors: Malik Imran , Hussain Munawar , Nguyen Thai Hung , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: January 2011

The Suzuki coupling of the bis‐triflate (III) is studied with respect to the formation of mono‐ and diarylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Preparation of Chroman Derivatives from 3‐Aryl‐2‐propanols and Related Compounds with 1,3‐Diiodo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin under Irradiation Conditions.
Authors: Furuyama Shusuke , Togo Hideo
Published: January 2011

Treatment of aryl‐substituted alcohols or carboxylic acids with DIH under irradiation with a tungsten lamp provides the corresponding chroman derivatives or lactones, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Synthesis of N,N‐Dimethyl‐(6‐arylpyrid‐2‐yl)alkylamines.
Authors: Faler Catherine A.
Published: January 2011

A synthesis of ligands of type (VIII) is developed for their application as catalysts for selective ethylene oligomerization.
ChemInform Abstract: Fine Tuning of Pd0 Nanoparticle Formation on Hydroxyapatite and Its Application for Regioselective Quinoline Hydrogenation.
Authors: Hashimoto Norifumi , Takahashi Yusuke , Hara Takayoshi , Shimazu Shogo , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: January 2011

The nanoparticles exhibit significantly high activity for the formation of the corresponding 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antitumor, and DNA Binding Behavior of Novel 4‐(2‐Hydroxyquinolin‐3‐yl)‐6‐phenyl‐5,6‐dihydropyrimidine Derivatives in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Lamani Devappa S. , Reddy K. R. Venugopala , Naik H. S. Bhojya , Pai K. S. R. , Kumar Ravishankar , Fasiulla Fasiulla , Naik H. R. Prakash , Naik L. R.
Published: January 2011

Readily available quinolines (Va) and (Vb) exhibit significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast carcinoma cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Promising Antimicrobial Agents: Synthetic Approaches to Novel Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Pyrimidinones with Antimicrobial Properties.
Authors: Gaber Hatem M. , Bagley Mark C. , Sherif Sherif M. , Abdul‐Raouf Usama M.
Published: January 2011

Various new compounds containing a thiazolopyrimidine scaffold as part of a tricyclic or tetracyclic framework are synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines and Tetrahydropyrido[1,2‐a]quinoxalines via a One‐Pot CuI‐Catalyzed Aryl Amination—Hydrolysis—Condensation Process.
Authors: Xu Lanting , Jiang Yongwen , Ma Dawei
Published: January 2011

Reaction of 2‐iodo or 2‐bromotrifluoroacetamides with pipecolinic acid affords quinoxalines (III) and (V) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Tellurium Tetrachloride with Acetylene.
Authors: Potapov V. A. , Musalov M. V. , Musalova M. V. , Amosova S. V.
Published: January 2011

Addition of TeCl4 to acetylene affords hitherto unknown (E,E)‐bis(chlorovinyl)tellurium dichloride (II), which represents a promising intermediate for the synthesis of organotellurium products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Xenovenine via a Scandium(III)‐Catalyzed Internal Aminodiene Bicyclization Terminated by a 2‐(5‐Ethyl‐2‐thienyl)ethenyl Group.
Authors: Jiang Tao , Livinghouse Tom
Published: January 2011

Compared to the alkyl alkene substrate bearing the hexyl group, the heteroaromatic‐ethenyl substituent as a masked analogue increases the yield with concomitant rate enhancement at lower temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: New Xanthones from the Barks of Cratoxylum sumatranum ssp. neriifolium.
Authors: Nuangnaowarat Warraphong , Phupong Worrapong , Isaka Masahiko
Published: January 2011

The xanthones neriifolone A—C (I)—(III), resp., are isolated together with eight known xanthones.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanosheets of Oxides and Hydroxides: Ultimate 2D Charge‐Bearing Functional Crystallites
Authors: Ma Renzhi , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: January 2011

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Synthetic Approaches to 1H‐ and 2H‐Indazoles
Authors: Cankarova Nadezda , Hlavac Jan , Krchnak Viktor
Published: January 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of 3‐Alkynals
Authors: Blankespoor Ronald
Published: January 2011

Review: oxidation, Grignard addition, cyanation etc.; 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diazo Compounds in the Chemistry of Fullerenes
Authors: Tuktarov A. R. , Dzhemilev U. M.
Published: January 2011

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Liu Chao , Jin Liqun , Lei Aiwen
Published: January 2011

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ball‐Type Phthalocyanines: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Bekaroglu Ozer
Published: January 2011

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleobase‐Containing Peptides: An Overview of Their Characteristic Features and Applications
Authors: Roviello Giovanni N. , Benedetti Ettore , Pedone Carlo , Bucci Enrico M.
Published: January 2011

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Glutamate Signaling in Bone
Authors: Hinoi Eiichi
Published: January 2011

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemically Assembled Monolayers of Fluorophores as Chemical Sensing Materials
Authors: Ding Liping , Fang Yu
Published: January 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fabrication of Silica Nanotubes by Using Self‐Assembled Gels and Their Applications in Environmental and Biological Fields
Authors: Jung Jong Hwa , Park Minsung , Shinkai Seiji
Published: January 2011

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thorpe—Ingold Effect in Organosilicon Chemistry
Authors: Luh Tien‐Yau , Hu Ziqiang
Published: January 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Trends in Solid‐Phase Microextraction (SPME) Fibre Coatings
Authors: Spietelun Agata , Pilarczyk Michal , Kloskowski Adam , Namiesnik Jacek
Published: January 2011

Review: 174 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Time‐Resolved Synchrotron Diffraction and Theoretical Studies of Very Short‐Lived Photoinduced Molecular Species
Authors: Coppens Philip , Benedict Jason , Messerschmidt Marc , Novozhilova Irina , Graber Tim , Chen Yu Sheng , Vorontsov Ivan , Scheins Stephan , Zheng Shao Liang
Published: January 2011

Review: 42 refs.
Molecular Diversity of Tonghaosu Analogues, Selective Oxidation of the exo‐Cyclic Double Bond of Spiroacetal Enol Ethers and Diasteroselective Synthesis of Spiro‐Pyranone
Authors: Yin Biaolin , Lai Jinqiang , Zhang Zeren , Wu Yulin
Published: January 2011

Two methods including NBS/AgNO3 system and MCPBA oxidation have been developed for the selective oxidations of the exo‐cyclic double bond of spiroacetal enol ethers 2 with multi reactive sites into spiro‐pyanones 3 and 4. In addition, possible mechanisms for these conversions are proposed.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formaldehyde on Copper Oxide Nano‐crystalline Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Jing Zhenhui , Lin Xiangqin
Published: January 2011

This research found a cheap and efficient catalyst for electrooxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO). A CuO nano‐crystalline modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated and had an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of HCHO. Both the effect of potential scan rate and the effect of HCHO concentration on the electrocatalytic oxidation performance of the electrode were investigated. The amperometric current response of the electrode was proportional to HCHO concentration in the range of 1.0 µmol·L−1–10.0 mmol·L−1 with a detection limit (s/n=3) of 0.25 µmol·L−1. The electrode was stable, showing the CuO nano‐crystlline is promising for applications in fuel cells and electrochemical sensors.
Synthesis of Copper Oxide Hierarchical Nanostructures
Authors: Fang Zhen , Lin Xiu , Jian Xia , Wang Xueying , Wei Xianwen , Tao Feng
Published: January 2011

The copper oxide (CuO) hierarchical nanostructures were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction, using copper(II) acetylacetonate and NaOH as the reactants. The morphologies of CuO nanostructures are strongly influenced by the dosage of copper(II) acetylacetonate, alkali concentration and reaction temperature. The possible formation process was also discussed on the basis of time‐dependent experiments. This simple solution‐phase method may be useful for morphological synthesis of other oxides nanocrystals.
Novel Method for Preparing NH4NiPO4·6H2O: Hydrogen Bonding Coacervate Selective Self‐assembly
Authors: Wu Wenwei , Li Shushu , Wu Xuehang , Liao Sen , Cao Jinchao
Published: January 2011

The single phase NH4NiPO4·6H2O was synthesized by solid‐state reaction at room temperature using NiSO4·6H2O and (NH4)3PO4·3H2O as raw materials. The NH4NiPO4·6H2O and its calcined products were characterized using X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), Fourier transform IR (FT‐IR), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) absorption spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the product dried at 80°C for 3 h was orthorhombic NH4NiPO4·6H2O [space group Pmm2(25)], and surfactant polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐400 can direct growth of crystal NH4NiPO4·6H2O. The thermal process of NH4NiPO4·6H2O experienced three steps, which involve the dehydration of the five crystal water molecules at first, and then deamination, dehydration of the one crystal water, intramolecular dehydration of the protonated phosphate groups together, at last crystallization of Ni2P2O7. The product of thermal decomposition at 150°C for 2 h, orthorhombic NH4NiPO4·H2O, is layered compound with an interlayer distance of 0.8370 nm.
Synthesis and Biological Activity Test of Some New Five Membered Heterocycles
Authors: Xia Qingchun , Xu Dongfang , He Qizhuang , Li Xingyu , Sun Dazhi
Published: January 2011

A new series of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles, 1,2,4‐triazoles, 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles were synthesized using alkylhydrazides as the starting materials, and then 1,2,4‐triazoles were used to synthesize [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. All the compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity and antitumor activity.
An Expedient Approach to the Benzopyran Core: Application to Synthesis of the Natural Products (±)‐Xyloketals and (±)‐Alboatrin
Authors: Xu Zhongliang , Li Yiying , Lu Bingtai , Pang Jiyan , Lin Yongcheng
Published: January 2011

A mild and efficient protocol for the synthesis of the benzopyran ring has been described and a series of chromans compounds is reported, the yield is from 72% to 95%. The diadduct tended to angular product and showed good regioselectivity. This strategy was applied for the benzopyran derived natural products (±)‐xyloketals and (±)‐alboatrin. The crystal of compound 9 exhibited centro‐symmetric space group, containing two isomers in one unit. The relative configurations were 1R,10R,15S and 34S,22R,30S, respectively.
Synthesis, Radiolabelling and in vitro Stability Study of 99mTc(CO)+3 Labeled Dendrimer PAMAM‐Folic Acid Conjugate
Authors: Zhang Yuanqing , Xu Xiaoping , Sun Yanhong , Shen Yumei
Published: January 2011

Dendrimer polyamidoamine generation five‐folic acid conjugate was synthesesed and radiolabelled with fac‐[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+, its in vitro stability was evaluated further. Both of the labeling yield and radiochemical purity of the G5‐FA‐DTPA‐99mTc(CO)3 conjugate exceeded 95%. More than 95.7% and 93.1% of the conjugate still keeps its original structure in PBS and new‐born calf serum solution respectively.
Sodium Acetate Catalyzed Multicomponent Cyclization of Aromatic Aldehydes, Acetone and Meldrum Acid
Authors: An Lin , Yang Feng , Yao Rong , Yan Chaoguo
Published: January 2011

The sodium acetate catalyzed three‐component reaction of aromatic aldehyde, acetone and Meldrum acid or spirolactone at room temperature gave stereospecific 7,11‐cis‐diaryl‐2,4‐dioxaspiro[5,5]undecane‐1,5,9‐triones in a very efficient manner.
Efficient Preparation of the Key Intermediate in Corey's Tamiflu Synthesis
Authors: Hong Zhangyong , Cui Qi , Peng Jiannan , Hu Huan , Chen Zeming
Published: January 2011

A very efficient two‐step synthesis was developed to prepare the key intermediate in Corey's Tamiflu synthesis. DBU (1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec‐7‐ene) was used as a multifunctional catalyst for a series of reactions in a one pot procedure. The new synthesis was featured by the good availability of the starting material and the ease of the synthetic steps. This method might be practical for large scale preparations.
Rapid Extraction of Essential Oil from Dried Cinnamomum cassia Presl and Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl by Ionic Liquid Microwave Extraction
Authors: Zhai Yujuan , Sun Shuo , Song Daqian , Sun Ye , Zhang Yupu , Liu He , Zhang Hanqi , Yu Aiming
Published: January 2011

Ionic liquid (IL) was used as the microwave absorption medium to extract essential oils from dried Cinnamomum cassia Presl and Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, and the ionic liquid microwave extraction (ILME) was developed. Some experimental parameters for ILME were examined. The proposed method was compared with other methods, including hydrodistillation (HD), microwave hydrodistillation (MHD), solvent‐free microwave extraction (SFME) and improved solvent‐free microwave extraction (ISFME). Experimental results showed that compared with other extraction methods the ILME had some advantages, such as time‐saving, simplicity and usage of green solvents. The extraction time was less than 18 min at the microwave power of 440 W and 1.5 mL of ionic liquid was required. The constituents of essential oils obtained by the five methods are not obviously different.
Thiazolidinedione‐Based PI3Kα Inhibitors: An Analysis of Biochemical and Virtual Screening Methods
Authors: Pinson Jo‐Anne , Schmidt‐Kittler Oleg , Zhu Jiuxiang , Jennings Ian G. , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert , Chalmers David K. , Thompson Philip E.
Published: January 2011

A series of synthesized and commercially available compounds were assessed against PI3Kα for in vitro inhibitory activity and the results compared to binding calculated in silico. Using published crystal structures of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ co‐crystallized with inhibitors as a template, docking was able to identify the majority of potent inhibitors from a decoy set of 1000 compounds. On the other hand, PI3Kα in the apo‐form, modeled by induced fit docking, or built as a homology model gave only poor results. A PI3Kα homology model derived from a ligand‐bound PI3Kδ crystal structure was developed that has a good ability to identify active compounds. The docking results identified binding poses for active compounds that differ from those identified to date and can contribute to our understanding of structure–activity relationships for PI3K inhibitors.
Growth and characterization of Struvite‐K crystals
Authors: Chauhan C. K. , Vyas P. M. , Joshi M. J.
Published: January 2011

Struvite‐K is the natural potassium equivalent to Struvite. Struvite‐K crystals were grown by single diffusion gel growth technique in silica hydro gel medium. Struvite‐K crystals with different morphologies having transparent to translucent diaphaneity were grown with different growth parameters. The phenomenon of Liesegang rings was also observed with some particular growth parameters. The crystals were characterized by powder XRD, FT‐IR, TGA and dielectric study. The powder XRD results of Struvite‐K confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure. The FT‐IR spectrum proved the presence of water of hydration, metal – oxygen bond and P – O bond. The TGA, DSC and DTA were carried out simultaneously. It was found that crystals started dehydrating and decomposing from 75 °C and finally at 600 °C temperature it became 64.14% of the original weight and remained almost constant up to the end of analysis. From the thermo‐gravimetry, the numbers of the water molecules associated with the crystal were calculated and found to be 5. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of dehydration / decomposition process were calculated. The variation of dielectric constant with frequency of applied field was studied in the range from 400 Hz to 100 kHz, which exhibited the decreasing nature of the dielectric constant as frequency increased. The dielectric study showed that a.c. conductivity increased and consequently the a.c. resistivity decreased with the increase in frequency. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nucleosome‐induced neutrophil activation occurs independently of TLR9 and endosomal acidification: Implications for systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Lindau Dennis , Rönnefarth Viktoria , Erbacher Annika , Rammensee Hans‐Georg , Decker Patrice
Published: January 2011

The nucleosome is a major autoantigen known to activate PMN in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TLR9 recognizes bacterial and even mammalian DNA under certain circumstances. Nevertheless, the role of TLR9 in SLE development is still unclear. Since nucleosomes are composed of DNA, we investigated whether TLR9 is required for nucleosome‐induced PMN activation. Isolated neutrophils were cultured with nucleosomes, plasma from lupus patients and other stimuli in the presence/absence of various inhibitors. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, ELISA and confocal microscopy. We found that nucleosomes circulating in lupus plasma induce the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by PMN. Nucleosomes activate human PMN independently of unmethylated CpG sequences in nucleosomal DNA, leading to IL‐8/IL‐6/TNF secretion and CD11b up‐regulation. Nucleosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm of PMN upon endocytosis, induce TLR9 up‐regulation and act synergistically with TLR9 ligands. Nucleosome‐induced activation was not inhibited by polymyxin B (PB), chloroquine (CQ), ammonium chloride (AC) or a TLR9 antagonist. Moreover, both PMN isolated from WT and TLR9‐KO mice were activated by nucleosomes, as detected by MIP‐2 secretion and CD11b up‐regulation. Activation occurred therefore independently of endotoxins, endosomal acidification, TLR9 and CpG motifs. TLR9 may thus be differently required in the triggering of nucleosome‐induced innate immunity and anti‐nucleosome B‐cell autoimmunity.