bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percepção de fala no ruído em idosos usuários de próteses auditivas com diferentes microfones e algoritmo de redução de ruído
Authors: Santos Sinéia Neujahr dos , Costa Maristela Julio
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o reconhecimento de fala no ruído em idosos, novos usuários de próteses auditivas, com microfone direcional e redutor de ruído e verificar qual recurso proporciona melhor inteligibilidade de fala. Métodos Participaram 36 indivíduos, entre 60 e 87 anos de idade, com perda auditiva neurossensorial de grau leve a moderadamente severo. Foi aplicado o teste Listas de Sentenças em Português Brasileiro, em campo sonoro, obtendo os Índices Percentuais de Reconhecimento de Sentenças no Ruído (IPRSR) com próteses auditivas, com quatro diferentes ajustes: microfone omnidirecional (MO); redutor de ruído e microfone omnidirecional (RR+MO); microfone direcional (MD); e redutor de ruído e microfone direcional (RR+MD). Resultados Quando fala e ruído incidiram a 0º/0º azimute, a mediana dos escores de acertos dos IPRSR foi 76,74% com o uso do MO; 84,95% com RR+MO; 84,40% com MD e 86,63% com RR+MD. Ao comparar os resultados, houve diferenças entre MO e MD; MO e RR+MD; RR+MO e MD; RR+MO e RR+MD. Quando o ruído incidiu a 0º/180º azimute, a mediana dos IPRSR foi de 77,4% com o uso do MO; 83,79% com RR+MO; 89,46% com MD e 91,99 com RR+MD. Ao comprar os resultados, houve diferenças entre os desempenhos com o MO e MD; MO e RR+MD; RR+MO e MD; RR+MO e RR+MD. Conclusão Foram observados melhores resultados com o uso do RR e do MD nas duas situações de avaliação, porém, na situação com ruído a 0º/180º azimute o MD proporcionou um desempenho ainda mais satisfatório.
The endocrinologic complications in children after anticancer treatment
Authors: Radulesku Galina G , Matchenkova Nina V , Belogurova Margarita B
Published: May 2016

During last three decades, there is a dramatic improvement in the survival of children and adolescents with cancer. This progress has been possible because of the recent programs of improved therapy (radiotherapy, chemotherapy). There are different toxic effects in patients who have received chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One of the most common late effects of anticancer treatment in children and adolescents is endocrine disorders. Radiotherapy, alkylating agents, high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell transplantation are the main risk factors of endocrine impairment. All parts of endocrine system are involved in the pathologic process during and after the end of treatment of children and adolescents. Abnormalities in hypothalamo-pituitary function, thyroid function, adrenal function, gonadal function are variably associated with anticancer therapy. Different metabolic disturbances, abnormal sexual development and infertility are caused by the dysfunction of endocrine system. There are immediate (during therapy) and delayed (after the end of treatment) onset late effects of antineoplastic therapy. Early diagnosis and early treatment of complications - as the main factors to improve the results of treatment and quality of life of patients surviving cancer. The aim of this article to analyze the possible range of endocrine disturbance in children and adolescents after anticancer treatment, the necessary intensive follow-up for survivors after the diagnosis of cancer and the treatment of possible endocrine disorders.
Clinical efficiency of midget doses of the affine cleared antibodies to S-100 protein at the children with dysfunction of autonomic nervous system and acute obstructive bronchitis in anamnesis
Authors: Melnikova Irina M , Mizernitskiy Yuriy L , Pavlenko Vasilisa A
Published: May 2016

The importance in a pathogenesis of the wheezing and a development of a nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity belongs to neurogenic mechanisms. It is known that perinatal damage of the central nervous system are an adverse background for a forwardness of acute wheezing and bronchial asthma at children. The available data on a role of a functional condition of autonomic nervous system at the wheezing aren't numerous and rather contradictory that demands further researches, including in respect of a choice of methods of the rehabilitation. The aim of our study was to determine of the clinical and functional efficiency of including of midget doses of the affine cleared antibodies to S-100 protein in complex rehabilitation of the children of early age with wheezing, depending on the presence of mild severity of perinatal damage to the CNS hypoxic genesis. Our data showed that additional including of midget doses of the affine cleared antibodies to S-100 protein in a complex of rehabilitation of these patients a positive effect on the autonomic imbalance, vegetative component of the wheezing. At the same time, prescription by a short course (less 5 weeks) of midget doses of the affine cleared antibodies to S-100 protein didn't prevent emergence of episodes of the wheezing. Perhaps, patients with recurrent wheezing with the expressed functional disturbances of the autonomic nervous system, need longer courses of the this medicine that can be useful in a complex of rehabilitation.
Modern principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric practice
Authors: Alexandrovich Yuriy S , Pshenisnov Konstantin V
Published: May 2016

Quality improvement of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most urgent problems in pediatric anesthesiology, resuscitation and intensive care. Despite the fact that in recent years the number of surviving children after cardiopulmonary resuscitation is constantly increasing, the number of young children among them, still small, which requires further improvement of provision of intensive care, especially in the pre-hospital stage. In the last two decades the protocols of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are regularly changed and supplemented every five years, which helps to improve outcomes of resuscitative measures. In October/November 2015 came the next recommendations of American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council for basic and advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children, which is reflected in this article. Using these recommendations will significantly improve the quality of the provision of intensive care to children and contribute to a more favorable neurological outcome even after a sudden circulatory arrest. This publication reflects the epidemiological evidence on the effectiveness and outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric practice, the modern principles of basic and advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children are considered in detail, special attention is given to the use of drugs and defibrillation during resuscitation. Excerpts from the regulating documents governing the termination of resuscitation and ascertaining biological death are presented in this article.
Saerjinho: sentidos de avaliação em disputa
Authors: Martins Marcus Leonardo Bomfim , Gabriel Carmen Teresa
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é explorar as ambivalências forjadas no processo de produção de significados sobre o Saerjinho – avaliação oficial que compõe o Sistema de Avaliação da Educação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – por parte da Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Rio de Janeiro, do Centro de Políticas Públicas e Avaliação da Educação e de docentes da rede. A abordagem de informações e documentos oficiais sobre a referida avaliação e de entrevistas com professores se inscreve em uma postura epistêmica discursiva que opera na pauta pós-fundacional  que  permite  entender  o  processo  de  significação como um ato político. A análise apontou que há disputas entre os três agentes destacados para a produção de sentidos sobre o Saerjinho, e que os significantes avaliação interna, avaliação externa e avaliação diagnóstica têm suas fronteiras borradas de acordo com os interesses políticos envolvidos.

 
Desdobramentos dos relatórios das avaliações em larga escala
Authors: Stanich Karina Alves Biasoli , Sousa Clarilza Prado de
Published: May 2016

A partir dos relatórios das avaliações em larga escala realizadas, ao longo de seis anos, por um sistema de ensino da rede privada, analisaram-se o desempenho dos alunos em Geometria e o modo como os professores identificavam e representavam as dificuldades dos estudantes. Foram entrevistados 24 professores do 5º ano do ensino fundamental, de 18 unidades escolares do estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi elaborado sob o aporte teórico da Teoria das Representações Sociais, do modelo van Hiele e dos critérios de avaliação propostos pelo Programme for International Student Assessment de 2003 e 2012. Os resultados evidenciam uma representação de impossibilidade de aprendizagem dos alunos do 5º ano, resultando no deslocamento do objetivo do ensino, que, reduzido à sua aplicação prática e ao contexto imediato do aluno, não favorecia o desenvolvimento das habilidades de representar e operar teoricamente sobre o cotidiano.

 

 
Avaliação externa e escolas públicas: elementos de gestão escolar democrática
Authors: Machado Cristiane
Published: May 2016

A Prova Brasil, além de estimar o desempenho dos alunos por meio de provas padronizadas, coleta dados para possibilitar estudos de fatores associados ao desempenho dos alunos utilizando questionários contextuais. O objetivo deste artigo é explorar elementos de gestão escolar democrática nas respostas de diretores da rede pública de Guarulhos (SP) no questionário da Prova Brasil de 2011. Foram respondidos 227 questionários com 212 questões de múltipla escolha, 165 por diretores das escolas estaduais e 62 por diretores das escolas municipais. Os conceitos participação, autonomia e acesso e permanência foram cotejados com as respostas dos diretores às questões que se aproximavam dessas temáticas. As informações obtidas e analisadas possibilitam compreender formas e contornos de práticas de gestão democrática, ou ausência delas, em alguns casos, no cotidiano das escolas estaduais e municipais estudadas.

 

 
A democracia representativa no Brasil: problemas e questionamentos
Authors: Pontes Machado Audálio José
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho é trazer à pauta uma discussão abarcando a literatura recente sobre representação política e todas as suas vertentes, focando especificamente no caso brasileiro. Em termos metodológicos, o artigo é majoritariamente teórico, buscando coadunar pensamentos diversos acerca do mesmo tema: representação. As conclusões apontam que a democracia representativa brasileira tem uma série de problemas, mas que muito já foi alcançado desde a redemocratização nos anos oitenta, sendo necessária, portanto, mais atenção para a relação entre representantes e representados no Brasil.
Incorporação de discursos no processo participativo de planejamento da cidade: um olhar sobre a elaboração do Plano Diretor do Município de Santana-AP
Authors: Galindo Alexandre Gomes
Published: May 2016

Este artigo apresenta uma análise sobre a dinâmica de construção participativa da cidade baseada nas relações entre as dimensões discursivas envolvidas nos processos de planejamento no Estado do Amapá, em especial, na elaboração do Plano Diretor do Município de Santana realizado nos anos de 2005 e 2006. O presente estudo se ancorou na perspectiva metodológica da observação participante focalizada no olhar sobre a intensidade de envolvimento entre agentes sociais que integraram os diversos loci de referência e de construção discursiva durante as várias etapas deste projeto. Ao mesmo tempo em que houve significativas incorporações, houve também significativas desconsiderações de anseios e manifestações expressas durante os eventos e ações promovidas pelo governo municipal, denotando a existência do risco de várias questões, que foram consideradas por diversos atores sociais como críticas para o desenvolvimento local, se tornarem “invisíveis” no transcorrer da gestão pública do município. O estudo aponta para o fato de que simples estabelecimento de diálogos com atores sociais como estratégia de participação no desenvolvimento de políticas apresenta limites, sendo necessário o estabelecimento de vias alternativas que garantam, nos processos de planejamento e gestão da cidade, a integridade, o reconhecimento e a incorporação dos discursos legítimos que surgem durante estes diálogos.
Marriage and Power (Images of Authority)
Authors: Biliarsky Ivan
Published: May 2016

This article is devoted to the question concerning the conceptualization of power and its religious basis in pre-modern societies, carried out through a study of the inauguration rituals – especially the marriage – that mark not only the instigation of the power of the ruler but also suggests its religious basis, conceptualization and justification. It is grounded on source material from Byzantium and its legacy in the countries of South-Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. The analysis has shown the woman as legitimating power in the case of royalty in connection with its correspondence to marriage. The legitimation and confirmation of the kingship in some pagan cultures passed through a hierogamy, conceived as a unity with the universal harmony in the image of a chthonic goddess. From the Christian point of view the relations between the royal bride and the bridegroom was under the archetypal model of the relation of Jesus Christ to His Church. He (Christ and the christian ruler) became a priest and king of the order of Melchisedek. That is why the rite of passage to Kingship corresponds to that of marriage, instituted by Lord Jesus Christ under the model of His own relation to the Church.
INTERNASIONALISASI PENDIDIKAN TINGGI ISLAM MELALUI REALISASI THE GLOBAL GOALS BERBASIS MAQASHID SYARIAH
Authors: Rosidin Rosidin
Published: May 2016

The era of globalization is characterized by a shift in the concept of citizenship. From nation citizenship to global one. The implication is the need to reform Islamic education based on global standardization and Islamic values. The concrete form is the internationalization of Islamic education through the realization of the global goals based on maqashid sharia. The model established is the education that makes maqashid sharia as the core curriculum (model of comprehensive education), open to all parties to obtain or provide educational (emancipatory), ready to compete in the global competition (competitive), to cultivate the attitude of flexibility and open-minded towards each other (inclusive), cooperate with global citizens (collaborative) and is able to bring actual change for the community (transformative).

Era globalisasi ditandai pergeseran konsep kewarganegaraan. Dari warga negara menjadi warga dunia (global citizenship). Implikasinya adalah pentingnya reformasi pendidikan Islam yang didasarkan pada standarisasi global namun Islami. Bentuk konkritnya adalah internasionalisasi pendidikan Islam melalui realisasi the global goals berbasis maqashid syariah. Model pendidikan yang diselenggarakan adalah pendidikan yang menjadikan maqashid syariah sebagai kurikulum inti (model pendidikan komprehensif), terbuka bagi semua pihak untuk memperoleh maupun memberikan pendidikan (emansipatif), siap bersaing dalam kompetisi global (kompetitif), membudayakan sikap luwes dan terbuka terhadap sesama (inklusif), mau bekerjasama dengan seluruh warga dunia (kolaboratif) serta mampu menghadirkan perubahan aktual bagi masyarakat (transformatif).
Melek Al-Qur’an; Bercerminkan Karakter Nabi Ibrahim as
Authors: Surasman Otong
Published: May 2016

At the beginning of 2016, it is expected that Indonesian Muslims are literate Quran in the broadest sense. Up to now as informed in various media, the majority of Indonesian Muslims are Quran illiterate. To be Quran literate, they have two duties, being able to read the Quran well and properly, and comprehending its contents. Firstly, to read Quran well and properly in short time, use the BBM (Easy Read Well) As Surasmaniyyyah Method, with a limit of twenty meetings capable of delivering smooth reading of the Quran and understanding the principles of tajweed/procedure for reading Quran. Further, understand well the character of Prophet Ibrahim immortalized in the Quran.

Pada awal tahun 2016 diharapkan umat Islam Indonesia bisa melek al Quran dalam arti yang luas. Sampai saat ini menurut berbagai informasi media, umat Islam Indonesia mayoritas buta huruf al Quran. Agar melek al Quran, umat Islam mempunyai dua kewajiban utama, yaitu harus mampu membaca al Quran secara baik dan benar, dan memahami isi kandungan al Quran. Untuk problem pertama, agar dalam waktu yang cukup singkat mampu membaca al Quran secara baik dan benar, gunakan BBM (Baca Benar Mudah) al Quran Metode As Surasmaniyyyah, dengan limit waktu dua puluh pertemuan mampu mengantarkan lancar membaca al Quran dan memahami prinsip-prinsip utama kaidah ilmu tajwid/tatacara membaca al Quran. Kedua memahami dengan baik karakter Nabi Ibrahim as yang diabadikan al Quran.
The adaptation of generalist predators’ diet in a multi‐prey context: insights from new functional responses
Authors: Baudrot Virgile , Perasso Antoine , Fritsch Clémentine , Giraudoux Patrick , Raoul Francis
Published: May 2016

The ability for a generalist consumer to adapt its foraging strategy (the multi‐species functional response,MSFR) is a milestone in ecology as it contributes to the structure of food webs. The trophic interaction between a generalist predator, as the red fox or the barn owl, and its prey community, mainly composed of small mammals, has been empirically and theoretically widely studied. However, the extent to which these predators adapt their diet according to both multi‐annual changes in multiple prey species availability (frequency dependence) and the variation of the total prey density (density dependence) is unexplored.We provide a new general model ofMSFRdisentangling changes in prey preference according to variation of prey frequency (switching) and of total prey density (we propose the new concept of “rank switching”). We apply these models to two large data sets of red fox and barn owl foraging. We show that both frequency‐dependent and density‐dependent switching are critical properties of these two systems, suggesting that barn owl and red fox have an accurate image of the prey community in terms of frequency and absolute density. Moreover, we show that negative switching, which can lead to prey instability, is a strong property of the two systems.
Counteracting effects of a non‐native prey on the demography of a native predator culminate in positive population growth
Authors: Cattau Christopher E. , Fletcher Robert J. , Reichert Brian E. , Kitchens Wiley M.
Published: May 2016

Identifying impacts of non‐native species on native populations is central to conservation and ecology. While effects of non‐native predators on native prey populations have recently received much attention, impacts of introduced prey on native predator populations are less understood. Non‐native prey can influence predator behavior and demography through direct and indirect pathways, yet quantitative assessments of the relative impacts of multiple, potentially counteracting, effects on native predator population growth remain scarce. Using ≈20 years of range‐wide monitoring data, we tested for effects of a recently introduced, rapidly spreading non‐native prey species (Pomacea maculata) on the behavior and demography of the endangered Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis). Previous studies found that food‐handling difficulties caused by the large size of P. maculata (relative to the native P. paludosa) can lead to energetic deficiencies in juvenile kites, suggesting the potential for evolutionary traps to occur. However, high densities of P. maculata populations could facilitate kites by providing supplemental food resources. Contrary to prior hypotheses, we found that juvenile apparent survival increased ≈50% in wetlands invaded by non‐native snails. Breeding rates and number of young fledged/successful nests were also positively associated with non‐native snail presence, suggesting direct trophic benefits to kites. We found no direct effects of the invasive snail on adult survival or daily nest survival rates. Kite movements and breeding distribution closely tracked the spread of non‐native snail populations. Since 2005, kites have been heavily concentrated in northern regions where non‐native snails have established. This geographic shift has had hidden costs, as use of northern regions is associated with lower adult survival. Despite negative impacts to this key vital rate, matrix population modeling indicated that the multifarious effects of the non‐native snail invasion on kites culminated in increased population growth rates, likely lowering short‐term extinction risks. Results suggest that considering only particular components of behavior or demography may be inadequate to infer the population‐dynamic importance of non‐native prey on native predators, including their role in creating potential evolutionary traps. Our findings provide information pertinent to Everglades restoration, highlighting potential management trade‐offs for non‐native species that may aid imperiled species recovery yet disrupt other native communities.
Trade‐offs between accuracy and interpretability in vonBertalanffy random‐effects models of growth
Authors: Vincenzi Simone , Crivelli Alain J. , Munch Stephan , Skaug Hans J. , Mangel Marc
Published: May 2016

Better understanding of variation in growth will always be an important problem in ecology. Individual variation in growth can arise from a variety of processes; for example, individuals within a population vary in their intrinsic metabolic rates and behavioral traits, which may influence their foraging dynamics and access to resources. However, when adopting a growth model, we face trade‐offs between model complexity, biological interpretability of parameters, and goodness of fit. We explore how different formulations of the vonBertalanffygrowthfunction (vBGF) with individual random effects and environmental predictors affect these trade‐offs. In the vBGF, the growth of an organism results from a dynamic balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. We start from a formulation of the vBGFthat models the anabolic coefficient (q) as a function of the catabolic coefficient (k), a coefficient related to the properties of the environment (γ) and a parameter that determines the relative importance of behavior and environment in determining growth (ψ). We treat the vBGFparameters as a function of individual random effects and environmental variables. We use simulations to show how different functional forms and individual or group variability in the growth function's parameters provide a very flexible description of growth trajectories. We then consider a case study of two fish populations ofSalmo marmoratusandSalmo truttato test the goodness of fit and predictive power of the models, along with the biological interpretability of vBGF's parameters when using different model formulations. The best models, according toAIC, included individual variability in bothkand γ and cohort as predictor of growth trajectories, and are consistent with the hypothesis that habitat selection is more important than behavioral and metabolic traits in determining lifetime growth trajectories of the two fish species. Model predictions of individual growth trajectories were largely more accurate than predictions based on mean size‐at‐age of fish. Our method shares information across individuals, and thus, for both fish populations investigated, allows using a single measurement early in the life of individual fish or cohort to obtain accurate predictions of lifetime individual or cohort size‐at‐age.
Nitrogen addition affects chemical compositions of plant tissues, litter and soil organic matter
Authors: Liu Jun , Wu Nana , Wang Hui , Sun Jianfei , Peng Bo , Jiang Ping , Bai Edith
Published: May 2016

Increasing nitrogen (N) deposition or fertilization has been found to significantly affect carbon (C) cycling. However, a comprehensive understanding of how different C chemical components of plant, litter, and soil would respond to external N addition is still lacking. We compiled data of 1,160 observations from 52 individual studies and conducted a meta‐analysis of N addition effects on 18 variables related to C chemical compositions in terrestrial ecosystems. Results showed that plant lignin (+7.13%), plant protein (+25.94%), and soil lignin (+7.30%) were significantly increased by N addition, and plant hemicellulose (−4.39%) was significantly decreased, whereas plant fiber, plant cellulose, plant non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC), litter lignin, and litter cellulose were not significantly changed. The effects of N addition on C chemical composition varied among different ecosystems/plant types and different forms of N addition. Increasing treatment duration did not significantly change the effects of N addition on the chemical composition of plant, litter, and soil C. With increasing N addition rate, the effect of N addition on plant lignin, plant fiber, plant cellulose, and plant protein increased, while the effect of N addition on plant hemicellulose, plant NSC, and litter cellulose became more negative. Our meta‐analysis provided a systematic evaluation of the responses of different C chemical components to N addition in the plant–litter–soil continuum. Results suggest that the change of plant and soil C chemical composition under N addition may be beneficial for ecosystem C sequestration and could affect ecosystem structure and function in the future.
Warming and fertilization alter the dilution effect of host diversity on disease severity
Authors: Liu Xiang , Lyu Shengman , Zhou Shurong , Bradshaw Corey J. A.
Published: May 2016

An essential ecosystem service is the dilution effect of biodiversity on disease severity, yet we do not fully understand how this relationship might change with continued climate warming and ecosystem degradation. We designed removal experiments in natural assemblages of Tibetan alpine meadow vegetation by manipulating plot‐level plant diversity to investigate the relationship between different plant biodiversity indices and foliar fungal pathogen infection, and how artificial fertilization and warming affect this relationship. Although pathogen group diversity increased with host species richness, disease severity decreased as host diversity rose (dilution effect). The dilution effect of phylogenetic diversity on disease held across different levels of host species richness (and equal abundances), meaning that the effect arises mainly in association with enhanced diversity itself rather than from shifting abundances. However, the dilution effect was weakened by fertilization. Among indices, phylogenetic diversity was the most parsimonious predictor of infection severity. Experimental warming and fertilization shifted species richness to the most supported predictor. Compared to planting experiments where artificial communities are constructed from scratch, our removal experiment in natural communities more realistically demonstrate that increasing perturbation adjusts natural community resistance to disease severity.
Predicting the offshore distribution and abundance of marine birds with a hierarchical community distance sampling model
Authors: Goyert Holly F. , Gardner Beth , Sollmann Rahel , Veit Richard R. , Gilbert Andrew T. , Connelly Emily E. , Williams Kathryn A.
Published: May 2016

Proposed offshore wind energy development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf has brought attention to the need for baseline studies of the distribution and abundance of marine birds. We compiled line transect data from 15 shipboard surveys (June 2012–April 2014), along with associated remotely sensed habitat data, in the lower Mid‐Atlantic Bight off the coast of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia,USA. We implemented a recently developed hierarchical community distance sampling model to estimate the seasonal abundance of 40 observed marine bird species. Treating each season separately, we included six oceanographic parameters to estimate seabird abundance: three static (distance to shore, slope, sediment grain size) and three dynamic covariates (sea surface temperature [SST], salinity, primary productivity). We expected that avian bottom‐feeders would respond primarily to static covariates that characterize seafloor variability, and that surface‐feeders would respond more to dynamic covariates that quantify surface productivity. We compared the variation in species‐specific and community‐level responses to these habitat features, including for rare species, and we predicted species abundance across the study area. While several protected species used the study area in summer during their breeding season, estimated abundance and observed diversity were highest for nonbreeding species in winter. Distance to shore was the most common significant predictor of abundance, and thus useful in estimating the potential exposure of marine birds to offshore development. In many cases, our expectations based on feeding ecology were confirmed, such as in the first winter season, when bottom‐feeders associated significantly with the three static covariates (distance to shore, slope, and sediment grain size), and surface‐feeders associated significantly with two dynamic covariates (SST, primary productivity). However, other cases revealed significant relationships between static covariates and surface‐feeders (e.g., distance to shore) and between dynamic covariates and bottom‐feeders (e.g., primary productivity during that same winter). More generally, we found wide interannual, seasonal, and interspecies variation in habitat relationships with abundance. These results show the importance of quantifying detection and determining the ecological drivers of a community's distribution and abundance, within and among species, for evaluating the potential exposure of marine birds to offshore development.
Generalist birds promote tropical forest regeneration and increase plant diversity via rare‐biased seed dispersal
Authors: Carlo Tomás A. , Morales Juan M.
Published: May 2016

Regenerated forests now compose over half of the world's tropical forest cover and are increasingly important as providers of ecosystem services, freshwater, and biodiversity conservation. Much of the value and functionality of regenerating forests depends on the plant diversity they contain. Tropical forest diversity is strongly shaped by mutualistic interactions between plants and fruit‐eating animals (frugivores) that disperse seeds. Here we show how seed dispersal by birds can influence the speed and diversity of early successional forests in Puerto Rico. For two years, we monitored the monthly fruit production of bird‐dispersed plants on a fragmented landscape, and measured seed dispersal activity of birds and plant establishment in experimental plots located in deforested areas. Two predominantly omnivorous bird species, the Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) and the Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis), proved critical for speeding up the establishment of woody plants and increasing the species richness and diversity of the seed rain in deforested areas. Seed dispersal by these generalists increased the odds for rare plant species to disperse and establish in experimental forest‐regeneration plots. Results indicate that birds that mix fruit and insects in their diets and actively forage across open and forested habitats can play keystone roles in the regeneration of mutualistic plant–animal communities. Furthermore, our analyses reveal that rare‐biased (antiapostatic) frugivory and seed dispersal is the mechanism responsible for increasing plant diversity in the early‐regenerating community.
Tren Penerbitan Mushaf dalam Komodifikasi Al-Qur’an di Indonesia
Authors: Nugraha Eva
Published: May 2016

As a sacred thing, muṣḥaf of the Qur’an has long been the commoditized objects. In Indonesia, it has been published and circulated into markets with its various forms since 150 years ago. However, in the last ten years, the publication of the Qur’an has changed dramatically in terms of shape, form, content and theme. This article seeks to examine how publishers manage their product of printed Qur’an and promote them in market. It shows that publishers have responded the demands of market to the printed al-Qur’an by means of increasing the quality of the printed material of the scripture and framing the product in accordance with the trend of the market.
Impacto de la adecuada codificación de la desnutrición y procesos asociados sobre el índice case-mix en patologías médicas y quirúrgicas
Authors: Morán López Jesús Manuel , Luengo Pérez Luis Miguel , Beneítez Moralejo Belén , Piedra León María , González Aguado Rocío , Enciso Izquierdo Fidel Jesús , Amado Señaris José Antonio
Published: May 2016

Introducción: la clasificación por procesos según el sistema de los grupos relacionados con el diagnóstico permite clasificar los diferentes procesos acorde a un consumo de recursos equivalentes. La complejidad de los procesos según el índice case-mix permite solicitar un mayor o menor presupuesto para la atención de los pacientes. La desnutrición tiene capacidad para aumentar el índice case-mix si bien en muchos casos este diagnóstico y el de los procesos nutricionales no se realizan de forma adecuada.Objetivo: determinar si la adecuada codificación de la desnutrición es capaz de aumentar el índice case-mix y si este aumento es dependiente de la documentación del mismo por un médico especialista, el tipo de proceso o el servicio de ingreso.Resultados: en una serie aleatorizada de 100 pacientes, la documentación de desnutrición y procesos asociados por parte de un médico especialista en Endocrinología y Nutrición produjo un aumento de 0,68 puntos en el índice case-mix (IC95: 0,48-0,88). El impacto fue mayor en procesos médicos que en quirúrgicos (0,42 puntos [IC95: 0,03-0,81]). Por servicios, el impacto fue positivo en Medicina Interna y Cirugía General. El tamaño muestral para el cálculo del resto de servicios no alcanzó tamaño muestral suficiente.Conclusión: el aumento de recursos humanos (médicos especialistas en Endocrinología y Nutrición) es viable en términos de gestión por el aumento del índice case-mix dependiente de su presencia en un contexto de práctica clínica habitual, no de investigación.
Chromium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes and high risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: San Mauro-Martin Ismael , Ruiz-León Ana María , Camina-Martín María Alicia , Garicano-Vilar Elena , Collado-Yurrita Luis , Mateo-Silleras Beatriz de , Redondo del Río María De Paz
Published: May 2016

Introducción: el cromo es un oligoelemento esencial para el metabolismo de carbohidratos y lípidos, que actualmente está prescrito para controlar la diabetes mellitus. Los resultados de las revisiones sistemáticas anteriores y metaanálisis de los suplementos de cromo y de perfiles metabólicos en diabetes han sido inconsistentes.Objetivo: el objetivo de este metaanálisis fue evaluar los efectos sobre los perfiles y la seguridad de la suplementación de cromo en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y el colesterol.Métodos: se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science mediante el uso de palabras clave relacionadas y ensayos clínicos aleatorios durante el período de 2000-2014.Resultados: trece ensayos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y se incluyeron en esta revisión sistemática. Las dosis totales de la suplementación con Cr y levadura de cerveza oscilaron desde 42 hasta 1.000 mg/día, y la duración de la suplementación varió de 30 a 120 días. El análisis indicó que hubo un efecto significativo de la suplementación de cromo en los diabéticos en la glucemia en ayunas, con un tamaño del efecto promedio ponderado de -29,26 mg/dl, p = 0,01, IC del 95% = -52,4 a -6,09; y sobre el colesterol total, con un efecto promedio ponderado de -6,7 mg/dl, p = 0,01, IC del 95% = -11,88 a -1,53.Conclusiones: la evidencia disponible sugiere efectos favorables de la administración de suplementos de cromo sobre el control glucémico en pacientes con diabetes. Los complementos de cromo pueden además mejorar los niveles de colesterol total.
LA IMPORTANCIA DE VERIFICAR LA INTERPRETACIÓN DE LA RAZÓN DE MOMIOS PARA AFIRMAR QUE EXISTE UNA ASOCIACIÓN ENTRE LA DEPRESIÓN Y EL GÉNERO MASCULINO EN EL ADULTO MAYOR
Authors: Viñas Adriana , Benavides Araceli , Ramírez Thais
Published: May 2016

Carta al editor.
Cáncer de vesícula biliar en Chile y factores nutricionales de riesgo
Authors: Navarro Rosenblatt Deborah , Durán Agüero Samuel
Published: May 2016

El cáncer de vesícula biliar es la neoplasia maligna más común en el tracto biliar. Chile presenta la tercera prevalencia más alta de cáncer de vesícula en el continente americano, siendo las mujeres chilenas de la ciudad de Valdivia las que presentan la prevalencia más alta.Los principales factores que se han asociado al cáncer de vesícula son: ser mujer, colelitiasis, obesidad, etnia, inflamación crónica, historia de enfermedades infecciones, como H. pylori y Salmonella e historia familiar de cáncer.En Chile la mortalidad por cáncer de vesícula es cercana al nivel de prevalencia. Esto se debe en parte a que el cáncer de vesícula es una enfermedad silenciosa y sin síntomas específicos en primeras instancias.Presentar obesidad y ser portador de agentes infecciosos, como Helicobacter pylori, son dos de los factores de riesgo más importantes para desarrollar cáncer de vesícula en Chile, ya que existe y una prevalencia de obesidad cercana al 30%.El objetivo de esta revisión literaria es informar y resumir los factores de riesgo de cáncer de vesícula prevalentes en Chile, para así enfocarse en la prevención y cuidado de estos, con el propósito de reducir la prevalencia de esta letal enfermedad.
Bases para la estandarización y valoración nutricional del salmorejo cordobés: estudio sobre el salmorejo en los establecimientos de restauración de Córdoba
Authors: Moreno Rojas Rafael , Moreno Ortega Alicia , Medina Canalejo Luis M. , Vioque Amor Montserrat , Cámara Martos Fernando
Published: May 2016

Introducción: el salmorejo cordobés está tomando fama a nivel nacional y reconocimiento internacional. Sin embargo, son muy diversas las formas de elaborarlo y, por tanto, las propiedades organolépticas y nutricionales del plato.Material y métodos: con la intención de realizar una estandarización del salmorejo y forma de elaboración que permita una posterior protección de su identidad, así como su caracterización nutricional, se ha realizado una encuesta sobre el 83% de los establecimientos de restauración de Córdoba (excluidos barrios periféricos y zona industrial) para indagar su forma de elaborarlo, en cuanto a denominación, ingredientes, preparación, precio, etc., mediante una encuesta administrada personalmente con 55 preguntas en 6 apartados.Resultado: el resultado ha sido que sólo un 21% de los establecimientos utiliza la denominación “salmorejo cordobés”. Los ingredientes usados de forma sistemática se ajustan estadísticamente a una propuesta previa de sistematización y valoración nutricional, basada en datos bibliográficos y difundida en más de 50 idiomas, que corresponde a: 1.000 g de tomate, 200 g de pan de telera, 100 g de aceite de oliva virgen extra, 5 g de ajo de Montalbán y 10 g de sal. Esto corresponde por 100 g de producto a 117,4 kcal, 1,8 g de proteínas, 8,1 g de lípidos, 9,9 g de carbohidratos, 1,2 g de fibra y 380,7 mg de sodio. Como ingredientes extra minoritariamente se usa el vinagre (18% de las encuestas) y como guarnición de forma mayoritaria, taquitos de jamón y huevo duro, en tanto que algo más de un 25% añade un chorro de aceite sobre el producto terminado. Se elabora principalmente mediante vaso batidor o Termomix, siendo la receta usada de forma mayoritaria de origen familiar. Si bien se ha considerado tradicionalmente un plato estival, un 78% de establecimientos lo tienen todo el año. El 94% de los establecimientos lo consideran entre los diez platos más consumidos, y para el 18% es el más consumido del establecimiento. No existe relación entre la cantidadde salmorejo servido con el precio del plato, siendo este último acorde a los demás precios de cada establecimiento.Conclusiones: con estos datos y los previos obtenidos por medios bibliográficos se está en condiciones de estandarizar el salmorejo cordobés, tanto para un posible amparo de denominación protegida como para establecer un valor nutricional que pueda ser recogido en bases de datos composicionales y software nutricional, para la evaluación de encuestas o elaboración de dietas.
La influencia del estado inicial de la nutrición en la esperanza de vida de pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ALS) durante la nutrición enteral en casa
Authors: Sznajder Janusz , S´lefarska-Wasilewska Marta , Kłek Stanisław
Published: May 2016

Objetivo: la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad crónica, neurodegenerativa que genera malnutrición. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar el impacto de la malnutrición en el curso de la enfermedad y la sobrevida a largo plazo.Materiales y métodos: se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 48 pacientes (22 mujeres [45.83%] y 26 hombres [54.17%], con un promedio de edad de 66,2 [43-83]) del 2008 al 2014. El análisis del estado nutricional inicial se midió utilizando el índice de  masa corporal (IMC), el estado nutricional de acuerdo al NRS 2002, la valoración global subjetiva (VGS) y la concentración sérica de albúmina. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos, dependiendo del estado nutricional en el que se encontraban: bien nutridos o malnutridos. Los grupos se crearon por  separado, lo que permitió un análisis comparativo adicional de las técnicas utilizadas para la evaluación del estado nutricional.Resultados: un estado nutricional adecuado se relaciona con mayor sobreviva a largo plazo (456 vs. 679 días, NRS 312 vs. 659 vs. 835 días, IMC respectivamente: 41, 541, 631 días, resultados estadísticamente significativos para NRS e IMC). Las concentraciones de albúmina no fueron un factor pronóstico, pero se observó mayor sobrevida si las concentraciones de albúmina incrementaban durante el tratamiento nutricional.Conclusiones: el estado nutricional inicial y la respuesta positiva a la alimentación enteral están asociados a mayor sobrevida en pacientes con ELA, razón por la cual, la terapia nutricional debe de iniciarse lo antes posible.
A service-oriented approach to assessing the infrastructure value index
Authors: Amaral R. , Alegre H. , Matos J. S.
Published: May 2016

Many national and regional administrations are currently facing challenges to ensure long-term sustainability of urban water services, as infrastructures continue to accumulate alarming levels of deferred maintenance and rehabilitation. The infrastructure value index (IVI) has proven to be an effective tool to support long-term planning, in particular by facilitating the ability to communicate and to create awareness. It is given by the ratio between current value of an infrastructure and its replacement cost. Current value is commonly estimated according to an asset-oriented approach, which is based on the concept of useful life of individual components. The standard values assumed for the useful lives can vary significantly, which leads to valuations that are just as different. Furthermore, with water companies increasingly focused on the customer, effective service-centric asset management is essential now more than ever. This paper shows results of on-going research work, which aims to explore a service-oriented approach for assessing the IVI. The paper presents the fundamentals underlying this approach, discusses and compares results obtained from both perspectives and points to challenges that still need to be addressed.
Analysis and Modelling of the Relationship between Stopped and Control Delays by Differential Evolution Algorithm
Authors: Akgüngör Ali Payıdar , Korkmaz Ersin
Published: May 2016

Two delay definitions namely stopped delay and control delay are commonly used to determine the level of service of a signalized intersection. In this research, we first developed a number of new models to describe the relationship between stopped and control delays using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. In these models, we considered four cycle lengths of 60, 90, 120 and 150 seconds with the green ratio ranging from 0.35 to 0.60. Taking the saturation flow as 1800 vph, five different traffic volumes were considered ranging from 600 to 1400 vph with 200 vph increments. Three analysis periods were selected as 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The data needed for model development and verification were obtained from a four leg intersection by using CORSIM simulation. In the second part of the study, the effect and sensitivity of cycle length, traffic volumes and green ratio parameters on the conversion ratio (Ds/Dc) to relate stopped and control delays were evaluated based on the selected parameter ranges.

The results revealed that the conversion ratio cannot be accepted constant usually taken as 0.76 for practical purposes since it is dependent on changing operation and traffic conditions. Therefore, it needs to be determined with the use of an appropriate model considering variable traffic conditions as functions of volume, cycle length and green ratio.
The impact of in-hospital nutritional status deterioration on treatment outcome of adult gastroenterological patients
Authors: Roganovic Branka , Peric Sasa , Jankovic Snezana
Published: May 2016

Background/Aim. In the current literature, data on impact of intrahospital
changes in patients? nutritional status on the treatment outcome are limited.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between nutritional
status deterioration and the treatment outcome among hospitalized
gastroenterological patients. Methods. In 650 adult gastroenterological
patients nutritional status on admission and at discharge was evaluated using
the 6 nutritional status assessment parameters: body mass index, triceps
skinfold thickness, mid-upper arm muscle circumference, serum albumin
concentration, lymphocyte count and unintentional weight loss. The influence
on treatment outcome was tested for the nutritional status on admission,
nutritional status at discharge and intrahospital nutritional status
deterioration. Results. The incidence of favorable outcome in the
non-undernourished and undernourished patients on admission was in the range
93.4-97.3% and 81.2- 91.2%, respectively. The incidence of favorable outcome
in the non-undernourished and undernourished patients at discharge was in the
range 94-97.4% and 80.8-88.1%, respectively. Favorable outcomes were obtained
in 95.6-98.9% of the patients without nutritional status deterioration and in
87.1-90.3% of the patients with nutritional status deterioration.
Intrahospital nutritional status deterioration significantly influenced the
outcome, no matter what assessment parameter had been used (p < 0.001 for all
the applied parameters). Furthermore, only the deterioration of nutritional
status was found to be an independent predictor of treatment outcome
(multivariate analysis Forwald Wald, p ? 0.001; relative risk (RR) =
0.104-0.350; confidence intervals (CI) = 0.037-0.186/0.297-0.657).
Conclusion. Deterioration of nutritional status is an independent predictor
of adverse outcome.