bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cleaning Options for Canal Siphons
Authors: Messina Michael J.
Published: June 2018

This article describes how the Solano Irrigation District (SID) used pigging devices to clean inverted siphons. Special considerations are discussed for this project that include: flat grade of the canal; space constraints; multiple passes; a stuck pig; and, exit flow conditions.
Backflow Prevention Aided by Software
Authors: Engle Randy
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how accurate record keeping, which is an essential part of a successful backflow prevention program, is accomplished with the help of a computer and a database software program. Microsoft® Access, Microsoft® SQL Server, or 4th Dimension® are described as database management software programs that can help prevent backflow incidents by keeping track of where backflow prevention assemblies are installed and when they need maintenance, repair, or replacement. The article also discusses elements of data management, event management, and facility management using this software.
Can One Operator Handle Both Water and Wastewater Systems?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

To answer the question of whether one operator can handle both the water and wastewater operations at a small water system, the article breaks the problem down into two main areas: financial costs to the customers; and, the regulatory agency's concerns about the potential for cross‐contamination (safety of the supply). The article discusses several options related to the financial issues that include hiring an outside contractor to handle both systems, combining services with a nearby utility, and maintaining your current program. Safety concerns, personal protective equipment, and chlorination of finished water are all discussed.
Filling New Roles in a Team‐Based Workplace
Authors: Fake Brenda , Manning Alan
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the role of frontline supervisors, those who work with and supervise the employees in the trenches but are also accountable to middle and top management. Topics covered include: the changing role of frontline supervisors; the next generation of workers; successful organizational change; how communication is integral to success; and, managing the team culture.
Lowering DBPs in Combined Systems
Authors: Routt Jan C.
Published: June 2018

This article describes how a five‐year team effort between Owenton Water in Owenton, Kentucky and Kentucky American Water's TriVillage System achieved the goal of maintaining good disinfection and overall quality water while lowering disinfection byproduct (DBP) levels. The small combined system had been experiencing unusually high levels of trihalomethane (THM) chlorination byproducts. Owenton's source water, an algae‐rich impoundment supplemented by a “backwater” river tributary, had been suspected as a key factor in DBP formation. Both systems were applying chlorine to provide disinfectant residuals throughout the distribution system, but how the source water quality, plant treatment, and distribution operations contributed to DBP formation was not clearly understood. The article discusses how successful planning and implementation of the necessary studies and process changes has required ongoing communication and cooperation among the utilities and state and local officials.
Microfiltration Lowers Turbidity and Increases WTP Capacity
Authors: Rasmussen Randy , Schulz Steven D.
Published: June 2018

In October 2001, after repairs were made to the interior face of the Idaho Springs Dam, turbidities greater than 60 ntu passed through the community's 2‐mgd water treatment plant and into the distribution system. Because the finished water far exceeded the state turbidity limit of 0.50 ntu, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) imposed a 16‐day boil‐water order, which it agreed to lift if the city met strict monitoring requirements and used a temporary ultraviolet (UV) system in conjunction with its conventional treatment. The CDPHE also issued a state consent decree requiring the city to install a reliable filtration system by the start of the next spring runoff. Expecting even stricter future turbidity requirements of 0.3 ntu and spring raw water with turbidities expected to be as high as 200 ntu, the city determined its aging media filtration system would be challenged to meet current and upcoming drinking water standards. This article discusses how Idaho Springs solved this problem by installing a microfiltration plant in eight months for a fraction of the cost and time it would have taken to upgrade the city's conventional system over three phases. As a result, the city not only met the CDPHE deadline but also earned its design‐build team a prestigious statewide project‐of‐the‐year award.
The Frog Keeps Zanjeros Cranking
Authors: Perinsky Mark
Published: June 2018

The “Frog” is the nickname for a gear reduction unit used to open gate valves that eliminates hand and back strain. To operate, set the Frog on the existing vault lid, fitting the female gate wrench part over the square nut on the top of the valve stem. The stem should be an extension from the valve in the vault. Tack weld the Frog to the existing lid. Fit a T‐handle gate wrench over the square nut on top of the Frog and turn it to open the valve. The chain will provide the leverage needed to open the gate valve.
Customer Service Plan Improves Public Perception
Authors: Richardson Al
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission created a Community Outreach Program (COP) to meet customer needs during service disruptions. Within the COG, the Emergency Outreach Program (EOP) was created to provide support to customers during water main breaks and sewer overflow or backup events. The evolution of these programs is outlined in the article, and a listing of the services provided in an emergency by the EOP is given.
How Should Small Systems Address Security?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns small water systems that are not required to evaluate and update their security systems or emergency response plans, but want to know what they can do anyway to protect their systems from local threats such as vandalism, theft, or graffiti. The article addresses securing the facility with locks, fencing, and clearing a zone along the fence, along with manhole locks and hydrant locks, methods for securing access points, HAZMAT signage for chemical storage tanks, background checks when hiring new staff, staff identification badges, and components of an emergency plan for the utility.
Should We Switch to Chloramines to Meet D/DBP Rule?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns surface water treatment plants switching to chloramines to deal with disinfection byproducts being in compliance with the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts Rule. In particular, the article discusses four issues to consider that may affect water quality when changes are made to disinfection treatment: contact time; chlorine monitoring; total organic carbons; and, disinfection byproducts such as total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. The article discusses compliance options and lists further sources of information.
Recruiting Homes for Lead Monitoring
Authors: Cantor Abigail , De Master Doug , Dukes‐Winters Marilyn
Published: June 2018

This article presents a case study where Madison Water Utility (MWU) organized a controlled lead sampling program to sample for process control. Although its sampling goals were specific to MWU's system and informational needs, the city's experience with property owners and sampling protocol can serve as general guidance on lead sampling. The article discusses four important elements of a lead sampling program that include: recruit property owners to take part in the program; identify lead sources in plumbing systems; prevent on‐site alteration of water characteristics during sampling; and, prevent the flow of water during the stagnation period before sampling.
DAF Removes Algae, Eases Manganese Issues
Authors: Marvin Rodney
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a case study in the summer of 1998 where increased agricultural runoff and a reduction in surrounding forests caused progressively higher algae blooms in southern Pennsylvania's Lake Koon and Lake Gordon. This situation created severe taste and odor problems and shortened filter run times for the Evitts Creek, Maryland, Water Treatment Plant. The treatment plant had an ongoing problem with soluble manganese that also caused the water to discolor in the distribution system, creating staining problems at the tap. The article discusses how the installation of a dissolved air flotation (DAF) clarification system and replacement of five of 11 filters solved the increased algae problem and improved manganese removal.
Living with the Results of the VA
Authors: Harrison Richard , Joslyn Bari , Lovan Ron , Wulfeck Bill
Published: June 2018

This article describes the experience that the Northern Kentucky Water District (District) had with implementing the recommendations of a vulnerability assessment (VA) done after 9/11. The VA recommended that improvements be made in three primary areas: physical protection, security policies and procedures, and an early warning system. The article also discusses how the District balanced additional security needs with available funds, infrastructure needs, and regulatory‐driven process improvements.
Do Cameras Work for Pipe Inspection?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns the cost‐effectiveness of a small water system buying its own camera/video system and related equipment to locate pipeline problems, or hiring a service contractor to do it as needed. The article discusses this kind of technology and indicates that today's small and effective camera systems make this field tool affordable and worthwhile for a small system to own. Types of cameras and their uses are discussed.
How Can We Find Nonmetallic Pipes?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns techniques for locating nonmetallic pipe (PVC and HDPE) underground, including impulse generators, transmitters, ground‐penetrating radar, and tracer wire or tape. Further resources are listed.
Who Else Is Contributing to Your Distribution System?
Authors: Byus Lou Allyn
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the components of a successful cross connection control program that include: conducting a cross connection control survey to determine how customers are using potable water on their premises and documenting the most recent test date of any backflow prevention devices in place within each customer's private water supply; a cross connection control record‐keeping system that documents both the water supplier and the customer to protect all potentially hazardous connections to the potable water system; proper procedures for routine distribution system flushing; enforcement of cross connection control regulations; educating the consumer about the hazards of cross connections; and, security procedures concerning cross connections to prevent a contamination event.
How Do We Correlate Our Paperwork?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns organizing all the paperwork required in the operation and maintenance of a treatment plant. The article suggests compiling them together to produce an operations and maintenance manual. The article discusses the different kinds of reports and provides an example of a Table of Contents for use in organizing the O&M manual that includes all the reports.
What Type of Insurance Do We Need?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about insurance for small water systems. The article lists and discusses the minimum types of insurance needed for a utility with property and employees and gives tips on finding insurance providers and keeping costs down. A list is included of several insurance organizations that provide more information on insurance for utilities.
Computer Model Predicts Coagulation Dosages
Authors: Wierenga John , Yavich Alex
Published: June 2018

This article presents a new computer modeling program that analyzes real‐time water chemistry to help operators predict more accurately the required coagulant changes when time is limited. The article discusses how the model was used at the Grand Rapids Lake Michigan Filtration Plant, how it was linked to the plant's supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system so the coagulant‐dose computer program would receive real‐time data, the two coagulation methods of charge neutralization and sweep coagulation, and using UV254 to detect organics.
Analyze Free Ammonia Before It's Too Late
Authors: Turner Elizabeth , Roupas Jennifer
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a study done by the Washington Aqueduct, Washington, D.C. at the request of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to study its chloramination practices for minimizing the amount of free ammonia in the distribution system. One objective of the study was to determine a viable holding time window for the analysis of free ammonia in which the free ammonia level would not significantly increase from that at the time of sample collection. Previous practices are discussed, along with the field study method. Results are given and it was concluded that, considering the role that free ammonia plays in the nitrification process, a maximum holding time of 48 hrs. for free ammonia analysis is recommended. Further resources on this subject are listed.
Messages Flow from Meter Fountain
Authors: de Groot Christopher , Manager Compliance , Spink Bill
Published: June 2018

This article presents the Water Meter Fountain, an educational tool for public events. It demonstrates how a small leak affects residential water bills and explains how a water meter works, how the leak indicator on a water meter works, and how customers can perform their own leak checks. During a demonstration, the faucet on the fountain is closed unitl it drips, allowing the customer to see both the leak and the leak indicator moving. The fountain also is capable of demonstrating how the meter works in a simulated setting.
Can We Get a List of AWWA Standards–Approved Products and Equipment?
Authors: Olson Paul J.
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns product certification by AWWA. The article explains that this is a misunderstanding, that AWWA Standards don't include a certification or testing component. Standards aren't endorsements, and AWWA doesn't test, certify, endorse, or approve any product, service, or manufacturer. An AWWA Standard is a guide for product manufacturing; the use of AWWA Standards by manufacturers and utilities is voluntary. The article supplies further information on: the AWWA Sourcebook, a buyer's reference guide listing products and services and the companies that provide them to water utilities; NSF/ANSI certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives; and, the AWWA Standards Signature that, when applied by a company to their product, means that they support the use of AWWA Standards, and is not to be interpreted as certification of a company or a product.
How Can We Control Reservoir Water Quality?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns water quality in reservoirs. The article begins by defining several terms related to reservoirs that include: thermal stratification; the three thermal layers; thermocline region; and, eutrophication. Proper desgin and management, a blower system, aeration systems, detention ponds, sediment removal, using copper sulfate or potassium permanganate to control algae and weeds are all discussed.
Avoiding Chlorite: Chlorine and CIO2 Together Form Fewer DBPs
Authors: Linder Kevin , Lew Julia , Carter Bill , Brauer Rod
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how dosing chlorine and chlorine dioxide concurrently provides excellent disinfection inactivation and limits chlorite formation. This was done when Aurora (Colorado) Water's 80‐mgd Griswold Water Treatment Facility was rebuilt in 1999. A 2002 needs assessment indicated that a similar strategy should be implemented during expansion of Aurora Water's 80‐mgd Wemlinger Water Treatment Plant (WTP). However, at the Wemlinger WTP, ClO2 formation rose higher than expected during startup, forming at up to 85 percent of the ClO2 dose. Chlorine dioxide also decayed more rapidly than expected. The article discusses how this situation was addressed along with other lessons learned at the Wemlinger WTP, the importance of monitoring and reporting, and the power of coapplication.
SCADA Enhances an Operator's View
Authors: Clavette John
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the advantages of a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, which provides a centralized location for monitoring and control, along with the additional capability of automatic control of alarms and events, and the storing of historical data. The article provides a listing of resources to help train operators in the use of SCADA systems.
Sampling from a Distance Took In‐house Insight
Authors: Gregoire John J. , Sparkas Jeffery A.
Published: June 2018

This article describes how, in order to respond quickly to a potential contamination event and safeguard field employees, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) Field Operations Department developed an autosampler that can be synchronized with on‐line water quality monitoring instruments, and is also remotely controllable via a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. MWRA first evaluated commercial autosampling options but decided on an in‐house SCADA technician's design for a remotely activated sampling device that improves water security and staff safety. The article discusses identifying the parameters that would trigger water testing, building a prototype inhouse that was easily integrated across several distribution system locations, site characterization, and how prompt sample collection allows for a faster analysis and characterization of the problem.
Only Tap Water Delivers Value, Safety, and More
Authors: Kail Greg
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a campaign launched by AWWA and its member utilities called “Only Tap Water Delivers,” that is intended to educate the public about the value of water and build support for infrastructure investment. The campaign includes print advertisements, talking points, a video, radio public service announcements (PSAs), handouts, and other items that can be adapted to address local circumstances.
Tackling T&O in Zebra Mussel‐Infested Waters
Authors: Kriewall Dale , Zapa Leo
Published: June 2018

This article describes a situation at Hemlock Lake, the drinking water source for the city of Rochester, New York, where a taste and odor (T&O) problem occurred in the summer of 2004. In 2004, two unusual environmental conditions at Hemlock Lake were identified as possible causes of an unprecedented T&O event. The first was record spring and summer precipitation produced unusually heavy runoff in the months leading up to and during the event. The second was that 2004 was the first year the lake had become heavily populated with zebra mussels. The article presents three treatment options that were considered that include: treat the source water; destroy T&O compounds using oxidation; and, adsorption by activated carbon. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was selected as the treatment solution, and the article discusses the suitability of GAC for this particular situation and the conversion process at the Hemlock Lake treatment plant. The recurrence of the T&O problem in 2005 and 2006 tends to indicate that this problem is associated with the exploding population of zebra mussels.
GIS Combines Geography and Information for Effective Utility Management
Authors: Hughes John R.
Published: June 2018

Many utilities are converting their paper maps to electronic formats so they can be used by a geographic information system (GIS), a powerful computer‐based technology that can capture, store, analyze, and display geographically referenced information, also known as “spatial information,” defining where assets are located in space. The article describes how GIS works and how it is used to overlay maps with different types of information, and its many other applications that help utilities improve facility planning, management, operation, and maintenance.
Groundwater Under the Influence: What to Do When Process Changes Cause Turbidity Problems
Authors: Mach Rick J. , Sievers Julie , Condon Jim
Published: June 2018

Sioux City, Iowa, obtains a large percentage of its drinking water supply from a horizontal collector well and 12 vertical wells adjacent to the Missouri River. Because the water supply is classified as groundwater under the direct influence of surface water, the city was required in the late 1990s to expand its treatment process to deal with potential surface water contaminants. After constructing a chlorine contact chamber to improve the disinfection contact time and replacing filter media to lower iron and manganese levels, the city's treatment plant experienced elevated, fluctuating turbidity levels and manganese oxidation after filtration. The treatment problems led to treatment technique violations, and the city had to conduct an extensive investigation into what caused the problems. After many parameters were investigated, the elevated turbidity levels were attributed to manganese oxidation after filtration, new filter media, and increased contact time. This article discusses the investigation, causes, and the operational changes implemented to control manganese oxidation and turbidity levels.
Finding the Right Mix
Authors: Mobile Robert , Bleth Joel , Sullivan Ed
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how effectively mixing stored potable water can deter harmful disinfection byproducts. The article discusses a relatively new and proven water‐mixing technology that uses a solar‐powered circulation system. As floating units, the circulators draw power from photovoltaic modules mounted on top of the tank, self‐adjust for all water levels in the tank, and depending on size, can pump up to 10,000 gal/min of water. Treatment problems are discussed, along with a successful project demonstrated at San Francisco Public Utilities Commission's Sunset Reservoir Basin where the circulator technology proved effective in breakpoint chlorination of a 90 million gal tank.
Zero in on Leaks to Minimize Water Loss
Authors: Wyks Amy R.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a proactive leak management approach used by the city of Leesburg, Virginia. When Leesburg's unaccounted‐for water reached 33 percent, the Leesburg Utilities Department decided it was time to investigate and understand the problem. The article discusses proactive measures taken by the Utilities Department that cut Leesburg's unaccounted‐for water to 6 percent. Ongoing strategies are discussed along with additional benefits.
Air–Assisted Backwash Breathe New Life Into Dying Filter Beds
Authors: Steffy Curt , Ladieu Bill
Published: June 2018

To achieve the treatment optimization goals of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Partnership for Safe Drinking Water and comply with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's filter performance evaluations, Aqua‐PA maintains an aggressive, proactive filter inspection program for all of its treatment facilities. The inspections – including media sampling, sieve analysis, auxiliary wash maintenance, backwash evaluations, and media floc‐retention tests – help Aqua‐PA meet the challenges of maintaining older facilities. Challenges presented by an aging treatment plant in southeastern Pennsylvania are discussed, along with upgrade options including underdrain replacement and air scour system, system installation, enchanced performance, and a successful partnering arrangement.
What to Do With Unavoidable Dead Ends
Authors: Hanson Amie , Kirmeyer Gregg , Gilmore Peter , Banack Scott , Huston Chris
Published: June 2018

This article discusses Calgary Water Services' (CWS) participation in the Awwa Research Foundation project, Development of Distribution System Water Quality Optimization Plans, in 2003. A study team sponsored by CWS found that the utility currently has no problems with low chlorine residual, high turbidity, or microorganisms control. However, dead‐end mains continue to be added to the distribution system due to new construction of cul‐de‐sacs in new suburban neighborhoods. The article discusses several recommendations made by the team to assist CWS in meeting industry BMPs for dead‐end mains.
What Comprises a Good Valve‐Exercising Program?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks for pointers on starting a valve‐exercising program. The article recommends that a good starting place would be determining the condition of the system's records as far as what records already exist and how extensive are they. The article discusses the type of valve information that should be recorded, mapping a valve's location and position, scheduling exercising of the valve, and stock replacements. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), customers who have the most vital need, and tasks that need to be performed in the field are all discussed.
Getting to Know Freshwater Algae
Authors: Hancock Keith
Published: June 2018

This article discusses phytoplankton, normal inhabitants of surface waters exposed to sunlight, and their importance to the overall balance of an aquatic environment. The article also explains how phytoplankton can be a liability in water treatment when they enter finished water in the distribution system, and may be one of the leading problems in supplying potable water to communities. The article discusses the biology and ecology of phytoplankton and the significance for water supplies. Drawings of various forms of phytoplankton are provided along with an inset on the reasons for the increase in phytoplankton in our waters.
Streamlining Arsenic Treatment
Authors: Ritter Joseph , Germon Robert , Dennis Rich
Published: June 2018

This article discusses an effort by Aqua Pennsylvania, located in suburban Philadelphia, to reduce its arsenic levels to below government standards. The technology had to fit into the footprint of one of its well water treatment facilities and be installed in a short time frame. The article reviews the options that Aqua Pennsylvania considered and their decision of using an adsorption technology that was skid‐mounted and fit neatly into the existing space.
Time to Get Dirty?
Authors: Polowy Joseph
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a project conducted in 2006 by the Eklutna Water Treatment Facility in Anchorage, Alaska, to add media to its filters. The plant, put online in 1988 with standard multimedia filters of gravel, sand, and anthracite coal, has eight filters, each approximately 600 ft2. Media loss was discovered in 1995 and at that time all of the anthracite, contained in 50‐lb bags, was dumped into the filters by hand. Subsequently, the surface wash pressure during the backwash cycle was modified to prevent further loss of filter media. The article discusses the recent filter renewal project which involved loading 200,000 lbs of anthracite by hand. Subsequent scenarios to deal with loading the coal are described, with the optimum solution being that of inventing a new device, “Swirl‐o‐Matic,” the Cadillac of filter media dispensers that cut the bag dump time down from 20 minutes to about 6 minutes.
Climate Change is Real How can Utilities Cope with Potential Risks?
Authors: Smith Joel B.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the acceleration of climate change and how it will affect water resources and water utilities, and offers strategies for preparing for future change. Factors causing climate change include rising global temperatures and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Effects on water resources are listed, along with approaches utilities can take to cope with changes. Three case studies are summarized and include: climate change affecting coastal aquifers in Miami‐Dade County, Florida; using wildfire experience to assess and mitigate vulnerabilities by Denver Water in the Hayman fire experience; and, climate variability influencing water quality as seen by New York City's Department of Environmental Protection.
What Should I Know About Aquifer Storage and Recovery?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). The answer provides the basic definition of ASR as a means of recharging an aquifer with water to be stored and used when needed. The article lists examples of how ASR is used, explains legal aspects of ASR, discusses capabilities and characteristics of aquifers, along with the physical and geochemical aspects of aquifers that can affect an ASR program.
Radioactive! Treating Contaminated Water
Authors: Wong Joseph M.
Published: June 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of sources of radionuclide occurrence in drinking water, and potential health risks of specific radionuclides. Various treatment technologies are discussed for removing radionuclides from contaminated groundwater that include: ion exchange; reverse osmosis; lime softening; co‐precipitation with barium sulfate; electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal; preformed hydrous manganese oxide filtration; and, activated alumina adsorption.
Learn to Use the National Incident Management System
Authors: Gertig Kevin R.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the National Incident Management System (NIMS) that integrates best practices into a method that is consistent nationwide for federal, state, and local governments, regardless of jurisdiction or function, to work together efficiently and effectively to prepare for, respond to, and recover from incidents, regardless of the cause, size, or complexity. This article presents an example of an action plan exercise for compliance training that uses the NIMS Incident Command System to manage an emergency incident.
Conduit 94 Reflections on an Interstate Sinkhole
Authors: Watt Joe
Published: June 2018

A catastrophic water main failure occurred when a 66‐in. steel/concrete pipe ruptured beneath heavily traveled Interstate 25 in Denver, Colorado, shortly before rush hour on Feb. 7, 2008, creating a 16‐ft‐deep sinkhole. During the next 72 hours, Denver Water crews, working 12 hour shifts, excavated around Conduit 94, removed and replaced the ruptured section, buried the new pipe in self‐compacting flowable backfill material, and worked with the Colorado Department of Transportation to get traffic moving again. Within three days, all repairs were completed. The article includes a timeline of the work involved in the repair, and interviews with key personnel that describe their part of the effort and what they learned from it.
High pH Inhibits Nitrifying Bacteria
Authors: Hill Dennis R. , Webster Terry
Published: June 2018

This article discusses Des Moines Water Works' (DMWW) periodic testing and analysis of its system's nitrifying bacteria in order to determine if conversion to free chlorine was warranted. The DMWW microbiologist designed and implemented three procedures that enriched the organisms in an ammonia‐containing medium. The detection of nitrite as an end product in this medium was proof of growth and nitrification. The three procedures included the following: determining the pH sensitivity of an American Type Culture Collection strain of Nitrosomonas europaea (ATCC 25978); determining the presence of nitrifying bacteria in the rural distribution system of interest; and, assessing possible biofilms at one system site.
Testing the Waters: An Olympic‐Size Task
Authors: Kroll Dan
Published: June 2018

This article discusses security measures used to protect the water supply for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China. The Beijing Health Ministry invested in multiparameter monitoring technology coupled with intelligent algorithms to meet their criteria. The article discusses the technology involved in multiparameter monitoring, an approach that uses a number of sensors that are available as off‐the‐shelf water quality monitors. Overlaying the operation of these basic water quality sensors is an intelligent algorithm that triggers a signal when it detects a deviation from the water quality baseline, and categorizes the event as to its possible cause. The article explains in detail the process of parameter identification of a signal, the proprietary baseline estimator, the magnitude of the deviation signal, how the deviation vector direction is determined by an algorithm that classifies the cause of a trigger being set off, and matching a given agent type to the agent, or fingerprint, library.
How Can My Utility Tell ‘Who Can't’ From ‘Who Won't’ Pay Their Utility Bills?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks whether there is an existing policy for utilities to determine if a customer is truly needy, thus requiring aid in paying their bill. The article discusses an assessment tool to document steps in the decision‐making process for creating a policy for aid with bill‐paying. It is called the Critical Analysis Matrix, and is described by Robert E. McGinn in the book titled, “Navigating Rough Waters: Ethical Issues in the Water Industry,” published by AWWA in 2001, product order number 20474. This article lists the four steps of the matrix process, along with criteria from “Rawls' Difference Principle” for determining whether unequal distribution of social good or bad is morally justifiable. The article also provides the logic of another tool called the “principle of comparative justice”.
Iron and Manganese Fractions: Math of a Different Color
Authors: Spon Robert
Published: June 2018

This article discusses colored, turbid tap water and tracing the source of the color. The article recommends that the first step to resolving the problem is to determine the total iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) content in the source water, treated water, distribution system, and at the consumer's tap. The next step is analyzing soluble Fe and Mn and calculating the insoluble fraction, as a portion of the total quantity. Optimizing the water treatment process ‐ Fe and Mn removal, polyphosphate sequestration, and corrosion control ‐ requires further interpretation of Fe and Mn fractions.
Tanks and Antennas: A Plan for Peace
Authors: Zienty Daniel J.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses telecommunications installations on water tanks, and how important careful planning is to minimizing the problems that can occur. Issues to consider when a new telecommunications site is in the planning process are presented, including antenna installation designs, the type of paint coating the water tank, corrosion‐free installation materials, and alternative methods for attaching the antenna or coaxial routing components. Issues to consider about tank reconditions are presented, including lease agreements, bringing the tenant into the planning process early on, upgrades related to changing antennas, and specific details of construction and labor involved in the process. The article includes a list of resources published by AWWA.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind? Don't Ignore Pipeline Corrosion
Authors: Ratliff Alison , Fox Steven R. , Frechette Eric
Published: June 2018

The article discusses a recent critical‐condition assessment of pipe that was performed in a water transmission system in southern Nevada to identify any active corrosion on pipes constructed prior to year 2000. In 2007, the failure of a cement‐mortar lined and coated (CML&C) steel pipe raised concern about the system's older pipelines. The initial assessment project covered 10 mi of a 96‐in. diameter CML&C steel pipe. A consulting engineering firm and several subconsultants applied specialized inspection technologies for water pipeline condition assessment and developed strategic fieldwork phases for using the technologies. The phases discussed in the article included: soil corrosivity; pipe‐to‐soil potential; direct assessment; and, evaluation and recommendations. The article includes an insert discussing destructive and nondestructive thickness measuring methods called ultrasonic thickness (UT) and hand‐scanning kit (HSK).
Expensive Problem, Inexpensive Solution
Authors: Hart Vincent , Crowley Thomas , Samandi Sam
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how advances in chemical feed equipment provide options for cost‐effective alkalinity addition. In the past, carbon dioxide systems required deep basins and a significant amount of reaction time to achieve stable water. Improved technology provides a more consistent lime feed rate and a faster‐reacting lime slurry, which can allow for addition of lime after filtration without significantly affecting finished water turbidity. The use of carbon dioxide and lime allows utilities to “dial in” finished water alkalinity and pH simultaneously.
Optimize Disinfection
Authors: Linder Kevin , Zachman Brad
Published: June 2018

This article begins by providing a brief discussion of disinfection, and the responsibility of the operators to ensure that the disinfection process is working correctly 100 percent of the time. The article presents several common practices that can optimize disinfection, including: establish disinfection goals; develop a contact time calculator; develop formal operating procedures; establish a training program; develop online instrumentation; track disinfection byproduct formation; track daily minimum chlorine; synergize; and, develop disinfectant residual goals.
How Can My Utility Benefit From AWWA Standards?
Authors: Olson Paul J.
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how a utility can benefit from AWWA Standards. By using AWWA Standards, a utility can be sure it's obtaining quality products and ensuring system integrity. AWWA Standards contain information that would take a utility many years to assemble, verify, and trust. AWWA Standards do all the work, saving your utility time and money. The article discusses relying on AWWA Standards for purchasing and replacing equipment, for operation and management procedures, and for uses outside the water utilities.
How Do We Prepare for Swine Flu?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how swine flu will affect the customers and staff of a water/wastewater utility. The answer provides a brief overview of swine flu, including the exact name for this particular type of influenza, Swine Influenza A (H1N1), and how it is transmitted between humans. This flu virus is not transmitted in treated water, and humans can protect themselves from contracting swine flu by adhering to the following practices: thorough washing of hands according to the correct handwashing procedures provided in the article; avoiding crowded areas; and, staying home if sick. The article states that whatever the utility has in place as far as emergency preparedness is concerned should cover the utility in the event of a full‐blown pandemic, and reviewing those procedures is a good idea at this time. The article recommends the Federal Emergency Management Administration's online training, along with the National Incident Management System‐compliant courses, and provides their websites.
Mercury in Pumps: Address the Risk of Contamination
Authors: Gentry Carrie
Published: June 2018

This article discusses failures of submersible pump seals, the subsequent mercury leakage into water wells, and the huge clean‐up implications of such a situation. The article provides best management practices for mitigating the risk of mercury leaks from submersible pumps, and recommends phasing out mercury seals in the long‐term.
Education: Training Employees in Lean Times
Authors: Ludwig Wayne H.
Published: June 2018

This article discussses the Harford County (Maryland) Water and Sewer Operations (HCWSO) training program for operations and maintenance. The program had a modest beginning but has grown over the years from an annual budget of $100 to a budget of more than $10,000/yr. The article discusses the development of the program, starting in the early 1980s, of a modest in‐house program using the California State Sacramento manuals and various U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AWWA, and Water Pollution Control Federation periodicals and reference booklets. Now, a training mind‐set pervades the utility, with HCWSO employees contributing to in‐house and community training in numerous ways that are listed in the article.
Keeping Tabs on Quagga Mussels
Authors: Deras Michelle
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a device for early detection of quagga mussels that uses a monitoring buoy line in reservoirs. The design allows the buoy line and attached anchor to remain in the water, while only the monitoring line is pulled up to check the data. The monitoring line slides up and down the cable and allows the line to spin around the cable without becoming entangled. The design for the monitoring buoy is provided, along with construction for the buoy and monitoring lines.
Rehabilitate Pipelines With Minimal Downtime
Authors: Ehsani Mo , Peña Carlos
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the world's largest fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) pipeline structural rehabilitation job ever performed in a single phase, a low‐pressure pipeline at the El Encanto Hydroelectric Power Plant, which is located 75 miles northwest of San Jose, Costa Rica. The project included the installation of about 150,000 ft2 of FRP lining.
Should My Utility Be Concerned About Simultaneous Compliance?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about simultaneous compliance issues that result when treatment for one objective makes compliance with other water quality regulations or goals difficult or leads to unforeseen negative consequences. The article lists the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations that are most likely to result in simultaneous compliance problems, along with some of the problems experienced by small water systems following treatment changes, especially regarding changes in disinfectants and pH. Resources are suggested for help in preparing for changes in treatment and distribution water quality driven by regulatory requirements.
How Can We Determine How Much Money to Set Aside for Financial Reserves?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how to determine the amount of money needed to fund financial reserves for operations, to help pay for anticipated projects, or to pay for emergency repairs. The article states that most systems have established rates that cover the full cost of water service with enough left over to fund reserves. However, if a utility's current rate structure doesn't allow for adequately funding these reserves, a rate study that addresses these areas is recommended. The article also discusses funding‐level guidelines of several key reserves, including working capital reserve (WCR), repair and replacement (R&R) reserve, emergency reserves, and tax‐free interest reserve accounts.
KENNICK Deicer Thaws Water Sampling Stations
Authors: Crane Ken , Vertelman Nick
Published: June 2018

The KENNICK Deicer efficiently thaws water sampling stations while reducing staff's prolonged exposure to extreme cold weather. This device has reduced repair costs, increased efficiency, and improved safety by eliminating the need for an open flame and providing steam pressure relief. Construction, operation materials and cost are all provided in the article.
What Should I Expect to Gain From Attending an AWWA Conference?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about the benefits of attending AWWA conferences. The article discusses the benefits of networking opportunities that can be found at AWWA conferences, along with gaining accreditation for licensure, and information on potential or upcoming regulatory changes. The article provides a brief summary of the benefits of AWWA specialty conferences, including: Utility Management Conference; CS/IMTECH Conference and Exposition; Sustainable Water Management Conference and Exposition; Distribution Systems Symposium and Exposition/Water Security Congress; and, Water Quality Technology Conference and Exposition.
Optimize Source Water
Authors: Benskin Pam , Zachman Brad , Llnder Kevin
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how understanding and monitoring source water quality and its impacts on treatment can help operators optimize all downstream treatment processes. Several practices are discussed that can be useful in optimizing source water, including: a monitoring program; establishing water quality goals; and, best management practices that include an early warning system, external nutrient loading, managed flow water, a dilution or flushing strategy, internal nutrient loading, intake location, and blending sources.
How Should I Respond to Customer Questions About Water Quality?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how to respond to customers' questions about recent articles in The New York Times regarding contaminated drinking water. The article suggests a response based on reassuring the customer that the primary objective of every water utility is to protect public health by providing high‐quality, safe drinking water and sufficient water for fire fighting. The article discusses how a network of government agencies monitors drinking water quality, describes how federal regulations set maximum contaminant limits, explains how Consumer Confidence Reports provide customers with information on water quality, and suggests that utilities take a proactive approach by communicating with their customers any water quality issues and media reports of health risks. The article also stresses the importance of source water protection as the most effective way to prevent contamination of drinking water.
Redefining the US Infrastructure Challenge
Authors: Monsma David
Published: June 2018

This article was excerpted from a report of the Aspen Institute's Dialogue on Sustainable Water Infrastructure in the United States. In 2008 and 2009, the Aspen Institute convened a multistakeholder dialogue to provide clarity and promote leadership on maintaining and replacing pipes, treatment plants, and other critical infrastructure. The article focuses on shared values and differing positions that led to new thinking about an expanded definition of water infrastructure, and investments that are needed to provide a more holistic approach to sustainable water infrastructure. The article provides an insert on elements for a sustainable path to 21st century water infrastructure, that discusses principles that urban utilities or storm water agencies should strive to achieve in each of 20 areas deemed critical to financial and environmental sustainability.
A GPRS Gateway: Florida Utility Finds Key to Improved Meter Reading
Authors: Brewster Carl , Rigsby Abe
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a project by the Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority (FKAA) to streamline its meter‐reading operations and enhance customer service by retrofitting its 46,632 meters with a hybrid automatic meter reading (AMR) system that combines handheld, mobile, and fixed‐network data collection. The implementation has allowed FKAA to reorganize schedules and routes, reducing the number of routes by about 10 percent. The fixed‐network data collectors' GPRS gateway wide‐area network technology allows FKAA to automatically collect, store, and manage meter readings from a targeted group of accounts, in this case, the island's 104 meters. The system's additional ability to detect leak, tamper, and reverse‐flow conditions is key to improving customer service, and the U.S. Navy has hired FKAA to deliver integrated radio frequency (RF) meter‐interface units (MIUs) to its Lower Keys properties including an air station annex.