bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflectance infrared and UV–visible spectroelectrochemical studies on a series of [Ni3(µ3-L)(µ3-I)(µ2-dppm)3][PF6] (L = CO; CNR, R = alkyl, aryl; dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) clusters
Authors: Washington John , Kubiak Clifford P.
Published: May 2006

The trinuclear nickel clusters [Ni3(µ3-L)(µ3-I)(µ2-dppm)3]+ (L = CO (1); CNR, R = CH3 (2), i-C3H7 (3), C6H11 (4), t-C4H9 (5), CH2C6H5 (6), C6H5 (7), p-C6H4I (8), p-C6H4F (9), p-C6H4CH3 (10), p-C6H4CF3 (11), p-C6H4OCH3 (12), p-C6H4CN (13), 2,6-(CH3)2C6H3 (14); dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) all contain a triply bridging π-acceptor (carbonyl or isocyanide) ligand. Compounds 1–14 all undergo single electron reductions over a relatively narrow range of E1/2( +/0) (−1.08 V to –1.18 V vs. SCE in acetonitrile) and are known electrocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide. Specular reflectance infrared spectroelectrochemical (SEC) measurements on 1–14 indicate that the capping isocyanide or carbonyl ligand remains triply bridging (µ3,η1) upon single electron reduction. The magnitude of the ν(C≡O) or ν(C≡N) absorption band shift upon reduction is related to both the electronic and steric properties of the capping π-acceptor ligand. Spectroelectrochemical studies with UV–visible detection revealed a hypsochromic shift upon reduction of the clusters. The SEC cell and spectrometer utilized are extremely versatile and allow for data from 600 to 22 000 cm−1 to be acquired without modifying the SEC cell and making only minor configuration changes to the spectrometer. Key words: nickel, cluster, carbonyl, isocyanide, spectroelectrochemical.
Excess enthalpies of ternary mixtures of an n-alkane with methyl tert-butyl ether and di-n-butyl ether
Authors: Tong Zhangfa , Liao Dankui , Benson George C. , Lu Benjamin C. Y.
Published: May 2006

Excess molar enthalpies, measured at 298.15 K, are reported for the two ternary systems consisting of either n-heptane or n-decane, together with methyl tert-butyl ether and di-n-butyl ether. Smooth representations of the results were used to construct constant enthalpy contours on Roozeboom diagrams. It was found that the Flory theory can provide good estimates of the ternary enthalpies. Keywords: excess enthalpies, ternary mixtures, n-alkanes, ethers, Flory theory.
Complex formation between D-lactobionate and bivalent metal ions. Studies in solution and in the solid state
Authors: Frutos Alejandro A. , Sala Luis F. , Escandar Graciela M. , Peregrin Juan Manuel Salas , Sierra Manuel Gonzalez
Published: May 2006

The equilibrium reactions between deprotonated D-lactobionic acid (4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) and cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) have been studied by potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods in aqueous solution. All measurements have been carried out at a temperature of 20.0 ± 0.1 °C and at an ionic strength of 0.100 M (NaNO3) with the corresponding stability constants calculated by applying computational methods. The interactions between the proposed cations with deprotonated D-lactobionic acid were compared with those corresponding to D-gluconic acid. Compounds of type: Co(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•C2H5OH, Ni(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•C2H5OH, Cu(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•C2H5OH, Zn(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•C2H5OH, and Cd(C12H21O12)2•2H2O•0.5C2H5OH have been isolated. These metal–sugar salts were characterized by elemental, thermogravimetric, and susceptibility analyses and FT-IR, UV–visible absorption, diffuse reflectance, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. Keywords: D-lactobionate, metal complexes, equilibrium constants, potentiometry, solid state studies.
Second harmonic generation study of the reconstruction of an Au(110) electrode in HClO4
Authors: Keefe C. Dale , Revesz Erika , Dionne Michel , Morin Mario
Published: May 2006

Second harmonic generation (SHG) was used to carry out an in situ study of the potential-induced reconstruction of an Au(110) single crystal electrode in an aqueous solution of 0.01 M HClO4. In this study, we found that the symmetries of the surface susceptibility of the reconstructed and the unreconstructed Au(110) surfaces have a large component of threefold symmetry. A detailed analysis shows that both surfaces have an overall Cs symmetry giving one-, two-, and threefold symmetries for the surface susceptibility. However, another, different, source of threefold symmetry, perpendicular to the first, is needed to fit the data. We suggest that this extra source of threefold symmetry is due to the (111) microfacets that are present on the open (110) surface. Keywords: electrochemistry, single crystal, reconstruction, second harmonic generation spectroscopy.
Bioactive compounds from an endophytic fungus from eastern larch (Larixlaricina) needles
Authors: Findlay John A. , Li Guoqiang , Johnson John A.
Published: May 2006

The structures of two novel metabolites isolated from cultures of an unidentified endophytic fungus obtained from an eastern larch (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) needle were shown to be 8,1′,5′-trihydroxy-3′,4′dihydro-1′H-[2,4′]binaphthalenyl-1,4,2′-trione, 1, and 2-methyloctanoic acid 6-oxo-2-propenyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl ester, 2. Structures were determined by spectroscopic means. Compound 1 was toxic to spruce budworm (ChoristoneurafumiferanaClem.) larvae while 2 was active against Vibriosalmonicida, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, and Staphylococcusaureus. Keywords: insect toxin, Larixlaricina endophyte, antimicrobial, endophyte metabolite.
Intramolecular redox cyclization upon oxidation of a sulfur(II)-containing diazene: X-ray structures of (Ar = 4-CH3C6H4) and MeSO2N(4-CH3C6H4)CN=NC(C6H4CH3-4)NSO2Me
Authors: Chandrasekhar Vadapalli , Chivers Tristram , Ellis Laura , Krouse Ian , Parvez Masood , Vargas-Baca Ignacio
Published: May 2006

The reaction of Z,E,Z-PhSN=C(Ar)N=NC(Ar)=NSPh (Ar = 4-CH3C6H4) (1a) with MCPBA results in ring closure via an intramolecular redox process to give the 1,2,3,5-thiatriazole [Formula: see text] (4). An X-ray structural determination revealed that 4 contains a planar five-membered CNS(VI)NN ring with d(N—N) = 1.402(6) Å. The reaction of ArCN2(SiMe3)3 (Ar = 4-CH3C6H4) with one equivalent of MeSO2Cl, followed by two equivalents of PhSeCl, produces the sulfonyl-containing diazene MeSO2N=C(Ar)N=N(Ar)C=NSO2Me (11), which was shown by X-ray crystallography to adopt a Z,E,Z geometry. By contrast, the reaction of ArCN2(SiMe3)3 with one equivalent of ArS(O)Cl, followed by two equivalents of PhSeCl, yielded the sulfur(II)-containing diazene Z,E,Z-ArSN=C(Ar)N=NC(Ar)=NSAr (Ar = 4-CH3C6H4) (1b). Keywords: thiatriazoles, sulfonyl diazenes, intramolecular redox cyclization.
Naphthalene-based poly(aryl ether)s. I. Synthesis and characterization of poly(ether sulfone)s and poly(ether ketone)s containing one 1,4-naphthylene moiety in the repeat unit
Authors: Douglas Judy E. , Wang Zhi Yuan
Published: May 2006

The effect of insertion of one 1,4-naphthylene unit into several PEEK-like and Udel®-like commercial polymers is examined. Two series of poly(ether ketone)s and poly(ether sulfone)s were made from the polycondensations of 1-chloro-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)naphthalene and 1-chloro-4-(4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl)naphthalene with phenolphthalein (PP), 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethyl-4,4′-biphenol (TMBP), and 4,4′-biphenol (BP). Each polymer was soluble in chloroform, from which dense films could be cast. Glass transition temperatures increased 14-19 °C with TMBP, 30–43 °C with BP, and 39–60 °C in the case of PP. The 1,4-naphthylene insertion reduced the crystallinity of the biphenol-based polymers. The onset temperatures for 5% weight loss ranged from 390 to 536 °C in nitrogen, as assessed by thermogravimetry. Young's moduli varied from 0.54 to 2.1 GPa. In the case of the poly (ether ketone) containing TMBP, incorporation of the 1,4-naphthylene moiety increased gas permselectivity at the cost of decreased permeability, whereas there seemed only to be a decrease in permeability with its poly(ether ketone) counterpart. Keywords: naphthalene, poly(ether sulfone)s, poly(ether ketone)s, glass transition temperature, gas permeability.
Theory of potential relaxation after interrupting a steady-state current
Authors: Oldham Keith B. , Myland Jan C.
Published: May 2006

This article predicts the chronopotentiometric response when a steady-state reductive voltammetric current is interrupted. Although the ohmic polarization disappears instantaneously, the presence of the double-layer capacitance prevents the cessation of faradaic current. The electrode potential adopts a value that reflects three processes — the continuing arrival of electroactive ions, the incomplete reduction of these ions, and the discharging of the capacitor — all of which proceed at a diminishing rate. A nonlinear differential equation is derived to incorporate these three processes and its dimensionless equivalent is solved as a power series. The form of the solution is shown to depend on whether or not the interrupted current was close to the limiting current of the reduction. Methods of analyzing the experimental chronopotentiogram are discussed. Keywords: current interrupt, potential relaxation, chronopotentiometry.
Electrochemical characterization in nonaqueous electrolyte of polyaniline electrochemically prepared from aqueous media
Authors: Garcia Béatrice , Fusalba Florence , Bélanger Daniel
Published: May 2006

Polyaniline film electrodes were characterized in nonaqueous electrolyte following their electrochemical preparation in aqueous media. More specifically, polyaniline films were deposited galvanostatically at the surface of platinum or gold electrodes by anodic electrochemical polymerization from a 0.5 M aniline – 1 M HCl aqueous solution. The polyaniline film electrode was then dried and its electrochemical behavior was evaluated in nonaqueous electrolyte (LiClO4–acetonitrile). Stable cyclic voltammograms were recorded between −0.1 and 1 V in the nonaqueous media, which represents a much wider range than in aqueous acidic media. In the latter case the positive potential limit must be restricted to about 0.7 V in order to avoid oxidative degradation of the polymer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the charge capacity of the polyaniline film electrode as a function of film thickness and electrode potential. A linear relationship was observed between the low-frequency capacitance of the polyaniline electrode and the amount of deposited polymer (e.g., charge used to grow the polymer). This indicates that even for the thickest film (deposited charge of 10 C/cm2) most of the polyaniline is electrochemically accessible at the low frequency of 5 mHz. The thinnest polyaniline film electrode (deposited charge of 0.2 C/cm2) was also characterized by the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique and it was found that ionic transport is dominated by the movement of anions. Keywords: conducting polymer, polyaniline, nonaqueous electrolyte, capacitance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance.
Electrochemical and 1H NMR studies of proton behavior of ImCl and LiCl solution in acetonitrile
Authors: He Ping , Johnson Keith E.
Published: May 2006

The role of the proton in extending the electrochemical window and promoting the stripping efficiency of alkali metals has been studied in acetonitrile solution. The platinum hydride surface generated in the hydrogen evolution was considered responsible for the potential shift of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium (Im+) reduction in the absence of lithium. In lithium chloride solution, the lithium layer deposited on the electrode may be the main cause for the stretch of the solvent electrochemical window because of the high overpotential of Im+ reduction on that surface. The proton may affect the properties of the passive layer on newly deposited alkali metal surfaces and then improve the performance of the alkali metal anodes. Keywords: 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride, protons, acetonitrile, lithium reduction.
A non-enzymatic synthesis of (S)-(−)-rosmarinic acid and a study of a biomimetic route to (+)-rabdosiin
Authors: Bogucki David E. , Charlton James L.
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of (S)-(−)-rosmarinic acid (30) in 9% overall yield is described. The synthesis was achieved by a convergent route in which 3-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-(S)-lactic acid (23) and caffeic acid (25), both appropriately protected, were coupled to produce a pentaallyl precursor 29, which was then deprotected to give (S)-(−)-rosmarinic acid (30). A triallyl derivative 35 was similarly prepared and converted to (+)-rabdosiin (41) and its (1R,2S) isomer (42) via a biomimetic oxidative free radical coupling–cyclization followed by deallylation. The coupling–cyclization gave a ratio of rabdosiin diastereomers unlike that found in nature. A preliminary study showed that methyl (R)-mandelyl sinapate (15) could be dimerized diastereoselectively to give a 1,2-trans thomasidioate diester (16). Keywords: rabdosiin, rosmarinic acid, lignan, oxidative coupling.
"Eτερoς and "αλλoς in Luke
Authors: Sandiyagu Virginia
Published: May 2006

In the New Testament the terms "ετερoς and "αλλoς are used interchangeably meaning 'other' or 'another'. Although this meaning is correct merely from the point of view of translation, there is a certain distinction between the 'other' of "ετερoς and the 'other' of "αλλoς, which is clearly brought to light in Luke-Acts. This article aims to establish that for Luke "ετερoς meant 'another of a different kind' and "αλλoς meant 'another of the same kind.' This conclusion is reached through a redaction-critical study which shows that Luke substitutes "αλλoς with "ετερoς and vice-versa when dealing with his sources.
The Mystery of the Missing Mantle: The Poet as Wittol? (Ibn Quzmān's Zajal 20)
Authors: Monroe James
Published: May 2006

This article subjects Ibn Quzmān's Zajal 20 to a critical analysis, showing that, like other Quzmānī poems, its thematic structure is chiastic. Insofar as structure and meaning are two fundamental and interrelated components in any given literary work, the poem's structure further leads us from its surface buffoonery into its deeper levels of significance. Zajal 20, which purports to be a panegyric, actually subverts that genre by breaking several of the rules of poetic composition prescribed by Arabic rhetoricians. Through his violation of these rules, the poet offers an ironic critique of certain corrupt legal practices prevalent in his day.
Polysystems: A Theoretical Inquiry into Some General Concepts
Authors: Khoury Jeries
Published: May 2006

The traditional bipolar approach to literature and to its consumers continues to dominate Arab thought and scholarship, as reflected, for example, by Arab views concerning the relationship between two of the most important poles of the literary system, canonical and non-canonical literatures. In fact, despite the rise of non-canonical literatures, in particular popular literature, after World War II, Arab scholarship has refused so far to give up its polarized view of the interrelation between the two. By polarized I mean the view that canonical and non-canonical literatures are conflicting and mutually incompatible, that they can be clearly and unequivocally distinguished and would never be confused with each other. In the present study, I wish to shed some light on the relations between various aspects of a single literary system, to demonstrate the importance of recognizing the existence of non-canonical literatures, and to inquire into the latter's function as contributing to the overall stability of a literary system. To do this, I will utilize Even-Zohar's theory of literary systems and their evolution, which I will apply to Arabic language and literature and use to develop a novel, more objective approach to non-canonical literature than the traditional view, a view that considers this kind of literature a threat to the very existence of fushā writing and canonical literature. I will follow this with a terminological analysis of two distinct branches of non-canonical literature, viz. vernacular literature and popular literature, each of which I will attempt to delineate and to distinguish from the other.
Liability for Omission in International Criminal Law
Authors: Duttwiler Michael
Published: May 2006

While deliberately excluding from its scope the issue of superior responsibility, this article considers whether there is a general rule of international law providing for liability for omission on which to base a concept of "improper crimes of omission" or "commission by omission".By analyzing international law sources, the article finds that treaty law contains a provision of only limited scope. A customary law rule, it argues, could not come into existence due to the lack of opinio iuris. Turning to general principles of law, the article studies various legal systems, concluding that there is a general principle of law, which for the purposes of criminal law equates the human conduct of omission with action, if a legal duty to act exists.Based on this finding, the article argues that the International Criminal Court is in a position to apply the concept of commission by omission despite the lack of such a general provision on omission in the Rome Statute.
A Case Study of Downstream Baroclinic Development over the North Pacific Ocean. Part II: Diagnoses of Eddy Energy and Wave Activity
Authors: Danielson Richard E. , Gyakum John R. , Straub David N.
Published: May 2006

The sequential development of a western, and then an eastern, North Pacific cyclone is examined in terms of eddy energy and a phase-independent wave activity. Based on the propagation of both a contiguous wave activity center and eddy energy, the development of the western cyclone appears to influence its downstream neighbor. A quantitative comparison of these two diagnoses is made in terms of group velocity, and only minor differences are found during much of the initial evolution. It is only once the tropopause undulations lose their wavelike appearance (at which point, application of the group-velocity concept itself becomes quite tenuous) that the downstream propagation of eddy energy seems faster than that of wave activity. Conventional methods of tracking this wave packet are also briefly discussed.
Political Liberalism and Political Compliance: Part 2 of The Problem of Political Compliance in Rawls’s Theories of Justice
Authors: Carter Alan
Published: May 2006

Three interlocking features appear to underpin Rawls’s justification of political compliance within the context of political liberalism: namely, a specific territory; a specific society; and a specific conception of what it is to be reasonable. When any one feature is subject to critical examination, while presupposing that the other two are acceptable, Rawls’s argument for political compliance may seem persuasive. But when all three features are critically examined together, his justification of political compliance within political liberalism can be seen to lack cogency. Thus, political compliance fails to be justified by a free-standing political liberalism.
FCGR2APolymorphism Is Correlated With Clinical Outcome After Immunotherapy of Neuroblastoma With Anti-GD2 Antibody and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
Authors: Cheung Nai-Kong V. , Sowers Rebecca , Vickers Andrew J. , Cheung Irene Y. , Kushner Brian H. , Gorlick Richard
Published: May 2006

Purpose

Anti-GD2 murine IgG3 antibody 3F8 kills neuroblastoma cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances phagocyte-mediated ADCC. The differential affinity of the human FCGR polymorphic alleles for 3F8 may influence the effectiveness of antibody immunotherapy.

Patients and Methods

The entire cohort of high risk neuroblastoma patients (N = 136) treated on protocol using 3F8 and GM-CSF were the subjects of this analysis. Tumor response was measured by standard clinical tools plus sensitive molecular monitoring using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Polymorphic alleles of FCGR2A and FCGR3A were determined by PCR plus direct sequencing using genomic DNA samples obtained from marrow or blood of patients.

Results

FCGR2A (R/R) genotype correlated with progression-free survival for the entire cohort (P = .049) and for the subset of patients with no history of prior relapse (P = .023). FCGR2A (R/R) also correlated with marrow remission 2.5 months after treatment initiation: by histology (P = .021 and P = .036, for the entire cohort and the subset, respectively) and by qRT-PCR (P = .052 and P = .033, respectively).

Conclusion

The favorable outcome associated with FCGR2A (R/R) genotype is consistent with the proposed role of FCGR2A and phagocyte-mediated ADCC in 3F8 plus GM-CSF immunotherapy.
The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Regulation of the Biological Activity of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors: Implications for Physiology and Pathophysiology
Authors: Hillhouse Edward W. , Grammatopoulos Dimitris K.
Published: May 2006

The CRH receptor (CRH-R) is a member of the secretin family of G protein-coupled receptors. Wide expression of CRH-Rs in the central nervous system and periphery ensures that their cognate agonists, the family of CRH-like peptides, are capable of exerting a wide spectrum of actions that underpin their critical role in integrating the stress response and coordinating the activity of fundamental physiological functions, such as the regulation of the cardiovascular system, energy balance, and homeostasis. Two types of mammal CRH-R exist, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2, each with unique splicing patterns and remarkably distinct pharmacological properties, but similar signaling properties, probably reflecting their distinct and sometimes contrasting biological functions. The regulation of CRH-R expression and activity is not fully elucidated, and we only now begin to fully understand the impact on mammalian pathophysiology. The focus of this review is the current and evolving understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling CRH-R biological activity and functional flexibility. This shows notable tissue-specific characteristics, highlighted by their ability to couple to distinct G proteins and activate tissue-specific signaling cascades. The type of activating agonist, receptor, and target cell appears to play a major role in determining the overall signaling and biological responses in health and disease.
Formation of Amidines from Aryliminodimagnesium and N,N-Dimethylformamide. Novel Catalytic Mediation by Single Electron Transfer with Use of Nitrobenzenes
Authors: Okubo Masao , Tanaka Mikio , Matsuo Koji
Published: May 2006

N,N′-Diarylformamidines were obtained in good yields by the reaction of aryliminodimagnesium (ArN(MgBr)2) with N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of nitrobenzene. Novel catalytic mediation by single electron transfer was disclosed.
Resolution of Diels–Alder Adducts Using a Chiral Carbodiimide
Authors: Kishikawa Keiki , Horie Kohji , Yamamoto Makoto , Kohmoto Shigeo , Yamada Kazutoshi
Published: May 2006

The relation between the separability and the stereochemistry of the acylurea derivatives prepared from chiral mono-, bi- and tricyclic acids and N,N′-bis((S)-1-phenylethyl)carbodiimide were investigated. Conventionally separated diastereomers by silica gel column chromatography were converted to optically pure methyl esters of the corresponding acids upon methanolysis.
Hypervalent Intermediate in Hydrolysis of a Sulfenate Ester
Authors: Okuyama Tadashi , Nakamura Tomoki , Fueno Takayuki
Published: May 2006

The pH-rate profile for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl benzenesulfenate showed a break at pH ca. 2, reflecting a change in the rate-determining step of the reaction involving a hypervalent intermediate.
Lipase Catalyzed Regioselective Esterification of a Terminal Diol
Authors: Fuganti Claudio , Pedrocchi-Fantoni Giuseppe , Servi Stefano
Published: May 2006

Lipase from Candida cylindracea catalyzes regioselective interesterification between an acyl donor and a terminal diol. Discrimination between primary hydroxyl groups in a dissymmetric molecule has not been previously described. Preparation of (R)-2-thiobenzyl-4-acetoxy-hydroxybutane 4 obtained in this way, allows the assignement of the (R) absolute configuration to 2-thiobenzyl-1,4-butandiol derivatives previously obtained in a yeast transformation.
Stereoselective Formation of Aluminum Enolate on Capped Porphyrin
Authors: Arai Toru , Sato Yoshihiro , Inoue Shohei
Published: May 2006

Addition of aluminum ethanethiolate complex of a capped porphyrin to α,β-unsaturated ketone affords the complexes with Z-enolate as the axial ligand stereoselectively. The aluminum ethanethiolate complex also reacts with enolizable ketone under irradiation with visible light to yield corresponding Z-enolate.
Differentiation of Diverse Tetrapropylammonium Cations Occluded in MFI-Type Zeolites by 15N CP MAS NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Delmotte L , Soulard M , Kessler H
Published: May 2006

High resolution solid state 1H–15N CP MAS NMR spectroscopy was used to study the TPA+ species present in ZSM-5 samples and in silicalite prepared either in alkaline medium or in a non-alkaline fluoride medium. The resolution of the spectra recorded for the samples prepared in fluoride medium enabled to differentiate two types of TPA+, compensating or not the framework charge, both present in some of the solids.
Aromatization of Propane Assisted by Palladium Membrane Reactor
Authors: Uemiya Shigeyuki , Matsuda Takeshi , Kikuchi Eiichi
Published: May 2006

A palladium membrane reactor was successfully applied to aromatization of propane. Conversion of propane to aromatics was apparently enhanced by use of a membrane reactor because hydrocrackingf dealkylation, and hydrogen transfer were suppressed as a result of the rapid separation of produced hydrogen.
Nitrosation of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxamide with Nitric Oxide and Triethylsilane Catalyzed by Cobalt(II) Complex
Authors: Kato Koji , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of N,N′-bis(2-ethoxycarbonyl-3-oxobutylidene)ethylenediaminatocobalt(II), various α,β-unsaturated carboxamides are converted to the corresponding 2-nitrosocarboxamides regioselectively in good yields on treatment with nitric oxide and triethylsilane at room temperature.
Chelate Extraction Constant Based on HSAB Rule
Authors: Kawamoto Hiroshi , Akaiwa Hideo
Published: May 2006

Extraction constants for metal chelate were rationalized by HSAB rule, into which a new dual parameter scale for strength and hard-soft factors of a metal ion was introduced. The applicability of this scale was confirmed with several chelating agents of analytical use.
Laser Trapping, Spectroscopy, and Ablation of a Single Latex Particle in Water
Authors: Misawa Hiroaki , Koshioka Masanori , Sasaki Keiji , Kitamura Noboru , Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Simultaneous laser manipulation, spectroscopy, and ablation of a dye-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) latex particle in water was demonstrated. A minute hole with its diameter and length of ≈sub μm and 4–7 μm, respectively, was fabricated on an optically trapped latex particle (4–7 μm diameter) by laser ablation. Possible applications are briefly discussed.
Thermal Valence Isomerization of Hemi-Dewar Type Isomers of [6](1,4)Naphthaleno- and [6](1,4)Anthracenophanes
Authors: Tobe Yoshito , Takahashi Tohru , Kobiro Kazuya , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: May 2006

8-Methoxycarbonyl substituted [6](1,4)naphthaleno- and [6](1,4)anthracenophanes were prepared by the thermal valence isomerization of the corresponding hemi-Dewar type valence isomers. The rates of their isomerization were remarkably faster than those of the Dewar isomer of [6]paracyclophanes.
Drastic Variation of Optical Intensity due to Phase Transition of Multibilayers Immobilized on a Plastic Optical Fiber
Authors: Niwa Masazo , Yamamoto Tetsu , Higashi Nobuyuki
Published: May 2006

A multibilayer-coated plastic optical fiber was prepared by solvent casting of the polyion complex composed of dioctadecylammonium bromide and sodium poly(styrenesulfonate). When a He–Ne laser light was passed through the fiber, the modified optical fiber exhibited a steep change in the optical intensity at the crystal-to-liquid crystal phase transition temperature (45 °C) of the bilayer component, resulting from the drastic change of refractive index of the bilayer phase.
Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-Allylsulfones from Aldehydes and Alkynes
Authors: Ozawa Motoyasu , Iwata Noriyoshi , Kinoshita Hideki , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: May 2006

Several (E)- and (Z)-1-p-toluenesulfonyl(=tosyl)-2-alkenes, allylsulfones, were regio- and stereoselectively prepared from aldehydes and alkynes, respectively, in good yields by application of the results of our previous investigation on “syn-effect” and iodosulfonization.
Liquid Crystalline Polymers from Fumarates Containing Mesogenic Methoxyphenylazophenoxy Groups
Authors: Shiraishi Kohei , Sugiyama Kazuo
Published: May 2006

Radical polymerization of three fumarates, ethyl 4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenyl fumarate (1), ethyl 6-[4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl fumarate (2), and ethyl 11-[4-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)phenoxy]undecyl fumarate (3) was carried out in benzene. Monomers 2 and 3 polymerize to give nematic polyfumarates [poly(2), poly(3)], while monomer 1 gives no polymer. From the copolymerization of monomer 2 (M2) with styrene (M1) the monomer reactivity ratios r1 and r2 were found to be 0.60 and 0.06, respectively. The copolymerization of monomers 2 and 3 was also carried out in an attempt to obtain a guest-host system [poly(2/3)]. The rate of isomerization from trans- to cis-azobenzene was found to be 0.038 min−1 for poly(2/3).
Preparation of Niobium Oxide Films as Humidity Sensor
Authors: Tsuiki Hideyasu , Shimanouchi Takeaki , Takahashi Naoyuki , Kakuta Noriyoshi , Ueno Akifumi
Published: May 2006

Niobium oxide films were prepared on a glass plate by dipping in a viscous solution of niobium penta-isopropoxide dissolved in 2-propanol. The films had humidity-sensitive electrical resistance with good selectivity and an extremely high surface area even after the iterative adsorption/desorption cycles of water vapor, suggesting that the films could be used as a humidity sensor element.
Electrical Properties of Sintered Lithium Titanium Phosphate Ceramics (Li1+XMXTi2−X(PO4)3, M3+ = Al3+, Sc3+, or Y3+)
Authors: Aono Hiromichi , Sugimoto Eisuke , Sadaoka Yoshihiko , Imanaka Nobuhito , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: May 2006

Activation energies of electrical conduction for bulk and grain boundary in Li1+XMXTi2−X(PO4)3 (M = Al, Sc, or Y) systems were determined. The activation energy for the bulk kept constant in spite of the M3+ substitution, while that for the grain boundary appreciably decreased. The total conductivity enhancement by the M3+ substitution was attributed to the decrease in the activation energy of the grain boundary component.
Anchimerically Assisted Demethylation of Methyl Ethers in Inositol Derivatives with an AlCl3–NaI System
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Takechi Naoto , Shima Hiroaki , Ozaki Shoichiro
Published: May 2006

Investigated are AlCl3 and NaI catalyzed chemoselective demethylation reactions of methyl ethers of partly protected inositol derivatives, reactions which are greatly promoted by vicinal OH group and proceed in preference to the cleavage of the cis cyclohexylidene moiety.
Stereoselective Michael Addition of Organometallic Reagents to α,β-Unsaturated Ester Containing Oxazolidine Ring
Authors: Yoda Hidemi , Shirai Tsuyoshi , Katagiri Takao , Takabe Kunihiko , Kimata Kazuhiro , Hosoya Ken
Published: May 2006

Asymmetric conjugate addition of various organometallic reagents to chiral α,β-unsaturated ester derived from L-glutamic acid proceeded cleanly with almost complete diastereoface selection to furnish R-configurated adducts.
New Dioxygen Complex of Molybdenum Porphyrin. Reactions of Oxomolybdenum(IV) Porphyrins with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Tachibana Junichi , Imamura Taira
Published: May 2006

New dioxygen molybdenum porphyrins were formed by the introduction of dioxygen into the toluene solutions of oxomolybdenum(IV) porphyrins, MoIVO(tpp) and MoIVO(oep), around −70 °C. By raising the temperature to 25 °C, or by the photoirradiation of the solutions with the wavelength of the Soret bands, the parent oxomolybdenum(IV) porphyrins were regenerated. A structure for the dioxygen complexes is proposed.
Synthesis and Electrical Conductive Property of New Tellurium Polymers Containing Thiocarbonyl Group
Authors: Sugimoto Toyonari , Yamamoto Yukishi , Yoshida Zen-ichi
Published: May 2006

The new two thiocarbonyl telluride polymers, poly(thiocarbonyltelluride) and poly(thiocarbonylditelluride), were synthesized. The native polymers showed low electrical conductivities of 5.7 × 10−7 and 7.7 × 10−6 S cm−1 at room temperature, respectively. The doping of the polymers by I2 or Br2 brought an increase of 20–1000 times in the conductivities. Also, HgCl2 somewhat exhibited a doping effect.
Effect of Axial Substituents on the Aggregate of Silicon Naphthalocyanine in the Vacuum Deposited Thin Films
Authors: Hayashida Shigeru , Hayashi Nobuyuki
Published: May 2006

Studies on the electronic and FTIR spectra of bis(tri-n-alkylsiloxy) 2,3-naphthalocyaninatosilicon complexes in the form of vacuum deposited thin films show an unambiguous stacking of naphthalocyanine molecules along the axial directions of the complexes with distances dependent on the bulkiness of alkyl substituents.
Elasto-Viscoplastic Behavior of the Ferritic Stainless Steel AISI 441-EN 1.4509 from Room Temperature to 850°C
Authors: Bucher L , Santacreu P-O , Köster A , Remy L
Published: May 2006

In order to predict the thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) damage of stainless steel parts submitted to thermal loading, the elasto-viscoplastic behavior has to be described accurately in a wide range of temperature, strain, and strain rate levels. The study is done on a stabilized ferritic stainless steel grade equivalent to AISI 441 or EN 1.4509 standard which is used more and more in high temperature application up to 950°C, for example, in exhaust manifolds, heat exchanger, burners, or water-boiler device. The elasto-viscoplastic model proposed by Chaboche is chosen and identified on the basis of isothermal cyclic tests including relaxation and graduated cyclic strain tests performed under air at 300, 650 and 850°C. The validation procedure was performed afterward by comparison with stabilized behavior under nonisothermal conditions, especially in-phase, out-of-phase, and diamond TMF cycles. Results of simulation show very good fitting with the experimental curves which would lead to a more accurate fatigue life prediction.
Acidifying arable soils for the restoration of acid grasslands
Authors: Owen K.M. , Marrs R.H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Minsmere is a large nature reserve in East Anglia UK, owned and managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). Two blocks of land, which were farmed commercially until 1990, have been bought in an attempt to link existing patches of heathland and acid grassland, thus creating a larger area for conservation. This paper discusses methods for the creation of acid grasslands. Previous studies of the arable soils in these fields identified three constraints ‐a depauperate seed bank, a high pH and vigorous growth of ruderal species after the fields were abandoned. Accordingly, experiments were set up to test the effects of (1) adding seed of species typical of acid grasslands and (2) adding amendments (elemental sulphur, litter of Pteridium aquilinum and pine chippings) to acidify the soil. The results confirmed that ruderal growth was high on unamended plots, but this could be reduced by addition of acidic amendments. Where the cover of ruderals was reduced, the cover of the sown species increased. The sown species colonized adjacent unsown subplots naturally and this was most pronounced where the acidity had been reduced by treatment. The most effective treatment was 21 S/ha, which gave the optimal reduction in soil pH, controlled ruderal growth and provided a reasonable cover of the sown species. The addition of Pteridium litter or pine chippings gave good establishment of sown species, but control of the ruderals was less effective.
Effects of disturbance caused by traditional Spanish rural land use on the regeneration of Cytisus multiflorus
Authors: Fernández‐Santos B. , Gómez‐Gutiérrez J.M. , Moreno‐Marcos G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Cytisus multiflorus is a leguminous matorral shrub native to the NW Iberian Peninsula, where it is one of the most important species in the extension of matorral at the expense of set‐aside agricultural land. Dehesas have traditionally been used for extensive livestock raising and matorral was periodically burnt, cut or pulled out. The two latter practices are now out of use. However, burning is more frequent than in the past. The effects of fire, cutting, and pulling out of C. multiflorus on its regeneration was studied in order to ascertain whether the presently increasing distribution of the species relates to fire‐stimulated regeneration or to the reduction of other traditional practices.

Three years after treatment two sets of parameters were determined: 1. Plant origin: seedlings and different ramet types (ramets=resprout clumps), density, weight, and biomass as well as the percentage of resprouting. 2. Seed persistence at various soil depths. The possible mechanisms of breaking dormancy and plant emergence in different years after fire were studied in other experiments.

The results suggest that the regeneration mechanism in C. multiflorus is stimulated by fire, but it is not an exclusive relationship. Stimulation occurs also after other disturbances leading to the total elimination of aerial biomass. The present expansion of the species does not appear to result from the abandonment of some traditional practices, such as cutting or pulling out, but from frequent fires (resulting in aerial‐biomass elimination).
Regeneration failure and the potential importance of human disturbance in a subtropical forest
Authors: West Adam G. , Midgley Jeremy J. , Bond William J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. A lack of regeneration of shade‐intolerant canopy species has been reported in several subtropical South African forests. The subtropical forest of Hluhluwe‐Umfolozi Park, KwaZulu‐Natal, was examined in order to determine the extent of regeneration, the forest grain, dynamics and conservation value. Field sampling took the form of recording DBH for all woody species in 29 0.04‐ha circular plots, walking 5‐m wide transects in mature and marginal forest to record size classes of important species and analysis of 20 gaps. A community analysis was performed using the multivariate program TWINSPAN. Size‐class distributions indicate a lack of regeneration and suggest a prevalence of shade‐intolerant species in the canopy. The composition of the canopy and subcanopy are distinct from one another and the forest is coarse‐grained. Conservation of the present species composition could be aided by encouraging patch‐scale disturbance. It is hypothesized that swidden agriculture may have favoured the formation of the present forest canopy structure.
The impact of suburbanization on remnant coastal vegetation in Hobart, Tasmania
Authors: O'Shea E.M. , Kirkpatrick J.B.
Published: May 2006

Abstract.Changes in vascular species composition and abundance were examined in coastal vegetation at Hobart, Tasmania, Australia over a period of 13 yr, during which suburbanization extended to cover a large proportion of its hinterland. There were significant increases in the richness and cover of exotic vascular plant species, most of which derived from the Mediterranean basin or southern Africa. While most of the introduced species were confined to vegetation with a high exotic component, and close to domestic gardens, some, including the South African coastal shrub,Chrysanthemoides monilifera, expanded in otherwise native vegetation relatively remote from gardens. The impact of proximity to gardens on the relative abundance of exotics and natives in coastal vegetation in 1997 best correlated with the pattern of distance from gardens in 1966, suggesting that there is, at least, a 30‐yr lag period in transformation from largely native to substantially exotic vegetation. This lag period provides an opportunity to reduce exotic invasion problems before they become severe.
Time and Energy Budgets of Territorial Hummingbirds
Authors: Wolf Larry L. , Hainsworth F. Reed
Published: May 2006

From laboratory data of flying and resting metabolism and field data on time budgets of territorial male Eulampis jugularis hummingbirds we were able to estimate caloric energy budgets associated with territorial behavior. The relative time and energy expenditures for territorial defense, foraging, and sitting varied in territories with different species of flowers. For example, territories centered around banana flowers had lower foraging costs than those centered around Myrtaceae or Inga—Hibiscus. The costs for flycatching, hovering,and perch changes accounted for relatively little of the time and energy budgets at any of the territorial defense and foraging were expended in sitting on perches within the territory. Territorial defense was of relatively low cost in time and energy because of the inactive defense utilized by Eulampis. Selection will optimize time and/or energy budgets, but the type of budget optimized will depend in large part on the exploitation technique of the species. For birds that do not fly to forage, but exploit food items that require a long search time per calorie, time that can be released for other activities may be more important than major shifts in energy budgeting. For hummingbirds, however, optimizing energy may be more important to insure a positive energy budget.
Relationship of Gas‐Exchange Resistance to Tree‐Seedling Ecology
Authors: Wuenscher James E. , Kozlowski Theodore T.
Published: May 2006

Net photosynthesis and transpiration of intact leaves of seedlings of five species of forest trees were measured under a range of light intensities and leaf temperatures. Leaf transfer resistances to water—vapor loss and CO_2 uptake were calculated. The species tested included Quercus macrocarpa, Q. velutina, Q. alba, Q. rubra, and Acer saccharum, which occur in southern Wisconsin along an ecological gradient from xeric to mesic. Stomatal resistance and water—use efficiencies, the ratio of water—loss resistance to CO_2—uptake resistance, decreased along the gradient from xerophytic to mesophythic species. Mesophyll resistances showed a corresponding increase. Variations among species in transfer resistances help explain the success of different species at various points along the ecological gradient and appear to be an important factor in determining species ecology.
Density Compensation in Island Faunas
Authors: MacArthur Robert H. , Diamond Jared M. , Karr James R.
Published: May 2006

This paper analyzes factors determining the extent of density compensation on islands: i.e., is the summed population density of individuals of all species on islands equal to the summed mainland density as a result of niche expansions and higher abundances of island species compensating for the absence of many mainland species? In addition, a method is described for estimating bird population densities based on analysis of the time dependence or mist—netting yields. Puercos Island in the Pearl Archipelago off Panama has less than one—third as many resident birds species as comparable mainland habitats. Analysis of the Pearl avifauna suggests that about one—quarter of the island species may be relicts of the Pleistocene land bridge and that the remainder are subsequent over—water colonists. The successful colonists are a highly nonrandom sample of the mainland avifauna in such respects as family composition, social structure, and second—growth habitat origin. Song—based censuses and analysis of mist—netting show that Puercos has a slightly density of individuals than the mainland. Niche shifts between islands and mainland, or among different islands, include habitat expansions, wider ranges of vertical foraging strata, abundance increases checkerboard distribution patterns, and decreased morphological variability. Comparison of the present study with other studies shows that summed population densities on islands may be higher than, comparable to, or less than mainland levels, depending upon the particular island, habitat, and group of animals studied. Among factors affecting the extent of density colonists less appropriate to the vacated habitat, tending to lower island densities; and underrepresentation of large species on islands, tending to increase island population densities for a given biomass.
Annual Water Balance and Agricultural Development in Alaska
Authors: Newman James E. , Branton C. Ivan
Published: May 2006

Mean annual precipitation in Alaska varies from 10 cm in the north to well over 500 cm in the southeast. Much of the interior has a macro—scale negative mean water balance, whereas coastal areas are very humid. Most land areas with the potential for agricultural development lie along the major interior river valleys. Nearly all of these land areas have long—term negative water balances. Should agricultural development take place in these areas, this negative water balance is likely to be magnified. Only those potential agricultural lands in the Kenai Peninsula, Kodiak—Aleutian Island chain, and the southeast coastal regions lack water limitations when subjected to intensive crop production.
Breeding Sex Ratios, Territoriality, and Reproductive Success in the Red‐Winged Blackbird (Agelaius Phoeniceus)
Authors: Holm Celia Haigh
Published: May 2006

Data on sex rations, territoriality, and reproductive success were obtained from a breeding population of Red—winged Blackbirds, and were used to examine the adaptive significance of polygyny and nest—site selection. All the territorial males on the study area were adults, and the sex ratio of the population was 3.0 females per male in 1966 and 2.7 females per male in 1967, with the range being 0—6 females per male in both years. The number of young fledged per male and per female increased with increasing harem size. Harem size was related to the type and density of the vegetation in a territory and not to the size of the territory or the food supply on it. Harems were larger in cattail than in bulrush territories and larger in areas with scattered cattails than in those with denser cattail growth. Cattail territories fledged more young per female than bulrush territories in 1967, but not in 1966. Nests placed in cattails had a higher fledging success both years than nests in bulrushes, and nests in sparse cattail cover fledged more young per nest than nests in denser growth. Concealment from predators and, to a lesser extent, shelter from wind and rain probably account for the preference for cattails as a nest—site. Nests built in cattails suffered less predation than bulrush nests, and in 1966 nestling starvation was lower in cattails. Nests were generally placed higher above water in cattails than in bulrushes, and predation decreased with increasing nest height.