bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and spatial controls on N2O concentrations and emissions in low-nitrogen estuaries: Evidence from three tropical systems
Authors: Murray Rachel , Erler Dirk , Rosentreter Judith , Wells Naomi , Eyre Bradley
Published: May 2019

Estuarine N2O emissions contribute to the atmospheric N2O budget, but little is known about estuary N2O fluxes under low dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) conditions. We present high-resolution spatial surveys of N2O concentrations and water-air fluxes in three low-DIN (NO3−< 30µmol L−1) tropical estuaries in Queensland, Australia (Johnstone River, Fitzroy River, Constant Creek) during consecutive wet and dry seasons. Constant Creek had the lowest concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; 0.01 to 5.4µmol L−1of NO3−and 0.09 to 13.6µmol L−1of NH4+) and N2O (93–132% saturation), and associated lowest N2O emissions (– 1.4 to 8.4µmol m−2d−1) in both seasons. The other two estuaries exhibited higher DIN inputs and higher N2O emissions. The Johnstone River Estuary had the highest N2O concentrations (97–245% saturation) and emissions (– 0.03 to 25.7µmol m−2d−1), driven by groundwater inputs from upstream sources, with increased N2O input in the wet season. In the Fitzroy River Estuary, N2O concentrations (100–204% saturation) and emissions (0.03–19.5µmol m−2d−1) were associated with wastewater inputs, which had a larger effect during the dry season and were diluted during the wet season. Overall N2O emissions from the three tropical estuaries were low compared to previous studies, and at times water-air N2O fluxes were actually negative, indicating that N2O consumption occurred. Low water column NO3−concentration (i.e. < 5µmol L−1) appears to promote negative water-air N2O fluxes in estuary environments; considering the number of estuaries and mangrove creeks where DIN falls below this threshold, negative water-air N2O fluxes are likely common.
Immunogenicity assessment of PRRS polylactic acid glycolic acid DNA vaccine
Authors: Kowalski Sean , Smith John
Published: May 2019

In order to enhance the immune effect of DNA vaccine, poly(lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)] microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method, and the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) DNA vaccine pCI-ORF5 was adsorbed to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) DNA vaccine. The surface of the microparticles was used to detect the amount of DNA adsorbed by PLGA microparticles, in vitro release, and immunogenicity in mice. The results showed that the DNA adsorption capacity of PLGA particles could reach 0.9% within 6h, and the release in vitro was affected by many factors such as CTAB content, PLGA molecular weight, PLGA concentration and internal water phase volume. After immunizing mice with the naked DNA vaccine, PLGA microparticles were found to significantly enhance the humoral and cellular immunity induced by the adsorbed DNA vaccine, indicating that it has a good application prospect as a vector for delivering DNA vaccines.
Promoters adopt distinct dynamic manifestations depending on transcription factor context
Authors: Hansen Anders S. , Zechner Christoph
Published: May 2019

Cells respond to external signals and stresses by activating transcription factors (TF), which induce gene expression changes. Previous work suggests that signal-specific gene expression changes are partly achieved because different gene promoters exhibit varying induction dynamics in response to the same TF input signal. Here, using high-throughput quantitative single-cell measurements and a novel statistical method, we systematically analyzed transcription in individual cells to a large number of dynamic TF inputs. In particular, we quantified the scaling behavior among different transcriptional features extracted from the measured trajectories such as the gene activation delay or duration of promoter activity. Surprisingly, we found that even the same gene promoter can exhibit qualitatively distinct induction and scaling behaviors when exposed to different dynamic TF contexts. That is, promoters can adopt context-dependent “manifestations”. Our analysis suggests that the full complexity of signal processing by genetic circuits may be significantly underestimated when studied in specific contexts only.
Peptide Arrays of Three Collections of Human Sera from Patients Infected with Mosquito-Borne Viruses
Authors: Martinez Viedma Maria del Pilar , Kose Nurgun , Parham Leda , Balmaseda Angel , Kuan Guillermina , Lorenzana Ivette , Harris Eva , Crowe James E. , Pickett Brett E.
Published: May 2019

Global outbreaks and epidemics caused by emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne viruses are becoming more common. These viruses belong to multiple genera including Flavivirus and Alphavirus and often cause non-specific or asymptomatic infection, which can confound viral prevalence studies. In addition, many acute phase diagnostic tests rely on the detection of viral components such as RNA or antigen. Standard serological tests are often not reliable for diagnosis after the acute phase due to cross-reactivity among viruses (e.g. flaviviruses). In order to contribute to development efforts for mosquito-borne serodiagnostics, we incubated 137 human sera on individual custom peptide arrays that consisted of over 866 unique peptides in quadruplicate. Our bioinformatics workflow to analyze these data incorporated machine learning, statistics, and B-cell epitope prediction. The unprocessed array data can be useful in separate meta-analyses that can be applicable to diverse efforts including the development of new pan-flavivirus antibodies, more accurate epitope mapping, and vaccine development against these viral pathogens.
A prediction method for wheel tread wear
Authors: Wang Xue Ping , Ma He , Zhang Jun
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The increasing demands of high-speed railway transportation aggravate the wheel and rail surface wear. It is of great significance to repair the worn wheel timely by predicting the wheel and rail surface wear, which will improve both the service life of the wheel and rail and the safe operation of the train. The purpose of this study is to propose a new prediction method of wheel tread wear, which can provide some reference for selecting proper re-profiling period of wheel.

Design/methodology/approach

The standard and worn wheel profiles were first matched with the standard 60N rail profile, and then the wheel/rail finite element models (FEMs) were established for elastic-plastic contact calculation. A calculation method of the friction work was proposed based on contact analysis. Afterwards, a simplified method for calculating wheel tread wear was presented and the wear with different running mileages was predicted.

Findings

The wheel tread wear increased the relative displacement and friction of contact spots. There was obvious fluctuation in the wheel tread friction work curve of the worn model. The wear patterns predicted in the present study were in accordance with the actual situation, especially in the worn model.

Originality/value

In summary, the simplified method based on FEM presented in this paper could effectively calculate wheel tread wear and predict the wear patterns. It would provide valuable clews for the wheel repair work.
Segregostat: a novel concept to control phenotypic diversification dynamics on the example of Gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Sassi Hosni , Nguyen Thai Minh , Telek Samuel , Gosset Guillermo , Grünberger Alexander , Delvigne Frank
Published: May 2019

Controlling and managing the degree of phenotypic diversification of microbial populations is a challenging task. This task not only requires detailed knowledge regarding diversification mechanisms but also advanced technical set‐ups for the real‐time analyses and control of population behaviour on single‐cell level. In this work, set‐up, design and operation of the so called segregostat are described which, in contrast to a traditional chemostat, allows the control of phenotypic diversification of microbial populations over time. Two exemplary case studies will be discussed, i.e. phenotypic diversification dynamics of Eschericia coli and Pseudomonas putida based on outer membrane permeabilization, emphasizing the applicability and versatility of the proposed approach. Upon nutrient limitation, cell population tends to diversify into several subpopulations exhibiting distinct phenotypic features (non‐permeabilized and permeabilized cells). Online analysis leads to the determination of the ratio between cells in these two states, which in turn triggers the addition of glucose pulses in order to maintain a predefined diversification ratio. These results prove that phenotypic diversification can be controlled by means of defined pulse‐frequency modulation within continuously running bioreactor set‐ups. This lays the foundation for systematic studies, not only of phenotypic diversification but also for all processes where dynamics single‐cell approaches are required, such as synthetic co‐culture processes.
In their own words: language preferences of individuals who use heroin
Authors: Pivovarova Ekaterina , Stein Michael D.
Published: May 2019

Background and Aims

Use of non‐judgmental, respectful and uniform language to describe individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) is recommended to reduce stigma. However, existing research concerning the use of labels for substance use has largely focused on perspectives of treatment providers and the general public, and to a lesser degree of those in long‐term recovery. This study aimed to examine and compare labels that individuals who use heroin and are initiating SUD treatment (1) use to describe themselves and when speaking with others who use drugs, with family and with treatment providers, and (2) prefer to be called and never want to be called.

Design and Setting

This was a cross‐sectional survey study using a convenience sample of individuals initiating an in‐patient managed withdrawal program in Massachusetts, USA.

Participants

Between October 2017 and May 2018, 263 participants were enrolled.

Measures

Participants completed a survey about (1) what labels they used to refer to self and when talking with others who use drugs, with providers, families and at 12‐Step meetings and (2) to identify which label they preferred least and most for others to use when referring to them.

Findings

More than 70% of participants used the term ‘addict’ to describe themselves and when speaking with others. However, use of ‘addict’ varied by context, and was most common at 12‐Step programs. Fewer than 15% reported using ‘user’ or slang terms, most commonly ‘junkie’, in any communications. The most‐preferred label for others to call them was ‘person who uses drugs’, while the most common label that participants never wanted to be called was ‘heroin misuser’ or ‘heroin‐dependent’.

Conclusion

Label preferences by individuals who use heroin and are in early recovery are consistent with general guidelines about use of first‐person language and suggest avoidance of language indicative of drug misuse or dependence.
Transient left bundle branch block and intraventricular dyssynchrony as a cause of reversible left ventricular dysfunction: The “in vivo” documentation of spontaneous electrical remodeling
Authors: Moccia Eleonora , Sanna Giuseppe D. , Parodi Guido
Published: May 2019

Spontaneous resolution of non‐rate‐dependent left bundle branch block (LBBB) has been rarely reported. We present the case of a 74‐year‐old woman admitted with pulmonary edema, a newly diagnosed LBBB and severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Five months later, the patient was asymptomatic, the ECG recording showed complete regression of the LBBB to narrow QRS and LV function completely recovered. However, at one‐year follow‐up LBBB reappeared together with mild LV dysfunction. Spontaneous resolution of LBBB may be responsible for LV electrical and mechanical reverse remodeling in dyssynchronopathies.
Long term outcomes in monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance
Authors: Khera Akhil , Panitsas Fotios , Djebbari Faouzi , Kimberger Katja , Stern Simon , Quinn John , Rabin Neil , Kothari Jaimal , Alchi Bassam , Haynes Richard , Winearls Christopher , Roberts Ian , Ramasamy Karthik
Published: May 2019

Unlike AL amyloid and cast nephropathy, the long‐term outcomes of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) patients with other renal histopathologies remain unclear. It is uncertain if early intervention improves renal outcomes, because of a lack of evidence from prospective studies. In this retrospective study, we examined outcomes of 41 MGRS patients treated between 2004 and 2017 across five centres: four in the UK and one in the Republic of Ireland. The primary outcome measure was renal survival estimated by Kaplan–Meier product‐limit method. Thirty‐three patients (80·5%) were kappa light chain (LC) restricted. Twenty‐seven patients (65·9%) presented with LC deposition disease on renal histology. At 24 months follow‐up, estimated renal survival was 81·6% for the whole cohort. The estimated overall survival was 80·3% at 48 months. At 24 months, patients who had chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 2–3b at diagnosis showed an estimated renal survival of 100% compared to 80·7% in those with CKD stage 4–5 at diagnosis (P = 0·04). Poorer outcomes in MGRS patients were historically attributed to delayed diagnosis due to small plasma cell clones, as well as the need for renal biopsy.
The privatization of housing assistance: Are housing allowances eroding government accountability?
Authors: Bendaoud Maroine
Published: May 2019

A major change in the low‐income housing sector across nations has been the introduction of housing allowances (or vouchers/benefits) typically used on private rental markets. This change is a fundamental shift from post‐war housing policy when government was a main provider through publicly owned housing. This “privatization” is usually associated with the New Public Management. This article addresses this policy change and discusses the implications for the accountability of governments in Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta. This article argues that the policy shift from in‐kind to in‐cash has not eroded accountability due to the distinctiveness of housing assistance, compared to other social programs. Actors involved in the housing community continue to challenge governments with regard to consumption subsidies, emphasizing their flaws and imperfections. The argument is empirically probed through a comparative analysis over 50 years, drawing on government archival records and housing advocates’ publications.
Increased frontal gray matter volume in individuals with prodromal psychosis
Authors: Shan Xiao‐Xiao , Ou Yang‐Pan , Pan Pan , Ding Yu‐Dan , Zhao Jin , Liu Feng , Chen Jin‐Dong , Guo Wen‐Bin , Zhao Jing‐Ping
Published: May 2019

Background

Brain anatomical deficits associated with cognitive dysfunction have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, it remains unknown whether such anatomical deficits exist in individuals with prodromal psychosis. The present study is designed to investigate anatomical deficits in prodromal individuals and their associations with clinical/cognitive features.

Methods

Seventy‐four prodromal individuals and seventy‐six healthy controls were scanned using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Support vector machines were applied to test whether anatomical deficits might be used to discriminate prodromal individuals from healthy controls.

Results

Prodromal individuals showed significantly increased gray matter volume (GMV) in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right rectus gyrus relative to healthy controls. No correlations were observed between increased GMV and clinical/cognitive characteristics. The combination of increased GMV in the right rectus gyrus and right IFG showed a sensitivity of 74.32%, a specificity of 67.11%, and an accuracy of 70.67% in differentiating prodromal individuals from healthy controls.

Conclusion

Our results provide evidence of increased frontal GMV in prodromal individuals. A combination of GMV values in the two frontal brain areas may serve as potential markers to discriminate prodromal individuals from healthy controls. The results thus highlight the importance of the frontal regions in the pathophysiology of psychosis.
Postdisaster Volatility of Blood Donations in an Unsteady Blood Supply Chain*
Authors: Hosseinifard Zahra , Abbasi Babak , Fadaki Masih , Clay Nigel M.
Published: May 2019

The stochastic behavior of both transfusion (demand) and blood donations (collection) is a challenge for the blood supply chain. Although donations are not fully within the control of blood supply chain, the blood service can marginally moderate it by postponing appointments in the case of having an overstock, or by triggering a call for additional blood when faced with shortages. Such shortages are often observed as a consequence of catastrophic events. Past studies show that the response to a call for blood after a disaster is substantive. Yet the consequential impact on the supply chain is not well understood. This is due to the perishability of blood and the fact that donors are not eligible to give blood for a certain period after a donation has been made. In this study, the donation process is modeled with a Markov chain and the impact of a call for blood resulting from a disaster is investigated. This article highlights new actionable insights that aid planners to mitigate the negative impacts of a substantial response to a call for blood.
Effects of earthworms on bulk density: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Lang Birgit , Russell David J.
Published: May 2019

Although a comprehensive understanding of soil systems is needed to sustain soil functioning, our scientific knowledge of the underlying processes, for example, on the impact of earthworm activity on bulk density, is still limited. Using meta‐analysis, we quantified earthworm effects on bulk density and investigated the influence of driving factors. Earthworm effect sizes were species‐specific and depended on soil texture and earthworm body mass. Effect sizes were not unambiguously dependent on ecological groups, land use, experimental duration, abundance or initial bulk density. The paucity of data did not allow testing of interactive influences through meta‐analysis. Consequently, this study reveals important knowledge gaps in our understanding of earthworm effects on bulk density. Comparative studies taking the soil's complexity into account are still highly necessary to further our understanding of biotic interactions with soil‐structure dynamics.

Highlights

The effects of earthworms on bulk density were evaluated by meta‐analysis.

Earthworm effects are species‐specific and depend on soil texture and earthworm body mass.

Effects do not unambiguously depend on land use, duration, abundance and initial bulk density.

Knowledge gaps regarding species, soil characteristics and interactive effects are identified.
Summary of German‐Austrian HIV PrEP guideline
Authors: Spinner CD , Lang GF , Boesecke C , Jessen H , Schewe K ,   the German‐Austrian PrEP consensus conference meeting 2018
Published: May 2019

Objectives

HIV Pre‐Exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a strategy to reduce HIV transmission in people at risk. Aim of this first German‐Austrian PrEP guideline is to provide professional guidance on: when and in whom to use PrEP, recommended laboratory tests before and while on PrEP, selection of drugs, prevention of adverse events as a consequence of missing accompanying medical care, and general handling of PrEP in adults and adolescents.

Methods

Commented summary of of the S2k PrEP consensus guidelines released by the German and Austrian HIV medical societies to highlight the key recommendations of the guidelines.

Content

Detailed information about effectiveness of PrEP, when and in whom to use PrEP, as well as about additional monitoring of HIV PrEP are included in the HIV PrEP guidelines. Therewith detailed guidance for people being involved in PrEP counseling and associated care is provided.
The influence of brewing method on bioactive compounds residues in spent coffee grounds of different roasting degree and geographical origin
Authors: Głowacka Rita , Górska Agata , Wirkowska‐Wojdyła Magdalena , Wołosiak Rafał , Majewska Ewa , Derewiaka Dorota
Published: May 2019

The content of bioactive compounds in spent coffee grounds (SGC) was studied. SGC were obtained from Coffea arabica beans of different roasting degrees (light and dark) and different geographical origins (Nicaragua, Columbia and Mexico) processed using four brewing methods (mocha, filtered, drip and infusion). The highest caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents were determined in filtered spent coffee extracts. All extracts of light roasted spent coffee grounds showed lower browning index levels in comparison to that from dark roasted spent coffee grounds. Generally, the highest content of total polyphenolic compounds and highest antioxidant capacity were determined in extracts prepared in drip. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study indicate that the spent coffee grounds produced of domestic levels, especially those obtained from filter coffeemaker, could be considered as a good source of natural antioxidants.
Reduction of cyanide content of bitter almond and its oil using different treatments
Authors: Zhang Lingyan , Zhao Min , Chen Jia , Wang Mengzhu , Yu Xiuzhu
Published: May 2019

To reduce the cyanide content of bitter almond oil, four treatments were investigated. The optimal parameters were obtained, under which loss of cyanide of 79.4%, 87.2%, 98.3% and 98.4% were achieved for baking, microwave, water boiling and ultrasonic treatment, respectively. The effects of treatments on the physicochemical properties of bitter almond oil showed no significant differences. All treatments could reduce the cyanide content in bitter almond oil, and ultrasonic treatment was the most optimal treatment. The loss of cyanide was 98.4% when the ultrasonic power was 700 W for 50 min of treatment. Ultrasonic power and time had remarkable effect on the reduction of cyanide content. The proposed treatments could be applied to reduce the cyanide content in bitter almond oil.
Police Use of Algorithms “Needs new Regs”
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: May 2019

Think-tank wants rules to govern the use of algorithmic decision support tools
How Does it Make you Feel?
Authors: Di-Luvi Gian Carlo
Published: May 2019

Song lyrics can convey vast amounts of emotion. But quantifying that emotional content is a challenge. Gian Carlo Di-Luvi attempts a solution, using text mining to determine the net sentiment of Grammy-winning Albums of the Year
Estimating flood extent during Hurricane Harvey using maximum entropy to build a hazard distribution model
Authors: Mobley William , Sebastian Antonia , Highfield Wesley , Brody Samuel D.
Published: May 2019

Rescue requests during large‐scale urban flood disasters can be difficult to validate and prioritise. High‐resolution aerial imagery is often unavailable or lacks the necessary geographic extent, making it difficult to obtain real‐time information about where flooding is occurring. In this paper, we present a novel approach to map the extent of urban flooding in Harris County, Texas during Hurricane Harvey (August 25–30, 2017) and identify where people were most likely to need immediate emergency assistance. Using Maximum Entropy, we predict the probability of flooding based on several spatially‐distributed physical and socio‐economic characteristics coupled with crowdsourced data. We compare the results against two alternative flood datasets available after Hurricane Harvey (i.e., Copernicus satellite imagery and riverine flood depths estimated by FEMA), and we validate the performance of the model using a 15% subset of the rescue requests, Houston 311 flood calls, and inundated roadways. We find that the model predicts a much larger area of flooding than was shown by either Copernicus or FEMA when compared against the locations of rescue requests, and that it performs well using both a subset of rescue requests (AUC 0.917) and 311 calls (AUC 0.929) but is less sensitive to inundated roads (AUC 0.721).
Multiple displacement amplification as the first step can increase the diagnostic efficiency of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease for β‐thalassemia
Authors: Fu Yu , Shen Xiaoting , Chen Dongjia , Wang Zengyan , Zhou Canquan
Published: May 2019

Aim

To evaluate whether using multiple displacement amplification (MDA) as the first step can increase the diagnostic efficiency of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disease (PGT‐M) for β‐thalassemia.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study. All included patients underwent PGT‐M cycles (n = 307) for β‐thalassemia in our center from January 2014 to February 2018. We divided the patients into two groups based on two different detection methods. For the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) group (n = 115), multiplex nested PCR+ reverse dot blot analysis was performed directly after cell lysis. For the MDA group (n = 192), the whole genomes of single cells were directly amplified using MDA and then examined by singleplex PCR + reverse dot blot for β‐thalassemia.

Results

A total of 2315 embryos were tested. The overall diagnostic efficiency of the MDA group was significantly higher than that of the PCR group (96.99% vs 88.15%, P < 0.001). The percentage of embryos available for transfer was significantly higher in the MDA group than in the PCR group (74.28% vs 64.98%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the carrier embryo rate of the MDA group was significantly higher than that of the PCR group (50.11% vs 35.95%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study indicates that MDA, as the first step in PGT‐M for β‐thalassemia, can increase diagnostic efficiency.
Comparison of different dosage regimes of epsilon aminocaproic acid on blood loss in children undergoing craniosynostosis surgery
Authors: Nguyen Thanh T. , Lam Humphrey V. , Austin Thomas M. , Stricker Paul , Tunceroglu Huseyin , Schoenecker Jonathan
Published: May 2019

Background

Open cranial vault reconstruction is frequently performed for craniosynostosis. These procedures often involve high volume blood loss that requires blood transfusion. Antifibrinolytics have been shown to decrease blood loss during these procedures but the optimal dose that maximizes benefits is not known.

Aims

The primary aim was to evaluate the differences in calculated blood loss between a high infusion rate (40 mg/kg/h) and a low infusion rate (≤30 mg/kg/h) of epsilon aminocaproic acid after a 100 mg/kg loading dose. Secondary aims were to determine if a high infusion rate of epsilon aminocaproic acid was associated with decreased packed red cell transfusion volume and to determine the factors associated with blood loss.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of children who underwent open cranial vault reconstruction. Using an electronic medical record, we identified patients that fit the inclusion criteria. Demographic, laboratory, transfusion, and perioperative data were collected and statistical analysis was performed.

Results

Fifty‐three patients were included into the study with twenty‐three receiving higher infusion rate (40 mg/kg/h) epsilon aminocaproic acid. There was a 14.3 mL/kg (95% CI 6.6‐23.9) decrease in calculated blood loss in the high‐dose cohort.

Conclusion

An EACA bolus of 100 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 40 mg/kg was associated with a lower calculated blood loss compared to the group who received 100 mg/kg EACA and ≤ 30 mg/kg infusion.
Open Science and Open Innovation in a socio‐political context: knowledge production for societal impact in an age of post‐truth populism
Authors: Smart Palie , Holmes Sara , Lettice Fiona , Pitts Frederick Harry , Zwiegelaar Jeremy Basil , Schwartz Gregory , Evans Stephen
Published: May 2019

This conceptual paper traces the origins and progress of Open Science and proposes its generative coupling to Open Innovation in the contemporary socio‐political context; where universities are re‐imaging their civic missions in the face of anti‐establishment populist politics. This setting is one of changing knowledge production regimes and institutional pressures that create contradictions identifiable through the prism of the series of scientific norms conceptualised by Robert K. Merton. This paper privileges a sociological perspective to proffer scientific knowledge production as a societally embedded process, which is well illustrated by scholarship in the Science and Technology Studies (STS) and Science in Society fields. In doing so, it identifies the co‐evolution, co‐existence and co‐production of Open Science with Open Innovation; and notes how it shares the attributes of other recent diagnoses of changing knowledge production regimes; in particular Mode 2, post‐normal science and the Quadruple Helix. It also argues that Open Science can be coupled with Open Innovation to catalyse positive societal change, but that the rise of a populistpost‐truthera opposed to objectivity, expertise and technocratic political solutions gives the demand for openness and participation a different complexion. Merton's norms provide a useful lens to observe recent shifts in the delivery of science, knowledge and innovation in society towards more inclusive, ethical and sustainable outcomes; and expose the limited reflection on how the appropriation and exploitation of open scientific knowledge encounters industrial R&D and Open Innovation.
Increasing the Propulsive Demands of Walking to Their Maximum Elucidates Functionally Limiting Impairments in Older Adult Gait
Authors: Conway Katie A. , Franz Jason R.
Published: May 2019

The authors elucidated functional limitations in older adult gait by increasing horizontal impeding forces and walking speed to their maximums compared with dynamometry and with data from their young counterparts. Specifically, the authors investigated which determinants of push-off intensity represent genuine functionally limiting impairments in older adult gait versus biomechanical changes that do not directly limit walking performance. They found that older adults walked at their preferred speed with hallmark deficits in push-off intensity. These subjects were fully capable of overcoming deficits in propulsive ground reaction force, trailing limb positive work, trailing leg and hip extension, and ankle power generation when the propulsive demands of walking were increased to maximum. Of the outcomes tested, age-related deficits in ankle moment emerged as the lone genuine functionally limiting impairment in older adults. Distinguishing genuine functional limitations from age-related differences masquerading as limitations represents a critical step toward the development and prescription of effective interventions.
Barriers and Motivators of Physical Activity Participation in Middle-Aged and Older Adults—A Systematic Review
Authors: Spiteri Karl , Broom David , Hassan Bekhet Amira , Xerri de Caro John , Laventure Bob , Grafton Kate
Published: May 2019

Identifying the difference in the barriers and motivators between middle-aged and older adults could contribute toward the development of age-specific health promotion interventions. The aim of this review was to synthesize the literature on the barriers and motivators for physical activity in middle-aged (50–64 years) and older (65–70 years) adults. This review examined qualitative and quantitative studies using the theoretical domain framework as the guiding theory. The search generated 9,400 results from seven databases, and 55 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included. The results indicate that the barriers are comparable across the two age groups, with environmental factors and resources being the most commonly identified barriers. In older adults, social influences, reinforcement, and assistance in managing change were the most identified motivators. In middle-aged adults, goal-setting, the belief that an activity will be beneficial, and social influences were identified as the most important motivators. These findings can be used by professionals to encourage engagement with and adherence to physical activity.
Understanding non-vaccinating parents’ views to inform and improve clinical encounters: a qualitative study in an Australian community
Authors: Helps Catherine , Leask Julie , Barclay Lesley , Carter Stacy
Published: May 2019

Objectives

To explain vaccination refusal in a sample of Australian parents.

Design

Qualitative design, purposive sampling in a defined population.

Setting

A geographically bounded community of approximately 30 000 people in regional Australia with high prevalence of vaccination refusal.

Participants

Semi structured interviews with 32 non-vaccinating parents: 9 fathers, 22 mothers and 1 pregnant woman. Purposive sampling of parents who had decided to discontinue or decline all vaccinations for their children. Recruitment via local advertising then snowballing.

Results

Thematic analysis focused on explaining decision-making pathways of parents who refuse vaccination. Common patterns in parents’ accounts included: perceived deterioration in health in Western societies; a personal experience introducing doubt about vaccine safety; concerns regarding consent; varied encounters with health professionals (dismissive, hindering and helpful); a quest for ‘the real truth’; reactance to system inflexibilities and ongoing risk assessment.

Conclusions

We suggest responses tailored to the perspectives of non-vaccinating parents to assist professionals in understanding and maintaining empathic clinical relationships with this important patient group.
Factors associated with the responsive behaviours of older adults living in long-term care homes towards staff: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Song Yuting , Hoben Matthias , Weeks Lori , Boström Anne-Marie , Goodarzi Zahra S , Squires Janet , Doan Helen , Wagg Adrian , Reid R Colin , Estabrooks Carole
Published: May 2019

Introduction

In the last decade, increasing research interest has been expressed in responsive behaviours of older adults living in long-term care (LTC) homes, including nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Responsive behaviours are not only a sign of underlying unmet needs, but when directed against (towards) paid staff can lead to decreased quality of work life, and may contribute to lower quality of care. In this systematic review, we aim to synthesise empirically based quantitative and qualitative evidence on factors and stakeholder (eg, staff and family members) experiences of factors associated with the responsive behaviours of people living in LTC directed towards staff.

Methods and analysis

This study will be a systematic review of published and ‘grey’ literature. Twelve bibliographical databases will be searched, and for each database, we will use appropriate subject headings and keywords that cover two concepts: LTC and responsive behaviour. No publication date or language filter will be used. The title and abstract of each extracted record will be screened, followed by screening of full text of included papers. Then data extraction and quality assessments will be undertaken. Each stage will be completed independently by pairs of authors. For quantitative studies, meta-analysis will be conducted if pooling is possible; otherwise, a critical narrative analysis will be conducted. For qualitative studies, thematic analysis will be conducted. Factors will then be organised at the individual, interpersonal, institutional and larger societal levels. Sensitivity analysis will be conducted to explore the influence of risk of bias and publication bias on the results. Subgroup analysis will be conducted for people who live with dementia and those who do not.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval is not required for this systematic review. The results of this study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication and presentation at professional conferences.
Angular Momentum Transport in Stellar Interiors
Authors: Aerts Conny , Mathis Stéphane , Rogers Tamara M.
Published: May 2019

Stars lose a significant amount of angular momentum between birth and death, implying that efficient processes transporting it from the core to the surface are active. Space asteroseismology delivered the interior rotation rates of more than a thousand low- and intermediate-mass stars, revealing the following: ▪ Single stars rotate nearly uniformly during the core-hydrogen and core-helium burning phases. ▪ Stellar cores spin up to a factor of 10 faster than the envelope during the red giant phase. ▪ The angular momentum of the helium-burning core of stars is in agreement with the angular momentum of white dwarfs. Observations reveal a strong decrease of core angular momentum when stars have a convective core. Current theory of angular momentum transport fails to explain this. We propose improving the theory with a data-driven approach, whereby angular momentum prescriptions derived frommultidimensional (magneto)hydrodynamical simulations and theoretical considerations are continuously tested against modern observations. The TESS and PLATO space missions have the potential to derive the interior rotation of large samples of stars, including high-mass and metal-poor stars in binaries and clusters. This will provide the powerful observational constraints needed to improve theory and simulations.
Expression and function of nesfatin-1 are altered by stage of the estrous cycle
Authors: Pate Alicia T. , Schnell Abigayle L. , Ennis Teresa A. , Samson Willis K. , Yosten Gina L. C.
Published: May 2019

Nesfatin-1 is a peptide derived from the nucleobindin 2 ( Nucb2) precursor protein that has been shown to exert potent effects on appetite and cardiovascular function in male animals. Sex hormones modulate the expression of Nucb2 in several species, including goldfish, mouse, and rat, and human studies have revealed differential expression based on male or female sex. We therefore hypothesized that the ability of nesfatin-1 to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be influenced by stage of the estrous cycle. Indeed, we found that in cycling female Sprague-Dawley rats, nesfatin-1 induced an increase in MAP on diestrus, when both estrogen and progesterone levels are low but not on proestrus or estrus. The effect of nesfatin-1 on MAP was dependent on functional central melanocortin receptors, because the nesfatin-1-induced increase in MAP was abolished by pretreatment with the melanocortin 3/4 receptor antagonist, SHU9119. We previously reported that nesfatin-1 inhibited angiotensin II-induced water drinking in male rats but found no effect of nesfatin-1 in females in diestrus. However, nesfatin-1 enhanced angiotensin II-induced elevations in MAP in females in diestrus but had no effect on males. Finally, in agreement with previous reports, the expression of Nucb2 mRNA in hypothalamus was significantly reduced in female rats in proestrus compared with rats in diestrus. From these data we conclude that the function and expression of nesfatin-1 are modulated by sex hormone status. Further studies are required to determine the contributions of chromosomal sex and individual sex hormones to the cardiovascular effects of nesfatin-1.
Case Report of a Rare Cystic Mediastinal Lymphangioma Mimicking Recurrent Pleural Effusion
Authors: Salehi Fateme , Landis Mark , Inculet Richard , Wiseman Daniele
Published: May 2019

Mediastinal lymphangiomas are rare benign congenital malformations, but complications can occur, including infection, cystic hemorrhage, superior vena cava syndrome, airway compromise, and chylothorax. Radiologically, lymphangiomas are well-defined masses, with low attenuation ranging from simple to complex fluid and fat. They often encase adjacent mediastinal structures. We present a case of mediastinal lymphangioma in a young female, who presented with recurrent complex pleural effusions, initially thought to represent an empyema and/or necrotic mass. Despite surgical chest tube and interventional radiology drainage, fluid reaccumulated. Upon further review, the interventional and thoracic radiologist concurred that the complex collection was in fact predominantly extra pleural in location. The patient underwent partial resection after it was discovered intraoperatively that the extra pleural cystic mass was contiguous with and extended deeply into the mediastinum. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of lymphangioma.
Analysis of Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Acupuncture in Tinnitus Patients
Authors: Lin Tung-Yi , Yang Shih-Wei , Lee Yun-Shien , Wu Pei-Wen , Young Chi-Kuang , Li Ting-Hua , Chou Wei-Ling
Published: May 2019

An effective acupuncture treatment must comprehend the influence of various factors, but studies in this aspect remain limited. This study aimed to identify relevant factors and search for the best practical method of acupuncture for patients with tinnitus. The study was a retrospective review of patients’ data with a prospective design who had subjective idiopathic tinnitus and received acupuncture between May 2012 and August 2017. Patients’ demographics, tinnitus characteristics, previous diseases, underlying diseases, oral habits, audiograms, acupuncture sessions, and acupoints were recorded and analyzed. A visual analog scale (VASloudness) was used for measuring the loudness of tinnitus, and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale (CGI-I) was used for assessing the suffering of patients. Good treatment responses in patients were defined as the magnitude of change from the baseline VASloudness for ≥ 30% plus CGI-I ≤ 3 points. In total, 107 patients were enrolled. Most factors were not significantly associated with the treatment effectiveness of acupuncture in tinnitus patients. Only the combination of acupoints and the number of acupuncture sessions reached statistically significant differences. Further analyzing these two factors, we confirmed that the combination of periauricular and distal acupuncture and 17 to 24 acupuncture sessions contributed to a considerably better outcome. This result would serve as a reference for clinical acupuncturists to select an appropriate acupuncture strategy in the treatment of tinnitus.
Case Series of Intrauterine Subamniotic Hemorrhage
Authors: Owada Momoko , Shibata Yoshie , Suzuki Shunji
Published: May 2019

We present here 9 cases of intrauterine subamniotic hemorrhage to describe the pathological sequence. The definite diagnosis of subamniotic hemorrhage was mainly made macroscopically with the presence of hemorrhage or hematoma wrapped in the membrane on the fetal surface by postnatal examining of the placenta. In 7 of them (78%), the presence of gradual subamniotic hemorrhage in the second trimester of pregnancy was suspected. In the cases, severe fetal growth restriction and preterm delivery were recognized in 2 (29%) and 4 cases (57%), respectively. In the other 2 cases (22%), acute anemia associated with acute subamniotic hemorrhage was clinically suspected. This may be the first report examining the clinical characteristics of acute or gradual intrauterine subamniotic hemorrhage. Both patterns of subamniotic hemorrhage seemed to be associated with the adverse perinatal outcomes.
Anesthetic Management of a Patient with a Giant Pericardial Cyst Compressing the Right Atrium
Authors: Gharedaghi Mohammad Hadi , Ahmadi Saman , Khorasani Arjang , Ebrahimi Farzad
Published: May 2019

Pericardial cysts are rare mediastinal cysts composed of a single fluid-filled mesothelial layer and can be congenital in origin or develop secondary to pericarditis, trauma, or infection. Although most pericardial cysts are asymptomatic, life-threatening complications can occasionally occur. We report on a 57-year-old man with an asymptomatic 9 cm pericardial cyst that was incidentally found as an abnormal cardiac silhouette on routine chest radiography. Further imaging confirmed the presence of a pericardial cyst that was compressing the right atrium. The patient underwent successful video-assisted thoracoscopic removal of the pericardial cyst under general anesthesia. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged on postoperative day 1 in a stable condition. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the anesthetic management of a patient with a giant pericardial cyst undergoing thoracic surgery. Knowledge regarding the perioperative challenges associated with the removal of pericardial cysts can prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
Dynamically Dimensioned Search Embedded with Piecewise Opposition-Based Learning for Global Optimization
Authors: Xu Jianzhong , Yan Fu , Yun Kumchol , Ronald Sakaya , Li Fengshu , Guan Jun
Published: May 2019

Dynamically dimensioned search (DDS) is a well-known optimization algorithm in the field of single solution-based heuristic global search algorithms. Its successful application in the calibration of watershed environmental parameters has attracted researcher’s extensive attention. The dynamically dimensioned search algorithm is a kind of algorithm that converges to the global optimum under the best condition or the good local optimum in the worst case. In other words, the performance of DDS is easily affected by the optimization conditions. Therefore, this algorithm has also suffered from low robustness and limited scalability. In this work, an improved version of DDS called DDS-POBL is proposed. In the DDS-POBL, two effective methods are applied to improve the performance of the DDS algorithm. Piecewise opposition-based learning is introduced to guide DDS search in the right direction, and the golden section method is used to search for more promising areas. Numerical experiments are performed on a set of 23 classic test functions, and the results represent significant improvements in the optimization performance of DDS-POBL compared to DDS. Several experimental results using different parameter values demonstrate the high solution quality, strong robustness, and scalability of the proposed DDS-POBL algorithm. A comparative performance analysis between the DDS-POBL and other powerful algorithms has been carried out by statistical methods by using the significance of the results. The results show that DDS-POBL works better than PSO, CoDA, MHDA, NaFA, and CMA-ES and gives very competitive results when compared to INMDA and EEGWO. Moreover, the parameter calibration application of the Xinanjiang model shows the effectiveness of the DDS-POBL in the real optimization problem.
Intraoperative Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed by Rescue Transesophageal Echocardiography in a Morbidly Obese Patient Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery following Motor Vehicle Crash
Authors: Lam Patrick H. , Milam Adam J. , Ley Eric J. , Yumul Roya , Durra Omar
Published: May 2019

A case of intraoperative pulmonary embolism diagnosed by rescue transesophageal echocardiography in a morbidly obese patient undergoing orthopedic surgery following motor vehicle crash, who developed acute and persistent tachycardia, hypotension, and reduction of end-tidal CO2 during general and regional anesthesia, is described.
Jacobi Series for General Parameters via Hadamard Finite Part and Application to Nonhomogeneous Hypergeometric Equations
Authors: Costin Rodica D. , David Marina
Published: May 2019

The representation of analytic functions as convergent series in Jacobi polynomials Pn(α,β) is reformulated using the Hadamard principal part of integrals for all α,β∈C∖{0,-1,-2,…},  α+β≠-2,-3,…. The coefficients of the series are given as usual integrals in the classical case (when Rα,Rβ>-1) or by their Hadamard principal part when they diverge. As an application it is shown that nonhomogeneous differential equations of hypergeometric type do generically have a unique solution which is analytic at both singular points in C.