bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trimerization of the HIV Transmembrane Domain in Lipid Bilayers Modulates Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Binding
Authors: Reichart Timothy M. , Baksh Michael M. , Rhee Jin‐Kyu , Fiedler Jason D. , Sligar Stephen G. , Finn M. G. , Zwick Michael B. , Dawson Philip E.
Published: January 2016

The membrane‐proximal external region (MPER) of HIV gp41 is an established target of antibodies that neutralize a broad range of HIV isolates. To evaluate the role of the transmembrane (TM) domain, synthetic MPER‐derived peptides were incorporated into lipid nanoparticles using natural and designed TM domains, and antibody affinity was measured using immobilized and solution‐based techniques. Peptides incorporating the native HIV TM domain exhibit significantly stronger interactions with neutralizing antibodies than peptides with a monomeric TM domain. Furthermore, a peptide with a trimeric, three‐helix bundle TM domain recapitulates the binding profile of the native sequence. These studies suggest that neutralizing antibodies can bind the MPER when the TM domain is a three‐helix bundle and this presentation could influence the binding of neutralizing antibodies to the virus. Lipid‐bilayer presentation of viral antigens in Nanodiscs is a new platform for evaluating neutralizing antibodies.
Stereoselektive arenbildende Aldolkondensation: Synthese konfigurativ stabiler Oligo‐1,2‐naphthylene
Authors: Lotter Dominik , Neuburger Markus , Rickhaus Michel , Häussinger Daniel , Sparr Christof
Published: January 2016

Strukturell wohldefinierte Oligomere sind fundamental wichtig für die Funktionalität natürlicher molekularer Systeme und sind der Schlüssel für synthetische Analoga. Wir berichten hier über eine Strategie für die effiziente Synthese von Oligo‐1,2‐naphthylen‐Stereoisomeren mittels wiederholter Bausteinaddition und anschließender stereoselektiver, arenbildender Aldolkondensation. Die katalysatorkontrollierte atropenantioselektive und die substratkontrollierte atropdiastereoselektive Aldolkondensation ergeben Ter‐ und Quaternaphthalin‐Stereoisomere, die konfigurativ stabile Gegenstücke zu den ansonsten stereodynamischen, helikalen ortho‐Phenylenen darstellen.
Total Synthesis of Ileabethoxazole, Pseudopteroxazole, and seco‐Pseudopteroxazole
Authors: Yang Ming , Yang Xiaowen , Sun Hongbin , Li Ang
Published: January 2016

The total syntheses of ileabethoxazole, pseudopteroxazole, and seco‐pseudopteroxazole, three antituberculosis diterpenoids that had been isolated from Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae, were accomplished in a collective fashion. A cascade alkyne carbopalladation/Stille reaction was exploited to construct a triene precursor with suitable geometry. A fully substituted arene was then assembled through a key 6π electrocyclization/aromatization sequence, and served as an advanced common intermediate. Two radical cyclizations led to the formation of the five‐ and six‐membered rings of ileabethoxazole and pseudopteroxazole, respectively, with the desired stereochemistry, and a straightforward side‐chain elongation delivered seco‐pseudopteroxazole.
Noninvasive Staging of Kidney Dysfunction Enabled by Renal‐Clearable Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Mengxiao , Zhou Jiancheng , Du Bujie , Ning Xuhui , Authement Craig , Gandee Leah , Kapur Payal , Hsieh Jer‐Tsong , Zheng Jie
Published: January 2016

As a “silent killer”, kidney disease is often hardly detected at an early stage but can cause lethal kidney failure later on. Thus, a preclinical imaging technique that can readily differentiate between the stages of kidney dysfunction is highly desired for improving our fundamental understanding of kidney disease progression. Herein, we report that in vivo fluorescence imaging, enabled by renal‐clearable near‐infrared‐emitting gold nanoparticles, can noninvasively detect kidney dysfunction, report on the dysfunctional stages, and even reveal adaptive function in a mouse model of unilateral obstructive nephropathy, which cannot be diagnosed with routine kidney function markers. These results demonstrate that low‐cost fluorescence kidney functional imaging is highly sensitive and useful for the longitudinal, noninvasive monitoring of kidney dysfunction progression in preclinical research.
Chemoproteomik‐vermittelte Entdeckung eines potenten und selektiven Inhibitors des DNA‐Reparaturproteins MGMT
Authors: Wang Chao , Abegg Daniel , Hoch Dominic G. , Adibekian Alexander
Published: January 2016

Wir präsentieren ein neues chemisches Gerüst für Cystein‐reaktive Inhibitoren. Die Chlormethyltriazole (CMTs) werden in nur zwei chemischen Schritten erhalten, was eine schnelle Optimierung der pharmakologischen Eigenschaften dieser Inhibitoren möglich macht. Wir demonstrieren die Optimierung der CMTs für ein biologisches Target durch die Synthese von AA‐CW236 als ersten, potenten Nicht‐Pseudosubstrat‐Inhibitor der O6‐Methylguanin‐DNA‐Methyltransferase (MGMT), ein Protein von hoher klinischer Bedeutung für die Behandlung mehrerer Krebsarten. Durch die Nutzung quantitativer Proteomiktechniken zeigen wir, dass AA‐CW236 eine hohe Selektivität für MGMT aufweist. Schlussendlich validieren wir die Effektivität unseres MGMT‐Inhibitors in Kombination mit der DNA‐alkylierenden Substanz Temozolomid in Brust‐ und Dickdarmkrebszellinien mithilfe von konfokaler Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und Zellviabilitätsassays. Unsere Ergebnisse könnten zur Entwicklung eines klinisch zugelassenen MGMT‐Inhibitors beitragen.
Elusive Reaction Intermediates in Solution Explored by ESI‐MS: Reverse Periscope for Mechanistic Investigations
Authors: Iacobucci Claudio , Reale Samantha , De Angelis Francesco
Published: January 2016

Just as periscopes allow a submarine to visually search for objects above the surface of the sea, in a reversed periscope fashion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) can analyze the compounds at the gas phase/liquid phase interface for chemical entities which may exist in solution. The challenge is the identification and structural characterization of key elusive reaction intermediates in chemical transformations, intermediates which are able to explain how chemical processes occur. This Minireview summarizes recent selected publications on the use of ESI‐MS techniques for studying solution intermediates of homogeneous chemical reactions.
Iron‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative (4+1) Cycloadditions: Exploiting the Reactivity of Ambident Iron‐Stabilized Intermediates
Authors: Wang Qiang , Qi Xiaotian , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Li Tian‐Ren , Yuan Zhi‐Guang , Zhang Kai , Li Bin‐Jie , Lan Yu , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: January 2016

The first example of iron‐catalyzed decarboxylative (4+1) cycloaddition reactions is described in this publication. By using this method, a wide range of functionalized indoline products were prepared from easily available vinyl benzoxazinanones and sulfur ylides in high yields and selectivities. A possible reaction pathway involving an allylic iron intermediate is discussed based on a series of control experiments and density‐functional theory calculations.
Isolation and Versatile Derivatization of an Unsaturated Anionic Silicon Cluster (Siliconoid)
Authors: Willmes Philipp , Leszczyńska Kinga , Heider Yannic , Abersfelder Kai , Zimmer Michael , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David
Published: January 2016

The characteristic features of bulk silicon surfaces are echoed in the related partially substituted—and thus unsaturated—neutral silicon clusters (siliconoids). The incorporation of siliconoids into more‐extended frameworks is promising owing to their unique electronic features, but further developments in this regard are limited by the notable absence of functionalized siliconoid derivatives until now. Herein we report the isolation and full characterization of the lithium salt of an anionic R5Si6‐siliconoid, thus providing the missing link between silicon‐based Zintl anions and siliconoid clusters. Proof‐of‐principle for the high potential of this species for the efficient transfer of the intact unsaturated R5Si6 moiety is demonstrated by clean reactions with representative electrophiles of Groups 13, 14, and 15.
Ameliorative Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Cadmium‐Induced Meiosis Inhibition During Oogenesis in Chicken Embryos
Authors: Hou Fuyin , Xiao Min , Li Jian , Cook Devin W. , Zeng Weidong , Zhang Caiqiao , Mi Yuling
Published: January 2016

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental endocrine disruptor that has toxic effects on the female reproductive system. Here the ameliorative effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on Cd‐induced meiosis inhibition during oogenesis was explored. As compared with controls, chicken embryos exposed to Cd (3 µg/egg) displayed a changed oocyte morphology, decreased number of meiotic germ cells, and decreased expression of the meiotic marker protein γH2AX. Real time RT‐PCR also revealed a significant down‐regulation in the mRNA expressions of various meiosis‐specific markers (Stra8, Spo11, Scp3, and Dmc1) together with those of Raldh2, a retinoic acid (RA) synthetase, and of the receptors (RARα and RARβ). In addition, exposure to Cd increased the production of H2O2 and malondialdehyde in the ovaries and caused a corresponding reduction in glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Simultaneous supplementation of GSPE (150 µg/egg) markedly alleviated the aforementioned Cd‐induced embryotoxic effects by upregulating meiosis‐related proteins and gene expressions and restoring the antioxidative level. Collectively, the findings provided novel insights into the underlying mechanism of Cd‐induced meiosis inhibition and indicated that GSPE might potentially ameliorate related reproductive disorders. Anat Rec, 299:450–460, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uhandumin children with autism spectrum disorders or language impairment
Authors: Gorman Kyle , Olson Lindsay , Hill Alison Presmanes , Lunsford Rebecca , Heeman Peter A. , van Santen Jan P. H.
Published: January 2016

Atypical pragmatic language is often present in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), along with delays or deficits in structural language. This study investigated the use of the “fillers”uhandumby children ages 4–8 during the autism diagnostic observation schedule. Fillers reflect speakers' difficulties with planning and delivering speech, but they also serve communicative purposes, such as negotiating control of the floor or conveying uncertainty. We hypothesized that children with ASD would use different patterns of fillers compared to peers with typical development or with specific language impairment (SLI), reflecting differences in social ability and communicative intent. Regression analyses revealed that children in the ASD group were much less likely to useumthan children in the other two groups. Filler use is an easy‐to‐quantify feature of behavior that, in concert with other observations, may help to distinguish ASD from SLI.Autism Res2016, 9: 854–865. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is small‐scale upgrading of landfill gas to biomethane for use as a cellulosic transport biofuel economically viable?
Authors: Czyrnek‐Delêtre Magdalena M , Ahern Eoin P , Murphy Jerry D
Published: January 2016

Landfill gas (with methane content of 35–55%) adds significantly to global warming if released to the atmosphere. Under the EU Landfill Directive, all landfill sites are obliged to collect this gas if supplied with biodegradable municipal waste. Landfill gas (LFG) can be (i) flared, (ii) combusted to produce electricity, or (iii) upgraded to biomethane. The last scenario is of special interest. In the USA, LFG is now classified as a cellulosic biofuel; in the EU, there is a mandatory target of 10% share of renewables in transport by 2020. A significant challenge for upgrading LFG to biomethane is the high nitrogen content resulting from negative pressure in the landfill. Cost analyses were conducted to compare three technology solutions for LFG upgrading with accessible LFG flow of 250–500 m3/h. If injection to the transmission grid is considered, then a single‐step pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system may be viable. The optimal solution suggested is an on‐site service station; the cost of this system (including propane addition and service station) was assessed as e0.84/mn3 LFG biomethane. This required a subsidy of e0.55/mn3; this is available in Ireland under the Biofuel Obligation Certificate scheme. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Human and primate‐specific microRNAs in cancer: Evolution, and significance in comparison with more distantly‐related research models
Authors: Koufaris Costas
Published: January 2016

The largest proportion of microRNAs in humans (ca. 40–50%) originated in the phylogenetic grouping defined as primates. The dynamic evolution of this family of non‐coding RNA is further demonstrated by the presence of microRNA unique to the human species. Investigations into the role of microRNA in cancer have until recently mainly focused on the more ancient members of this RNA family that are widely conserved in the animal kingdom. As I describe in this review the evolutionary young lineage and species‐specific microRNA could be important contributors to cancers, especially in particular organs in primates compared to more distantly‐related research models. Elucidating the biological significance of primate and human‐specific microRNA in cancer could have important implications for cancer research and the use of non‐primate animal models.
Platform technology to generate broadly cross‐reactive antibodies to α‐helical epitopes in hemagglutinin proteins from influenza A viruses
Authors: Jiang Ziqing , Gera Lajos , Mant Colin T. , Hirsch Brooke , Yan Zhe , Shortt Jonathan A. , Pollock David D. , Qian Zhaohui , Holmes Kathryn V. , Hodges Robert S.
Published: January 2016

We have utilized a de novo designed two‐stranded α‐helical coiled‐coil template to display conserved α‐helical epitopes from the stem region of hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins of influenza A. The immunogens have all the surface‐exposed residues of the native α‐helix in the native HA protein of interest displayed on the surface of the two‐stranded α‐helical coiled‐coil template. This template when used as an immunogen elicits polyclonal antibodies which bind to the α‐helix in the native protein. We investigated the highly conserved sequence region 421–476 of HA by inserting 21 or 28 residue sequences from this region into our template. The cross‐reactivity of the resulting rabbit polyclonal antibodies prepared to these immunogens was determined using a series of HA proteins from H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, and H7N9 virus strains which are representative of Group 1 and Group 2 virus subtypes of influenza A. Antibodies from region 449–476 were Group 1 specific. Antibodies to region 421–448 showed the greatest degree of cross‐reactivity to Group 1 and Group 2 and suggested that this region has a great potential as a “universal” synthetic peptide vaccine for influenza A. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 144–159, 2016.
Paravaginal defect: A new classification of fascial and muscle tears in the paravaginal region
Authors: Otcenasek Michal , Gauruder‐Burmester Annett , Haak Lucia A. , Grill Robert , Popken Gralf , Baca Vaclav
Published: January 2016

The lateral support of the vaginal wall depends on the integrity of the paravaginal section of the visceral pelvic fascia, levator ani, and their connection. Various defects of the muscle and fascia can result in identical clinical findings—ie, the descent of the lateral vaginal sulcus. In this study, we created a realistic scheme for classifying paravaginal defects, based on the complex relationship of the pelvic fascia with the levator ani. Surgical observations, cadaver examinations, and a complex magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based 3‐dimensional (3D) model were used to analyze the spatial relationships of normal and defective anatomy of the female pelvic floor. Descent of the lateral vaginal sulcus can result from a defect in the paravaginal visceral pelvic fascia, levator ani, or both. The fascial defect can be partial or complete, and the muscle defect can vary in location. A detailed illustrated classification is presented. We present a new model of the pathology that underlies a common clinical finding. Clin. Anat. 29:524–529, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The outcomes of newly diagnosed elderly multiple myeloma patients treated at a single U.S. institution
Authors: Bonomo Lauren , Lue Jerry , Jagannath Sundar , Chari Ajai
Published: January 2016

Improvements in the outcomes of elderly multiple myeloma (MM) patients have lagged behind those of transplant‐eligible patients, likely due in part to the use of less efficacious melphalan‐containing regimens. To date, there are very limited data for the outcomes of elderly MM patients in the United States (US), particularly for novel agent‐containing triplet regimens. In this retrospective study at a single U.S. institution, the outcomes of 117 consecutive newly diagnosed, symptomatic MM patients over the age of 70 were evaluated. The median age was 75 years (range 70–95) with significant baseline comorbidities including 36% cardiac and 20% renal (CrCl < 30 mL/min). The median follow‐up was 43 months and the median number of lines of therapy during the study period was 2 (1–7). Eighty‐six patients (83%) received non‐melphalan doublet, triplet, or quadruplet initial therapy, most with significant planned dose attenuations. For those treated with dose‐attenuated RVD (n = 34), the outcomes were particularly impressive with overall response rate (ORR), complete remission and very good partial remission (CR + VGPR), and progression‐free survival (PFS) of 94%, 65%, and 36 months, respectively, and overall survival (OS) not reached. The PFS with RVD was significantly greater than that of all other regimens (P = 0.030), including RD.
Family history of breast cancer and its association with disease severity and mortality
Authors: Melvin Jennifer C. , Wulaningsih Wahyu , Hana Zac , Purushotham Arnie D. , Pinder Sarah E. , Fentiman Ian , Gillett Cheryl , Mera Anca , Holmberg Lars , Van Hemelrijck Mieke
Published: January 2016

A family history (FH) of breast cancer (BC) is known to increase an individual's risk of disease onset. However, its role in disease severity and mortality is less clear. We aimed to ascertain associations between FH of BC, severity and BC‐specific mortality in a hospital‐based cohort of 5354 women with prospective information on FH. We included women diagnosed at Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust between 1975 and 2012 (n = 5354). BC severity was defined and categorized as good, moderate, and poor prognosis. Data on BC‐specific mortality was obtained from the National Cancer Registry and medical records. Associations between FH and disease severity or BC‐specific mortality were evaluated using proportional odds models and Cox proportional hazard regression models, respectively. Available data allowed adjustment for potential confounders (e.g., treatment, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity). FH of any degree was not associated with disease severity at time of diagnosis (adjusted proportional OR: 1.00 [95% CI: 0.85 to 1.17]), which remained true also after stratification by period of diagnosis. FH of BC was not associated with BC‐mortality HR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.93 to 1.05). We did not find evidence to support an association between FH of BC and severity and BC‐specific mortality. Our results indicate that clinical management should not differ between women with and without FH, when the underlying mutation is unknown.
Gal‐3 does not suppress cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in A‐375 melanoma cells
Authors: Pokrywka Małgorzata , Bubka Monika , Janik Marcelina , Pocheć Ewa , Hoja‐Łukowicz Dorota , Lityńska Anna
Published: January 2016

Melanoma is the most aggressive of all skin cancers and is exceptionally resistant to therapies. During melanoma progression, cancer cells reprogram their proliferation and survival pathways and achieve resistance to treatment‐induced apoptosis. Galectin‐3 (gal‐3) is a member of the lectin family and is involved in such biological processes as cell adhesion, growth and differentiation, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Gal‐3 also plays an important role in tumor development and metastasis. The relationship between gal‐3 expression and these processes is specific to the tumor type and the stage of cancer progression. The biological functions of gal‐3 depend on its localization in the cell. In the present study, human metastatic melanoma A‐375 cells, characterized by weak endogenous expression of gal‐3, were transfected with gal‐3 cDNA and cisplatin‐induced apoptosis was measured. Data from AnnexinV and mitochondrial membrane potential analysis revealed that gal‐3 did not protect the A‐375 melanoma cells against cisplatin. This result probably is associated with its nuclear localization in the cells.
Gender diversity within the workforce in the microfinance industry in Africa: Economic performance and sustainability
Authors: Augustine Darline , Wheat Christopher O. , Jones Kisha S. , Baraldi Monica , Malgwi Charles A.
Published: January 2016

This study examines the relationship of gender diversity within the workforce and the sustainability of economic performance within the microfinance industry in Africa as compared to the rest of the world. Measuring economic performance helps to demonstrate whether resources are effectively utilized to achieve social performance objectives. We use ROA—the most common measure of profit for financial institutions—to capture financial performance, and OpEx—the most widely used indicator of efficiency—to capture operating efficiency. We measure gender diversity within the microfinance workforce at two hierarchical levels. Our analysis of a data set of 1,389 observations in 1,053 firms suggests that gender diversity enhances economic performance, especially in Africa. We propose that policymakers and practitioners consider these results to determine how to best deploy women within the microfinance workforce to deliver sustainable economic performance. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global gray‐level thresholding based on object size
Authors: Ranefall Petter , Wählby Carolina
Published: January 2016

In this article, we propose a fast and robust global gray‐level thresholding method based on object size, where the selection of threshold level is based on recall and maximum precision with regard to objects within a given size interval. The method relies on the component tree representation, which can be computed in quasi‐linear time. Feature‐based segmentation is especially suitable for biomedical microscopy applications where objects often vary in number, but have limited variation in size. We show that for real images of cell nuclei and synthetic data sets mimicking fluorescent spots the proposed method is more robust than all standard global thresholding methods available for microscopy applications in ImageJ and CellProfiler. The proposed method, provided as ImageJ and CellProfiler plugins, is simple to use and the only required input is an interval of the expected object sizes. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Chondroid syringoma of the axilla: An unusual tumor diagnosed by fine needle aspiration
Authors: Rogers Robert , Zhou Fang , Grunes Dianne , Shapiro Richard L. , Bannan Michael , Simsir Aylin , Leung Allen
Published: January 2016

Chondroid syringoma (CS) is a rare benign adnexal tumor of the skin with a resemblance to pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland, most commonly involving the head and neck region. In the present literature, reports of the cytologic appearance of CS are scarce as it is rarely encountered by fine needle aspiration (FNA). A 67‐year‐old woman presented with a 1 year history of a 1 cm subcutaneous nodule in the right axilla. FNA biopsy was performed revealing an epithelial–mesenchymal biphasic neoplasm suggesting CS. Surgical excision confirmed the diagnosis and demonstrated extensive ossification, an extremely rare feature, with only seven reported cases, all located on the head. CS is a rare benign adnexal tumor of the skin, often overlooked due to its unremarkable clinical presentation. FNA is a reliable tool for the diagnosis of CS and helps guide optimal surgical management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:342–346. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cokeromyces recurvatus in a cervical papanicolaou test: A case report of a rare fungus with a brief review of the literature
Authors: Paquette Cherie , Slater Shahrzad E. , McMahon Megan D. , Quddus M. Ruhul
Published: January 2016

Here we report a rare case of Cokeromyces recurvatus in a Pap test in an asymptomatic pregnant patient. Each liquid‐based Pap slide contained multiple rounded yeast‐like forms measuring 10‐30 µm including some profiles with peripheral small buds. The background had neither epithelial abnormality nor any significant inflammation. A positive silver stain aided in confirming a fungal organism. Rare fungi were considered including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis due to the ‘mariner's wheel’ morphology of forms with peripheral budding; however, the final report morphologically favored C. recurvatus which was subsequently confirmed by culture. This is the sixth report of C. recurvatus isolated at a gynecologic site. While C. recurvatus has been reported to cause invasive disease in immunocompromised patients at deep sites, in the gynecologic tract it has so far been reported as a non‐pathogenic colonizer. Awareness of this organism and use of either culture or molecular diagnostics are important in avoiding misdiagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:419–421. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HER 2 immunohistochemistry for breast cancer cell blocks can be used in the same way as that used for histological specimens
Authors: Nishimura Rieko , Okamoto Nami , Satou Masakazu , Kojima Kenta , Tanaka Shinichi
Published: January 2016

Background

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing of samples from recurrent or metastatic breast cancer is recommended by the 2013 update of the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guidelines. Although cytological analysis can be applied to several types of metastatic lesions, the practical method for HER2 testing of cytological specimens is yet to be resolved. We conducted immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for HER2 in breast cancer cell blocks (CBs) and compared the results with those from the corresponding histological specimens. In cases of discrepancy between the two types of specimen, the bright‐field HER2 dual in situ hybridization (DISH) assay was performed.

Methods

CBs were prepared from 54 surgically excised breast cancers. The cells were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. A Ventana BenchMark ULTRA (Roche Diagnostics) with anti‐HER‐2/neu (4B5) rabbit monoclonal primary antibody and INFORM HER2/neu Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail was used for the assays.

Results

Successful results were obtained in 52 of 54 CBs. Forty cases showed agreement between CBs and the histological specimens. No discrepancy was observed between the two types of specimens in cases where HER2 expression was positive. IHC results of CB in 12 discrepant cases were HER2 intermediate or negative. The DISH results of 11 of these cases were negative.

Conclusion

IHC staining of HER2 for breast cancer CBs can be used in the same way as that used for histological specimens, although the number of equivocal cases in CBs is greater than that in histological specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:274–279. © 2016 The Authors Diagnostic Cytopathology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Going beyond “Basaloid neoplasm”: Fine needle aspiration cytology of epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland
Authors: Molnar Stacy L. , Zarka Matthew A. , De Las Casas Luis E.
Published: January 2016

Epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a rare salivary gland malignancy with variable cytologic findings. Its rarity, variable morphologic findings, and similarities with more common salivary gland entities make it a difficult cytologic diagnosis. As the name signifies, the key feature of this tumor is presence of an epithelial and myoepithelial component. However, when one of these two components is scant on the fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears, it may be overlooked. We present a case from a 62 year‐old female who presented to the clinic with a parotid nodule and episodes of sharp, throbbing pain. A fine needle aspiration was performed which revealed a highly cellular specimen comprised primarily of aggregates of cells with small, round nuclei and scant to absent cytoplasm. Abundant hyaline stromal material was also noted. The case was signed out as basaloid neoplasm with a recommendation for surgical resection. The subsequent resection specimen revealed EMC. By reviewing the FNA specimen following the surgical resection of the tumor, we were able to utilize the benefit of hindsight to more clearly identify the subtle, biphasic components of the tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:422–425. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental aspects of fear: Comparing the acquisition and generalization of conditioned fear in children and adults
Authors: Schiele Miriam A. , Reinhard Julia , Reif Andreas , Domschke Katharina , Romanos Marcel , Deckert Jürgen , Pauli Paul
Published: January 2016

Most research on human fear conditioning and its generalization has focused on adults whereas only little is known about these processes in children. Direct comparisons between child and adult populations are needed to determine developmental risk markers of fear and anxiety. We compared 267 children and 285 adults in a differential fear conditioning paradigm and generalization test. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and ratings of valence and arousal were obtained to indicate fear learning. Both groups displayed robust and similar differential conditioning on subjective and physiological levels. However, children showed heightened fear generalization compared to adults as indexed by higher arousal ratings and SCR to the generalization stimuli. Results indicate overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a developmental correlate of fear learning. The developmental change from a shallow to a steeper generalization gradient is likely related to the maturation of brain structures that modulate efficient discrimination between danger and (ambiguous) safety cues. © 2016 The Authors. Developmental Psychobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 471–481, 2016.
Accounting for size‐specific predation improves our ability to predict the strength of a trophic cascade
Authors: Stevenson Christine F. , Demes Kyle W. , Salomon Anne K.
Published: January 2016

Predation can influence the magnitude of herbivory that grazers exert on primary producers by altering both grazer abundance and their per capita consumption rates via changes in behavior, density‐dependent effects, and size. Therefore, models based solely on changes in abundance may miss key components of grazing pressure. We estimated shifts in grazing pressure associated with changes in the abundance and per capita consumption rates of sea urchins triggered by size‐selective predation by sea otters (Enhydra lutris). Field surveys suggest that sea otters dramatically decreased the abundance and median size of sea urchins. Furthermore, laboratory experiments revealed that kelp consumption by sea urchins varied nonlinearly as a function of urchin size such that consumption rates increased to the 0.56 and 0.68 power of biomass for red and green urchins, respectively. This reveals that shifts in urchin size structure due to size‐selective predation by sea otters alter sea urchin per capita grazing rates. Comparison of two quantitative models estimating total consumptive capacity revealed that a model incorporating shifts in urchin abundance while neglecting urchin size structure overestimated grazing pressure compared to a model that incorporated size. Consequently, incorporating shifts in urchin size better predicted field estimates of kelp abundance compared to equivalent models based on urchin abundance alone. We provide strong evidence that incorporating size‐specific parameters increases our ability to describe and predict trophic interactions.
Population genomics of divergence among extreme and intermediate color forms in a polymorphic insect
Authors: Lozier Jeffrey D. , Jackson Jason M. , Dillon Michael E. , Strange James P.
Published: January 2016

Geographic variation in insect coloration is among the most intriguing examples of rapid phenotypic evolution and provides opportunities to study mechanisms of phenotypic change and diversification in closely related lineages. The bumble bee Bombus bifarius comprises two geographically disparate color groups characterized by red‐banded and black‐banded abdominal pigmentation, but with a range of spatially and phenotypically intermediate populations across western North America. Microsatellite analyses have revealed that B. bifarius in the USA are structured into two major groups concordant with geography and color pattern, but also suggest ongoing gene flow among regional populations. In this study, we better resolve the relationships among major color groups to better understand evolutionary mechanisms promoting and maintaining such polymorphism. We analyze >90,000 and >25,000 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms derived from transcriptome (RNAseq) and double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), respectively, in representative samples from spatial and color pattern extremes in B. bifarius as well as phenotypic and geographic intermediates. Both ddRAD and RNAseq data illustrate substantial genome‐wide differentiation of the red‐banded (eastern) color form from both black‐banded (western) and intermediate (central) phenotypes and negligible differentiation among the latter populations, with no obvious admixture among bees from the two major lineages. Results thus indicate much stronger background differentiation among B. bifarius lineages than expected, highlighting potential challenges for revealing loci underlying color polymorphism from population genetic data alone. These findings will have significance for resolving taxonomic confusion in this species and in future efforts to investigate color‐pattern evolution in B. bifarius and other polymorphic bumble bee species.
Regulating infidelity: RNA‐mediated recruitment of AID to DNA during class switch recombination
Authors: DiMenna Lauren J. , Chaudhuri Jayanta
Published: January 2016

The mechanism by which the DNA deaminase activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is specifically recruited to repetitive switch region DNA during class switch recombination is still poorly understood. Work over the past decade has revealed a strong link between transcription and RNA polymerase‐associated factors in AID recruitment, yet none of these processes satisfactorily explain how AID specificity is affected. Here, we review a recent finding wherein AID is guided to switch regions not by a protein factor but by an RNA moiety, and especially one associated with a noncoding RNA that has been long thought of as being inert. This work explains the long‐standing requirement of splicing of noncoding transcripts during class switching, and has implications in both B cell‐mediated immunity as well as the underlying pathological syndromes associated with the recombination reaction.
Abnormal N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Mediated Fixation of CO2 and N2O, and the Activation of Tetrahydro­furan and Tetrahydrothiophene under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Thakur Arunabha , Vardhanapu Pavan K. , Vijaykumar Gonela , Kumar Hota Pradip , Mandal Swadhin K.
Published: January 2016

A strong σ‐donor abnormal N‐heterocyclic carbene (aNHC), 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐2,4‐diphenylimidazol‐5‐ylidene (L1), reacted with B(C6F5)3 in the presence of CO2 and N2O to form the adducts [aNHC·CO2·B(C6F5)3] (1) and [aNHC·N2O·B(C6F5)3] (2), respectively, in high yields at room temperature within a very short period of time. Furthermore, this aNHC/B(C6F5)3 reagent system was found to be very efficient for the ring‐opening of tetrahydrofuran (thf) and tetrahydrothiophene (tht), affording 3 and 4, respectively, within 5–10 min at room temperature in good yields. Interestingly, this aNHC forms the air‐stable Lewis acid/base adduct [aNHC·B(C6F5)3] (5) with B(C6F5)3 in the absence of any suitable substrate upon keeping this mixture in solution. DFT calculations showed that the Lewis acid/base adduct 5 is energetically less stable than compounds 1–4, and this may be the driving force for the formation of compounds 1–4 in the presence of small molecules such as CO2, N2O, thf and tht. All the new compounds were characterized spectroscopically (1H, 13C, 19F and 11B NMR, IR spectroscopy) in solution and the solid‐state structures were unambiguously established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Controlled Synthesis of Pnicogen–Chalcogen Polycations in Ionic Li­quids
Authors: Groh Matthias F. , Isaeva Anna , Müller Ulrike , Gebauer Paul , Knies Maximilian , Ruck Michael
Published: January 2016

Three new pnicogen–chalcogen polycations were synthesized under specific conditions in the Lewis‐acidic ionic liquids (ILs) [EMIm]X·nAlX3 and [BMIm]X·nAlX3 (X = Cl, Br; [EMIm]: 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, [BMIm]: 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) and crystallized as their tetrahalogenidoaluminate salts. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed the new polycation [Bi6Te4Br2]4+ in triclinic [Bi6Te4Br2](AlBr4)4 as the reaction product of bismuth, tellurium, and bismuth tribromide. Substitution of the elements with Bi2Te3 yielded the heterocubane [Bi4Te4]4+ in tetragonal [Bi4Te4](AlBr4)4, which crystallizes isotypically to its known chlorine counterpart. The latter is also accessible from ILs. The interactions between cations and anions were evaluated by quantum‐chemical calculations. Bi2S3, which is insoluble in most media, readily dissolves in the employed IL and forms the new augmented heterocubane [Bi3S4AlCl]3+, which crystallizes with the complex anion [S(AlCl3)3]2– as triclinic [Bi3S4AlCl][S(AlCl3)3]AlCl4. Quantum‐chemical calculations support the assignment of elements in this compound. The monoclinic crystal structure of [Sb13Se16](AlCl4)6(Al2Cl7) contains a new member of the small family of pnicogen–chalcogen spiro‐heterocubanes.
Biphenyl Bis(amino alcohol) Oxalamide Gelators: Complex Gelation Involving Coupled Equilibria, Central‐to‐Axial Chirality Transfer, Dia­stereoisomer Interconversion, and Self‐Sorting
Authors: Portada Tomislav , Molčanov Krešimir , Šijaković Vujičić Nataša , Žinić Mladen
Published: January 2016

Chiral gelators 3 and 4, with two valinol‐ or leucinol‐oxalamido arms attached to the 2,2′‐positions of the proatropisomeric biphenyl group, were prepared, and their gels were studied. Compound (R,R)‐3 in the solution and gel states forms a mixture of major [(R,aR,R)‐3] and minor [(R,aS,R)‐3] diastereomers due to central‐to‐axial chirality transfer. 1H NMR studies of its toluene gel provide evidence of diastereomer interconversion and self‐sorting, which results in exclusive incorporation of (R,aR,R)‐3 into the gel network. Gels formed in the 10–3 M concentration range show an irregular Tg/concentration dependence, which is in contrast to those formed in the 10–2 M concentration range. The peculiar properties of the former gels may be explained by kinetic effects due to the presence of coupled equilibria comprising diastereomer interconversion and (R,aR,R)‐3 self‐assembly where the rate of gelation becomes dependent on the rate of formation of the gelling (R,aR,R)‐3 from the nongelling (R,aS,R)‐3.
I2‐Promoted Condensation/Cyclization of Aryl Methyl Ketones with Anilines for Facile Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triarylpyrroles
Authors: Xu Hui , Wang Fang‐Jian , Xin Ming , Zhang Ze
Published: January 2016

A novel iodine‐mediated cascade condensation‐cyclization of aryl methyl ketones with anilines has been successfully developed. According to this strategy, a variety of 1,2,4‐triarylpyrroles were straightforwardly synthesized in moderate to good yields from very simple and readily available starting materials. A tentative reaction mechanism is presented.
Mass spectrometry hyphenated techniques for the analysis of volatiles and peptides in soft cheese: Useful tools for the shelf life optimization
Authors: Mentana Annalisa , Natale Anna , Palermo Carmen , Nardiello Donatella , Conte Amalia , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro , Quinto Maurizio , Centonze Diego
Published: January 2016

In order to assess the product quality and shelf life of an Italian soft cream cheese under different storage conditions, the volatile and peptide profiles evolution were tested. Volatiles were sampled directly from the head space of cheese packaging by solid‐phase microextraction and analyzed by GC‐MS. Peptide profiles were obtained by nanoLC‐MS/MS, following a novel bioinformatics approach based on scoring distribution associated to the protein hits originating from the database search. In particular, a refined identification by focusing on selected time segments corresponding to the most intense peaks was carried out. A total of 40 compounds including acids, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, terpene, sulfur, and aromatic compounds were detected. Significant differences in their abundance during the storage in different packagings were observed, as well as an evolution of peptides mainly belonging to αS1‐casein. The results demonstrated the usefulness of the above‐mentioned hyphenated techniques for the determination of the soft cheese shelf life under different storage conditions.
Simultaneous heat shock and in situ adsorption enhance plumbagin production in Plumbago indica root cultures
Authors: Jaisi Amit , Panichayupakaranant Pharkphoom
Published: January 2016

Plumbago indica L. is an important source of plumbagin, a commercially valuable bioactive compound. However, the uses of plumbagin are limited due to its low supply as well as low yields and slow growth of the plant sources. This study evaluated the use of a simple, easy, and low‐cost approach using heat shock (HS) and ultrasound (US), and an in situ adsorption using a nonpolar copolymer adsorbent styrene‐divynilbenzene resin (Diaion® HP‐20) to enhance plumbagin production in Plumbago indica root cultures. Treatment with HS (60°C) for 10 min significantly increased the production of plumbagin (5.51 mg/g DW) by up to five‐fold, compared to the level in untreated root cultures (1.14 mg/g DW). In contrast, treatments with US alone or with HS treatment produced no satisfactory increase of plumbagin production. However, combined treatment of a 20‐day‐old root culture with HS (60°C, for 10 min) in the presence of Diaion® HP‐20 (10 g/L) markedly increased the production up to 20.28 mg/g DW of plumbagin that was almost 14‐fold higher, compared to the level in an untreated root culture. Such an increase would be sufficient for commercial applications of this method to produce plumbagin.
Comparison of the indoor performance of 12 commercial PV products by a simple model
Authors: Apostolou Georgia , Reinders Angèle , Verwaal Martin
Published: January 2016

This article presents a simple comparative model which has been developed for the estimation of the performance of photovoltaic (PV) products' cells in indoor environments. The model predicts the performance of PV solar cells, as a function of the distance from a spectrum of artificial (fluorescent light, halogen light, and light‐emitting diodes) and natural light. It intends to support designers, while creating PV‐integrated products for indoor use. For the model's validation, PV cells of 12 commercially available PV‐powered products with power ranging from 0.8 to 4 mWp were tested indoors under artificial illumination and natural light. The model is based on the physical measurements of natural and artificial irradiance indoors, along with literature data of PV technologies under low irradiance conditions. The input data of the model are the surface of the solar cell (in m2), the wavelength‐dependent spectral response (SR) of the PV cell, the spectral irradiance indoors, and solar cell's distance from light sources. The model calculates solar cells' efficiency and power produced under the specific indoor conditions. If using the measured SR of a PV cell and the irradiance as measured indoors, the model can predict the performance of a PV product under mixed indoor light with a typical inaccuracy of around 25%, which is sufficient for a design process. Measurements revealed that under mixed indoor lighting of around 20 W/m2, the efficiency of solar cells in 12 commercially available PV products ranges between 5% and 6% for amorphous silicon (a‐Si) cells, 4–6% for multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) cells, and 5–7% for the monocrystalline silicon (c‐Si) cells.
Field application of close‐range digital photogrammetry (CRDP) for grain‐scale fluvial morphology studies
Authors: Bertin Stephane , Friedrich Heide
Published: January 2016

In situ measurement of grain‐scale fluvial morphology is important for studies on grain roughness, sediment transport and the interactions between animals and the geomorphology, topics relevant to many river practitioners. Close‐range digital photogrammetry (CRDP) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) are the two most common techniques to obtain high‐resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) from fluvial surfaces. However, field application of topography remote sensing at the grain scale is presently hindered mainly by the tedious workflow challenges that one needs to overcome to obtain high‐accuracy elevation data. A recommended approach for CRDP to collect high‐resolution and high‐accuracy DEMs has been developed for gravel‐bed flume studies. The present paper investigates the deployment of the laboratory technique on three exposed gravel bars in a natural river environment. In contrast to other approaches, having the calibration carried out in the laboratory removes the need for independently surveyed ground‐control targets, and makes for an efficient and effective data collection in the field. Optimization of the gravel‐bed imagery helps DEM collection, without being impacted by variable lighting conditions. The benefit of a light‐weight three‐dimensional printed gravel‐bed model for DEM quality assessment is shown, and confirms the reliability of grain roughness data measured with CRDP. Imagery and DEM analysis evidences sedimentological contrasts between gravel bars within the reach. The analysis of the surface elevations shows the effect variable grain‐size and sediment sorting have on the surface roughness. By plotting the two‐dimensional structure functions and surface slopes and aspects we identify different grain arrangements and surface structures. The calculation of the inclination index allows determining the surface‐forming flow direction(s). We show that progress in topography remote sensing is important to extend our knowledge on fluvial morphology processes at the grain scale, and how a technique customized for use by fluvial geomorphologists in the field benefits this progress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.