bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal and cellular analysis of granuloma development in mycobacterial infected adult zebrafish
Authors: Luo Geyang , Zeng Dong , Liu Jianxin , Li Duoduo , Takiff Howard E , Song Shu , Gao Qian , Yan Bo
Published: November 2023

Because granulomas are a hallmark of tuberculosis pathogenesis, the study of the dynamic changes in their cellular composition and morphological character can facilitate our understanding of tuberculosis pathogenicity. Adult zebrafish infected with Mycobacterium marinum form granulomas that are similar to the granulomas in human patients with tuberculosis and therefore have been used to study host–mycobacterium interactions. Most studies of zebrafish granulomas, however, have focused on necrotic granulomas, while a systematic description of the different stages of granuloma formation in the zebrafish model is lacking. Here, we characterized the stages of granulomas in M. marinum–infected zebrafish, including early immune cell infiltration, nonnecrotizing granulomas, and necrotizing granulomas, using corresponding samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis as references. We combined hematoxylin and eosin staining and in situ hybridization to identify the different immune cell types and follow their spatial distribution in the different stages of granuloma development. The macrophages in zebrafish granulomas were shown to belong to distinct subtypes: epithelioid macrophages, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. By defining the developmental stages of zebrafish granulomas and the spatial distribution of the different immune cells they contain, this work provides a reference for future studies of mycobacterial granulomas and their immune microenvironments.
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Invasive Fusariosis in Pediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): A Case Series in a Single Tertiary Center in North-Eastern Mexico
Authors: Vaquera-Aparicio D , Peña-Alvarez I , Castillo-Bejarano J , Mascareñas-de los Santos A , Cisneros-Saldaña D
Published: November 2023

Background

Fusariosis is a pathology that is of great clinical concern in certain at-risk patient groups. Pediatric patients with ALL are in the greatest at-risk population as they are frequently in a post-chemotherapy state. The diagnosis for IFIs can be carried out by the criteria established in the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) and the notable intrinsic resistance of the Fusarium species to most of the antifungal agents available lead to high mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. Starting in 2002, the use of voriconazole was approved as empiric monotherapy as a first line therapy for the treatment of disseminated fusariosis. Other options are liposomal amphotericin B (LAB), Posaconazole or Isavuconazole. There are a few reports combined antifungal treatment in a pediatric population. In pediatric patients, the empirical and specific antifungal treatment is mostly inferred from clinical experience in adult patients.

Methods

We identified six patients with culture-proven fusariosis at a tertiary healthcare center in North-Eastern Mexico from May 2018- August 2021. We reported six cases of fusariosis categorized according to the EORTC/MSG. B cell ALL diagnosis was defined as a positive result in a B-cell leukemia panel. In terms of the descriptive statistics, continuous variables were reported as medians and [Interquartile range], while categorical variables were described via counts, frequencies, and (prevalence).

Results

The median age was 8 [6-12], 2 of the patients were female. All of the included patients were in the remission induction phase of their therapy and all patients had a confirmed B cell ALL and all patients presented with neutropenia. Four patients had a central venous catheter present, 3 of patients had a bacterial co-infection (E. coli, S. pneumoniae, Klebsiella blee). LAB was given as empirical therapy in 3 of patients while one patient received a combination of amphotericin B and voriconazole and the remaining patient received voriconazole monotherapy. Five patients had resistance to LAB, two patients showed voriconazole resistance. The definitive treatment was LAB plus Voriconazole in 5 (83.3%) patients. Five (83.3%) patients survived.

Conclusions

There are no clearly established guidelines for treatment options for fusariosis in pediatric patients. The majority of our reported patients presented with LAB-resistance and the combination of LAB with voriconazole has been used to control this pathology. There is still much more to explore and further research is needed into the indicated treatment plan and the susceptibility and therapeutic strategy for this specific population.
Association of Viral Control and Maternal Antibody Titers in Congenital Zika Virus Infection
Authors: Schwartz Jessica , Krabbe Nick , Mitzey Ann , Razo Elaina , O’Connor David H , Golos Thaddeus , Mohr Emma L
Published: November 2023

Background

Exposure to Zika virus (ZIKV) in utero can result in a wide spectrum of outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic to severe neurological defects or fetal demise. The presence of virus in the fetus or in the mother’s blood for a prolonged period of time may lead to worse outcomes, which means that limiting the duration of fetal exposure to virus may improve outcomes. One factor that may be related to control of maternal viremia and presence of virus in the fetus is the maternal IgG antibody response. We utilized a rhesus macaque model of prenatal ZIKV to quantify the viral RNA present in the maternal blood and maternal-fetal interface (MFI) tissues and determine the association of viral RNA loads with maternal IgG antibody titers over time.

Methods

Dams were infected with either African lineage ZIKV-DAKAR (n=9) or Asian lineage ZIKV-PRVABC59 (PR, n=10) isolate in the first trimester, then all fetal and MFI tissues were removed either 7 or 14 days post-infection (dpi) and viral RNA loads were measured. Maternal plasma was tested for viral RNA and IgG throughout pregnancy.

Results

A greater proportion of animals infected with the DAKAR isolate had viral RNA present in the MFI tissues compared with the animals infected with the PR isolate, at both 7 and 14 dpi. DAKAR animals also tested positive for ZIKV-specific IgG at 14 dpi or earlier, while IgG was typically negative at 14 dpi for PR animals. Viral RNA was detected in the fetal and MFI tissues in a higher proportion of dams that still had ZIKV RNA positive plasma at 14 dpi had viral RNA. We found no difference in IgG antibody titers between dams that were ZIKV positive or negative at 14 dpi.

Conclusions

The presence of ZIKV in the MFI tissues and earlier detection of ZIKV-specific maternal IgG responses were both associated with the DAKAR isolate, suggesting that it may be a more virulent isolate. A higher proportion of dams that had virus in their plasma at 14 dpi also had virus present in the fetal and MFI tissues, but there was no difference in long term IgG response within either isolate between animals that tested positive or negative at 14 dpi. This suggests that the dam clearing viral RNAfrom their plasma by 14 dpi may impact whether or not the virus infects the MFI tissues, but that maternal IgG response likely does not play a role in this difference.
Comparison of external dose estimates using different retrospective dosimetry methods in the settlements located near Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Stepanenko Valeriy , Shinkarev Sergey , Kaprin Andrey , Apsalikov Kazbek , Ivanov Sergey , Shegay Peter , Ostroumova Evgenia , Kesminiene Ausrele , Lipikhina Alexandra , Bogacheva Viktoria , Zhumadilov Kassym , Yamamoto Masayoshi , Sakaguchi Aya , Endo Satoru , Fujimoto Nariaki , Grosche Bernd , Iatsenko Vladimir , Androsova Alla , Apsalikova Zukhra , Kawano Noriyuki , Hoshi Masaharu
Published: November 2023

For correct assessment of health risks after low-dose irradiation, calculation of radiation exposure estimates is crucial. To verify the calculated absorbed doses, instrumental methods of retrospective dosimetry are used. We compared calculated and instrumental-based estimates of external absorbed doses in the residents of Dolon, Mostik and Cheremushki villages, Kazakhstan, affected by the first nuclear weapon test performed at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) on August 29, 1949. The ‘instrumental’ doses were retrospectively estimated using the Luminescence Retrospective Dosimetry (LRD) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) methods. Correlation between the calculated individual cumulative external absorbed whole-body doses based on typical input data and ESR-based individual doses in the same people was strong (r = 0.782). It was even stronger between the calculated doses based on individual questionnaires’ input data and the ESR-based doses (r = 0.940). Application of the LRD method is useful for validation of the calculated settlement-average cumulated external absorbed dose to air. Reconstruction of external exposure can be supplemented with the data from later measurements of soil contamination with long-lived radionuclides, such as, 137Cs. Our results show the reliability of the calculational method used for the retrospective assessment of individual external doses.
EPOCHS VI: the size and shape evolution of galaxies since z ∼ 8 with JWST Observations
Authors: Ormerod K , Conselice C J , Adams N J , Harvey T , Austin D , Trussler J , Ferreira L , Caruana J , Lucatelli G , Li Q , Roper W J
Published: November 2023

We present the results of a size and structural analysis of 1395 galaxies at 0.5 ≤ z ≲ 8 with stellar masses log (M*/M⊙)> 9.5 within the James Webb Space Telescope Public CEERS field that overlaps with the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey EGS observations. We use GALFIT to fit single Sérsic models to the rest-frame optical profile of our galaxies, which is a mass-selected sample complete to our redshift and mass limit. Our primary result is that at fixed rest-frame wavelength and stellar mass, galaxies get progressively smaller, evolving as ∼(1 + z)−0.71 ± 0.19 up to z ∼ 8. We discover that the vast majority of massive galaxies at high redshifts have low Sérsic indices, thus do not contain steep, concentrated light profiles. Additionally, we explore the evolution of the size–stellar mass relationship, finding a correlation such that more massive systems are larger up to z ∼ 3. This relationship breaks down at z > 3, where we find that galaxies are of similar sizes, regardless of their star formation rates and Sérsic index, varying little with mass. We show that galaxies are more compact at redder wavelengths, independent of sSFR or stellar mass up to z ∼ 3. We demonstrate the size evolution of galaxies continues up to z ∼ 8, showing that the process or causes for this evolution is active at early times. We discuss these results in terms of ideas behind galaxy formation and evolution at early epochs, such as their importance in tracing processes driving size evolution, including minor mergers and active galactic nuclei activity.
Eschatology and Peasant Visions in Moldovan Folk Religion
Authors: Kapaló James A.
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the relationship between folk eschatology and the formation of new religious movements and their sacred texts. In twentieth-century Moldova, folk beliefs and vernacular texts about the end of days played an important role in the formation of two related millenarian religious movements, Inochentism and Archangelism. Folk legend and apocryphal apocalypses informed the way that time and historical events were experienced during the Russian revolutionary period and the subsequent incorporation of Moldova (formerly called “Bessarabia”) into Romania. Through an exploration of the texts published by the Moldovan peasant visionaries Alexandru and Grigore Culiac, this chapter illustrates how new sacred texts were crafted drawing on oral legends and vernacular manuscript traditions in order to animate the events of an unfolding eschaton. Archangelism continued its underground existence throughout the Soviet era, which illustrates the enduring significance of eschatological folk legend for understanding the roots of contemporary new religious movements.
The Centrality of the Tyranny of the Contemporary to Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Gardiner Stephen M.
Published: November 2023

The future is subject to a basic standing threat, a severe collective action problem called the tyranny of the contemporary. This chapter sets out a paradigm case, provides an illustrative example, and highlights the flexibility of the concept. It then responds to four basic complaints, roughly: that the basic model is unrealistic, that it is rendered obsolete by an invisible hand, that it does not account for motivational ties, and that it embraces a toxic conception of the self. The chapter goes on to defend the centrality of the tyranny of the contemporary to intergenerational ethics by contrasting it with its major rival: the non-identity problem.
Adult Recollections of Early Childhood Musical Experiences
Authors: Custodero Lori
Published: November 2023

This chapter draws from the autobiographies of music education graduate students collected over a twenty-year period to examine what they recalled from their early childhood years. Musical memories were closely associated with specific people, most often family members including grandparents, parents, and siblings; they took place in homes, cars, and faith-based settings. The development of autobiographical thinking involves the ability to reflect on the social contexts in which memories occur, and the opportunities to initiate activity on our own. Recollections most commonly focused on the social and environmental resources available, the impact of beginning formal instruction, and the powerful feelings that were so easily conjured from the past. The value of music teacher reflection—looking back in order to make sense of the present and project into the future—is discussed.
Media Messages Surrounding Parents and Music
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents an ethnographic content analysis of media messages surrounding parents and music drawn from popular press books and common parenting websites in the United States. Contributor Lisa Huisman Koops examined the explicit and implicit messages about parenting and music and how these messages may have influenced social pressures on parents. Based on analyses of the media sources, she arrived at six themes, organized into three dialectical tensions. First, there is a tension between the recognition of benefits of music set against the idea of children being “over-scheduled.” Second, a tension exists between relying on experts for music instruction, as opposed to viewing music as a part of daily life apart from experts. Third, a tension exists between viewing music as a luxury versus viewing music and musical study as accessible to all children. These tensions provide a lens to consider the complexity of the messages that families receive from the media.
Singing and Musical Traditions in Icelandic and Estonian Childhoods
Authors: Gudmundsdottir Helga R. , Kiilu Kristi
Published: November 2023

Childhood singing in Iceland and Estonia is the main focus of this chapter. As the background histories of the two countries are recounted, the role of societal structures in forming children´s musical and educational environment is explored. Highlights from early childhood music research in the wider region of the Nordic, Scandinavian, and Baltic countries until this date are summarized in the chapter, ranging from research in spontaneous singing and music-making to meticulously constructed music programs in preschools, as well as methods for encouraging musical parenting. Interestingly, Estonia developed under Soviet rule, while Iceland was affected by Western influences. Comparisons between the two countries indicate that family policies and cultural traditions play a strong role in forming the appearance of childhood singing and traditions. A final conclusion is that singing seems fundamental to childhoods across cultures albeit variable in its expression.
Music and Early Childhood in Asylum Seeking Centers
Authors: Kenny Ailbhe
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the socio-musical worlds of young children living within asylum seeking accommodation centers. A macro overview is provided alongside micro “on-the-ground” findings about how young children living within asylum seeking systems make, learn, consume, and share music individually and collaboratively, often forming communities of musical practice. Insights are drawn from across two country case studies, Ireland and Germany, not as a comparative analysis but rather to offer expanded understandings from cross-country research about music and early childhood in asylum seeking centers. Four themes are presented for discussion: a musical space, musical preferences, music “from home,” and music “at school.” The importance of creating and facilitating musical spaces for young children within temporary, communal asylum seeking accommodation settings is highlighted.
Section Introduction
Authors: Preti Costanza , Shoemark Helen
Published: November 2023

The use of live music has become a regular feature in children’s hospitals across Europe, the United States, and Australia. This is an emerging field that is primarily based on practice and still needs significant research and theory to inform its development. The chapters in the section discuss various current aspects of music in hospitals. The case study of Musique et Santé, a leading organization that has shaped the practice of live music in pediatric hospitals in Europe, argues for the importance of addressing children’s cultural needs while in hospitals, through a cultural action that lies at the intersection of music performance, music as informal education, and music as health. The importance of the role of professional musician is discussed through in-depth case studies, highlighting how family and hospital staff become part of the musical interaction. Finally, the roles of the musician in hospital and the music therapist are clarified through an analysis of the many layers of music interventions and the different domains of practice for music in hospitals.
Section Introduction
Authors: Shoemark Helen , Abad Vicky
Published: November 2023

Music is often seen as a positive experience for children, especially those facing social or medical issues. However, when working with vulnerable children, even music must be used with caution. Qualified music therapists understand the fragility of these children and work to provide a safe and positive experience. This section explores the use of music therapy in situations such as supporting newborn infants in pain, sustaining medically complex infants’ abilities to interact with their caregivers, constructing attachment where it has been disrupted, supporting rehabilitation, and aiding in moments of a child’s death. Each chapter shares the stories of how music therapy provides support for infants, children, and their families while dealing with complex medical situations.
Voice as the Platform for Intimate Moments in the NICU
Authors: Shoemark Helen
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a detailed analysis of musicality as part of interplay to facilitate the expressive capabilities of medically complex newborn infants in NICU. While therapeutic interventions emulate naturally occurring successful interplay between adults and infants, they are constructed by the music therapist. This manipulation of the musical elements in interplay known as contingent singing is not spontaneous but devised to create change in the infant’s experience and their emerging capabilities. Drawing on a micro-analysis of contingent singing, this chapter presents detailed descriptions of both infant and therapist behaviors, illuminating the core aspects of active and quiet interplay and working with silence. This use of music in the NICU emphasizes that the therapist always involves the infant’s family, promoting the opportunity for the parent to create the music that supports an emerging relationship with their infant.
Music Therapy for Young Children with Attachment Challenge
Authors: Jacobsen Stine Lindahl , Swanick Rachel
Published: November 2023

Building knowledge of young children with attachment challenges in order to build high-quality assessments or meaningful therapeutic interventions can be difficult due to the wide range of behaviors they present. Three key areas affected by dysfunctional attachment are self-regulation, nonverbal communication, and social skills. Using Stern’s musical process of affect attunement in planned music therapy interventions can help the child (and help the family) to strengthen these skills and competences in order to develop positive attachments between family members in the home. With music therapy research on attachment challenges with young children being sparse, this chapter aims to provide an overview of what is available and how music therapy can be used to help the child and family function well.
Resilience-Based Music Partnerships for Children with Chronic Health Issues
Authors: Gooding Lori F. , Iwamasa Dawn A.
Published: November 2023

Childhood chronic health conditions can be long-lasting and pervasive in their effect on the quality of life of a child and their family. Engaging in music can build personal and social identity, help individuals reduce stress, promote coping, and facilitate wellbeing, and music therapy can function as a resource for those with chronic health conditions, serving to build resiliency. Research demonstrates that theory-based, active, or receptive music interventions can serve as positive distraction from the relentless nature of the chronic health condition while also promoting development, ameliorating the adverse effects of chronic illness and mediating risk, even with a small number of music therapy sessions. Moreover, both music therapy and other music interactions can create a deeper context for social connectedness and the child’s own emerging identity. Music can also be a resource for caregivers, strengthening protective context for all involved.
Section Commentary
Authors: MacDonald Raymond
Published: November 2023

Music’s unique and universal ability to engage and connect socially and emotionally in enjoyable ways lies at the heart of what can be a valuable therapeutic intervention in the messy, complex reality of the clinical settings outlined within this section. Introducing music into new, strange, and stressful environments can make these environments feel less intimidating for children. Music can produce positive emotions, sustain relationships, and inculcate feelings of control and agency, which can lead to beneficial psychological effects via active music engagement or via music listening. These chapters point to the universal power of music to alleviate suffering and in particular to help children and their families cope with the stresses and strains of being in hospital. Post-qualitative inquiry and metamodern theory are utilized as conceptual frameworks to offer overarching perspectives on these chapters.
Section Introduction
Authors: Welch Graham F. , Ockelford Adam
Published: November 2023

This section of the Handbook is concerned with music in the lives of young children, who are considered to be more “neurodiverse” in their behavior and development. Such children have often been labeled as having some form of “special need” in an educational sense. Examples of particular “needs” in this section’s contents relate to visual impairment, hearing loss, and autism. However, in terms of musical behavior and development, “neurodiverse” children can exhibit a rich range and depth of musical competency, implying that any such “special need” is not a barrier to musical engagement and that music may bring wider benefits to young children’s development.
The Role of Natural Abilities in Early Childhood Musical Development
Authors: Glasser Solange , McPherson Gary E.
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the huge amount of research in music and music education that deals with intrapersonal, environmental, and developmental processes, research on the natural abilities that typify giftedness is far less represented in the research literature. To encourage further interrogation of this area, this chapter discusses the role of natural abilities that are evident to a greater or lesser degree in all children after birth. These natural abilities, evident from birth, develop further in the early years of life and beyond through maturation and informal exercise, even though they are, to a certain extent, partially controlled by genetic influences. Natural abilities fit into four mental processes (intellectual, creative, social, and perceptual), and two physical abilities (muscular and motor control). These abilities help us understand the types of early indicators and predispositions evident during infancy that subsequently shape a child’s potential to engage with music in a more meaningful way.
Accommodating Neurodiversity in Early Childhood Music Learning and Development
Authors: Chasar Mara , Bakan Michael B.
Published: November 2023

This chapter proposes practical foundations for a new approach to early childhood music learning and development (ECMLD), one that specifically foregrounds accommodating the needs and wants of children with autism spectrum conditions and other expressions of neurodiversity. The work’s coauthors have been collaborators on several neurodiverse music, research, and publication projects since 2009, at which time Mara Chasar was seven years old and a participant in the Music-Play Project, a program for children with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) and their families coordinated by Florida State University applied ethnomusicologist Michael Bakan. The centerpiece of the chapter is a prescriptive, pedagogical list: “Mara’s Ten Ideas for Accommodating Neurodiversity in ECMLD.” Following that list’s presentation, each of Mara’s Ten Ideas is explored individually through a dialogue-based narrative. The narrative follows Mara and Michael as they move progressively toward outlining an innovative pedagogical philosophy that privileges playful, neurodiverse, child-directed, open-ended, and improvisation-oriented group music-making.
Music Education and Engagement for Young Children with Hearing Loss
Authors: Doherty Eloise , Wilson Wayne J. , Barrett Margaret S.
Published: November 2023

Music education offers many benefits for all children and, as such, has the potential to help combat many of the cognitive, auditory, social, and emotional delays associated with childhood hearing loss. Although the idea of a musician with hearing loss may seem contradictory at first glance, the past 170 years of research shows that normal hearing is not a prerequisite for the development of musical skill, especially when appropriate teaching strategies are employed. This chapter aims to provide an overview of current knowledge surrounding the physical, technological, cultural, and pedagogical considerations for providing music education to children with hearing loss. This includes general information about device types, auditory development, auditory processing, (re)habilitation and educational approaches, and cultural considerations relating to hearing loss, hearing impairment, and Deaf populations. Teaching strategies and the potential benefits of music education and musical engagement for children with hearing loss are also discussed.
Exploring the Effectiveness of a Musical Intervention for Socially and Economically Disadvantaged Children in the Early Years, and for Those with Complex Needs
Authors: Ockelford Adam
Published: November 2023

This chapter reports on Phase 1 of the IMAGINE project, in which 216 young children, supported by their parents and early years practitioners, participated in a ten-week music program that was run in Children’s Centres across England. The program was evaluated using the Sounds of Intent in the Early Years framework of musical development. The main findings were, first, that the musical development of young children growing up in areas of high social deprivation may well be significantly delayed. However, this delay can be ameliorated with targeted musical activities that last at least four months. Second, schemes that help families and practitioners to engage through music with young children who experience social deprivation, including those with complex needs, can improve children’s capacity to listen and attend, and can have a positive impact on their self-confidence and self-awareness and their capacity to make relationships and to manage their feelings and behavior.
Section Introduction
Authors: Barrett Margaret S. , Welch Graham F.
Published: November 2023

This section maps the varying landscapes of music early learning and development across time and place and the ways in which these landscapes shape definitions, descriptions, and understandings. Landscapes of digital and physical media, laboratory and naturalistic research environments, and the commercial sector of Music Early Learning Programs are considered as sites for music learning and engagement by young children and their families. Key to these chapters is consideration of young children’s agency as culture makers in and through music, and the role of their families as co-creators and collaborators in children’s music learning and development. The section has been designed to illustrate the diversity of music engagement experienced by young children in the environments of home, local community, learning institutions (formal, non-formal, and informal), and through the media. It concludes through an analysis of the research landscapes of children’s music learning and development, identifying gaps and potentialities for further investigation.
Section Introduction
Authors: Broughton Mary C. , Costa-Giomi Eugenia
Published: November 2023

This section binds together various perspectives on early musical development and learning with the common thread of diversity. Through celebrating diverse views about how and why human musicality develops through the earliest phases of life, we can approach a fuller understanding of what it means to be musical. The perspectives explored through the section chapters consider pre- to postnatal development and experience-driven shaping forces that capitalize on biological and psychological capacities to reveal pathways from which musical engagement may serve positive outcomes for individuals and cultural communities over the life course. Through the chapters in this section, we illustrate the permeability of disciplinary divides by showing connections between diverse knowledges. In doing so, we illuminate a broader and deeper appreciation of the role of early development and learning in music in our lives.
Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Konrad Csaba , Manfredi Giovanni
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the authors review the contribution of pathways involving mitochondria and energy metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons. They review the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of the disease, describe the most relevant ALS causing genes with mitochondrial implications, and discuss the pathways that are most relevant in ALS, including energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, cell death, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial motility, and lipid metabolism. The authors also provide a detailed review of completed and ongoing clinical trials related to the aforementioned pathways and lay out future perspectives in mitochondrial research and therapies for ALS.
Aesthetic Experience in the Everyday Clinical Work of Healthcare Practitioners
Authors: Fox Helena
Published: November 2023

Aesthetic experience may be noticed in routine, habitual, or even brief moments of everyday clinical practice, for instance whilst taking a pulse, listening with a stethoscope, in the clinical touch, reading a medical investigation, seen in a gesture, or even noticed whilst walking down a hospital corridor. Healthcare practitioners can be moved in aesthetic ways in such daily moments as well as by issues of life and death. This chapter describes the nature of a type of aesthetic experience relevant to everyday clinical work. Here ‘aesthetic experience’ refers to sensory perception and the arising imaginative dimension that may be noticed during immersive participation. This includes human sensibilities, emotions, the embodied, the tacit, and the haptic that may all be entwined as lived experience and extend beyond the prosaic. To embrace this complexity, aesthetic experience was explored in a wider study using an innovative arts, practice-based research methodology entitled ‘Connective Aesthetics in Medicine.’ Within this, new experiential participatory processes were designed and shared with healthcare practitioners. A poetic twist was incorporated to slightly defamiliarize everyday clinical actions to activate aesthetic experience for observation. The description of aesthetic experience was built from participant feedback, discussion, and reflections on links with healthcare practice. The researcher’s experience in clinical and arts-based practice was combined with aspects of existing areas of practice and theory where awareness of sensory and imaginal experience was at the core. Aspects of these were adapted and synthesized into the newly designed processes and are discussed with examples. Aesthetic experience was found to be rich in multisensorial and expansive imaginative detail. Awareness of aesthetic experience had the potential to bring greater connection with the self and others in attentive ways and led to links with wider issues in healthcare practice. Such awareness could contribute a resource for enhancing quality in healthcare related to values and humane caregiving alongside the objective evidence base.
The Moving Pieces Approach
Authors: Blowers Charlie
Published: November 2023

There is a growing focus on the impact of stress and trauma on the body, particularly the autonomic nervous system, and concomitant disruption to both physical and mental health. The Moving Pieces Approach (MPA) is an innovative group-based approach to support mental health and manage persistent medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). This is facilitated through sensorimotor integration, combining the performing arts, psychotherapy, and somatic movement education, particularly the Feldenkrais Method. MPA offers an opportunity to integrate more tacit knowledge at the edges of awareness, accessed through rebalancing the nervous system, sensing into the body, improvisational movement, image making, storytelling, and group connection. Fundamental to this approach is establishing a safe and textured container, a shared ‘poetic space’ where unconscious embodied experience can safely emerge, be expressed through different art forms, and shared performatively. Polarities often emerge as part of the process, manifesting as conflicting impulses in the body, movement, opposing qualities in image making, and interpersonal conflict within the group. This chapter considers the main phases of MPA with a focus on polarities as a vehicle to access sequestered experience, discover new insights, and a revised personal narrative. It includes two case studies, one highlighting the dynamic of working with polarity and a second illustrating the potential benefits of performative sharing. Aesthetic experience is revealed as integral to MPA, influencing each phase of the process. Finally, there is reference to current research into MPA, combining artistic and scientific inquiries to investigate the potential benefit of this approach to people experiencing MUS.
Ultra-Orthodox Women and the Musical Shekhinah
Authors: Roda Jessica
Published: November 2023

Four feminine musical scenes—schools and summer camps, home-recording studios, Broadway replicas, and public music videos on YouTube—in Hasidic and Litvish-Yeshivish circles, specifically their emergence, development, and current transformation, are the subject of this chapter. These scenes provide women and girls with an outlet for acting, singing, and dancing, while adhering to the norms of tsniut (modesty). They thereby create a division between feminine and masculine performative spaces. Newfound access to music production due to the digital turn has transformed how ultra-Orthodox women and girls create and disseminate their music. Access to technology and its subsequent integration into their homes have reshaped their production and consumption of music. This has established a new market and even an industry for music for and by women and girls only, accessible via informal and formal distribution platforms. This burgeoning, dynamic artistic space challenges the traditional reading of women-only performances in ultra-Orthodox communities as invisible and essentially collective. In contrast, these scenes reveal a novel celebration of individual creativity and the figure of the female artist.
“We Live Forever”
Authors: Muir Simo
Published: November 2023

Polish Jewish singers and actors played an important role in rebuilding and revitalizing Yiddish culture in Sweden. This chapter discusses their repertoires and performances for the Jewish survivor community in post-Holocaust Sweden in various settings: sanatoria and convalescent homes, concert halls, and venues of the emerging new communities. These contexts offer insight into the meaning of Yiddish song for the sheyres-hapleyte, the surviving remnant, as the survivor community called itself. These contexts further expose the sheyres-hapleyte as a musical community that draws on notions of descent, affinity, and dissent through Yiddish song. The Swedish case ultimately exemplifies how, besides dealing with the trauma and commemorating the perished loved ones, singing and performing constituted an act of remembering and reconnecting with the prewar Yiddish culture in a now new and different environment.
Jewish Émigré Musicians in Buenos Aires
Authors: Glocer Silvia
Published: November 2023

In the 1930s and 1940s, totalitarian regimes forced the exodus of artists and intellectuals to an extent unprecedented in the history of Europe. After the United States, Argentina was the country in the Americas that received the largest number of Jewish refugees, and about 140 of them were musicians. The vast majority settled in Buenos Aires, where different social networks provided the new arrivals with opportunities to integrate into the local musical scenes and the growing cultural industries. The local Jewish community helped with contacts and links to social and professional networks. These networks not only facilitated integration, but also led to reciprocity in that the émigré musicians and their cultural heritage would leave their permanent mark on the musical life of Buenos Aires.
The Yiddish Theater Republic of Sounds and the Performance of Listening
Authors: Abeliovich Ruthie
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on modes of listening generated by the Yiddish theater during the outset of the twentieth century. Departing from Moyshe Hurwitz’s four-act opera Yetsies mitsraim (The Exodus from Egypt), it examines the ways whereby listening in and to the Yiddish theater evolved against the backdrop of two simultaneous processes: the invention of sound technology and the Jewish mass migration movement from eastern Europe to the United States. Aiming to understand sound as recorded, aired, and actively listened to by audiences in historically and culturally specific formations, three central performances of listening are traced that reflect perceptual facets of the experience of displacement: theatrical listening, acousmatic listening, and peripatetic listening. These sensory and emotive formations translated, intervened in, and altered the ruptured migratory experience into audiovisual modes of attention, enabling its listeners to practice and negotiate their shifting social reality. Thus, listening in and to Yiddish theater functioned as a cornerstone in the actual and imaginative configurations of the Jewish migratory collective after the turn of the century.
Remembering the Destruction, Re-animating the Collective
Authors: Crowdus Miranda L.
Published: November 2023

As elsewhere in eastern and southern Europe, many Jewish communities in Greece were almost completely destroyed during the Holocaust, which resulted in the near erasure of many distinctive religious and cultural practices. Among these erased communities were the Romaniote Jews, an Indigenous Judeo-Greek population distinct from the Sephardic Jews who arrived in Greece following the Spanish Inquisition. The cultural losses included their musical practices, which were largely orally transmitted. A few Romaniote leaders and practitioners continue the musical-liturgical traditions today in Greece, as well as in the United States and Israel. The living practice of this musical liturgy that is ever-changing in the typical manner of orally transmitted repertoires arguably embodies a process of remembering destruction. This process is shown by the imprint of gaps in memory caused by rupture embedded in the repertoire. While remembering destruction is an intrinsically Jewish practice, it is of specific importance to the Jews of Ioannina (a city that once was, and arguably still is, the spiritual center of Romaniote Jews) and their descendants. In the past decade, an annual pilgrimage to Ioannina to attend a Romaniote Yom Kippur service has become a pivotal experience for both Romaniote Jews and others, enabling them to remember and mourn the pre-Holocaust community. This annual pilgrimage, at the epicenter of Romaniote religious and social significance, generates a new Jewish collective based on Romaniote identity and history that includes the restoration of distinct musical practices.
Hearing the Ancient Temple in Early Modernity
Authors: Cypess Rebecca , Greenberg Yoel
Published: November 2023

In 1612 the Mantuan physician Abraham Portaleone published his treatise Shilṭei ha-giborim (שלטי הגיבורים, Shields of the heroes), a volume directed at an insider Jewish readership. Among the topics that Portaleone covered were the theories and practices of music in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem, which, he claimed, were nearly identical to those that he and his readers knew in seventeenth-century Mantua. Past scholars have evaluated Portaleone’s interpretations for their historical accuracy, debating whether he was aware of the anachronisms in his work. By contrast, this chapter argues that Portaleone’s approach was rooted in the Jewish hermeneutic techniques of midrash, which he deployed in order to reinterpret ancient texts and make them relevant to his own day. Portaleone’s midrashic approach activated two kinds of collectivity: synchronic and diachronic. In eliding ancient Jewish history with contemporary musical life, Portaleone reclaimed modern music as a component of the Jewish experience and affirmed Jews’ participation in music as a legitimate part of their heritage.
Jewish Refugees from the Nazi State in Shanghai, 1938–1949
Authors: Fetthauer Sophie
Published: November 2023

Between 1938 and 1949 the Chinese port city of Shanghai saw an influx of refugees who escaped the Nazi regime. Upon rebuilding their lives in the cosmopolitan city, they formed a community in which classical music, operetta, and entertainment music were at the center. In addition, and together with these repertoires, music considered specifically “Jewish” was performed: synagogue music, Yiddish and Zionist song, and a specific kind of “Jewish” concert music. This chapter discusses how these genres marked the heterogeneous composition of the Jewish refugees, how they created opportunities to connect, and how, at the same time, they served as a means of demarcation, preservation, and remembrance. More so, this music reveals how aspects of argumentation from the European discourse on Jewish music transferred to Shanghai, in part without being significantly changed in light of the new environment, and how it was used to address contemporaneous issues.
Social Stratification of Retirement Transition
Authors: Turek Konrad , Henkens Kène
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the central role retirement plays in social stratification structures in later life. Retirement transition is embedded in social structures and affects an individual’s post-retirement position. In recent decades, retirement has departed from a traditional model of a clear-cut event and a static life period toward a more varied, dynamic, and unpredictable process. At the same time, public policies push to extend working lives but often ignore individual differences in the ability to work longer. These processes carry a risk of increasing inequalities at older ages. This chapter discusses theoretical approaches to social stratification at older ages, the diversification of retirement pathways, and the impact of aging policies on stratification. It argues that the stratificational role of retirement is increasing, and unified reforms can stimulate the development of inequalities and exclusions.
Antoinette Brown Blackwell
Authors: Pearce Trevor
Published: November 2023

This chapter will show that Antoinette Brown Blackwell’s criticisms of Charles Darwin and other evolutionists in the mid-1870s were based on views about the equivalence of the sexes that she had developed two decades earlier. The first section, after providing some context for Blackwell’s interest in reform, discusses her contributions to the struggle for women’s rights prior to the American Civil War. Taking up an unusual position, Blackwell argued that women ought to be involved in public life because they are essentially different from men. The second section focuses on how Blackwell repurposed these earlier contributions in The Sexes Throughout Nature (1875).
American Feminist Socialism 1830–1930
Authors: Whipps Judy D.
Published: November 2023

Critics have used the labels “socialism” and “feminism” to vilify American reform movements since the term socialism came into the American lexicon in the mid-nineteenth century. It was initially used to describe utopian communities that experimented with cooperative economic systems. Some of those communities challenged gender roles and sexual norms. Marxism later changed the way socialism was defined, but other socialist philosophies also flourished, such as those associated with late-century reform movements. Three social reformers, Florence Kelley, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emily Greene Balch, illustrate how feminism and socialism together shaped economic and social reform. Kelley’s influential workplace reforms were based in her philosophies of feminist socialism. Gilman’s feminist writing critiqued women’s domestic roles and promoted socialist cooperative economic systems. Balch used her feminist socialism to oppose imperialism, racism, and nationalism. All three worked toward social and economic equity. Rather than advocate Marxist revolution, they reimagined the role of government, using legislative means to promote social and economic equity.
American Idealists
Authors: Novakovic Andreja
Published: November 2023

This chapter charts the critical reception of Hegel’s social and political philosophy in the hands of Susan Blow, Anna Brackett, and Marietta Kies, members of a group known as the St. Louis Hegelians. It situates them in the philosophical movement of American idealism and argues that there is a common thread permeating their disagreements with Hegel, for each raises an implicit objection to Hegel’s delineation of a rational social order. Susan Blow challenges Hegel’s views on the institutional context of early childhood education; Anna Brackett, Hegel’s gendered division of labor; and Marietta Kies, Hegel’s differentiation of the motives in civil society and in the state. What their writings show is that Hegel’s concrete description of ethical life, specifically of the boundaries between its social spheres, needs to be amended to make it relevant to an American context in the second half of the nineteenth century.