bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional connectivity during feedback learning in smokers
Authors: Duehlmeyer Leonie , Parsons Nicholas , Malpas Charles B. , Hester Robert
Published: November 2021

Background

Although it has been traditionally assumed that dysregulation of psychological processes in smokers results from activity within specific brain regions, an emerging view regards such dysregulation as attributable to aberrant communication between distinct brain regions. These processes can be measured during appropriate task paradigms such as the learning from errors task. This study aims to elucidate interactions between brain regions underlying the process of learning from errors, punishment and sensitivity to reward in dependent smokers.

Methods

Functional MRI data from 23 age‐matched dependent smokers (8 females, mean age = 25.48, SD = 4.46) and 23 controls (13 females, mean age = 24.83, SD = 5.99) were analysed during a feedback‐based associative learning task. Functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens and reward/sensorimotor areas was investigated during a feedback learning task.

Results

Behaviourally, smokers exhibited lower error correction rates and were less sensitive to punishment magnitude. Smokers showed increased functional connectivity between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/nucleus accumbens seed regions and numerous reward‐related target regions including the putamen, anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex.

Conclusions

Reduced learning from errors and widespread aberrant functional connectivity contribute to the emerging functional characterisation of dependent smokers and may bear significant implications when considering the efficacy of smoking interventions.
Polymorphisms contribute to differences in the effect of rocuronium in Chinese patients
Authors: Zhu Hongyu , Wang Yafeng , Wang Qi , Zhao Shuai , Xu Feng , Hu Zhiqiang , Zhou Ruihui , Huang Shiqian , Han Linlin , Chen Xiangdong
Published: November 2021

Rocuronium is widely utilized in clinical general anaesthesia, and individual differences in pharmacology and clearance have been observed. Two hundred thirty‐six Chinese patients undergoing selective thyroid/breast mass resection were studied. Total intravenous anaesthesia was induced with a single dose of propofol (2 mg·kg−1), sufentanil (0.5 μg·kg−1), and rocuronium (0.6 mg·kg−1) and maintained with propofol (3–5 mg·kg−1·h−1) and remifentanil (0.2–0.4 μg·kg−1·min−1). Intubation conditions and a train‐of‐four index of patients were utilized to assess the effects and duration of rocuronium. The data from 228 patients were analysed and reported. Genotypes NR1I2 rs2472677 C > T, NR1I2 rs6785049 G > A, SLCO1B1 rs4363657 T > C, SLCO1A2 rs4762699 T > C, and UGT1A1 rs4148323 G > A contributed to individual variation in rocuronium. Of the clinical variables tested, age, BMI, total dose of propofol, NR1I2 rs2472677, and SLCO1A2 rs4762699 correlated significantly (P < 0.05 for all) with the clinical duration or total clinical action time of rocuronium in a multiple linear regression model. No significant interactions were observed in intubation conditions. Genetic variations in NR1I2 rs2472677, NR1I2 rs6785049, SLCO1B1 rs4363657, SLCO1A2 rs4762699, and UGT1A1 rs4148323 were related to extensive interindividual variability in the clinical duration and total clinical action time of rocuronium.
Smuggling Women for Sex Work in North America: The Smugglers' Perspective
Authors: Izcara Palacios Simón Pedro
Published: November 2021

The objective of this article is to analyse why, in a context of a shrinking market for human smuggling, smuggling of women for sex work in the North American region has expanded. Based on interviews with 52 Mexican smugglers who have transported women for the sex trade in the United States, this article concludes that the growth in the smuggling of women for sex work responds principally to an economic logic. In addition, caravans of Central American migrants have fuelled this industry.
Randomized controlled trial of a mindfulness‐based intervention in adolescents from the general population: The Mindfulteen neuroimaging study protocol
Authors: Piguet Camille , Klauser Paul , Celen Zeynep , James Murray Ryan , Magnus Smith Mariana , Merglen Arnaud
Published: November 2021

Aim

Adolescence is a period of vulnerability to stress. Increased anxiety during this period has been associated with the later development of mental disorders, hence the growing interest for interventions that could decrease stress reactivity and improve cognitive control in adolescents. Mindfulness‐based interventions have demonstrated their efficacy on stress reactivity and anxiety in adults, but evidence is lacking in youth.

Methods

The Mindfulteen Study is a 3‐year longitudinal cohort with a nested randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness of mindfulness‐based interventions for adolescents. Young adolescents from the general population, aged between 13 and 15 years old, with no history of current mental health disorder (apart from past mood disorders or current anxiety disorders) are included and stratified into low or high anxiety based on trait anxiety scores before being randomized to early or late 8‐week intervention groups. Primary outcomes are based on neuroimaging data (i.e., structural and functional measures in the cortico‐limbic network) while secondary outcomes are psychological (i.e., anxiety and stress‐associated dimensions) and biological (i.e., cortisol, inflammatory and redox markers). Assessments are performed at baseline, immediately after intervention or waiting time and after 18 months of intervention.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first randomized controlled trail examining the effect of a mindfulness‐based intervention in young adolescents from the general population based on the measurement and analyses of psychological, neuroimaging and biological data.
Perceptions of adolescents' racial discrimination experiences, racial identity, and depressive symptoms among Black American fathers
Authors: Jelsma Elizabeth , Varner Fatima , Engineer Nabeeha
Published: November 2021

Objective

This study examined whether Black American fathers' perceptions of their adolescents' experiences of racial discrimination were related to fathers' depressive symptoms and if this association was moderated by fathers' racial identity beliefs and adolescent gender.

Background

Racial discrimination is not only an individual‐level but also a family‐level stressor for Black families. Racial discrimination experienced by parents can spillover to influence their children; however, fewer studies have examined how adolescents' discrimination experiences relate to parents' psychological outcomes, especially among Black fathers.

Method

Data were collected via online survey from 240 Black fathers (Mage = 45.93 years,SD = 8.72) of adolescents (Mage = 14.44 years,SD = 2.11) residing in the United States. Participants completed questions about their racial identity beliefs and depressive symptoms, as well as their adolescents' experiences with racial discrimination.

Results

Regression analyses revealed that adolescent‐experienced racial discrimination was directly associated with fathers' depressive symptoms. Fathers whose race was more central to them (racial centrality) had higher depressive symptoms when their adolescents had high racial discrimination experiences. Also, fathers' beliefs about how Black people are viewed by society (public regard) moderated the relation between adolescent‐experienced racial discrimination and fathers' depressive symptoms differently based on adolescent gender. Adolescent gender also moderated the relation between fathers' personal feelings about being Black (private regard) and their depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Overall, fathers' beliefs about their race, as well as the gender of their adolescents, play a role in their psychological health when their adolescents experience discrimination.
Deformation and fracture behavior of granite by the short core in compression method with 3D digital image correlation
Authors: Li Diyuan , Zhang Chenxi , Zhu Quanqi , Ma Jinyin , Gao Feihong
Published: November 2021

Based on three‐dimensional digital image correlation (3D‐DIC) technique, the deformation behavior, damage and fracture characteristics of the granite specimens have been tested and observed by the short core in compression (SCC) method. The test results show that (1) the damage degree of rock in the region of interest (ROI) increases with axial stress. Before peak stress, damage factor based on apparent principal strain increases slowly, then rises rapidly; (2) relative displacements in both horizontal and vertical directions are observed, indicating that the fracture mode for SCC specimens subjected to uniaxial compression is the tensile‐shear mixed mode fracture; (3) new fracture initiates from the middle part of the expected shear fracture band (ESFB) then propagates along the loading direction. A dominant macro‐fracture, linking up the tips of two notches, eventually forms. Meanwhile, a calculation method based on the energy conservation law for the fracture energy of SCC specimens is proposed. The fracture energy of granite is estimated as 1760.4 J/m2.
Machine learning‐based efficient stress intensity factor calculation for aeroengine disk probabilistic risk assessment under polynomial stress fields
Authors: Xu Tongge , Ding Shuiting , Zhou Huimin , Li Guo
Published: November 2021

In probabilistic failure risk assessment, the accuracy and efficiency of the stress intensity factor calculation are important. The universal weight function method has been widely adopted for efficiency, but this method still has some debatable parts. For accurate and efficient stress intensity factor prediction, two approaches for machine learning techniques are specially designed. Three tests are conducted for the first approach where Gaussian process regression, tree‐structure models, and artificial neural network are evaluated and compared for the ability of interpolation and extrapolation. Results show that the artificial neural network and extremely randomized trees perform better. Hybrid models in the second approach are also proposed, and results show that the accuracy of SIF calculation can be improved by 5–35% compared with the weight function. Real aeroengine disks are adopted, and the errors of machine learning methods are less than 20% in the disk life calculation.
A novel approach to partitioning evapotranspiration into evaporation and transpiration in flooded ecosystems
Authors: Eichelmann Elke , Mantoani Mauricio C. , Chamberlain Samuel D. , Hemes Kyle S. , Oikawa Patricia Y. , Szutu Daphne , Valach Alex , Verfaillie Joseph , Baldocchi Dennis D.
Published: November 2021

Reliable partitioning of micrometeorologically measured evapotranspiration (ET) into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) would greatly enhance our understanding of the water cycle and its response to climate change related shifts in local‐to‐regional climate conditions and rising global levels of vapor pressure deficit (VPD). While some methods on ET partitioning have been developed, their underlying assumptions make them difficult to apply more generally, especially in sites with large contributions of E. Here, we report a novel ET partitioning method using artificial neural networks (ANNs) in combination with a range of environmental input variables to predict daytime E from nighttime ET measurements. The study uses eddy covariance data from four restored wetlands in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta, California, USA, as well as leaf‐level T data for validation. The four wetlands vary in their vegetation make‐up and structure, representing a range of ET conditions. The ANNs were built with increasing complexity by adding the input variable that resulted in the next highest average value of model testing R2 across all sites. The order of variable inclusion (and importance) was: VPD > gap‐filled sensible heat flux (H_gf) > air temperature (Tair) > friction velocity (u∗) > other variables. The model using VPD, H_gf, Tair, and u∗ showed the best performance during validation with independent data and had a mean testing R2 value of 0.853 (averaged across all sites, range from 0.728 to 0.910). In comparison to other methods, our ANN method generated T/ET partitioning results which were more consistent with CO2 exchange data especially for more heterogeneous sites with large E contributions. Our method improves the understanding of T/ET partitioning. While it may be particularly suited to flooded ecosystems, it can also improve T/ET partitioning in other systems, increasing our knowledge of the global water cycle and ecosystem functioning.
In vitro effects of emicizumab on activated clotting time in blood samples from cardiac surgical patients
Authors: Tanaka Kenichi A. , Henderson Reney , Thangaraju Kiruphagaran , Morita Yoshihisa , Mazzeffi Michael A. , Strauss Erik , Katneni Upendra , Buehler Paul W.
Published: November 2021

Background

Heparin management in hemophilia A (HA) patients with a factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor can be challenging due to severe activated clotting time (ACT) prolongations. It is important to better understand the impact of emicizumab, a FVIII mimetic on ACT, and tissue factor (TF)‐based coagulation assays.

Methods

Whole blood from 18 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were mixed in vitro with pooled normal plasma, FVIII‐deficient or FVIII‐inhibitor plasma to affect functional FVIII levels. ACTs and heparin concentration by protamine titration were measured in whole blood mixture with/without emicizumab (50‐100 μg/ml). Thrombin generation and plasmin generation were measured in the patient's plasma mixed with normal plasma or FVIII‐inhibitor plasma to assess the impact of emicizumab under low TF activation.

Results

FVIII inhibitors prolonged ACTs by 2.2‐fold compared to those in normal plasma mixture at baseline. During CPB, ACTs in normal plasma mixture, and FVIII‐deficient mixture were in 400s, but ACTs reached 900s in FVIII‐inhibitor mixture. Emicizumab shortened ACTs by up to 100s in normal plasma mixture, and FVIII‐deficient mixtures. ACTs remained over 600s in FVIII‐inhibitor mixture, despite adding emicizumab at 100 μg/ml. Heparin concentration measured by TF‐based protamine titration was unaffected. Emicizumab enhanced thrombin peak in the presence of FVIII inhibitors, whereas plasmin generation was mainly affected by thrombin generation, and systemic use of ɛ‐aminocaproic acid.

Conclusions

FVIII inhibitors extensively prolong ACTs in heparinized whole blood, and clinical levels of emicizumab partially reverse ACT values. Protamine titration should be considered for optimal heparin monitoring in emicizumab‐treated patients with FVIII inhibitors.
Exercise ameliorates insulin resistance and improves ASK1‐mediated insulin signalling in obese rats
Authors: Zhang Yong , Ye Tingting , Zhou Puqing , Li Runjing , Liu Zuofeng , Xie Jianyuan , Hua Tianmiao , Sun Qingyan
Published: November 2021

Increasing evidence reveals that physical exercise is an efficient therapeutical approach in the treatment of insulin resistance (IR) and related metabolic diseases. However, the potential beneficial effects of exercise on insulin resistance and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recent findings elucidated the negative role of ASK1 in repressing the glucose uptake through JNK1‐IRS1‐Akt signalling in liver. Thus, a detailed investigation of the effect of ASK1‐mediated insulin signalling on exercise‐mediated improvement of insulin sensitivity and its underlying mechanism was implemented in this study. Using a high‐fat diet‐induced IR rat model of chronic or acute swimming exercise training, we here showed that body weight and visceral fat mass were significantly reduced after chronic exercise. Moreover, chronic exercise reduced serum FFAs levels and hepatic triglyceride content. Both chronic and acute exercise promoted glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Meanwhile, both chronic and acute exercise decreased ASK1 phosphorylation and improved JNK1‐IRS1‐Akt signalling. Furthermore, exercise training decreased CFLAR, CREG and TRAF1 protein levels in liver of obese rats, which are positive regulator of ASK1 activity. These results suggested that swimming exercise demonstrated to be an effective ameliorator of IR through the regulation of ASK1‐mediated insulin signalling and therefore, could present a prospective therapeutic mean towards the treatment of IR and several metabolic diseases based on IR, containing NAFLD and type Ⅱ diabetes.
Reduced pregnancy and live birth rates after in vitro fertilization in women with cesarean section scar diverticulum: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Huang Ling , Huang Sunxing , Yuan Yuan , Li Yubin , Chen Minghui , Zhou Canquan
Published: November 2021

Aim

The primary aim of the study was to investigate the effect of cesarean scar diverticulum on the reproductive outcome of embryo transfer. The secondary aim was to assess the impact of endometrial cavity fluid on the reproductive outcome of embryo transfer among patients with a cesarean scar diverticulum.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study. The study included 1538 patients, of whom 215 patients with an existing cesarean scar diverticulum and 1323 patients without cesarean scar diverticulum. A subgroup analysis of the impact of endometrial cavity fluid on the reproductive outcome of frozen embryo transfers among patients with a cesarean scar diverticulum was also conducted.

Results

The odds of clinical pregnancy in the noncesarean section diverticulum group was higher than that in the diverticulum group (odds ratio [OR]: 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27–2.34 and adjusted OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.25–2.34). The odds of live birth in the noncesarean section diverticulum group was also significantly higher than that in the cesarean section diverticulum group (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.15–2.24 and adjusted OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.14–2.23). The existence of endometrial cavity fluid during endometrial preparation significantly reduced the pregnancy and live birth rate of frozen embryo transfer among the patients with cesarean section diverticulum.

Conclusion

The presence of cesarean section scar diverticulum had an adverse impact on the pregnancy and live birth rate after in vitro fertilization. The endometrial cavity fluid among the patients with cesarean section scar diverticulum accounted for the reduced pregnancy and live birth rate partly.
Guide and advances on childhood obesity determinants: Setting the research agenda
Authors: Tur Josep A. , Martinez J. Alfredo
Published: November 2021

Childhood obesity demands global solutions. Low birth weight and small for gestational age were associated with childhood obesity. Available data do not support prenatal exposure to antibiotics as risk factor for childhood obesity, and posology must be assessed. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants shows associations with childhood obesity. Gut microbiota composition influences obesity onset in childhood. Despite the unquestionable role of Mediterranean diet on healthy weight, there are only incomplete indications of metabolic benefits in childhood weight after following Mediterranean diet. Negative association between total dairy consumption and childhood obesity has been found, but inverse causality could not be discarded. Ultra‐processed food intake is an adverse determinant of childhood obesity. Physical inactivity and sedentarism are critical risk factors of children adiposity; hence, built environment and environmental features will be determinants of childhood obesity. A consistent metabolic pattern of childhood obesity was observed; metabolomics research is needed to assess the role of specific molecules concerning childhood obesity. Epigenetic experiences support association with childhood obesity for DNA methylation of specific genes and miRNAs. Therefore, recent childhood obesity rates cannot only be explained by genetic predisposition and changes in lifestyle habits. It implies gene–environment interactions. It will be the next research.
Acoustic analysis of crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) vocalizations in the Southern Kerguelen Plateau region of East Antarctica
Authors: Nagaraj Harsha , Owen Kylie , Lea Mary-Anne , Miller Brian S
Published: November 2021

Crabeater seals are circumpolar, ice-dependent seals that produce distinct vocalizations during the breeding season. This study provides the first description of the acoustic repertoire of the crabeater seal in East Antarctica, using data from a stationary hydrophone at 1.8 km depth in the Southern Kerguelen Plateau region in 2014–2015. Two call types were identified in the data set: the low and the high moan calls. Of the 8821 calls detected, 92.5% were classified as low moan calls and 7.5% were high moan calls. The mean duration of the two call types was similar (2.3 and 2.8 s, respectively), however, the high moan calls had a higher frequency range (1020–4525 Hz, n = 11) than the low moan calls (360–2753 Hz, n = 120). The calls were primarily detected in the austral spring. Diel analysis showed that the low moan calls were mostly made at nighttime or proximal to dusk and dawn. The results of this study could aid in the development of automated detectors for crabeater seal vocalizations. This would facilitate comparisons of the distribution and abundance of the species using extant acoustic data and could increase knowledge on the breeding behavior of crabeater seals.
A surface-promoted redox reaction occurs spontaneously on solvating inorganic aerosol surfaces
Authors: Kong Xiangrui , Castarède Dimitri , Thomson Erik S. , Boucly Anthony , Artiglia Luca , Ammann Markus , Gladich Ivan , Pettersson Jan B. C.
Published: November 2021

Spontaneous chemistry on aerosol surface

Interfacial redox chemistry plays an important role in the formation of gas molecules and aerosol particles. However, the characterization of such heterogeneous processes is challenging, and they are often omitted in chemical kinetics models. Using ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with molecular dynamics simulations, Kong
et al
. discovered spontaneous redox chemistry promoted by the surface at the first stages of the solvation process on a typical inorganic aerosol surface of ammonium sulfate (see the Perspective by Ruiz-Lopez). Several unexpected species have been identified as being possible products of a sulfate-reducing ammonium oxidation reaction, and this may help to resolve some of the enduring conundrums of atmospheric chemistry. The present results could also be useful for the development of wastewater treatments and other industrial technologies. —YS
Immunology meets the masses
Immune: A Journey into the Mysterious System That Keeps You Alive
Philipp Dettmer
Random House, 2021. 368 pp.
Authors: Davis Daniel M.
Published: November 2021

A YouTuber’s vividly illustrated immune system explainer delights and informs
How ammonia feeds and pollutes the world
Authors: Erisman Jan Willem
Published: November 2021

It is cheaper to cut ammonia emission now than to deal with its consequences later
In Science Journals
Authors: Purnell Beverly A. , Stern Peter , Funk Michael A. , Yeston Jake , Hodges Kip , Maroso Mattia , Alderton Gemma , Smith H. Jesse , Lavine Marc S. , Hines Pamela J. , Scanlon Seth Thomas , Suleymanov Yury , Erkes Dan A. , Wong Wei , Smith Keith T.
Published: November 2021

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
In Other Journals
Authors: Purnell Beverly A. , Zahn Laura M. , Ray L. Bryan , Stajic Jelena , Funk Michael A. , Alderton Gemma , Smith H. Jesse
Published: November 2021

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Genome Sequences of
Erwinia
Phyllophages AH04 and AH06
Authors: Krukonis Greg P. , Roth Sam J. , Delesalle Véronique A.
Published: November 2021

Although crucial in shaping bacterial communities, few bacteriophages of the phyllosphere have been described. We provide genome data for two
Myoviridae
phages, AH04 and AH06, isolated on
Erwinia billingiae
strains. AH04 shares limited genetic similarity with previously described phages, while AH06 shares over 75% similarity with various
Erwinia
phages.
Supplemental Material: Latest Permian–Triassic magmatism of the Taimyr Peninsula: New evidence for a connection to the Siberian Traps large igneous province
Authors: Kurapov Mikhail , al. et
Published: November 2021

Table S1: Results for the SIMS SHRIMP and LA–ICPMS U-Pb zircon analysis. Table S2: Ar–Ar analytical data for studied samples. Table S3: Rb–Sr, Sm-Nd isotopic data of studied samples. Table S4: Major and trace element analyses of studied samples with the coordinates of studied samples (WGS84 projection). Figure S1: BSE–CL images of zircon grains from the studied granites. Figure S2: Concordia and weighted average diagrams for studied granites. Figure S3: Ar–Ar spectra on biotite and amphibole for studied latest Permian–Triassic granites.
Interpretation of hydrothermal conditions, production-injection induced effects, and evidence for enhanced geothermal system-type heat exchange in response to >30 years of production at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah, USA
Authors: Simmons Stuart F. , Allis Rick G. , Kirby Stefan M. , Moore Joseph N. , Fischer Tobias P.
Published: November 2021

The Roosevelt Hot Springs hydrothermal system is located at the base of the Mineral Mountains in southwestern Utah on the eastern side of the Basin and Range. Hydrothermal activity is related to relatively recent bimodal magmatism, and the system is hosted in coarsely crystalline rock made of Oligocene–Miocene granitoids and Precambrian gneiss. The hydrothermal plume covers ∼5 km2, with a maximum temperature of 268 °C at ∼750 m depth, and a vertically extensive fault-fracture mesh east of the Opal Mound fault controls the upflow of hydrothermal fluids. Power generation (currently 38 MWe gross) began in 1984, and up through 2016, four wells were used for fluid production, and three wells were used for edge-field injection. Chemical analyses of produced fluids show that modern reservoir fluid compositions are similar to but more concentrated than those at the start of production, having near-neutral pH, total dissolved solids of 7000–10,000 mg/kg, and ionic ratios of Cl/HCO3 ∼50–100, Cl/SO4 ∼50–100, and Na/K ∼4–5. Chemical geothermometers indicate equilibration temperatures that mainly range between 240° and 300 °C. Early production induced a steep drop in pressure (∼3.0–3.5 MPa), which was accompanied by a 250–300 m lowering of piezometric levels in wells and development of a shallow steam zone across the system. Hydrothermal fluid compositions evolved continuously in response to production-related steam-loss and injection breakthrough, which is reflected by gradual increases in chloride of up to 35% and stable isotope ratios of up to ∼2‰δ18O and ∼10‰δD. Simple mixing model calculations suggest that there has been a significant amount, ∼10–20 MWth, of sustained multi-decadal heat mining and enhanced geothermal system (EGS)–type heat transfer by the injectate as it returns to the production zone. Overall, the two factors that have sustained long-term power production (currently 38 MWe gross) are the increased upflow of deep chloride water and, to a lesser extent, the mining of heat at <1 km depth.
Insights from the geological record of deformation along the subduction interface at depths of seismogenesis
Authors: Fisher Donald M. , Hooker John N. , Smye Andrew J. , Chen Tsai-Wei
Published: November 2021

Subduction interfaces are loci of interdependent seismic slip behavior, fluid flow, and mineral redistribution. Mineral redistribution leads to coupling between fluid flow and slip behavior through decreases in porosity/permeability and increases in cohesion during the interseismic period. We investigate this system from the perspective of ancient accretionary complexes with regional zones of mélange that record noncoaxial strain during underthrusting adjacent to the subduction interface. Deformation of weak mudstones is accompanied by low-grade metamorphic reactions, dissolution along scaly microfaults, and the removal of fluid-mobile chemical components, whereas stronger sandstone blocks preserve veins that contain chemical components depleted in mudstones. These observations support local diffusive mass transport from scaly fabrics to veins during interseismic viscous coupling. Underthrusting sediments record a crack porosity that fluctuates due to the interplay of cracking and precipitation. Permanent interseismic deformation involves pressure solution slip, strain hardening, and the development of new shears in undeformed material. In contrast, coseismic slip may be accommodated within observed narrow zones of cataclastic deformation at the top of many mélange terranes. A kinetic model implies interseismic changes in physical properties in less than hundreds of years, and a numerical model that couples an earthquake simulator with a fluid flow system depicts a subduction zone interface governed by feedbacks between fluid production, permeability, hydrofracturing, and aging via mineral precipitation. During an earthquake, interseismic permeability reduction is followed by coseismic rupture of low permeability seals and fluid pressure drop in the seismogenic zone. Updip of the seismogenic zone, there is a post-seismic wave of higher fluid pressure that propagates trenchward.
Supplemental Material: Microporphyritic and microspherulitic melt grains, Hiawatha crater, Northwest Greenland: Implications for post-impact cooling rates, hydration, and the cratering environment
Authors: Garde Adam , al. et
Published: November 2021

Table S1: EMP analyses of Hiawatha melt grains, detrital minerals and EMP standards, and compositions of reference points shown in Figure 15; Figure S1: Felsic melt grain 21J-t03 with mordenite microspherulites and perlitic fractures; Figure S2: Felsic melt grain 21J-z40 with microspherulitic mordenite, fragments of quartz and plagioclase as well as perlitic fractures with hydrothermal alteration. Mordenite microspherulites mixed with Al-Si glass predominate.
Stability and Control of Power Grids
Authors: Liu Tao , Song Yue , Zhu Lipeng , Hill David J.
Published: November 2021

Power grids are critical infrastructure in modern society, and there are well-established theories for the stability and control of traditional power grids under a centralized paradigm. Driven by environmental and sustainability concerns, power grids are undergoing an unprecedented transition, with much more flexibility as well as uncertainty brought by the growing penetration of renewable energy and power electronic devices. A new paradigm for stability and control is under development that uses graph-based, data-based, and distributed analysis tools. This article surveys classic and novel results on the stability and control of power grids to provide a perspective on this both old and new subject.
A novel, interactive game to improve understanding of respiratory control pathways in first-year medical students
Authors: Kane Imogen , Hansen Jeffrey , Lewis Robert
Published: November 2021

The physiology of respiration is a challenging subject for many medical students. To assist students, we have developed an active learning game that physically places students within a model outlining the respiratory control pathway. Participants were provided with a vodcast describing the physiology of respiratory control and instructed to view this before the activity. Once in the classroom, groups of students sat at tables marked to represent components of the respiratory control pathway (e.g., apneustic center, diaphragm etc.). Tables were connected with green and red ropes indicating excitatory or inhibitory effects, respectively. Students were presented with various scenarios (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis) and asked to predict and illustrate the scenario’s effect on subsequent steps in the respiratory pathway by waving the appropriate connecting rope. The next table would continue the pattern to simulate the collective physiological adaptation of the respiratory pathway. Thirty first-year medical students participated in this study. Following the activity, 25 out of the 30 participants completed an optional survey. The survey aimed to assess the benefits of adding this activity to our first-year medical curriculum to build a foundational understanding of the physiology of respiration. Responses were overwhelmingly favorable, and participants reported that playing the game significantly improved their perceived understanding of the physiology of respiratory control. All but one of the participants recommended using the activity in future classes. Because the small size of the study group may limit generalizability, future larger scale studies are planned.
TP53 Pathway Function, Estrogen Receptor Status, and Breast Cancer Risk Factors in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study
Authors: Hurson Amber N. , Abubakar Mustapha , Hamilton Alina M. , Conway Kathleen , Hoadley Katherine A. , Love Michael I. , Olshan Andrew F. , Perou Charles M. , Garcia-Closas Montserrat , Troester Melissa A.
Published: November 2021

Background:

TP53 and estrogen receptor (ER) both play essential roles in breast cancer development and progression, with recent research revealing cross-talk between TP53 and ER signaling pathways. Although many studies have demonstrated heterogeneity of risk factor associations across ER subtypes, associations by TP53 status have been inconsistent.

Methods:

This case–case analysis included incident breast cancer cases (47% Black) from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (1993–2013). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples were classified for TP53 functional status (mutant-like/wild-type-like) using a validated RNA signature. For IHC-based TP53 status, mutant-like was classified as at least 10% positivity. We used two-stage polytomous logistic regression to evaluate risk factor heterogeneity due to RNA-based TP53 and/or ER, adjusting for each other and for PR, HER2, and grade. We then compared this with the results when using IHC-based TP53 classification.

Results:

The RNA-based classifier identified 55% of tumors as TP53 wild-type-like and 45% as mutant-like. Several hormone-related factors (oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, age at menopause, and pre- and postmenopausal body mass index) were associated with TP53 mutant-like status, whereas reproductive factors (age at first birth and parity) and smoking were associated with ER status. Multiparity was associated with both TP53 and ER. When classifying TP53 status using IHC methods, no associations were observed with TP53. Associations observed with RNA-based TP53 remained after accounting for basal-like subtype.

Conclusions:

This case–case study found breast cancer risk factors associated with RNA-based TP53 and ER.

Impact:

RNA-based TP53 and ER represent an emerging etiologic schema of interest in breast cancer prevention research.
Perfusion-Decellularized Larynx as a Natural 3D Scaffold in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Park Jun-Ook , Park Hee-Young , Shin Sung-Chan , Lee Dong-Hyun , Lee Byung-Joo
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Decellularized larynges could be used as scaffolds to regenerate the larynx. The purpose of this study was to establish a perfusion decellularization protocol to produce a 3-dimensional whole laryngeal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold in a rabbit model. Methods: The larynges of 20 rabbits assigned to the study group were harvested and decellularized using a perfusion decellularization protocol, while the larynges of 10 rabbits in the control group were harvested and untreated. Macroscopic and microscopic morphological analyses, a molecular analysis, a cellular content analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were performed. Results: A histological analysis showed the absence of cellular components, the presence of the ECM, and an intact cartilage structure filled with chondrocytes. The mean total DNA amounts of the native larynx, decellularized larynx, and decellularized cartilage-free larynx were 1,826.40, 434.70, and 41.40 μg/µL, respectively; those for the decellularized larynx and decellularized cartilage-free larynx were significantly lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The total amount of DNA in the decellularized sample was significantly lower compared to that in the native sample, at 57.2% in cartilage (p < 0.001), 2.4% in the thyroid gland (p < 0.001), 2.7% in muscle (p < 0.001), 1.6% in vessels (p < 0.001), and 4.8% in the vocal cords (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our perfusion decellularization protocol is feasible and reproducible to produce a 3-dimensional whole laryngeal ECM scaffold in a rabbit.
Quantification of Lipid Area within Thermogenic Mouse Perivascular Adipose Tissue Using Standardized Image Analysis in FIJI
Authors: Tero Benjamin W. , Fortier Bethany , Soucy Ashley N. , Paquette Ginger , Liaw Lucy
Published: November 2021

Quantification of adipocyte size and number is routinely performed for white adipose tissues using existing image analysis software. However, thermogenic adipose tissue has multilocular adipocytes, making it difficult to distinguish adipocyte cell borders and to analyze lipid proportion using existing methods. We developed a simple, standardized method to quantify lipid content of mouse thermogenic adipose tissue. This method, using FIJI analysis of hematoxylin/eosin stained sections, was highly objective and highly reproducible, with ∼99% inter-rater reliability. The method was compared to direct lipid staining of adipose tissue, with comparable results. We used our method to analyze perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) from C57BL/6 mice on a normal chow diet, compared to calorie restriction or a high fat diet, where lipid storage phenotypes are known. Results indicate that lipid content can be estimated within mouse PVAT in a quantitative and reproducible manner, and shows correlation with previously studied molecular and physiological measures.
PM2.5 Upregulates the Expression of MUC5AC via the EGFR-PI3K Pathway in Human Sinonasal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Jiao Jian , Hu Puqi , Li Ying , Cai Chao , Wang Xiangdong , Zhang Luo
Published: November 2021

Background: Fine particulate matter (PM) (PM with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm, PM2.5) exposure contributes to respiratory disease development and exacerbation. Objective: We sought to investigate the effect of PM2.5 exposure on mucociliary function in primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and the underlying mechanism. Methods: HNECs derived from control subjects and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps were established as air-liquid interface cultures. Confluent cultures were exposed to 100 or 200 μg/mL PM2.5 for 24 h and assessed for expression of specific mucociliary-associated factors, the percentage of β-tubulin IV-positive and MUC5AC-positive cells, expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT/ERK. In addition, cultures pretreated for 30 min with AG1478 (an EGFR inhibitor) or LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) following PM2.5 exposure were assessed for MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression. Results: PM2.5 exposure at 100 or 200 μg/mL for 24 h did not affect geminin coiled-coil domain containing, multiciliate differentiation and DNA synthesis associated cell cycle protein, FOXJ1, or DNAI2 mRNA expression or the percentage of β-tubulin IV-positive cells. However, 200 μg/mL PM2.5 exposure significantly increased mRNA expression of SAM-pointed domain-containing ETS transcription factor and MUC5AC and the percentage of MUC5AC-positive cells. PM2.5 also increased expression of EGFR ligands, including heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor and amphiregulin. Furthermore, PM2.5induced activation of PI3K, AKT, and ERK, and pretreatment of HNECs with AG1478 or LY294002 attenuated PM2.5-induced MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This study demonstrates that short-term PM2.5 exposure increases MUC5AC expression in HNECs. Furthermore, this study shows that PM2.5-induced MUC5AC expression is likely mediated through the EGFR-PI3K pathway.
Os requisitos de projeto em contexto de pandemia: uma discussão sobre os espaços de ensino em universidades públicas
Authors: Faria Renata Soares , Andery Paulo Roberto Pereira
Published: November 2021

O ano de 2020 ficará marcado, entre muitos eventos, pela pandemia que reformulou as formas de morar, locomover, trabalhar e várias outras dimensões da vida. O Ministério da Educação lançou em julho de 2020 o primeiro protocolo de biossegurança para retorno das atividades presenciais. O retorno não foi imediato, ao retomar suas atividades de ensino, as instituições optaram por atividades remotas devido ao risco que as aglomerações representam para disseminação da COVID-19. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, à luz dos primeiros protocolos de segurança emitidos por órgãos públicos, que diretrizes poderão ser utilizadas para desenvolvimento de requisitos que comporão os programas de necessidades dos projetos arquitetônicos, com ênfase em espaços de ensino de instituições públicas de ensino superior.  Analisa-se como essas diretrizes poderão ser incorporadas às soluções arquitetônicas do ponto de vista do uso ou operação dos espaços. O marco metodológico foi estudo de caso, com ênfase em análise documental.  As análises mostram que as medidas buscam a redução de risco associado ao contato entre pessoas e entre pessoas e superfícies contaminadas, e são em sua maioria requisitos comportamentais e relacionados ao uso e ocupação. Notam-se que requisitos funcionais e de habitabilidade poderão orientar decisões futuras de projeto. O fato da pandemia está em andamento, torna difícil concluir sobre os impactos que eventualmente mudarão a forma de projetar os espaços. Contudo, não diminui a importância de aproveitar-se a oportunidade para discutir o impacto dessas questões de biossegurança na determinação de requisitos de projeto e seu desenvolvimento nos projetos arquitetônicos.
Trend Analysis of Grow-Your-Own Using Social Network Analysis: Focusing on Hashtags on Instagram
Authors: Park Yumin , Shin Yong-Wook
Published: November 2021

Background and objective The prolonged COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on mental health, which has emerged as a major public health issue around the world. This study aimed to analyze trends and network structure of ‘grow-your-own (GYO)’ through Instagram, one of the most influential social media platforms, to encourage and sustain home gardening activities for promotion of emotional support and physical health. Methods A total of 6,388 posts including keyword hashtags ‘#gyo’ and ‘#growyourown’ on Instagram from June 13, 2020 to April 13, 2021 were collected. Word embedding was performed using Word2Veclibrary, and 7 clusters were identified with K-means clustering: GYO, garden and gardening, allotment, kitchen garden, sustainability, urban gardening, etc. Moreover, we conducted social network analysis to determine the centrality of related words and visualized the results using Gephi 0.9.2. Results The analysis showed that various combinations of words, such as #growourrownfood, #growourrownveggies, and #growwhatyoueat revealed preference and interest of users in GYO, and appeared to encourage their activities on Instagram. In particular, #gardeningtips, #greenfingers, #goodlife, #gardeninglife, #gardensofinstagram were found to express positive emotions and pride as a gardener by sharing their daily gardening lives. Users were participating in urban gardening through #allotment, #raisedbeds, #kitchengarden and we could identify trends toward self-sufficiency and sustainable living. Conclusion Based on these findings, it is expected that the trend data of GYO, which is a form of urban gardening, can be used as the basic data to establish urban gardening plans considering each characteristic, such as the emotions and identity of participants as well as their dispositions.
Plant Hardiness Zone Map in Korea and an Analysis of the Distribution of Evergreen Trees in Zone 7b
Authors: Suh Jung Nam , Kang Yun-Im , Choi Youn Jung , Seo Kyung Hye , Kim Yong Hyun
Published: November 2021

Background and objective This study was conducted to establish a Plant Hardiness Zone (PHZ) map, investigate the effect of global warming on changes in PHZ, and elucidate the difference in the distribution of evergreen trees between the central and southern region within hardiness Zone 7b in Korea. Methods Mean annual extreme minimum temperature (EMT) and related temperature fluctuation data for 40 years (1981 to 2020) in each of the meteorological observation points were extracted from the Open MET Data Portal of the Korea Meteorological Administration. Using EMT data from 60 meteorological observation points, PHZs were classified according to temperature range in the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Changes in PHZs for each decade related to the effects of global warming were analyzed. Temperature fluctuation before and after the day of EMT were analyzed for 4 areas of Seoul, Suwon, Suncheon, and Jinju falling under Zone 7b. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA were performed using the IBM SPSS 22 Statistics software package. Results Plant hardiness zones in Korea ranged from 6a to 9b. Over four decades, changes to warmer PHZ occurred in 10 areas, especially in colder ones. Based on the analysis of daily temperature fluctuation, the duration of sub-zero temperatures was at least 2 days in Seoul and Suwon, while daily maximum temperatures were above zero in Suncheon and Jinju before and after EMT day. Conclusion It was found that the duration of sub-zero temperatures in a given area is an important factor affecting the distribution of evergreen trees in PHZ 7b.
Free Evaluation of Evidence: Does the icc need a Law of Evidence?
Authors: Sorvatzioti Demetra Fr.
Published: November 2021

The International Criminal Court appears to have adopted a sui generis legal framework which favours the oldest features of both the common law and the continental law. Historically, the common law and continental legal systems have conceived questions of evidence and proof differently. Therefore, modes of judicial thinking are also different. The continental approach in the Bemba case freely evaluated the evidence. The common law approach evaluated the evidence against the burden of proof. Even though free evaluation may assist the truth-seeking mission of the Court on admissibility, the decision at the end of the trial requires rigorous evaluation only against the burden of proof. The common law of evidence provides a judicial thinking process for evaluating evidence, but free evaluation does not. This paper addresses whether the icc should develop its own evidence law to provide a route of rigorous judicial thinking when weighing evidence at the deliberation phase.
‘Why Are You Not Crying?’
Authors: Akom Ankobrey Gladys , Mazzucato Valentina , Wagner Lauren B.
Published: November 2021

This article analyses the ways in which young people with a migration background develop their own transnational engagement with their or their parents’ country of origin. Drawing on 17-months of multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in the Netherlands and Ghana, we add to the emerging literature on ‘return’ mobilities by analysing young people of Ghanaian background, irrespective of whether they or their parents migrated, and by looking at an under-researched form of mobility that they engage in: that of attending funerals in Ghana. Funerals occupy a central role in Ghanaian society, and thus allow young people to gain knowledge about cultural practices, both by observing and embodying them, and develop their relationships with people in Ghana. Rather than reproducing their parents’ transnational attachments, young people recreate these according to their own needs, which involves dealing with tensions. Peer relationships—which have largely gone unnoticed in transnational migration studies—play a significant role in this process.