bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of Prioritization Causes Extended Time to Assessment of Severely Injured Trauma Patients in a Resource-Scarce Emergency Department
Authors: Lampi Maria , Tabu John , Junker Johan , Wladis Andreas
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

The time between injury and medical intervention is crucial in trauma care. Triage is essential to ensure prioritization and timely assessment of injured patients.

Aim:

To investigate how the lack of triage system impacts timely intervention in a sub-Saharan hospital emergency department, and to investigate potential benefits of triage towards efficient management of trauma patients.

Methods:

A prospective study including adult trauma patients admitted to the emergency department at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya, was conducted. Mode of arrival, vital parameters, time before physician’s assessment, and mortality were registered. Retrospectively, Injury Severity Score (ISS) was calculated, and patients were categorized according to the Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System (RETTS).

Results:

A total of 571 patients were analyzed, revealing a mean ISS of 12.2 (SD 7.7) and a mean length of stay of 11.6 (SD 18.3) days. 70% of the patients arrived by taxi, private car, or police car; only 17.6% were transported by ambulance. RETTS categorization was compared with ISS using a Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons post-test. A higher average ISS was found in the red category compared to other categories (H(df) = 24.47(4), p < 0.001). A Spearman correlation test between ISS and time to assessment revealed an r value of −0.041 (p = 0.43).

Discussion:

The results clearly illustrate a lack of correct prioritization of patients in relation to the need for timely assessment. Since there was no difference in time to assessment regardless of ISS, the need for a triage system is apparent. Currently, the implementation and evaluation of a validated triage tool at the emergency department are underway. Moreover, the finding that less than 18% of trauma patients are transported to the emergency department by ambulance illustrates the need to develop prehospital care systems.
Living Condition Relating to Social Isolation and Suicidal Thoughts Over 65 Years Old Living in Prefabricated Temporary Housing After the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE)
Authors: Masuno Kanako , Ohtsuka Rika , Nobuko Kamada
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

The Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) and subsequent devastating tsunami struck the northeastern coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. According to the previous studies about displaced evacuees, increases in suicide rates and social isolation (especially among older adults) have been reported. However, the living condition of residents at prefabricated temporary housing after GEJE is unclear.

Aim:

To explore potential factors which might relate to social isolation and suicidal thoughts among older adults by using a qualitative method.

Methods:

Inclusion criteria for this study were older adults over 65 years living in prefabricated temporary housing since the GEJE. Data were collected by face-to-face-interviews with semi-structured questionnaire between October and December 2014. The protocol of this study was approved by the Ethics Board of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology. This research was supported by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan (No.H25-iryou-shitei-003).

Results:

Twenty older adults participated in the study. Most of them had been engaged in agriculture or fishery and experienced the sudden loss of family members, friends, and property in the aftermath of the GEJE. Findings indicated that social connections formed through the collective construction of prefabricated temporary housing. The study found that individuals who had less emotional and financial support experienced a greater feeling of sadness, social isolation, and suicidal thoughts. The study also suggested that people who live in temporary housing are strongly affected by economic insecurity and that it aggravates the risks for social isolation and psychological distress.

Discussion:

Although there were limitations regarding standardization and compatibility, this research found that the qualitative method can obtain the data which the quantitative method cannot reach. Scale-up of universal guidelines including the knowledge from qualitative research and case report under the devastating disaster setting is anticipated for better evidence base for next coming disaster.
No More Suffering: Building Human Resource Capacities with the Sphere Standard
Authors: Harada Nahoko , Kai Soichiro , Chishima Kayako , Miyamoto Junko , Kodama Mitsuya , Koda Masahide , Bando Makoto , Tani Hirofumi
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Nankai Trough earthquake, with an anticipated death toll of 323,000, is a disaster for which the country of Japan set the highest priority on building capacities. Tokushima prefecture aims to minimize preventable death among survivors and has strived to build a medical and health response system and strengthen outreach systems for vulnerable populations. To actualize these aims, Tokushima prioritized human resource development.

Methods:

Tokushima has initiated periodic trainings based on the Sphere Standard, the internationally recognized minimum standards for humanitarian aid, since 2015. The trainings were conducted by certified trainers and trainees received an official certification recognized by the Sphere Project, Geneva. The training materials were localized and the trainings were contextualized to Japan as a developed and super-aged nation. The learning outcome was evaluated by a pre-post test.

Results:

Between April 2015 and November 2018 the two-day training was held seven times. There were two hundred twelve participants from various clusters such as health, education, logistics, nutrition and food, security, and protection. The results of the pre-post test were statistically significant (still in process) indicating the effectiveness of the training on knowledge. Training evaluations suggest nurturing ethical attitudes and skills utilizing the Sphere Handbook.

Discussion:

Despite under-recognizing the Sphere Standard in Japan, the Standard has been incorporated into the disaster risk reduction plan in Tokushima. For larger scale human resource development, training local representatives to be trainers would be the next step.
Organohalogen Contamination in Vietnamese Women Electronic Waste Recyclers Living and Working in Rural Northern Vietnam
Authors: Kincaid Jenevieve
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Electronic waste (e-waste) is increasing worldwide and is often shipped from developed to developing countries. Many of these products contain toxic levels of metals, organics, etc. When unsafe recycling approaches or methods are used (e.g., burning wire to reclaim copper), the resulting occupational exposures can adversely affect the health of e-waste recyclers.

Aim:

To identify which polybrominated and which polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans are higher in electronic waste recyclers when compared to non-recyclers.

Methods:

This study focused on female e-waste recyclers and non-recyclers that live in rural northern Vietnam. Whole blood, urine, and serum of forty e-waste recyclers and twenty Vietnamese comparisons and were evaluated for metals, organics, and dioxin-like exposure by the Center for Disease Control. This paper will be reporting on serum organohalogens. The Vietnamese cohorts were compared to the U.S. general population, using the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey. TEQ’s were calculated and statistical significance was determined using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. The IRB of the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston and the Ethics Board of the Hanoi School of Public Health oversee this study.

Results:

12378-PeCDF, 123678-HxCDD, 123678-HxCDF, and 1234678-HpCDF were significantly different between recyclers and Vietnamese comparisons. Total dioxin TEQ was higher in e-waste recyclers than comparisons. Of the polybrominated dioxins and furans, 12378-PeBDD and 2378-TeBDF were significantly different between recyclers and comparisons.

Discussion:

This is the only study with data on polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans in female electronic waste recyclers from rural Northern Vietnam, and the first to describe serum levels of both polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans in Vietnamese female e-waste recyclers. Improved occupational protocols may reduce potential adverse health effects such as cancer, endocrine, reproductive, developmental, and other disorders.
A Quantitative Study of the Dimensional Change of Inferior Vena Cava on Computed Tomography During Acute Hemorrhage Shock
Authors: Li Yang
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

The collapsed inferior vena cava (IVC) in computed tomography (CT) images can be found in patients with hypovolemic shock, making it an attractive diagnostic sign in early treatment of trauma patients. However, current research results are controversial.

Aim:

To examine the dimensional change of IVC during acute hemorrhage through a volume controlled acute hemorrhagic shock model in swine.

Methods:

Volume controlled hemorrhage was performed in 10 adult Bama minipigs. Enhanced CT scan and hemodynamic monitoring were performed when the cumulative blood loss volume reached 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The transverse diameter (T) and anteroposterior diameter (AP) of IVC were measured in axial images. Hemodynamic parameters were obtained with a Pulse Contour Cardiac Output (PiCCO) hemodynamic monitor device. Arterial blood samples were also collected for artery blood gas analysis at each time point.

Results:

As the blood loss volume increased, the collapsibility (T/AP) and cross section area (CSA) of IVC significantly changed in hepatic level and pre-renal level. The significant decrease of the CSA of IVC (shrink) occurred early when the blood loss volume reached only 10%.

Discussion:

The IVC shrank early but collapsed late during acute hemorrhages in swine. The collapsed IVC on CT scans suggested a severe hypovolemic shock state but not an early indicator for shock.
Required Competencies for Clinical Nurses during the Initial Phase of Disaster Emergence
Authors: Horiuchi Miyuki , Matsuba Ryuichi , Miyazaki Makoto
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

A learning project was launched to prepare for natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Competencies were developed for clinical nurses in the Initial phase of disasters as an indicator to build a bridge between daily training and actions during crises. There are two predominant features of the competencies that differ from other works. First was to concentrate only on “the initial phase” of a crisis outbreak. The second was to associate each competence with services and roles of clinical nurses.

Methods:

The development has been conducted in accordance with the ibstpi® competency development model. First, 50 outlining competencies from earlier studies were selected, like ICN Framework and Disaster Nursing Core Competency for undergraduates in Japan. Then a web-based questionnaire was carried out with a four-point scale of “able,” “probable,” “impossible,” and “cannot understand meaning” for incumbent nurses in order to gauge their adequacy.

Results:

There were 86 responses with an average of 14 years (1-40) of nursing experience. We compared them in three groups; those with a job post (G1), those with experience of longer than five years (G2), and those with experience of fewer than five years (G3). The average competency score (total 150 points) was 96.7 (67-129) in G1, 88.2 (53-145) in G2 and 80.2 (59-114) in G3.

Discussion:

The results imply, even in G1, the average score is low at 65/100 points. This may indicate most clinical nurses should make efforts to develop their skills and knowledge of disaster nursing through daily work. Only 32 competencies (G1), 14 (G2), and 5 (G3) were marked as “able” or “probable” by over 80% of responders. Thus with consideration, depending on the result and expert reviews, the competencies determined to be “required” for clinical nurses were finally refined down to 35 items including the premise of ten.
Risk Mapping of Road Traffic Incidents in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area for Planning of Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Balikuddembe Joseph Kimuli
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Compared to high-income countries, low and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear the heaviest brunt of road traffic incidents (RTIs), which is a serious public health and development burden. Like other LMICs, Uganda has been experiencing a worryingly high burden of RTIs and their associated impacts with the highest number of all the total registered RTIs in Uganda registered in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). This places a tremendous demand on the few existing emergency medical services (EMS) to adequately respond to those affected.

Aim:

To aid in better planning of EMS for the victims of RTIs by using risk mapping of RTIs in the GKMA.

Methods:

A mixed methodological approach involving a systematic review, Delphi panel technique, retrospective data analysis, and a cross-sectional method.

Results:

With Uganda progressing forward as envisaged in its “Vision 2040,” the GKMA, which is the country’s political and socioeconomic epicenter, is experiencing significant changes in terms of population growth. This has significantly increased RTIs, which puts pressure on the pre-hospital emergency care for those affected unless necessary actions are taken.

Discussion:

Therefore, the road safety vis-à-vis injury prevention measures, which are needed to reduce the burden of RTIs, should be multifaceted in nature so that they closely correlate with the ongoing dynamics that cause them, particularly in the GKMA which experiences the highest number of RTIs and Uganda as a whole. The WHO “Safe System Approach” is desirable for this purpose as it represents the most appropriate approach because it is broad enough to comprehensively manage any of the ongoing dynamics (political, socio-cultural or economical) that are known to contribute to RTIs.
A Sense of Trust, the Norwegian Way of Improving Medical On-Scene Managing Major Tunnel Incidents: An Interview Study
Authors: Hylander Johan , Saveman Britt-Inger , Gyllencreutz Lina
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Norway is a country with many road tunnels and therefore also has experience with rescue operations in tunnel environments. Major incidents always challenge involved emergency services’ management skills. Oslo, Norway has a specially trained medical on-scene commander, a function already existing in police and rescue service. Intra-agency communication and management of personnel are essential factors for a successful rescue effort.

Aim:

To investigate the medical management provided by the specially trained Norwegian medical on-scene commander in relation to tunnel incidents.

Methods:

Interviews were conducted with six of the seven medical on-scene commanders in Oslo. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results:

An overarching theme emerged: A need for mutual understanding of the tunnel incident. The medical on-scene commanders established guidelines for response in collaboration with the other emergency services. By creating a sense of trust, the collaboration between the emergency services became more fluent. Socializing outside of work resulted in improved reliance on their counterparts in the other services. The management also included that the medical on-scene commander supervised his personnel on site by providing support using knowledge of the risk object and surrounding area.

Discussion:

A forum for the emergency services on-scene commanders where they share ideas and knowledge, improve the on-scene intra-agency communication, and trust is desirable. A culture of trust between the organizations is needed for a mutual understanding. Further research on this subject is needed in other contexts and countries.
Study of Guardians’ Recognition of Children’s Safety After a Disaster
Authors: Kawasaki Hiromi , Yamasaki Satoko , Tsunematsu Miwako , Kashima Saori , Teramoto Chie , Shintaku Hazuki , Kihara Akihiro
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

In Japan, after an earthquake, or when there is a heavy downpour, transportation is affected and guardians of children may not be able to reach home in time from the office. In elementary schools, because the guardian is unable to come and pick up the child, the teacher needs to ensure that the children are protected, and therefore, bears enormous responsibility. Since commuting times to work are long, guardians need to instate measures for the safety of their children.

Aim:

This study aims to clarify guardians’ recognition of children’s safety in the event of a disaster, and examine the corresponding challenge they face in terms of commuting distance.

Methods:

The subjects are 2,181 guardians of children in four elementary schools near places where landslides had occurred in Hiroshima city in 2014. The questionnaires distributed throughout the school produced 1,027 valid responses. Guardians were divided based on commuting distance into two groups; one of whom were within 3-km commuting distance and the other of more than 3 km. The two groups were compared for their recognition of children’s safety using a chi-square test.

Results:

Children’s safety in school was a concern for 73.9% of guardians. The safety of school buildings in case of a disaster was a cause of concern for 80% of guardians who are close commuters, and 73.9% of guardians whose commute distance is longer (P = 0.015). The fact that children cannot return home was a cause of worry for 33.9% of guardians whose workplace is nearby, and for 29.9% whose workplace was distant (P=0.044).

Discussion:

Most parents, especially guardians going to work far away, do not recognize that they cannot reach home, and therefore, need to think about providing safety measures for their children in the disaster.
Tabletop Simulation Exercise of Critically Ill Patient Evacuation from a Hospital Fire
Authors: Noh Jiyoung , Chung Hyun Soo , Jin Hye Mi , Hur Jayoung , Kim Min Ji , Kang Chan Mi , Lee Ga Hyun
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Recent hospital fire incidents in South Korea have heightened the importance of patient evacuation. Moving patients from an intensive care unit (ICU) or emergency department (ED) setting is a challenge due to the complexity of moving acutely unwell patients who are reliant on invasive monitoring and organ support. Despite the importance of patient evacuation, the readiness of ICU and ED for urgent evacuation has not been assessed.

Aim:

To enhance the readiness and competencies of workers from ICU and ED in the evacuation of patients during a simulated tabletop fire exercise.

Methods:

A tabletop simulation exercise was developed by the Center for Disaster Relief, Training, and Research referencing the fire evacuation manual developed by the hospital’s ICU and ED. The scenario consisted of evacuating patients horizontally and vertically from each department. The participants’ actions were assessed using a checklist. A debriefing was completed after the exercise to discuss the gaps observed. A post-survey questionnaire was used to evaluate the exercise and assess the perception changes of the participants. All pre-to-post differences within subjects were analyzed with paired t-tests.

Results:

A total of 22 and 29 people participated in the exercise from ICU and ED, respectively. Knowledge and confidence improved post-exercise for both ICU and ED scenarios (p<0.05). Course satisfaction was 7.9 and 8.7, respectively for ICU and ED exercise. Correct performance rates for ICU and ED were 59% and 58%, respectively. Common gaps noted for both ICU and ED were wearing protective masks, patient hand-over communication, and preparation for resources.

Discussion:

There need to be exercises to recognize system gaps in place for hospital fire evacuation preparedness. Tabletop simulation exercises are ideal tools for this purpose. Although this was a short 90-minute exercise, this increased familiarity with the evacuation plan, tested the plan, and allowed for identification of gaps.
Uniform Guideline on Risk Characterization for Approval of Mass Gatherings
Authors: Pot Vincent , Cock Johan de , Leeuwen Jan van
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Mass gatherings may have far-reaching effects on medical care because of the potential high load on the health care system. In preparation of large events (mass gatherings), such as music festivals or marathons, an extended risk assessment forms the basis for issuing advice on health and safety and possible necessary precautionary measures. In the Netherlands, the 25 regional Public Health Directors are responsible for public health and safety. This includes responsibility for advice on large-scale events, based on which the local authorities (e.g. the mayor) decide on the approval. Health care professionals are looking for better tools with regard to the arising dilemmas around responsibilities and risks. Also, as new forms of events are created, uniform (safety) regulations are lacking. GGD GHOR Netherlands (Dutch Society of the regional Public Health Services [GGD] and Major Incident Medical Planning and Coordination Offices [GHOR]) has updated the existing national guideline in collaboration with the Academic Network for Applied Public Health and Emergency Management (Anaphem). The focus was on improving the guideline by including all current expertise and experience in the field.

Methods:

Various expert sessions were held in 2017 and 2018 to collect all relevant knowledge, evidence, and experience that is currently accessible to develop an improved uniform approach for risk assessment and process steps.

Results:

A new dynamic national guideline, including factsheets in various topics being effective by 2019. As a result, a list of topics is formulated for further research.

Discussion:

The new guideline includes the current knowledge and raised awareness among the experts of some important gaps in current evidence on several topics.
Using Clinically Based Vignettes to Further Develop a Mass Gathering Triage Tool
Authors: Ranse Jamie , Cannon Matt , Roitman Rebecca , Morphet Julia
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

This research builds on a previously developed triage: Mass Gathering Triage Scale (MaGaTT) by Cannon, et al (2017). This tool was targeted towards non-health care professional first responders within mass-gathering events (MGEs). However, this tool had not been evaluated.

Aim:

To further develop the previously designed MaGaTT using vignettes of clinical cases to: 1) determine variation in decision-making, and 2) inform further tool development prior to real-world testing.

Methods:

Volunteer members of St. John Ambulance Australia were surveyed using 18 vignettes of de-identified real patient record forms from MGEs covered by St. John Ambulance Australia (NSW) in 2013-2014. Participants were given the MaGaTT and written instructions on its use. Participants triaged 18 patients, recording their decisions on the online survey. Responses against the vignettes were analyzed using Fleiss Kappa [p-bar] measure. A score of 0.61 – 0.8 represented substantial agreement and a score of between 0.41 and 0.6 represented moderate agreement between participants.

Results:

There were 110 completed responses. The majority of participants were male (n =66, 60%), having completed a Bachelor’s Degree (n =38, 34.5%), and holding the clinical skill level of “first responder” (n=42, 38.2%). The overall agreement [p-bar] for the 18 items was moderate at 0.55. When examined by triage category, the “Resuscitation” category had substantial agreement (0.69), when compared with moderate agreement for “Urgent” (0.52) and “Minor” (0.52) categories.

Discussion:

This research demonstrates that the MaGaTT can be used with moderate agreement, and substantial agreement within the resuscitation category. This is similar to triage tools internationally, where high levels of agreement relate to triage categories for patients requiring resuscitation when compared to patients requiring lower levels of clinical care. Slight changes have been made to the original MaGaTT as a result of this research.
Prediction of total body tissue weights in Scottish Blackface ewes using computed tomography scanning
Authors: Lambe N.R. , Young M.J. , McLean K.A. , Conington J. , Simm G.
Published: May 2019

Thirty cull Scottish Blackface ewes were scanned three times over a period of 1 week using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Cross-sectional CT reference scans were taken at seven anatomical sites per ewe: ischium (ISC), femur (FEM), hip (HIP), 5th lumbar vertebra (LV5), 2nd lumbar vertebra (LV2), 8th thoracic vertebra (TV8) and 6th thoracic vertebra (TV6). Ewes were then slaughtered and dissection measurements collected.

Results of multiple regression analyses suggested that five reference scans allow accurate prediction of total weights of bone, muscle and fat (carcass and internal). The most informative cross-sectional scans were ISC, HIP, LV5, LV2 and TV8, from which prediction equations were derived. Fat and muscle weights were predicted accurately (R2= 80 to 99%) but bone weight was predicted less accurately (R2= 56%). Repeatabilities were high for the CT measurements used to predict fat and muscle (0•82 to 0•99) but lower for those used to predict bone (0•19 to 0• 86).
Estimating internal pelvic sizes using external body measurements in the double-muscled Belgian Blue beef breed
Authors: Coopman F. , de Smet S. , Gengler N. , Haegeman A. , Jacobs K. , van Poucke M. , Laevens H. , van Zeveren A. , Groen A.F.
Published: May 2019

In the double-muscled (DM) Belgian Blue beef (BBB) breed, caesarean section (CS) is being applied systematically as a management tool to prevent dystocia. As a matter of fact, CS is the only possible way of calving in the breed. High birth weight and a relatively small pelvic area are the main causes of dystocia and, in the DM-BBB breed, the reasons for the systematically applied CS. Selection for lower birth weight and larger pelvic sizes might reduce dystocia and routine CS. Few data on inner pelvic sizes of pedigree animals are available. Using external measurements to estimate the inner pelvic sizes might be an option to resolve this problem. In this study, animals of the DM-BBB breed were measured and weighed on farms and in abattoirs. External and internal pelvic sizes increased with live weight and age of the animals. Gender had a significant influence on inner pelvic traits. Increased muscular conformation was associated with decreased inner pelvic dimensions. Models with weight, gender, age, withers height and outer pelvic width (TcTc) can be used to estimate inner pelvic sizes (R2 between 0•35 and 0•77). The estimated inner pelvic sizes can then be used to genetically evaluate pelvic traits in the DM-BBB breed. Improving weight, withers height and TcTc width in combination with lowering muscular conformation may help to decrease the high rate of caesarean section in the DM-BBB.
Effect of cooking wheat and maize on the performance of newly weaned pigs 1. Age and weight at weaning
Authors: Lawlor P.G. , Lynch P.B. , Caffrey P.J. , O’Doherty J.V.
Published: May 2019

abstract

The objective of this study was to determine if weight and age at weaning affect the response of pigs to inclusion of cooked cereal in their post-weaning diet. In experiment 1, pigs (no. = 116) weaned at 17 to 28 days of age and weighing between 4 and 10 kg were individually given for 28 days post weaning, diets based on: (1) uncooked cereal or (2) cooked cereal (steamed and flaked wheat and maize). The gelatinized starch proportion was 0•265, 0•838, 0•203 and 0•745 for uncooked maize, steam flaked maize, uncooked wheat and steam flaked wheat, respectively. Pigs were offered 2•5 kg of starter diet (16•1 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg and 17•4 g/kg of lysine). This was followed in each case by link diet (15•2 MJ DE per kg and 16•2 g/kg of lysine) to 28 days post weaning. Thereafter, pigs were grouped and given a common weaner diet and a common finisher diet to slaughter. In experiment 2, pigs (no. = 408) were weaned at between 20 and 28 days of age. Pigs were allocated by weight to heavy (7 to 8 kg), medium (6 to 7 kg) and light (5 to 6 kg) groups (24 groups of 17 pigs) and assigned to treatments as in experiment 1 for 26 days. A common weaner diet was offered between day 26 and day 56. In experiment 1, pig weight, food intake, daily gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass measurements were not affected by cooking (P > 0•05). Regression analysis indicated that weight and age at weaning had a significant association with weight at 28 days post weaning for uncooked (R2 = 0•628; P < 0•001) and cooked (R2 = 0•579; P < 0•001) cereal diets. In experiment 2, there was no interaction between weaning weight and cooking (P > 0•05) and no performance benefit resulted from cooking (P > 0•05). In conclusion, steam flaking did not improve pig performance during the treatment period or at any subsequent period.
The effect of genetic merit for milk production and concentrate feeding level on the reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian cows in a grass-based system
Authors: Kennedy J. , Kennedy J. , Dillon P. , O’Sullivan K. , Buckley F. , Rath M.
Published: May 2019

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect on reproductive performance of varying level of concentrate supplementation with both high and medium genetic merit cows in a spring calving grass-based system of milk production. The effect of year, cow genetic merit for milk production and concentrate feeding level on milk production, body condition score, live weight, blood metabolites and dry-matter (DM) intake were studied. A repeated measures model with a factorial arrangement of genetic merit and concentrate feeding level was used to do this. Associations between these variables and pregnancy to first service (PREG1), pregnancy to first and second service (PREG12) and overall pregnancy (PREG) rates were assessed using logistic regressions for year 2.

Cows were grouped into high (HM) and medium (MM) genetic merit based on their pedigree indices for milk production (PD milk). The HM cows had a PD milk of + 276 (s.d. 100) kg, while the MM cows had mean PD milk of + 81 (s.d. 95) kg. Within genetic merit groupings, cows were assigned to one of three concentrate feeding levels; low (LC), 376 kg; medium (MC), 810 kg; and high (HC), 1540 kg of concentrate per cow per lactation. In year 1, all 78 cows were second lactation animals, while in year 2, 71 cows (previously in year 1) were third lactation and 12 second lactation. All cows calved between February and April, and were presented for rebreeding from late April until late July each year.

When treatment means were compared, genotype and concentrate feeding levels had no significant effects on reproductive performance while year was significant for most parameters. Comparing year 2 to year 1 pregnancy rate to first service (P 0•001; 37 v. 64%), pregnancy rate to first and second service (P < 0•05; 64 v. 81%), overall pregnancy rate (P < 0•05; 78 v. 92%) were lower. Also in year 2, cows had significantly higher milk yields at first insemination (36•9 v. 32•3 kg per cow per day), greater live-weight losses from calving to first insemination (-86 v. –53 kg per cow), lower live-weight gain in the 90 days after their first insemination (+ 24•6 v. + 34•2 kg per cow), higher DM intake (20•6 v. 17•3 kg DM per cow per day) and lower plasma glucose concentrations (3•18 v. 3•61 mmol/l) than in year 1.

In year 2, there were significant negative associations between the likelihood of PREG12 and both PD milk and live-weight gain in the 90 days after first insemination. The results of this study indicate that continued selection for increased milk production, resulting in greater partitioning of energy to milk production rather than body reserves will reduce reproductive performance and offering higher levels of concentrate supplementation may not alleviate this problem.
Testing responses to novelty in cattle: behavioural and physiological responses to novel food
Authors: Herskin M.S. , Munksgaard L. , Kristensen A.-M.
Published: May 2019

In order to develop a behavioural test as well as gain information about behavioural response to novel food, we performed four experiments with cattle kept in tie-stalls and observed the behaviour (approach/avoidance, self-grooming and consummatory behaviour) for 10 (experiment 3 and 4) or 30 (experiment 1 and 2) min after provision of novel food.

In experiment 1, the effects of the novelty of the feeding method were tested using nine heifers provided with 2 kg of their usual food from the usual fodder truck or from a basket made of plastic. The novel feeding method induced increased sniffing, decreased duration of eating and increased self-grooming.

The effects of the degree of novelty of a food were examined in experiment 2 using heifers (no. = 8 to 12) and three concentrations of fish oil (1•5, 6 or 24 g/kg) and eucalyptus oil (5, 20 or 80 drops per kg) added to the usual food. Increasing the concentration of eucalyptus oil in the food led to changes in behaviour, while the addition of fish oil led to a less clear response. However, both suggested that the behaviour reflected the degree of novelty in the food. Behavioural responses to two novel foods (4 kg carrots v. 80 drops per kg of eucalyptus oil added to the usual food) as well as individual characteristics and repeatability within 72 h were examined in experiment 3. The behavioural responses to the novel foods differed, showing a higher level of approach and attempts to eat the carrots, and responses to the two different novel foods were not correlated. At the second provision, the acceptability of the carrots was greater, however responses to carrots showed an acceptable repeatability.

Finally, the cardiac (heart rate) and behavioural responses to usual food and novel food (4 kg carrots) were compared in experiment 4. Provision of novel food led to behavioural signs of motivational conflict and neophobia while the heart rate tended to be lower than when the cows were provided with usual food.

These results provide evidence that behavioural responses to novel food in cattle include signs of motivational conflict between eating motivation and neophobia, reflecting the degree of novelty in the test situation including the feeding method. However, palatability of the food might also affect the responses, and the data on heart rate suggest that novel food is not a fear-inducing stimulus.
Use ofin-vivomeasurements to estimate breast and abdominal fat content of a free-range broiler strain
Authors: Melot J. E. , Motter M. M. , Morao L. R. , Huguet M. J. , Canet Z. , Miquel M.
Published: May 2019

The objective of this work was to evaluate the ultrasound method as a tool forin-vivobreast and abdominal fat prediction on Campero-INTA broilers. Breast length (mm), width (mm), surface (mm2; ultrasound) and depth (mm; ultrasound), and abdominal fat depth (mm; ultrasound) were measured at 65-66 and 72-73 days of age on 96 males. At 79 days of age, the broilers were weighed and slaughtered. Breast and abdominal fat weights (g) were obtained. Multiple regression equations were fitted using live weight (g) andin-vivomeasurements to predict breast and abdominal fat weights and proportions (g/g). The best model for each case was selected by the Stepwise procedure. Equations fitted were verified using another set of data. Breast weight prediction using live weight and breast length in the model was as accurate as using live weight and breast depth. The former is recommended for breeding work. Abdominal fat weight prediction using ultrasound measurements of fat was less accurate than breast weight prediction. Repeatabilities for ultrasound breast measurements were higher (0·72 to 0·73) than those for abdominal fat (0·51 to 0·52). Operator effect may be important when training levels are different.
Comparison of the carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs produced from Texel and Rouge de l’Ouest ewes and their crosses
Authors: Dawson L. E. R. , Carson A. F. , McClinton L. O. W. , Kilpatrick D. J. , Moss B. W.
Published: May 2019

An experiment was undertaken to compare the carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs from crossbred ewes produced by crossing Texel sires with Rouge de l’Ouest dams and Rouge sires with Texel dams, relative to lambs from purebred Texel and Rouge ewes. The ewes were crossed with Texel or Rouge sires and the relative performance of the sires assessed in terms of lamb carcass quality. Ewe and ram genotype had a significant effect on conformation classification. Lambs from Texel ewes had a greater conformation classification (4·0) than lambs from Rouge ewes (3·4, s.e. 0·09) (P<0·001) and Texel-sired lambs had a greater conformation classification (4·0) than Rouge-sired lambs (3·6, s.e. 0·06) (P<0·001). Fat depth was significantly influenced by ewe genotype with lambs from Texel × Rouge ewes having greater fat depths compared with lambs from Texel ewes (longissimus dorsi 2·3 and 1·9 (s.e.0·12) mm respectively) (P<0·05). Chemical composition of the carcass and meat quality measurements were unaffected by ewe or ram genotype. Significant heterosis effects on lamb live-weight gain (21 g/day; 15%) (P<0·01) from birth to slaughter, age at slaughter (–37 days; –12%) (P<0·01), weight of perinephric and retroperitoneal fat (76 g; 38%) (P<0·01) and fat depth over the longissimus dorsi (0·3 mm; 16%) and gluteus medius (0·5 mm; 17%;P<0·05) were obtained. The results from this study demonstrate that significant heterosis effects, particularly in terms of lamb growth rate, can be achieved by crossing Rouge and Texel breeds. In addition lambs from hybrid ewes have similar conformation characteristics to the Texel breed which has been intensively selected for carcass characteristics.
Removal of both zinc oxide and avilamycin from the post-weaning piglet diet: consequences for performance through to slaughter
Authors: Broom L. J. , Miller H. M. , Kerr K. G. , Toplis P.
Published: May 2019

Avilamycin (AGP) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are both frequently included in the post-weaning piglet diet to enhance growth performance and prevent diarrhoea. This study investigated what effect removing these compounds from the post-weaning diet would have on the growth performance and faecal microbiota of weaned piglets. Fifty-two crossbred piglets (JSR Healthbred) were allocated, at weaning, to one of two dietary treatments on the basis of weight, litter origin and gender. The diets were (i) control (no supplemented ZnO or AGP); (ii) ZnO + AGP (supplemented with 3100 mg ZnO per kg food and 40 mg avilamycin per kg food). These diets were offered ad libitum for 20 days post weaning. Thereafter, the pigs received the same non-supplemented grower and finisher diets ad libitum. All piglets were individually weighed, and faecal samples were obtained from pre-selected piglets, at various time points throughout the trial period. Ten-fold serial dilutions of faecal material were cultured on specific media to enumerate aerobes, anaerobes, Lactobacillus spp. and Escherichia coli. ZnO + AGP supplementation enhanced weaned piglet average daily food intake (ADFI) (P < 0·001), average daily live-weight gain (ADG) (P < 0·001) and food conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0·01) during the initial 20 days post weaning. Piglets previously supplemented with ZnO + AGP gained more weight per day during the non-supplemented grower phase (days 21 to 60) than their control counterparts (741·5 v. 672·5 g per pig per day) (P < 0·01). The bacteriological data showed that ZnO + AGP piglets had lower counts of anaerobic bacteria in their faeces than control piglets (P < 0·01). These findings indicate that dietary AGP + ZnO may enhance growth by reducing gastro-intestinal bacterial populations, and that their removal from the post-weaning diet will increase days to slaughter.
Interrelationships between gut morphology and faeces consistency in newly weaned piglets
Authors: Vente-Spreeuwenberg M. A. M. , Verdonk J. M. A. J. , Beynen A. C. , Verstegen M. W. A.
Published: May 2019

A total of 104 weanling piglets was used to study the interrelationships between faeces consistency and mucosal integrity, as assessed by specific aminopeptidase and isomaltase-sucrase activity, villus height and crypt depth. Piglets were weaned at 26 (s.d. 1·4) days of age, weighing 8·4 (s.d. 0·70) kg. On the day of weaning (day 0), dissection was performed on one group of eight piglets. The remaining piglets were given restricted amounts of diets containing different protein sources. However, during the first 7 days post weaning 72% of the piglets ate on average less than 0·9 of the amount offered and thus actually had ad libitum access to food. On days 3 or 7 post weaning pigs were weighed and euthanased. Diet composition did not effect small intestine integrity and the data were pooled for further analysis. The weight of the stomach, large intestine and pancreas increased with time post weaning (P < 0·001). Small intestine weight decreased from day 0 to 3 and was increased again on day 7, exceeding the pre-weaning value (P < 0·001). Isomaltase-sucrase and aminopeptidase activities were decreased on days 3 and 7 when compared with day 0. Villus height was decreased after weaning, followed by an increase on day 7 post weaning at the proximal small intestine, but by a further decrease at the mid small intestine (P < 0·001). Crypt depth was increased after weaning (P < 0·001). Faeces consistency was scored twice a day on a scale from 0 to 3 with increasing liquid nature. The average percentage of days during which piglets had more-liquid faeces was 26%. During the 1st week post weaning, 73% of the piglets showed a faeces score of 2 during at least 1 day. Villus height was positively correlated with food intake level, brush-border enzyme activity and dry matter content of the chyme. Villus height was negatively correlated with more-liquid faeces. Crypt depth was positively associated with the weight of various parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. It is concluded that this study supports the concept that food intake by weaned piglets determines villus height in the small intestine and brush-border enzyme production which in turn determine the risk of diarrhoea development.
Influence of sward height on bite dimensions of horses
Authors: Naujeck A. , Hill J.
Published: May 2019

The management of pastures used by horses poses various problems: swards are often grazed down rapidly, patches of bare ground and refused areas develop. In order to gain a better understanding of the plant-animal interaction behind this problem the influence of sward height on bite dimensions (bite depth, weight, volume, area) of horses was investigated. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) microswards were grown on artificial substrate to four different heights (3, 8, 15, 19 cm) but the same plant density. Biomass and bulk density for each sward height was determined. Eight horses (predominantly Thoroughbred ×) were allowed to take six bites of each grass height. Bite depth, weight, volume and bite area were calculated.

Bite depth, weight, volume and area were not fixed, but increased with sward height (P< 005). For all sward heights, the horses removed between 51% and 68% of the initial grass length. The horses adjusted their bite dimensions to sward height but did not maximize food intake per bite. The response to sward height might be explained by a preference for easily digested food or the trade-off between energy intake and the cost for food processing.

This experiment suggests that grass height has a major influence on bite dimensions of horses. However there may be more complex factors influencing ingestive behaviour of horses (e.g. age, dietary experience and social behaviour) that have to be considered when horses are grazing pasture.
Subpopulations and accuracy of prediction in pig carcass classification
Authors: Engel B. , G. Buist W. , Font i Furnols M. , Lambooij E.
Published: May 2019

Classification of pig carcasses in the European Community (EC) is based on the lean meat percentage of the carcasses. The lean meat percentage is predicted from instrumental carcass measurements, such as fat and muscle depth measurements, obtained in the slaughterline. The prediction formula for an instrument is derived from the data of a dissection experiment. When the relationship between percentage lean and instrumental carcass measurements differs between subpopulations, such as sexes or breeds, accuracy of prediction may differ between these subpopulations. In particular for some subpopulations predicted lean meat percentages may be systematically too low and for other subpopulations systematically too high. Producers or buyers that largely specialize in subpopulations where the percentage lean is underestimated, are put at a financial disadvantage.

The aim of this paper is to gain insight, on the basis of real data, into the effects of differences between subpopulations on the accuracy of the predicted percentage lean meat of pig carcasses. A simulation study was performed based on data from dissection trials in The Netherlands, comprising gilts and castrated males, and trials in Spain, comprising different genetic types. The possible gain in accuracy, i.e. reduction of prediction bias and mean squared prediction error, by the use of separate prediction formulae for (some of) the subpopulations was determined.

We concluded that marked bias in the predicted percentage lean meat may occur between subpopulations when a single overall prediction formula is employed. Systematic differences in predicted percentage lean between subpopulations that are overestimated and underestimated may exceed 4% and for selected values of instrumental measurements may run up to 6%. Bias between subpopulations may be eliminated, and prediction accuracy may be markedly improved, when separate prediction formulae are used. With the use of separate formulae the root mean squared prediction error may be reduced by 13 to 26% of the expected value when a single prediction formula is used for all pig carcasses.

These are substantial reductions on a national scale. This suggests that there will be a commercial interest in the use of separate prediction formulae for different subpopulations. In the near future, when the use of implants becomes more reliable, subpopulations will be recognized automatically in the slaughterline and use of different prediction formulae will become practically feasible. Some possible consequences for the EC regulations and national safeguards for quality of prediction formulae are discussed.