bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of imatinib and N‐desmethyl imatinib for drug–drug interaction predictions
Authors: Loer Helena Leonie Hanae , Kovar Christina , Rüdesheim Simeon , Marok Fatima Zahra , Fuhr Laura Maria , Selzer Dominik , Schwab Matthias , Lehr Thorsten
Published: March 2024

The first‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib has revolutionized the development of targeted cancer therapy and remains among the frontline treatments, for example, against chronic myeloid leukemia. As a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8, CYP3A4, and various transporters, imatinib is highly susceptible to drug–drug interactions (DDIs) when co‐administered with corresponding perpetrator drugs. Additionally, imatinib and its main metabolite N‐desmethyl imatinib (NDMI) act as inhibitors of CYP2C8, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 affecting their own metabolism as well as the exposure of co‐medications. This work presents the development of a parent–metabolite whole‐body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for imatinib and NDMI used for the investigation and prediction of different DDI scenarios centered around imatinib as both a victim and perpetrator drug. Model development was performed in PK‐Sim® using a total of 60 plasma concentration–time profiles of imatinib and NDMI in healthy subjects and cancer patients. Metabolism of both compounds was integrated via CYP2C8 and CYP3A4, with imatinib additionally transported via P‐glycoprotein. The subsequently developed DDI network demonstrated good predictive performance. DDIs involving imatinib and NDMI were simulated with perpetrator drugs rifampicin, ketoconazole, and gemfibrozil as well as victim drugs simvastatin and metoprolol. Overall, 12/12 predicted DDI area under the curve determined between first and last plasma concentration measurements (AUClast) ratios and 12/12 predicted DDI maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) ratios were within twofold of the respective observed ratios. Potential applications of the final model include model‐informed drug development or the support of model‐informed precision dosing.
Optical Properties of Low‐Defect Large‐Area Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Quantum Applications
Authors: Sankar Shrivatch , Saha Shantanu , Chen Jia‐Shiang , Chien Shih‐Po , Lan Yann­‐Wen , Ma Xuedan , Snure Michael , Arafin Shamsul
Published: March 2024

Intrinsic defects and their concentrations in hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) play a key role in single‐photon emission. In this study, the optical properties of large‐area multilayer h‐BN‐on‐sapphire grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition are explored. Based on the detailed spectroscopic characterization using both cathodoluminescence (CL) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements, the material is devoid of random single‐point defects instead of a few clustered complex defects. The emission spectra of the measurements confirm a record‐low‐defect concentration of ≈104 cm−2. Post‐annealing, no significant changes are observed in the measured spectra and the defect concentrations remain unaltered. Through CL and PL spectroscopy, an optically active boron vacancy spin defect is identified and a novel complex defect combination arising from carbon impurities is revealed. This complex defect, previously unreported, signifies a unique aspect of the material. In these findings, the understanding of defect‐induced optical properties in h‐BN films is contributed, providing insights for potential applications in quantum information science.
A novel intelligent fault diagnosis method of rolling bearings based on capsule network with Fast Routing algorithm
Authors: Jiang Guang‐Jun , Li De‐Zhi , Li Qi , Sun Hong‐Hua
Published: March 2024

Fault diagnosis is a novel technology crucial for monitoring the proper functioning and ensuring the stability of mechanical devices and components. Nevertheless, most existing data‐driven methods for rolling bearing fault diagnosis exhibit limited diagnostic capabilities in scenarios characterized by noise interference and inadequate training data. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel intelligent fault diagnosis method for rolling bearings based on Capsule Network with Fast Routing algorithm (FCN). Firstly, the vibration signal is transformed into a time‐frequency map through continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and the transformed time‐frequency map is input into the network model to enable the network to learn features more fully. Subsequently, this paper introduces FCNs into capsule networks, effectively mitigating the extended training times typically associated with capsule networks and reducing the demands on training equipment. Extensive experiments are conducted utilizing two distinct bearing datasets to assess the method's stability and generalization. The results of these experiments demonstrate the proposed approach's ability to maintain robust fault diagnosis capabilities, even in the presence of noise interference and limited training data. This innovative method lays the foundation for intelligent rolling bearing diagnosis and is readily adaptable to other rotating components.
Real‐time assessment on health state for bearing based on parallel encoder‐decoder observer
Authors: Li Kunpeng , Mi Jinhua , Wang Zhiguo , Yin Shengjie , Bai Libing , Qiu Gen
Published: March 2024

Bearings are foundational supporting components in diverse mechanical systems, essential for the reliable operation of these systems through real‐time monitoring and precise health state assessment. However, vibration signals from bearings in practical equipment often contain excessive noise and redundant information, complicating health state assessment. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a neural network‐based method named parallel encoder‐decoder (PED). This method features a parallel architecture that combines the long short‐term memory network and the temporal convolutional network for the encoder, along with a self‐attention module for the decoder. PED is adept at learning the temporal representations hidden in original signals and filtering vibration signals to remove noise and redundant information. Additionally, a multi‐objective loss function is developed to enhance the prediction results. A normalized Mahalanobis distance‐based metric is then employed to compare residual signals during bearing operation with those under normal conditions. The case study evaluates the PED observer's proficiency in accurately predicting vibration signals and assessing the performance of health indicator curves, demonstrating the proposed PED observer's superiority over conventional networks.
Metabolomics profiling for diagnosis of acute renal failure after cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Erdoğan Kablan Sevilay , Yılmaz Abdulkadir , Syed Hamzah , Kocabeyoğlu Sinan Sabit , Kervan Ümit , Özaltın Nuran , Nemutlu Emirhan
Published: March 2024

Rationale

Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the most serious complications of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. Serum creatinine level is a key compound examined to understand whether renal function is normal. However, its level may vary based on age, gender, race, muscle mass, nutrition, and drugs taken by an individual. In addition, it may not be detected without a 50% reduction in renal function and may lead to delays in treatment. New markers are needed for early diagnosis of ARF. They were determined for early diagnosis of ARF after CPB. Metabolic differences in plasma samples of individuals who developed and did not develop ARF after cardiopulmonary bypass were determined.

Methods

This study was the first to perform an untargeted metabolomics analysis for early diagnosis of ARF after CPB surgery. Plasma samples were taken from 105 patients (9 ARF patients) at five time points to identify the time at which a more accurate ARF diagnosis can be made. A total of 687 samples, including quality control samples, were analyzed.

Results

Two hundred twenty‐six metabolites were identified using retention index libraries. Based on the statistical evaluations, tryptophan, threonine, and methionine were found in lower concentrations in patients with ARF compared to the control group at all time points. Whereas gluconic acid, hypoxanthine, and lactic acid showed a decreasing trend over time, longitudinal analysis showed that cysteine, hippuric acid, and uric acid levels increased over time in the ARF group.

Conclusions

These metabolites are candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis of ARF as well as biomarkers for tracking the recovery of ARF patients.
Prescribed‐time constrained tracking control of a class of 2 × 2 hyperbolic PDE systems with actuator dynamics
Authors: Xiao Yu , Xu Xiaodong , Dubljevic Stevan
Published: March 2024

This article studies the problem of prescribed‐time constrained tracking control for a class of hyperbolic partial differential equation (PDE) systems with actuator dynamics, which are described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Since the control input only appears in the ODE subsystem rather than directly on the boundary of PDE subsystem, the control task becomes quite challenging. The most important is that for the control of such ODE controlled PDE systems we mainly make the following two contributions: (1) the controlled output of the PDE system tracks the reference signal within the prescribed time; (2) the controlled output and all the actuator states are constrained. It is the first time that such a prescribed‐time constrained tracking control problem is addressed for the PDE‐ODE coupled system considered in this article. Through rigorous theoretical proof, it is demonstrated that all the system states and control signals are bounded and sufficiently continuous by configuring appropriate design parameters. Finally, the performance is investigated via numerical simulation.
Early production of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and willow (Salix spp.) indicates carbon accumulation potential in Appalachian reclaimed mine and agriculture soil
Authors: Grover Salvador , Anderson Hannah M. , Fleck Jeremy , Kelly Charlene N. , Schuler Jamie , Ruark Matthew D. , Freedman Zachary B.
Published: March 2024

The production of bioproduct feedstocks such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and willow (Salix spp.) on degraded lands provides an opportunity to grow dedicated bioenergy crops with the potential to capture and store carbon in the soil while reducing competition with land for food production. However, how the production of these crops alters plant–soil–microbe interactions that govern soil C accumulation in highly degraded soil is underexplored. The objectives of this study were to examine select biological and chemical properties related to stable soil organic matter (SOM) production from the growth of switchgrass and willow on marginal soil over two growing seasons and whether biochar amendment can positively affect these parameters. To address our objectives, paired former surface mined lands and non‐mine impacted marginal agriculture sites were selected across West Virginia, USA, and biochar and unamended control treatments were imposed. Through the first two growing seasons, microbial activity and demand for carbon (C) increased and was accompanied by a shift in extracellular enzyme investment for decomposition‐associated enzymes. Mineral‐associated organic matter C increased over the two growing seasons, and this increase was greater in the mine sites compared to the agriculture sites. Compared to each site's previous land use, C losses were observed under bioproduct systems in the agriculture, but not the mine sites. Biochar amendments did not impact microbial activity but did increase the C:N of SOM. Overall, our results suggest that the early growth of switchgrass and willow can result in C accumulation in marginal and highly degraded lands.
A framework for using Theory of Constraints thinking processes and tools to complement qualitative system dynamics modelling
Authors: Mabin Victoria J. , Cavana Robert Y.
Published: March 2024

While the tools currently used for qualitative system dynamics (Qual SD) modelling are very powerful in providing a holistic perspective and a framework for understanding complexity and change, they are often not explicitly designed to build and implement long‐term solutions based on that understanding. The Theory of Constraints (TOC) thinking processes and tools focus on these important aspects of the decision‐making process. We provide a six‐stage framework combining selected tools from TOC's thinking process and Qual SD's modelling process to provide a more rigorous systems thinking change process. We illustrate the methods and component tools via a case study on a complex societal issue (sale of alcohol in New Zealand supermarkets) developed for teaching purposes. We demonstrate the value of the framework, highlighting complementarities between tools, and show how specific insights emerged using each of the tools, with more insights resulting from using Qual SD and TOC collectively than separately. © 2024 The Authors. System Dynamics Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of System Dynamics Society.
Control of Dermatomyositis Skin Disease Activity Lags Behind Control of Muscles Disease Activity During the Early Treatment Stages of Classic Dermatomyositis: A Retrospective, Single-Centre Study
Authors: Bhatt Heeruk , Flatley Elizabeth M. , Cooper Kevin D. , Jorgensen Trine N. , McDonald Christine , Fernandez Anthony P.
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to retrospectively identify differences in relative control of cutaneous and muscular disease activity in adult dermatomyositis (DM) patients at a single, tertiary care centre following initiation of diagnosis and treatment. Our results demonstrated a significantly lower complete treatment response rate of skin disease compared to muscular disease at 6-months and persistent but not statistically significant lower skin disease response at 12 months. These results suggest DM skin disease activity may be more refractory to treatment than muscle disease activity, especially in the early disease phase.
Regression of Metastatic Malignant Melanoma with Dupilumab: A Case Report
Authors: Marr John Herbert , Al-Shammari Abbas
Published: March 2024

Excoriated pruritus can be an intolerable symptom in patients with cancer where Type 2 inflammation and its associated cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 play major roles in the pruritus. Dupilumab, an antibody blocking IL-4 and IL-13, is approved for treating moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) where itching is a significant symptom. We present a case report of intractable malignancy-associated AD and pruritus with eosinophilia in a patient with stage IV malignant melanoma who was treated with dupilumab. Biweekly treatment with dupilumab led to an immediate improvement in itching and resolution of the AD, which subsided after a few doses and without significant adverse effects. Routine radiologic monitoring of the malignant melanoma showed concomitant resolution of secondary nodules in the lung, liver, and pleura. It was concluded that dupilumab may be a safe and effective treatment for intractable malignancy-associated AD with pruritus and may have potential for moderating metastatic malignant melanoma.
Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry Enabled One‐Step Sample Preparation for Efficient Single‐Cell Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Junwen , Pan Siyuan , Chai Huichao , Zhao Peng , Feng Yongxiang , Cheng Zhen , Zhang Sichun , Wang Wenhui
Published: March 2024

Single‐cell mass spectrometry (MS) is significant in biochemical analysis and holds great potential in biomedical applications. Efficient sample preparation like sorting (i.e., separating target cells from the mixed population) and desalting (i.e., moving the cells off non‐volatile salt solution) is urgently required in single‐cell MS. However, traditional sample preparation methods suffer from complicated operation with various apparatus, or insufficient performance. Herein, a one‐step sample preparation strategy by leveraging label‐free impedance flow cytometry (IFC) based microfluidics is proposed. Specifically, the IFC framework to characterize and sort single‐cells is adopted. Simultaneously with sorting, the target cell is transferred from the local high‐salinity buffer to the MS‐compatible solution. In this way, one‐step sorting and desalting are achieved and the collected cells can be directly fed for MS analysis. A high sorting efficiency (>99%), cancer cell purity (≈87%), and desalting efficiency (>99%), and the whole workflow of impedance‐based separation and MS analysis of normal cells (MCF‐10A) and cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐468) are verified. As a standalone sample preparation module, the microfluidic chip is compatible with a variety of MS analysis methods, and envisioned to provide a new paradigm in efficient MS sample preparation, and further in multi‐modal (i.e., electrical and metabolic) characterization of single‐cells.
Hybrid Interface Chemistry Enabling Mixed Conducting via Ultrafast Microwave Polarization Toward Dendrite‐Free Zn Anodes
Authors: Chen Yakai , Cao Yiyao , Chen Ke , Rui Jiayi , Chang Jingxi , Yan Yan , Lin Huijuan , Lu Yan , Zhao Cong , Zhu Jixin , Rui Kun
Published: March 2024

Zn metal anodes in aqueous electrolytes suffer from interface issues including uncontrolled dendrite growth and undesired side reactions, resulting in their limited application in terms of short circuits and cell failure. Herein, a hybrid interface chemistry strategy is developed through ultrafast microwave polarization at the skin region of bare Zn. Owing to efficient Joule heating directed by abundant local hot spots at electron valleys, the rapid establishment of a dense interfacial layer can be realized within a minute. Stabilized Zn with suppressed side reactions or surface corrosion is therefore achieved due to the interfacial protection. Importantly, hybrid zincophilic sites involving laterally/vertically interconnected Cu–Zn intermetallic compound and Zn2+‐conductive oxide species ensure mixed charge conducting (denoted as CuHL@Zn), featuring uniformly distributed electric field and boosted Zn2+ diffusion kinetics. As a consequence, CuHL@Zn in symmetric cells affords lifespans of 2800 and 3200 h with ultra‐low polarization voltages (≈19 and 56 mV) at a plating capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2 for 1 and 5 mA cm−2, respectively. The CuHL@Zn||MnO2 full cell further exhibits cycling stability with a capacity retention of over 80% for 500 cycles at 2 A g−1.
Richen: Automated enrichment of Git documentation with usage examples and scenarios
Authors: Shen Chaochao , Yang Wenhua , Jia Haitao , Pan Minxue , Zhou Yu
Published: March 2024

As the predominant modern version control system, Git has become an indispensable tool for both commercial and open‐source software projects. It substantially improves software development effectiveness and efficiency through its distributed version control system, fostering seamless collaboration among teams and across locations. However, research has found that many developers have doubts about using Git commands, while the official Git documentation is rather scanty, that is, lacking sufficient explanations and examples. To help developers learn and use Git commands, we propose the first approach (Richen) for enriching Git documentation with usage examples and scenarios by leveraging crowd knowledge from Stack Overflow. Richen retrieves Git‐related posts from Stack Overflow, extracts relevant Q&A pairs, and selects representative command usages, including usage examples and scenarios, for different Git commands. Experimental results have shown that Richen can extract informative and concise command usages for Git commands. Compared with alternative methods adapted from API usage mining, the command usages obtained by Richen have significant advantages in terms of relevance, readability, and usability. Furthermore, we have shown through an empirical study that the command usages extracted by Richen can better help developers complete Git command‐related tasks.
Nanozymes‐Mediated Cascade Reaction System for Tumor‐Specific Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy
Authors: Xiong Ruru , Zhu Xiaoguang , Zhao Jiuhong , Ling Guixia , Zhang Peng
Published: March 2024

Cascade reactions are described as efficient and versatile tools, and organized catalytic cascades can significantly improve the efficiency of chemical interworking between nanozymes. They have attracted great interest in many fields such as chromogenic detection, biosensing, tumor diagnosis, and therapy. However, how to selectively kill tumor cells by enzymatic reactions without harming normal cells, as well as exploring two or more enzyme‐engineered nanoreactors for cascading catalytic reactions, remain great challenges in the field of targeted and specific cancer diagnostics and therapy. The latest research advances in nanozyme‐catalyzed cascade processes for cancer diagnosis and therapy are described in this article. Here, various sensing strategies are summarized, for tumor‐specific diagnostics. Targeting mechanisms for tumor treatment using cascade nanozymes are classified and analyzed, “elements” and “dimensions” of cascade nanozymes, types, designs of structure, and assembly modes of highly active and specific cascade nanozymes, as well as a variety of new strategies of tumor targeting based on the cascade reaction of nanozymes. Finally, the integrated application of the cascade nanozymes systems in tumor‐targeted and specific diagnostic therapy is summarized, which will lay the foundation for the design of more rational, efficient, and specific tumor diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in the future.
Exploring Solar Energy Solutions for Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Degradation: Advancements and Future Directions in Photocatalytic Processes
Authors: Bertucci Simone , Lova Paola
Published: March 2024

Concerns about per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pollution are escalating globally due to the discovery of their widespread environmental distribution, accompanied by their migration, bioaccumulation, and toxic potential for plants, animals, and humans. Several technologies have been developed for their remediation since standard water treatment methods often fail. However, these approaches require large energy consumption and, at times, exacerbate environmental issues. In this context, photocatalytic degradation holds promise as a reliable technological solution for PFAS mineralization. However, to date, it primarily relies on the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid using high‐energy gap semiconductor oxides that necessitate high‐power artificial ultraviolet sources for excitation and, at times, the use of strong chemical oxidants. This review examines chemical‐free catalysts and mechanisms recently documented in the literature to outline a roadmap for the realization of solar‐driven mineralization of all PFAS compounds. To this end, conventional wide‐bandgap semiconductor oxides are delved into and strategies to extend their spectral absorbance while enhancing charge separation with a focus on the proposed degradation pathways are explored, that are fundamental to designing technologically relevant photodegradation systems.
Organizations' readiness for insider attacks: A process‐oriented approach
Authors: AlGhamdi Azzah A. , Niazi Mahmood , Alshayeb Mohammad , Mahmood Sajjad
Published: March 2024

Context

Organizations constantly strive to protect their assets from outsider attacks by implementing various security controls, such as data encryption algorithms, intrusion detection software, firewalls, and antivirus programs. Unfortunately, attackers strike not only from outside the organization but also from within. Such internal attacks are called insider attacks or threats, and the people responsible for them are insider attackers or insider threat agents. Insider attacks pose more significant risks and can result in greater organizational losses than outsider attacks. Thus, every organization should be vigilant regarding such attackers to protect its valuable resources from harm. Finding solutions to protect organizations from such attacks is critical. Despite the importance of this topic, little research has been conducted on providing solutions to mitigate insider attacks.

Objective

This study aims to develop an organizational readiness model to assess an organization's readiness for insider attacks.

Method

We conducted a multivocal literature review to identify practices that can be used to assess organizations' readiness against insider attacks. These practices were grouped into different knowledge areas of insider attacks for organizations. The insider attack readiness model was developed using identified best practices and knowledge areas: compliance, top management, human resources, and technical.

Results

This model was evaluated at two levels—academic and real‐world environments. The evaluation results show that the proposed model can identify organizations' readiness against insider attacks.

Conclusion

The proposed model can guide organizations through a secure environment against insider attacks.
The challenges of supply side obsolescence: Obsolescence procurement's past, present, and future
Authors: Schumm Joshua R. , Ralston Peter M. , Schwieterman Matthew A.
Published: March 2024

Obsolescence of critical manufacturing inputs is a major supply chain risk and represents a growing problem for procurement professionals that must be handled appropriately to profitably meet customers' needs. Supply side obsolescence occurs when suppliers end production of components and has been defined as “the loss or impending loss of original manufacturers of items or suppliers of items or raw materials.” Supply side obsolescence may radically increase costs to an organization, including high inventory holding costs, paying high prices for components on the gray market, and lost sales or lost market share due to an inability to complete products. This research utilized a grounded theory approach and discovered: (1) the risks of supply side obsolescence, (2) the impacts of supply side obsolescence on focal firms, and (3) how leading firms utilize obsolescence procurement teams to combat this potentially disastrous problem. Of specific interest to managers, obsolescence procurement teams are identified as formal teams that focus on dealing with obsolescence proactively and work to prevent the negative effects of supply side obsolescence. Finally, the study provides propositions to guide future research and concludes with suggestions for managers regarding mitigating supply side obsolescence, which will only become more urgent as the rate of technological change continues to increase.
The ancestral karyotype of the Heliantheae Alliance, herbicide resistance, and human allergens: Insights from the genomes of common and giant ragweed
Authors: Laforest Martin , Martin Sara L. , Bisaillon Katherine , Soufiane Brahim , Meloche Sydney , Tardif François J. , Page Eric
Published: March 2024

Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida (Asteraceae) are important pest species and the two greatest sources of aeroallergens globally. Here, we took advantage of a hybrid to simplify genome assembly and present chromosome‐level assemblies for both species. These assemblies show high levels of completeness with Benchmarking Universal Single‐Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) scores of 94.5% for A. artemisiifolia and 96.1% for A. trifida and long terminal repeat (LTR) Assembly Index values of 26.6 and 23.6, respectively. The genomes were annotated using RNA data identifying 41,642 genes in A. artemisiifolia and 50,203 in A. trifida. More than half of the genome is composed of repetitive elements, with 62% in A. artemisiifolia and 69% in A. trifida. Single copies of herbicide resistance‐associated genes PPX2L, HPPD, and ALS were found, while two copies of the EPSPS gene were identified; this latter observation may reveal a possible mechanism of resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. Ten of the 12 main allergenicity genes were also localized, some forming clusters with several copies, especially in A. artemisiifolia. The evolution of genome structure has differed among these two species. The genome of A. trifida has undergone greater rearrangement, possibly the result of chromoplexy. In contrast, the genome of A. artemisiifolia retains a structure that makes the allotetraploidization of the most recent common ancestor of the Heliantheae Alliance the clearest feature of its genome. When compared to other Heliantheae Alliance species, this allowed us to reconstruct the common ancestor's karyotype—a key step for furthering of our understanding of the evolution and diversification of this economically and allergenically important group.
Individuelle und plurale epistemische Autoritäten
Authors: Hauswald Rico
Published: March 2024

Für Millionen junger Eltern stellt sich jedes Jahr die Frage, ob und wenn ja in welcher Form sie ihre Kinder gegen die klassischen Kinderkrankheiten impfen lassen sollten. Sofern sie nicht selbst über entsprechende medizinische Kenntnisse verfügen sollten, ist es in dieser Situation – wie in vielen anderen – sicher vernünftig, eine geeignete epistemische Autorität zu konsultieren, also jemanden, der sich im Hinblick auf einen bestimmten thematischen Bereich sehr viel besser auskennt als man selbst. In diesem Fall dürfte es für die Eltern naheliegend erscheinen, zunächst den Rat ihres Kinderarztes einzuholen.
Was sind soziale Pluralitäten und was plurale epistemische Autoritäten?
Authors: Hauswald Rico
Published: March 2024

Im dritten Teil der Untersuchung wende ich mich nun pluralen epistemischen Autoritäten zu. Damit sind soziale Pluralitäten gemeint, die in unserer epistemischen Praxis ähnliche Rollen einnehmen können wie individuelle epistemische Autoritäten. Ein wesentliches Ziel meiner Überlegungen wird im Folgenden in der Untersuchung bestehen, worin epistemische Deferenz gegenüber pluralen epistemischen Autoritäten eigentlich besteht und wie Subjekte sich gegenüber diesen rationalerweise verhalten sollten. Ich möchte demonstrieren, dass sie dabei ähnliche Herausforderungen zu bewältigen haben wie bei individuellen Autoritäten: Sie müssen Identifikationsprobleme lösen, sind unter Umständen mit Situationen konfrontiert, die Ähnlichkeiten mit Goldmans „novice/2-expert“-Problem besitzen, und stehen wiederum einem Deferenzproblem gegenüber.
Die Wahl geeigneter wahrheitsindikativer Tatsachen und die Methoden zur Feststellung ihres Bestehens
Authors: Hauswald Rico
Published: March 2024

Mit der Identifikation einer geeigneten pluralen epistemischen Autorität sind für das Subjekt noch nicht alle Herausforderungen bewältigt. Der zweite Teil des Identifikationsproblems besteht darin, das Bestehen geeigneter wahrheitsindikativer Tatsachen über die Autorität festzustellen (analog zur Feststellung, ob eine individuelle epistemische Autorität eine bestimmte Überzeugung hat). Bereits die Auswahl des geeigneten Wahrheitsindikators kann allerdings entscheidend sein.
Die Relevanz pluraler epistemischer Autoritäten für unsere epistemische Praxis und ihre Priorität gegenüber individuellen Autoritäten
Authors: Hauswald Rico
Published: March 2024

Ich möchte in diesem Kapitel noch einmal verschiedene bis hierhin entwickelte Argumentationsstränge zusammenführen und die These verteidigen, dass sich die Relevanz pluraler epistemischer Autoritäten für unsere epistemische Praxis daher ergibt, dass die epistemische Autorität von Pluralitäten in mehreren interessanten Hinsichten prioritär gegenüber der von Einzelindividuen ist. Sie ist erstens prioritär in dem Sinne, dass plurale epistemische Autoritäten häufig zuverlässigere und bessere epistemische Quellen sind als individuelle Autoritäten. Zweitens ist sie prioritär in dem Sinne, dass das epistemische Vertrauen in Einzelindividuen in paradigmatischen Fällen derivativ zum epistemischen Vertrauen in jene Pluralitäten ist, deren Mitglieder sie sind, so dass ein Subjekt, auch wenn es sich epistemisch auf eine individuelle Autorität stützt, implizit ein gewisses Vertrauen in eine plurale epistemische Autorität haben muss.
Zusammenfassung
Authors: Hauswald Rico
Published: March 2024

Ich habe zu zeigen versucht, dass plurale epistemische Autoritäten gegenüber individuellen typischerweise in mehreren Hinsichten eine gewisse Priorität besitzen. Zwar ist es nicht immer möglich, sich auf eine plurale epistemische Autorität zu stützen. Wenn es etwa darum geht, ein ganz konkretes, individuelles Problem zu lösen, wofür bestimmende Urteilskraft seitens der Autorität nötig ist, braucht es direkte Kommunikation mit der Autorität, was häufig nicht oder nur schwer möglich ist, wenn es sich bei der Autorität um eine plurale handelt.
Analyse I: Die vakzinologische und die impfkritische Gemeinschaft als Kandidaten für plurale epistemische Autoritäten
Authors: Hauswald Rico
Published: March 2024

Zur besseren Veranschaulichung dessen, was es heißt, sich auf plurale epistemische Autoritäten zu stützen, aber auch um den einen oder anderen bislang nicht hinreichend beleuchteten systematischen Punkt noch genauer herauszuarbeiten, möchte ich in diesem vierten Teil zwei etwas ausführlichere exemplarische Analysen in Auseinandersetzung mit ganz konkreten Fragen und konkretem Material durchführen. Dazu werde ich im nächsten Kapitel auf die Corona-Krise zu sprechen kommen und in diesem Kapitel zunächst noch einmal den in der Einleitung angesprochenen Fall der Eltern aufgreifen, die vor der Entscheidung stehen, ob und in welcher Form sie ihr Kind gegen klassische Kinderkrankheiten impfen lassen sollten.
Das Deferenzproblem: Wie sollte man sich epistemischen Autoritäten gegenüber verhalten?
Authors: Hauswald Rico
Published: March 2024

Sollte das Subjekt es im Hinblick auf eine für es relevante Proposition p geschafft haben, eine einschlägige epistemische Autorität und deren Überzeugung bezüglich p korrekt zu identifizieren, so sind damit noch keineswegs alle epistemischen Schwierigkeiten beseitigt. Denn es fragt sich, wie genau es sich der Autorität bzw. deren p-Überzeugung gegenüber verhalten sollte. Es dürfte zwar wahrscheinlich relativ unstrittig sein, dass zumindest in typischen Situationen ein gewisses Maß an Deferenz gegenüber der Autorität für das Subjekt rationalerweise geboten ist.
Verstehens-Autorität
Authors: Hauswald Rico
Published: March 2024

Ich hatte in Abschnitt 6.3 dafür argumentiert, dass sich der Begriff einer epistemischen Autorität auf den Begriff epistemischer Superiorität zurückführen lässt, und ferner, dass epistemische Superiorität unterschiedliche Formen annehmen und unterschiedliche Dimensionen oder epistemische Güter betreffen kann. Bislang habe ich mich in erster Linie auf epistemische Superiorität im Hinblick auf die Kenntnis propositionaler Wahrheiten konzentriert. Die eine epistemische Autorität auszeichnende Superiorität kann aber auch darin bestehen, dass die Autorität die fragliche Domäne hinreichend besser versteht als das Subjekt, für das sie eine Autorität ist.
Eight Propositions About Scale-ups
Authors: Coad Alex , Bornhäll Anders , Daunfeldt Sven-Olov , McKelvie Alexander
Published: March 2024

This chapter pushes further in our investigation of the nature of scale-ups by introducing the following eight propositions about scale-ups: (1) a scale up is a concept born of practitioners, not academics; (2) scale-ups are not just in the IT sector, but may be enabled by IT; (3) a scale-up is a qualitative concept from a ‘stages-of-growth’ model; (4) scaling up involves structural transformation; (5) a scale-up does not exist anywhere in a pure form; (6) scale-ups differ by degree, not by kind; (7) many scale-ups are exceptions; and (8) there may never be a standardized empirical definition of scale-up. Each of these eight propositions was either not clear, or was misunderstood, in some previous work.
In Search of Scale-ups: Empirical Analysis
Authors: Coad Alex , Bornhäll Anders , Daunfeldt Sven-Olov , McKelvie Alexander
Published: March 2024

This chapter takes our empirical definition of scale-up to the data: Swedish register data on over 700,000 firms for the period 1997–2001. 1.28% of firms meet the HGF criteria. Among these HGFs, it is rare for a firm to satisfy all 7 scale-up conditions (in line with the idea of ‘too many exceptions’). 25.89% of HGFs satisfy 5 or more of the 7 conditions for scale-ups, while 60.75% of HGFs satisfy 4 out of 7 conditions. Our analysis highlighted how missing values can cause problems when investigating which HGFs are scale-ups.
Singular solutions of semilinear elliptic equations with supercritical growth on Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Hasegawa Shoichi
Published: March 2024

In this paper, we shall discuss singular solutions of semilinear elliptic equations with general supercritical growth on spherically symmetric Riemannian manifolds. More precisely, we shall prove the existence, uniqueness and asymptotic behavior of the singular radial solution, and also show that regular radial solutions converges to the singular solution. In particular, we shall provide these properties on spherically symmetric Riemannian manifolds including the hyperbolic space as well as the sphere.
Nichtvirale Infektionen der Leber
Authors: Deibel A. , Müllhaupt B.
Published: March 2024

Die nichtviralen Infektionen der Leber sind verglichen mit den viralen Entitäten selten bis sehr selten. Sie können durch verschiedenste Bakterien, Helminthen, Protozoen und Pilze verursacht werden, bei denen es oft im Rahmen der Dissemination zu einer Leberbeteiligung kommt. Einige dieser Infektionen betreffen insbesondere immunsupprimierte Personen, andere müssen vor allem nach Reisen in tropische Länder in die differenzialdiagnostischen Überlegungen einbezogen werden. Erfolgt die Infektion durch orale Aufnahme von Eiern, wie etwa bei der zystischen und alveolären Echinokokkose, ist die Leber oft das am häufigsten betroffene Organ. Aufgrund der Vielzahl nichtviraler Leberinfektionen und ihrer unterschiedlichen klinischen Manifestationen ist eine umfassende Diskussion aller potenziellen Erreger und ihrer Auswirkungen im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht möglich. Daher können in diesem Kontext nur einige wenige Erkrankungen detaillierter besprochen werden.
Optimization of shot-peening parameters for steel AISI 316L via response surface methodology (RSM): introducing two novel mechanical aspects
Authors: Ebrahimzadeh Pejman , Martínez Luis Borja Peral , Pariente Inés Fernández , Varela Francisco Javier Belzunce
Published: March 2024

The study explores the application of shot-peening (SP) on AISI 316L stainless steel to enhance mechanical properties. It focuses on optimizing SP parameters—coverage percentage (C) ranging from 100 to 4500% and shot velocity (P) between 1.5 and 6 bar while other SP factors were maintained constant—using response surface methodology (RSM) entails creating a mathematical model to analyze data accurately. This model explores interactions among initial configurations to optimize mechanical properties and enhance the performance of the current steel after the SP surface treatment. These properties evaluated include cumulative compressive residual stress (CCRS), cumulative full-width at half-maximum (CFWHM) newfangled factors for researchers to analyze, austenite transformation to martensite, micro-hardness, and surface roughness. Through the RSM model, increasing P leads to an increase in all response values in each one, except for microhardness, which registers a minor decrease from 1.5 to 6 bar. Elevating C promotes responses, excluding roughness, decreasing until 2300% and reaching its minimum. At 4500% C, roughness peaks, exceeding the initial amount at 100% C. In the optimization section, it seeks a passable value for each parameter. Desired responses involve maximizing CCRS, CFWHM, and micro-hardness while minimizing martensite and roughness. For interactions in all responses, at P = 6 bar and C = 1860%, values for each response were CCRS = 218 (MPa.mm), CFWHM = 0.6871 (°.mm), micro-hardness = 394 (HV), martensite conversion = 48 (%), and roughness = 5.45 (µm). Response reassessment in the real tests by comparison RSM model in optimal points showed a minimum error of 4.05 for roughness and a maximum error of 12.09 for CCRS. Other responses contained errors between this spectrum.
Prediction of virus–host interactions and identification of hot spot residues of DENV-2 and SH3 domain interactions
Authors: Banik Mithila , Paudel Keshav Raj , Majumder Rajib , Idrees Sobia
Published: March 2024

Dengue virus, particularly serotype 2 (DENV-2), poses a significant global health threat, and understanding the molecular basis of its interactions with host cell proteins is imperative for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. This study elucidated the interactions between proline-enriched motifs and Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. The SH3 domain is pivotal in mediating protein–protein interactions, particularly by recognizing and binding to proline-rich regions in partner proteins. Through a computational pipeline, we analyzed the interactions and binding modes of proline-enriched motifs with SH3 domains, identified new potential DENV-2 interactions with the SH3 domain, and revealed potential hot spot residues, underscoring their significance in the viral life cycle. This comprehensive analysis provides crucial insights into the molecular basis of DENV-2 infection, highlighting conserved and serotype-specific interactions. The identified hot spot residues offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention, laying the foundation for developing antiviral strategies against Dengue virus infection. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of viral–host interactions and provide a roadmap for future research on Dengue virus pathogenesis and treatment.
Comparing accuracy in guided endodontics: dynamic real-time navigation, static guides, and manual approaches for access cavity preparation – an in vitro study using 3D printed teeth
Authors: Huth Karin Christine , Borkowski Lukas , Liebermann Anja , Berlinghoff Frank , Hickel Reinhard , Schwendicke Falk , Reymus Marcel
Published: March 2024

Objectives

To assess root canal localization accuracy using a dynamic approach, surgical guides and freehand technique in vitro.

Materials and methods

Access cavities were prepared for 4 different 3D printed tooth types by 4 operators (n = 144). Deviations from the planning in angle and bur positioning were compared and operating time as well as tooth substance loss were evaluated (Kruskal-Wallis Test, ANOVA). Operating method, tooth type, and operator effects were analyzed (partial eta-squared statistic).

Results

Angle deviation varied significantly between the operating methods (p < .0001): freehand (9.53 ± 6.36°), dynamic (2.82 ± 1.8°) and static navigation (1.12 ± 0.85°). The highest effect size was calculated for operating method (ηP²=0.524), followed by tooth type (0.364), and operator (0.08). Regarding deviation of bur base and tip localization no significant difference was found between the methods. Operating method mainly influenced both parameters (ηP²=0.471, 0.379) with minor effects of tooth type (0.157) and operator. Freehand technique caused most substance loss (p < .001), dynamic navigation least (p < .0001). Operating time was the shortest for freehand followed by static and dynamic navigation.

Conclusions

Guided endodontic access may aid in precise root canal localization and save tooth structure.

Clinical relevance

Although guided endodontic access preparation may require more time compared to the freehand technique, the guided navigation is more accurate and saves tooth structure.
Checklist for Reproducibility of Deep Learning in Medical Imaging
Authors: Moassefi Mana , Singh Yashbir , Conte Gian Marco , Khosravi Bardia , Rouzrokh Pouria , Vahdati Sanaz , Safdar Nabile , Moy Linda , Kitamura Felipe , Gentili Amilcare , Lakhani Paras , Kottler Nina , Halabi Safwan S. , Yacoub Joseph H. , Hou Yuankai , Younis Khaled , Erickson Bradley J. , Krupinski Elizabeth , Faghani Shahriar
Published: March 2024

The application of deep learning (DL) in medicine introduces transformative tools with the potential to enhance prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment planning. However, ensuring transparent documentation is essential for researchers to enhance reproducibility and refine techniques. Our study addresses the unique challenges presented by DL in medical imaging by developing a comprehensive checklist using the Delphi method to enhance reproducibility and reliability in this dynamic field. We compiled a preliminary checklist based on a comprehensive review of existing checklists and relevant literature. A panel of 11 experts in medical imaging and DL assessed these items using Likert scales, with two survey rounds to refine responses and gauge consensus. We also employed the content validity ratio with a cutoff of 0.59 to determine item face and content validity. Round 1 included a 27-item questionnaire, with 12 items demonstrating high consensus for face and content validity that were then left out of round 2. Round 2 involved refining the checklist, resulting in an additional 17 items. In the last round, 3 items were deemed non-essential or infeasible, while 2 newly suggested items received unanimous agreement for inclusion, resulting in a final 26-item DL model reporting checklist derived from the Delphi process. The 26-item checklist facilitates the reproducible reporting of DL tools and enables scientists to replicate the study’s results.
Artifact reduction in photoacoustic images by generating virtual dense array sensor from hemispheric sparse array sensor using deep learning
Authors: Yamakawa Makoto , Shiina Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Vascular distribution is important information for diagnosing diseases and supporting surgery. Photoacoustic imaging is a technology that can image blood vessels noninvasively and with high resolution. In photoacoustic imaging, a hemispherical array sensor is especially suitable for measuring blood vessels running in various directions. However, as a hemispherical array sensor, a sparse array sensor is often used due to technical and cost issues, which causes artifacts in photoacoustic images. Therefore, in this study, we reduce these artifacts using deep learning technology to generate signals of virtual dense array sensors.

Methods

Generating 2D virtual array sensor signals using a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) requires huge computational costs and is impractical. Therefore, we installed virtual sensors between the real sensors along the spiral pattern in three different directions and used a 2D CNN to generate signals of the virtual sensors in each direction. Then we reconstructed a photoacoustic image using the signals from both the real sensors and the virtual sensors.

Results

We evaluated the proposed method using simulation data and human palm measurement data. We found that these artifacts were significantly reduced in the images reconstructed using the proposed method, while the artifacts were strong in the images obtained only from the real sensor signals.

Conclusion

Using the proposed method, we were able to significantly reduce artifacts, and as a result, it became possible to recognize deep blood vessels. In addition, the processing time of the proposed method was sufficiently applicable to clinical measurement.
Enduring relief or fleeting respite? Bitcoin as a hedge and safe haven for the US dollar
Authors: Conlon Thomas , Corbet Shaen , McGee Richard
Published: March 2024

Can technology protect investors from extreme losses? This paper investigates the short- and long-run hedging and safe haven properties of Bitcoin for the US dollar over the period 2010–2023, incorporating the COVID-19-related market turmoil. Our findings reveal that (i) Bitcoin acts as a strong hedge for all US dollar currency pairs examined, (ii) Bitcoin functions as a weak safe haven for the US dollar at short investment horizons, as indicated by a limited relationship during acute negative price movements, (iii) Bitcoin, instead of acting as a safe haven may, instead, increase aggregate risk at long horizons during periods of extreme losses. The analysis, performed using a series of horizon-dependent econometric tests, provides evidence of some US dollar risk-reduction benefits from Bitcoin but limited potential for enduring relief from long-run extreme negative US dollar rate movements.