bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi‐tier pricing in uniform and non‐uniform tax/subsidy systems
Authors: Chang Winston W. , Chen Tai‐Liang
Published: October 2021

This paper examines the optimal specific tax/subsidy policy for a monopoly under multi‐tier pricing. It shows, among other things, that an increase in a specific tax on any tier will raise (reduce) the cumulative output of preceding (succeeding) tiers in the non‐uniform scheme. In contrast, increasing the tax under the uniform scheme will reduce the output for all tiers and their cumulative output. Furthermore, the paper derives the optimal policy locus and shows the indeterminacy of optimal tier rates in the non‐uniform scheme. The case of linear/nonlinear demand and quadratic cost illuminates numerous interesting features.
Addressing Water Resources and Environmental Quality Programming Needs in Arequipa, Peru
Authors: Bowling Laura C. , Mazer Katy E. , Bocardo‐Delgado Edwin , Frankenberger Jane R. , Pinto José , Popovici Ruxandra , Prokopy Linda S.
Published: October 2021

Water resources in historically water scarce regions such as Arequipa, Peru are vulnerable to changing conditions. Population growth and climate change are projected to be major threats to water availability in the region, while urban growth, informal mining, and agriculture threaten water quality. To address these concerns and others, the Arequipa Nexus Institute for Food, Energy, Water, and the Environment (the Arequipa Nexus Institute) was formed as a collaboration between Purdue University and the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín to address key challenges to a sustainable future for Arequipa through research. In this work, a vision for water‐related extension programming in Arequipa was developed through three phases of data collection. Phases 1 and 2 involved semi‐structured interviews and focus groups with agency personnel, community leaders, and farmers in Arequipa. The water education needs of stakeholders that could be addressed by water and environmental extension programming were identified. In Phase 3, a workshop of researchers from the Arequipa Nexus Institute used the data and their knowledge of institutional capacity to identify opportunities for the Institute to serve as a boundary organization facilitating communication and collaboration between scientists and stakeholders to support water extension and engagement in Arequipa. Water resources extension services provided by this boundary organization would include education about water quality, water allocation, and water use, as well as providing resources to improve public participation in water management. Water extension services could be part of a cross‐cutting extension initiative within the Arequipa Nexus Institute, which would be responsible for accumulating research data and connecting them to both formal and informal stakeholders. The dual training nature of the boundary organization will serve to both increase public understanding of water concerns and the capacity of information generators in the university and agencies to engage with the public. This study is unique in combining both sides of the boundary (community needs and scientists’ perspectives) in developing the vision for this extension programming.
Engaging the Public in Water Policy: Do Political Affiliation and Ideology Matter?
Authors: Gibson Kristin E. , Lamm Alexa J. , Woosnam Kyle Maurice , Croom D. Barry
Published: October 2021

Unsustainable human activities are rapidly depleting freshwater resources in many parts of the United States. Public policy surrounding water conservation is arguably one of the most essential strategies for targeting the preservation of water. Increased public engagement in environmental policy may bolster sustainable consumption of water resources if nuances in human behavior are targeted through communication messages. A quantitative research design using an online survey of the general United States public was used to explore if political affiliation and political ideology predicted how respondents prepared to vote on a policy that impacts water. The study revealed that respondents neither agreed nor disagreed on the level to which they would take specific actions to become prepared to vote on a policy that impacts water, indicating there is room for improvement. Results from a multiple linear regression revealed political affiliation and political ideology significantly predicted how respondents prepared to vote on a policy that impacts water; however, they accounted for a small amount of variance in the models. Future studies should identify additional predictors to determine how respondents prepare to vote on a policy that impacts water since political affiliation and political ideology were not a major influence on how respondents prepare to vote. Environmental communicators should focus their outreach efforts on increasing public preparedness to vote on polices that impact water.
Self‐standing Janus nanofiber heterostructure photocatalyst with hydrogen production and degradation of methylene blue
Authors: Sun Feng , Qi Haina , Xie Yunrui , Xu Da , Yu Wensheng , Ma Qianli , Yang Ying , Yu Hui , Dong Xiangting
Published: October 2021

A highly efficient, stable, easily recyclable carbon‐based [g‐C3N4/C]//[TiO2/C] Janus nanofibers heterostructure photocatalyst (gT‐JNHP) was first designed and constructed through the combination of conjugative electro‐spinning with subsequent calcination procedure. gT‐JNHP with novel Janus structure consists of two sides: one side is g‐C3N4/C nanofiber that absorbs visible light (VL), and the other side is TiO2/C nanofiber that can capture ultraviolet light (UL), and the two strands of nanofibers are tightly combined together to form the unique heterostructure Janus nanofiber, which can make full use of sunlight (SL). gT‐JNHP presents better remarkably boosted photocatalytic performance in comparison with the counterpart g‐C3N4/C, TiO2/C, or their mechanical mixture, and the degradation efficiencies of methylene blue in gT‐JNHP‐2, respectively, are 95.1% (160 min) and 98.6% (140 min), as well as hydrogen evolution rates reach up to 12.40 and 16.72 mmol h–1 g–1 under VL and simulated SL, respectively, thereby displaying the excellent dual functions of high‐efficient hydrogen release and removal of organic contaminant. The outstanding photocatalytic property is ascribed to the joint effect among the unique Janus‐typed heterostructure, catalyst components, and electrically conductive carbon fiber, achieving close contact between the interfaces, effective separation of photo‐excited carriers, strong light capture ability, and many more exposed active sites, etc. Feasible photocatalytic mechanisms are advanced. Moreover, gT‐JNHP owns the characteristics of flexible self‐standing, easy recycling, and superb durability. The constructing mechanisms of Janus nanofibers and gT‐JNHP are discussed in detail, and the novel fabricating techniques are established. The designing idea and construction techniques adopted in this paper are popularized for research and development of other peculiar uni‐dimensional dual‐functional nanofibrous photocatalysts.
Application of ozonation as a clean method of herbs freshness prolongation: Experiment and model construction
Authors: Postawa Karol , Klimek Kamila , Kapłan Magdalena , Wrzesińska‐Jędrusiak Edyta , Kułażyński Marek
Published: October 2021

Ecological food preservation and freshness prolongation is an important issue in the food industry. Most of the common methods required the addition of chemical preservatives which is widely criticized. In this article, a novel approach for herbs keeping by ozonation is presented. The process is studied both in experimental and modeling approaches. The considered parameters were dry mass,l‐ascorbic acid concentration, carotenoids, essential oils, flavonoids, and polyphenols content. Also, the antioxidation activity of tested food is verified. The experiment examined the impact of ozonation with concentration up to 0.9 ppm, on the 7‐days storage of mint and rosemary in refrigerated conditions. The positive impact of ozone on almost all the tested parameters was proved for moderate concentrations of this factor. The one exception was essential oils, which turned out to be too susceptible for oxidation. The presented mathematical model indicated very good convergence with experimental results—the mean relative error, except essential oil, does not exceed 2% for both of the tested herbs. This indicated clearly that the presented tool can be used for further optimization of the process, with high practical application.

Practical Applications

Herbs are very sensitive, and the correct selection of ozonation parameters is crucial to maintain the best properties and consumption values. The final effect of ozonation is hard to predict based only on theoretical information. The experimental results presented in the article and the recommendation can be a good initial point for implementing an industrial‐scale application. For more quantitative conclusions, the created ozonation model can be utilized to receive more precise results, for specified conditions.
The evolutionary trajectories of the individual amygdala nuclei in the common shrew, guinea pig, rabbit, fox and pig: A consequence of embryological fate and mosaic‐like evolution
Authors: Równiak Maciej , Bogus‐Nowakowska Krystyna , Kalinowski Daniel , Kozłowska Anna
Published: October 2021

The amygdala primarily evolved as a danger detector that regulates emotional behaviours and learning. However, it is also engaged in stress responses as well as olfactory/pheromonal and reproductive functions. All of these functions are processed by a set of nuclei which are derived from different telencephalic sources (pallial and subpallial) and have a unique cellular structure and specific connections. It is unclear how these individual anatomical and functional units evolved to fit the amygdala to the specific needs of various mammals. Thus, this study provides quantitative data regarding volumes, neuron density and neuron numbers in the main amygdala nuclei of the common shrew, guinea pig, rabbit, fox and pig – species from across the mammalian phylogeny which differ in brain complexity and ecology. The results show that the volume of the amygdala and its individual nuclei scale with negative allometry relative to brain mass (an allometric coefficient below one). However, in relation to the whole amygdala volume, volumes and volumetric percentages of the lateral (LA) and basomedial (BM) nuclei scale with positive allometry, for the medial (ME) and lateral olfactory tract (NLOT) nuclei these parameters scale with negative allometry while the values of these parameters for the basolateral (BL), central (CE) and cortical (CO) nuclei scale with isometry. Moreover, density of neurons scales with strong negative allometry relative to both brain mass and amygdala volume with values of allometric coefficient below zero across studied species. This value for BL is significantly lower than that for the whole amygdala, for ME it is significantly higher while values for NLOT, CE, CO, LA and BM are quite similar to the value for whole amygdala. Finally, neuron numbers in the whole amygdala and its individual nuclei scale with negative allometry in relation to brain mass. However, in relation to the number of neurons in the whole amygdala, neuron numbers and percentages of neurons for LA and BM scale with positive allometry, for BL and NLOT they scale with negative allometry while the values of these parameters for CE, CO and ME scale with isometry. In conclusion, all of these results indicate that each of the nuclei studied displays a different and unique pattern of evolution in relation to brain mass or the whole amygdala volume. These patterns do not match with the various classical concepts of amygdala parcellation; however, in some way, they reflect diversity revealed by the expression of homeobox genes in various embryological studies.
Salvianolic acid B regulates collagen synthesis: Indirect influence on human dermal fibroblasts through the microvascular endothelial cell pathway
Authors: Meng Hong , Zhao Meng‐Meng , Yang Ru‐Ya , Deng Xiao‐Feng , Zhang Hong‐Yan , Choi Yeong‐Min , An In‐Sook , An Sung‐Kwan , Dong Yin‐Mao , He Yi‐Fan , Li Li , Guo Miao‐Miao , Yi Fan
Published: October 2021

Background

Salvianolic acid B (SAB) is one of the main active ingredients of Salvia Miltiorrhiza. It has significant skin anti‐aging, whitening, and sun protection properties.

Aims

The study aimed at studying the mechanism underlying the effect of salvianolic acid Bon collagen synthesis, which has good anti‐aging efficacy and modulates microcirculation.

Methods

This study employed available public databases, bioinformatics methodologies, and the inverse docking approach to explore the effectiveness of SAB in the regulating collagen synthesis, and then used an human dermal fibroblast (HDF)– Human dermal microvascular endothelial cell (HDMEC) in vitro model to validate the predicted mechanism of SAB in influencing collagen synthesis.

Results

The results showed that NO production in SAB‐treated HDMEC‐conditioned medium was increased compared to that in control media, and the same tendency was also observed for growth factor production. SAB also upregulated HDMEC cellular eNOS and VEGF. When SAB‐treated HDMEC conditioned medium was transferred to HDFs, the expression of collagen I, collagen III, and elastin in HDFs was upregulated and MMP‐1 was downregulated.

Conclusions

The results show that SAB regulates collagen through the HDMEC–HDF pathway. Furthermore, the mechanisms might be closely related to the microcirculation factors NO and VEGF.
The use of preauricular skin flaps in the treatment of ear malignancy in elderly patients
Authors: Frattaroli Jacopo Maria , Turriziani Gianmarco , Lo Torto Federico , Cavalieri Enrico , Bruno Edoardo , Dal Prà Giovanni , Ribuffo Diego
Published: October 2021

Background

The ear is one of the face areas most affected by skin cancers, and the surgical reconstruction is often challenging because of tumor‐ and patient‐related factors. Reconstructive options are essentially skin flaps and grafts or their combinations. The use of preauricular translocation (PAT) flap for auricular reconstructions is constantly increasing.

Aim and Methods

This retrospective study reports the comparison between the PAT flap and the full‐thickness skin grafts (FTSGs) for surgical auricular defect reconstruction in elderly population (≥65 years) that typically shows poor compliance in the postoperative wound care management.

Results

A total of 52 FTSGs (Group A) and 39 PAT (Group B) were performed between April 2007 and July 2020. The aim was to investigate, compare, and define advantages and disadvantages of both techniques. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the overall patients’ satisfaction. The mean surgical and healing times were longer in Group A (p < 0.05). No complications occurred in the PAT group, and all the flaps survived. In the FTSG group, the overall complication rate was 17.3% (four partial and three total graft failure, and two graft infections). T test was used to compare the VAS scores: Patients with PAT flap were more satisfied than those with FTSG (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Preauricular translocation flap is a reproducible, safe, and quick option for auricular defects reconstruction in the ≥65 years population, associated with an easier patient management, high patient satisfaction, and excellent aesthetic result.
Experimental studies and randomised controlled trial investigating the impact of traditional dried fruits consumed as snacks on food intake, experience of appetite and bodyweight
Authors: Harrold Joanne A. , Sadler Michele , Hughes Georgina M. , Boyland Emma J. , Williams Nicola J. , McGill Rory , Higgs Jennette , Harland Janice I. , Halford Jason C. G.
Published: October 2021

Two studies investigating the impact of dried fruits eaten as a snack on weight control were designed to examine the effects of prunes and raisins on appetite (phase 1), and whether prunes undermine weight loss, due to the increase in energy density on drying, when included in a structured weight loss programme (phase 2). Phase 1 compared the effect on appetite of equi‐weight or equi‐caloric snacks of prunes (100 or 140 g) and raisins (100 or 111 g) with a control condition (100 g/335 kcal jelly babies), in a pre‐load, cross‐over design (n = 40 analysed). A significant effect of condition on food intake was observed, with significantly lower weight of food consumed in the 140 g prune group versus control, and on Area Under the Curve (AUC) fullness, due to a greater effect in the 140 g prune group versus control. In phase 2, change in bodyweight and waist circumference were measured in a 12‐week randomised, parallel‐groups intervention study (n = 100 analysed, 50 per group). Prunes (females: 140 g, males: 171 g/day) replaced usual snacks whilst following a weight loss programme. The active control group followed the same programme and participants were instructed on healthy snacking. A significant reduction in mean bodyweight in the prune group versus baseline was consistent with the phase 1 evidence that prunes can aid appetite control, although it could also be explained by overall diet in the context of a structured weight loss programme. Prunes did not produce a detrimental effect on mean weight loss over 12 weeks versus control (prune group: −1.99 kg; active control: −1.53 kg), nor on decrease in waist circumference (prune group: −2.40 cm; active control: −1.74 cm). No additional benefit on weight loss was seen (between‐group difference was non‐significant). The daily intake of prunes was well‐tolerated. Phase 1 demonstrated that prune snacks produced beneficial changes in appetite. Phase 2 demonstrated that prunes did not undermine weight management, and this warrants further study.
CONSTRUCTING THE ASSYRIAN SIEGE RAMP AT LACHISH: TEXTS, ICONOGRAPHY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Garfinkel Yosef , Carroll Jon W. , Pytlik Michael , Mumcuoglu Madeleine
Published: October 2021

This research examines the Assyrian siege ramp at Lachish, the only such known from the ancient Near East and the oldest in the world. The combination of different sources (texts, iconography and archaeology) enables us to reconstruct how this monumental war installation was erected. We used photogrammetric analysis, facilitated through small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS) imagery, to digitally map the landscape and evaluate different potential scenarios with regard to the construction and use of the ramp.
Contextualism preserved
Authors: Kirkpatrick James Ravi
Published: October 2021

This paper aims to reconcile the context‐sensitivity of natural language with the essential epistemological role that language plays in the preservation and transmission of content.
Single‐cut osteotomy for correction of a complex multiplanar deformity of the radius in a Shetland pony foal
Authors: Schweinsberg Lorenz P. , Ehrle Anna , Schweinsberg Uwe , Meehan Lucy , Noguera Cender Andrea , Lischer Christoph J.
Published: October 2021

Objective

To describe the surgical correction of a multiplanar deformity of the radius in a pony using a single‐cut osteotomy.

Study design

Case report.

Animals

A 9‐week‐old male Shetland pony foal with a bodyweight of 47 kg.

Methods

The foal presented with a complex multiplanar deformity of the right radius. A 3‐dimensional model of the bone was created based on computed tomography (CT) imaging. To correct the deformity, the cutting plane for a single‐cut osteotomy was calculated following the mathematical approach described by Sangeorzan et al. After osteotomy, the bone was realigned and stabilized with two 4.5 locking compression plates (LCPs).

Results

Recovery from surgery was uneventful, and the foal remained comfortable. A CT exam 15 weeks after surgery revealed that diaphyseal deformities improved substantially in procurvatum (from 8° to 1°), varus (from 27° to 0°), and rotation (30° to 5°). The operated radius was 2.1 cm shorter than the left. Eighteen‐month follow up confirmed a functionally and cosmetically acceptable outcome.

Conclusion

The single‐cut osteotomy resulted in the successful correction of a multiplanar equine long‐bone deformity with a favorable outcome in a Shetland pony.

Clinical significance

Single‐cut osteotomy is an alternative surgical technique for the correction of complex diaphyseal long‐bone equine deformities. Computed tomography data and the possibility of printing 3D models provides a significant advantage for rehearsing the procedure and for evaluating the correction that was achieved.
Outcome of canine cementless collared stem total hip replacement with proximal femoral periprosthetic cerclage application: 184 consecutive cases
Authors: Israel Sarah K. , Liska William D.
Published: October 2021

Objective

To report outcomes of cementless collared stem total hip replacement (THR) with proximal femoral periprosthetic cerclage application in dogs.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs (n= 150) with THR (n= 184).

Methods

Serial postoperative radiographs and medical records of dogs that underwent consecutive index cementless THR, with a single full cerclage wire placed distal to the femoral neck osteotomy line and proximal to the lesser trochanter, were reviewed for intraoperative and postoperative complications.

Results

No proximal femoral fractures occurred. No complications associated with the use of the cerclage wire were encountered. A fissure (n = 1) or fractures (n = 2) occurred near the tip of the femoral stem in three cases postoperatively. All three cases required plate and screw fixation. All dogs returned to subjectively normal function at home and all owners were satisfied with the outcome.

Conclusion

A single full cerclage wire may minimize the risk of a proximal femur fracture following cementless collared stem total hip replacement in dogs. No complications were encountered with the cerclage wire.

Clinical significance

Application of a cerclage wire is a simple and economically feasible procedure that requires minimal additional instrumentation, takes little time, and may decrease the risk of proximal femur fractures after cementless press‐fit THR.
The Relationship Between Perceived Confidence, Gender, and Writing in a Biomedical Engineering Research Experience for Undergraduates Site
Authors: Reed Elisabeth C. , Kain Donna , George Stephanie M.
Published: October 2021

Women frequently feel alienated in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) environments due to gender biases, ultimately leading them to feel less competent or leave the field altogether. This study utilizes personal statements from a subset of participants from a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Site: Biomedical Engineering in Simulations, Imaging, and Modeling (BME-SIM) to investigate how confidence is shown by participants and how confidence is perceived by faculty reviewers in personal statements. This study compares feedback from faculty reviewers to perceived and self-reported confidence using lexical (i.e., word choices and use) and syntactic (i.e., structures of language segments such as sentences, phrases, and organization of words) features of these personal statements. Women received more negative feedback related to confidence compared to their male counterparts, notably in relation to modesty. Few differences were found between writing styles of genders in their pre- and post-program statements. Overall, writing styles did not seem to correlate with the genders' perceived or self-reported confidence; however, perception of confidence suggested a relationship between genders' pre- and post-program statements when examined by noun and adjective variation. A similar relationship was found between self-reported confidence and noun variation in men and women participants. Findings suggest that writing style perceptions and practices may be influenced by gender norms; however, without looking at the specific diction and content of personal statements, these conclusions cannot be fully established.
Real-Time Velocity Optimization for Energy-Efficient Control of Connected and Automated Vehicles
Authors: Dong Shiying , Gao Bingzhao , Chen Hong , Huang Yanjun , Liu Qifang
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a fast numerical algorithm for velocity optimization based on Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP). Considering the difficulties associated with the application of the PMP when state constraints exist, a penalty function approach is proposed to convert the state-constrained problem into an unconstrained problem. Then, an iterative numerical algorithm in which the explicit solution is used to find the optimal solution is proposed. The proposed numerical algorithm is applied to velocity trajectory optimization for energy-efficient control of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). The simulation results indicate that the algorithm can generate the optimal inputs in milliseconds and achieve a significant improvement in computational efficiency compared with traditional methods in a few seconds. A hardware-in-the-loop test for experimental validation is implemented to further verify the real-time performance of the proposed algorithm.
Ultra-Compact Microscale Heat Exchanger for Advanced Thermal Management in Data Centers
Authors: Amalfi Raffaele L. , Salamon Todd , Cataldo Filippo , Marcinichen Jackson B. , Thome John R.
Published: October 2021

This study is focused on the experimental characterization of two-phase heat transfer performance and pressure drops within an ultracompact heat exchanger (UCHE) suitable for electronics cooling applications. In this specific work, the UCHE prototype is anticipated to be a critical component for realizing a new passive two-phase cooling technology for high-power server racks, as it is more compact and lighter weight than conventional heat exchangers. This technology makes use of a novel combination of thermosyphon loops, at the server-level and rack-level, to passively cool an entire rack. In the proposed two-phase cooling technology, a smaller form factor UCHE is used to transfer heat from the server-level thermosyphon cooling loop to the rack-level thermosyphon cooling loop, while a larger form factor UCHE is used to reject the total heat from the server rack into the facility-level cooling loop. The UCHE is composed of a double-side-copper finned plate enclosed in a stainless steel enclosure. The geometry of the fins and channels on both sides are optimized to enhance the heat transfer performance and flow stability while minimizing the pressure drops. These features make the UCHE the ideal component for thermosyphon cooling systems, where low pressure drops are required to achieve high passive flow circulation rates and thus achieve high critical heat flux values. The UCHE's thermal-hydraulic performance is first evaluated in a pump-driven system at the former laboratory of heat and mass transfer (LTCM)-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, where experiments include many configurations and operating conditions. Then, the UCHE is installed and tested as the condenser of a thermosyphon loop that rejects heat to a pumped refrigerant system at Nokia Bell Labs, in which both sides operate with refrigerants in phase change (condensation-to-boiling). Experimental results demonstrate high thermal performance with a maximum heat dissipation density of 5455 (kW/m3/K), which is significantly larger than conventional air-cooled heat exchangers and liquid-cooled small pressing depth brazed plate heat exchangers. Finally, a thermal performance analysis is presented that provides guidelines in terms of heat density dissipations at the server- and rack-level when using passive two-phase cooling.
Wind Tunnel Tests of a Model Small-Scale Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Developed From Blade Element Momentum Theory
Authors: Siram Ojing , Sahoo Niranjan , Saha Ujjwal K.
Published: October 2021

The small-scale horizontal-axis wind turbines (SHAWTs) have emerged as the promising alternative energy resource for the off-grid electrical power generation. These turbines primarily operate at low Reynolds number and low tip speed ratio conditions. Under such circumstances, the airfoil selection and blade design of a SHAWT becomes a challenging task. The present work puts forward the necessary steps starting from the aerofoil selection to the blade design and analysis by means of blade element momentum theory (BEMT) for the development of four model turbine rotors composed of E216, SG6043, NACA63415, and NACA0012 airfoils. This analysis shows the superior performance of the model rotor with E216 airfoil in comparison with other three models. However, in the subsequent wind tunnel study with the E216 model, a marginal drop in its performance due to mechanical losses has been observed.
The Effect of Using Different Wake Models on Wind Farm Layout Optimization: A Comparative Study
Authors: Yang Puyi , Najafi Hamidreza
Published: October 2021

The accuracy of analytical wake models applied in wind farm layout optimization (WFLO) problems is of great significance as the high-fidelity methods such as large eddy simulation (LES) and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) are still not able to handle an optimization problem for large wind farms. Based on a variety of analytical wake models developed in the past decades, Flow Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) have been published as a tool that integrated several widely used wake models and their expansions. This paper compares four wake models selected from FLORIS by applying three classical WFLO scenarios. The results illustrate that the Jensen wake model is the fastest, but the issue of underestimating the velocity deficit is obvious. The multi-zone model needs additional tuning on the parameters inside the model to fit specific wind turbines. The Gaussian-curl hybrid (GCH) wake model, as an advanced expansion of the Gaussian wake model, does not provide a significant improvement in the current study, where the yaw control is not included. The Gaussian wake model is recommended for the WFLO projects implemented under the FLORIS framework and has similar wind conditions with the present work.
Assessment of the Resolution of Nonplanar Flaws in Pressure Retaining Components in Terms of Stress Intensity Factors
Authors: Lacroix Valéry , Dulieu Pierre , Hasegawa Kunio
Published: October 2021

When flaws are detected in pressure retaining components, assessments have to be done in order to demonstrate the fitness-for-service (FFS) of the component for continued operation. This FFS demonstration is performed in accordance with FFS Codes providing flaw assessment procedure and acceptance standards. The first step of the flaw assessment is the flaw characterization which aims at determining the flaw geometry to be used for the analyses. This key step is done according to flaw characterization rules provided in the FFS Codes and hence appears as essential for the rest of the assessment.

According to the flaw characterization rules of ASME B&PV Code Section XI, a nonplanar flaw (i.e., oriented in two or more intersecting inclined planes, curvilinear geometry, or combinations of nonplanar geometry) shall be resolved into two planar flaws by projection of the flaw area into planes normal to the maximum principal stresses. This approach allows to simplify the flaw assessment but should remain conservative. Therefore, the conservatisms due to the simplified projection approach for nonplanar flaws are investigated in this paper. Current computational tools have been clearly improved so that the modelling of nonplanar flaws does not present any significant difficulty. In this frame, this paper compares the stress intensity factors of projected nonplanar flaws and the mixed mode stress intensity factor of actual nonplanar flaws. This is carried out for multiple flaw sizes, flaw shapes, flaw orientations and different load cases. The final scope is to quantify how the flaw projection into planes normal to the maximum principal stresses is conservative and how this conservatism could be improved, if need be.
Modeling Crack Growth in ASME Section XI Flaw Evaluations
Authors: Bamford W. H. , Udyawar Anees
Published: October 2021

Rules for assessment of flaws found as a result of periodic in-service examinations of nuclear components, first appeared in Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in 1974. Since that time, literally hundreds of evaluations have been completed, which have allowed flaws that met the required margins to be accepted for continued service without repair. The flaw evaluation process of Section XI involves prediction of the future growth of such flaws, and then comparison with a calculated allowable flaw size for the location of interest. The crack growth models to be used for such evaluations are generally contained in the ASME Code itself, in Section XI Nonmandatory Appendices A or C, or the new Nonmandatory Appendix Y for Crack Growth Rate Curves (2021 Code Edition), depending on the application and material type. Occasionally, Code Cases are also used to provide recommended crack growth models. The philosophy that has been followed by the Code since its inception has been to model crack growth as accurately as possible, so as to make an accurate prediction of future flaw growth, and then compare the predicted final flaw size with the allowable flaw size for the area of interest, after a margin has been applied. Therefore, the margin is applied only once, so it is easily identified, and is not “double-counted”.

The goal of this paper is to summarize the background and basis behind the ASME Section XI general philosophy of the use of a best estimate, or mean, treatment of the crack growth models in Section XI of the ASME Code. This paper will discuss the various approaches that are available to characterize crack growth, and then discuss the approaches which have been used in ASME Code Section XI flaw evaluation rules over the years.
A Fatigue Crack Growth Model for Type 304 Austenitic Stainless Steels in an Elevated Temperature Air Environment
Authors: Barron Kathleen C.
Published: October 2021

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section XI utilizes reference fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) curves for flaw evaluations. The current ASME reference curve for austenitic stainless steels in air environments is a Paris-Law relation with a single ΔK exponent that covers the entire ΔK range. Since generation of the model that became the ASME reference curve, extensive additional FCGR testing of Type 304, Type 304L, and Type 304/304L dual-certified stainless steel and the corresponding weld metal has been performed in an elevated temperature air environment. This testing revealed fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviors that were not adequately captured by the ASME reference curve. In particular, the ASME reference curve failed to capture a flattening of the FCGR curve in the intermediate ΔK range before the FCGRs sharply dropped off as the threshold behavior is approached. Additionally, the FCGR data showed a slight frequency-dependence. Based on this new data, a new FCGR model was generated for Type 304 austenitic stainless steels in air environments between 250°C and 338°C. A tri-linear Paris-Law style correlation was chosen for the updated FCGR model to accommodate both the flattening of the FCGR curve at intermediate ΔK levels and the sharp downturn in the near-threshold ΔK regime. Each of the three branches of the FCGR curve exhibit a different R-ratio dependence, with the near-threshold regime being the most sensitive to changes in the R-ratio.
Surface Glycans Regulate Salmonella Infection-Dependent Directional Switch in Macrophage Galvanotaxis Independent of NanH
Authors: Sun Y. H. , Luxardi G. , Xu G. , Zhu K. , Reid B. , Guo B. P. , Lebrilla C. B. , Maverakis E. , Zhao M.
Published: October 2021

Salmonellainvades and disrupts gut epithelium integrity, creating an infection-generated electric field that can drive directional migration of macrophages, a process called galvanotaxis. Phagocytosis of bacteria reverses the direction of macrophage galvanotaxis, implicating a bioelectrical mechanism to initiate life-threatening disseminations. The force that drives direction reversal of macrophage galvanotaxis is not understood. One hypothesis is thatSalmonellacan alter the electrical properties of the macrophages by modifying host cell surface glycan composition, which is supported by the fact that cleavage of surface-exposed sialic acids with a bacterial neuraminidase severely impairs macrophage galvanotaxis, as well as phagocytosis. Here, we utilize N-glycan profiling by nanoLC-chip QTOF mass cytometry to characterize the bacterial neuraminidase-associated compositional shift of the macrophage glycocalyx, which revealed a decrease in sialylated and an increase in fucosylated and high mannose structures. TheSalmonellananHgene, encoding a putative neuraminidase, is required for invasion and internalization in a human colonic epithelial cell infection model. To determine whether NanH is required for theSalmonellainfection-dependent direction reversal, we constructed and characterized ananHdeletion mutant and found that NanH is partially required forSalmonellainfection in primary murine macrophages. However, compared to wild typeSalmonella, infection with thenanHmutant only marginally reduced the cathode-oriented macrophage galvonotaxis, without canceling direction reversal. Together, these findings strongly suggest that while neuraminidase-mediated N-glycan modification impaired both macrophage phagocytosis and galvanotaxis, yet to be defined mechanisms other than NanH may play a more important role in bioelectrical control of macrophage trafficking, which potentially triggers dissemination.
A Prospective, Open-Label Pilot Study of Concurrent Male Partner Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis
Authors: Plummer Erica L. , Vodstrcil Lenka A. , Doyle Michelle , Danielewski Jennifer A. , Murray Gerald L. , Fehler Glenda , Fairley Christopher K. , Bulach Dieter M. , Garland Suzanne M. , Chow Eric P. F. , Hocking Jane S. , Bradshaw Catriona S.
Published: October 2021

Recurrence of BV following standard treatment is unacceptably high. Posttreatment recurrence is distressing for women, and it imposes a considerable burden on the health care system.
Microbiome Clusters Disclose Physiologic Variances in Dairy Cows Challenged by Calving and Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Tröscher-Mußotter Johanna , Saenz Johan S. , Grindler Sandra , Meyer Jennifer , Kononov Susanne U. , Mezger Beate , Borda-Molina Daniel , Frahm Jana , Dänicke Sven , Camarinha-Silva Amélia , Huber Korinna , Seifert Jana
Published: October 2021

The health of dairy cows has to be carefully considered for sustainable and efficient animal production. The microbiome of animals plays an important role in the host’s nutrient supply and regulation of immune functions.
Modeling Site-Specific Nucleotide Biases Affecting Himar1 Transposon Insertion Frequencies in TnSeq Data Sets
Authors: Choudhery Sanjeevani , Brown A. Jacob , Akusobi Chidiebere , Rubin Eric J. , Sassetti Christopher M. , Ioerger Thomas R.
Published: October 2021

When using the Himar1 transposon to create transposon insertion mutant libraries, it is known that the transposon is restricted to insertions at TA dinucleotide sites throughout the genome, and the absence of insertions is used to infer which genes are essential (or conditionally essential) in a bacterial organism. It is widely assumed that insertions in nonessential regions are otherwise random, and this assumption is used as the basis of several methods for statistical analysis of TnSeq data.
Comparative Genomics of Mycobacterium avium Complex Reveals Signatures of Environment-Specific Adaptation and Community Acquisition
Authors: Keen Eric C. , Choi JooHee , Wallace Meghan A. , Azar Michelle , Mejia-Chew Carlos R. , Mehta Shail B. , Bailey Thomas C. , Caverly Lindsay J. , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Dantas Gautam
Published: October 2021

Members of the
Mycobacterium avium
complex (MAC), a group of mycobacteria encompassing
M. avium
and its closest relatives, are omnipresent in natural environments and emerging pathogens of humans and animals. MAC infections are difficult to treat, sometimes fatal, and increasingly common.
Supplemental Material: Conservative transport of dissolved sulfate across the Rio Madre de Dios floodplain in Peru
Authors: Burt Emily , al. et
Published: October 2021

Details on the chloride-based mixing model and oxygen isotope calculations, Table S1 (geochemical data), and Table S2 (sulfate and water mass balance calculations).
Human amniotic membrane as therapeutic agent in pulpotomy of permanent molars
Authors: Johri Saumya , Verma Promila , Bains Rhythm , Tikku Aseem Praksh
Published: October 2021

A 22-year-old woman reported with a cariously exposed mandibular molar. Pulpotomy was planned rather than routine root canal treatment, which was otherwise indicated. Amniotic membrane (AM) that has been extensively researched in different fields of medicine was used as the pulpotomy agent. After gaining coronal access to the root orifices, bleeding was arrested and activated AM was placed over the root stumps. Glass ionomer cement(GIC) was placed over the membrane and temporary restoration was done. One week later, permanent restoration with composite resin was done. The patient’s symptoms resolved, and the tooth started responding normally to vitality tests at subsequent follow-ups. The present case report is an attempt to use human AM as a natural pulpotomy agent for treating irreversible pulpitis in permanent teeth. Understanding of innumerable beneficial properties of the AM and its application in preserving vitality of permanent teeth is the main learning objective.
Segmental zoster paresis as a cause for persistent fever in an immunocompromised patient
Authors: Murali Govind Renuka , Cao Yun
Published: October 2021

Herpes zoster reactivation is a frequently encountered condition that can result in several uncommon complications. This case report highlights one such frequently overlooked complication, segmental zoster paresis. We discuss a case of prolonged fever and lower limb weakness in an immunocompromised patient with breast cancer on active chemotherapy after resolution of a herpetiform rash in the L2, L3 and L4 dermatomes. Early investigation with lumbar puncture, looking for cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, varicella zoster virus detection by PCR or molecular testing and immunoglobulins against varicella zoster virus, should be undertaken to support the diagnosis. Nerve conduction studies, electromyography and MRI of the spine can sometimes help with neurolocalisation. Intravenous acyclovir and a tapering course of steroids can help with resolution of symptoms. The variegate presentation can make diagnosis challenging. Awareness and a high index of suspicion can prevent delays in diagnosis and treatment and improve patient outcomes.
Systematic analysis of authorship demographics in global surgery
Authors: Ravi Krithi , Bentounsi Zineb , Tariq Aiman , Brazeal Aurelia , Daudu Davina , Back Francesca , Elhadi Muhammed , Badwi Nermin , Shah Sayed Shah Nur Hussein , Bandyopadhyay Soham , Khalil Halimah , Kimura Hitomi , Sekyi-Djan Mama Ntiriwa , Abdelrahman Ahmed , Shaheen Ahmed , Mbonda Noula Aime Gilbert , Wong Ai-Ting , Ndajiwo Aliyu , Souadka Amine , Maina Ann Nyandia , Nyalundja Arsene Daniel , Sabry Aya , Hind Bourja , Nteranya Daniel Safari , Ngugi Dorcas Wambui , de Wet Elsa , Tolis Engy Amgad , Wafqui F Z , Essangri Hajar , Moujtahid Hajar , Moola Husna , Narain Kapil , Ravi Krupa , Wassim Kyrillos , Odiero Lucianne A , Nyaboke Lucina Stephanie , Metwalli Maram , Naisiae Maryanne , Pueschel Miriam Gerd , Turabi Nafisa , El Aroussi Nouhaila , Makram Omar Mohamed , Shawky Omar A , Outani Oumaima , Carides Peter , Patil Poorvaprabha , Halley-Stott Richard P , Kurbegovic Sabina , Marchant Samantha , Moujtahid Sara , El Hadrati Soukaina , Agarwal Tanishq , Kidavasi Valerie Atonya , Agarwal Vrinda , Steyn Wilme , Matumo Winnie , Fahmy Youssef Ahmed , Omar Zaayid , Amod Zachary , Eloff Madelein , Hussein Nafisa Agil , Sharma Dhananjaya
Published: October 2021

Background

Global surgery has recently gained prominence as an academic discipline within global health. Authorship inequity has been a consistent feature of global health publications, with over-representation of authors from high-income countries (HICs), and disenfranchisement of researchers from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this study, we investigated authorship demographics within recently published global surgery literature.

Methods

We performed a systematic analysis of author characteristics, including gender, seniority and institutional affiliation, for global surgery studies published between 2016 and 2020 and indexed in the PubMed database. We compared the distribution of author gender and seniority across studies related to different topics; between authors affiliated with HICs and LMICs; and across studies with different authorship networks.

Results

1240 articles were included for analysis. Most authors were male (60%), affiliated only with HICs (51%) and of high seniority (55% were fully qualified specialist or generalist clinicians, Principal Investigators, or in senior leadership or management roles). The proportion of male authors increased with increasing seniority for last and middle authors. Studies related to Obstetrics and Gynaecology had similar numbers of male and female authors, whereas there were more male authors in studies related to surgery (69% male) and Anaesthesia and Critical care (65% male). Compared with HIC authors, LMIC authors had a lower proportion of female authors at every seniority grade. This gender gap among LMIC middle authors was reduced in studies where all authors were affiliated only with LMICs.

Conclusion

Authorship disparities are evident within global surgery academia. Remedial actions to address the lack of authorship opportunities for LMIC authors and female authors are required.
Factors associated with shorter length of admission among people with dementia in England and Wales: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Sanatinia Rahil , Burns Alistair , Crome Peter , Gordon Fabiana , Hood Chloe , Lee William , Quirk Alan , Seers Kate , Staniszewska Sophie , Zafarani Gemma , Crawford Mike
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To identify aspects of the organisation and delivery of acute inpatient services for people with dementia that are associated with shorter length of hospital stay.

Design and setting

Retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to 200 general hospitals in England and Wales.

Participants

10 106 people with dementia who took part in the third round of National Audit of Dementia.

Main outcome measure

Length of admission to hospital.

Results

The median length of stay was 12 days (IQR=6–23 days). People with dementia spent less time in hospital when discharge planning was initiated within 24 hours of admission (estimated effect −0.24, 95% CI: −0.29 to −0.18, p<0.001). People from ethnic minorities had shorter length of stay (difference −0.066, 95% CI: −0.13 to −0.002, p=0.043). Patients with documented evidence of discussions having taken place between their carers and medical staff spent longer in hospital (difference 0.26, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.32, p<0.001). These associations held true in a subsample of 669 patients admitted with hip fracture and data from 74 hospitals with above average carer-rated quality of care.

Conclusions

The way that services for inpatients with dementia are delivered can influence how long they spend in hospital. Initiating discharge planning within the first 24 hours of admission may help reduce the amount of time that people with dementia spend in hospital.