Longitudinal Changes in Youth Mental Health From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Blackwell Courtney K. , Wu Guojing , Chandran Aruna , Arizaga Jessica , Bosquet Enlow Michelle , Brennan Patricia A. , Burton Phoebe , Bush Nicole R. , Cella David , Cummins Caroline , D’Sa Viren A. , Frazier Jean A. , Ganiban Jody M. , Gershon Richard , Koinis-Mitchell Daphne , Leve Leslie D. , Loftus Christine T. , Lukankina Natalia , Margolis Amy , Nozadi Sara S. , Wright Rosalind J. , Wright Robert O. , Zhao Qi , LeWinn Kaja Z. ,   Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program Collaborators, Smith P Brian , Newby L Kristin , Jacobson Lisa P. , Catellier Diane , Cella David , Gershon Richard , Herbstman Julie B. , Karr Catherine J. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Lewis Johnnye L. , MacKenzie Debra M. , O'Shea T. Michael , Dunlop Anne L. 
Published: August 2024

Importance

Robust longitudinal studies of within-child changes in mental health associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are lacking, as are studies examining sources of heterogeneity in such changes.

Objective

To investigate within-child changes, overall and between subgroups, in youth mental health from prepandemic to midpandemic.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used longitudinal prepandemic and midpandemic data from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, collected between January 1, 2015, and March 12, 2020 (prepandemic), and between March 13, 2020, and August 31, 2022 (midpandemic). Data were analyzed between December 1, 2022, and June 1, 2024. The sample included 9 US-based observational longitudinal pediatric ECHO cohorts. Cohorts were included if they collected the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) School Age version before and during the pandemic on more than 20 participants of normal birth weight aged 6 to 17 years.

Exposure

The COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Prepandemic to midpandemic changes in CBCL internalizing, externalizing, depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) scores were estimated, and differences in outcome trajectories by child sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and poverty level) and prepandemic mental health problems were examined using established CBCL clinical score thresholds.

Results

A total of 1229 participants (mean [SD] age during the pandemic, 10.68 [2.29] years; 625 girls [50.9%]) were included. The sample was socioeconomically diverse (197 of 1056 children [18.7%] lived at ≤130% of the Federal Poverty Level; 635 (51.7%) identified as White, 388 (31.6%) as Black, 147 (12.0%) as multiracial, 40 (3.3%) as another race, and 118 (9.6%) as Hispanic). Generalized linear mixed-effects models revealed minor decreases in externalizing problems (β = −0.88; 95% CI, −1.16 to −0.60), anxiety (β = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.31 to −0.05), and ADHD (β = −0.36; 95% CI, −0.50 to −0.22), but a minor increase in depression (β = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.35). Youth with borderline or clinically meaningful prepandemic scores experienced decreases across all outcomes, particularly externalizing problems (borderline, β = −2.85; 95% CI, −3.92 to −1.78; clinical, β = −4.88; 95% CI, −5.84 to −3.92). Low-income (β = −0.76; 95% CI, −1.14 to −0.37) and Black (β = −0.52; 95% CI, −0.83 to −0.20) youth experienced small decreases in ADHD compared with higher income and White youth, respectively.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this longitudinal cohort study of economically and racially diverse US youth, there was evidence of differential susceptibility and resilience for mental health problems during the pandemic that was associated with prepandemic mental health and sociodemographic characteristics.