bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classifying Wildfire Risk at the Building Scale in the Wildland‐Urban Interface: Applying Spatial Video Approaches to Los Angeles County
Authors: Burkett Brice , Curtis Andrew
Published: December 2011

Continued development in the wildland‐urban interface presents several challenges with regards annual wildfire risk. One of those challenges is how to mitigate against this hazard. This paper will present a method for fine scale data collection that can be used to inform mitigation efforts by identifying spatial patterns of within neighborhood wildfire vulnerability. These visual data are used to develop fire risk classification maps for seven communities in three cities of Los Angeles County. Each of these test locations has been selected in collaboration with the Los Angeles County Fire Department due to the combination of a previous burn history, but no wildfire in the past 20 years. A spatial video system is used to capture aspects of the home which are traditionally thought to increase risk within the ignition zone. The resulting maps not only illustrate risk in association with proximity to vegetation at the border of communities, but also how variation in home vulnerability results in some interior properties being at‐risk to firebrands. The paper describes how spatial video data can be used to enhance current wildfire simulation efforts, especially evacuation scenarios, while an accompanying geonarrative by ride‐along community stakeholders could provide place specific insight on behavior.
Incorporation of Potential Climate Change Impacts into Local Disaster Risk Management in Costa Rica
Authors: Hori Tsuneki , Shaw Rajib
Published: December 2011

In recent years, Costa Rica has faced various natural hazards and experienced increasing economic loss from numerous small‐scale local climate events. This growing trend of losses is triggered by, among other factors, global climate change. In order to meet the challenge of reducing local vulnerabilities, it is necessary to incorporate the potential impacts of climate change into DRM planning. The present study identifies opportunities and challenges for improving incorporation of climate change impacts into DRM planning at the local level in Costa Rica by applying a checklist to 17 municipalities. The study found overall unsatisfactory progress in DRM planning at the municipality level. However, results indicated that local governments' experiences and small actions related to climate change, based on their own needs and taken independently of the national policy priorities, are a key element in improving DRM at the local level. This study also identifies four challenges to further improving local level DRM.
Possible efficiency improvement by application of various operating regimes for the cooling water pump station at thermal power plant - Bitola
Authors: Mijakovski Vladimir , Mitrevski Vangelce , Mijakovski Nikola
Published: December 2011

Thermal power plant (TPP) - Bitola is the largest electricity producer in the
Republic of Macedonia with installed capacity of 691 MW. It is a lignite
fired power plant, in operation since 1982. Most of the installed equipment
is of Russian origin. Power plant's cold end comprised of a condenser, pump
station and cooling tower is depicted in the article. Possible way to raise
the efficiency of the cold end by changing the operating characteristics of
the pumps is presented in the article. Diagramic and tabular presentation of
the working characteristics of the pumps (two pumps working in paralel for
one block) with the pipeline, as well as engaged power for their operation
are also presented in this article.
Thermomechanical behavior of dry contacts in disc brake rotor with a grey cast iron composition
Authors: Belhocine Ali , Bouchetara Mostefa
Published: December 2011

The main purpose of this study is to analysis the thermomechanical behavior
of the dry contact between the brake disc and pads during the braking phase.
The simulation strategy is based on the calculation code ANSYS11. The
modeling of transient temperature in the disk is actually used to identify
the factor of geometric design of the disk to install the ventilation system
in vehicles. The thermal-structural analysis is then used coupling to
determine the deformation established and the Von Mises stresses in the disk,
the contact pressure distribution in pads. The results are satisfactory
compared to those found in the literature.
Access Denied: Refugee Children and the Exclusionary Logic of the Education System in England
Authors: Walker Sarah
Published: December 2011

This article aims to show that, as refugee children occupy a contested space between asylum and children's rights frameworks, the contradictory interplay between the two serves to disempower and disadvantage. The article argues that these children are thus subject to an exclusionary logic, enforced by ‘gatekeepers' in the form of schools and local authorities, who hold the power to deny access to education. Drawing on empirical research conducted as part of the author's role as a research assistant for the Supporting and Mentoring in Learning and Education (SMILE) project at the British Refugee Council, it argues that mentoring can act as a mechanism to transfer knowledge, with volunteers acting as guides to negotiate power structures and empower refugee children to access the education they are entitled to.
‘Are You Able … to Learn?’: Power and Access to Higher Education for African Refugees in the USA
Authors: Perry Kristen H. , Mallozzi Christine A.
Published: December 2011

Using discourse analysis focused on identity and politics, we analyze the narratives of two Congolese refugees to explore issues of access to higher education. Data for this analysis come from a larger ethnographic study of educational opportunities for refugees in one US city. The narratives that these participants tell reveal both the ways in which various institutional factors limited their access to higher education and the agentive ways in which these refugees advocated for themselves. Refugees' educational experiences and aspirations may be invisible to those in power in resettlement contexts, or those in power may question, doubt, or ignore such experiences and aspirations. As a result, various institutions act as gatekeepers to limit refugees' access to higher education.
Looking beyond the Obvious: Power, Epistemic Culture and Student Migration in the Knowledge-Based Economy
Authors: Ortiga Yasmin Y.
Published: December 2011

The emergence of the knowledge-based economy revived the brain drain debate of the 1970s, calling for the recruitment of scientists and researchers in the interest of national development. International students find themselves in the middle of this debate, as developing countries struggle to address the growing number of those choosing not to return home after graduation. While most researchers explain student migration in terms of economic opportunity and incentives, this article argues that this approach ignores the epistemic culture of graduate training and the differential power of academic institutions in developed and developing nations. Based on a sample of Filipino PhD students in science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) fields, this article shows how international students internalize research practices and values that encourage them to remain in the USA. I also discuss how these values contradict the research culture within developing countries, making it difficult for students to imagine continuing their work if they returned home. Consequently, this article challenges how the brain drain narrative describes knowledge as an intellectual product, easily transferred across national borders. Rather, the article emphasizes the need to recognize knowledge as a process of production, where shared norms define how new scholars are expected to contribute to their fields.
Religion, Forced Migration and Schooling: Varying Influences of Religious Capital among Iraqi Christian Refugee Students in Jordan and the USA
Authors: Collet Bruce Anthony
Published: December 2011

This study is based on focus groups conducted with Christian Iraqi refugee secondary school students in the metropolitan Detroit area, and interviews with staff from volunteer aide agencies, non-governmental organizations, churches, and independent researchers in both Amman, Jordan as well as the Detroit metropolitan area. The article examines varying influences of religious capital among Iraqi Christian students. Examination of the operation of this capital within the context of the two countries' economic and foreign policy interests including their refugee policies exposes macro-level forces that render religious capital to function in countervailing manners. Iraqi Christian students in both Amman and Detroit experience the reverberating affects of an inverse relationship between their religious capital and their ability to live a stable and secure life in Iraq. Moreover, the ability of Iraqi refugees to wield their religious capital to their advantage in schooling is highly mediated by a dominant ideology within Jordan that positions them as ‘foreigners’, a restricted US refugee policy limiting the numbers allowed in, and a prevailing ideology within the USA that treats migrants from the Arab world as ‘suspect’ and potential threats to public safety and national security.
Two Patterns of Adipokine and Other Biomarker Dynamics in a Long-Term Weight Loss Intervention
Authors: Blüher Matthias , Rudich Assaf , Klöting Nora , Golan Rachel , Henkin Yaakov , Rubin Eitan , Schwarzfuchs Dan , Gepner Yftach , Stampfer Meir J. , Fiedler Martin , Thiery Joachim , Stumvoll Michael , Shai Iris
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE

Long-term dietary intervention frequently induces a rapid weight decline followed by weight stabilization/regain. Here, we sought to identify adipokine biomarkers that may reflect continued beneficial effects of dieting despite partial weight regain.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We analyzed the dynamics of fasting serum levels of 12 traditional metabolic biomarkers and novel adipokines among 322 participants in the 2-year Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) of low-fat, Mediterranean, or low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss.

RESULTS

We identified two distinct patterns: Pattern A includes biomarkers (insulin, triglycerides, leptin, chemerin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and retinol-binding protein 4) whose dynamics tightly correspond to changes in body weight, with the trend during the weight loss phase (months 0–6) going in the opposite direction to that in the weight maintenance/regain phase (months 7–24) (P < 0.05 between phases, all biomarkers). Pattern B includes biomarkers (high molecular weight adiponectin, HDL cholesterol [HDL-C], high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], fetuin-A, progranulin, and vaspin) that displayed a continued, cumulative improvement (P < 0.05 compared with baseline, all biomarkers) throughout the intervention. These patterns were consistent across sex, diabetic groups, and diet groups, although the magnitude of change varied. Hierarchical analysis suggested similar clusters, revealing that the dynamic of leptin (pattern A) was most closely linked to weight change and that the dynamic of hsCRP best typified pattern B.

CONCLUSIONS

hsCRP, HDL-C, adiponectin, fetuin-A, progranulin, and vaspin levels display a continued long-term improvement despite partial weight regain. This may likely reflect either a delayed effect of the initial weight loss or a continuous beneficial response to switching to healthier dietary patterns.
Anatomy of the Southern African Boerhavia and Commicarpus species (Nyctaginaceae)
Authors: Struwig Madeleen , Jordaan Anine , Siebert Stefan J.
Published: December 2011

The Nyctaginaceae in southern Africa is represented by five genera of which Boerhavia L. and Commicarpus Standl. are the most species-rich. Stem, leaf and anthocarp material was collected in situ and examined with a scanning electron microscope and a light microscope. The anatomy of the leaf and anthocarp proved diagnostic at the generic level, but was uniform amongst the species of each genus. Kranz anatomy occurs around the minor veins in the leaves of Boerhavia, but in Commicarpus the minor veins are surrounded by large parenchyma cells. The anthocarp of Boerhavia has five ribs or three wings, with sclerenchyma within the ribs and the area between the ribs, whereas Commicarpus has ten ribs with sclerenchyma only present within the ribs. The number of chlorenchyma rows in the stems could be diagnostic and the outline of the sclerenchyma bundles in the anthocarp could divide the Commicarpus species into two groups, but more research needs to be done on these characters.Keywords: Stem; Leaf; Anthocarp; Trichomes; Kranz anatomy; Light microscopy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v18i2.9297Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 18(2): 105-115, 2011 (December)
Angiosperm flora of Satchari National Park, Habiganj, Bangladesh
Authors: Arefin Md. Kamrul , Rahman Md. Mizanur , Uddin Mohammad Zashim , Hassan Md. Abul
Published: December 2011

An inventory of angiosperm flora of Satchari National Park, located in Habiganj district, is prepared on the basis of collected materials and observation made from November 2008 to December 2009. From the study site, 245angiosperm species including cultivated and planted in 183 genera under 72 families are documented. Of 245 species recorded here, 86 species are represented by herbs, 46 by shrubs, 73 by trees, 37 by climbers and 3 by epiphytes. The survey has also confirmed the occurrence of seven threatened angiosperm species, one tree fern and one gynosperm in the Park area. For each species scientific name, local name (wherever available), family, habit and habitat are provided with citation of specimens.Keywords: Checklist; Angiosperms; Satchari National Park.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v18i2.9298Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 18(2): 117-140, 2011 (December)
Epiphytic bryophytes on Thuja orientalis in Nagaland, North-eastern India
Authors: Bansal Pooja , Nath Virendra , Chaturvedi S. K.
Published: December 2011

A survey of bryophyte diversity in district Mokokchung (Nagaland) has brought to light an unexpectedly rich bryophyte flora, including several interesting species toNagaland. The tree species Thuja orientalis Linn. growing in Nagaland, luxuriantly covered by epiphytic bryophytes with wide range of diversity. The samplings were made from tree base up to canopy as well as abaxial and adaxial side of the tree. Investigation has revealed twelve species of mosses represented to eight families belonging to the genus Brachymenium Schwaegr., Plagiothecium B.S.G., Entodontopsis Broth., Entodon C. Muell., Erythrodontium Hamp., Fabronia Raddi, Regmatodon Brid., Floribundaria Fleisch. and Hyophila Brid., four species of hepatics belonging to two families and two genera Frullania Raddi and Lejeunea Libert compose the corticolous bryophyte vegetation of Thuja orientalis in some of the localities of Nagaland, North-east region of India. The richness and diversity of bryophytes on Thuja tree bark have been assessed for the first time.Keywords: Epiphytic bryophytes; Thuja orientalis; Nagaland; India.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v18i2.9303Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 18(2): 163-167, 2011 (December)
'Bamboos at TBGRI' by K.C. Koshy
Authors: Alam M. Khairul
Published: December 2011

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v18i2.9309
Hydrogen Evolution from Napiergrass by the Combination of Biological Treatment and a Pt-Loaded TiO2-Photocatalytic Reaction
Authors: Shiragami Tsutomu , Tomo Takayuki , Tsumagari Hikaru , Ishii Yasuyuki , Yasuda Masahide
Published: December 2011

Ethanol and pentose were produced from lignocellulosic napiergrass by the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF) using hydrolytic enzyme and S. Cerevisiae. After the ethanol was removed, the pentose solution was subjected to photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with Pt-loaded TiO2 under UV-irradiation. This process converted 100 g of napiergrass into 12.3 g of ethanol and 1.76 g of hydrogen whose total combustion energy of (∆H) was 615 kJ. This was close to the ∆H (639 kJ) of the pentose (13.6 g) and hexose (27.4 g) obtained by the cellulose-saccharification of 100 g of napiergrass.
Facile Preparation of the Tosylhydrazone Derivatives of a Series of Racemic trans-3,4-Substituted Cyclopentanones
Authors: Bouhadir Kamal H. , Aleiwe Bilal Abou , Fares Fares A.
Published: December 2011

We report the synthesis and characterization of a variety of trans-3,4-substituted cyclopentanones and the corresponding tosylhydrazone derivatives starting with diethyl fumarate. Protection of the keto group followed by selective monohydrolysis of esters was achieved, resulting in cyclopentanones with different substituents at positions 3 and 4. The tosylhydrazone derivative of each cyclopentanone intermediate was prepared in moderate to good yields. These compounds are potential precursors for functionalized methanofullerenes.
HPLC Analysis of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Compressed Propane Extracts from Piper amalago L. with Antileishmanial Activity
Authors: Carrara Vanessa da Silva , Serra Lara Zampar , Cardozo-Filho Lúcio , Cunha-Júnior Edézio F. , Torres-Santos Eduardo C. , Cortez Diógenes Aparício Garcia
Published: December 2011

Piper amalago L. leaves were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide and compressed propane under different conditions, and with chloroform by the conventional maceration method. These methods were compared for the pyrrolidine alkaloid content. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) at 313 K and 12.55 MPa showed the highest selectivity for the main compound (600.53 mg/g of extract). A gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated to quantify the alkaloid N-[7-(3′,4′-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2(Z),4(Z)-heptadienoyl]pyrrolidine (1) in the extracts. The HPLC method showed linearity, precision and accuracy, allowing the quantitative analysis of the alkaloid in all the samples. All the extracts were tested against the promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The antileishmanial activity was evaluated in terms of inhibitory concentration for 50% of protozoa (IC50). The cytotoxicity was also evaluated against J774A1 macrophages, and the cytotoxic concentrations for 50% of macrophages were obtained (CC50). The SFE-CO2 (313 K; 12.55 MPa) extract showed the highest antileishmanial activity with the following IC50 values of 16 and 7 µg/mL against the promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes forms, respectively. The extract showed low cytotoxicity with a CC50 value of 93 µg/mL.
Attitude Determination Using a MEMS-Based Flight Information Measurement Unit
Authors: Ma Der-Ming , Shiau Jaw-Kuen , Wang I.-Chiang , Lin Yu-Heng
Published: December 2011

Obtaining precise attitude information is essential for aircraft navigation and control. This paper presents the results of the attitude determination using an in-house designed low-cost MEMS-based flight information measurement unit. This study proposes a quaternion-based extended Kalman filter to integrate the traditional quaternion and gravitational force decomposition methods for attitude determination algorithm. The proposed extended Kalman filter utilizes the evolution of the four elements in the quaternion method for attitude determination as the dynamic model, with the four elements as the states of the filter. The attitude angles obtained from the gravity computations and from the electronic magnetic sensors are regarded as the measurement of the filter. The immeasurable gravity accelerations are deduced from the outputs of the three axes accelerometers, the relative accelerations, and the accelerations due to body rotation. The constraint of the four elements of the quaternion method is treated as a perfect measurement and is integrated into the filter computation. Approximations of the time-varying noise variances of the measured signals are discussed and presented with details through Taylor series expansions. The algorithm is intuitive, easy to implement, and reliable for long-term high dynamic maneuvers. Moreover, a set of flight test data is utilized to demonstrate the success and practicality of the proposed algorithm and the filter design.
Ultrasound Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Imaging with Transducer Arrays and Adaptive Processing
Authors: Li Minghui , Hayward Gordon
Published: December 2011

This paper addresses the challenging problem of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) imaging with adaptive transducer arrays. In NDE applications, most materials like concrete, stainless steel and carbon-reinforced composites used extensively in industries and civil engineering exhibit heterogeneous internal structure. When inspected using ultrasound, the signals from defects are significantly corrupted by the echoes form randomly distributed scatterers, even defects that are much larger than these random reflectors are difficult to detect with the conventional delay-and-sum operation. We propose to apply adaptive beamforming to the received data samples to reduce the interference and clutter noise. Beamforming is to manipulate the array beam pattern by appropriately weighting the per-element delayed data samples prior to summing them. The adaptive weights are computed from the statistical analysis of the data samples. This delay-weight-and-sum process can be explained as applying a lateral spatial filter to the signals across the probe aperture. Simulations show that the clutter noise is reduced by more than 30 dB and the lateral resolution is enhanced simultaneously when adaptive beamforming is applied. In experiments inspecting a steel block with side-drilled holes, good quantitative agreement with simulation results is demonstrated.
Voltammetric Determination of the Herbicide Linuron Using a Tricresyl Phosphate-Based Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Ðorđević Jelena , Papp Zsigmond , Guzsvány Valéria , Švancara Ivan , Trtić-Petrović Tatjana , Purenović Milovan , Vytřas Karel
Published: December 2011

This paper summarises the results of voltammetric studies on the herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (Linuron), using a carbon paste electrode containing tricresyl phosphate (TCP-CPE) as liquid binder. The principal experimental conditions, such as the pH effect, investigated in Britton-Robinson buffer solutions (pH 2.0–7.0), the peak characteristics for the analyte of interest, or instrumental parameters for the differential pulse voltammetric mode were optimized for the method. As found out, the best electroanalytical performance of the TCP-CPE was achieved at pH 2.0, whereby the oxidation peak of Linuron appeared at ca. +1.3 V vs. SCE. The analytical procedure developed offers good linearity in the concentration range of 1.25–44.20 μg mL−1 (1.77 × 10−4–5.05 × 10−6 mol L−1), showing - for the first time - the applicability of the TCP-CPE for anodic oxidations in direct voltammetry (without accumulation). The method was then verified by determining Linuron in a spiked river water sample and a commercial formulation and the results obtained agreed well with those obtained by the reference HPLC/UV determination.
La non-actualité de la guerre
Authors: Goudineau Yves
Published: December 2011

Résumé L’irruption des guerres, annoncées de longue date ou soudaines, leur déroulement, l’explication des causes, le compte des forces en présence, leurs conclusions, définitives ou provisoires, font l’objet de déclarations, d’enquêtes, d’analyses médiatisées. Puis, plus ou moins vite, laissant la place à d’autres, elles disparaissent de l’actualité du monde, semblent se refermer sur un espace et un temps propres, et sont laissées aux recherches des historiens. Pourtant, la fin d’un conflit, guerre internationale ou guerre civile, pour peu qu’elle puisse être clairement établie, amène rarement le retour à un ordre antérieur. Le plus souvent, les situations de guerre, ou du moins leurs effets, se pérennisent : prolongements de la violence sous d’autres formes, mouvements de population, recompositions sociales, constructions identitaires nouvelles, mutations culturelles... Quand même la guerre n’est plus actuelle au regard d’un certain ordre international, les sociétés continuent de la vivre dans leur être social, dans leurs corps, dans leur mémoire.
Dette de paix, parole de guerre en Mélanésie (Maré, îles Loyauté, Nouvelle-Calédonie)
Authors: Illouz Charles
Published: December 2011

Résumé L’organisation sociale et territoriale des chefferies de Maré est historiquement établie sur des alliances militaires. L’île fut longtemps secouée par des guerres acharnées qui aboutirent au renversement des anciennes chefferies vers le début du xix e siècle. Elles se poursuivirent dans le contexte colonial d’évangélisation jusqu’au tout début du xx e siècle. Les conditions sociales d’une telle inclination guerrière sont créées par la muette reconnaissance d’une dette qui unit, au cœur de la parenté, un cadet obligé à son aîné. La paix dure tant que la dette n’est pas contestée. « La tenue en respect » des cadets relève alors de magies meurtrières que des dignitaires, seuls qualifiés ce faisant pour prendre la parole, maîtrisent. La guerre donne alors l’occasion aux cadets valeureux et méprisant la mort d’accéder au statut de « grand guerrier ». Libérés de la foi inquiète qui réduit un cadet au silence, ils récusent la dette qui pèse sur eux, pour jouir à leur tour d’une parole souveraine.
De la lutte armée à la nation palestinienne : Vers une relecture des rapports entre l'OLP et les réfugiés
Authors: Al-Husseini Jalal , Doraï Mohamed Kamel
Published: December 2011

Résumé La question des réfugiés palestiniens se trouve au cœur du conflit israélo-arabe depuis plus de cinquante ans. Les guerres qui ont déchiré le Moyen-Orient dans la seconde moitié du xx e siècle, puis la lutte armée développée par la Résistance palestinienne à la fin des années soixante ont exercé une influence déterminante sur la structuration du mouvement national palestinien, et entraîné une redéfinition profonde de la société palestinienne. Face à la persistance du conflit, les camps de réfugiés deviennent des espaces mémoires, supports symboliques de la Palestine perdue. En 1969, l’Organisation de libération de la Palestine prend en main les camps de réfugiés du Liban. La figure des fedayin se substitue alors progressivement à celle des réfugiés tributaires de l’assistance internationale, et tente, à travers son emprise croissante sur les camps, de formuler un projet de société fondé sur la prise en main par les Palestiniens de leur destin.
Imidugudu et aide humanitaire : l'influence incertaine des ONG au Rwanda après la guerre
Authors: Brusset Emery
Published: December 2011

Résumé L’impact social des organismes d’aide humanitaire dans une situation de sortie de crise est de renforcer, d’accélérer, de distancer. Au Rwanda, entre 1995 et 1999, cela s’est traduit par une insertion dans les structures et les clivages du pays, en les perpétuant, et sans les affecter de façon fondamentale. Les structures de concertation et de copilotage se sont surtout constituées en opposition à la pratique des collines et sont restées éphémères. Les clivages sociaux ont été prolongés, plus que changés, car les structures de distribution du pouvoir n’ont pas été remises en cause. À partir d’une politique nationale de villagisation assez artificielle, faisant coïncider humanitarisme et développement, les ONG ont promu des projets qui n’ont ni pu en atténuer les possibles effets nocifs (violations des libertés, perte de viabilité économique), ni pu en assurer le succès à long terme.
La maladie chronique, manifestation d'un mode de vie dans la guerre
Authors: Makdessi-Raynaud Yara
Published: December 2011

Résumé Durant les périodes de guerre endémique, l’état de santé des populations tend progressivement à se dégrader. L’article traite un aspect précis de l’état de santé, à savoir le développement des maladies de type chronique et leur lien avec l’état de guerre. L’analyse porte sur la ville de Beyrouth qui a connu une décennie et demie de violences entre 1975 et 1990. Une augmentation des différentes maladies chroniques durant la seconde moitié de la guerre (1983-1992) est constatée dans toutes les générations, et des correspondances se dessinent entre cette évolution et les événements de la guerre. Les discours des personnes rencontrées sur le terrain décrivent la maladie comme une réponse à la situation de violences et de crise sociale et économique. Une réflexion sur la maladie dans la guerre est ici engagée avec pour axes directeurs le vécu dans la guerre et ses effets sur l’individu, et la signification de la maladie chronique dans ce contexte particulier.
Coca et violence : le témoignage du Alto Huallaga au Pérou
Authors: Chamba Franco Valencia , Alvarado J. Ríos , Tourrand Jean-François , Piketty M. G.
Published: December 2011

Résumé Après la Colombie et avant la Bolivie, le piémont andin péruvien a été façonné par l’alliance entre le narcotrafic et le terrorisme. L’histoire du Alto Huallaga montre comment l’agriculture familiale a basculé à la fin des années soixante-dix dans une production massive de coca, et comment s’est constituée une filière organisant les migrations de paysans depuis la Sierra et de la Costa vers l’Amazonie, pour y être planteurs de coca, et exportant vers le premier monde le produit fini. Cela fut aussi favorisé par la transformation de la guérilla du Sentier lumineux en mouvement terroriste à la solde du narcotrafic et par la forte implication dans le système mafieux de leaders politiques comme du système bancaire national et international. Puis, dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, l’État s’est lancé dans une guerre impitoyable contre le narcotrafic, détruisant plus de 80 % des surfaces de coca. La violence des affrontements a été telle qu’aujourd’hui chaque famille compte des morts, tandis que l’espace est en grande partie déforesté et les terres très dégradées. Pourtant, rien n’est joué, et d’autres cultures illicites ne demandent qu’à remplacer la coca, utilisant des filières similaires.
Violence sociale et ritualisation de la mort et du deuil en Colombie
Authors: Losonczy Anne-Marie
Published: December 2011

Résumé Aujourd’hui, en Colombie, la violence en est arrivée au point de ne plus permettre d’identifier acteurs, raisons, circonstances: un état de guerre générale, de terreur, abolit tout repère éthique, politique, mais aussi territorial et identitaire, et impose à la société l’horizon de la mort violente. Tandis que beaucoup de familles ne peuvent faire le deuil de leurs proches, dont les corps ont été mutilés, dispersés, rendus anonymes, les cimetières urbains connaissent un investissement populaire et voient l’émergence de cultes rendus soit à des inconnus, sanctifiés, soit à des personnalités réputées parfois pour leur violence même, figures de recours pour un travail de deuil inaccompli. Les échanges entre morts et vivants sont particulièrement denses à Medellin, où les tombes des sicarios , jeunes tueurs à gages, assassins mais aussi victimes désignées, sont le lieu de rituels populaires de grande ampleur, débauches festives, occasion de narrations qui puisent dans une mémoire collective de la société coloniale créole, et manière pour les proches d’animer le défunt d’une personnalité neuve tandis que celui-ci leur offre le reflet anticipé de leur propre fin. Dans un contexte de violence absolue, socialisation, mémoire collective, deuil d’autrui et de soi s’articulent autour de la mort brutale comme valeur ultime.
Le temps comme concept hybride
Authors: Wolff Francis
Published: December 2011

Résumé Contrairement à ce que l’on soutient souvent, la notion de présent, et par conséquent aussi celles de passé et de futur, ne sont pas subjectives ni dépendantes des conditions de leur énonciation. Elles sont aussi objectives que celles d’antériorité ou de simultanéité. Si le concept de réalité est un prédicat de deuxième ordre, celui de présent est un prédicat de troisième ordre. On en conclut que notre concept de temps est hybride et que notre schème conceptuel nécessite autant le « temps-série » (relation d’ordre entre événements) que le « temps-devenir » (passage du présent au passé).
Interacción estratégica y convenciones
Authors: Espinosa María Paz , Kovářík Jaromír , Ponti Giovanni
Published: December 2011

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la literatura que emplea los juegos de coordinación para el estudio de normas y convenciones sociales, que se han analizado tanto desde el punto de vista de la teoría de juegos como de la psicología cognitiva. Argumentamos en este trabajo que estos dos enfoques alternativos son en realidad complementarios, dado que ambos contribuyen al entendimiento de los procesos mediante los cuales las personas llegan a coordinarse en un único sistema de expectativas autorrealizadas, en presencia de múltiples convenciones todas ellas igualmente viables. Mientras que la teoría de juegos explica la aparición de convenciones basándose en argumentos de eficiencia y comportamientos frente al riesgo, el enfoque de la psicología cognitiva utiliza en mayor medida consideraciones referidas al entorno y naturaleza de las decisiones. La interacción entre estos efectos diferentes (y en ocasiones, rivales) desemboca con frecuencia en fallos de coordinación y, aun cuando la coordinación se produce, no hay garantía de que la convención en vigor sea la más eficiente.
An Assessment of Re-Directing Breeding Waterfowl Conservation Relative to Predictions of Climate Change
Authors: Loesch Charles R. , Reynolds Ronald E. , Hansen LeRoy T.
Published: December 2011

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has a long history of habitat conservation in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States that has focused on migratory birds, particularly waterfowl. The ongoing acquisition program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge System has conserved approximately 1.1 million hectares of critical breeding waterfowl habitat. Results of recent predicted future climate scenarios are being used to suggest that waterfowl conservation be shifted away from currently important areas in the western and central portions of the U.S. PPR eastward, to locations where wetland and climate models suggest may become more conducive for providing wetland habitat for breeding ducks in the future. We used 24 years of breeding waterfowl and wetland monitoring data collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge System in the PPR of North and South Dakota and northeast Montana, along with land value and restoration cost data to conduct an economic assessment of the biological risk of refocusing waterfowl conservation efforts eastward due to recent projections of climate change. We considered the immediate risk of the loss of existing wetland and grassland resources in the western portion of the U.S. PPR, their current carrying capacity and production potential, the financial cost of protection vs. restoration relative to current conservation priorities, and the uncertainty of climate change effects on waterfowl habitat distribution. Because unprotected wetland and grassland habitats exist in the western and central portions of the PPR that are important for maintaining current waterfowl carrying capacity and productivity, and climate change effects are highly uncertain, maintaining the current focus of habitat protection appears to be the most cost effective approach for waterfowl habitat conservation efforts. Additionally, continued intensive monitoring activities designed to detect changing waterfowl populations and upland and wetland habitat as they relate to anthropogenic impacts (e.g., pattern tile drainage, grassland conversion) and climatic changes (e.g., wetland hydro-period), should provide more precise results to inform and adapt management and conservation activities accordingly should spatial and temporal changes in wet-dry cycles occur in the future.
Towards Carrier-Grade Quality in Heterogeneous Wireless Mesh Networks
Authors: Lessmann Johannes , Loureiro Paulo , Fitzpatrick John , Robitzsch Sebastian , Serrano Pablo , Banchs Albert
Published: December 2011

Current backhaul networks typically comprise a wired middle mile and a wireless last mile part. The wireless part is almost exclusively based on tree topologies. However, a lot could be gained by deploying mesh-based backhauls. Meshes allow better network capacity exploitation due to load balancing and offer inherent resilience to link degradations or failures. Yet meshes come with increased complexity in terms of radio configuration, routing, or mobility management. This chapter proposes architecture and mechanisms for carrier-grade mesh-based wireless backhauls. One special focus is that it supports heterogeneous backhauls, which encompass multiple different wireless technologies. The proposition has been successfully deployed in a test network.1
Adaptive Coexistence between Cognitive and Fiber Networks
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Anwer , Al-Rubaye Saba , Cosmas John
Published: December 2011

Cognitive radios are proposed as secondary users of spectrum to provision for the growth in mobile users and services. However, the dynamic changes in the wireless environment and spectrum availability are blocking the success of online communications for future cognitive mesh networks. As a solution, Cognitive Radio over Fibre (CRoF) subnet is developed through combining selected Base Stations (BSs) with the radio over fibre network. These CRoF-BSs attract the neighborhood cognitive BSs to send data through fibre whenever they are unable to formulate their own wireless links. This leads to the network splitting into many zones of services in which cognitive BSs are controlled by CRoF-BS zones. Therefore, a new paradigm for local resource sharing emerges through these architectural network modifications. In this chapter, the multi-zone structure is analyzed in order to formulate the rules of adaptation between the CRoF zones and the traditional cognitive networks.
Improving of QoS in WiFi Access Networks
Authors: Marrero Domingo , Macías Elsa , Suárez Alvaro
Published: December 2011

The aim of this chapter is to overview some problems of WiFi access networks, to explain some solutions, and to present a combined tool (that implements these solutions) to allow the user access to multimedia information efficiently. The combined tool allows: Traffic classification to make heterogeneous bandwidth reservation, the management of the dynamic association of static mobile devices to WiFi Access Points to better balance their load sharing (number of associated mobile devices), and the management of Access Points’ load sharing, guiding mobile devices to another position so that they may be associated to a low load sharing Access Point. The tool is an application’s level software based on manager/agent architecture. The agents manage link level’s information picked up in the mobile device and the manager regulates the access to the Internet in the Access Points. There are some works that implement solutions for the problems reviewed in this chapter, but there are not tools like the one presented here. The chapter’s main contribution is the combination of these solutions to practical case studies. The experimental results presented in this chapter demonstrate that the tool improves the QoS of WiFi access networks.
Deep Web Information Retrieval Process
Authors: Sharma Dilip Kumar , Sharma A. K.
Published: December 2011

Web crawlers specialize in downloading web content and analyzing and indexing from surface web, consisting of interlinked HTML pages. Web crawlers have limitations if the data is behind the query interface. Response depends on the querying party’s context in order to engage in dialogue and negotiate for the information. In this paper, the authors discuss deep web searching techniques. A survey of technical literature on deep web searching contributes to the development of a general framework. Existing frameworks and mechanisms of present web crawlers are taxonomically classified into four steps and analyzed to find limitations in searching the deep web.
Finer Garbage Collection in Lindacap
Authors: Udzir Nur Izura , Ibrahim Hamidah , Demesie Sileshi
Published: December 2011

As open systems persist, garbage collection (GC) can be a vital aspect in managing system resources. Although garbage collection has been proposed for the standard Linda, it was a rather course-grained mechanism. This finer-grained method is offered in Lindacap, a capability-based coordination system for open distributed systems. Multicapabilities in Lindacap enable tuples to be uniquely referenced, thus providing sufficient information on the usability of tuples (data) within the tuple-space. This paper describes the garbage collection mechanism deployed in Lindacap, which involves selectively garbage collecting tuples within tuple-spaces. The authors present the approach using reference counting, followed by the tracing (mark-and-sweep) algorithm to garbage collect cyclic structures. A time-to-idle (TTI) technique is also proposed, which allows for garbage collection of multicapability regions that are being referred to by agents but are not used in a specified length of time. The performance results indicate that the incorporation of garbage collection techniques adds little overhead to the overall performance of the system. The difference between the average overhead caused by the mark-and-sweep and reference counting is small, and can be considered insignificant if the benefits brought by the mark-and-sweep is taken into account.
Mobile Learning, Digital Literacies, Information Habitus and At-Risk Social Groups
Authors: Böck Margit
Published: December 2011

Certain potentials of mobile devices seem predestined to connect those distanced from education with learning in the widest sense. To use these potentials requires a disposition of these ‘learners-to-be’ as able to assume responsibility for their learning. Characteristics of that disposition are identified, with requisite concepts: the information habitus; a pedagogy of social inclusion; in the frame of New Literacy Studies. The central element in the requisite information habitus is the action by an individual to get information via their own agency (Holschuld) contrasted with a reliance on others to bring information to them (Bringschuld). The role of institutional sites of learning are discussed, both for those categorized as ‘at risk’ and for the wider, new task of ‘social learning’, in which all come to see themselves as learners able to shape contexts for learning requisite to their needs.
Mobile, Inquiry-Based Learning and Geological Observation
Authors: Bannan Brenda , Peters Erin , Martinez Patricia
Published: December 2011

This exploratory study examines the use of integrated and complementary technology systems including mobile devices to explore an instructional experience designed to provoke observational inquiry and geological reasoning with upper elementary and middle school students. Mobile devices combined with classroom-based computer technology loaded with Google EarthTM software provided enhanced and varying views of a geological phenomenon allowing students to identify and reason about visual evidence of erosion in their local environment. A socio-cultural frame was also employed to examine the data in relation to social structures, cultural practices and individual agency. Findings indicate that the incorporation of mobile devices into an overarching instructional intervention involving geological observational inquiry promoted enhanced geological observation and reasoning in the field as well as demonstrated some evidence of appropriation in shifts of agency, social structures and cultural practices for the students in this study.
When Supply Chain Strategy Does not Match Supply Chain Capabilities
Authors: Lamba Narasimha , Elahi Ehsan
Published: December 2011

During the early 2000s, the Boeing Company was experiencing a market shrink due to a downturn in the aerospace industry after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, as well as severe competition from its rival Airbus. To deal with the situation and salvage its market share, Boeing proposed the design of a new aircraft called Boeing 787 or the Dreamliner. This futuristic aircraft was received very well by the airlines. Very soon, it became the fastest-selling new airplane in the history of commercial aviation. Nevertheless, after the initial successful launch, the company faced many supply-chain-related problems, which resulted in repeated delays and huge extra costs. These delays (now more than two and a half years) could add up to as long as three years. In this research, the authors investigate how the mismatch between the supply-chain capabilities and the Boeing’s strategy for developing this airplane led to these delays and extra costs.
The Internationalization Path of Wanxiang
Authors: Lu Qing , Sun Yuan , Goh Mark
Published: December 2011

This case study examines the internationalization experience of Wanxiang, an auto supplier in China. Once at the lower end of internationalization and controlled by its Western partners without its own brands and distribution channels, Wanxiang has managed to climb the ladder of internationalization and taken a greater share of supply chain profits using its coopetition strategy with Western partners. Two mini-cases are presented and discussed in this chapter. The first describes how Wanxiang obtained more direct market access and the appropriation of supply chain profits in competition with its Western partners. The second describes how Wanxiang acquired more sophisticated technological assets for value-addition and managed them astutely. Two important areas were explored: (i) prudent use of diversification for capital accumulation to support capability building; and (ii) management of technology acquisitions and markets by maintaining a proper balance between autonomy and the integration of the acquired business units.
Managing Intercultural Service Encounters
Authors: Sophonsiri Suvenus , O’Mahony G. Barry
Published: December 2011

Global service sector growth and the contracting out of services have produced a complex business environment that has major challenges for corporate success. Nowhere is this more evident than in intercultural service encounters where the delivery of service standards has become integral to developing a competitive advantage and inducing customer loyalty. This chapter identifies the various aspects of service delivery that are significantly influenced by culture. The chapter explains the dimensions of culture that have been found by cross-cultural researchers to be essential to service delivery success and describes how cross cultural training can be used effectively in the international service sector.
Service Science, Value Creation, and Sustainable Development
Authors: Antonova Albena
Published: December 2011

The chapter proposes a complex model for companies to enhance their value offering, through optimization of services, value co-creation, and addressing sustainability issues. It investigates different approaches of service science and services to improve business models toward more sustainable practices. Different knowledge flows between various products, service providers, and final clients, aiming to improve client satisfaction, product use, and that result in better value for the customer will be identified. Increasing knowledge and services within material products means adding more value for customers and limiting resource use and disposal.