bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of clinical prediction model to estimate the probability of death in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19: Insights from a nationwide database
Authors: Tanboğa Ibrahim Halil , Canpolat Uğur , Çetin Elif Hande Özcan , Kundi Harun , Çelik Osman , Çağlayan Murat , Ata Naim , Özeke Özcan , Çay Serkan , Kaymaz Cihangir , Topaloğlu Serkan
Published: February 2021

In the current study, we aimed to develop and validate a model, based on our nationwide centralized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) database for predicting death. We conducted an observational study (CORONATION‐TR registry). All patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 in Turkey between March 11 and June 22, 2020 were included. We developed the model and validated both temporal and geographical models. Model performances were assessed by area under the curve‐receiver operating characteristic (AUC‐ROC or c‐index), R2, and calibration plots. The study population comprised a total of 60,980 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Of these patients, 7688 (13%) were transferred to intensive care unit, 4867 patients (8.0%) required mechanical ventilation, and 2682 patients (4.0%) died. Advanced age, increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase, C‐reactive protein, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, creatinine, albumine, and D‐dimer levels, and pneumonia on computed tomography, diabetes mellitus, and heart failure status at admission were found to be the strongest predictors of death at 30 days in the multivariable logistic regression model (area under the curve‐receiver operating characteristic = 0.942; 95% confidence interval: 0.939–0.945; R2 = .457). There were also favorable temporal and geographic validations. We developed and validated the prediction model to identify in‐hospital deaths in all hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Our model achieved reasonable performances in both temporal and geographic validations.
Bioactive peptides in ripened cheeses: release during technological processes and resistance to the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Baptista Débora Parra , Gigante Mirna Lúcia
Published: February 2021

Milk proteins are recognized as the main source of biologically active peptides. Casein's primary structure contains several bioactive amino acid sequences on its latent inactive form. These potential active sequences can be released during cheese manufacture and ripening, giving rise to peptides with biological activity such as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and mineral‐binding properties. However, the presence of biopeptides in cheese does not imply actual biological activity in vivo because these peptides can be further hydrolyzed during gastrointestinal transit. This paper reviews the recent advances in biopeptide formation in ripened cheeses production, focusing on the influence of technological parameters affecting proteolysis and the consequent release of peptides. The main discoveries in the field of cheese peptide digestion through recent in vivo and in vitro model studies are also reviewed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface mines show little progress towards native species forest restoration following 35 years of passive management after initial reclamation
Authors: Ruggles Thomas A. , Gerrath John A. , Ruhm Catherine T. , Jefferson Anne J. , Davis Chris A. , Blackwood Christopher B.
Published: February 2021

Restoration techniques using passive management rely on natural plant community succession after reclamation to return disturbed areas to native ecosystems. This approach is often used in areas affected by mining activity, but effectiveness is variable and depends on the ability of native plants to establish in highly degraded soil and outcompete invasive species. We evaluated the restoration progress of three former surface mines where activity had exposed alkaline glacial till parent material. The mines underwent reclamation (grading, soil compaction, and planting fast‐growing herbaceous species) followed by passive management for 7, 28, and 35 years. At the time of initial restoration planning in the 1980s, native woody species were expected to recolonize the site within 10–20 years. Treating the sites as a chronosequence, we observed that woody vegetation increased inconsistently over this 35‐year timespan. Most of the woody plants present today are invasive species (Elaeagnus umbellata and Rhamnus frangula) that are counterproductive to reestablishment of native forest. However, results were not entirely negative, with increased overall native species and decreased exotic species in the older sites, and plant community composition changing somewhat consistently over time. This suggests that succession has been slowed rather than completely arrested, and native herbaceous plants are establishing. The progression of restoration appears to be far slower than expectations during initial planning. Furthermore, native woody plants struggle to establish, whereas invasive woody plants are thriving, raising doubts that passively managed succession can lead to the desired outcome of a native species forest in this significantly degraded habitat.
Geotextile covering: Potential technique for farmland salinization control
Authors: Xu Zunqiu , Mao Xiaomin , Adeloye Adebayo J. , Hu Kejia , Zhu Ying , Ma Xiaowen
Published: February 2021

This paper investigated fabric coverings, exploring their ability to remove salt from saline soils. Soil columns filled with saline soil were saturated with saltwater, then covered with four kinds of fabric materials (nylon, cotton, geotextile [150 g m−2], and gauze). The soil columns were heated under infrared lights for 25 days. The microstructural characteristics of the fabric materials before and after the experiments, as well as the crystallization conditions on the soil surface, were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results demonstrated that both hydrophilicity and structure of fabrics affect salt removal efficiency. Although salt quantity removed by geotextile (111.54 g m−2) was less than gauze (293.89 g m−2), geotextile showed greater potential on salt removal considering long‐term evaporation. To further investigate the performance of geotextile material on salt removal, the experiment was repeated with commercially available geotextiles with areal densities of 200, 300, 400, and 500 g m−2. The 500 g m−2 geotextile could remove 368.15 g m−2 of salt, much more than salt removed with geotextiles of density 150, 200, 300, and 400 g m−2 (111.54, 61.57, 102.05, and 102.34 g m−2, respectively), which further proved that fabric structure had great influence on salt removal. These results demonstrated that geotextile covering with optimized fabric structure could be a promising and environmentally friendly technique for farmland salinization control.
Whole exome sequencing reveals a biallelic frameshift mutation in GRXCR2 in hearing impairment in Cameroon
Authors: Wonkam Ambroise , Lebeko Kamogelo , Mowla Shaheen , Noubiap Jean Jacques , Chong Mike , Pare Guillaume
Published: February 2021

Background

Hearing impairment (HI) genes are poorly studied in African populations.

Methods

We used whole exome sequencing (WES) to investigate pathogenic and likely pathogenic (PLP) variants in 10 individuals with HI, from four multiplex families from Cameroon, two of which were previously unresolved with a targeted gene enrichment (TGE) panel of 116 genes. In silico protein modelling, western blotting and live imaging of transfected HEK293 cells were performed to study protein structure and functions.

Results

All PLP variants previously identified with TGE were replicated. In one previously unresolved family, we found a homozygous frameshift PLP variant in GRXCR2 (OMIM: 615762), NM_001080516.1(GRXCR2):c.251delC p.(Ile85SerfsTer33), in two affected siblings; and additionally, in 1/80 unrelated individuals affected with non‐syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI). The GRXCR2‐c.251delC variant introduced a premature stop codon, leading to truncation and loss of a zinc‐finger domain. Fluorescence confocal microscopy tracked the wild‐type GRXCR2 protein to the cellular membrane, unlike the mutated GRXCR2 protein.

Conclusion

This study confirms GRXCR2 as a HI‐associated gene. GRXCR2 should be included to the currently available TGE panels for HI diagnosis.
Long‐term follow‐up of children with in utero exposure to sulfonylurea medications
Authors: Rodenstein Marissa S. , Bianco Monica E. , Ramchal Maegan U. , Murias Michael , Silton Rebecca L. , Josefson Jami L.
Published: February 2021

Background

Offspring born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are more likely to have negative neurodevelopmental health outcomes, early obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Standard of care management for GDM and type 2 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is insulin, but oral sulfonylurea use is increasing, and these medications cross the placenta. Literature on treatment with sulfonylureas for maternal GDM has focused on maternal glycemic control and neonatal outcomes. Studies that have evaluated the long‐term outcomes of children exposed to sulfonylureas in utero are limited.

Objective

This study evaluated anthropometric and neurodevelopmental outcomes of 55 children (ages 5–10) born to mothers with diabetes during pregnancy treated with sulfonylurea or insulin.

Methods and Results

A group of 25 sulfonylurea‐exposed and 30 insulin‐exposed participants were age‐ and sex‐matched between groups. No significant differences were identified in z‐scores for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, skinfold measurements, and body fat or rates of overweight/obese BMI between groups. On performance‐based cognitive assessment, the sulfonylurea‐exposed group had significantly lower scores on inhibition (p = 0.043).

Conclusion

In summary, children with in utero sulfonylurea exposure had similar physical measurements compared to children with insulin exposure and lower performance on a measure of executive function (inhibition), which is associated with adverse health outcomes.
Prediction of post‐vaccination Guillain‐Barré syndrome using data from a passive surveillance system
Authors: Luo Chongliang , Jiang Ying , Du Jingcheng , Tong Jiayi , Huang Jing , Lo Re Vincent , Ellenberg Susan S. , Poland Gregory A. , Tao Cui , Chen Yong
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Severe adverse events (AEs), such as Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) occur rarely after influenza vaccination. We identify highly associated AEs with GBS and develop prediction models for GBS using the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) reports following trivalent influenza vaccination (FLU3).

Methods

This study analyzed 80 059 reports from the US VAERS between 1990 and 2017. Several AEs were identified as highly associated with GBS and were used to develop the prediction model. Some common and mild AEs that were suspected to be underreported when GBS occurred simultaneously were removed from the final model. The analyses were validated using European influenza vaccine AEs data from EudraVigilance.

Results

Of the 80 059 reports, 1185 (1.5%) were annotated as GBS related. Twenty‐four AEs were identified as having strong association with GBS. The full prediction model, using age, sex, and all 24 AEs achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 85.4% (90% CI: [83.8%, 86.9%]). After excluding the nine (e.g., pruritus, rash, injection site pain) likely underreported AEs, the final AUC became 77.5% (90% CI: [75.5%, 79.6%]). Two hundred and one (0.25%) reports were predicted as of high risk of GBS (predicted probability >25%) and 84 actually developed GBS.

Conclusion

The prediction performance demonstrated the potential of developing risk‐prediction models utilizing the VAERS cohort. Excluding the likely underreported AEs sacrificed some prediction power but made the model more interpretable and feasible. The high absolute risk of even a small number of AE combinations suggests the promise of GBS prediction within the VAERS dataset.
Investigating inpatient rehabilitation outcomes of patients with intensive care unit–acquired weakness, and identifying comorbidities associated with unfavorable outcomes
Authors: Rudra Renuka T. , Lin Dan , Miller Benjamin , Du Ping , Zhang Shangming
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Data are consistent on the benefits of inpatient rehabilitation for intensive care unit–acquired weaknesses (ICUAW), including critical illness myopathy, critical illness polyneuropathy, critical illness polyneuromyopathy, and disuse atrophy. This study focuses on the effects of inpatient rehabilitation on patients with ICUAW, specifically those with a clinical pattern of proximal muscle weakness and sensory sparing.

Objectives

To evaluate the impact of inpatient rehabilitation on patients with ICUAW versus other medically complex patients, and to identify comorbidities associated with poor rehabilitation outcomes.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Institutional, inpatient rehabilitation hospital.

Patients

Two hundred seventy adult patients (≥18 years) divided into two groups: diagnosis of ICUAW (N = 55) or otherwise medically complex (N = 215), and admitted under the care of one physiatrist.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

For all patients we compared functional independence measure (FIM) gain, FIM efficiency, rehabilitation length of stay (RLOS), discharge disposition, and major medical comorbidities.

Results

Patients with ICUAW had significantly greater FIM gain (P = .015) and RLOS (P = .02). There was no significant difference in FIM efficiency (P = .15). Patients with ICUAW had a significantly lower odds of acute hospital transfer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.52, with 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47, 0.58) and skilled nursing facility discharge (OR = 0.19, with 95% CI 0.038, 0.95). However, patients with ICUAW did have a higher percent of acute hospital transfers than other medically complex patients (P = .017). In addition, patients with ICUAW were more medically complex, as evidenced by a significantly higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (P < .001), prevalence of anemia (P < .001), atrial fibrillation (P = .009), obstructive sleep apnea (P = .018), and bacteremia (P = .041).

Conclusions

Patients with ICUAW with a clinical pattern of proximal muscle weakness and sensory sparing benefit from inpatient rehabilitation as evidenced by FIM gain and high home discharge rate. However, they have multiple medical comorbidities, which require judicious medical management and may contribute to a longer RLOS.
A graph theory approach to predicting functional failure propagation during conceptual systems design
Authors: O'Halloran Bryan M. , Papakonstantinou Nikolaos , Giammarco Kristin , Van Bossuyt Douglas L.
Published: February 2021

An open area of research for complex, cyber‐physical systems is how to adequately support decision making using reliability and failure data early in the systems engineering process. Having meaningful reliability and failure data available early offers information to decision makers at a point in the design process where decisions have a high impact to cost ratio. When applied to conceptual system design, widely used methods such as probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) and failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) are limited by the availability of data and often rely on detailed representations of the system. Further, existing methods for system reliability and failure methods have not addressed failure propagation in conceptual system design prior to selecting candidate architectures. Consideration given to failure propagation primarily focuses on the basic representation where failures propagate forward. In order to address the shortcomings of existing reliability and failure methods, this paper presents the function failure propagation potential methodology (FFPPM) to formalize the types of failure propagation and quantify failure propagation potential for complex, cyber‐physical systems during the conceptual stage of system design. Graph theory is leveraged to model and quantify the connectedness of the functional block diagram (FBD) to develop the metrics used in FFPPM. The FFPPM metrics include (i) the summation of the reachability matrix, (ii) the summation of the number of paths between nodes (i.e., functions) i and j for all i and j, and (iii) the degree and degree distribution. In plain English, these metrics quantify the reachability between functions in the graph, the number of paths between functions, and the connectedness of each node. The FFPPM metrics can then be used to make candidate architecture selection decisions and be used as early indicators for risk. The unique contribution of this research is to quantify failure propagation potential during conceptual system design of complex, cyber‐physical systems prior to selecting candidate architectures. FFPPM has been demonstrated using the example of an emergency core cooling system (ECCS) system in a pressurized water reactor (PWR).
A strictly stronger relative must
Authors: Gauker Christopher ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2021

It is widely accepted that when “might” expresses certain kinds of relative modality, the sentence “p and it might not be the case that p” is in some sense inconsistent. It has proven difficult to define a formal semantics that explicates this inconsistency while meeting certain other desiderata, in particular, that p does not imply “Must p.” This paper presents such a semantics. The key idea is that background contexts have to have multiple levels, including an inner set consisting of worlds that represent what might be true and an outer set of worlds such that a sentence must be true only if it is true in all of them.
Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) health surveillance in Britain: Assessing a disjunctive reintroduced population
Authors: Campbell‐Palmer Róisín , Rosell Frank , Naylor Adam , Cole Georgina , Mota Stephanie , Brown Donna , Fraser Mary , Pizzi Romain , Elliott Mark , Wilson Kelsey , Gaywood Martin , Girling Simon
Published: February 2021

Background: Numerous translocations of Eurasian beavers have occurred with little implementation of standardised health screening. Pre‐release health screening enables the selection of individuals with the best survival prospects and reduces potential health risks, but this is by‐passed during unofficial releases. Beaver reintroduction to Britain has been haphazard and currently disjunctive populations of varying status exist.

Methods: This observational cross section study investigated the health status of three beaver populations, with 90 live beavers tested for a range of pathogens comprising 56 from Tayside (unofficially released Scotland), nine from Knapdale (officially released Scotland) and 25 from Devon (unofficially released England). In addition, a further 32 cadavers were screened (25 from Tayside and seven from Knapdale).

Results: All beavers were in good physical condition, did not harbour any non‐native disease or parasites of concern and demonstrated remarkably low levels of any disease or parasite exposure.

Conclusion: Beavers are establishing and adapting well to British landscapes and are not acting as reservoirs of significant zoonotic diseases. Official, licensed reintroduction programmes may appear overly convoluted; however, reputational damage of unofficial releases should be considered, along with the health and welfare of the animals involved and collateral damage to other wildlife, domestic animals and humans.
Overcounting of interior excitations: a resolution to the bags of gold paradox in AdS
Authors: Chakravarty Joydeep
Published: February 2021

Abstract

In this work, we investigate how single-sided and eternal black holes in AdS can host an enormous number of semiclassical excitations in their interior, which is seemingly not reflected in the Bekenstein Hawking entropy. In addition to the paradox in the entropy, we argue that the treatment of such excitations using effective field theory also violates black holes’ expected spectral properties. We propose that these mysteries are resolved because apparently orthogonal semiclassical bulk excitations have small inner products between them; and consequently, a vast number of semiclassical excitations can be constructed using the Hilbert space which describes black hole’s interior. We show that there is no paradox in the dual CFT description and comment upon the initial bulk state, which leads to the paradox. Further, we demonstrate our proposed resolution in the context of small N toy matrix models, where we model the construction of these large number of excitations. We conclude by discussing why this resolution is special to black holes.
Analytic integration of soft and collinear radiation in factorised QCD cross sections at NNLO
Authors: Magnea Lorenzo , Pelliccioli Giovanni , Signorile-Signorile Chiara , Torrielli Paolo , Uccirati Sandro
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Within the framework of local analytic sector subtraction, we present the full analytic integration of double-real and real-virtual local infrared counterterms that enter NNLO QCD computations with any number of massless final-state partons. We show that a careful choice of phase-space mappings leads to simple analytic results, including non-singular terms, that can be obtained with conventional integration techniques.
Maximal U(1)Y-violating n-point correlators in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory
Authors: Green Michael B. , Wen Congkao
Published: February 2021

Abstract

This paper concerns a special class of n-point correlation functions of operators in the stress tensor supermultiplet of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 supersymmetric SU(N) Yang-Mills theory. These are “maximal U(1)Y-violating” correlators that violate the bonus U(1)Y charge by a maximum of 2(n − 4) units. We will demonstrate that such correlators satisfy SL(2, ℤ)-covariant recursion relations that relate n-point correlators to (n − 1)-point correlators in a manner analogous to the soft dilaton relations that relate the corresponding amplitudes in flat-space type IIB superstring theory. These recursion relations are used to determine terms in the large-N expansion of n-point maximal U(1)Y-violating correlators in the chiral sector, including correlators with four superconformal stress tensor primaries and (n − 4) chiral Lagrangian operators, starting from known properties of the n = 4 case. We concentrate on the first three orders in 1/N beyond the supergravity limit. The Mellin representations of the correlators are polynomials in Mellin variables, which correspond to higher derivative contact terms in the low-energy expansion of type IIB superstring theory in AdS5× S5 at the same orders as R4, d4R4 and d6R4. The coupling constant dependence of these terms is found to be described by non-holomorphic modular forms with holomorphic and anti-holomorphic weights (n − 4, 4 − n) that are SL(2, ℤ)-covariant derivatives of Eisenstein series and certain generalisations. This determines a number of non-leading contributions to U(1)Y-violating n-particle interactions (n > 4) in the low-energy expansion of type IIB superstring amplitudes in AdS5× S5.
All-loop-orders relation between Regge limits of $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM and $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 8 supergravity four-point amplitudes
Authors: Naculich Stephen G.
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We examine in detail the structure of the Regge limit of the (nonplanar) $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM four-point amplitude. We begin by developing a basis of color factors Cik suitable for the Regge limit of the amplitude at any loop order, and then calculate explicitly the coefficients of the amplitude in that basis through three-loop order using the Regge limit of the full amplitude previously calculated by Henn and Mistlberger. We compute these coefficients exactly at one loop, through $$ \mathcal{O}\left({\upepsilon}^2\right) $$
O

ϵ
2

at two loops, and through $$ \mathcal{O}\left({\upepsilon}^0\right) $$
O

ϵ
0

at three loops, verifying that the IR-divergent pieces are consistent with (the Regge limit of) the expected infrared divergence structure, including a contribution from the three-loop correction to the dipole formula. We also verify consistency with the IR-finite NLL and NNLL predictions of Caron-Huot et al. Finally we use these results to motivate the conjecture of an all-orders relation between one of the coefficients and the Regge limit of the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 8 supergravity four-point amplitude.
Aufgaben der studentischen Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen
Authors: Leitner Jasmin
Published: February 2021

Viele Studierende arbeiten neben ihrem Studium – die einen müssen, um sich so ihre Ausbildung finanzieren zu können, die anderen, um einen Ausgleich zu schaffen und bereits erste Erfahrungen für ihren späteren Berufsweg zu erlangen. Während Gesprächen mit Freunden, Familie oder Mitmenschen kommt sehr oft die Frage „Was arbeitest du?“ auf. Wenn die Antwort lautet „Ich arbeite in der Gastronomie.“ oder „Ich bin geringfügig im Handel tätig.“, haben die meisten Menschen einen Bezug und eine Vorstellung der Tätigkeit. Wird allerdings mit „Ich arbeite als studentische/r MitarbeiterIn an der Universität.“ geantwortet, wissen sehr viele nicht, welche Arbeitsbereiche umfasst werden. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Aufgaben von studentischen MitarbeiterInnen der Arbeitsgruppe Fördertechnik und Konstruktionslehre des Lehrstuhls für Bergbaukunde, Bergtechnik und Bergwirtschaft.
A hybrid matchmaking approach in the ambient assisted living domain
Authors: Stavrotheodoros Stefanos , Kaklanis Nikolaos , Votis Konstantinos , Tzovaras Dimitrios , Astell Arlene
Published: February 2021

During the recent years, several new Information and Communication Technology solutions have been developed in order to meet the increasing needs of elderly with cognitive impairments and support their autonomous living. Most of these solutions follow a human-centred paradigm that aims to provide users with personalised services according to their needs by also ensuring their safety with mechanisms that can automatically trigger appropriate actions in situations where there may be a risk for an elderly. The present paper presents a hybrid matchmaking approach that uses efficiently both a rule-based and a statistical matchmaker in order to (a) propose ambient assisted living services to the end-users, based on their role, status and context of use and (b) identify and resolve problematic cases by automatically selecting the most proper set of services to be called in a single or combined manner.
Perfusion Flow Enhances Viability and Migratory Phenotype in 3D-Cultured Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Pasini Alice , Lovecchio Joseph , Cortesi Marilisa , Liverani Chiara , Spadazzi Chiara , Mercatali Laura , Ibrahim Toni , Giordano Emanuele
Published: February 2021

Conventional 2D cell culture, a traditional tool in pre-clinical studies, can hardly be regarded as a representation of a natural cell microenvironment. In this respect, it might result in altered cellular behaviors. To overcome such a limitation, different approaches have been tested to conduct more representative in vitro studies. In particular, the use of 3D cell culture introduces variables, such as cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions; cell features such as survival, proliferation and migration are consequently influenced. For an example, an enhanced drug resistance and increased invasiveness are shown by cancer cells when cultured in 3D versus 2D conventional culture models. In this setting however, non-uniform cell distribution and biological behaviors appear throughout the scaffold, due to reduced diffusion of oxygen and nutrients. Perfusion in bioreactor systems can be used to improve medium transport. In this line of reasoning, this study proposes a breast cancer cell culture model sustained by an integrated approach that couples a 3D environment and a fluid perfusion. This model improves viability and uniformness of cell distribution, while inducing morphological, functional and molecular cancer cell remodeling.
A farm systems approach to the adoption of sustainable nitrogen management practices in California
Authors: Rudnick Jessica , Lubell Mark , Khalsa Sat Darshan S. , Tatge Stephanie , Wood Liza , Sears Molly , Brown Patrick H.
Published: February 2021

Improving nitrogen (N) fertilizer management in agricultural systems is critical to meeting environmental goals while maintaining economically viable and productive food systems. This paper applies a farm systems framework to analyze how adoption of N management practices is related to different farming operation characteristics and the extent to which fertilizer, soil and irrigation practices are related to each other. We develop a multivariate probit regression model to analyze the interdependency of these adoption behaviors from 966 farmers across three watersheds and diverse cropping systems in the Central Valley of California. Our analysis demonstrates that farmers adopt varying combinations or portfolios of practices, with the most common portfolio featuring a core set of fertilizer-focused practices. Irrigation infrastructure is an especially important farm operation characteristic for encouraging adoption of innovative practice portfolios that integrate water and fertilizer management. These findings highlight the ability for a farm systems approach to improve our understanding of farmer decision-making across diverse agricultural landscapes.
A Systematic Review of Self-Report Measures of Negative Self-Referential Emotions Developed for Non-Clinical Child and Adolescent Samples
Authors: Ashra Hajra , Barnes Christopher , Stupple Edward , Maratos Frances A.
Published: February 2021

The crisis in child and adolescent mental health and wellbeing has prompted the development of school and community-based interventions to tackle negative emotions towards the self. Providing an evidence-base for such interventions is therefore a priority for policy makers and practitioners. This paper presents the first systematic review of self-referential and self-report measures of negative emotions for use with non-clinical child/adolescent populations, and evaluation of their psychometric properties. A systematic search of electronic databases and grey literature was conducted. Peer reviewed articles that introduced a new measure or included psychometric evaluation of a negative self-referential emotion for children and/or adolescents were identified. Study characteristics were extracted, and psychometric properties rated using internationally recognised quality criteria. Initially, 98 measures designed for evaluating children and adolescents’ negative self-referential emotions were found. Measures were primarily excluded if they were intended for clinical diagnosis or did not focus on self-referential emotions. The remaining eight measures (Brief Shame and Guilt Questionnaire; Self-Consciousness Scale-Children; Shame and Guilt Scale for Adolescents; Test of Self-Conscious Affect- Adolescents; The Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale [CAPS]; Child and Adolescent Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale Revised; Children Automatic Thoughts Scale [CATS]; Negative Affect Self-Statement Questionnaire) were organised into domains consisting of self-conscious emotions, self-oriented perfectionism and negative self-cognitions. Psychometric quality ratings identified the CAPS (Flett et al. in J Psychoeduc Assess 34:634–652, 2016) and the CATS (Schniering and Rapee in Behav Res Ther 40:1091–1109, 2002) as having the strongest psychometric qualities. However, all reviewed measures lacked full evaluation of essential psychometric properties. Our review revealed a paucity of self-referential emotional measures suitable for assessing adverse negative self-referential emotions in general child and adolescent populations. Measures suitable for use in non-clinical samples were identified, but these require further evaluation and/or new scale developments are needed. The psychometric findings and methodological issues identified will guide researchers and practitioners to make evidence-based decisions in order to select optimal measures.
Religiosity and Fertility Intentions: Can the Gender Regime Explain Cross-Country Differences?
Authors: Bein Christoph , Gauthier Anne H. , Mynarska Monika
Published: February 2021

Research on the relationship between religiosity and fertility intentions revealed substantial cross-national differences. In some countries, a strong and positive effect of religiosity on fertility intentions was found, while in others, the effect was weaker or not significant, and the reasons underlying these cross-national differences are still unclear. The aim of this article is to explain these macro-level differences from the perspective of the prevailing gender regime. We argue that in countries with more traditional regimes, a stronger effect of religiosity on fertility intentions could be expected than in countries with a more egalitarian view. We make use of the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey and incorporate data from a total of 12 European countries in our analysis. We examine the influence of gender regime according to various macro-level indicators on gender attitudes and gender equality using meta-regression analyses. We also conduct robustness checks using other indicators such as the Gender Development Index. Our results reveal that the gender regime is only able to explain these differences in certain situations, specifically those relating to the long-term fertility intentions of men.
Reflective Situated Normativity
Authors: van den Herik Jasper C. , Rietveld Erik
Published: February 2021

Situated normativity is the ability of skilled individuals to distinguish better from worse, adequate from inadequate, appropriate from inappropriate, or correct from incorrect in the context of a particular situation. Situated normativity consists in a situated appreciation expressed in normative behaviour, and can be experienced as a bodily affective tension that motivates a skilled individual to act on particular possibilities for action offered by a concrete situation. The concept of situated normativity has so far primarily been discussed in the context of skilled unreflective action. In this paper, we aim to explore and sketch the role of the concept of situated normativity in characterising more reflective forms of normativity. The goal of the paper is two-fold: first, by showing more reflective forms of normativity to be continuous with unreflective situated normativity, we bring these reflective forms into the reach of embodied accounts of cognition; and second, by extending the concept of situated normativity, new light is thrown on questions regarding reflective forms of cognition. We show that sociomaterial aspects of situations are crucial for understanding more reflective forms of normativity. We also shed light on the important question of how explicit rules can compel people to behave in particular ways.
OsNAC109 regulates senescence, growth and development by altering the expression of senescence- and phytohormone-associated genes in rice
Authors: Li Liangjian , He Yan , Zhang Zhihong , Shi Yongfeng , Zhang Xiaobo , Xu Xia , Wu Jian-li , Tang Shaoqing
Published: February 2021

Key message

We demonstrate that OsNAC109 regulates senescence, growth and development via binding to the cis-element CNTCSSNNSCAVG and altering the expression of multiple senescence- and hormone-associated genes in rice.

The NAC family is one of the largest transcripton factor families in plants and plays an essential role in plant development, leaf senescence and responses to biotic/abiotic stresses through modulating the expression of numerous genes. Here, we isolated and characterized a novelyellow leaf 3(yl3) mutant exhibiting arrested-growth, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased level of soluble proteins, increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced activities of ROS scavenging enzymes, altered expression of photosynthesis and senescence/hormone-associated genes. The yellow leaf and arrested-growth trait was controlled by a single recessive gene located to chromosome 9. A single nucleotide substitution was detected in the mutant allele leading to premature termination of its coding protein. Genetic complementation could rescue the mutant phenotype while theYL3knockout lines displayed similar phenotype to WT.YL3was expressed in all tissues tested and predicted to encode a transcriptional factor OsNAC109 which localizes to the nucleus. It was confirmed that OsNAC109 could directly regulate the expression ofOsNAP,OsNYC3,OsEATB,OsAMTR1,OsZFP185,OsMPSandOsGA2ox3by targeting to the highly conserved cis-element CNTCSSNNSCAVG exceptOsSAMS1. Our results demonstrated thatOsNAC109is essential to rice leaf senescence, growth and development through regulating the expression of senescence- and phytohormone-associated genes in rice.
Soil apparent electrical conductivity and must carbon isotope ratio provide indication of plant water status in wine grape vineyards
Authors: Yu Runze , Zaccaria Daniele , Kisekka Isaya , Kurtural S. Kaan
Published: February 2021

Proximal sensing is being integrated into vineyard management as it provides rapid assessments of spatial variability of soils’ and plants’ features. The electromagnetic induction (EMI) technology is used to measure soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) with proximal sensing and enables to appraise soil characteristics and their possible effects on plant physiological responses. This study was conducted in a micro irrigated Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis viniferaL.) vineyard to investigate the technical feasibility of appraising plant water status and its spatial variability using soil ECaand must carbon isotope ratio analysis (δ13C). Soil temperature and soil water content were monitoredin-situusing time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors. Soil ECawas measured with EMI at two depths [0–1.5 m (deep ECa) and 0–0.75 m (shallow ECa)] over the course of the crop season to capture the temporal dynamics and changes. At the study site, the main physical and chemical soil characteristics, i.e. soil texture, gravel, pore water electrical conductivity (ECe), organic carbon, and soil water content at field capacity, were determined from samples collected auguring the soil at equidistant points that were identified using a regular grid. Midday stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf gas exchange, including stomatal conductance (gs), net carbon assimilation (An), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) were measured periodically in the vineyard. The δ13C of produced musts was measured at harvest. The results indicated that soil water content (relative importance = 24%) and texture (silt: relative importance = 22.4% and clay: relative importance = 18.2%) were contributing the most towards soil ECa. Deep soil ECawas directly related to Ψstem(r2 = 0.7214) andgs(r2 = 0.5007). Likewise, δ13C of must was directly related to Ψstem(r2 = 0.9127),gs(r2 = 0.6985), andAn(r2 = 0.5693). Results from this work provided relevant information on the possibility of using spatial soil ECasensing and δ13C analysis to infer plant water status and leaf gas exchange in micro irrigated vineyards.
Pandemica Panoptica: Biopolitical Management of Viral Spread in the Age of Covid-19
Authors: Wagner Anne , Matulewska Aleksandra , Marusek Sarah
Published: February 2021

The current pandemic period has triggered a series of changes in society, at both individual and collective behavioral levels. These changes were perceived as either positive or negative by the impacted bodies, leading to both social change and positive interactions in a tense context. In this paper, the authors will deal withPandemica Panotpica, subjugation infiltrating all levels of society, and the approach adopted by several countries in trying to find countermeasures to combat the virus' proliferation. Our research scope began at the onset of the pandemic and ended on early January 2021.
The Significance of Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Religious Belief
Authors: Wawrzyniak Jan
Published: February 2021

This article aims to show that Wittgenstein’s remarks on religious belief and religious statements can be understood in modest philosophical terms, consistent with the thought that they are neither intended as serving to justify or undermine religious beliefs, nor as the expression of any theorizing about the nature of religious belief or the meaning of religious language. Instead, their philosophical significance is held to consist in their functioning to remind us of what we already know about the latter: such things as in what circumstances one utters religious statements, what the consequences of accepting or rejecting religious beliefs are, and so on. His position is that all attempts to say something more than this are either a mark of philosophical arrogance or a manifestation of one’s own personal commitment to adopting a stance of religious belief or non-belief. As such, they do not furnish us with genuine philosophical insights. I argue that such an interpretation possess two principal merits. Firstly, it demonstrates that there is no tension between Wittgenstein’s remarks on the nature of philosophy and his remarks on religious belief and religious statements. Secondly, it shows that it is possible to philosophize about religion in a manner that does not assume that this has to consist either in presenting an apology for or critique of religion or in formulating philosophical theories regarding the nature of religious belief and the meaning of religious language.
Die Wissensgrundlagen des eigenen Fachs verstehen – empirische Befunde zu den epistemologischen Orientierungen von Lehrkräften geisteswissenschaftlicher Fächer
Authors: Rau Caroline
Published: February 2021

Welche handlungsleitenden Orientierungen zeigen Lehrkräfte, die ein geisteswissenschaftliches Fach unterrichten, hinsichtlich der epistemologischen Grundlagen ihres Faches? Diese Frage steht im Mittelpunkt der hier vorgestellten Studie. Die Forschungsarbeit ist im qualitativ-rekonstruktiven Paradigma verortet: Die Daten wurden mittels Gruppendiskussionsverfahren erhoben und mit der Dokumentarischen Methode ausgewertet. Es konnten drei Idealtypen rekonstruiert werden: In ihnen wird sichtbar, dass Lehrkräfte Unterrichtsinhalten Gültigkeit anhand unterschiedlicher Modi verschaffen. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund erkenntnistheoretisch-hermeneutischer sowie kulturtheoretischer Gesichtspunkte diskutiert.
Aus „Erfahrung“ wird man selbstwirksam, motiviert und klug: Wie hängen unterschiedliche Komponenten professioneller Kompetenz von Lehramtsstudierenden mit der Nutzung von Lerngelegenheiten zusammen?
Authors: Depping Denise , Ehmke Timo , Besser Michael
Published: February 2021

Im Fokus dieses Beitrags steht die Frage, inwiefern die Nutzung von Lerngelegenheiten (opportunities to learn, OTL) mit Aspekten professioneller Kompetenz von Lehramtsstudierenden zusammenhängt. In einer Querschnittstichprobe vonN = 200 Lehramtsstudierenden wurden das pädagogische Unterrichtswissen, die professionelle Unterrichtswahrnehmung, das pädagogische Interesse und die unterrichtsbezogene Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung erhoben. OTL wurden durch Angaben zur Nutzung universitärer Lehrveranstaltungen, absolvierter Praxisphasen und außeruniversitärer Erfahrungen im Unterrichten erfasst. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Nutzung von universitären OTL zur Erklärung des pädagogischen Unterrichtswissens beiträgt; pädagogische Erfahrungen außerhalb der Universität hängen eng mit dem pädagogischen Interesse der Lehramtsstudierenden zusammen. Außerdem mediiert die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung Zusammenhänge zwischen den erhobenen OTL und den untersuchten Aspekten professioneller Kompetenz. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Lehramtsausbildung zur Stärkung der Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung und weiterer Aspekte professioneller Kompetenz diskutiert.
The self’s choice: Priming attentional focus on bodily self promotes loss frequency bias
Authors: Sebri Valeria , Triberti Stefano , Pravettoni Gabriella
Published: February 2021

When attention is focused on self representation(s), the ability to evaluate one’s internal sensations is enhanced, according to previous research by Ainley and colleagues (Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 1231–1238, 2013). Self-representations are usually distinguished between bodily and narrative. Both bodily and narrative representations improve decision-making processes, in that the consideration of alternatives is informed by sensations experienced deep inside the body (e.g., anxiety) as suggest by the literature (Noël, Brevers & Bechara in Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 179,  2013). The objective of the present study is to analyze the decision-making process in multiple conditions of stimulated self-representations. Participants played the Iowa Gambling Task three times (a baseline without stimuli and two randomly ordered stimulations to prime bodily and narrative self-representations). While no significant differences emerged regarding advantageous choices, participants showed loss frequency bias in the condition with bodily-self representation priming. Two interpretations are proposed: bodily-self focus acted as a distractor diminishing participants’ commitment to long term outcomes or enhanced interoception promoted aversion to losses. Directions are given for future research and clinical implications.
Global dynamics of international migration systems across South–South, North–North, and North–South flows, 1990–2015
Authors: Leal Diego F. , Harder Nicolas L.
Published: February 2021

Evidence from 184 countries over the span of 25 years is gathered and analyzed to understand North–North, South–South, and North–South international migration flows. Conceptually, the analysis borrows from network theory and Migration Systems Theory (MST) to develop a model to characterize the structure and evolution of international migration flows. Methodologically, the Stochastic Actor-oriented Model of network dynamics is used to jointly model the three types of flows under analysis. Results show that endogenous network effects at the monadic, dyadic, and triadic levels of analysis are relevant to understand the emergence and evolution of migration flows. The findings also show that a core set of non-network covariates, suggested by MST as key drivers of migration flows, does not always explain migration dynamics in the systems under analysis in a consistent fashion; thus, suggesting the existence of important levels of heterogeneity inherent to these three types of flows. Finally, evidence related to the role of political instability and countries’ care deficits is also discussed as part of the analysis. Overall, the results highlight the importance of analyzing flows across the globe beyond typically studied migratory corridors (e.g., North–South flows) or regions (e.g., Europe).