bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual Intertextuality: Drawing Comparisons in The Wings of the Dove
Authors: Seligson Judith
Published: February 2010

This paper demonstrates deep and coherent relationships between Henry James's The Wings of the Dove and Sigmund Freud's Dora , The Hebrew Bible, and Hamlet . In the process, it suggests fundamental analogies between writing, weaving, and the communication of neurons in the brain. These observations were first recorded in a series of over forty graphite drawings called Secrets I made in 2000 and 2001. Just as James's prefaces are a "reperusal" of his novels, this paper is a reperusal, a rereading of these drawings. From the beginning, I saw these drawings as pictures of thinking.
Transnationalizing Comparison: The Uses and Abuses of Cross-Cultural Analogy
Authors: Stam Robert , Shohat Ella
Published: February 2010

This essay explores the role of cross-national and cross-cultural comparison within the race and multicultural debates as they play across various national and cultural zones—most notably U.S.-American, French, and Brazilian. Rather than "do" comparison, it analyzes the variegated modalities of comparison itself. The essay deploys a relational and transnational method that seeks, ultimately, to compare comparisons, eludicating the insights and blindspots of different comparative approaches and frameworks, as well as the limitations of comparison itself. The essay discusses the ways that asymmetries of power impact the discourse and rhetoric of comparison, making them reciprocal or unilateral, dialogic or monologic. The essay explores as well the ways nation-states define themselves with and against other nations in a diacritical process of identity formation, partially through a rhetoric of (sometimes invidious) comparison. Cross-cultural and transnational comparisons, the essay argues, serve myriad purposes. Negotiating constantly between the facile universalism, which denies difference ("we're all human beings!") and the bellicose stigmatization of difference (good versus evil; us-versus-them), comparison at its best can trigger a salutary deprovincialization and mutual illumination. A particularly invidious kind of comparison, however, takes the form of civilizational ranking. Nationalist and pan-ethnic exceptionalisms sometimes go hand in hand with an especially invidious form of comparison: ranking. In Hegel's The Philosophy of History, for example, every attribute of Hegel's personal and national identity becomes associated with supreme rank. The methodological problem with comparison is the reciprocal reification of differences and the erasure of commonalities. "Ideal type" generalities homogenize very complex and variegated national formations, while denying common features. In a bipolar method of comparison, all individuals line up in conformity with a set of a priori characteristics. Roberto DaMatta's comparisons of the United States and Brazil, for example, leave both Brazilians and inhabitants of the United States locked up in a prison of identity in which there is no room for contradictions and anomalies, resulting in the "ontologization" of cultural difference. The essay then explores the variations in comparative method in three French commentators on Brazil: Jean de Lery, Levi-Strauss, and Roger Bastide. It concludes with metaphors and proposals that bring us beyond comparison through metaphors that lead to Atlanticist and diasporic approaches that bypass the nation state as frame.
The Material World of Comparison
Authors: Cheah Pheng
Published: February 2010

If comparison is a fundamental activity of human consciousness, then what is its stimulus internal to consciousness or the human spirit or something that comes from the external or objective world? This essay traces the genealogy of the idea that comparison is an activity that forms consciousness in some canonical texts of modern philosophy (Rousseau, Kant, and Hegel) and the elaboration of this idea into a stimulus for the awakening of anticolonial consciousness in radical postcolonial nationalist literature (Jose Rizal, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, and Michelle Cliff). It then argues that in contemporary globalization, comparison is no longer a critical activity but a material infrastructure that undermines the formation of a shared world even as it makes us more connected in unprecedented ways.
Competing Visions: The Alternate Wests of Elinore Pruitt Stewart and N. C. Wyeth
Authors: Williams Jason
Published: February 2010

Elinore Pruitt Stewart’s text and N. C. Wyeth’s illustrations of Letters of a Woman Homesteader (1914) present conflicting, gendered versions of the early twentieth-century frontier literature of the US West. While Stewart is careful to describe a strong, independent woman who is more than capable of “proving up” her part of southern Wyoming all on her own, Wyeth ignores Stewart’s portrait of a capable, liberated heroine and paints a far more conventional version of the Woman Homesteader and of the West. More than simply illuminating the differences between author and illustrator, comparing the competing visions of Elinore Pruitt Stewart and N. C. Wyeth adds insight to how the mythos of the US West was created and reified during the early years of the twentieth century. Although Letters of a Woman Homesteader is just one of thousands of texts about the West that Americans produced and consumed at the turn of the last century, the disconnect between its text and illustrations represents the larger struggle over what the US West was supposed to mean and who was permitted to determine that meaning.
Don DeLillo's world inside the world: Libra and latent history
Authors: Savvas Theophilus
Published: February 2010

In this article I suggest that Don DeLillo's 1988 novel about the assassination of J.F.K., Libra, may be read as an example of what the author, elsewhere in his corpus, labels latent history. Exploring this concept provides a framework for analysing both the metatextual dynamics
of the novel, how it is situated in the discourse surrounding the event, and also of course the internal thematics of the novel, in particular its sleight of hand with regard to determinism, its astrological paranoia and its implications for cause and effect. I argue that the novel functions
in a dialogic relationship with the official history of the case, the Warren Report, being a kind of fictional supplement to it. Indeed, I conclude by suggesting that the novel highlights the importance of stories to history, so that the voice of the fiction writer of Libra, DeLillo,
overpowers that of the historian in the book, Nicholas Branch.
A bridge too far? Cosmopolitanism and the Anglo-American folk music revival, 194565
Authors: Carter Dale
Published: February 2010

This article offers an interpretive reading of the Anglo-American folk music revival, from its post-war roots to the early 1960s. The nature and development of the revival, it argues, can be illuminated by the multifaceted concept of cosmopolitanism, a property rarely associated with such expressive forms. Through a study of the relationship between two folk music promoters, American Alan Lomax and Anglo-Scot Ewan MacColl, the article shows how folk, a genre associated with local or national identities, lent itself to transnational elaboration after World War II, and why that process in turn fostered tensions within the revival. These tensions, it concludes, transformed folk's cosmopolitanism and marginalized Lomax and MacColl; an appreciation of them throws new light on folk music and on the meaning of Bob Dylan's emergence from the revival in the early 1960s.
Reviews DVD
Authors: Gibbs Steven Harrison , Henderson Krista , Carey Curtis
Published: February 2010

Monsoon Wedding (2001) India Director: Mira Nair Runtime: 114 minutes DVD USA, 2009 Produced and Distributed by The Criterion Collection (Region 1)

Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles, (1975) France Director: Chantal Akerman Runtime: 201
minutes USA, 2009 Produced and Distributed by The Criterion Collection (Region 1)

The Night of Truth (2004) France Director: Fanta Rgina Nacro Runtime: 100 minutes UK, 2004 Produced and Distributed by the BFI (Region 2)
Financial Analysis of Krispy Kreme’s Earnings Forecasts, Joint Venture Investments, and Franchise Repurchases
Authors: Calegari Michael
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: Like many restaurant chains, Krispy Kreme Doughnuts earns revenues from both company-owned stores and from franchisee-owned stores. Following its April 2000 IPO, Krispy Kreme Doughnuts entered into several joint ventures with franchisees to develop new stores. In some situations, the Company also re-acquired franchise rights from its franchisees. This case provides you with the opportunity to assess analyst forecasts of Krispy Kreme’s earnings following the release of its February 3, 2002 financial statements. Through analysis of footnote disclosures on the Company’s joint ventures and repurchased franchises, you will identify potential problems with Krispy Kreme’s business outlook that were not discussed in the analyst reports.
Associations Between Self-Management Education and Comprehensive Diabetes Clinical Care
Authors: Johnson Tammie M. , Murray Melissa R. , Huang Youjie
Published: February 2010

Objective. This study examines the relationship between receiving diabetes self-management education (DSME) and having higher levels of comprehensive diabetes clinical care, a summation of up to five clinical services recommended for individuals with type 2 diabetes and those who have had type 1 diabetes for ≥ 5 years.

Design. Analysis of data from a population-based, cross-sectional study.

Methods. Data for this study were from the 2007 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a statewide, random, cross-sectional survey of adults. A dichotomous comprehensive diabetes clinical care variable was constructed based on responses to questions from the BRFSS diabetes module, and a logistic regression model was fitted. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) are reported.

Results. Among Florida adults with diabetes, 51.5% had received DSME. About 51.4% of adults with diabetes who received DSME had a high level of comprehensive care compared to 31.8% of those who did not receive DSME. The OR for having a high level of comprehensive care was statistically significantly higher among adults who received DSME (OR = 2.48) compared to their counterparts who did not receive DSME. Other significant covariates were having health insurance (OR = 3.65), having graduated from high school (OR = 1.55), having a college education (OR = 2.70), being 45-64 years of age (OR = 2.31), and being ≥ 65 years of age (OR = 5.29).

Conclusions. These data show that receiving DSME is positively associated with receiving higher levels of comprehensive diabetes clinical care.
Patients' Performance Anxiety and Related Aspects as Factors in Resistance to Change
Authors: Restifo Sam
Published: February 2010

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to touch on some aspects of patients’ potentially ambivalent attitude toward change in the early stages of treatment.

Method: A de-identified case study is used as a springboard for discussing these issues.

Conclusion: A range of factors can affect a person's confidence in, commitment to, and results from their treatment. Some of these include: the patient feeling that the nature of their problem – including any ambivalence to change – has been adequately understood; the clinician expressing reassurance or encouragement only after due consideration; the clinician and patient discussing their respective expectations at the outset so as to minimize any subsequent disenchantment; and recognizing the possible presence of a patient's performance anxiety around fearing he or she may fail to respond to treatment and disappoint not only him- or herself but others as well.
Microbiological quality of karın butter, a traditionally manufactured butter from Turkey
Authors: Gökçe Ramazan , Aslanalp Yeşim , Nur Herken Emine
Published: February 2010

Karın butter, which is characterized by being packaged into sheep or goat rumen (karın), is a traditional butter type. Karın used as a packaging material in the butter production and is an important factor for the butter to be more aromatic and delicious. In this study, karın butter samples collected from factories and local markets were investigated for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Staphilococcus aureus and mould-yeast counts. The results were evaluated with respect to the legal stipulations of Turkey and other scientific studies related to the subject. The microbiological quality of karın butter samples was found to be poor in general.
Fatty acids composition of fruits of selected Central European sedges (Carex L. Cyperaceae)
Authors: Bogucka-Kocka Anna , Janyszek Magdalena
Published: February 2010

Fatty acids in the fruits of 13 sedge species (Carex L., Cyperaceae) were analyzed. The oil contents in the fruits of the studied sedges ranged from 3.73 and 46.52%. In the studied fruit oils 14 different fatty acids were identified. The main unsaturated fatty acids were: linoleic, α-linolenic, oleic, oleopalmitic n-7; oleopalmitic n-9, octadecenic, and eicosenoic acids. The following acids were found in the greatest quantities: linoleic, oleic, α-linolenic and palmitic acids. Based on the fatty acid composition, studied taxa can be divided in two groups. The first group (C. flava, C. pseudocyperus, C. riparia, C. leporina) is a very good source of linoleic acid. The second group, including the remaining species, is a good source of α-linolenic acid. The highest oleic acid contents were observed in C. vulpina. The studied material has shown a low concentration of saturated fatty acids, among which palmitic acid was the main one.Results of the analyses allow for the inclusion of the studied species among plants whose fruits are characterized by a high content of unsaturated fatty acids.
Secoiridoids in olive seed: characterization of nüzhenide and 11-methyl oleosides by liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry
Authors: Silva Sandra , Gomes Lucília , Leitão Fausto , Bronze Maria , Coelho Ana V. , Boas Luís Vilas
Published: February 2010

The seed extracts of olive tree cultivars were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with diode array detection and mass spectrometry. HPLC hyphenation with mass spectrometry (ESI source) in both polarity modes enabled the identification in olive seeds of nüzhenide and nüzhenide 11-methyl oleoside, among other 11-methyl oleosides, by means of MSn. The methods used allowed us to obtain olive seed profiles of phenolic components and to conclude that they are mainly secoiridoids. The quantification of detected phenolic secoiridoids was also achieved using ultraviolet detection (λ = 240 nm) which enabled comparison of the samples. Nüzhenide and nüzhenide 11-methyl oleoside were the major components detected in olive seeds of all the cultivars studied, but variations in individual components of olive seeds were verified among the cultivars. The results also support the existence of di and tri(11-methyl oleosides) of nüzhenide.
Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation in farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) slaughtered and chilled under different icing conditions
Authors: Aubourg Santiago P. , Álvarez Victoria , Pena Javier
Published: February 2010

This work focuses on the slaughtering and chilled storage (up to 14 days) related to the commercialization of fresh farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). A slurry ice (SI) system was applied and evaluated in comparison to traditional flake ice (FI). Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation were analyzed and compared to sensory acceptance and trimethylamine (TMA) formation. An important quality loss could be assessed in fish during slaughtering and chilling storage, according to sensory assessment and TMA formation. However, lipid damage development was found relatively low, in agreement to the different lipid quality indexes checked (lipid hydrolysis; primary, secondary and tertiary lipid oxidation). No development of rancid odor and no polyunsaturated fatty acid losses were detected. The employment of SI as a slaughtering and chilling strategy was found useful to inhibit quality loss in gilthead seabream resulting in a shelf life increase and a TMA and free fatty acid formation inhibition.
Implementation of E-Learning and Corporate Performance: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Lai Chang-Yen , Liou Wen-Ching
Published: February 2010

Research indicates that successful adoption of information systems (IS) to support business strategy can help the organizations gain superior financial performance. e-Learning can be defined as learning through information and communication technologies and it should include a mechanism for forecasting the actual expected benefits, converted to monetary values, and then comparing the benefits to the projected cost. This study focuses on the relationship between the e-Learning and organizationsâ?? financial performance and objective, using secondary financial data draw from the COMPUSTAT. The results indicate these firms significantly reduce cost, increase profitability after adopting e-Learning. The research outcome provides new insights into the productivity paradox associated with e-Learning adopters and helps applications of e-Learning across different organizations.
Exercise in cancer
Authors: Rajarajeswaran P , Vishnupriya R
Published: February 2010

Physical exercise has attracted increased interest in rehabilitation of oncological patients. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and summarize the evidence of physical exercise in preventing cancer, its ability in attenuating the effect of cancer and its treatments and to provide guidelines for exercise prescription Review of recent literature by electronic search of MEDline (Pub Med), Cancer lit, Cochrane libraries, CINAHL were done using Keywords and the variables were identified and systematically evaluated. There is strong evidence for reduced risk of colorectal and breast cancer with possible association for prostate, endometrial and lung cancer with increasing physical activity. Exercise helps cancer survivors cope with and recover from treatment; exercise may improve the health of long term cancer survivors and extend survival. Physical exercise will benefit throughout the spectrum of cancer. However, an understanding of the amount, type and intensity of exercise needed has not been fully elucidated. There is sufficient evidence to promote exercise in cancer survivors following careful assessment and tailoring on exercise prescription.
Food consumption pattern in cervical carcinoma patients and controls
Authors: Labani Lakshmi , Andallu B , Meera M , Asthana S , Satyanarayana L
Published: February 2010

Background:The uterine cervix is the second most common site of cancer among Indian women.Though the human papillomavirus has been demonstrated to be a causative agent for this cancer, a variety of other risk factors are in play, such as sexual and reproductive patterns, socioeconomic, hygienic practices, and diet. The accumulated evidence suggests that cervical cancer is preventable and is highly suitable for primary prevention. The dietary intake of antioxidants and vitamins like vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin C, folacin and tocopherol is found to have protective effects against cancer of the cervix. Dietary data regarding cervical cancer are still scanty.Objective:The present study was therefore undertaken to study the dietary pattern among uterine cervical cancer patients and normal controls.Materials and Methods:A total of 60 consecutive patients and 60 controls were enrolled from a referral hospital during the year 2004. A schedule inclusive of the food frequency pattern and 24-h dietary recall along with the general information was administered to all the enrolled subjects to describe findings on the food consumption pattern along with other important factors.Results:The mean intake of energy, protein, vitamins, etc., between the cases and controls was not significantly different except for the vitamin C level. Serum vitamin E was found to have lower average in patients as compared to controls. The nutrient intake of cervical cancer patients and controls was grossly deficient in the socioeconomic group studied. With regard to the macronutrient intake, calorie and protein intakes showed a deficit of around 50% when compared to RDA.Conclusion:The food consumption profile was not significantly different between cervical cancer patients and normal controls.
Malignant gastrointestinal melanoma with an unknown primary
Authors: Mohan M.V.T Krishna , Rajappa Senthil J , Reddy T Vamshidhar , Paul T Roshni
Published: February 2010

Malignant melanoma is rare in India; melanoma presenting as a metastatic disease with an unknown primary, involving the gastrointestinal tract without involving lymph nodes is extremely uncommon. We report a case of a 28-year-old male with a malignant melanoma metastasizing to stomach and liver with an unknown primary. Relevant literature is being reviewed.
Characterization of the Corrosion Products Formed on Carbon Steel in Qinghai Salt Lake Atmosphere
Authors: Li Q. X. , Wang Z. Y. , Han W. , Han E. H.
Published: February 2010

The corrosion products formed on carbon steel exposed to the Qinghai Salt Lake atmosphere for 12 months was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared transmission spectroscopy (IRS), and electrochemical techniques. The rust was mainly composed of akaganeite (β-FeOOH), iron hydroxychloride (Fe8[O,OH]16Cl1.3), and a little lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH). Amorphous δ-FeOOH was only on the downward surface, and the upward surface was corroded more severely than the downward surface. Cl, Mg, and Si foreign elements were rich in the rust. The rust on carbon steel decreased anodic dissolution and increased cathodic current. A low free corrosion potential of the rusted electrode and a very small value of rust resistance (RR) demonstrated that the rust was nonprotective in the Qinghai Salt Lake atmosphere.
In Situ Observation of Initial Corrosion of MgAl9Zn1 Magnesium Alloy in Cyclic Wet-Dry Conditions Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Chen J. , Wang J. , Han E. , Ke W.
Published: February 2010

The corrosion of a MgAl9Zn1 (UNS M11918, AZ91) alloy in an atmosphere of water vapor with cyclic wet-dry conditions was studied using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The results showed that the oxygen concentration on the surface generally increased with the wetting time. At short wetting times the corrosion was localized at the droplets and mainly appeared on the α-Mg areas. The corrosion rate increased with the wetting time. At long wetting times a water film covered the surface and general corrosion occurred. The rate of corrosion decreased with increased time of wetting. The magnitude of oxygen concentration at AlMn-segregated areas was similar to that on the matrix area. The segregation of the AlMn phase contributed little to the average corrosion on the surface but contributed significantly to the localized corrosion.
Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Internal Corrosion of Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Papavinasam S. , Doiron A. , Panneerselvam T. , Revie R. W.
Published: February 2010

Under certain conditions, hydrocarbons may alter the internal corrosion conditions of oil and gas pipelines. In this paper, the effects of hydrocarbons on corrosion have been predicted based on the type of emulsion (i.e., water-in-oil or oil-in-water), wettability (oil-wet, water-wet, or mixed-wet), and corrosiveness of brine in the presence of hydrocarbons. Laboratory methodologies have been developed to determine wettability and to identify the type of emulsion under pipeline operating conditions. Using these methodologies, the wettability and the type of emulsion have been determined for 14 hydrocarbons obtained from operating pipelines. The corrosiveness of brine in the presence of hydrocarbons also has been determined using rotating cage experiments.
Corrosion Products of Galvanized Rebars Embedded in Chloride-Contaminated Concrete
Authors: Belaïd F. , Arliguie G. , Francois R.
Published: February 2010

Iron corrosion products of steel reinforcement result in staining, cracking, and spalling of concrete structures. These effects of corrosion require costly repairs and maintenance during the useful life of the structures. To prevent corrosion of important infrastructure projects, galvanized reinforcing steel occasionally is used. The performance of galvanized steel in chloride-contaminated concrete is attributed to the corrosion product form: zinc oxide (ZnO), which is less voluminous than iron corrosion products. However, zinc corrosion products detected on galvanized reinforcement are rather controversial. Some authors identified another compound: zinc hydroxychloride (Zn5[OH]8Cl2·H2O). This product occupies more space than ZnO and can induce cracking of the cover concrete. Other authors found zinc hydroxychloride and zinc hydroxide (Zn[OH]2). In this work, ZnO and Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O were identified. Under some conditions (exposure time in aggressive environment and coating thickness) and after cracking of concrete cover, Zn(OH)2 also was found.
Threshold for Stress Corrosion Cracking Initiation of Alloy X750 under Long-Term Uniaxial Constant Load Test in High-Temperature Water
Authors: Yamamoto M. , Kuniya J. , Uchida S.
Published: February 2010

Uniaxial constant load (UCL) tests of the nickel-based alloy X750 (UNS N07550) were performed in high-temperature pure water (288°C, 8 ppm dissolved oxygen [DO]) to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) fracture time and the crack initiation process. The SCC fracture was initiated at a stress level below the 0.2% offset yield stress and many small cracks were observed in the middle of the nonfractured test specimens. The distribution of the crack length for each observation time is shown by Weibull probability distributions. Crack initiation and propagation process had different behavior depending on the applied stress level and the stress intensity factor at the crack tip. SCC initiation at the minimum applied stress is discussed with respect to the grain size, which depended on the size of an initial crack.
Cerium Chemical Conversion Coating for Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 and Its Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Wang C. , Jiang F. , Wang F.
Published: February 2010

New golden, yellow-colored cerium chemical conversion coatings on aluminum alloy 2024-T3 (AA2024-T3 [UNS A92024]) surface at room temperature were obtained by immersing the alloy into a cerium solution containing zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Electrochemical methods and immersion tests were used to study the dynamics of the coatings formation and their corrosion resistance in 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The morphologies of the coatings were recorded by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the chemical composition and the oxidation state of the elements in the coatings. Polarization experiments and immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution showed that the sensitivity to pitting corrosion for the conversion-coated AA2024-T3 was greatly lower than that of the untreated specimens, and the corrosion resistance improved markedly. SEM photographs showed that the coatings consisted of a lot of spherical particles. EDX and XPS experimental results showed that the coatings were made up of oxygen, cerium, and aluminum, and the spherical particles contained higher contents of cerium and oxygen than the other sites. Cerium was mainly in the form of Ce4+. The mechanisms of conversion coatings formation and improvement on corrosion resistance also are discussed.
Effect of Line Pipe Steel Microstructure on Susceptibility to Sulfide Stress Cracking
Authors: Koh S. U. , Kim J. S. , Yang B. Y. , Kim K. Y.
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking (SSC) properties of line pipe steel. Different kinds of microstructures, with chemical compositions identical to one steel heat, were produced by various thermomechanically controlled processes (TMCP). Coarse ferrite-pearlite, fine ferrite-pearlite, ferrite-acicular ferrite, and ferrite-bainite microstructures were investigated with respect to corrosion properties, hydrogen diffusion, and SSC behavior. SSC was evaluated using a constant elongation rate test (CERT) in a NACE TM0177 solution (5% sodium chloride [NaCl] + 0.5% acetic acid [CH3COOH], saturated with hydrogen sulfide [H2S]). The corrosion properties of steels were evaluated by potentiodynamic and linear polarization methods. Hydrogen diffusion through steel matrix was measured by an electrochemical method using a Devanathan-Stachurski cell. The effect of microstructure on cracking behavior also was investigated with respect to crack nucleation and propagation processes. Test results showed that ferrite-acicular ferrite microstructure had the highest resistance to SSC, whereas ferrite-bainitic and coarse ferritie-pearlitic microstructures had the lowest resistance. The high susceptibility to SSC inferritie-bainitic and coarse ferritic-pearlitic microstructures resulted from crack nucleation on hard phases such as grain boundary cementite in coarse ferritie-pearlitic microstructures and martensite/retained austenite (M/A) island in bainitic phases. Hard phase cementite at grain boundaries or M/A constituent in bainitic phases acted as crack nucleation sites and could be cracked easily under external stress; consequently, the susceptibility of steel to SSC increased. Metallurgical parameters including matrix structure and defects such as grain boundary carbides and inter-lath M/A constituents were more critical parameters for controlling SSC than the hydrogen diffusion rate.
Electrochemistry of Active Chromium: Part 1—Anomalous Corrosion and Products of Chromium Dissolution in Deaerated Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Dražić D. M. , Popić J. P.
Published: February 2010

Chromium corroding in deaerated aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4; pH 1 to 3) produces Cr(II) and Cr(III) ions simultaneously in the ratio 7:1, as well as H2. The corrosion potentials of electrochemically activated chromium are determined by the electrochemical processes as expected according to the Wagner-Traud model. However, the real rates of chromium corrosion determined by collecting evolved hydrogen, spectrophotometric determination of the accumulated Cr ions in the solution, or by weight-loss measurements are higher than the electrochemical dissolution rate by up to 12 times for pH 1.0. The effect is smaller for higher pH. This was due to the simultaneous “anomalous” (or chemical) dissolution process of the direct chemical reaction of Cr with H2O molecules, as proposed some time ago by Kolotyrkin and coworkers. Since “anomalous” dissolution cannot be detected by electrochemical means, it has been pointed out that in the presence of “anomalous” dissolution processes during metal corrosion, electrochemical corrosion rate measurements should be taken only as approximate, while the level of approximation should be determined by some other direct corrosion rate measurement method.
New Cathodic Protection Criteria Based on Direct and Alternating Current Densities Measured Using Coupons and Their Application to Modern Steel Pipelines
Authors: Hosokawa Y. , Kajiyama F. , Nakamura Y.
Published: February 2010

The risks of alternating current (AC) corrosion, overprotection, and stray direct current (DC) corrosion are increasing on cathodically protected buried steel pipelines due to the recent changes in factors such as burial conditions, the characteristics of coatings, and pipe material. In the present study, field tests as well as a review of the literature on these risks were conducted. As a result, it has been revealed that there is a certain limitation to assess these risks with respect to conventional cathodic protection (CP) criteria based on pipe-to-soil potential. Therefore, new CP criteria for the elimination of these risks have been developed based on DC and AC current density measurements on coupons. The effectiveness of the new CP criteria was evaluated through the design of CP systems on newly constructed pipelines subject to the risks of AC corrosion, overprotection, and stray DC corrosion. Using these new CP criteria, the design and installation of CP systems as well as the elimination of these risks were completed successfully. The risks of overprotection as well as stray DC corrosion were eliminated by providing an appropriate level of DC current from CP rectifiers. The elimination of the AC corrosion risk was accomplished using distributed magnesium anodes and solid-state DC decoupling devices. Finally, the new CP criteria were proven to be effective in eliminating the risks of AC corrosion, overprotection, and stray DC corrosion on buried steel pipelines.
Pourbaix Diagrams for Copper in Aqueous Lithium Bromide Concentrated Solutions
Authors: Muñoz-Portero M. J. , García-Antón J. , Guiñón J. L. , Pérez-Herranz V.
Published: February 2010

Pourbaix diagrams (electrode potential-pH diagrams) for Cu-Br−-H2O systems at 25°C were developed in 400-g/L and 700-g/L (4.61-M and 8.06-M) lithium bromide (LiBr) solutions, common concentrations in different parts of refrigeration plants. The diagrams were compared with the simple Cu-H2O system at 25°C. Pourbaix diagrams were constructed from standard Gibbs free energy data (ΔG°) of all the species considered. Conventional procedures were followed to calculate the electrochemical and chemical equilibria from standard Gibbs free energy data. Equilibria for Cu-Br−-H2O systems at 25°C were determined for bromide ion activities of 15.61 and 194.77, which correspond to 400-g/L and 700-g/L LiBr solutions, respectively. Activities of all the ion species containing copper were plotted for 10−6, 10−4, 10−2, and 100. Comparison of the simple Cu-H2O system with the diagrams for Cu-Br−-H2O systems at 25°C showed that the formation of CuBr2− complexes extended the copper solubility range to both higher pH values and lower potentials by destabilizing the formation of copper oxides and promoting more active behavior of the metal. The effect was enhanced at higher bromide ion activities.
Galvanic Study of Zinc and Copper in Lithium Bromide Solutions at Different Temperatures
Authors: Igual-Muñoz A. , García-Antón J. , Guiñón J. L. , Pérez-Herranz V.
Published: February 2010

Galvanic corrosion of pure zinc coupled to pure copper was investigated in three different lithium bromide (LiBr) solutions (400 g/L, 700 g/L, and 850 g/L additive commercial solution) at different temperatures. The galvanic potential and the galvanic current were measured simultaneously by a zeroresistance ammeter (ZRA) at a rate of 2 Hz during a period of 24 h at 25°C, following a heating-cooling cycle from 25°C to 85°C at 0.5°C/min, during 2 h at 85°C, from 85°C to 25°C at 0.5°C/min and maintained at 25°C during the last 3 h. From the electrochemical data obtained and their subsequent statistical analysis in terms of mean values and standard deviation, it was concluded that copper-zinc coupling generated higher galvanic current in 400 g/L LiBr than in 700 g/L LiBr solution. The passivating character of the additives added to the commercial solution reduced the galvanic effect considerably. The temperature cycle imposed to the copper-zinc coupling showed that the galvanic current values at the end of the cycle were slightly higher than those measured initially.
Influence of Mechanical Deformation on the Corrosion Behavior of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Obtained from Cooking Utensils
Authors: Haanappel V. A. C. , Stroosnijder M. F.
Published: February 2010

The corrosion properties of an AISI 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel food-service utensil were investigated by linear polarization, Tafel plots, and cyclic polarization, performed in a sodium chloride (NaCl)/water solution at 20°C. Different surface area zones of the utensil were distinguished by differences in the amount of residual stress incorporated as a result of cold work. Large differences in corrosion current density and pit formation after cyclic polarization measurements, and as a consequence, in corrosion rates were found between zones with different degrees of deformation. In general, an increasing degree of deformation resulted in a decrease in the corrosion current density, whereas after cyclic polarization the number of pits increased. However, crevice corrosion was always observed after cyclic polarization measurements.
Conjoint Action of CO2 Corrosion and Reciprocating Sliding Wear on Plain Carbon Steel Part II — Electrochemical Studies
Authors: Hedayat A. , Postlethwaite J. , Yannacopoulos S.
Published: February 2010

The presence of sliding contact between metals in a corrosive medium significantly affects the metal loss rate of the surfaces in contact. In this study, corrosion tests were carried out on plain carbon steel undergoing sliding wear in CO2 saturated 3%NaCl solution with and without an amine corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion rates of the sliding surfaces were estimated using the polarization resistance technique. Sliding wear tests were carried out using steel specimens sliding against each other and steel specimens sliding against corundum specimens both continuously and intermittently. The corrosion rates of the specimens increased with the increase in contact pressure in the presence and absence of the corrosion inhibitor. The inhibitor decreased the corrosion rates for all of the specimens throughout the range of applied contact pressure. The corrosion rates of the specimens subjected to continuous sliding contact were higher than those undergoing intermittent sliding contact. The wear rate of a continuously sliding specimen in the absence of corrosion was determined by the application of cathodic protection and compared to the corrosion rate and the corrosion wear rate under the same loading conditions. The relative contributions of corrosion and wear to the overall metal loss are discussed.
Corrosion of Rusted Steel in Aqueous Solutions of Tannic Acid
Authors: Morcillo M. , Feliu S. , Simancas J. , Bastidas J. M. , Galvan J. C. , Feliu S. , Almeida E. M.
Published: February 2010

The use of tannic acid to inhibit metal corrosion has been a controversial issue, particularly in relation to its application to rusted steel prior to painting. In this work, the protective efficiency of aqueous solutions of tannic acid applied on uncontaminated rusted steel is studied. This is done by investigating the changes undergone by the rust layer, the solubility of the tannate films formed, and the resulting inhibition efficiency. This required the use of a variety of experimental techniques including climatic chamber tests, electrochemical measurements, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The high solubility of the films and the low anti-corrosion efficiency of the treatment question the suitability of tannic acid solutions for protection of rusted steel prior to painting.
Continuous Cooling Sensitization of Type 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Simmons J. W. , Atteridge D. G. , Bruemmer S. M.
Published: February 2010

The continuous cooling sensitization (CCS) behavior of a high-carbon type 316 (UNS S31600) austenitic stainless steel has been quantified as a function of peak cycle temperature, cooling rate, and prior deformation. A critical peak temperature effect was observed such that maximum temperatures either above or below 950°C generally resulted in lower degree of sensitization (DOS) values. CCS development increased with decreasing cooling rates and occurred primarily in the critical range between 900 and 750°C. Peak cycle temperatures of 1,000 and 1,050°C suppressed carbide nucleation and sensitization development during cooling to lower temperatures. Prior deformation in the range of 5 to 20% significantly enhanced sensitization development with the measured DOS generally increasing as prior strain increased. Recovery was initiated in the strained materials when cycle peak temperatures reached or exceeded approximately 900°C and played an important role in reducing subsequent sensitization development. In certain cases, prior strain values of 20% were only as effective as 10% in enhancing sensitization development because of the effects of recovery.
Oxidation Behavior of Co-15wt% Cr Alloy Containing Dispersed Oxides Formed by Internal Oxidation
Authors: Hou P. Y. , Shui Z. R. , Stringer J.
Published: February 2010

Internal oxidation pretreatments of Co-15wt%Cr and Co-15wt%Cr-1 wt% Ti were carried out using a Rhines pack in quartz, in mullite, and in alumina. A dispersion of titanium oxide particles formed in the Ti-containing alloy as a result of the internal oxidation. However, silicon also diffused into all treated specimens when the pretreatments were carried out in quartz or in mullite. The effect of various pretreatments on the subsequent oxidation of these alloys was studied at 1,000°C and compared with that of a Co-15wt%Cr-1wt%Si alloy. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of the dispersed oxide particles and the contaminated silicon on the selective oxidation of chromium. It was found that the oxidation behaviors of both treated alloys were strongly affected by the degree of silicon contamination. Selective oxidation of chromium to form a nearly continuous protective Cr2O3 scale was achieved with greater than 0.4 wt% silicon. The presence of dispersed particles reduced initial oxidation rate but was ineffective in promoting Cr2O3 scale formation.
Electrochemical Oxygen Sensors for Corrosion Control in Lead-Cooled Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Konys J. , Schroer C. , Wedemeyer O.
Published: February 2010

Liquid metals have been used in various applications in nuclear systems. Lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) is foreseen as a coolant and target for neutron generation in accelerator-driven systems (ADS), whereas pure lead will be used as coolant in Gen IV-type lead-cooled fast reactors (LFR). The advantage of heavy liquid metal alloys is their high thermal conductivity and their relative safety in case of an accident. A major problem in non-isothermal systems is the corrosion of their structural components, consisting mainly of ferritic/martensitic and austenitic stainless steels, since the solubility of dissolved elements depends strongly on temperature. The formation of oxide scales on structural components is considered a viable approach to limiting the corrosion rates. To maintain a specific oxygen content in lead or LBE, an oxygen control system (OCS) is crucial. This requires continuous measurement of the oxygen activity in the liquid metal by means of electrochemical sensors. It must be assured that no oxides of the liquid metal itself are formed; otherwise, the system can be blocked. Therefore, this paper addresses the development of oxygen sensors for corrosion control of martensitic and austenitic steels in a lead-bismuth eutectic system at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany).
Oil Wetting and Carbon Dioxide Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel with Ferric Corrosion Products Deposits
Authors: Foss M. , Gulbrandsen E. , Sjöblom J.
Published: February 2010

Wettability of carbon steel with corrosion product films (iron carbonate [FeCO3], FeCO3 with oxidized surface, and rust [FeO(OH)]) was investigated through contact angle and inhibitor performance tests. Two corrosion inhibitors, an oleic imidazoline compound (OI) and a phosphate ester compound (PE), were used. The inhibitor performance was studied in carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion tests at 60°C, 1 bar CO2, 3 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 20 vol% oil, where the samples were alternately exposed to oil and aqueous phase. A refined, low aromatic oil was used in the tests. Addition of both inhibitors lead to significant changes in the wettability of oxidized FeCO3 surfaces. The contact angle tests showed that a transition from a preferential water-wet state to a preferentially oil-wet state was achieved for both inhibitors. Electrochemical measurements indicated that addition of OI enabled the oxidized FeCO3 surface to retain an oil film after immersion in oil. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measurements revealed a significant increase in the measured, uncompensated resistance at high frequencies after immersion in oil. The apparent retained oil film caused a significant drop in corrosion rate in aerated solutions. The reduction in corrosion rate remained stable even after a return to a CO2-saturated solution. A similar effect was also seen on a rusting carbon steel surface. No significant lasting effect of oil exposure was seen for PE in the inhibitor performance tests.
Oxidation Behavior of an Al-Modified Silicide Coating on an Nb-Silicide-Based Ultrahigh-Temperature Alloy
Authors: Tian X. , Guo X.
Published: February 2010

The oxidation behavior of an Al-modified silicide coating prepared through a siliconization and then an aluminization pack cementation process on an Nb-silicide-based ultrahigh-temperature alloy was investigated in air at 1,250°C. The coating consisted of a 50-μm-thick (Nb,X)Si2 (X represents Ti, Cr, and Hf elements) outer layer with (Nb,Ti)3Si5Al2 distributed discontinuously in its superficial part and a 90-μm-thick (Nb,Ti)Al3 inner layer containing Si-rich precipitates. The oxidation of this coating was controlled primarily by the preferential oxidation of Al with the formation of α-Al2O3 scale. The (Nb,Ti)Al3 inner layer could act as an Al reservoir for forming scale and maintaining the existence of (Nb,Ti)3Si5Al2 phase in the zone just beneath the scale. The parabolic oxidation rate constant of this coating was about 1.72 μm2/h, lower than that of the bare alloy by about 4 orders of magnitude.
Youth Experiencing Parental Death Due to Drug Poisoning and Firearm Violence in the US, 1999-2020
Authors: Schlüter Benjamin-Samuel , Alburez-Gutierrez Diego , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Alexander Monica J. , Kiang Mathew V.
Published: May 2024

Importance

Youth (those aged <18 years) parental death has been associated with negative health outcomes. Understanding the burden of parental death due to drug poisoning (herein, drugs) and firearms is essential for informing interventions.

Objective

To estimate the incidence of youth parental death due to drugs, firearms, and all other causes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional observational study was conducted using vital registration, including all US decedents, and census data from January 1990 through December 2020. Data were analyzed from May 30, 2023, to March 28, 2024.

Exposures

Parental death due to drug poisoning or firearms.

Main Outcomes and Measures

A demographic matrix projection model was used to estimate the number and incidence of youth experiencing parental death, defined as the death of 1 or more parents, per 1000 population aged less than 18 years. Analyses evaluated parental deaths by drugs, firearms, and all other causes from 1999 through 2020 by race and ethnicity.

Results

Between 1999 and 2020, there were 931 785 drug poisoning deaths and 736 779 firearm-related deaths with a mean (SD) age of 42.6 (16.3) years. Most deaths occurred among males (73.8%) and White decedents (70.8%) followed by Black (17.5%) and Hispanic (9.5%) decedents. An estimated 759 000 (95% CI, 722 000-800 000) youth experienced parental death due to drugs and an estimated 434 000 (95% CI, 409 000-460 000) youth experienced parental death due to firearms, accounting for 17% of all parental deaths. From 1999 to 2020, the estimated number of youth who experienced parental death increased 345% (95% CI, 334%-361%) due to drugs and 39% (95% CI, 37%-41%) due to firearms compared with 24% (95% CI, 23%-25%) due to all other causes. Black youth experienced a disproportionate burden of parental deaths, based primarily on firearm deaths among fathers. In 2020, drugs and firearms accounted for 23% of all parental deaths, double the proportion in 1999 (12%).

Conclusions and Relevance

Results of this modeling study suggest that US youth are at high and increasing risk of experiencing parental death by drugs or firearms. Efforts to stem this problem should prioritize averting drug overdoses and firearm violence, especially among structurally marginalized groups.