bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vedische exozentrische Komposita mit drei Relationen
Authors: Scarlata Salvatore , Widmer Paul
Published: January 2015

In this paper it is suggested that a large subset of Vedic exocentric nominal compounds can best be described by focusing on two semantosyntactic relationships that exist in addition to the first one, viz. the modificative relation an exocentric compound bears to the head noun: A second, external relation which establishes a link between one single member of the compound and the noun the compound modifies as a whole, and a third, internal relation which combines the two members of a compound to form a semantosyntactic unit. For both, internal and external relations, a distinct set of three preferred readings is established which provides a semantosyntactic framework for interpreting these compounds. It is emphasized that a correct interpretation always depends not only on these sets of possible readings, but, most importantly, on the semantics of the compound members and the modified noun as well as on the pragmatics and the context the syntagm occurs in.
The identity of Entyloma anadelphiae: reclassification and redescription of leaf and stem smut infecting Anadelphia pumila in Guinea
Authors: Piątek Marcin
Published: January 2015

The identity of a very rare smut fungus, Entyloma anadelphiae, described from infected leaves and stems of Anadelphia pumila (Poaceae, subfam. Panicoideae, tribe Andropogoneae) in Guinea is re-evaluated. Morphology indicates that this species is not identical with Jamesdicksonia dactylidis, with which it has been considered synonymous in recent smut monographs. It differs in having mostly dark brown spores with thicker, distinctly two-layered walls. Entyloma anadelphiae also differs from other smut species of the order Georgefischeriales described on hosts of the Andropogoneae. The species is redescribed, illustrated and reallocated to the genus Jamesdicksonia as a distinct species, Jamesdicksonia anadelphiae comb. nov.
Systematic revision of the pennellid genus Creopelates Shiino, 1958 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) and the proposal of a new genus
Authors: UYENO DAISUKE
Published: January 2015

The parasitic copepod Creopelates floridus Shiino, 1958 (Siphonostomatoida: Pennellidae) is redescribed based on postmetamorphic adult females in the collection of the Imperial Majesty of Japan deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba (NSMT), Japan. Five new species of pennellid copepods are described based on postmetamorphic adult females from marine actinopterygian fishes newly collected in littoral waters of Japan and the Philippines, in the western North Pacific. The copepods and their hosts are as follows: Creopelates hosinoi n. sp. from Bryaninops yongei (Davis & Cohen) (Perciformes: Gobiidae); C. shirakawai n. sp. from Diancistrus fuscus (Fowler) (Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae); C. lubangenesis n. sp. from Gobiodon rivulatus (Rüppell) (Perciformes: Gobiidae); Nagasawanus akinohama n. gen. et n. sp. from Trimma grammistes (Tomiyama) (Perciformes: Gobiidae); N. snufkini n. gen. et n. sp. from T. tevegae Cohen & Davis. The total number of valid species contained in the genus Creopelates is now five. Nagasawanus n. gen. is distinguishable from other pennellid genera by the following features: antennary processes and cephalic lobes rounded without branched fringes, neck region without processes, maxilla with claw-like terminal segment lacking spinules. Keys to the genera of Pennellidae and to the species of Creopelates and Nagasawanus n. gen. are also provided.
Occurrence of the millipede genus Piccola Attems, 1953 in China (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae)
Authors: LIU WEIXIN , TIAN MINGYI
Published: January 2015

Piccola golovatchi sp. nov. is described and illustrated. It comes from the limestone cave called Shizikou Dadong, Tianlin County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China. This species is considered to be a troglobite, showing a pallid tegument and extremely enlongated antennae and legs. This is the first record of the millipede genus Piccola Attems, 1953 from China.
Suprageneric taxa derived from Amblycoryphini sensu lato (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae: Phaneropterinae)
Authors: CADENA-CASTAÑEDA OSCAR J.
Published: January 2015

Based on the current description of the tribe Amblycoryphini some related genera have been excluded. These genera comprise two new tribes (Vossiini n. trib. and Plangiopsiini n. trib.) and a new generic group (Plangiae n. group). The main differences between the taxa described and the tribe Amblycoryphini are discussed, to understand the new proposed classification. Plangiopsis aedeps is placed in the genus Plangiola. This paper contributes to the knowledge of the tettigonid fauna from Africa and understanding of the taxonomy of neotropical Phaneropterinae.
A new species of Aulacogenia Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae:
Stenopodainae) from India
Authors: MUKHERJEE PARAMITA , CAI WANZHI , SAHA G. K.
Published: January 2015

A new stenopodaine reduviid, Aulacogenia darjeelingensis sp. nov. belonging to the “corniculata species group” from India is described and illustrated. A key to the Indian species of the genus Aulacogenia Stål is provided.
Anigosomphus yanagisawai sp. nov., a new gomphid dragonfly from northern Thailand (Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae)
Authors: SASAMOTO AKIHIKO
Published: January 2015

A new species of Anisogomphus Selys, A. yanagisawai sp. nov. (holotype male and paratype specimens) from N. Thailand (Doi Inthanon, ca. 1,400 m a.s.l., Ban Luang, Chiang Mai Prov.), is described and illustrated. This species can apparently be distinguished from the other species of this genus by the morphology of the anal appendages, especially the straight cerci closely disposed to each other and bearing a very strong outer branch.
The Influence of Cloud Feedbacks on Equatorial Atlantic Variability
Authors: Bellomo Katinka , Clement Amy C. , Mauritsen Thorsten , Rädel Gaby , Stevens Bjorn
Published: January 2015

Observations show that cloud feedback over the Namibian stratocumulus region is positive because cloud cover is anticorrelated with local sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Moreover, regressions of observed atmospheric fields on equatorial Atlantic SST anomalies indicate that cloud feedbacks over the Namibian stratocumulus region covary with Atlantic Niño. However, from observations alone, it is not possible to quantify the influence of regional cloud feedbacks on equatorial climate variability. To address this question, a set of sensitivity experiments are conducted using an atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM6) coupled to a slab ocean in which the strength of positive cloud feedback is enhanced over several regions in the South Atlantic basin. Enhanced positive cloud feedback over the Namibian stratocumulus region increases local as well as equatorial SST variability, whereas enhanced cloud feedback over other regions in the South Atlantic increases local SST variability but exhibits negligible responses at the equator. The authors’ results indicate that the Namibian region plays a central role in enhancing equatorial SST variability because it is located where the SST anomalies associated with the simulated Atlantic Niño in the slab-ocean model develop. These results highlight the important role of the regional coupling of cloud cover over the Namibian region with local SSTs and its effects on equatorial Atlantic climate variability.
Serum Uric Acid, Gender, and Low Ankle Brachial Index in Adults With High Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Zhan Yiqiang , Dong Ying , Tang Zheng , Zhang Fen , Hu Dayi , Yu Jinming
Published: January 2015

Uric acid (UA) has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in caucasians. However, it is unclear whether this association remains significant in a Chinese population. The present study aimed to investigate the association between UA and low ankle brachial index (ABI), a measurement of peripheral arterial disease, in Chinese patients. A total of 6262 hospital-based patients with high CVD risk were enrolled. Low ABI was defined as ABI ≤0.9 in either side. Low ABI was detected in 1390 (22.2%) patients. Higher UA was significantly associated with higher risk of low ABI and modified by gender ( P = .0045). After adjusting for age, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, fasting glucose, hypertension, and smoking, participants in the highest quartile of UA exhibited 37% (odds ratio [OR]:1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.82) higher risk of low ABI compared to those in the lowest quartile in men, while OR (95% CI) was 1.69 (1.29-2.22) for women. However, when kidney function was further adjusted, the associations were attenuated in both men and women and were significant only in women. The results were suggestive of higher UA associating with higher risk of low ABI in women, and the association was largely driven by kidney function, especially in men.
Ever tried—ever failed? The short summer of cooperation between CARE and the Peace Corps
Authors: Wieters Heike
Published: January 2015

This essay focuses on the short period of cooperation between the private humanitarian non-profit organization Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE) and the new US government volunteer service agency, the Peace Corps, in the early 1960s. It describes CARE’s role as a private midwife to this new governmental player and traces the reasons for both the rise and the demise of the initially promising public–private partnership in development aid in Colombia. The essay thus analyzes the conditions that allowed (and ultimately hindered) genuine processes of transfer of expertise between private and governmental players in a field that was just developing.
Modelling of effective thermal conductivity of polymer matrix composite foams with biaxially aligned filler networks
Authors: Ding Hao , Leung Siu Ning
Published: January 2015

Recent research revealed potentials to develop polymer matrix composite foams filled with thermally conductive filler network as light-weight thermal management materials. Since polymeric foams are commonly used for thermal insulation, the concept of thermally conductive polymer matrix composite foams seems to be counter-intuitive, and the underlying factors that govern polymer matrix composite foam’s effective thermal conductivity ( keff) were not clear. In this context, this paper develops new models to predict polymer matrix composite foams’ keff and to elucidate the dependence of keff on their cellular morphology. Linear low density polyethylene–hexagonal boron nitride composite foams were used as case examples to verify the model. The model demonstrated that the composite foam’s keff would be promoted when the volume expansion was over a threshold percentage. At low hexagonal boron nitride loadings (e.g. 10 vol.%) and fixed cell size, linear low density polyethylene–hexagonal boron nitride foams’ keff increased with volume expansion percent through an increase in cell population density. Constrained foaming with preferential expansion in the heat flow direction also enhanced their keff.
Configural Behavior Settings of Crime Event Locations
Authors: Hart Timothy C. , Miethe Terance D.
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

The utility of configural behavior settings is explored as an alternative unit of analysis for place-based criminological research. Four research questions are addressed: (1) How do robberies cluster within certain behavior settings? (2) How are conclusions about robbery’s behavior settings influenced by the distance interval used to measure the proximate environment? (3) Are dominant behavior settings homogeneous across patrol districts? and (4) Is there temporal variability among dominant behavior settings?

Method:

Conjunctive analysis of case configurations is used to construct configural behavior settings around 453 robbery locations in Henderson, Nevada, between 2007 and 2009.

Results:

The major findings of this study are that (1) the majority of personal robberies occur within a small number of dominant configural behavior settings and (2) the composition of behavior settings and the proportion of incidents for which they account varies by the distance interval used to measure the proximate environment, patrol district, and time of day.

Conclusions:

Configural behavior settings provide an alternative unit of analysis that can be used in future place-based research to improve our understanding of criminogenic microenvironments. Replication of this study in other cities that vary in urban design would further demonstrate the merits of this approach.
Experimental dog model for assessment of fasting and postprandial fatty acid metabolism: pitfalls and feasibility
Authors: Bellanger S , Benrezzak O , Battista M C , Naimi F , Labbé S M , Frisch F , Normand-Lauzière F , Gallo-Payet N , Carpentier A C , Baillargeon J P
Published: January 2015

The dog is a widely-used model for conducting metabolic studies. This is mainly due to its large size and its physiology which is relatively similar to that of humans. Here, we attempted to optimize a postprandial metabolic study protocol used in dogs. Following acclimatization, female mongrel dogs underwent 9 h profiling for time-course baseline plasma data on triglyceride, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels. One week later, carotid and jugular catheters were surgically inserted for sampling and infusions. Initial post-operative care, based on the literature (Protocol 1), consisted of analgesia (buprenorphine every 8–12 h and 2–3 doses/day of acepromazine), restriction by Pavlov harness within cages, and a two- to three-day recovery period. Throughout the experiment, dogs received a lipid tracer diluted in 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Compared with baseline, animals vomited ( n = 6/6) and exhibited high ACTH + cortisol levels (stress biomarkers), resulting in blunted triglyceride peak levels. To avoid these undesirable effects, post-operative care was modified (Protocol 2) as follows: animals ( n = 19) were given a single dose of buprenorphine and no acepromazine, were unrestrained and free to move within cages, the recovery period was extended to seven days, and the lipid tracer was diluted in 0.002% versus 5% BSA. Using this modified protocol, postprandial plasma-triglyceride and ACTH/cortisol patterns were similar to baseline values. Controlling for stressors, as well as for factors which may alter proper digestion, is critical for all postprandial metabolic studies. Our results show that an optimized postprandial metabolic protocol used in dogs reduces experimental variability, while improving animal care and comfort.
A Theory of Interpersonal Goals and Situations
Authors: Hample Dale
Published: January 2015

This article tests a resolution of the difficulties in specifying how goals and situations relate to one another. The new theory suggests a distinction among situational features. “Reasonably apparent” features are those that are fairly obvious at the start of an interaction. “Subjective” features are emergent and depend on a participant’s experience of the interaction. The proposed theory is that reasonably apparent situation features cause primary goals, which cause subjective situational characteristics, which in turn activate secondary goals. In Study 1 ( n = 461), results of analysis of open-ended situational descriptions were consistent with this new theory. The difficulties in testing complex causal relations with categorical data led to Study 2 ( n = 1,435), which also supported the new theory.
Thiamin in Clinical Practice
Authors: Frank Laura L.
Published: January 2015

Thiamin is a water‐soluble vitamin also known as vitamin B1. Its biologically active form, thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), is a cofactor in macronutrient metabolism. In addition to its coenzyme roles, TPP plays a role in nerve structure and function as well as brain metabolism. Signs and symptoms of thiamin deficiency (TD) include lactic acidosis, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, and ocular changes (eg, nystagmus). More advanced symptoms include confabulation and memory loss and/or psychosis, resulting in Wernicke's encephalopathy and/or Wernicke's Korsakoff syndrome, respectively. The nutrition support clinician should be aware of patients who may be at risk for TD. Risk factors include those patients with malnutrition due to 1 or more nutrition‐related etiologies: decreased nutrient intake, increased nutrient losses, or impaired nutrient absorption. Clinical scenarios such as unexplained heart failure or lactic acidosis, renal failure with dialysis, alcoholism, starvation, hyperemesis gravidarum, or bariatric surgery may increase the risk for TD. Patients who are critically ill and require nutrition support may also be at risk for TD, especially those who are given intravenous dextrose void of thiamin repletion. Furthermore, understanding thiamin's role as a potential therapeutic agent for diabetes, some inborn errors of metabolism, and neurodegenerative diseases warrants further research. This tutorial describes the absorption, digestion, and metabolism of thiamin. Issues pertaining to thiamin in clinical practice will be described, and evidence‐based practice suggestions for the prevention and treatment of TD will be discussed.
Plasma 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D Levels at Initiation of Care and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Surgical Patients
Authors: Quraishi Sadeq A. , McCarthy Caitlin , Blum Livnat , Cobb J. Perren , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: January 2015

Objective: Limited data exist regarding the relationship between plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels and duration of respiratory support. Our goal was to explore whether vitamin D status at the time of intensive care unit (ICU) admission is associated with duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill surgical patients. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study involving 210 critically ill surgical patients. To explore the relationship between admission plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels and duration of mechanical ventilation, we performed a Poisson regression while controlling for clinically relevant covariates. Only patients who required ≥48 hours of mechanical ventilation and survived ≥24 hours after discontinuation of respiratory support were included in the analytic cohort. Results: Ninety‐four patients met inclusion criteria. Mean (standard deviation) plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D level was 16 (7) ng/mL and median (interquartile range) duration of mechanical ventilation was 4 (2–7) days. Poisson regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index, primary surgical service, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, and season of ICU admission, demonstrated an inverse association of plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels with duration of mechanical ventilation (incident rate ratio per 10 ng/mL, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.54–0.82). Conclusions: In our cohort of critically ill surgical patients, plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels measured on ICU admission were inversely associated with the duration of respiratory support. Randomized controlled trials are needed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation can influence duration of mechanical ventilation in surgical ICU patients.
Zinc Deficiency With Dermatitis in a Parenteral Nutrition–Dependent Patient Due to National Shortage of Trace Minerals
Authors: Sant Vivek R. , Arnell Tracey D. , Seres David S.
Published: January 2015

The shortages of intravenous drugs remains critical, with sterile injectables accounting for 80% of the approximately 300 shortages. The impact is being felt in patients dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN), and severe deficiencies are becoming more commonplace. We report here a man who developed severe zinc deficiency, manifesting as a painful desquamative rash, due to an inability to obtain multi–trace element additives for his PN.
Renegotiating Indonesian secularism through debates on Ahmadiyya and Shia
Authors: Schäfer Saskia
Published: January 2015

Commentators have mainly viewed the Ahmadiyya debate in Indonesia either as a controversy over heterodoxy or as an episode raising questions about the human rights of ‘religious minorities’. Instead, I suggest viewing these debates as a field of normative questions of secularism in which the claims of religious are renegotiated in response to the fragmentation of religious and political authority brought on by a diversification of the use of media and a loss of trust in the Indonesian post-Suharto democracy, and between normative questions of secularism.
Psychological capital and conflict management in the entrepreneur–venture capitalist relationship in China: The entrepreneur perspective
Authors: Zou Huan , Chen Xiaoyun , Lam Long Wai Rico , Liu Xiaohui
Published: January 2015

This article explores the divergent interests and goals that have led to inherent conflicts in the dyadic relationship between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists (VCs). Whereas prior research has relied mostly on the perspective of VCs in minimizing such conflicts, we propose that an entrepreneur’s psychological capital (as opposed to economic, human and social capital) can help shed light on how they manage conflicts in their relationships with VCs. Drawing from the literature on psychological capital, we use inductive research to construct a set of theoretical propositions relating to strategic responses to resolving conflicts with VCs based on a sample of entrepreneurs in high-tech start-up firms in China.
Usefulness of elevated red cell distribution width for predicting systemic inflammatory response syndrome after extracorporeal circulation
Authors: Özeren M , Aytaçoğlu B , Vezir Ö , Karaca K , Akın R , Sucu N
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

Cardiac surgical operations performed by using extracorporeal circulation (ECC) lead to a systemic inflammatory response (SIR). Sometimes SIR may turn into a severe state, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that usually has a poor outcome with no specific clinical tools described for its prediction. Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a routine hematological parameter. It has been proposed as a marker of morbidity and mortality in various clinical conditions. We aimed to investigate the relationship between high RDW and SIRS which is triggered by ECC.

Methods:

Eleven hundred consecutive patients who underwent elective heart surgery with the use of ECC were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 19 patients fulfilled the described SIRS criteria and 20 consecutive patients were selected as the control group. RDW and other laboratory parameters, preoperative clinical status, operative data and postoperative data were compared between the SIRS and the control groups.

Results:

Baseline characteristics of the patient groups were similar. Significant mortality was found in the SIRS group; 18 (94.73%) patients and 2 (10%) patients in the control group (p<0.002). RDW was found to be significantly higher in the SIRS group vs the control group (15.02±2.03 vs 13.01±1.93, respectively, p<0.003). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed an association between high RDW levels and SIRS development (OR for RDW levels exceeding 13.5%; 95% confidence limits of 1.0-1.3; p<0.04). Total operation time and the need for inotropic support were also found to be significant against the SIRS group (p=0.049).

Conclusion:

Increased RDW was significantly associated with increased risk of SIRS after ECC. The results of this study suggest that paying attention to RDW might provide valuable clinical information for predicting SIRS development among patients who are candidates for open heart surgery, without incurring additional costs.
Clinical and microbiological features of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia
Authors: Lee Myoung Kyu , Kim Sang-Ha , Yong Suk Joong , Shin Kye Chul , Park Hyeon Cheol , Choi Jiwon , Choi Yeun Seoung , Seong Jae Ho , Jung Ye-Ryung , Lee Won-Yeon
Published: January 2015

Objective

To evaluate clinical and microbiological features in patients with nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia (NHCAP), admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods

Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were retrospectively reviewed from patients with NHCAP admitted to a respiratory ICU. Patients were categorized into one of four NHCAP groups: (A) residence in a long-term nursing-home setting or healthcare home; (B) hospital discharge in the preceding 90 days; (C) elderly or physically disabled patients who stay at home but require healthcare; (D) continuously receiving outpatient endovascular therapy including chronic dialysis, anticancer drugs, and immunosuppressants. Pneumonia severity index (PSI), CURB-65, duration of ICU stay and 30-day mortality were evaluated.

Results

Out of 428 patients reviewed (male, 67.1%; mean age, 71.2 ± 11.9 years), 30-day mortality was 25.5%, and duration of ICU stay was 13.8 ± 13.3 days. Mortality rate was not significantly different between the four NHCAP groups; duration of ICU stay was significantly longer in groups C and D. PSI score, serum HCO3– level, duration of ICU stay, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii were significantly associated with 30-day mortality.

Conclusion

ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, MDR A. baumannii and PSI score should be considered in ICU patients with NHCAP.
Institutional trading around the ex-dividend day
Authors: Ainsworth Andrew , Fong Kingsley YL , Gallagher David R , Partington Graham
Published: January 2015

This study uses the trading records of institutional equity funds to examine their ex-dividend trading behaviour. We argue that trading is influenced by the tax incentives facing the fund, the characteristics of individual stocks and by changes in tax legislation. In aggregate, institutions trade to avoid the dividend and franking credit. Changes in tax incentives and the fund’s tax status also affect ex-dividend day trading, with unit trusts dominating the dividend avoidance trades. The results indicate that taxes, transactions costs and the cum-dividend price run-up influence the trading of institutional investors around the ex-dividend day.
Thermo-mechanical analysis of a fire door for naval applications
Authors: Boscariol Paolo , De Bona Francesco , Gasparetto Alessandro , Moro Luciano
Published: January 2015

In this work, the thermo-mechanical response of fire doors for naval application is considered. In order to evaluate their behaviour, fire doors must undergo a standardized fire test. A realistic simulation of the heating process can be useful during the design phase in order to reduce the number of prototypes to be constructed and tested. In this work, a finite element model is developed with the aim of capturing the qualitative behaviour of the fire door and its supporting frame. Two different types of thermal analysis are considered: (1) transient analysis and (2) steady-state analysis. A non-linear mechanical analysis predicts the displacement field that occurs at the end of the heating phase. The adopted model is validated through a comparison with experimental measurements obtained during standard fire tests, confirming that the proposed approach can be a valid tool for the prediction of the thermo-mechanical performance of a naval fire door.
How Physicians Support Mothers of Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Fujino Haruo , Saito Toshio , Matsumura Tsuyoshi , Shibata Saki , Iwata Yuko , Fujimura Harutoshi , Shinno Susumu , Imura Osamu
Published: January 2015

Communicating about Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its prognosis can be difficult for affected children and their family. We focused on how physicians provide support to the mothers of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who have difficulty communicating about the condition with their child. The eligible participants were certified child neurologists of the Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Participants responded to questionnaires consisting of free descriptions of a vignette of a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and a mother. We analyzed 263 responses of the participants. We found 4 themes on advising mothers, involving encouraging communication, family autonomy, supporting family, and considering the child’s concerns. These results provide a better understanding of the communication between physicians and family members who need help sharing information with a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. These findings will assist clinical practitioners in supporting families and the affected children throughout the course of their illness.
The Role and Types of Job Search Strategies as Career Growth Tool for Mid-Career Professionals
Authors: da Motta Veiga Serge P.
Published: January 2015

This study examines whether and how job search strategies mediate the relationship between core self-evaluations (CSE) and career growth for mid-career professionals. Using a path analysis approach to analyze a national sample of mid-career professionals ( N = 269), results revealed that CSE was positively related to the direct job search strategy (i.e., contacting employers directly) and negatively to the networking job search strategy (i.e., contacting friends/relatives). Interestingly, the direct job search strategy was positively related to both a recent promotion and salary increase (i.e., objective career growth), while the networking job search strategy was positively related to increased job satisfaction (i.e., subjective career growth). Findings also indicated that CSE was positively related to salary increase and a recent promotion. These findings suggest that job search strategies are one mechanism through which individual differences, such as CSE, can influence mid-career professionals’ career growth.
The tyre characteristics of the physical model used to investigate the lateral stability of a vehicle
Authors: Parczewski Krzysztof , Wnęk Henryk
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a comparison of the characteristics of the tyres of a full-size vehicle with the tyres of a physical model scaled 1:5. This is a continuation of studies on the use of a scaled vehicle to test the stability of a vehicle. The results presented are based on analysis of a scaled vehicle and a full-size vehicle on a stand and during road tests. Tests were carried out involving manoeuvres based on the ISO standard. The effects of the differences in the construction of the tyres of the scaled vehicle and their impact on the tyre characteristics and its behaviour during testing were compared. This paper presents the results of a comparison of selected parameters of motion for a real vehicle and for a mobile scale model. These tests allowed a statement to be made about the suitability of the used tyres and the entire physical model for lateral stability analysis of a full-size vehicle.
Targeted Rejection Predicts Decreased Anti-Inflammatory Gene Expression and Increased Symptom Severity in Youth With Asthma
Authors: Murphy Michael L. M. , Slavich George M. , Chen Edith , Miller Gregory E.
Published: January 2015

Although responses to different stressors are sometimes assumed to be similar, recent research has demonstrated that certain types of stress, such as targeted rejection, are particularly potent. To test such associations in a chronic-disease model, we examined how noninterpersonal, interpersonal, and targeted-rejection major life events predicted changes in gene expression and symptom severity in 121 youths with asthma who were assessed every 6 months for 2 years. Youths who had recently experienced targeted rejection had lower messenger RNA expression for signaling molecules that control airway inflammation and obstruction (specifically, the glucocorticoid receptor and β2-adrenergic receptor) than youths who had not experienced targeted rejection. These associations were specific to targeted rejection and stronger for youths higher in subjective social status. Higher-status youths exposed to targeted rejection (but not other types of stress) also reported more asthma symptoms. These data demonstrate stressor-specific associations with molecular-signaling pathways and the severity of asthma, and they suggest that threats to the social self may be particularly deleterious.
Amnesia for Object Attributes
Authors: Chen Hui , Wyble Brad
Published: January 2015

People intuitively believe that when they become consciously aware of a visual stimulus, they will be able to remember it and immediately report it. The present study provides a series of striking demonstrations of behavior that is inconsistent with such an intuition. Four experiments showed that in certain conditions, participants could not report an attribute (e.g., letter identity) of a stimulus even when that attribute had been attended and had reached a full state of conscious awareness just prior to being questioned about it. We term this effect attribute amnesia, and it occurs when participants repeatedly locate a target using one attribute and are then unexpectedly asked to report that attribute. This discovery suggests that attention to and awareness of a stimulus attribute are insufficient to ensure its immediate reportability. These results imply that when attention is configured by using an attribute for target selection, that attribute will not necessarily be remembered.
Expression of Anger and Ill Health in Two Cultures
Authors: Kitayama Shinobu , Park Jiyoung , Boylan Jennifer Morozink , Miyamoto Yuri , Levine Cynthia S. , Markus Hazel Rose , Karasawa Mayumi , Coe Christopher L. , Kawakami Norito , Love Gayle D. , Ryff Carol D.
Published: January 2015

Expression of anger is associated with biological health risk (BHR) in Western cultures. However, recent evidence documenting culturally divergent functions of the expression of anger suggests that its link with BHR may be moderated by culture. To test this prediction, we examined large probability samples of both Japanese and Americans using multiple measures of BHR, including pro-inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) and indices of cardiovascular malfunction (systolic blood pressure and ratio of total to HDL cholesterol). We found that the link between greater expression of anger and increased BHR was robust for Americans. As predicted, however, this association was diametrically reversed for Japanese, among whom greater expression of anger predicted reduced BHR. These patterns were unique to the expressive facet of anger and remained after we controlled for age, gender, health status, health behaviors, social status, and reported experience of negative emotions. Implications for sociocultural modulation of bio-physiological responses are discussed.
Impact of late-Holocene aridification trend, climate variability and geodynamic control on the environment from a coastal area in SW Spain
Authors: Jiménez-Moreno Gonzalo , Rodríguez-Ramírez Antonio , Pérez-Asensio José N , Carrión José S , López-Sáez José Antonio , Villarías-Robles Juan JR , Celestino-Pérez Sebastián , Cerrillo-Cuenca Enrique , León Ángel , Contreras Carmen
Published: January 2015

A detailed pollen analysis has been carried out on two sediment cores taken from a marsh area located in the Doñana National Park, southwestern Spain. The studied sedimentary sequences contain a similar late Holocene record of vegetation and climate and show a progressive aridification trend since at least 5000 cal. yr BP, through a decrease in forest cover in this area. Long-term vegetation changes shown here (semi-desert expansion and Mediterranean forest decline) paralleled declining summer insolation. Decreasing summer insolation most likely impacted negatively on tree growing season as well as on winter precipitation in the area. Superimposed on the long-term aridification trend were multi-centennial scale periods characterized by forest reductions or increases in arid and halophytic plants that can be interpreted as produced by enhanced droughts and/or by local geodynamic processes. These are centered at ca. 4000, 3000–2500, and 1000 cal. yr BP, coinciding in timing and duration with well-known dry events in the western Mediterranean and other areas but could have also been generated by local sedimentary or geodynamic processes such as a marine transgression in a subsidence context and extreme wave events (EWEs). The alternation of persistent North Atlantic Oscillation modes probably played an important role in controlling these relatively humid–arid cycles.
Socioeconomic Inequities in Health Care Utilization in China
Authors: Zhang Xin , Wu Qunhong , Shao Yongxiang , Fu Wenqi , Liu Guoxiang , Coyte Peter C.
Published: January 2015

The study assessed the present degree of inequity in health care utilization as well as the contributions of the main determinants in the context of expending health insurance coverage in China. Data were obtained from the 2008 National Health Services Survey (NHSS) in China. A concentration index was used to quantify the degree of income-related inequity in health care utilization. The need-standardized concentration indexes of outpatient care and inpatient care were 0.015 and 0.197, respectively. Income made the largest contribution to inequity favoring the better-off in the use of health care. The impacts of health insurance schemes on overall inequity varied according to the insurance memberships as well as types of services. The study revealed a pro-rich distribution of the probability of health care across income groups in China. Increased financial protection ability of medical insurance system remains a vital cornerstone to tackle the health care utilization inequity.
Investigation on local and global behaviors of pseudoelastic shape memory alloy wires in simple tensile test considering stress concentration of grippers
Authors: Kamrani Mehdi , Kadkhodaei Mahmoud
Published: January 2015

To investigate the local phenomena of nucleation and propagation in the simple tensile test of shape memory alloys, the existing models consider geometrical imperfections in the specimen to indirectly take the effects of grippers’ stress concentration into account. In this article, the grippers are directly modeled in studying shape memory alloy wires in simple tensile test. A finite element model is created in ABAQUS to determine the distributions of cross-sectional area and stress in a shape memory alloy wire when tightening the grippers. Then, using this stress distribution as the pre-stress, tension of the specimen is studied by employing a coupled thermomechanical model to obtain distributions of the stress, strain, martensite volume fraction, and temperature at any strain rate. The results indicate that the nucleation and propagation of transformation fronts are observed using this method of directly considering the pre-stress and initial area distribution due to fastening the grippers. It is also shown that the local and the nominal strains are not the same during nucleation and propagation of phase fronts. A simple tensile test is conducted on an NiTi wire, and a good agreement is seen between the experimental and the numerical stress–strain responses and local–nominal strain diagrams.
Trauma Systems in Kenya
Authors: Wesson Hadley K. H. , Stevens Kent A. , Bachani Abdulgafoor M. , Mogere Stephen , Akungah Daniel , Nyamari Jackim , Masasabi Wekesa John , Hyder Adnan A.
Published: January 2015

Injury is a leading cause of death and disability in low- and middle-income countries. Kenya has a particularly high burden of injuries, accounting for 88.4 deaths per 100,000 population. Despite recent attempts to prioritize injury prevention in Kenya, trauma care systems have not been assessed. We assessed perceptions of formal and informal district-level trauma systems through 25 qualitative semi-structured interviews and 16 focus group discussions with Ministry of Health officials, district hospital administrators, health care providers, police, and community members. We used the principles of theoretical analysis to identify common themes of prehospital and hospital trauma care. We found prehospital care relied primarily on “good Samaritans” and police. We described hospital care in terms of human resources, infrastructure, and definitive care. The interviewers repeatedly emphasized the lack of hospital infrastructure. We showed the need to develop prehospital care systems and strengthen hospital trauma care services.
Factors Associated With Exposure to Violent or Degrading Pornography Among High School Students
Authors: Romito Patrizia , Beltramini Lucia
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze pornography exposure in a sample of 702 Italian adolescents (46% males; mean age = 18.2, SD = 0.8). Among male students, 11% were not exposed, 44.5% were exposed to nonviolent material, and 44.5% were exposed to violent/degrading material. Among female students, 60.8% were not exposed, 20.4% were exposed to nonviolent material, and 18.8% were exposed to violent/degrading material. Among males, adjusted odds ratio (AdjOR) of exposure to violent/degrading pornography were higher if using alcohol, having friends who sell/buy sex, and taking sexual pictures. Females who were victims of family violence, attending technical/vocational schools, and taking sexual pictures had higher AdjOR of watching violent pornography; smoking and having friends who sell/buy sex were associated with both nonviolent and violent/degrading exposure. Exposure to violent/degrading pornography is common among adolescents, associated with at-risk behaviors, and, for females, it correlates with a history of victimization. School nurses have a pivotal role in including discussions about pornography in interventions about relationships, sexuality, or violence.
Dulaglutide
Authors: Thompson Angela M. , Trujillo Jennifer M.
Published: January 2015

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), dulaglutide, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed to identify publications from 1947 to October 2014 using the search terms dulaglutide and LY2189265. References were reviewed to identify additional resources. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles were included if they evaluated the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, or efficacy of dulaglutide. Data Synthesis: Dulaglutide reduces both glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and weight by stimulating insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon in a glucose-dependent manner, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety. Dulaglutide consists of 2 GLP-1 analogues that have been modified to make it a long-acting, once-weekly agent. Dulaglutide has been studied as monotherapy and in combination with metformin, glimepiride, pioglitazone, and insulin lispro. It has demonstrated superior A1C reduction compared with placebo, metformin, insulin glargine, sitagliptin, and twice-daily exenatide. It demonstrated noninferiority in A1C reduction to liraglutide. Dulaglutide changed A1C by −0.78% to −1.51%, and it changed weight by −0.35 kg to −3.03 kg. The most common adverse effects in clinical studies were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Conclusions: Dulaglutide is the fifth GLP-1 RA approved for T2D in the United States. It is an attractive option because it is dosed once-weekly, provides A1C lowering similar to liraglutide, weight reduction similar to exenatide, and has an adverse effect profile similar to exenatide and liraglutide.
Characteristics of and Risk Factors for Interstitial Lung Disease Induced by Chemotherapy for Lung Cancer
Authors: Sakurada Takumi , Kakiuchi Soji , Tajima Soichiro , Horinouchi Yuya , Okada Naoto , Nishisako Hirotaka , Nakamura Toshimi , Teraoka Kazuhiko , Kawazoe Kazuyoshi , Yanagawa Hiroaki , Nishioka Yasuhiko , Minakuchi Kazuo , Ishizawa Keisuke
Published: January 2015

Background: Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) is generally a serious adverse effect and almost always necessitates the discontinuation of the offending drug. Cancer pharmacotherapy is strongly associated with DILD, and the risk of DILD has been suggested to be higher in patients with lung cancer because of preexisting pneumonic disease. Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to identify the risk factors and prognostic factors for early death from interstitial lung disease (ILD) induced by chemotherapy for lung cancer. Methods: The medical records of 459 patients who underwent chemotherapy for lung cancer between April 2007 and March 2013 were analyzed with regard to patient background and DILD development, initial symptoms, and prognosis. Results: A total of 33 patients (7.2%) developed chemotherapy-induced ILD. The most frequently observed initial symptom was dyspnea (94.3%). Preexisting ILD was identified as a risk factor for DILD (odds ratio [OR] = 5.38; 95% CI = 2.47-11.73; P < 0.01). Among the 33 patients who developed DILD, 10 patients suffered an early death despite steroid therapy. Poor prognostic factors included epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) use (OR = 9.26; 95% CI = 1.05-82.0; P < 0.05) and 2 or more prior chemotherapy regimens (OR = 6.95; 95% CI = 1.14-42.3; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Many lung cancer patients have coexisting ILD, and these patients have a high risk of developing chemotherapy-induced ILD. In addition, patients with DILD who underwent EGFR-TKI therapy and 2 or more prior chemotherapy regimens had a higher risk of fatal outcome.
On the Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment, Trust, and Iranian EFL Teachers’ Job Satisfaction
Authors: Khany Reza , Tazik Khalil
Published: January 2015

This study aimed at relating trust and psychological empowerment to Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ job satisfaction. Participants were 217 (117 females and 100 males) Iranian EFL teachers teaching in secondary school. Four dimensions of psychological empowerment (meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact), three faculty trust (trust in principal, trust in colleague, and trust in students and parents), and two aspects of job satisfaction (intrinsic and extrinsic) were measured. The collected data were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling (SEM) using the AMOS 20 program. Results indicated that psychological empowerment was directly related to job satisfaction; however, trust was indirectly related to job satisfaction through psychological empowerment. Assuming job satisfaction as the causing factor, results indicated that job satisfaction could be directly related to other two variables. Findings have valuable implications for secondary school principals and authorities of Ministry of Education in higher levels.
Safety Assessment of Tin(IV) Oxide as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Johnson Wilbur , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: January 2015

Tin(IV) oxide functions as an abrasive, bulking, and opacifying agent in cosmetic products and is used at concentrations up to 0.4% in rinse-off products and up to 1.3% in leave-on products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) noted that tin(IV) oxide is a water-insoluble inorganic metal compound and should not be percutaneously absorbed; therefore, systemic exposure is not likely. Studies of dermal application of tin(IV) oxide were considered to determine toxicity at the site of application. The Panel concluded that tin(IV) oxide is safe in the present practices of use and concentration.