bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Defense of the Critical Philosophy: On Schelling's Departure from Kant and Fichte in Abhandlungen zur Erläuterung des Idealismus der Wissenschaftslehre (1796/1797)
Authors: Harry Chelsea C.
Published: July 2015

This article considers the second treatise of Schelling's Abhandlungen zur Erläuterung des Idealismus der Wissenschaftslehre (Treatises Explaining the Idealism of the Science of Knowledge, 1796/97), a lesser-known work from the early Schelling. Here, Schelling proposes to defend the critical position insofar as it purports to be a system based on human reason, but instead he issues a backhanded critique of the assumption on behalf of the critical philosophers to try and limit the bounds of pure reason by means of their own use of reason. Schelling then offers an alternative way to think about the relationship of mind (Geist) and matter in nature. This article argues that Schelling's actual explanation of the critical philosophy as a position founded by reasonable minds ultimately belies his promise to defend it, thus calling into question that Schelling's thought prior to 1800 was a mere reiteration of Kantian/Fichtean transcendentalism.
That Which Cannot Be Shared: On the Politics of Shame
Authors: Holmes Amanda
Published: July 2015

In the wake of a political project spanning three decades that was committted to a rhetoric of gay pride, a few queer theorists turned to the affect of shame to rethink queer politics in the twenty-first century. This article entertains the possibility of a politics of shame but ultimately suggests that a politics of shame presents an interesting paradox: shame, in one of its most important senses, seems to dissipate when it is made public or when it is shared. That is, the negative and isolating qualities that are constitutive of the affect of shame are negated when it is confessed. To confess one's shame is to destroy it. The impossibility of sharing shame renders it difficult to politicize. Drawing from Freud, Lacan, Jacques-Alain Miller, and Sartre, I posit a notion of shame that is constitutive of a kind of political subjectivity, though is not itself a programmatic politics.
Club Convergence in the Energy Intensity of China
Authors: Zhang Dayong , Broadstock David C.
Published: July 2015

We contribute to energy policy discourse in China by demonstrating the existence of multiple energy-intensity equilibria across its provinces. Using recently developed club convergence methods, we identify three unique clubs in China, each with markedly different energy intensity profiles. Unlike in previous studies, our club groupings do not strictly adhere to common geographic separations e.g. east, west and central divisions. To better understand what commonalities/disparities lay behind their groupings, we undertake a regression of the determinants of energy intensity, in a similar vein to a number of recent studies. Doing so, we demonstrate a number of significant differences in the determinants for each of the identified clubs, given which we are able to offer a rich set of policy implications. Not all determinants are common across the three clubs, and where they are common, they can differ both in magnitude and sign, reflecting the fundamental differences across the groups.
Seasonal variations of MLT tides revealed by a meteor radar chain based on Hough mode decomposition
Authors: Yu You , Wan Weixing , Ren Zhipeng , Xiong Bo , Zhang Yun , Hu Lianhuan , Ning Baiqi , Liu Libo
Published: July 2015

Seasonal variations of different tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are investigated from wind observations of a meteor radar chain on the basis of Hough mode decomposition. First, the observed winds are decomposed into different (diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal) tidal components. Different seasonal patterns are revealed for each component. Pronounced semiannual oscillation (SAO) is presented in the diurnal component, while latitude‐dependent seasonal variation is found in the semidiurnal and terdiurnal components. At the low/midlatitude stations, the semiannual/annual oscillation is relatively stronger. Then, Hough mode decomposition is utilized to extract the dominant tidal modes of each decomposed component. It is found that each component is dominated by one of its symmetric tidal modes with strong seasonal dependency. Apparent SAO is observed in the dominant (1, 1) mode; (2, 4) mode is strong in the autumn and winter months (after the September equinox). Based on the extracted results we further map the three‐dimensional distribution (latitude × altitude × season) of each tidal component. The mapped results are finally compared with the corresponding values observed by the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) and modeled from the global scale wave model (GSWM). Each mapped tidal component agrees well with corresponding TIDI observation in the seasonal variation. Meanwhile, coincidences are found in the seasonal dependency of the diurnal component between the mapped values and the modeled results from GSWM, while difference between them exists in that of the semidiurnal one.
Centrifugal acceleration at high altitudes above the polar cap: A Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Abudayyeh H. A. , Barghouthi I. A. , Slapak R. , Nilsson H.
Published: July 2015

A Monte Carlo simulation was used to study the outflow of O+ and H+ ions along three flight trajectories above the polar cap up to altitudes of about 15 RE. Barghouthi (2008) developed a model on the basis of altitude and velocity‐dependent wave‐particle interactions and a radial geomagnetic field which includes the effects of ambipolar electric field and gravitational and mirror forces. In the present work we improve this model to include the effect of the centrifugal force, with the use of relevant boundary conditions. In addition, the magnetic field and flight trajectories, namely, the central polar cap (CPC), nightside polar cap (NPC), and cusp, were calculated using the Tsyganenko T96 model. To simulate wave‐particle interactions, the perpendicular velocity diffusion coefficients for O+ ions in each region were determined such that the simulation results fit the observations. For H+ ions, a constant perpendicular velocity diffusion coefficient was assumed for all altitudes in all regions as recommended by Nilsson et al. (2013). The effect of centrifugal acceleration was simulated by considering three values for the ionospheric electric field: 0 (no centrifugal acceleration), 50, and 100 mV/m. It was found that the centrifugal acceleration increases the parallel bulk velocity and decreases the parallel and perpendicular temperatures of both ion species at altitudes above about 4 RE. Centrifugal acceleration also increases the temperature anisotropy at high altitudes. At a given altitude, centrifugal acceleration decreases the density of H+ ions while it increases the density of O+ ions. This implies that with higher centrifugal acceleration more O+ ions overcome the potential barrier. It was also found that aside from two exceptions centrifugal acceleration has the same effect on the velocities of both ions. This implies that the centrifugal acceleration is universal for all particles. The parallel bulk velocities at a given value of ionospheric electric field were highest in the cusp followed by the CPC followed by the NPC. In this study a region of no wave‐particle interaction was assumed in the CPC and NPC between 3.7 and 7.5 RE. In this region the perpendicular temperature was found to decrease with altitude due to perpendicular adiabatic cooling.
Terriglobus
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: July 2015

er.ri.glo'bus. L. fem. n.
terra
earth; L. masc. n.
globus
ball, clump; N.L. masc. n.
Terriglobus
clump of earth.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia / Acidobacteriales / Acidobacteriaceae / Terriglobus

Rod‐shaped cells
, 0.5–0.7 µm × 0.9–1.4 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Cells occur singly or in clumps
. Extracellular matrix produced.
Aerobic
, having an obligately aerobic metabolism.
Acidophilic
. Growth at pH 4.5–7.0, with optimum between pH 5–6. Catalase‐positive. Negative for oxidase activity. Chemoorganotrophic. Growth on a variety of sugars as well as succinate as the sole carbon source. Growth at 12–23°C, but not at 4 or 37°C. Nonmotile. The major fatty acid is C
16:1
ω7
c
/C
15:0
iso 2‐OH.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 59.8.

Type species
:
Terriglobus roseus
Eichorst, Breznak and Schmidt 2007a, 2716.)
Acanthopleuribacter
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: July 2015

A.can'tho.pleu.ri.bac'ter. N.L. n.
Acanthopleura
mollusk genus designation; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Acanthopleuribacter
a rod from
Acanthopleura
, in reference to the source of the type strain, the chiton
Acanthopleura japonica
.

Acidobacteria / Holophagae / Acanthopleuribacterales / Acanthopleuribacteraceae / Acanthopleuribacter

Rod‐shaped cells
, 0.7–1.0 µm × 2.4–4.7 µm. Gram‐negative by TEM inspection.
Aerobic
, having an obligately aerobic metabolism.
Mesophilic
. Growth at pH 5.0–9.0, optimally at pH 7.0–8.0. Do not reduce nitrate or nitrite. Chemoorganotrophic. Growth on a variety of amino acids including
L
‐serine, as well as α‐
D
‐glucose as the sole carbon source. Growth on marine agar from 15 to 30°C with optimum growth at 30°C.
Motile by peritrichous flagella
. The major quinones are menaquinone with six and seven isoprene units (MK‐6, MK‐8). The major fatty acids are C
15:0
iso, C
17:0
iso, C
16:0
; major hydroxy fatty acids are C
13:0
iso 3‐OH and C
17:0
iso 3‐OH.

Source
:
Acanthopleura japonica
chiton from the Boso peninsula, Chiba, Japan.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 56.7.

Type species
:
Acanthopleuribacter pedis
Fukunaga, Kurahashi, Yanagi, Yokota and Harayama 2008, 2600
VP
.
Geothrix
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: July 2015

Ge'o.thrix. Gr. n.
gê
earth; Gr. fem. n.
thrix
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Geothrix
hair of earth, refers to the cell morphology under fumarate‐reducing conditions.

Acidobacteria / Holophagae / Holophagales / Holophagaceae / Geothrix

Rod‐shaped cells
0.1 µm × 1–2 µm. Nonphotosynthetic. Nonsporeforming.
Cells occur singly and in chains
.
Anaerobic
, having an
obligately anaerobic metabolism
that can be
either fermentative or respiratory using nitrate
,
Mn
(
IV
),
anthraquinone‐2
,
6‐disulfonate
(
AQDS
),
poorly crystalline iron
(
III
)
oxide
,
and iron
(
III
)
chelated with nitrilotriacetic acid
[
Fe
(
III
)‐
NTA
]
or citrate as alternative electron acceptors
. Chemoorganotrophic. Growth on yeast extract and organic acids including acetate and lactate, but not on alcohols including ethanol. Capable of fermenting organic acids including citrate and fumarate. End products of citrate fermentation are acetate and succinate. Optimal growth is 35–40°C. No growth at or below 25°C. Nonmotile. Contains
c
‐type cytochromes.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): unknown.

Type species
:
Geothrix fermentans
Coates, Ellis, Gaw and Lovley 1999, 1620
VP
.
Ferrimicrobium
Authors: Norris Paul R.
Published: July 2015

Fer.ri.mi.cro'bi.um. L. n.
ferrum
iron; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Ferrimicrobium
iron microbe, referring to its capacity for ferrous iron oxidation.

Actinobacteria / Acidimicrobiia / Acidimicrobiales / Acidimicrobiaceae / Ferrimicrobium

Motile rods
, Gram‐stain‐negative.
Acidophilic
, mesophilic, and obligately heterotrophic. Capable of
oxidation of ferrous iron
and pyrite, and reduction of ferric iron. Grows with yeast extract or a limited range of organic compounds.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 55 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Ferrimicrobium acidiphilum
Johnson, Bacelar‐Nicolau, Okibe, Thomas and Hallberg 2009, 1087
VP
.
Ferrithrix
Authors: Norris Paul R.
Published: July 2015

Fer.ri.thr'ix. L. n.
ferrum
iron; Gr. fem. n.
thrix
hair, thread; N.L. fem. n.
Ferrithrix
iron thread, referring to filamentous nature and capacity for ferrous iron oxidation.

Actinobacteria / Acidimicrobiia / Acidimicrobiales / Acidimicrobiaceae / Ferrithrix

Grows as filaments
 (occasionally as single rods). Gram‐stain‐negative.
Acidophilic
,
thermotolerant
, or moderately thermophilic, with optimum growth at 43°C.
Obligately heterotrophic
. Grows on yeast extract, glycerol, or ethanol. Capable of
ferrous iron oxidation
and ferric iron reduction. Unknown growth factor(s) from yeast extract is (are) required for growth.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Ferrithrix thermotolerans
Johnson, Bacelar‐Nicolau, Okibe, Thomas and Hallberg 2009, 1088
VP
.
Iamia
Authors: Norris Paul R.
Published: July 2015

I.a'mi.a. N.L. fem. n.
Iamia
arbitrary name formed from the acronym of the Institute of Applied Microbiology at the University of Tokyo, which has made significant contributions to microbiology.

Actinobacteria / Acidimicrobiia / Acidimicrobiales / Iamiaceae / Iamia

Gram‐stain‐positive rods
. Aerobic. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Mesophilic. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐9(H
6
). The major whole‐cell fatty acids are C
17:0
, C
17:1
ω8
c
, C
15:0
, and C
16:0
. Isolated from the epidermis of a sea cucumber and grown on marine agar.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 74.

Type species
:
Iamia majanohamensis
Kurahashi, Fukunaga, Sakiyama, Harayama and Yokota 2009, 871
VP
.
Actinobaculum
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

Ac.ti.no.ba'cu.lum. Gr. n.actis, actinosray; L. neut. n.baculumrod, stick; N.L. neut. n.Actinobaculumray stick.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / Actinobaculum

On blood agar,cells are straight to slightly curved rods, some of which exhibit branching. Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast, and nonmotile and do not form spores. Anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐negative.Acid may or may not be produced from glucose.The major end product of glucose and/or maltose metabolism is acetate or lactate.Esculin and gelatin are not hydrolyzed. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Acetoin is not produced.The cell‐wall murein type is type A5a(L‐Lys–L‐Ala–Lys–D‐Glu orL‐Lys–Lys–D‐Glu). The major long‐chain cellular fatty acids are straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated components.

DNA G+C content (mol%): 55–57 (Tm).

Type species:Actinobaculum suis(Wegienek and Reddy 1982) Lawson, Falsen, Åkervall, Vandamme and Collins 1997, 902VP.
Varibaculum
Authors: Hall Val
Published: July 2015

Va.ri.ba'cu.lum. L. adj.
varus
bent, crooked; L. neut. n.
baculum
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Varibaculum
small bent rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / Varibaculum

Short, straight or curved diphtheroidal cells. Gram‐stain‐positive. Non‐acid‐fast. Non‐spore‐forming. Nonmotile. Facultatively anaerobic
, may grow poorly in air and air plus 5% CO
2
. Colonies are tiny, nondescript, and non‐hemolytic.
Catalase‐negative. End products of glucose metabolism are lactic and succinic acids with small amounts of acetic acid
. Acid is produced from glucose and some other sugars.
Hippurate is hydrolyzed
, but esculin, gelatin, and starch are not. Acetoin is not produced. Leucine arylamidase and α‐glucosidase are weakly positive. Arginine dihydrolase, indole, pyrazinaminidase, and urease‐negative.
Most isolates reduce nitrate to nitrite
. Major fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
18:0
, C
18:1
ω9
c
, and C
18:2
ω6,9
c
.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 51.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Varibaculum cambriense
Hall, Collins, Lawson, Hutson, Falsen, Inganas and Duerden 2003e, 644
VP
.
Actinopolyspora
Authors: Trujillo Martha E. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Ac.ti.no.po.ly.spo'ra. Gr. n.
aktis ‐inos
ray; Gr. adj.
polus
many; Gr. fem. n.
spora
seed and in biology a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Actinopolyspora
the many‐spored ray (fungus).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinopolysporales / Actinopolysporaceae / Actinopolyspora

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, acid‐fast, nonmotile actinomycetes that
form an extensively branched substrate mycelium about 1 µm in diameter
. Fragmentation of the substrate mycelium is occasionally observed near the colony center, but substrate hyphae are mostly non‐fragmented.
Sporophores containing 10 or more smooth‐walled coccobacillary and coccoid spores are produced basipetally on aerial hyphae.
Spores are not observed on the substrate mycelium.
Chemoorganotrophic and halophilic; 10–20% (w/v) NaCl is required for optimal growth. Temperature growth range is 30–50°C
. Whole‐organism hydrolyzates contain
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (
meso
‐A
2
pm), arabinose, and galactose. Muramic acid moieties are
N
‐acetylated.

Cells contain phosphatidylcholine as the diagnostic phospholipid and are rich in branched‐chain fatty acids, notably C
17:0
anteiso and C
15:0
iso, but lack mycolic acids. The predominant menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
) and MK‐9(H
6
).

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 64–68 (HPLC,
T
m
).

Type species
:
Actinopolyspora halophila
Gochnauer, Leppard, Komaratat, Kates, Novitsky and Kushner 1975, 1510
AL
.
Gardnerella
Authors: Storms Virginie , Vandamme Peter
Published: July 2015

Gard.ner.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.Gardnerellanamed after H.L. Gardner.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Bifidobacteriales / Bifidobacteriaceae / Gardnerella

Pleomorphic rods ~0.5 µm in diameter and 1.5–2.5 µm in length.Filaments do not occur. Neither capsules nor endospores are formed.Gram‐stain‐negative to Gram‐stain‐variable. Nonmotile.Facultatively anaerobic. Fastidious in growth requirements.Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative.Chemo‐organotrophic, with a fermentative type of metabolism.Acid, but no gas, is producedfrom a variety of carbohydrates, includingmaltose and starch. Acetic acid is the major product of fermentation.Hippurate is hydrolyzed. Human blood, but not sheep blood, is hemolyzed.Found in the human genital and urinary tracts.

DNA G+C content (mol%): 42–44 (Bd).

Type species:Gardnerella vaginalis(Gardner and Dukes 1 9 5 5) Greenwood and Pickett 1 9 8 0, 176VP(Haemophilus vaginalisGardner and Dukes 1 9 5 5, 963).
Metascardovia
Authors: Mattarelli Paola , Biavati Bruno
Published: July 2015

Me.ta.scar.do'vi.a. Gr. adv.
meta
besides; N.L. fem. n.
Scardovia
a bacterial genus name; N.L. fem. n.
Metascardovia
a genus besides
Scardovia
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Bifidobacteriales / Bifidobacteriaceae / Metascardovia

Gram‐stain‐positive, facultatively anaerobic actinomycete that produces short and irregular shaped rods. F6PPK‐positive; catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative.
Growth occurs at 25°C and 45°C (optimal at 37°C). Able to grow on cadmium fluoride acriflavin tellurite (CFAT) and
Lactobacillus
selection (LBS) agars (Okamoto et al., 2007a). Fermentation products from glucose are acetic and
L
‐(+)‐lactic acids in the molar ratio 3:2. 16S rRNA and HSP60 gene sequence data place
Metascardovia
in the family
Bifidobacteriaceae
. One species,
Metascardovia criceti
, has been described.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 53 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Metascardovia criceti
Okamoto, Benno, Leung and Maeda 2007b, 2449
VP
(Effective publication: Okamoto, Benno, Leung and Maeda 2007a, 752.).
Scardovia
Authors: Mattarelli Paola , Biavati Bruno
Published: July 2015

Scar.do'vi.a. N.L. fem. n.
Scardovia
named after Vittorio Scardovi, an Italian microbiologist who has made many contributions to our knowledge of bifidobacteria.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Bifidobacteriales / Bifidobacteriaceae / Scardovia

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile, anaerobic, rod‐shaped cells that are small and coccoid and of variable shape. Saccharoclastic. Glucose is degraded exclusively and characteristically through the fructose 6‐phosphate
(F6PPK; EC 4.1.2.22)
shunt
(see treatment of the genus
Bifidobacterium
, above). The products from glucose fermentation are
L
‐(+)‐lactic acid and acetic acid in the molar ratio of 1:2.9.
Dextran is fermented.
Found in human dental caries and plaque.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 45 ± 1 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Scardovia inopinata
(Crociani, Biavati, Alessandrini, Chiarini and Scardovi 1996) Jian and Dong 2002, 811
VP
(
Bifidobacterium inopinatum
Crociani, Biavati, Alessandrini, Chiarini and Scardovi 1996, 569).
Turicella
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: July 2015

Tu.ri.cel'la.
Turicum
proper name Turicum; L. fem. dim. suff. ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. dim. n.
Turicella
pertaining to Turicum, the Latin name of Zurich, Switzerland, where the first isolates were collected.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Corynebacteriaceae / Turicella

Cells are Gram‐stain positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming diphtheroids that occur as single cells or are arranged in V‐shaped forms or palisades. Colonies are circular, convex, and creamy in color and range from 1.0–2.0 mm in diameter after 48 h of incubation at 37°C on sheep blood agar.

Catalase positive and oxidase negative. Metabolism is respiratory. Cell wall contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose. Mycolic acids are not produced. The principal menaquinones

are
MK‐10 and MK
‐11. Major fatty acids are

C
16:0
, C
18:0
, and C
18:1
; tuberculostearic acid is produced

.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 65–72.

Type species
:
Turicella otitidis
Funke, Stubbs, Altwegg, Carlotti and Collins 1994, 272
VP
.
Dietzia
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: July 2015

Diet'zi.a. N.L. fem. n.
Dietzia
honoring Alma Dietz, an American microbiologist.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Dietziaceae / Dietzia

Gram‐stain‐positive
, non‐spore‐forming cocci that germinate into short rods. Rod‐shaped cells exhibit a morphogenetic cycle.
Aerobic
and
chemo‐organotrophic
.
Mesophilic
.
Catalase‐positive
. The diagnostic amino acid of the peptidoglycan is

meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

; the glycan moiety of cell wall contains
N
‐acetyl residues (
N
‐acetylmuramic acid). The major cell‐wall sugars are arabinose and galactose.
Short‐chain mycolic acids
with 33–39 carbon atoms are present. The long‐chain cellular fatty acids are predominantly straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
Tuberculostearic acid
is present. The polar lipids can include phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinnositol mannosides.
All species studied contain phosphatidylglycerol
.

Menaquinone MK‐8 (H
2
)

is the major menaquinone. Species of the genus have been isolated from air, soil, lake sediments, deep‐sea mud, deep‐sea sediments, plant tissues, skin, and intestines of carp, fish‐egg processing plant water, human perianal swab, human bone biopsy, and human skin.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 65.5–73.

Type species
:
Dietzia maris
(Nesterenko, Nogina, Kasumova, Kvasnikow and Batrako 1982) Rainey, Klatte, Kroppenstedt and Stackebrandt 1995b, 33
VP
.
Millisia
Authors: Soddell Jacques A. , Mcilroy Simon J. , Seviour Robert J.
Published: July 2015

Mil.li'si.a N.L. fem. n. named after Nancy F. Millis, a celebrated microbiologist who promoted wastewater microbiology in Australia

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Nocardiaceae / Millisia

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive to Gram‐stain‐variable, acid–alcohol‐fast, nonmotile, catalase‐positive actinomycete that
forms non‐sporing rods which show only rudimentary right‐angled branching and which contain polyphosphate storage granules. In stationary phase, the rods fragment into spherical unicells
(Figure 1). Salmon pink, irregular colonies with filamentous margins and sparse unbranched aerial hyphae are formed on glucose‐yeast extract agar. Colonies are matt and dry in appearance, soft in texture, and easy to emulsify. Diffusible pigments are not produced.

Whole‐organism hydrolysates are rich in
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose.

The organism contains
N
‐glycolated muramic acid residues,

a predominant dihydrogenated menaquinone with eight isoprene units, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannosides as major polar lipids. Mycolic acids have 44–52 carbon atoms (principal components C
48
, C
50
, and C
52
), and oleic, palmitic, and palmitoleic acids are the predominant fatty acids, with relatively small amounts of myristic, stearic, and tuberculostearic acids.

A member of the family
Nocardiaceae
in the order
Corynebacteriales
.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 64.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Millisia brevis
Soddell, Stainsby, Eales, Kroppenstedt, Seviour and Goodfellow 2006a, 742
VP
.
Rhodococcus
Authors: Jones Amanda L. , Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Rho.do.coc'cus. Gr. n.rhodonthe rose; N.L. masc. n.coccus(from Gr. masc. n.kokkosgrain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.Rhodococcusa red coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Nocardiaceae / Rhodococcus

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive to Gram‐stain‐variable, nonmotile actinomycetesthat are usually partially acid–alcohol‐fast at some stage of the growth cycle. Rods to extensively branched substrate mycelium may be formed. In all strains the growth cycle begins with the coccus or short rod stage, with different organisms showing a succession of more or less complex morphological stages by which the completion of the cycle is achieved. Cocci may germinate into short rods, form filaments with side projections, show elementary branching, or, in the most differentiated forms, produce extensively branched hyphae. The next generation of cocci and short rods are formed by fragmentation of the rods, filaments, and hyphae. Some strains form sparse microscopically visible aerial hyphae, which may be branched, or aerial synnemata consisting of unbranched filaments that coalesce and project upwards. Colonies may be rough, smooth, or mucoid and pigmented buff, cream, orange, red, or yellow, although colorless variants occur. Chemo‐organotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism. Catalase‐positive, arylsulfatase‐negative, and sensitive to lysozyme. Most strains grow well on standard media between 15 and 40°C, and use a wide range of organic compounds as sole sources of carbon for energy and growth.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 63–73 (HPLC,Tm).

Type species:Rhodococcus rhodochrous(Zopf 1889) Tsukamura 1974, 43VP.
Williamsia
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Wil.li.am'si.a. N.L. fem. n.
Williamsia
named to honor Stanley Thomas Williams (1937–2004), a British microbiologist, for his numerous contributions to the taxonomy and ecology of actinomycetes.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Nocardiaceae / Williamsia

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐sporing actinomycete which forms short rods. Aerobic and chemoheterotrophic.

The diagnostic amino acid is
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and the major cell‐wall sugars are arabinose

,
galactose
,
mannose
,
and ribose
. Short chain mycolic acids are present (carbon chain length, C
50
–C
56
). The fatty acid pattern is mainly composed of straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
Tuberculostearic acid is present in large amounts
(>
20
%
of the whole‐cell fatty acids
).
The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine
,
phosphatidylinositol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
and diphosphatidylglycerol
.
Dihydrogenated menaquinone with nine isoprene units is the only isoprenologue
. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, it is a member of the family
Gordoniaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 64–65 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Williamsia muralis
Kämpfer, Andersson, Rainey, Kroppenstedt and Salkinoja‐Salonen 1999, 686
VP
.
Cryptosporangium
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: July 2015

Cryp.to.spo.ran'gi.um. Gr. adj.
kruptos
hidden; N.L. n.
sporangium
[from Gr. n.
spora
a seed (and in biology a spore), and Gr. n.
angeion
(Latin transliteration
angium
) vessel], sporangium; N.L. neut. n.
Cryptosporangium
an organism with sporangia (spore containing vessels) covered or hidden by mycelium.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Cryptosporangiaceae / Cryptosporangium

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, aerobic organisms with branching hyphae. Non‐fragmentary substrate mycelia are present. The sporangia and aerial mycelia aggregate (Figure 109) and
sporangiospores show motility
when they are suspended in water. Morphology of a 2‐week‐old culture grown on inorganic salts‐starch agar shows the presence of aerial mycelia. Strictly aerobic. Good growth occurs at 20–25°C. The organism shows good growth on oatmeal agar, inorganic salts‐starch agar, and peptone‐yeast extract iron agar. In general, the vegetative mycelia are yellow to orange and the aerial mycelia are white. Cell walls contain glutamic acid, glucosamine, glycine, alanine, and
meso
‐DAP. Glucose and acofriose (3‐
O
‐methyl‐rhamnose) are detected as whole‐cell sugars. Major cellular fatty acids are C
17:1
, C
18:1
, and C
16:0
iso. The major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
6
); small amounts of MK‐9(H
4
) and MK‐9(H
8
) are also present. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol are present as diagnostic phospholipids. The acyl‐type of the cell wall polysaccharides is acetyl (Tamura et al., 1998). Isolated from soil.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.

Type species
:
Cryptosporangium arvum
Tamura, Hayakawa and Hatano 1998, 1003
VP
.
FIGURE
109. Light micrograph (a) and scanning electron micrographs (b–d) of
Cryptosporangium arvum
YU 629‐21
T
grown on humic acid‐vitamin agar for 14 d at 28°C. Bars: (b) = 50 µm; (c) = 10 µm; (d) = 5 µm. The sporangia are multilocular, 3–7 µm in diameter, hidden under the hyphal mats (hence the genus name) and contain motile spores (Tamura et al., 1998). (Reprinted with permission from Tamura et al. 1998. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.
48
: 995–1005.)
Modestobacter
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: July 2015

Mo.des.to.bac'ter. L. adj.
modestus
modest, humble; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod or staff; N.L. masc. n.
Modestobacter
a rod with modest growth requirements.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Geodermatophilaceae / Modestobacter

Gram‐positive, non‐spore‐forming. Short rods or cocci with a tendency to remain aggregated and form short,
multiseptate filaments
. These produce slender
buds
(Figure 1). Aerobic heterotrophs
able to grow in oligotrophic
medium. Typically
psychrotolerant
. Major fatty acids include C
18:1
, C
16:0
iso, and C
17:0
anteiso. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐9(H
4
). The cell wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐DAP as diamino acid, with alanine, glutamate and
meso
‐DAP present in a 2:1:1 stoichiometry.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): around 70.

Type species
:
Modestobacter multiseptatus
Mevs, Stackebrandt, Schumann, Gallikowski and Hirsch 2000, 344
VP
.
Haloactinopolyspora
Authors: Tang Shun‐Kun , Zhi Xiao‐Yang , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: July 2015

ha.lo.ac.ti.no.po.ly.spo'ra. Gr. n.
hals halos
salt; Gr. n.
actis, actinos
a ray; Gr. adj.
poly
many; Gr. n.
spora
a seed and, in biology, a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Haloactinopolyspora
salt‐loving and the many spored ray.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Jiangellales / Jiangellaceae / Haloactinopolyspora

Gram‐stain‐positive, strictly aerobic, moderately halophilic filamentous actinomycete. The substrate mycelium fragments into rod‐like elements, and the aerial mycelium has long spore chains and forms root‐like spore heaps at maturity (Figure 1). The growth is good on GTY agar and potato agar, moderate on Czapek's agar, inorganic salts‐starch agar (ISP 4), and oatmeal agar (ISP 3), weak on nutrient agar and glycerol/asparagine agar (ISP 5), but no growth is observed on yeast extract‐malt extract agar (ISP 2). The color of the aerial mycelium is white and that of the substrate mycelium was white‐yellow. No soluble pigments are produced.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70–71.

Type species
:
Haloactinopolyspora alba
Tang, Zhi, Wang, Shi, Lou, Xu and Li 2011, 199
VP
.
Jiangella
Authors: Zhi Xiao‐Yang , Tang Shun‐Kun , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: July 2015

Ji.ang.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Jiangella
named after the Chinese microbiologist Cheng‐Lin Jiang in recognition of his work on actinomycete taxonomy.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Jiangellales / Jiangellaceae / Jiangella

Gram‐stain‐positive, filamentous actinomycete. Aerobic, with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism. Catalase positive.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70–71.5.

Type species
:
Jiangella gansuensis
Song, Li, Wang, Chen, Zhang and Xu 2005, 883
VP
.
Kineococcus
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: July 2015

Ki.ne.o.coc'cus. Gr. n.
kinesis
motion; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a grain, seed; N.L. masc. n.
Kineococcus
a motile coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Kineosporiales / Kineosporiaceae / Kineococcus

Cells are spherical, 1.0–1.5 µm in diameter, and occur in pairs,
tetrads
,
or clusters
. Motile. The
motile cells have tufts of flagella
. Endospores are not formed. Gram‐stain‐positive. Colonies are circular and rough and may be cream colored to orange. Strictly aerobic. Catalase‐ and urease‐positive. Oxidase‐negative. Does not reduce nitrate to nitrite. Acid is produced from glucose and some other sugars. Esculin is hydrolyzed. Starch, gelatin, and casein are not hydrolyzed. The optimum growth temperature is 27°C. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐DAP, alanine, and glutamic acid. The major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
2
). Mycolic acid is not present. The major cellular fatty acid is C
15:0
anteiso. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified glycolipids are present as polar lipids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 73.9–74.2.

Type species
:
Kineococcus aurantiacus
Yokota, Tamura, Nishii and Hasegawa 1993, 56
VP
.
Kineosporia
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: July 2015

Ki.ne.o.spo'ri.a. Gr. n.
kinesis
motion; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed; N.L. fem. n.
spora
a spore; N.L. fem. n.
Kineosporia
an organism that has motile spores.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Kineosporiales / Kineosporiaceae / Kineosporia

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, and non‐acid‐fast. Colonies on agar medium lack aerial mycelia, form central projections with radiating vegetative hyphae (Figure 1), and are occasionally accompanied by bunches of spore clusters in the agar. Mature colonies have a gelatinous matrix that confers a glossy appearance. Spores, which are spherical to ovoid or pyriform with a long axis of 1±2 µm, are
catenated
around the central projection or are located singly or in aggregates at the tips of hyphae. The
spores are motile
with polar tufts of flagella (Figure 2). The peptidoglycan contains either almost equivalent amounts of
LL
‐ and
meso
‐DAP or mainly
LL
‐ or
meso
‐DAP. The spores contain predominantly
meso
‐DAP accompanied by glycine. The whole cultured organism contains galactose, glucose, mannose, and ribose. In addition to these sugars, rhamnose and 3‐
O
‐methylrhamnose may be present. Phosphatidylcholine is a diagnostic phospholipid and MK‐9(II,III‐H
4
) is present as a major component. The cellular fatty acid profile is composed mainly of n‐hexadecanoic acid and n‐octadecenoic acid, and lacks iso‐ and anteiso‐branched fatty acids. 10‐Methyloctadecanoic acid and 2‐hydroxyhexadecanoic acids are also present in some strains. Mycolic acids are absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69–71.

Type species
:
Kineosporia aurantiaca
Pagani and Parenti 1978, 401
AL
.
Quadrisphaera
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: July 2015

Qua.dri.spha'e.ra. L. pref. numer. adj.
quadr
‐ four; L. fem. n.
sphaera
a ball, a globe, a sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Quadrisphaera
fourfold balls, coccus in tetrad.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Kineosporiales / Kineosporiaceae / Quadrisphaera

Gram‐positive, non‐spore‐forming cocci, 1.2–3.0 µm in diameter,
occurring in tetrad
arrangements (Figure 1), fitting the morphological description of tetrad‐forming organisms described previously in sludge‐inhabiting microbes (Cech and Hartman, 1990). MK‐8(H
2
) is the predominant menaquinone. The phylogenetic position based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (Figure 2) should be in the family
Kineosporiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 75.

Type species
:
Quadrisphaera granulorum
Maszenan, Tay, Schumann, Jiang and Tay 2005, 1774
VP
.
Miniimonas
Authors: Kämpfer Peter
Published: July 2015

Mi.ni.i.mo'nas. L.adj.
minius
cinnabar‐red, vermilion; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Miniimonas
vermilion monad, referring to the cell mass color.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Beutenbergiaceae / Miniimonas

Cells are irregular rods
0.6 × 3.1 µm)
and cocci
(1.0–1.7 µm). Gram‐stain‐positive, not acid‐fast.
Endospores are not formed
.
Nonmotile
.
Facultatively
an
aerobic
. Good growth on complex organic media at 28–30°C. NaCl in the culture medium may be tolerated up to 5%.
Oxidase‐negative
,
catalase‐positive
. The
peptidoglycan type is A4
β based on
L
‐ornithine. The
acyl type is acetyl
. Whole cell sugars are
glucose
,
xylose
,
and ribose
. The predominant menaquinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

). The polar lipids consist of
phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylinositol
,
and one unknown phospholipid
.
The cellular fatty acid profile
is dominated by the occurrence of
iso‐ and anteiso‐branched‐chain acids
. Mycolic acids are absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the genus is closely related the other genera of the family
Beutenbergiaceae
(96.3–97.3%).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 74.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Miniimonas arenae
Ue, Matsuo, Kasai and Yokota 2011, 125
VP
.
Salana
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: July 2015

Sa.la'na. N.L. fem. n.
Salana
referring to the German river Saale, the source of the bioreactor culture.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Beutenbergiaceae / Salana

Irregular rods and cocci
,
sometimes club‐like forms
(
Figure
145). Gram‐stain‐positive. Facultatively anaerobic bacteria.
Anaerobically reduces selenate to elemental selenium
. A variety of organic electron donors may be utilized. The peptidoglycan is of the A4β type with an
L
‐Orn ←
L
‐Glu interpeptide bridge and an
L
‐Ser residue at position 1 of the peptide subunit. The polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and several unidentified phospholipids in minor amounts. The fatty acid pattern is of the iso and anteiso branched and straight chain saturated type. The major menaquinone is MK‐8(H
4
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 75.

Type species
:
Salana multivorans
von Wintzingerode, Göbel, Siddiqui, Rösick, Schumann, Frühling, Rohde, Pukall and Stackebrandt 2001, 1659
VP
.
Incertae sedis Actinotalea
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: July 2015

Ac.ti.no.ta'le.a. Gr. n.
aktis ‐inos
ray; L. fem. n.
talea
a slender staff, rod, stick; N.L. fem. n.
Actinotalea
ray stick.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Cellulomonadaceae / incertae sedis Actinotalea

Gram‐stain‐positive
, coryneform rods exhibiting polymorphism. Nonmotile.
Facultatively anaerobic
.
Diagnostic diamino acid
of the peptidoglycan is
L
‐ornithine and the

interpeptide bridge is
D
‐aspartate

.
Major fatty acids
are
C

14
:
0

,
C

15
:
0

anteiso,
and C

16
:
0

. The
major isoprenoid quinone is MK‐10
(

H
4

).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 76.

Type species
:
Actinotalea fermentans
(Bagnara, Toci, Gaudin and Belaich 1985) Yi, Schumann and Chun 2007, 155
VP
(
Cellulomonas fermentans
Bagnara, Toci, Gaudin and Belaich 1985, 506).
Dermabacter
Authors: Goodfellow Michael
Published: July 2015

Der.ma.bac'ter. Gr. n.
derma
skin; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of the Gr. neut. dim. n.
baktron
small rodlet; N.L. masc. n.
Dermabacter
small rod living on skin.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Dermabacteraceae / Dermabacter

Facultatively anaerobic, catalase‐positive, oxidase‐negative actinomycetes which ferment a range of sugars and
decarboxylate lysine and ornithine
.

Cell wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid

,
alanine
,
and glutamic acid
.
Long‐chain fatty acids are predominantly of the iso
‐,
anteiso‐methyl branched type
.
The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylglycerol
,
and a diglucosyldiacylglycerol with some phospholipids
.
Unsaturated menaquinones with nine isoprene units predominate
,
though corresponding components with seven and eight isoprene units occur in substantial amounts
. The phylogenetic position of
Dermabacter
, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in the family
Dermabacteraceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 62.0–63.0 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Dermabacter hominis
Jones and Collins 1989, 93
VP
(Effective publication: corrig. Jones and Collins 1988, 54.).
Kytococcus
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: July 2015

Ky.to.coc'cus. Gr. neut. n.
kytos
skin (
sic
); Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a grain; N.L. masc. n.
Kytococcus
a coccus from skin.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Dermacoccaceae / Kytococcus

Cells are coccoid. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonencapsulated. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile.
Chemoorganotrophic
;
metabolism is strictly respiratory
. Aerobic. Catalase positive. Nonhalophilic. Mesophilic.

The peptidoglycan type is type
L
‐Lys–Glu
2

, variation A4a. Mycolic acids and teichoic acids are absent.
Menaquinones with 7
,
8
,
9
,
and 10 completely unsaturated isoprene units
(
MK‐7
,
MK‐8
,
MK‐9
,
and MK‐10
)
predominate
.
The major cellular fatty acids are C

17
:
1

iso,
C

17
:
0

anteiso,
and C

17
:
0

iso. In addition, significant amounts of C
15:0
iso, or C
17:0
and C
15:0
may be present. The cytochromes of the type species are cytochromes
aa
3
,
c
626
,
c
550
,
b
557
,
b
561
, and
b
564
. The type species contains the polar lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol. The major aliphatic hydrocarbons of the type species are C
30
–C
33
hydrocarbons. Phylogenetically a member of the family
Dermacoccaceae
, order
Actinomycetales
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–69.

Type species
:
Kytococcus sedentarius
(ZoBell and Upham 1944) Stackebrandt, Koch, Gvozdiak and Schumann, 1995, 687
VP
(
Micrococcus sedentarius
ZoBell and Upham 1944; Kloos, Tornabene and Schleifer 1974, 84).
Oryzihumus
Authors: Kageyama Akiko , Takahashi Yōko
Published: July 2015

Ory.zi.hu'mus. L. fem. n.
oryza
rice; L. masc. n.
humus
soil; N.L. masc. n.
Oryzihumus
rice soil.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Oryzihumus

Gram‐stain‐positive
,
catalase‐positive
,
aerobic
,
nonmotile irregular rods
. The peptidoglycan is of the A type of direct cross‐linkage and contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid. The acyl type of the glycan chain of peptidoglycan is acetyl. Mycolic acids are absent. The major menaquinone is
MK‐8
(

H
4

). The fatty acid profile is dominated by
C

16
:
0

iso and C

15:
0

iso. Phylogenetically, this genus is a member of the family
Intrasporangiaceae
, order
Micrococcales
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72–73.

Type species
:
Oryzihumus leptocrescens
Kageyama, Takahashi, Seki, Tomoda and Ōmura 2005, 2558
VP
.
Phycicoccus
Authors: Lee Soon Dong
Published: July 2015

Phy.ci.coc'cus. L. n.
phycos ‐i
from Gr. n.
phukos
seaweed; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
from Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Phycicoccus
coccus from seaweed.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Phycicoccus

Cells are
spherical
(0.3–1.0
μ
m in diameter) or rod‐shaped (0.5–0.9 × 1.1–2.0
μ
m).
Aerobic
. Gram‐stain‐positive.
Nonspore‐forming
.
Nonmotile
.
Catalase‐positive
. Colonies are circular, smooth, convex and white, cream, or yellow in color. Optimum growth temperature is 28–30°C.
Chemoorganotrophic
. Several carbohydrates are assimilated. Cell wall contains
N
‐acetylated murein and
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (
meso
‐DAP). The predominant menaquinone is tetrahydrogenated with eight isoprene units [MK‐8(H
4
)]. The fatty acids are mainly of
iso
‐methyl‐branched, unsaturated and saturated types with substantial amount of
anteiso
‐methyl‐branched and 10‐methyl fatty acids. Mycolic acids are not present. The phospholipids include diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The presence of phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylglycerol is variable depending upon strains. Phylogenetically the genus belongs to the family
Intrasporangiaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 70.5–74.0.

Type species
:
Phycicoccus jejuensis
Lee 2006, 2371
VP
.
Terrabacter
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: July 2015

Ter.ra.bac'ter. L. n.
terra
earth; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Terrabacter
earth (soil) rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Intrasporangiaceae / Terrabacter

A rod–coccus growth cycle occurs during growth in complex media
. Irregular rods are observed in exponential phase cultures; stationary phase cultures are composed mainly of coccoid cells. Both rods and coccoid forms are Gram‐stain‐positive. Cells are non‐acid‐fast and nonsporeforming. Rods nonmotile or motile. Growth at 10°C and 35°C. Optimum temperature for growth approximately 25–30°C. Growth in 5% NaCl. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative.
Obligatory aerobic
. Acid is not produced from glucose and other sugars in peptone‐based media. Cellulose is not hydrolyzed. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite by two species.

The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
LL
‐2

,
6‐diaminopimelic acid
(
variation A3
γ)
as the diamino acid
;
the interpeptide bridge consists of three glycine residues
.
Mycolic acids are absent
.
Major long‐chain cellular fatty acid is C

15
:
0

iso;
C

14
:
0

iso,
C

15
:
0

anteiso,
and C

16
:
0

iso are present in lesser amounts;
C

17
:
0

anteiso and C

16:
1

iso may be present.
The polar lipids comprise diphosphatidylglycerol
,
phosphatidylethanolamine
,
and phosphatidylinositol
.
The major isoprenoid quinones are tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with eight isoprene units
[
MK‐8
(

H
4

)].

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 69.8 to 73.4.

Type species
:
Terrabacter tumescens
(Jensen 1934) Collins, Dorsch and Stackebrandt 1989, 6 (
Corynebacterium tumescens
Jensen 1934, 45;
Arthrobacter tumescens
Conn and Dimmick 1947, 302;
Pimelobacter tumescens
Suzuki and Komagata 1983, 70).
Agreia
Authors: Evtushenko Lyudmila I.
Published: July 2015

Ag.re'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Agreia
named in honor of Nina S. Agre, a Russian microbiologist.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Agreia

Irregular
,
slender rods
(mean 0.4–0.6 × 1.5–2.5
μ
m). Some cells are arranged at an angle to each other to give V‐formations.
Nonsporeforming
.
Gram‐stain‐positive
in terms of cell‐wall composition, but the cells are
readily decolorized
. Non‐acid‐fast.
Chemo‐organotrophs
, having a respiratory type of metabolism.
Obligately aerobic
;
catalase‐positive
. Acid is produced from some carbohydrates oxidatively. Nutritionally fastidious. Growth is moderate to good on standard laboratory media based on peptone, yeast extract, and glucose at near neutral pH. Colonies are typically yellow or yellow‐orange and may become red‐orange or brown‐orange with age. Mostly mesophilic with a growth optimum at ~24–26°C.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65–67.

Type species
:
Agreia bicolorata
Evtushenko, Dorofeeva, Dobrovolskaya, Streshinskaya, Subbotin and Tiedje 2001, 2077
VP
.
Agrococcus
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Busse Hans‐Jürgen
Published: July 2015

Ag.ro.coc'cus. Gr. n.
agros
field or soil; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Agrococcus
a coccus from soil.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Agrococcus

Irregular
,
spherical
,
ovoid or short rods
, 0.7–1.0 µm in diameter and 1.1–1.7 µm in length. Cells occur singly and in pairs, short flexible chains, or small irregular clusters. Nonsporeforming.
Gram‐stain‐positive
and
nonmotile
.
Aerobic
or
microaerobic
. Colonies are circular, convex, and smooth; the pigmentation varies between white, cream, yellow, and orange depending on culture conditions. Colony size ranges from 2–7 mm. Catalase‐positive; oxidase‐negative.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65–75.

Type species
:
Agrococcus jenensis
Groth, Schumann, Weiss, Martin and Rainey 1996, 239
VP
.