bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on cellulose/nylon 6 lithium battery separators modification by
polyacrylonitrile in ionic liquid [Emim]Ac
Authors: Wang Aiai , Sun Zhonghua , Ning Ruxia , Liang Jie , Li Li , Zhou Xiangsheng
Published: August 2019

In this study, a thermally stable and eco-friendly separator was prepared of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) modified cellulose/nylon 6 with PVP K30 used as the porogen, and using ionic liquid [Emim]Ac as the solvent. The effects of PAN concentration on the mechanical properties, liquid absorption, liquid retention, porosity and thermal stability of the separators were studied. The characteristics of modified separator were investigated through the methods of SEM, N2-adsorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle measurements and electrochemical characterization. The results showed that the optimal composition of the casting solution in the ionic liquid was: 3wt% (PAN), 4wt% (cellulose), 3wt% (nylon 6), 4wt% (PVP K30). In this case, the tensile strength of the separator could reach 71.24MPa, and the elongation at break reached 33.7%. The electrolyte uptake, retention rate and porosity could reach 225.3%, 66.7% and 55.7%, respectively. The maximum thermal shrinkage stress and the thermal shrinkage rate reached 1.27N and 2.0%. The electrochemical window increased to 4.5V. The related characterization indicated that the mechanical properties, thermal stability, pore distribution, wettability and electrochemical properties of the modified separator were improved comparing with the unmodified separator. This work may provide a new method for preparing lithium-ion battery separators with high biocompatibility and good safety.
Healthy Soils for Healthy Vines
Authors: White Robert , Krstic Mark
Published: August 2019

Healthy Soils for Healthy Vines provides a clear understanding of vineyard soils and how to manage and improve soil health for best vineyard performance. It covers the inherent and dynamic properties of soil health, how to choose which soil properties to monitor, how to monitor soil and vine performance, and how vineyard management practices affect soil health, fruit composition and wine sensory characters. It also covers the basic tenets of sustainable winegrowing and their significance for business resilience in the face of a changing climate.
This book will be of practical value to anyone growing grapevines, managing a vineyard or making wine, from the small individual grower to the large wine company employee. It will be of special interest to winegrowers employing organic, natural or biodynamic methods of production, where the primary focus is on the biological health of the soil.
Australian Bird Names
Authors: Fraser Ian , Gray Jeannie
Published: August 2019

This second edition of Australian Bird Names is a completely updated checklist of Australian birds and the meanings behind their common and scientific names, which may be useful, useless or downright misleading!
For each species, the authors examine the many-and-varied common names and full scientific name, with derivation, translation and a guide to pronunciation. Stories behind the name are included, as well as relevant aspects of biology, conservation and history. Original descriptions, translated by the authors, have been sourced for many species.
As well as being a book about names, this is a book about the history of the ever-developing understanding of birds, about the people who contributed to this understanding and, most of all, about the birds themselves. This second edition has been revised to follow current taxonomy and understanding of the relationships between families, genera and species. It contains new taxa, updated text and new vagrants and will be interesting reading for anyone with a love of birds, words or the history of Australian biology and bird-watching.
Coordinated internodal and paranodal adhesion controls accurate myelination by oligodendrocytes
Authors: Elazar Nimrod , Vainshtein Anya , Rechav Katya , Tsoory Michael , Eshed-Eisenbach Yael , Peles Elior
Published: August 2019

Oligodendrocyte–axon contact is mediated by several cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that are positioned at distinct sites along the myelin unit, yet their role during myelination remains unclear. Cadm4 and its axonal receptors, Cadm2 and Cadm3, as well as myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), are enriched at the internodes below the compact myelin, whereas NF155, which binds the axonal Caspr/contactin complex, is located at the paranodal junction that is formed between the axon and the terminal loops of the myelin sheath. Here we report that Cadm4-, MAG-, and Caspr-mediated adhesion cooperate during myelin membrane ensheathment. Genetic deletion of either Cadm4 and MAG or Cadm4 and Caspr resulted in the formation of multimyelinated axons due to overgrowth of the myelin away from the axon and the forming paranodal junction. Consequently, these mice displayed paranodal loops either above or underneath compact myelin. Our results demonstrate that accurate placement of the myelin sheath by oligodendrocytes requires the coordinated action of internodal and paranodal CAMs.
Healthy attachments: Cell adhesion molecules collectively control myelin integrity
Authors: Li Jiaxing , Monk Kelly R.
Published: August 2019

Many cell adhesion molecules are present along myelinated axons and in myelinating glia, but functional interactions among these proteins have not been fully elucidated. In this issue, Elazar et al. (2019. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201906099) report that distinct adhesion proteins act in coordination to ensure accurate myelination.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a patient with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy syndrome: a case report
Authors: Tsanaxidis Nikolaos , Elshafie Sally , Munir Shahzad
Published: August 2019

Background

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) syndrome is a genetically inherited condition most notably affecting the central nervous system in young adults. There is limited knowledge on its association with coronary arteries, and its association with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) has not been previously reported.

Case summary

A 61-year-old woman who is known to have CADASIL syndrome presented with anterior ST-segment myocardial infarction and underwent emergency angiography. This showed appearance consistent with SCAD in the mid left anterior descending artery with tubular stenosis.

Discussion

The association between CADASIL syndrome and SCAD has not been previously reported. The similarity in the underlying pathophysiology of these two conditions makes this case intriguing.
Whose Game? FIFA, Corruption and the Challenge of Global Governance
Authors: Gill Sahiba , Adelus Edouard , de Abreu Duarte Francisco
Published: August 2019

The present review essay provides an analysis of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) from the point of view of global governance. Through a review of five books on corruption in FIFA, written for a general audience, the essay describes FIFA as an institution of global governance in which several forms of corruption are widespread among its member organizations and confederations and within the FIFA leadership. This review essay uses the accounts of corruption in FIFA that these books provide to argue that corruption helps solve coordination problems in FIFA by coordinating divergent interests, allocating or distributing funds and allowing for a network of diverse and diffuse actors to fundamentally shape global football. The systemic use of bribing and the exchange of political favours and other means of informal allocation of power are more than mere spontaneous illegalities; they represent an informal, but systematic, means of governance in FIFA. We argue that the February 2016 FIFA reforms fell short of addressing this activity. The reviewed books all call for governing FIFA in the public interest, and the essay presents some pathways to reform and potential replacements for the use of corruption with the aim of returning the game to the general public.
Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting Loblolly Pine Health in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Coyle David R , Barnes Brittany F , Klepzig Kier D , Koch Frank H , Morris Lawrence A , Nowak John T , Otrosina William J , Smith William D , Gandhi Kamal J K
Published: August 2019

Southern pine forests are important fiber and wood sources, and critical to local, regional, and national economies in the United States. Recently, certain areas of southern pine forests, especially those dominated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), have been reported to exhibit abnormally high levels of tree dieback and mortality. However, causal agents either have not been well defined or are controversial in their impacts on tree health. We assessed various abiotic (e.g., slope, aspect, soil characteristics) and biotic (e.g., tree species, stand characteristics, presence of root fungi) factors in 37 healthy (asymptomatic) and unhealthy (symptomatic) sites to elucidate specific factors affecting loblolly pine health in Alabama and Georgia. Soil nutrient content did not differ statistically between healthy and unhealthy sites, but manganese contents were slightly greater, and nitrogen and carbon contents were slightly lower in healthy sites. Unhealthy sites did have a higher silt content than did healthy sites. Pine stems and basal area were greater on unhealthy than on healthy sites, whereas opposite trends were observed for the incidence of stem cankers and mechanical damage. An increased incidence of the root fungal pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare, the causal agent of Heterobasidion root disease, was found on unhealthy sites, but incidence of Leptographium spp. did not differ between the two site types. Thus, soil attributes, stand structure, and management history seem to be the most critical factors affecting loblolly pine health, at least at the local level. Further, some of these factors may be improved through appropriate silvicultural techniques, emphasizing the importance of silviculture in maintaining pine health throughout the southern region.
The Strength of Weak Review: National Courts, Interpretive Canons, and Human Rights Treaties
Authors: Lupu Yonatan , Verdier Pierre-Hugues , Versteeg Mila
Published: August 2019

Enforcement of international law is often delegated to national courts, creating a space for them to play a part in international judicialization. Under what conditions can they do so? We argue that the answer depends on the relationship between the political and legal constraints national courts face. National courts must be careful to safeguard their independence in the face of potential backlash, but they face constraints in terms of the legal mechanisms available to them when enforcing international law. We focus on the availability of two legal mechanisms: direct effect, under which courts apply treaties directly, setting aside inconsistent domestic laws; and canons of interpretation, under which courts strive to interpret domestic laws in conformity with treaties. We find that the effects of human rights treaty ratification is greater when courts have the canon available to them than it is when courts have direct effect available to them.
A semi-automated pipeline for fulfillment of resource requests from a longitudinal Alzheimer's disease registry
Authors: McKenzie Katelyn A , Hunt Suzanne L , Hulshof Genevieve , Mudaranthakam Dinesh Pal , Meyer Kayla , Vidoni Eric D , Burns Jeffrey M , Mahnken Jonathan D
Published: August 2019

Objective

Managing registries with continual data collection poses challenges, such as following reproducible research protocols and guaranteeing data accessibility. The University of Kansas (KU) Alzheimer’s Disease Center (ADC) maintains one such registry: Curated Clinical Cohort Phenotypes and Observations (C3PO). We created an automated and reproducible process by which investigators have access to C3PO data.

Materials and Methods

Data was input into Research Electronic Data Capture. Monthly, data part of the Uniform Data Set (UDS), that is data also collected at other ADCs, was uploaded to the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC). Quarterly, NACC cleaned, curated, and returned the UDS to the KU Data Management and Statistics (DMS) Core, where it was stored in C3PO with other quarterly curated site-specific data. Investigators seeking to utilize C3PO submitted a research proposal and requested variables via the publicly accessible and searchable data dictionary. The DMS Core used this variable list and an automated SAS program to create a subset of C3PO.

Results

C3PO contained 1913 variables stored in 15 datasets. From 2017 to 2018, 38 data requests were completed for several KU departments and other research institutions. Completing data requests became more efficient; C3PO subsets were produced in under 10 seconds.

Discussion

The data management strategy outlined above facilitated reproducible research practices, which is fundamental to the future of research as it allows replication and verification to occur.

Conclusion

We created a transparent, automated, and efficient process of extracting subsets of data from a registry where data was changing daily.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Pressure Applied by Custom Fabricated Garments Worn by Adult Burn Survivors
Authors: Nedelec Bernadette , De Oliveira Ana , Calva Valerie , Couture Marie-Andrée , Poulin Chantale , LaSalle Leo , Correa José A
Published: August 2019

Custom fabricated pressure garments (PGs) are commonly used to prevent or treat hypertrophic scars (HSc) after burn injury. However, there is minimal scientific evidence quantifying pressure after standard measurement and fitting techniques. Adult burn survivors whose HSc was treated with PGs were recruited. Trained fitters, blinded to study locations and results, took the garment measures. Once the PGs arrived and were fitted, baseline pressure measures at HSc and normal skin (NS) sites were determined using the Pliance X® System. Pressure readings were repeated at 1, 2, and 3 months. The mean baseline pressure was 15.3 (SD 10.4) at HSc and 13.4 (SD 11.9) at NS sites. There was a significant reduction during the first month at both sites (P = .0002 HSc; P = .0002 NS). A multivariable linear regression mixed model, adjusting for garment type, baseline pressure, and repeated measures, revealed further reduction at HSc sites between 1 and 2 months (P = .03). By 3 months, the mean pressure reduced to 9.9 (SD 6.7) and 9.15 (SD 7.2) mm Hg at HSc and NS sites, respectively. At each time point, the pressure was higher at HSc compared with NS but was significantly different only at 1 month (P = .01). PGs were worn ≥12 hr/d 7 d/wk. PGs that apply 15 to 25 mm Hg pressure significantly improve HSc; however, immediately after fitting newly fabricated PGs, the average pressure was at the bottom of the recommended range and by 1 month was significantly below. Clinicians are likely underestimating the dosage required and the significant pressure loss within the first 2 months.
Autophagy Is a Common Degradation Pathway for Bunina Bodies and TDP-43 Inclusions in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Mori Fumiaki , Miki Yasuo , Kon Tomoya , Tanji Kunikazu , Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: August 2019

Bunina bodies (BBs) coexisting with TDP-43-immunoreactive (TDP-43-IR) skein-like inclusions (SIs) and round inclusions (RIs) in lower motor neurons are a frequent feature of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS). Since previous studies have shown that BBs and TDP-43-IR inclusions are often detected in association with autophagy-related structures (autophagosomes and autolysosomes), we examined the anterior horn cells (AHCs) of the spinal cord from 15 patients with sALS and 6 control subjects, using antibodies against autophagy-related proteins (LC3, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D). Among AHCs with SIs, 43.9% contained BBs, whereas 51.7% of AHCs with RIs did so. The cytoplasm of AHCs showed diffuse immunoreactivity for LC3, cathepsin B and cathepsin D in both sALS and controls. Ultrastructurally, SIs and mature BBs contained autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Mature BBs were localized in the vicinity of SIs. RIs also contained autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and early-stage BBs. These findings suggest that autophagy is a common degradation pathway for BBs and TDP-43-IR inclusions, which may explain their frequent coexistence.
Duties and challenges of the regulation related to decommissioning and abandonment of oil wells in Colombia
Authors: Boza Marianna , Gutierrez Rico Ana Paola
Published: August 2019

Under Colombian petroleum legislation, certain procedures must be applied when an oil well that has been drilled turns out to be dry or must be abandoned due to mechanical problems. In these cases the steps of physical abandonment, dismantling of facilities and restoration must be fulfilled, a situation that can occur in any of the phases of the contract, leading to a variation in the obligations by the concessionaire according to the activities that must be performed in each phase. The Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH by its acronym in Spanish) is the administrator of the hydrocarbon resource in Colombia and within its functions is the concession aire of the areas for the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. This document highlights the role of the ANH as a contractual subject and responsible for compliance with the contractual obligations between the Agency and the concessionaires as well as the rules and regulations established by law. Liabilities may arise in relation to non-fulfilment of these obligations, which have led to a series of solution mechanisms being devised, according to the special nature of the concession.
Enhancing multi-center generalization of machine learning-based depression diagnosis from resting-state fMRI
Authors: Nakano Takashi , Takamura Masahiro , Ichikawa Naho , Okada Go , Okamoto Yasumasa , Yamada Makiko , Suhara Tetsuya , Yamawaki Shigeto , Yoshimoto Junichiro
Published: August 2019

Resting-state fMRI has the potential to find abnormal behavior in brain activity and to diagnose patients with depression. However, resting-state fMRI has a bias depending on the scanner site, which makes it difficult to diagnose depression at a new site. In this paper, we propose methods to improve the performance of the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) at an independent site by reducing the site bias effects using regression. For this, we used a subgroup of healthy subjects of the independent site to regress out site bias. We further improved the classification performance of patients with depression by focusing on melancholic depressive disorder. Our proposed methods would be useful to apply depression classifiers to subjects at completely new sites.
Systematic integration of GATA transcription factors and epigenomes via IDEAS paints the regulatory landscape of mouse hematopoietic cells
Authors: Hardison Ross C. , Zhang Yu , Keller Cheryl A. , Xiang Guanjue , Heuston Elisabeth , An Lin , Lichtenberg Jens , Giardine Belinda M. , Bodine David , Mahony Shaun , Li Qunhua , Yue Feng , Weiss Mitchell J. , Blobel Gerd , Taylor James , Hughes Jim , Higgs Doug , Gottgens Berthold
Published: August 2019

Members of the GATA family of transcription factors play key roles in the differentiation of specific cell lineages by regulating the expression of target genes. Three GATA factors play distinct roles in hematopoietic differentiation. In order to better understand how these GATA factors function to regulate genes throughout the genome, we are studying the epigenomic and transcriptional landscapes of hematopoietic cells in a model-driven, integrative fashion. We have formed the collaborative multi-lab VISION project to conduct ValIdated Systematic IntegratiON of epigenomic data in mouse and human hematopoiesis. The epigenomic data included nuclease accessibility in chromatin, CTCF occupancy, and histone H3 modifications for twenty cell types covering hematopoietic stem cells, multilineage progenitor cells, and mature cells across the blood cell lineages of mouse. The analysis used the Integrative and Discriminative Epigenome Annotation System (IDEAS), which learns all common combinations of features (epigenetic states) simultaneously in two dimensions - along chromosomes and across cell types. The result is a segmentation that effectively paints the regulatory landscape in readily interpretable views, revealing constitutively active or silent loci as well as the loci specifically induced or repressed in each stage and lineage. Nuclease accessible DNA segments in active chromatin states were designated candidate cis-regulatory elements in each cell type, providing one of the most comprehensive registries of candidate hematopoietic regulatory elements to date. Applications of VISION resources are illustrated for regulation of genes encoding GATA1, GATA2, GATA3, and Ikaros. VISION resources are freely available from our website http://usevision.org.
Hedgehog signaling regulates neurogenesis in the larval and adult zebrafish hypothalamus
Authors: Male Ira , Ozacar A. Tuba , Fagan Rita R. , Loring Matthew , Shen Meng-Chieh , Pace Veronica , Devine Chris , Lutservitz Alyssa , Karlstrom Rolf O.
Published: August 2019

While neurogenesis in the adult hypothalamus is now known to be essential for proper function, the cell-cell signaling events that regulate neurogenesis in this evolutionarily conserved brain region remain poorly understood. Here we show that Hedgehog (Hh)/Gli signaling positively regulates hypothalamic neurogenesis in both larval and adult zebrafish and is necessary and sufficient for normal hypothalamic proliferation rates. Hedgehog-responsive cells are relatively rapidly proliferating pluripotent neural precursors that give rise to dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurons.in situand transgenic reporter analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity in cell-cell signaling within the hypothalamic niche, with slow cycling Nestin-expressing cells residing among distinct and overlapping populations of Sonic Hh (Shh)-expressing, Hh-responsive, Notch-responsive, and Wnt-responsive radial glia. This work shows for the first time that Hh/Gli-signaling is a key component of the complex cell-cell signaling environment that regulates hypothalamic neurogenesis throughout life.
The CHORD protein CHP-1 regulates EGF receptor trafficking and signaling inC. elegansand in human cells
Authors: Haag Andrea , Walser Michael , Henggeler Adrian , Hajnal Alex
Published: August 2019

The intracellular trafficking of growth factor receptors determines the activity of their downstream signaling pathways. The putative co-chaperone CHP-1 acts as a regulator of EGFR trafficking duringC.elegansvulval development. Loss ofchp-1causes the retention of the EGFR in the ER and decreased MAPK signaling. CHP-1 functions specifically, as the localization of other receptors is unaltered inchp-1(lf)mutants, and inhibiting other co-chaperones does not affect EGFR localization. The role of CHP-1 during EGFR trafficking is conserved in humans. Analogous toC.elegans, the response of CHP-1-deficient human cells to EGF stimulation is attenuated, the EGFR accumulates in the ER and ERK2 activity is decreased. Although CHP-1 has been proposed to act as a co-chaperone for HSP90, our data indicate an HSP90-independent function of CHP-1. The identification of CHP-1 as a regulator of EGFR trafficking opens the possibility to identify small molecule chaperone inhibitors targeting the EGFR pathway with increased selectivity.
Developmental stage-specific distribution of macrophages in mouse mammary gland
Authors: Stewart Teneale A. , Hughes Katherine , Hume David A. , Davis Felicity M.
Published: August 2019

Mammary gland development begins in the embryo and continues throughout the reproductive life of female mammals. Tissue macrophages (Mϕs), dependent on signals from the Mϕ colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), have been shown to regulate the generation, regression and regeneration of this organ, which is central for mammalian offspring survival. However, the distribution of Mϕs in the pre- and post-natal mammary gland, as it undergoes distinct phases of development and regression, is unknown or has been inferred from immunostaining of thin tissue sections. Here, we used optical tissue clearing and 3-dimensional imaging of mammary tissue obtained fromCsf1r-EGFPmice. Whilst tissue Mϕs were observed at all developmental phases, their abundance, morphology, localization and association with luminal and basal epithelial cells exhibited stage-specific differences. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism was observed at E14.5, when the male mammary bud is severed from the overlying epidermis. These findings provide new insights into the localization and possible functions of heterogeneous tissue Mϕ populations in mammogenesis.
Towards large‐scale stochastic refraction tomography: a comparison of three evolutionary algorithms
Authors: Luu Keurfon , Noble Mark , Gesret Alexandrine , Thierry Philippe
Published: August 2019

The main goal of this study is to assess the potential of evolutionary algorithms to solve highly non‐linear and multi‐modal tomography problems (such as first arrival traveltime tomography) and their abilities to estimate reliable uncertainties. Classical tomography methods apply derivative‐based optimization algorithms that require the user to determine the value of several parameters (such as regularization level and initial model) prior to the inversion as they strongly affect the final inverted model. In addition, derivative‐based methods only perform a local search dependent on the chosen starting model. Global optimization methods based on Markov chain Monte Carlo that thoroughly sample the model parameter space are theoretically insensitive to the initial model but turn out to be computationally expensive. Evolutionary algorithms are population‐based global optimization methods and are thus intrinsically parallel, allowing these algorithms to fully handle available computer resources. We apply three evolutionary algorithms to solve a refraction traveltime tomography problem, namely the differential evolution, the competitive particle swarm optimization and the covariance matrix adaptation–evolution strategy. We apply these methodologies on a smoothed version of the Marmousi velocity model and compare their performances in terms of optimization and estimates of uncertainty. By performing scalability and statistical analysis over the results obtained with several runs, we assess the benefits and shortcomings of each algorithm.
Ecological, biophysical and production effects of incorporating rest into grazing regimes: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: McDonald Sarah E. , Lawrence Rachel , Kendall Liam , Rader Romina
Published: August 2019

Grazing can have considerable ecological impacts when managed inappropriately, however livestock production is a significant contributor to global food security and the removal of land from production is not always a viable option. Grazing management practices that incorporate periods of planned rest (i.e. strategic‐rest grazing) may be an alternative to grazing exclusion or continuous grazing that could achieve ecological and animal production outcomes simultaneously.

We conducted a meta‐analysis of global literature to investigate how strategic‐rest grazing mediates ecological (i.e., plant richness and diversity), biophysical (plant biomass and ground cover) and production response variables (animal weight gain and animal production per hectare) compared to continuously grazed or ungrazed areas.

Overall, total ground cover and animal production per hectare were significantly greater under strategic‐rest grazing than continuous grazing management, but biomass, plant richness, plant diversity and animal weight gain did not differ between grazing treatments. Increasing the length of rest relative to graze time under strategic‐rest grazing was associated with an increase in plant biomass, ground cover, animal weight gain and animal production per hectare when compared to continuous grazing.

Synthesis and applications. Understanding both the ecological and animal production trade‐offs associated with different grazing management strategies is essential to make informed decisions about best‐management practices for the world's grazing lands. We show that incorporating periods of rest into grazing regimes improves ground cover and animal production per hectare and that these benefits are more pronounced with increases in the length of time land is rested for. This extended rest also improves biomass production and weight gain compared to continuous grazing systems. Based on these meta‐analyses, we recommend that future research considers the duration of rest compared to graze time in comparisons of grazing systems.
Effects of exercise motivations on body image and eating habits/behaviours: A systematic review
Authors: Panão Inês , Carraça Eliana V.
Published: August 2019

Aim

The quality of exercise motivations may undermine body image and eating habits/behaviours. This systematic review summarizes the state of the scientific evidence on the effects of exercise motivations on body image and eating habits/behaviours.

Methods

This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019129904). Three electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, SportDiscus) were searched using combinations of terms concerning: (a) the population of interest (adults, exercisers), (b) the independent variables (eg, exercise autonomous motivations) and (c) the outcomes of interest (eg, body image, eating habits). No study design restrictions were implemented. To be included, empirical studies had to be published up to June 2019, in English, in peer‐reviewed journals/theses and analyse associations between exercise motivations and body image or eating habits/behaviours. Study quality was assessed using the EPHPP Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Two authors performed all steps. Outcome data were combined narratively.

Results

Of 168 records, 26 were included in this review: 22 analysing links between exercise motivations and body image and 11 exploring links between exercise motivations and eating habits/behaviours. Autonomous motivations (eg, for pleasure, health, wellbeing) and health‐focused exercise were associated with positive body image and healthy eating habits/behaviours, whereas exercising for appearance‐related and other controlled reasons was inversely related to both outcomes.

Conclusions

Better‐quality exercise motivations (ie, autonomous) seem to result in healthier body image and eating outcomes. Further research is still recommended to explore these associations in more depth. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that future interventions should promote individuals' autonomy, competence and relatedness to foster autonomous motivations.
Lactulose improves cognition, quality of life, and gut microbiota in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wang Ji Yao , Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Wang Jiang Bin , Shang Jia , Zhou Xin Min , Guo Xiao Lin , Zhu Xuan , Meng Li Na , Jiang Hai Xing , Mi Yu Qiang , Xu Jian Ming , Yang Jin Hui , Wang Bai Song , Zhang Ning Ping
Published: August 2019

Objective

Lactulose is effective in the treatment and prevention of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE), but there are limited data on its use on microbiota in relations to minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) recovery. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of lactulose in recovery of MHE in aspects of cognitive function, quality of life, and impact on intestinal microbiota.

Methods

This multicenter, open‐label randomized controlled trial was conducted in 11 teaching hospitals in China. Participants were randomly allocated on a 2:1 basis to receive lactulose (Gp‐L) or no therapy as control (Gp‐NL) for 60 days. The primary endpoint was the MHE reversal rate. Gut microbiota were compared between MHE patients and healthy volunteers, as well as lactulose‐responders and non‐responders.

Results

A total of 98 cirrhotic patients were included in the study, with 31 patients in the Gp‐NL group and 67 patients in the Gp‐L group. At day 60, the MHE reversal rate in Gp‐L (64.18%) was significantly higher than that in Gp‐NL (22.58%) (P = .0002) with a relative risk of 0.46 (95% confidence interval 0.32‐0.67). Number needed to treat was 2.4. Further, there was significantly more improvement in physical functioning in Gp‐L (4.62 ± 6.16) than in Gp‐NL (1.50 ± 5.34) (P = .0212). Proteobacteria was significantly higher in MHE patients compared with healthy volunteers (12.27% vs 4.65%, P < .05). Significant differences were found between lactulose responders and non‐responders in Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria.

Conclusions

Treatment with lactulose significantly improves MHE recovery rate, and gut microbiota change in MHE patients can modulate the effectiveness of this therapy. Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR) (ID: ChiCTR‐TRC‐12002342).
Consolidated bioprocessing for butanol production of cellulolytic Clostridia: development and optimization
Authors: Wen Zhiqiang , Li Qi , Liu Jinle , Jin Mingjie , Yang Sheng
Published: August 2019

Butanol is an important bulk chemical, as well as a promising renewable gasoline substitute, that is commonly produced by solventogenic Clostridia. The main cost of cellulosic butanol fermentation is caused by cellulases that are required to saccharify lignocellulose, since solventogenic Clostridia cannot efficiently secrete cellulases. However, cellulolytic Clostridia can natively degrade lignocellulose and produce ethanol, acetate, butyrate and even butanol. Therefore, cellulolytic Clostridia offer an alternative to develop consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which combines cellulase production, lignocellulose hydrolysis and co‐fermentation of hexose/pentose into butanol in one step. This review focuses on CBP advances for butanol production of cellulolytic Clostridia and various synthetic biotechnologies that drive these advances. Moreover, the efforts to optimize the CBP‐enabling cellulolytic Clostridia chassis are also discussed. These include the development of genetic tools, pentose metabolic engineering and the improvement of butanol tolerance. Designer cellulolytic Clostridia or consortium provide a promising approach and resource to accelerate future CBP for butanol production.
MRI characteristics predict the efficacy of meloxicam treatment in patients with desmoid‐type fibromatosis
Authors: Shimizu Koki , Hamada Shunsuke , Sakai Tomohisa , Ito Shinji , Urakawa Hiroshi , Arai Eisuke , Ikuta Kunihiro , Koike Hiroshi , Ishiguro Naoki , Nishida Yoshihiro
Published: August 2019

Introduction

This study aimed to determine the clinical significance of MRI characteristics as a possible predictor of responsiveness to meloxicam treatment in patients with desmoid‐type fibromatosis (DF). Additionally, it analysed the correlation between CTNNB1 mutation status and signal intensity of MRI.

Methods

Forty‐six patients consecutively treated with meloxicam composed this study. The low‐intensity area (LIA) on T2‐weighted MRI was determined. We divided patients into two groups based on the efficacy of meloxicam: a clinical benefit group (CB group, including CR: complete response; PR: partial response; and SD: stable disease) and non‐clinical benefit group (NB group, including PD: progressive disease). Correlations of the efficacy with LIA and CTNNB1 mutation status with LIA were investigated.

Results

In total, 11, 17 and 18 patients showed PR, SD and PD, respectively. The mean LIA ratio before treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the CB group than in the NB group. For predicting the efficacy, sensitivity was 68%, and specificity was 89% when setting the cut‐off value as 20% for LIA. Mean changes in the LIA ratio before and after treatment were significantly higher (P = 0.01) in the CB group than in the NB group. Mean LIA ratio before treatment was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the S45F mutation group than in the other mutation group. In multivariate analysis, the LIA ratio before treatment was a significant predictor of responsiveness (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

MRI characteristics were a useful predictor of the efficacy of meloxicam in DF patients. It may be possible to predict the clinical outcome more accurately when combined with other factors, such as CTNNB1 mutantion status.
Differentiating diploid and triploid individuals using single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped by amplicon sequencing
Authors: Delomas Thomas A.
Published: August 2019

Triploidy can occur naturally or be induced in fish and shellfish during artificial propagation in order to produce sterile individuals. Fisheries managers often stock these sterile triploids as a means of improving angling opportunities without risking unwanted reproduction of the stocked fish. Additionally, the rearing of all‐triploid individuals has been suggested as a means to reduce the possibility of escaped aquaculture fish interbreeding with wild populations. Efficient means of determining if an individual is triploid or diploid are therefore needed both to monitor the efficacy of triploidy‐inducing treatments and, when sampling fish from a body of water that has a mixture of diploids and triploids, to determine the ploidy of a fish prior to further analyses. Currently, ploidy is regularly measured through flow cytometry, but this technique typically utilizes a fresh blood sample. This study presents an alternative, cost‐effective method of determining ploidy by analysing amplicon‐sequencing data for biallelic single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). For each sample, heterozygous genotypes are identified and the likelihoods of diploidy and triploidy are calculated based on the read counts for each allele. The accuracy of this method is demonstrated using triploid and diploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) genotyped with a panel of 234 SNPs and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) genotyped with a panel of 298 SNPs following the GT‐seq methodology of amplicon sequencing.
Conflicts of interest in e‐cigarette research: A public good and public interest perspective
Authors: Capps Benjamin , van der Eijk Yvette , Krahn Timothy M.
Published: August 2019

The tobacco industry’s involvement in the electronic cigarette research that informs public health policy is controversial. On the one hand, some are concerned that their involvement presents conflicts of interest that bias research outputs and invalidate the policies that use them. On the other hand, some have argued that the tobacco industry may support valid research and contribute to the goals of public health, for instance, if the interests of the e‐cigarette industry could be part of a tobacco smoking cessation policy. We approach this debate from the ethical perspective of the public interest and the public good, considering how legitimate researchers can square their expert opinion with validating tobacco industry‐funded research, given the perfidy of the tobacco industry and paucity of robust, conclusive evidence on the public health impacts of liberalizing e‐cigarette use.
Diverse‐and‐Dynamic Pathways in Educational and Interpersonal Identity Formation during Adolescence: Longitudinal Links With Psychosocial Functioning
Authors: Hatano Kai , Sugimura Kazumi , Crocetti Elisabetta , Meeus Wim H.J.
Published: August 2019

This study aimed to examine the relations between educational and interpersonal identity trajectories and psychosocial functioning based on a three‐factor identity process model. A total of 968 Japanese adolescents including 13‐ and 16‐years‐olds (49.7% female) participated in a four‐wave longitudinal study. Latent class growth analysis extracted five identity trajectories in each educational and interpersonal identity domain and revealed (a) high prevalence of low commitment identity trajectories, (b) absence of the closure trajectory, and (c) changeable identity trajectories that have not been identified in Western context (i.e., the Netherlands). Furthermore, a latent change model revealed dynamic relations between identity trajectories and psychosocial functioning. These findings provide critical insights into the diverse and dynamic pathways of identity formation during adolescence in Japan.
Syringocystadenoma papilliferum associated with verrucous carcinoma of the skin in the same lesion: Report of four cases
Authors: Alegría‐Landa Victoria , Jo‐Velasco Margarita , Santonja Carlos , Eraña Itziar , Vergara‐Sanchez Aranzazú , Kutzner Heinz , Requena Luis
Published: August 2019

The association of syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) with verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the skin in the same lesion is a rare, but well‐documented event. Although human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been proposed to have an etiologic role in the development of the verrucous proliferations associated with SCAP, most of the immunohistochemical and molecular studies have failed to show the presence of their genomic material in these lesions. We report a series of four cases of SCAP associated with VC in anogenital lesions. In two of the cases, we demonstrated the presence of the BRAF
V600E mutation by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, both in the glandular and in the squamous component. No HPV‐related histopathologic changes were found, nor could the presence of viral DNA be showed.
Late polycythemic transformation in JAK2‐mutated essential thrombocythemia patients—characteristics along with a validation of 2016 WHO criteria
Authors: Sobieralski Patryk , Leszczyńska Aleksandra , Bieniaszewska Maria
Published: August 2019

Introduction and objectives

The most common mutation within the spectrum of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is a mutation in Janus kinase 2 gene (JAK2V617F). It has been observed that, during a course of disease, transformation from JAK2‐mutated essential thrombocythemia (ET) to overt polycythemia vera (PV) can occur. Primary objective of this study was to show the incidence of mentioned phenomenon.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed data of 136 patients diagnosed with JAK2‐positive ET observed for a median time of 9 years. We examined blood count of each patient at the time of diagnosis and confronted it with 2008 and 2016 WHO criteria for PV and mPV. Additionally, we analyzed JAK2V617F allele burden in two separate time points among selected cases.

Results

Confrontation with new criteria resulted in change of diagnosis to PV and mPV in 10% and 9% cases, respectively. Within remaining patients, 14 showed increasing hemoglobin concentration over several months during late course of disease, resulting in change of diagnosis to overt PV. We did not find suggested increase in JAK2 allele burden among transforming patients.

Conclusions

Phenotype transformation to polycythemia was proven to be possible within the group of JAK2‐mutated ET; however, cause of this effect remains uncertain.
Reduced intensity allogeneic stem cell transplant with anti‐thymocyte globulin and post‐transplant cyclophosphamide in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Salas Maria Queralt , Prem Shruti , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Law Arjun Datt , Lam Wilson , Al‐Shaibani Zeyad , Loach David , Kim Dennis (Dong Hwan) , Michelis Fotios V. , Lipton Jeffrey Howard , Kumar Rajat , Mattsson Jonas , Viswabandya Auro
Published: August 2019

Objectives

We aimed to study the efficacy of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) allo‐HSCT combined with anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) and post‐transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) for graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in AML.

Methods

One hundred forty‐seven patients were included. All patients underwent unmanipulated peripheral blood stem cell RIC allo‐HSCT. Median follow‐up was 12.8 months (range 0.5‐39).

Results

Median age was 58 years. Twenty‐nine (20%) recipients received 10/10 MRD grafts, 69 (47%) 10/10 MUD grafts, 20 (13.6%) 9/10 MMUD, and 29 (20%) haploidentical grafts. The cumulative incidence of grade II‐IV and III‐IV acute GVHD at day +100, and moderate/severe chronic GVHD at 1‐year were as follow: 14.3%, 1.4%, and 8.3%. There were no significant differences according to donor type (P = .46) and cumulative incidence of GVHD. One‐year overall survival (OS), relapse‐free survival (RFS), non‐relapse mortality, and GVHD‐free/Relapse‐free survival were as follows: 66.9% (95% CI 58.4‐74), 59.9%, and 18.7% and 53.7%. KPS ≤ 80 was predictive of worst OS (P = .04). Those recipients who received MUD transplants had better RFS (P = .01).

Conclusions

RIC allo‐HSCT combined with ATG and PTCy is safe and a potentially curative strategy and it is associated with impressive GRFS in AML.
Epidemiology of functional stroke mimic patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jones A. T. , O'Connell N. K. , David A. S.
Published: August 2019

Stroke mimics form a significant proportion of cases in acute stroke services and some present with functional neurological disorder. Little is known about the prevalence or clinical characteristics of functional stroke mimics (FSMs). A systematic literature search and meta‐analysis were carried out on published studies reporting suspected stroke and stroke mimic rates; 114 papers met the inclusion criteria of which 70 provided an FSM rate. Random‐effects models estimated prevalence rates across settings and moderators of FSM rate. Pooled proportions indicated that 25% [95% confidence intervals (CI), 22–27%] of suspected stroke cases were stroke mimics. Within the 67 studies providing positive FSM rates, FSMs represented 15% (95% CI, 13–18%) of stroke mimics and 2% (95% CI, 2–3%) of suspected strokes. FSMs were younger and more likely to be female, and presented more with weakness/numbness but less with reduced consciousness or language problems. Stratified analyses suggested higher stroke mimic rates in primary care versus acute settings (38% vs. 12%) but higher FSM rates in stroke units compared with primary care (24% vs. 12%). Functional rates were higher in studies that were descriptive, retrospective and in patients receiving thrombolysis. Several studies reported the proportion of functional stroke patients presenting to stroke services. FSMs have discernible demographic and clinical characteristics, but there is a conspicuous lack of evidence on their presentation or guidance for treatment. The social and psychological mechanisms underlying FSM presentations need more accurate quantification to help inform stroke pathways and improve care for these patients.
Field study of the relationship between personality and reproductive strategy in the White‐collared Blackbird Turdus albocinctus
Authors: Li Jian‐Chuan , Gao Li‐Fang , Fan Li‐Qing , Zhang Hai‐Yang , Zhang Wen , Du Bo
Published: August 2019

The discovery of personality traits in animal populations may help to explain individual variation in breeding strategies. In the White‐collared Blackbird Turdus albocinctus, females, but not males, exhibited different nest defence behaviours that can be used to classify them into bold and shy personalities. Bold females had higher nest success, lower fecundity and higher parental investment than shy females, and the social mates of bold females had lower parental investment than that of shy females. Our findings suggest that the reproductive strategy of birds may be closely related to their personality traits.