bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Materials Engineering in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics
Authors: Leroux Fabrice , Rabu Pierre , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. , Taubert Andreas
Published: March 2015

The Guest Editors emphasize the rapidly growing research in advanced materials.
“Telecommunication, health and environment, energy and transportation, and sustainability are just a few examples where new materials have been key for technological advancement.”
Hybrid Materials, the Materials for Today's Technology
Authors: Hindson Karen J.
Published: March 2015

Biomimetic ion channels, supported catalysis, metalorganic frameworks, layered double hydroxides and biomineralization are all examples of topics covered in this cluster issue, “Hybrid Materials: Next Generation in Chemistry, Physics and Biology”, presenting a wide variety of inorganic chemistry from synthesis and host–guest chemistry to applications in bioinorganic chemistry, catalysis and fuel cells.
Remote Substituent Effects on the Stereoselectivity and Organocatalytic Activity of Densely Substituted Unnatural Proline Esters in Aldol Reactions
Authors: de Gracia Retamosa María , de Cózar Abel , Sánchez Mirian , Miranda José I. , Sansano José M. , Castelló Luis M. , Nájera Carmen , Jiménez Ana I. , Sayago Francisco J. , Cativiela Carlos , Cossío Fernando P.
Published: March 2015

The organocatalytic activities of highly substituted proline esters obtained through asymmetric [3+2] cycloadditions of azomethine ylides derived from glycine iminoesters have been analyzed by 19F NMR and through kinetic isotope effects. Kinetic rate constants have been determined for unnatural proline esters incorporating different substituents. It has been found that exo‐L and endo‐L unnatural proline methyl esters yield opposite enantiomers in aldol reactions between cyclic ketones and aromatic aldehydes. The combined results reported in this study show subtle and remote effects that determine the organocatalytic behavior of these synthetic but readily available amino acid derivatives. These data can be used as design criteria for the development of new pyrrolidine‐based organocatalysts.
Feedback‐amplified electrochemical dual‐plate boron‐doped diamond microtrench detector for flow injection analysis
Authors: Lewis Grace E. M. , Gross Andrew J. , Kasprzyk‐Hordern Barbara , Lubben Anneke T. , Marken Frank
Published: March 2015

An electrochemical flow cell with a boron‐doped diamond dual‐plate microtrench electrode has been developed and demonstrated for hydroquinone flow injection electroanalysis in phosphate buffer pH 7. Using the electrochemical generator‐collector feedback detector improves the sensitivity by one order of magnitude (when compared to a single working electrode detector). The diffusion process is switched from an analyte consuming “external” process to an analyte regenerating “internal” process with benefits in selectivity and sensitivity.
The influence of carbon‐based fillers on the flammability of polypropylene‐based co‐extruded wood‐plastic composite
Authors: Turku Irina , Kärki Timo
Published: March 2015

Comparative analysis of the effect of carbon‐based fillers with different particle sizes and morphologies on the flammable properties of a co‐extruded wood‐plastic composite is performed. Five carbon‐based fillers, namely carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, expandable graphite, and carbon fibers were loaded into the shell layer of the composite. The flammability was characterized by using the cone calorimeter technique. The nanosized fillers, carbon black and carbon nanotubes, had a larger impact on the peak of the heat release rate, decreasing it by 16% and 17%, respectively. The samples with graphite, expandable graphite, and carbon fibers, decreased the peak of the heat release rate by 10%, 6%, and 11%, respectively. The total heat release decreased slightly for all the samples, except for the carbon fibers–wood‐plastic composite. The effective heat of combustion decreased also slightly, and carbon monoxide production increased for all the studied composites. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malnutrition and infant and young child feeding in informal settlements in Mumbai, India: findings from a census
Authors: Bentley Abigail , Das Sushmita , Alcock Glyn , Shah More Neena , Pantvaidya Shanti , Osrin David
Published: March 2015

Childhood malnutrition remains common in India. We visited families in 40 urban informal settlement areas in Mumbai to document stunting, wasting, and overweight in children under five, and to examine infant and young child feeding (IYCF) in children under 2 years. We administered questions on eight core WHO IYCF indicators and on sugary and savory snack foods, and measured weight and height of children under five. Stunting was seen in 45% of 7450 children, rising from 15% in the first year to 56% in the fifth. About 16% of children were wasted and 4% overweight. 46% of infants were breastfed within the first hour, 63% were described as exclusively breastfed under 6 months, and breastfeeding continued for 12 months in 74%. The indicator for introduction of solids was met for 41% of infants. Only 13% of children satisfied the indicator for minimum dietary diversity, 43% achieved minimum meal frequency, and 5% had a minimally acceptable diet. About 63% of infants had had sugary snacks in the preceding 24 h, rising to 78% in the second year. Fried and salted snack foods had been eaten by 34% of infants and 66% of children under two. Stunting and wasting remain unacceptably common in informal settlements in Mumbai, and IYCF appears problematic, particularly in terms of dietary diversity. The ubiquity of sugary, fried, and salted snack foods is a serious concern: substantial consumption begins in infancy and exceeds that of all other food groups except grains, roots, and tubers.
GFAP and vimentin deficiency alters gene expression in astrocytes and microglia in wild‐type mice and changes the transcriptional response of reactive glia in mouse model for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kamphuis Willem , Kooijman Lieneke , Orre Marie , Stassen Oscar , Pekny Milos , Hol Elly M.
Published: March 2015

Reactive astrocytes with an increased expression of intermediate filament (IF) proteins Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Vimentin (VIM) surround amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The functional consequences of this upregulation are unclear. To identify molecular pathways coupled to IF regulation in reactive astrocytes, and to study the interaction with microglia, we examined WT and APPswe/PS1dE9 (AD) mice lacking either GFAP, or both VIM and GFAP, and determined the transcriptome of cortical astrocytes and microglia from 15‐ to 18‐month‐old mice. Genes involved in lysosomal degradation (including several cathepsins) and in inflammatory response (including Cxcl5, Tlr6, Tnf, Il1b) exhibited a higher AD‐induced increase when GFAP, or VIM and GFAP, were absent. The expression of Aqp4 and Gja1 displayed the same pattern. The downregulation of neuronal support genes in astrocytes from AD mice was absent in GFAP/VIM null mice. In contrast, the absence of IFs did not affect the transcriptional alterations induced by AD in microglia, nor was the cortical plaque load altered. Visualizing astrocyte morphology in GFAP‐eGFP mice showed no clear structural differences in GFAP/VIM null mice, but did show diminished interaction of astrocyte processes with plaques. Microglial proliferation increased similarly in all AD groups. In conclusion, absence of GFAP, or both GFAP and VIM, alters AD‐induced changes in gene expression profile of astrocytes, showing a compensation of the decrease of neuronal support genes and a trend for a slightly higher inflammatory expression profile. However, this has no consequences for the development of plaque load, microglial proliferation, or microglial activation. GLIA 2015;63:1036–1056
Tyrphostin AG126 exerts neuroprotection in CNS inflammation by a dual mechanism
Authors: Menzfeld Christiane , John Michael , van Rossum Denise , Regen Tommy , Scheffel Jörg , Janova Hana , Götz Alexander , Ribes Sandra , Nau Roland , Borisch Angela , Boutin Philippe , Neumann Konstantin , Bremes Vanessa , Wienands Jürgen , Reichardt Holger M. , Lühder Fred , Tischner Denise , Waetzig Vicky , Herdegen Thomas , Teismann Peter , Greig Iain , Müller Michael , Pukrop Tobias , Mildner Alexander , Kettenmann Helmut , Brück Wolfgang , Prinz Marco , Rotshenker Shlomo , Weber Martin S. , Hanisch Uwe‐Karsten
Published: March 2015

The putative protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 has proven beneficial in various models of inflammatory disease. Yet molecular targets and cellular mechanisms remained enigmatic. We demonstrate here that AG126 treatment has beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis. AG126 alleviates the clinical symptoms, diminishes encephalitogenic Th17 differentiation, reduces inflammatory CNS infiltration as well as microglia activation and attenuates myelin damage. We show that AG126 directly inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a PTK associated with B cell receptor and Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, BTK inhibition cannot account for the entire activity spectrum. Effects on TLR‐induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in microglia involve AG126 hydrolysis and conversion of its dinitrile side chain to malononitrile (MN). Notably, while liberated MN can subsequently mediate critical AG126 features, full protection in EAE still requires delivery of intact AG126. Its anti‐inflammatory potential and especially interference with TLR signaling thus rely on a dual mechanism encompassing BTK and a novel MN‐sensitive target. Both principles bear great potential for the therapeutic management of disturbed innate and adaptive immune functions. GLIA 2015;63:1083–1099
Drosophila PS2 and PS3 integrins play distinct roles in retinal photoreceptors–glia interactions
Authors: Tavares Lígia , Pereira Emiliana , Correia Andreia , Santos Marília A. , Amaral Nuno , Martins Torcato , Relvas João B. , Pereira Paulo S.
Published: March 2015

Cellular migration and differentiation are important developmental processes that require dynamic cellular adhesion. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that play key roles in adhesion plasticity. Here, we explore the developing visual system of Drosophila to study the roles of integrin heterodimers in glia development. Our data show that αPS2 is essential for retinal glia migration from the brain into the eye disc and that glial cells have a role in the maintenance of the fenestrated membrane (Laminin‐rich ECM layer) in the disc. Interestingly, the absence of glial cells in the eye disc did not affect the targeting of retinal axons to the optic stalk. In contrast, αPS3 is not required for retinal glia migration, but together with Talin, it functions in glial cells to allow photoreceptor axons to target the optic stalk. Thus, we present evidence that αPS2 and αPS3 integrin have different and specific functions in the development of retinal glia. GLIA 2015;63:1155–1165
From demyelination to remyelination: The road toward therapies for spinal cord injury
Authors: Papastefanaki Florentia , Matsas Rebecca
Published: March 2015

Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation. GLIA 2015;63:1101–1125
A Cross‐National Study of Fairness in Asia: How Perceptions of a Lack‐of‐Group Bias and Transparency in the Performance Evaluation System Relate to Job Satisfaction
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshitaka , Yoon Jeewhan
Published: March 2015

This study explored how managers’ fairness perceptions of performance evaluation systems differ across countries and relate to their job satisfaction. Lack‐of‐group bias and transparency were the constructs used to assess fairness perceptions. The data sample consisted of 903 Asian managers from the subsidiaries of a leading multinational corporation (MNC) strategically expanding its retail markets in Japan, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Thailand. Results showed that the fairness perceptions of lack‐of‐group bias and transparency concerning the common performance evaluation system varied within these Asian countries. Furthermore, those fairness perceptions were significantly related to job satisfaction among Asian managers overall, as well as in each of the five geographical subgroups with the exception of Hong Kong, where the perception of a lack‐of‐group bias was only marginally related to job satisfaction. These findings offer theoretical implications regarding organizational justice, cross‐national management, and performance evaluation, as well as practical implications for leveraging organizational justice perceptions of performance evaluation systems for the effectiveness of MNCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The proportion of CD16+CD14dim monocytes increases with tumor cell load in bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Sponaas Anne M. , Moen Siv H. , Liabakk Nina B. , Feyzi Emadoldin , Holien Toril , Kvam Solveig , Grøseth Lill Anny G. , Størdal Berit , Buene Glenn , Espevik Terje , Waage Anders , Standal Therese , Sundan Anders
Published: March 2015

Multiple myeloma is an incurable cancer with expansion of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Previous studies have shown that monocytes and macrophages in the bone marrow milieu are important for tumor growth and may play a role in the drug response. We therefore characterized monocytes in bone marrow aspirates by flow cytometry. We found that there was significant correlation between the proportion of CX3CR1+, CD16+CD14dim non classical monocytes, and percent plasma cells (PC) in the bone marrow of myeloma patients. The bone marrow monocytes could be stimulated by TLR ligands to produce cytokines which promote myeloma cell growth. The proportion of the non‐classical monocytes increased with the tumor load, particularly in patients with tumor loads in the range of 10–30% bone marrow PC.
Digital BadgesRecognizing, Assessing, and Motivating Learners In and Out of School Contexts
Authors: Ian O'Byrne W. , Schenke Katerina , WillisIII James E. , Hickey Daniel T.
Published: March 2015

Digital badges are web‐enabled tokens of accomplishment that contain specific claims and evidence about learning and achievement along with detailed evidence supporting those claims. Badges traditionally consist of an image and relevant metadata (e.g., badge name, description, criteria, issuer, evidence, date issued, standards, and tags). This column features findings from recent research examining the design principles for open digital badges that emerged across the 30 organizations awarded grants to develop badge content in the 2012 Badges for Lifelong Learning Initiative. The column focuses this inspection of the principles identified in the research (recognition, assessment, and motivation) on one student in the MOUSE outreach program. Results from this column provide guidance for educators in and out of traditional learning contexts.
Disciplinary Literacy Assessment
Authors: Gillis Victoria , Van Wig Ann
Published: March 2015

This article describes a teacher created formative assessment useful for content area teachers in English, mathematics, science, and social studies. The assessment can be administered in one class period and results can be used to guide planning for disciplinary literacy implementation.
A Synthetic Fragment of Leptin Increase Hematopoietic Stem Cell Population and Improve Its Engraftment Ability
Authors: Dias Carolina C. , Nogueira‐Pedro Amanda , Tokuyama Paula Yumi , Martins Marta N. C. , Segreto Helena Regina Comodo , Buri Marcus V. , Miranda Antonio , Paredes‐Gamero Edgar J.
Published: March 2015

Several studies have shown the important actions of cytokine leptin that regulates food intake and energy expenditure. Additionally, the ability to modulate hematopoiesis has also been demonstrated. Previous reports have shown that some synthetic sequences of leptin molecules can activate leptin receptor. Herein, decapeptides encompassing amino acids from positions 98 to 122 of the leptin molecule were constructed to evaluate their effects on hematopoiesis. Among them, the synthetic peptide Lep110‐119‐NH2 (LEP F) was the only peptide that possessed the ability to increase the percentage of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Moreover, LEP F also produced an increase of granulocyte/macrophage colony‐forming units and activated leptin receptor. Furthermore, LEP F also improves the grafting of HSC in bone marrow, but did not accelerate the recovery of bone marrow after ablation with 5‐fluorouracil. These results show that LEP F is a positive modulator of the in vivo expansion of HSC and could be useful in bone marrow transplantation. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1334–1340, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Let‐7f Inhibits Glioma Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Targeting Periostin
Authors: Yan Shaofeng , Han Xiao , Xue Hao , Zhang Ping , Guo Xing , Li Tong , Guo Xiaofan , Yuan Guang , Deng Lin , Li Gang
Published: March 2015

Glioma is one of the most aggressive and malignant tumor types. Despite advances in surgery, imaging, chemotherapy, and radiation, glioma patient prognosis remains poor. Glioma pathogenesis is an urgent problem that must be solved. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non‐coding RNAs that are key post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNA deregulation commonly occurs in human tumorigenesis. In the present study, the expression levels of Let‐7f were down‐regulated in both glioma tissues and glioma cells. The enhanced expression of Let‐7f suppressed glioma cells proliferation, migration, and invasion via direct targeting perisotin oncogenic activity. Experiments with periostin siRNA or over‐expression further suggest that Let‐7f may serve as tumor suppressors through perisotin signal. These findings provide insights regarding the role and mechanism of Let‐7f in regulating biological behavior of glioma cells via the Let‐7f/periostin axis, and Let‐7f may serve as a potential therapeutic target in glioma. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1680–1692, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CD133+CD44+ Cells Mediate in the Lung Metastasis of Osteosarcoma
Authors: He Aina , Yang Xiaojing , Huang Yujing , Feng Tao , Wang Yonggang , Sun Yuanjue , Shen Zan , Yao Yang
Published: March 2015

CD133 and CD44 are commonly used markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are characterized by their ability for self‐renewal and tumorigenicity. However, the clinical value and significance of CD133 and CD44 in lung metastasis of osteosarcoma (OS) remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CD133+CD44+ cells mediates the metastasis of OS. We identified the CD133+CD44+ cells in lung metastatic lesions and OS cell lines, and next demonstrated CD133+CD44+ cells were more aggressive in sphere formation, migration and invasiveness compared with CD133+CD44−, CD133−CD44+, or CD133−CD44− cells. We finally sorted the CD133+CD44+ and CD133− CD44− cells from Saos‐2 cell lines, after intratibial xenograft in nude mice, these cells developed primary tumors, and CD133+CD44+ cells are more potential to form lung metastatic tumors. Thus we concluded that CD133+CD44+ cells may mediate in the lung metastasis of OS. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1719–1729, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Symmetry classification of electron and phonon states in TiO2‐based nanowires and nanotubes
Authors: Evarestov Robert A. , Panin Andrej I.
Published: March 2015

Procedure for deriving Wyckoff positions for nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs) from Wyckoff positions of ambient space group is described. It is proposed how to use SITESYM code available on Bilbao Crystallographic Server to calculate representations induced from orbit stabilizers for 1‐periodic groups. This procedure is demonstrated on the example of TiO2 rutile‐based NWs. General analytic expressions for Line group representations induced from irreps of their orbit stabilizers are obtained. This approach presupposes the use of the standard (crystallographic) factorization of Line groups. Computer construction of orbits and induced representations can be efficiently implemented and the corresponding computer code SITESYML, which can be considered as a certain elaboration of the existing code SITESYM is written. The application of the code is demonstrated on the example of TiO2 anatase‐based NTs with the rectangular and hexagonal morphology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A convenient method for palladium‐catalyzed reductive deuteration of organic substrates using deuterated hypophosphite in D2O
Authors: Oba Makoto
Published: March 2015

A convenient method for the deuteration of organic substrates using deuterated hypophosphite as the deuterium source was investigated. Transfer deuteration of organic substrates, such as aromatic halides, alkenes, alkynes, epoxides, and O‐benzyl derivatives, in the presence of palladium on carbon in deuterium oxide proceeded efficiently to give the corresponding deuterated products in excellent yields with high deuterium contents.
Open tubular capillary electrochromatography with an N‐phenylacrylamide‐styrene copolymer‐based stationary phase for the separation of anomers of glucose and structural isomers of maltotriose
Authors: Ali Faiz , Cheong Won Jo
Published: March 2015

A ligand with a terminal halogen (4‐chloromethylphenyl isocyanate) was chemically bound on the inner surface of pretreated silica capillary with 50 μm internal diameter and 58 cm total and 50 cm effective length in the presence of dibutyl tin dichloride as a catalyst through isocyanate‐hydroxyl reaction. Attachment of initiator (sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate) to the bound ligand was carried out and followed by in situ polymerization. Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization was used for the immobilization of N‐phenylacrylamide‐styrene copolymer on the inner surface of capillary column. The resultant open tubular column showed excellent separation performance for derivatized saccharide isomers in capillary electrochromatography. d‐Glucose was separated into α‐ and β‐anomers while five structural isomers were separated for derivatized maltotriose with separation efficiency above one million theoretical plates per meter. The effects of pH and acetonitrile composition on the electrochromatographic performance of the derivatized saccharides were studied and the optimized elution condition was found to be 90:10 v/v% acetonitrile/30 mM sodium acetate at pH 6.6. UV absorption at 214 nm was used as detection mode in open tubular capillary electrochromatography separations.
Simultaneous determination of aromatic amino acids in human blood plasma by capillary electrophoresis with UV‐absorption detection
Authors: Forteschi Mauro , Sotgia Salvatore , Assaretti Stefano , Arru Dionigia , Cambedda Debora , Sotgiu Elisabetta , Zinellu Angelo , Carru Ciriaco
Published: March 2015

Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, also known as aromatic amino acids, are involved in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions and are indicative of the liver and kidney function. In this work, we describe a simple and accurate method for their simultaneous quantification, in a single capillary electrophoresis run. This method requires minimal sample manipulation, no derivatization procedures, and methyl tryptophan as internal standard. The human blood plasma sample was precipitated using sulfosalicylic acid and the supernatant was used for the analysis. All the analytes were baseline resolved within 16 min and detected at 200 nm using Tris phosphate 80 mmol/L at pH 1.4 as the background electrolyte. The proposed method showed good linearity (r = 0.998) and repeatability (intra‐assay RSD < 2.78%, interassay RSD < 5.4%) for all the analytes. The limit of quantification was 13 μmol/L for phenylalanine and 5 μmol/L for tyrosine and tryptophan. The method suitability was tested measuring aromatic amino acids level in 20 chronic kidney disease patients at basal level and after simvastatin/ezetimibe treatment.
Distinct segment‐specific functions of calyculin A‐sensitive protein phosphatases in the regulation of cAMP‐triggered events in ejaculated bull spermatozoa
Authors: Mizuno Yohei , Isono Ayane , Kojima Aya , Arai Miyuki M. , Noda Taichi , Sakase Mitsuhiro , Fukushima Moriyuki , Harayama Hiroshi
Published: March 2015

Livestock spermatozoa possess more tenacious suppressors of cAMP‐triggered events—including capacitation‐associated changes—than laboratory animal spermatozoa, leading to flagellar hyperactivation. In order to identify the suppressors, we examined effects of an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases (calyculin A) on cAMP‐triggered changes in the protein phosphorylation state, and subsequent occurrence of hyperactivation and acrosome reaction in ejaculated bull spermatozoa. Ejaculated spermatozoa were incubated in cAMP‐supplemented medium, then assessed for motility, acrosome morphology, and phosphorylated protein localization. The addition of calyculin A greatly enhanced cAMP‐triggered protein phosphorylation at serine/threonine and tyrosine residues in the connecting piece and induction of flagellar hyperactivation. Most hyperactivated spermatozoa exhibited extremely asymmetrical bends at the middle piece, which produced intensive twisting or figure‐eight movements. In the sperm head, however, cAMP‐triggered dephosphorylation of serine/threonine‐phosphorylated proteins and subsequent acrosome reaction were abolished by the addition of calyculin A. Based on these results, we suggest that calyculin A‐sensitive protein phosphatases in the connecting piece are suppressors of cAMP‐triggered events leading to hyperactivation. By contrast, similar protein phosphatases in the sperm head accelerate cAMP‐triggered events leading to the acrosome reaction. These findings are consistent with the indication that calyculin A‐sensitive protein phosphatases have distinct functions in the regulation of cAMP‐triggered events in different regions of ejaculated bull spermatozoa. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 232–250, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Germ‐cell hub position in a heteropteran testis correlates with the sequence and location of spermatogenesis and production of elaborate sperm bundles
Authors: Ott George J. , Shirkey Nicholas J. , Haimo Leah T. , Cardullo Richard A. , Thaler Catherine D.
Published: March 2015

In insects, spermatogonial cells undergo several mitotic divisions with incomplete cytokinesis, and then proceed through meiosis and spermatogenesis in synchrony. The cells derived from a single spermatogonial cell are referred to as a cyst. In the water strider Aquarius remigis, spermiogenesis occurs within two bi‐lobed testes. In contrast to most insects, in which the germ‐cell hub is located apically and sequential stages of spermatogenesis can be seen moving toward the base of the testis, each lobe of the water strider testis contains a single germ‐cell hub located medially opposite to the efferent duct of the lobe; the developing cysts are displaced toward the distal ends of the lobe as spermiogenesis proceeds. Water strider sperm have both a long flagellum and an unusually long acrosome. The water strider spermatids elongate most of the flagellum prior to morphogenesis of the acrosome, and exhibit several stages of nuclear remodeling before the final, mature sperm nucleus is formed. The maturing sperm are aligned in register in the cyst, and the flagella fold into a coiled bundle while their acrosomes form a rigid helical process that extends from the cyst toward the efferent duct. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 295–304, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combination of a multimode antenna and TIAMO for traveling‐wave imaging at 9.4 Tesla
Authors: Hoffmann Jens , Mirkes Christian , Shajan G. , Scheffler Klaus , Pohmann Rolf
Published: March 2015

Purpose

To investigate the performance of a multimode antenna combined with time‐interleaved acquisition of modes (TIAMO) for improved 1H image homogeneity as compared to conventional traveling‐wave imaging in the human brain at 9.4 Tesla (T).

Methods

An adjustable three‐port antenna was built to stimulate the propagation of three basic waveguide modes within a 9.4 T scanner bore. For TIAMO, two time‐interleaved acquisitions using different linear combinations of these modes were optimized to achieve a homogeneous rooted sum‐of‐squares combination of their
patterns (
). The antenna's transmit and receive performance, as well as local specific absorption rate, were analyzed using experiments and numerical simulations.

Results

The optimized TIAMO
combination was superior to radiofrequency shimming. Across the entire brain, it improved the homogeneity of the excitation field by a factor of two and its maximum‐to‐minimum ratio by almost a factor of five as compared to the circularly polarized mode. The two‐fold increase in “virtual” receive channels enhanced the parallel imaging performance and enabled the use of higher acceleration factors.

Conclusion

Despite the limited number of channels, a remote three‐port antenna combined with TIAMO represents an easily implementable setup to achieve void‐free 1H images from the entire brain at 9.4 T, which can be used for anatomical localization and B0 shimming. Magn Reson Med 75:452–462, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fiber type‐specific response of skeletal muscle satellite cells to high‐intensity resistance training in dialysis patients
Authors: Molsted Stig , Andersen Jesper Løvind , Harrison Adrian Paul , Eidemak Inge , Mackey Abigail Louise
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of high‐intensity resistance training on satellite cell (SC) and myonuclear number in the muscle of patients undergoing dialysis. Methods: Patients (n = 21) underwent a 16‐week control period, followed by 16 weeks of resistance training 3 times weekly. SC and myonuclear number were determined by immunohistochemistry of vastus lateralis muscle biopsy cross‐sections. Knee extension torque was tested in a dynamometer. Results: During training, SCs/type I fibers increased by 15%, whereas SCs/type II fibers remained unchanged. Myonuclear content of type II, but not type I, fibers increased with training. Before the control period, the SC content of type II fibers was lower than that of type I fibers, whereas contents were comparable when normalized to fiber area. Torque increased after training. Conclusions: Increased myonuclear content of type II muscle fibers of dialysis patients who perform resistance training suggests that SC dysfunction is not the limiting factor for muscle growth. Muscle Nerve 52: 736–745, 2015
High‐resolution ultrasound in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: A prospective study
Authors: Ellegaard Hanne R. , Fuglsang‐Frederiksen Anders , Hess Alexander , Johnsen Birger , Qerama Erisela
Published: March 2015

Introduction

We examined the role of ultrasound in diagnosing and localizing ulnar neuropathy (UN) at the elbow.

Methods

Forty‐one patients referred for UN and 43 healthy subjects were included. Cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the ulnar nerve was measured by ultrasound at 5 locations across the elbow and at the wrist. Patients underwent near‐nerve conduction studies (N‐NCS).

Results

Ultrasound (US) had a sensitivity of 80.5%, N‐NCS had a sensitivity of 70.7%, and combined sensitivity was 85.4% in diagnosing UN. Using N‐NCS as a reference standard, US reached a sensitivity of 93.1% and a specificity of 50.0% in diagnosing UN, and a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 42.9% in localizing UN at the elbow. There was a reduction in mean CSA at 3‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

N‐NCS and US are complementary methods and have the potential to increase the sensitivity for diagnosing and localizing UN at the elbow. Muscle Nerve 52: 759–766, 2015
Studieren an einem Großversuch
Authors: Huber Klaus , Goerigk Günter , Ballauff Matthias , Richter Dieter
Published: March 2015

Masterstudenten der Uni Paderborn absolvieren im Wahlpflichtblock “Synthese und Struktur” ein dreitägiges Praktikum zur Neutronenstreuung am Forschungsreaktor FRM II in Garching.
Structure‐preserving, stability, and accuracy properties of the energy‐conserving sampling and weighting method for the hyper reduction of nonlinear finite element dynamic models
Authors: Farhat Charbel , Chapman Todd , Avery Philip
Published: March 2015

The computational efficiency of a typical, projection‐based, nonlinear model reduction method hinges on the efficient approximation, for explicit computations, of the scalar projections onto a subspace of a residual vector. For implicit computations, it also hinges on the additional efficient approximation of similar projections of the Jacobian of this residual with respect to the solution. The computation of both approximations is often referred to in the literature as hyper reduction. To this effect, this paper focuses on the analysis and comparative performance study for nonlinear finite element reduced‐order models of solids and structures of the recently developed energy‐conserving mesh sampling and weighting (ECSW) hyper reduction method. Unlike most alternative approaches, this method approximates the scalar projections of residuals and/or Jacobians directly, instead of approximating first these vectors and matrices then projecting the resulting approximations onto the subspaces of interest. In this paper, it is shown that ECSW distinguishes itself furthermore from other hyper reduction methods through its preservation of the Lagrangian structure associated with Hamilton's principle. For second‐order dynamical systems, this enables it to also preserve the numerical stability properties of the discrete system to which it is applied. It is also shown that for a fixed set of parameter values, the approximation error committed online by ECSW is bounded by its counterpart error committed off‐line during the training of this method. Therefore, this error can be estimated in this case a priori and controlled. The performance of ECSW is demonstrated first for two academic but nevertheless interesting nonlinear dynamic response problems. For both of them, ECSW is shown to preserve numerical stability and deliver the desired level of accuracy, whereas the discrete empirical interpolation method and its recently introduced unassembled variant are shown to be susceptible to failure because of numerical instability. The potential of ECSW for enabling the effective reduction of nonlinear finite element dynamic models of solids and structures is also highlighted with the realistic simulation of the nonlinear transient dynamic response of a complete car engine to thermal and combustion pressure loads using an implicit scheme. For this simulation, ECSW is reported to enable the reduction of the CPU time required by the high‐dimensional nonlinear finite element dynamic analysis by more than four orders of magnitude, while achieving a very good level of accuracy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIV‐Infected Mothers' Experiences During Their Infants' HIV Testing
Authors: Shannon Maureen T.
Published: March 2015

Both survival with HIV and rates of perinatal HIV infection have significantly declined during the past decade, due to antiretroviral therapies that interrupt HIV transmission to the fetus and newborn. Although HIV is no longer routinely fatal to mothers or transmitted to fetuses, and the testing of newborns for HIV has been improved, evidence about HIV‐infected mothers' experiences during the months of their infants' HIV testing predates these improvements. This qualitative study on 16 mothers was an analysis of interviews conducted several weeks after testing was completed and all infants had been determined to be uninfected. Mothers reported that their experiences evolved during the months of testing. Initial reactions included maternal trauma and guilt associated with infant testing. They then reported learning to cope with the roller coaster ride of repeated testing with the help of information from clinicians. By the end of the testing period, ambiguity began to resolve as they engaged in tentative maternal–infant attachment and expressed desire for a sense of normalcy. Need for support and fear of stigma persisted throughout. These findings expand current knowledge about this experience and suggest clinical strategies to guide HIV‐infected women during this stressful period. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated measurement of site‐specific N‐glycosylation occupancy with SWATH‐MS
Authors: Xu Ying , Bailey Ulla‐Maja , Schulz Benjamin L.
Published: March 2015

Asparagine‐linked glycosylation is a common post‐translational modification of proteins catalyzed by oligosaccharyltransferase that is important in regulating many aspects of protein function. Analysis of protein glycosylation, including glycoproteomic measurement of the site‐specific extent of glycosylation, remains challenging. Here, we developed methods combining enzymatic deglycosylation and protease digestion with SWATH‐MS to enable automated measurement of site‐specific occupancy at many glycosylation sites. Deglycosylation with peptide‐endoglycosidase H, leaving a remnant N‐acetylglucosamine on asparagines previously carrying high‐mannose glycans, followed by trypsin digestion allowed robust automated measurement of occupancy at many sites. Combining deglycosylation with the more general peptide‐N‐glycosidase F enzyme with AspN protease digest allowed robust automated differentiation of nonglycosylated and deglycosylated forms of a given glycosylation site. Ratiometric analysis of deglycosylated peptides and the total intensities of all peptides from the corresponding proteins allowed relative quantification of site‐specific glycosylation occupancy between yeast strains with various isoforms of oligosaccharyltransferase. This approach also allowed robust measurement of glycosylation sites in human salivary glycoproteins. This method for automated relative quantification of site‐specific glycosylation occupancy will be a useful tool for research with model systems and clinical samples.
Label‐free mass spectrometric analysis of the mdx‐4cv diaphragm identifies the matricellular protein periostin as a potential factor involved in dystrophinopathy‐related fibrosis
Authors: Holland Ashling , Dowling Paul , Meleady Paula , Henry Michael , Zweyer Margit , Mundegar Rustam R. , Swandulla Dieter , Ohlendieck Kay
Published: March 2015

Proteomic profiling plays a decisive role in the identification of novel biomarkers of muscular dystrophy and the elucidation of new pathobiochemical mechanisms that underlie progressive muscle wasting. Building on the findings of recent comparative analyses of tissue samples and body fluids from dystrophic animals and patients afflicted with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, we have used here label‐free MS to study the severely dystrophic diaphragm from the not extensively characterized mdx‐4cv mouse. This animal model of progressive muscle wasting exhibits less dystrophin‐positive revertant fibers than the conventional mdx mouse, making it ideal for the future monitoring of experimental therapies. The pathoproteomic signature of the mdx‐4cv diaphragm included a significant increase in the fibrosis marker collagen and related extracellular matrix proteins (asporin, decorin, dermatopontin, prolargin) and cytoskeletal proteins (desmin, filamin, obscurin, plectin, spectrin, tubulin, vimentin, vinculin), as well as decreases in proteins of ion homeostasis (parvalbumin) and the contractile apparatus (myosin‐binding protein). Importantly, one of the most substantially increased proteins was identified as periostin, a matricellular component and apparent marker of fibrosis and tissue damage. Immunoblotting confirmed a considerable increase of periostin in the dystrophin‐deficient diaphragm from both mdx and mdx‐4cv mice, suggesting an involvement of this matricellular protein in dystrophinopathy‐related fibrosis.
Cowpea–Meloidogyne incognita interaction: Root proteomic analysis during early stages of nematode infection
Authors: Villeth Gabriela R. C. , Carmo Lilian S. T. , Silva Luciano P. , Fontes Wagner , Grynberg Priscila , Saraiva Mario , Brasileiro Ana C. M. , Carneiro Regina M. D. , Oliveira José T. A. , Grossi‐de‐Sá Maria F. , Mehta Angela
Published: March 2015

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is an important legume species well adapted to low fertility soils and prolonged drought periods. One of the main problems that cause severe yield losses in cowpea is the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The aim of this work was to analyze the differential expression of proteins in the contrasting cultivars of cowpea CE 31 (highly resistant) and CE 109 (slightly resistant) during early stages of M. incognita infection. Cowpea roots were collected at 3, 6, and 9 days after inoculation and used for protein extraction and 2‐DE analysis. From a total of 59 differential spots, 37 proteins were identified, mostly involved in plant defense, such as spermidine synthase, patatin, proteasome component, and nitrile‐specifier protein. A follow‐up study was performed by quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of nine selected proteins and the results revealed a very similar upregulation trend between the protein expression profiles and the corresponding transcripts. This study also identified ACT and GAPDH as a good combination of reference genes for quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of the pathosystem cowpea/nematode. Additionally, an interactome analysis showed three major pathways affected by nematode infection: proteasome endopeptidase complex, oxidative phosphorylation, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Taken together, the results obtained by proteome, transcriptome, and interactome approaches suggest that oxidative stress, ubiquitination, and glucosinolate degradation may be part of cowpea CE 31 resistance mechanisms in response to nematode infection.
GWIPS‐viz as a tool for exploring ribosome profiling evidence supporting the synthesis of alternative proteoforms
Authors: Michel Audrey M. , Ahern Anna M. , Donohue Claire A. , Baranov Pavel V.
Published: March 2015

The boundaries of protein coding sequences are more difficult to define at the 5′ end than at the 3′ end due to potential multiple translation initiation sites (TISs). Even in the presence of phylogenetic data, the use of sequence information only may not be sufficient for the accurate identification of TISs. Traditional proteomics approaches may also fail because the N‐termini of newly synthesized proteins are often processed. Thus ribosome profiling (ribo‐seq), producing a snapshot of the ribosome distribution across the entire transcriptome, is an attractive experimental technique for the purpose of TIS location exploration. The GWIPS‐viz (Genome Wide Information on Protein Synthesis visualized) browser (http://gwips.ucc.ie) provides free access to the genomic alignments of ribo‐seq data and corresponding mRNA‐seq data along with relevant annotation tracks. In this brief, we illustrate how GWIPS‐viz can be used to explore the ribosome occupancy at the 5′ ends of protein coding genes to assess the activity of AUG and non‐AUG TISs responsible for the synthesis of proteoforms with alternative or heterogeneous N‐termini. The presence of ribo‐seq tracks for various organisms allows for cross‐species comparison of orthologous genes and the availability of datasets from multiple laboratories permits the assessment of the technical reproducibility of the ribosome densities.
1‐(2,6‐dibenzhydryl‐4‐fluorophenylimino)‐2‐aryliminoacenaphthylylnickel halides highly polymerizing ethylene for the polyethylenes with high branches and molecular weights
Authors: Fan Linlin , Du Shizhen , Guo Cun‐Yue , Hao Xiang , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: March 2015

A series of 1‐(2,6‐dibenzhydryl‐4‐fluorophenylimino)‐ 2‐aryliminoacenaphthylene derivatives (L1–L5) and their halonickel complexes LNiX2 (X = Br, Ni1–Ni5; X = Cl, Ni6–Ni10) are synthesized and well characterized. The molecular structures of representative complexes Ni2 and Ni4 are confirmed as the distorted tetrahedron geometry around nickel atom by the single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Upon activation with methylaluminoxane, all nickel complexes show high activities up to 1.49 × 107 g of PE (mol of Ni)−1 h−1 toward ethylene polymerization, producing polyethylenes with high branches and molecular weights up to 1.62 × 106 g mol−1 as well as narrow polydispersity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1369–1378
The Effects of the Crisis on Occupational Segregation of Skilled Migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean in the United States, 2006–2012
Authors: Gandini Luciana , Lozano‐Ascencio Fernando
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of the 2007–2008 economic and financial crisis on the levels of employment and unemployment of skilled migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), as well as their conditions of labour insertion and levels of income, in order to identify patterns of occupational segregation and wage inequality according to their participation in the US labour market. This analysis was developed using a comparative perspective in two ways: on the one hand, comparing skilled migrants from LAC to the skilled migrant population from other regions of the world and to the native skilled population and, on the other hand, by analysing these indicators pre‐crisis and post‐crisis. The information source employed in this study was the March supplements of the Current Population Survey 2006–2012. Our findings indicate that the crisis affected the entire skilled population in the USA and particularly the migrant population. This impact is stronger among LAC women because they are the ones at greatest disadvantage, a situation that worsened following the crisis. Skilled migrants from LAC are substantially more segregated on the occupational structure than other migrants, and they increased its concentration in medium‐skilled occupations. The study also found that skilled migrants from LAC are underrepresented in professional occupations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.