bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swimming endurance of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) at prolonged and sustained swimming speeds, and its role in their capture by towed fishing gears
Authors: Breen Mike , Dyson Jamie , O'Neill Finbarr G. , Jones Emma , Haigh Michael
Published: October 2004

This paper describes an experiment to determine the swimming endurance of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) at prolonged swimming speeds. Fish were stimulated to swim in a circular path around an annular tank, using a moving light pattern to trigger the optomotor response. Individually tagged haddock (length range 16.0–40.2 cm) swam in groups over a range of speeds (0.3–0.9 m s−1) and at a constant temperature (9.85 ± 0.07°C). Endurance of individual fish was shown to be related to their swimming speed and length. However, there was also significant variation (p < 0.05) in the performance of fish of approximately equal length. Distinct behaviours and swimming gaits were also identified and associated with the performance of individual fish. The inverse-linear model is introduced, as an alternative to the log-linear model, for describing the relationship between swimming speed and endurance, and estimating maximum sustainable swimming speed (Ums). Estimates of Ums ranged from 0.38 ± 0.03 m s−1 and 3.16 ± 0.02 BL s−1 (for a 16.0-cm fish) to 0.62 ± 0.04 m s−1 and 1.51 ± 0.07 BL s−1 (for a 42.0-cm fish). Ums represents an important threshold in the behavioural physiology of fish, marking the upper limit of aerobic swimming. The relevance of these results and Ums to the fish capture process is discussed.
Evidence for a clustered spatial distribution of clupeid fish schools in the Norwegian Sea and off the coast of southwest Africa
Authors: Haugland Eli Kyrkjebø , Misund Ole Arve
Published: October 2004

To quantify and characterize the spatial distribution of clupeid fish schools, sonar data were collected during surveys off the coast of Namibia in 1994 (pilchard (Sardinops sagax), anchovy (Engraulis capensis), and round herring (Etrumeus whiteheadi)), off Angola in 1995 (sardinella (Sardinella sp.)) and in the Norwegian Sea in 1997 and 1998 (Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.)). The two-dimensional distances between clupeid schools were calculated in the order that the different schools were observed along the survey vessels transect lines. In all four surveys, two different modes (frequency distribution maximums) were observed. The first mode, representing the most usual interschool distance, was about 60 m. The second mode, around 1600 m, probably represented the distances between different clusters. The distances between clupeid schools and between different clusters were found to be about the same for separate pelagic clupeid species, locations, and years of observation. The mean diameters of the school clusters were estimated to vary between 450 and 1450 m.
Simulating trawl herding in flatfish: the role of fish length in behaviour and swimming characteristics
Authors: Winger Paul D. , Walsh Stephen J. , He Pingguo , Brown Joseph A.
Published: October 2004

Theoretical modeling indicates that the herding efficiency of flatfish by bottom-trawl sweeps is highly sensitive to subtle changes in fish behaviour. Yet the degree of variation in herding behaviour within a species, population, or individual remains poorly understood because of the difficulty observing and measuring fish behaviour in this region of the gear. The purpose of this study was to simulate herding under laboratory conditions in order to examine the behaviour and swimming characteristics of flatfish. Using a large flume equipped with a moving floor, we examined the effect of fish length on gait use, behaviour, and swimming kinematics in American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides). While swimming at a speed comparable to the herding speed of trawl sweeps (0.3 m s−1), smaller plaice (<30 cm) spent a large percentage of time using the kick-swim gait, while larger fish (≥30 cm) preferred cruising. In total, 65% of plaice exhibited settling behaviour, analogous to the swim-and-settle behaviour observed in response to trawl sweeps. The frequency of this behaviour and the distance swum between settles were independent of fish length. Only the frequency of gliding changed with the duration of swimming. Like other teleost species, tailbeat frequency decreased with increasing fish length. The results from this study indicate that fish length affects gait use and swimming kinematics in flatfish, but not the frequency of gliding and settling behaviours. These observations support the hypothesis of size-selective herding and provide further insight into the herding efficiency of trawl sweeps.
Multiple cesarean section morbidity
Authors: Makoha F.W. , Felimban H.M. , Fathuddien M.A. , Roomi F. , Ghabra T.
Published: October 2004

Objective

To quantify maternal risk associated with multiple cesarean sections (CSs) and determine whether the third CS defines a threshold for increased morbidity.

Methods

From January 1997 to January 2002, the clinical records of 3191 women who were delivered by CS at our referral maternity center were examined for selected indicators of maternal morbidity. The women were assigned to groups based on number of CSs and the frequency of each indicator was determined. A composite score for each indicator among women grouped by number of consecutive CSs was then derived to compare risk between groups and against the third CS.

Results

By all indicators studied, morbidity increased with successive CSs before and through the third CS. However, compared with the third, the risk of major morbidity was significantly increased with the fifth, and much worse at the sixth CS for placenta previa (odds ratio [OR]=3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.9–7.4), placenta accreta (OR=6.1, 95% CI=2.0–18.4) and hysterectomy (OR=5.9, 95% CI=1.5–24.4). But the third and fourth CSs had the same risk of major morbidity for placenta previa (OR=1.4, 95% CI=0.8–2.2), placenta accreta (OR=1.0, 95% CI=0.3–2.9) and hysterectomy (OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.0–2.7).

Conclusions

The third CS does not define a threshold for increased risk to the mother. Instead, overall morbidity rises continually with each successive CS. However, specifically for major morbidity from the triad of placenta previa, placenta accreta and hysterectomy during CS, the fourth CS carries the same risk as the third.
Dynamics of an active rock glacier (Ötztal Alps, Austria)
Authors: Berger Jana , Krainer Karl , Mostler Wolfram
Published: October 2004

The rock glacier Innere Ölgrube, located in a small side valley of the Kauner Valley (Ötztal Alps, Austria), consists of two separate, tongue-shaped rock glaciers lying next to each other. Investigations indicate that both rock glaciers contain a core of massive ice. During winter, the temperature at the base of the snow cover (BTS) is significantly lower at the active rock glacier than on permafrost-free ground adjacent to the rock glacier. Discharge is characterized by strong seasonal and diurnal variations, and is strongly controlled by the local weather conditions. Water temperature of the rock glacier springs remains constantly low, mostly below 1°C during the whole melt season. The morphology of the rock glaciers and the presence of meltwater lakes in their rooting zones as well as the high surface flow velocities of >1 m/yr point to a glacial origin. The northern rock glacier, which is bounded by lateral moraines, evolved from the debris-covered tongue of a small glacier of the Little Ice Age with its last highstand around A.D. 1850. Due to the global warming in the following decades, the upper parts of the steep and debris-free ice glacier melted, whereas the debris-covered glacier tongue transformed into an active rock glacier. Due to this evolution and due to the downslope movement, the northern rock glacier, although still active, at present is cut off from its ice and debris supply. The southern rock glacier has developed approximately during the same period from a debris-covered cirque glacier at the foot of the Wannetspitze massif.
Wetter or colder during the Last Glacial Maximum? Revisiting the pluvial lake question in southwestern North America
Authors: Menking Kirsten M. , Anderson Roger Y. , Shafike Nabil G. , Syed Kamran H. , Allen Bruce D.
Published: October 2004

Well-preserved shorelines in Estancia basin and a relatively simple hydrologic setting have prompted several inquiries into the basin's hydrologic balance for the purpose of estimating regional precipitation during the late Pleistocene. Estimates have ranged from 86% to 150% of modern, the disparity largely the result of assumptions about past temperatures. In this study, we use an array of models for surface-water runoff, groundwater flow, and lake energy balance to examine previously proposed scenarios for late Pleistocene climate. Constraints imposed by geologic evidence of past lake levels indicate that precipitation for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may have doubled relative to modern values during brief episodes of colder and wetter climate and that annual runoff was as much as 15% of annual precipitation during these episodes.
Rumination, mood and social problem-solving in major depression
Authors: DONALDSON C. , LAM D.
Published: October 2004

Background. Ruminating when depressed is thought to lower mood and impair problem-solving, while distraction is thought to alleviate mood and assist problem-solving. The present study investigates each of these proposals using both naturally occurring and experimentally induced rumination and distraction in a sample of patients with major depression.

Method. Thirty-six patients with major depression and 36 control participants were randomly allocated to either a rumination or distraction induction condition. Levels of trait rumination and distraction were measured at baseline, mood and problem-solving were measured before and after the inductions.

Results. In terms of trait measures, depressed patients with higher levels of trait rumination reported poorer mood and gave less effective problem solutions than those who were less ruminative. Trait distraction was not associated with mood or problem-solving. In terms of induced responses, depressed patients who were made to ruminate experienced a deterioration in their mood and gave poorer problem solutions. For those receiving the distraction induction, mood improved in all patients and problem-solving improved in patients who were not naturally ruminating at a high level. Neither induction had an impact on mood or problem-solving in control participants.

Conclusions. Treatment for depression associated with adverse life events may need to target rumination as well as problem-solving deficits if interventions are to be effective. The differential effects of self-applied versus experimentally induced distraction require further investigation. Future research will need to consider that high levels of trait rumination may interfere with the impact of experimental inductions.
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenia: a combined treatment and neuroimaging study
Authors: HAJAK G. , MARIENHAGEN J. , LANGGUTH B. , WERNER S. , BINDER H. , EICHHAMMER P.
Published: October 2004

Background. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of frontal brain regions is under study as a non-invasive method in the treatment of affective disorders. Recent publications provide increasing evidence that rTMS may be useful in treating schizophrenia. Results are most intriguing, demonstrating a reduction of negative symptoms following high-frequency rTMS. In this context, disentangling of negative and depressive symptoms is of the utmost importance when understanding specific rTMS effects on schizophrenic symptoms.

Method. Using a sham-controlled parallel design, 20 patients with schizophrenia were included in the study. Patients were treated with high-frequency 10 Hz rTMS over 10 days. Besides clinical ratings, ECD-SPECT (technetium-99 bicisate single photon emission computed tomography) imaging was performed before and after termination of rTMS treatment.

Results. High-frequency rTMS leads to a significant reduction of negative symptoms combined with a trend for non-significant improvement of depressive symptoms in the active stimulated group as compared with the sham stimulated group. Additionally, a trend for worsening of positive symptoms was observed in the actively treated schizophrenic patients. In both groups no changes in regional cerebral blood flow could be detected by ECD-SPECT.

Conclusions. Beneficial effects of high-frequency rTMS on negative and depressive symptoms were found, together with a trend for worsening positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients.
The incidence and prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders: a Danish population-based study
Authors: LAURITSEN M. B. , PEDERSEN C. B. , MORTENSEN P. B.
Published: October 2004

Background. Based on prevalence studies and the few incidence studies of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) the prevalence and incidence of these disorders have been claimed to be increasing.

Method. The annual and age-specific prevalence and incidence rates of childhood autism, atypical autism, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) in Denmark during the period 1971–2000 in children younger than 10 years were estimated using data from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register.

Results. A total of 2·4 million children younger than 10 years were followed and 2061 cases with the PDDs studied were identified. Generally, the prevalence and incidence rates of the PDDs studied were stable until the early 1990s after which an increase in the occurrence of all disorders was seen, until 2000. The annual incidence rate per 10000 children younger than 10 years was 2·0 for childhood autism, 0·7 for atypical autism, 1·4 for Asperger's disorder, and 3·0 for PDD-NOS in 2000. We calculated a ‘corrected’ prevalence of childhood autism at 11·8, atypical autism at 3·3, Asperger's disorder at 4·7, and PDD-NOS at 14·6 per 10000 children younger than 10 years on 1 January 1 2001.

Conclusions. We found that the estimated prevalences of the PDDs studied were probably underestimated. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence and incidence rates during the 1990s may well be explained by changes in the registration procedures and more awareness of the disorders, although a true increase in the incidence cannot be ruled out.
A twin study of early cannabis use and subsequent use and abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs
Authors: AGRAWAL ARPANA , NEALE MICHAEL C. , PRESCOTT CAROL A. , KENDLER KENNETH S.
Published: October 2004

Introduction. Cannabis use is strongly associated with the use and abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs. Gateway and common liabilities models have been employed to explain this relationship. We sought to examine this association using a combination of the discordant twin design and modeling methods.

Method. We assess the relationship between early cannabis use and the subsequent use and abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs in a population-based sample of male and female twin pairs using four analyses: (i) analysis of the association between early cannabis use and other illicit drug use and abuse/dependence in the entire sample of twins, (ii) assessment of the influence of early cannabis use in twin 1 on twin 2's use or abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs, (iii) use of twin pairs discordant for early cannabis use in a discordant twin design and (iv) a model-fitting procedure.

Results. We found: (i) a strong association between early cannabis use and use and abuse/dependence of other illicit drugs in the sample, (ii) twin 1's early cannabis use is significantly associated with the twin 2's other illicit drug use, (iii) the role of correlated genetic factors with some evidence for a causal influence, and (iv) the correlated liabilities model fits the data well.

Conclusions. Early cannabis use is strongly associated with other illicit drug use and abuse/dependence. The relationship arises largely due to correlated genetic and environmental influences with persisting evidence for some causal influences.
Partial PTSD versus full PTSD: an empirical examination of associated impairment
Authors: BRESLAU NAOMI , LUCIA VICTORIA C. , DAVIS GLENN C.
Published: October 2004

Background. Partial PTSD, employed initially in relation to Vietnam veterans, has been recently extended to civilian victims of trauma. We examined the extent to which partial PTSD is distinguishable from full DSM-PTSD with respect to level of impairment.

Method. A representative sample of 2181 persons was interviewed by telephone to record lifetime traumatic events and to assess DSM-IV PTSD criteria. Partial PTSD was defined as [ges ]1 symptom in each of three symptom groups (criteria B, C and D) and duration of [ges ]1 month. Impairment in persons with PTSD and partial PTSD was measured by number of work-related and personal disability days during the 30-day period when the respondent was most upset by the trauma.

Results. Compared to exposed persons with neither PTSD nor partial PTSD, increment in work-loss days associated with PTSD was 11·4 (S.E.=0·6) days and with partial PTSD, 3·3 (S.E.=0·4) days (adjusted for sex, education and employment). Similar disparities were found across other impairment indicators. Persons who fell short of PTSD criteria by one symptom of avoidance and numbing reported an increment of 5·0 (S.E.=0·7) work-loss days, 6·0 fewer than full PTSD. PTSD was associated with excess impairment, controlling for number of symptoms. A significantly lower proportion of persons with partial PTSD than full PTSD experienced symptoms for more than 2 years. A lower proportion of persons with partial PTSD than full PTSD had an etiologic event of high magnitude.

Conclusions. PTSD identifies the most severe trauma victims, who are markedly distinguishable from victims with subthreshold PTSD.
Poor social integration and suicide: fact or artifact? A case-control study
Authors: DUBERSTEIN P. R. , CONWELL Y. , CONNER K. R. , EBERLY S. , EVINGER J. S. , CAINE E. D.
Published: October 2004

Background. Sociological studies have shown that poor social integration confers suicide risk. It is not known whether poor integration amplifies risk after adjusting statistically for the effects of mental disorders and employment status.

Method. A case-control design was used to compare 86 suicides and 86 living controls 50 years of age and older, matched on age, gender, race, and county of residence. Structured interviews were conducted with proxy respondents for suicides and controls. Social integration was defined in reference to two broad levels of analysis: family (e.g. sibship status, childrearing status) and social/community (e.g. social interaction, religious participation, community involvement).

Results. Bivariate analyses showed that suicides were less likely to be married, have children, or live with family. They were less likely to engage in religious practice or community activities and they had lower levels of social interaction. A trimmed logistic regression model showed that marital status, social interaction and religious involvement were all associated with suicide even after statistical adjusting for the effects of affective disorder and employment status. Adding substance abuse to the model eliminated the effects of religious involvement.

Conclusions. The association between family and social/community indicators of poor social integration and suicide is robust and largely independent of the presence of mental disorders. Findings could be used to enhance screening instruments and identify problem behaviors, such as low levels of social interaction, which could be targeted for intervention.
Adolf von Harnack and the entry of the German state into war, July–August 1914
Authors: O'Neill J. C.
Published: October 2004

Adolf von Harnack, perhaps the most influential theologian of the twentieth century, helped the Kaiser to draft his Call to the German People of 6 August 1914, and almost certainly knew that the Kaiser, the Chancellor, and the German army planned to precipitate war that month. Despite that knowledge, Harnack always maintained that Russia and France launched the war. He drew a sharp distinction between private morality and state morality, and asserted that law played no part in either. One and the same spirit rules in history and in us. The dangers of love without law.
The greatest possible blessing: Calvin and deification
Authors: Mosser Carl
Published: October 2004

Many assume that the patristic notion of deification is absent from the mainstreams of post-patristic Western theology. Recent scholarship, however, identifies deification in Augustine, Aquinas, Luther, early Anglicanism, early Methodism and Jonathan Edwards – all fountainheads of Western theology. This article contends that deification is also present in Calvin's theology. It is not a prominent theme in its own right and some of the bolder patristic terminology is not employed. Nonetheless, the concept and imagery of deification regularly appear on stage while other doctrines are explicated. For Calvin, deification is the eschatological goal and blessing greater than which nothing can be imagined.
Dan Williams's Retrieving the Tradition and Renewing Evangelicalism: A Primer for Suspicious Protestants
Authors: Ferguson Everett
Published: October 2004

Dan Williams challenges the ‘historylessness’ of much contemporary evangelicalism and pleads for a recovery of the great Tradition as a way of ‘renewing evangelicalism’. I agree with the need to pay attention to history but am not so optimistic about its resulting in renewal and find problems in the statement of the case that require further exploration. To follow Tradition is to affirm the authority of scripture. The Rule of Faith itself was a summary of the teaching found in scripture. Theological programmes other than the ‘Bible alone’ have not been notably successful in overcoming division. The early creeds and councils may be accepted as confessions of faith but not as tests of fellowship.
Reflections on Retrieving the Tradition and Renewing Evangelicalism: a response
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: October 2004

American evangelicals are in the process of discovering patristics. Books, articles, large-scale projects of scripture commentary produced by evangelical publishers, growing numbers of courses offered and students who wish to take them demonstrate that serious study of the literary and intellectual life of early Christianity is slowly moving into current theological reflections of evangelicalism. By ‘serious study’ I am signaling a distinction from those contemporary readings of the early fathers which have tended to re-make them in the image of twentieth-century evangelicalism. In their own right then, the fathers are being heard as having relevant voices.
Philosophy, theology and foundationalism in the thought of Karl Rahner
Authors: Kilby Karen
Published: October 2004

This paper argues for the possibility of a non-foundationalist reading of Karl Rahner's theology, one which treats it as logically independent of his philosophy. It argues that there is a greater degree of discontinuity between Rahner's early philosophical writings and his later theology than is usually recognized, and focusing on the Vorgriff auf esse, that the same claim may function differently in his theology than it does in his philosophy. Through an analysis of a line of tension running through much of Rahner's later thought, it shows that his insistence on the inescapability of pluralism, if taken fully seriously, has significant consequences for one's understanding of the ‘transcendental’ aspect of Rahner's theology.
Robert Jenson's Systematic Theology: a review essay
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: October 2004

The essay explores the inner logic that connects Jenson's view of the work of Christ, the person of Christ, and the doctrine of God. More specifically, it examines his understanding of the cross, the incarnation, and the trinity. Despite clear intentions to the contrary, Jenson lands outside the bounds of established ecumenical consensus. His view of the cross tends toward Socinus, of the incarnation toward Arius, and of the trinity toward Hegel in ways that seem subordinationist and tritheistic. One possible reason for this outcome is a rationalistic mindset that displays a low tolerance for paradox in dogmatic theology.
‘America's theologian’: an appreciation of Robert Jenson's Systematic Theology, with some remarks about the bible
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: October 2004

Robert Jenson's two-volume Systematic Theology is a highly creative and individual synthesis of a number of often divergent strands of contemporary theology. An ecumenical and trinitarian theology, it is also a theology of narrative, hope, and of the word. The main body of this article attempts a sympathetic paraphrase of the argument of this work section by section. In a more critical ‘postscript’, it is argued that ‘word of God’ language is appropriate to the bible's twofold canonical structure, and that the appropriation of the beginning, middle and end of the biblical narrative to the first, second and third persons of the trinity respectively results in an undue bias towards eschatology.
In defense of a self: the theological search for a postmodern identity
Authors: Marsh Charles
Published: October 2004

The author's purpose in this essay is, first of all, to evaluate the recent assessments of the self given by Stanley Hauerwas and Rowan Williams. Second, in registering his reservations with these views, he claims that confessional theologians have rich resources for shaping a powerful and innovative redescription of the tradition of transcendental subjectivity that does not conclude in, or require, the self's disappearance (or the concomitant annihilation of interiority). The person willed by God into being possesses a certain formfulness that is neither pure intentionality nor interiority, a certain formful unity constitutive of its being created in the image of God. Third, the author argues that Dietrich Bonhoeffer's christological account of the self, supplemented by Eberhard Jüngel's trinitarian account, offers a promising alternative to Hauerwas and Williams. The article's general concern is to show that modern theology does itself and Christian congregations a disservice if it fails to appreciate the depth, complexity and created dignity of human personhood.
LETTERS FROM SIR ROBERT CECIL TO SIR CHRISTOPHER HATTON, 1590–1591
Authors: Hammer Paul E.J.
Published: October 2004

Acknowledgements

Editorial practice

Introduction

Letters from Sir Robert Cecil […]
Ion injections at auroral latitude during the March 31, 2001 magnetic storm observed by Cluster
Authors: Korth A. , Fränz M. , Zong Q.‐G. , Fritz T. A. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Rème H. , Dandouras I. , Friedel R. , Mouikis C. G. , Kistler L. M. , Möbius E. , Marcucci M. F. , Wilber M. , Parks G. , Keiling A. , Lundin R. , Daly P. W.
Published: October 2004

We present here simultaneous H+ and O+ ion dispersion signatures observed by three Cluster spacecraft above the northern auroral zone. These observations occur during strong geomagnetic activity (Kp = 9) and are consistent with a time‐of‐flight (TOF) dispersion of the ions. Using the TOF dispersion of H+ and O+ and bouncing properties of H+, we show that the ions originate from a distant source located near 80 Re down tail. Our results show that the magnetotail is topographically stable to support multiple bouncing of H+ ions during a storm period. Furthermore these results could suggest that the plasmasheet H+ and O+ ions have been accelerated to the same velocity in the vicinity of a reconnection region.
The interaction of comet 153P/Ikeya‐Zhang with interplanetary coronal mass ejections: Identification of fast ICME signatures
Authors: Jones Geraint H. , Brandt John C.
Published: October 2004

The active comet 153P/Ikeya‐Zhang possessed a highly‐variable plasma tail. Favorable circumstances allowed the identification of the impact of fast ICMEs with the comet. The impact produces a specific morphology including a characteristic scalloped appearance which suggests that the ICME magnetic field drapes around preexisting tail density enhancements. This appears to be the first direct association between fast ICMEs and plasma tail structure and the specific structure should permit the identification of fast ICME locations in the heliosphere.
Ozone column classified climatology of ozone and temperature profiles based on ozonesonde and satellite data
Authors: Lamsal L. N. , Weber M. , Tellmann S. , Burrows J. P.
Published: October 2004

An updated and atmospheric dynamics oriented global climatology of ozone profiles has been derived from ozonesonde and satellite observations. The climatology, which uses total ozone to parameterize the profile shape, provides improved a priori information for ozone profile retrieval from satellite measurements using optimal estimation. It can be also used to correct the profile shape error in total ozone retrieval. Sonde data were selected from the 1990–2000 and 1988–1999 period for SAGE II excluding two years of SAGE II V6.1 data influenced by the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991. In addition, POAM III V3 data covering the polar region and SHADOZ ozonesonde data in the tropics were included. The ozone profile data were binned in steps of 30 DU of total ozone, 30° wide zonal bands, and into a six‐month season (winter/spring and summer/fall) in middle and high latitudes. No seasonal distinction is needed in the low‐latitude region (30°S to 30°N). Mean and standard deviation profiles for each ozone class were combined from satellites and sondes with a transition region in the range 20–26 km to merge both data sets. Temperature data from sonde, SAGE II collocated NMC, and POAM III collocated UKMO, where NMC and UKMO data are used in respective ozone retrieval, have been binned and averaged in the same manner as the ozone profiles so that for each mean ozone profile a matching temperature profile was derived. Corresponding ozone and temperature profiles help in accounting for the temperature dependence of the ozone absorption cross sections in the retrieval process. Key features of both ozone and temperature climatologies are discussed. As examples, ozone‐temperature correlation and the climatology of tropopause heights as derived from this climatology are presented, and they serve as diagnostic tools to show that the new climatology is a representative data set for global applications. Good agreement between collocated sonde profiles from Hohenpeissenberg (47.8°, 11.0°) and GOME ozone profiles, retrieved using optimal estimation method and using this climatology as constraints, was found. Also, comparison with GOME results, which were retrieved using a zonal monthly mean climatology, demonstrates the large improvements achieved by using this new climatology, particularly in the lowermost stratosphere and tropopause region.
Decadal North Pacific sea surface temperature variability and the associated global climate anomalies in a coupled general circulation model
Authors: Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: October 2004

We explore the characteristics of decadal North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability along with its relationship to global climate variations based on the analysis of a long‐term coupled model simulation (300 years). Two key regions of North Pacific decadal variability, i.e., the western North Pacific (WNP) and central North Pacific (CNP) SST variability, are defined. While the global atmospheric patterns associated with decadal WNP variability are localized around east Asia and the western North Pacific, those of decadal CNP variability have both a local and a remote manifestation. The midlatitude response to decadal CNP variability is examined on the basis of El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability on interannual and decadal timescales. Decadal CNP variability can destructively or constructively interfere with the midlatitude response to interannual ENSO variability.
Ship‐based nitric acid measurements in the Gulf of Maine during New England Air Quality Study 2002
Authors: Dibb Jack E. , Scheuer Eric , Whitlow Sallie I. , Vozella Marcy , Williams Eric , Lerner Brian M.
Published: October 2004

Gas phase nitric acid (HNO3) was measured at 5‐min resolution on board the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research vessel Ronald H. Brown during the second leg (29 July to 10 August) of the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) 2002 cruise. A primary objective of the cruise was to improve understanding of the oxidation of NOx in, and removal of the oxidation products from, the polluted marine boundary layer east of northeastern North America. For the first 9 days of this leg the ship remained north of Cape Cod, and the cruise track did not extend much farther north than the New Hampshire‐Maine border. During this period, HNO3 averaged 1.1 ppb and accounted for 19% of total reactive nitrogen oxides (measured NOy). On all days, peak HNO3 mixing ratios were observed in the early afternoon (average 2.3 ppb), at levels twofold to fourfold higher than the minima around sunrise and sunset. In these daytime peaks, HNO3/NOy averaged 28%. There were secondary nighttime peaks of HNO3 (0.9 ppb average), when HNO3 accounted for 16% of total reactive nitrogen oxides. This pronounced diurnal pattern confirms that production, and subsequent deposition, of HNO3 in the polluted marine boundary layer downwind of New England removes a significant fraction of the NOx exported to the atmosphere over the Gulf of Maine. Nitric acid was correlated with O3, particularly during the early afternoon interval when both molecules reached maximum mixing ratios (R2 = 0.66). The ozone production efficiency (OPE) inferred from the slope (10 ppb O3/ppb HNO3) was similar to the OPE of 9 estimated at the Atmospheric Investigation, Regional Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (AIRMAP) Thompson Farm station in coastal New Hampshire during the study period.
Role of meteorological processes in two New England ozone episodes during summer 2001
Authors: Mao Huiting , Talbot Robert
Published: October 2004

We examined the impact of dynamical processes on spatial variability in ozone (O3) mixing ratios at closely spaced air monitoring sites in southern New Hampshire (NH) during two O3 episodes, July 21–25 and August 2, 2001. The Meso‐scale Meteorological Model (MM5) and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) photochemical model were applied together with ground‐based atmospheric chemistry observations conducted by the Atmospheric Investigation, Regional Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (AIRMAP) program at the University of New Hampshire. Observations and model simulations suggested that during the July episode long‐range transport via the nocturnal low‐level jet (LLJ) played an important role in producing elevated daytime mixing ratios of O3. The marine site Isle of Shoals experienced the highest level of O3, possibly a result of having more diverse upwind sources and less ventilation compared to continental sites. Our model results suggest that during daytime the shallow sea breeze circulation contributes to high levels of O3 at coastal and marine sites while the channeling effect of the Appalachian Mountains influences inland locations. In contrast to the July event, the event on August 2 was characterized by weak and transient synoptic flows, indicating insufficient time for transport of O3 and its precursors from distant sources to inland sites in NH. Backward trajectories for both events showed that O3‐rich air masses from the Boston metropolitan area can contribute to the high levels of O3 (>120 ppbv) at coastal and marine sites in southern NH. Our results suggest that the International Consortium of Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT), an international field campaign based in the northeastern United States in summer 2004, should coordinate mobile platforms to investigate the vertical structure and chemical composition of the LLJ, the sea breeze, and the terrain‐forced flows, and estimate the influx of O3 and its precursors to central New England.
Parameter sensitivity in simulations of snowmelt
Authors: Essery Richard , Etchevers Pierre
Published: October 2004

A simple snow model with only three parameters (fresh snow albedo, albedo decay rate for melting snow, and surface roughness) is used to simulate snow accumulation and melt at four sites in Europe and North America, and the extent to which the model's parameters can be calibrated against observations is investigated. Results from the model are compared with observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) and the range of results from models that participated in an intercomparison project for the same sites. Good simulations of SWE are obtained by parameter calibration, but sensitivity analyses show that the SWE observations do not contain enough information to uniquely determine parameter values even for this very simple model. Comparisons of simulated snow albedo with observations for two of the sites give stronger constraints on the model parameters, but the model is unable to give good simulations of SWE and albedo simultaneously with a single parameter set, revealing a weakness due to the model's neglect of internal snowpack processes; an enhanced version of the model representing heat storage in the snow performs better in simultaneous simulations of SWE and albedo. In comparison with observations of snow surface temperature, it is found that sensible heat fluxes in low wind speed conditions have to be enhanced to prevent the model from simulating unrealistically low nighttime temperatures at a sheltered site.
Modeling evidence for enhanced El Niño–Southern Oscillation amplitude during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: An S.‐I. , Timmermann A. , Bejarano L. , Jin F.‐F. , Justino F. , Liu Z. , Tudhope A. W.
Published: October 2004

We present a numerical eigenmode analysis of an intermediate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) model which is driven by present‐day observed background conditions as well as by simulated background conditions for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) about 21,000 years ago. The background conditions are obtained from two LGM simulations which were performed with the National Center for Atmospheric Research climate system model (CSM1.4) and an Earth system model of intermediate complexity (ECBilt‐CLIO). Our analysis clearly shows that the leading present‐day unstable recharge‐discharge mode changes its stability as well as its frequency during LGM conditions. Simulated LGM background conditions were favorable to support large‐amplitude self‐sustained interannual ENSO variations in the tropical Pacific. Our analysis indicates that off‐equatorial climate conditions as well as a shoaling of the thermocline play a crucial role in amplifying the LGM ENSO mode.
CD209L (L-SIGN) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Authors: Jeffers Scott A. , Tusell Sonia M. , Gillim-Ross Laura , Hemmila Erin M. , Achenbach Jenna E. , Babcock Gregory J. , Thomas William D. , Thackray Larissa B. , Young Mark D. , Mason Robert J. , Ambrosino Donna M. , Wentworth David E. , DeMartini James C. , Holmes Kathryn V.
Published: October 2004

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a receptor for SARS-CoV, the novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome [Li, W. Moore, M. J., Vasilieva, N., Sui, J., Wong, S. K., Berne, M. A., Somasundaran, M., Sullivan, J. L., Luzuriaga, K., Greenough, T. C.,et al.(2003)Nature426, 450–454]. We have identified a different human cellular glycoprotein that can serve as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV. A human lung cDNA library in vesicular stomatitis virus G pseudotyped retrovirus was transduced into Chinese hamster ovary cells, and the cells were sorted for binding of soluble SARS-CoV spike (S) glycoproteins, S590and S1180. Clones of transduced cells that bound SARS-CoV S glycoprotein were inoculated with SARS-CoV, and increases in subgenomic viral RNA from 1–16 h or more were detected by multiplex RT-PCR in four cloned cell lines. Sequencing of the human lung cDNA inserts showed that each of the cloned cell lines contained cDNA that encoded human CD209L, a C-type lectin (also called L-SIGN). When the cDNA encoding CD209L from clone 2.27 was cloned and transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells, the cells expressed human CD209L glycoprotein and became susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV. Immunohistochemistry showed that CD209L is expressed in human lung in type II alveolar cells and endothelial cells, both potential targets for SARS-CoV. Several other enveloped viruses including Ebola and Sindbis also use CD209L as a portal of entry, and HIV and hepatitis C virus can bind to CD209L on cell membranes but do not use it to mediate virus entry. Our data suggest that the large S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV may use both ACE2 and CD209L in virus infection and pathogenesis.
Modulation of dendritic differentiation by corticotropin-releasing factor in the developing hippocampus
Authors: Chen Yuncai , Bender Roland A. , Brunson Kristen L. , Pomper Jörn K. , Grigoriadis Dimitri E. , Wurst Wolfgang , Baram Tallie Z.
Published: October 2004

The interplay of environmental and genetic factors in the developmental organization of the hippocampus has not been fully elucidated. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is released from hippocampal interneurons by environmental signals, including stress, to increase synaptic efficacy. In the early postnatal hippocampus, we have previously characterized a transient population of CRF-expressing Cajal-Retzius-like cells. Here we queried whether this stress-activated neuromodulator influences connectivity in the developing hippocampal network. Using mice deficient in the principal hippocampal CRF receptor [CRF
1
(-/-)] and organotypic cultures grown in the presence of synthetic CRF, or CRF receptor antagonists, we found robust effects of CRF on dendritic differentiation in hippocampal neurons. In CRF
1
(-/-) mice, the dendritic trees of hippocampal principal cells were exuberant, an effect that was induced in normal hippocampi
in vitro
by the presence of CRF
1
antagonists. In both cases, total dendritic length and dendritic branching were significantly increased. In contrast, exogenous synthetic CRF blunted the dendritic growth in hippocampal organotypic cultures. Taken together, these findings suggest that endogenous CRF, if released excessively by previous early postnatal stress, might influence neuronal connectivity and thus function of the immature hippocampus.
Carbohydrate response element binding protein directly promotes lipogenic enzyme gene transcription
Authors: Ishii Seiji , IIzuka Katsumi , Miller Bonnie C. , Uyeda Kosaku
Published: October 2004

Carbohydrate response element (ChRE)-binding protein (ChREBP) is a recently discovered transcription factor that is activated in response to high glucose concentrations in liver independently of insulin. ChREBP was first identified by its ability to bind the ChRE of the liver pyruvate kinase (LPK) gene. We recently reported that the increase in expression of multiple liver lipogenic enzyme mRNAs elicited by feeding a high-carbohydrate diet as well as that of LPK mRNA is markedly reduced in mice lacking ChREBP gene expression (ChREBP
-/-
) in comparison to WT mice. The present study provides evidence for a direct and dominant role of ChREBP in the glucose regulation of two key liver lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). ACC, FAS, and LPK mRNA levels were higher in WT hepatocytes cultured with high (25 mM) rather than low (5.5 mM) glucose medium, but there was no effect of glucose concentration on these mRNA levels in ChREBP
-/-
hepatocytes. Similarly, reporter constructs containing ACC, FAS, or LPK gene ChREs were responsive to glucose when transfected into WT but not ChREBP
-/-
hepatocytes, and glucose transactivation of the constructs in ChREBP
-/-
hepatocytes was restored by cotransfection with a ChREBP expression plasmid. ChREBP binding to ACC, FAS, and LPK ChRE sequences
in vitro
was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility super shift assays.
In vivo
binding of ChREBP to ACC, FAS, and LPK gene promoters in intact liver nuclei from rats fed a high-carbohydrate diet was demonstrated by using a formaldehyde crosslinking and chromatin immunoprecipitation procedure.
The Ets-1 transcription factor is required for complete pre-T cell receptor function and allelic exclusion at the T cell receptor β locus
Authors: Eyquem Stéphanie , Chemin Karine , Fasseu Magali , Bories Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2004

The pre-T cell receptor (TCR) functions as a critical checkpoint during αβ T cell development. Signaling through the pre-TCR controls the differentiation of immature CD4
-
CD8
-
CD25
+
CD44
-
[double-negative (DN)3] thymocytes into CD4
+
CD8
+
double-positive (DP) cells through the CD4
-
CD8
-
CD25
-
CD44
-
(DN4) stage. In addition, pre-TCR activity triggers expansion and survival of thymocytes and inhibits TCRβ gene rearrangement through a process referred to as allelic exclusion. Whereas many proteins involved in the pre-TCR transduction cascade have been identified, little is known about the nuclear factors associated with receptor function. Here, we use gene targeting to inactivate the Ets-1 transcription factor in mice and analyze pre-TCR function in developing Ets-1-deficient (Ets-1
-/-
) thymocytes. We find that inactivation of Ets-1 impairs the development of DN3 into DP thymocytes and induces an elevated rate of cell death in the DN4 subset. This defect appears specific to the αβ lineage because γδ T cells maturate efficiently. Finally, the percentage of thymocytes coexpressing two different TCRβ chains is increased in the Ets-1
-/-
background and, in contrast with wild type, forced activation of pre-TCR signaling does not block endogenous TCRβ gene rearrangement. These data identify Ets-1 as a critical transcription factor for pre-TCR functioning and for allelic exclusion at the TCRβ locus.
Combining biological networks to predict genetic interactions
Authors: Wong Sharyl L. , Zhang Lan V. , Tong Amy H. Y. , Li Zhijian , Goldberg Debra S. , King Oliver D. , Lesage Guillaume , Vidal Marc , Andrews Brenda , Bussey Howard , Boone Charles , Roth Frederick P.
Published: October 2004

Genetic interactions define overlapping functions and compensatory pathways. In particular, synthetic sick or lethal (SSL) genetic interactions are important for understanding how an organism tolerates random mutation, i.e., genetic robustness. Comprehensive identification of SSL relationships remains far from complete in any organism, because mapping these networks is highly labor intensive. The ability to predict SSL interactions, however, could efficiently guide further SSL discovery. Toward this end, we predicted pairs of SSL genes in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by using probabilistic decision trees to integrate multiple types of data, including localization, mRNA expression, physical interaction, protein function, and characteristics of network topology. Experimental evidence demonstrated the reliability of this strategy, which, when extended to human SSL interactions, may prove valuable in discovering drug targets for cancer therapy and in identifying genes responsible for multigenic diseases.
Formation of an actin-like filament concurrent with the enzymatic synthesis of inorganic polyphosphate
Authors: Gómez-García María R. , Kornberg Arthur
Published: October 2004

Inorganic polyphosphate (poly P), a chain of hundreds of phosphate residues linked by ATP-like bonds, is found in every cell in nature and is commonly produced from ATP by poly P kinases (e.g., PPK1).
Dictyostelium discoideum
, the social slime mold, possesses a PPK activity (DdPPK1) with sequence similarity to bacterial PPKs. We find here a previously unrecognized PPK (DdPPK2) in
D. discoideum
with the sequences and properties of actin-related proteins (Arps) that are similar to muscle actins in size, properties, and globular-filamentous structural transitions. Significantly, the unique actin inhibitors, phalloidin and DNase I, also inhibit synthesis of poly P by DdPPK2. Thus, this particular Arp complex is an enzyme that can polymerize into an actin-like filament concurrent with its synthesis of a poly P chain in a fully reversible reaction.