bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Global Agenda for Advancing Freshwater Biodiversity Research
Authors: Maasri Alain , Jähnig Sonja , Adamescu Mihai , Adrian Rita , Baigun Claudio , Baird Donald , Batista-Morales Angelica , Bonada Nuria , Brown Lee , Cai Qinghua , Campos-Silva Joao , Clausnitzer Viola , Contreras-MacBeath Topiltzin , Cooke Steven , Datry Thibault , Delacamara Gonzalo , Dijkstra Klaas-Douwe , Do Van Tu , Domisch Sami , Dudgeon David , Eros Tibor , Freitag Hendrik , Freyhof Joerg , Friedrich Jana , Friedrichs-Manthey Martin , Geist Juergen , Gessner Mark , Goethals Peter , Gollock Matthew , Gordon Christopher , Grossart Hans-Peter , Gulemvuga Georges , Gutiérrez-Fonseca Pablo , Haase Peter , Hering Daniel , Hahn Hans Juergen , Hawkins Charles , He Fengzhi , Heino Jani , Hermoso Virgilio , Hogan Zeb , Hoelker Franz , Jeschke jonathan , Jiang Meilam , Johnson Richard , Kalinkat Gregor , Karimov Bakhtiyor , Kasangaki Aventino , Kimirei Ismael , Kohlmann Bert , Kummerlen Mathias , Kuiper Jan , Kupilas Benjamin , Langhans Simone , Lansdown Richard , Leese Florian , Meester Luc De , Magbanua Francis , Matsuzaki Shin-ichiro , Monaghan Michael , Mumladze Levan , Muzon Javier , Ndongo Pierre Mvogo , Nejstgaard Jens , Nikitina Oxana , Ochs Clifford , Odume Oghenekaro Nelson , Opperman Jeffrey , Patricio Harmony , Pauls Steffen , Raghavan Rajeev , Ramirez Alonso , Rashni Bindiya , Ross-Gillespie Vere , Samways Michael , Schaefer Ralf , Schmidt-Kloiber Astrid , Seehausen Ole , Shah Deep Narayan , Sharma Subodh , Soininen Janne , Sommerwerk Nike , Stockwell Jason , Suhling Frank , Shah Ram Devi Tachamo , Tharme Rebecca , Thorp James , Tickner David , Tockner Klement , Tonkin Jonathan , Valle Mireia , Vitule Jean , Volk Martin , Wang Ding , Wolter Christian , Worischka Susanne
Published: March 2021

Freshwater biodiversity is declining dramatically, and the current
biodiversity crisis requires defining bold goals and mobilizing
substantial resources to meet the challenges. While the reasons are
varied, both research and conservation of freshwater biodiversity lag
far behind efforts in the terrestrial and marine realms. We identify
fifteen pressing global needs to support informed global freshwater
biodiversity stewardship. The proposed agenda aims to advance freshwater
biodiversity research globally as a critical step in improving
coordinated action towards its sustainable management and conservation.
Huge right ventricle cardiac fibroma in a child patient
Authors: Fan Qiang , Ling Yunfei , An Qi
Published: March 2021

In this case report, we describe a rare large right ventricular fibroma
with sudden chest pain in a 9 year old child. The tumor was successfully
surgical removed under cardiopulmonary bypass, but there was only a
small remnant of the tumor to avoid rupture of the right ventricle and
injury to the tricuspid valve. Pathological examination confirmed that
the tumor was fibrous borderline tumor. The patient’s heart function and
the size of atrium and ventricles were normal, and there was no
tricuspid regurgitation at 3-months follow-up. It was reported that the
age less than 17 years old at time of diagnosis are associated with a
poor prognosis, the long term outcome for this children patient needs
further follow-up.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of γ-Branched Allylamines for the Efficient Synthesis of γ-Chirogenic Amines
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Yuanhao , Zhou Fengfan , Zhang Zhenfeng , Gridnev Ilya , Zhang Wanbin
Published: March 2021

The efficient construction of γ-chirogenic amines has been realized via
asymmetric hydrogenation of γ-branched N-phthaloyl allylamines by using
a bisphosphine-Rh catalyst bearing a large bite angle. The desired
products possessing different types of γ-substituents were obtained in
quantitative yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to
>99.9% ee). This protocol provided a practical method for
the preparation of γ-chirogenic amine derivatives such as the famous
antidepressant drug Fluoxetine (up to 50000 S/C). The mechanism
calculation shows a weak interaction-promoted activation mode which is
completely different from the traditional coordination-promoted
activation mode in the Rh-catalyzed hydrogenation.
Enhanced elimination of betamethasone in dichorionic twin pregnancies
Authors: Rodrigues Grazielle , Benzi Jhohann , Matos Luísa , Freitas Stella , Marques Maria , Cavalli Ricardo , Moisés Elaine , Duarte Geraldo , Lanchote Vera , Marcolin Alessandra
Published: March 2021

Aims: No study has evaluated the BET pharmacokinetics in twin
pregnancies separated by chorionicity. The aim this study is to describe
and compare the BET pharmacokinetic parameters in singleton, dichorionic
(DC) and monochorionic (MC) twin pregnancies in the third trimester of
pregnancy. Methods: Twenty-six pregnant women received an intramuscular
dose of 6 mg of BET sodium phosphate plus 6 mg BET acetate. Serial blood
samples were collected for 24 hours after the first intramuscular BET
esters dose. BET plasma concentrations were quantified using a validated
HPLC analytical method. BET pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained
employing a non-compartment model, and were compared using ANOVA’s test
with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Correlations between clinical
features and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using Pearson’s
correlation. Preliminary data on the BET placental transfer were also
presented. Results: The geometric mean (IC 95%) of AUC0-∞ 670.0
(504.3-805.2) vs 434.9 (311.2-539.6) ng.h/mL and the CL/F 18.38
(13.84-22.65) vs 29.40 (21.17-36.69) were significantly lower and
higher, respectively, in DC twin pregnancies compared to singleton.
Others pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ among the groups.
Conclusions: Data from this study suggest that the presence of two
fetoplacental units may increase the BET metabolism by CYP3A4 enzyme and
increase its elimination. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic clinical
studies are needed to investigate whether this BET pharmacokinetic
changes have clinical repercussions for the newborns and require dose
adjustment in DC twin pregnancies.
The Buffering Effects of Social Insurance for the Spread of Covid-19
Authors: Mirani Ahangarkolaei Moein , Demir Eser , Constantinou Tolga , Toranji Mostafa , Adino Tadashi , Tavassoli Nasrin , Noghani Atefeh
Published: March 2021

Global pandemics are associated with substantial losses of human capital. The best strategy of policymakers in public health before a population-wide vaccination is to reduce the outbreak of the disease and finding ways to alleviate its negative consequences in society. Previous studies show that welfare programs have externalities in unintended areas and for unplanned outcomes including a wide range of health outcomes. In this paper, we show that payments under the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program have the potential to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. Applying a difference-in-difference technique on monthly data of all US counties from January 2020 to January 2021, we document that the social insurance under the umbrella of UI payments can reduce the transmission rate of Covid-19. The results show heterogeneity across subsample with the largest effects among blacks, poor, and low educated regions
The Effect of Brand Awareness, Credibility, Quality and Loyalty on Word-of-Mouth in a Competitive Medicine Market
Authors: Oppong Peter Kwasi
Published: March 2021

Brands with a high level of awareness, credibility, quality and loyalty provide a platform for strengthening customers` favourable word-of-mouth, which may contribute to increasing market share in a competitive environment. However, there is few or no research on the effect of awareness, credibility and quality on word-of-mouth through the impact of attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty, particularly in the traditional medicine market. Consequently, this research aims to evaluate the effect of awareness, credibility and quality on word-of-mouth via the impact of the dimensions of loyalty in the traditional medicine market. Survey questionnaires were administered to 265 customers chosen from the traditional medicine market through a systematic sampling strategy. The data collected were statistically analyzed using structural equation modelling through SPSS Amos 20. The study revealed that awareness, credibility and quality positively influence word-of-mouth through the impact of behavioural loyalty. The research further found that awareness and credibility significantly influence positive word-of-mouth through the impact of attitudinal loyalty in the traditional medicine market. Therefore, this paper extends the prior studies by exhibiting the potential role of brand awareness, credibility and quality in strengthening word-of-mouth through the impact of attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty, particularly in the traditional medicine market. This paper also advances managers` knowledge about creating and exploiting brand awareness, credibility, perceived quality, attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty to increase positive word-of-mouth in the traditional medicine market
Chemically modified Jatropha curcas oil for biolubricant applications
Authors: Nor Nurazira , Salih Nadia , Salimon Jumat
Published: March 2021

Jatropha curcas oil is one of interesting renewable resources for preparation of biolubricants. However, direct application of this oil as a biolubricant is restricted due to its low oxidative stability. This drawback can be overcome by molecule structural redesign through a chemical modification process at its unsaturated functional groups. Jatropha curcas oil was modified via epoxidation, ring opening and esterification processes. Its conversion to the epoxidized oil was performed by using in situ performic acid as a catalyst, then reaction with oleic acid in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst in the ring opening process. The final esterification process with oleic acid was catalyzed by sulfuric acid. Molecular structures of the modified oil were determined by measurements of the oxirane oxygen content and by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR) spectroscopy analyses. The results showed that the oxidative stability, viscosity, flash point and pour point of the final product were significantly improved. In specific, the ring opening and esterification processes inducing branching and bending in the final oil molecular structure have resulted in the improved viscosity index of 135, the pour point of -29?C and the increased flash point of 250?C.
Insight into chemical reaction kinetics effects on thermal ablation of charring material
Authors: Xiao Jie , Jiang Lin , Xu Qiang
Published: March 2021

Thermal ablation plays an important role in the aerospace field. In this paper, to study the chemical kinetics effects on heat transfer and surface ablation of the charring ablative material during aerodynamic heating, a charring ablation model was established using the finite element method. The AVCOAT 5026-39H/CG material, one typical thermal protection material used in thermal protection system, was employed as the ablative material and heated by aerodynamic heating condition experienced by Apollo 4. The finite element model considers the decomposition of the resin within the charring material and the removal of the surface material, and uses Darcy?s law to simulate the fluid-flow in the porous char. Results showed that the model can be used for the ablation analysis of charring materials. Then effects of chemical kinetics on ablation were discussed in terms of four aspects, including temperature, surface recession, density distribution, and mass flux of pyrolysis gas. The pre-exponential factor and activation energy have different effects on ablation, while the effect of the reaction order is little. This paper is helpful to understand the heating and ablation process of charring ablative materials and to provide technical references for the selection and design of thermal protection materials.
Caracterización del profesorado de educación superior que muestra eficacia docente
Authors: Murrieta Ortega Raymundo
Published: March 2021

El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar las características de los profesores de educación superior que muestran eficacia docente; para ello, se aplicaron encuestas con escala tipo Likert a una muestra de 20 docentes y 480 alumnos de cinco licenciaturas de una escuela normal de la región centro de México. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, con diseño no experimental de tipo transeccional descriptivo, para lo que se tomó una muestra por conveniencia con la participación de profesores con resultados favorables y desfavorables en la evaluación docente en los últimos ciclos escolares. La pregunta de investigación formulada fue la siguiente: ¿cuáles son las características de eficacia docente del profesorado de una escuela normal en México desde la mirada de maestros y estudiantes?

Para analizar los resultados se establecieron tres dimensiones: a) personal, b) disciplinar y c) didáctico-pedagógica. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que la edad intermedia de los docentes (41 a 50 años), la experiencia en la docencia (de 16 a 30 años), determinados aspectos personales (disposición a la consulta y el ser humanista), rasgos disciplinares (preparación académica óptima y dominio de la asignatura), así como aspectos didáctico-pedagógicos (saber planear, organizar contenidos, crear ambientes de aprendizaje y realizar evaluación congruente) son factores vitales para que logren eficacia docente.
Public Archaeology in Nepal: Now and in the next 10 years
Authors: Chapagain Neel Kamal
Published: March 2021

In Nepal – and perhaps true in other South Asian countries as well, the term ‘public archaeology’ is not very frequently used among heritage professionals. Though it exists in limited use, largely the heritage practice including archaeology in Nepal is experts or authority driven. Perhaps the primary reason for this is the lack of a critical mass of archaeologists and broader heritage practitioners as well as a general lack of awareness among the public. There are disciplinary crisis situations prevalent across heritage related studies and practice areas in Nepal. However, with the increasing landscape of academic programmes and professional awareness among younger generations, we can be hopeful. Hence, I would expect that we will be able to create sufficient interests among students and younger professionals towards archaeology and heritage.
PROGRAM ADIWIYATA MEMBENTUK PERILAKU CINTA LINGKUNGAN WARGA SMPN 2 COLOMADU
Authors: Maulana Rashyid Muttaqim , Hidayah Kuny
Published: March 2021

SMPN 2 Colomadu mendapatkan penghargaan dari pemerintah sebagai sekolah adiwiyata tingkat nasional pada tahun 2019. Program ini mengajak warga sekolah berpartisipasi aktif dalam menjaga dan merawat lingkungan. Partisipasi yang diterapkan oleh warga SMPN 2 Colomadu berupa kegiatan yang ramah lingkungan. Kegiatan yang dilakukan antara lain memilah sampah organik dan anorganik, bank sampah, pengolahan pupuk kompos, jum’at sehat dan bersih, penanaman tanaman hidroponik, biopori, pemanfaatan limbah air wudhu untuk pengairan kolam ikan, jajanan kantin bebas dari plastik, dan RPP diselipkan konsep adiwiyata. Program adiwiyata ini tidak hanya dilakukan di dalam sekolah, tapi juga dilakukan di luar lingkungan sekolah. Penerapan budaya cinta lingkungan mengikutsertakan masyarakat sekitar untuk peduli terhadap lingkungan. Hasil program adiwiyata di sekolah membentuk sekolah imbas di sekitar SMPN 2 Colomadu.
PENGUATAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DI SEKOLAH MELALUI PERAN GURU SEBAGAI FASILITATOR SISWA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI SIKAP SISWA
Authors: Pratiwi Ika Indah , Suryati Indah , Cahyo Aji Nur , Setiaputra Felix Indra
Published: March 2021

Character education is the main program that must be in school. This study aims to evaluate evaluatively the strategy and implementation of character education by the teacher as a facilitator in improving the competence of students' attitudes at SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Sambi, Boyolali. In this study using qualitative research methods through descriptive explanations that use interviews, documentation, and direct observation related to the teacher's efforts when doing classroom learning and strengthening character education through school programs and in their responsibilities as educators. Research at SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Sambi, Boyolali shows that teachers have an important role in educating students, especially regarding character education because the character of students is an important part of educational outcomes, because education is not only about grades and academic results, but what is more important is character. which is in students to apply their knowledge in everyday life so that students can have good quality academics and be applied in all areas of community life and become good citizens.
MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DATABASE, MAIL SERVER DI SEKOLAH SMKN 9 SURAKARTA
Authors: Prakoso Luxman Aji , Almisfalah Abu Qosim , Kurniawan Endra Arief
Published: March 2021

In improving the quality of student skills in the process of learning databases, mailserver at SMKN 9 SURAKARTA, schools not only depend on the quality of managers but also improvement of management systems and the development of students' ability to apply database concepts. Mastery of database concepts is very important in order to improve student skills and improve student creativity in developing websites and improving the quality or ability of students so they can compete in the world of work. The database is one of the important components in information systems, with the information system it will provide accurate, timely and relevant information for its users so that it can be used for decision making. Teacher strategies in improving Database skills at SMKN 9 SURAKARTA, in delivering the teacher's material, first explain and explain clearly and hatefully then give examples of outputs from the database program, so students will try to be more competitive and efficient and try to improve skills in learning databases the.
O espanto celeste
Authors: Dodsworth Magnavita de Carvalho Alexey
Published: March 2021

Ao longo dos séculos, a humanidade contemplou o cosmo e com ele se assombrou. Este espanto nos levou a construir sentidos a partir do céu estrelado; narrativas que fundam cidades, estabelecem modos de viver e constroem modelos éticos. Tal contemplação pode ser dividida em três momentos da história: astrológico, astrofísico e, por fim, astronáutico. Em cada um desses momentos, nosso olhar humano apreende as luzes celestes e as reconstrói em narrativas.
Исследование модификационной изменчивости палочника аннамского по окраске тела
Authors: Носков Денис , Саранчин Евгений
Published: March 2021

Работа посвящена исследованию возможной изменчивости окраски палочника аннамского Baculum extradentatum Brun. Помещая нимфы насекомого в контейнеры разного цвета, изучали потенциал изменчивости по окраске тела. Гипотеза строилась на основе приспособительной окраски палочника и возможному её изменению. Результаты показали, что окраска палочников не зависит от внешнего фона. Получены интересные данные о пищевой активности и факторах влияющих на развитие и жизнедеятельность палочника аннамского.
Биоиндикация мышечной ткани рыб из водоемов Тюменской области
Authors: Якушин Александр , Саранчин Евгений
Published: March 2021

Исследователи изучили воду и мышечную ткань рыб из водоемов Тюменской области с помощью известного объекта биоиндикации - рачка Цериодафнии (Ceriodaphnia affinis). Ранее такой подход к изучению токсичности мышечной ткани не применялся. Проведенное исследование токсичности воды при помощи биоиндикации на цериодафниях показало, что вода реки Туры может оцениваться как «Оказывающая хроническое токсическое действие», а в реке Пышме – «Не оказывающая хроническое токсическое действие». Изучение мышечной ткани рыб рек Тура и Пышма показало токсичность мышц, но без достоверных отличий между ними по острому токсическому действию на цериодафний
醫患信任
Authors: CLARK Chalmers C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese建立醫患之間的信任關係是解決患者弱勢問題的必由之路。而如何激發信任成為關鍵問題。在這一方面，只要醫療行業能夠認識到要保護它的職業利益和職業自主權就必須培養患者信任，信任的激發就不成問題了。儘管醫患信任的重建必須有這樣一個狹隘的出發點，但維護信任對我們提出了更多的要求－－在醫生職業教育中應該強調珀西瓦爾Percival的同情醫療的態度和技術。在這樣的前提下，未來的醫療從業人員就會把道德、愛心和信任作為職業宗旨的組成要素，做出更衷心的承諾，從而更好地維護醫患信任。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 30 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
《赫爾辛基宣言》縱橫談
Authors: CONG Yali
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.自從20世紀80年代末，隨著中國和其他國家在生物醫學科研上合作的增多，與之有關的倫理問題隨之增加。尤其是20世紀以來，如果說科研倫理學是生命倫理學領域的一顆新星不過分的話，那麼，赫爾辛基宣言就是科研倫理學的核心的說法是很恰當的。為了提高科研倫理學的意識，保護受試者的權益，預防潛在的倫理問題的發生，順著赫爾辛基宣言發展的歷史並找尋其中變遷的線索是非常必要的。具體來說，從紐倫堡法典產生的背景和內容開始，追溯1964、1975、1983、1989、1996、2000和2002年赫爾辛基宣言變化的原因，並把主要變化的內容單獨注出來，以利於讀者進行比較分析。探詢歷史發展的軌跡，是為了從中吸取經驗教訓，完善對受試者保護權益保護的機制。本文所有的材料都是為了這個目的服務的。關於國際前沿性的對最新的赫爾辛基宣言的爭論，讀者頭腦中要有各國對科研倫理學原則的多元化的理解這樣一個概念，同時要知道聲音最大的背後的原因，而且更重要的是要有結合中國實際情況的意識，以及是否適合中國的情況的分析，否則仍要停留在被動盲從的地位，不能真正實現科研倫理學應有的實踐性價值。Along with the development of biomedical research cooperation between China and other countries since late 1980s, many ethical issues have occurred. It is not exaggerating to claim that research ethics is a bright star in the field of bioethics, especially since the end of the 20th-century. It is also appropriate to say that the Declaration of Helsinki consists of the core of contemporary research ethics. This paper will trace the history of Declaration of Helsinki and seek for the clue for positive changes. To do so should be able to help to raise the consciousness of research ethics in people, to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects, and to prevent some potential ethical problems from happening.This article will describe in detail on the background from the Nuremberg Code to the Declaration of Helsinki and on changes happened in different versions of the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964, 1975, 1983, 1989, 1996, 2000 and 2002. The obvious and significant changes of different versions will be highlighted for the convenience of the reader. The aim of this historical review is to learn the experiences and related lessons in the West and thus to develop the system of human subject protection in China. All the materials of the article are directed to this aim. Regarding the current ethical debates on the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki, we should be aware of the moral pluralism and plurality among different countries. It is important to analyze and understand the strongest voice in the debate and the background of this voice.Yet, the most challenging task is to find out what is suitable for our country- China- - and what is not. In other words, while we need to learn from the West about human subject protection such as the historic and influential document like the Declaration of the Helsinki, it is crucial to root Chinese research ethics in our particular conditions in China. Otherwise, we will always in the status of simply following the West blindly and cannot fulfill the practical significance of research ethics in Chinese reality.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 22 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
基因技術與人的尊嚴
Authors: LU Feng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.現代基因技術改善了人類控制以及治癒疾病的能力，但同時，它也開始威脅人類的自由以及獨立性。解決這一問題，是應用倫理學的責任。現代西方關於人的尊嚴的觀念處理這樣一類問題。一方面，這些觀念把人看成是獨立自由的個體，從而強調人的尊嚴。但是，現代基因技術給種族歧視提供了新的理由。現代基因技術不再是對生命進化“外部”框架條件的控制，而是有目的地改變生命體的“內部”形成機制，從而給優生學提供新的支持。這不但威脅到人的獨立性，而且更深地威脅人的尊嚴！ 如果人可以被區分為“設計者”以及“被設計者”，那麼假設“所有人生來平等”的原則就被摧毀了。另一方面，現代西方觀念視人為唯一具有創造性的生物。人可以有目的地改造世界，而其他生物則作不到 。這一觀點使那些認為科學技術能改善世界的人熱烈支持基因優生學。最終，這一行為將導致大災難。古代中國關於人的尊嚴的觀念給解決這一問題開出了一條新路。中國古人更重視通過道德修養去凸現人的尊嚴。這是一條有別於西方征服自然的路。中國思想強調人與自然的和諧，天人合一，這一思想將有助於解決現代基因技術帶來的問題。我們最終必須明白，我們應該用涵養道德的方式去維護人的尊嚴，而不該僭取“上帝”和自然的權力。Modern genetic technology improves the human ability to control and cure illnesses. But at the same time, it threatens the independence and freedom of humanity. So it is the duty of applied ethics to overcome this problem.The modem Western idea of human dignity cannot deal with the problem. On one side, the modem Western idea regards mankind as independent and free individuals. It emphasizes the dignity of man. However, modem genetic technology provides new reasons to raise the bar. Modern genetic technology gives new support to eugenics, which enables mankind not only to control the evolution of living beings from the outside, but also to change them from the inside. It threatens deeply not only the independence, but also the dignity of man. If people are distinguished between “designer” and “designed”, the principle which assumes that all people should be equal will be destroyed.On the other side, the modem Western idea regards man as the only one species that has initiative. Man can have the intention to change the world, but other beings cannot. This point makes those who accept the idea that science and technology can improve the world support eugenics. This will lead to disaster.The ancient Chinese idea of human dignity presents a new way to deal with this problem. The ancient Chinese put more energy into their own cultivation of an ideological morality which expresses their dignity. This way is different from the Western way of conquering nature. The Chinese idea emphasizes the harmony between humanity and nature, and the idea that humans and nature become one, which will help humans overcome problems caused by modem genetic technology. We must understand that we should display dignity through our cultivation of an ideological morality, rather than appropriating power of God and nature.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 38 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
從儒家生命倫理的角度反思中國大陸的衛生保健制度改革
Authors: CAO Yongfu
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文在分析中國大陸衛生保健制度改革的背景和措施的基礎上，提出了人們對該項改革“普遍不滿意”的觀點，並認為改革中缺乏儒家生命倫理的價值指導，是導致人們“普遍不滿意”的一個深層次原因。本文認為，在儒家看來，“醫乃仁術”，儒家倫理與衛生保健是天然地結合在一起的﹔ “儒醫同道”也是中國古代醫界的一個傳統﹔中國儒家生命倫理有著豐富的內涵：例如“責人”思想，即尊重人、重視人的生命﹔“不忍” 思想，即同情病人﹔“博愛”，即“ 愛人”、“ 泛愛眾”﹔“推己及人”思想等。最後，文章認為要使中國衛生保健制度改革獲得成功，使人們滿意，必須明確“ 仁”是衛生保健制度的價值核心，只能把“ 市場”作為手段、不能作為目的﹔必須認識到， 建立良好的衛生保健制度是政府義不容辭的責任，這才是符合儒家的“仁政”思想的， 而醫生和醫院是衛生保健制度中“醫乃仁術”的最終實現者。挖掘儒家生命倫理，並指導衛生保健制度改革， 也許能夠使中國衛生改革和發展走上“健康”道路。On the basis of analyzing the health care system reforms in mainland China in recent years, this paper argues that it was the absence of a direction from Confucian bioethics that should have, been responsible for major problems encountered in the reform as well as for the general dissatisfaction of the people with the results of the reforms.From the viewpoint of Confucian morality,"medicine is the art of benevolence (ren)." Confucian ethics naturally supports proper health care. The idea that "Confucianism and medicine share the same principle" is integrated in the tradition of conventional Chinese medical world. Confucian bioethics has abundant connotations. For example, the thought that "min gui" (the people as valuable) means that government ought to respect the people and cherish people’s lives; the thought of "ce ying" (sympathy) implies that the physician should be compassionate with the patient; and "ci bei" (philanthropy) means that one should love every individual. These types of Confucian thought should be drawn on to guide medical practice. Most of all, it should be noted that benevolence (ren) is the core value of a health care system. In order to render the reform successful, this core value must be upheld. Health care markets should be established and regulated to contribute to the core value of benevolence. Doctors and hospitals are the performers of medicine as the art of benevolence. Confucian bioethics, as the guidance of health care system reforms, may help Chinese health care reforms develop healthily.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 22 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒家的“生生”理念及其衍生的生命倫理原則
Authors: YANG Tongwei , WANG Yunling
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.“天地之大德曰生”這一命題是儒家生命哲學的集中體現。這裏的“天地”不僅是客觀的存在，還具有德性倫理的光輝﹔這裏的生命，同時也是人文的終極意義所在——使生命成為生命，使人與自然界相統一而共同歸宿於整個宇宙的精神生命、宇宙生命。天以“生”為其大德，這說明天不僅具有生命意義，而且具有價值意義。生命遵循本體原則，生生不已，發用流行。由此可見，在儒家的“生生”理念中，內含著對“天命”與“理”的深深敬重：對生命起源的敬重、對天地間萬物的敬重、對天地人相通的敬重。在敬重原則的指引下，悲天憫人，珍重生命就成為儒家的重要思想。儒家所言的生命，是指能夠自我發展、自我創造、自我演化、自我更新的存在物。所以在“生生”理念中內含著目的性：凡生命都是有目的性的，“生”的目的性是完善和完美。這樣，出於對生命的敬重和對生命目的性的認識，“生生”理念便衍生出“盡性”原則：萬物各盡其性分。盡興原則，在先秦儒家那裏體現為取之以度、用之以時的生態倫理思想。而後世儒家則進一步認為，在整個自然界和社會中任何一人任何一物均有其各自獨立的生命價值和生命意義，因此皆應予以尊重理解和愛護。在儒家看來，認識的目的在於為其道德實踐服務。在道德實踐層面，“生生”表現為一種追求和諧的“生生”，即人要順從自然以達到天、地、人之間的和諧。生生和諧摒棄了人與自然的對立，是一種仁民愛物、萬物一體的內在人文主義思想。通過生生和諧，使自然、人類、社會成為一個系統的有機的整體。這既代表了人類肯定、培護、滋潤自我生命的需要，也代表了人類生存、發展的方向。"The great virtue of Heaven and Earth is life" – this proposition is a concentrated expression of the Confucian philosophy of life. Here, "Heaven and Earth" is not just an objective existence, but also has the virtue that is ethically brilliant. That "life" is the great virtue of Heaven shows that Heaven not only has the meaning of life but also has the sense of value. Thus, the Confucian philosophy of life, which holds a deep respect for "fate", and "truth", respects the origin of life, respects everything between heaven and earth, and respects the link among heaven, earth and person. Under this principle of respect, cherishing life becomes an important Confucian thinking.The life that Confucian said is the existence that can have self-development, self-creation, self-evolution and self-renewal. Therefore, the "life" idea including the principle of purpose: every life is purposeful, the purpose of life is to improve and perfect. Due to the respect for life and the purpose of life, "life" idea leads to the "development" principle: all things are full with the development. Confucians in the Qin dynasty thought that the development principle implies an ecological ethics that is limited to the use of season. Later, the Confucian further thought that any one or any person has its own independent life value and meaning of life. So all things should be respected, understood and loved.From the Confucian view, the purpose of cognition is service to moral practice. On morally practical level, "life" involves a pursuit of harmony. People ought to attempt to attain the harmony among heaven, earth and the people. It is an inherent humanism thinking that love should go for all the people, with differentiation notwithstanding. Through harmony, natural, human and social systems will come as an organic whole. This not only represents the needs of humans to cultivate and nurture self-life, but also represents a developmental human direction.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 28 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
安樂死: 一種儒家倫理之考量
Authors: LI Jun
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文從儒家倫理的視角對安樂死問題加以考量。本文指出，由於儒家對於死後生活的淡漠，使得其更接近世俗倫理的思路，從而可以與安樂死的支持者對話。儒家培養忍耐痛苦的弘毅德性，從而不鼓勵通過選擇死亡來解除痛苦；通過對倫理關係構成人本質的洞察，更反對生死自主的迷誤，指出倫理關係的相關者必須為此負責。但是安樂死對於生命尊嚴的追求在儒家思想上是值得尊重的，關鍵在於這種追求能否鞏固人們生活在其中的倫理關係。This essay reexamines the issue of euthanasia from the perspective of Confucian ethics. The author, as a Confucian scholar, responds to and analyzes the ethical challenge posed by euthanasia. In this way, the essay constitutes a preliminary attempt to establish a Confucian understanding of and attitude towards euthanasia.Confucians generally see death as the end of life in this world, leaving open the question of the immortality of the soul or the resurrection of the body. This view differs little from that generally held in the secularized modern world and seems close to a pro-euthanasia position, making Confucianism different from any other great ancient tradition. On the philosophical level, however, Confucianism views a meaningful life as the process of becoming a saint or sage, which entails the cultivation of important virtues, including endurance and strength. In this sense, attempting to seek death as a means of escaping suffering is not encouraged, however neither is it viewed as evil, for Confucians do not have such an absolute transcendental standard as the Christian Decalogue to prohibit suicide. Rather, for Confucians, the moral sense of an action can only be determined through the context of ethical relations.Hence, it is necessary to rethink euthanasia in the sociopolitical dimension of Confucianism. For Confucians, ethical relationships constitute not only communities and societies but also humanity. In this sense, it is essentially wrong to advocate the autonomy of individuals because to do so ignores the relational network in which and by which decisions emerge on the individual level. Confucianism stresses the dependence of individuals upon the ethical network such that people are responsible for their family members’ and friends’ “own” decisions. Euthanasia, then, cannot be reduced to suicide because it contains the element of homicide.Nevertheless, Confucianism supports respect for human dignity, which is a pro-euthanasia argument. In the Confucian tradition, it is vitally important to ensure the dignity of dying people, not only for their own comfort but also for the consolidation of their ethical relationships, in which they have experienced love and care and which will last long after their death. For Confucians, what is at stake in the issue of euthanasia is whether it can consolidate the ethical relational network on which dying people depend, and whether thereafter a meaningful death can shaped for the patient.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 3861 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
中國文化是否構成了對知情同意的挑戰？
Authors: ZHU Wei
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.知情同意原則自引進中國以來，遭遇到能否與中國文化相適應的質疑。這樣的質疑，基於以下兩個事實判斷：一是，在現實的臨床和研究的同意過程中，往往是家庭共同參與或代替病人或研究參與者決策，而不是由他們本人單獨作決定；二是，從文化傳統來看，中國文化似乎不具備知情同意的理論基礎。由此，一些學者認為中國文化對知情同意形成了挑戰。本文認為，這兩個事實判斷不足以證明中國文化對知情同意構成了挑戰。這不僅因為這樣的事實不是全部的、或真正的事實，而且還因為事實判斷不能代替倫理判斷。倫理的判斷需要更為廣泛的視角。當我們試圖以一些事實說明家庭同意是合理的，那麼我們須要考察，家庭同意是否保護了病人和受試者的利益和權利？當我們斷言說中國文化缺乏自主性的特質時，除了事實的說明外，還須要對自主性的內涵及其意義作出分析，從而能夠判斷這樣的結論是否具有普遍性。自主性之所以是重要的，並成為知情同意的理論基礎，是因為借此病人和受試者可按照自己的利益、意願來行動、決定和選擇，從而達到保護他們的目的。從這個意義上說，沒有必要去深究家庭同意是否撼動了知情同意的基礎，或重新構建知情同意的理論基礎。知情同意的文化敏感性更應該著眼於操作層面。Since its introduction into China as a bioethical principle, informed consent has been a controversial topic. Many doubt its adoptability in the Chinese context. They claim that in China, it is often the family and not the patient that makes the decision about patient care in real clinical practice or medical research. In addition, Chinese culture appears incompatible with the principle of informed consent. As a result, many scholars conclude that Chinese culture constitutes a challenge to the application of informed consent in China.This essay contends that such an argument does not hold water, or at least, is not well justified. First, such a claim obviously fails to tell everything about the situation in China. In addition, a factual judgment cannot take the place of an ethical one, while an ethical judgment should be made taking a wide perspective. When we seek to determine the justifiability of family consent with certain facts, we need to consider also whether it is conducive to the protection of the rights and benefits of the patient. When people assert that autonomy is not part of Chinese culture, they should not rely on just a factual presentation. Rather, they should go a step further, to work at the meaning and significance of autonomy, so that they can determine whether such a claim is universally true. In fact, Confucian Chinese culture features rich intellectual and moral resources that support individual independence, creativity, and freedom. For example, in the Confucian classics, including the Analects, we can easily find sayings of Confucian sages that emphasize a free, independent, and strong will, which underlies informed consent.Autonomy, which is the theoretical basis of informed consent, is important because it plays a decisive role in helping to safeguard the rights and benefits of patients. It should be quite clear that it is irrelevant to try to determine whether family consent damages the theory of informed consent, or to try to reconstruct the theoretical framework for informed consent. This essay contends that the key issue to be addressed is to improve the necessary operational measures for implementing informed consent.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 112 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
“仁術”與“方技”: 中國傳統醫患關係的倫理現實
Authors: CHENG Guobin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文首先對中國傳統醫學生活的結構和運動模式兩個方面進行了探討，借此提出以下觀點：中國傳統的醫患倫理關係並不是一種典型的職業倫理關係，它建立在中國傳統醫學學術和社會生活的基礎之上，其道德效力整合於這種特定的生活境遇之中；醫生與病人都被整合在社會倫理關係的網路之中，醫患關係根據醫病雙方各自具體的社會倫理身份以及具體的醫療活動場景的不同而運動變化。這樣一種倫理關係使中國傳統醫學生活充滿了矛盾：醫家雖然將醫學稱為“奪造化之權，以救人生死”《醫學源流論˙醫非人人可學論》的大“道”，但又必須承認其在現實性上是一種“持方技以事上”的小“術”，苦苦掙扎在崇高的道德責任感和低下的自我倫理認知之間；病家既保有一種有限的選擇和評價醫生、干預診療活動的自主權，又必須遵循社會倫理法則來認識和調整與醫生的關係，在和醫生的相互角力中維護自己的權益。傳統醫學道德過於追求高尚而遠離普通醫生的生活實際，這就大大消弱了它對現實生活的指導力量，無助於建立一種合理的職業倫理規範，更違背了中國傳統倫理學“德得相通”的最高道德原則。Using examples from ancient texts, this paper contends that the traditional physician-patient relationship should be understood and interpreted within the matrix of the social and ethical network of a society. As such, the physician-patient relationship is not what we call “a professional relationship,” in that there is no fixed or objective standard to qualify it. In the Confucian tradition, for instance, the physician-patient relationship changes according to the social identity of the patient. The moral responsibility of the physician also becomes ambiguous when he or she is required to treat the patient as a “relative” or “friend.” The patient, in contrast, has a very limited “autonomy,” if there is such a thing, to choose his or her own doctors and make medical decisions. The same situation can be seen in Daoist medical practice when the physician has to struggle between the “Dao of medicine” and the “skill of medicine,” or between the moral dimension of medicine and the efficaciousness of medicine. The medical profession in the past was never an independent entity with independent ethical standards, and has always been part of a wider value system.Because of this, when medical professionals nowadays try to adopt Western ideas underpinned by different principles and theories, they find moral clashes between two traditions due to their conflicting value systems. As a result, concepts such as “patient rights” are at odds with the traditional understanding of the physician-patient relationship, which emphasizes context and situation. This paper also criticizes virtue-based morality in China, contending that principle-based morality would be better for reconstructing a more objective standard of morality for medical professionals in China.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 207 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 中國生命倫理學前途何在？
Authors: FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本期所刊論文均以儒家傳統倫理為出發點，探討新的生殖技術所帶來的道德挑戰以及軍隊醫學在當代所面臨的道德問題，故以“儒家傳統與新的挑戰” 為題。論文曾在今年7 月香港浸會大學應用倫理學研究中心舉辦的第五屆「建構中國生命倫理學」研討會上交流，後經編者評議和作者修改而成。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 51 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
從儒家倫理看克隆人的正當性問題
Authors: ZHANG Shunqing
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文從儒家倫理的天道基礎和現實基礎兩個角度分析儒家關於克隆人問題的立場與態度。本文認為，論證儒學關於現代生命倫理議題的看法，不應只局限於應用傳統儒學的某種觀點得出某種結論，或樂衷於表面的否定或肯定這樣的判斷。而應該對體現在儒家身上那種對人類生存與命運的強烈憂患意識和人文關懷有一種自覺的體認，這樣才能對儒學關於諸如克隆人這樣的現代生命倫理議題的立場與態度獲得較為全面和深刻的認識。從這樣的觀點出發，本文認為從儒家倫理的天道基礎而言，儒家不會對克隆人的正當性輕率地表示肯定和否定，而是根據具體的情境和目的決定自己的態度，但一般而言，儒家將不會主張克隆人。從儒家倫理的現實基礎來看，儒家對克隆人的態度是鮮明的，那就是認為克隆人缺乏倫理上的正當性，從而反對克隆人。This essay attempts to offer a Confucian view of human cloning. It analyzes the nature of human cloning from the perspective of Confucian ethics. It argues that we should not make simple “Confucian” conclusions about human cloning based on certainisolated Confucian views, but should take a personal view on the fundamental spirit of Confucianism. Evidently, the foundation of Confucian ethics is its view of the Dao of Heaven (tiendao). From the perspective of this essay, the Dao of Heaven offers twoprinciples with which people should comply. The first principle is that the Dao of humans must follow the Dao of Heaven. That is, people’s activities should not violate the will of Heaven. The second principle is the principle of continuous creation or generation (shengsheng buyi). Such continuous creation or generation is seen as the great virtue (dade) of Heaven. Accordingly, the Dao of Heaven is primarily the method of creation, which characterizes Confucian ethics.This Confucian view of the Dao of Heaven and its two basic principles should be brought to bear on the issue of human cloning in the full sense. By mechanically understanding and applying the principle of generation, it is possible to develop a view of human cloning that grants it legitimacy as a method of reproduction. However, the authentic Confucian sense of generation cannot be understood without the normal relationship between a man and a woman, or specifically, the relationship between husband and wife, which Confucians see as the ultimate starting point of any meaningful human generation. Without the union of husband and wife, human reproduction becomes an unnatural, abnormal event that goes beyond the scope of the Dao of Heaven. That is why Confucianism emphasizes the crucial function of marriage in the normal way of human life. Accordingly, Confucians think that both a father and a mother are necessarily (morally) required to create a normal human child. Techniques such as reproductive human cloning destroy the normal means of human generation and undermine the foundation of Confucian ethics. Confucians cannot accept such techniques.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 185 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
輔助生殖技術對傳統儒家倫理的挑戰與反思
Authors: HE Miao
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.以家庭為本位，以血緣關係為紐帶是把握中國傳統的儒家倫理觀和婚姻觀的兩條主線。經過千百年文化積澱，傳統儒家倫理的核心價值和人倫精義早已融入廣大民眾的日常生活和觀念世界，並通過多種多樣的民俗、風俗或習俗得以流傳和積澱，潛移默化地影響和左右人們的觀念與行為。在全球一體化的新世紀，以輔助生殖技術為代表的現代醫療技術在為人類帶來福音的同時，也以前所未有的力量衝擊著傳統的儒家倫理觀念，向傳統的婚姻和家庭關係提出最嚴峻的挑戰。因此，從傳統儒家倫理的視角，理性地審視中國傳統倫理社會的深層本質和家庭婚姻觀念，有助於深化人們對輔助生殖技術倫理問題的認識，促進科學技術與生命倫理的良性互動和協調發展，從而使人類的生殖和繁衍更加科學。Chinese traditional Confucian ethics recognizes the fundamental importance of the family. Appropriate blood-tie relationships have become a major concern in Chinese marriages and family life. As the Confucian ethical tradition has been established for thousands of years, the core values and meanings of Confucian family ethics are implicit in Chinese life and embodied in everyday activities. The family has been taken as a foundation of the state, and family regulation has been taken as an indispensable element in the Confucian societal ideal of “personal cultivation, family regulation, state governance, and the whole world made peaceful.”Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has benefitted Chinese families who have difficulty conceiving naturally. However, it also poses severe challenges to the traditional model of marriage and family relations according to Confucian ethics. The first challenge is that ART causes a separation between reproduction and marriage – gametes from a person outside of the marriage could be used to procreate children, which presents the grave risk of changing the blood-tie-based structure of the family. We must also face the second challenge posed by ART, which is that the application of such technology may inflict harm to the child thus conceived. There have already been Chinese cases involving disputes over who should be considered the legitimate parents of the children conceived through ART. Such cases are enormously controversial and the children are put into quite vulnerable situations.From the perspective of traditional Confucian ethics, Chinese society should be very cautious in applying ART. We should recognize that the problems of infertility involve complicated psychological and social factors that cannot entirely be solved by using advance technology. Moreover, necessary laws and regulations should be formulated according to proper Chinese ethical views that reflect traditional Confucian family ethics. It would be helpful to set up hospital ethics committees to provide consultancy and advice in difficult cases. In short, it is essential to understand the ethical problems involved in the application of ART and to promote a positive interaction and coordination of reproductive technology and Chinese bioethics.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 618 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
Efficient cost management
Authors: Nazarova Vera Leonidovna , Korzhengulova Asiya Akanovna , Mesentsev Alexey Alexandrovich , Kalamkas Alaydarkyzy , Dauzova Aida Mazhidovna
Published: March 2021

In a market economy requires a system of presentation of accounting information that would allow the most efficient use of available resources, it is also assumed that there is a choice of alternatives, it is required to select resources, sources of financing, forms and methods of investment, etc., that is, to make various management decisions that are related to the property of the organization. Therefore, to date, there is an urgent need to build an information and control system for managing production costs, in the relationship and interdependence of the indicators formed in it. Based on the existing principles, it seems necessary to create in the accounting management information and control system that meets the requirement of effective management of production costs to the greatest extent, when each Manager would make decisions to reduce costs and maximize profits. In the historical context, this was the main reason for the allocation of management accounting as an independent element of the accounting system.