bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A typology of negation in a constraint-based framework of syntax and semantics
Authors: De Swart Henriette
Published: December 2021

Negation and negative indefinites raise problems for the principle of compositionality
of meaning, because we find both double and single negation readings in natural
languages. De Swart and Sag (2002) solve the compositionality problem in a polyadic
quantifier framework. The syntax-semantics interface exploits an extension of the
Cooper storage mechanism that HPSG uses to account for scope ambiguities. In de
Swart and Sag (2002), all negative quantifiers are collected into an N-store, and are
interpreted by means of iteration (double negation) or resumption (negative concord)
upon retrieval. This puts the ambiguity between single and double negation readings
in the grammar, rather than in the lexical items. This paper extends the earlier analysis
with a typology of negation and negative indefinites using bi-directional optimality
theory (OT). The constraints defined are universal, but their ranking varies from one
language to the next. In negative concord languages, the functional motivation for the
marking of 'negative variables' wins out, so we use n-words. Double negation
languages value first-order iteration, so we use plain indefinites or negative polarity
items within the scope of negation. The bi-directional set-up is essential, for syntactic
and semantic variation go hand in hand.
English object extraposition: A constraint-based approach
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok , Sag Ivan A.
Published: December 2021

According to the Projection Principle (Chomsky 1981), expletives have
no semantic content and thus cannot occur in theta-marked positions. However,
there are many examples where expletive it appears as a direct object,
in violation of the Projection Principle. The various attempts that have
been made to account for such cases (e.g. the case-based analysis of Authier
(1991), the predication analysis of Rothstein (1995), and the Specifier analysis
of Stroik (1991, 1996)) all posit movement of the expletive from a non-theta
marked position to direct object position. However, these analyses have
so far been unsuccessful in capturing several important contrasts, e.g.
variable optionality of the expletive it. This paper argues that such contrasts (and
the complex behavior of expletive it more generally) follow straightforwardly
from a lexicalist, constraint-based analysis in which lexical information and
independently motivated constraints interact in subtle ways.
A trace analysis of Korean UDCs
Authors: Lee Sun-Hee
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we claim that the filler-gap linkage in Korean UDCs
needs to be handled at the level of syntax and that unbounded
dependencies represented by traces, resumptive pronouns, and
resumptive reflexives in Korean can be simply captured – without
posing any extra mechanisms &
Projecting RMRS from TIGER dependencies
Authors: Spreyer Kathrin , Frank Anette
Published: December 2021

We present a method for automatic RMRS semantics construction from dependency
structures, following the semantic algebra of Copestake et al. (2001).
We have applied this method to a subset of the TIGER Dependency Bank
for German (Forst et al., 2004) to obtain a semantic treebank for (HPSG)
parser evaluation. We describe the semantics construction mechanism and
give evaluation figures from manual validation of the treebank. These indicate
high precision of the automatic RMRS construction process.
On binding domains
Authors: Everaert Martin
Published: December 2021

In this paper I want to explore reasons for replacing Binding Theory based on
the anaphor-pronoun dichotomy by a Binding Theory allowing more domains
restricting/defining anaphoric dependencies. This will, thus, have consequences
for the partitioning of anaphoric elements, presupposing more types of
'anaphors'/'pronouns' than standard Binding Theory offers us.
A new well-formedness criterion for semantics debugging
Authors: Flickinger Dan , Koller Alexander , Thater Stefan
Published: December 2021

We present a novel well-formedness condition for underspecified semantic
representations which requires that every correct MRS representation must be a
net. We argue that (almost) all correct MRS representations are indeed nets,
and apply this condition to identify a set of eleven rules in the English
Resource Grammar (ERG) with bugs in their semantics component. Thus we
demonstrate that the net test is useful in grammar debugging.
A computational treatment of V-V compounds in Japanese
Authors: Hashimoto Chikara , Bond Francis
Published: December 2021

We examine how a large-scale computational grammar can account for the
complex nature of Japanese verbal compounds. Previous computational
Japanese grammars have tried to avoid the problem by simple solutions
such as enumerating as many verbal compounds in the lexicon as
possible. In contrast, we develop the analysis that is linguistically
adequate and computationally tractable and thus meets the
requirement of a syntactically and semantically precise natural
language processing of Japanese like Bond et al. (2005). Our analysis
distinguishes between two kinds of verbal compounds: syntactic
compounds, which are fully productive; and lexical compounds, which
are of varying productivity.
The syntax of comparative correlatives in French and Spanish
Authors: Abeillé Anne , Borsley Robert D. , Espinal Maria-Teresa
Published: December 2021

Comparative correlative (CC) constructions have received much attention in
recent years. Major issues have been whether they involve special constructions
and whether they have symmetric or asymmetric structures. Evidence from Romance
suggests that they require special constructions and that they may be either
symmetric or asymmetric. French has a single construction which is asymmetric
for some speakers and symmetric for others. Spanish has two distinct
constructions, one asymmetric and the other symmetric with quite different
properties. The facts can be accommodated in a straightforward way within
construction-based HPSG.
A unified analysis of French causatives
Authors: Tily Harry J. , Sag Ivan A.
Published: December 2021

The treatment of French causatives and pronominal affixes outlined in Miller
and Sag (1997) and Abeillé et al. (1998) is notable for its
comprehensive coverage and analytic detail, but it relies on a number of ad
hoc features and types that have little empirical justification. We sketch
a new treatment of the same data set, which eliminates multiple lexical entries
for the causative, as well as a number of other undesirable analytic
devices. Our account builds on a long-standing observation that seeming
irregularities in the system of case assignment to the causee of faire
are not in fact exceptional, but determined by the general case assignment
behavior of transitive verbs. This generalization, first incorporated into an
HPSG analysis by Bratt (1990), was abandoned in subsequent HPSG work that
sought to expand the coverage of French beyond that of Bratt's analysis. Our
goal here is to show that broad coverage need not come at the expense of
linguistically significant generalizations.
A functional typology of copular "be": Towards an HPSG formalisation
Authors: Avgustinova Tania
Published: December 2021

Abstract: A functional typology of copular be in Russian allows us to
systematically relate variants of predication with and without copula. The
analysis sketched in this article does not need empty categories; neither does
it have to stipulate categories, category changes or constituents that are not
morphologically signalled. With regard to HPSG formalization, the presented
approach independently motivates the use of features and mechanisms that
are already available in this framework.
Braucht niemanden zu scheren: A survey of NPI licensing in German
Authors: Richter Frank , Soehn Jan-Philipp
Published: December 2021

In this contribution we will argue that negative polarity is a collocational
phenomenon that does not follow from other properties of the respective lexical
elements. With German data as evidence, we will follow a proposal by van der
Wouden and treat Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) as collocates which must be
licensed by abstract semantic properties of their contexts. Using a collocation
module for HPSG, which has been independently motivated for bound words and
idioms, we will show how to restrict the occurrence of NPIs to legitimate
environments, starting from the negativity hierarchy of licensing environments
by Zwarts. Besides a more fine-grained semantic licenser hierarchy, we will
establish syntactic licensing domains and general collocational restrictions of
NPIs.
Two types of multiple nominative construction: A constructional approach
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok , Sells Peter
Published: December 2021

Multiple nominative constructions (MNCs) in Korean have two main sub-
types: possessive and adjunct types. This paper shows that a grammar allow-
ing the interaction of declarative constraints on types of signs - in particular,
having constructions (phrases and clauses) - can provide a robust and efficient way of encoding generalizations for two different MNCs. The feasibility of the grammar developed here has been checked with its implementation
into the LKB (Linguistic Knowledge Building) system
A semantic interpretation of modality in counterfactual conditionals
Authors: Coulter Lori
Published: December 2021

This paper provides a background on the role of world knowledge in disambiguating modals and
proposes treating the disambiguation of counterfactuals as a slightly more tractable sub-case of the
general problem. Using a model theoretic possible worlds approach, counterfactuals are disambiguated
with respect to a world of evaluation resembling classic Formal Semantic treatments (e.g., Kratzer
1977, 1981, 1989; Lewis 1973; Veltman 2005). The world, which provides a context of evaluation, is
located through the interaction of the antecedent and consequent propositions with world knowledge
axioms. This approach to modal disambiguation provides a connection between a grammar and the type
of inferences typically handled in Knowledge Representation Systems (e.g., Hobbs et al. 1990) in a
limited domain. The model theoretic semantics are linked with typed feature structures in an HPSG
syntax (Pollard and Sag 1994). This grammar is implemented in TRALE, Penn's (2004) Prolog-based
framework for typed feature structure grammar development. The compositional semantics in TRALE is
specified in Penn and Richters' (2004, 2005) Constraint Language for Lexical Resource Semantics
(CLLRS). This semantic component provides a semantic parse in which heads and arguments are combined
systematically and the scope of negation or quantification can be accurately reflected. In the case
of counterfactuals, the CLLRS semantic parse is passed to a model-theoretic interpreter. The mapping
between the CLLRS semantic parse and the well-formed formulas of the model is defined by checking
the parseability of the formula in the compositional semantics. Sets of possible worlds interact
with constraints on world knowledge and constraints defining counterfactual validity. The truth
value for a counterfactual is returned to the grammar relative to a context of evaluation. The
results of counterfactual evaluation are returned in a form consistent with the grammar's internal
compositional semantics. By the method described above, the interpreter provides a grammar-external
component in which inferences involving world knowledge have the potential to be more efficiently
evaluated. Through the development of model-checking techniques, for instance, it could be shown
whether or not well-formed formulas and constraints hold in larger models and move towards capturing
more fine-grained modal inferences in a larger domain.
Decomposed phrasal constructions
Authors: Haugereid Petter
Published: December 2021

In this paper I suggest an interface level of semantic representations, that on the one hand
corresponds to morpho-syntactic entities such as phrase structure rules, function words and
inflections, and that on the other hand can be mapped to lexical semantic representations that one
ultimately needs in order to give good predictions about argument frames of lexical items. This
interface level consists of basic constructions that can be decomposed into five sub-constructions
(arg1-role, arg2-role ... arg5-role). I argue in favour of phrasal constructions
in order to account for altering argument frames and maybe also coercion without having to use
lexical rules or multiple lexical entries.
Towards a unified account of adjuncts
Authors: Sato Yo , Tam Wai Lok
Published: December 2021

We present an analysis of adjuncts which, while based on the
traditional binary adjunction schema, accommodates the phenomena that
motivate the alternative Adjunct-as-Complement approach, such as
adjunct extraction and case marking. The key idea is to enable the
syntactic head (modifiee) to select for its modifier (adjunct) via the
new valence feature dedicated for adjuncts, while leaving its values
underspecified. Thus the selectional property of the modifiee
percolates as well as that of the modifier, dispensing with the need
to endow adjuncts a complement-like status.
Automatic construction of Korean verbal type hierarchy using Treebank
Authors: Song Sanghoun , Choe Jae-Woong
Published: December 2021

The lexical information of verbal lexemes, such as verbs and adjectives, plays an important role in
syntactic parsing, because the structure of a sentence mainly hinges on the type of verbal lexemes.
The question we address in this research is how to acquire the argument structure (henceforth
ARG-ST) of verbal lexemes in Korean. It is well known that manual build-up of type hierarchy
usually cost too much time and resources, so an alternative method, namely automatic collection of
relevant information is much more preferred. This paper proposes a procedure to automatically
collect ARG-ST of Korean verbal lexemes from a Korean Treebank. Specifically, the system we develop
in this paper first extracts lexical information of ARG-ST of verbal lexemes from a 0.8 million
graphic word Korean Treebank in an unsupervised way, checks the hierarchical relationship among
them, and builds up the type hierarchy automatically. The result is written in an HPSG-style
annotation, thus making it possible to readily implement the result in an HPSG-based parser for
Korean. Finally, the result is evaluated with reference to two Korean dictionaries and also with
respect to a manually constructed type hierarchy.
Predicate complements
Authors: Van Eynde Frank
Published: December 2021

This paper presents the canonical HPSG treatment of
predicate complements and points out a number of problems
with it. Then it proposes an alternative
and shows how it avoids or solves the problems with the canonical
treatment.
Transparent free relatives in English
Authors: Yoo Eun-Jung
Published: December 2021

Transparent free relatives (TFRs) are constituents involving a
WH-gap dependency in which the phrase that is predicated
of the gap associated with 'what', not the wh-phrase
itself, functions as the syntactic and semantic "nucleus."
Previous analyses have either treated TFRs as a construction
radically different from ordinary FRs, utilizing such mechanisms
as parenthetical placement or grafts, or assimilated them to
ordinary FRs, relying on abstract/empty head elements and a vague
semantic relation holding between the gap and the predicate
phrase. In this paper, we investigate how the puzzling properties
of English TFRs can be accounted for in HPSG. The paper shows that
the transparency effect of TRFs can be handled by feature
inheritance from the nucleus predicate phrase, together with a
constructional constraint that deals with the exocentric property
of TFRs.
A syntactic account of Romanian correlative coordination from a Romance perspective
Authors: Bîlbîie Gabriela
Published: December 2021

This paper examines the syntactic behaviour of two omnisyndetic coordinations (also called
correlative coordinations), i.e. the disjunctive and the conjunctive types in Romanian, by
explaining its data in a Romance perspective. Major issue has been whether these structures have
symmetric or asymmetric structures. If all these Romance languages share a symmetric analysis for
the disjunctive type Conj ... Conj, it is not the case for the conjunctive type. Our aim is to show that
the postulation of a conjunctional status for the Romanian structure şi ... şi ('both ... and'), which is
the most widespread view in Romanian grammars, is inadequate for the Romanian data.
Verb form alternations in Mauritian
Authors: Henri Fabiola , Abeillé Anne
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a constraint-based account of verb form alternations (Short and Long Forms)
in Mauritian which, basically, is syntactically driven: Short Forms appear with Canonical
complements while Long Forms are expected with no realized complements. However, in
specific contexts, Long Forms are unexpectedly authorized in declaratives with canonical
complements and expresses Verum Focus.
Hindi aspectual complex predicates
Authors: Poornima Shakthi , Koenig Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses ergative case assignment in Hindi and its interaction with aspectual verb
complexes or complex predicate constructions. It is shown that ergative case is assigned by the last
head in the aspectual verb complex and that ergative case on the subject of intransitive verbs
denoting bodily-functions is associated with a counter-to-expectation meaning. It is then shown that
aspect complex predicates in Hindi involve two distinct syntactic structures, which have similar
semantics. While one syntactic structure involves argument composition, the other involves a
head-modifier structure. It is argued that the existence of two structures favor approaches to the
interface between syntax and semantics which do not require a uniform isomorphism between the
semantics and syntax of aspect.
Phonological change and grammaticalization in HPSG: The case of French final consonants
Authors: Tseng Jesse
Published: December 2021

This paper explores the use of HPSG for modeling historical phonological change and
grammaticalization, focusing on the evolution of the pronunciation of word-final consonants in
Modern French. The diachronic evidence is presented in detail, and interpreted as two main
transitions, first from Old French to Middle French, then from Middle French to the modern
language. The data show how the loss of final consonants, originally a phonological development in
Middle French, gave rise to the grammaticalized external sandhi phenomenon known as consonant
liaison in modern French. The stages of development are analyzed formally as a succession of HPSG
lexical schemas in which phonological representations are determined by reference to the immediately
following phonological context.
How hard a problem would this be to solve?
Authors: Kay Paul , Sag Ivan A.
Published: December 2021

This paper analyzes the interrelation
of two understudied phenomena of English:
discontinuous modifier phenomenon (so willing to help
out that they called early; more ready for
what was coming than I was) and the complex
pre-determination phenomenon (this delicious a lasagna;
How hard a problem (was it)?). Despite
their independence, they frequently occur
intertwined, as in too heavy {a trunk} (for me)
to lift and so lovely a melody that some
people cried. This paper presents a declarative analysis of
these and related facts that avoids syntactic movement in favor
of monotonic constraint satisfaction. It demonstrates how
an explicit, sign-based, constructional approach to grammatical
structure captures linguistic generalizations, while at the same time
accounting for idiosyncratic facts in this seemingly
complex grammatical domain.
Verb inflection in Chiquihuitlán Mazatec: A fragment and a PFM approach
Authors: Léonard Jean-Léo , Kihm Alain
Published: December 2021

Mazatec is an Eastern Otomanguean language spoken by about 200,000 people, located in the
northeastern part of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. The present paper aims to shed new light on
Mazatec verb inflection within the framework of current research on Otomanguean phonology and
morphology. We intend to show that, despite bewildering apparent complexity, mainly due to extensive
morphophonological processes, Mazatec inflectional morphology is in fact rather simple and
regular. Realizational approaches, in particular Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM) seem especially
adequate to capture such regularities.
Hindi noun inflection and Distributed Morphology
Authors: Singh Smriti , Sarma Vaijayanthi M.
Published: December 2021

This paper primarily presents an analysis of nominal inflection in Hindi within the framework of
Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993, 1994 and Harley and Noyer 1999). Müller (2002, 2003,
2004) for German, Icelandic and Russian nouns respectively and Weisser (2006) for Croatian nouns
have also used Distributed Morphology (henceforth DM) to analyze nominal inflectional morphology.
This paper will discuss in detail the inflectional categories and inflectional classes, the
morphological processes operating at syntax, the distribution of vocabulary items and the
readjustment rules required to describe Hindi nominal inflection. Earlier studies on Hindi
inflectional morphology (Guru 1920, Vajpeyi 1958, Upreti 1964, etc.) were greatly influenced by the
Paninian tradition (classical Sanskrit model) and work with Paninian constructs such as root and
stem. They only provide descriptive studies of Hindi nouns and verbs and their inflections without
discussing the role or status of affixes that take part in inflection. The discussion on the
mechanisms (morphological operations and rules) used to analyze or generate word forms are missing
in these studies. In addition, these studies do not account for syntax-morphology or
morphology-phonology mismatches that show up in word formation. One aim of this paper is to present
an economical way of forming noun classes in Hindi as compared to other traditional methods,
especially gender and stem ending based or paradigm based methods that give rise to a large number
of inflectional paradigms. Using inflectional class information to analyse the various forms of
Hindi nouns, we can reduce the number of affixes and word-generation and readjustment rules that are
required to describe nominal inflection. The analysis also helps us in developing a morphological
analyzer for Hindi. The small set of rules and fewer inflectional classes are of great help to
lexicographers and system developers. To the best of our knowledge, the analysis of Hindi
inflectional morphology based on DM and its implementation in a Hindi morphological analyzer has not
been done before. The methods discussed here can be applied to other Indian languages for analysis
as well as word generation.
Integrating GIVENness into a structured meaning approach in HPSG
Authors: De Kuthy Kordula , Meurers Detmar
Published: December 2021

In this article we show how the HPSG approach to information structure of De Kuthy (2002) and De Kuthy and Meurers (2003)
can be extended to capture givenness (Schwarzschild, 1999) and make the right predictions for so-called deaccenting of given information,
a widespread phenomenon not previously dealt with in HPSG.
Floating numeral classifiers in Korean: A thematic-structure perspective
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok
Published: December 2021

The syntactic and semantic complexity of the so-called numeral classifier
(NUM-CL) constructions in languages like Korean (Japanese and Chinese as
well) has much challenged theoretical as well as computational approaches.
Among several types of the NUM-CL constructions, the most complicated
type includes the so-called FQ (floated numeral classifier/quantifier) construction
where the NUM-CL ˋfloats' away from its antecedent. This paper,
couched upon the non-derivational VP-modifier view, shows that in addition
to the grammatical function of the host NP and types of the main predicate,
properties of the intervening expression between the FQ and its host NP also
play an important role in licensing the FQ's distribution. In particular, we
show that the FQ introduces new information in discourse and as default sets
off rheme in the thematic structure. This functional analysis can provide an
answer to several puzzling contrasts we observe in the distribution of the FQ.
The information structure of subject extraposition in Early New High German
Authors: Light Caitlin
Published: December 2021

This paper investigates the information-structural characteristics of extraposed subjects in Early
New High German (ENHG). Based on new quantitative data from a parsed corpus of ENHG, I will argue
that unlike objects, subjects in ENHG have two motivations for extraposing. First, subjects may
extrapose in order to receive narrow focus, which is the pattern Bies (1996) has shown for object
extraposition in ENHG. Secondly, however, subjects may extrapose in order to receive a default
sentence accent, which is most visible in the case of presentational constructions. This motivation
does not affect objects, which may achieve the same prosodic goal without having to extrapose. The
study has two major consequences: (1) subject extraposition in ENHG demonstrates that there is not
necessarily a one-to-one correspondence between syntactic structure and information structural
effect (cf. Féry 2007); and (2) the overall phenomenon of DP extraposition in ENHG fits into a
broader set of crosslinguistic focus phenomena which demonstrate a subject-object asymmetry
(cf. Hartmann and Zimmermann 2007, Skopeteas and Fanselow 2010), raising important questions about
the relationship between argument structure and information structural notions.
Syntactic types of as-parentheticals in Korean
Authors: Kim Mija
Published: December 2021

This paper is intended to investigate the linguistic behaviors of the Korean as-parenthetical
constructions with the aim of devoting to distinguishing universal properties of
as-parentheticals. This paper shows three prominent behaviors in Korean as-parenthetical
constructions. First, the Korean as-clause displays that the syntactic gap in as-clauses must be
realized as CP, through the variations on case marker. Secondly, the Korean as-parentheticals tend
to have two types of as-clauses; CP or VP as-clause types. In addition, they are sensitive to the
syntactic restrictions which can be noticed in as-parenthetical constructions: the sisterhood
restriction and the Island boundary. Thirdly, the Korean as-parenthetical constructions reveal that
they would require some pragmatic information which is combined with semantic meaning, in the
process of getting the interpretation of as-clauses.
On the semantics of the Japanese infinitive/gerund-clause constructions: Polysemy and temporal constraints
Authors: Oshima David Y.
Published: December 2021

The Japanese infinitive-clause construction (InfCx) and gerund-clause construction (GerCx), which
are the most basic subordination structures (considered as coordination structures by some) in the
language, may convey a wide range of interclausal semantic relations, including ‘temporal sequence’,
‘cause’, and ‘manner’, largely due to pragmatic enrichment. This work addresses the question of what
the core meaning(s) of the two constructions is (are), and demonstrates (i) that the InfCx and GerCx
indicate either that the first-clause eventuality precedes or temporally subsumes the second-clause
eventuality or that the two clauses stand in the rhetorical relation of contrast, and (ii)
that the GerCx has a distinct sense that the InfCx lacks, which gives rise to the ‘resulting state’ interpretation.
Tense and honorific interpretations in Korean gapping construction: A constraint- and construction-based approach
Authors: Kim Yae-Jee , Cho Sae-Youn
Published: December 2021

Chung (2001) claims that non-final conjuncts without overt tense morphemes which produce asymmetric
tense interpretations are to be analyzed as TP; and Lee (2005) argues that the verbal honorific
affix -si- never occurs in non-final conjuncts so honorific agreement between the subject and the
verb takes place in the final conjunct only and thus the Korean gapping constructions should be
analyzed as vP coordination. However, these two previous analyses seem to fail to make the
generalizations on the distributional behaviors of gapping constructions, facing theoretical and
empirical difficulties. To solve the problems they face, we claim that verbal gapping in Korean is
allowed to occur in all non-final conjuncts when the covert predicates of the non-final conjuncts
have an identical semantic relation value with that of the overt verb in the final conjunct,
regardless of the consistency of the honorific and tense values between conjuncts.
An analysis of Danish free relatives
Authors: Bjerre Anne
Published: December 2021

This paper presents an analysis of Danish free relative constructions. Fol- lowing Bresnan and
Grimshaw (1978) we will adopt a wh-head (in Danish hv-head) analysis where the hv-phrase is the head
of an NP. Also following Bresnan and Grimshaw (1978) we will propose an analysis which does not
involve a filler-gap dependency between the hv-phrase and the gap in the sis- ter clause. Instead we
will propose that the gap in the sister clause is bound off by a constructional constraint. In this
way the analysis will be shown to differ from previous HPSG wh-head analyses of free relatives.
Gaps and resumptive pronouns in Modern Standard Arabic
Authors: Alotaibi Mansour , Borsley Robert D.
Published: December 2021

Unbounded dependencies in Modern Standard Arabic often involve not a gap but a null resumptive pronoun. The facts are quite complex, but it is not too difficult to extend the SLASH mechanism of HPSG to handle dependencies with a null resumptive pronoun. It is also not too difficult to restrict the distribution of gaps appropriately.
The comparative correlative construction in Modern Standard Arabic
Authors: Alqurashi Abdulrahman A. , Borsley Robert D.
Published: December 2021

Much discussion of the comparative correlative construction exemplified by The more I read, the more I understand has been concerned with how much cross–linguistic variation there is in this area. Culicover and Jackendoff (1999) suggest that there is considerable variation, but Den Dikken (2005) suggests with data from a variety of languages that the variation is quite limited. Modern Standard Arabic has a comparative correlative construction which is quite different from Engish and the other languages that Den Dikken considers, suggesting that there is more variation in this domain than he assumes. However, it is not difficult to provide an analysis of the construction and other related constructions within the HPSG framework.
Language description and the lexicon: Verbs of wearing in two Oaxacan languages
Authors: Broadwell George Aaron
Published: December 2021

Verbs of wearing show unusual linking properties in two languages of Oaxaca: San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec and Copala Triqui. Several distinct lexical types must be recognized, and their linking to grammatical relation is not predictable on general principles.
VP idioms in Norwegian: A subconstructional approach
Authors: Haugereid Petter
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a brief overview of idiomatic expressions in the Norwegian LFG grammar NorGram and shows how the rich lexical information of the LFG grammar can be reused in an HPSG-like grammar with a radically different approach to alternating argument frames. Rather than accounting for idioms by means of special idiom lexical entries, which is the standard approach in LFG and HPSG, a constructional approach is taken where the verbs of the idioms are left underspecified with regard to whether they are idioms or not. A hierarchy of subconstruction types is assumed, which for each piece of evidence provided by the words and rules of the sentence, narrows down the possible frames of the verb to just one.
Complement raising, extraction and adposition stranding in Dutch
Authors: Van Eynde Frank , Augustinus Liesbeth
Published: December 2021

In Dutch, adpositions can be stranded, typically if their complement is an R-pronoun. The complement usually appears in the left part of the Mittelfeld or in the Vorfeld. In HPSG this is canonically modeled in terms of extraction, making use of nonlocal devices such as SLASH and BIND. This paper argues that the extraction analysis is indeed appropriate for cases in which the complement is realised in the Vorfeld, but proposes an alternative for the cases in which the complement is realised in the Mittelfeld. The new treatment is based on argument inheritance, as complement raising in the Mittelfeld involves a middle distance dependency rather than a long distance dependency.
A constraint-based analysis of A-NOT-A questions in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Song Sanghoun , Bond Francis
Published: December 2021

The A-NOT-A structure is one way to express polar questions in Mandarin Chinese. The present study provides a constraint-based analysis of A-NOT-A questions in Mandarin Chinese within the framework of HPSG (Pollard & Sag, 1994) and MRS (Copestake et al., 2005). We propose two possible approaches to analysing the A-NOT-A structure — a morphological/lexical approach as well as a syntactic approach — and illustrate their implementation, as well as their respective strengths and weaknesses.
Scalarity and the Cantonese post-verbal particle can1
Authors: Sio Joanna Ut-Seong
Published: December 2021

This paper provides an analysis of the Cantonese post-verbal particle can1. We argue that can1 is a resultative particle encoding the meaning of ‘a small degree’. It is only compatible with (i) verbs that entail a specific resulted state of the theme argument and (ii) verbs that encode a potential change of the theme argument (Beavers, 2011, 2013). Assuming that change of state verbs involve a property scale (Hay et al., 1999), we propose that can1 makes the property scale bounded by providing an end-point. This endpoint, however, is not precise. It consists of a range of values on the lower end of the scale.
Lacking integrity: HPSG as a morphosyntactic theory
Authors: Emerson Guy , Copestake Ann
Published: December 2021

Standard accounts of HPSG assume a distinction between morphology and syntax. However, despite decades of research, no cross-linguistically valid definition of 'word' has emerged (Haspelmath, 2010), suggesting that no sharp distinction is justified. Under such a view, the basic units are morphemes, rather than words, but it has been argued this raises problems when analysing phenomena such as zero inflection, syncretism, stem alternations, and extended exponence. We argue that with existing HPSG machinery, a morpheme-based approach can in fact deal with such issues. To illustrate this, we consider Slovene nominal declension and Georgian verb agreement, which have both been used to argue against constructive morpheme-based approaches. We overcome these concerns through use of a type hierarchy, and give a morpheme-based analysis which is simpler than the alternatives. Furthermore, we can recast notions from Word-and-Paradigm morphology, such as 'rule of referral' and 'stem space', in our framework. We conclude that using HPSG as a unified morphosyntactic theory is not only feasible, but also yields fruitful insights.
The prepositional passive in Lexical Functional Grammar
Authors: Findlay Jamie Y.
Published: December 2021

The aim of this
paper is to provide an adequate analysis in LFG of the prepositional
passive, e.g. That problem has been dealt with, My pen has been written
with. This construction has been examined in LFG before by Bresnan
(1982), Lødrup (1991), and Alsina (2009), but empirical and
theoretical problems, some well-documented, some new, mean that such
proposals cannot be maintained. Instead, I offer an account couched in
recent work on the mapping between grammatical functions and arguments
(Asudeh et al., 2014; Findlay, 2014a) that treats the defining
characteristic of the prepositional passive not as purely syntactic,
but rather as being located at the interface between syntax and
semantics.
The syntax-prosody interface in Korean: Resolving ambiguity in questions
Authors: Jones Stephen
Published: December 2021

The paper
considers a phenomenon in Korean where ambiguity in the written
language is resolved prosodically. An LFG analysis is provided which
extends the proposals of Mycock and Lowe (2013) to Korean, based on
experimental evidence on the prosodic expression of focus in Korean
which challenges the phrase-boundary based account of Jun and Oh
(1996), and suggests that considering expanded pitch range may give a
more robust account of focus expression.
Participles, gerunds and syntactic categories
Authors: Lowe John
Published: December 2021

The phenomenon of so-called ‘mixed’
categories, whereby a word heads a phrase which appears to display
some features of one lexical category, and some features of another,
raises questions regarding the criteria used for distinguishing
syntactic categories. In this paper I critically assess some recent
work in LFG which provides ‘mixed category’ analyses. I show that
three types of evidence are typically utilized in analyses of supposed
mixed category phenomena, and I argue that two of these are not, in
fact, crucial for determining category status. I show that two
distinct phenomena have become conflated under the ‘mixed category’
heading, and argue that the term ‘mixed category’ should be reserved
for only one of these.
Quirky subjects in Icelandic, Faroese, and German: A Relational Grammar account
Authors: Pankau Andreas
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a new analysis of quirky subjects according to
which quirky subjects bear multiple grammatical relations and hence
differ syntactically from regular subjects. This contrasts with the
standard analysis of quirky subjects according to which quirky
subjects are regular subjects bearing lexical case and therefore
differ only morphologically from regular subjects. Based on the
behavior of quirky subjects in Faroese and German, I argue that the
syntactic account is superior. Faroese shows that the case borne by a
quirky subject is not lexical, whereas German shows that quirky
subjects are not regular subjects to begin with. The behavior of
quirky subjects in Icelandic, on which the standard analysis is based,
is argued to be the result of a morphosyntactic peculiarity of
Icelandic.
Aspectual object marking in Libyan Arabic
Authors: Börjars Kersti , Ghadgoud Khawla , Payne John
Published: December 2021

In Libyan Arabic, the preposition fi 'in' has
developed into a marker of continuous or habitual aspect. While
structurally remaining a preposition which marks the objects of the
non-tensed forms of dynamic transitive verbs, it serves to attribute
an aspectual interpretation to the clause as a whole. We argue that
this aspectual object marking is naturally modeled by an inside-out
functional designator, and provide arguments that the aspectual value
contributed by aspectual fi is best treated as an f-structure
feature.
Adverb agreement in Urdu, Sindhi and Punjabi
Authors: Butt Miriam , Sulger Sebastian , Rahman Mutee U , Ahmed Tafseer
Published: December 2021

We discuss agreeing adverbs in Urdu, Sindhi and
Punjabi. We adduce crosslinguistic evidence that is based mainly on
similar patterns in Romance and posit that there is a close connection
between resultatives and so-called pseudo-resultatives, which the
agreeing adverbs appear to instantiate. We propose a diachronic
relationship by which the originally predicative part of a resultative
is reinterpreted as an adjunct that modifies the overall event
predication, not just the result.
Partial inversion in English
Authors: Kay Paul , Michaelis Laura
Published: December 2021

A typical
finite clause in English has a single constituent that serves as subject. This constituent precedes
the finite verb in non-inverted clauses like simple declarative clauses, follows the finite verb in
inverted clauses like polar questions, agrees in person and number with the finite verb and with a
tag subject when a tag is present, undergoes subject raising, and so on (Postal 2004). Five
constructions violate these generalizations and in the literature have called into question the
identity of the subject constituent. In each of these five constructions the finite verb agrees with
a following constituent in a declarative clause despite the fact, among others, that the constituent
preceding the verb exhibits subject behaviors of the kind identified by Keenan (1976). To the
authors’ knowledge, despite intensive analysis of several of these patterns, the group as a whole
has not been subject to prior study. The constructions are: Presentational Inversion (e.g., On the
porch stood marble pillars), Presentational there (e.g., The earth was now dry, and there grew a
tree in the middle of the earth, Deictic Inversion (e.g., Here comes the bus), Existential there (e.g.,
There’s a big problem here) and Reversed Specificational be (e.g., The only thing we’ve taken back
recently are plants). The approach of Sign-Based Construction Grammar (Sag 2012) enables us to
establish precisely what all five patterns have in common and what is particular to each, revealing
that a constructional, constraint-based approach can extract the correct grammatical
generalizations, not only in ‘core’ areas of a grammar, but also in the hard cases, where concepts
such as subject, which readily handle the more tractable facts, fail to fit the facts at hand. We
see further that the five split-subject patterns, sometimes identified as clausal, yield to a
strictly lexical analysis.
A construction-based analysis of Dutch verb clusters
Authors: Augustinus Liesbeth
Published: December 2021

Dutch is well-known for the formation of verb clusters. A characteristic aspect of such constructions is that the order of the verbs may differ from the order in which they are selected. Across the Dutch language area verb clusters show different types of word order variation. This paper proposes a constructivist account of word order variation in Dutch verb clusters. Linearization is not modelled in terms of the GVOR feature, after Kathol (2000). Instead, it relies on the bidimensional phrase hierarchy initiated by Ginzburg & Sag (2000), which is extended for the analysis of constructions with verb clusters. This proposal accounts for the most common instances of word order variation in Dutch verb clusters, and it can be easily adapted to model a specific variety or dialect.
What grammars are, or ought to be
Authors: Pullum Geoffrey K.
Published: December 2021

Progress toward distinguishing clearly between generative and model-theoretic syntactic frameworks has not been smooth or swift, and the obfuscatory term ˋconstraint-based' has not helped. This paper reviews some elementary subregular formal language theory relevant to comparing description languages for model-theoretic grammars, generalizes the results to trees, and points out that HPSG linguists have maintained an unacknowledged and perhaps unintended allegiance to the idea of strictly local description: unbounded dependencies, in particular, are still being conceptualized in terms of plugging together local tree parts annotated with the SLASH feature. Adopting a description language with quantifiers holds out the prospect of eliminating the need for the SLASH feature. We need to ask whether that would be a good idea. Binding domain phenomena might tell us. More work of both descriptive and mathematical sorts is needed before the answer is clear.
Syntactic haplology and the Dutch proform er
Authors: Webelhuth Gert , Bonami Olivier
Published: December 2021

Dutch has four pronouns "er" which show an intriguing pattern of syntactic haplology when a finite verb has more than one "er" dependent. We present a theory that captures this pattern by relying on two central aspects of HPSG: (i) the distinction between ARG-ST and COMPS and (ii) the distinction between canonical and non-canonical synsem objects. No deletion rules of the kind used in transformational analyses of "er" are necessary.
Recursive adjectival modification in CLLRS
Authors: Richter Frank
Published: December 2021

This paper sketches an analysis in Lexical Resource Semantics of adverbial and
adjectival modification in nominal projections which is extensible to modification of other syntactic categories. It combines insights into the syntax-semantics interface of recursive modification in HPSG with underspecified semantics and type-logical meaning representations in the tradition of Montague grammar. The analysis is phrased in such a way that it receives a direct implementation in the Constraint Language of Lexical Resource Semantics as part of the TRALE system.
Gluing idioms back together: A phraseo-combinatorial analysis
Authors: Sailer Manfred , Bargmann Sascha
Published: December 2021

The formal analysis of idioms has been oscillating between approaches that emphasize the unit-like character of idioms and approaches that focus on the autonomy of the idioms' parts. In this paper, we summarize the main arguments for and against these two positions to then propose an account that tries to capture and combine the insights and advantages of both types of analysis. The resulting theory is heavily influenced by the approach taken in Riehemann (2001).
Negation and its bearing on creole genesis
Authors: Henri Fabiola
Published: December 2021

For the past 20 years, the question of a ˋˋcreole prototype'' has been at the center of heated debates. Among features that are claimed to be typical of creole formation is the placement of negation, which usually appears preceding tense, aspect and mood markers (e.g. McWhorter 2018). In this paper, I examine diachronic data, in particular, French compound tenses and show that the position of negation in at least French-related creoles is nothing but the result of regular grammaticalization given input. As such the expression of negation typically exemplifies coalescence of the already grammaticalized negator pas into an inflectional exponent in the creoles.
Yanmış Alanların Sentinel-2 MSI ve Landsat-8 OLI ile Tespiti ve Analizi: Çanakkale/Gelibolu Orman Yangını
Authors: YILMAZ Beyza , DEMİREL Mehveş , BALÇIK Filiz
Published: December 2021

Son yıllarda artan orman yangınları bitki örtüsüne ve birçok canlıya ciddi zararlar vermektedir. Uzaktan algılama teknolojisi ve bazı algoritmalar orman yangını sonrası arazinin durumunu incelemek ve çeşitli analizler yapmak için kullanılmaktadır. Farklı özelliklere sahip uydu görüntüleri (Sentinel, Landsat, MODIS, SPOT, vb.), yangın hasarlarını belirlemek ve yanmış alanların haritalarını üretmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 6 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde Çanakkale ili Gelibolu ilçesinde meydana gelen orman yangını, Sentinel-2 MSI ve Landsat-8 OLI uydu görüntüleri ve uzaktan algılama indeksleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma bölgesine ait orman yangını öncesi ve orman yangını sonrası görüntüler ile Yanmış Alan İndeksi (BAI), Normalize Edilmiş Nem İndeksi (NDMI), Normalize Edilmiş Yanma Şiddeti (NBR) ve Normalize Edilmiş Fark Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (NDVI) hesaplanmıştır. Yangın sonrası tahrip olmuş orman alanını hesaplamak amacıyla yangın öncesi ve sonrası için hesaplanan indekslerin farkları alınmıştır. Hata matrisi ile doğruluk değerlendirmesi için genel doğruluk, kullanıcı doğruluğu, üretici doğruluğu ve Kappa istatistiği hesaplanmış ve doğruluk değerlendirme sonuçları karşılaştırılarak Landsat-8 OLI ve Sentinel-2 MSI için performans değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme sonucunda hem Landsat-8 OLI hem de Sentinel-2 MSI için en doğru indeksin Fark Normalize Edilmiş Fark Bitki Örtüsü İndeksi (dNDVI) olduğu bulunup Kappa sonuçları sırasıyla 0.94 ve 0.95 olarak hesaplanmıştır.