bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BRINGING INDUSTRY TO A SMALL TOWN IN THE WEST OF IRELAND*
Authors: CURTIN CHRIS , VARLEY ANTHONY
Published: March 2008

Local attempts to have industry locate in a west of Ireland town since the 1940s are examined in the light of two perspectives on the role of small‐scale self‐help groups in promoting industrial development. What we call the community development position holds that voluntary groups of the type represented here can facilitate the establishment of local industries in various ways. The second perspective, derived from the literature on political clientelism, suggests that politicians can project themselves as being in a better position and more effective than others in influencing locational decisions of incoming industry. Self‐help groups must therefore use politicians as intermediaries if they are to recruit capital externally. Examined over a period when state policy changed complexion, both perspectives are seen to illuminate certain dimensions of the activities of the Laketown Development Association.

Cet article étudie les efforts locaux de développement industriel dans une petite ville de ľOuest de ľlrlande. Concernant des petits groupes volontaires dans la promotion indus‐trielle, deux hypothèses sont discutées. La premiè1re, qui peut être appelée celle du développement communautaire, soutient que les groupes volontaires tels ceux étudiés ici peuvent effectivement favoriser de diverses manières un développement industriel local. La seconde hypothèse, appuyée par les études concernant le clientélisme politique, mettent en évidence le rôle des politiciens qui apparaissent mieux placés et plus efficaces pour influencer la localisation des investissements. II s'ensuivrait que les groupes volontaires auraient à utiliser les hommes politiques comme intermédiaires quand ils veulent attirer des capitaux exogènes. L'étude pone sur une période pendant laquelle la politique étatique a changé, et les deux hypothèses permettent de comprendre plusieurs aspects de ľactivité de la ‘Laketown Development Association’.

Kurzfassung

Versuche auf örtlicher Ebene zur Industrieansiedlung in einer Sudt Westirlands seit 1940 werden im Lichte zweier Betrachtungsweisen kleiner Selbsthilfegruppen zur Förderung der industriellen Entwicklung in Irland untersucht. Die Position, die wir die der Gemeindeent‐wicklung nennen, behauptet, daß freiwillige Gruppen der Art, wie wir sie in unserer Fallstudie finden, die Schaffung örtlicher Gewerbebetriebe in verschiedenartiger Weise fordern. Die zweite, aus der Literatur uber politischen Klientelismus abgeleitete Betrach‐tungsweise spielt darauf an, daß Politiker sowohl in einer besseren Position als auch wirkungsvoller erscheinen als andere, wenn sie die Standortentscheidungen der hereinkom‐menden Industrie beeinflussen. Selbsthilfegruppen müssen deshalb Politiker als Vermittler nutzen, um Kapital von außerhalb anzuziehen. Nach Prüfung iiber einen Zeitraum der Veränderung staatlicher Politik, kann von beiden Betrachtungsweisen angenommen werden, daß sie bestimmte Dimensionen der Aktivitäten der Laketown Development Association beleuchten.
LEVEL DISORDER: THE CASE OF ‐er AND ‐or1
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: March 2008

The distribution of the suffixes ‐er and ‐or in Enlgish is considered, with a view t establishing whether or not they are allomorphs of a single morpheme. The general principles of Level Ordering theory are then oulined. It is considered whether the distinction between ‐er and ‐or might be explained in terms of Level Ordering, but argued trhat this involves a contradiction. More data is then considered which leads to the conclusion that there is no such simple distinction between ‐er and ‐or, and that the distribution of thee morphs gives little support to the general notion of Level Ordering.
APPLIED HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: SOCIO‐HISTORICAL LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE FOR THE AUTHORSHIP OF RENAISSANCE PLAYS1
Authors: Hope By Jonathan
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a new type of evidence for the authorship of Renaissance plays. Taking the form of a test case on Shakespeare and Fletcher's Henry VIII, the paper demonstrates how differing rates of usage of grammatical variables can be used to identify the hands of collaborators.
NON‐LINEAR PHONOLOGY AND ELIZABETHAN PROSODY1
Authors: McCully Christopher B.
Published: March 2008

In this paper I argue that the dating and extent of the ‘quantitative movement’ in English metres (c.1550 to c. 1603) is no mere literary accident, but is connected with changes that had taken, or were taking, place in the stress phonology of English. Chief among these changes was the extensive replacement of the native, ‘left‐strong’ system of English stress by a Latinate, ‘right‐strong’ system. This replacement has further consequences: a particular kind of relationship between English syllable structure and stress is established, and many secondary‐stressed syllables at the right edges of English words are reduced. Both these consequences are germane to the structure of English quantitative verses of the period, as the paper explicates. The paper therefore explores, using non‐linear formalism, what links may exist between the stress phonology of English and instances of English poetic form.
CAUSATIVES AND UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR: AN ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION*
Authors: Song Jae Jung
Published: March 2008

The validity of the C(ase) H(ierarchy), the paradigm case, and the notion of demotion in Comrie's universal theory of causative constructions is questioned. It is argued that the CH theory precludes a more realistic and plausible understanding of the causative construction. Data from a wide range of languages are examined in their own right, not from the perspective of the paradigm case. An alternative view is offered that both causative and noncausative sentences are susceptible to the same NP density control. Under this view the so‐called deviations from the paradigm case‐extended demotion and doubling‐are seen as different grammatical means of keeping the NP density control in effect. The alternative view receives further support from those languages in which transitive verbs must be detransitivised prior to undergoing morphological causativisation.
THE SELECTIVE AVAILABILITY OF UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: A SPECIFIER‐HEAD/HEAD‐COMPLEMENT DEVELOPMENTAL ASYMMETRY1
Authors: Hawkins Roger
Published: March 2008

Beyond the age of around seven, second language learners typically fail to acquire certain grammatical properties of the target language. This is in contrast to first language learners who are typically fully successful in acquiring grammatical properties of the target language. A recent approach to this problem suggests that the failure in second language acquisition results from specifiable subcomponents of Universal Grammar becoming inaccessible to second language learners, while Universal Grammar nevertheless continues in general to constrain the construction of L2 grammars. In this article it is suggested that specifier‐head agreement is a property which appears to be particularly difficult for second language learners to access, if it is not already instantiated in the LI. Three cases from the acquisition of French as a second language are considered from this perspective; an alternation between the complementisers à and de, quantification at a distance, and object pro.
WACKERNAGEL'S LAW AND THE POSITION OF UNSTRESSED PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN CLASSICAL LATIN
Authors: ADAMS J. N.
Published: March 2008

Weak pronouns in Classical Latin are generally believed to have adopted the second position in their clause, in conformity with Wackernagel's law. In this paper it is shown that pronouns are not regularly placed second at all in Classical prose. They have a tendency, shared by other clitic elements such as the copula and auxiliary verb esse, to seek out the focus of an utterance as their host, even when that focus is not at the start of its clause. The relationship between this tendency, and placement of the type traditionally thought to manifest the working of Wackernagel's law, is considered. The principles of pronoun placement operating in Classical prose are discussed in relation to the emergence of verb‐based pronoun placement in the Romance languages (particularly Portuguese), through an examination of a transitional text (the letters of Claudius Terentianus).
THE CHRONOLOGY OF FRENCH AND LATIN LOAN WORDS IN ENGLISH1
Authors: COLEMAN JULIE
Published: March 2008

A comparison is made between earlier studies of French loan words, whose slightly varying methodologies reveal some interesting trends. Most of the earlier studies have restricted them selves to consideration of unaffixed loans taken directly from French with no alteration in sense, but this study compares borrowing from French and Latin as well as considering semantic and morphological development. Borrowing from each language is considered in relation to losses and in relation to the size of the lexis as a whole.
TURKISH RHYMES AND ANTIRHYMES IN PHONOLOGICAL THEORY1
Authors: RAMER ALEXIS MANASTER
Published: March 2008

This paper is part of an ongoing effort to demonstrate the validity of the universal claim that systems of versification in natural languages do not have access to any proposed levels of phonological representation deeper or more abstract than the classical phonemic level. Here, we are specifically concerned with the nature of phonological representations at which rhyme is defined in Turkish poetry. We show that the rhyming of vowels which are phonemically distinct (but which alternate under conditions of vowel harmony) is not to be explained by allowing the rhyming rules to operate at an (underspecified) underlying level of representation but rather by assuming that these are imperfect rhymes defined at the phonemic level. This is shown by the low frequency of such rhymes and by the behavior of antirhymes (situations where distinctness rather than identity of line‐final sound sequences is required).
BRITISH AND EUROPEAN RIVER‐NAMES
Authors: Kitson P.R.
Published: March 2008

Abstract

This paper examines Eilert Ekwall's English River‐Names (1928) in the light of pan‐continental ‘Old European’ river‐naming patterns investigated by Hans Krahe and his followers. Significantly many Celtic‐looking names are shown to represent reshapings of older names not specifically Celtic with meanings more frequently to do with water or flowing than Ekwall thought. The Indo‐Europeanness of alteuropäisch river‐names is upheld emphatically, with a critique of Venne‐mann's (1994) contrary arguments. Its Common (not just western) Indo‐European origin is emphasized, yielding rational explanations for such features as the frequency of the vowel a. The kind of reshaping already demonstrated for insular Celtic is seen to have been recurrent in the history of alteuropäisch river‐names generally, with developments in particular groups conditioned by their wider linguistic development, e.g. loss of the ‐nt‐ participle in Celtic.
Time‐Transformed Unit Root Tests for Models with Non‐Stationary Volatility
Authors: Cavaliere Giuseppe , Robert Taylor A. M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  Conventional unit root tests are known to be unreliable in the presence of permanent volatility shifts. In this paper, we propose a new approach to unit root testing which is valid in the presence of a quite general class of permanent variance changes which includes single and multiple (abrupt and smooth transition) volatility change processes as special cases. The new tests are based on a time transformation of the series of interest which automatically corrects their form for the presence of non‐stationary volatility without the need to specify any parametric model for the volatility process. Despite their generality, the new tests perform well even in small samples. We also propose a class of tests for the null hypothesis of stationary volatility in (near‐) integrated time‐series processes.
Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) instar effects on rate of parasitism by Eretmocerus mundus and Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: GREENBERG Shoil M. , JONES Walker A. , LIU Tong‐Xian
Published: March 2008

Studies were conducted to compare preference among Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, biotype B instars for parasitization by Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and Encarsia pergandiella Howard when provided one instar only, two different instars, and four different instars simultaneously. In the single‐instar no choice treatment, Er. mundus was more successful in parasitizing the younger host instars, while En. pergandiella parasitized a greater proportion of the older instars. Similar results were observed when parasitoids were provided a choice of two instars in six different pair combinations. When all four instars were provided simultaneously, the numbers of first, second, and third instars parasitized by Er. mundus were not significantly different from each other (range 10.3–16.4%), but all were significantly higher than parasitism of fourth instar nymphs (2.1%). The highest percentage parasitization by En. pergandiella was in third instar (17.2%), and the lowest in first instar (2.8%).
First detection of the fruit fly Bactrocera synnephes (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Iriomote Island, south‐western Japan
Authors: OHNO Suguru , TAMURA Yu
Published: March 2008

Bactrocera synnephes, a fruit fly species common in Taiwan, was first detected in Japan in 2006, when several male adults were trapped at Kanokawa, an uninhabited coastal area of Iriomote Island, Okinawa (200 km from Taiwan). To examine potential colonization by B. synnephes, we collected fruit of the wild gourd Diplocyclos palmatus (Cucurbitaceae), a host of the fruit fly, as well as other cucurbitaceous species, in Kanokawa and other areas of Iriomote Island. No B. synnephes infestation was found on any cucurbitaceous plants. Based on these results, we conclude that B. synnephes had very recently invaded Iriomote Island, possibly from Taiwan, but had failed to colonize. Bactrocera synnephes may have entered Iriomote Island by natural or human‐induced means, but a human‐induced invasion pathway is less likely in light of the non‐pest status of the species in Taiwan. The disappearance of B. synnephes from Iriomote Island may be related to the loss of host fruit as a result of tropical cyclones. Although B. synnephes is not regarded as a pest elsewhere, the pest status of the species is unclear in Okinawa, where no fruit fly pests currently attack commercial cucurbitaceous fruit. We must remain alert for possible re‐invasion by B. synnephes.
Effects of sublethal doses of chlorfluazuron on insemination and number of inseminated sperm in the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: PERVEEN Farzana
Published: March 2008

Sublethal doses (LD10: 1.00 ng larva−1; or LD30: 3.75 ng larva−1) of chlorfluazuron were applied topically to the cuticles of newly moulted fifth instars of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). During mating, the treated males transferred spermatophores of a significantly lower weight into females. The weight of spermatophores transferred by LD30‐treated males was significantly lower than the weight of spermatophores transferred by LD10‐treated males, which was in turn significantly lower than the weight of spermatophores transferred by untreated males. The transfer of spermatophores was delayed by 5–15 min in LD10‐ and LD30‐treated males. However, mating duration was not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment. The transfer of spermatozoa was also delayed by 5–10 min in LD10‐ and LD30‐treated females. Polygynous male adults mated an average of ten times during their lifespan of 11–13 days when paired every day with a new virgin female of the same age. The number of matings per polygynous male was not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment, but the first mating was delayed by 1 day. The number of inseminated sperm found in the spermatophore averaged 10.3 (± 2.1) × 105 over the lifespan of a male, in which the number of eupyrene sperm was 5.4 (± 1.1) × 105. The number of inseminated eupyrene sperm decreased by 66% and 88%, respectively, in LD10‐ and LD30‐treated males. No significant reduction in the number of inseminated eupyrene sperm was observed when females were treated with LD10 or LD30 doses, nor was there a significant reduction when both sexes were treated with the LD10 or LD30 doses relative to treatment of males with the same doses. The ratio of inseminated eupyrene to apyrene sperm was not affected by chlorfluazuron treatment.
Changes in the lipid and fatty acid composition of hemolymph and ovaries during the reproductive cycle of Labidura riparia
Authors: SAYAH Fouad
Published: March 2008

Lipid metabolism was investigated during the reproductive cycle of Labidura riparia (Pallas). The lipid classes and their constitutive fatty acids present in hemolymph and ovaries were measured using thin‐layer chromatography and gas‐liquid chromatography. In the hemolymph, total lipids increase steadily from the previtellogenic period to vitellogenic arrest. These lipids are predominantly diacylglycerols and phospholipids. In the ovaries, total lipids increase during vitellogenesis then decrease during the vitellogenesis arrest period. The major lipids are triacylglycerols, followed by phospholipids. In both hemolymph and ovaries, all lipid classes contained variable proportions of seven main fatty acids: the saturated fatty acids myristic acid (14:0), palmetic acid (16:0), and stearic acid (18:0); the monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1); and the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3). Unsaturated fatty acids predominate throughout the reproductive cycle. The percentage compositions of total and triacylglycerol fatty acids do not change markedly during the reproductive cycle in hemolymph nor in ovaries, with 18:2, 18:1 and 16:0 fatty acids being the major components. However, for diacylglycerols and phospholipids, the proportions of fatty acids vary systematically. For phospholipids during the vitellogenesis period, 18:2 increases considerably whereas other fatty acids decrease; for diacylglycerols, these fatty acids vary in the reverse way.
Frequency of multiple paternity in Myrmica scabrinodis from southern Poland
Authors: ŚLIWIŃSKA Ewa B. , WITEK Magdalena , SKÓRKA Piotr , OSIKOWSKI Artur , WOYCIECHOWSKI Michal
Published: March 2008

In haplodiploid insects that create social systems, more than one male may contribute to the progeny of a single female (polyandry). Little is known about the possible evolutionary benefits of multiple mating or the occurrence of this phenomenon across different species of Hymenoptera. Here we present our observations of polyandry in a Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander population from southern Poland. The estimated proportion of multiply mated queens was 0.71 and the average pedigree‐effective mate number was 1.45.
Induction of colony initiation by Japanese native bumble bees using cocoons of the exotic bumblebee Bombus terrestris
Authors: YONEDA Masahiro
Published: March 2008

The colony initiation rates of Bombus hypocrita (a native Japanese bumblebee) and Bombus terrestris (a European species) foundresses were compared after 4 weeks of exposure to B. terrestris cocoons. The B. terrestris cocoons, when replaced weekly, were effective for inducing oviposition by foundresses of both species. There were no significant differences in the colony initiation rates of B. terrestris and B. hypocrita, either with the control treatment or with the cocoons. The cocoon method was also tested for five species and two subspecies of native Japanese bumblebees. The colony initiation rate was higher for foundresses of the subgenus Bombus s. str. than for foundresses of the subgenera Pyrobombus, Diversobombus, and Thoracobombus. When replaced weekly, the cocoons of B. terrestris are effective inducers of colony foundation in three Japanese native species, namely B. ignitus, B. hypocrita hypocrita, and B. h. sapporoensis.
Involvement of the cGMP pathway in mediating the insulin‐inhibitory effect of melatonin in pancreatic β‐cells
Authors: Stumpf Ina , Mühlbauer Eckhard , Peschke Elmar
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Recent investigations have demonstrated an influence of melatonin on insulin secretion in pancreatic β‐cells. The effects are receptor‐mediated via two parallel signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to examine the relevance of a second melatonin receptor (MT2) as well as the involvement of a third signaling cascade in mediating melatonin effects, i.e. the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. Our results demonstrate that the insulin‐inhibiting effect of melatonin could be partly reversed by preincubation with the unspecific melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole as well as by the MT2‐receptor‐specific antagonist 4P‐PDOT (4‐phenyl‐2‐propionamidotetraline). As melatonin is known to modulate cGMP concentration via the MT2 receptor, these data indicate transmission of the melatonin effects via the cGMP transduction cascade. Molecular investigations established the presence of different types of guanylate cyclases, cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterases and cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels in rat insulinoma β‐cells (INS1). Moreover, variations in mRNA expression were found when comparing day and night values as well as different states of glucose metabolism. Incubation experiments provided evidence that 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX)‐stimulated cGMP concentrations were significantly decreased in INS1 cells exposed to melatonin for 1 hr in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. This effect could also be reversed by application of luzindole and 4P‐PDOT. Stimulation with 8‐Br‐cGMP resulted in significantly increased insulin production. In conclusion, it could be demonstrated that the melatonin receptor subtype MT2 as well as the cGMP signaling pathway are involved in mediating the insulin‐inhibiting effect of melatonin.
Collaborative Childcare Health Consultation: A Conceptual Model
Authors: Crowley Angela A. , Sabatelli Ronald M.
Published: March 2008

PURPOSE.  This study explored the nature of consultation between childcare providers and nurse childcare health consultants and identified factors that promote a collaborative relationship.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  A qualitative study using semistructured, individual interviews of five collaborative and five conflicted pairs of nurse childcare health consultants and childcare center directors. Data were analyzed following principles of grounded theory and applying the constant comparative method of analysis.

RESULTS.  Establishing a collaborative relationship was influenced by previous experiences and four themes in the relationship: open and active communication, commitment, respect, and congruent philosophies.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Preparation in developing collaborative relationships should be incorporated into the education of nurse consultants and childcare directors and providers.
Synthetic Mimetics of the gp130 Binding Site for Viral Interleukin‐6 as Inhibitors of the vIL‐6–gp130 Interaction
Authors: Sudarman Enge , Bollati‐Fogolín Mariela , Hafner Martin , Müller Werner , Scheller Jürgen , Rose‐John Stefan , Eichler Jutta
Published: March 2008

The transmembrane protein gp130 acts as the signal transducing receptor subunit for interleukin‐6 type cytokines, including viral interleukin‐6, which is encoded by the Kaposi’s sarcoma‐associated herpes virus. Viral interleukin‐6 has been shown to mimic human IL‐6 functions, including activation of the JAK1 and STAT1/3 signaling pathways. Based on the crystal structure of three extracellular domains of gp130 in complex with viral interleukin‐6, we have designed and synthesized a range of assembled peptides that mimic the sequentially discontinuous binding site of gp130 for viral interleukin‐6. These peptides, which present the three binding site fragments of gp130 in a nonlinear, discontinuous fashion, were shown to inhibit the interaction of gp130 with viral interleukin‐6, as well as the stimulation of viral interleukin‐6‐induced cell proliferation. These results validate the concept of synthetic mimicry of discontinuous protein‐binding sites through assembled peptides, and the use of such molecules as modulators of protein–ligand interactions.
Complete dentures for handicapped children using custom‐made teeth
Authors: TAICHER SHLOMO , SELA MORDECHAI
Published: March 2008

A method of fabricating complete dentures in children using individually carved teeth according to the vertical dimension of occlusion and centric relation is described. This method is preferred to stock teeth and can help to achieve good function and esthetic appearance. If the other factors are satisfactory, the adaptation is easy and fast.
Minimum standards for performing histories and physical examinations: basic training and course content
Authors: ROSER STEVEN M.
Published: March 2008

The need to establish guidelines for granting privileges to dentists to perform the history and physical examination of record on their hospitalized patients has been precipitated by a recent change in the New York State Health Code. These guidelines will help hospital credential committees faced with requests from dentists who desire these privileges and help dentists to develop and undertake training programs that will bring them to the “qualified” level. This paper offers a set of minimum standards for determining competency in performing history and physical examinations that can also be used for training in the area. Length and timing of the curriculum was not discussed.
Solitary median maxillary central incisor in association with Goldenhar's syndrome: a case report
Authors: De Paula e Silva Francisco Wanderley Garcia , De Carvalho Fabrício Kitazono , Díaz‐Serrano Kranya Victória , De Freitas Aldevina Campos , Borsatto Maria Cristina , De Queiroz Alexandra Mussolino
Published: March 2008

Goldenhar's syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by several anomalies that include dermal epibulbar cysts, auricular appendices and malformations and vertebral anomalies. In this article, the authors report a case of Goldenhar's syndrome in a 10‐year‐old child who presented with the classical signs of this condition and a solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI).
Transitional implants in a patient with Williams‐Beuren syndrome: a four‐year follow‐up
Authors: Mass Eliyahu , Oelgiesser Dan , Tal Haim
Published: March 2008

Williams‐Beuren syndrome (WBS) is characterized by several diagnostic features, including oligodontia. Restoration of congenitally missing teeth in patients with WBS is a challenge, both emotionally and clinically. In the atrophied alveolar bone process of a juvenile patient with WBS, the maxillary lateral incisors were replaced with two Immediate Provisional Implants (IPI). Early implant loading was used with temporary acrylic resin crowns that were replaced by semi‐permanent restorations; the case has been followed for four years. Restoration of the missing maxillary lateral incisors with IPIs and temporary crowns proved to be a convenient, long‐lasting and psychologically acceptable solution to the patient and her family.
The genus Macrorungia (Acanthaceae), a taxonomic revision
Authors: Baden Claus
Published: March 2008

The genus Macrorungia C. B. Clarke is revised. 5 taxa have previously been proposed in the genus; the present revision recognises 3, viz. Macrorungia galpinii C. Baden sp. nov., M. longistrobus C. B. Clarke and M. pubinervia (T. Anders.) C. B. Clarke. The delimitation between Anisotes and Macrorungia is discussed. Phytogeographical and ecological aspects are discussed in relation to the phytogeog–raphical division of Africa.
Stigma characteristics and angiosperm taxonomy
Authors: Heslop‐Harrison Yolande
Published: March 2008

When a classification based upon certain morphological and physiological characters of the stigma was applied to ca. 1,000 species of some 900 genera of angiosperms, several taxonomic regularities emerged. Most families proved to be relatively homogeneous in stigma type, whilst others were strikingly diverse. Among the latter were certain supposedly primitive families such as the Liliaceae, a fact that may have some phylogenetical significance. Sometimes where a family proved to be homogeneous in respect to the more general characters of the stigma, fuller investigation revealed great variation in detail. An example is given by the Boraginaceae, a family in which stigma characters are of potential taxonomic importance. The stigma papillae in this family are often capitate, with heavily cutinised heads, and pollen has to be inserted forcibly between the papillae. There is a strong correlation between pollen size and stigma–papilla size, so that certain types of cross pollination are impossible. These specialisations can thus play a part as isolating mechanisms. The form of the stigma papillae is probably also important in genera of the Boraginaceae adapted to arid conditions, since the contiguous cutinised caps overarch the actual receptive surfaces and so. presumably, offer protection from desiccation.

In both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, clear relationships exist between stigma type and physiology, and notably with the type of self–incompatibility system. It is already apparent that stigma characters can have predictive value in the investigation of breeding systems.

The paper includes a comprehensive literature list, covering most ot the principal sources of structural, taxonomic and other data bearing upon angiosperm stigmas.
A submerged new species of Cypella (Iridaceae), and a new section for the genus (s.str.)
Authors: Ravenna Pierfelice
Published: March 2008

Cypella aquatilis is described as a new species of the Iridaceae, occurring in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Parana. The plant is remarkable by being submersed in streamlets and rivers, and by the vegetative proliferation in the inflorescence. Additionally, a new section, Nais, with C. aquatilis as the type species, and the new name C. exilis Ravenna to replace the illegitimate C. gracilis (Kl.) Bak. are proposed.
Thread–like formations in the anthers of Strelitzia reginae
Authors: Kronestedt Eva , Bystedt Per–Arne
Published: March 2008

In the dehiscent anthers of Strelitzia reginae Ait. thread–like formations occur among the pollen grains. The threads are derived from specialized epidermal cells in the stomium region. These cells are liberated from the normal epidermal cells and from each other along their radial walls. By remaining attached to each other along the transversal walls the cells form multicellular threads.

Storage products occur in the thread–forming cells as starch grains and protein crystals in plastids. After their release the threads lose these products and are strongly vacuolated. Finally their cell content disintegrates.
Cytotaxonomical studies in Tribulus terrestris and T. alatus (Zygophyllaceae)
Authors: Hilu Khidir W
Published: March 2008

The chromosome numbers and meiotic behaviour of twenty morphologically variable populations of 7. terrestris and four of T. alatus were studied and compared. All populations of /. terrestris were hexaploid (2n = 36). They fall in one of the three morphological–eytological groups: I) robust with normal meiosis and pollen grains, II) less–robust with abnormal meiosis and high frequency of smaller pollen grains, and III) mixture of type II and dwarf plants. Seed set was high in all but the dwarfs. It appears that group I reproduces sexually while the other two groups have a certain degree of apomixis, and that the dwarf plants probably resulted from the fusion of cytologically unbalanced gametes. Tribulus alatus populations were tetraploid (2n = 24). Bud material adequate for meiotic studies were unavailable, but the wide range in size of pollen grains indirectly signifies meiotic abnormalities. So far, only the tetraploid race has been examined, while other chromosome races may exist.
Chrysochromulina laurentiana: an electron microscopic study of a new species of Prymnesiophyceae from Canadian Shield lakes
Authors: Kling H. J.
Published: March 2008

Three species of Chrysochromulina have been observed from the plankton of Canadian Shield lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. Chrysochromulina parva Lackey is ubiquitous and well known. C. breviturrita Nicholls and C. laurentiana described here appear similar to one another under the light microscope, but with the aid of the transmission electron microscope it is possible to distinguish them as two different species.
Cytological and morphological variation in Bellevalia
Authors: von Bothmer Roland , Wendelbo Per
Published: March 2008

Material from 45 populations representing 15 species of Bellevalia were analyzed as to chromosome numbers and morphology. For 3 species reports are new, viz. for B. clusiana (2x), B, tauri (2x, 4x), and B. nivalis (4x). In B. saviczii diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids were found. The basic Bellevalia karyotype prevails, but chromosome heteromorphism is rather common at the populational level. B–chromosomes were found in some populations of B. glauca s.l. and B. saviczii. Discussions on karyotype variation, polyploidy, morphologic variation and generic delimitation are presented.
The Asplenium trichomanes complex in East Central Sweden
Authors: Tigerschiold Eva
Published: March 2008

An investigation of the Asplenium trichomanes complex in some Swedish provinces is presented. The study comprises ssp. trichomanes 2n = 72, ssp. inexpectans 2n = 72, ssp. quadrivalens 2n = 144 and a triploid hybrid 2n = 108. The ssp. inexpectans is reported from Sweden for the first time. It is previously only known from Central and Southern Europe. It was found to be about as common as the other two subspecies occurring in Sweden.
Notes on some species of Rhynchosia (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae) from NE Africa and Yemen
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

Rhynchosia flava (Forsk.) Thulin comb. nov. (=Ononis flava Forsk.) is a narrowly endemic species in Yemen. Since it was originally collected by Forskal in 1763 it has apparently not been recollected until a few years ago. Description, typification and distribution map are provided for this species as well as for the closely related Ethiopian species R. erythraeae Schweinf. and R. erlangeri Harms. R. malacotricha Harms, another little–known Ethiopian species, is shown to be closely related to R. subiobata (Schumach.) Meikle. R. verdcourtii Thulin sp. nov., occurring in S Ethiopia, N Uganda, Kenya and N Tanzania, is described, illustrated and mapped.
Studies in African Cyperaceae 18. Two new subgenera of Cyperus
Authors: Lye Kåre Arnstein
Published: March 2008

Two new subgenera are described and illustrated. Cyperus subgen. Protocyperus has an eucyperoid culm–anatomy and digitate clusters of spikelets. It contains about 100 species. Cyperus subgen. Fimbricyperus has a chlorocyperoid culm anatomy and many stalked spikes giving the habit of a slender Fimbristylis. It is based on a single species, viz. Cyperus subparadoxus Kükenthal.
Floristic notes from the mountains of Northern Greece Materials for the Mountain Flora of Greece, 7
Authors: Strid Arne , Papanicolaou Kostas
Published: March 2008

The authors present an annotated list of rare or otherwise interesting vascular plants collected in the mountains of northern Greece by themselves in 1979 and by Strid and Georgiadou in 1977. The following are apparently new to Greece: Thesium linophyllon L. ssp. montanum (Ehrh. ex. Hoffm.) Čelak., Moehringia pendulo (Waldst. & Kit.) Fenzl, Gypsophila glomerata Pallas ex. Bieb., Dianthus peiraeus Waldst. & Kit. ssp. noeanus (Boiss.) Tutin, Dianthus superbus L., Ranunculus fon–tanus C. Presl, Thlaspi arvense L., Potentilla apennina Ten. ssp. stoianovii Urum. & Jav., Trifolium badium Schreber, Rhamnus pumila Turra, Viola palustris L., Athamanta albanica Alston & Sandwith, Peucedanum oligophyllum ssp. aequiradium (Vandas) Tutin, Vaccinium gaultherioides Bigelow, Galeopsis speciosa Miller, G. bifida Boenn., Melampyrum sylvaticum L., Odontites lutea (L.) Clairv., Sambucus racemosa L., Symphyandra wanneri (Rochel) Heuffel, Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Achillea distans Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., Centaurea grbavacensis (Rohlena) Stoj. & Acht., C. indurata Janka, Lactuca aurea (Schultz Bip. ex PanČić) Stebbins, Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill., F. pirinica Horvat ex Markgr.–Dannenb., Sparganium minimum (Hartm.) Fries, and Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl.
Cytogenetic and cladistic studies in Anacyclus (Compositae: Anthemideae)
Authors: Humphries Christopher John
Published: March 2008

The details of a cytogenetic study on 8 taxa of the mediterranean genus Anacyclus are presented. The results include information of the gross morphology, pollen fertilities and meiotic pairing behaviour of F1 hybrids supplemented by data on the karyotype morphology and DNA contents of parenthal plants. The results indicate that evolution in the genus has been accompanied by chromosomal repatterning. There are three distinctive groups within the experimental taxa, a pair of closely related perennials and two groups of annuals. There is considerable genome homology within each group but major differences between them. The groups are discussed in terms of their systematic relationships with other members of the genus in an effort to provide an explicit evolutionary model for the origin of different taxa. The understanding of the relationships of the annual taxa is complicated by sympatry and the occurrence of natural hybrids.
Nordic equiseticolous Pyrenomycetes
Authors: Holm Lennart , Holm Kerstin
Published: March 2008

The Pyrenomycete flora on Equisetum has been studied, mainly on Nordic material. With regard to frequency and host specificity these fungi can be divided into three groups, viz. 1) true Equisetum fungi; 2) common species but not restricted to Equisetum; 3) accidental species. An annotated list is given of the two first categories which comprise the following taxa. 1: Didymosphaeria equiseti–hiemalis, Phaeosphaeria berlesei, P. equiseti, Mycosphaerella equiseti, M. equiseticola, Scirrhia castagnei, S. silvalica, and probably Didymella equisetina. 2: Phaeosphaeria eustoma, P. fuckelii, Mycosphaerella cf. aspidii.

Two new taxa and one new combination are published, viz. Phaeosphaeria equiseti (Karst.) L. & K. Holm comb, nov., P. equiseti var. lindii L. & K. Holm var. nov., Scirrhia silvalica L. & K. Holm sp. nov.
Thesium vlachorum sp. nov.
Authors: Aldén Björn
Published: March 2008

Thesium vlachorum sp. nov. is described. It was collected on ophiolitic screes on Mt. Grammos, Greece. The affinities of the new taxon are briefly discussed.
Revision of Heliconia sect. Heliconia (Musaceae)
Authors: Andersson Lennart
Published: March 2008

The section Heliconia comprises stout musoid species with erect inflorescences, thick, deeply cymbiform spathes and greenish flowers on untwisted pedicels. Seven species are recognized viz.: (1) H. bihai (L.) L., (2) H. rodriguensis Aristeg., (3) H. caribaea Lam., (4) H. bourgaeana Peters., (5) H. stricta Huber, (6) H. wagneriana Peters, and (7) H. ortotricha Anderss. sp. nov. The circumscription of the section is discussed, and it appears that closest affinities are with H. latispalha Benth., H. spatho–circinata Aristeg. and allied species, and also with H. lourteigii Emygdio & Santos and H. tenebrosa Macbr. Two groups can be discerned in the section, one comprising species 1–3 and the other species 5–7, H. bourgaeana occupying a somewhat isolated and more or less intermediate position. A key to species is given and each species is described and illustrated. Particular attention is paid to variation in diagnostically important features.
Occurrence and specialization of vessels in Xyridales
Authors: Cheadle Vernon I. , Kosakai Hatsume
Published: March 2008

The occurrence and variation among vessels in available parts of 41 species in 16 genera of Rapateaceae and of 20 species in the four genera of Xyridaceae were determined. The vessels in Xyridaceae are more specialized in all organs of the plant than they are in Rapateaceae. Simple and scalariform perforation plates occur in the inflorescence axes and leaves of nearly all species of Xyridaceae but only scalariform plates occur in these organs of Rapateaceae – infrequently vessels are lacking in stems and leaves, at least in early metaxylem. Vessels in roots and stems of Mono–tremeae are most specialized (simple and scalariform plates) among tribes of Rapateaceae, with those in Rapateeae intermediate, and those in Schoenocephalieae and Saxofridericieae most primitive (only scalariform perforation plates). Brief comments are made about vessels as possible indicators of relationships with other families.
Fleshy fungi in grass fields. Dependence on fertilization, grass species, and age of field
Authors: Lange Morten
Published: March 2008

An experimental field with grass had 48 squares which were treated with combinations of NPK fertilizers. The fungus flora was studied 1978–1980 by numerous yearly observations. A total of 40 species were noted: 36 agarics and 4 gasteromycetes. 24 species were confined to squares where nitrate was applied. 5 of these species were recorded as fairy ring formers. The fairy rings developed exclusively in the +N squares. Some common species grew in both +N and –N squares, while a few species were confined to –N squares. None of the latter group was found in abundance. The squares were divided in parcels sown with 4 species of lawn grasses. Several fungi showed preference for one or two grass species. The field consists of two parts, sown in 1977 and 1972 respectively. The immigration pattern into the new field is described.
Punctelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae
Authors: Krog Hildur
Published: March 2008

The genus Punctelia Krog gen. nov., comprising subgen. Punctelia (the Parmelia borreri group) and subgen. Flavopunctelia Krog subgen. nov. (the Parmelia flaventior group), is here segregated from Parmelia s. str. The main differences between the two genera lie in the development of the pseudocyphellae, the chemical properties of the medulla, and the centres of distribution. Parmelia s. str. has its highest number of species in East Asia and the Australian region, Punctelia in the Americas and Africa.
Notes on some Asian Bauhinia
Authors: Larsen Kai , Larsen Supee S.
Published: March 2008

Further studies of material from particularly China and the Malay Peninsula has thrown new light on the variability of some little known taxa of Bauhinia. This has led to the reduction of B. kwangtungensis Merr. to B. japonica Maxim. A new species, B. andersonü K. & S. S. Larsen has been described from the limestone hills of northern Malaysia. The following new combinations are published: B. integrifolia Roxb. ssp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S. S. Larsen, B. excelsa var, aurora (de Wit) K. & S. S. Larsen, and B. excelsa var. megalantha (Merr.) K. & S. S. Larsen.
Two new species of Acacia (Leguminosae–Mimosoideae) from Ethiopia and Yemen
Authors: Hunde Asfaw
Published: March 2008

Two new species of Acacia belonging to subgenus Acacia, A. origena from the high lands of N Ethiopia and Yemen and A. prasinata from the Rift Valley in central Ethiopia are described. The external morphology of the latter species is shortly described.
Anatomy of Ricciocarpus natans, with emphasis on fine structure
Authors: Kronestedt Eva
Published: March 2008

The amphibious liverwort Ricciocarpus natans has been investigated with regard to structure and differentiation of cells and tissues.

The differentiation of the tissues was determined starting with their origin from the meristem situated in the median furrow. From this zone there is dorsally a differentiation of epidermis and aerenchyma, and ventrally a differentiation of epidermis and scales. Air–chambers arise schizogenously. They become divided by cells, which grow out from lateral walls and form an internal pore.

Parenchyma (aerenchyma and euparenchyma) cells and epidermis cells (including thallus margin and main scale cells) appear similar in ultrastructure. A characteristic localization of heteropycnotic chromatin close to the nucleolus is recognized. Mic–robodies have an extraordinary cap–shape. Vacuoles often contain electron dense bodies. Lipid droplets occur frequently in the cytoplasm. Storage products are not restricted to a certain tissue. Young scales have an apical papilla cell with many dictyosomes. Chloroplasts of the oilbody idioblast are much smaller than those of unspecialized cells. The rhizoids are smooth–walled.
The chemical variation of Pseudevernia furfuracea in Norway
Authors: Halvorsen Rune , Bendiksen Egil
Published: March 2008

Of 728 herbarium specimens of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf from Norway 48.8% were found to contain olivetoric acid, 1.2% olivetoric and physodic acids, and 50.0% physodic and oxy–physodic acids as the main lichen products of the medulla. The proportion of specimens contaning olivetoric acid increased along a gradient from South East to North West Norway. The distribution of the chemotypes showed no correlation with altitude, effective temperature sum, annual mean precipitation, precipitation frequency or substrate ecology. The biological isolation of the chemotypes is questioned, and it is considered most appropriate to treat them as chemical strains within one species.
Biosystematics of Hordeum bulbosum L.
Authors: Jörgensen Rikke Bagger
Published: March 2008

Hordeum bulbosum L. is found in a diploid (2n = 14) and a tetraploid form (2n = 28). Of the 99 collections examined cytologically, 21 were diploid, 77 tetraploid and one triploid. The diploids were found in the western Mediterranean area to West Greece, tetraploids from West Greece eastwards to Afghanistan. Analysis of herbarium material and extensive cultivated material showed that the two cytotypes could not be distinguished morphologically. Intracytotype crosses were successful in the different provenance combinations, except in a few cases, where individual parental genotypes caused a low crossability. Intercytotype hybrids were rather difficult to obtain. In the light of the results a taxonomic subdivision of the species is not recommended. A problem in connection with the Linnaean type specimen is discussed.
The taxonomy, morphology and distribution of species of Scinaia Biv.–Bern. (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) in north–western Europe
Authors: Maggs C. A. , Guiry M. D.
Published: March 2008

Re–examination of herbarium material and new collections of species of Scinaia in north–western Europe shows that the distributions of Scinaia forcellata Biv.–Bern. and S. turgida Chemin have been wrongly assessed in recent literature. S. forcellata ssp. forcellata is found on southern and western coasts of the British Isles north to Co. Clare, Ireland and on Channel coasts east to Boulogne. S. turgida, on the other hand, is found on southern and western coasts of the British Isles north to Shetland and on Channel coasts east to Roscoff. A new subspecies, S. forcellata ssp. scandinavica ssp. nov., is proposed for material previously referred to S. forcellata ssp. forcellata from Denmark, Helgoland, Sweden and possibly Norway. Specimens of a small Scinaia species collected off the Aran Islands, western Ireland are provisionally referred to S. complanata (F. S. Collins) Cotton pending the collection of further material.
Macarthuria intricata sp. nov. (Aizoaceae), a new species from South Western Australia
Authors: Keighery G. J.
Published: March 2008

Macarthuria intricata is described and illustrated. The new species is confined to the Tamala Vegetation System at the northern extremity of the South Western Botanical Province.
New and noteworthy species of Indigofera (Leguminosae) from NE Africa
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

Six new species of Indigofera are described: I. eremophila Thulin from E Ethiopia, I. mooneyi Thulin from the highlands of SW Ethiopia, I. boranica Thulin from SE Ethiopia and NE Kenya, I. gyrata Thulin and I. ammophila Thulin from NE Kenya, and I. cana Thulin from north–central Ethiopia. I. cavallii Chiov., previously known only from the type from S Somalia, is reported also from NE Kenya.