bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of High‐ and Low‐Fat Meals on the Pharmacokinetics of Ozanimod, a Novel Sphingosine‐1‐Phosphate Receptor Modulator
Authors: Tran Jonathan Q. , Hartung Jeffrey P. , Tompkins Cindy‐Ann , Frohna Paul A.
Published: November 2017

Ozanimod (RPC1063) is an oral selective modulator of the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate 1 and 5 receptors under development for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. The effects of high‐fat and low‐fat meals on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single oral dose of ozanimod were evaluated in 24 healthy volunteers in a randomized, open‐label crossover trial. Each subject received a 1‐mg dose of ozanimod hydrochloride under 3 meal conditions (fasted, high‐fat, and low‐fat), each separated by 7 days. Mean plasma concentration–time profiles for ozanimod and its active metabolites (RP101988 [major], RP101075 [minor]) were similar under all 3 conditions. Moreover, all PK parameters for ozanimod, RP101988, and RP101075 were similar under the 3 meal conditions. The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the ratios of geometric least‐squares mean (fed/fasted) were within the equivalence limits of 0.80 to 1.25 for area under the concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0–∞) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for ozanimod, RP101988, and RP101075, except for the high‐fat effect on RP101075 Cmax (90%CI, 0.76–0.88). Given this lack of a food effect on the exposure of ozanimod and its active metabolites, ozanimod can be taken without regard to meals.
Synthetic Ion Channels and DNA Logic Gates as Components of Molecular Robots
Authors: Kawano Ryuji
Published: November 2017

A molecular robot is a next‐generation biochemical machine that imitates the actions of microorganisms. It is made of biomaterials such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. Three prerequisites have been proposed for the construction of such a robot: sensors, intelligence, and actuators. This Minireview focuses on recent research on synthetic ion channels and DNA computing technologies, which are viewed as potential candidate components of molecular robots. Synthetic ion channels, which are embedded in artificial cell membranes (lipid bilayers), sense ambient ions or chemicals and import them. These artificial sensors are useful components for molecular robots with bodies consisting of a lipid bilayer because they enable the interface between the inside and outside of the molecular robot to function as gates. After the signal molecules arrive inside the molecular robot, they can operate DNA logic gates, which perform computations. These functions will be integrated into the intelligence and sensor sections of molecular robots. Soon, these molecular machines will be able to be assembled to operate as a mass microrobot and play an active role in environmental monitoring and in vivo diagnosis or therapy.
Multiple consecutive recapture of rigid nanoparticles using a solid‐state nanopore sensor
Authors: Lee Jung Soo , Peng Bin , Sabuncu Ahmet C. , Nam Seungjin , Ahn ChiWon , Kim Moon J. , Kim MinJun
Published: November 2017

Solid‐state nanopore sensors have been used to measure the size of a nanoparticle by applying a resistive pulse sensing technique. Previously, the size distribution of the population pool could be investigated utilizing data from a single translocation, however, the accuracy of the distribution is limited due to the lack of repeated data. In this study, we characterized polystyrene nanobeads utilizing single particle recapture techniques, which provide a better statistical estimate of the size distribution than that of single sampling techniques. The pulses and translocation times of two different sized nanobeads (80 nm and 125 nm in diameter) were acquired repeatedly as nanobeads were recaptured multiple times using an automated system controlled by custom‐built scripts. The drift‐diffusion equation was solved to find good estimates for the configuration parameters of the recapture system. The results of the experiment indicated enhancement of measurement precision and accuracy as nanobeads were recaptured multiple times. Reciprocity of the recapture and capacitive effects in solid state nanopores are discussed. Our findings suggest that solid‐state nanopores and an automated recapture system can also be applied to soft nanoparticles, such as liposomes, exosomes, or viruses, to analyze their mechanical properties in single‐particle resolution.
Schwann cell precursors in health and disease
Authors: Aquino Jorge B. , Sierra Romina
Published: November 2017

Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are frequently regarded as neural crest‐derived cells (NCDCs) found in contact with axons during nerve formation. Nevertheless, cells with SCPs properties can be found up to the adulthood. They are well characterized with regard to both gene expression profile and cellular behavior —for instance, proliferation, migratory capabilities and survival requirements—. They differ in origin regarding their anatomic location: even though most of them are derived from migratory NCCs, there is also contribution of the boundary cap neural crest cells (bNCCs) to the skin and other tissues. Many functions are known for SCPs in normal development, including nerve fasciculation and target innervation, arterial branching patterning and differentiation, and other morphogenetic processes. In addition, SCPs are now known to be a source of many neural (glia, endoneural fibroblasts, melanocytes, visceral neurons, and chromaffin cells) and non‐neural‐like (mesenchymal stromal cells, able e.g., to generate dentine‐producing odontoblasts) cell types. Until now no reports of endoderm‐like derivatives were reported so far. Interestingly, in the Schwann cell lineage only early SCPs are likely able to differentiate into melanocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. We have also herein discussed the literature regarding their role in repair as well as in disease mechanisms, such as in diverse cancers. Moreover, many caveats in our knowledge of SCPs biology are highlighted all through this article. Future research should expand more into the relevance of SCPs in pathologies and in other regenerative mechanisms which might bring new unexpected clinically‐relevant knowledge.
Time to address gender inequalities against female physicians
Authors: Hannawi Suad , Al Salmi Issa
Published: November 2017

Although the health care system depends heavily on female physicians, it discriminates against women and tends to concentrate female physicians' work in lower status occupations. Gender discrimination has structural, social, and cultural dimensions. Such discrimination is perceived differently by various stakeholders and the public. In addition, there is reluctance to publicly acknowledge gender discrimination, especially in the culturally conservative Middle East region.

Gender discrimination leads to underrepresentation of female physicians in leadership roles and certain specialties and hence leads to less attention and understanding of the working conditions of female physicians and their roles in the health care system.

The lack of accessible data in the region regarding gender discrimination among physicians leads to stakeholders failing to recognize the existence and magnitude of this type of discrimination. This article takes up the relatively neglected issue of gender discrimination in the health care workforce among the stakeholders of the Ministry of Health and Prevention of the United Arab Emirates.

Future research should explore the extent of gender discrimination among physicians and the gender remuneration gap, together with other sorts of discrimination, perception of equal opportunity, and dominant stereotypes of men and women working in health care in relation to job obligation, promotion, retention, remuneration, and education.
Spatial delineation of riparian groundwater within alluvium deposit of mountainous region using Laplace equation
Authors: Ohara Noriaki , Steven Holbrook W. , Yamatani Katsu , Flinchum Brady A. , St. Clair James T.
Published: November 2017

The interaction between surface and groundwater plays a key role in a riparian ecosystem while the size of riparian groundwater has not been typically incorporated into hydrological modelling systems. An extensive geophysical survey composed of 25 individual DC electrical resistivity profiles was conducted at the Blair–Wallis site in Wyoming. The observed resistivity images show a near‐surface aquifer interpreted as the saturated alluvium deposit along the channel, rather than the geological bedrock. Based on the electrical resistivity images, it can be inferred that only the near‐surface portion of the groundwater actively interacts with the stream flow in the mountainous and hilly watershed. This study attempted the spatial extrapolation of the measured riparian aquifer depths by means of fitting functions based on the surface topography. The analysis indicated that the boundary of the riparian aquifer well corresponds to the topographical inflexion point of the hill slope profile. It was also demonstrated that the extent of alluvium deposit, where the area of riparian aquifer is indicated, can be delineated using the slope and curvature maps in the geographic information system. Then, the parabolic and biharmonic functions were tested for the groundwater depth estimation using the developed alluvium deposit map. The proposed methodology was effective if geological diffusion processes by wind and water dominated the topography. The spatial map of the active aquifer will be useful in hydrological drought analysis because it is considered to be a main source of baseflow during dry seasons.
Characterization of chalcogen bonding interactions via an in‐depth conceptual quantum chemical analysis
Authors: De Vleeschouwer Freija , Denayer Mats , Pinter Balazs , Geerlings Paul , De Proft Frank
Published: November 2017

The chalcogen bond has been acknowledged as an influential noncovalent interaction (NCI) between an electron‐deficient chalcogen (donor) and a Lewis base (acceptor). This work explores the main features of chalcogen bonding through a large‐scale computational study on a series of donors and acceptors spanning a wide range in strength and character of this type of bond: (benzo)chalcogenadiazoles (with Ch = Te/Se/S) versus halides and neutral Lewis bases with O, N, and C as donor atoms. We start from Pearson's hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) principle, where the hard nature of the chalcogen bond is quantified through the molecular electrostatic potential and the soft nature through the Fukui function. The σ‐holes are more pronounced when going down in the periodic table and their directionality matches the structural orientation of donors and acceptors in the complexes. The Fukui functions point toward an n→σ*‐type interaction. The initial conjectures are further scrutinized using quantum mechanical methods, mostly relating to the systems' electron density. A Ziegler–Rauk energy decomposition analysis shows that electrostatics plays a distinctly larger role for the soft halides than for the hard, uncharged acceptors, associated with the softness matching within the HSAB principle. The natural orbital for chemical valence analysis confirms the n→σ* electron donation mechanism. Finally, the electron density and local density energy at the bond critical point in the quantum theory of atoms in molecules study and the position of the spikes in the reduced density gradient versus density plot in the NCI theory situate the chalcogen bond in the same range as strong hydrogen bonds. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular dynamics simulation of liquid water and ice nanoclusters using a new effective HFD‐like model
Authors: Abbaspour Mohsen , Akbarzadeh Hamed , Salemi Sirous , Pirfalak Khodanazar
Published: November 2017

We have determined a new two‐body interaction potential of water by the inversion of viscosity collision integrals of water vapor and fitted to achieve the Hartree–fock dispersion‐like (HFD‐like) potential function. The calculated two‐body potential generates the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and self‐diffusion coefficient of water vapor in an excellent accordance with experimental data at wide temperature ranges. We have also used a new many‐body potential as a function of temperature and density with the HFD‐like pair‐potential of water to improve the two‐body properties better than the SPC, SPC/E, TIP3P, and TIP4P models. We have also used the new corrected potential to simulate the configurational energy and the melting temperatures of the (H2O)500, (H2O)864, (H2O)2048, and (H2O)6912 ice nanoclusters in good agreement with the previous simulation data using the TIP4P model. The extrapolated melting point at the bulk limit is also in better agreement with the experimental bulk data. The self‐diffusion coefficients for the ice nanoclusters also simulated at different temperatures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Families of locally separated Hamilton paths
Authors: Körner János , Monti Angelo
Published: November 2017

We improve by an exponential factor the lower bound of Körner and Muzi for the cardinality of the largest family of Hamilton paths in a complete graph of n vertices in which the union of any two paths has maximum degree 4. The improvement is through an explicit construction while the previous bound was obtained by a greedy algorithm. We solve a similar problem for permutations up to an exponential factor.
Spatial and temporal variation of the near‐surface wind environment in the dune fields of northern China
Authors: Cui Xujia , Dong Zhibao , Sun Hu , Li Chao , Xiao Fengjun , Liu Zhengyao , Song Shaopeng , Li Xiaolan , Xiao Nan , Xiao Weiqiang
Published: November 2017

Research on the wind environment provides an important reference for tackling desertification and related environmental issues in desert regions. This article examines spatial and temporal variation of the near‐surface wind environment in the dune fields of northern China, using data from 40 meteorological stations inside and around the dune fields. Wind speed series were first subjected to homogenization, with monthly mean wind speed of the highly correlated neighbour stations as reference series. We found that the homogenized wind speed trends were approximately in accordance with the raw wind speed trends. The wind environment showed spatial and temporal differences, but wind speed has generally decreased both annually and seasonally since 1960, with an average trend of −0.193 m s−1 decade−1. Mean wind speed (1960–2014) and maximum wind speed (1975–2014) decreased significantly, with distinct seasonal differences. The decreasing trend depended strongly on a decreased wind of speeds >5 m s−1 and its frequency. Overall, 48.7–80.8% of the decrease resulted from decreases in the maximum wind speed. Thus, decreases in the maximum wind speed were the dominant change in the study area. We also found that two thirds of the decrease in the drift potential primarily resulted from decreases in three prevailing wind groups (northwest, west, and south winds). This resulted from changes in the East Asian monsoon and westerly circulation. Mean air and ground surface temperatures (1960–2014) increased significantly and were significantly negatively correlated with mean wind speed, whereas sunshine duration (1960–2014) decreased significantly and was significantly positively correlated with mean wind speed. Both correlations reveal that an increasing of atmospheric dust may be responsible for the weakened wind environment. However, China's widespread sand‐control and ecological construction projects have increased ground roughness.
Plant availability of phosphorus from dewatered sewage sludge, untreated incineration ashes, and other products recovered from a wastewater treatment system
Authors: Lemming Camilla , Bruun Sander , Jensen Lars Stoumann , Magid Jakob
Published: November 2017

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the plant phosphorus (P) availability of products derived from new P‐recovery technologies deployed in wastewater treatment systems against sewage sludge and untreated sewage sludge ashes. Eight P sources were evaluated in a six‐week pot experiment with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and a soil incubation experiment with anaerobically digested and dewatered sewage sludge (Sludge), sewage sludge ash (Ash), thermochemically treated sewage sludge ash (TrAsh), struvite (Struv), concentrate (Conc), and centrifuged concentrate (Prec) from evaporated reject water, with triple super phosphate (TSP), and composted organic household waste (Comp) as references. All sludge‐related materials except struvite came from the same wastewater treatment plant in Denmark. The apparent plant P use efficiency (PUE) of the treatments in the pot experiments was in the following order: Prec (17.0%) > TSP (12.8%) ≥ Conc (12.7%) > Sludge (8.8%) ≥ TrAsh (6.9%) ≥ Struv (6.0%) ≥ Comp (5.8%) > Ash (3.4%). The water‐extractable P (WEP) in the incubation experiment largely supported this order and there was a strong correlation between WEP in the incubation experiment and plant P uptake in the pot experiment. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that it should not automatically be assumed that products recovered with new treatment technologies for P recovery are more effective P fertilizers than the sewage sludge from which they originate. Furthermore, these results indicate that the measurement of water‐extractable P after soil incubation could be a suitable proxy for plant P availability.
Flow injection gas chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detection for the analysis of total sulfur in complex hydrocarbon matrixes
Authors: Hua Yujuan , Hawryluk Myron , Gras Ronda , Shearer Randall , Luong Jim
Published: November 2017

A fast and reliable analytical technique for the determination of total sulfur levels in complex hydrocarbon matrices is introduced. The method employed flow injection technique using a gas chromatograph as a sample introduction device and a gas phase dual‐plasma sulfur chemiluminescence detector for sulfur quantification. Using the technique described, total sulfur measurement in challenging hydrocarbon matrices can be achieved in less than 10 s with sample‐to‐sample time <2 min. The high degree of selectivity and sensitivity toward sulfur compounds of the detector offers the ability to measure low sulfur levels with a detection limit in the range of 20 ppb w/w S. The equimolar response characteristic of the detector allows the quantitation of unknown sulfur compounds and simplifies the calibration process. Response is linear over a concentration range of five orders of magnitude, with a high degree of repeatability. The detector's lack of response to hydrocarbons enables direct analysis without the need for time‐consuming sample preparation and chromatographic separation processes. This flow injection‐based sulfur chemiluminescence detection technique is ideal for fast analysis or trace sulfur analysis.
‐solution of the Neumann, Robin and transmission problem for the scalar Oseen equation
Authors: Medková Dagmar
Published: November 2017

We find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an ‐solution of the Neumann problem, the Robin problem and the transmission problem for the scalar Oseen equation in three‐dimensional open sets. As a consequence we study solutions of the generalized jump problem.
Effects of a Grapevine Shoot Extract Containing Resveratrol and Resveratrol Oligomers on Intestinal Adenoma Development in Mice: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Empl Michael T. , Cai Hong , Wang Shan , Junginger Johannes , Kostka Tina , Hewicker‐Trautwein Marion , Brown Karen , Gescher Andreas J. , Steinberg Pablo
Published: November 2017

Scope

Evidence suggests that the dietary consumption of plant extracts containing polyphenols might help prevent the onset of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, the chemopreventive and antiproliferative efficacy of a grapevine shoot extract (Vineatrol®30) containing resveratrol and resveratrol oligomers is investigated in vivo and in vitro.

Methods and results

The in vivo study is performed using ApcMin mice on a high‐fat diet, which represents a model of human adenomatous polyposis, while the potential of the extract as well as some of its isolated constituents to inhibit intestinal adenoma cell proliferation in vitro is investigated using APC10.1 cells derived from an ApcMin mouse. Vineatrol®30 at a low (2.3 mg kg–1 diet) or high dose (476 mg kg–1 diet) reduces the adenoma number in male and adenoma volume in female animals. Furthermore, Vineatrol®30 as well as resveratrol and two resveratrol tetramers compromise the expansion of APC10.1 cells by reducing cell number, inducing cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. However, except for the extract, none of the isolated resveratrol oligomers is more efficacious than resveratrol in these cells.

Conclusion

Vineatrol®30 may merit further investigation as a potential dietary gastrointestinal cancer chemopreventive agent in humans.
Vascular input function correction of inflow enhancement for improved pharmacokinetic modeling of liver DCE‐MRI
Authors: Ning Jia , Schubert Tilman , Johnson Kevin M. , Roldán‐Alzate Alejandro , Chen Huijun , Yuan Chun , Reeder Scott B.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To propose a simple method to correct vascular input function (VIF) due to inflow effects and to test whether the proposed method can provide more accurate VIFs for improved pharmacokinetic modeling.

Methods

A spoiled gradient echo sequence‐based inflow quantification and contrast agent concentration correction method was proposed. Simulations were conducted to illustrate improvement in the accuracy of VIF estimation and pharmacokinetic fitting. Animal studies with dynamic contrast‐enhanced MR scans were conducted before, 1 week after, and 2 weeks after portal vein embolization (PVE) was performed in the left portal circulation of pigs. The proposed method was applied to correct the VIFs for model fitting. Pharmacokinetic parameters fitted using corrected and uncorrected VIFs were compared between different lobes and visits.

Results

Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method can improve accuracy of VIF estimation and pharmacokinetic fitting. In animal study results, pharmacokinetic fitting using corrected VIFs demonstrated changes in perfusion consistent with changes expected after PVE, whereas the perfusion estimates derived by uncorrected VIFs showed no significant changes.

Conclusion

The proposed correction method improves accuracy of VIFs and therefore provides more precise pharmacokinetic fitting. This method may be promising in improving the reliability of perfusion quantification. Magn Reson Med 79:3093–3102, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
On the Traffic Handling Capability of Communication Networks Homogeneously Loaded
Authors: Paz I.
Published: November 2017

The branch flows in a communication network are normalized against the corresponding branch capacities. The average (µ) of these normalized branch flows is used to represent the traffic load in the network. The sum of all squared differences between the normalized branch flows and µ is defined as the homengeneity (H) of the flow distribution. The capability (P) of a loaded network to handle additional traffic demand increments is then defined as a function of the residual branch capacities, each weighted by a factor representing its topological “importance” in the network.

Using the above definitions, several relations are established between H, µ and P. For instance, it is indicated that for a given µ, flow distributions which lead to smaller values of H (better homogeneity) also lead to higher possible values for P (improved network capability).
Duality in Networks: Roses, Bouquets, and Cut‐Sets; Trees, Forests and Polygons
Authors: Weinberg L.
Published: November 2017

Two new classes of graphs are introduced within the context of the general principle of duality. This duality principle applies to a single graph, planar or nonplanar. The restricted principle generally presented, which applies to a pair of planar graphs, may be considered a subclass of the general principle. As part of the duality principle, it is necessary to define two dual operations on graphs, reduction and contraction of a graph, where reduction is used to define tree graphs and polygon graphs of a given graph, and contraction is used to obtain rose graphs and cut‐set graphs of a graph. The two new classes of graphs are the rose graph and the bouquet graph, the rose graph being defined as a connected graph containing no cut‐sets, and the bouquet graph as a graph whose connected components are rose graphs. Thus the rose graph and the bouquet graph embody concepts dual to those of the tree graph and the forest graph, respectively. Theorems on these new graphs and examples illustrating algorithms are given, where it is shown, for example, that the family of fundamental cut‐sets can be found more easily using a spanning rose graph rather than a spanning tree graph.
Bounds on Backtrack Algorithms for Listing Cycles, Paths, and Spanning Trees
Authors: Read R. C. , Tarjan R. E.
Published: November 2017

Backtrack algorithms for listing certain kinds of subgraphs of a graph are described and analyzed. Included are algorithms for listing all spanning trees, all cycles, all simple cycles, or all of certain other kinds of paths. The algorithms have 0(V+E) space requirements and 0(V+E+EN) time requirements, if the problem graph has V vertices, E edges, and N subgraphs of the type to be listed.
On solutions to the second‐order partial differential equations by two accurate methods
Authors: Modanli Mahmut , Akgül Ali
Published: November 2017

In this article, we investigate the reproducing kernel method and the difference schemes method for solving the second‐order partial differential equations. Numerical results have been shown to prove the efficiency of the methods. Results prove that the methods are very effective.
Efficient hybrid method for solving special type of nonlinear partial differential equations
Authors: Singh Inderdeep , Kumar Sheo
Published: November 2017

In this article, an efficient hybrid method has been developed for solving some special type of nonlinear partial differential equations. Hybrid method is based on tanh–coth method, quasilinearization technique and Haar wavelet method. Nonlinear partial differential equations have been converted into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation by choosing some suitable variable transformations. Quasilinearization technique is used to linearize the nonlinear ordinary differential equation and then the Haar wavelet method is applied to linearized ordinary differential equation. A tanh–coth method has been used to obtain the exact solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. It is easier to handle nonlinear ordinary differential equations in comparison to nonlinear partial differential equations. A distinct feature of the proposed method is their simple applicability in a variety of two‐ and three‐dimensional nonlinear partial differential equations. Numerical examples show better accuracy of the proposed method as compared with the methods described in past. Error analysis and stability of the proposed method have been discussed.
Superconvergence of Ritz‐Galerkin finite element approximations for second order elliptic problems
Authors: Wang Chunmei
Published: November 2017

In this paper, the author derives an ‐superconvergence for the piecewise linear Ritz‐Galerkin finite element approximations for the second‐order elliptic equation equipped with Dirichlet boundary conditions. This superconvergence error estimate is established between the finite element solution and the usual Lagrange nodal point interpolation of the exact solution, and thus the superconvergence at the nodal points of each element. The result is based on a condition for the finite element partition characterized by the coefficient tensor and the usual shape functions on each element, called ‐equilateral assumption in this paper. Several examples are presented for the coefficient tensor and finite element triangulations which satisfy the conditions necessary for superconvergence. Some numerical experiments are conducted to confirm this new theory of superconvergence.
Lipocalin‐type prostaglandin D synthase‐derived PGD2 attenuates malignant properties of tumor endothelial cells
Authors: Omori Keisuke , Morikawa Teppei , Kunita Akiko , Nakamura Tatsuro , Aritake Kosuke , Urade Yoshihiro , Fukayama Masashi , Murata Takahisa
Published: November 2017

Endothelial cells (ECs) are a key component of the tumor microenvironment. They have abnormal characteristics compared to the ECs in normal tissues. Here, we found a marked increase in lipocalin‐type prostaglandin D synthase (L‐PGDS) mRNA (Ptgds) expression in ECs isolated from mouse melanoma. Immunostaining of mouse melanoma revealed expression of L‐PGDS protein in the ECs. In situ hybridization also showed L‐PGDS (PTGDS) mRNA expression in the ECs of human melanoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. In vitro experiments showed that stimulation with tumor cell‐derived IL‐1 and TNF‐α increased L‐PGDS mRNA expression and its product prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) in human normal ECs. We also investigated the contribution of L‐PGDS–PGD2 to tumor growth and vascularization. Systemic or EC‐specific deficiency of L‐PGDS accelerated the growth of melanoma in mice, whereas treatment with an agonist of the PGD2 receptor, DP1 (BW245C, 0.1 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally twice daily), attenuated it. Morphological and in vivo studies showed that endothelial L‐PGDS deficiency resulted in functional changes of tumor ECs such as accelerated vascular hyperpermeability, angiogenesis, and endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in tumors, which in turn reduced tumor cell apoptosis. These observations suggest that tumor cell‐derived inflammatory cytokines increase L‐PGDS expression and subsequent PGD2 production in the tumor ECs. This PGD2 acts as a negative regulator of the tumorigenic changes in tumor ECs. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical evaluation of chemical substitutions along the main chain of poly(3‐hexylthienylene‐vinylene) for solar cell applications
Authors: Roldao Juan Carlos , Oliveira Eliezer Fernando , Sato Fernando , Lavarda Francisco Carlos
Published: November 2017

In order to improve the efficiency of bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cells, one can try to optimize the active layer through the use of new materials that provide improvements in the parameters that influence the final efficiency of a device. The use of chemical substitutions in organic materials already used in these devices seems to be an efficient methodology to obtain new materials with better intrinsic properties. Based on this idea, in this work is investigated theoretically, by methods of electronic structure calculation, a set of 143 poly(3‐hexylthienylene‐vinylene) (P3HTV) derivatives for application in active layers of organic solar cells as electron donor materials; the chemical modifications were performed on the thiophene ring and the vinyl segment of P3HTV. The results show that it is possible to obtain several new derivatives with better optical and electronic properties than those of P3HTV. The derivative substituted with trifluoromethyl on the vinyl segment is one of the most promising for use in active layers, when combined with phenyl‐C61‐butyric‐acid‐methyl‐ester as electron acceptor material. An equation to predict the electronic properties of P3HTV derivatives when using more than one chemical substitution is also proposed, which is corroborated by the theoretical calculations. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Simple pretreatment processes for successful reclamation and remanufacturing of crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Lee Jun‐Kyu , Lee Jin‐Seok , Ahn Young‐Soo , Kang Gi‐Hwan , Song Hee‐Eun , Kang Min‐Gu , Kim Young‐Hwan , Cho Churl‐Hee
Published: November 2017

This study presents an effective method for recovering unbroken solar cells from photovoltaic (PV) modules. The combustion process is effective at removing ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) in PV modules. However, the solar cell tends to break during the combustion process. We verify that the breakage mechanisms of the solar cell in the module are related to the thermal changes of EVA during the heat treatment process, that is, generated gases form bubbles behind the glass, and the thermal deformation of the rear EVA applies stress to the solar cell. This study investigates the simple pretreatments of glass cracking and EVA patterning to prevent the breakage behavior. An unbroken solar cell was successfully recovered from the module after complete EVA removal using the combustion process. The recovered solar cell was immersed in a mixed acid solution of HNO3 and HF to reclaim the crystalline silicon wafer, which subsequently underwent the solar cell manufacturing process. The PV performances of the solar cells based on the reclaimed wafer and a commercial wafer were evaluated and compared. The PV performance of the solar cell manufactured from the reclaimed wafer was measured at 18.5%, whereas that from the commercial wafer‐based solar cell was measured at 18.7%. Consequently, the considered pretreatment processes yielded solar cells acceptable for use in the PV industry.
Prognostic awareness and communication preferences among caregivers of patients with malignant glioma
Authors: Applebaum A.J. , Buda K. , Kryza‐Lacombe M. , Buthorn J.J. , Walker R. , Shaffer K.M. , D'Agostino T.A. , Diamond E.L.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Malignant glioma (MG) is a devastating neuro‐oncologic disease with almost invariably poor prognosis, yet many families facing malignant glioma have poor prognostic awareness (PA), or the awareness of the patient's incurable disease and shortened life expectancy. Accurate PA is associated with favorable medical outcomes at end‐of‐life for patients and psychosocial outcomes for informal caregivers (ICs) through bereavement. To date, however, no study has specifically examined PA among MG ICs and the information they receive that shapes their awareness.

Methods

Thirty‐two ICs of patients with malignant glioma completed a semi‐structured assessment of their awareness of the incurability and life expectancy of their loved one's illness, and to understand their sources of prognostic information and preferences for communication of prognostic information.

Results

Twenty‐two (69%) ICs had full PA—awareness of the incurability of malignant glioma and accurate estimates of their loved ones' life expectancy. Twenty‐three (72%) felt that prognostic information was extremely or very important to possess, and 16 (50%) desired more prognostic information. The majority of ICs received prognostic information from physicians and the Internet. Qualitative analyses revealed that many ICs had difficulty navigating medical encounters in which they concurrently wanted to elicit prognostic information from physicians and protect patients from such information.

Conclusions

Accurate and timely PA is necessary for ICs to serve as critical members of health care teams. Interventions are needed to foster ICs' skills in navigating prognostic communication with patients and health care providers and thereby improve their ability to advocate for their loved one's wishes.
Oblique Impacts and Friction of HMX and/or TATB‐based PBXs
Authors: Picart Didier , Junqua‐Moullet Alexandra
Published: November 2017

Transportation, handling, vibrations can lead to dynamic loadings requiring the characterization of the safety of plastic‐bonded explosives (PBX). One of the addressed situations is the fall of explosive on a surface. Knowing that initiation can occur at a lower height during a vertical fall of a projectile on an inclined target than on a horizontal one, devices were developed to determine the critical thresholds. In this paper, data obtained on four HMX and/or TATB‐based PBXs using pendulum drop configurations are detailed. Two analytical models are compared to estimate the heat released by friction at the interface. The model proposed in this paper yields the better agreement with data, and with finite element numerical simulations of the oblique impact on a given PBX. Lastly, the mechanical dissipation at the interface is estimated using this model and the simulations. This paper confirms that PBX/target friction cannot be the heating mechanism leading to initiation during oblique impacts.
A dynamic power prior for borrowing historical data in noninferiority trials with binary endpoint
Authors: Liu G. Frank
Published: November 2017

Traditionally, noninferiority hypotheses have been tested using a frequentist method with a fixed margin. Given that information for the control group is often available from previous studies, it is interesting to consider a Bayesian approach in which information is “borrowed” for the control group to improve efficiency. However, construction of an appropriate informative prior can be challenging. In this paper, we consider a hybrid Bayesian approach for testing noninferiority hypotheses in studies with a binary endpoint. To account for heterogeneity between the historical information and the current trial for the control group, a dynamic P value–based power prior parameter is proposed to adjust the amount of information borrowed from the historical data. This approach extends the simple test‐then‐pool method to allow a continuous discounting power parameter. An adjusted α level is also proposed to better control the type I error. Simulations are conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method and to make comparisons with other methods including test‐then‐pool and hierarchical modeling. The methods are illustrated with data from vaccine clinical trials.
Low‐Temperature and Rapid Growth of Large Single‐Crystalline Graphene with Ethane
Authors: Sun Xiao , Lin Li , Sun Luzhao , Zhang Jincan , Rui Dingran , Li Jiayu , Wang Mingzhan , Tan Congwei , Kang Ning , Wei Di , Xu H. Q. , Peng Hailin , Liu Zhongfan
Published: November 2017

Future applications of graphene rely highly on the production of large‐area high‐quality graphene, especially large single‐crystalline graphene, due to the reduction of defects caused by grain boundaries. However, current large single‐crystalline graphene growing methodologies are suffering from low growth rate and as a result, industrial graphene production is always confronted by high energy consumption, which is primarily caused by high growth temperature and long growth time. Herein, a new growth condition achieved via ethane being the carbon feedstock to achieve low‐temperature yet rapid growth of large single‐crystalline graphene is reported. Ethane condition gives a growth rate about four times faster than methane, achieving about 420 µm min−1 for the growth of sub‐centimeter graphene single crystals at temperature about 1000 °C. In addition, the temperature threshold to obtain graphene using ethane can be reduced to 750 °C, lower than the general growth temperature threshold (about 1000 °C) with methane on copper foil. Meanwhile ethane always keeps higher graphene growth rate than methane under the same growth temperature. This study demonstrates that ethane is indeed a potential carbon source for efficient growth of large single‐crystalline graphene, thus paves the way for graphene in high‐end electronical and optoelectronical applications.
Correction to: International Scholarship Programs of the American College of Surgeons: Expansion of the Global Surgical Network
Authors: Nigri Giuseppe , Early Kate , Tsoulfas George , Ferreres Alberto , Ferrone Cristina R. , Schulick Richard , Al‐Refaie Waddah B. , Turner Patricia L. , Velmahos George
Published: November 2017

In the original article, the top of Fig. 1 was inadvertently cut off. The original article has been corrected. The publisher regrets the error.
Heart rate variability and plasma nephrines in the evaluation of heat acclimatisation status
Authors: Stacey Major Michael John , Delves S. K. , Woods D. R. , Britland S. E. , Macconnachie L. , Allsopp A. J. , Brett S. J. , Fallowfield J. L. , Boos C. J.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Heat adaptation (HA) is critical to performance and health in a hot environment. Transition from short-term heat acclimatisation (STHA) to long-term heat acclimatisation (LTHA) is characterised by decreased autonomic disturbance and increased protection from thermal injury. A standard heat tolerance test (HTT) is recommended for validating exercise performance status, but any role in distinguishing STHA from LTHA is unreported. The aims of this study were to (1) define performance status by serial HTT during structured natural HA, (2) evaluate surrogate markers of autonomic activation, including heart rate variability (HRV), in relation to HA status.

Methods

Participants (n = 13) were assessed by HTT (60-min block-stepping, 50%VO2peak) during STHA (Day 2, 6 and 9) and LTHA (Day 23). Core temperature (Tc) and heart rate (HR) were measured every 5 min. Sampling for HRV indices (RMSSD, LF:HF) and sympathoadrenal blood measures (cortisol, nephrines) was undertaken before and after (POST) each HTT.

Results

Significant (P < 0.05) interactions existed for Tc, logLF:HF, cortisol and nephrines (two-way ANOVA; HTT by Day). Relative to LTHA, POST results differed significantly for Tc (Day 2, 6 and 9), HR (Day 2), logRMSSD (Day 2 and Day 6), logLF:HF (Day 2 and Day 6), cortisol (Day 2) and nephrines (Day 2 and Day 9). POST differences in HRV (Day 6 vs. 23) were + 9.9% (logRMSSD) and − 18.6% (logLF:HF).

Conclusions

Early reductions in HR and cortisol characterised STHA, whereas LTHA showed diminished excitability by Tc, HRV and nephrine measures. Measurement of HRV may have potential to aid real-time assessment of readiness for activity in the heat.
No Exacerbation of Knee Joint Pain and Effusion Following Preoperative Progressive Resistance Training in Patients Scheduled for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Secondary Analyses From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Skoffer Birgit , Dalgas Ulrik , Maribo Thomas , Søballe Kjeld , Mechlenburg Inger
Published: November 2017

Background

Preoperative progressive resistance training (PRT) is controversial in patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), because of the concern that it may exacerbate knee joint pain and effusion.

Objective

To examine whether preoperative PRT initiated 5 weeks prior to TKA would exacerbate pain and knee effusion, and would allow a progressively increased training load throughout the training period that would subsequently increase muscle strength.

Design

Secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial (NCT01647243).

Setting

University Hospital and a Regional Hospital.

Patients

A total of 30 patients who were scheduled for TKA due to osteoarthritis and assigned as the intervention group.

Methods

Patients underwent unilateral PRT (3 sessions per week). Exercise loading was 12 repetitions maximum (RM) with progression toward 8 RM. The training program consisted of 6 exercises performed unilaterally.

Main outcome measures

Before and after each training session, knee joint pain was rated on an 11‐point scale, effusion was assessed by measuring the knee joint circumference, and training load was recorded. The first and last training sessions were initiated by 1 RM testing of unilateral leg press, unilateral knee extension, and unilateral knee flexion.

Results

The median pain change score from before to after each training session was 0 at all training sessions. The average increase in knee joint effusion across the 12 training sessions was a mean 0.16 cm ± 0.23 cm. No consistent increase in knee joint effusion after training sessions during the training period was found (P = .21). Training load generally increased, and maximal muscle strength improved as follows: unilateral leg press: 18% ± 30% (P = .03); unilateral knee extension: 81% ± 156% (P < .001); and unilateral knee flexion: 53% ± 57% (P < .001).

Conclusion

PRT of the affected leg initiated shortly before TKA does not exacerbate knee joint pain and effusion, despite a substantial progression in loading and increased muscle strength. Concerns for side effects such as pain and effusion after PRT seem unfounded.

Level of Evidence

I
Squatting Re‐education With Lumbo‐Pelvic‐Thigh Muscle Cocontraction Improves Functional Performance in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Case Presentation
Authors: Manickaraj Nagarajan
Published: November 2017

Anterior knee pain, with or without joint crepitus during squatting, is the common clinical feature in the individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Altered lower extremity alignment and lumbo‐pelvic‐thigh muscles motor control is often associated with PFPS. Although current interventions recommend individual muscle activation and strength training exercises, the reported benefits of cocontraction−based exercises in PFPS is limited. This might be due to the long‐standing hypothesis that exercise‐induced cocontraction of thigh muscles may induce a negative effect by increasing the joint contact forces in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. This case report demonstrates that neuromuscular re‐education performed with lumbo‐pelvic‐thigh muscle cocontraction may improve functional performance and reduce patellofemoral joint crepitus in PFPS. Further controlled trials are necessary to generalize these results

Level of Evidence

V
Computerized cognitive training for older diabetic adults at risk of dementia: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bloom Rachel , Schnaider‐Beeri Michal , Ravona‐Springer Ramit , Heymann Anthony , Dabush Hai , Bar Lior , Slater Shirel , Rassovsky Yuri , Bahar‐Fuchs Alex
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Older adults with type 2 diabetes are at high risk of cognitive decline and dementia and form an important target group for dementia risk reduction studies. Despite evidence that computerized cognitive training (CCT) may benefit cognitive performance in cognitively healthy older adults and those with mild cognitive impairment, whether CCT may benefit cognitive performance or improve disease self‐management in older diabetic adults has not been studied to date. In addition, whether adaptive difficulty levels and tailoring of interventions to individuals' cognitive profile are superior to generic training remains to be established.

Methods

Ninety community‐dwelling older (age ≥ 65) diabetic adults are recruited and randomized into a tailored and adaptive computerized cognitive training condition or to a generic, nontailored, or adaptive CCT condition. Both groups complete an 8‐week training program using the commercially available CogniFit program. The intervention is augmented by a range of behavior‐change techniques, and participants in each condition are further randomized into a global or cognition‐specific phone‐based self‐efficacy (SE) condition, or a no‐SE condition. The primary outcome is global cognitive performance immediately after the intervention. Secondary outcomes include diabetes self‐management, meta‐memory, mood, and SE.

Discussion

This pilot study is the first trial evaluating the potential benefits of home‐based tailored and adaptive CCT in relation to cognitive and disease self‐management in older diabetic adults. Methodological strengths of this trial include the double‐blind design, the clear identification of the proposed active ingredients of the intervention, and the use of evidence‐based behavior‐change techniques. Results from this study will indicate whether CCT has the potential to lower the risk of diabetes‐related cognitive decline. The outcomes of the trial will also advance our understanding of essential intervention parameters required to improve or maintain cognitive function and enhance disease self‐management in this at‐risk group.