bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bureaucracy and the Social Services: A Comparative Study of English Social Service Departments
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew
Published: January 2008

This article examines the development of social services and studies the structural properties of nine departments. The research was undertaken in two stages:
On the Determinants of Infant Mortality in Underdeveloped Countries
Authors: Flegg A.T.
Published: January 2008

Infant mortality has fallen rapidly in underdeveloped countries in the period since World War II. There is accumulating evidence, however, that this unprecedented decline was arrested in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Hence it is of critical importance to enquire into the determinants of infant mortality in these countries, in order to discover ways of reducing the enormous human suffering caused by the high rates of mortality which continue to prevail. Furthermore, such an understanding might facilitate a reduction in fertility, since it is widely accepted that a fall in infant mortality will lead ultimately to lower fertility .
The Role of Universal Demogrants and Child Support in Social Security Reform
Authors: Garfinkel Irv
Published: January 2008

It is an honour and a pleasure to be asked to participate in a Festschrift in Professor George F. Rohrlich's honour. Professor Rohrlich had a profound effect on my life. I was in my second and final year of the Master in Social Work Programme at the University of Chicago's School of Social Service Administration, when I took Rohrlich's course in Comparative Approaches to Social Security. He not only kindl‐ed what has become my lifelong desire to study social security institutions, but he also convinced me that if I aspired to be a first‐rate social policy analyst and planner (which from my perspective meant that if I aspired to be a first‐rate social work practitioner in that area), I would have to become a competent economist along the way. What is more, he told me he had every confidence that I could do it. Hearing this from a man who by then was a father figure to me gave me sufficient faith in myself to try.
The Attacks on Welfare: A European Viewpoint
Authors: Abel‐Smith Brian
Published: January 2008

Throughout the industrialised countries, the welfare state is under attack. The attack comes from both “the left” and “the right”—though the arguments used in the debate vary considerably among different societies. The strongest consensus is about the cost. The point seems to have been reached when the majority insist on being left with more of their money to spend in their own way. The political process reacts to these demands by trying to curtail or check the constantly rising bill for welfare. Debates about the level of welfare spending have now moved to the centre of political debate and underlie the instability of many governments throughout the Western world.
Towards a Theory on The Impact of Criminal Mobility Influences on Land Values
Authors: Hakim Simon , Weinblatt J.
Published: January 2008

Variations in the price of land and the intensiveness of its use have been examined in economic literature beginning with Adam Smith and elaborated by Ricardo, Von Thunen, Mills, Muth, Alonso and others. The price of land is most significantly associated with the distance to the Central Business District (hereafter called CBD) in cities in the United States. Other influencing factors are the distances to urban amenities, public facilities, and to recreational and commercial centres. In addition, the price of land is affected by environmental quality, the land use mix in its vicinity, and the particular zoning regulations (Freeman III, 1979).
Whatever Happened to the Concept of Involuntary Unemployment?
Authors: Rima Irgrid
Published: January 2008

Little notice has been taken in recent years of the phenomenon of involuntary unemployment. Neglect of Keynes' concept was understandable during the prosperous 1950s and early 1960s but its neglect since that time reflects the persuasiveness of the marriage which has been effected between the job search models of household behaviour and models of rational expectations responses to inflation. The joining of these models has provided a rationale for the notion that there is an equilibrium level of unemployment toward which the economy tends. This perspective presents several problems which come into focus when the analysis is examined within the framework of Keynes' concept of involuntary unemployment, his perception of the relationship between real and money wages and his labour supply function.
Meta‐Preferences: Reconsidering Contemporary Notions of Free Choice
Authors: George David
Published: January 2008

There has been no shortage of challenges to that most fundamental of all neo‐classical assumptions according to which people always act so as to maximise their utility. The most frequently heard objection has centred on the observation that acts of altruism are all around us. This incontestable fact has not led to a rejection of the self‐interest assumption but has instead resulted in the incorporation of altruistic actions into the standard utility function. While there may be legitimate doubts about the process of converting a positive statement into a tautology, this tautological sense of utility maximisation will be retained throughout this essay. Following Houthakker, in all that ensues it will be assumed that “preference is related to choice as the possible to the actual. A person prefers a to b if, when confronted with a choice between a and b, he chooses a”(l).
Labour Market Operation, Recruitment Strategies and Workforce Structures
Authors: Wray Kathleen
Published: January 2008

A micro level study was undertaken in a local labour market (LLM) comprising one small town and two industrial villages, each within commuting distance of the town. The boundary of the LLM was clearly defined in that it was surrounded by open countryside free of industry. Analysis of collected data shows that commuting to any other neighbouring industrial settlement was rare, and that the LLM was characterised by relatively high female participation. The aim of the research was to identify the relationships of demand for female in‐factory manual workers and to compare these with those of twilight workers and homeworkers who performed identical work for the same employers. The major industry, that of hosiery and knitwear manufacture, was surveyed to provide a large body of information, but this article extracts only those data relevant to recruitment practices. A pre‐pilot study of a hosiery and knitwear manufacturing company in a different LLM, and a pilot study of footwear manufacturing establishments in the same LLM, revealed that the industry was likely to generate sexually segregated labour forces. Consequently, it was necessary to collect some data for men in order to put into perspective the demands for women.
Does Occupational Status Matter? The Case of Recruitment
Authors: Keil Teresa , Ford Janet , Bryman Alan , Beardsworth Alan
Published: January 2008

The research data reported in this article were collected as part of a programme of research into management strategies in relation to the demand for labour. The research project, funded by the Employment Services Division of the Manpower Services Commission, was designed to investigate the ways in which a sample of firms in the private sector (both service and manufacturing) in the East Midlands established their demand for new and replacement labour, formulated and publicised that demand and then recruited. The research design included a detailed consideration of firms' established procedures for recruitment to four occupational categories as well as accounts of recruitment to their two most recent vacancies. It is the material relating to the ways in which firms handled recruitment to these different occupational groups and explanations of the patterns found which form the focus of discussion.
Economics of Information Technology
Authors: Sullivan B.C.
Published: January 2008

The year of information technology was characterised by a hive of activity in this field, much of which was sponsored and stimulated by the IT 82 campaign. The government clearly recognised the need for British industry and commerce to capitalise on the advantages offered by information technology, and this interest in the strategy is being pursued by the relatively recently created Ministry of Information Technology. The creation of IT centres at strategic points throughout Britain aimed at providing training facilities for the 16–19 age group is an example. The centres provide training in a variety of facets of IT, including programming and micro‐electronic technical skills. The campaign generally is designed to educate the British public as to the advantages of information technology; in pursuit of this, country‐wide regional centres have been set up, which provide advice and information to potential users or users of the micro‐technology. This has been supported by exhibitions and conferences held at regular intervals throughout the length and breadth of the country. The aim of this article is to try to identify the trends in the economy which will indicate the way in which IT is developing in terms of its macro‐ and micro‐economic contributions, and to identify the human and economic problems which an organisation may encounter when contemplating investment in IT.
Economic Policy and the Lives of Contemplation, Civic Humanism, Collectivism and Individualism
Authors: Watts Michael
Published: January 2008

Most economists are reluctant to discuss values in their papers and books, and some have recently argued that it is generally unnecessary as well as undesirable to do so (Stigler and Becker, 1977, p. 76). But most are noticeably more willing to discuss different types of economic systems which, it is argued here, originally developed out of different beliefs concerning the proper ends of human activity and/or different ideas on what effectively motivates human action. And, while comparative enconomic systems textbooks are now often written from a positive, value‐free, point of analysis (i.e., an efficiency criterion and Pareto‐optimality or some other valuing procedure is accepted, at least implicitly, so that results of different policies and institutional arrangements may be evaluated), the more important observation for this article is that when economists begin discussing “isms” they often introduce simultaneously concepts of freedom, equity (justice), equality, security, etc. This phenomenon seems to hold true for the very conservative (e.g., Friedman and Hayek), the very liberal (e.g., Heilbroner and Lekachman) and even that much overworked comparison group, mainstream textbook authors (e.g., McConnell and Baumol and Blinder).
Justice and the Social Economist: An Instrumentalist Interpretation
Authors: Hickerson Steven R.
Published: January 2008

Justice has, of late, re‐emerged as an important area of professional concern for all economists. However, in that justice is a fundamentally normative, value‐laden concept it proves troublesome to those who aspire to the strictures of “positive science”. This puts social economists in a position of distinct advantage in the consideration of justice issues for they are avowedly normative in their approach. The intention in this essay, implicit in the title, is to make some contribution to the explicit articulation of the justice criteria ensconced in the instrumentalist theory of value, and to suggest the affinity of this view with social economics.
Utility Theory and Agrarian Societies
Authors: Gowdy John M.
Published: January 2008

Neo‐classical utility theory has withstood several decades of sustained criticism. Its success has been due (1) to the ability of the theory to represent an essentially non‐analytical process by analytical methods, and (2) to the fact that the theory was developed for, and applied to, advanced market economies where the simplifying assumptions are most appropriate. It is argued below that the neo‐classical formulation is inappropriate in societies where agrarian traditions predominate and that, consequently, economic policies based on such an approach have frequently been misdirected.
Natural Price and the Impartial Spectator: A New Perspective on Adam Smith as a Social Economist
Authors: Young Jeffrey T.
Published: January 2008

As social economics is a value‐directed enquiry into economic theory as it pertains to the formulation of economic policy it is incumbent upon the social economist not merely to state a value position but to provide reasons for holding this position. In this manner values enter the realm of rational discourse and are no, longer treated as mere preferences. Since this is precisely what Adam Smith did in the Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS), the social economist interested in learning from Smith's social economics must confront the issue of the relationship between TMS and the Wealth of Nations. The precise relationship between TMS and WN is at once the most interesting and the most controversial aspect of Adam Smith's social and economic thought. The failure of Smith explicitly to connect the works remains a mystery. Particularly striking is the complete absence of the impartial spectator in WN although there are passages, cited below, which contain reference to ethical judgements implying the spectator thesis of TMS. This article will not attempt to “solve” the Adam Smith problem, nor will it attempt to offer a new proof for or against the consistency of the two great works. Rather, the purpose of this article is to offer an interpretation which makes sense of the TMS‐WN connection which Smith might have used to relate them. The article suggests that Smith could have explicitly introduced the spectator into his chapters on value and distribution in a way which would have consistently linked the social theory of TMS with the economic theory of WN. There is, of course, no strong evidence that Smith actually thought of the connection in the proposed way. However, some textual evidence can be cited to suggest that he may have thought along these lines and that if he did not he might nevertheless assent to this as a legitimate extension of his concepts.
Nuclear Warfare: The Psychological Effects and Their Impact on Moral Reasoning
Authors: Rizzo Robert
Published: January 2008

Nuclear weapons confront us as the challenge of our times. To understand the special psychological and moral issues raised by nuclear arsenals and their use, we must first grasp the special nature of these weapons. In a recent book on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the authors highlighted a fact which often escapes public attention; namely, nuclear weapons, many times more powerful than the 12.5 kiloton uranium bomb and the 22 kiloton plutonium bomb dropped respectively on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are qualitatively different from conventional explosives.
Social Control of Pesticides — Some Health Effects
Authors: Owens Emiel W.
Published: January 2008

Proliferating pest problems, sharply rising pest control costs, increasing environmental pollution, rising rates of injury and death due to pesticide poisoning, and burgeoning pesticide‐related legal entanglements leave little doubt in the minds of most citizens that a crisis in chemical pest control exists. The underlying cause of today's pesticide dilemma lies in the lack of ecological consideration given the synthesis, experimental development, registration and utilisation of newly developed synthetic pesticides. The production of synthetic organic pesticides increased from an estimated 464,000 pounds in 1951 to approximately 1.4 billion pounds in 1980. Increases in production were followed by the recognition that such increased use of synthetic chemicals would be accompanied by extensive human and environmental impact. With the rapid increase in the use of pesticides, there has been a corresponding increase in public attention and public concern about this impact on human health.
Housing Theory and Policy
Authors: Pugh Cedric
Published: January 2008

It was not until the late 1960s that housing attracted much attention from academic social scientists. Since that time the literature has expanded widely and diversified, establishing housing with a specialised status in economics, sociology, politics, and in related subjects. As we would expect, the new literature covers a technical, statistical, theoretical, ideological, and historical range. Housing studies have not been conceived and interpreted in a monolithic way, with generally accepted concepts and principles, or with uniformly fixed and precise methodological approaches. Instead, some studies have been derived selectively from diverse bases in conventional theories in economics or sociology, or politics. Others have their origins in less conventional social theory, including neo‐Marxist theory which has had a wider intellectual following in the modern democracies since the mid‐1970s. With all this diversity, and in a context where ideological positions compete, housing studies have consequently left in their wake some significant controversies and some gaps in evaluative perspective. In short, the new housing intellectuals have written from personal commitments to particular cognitive, theoretical, ideological, and national positions and experiences. This present piece of writing takes up the two main themes which have emerged in the recent literature. These themes are first, questions relating to building and developing housing theory, and, second, the issue of how we are to conceptualise housing and relate it to policy studies. We shall be arguing that the two themes are closely related: in order to create a useful housing theory we must have awareness and understanding of housing practice and the nature of housing.
Confucianism and the Economic Order of Taiwan
Authors: Sun Li‐teh
Published: January 2008

Among developing countries, the Republic of China in Taiwan (hereinafter Taiwan) has been experiencing economic growth accompanied by improving income distribution. Between 1964 and 1980, the average annual growth rate of the real gross national product was 9.92 per cent (Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD), 1982, p. 23). In the same period, the income ratio between the top 20 per cent and the bottom 20 per cent of families dropped from 5.33 to 4.17 and the Gini coefficient decreased from 0.36 to 0.30 (CEPD, 1982, p. 54; Directorate‐General of Budget Accounting and Statistics, 1980, (DGBAS), p. 44). To put it somewhat dif‐ferently, in 1964 the lowest fifth of households received 7.71 per cent of total personal income, and the highest fifth 41.07 per cent. But in 1980, the income share of the lowest fifth increased to 8.82 per cent while that of the highest fifth decreased to 36.80 per cent. The condition of greater equality in income distribution appears more obvious in the capital city of Taipei. In 1981, for instance, its Gini coefficient was estimated to be only 0.28 (Taipei Bureau of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, 1981, (TBBAS), P. 24).
Gustavo Gutierrez: Latin American Liberation Theology
Authors: Hoy Terry
Published: January 2008

Latin American liberation theology has become one of the more dynamic and controversial intellectual forces of contemporary Latin American politics. Although identified with a minority left‐wing perspective, liberation theology constitutes an important component within the larger context of progressive change in the political orientation of the Church in recent years. The chief inspiration for liberation theology stems from the Conference of Latin American Bishops at Medellin in 1968. The central theme of the Medellin conference was that Latin America lives beneath a tragic sign of under‐development: hunger, misery, illness, infant mortality, inequalities of income; tension between classes and outbreaks of violence; the lack of participation of people in decisions affecting the common good; an external position of neo‐colonial dependency. The privileged classes, it alleges, are insensitive to the miseries of the marginal sectors and frequently resort to force to repress opposition with “anti‐communism” or “keeping order” as the justification for their actions.
Just Wages: The Law and Morality
Authors: Carrica J.L.
Published: January 2008

“A job — even full‐time employment — is no sure escape from poverty”. Thus begins a book that goes on to say that beyond the first tragedy of unemployment lies the serious problem for many that rewards for work can be insufficient to live a decent life. This article will reflect on some of the major issues in this subject area. First, a look must be taken at what is meant by a “just wage”. A number of difficulties arise in the definition of “justice” and “wages”. Second, the question of what should be promulgated by law to further just wages should be investigated. What does the law require or what should it require of the wage contract? Finally, what recommendation is feasible to alleviate this problem for those who are working full time but not earning a living wage?
Military Weapon Systems Expenditures and Risk: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Weida William J. , Gertcher Franklin L.
Published: January 2008

The growing defence budget has generated renewed public debate over the high cost of military weapon systems. This debate centres on the problem of obtaining some “maximum defence” given a somewhat flexible budget constraint. One of the basic tenets in this debate was stated by Gansler:
Socio‐Occupational Groups and Consumer Behaviour in Greece
Authors: Karapostolis Vasilis
Published: January 2008

On a general theoretical level, Greece can be classified as a semi‐peripheral country, in the sense that, although in economic, technological and political terms it has historically been dependent on the countries of the Western industrial centre, it has, in the years since the end of World War II, experienced an externally oriented industrialisation, based on exports of agricultural and light industrial products, as well as the steady expansion of its internal market. In other words, the overall context of consumption activities is not that of the peripheral countries of Africa, Asia or certain cases in Latin America, where dependency links are much more direct and decisive for determining development perspectives.
The Secularisation of Religious Symbolism: The Irish Case
Authors: O'Neil Daniel J.
Published: January 2008

There exists a rich sociological literature dealing with secularisation. Such nineteenth‐century sociologists as Weber and Durkheim and twentieth‐century sociologists as Greeley, Bellah, Berger and Wilson have contributed. Berger refers to secularisation as “the process by which sectors of society and culture are removed from the domination of religious institutions and symbols”, while Wilson defines it as “the process whereby religious thinking, practices and institutions lose social significance”. These definitions represent the thrust of academic thinking about secularisation. Generally, social scientists interpret secularisation as the decline of religiosity — a movement from faith to reason. They cite numerous indicators of the change: decline in such areas as church attendance, praying, use of religious rites and rituals, recruitment to the church bureaucracy, church construction. Often they suggest a kind of inevitability relating to urbanisation and industrialisation. The focus of the process involves man becoming less concerned with the spiritual and more concerned with the mundane. Eventually, the spiritual becomes irrelevant; the Age of Enlightenment triumphs over the Age of Faith.
Mahatma Gandhi and the Economics of Non‐Exploitation
Authors: Diwan Romesh
Published: January 2008

The global society, today, is under serious stress. Among other things, this stress follows from a continuous breakdown of the rules of the game whereby one or two super‐powers have been trying to maintain their hegemony in different parts of the world. As a result, expenditure on armaments and means of human destruction has been mounting. It is estimated that the expenditure on the military in 1978 was 412 billion US dollars. Since then it has accelerated much faster. There is now such a large stockpile of destructive atomic weapons that it can destroy industrial civilisation — the creator of this stockpile — in a matter of hours.
Ethical, Political and Economic Dimensions of an Ideal Society
Authors: McNutt Paddy
Published: January 2008

There are many texts and treatises in the literature of both philosophy and economics which express the apparent theme of this article. Indeed, many of the concepts discussed, including liberty, justice and rights, have been treated elsewhere. Philosophers, sociologists, theologians and economists have each argued their respective points of view.
The Rational and the Non‐Rational in Economics Le Rationnel et le Non‐Rationnel en Economie
Authors: Guitton Henri
Published: January 2008

The relation between the rational and the non‐rational appears to me to be at the centre of contemporary economic thought. In a certain way, it could be said that economic thought has been since its beginning balanced between the rational and non‐rational.
Nature and Scope of Rugina's Social Economics
Authors: Thanawala Kishor
Published: January 2008

Anghel Rugina has written extensively on several topics of interest to social economists. Many of his ideas seem to have been influenced by his education and experiences first in Romania and then in Germany, where he did post‐doctoral work with Walter Eucken. In 1950 he emigrated to the United States where he taught at three different universities. His published works reveal a fascination for, but not an entirely sympathetic or uncritical view of, the writings of Walras, Marx and Keynes (among others). Eucken was a source of inspiration for him and it was probably during Rugina's association with Eucken at the University of Freibrug i.Br. during 1944–1948 that what Rugina later called “a new research programme” was conceived.
Some Aspects of Human Capital in Talmudic Literature
Authors: Ohrenstein Roman A. , Gordon Barry
Published: January 2008

Since the 1960s, the concept of “human capital” has become an increasingly familiar idea for modern economists. Analysis related to this concept has had significant applications with respect to issues concerning the supply of labour and its remuneration. The applications have also gone further afield within contemporary thought[l].
A Study of Ethico‐Economics in the General Equilibrium Field
Authors: Alam Masudul
Published: January 2008

To start off our ethical economic thesis in this article, a few examples will suffice to point out the important relevance of ethical considerations in economic theory. During the 1950s and the 1960s the developing countries were being swayed by economic planners on prescriptions of neo‐classical growthmanship. Two such prescriptive models of economic growth were the Harrod‐Domar model and Rostow's linear stages model. According to the Harrod‐Domar model, economic growth was based on the attainment of the right quantity and mixture of savings, investment and foreign aid. Third World countries were being asked to follow a plan based on a long‐run economic growth path emulating the pattern of growth of the developed economies. In Rostow's linear stages model, optimisation of savings and investment was considered as the principal instrument of economic growth for the Third World. It turned out that the mobilisation of capital through savings and investment took the form of massive and expensive transfer of technology from the industrialised countries to the developing ones.
Human Survival and Development: Our Urgent Need for a Reflective Universal Morality
Authors: Lawrence John
Published: January 2008

We are in very deep trouble. This is not the pompous royal “we”, nor is it the “we” which may embrace our families, fellow citizens, or even our groupings of nations. It is the “we” of the human species — the universal, collective “we”, past, present and future. For the first time “survival”, as well as “development”, is the focus of international social work meetings. Survival is obviously a necessary but, as social workers especially know, certainly not a sufficient condition of human well‐being. The prophets of impending doom multiply in our midst, sometimes peddling their own particular brand of salvation, more often spreading cynicism and despair, foreshadowing a likely future that we do not want to know about or take responsibility for. “The future is no longer what it used to be” captures the current mood and reality.
Marshallian Methodology
Authors: Beach E.F.
Published: January 2008

The sudden evaporation of Alfred Marshall's enormous prestige is a phenomenon that deserves more attention than it has received. During his lifetime, his pre‐eminence was greater than that of any other economist before his time or since. His careful statements were based on a wealth of knowledge and understanding. He was an able mathematician and read widely in history. He studied industry at first hand and had deep social sympathies. His position at Cambridge was a prominent one in a land long known for its able political economists.
Human Interests, Modes of Rationality and the Social Foundations of Economic Science
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: January 2008

Modern economics, because of its instrumental orientation and its adherence to positivistic canons of science, suffers from two pernicious illusions. The first is that the discipline fails to acknowledge its own participation in the determination of the ends to be sought. The task of positivistic economics, guided by instrumentalism, is seen as the search for efficient means for attaining ends which are externally given. Second, modern economics pretends that empirical testing, in combination with testing for logical consistency, can be counted upon for ensuring scientific progress. As a result of these illusions, modern economics has become preoccupied with the seemingly endless formalisation of an exceedingly narrow body of theory. Because mainstream economics lacks an adequate methodological foundation, it has not only substantially abdicated its function of providing public enlightenment, but it is too readily used as ideology.
The Need for Voluntary Consensus Systems in Setting Socio‐Economic Standards
Authors: Collazzo Charles
Published: January 2008

As civilisations become more advanced and complex from an economic perspective, the need to integrate and co‐ordinate human behaviour and institutions becomes more acute. The chief co‐ordinating devices are not government laws or regulations enacted to compel conformity and dependability in socio‐economic relationships, but the standards sometimes embodied in laws, more often outside the legal framework of government and properly so. Such standards, arrived at by voluntary consensus or common consent, are far too numerous, too complex, too widely and diversely applied to be amenable to codification into statute law or centralised systems of administration.
Moral and Ethical Considerations in Karl Marx's Robust Vision of the Future Society
Authors: Elliott John E.
Published: January 2008

In several previous papers, the present author has examined Marx's view of the future, post‐capitalist society, but without systematic consideration of moral or ethical issues (Elliott, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1986; Elliott and Scott, 1986). In recent papers, moral and ethical dimensions of Marx's critique of capitalist society have been studied (Elliott, 1986a, 1987). This article endeavours to link and synthesise these two lines of inquiry by expressly identifying moral and ethical aspects of Marx's vision of the future society and connecting those considerations to his socio‐economic and socio‐historical perspective on capitalism.
Economic Orthodoxy and the Free Market System: A Christian Critique
Authors: Henley Andrew
Published: January 2008

Despite its all‐encompassing title this article aims to offer a number of pointers to a Christian critique of the methodological basis of orthodox (or broadly speaking neoclassical) economics. The contention for which the author aims to offer some justification is that that methodological basis is such that it has historically “loaded” the analytical and predictive “dice” in favour of the capitalist or so‐called free market system. By exploring the way in which economic analysis has evolved into a subject that claims to be “positive” (meaning ethically neutral, or free from subjective valuation), we question both the desirability of such a characteristic, and if indeed orthodox economics has succeeded in achieving it. The nature of this alleged “positivist fallacy” is such that the predictive ability of conventional economic analysis is to be brought severely into doubt and, in the present author's opinion, justifies an approach to economics based on unashamedly normative Biblical principles (as for example attempted by Hay and Kent).
The Social Economics of Hugo Eisenhart Gustav von Schmoller
Authors: O'Brien John C.
Published: January 2008

Most contemporary economists feel ill at ease with respect to big topics — national economic organisation, interpretation of economic history, relations of economic and political power, origins and functions of economic institutions. The terrain is unsuitable for our tools. We find it hard to frame meaningful questions, much less to answer them. (James Tobin, Nobel Laureate)
Pitfalls in Environmental Policy
Authors: Krabbe Jacob J.
Published: January 2008

“Environmental Policy in a Market Economy” was the theme of a congress recently organised in Wageningen, the Netherlands. At this meeting a number of participants elaborated on various fundamental aspects of the problem. The papers given have been brought together in this volume under the title “Principles of Environmental Policy”. In the field of environmental policy there are many pitfalls, some of which are found in the way the subject is approached. An illustration of the basic complexity of this can be seen in the following contradiction in the explanation of the phenomenon of social economic development.
Innovation and Pollution Control
Authors: Nentjes Andries , Wiersma Doede
Published: January 2008

Environmental resources and human knowledge are the ultimate foundations on which human welfare is based. The impact of technical knowledge is well researched. Denison, for example, attributes no less than 47 per cent of the growth of real GNP in the USA over the period 1948–81 to technical change. The importance of the environmental resource base has been brought to the foreground by studies like Limits to Growth. Nowadays environmental policies are applied in most industrialised countries just to prevent further deterioration of the environment. In these countries it is not the physical environmental constraint that is felt, but perhaps the drag on economic growth exercised by the costs of environmental regulation. Whatever the nature of the environmental limit to economic growth may be, physical or juridical, it can be overcome by the use and extension of knowledge in order to reduce the amount of pollution and the costs of pollution control. Technical advance or innovation in pollution control is and will remain a very important factor affecting the success of the efforts that are made to improve environmental quality and to maintain growth of output. In this article we shall give a survey of the economic research in the area of innovation and pollution control. The main research themes will be indicated, “blank spots” pointed out and suggestions made about possible subjects for fruitful future research. In section I a short introduction is given to the general economic approach to technical change and innovation. In section II the existing economic literature on pollution control and innovation is reviewed. It will be argued that some of the most relevant research themes have not been taken up. These issues will be discussed in sections III and IV. Section V contains conclusions and recommendations for future research.
Henry George's Theory and an Application to Industrial Siting
Authors: Backhaus Jürgen G. , Krabbe Jacob J.
Published: January 2008

In this essay we set out to show that Henry George's basic approach to economic thinking is very timely in the light of some pressing problems currently experienced by Western industrialised nations. The paper essentially makes two contributions. The first three sections are designed to show what Henry George's contribution consisted of and how it stands up in the light of contemporary economic thinking. Ultimately, our claim of Henry George's timeliness can only be tested by attempting to show what it can accomplish in trying to deal with a contemporary problem. We take the current clean‐up efforts in the context of the American Superfund programme as our point of departure and suggest how a Georgian approach to industrial siting might result in a more economical use of natural resources, rendering efforts such as the Superfund superfluous in the future. Obviously, before implementing a Georgian system, a phase of transition would be necessary, depending on the different institutional circumstances, and designed to clean up past and present pollution.
On the Nature and Origin of Soviet Turnover Taxes
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: January 2008

Studies concerning Soviet taxation demonstrate a diversity of opinions on the nature of turnover taxes. Four major views on the subject have emerged: (1) turnover taxes are simply a sales (excise) tax on articles' of consumption sold to the Soviet consumer; (2) not all turnover taxes are a sales tax, some of them are a substitute for rent on production of certain industrial materials; (3) in addition to being a sales (excise) tax on consumer goods and rent on some industrial materials, there exists a third type of turnover tax which is levied on agricultural production of the peasantry; (4) turnover taxes are a portion of the surplus product produced in industry and agriculture.
Environmental Damage — Environmental Expenditures:
Authors: Leipert Christian , Ernst Simonis Udo
Published: January 2008

This paper is based on empirical data of the IIUG project “Environment and the National Accounts”. A more extensive and detailed report on this project was recently published by Andreas Ryll and Sabine Wadewitz: “Zur Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung des monetären Umweltschutzes 1975–1985”, IIUG rep 87–8, 178 pp.
Cigarette Advertising and Public Policy
Authors: Johnson Lester W.
Published: January 2008

The issue of a partial or total ban on the advertising of cigarettes and/or tobacco products has been the focus of substantial public policy debate for a number of years in several countries. As far back as the early 1970s, Hamilton carefully examined the effects of the ban on electronic media cigarette advertising imposed in 1971 in the United States and concluded that the advertising ban did not have a significant effect in reducing total demand for cigarettes. Bishop and Yoo, using a more complex econometric specification, also reached essentially the same conclusion. Hamilton also examined the demand for cigarettes in eleven countries and concluded that advertising bans had little effect on cigarette demand. Finally, Boddewyn presents data from 16 countries which suggest strongly that advertising bans have not had the effects expected by those advocating their introduction.
Notions of Private Property in Islamic Economics in Contemporary Iran: A Review of Literature
Authors: Hosseini Hamid
Published: January 2008

According to the late Maxime Rodinson, there exists a basic affinity between the economic scheme of Islam and the capitalist system. Although most Muslims, including pro‐capitalist ones, like to think of Islam as a unique way of life and one distinguished from both capitalism and socialism, there exist various Muslims who, like Rodinson, find important similarities between Islam and capitalism. One such similarity concerns private ownership of property and the means of production. According to Zubair Hassan of India, “Islam, like capitalism, permits private ownership of property including the means of production and grants freedom of enterprise”.
Quantitative Dimensions of Human Capital Analysis in the Talmudic Tradition
Authors: Ohrenstein Roman A. , Gordon Barry
Published: January 2008

Of any group of ancient or medieval thinkers it is the Talmudic writers who came closest to the thought world of the modern human capital theorists. The only other group which might be considered in this regard is the one comprising the jurists of ancient Rome. However, the insights of the jurists were confined to the context of discussion of damages with respect to sales of slave capital. The rabbis, by contrast, ranged beyond the question of damages. Furthermore, they employed human capital concepts in the examination of issues relating to free persons as well as slaves. There were three main points of departure for Talmudic debate in the field of human capital analysis. One of these was the biblical account, in the book of Exodus, of the construction of the Tabernacle. Another was the problem of estimation of appropriate compensation in cases of physical and psychological injury. A third involved attempts at the valuation of human life, which were evoked by the section of the book of Leviticus which deals with the dedication of persons to the sanctuary.
Comment on Dr Reheis' Article: “The Just State — Observations on Schmoller's Political Theory”
Authors: Seifert Eberhard K.
Published: January 2008

IReheis' observations claim the following essentials as Schmoller's points of view:
Schmoller's Approach to Economic Policy, especially Industrial and Commercial Policy
Authors: Dirninger Christian
Published: January 2008

The starting point of the work in hand is the economic historian's interest in the question of the relation of theoretical economic‐political concepts to economic, social and political developments within society. In this regard it is interesting to look at Gustav Schmoller's economic‐political theories developed in the face of industrialisation in Germany and the foundation of the German Nation State, particularly seen from the point of view of commercial and trade policy. Schmoller's theory of economic policy is based on the actual economic, social and political developments of his time. These theories were of a programmatic nature and often resulted in concrete demands.
The Neoclassical Synthesis in Crisis
Authors: Ron Stanfield J.
Published: January 2008

This article attempts to provide an institutionalist analysis and diagnosis of the current crisis of orthodox economics. We shall, first, characterise the predominant opinion in economics—the neoclassical synthesis. Next, we examine the anomalies which are currently vexing orthodox opinion and their power to provoke a period of crisis and extraordinary science. In the final section, we diagnose the source of the anomalies of the neoclassical synthesis.
Towards the Wage‐Earner State
Authors: Paldam Martin
Published: January 2008

The functional distribution of incomes is one of the classical subjects in economics. Even though one might argue that it is one of the least interesting among income distributions it is no doubt the one which has received most attention. In the present article, in the second and third sections, we survey the evidence concerning the wage‐ratio 1W and the factor‐wage‐ratio fW for 17 OECD countries from 1948 to 1975. Both have increased rather strikingly, especially in some of the smaller countries, and this raises a number of fairly deep questions. A few of these are discussed in the last two sections.
The Internal Auditor as an Agent of Change
Authors: Saul Peter
Published: January 2008

Successfully managing and adapting to the significant changes that are occurring in the role of the internal auditor is one of the major challenges facing the internal audit profession today.
How Do We Assess Interna Auditing Effectiveness?
Authors: Henderson W.M.
Published: January 2008

Increasingly auditors have to account for their activity and its contribution to the process of management. It is important that the criteria for such contributions are understood by both managers and auditors.
Internal Auditing in the UK: Survey Results
Authors: Selim Georges M.
Published: January 2008

A sample survey was carried out by the Institute of Internal Auditors‐UK in 1985, to update information and identify trends. Main findings are presented, then analysed and compared with previous national and international surveys. The evidence highlights the major expansion which has taken place in the provision, range and development of audit services and the important gains in management recognition.
Audit and Business Change: a Case Study
Authors: Dexter George
Published: January 2008

The business change related to the acquisition of a subsidiary, for the purposes of development of new products and to allow expansion into new areas of the marketplace, is described. The new development also entailed large‐scale expansion in the volume of business. The change and the role which came to be played in it by internal audit are discussed, and the progress and problems of the change are reviewed and analysed. Some of the lessons learned both for the business and for internal audit are discussed, some general implications are extracted.
Creativity Audit: a Diagnostic Approach to Overcoming Blocks
Authors: Rickards Tudor , Jones Les
Published: January 2008

Traditional audits play a powerful role in helping companies change. A “creativity audit” can play a similar role in helping a company overcome possible blocks to the creativity of its employees. The auditors now become change agents, and their method of data collection and feedback is the survey‐feedback technique. The principles and practical results achieved from such a method are described.
Professionalism
Authors: Sawyer Lawrence B.
Published: January 2008

How closely does internal audit match the attributes of a profession? In terms of its relatively short history — and in comparison with the longer‐established professions — it would seem that in the United States it already meets many of the necessary criteria: public service obligations, training and accreditation, standards of practice, publication and dissemination activities; there is also evidence of employer requirements and practices becoming more exacting. However there is some way to go before full recognition and acceptance as a distinct professional discipline are achieved. One crucial dilemma is over independence, as between loyalty to employers or profession, in situations of conflict. A concept of a management‐oriented service is advocated as one of the most constructive resolutions for future development.
Auditing Industrial Performance: India's Experience
Authors: Chakravarty Prabir
Published: January 2008

The government has given legislative backing to a system of cost audit, using a basic cost accounting format and recording rules. It has been applied so far to a range of industrial products in the essential consumer category, as a way of improving industrial performance. This experience, over 20 years, is reviewed. The process is likely to be extended, using improved procedures and possibly inter‐firm comparison. It is a form of external regulation and monitoring, using an audit approach, which — it is suggested — apart from enabling government to monitor performance, has also helped to make industry more professional.
How Auditors Can Manage Stress and Motivation
Authors: Spillane Robert
Published: January 2008

All auditors have to work in situations that will involve some stress. This article outlines the causes of stress and what auditors can do to manage themselves and the situation.
Pre‐emptive Auditing: Putting the Horse before the Cart
Authors: Pomeranz Felix
Published: January 2008

Changes of focus and of time‐frame are taking audit in a new direction, towards a prospective, preventative service. Examples, drawn especially from the construction sector, illustrate the planning approach this entails, particular techniques which can be applied and the different emphasis this imparts to compliance audit.