bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The classroom social environment in mixed secondary school classes: The role of ethnic classroom composition and classmates’ explicitly and implicitly measured ethnic attitudes
Authors: van Vemde Lian , Thijs Jochem , Hornstra Lisette
Published: January 2023

The ethnic classroom composition and classmates’ ethnic attitudes can affect how students experience their classroom social environment (CSE). Following the imbalance of power thesis and prior research on ethnic attitudes, this cross-sectional study examined if ethnic classroom composition (i.e., proportion of in-group and Herfindahl Index) and classmates’ explicitly and implicitly measured ethnic attitudes predicted secondary school students’ (Mage = 13.31 years; 58.1% female) classroom belonging, popularity and likability, classroom cohesion and conflict in mixed classes in the Netherlands. Differences between non-ethnic Dutch (n = 248) versus ethnic Dutch students (n = 141) were examined as well. Ethnic Dutch students report an overall more negative CSE than their non-ethnic Dutch classmates. Multilevel analyses indicated that a higher proportion of in-group peers affected non-ethnic Dutch students’ popularity and likability negatively. Moreover, classmates’ explicitly measured ethnic attitudes were predictive of student popularity while classmates’ implicitly measured ethnic attitudes were predictive of student likability. Finally, classmates implicitly measured ethnic attitudes moderated the effect of proportion in-group peers on students’ shared experience of classroom belonging. These results show that promoting classroom diversity is not enough to create a positive CSE for all students. Classmates’ ethnic attitudes are also important to consider.
No Magic: From Phenomenology of Practice to Social Ontology of Mathematics
Authors: Hartimo Mirja , Rytilä Jenni
Published: January 2023

The paper shows how to use the Husserlian phenomenological method in contemporary philosophical approaches to mathematical practice and mathematical ontology. First, the paper develops the phenomenological approach based on Husserl's writings to obtain a method for understanding mathematical practice. Then, to put forward a full-fledged ontology of mathematics, the phenomenological approach is complemented with social ontological considerations. The proposed ontological account sees mathematical objects as social constructions in the sense that they are products of culturally shared and historically developed practices. At the same time the view endorses the sense that mathematical reality is given to mathematicians with a sense of independence. As mathematical social constructions are products of highly constrained, intersubjective practices and accord with the phenomenologically clarified experience of mathematicians, positing them is phenomenologically justified. The social ontological approach offers a way to build mathematical ontology out of the practice with no metaphysical magic.
Effectiveness of Adaptive Operating Rules for Reservoirs
Authors: Garrote Luis , Granados Alfredo , Spiliotis Mike , Martin-Carrasco Francisco
Published: January 2023

In this paper, a methodological proposal is made to develop an adaptive decision support system for reservoir management. The system is based on an optimization model that determines operating rules that meet certain optimality conditions based on the state of the reservoir at a certain time and on a streamflow forecast, if available. The model is based on Spiliotis et al. in Water Resour Manage 30:5759-5778, where a general methodology was developed to specify static operating rules for reservoir systems. The proposed methodology consists of modifying the optimization procedure developed in the previous work to dynamically update operating rules to adapt management to the changing situation. To evaluate its effectiveness, the methodology was applied to the Pisuerga-Carrión reservoir system, in the Spanish part of the Duero basin. The results obtained with adaptive rules were compared with those obtained applying the same static operating rule for the entire analysis period. Adaptive rules were found to lead to better operating results, particularly if a successful streamflow forecast method is available.
Physical activity and sports sciences field in Italian scientific research products and its distinct composition in biomedicine, exercise and sports sciences and pedagogy domains
Authors: D’Isanto Tiziana , Altavilla Gaetano , Esposito Giovanni , Raiola Gaetano , D’Elia Francesca
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This study aims to measure the number of scientific production of Italian professors, as framed on academic disciplines of Physical training and methodology (code M-EDF/01) and Sport sciences and methodology (code M-EDF/02), afferents to academic recruitment field of Exercise and sports sciences (code 06/N2) and Didactics, special education and educational research (code 11/D2).

Methods

The sample consisted of the entire population of full professors (n = 30) of M-EDF/01 and M-EDF/02, plus a proportional representation of the two academic recruitment fields with at least one associate professor per university, for a total of 78 professors. The titles of the first ten scientific products in terms of more citations from the Google Scholar database were analysed for each scientist. The title's full coherence at the scientific declaration of the two academic disciplines of M-EDF/01 and M-EDF/02 and biomedicine and pedagogy domains were assessed. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was used to compare the two academic disciplines of the two academic recruitment fields with the three domains to highlight the separated data’s greater, average and lesser significance.

Results

The aggregate data showed a prevalence of the biomedicine domain over the sport and physical activity ones in M-EDF/01 and M-EDF/02 in the academic recruitment field of 06/N2. On the other hand, in the academic recruitment of 11/D2, there was a prevalence of sport and physical activity domain over the biomedicine ones. In addition, a modest pedagogy scientific production in 06/N2 and biomedical in 11/D2 were found.

Conclusion

The existence of the problem of the different coherence of the scientific profiles of the researchers concerning the relevant academic recruitment field and possibly also to the two academic disciplines was confirmed.
Vehicle cabin air quality: influence of air recirculation on energy use, particles, and CO2
Authors: Wei Dixin , Nielsen Filip , Karlsson Hannes , Ekberg Lars , Dalenbäck Jan-Olof
Published: January 2023

In this study, simulations were performed to investigate the influence of different vehicle climate ventilation strategies, mainly the air recirculation (REC) degree, on the cabin air quality and climate system power. The focus of air quality is on the cabin particle concentrations including PM2.5 (particles of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm), UFP (ultrafine particles of aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm), and cabin CO2 concentration. Three outside climates (cold, intermediate, and warm) and three outside particle concentrations are studied. The studied vehicle originally shows possibilities to meet WHO PM2.5 guideline of 15 μg/m3 with a new filter. The aged filter have reduced performance, especially when outside concentration is high. Increased REC shows advantages in all the three climates in reducing particles and climate power for the studied vehicle. Application of 70% REC (70% of ventilation air is recirculated air) on average lowers PM2.5 by 55% and 39% for a new and aged filter, respectively. 70% REC with a new filter reduces cabin PM2.5 below guideline of 15 μg/m3 in all conditions. The reduction of UFP counts results are generally similar to that of PM2.5. Increased REC also lessens the average climate system power by up to 27% on average. When REC is increased, the cabin CO2 concentration arises accordingly, and the magnitude is relevant to the passengers. In all studied conditions with 1 passenger, 70% REC does not increase CO2 above the common guideline of 1000 ppm. 70% REC is not recommended with more than 1 passengers in cold and intermediate climate and 2 passengers in warm climate. Besides, to avoid the potential windscreen fog risk in cold climate, REC should be avoided when passengers are more than 3. Except for constant REC values, a sample study investigates a dynamic control of the REC. It shows the possibility of continuously optimizing REC to reduce the climate power and particles, while maintaining the CO2 concentration below 1000 ppm. In warm climate with 1 passenger boarded, the average optimized REC is 90%, which in comparison with base case lead to 44% PM2.5 reduction and 12% climate power reduction.
Structured reporting of computed tomography in the polytrauma patient assessment: a Delphi consensus proposal
Authors: Granata Vincenza , Fusco Roberta , Cozzi Diletta , Danti Ginevra , Faggioni Lorenzo , Buccicardi Duccio , Prost Roberto , Ferrari Riccardo , Trinci Margherita , Galluzzo Michele , Iacobellis Francesca , Scaglione Mariano , Tonerini Michele , Coppola Francesca , Bortolotto Chandra , Caruso Damiano , Ciaghi Eleonora , Gabelloni Michela , Rengo Marco , Giacobbe Giuliana , Grassi Francesca , Romano Luigia , Pinto Antonio , Caranci Ferdinando , Bertelli Elena , D’Andrea Paolo , Neri Emanuele , Giovagnoni Andrea , Grassi Roberto , Miele Vittorio
Published: January 2023

Objectives

To develop a structured reporting (SR) template for whole-body CT examinations of polytrauma patients, based on the consensus of a panel of emergency radiology experts from the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology.

Methods

A multi-round Delphi method was used to quantify inter-panelist agreement for all SR sections. Internal consistency for each section and quality analysis in terms of average inter-item correlation were evaluated by means of the Cronbach’s alpha (Cα) correlation coefficient.

Results

The final SR form included 118 items (6 in the “Patient Clinical Data” section, 4 in the “Clinical Evaluation” section, 9 in the “Imaging Protocol” section, and 99 in the “Report” section). The experts’ overall mean score and sum of scores were 4.77 (range 1–5) and 257.56 (range 206–270) in the first Delphi round, and 4.96 (range 4–5) and 208.44 (range 200–210) in the second round, respectively.

In the second Delphi round, the experts’ overall mean score was higher than in the first round, and standard deviation was lower (3.11 in the second round vs 19.71 in the first round), reflecting a higher expert agreement in the second round. Moreover, Cα was higher in the second round than in the first round (0.97 vs 0.87).

Conclusions

Our SR template for whole-body CT examinations of polytrauma patients is based on a strong agreement among panel experts in emergency radiology and could improve communication between radiologists and the trauma team.
Peronosclerospora neglecta sp. nov.—a widespread and overlooked threat to corn (maize) production in the tropics
Authors: Muis Amran , Ryley Malcolm J. , Tan Yu Pei , Suharjo Radix , Nonci Nurnina , Danaatmadja Yanuar , Hidayat Iman , Widiastuti Ani , Widinugraheni Sri , Shivas Roger G. , Thines Marco
Published: January 2023

Downy mildew is a serious threat to corn (maize) production in the tropics and subtropics. Corn is native to Central America, and was introduced into South-East Asia by the Spanish colonisers in the 1700s. Corn is evolutionarily naïve to downy mildews of the genus Peronosclerospora. Consequently, corn monocultures are particularly susceptible to a variety of Peronosclerospora species, which spread to the crop from local grasses. Globally, corn is one of the most important crops for both humans and livestock. Several downy mildews of corn have been identified as potential threats to global food security, and trade with corn seeds is strictly regulated to avoid spreading the pathogens. Despite their importance, little is known about the biodiversity of graminicolous downy mildews, because their identification has often relied on variable morphological features, such as conidial dimensions. DNA barcodes for most species have become available only recently. During surveys for downy mildews on corn in Indonesia, a previously unrecognised species of Peronosclerospora was found and investigated using a combination of morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analyses. The new species, introduced here as Peronosclerospora neglecta, is widely distributed in South-East Asia from Thailand to eastern Indonesia. The impact of this downy mildew can be severe, with complete crop losses in heavily affected fields. Given the aggressiveness of the species, close surveillance is warranted to restrict its further spread.
Unterschiede im Zusammenhang zwischen Elternbeteiligung und schulischem Erfolg: ein systematischer Überblick über bestehende Metaanalysen
Authors: Holzberger Doris , Täschner Janina , Hillmayr Delia
Published: January 2023

Die Rolle von Elternbeteiligung für den schulischen Erfolg von Kindern und Jugendlichen wurde bereits in einigen Metaanalysen untersucht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Unterschiede in den Zusammenhängen zwischen Elternbeteiligung und schulischem Erfolg in bestehenden Metaanalysen anhand eines Second-Order Reviews analysiert. Der Blick richtet sich dabei auf folgende Moderatorvariablen: familiäre Hintergrundmerkmale (sozioökonomischer Status, Migrationshintergrund, ethnische Herkunft), Alter der Kinder und Jugendlichen und Studiendesignmerkmale. Nach einer systematischen Literaturrecherche wurden 21 Metaanalysen mit insgesamt 1268 zugrundeliegenden Primärstudien ausgewertet. Die systematische, narrative Zusammenfassung der Moderatoranalysen aus den Metaanalysen ergab größere Zusammenhänge für Familien mit höherem sozioökonomischen Status, keine Befunde zum Moderator Migrationshintergrund und kaum Unterschiede hinsichtlich der ethnischen Herkunft. Heterogene Befunde zeigten sich mit Blick auf die Altersgruppen und größere Zusammenhänge in nicht-randomisierten Studien. Zukünftige Forschung sollte insbesondere die Interaktion von Moderatorvariablen mit unterschiedlichen Formen von Elternbeteiligung in den Blick nehmen. Die Ergebnisse werden auch vor dem Hintergrund der Bildungsbeteiligung im Kontext Schule diskutiert.
Filling the 8-Year-Old Gap in the Study of Well-Being: Cross-Cultural Assessment and Validation of a Subjective Well-Being Measure Across 19 Countries
Authors: Blasco-Belled Ana , González-Carrasco Mònica , Casas Ferran
Published: January 2023

Research on child well-being under 10 years old is limited. A first step towards stimulating research targeting this population is the validation of psychometric scales across cultures. The current study examines the cross-cultural validity of the Children’s Worlds - Subjective Well-being Scale (CS-SWBS-8-year-old version), a six-item subjective well-being scale in an international sample of 8-year-olds (N = 20,822) across 19 countries. A confirmatory factor analysis of the CW-SWBS-8yo showed adequate fit after structural equation modelling. Multi-group analysis supported scalar invariance when one of the countries (Chile) was not included in the model. When testing convergent validity, results suggested that the CW-SWBS-8yo is predicted by life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Overall, the findings support the use of the CW-SWBS-8yo in 8 year-olds in both eastern and western countries.
News on Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Pichler Alexander
Published: January 2023

Peripheral T‑cell lymphomas (PTCL) are a heterogeneous group of rare lymphoid malignancies. Brentuximab vedotin plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (BV+CHP, anti-CD30) is indicated as first-line treatment in the subgroup anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Romidepsin plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (Ro-CHOP) is inferior to CHOP in PTCL; however, the subtype angioimmunoblastic T‑cell lymphoma (AITL) might favor Ro-CHOP. An increase of survival after consolidation with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in first line was found in a retrospective analysis. New antibody (anti-CD47 or anti-KIR3DL2) and CAR T/NK treatments are emerging and entering clinical trials.
A rapid multiplex real-time PCR detection of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile directly from fecal samples
Authors: Jia Xiao-xi , Wang Yuan-yuan , Zhang Wen-zhu , Li Wen-ge , Bai Lu-lu , Lu Jin-xing , Ma Chao-feng , Wu Yuan
Published: January 2023

This study developed a new single-tube multiplex real-time PCR method for detecting toxigenic C. difficile directly from fecal samples using tcdA, tcdB, cdtB, and internal gene tpi as targets, which could be performed on kinds of polymerase chain reaction device including point-of-care testing (POCT), with improved detection efficiency. The specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability of each gene was evaluated using 69 C. difficile isolates and 74 fecal samples. Results were compared with established PCR, qPCR, and ELISA methods. Interspecies specificity was 100% based on six common intestinal pathogens (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus Faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium botulinum). The lower detection limit (LDL) for tcdA, tcdB, and cdtB with pure C. difficile DNA was 101,100, and 100 copies/μL, respectively, the coefficients of variation among different experimental batches and within each experimental batch were both less than 3%, which shows that this method has strong repeatability. And the LDL of fecal DNA was 5 × 100, 5 × 103, and 5 × 102 colony-forming units (CFU)/g, respectively. In addition, the efficiency for detection of tcdA was compared with established PCR and real-time PCR methods, demonstrating high consistency (98.4%) and similar sensitivity. ELISA was used to confirm inconsistent results, which were identical with our method. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting toxigenic C. difficile in fecal samples were 96.49% and 94.12% compared with the toxigenic culture (TC). This method effectively identified the toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains with high specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability, and could reduce the false positive rate of tcdA, and accurately identify the typical Asian strain RT017, making it potentially contribute to the surveillance of CDI in China.
Waves in the lower solar atmosphere: the dawn of next-generation solar telescopes
Authors: Jess David B. , Jafarzadeh Shahin , Keys Peter H. , Stangalini Marco , Verth Gary , Grant Samuel D. T.
Published: January 2023

Waves and oscillations have been observed in the Sun’s atmosphere for over half a century. While such phenomena have readily been observed across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, spanning radio to gamma-ray sources, the underlying role of waves in the supply of energy to the outermost extremities of the Sun’s corona has yet to be uncovered. Of particular interest is the lower solar atmosphere, including the photosphere and chromosphere, since these regions harbor the footpoints of powerful magnetic flux bundles that are able to guide oscillatory motion upwards from the solar surface. As a result, many of the current- and next-generation ground-based and space-borne observing facilities are focusing their attention on these tenuous layers of the lower solar atmosphere in an attempt to study, at the highest spatial and temporal scales possible, the mechanisms responsible for the generation, propagation, and ultimate dissipation of energetic wave phenomena. Here, we present a two-fold review that is designed to overview both the wave analyses techniques the solar physics community currently have at their disposal, as well as highlight scientific advancements made over the last decade. Importantly, while many ground-breaking studies will address and answer key problems in solar physics, the cutting-edge nature of their investigations will naturally pose yet more outstanding observational and/or theoretical questions that require subsequent follow-up work. This is not only to be expected, but should be embraced as a reminder of the era of rapid discovery we currently find ourselves in. We will highlight these open questions and suggest ways in which the solar physics community can address these in the years and decades to come.
Anti-Racist Shakespeare
Authors: Dadabhoy Ambereen , Mehdizadeh Nedda
Published: January 2023

Anti-Racist Shakespeare argues that Shakespeare is a productive site to cultivate an anti-racist pedagogy. Our study outlines the necessary theoretical foundations for educators to develop a critical understanding of the longue durée of racial formation so that they can implement anti-racist pedagogical strategies and interventions in their classrooms. This Element advances teaching Shakespeare through race and anti-racism in order to expose students to the unequal structures of power and domination that are systemically reproduced within society, culture, academic disciplines, and classrooms. We contend that this approach to teaching Shakespeare and race empowers students not only to see these paradigms but also to take action by challenging and overturning them. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Generalized Normalizing Flows via Markov Chains
Authors: Hagemann Paul Lyonel , Hertrich Johannes , Steidl Gabriele
Published: January 2023

Normalizing flows, diffusion normalizing flows and variational autoencoders are powerful generative models. This Element provides a unified framework to handle these approaches via Markov chains. The authors consider stochastic normalizing flows as a pair of Markov chains fulfilling some properties, and show how many state-of-the-art models for data generation fit into this framework. Indeed numerical simulations show that including stochastic layers improves the expressivity of the network and allows for generating multimodal distributions from unimodal ones. The Markov chains point of view enables the coupling of both deterministic layers as invertible neural networks and stochastic layers as Metropolis-Hasting layers, Langevin layers, variational autoencoders and diffusion normalizing flows in a mathematically sound way. The authors' framework establishes a useful mathematical tool to combine the various approaches.
Toward a Theory of Marginalized Stakeholder-Centric Entrepreneurship
Authors: Chowdhury Rashedur , Sarasvathy Saras D. , Freeman R. Edward
Published: January 2023

The neglect of marginalized stakeholders is a colossal problem in both stakeholder and entrepreneurship streams of literature. To address this problem, we offer a theory of marginalized stakeholder-centric entrepreneurship. We conceptualize how firms can utilize marginalized stakeholder input actualization through which firms should process a variety of ideas, resources, and interactions with marginalized stakeholders and then filter, internalize, and, finally, realize important elements that improve a variety of related socioeconomic, ethical, racial, contextual, political, and identity issues. This input actualization process enables firms to innovate with marginalized stakeholders and develop marginalized stakeholder capabilities. To this end, firms fulfill both their moral and entrepreneurial claims to marginalized stakeholders.
A decade of ‘blue tourism’ sustainability research: Exploring the impact of cruise tourism on coastal areas
Authors: Papathanassis Alexis
Published: January 2023

Cruise tourism research has developed exponentially during the past decades. Global tourism activity in general and cruises in particular are concentrated in coastal areas and represent a dominant part of the so-called ‘blue economy’. Within this context, the public debate surrounding the impact of cruise tourism on port communities reflects a narrative of unsustainable growth, environmental pollution and negative globalisation-related symbolism. Yet, the relatively small size of the cruise sector and the over-focus on emissions arguably misrepresents the overall impact and potential of this tourism domain for portside communities, economies and ecosystems. Cruise-related scientific research, as probably expected, offers a much more refined and holistic picture, transcending the somewhat populist public debate on this matter. Based on a systematic literature review examining cruise-related papers published between 1983 and 2009, Papathanassis and Beckmann (2011)Annals of Tourism Research38(1), 153–174, identified 145 papers, which were subsequently subjected to a metadata- and a thematic-analysis. Approximately, a quarter of them addressed the environmental-, social- and economic impacts of cruising on coastal regions. A decade later, and following an analogous methodological approach, a total of 305 cruise research papers, published between 2012 and 2022, yielded 161 relevant papers, subjected to the same coding scheme and thematically compared to previous findings. The subsequent thematic analysis, revealed a comprehensive set of issues, opportunities and challenges cruise tourism poses to coastal areas. Following a critical discussion of past developments and their trajectory, a future research and action agenda is proposed.
A downcore increase in time averaging is the null expectation from the transit of death assemblages through a mixed layer
Authors: Tomašových Adam , Kidwell Susan M. , Dai Ran
Published: January 2023

Understanding how time averaging changes during burial is essential for using Holocene and Anthropocene cores to analyze ecosystem change, given the many ways in which time averaging affects biodiversity measures. Here, we use transition-rate matrices to explore how the extent of time averaging changes downcore as shells transit through a taphonomically complex mixed layer into permanently buried historical layers: this is a null model, without any temporal changes in rates of sedimentation or bioturbation, to contrast with downcore patterns that might be produced by human activity. Assuming stochastic burial and exhumation movements of shells between increments within the mixed layer and stochastic disintegration within increments, we find that almost all combinations of net sedimentation, mixing, and disintegration produce a downcore increase in time averaging (interquartile range [IQR] of shell ages), this trend is typically associated with a decrease in kurtosis and skewness and by a shift from right-skewed to symmetrical age distributions. A downcore increase in time averaging is thus the null expectation wherever bioturbation generates an internally structured mixed layer (i.e., a surface, well-mixed layer is underlain by an incompletely mixed layer): under these conditions, shells are mixed throughout the entire mixed layer at a slower rate than they are buried below it by sedimentation. This downcore trend created by mixing is further amplified by the downcore decline in disintegration rate. We find that transition-rate matrices accurately reproduce the downcore changes in IQR, skewness, and kurtosis observed in bivalve assemblages from the southern California shelf. The right-skewed shell age-frequency distributions typical of surface death assemblages—the focus of most actualistic research—might be fossilized under exceptional conditions of episodic anoxia or sudden burial. However, such right-skewed assemblages will typically not survive transit through the surface mixed layer into subsurface historical layers: they are geologically transient. The deep-time fossil record will be dominated instead by the more time-averaged assemblages with weakly skewed age distributions that form in the lower parts of the mixed layer.
RETRACTED-Late Permian to early Triassic gabbro in North Lhasa, Tibet: evidence for plume – subduction-zone interaction of the Palaeo-Tethys ocean
Authors: Duan Meng-Long , Xie Chao-Ming , Wang Bin , Song Yu-Hang , Li Wen-qing , Hao Yu-jie
Published: January 2023

The Palaeo-Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of the Tangjia–Sumdo accretionary complex belt, which separates the North and South Lhasa Terrane, remains controversial. Moreover, the lack of geological records restricts the understanding of the evolution of the Sumdo Palaeo-Tethys Ocean from the middle Permian until the middle Triassic. Here we present zircon U–Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions of the Yeqing gabbro. Zircon U–Pb geochronology yields ages from 254 ± 1 to 249 ± 1 Ma.In situHf isotopic analyses yieldϵHf(t) values of −0.2 to +6.3. These samples have high TiO2(3.69 wt %) and P2O5(0.78 wt %) contents, with typical patterns like ocean island basalt (OIB). Besides, they are classified as high-Nb basalts (HNBs) based on the high content of Nb (45.3–113.5 ppm). Whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopic compositions are similar to OIB, with initial87Sr/86Sr of 0.7047–0.7054,143Nd/144Nd of 0.512526–0.512647 andϵNd(t) of 0.3–2.7. These signatures suggest that the Yeqing gabbro is mainly derived from low-degree melting of the garnet lherzolite mantle. Based on field observations of HNBs intruding into the continental margin and their geochemical characteristics, we infer that the Yeqing gabbro was generated in a subduction environment. Combined with the regional geology of the subduction environment and the evolution of oceanic islands in the Sumdo Palaeo-Tethys Ocean, we propose that the Yeqing gabbro may represent a product of the asthenosphere upwelling through a slab window produced by subduction of seismic ridge in the Sumdo Palaeo-Tethys Ocean, called plume – subduction-zone interaction, during the late Permian to early Triassic.
Rediscovering Carduncellus matritensis: assessing the conservation status of an Iberian endemic
Authors: Luengo Enrique , Martínez-Labarga Juan Manuel , de Pablo Rubén , Susanna Alfonso , Vilatersana Roser
Published: January 2023

The plant Carduncellus matritensis (Cardueae, Compositae) was formerly known from only a single locality: Cerro Negro in Madrid Province, Spain. It is one of the six endemic species of the Spanish flora considered to be extinct. The causes of its presumed extinction were anthropogenic: the growth of the city of Madrid subsumed the locality into the city, such that Cerro Negro is now a railway station. During 2021–2022 we discovered three new populations c. 50 km south of the type locality, with 130–166 mature individuals. Habitat fragmentation and degradation are the most significant threats facing the three populations. We categorize the conservation status of the species as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN Red List criteria. To avoid the loss of this species, we recommend both in situ (creation of micro-reserves) and ex situ (seed storage) conservation measures.
Object Shape and Depth of Word Representations in Preschoolers
Authors: CAPONE SINGLETON Nina , SAKS Jessica
Published: January 2023

This study examined the effect of a shape cue (i.e., co-speech gesture) on word depth. We taught 23 preschoolers (M = 3;5 years, SD = 5.82) novel objects with either shape (SHP) or indicator (IND) gestures. SHP gestures mimicked object form, but IND gestures were not semantically related to the object (e.g., an upward-facing palm, extended toward the object). Each object had a unique IND or SHP gesture. Outcome measures reflected richer semantic and phonological learning in the SHP than in the IND condition. In the SHP condition, preschoolers (a) expressed more semantic knowledge, (b) said more sounds in names, and (c) generalized more names to untaught objects. There were also fewer disruptions to prime picture names in the SHP condition; we discuss the benefit of a co-speech shape gesture to capitalize on well-established statistical word learning patterns.
Trichinella infection in Serbia from 2011 to 2020: a success story in the field of One Health
Authors: Vasilev Sasa , Mitic Ivana , Mirilovic Milorad , Plavsa Dragana , Milakara Emina , Plavsic Budimir , Sofronic-Milosavljevic Ljiljana
Published: January 2023

In Serbia, modern pork production systems with implemented control measures, including the detection of Trichinella larvae in meat (ISO18743), have eliminated farmed pork from pigs slaughtered at abattoirs as a source of trichinellosis. Epidemiological data from 2011 to 2020 indicate that the number of human cases and the number of infected domestic pigs has decreased significantly. Over the years, pork was the most frequent source of human infection. Cases generally occurred in small family outbreaks, and the infection was linked to consumption of raw or undercooked pork from backyard pigs. In most of the outbreaks, T. spiralis was the aetiological agent of infection, but in 2016, a large outbreak was caused by consumption of uninspected wild boar meat containing T. britovi larvae. To achieve safe pork, it is important that consumers of pork from animals raised in backyard smallholdings and of wild game meat are properly educated about the risks associated with consumption of untested meat. Laboratories conducting Trichinella testing should have a functional quality assurance system to ensure competency of analysts and that accurate and repeatable results are achieved. Regular participation in proficiency testing is needed.
Funktionelle (nicht-organische) Obstipation und Stuhlinkontinenz im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Klinische Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: von Gontard Alexander , Claßen Martin
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Obstipation und Stuhlinkontinenz gehören zu den häufigsten Störungen des Kindesalters, die mit einer hohen Beeinträchtigung und komorbiden psychischen Störungen einhergehen können. Nach der neuen Rome-IV-Klassifikation wird zwischen einer funktionellen Obstipation und einer nicht-retentiven Stuhlinkontinenz unterschieden. Das Ziel dieser interdisziplinären Leitlinie ist es, den aktuellen Stand zur Diagnostik und Therapie dieser Störungen aus somatischer und psychiatrischer Sicht zusammenzufassen und praxisorientierte Empfehlungen zu formulieren. Methoden: Die Leitliniengruppe setzte sich aus 11 Fachgesellschaften und einer Elterngruppe zusammen. Die Leitlinie wurde auf der Basis aktueller Literaturrecherchen in mehreren Onlineabstimmungen und Konsensuskonferenzen nach den Regeln der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V. (AWMF) verabschiedet. Ergebnisse: Die funktionelle Obstipation ist sehr viel häufiger als die nicht-retentive Stuhlinkontinenz. Die Obstipation erfordert ein sorgfältiges medizinisches Vorgehen, um somatische Ursachen auszuschließen, gerade bei jungen Kindern. Dazu dienen somatische Warnzeichen, die besonders berücksichtigt werden müssen. Die meisten Fälle der Obstipation sind funktionell (ca. 95 %). Beratung, Toilettentraining, Desimpaktion und langfristige orale Laxanzien, kombiniert mit verhaltenstherapeutischen Maßnahmen, sind am wirkungsvollsten. Die Diagnostik und Therapie der nicht-retentiven Stuhlinkontinenz ist ähnlich. Die Rate von somatischen Ursachen ist niedriger. Laxanzien können allerdings die Symptomatik verschlechtern und sollten vermieden werden. Komorbide psychische Störungen sind häufig (ca. 30–50 % der Fälle). Sie sollen erfasst und zusätzlich leitliniengerecht behandelt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Im Konsensusverfahren konnten mit hoher Zustimmung wichtige Empfehlungen verabschiedet werden. Eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ist von hoher Bedeutung, da somatische Faktoren und komorbide psychische Störungen und Symptome berücksichtigt werden müssen. Forschungsbedarf besteht vor allem bei der nicht-retentiven Stuhlinkontinenz.
Age Differences in Learning-Related Neurophysiological Changes
Authors: Tinga Angelica M. , Menger Nick S. , de Back Tycho T. , Louwerse Max M.
Published: January 2023

Abstract: Research in young adults has demonstrated that neurophysiological measures are able to provide insight into learning processes. However, to date, it remains unclear whether neurophysiological changes during learning in older adults are comparable to those in younger adults. The current study addressed this issue by exploring age differences in changes over time in a range of neurophysiological outcome measures collected during visuomotor sequence learning. Specifically, measures of electroencephalography (EEG), skin conductance, heart rate, heart rate variability, respiration rate, and eye-related measures, in addition to behavioral performance measures, were collected in younger ( Mage = 27.24 years) and older adults ( Mage = 58.06 years) during learning. Behavioral responses became more accurate over time in both age groups during visuomotor sequence learning. Yet, older adults needed more time in each trial to enhance the precision of their movement. Changes in EEG during learning demonstrated a stronger increase in theta power in older compared to younger adults and a decrease in gamma power in older adults while increasing slightly in younger adults. No such differences between the two age groups were found on other neurophysiological outcome measures, suggesting changes in brain activity during learning to be more sensitive to age differences than changes in peripheral physiology. Additionally, differences in which neurophysiological outcomes were associated with behavioral performance on the learning task were found between younger and older adults. This indicates that the neurophysiological underpinnings of learning may differ between younger and older adults. Therefore, the current findings highlight the importance of taking age into account when aiming to gain insight into behavioral performance through neurophysiology during learning.
Physical and Biogeochemical Properties of Rotten East Antarctic Summer Sea Ice
Authors: Corkill M. , Moreau S. , Janssens J. , Fraser A. D. , Heil P. , Tison J.‐L. , Cougnon E. A. , Genovese C. , Kimura N. , Meiners K. M. , Wongpan P. , Lannuzel D.
Published: January 2023

Sea ice forms a barrier to the exchange of energy, gases, moisture and particles between the ocean and atmosphere around Antarctica. Ice temperature, salinity and the composition of ice crystals determine whether a particular slab of sea ice is habitable for microorganisms and permeable to exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere, allowing, for example, carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere to be absorbed or outgassed by the ocean. Spring sea ice can have high concentrations of algae and absorb atmospheric CO2. In the summer of 2016–2017 off East Antarctica, we found decayed and porous granular ice layers in the interior of the ice column, which showed high algal pigment concentrations. The maximum chlorophyll a observed in the interior of the ice column was 67.7 μg/L in a 24% porous granular ice layer between 0.8 and 0.9 m depth in 1.7 m thick ice, compared to an overall mean sea‐ice chlorophyll a (± one standard deviation) of 13.5 ± 21.8 μg/L. We also found extensive surface melting, with instances of snow meltwater apparently percolating through the ice, as well as impermeable superimposed ice layers that had refrozen along with melt ponds on top of the ice. With future warming, the structures we describe here could occur earlier and/or become more persistent, meaning that sea ice would be more often characterized by patchy permeability and interior ice algal accumulations.
High‐Resolution Nighttime Temperature and Rock Abundance Mapping of the Moon Using the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment With a Model for Topographic Removal
Authors: Powell T. M. , Horvath T. , Robles V. Lopez , Williams J.‐P. , Hayne P. O. , Gallinger C. L. , Greenhagen B. T. , McDougall D. S. , Paige D. A.
Published: January 2023

The Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has been mapping the surface temperatures of the Moon since 5 July 2009. Diviner has since collected over 500 billion radiometric measurements with excellent spatial and local time coverage. However, the most recently published high‐resolution Diviner global maps only use data collected from 2009 to 2016. In this work, we compile ∼13 years of Diviner data to produce improved global maps of nighttime brightness temperature, bolometric temperature, regolith temperature, and rock abundance (RA). Errors in Diviner's pointing have been corrected and past effective field of view modeling has been optimized to improve data georeferencing without spatial interpolation. We estimate an effective resolution of ∼330 m longitudinally and ∼700 m latitudinally at the equator, which corresponds to an improvement of ∼3.5× longitudinally and ∼1.3× latitudinally. In addition, we develop a thermal model that accounts for indirect scattering and emission from surrounding topography. The resulting temperature anomaly maps better highlight variations in temperature caused by thermophysical properties by removing most topographic effects. These improvements allow for the identification of smaller and fainter thermal features than was previously possible. The improved effective resolution of Diviner maps allows for excellent spatial correlation with other high‐resolution data sets. To demonstrate this, we compare Diviner RA to a manual survey of boulders in the Apollo 17 landing site region. We show that Diviner RA correlates well with the areal fraction of rocks larger than ∼1–2 m in diameter visible in LRO Camera imagery.
Estimates for Tethys' Moment of Inertia, Heat Flux Distribution, and Interior Structure From Its Long‐Wavelength Topography
Authors: Gyalay Szilárd , Nimmo Francis
Published: January 2023

We examine if Saturn's moon Tethys may be an ocean world by assuming that spatial variations in tidal heating are responsible for thickness or temperature variations in an isostatic ice shell, which manifests as surface topography. Because patterns of tidal heating depend on average ice shell thickness and whether the shell overlies a rigid or liquid layer, we can use Tethys' long‐wavelength topography to infer its interior structure. We test a wide range of assumed parameters to hone in on the characteristics of Tethys that produce self‐consistent and physically plausible interior models. To verify our technique, we apply it to Enceladus and recover the signature of a sub‐surface global ocean with an appropriately thick ice shell and moment of inertia. Our best‐fit Tethys models require Pratt isostasy and obliquity tides, with a normalized moment of inertia 0.340–0.345 and an average surface heat flux 1–2 mW m−2. The best‐fit basal heat flux distribution indicates that Tethys does not have an ocean. The total power inferred (4–8 GW) to produce Tethys' shape from tidal heating indicates either a highly dissipative interior or an obliquity higher than previously estimated. The topography may also be a relic of a warmer past when the obliquity was higher.
Site-specific ubiquitination of VDAC1 restricts its oligomerization and mitochondrial DNA release in liver fibrosis
Authors: Wu Ne N. , Wang Lifeng , Wang Lu , Xu Xihui , Lopaschuk Gary D. , Zhang Yingmei , Ren Jun
Published: January 2023

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) released through protein oligomers, such as voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), triggers innate immune activation and thus contributes to liver fibrosis. Here, we investigated the role of Parkin, an important regulator of mitochondria, and its regulation of VDAC1-mediated mtDNA release in liver fibrosis. The circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and protein levels of liver Parkin and VDAC1 were upregulated in patients with liver fibrosis. A 4-week CCl4 challenge induced release of mtDNA, activation of STING signaling, a decline in autophagy, and apoptosis in mouse livers, and the knockout of Parkin aggravated these effects. In addition, Parkin reduced mtDNA release and prevented VDAC1 oligomerization in a manner dependent on its E3 activity in hepatocytes. We found that site-specific ubiquitination of VDAC1 at lysine 53 by Parkin interrupted VDAC1 oligomerization and prevented mtDNA release into the cytoplasm under stress. The ubiquitination-defective VDAC1 K53R mutant predominantly formed oligomers that resisted suppression by Parkin. Hepatocytes expressing VDAC1 K53R exhibited mtDNA release and thus activated the STING signaling pathway in hepatic stellate cells, and this effect could not be abolished by Parkin. We propose that the ubiquitination of VDAC1 at a specific site by Parkin confers protection against liver fibrosis by interrupting VDAC1 oligomerization and mtDNA release.
Chromatin and noncoding RNA-mediated mechanisms of gastric tumorigenesis
Authors: Loe Adrian Kwan Ho , Zhu Lexin , Kim Tae-Hee
Published: January 2023

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers in the world. It is a multifactorial disease highly influenced by environmental factors, which include radiation, smoking, diet, and infectious pathogens. Accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic regulators are frequently altered in GC, playing critical roles in gastric tumorigenesis. Epigenetic regulation involves DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs. While it is known that environmental factors cause widespread alterations in DNA methylation, promoting carcinogenesis, the chromatin- and noncoding RNA-mediated mechanisms of gastric tumorigenesis are still poorly understood. In this review, we focus on discussing recent discoveries addressing the roles of histone modifiers and noncoding RNAs and the mechanisms of their interactions in gastric tumorigenesis. A better understanding of epigenetic regulation would likely facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting specific epigenetic regulators in GC.
Hypertension: sex-related differences in drug treatment, prevalence and blood pressure control in primary care
Authors: Bager Johan-Emil , Manhem Karin , Andersson Tobias , Hjerpe Per , Bengtsson-Boström Kristina , Ljungman Charlotta , Mourtzinis Georgios
Published: January 2023

Antihypertensive treatment is equally beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk in both men and women. Despite this, the drug treatment, prevalence and control of hypertension differ between men and women. Men and women respond differently, particularly with respect to the risk of adverse events, to many antihypertensive drugs. Certain antihypertensive drugs may also be especially beneficial in the setting of certain comorbidities – of both cardiovascular and extracardiac nature – which also differ between men and women. Furthermore, hypertension in pregnancy can pose a considerable therapeutic challenge for women and their physicians in primary care. In addition, data from population-based studies and from real-world data are inconsistent regarding whether men or women attain hypertension-related goals to a higher degree. In population-based studies, women with hypertension have higher rates of treatment and controlled blood pressure than men, whereas real-world, primary-care data instead show better blood pressure control in men. Men and women are also treated with different antihypertensive drugs: women use more thiazide diuretics and men use more angiotensin-enzyme inhibitors and calcium-channel blockers. This narrative review explores these sex-related differences with guidance from current literature. It also features original data from a large, Swedish primary-care register, which showed that blood pressure control was better in women than men until they reached their late sixties, after which the situation was reversed. This age-related decrease in blood pressure control in women was not, however, accompanied by a proportional increase in use of antihypertensive drugs and female sex was a significant predictor of less intensive antihypertensive treatment.