bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature‐Dependent Viscosity of SiREAl‐Based Glasses as a Function of N:O and RE:Al Ratios (RE = La, Gd, Y, and Lu)
Authors: Becher Paul F. , Ferber M. K.
Published: March 2005

Tailoring glass compositions can raise the viscosity of SiREAl oxynitride glasses. In the present study, viscosity data are obtained by determining the compressive creep response of bulk glasses in air. The findings reveal that increasing both the nitrogen‐to‐oxygen and the yttrium‐to‐aluminum ratios of the glasses shifts the glass viscosity to higher temperatures. In addition, the substitution of progressively smaller rare earths in the glass composition results in a further increase in the glass viscosity. These effects have important implications in the creep resistance of silicon nitride ceramics where the amorphous intergranular films are a major factor in creep resistance.
Study of NiZn Ferrite Complex Permeability ‐ Effect of Relative Density and Microstructure
Authors: Barba Antonio , Clausell Carolina , Felíu Carlos , Monzó María , Nuño Luis , Heras Delia , Balbastre Juan V.
Published: March 2005

A study has been undertaken of the variation of the magnetic loss factor with the evolution of fired relative density and microstructure of ferrites made from a Zn‐Ni‐Cu ferrite powder, and from a mixture of a Zn‐Ni and a Cu ferrite powder. An equation is proposed that enables relating the magnetic loss factor to fired relative density, average grain size, and grain size distribution width. This equation is valid for the ferrites studied, which had an average grain size below 10 μm and a grain size distribution width below 30 μm.
Solid Solubility of Holmium, Yttrium, and Dysprosium in BaTiO3
Authors: Makovec Darko , Samardžija Zoran , Drofenik Miha
Published: March 2005

The solid solubility of R ions (R = Ho3+, Dy3+, and Y3+) in the BaTiO3 perovskite structure was studied by quantitative electron‐probe microanalysis (EPMA) using wavelength‐dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). Highly doped BaTiO3 samples were prepared using mixed‐oxide technology including equilibration at 1400° and 1500°C in ambient air. The solubility was found to depend mainly on the starting composition. In the TiO2‐rich samples a relatively low concentration of R incorporated preferentially at the Ba2+ lattice sites (solubility limit ∼Ba0.986R0.014Ti0.9965(V″Ti″)0.0035O3at 1400°C). In BaO‐rich samples a high concentration of R entered the BaTiO3 structure at the Ti4+ lattice sites (solubility limit ∼BaTi0.85R0.15O2.925(VO••)0.075at 1500°C). Ho3+, Dy3+, and Y3+incorporated preferentially at the Ti4+ lattice sites stabilize the hexagonal polymorph of BaTiO3. The phase equilibria of the Ho3+–BaTiO3 solid solutions were presented in a BaO–Ho2O3–TiO2phase diagram.
Hydrothermal Formation of Hydroxyapatite Layers on the Surface of Type‐A Zeolite
Authors: Watanabe Yujiro , Moriyoshi Yusuke , Suetsugu Yasushi , Ikoma Toshiyuki , Kasama Takeshi , Hashimoto Tadashi , Yamada Hirohisa , Tanaka Junzo
Published: March 2005

Type‐A zeolite evenly covered with hydroxyapatite thin layers was prepared using hydrothermal treatment at 120°C for 8 h under autogenous pressure. The hydroxyapatite needlelike nanocrystals, 100–200 nm in diameter and 30 nm in thickness, were grown under the reaction between discharged Ca2+ ions from type‐A zeolite and PO43− ions in (NH4)3PO4 solution. The preferential orientations of the c‐axis of hydroxyapatite crystals perpendicular to a zeolite surface were observed using transmission electron microscopy. The crystal structure of type‐A zeolite was not destroyed under the reaction, but the surface morphology was changed only with complete covering of scaly hydroxyapatite particles.
Acutely iII children within ward areas – care provision and possible development strategies
Authors: Haines Caroline
Published: March 2005

This report presents the key findings of a travel scholarship to selected paediatric centres in the United Kingdom (UK), Australasia and the United States of America, where services provision for the care of acutely ill children within ward areas was investigated. In total, 15 centres were visited over a 5‐month period, and comprehensive programs of information exchange were arranged in all locations. Key areas of interest discussed were the concepts of paediatric critical care outreach services and the use of paediatric early warning assessment tools. Information was collated and applied to the existing service provision within a tertiary children's hospital in the UK. It is hoped that the information gained during this professional study tour will add to the current available literature. It has helped to clarify the position of other key centres with regard to the care provision for acutely ill children in ward areas and confirmed the potential value of a support system and/or use of clinical assessment tool for staff caring for these children.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor related angioedema and the anaesthetist
Authors: Rai M. R. , Amen F. , Idrees F.
Published: March 2005

Angioedema of the face and neck is an uncommon but potentially life‐threatening complication of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy. This condition is of particular concern to the anaesthetist as it can rapidly progress to upper airway obstruction. We describe the presentation and management of five cases of ACE inhibitor related angioedema, all of which were associated with significant upper airway obstruction.
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, a component of tobacco smoke, modulates mediator release from human bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Proulx L I , Gaudreault M , Turmel V , Augusto L A , Castonguay A , Bissonnette É Y
Published: March 2005

Respiratory epithelial cells are known to contribute to immune responses through the release of mediators. The aim of this study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a tobacco carcinogen, on respiratory epithelial cells and to compare two metabolic pathways, α-methylhydroxylation and α-methylenehydroxylation, involved in these effects using selective precursors, 4-(acetoxy-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridil)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) and N-nitroso (acetoxymethyl) methylamine (NDMAOAc), respectively. Human bronchial and alveolar epithelial cell lines, BEAS-2B and A549, respectively, were treated with NNK, NNKOAc and NDMAOAc for 24 h with and without tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and mediators released in cell-free supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NNK significantly inhibited interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production in both cell types. Similar results were observed with primary bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells. Although NNK increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by A549 cells, its immunomodulatory effects were not mediated by PGE2 according to the results with cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. NNKOAc mimicked NNK effects, whereas NDMAOAc significantly inhibited IL-8 production in BEAS-2B cells and MCP-1 in both cell types. These results demonstrate that NNK and its reactive metabolites have immunosuppressive effects on respiratory epithelial cells, which could contribute to the increased respiratory infections observed in smokers and the development and/or the progression of lung cancer.
Phenotypic effects on survival of neonatal northern watersnakes Nerodia sipedon
Authors: KISSNER KELLEY J. , WEATHERHEAD PATRICK J.
Published: March 2005

Understanding the trade‐off females make between offspring size and number requires knowing how neonatal size, and traits associated with size, affect survival.

We studied neonatal survival in the northern watersnake Nerodia sipedon in outdoor enclosures with artificial hibernation sites.

From a total of 950 neonates from 77 litters collected over 3 years, we found a survival rate of 65% between birth and hibernation and 47% during hibernation. Estimated survival from birth to the end of hibernation was 31%, comparable with indirect estimates for free‐living watersnakes.

Consistent with the ‘bigger is better’ hypothesis, larger neonates and neonates heavier relative to their body length were more likely to survive both the pre‐hibernation and hibernation periods.

Survival in the pre‐hibernation period also decreased with the duration of that period and varied among years.

Survival during hibernation was higher in warmer winters. Mass change prior to hibernation did not affect survival during hibernation.

These results suggest that an optimal reproductive strategy should exist for female watersnakes, producing a ‘consensus’ among females on the optimal size for offspring. This expectation stands in stark contrast to the pronounced variation in offspring size observed both within and among litters.
Population dynamics of wetland fishes: spatio‐temporal patterns synchronized by hydrological disturbance?
Authors: RUETZ CARL R. , TREXLER JOEL C. , JORDAN FRANK , LOFTUS WILLIAM F. , PERRY SUE A.
Published: March 2005

Drought is a natural disturbance that can cause widespread mortality of aquatic organisms in wetlands. We hypothesized that seasonal drying of marsh surfaces (i.e. hydrological disturbance) shapes spatio‐temporal patterns of fish populations.

We tested whether population dynamics of fishes were synchronized by hydrological disturbance (Moran effect) or distance separating study sites (dispersal). Spatio‐temporal patterns were examined in local populations of five abundant species at 17 sites (sampled five times per year from 1996 to 2001) in a large oligotrophic wetland.

Fish densities differed significantly across spatio‐temporal scales for all species. For all species except eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), a significant portion of spatio‐temporal variation in density was attributed to drying events (used as a covariate).

We observed three patterns of response to hydrological disturbance. Densities of bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei), least killifish (Heterandria formosa), and golden topminnow (Fundulus chrysotus) were usually lowest after a dry down and recovered slowly. Eastern mosquitofish showed no distinct response to marsh drying (i.e. they recovered quickly). Flagfish (Jordanella floridae) density was often highest after a dry down and then declined. Population growth after a dry down was often asymptotic for bluefin killifish and golden topminnow, with greatest asymptotic density and longest time to recovery at sites that dried infrequently.

Fish population dynamics were synchronized by hydrological disturbance (independent of distance) and distance separating study sites (independent of hydrological disturbance). Our ability to separate the relative importance of the Moran effect from dispersal was strengthened by a weak association between hydrological synchrony and distance among study sites. Dispersal was the primary mechanism for synchronous population dynamics of flagfish, whereas hydrological disturbance was the primary mechanism for synchronous population dynamics of the other species examined.

Species varied in the relative role of the Moran effect and dispersal in homogenizing their population dynamics, probably as a function of life history and ability to exploit dry‐season refugia.
Multiple edge effects and their implications in fragmented landscapes
Authors: FLETCHER ROBERT J.
Published: March 2005

Habitat edges are thought to explain much of the negative effects arising from habitat fragmentation; however, progress has been limited in extrapolating edge effects to different situations because ecologists still do not understand if and how multiple edges interact within fragments. It also remains controversial whether edge effects govern patch‐size effects, such as area sensitivity, observed in many migratory songbirds.

I examined how multiple edges within fragments may intensify edge responses by investigating spatial distributions of an area‐sensitive songbird that breeds in temperate grasslands of North America, the bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus Linnaeus). I tested whether bobolinks avoid edges and whether avoidance is stronger near two edges (double‐edge plots) than near only one edge (single‐edge plots). I subsequently linked bobolink distributions to landscape maps that vary in the amount of habitat and degree of fragmentation to explore some potential implications of multiple edges on patch‐ and landscape‐level distributions.

Multiple edges appeared to influence the magnitude of observed edge effects, in which the probability of bobolink occurrence was four times lower in double‐edge plots and two times lower in single‐edge plots than in the interior of grasslands. Within single‐edge plots, the probability of occurrence increased with increasing distance from edge. Within double‐edge plots, the probability of occurrence increased as a function of the nearest and next‐nearest distances from edges. Multiple edges also appeared to increase the extent of edge effects, or distance of edge influence, which was estimated to be approximately 11–33% greater in double‐edge plots than in single‐edge plots, depending on the next‐nearest distance from edge.

Extrapolating local bird distributions to landscape models suggests that edge effects can have strong influences on large‐scale distributions and that models incorporating multiple edge effects are different to simple nearest‐edge models only in highly fragmented landscapes, regardless of landscape composition. Furthermore, edge effects can lead to patch‐size effects similar to empirical patterns of area sensitivity observed in this species. I conclude that edge effects can be intensified when multiple edges collide, a feature that permeates many fragmented landscapes.
Interactions between Steller's jays and yellow pine chipmunks over scatter‐hoarded sugar pine seeds
Authors: THAYER THEODORE C. , VANDER WALL STEPHEN B.
Published: March 2005

Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas) seeds are dispersed by wind, but yellow pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus Allen) and Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri Gmelin) gather the seeds and scatter‐hoard them. Chipmunks and jays store seeds in a similar manner, and during cache recovery they appear to compete for stored seeds.

A series of aviary studies and radioactive seed studies in the field were used to examine how chipmunks and jays interact over stored seeds.

Aviary studies revealed that chipmunks use spatial memory and olfaction to find seeds, including those stored by conspecifics and jays, whereas jays use spatial memory and observational learning, so they usually find only the seeds that they have stored. Use of olfaction makes chipmunks much better pilferers than jays.

In the field, both chipmunks and jays have a recovery advantage (they retrieve their own caches 3·6 faster than do pilferers), and chipmunk caches disappear 3·4 faster than jay caches.

Steller's jays appear to avoid chipmunk pilferage by caching seeds in closed‐canopy pine forests with little shrub understorey where chipmunks seldom forage, whereas chipmunks cache under shrubs in forest openings. The risk of pilferage by chipmunks appears to force jays to cache in forests.

Competition between chipmunks and jays for stored seeds might have indirect effects on sugar pine seedling establishment because seedlings survive better when under shrubs.
Bond strengths of nine current dentine adhesive systems to primary and permanent teeth
Authors: COURSON F. , BOUTER D. , RUSE N. D. , DEGRANGE M.
Published: March 2005

summary  The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of nine dentine bonding systems (DBS) of different classes to human primary and permanent dentine. Flat dentine occlusal surfaces were produced on human molars (100 primary, 100 permanent) by wet grinding on a 800‐grit SiC paper. Nine DBS were applied following the manufacturers’ instructions:

• One total etch multi‐step system: Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M/ESPE);

• Four total etch one‐bottle system: Prime &Bond 2·1 (Dentsply), One Step (Bisco), Scotchbond 1 (3M/ESPE), and OptibondSolo Plus (Kerr);

• Three two‐step self‐etching primer systems: Clearfil Liner Bond 2 (Kuraray), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), and Prime &Bond NT with NRC (Dentsply);

• An ‘all‐in‐one’ self‐etching system: Prompt L‐Pop (3M/ESPE).

Composite (Z100; 3M/ESPE) cylinders (2 mm diameter, 3 mm high) were polymerized on the treated dentine surfaces and the specimens were stored at 37 °C for 24 h prior to testing. Twenty experimental groups were produced and tested. Statistical analysis revealed both a substrate and a bonding system effect. Two adhesive systems (One Step, Prime &Bond NT) had significantly higher bond strengths on permanent than on primary dentine. There was an effect of dentine bonding system on the mode of fracture. Although eight of the 10 DBS tested exhibited higher median SBS values on permanent dentine than on primary dentine, the dependent pairwise comparison identified a significant difference only for two groups. The use of simplified bonding systems does not necessarily result in improved bond strength to primary or to permanent dentine.
The influence of orthognathic surgery on masticatory performance in retrognathic patients
Authors: VAN DEN BRABER W. , VAN DER BILT A. , VAN DER GLAS H. W. , BOSMAN F. , ROSENBERG A. , KOOLE R.
Published: March 2005

summary   Surgical correction of retrognathism may influence chewing performance and its underlying mechanisms selection and breakage of food particles. In this study we examined the hypothesis that treatment of this anomaly improves chewing performance. Furthermore, we determined to what extent this change can be attributed to selection and breakage of food particles. Eleven patients were tested before and 1–1·5 years after surgery. To determine chewing performance, eight cubes of 8 mm of a silicone rubber (Optosil®) were used as a test food. Selection and breakage were determined in one‐chew experiments using three particle sizes. On average, no differences were found for chewing performance, selection or breakage. However, on an individual basis, patients with a poor chewing performance before surgery tended to improve, whereas no improvement was observed for patients with a good chewing performance. The change in chewing performance was mainly due to a change in breakage of the food particles.
Tuberculosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: still a problem in the 21st century
Authors: Erdstein A.A. , Daas P. , Bradstock K.F. , Robinson T. , Hertzberg M.S.
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT) recipients have severely impaired cell‐mediated immunity as a result of their conditioning regimen, immunosuppressive therapy, and graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Accordingly, they are susceptible to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Mycobacterial infections can also occur in these patients, although the incidence is not high, even in countries where tuberculosis (TB) is common. We describe four patients from our hospital who developed pulmonary T tuberculous infection in the post‐transplant period over a 3‐year period. During that time a total of 127 patients have undergone an ASCT, representing an incidence of TB of 2.3%. The pretransplant diagnosis was acute myeloid leukemia in three patients and chronic myeloid leukemia in one case. All four patients were treated with a combination of cyclosporine and corticosteroids for acute and/or chronic GVHD. Three of the four patients were born outside Australia, each from an area where TB is endemic. Two patients died within 2 weeks of the commencement of antituberculous therapy, the third is alive and well, and the fourth died of multi‐organ failure and sepsis after 4 months in hospital. A higher index of suspicion of previous TB exposure and infection is required in the assessment of ASCT recipients, particularly in those born in areas where TB is common or endemic.
Infective endocarditis following orthotopic heart transplantation: 10 cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Sherman‐Weber S. , Axelrod P. , Suh B. , Rubin S. , Beltramo D. , Manacchio J. , Furukawa S. , Weber T. , Eisen H. , Samuel R.
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Background: Infective endocarditis is a known complication of cardiac transplantation. However, published information has been limited to case reports and small case series.

Methods. Cardiac transplantation has been performed at Temple University Hospital since 1983. We identified transplant patients with ICD‐9 codes for endocarditis or bacteremia. A diagnosis of endocarditis required fulfillment of the Duke criteria and presence of a vegetation. Clinical and microbiologic data were collected. Demographic and survival information were compared with heart transplant recipients without endocarditis. We reviewed all previously published cases using a MEDLINE search.

Results. Ten of 659 heart transplant recipients had endocarditis (1.5%, 187 cases per 100,000 person years). Mitral and tricuspid valves were involved predominantly. No patient had aortic valve infection. Patients with tricuspid valve infection had a greater median number of endomyocardial biopsies (n=23) than those with mitral valve infection (n=9, P=0.10). The major pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (4 cases) and Aspergillus fumigatus (3 cases). Factors associated with S. aureus infection were new hemodialysis catheters, cellulitis, and a contaminated donor organ. All patients with A. fumigatus had antecedent cytomegalovirus viremia and disseminated fungal infection, including endophthalmitis. Endocarditis‐related mortality was 80%. Median survival after transplant was 1.4 years in patients with endocarditis, compared with 9.3 years in other heart transplant recipients (P<0.001).

Conclusions. Endocarditis is substantially more common in heart transplant recipients than in general populations. Frequent central venous catheter access and multiple endomyocardial biopsies appear to predispose to infection. Aspergillus is a common pathogen and endocarditis follows infection elsewhere. The prognosis of post‐cardiac transplant endocarditis is poor.
Developmental abnormalities in striatum in young bipolar patients: a preliminary study
Authors: Sanches Marsal , Roberts Roxsann L , Sassi Roberto B , Axelson David , Nicoletti Mark , Brambilla Paolo , Hatch John P , Keshavan Matcheri S , Ryan Neal D , Birmaher Boris , Soares Jair C
Published: March 2005

Objectives:  Anatomical abnormalities in the basal ganglia of adult mood disorder patients have been reported. To investigate whether these abnormalities are present early in illness course, we compared the volume of striatal structures in young bipolar patients and healthy controls.

Methods:  Brain magnetic resonance images of 15 children and adolescents who met DSM‐IV criteria for bipolar disorders and 21 healthy controls were obtained. Measurements were performed manually, by trained evaluators, who were blind to subjects’ diagnosis. The volumes of caudate and putamen were compared in patients and controls.

Results:  The volumes of striatal structures were not significantly different in patients and controls (ANCOVA, p > 0.05). However, we found a significant inverse relationship between age and the volumes of left caudate (r = −0.72, p < 0.01), right caudate (r = −0.66, p = 0.02) and left putamen (r = −0.71, p = 0.01) in bipolar patients, not present in healthy controls.

Conclusions:  Abnormalities in striatal development may be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
Acute treatment outcomes in patients with bipolar I disorder and co‐morbid borderline personality disorder receiving medication and psychotherapy
Authors: Swartz Holly A , Pilkonis Paul A , Frank Ellen , Proietti Joseph M , Scott John
Published: March 2005

Objective:  Patients suffering from both bipolar I disorder and borderline personality disorder (BPD) pose unique treatment challenges. The purpose of this matched case–control study was to compare acute treatment outcomes of a sample of patients who met standardized diagnostic criteria for both bipolar I disorder and BPD (n = 12) to those who met criteria for bipolar I disorder only (n = 58).

Method:  Subjects meeting criteria for an acute affective episode were treated with a combination of algorithm‐driven pharmacotherapy and weekly psychotherapy until stabilization (defined as four consecutive weeks with a calculated average of the 17‐item version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Bech‐Rafaelsen Mania scale totaling ≤7).

Results:  Only three of 12 (25%) bipolar‐BPD patients achieved stabilization, compared with 43 of 58 (74%) bipolar‐only patients. Two of the three bipolar‐BPD patients who did stabilize took over 95 weeks to do so, compared with a median time‐to‐stabilization of 35 weeks in the bipolar‐only group. The bipolar‐BPD group received significantly more atypical mood‐stabilizing medications per year than the bipolar‐only group (Z = 4.3, p < 0.0001). Dropout rates in the comorbid group were high.

Conclusions:  This quasi‐experimental study suggests that treatment course may be longer in patients suffering from both bipolar I disorder and BPD. Some patients improved substantially with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, suggesting that this approach is worthy of further investigation.
Expression of mitochondria‐related genes in lymphoblastoid cells from patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Washizuka Shinsuke , Kakiuchi Chihiro , Mori Kanako , Tajima Osamu , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Kato Tadafumi
Published: March 2005

Objectives:  Several studies have suggested mitochondrial abnormality in bipolar disorder. We reported the association of mitochondrial complex I subunit gene, NDUFV2 at 18p11, with bipolar disorder. A decrease in the mRNA expression of this gene was found in patients with bipolar disorder compared with controls. However, it was unclear whether only the NDUFV2 gene exhibited the decreased expression level in bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to clarify the association of other nuclear‐encoded complex I subunit genes and mitochondria‐related genes with bipolar disorder.

Methods:  We quantified the mRNA expression level of five nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial complex I subunit genes located at the chromosomal regions linked with bipolar disorder other than NDUFV2, three complex IV subunit genes, and four mitochondrial transcription‐related genes using a real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method in the lymphoblastoid cell lines from 21 patients with bipolar disorder and 11 controls.

Results:  Decreased mRNA expression in patients with bipolar I disorder compared with control subjects was found in most of the complex I subunit genes. In addition, decreased expression levels of these genes correlated with that of NDUFV2. No statistically significant alterations of mRNA expression levels were found between bipolar patients and controls among two of three complex IV subunit genes and all transcription‐related genes.

Conclusions:  Our study suggests that the decreased expression of NDUFV2 has a considerable effect on other subunit genes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and presents further evidence of the biological significance of NDUFV2 in bipolar disorder.
Barriers to the effective management of bipolar disorder: a survey of psychiatrists based in the UK and USA
Authors: Roy Chengappa KN , Williams Paul
Published: March 2005

Objective:  To identify and prioritize barriers, challenges, and unmet needs in the management of patients with bipolar disorder, as perceived by their psychiatrists.

Methods:  A total of 500 US‐ or UK‐based psychiatrists were surveyed by telephone using a validated, semi‐structured questionnaire. Both preidentified and participant‐elicited barriers, challenges and unmet needs were ranked on a 0–6 point scale in four phases of management: I, entry into care; II, the manic/hypomanic phase; III, the depressive phase; and IV, the long‐term/maintenance phase.

Results:  Education and support for patients and families as well as earlier referral to specialist care were the highest ranked needs at entry into care. During treatment of acute episodes and long‐term management the highest ranked needs were for treatments with improved effectiveness and patient adherence, in addition to improved long‐term safety in the maintenance phase. Patients with comorbid alcohol and/or substance use disorders, followed by patients with a rapid‐cycling disease course, were rated as having the highest level of unmet need. Similarities were predominantly seen between the overall pattern of responses from UK‐ and US‐based psychiatrists.

Conclusions:  The highest priority items across the spectrum of treatment related to the need for clinically effective therapeutic agents with broad efficacy and favorable tolerability. At the time of initial diagnosis, patient education, family support, and earlier referral to specialist care were the highest priority needs.
Time trends in the adjustment of Swedish teenage girls: A 26‐year comparison of 15‐year‐olds
Authors: WÅNGBY MARGIT , MAGNUSSON DAVID , STATTIN HÅKAN
Published: March 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate stability and change over 26 years in self‐reported adjustment of Swedish teenage girls. Data were collected with the same questionnaire from two school‐cohorts in a middle‐sized Swedish community: 522 girls attending Grade 8 (approximately at age 15) in 1970, and 529 girls attending Grade 8 in 1996. The first cohort was part of the longitudinal research programme Individual Development and Adaptation (IDA). In most domains, adjustment problems were approximately as common in 1996 as in 1970, with two exceptions: more girls reported problems with self‐esteem and antisocial problems in 1996. In the antisocial domain, a polarization process was indicated, with an increase also in the number of girls without adjustment problems. In the relational domains, especially peer relations, there was an increase in positive adjustment. The results are discussed in relation to earlier findings and to social changes during the period.
The Meta‐Contrast Technique: Relationships with personality traits and cognitive abilities in healthy women
Authors: PERSSON ROGER , ÖSTERBERG KAI , KARLSON BJÖRN , ØRBÆK PALLE
Published: March 2005

The relationship between test results from the Meta‐Contrast Technique (MCT) and self‐reports from Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP), or the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI‐T), was investigated in 100 healthy women. Additionally, it was investigated whether age and cognitive abilities influenced the reports of picture recognition thresholds in the MCT. The results showed no agreement between the different ways to assess anxiety and defensiveness. However, age consistently predicted later reports of the perceptual recognition thresholds A1 (the car), A2 (the face) and C‐phase. The WAIS‐R Digit Symbol Score predicted earlier reporting of the recognition thresholds A1 and A2, but did not predict the final criteria for correct recognition (C‐phase). The KSP aggression factor only predicted an earlier report of recognition threshold A2. The absence of a simple relationship between the different ways to assess anxiety and defensiveness, and the observed relationships regarding perceptual threshold levels, corroborates previous findings.
Model selection in random effects models for directed graphs using approximated Bayes factors
Authors: Zijlstra Bonne J. H. , van Duijn Marijtje A. J. , Snijders Tom A. B.
Published: March 2005

With the development of an MCMC algorithm, Bayesian model selection for thep2model for directed graphs has become possible. This paper presents an empirical exploration in using approximate Bayes factors for model selection. For a social network of Dutch secondary school pupils from different ethnic backgrounds it is investigated whether pupils report that they receive more emotional support from within their own ethnic group. Approximated Bayes factors seem to work, but considerable margins of error have to be reckoned with.
Inside the Black Box: How do OSHA Inspections Lead to Reductions in Workplace Injuries?*
Authors: MENDELOFF JOHN , GRAY WAYNE B.
Published: March 2005

We examine different models of employers’ responses to OSHA inspections. The “detection/correction” model assumes that responses are limited to correcting the violations that inspectors cite. The “behavioral shock” model assumes that firms respond by paying more attention to safety issues, even those unrelated to OSHA standards. We test whether some injury types are more affected by inspections than others, or by citations of particular OSHA standards. We conclude that, although citing particular standards can reduce injury types specifically related to those hazards, inspections also affect a wider range of injuries, suggesting a broader impact on managerial attention to safety.
When and Why do Plants Comply? Paper Mills in the 1980s*
Authors: GRAY WAYNE B. , SHADBEGIAN RONALD J.
Published: March 2005

This paper uses census data for 116 pulp and paper mills over the period 1979–1990 to examine the determinants of compliance with air pollution regulations. Several plant characteristics are significant: large plants, old plants, and pulp mills comply less frequently, as do plants with water pollution or OSHA violations, but firm characteristics generally are not significant. Enforcement activity increases compliance, but in a heterogeneous way: pulp mills are less sensitive to inspections, while plants owned by larger firms are less sensitive to inspections and more sensitive to “other” enforcement actions, consistent with the authors’ expectations and prior research results.
General Deterrence and Corporate Environmental Behavior*
Authors: THORNTON DOROTHY , GUNNINGHAM NEIL A. , KAGAN ROBERT A.
Published: March 2005

This research addresses the assumption that “general deterrence” is an important key to enhanced compliance with regulatory laws. Through a survey of 233 firms in several industries in the United States, we sought to answer the following questions: (1) When severe legal penalties are imposed against a violator of environmental laws, do other companies in the same industry actually learn about such “signal cases”? (2) Does knowing about “signal cases” change firms’ compliance‐related behavior? It was found that only 42 percent of respondents could identify the “signal case,” but 89 percent could identify some enforcement actions against other firms, and 63 percent of firms reported having taken some compliance‐related actions in response to learning about such cases. Overall, it is concluded that because most firms are in compliance already (for a variety of other reasons), this form of “explicit general deterrence” knowledge usually serves not to enhance the perceivedthreatof legal punishment, but asreassurancethat compliance is not foolish and as areminderto check on the reliability of existing compliance routines.
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Adherence with Dialysis: A Focus on Mortality Risk
Authors: Leggat John E.
Published: March 2005

Noncompliance in the dialysis patient is a frustrating issue for nephrologists and dialysis staff. Given the multidimensional nature of end‐stage renal disease therapy, there are several potential definitions of noncompliance. This review identifies some of these definitions. These range from objective, such as skipping dialysis or serum phosphate concentration, to subjective, such as staff assessment. This article then reviews mortality risk based on several of these behaviors. Some, but not all of the behaviors are associated with an increased mortality risk. One measure of noncompliance, in fact, identifies patients at decreased mortality risk. The review concludes with caveats about interpreting noncompliant behavior and with a suggestion for a change in our language regarding compliance.
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Sleepiness, Sleeplessness, and Pain in End‐Stage Renal Disease: Distressing Symptoms for Patients
Authors: Shayamsunder Archana K. , Patel Samir S. , Jain Vivek , Peterson Rolf A. , Kimmel Paul L.
Published: March 2005

Symptoms are increasingly recognized as problematic for patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with dialysis. Sleep disorders are common in ESRD patients treated with dialysis and are associated with patients’ perceptions of quality of life, assessed by diverse measures, as well as depressive affect. Sleep disorders appear to be equally prevalent in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients. Treatment for sleep disorders in dialysis patients depends on establishing the diagnosis, often in a sleep laboratory, using polysomnography. Reversing coexistent medical and psychological disorders is important. The sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) can be treated with continuous positive airway pressure in dialysis patients, but conventional hemodialytic techniques have little effect on its severity. In contrast, nocturnal HD and transplantation appear to have important beneficial effects on sleep disordered breathing in ESRD patients. Although pain has been appreciated as a problem for ESRD patients for more than 20 years, few studies exist on this subject. Pain appears to be an underappreciated problem for ESRD patients. More research must be performed on the problem of pain in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Predictors for Successful Angioplasty of Chronic Totally Occluded Coronary Arteries
Authors: DONG SHAOHONG , SMORGICK YOSI , NAHIR MENACHEM , LOTAN CHAIM , MOSSERI MORRIS , NASSAR HISHAM , GOTSMAN MERVYN S. , HASIN YONATHAN
Published: March 2005

Aims: Reevaluation of clinical and angiographic predictors for percutaneous recanalization of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) using current techniques with conventional PTCA wires and balloons.

Methods and Results: We studied 253 consecutive patients with 283 lesions who underwent attempted PTCA of CTO (mean time since occlusion 33 months, range 3–150 month). Immediate procedural success rate was 84.8% (95% CI = 80.3%–88.6%). Multiple clinical and angiographic characteristics were evaluated as possible predictors of success/failure. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that a tapered morphology (P < 0.001, OR = 6.1; 95% CI = 2.1–18.2), ≤45 degree of angulations of the target artery (P < 0.03, OR = 4.5; 95% CI = 1.2–17.2), length of occlusion <15 mm (P < 0.001, OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.6–7.0), and the presence of multiple lesions in the target artery (P < 0.03, OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.1–4.4) were statistically significant independent predictors of procedural success. According to absence or presence of the various identified determinants of outcome, predicted procedural success rates varied between 26 and 98%.

Conclusions: Although the probability of immediate procedural success with percutaneous recanalization of coronary CTO using conventional PTCA is now high, a number of characteristics of the occlusive lesion represent significant modulators of success or failure. These factors should be utilized in the process of patients or lesions selection.
Sirolimus‐Eluting Stent Implantation for Chronic Total Occlusion of the Left Main Coronary Artery
Authors: AOKI JIRO , HOYE ANGELA , STAFEROV ANTON V. , ALEKYAN BAGRAT G. , SERRUYS PATRICK W.
Published: March 2005

Chronic total occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is rare. Recently, percutaneous coronary intervention has been increasingly applied to unprotected LMCA lesions. We describe a patient with chronic total occlusion of the LMCA who was successfully treated with bifurcation stenting with sirolimus‐eluting stents. (J Interven Cardiol 2005;18:65–69)
High‐Temperature Young's Modulus of Alumina During Sintering
Authors: Latella Bruno A. , Liu Tianshun
Published: March 2005

High‐temperature Young's modulus of a partially sintered alumina ceramic has been studied dynamically during the sintering process. Comparative, room‐temperature Young's modulus data were obtained for a suite of partially sintered alumina compacts with different porosities. The dynamic Young's modulus of a 1200°C partially sintered material was observed to decrease linearly with temperature, but then above 1200°C it increased sharply as sintering and densification of the alumina became dominant. The evolution of the Young's modulus due purely to sintering exhibited an exponential relationship with porosity in excellent agreement with room‐temperature measurements of equivalent porous alumina ceramics.
Processing of Nickel–Zinc Ferrites Via the Citrate Precursor Route for High‐Frequency Applications
Authors: Verma Anjali , Dube Dinesh C.
Published: March 2005

Nickel–zinc ferrites of various compositions, Ni1−xZnxFe2O4wherex=0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 investigated in the present work, have been prepared by the citrate precursor method. The complex permittivity (∈′−j∈″) and permeability (μ′−jμ″) of the ferrites were measured at X‐band (8–12 GHz) microwave frequencies. The dielectric constants or the real part of permittivity, ∈′, are observed to lie in the range 5.46–8.95 for ferrites sintered at 1200°C, while those sintered at 1300°C exhibit relatively higher dielectric constants. The permittivity loss, tan δ∈(=∈″/∈′), is observed to be of the order of 10−2–10−3, depending upon the composition and sintering temperature of the ferrite. These losses are lower by at least one to two orders of magnitude compared with those normally reported for ferrites processed by the conventional ceramic method. The presently studied ferrites also exhibit high values of DC‐resistivity, 107–1011Ω·cm. The low dielectric losses and high resistivity can be co related to small grain size and better compositional stoichiometry obtained as a result of processing via the citrate route. Magnetic properties such as the Curie temperature, saturation magnetization, initial permeability, andB–Hhysteresis parameters of the compositions withx=0.5 and 0.6 are also given.
Phase Transformation in Nanometer‐Sized γ‐Alumina by Mechanical Milling
Authors: Wang Yiguang , Suryanarayana C , An Linan
Published: March 2005

Nanocrystalline γ‐alumina powders of 50‐nm size were milled by high‐energy ball milling. It was found that the pure γ‐alumina phase showed great stability and did not transform to any other phase even after a long milling time. On the other hand, γ‐alumina, which contained a small amount of the α‐alumina phase, showed a gradual phase transformation from γ‐ to α‐alumina on milling. The phase transformation mechanism during milling appears to be nucleation and growth type and promoted by the α‐alumina seed.
Threshold Stress for Crack‐Healing of Si3N4/SiC and Resultant Cyclic Fatigue Strength at the Healing Temperature
Authors: Takahashi Koji , Ando Kotoji , Murase Hisashi , Nakayama Shin , Saito Shinji
Published: March 2005

Si3N4/SiC composite ceramics were hot‐pressed in order to investigate the crack‐healing behavior under stress. Semi‐elliptical surface cracks of 100 μm in surface length were made on each specimen. The pre‐cracked specimens were crack‐healed under cyclic or constant bending stress, and the resultant bending strength and cyclic fatigue strength were studied. The threshold stress for crack‐healing was investigated at healing temperatures of 1000° and 1200°C. The cyclic fatigue strengths of crack‐healed specimens were also investigated at healing temperatures of 900° and 1000°C. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The threshold cyclic and constant stresses for crack‐healing, below which pre‐cracked specimens recovered their bending strength, were 300 MPa, which was 75% of the bending strength of the pre‐cracked specimens and (2) the crack‐healed specimens exhibited quite high cyclic fatigue strength at crack‐healing temperatures of 900° and 1000°C.
Ab Initio Calculations of Intrinsic Defects in Rutile TiO2
Authors: He Jun , Sinnott Susan B.
Published: March 2005

This paper presents the results of density functional theory calculations of the defect formation enthalpies of Frenkel and Schottky defects in rutile TiO2. The calculations are performed within the generalized gradient, supercell, and pseudopotential approximations and predict that Frenkel defects are more energetically favorable in TiO2 than Schottky defects. The calculations also indicate that both Frenkel and Schottky defects prefer to cluster together rather than spread out across the unit cell. Possible diffusion routes for interstitial Ti atoms are investigated and strong anisotropy in interstitial diffusion in TiO2 is supported by the results.
Numerical Modeling of Viscoelastic Stress Relaxation During Glass Lens Forming Process
Authors: Jain Anurag , Yi Allen Y.
Published: March 2005

With the recent advances in numerical simulation capabilities and computing technology, finite element method (FEM) can be applied to predict the performance of a precision aspherical lens molding process. In this paper, various stages of the lens molding process have been modeled using a commercial FEM code MSC MARC. Stress relaxation effect during the forming stage has been incorporated into the numerical model by using a generalized Maxwell model. Successful comparison of the predicted results has been made with the experimental data. The various aspects of the simulation that would enable a more realistic modeling of the process have been identified for future research.
Influence of Nature and Amount of Dispersant on Rheology of Aged Aqueous Alumina Gelcasting Slurries
Authors: Dhara Santanu , Bhargava Parag
Published: March 2005

Alumina slurries with three different levels of ammonium polyacrylate (Darvan 821 A) and dibasic ammonium citrate (DBAC) dispersants—lower than optimum, optimum, and higher than optimum—were chosen for investigation. The nature and amount of dispersants had a significant influence on viscosity and time‐dependent behavior of freshly prepared and aged slurries. All slurries were subjected to static and dynamic aging treatments. All slurries were pseudoplastic in behavior, with the non‐Newtonian index (n) being maximum for optimum amount of each of the dispersants. For freshly prepared slurries, hysteresis was the least for optimum amount and maximum for slurries with less than optimum amount of Darvan and DBAC dispersants. Slurries with below optimum amount of dispersant exhibited greatest aging. DBAC‐based slurries experienced a greater percentage increase in viscosity than Darvan‐based slurries during static aging. Biodegradability of DBAC contributed to aging of the DBAC‐based slurries. All slurries, except the one with below optimum amount of DBAC, exhibited a decrease in viscosity after 48 h of dynamic aging. Static aging influenced the thixotropic behavior of slurries while dynamic aging had a minimal effect.
Synthesis and Characterization of Submicron‐to‐Micron Scale, Monodisperse, Spherical, and Nonporous Zirconia Particles
Authors: Yan Bingwen , McNeff Clayton V. , Carr Peter W. , McCormick Alon V.
Published: March 2005

Monodisperse, spherical, and nonporous zirconia particles ranging from submicrons to microns for use as supports for capillary electrophoresis and chromatography were synthesized by the controlled hydrolysis of zirconium tetra‐alkoxides in alcohol solutions in the presence of long‐chain organic acids. Particle characteristics varied as a function of water concentration, the chain length of the organic acid, aging time, temperature, and extent of stirring. Changing these experimental parameters affected particle size, particle size distribution, and the degree of particle aggregation. Submicron particles were made by increasing the water concentration and decreasing aging time. Particle size increases as temperature during the aging period increases. Most importantly, large monodisperse particles (4 μm) could be made by extended stirring. In general, we found that particle size increases as the chain length of the organic acid increases. We also found that gentle rotation during the aging period prevented both particle settling and secondary nucleation. This allowed the production of large particles. BET nitrogen adsorption uptake measurements demonstrate that the particles could be sintered, without aggregating them, to remove virtually all internal porosity.