bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multidrug-Resistant Shigellosis among Children Aged below Five Years with Diarrhea at Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia
Authors: Ali Nor Bilan Sheikh , Menza Nelson Chengo , Musyoki Abednego Moki
Published: June 2021

Globally, shigellosis remains the second leading cause of diarrhea-associated deaths among children under five years of age, and the infections are disproportionately higher in resource-limited settings due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate safe drinking water. The emergence and global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella are exacerbating the shigellosis burden. We adopted a cross-sectional study design to determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) patterns of Shigella serogroups among children aged below five years presenting with diarrhea at Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, from August to October 2019. Stool and rectal swab samples were collected from 180 children consecutively enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and processed following standard bacteriological methods. AST was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (2018) guidelines. Shigellosis prevalence was 20.6% (37/180), and S. flexneri (26/37 (70.3%)) was the predominant serogroup. All the serogroups were 100% resistant to ampicillin (AMP), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and tetracycline (TE). Ceftriaxone (CRO) resistance was the highest among S. sonnei (66.7%) isolates. 19.2% of S. flexneri and S. sonnei (50%) serogroups were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP), but all S. dysenteriae type 1 isolates remained (100%) susceptible. Forty percent of CIP-susceptible S. dysenteriae type 1 were resistant to CRO. Seven MDR Shigella phenotypes were identified, dominated by those involving resistance to AMP, SXT, and TE (100%). Our findings showed a high prevalence of shigellosis with S. flexneri as the most predominant serogroup among children under five years of age in Banadir Hospital, Somalia. AMP and SXT are no longer appropriate treatments for shigellosis in children under five years in Banadir Hospital. MDR Shigella strains, including those resistant to CIP and CRO, have emerged in Somalia, posing a public health challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need for AMR surveillance and continuous monitoring to mitigate the further spread of the MDR Shigella strains in Banadir Hospital and beyond.
Review on the Durability of Polypropylene Fibre‐Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Liu Yanzhu , Wang Liang , Cao Ke , Sun Lei
Published: June 2021

Polypropylene fibre (PPF) is a kind of polymer material with light weight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. The crack resistance of concrete can be improved by adding PPFs. PPF can optimize the pore size distribution of concrete. As a result, the durability of concrete is significantly enhanced since PPF can block the penetration of water or harmful ions in concrete. This paper summarizes the influence of polypropylene fibre on the durability of concrete, including drying shrinkage, creep, water absorption, permeability resistance, chloride ion penetration resistance, sulfate corrosion resistance, freeze‐thaw cycle resistance, carbonation resistance, and fire resistance. The authors analysed the effects of fibre content, fibre diameter, and fibre hybrid ratio on these durability indexes. The durability property of concrete can be further improved by combining PPFs and steel fibres. The drawbacks of PPF in application in concrete are the imperfect dispersion in concrete and weak bonding with cement matrix. The methods to overcome these drawbacks are to use fibre modified with nanoactive powder or chemical treatment. At last, the authors give the future research prospects of concrete made with PPFs.
PAR2 Deficiency Induces Mitochondrial ROS Generation and Dysfunctions, Leading to the Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation
Authors: Park Yeo Jin , Lee Bonggi , Kim Dae Hyun , Kwon Eun-Bin , Go Younghoon , Ha Sugyeong , Lee Min-Kyeong , Yu Hak Sun , Chung Hae Young
Published: June 2021

Protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a member of G‐protein‐coupled receptors and affects ligand‐modulated calcium signaling. Although PAR2 signaling promotes obesity and adipose tissue inflammation in high fat‐ (HF‐) fed conditions, its role in adipocyte differentiation under nonobesogenic conditions needs to be elucidated. Here, we used several tissues and primary‐cultured adipocytes of mice lacking PAR2 to study its role in the development of adipose tissues. C57BL/6J mice with PAR2 deficiency exhibited a mild lipodystrophy‐like phenotype in a chow diet‐fed condition. When adipocyte differentiation was examined using primary‐cultured preadipocytes, PAR2 deficiency led to a notable decrease in adipocyte differentiation and related protein expression, and PAR2 agonist treatment elevated adipocyte differentiation. Regarding the mechanism, PAR2‐deficient preadipocytes exhibited impaired mitochondrial energy consumption. Further studies indicated that calcium‐related signaling pathways for mitochondrial biogenesis are disrupted in the adipose tissues of PAR2‐deficient mice and PAR2‐deficient preadipocytes. Also, a PAR2 antagonist elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and reduced the MitoTracker fluorescent signal in preadipocytes. Our studies revealed that PAR2 is important for the development of adipose tissue under basal conditions through the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and adipocyte differentiation.
Simultaneous Quantification of Pioglitazone and Omarigliptin in Rat Plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS and Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study after Coadministration of the Two Drugs
Authors: Wang Lin , Wang Jiaxi , Lin Chao , Wang Furong , Li Xiangping , Liu Wanhui
Published: June 2021

Combination therapy is a common approach for clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially for patients with poor monotherapy. Meta-analysis suggested that omarigliptin, a long-acting DPP-4 inhibitor, combined with pioglitazone might improve the side effects of pioglitazone. However, little is known about the pharmacokinetic properties after a coadministration. In this study, a rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of the pioglitazone and omarigliptin in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS was established and validated for the first time. An exsil mono C18 column (2.0 × 50 mm, 3 μm) was used to separate the analytes and the column temperature was kept at 30°C. Sitagliptin was selected as the internal standard. 0.02% formic acid aqueous solution (A) and methanol-acetonitrile (B) were used as mobile phases with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The elution procedure was as follows: 20%B (0–0.1 min), 80%B (0.1–0.3 min), 80%B (0.3–2.0 min), and 20%B (2.1–3.0 min). A multiple reaction monitor (MRM) was used under positive ionization mode with electrospray ion source to detect pioglitazone (357.1 ⟶ 134.1), omarigliptin (399.2 ⟶ 153.0), and sitagliptin (408.2 ⟶ 235.0). The linear ranges of pioglitazone and omarigliptin were 5–2000 ng/mL and 10–4000 ng/mL, respectively. Good linear relationships were exhibited in the corresponding linear ranges (r ≥ 0.9944). The bioanalytical method was validated, and the selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, stability, recovery, and matrix effect were acceptable. The validated method was then successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of pioglitazone combined with omarigliptin in rats. Results suggested that the combination of the two drugs had little effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of each other in rats.
Use Linear Weighted Genetic Algorithm to Optimize the Scheduling of Fog Computing Resources
Authors: Li Ruisheng
Published: June 2021

This paper establishes a mathematical model for the resource management and scheduling of the fog node cluster and establishes the optimization goals of delay, communication load, and service cost. According to the idea of genetic algorithm for single‐objective optimization, this paper proposes a linear weighted genetic algorithm based on linear weighting. The optimization weight is established according to the user’s preference for the target. We normalize the optimization objective function and merge it into one target, and then we proceed with genetic manipulation to get a better solution. The experimental results show that when the user specifies the preference weight, the optimal solution can be obtained by the genetic algorithm based on linear weighting, and the algorithm execution efficiency is high. With the increase of the single‐objective weight, the optimization effect of this objective is better. When the preference weight tends to be average, its overall optimization effect is not ideal. When the user does not specify the preference weight, a set of optimal solutions can be obtained through the improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm with elite strategy. Compared with the traditional algorithm, in addition to the overall optimization effect of the target being better, the algorithm itself also has higher efficiency.
A Hybridly Optimized LSTM‐Based Data Flow Prediction Model for Dependable Online Ticketing
Authors: Fan Chunmei , Zhu Jiansheng , Elahi Haroon , Yang Lipeng , Li Beibei
Published: June 2021

Fifth‐generation (5G) communication technologies and artificial intelligence enable the design and deployment of sophisticated solutions for enhanced user experience and superior network‐based service delivery. However, the performance of the systems offering 5G‐based services depends on various factors. In this paper, we consider the case of the online railway ticketing system in China that serves the needs of hundreds of millions of people daily. This system’s online access rates vary over time, and fluctuations are experienced, affecting its overall dependability and service quality. We use long short‐term memory network, particle swarm optimization, and differential evolution to construct DP‐LSTM—a hybridly optimized model to predict network flow for dependable and quality‐enhanced service delivery. We evaluate the proposed model using real data collected over six months from the “12306 online ticketing” system. We compare the performance of the proposed model with mainstream network traffic prediction models. We use mean absolute percentage error, mean absolute error, and root mean square error for performance evaluation. Experimental results show the superiority of the proposed model.
Study of Extraction Kinetics of Total Polyphenols from Curry Leaves
Authors: Patil Sunita S. , Deshannavar Umesh B. , Ramasamy M. , Emani Sampath , Khalilpoor Nima , Issakhov Alibek
Published: June 2021

Solid-liquid batch extraction of total polyphenol content from curry leaves (Murraya koenigii L.) was studied in this paper. The effect of different solvent concentrations and temperatures on total polyphenol content was investigated by performing batch experiments. The experimental studies showed that the kinetics of solid-liquid batch extraction was influenced by different solvent concentrations and temperatures. In solid-liquid batch extraction, more recovery of total polyphenols was obtained for 50% (v/v) aqueous methanol and at 333 K temperature. The total polyphenol obtained at optimum conditions was 79.34 mgGAE/L. Mathematical modelling is an important engineering tool used to study the kinetics of extraction as well as in the design of the extraction process to reduce time, energy, and chemical reagents. Peleg and Power law, the two mathematical models, were used to study the kinetics of the batch extraction process. The Peleg model showed the best fit to explain the kinetics of process with R2 > 0.99. Further conventional extraction methods are compared with the novel extraction method.
Generalized Jordan N-Derivations of Unital Algebras with Idempotents
Authors: Liang Xinfeng
Published: June 2021

Let

A

be a unital algebra with idempotent

e

over a 2-torsionfree unital commutative ring

ℛ

and

S
:
A
⟶
A

be an arbitrary generalized Jordan n-derivation associated with a Jordan n-derivation

J

. We show that, under mild conditions, every generalized Jordan n-derivation

S

:

A

⟶

A

is of the form

S

x

=
λ
x
+
J

x

in the current work. As an application, we give a description of generalized Jordan derivations for the condition

n
=
2

on classical examples of unital algebras with idempotents: triangular algebras, matrix algebras, nest algebras, and algebras of all bounded linear operators, which generalize some known results.
Clinical and Prognostic Significance of CD117 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systemic Meta-Analysis
Authors: Su Ying , Chen Ru , Han Zhongcheng , Xu Rong , Ma Lili , Wufuli Reyina , Liu Hongbo , Wang Fang , Ma Lei , Chen Rui , Liu Jiang
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117) expression with the clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). No meta-analysis concerning the correlation of CD117 expression with clinical and prognostic values of the patients with NSCLC is reported. A systematic literature search was conducted to achieve eligible studies. The combined odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs: multivariate Cox analysis) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in this analysis. Final 17 eligible studies with 4,893 NSCLC patients using immunohistochemical detection were included in this meta-analysis. CD117 expression was not correlated with gender (male vs. female), clinical stage (stages 3–4 vs. stages 1–2), tumor grade (grade 3 vs. grades 1–2), T-stage (T-stages 3–4 vs. T-stages 0–2), distal metastasis, and disease-free survival (DFS) of NSCLC (all p values >0.05). CD117 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (positive vs. negative: OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56–0.97, p = 0.03), histological type (adenocarcinoma (AC) versus squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.26–2.39, p = 0.001), and a worse overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.22–2.92, p = 0.004). The expression of CD117 was significantly higher in AC than in SCC. CD117 may be an independent prognostic indicator for worse OS in NSCLC.
Optic Perineuritis Associated with Nivolumab Treatment for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Takada Kenji , Fujiwara Keiichi , Ando Eri , Onishi Kiriko , Kuribayashi Tadahiro , Mitsumune Sho , Takigawa Yuki , Matsuura Hiroaki , Watanabe Hiromi , Kudo Kenichiro , Sato Akiko , Sato Ken , Shibayama Takuo
Published: June 2021

We report the case of a 54-year-old man who was treated with nivolumab for recurrent squamous cell lung cancer. After 7 cycles of nivolumab treatment, the patient presented to our hospital with right eye vision loss. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed enhancement around the optic nerve sheath. This finding and his symptoms led to the diagnosis of optic perineuritis (OPN). Steroid pulse therapy was administered twice although there was no remarkable improvement in his visual field defect. The relationship between OPN and nivolumab is unclear. However, immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors should be considered.
Assessment of Intelligibility in Children with Velopharyngeal Insufficiency: The Relationship between Intelligibility in Context Scale and Experimental Measures
Authors: Hashemi Hosseinabad Hedieh , Washington Karla N. , Boyce Suzanne E. , Silbert Noah , Kummer Ann W.
Published: June 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical application of the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS) instrument in children with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). This study investigated the relationship between clinical speech outcomes and parental reports of speech intelligibility across various communicative partners. Methods: The ICS was completed by the parents of 20 English-speaking children aged 4–12 years diagnosed with VPI. The parents were asked to rate their children’s speech intelligibility across communication partners using a 5-point scale. Clinical metrics obtained using standard clinical transcription on the Picture-Cued SNAP-R Test were: (1) percentage of consonants correct (PCC), (2) percentage of vowels correct (PVC), and (3) percentage of phonemes correct (PPC). Nasalance from nasometer data was included as an indirect measure of nasality. Intelligibility scores obtained from naive listener’s transcriptions and speech-language pathologists’ (SLP) ratings were compared with the ICS results. Result: Greater PCC, PPC, PVC, and transcription-based intelligibility values were significantly associated with higher ICS values, respectively (r[20] = 0.84, 0.82, 0.51, and 0.70, respectively; p < 0.05 in all cases). There was a negative and significant correlation between ICS mean scores and SLP ratings of intelligibility (r = –0.74; p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between ICS values and nasalance scores (r[20] = –0.28; p = 0.22). Conclusion: The high correlations obtained between the ICS with PCC and PPC measures indicate that articulation accuracy has had a great impact on parents’ decision-making regarding intelligibility in this population. Significant agreement among ICS scores with naive listener transcriptions and clinical ratings supports use of the ICS in practice.
Logic and the Movement of Reasoning: Pierre Gassendi on the Three Acts of the Mind
Authors: Corneanu Sorana
Published: June 2021

The aim of this paper is to assess the central role the imagination acquires in Pierre Gassendi’s logic. I trace the structuring scheme of the three acts of the mind—common to a good number of late scholastic and early modern logics—to the Thomistic notion of the movement of reasoning in knowledge and argue that Gassendi revisits this notion in his logic. The three acts scheme is from the beginning a bridge between logic and the natural philosophical treatment of the soul. I show how Gassendi’s take on the three acts is similarly poised between his Logic and his Physics and I discuss the rationale, sources and consequences of his attribution of the three acts to the imagination. I argue for the following points: Gassendi’s conception of the logical role of the imagination answers to his empiricist epistemology, his naturalized view of the mind (which involves a defense of thinking in animals) and his notion of a natural logic; it is also operative in his pairing of the formal mechanism of logical operations with a progressive mechanism of the operations of the mind; and it serves as a counterpart to his experimental understanding of the progress of knowledge.1
Psychiatry in primary care and training: a Singapore perspective
Authors: Peh ALH , Tan GCS , Soon WSW , Cheah BSM , Ng JWL
Published: June 2021

Proactive steps have been taken by the public healthcare sector in Singapore to bring about awareness of mental health in terms of mental health promotion, early recognition and seeking help, with an increasing focus on making mental healthcare accessible and delivering it within the community setting where possible. Examples are the Mental Health General Practitioner Partnership Programme, National Mental Health Blueprint and Community Mental Health Masterplan. The current challenge is to train and involve more primary care doctors in the care of persons with mental health conditions. This paper describes the goals of psychiatric training in primary care and the avenues for training that are available to family medicine residents and family physicians.
Chronobiology and the case for sleep health interventions in the community
Authors: Ong HS , Lim CS , Png ALC , Kong JW , Peh ALH
Published: June 2021

Our sleep-wake cycle is determined by the interaction between our homeostatic sleep drive and circadian rhythm. Each of us has a personalised biological rhythm or chronotype that determines the optimal time to fall asleep and wake up. Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to the development of several physical and mental health disorders, as well as accidents and occupational errors. Around the world, growing recognition of the importance of sleep has led to the adoption of practices that promote sleep health. Given that Singaporeans were consistently found to be one of the most sleep-deprived populations in the world, we believe that there is an urgent need to pursue the introduction of community-based sleep health interventions here. This includes sleep education and promotion of sleep hygiene, adopting practices to reduce social jetlag and improve sleep health, and enhancing screening and treatment of sleep disorders.
The Ontogeny of Kinship Categorization
Authors: Mitchell Alice , Jordan Fiona M.
Published: June 2021

Human kinship systems play a central role in social organization, as anthropologists have long demonstrated. Much less is known about how cultural schemas of relatedness are transmitted across generations. How do children learn kinship concepts? To what extent is learning affected by known cross-cultural variation in how humans classify kin? This review draws on research in developmental psychology, linguistics, and anthropology to present our current understanding of the social and cognitive foundations of kinship categorization. Amid growing interest in kinship in the cognitive sciences, the paper aims to stimulate new research on the ontogeny of kinship categorization, a rich domain for studying the nexus of language, culture, and cognition. We introduce an interdisciplinary research toolkit to help streamline future research in this area.
Secular Values, Economic Development, and Gender Inequality in a Global Context
Authors: Hekmatpour Peyman
Published: June 2021

This article investigates how cultural and material factors can explain disparities observed in different forms of gender inequality between and within nations. Using data from multiple sources, the author constructs a panel dataset that includes 150 country-year observations nested in 70 countries, covering 23 years from 1991 to 2013. Through estimating hybrid panel models, this article discovers that more secular countries have lower maternal mortality ratios, higher female labor force participation rates, greater shares of parliamentary seats held by women, higher rates of women with completed secondary education, and smaller shares of the total population who adhere to inequitable gender attitudes. Moreover, from a longitudinal perspective, secularization is the only predictor of declined maternal mortality ratios and increased female parliamentary representation within a country. Interactive models suggest that further secularization within high-income nations can increase maternal mortality ratios. Furthermore, secularization’s equalizing effect on parliamentary representation moderates as countries become more affluent.
Legislating without Evidence: The Recast of the EU Return Directive
Authors: Majcher Izabella , Strik Tineke
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the recast of the EU Return Directive (2008/115/EC) from the perspective of effectiveness and fundamental rights protection, as two underlying objectives of the Directive. Relying on the implementation assessment of the Directive carried out by the European Parliamentary Research Service, the article analyses the way in which Member States have implemented the Directive and how this has impacted the effectiveness of the Directive. If adopted as proposed, will the recast strengthen or further undermine the effectiveness? The assessment focuses on return decision, voluntary departure, entry ban, and detention. It also looks at omissions in the recast proposal, namely a missed opportunity to remedy the current shortcomings as regards non-returnable people. As the article concludes, the recast proposal will hardly improve the effectiveness of return and may lead to violations of fundamental rights of people in an irregular situation.
Down the Drain with General Principles of EU Law? The EU-Turkey Deal and ‘Pseudo-Authorship’
Authors: Hillary Lynn
Published: June 2021

This article aims to provide guidelines to the courts of the Member States and the CJEU concerning the authorship of external migration management deals, and the judicial review of such deals based on the general principles of EU law.

The selected example of external migration management is the EU-Turkey Deal, which is identified in this article as an example of ‘pseudo-authorship’: the EU is the de facto author of the deal, but the Member States (as pseudo-authors) are regarded by the General Court as the actual authors. The article shows that the pseudo-authorship approach may lead to the circumvention of general principles of EU law.

To avoid further erosion of these principles in the wake of any future deals on migration management, a definite need for a serious investigation of authorship exists. This article recommends assessing authorship with the three scenarios in mind that are identified in this article: the EU as only author; the EU as de facto author and the Member States as pseudo-authors; or the Member States as only authors. All three scenarios, it is argued here, induce judicial review based on the general principles of EU law.
Testing Turkey’s State Capacity: The Syrian Migration Crisis as Catalyst
Authors: Ulusoy Kivanç
Published: June 2021

The exodus of around 5 million people from Syria has evolved into a transnational ‘social question’, requiring a transnational response. The latest Syrian assault on Idlib in February 2020, creating one of the worst humanitarian crises of this brutal civil war, brought this to the world’s attention again. Highlighting the scale of this ‘social question’ on the eve of a Covid-19 pandemic, it shows that displaced Syrians of Idlib had been trapped between the advancing Syrian regime and Russian troops. In response, Turkey, already hosting almost 3.5 million Syrians and closing its border in 2015 to prevent a further influx, let refugees – Syrians and migrants from other countries – head for the EU. Aiming to cajole the EU into heeding its demands, Turkey linked this to its Syria cause. Once again, the latest crisis showed that Turkey had reached the limit of its capacity to absorb more Syrians. This paper deals with Turkey’s response and alternatives for the most relevant stakeholder, the EU.
A “New Lens” on African Military Tradition
Authors: Page Melvin E.
Published: June 2021

Asking the question, “Is there a common African military tradition?” leads to consideration of the all too readily accepted tripartite periodization of African history as precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial. Does such a model sufficiently encompass African agency and actions? Or instead—being keyed to the colonial moment in the African past—might it privilege institutions of a decidedly European character? As an alternative, this essay suggests examining Africa’s military tradition around four alternatively defined analytical touchstones, each built upon exemplars of indigenous African activity. It argues that using such a “new lens” offers an opportunity to consider if there are not a variety of African military traditions, rather than an over-generalized system of supposed military values historically common to all African soldiers.
Begonia of Vietnam: an updated checklist, including a new species and a new record

Authors: PHAM VAN THE , DINH QUANG DIEP , NGUYEN VAN CANH , TRINH NGOC BON , NGUYEN DUC DINH , NGUYEN THE HIEN , LIN CHE WEI
Published: June 2021

Vietnam is an important hotspot for Begonia in Southeast Asia. Due to its broad latitudinal range and varied terrain, it has developed a rich biodiversity of flora, of which the genus of Begonia is one of the most striking taxa. In this study, we provide a checklist of Begonia found in Vietnam, including a new species: B. jubar V.T.Pham & C.W.Lin, which is described and illustrated. In addition, Begonia modestiflora Kurz is recorded for the first time in Vietnam.
Synthesis of Vortex Rossby Waves. Part III: Rossby Waveguides, Vortex Motion, and the Analogy with Midlatitude Cyclones
Authors: Gonzalez III Israel , Willoughby H. E.
Published: June 2021

Vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) affect tropical cyclones’ (TCs’) motion, structure, and intensity. They propagate within annular waveguides defined by a passband between Ω1D, the Doppler-shifted frequency of a one-dimensional VRW, and zero. Wavenumber-1 VRWs cause TC motion directly and have wider waveguides than wavenumbers ≥ 2. VRWs forced with fixed rotation frequency propagate away from the forcing. Initially outward-propagating waves are Doppler shifted to zero at a critical radius, where they are absorbed. Initially inward-propagating waves are Doppler shifted to Ω1D, reflect from a turning point, propagate outward, and are ultimately absorbed at the critical radius. Between the forcing and the turning radii, the VRWs have standing-wave structure; outward from the forcing they are trailing spirals. They carry angular momentum fluxes that act to accelerate the mean flow at the forcing radius and decelerate it at the critical radius. Mean-flow vorticity monopoles are inconsistent with Stokes’s theorem on a spherical Earth, because a contour enclosing the monopole’s antipode would have nonzero circulation but would enclose zero vorticity. The Rossby waveguide paradigm also fits synoptic-scale Rossby waves in a meridionally sheared zonal flow. These waves propagate within a waveguide confined between a poleward turning latitude and an equatorward critical latitude. Forced waves are comma-shaped gyres that resemble observed frontal cyclones, with trailing filaments equatorward of the forcing latitude and standing waves poleward. Even neutral forced Rossby waves converge westerly momentum at the latitude of forcing.
Low-level Updraft Intensification in Response to Environmental Wind Profiles
Authors: Goldacker Nicholas A. , Parker Matthew D.
Published: June 2021

Supercell storms can develop a “dynamical response” whereby upward accelerations in the lower troposphere amplify as a result of rotationally induced pressure falls aloft. These upward accelerations likely modulate a supercell’s ability to stretch near-surface vertical vorticity to achieve tornadogenesis. This study quantifies such a dynamical response as a function of environmental wind profiles commonly found near supercells. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) were used to identify recurring low-level wind profile patterns from 20,194 model-analyzed, near-supercell soundings. The SOM nodes with larger 0–500 m storm-relative helicity (SRH) and streamwise vorticity (ωs) corresponded to higher observed tornado probabilities. The distilled wind profiles from the SOMs were used to initialize idealized numerical simulations of updrafts. In environments with large 0–500 m SRH and largeωs, a rotationally induced pressure deficit, increased dynamic lifting, and a strengthened updraft resulted. The resulting upward-directed accelerations were an order of magnitude stronger than typical buoyant accelerations. At 500 m AGL, this dynamical response increased the vertical velocity by up to 25 m s–1, vertical vorticity by up to 0.2 s–1, and pressure deficit by up to 5 hPa. This response specifically augments the near-ground updraft (the midlevel updraft properties are almost identical across the simulations). However, dynamical responses only occurred in environments where 0–500 m SRH andωsexceeded 110 m2s–2and 0.015 s–1, respectively. The presence vs. absence of this dynamical response may explain why environments with higher 0–500 m SRH andωscorrespond to greater tornado probabilities.
On the connection between intermittency and dissipation in ocean turbulence: a multifractal approach
Authors: Isern-Fontanet Jordi , Turiel Antonio
Published: June 2021

The multifractal theory of turbulence is used to investigate the energy cascade in the Northwestern Atlantic ocean. The statistics of singularity exponents of horizontal velocity gradients computed from in situ measurements at 2 km resolution are used to characterize the anomalous scaling of the velocity structure functions at depths between 50 ad 500 m. Here, we show that the degree of anomalous scaling can be quantified using singularity exponents. Observations reveal, on one side, that the anomalous scaling has a linear dependence on the exponent characterizing the strongest velocity gradient and, on the other side, that the slope of this linear dependence decreases with depth. Since the observed distribution of exponents is asymmetric about the mode at all depths, we use an infinitely divisible asymmetric model of the energy cascade, the log-Poisson model, to derive the functional dependence of the anomalous scaling with the exponent of the strongest velocity gradient, as well as the dependence with dissipation. Using this model we can interpret the vertical change of the linear slope between the anomalous scaling and the exponents of the strongest velocity gradients as a change in the energy cascade. This interpretation assumes the validity of the multifractal theory of turbulence, which has been assessed in previous studies.
Pre-Arrest Perceptions of George Zimmerman’s Guilt in the Fatal Trayvon Martin Shooting: Examining Racial Differences in the Presumption of Guilt
Authors: Cooper Maisha N. , Updegrove Alexander H. , Gabbidon Shaun L. , Jordan Kareem
Published: June 2021

The racial gradient hypothesis of comparative conflict theory predicts Black people perceive the greatest social injustices, followed by Latinx and white people, respectively. This study used nationally representative data collected prior to George Zimmerman’s arrest to examine whether racial groups (Black, Latinx, white) differed in their perceptions that Zimmerman was guilty of a crime against Trayvon Martin. Logistic regression results revealed Black participants were 98% more likely than white participants to perceive Zimmerman as guilty. Latinx perceptions of Zimmerman’s guilt did not significantly differ from those of Black or white participants. Findings suggest some Latinx individuals may not fully appreciate how the same U.S. racial hierarchy that harms Latinx communities also works to produce anti-Black violence.
The canonization of Piccarda Donati
Authors: Ingallinella Laura
Published: June 2021

Starting from the early 14th century, Piccarda Donati and the story of her abduction from the Clarissan convent of Monticelli were subjected to a creative process of reconfiguration and retelling that “made” Piccarda into a virgin martyr and a champion of the Clarissan order. By reading early modern Clarissan and Franciscan historiography against the grain of Paradiso 3–4 and the information preserved in early commentaries of the Commedia, I demonstrate that this process was likely initiated and favored by the Poor Clares of Monticelli, who appropriated and subverted the devotional potential offered by Piccarda’s story as told by Dante in Paradiso 3 and incorporated Piccarda within the canon of the early saints of female Franciscanism.
Experimental research on hybrid anchorages of prestressed composite strips for structural strengthening
Authors: Piątek Bartosz , Siwowski Tomasz , Michałowski Jerzy , Błażewicz Stanisław
Published: June 2021

The prestressed unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips are currently often used for flexural strengthening of concrete structures. To ensure reliable strengthening, strips have to be anchored at their ends to the surface. However, anchoring of unidirectional CFRP strips is difficult because of their weak transversal mechanical properties. Although several CFRP strip anchorage approaches have been developed to date, only very few were applied on-site. The paper presents the development of hybrid bonded/bolted anchorages of CFRP strips used in a novel prestressing system. The anchorages are made of thin steel plates, clamped with the high-strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts and epoxy adhesive, to fix the CFRP strips. The paper describes the results of full-scale tests carried out on a series of axial tensile specimens. The developed anchorage has an ultimate tensile strength of about 200 kN, i.e. 70% of the ultra-high CFRP strips’ strength, which is sufficient for strengthening purposes. After a series of tests in the laboratory, the anchorages have been implemented on-site and an example is presented in the paper.
Children With Chinese Dyslexia Acquiring English Literacy: Interaction Between Cognitive Subtypes of Dyslexia and Orthographies
Authors: Huo Shuting , Wu Ka Chun , Mo Jianhong , Wang Jie , Maurer Urs
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the impact of Chinese dyslexia subtypes on English literacy skills (i.e., reading fluency and dictation) in Hong Kong children. Eighty-four Cantonese-speaking children officially diagnosed with dyslexia ( Mage = 103 months) and 48 age-matched typically developing (TD) children were tested. Cluster analysis with performances on Chinese syllable awareness (CSA), Chinese phonemic awareness (CPA), Chinese phonological memory (CPM), Chinese orthographic awareness (COA), and matrix reasoning (MR) yielded three cognitive subtypes: the phonological deficit (PD) subtype, the orthographic deficit (OD) subtype, and the global deficit (GD) subtype. After controlling for English language experience, age, and gender, all three dyslexia subtype groups performed significantly worse in English word reading fluency and dictation than the TD children. In addition, the PD group performed worse in English PA; the OD group performed worse in English OA; and the GD group performed worse in all English skills except English PM. We compared the level of impairment in literacy between languages and dyslexia subtypes. In word reading fluency, all subtype groups experienced less impairment in English than Chinese, while the OD group showed the largest English advantage. In dictation, only the OD group showed a significant language effect favoring English. The findings suggest that different subtypes of Chinese dyslexia bear different risks for difficulties in English literacy.
Reporting missing children to the police: A qualitative exploration of the factors associated with contacting or not contacting the police
Authors: Hunt Daniel , Ioannou Maria , Synnott John
Published: June 2021

Releasing missing person appeals is common practice when someone goes missing. Despite the wide-scale usage, the understanding on appeal effectiveness remains under-researched. This article aims to identify the factors that influence the likelihood of members of the public to report a child that has gone missing to the police and requires police assistance. Participant responses ( n = 252) were qualitatively analysed identifying four factors that positively influenced the likelihood of contacting the police, and two factors that negatively influenced the likelihood of not contacting the police to report the child. Practical implications are also discussed.
Apocalypticism as Radical Realism? On the Dangers and Benefits of Wishful Thinking in Prefigurative Politics
Authors: Cross Ben
Published: June 2021

In this article, I aim to bring apocalypticism and radical realism into conversation, with a view to their mutual interest in prefigurative politics. On one hand, radical realists may worry that an apocalyptic approach to prefigurative politics may be marred by wishful thinking. On the other hand, radical realists can (and sometimes do) acknowledge that wishful thinking is sometimes desirable. I argue that an apocalyptic approach to prefigurative politics suggests one way of guarding against the dangers of wishful thinking, while allowing space for its potential benefits; prefigurativists have reason to pay at least some attention to what Bernard Williams calls ‘The First Political Question’. I will argue for this claim with reference to the case of Omar Aziz, a Syrian activist who played a pivotal role in the construction of local councils in the aftermath of the 2011 protests.
The effect of silica modified by deep eutectic solvents on the properties of nature rubber/silica composites
Authors: Yang Hao , Yang Liu , Guo Huaiqing , Hu Wenbo , Du Aihua
Published: June 2021

The effect of deep eutectic solvent (DES) modified silica on the properties of nature rubber (NR) composites were investigated. The DES is an environment-friendly and low-cost solvent, which was prepared by mixing choline chloride and urea in a 1:2 molar ratio. The NR composites filled with DES modified silica were prepared and the properties were tested. The interaction between the DES and silica were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the interaction between silica and silica were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dynamic properties, such as rolling resistance and wet skid resistance, and were tested by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Morphologies of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the DES can interact with silica by hydrogen bond to improve the compatibility between the rubber and silica. When the content of DES was 3 phr, the tensile strength, modulus at 300%, tear strength, and the crosslinking density of the composites was increased. At the same time, the proper content of DES can reduce the rolling resistance of the vulcanized rubber while maintaining good wet skid resistance.
War and Commitment to Military Service: Deployment and Combat Experiences Associated With Retention Among Army National Guard Soldiers
Authors: Griffith James
Published: June 2021

The present study examined career intentions in two samples—home-based or garrison ( N = 12,583 soldiers in 180 companies) and deployed and recently returned soldiers ( N = 4,551 in 50 companies). Proportionally, fewer deployed soldiers than home-based garrison soldiers intended to stay in reserve military service. Among deployed soldiers, those who reported having experienced combat trauma, having had wounded or killed someone, and having had a friend killed in combat were less likely to plan to continue military service; reservists more likely to continue military service had returned to the same civilian job after deployment. Among deployed and garrison soldiers, fewer financial difficulties were associated with higher likelihood of continuing reserve military service. Examples from the social constructionist perspective of reserve military service are used to elaborate on mechanisms in these associations.
Thiamine levels in Indonesian children with congenital heart diseases undergoing surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass machine
Authors: Marwali Eva M , Caesa Putri , Purnama Yoel , Rayhan Muhammad , Budiwardhana Novik , Fitria Liza , Fakhri Dicky , Portman Michael A
Published: June 2021

Background

This study evaluated thiamine levels in Indonesian children with congenital heart diseases before and after cardiopulmonary bypass and their relationship with clinical and surgical outcomes.

Method

A prospective, single center cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate thiamine levels in 25 children undergoing congenital heart diseases surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass procedure. Thiamine levels were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography method.

Result

Preoperative thiamine deficiency was observed in one subject. Thiamine levels did not differ statistically between nutritional status and clinical outcomes categories. There were no significant changes in thiamine levels before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (median pre versus post (P25–75): 50 ng/mL (59.00–116.00) and 83.00 ng/mL (70.00–101.00), p = 0.84), although a significant reduction in thiamine levels were observed with longer cardiopulmonary bypass duration ( p = 0.017, R = −0.472).

Conclusion

Thiamine levels were not significantly impacted by cardiac surgery except in patients undergoing extremely long cardiopulmonary bypass duration. However, clinical outcome was not affected by thiamine levels.
Where Do We Go After Surviving the Virus? Cross-Country Documentary Analysis of the Social Consequences Faced by COVID-19 Survivors
Authors: Owusu Alfred F. S. , Abdullah Alhassan , Pinto Godfred H. , Bentum Hajara , Moo Janet Tein Ni , Ayim Mary , Mbamba Crispin R. , Cudjoe Ebenezer
Published: June 2021

In this study, we attempted to move beyond the skewed discussions on stigma to unravel other social consequences that are experienced by persons who have recovered from COVID-19. We conducted a documentary review of published news reports from 14 highly ranked news portals in Ghana and Malaysia (published between 1st January 2020 and 30th August 2020) that contained personal accounts from the recovered patients about their lived experiences with the virus and social consequences encountered after recovery. Narratives from the recovered patients were extracted and analyzed following the narrative thematic analysis procedure. Common themes identified from the narratives included: 1) Stigma impacting mental health, 2) Assault and abuse 3) Experiences of treatment. The findings show the need for interprofessional collaboration between social and health care professionals such as social workers, community health workers, medical practitioners and psychologists to prevent and address issues of abuse and other social consequences experienced by COVID-19 survivors.
Teachers Unions and Dual Enrollment Policy in Collective Bargaining Agreements
Authors: Hornbeck Dustin D.
Published: June 2021

This study explores how teachers’ unions are responding to the growing policy of dual enrollment (DE). I reviewed all available collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) of public schools in Ohio, using qualitative content analysis to look for ways that CBAs are addressing DE policy. Analysis revealed four themes. The first theme suggests that teachers’ unions are incrementally bargaining provisions addressing DE into their CBAs. Of the 586 CBAs analyzed, 160 included provisions regarding DE. The three remaining themes centered around working conditions for teachers, including provisions related to monetary compensation, existential protection of bargaining unit members, and the protection of teacher time. Additionally, district typography was explored, revealing that wealthier/smaller school districts have bargained more teacher protections for DE than larger districts with less wealth. This study provides information about what might be of interest to teachers and policymakers when reforming DE policy.
Half a Century of NVSQ: Thematic Stability Across Years and Editors
Authors: Kang Chul Hee , Baek Young Min , Kim Erin Hea-Jin
Published: June 2021

The aim of this article is to understand how the scholarship of the nonprofit sector shifted after almost half a century (1972–2019) of publication in the field’s premier journal, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. Unlike previous attempts to understand the field’s scholarly evolution, we did not rely on expert opinion and analysis of themes but applied an automated content analytic method, more specifically structural topic modeling (STM). Using this method, we identified 37 key thematic topics that most optimally represent the 1,516 articles that were published in the studied period. After reporting these 37 thematic topics, we analyzed fluctuations based on three key periods of the journal and the editors’ disciplinary fields. While overall there was a trend of continuity (29 out of 37 topics) and little if any impact of the editors’ disciplines, a few thematic topics showed decline and fewer showed increase over time.