bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kierunki doskonalenia socjalistycznego porządku prawnego
Authors: Rybicki Marian
Published: April 2023

W uchwale VI Zjazdu PZPR stwierdzono, że „prawo musi by jasne i zrozumiałe dla wszystkich, wewnętrznie spójne i jednolite, pozbawione luk ale i wolne od nadmiernej szczegółowości. W tych dziedzinach prawa, które regulują stosunki między urzędem a obywatelem, należy z całą konsekwencją realizować zasadę zapytania dla obywatela”. W związku z powyższym powstaje problem w jaki sposób wprowadzić nakreślony postulat pod adresem naszego systemu prawnego? Autor analizuje m. in. Znaczenie konstytucji jako aktu prawnego najwyższej rangi, dającego podstawę i punkt wyjścia dla wszystkich innych regulacji prawnych w państwie. Kolejną zasadniczą kwestią poruszoną w artykule jest zapewnienie spójności i jednolitości systemu prawnego. Ponadto Autor porusza kwestie spraw instytucjonalnych gwarancji przestrzegania prawa a w szczególności kontroli zgodności z prawem decyzji organów administracji. Od jej prawidłowego uregulowania zależy w głównej mierze klimat polityczny w relacjach: władza – obywatel.
The resolution of the Sixth Congress of the PZPR (Polish United Worker’s Party) stated that “the law must be clear and comprehensible to all, internally consistent and uniform, without gaps but also free from excessive detail. In those areas of law, which regulate the relationship between the official and the citizens, the principle of enquiry for the citizen must be pursued with consistency." Does this raise the problem of how to introduce the outlined demand into our legal system? The author analyses, among other things the importance of the constitution as the highest-ranking piece of legislation, providing the basis and starting point for all other legal regulations in the state. Another fundamental issue addressed in the article is to ensure the coherence and uniformity of the legal system. Moreover, the author addresses issues of institutional guarantees of compliance with the law and, in particular, the control of the legality of decisions of administrative bodies. The political climate in the power-citizen relationship depends crucially on its proper regulation.
Umowy o dokonanie projektu wynalazczego
Authors: Staszków Michał
Published: April 2023

W okresie rewolucji naukowo-technicznej na całym świecie zwiększa się zainteresowanie problematyką tworzenia i wdrażania do produkcji nowych rozwiązań technicznych. W krajach kapitalistycznych proces ten prowadzi nie tylko do zwiększania nakładów na prace badawcze i rozwojowe, ale także do powstania nowego zjawiska, jakim jest szpiegostwo przemysłowe. W krajach socjalistycznych rozwój nauki i techniki jest rezultatem zorganizowanej działalności państwa. Tematem pracy są: umowy o prace badawcze i umowy o dokonanie projektu wynalazczego, umowy o prace nad wynalazkami i umowy o dokonanie projektu wynalazczego, dokonanie wynalazku. Przedstawione są umowy o dokonanie projektu wynalazczego zawierane z brygadami realizatorskimi, umowy z poszczególnymi osobami o wykonanie prac z zakresu wynalazczości. Prawa i obowiązki stron zawierających umowę o dokonanie projektu oraz odstąpienie od niej. Polskie prawo wynalazcze przewiduje możliwości zawierania umów o dokonanie projektu wynalazczego i w sposób mniej lub bardziej udany normuje zagadnienia, jakie w związku z tym powstają.
 
With the scientific and technological revolution, there is a growing worldwide interest in creating new technical solutions and implementing them in production. In capitalist countries, this process leads not only to increased investment in research and development, but also to the emergence of a new phenomenon, industrial espionage. In socialist countries, the development of science and technology is the result of organised state activity. Research and invention design contracts, contracts for work on invention design and for making an invention design, and contracts for making inventions are covered. Invention design contracts with implementation teams, and contracts with individuals for invention work are presented. The rights and obligations of the parties entering into a project contract and withdrawing from it are also discussed. Polish invention law provides for the possibility of contracting for an invention design and more or less successfully governs the issues that arise in this respect.
Uprawnienia kolektywne w prawie pracy
Authors: Kawecka-Sobczak Maria
Published: April 2023

W prawie pracy część autorów przyjęła podział uprawnień na: „uprawnienia indywidualne” oraz na „uprawnienia kolektywne” zwane także „uprawnieniami zbiorowymi”. Uprawnieniami kolektywnymi są np.: prawo do udziału w zarządzaniu zakładem pracy, prawo do świadczeń socjalnych. Zdaniem autorki uprawnieniami kolektywnymi są uprawnienia, które przysługują załodze zakładu pracy jako podmiotowi prawa, nie zaś poszczególnym pracownikom, a realizacja tych uprawnień zabezpieczona jest określonymi gwarancjami prawnymi. Opracowanie w dalszej części przedstawia charakter prawny załogi i rodzaje uprawnień kolektywnych oraz ich zabezpieczenie prawne. Należy podkreślić, że uprawnienia kolektywne posiadają postać szczególną. Charakteryzują się przede wszystkim innym, nowym w stosunku do uprawnień indywidualnych podmiotem uprawnienia. Różny jest także zakres przedmiotowy tych uprawnień, inne formy realizacji oraz inny katalog środków prawnej ochrony.
 
In labour law, some authors have adopted the division of entitlements into: “individual entitlements" and into "collective entitlements" also known as "group entitlements". Collective entitlements are, for example: the right to participate in the management of the workplace, and the right to social benefits. In the author's view, collective entitlements are entitlements that are granted to the workforce of the workplace as a subject of law, rather than to individual employees, and the exercise of these entitlements is secured by certain legal guarantees. The study goes on to outline the legal nature of the crew and the types of collective entitlements and their legal protections. It should be emphasised that collective entitlements have a specific form. They are mainly characterised by a different subject of entitlement, which is new concerning individual entitlements. The material scope of these entitlements, the different forms of exercise and the different catalogues of remedies for protection are also different.
Wstępna analiza stanu organizacyjnego współpracy gospodarczej w zakresie systemu RWPG
Authors: Lachs-Knothe Małgorzata , Morawiecki Wojciech
Published: April 2023

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono problemy funkcjonowania organizacji systemu Rady Wzajemnej Pomocy Gospodarczej. Przeprowadzano analizę tej organizacji na podstawie różnorodnych kryteriów. Autorzy artykułu uporządkowali ogólne pojęcia dotyczące międzynarodowych organizacji takich jak RWPG. Przedstawiają główne ramy organizacyjne, jakie dla podstawowej współpracy państw socjalistycznych stwarza RWPG. Ponadto autorzy przedstawiają ekspansję systemu organizacyjnego RPWG, charakter aktu założycielskiego, przedmiot działalności, funkcje na końcu wysnuwając ogólne wnioski. Wszystko jest uzupełnione tablicami i aneksami, które mają służyć lepszej orientacji w tej dziedzinie.
 
This paper presents the problems of the organisation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance system. An analysis of this organisation was carried out on the basis of various criteria. The authors of the article have sorted out the general concepts of international organisations such as the COMECON. They outline the main organisational framework provided by the COMECON for basic cooperation among socialist countries. In addition, the authors present the expansion of the COMECON organisational system, the nature of the founding act, the object of the activity, the functions, drawing general conclusions at the end. Everything is supplemented with tables and annexes to provide a better orientation in this area.
Umowa komisu i umowa agencyjna w stosunkach związanych z handlem zagranicznym
Authors: Sokołowski Jan
Published: April 2023

Umowy komisu i agencyjne są regularnie stosowane w handlu międzynarodowym. Autor artykułu skupia się na przedstawieniu stosunków prawnych z umów komisu i umów agencyjnych przedsiębiorstw handlu zagranicznego z jednostkami gospodarki uspołecznionej. Ponadto opisano działalność na rachunek cudzy przedsiębiorstw uspołecznionych w towarowym obrocie uspołecznionym, przyczyny wyłącznego działania p.h.z. na rachunek własny w stosunkach związanych z handlem zagranicznym, przedstawiono także regulacje prawne dot. państwowego monopolu na handel zagranicznych, omówiono zmiany w systemie zarządzania i systemie prawnym w latach 1970-1971 jak i szczegółowo opisano przepisy regulujące stosunki z umów komisu i agencyjnej.
Tworzenie osób prawnych z udziałem inwestorów zagranicznych (na tle ustawodawstw państw socjalistycznych)
Authors: Burzyński Andrzej
Published: April 2023

Tworzenie wspólnych jednostek gospodarczych stwarza sprzyjające warunki do koncentracji środków finansowych, doświadczenia organizacyjnego i osiągnięć myśli technicznej producentów z różnych państwa. Pociąga za sobą potrzebę rozbudowania a niekiedy opracowania na nowo, kompleksu przepisów o charakterze publiczno-prawnym ustalających warunki podejmowania i prowadzenia przez cudzoziemców działalności gospodarczej na terytorium państw socjalistycznych. Autor przedstawia regulacje prawne działalności gospodarczej z udziałem inwestorów zagranicznych w Jugosławii, Węgrzech i Rumunii. Następnie, autor artykułu prezentuje podejmowanie wspólnej działalności gospodarczej w przypadku braku szczególnej regulacji prawnej w państwach takich jak Bułgaria, NRD i ZSRR. Przedstawia także stan ustawodawstwa w Polsce.
Rozwój międzynarodowego systemu ochrony znaków towarowych i usługowych
Authors: Opalski Tomasz
Published: April 2023

Międzynarodowy system ochrony znaków towarowych ma blisko stuletnią tradycję. Jego głównym elementem jest konwencja Paryska o ochronie własności przemysłowej z 1883 r. Autor porusza w swej pracy między innymi takie zagadnienia jak: rozwój pojęcia znaku towarowego i jego ochrony prawnej przed utworzeniem międzynarodowego systemu ochrony, przepisy konwencji Paryskiej o ochronie własności przemysłowej, porozumienia madryckie dotyczące międzynarodowej rejestracji znaków towarowych, porozumienie nicejskie dotyczące międzynarodowej klasyfikacji towarów i usług dla celów rejestracji znaków. Wzrastająca na świecie ilośc chronionych znaków towarowych i usługowych zmusza do poszukiwania nowoczesnych rozwiązań organizacyjnych i proceduralnych umożliwiających bezkolizyjne wprowadzenie do obrotu międzynarodowego nowych znaków towarowych i usługowych. Nakazem chwili staje się również przyspieszenie procesu unifikacji prawa w omawianym zakresie w skali międzynarodowej.
Regulacja prawna stosunków własności w rolnictwie ZSRR
Authors: Kozyr Michał J.
Published: April 2023

The article covers theoretical problems relating to the development and improvement of legal property relations in the agriculture of the Soviet Union. It has been, explained that the essence and specific qualities of the property relations in agriculture are due to the special position of agriculture as a sector of national economy. The author has analysed the state property law and pointed out that the increased share of the socialized production in the state sector of national economy, due to the specialization and concentration of the former, has been the basic trend of development of this property as well as further improvement of its legal regime.Further the author has presented the changes that affect cooperative ownership. As a result of the increased socialization of kołchoz property and the indivisibility of many kołchoz funds, the kołchoz property (co-operative) loses its present (collective) nature and becomes more similar to all national property (state property).In the final part of the article the author showed how both forms of ownership become assimilated in the Soviet agriculture and stressed that this process is stimulated by the emergence of inter-sector, agro-industrial enterprises and their amalgamations.
Prawa więźnia w Stanach Zjednoczonych w świetle klauzuli konstytucyjnej due process of law
Authors: Poklewski-Koziełł Krzysztof
Published: April 2023

It is in the broad sphere of human rights that the author wants to posit prisoner’s rights. In order to make progress in this respects it is necessary to overcome complexes and prejudices that exist in the society, then — to furnish the prisoners with legal instruments and ensure their efficient operation by, first of all, fully accessible, broad, judicial supervision.In the United States the common law system prevails, and accordingly, for the last ten years prisoner’s complaints arising in connection with the lack of observance of the clause — due process of law — have become the grounds for rulings of state and federal courts, the Supreme Court included.The clause has been embodied into the amendments V and XIV to the constitution, and reads: “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law.” It relates to almost all domains of law, and is a powerful instrument of the protection of human rights. Therefore, in the discussed sphere — due to conflicting interests, trends and opinions — the clause makes the society aware of the wrongs done to individuals, misused authority, the mistakes of the penal system itself.The author has devided the material under analysis into three parts: the first one embraces the classification of prisoners and covers the problem of their transfer to other penal establishments, the second — deals with disciplinary procedures, the third one — dwells upon the problems arising in connection with parole. In the final part of the article the author presents a great variety of facts in prisoner’s life where the clause can lie, moreover, he stresses that prisoners bring actions to court on the grouds of other constitutional clauses.Although the analysed material does not provide a general outlook into the legal situation of prisoner in the United States, it satisfactorily characterizes the progress that is labourously being made in the sphere. Moreover, it reflects a universal truth that even ideally formulated provisions of law, slogans and declarations can remain of no significance for persons concerned, whereas under certain circumstances, even enigmatically worded, archaic formula can contribute to effective progress.
Nadzwyczajne złagodzenie kary w praktyce sądowej (w świetle danych statystycznych z 1977 r.)
Authors: Wojciechowska Janina
Published: April 2023

The concept of an employment relationship “limited in time” is known from the beginning of modern labour law. As a result of socioeconomic changes taking place in the XIX and XX-th centuries the role of such contracts also changed considerably as well as the scope of their application due to the evolution of the intended and practicly realized function of these employment contracts. Legal pro- visions concerning employment contracts “limited in time” were developed and their new kinds introduced varying as far as their socio- economic destination and some important elements of their legal characteristics are concerned.In this article evolution of legal provisions and of doctrinal opinions on em- ployment contracts “limited in time” in Poland between the First and Second World Wars and after the Second World War is presented. An attempt was made also to explain the very term “employment contract limited in time” and to specify the scope of its differentiation. Polish labour code knows various kinds of contr- acts belonging to this category: employment contracts concluded for a definite period, contracts for the period required to carry out a specific piece of work, employment contracts concluded for a trial period and for an initial period. Employment contracts “limited in time” are also regulated in several acts of more detailed character still maintained in force.Since the labour code gives a catalogue of different kinds of employment contracts it was necessary to consider whether this is a catalogue of a rigid character or not, in another words, whether statutory classification excludes or allows to combine in one employment contract various construction elements characteristic for separate kinds of employment contracts. This issue was discussed on the basis of article 18 of the labour code. Also, the freedom of contract as far as application of the provisions on employment contracts “limited in time” is concerned and the possibility to conclude such contracts for a long-term periods was presented.Discussion of the binding legal regulation allowed the Author to conclude that the term “employment contract limited in time” contains not one but several statu- tory concepts which in their essence constitute distinct legal institutions. A com- mon feature of these contracts is their limitation in time foreseen by the parties in advance. On the other hand, the differences concerne not only formal elements but also functions fulfilled by a specific kind of an employment contract “limited in time”.
U podstaw problematyki świadomości państwowej
Authors: Burda Andrzej
Published: April 2023

These considerations concentrate on the set of conditions affecting funda- mental methods of governing and shaping the attitudes of the members of hu- man community organized politically and subjected to the state power by the whole of elements forming the present sense of state of the society. The latter is understood as a specially qualified sense of a group of people relating to the content of the relationship of the society to a particular state structure and to the forms and methods of functioning of a state mechanism. In the content of this relationship conviction of the society (or of its basic part) concerning the real value’ and doubtless advantages of the existence of a state in social developement, in safeguarding material and spiritual needs of the citizens, in realization of moral and political ideas acknowledged and accepted by the society constitutes an element of considerable importance. We should also stress that such convic- tion and the estimation of the advantaged of the existence of state structures will not rely on model schemes but on the practice of political activity and on its results.The Author considers a truism statements such as these: that the sense of state is a historical category, a phenomenon subject to constant changes and re- volutionary leaps from quantitative to qualitative changes or that the evolution of the character of a state is connected with the changes of its social and poli- tical content. Thus the bigger is a group of persons having influence on political issues concerning their country and having the possibility to make fundamental decisions relating to the fate and to the future of the nation, the stronger and the more durable are the grounds of the present sense of state.Considerations presented in this essey are supposed to show among other things that not only class conditions influence the contents, the degree of intensity and te durability of the sense of state. Also in the countries where there is one and the same class, can we notice that this content differs in a higher or smaller degree. The following elements may be decisive: intensity of tradition and of the proper, centuries-long tradition, national composition of the society, the level of political culture, some features of the bottomless area of the social psyche and so on.
Prawo i zespoły naukowe
Authors: Rassudowski Włodzimierz A.
Published: April 2023

The subject of the article is about the most important problems of perfecting legal regulations, regulating the organization and the functioning of the scientific teams such as: scientific-research institutes, laboratories, construction and design and technological enterprises. Analysing the traditional structure of the organization of science which is based on the division of the scientific instututes into three systems: the academic, the educational and the department, the author stands for its reorganization by means of substituting the department institutes with the interdepartment ones. The assignment of the scientific department institutes to the State Committee of Science and Technology would discharge, according to the author, the ministries from the basic investigation work and would permit the Soviet Academy of Sciences wider possibilities of the technical elaboration and the implementation of new scientific ideas developed in the academic institutes. Moreover, the author points out the necessity of perfecting the planning and the scientific research financing systems and the functioning of the scientific information centres. He also stresses the necessity of creating the optimal and psychological climate in the scientific teams. To make the system of science and technology achievements implantation into the production more efficient, the authors fosters the project of the foundation of a special fund which would cover the eventual losses connected with the implantation of discoveries into the production. In the final part of the article the author postulates the elaboration of the ethic code of the scientific worker and the initiation of work on the scientific creation law, which would include the basic principles of the scientific policy of the state.
Kierunki zmian strukturalnych i proceduralnych w administracji europejskiej
Authors: Wiener Celine
Published: April 2023

The subject of this article is the analysis of the basic directions of structural and procedural reforms in the European administration. Assuming, that only a well-worked out division of power may create a dynamic system, the author presents the actual conceptions of the task division between the central power and the local power. The structural changes at the central organs level are con- sidered by a prism of two problems: the adaptation of the institutional frames to the evolution in various fields of activity and the assurance of the effective coordination and control of this activity. In the field «of the territorial adminis- tration the changes are directed towards bringing the citizans closer to the centre of taking decisions, provided the principle of rationality is maintained. On the other hand, the reforms in the range of the administrative procedure lie in the „opening administration” for the citizans (gradual abolishing of traditional secrecy of the problems of general importance) new methods of management (implanting new planning, programming and budget systems).The author points out, that the complex „computarization” demands a count- erweight of the control laws, rules of systematization and preserving information about citizans. Finally, in the closing part of the article, the author presents the problem of codification of the administrative procedure, stressing that in the western countries the guiding idea of this procedure aims at the balance of two antagonistic forces: an individual and administration.
Własność działek budowlanych na terenach budownictwa jednorodzinnego i zagrodowego
Authors: Dmowski Stanisław
Published: April 2023

During the first years after World War Two housing needs of the population of the cities were first of all fulfilled from the resources administered by state organs. The participation of the population in building of houses was rather insignificant.Constantly diminishing housing resources and — on the other hand — grouth of industrial and agricultural production, caused the increase of real incomes of the population and changes in the state policy in the domain of building of houses, so as to include the iniciative and private funds of the population to the degree higher than thus far into the process of building.In order to carry out new haousing policy it was necessary to provide proper land for building, among others, for building of one family houses. This problem was to be solved by the law of July 6, 1972 on land designated for building one family houses and individual cultivation, and on division of real properties in towns and settlements (Journal of Laws n° 27 entry 192, changes in the Journal of Laws of 1973 n° 48 entry 282).This article aims at presenting all the problems pointed out in the title, and especially the problem of interpretation of several laconic provisions of te law of July 6, 1972. The article brings the reader’s attention to the fact that the law does not regulate all the issues connected with urban building because beyond its scope there remain some important general problems of administration of land in towns, problems of spatial planning, carrying out of industrial investments, building for communal purposes, construction of houses for many families by housing cooperative societies, etc. The article discusses administrative proceedings aimed at designation of land for the purposes of one family houses construction and for individual cultivation by workers of State or cooperative farms, as well as distribution of lots (declaration of preservation of ownership, assignement of lots in ownership or in perpetual usufruct). It also presents judicial proceedings and proceedings before state notarial offices in cases dealing with real properties and decisions designating land for purposes of such building.A critical opinion of the Author on several regulations contained in the law is also presented. Among others this concerns article 8 linea 3 which discriminates co-owners of real properties situated on building land if co-ownership, does not result from succession or cessation of joint property of husband and wife, and article 9 linea 1 which allows to assing a lot only to a young person of age or to a grandchild of the owner of real property which was included into the land designated for building.The final part contains some suggestions as to appropriateness of introducing some changes into the provisions now binding, also as far a appropriateness of regulating all the issues concerning land in the towns i one legal act.
Przestępna nieumyślność jako błąd zawiniony (analiza psychologiczna)
Authors: Ugrechelidze Mindia G.
Published: April 2023

While discussing the problem of unintentional guilt from psychological point of view it seems most important to find out why the attention of a perpetrator was not concentrated on values protected by the law, which in results caused the damages of such values. The lack of such attention results from the fact that a perpetrator does not consider a given value sufficiently meaningful. Depending upon the importance of a given value to the perpetrator in a given situation he behaves in a manner convenient to him, accepting or not accepting certain values in a given moment. As a result, a crime — also unintentional one — may be committed, if the perpetrator concentrates his attention on particular values important to him but ignores (even unconsiously) values protected by penal law. All this means that in psychological sense it is possible to analyse the guilt also in relation to unintentional guilt (even in the form of negligence). Thanks to such analysis it is possible to look at the whole problem of guilt (intentional and unintentional) in a more uniform way, taking in account all the consequences (in the sphere of legal grounds of penal responsibility, legislative policy and penal policy).
Dostępność wymiaru sprawiedliwosci w sprawach cywilnych dla osób uprzywilejowanych (doświadczenia meksykańskie)
Authors: Oñate Laborde Santiago
Published: April 2023

In this article basic legal and social problems connected with the access to justice are discussed, for the category of population of Mexico which the Author names the „underpriviledged”. Analising the evolution of Mexican legislation, opinions presented in the legal doctrine as well as the results of empirical studies, the Author presents the shortcomings of Mexican civil procedure as far as protection of underpriviledged is concerned. The Author stresses the fact that Mexican civil procedure stays behind brisk socio-economic changes which took place in this country. The civil procedure based on traditional principle of free exercise by the parties of their rights does not allow for the court’s activity aimed at finding out objective truth. According to the Author’s opinion proceedings before the court constitute a „bastion of liberal capitalism” in which „all cases are adjudicated taking into account contractual freedom of the parties”. Thus; they create no effective mechanism of adjudicating typical cases resulting from new structure of socio-economic relations. While analising the data gathered in results of empirical studies, the Author stresses the fact that „legal aid” for the poor” is only an illusion. First of all, these persons rarely turn to the courts seeking protection of their rights. Also the length and the costs of proceedings in civil law suits are very disadvantageous to them as well as negative effect of such proceedings in most cases. This corroborates an opinion widely spread among the poorer groups of Mexican population that „justice is only for the rich”.
Geneza i ewolucja bezpośredniego stosowania Konstytucji RP
Authors: Suchocka Hanna
Published: April 2023

Opracowanie dotyczy problematyki genezy konstytucyjnego ujęcia zasady bezpośredniego stosowania konstytucji. Odwołuje się do prac parlamentarnych nad przygotowaniem nowej konstytucji polskiej począwszy od 1989 r. do jej uchwalenia w 1997. Przedmiotem szczególnej uwagi jest ewolucja poglądów dotyczących celowości wysłowienia wyraźnego zasady konstytucjonalizmu obok zasady legalizmu w tekście Konstytucji RP. Omawia także dyskusje jakie toczyły się wokół ujęcia w konstytucji zasady bezpośredniego jej stosowania oraz wynikające z tego spory w doktrynie dotyczące zakresu bezpośredniego stosowania konstytucji przez sądy powszechne. Na ile wnioski wypływające z ówczesnych debat parlamentarnych analizowane dzisiaj pozwalają na przybliżenie rozumienia tej zasady i dookreślenie jej zakresu wynikającego z art. 8 Konstytucji, zwłaszcza w sytuacji kryzysu konstytucyjnego i zmieniającej się pozycji Trybunału Konstytucyjnego.
The paper deals with the problem of the genesis of the constitutional provision of the principle of direct applicability of the Constitution. It refers to the parliamentary constitution-making works from 1989 until enactment of the Constitution in 1997. The subject of special attention is the evolution of views on the need of the articulation of an explicit principle of constitutionalism alongside the principle of legality in the text of the Polish Constitution. It also reflects on the discussions that took place around the inclusion of the principle of direct applicability of the constitution in the Polish Constitution and the resulting disputes in the doctrine regarding the scope of direct applicability of the Constitution by the ordinary courts. To what extent the conclusions of the parliamentary debates of the time, analysed today, allow for a better understanding of this principle and a clarification of its scope arising from Article 8 of the Constitution, especially in the context of constitutional crises and the changing position of the Constitutional Court.
Stosowanie a przestrzeganie Konstytucji RP
Authors: Granat Mirosław
Published: April 2023

W artykule autor analizuje „stosowanie i „przestrzeganie” konstytucji, na tle naruszeń Konstytucji RP, mających miejsce po 2015 r. W toku tych naruszeń zacierane są granice między oboma pojęciami albo jedno pojęcie „wchłania” drugie. Autor przywołuje przypadki, kiedy to organ państwa przypisuje sobie kompetencję do przestrzegania konstytucji, ale wtedy gdy nie służy mu norma kompetencyjna (spoczywa zaś na nim obowiązek przestrzegania przepisu). Istota takiego przesunięcia normy kompetencyjnej między jedną a druga sferą polega na tym, że władza nie może nie przestrzegać konstytucji. Sama władza decyduje w ten sposób, co jest przestrzeganiem, a co jest nieprzestrzeganiem konstytucji. W sytuacji, w której nieprzestrzegania konstytucji nie daje się stwierdzić, najważniejszym aktem w systemie staje się ustawa, nie zaś konstytucja. Pojęcie przestrzegania konstytucji ma sens wówczas, gdy funkcjonuje hierarchiczny system norm prawnych. W takim przypadku odnajduje się sens podziału na stosownie oraz przestrzeganie konstytucji.
The article explains the relation between the application and observance of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in the context of violations of the Constitution. A characteristic feature of the normative model for the categories of ‘applying’ and ‘observing’ the law is that they are logically separate, but at the same time interrelated. After 2015, the relation between these concepts changed so as to transfer the competence norm from the sphere of application of the Constitution (where it logically belongs) to the sphere of observance of the Constitution, i.e. where an organ has an ordinary duty to execute the law (when it has no competence). It is a conceptual change which leads to a redefinition of the concept of ‘observing’ the Constitution. As a result of this change, the organ whose competence is to apply the Constitution now decides whether it is appropriate to observe the Constitution. This shifting of the competence norm between the two spheres means that the government cannot fail to abide by the Constitution, because the government itself determines what it means to observe it. The concept of ‘observing the Constitution’ makes sense only when there are independent reviewing institutions. In a situation where it is not possible to review whether the law is obeyed, the concept of observance loses its meaning.
PENGARUH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, PROFITABILITY, TAX PLANNING, DAN STRUKTUR MODAL TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DENGAN KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERATING
Authors: Pujianti Dina , Silfi Alfiati , Hariyani Eka
Published: April 2023

This study aims to examine the effect of corporate social responsibility, profitability, tax planning, and capital structure on firm value with managerial ownership as a moderating variable in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. This research is a quantitative research that uses secondary data. The population in this study are all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2018-2020 period. The research sample was selected using purposive sampling method, so that the samples obtained were 53 samples. The data was obtained through the official website of the Indonesian Stock Exchange and other related websites as well as by studying literature related to research issues, both printed and electronic media software (Statistical Package for Social Science) The results show that the independent variables, namely CSR, profitability, tax planning, and capital structure affect the dependent variable, namely firm value. The moderating variable, namely managerial ownership, is known to be able to moderate the effect of CSR, profitability, tax planning, and capital structure on firm value.
RELEVANSI NILAI INFORMASI AKUNTANSI, INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, PERSISTENSI LABA DAN ASIMETRI INFORMASI
Authors: Hutauruk Claudya , Puspa Dwi Fitri
Published: April 2023

Value relevance of accounting information is the ability of accounting information to explain or describe company values ​​that will assist information users in understanding and making financial decisions. This study aims to empirically examine the effect of intellectual capital, corporate governance (as measured by managerial ownership, institutional ownership, independent commissioners and audit committees), earnings persistence and information asymmetry on value relevance (as measured by stock prices) in basic materials companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017 – 2021. Using the purposive sampling method, a sample of 36 companies was obtained. The type of data used in this research is secondary data obtained from www.idx.co.id.  Hypothesis testing was carried out using multiple linear regression analysis using eviews 12 software. The results showed that book value per share, earnings per share, intellectual capital, and managerial ownership had a negative and significant effect on stock prices. Institutional ownership has a positive and significant effect on stock prices. Independent board of commissioners, audit committee, earnings persistence and information asymmetry have no effect on stock prices.
PENGARUH STRUKTUR MODAL DAN LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP KUALITAS LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR INFRASTRUKTUR, UTILITAS DAN TRANSPORTASI
Authors: Putra Prastion Syah , Dewi Mike Kusuma
Published: April 2023

This research aims to examine the influence of capital structure and liquidity on earnings quality of infrastructure, utilities, and transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2021. The research uses a quantitative research method with panel data. The data source used in this study is secondary data. The secondary data used in this study were financial statements of basic industry and chemical manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, obtained through links from http://www.idx.co.id and http://idnfinancials.com, as well as other related websites. The population of this study is infrastructure, utilities, and transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2021, totaling 70 companies. The sampling technique used in this article is purposive sampling with a sample size of 18 companies, for a total of 72 company data over a four-year period. The results of the research indicate that earnings growth does not significantly affect earnings quality, while liquidity has a significant effect on earnings quality. These results were obtained through data analysis using EVIEWS9.
“No Super Serum, Blond Hair, or Blue Eyes”: Penggambaran Mesias Kulit Hitam melalui Figur Superhero
Authors: Vienshe Nugraha
Published: April 2023

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memperlihatkan suatu refleksi teologis melalui film dengan cara membandingkan karakter Mesias melalui perspektif teologi kulit hitam gagasan James H. Cone dengan karakter Falcon dalam serial the Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021). Melalui film superhero pun, penonton akan dapat lebih memahami isu-isu tertentu dan menarik refleksi teologis atasnya. Melalui metode kualitatif dan dibantu dengan pemahaman teologi kulit hitam James H. Cone, tulisan ini berusaha menemukan pesan teologis yang terkandung dalam serial the Falcon and the Winter Soldier. Pada akhirnya, melalui refleksi teologis atas serial the Falcon and the Winter Soldier, tulisan ini akan menghasilkan dan menyumbangkan sebuah gagasan dan cara berteologi yang kontekstual, yaitu memperlihatkan kesamaan antara sosok Mesias dalam diri Yesus Kristus secara historis maupun teologis menurut teologi kulit hitam dengan penggambaran sosok superhero Falcon dalam serial the Falcon and the Winter Soldier, yaitu berasal dari kelompok orang yang tertindas, namun melalui pelayanannya berupaya untuk menghadirkan pembebasan bagi orang lain yang juga tertindas.
Microsatellite Instability: Laboratory Diagnostic Nuances (Position Statement of the Russian Interregional Organization of Molecular Geneticists in Oncology and Oncohematology)
Authors: Демидова Ирина , Филипенко Максим , Цуканов Алексей , Имянитов Евгений
Published: April 2023

Микросателлитной нестабильностью (microsatellite instability, MSI) называется феномен накопления мутаций (делеций и инсерций) в коротких повторяющихся последовательностях ДНК. Наиболее частой причиной MSI является дефект системы репарации неспаренных оснований ДНК (mismatch repair deficiency, dMMR). Анализ MSI/dMMR используется при диагностике синдрома Линча, а также для отбора пациентов на терапию ингибиторами контрольных точек иммунного ответа. Тестирование MSI подразумевает анализ длины нескольких информативных микросателлитных маркеров при помощи ПЦР или NGS, а выявление dMMR основывается на иммуногистохимическом анализе экспрессии белков MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 и PMS2. Эти методы можно считать взаимозаменяемыми в случае колоректального рака, поэтому при анализе карцином толстой кишки выбор между тестированием MSI и dMMR может определяться организационными и экономическими предпочтениями. Карциномы с низкой пролиферативной активностью, в т.ч. ассоциированные с синдромом Линча, могут демонстрировать dMMR в отсутствие MSI, при этом они отличаются низкой мутационной нагрузкой и отсутствием чувствительности к иммунотерапии. Процедуры выявления микросателлитной нестабильности в неколоректальных опухолях остаются недостаточно стандартизованными и нуждаются в дальнейшем совершенствовании.
Vascular mechanisms in the radiobiological effects from high-dose radiotherapy (literature review)
Authors: Арсеньев Андрей , Новиков Сергей , Канаев Сергей , Арсеньев Евгений , Тарков Сергей , Барчук Антон , Мельник Юлия , Нефедов Андрей , Новиков Роман , Зозуля Антон , Гагуа Кетеван , Аристидов Николай , Антипов Филипп , Мережко Юрий , Ильин Николай
Published: April 2023

Литературный обзор описывает значение сосудистых механизмов в реализации радиобиологических эффектов высокодозной лучевой терапии. Основные понятия радиобиологии можно свести к нескольким тесно взаимосвязанным моделям: линейно-квадратичной, сосудистой, иммунной и немишенной. Каждая из них описывает свое звено совокупного ответа на проводимое облучение, а их роль и вклад меняются в зависимости, прежде всего от разовых доз, а затем от режимов фракционирования и общих доз. Накопленные данные свидетельствуют о целесообразности формирования единой обобщающей модели.

Сосудистая сеть имеет важное значение в пролиферации и выживании опухолевых клеток, во многом определяя условия микросреды и общий ответ на лучевую терапию. Высокие дозы облучения за фракцию (более 10Гр) приводят к сосудисто-эндотелиальному апоптозу, немедленной тяжелой сосудистой реакции и глубокой ишемии опухоли. Этот феномен связан с активацией кислой сфингомиелиназы, последующим гидролизом сфингомиелина, генерирующего церамид, индуцирующий трансмембранный сигнал апоптоза.
Principles of modern diagnosis of granulosa cell tumors of the ovaries
Authors: Бейшембаев Алмаз , Жорданиа Кирилл , Чой Ен Джун , Туркменов Алыбек , Жекшенбек кызы Тамара
Published: April 2023

Гранулезно-клеточные опухоли (ГКО), несмотря на свою индолентную природу, обладают высокой рецидивностью и связанной с ней смертностью. Таким образом, задача современной лабораторной диагностики по своевременному выявлению ГКО до сих пор не решена, что негативно сказывается на дальнейшей тактике лечения и прогноза.
Цель: Обзор данных современной литературы диагностики гранулезных клеточных опухолей яичников.
Материал и методы: Статьи, взятые из Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed. В обзор включены только статьи на английском языке за последние пять лет и только по ГКО.
Результаты: Золотой стандарт современной лабораторной диагностики ГКО это - иммуногистохимические исследования, а также жидкостная биопсия (циркулирующие опухолевые клетки и циркулирующие ДНК, исследуемые в основном посредством полимеразной цепной реакцией и секвенированием следующего поколения), молекулярно-генетический анализ FOXL2 C.402>G (C134 W) выступают в роли необходимого дополнения. Все эти методы в основном нацелены на определения риска рецидивирования ГКО взрослого типа (ГКОВТ).
Обсуждение. Несмотря на сохраняющуюся актуальность улучшения эффективности лечения ГКО, в диагностике ГКО расставлены приоритетные направления, среди которых важнейшая это – определения риска рецидивирования ГКОВТ, а именно на молекулярно-генетическом уровне это – определение FOXL2 C.402>G (C134 W). А альтернативные методы в виде жидкостной биопсии (циркулирующих опухолевых клеток и циркулирующих ДНК) и молекулярно-генетический анализа имеют важное теоретико-практическое значение для своевременной диагностики ГКО.
Выводы: В диагностике ГКО важнейшая задача это выявление пациентов с высоким риском рецидивирования ГКОВТ, которая до сих пор не решена. Золотой стандарт современной диагностики ГКО это – имунногистохимическое исследование, а другие методы такие как, жидкостная биопсия (циркулирующие опухолевые клетки (ЦОК) и циркулирующие ДНК (цДНК)), молекулярно-генетический анализ FOXL2 C.402>G (C134 W) выступают в роли необходимого дополнения. Необходимо продолжать проводить новаторские исследования в вопросах улучшения качества диагностики ГКО. Это должно положительно сказаться на дальнейшей тактике лечения и прогнозирования пациентов с вГКО.
The state of oncology care in Russia: dynamics of five-year survival of patients with malignant neoplasms and its ranked distribution across all tumor sites. Population study at the level of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia
Authors: Мерабишвили Вахтанг , Беляев Алексей
Published: April 2023

Пятилетняя выживаемость больных ЗНО — ведущий критерий оценки деятельности онкологической службы. В настоящей работе дан анализ пятилетней выживаемости больных злокачественными новообразованиями по всем трехзначным рубрикам МКБ-10, в дополнение к ранее опубликованным данным однолетней выживаемости с ранговым распределением одногодичной летальности по всем локализациям опухолей.
Материалы и методы. В основу работы положена сформированная на уровне Северо-Западного федерального округа выверенная база данных Популяционного ракового регистра в объеме 1 млн 150 тыс. наблюдений. Методология расчета относительно показателя соответствует рекомендациям программы Eurocare. Проведено сравнение двух когорт заболевших ЗНО в 1995-1999 гг. и в 2010-2014 гг.
Полученные результаты. Выявлен рост показателя пятилетней выживаемости больных с 42,9 до 47,1 %, т. е. на 9,8 %. Относительная выживаемость различалась на 5-7 % выше в разные периоды наблюдения. Прирост показателя пятилетней выживаемости больных злокачественными новообразованиями произошел по многим локализациям опухолей и системным новообразованиям лимфатической и кроветворной ткани, но в существенно меньших объемах по сравнению с однолетней выживаемостью. По 20 локализациям пятилетняя выживаемость больных злокачественными новообразованиями уменьшилась, в первую очередь по опухолям головного мозга, поджелудочной железы, пищевода, желудка, легких и некоторых других.
Заключение и выводы. Проведенное популяционное исследование на большом, выверенном материале базы данных Популяционного ракового регистра Северо-Западного федерального округа России показало в целом эффективность проводимых противораковых мероприятий, рост пятилетней наблюдаемой и относительной выживаемости больных. По некоторым локализациям с высоким уровнем летальности не выявлен рост показателей пятилетней выживаемости. Обращено внимание на недопустимость выдачи накопленных контингентов больных злокачественными новообразованиями, состоящих под наблюдением пять и более лет за пятилетнюю выживаемость.