bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobile App (UPrEPU) to Monitor Adherence to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a User-Centered Approach to Mobile App Design and Development (Preprint)
Authors: Strong Carol , Wu Huei-Jiuan , Tseng Yuan-Chi , Yuan Chien-Wen , Yu Yi-Fang , Liao Jay Chiehen , Chen Yi-Wen , Hung Yi-Chen , Li Chia-Wen , Huang Po-Hsien , Ko Nai-Ying , Ku Stephane Wen-Wei
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Daily and on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been well demonstrated to effectively prevent HIV acquisition for men who have sex with men (MSM). More than half of the MSM PrEP users in Taiwan prefer on-demand PrEP; however, on-demand PrEP involves a complicated dosing regimen because it requires precoital and postcoital dosing and sex events are hard to anticipate. Although there are a growing number of mobile apps designed to improve access to HIV prevention services and HIV medication adherence, few mobile apps focus on adherence to PrEP or are designed to accommodate a complicated, on-demand PrEP dosing schedule.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this project is to evaluate the usability of a newly developed mobile app (UPrEPU) to assist MSM PrEP users to self-monitor their adherence to either daily or on-demand PrEP using a user-centered scheme.

METHODS

This research will be conducted in 2 phases: app development and usability study. In the app development phase, we will first conduct formative research with end users and stakeholders through in-depth interviews; the results will provide PrEP users’ and PrEP navigators’ personas as material used in the app conceptualization stage. PrEP navigators are individuals in the health care system that help HIV-negative individuals who need assistance in accessing PrEP care. A low-fidelity prototype of the app feature will be formatted by applying a participatory design approach to engage PrEP users, designers, and app developers in the design process of the app. Then, a high-fidelity prototype of the app will be developed for the usability study and refined iteratively by the multidisciplinary team and new internal testers. Internal testers include the research team consisting of experts in public health, infectious disease, and industrial design and a close network of the research team that is taking PrEP. In the usability study phase, we will enroll 70 MSM PrEP users and follow them up for 4 months. Usability, feasibility, and effectiveness of adherence monitoring will be evaluated.

RESULTS

Refinement of the UPrEPU app is currently ongoing. The usability study commenced in May 2020.

CONCLUSIONS

The UPrEPU app is one of the first apps designed to help MSM PrEP users to self-manage their PrEP schedule better regardless of dosing modes. With a design-thinking approach and adapting to the cultural context in Taiwan’s MSM population, this novel app will have substantial potential to be acceptable and feasible and contribute to the reduction of new HIV infections.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04248790; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04248790

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

PRR1-10.2196/20360
Users evaluation of a Spanish eHealth pediatric website. Survey Study. (Preprint)
Authors: Nievas Soriano Bruno José , García Duarte Sonia , Fernández Alonso Ana María , Bonillo Perales Antonio , Parrón Carreño Tesifón
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Parents use the Internet to take decisions about their children’s health, but few resources have focused on eHealth technology evaluations from their point of view.

OBJECTIVE

The main aim of this research was to evaluate, from the point of view of the users, a Spanish eHealth pediatric website written by a pediatrician in a simple to understand language.

METHODS

A previously validated web questionnaire was used to evaluate 14 items that defined five domains: usability, utility, trust and confidence, well-child section and accessibility of the website. Univariate, bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS

516 users participated in the research. Women used more the Internet for health and better assessed the website. Higher scores were also given by the participants who relied most on the Internet for taking decisions about health; by the participants who used a smartphone to access the pediatric website; by the participants who knew the website the longest; and by the participants who had accessed it more times. No differences in the evaluations of the website were found regarding age, education level or household income of the participants.

CONCLUSIONS

eHealth pediatric websites, written by a pediatrician in an easy to understand language, can be perceived as usable, trustworthy, useful and accesible by tehir users, and some characteristics of the users are associated with a better perception of these websites. These considerations can be useful for the development of future eHealth interventions.
Cybersecurity management in healthcare: A systematic review (Preprint)
Authors: Haukilehto Tero
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Modern healthcare is highly digitalized and depend on various systems and services. The healthcare is also a critical function of a society and must be protected from various cybersecurity threats. The key role in securing the healthcare organization from cybersecurity breaches resides with the management.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to find answers to a following question: What areas of cybersecurity management in healthcare have been studied by the previous literature?

METHODS

A systematic literature review is used to synthesize the literature related cybersecurity management in healthcare sector with two frameworks; Sosio-technical approach and ISO / IEC 27001.

RESULTS

Results showed the covered and uncovered areas of cybersecurity management in healthcare. According to the results several gaps in the previous literature related to the subject were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The existing studies are more concerned with ensuring compliance than maintaining cultural fit or balancing information security and business needs.
Assessment of public awareness, risk perception and mental health burden during the first 3 months of the COVID-19 epidemic in China: a social media surveillance (Preprint)
Authors: Hou Zhiyuan , Zhou Xinyu , Jiang Hao , Du Fanxing , Larson Heidi , Lin Leesa
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 epidemic and subsequent containment measures may inflate public awareness, risk perception and mental health burden.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the public awareness, risk perception and mental health burden in real time during the COVID-19 epidemic in China.

METHODS

We collected data from Sina Weibo, the most popular social media platforms in China, from December 2019 to March 2020. The daily number of Weibo posts with keywords related to COVID-19 were presented with daily data on confirmed COVID-19 cases. All Weibo posts were analysed by the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count text analysis program to assess the public risk perception and mental health burden, measured by anxiety, depression, and anger.

RESULTS

A total of 4,992,731 Weibo posts were collected. The first coronavirus death triggered public perceived risk of an imminent epidemic. Delayed release of epidemic information contributed to mental health burden. Mental health burden evolved with the uncertainty and consequent anxiety about the coronavirus epidemic. Public anxiety started to decline after confirmation of human-to-human transmission, yet depression tied to a bleak future in light of the epidemic and anger at the late dissemination of relevant information increased until the implementation of containment measures.

CONCLUSIONS

Early release of information on emerging infectious diseases and early implementation of containment measures might effectively manage public awareness and risk perception and the consequential mental health burden. Social media surveillance should be fully incorporated into epidemic preparedness and response systems.
Identification of Risk Factors and Symptoms of COVID-19: Analysis of Biomedical Literature and Social Media Data (Preprint)
Authors: Jeon Jouhyun , Baruah Gaurav , Sarabadani Sarah , Palanica Adam
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak started in China and rapidly spread around the world. Lack of a vaccine or optimized intervention raised the importance of characterizing risk factors and symptoms for the early identification and successful treatment of patients with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate and analyze biomedical literature and public social media data to understand the association of risk factors and symptoms with the various outcomes observed in patients with COVID-19.

METHODS

Through semantic analysis, we collected 45 retrospective cohort studies, which evaluated 303 clinical and demographic variables across 13 different outcomes of patients with COVID-19, and 84,140 Twitter posts from 1036 COVID-19–positive users. Machine learning tools to extract biomedical information were introduced to identify mentions of uncommon or novel symptoms in tweets. We then examined and compared two data sets to expand our landscape of risk factors and symptoms related to COVID-19.

RESULTS

From the biomedical literature, approximately 90% of clinical and demographic variables showed inconsistent associations with COVID-19 outcomes. Consensus analysis identified 72 risk factors that were specifically associated with individual outcomes. From the social media data, 51 symptoms were characterized and analyzed. By comparing social media data with biomedical literature, we identified 25 novel symptoms that were specifically mentioned in tweets but have been not previously well characterized. Furthermore, there were certain combinations of symptoms that were frequently mentioned together in social media.

CONCLUSIONS

Identified outcome-specific risk factors, symptoms, and combinations of symptoms may serve as surrogate indicators to identify patients with COVID-19 and predict their clinical outcomes in order to provide appropriate treatments.
The study of Seloko Adat as safety-valve to prevent religious conflict in Jambi City, Indonesia
Authors: Halim Abdul , HM Pahrudin
Published: May 2020

Jambi City has the potential for social conflict, especially religious conflict related to the establishment of houses of worship. The history of religious conflict in Indonesia notes that houses of worship have always been a source of conflict which often leads to destruction and burning. Related to this, there needs to be an effort made so that this conflict is not prolonged, one option is by revitalizing the wisdom of local culture that grows in each region.This study was conducted using a qualitative research approach. This research was conducted in Telanaipura, Alam Barajo, and Kotabaru in Jambi City. The results of this study found that as a pluralistic area, Jambi City was also not spared from the conflict of the establishment of places of worship that occurred in three regions. However, the conflict that occurred was not prolonged because the people of Jambi City still adhered to the wisdom of the local culture in the form of Seloko Adat which is internalized through family, education and social environment. This internalization forms an obedient, rule-abiding and inclusive character inherent in Jambi City society. Seloko Adat is another form of contextualization of the Coser’s concept of the Safety-Valve which proved to be able to prevent the community from anarchic conflict. Since it has a significant potential to help foster peace in communities, there needs to be an understanding of Seloko Adat through a variety of activities, such as socialization in various formats and holding social activities with the theme of increasing understanding of it.
Does Foreign Aid Promote Financial Development in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)?
Authors: Kébré W. Jean Marie
Published: May 2020

This article analyzes relationship between foreign aid and financial development in ECOWAS countries. These countries receive aid flows from developed countries and from international financial institutions. The article’s idea is to evaluate this aid effects on financial development and to assess role of governance on this relationship. The analysis uses panel data from ECOWAS countries over the period 1984-2016. The estimations’ results, based on Dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimator, show that aid is negatively and significantly linked with financial development indicators used. These results suggest that aid is an obstacle to financial development. Governance role tests do not change the negative effect of aid on financial development. However, the magnitude of the negative effect of interactive variables (with governance variables) is less than aid direct effect on financial development. These results suggest that an additional effort to improve governance in these countries would reduce aid negative effect on financial development, or even reverse this effect.
A REVIEW ON PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: CHADEVE AJAY
Published: May 2020

Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, a newer class of antihyperglycemic agent, which offers the convenience of once-daily oral administration and carries a low inherent risk of hypoglycemia as a result of its unique mechanism of action, enabling it to be used as monotherapy and as an adjunct with other antidiabetic drugs. Empagliflozin has a unique mechanism of action by inhibiting glucose and sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney; they induce urinary glucose excretion and natriuresis. In patients with diabetes, empagliflozin results in glucose lowering, blood pressure (BP) reduction and weight loss. Empagliflozin reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established cardiovascular disease in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial®. The recommended starting dosage of empagliflozin is 10 mg daily. The dosage may be increased to a maximum of 25 mg/day in patients tolerating empagliflozin 10 mg/day. The most common adverse effect observed with empagliflozin (sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors) is an increment in mycotic genital infections. In this review article, we discussed the pharmacological properties, therapeutic effects, and adverse events that are associated with the administration of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, empagliflozin provides greater therapeutic benefits in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and reduce the associated cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure (BP) and weight.
DRUG UTILIZATION STUDY ON ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS OF TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: BHUVANESWARI SARAGADAM
Published: May 2020

Objective: The main objective of the study is to determine the patient demographic characteristics, inspect prescription patterns of oral hypoglycemic agents, distribution of comorbid conditions in the outpatient department (OPD) of Visakha Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Visakhapatnam.

Method: A prospective observational study was conducted in patients with established type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=185) visiting OPD which were interviewed using a structured questionnaire during the period September– December 2019.

Results: Majority of the type 2 diabetic patients in VIMS were treated with double drug therapy. The most commonly prescribed class of oral hypoglycemic agents were biguanides (metformin) followed by sulfonylureas (glimepiride), thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone), alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (voglibose), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (vildagliptin).
PRESCRIBING TREND AMONG HOSPITALIZED PEDIATRIC PATIENTS IN PRIVATE SECTOR HOSPITAL: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN NADIAD, INDIA
Authors: B PATEL SANDIP , P PATEL YASH , B SHAH SHISHAV
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Purpose of this study was to analyze the prescription pattern among the hospitalized pediatric patients in private sector hospital.

Methods: The study was conducted from January 2018 to April, 2018 at Shaishav Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India, and 178 patients were included into the study. Results were obtained by applying the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators as well as Indian Academy of Pediatrics List of Essential Medicines (IAP-LEM).

Results: During the study period, infectious disease such as pneumonitis, bronchitis, enteric fever, gastroenteritis, and dehydration were the dominant disease among the patients. Average number of drugs per prescription was four but in many of prescription, poly-pharmacy has shown. Antibiotic agents were the most prescribed drug (38.6%) among different classes of drugs. Use of the parenteral route of drug administration was used beyond the range stated by the WHO (59% prescriptions vs. 13–24% WHO range). We found that doctor followed IAP-LEM (in 99.78% cases) for prescribing as well as for dosing also, which was very impressive.

Conclusions: As this study indicates, there is a need of development of evidence-based treatment protocols for common disease condition for the rational use of medication, especially for an antibiotic medication.
DESIGN SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL ACRIDINE TAGGED PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS AURORA KINASE INHIBITORS
Authors: PERKA HARATHI , D SATYAVATI , REDDY GADE DEEPAK , BOYA VIVEKANANDA , PRASAD VVS RAJENDRA
Published: May 2020

Objective: A series of novel synthesis of 5-Substituted-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazole-1-carbothioic acid [4-(9, 10-dihydro-acridin-9-yl)-phenyl]- amide (IV) were synthesized using standard procedures and evaluated for cytotoxic studies.

Methods: 9-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-9 and 10-dihydro-acridine (I) were formed by cyclization of diphenylamine with substituted acids in the prescience of zinc chloride and synthesis of 5-substituted-3-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-pyrazole-1-carbothioic acid amide (3) by the cyclization of different chalcones (II) and final compounds were synthesized by fusion of 5-substituted-3-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-pyrazole-1-carbothioic acid amide (III) with 9-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-9, 10-dihydro-acridine (I) by microwave irradiation method. Characterization of synthesized compounds by infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopic methods. Obtained compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell lines (MCF/wt) by sulforhodamine-B assay. Docking studies with Aurora kinase protein were performed to elucidate the possible mechanistic insights of these novel acridine tagged pyrazole derivatives.

Results: Moderate to good in vitro cytotoxic potentials of the newly synthesized molecules was reported against selected human breast cancer cell lines. Among the tested molecules, compound C6 showed good cytotoxic activity against MCF/wt (08.2±0.4 μM). The dock scores of the tested compounds were ranged between −8.926 and −5.139. Compound C6 which has been reported as the most effective cytotoxic agent among the series also reported the highest dock score of -8.926 and showed hydrogen bond interaction with GLU-211, LYS-162, and LYS-143. Ligand binding energy with protein suggested compound C6 has shown the highest binding energy of −86.32133 kcal/mol.

Conclusion: The in vitro studies of the newly synthesized acridine tagged pyrazole derivatives reported considerable cytotoxic potentials against human breast cancer cell lines and structure-activity relationship studies to suggest that acridine tagged pyrazole derivatives with hydroxy group present on phenyl ring at fifth position of pyrazole ring could probably increase the cytotoxic potentials. With the reported bioactivities of these derivatives, further studies on the derivatization could elucidate the broader cytotoxic potentials.
EVALUATION OF IN VITRO HEPATIC TOXICITY OF LEAVES OF PTEROSPERMUM ACERIFOLIUM (L.) WILLD.
Authors: DATTA RANA , BOSE SANKHADIP , KUMAR MANDAL SUDIP
Published: May 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the in vitro hepatic toxicity profile of methanolic extract of leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. (MEPA) using a mammalian hepatic cell line (HepG2).

Methods: To assess its in vitro hepatic toxicity, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay using MEPA at a concentration of 25 μg, 50 μg, 100 μg, 200 μg, and 300 μg was carried out. Sorafenib tosylate was used as the standard agent to assess cytotoxicity.

Results: The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value for HepG2 cell lines was determined after 24 h. Thereafter the cytotoxicity study was again performed with the ½ IC50, IC50, and 2IC50 doses of MEPA. Experimentally, the IC50 was found to be 150.42 μg/ml for HepG2 using MEPA. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity and reduction in optical density were also observed with incremental MEPA administration.

Conclusion: The cytotoxic potential of MEPA was found to be much less than that of sorafenib tosylate. Thus, MEPA shows in vitro cytotoxicity in mammalian hepatic cells (HepG2) at a concentration as low as 100 μg.
RECENT STRATEGIES FOR EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF COUMARIN-CHALCONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: KONIDALA SATHISH KUMAR , KOTRA VIJAY
Published: May 2020

Coumarins and chalcones are potential pharmacological and biologically active molecules obtained from natural source. Coumarins have predominant pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activity. Chalcones are also one of the naturally occurring pharmacologically vital molecules with different activities such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activity. Literature reveals that a huge number of coumarinyl chalcone derivatives have various pharmacological activities. Coumarinyl chalcone derivatives gained more prominence due to their significant biological activities. This work explains the current information about synthesis techniques, pharmacological importance, and clinical applications of coumarinyl chalcone derivatives.
BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF TRICHODERMA SPP. AGAINST FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM IN SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.
Authors: Ramasamy Pavithra , SUNDARAM LALITHA
Published: May 2020

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of biocontrol Trichoderma species agent against Fusarium oxysporum in Solanum lycopersicum L.

Methods: Genus Trichoderma effective biocontrol agent against fungal, bacterial pathogen. The fungal isolates Trichoderma viride (Tr01), Trichoderma harzianum (Tr02), and F. oxysporum (Fu04) were also identified through morphological characterization observed under a light microscope (10x×40x). The isolates (Tr01, Tr02, Fu04) were confirmed through genetic DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction analysis. After that pot culture study was conducted to test the antagonistic potential (Tr01, Tr02) and against (Fu04). Seeds of tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) were used in this experiment; treatment such as control, Tr01, Tr02, Fu04, Tr01+ Fu04, and Tr02+ Fu04 was given to the seeds sown in pots and maintained in appropriate distances.

Results: In pot culture after 45th day after inoculation of bioinoculated plant (Tr02), significantly enhances plant length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, NPK content, and soil microbial population.

Conclusion: In this experiment, Trichoderma spp. to control plant pathogen and improve yield and quality of crop. Fungal species belonging to the genus Trichoderma act as a biological agent. Bioinoculated plant (Tr02) significantly enhances plant growth ability to with stand under nutrient deficient conditions.
TRIVALENT ION CROSS-LINKED AND ACETALATED GELLAN GUM MICROSPHERES OF GLIMEPIRIDE
Authors: DAS SUDIPTA , DEY RIMI
Published: May 2020

Objectives: A novel formulation was developed with glimepiride loaded trivalent ion Al+3 cross-linked and acetalated gellan gum microspheres.

Methods: The glimepiride loaded microspheres were formulated using sodium alginate and gellan gum. Cross-linking agents used for the microspheres were aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and glutaraldehyde (GA). The evaluation processes of prepared microspheres were carried out by in-vitro release study, swelling index, microscopic analysis, and entrapment efficiency.

Results: All the formulations show good entrapment efficiency and the maximum entrapment 84.6% was governed by the formulation (F3) cross-linked by AlCl3 and GA and their obtained mean particle size were 12.46±3.21 μm. Release profile of the formulations revealed the sustained design of the drug, particularly this formulation (F3), releasing approximately 40% over 4 h.

Conclusions: From this experiment, it can be accustomed that F3 possesses higher standard formulation than the rest due to good release profile and entrapment efficiency. Therefore, the long term stability study is required for future development of this formulation.
DRUG PROVOCATION TEST AS A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH FOR HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION TO ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS: A REPORT OF TWO CASES
Authors: SURYANA KETUT
Published: May 2020

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) continues to be a public health problem, especially in developing countries. The necessity use of multidrug regimens of antituberculosis drug (ATD) in PTB treatment has been associated with increased risk of drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs). DHR is a type of unpredictable reaction, refers to immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reactions. It is observed more frequently in the intensive phase of the PTB treatment with varying degrees of severity. DHR can lead to reduce the patient adherence, thereby leading to stoppage of the drugs by the patient. The definite diagnosis based on drug provocation test (DPT) that should be performed at a hospital. The recommended therapeutic approach is rapid desensitization by reintroducing drugs in safety and optimal under threshold dose until usual daily dose is reached. We present two cases of DHR to ATD, DPT as the diagnosis and rapid desensitization as the therapeutic approach.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY HEADSPACE METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF SIX ORGANIC VOLATILE IMPURITIES IN SUMATRIPTAN SUCCINATEAPI AND ITS PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
Authors: KISHORE J KRISHNA , RAO K PRASADA
Published: May 2020

Objective: The main aim of this study, to develop a validated analytical method for simultaneous quantification of six organic volatile impurities (OVI) in sumatriptan succinate active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and its pharmaceutical dosage forms by headspace (HS)-gas chromatography (GC).

Methods: The method development and its validation were performed on a Shimadzu GC-2010 GC system equipped with a flame ionization detector and Teledynetekmar HT3TM HS analyzer. The method involved a thermal gradient elution of six OVI present in sumatriptan succinate API. DB-624, 30 m×0.53 mm, 3.0 μ column is used as a stationary phase and nitrogen gas is used as a carrier gas. The flow rate was 2.8 mL/min and the flame ionization detector temperature is 260°C.

Results: The correlation coefficient (r2) was not <0.99 at the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 150%. The limit of detection obtained for methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, dichloromethane, benzene, and toluene was found 18.4, 8.8, 5.5, 4.3, 0.04, and 4.2 ppm. The LOQ obtained was 55.8, 26.8, 16.6, 13.0, 0.1, and 12.6 ppm. Accuracy results were obtained from 85 to 115% for six OVI’s. Furthermore, verified precision, ruggedness, robustness, solution stability, and pharmaceutical analysis. All the results are found within the acceptable limits.

Conclusion: The method presents a simple and reliable solution for the routine quantitative analysis of organic volatile impurities present in sumatriptan succinate API.
Organizationally based citizen science: considerations for implementation
Authors: Anderson Ashley A. , Williams Elizabeth , Long Marilee , Carter Ellison , Volckens John
Published: May 2020

This theoretical paper proposes a framework for how citizen science can be adapted to organizational contexts. Using an “input, process, output” approach, this model proposes organizational factors (e.g., communication channels and styles, and organizational structure) that should be considered when choosing among citizen science approaches (e.g., contributory, collaborative, co-created). The essay identifies possible outcomes for the individual, organization, and larger sector from employing a citizen science approach within an organizational setting.
The influence of the natural environment on the transformation of architectural style
Authors: Ivashko Yulia , Kuzmenko Tetiana , Shuan Li , Peng Chang
Published: May 2020

The article explores the phenomenon of the architecture style transformation with a radical change in the natural environment. By the example of two pairs of objects of the same style – objects of Northern National Romanticism in Finland and China and objects of the “Moscow pattern work” in Russia and France, the non-identity of the their architecture perception is argued with the general preservation of the defining signs of style – severe stone forms of northern national romanticism in dense Helsinki's urban development is perceived differently than similar forms of northern national romanticism among the exotic greenery of the coastal city of Qingdao, just as finely detailed forms of the Moscow Orthodox churches are perceived differently than similar forms among the palms of Nice. Another aspect is associated with a change in the ideological perception of the style of architecture when it is transferred to the territory of another country. Thus, Northern National Romanticism was perceived by Finland and the Baltic countries as the style of their national identity, therefore, it clearly expressed those elements and plots that just expressed the national identity of the countries under the rule of the Russian Empire. The same style, embodied in the representative buildings of Qingdao, primarily the governor's residence, expressed a different ideology: Qingdao was the military base of the navy, therefore Northern National Romanticism in this case expressed the nationality and dominance of Germany. At the same time, as you move away from the center of origin, each style invariably transforms as a result of multiple local layers, therefore, with all the grandeur of the appearance of the residence, it does not look as monumental as similar buildings in Finland or the Baltic countries due to the influence of Chinese traditions in polychrome and decor and placement in a different natural environment.
Üleksit Katkısının Kum-Bentonit Karışımlarının Mühendislik Özelliklerine Etkisi
Authors: ALPAYDİN S. Gizem , YUKSELEN-AKSOY Yeliz
Published: May 2020

Bentonit ve kum-bentonit karışımları genellikle nükleer atık depolama sahaları, kentsel katı atık depolama alanlarında geçirimsiz bariyer uygulamalarında kullanılırlar. Bu zemin karışımlarının dayanım ve hidrolik iletkenlik gibi mühendislik özellikleri tasarım aşamasındaki değerlerde çok uzun süre değişmeden kalmalıdır. Literatür çalışmaları, yüksek sıcaklık ve termal döngülerin, zeminlerin hidrolik iletkenlik, hacimsel deformasyon ve dayanımı üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğunu göstermiştir. Endüstride, malzemelerin termal direncini arttırmak için bor mineralleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bir bor minerali olan üleksit, zemin karışımlarının yüksek sıcaklık veya termal döngülere karşı dayanım ve hidrolik iletkenlik özelliklerini geliştirmek için bentonit veya kum-bentonit karışımlarına eklenebilir. Bu çalışmada, üleksit katkılı kum-bentonit karışımlarının kompaksiyon, konsolidasyon, hidrolik iletkenlik ve kayma dayanımı özellikleri oda sıcaklığında, ayrıca üleksit ilave edilmiş kum-bentonit karışımlarının kayma dayanımı davranışı yüksek sıcaklık varlığında (80°C) incelenmiştir. Deneylerde %10 bentonit içeren kum-bentonit karışımlarına %10 ve %20 oranlarında üleksit eklenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, üleksit katkısı kum-bentonit karışımlarının optimum su içeriği değerini düşürürken, maksimum kuru birim hacim ağırlık değerini arttırmıştır. Üleksit yüzdesi arttıkça toplam düşey deformasyon (sıkışabilirlik) miktarı artmıştır. Üleksit varlığında kum-bentonit karışımlarının 80°C'de maksimum kayma gerilmesi değeri, genellikle oda sıcaklığındaki değerlerden daha yüksek elde edilmiştir.
Utopophobia
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

Throughout the history of political philosophy and politics, there has been continual debate about the roles of idealism versus realism. For contemporary political philosophy, this debate manifests in notions of ideal theory versus nonideal theory. Nonideal thinkers shift their focus from theorizing about full social justice, asking instead which feasible institutional and political changes would make a society more just. Ideal thinkers, on the other hand, question whether full justice is a standard that any society is likely ever to satisfy. And, if social justice is unrealistic, are attempts to understand it without value or importance, and merely utopian? This book argues against thinking that justice must be realistic, or that understanding justice is only valuable if it can be realized. The book does not offer a particular theory of justice, nor does it assert that justice is indeed unrealizable—only that it could be, and this possibility upsets common ways of proceeding in political thought. The book's author engages critically with important strands in traditional and contemporary political philosophy that assume a sound theory of justice has the overriding, defining task of contributing practical guidance toward greater social justice. Along the way, it counters several tempting perspectives, including the view that inquiry in political philosophy could have significant value only as a guide to practical political action, and that understanding true justice would necessarily have practical value, at least as an ideal arrangement to be approximated. Demonstrating that unrealistic standards of justice can be both sound and valuable to understand, the book stands as a trenchant defense of ideal theory in political philosophy.
An Unrealistic Introduction
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter aims to locate this book's motivating concerns in the context of traditional and contemporary political philosophy. The argument to come is not a defense, nor is it a critique, of any particular conception of what justice requires. The guiding idea is rather, roughly stated, that an account that requires more than we ever expect to achieve is not thereby in the least flawed, even if it is not everything worth having. Whether anyone ought to set out for justice given pessimistic prospects is a separate matter; futility is plausibly a defect in a practical project. A second theme, then, is that the connection between sound political philosophy and guidance for political practice has often been exaggerated, and not just in recent times.
Prime Justice
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the unfamiliar idea of justice for morally flawless people. In turn, it shows that this initially frivolous-sounding topic illuminates something important about the structure of moral normativity more generally, namely, the primacy of nonconcessive standards—standards of right that are not occasioned by wrong. By “Prime Justice,” the chapter refers to a certain part of the “global prime requirement.” This is the requirement according to which all agents (individual or collective) behave as they morally ought to given that all others also do so. Presumably, there will be a component part of this prime requirement that concerns a society's basic social structure, the social justice part of the morally flawless scenario.
Plural Requirement
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter proposes a theory of Plural Requirement which allows us to vindicate much of its ordinary usage, but which does not count it as an instance of agential moral requirement. It explains, however, that the links to the agential idea are significant nevertheless, in a way that allows us to understand the way in which Plural Requirement is, broadly, a moral idea. The remaining extent to which it is not a familiar agential form of moral requirement transfers to the idea of social justice as Prime Justice, which is a form of Plural Requirement. This implication is not a great cost of the approach, however, so long as it might have been plausible from the beginning that principles of social justice are not, or at least not obviously, action requirements on agents. What that leaves unclear is how social justice requirements are moral requirements at all. Seeing how Plural Requirement is a broadly moral requirement will allow us to see how social justice requirements are broadly moral requirements as well.
The Fallacy of Approximation
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the fallacy of approximation. When political theory constructs models that are idealized in certain ways, it is natural to ask whether they are of any use in practice. If there is hope of fully achieving them, then they might serve as appropriate practical goals. And even if they are not fully achievable, or not worth the cost or risk, they will often be something to approximate. The value of approximating them cannot be assumed, however, since the approximation might leave out something crucial. For an example in a different context, a car with a missing brake pedal is approximately like a car with a brake pedal, but most of the value is missing. Still, it is a valuable first step to identify the respects in which the status quo differs from the valuable model or ideal, and that requires identification of the ideal.
Informed Concern
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains why the only value of understanding justice does not lie in whatever practical value it has. It argues that the value of understanding full justice, even if it is an unrealistic goal, is over-determined: it has several kinds of practical value, but its value does not depend on that in any case. The chapter supposes that full or great justice is not a realistic expectation, not a standard people are at all likely or inclined ever to meet, and, moreover, that there is no other way in which understanding full justice would be available for the production of something of value. It then considers a claim: in that case, there is no great value in understanding those upper reaches of justice, or in understanding whether it has such upper reaches. This is broader than the claim that such understanding is useless, which would leave the possibility of worth other than usefulness. Not only is it useless, on this view, it is, for that reason, worthless (or close enough). The chapter argues against this.
Epilogue
Authors: Estlund David
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter pulls some of the book's main threads together in order to frame their significance, and to make several further observations. The relation presented in this book between idealistic theory and real political practice is mixed: understanding justice, even if it is unrealistic, has some practical value in ways that have been neglected; it lacks some kinds of practical value that are sometimes assumed; it has a kind of novel practical value; and whatever practical value it does or does not have, there is also a nonpractical—yet still moral—value in having a concern for justice that is philosophically informed. Moreover, whether or not any of that is so—whether or not there is any of that value in understanding this—justice might yet be, in one way or another, an idealistic or unrealistic standard. The chapter attempts to understand whether and how this is or is not so.
From Protestant to Reformed
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the Reformed (or Calvinist) tradition. The Reformed tradition (or, alternatively, “Calvinism”) played a singular role in the making of the Reformation in England, Ireland, and Scotland and the development of New England. As early as the 1530s, Luther's theology, although available in translation, was giving way to connections direct and indirect with the Reformed international, connections nurtured by Thomas Cranmer, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. The chapter then looks at how the Reformed tradition was conveyed to British Protestants through books such as John Foxe's Acts and Monuments (1563 in English) and first-hand encounters with Reformed practice that happened in the 1550s during the reign of Mary Tudor (1553–58), when English and Scottish ministers—the “Marian exiles”—fled to the Continent. As Foxe and the martyrs whose faith he was documenting repeatedly declared, Catholicism was wrong because it was based on “human inventions” whereas their version of Christianity was restoring the “primitive” perfection of the apostolic church. The chapter also outlines how the Reformation in Scotland differed from the Reformation in England.
A Reformation of Manners
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the Puritan version of a “reformation of manners” or moral reform, situating it within a larger anxiety about “decline.” As those who signed the Covenant of 1596 surely knew, perceptions of “decline” had prompted fast days in Scotland ever since the 1560s. Several of these exercises in repentance and covenanting were means to the end of a firmer alliance between a Protestant state church and a monarchy (or civil state) susceptible to Catholic or more moderate tendencies. This was the purpose of the Negative, or King's, Confession of 1580/81, when the young James VI and most of the political class pledged never to allow “the usurped tyranny of the Roman Antichrist” to return to Scotland. John Knox had organized a similar event in 1565 at a moment when the political fortunes of Mary Stuart were on the mend. Knox had called on the General Assembly to institute a countrywide fast directed against “idolatry,” with the queen as its implied target. Responding to Knox's sense of crisis, this assembly endorsed a “reformation of manners” and “public fast” as the means of “avoiding of the plagues and scourges of God, which appeared to come upon the people for their sins and ingratitude.” Simultaneously, it urged the queen to suppress “the Mass” and other “such idolatry and Papistical ceremonies.”
The End of the Beginning, 1640–1660
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses how the “windings and overturnings” of the 1640s and early 1650s were unprecedented in British history. For the Puritan movement, they were devastating. At the debut of the 1640s, the godly in England seemed on the verge of securing the reformation they had sought since the 1570s. As late as 1646 or possibly 1647, the classic goals of the movement still seemed within reach. Yet by 1650, the principles of a comprehensive state church and magistracy–ministry alliance had been displaced by voluntary versions of Protestantism and state support for liberty of conscience. Not in name but in practice, moral discipline had virtually collapsed. Doctrine, too, had become unhinged, although blasphemy remained a civil crime. Order of a quite different kind returned in 1660–62 with the restoration of the monarchy. With it came episcopacy throughout Britain and a line drawn in the sand about conformity. Some 1,600 ministers were unwilling to conform and, thereafter, became Dissenters (as did some of their congregations) who could not worship openly.
Change and Continuity
Authors: Hall David D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains that by the mid-1640s, a Holy Spirit-centered understanding of conversion and assurance (nicknamed “Antinomianism”) had acquired a new group of advocates who hailed it as an alternative to the practical divinity. Orthodoxy had constantly spawned renegades and outliers who tested its boundaries. Now, however, originality was becoming more widespread and controversy more intense in response to a mixture of political and intellectual circumstances that included the collapse of censorship. How the practical divinity was being assailed and defended are topics that lead to the Antinomians of mid-century, the Westminster Confession, and the reasoning of ministers such as Samuel Rutherford on behalf of orthodoxy. The chapter then revisits the Antinomian controversy that roiled mid-1630s Massachusetts. Here, too, debate was prompted by criticism of the practical divinity. The chapter also describes change and continuity in institutional and cultural practices in the orthodox colonies in New England.
The Invention of American Art, 1825–1945
Authors: Lena Jennifer C.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter analyzes the institutional and organizational factors that led to the invention of “the arts” in America. Wealthy reputational entrepreneurs seeking to establish domestic arts organizations contributed to the birth of highbrow arts as both idea and organizational practice. This first wave established the pathway by which creative forms came to be seen as art. As new orchestras, art museums, and symphonies were formed, advocates for ballet, modern dance, theater, and opera employed the same process to generate legitimacy. This second wave of legitimation was initiated by new groups of reputational entrepreneurs, including wealthy women, Jews, immigrants, and intellectuals. They advocated for the creation of novel American artworks to reflect the diverse character of the nation. The chapter then joins together existing sociological research on these two waves of change with research on the teaching professions that trained protoartists, the nonprofit professionals who administered arts programs, and the funders who supported their development.
Opportunity Structures
Authors: Lena Jennifer C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the concept of “opportunity structures.” Sociologists have argued that certain favorable conditions facilitate the artistic legitimation process—what they refer to as “opportunity structures.” The term is meant to describe exogenous factors that encourage or inhibit collective action. The chapter then explores several exogenous factors that might reasonably have aided or limited the efforts of aesthetic entrepreneurs to access, enjoy, or offer a diverse palette of culture as art. These include forms of economic, political, and technical change, like class formation or dissolution; the liberalization of political and social attitudes; and the emergence or decline of technologies. Changes within the arts sector can also facilitate the diversification of the field. Thus, the chapter also considers the advance of rational management; the professionalization of curatorial and programming department staff; shifts in audience demographics, funding sources, and objectives; and changes in law and regulations.
Martyr Milestones
Authors: Armbrust Walter
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at several vignettes through which one sees the history of a crucial swathe of the revolution told through performances of martyrdom. These link to important political events in the revolution, but also to a dense network of textual and spatial anchors far beyond the scope of discrete acts of political contention. The experience of uncloseable liminality in the revolution was disorienting and uncomfortable, but it was also truly liminal in the sense that it enabled new forms of agency, or one might just say that “thinking outside the box” becomes obligatory when the status of the box itself is thrown into doubt. For some, this absence-of-the-box agency was a source of creativity. When a contest for power ensued after the collapse of communitas it did not mean that all forms of history and prior social attachments disappeared, but it did allow revolutionaries much greater license as bricoleurs who could do things in performance spaces that could not have been previously thinkable, and join things together that could not have been joined. But it must not be forgotten that ritual exists for a reason, namely as a means for controlling the dangers of liminality.