bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Teaching and Learning in Teaching Process: An Experimental Report
Authors: LIANG Tun Xiong , HE Bing , XU Zhong Huai
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the implementation of the Student-Oriented Teaching under teachers' guidelines in order to maximize the teaching effect. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of such programme, cooperation with other resources, such as classroom management and method of instruction are also needed.本文旨在探求在教師主導作用下能充份體現學生爲主體地位的優化課堂教學環節，建立和優化教爲主導學爲主體的教學法以便配合其他的教學措施、手段和方法，獲取最優化的教學效果。
Physical Activity Patterns of Hong Kong Adolescents
Authors: NG IP Kit Wan Judy
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The present study utilized the physical activity log to investigate the physical activity patterns of the adolescents in Hong Kong. Results indicated that walking and watching television are the most common activities. Of the top 10 ranked activities, only two of them were sport-related activities, including recreational volleyball and basketball.本研究是利用自我紀錄方式表去探討青少年的活動模式。結果顯示青少年的活動偏向「走路」和「觀看電視」。在整體「等級排列」的頭十位，只有兩種屬於運動項目：康樂性質排球和康樂性質籃球。這方面是値得從事體育和康樂的專業人員留意的。
Application of Stress Management in Secondary School
Authors: CHEUNG Siu Yin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this paper is to introduce stress management program to secondary school students in Hong Kong. Stress management program was designed and was proposed to be included in secondary school physical education curriculum. The program consisted of lectures and relaxation training. The contents of the lectures are the followings: what is stress? sources of stress, stress and illness, intrapersonal and interpersonal interventions. The relaxation training program consisted of stretching exercises, deep abdominal breathing and progressive relaxation training. A trial teaching of the course was conducted for 22 Form 6 students at a secondary school. Examination and academic/school work are the major stressors for the students. Friends and classmates are their main support groups. Positive feedback were received from the physical education teacher and students on this stress management program.這篇文章的主旨是介紹一個中學生處理壓力的課程。這課程是建議將處理壓力列入中學體育課程內容中，課程分理論及實習兩部份，理論課程內容包括：甚麼是壓力？壓力的來源，壓力與疾病，個人及人際間的壓力處理方法。實習課程內容包括：伸展運動、腹式呼吸、漸進鬆弛練習。這課程曾在一所中學的中六班進行試教，學生有廿二人，考試及學校功課是中六學生主要的壓力來源，朋友及同學是他們主要的支持者，體育老師及同學們對這處理壓力課程都給予正面的回應。
Intrinsic Motivation of University Students in Participating in Physical Fitness Training Programs
Authors: MAK David , NG IP Kit Wan Judy
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to examine the intrinsic motivation of University students in pursuing physical fitness training programs. 224 university undergraduate students (81 males and 143 females) who participated voluntarily in fitness training courses were included in this study. Participants were asked to complete a 7-item questionnaire to find out their intrinsic motivation of participating in the fitness training programs. Ratings of the questionnaire range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The motivation factors were ranked according to their mean scores. It was found that "to keep fit and strong" was top of the list, followed by "to improve health" and "to improve outlook". The implications of the rank order were discussed in the paper. Factor analysis of the motivation factors showed that there were two sub-factor components: physical factor and social factor. The reliability coefficients of the factors were 0.58 and 0.83 respectively. One way ANOVA results showed that significant difference was only found between genders in relation to the social factor. Social factor was seen to be a more important motivating factor in female participants of physical fitness training programs.本文旨在研究大學生參加健身訓練課程的內發動機。共有二百二十四名大學本科生自願參加這個研究，他們在參加課程後填寫一份有七條題目的問卷。問卷答案幅度由一(強烈反對)至五(強烈贊成)。動機因素方面以平均值去排列等級。結果顯示"保持身體強健"居於首位，跟著的是"改善健康"和"改善外表"。文中亦提及排列等級結果的含意。因子分析結果指出問卷內容有兩個次組合："體質"和"社交"。它們的信度係數分別是0.58和0.83。單向方差分析法表示"性別"和"社交"有顯著差異。"社交"被認為是女性參加健身訓練課程的一個重要內發動機。
To What Extent Can Physical Education Be Justified in the School Curriculum
Authors: YEUNG Siu Wing
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Physical education is a subject through physical activities to teach the young people recognize their significance as important features of our culture, and develop a richer appreciation of culture and contribution. The deliberation and articulation about the role of purposeful physical activities in enhancing the quality of life, in order to illuminate peoples' understanding of what to do with their lives and how they choose to spend their spare time. Such understanding requires the engagement in purposeful physical activities so that person is able to make an informed choice. Physical education can make students know more about the other people and the society, so that their social knowledge and moral value would be enhanced. Aesthetic value is educated through physical education and students will learn how to appreciate aesthetic movements. Physical education can help students to develop a healthy life-style and promote the qualities of desirable moral behaviours, co-operation in communal life. Thus, the education of young people would be incomplete, if physical education is neglected and not recognized for the unique contribution.體育科是一個以身體活動來敎育人們的學科，使人們認識到除了知識外，還有很多作為人的應有特質。通過有目的、有計劃的體育活動，能使人們知道如何選擇適當的運動來鍛錬身體、認識與人相處的技巧、確立道德標準、培養美感、建立健康的生活模式、善用餘暇等高尚的情操。體育科的獨特性若未能發揮，則理想中的學校課程會被視為不完整，而全人敎育的目標也不可能達到的。
Field Tests of Cardiorespiratory Fitness for School Children
Authors: CHOW Bik Chu
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness is an important component of the health-related physical fitness. CR fitness is related to oxygen delivery to muscles involving heart, lungs and circulatory system that enabling large muscles to work for a longer period of time. The most accurate reflection of CR fitness is maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max) at work. However, the test involves expensive laboratory equipment such as treadmill, cycle ergometer and gas analyzer. Field tests such as distance running tests and step tests are more appropriate to be used during physical education lesson. This article aims to introduce a few field tests for CR fitness to be used in schools.心肺功能是健康相關體適能要素裡其中一主要項目，心肺功能是指心臟、肺部和循環系統有效地供給氧份，使整個身體能作出較長時間的大組肌肉運動。最準確的心肺功能測驗方法是分析運動中的最大攝氧量(V02 max)，但這種方法需使用較昂貴的器材如跑步機、單車及氣體分析器等，而且只可在實驗室內進行。相反，一些可在一般場地進行的測試如跑步測試、台階測試等，均適合在學校的體育課中進行。本文將介紹幾種適合一般場地舉行的心肺功能測試並闡釋其運作理念。
The Effect of Distance Running on the Anthropometry and Body Functions for the Elderly
Authors: GU Liyan , YOU Guijie , ZHANG Yiming , ZHANG Lan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Because of the population of the old people is increasing remarkably in today's society, due to the development of the standard of medical science and technique, there is the positive significance in improving old people's physique and health by understanding their present constitutional situation and health condition, and in studying in aging regulations and the function of anti-aging by doing exercise. The article has tested the function and sports quality of the subjects, part of whom are the retired staffs in some universities in Beijing, and others are the members of the Jogging Club of Old People. It is manifested that Most of the indexes in function and sports quality were significant better in aerobic exercise group than in common group no matter of males or females. It is concluded that longterm regular aerobic exercise can slow down the declining speed of cardio-pulmonary function, and maintain and improve the sports quality of old people.隨著人類社會進步和醫療科技的發展，人口老齡化已成為世界人口發展的必然趨勢。所以瞭解老年人的身體機能和素質，對研究衰老規律和運動抗衰老的作用，全面提高中國老年人體質與健康水平具有積極的意義。本文將227名北京部分高校退休敎職工和北京市老年長跑俱樂部的隊員，按受試者鍛煉和訓練情況劃分為普通組和有氧運動組，對他們進行了形態、身體機能和運動素質的測試。結果顯示，有氧組和普通組在形態、身體機能和運動素質的大多數指標上存在明顯差異，表現為，有氧運動組的形態、身體機能和素質等指標明顯優於普通組。這就説明長期堅持有氧運動對於減緩心肺功能下降的速度，維持和提高老年群體身體素質有積極的促進作用。
Quality Physical Education Teaching: Be Prepared to Accept the Challenge Raised by the Proposed Educational Reform for the 21st Century
Authors: WONG Arthur Chi Tak
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.School physical education is facing a lot of problems. One of these problems is a negative image that is gradually developing. Our pupils seem to dislike PE more and more. Lots of research has indicated that sports participation from the youth and adult populations are declining and that young people nowadays are not as fit as their counterparts before. This phenomenon could be accounted for, at least partly, by the quality and approach of implementation, of our curriculum. The author wishes to share with the audience some observations with reference to the recent proposals made in the Review of Education system: Framework for Education Reform - Learning for Life (Education commission, 1999). The reform proposal, seem to aim at making individual schools more accountable for their own education program and creating a more flexible and dynamic environment. It emphasizes life-long learning; proposes to demolish the murals that separate the schools from other social institutes and to alleviate the pressure and limitations in terms of time, facilities and equipment that constrain the curriculum. The proposals offer both challenges and opportunities to change the teaching of PE and have great bearings to our professional goals, curriculum content, pedagogy and assessment. Owing to time limitation it is difficult to offer a comprehensive view on all possibilities but an eclectic visit on some of the issues.學校體育面對很多困難，其一為學校體育在學生心中的負面形象，正在慢慢形成，不喜歡體育課的學生多了。大量研究指出時下的青少年及成年人不積極參與運動，今天的青少年比過去的體弱。這一現象部分可能與現行的體育課程及其施行方法有關。筆者希望就「敎育制度檢討: 敎育改革建議 - 終身學習」(敎育統籌委員會，1999)提出的藍圖和讀者分享一些見聞。改革建議希望在一個更具彈性及動力的環境下建立一套問責制，它強調終身學習，並試圖把學校與社會其它機構的圍牆拆去，把學校課程從時間，空間，用具及設施等限制中解放出來。改革建議提出了挑戰及機會，對體育敎學的目的、內容、敎學方法及評估皆有啟示。基於時間及篇幅的限制，這裡未能照顧周全，只能探討其中一些問題。
Sporting and Academic Excellence in the Singapore Schools Environment
Authors: QUEK Steven Chin Hwee , LOW James Choon Sai
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.In the light of recent interest for world-class sports achievement in Singapore, the responsibility of the local schools is to engineer the environment for academic and sporting excellence. By then examining existing literature, the authors identified various themes that have been frequently attributed as necessary ingredients for pedagogic and coaching success. These variables - school culture, role of the principal, teachers, peers, facilities, and recognition - were then validated through a case study of an eminent local student-athlete. The writers hope that the validation of these variables will inspire schools towards sporting and academic excellence in Singapore.有鑒於新加坡近來對世界級運動的熱烈追求，本地學校有責任塑造一個有利於卓越學術和體育的環境。在參考了現有的文 獻後，作者指出幾個敎學法和實踐敎導的成功要素。這些要素通過一個出色學生運動員的個案加以驗証。作者希望通過這個驗証個案，能讓學校受到啟發，朝向卓越體育和學術的方向邁進。
Antioxidants Supplementation and Exercise Performance
Authors: LOK Andy C. M. , WONG Stephen H. S.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Physical exercise is known to have many beneficial effects. However, intense physical training can concomitantly result in increased free radical production in human body, thereby inducing a greater oxidative-stress that may cause damage to the cells. In this article, the mechanism of free radicals formation, the assessment of oxidative stress in human, and the defense system in the body against the anti-oxidative damage will be discussed. Studies in the effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise performance will also be reviewed. Research findings suggest that supplementation of antioxidants can reduce the oxidative damage to muscle and other tissues induced by vigorous exercise. However, the effect of such supplementation on exercise performance remains unclear.雖然運動對人體所產生的益處已被廣泛肯定，可是高強度的運動訓練卻會增加體內自由基的濃度，從而損害身體的組織。本文綜述自由基形成的機制，身體對自由基的反應，與及如何量度自由基對身體的損害和補充抗氧化劑對運動能力的影響。研究證實補充抗氧化劑能有效減低身體受自由基的傷害，但能否增進運動能力則尚需探究。
Thermoregulation in Young People: Implications for the Physical Education Teachers, Sports Trainers and Activity Organizers
Authors: CHIA Michael
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.There are physical and physiological differences between how young people cope with exercise in hot and cold environments. Young people are especially disadvantaged when their thermoregulatory capabilities are compared to those of adults. Physically, young people have greater surface-area-to-mass ratio, have lower blood volume per unit of body surface area and smaller sweat glands compared to adults. Physiologically, young people are less energy efficient when it comes to locomotion, they have lower maximal cardiac output and also lower sweat gland sensitivity when compared to adults. These differences mean that young people have to tolerate a greater thermal load when they exercise in the heat or that they lose heat faster when they exercise in a cold environment compared to adults. Physical education teachers, sports trainers and activity organizers must be informed of these facts and take the appropriate actions to ensure that young people are sufficiently shielded from harsh environmental conditions when they are engaged in physical activity.在熱環境與冷環境下運動，青少年的機體反應有其自身的特點。這是因為青少年的體溫調節功能比成年人弱。之所以較弱，有其形態結構與生理功能兩方面的影響因素。與成年人相比，青少年體表面積與體重比值較大；單位體表面積的血流量較少；運動時青少年產能能力較低；最大心輸出量較少；汗腺較小及汗腺的敏感性較弱等。這些差異致使青少年在熱環境下運動時將承受較強的熱負荷，而在冷環境下運動則散熱較快。因此，體育敎師、敎練和體育活動組織者應重視青少年體溫調節的特點，在這些非常環境下運動時應採取必要的預防保護措施，以確保青少年的健康舆安全。
Application of Process Capability Indices in Swimming Teaching
Authors: SU Jung Chi , CHEN Kuen Suan , LAI Su Lin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Process Capability Index was an effective and convenient instrument to measure process capability and achievement. Based on the process capability indices, the researchers attempted to apply such index in teaching of swimming. After several corrections, the Swimming Teaching Index SN1 = U-M / (M-F0.315)/3, and the Swimming Teaching Gathering Effect Index = P x L were developed. Moreover, five swimming coaches in Taichung area were studied to verify the validity and reliability of the index.製程能力指標是衡量製程能力與績效的有效且方便的工具，許多統計學家和品質工程師投入了製程能力指標的研究，使其能準確的衡量出製程能力與績效。本文即是以製程能力指標為基礎經適度修正成敎會游泳指標SN1 = U-M / (M-F0.315)/3，並據以發展游泳敎學總績效指標 = P x L，最後以台灣的台中市一處游泳池的五位游泳敎練為例，探討驗証本文所發展的指標。
Simple Assessment of Aerobic Fitness in Field Conditions
Authors: BUNC Vaclav
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The conventionally accepted physiological criterion of aerobic fitness (AF) is V02max. When V02max is not directly measured, it can be estimated from performance motor tests. The using of motor tests for indirect determination of V02max is based on dependence between the energy cost of exercise and exercise intensity. In submaximal range of intensities the linear equations may be used to relate intensity of physical activity to V02. If we extrapolate linear relationships between V02 and exercise intensity to maximal exercise intensity, the inaccuracy of V02max determination resulting from the intensity of exercise increases by approximately 5%. The purpose of this study was to determine norms for the estimation of AF with regard to Czech standards and with regard to general relations between the mean velocity of the cyclical movement in a field conditions and an energy required for this activity. These norms were derived from a Czech sample, incorporating relations between speed of movement and energy required for this activity expressed indirectly by V02. The basic element of evaluating AF under field conditions is the mean velocity of walking or running on a 2000 m track, and/or cycling on a 5000 m distance, and/or swimming on a 300 m distance. The standards have been prepared for males and females aged 6-70 years, making it possible to estimate "poor", "good", and "excellent" levels of AF and physical performance. The error of assessment of V02max and thus AF level varies by about 15%.一般評估帶氧運動能力的方法，都是採用慣常的量度「最大攝氧量」。本文旨在探討可否使用較簡易而有效的評估辦法去取代複雜的傳統方法，利用捷克地區的數據來作測試，結果發現：簡易方法準確度互差約15%。
Evaluating Anthropometric Indicators: Which is the Best Marker of Blood Pressure in 10 - 15 Years Old Children?
Authors: UNDERHAY C. , RIDDER J. H. de , KRUGER H. S. , ROOYEN J. M. van
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The aim of this study was to determine which anthropometric indicator is the best marker of blood pressure in 10 - 15 year old children. A one-time cross sectional experimental design was used for this study. A total of 605, 10 - 15 year old males and 640 females were recruited from 44 randomly selected schools in the North-West Province, which formed part of the THUSA BANA study during 2000 and 2001. Anthropometric measurements selected, were primarily those described in Norton and Olds (1996). Blood pressure was measured with the Finapres in a non-invasive way. Data analysis was performed using Statistica 2001 (Stat Soft., Inc) for Windows 98. A forward stepwise discriminant analysis was performed to determine which anthropometric indicator is the best marker of high systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 10 - 15 year old children. According to the results of the discriminant analysis, percentage body fat were the best marker of both high systolic and diastolic blood pressure followed by triceps skinfold and abdomen girth. Prediction models for high systolic and diastolic blood pressure were developed for males and females, using the results of the discriminant analysis. This prediction models had an overall accuracy of 89.25% of predicting high systolic blood pressure and a 90.91% overall accuracy of predicting high diastolic blood pressure.本文旨在探討那些體型特徵是評估少年血壓的最佳指標，共有605男生和640女生年齡由10至15歲參與本研究，作者利用應用統計學方式，嘗試尋找出最理想的指標。
Weighing in the Issue of Heavy Schoolbags Carried by Pupils in Primary School
Authors: CHIA Michael , TAN Serena , TAN Abbie , TAN Soot Mei , LEE Bervyn
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The issue of heavy schoolbags is a common concern among educationists, parents and school children. The pervasiveness of the carriage of heavy schoolbags among 482 primary school pupils from two schools was studied. Participants were grouped according to sex and primary levels (i.e. P1 & P2, aged 7-8 years and P3 & P4, aged 9-10 years). Body mass with and without schoolbags was measured on a single weekday using a calibrated weighing machine. Pupils also completed a 10-item questionnaire that solicited responses about the type of schoolbag carried, the number of bags carried, how the bags were carried, whether they felt that their bags were too heavy, if they had suffered pain, soreness or numbness from carrying the schoolbags and information about their travel to and from school. Results revealed that pupils carried bags that weighed about 15% to 17% of body weight. The figures also indicated that 60.4% of the lower primary group (P1 and P2) exceeded the guideline of 3.5 kg outlined by the Ministry of Education (Singapore) for schoolbags, and 55.8% exceeded the guideline of 4.5 kg for the middle primary group (P3 and P4). Participants also reported that they carried bags that were too heavy, and experienced pain, soreness or numbness in the neck, shoulders or back. Results of this study indicate that more can be done to reduce the physical load of schoolbags for primary pupils. Implications of the findings are discussed, including two current initiatives to create an electronic learning environment within the school compound where pupils can access textbook and workbook information.在發展中國家與發達國家中，學齡兒童的書包重量不當是引起青年期或成年后腰背部疼痛的常見原因之一，往往是由於書包過重所致。本文對新加坡兩所小學進行了調查，結果提示學生書包的重量普遍超過健康指南所規定的最大重量。因此，在提高健康水平及健康敎育方面還需做大量的工作，以減輕小學生，特別是低年級學生體力上的負荷。
Reinforce Health-related Education Early in School: Results of a Randomized Trial in Portugal
Authors: WANG Guoyong , PEREIRA Beatriz
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study is to investigate the health-related quality of life of school children in Portugal. We used FITNESS GRAM (health-related fitness test) and questionnaire to investigate a random sample of 193 children aged 10-16 years from one public school in Portugal. Survey showed: (1) Most students tested were unable to meet all the minimum standard of the 6 tests in FITNESS GRAM to be considered physically fit and educational benefits; (2) Nearly a quarter of the students are either overweight or at risk of becoming overweight; (3) More than 70% of them do not participate in exercise on regular basis. A quarter of the girl students don't do any exercise after physical education; (4) Most of them watching TV everyday and nearly half of them more than 2 hours per school day. These damaging behaviors among the school-aged students can increase risk for health problems both now and in the future easily. Survey showed that health education in middle school in Portugal need to be improved, also the curriculum of physical education in school in Portugal need to be emphasized more on health-related physical activity rather than on competitive sports or skill-related program. School is often considered to be an ideal place to promote health. It is desirable to reinforce health-relate education early in school, and it would yield twice the result with half the effort for shaping nation's future health and social well-being.本文旨在調查葡萄牙中學生的與健康有關的生活質量情況，作者使用了 FITNESSGRAM 健康有關的身體素質測試專案組和問卷，隨機對193名年齡在10至16歲之間的葡萄牙在校中學生進行了測試和調查。結果顯示：許多學生(80%以上)沒有能全部通過 FITNESSGRAM 中所有六項被認為是達到健康和取得敎育成效所必須的最低標準；近四分之一的學生超重或有肥胖症；超過70%以上的學生不經常參加鍛煉，四分之一的女生在學校體育課後從不鍛煉。相反，所有學生基本上都天天看電視，一半學生每天看電視2小時以上。我們注意到在學生身上的這些不健康習慣都會增加學生現在和今後健康問題的風險。調查顯示在葡萄牙中學的健康敎育有待提高，學校體育課也更需要加強與健康有關的活動而不應該過分強調競技體育和技巧專案。學校是普遍被認為推進健康的好場所，儘早在學校裏加強與健康有關的敎育，這會對國民未來的健康和社會的美好都能起到事半功倍的效果。
Games Teaching: Assessment in Teaching Games for Understanding
Authors: LIU Raymond Yuk Kwong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Given that, at present, assessment in the Teaching Games for Understanding approach is at a developmental stage, this paper is to articulate an effective and efficient assessment blueprint for Physical Education teachers to adopt this new games teaching approach in the teaching of ball games in schools. Through a case study involving PE teachers, this researcher has confirmed that the proposed assessment method is both effective and has practical value. Basing on the findings, it is recommended that, during implementation, students should not be solely assessed by the teacher, but as well by their peers; such mode of assessment is strongly recommended by the Curriculum Development Council of Hong Kong.目前「領會敎學法」評估的方法仍在發展探索階段中。本文的目的是建議一種評估方法，讓體育敎師能在採用「領會敎學法」敎授球類課時，也可以採用一套有效及可行的評估方法，衡量學生的真正球類活動的表現。作者透過個案研究，印證這種評估方法能有效的量度學生球類活動的整體表現能力，和這方法在學校施行上也很容易。作者並建議，在評估過程中，除了敎師評估學生外，也採納學生互評方法，這評估安排，也是課程發展議會在體育課程改革中所提倡的多元化的評估策略和模式之一。
Factors Influencing Attitudes of Hong Kong Secondary School Students toward Physical Education
Authors: CHEUNG Rebecca Hun Ping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to examine the potential influential factors of Hong Kong secondary students' attitudes toward physical education. The Physical Education Questionnaire was completed by 1,172 students, selected proportionally from four main geographic districts in Hong Kong. This instrument measures how physical education is perceived concerning the values, the status, the atmosphere, the experiences, the social aspects, the teaching method and the PE teachers. Mean ratings on these aspects from 3.43 to 3.92 on a 5-point scale, indicating that the students generally liked physical education, but they liked some aspects more that others. Employing analysis of variance techniques revealed that school year, gender and perceived skill competence were significant factors influencing students' attitudes toward physical education. These findings have pedagogical implications for the teaching strategies of physical education.本研究旨在探討影響香港中學生對體育課態度的因素。1,172本地中學生參與問卷調查。研究結果顯示香港中學生對體育課的態度是正面的，而級別、性別及運動能力是影響中學生對體育課態度的因素。因此，體育敎師須了解學生的需要，從而運用適當的敎育策略去提升學生對體育課的正面態度。
Effect of Warmed Whirlpool on Symptoms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Authors: LIU Jen Hao , HWANG Johnson , LIN Jung Charng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Exercise-induced muscle damage, also called DOMS, is soft tissue injury after strenuous exercise. There are many ways of treatments on DOMS. Hydrotherapy is one of the effective treatments for DOMS. The mechanism of hydrotherapy on DOMS is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the effects of warmed whirlpool immersion on the symptoms of DOMS following strenuous eccentric exercise. After performing a bout of damage-inducing eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors on a Biodex, 22 females were randomly assignment into a control group, CG (n=11) and hydrotherapy group, HG (n=11). HG immersed their exercised arm in warmed water (41 °c) for 10 min immediately after eccentric exercise and then every 12 h for 15 min, seven sessions. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), relaxed elbow angle (REA), muscle soreness index (MSI) and swelling were measured immediately before eccentric exercise and 3 day afterward, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed significant (p < .05) main effects on time for all variables, with increases in MSI, CK, upper arm circumference (URC) and decreases in REA. There were significant interactions (p < 0.01) between group and time for REA and CK. REA was greater and CK was lower for the HG than the CG on day 2 and day 3 following the eccentric exercise. We concluded that heated whirlpool immersion might reduce muscle stiffness, CK and increase REA.運動引起的肌肉損傷，也稱為運動後延遲性的肌肉酸痛，簡稱為DOMS，為一種劇烈運動後的軟組織損傷。處理DOMS的方法很多：但熱水療的方法卻是處理DOMS非常有效的方法。熱水療對DOMS的效果並不清楚。因此，本文主要在探討熱水療對運動後產生肌肉酸痛的影響，受試者經實施屈肘離心運動後，22位受試者隨機抽樣分配成熱療組及控制組。熱水療組於離心屈肘運動後，將運動肘浸泡在水溫維持在41°c的熱水中10分鐘後，分別於運動前、運動後立即、運動後24小時、運動後48小時、運動後72小時， 分別測量肘關節活動範圍、血漿肌酸激有活性、腫脹及肌肉酸痛指數。經分析發現在運動後各期間的DOMS、血漿肌酸激有活性及 腫脹隨時間增加而增加；肘關節活動範圍及血漿肌酸激有活性在組別及時間上有交互作用，且其交互作用是運動後的48小時及72小時熱水療組肘關節活動範圍較大，而血漿肌酸激有活性較低，顯示熱水療於離心性運動後關節活動範圍增加、減少肌酸激有活性與降低肌肉酸痛指數。
SOCIAL SITUATION AND EXPERIENCE OF SCHOOLCHILDREN OF PRIMARY PRIVATE SCHOOL
(ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH)
Authors: Mykhailo Alokhin
Published: March 2021

The tendency of educational opportunities polarization, which accompanied by segregation and stratification of
secondary education, is empirically confirmed in Ukraine. Children from elite families, who are determined by social
distance, individual and personal inequality, disparities in social conditions of development and social selection, are
new target group of socio-pedagogical research. The aim of the article is to represent the theoretical and experimental
study of the social situation and experience of primary school pupils from elite families and its impact on the trajectory
of their social development. The survey, conducted in March-June 2020, involved parents of 143 children from elite
families aged 6-8. It was determined that the socio-economic situation of the children family, affects their social
experience and the educational trajectory of pupils. The leading role in raising a child belongs to educational institutions
in 2% of family, despite the fact that in most elite families the educational function is equally distributed between both
parents. It forms a specific demand for a school that has to educate children. Private schools could face the problem of
forming responsibilities, as most primary school pupils from elite families have no domestic responsibilities, and their
behavior may be partly antisocial. It because family education is not based on the causal links of the child's negative
behavior and the equival punishment for it. The main demands on private schools for children from elite families are
overcoming or minimizing shyness and isolation; fears and phobias; hyperactivity, emotional instability and
capriciousness.
WHICH IS BETTER: PHYSICAL EDUCATION OR SPORTS?
Authors: Chustrak Anatoliy , Kiziryan Artemy , Kiziryan Edward
Published: March 2021

According to the Federal center of kinesitherapy and sports medicine of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, only 12% of people who are involved in sports become apparently healthy. There has
long been a polemic in literature, which is better physical education or sports? Physical culture is a part of General human culture. And the sport is just one of many means of physical exercise within this more General category of «physical culture». Today, unfortunately, culture prevents to live not only for athletes, but also politicians, businessmen and
government officials. The article draws attentions to the negative aspects of sports that have become more prominent in
recent years: injury, illness and even deaths of elite athletes. The article provides facts, statements of famous scientists,
traumatologists, doctors and trainers about the reasons for the negative impact of sports and recommendations how to
avoid it and warn that exercise: sports like smoking are dangerous to health. Recommendations for beginner athletes are
given. The doctor's consultation and recommendations what kind of sport is best to do need to be at least in this problem. What should be: sportswear, shoes and most importantly what loads to use in the beginning. It is forbidden to go in
for sports with a diagnosis of cancer and immunodeficiency diseases, colds and other inflammations and even if you
feel ill. You need to listen to your body, finish training at the first signs of fatigue and avoid strenuous physical activity,
which is rarely noticed by coaches. According to the statistics of injuries among runners: the most common injuries are
knees, then ankles, hips, lower back, muscles and tendons, thighs and calves, upper back and neck. The US Safety
Commission has registered 554,000 injuries to cyclists in one year. The recommendations of Academician M. Amosov
are shown: a set of 10 exercises, repeating each exercise 100 times. Tibetan lamas recommend only 5 exercises and
repetitions from 3 to 21 times each of the exercise. Everything can be used for good or harm. Everything is food, and
everything is poison, the main thing is moderation. You can choose high sports achievements and records or high efficiency and healthy longevity.
Circuito productivo sojero y conflicto agrario en la Argentina. El año 2008 como hito y punto de inflexión
Authors: Varesi Gastón Ángel
Published: March 2021

El artículo analiza el circuito productivo sojero, abordando sus dinámicas socio-económicas y territoriales, como parte de un subsistema de agronegocios más amplio. Asimismo, a partir de comprender dichos anclajes estructurales, se analiza el conflicto agrario de 2008 caracterizándolo como un hito en tanto estableció un punto de inflexión en la Argentina post-convertibilidad. Para ello, se propone un marco teórico-metodológico que recupera conceptos del enfoque de análisis regional y de la tradición marxista, conformando una mirada holística y relacional que hace foco en los procesos productivos y en la dinámica del conflicto, delineando un análisis de relaciones de fuerzas.
Diseñar en Producción Pública de Medicamentos
Authors: Madonia María Gabriela
Published: March 2021

El presente artículo es una aproximación analítica de un trabajo interdisciplinario realizado en 2012. El propósito es repensar en pautas generales para el desarrollo de productos orientados a abastecer determinados medicamentos en la política estatal. En ese sentido, el marco teórico que se pretende desarrollar radica en la tensión entre el modelo formal con el que habitualmente se diseña en la industria farmacéutica y las diferencias y regularidades propias de una construcción de conceptos propios para la tarea social que desarrolla el Estado. La hipótesis fundamental se sostiene en la idea de que las diferencias de orden político-ideológicas determinan también líneas de intervención específicas del diseñador.
Konflik Rumah Tangga dalam Alquran
Authors: Mursalin Abdul Ghany
Published: March 2021

This article aims to describe the conflict in the household according to the Qur'an. Then trace the interpretations of the ulama about the verses of the Qur'an which discuss conflicts in the household. Furthermore, things that can cause conflict in the household, include: Lawlessness, lawlessness is an act that is not in accordance with what has been set (breaking the rules or orders). The act will become a problem that will lead to conflict, including in the household. Domestic violence sometimes triggers conflicts between husband and wife. Domestic violence itself can be in the form of words that hurt a partner, demands for perfection and harsh treatment. like unkind words as an insult to someone else. Conflict in the household is sometimes triggered by bad words uttered by one married couple.

Artikel ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan tentang konflik dalam rumah tangga menurut al-Qur’an. Kemudian menelusuri penafsiran para ulama tentang ayat al-Qur’an yang membahas tentang konflik dalam rumah tangga. Selanjutnya hal-hal yang dapat menyebabkan konflik dalam rumah tangga ada banyak hal. Diantaranya: Kedurhakaan, kedurhakaan adalah perbuatan yang tidak sesuai dengan apa yang telah ditetapkan (melanggar aturan atau perintah). Ketika perbuatan yang dilakukan tidak sesuai dengan apa yang telah ditetapkan, maka perbuatan itu akan menjadi permasalahan yang berujung konflik, termasuk dalam rana rumah tangga. Kekerasan dalam rumah terkadang menjadi pemicu terjadinya konflik antara suami dan istri. Kekerasan dalam rumah tangga sendiri dapat berupa ucapan yang menyakiti pasangan, tuntutan kesempurnaan padanya dan berlaku kasar padanya. sebagai perkataan tidak baik yang diucapkan sebagai penghinaan kepada orang lain. Konflik dalam rumah terkadang pula dipicu dengan adanya perkataan-perkataan buruk yang diucapkan oleh salah satu pasangan suami istri
THE QURANIC HERMENEUTICS APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY IN AMINA WADUD MUHSIN’S VIEW
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad , Baharuddin Baharuddin , Mardan Mardan
Published: March 2021

Gender is a social construction of what is called masculine and feminine and the division of social roles. Hermeneutics is an alternative approach to understand the Qur'anic text. This study aims to analyze Amina Wadud's hermeneutics of interpreting the texts of the Qur'an on gender issues. The data presented comes from the references from a variety of relevant sources—the method of critical analysis conducted to explore Amina Wadud. Personal, family, intellectual, and cultural background cannot be separated from her thoughts on gender issues. He said that there were no truly objective interpreters. Indirectly, she was included in the statement. Therefore, she proposed a holistic method to reduce excessive interpreter subjectivity in understanding texts, especially gender issues. The Hermeneutics stands on the analysis of language, history, and contextualization. Amina's hermeneutics is influenced by the thoughts of Fazlur Rahman and Gadamer. الجندر هو بناء اجتماعي لما يسمى الذكوري والأنثوي وتقسيم الأدوار الاجتماعية. التأويل هو منهج بديل لفهم النصوص القرآنية. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل تأويلات أمينة ودود لتفسير نصوص القرآن في قضايا النوع الاجتماعي. وتأتي البيانات المقدمة من المراجع المتنوعة ومن مجموعة متنوعة من المصادر ذات الصلة - طريقة التحليل النقدي التي أجريت لاستكشاف أمينة ودود. لا يمكن فصل الخلفية الشخصية والعائلية والفكرية والثقافية عن أفكارها حول قضايا النوع الاجتماعي. وقالت إنه لم يكن هناك مفسرون موضوعيون حقا. وبغير مباشرة ، كانت هي في تلك الحالة. لذلك، اقترحت طريقة شاملة للحد من الذاتية المفرطة للمفسرين في فهم النصوص، وخاصة قضايا الجنسين. يقف علم التأويل على تحليل اللغة والتاريخ والسياق. تتأثر تأويلات أمينة بأفكار فضل الرحمن وجادامر.Gender merupakan konstruksi sosial dari apa yang disebut maskulin dan feminin serta pembagian peran sosial. Kajian tentang isu gender seringkali merujuk kepada posisi perempuan yang tersubordinasi atau sebaliknya, menempatkan perempuan melampau kodratnya. Bagaimana cara memposisikannya di tempat yang tepat? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hermeneutika Amina Wadud dalam menafsirkan teks Alquran tentang isu gender. Data yang disajikan berasal dari berbagai sumber yang relevan — metode analisis kritis yang dilakukan untuk mendalami ide Amina Wadud. Ia menegaskan bahwa latar belakang pribadi, keluarga, intelektual, dan budaya tidak lepas dari pemikirannya tentang isu gender. Selain itu, tidak ada penafsir yang benar-benar objektif. Secara tidak langsung, dia termasuk dalam pernyataan penafsir yang tidak benar-benar objektif. Ia mengusulkan metode holistik untuk meminimalisir subjektivitas dan egoisme penafsir yang berlebihan dalam memahami teks, khususnya masalah gender. Hermeneutika berdiri di atas analisis bahasa, sejarah, dan kontekstualisasi. Hermeneutika Amina dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran Fazlur Rahman dan Gadamer.
التظاهر بالشعارات القومية في شعيرة الحج والعمرة
Authors: Baharuddin A. Zamakhsyari
Published: March 2021

يهدف هذا البحث إلى التعرف على مدى شرعية التظاهر بالشعارات القومية والطائفية في شعيرة الحج والعمرة، فالبحث ما هو إلا محاولة لإبراز معالم الوحدة الإسلامية التي تجلت في أكبر تجمع بشري ديني بغض النظر عن الأجناس والألوان والأوطان بما يضمن بقاء الأمة الإسلامية واستمرارها، وذلك من خلال المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يعبر عن الظاهرة المدروسة في ظل الظروف التي تتواجد فيها تعبيرا كميا وكيفيا بل يتعدى ذلك إلى تحليلها وكشف العلاقات بين أبعادها المختلفة من أجل توضيحها والوصول إلى الحكم الشرعي فيها، وقد أنتجت هذه الدراسة إلى أن كل مظهر من مظاهر قومية وطائفية من أفعال وأقوال في شعيرة الحج "الأكبر والأصغر" بما فيه تفريق وتفكيك لوحدة المسلمين ليس مشروعا بل رفضه الإسلام، وأن الأخوة الإسلامية فاقت أخوة النسب والقبيلة والوطن، فإذا أريد الاجتماع لها وقصد بها على معان أو شعارات أخرى غير الانتماء إلى الدين والانتساب إلى الملة كان الاجتماع باطلا منافيا للمقصود الذي من أجله شُرع وهو جمع المسلمين تحت اسم الإسلام لا غير. This study aims to determine the legitimacy of the demonstration of the sectarian (national) slogan in the Hajj and Umrah rituals. This research is an attempt to highlight the milestones of Islamic unity that are manifested in the largest religious congregation regardless of race, color, and country so as to ensure the survival of ummah, through descriptive and analytical approaches related to the phenomena studied based on its circumstances. The study found that every national and sectarian aspect of akctions in the Hajj and Umrah rituals, including the separation and disintegration of the unity of the Muslims, is not legitimate but rejected by Islam, and that Islamic brotherhood transcends the brotherhood of lineage, ethnicity and homeland, then if the meeting is intended for a meaning or slogan other than religion, then the meeting is invalid and contrary to the stated purpose, namely gathering Muslims in the name of Islam only.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui legitimasi demonstrasi slogan sektarian (nasional) dalam ritual Haji dan Umrah. Penelitian ini merupakan upaya untuk menyoroti tonggak-tonggak persatuan Islam yang terwujud dalam pertemuan umat beragama terbesar tanpa memandang ras, warna kulit, dan negara sehingga menjamin kelangsungan hidup dan keberlangsungan umat, melalui pendekatan deskriptif dan analitis terkait fenomena yang dikaji berdasarkan keadaannya, studi ini menemukan bahwa setiap aspek nasionalisme dan sektarianisme dalam ritual haji dan umrah yang dapat memecahkan persatuan ummat tidak dibenarkan, dan bahwasanya persaudaraan Islam itu melampaui persaudaraan garis keturunan, suku, dan tanah air, jadi jika pertemuan itu dimaksudkan pada makna atau slogan selain agama maka pertemuan itu tidak sah dan bertentangan dengan tujuan yang ditetapkan, yaitu pertemuan umat Islam dengan nama Islam semata.
The foot-in-the-mouth figurine and discourse construction based on material culture
Authors: Alves Daiana Travassos
Published: March 2021

The ‘foot in the mouth’ figurine is one of the most iconic pieces of Santarém ceramics, dated between the 10th and 16th centuries. This article focuses on the several analyses that have included this object since its discovery at an archaeological site in downtown Santarém in the middle of the 20th century. From the review of nine collection studies, seven news reports, three TV programs, and nine social media accounts, I present a perspective on different discourses, in particular archaeological ones, based on the material culture of pre-colonial Amazonian societies.
[ARTICLE RETRACTED] Ancestralidades reveladas: uma análise da Arqueologia Afrodiaspórica no Brasil
Authors: Costa Vieira Flávia Cristina , Souza Carmo Sura
Published: March 2021

O artigo analisa a expansão dos estudos de Arqueologia Afrodiaspórica no Brasil. Em suas várias abordagens, estes são trabalhos que se debruçaram sobre sítios, vestígios, coleções, lugares, paisagens e remanescentes humanos relacionados à diáspora africana. O objetivo é fazer um balanço do material já publicado, buscando demonstrar o aumento expressivo desse campo. Para tanto, o artigo faz uma breve análise da expansão da Arqueologia no Brasil a partir do final do século XIX, contextualizando o processo de consolidação do campo científico. A análise, de cunho qualitativo, se baseou nas publicações sobre o tema, contudo, não se pretendeu ser um levantamento exaustivo. Associou-se o crescimento do campo, também, a fatores externos, como ações do movimento negro e valorização de patrimônios afro-diaspóricos pelo IPHAN e UNESCO, refletindo-se a respeito do alargamento da noção de patrimônio e da importância de pesquisas orientadas a partir de outras epistemologias.
Arqueologia e histórias de vida: uma experiência com os Tupinambá de Belmonte, BA
Authors: Garcia Lorena Gomes
Published: March 2021

Este artigo trata sobre a pesquisa arqueológica na Terra Indígena Tupinambá de Belmonte, BA, localizada na costa nordeste do Brasil. A partir da descoberta de uma urna funerária, os Tupinambá propuseram o estudo de sítio arqueológico localizado em suas terras. Como arqueóloga, essa experiência possibilita a percepção dos sentidos que a urna funerária adquire na luta dos tupinambás pela retomada de suas terras ancestrais. Trata-se de uma etnografia arqueológica que busca contribuir com o conhecimento de outras narrativas sobre o passado das populações indígenas do Nordeste ao repensar o modo como as narrativas arqueológicas afetam a vida das populações contemporâneas e vice-versa.
Machine Gun Voices: Favelas and Utopia in Brazilian Gangster Funk
Authors: Broadus Victoria
Published: March 2021

N/A
Volume 9, Number 2 (2020)
Authors: Correa Felipe Botelho
Published: March 2021

Archaeology & Brazilian Studies: Past and Present Arqueologia e Estudos Brasilieros: pasado e presente
Evolution of Patient Perceptions of Psoriatic Disease: Results From the Understanding Psoriatic Disease Leveraging Insights for Treatment (UPLIFT) Survey
Authors: Lebwohl Mark , Langley Richard , Paul Carle , Puig Lluis , Reich Kristian , Van der Kerkhof Peter , Tang Lihua , Richter Sven , Guerette Benolt , Gisondi Paolo
Published: March 2021

Abstract not available.
Macroscopic multispecies entanglement near quantum phase transitions
Authors: Subrahmanyam V.
Published: March 2021

Multi-Species entanglement, defined for a many-particle system as the entanglement between different species of particles, is shown to exist in the thermodynamic limit of the system size going to infinity. This macroscopic entanglement, as it can exhibit singular behavior, is capable of tracking quantum phase transitions. The entanglement between up and down spins has been analytically calculated for the one-dimensional Ising model in a transverse magnetic field. As the coupling strength is varied, the first derivative of the entanglement shows a jump discontinuity and the second derivative diverges near the quantum critical point.
Multi-Bloch vector representation of the qutrit
Authors: Kurzynski Pawel
Published: March 2021

An ability to describe quantum states directly by average values of measurement outcomes is provided by the Bloch vector. For an informationally complete set of measurements one can construct unique Bloch vector for any quantum state. However, not every Bloch vector corresponds to a quantum state. It seems that only for two-dimensional quantum systems it is easy to distinguish proper Bloch vectors from improper ones, i.e. the ones corresponding to quantum states from the other ones. I propose an alternative approach to the problem in which more than one vector is used. In particular, I show that a state of the qutrit can be described by the three qubit-like Bloch vectors.
Geometric entanglement of one-dimensional systems: bounds and scalings in the thermodynamic limit
Authors: Orus Roman , Wei Tzu-Chieh
Published: March 2021

In this paper the geometric entanglement (GE) of systems in one spatial dimension (1D) and in the thermodynamic limit is analyzed focusing on two aspects. First, we reexamine the calculation of the GE for translation-invariant matrix product states (MPSs) in the limit of infinite system size. We obtain a lower bound to the GE which collapses to an equality under certain sufficient conditions that are fulfilled by many physical systems, such as those having unbroken space (P) or space-time (PT) inversion symmetry. Our analysis justifies the validity of several derivations carried out in previous works. Second, we derive scaling laws for the GE per site of infinite-size 1D systems with correlation length $\xi \gg 1$. In the case of MPSs, we combine this with the theory of finite-entanglement scaling, allowing to understand the scaling of the GE per site with the MPS bond dimension at conformally invariant quantum critical points.
A new exponential separation between quantum and classical one-way communication complexity
Authors: Montanaro Ashley
Published: March 2021

We present a new example of a partial boolean function whose one-way quantum communication complexity is exponentially lower than its one-way classical communication complexity. The problem is a natural generalisation of the previously studied Subgroup Membership problem: Alice receives a bit string $x$, Bob receives a permutation matrix $M$, and their task is to determine whether $Mx=x$ or $Mx$ is far from $x$. The proof uses Fourier analysis and an inequality of Kahn, Kalai and Linial.
Optimal deterministic entanglement concentration of polarized photons through direct sum extension
Authors: Li Wen-Dong , Zhang Wen-Zhao , Ma Li-Zhen , Gu Yong-Jian
Published: March 2021

A scheme for optimal deterministic entanglement concentration is proposed, and its corresponding optical realization based on a cavity-assisted linear optical system is presented. In this scheme, the quantum circuit devised is simpler than that built in [Y. J. Gu, et al. (2006), Phys. Rev. A. 73, 022321], as it requires the minimum ancillary dimensions and the number of unitary operations. Moreover, we show that, by introducing a path-polarization entanglement state based on the direct sum extension method, three elementary controlled phase-flip gates between two photons are sufficient in the design of its optical realization scheme, making it easy to be implemented from the experimental point of view. Meanwhile, the scheme is verified effective to recover highly entangled pairs from mixed states.