bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criminalizing Acts of Rebel Governance as War Crimes
Authors: Marchesi Diletta
Published: July 2023

This article explores whether it is appropriate on legal and policy grounds to criminalize as war crimes the acts of governance performed by non-state armed groups controlling territory. Using the administration of justice by armed groups and the Al Hassan case before the International Criminal Court as a reference point, it sheds light on the problems raised by the adoption of an overly broad definition of the war crimes’ nexus to the armed conflict. When the definition of ‘nexus’ is stretched to cover also rebel governance activities, the outcome is at odds with international humanitarian law’s provisions and nature. This approach also has detrimental consequences, including exposing non-state armed groups to unfair and asymmetric criminalization. This article submits that acts of rebel governance should not be criminalized as war crimes — other legal frameworks may be more suitable from a legal and policy standpoint to compel armed groups to comply with international standards and engage with them fruitfully.
Remaking Heterodoxy
Authors: Peck Jamie
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents a take on economic geography as a distinctive form of heterodox political economy. This goes beyond a simple aversion to the central tendencies in orthodox, mainstream economics—with its universalistic take on “the economy,” its methodological individualism, and its trivialization of the difference that space makes—extending to a series of constructive affinities with numerous strands of heterodox economics, including economic anthropology, feminist and environmental economics, economic sociology, and so on. The chapter takes a fresh look at economic geography from the perspective of these constructive affinities, characterizing its distinctive approach and pointing to opportunities for future development and collaboration.
Situating Method
Authors: Peck Jamie
Published: July 2023

Taking as its starting point the discussion of capitalist variegation and uneven development in Chapter 9, this chapter focuses squarely on questions of research design and methodology in geographical political economy, focusing in particular on the complementary approaches of relational comparison and conjunctural analysis. Relational comparison and conjunctural analysis each seek to explain, intervene, and theorize through the grounded but also structured contexts of place, positionality, and situation. Relational comparisons engage the stretched-out nature of social relations across space, while conjunctural analyses characteristically engage specific social formations, typically during moments of stress or crisis. They each tend to operate in the middle ranges of the explanatory register, being wary of unprincipled induction on the one hand and unmoored abstraction on the other, seeking instead to engage through situated analyses of articulation, intersection, and contestation. They do this in their somewhat different ways by “analyzing situations,” variously taking account of multiple (and more or less proximate) sources of causality, the mediating roles of politics and social struggle, the complex play of history, and the interdependencies of uneven spatial development.
Blanks, Print, Space, and Void in English Renaissance Literature
Authors: Sawday Jonathan
Published: July 2023

This book is an inquiry into blank or empty spaces in primarily English printed books in the period c.1500–c.1700, as well as in Renaissance culture more generally. The book explores the oscillation between print and space in early modern books, as well as the function of empty space in Renaissance culture more generally. In printed books, these spaces are also considered as “gaps” (where text or images are constructed as missing, lost, withheld, or perhaps never devised in the first place). The topics discussed include: space and silence; emptiness and absence; the vacuum; “race” and racial identity; blackness and whiteness together with lightness, darkness, and sightlessness; cartography and emptiness; the effect of typography on reading practices; the social spaces of the page; gendered surfaces; hierarchies of information; books of memory; pages constructed as “waste” or “vacant;” blank forms and bureaucracy; political and devotional spaces; censorship; endings; fragments; terminations; and mortality. The book pays close attention to the writings of many of the familiar figures in English Renaissance literary culture, including (for example) Sidney, Shakespeare, Donne, Jonson, and Milton, and also Aphra Behn, Ann Bradstreet, Margaret Cavendish, Lady Jane Grey, Lucy Hutchinson, Emilia Lanier, Arabella Stuart, Isabella Whitney, and Lady Mary Wroth.
Inky Faces and an Empty World
Authors: Sawday Jonathan
Published: July 2023

Starting with a discussion of the role of whiteness in typographic layout, and the gradual “opening up” of the page in the Renaissance, this chapter examines the role played by the technology of print in constructing ideas of a racially inflected sense of blackness and whiteness. The chapter looks at the production of black books or pages in England in the early seventeenth century, before considering representations of Blackness on the stage and in court masques (Shakespeare and Ben Jonson). The “inky” language of the print process is related to emerging ideas about race and skin color in the early modern period. In the second half of the chapter, the construction of blank, empty, or white spaces on printed maps in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is examined, showing how these “fictions of emptiness” contributed to the beginnings of European colonialism.
Selection on a Single Trait
Authors: Arnold Stevan J.
Published: July 2023

Phenotypic selection can be measured by its effects on trait distributions within a generation. Our approach contrasts trait distribution before and after selection. This contrast is less intuitive than the comparison of traits in survivors and nonsurvivors, but it has an important statistical advantage. The difference in trait means before and after selection is equivalent to the covariance between a trait and fitness. Such selection differentials have been measured in a wide variety of natural populations and show that trait means are usually shifted by less than half a phenotypic standard deviation (mean about 0.6) within generations and that the modal value is close to zero. A similar perspective on trait variances shows that they usually contract by 0–50% within a generation or expand by 0–25% as a consequence of selection, with a mode close to zero.
Selection on Multiple Traits
Authors: Arnold Stevan J.
Published: July 2023

The phenotypic effect of selection on multiple traits can be assessed by its effects on multivariate trait distributions. As in the case of a single trait, the fundamental approach is to compare the first and second central moments of trait distributions before and after selection. Such a multivariate comparison of moments represents a major statistical improvement over trait-by-trait comparisons. By taking a multivariate approach we may be able to identify which traits are the actual targets of selection. Analysis of selection in natural systems reveals that the effects of selection on actual targets are often obscured by correlations between traits. In addition to identifying targets of selection, multivariate analysis also gives us a way to quantify functional interactions between traits. Measuring the strength of such interactions is especially important because most traits belong to one or more functional complexes.
Inheritance of a Single Trait
Authors: Arnold Stevan J.
Published: July 2023

When a trait is affected by many genes, a statistical concept of inheritance can be used to predict how the effects of selection will be transmitted to the next generation. This statistical concept (additive genetic variance) can also be used to model the effects of selection and drift over evolutionary time. Analyses of the best-studied traits show that dozens, if not hundreds of loci contribute to genetic variance in natural populations. The standing crop of genetic variation in a population can be visualized as a balance between the opposing effects of selection and mutation. Genetic variation is nibbled away each generation by selection, but variation is restored by mutation and other processes (recombination and migration). Studies of the mutation process reveal a measurable per-generation input to genetic variation in many traits. Because selection is often weak, mutation in conjunction with recombination and migration can compensate for selective losses. Consequently, the standing crop of genetic variation is substantial in most populations for many kinds of traits. The standardized genetic variance (heritability) of traits is typically in the range 0.2–0.6 (on a scale that ranges from 0–1).
Drift of a Single, Neutral Trait
Authors: Arnold Stevan J.
Published: July 2023

Random sampling of parents can change gene frequencies and cause the trait mean to fluctuate. Such fluctuations are most severe in small populations and in the absence of selection. The tendency of the trait mean to fluctuate by drift is captured by Ne, the effective size of a population. Long-term estimates of Ne based on nucleotide diversity range up to tens of millions but are much lower in some species. These numbers represent the effective size of a set of evolving, interbreeding lineages that may compose an entire species. Theory for drift in the trait mean is based on a model in which many replicate populations are derived from a single ancestral population and thereafter evolve independently. Such stochastic models allow us to predict the variation among replicate lineages at any generation in the future, as a function of genetic variance and effective population size. In nature, populations diverge more rapidly in the short term than is predicted by drift. In the long term, populations and species diverge less than is predicted by drift. These considerations indicate that drift is not a sufficient explanation for trait differentiation on nearly all timescales. Nevertheless, it is important to build a model of drift so that we can assess its contribution to diversification in relation to selection and other factors.
Appearance, Race, and Employment
Authors: Mason Andrew
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers the morality of lookism in the context of employment decisions. It does so not merely by applying the account of what makes discrimination wrong developed earlier, but also by drawing an analogy between appearance discrimination and racial discrimination. It argues that, like racial discrimination, appearance discrimination can be disrespectful or demeaning, especially when it concerns a stigmatized feature of appearance. Appearance discrimination can also involve deliberative unfairness when selectors are influenced by their prejudices, their non-rational reactions, or their own personal aesthetic or moral judgements concerning appearance features. Furthermore, appearance discrimination may have unjust consequences, especially in relation to its impact on its victims’ interest in autonomous agency. The analogy between appearance discrimination and racial discrimination has limits, however, which come to the fore when we consider appearance discrimination rooted in aesthetic or moral judgements, or discrimination concerning appearance features over which a person has control.
Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Liau Timothy
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that unjust enrichment lawyers should better distinguish between having a right to restitution, versus having the standing to enforce these rights. This would neatly resolve a long-standing debate over the best rationalization of a landmark restitution case, Re Diplock, and rescue it from being overruled in the aftermath of another recent landmark field-defining UK Supreme Court case, Investment Trusts Companies v HMRC, which clashes with it head on. Though not yet realized by unjust enrichment lawyers, nor by the judges within the case itself, ITC has changed the terms of this long-standing debate. It demands a tighter nexus between duty-bearer and holder of the correlative right to restitution, defining more narrowly what it means to be ‘enriched at the expense of another’—a necessary element of any enforceable right to restitution for unjust enrichment. This has also reoriented the larger debate over the scope of unjust enrichment and its future development in English law more generally, creating a real need for this area of law to be reassessed and rationalized. These chapters put forth a standing-based rationalization of the Re Diplock-type situation, building on and fortifying an argument advanced first by Lionel Smith. It is shown how a key misstep, on the restitution orthodoxy, occurred by conflating standing with rights to restitution.
Right-less Enforcers
Authors: Liau Timothy
Published: July 2023

This chapter concludes with an attempt to articulate some broader conditions under which clusters of exceptions to the general standing rule might be justified. These are conditions at a more general level which, if obtained, remove or defeat the objections to right-less enforcers. They are: (i) right-holder consent; (ii) right-holder incompetence; and (ii) duty-bound standing. It is argued that for a right to be justifiably enforced by someone else, generally right-holder consent to enforcement should, where possible, be sought. Otherwise, outsider enforcement could be objected to as unjustifiably paternalistic. However, some situations exist in which the right-holder’s consent is either impossible to seek, or even if possible, could be justifiably dispensed with. Examples of such situations are discussed under the broader header of right-holder incompetence, which includes physical incapacity and legal incompetence eg infants and minors or the mentally incapacitated. The last category, ‘duty-bound standing’ refers to a special set of situations where the right-holder does not hold his right beneficially for himself, but for the benefit of others. This could include trustees, and the personal representative of an estate. That this category has been generally overlooked by scholars within private law theory reveals a skewed focus in the field thus far.
Health, Subjectivity, and Capability
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores another axis along which our understanding of health seems pulled in conflicting directions: the relationship between subjective experience and objective physiological condition. If we overemphasize the objective aspects of health, we miss some of the most crucial aspects of why health matters to us and why loss of health is harmful to us. In contrast, if we overemphasize the subjective, experiential dimensions of health, we miss both the biological importance of health and part of the explanation for the normative significance of health conditions. Strikingly, though, when it comes to understanding what health is, the subjective and objective dimensions aren’t just sometimes in tension with each other; they’re also often mutually dependent on each other, such that you can’t fully separate them.
European Unions and Beyond
Authors: Jackson Alvin
Published: July 2023

The chapter identifies a range of multinational union polities beyond Britain and Ireland: the Netherlands, Sweden-Norway, Canada, Austria-Hungary. It explores these in detail, looking at the origins of each, their survival and adaptation, and (where relevant) their ultimate demise: it also looks at other complex contemporary union states such as Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves and the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russia. The chapter argues that these united kingdoms were often connected by legacies of composite monarchy and by shared origins in the context of warfare and insurgency. It argues that, while these unions had different histories, they were often supported by British diplomatic endeavour; and, moreover, they shared a wider variety of characteristics and features. The chapter identifies a range of—frequently shared—agencies and institutions supporting and undermining union in each of the case studies. It argues that for all a capacity to adapt was important to their survival and longevity.
Aristotle on Digestion, Self-Motion, and the Eternity of the Universe
Authors: Wang Wei
Published: July 2023

In a famous passage from Physics 8. 6, in order to argue for the eternity of the motion of the universe, Aristotle denies that animate beings, and animals in particular, are self-movers. The denial contradicts what we otherwise know of Aristotle’s theory of soul and biology, and many unsuccessful interpretive attempts have been made recently in this regard. This paper argues that we can solve the problem by distinguishing between the essence and the temporal existence of a self-mover’s activity. On this interpretation, animals remain genuine self-movers in what their activities are, but the temporal duration of their activities is externally determined. It is precisely in this way that Aristotle’s apparently conflicting biological and cosmological commitments are reconciled.
Giving Gifts and Making Friends
Authors: Glasscock Allison Piñeros
Published: July 2023

The ethical ideal of the ancient Stoics requires that the virtuous agent care about the good of everyone. Contemporary scholars and ancient commentators have struggled to understand how agents are supposed to progress towards this ideal, much less attain it. The central claim of this paper is that the Roman Stoic Seneca offers a blueprint for ethical progress in On Benefits, one that makes giving and receiving benefits central to ethical development. It argues that, for Seneca, (1) benefaction is a joint activity (i.e. an activity with multiple participants working in relation to one another) and that (2) it is intrinsically oriented towards the good. The special nature of benefaction explains why Seneca regards it as a source of friendship. The paper also shows that Stoic friendship shares its core features with the Stoic ethical ideal. Because benefaction results in friendship, it offers progressors a powerful means of developing ethical concern for others’ good.
Engines of State, Emblems of Nation, Tokens of Trust
Authors: Blaazer David
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines struggles during the eighteenth century between factions, interests, and nations over the distribution and operation of monetary power in the context of chronic shortages of coin and the growing importance of paper money and other forms of credit. The chapter considers the establishment of an effective gold standard in Britain from 1717 and the elevation of the Bank of England to a largely unquestioned position as a key component of the state apparatus following the bursting of the South Sea Bubble in 1720. In parallel, it examines Ireland’s ongoing monetary crises throughout the century, from the failed attempt to establish a national bank in 1721 to the controversy over the British government’s issue of a patent to provide large amounts of underweight copper coin to Ireland in 1722, to the protracted struggle to settle all Irish coin on uniform sterling standard, to the foundation in 1782 of the Bank of Ireland. These struggles were all framed by the complex and ambivalent relationship of resentful and mutually mistrustful dependency of the Irish protestant elite on the British government. The chapter also examines how people coped with or exploited the chronic shortage of coin—especially copper and silver—in Britain and Ireland, as well as the growing importance of interconnected webs of paper money and paper credit.
The Only True, Intelligible Standard
Authors: Blaazer David
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the monetary consequences for Britain and Ireland of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, beginning with the financial crisis triggered by the declaration of war in 1792 and the bigger crisis of 1797, which triggered the ‘bank restriction’, a twenty-four-year period when the Banks of England and Ireland were prevented from giving gold for their notes, and circulated low-denomination notes for the first time. This episode occasioned the ‘bullion debates’, which concerned not only the economic management of money but also the nature of monetary justice and its relationship to national honour and patriotism, as well as the proper distribution of power between the Bank and the state. The chapter carefully differentiates the operation of the bank restriction in England, Scotland, and Ireland, while also recovering common people’s experience of the bank restriction. The chapter challenges the idea—based on the propaganda of supporters of a speedy return to circulating gold, such as William Cobbett and Lord Peter King—that the common people’s monetary experience in this period was wholly negative and created an enduring hostility to paper money. Instead, it shows that a silver recoinage in 1817 did much to alleviate the centuries-old scarcity of small money in England and Scotland, although not Ireland. Conversely, the return to the gold standard exacerbated the severe economic stress of the post-war depression. Despite this, politicians and other members of the elite refused to revisit the decision, partly on grounds of national ‘honour’.
The Limits of Perfection
Authors: Blaazer David
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the consolidation of the gold standard during the nineteenth century. This took place through legislation designed to ‘perfect’ the system, but was greatly aided by banking crises, especially that of 1825–6, which saw many people lose money when their low-denomination banknotes suddenly became valueless, thus instilling a widespread hostility to paper money in England. A ban on low-denomination banknotes, while widely welcomed in England, created such strong resistance in Scotland that the government withdrew a similar plan for both Scotland and Ireland. In the same year, the last monetary difference between Britain and Ireland was removed when the old Irish units of account were abolished and the Irish copper coinage was replaced with British coin in a shambolic process. By the last half of the century everyday experience of the monetary system had become completely unproblematic for the first time throughout the United Kingdom, with coins and notes of stable value in adequate supply in the required denominations. Increasingly attributed to the provisions of Sir Robert Peel’s Banking Acts of 1844 and 1845, the system appeared both natural and timeless, admired by people of all nations, classes and political persuasions in the UK, including the nascent labour movement. Critiques of the system—generally incoherent and poorly developed—attracted miniscule support. Meanwhile, the internationalization of the sterling gold standard, and the global financial hegemony of London, made the system a source of national pride, while raising anxieties about the ‘cosmopolitan’ nature of many of its activities and actors.
Epilogue
Authors: Blaazer David
Published: July 2023

This Epilogue considers monetary developments since the Second World War, including debates over the EMS and the euro, in both the UK and Ireland; the ‘decline’ of sterling (manifest in currency crises and devaluations); the debate over currency options in the event of Scottish independence; and the monetary implications of the Global Financial Crisis. It highlights how diverse responses to these debates and developments in England, Scotland, and Ireland have been shaped by their respective monetary histories, including their shared history within the United Kingdom. Conversely, it suggests that more recent debates and episodes provide valuable perspective on the history examined in the book as a whole. It gives special attention to the importance of the association of sterling with British—and especially English—ideas of national prestige and esteem, and contrasts these with Irish attitudes to monetary questions. It concludes with a short review of recent heterodox ideas about money, and their prospects for success.
A Man Possessed
Authors: Ross Stephen
Published: July 2023

This chapter begins with Conrad’s contradictory authorial statements on the supernatural, before moving quickly to analyse spectrality and possession in Nostromo. With its broad historical sweep and direct engagement with issues of colonization, modernization, multiple cultures, justice, and politics—and an abundance of ghosts and ghostly language—Nostromo presents a particularly rich opportunity for exploring how modernist novels think with ghosts. Tracking Conrad’s use of spectral rhetoric exposes how the novel turns upon the immanent logic of possession. The mechanisms of possession shift smoothly from the material to the immaterial and function reciprocally: what you possess also possesses you. Nostromo’s gradual subjection to the power of the silver is the tale of increasing fetishization, as is the tale of Charles Gould’s gradual absorption ‘body and soul’ by the mine. The chapter concludes by discussing how the asymmetry of the unlawful produces a state of exception which leads Conrad into a blind corner where ghosts proliferate. The language of spectrality comes to the fore precisely because Conrad recognizes capitalist imperialism as itself spectralizing. It enacts hauntology on a global-imperial scale. Ultimately, Nostromo’s spectral rhetoric articulates a view of justice that hinges on three key aspects: futurity, relationship to (and difference from) the law, and affiliation with material interests.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Nancy M.
Published: July 2023

Diverse traditions of story and song surround the immensely popular sixteenth-century Hindu woman saint, Mirabai. This chapter argues that to get to know who she has been and is to so many requires exploring these multiple narratives, the immense number of songs sung in her name, and her role in the lives of divergent communities and key individuals across a wide range of social, historical, political, and religious contexts. A paucity of references to her in standard historical sources before the nineteenth century makes the search for a singular historical Mirabai impossible. Instead, hagiographic texts form the basis for subsequent accounts of her life and character, from the biographies of elite nationalist historians to oral epics performed by subaltern communities. Similarly, the songs she might have authored cannot be separated from those composed in her name by others, so that hers is a co-authored voice through which many speak of their own experience and devotion as well as the saint. Understandings of gender in India and of the nature of bhakti (the devotional strand of Hinduism to which she belongs) are essential components of these stories and songs, but her popularity also moves beyond India and Hinduism to touch global audiences. Indian concepts of darshan and lila are introduced as appropriate modes for understanding her inspirational power and multi-stranded identity which emerge in interrelationship with all those who have come to know and love her across the centuries.
Embodying Devotion in a Woman’s Body
Authors: Martin Nancy M.
Published: July 2023

The earliest references to the Hindu woman saint Mirabai are found in the songs of other saints and the hagiographic literature of devotional Hinduism (bhakti) during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in India. This chapter examines these references in the context of the life stories of other bhakti saints, highlighting both shared and distinctive elements of her life and character, with attention to gender and the specific challenges of practicing bhakti and becoming a recognized saint for women. Mira’s life story reflects in varied ways the patterns identified by A. K. Ramanujan in women saints’ lives, including their early childhood devotion, avoidance of or escape from marriage, challenge to social norms of caste and/or gender, initiation by a guru, and merger with the divine, and also depicts a relationship of royal patronage with Akbar in contrast to male saints’ relations with the Mughal Emperor and other rulers. Passages relating to Mirabai in Nabhadas’s 1600 CE Bhaktamal (Garland of Devotees) and Priyadas’s 1712 CE commentary are translated and analyzed in detail, including the impact of the religious and political contexts in which they were composed, and the subsequent literary tradition of bhaktamals and commentaries that they inspired. Comparisons are made to dramatically different portrayals of the saint in the Pushtimargi Varta literature and the 1693 CE Sikh Prem Ambodh (Ocean of Love).
Weaver Woman and Lover Extraordinaire
Authors: Martin Nancy M.
Published: July 2023

The sixteenth-century Hindu woman saint Mirabai is extremely popular among marginalized communities in India. This chapter examines two performance traditions of Mirabai circulating among nonelite communities: a khyal or Rajasthani folk drama entitled Mira Mangal (Mira’s Marriage) and an oral epic song tradition Mira Janma Patri (Mira’s Horoscope) performed by low-caste singers in Rajasthan. The saint is portrayed as down to earth, struggling with social and familial pressures, without miraculous divine aid, and her life story becomes a language to expose and resist gender expectations and caste oppression from subaltern perspectives. The khyal, performed in the mixed caste setting of the village as a whole, presents Mirabai’s tale as a romance. Already completely devoted to Krishna, she is clearly forced to marry against her will, with love the pivotal issue around which the plot turns, as individual desires conflict with familial, caste, and social cohesion. In the Janma Patri, she must act under varying degrees of coercion, complying with her arranged marriage in response to her mother’s plea and to protect them both from male violence. Here, however, assignations of caste and the immense suffering this creates are the focus of the tale, as Mira faces rejection initially because her fellow queens suspect her devotional practice but irrevocably when her allegiance to the low-caste guru Raidas is revealed to her royal husband. This epic, though generally performed by male singers, bears the distinctive marks of women’s experiences and song and ritual traditions, and Mira stands in solidarity with all those who suffer under patriarchal and feudal domination, choosing to live as they must and affirming the possibility of alternative values and social relations.
Expositions (説)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains six expositions by Im Yunjidang. The exposition (seol 說) is a genre found among the writings of many orthodox neo-Confucians. It usually presents a focused interpretation and analysis of a term or terms of art, a phrase, or a line from a classic text. This is why Im Yunjidang’s expositions tend to offer some of the most complete and systematic accounts of her core philosophical beliefs.
Inscriptions (銘)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains three inscriptions written by Yunjidang. In each, she takes as her theme a different physical object: a mirror, a short sword, and a ruler and scale, which she then describes as embodying and symbolizing some moral virtue, attribute, or activity. The first and third are written in verse; the body of the second is in prose but contains a concluding poem.
Prologue (引)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

The short prologue included here describes how and when she wrote the various parts of what later became The Extant Writings of Yunjidang and the steps she took to ensure that it would survive after her death.
Letters (書)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains seven letters that Jeongildang wrote—five of them on behalf of her husband—discussing various matters concerning individual family members or the family more generally. In several letters, she explores ethical issues regarding ritual, education, or personal improvement.
Inscriptions (銘)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains five short inscriptions written by Jeongildang. She takes as her themes a range of everyday objects and a woodpecker she encountered in her garden. Unlike those by Yunjidang, these inscriptions do not embroider their themes with moral qualities; instead, she describes each in an enchanting way that conveys a sense of intimacy, affection, and wonder.
Lost Works (拾遺)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains twenty personal missives that were “lost” in the sense of not being included in the original collection that served as the basis for The Extant Writings of Jeongildang.
Mission, Race, and Empire
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

Mission, race, and empire have shaped the development of global Christianity as a whole, and studies of modern world Christianity pay close attention to how the practice and beliefs of the faith have been reshaped through the agency of converts and new churches in new cultures. This book explores how Christianity has been transformed and contextualized through the experience of mission, race, and empire from the “other side”: closely examining the history of the Episcopal Church for the ways in which it was shaped and changed through its experiences of mission and colonialism from roughly 1580 through 2021. The book traces the denomination’s many trials and errors in missional ideology and practice, in concert with colonialism and racial projects, from the first English contact with the Algonquin cultures in Roanoke and Jamestown through embroilment in slavery and antislavery, Christianizing and civilizing both white settlers and Native cultures, missional critiques, liturgical renewal, suburban expansion, civil rights, and the development of an entirely new understanding of mission, missio dei, in the second half of the twentieth century, focused on inclusion and justice. By focusing on “mission,” the way the church tries to incorporate and relate to those outside of its existing boundaries, both the understanding of the Episcopal Church and its relationship to larger global processes and patterns in world Christianity shift toward greater complexity, conflict, dynamism, and diversity.
Mission, Race, Empire
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

Why a new history of one American denomination? The Episcopal Church holds a unique status in attempting to understand the ways in which mission, race, and empire have co-constructed one another in American and modern world history. It has been continuously present since the first English settlement upon North American soil, was specifically tied to British governance and state establishment and became the first “postcolonial” church in the Anglican Communion, and has been involved in all major political and military expansions in the United States. Using a missional lens provides a window into the church’s institutional edges and the theologies and practices that developed through trial and error in expansion and in construction of social categories. This introduction explains the cross-disciplinary nature of the work, using sources and organizing structures from denominational history, global Christian history, political history, missiology, and studies in the construction of race. Identifying the author’s social location and interest, it also defines the organizing lenses of mission, race, and empire as used in the book’s approach and choice of investigations, and the overall outline and structure of the book.
Converting the Colony
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

As the English colonies in North America developed greater stability in the eighteenth century, members of the colonial Church of England attempted to remake the old patterns with new social, cultural, and geographic materials, not realizing quite how impossible this task would be. By the opening of the American Revolution, the colonial church had developed in ways quite distinct from the “home church” in terms of polity and practice as its leaders and members worked with a new geographic context, the lack of a bishop, the development of a slave society, competing Christian denominations, and conflicts with Native Americans, while attempting to establish British orderliness in this new disorderly world. This chapter investigates the establishment of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Mohawk Anglicanism and exile after the American Revolution, enslaved Black Anglicans, and divisions in church styles in different colonies relating to different styles of establishment.
Slavery and Antislavery
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

The early to mid-nineteenth century saw Black and white Episcopalians struggling with the realities of slavery and racism—in very different ways. Almost all white Episcopalians avoided discussion of slavery as too “political” as well as improper for the church to take a stance on; the few exceptions were generally for proslavery stances, with abolitionists only a small proportion of northern evangelical Episcopalians. Black Episcopalians struggled to support their churches and communities in the face of enslavement, violent racism, and the Fugitive Slave Laws. This chapter traces the rise of free Black congregations in the North, mission work among enslaved Africans in the South, the political and theological approaches to slavery among white Episcopalians, and the involvement of the church in the American Colonization Society, from roughly 1820 through the Civil War.
From Sea to Shining Sea
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the possibilities and limitations of the Episcopalian mission strategies of the mid-nineteenth century during the period of urbanization, immigration, and territorial expansion to the West Coast, with a focus on William August Muhlenberg in the urban mission, developing the “institutional church,” and missionary bishop William Ingraham Kip in California. This exploration demonstrates the internal struggles that limited the church’s ability to develop greater flexibility in response to local needs, as well as the limitations of the missionary bishop as a missional strategy, which ensured that all missions would depend on the personality and energy of one man, often at a great distance from the sources of funding and direction. It also demonstrates the forces of inertia which consistently brought the church back to focus only on a narrow racial and class demographic, despite possibilities to do otherwise.
Emancipation and Exodus
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the Episcopal Church and the Black community after the Civil War, as many southern Black people left the church when no longer forced to attend it. It discusses the Freedmen’s Commission and educational endeavors, Black congregations and leadership, the emigration and mission in Haiti, the movement for a “racial episcopate,” and the development of relationships between white Episcopalian supporters and Black Episcopalian leaders and communities in the context of the racial paternalism of the church and the scientific racism growing in American society at large. Important figures include George Freeman Bragg, James Solomon Russell, James Theodore Holly, and Alexander Crummell.
Animals as Covenant Partners in Genesis 9:8–17 and Hosea 2:20 (Eng. 2:18)
Authors: Olyan Saul M.
Published: July 2023

In the aftermath of the flood, God establishes an “everlasting covenant” with both human beings and animals (Gen 9:8–17), promising never to destroy the living again. Hos 2:20 (Eng. 2:18), for its part, describes a future covenant between animals and human beings—perhaps Israelites specifically—that is put into effect by Yhwh, who promises to abolish war and guarantee universal safety and security for all. This chapter explores the implications of casting animals as treaty partners in these two grant-like covenants. By presenting animals as parties to these covenants, the author argues that the two texts imply that animals possess legal personhood with particular, concomitant rights. In Gen 9:8–17, animals’ interest in living rather than dying, like that of human beings, is given equal consideration by Yhwh, who in fact decides that this interest of animals and human beings in living trumps his own interest in his freedom to act in any way he wishes, at least with respect to the sending of a deluge. Hos 2:20 (Eng. 2:18) appears to envision a utopian future in which all of the living—human beings and animals—are accorded a right to life and a right to bodily integrity and are no longer subject to any kind of killing or physical harm.
Animal WelfareThe Evidence of Biblical Texts
Authors: Olyan Saul M.
Published: July 2023

Are there biblical texts that share features in common with non-rights related animal welfare, in addition to the biblical texts that extend some form of legal personhood and genuine rights to animals? At least one biblical text, Prov 12:10, can be fittingly characterized as reflecting some non-rights related aspects of a contemporary welfare-oriented approach, displaying serious concern for the well-being of domesticated animals for their own sake and excoriating those who would treat them cruelly, without extending any kind of legal personhood or legal rights to them. The author compares Prov 12:10 to Deut 25:4, a passage that attributes a particular, context-specific right to a laboring animal, in order to bring the differences between the two texts into relief. After this, he goes on to consider a series of passages that are frequently assumed to have some kind of a welfare orientation but likely do not. The author ends the chapter with an analysis of a number of other texts that feature domesticated animals, but are clearly concerned with them only as the property of human owners, not for their own sake.
Questions
Authors: Williams Elizabeth Nutt
Published: July 2023

Questions are a basic form of communication and a way for one to learn more about another person or a particular subject. Indeed, questions (particularly well-crafted questions) are foundational to psychotherapy. This chapter defines and illustrates therapist questions in individual psychotherapy and then reviews the empirical research on their effectiveness. Some studies have examined immediate impacts of questions in psychotherapy, with a mix of findings. The available research indicates that positive impacts, particularly of open questions, include increased client emotional expressiveness and affective exploration. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations, training implications, and practice recommendations based on the empirical research.
Metaphors
Authors: McMullen Linda M. , Tay Dennis
Published: July 2023

Psychotherapy has been described as “the talking cure,” so it is perhaps not surprising that much has been said about the use of metaphor as a facilitator of client change. Therapists’ use of metaphor in psychotherapy is ubiquitous. However, compared to theoretical and clinical claims about the potential effectiveness of using metaphor, research investigations pose challenges and remain relatively sparse. This chapter provides examples of metaphors in sessions and then systematically reviews the empirical literature. This research suggests that collaborative co-elaboration of metaphors with clients is related to positive in-session client outcomes, particularly cognitive engagement. Future research might benefit from a more in-depth focus on the process and impacts of using metaphors. The chapter draws out implications from the research for diversity considerations, clinical training, and psychotherapy practice.
Silence
Authors: Levitt Heidi M. , Morrill Zenobia
Published: July 2023

There is research evidence, from both qualitative and quantitative studies, that silences in psychotherapy have established associations with good and poor outcomes that extend beyond symptom measures to processes such as insight, symbolization, and disengagement. Research also has demonstrated that therapists attend to clients’ silences, seeking to comprehend the processes therein and intentionally support productive silent processes. This chapter synthesizes this research and examines features of silence processes to provide psychotherapists with the skills to differentiate the functions of both productive and obstructive forms of pausing. It includes a review of 33 quantitative and qualitative studies on silences in individual psychotherapy (from 309 clients and 209 therapists). The qualitative and integrative meta-analytic evidence indicated that when psychotherapists skillfully identified the specific function of silences, they responded effectively to enhance therapy outcomes. The chapter concludes with research limitations, diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices based on the research evidence.
Enhancing Emotion Regulation
Authors: Iwakabe Shigeru , Nakamura Kaori , Thoma Nathan C.
Published: July 2023

Emotion regulation (ER) refers to the process of modulating an affective experience or response. This chapter summarizes the research on therapist methods to facilitate patient ER, including affect-focused, experiential methods that aim to enhance immediate patient ER, and structured psychoeducation, skills training in ER. In eight studies with 84 clients and 33 therapists, evidence of positive intermediate outcomes for affect-focused therapist methods and interpretations was found. A meta-analysis of 26 studies showed that the average effect size of ER methods from pre- to post-treatment was large (g = 0.82). Both affect-focused and structured skill training are associated with distal improvements in ER. When working with ER in psychotherapy, therapists must consider how patients’ cultural backgrounds inform display rules, as well as what might be considered adaptive or maladaptive. The chapter concludes with training implications and therapeutic practices based on the research evidence.
Meditation, Mindfulness, and Acceptance
Authors: Goldberg Simon B. , Anders Christopher , Stuart-Maver Shannon L. , Martin Kivlighan D.
Published: July 2023

Meditation, mindfulness, and acceptance (MMA) methods have gained popularity among psychotherapists and the public. This chapter examines how these methods may be integrated into individual psychotherapy and how their effects may be measured and assessed. A systematic review of the literature yielded only three studies examining this integration empirically. The one experimental study provided no evidence that including mindfulness meditation improved outcomes beyond other active interventions. Two qualitative studies provided preliminary evidence that patients may find MMA methods helpful. This chapter highlights future directions for work in this area, including clarifying optimal dosage and timing, identifying patient characteristics associated with beneficial or adverse effects, and investigating cultural adaptations. It concludes by highlighting training recommendations and therapeutic practices.
Context and Overview
Authors: Kantrowitz Tracy M. , Reynolds Douglas H. , Scott John C.
Published: July 2023

The editors of this volume preview the changing context for talent assessment, the key issues that are challenging long-held assumptions and practices in assessment, the rise of a new class of empirically derived assessment techniques, and the business and societal landscape of assessment. They also discuss the origins and preview the organization of the book, including the sections, topics, and authors, with the goal of providing an overview for how assessment researchers and practitioners are thinking about assessment for the second half of the 2020s.Sections include: the science of assessment; innovations and trends; legal implications and updated standards; using assessments to accelerate development; and case studies.