bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of mode of subsequent birth after obstetric anal sphincter injury on bowel function and related quality of life: a cohort study
Authors: Webb Sara S. , Sitch Alice , MacArthur Christine
Published: February 2020

Introduction and hypothesis

The objective was to assess the impact of mode of subsequent birth on bowel function and related quality of life (QoL) in pregnant women with previous obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI).

Methods

A prospective cohort study, designed, undertaken and reported using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement and checklist. All pregnant women with previous OASI recruited at a specialist antenatal OASI clinic in a tertiary hospital to discuss mode of subsequent birth, between 1 January 2014 and 31 October 2015. Women are counselled in line with local guidelines based on Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Green-top recommendations. In addition to routine endoanal ultrasound scan (EAUS), women recruited to the study were asked to complete the validated Manchester Health Questionnaire (MHQ) at both 34 weeks’ gestation and 6 months postnatally.

Results

Of the 175 study participants, 125 (71.4%) completed follow-up at 6 months. There was no significant change in frequency of bowel symptoms or QoL domain scores in women who had a subsequent vaginal birth compared with caesarean section. Multivariate analysis showed the odds of having poor “incontinence impact” (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.03–8.21) and “physical limitations” (OR 4.56, 95% CI 1.02–20.45) were significantly higher for women who had a subsequent caesarean section.

Conclusions

For women with previous OASI, a subsequent vaginal birth is suitable for those with no bowel symptoms and normal EAUS and caesarean section is reasonable for women who do not have normal bowel function and/or normal EAUS findings; however, for some of these women bowel symptoms and QoL may be worsened.
Strategies for implementation of guideline recommended cardiovascular risk management for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a questionnaire survey of expert rheumatology centers
Authors:   ATrans-Atlantic Cardiovascular Consortium for Rheumatoid Arthritis (ATACC-RA), Weijers Julia M. , Semb Anne G. , Rollefstad Silvia , Kitas George D. , van Riel Piet L. C. M.
Published: February 2020

The aim was to study the different strategies used to implement cardiovascular risk evaluation and management for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in daily clinical practice. A questionnaire survey was performed among both the members of the international Trans-Atlantic Cardiovascular Risk Consortium for Rheumatoid Arthritis (ATACC-RA) as well as the Survey of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVD-RF) in patients with RA (SURF-RA) group. The questionnaire included 18 questions with the overarching topics: (1) organization and responsibility of cardiovascular risk management (CVRM); (2) screening of CVD-RFs; (3) overview current CVRM status; and (4) availability of data regarding CVRM. Based on the answers, two researchers (JW, PR) independently categorized the different strategies. Thirteen out of 27 rheumatology centers responded to the questionnaire. One rheumatology center did not have organized CVRM for their RA patients. Among the other centers, three strategies to organize CVRM in daily practice were distinguished: (1) the rheumatologist performs CVRM during outpatient visits (n = 6); (2) cardiologists and rheumatologists co-operate in a cardio-rheuma-clinic/team with different tasks and responsibilities (n = 3); and (3) the general practitioner screens and intervenes on CVD-RFs (n = 3). Each CVRM strategy was based on agreements between medical professionals and was also dependent on the national healthcare system and available financial resources. Three strategies were identified for CVRM implementation in daily clinical practice based on who is primarily responsible for performing CVRM. More research is warranted to compare their relative merits and effectiveness in relation to CVRM.
Dynamical downscaling simulation and projection for mean and extreme temperature and precipitation over central Asia
Authors: Zhu Xian , Wei Zhigang , Dong Wenjie , Ji Zhenming , Wen Xiaohang , Zheng Zhiyuan , Yan Dongdong , Chen Deliang
Published: February 2020

As a typical arid and semi-arid area, central Asia (CA) has scarce water resources and fragile ecosystems that are particularly sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. In this study, dynamic downscaling was conducted to produce a regional dataset that incorporated the time period 1986–2100 for the CA. The results show that dynamic downscaling significantly improves the simulation for the mean and extreme climate over the CA, compared to the driving CCSM4 model. We show that significant warming will occur over CA with 2.0 °C and 5.0 °C increasing under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively by the end of twenty-first century. The daily maximum temperature, the daily minimum temperature and the annual total number of days with a minimum temperature greater than 25 °C will also increase significantly. The annual total number of days with a minimum temperature less than 0 °C will decrease significantly. Long-term trends in the projected winter precipitation under different emission scenarios exhibit robust and increasing changes during the twenty-first century, especially under the RCP8.5 scenario with an increasing about 0.1 mm/day. Significant differences are shown in the projection of precipitation-related indices over CA under different emission scenarios, and the impact of emissions is apparent for the number of days with ≥ 10 mm of precipitation, the density of precipitation on days with ≥ 1 mm of precipitation, and particularly for the maximum consecutive number of dry days that will increase significantly under the RCP8.5 scenario. Therefore, reduced greenhouse gases emissions have implications for mitigating extreme drought events over the CA in the future.
Die Impfung gegen Alzheimer – Ethische Fragen der Zukunft
Authors: Schmidhuber Martina
Published: February 2020

2018 waren weltweit 50 Mio. Menschen von einer Demenz betroffen. Demenz ist sowohl aus sozialer als auch aus ökonomischer Sicht eine Herausforderung für die Gesellschaft. Ein Ziel der Alzheimer-Forschung ist u. a., einen Impfstoff gegen Alzheimer herzustellen. Bisher ohne Erfolg. Dennoch ist früher oder später ein Durchbruch zu erwarten. Welchen sozialen und ethischen Herausforderungen sich die Gesellschaft dann aber aufgrund der Impfung gegen Alzheimer stellen muss, wird im vorliegenden Text diskutiert. In Anlehnung an die aktuelle Impfdebatte werden Fragen zwischen Autonomie des Einzelnen und Verantwortung gegenüber der Gesellschaft betrachtet, sowie das Ziel einer Durchimpfungsrate und die damit möglicherweise verbundene Impfpflicht, das Recht auf Nicht-Wissen und das Recht auf Krankheit. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass eine Alzheimer-Impfung eine Vielzahl von ethischen Herausforderungen implizieren würde.
Of global reach yet of situated contexts: an examination of the implicit and explicit selection criteria that shape digital archives of historical newspapers
Authors: Hauswedell Tessa , Nyhan Julianne , Beals M. H. , Terras Melissa , Bell Emily
Published: February 2020

A large literature addresses the processes, circumstances and motivations that have given rise to archives. These questions are increasingly being asked of digital archives, too. Here, we examine the complex interplay of institutional, intellectual, economic, technical, practical and social factors that have shaped decisions about the inclusion and exclusion of digitised newspapers in and from online archives. We do so by undertaking and analysing a series of semi-structured interviews conducted with public and private providers of major newspaper digitisation programmes. Our findings contribute to emerging understandings of factors that are rarely foregrounded or highlighted, yet fundamentally shape the depth and scope of digital cultural heritage archives and thus the questions that can be asked of them, now and in the future. Moreover, we draw attention to providers’ emphasis on meeting the needs of their end-users and how this is shaping the form and function of digital archives. The end user is not often emphasised in the wider literature on archival studies and we thus draw attention to the potential merit of this vector in future studies of digital archives.
Governance for excellence and diversity? The impact of central and regional affiliation for the strategic positioning of Chinese top universities
Authors: Dong Xilu , Maassen Peter , Stensaker Bjørn , Xu Xiuling
Published: February 2020

Through analysis of the strategic ambitions of China’s top universities, this article studies the relationship between governance structures at the system level and strategic institutional adaptations. In China, some top universities are governed directly by the national authorities while others have regional affiliations. By analyzing the strategic plans of a sample of universities in both categories the article examines how these differences in governance modes may impact the formal ambitions and objectives of the universities and discuss the potential system implications of these different governance modes, especially related to issues of excellence and diversity. The article find that differences in governance modes do affect the strategic positioning of Chinese universities, and different ways in which governance arrangements can be used to foster both excellence and diversity in a system perspective are discussed.
Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration and Scholarly Independence in Multidisciplinary Learning Environments at Doctoral Level and Beyond
Authors: Brodin Eva M. , Avery Helen
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate how patterns of collaboration and scholarly independence are related to early stage researchers’ development in two multidisciplinary learning environments at a Swedish university. Based on interviews with leaders, supervisors, doctoral students, and post docs, results show how early stage researchers’ development is conditioned by their relative positions in time (career stage) and space (geographical and epistemic position). Through the theoretical notions of ‘epistemic living space’ and ‘developmental networks’, four ways of experiencing the multidisciplinary learning environment were distinguished. Overall, the environments provided aworld of opportunities, where the epistemic living space entailed many possibilities for cross-disciplinary collaboration and development of scholarly independence among peers. However, depending on the members’ relative positions in time and space, this world becamean alien worldfor the post docs who had been forced to become “over-independent” and find collaborators elsewhere. Moreover, it becamean avoided worldfor absent mono-disciplinary supervisors and students who embodied “non-collective independence”, away from the environments’ community. By contrast,a joint worldemerged for doctoral students located in the environment, which promoted their “independent positioning” and collaborative ambitions. Thus, early stage researchers’ collaboration and development of scholarly independence were optimised in aconverged learning space, where the temporal and spatial conditions were integrated and equally conducive for learning. Based on these results, the authors provide suggestions for how to improve the integration of scholars who tend to develop away from the community because of their temporal and spatial positions.
Deep Neural Network Augmentation: Generating Faces for Affect Analysis
Authors: Kollias Dimitrios , Cheng Shiyang , Ververas Evangelos , Kotsia Irene , Zafeiriou Stefanos
Published: February 2020

This paper presents a novel approach for synthesizing facial affect; either in terms of the six basic expressions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise), or in terms of valence (i.e., how positive or negative is an emotion) and arousal (i.e., power of the emotion activation). The proposed approach accepts the following inputs:(i) a neutral 2D image of a person; (ii) a basic facial expression or a pair of valence-arousal (VA) emotional state descriptors to be generated, or a path of affect in the 2D VA space to be generated as an image sequence. In order to synthesize affect in terms of VA, for this person, 600,000 frames from the 4DFAB database were annotated. The affect synthesis is implemented by fitting a 3D Morphable Model on the neutral image, then deforming the reconstructed face and adding the inputted affect, and blending the new face with the given affect into the original image. Qualitative experiments illustrate the generation of realistic images, when the neutral image is sampled from fifteen well known lab-controlled or in-the-wild databases, including Aff-Wild, AffectNet, RAF-DB; comparisons with generative adversarial networks (GANs) show the higher quality achieved by the proposed approach. Then, quantitative experiments are conducted, in which the synthesized images are used for data augmentation in training deep neural networks to perform affect recognition over all databases; greatly improved performances are achieved when compared with state-of-the-art methods, as well as with GAN-based data augmentation, in all cases.
Distribution of uranium and thorium chains radionuclides in different fractions of phosphogypsum grains
Authors: Szajerski Piotr
Published: February 2020

This work presents results obtained using gamma spectrometry measurements of phosphogypsum samples on a non-fractionated (native) and fractionated phosphogypsum byproduct. The phosphogypsum was divided into particles size fractions within the range of < 0.063, 0.063–0.090, 0.090–0.125, 0.125–0.250, and over 0.250 mm and analyzed after reaching radioactive equilibrium using high-resolution gamma spectrometry technique. It was found that there is no significant differentiation between 226Ra distribution among particular grain size fractions of this material; however, tendency for preferential retention of radionuclides in particular grain size fractions is observed. The detailed analysis of results revealed that radium is preferentially retained in smaller grain size fractions, whereas lead and thorium in coarse fractions. The results indicate that overall 226Ra activity concentrations between particular fractions of phosphogypsum vary globally between − 34 and + 47% regarding non-fractionated material, and for 210Pb activity concentration, fluctuations are found between − 26 up and + 38%. Presumably, the mechanism of radium incorporation into gypsum phase is based on a sequence of radium bearing sulfate phases formation followed by a surface adsorption of these phases on the calcium sulfate crystals, whereas for lead and thorium ions, rather incorporation into crystal lattice should be expected as more likelihood process.
Customer compliance with employee fuzzy requests in service encounters: a self-determination theory perspective
Authors: Teng Teng , Zhang Shengliang , Li Xiaodong , Chen Yuan
Published: February 2020

This research proposes a theoretical model to explain customer compliance with employee fuzzy requests in service encounters from a self-determination theory perspective. Utilizing data collected from 382 car-hailing users in south China, the model was examined through partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results revealed that identified and integrated regulations are positively related to customer compliance. Furthermore, identified regulation is positively affected by sense of relatedness, while integrated regulation is positively influenced by perceived autonomy support, self-efficacy, and sense of relatedness. This study provides important implications for scholars and managers by establishing a self-determination mechanism.
Experimental validation of bifurcated hydrogen bond of 2,5-lutidinium bromanilate and its charge density distribution
Authors: Rajendran Niranjana Devi , Mookan Natarajan , Samuel Israel , Mookan Sarath Babu
Published: February 2020

2,5-Lutidinium bromanilate is a molecular complex that consists of bromanilic acid and 2,5-lutidine in which hydrogen-bonding interactions occur between them, producing a charge-assisted bifurcated N–H…O hydrogen bond. Bond characteristics are determined from the experimental charge density distribution of the molecular complex using the Hansen–Coppens model. The electron density, topological properties, electrostatic potential and atomic charges of the molecule have been investigated to better understand the atomic, molecular and electronic properties in a detailed manner. The electronic nature of the significantly important charge-assisted bifurcated hydrogen bond has been analyzed with the help of topological properties.

Graphic abstract
Evaluation of the advanced artificial athlete and Hall effect sensors for measuring strain in multi-layer sports surfaces
Authors: Cole David , Fleming Paul , Morrison Kelly , Forrester Steph
Published: February 2020

Computer models are a useful means to explore the loading behaviour of third generation (3G) artificial turf sports surfaces; however, measuring the material stress–strain behaviour under realistic high loading rates is challenging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was two-fold: to evaluate the advanced artificial athlete (AAA) for measuring strain behaviour of polymeric sports surfaces under high loading rates typical of player interactions; and to evaluate Hall effect sensors (HES) for measuring strain behaviour of an individual layer within multi-layer sports surfaces. An independent optical measurement system (GOM) provided gold standard sample deformation and strain. Forty-five impacts onto three test samples were measured simultaneously using the three systems. Poor agreement was found between AAA and GOM peak sample deformations and strain (systematic bias 2.4 mm, 95% confidence intervals ± 1.3 mm, strain RMSD 29%), largely attributable to errors in the AAA time of initial contact. Using a regression equation to correct this time led to much better agreement in AAA peak deformations and strain (systematic bias 0.1 mm, 95% confidence intervals ± 0.7 mm, strain RMSD 8%). Good agreement was found between the HES and GOM (systematic bias 0.2 mm, 95% confidence intervals ± 0.4 mm, strain RMSD 11%). The corrected AAA and HES methods can measure deformation of polymeric sports surfaces under realistic loading rates to an accuracy of < 1 mm. In terms of strain, errors increase with decreasing peak sample deformation indicating that both systems should be used with caution for peak deformations < ~ 4–5 mm.
The China United Assurance Society and the Making of Chinese Life Insurance, 1912–1949
Authors: LOWENSTEIN MATTHEW
Published: February 2020

This article traces the history of the first Chinese life insurance company: the China United Assurance Society. China United was founded in Shanghai in 1912 as a purely Chinese-owned enterprise and became the first Chinese life insurer to survive past its eighth year. By 1935, it boasted insurance in force of over 20 million yuan. In adapting life insurance to Republican China, China United had to contend with a number of extraordinary challenges. It had to train a corps of Chinese technical experts in a country without a single accredited actuary. It had to cultivate demand for a product that was poorly understood and often distrusted. At the same time, the Society was forced to find a way to manage a nationwide sales network that could market insurance products to a country that hitherto had little knowledge of life insurance. In doing so, it was threatened by interethnic strife sparked by racist practices of the foreign manager. Finally, China United had to overcome increasingly fierce competition, high lapse rates, and excess mortality that combined to drive underwriting profits negative. The Society was able to survive as a going concern only through its investing prowess in Chinese capital markets. Using previously unmined sources from the Shanghai Municipal Archives, this article charts China United’s turbulent process of indigenization, and explores its lasting legacies in the contemporary Chinese life insurance industry.
A STEP TOO FAR? THE JOURNEY FROM “BIOLOGICAL” TO “SOCIETAL” FILIATION IN THE CHILD'S RIGHT TO NAME AND IDENTITY IN ISLAMIC AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Ali Shaheen Sardar
Published: February 2020

This socio-legal narrative investigates the journey from “biological” to “societal” filiation undertaken by Islamic and international law regimes in their endeavors to ensure a child's right to name and identity. Combining a discussion of filiation—a status-assigning process—with adoption andkafāla(fostering) as status-transferring mechanisms, it highlights a nuanced hierarchy relating to these processes within Muslim communities and Muslim state practices. It questions whether evolving conceptions of a child's rights to name and identity represent a paradigm shift from “no status” if born out of wedlock toward “full status” offered through national and international law and Muslim state and community practices. The article challenges the dominant (formal, legal) position within the Islamic legal traditions thatnasab(filiation) is obtainable through marriage alone. Highlighting inherent plurality within the Islamic legal traditions, it demonstrates how Muslim state practice and actual practices of Muslim communities on the subject are neither uniform nor necessarily in accordance with stated doctrinal positions of the juristic schools to which they subscribe. Simultaneously, the paper challenges some exaggerated gaps between “Islamic” and “Western” conceptions of children's rights, arguing that child-centric resources in Islamic law tend to be suppressed by a “universalist” Western human-rights discourse. Tracing common threads through discourses within both legal traditions aimed at ensuring children a name and identity, it demonstrates that the rights values in the United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child resonate with preexisting values within the Islamic legal traditions.
Determining body condition of nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the South-west Indian Ocean
Authors: Nolte C. R. , Nel R. , Pfaff M. C.
Published: February 2020

Sea turtles are long-lived migratory species that are sensitive to anthropogenic impacts. Their condition reflects that of marine ecosystems and can serve as an indicator for environmental monitoring. However, evaluating body condition parameters, as a proxy for health, is challenging and often overlooked. The purpose of this study was to validate a straightforward method for assessing the body condition of nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), and to investigate whether body condition was correlated with epibiont loading. To achieve this, 60 nesting loggerhead sea turtles were sampled and categorized into five body conditions ranging from very poor to very good. Injuries, skin deformities and plastron shape were used for this classification. Epibionts were collected from the same turtles and identified, with species richness, diversity, community structure and barnacle loading compared among body conditions. Epibiont communities were correlated with body condition as both species richness and abundance increased with a decline in turtle body condition. Barnacle epibionts showed great variation among different body conditions, having significantly higher numbers on turtles in poor condition. All parameters in this study showed similar distinctive relationships with body condition of loggerhead turtles from poor to very good body condition. The body condition index used in this study can be applied readily and, along with barnacle counts, can provide basic baseline information on turtle health.
Implications of a change in case definition and screening of asylum seekers for hepatitis B surveillance in Germany in 2015 and 2016
Authors: von Laer A. , Diercke M. , an der Heiden M. , Altmann D. , Zimmermann R. , Dudareva S.
Published: February 2020

Since 2015, the number of hepatitis B virus (HBV) cases increased substantially in Germany. In 2015, a more sensitive HBV case definition was introduced. This coincided with an asylum seeker influx with differing screening strategies. Information on the asylum seeker status has been collected since 09/2015. We investigated this increase to interpret HBV notification data in Germany. We compared HBV surveillance data from 2010–2013 (baseline) with 2015–2016, excluding 2014 due to beginning of asylum seeker influx. We estimated the excess above the mean case number (baseline) using Poisson regression and compared asylum seeker cases and the excess of cases with the unknown asylum seeker status. HBV cases increased from 1855 (mean baseline) to 3873 (2015) and 3466 (2016) with 1903 asylum seeker cases and 1099 excess-cases with the unknown asylum seeker status in 2015–2016. Cases only fulfilling the changed case definition increased from 60% (1119) in baseline to 81% (P < 0.01) in 2015–2016; 69% of asylum seeker cases and 61% of excess-cases were males <40 years compared to 27% (baseline) (P < 0.01). Changed case definition increased the number of cases in official statistics substantially. Demographic and geographical distributions suggest that screening of asylum seekers increased the case numbers even to a higher extent than surveillance data indicates.
Rethinking Defeasible Reasoning: A Scalable Approach
Authors: MAHER MICHAEL J. , TACHMAZIDIS ILIAS , ANTONIOU GRIGORIS , WADE STEPHEN , CHENG LONG
Published: February 2020

Recent technological advances have led to unprecedented amounts of generated data that originate from the Web, sensor networks, and social media. Analytics in terms of defeasible reasoning – for example, for decision making – could provide richer knowledge of the underlying domain. Traditionally, defeasible reasoning has focused on complex knowledge structures over small to medium amounts of data, but recent research efforts have attempted to parallelize the reasoning process over theories with large numbers of facts. Such work has shown that traditional defeasible logics come with overheads that limit scalability. In this work, we design a new logic for defeasible reasoning, thus ensuring scalability by design. We establish several properties of the logic, including its relation to existing defeasible logics. Our experimental results indicate that our approach is indeed scalable and defeasible reasoning can be applied to billions of facts.
Swarm Survey of Alfvénic Fluctuations and Their Relation to Nightside Field‐Aligned Current and Auroral Arc Systems
Authors: Wu J. , Knudsen D. J. , Gillies D. M. , Burchill J. K.
Published: February 2020

By comparing data from 530 nightside auroral zone crossings of the three Swarm satellites with images from THEMIS ground‐based all‐sky imagers (ASIs), we find that 154 arc systems, containing two or more arcs, host regions of fluctuating magnetic and electric fields (Alfvén waves) up to 8 Hz. Many cases exhibit a standing wave pattern as seen by comparing the amplitude ratio and phase difference of electric and magnetic field Fourier components. The largest peak of Alfvénic cross‐power spectral density (CPSD, which is similar to Poynting flux) within a large‐scale current system tends to be narrow in latitude (about 50–100 km) and its magnitude increases with an increasing number of current sheets in the field‐aligned current (FAC) system. The peak of CPSD tends to be located on the poleward side of the current system but can extend as equatorward as the boundary between the Region 1 and Region 2 FACs. CPSD tends to peak either within downward current sheets (
of cases) or on the boundary between downward and upward FACs (
). Only
of peaks occur within upward current sheets, indicating that there is only a weak association with discrete auroral arcs, a finding which is confirmed by comparison with ASI images. These findings demonstrate that Alfvénic fluctuations occur over a much wider range of locations and conditions than previously reported.
Comparison of Observed and Modeled Magnetic Fields in the Earth's Magnetosheath
Authors: Vandas M. , Němeček Z. , Šafránková J. , Romashets E. P. , Hajoš M.
Published: February 2020

Observations of the magnetic field for two passages through the Earth's magnetosheath are used for comparison with two simple models of the magnetosheath field that describe it as a potential field. We apply the Kobel and Flückiger (1994, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA01778) model and the Romashets and Vandas (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012072) model complemented with the Jelínek et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017252) empirical determination of the bow shock and magnetopause shapes and positions. The models yield a satisfactory match to observations when the positions and shapes of the bow shock and the magnetopause are controlled by the instantaneous solar wind upstream dynamic pressure and the instantaneous upstream interplanetary magnetic field vector is taken into account.
Sensitivity of Meteorological Skill to Selection of WRF‐Chem Physical Parameterizations and Impact on Ozone Prediction During the Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS)
Authors: Abdi‐Oskouei M. , Carmichael G. , Christiansen M. , Ferrada G. , Roozitalab B. , Sobhani N. , Wade K. , Czarnetzki A. , Pierce R. B. , Wagner T. , Stanier C.
Published: February 2020

Ozone concentrations in excess of health‐based standards occur along the coastline of Lake Michigan. A complex pattern of ozone precursor emissions interfaces with a complex meteorological environment, presenting a challenge for air quality management and simulation. Precursors are transported into a shallow, stable boundary layer over the lake. This is followed by ozone formation and transport back onshore through a combination of synoptic and lake breeze winds. In this study, we use measurements during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study 2017 (LMOS) to quantitatively evaluate the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) model at 4 km horizontal resolution for key features of high ozone episodes over Southern Lake Michigan, with a focus on meteorological performance. WRF‐Chem showed good performance and successful reproduction of meteorological fields and clouds. Lake breeze model skill was inconsistent, with both good and poor performance depending on site and day. The combination of Noah land surface model and High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh meteorology gave the best performance with the mean bias of −0.5 °C for temperature, −0.6 °C for dewpoint temperature, and −0.3 m/s for wind speed along the western coast of Lake Michigan during the daytime. For ozone, WRF‐Chem was biased low (−4.4 ppb mean bias for daytime ozone) and underestimated hourly peak ozone. In some cases, ozone bias can be attributed to transport and lake breeze errors. Average ozone concentration showed minor (<2 ppb) sensitivity to changes to meteorology initial and boundary conditions or the land surface model.
Plio‐Pleistocene Hemispheric (A)Symmetries in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere Midlatitudes
Authors: Peterson L. C. , Lawrence K. T. , Herbert T. D. , Caballero‐Gill R. , Wilson J. , Huska K. , Miller H. , Kelly C. , Seidenstein J. , Hovey D. , Holte L.
Published: February 2020

The transition from the warm, stable climate of the Pliocene to the progressively colder glaciations of the Pleistocene, as well as the climate system's evolving response to stationary orbital forcing over the Pleistocene, beg important questions about fundamental climate processes relevant to understanding the impacts of modern anthropogenic forcing of the Earth's energy budget. Here, we gain insight into the evolution of Plio‐Pleistocene climate by generating an alkenone‐derived, orbitally resolved sea surface temperature (SST) record from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1125 in the southwest Pacific. We compare our data set to midlatitude and equatorial SST records and to the benthic ∂18O signal in order to evaluate similarities and differences in climate response between the hemispheres and across latitudes over the Plio‐Pleistocene. Secular trends indicate first‐order symmetry between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in the magnitude of mean, glacial, and interglacial cooling. However, the tight coupling that is observed on both secular and orbital timescales between Northern Hemisphere, high latitude, and tropical upwelling climate throughout the last 4 Ma does not extend to Southern Hemisphere climate records as Northern Hemisphere glaciation intensifies in the late Pliocene. The 41‐kyr signal remains weak at Site 1125 across the late Pliocene transition but strengthens in conjunction with a major increase in global climate system sensitivity to obliquity forcing beginning around 1.8 Ma. Our analysis points to regionally varied responses across the late Pliocene transition and the emergence of a global feedback mechanism and strengthened obliquity‐band climate sensitivity just prior to the mid‐Pleistocene transition.
Combined Scattering of Radiation Belt Electrons by Low‐Frequency Hiss: Cyclotron, Landau, and Bounce Resonances
Authors: Fu Song , Yi Juan , Ni Binbin , Zhou Ruoxian , Hu Zejun , Cao Xing , Gu Xudong , Guo Deyu
Published: February 2020

Low‐frequency hiss is known to play an important role in the precipitation of radiation belt electrons by cyclotron, Landau, and bounce resonances. To investigate the potential combined scattering effect caused by these resonant processes, we analyze the resonant conditions and develop a full relativistic test particle code to quantify the net pitch angle scattering efficiency. It is indicated that the three resonance processes can coexist to scatter electrons at different energies and pitch angles, with the net pitch angle scattering rates up to ~10−3 s−1 for low‐frequency hiss ~175 pT at L = 4.5. Comparisons with the quasi‐linear theory results demonstrate that the cyclotron resonance is mainly responsible for the pitch angle scattering of electrons < ~ 80°, while both Landau and bounce resonances can affect the scattering of near‐equatorially mirroring electrons and their combined diffusion produces smaller scattering coefficients compared to quasi‐linear theory calculations.
Real‐Time Detection, Location, and Measurement of Geoeffective Stellar Flares From Global Navigation Satellite System Data: New Technique and Case Studies
Authors: Hernández‐Pajares Manuel , Moreno‐Borràs David
Published: February 2020

An alternative approach to detect solar flares and quantify the associated extreme ultraviolet (EUV) solar flux rate was introduced in this journal by the authors: Global Navigation Satellite Systems Solar FLAre Indicator (GSFLAI) was founded on the dependence of the sudden electron content increase of the Earth ionosphere versus the angle regarding the flare source, the Sun, given by a simple but accurate first‐principles‐based model. Such overionization is directly measured from the dual‐frequency phase measurements gathered from hundreds of worldwide permanent receivers of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS (like the Global Positioning System GPS), working many of them in real time. In this work we generalize GSFLAI for the very challenging scenario of stellar superflares, with a much weaker expected geoeffectiveness on the Earth ionosphere, making it difficult to distinguish its potential footprint regarding conventional ionospheric variability sources. Indeed, we will show that, unlike GSFLAI for solar flares, the new algorithm presented here (Blind GNSS search of Extraterrestrial EUV Sources [BGEES]) is able to detect EUV flares without the previous knowledge of the position of the source, which is also simultaneously estimated, providing an additional quality check of the detection. It will be first assessed with several case studies of solar flares of different intensities analyzed previously with GSFLAI. Finally, by focusing on the night hemisphere to avoid the Sun's larger effect on the ionosphere, the detection and location with BGEES of two recent stellar superflares, Proxima Centauri (18 March 2016, 08:32UT) and NGTS J121939.5‐355557 (1 February 2016, 04:00UT), are presented, strongly suggesting the extension and applicability of the new technique, also in real time.
Correction: Signalling involving MET and FAK supports cell division independent of the activity of the cell cycle-regulating CDK4/6 kinases
Authors: Zhang Chi , Stockwell Simon R. , Elbanna May , Ketteler Robin , Freeman Jamie , Al-Lazikani Bissan , Eccles Suzanne , De Haven Brandon Alexis , Raynaud Florence , Hayes Angela , Clarke Paul A. , Workman Paul , Mittnacht Sibylle
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Stable single platinum atoms trapped in sub-nanometer cavities in 12CaO·7Al2O3 for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes
Authors: Ye Tian-Nan , Xiao Zewen , Li Jiang , Gong Yutong , Abe Hitoshi , Niwa Yasuhiro , Sasase Masato , Kitano Masaaki , Hosono Hideo
Published: February 2020

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted significant attention because they exhibit unique catalytic performance due to their ideal structure. However, maintaining atomically dispersed metal under high temperature, while achieving high catalytic activity remains a formidable challenge. In this work, we stabilize single platinum atoms within sub-nanometer surface cavities in well-defined 12CaO·7Al2O3 (C12A7) crystals through theoretical prediction and experimental process. This approach utilizes the interaction of isolated metal anions with the positively charged surface cavities of C12A7, which allows for severe reduction conditions up to 600 °C. The resulting catalyst is stable and highly active toward the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes with a much higher turnover frequency (up to 25772 h−1) than well-studied Pt-based catalysts. The high activity and selectivity result from the formation of stable trapped single Pt atoms, which leads to heterolytic cleavage of hydrogen molecules in a reaction that involves the nitro group being selectively adsorbed on C12A7 surface.
RADICL-seq identifies general and cell type–specific principles of genome-wide RNA-chromatin interactions
Authors: Bonetti Alessandro , Agostini Federico , Suzuki Ana Maria , Hashimoto Kosuke , Pascarella Giovanni , Gimenez Juliette , Roos Leonie , Nash Alex J. , Ghilotti Marco , Cameron Christopher J.  F. , Valentine Matthew , Medvedeva Yulia A. , Noguchi Shuhei , Agirre Eneritz , Kashi Kaori , Samudyata  , Luginbühl Joachim , Cazzoli Riccardo , Agrawal Saumya , Luscombe Nicholas M. , Blanchette Mathieu , Kasukawa Takeya , Hoon Michiel de , Arner Erik , Lenhard Boris , Plessy Charles , Castelo-Branco Gonçalo , Orlando Valerio , Carninci Piero
Published: February 2020

Mammalian genomes encode tens of thousands of noncoding RNAs. Most noncoding transcripts exhibit nuclear localization and several have been shown to play a role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin remodeling. To investigate the function of such RNAs, methods to massively map the genomic interacting sites of multiple transcripts have been developed; however, these methods have some limitations. Here, we introduce RNA And DNA Interacting Complexes Ligated and sequenced (RADICL-seq), a technology that maps genome-wide RNA–chromatin interactions in intact nuclei. RADICL-seq is a proximity ligation-based methodology that reduces the bias for nascent transcription, while increasing genomic coverage and unique mapping rate efficiency compared with existing methods. RADICL-seq identifies distinct patterns of genome occupancy for different classes of transcripts as well as cell type–specific RNA-chromatin interactions, and highlights the role of transcription in the establishment of chromatin structure.
Interpreting nanovoids in atom probe tomography data for accurate local compositional measurements
Authors: Wang Xing , Hatzoglou Constantinos , Sneed Brian , Fan Zhe , Guo Wei , Jin Ke , Chen Di , Bei Hongbin , Wang Yongqiang , Weber William J. , Zhang Yanwen , Gault Baptiste , More Karren L. , Vurpillot Francois , Poplawsky Jonathan D.
Published: February 2020

Quantifying chemical compositions around nanovoids is a fundamental task for research and development of various materials. Atom probe tomography (APT) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are currently the most suitable tools because of their ability to probe materials at the nanoscale. Both techniques have limitations, particularly APT, because of insufficient understanding of void imaging. Here, we employ a correlative APT and STEM approach to investigate the APT imaging process and reveal that voids can lead to either an increase or a decrease in local atomic densities in the APT reconstruction. Simulated APT experiments demonstrate the local density variations near voids are controlled by the unique ring structures as voids open and the different evaporation fields of the surrounding atoms. We provide a general approach for quantifying chemical segregations near voids within an APT dataset, in which the composition can be directly determined with a higher accuracy than STEM-based techniques.
Surviving salt fluctuations: stress and recovery in Halobacterium salinarum, an extreme halophilic Archaeon
Authors: Vauclare P. , Natali F. , Kleman J. P. , Zaccai G. , Franzetti B.
Published: February 2020

Halophilic proteins subjected to below about 15% salt in vitro denature through misfolding, aggregation and/or precipitation. Halobacteria, however, have been detected in environments of fluctuating salinity such as coastal salterns and even around fresh water springs in the depths of the Dead Sea. In order to identify the underlying mechanisms of low salt survival, we explored the reactivation capacity of Halobacterium (Hbt) salinarum sub-populations after incubation in low salt media and recovery in physiological salt. Respiratory oxygen consumption was assessed in stressed cells and cell viability was estimated by Live/Dead staining and flow cytometry. In vivo neutron scattering experiments showed that the recovery of Hbt salinarum sub-populations exposed to severe low salt conditions is related to a rapid retrieval of functional molecular dynamics in the proteome. In the hypothesis that the observations on Hbt salinarum have wider relevance, they could be of key ecological significance for the dispersion of extremophiles when environmental fluctuations become severe.
Physical Biomarkers of Disease Progression: On-Chip Monitoring of Changes in Mechanobiology of Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Armistead Fern J. , Gala De Pablo Julia , Gadêlha Hermes , Peyman Sally A. , Evans Stephen D.
Published: February 2020

Disease can induce changes to subcellular components, altering cell phenotype and leading to measurable bulk-material mechanical properties. The mechanical phenotyping of single cells therefore offers many potential diagnostic applications. Cells are viscoelastic and their response to an applied stress is highly dependent on the magnitude and timescale of the actuation. Microfluidics can be used to measure cell deformability over a wide range of flow conditions, operating two distinct flow regimes (shear and inertial) which can expose subtle mechanical properties arising from subcellular components. Here, we investigate the deformability of three colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines using a range of flow conditions. These cell lines offer a model for CRC metastatic progression; SW480 derived from primary adenocarcinoma, HT29 from a more advanced primary tumor and SW620 from lymph-node metastasis. HL60 (leukemia cells) were also studied as a model circulatory cell, offering a non-epithelial comparison. We demonstrate that microfluidic induced flow deformation can be used to robustly detect mechanical changes associated with CRC progression. We also show that single-cell multivariate analysis, utilising deformation and relaxation dynamics, offers potential to distinguish these different cell types. These results point to the benefit of multiparameter determination for improving detection and accuracy of disease stage diagnosis.
Global warming hiatus contributed weakening of the Mascarene High in the Southern Indian Ocean
Authors: P.J. Vidya , Ravichandran M. , Subeesh M. P. , Chatterjee Sourav , M. Nuncio
Published: February 2020

The Mascarene High (MH) is a semi-permanent subtropical high-pressure zone in the South Indian Ocean. Apart from its large influence on African and Australian weather patterns, it also helps in driving the inter-hemispheric circulation between the Indian Ocean in the south and subcontinental landmass in the north. Using observations and reanalysis products, this study for the first time investigates recent warming trend observed in the MH region during the Global Warming Hiatus (GWH) period (1998–2016). Significant positive trends are observed in sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH) and oceanic heat content (OHC) during this period in the MH region. Mixed layer heat budget analysis reveals the dominant role of heat advection in the observed warming trend. During the GWH period, stronger zonal currents advect the warm waters from the Western Pacific (WP) towards the MH region via the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). This warming in the MH reduces the sea level pressure therein and establishes a weak pressure gradient between the MH and the northern hemisphere landmass. This in-turn weakens the cross-equatorial winds in the western Indian Ocean.
Identification of putative biomarkers for Infantile Hemangiomas and Propranolol treatment via data integration
Authors: Gomez-Acevedo Horacio , Dai Yuemeng , Strub Graham , Shawber Carrie , Wu June K. , Richter Gresham T.
Published: February 2020

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign tumors in early childhood. They show a distinctive mechanism of tumor growth in which a rapid proliferative phase is followed by a regression phase (involution). Propranolol is an approved treatment for IHs, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. We integrated and harmonized microRNA and mRNA transcriptome data from newly generated microarray data on IHs with publicly available data on toxicological transcriptomics from propranolol exposure, and with microRNA data from IHs and propranolol exposure. We identified subsets of putative biomarkers for proliferation and involution as well as a small set of putative biomarkers for propranolol’s mechanism of action for IHs, namely EPAS1, LASP1, SLC25A23, MYO1B, and ALDH1A1. Based on our integrative data approach and confirmatory experiments, we concluded that hypoxia in IHs is regulated by EPAS1 (HIF-2α) instead of HIF-1α, and also that propranolol-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells may occur via mitochondrial stress.
Preparation of levofloxacin-imprinted nanoparticles using designed deep eutectic solvents for the selective removal of levofloxacin pollutants from environmental waste water
Authors: Li Xiaoxia , Row Kyung Ho
Published: February 2020

Designed deep eutectic solvents was applied to preparation of levofloxacin-imprinted nanoparticles as functional monomer. The nanoparticles using for the selective removal of levofloxacin pollutants from a natural environmental system.
Expanding the BN-embedded PAH family: 4a-aza-12a-borachrysene
Authors: Abengózar Alberto , Valencia Isabel , Otárola Guillermo G. , Sucunza David , García-García Patricia , Pérez-Redondo Adrián , Mendicuti Francisco , Vaquero Juan J.
Published: February 2020

Previously unknown 4a-aza-12a-borachrysene has been synthesized in only four steps.
Sustainable synthesis of ambrisentan – syringic acid cocrystal: employing mechanochemistry in the development of novel pharmaceutical solid form
Authors: Haneef Jamshed , Chadha Renu
Published: February 2020

Development of the pharmaceutical cocrystal of ambrisentan with syringic acid via mechanochemistry as a greener and sustainable methodology with improved biopharmaceutical parameters.
Peculiar hydrogen bonding behaviour of water molecules inside the aqueous nanochannels of lyotropic liquid crystals
Authors: Das Konoya , Sappati Subrahmanyam , Hazra Partha
Published: February 2020

The hydrogen bonding abilities of the LLC water molecules and their effects on intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the target probe molecules.