bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ACCLIMATION ON PATHWAYS OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE TROUT
Authors: Hochachka P. W. , Hayes F. R.
Published: August 2008

In warm (15 °C) acclimated Salvelinus fontinalis, (i) the respiration of epaxial muscle homogenates was almost completely inhibited by iodoacetate; (ii) C14O2was incorporated primarily into positions 3, 4 of liver glycogen, and (iii) in vivo and in vitro glucose-1-C14metabolism was similar to that of glucose-6-C14. The results suggest a predominant participation of the Embden–Meyerhof path.In cold-acclimated (4 °C) trout, (i) the respiration of muscle homogenates was higher and less sensitive to iodoacetate; (ii) less of the C14O2incorporated into liver glycogen appeared in carbon atoms 3 and 4; (iii) there was a sharp discrimination between the metabolism of C1- and C6- labelled glucose; and (iv) acetate-1-C14oxidation was lower, but incorporation into fat was higher than in the warm-adapted fish. An activation of the pentose phosphate cycle in conjunction with a higher rate of fat synthesis during cold compensation could account for all of the foregoing data.
THE EFFECTS OF WHEAT GERM OIL AND LINOLEIC ACID ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE HOUSE CRICKET
Authors: Ritchot Claude , McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

Lipid other than sterol improves the growth and development of nymphs of Acheta domesticus (L.), as shown by the effect of adding wheat germ oil and linoleic acid to the diet. Such lipid is also necessary for reproduction: the effect appears to be on the male, but may also be on the female.
ORIGIN OF THE GULA IN INSECTS
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: August 2008

The primitive occipital foramen is oblique in most prognathous heads. The terminal regions of the postocciput, the tentorial pits, and the base of the submentum are all carried forward on the ventral side of the head, and the neck membrane extends into the space bounded by the postocciput and the submentum. Usually, however, this space is occupied instead by a sclerite known as the gula, which is continuous with the ventral portions of the postocciput and united, with or without a suture, with the base of the submentum.Evidence is adduced to show that the gula originated wholly or in large part as a sclerotization in the neck membrane which later united with the postocciput and submentum. In Anisolabis the origin is wholly cervical, the postgenae playing no active part, but in Anisamorpha and Diapheromera postoccipital lobes grow mesally and unite with the cervical sclerite to form the gula.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPOROGONY OF LEUCOCYTOZOON MIRANDAE, L. BONASAE, AND L. FRINGILLINARUM (SPOROZOA: LEUCOCYTOZOIDAE)
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Bennett G. F.
Published: August 2008

Sporogony of Leucocytozoon mirandae, Leucocytozoon bonasae, and Leucocytozoon fringillinarum occurs in Simulium aureum as well as other species. Sporogony of some individuals is completed in less than 5 days at 22° ± 2 °C; others require 9 days or more. Oöcysts of mirandae averaged 14 μ (9–19) in diameter, those of bonasae 13 μ (8–16), and those of fringillinarum 11 μ (8–16). The sporozoites of mirandae were slightly longer and narrower than those of the other two species and were more numerous in the larger oöcysts.
HYBRIDIZATION EXPERIMENTS IN ACHEILOGNATHINE FISHES (CYPRINIDAE, TELEOSTEI): THE INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS BETWEEN ACHEILOGNATHUS LANCEOLATUS AND ACHEILOGNATHUS TABIRA
Authors: Wit J. J. Duyvené de
Published: August 2008

In order to establish the presence of gametic compatibility and the degree of genomic compatibility between the sympatric Japanese species of bitterling, Acheilognathus lanceolatus and Acheilognathus tabira, both species were artificially crossed.From both possible cross combinations, hybrid offspring were obtained. All hybrids showed a sexually neutral phenotype. Nuptial colors and tubercles on top of the snout were absent during the spawning season of both parental species. Stripping produced no observable milt.In their body shape, both kinds of F1 hybrids were fairly Intermediate between both parental species.In their body size, they showed, however, a gradual transition from large to small. Abnormal tail development was present in a number of fishes.Although gametic compatibility was practically complete, genomic compatibility appeared to be greatly impaired.
HISTOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE ADRENAL TISSUES OF THE GOLDFISH
Authors: Mahon Elizabeth F. , Hoar W. S. , Tabata Sachiko
Published: August 2008

Variations in adrenal cytology have been described in normal and experimentally treated goldfish. There is an intimate association of the interrenal (cortical) and chromaffin (medullary) cells. Histochemical tests revealed sudanophilic and non-sudanophilc granules, Golgi net, and ascorbic acid in the interrenal cells. Two different types of interrenal cell nuclei may be related to different functional states of the cells. ACTH did not alter the granulation of the interrenal cells but produced a denser cytoplasm and (after 48 hours) a marked hyperplasia and a predominance of type I nuclei. There were also marked alterations in the chrome cells of the ACTH fish. Only minor changes followed saline injection. High temperature produced an exhaustion of large areas of the interrenal cells and alterations in the chrome cells. It is suggested that sudden heat exposure leads to release of secretions and that death occurs before the cells can make an adaptive response. On the other hand, the picture associated with chilling was less extreme and more variable and, in this case, it is probable that the more slowly acting low temperature permits time for considerable cell activation. It is not clear from this work whether adrenal exhaustion is responsible for, or even contributes to, the factors which produce temperature death.
THE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALE AND FEMALE COPULATORY ORGANS OF THE BLACK WIDOW SPIDER LATRODECTUS CURACAVIENSIS (MÜLLER)
Authors: Bhatnagar R. D. S. , Rempel J. G.
Published: August 2008

A comparison of the structure of the male and female pedipalpi shows that the patella, tibia, tarsus, and the pretarsus of the male are modified. The tarsus in the male is represented by a spoon-shaped cymbium, and the pretarsus by a complex, copulatory palpal organ. This organ in the mature male is a "more specialized" type with an internal receptaculum seminis guarded by the subtegulum, tegulum, median apophysis, radix, terminal apophysis, conductor, and the embolus. The walls of the fundus and the reservoir are of uniform thickness, containing numerous pores on the side facing the gland cells. The ectodistal tooth of the cymbium fits into the socket of the median apophysis, the embolic tip rests on the conductor, and the embolic base is hooked to the basal tooth of the radix. A trigger-like mechanism of extension of the palpal organ is described.The palpal organ arises from the hypodermal cells of the claw fundament. A longitudinal invagination in the ventral lobe of the fundament forms the receptaculum seminis and the dorsal lobes form the accessory sclerites. After transformation of its fundament, the new claw loses connection with the muscle tendons and is short and simple. There is no correlation between the teeth of the claw and the sclerites of the organ.The female copulatory organs consist of paired, dumb-bell-shaped spermathecae; coiled sac-like bursae copulatrices; small, straight fertilization tubes; and blind canals. Ventrally the apparatus is covered by a heavily sclerotized epigynum with an elliptical opening into the atrium which contains the outer openings of the bursae copulatrices. The embolus penetrates the bursa to bring its tip partly within the spermatheca where the broken embolic fragment is later found.The female apparatus arises as a pair of double invaginations of the body wall within the epigastric furrow, immediately ventrad of the opening of the uterus. In successive stages, gradual development of the tissue brings the invaginations outside the epigastric furrow. The two pockets of the invaginations increase in size, the dorsal ones developing into the spermathecae and the ventral ones into the bursae copulatrices.
LABORATORY DETERMINATIONS OF THE DAILY FLIGHT TIMES OF SEPARATE SEXES OF SOME MOTHS IN NATURALLY CHANGING LIGHT
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

Experiments were carried out in the laboratory to define the flight times of separate sexes of the moths Ectropis, Malacosoma, Halisidota, Choristoneura, Nepytia, Lambdina, and Anagasta (Ephestia), when the only naturally varying environmental parameter was light. A sex difference in the flying-activity times was found in the last five insects listed above. There were different degrees of sex difference. Nepytia, Halisidota, and Anagasta males possessed an activity peak just prior to sunrise, as well as at other times during the night, whereas the females did not possess this peak. Lambdina males had an early, broad peak prior to sunrise. There were some changes in the activity pattern of male Choristoneura and Halisidota with increasing age from emergence, and in the amount of activity of some kinds of females.A study of the iris pigment in the eyes of Ectropis, Nepytia, and Anagasta showed that the sex differences in the activity patterns are probably not related to differences in the pigment position.
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES ON INSECTS DUE TO CONTACT WITH DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

Experiments with both dead and living insects have shown that insects may acquire an electrical charge as a result of surface contact with an uncharged substrate. The charge on the insect may be built up during walking or fluttering on the substrate. The insects were made positive by contact with dry wood and metals, and negative by contact with asbestos. Their position in the Triboelectric Series was somewhere near asbestos or glass. Contact charging of the insects explains the electrostatic potential surges found in the electrical-influence activity apparatus with each insect flight.
ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL PLASTICITY OF THE NUMBER OF ROSTELLAR HOOKS IN LARVAL ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

A study of 17 populations of larval scoleces of E. multilocularis has shown that both the range of variation of the numbers of hooks, and their average numbers, increase with increasing age of the cysts. This range of 14 to 74 hooks and the highest observed mean value of 47.72 ± 0.71 hooks, are higher than the corresponding published data for E. granulosus. The numbers of rostellar hooks in E. multilocularis depend also on the localization of the cysts and on the species and variety of the host.
THE ORIENTATION OF HORSE FLIES AND DEER FLIES (TABANIDAE:DIPTERA): II. THE ROLE OF SOME VISUAL FACTORS IN THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF DECOY SILHOUETTES
Authors: Bracken G. K. , Hanec Wm. , Thorsteinson A. J.
Published: August 2008

The attractiveness of colored spheres was compared in the field for several tabanid species. Black and red spheres were highly attractive to all the species. Tabanus illotus was attracted nearly equally to black, gray, and white silhouettes. The attractiveness of gray and white spheres for the other species decreased rapidly with increasing reflectance. Green and yellow spheres were unattractive for all species. Two-dimensional black silhouettes attracted only a small number of tabanids. Three-dimensional black silhouettes with plane surfaces attracted larger numbers of flies. Glossy black silhouettes with convex curvature in the vertical plane were much more attractive than other silhouettes. Interpretations of these results are presented.
SEASONAL BEHAVIOR OF LARVAE OF CTENICERA SPP. AND OTHER WIREWORMS (COLEOPTERA:ELATERIDAE), IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, FOOD, AND GRAVITY
Authors: Zacharuk Russell Y.
Published: August 2008

In a gradient, nearly mature larvae of Ctenicera destructor (Brown) aggregated at higher average temperatures than did those of C. aeripennis (Kby.), Hypolithus bicolor Esch., or Limonius pectoralis Lec. Larvae of C. destructor from a field in wheat were distributed at higher temperatures than were those from fallow, and larvae from fallow were distributed at higher temperatures with food than without, Larvae from most of the above populations showed significant seasonal variations in distribution in the temperature gradient.Larvae of C. destructor from fields in wheat and fallow avoided dry soil more at the higher than at the lower temperatures without food, and more at 50° and less at 86° than at 68° F with food. Those of H. bicolor preferred moister soils than did those of C. destructor when food was present.The feeding activities of larvae of the two Ctenicera spp. were similar. They attacked and destroyed about 10 times as many seeds as those of H. bicolor or L. pectoralis. The feeding activities of larvae of each of the four species varied significantly with seasons. Larvae of C. destructor from fields in wheat did not feed appreciably less than those from fallow during the frost-free seasons. The feeding activities of larvae from fallow were directly related to temperature in the range 50–86° F, and to moisture in the range 5–25% content by weight in loam soil.Larvae of C. destructor showed positive responses to gravity.
SOME ASPECTS OF HOST SELECTION BY MANSONIA PERTURBANS (WALK.) (DIPTERA:CULICIDAE)
Authors: Downe A. E. R.
Published: August 2008

Blood meals of female Mansonia perturbons (Walk.) collected from farms and wooded areas in southeastern Ontario were identified by the serological precipitin test. The mosquitoes had fed on birds, farm animals, humans, rodents, deer, and raccoons. Preliminary observations on host preferences indicated that birds may constitute a more important group of hosts for M. perturbans than mammals. In experimental trials, attraction of M. perturbans to mammals appeared to be related to the surface area of the host. A rather high proportion of specimens collected in nature contained the blood of more than one kind of host and, in laboratory tests, M. perturbans showed a greater tendency towards multiple feeding than was shown by three species of Aedes mosquitoes.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE METHOD OF HUMAN INFECTION WITH ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS IN TAHITI
Authors: Alicata Joseph E. , Brown Robert W.
Published: August 2008

Infective larvae of the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the causative agent of parasitic meningoencephalitis in man, have been found in about 4% of the stomach contents of freshwater prawns examined in Tahiti. This is believed to constitute the main source of the local human infection. These crustaceans and "taioro," a food consisting of grated coconut and prawn juice, are commonly eaten raw by Tahitians and some local Europeans. Infected mollusks have also been found on vegetation commonly eaten raw, and may constitute an occasional source of human infection. Laboratory-raised rats have been experimentally infected with A. cantonensis by applying infective larvae on the abraded skin. No infection occurred when the larvae were placed on the intact skin. In addition to land mollusks, the freshwater snail (Fossaria ollula) was also found to be a suitable intermediate host for A. cantonensis.
DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF THE CAUDAL TISSUES IN AMMOCOETES
Authors: Niazi I. A.
Published: August 2008

The posterior regions of the tails of 7- to 135-mm ammocoetes of Petromyzon marinus and Entosphenus lamottenii were studied histologically to investigate the manner of development and growth of the notochord, the cartilaginous skeletal elements, and the muscles, during the larval life of these lampreys. It is concluded that the cellular material of the so-called primitive streak contributes to the linear posterior growth of the notochord. The linear growth of the fin rays involves incorporation of additional cellular material from the connective tissue at the distal extremities throughout the larval life. New myomeres are differentiated from the cells residing in the general connective tissue at the dorsal and ventral ends of the posterior caudal myotomes for about a year after hatching of the larva. The vesicular posterior end with its lumen lined by cuboidal ependymal cells is a characteristic feature of the morphology of a normally growing spinal cord, and not only that of a regenerating one.
HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAS-POSITIVE INCLUSIONS IN THE PURKINJE CELL OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX IN THE ADULT CAT
Authors: Chouinard L. A.
Published: August 2008

A chemical analysis of the PAS-positive inclusions present in the Purkinje cell of the adult cat has been attempted utilizing various accepted histochemical procedures. Two distinct types of inclusions have been identified. The inclusions of the first type are present m the Purkinje cells of all investigated animals and appear as isolated granules distributed more or less at random within the pericaryone and the primary dendritic branches; these granules exhibit the histochemical characteristics of a neutral mucopolysaccharide. The inclusions of the second type are present in the Purkinje cells of only 9 of the 22 investigated animals and appear as granules grouped into clusters of varying size and shape usually located in the upper half portion of the pericaryone and also within the primary dendritic branches; these granules contain not only a mucopolysaccharide but also a lipid and a protein fraction. This mucopolysaccharide–lipid–protein complex exhibits the physical properties and the staining reactions of the lipofuscin pigments.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF TAENIA CRASSICEPS (ZEDER, 1800) RUDOLPHI, 1810 (CESTODA)
Authors: Freeman Reino S.
Published: August 2008

Taenia crassiceps was common in Vulpes fulva examined from southern Ontario. Metacestodes occurred naturally in Microtus pennsylvanicus, Marmota monax, Tamias striatus, and Ondatra zibethicus, and Peromyscus maniculatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, and Sciurus carolinensis were infected experimentally; all rodents are new host records. Cysticerci developed into adults in dogs or foxes within 5 to 6 weeks; five coyote pups resisted infection. Development of the metacestode was followed mainly in white mice. Infections were most common subcutaneously, but also occurred in both body cavities. Mice approximately 4 weeks of age were most susceptible. Asexual reproduction occurred by exogenous, and rarely endogenous, budding from the abscolex pole beginning approximately 3 weeks after infection. Metacestodes in various stages of development were injected into mice subcutaneously, intrapleurally, but mainly intraperitoneally. Subsequent development and reproduction were similar to that following infection with eggs. Apparently all metacestodes are capable of budding. The initial rate of reproduction was higher subcutaneously and intrapleurally than intraperitoneally, but within approximately 100 days the rate became higher and continued higher intraperitoneally than elsewhere. Reproduction never reached a logarithmic rate. Metacestodes inoculated serially up to 21 times at 50-day intervals increased greatly in size and continued budding. Four other series were maintained by serial subinoculation at 50-day intervals through 23 generations without a significant change in the rate of reproduction.
MAINTENANCE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES IN VITRO: A BIOCHEMICAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH
Authors: Harpur R. P.
Published: August 2008

The anaerobic carbon dioxide production of minced ascaris muscle decreases markedly when worms are kept in vitro for 3 days. Using this gas production as an index, and a factorial design, the effects of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, potassium, and ammonium ions were investigated. For this study the worms were kept in media which were changed every 3 hours and the gaseous phases were maintained by bubbling gas continuously through the media. Under these conditions 20% oxygen was extremely toxic but carbon dioxide (5%) provided some relief from this effect. Even 5% oxygen caused more decrease in the index than did nitrogen alone, but this was not true when a mixture of amino acids and glucose was present. Ammonium ions had a beneficial effect in nitrogen but a detrimental effect in the presence of 20% oxygen. A high potassium ion concentration (24 mM) was detrimental in the absence of carbon dioxide but appeared to enhance the beneficial effects of carbon dioxide.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON WATER BALANCE IN THE GOLDFISH CARASSIUS AURATUS L., DURING COLD DEATH
Authors: Houston Arthur Hillier
Published: August 2008

Cold death in goldfish acclimated to 20–22 °C and abruptly transferred to temperatures of 2.5–3.5 °C was accompanied by a decrease in plasma chloride concentration, but no marked change in tissue chloride level. While tissue water content remained relatively steady variations in chloride space indicated a progressive shift of fluids from the cellular to the extracellular phase. Although the data indicate some loss of osmoregulatory control during exposure to low temperatures, the variations noted were not considered to be great enough to have alone accounted for the death of the animals.
THE CEPHALIC NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS (GOEZE) (HEMIPTERA : MIRIDAE)
Authors: Ewen A. B.
Published: August 2008

The morphology of the cephalic ganglia and their main nerves in Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), including the sympathetic system of the head and the retrocerebral complex, is described and figured, and compared with that of Liocoris unctuosus Kelton. There are only two ganglia in the ventral chain; the suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglia make up one unit; the meso- and meta-thoracic and all the abdominal ganglia and, fused into a common mesothoracic center, make up the second. The major nerve branches from these centers are also described. A distinct branch, the "nerf laterale," from the suboesophageal–prothoracic ganglion to the corpora paracardiaca, was seen. This ganglion also innervates the thoracic glands. The sympathetic system of the head includes the frontal ganglion and its connectives, a single recurrent nerve, the hypocerebral ganglion, and an unpaired oesophageal nerve. The corpora paracardiaca are paired and are closely applied to the anterior surface of the unpaired corpus allatum.
ON THE BIOLOGY OF CEPHENEMYIA PHOBIFERA (DIPTERA : OESTRIDAE), THE PHARYNGEAL BOT OF THE WHITE-TAILED DEER, ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

Examination of 322 deer in Algonquin Park, Ontario, during 1949–1961, has shown that 62% of the animals harbor Cephenemyia phobifera. Most parasites were found in deer 6 months to 2 years of age and fewer in those 6 months or less. Deer from herds harbored more bots than non-herd deer. Deer from second-growth forests were more heavily parasitized than deer from mature deciduous forests. Data on the incidence of infestation and the occurrence of the various larval instars in deer examined at different periods throughout the year strongly indicated that phobifera has two generations per year: the winter cycle requires about 6 months, the summer cycle 3 months. Puparia of phobifera metamorphosed in 23 ± 1 day at 63 ± 5° F, in 15 clays at 77 ± 2° F. Adults were short-lived. Deer blood was found in the alimentary tracts of the larvae examined. Presence of the larvae caused enlargement of the retropharyngeal pouch, and destruction of the epithelial layers.
EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THE EXISTENCE OF TWO SPECIES OF STRONGYLOCENTROTUS (ECHINOIDEA) IN THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC
Authors: Swan Emery F.
Published: August 2008

What appear to be both Strongylocentrotus pallidus (G. O. Sars) 1871 and S. droebachiensis (O. F. Müller) 1776 are reported as occurring in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A collection of each species from this region is compared with collections of each from widely scattered parts of the Northern Hemisphere, and no taxonomically significant differences within the species are noted. The collection of S. pallidus from the Gulf of St. Lawrence contains an unusually high percentage (7.4%) of individuals exhibiting situs inversus. S. echinoides A. Agassiz and H. L. Clark 1907 of the Pacific appears to be synonymous with S. pallidus.Small collections (some including both species) from the immediate vicinity of Station de Biologie marine, Grande-Rivière, Gaspé, Québec, but from different depths of water, are compared. The difficulties in distinguishing the species in mixed lots are discussed. Possible environmental preferences of the species and environmental effects on taxonomic characters within the species are considered. Facets of the problem needing further study are indicated.
THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL STIMULI ON THE LARVAE OF TERRANOVA DECIPIENS: II. RELATIVE HUMIDITY, PRESSURE, AND GASES
Authors: Ronald Keith
Published: August 2008

The effects of relative humidity, pressure, and gases on the larval form of the nematode Terranova decipiens are described. Viability was proportional to the moisture condition, but at any one moisture level viability was inversely proportional to a temperature increase.Larvae will not live for a period of more than 3 days unless they are in water or living fish tissue.Pressure and gases have no effect on the larvae except for reduction in the autotoxicity, and contamination of the media.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE INSECT MANDIBLE
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: August 2008

The theory that the mandible of insects and myriapods is formed from the coxopodite of a segmental appendage and evolved in a manner similar to that of crustaceans is questioned.The structure of the mandible in both groups can be better explained on the theory that the Onychophora—Myriapoda—Insecta form a division of the Arthropoda which does not include the Crustacea.The mandible in Onychophora develops from the distal portion of the limb, the claw being the effective jaw. An attempt is made to show that the mandible in Myriapoda and Insecta also develops from the distal region. This would account for the complete absence of a mandibular palpus in these two groups and for indications of segmentation in the mandible of the Myriapoda and some apterygote insects.
SOME EFFECTS OF PREY DENSITY ON SURVIVAL, SPEED OF DEVELOPMENT, AND FECUNDITY OF THE PREDACEOUS MITE MELICHARES DENTRITICUS (BERL.) (ACARINA: ACEOSEJIDAE)
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: August 2008

Laboratory experiments indicated that survival, speed of development, and fecundity of Melichares dentriticus (Berl.) fed larvae of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) increased, and that the proportion of prey eaten decreased, with increasing number of prey available. The fecundity of the adult was little influenced by the nutritional history of its developmental stages, except at a very low prey density.
OBSERVATIONS ON MERISTIC VARIATION IN NINESPINE STICKLEBACKS, PUNGITIUS PUNGITIUS, REARED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Lindsey C. C.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of 10 pairs of wild ninespine sticklebacks from Hobson's Brook near Cambridge, England, were reared under various controlled temperatures. Temperature for optimum survival to hatching differed between genotypes. Ninety young were examined for counts of vertebrae, spines, and dorsal, anal, and pectoral fin rays. Survivors at high temperature had markedly more vertebrae than survivors at low. Curves of temperature against vertebral count may be V-shaped for each genotype, and optimum survival temperature may produce lowest vertebral count. More basal supports to the dorsal and anal fins and spines were produced at high temperature. Disruptions in one-to-one serial conformity between ray or spine, basal, and vertebral series became progressively commoner at higher rearing temperatures. Parents showed positive correlation between dorsal and anal fin ray counts and number of caudal scutes. Comparisons are made with Gasterosteus aculeatus.
THE BIOLOGY OF THREE NEW ENGLAND STAUROMEDUSAE, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Berrill Michael
Published: August 2008

The present survey is of the Stauramedusae north of Cape Cod. The species studied are Lucernaria quadriconis, Haliclystus salpinx, and Thaumatoscyphus atlanticus, which is a newly reported species. These are described in terms of their structure and activity, with particular reference to the importance of size and of the relative significance and structure of marginal anchors. Also included is an account of the young forms of Lucernaria quadricornis and Thaumatoscyphus atlanticus, and of abnormal twin-type individuals of Lucernaria quadricornis.All three species undergo a seasonal cycle, reaching sexual maturity in late summer, followed by dissolution, the winter population consisting only of the succeeding generation.
PERIODICITIES IN THE ANNUAL MUSKRAT POPULATION FIGURES FOR THE PROVINCE OF SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Butler L.
Published: August 2008

The yearly production of muskrat pelts in Saskatchewan for the period 1915–60 exhibits a 6-year periodicity instead of the expected 10-year cycle. To check the synchrony of these periodicities, the province is divided into thirds: the southern prairie section, the middle aspen grove section, and the northern Canadian Shield section. In the prairie section there are two main peaks, one in 1923 and the other in 1955. The remainder of the peaks, which are at 6-year intervals, vary greatly in magnitude. The aspen grove section has peaks which are also 6 years apart but are of similar magnitude. The northern section has peaks of equal magnitude which are 30 years apart. The environmental control exercised on the conservation blocks in the Cumberland House area tends to disrupt the cycle.Some of the population changes are correlated with precipitation data. In the prairie section, the highest catches occur after 2 wet years. In the other sections, the muskrat population is not correlated with the precipitation. In the aspen grove section there is a slight correlation between snowfall and the muskrat catch the next spring.
INDUCTION IN VITRO BY BUFFER SOLUTIONS OF A STRUCTURAL CHANGE OCCURRING NORMALLY DURING THE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSE CRICKET
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

Fragmentation of the maternal epicuticle, similar to that occurring normally after 36 hours of incubation at 35 °C, may be induced in ovarian or newly laid eggs or their shells by immersion in buffer solutions at pH 6 to pH 8. Such treatment also increases the activity of the tyrosinase present in the epicuticle. It is suggested that the action of the buffer in causing fragmentation is in part to provide a favorable pH for the reaction(s) involved.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN SIZE IN NORTH AMERICAN BROWN BEARS, URSUS ARCTOS L., AS INDICATED BY CONDYLOBASAL LENGTH
Authors: Rausch Robert L.
Published: August 2008

Variation in size of brown bears, Ursus arctos Linnaeus, indicated by condylobasal length of the skull, has been studied in 357 specimens comprising series from 26 regions in North America. These were selected by criteria defined from a previous study of growth in black bears, U. americanus Pallas, since it was determined that the growth pattern is essentially the same for the two species. Variation in mean condylobasal length in the series studied is clinal; a well-defined gradient exists along the coastal zone from Bella Coola, British Columbia, to the end of the Alaska Peninsula, with mean condylobasal length increasing from south to northwest. A similar gradient was evident along the Arctic Coast, beginning in the region of Coronation Gulf. In the interior, small mean values were obtained for samples from the western Yukon Territory, with mean size increasing toward both the southeast and the northwest. It is concluded that formal recognition of segments of intergrading populations of brown bears at the subspecific level is not justified. Brown bears on Kodiak–Afognak–Shuyak Islands comprise a reproductively isolated population possessing distinctive cranial characteristics, and to them the name U. arctos middendorffi Merriam is applicable. It is proposed that U. a. horribilis Ord be used for brown bears over the greater part of the range of the species in North America. The number of subspecies of U. arctos recognized in Eurasia also may be reduced, with the study of comparable series of skulls.
THE MONONCHIDAE: A FAMILY OF PREDACEOUS NEMATODES: IV. GENUS IOTONCHUS (ENOPLIDA: MONONCHIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

A resumé of the genus Iotonchus (Cobb, 1916) Pennak, 1953 is presented, including one new species, I. antedontus, which is described and illustrated. Several known species, including I. acutus, I. consimilis, I. risoceiae, I. tenuidentatus n. comb., I. zschokkei, and I. vorax n. comb., are redescribed and illustrated. I. bathybius is placed in species inquirendae. Taxonomic keys for the known males and females are provided.
ERGASILUS NERKAE N. SP. (COPEPODA: CYCLOPOIDA) FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE COPEPODS OF THE E. CAERULEUS GROUP
Authors: Roberts Larry S.
Published: August 2008

A new species of parasitic copepod occurring in western North America is described, Ergasilus nerkae n. sp. An emendation of E. turgidus Fraser, 1920 and a redescription of E. auritus Markevich, 1940 are presented. A total of four species resembling E. caeruleus (E. turgidus, E. confusus Bere, 1931, E. auritus, and E. nerkae) have so far been described, and characters to distinguish the species of this group are given.
MAMMALS OF LAKE IROQUOIS AGE
Authors: Churcher C. S. , Karrow P. F.
Published: August 2008

Remains of single individuals of a juvenile gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), an eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), and a meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have been recovered from a buried soil horizon at Scarborough Bluffs, Toronto, Ontario. These have been dated on associated charcoal fragments at 5550 ± 70 C14years ago. The charcoal has been identified as being derived from white pine (Pinus strobus), hard maple (either Acer saccharum or A. nigrum), and probably beech (Fagus grandifolia). This faunal evidence is considered approximately contemporaneous with a fauna from Hamilton Bay containing the pine vole (Pitymys pinetorum) and the presence of the pine vole and gray fox is adduced as support for a climatic optimum some 5000 years ago. Remains of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) have also been recovered from the Hamilton Bay faunal site, adding another mammal to this faunal list.
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF HERMODICE CARUNCULATA (PALLAS). POLYCHAETA: AMPHINOMIDAE
Authors: Marsden Joan Rattenbury
Published: August 2008

Hermodice carunculata is common among the coral reefs and shallow waters of the West Indies where it has been observed to feed on living coral. Examination of gut contents reveals that this species is probably omnivorous. The digestive tract consists of five regions, a buccal cavity which is eversible, a muscular pharynx, a short oesophagus, an intestine which can be separated histologically into anterior and posterior regions, and a rectum. Elaborations of the buccal epithelium form muscular and glandular areas. Secretory materials are formed in considerable quantity by the glandular portion of the buccal cavity and by the anterior intestine. Secretory cells present in lesser abundance in other areas are described. Amoebocytes laden with foreign particles may accumulate in the wall of the rectum. Other foreign inclusion masses may be found in the epithelia of the buccal cavity, pharynx, and oesophagus as well as in the mid-ventral line of the body wall. The various parts of the digestive tract were tested for Y metachromasia with azure A and were treated with the periodic acid Schiff technique. The stomatogastric nervous system was followed.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RETINAL STRUCTURE IN SOME FISHES FROM MODERATELY DEEP WATERS OF THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC
Authors: Ali M. A. , Hanyu I.
Published: August 2008

Examination of the retinae of 13 species from waters off Labrador shows that the retinal layers are closely related with one another in their development and that the general retinal features vary with habitat depth. The retinae of Aspidophoroides monopterygius, Triglops ommatistius, and Gadus callarias with as yet well-developed pigment epithelium, many cones, and conducting elements appear to be capable of functioning fairly normally even in a brighter environment. The retinae of Lycodes lavalaei, L. vahlii maculatus, Sebastes marinus marinus, and S. m. mentella with degenerating pigment epithelium, numerous rods, and poor conducting elements are presumably not any longer suitable for bright light vision. The pure rod retinae of Notoscopelus kröyeri, Ceratoscopelus maderensis, and Argentina situs are different from those of Macrourus bairdii, Coryphaenoides rupestris, and Antimora rostrata in having much better developed layers of conducting elements. This may mean that, in the former three species, form perception plays a significant role, while it is of little importance in the latter three species which are adapted completely to a habitat with only very meager light. In the cone-bearing species, with the exception of A. monopterygius and G. callarias, the cones are mostly of the twin type. This contradicts the generally held opinion that twin cones seem to be associated with vision in bright light.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF DOGS AND CATS WITH MOLINEUS BARBATUS CHANDLER, 1942, WITH A DISCUSSION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLINEUS SPP.
Authors: Balasingam E.
Published: August 2008

Experimental infections show that dogs and cats are susceptible to Molineus barbatus. These hosts can be infected with the third-stage larvae of this parasite either orally or percutaneously. Stools of experimentally infected animals contained ova on the eighth day after infection. The parasite is very pathogenic in both these hosts. The species of Molineus and their hosts are tabulated and their distribution discussed.
LACK OF EFFECT OF DDT ON FECUNDITY AND DISPERSION OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH) (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), IN PEACH ORCHARDS
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: August 2008

DDT did not increase the fecundity of females of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), exposed to it either before or after they had matured. The mites were repelled by DDT on leaves in the laboratory but their distribution on twigs in the orchard was not affected.
AGE DETERMINATION IN BLACK-TAIL DEER BY DEGREE OF OSSIFICATION OF THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE IN THE LONG BONES
Authors: Lewall E. F. , Cowan I. McT.
Published: August 2008

We have studied 34 skeletons of black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus, of known age to determine the order of epiphysis closure in the long hones of the legs. There is an orderly sequence in this process in which the fore limb slightly precedes the hind limb at each site. The use of 14 epiphyses for each animal and four classes of closures has permitted the development of an index of skeletal maturity which can be used to estimate the age of an individual up to the age of 72 months, Inanitition apparently delays epiphysis closure by at least 12 months. Sex differences are uncertain.
AMPHIMERUS PSEUDOFELINEUS (WARD, 1901) (DIGENEA: OPISTHORCHIDAE) AND ITS SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST IN MANITOBA
Authors: Evans W. S.
Published: August 2008

A cat, previously found to be free of trematodes, was infected with Amphimerus pseudofelineus in feeding flesh of Catostomus commersonii from Lake Manitoba. This finding extends the known range of distribution of this trematode into Canada. It is also the first record of the second intermediate host of this opisthorchid.
ÉTUDE DE L'ACCLIMATION THERMIQUE CHEZ LA LIMACE ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS
Authors: Roy Adolphe
Published: August 2008

Slugs of the species Arion circumscriptus were acclimated to temperatures of 5°, 8° 10°, 20°, and 25 °C respectively. After acclimation, metabolic rate was determined, either as oxygen consumption, at 30° and 20°, or by direct calorimetry, at 25° and 12.5°, At all given exposure temperatures, the average metabolic rate was lower, by 1% to 1.5%, for each degree of increase in the acclimation temperature. When the logarithms of total O2 consumption or heat production per hour are plotted against the logarithms of body weight, the regression line obtained for slugs acclimated to heat stands below that obtained for slugs acclimated to cold; the slope is also slighter for the warm-acclimated slugs than for the cold-acclimated, so that the distance between corresponding points of two such curves is larger in the righthand side of the graph, where the large specimens are represented, than in the lefthand side where the small specimens are shown. This would imply that an increase in the acclimation temperature reduces metabolic rate to a proportionately greater extent in the larger specimens than it does in the smaller ones. The value of the slope, which is inversely correlated with acclimation temperature, is also inversely correlated with the experimental temperature at which metabolism is determined.
ATTEMPTS TO OBTAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY FROM APHID STYLETS
Authors: Anderson J. M. , Bradley R. H. E.
Published: August 2008

Using microelectrodes that detected impulse firing from single chemoreceptors on the blowfly labellum, we obtained no evidence of electrical potentials in the mandibular or maxillary stylets of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Treatments of single mandibles with acids which caused marked twisting induced prolonged spike activity that appeared to emanate from the mandibular base. We concluded that this nerve excitation is a concomitant feature, rather than the cause, of the behavioral responses which usually follow brief exposure of the mandibles to acid.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE MALE NYGOLAIMUS AQUATICUS THORNE, 1930
Authors: Das V. M.
Published: August 2008

The anatomy of males of Nygolaimus aquaticus Thorne, 1930, collected from Blackburn, Ontario, is described. Descriptions are based on whole mounts and also on serial sections. Specimens embedded in paraffin were cut in sections 9 μ in thickness and stained with haematoxylin and eosin.Special emphasis is given to cuticular structure, such as median pores, lateral pores, hemizonid, and transverse and longitudinal striations, which are described and illustrated. Besides these structures, other organ systems of the body, such as digestive system, excretory system, nervous system, and reproductive organs, have also been described and illustrated.
COMPARATIVE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE STAUROMEDUSAE
Authors: Berrill Michael
Published: August 2008

Considerable variation in the gastrovascular system occurs among the two families of the Stauromedusae, or stalked jellyfish. These variations are illustrated by decriptions of three New England species, Lucernaria quadricornis, Haliclystus salpinx, and Thaumatoscyphus atlanticus, and are correlated with changes in the organization of the other, associated structures. Some misconceptions concerning the true significance of the gastric pockets are clarified. A coordinated comparison is made of the functional morphology of the two families, with an interpretation in terms of relative growth processes.
THE INCIDENCE, DEVELOPMENT, AND EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF PNEUMOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS DOUGHERTY (METASTRONGYLOIDEA: PROTOSTRONGYLIDAE) OF THE MENINGES OF THE WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS BOREALIS) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Pneumostrongylus tenuis was found throughout the year in the cranium of 41% of 172 adult deer examined in Algonquin Park. Incidence was higher in summer (46%) than winter (24%). Two fawns were infected (October and March). Worms also occurred on the spinal dura mater and in veins of the dura. Thus, incidence of infection was higher than indicated by examinations of craniums. Larvae developed in species of Discus, Zonitoides, Deroceras, Triodopsis, Stenotrema, and Lymnea sp. Four fawns were infected experimentally. Fourth- and fifth-stage larvae were found in the brain and spinal cord of one fawn examined at 25 days. Fifth stages were found in the tissue and between the meninges of the spinal cord of a fawn examined at 40 days. Subadults were found on the spinal and cerebral dura mater of a fawn autopsied at 50 days. The final fawn passed larvae 91 days after exposure. At 115 days after exposure, mature worms were found on or in the cerebral dura; two were found in the intercavernous sinus. The inflamed dura was covered by haemorrhagic, fibrous exudate containing larvae and developing eggs. Eggs and larvae were found in vessels in the pia-arachnoid and near veins in the dura. Lungs contained minute nodules with one to three eggs. Undeveloped eggs, reaching the lungs via the blood, formed embolisms that fibrosed. In regions of the lungs with numerous developing eggs and larvae there was congestion, inflammation, haemorrhage, and fibrosis of interstitial tissue.
MACACANEMA FORMOSANA N. G., N. SP. (ONCHOCERCIDAE: DIROFILARIINAE) FROM MACACA CYCLOPSIS OF FORMOSA
Authors: Schad G. A. , Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Macacanema n.g., from the peritracheal tissue and diaphragm of Macaca cyclopsis of Formosa is distinguished from Edesonfilaria by the dimensions and morphology of the left spicule, which is relatively short and complex rather than long and filiform, by the straight short muscular vagina, the short straight uterine trunk, and the asymmetrical arrangement of the male caudal papillae. The histological structure of the glandular oesophagus is described.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THYROID FUNCTION IN MIGRANT JUVENILE SALMON
Authors: Eales J. G.
Published: August 2008

Seasonal thyroid change was assessed by histological (mean lowest epithelial height) and radiochemical (conversion ratio) techniques in four species of juvenile anadromous Pacific salmon in fresh water. Both sockeye and coho, migrating predominantly in their second or third spring, had, at migration, relatively much higher thyroid activities, which declined rapidly in postmigrants held in fresh water. Pink and chum, obligatory fry migrants, had moderate cell heights at migration. Migrant chum were too small for radioiodine examination but migrant pink showed very slow I131 turnover. Prolonged retention of pink and chum salmon in freshwater brought about a general decline in cell height, despite very high conversion ratios. It is concluded that, at migration, fry migrants (pink and chum) have relatively inactive thyroids while yearling migrants (sockeye and coho) have active thyroids.
USE OF P32 IN THE STUDY OF A POPULATION OF SIMULIUM RUGGLESI (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN ALGONQUIN PARK, ONTARIO
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

A population of Simulium rugglesi was labelled with P32 by allowing individuals to feed on domestic ducks previously injected with this isotope. Flies that fed on these ducks from June 9–15 were recovered as late as July 12, 28 days after their last possible feeding on labelled ducks. Many rugglesi returned for another blood meal 5–7 days following the previous one; the volume of blood ingested at a meal averaged 1.9(0.50–3.6) mm3. Some individuals were recovered at a site 2 miles from the marking site in a direct line but approximately 6 miles by water, this distance was covered in 5–12 days; marked flies moved with and against the prevailing winds and water currents. The large proportion of labelled to unlabelled flies (503/3747) collected in samples suggested that a small population of rugglesi was involved.
THE CAUDAL MUSCULATURE OF HOPLOPAGRUS GUNTHERI GILL (PERCIFORMES: LUTJANIDAE)
Authors: Nursall J. R.
Published: August 2008

The caudal musculature of Hoplopagrus comprises dorsal and ventral superficial flexors reinforced by a deltoid flexor tendon, dorsal and ventral deep flexors a hypochordal longitudinal muscle, a dorsal adductor, and interradials. These provide for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and probably circumduction of fin rays. The muscles are innervated by a spinal nerve plexus. The fin rays articulate with the caudal vertebral skeleton by a well-developed joint capsule with a synovial space. Dissection of a series embracing Palaeoniscoidei–Holostei–Teleostei suggests how there has been an evolution of specialized effectors to actuate a caudal fin of increasingly complex function. A table of synonyms of muscles of the caudal fin is included.