bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID‐19 and artificial intelligence: Experts and dermatologists perspective
Authors: Goldust Yaser , Sameem Farah , Mearaj Samia , Gupta Atula , Patil Anant , Goldust Mohamad
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) has an important role to play in future healthcare offerings. Machine learning and artificial neural networks are subsets of AI that refer to the incorporation of human intelligence into computers to think and behave like humans.

Objective

The objective of this review article is to discuss perspectives on the AI in relation to Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19).

Methods

Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched to retrieve articles related to COVID‐19 and AI. The current evidence is analysed and perspectives on the usefulness of AI in COVID‐19 is discussed.

Results

The coronavirus pandemic has rendered the entire world immobile, crashing economies, industries, and health care. Telemedicine or tele‐dermatology for dermatologists has become one of the most common solutions to tackle this crisis while adhering to social distancing for consultations. While it has not yet achieved its full potential, AI is being used to combat coronavirus disease on multiple fronts. AI has made its impact in predicting disease onset by issuing early warnings and alerts, monitoring, forecasting the spread of disease and supporting therapy. In addition, AI has helped us to build a model of a virtual protein structure and has played a role in teaching as well as social control.

Conclusion

Full potential of AI is yet to be realized. Expert data collection, analysis, and implementation are needed to improve this advancement.
Towards reduction of preventable hospital readmission: Older people and family members' views on planned self‐management of care at home
Authors: King Lindy , Harrington Ann , Nicholls Seth , Thornton Karleen , Tanner Elizabeth
Published: August 2022

Aims and objectives

To reduce the likelihood of preventable readmissions, the aim was to investigate how older people (with their family members) managed their chronic health conditions at home following hospital discharge. The objectives explored older people and their family members' perspectives on how discharge plans assisted self‐management of their chronic conditions, their recognition of deterioration and when to seek treatment/re‐attend hospital.

Background

Chronic conditions have challenged older adults' self‐management, particularly after hospital discharge and can impact on preventable readmission. Few studies have examined patients' and their family members' perspectives on the management of their conditions at home after hospitalisation.

Design

A qualitative exploratory design known as Interpretive Description was utilised.

Methods

Purposeful sampling involved 27 community‐dwelling older adults; nineteen were discharged patients with one or more chronic health conditions. Eight nominated family members were also recruited to enhance understanding of the older persons' self‐management at home. Interviews were undertaken and thematic data analysis followed the COREQ guidelines.

Results

Five themes emerged: (1) Post‐Discharge Advice; (2) Managing at Home; (3) Recognition and Response to Deterioration; (4) Community Care and Support; and (5) The “Burden” on Others of Post‐Discharge Care.

Conclusion

Older people sought a clear plan for self‐management at home prior to discharge. This plan should contain potential signs of deterioration and guidance on future action. We found that support given to older people from family and friends was critical to prevent readmission. In addition, their local General Practitioner and Pharmacist played an essential part in the support of their care. For some, social support services were also important. Nurse telephone follow‐up in the week following discharge was mostly absent. However, this strategy would be strongly recommended.

Relevance to clinical practice

To mitigate against preventable readmission, we recommend the above strategies to assist the older person at home with self‐management of their chronic conditions.
Multicenter retrospective evaluation of transmural migration of subcutaneous ureteral bypass devices within the digestive tract in cats
Authors: Véran Emilie , Vachon Catherine , Byron Julie , Howard James , Berent Allyson , Weisse Chick , Javard Romain , Spencer Ashley , Gradilla Sarah , Palm Carrie , Culp William , Cléroux Andréanne , Dunn Marilyn
Published: August 2022

Background

Placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device is an effective method to relieve all causes of ureteral obstruction in cats. Complications involving migration within the gastrointestinal tract have been seldomly described.

Objectives

To characterize transmural migration of SUB devices within the digestive tract in cats.

Animals

Eleven migrated SUB catheters identified in 8 cats between 2017 and 2021.

Methods

Retrospective review of medical records of cats with a SUB device in which migration into the gastrointestinal tract was identified.

Results

The median time from SUB device placement to implant migration was 928 days (201‐2298 days). Seven cats had obstruction of the SUB device and a positive urine culture at diagnosis. The migration was identified by ultrasound in 6/11, pre‐operative contrast radiography in 2/2, and only at time of surgery in 3 SUB devices. All cats underwent surgical correction. Four nephrostomy and 7 cystotomy catheters migrated. Migration occurred into the duodenum (3/11), jejunum (7/11), and colon (1/11). SUB devices were removed in 7 cats and replaced in 2 cats, with 1 cat diagnosed with 2 migration events. Gastrointestinal resection and anastomosis were performed in 7/8 cats and an enterotomy in 2 cats. Six cats survived to discharge. The median follow‐up time after migration diagnosis was 365 days (range, 0‐1114 days) and 2 cats are still alive.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Although a rare complication, migration of SUB device should be considered in cats with SUB device obstruction and a positive urine culture.
Rotational thromboelastometry‐guided blood component use in cirrhotic children undergoing invasive procedures: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Maria Arjun , Lal Bikrant B. , Khanna Rajeev , Sood Vikrant , Mukund Amar , Bajpai Meenu , Alam Seema
Published: August 2022

Background & Aims

This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with the aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of using ROTEM‐based transfusion strategy in cirrhotic children undergoing invasive procedures.

Methods

This was an open‐label, RCT which included (i) children under 18 years of age with liver cirrhosis; (ii) INR between 1.5 and 2.5; and/or (iii) platelet count between 20 × 109/L and 50 × 109/L (for procedures other than liver biopsy) and between 40 × 109/L and 60 × 109/L (for liver biopsy); and (iv) listed for invasive procedures. Stratified randomization was done for children undergoing liver biopsies. Patients randomized to the ROTEM and conventional groups received blood component transfusion using predefined criteria.

Results

A total of 423 invasive procedures were screened for inclusion of which 60 were randomized (30 in each group with comparable baseline parameters). The volume of total blood components, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets transfused was significantly lower in ROTEM as compared to conventional group. Only 46.7% of children in ROTEM group received a blood component compared to 100% in conventional group (p < .001). The requirement of FFP (ROTEM: 43.3%, Conventional: 83.3%, p = .001) was significantly lower in the patients receiving ROTEM‐guided transfusions. There was no difference in procedure‐related bleed and transfusion‐related complications between the two groups. ROTEM was cost‐effective (p = .002) despite the additional cost of the test.

Conclusion

ROTEM‐based transfusion strategies result in lower blood component transfusion in cirrhotic children undergoing invasive procedures without an increase in risk of procedure‐related bleed. ROTEM‐guided transfusion strategy is cost‐effective.
Patterns of pan‐genome occupancy and gene coexpression under water‐deficit in Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Sancho Rubén , Catalán Pilar , Contreras‐Moreira Bruno , Juenger Thomas E. , Des Marais David L.
Published: August 2022

Natural populations are characterized by abundant genetic diversity driven by a range of different types of mutation. The tractability of sequencing complete genomes has allowed new insights into the variable composition of genomes, summarized as a species pan‐genome. These analyses demonstrate that many genes are absent from the first reference genomes, whose analysis dominated the initial years of the genomic era. Our field now turns towards understanding the functional consequence of these highly variable genomes. Here, we analysed weighted gene coexpression networks from leaf transcriptome data for drought response in the purple false brome Brachypodium distachyon and the differential expression of genes putatively involved in adaptation to this stressor. We specifically asked whether genes with variable “occupancy” in the pan‐genome – genes which are either present in all studied genotypes or missing in some genotypes – show different distributions among coexpression modules. Coexpression analysis united genes expressed in drought‐stressed plants into nine modules covering 72 hub genes (87 hub isoforms), and genes expressed under controlled water conditions into 13 modules, covering 190 hub genes (251 hub isoforms). We find that low occupancy pan‐genes are under‐represented among several modules, while other modules are over‐enriched for low‐occupancy pan‐genes. We also provide new insight into the regulation of drought response in B. distachyon, specifically identifying one module with an apparent role in primary metabolism that is strongly responsive to drought. Our work shows the power of integrating pan‐genomic analysis with transcriptomic data using factorial experiments to understand the functional genomics of environmental response.
Nuclear entry and egress of parvoviruses
Authors: Mattola Salla , Aho Vesa , Bustamante‐Jaramillo Luisa F. , Pizzioli Edoardo , Kann Michael , Vihinen‐Ranta Maija
Published: August 2022

Parvoviruses are small non‐enveloped single‐stranded DNA viruses, which depend on host cell nuclear transcriptional and replication machinery. After endosomal exposure of nuclear localization sequence and a phospholipase A2 domain on the capsid surface, and escape into the cytosol, parvovirus capsids enter the nucleus. Due to the small capsid diameter of 18–26 nm, intact capsids can potentially pass into the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). This might be facilitated by active nuclear import, but capsids may also follow an alternative entry pathway that includes activation of mitotic factors and local transient disruption of the nuclear envelope. The nuclear entry is followed by currently undefined events of viral genome uncoating. After genome release, viral replication compartments are initiated and infection proceeds. Parvoviral genomes replicate during cellular S phase followed by nuclear capsid assembly during virus‐induced S/G2 cell cycle arrest. Nuclear egress of capsids occurs upon nuclear envelope degradation during apoptosis and cell lysis. An alternative pathway for nuclear export has been described using active transport through the NPC mediated by the chromosome region maintenance 1 protein, CRM1, which is enhanced by phosphorylation of the N‐terminal domain of VP2. However, other alternative but not yet uncharacterized nuclear export pathways cannot be excluded.
Time trends and disparities in combined overweight and obesity prevalence among children in China
Authors: Gao Liwang , Wu Yang , Chen Shiqi , Zhou Haixia , Zhao Li , Wang Youfa
Published: August 2022

This study aims to examine the trends and disparities in the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in China by regions and specific groups over the last 30 years. PubMed, Wanfang, CNKI, VIP database, official websites of national governments and professional institutions/associations were systematically searched, for related reports and studies published up until December 2021. Reports based on nationally representative survey data were also examined and included. In mainland China, overweight and obesity decreased in pre‐school children (≤6 years old) and increased in school‐aged children (7–18 years old) between 2010 and 2013 to 2015 and 2017, but long‐term trends predict future increases in both groups. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school students in Hong Kong dropped from 21.4% in 2007–2008 to 17.6% in 2016–2017. In Macao, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 6–18 years was reported by age stratification; the lowest and highest prevalence was 13.4%, 29.3% and 9.2%, 21.7% for boys and girls in latest survey in 2015, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary, middle and high school students in Taiwan dropped from 28.2%, 27.1% and 31.1% in 2010 to 26.7%, 25.2% and 26.7% in 2013, respectively. Furthermore, in mainland China, the prevalence in rural left‐behind boys and girls was 10.7% and 7.0%, respectively, in 2011, and the prevalence among migrant pre‐school children was about 5.0% around 2010. In summary, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school‐aged children has increased in mainland China and Macao, but decreased in Hong Kong and Taiwan prior to 2017. The projections suggest that the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity in pre‐school children will be in rural children in the future. These factors need to be considered when formulating and implementing national policies and programmes to fight overweight and obesity.
Efficacy and safety of vibegron for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in women: Results of a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 2 trial
Authors: Lacy Brian E. , King Jennifer , Shortino Denise , Schaumburg Chris , Haag‐Molkenteller Cornelia , Chey William D.
Published: August 2022

Background

Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that β3‐adrenergic receptor activation may be a novel target for treating abdominal pain and gastrointestinal motility dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This proof‐of‐concept study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the β3‐adrenergic agonist vibegron in treating IBS‐related pain.

Methods

Adult women with predominant‐diarrhea IBS (IBS‐D) or with mixed diarrhea/constipation (IBS‐M), diagnosed using Rome IV criteria, were randomized 1:1 to receive once‐daily vibegron 75 mg or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with IBS‐D considered abdominal pain intensity (API) weekly responders, defined as ≥30% reduction from baseline at week 12 in mean weekly worst abdominal pain over 24 hours using the API score. Patients completed a pain diary at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs) in the overall IBS population.

Key Results

Of the 222 patients with IBS randomized (vibegron, N = 111; placebo, N = 111), 85% completed the trial. There was no significant difference in the percentage of patients with IBS‐D (vibegron, N = 66; placebo, N = 63) considered API weekly responders with vibegron vs. placebo (p = 0.8222) after 12 weeks. The incidence of AEs was comparable between treatment groups (33.3% each), with equal rates of worsening IBS symptoms (2.7% each).

Conclusions and Inferences

In women with IBS‐D, vibegron was not associated with significant improvement in the percentage of API weekly responders. Vibegron was generally safe and well tolerated and, in particular, did not worsen IBS symptoms vs. placebo.
Liberation through violence in Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth: Historical and contemporary criticisms
Authors: Castelli Alberto
Published: August 2022

Fanon wrote The Wretched of the Earth in the face of the horror of the Algerian civil war and in the broader context of anti‐colonial liberation struggles in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Such experiences had showed that violence is necessary both to impose domination and to break free from it. It comes as no surprise, then, that Fanon puts his faith in revolutionary violence. In dissent from some recent interpretations, this article argues that Fanon considered physical violence a useful tool both to free people from the constraints of colonialism and to build a society free from oppression. The article also discusses the limits of such a theory of violence: Beginning with Hannah Arendt's 1969 criticisms of Fanon's ideas, the article deals with some questions that Fanon failed or did not want to ask himself, and that the peace studies scholars could benefit from considering carefully.
Has Canada's 21st‐Century Grand Gender Convergence Stalled? Male and Female Income and Human Resource Stock Distributions Viewed Through an Equal Opportunity Lens
Authors: Anderson Gordon
Published: August 2022

The increasing similarity of male and female labor market roles in advanced economies over the past 50 years, dubbed the “Grand Gender Convergence” by Goldin (2014), appears to have stalled. Given commonality of preferences for work and human resource acquisition across the gender divide, women and men with similar human resources and efforts should have similar income distributions in a non‐discriminatory equal opportunity equilibrium. However, income convergence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a “Grand Gender Convergence” as similarities in incomes could be achieved with differences in human resources and efforts given discriminatory rewards. In this study, using new tools for examining distributional convergence processes, the progress of Canada's 21‐st Century “Grand Gender Convergence” is examined in the context of an equal opportunity paradigm. While income convergence is almost universally apparent, human resource stock distributions appear to be diverging, with women having increasingly superior resources to men, evidence that the grand convergence is not progressing.
Parents' experiences with public health nursing during the postnatal period: A reflective lifeworld research study
Authors: Høgmo Bente Kristin , Bondas Terese , Alstveit Marit
Published: August 2022

Aim

To describe mothers' and fathers' experiences with public health nursing and child and family health centre services in the postnatal period, both as a couple and as individuals.

Method

A phenomenological reflective lifeworld research approach with a descriptive design was chosen. A purposive sample of 10 mothers and 10 fathers were interviewed twice, 1–2 and 6–8 weeks postpartum, using joint and individual interviews. By focusing on being open and flexible, the data were analyzed to elucidate a meaningful structure of the phenomenon.

Results

The findings revealed that parents’ experiences with public health nurse (PHN) and Child and Family Health Centre (CFHC) services in the postnatal period are characterised by a longing to be seen and confirmed both as unique individuals and as a family by the PHN. Although an increased need for both lay and professional care is prominent during the postnatal period, the parents drew a varied picture of their experiences demonstrating that the CFHC services are focussing almost exclusively on mother and child.

Conclusion

A public health nurse can contribute to strengthen parenthood and promote the family's health when the focus is on the new baby. Being cared for while learning to care for the baby is pivotal in a phase that involves both joy and vulnerability. This study adds knowledge concerning the importance of both parents being seen and confirmed by the PHN as unique individuals and a family unit in the postnatal period.
Maritime midge radiations in the Pacific Ocean (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Tang Hongqu , Cheng Qingqing , Krosch Matt N. , Cranston Peter S.
Published: August 2022

Maritime chironomid midges (Diptera) are diverse, yet these ‘pearls of the ocean’ are little known. Emphasizing Pacific Ocean taxa, we used six genetic markers (18S, 28S, CAD1, CAD4, FolCOI and COI) and fossil calibrations to produce Bayesian time‐calibrated phylogenies to date eight independent marine transitions in three subfamilies. Deep nodes involve subfamily Telmatogetoninae (originating mid‐Cretaceous, 101–128, 114 Ma), with sister genera Telmatogeton Schiner and Thalassomya Schiner splitting later in the Cretaceous (56–82, 69 Ma). Two transitions in Orthocladiinae involve Clunio Haliday and Pseudosmittia Edwards, dating from the upper Cretaceous, both with Eocene crown groups. In subfamily Chironominae, transitions to marine occur in two tribes. Four transitions occur within the otherwise nonmarine crown groups Kiefferulus Goetghebuer, Dicrotendipes Kieffer, Polypedilum Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa & Shirasaka. Two separate robust clades in tribe Tanytarsini involve: (1) a minor radiation within Paratanytarsus dated to the mid‐Eocene around 43 Ma; and (2) an unexpected but fully supported diversification in Pontomyia Edwards plus Yaetanytarsus Sasa dated to around 47 Ma, with separation of Pontomyia from Yaetanytarsus around 40 Ma. Crown Pontomyia, represented by three species, was estimated to have diverged around 19 Ma, whereas the crown radiation of Yaetanytarsus, with 12 sampled species, dates to the mid‐Eocene. In a comprehensive global review we concisely document new synonymies and new combinations revealed by the study. The evolutionary timing estimate provides insights into the frequency of marine transitions and diversifications in the Chironomidae in association with dynamic oceanic changes during the Oligocene and Miocene.
CSFfrom a puppy with a cerebral vascular hamartoma
Authors: Williams Marjorie J. , Baughman Brittany S. , Shores Andy , Gibson Ryan M. B. , Beasley Michaela J. , Morgan Timothy W. , Williams Matthew L.
Published: August 2022

A 9‐week‐old puppy with refractory seizures and a dome‐shaped head presented to the Mississippi State College of Veterinary Medicine Specialty Center for suspected hydrocephalus. Computerized tomography (CT) findings included transtentorial herniation and an intra‐axial mass with dystrophic mineralization. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed an increased nucleated cell count of 1100/μl (RI < 5/μl), erythrocyte count of 2.2 × 106/μl, and markedly increased microprotein of 1939 mg/dl (RI < 30 mg/dl). On cytologic examination of the CSF, numerous erythrophagocytic, and hemosiderin‐laden macrophages were observed, which indicated chronic active hemorrhage. Many neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes that contained numerous intracytoplasmic, pleomorphic, bright yellow crystals were observed. Considering the ongoing hemorrhage, the crystals were presumed to be hematoidin. A biopsy with histopathology was performed on the intra‐axial mass, and the results were consistent with a vascular hamartoma. We speculate that the formation of these crystals was related to the ongoing hemorrhage associated with the vascular hamartoma. Identification of these crystals may be useful to aid in the identification of chronic hemorrhage associated with vascular malformations or lesions within the central nervous system.
Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Integration of Clinical Pathology Data With Anatomic Pathology Data in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies
Authors: Siska William , Schultze Albert Eric , Ennulat Daniela , Biddle Kathleen , Logan Michael , Adedeji Adeyemi O. , Arndt Tara , Aulbach Adam
Published: August 2022

Integrating clinical pathology data with anatomic pathology data is a common practice when reporting findings in the context of nonclinical toxicity studies and aids in understanding and communicating the nonclinical safety profile of test articles in development. Appropriate pathology data integration requires knowledge of analyte and tissue biology, species differences, methods of specimen acquisition and analysis, study procedures, and an understanding of the potential causes and effects of a variety of pathophysiologic processes. Neglecting these factors can lead to inappropriate data integration or a missed opportunity to enhance understanding and communication of observed changes. In such cases, nonclinical safety information relevant to human safety risk assessment may be misrepresented or misunderstood. This “Points to Consider” manuscript presents general concepts regarding pathology data integration in nonclinical studies, considerations for avoiding potential oversights and errors in data integration, and focused discussion on topics relevant to data integration for several key organ systems, including liver, kidney, and cardiovascular systems.
Aproximaciones a la psicología evolutiva en el siglo XIX colombiano
Authors: Oviedo Palomá Gilberto
Published: August 2022

El presente artículo estudia la recepción de la psicología evolutiva en la Colombia del siglo XIX, a través de una revisión de la literatura. El documento describe las condiciones político-religiosas que llevaron al movimiento denominado “liberalismo radical” a promover las ideas de autores evolucionistas como Spencer y Darwin, en torno a la formación de la infancia. Fueron consultadas fuentes primarias de los liberales radicales: textos académicos con traducciones de los autores evolucionistas del momento, al igual que publicaciones periódicas, dirigidas a orientar la formación de la personalidad histórica del ciudadano a través de las instituciones estatales. La exposición de las ideas evolucionistas colombianas incluye la utilización de teorías como la frenología, al igual que las visiones comparativas entre el desarrollo infantil con entidades biológicas. El liberalismo radical presentó ideas modernas sobre la formación espiritual de la nación a través de la educación de la infancia, basada en una visión materialista en abierta oposición al modelo de enseñanza de la Iglesia católica, centrado en el adoctrinamiento religioso. El documento pretende llenar el vacío existente sobre la historia de la psicología evolutiva en Colombia en un periodo de fuertes resistencias religiosas hacia el evolucionismo.
A Variational Principle Based Approach for General Solution to Transverse Isotropic Axisymmetric Cylinder Problem
Authors: Sirsat Ajinkya Vishnu , Padhee Srikant Sekhar
Published: August 2022

Deformation of solid or hollow cylinders with transverse isotropic material under axisymmetric loading is one of the oldest problems. A general field solution is highly sought after, as this problem finds application in various fields. In the present work, this problem has been formulated starting with basic curvilinear kinematics and governing equations are derived using Reissner’s variational principle. Non-singular solutions have been derived and have been validated with literature for specific cases.
Dynamic Heat Transfer Characteristic of Heat Exchanger for Sensible Heat Recovery of Raw Coke Oven Gas
Authors: Wenping Peng , Zhiping Jin , Gailin Lu , Tao Bai , Lixing Zheng , Congxiu Guo
Published: August 2022

A simplified hybrid-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model for the ascension-pipe heat exchanger with a helically coiled tube embedded in the jacket and supported by high conductivity particles is established based on the non-thermal equilibrium theory of porous medium. This idea can also be used in the design of other heat exchange devices involving the helically coiled tube. According to calculations, the wall temperature of the ascension-pipe heat exchanger periodically varies due to the periodic variations of flow rate and temperature of raw coke oven gas. A great thermal stress will be produced due to this reason. The coal tar precipitation mainly occurs in the late stage of the coking period due to the continuous cooling of molten salt. Based on the detailed analysis, thermal conductivity of packing layer, heat capacity per unit volume of packing layer, volume of packing layer, flow rate of molten salt and inlet temperature of molten salt are important factors that should be scientifically designed in the design of this type of heat exchanger to reduce thermal stress and coal tar precipitation. Cutting off molten salt in the late stage of the coking period is an effective measure to control the wall temperature of the ascension pipe above the dew point of coal tar vapor.
Nexus Between Human Thermoregulation and Cardiovascular Functions—A Preliminary Simulation for a Moderate Variation of Temperature
Authors: Laha Sumanta , Ghosh Indranil , Das Prasanta Kumar
Published: August 2022

Though the interaction between cardiovascular functions and thermoregulation is enormously complex yet immensely important, very little effort to date has been spent to simulate it from a system point of view. The present work aims at simulating the mutual interaction of human thermoregulation and cardiovascular functions by combining simple models of these two systems. While for thermoregulation, a lumped parameter multi-node model has been developed, a SIMULINK-based approach of electrical analogy has been taken for the cardiovascular system. These two models are coupled by different physiological and control actions, represented by well-established correlations. Three case studies have been conducted. In the first case, thermoregulation of a healthy human being is considered for a prescribed temperature cycle of moderate variation. Under heat stress, cardiac output increases by a joint effect of heart rate and stroke volume while under the cold condition, the variation of the cardiac output is less and is primarily governed by the heart rate. For the case of a reduced ejection fraction of the left ventricle, though there is a notable decrease in skin blood flow, negligible variation in skin and core temperature is observed. In the case of acute aortic stenosis, it is found that the blood pressure falls severely from its normal level causing hypotension and is further aggravated even under moderate heat stress. Such a situation might have further consequences like heat stroke. Finally, the limitations of the present study have been highlighted and suggestions have been made for further improvement.
A Comparative Numerical Study of Estimation of Velocity Components in Mixed Convection Through Vertical Shrouded Plate Finned Channel
Authors: Pathak Kankan Kishore , Giri Asis , Bhuyan Dipanka , Roy Krishna
Published: August 2022

An attempt has been made to investigate the performance of two methods of estimation of free and forced convection velocity components present in mixed convection. For this present analysis, a vertically configured shrouded plate finned channel is considered. From the literature, it is observed that in the solution of mixed convection problems related to the various engineering applications, proper estimation of induced velocity and fan/pump velocity plays a vital role. For this cause, segregation of the velocity components of free and forced convection present in the mixed convection becomes important. There exist two methods available in the literature, namely, first, the natural convection computational fluid dynamics method (NCM) used in the mixed convection computational fluid dynamics analysis under the same thermal and geometrical conditions, and second, forced convection decoupled method (FDM) applying the same pressure drop in forced and mixed convection across the channel. Results of this study reveal that if the free or induced velocity component present in the mixed convection is assessed based on the forced convection decoupled method, the pumping power results may be more precise than the natural convection computational fluid dynamic method as in the later method calculation of the forced convection velocity component is underpredicted. The natural convection velocity component evaluated through NCM varies 33% to 65.7% from the FDM based on the shroud clearance for the constant fin heights of 0.04 m. This variation is as high as 98% and 96% in the case of the larger nondimensional fin spacing of 0.3 and 0.5, respectively. A correlation of overall Nusselt number is suggested for a vertically configured shrouded dual-height plate finned channel evaluating appropriate Reynolds through the forced convection decoupled method.
Uncertainty Quantification on the Cooling Performance of a Transonic Turbine Vane With Upstream Endwall Misalignment
Authors: Hao Mingyang , Bai Bo , Li Yuanyuan , Li Zhigang , Li Jun
Published: August 2022

With increasing aerodynamic and thermal loads, film cooling has been a popular technology integrated into the design of the modern gas turbine vane endwall, especially for the first-stage vane endwall. A staggering amount of research has been completed to quantify the effect of operating conditions and cooling hole geometrical properties. However, most of these investigations did not address the influence of the manufacturing tolerances, assembly errors, and operation degradations on the endwall misalignment. In this paper, uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis was performed to quantify the impacts of upstream endwall misalignment uncertainties on the endwall film cooling performance and vane surface phantom cooling performance. The upstream endwall misalignment, step geometry with various step heights, commonly exists between the combustor exit and the first-stage vane endwall. Based on the non-intrusive polynomial chaos expansion (NIPC) and the uniform probability distribution assumption, the deviation (step height) uncertainties of the upstream endwall misalignment were quantified. To predict the endwall secondary flow and film cooling effectiveness in the transonic linear vane passage, the commercial computational fluid dynamic solver ANSYS FLUENT was used to numerically solve the three-dimensional steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The robustness analysis of endwall film cooling performance and phantom cooling performance to the upstream endwall misalignment was conducted for three design upstream step heights (ΔH): a baseline configuration (ΔH = 0 mm), two misaligned configurations with forward step (ΔH = −5 mm) and backward step (ΔH = 5 mm), respectively. Results show that the actual cooling performance has a high probability of deviating from the nominal value for the baseline configuration. The critical regions that are most sensitive to the upstream step misalignment are also identified by variances. The UQ results also show that the design geometry with a forward step has a more robust film cooling performance on endwall and phantom cooling performance on the vane pressure side surface, which means a smaller variance and a better expectation than the no-step configuration. In contrast, the design geometry with a backward step induces the reductions in the expectation of the film cooling effectiveness and coolant coverage and the amplification of performance fluctuations. This work provides a certain guiding direction for the optimization design for the upstream step geometry.
Adiabatic Effectiveness Measurements for a Baseline Shaped Film Cooling Hole
Authors: Schroeder Robert P. , Thole Karen A.
Published: August 2022

Film cooling on airfoils is a crucial cooling method as the gas turbine industry seeks higher turbine inlet temperatures. Shaped film cooling holes are widely used in many designs given the improved performance over that of cylindrical holes. Although there have been numerous studies of shaped holes, there is no established baseline shaped hole to which new cooling hole designs can be compared. The goal of this study is to offer the community a shaped hole design, representative of proprietary and open literature holes that serves as a baseline for comparison purposes. The baseline shaped cooling hole design includes the following features: hole inclination angle of 30 deg with a 7 deg expansion in the forward and lateral directions; hole length of 6 diameters; hole exit-to-inlet area ratio of 2.5; and lateral hole spacing of 6 diameters. Adiabatic effectiveness was measured with this newly shaped hole and found to peak near a blowing ratio of 1.5 at density ratios of 1.2 and 1.5, at both low freestream turbulence and moderate freestream turbulence of 5%. Reductions in area-averaged effectiveness due to freestream turbulence at low blowing ratios were as high as 10%.
The Effects of Constraining Head Rotation on Eye and Whole-Body Coordination During Standing Turns at Different Speeds
Authors: Hollands Mark , Khobkhun Fuengfa , Ajjimaporn Amornpan , Robins Rebecca , Richards Jim
Published: August 2022

A limitation of the ability to rotate the head with respect to the upper body has been associated with turning problems; however, the extent of head constraints on whole-body coordination has not been fully determined. The aim of this study was to limit head on body rotation and observe the effects on whole-body coordination during standing turns at various speeds. Twelve participants completed standing turns at 180°. A Vicon motion system and a BlueGain Electrooculography system were used to record movement kinematics and measure horizontal eye movements, respectively. All participants were tested at 3 randomized speeds, and under 2 conditions with or without their head constrained using a head, neck, and chest brace which restricted neck movement. A repeated-measures analysis of variance found a significant main effect of turning speed on the onset latency of all segments, peak head–thorax angular separation, and step characteristics. Constraining the head rotation had multiple significant effects including delayed onset latency and decreased intersegmental coordination defined as peak head segmental angular separations, increased total step and step duration, and decreased step size. This indicates the contribution of speed, head, and neck constraints, which have been associated with falls during turning and whole-body coordination.
Physical Activity Patterns Among Adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean Region
Authors: Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio , Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M.
Published: August 2022

Background: Physical activity implies different patterns, but many studies have focused on physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of different physical activity patterns among adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Methods: Pooled analysis of the most updated data of the Global School-based Student Health surveys. Age-standardized prevalence of 4 outcomes was estimated using information from the last 7 days: physical inactivity (0 d of at least 60 min/d), insufficient physical activity (<5 d of at least 60 min/d), commuting physical activity (≥5 d of walking or biking to school), and sedentary behavior (≥3 h/d of sitting time). Results: A total of 132,071 records (33 countries) were analyzed, mean age 14.6 years, 51.2% girls. Pooled age-standardized prevalence of physical inactivity was 22.3%, greater among girls (25.4%) than boys (19.1%); insufficient physical activity was present in 67.7%, greater in girls (73.6%) than boys (61.5%); commuting physical activity was seen in 43.7%, similar between girls (43.3%) and boys (44.1%); and sedentary behavior was present in 43.4%, greater among girls (45.4%) than boys (41.3%). Conclusions: In Latin America and the Caribbean region, almost two-thirds of adolescents are insufficiently physically active, ≥40% are sedentary, and ≥20% are physically inactive, and these behaviors are more frequent among girls than boys.
Variability in Normalization Methods of Surface Electromyography Signals in Eccentric Hamstring Contraction
Authors: Guerrero-Henriquez Juan , Tapia Claudio , Vargas-Matamala Martin
Published: August 2022

Context: In human movement analysis, normalization of a surface electromyography signal is a crucial step; therefore, parameter selection for this procedure must be adequately justified. The aim of this research was to determine the variability of electromyography signals in eccentric hamstring contraction under different normalization parameters. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Nine university rugby players (age 21.50 [3.61] y; body mass index 21.50 [4.95]) and no history of recent hamstring injury. Values from maximum voluntary isometric contraction protocol and task related (ie, Nordic hamstring exercise) were used for surface electromyography signal normalization. Intersubject and intrasubject variation coefficients were used for normalization method variability and for signal reproducibility, respectively. Results: Intrasubject variation coefficient value indicates acceptable reproducibility of surface electromyography (less than 12%) for all normalization procedures. Lower values of intersubject variation coefficient value were achieved for normalization procedures using task-related values. Conclusion: Parameters extracted from task execution provided less variability for surface electromyography amplitude normalization in eccentric hamstring muscle contractions.
Ultrastable metallic glass by room temperature aging
Authors: Zhao Yong , Shang Baoshuang , Zhang Bo , Tong Xing , Ke Haibo , Bai Haiyang , Wang Wei-Hua
Published: August 2022

Glasses have markedly different stability around their glass transition temperature (
T
g
), and metallic glasses (MGs) are conventionally regarded as metastable compared to other glasses such as silicate glass or amber. Here, we show an aging experiment on a Ce-based MG around its
T
g
(~0.85
T
g
) for more than 17 years. We find that the MG with strong fragility could transform into kinetic and thermodynamic hyperstable state after the long-term room temperature aging and exhibits strong resistance against crystallization. The achieved hyperstable state is closer to the ideal glass state compared with that of other MGs and similar to that of the million-year-aged amber, which is attributed to its strong fragility and strong resistance against nucleation. It is also observed through the asymmetrical approaching experiment that the hyperaged Ce-based MG can reach equilibrium liquid state below
T
g
without crystallization, which supports the idea that nucleation only occurs after the completion of enthalpy relaxation.
Nanoarchitected metal/ceramic interpenetrating phase composites
Authors: Bauer Jens , Sala-Casanovas Martí , Amiri Mahsa , Valdevit Lorenzo
Published: August 2022

Architected metals and ceramics with nanoscale cellular designs, e.g., nanolattices, are currently subject of extensive investigation. By harnessing extreme material size effects, nanolattices demonstrated classically inaccessible properties at low density, with exceptional potential for superior lightweight materials. This study expands the concept of nanoarchitecture to dense metal/ceramic composites, presenting co-continuous architectures of three-dimensional printed pyrolytic carbon shell reinforcements and electrodeposited nickel matrices. We demonstrate ductile compressive deformability with elongated ultrahigh strength plateaus, resulting in an extremely high combination of compressive strength and strain energy absorption. Simultaneously, property-to-weight ratios outperform those of lightweight nanolattices. Superior to cellular nanoarchitectures, interpenetrating nanocomposites may combine multiple size-dependent characteristics, whether mechanical or functional, which are radically antagonistic in existing materials. This provides a pathway toward previously unobtainable multifunctionality, extending far beyond lightweight structure applications.
Recognitions of colored fabrics/laser-patterned metals based on photothermoelectric effects
Authors: Liu Zekun , Wu Zhenhua , Zhang Shuai , Lv Yanxi , Mu Erzhen , Liu Ruijie , Zhang Dongshi , Li Zhuguo , Li Shibo , Xu Ke , Hu Zhiyu
Published: August 2022

Color is the mapping of electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths in human vision. The electronic color recognition system currently in use is mainly based on the photoelectric effect. Here, we demonstrate a color materials’ recognition system based on photothermoelectric effects. The system uses a microfabricated thermoelectric generator (TEG) as a platform, which is covered with dye-colored fabric pieces or structure-colored laser-patterned metal sheets. Under light irradiation, the fabrics/metals selectively absorb light and convert it into heat, which flows through the underlying TEG arrays and then converted into electrical signal output to realize the distinction of color and materials. This previously unidentified high-sensitivity TEG detection method provides a potential approach for precise color materials’ detection over wide areas and may help understand the mechanism of bionic color recognition.
Input-dependent segregation of visual and somatosensory circuits in the mouse superior colliculus
Authors: Guillamón-Vivancos Teresa , Aníbal-Martínez Mar , Puche-Aroca Lorenzo , Moreno-Bravo Juan Antonio , Valdeolmillos Miguel , Martini Francisco J. , López-Bendito Guillermina
Published: August 2022

Whereas sensory perception relies on specialized sensory pathways, it is unclear whether these pathways originate as modality-specific circuits. We demonstrated that somatosensory and visual circuits are not by default segregated but require the earliest retinal activity to do so. In the embryo, somatosensory and visual circuits are intermingled in the superior colliculus, leading to cortical multimodal responses to whisker pad stimulation. At birth, these circuits segregate, and responses switch to unimodal. Blocking stage I retinal waves prolongs the multimodal configuration into postnatal life, with the superior colliculus retaining a mixed somato-visual molecular identity and defects arising in the spatial organization of the visual system. Hence, the superior colliculus mediates the timely segregation of sensory modalities in an input-dependent manner, channeling specific sensory cues to their appropriate sensory pathway.
A new chapter in lipid signaling and kidney fibrosis
Authors: Idowu Temitayo O. , Parikh Samir M.
Published: August 2022

The perivascular sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling axis may be an emerging therapeutic target for treating chronic kidney disease (Tanaka
et al.
).
Aquatic Flaviviruses
Authors: Lensink Megan J. , Li Yiqiao , Lequime Sebastian
Published: August 2022

Flaviviruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, including some well-known human pathogens such as Zika, dengue, and yellow fever viruses, which are primarily associated with mosquito and tick vectors. The vast majority of flavivirus research has focused on terrestrial environments; however, recent findings indicate that a range of flaviviruses are also present in aquatic environments, both marine and freshwater.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Temperate Bacillus subtilis Phages Isolated at Tumamoc Hill Desert Laboratory
Authors: Krukonis Greg P. , Kemp Amanda K. , Storrie Katie F. , Chavira Vivian R. , Lantrip Hayden W. , Perez Victoria D. , Reyes Desiree A. , Truax Julian A. , Loney Rachel , Delesalle Véronique A.
Published: August 2022

Bacteriophages are important in structuring bacterial communities, including desert soils dominated by
Bacillus
species. Here, we describe two genetically similar temperate phages isolated on a
Bacillus subtilis
strain from soil in Tucson, Arizona. Their double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes contain 98 and 102 genes, with a set of 4 genes being found in only one phage.
Supplemental Material: Large-scale lava dome fracturing as a result of concealed weakened zones
Authors: Harnett Claire E. , al. et
Published: August 2022

Supplemental Figures S1 and S2 and model input parameters (Table S1) 