bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desert Ecotourism: Investigating Ecolodges in the Sahara
Authors: Chaouni Aziza
Published: January 2021

This paper attempts to delineate an adequate typology for desert ecolodges in the developing world by focusing on the Northern Saharan region as an area of study. To do so, it first situates ecotourism in the Sahara within the larger history of tourism in the region. Then, it studies its evolution and manifestations while concentrating on the challenges it is confronted to as well as the environmental impacts it inflicts, mainly due to the inadequacy of its accommodation facilities. Hence, the paper advances a new paradigm for desert ecolodges, stressing the importance of a comprehensive resource and waste management strategy. Other recommended features include sustainable building methods, community involvement, and nature conservation and education. Each one of these attributes is further analyzed in three successful case studies located in the Egyptian desert. The study of these cases reveal that in order to decrease their environmental footprint, desert ecolodges should put more efforts into integrating new energy and water harvesting technologies as well as establish a symbiotic relationship with the oasis landscape.
Towards Sustainable Desert Eco-Tourism in Kuwait: Learning from the Regional Experience
Authors: Mahgoub Yasser
Published: January 2021

The desert was always part of the Arabian culture and a way of life. After the discovery of oil during the 1940's, traditional Arab societies became urbanized and settled in newly constructed cities and towns. The desert became a place to visit for leisure and entertainment by locals and tourists. In Dubai, the desert is used as a tourist attraction for foreigners. In Kuwait, the desert is a seasonal attraction for families and groups during the winter time. This involves informal leisure activities that endanger the fragile desert environment and cause its pollution and degradation. This paper discusses the impact of informal desert tourism activities on the desert sustainability in Kuwait. It warns against the negative impact of current practices on the fragile desert environment as a result of informal local tourism activities. The paper explores successful examples from the region and the world in order to highlight aspects of successful interventions that blend in with the desert context. It suggests sustainable measures to deal with the planning and designing for desert ecotourism facilities that aim at protecting the fragile desert environment from deterioration and eventual extinction.
Addressing The Hiv/Aids and Urban Development Nexus in the Lake Victoria Region
Authors: Kinuthia-Njenga Cecilia , Ndungu Charles
Published: January 2021

UN-HABITAT's experiences in the Lake Victoria region and Sub-Saharan Africa show that the underlying causes of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its consequences on urban development must be urgently and comprehensively addressed. The epidemic affects all sectors of urban development, including housing, transportation, water, and access to health services. Development agencies, whose mission is urban development, have thus started to recognise that achieving their objectives is difficult without addressing and mitigating the impact of the epidemic. A comprehensive policy and programming is required to mitigate both the spread and the effects of the epidemic. Consequently, UN-HABITAT, working with partners and city authorities around Lake Victoria, has embarked on an HIV/AIDS mainstreaming strategy in its Slum Upgrading and Poverty Reduction programme. Related activities and lessons are presented.
Analysing Housing Quality: Belerko Housing Settlement, Trabzon, Turkey
Authors: Dursun Pelin , Saglamer Gulsun
Published: January 2021

The relationship between people and their home environment has always been an important research theme. Cooperative works of different disciplines and research areas, such as environmental psychology, social psychology, community psychology, home environment studies, urban planning and architecture have developed an understanding of relationships between quality and residential spaces. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze quality issues in housing environments by providing a general review related to quality housing research and by establishing a model that can be used to evaluate the concept of quality in housing. Focusing on a specific housing settlement as a case study, the goal here is to open a debate based on design concepts and their social and spatial consequences in architecture and to provide important data for future housing projects in Turkey. In the scope of the work, the Belerko Housing Settlement in the City of Trabzon has been selected as a research area. Aim of the study is to develop an understanding of the social, psychological and the physical characteristics that contribute to spatial quality in this specific housing environment.
Urban Regeneration, Renewal or Rehabilitation What for and for Whom ?
Authors: Ünlü Alper
Published: January 2021

Today central neighborhoods of Istanbul like other cities of Turkey has entered a critical stage in urban preservation and urban regeneration issues. This discussion rather than being an academic argument, it exposes many contradictions about the real life especially in central neighborhoods. The reason for being dilemma for these settings, first, these neighborhoods are typical dilapidated historical environment and they may need urgent decisions for preservation and conservation, second, “the urban transformation law” that we faced for historical environments which is passed from the Turkish Parliament in 2006, coded as 5366.

This paper elaborates two set of aspects about the real situation of central neighborhoods. First set is based on the physical and social aspects of the historical environment before the urban regeneration project, the second set of aspects will be related to the aspects of the implementation of the project. The aspects in general sense present insufficiencies in physical and social contexts. These aspects can also be observed in central neighborhoods of Istanbul, like Tarlabasi, Fener, Balat and Zeyrek. The realities which we observed in these neighborhoods force us to conclude that we should rapidly regenerate these neighborhoods that they perceived as the edge of the threshold of “ghetto”.

The paper presents contradictions about the aspects of the dilapidated environment, and it also predicts possible aspects in new urban regeneration projects that they might be emerged after application of the new law. The insufficiencies stated in new projects bring out a classical question “does the law coded 5366 efficiently change or regenerate the dilapidated central neighborhoods?”. Will we have better living conditions in central neighborhoods after the implementation of the law coded 5366 ?

The paper ends with the discussion on complicated aspects of the central neighborhoods regarding the issues of new living conditions, the implementation of new law and monetary based opportunities for new land or property developers. The paper draws the attention to unseen qualities of the central neighborhoods and it evaluates ongoing manipulations and legal implementations for building blocks based on short term speculations.
Old Paukku Re-Built and Re-Spoken - Discursive Formation of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Teräväinen Helena
Published: January 2021

The concept of culture is defined in several ways in different contexts. In the case study of Old Paukku (1993-2003) the actors were using the word “culture” in their argumentation in several ways. The discourses were varying and developing during the planning, decision-making and re-building process. The word “culture” may not be “swear word like in old times” - this was how a local politician told me in the interview - but still it's not a blessing either. Anyway “the cultural heritage (of the built environment)” seems to arouse same suspicions nowadays as “the culture” earlier. The local authorities (i.e. the town municipalities as actor in the culoture life) and the industry (i.e. the organisation of local entrepreneurs as actor) seemed at first to be heading towards different courses in the planning and developing project of the old factory area. In the beginning of the research period many different discourses of cultural policy (DCP) and town planning strategies (TPS) prevailed. There were a lot of talk about the image in the economics and cultural heritage sites on the national level. In this paper I shall clarify how the process and the discourses during the process were changing and how Old Paukku (the old factory) was developed into “a cultural heritage site” in these discourses. The word discourse' is explicated here in the Foucaldian meaning and it is condequently including the ‘power’.
Urban Dynamics and Transformations and Their Impact on Urban Housing: The Case of Istanbul
Authors: Turgut Hülya
Published: January 2021

Cities throughout the world have experienced fundamental social, cultural and economic transformation in recent decades. Socio-cultural and urban identities have been transforming radically; globalization, internationalization and the rapid flow of information, as the case in the rest of the world, have played a significant role in changing cities and their people. These changing dynamics have affected continuity and development trends in urban-housing environments and housing preferences. The multidimensional outcomes of this transformation are manifest in peculiarities of activity patterns, behavioral relationships, and socio-cultural norms, as well as in architectural and urban configurations. These rapid economic and social changes demand continual redefinition of urbanization and housing concerns. Therefore, the main aim of the article that based on ongoing research is to examine implications of urban and architectural transformations in Istanbul with the subjects of economical, cultural and political conditions.

Based on these above arguments, article aims to analyze and discuss the relationship between urban dynamics and new housing developments in Istanbul in the context of transformation process. The article, which consists of five sections, has three sections besides the introduction and conclusion. In the first two part a theoretical framework is established, explaining and discussing culture, continuity and change in the process of urbanization. The second part includes the latest housing trends in Istanbul with the subjects of economical, cultural and political conditions that Turkey is already in and related. The third part examines the emerging patterns of social and cultural differentiation in Istanbul through the examples of the exclusive suburbs At the end, we argue that recent housing projects and trends represent new forms of organizing social and cultural differences, and could be read as urban forms, which create segregation and reproduce inequalities while transforming the character of public life.
The Paradox of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Danish Housing
Authors: Marsh Rob
Published: January 2021

Climate change means that buildings must greatly reduce their energy consumption. It is however paradoxical that climate mitigation in Denmark has created negative energy and indoor climate problems in housing that may be made worse by climate change. A literature review has been carried out of housing schemes where climate mitigation was sought through reduced space heating demand, and it is shown that extensive problems with overheating exist. A theoretical study of regulative and design strategies for climate mitigation in new build housing has therefore been carried out, and it is shown that reducing space heating with high levels of thermal insulation and passive solar energy results in overheating and a growing demand for cooling.

Climate change is expected to reduce space heating and increase cooling demand in housing. An analysis of new build housing using passive solar energy as a climate mitigation strategy has therefore been carried out in relation to future climate change scenarios. It is shown that severe indoor comfort problems can occur, questioning the relevance of passive solar energy as a climate mitigation strategy. In conclusion, a theoretical study of the interplay between climate adaptation and mitigation strategies is carried out, with a cross-disciplinary focus on users, passive design and active technologies. It is shown that the cumulative use of these strategies can create an adaptation buffer, thus eliminating problems with overheating and reducing energy consumption. New build housing should therefore be designed in relation to both current and future climate scenarios to show that the climate mitigation strategies ensure climate adaptation.
Study of Building Adaptation in Warm Humid Climate in Nigeria
Authors: Adebamowo Mike , Ilesanmi Adetokunbo O.
Published: January 2021

Buildings have a considerable impact on the environment being responsible for a substantial proportion of global energy consumption, thus contributing significantly to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which evidence suggests is the main cause of climate change. Mitigation and adaptation measures are required to tackle the challenges of climate change. Adaptive measures – structural and behavioural strategies – are the focus of this paper. Structural strategies include flexible and adaptive structural systems; while behavioural strategies cover the spatial, personal, and psychological control measures which may influence the design and operations of buildings. The study explores the adaptive thermal comfort of occupants and examines the design strategies for adapting buildings to climate change in the tropical context, with a view to determine the effectiveness of these strategies as observed in the case study. The study was conducted during the rainy and dry seasons in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, located in a warm humid climate zone.

The Institute of Venture Design student hostel was used as case-study to conduct the survey on a sample of 40 respondents by means of structured questionnaire. The respondents' thermal sensation and access to thermal controls were determined, and their thermal sensation and thermal adaptability in both seasons comparatively analyzed. Indoor environmental parameters including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were also measured. The data were analyzed using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics. The study discussed the effectiveness of design strategies available for building adaptation in an era of climate change within the warm humid environment, concluding on the need for greater synergy between the techno-structural and socio-behavioural dimensions of building adaptation.
From Souqs to Emporiums: The Urban Transformation of Abu Dhabi
Authors: Elsheshtawy Yasser
Published: January 2021

This paper in its first part aims at contextualizing Abu Dhabi's urban development and understanding the factors that have governed its urban growth through a historical case study approach. Relying on archival records and primary sources five stages of urban growth are identified. Data mining of media archives allows for a first hand account of developments taking place thus grounding the depictions. The second part contextualizes this review through a case study of the Central Market project — also known as Abu Dhabi's World Trade Center. The paper concludes by elaborating on the significance of such a historical analysis as it shifts the discourse away from a focus on the ‘artificiality’ of cities in the Gulf to one that is based on a recognition about the historicity of its urban centers, however recent it may be. Additionally the pertinence of such an analysis for cities worldwide is discussed as well.
The Use of Graph Theory to Study the Relationship Between the Spatial Organization and Climate in Traditional Iranian Architecture
Authors: Pourvahidi Parastoo , Ozdeniz Mesut B. , Hancer Polat
Published: January 2021

This research will analyze the traditional Iranian buildings according to the climatic factors by the use of graph theory. By this way, the hypothesis that climate factor has a major effect on the organization of the spaces in traditional Iranian buildings will be tested. Access graphs have been used to clarify the connectivity and depth of a building’s spaces from the socio-cultural point of view. However, it cannot be applied to climate studies. Thus, this study developed the existing technique to define building layouts in terms of climate and thermal comfort. The thermal comfort was graphically evaluated by the two main factors like solar gain and wind effect, with the use of a simple multi-attribute rating technique. All the analysis had been done in the interval of zero (the worst condition) to three (the best condition). The proposed orientation-weighted graph method proved that the thermal comfort factors of the buildings under study match the seasonal movements of their inhabitants. Consequently, the developed orientation-weighted graph method can be used to study space organization in traditional Iranian building in terms of solar gain and wind effect.
Sustainable Plot-Based Urban Regeneration and Traditional Master Planning Practice in Glasgow
Authors: Barbour Gordon , Romice Ombretta , Porta Sergio
Published: January 2021

The failure of conventional, post-war development to bring about the housing-led regeneration of much of Glasgow’s vacant and derelict inner-city land has exacerbated the loss of middle-income households to car-dominated suburbs built on green-field sites. Plot-based urbanism offers an innovative approach to development, based on an urban structure made up of fine-grained elements, in the form of plots, capable of incremental development by a range of agencies. The historical and morphological study of traditional, pre-war masterplanning methods in Glasgow suggests that a typically disaggregated pattern of land subdivision remains of great relevance for development, and that the physical form and organisation of urban land may relate to the capacity for neighbourhood self-organisation. This study assists future masterplanning and investment in the regeneration of inner-city neighbourhoods by suggesting ways of making investment more informed, and the development process more responsive to urban change. We argue that the publicly-funded sector could take on the role of lead provider of development opportunity through the adoption of methods derived from traditional masterplanning processes, providing opportunities for small-scale house building, and thereby supporting resilient and adaptable communities in the sustainable reuse of vacant inner-city land.
Assessment of Integrated Performance and Roof Geometry for Solar Energy
Authors: León Esteban Zalamea , Alvarado Rodrigo García , Arriagada Reinaldo Sánchez , Baeriswy Sergio
Published: January 2021

The roofs of houses located at middle latitudes receive significant solar radiation useful to supply their own energy demands and to feed back into the urban electricity network. However, solar panels should be properly integrated into roofs. This study analyzed roof geometry and integrated solar performance of Photovoltaic, thermal-photovoltaic, and hybrid solar collection technologies on dwelling cases selected from a sample of recent housing developments in Concepción, Chile. Hour-by-hour energy generation estimates and comparisons with demand levels were calculated for representative days during seasons of maximum, minimum as well as mid-season. These estimates took into account the roof tilt and orientation effects also. Trnsys@ software was used to determine electricity supply and F-Chart tool for thermal energy supply. The results show five times more panels can be placed on the largest and most regular shaped roof sections than on those with the smallest and most irregular shapes. The house model with the largest roof section can provide up to six times more energy than the model with the smallest second roof section in different seasons and systems. This paper thus provides new findings on the performance of solar technologies when related to home energy demands and roof geometry.
Editorial
Authors: Hurol Yonca
Published: January 2021

This is the last issue of Open House International, which was prepared by Nicholas Wilkinson, who was the chief editor of the journal for many years.
Built Environmental Variations Between Regular and Imax Theatres
Authors: Wang Chen , Li Heng
Published: January 2021

The movie substitutes such as home cinema, video on demand (VOD), and plasma televisions leaded to a declining attendance of patrons to movie theatres, which urged the invention of IMAX theatre to call movie lovers back to cinemas. Many cinemas plan to renovate their regular digital theatre auditoriums into IMAX theatre auditoriums, but there lack of study for built environmental variations between regular and IMAX theatres. Through the combination of a questionnaire survey and a case study on a leading cinema company in Malaysia, the Tanjong Golden Village Cinemas (TGV), this paper aims to identify the structural and architectural differences between regular digital theatre auditorium and IMAX theatre auditorium in the perspectives of acoustic and visual experiences. The most significant factor influencing the satisfaction of visualization in IMAX is “immersive of picture” followed by “sharpness of colour” and “feels as part of the picture”. The most significant indicators for audio experience in IMAX is “direction of object”, which enable an audience to trace the direction and position of an object on the screen without looking at it. The built environmental variations between regular and IMAX theatres in terms of screen, camera and projection methods, seating, architectural layout, wall design, and sound system arrangement were thoroughly compared in the case study.
Editorial: Urban Transformations in Rapidly Growing Contexts
Authors: Hurol Yonca , Salama Ashraf M.
Published: January 2021

Cities have always been sources of inspiration for poetry. However, the modern western cities, which are the origins of secularity, have inspired poets in different ways. Charles Baudelaire captured the poetic dimensions of modernity in Paris in the 19th century. He wrote about the night life of Paris which became possible after street lighting. He wrote about corruption. Baudelaire also wrote about the changing character of commercial places in cities and tried to grasp the feelings of people as a ‘flaneur': an individual stroller at city streets. The philosopher Walter Benjamin got inspired by Baudelaire's poems and formed his philosophy, which relates poetics to modernity during the 20th century. Modern cities take an important role in his philosophy too, because Benjamin was making a collection of political event news in the cities of Germany. Then he had to leave Germany because of the growth of fascism. He left his collection behind. When he went to Paris he wrote about the passages and the poetic dimensions of modern city life. When Nazi army came to France, he had to leave Paris too. The poetry of Baudelaire and the philosophy of Benjamin are evidences for the poetic nature of modern city life. The relationship between the modern city and the free individual can easily be felt in their works. However, when you read heir work, you can easily understand that today's Paris is not the same Paris any more. It is still poetic, but in another way.
Diversity–development nexus: Why determine economic development without diversity? A comparative analysis between developed and developing countries
Authors: Amin Saqib
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Diversity plays a vital role in the sustainable development of any country. Discrimination, segregation and bigotry are rampant causes of social evil and do great harm to our society. This study aims to investigate whether ethnic and religious diversity affects the country’s well-being or not, via a comparative analysis between developing and developed countries.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used a generalized method of moments technique for empirical analysis of 158 developing and developed countries. For measurement of ethnic and religious diversity, this study used ethnic fractionalization index of Alesina (2003).

Findings

The empirical findings indicate that ethnic and religious diversity both increases the economic prosperity for developed countries, and alternatively, it makes it more miserable for developing countries. This study suggests that organizing a diverse society is a difficult task; thus, developing countries need to promote a cohesive society like developed countries by providing equal, secure and peaceful opportunity to get fruitful results of diverse populations.

Originality/value

This study investigates a comparative analysis between developing and developed countries regarding impact of ethnic and religious diversity on economic development.
How HR needs to change to get to the big table
Authors: Verma Sanjay
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This paper provides an overview of the challenges that HR departments and TA practitioners are facing and provide actionable takeaways to address these issues and improve company practices.

Design/methodology/approach

The insights provided in this paper come from the author's 30 years of experience in the industry and references from companies in the USA and India that have met with the author to shared their issues when recruiting quality candidates.

Findings

HR is bound to move from a tactical and complacent role to a high impact position. The HR and TA teams that have a deep understanding of complex people’s behavior and aspirations will get to the pilot seat in the industry, and their development will be nothing short of smooth.

Originality/value

This piece compiles 30 years of talent management insights collected from some of the biggest companies in India to give a cohesive idea of the aspects that need changed to ensure the quality of recruitment and satisfaction of employees.
Value-based lean implementation in a surgical unit: the impact of the methodology
Authors: Sales Marc , De Castro Rodolfo
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to present a method for strategic planning and implementation processes in health care based on lean management.

Design/methodology/approach

Within the framework of the action research methodology, the authors present the ten steps of a kaizen project, which enable lean transformation over a period of time. The study is underpinned by a literature review of enablers and barriers and an implementation case in a tertiary care hospital.

Findings

Key points and possible contingency issues are presented for each of the steps, and a successful lean tools intervention is illustrated by examples of improvement projects of the surgical process. Conclusions of the implementation establish a roadmap for improvement projects in hospital environments based on lean management, thus bridging the existing gap between the large number of theoretical projects (much of the projects described are not sustainable over time as the hospital sector is very particular) that have failed to be implemented, or been paused mid-term, and the self-sustaining projects developed by improvement teams in the hospital.

Originality/value

The study details knowledge gleaned from a three-year project entailing various stages: forming improvement teams; training health-care professionals in lean management; drawing up a process map to identify value stream mapping improvement opportunities; implanting projects and verifying the results obtained; and finally, laying the cornerstones, which would make the project self-sustaining and open to long-term continuous improvement.
Longitudinal vertical crack analysis in beam with relaxation stresses
Authors: Rizov Victor
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This paper is concerned with analysis of the time-dependent strain energy release rate for a longitudinal crack in a beam subjected to linear relaxation. A viscoelastic model with an arbitrary number of parallel units is used for treating the relaxation. Each unit has one dashpot and two springs. A stress-strain-time relationship is derived for the case when the coefficient of viscosity in each unit of the viscoelastic model changes continuously with time. The beam exhibits continuous material inhomogeneity along the thickness. Thus, the moduli of elasticity and the coefficients of viscosity vary continuously in the thickness direction. The aim of the present paper is to obtain time-dependent solutions to the strain energy release rate that take into account the relaxation when the coefficient of viscosity changes with time.

Design/methodology/approach

Time-dependent solutions to the strain energy release rate are derived by considering the time-dependent strain energy and also by using the compliance method. The two solutions produce identical results.

Findings

The variation of the strain energy release rate with time due to the relaxation is analysed. The influence of material inhomogeneity and the crack location along the beam width on the strain energy release rate are evaluated. The effects of change of the coefficients of viscosity with time and the number of units in the viscoelastic model on the strain energy release rate are assessed by applying the solutions derived.

Originality/value

The time-dependent strain energy release rate for a longitudinal vertical crack in a beam under relaxation is analysed for the case when the coefficients of viscosity change with time.
The influence of the global COVID‐19 pandemic on manuscript submissions and editor and reviewer performance at six ecology journals
Authors: Fox Charles W. , Meyer Jennifer
Published: January 2021

Government policies attempting to slow the spread of COVID‐19 have reduced access to research laboratories and shifted many scholars to working from home. These disruptions will likely influence submissions to scholarly journals, and affect the time available for editors and reviewers to participate in peer review.

In this editorial we examine how journal submissions, and editorial and peer review processes, have been influenced by the pandemic at six journals published by the British Ecological Society (BES).

We find no evidence of a change in the geographic pattern of submissions from across the globe. We also find no evidence that submission of manuscripts by women has been more affected by pandemic disruptions than have submissions by men—the proportion of papers authored by women during the COVID period of 2020 has not changed relative to the same period in 2019.

Editors handled papers just as quickly, and reviewers have agreed to review just as often, during the pandemic compared to pre‐pandemic. The one notable change in peer review during the pandemic is that reviewers replied more quickly to emails inviting them to review (albeit only 4% sooner), and those who agreed to review returned their reviews more quickly (17% sooner), during the pandemic.

We thus find no evidence at these six ecology journals that submissions and peer review processes have been negatively impacted by the pandemic. Also, contrary to analyses in other disciplines, we do not find evidence that there have been disproportionate impacts of the pandemic on female authors and reviewers.
The Elizabethan Nobility: A Recount and a Reassessment of Elizabeth's Reasons for Creating Noblemen
Authors: SCARD MARGARET
Published: January 2021

Elizabeth I is regarded as having been parsimonious in creating new noblemen, allowing the nobility to decrease in size as she sought to maintain the exclusivity of the caste. In reality, the queen created a larger nobility than her Tudor predecessors had done. Her failure to sustain this high number was due not to a policy of limiting the number of noblemen but rather because she did not need so many. Elizabeth had a policy of economy with regard to both creating and using noblemen as she maintained a nobility appropriate for the circumstances of the time, as assessed by her and Lord Burghley. Early Elizabethan peerages honoured her family and restored old titles. Later the choice of candidates was influenced by Burghley's need for more noblemen in parliament and in the counties. However, although Burghley proposed candidates, it was Elizabeth's decision whether to follow his advice and in 1589 she chose to do otherwise.
Dietitian assistant opportunities within the nutrition care process for patients with or at risk of malnutrition: a systematic review
Authors: Rushton Alita , Edwards Anna , Bauer Judith , Bell Jack J.
Published: January 2021

Aim

Shifting to models of care that incorporate delegation of nutrition care process actions to dietitian assistants could facilitate effective and efficient nutrition care delivery. This review aimed to determine if delegation of malnutrition care activities to dietitian assistants, when compared with routine nutrition care practices influences patient, healthcare and/or workforce outcomes for adult hospital inpatients with or at risk of malnutrition.

Methods

This review was undertaken in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, with five databases (CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Scopus) searched systematically for studies published up to and including February 2020. Exclusion criteria included review articles and studies conducted in community settings.

Results

The search yielded 3431 results, with 11 studies eligible for inclusion. Across all domains of the nutrition care process, there is emerging evidence dietitian assistants may improve the delivery of nutrition care practices, patient, healthcare and workforce outcomes. Findings demonstrated various roles and scope of dietitian assistants' practice throughout the studies. Positive patient outcomes were found when dietitian assistants were part of a multi‐disciplinary model of care.

Conclusions

Implementing delegation of components of the nutrition care process to dietitian assistants is vital in the current health climate and should be considered in a future multidisciplinary model of nutrition care. Exploration of dietitian assistant roles and opportunities are required to expand and strengthen the evidence.
A Comparative Study of the Coal‐forming Characteristics of Marginal Sea Basins and Epicontinental Sea Basins
Authors: ZHAO Honggang , LI Ying , CHANG Xiangchun , LI Zengxue , LIU Haiyan , ZHAO Cunliang
Published: January 2021

The coal‐forming characteristics, as well as the similarities and differences between epicontinental sea basins and continental marginal sea basins developed during different time periods, were analyzed in this study by adopting comparative analysis thoughts and methods. The results obtained in this study revealed that epicontinental basins and marginal sea basins are both characterized by the main development of thin coal seams or extremely thin coal seams. In addition, changes in sea levels were determined to be the main controlling factors for coal formation, and there were similarities in the continent‐sea interactions and coal‐forming sedimentary systems of the different basins. However, there were also significant differences observed in the sea level change events, basin basement structural characteristics, coal seam stability levels, accumulation and aggregation characteristics, and the migration patterns of coal‐forming materials. For example, the marginal sea basins in the South China Sea were found to be characterized by strong tectonic activities, diversity and complexity. The basin structures showed complex patterns of depressions, uplifts and concave or sag uplifts, which tended to lead to greater complexity in the paleogeographic patterns of the coal formations. This had subsequently resulted in complex coal‐forming processes and paleogeographic characteristics, in which the coal‐forming zones displayed bead‐like distributions, and the enrichment areas and centers were scattered. The practical significance of studying the similarities and differences of the coal‐forming characteristics between epicontinental basins and marginal sea basins is that the results can potentially be used to guide the predictions of coal‐measure coal seam distributions in South China Sea, as well as provide valuable guidance for future explorations of natural gas reservoirs related to coal measures in the South China Sea area.
Tectonic Evolution and Key Geological Issues of the Proto‐South China Sea
Authors: TIAN Zhiwen , TANG Wu , WANG Pujun , ZHAO Zhigang , SUN Xiaomeng , TANG Huafeng
Published: January 2021

There are numerous controversies surrounding the tectonic properties and evolution of the Proto‐South China Sea (PSCS). By combining data from previously published works with our geological and paleontological observations of the South China Sea (SCS), we propose that the PSCS should be analyzed within two separate contexts: its paleogeographic location and the history of its oceanic crust. With respect to its paleogeographic location, the tectonic properties of the PSCS vary widely from the Triassic to the mid‐Late Cretaceous. In the Triassic, the Paleo‐Tethys and the Paleo‐Pacific Oceans were the major causes of tectonic changes in the SCS, while the PCSC may have been a remnant sea residing upon Tethys or Paleo‐Pacific oceanic crust. In the Jurassic, the Meso‐Tethys and the Paleo‐Pacific oceans joined, creating a PSCS back‐arc basin consisting of Meso‐Tethys and/or Paleo‐Pacific oceanic crust. From the Early Cretaceous to the mid‐Late Cretaceous, the Paleo‐Pacific Ocean was the main tectonic body affecting the SCS; the PSCS may have been a marginal sea or a back‐arc basin with Paleo‐Pacific oceanic crust. With respect to its oceanic crust, due to the subduction and retreat of the Paleo‐Pacific plate in Southeast Asia at the end of the Late Cretaceous, the SCS probably produced new oceanic crust, which allowed the PSCS to formally emerge. At this time, the PSCS was most likely a combination of a new marginal sea and a remnant sea; its oceanic crust, which eventually subducted and became extinct, consisted of both new oceanic crust and remnant oceanic crust from the Paleo‐Pacific Ocean. In the present day, the remnant PSCS oceanic crust is located in the southwestern Nansha Trough.
Geochemical and Nd‐Hf Isotopic Constraints on the Petrogenesis of an Archean Granitoid in the Erguna Massif, NE China
Authors: SHAO Jun , LI Yinglei , WANG Deli , SONG Wanbing , WU Xinwei , LIU Hongzhang
Published: January 2021

Crystalline basement and Precambrian crustal growth of the continental massifs within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) are still pending problems. Our geological and geochemical investigations identified an Archean (2606 Ma) granitic pluton in the Biliya area of the Erguna Massif. The Neoarchean granitoids show high and positive in‐situ zircon ∊Hf(t) (+0.3 to +10.0), whole‐rock ∊Nd(t) (+4.8) and whole‐rock ∊Hf(t) values (+2.1). They are characterized by high Y + Ce + Zr + Nb (> 220 ppm) and Zr contents and could be classified as A‐type granites. These granitoids are characterized by high Zr saturation temperatures (TZr) (796–836°C). They were derived from partial re‐melting of juvenile mafic lower crust in an intracontinental back‐arc extensional environment. This newly identified Neoarchean granitic pluton may represent the crystalline basement of the several continent massifs within the CAOB, and their high ∊Hf(t)–∊Nd(t) values may also indicate the occurrence of lateral crustal growth events in these massifs during the Neoarchean.
Geochemistry and Tectonic History of Seamount Remnants in the Xingshuwa Subduction Accretionary Complex of the Xar Moron Area, Eastern Margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: CHENG Yang , XIAO Qinghui , LI Tingdong , LI Yan , FAN Yuxu , XU Liquan , GUO Lingjun , PANG Jinli
Published: January 2021

This study focuses on the geology, geochemistry, zircon U‐Pb geochronology and tectonic settings of the three types of seamount basalts from the Xingshuwa subduction accretionary complex in the Xar Moron area, eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The seamount remnants are composed of carbonate ‘cap’ sediments, large volumes of pillow and massive basalts, carbonate breccia slope facies and radiolarian cherts. Group 1 basalts are characterized by high contents of P2O5 and TiO2 with alkaline affinity and LREE enrichment, indicating that they are derived from intraplate magma. Group 2 basalts display N‐MORB LREE depletion patterns, indicating that they were formed at a mid‐ocean ridge. Group 3 basalts have shown distinct Nb depletion and high Th/Yb ratios, indicating that they were generated in an island arc tectonic setting. The zircon U‐Pb age of Group 1 basalt sample XWT18‐131 is 576.4 ± 9.4 Ma, suggesting that the oceanic island seamount was the product of intraplate magmatism related to a mantle plume or ‘hot spot’ in the late Neoproterozoic. The zircon U‐Pb age of Group 2 basalt sample XWT18‐132 is 483 ± 22 Ma, indicating that the Paleo‐Asian Ocean (PAO) was continuously expanding in the Early Ordovician. The zircon U‐Pb age of Group 3 basalt sample XWT18‐101 is 240.5 ± 8.2 Ma, suggesting that this area underwent the evolutionary path of ocean‐continent transition, developing towards continentalization during the Middle Triassic. Thus, we believe that there was both mantle plume‐related intraplate magmatism and intraoceanic subduction during the evolution of the PAO, the CAOB possibly being an evolutionary model of an intraoceanic subduction and mantle plume magmatism complex.
A critical review of the 2020 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation treatment recommendations for resuscitating the newly born infant
Authors: Saugstad Ola D. , Robertson Nicola J. , Vento Maximo
Published: January 2021

The 2020 recommendations from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation are an improved version of the 2015 version. The algorithm and 15 procedures are unchanged from 2015, but there are six procedures with new or changed recommendations. One new recommendation is briefing/debriefing following neonatal resuscitation. Procedures with changed suggestions/recommendations are as follows: suctioning of non‐vigorous infants delivered through meconium‐stained amniotic fluid, sustained inflation of preterm infants, optimising epinephrine (adrenaline), vascular access and discontinuing resuscitative efforts.

Conclusion

In this review, we summarise the present recommendations and offer additional comments and views regarding heart rate detection, cord clamping, oxygenation and thermal control.
Analyses of free amino acid and taste sensor traits in egg albumen and yolk revealed potential of value‐added eggs in chickens
Authors: Goto Tatsuhiko , Shimamoto Saki , Ohtsuka Akira , Ijiri Daichi
Published: January 2021

To create high‐quality eggs by using different breed and feed materials, we investigated free amino acid contents and taste sensor traits using two chicken breeds (Rhode Island Red; RIR and Australorp; AUS) fed two feeds (mixed and fermented feeds). Two‐way ANOVA revealed significant breed and feed main and interaction effects on albumen bitterness and a significant interaction effect on yolk bitterness. Albumen from RIR fed mixed feed and AUS fed fermented feed was higher bitterness, whereas yolk from those groups was lower bitterness. Significant breed effects were detected in four albumen amino acid traits (His, Met, Ile, and Lys) and a yolk His, whereas significant feed effects were found in 15 albumen amino acid traits (Asp, Glu, Ser, His, Gly, Thr, Ala, Tyr, Val, Met, Trp, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Pro) and a yolk cystine trait. Compared to albumen amino acids, yolk amino acids had limited effects by breed and feed. The present results suggest that genetic and nutritional factors can alter not only amino acid contents but also sensor values of bitterness, indicating that selecting the combination of breed and feed enable us to make amino acids enriched and taste added designer eggs in future.
Neoliberalism can reduce well‐being by promoting a sense of social disconnection, competition, and loneliness
Authors: Becker Julia C. , Hartwich Lea , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: January 2021

Neoliberalism has become the dominant ideology in many parts of the world. Yet there is little empirical research on its psychological impact. On the basis of a social identity approach to health, we hypothesize that, by increasing competition and by reducing people’s sense of connection to others, neoliberalism can increase loneliness and compromise our well‐being. Study 1 (N = 246) shows that the more neoliberal people perceive society to be, the worse their well‐being, and that this relationship is mediated via loneliness. In two experiments, we showed that exposure to neoliberal ideology increases loneliness (Study 2,N = 204) and, through this, decreases well‐being (Study 3,N = 173). In Study 4 (N = 303), we found that exposure to neoliberal ideology increased loneliness and decreased well‐being by reducing people’s sense of connection to others and by increasing perceptions of being in competition with others. In Study 4, the effect of neoliberalism on well‐being was evident for liberals only. We discuss the potential impact of neoliberalism on different social groups in society.
Visual Attention Preference for Intermediate Predictability in Young Children
Authors: Cubit Laura S. , Canale Rebecca , Handsman Rebecca , Kidd Celeste , Bennetto Loisa
Published: January 2021

How do children allocate their attention? There is too much information in the world to encode it all, so children must pick and choose. How do they organize their sampling to make the most of the learning opportunities that surround them? Previous work shows infants actively seek intermediately predictable information. Here we employ eye‐tracking and computational modeling to examine the impact of stimulus predictability across early childhood (ages 3–6 years, n = 72, predominantly Non‐Hispanic White, middle‐ to upper‐middle‐income), by chronological age and cognitive ability. Results indicated that children prefer attending to stimuli of intermediate predictability, with no differences in this pattern based on age or cognitive ability. The consistency may suggest a robust general information‐processing mechanism that operates across the lifespan.
The benefits of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for reporting pancreatobiliary cytology: A 2‐year review from a single academic institution
Authors: Ozretić Luka , Simonović Alexandra V. , Rathbone Michael L. , Young Martin P.A. , Perez‐Machado Miguel A.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is an essential tool in the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cytology from EUS‐FNA, to correlate the results with the corresponding histopathological diagnoses and to analyse the impact of retrospective assignment of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) reporting system categories.

Methods

All pancreatic FNA specimens reported at the Royal Free Hospital during a 2‐year period were retrospectively collected and assigned to the PSC system categories. Any available corresponding histological samples were assessed for concordance.

Results

In total, 236 cytology specimens from 223 patients were identified, of which 108 (45.8%) had corresponding histology samples. The main reason for cyto‐histological discrepancy was sampling error. Interpretive error was identified in one case. Overall, sensitivity was 92.5%, specificity was 100%, diagnostic accuracy of cytology was 95%, false‐positive rate was 0% and false‐negative rate was 7.5%. The implementation of the new reporting system reduced the number of cases in the atypical category. All cases previously categorised as suspicious or malignant remained in the same category.

Conclusions

EUS‐FNA is an accurate method for evaluating pancreatobiliary lesions. The implementation of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology diagnostic system enhances standardisation of the reporting terminology and reduces the number of samples in the non‐standardised and equivocal atypical category.