bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Sustainable Development of Green-Space in Beijing Using the Dynamic Systems Model
Authors: Li Fangzheng , Sun Yinan , Li Xiong , Hao Xinhua , Li Wanyi , Qian Yun , Liu Haimeng , Sun Haiyan
Published: September 2016

Greater contradiction and conflict among urban green space, the development of social economy and the environment have occurred in Beijing. However, few studies have been conducted that consider the three subsystems as a whole. In this study, we defined sustainable development of green space (SDGS) as the coordinated development of the urban green system, social economy, and environment. Based on the datasets from 2000 to 2015, we forecast the SDGS in Beijing under multiple scenarios based on real-world policies using a system dynamics model. We found that the historical SDGS value increased to its highest level in 2012, but declined slightly by 2015. Second, the forecasted SDGS values declined over time in all scenarios, but the decline was greater in scenarios placing a high priority on economic development. In these scenarios, the performance of the indices only improved in certain subsystems. The simulation shows the implementation of the four policies proposed by the government failed to improve the overall level of SDGS in Beijing. This study could provide support for decision-making designed to improve the overall condition of urban green space in Beijing through integrated forecast and scenario simulation.
Protective Effects of Intratracheally-Administered Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 on Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma in Mice
Authors: Jung Kyung-Hwa , Baek Hyunjung , Shin Dasom , Lee Gihyun , Park Sangwon , Lee Sujin , Choi Dabin , Kim Woojin , Bae Hyunsu
Published: September 2016

Asthma is a common chronic disease characterized by bronchial inflammation, reversible airway obstruction, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Current therapeutic options for the management of asthma include inhaled corticosteroids and β2 agonists, which elicit harmful side effects. In the present study, we examined the capacity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), one of the major components of bee venom (BV), to reduce airway inflammation and improve lung function in an experimental model of asthma. Allergic asthma was induced in female BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal administration of ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14, followed by intratracheal challenge with 1% OVA six times between days 22 and 30. The infiltration of immune cells, such as Th2 cytokines in the lungs, and the lung histology, were assessed in the OVA-challenged mice in the presence and absence of an intratracheal administration of bvPLA2. We showed that the intratracheal administration of bvPLA2 markedly suppressed the OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation by reducing AHR, overall area of inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. Furthermore, the suppression was associated with a significant decrease in the production of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and a reduction in the number of total cells, including eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils in the airway.
Phosphoproteome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Toxicity in IPEC-J2 Cells
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Qi , Wang Song-Bo , Wang Rui-Guo , Zhang Wei , Wang Pei-Long , Su Xiao-Ou
Published: September 2016

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread trichothecene mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal crops and has various toxic effects in animals and humans. DON primarily targets the gastrointestinal tract, the first barrier against ingested food contaminants. In this study, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based phosphoproteomic approach was employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying DON-mediated intestinal toxicity in porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) exposed to 20 μM DON for 60 min. There were 4153 unique phosphopeptides, representing 389 phosphorylation sites, detected in 1821 phosphoproteins. We found that 289 phosphopeptides corresponding to 255 phosphoproteins were differentially phosphorylated in response to DON. Comprehensive Gene Ontology (GO) analysis combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment revealed that, in addition to previously well-characterized mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, DON exposure altered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and Janus kinase/signal transducer, and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways. These pathways are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including apoptosis, the intestinal barrier, intestinal inflammation, and the intestinal absorption of glucose. DON-induced changes are likely to contribute to the intestinal dysfunction. Overall, identification of relevant signaling pathways yielded new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DON-induced intestinal toxicity, and might help in the development of improved mechanism-based risk assessments in animals and humans.
The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives
Authors: Lee Thomas , Fong Fiona , Ho Kin-Chung , Lee Fred
Published: September 2016

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs). OA and DTXs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 2A, 1B, and 2B, which may promote cancer in the human digestive system. Their expression in dinoflagellates is strongly affected by nutritional and environmental factors. Studies have indicated that the level of these biotoxins is inversely associated with the growth of dinoflagellates at low concentrations of nitrogen or phosphorus, or at extreme temperature. However, the presence of leucine or glycerophosphate enhances both growth and cellular toxin level. Moreover, the presence of ammonia and incubation in continuous darkness do not favor the toxin production. Currently, studies on the mechanism of this biotoxin production are scant. Full genome sequencing of dinoflagellates is challenging because of the massive genomic size; however, current advanced molecular and omics technologies may provide valuable insight into the biotoxin production mechanism and novel research perspectives on microalgae. This review presents a comprehensive analysis on the effects of various nutritional and physical factors on the OA and DTX production in the DSP toxin-producing Prorocentrum spp. Moreover, the applications of the current molecular technologies in the study on the mechanism of DSP toxin production are discussed.
Extracellular vesicles are present in mouse lymph and their level differs in atherosclerosis
Authors: Milasan Andreea , Tessandier Nicolas , Tan Sisareuth , Brisson Alain , Boilard Eric , Martel Catherine
Published: September 2016

The lymphatic system works in close collaboration with the cardiovascular system to preserve fluid balance throughout the body and is essential for the trafficking of antigen‐presenting cells and lymphocytes to lymphoid organs. Recent findings have associated lymphatic dysfunction with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular‐related diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammation and obesity. Whether lymphatic dysfunction is a cause or a consequence of these diseases, as well as how, is under intensive investigation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron vesicles released by diverse cell types upon activation or apoptosis and are considered important biomarkers for several inflammatory diseases. Thus, it is critical to characterize the presence of EVs in various biological tissues and fluids to delineate their origins and, subsequently, their functions. In the past few years, new techniques allowing the quantitative and qualitative analysis of EVs have emerged, thus facilitating the onset of studies bridging these vesicles to the lymphatic system. Using several state‐of‐the‐art approaches, this article reports the presence of diverse EVs inclusively derived from red blood cells and platelets in lymph of healthy animals. Our results suggest that lymph from atherosclerotic mice displays a higher concentration of EVs, bringing forward the concept that EVs contained in lymph could either be a biomarker for lymphatic dysfunction or, conversely, for inflammatory disease progression.
Barriers to Peritoneal Dialysis in Saudi Arabia: Nephrologists’ Perspectives
Authors: Dahlan Randah , Qureshi Mohammad , Akeely Fatmah , Sayyari Abdullah A. Al
Published: September 2016

In Saudi Arabia, only 9% of dialysis patients are on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and this has been the case for years. A number of centers around the world have sought to understand the underutilization of PD by asking nephrologists directly. In this study, we aimed to gather information that will answer the question “Why is PD underutilized in Saudi Arabia?” hoping that a roadmap may be developed to overcome the hurdles the study underscores, allowing for more patients to utilize this valuable modality.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy with Jejunal Extension for an Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis Refractory to Surgical Enterolysis
Authors: Banshodani Masataka , Kawanishi Hideki , Moriishi Misaki , Shintaku Sadanori , Hashimoto Shinji , Tsuchiya Shinichiro
Published: September 2016

Surgical enterolysis is the final option for patients with encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS). However, EPS is sometimes refractory to surgical enterolysis. This is the first report of successful use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal extension (PEG-J) in a patient with EPS that was refractory to surgical enterolysis. We propose that sustained drainage of digestive juices by PEG-J, along with central venous nourishment at home, can be a treatment option for patients with EPS that cannot be treated with radical measures.
AlphaSim: Software for Breeding Program Simulation
Authors: Faux Anne‐Michelle , Gorjanc Gregor , Gaynor R. Chris , Battagin Mara , Edwards Stefan M. , Wilson David L. , Hearne Sarah J. , Gonen Serap , Hickey John M.
Published: September 2016

This paper describes AlphaSim, a software package for simulating plant and animal breeding programs. AlphaSim enables the simulation of multiple aspects of breeding programs with a high degree of flexibility. AlphaSim simulates breeding programs in a series of steps: (i) simulate haplotype sequences and pedigree; (ii) drop haplotypes into the base generation of the pedigree and select single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN); (iii) assign QTN effects, calculate genetic values, and simulate phenotypes; (iv) drop haplotypes into the burn‐in generations; and (v) perform selection and simulate new generations. The program is flexible in terms of historical population structure and diversity, recent pedigree structure, trait architecture, and selection strategy. It integrates biotechnologies such as doubled‐haploids (DHs) and gene editing and allows the user to simulate multiple traits and multiple environments, specify recombination hot spots and cold spots, specify gene jungles and deserts, perform genomic predictions, and apply optimal contribution selection. AlphaSim also includes restart functionalities, which increase its flexibility by allowing the simulation process to be paused so that the parameters can be changed or to import an externally created pedigree, trial design, or results of an analysis of previously simulated data. By combining the options, a user can simulate simple or complex breeding programs with several generations, variable population structures and variable breeding decisions over time. In conclusion, AlphaSim is a flexible and computationally efficient software package to simulate biotechnology enhanced breeding programs with the aim of performing rapid, low‐cost, and objective in silico comparison of breeding technologies.
Genomic Prediction of Genotype × Environment Interaction Kernel Regression Models
Authors: Cuevas Jaime , Crossa José , Soberanis Víctor , Pérez‐Elizalde Sergio , Pérez‐Rodríguez Paulino , Campos Gustavo de los , Montesinos‐López O. A. , Burgueño Juan
Published: September 2016

In genomic selection (GS), genotype × environment interaction (G × E) can be modeled by a marker × environment interaction (M × E). The G × E may be modeled through a linear kernel or a nonlinear (Gaussian) kernel. In this study, we propose using two nonlinear Gaussian kernels: the reproducing kernel Hilbert space with kernel averaging (RKHS KA) and the Gaussian kernel with the bandwidth estimated through an empirical Bayesian method (RKHS EB). We performed single‐environment analyses and extended to account for G × E interaction (GBLUP‐G × E, RKHS KA‐G × E and RKHS EB‐G × E) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) data sets. For single‐environment analyses of wheat and maize data sets, RKHS EB and RKHS KA had higher prediction accuracy than GBLUP for all environments. For the wheat data, the RKHS KA‐G × E and RKHS EB‐G × E models did show up to 60 to 68% superiority over the corresponding single environment for pairs of environments with positive correlations. For the wheat data set, the models with Gaussian kernels had accuracies up to 17% higher than that of GBLUP‐G × E. For the maize data set, the prediction accuracy of RKHS EB‐G × E and RKHS KA‐G × E was, on average, 5 to 6% higher than that of GBLUP‐G × E. The superiority of the Gaussian kernel models over the linear kernel is due to more flexible kernels that accounts for small, more complex marker main effects and marker‐specific interaction effects.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ELASTIC-PLASTIC LINEAR HARDENING STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE FRAME ELEMENT CROSS-SECTION
Authors: Grigusevičius Andrius , Blaževičius Gediminas
Published: September 2016

The aim of this paper is to present a solution algorithm for determining the frame element crosssection carrying capacity, defined by combined effect of bending moment and axial force. The distributions of stresses and strains inside a cross-section made of linearly hardening material are analysed. General nonlinear stress-strain dependencies are composed. All relations are formed for rectangular cross-section for all possible cases of combinations of axial force and bending moment. To this end, five different stress-strain states are investigated and four limit axial force values are defined in the present research. The nonlinear problem is solved in MATLAB mathematical software environment. Stress-strain states in the cross-sections are investigated in detail and graphically analysed for two numerical experiments.
CONSTRAINTS ON NON-FLAT COSMOLOGIES WITH MASSIVE NEUTRINOS AFTER PLANCK 2015
Authors: Chen Yun , Ratra Bharat , Biesiada Marek , Li Song , Zhu Zong-Hong
Published: September 2016

We investigate two dark energy cosmological models (i.e., the ΛCDM and ϕCDM models) with massive neutrinos assuming two different neutrino mass hierarchies in both the spatially flat and non-flat scenarios, where in the ϕCDM model the scalar field possesses an inverse power-law potential, V(ϕ) ∝ ϕ
−α
(α > 0). Cosmic microwave background data from Planck 2015, baryon acoustic oscillation data from 6dFGS, SDSS-MGS, BOSS-LOWZ and BOSS CMASS-DR11, the joint light-curve analysis compilation of SNe Ia apparent magnitude observations, and the Hubble Space Telescope H
0 prior, are jointly employed to constrain the model parameters. We first determine constraints assuming three species of degenerate massive neutrinos. In the spatially flat (non-flat) ΛCDM model, the sum of neutrino masses is bounded as Σm

ν
 < 0.165(0.299) eV at 95% confidence level (CL). Correspondingly, in the flat (non-flat) ϕCDM model, we find Σm

ν
 < 0.164(0.301) eV at 95% CL. The inclusion of spatial curvature as a free parameter results in a significant broadening of confidence regions for Σm

ν
and other parameters. In the scenario where the total neutrino mass is dominated by the heaviest neutrino mass eigenstate, we obtain similar conclusions to those obtained in the degenerate neutrino mass scenario. In addition, the results show that the bounds on Σm

ν
based on two different neutrino mass hierarchies have insignificant differences in the spatially flat case for both the ΛCDM and ϕCDM models; however, the corresponding differences are larger in the non-flat case.
PREDICTIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION OF GJ 1132b
Authors: Schaefer Laura , Wordsworth Robin D. , Berta-Thompson Zachory , Sasselov Dimitar
Published: September 2016

GJ 1132b is a nearby Earth-sized exoplanet transiting an M dwarf, and is among the most highly characterizable small exoplanets currently known. In this paper, we study the interaction of a magma ocean with a water-rich atmosphere on GJ 1132b and determine that it must have begun with more than 5 wt% initial water in order to still retain a water-based atmosphere. We also determine the amount of O2 that can build up in the atmosphere as a result of hydrogen dissociation and loss. We find that the magma ocean absorbs at most ∼10% of the O2 produced, whereas more than 90% is lost to space through hydrodynamic drag. The most common outcome for GJ 1132b from our simulations is a tenuous atmosphere dominated by O2, though, for very large initial water abundances, atmospheres with several thousands of bars of O2 are possible. A substantial steam envelope would indicate either the existence of an earlier H2 envelope or low XUV flux over the system’s lifetime. A steam atmosphere would also imply the continued existence of a magma ocean on GJ 1132b. Further modeling is needed to study the evolution of CO2 or N2-rich atmospheres on GJ 1132b.
O tema Sexualidade Humana no ensino médio: as Ilhas Interdisciplinares de Racionalidade como metodologia em aulas de biologia
Authors: Imhof Ana Maria Quinoto , Schroeder Edson
Published: September 2016

Este trabalho objetivou identificar as contribuições da metodologia IIR no processo de alfabetização científica a partir do estudo do tema Sexualidade Humana por estudantes do ensino médio, em uma escola pública de Brusque (SC). As aulas foram gravadas em vídeo, posteriormente analisadas. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos se sentiram motivados para a construção dos seus modelos explicativos, resultante da reflexão, da utilização da escrita e da participação conjunta com seus pares. Entende-se que a IIR pode trazer contribuições para a aprendizagem de biologia, tendo-se como expectativa a alfabetização científica dos alunos.
Contribuições de um planejamento conjunto entre as modalidades presencial e a distância na constituição de uma disciplina de prática de ensino de física
Authors: Neves da Silva João Ricardo , Pina da Silva Agenor , Moreira Camila Cardoso , Pereira Joaquim Francisco
Published: September 2016

Apresentamos e discutimos as possibilidades formativas advindas de uma relação planejada na construção de uma disciplina de Prática de Ensino de Física em dois cursos de licenciatura em Física nas modalidades presencial e a distância. A partir da análise dos planejamentos conjuntos de dois professores e dos trabalhos e atividades construídas pelos alunos dessas disciplinas, foi possível apresentar uma sistematização de características importantes referentes tanto aos aspectos da formação do professor de Física quanto às possibilidades do planejamento conjunto entre professores de uma mesma disciplina. As análises mostram um distanciamento inicial entre as formas de abordagem dos conteúdos na disciplina nas duas modalidades de Licenciatura em Física e, partindo disso, traçamos um caminho que vise à aproximação dos conteúdos e metodologias, abrindo a possibilidade de discussão sobre as potencialidades do planejamento conjunto de disciplinas nas licenciaturas.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO AFFECTIVE AUDIO AND VISUAL INDUCTIONS: EXAMINATION OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF AUTONOMIC SIGNALS
Authors: Goshvarpour Atefeh , Abbasi Ataollah , Goshvarpour Ateke
Published: September 2016

Physiological reflection of emotions can be tracked by autonomic signals. Several studies have been conducted using autonomic signal processing to examine men and women differences during the exposure of affective stimuli. Emotional pictures and music are two commonly used methods to induce affects in an experimental setup. The biological changes have been commonly monitored during a certain emotional inducement protocol, solely. This study was aimed to examine two induction paradigms involved auditory and visual cues using nonlinear dynamical approaches. To this end, various nonlinear parameters of galvanic skin response (GSR) and pulse signals of men and women were examined. The nonlinear analysis was performed using lagged Poincare parameters, detrended fluctuation indices (DFAs), Lyapunov exponents (LEs), some entropy measures, and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to show significant differences between the groups. The results indicate that besides the type of affect induction, physiological differences of men and women are notable in negative emotions (sadness and fear). Regardless to the inducements, lagged Poincare parameters of the pulse signals and DFA indices of the GSR have shown significant differences in gender affective responses. However, applying pictorial stimuli, LEs are appropriate indicators for gender discrimination. It is also concluded that GSR dynamics are intensely affected by the kind of stimuli; while this is not validated for the pulse. These findings suggest that different emotional inductions evoked different autonomic responses in men and women, which can be appropriately monitored using nonlinear signal processing approaches.
MRI SEGMENTATION BY FUZZY CLUSTERING METHOD BASED ON PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Yazdi Mahsa Badiee , Khalilzadeh Mohammad Mahdi , Foroughipour Mohsen
Published: September 2016

Image segmentation is often required as a fundamental stage in medical image processing, particularly during the clinical analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) brain images. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm is one of the best known and widely used segmentation methods, but this algorithm has some problem for segmenting simulated MRI images to high number of clusters with different noise levels and real images because of spatial complexities. Anatomical segmentation usually requires information derived from the manual segmentations done by experts, prior knowledge can be useful to modify image segmentation methods. In this paper, we propose some methods to modify FCM algorithm using expert manual segmentation as prior knowledge. We developed combination of FCM algorithm and prior knowledge in three ways, in order to improve segmentation of brain MR images with high noise level and spatial complexity. In real images, we had a considerable improvement in similarity index of three classes (white matter, gray matter, CSF) and in simulated images with different noise levels evaluation criteria of white matter and gray matter has improved.
RE-RANKING FOR PRIORITIZATION OF DISEASE-RELATED GENES
Authors: Gong Lejun , Yang Ronggen , Zhang Chun , Liu Quan , Lee Huakang , Yang Geng
Published: September 2016

To explore the genetic complexity of disease, this paper focuses on the prioritization of susceptibility genes by re-ranking. This approach prioritizes disease-related genes based on the prior ranking. The genes in prior ranking are divided into seeds and candidates. And then these seed genes are used to prioritize candidates based on association rules. Experimental results show the approach is promising for finding new disease-related genes.
AN EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE FOR RECOGNITION OF THE REACHING MOVEMENTS IN 3D SPACE
Authors: Farokhzadi Mona , Maleki Ali , Fallah Ali , Almasganj Farshad , Rashidi Saeid
Published: September 2016

In this research, classification of the 18 reaching movements was done in 3D space using the elbow flexion/extension angle and the upper arm acceleration. For this, a hierarchical structure was proposed where the approximate region of the movements was determined at high level and then, motion types were recognized exactly at low level. To evaluate this hierarchical structure, the flat classifiers were implemented with the same features. The hierarchical classifier improves the formation of the decision boundaries better than the flat classifiers due to its proper structure. It improves the discrimination of the within-group members by applying an algorithm to increase the ratio of the between-class covariance matrix trace to the within-class covariance matrix trace. It also benefits from low dimensional feature space. Recognition accuracy was higher than the flat classifiers. In other evaluation metrics (Recall, Precision and F-score), this structure indicated better performance, especially in those classes with the least recognition percentage.
A Single-Cell Platform for Monitoring Viral Proteolytic Cleavage in Different Cellular Compartments
Authors: Abbadessa Darin , Smurthwaite Cameron A. , Reed Connor W. , Wolkowicz Roland
Published: September 2016

Infectious diseases affect human health despite advances in biomedical research and drug discovery. Among these, viruses are especially difficult to tackle due to the sudden transfer from animals to humans, high mutational rates, resistance to current treatments, and the intricacies of their molecular interactions with the host. As an example of these interactions, we describe a cell-based approach to monitor specific proteolytic events executed by either the viral-encoded protease or by host proteins on the virus. We then emphasize the significance of examining proteolysis within the subcellular compartment where cleavage occurs naturally. We show the power of stable expression, highlighting the usefulness of the cell-based multiplexed approach, which we have adapted to two independent assays previously developed to monitor (a) the activity of the HIV-1-encoded protease or (b) the cleavage of the HIV-1-encoded envelope protein by the host. Multiplexing was achieved by mixing cells each carrying a different assay or, alternatively, by engineering cells expressing two assays. Multiplexing relies on the robustness of the individual assays and their clear discrimination, further enhancing screening capabilities in an attempt to block proteolytic events required for viral infectivity and spread.
Novel Biomarker Candidates for Colorectal Cancer Metastasis: A Meta-analysis of In Vitro Studies
Authors: Long Nguyen Phuoc , Lee Wun Jun , Huy Nguyen Truong , Lee Seul Ji , Park Jeong Hill , Kwon Sung Won
Published: September 2016

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal cancers. Although numerous studies have evaluated potential biomarkers for early diagnosis, current biomarkers have failed to reach an acceptable level of accuracy for distant metastasis. In this paper, we performed a gene set meta-analysis of in vitro microarray studies and combined the results from this study with previously published proteomic data to validate and suggest prognostic candidates for CRC metastasis. Two microarray data sets included found 21 significant genes. Of these significant genes, ALDOA, IL8 (CXCL8), and PARP4 had strong potential as prognostic candidates. LAMB2, MCM7, CXCL23A, SERPINA3, ABCA3, ALDH3A2, and POLR2I also have potential. Other candidates were more controversial, possibly because of the biologic heterogeneity of tumor cells, which is a major obstacle to predicting metastasis. In conclusion, we demonstrated a meta-analysis approach and successfully suggested ten biomarker candidates for future investigation.
Can simple models predict large-scale surface ocean isoprene concentrations?
Authors: Booge Dennis , Marandino Christa A. , Schlundt Cathleen , Palmer Paul I. , Schlundt Michael , Atlas Elliot L. , Bracher Astrid , Saltzman Eric S. , Wallace Douglas W. R.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We use isoprene and related field measurements from three different ocean data sets together with remotely sensed satellite data to model global marine isoprene emissions. We show that using monthly mean satellite-derived chl a concentrations to parameterize isoprene with a constant chl a normalized isoprene production rate underpredicts the measured oceanic isoprene concentration by a mean factor of 19 ± 12. Improving the model by using phytoplankton functional type dependent production values and by decreasing the bacterial degradation rate of isoprene in the water column results in only a slight underestimation (factor 1.7 ± 1.2). We calculate global isoprene emissions of 0.21 Tg C for 2014 using this improved model, which is twice the value calculated using the original model. Nonetheless, the sea-to-air fluxes have to be at least 1 order of magnitude higher to account for measured atmospheric isoprene mixing ratios. These findings suggest that there is at least one missing oceanic source of isoprene and, possibly, other unknown factors in the ocean or atmosphere influencing the atmospheric values. The discrepancy between calculated fluxes and atmospheric observations must be reconciled in order to fully understand the importance of marine-derived isoprene as a precursor to remote marine boundary layer particle formation.
High-resolution neodymium characterization along the Mediterranean margins and modelling of εNd distribution in the Mediterranean basins
Authors: Ayache Mohamed , Dutay Jean-Claude , Arsouze Thomas , Révillon Sidonie , Beuvier Jonathan , Jeandel Catherine
Published: September 2016

Abstract. An extensive compilation of published neodymium (Nd) concentrations and isotopic compositions (Nd IC) was realized in order to establish a new database and a map (using a high-resolution geological map of the area) of the distribution of these parameters for all the Mediterranean margins. Data were extracted from different kinds of samples: river solid discharge deposited on the shelf, sedimentary material collected on the margin or geological material outcropping above or close to a margin. Additional analyses of surface sediments were done in order to improve this data set in key areas (e.g. Sicilian strait). The Mediterranean margin Nd isotopic signatures vary from non-radiogenic values around the Gulf of Lion, (εNd values  ∼  −11) to radiogenic values around the Aegean and the Levantine sub-basins up to +6. Using a high-resolution regional oceanic model (1/12° of horizontal-resolution), εNd distribution was simulated for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea. The high resolution of the model provides a unique opportunity to represent a realistic thermohaline circulation in the basin and thus apprehend the processes governing the Nd isotope distribution in the marine environment. Results are consistent with the preceding conclusions on boundary exchange (BE) as an important process in the Nd oceanic cycle. Nevertheless this approach simulates a too-radiogenic value in the Mediterranean Sea; this bias will likely be corrected once the dust and river inputs will be included in the model. This work highlights that a significant interannual variability of εNd distribution in seawater could occur. In particular, important hydrological events such as the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), associated with deep water formed in the Aegean sub-basin, could induce a shift in εNd at deep/intermediate depths that could be noticeable in the eastern part of the basin. This underlines that the temporal and geographical variations of εNd could represent an interesting insight of Nd as tracer of the Mediterranean Sea circulation, in particular in the context of palaeo-oceanographic applications.
Clumped isotopes in near-surface atmospheric CO2 over land, coast and
ocean in Taiwan and its vicinity
Authors: Laskar Amzad Hussain , Liang Mao-Chang
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Molecules containing two rare isotopes (e.g., 13C18O16O in CO2), called clumped isotopes, in atmospheric CO2 are powerful tools to provide an alternative way to independently constrain the sources of CO2 in the atmosphere because of their unique physical and chemical properties. We presented clumped isotope data (Δ47) in near-surface atmospheric CO2 from urban, suburban, ocean, coast, high mountain ( ∼  3.2 km a.s.l.) and forest in Taiwan and its vicinity. The primary goal of the study was to use the unique Δ47 signature in atmospheric CO2 to show the extents of its deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium due to different processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and local anthropogenic emissions, which the commonly used tracers such as δ13C and δ18O cannot provide. We also explored the potential of Δ47 to identify/quantify the contribution of CO2 from various sources. Atmospheric CO2 over ocean was found to be in thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding surface sea water. Respired CO2 was also in close thermodynamic equilibrium at ambient air temperature. In contrast, photosynthetic activity result in significant deviation in Δ47 values from that expected thermodynamically. The disequilibrium could be a consequence of kinetic effects associated with the diffusion of CO2 in and out of the leaf stomata. We observed that δ18O and Δ47 do not vary similarly when photosynthesis was involved unlike simple water–CO2 exchange. Additionally we obtained Δ47 values of car exhaust CO2 that were significantly lower than the atmospheric CO2 but higher than that expected at the combustion temperature. In urban and suburban regions, the Δ47 values were found to be lower than the thermodynamic equilibrium values at the ambient temperature, suggesting contributions from local combustion emission.
Forage quality declines with rising temperatures, with implications for livestock production and methane emissions
Authors: Lee Mark A. , Davis Aaron P. , Chagunda Mizeck G. G. , Manning Pete
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Meat production is increasing globally to meet the growing demand for western diets. The sustainability of this trend has been questioned, and environmental changes, such as climate change, may cause some regions to become less suitable for livestock. Livestock and wild herbivores are strongly dependent on the nutritional chemistry of forage plants. Nutrition is positively linked to weight gains, milk production and reproductive success, and nutrition is also a key determinant of enteric methane production. In this meta-analysis we assessed the effects of growing conditions on forage quality by compiling published measurements of grass nutritive value and combining these data with climatic, edaphic and management information. We found that forage nutritive value was reduced at higher temperatures and increased by nitrogen fertiliser addition, likely driven by species identity, and changes to physiology and phenology. These relationships informed projections of future enteric cattle methane production, revealing a previously undescribed positive climate change feedback, where elevated temperatures reduced grass nutritive value and correspondingly increased methane production by 0.2–15 %, thus creating an additional climate forcing effect. Future methane production increases were largest in parts of North America, Central and Eastern Europe, and Asia, with the geographical extent of hotspots increasing under a high emissions scenario. Nitrogen fertiliser addition, planting forage species with high nutritive value and dietary supplements could partially offset these rises but may have other negative effects. Limiting the growth of livestock farming in warmer regions and reducing ruminant meat consumption would reduce the environmental impacts of livestock and mitigate pastoral greenhouse gas emissions.
The probability distribution of daily streamflow in the
conterminous United States
Authors: Blum Annalise G. , Vogel Richard M. , Archfield Stacey A.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. One of the most commonly used tools in hydrology, empirical flow duration curves (FDCs) characterize the frequency with which streamflows are equaled or exceeded. Finding a suitable probability distribution to approximate a FDC enables regionalization and prediction of FDCs in basins that lack streamflow measurements. FDCs constructed from daily streamflow observations can be computed as the period-of-record FDC (POR-FDC) to represent long-term streamflow conditions or as the median annual FDC (MA-FDC) to represent streamflows in a typical year. The goal of this study is to identify suitable probability distributions for both POR-FDCs and MA-FDCs of daily streamflow for unregulated and perennial streams. Comparisons of modeled and empirical FDCs at over 400 unregulated stream gages across the conterminous United States reveal that both the four-parameter kappa (KAP) and three-parameter generalized Pareto (GPA3) distributions can provide reasonable approximations to MA-FDCs; however, even four and five-parameter distributions are unable to capture the complexity of the POR-FDC behavior for which flows often range over five or more orders of magnitude. Regional regression models developed for the mid-Atlantic and Missouri regions as case studies present a simple and practical method to predict MA-FDCs at ungaged sites, which can be accurately predicted more consistently compared to POR-FDCs.
Mechanism of seasonal Arctic sea ice evolution and Arctic amplification
Authors: Kim Kwang-Yul , Hamlington Benjamin D. , Na Hanna , Kim Jinju
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Sea ice loss is proposed as a primary reason for the Arctic amplification, although the physical mechanism of the Arctic amplification and its connection with sea ice melting is still in debate. In the present study, monthly ERA-Interim reanalysis data are analyzed via cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function analysis to understand the seasonal mechanism of sea ice loss in the Arctic Ocean and the Arctic amplification. While sea ice loss is widespread over much of the perimeter of the Arctic Ocean in summer, sea ice remains thin in winter only in the Barents–Kara seas. Excessive turbulent heat flux through the sea surface exposed to air due to sea ice reduction warms the atmospheric column. Warmer air increases the downward longwave radiation and subsequently surface air temperature, which facilitates sea surface remains to be free of ice. This positive feedback mechanism is not clearly observed in the Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas, since sea ice refreezes in late fall (November) before excessive turbulent heat flux is available for warming the atmospheric column in winter. A detailed seasonal heat budget is presented in order to understand specific differences between the Barents–Kara seas and Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas.
Predictors of Awareness and Management Practices of Diabetes among Rural Dwellers of Sindh
Authors: Haseeb Abdul , Bilal Muhammad , Farooqui Waqas Ahmed , Soomro Hala , Khan Muhammad Ahad Sher , Nusrat Khushboo , Saad Muhammad , Shabbir Azka , Arshad Mohammad Hussham , Raza Hana , Ahmad Zaidi Syeda Maria , Bhatti Omaima Anis , Shaikh Fatima Imtiaz , Shujauddin Syed Muhammad , Islam Kainat , Niazi Mina Naseem , Malik Umair Arshad
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION: The most substantial method of control for the spread of DM, is the spreading of knowledge and information regarding DM and its complications. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the level of knowledge, awareness and management practices among people suffering from DM in the rural areas of Sindh.

METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross sectional survey was performed on 400 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 2 patients from March 2015 to June 2015, dwelling in rural areas of Sindh province, South Pakistan. A paper based questionnaire was used to determine sociodemographic features, knowledge and awareness with regards to DM and its complications and last part evaluated management practices to manage diabetes.

RESULTS: Only 50% participants knew that DM is a condition of high blood glucose and only 39% considered it as a preventable disease. With regards to management practices, only 65.0% had a home glucometer and 48% regularly checked their blood sugar levels. Family history of DM, BMI, education level, monthly household income, marital status and age were important predictors of knowledge among rural dwellers.

CONCLUSION: Our study has revealed lack of knowledge and inadequate management practices among diabetic patients of rural areas of Sindh, especially in patients attending primary healthcare setups. Management techniques and knowhow of this silent and deadly pathological condition should be spread to rural populace through seminars and media, which would eventually mold their life in a better condition.
Marketing Research and the Potentials of SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conceptual Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Oladepo Onigbinde Isaac , Olanipekun Ojo James
Published: September 2016

This study evaluated the relevance of marketing research in unveiling the potentials of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in sub-Saharan Africa with conceptual evidence from Nigeria. The study attempted to paint the pictures of marketing research and SMEs within the context of entrepreneurial marketing scheme. The study also adopted schema theory, the cognitive scheme for processing and retrieving marketing information, as the underpinning theory for the study. The explanatory cross-sectional survey research design was adopted as the study guide. The population of the study is made up of all operators of SMEs in Nigeria. Using multi-stage sampling technique, 248 marketing research-oriented operators of SMEs were selected. A structured interview schedule, which contains a number of nominal construct items, was used as research instrument to generate primary data from respondents that cut across the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficients for all major constructs of the research instrument ranged between 0.73 and 0.81, while Average Variance Extracted (AVE) which further served as additional evidence of convergent validity also ranged from 0.842 to 0.865. Data generated were analyzed using basic descriptive statistics. The study revealed that the relevance of marketing research in unveiling the potentials of SMEs in sub-Saharan Africa can only be appreciated in the context of marketing function. Public relations and corporate affairs, human resource and personnel management, marketing and strategic management, as well as financial planning and technical development were conceptualized as the functional areas of business in which marketing research can easily be deployed to unveil the potentials of SMEs for optimal performance in sub-Saharan African region. The study concluded that some concerted efforts are needed to be made to reinvigorate the activities of the SMEs in sub-Saharan Africa. Marketing research, as amodern commercial tool, provides the required insights, direction and guide for optimized economic performance and sustainability of micro, small and medium scale enterprises in the region.
Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Cause-Related Marketing Campaign: Moderating Effect of Sponsor-Cause Congruence
Authors: Al-Dmour Hani , Al-Madani Shahad , Alansari Iman , Tarhini Ali , Al-Dmour Rand Hani
Published: September 2016

This study aimed at identifying the factors affecting cause-related marketing and the moderating effect of sponsor congruence. Data were collected using a self-administrated questionnaire from 500 Jordanians’ consumers from Amman/Jordan. Results of the study showed that there is a positive effect of statistical significance of cause-fit on Jordanian customer’s brand credibility. Contrary to our expectations, the results showed that there is no statistical significant effect of altruistic attribution on Jordanian customer’s brand credibility. The results also showed that there is a positive statistical significant effect of brand credibility of Jordanian customers on cause-related marketing. In addition, it was found that there exists a positive effect of statistical significance of brand credibility of Jordanian customer on cause-related marketing due to sponsor-cause congruence. The current study recommends the necessity of spreading the awareness of cause-related marketing and its benefits to the society. It is also necessary for decision makers in business organizations to concentrate on the fitness of the cause during marketing for some kind of product.
Brand Attachment on Service Loyalty in Banking Sector
Authors: Taghipourian Mohammad Javad , Bakhsh Mahsa Mashayekh
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of brand attachment on service loyalty to the services provided by financial sector. As one of the extremely valuable assets of every firm is its brand, attachment creates a deep emotional link between the consumers and the brand such that it contributes to the success of brand management process. To this end, the effects of two dimensions of the construct (brand-self connection and brand prominence) on each of the dimensions of service loyalty would be explored. The questionnaire is based on Park et al. (2010) and Sudhahar et al. (2006). The results of structural equations modeling indicated that brand attachment had a significant positive effect on service loyalty. Furthermore, the existed a positive effect on the dimensions of brand attachment—i.e., brand-self connection and brand prominence—and all dimensions of loyalty—i.e., behavioral, attitudinal, cognitive, conative, affective, commitment, and trust). Among them, brand-self connection had the highest effect on cognitive loyalty, trust-based loyalty, and commitment-based loyalty while brand prominence was most effective on affective loyalty, cognitive loyalty, and trust-based loyalty.Because of the increase in the number of institutions in banking sector and the diversity of services they offer, banking managers can take the advantage of using the results of brand attachment's effect on the study variables and enhance the loyalty to their services.
The Relationship between Coordination Mechanisms and Communication Efficiency in Projects Involving Marketing Managers: Quantitative Findings from Moroccan SMEs
Authors: Saida Youssef , Kohail Younes , Fasly Hakima , Bouthanoute Rachid
Published: September 2016

Project coordination is recognized as one of the most important aspects that should be integrated effectively in project management to guarantee project success. In fact, coordination provides organization the ability to integrate heterogeneous activities for achieving specific targets. In project, when teams are built according to cross-functional approach, coordination is required to enhance communication between all project stakeholders. This article is in search of the relationship between specific project coordination mechanisms, adopted by marketing managers to integrate other functional activities, and project communication efficiency. Methodologically, our research was based on a quantitative questionnaire distributed to 107 functional managers involved in cross-funtional project team in Moroccan SMEs. An appropriate statistical analysis was deployed to examine data collected. Findings show the existence of a positive correlation between project coordination mechanisms and project communication efficiency. Besides, the importance given to marketing managers’ participation in project meetings was found as a factor impacting the amount of time devoted to. Therefore some insights are emphasized to develop research in this field.
A fungal spore calendar for the atmosphere of Szczecin, Poland
Authors: Bednarz Aleksandra , Pawłowska Sylwia
Published: September 2016

A calendar of fungal spore seasons for Szczecin during 2013 was established using a 7-day volumetric Lanzoni trap. Thirty-five spore taxa were identified. The dominant spore types detected were Cladosporium (66%), Didymella (29%), Alternaria (1.67%), and Leptosphaeria type (1.21%). The spores were present throughout the study year. However, there was a wide daily fluctuation in the concentration values with a tendency towards an increase during the summer months. Seasonally, the spore levels of Cladosporium, Alternaria, and Leptosphaeria type peaked in summer (June–September), while those of Didymella mainly in July. Most of the other spore types had the highest concentrations in summer but occurred in the air from spring to late fall.