bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast and accurate modelling of frictional transient pipe flow
Authors: Urbanowicz Kamil
Published: February 2018

This paper is devoted to the one‐dimensional (1D) modelling of hydraulic losses during transient flow of liquids in pressure lines. Unsteady pipe wall shear stress is present in the form of a convolution of liquid acceleration with a weighting function. The weighting function depends on the dimensionless time and the Reynolds number. In the original model of Zielke (1968), computation of the convolution integral had a complex and inefficient mathematical structure (featured power growth of computational time). Therefore, further work aimed at developing efficient models for estimation of unsteady hydraulic resistance (with nearly linear growth of computational time). In the present paper, a correction to the erratic recursive formula by Schohl (1993), being used to calculate the unsteady wall shear stresses during transient flow, is presented. The simulation results obtained with the corrected Schohl's recursive formula are consistent with the classic but computationally inefficient formula proposed recently by Vardy and Brown (2010). The accuracy of the efficient weighting function obtained in wall shear stress models is verified. The results of pressure pulsation obtained when taking into account cavitating flow, or not, are surprising in the sense that the weighting function does not need to be built by a lengthy sum of exponential terms to accurately simulate the transient event.
Community structure of shallow water Alcyonacea (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the southern Tropical Eastern Pacific
Authors: Steiner Sascha C. C. , Riegl Bernhard , Lavorato Antonella , Rodríguez Jenny
Published: February 2018

Alcyonacea are sessile invertebrates, which can significantly shape the boundary layer in coral reefs and rocky habitats. Ecological aspects in this taxon have been well studied in the Caribbean, Mediterranean, and Indo‐Pacific. With few recent exceptions, studies in the Eastern Pacific focused on taxonomy. We present a quantitative assessment of Alcyonacea communities from the southern Tropical Eastern Pacific, based on video transects in the Marine Reserve El Pelado. Seventeen species from the Plexauridae (8), Gorgoniidea (8), and Clavularidae (1) were identified, comprising 6963 colonies dominated byMuricea(86.7%), particularlyM. plantaginea(48.6%). The overwhelming dominance ofM. plantagineawas the most striking and previously unreported community trait, which contributed to a moderate Shannon entropy (n= 31, H mean 1.40, SD 0.22), equitability (n= 31, HEmean 0.16, SD 0.4), and species diversity expressed as effective number of species (n= 31, mean 4.16, SD 0.87). Few common species overprinted a more variable and subtle community pattern among rarer species, suggested in agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyses. Four species (M. plantaginea,M. purpurea,M. fruticosaandLeptogorgia alba) had the strongest influence on site groupings in the correspondence analysis between a principal component analysis of a Hellinger‐transformed Alcyonacea species matrix and substrate categories, with filamentous turf algae and crustose coralline algae being the main determinants of site differentiation.Muricea plantaginea's qualities of a keystone species, and the eurytopic and stenoecious distribution traits among some species are discussed. The invasiveCarijoa riiseiwas confirmed as biological thereat to other Alcyonacea, and possible physiological distribution limitations are indicated.
Interaction of aluminum oxide nanoparticles with flow of polyvinyl alcohol solutions base nanofluids over a wedge
Authors: Hassan Mohsan , Faisal Abrar , Bhatti Muhammad Mubashir
Published: February 2018

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is an important industrial chemical, which is used in numerous chemical engineering applications. It is important to study and predict the flow behavior of PVA solutions and the role of nanoparticles in heat transfer applications to be used in chemical processes on industrial scale. Therefore, the present study deals with the PVA solution-based non-Newtonian Al2O3-nanofluid flow along with heat transfer over wedge. The power-law model is used for this non-Newtonian nanofluid which exhibited shear-thinning behavior. The influences of PVA and nanoparticles concentrations on the characteristics of velocity and temperature profiles are examined graphically. The impacts of these parameters on wall shear stress and convective heat transfer coefficient are also studied through tabular form. During the numerical computations, the impacts of these parameters on flow index and consistency index along with other physical properties of nanofluid are also considered. In this study, we found an improvement in heat transfer and temperature profile of fluid by distribution of Al2O3 nanoparticles. It is also noticed that resistance between adjacent layers of moving fluid is enhanced due to these nanoparticles which leads to decline in velocity profile and increases in shear stress at wall.
Experimental study on polishing performance of CeO2 and nano-SiO2 mixed abrasive
Authors: He Qiang
Published: February 2018

In this paper, superfine SiO2 nanoparticles are utilized as composite abrasive additive to improve the polishing property of CeO2, which is prepared through chemical precipitation method by rare-earth chloride as raw materials, silicofluoric acid as fluoride, Na2CO3 as modifier, and NH4HCO3 as precipitator. XRD, SEM, particle size analyzer, and atomic force microscopy are applied to characterize the physical structure, morphology, and size distribution. Furthermore, the as-prepared composite abrasive is used to perform chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) experiment on K9 glass to identify the impact of different mass fraction of SiO2 on the CMP property of work materials. The results show that the composite abrasive contained 0.5% SiO2 has the best polishing property, the surface roughness, and material removal rate of glass after polishing can reach at 1.3157 nm and 22.6 nm/min, respectively.
Negative emotions and behaviour: The role of regulatory emotional self‐efficacy
Authors: Mesurado Belén , Vidal Elisabeth Malonda , Mestre Anna Llorca
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study is to test a longitudinal model that analyses the direct effect of negative emotions (anger, depression and anxiety, wave 1) on prosocial and aggressive behaviour (wave 2) in adolescents. And the indirect effect of negative emotions (wave 1) on prosocial and aggressive behaviour (wave 2) through regulatory emotional self‐efficacy. Data was obtained from 417 adolescents in a two‐wave longitudinal study (225 girls, M age = 14.70 years) from schools located in Valencia, Spain. SEM was employed to explore longitudinal models. The results showed that anger had a direct relationship with prosocial behaviour and aggression, measured two years later. However, the depression and anxiety states did not predict prosociality and aggressiveness. The mediation role of regulatory emotional self‐efficacy between negative emotion and behaviours was only partially confirmed. Finally, only the perception of self‐efficacy in expressing positive affect is related to prosociality and aggressiveness.
Quantization of probability distributions and gradient flows in space dimension 2
Authors: Caglioti Emanuele , Golse François , Iacobelli Mikaela
Published: February 2018

In this paper we study a perturbative approach to the problem of quantization of probability distributions in the plane. Motivated by the fact that, as the number of points tends to infinity, hexagonal lattices are asymptotically optimal from an energetic point of view [10,12,15], we consider configurations that are small perturbations of the hexagonal lattice and we show that: (1) in the limit as the number of points tends to infinity, the hexagonal lattice is a strict minimizer of the energy; (2) the gradient flow of the limiting functional allows us to evolve any perturbed configuration to the optimal one exponentially fast. In particular, our analysis provides a new mathematical justification of the asymptotic optimality of the hexagonal lattice among its nearby configurations.
Meta-analytical prognostic accuracy of the Comprehensive Assessment of at Risk Mental States (CAARMS): The need for refined prediction
Authors: Oliver D. , Kotlicka-Antczak M. , Minichino A. , Spada G. , McGuire P. , Fusar-Poli P.
Published: February 2018

Primary indicated prevention is reliant on accurate tools to predict the onset of psychosis. The gold standard assessment for detecting individuals at clinical high risk (CHR-P) for psychosis in the UK and many other countries is the Comprehensive Assessment for At Risk Mental States (CAARMS). While the prognostic accuracy of CHR-P instruments has been assessed in general, this is the first study to specifically analyse that of the CAARMS. As such, the CAARMS was used as the index test, with the reference index being psychosis onset within 2 years. Six independent studies were analysed using MIDAS (STATA 14), with a total of 1876 help-seeking subjects referred to high risk services (CHR-P+: n = 892; CHR-P–: n = 984). Area under the curve (AUC), summary receiver operating characteristic curves (SROC), quality assessment, likelihood ratios, and probability modified plots were computed, along with sensitivity analyses and meta-regressions. The current meta-analysis confirmed that the 2-year prognostic accuracy of the CAARMS is only acceptable (AUC = 0.79 95% CI: 0.75–0.83) and not outstanding as previously reported. In particular, specificity was poor. Sensitivity of the CAARMS is inferior compared to the SIPS, while specificity is comparably low. However, due to the difficulties in performing these types of studies, power in this meta-analysis was low. These results indicate that refining and improving the prognostic accuracy of the CAARMS should be the mainstream area of research for the next era. Avenues of prediction improvement are critically discussed and presented to better benefit patients and improve outcomes of first episode psychosis.
Amendment of traditional assessment measures for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Authors: Farreny Aida , Usall Judith , Cuevas-Esteban Jorge , Ochoa Susana , Brébion Gildas
Published: February 2018

Schizophrenia research based on traditional assessment measures for negative symptoms appears to be, to some extent, unreliable. The limitations of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) have been extensively acknowledged and should be taken into account. The aim of this study is to show how the PANSS and the SANS conflate negative symptoms and cognition and to offer alternatives for the limitations found.

Methods

A sample of 117 participants with schizophrenia from two independent studies was retrospectively investigated. Linear regression models were computed to explore the effect of negative symptoms and illness duration as predictors of cognitive performance.

Results

For the PANSS, the item “abstract thinking” accounted for the association between negative symptoms and cognition. For the SANS, the “attention” subscale predicted the performance in verbal memory, but illness duration emerged as a stronger predictor than negative symptoms for outcomes of processing speed, verbal and working memory.

Conclusion

Utilizing alternative models to the traditional PANSS and SANS formats, and accounting for illness duration, provide more precise evidence on the relationship between negative symptoms and cognition. Since these measures are still extensively utilized, we recommend adopting more rigorous approaches to avoid misleading results.
Emotion regulation as a moderator of the interplay between self-reported and physiological stress and paranoia
Authors: Krkovic Katarina , Krink Stephanie , Lincoln Tania M.
Published: February 2018

Experience sampling method (ESM) studies have found an association between daily stress and paranoid symptoms, but it is uncertain whether these findings generalize to physiological indicators of stress. Moreover, the temporality of the association and its moderating factors require further research. Here, we investigate whether physiological and self-rated daily stress predict subsequent paranoid symptoms and analyze the role of emotion regulation as a putative moderator. We applied ESM during 24 h to repeatedly assess heart rate, self-rated stress, and subclinical paranoia in a sample of 67 psychosis-prone individuals as measured with Community Assessment for Psychotic Experiences (CAPE). Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation was assessed at baseline with the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ-ES) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Linear mixed models were used to analyze the data. Heart rate (b = 0.004, p < 0.05) and self-rated stress (b = 0.238, p < 0.001) predicted subsequent paranoia. The reverse effect, paranoia as a predictor of subsequent heart rate (b = 0.230, p = 0.615) or self-rated stress (b = –0.009, p = 0.751) was non-significant. Maladaptive emotion regulation was a significant predictor of paranoia (b = 0.740, p < 0.01) and moderated the path from self-rated stress to paranoia (b = 0.188, p < 0.05) but not the path from heart rate to paranoia (b = 0.005, p = 0.09). Our findings suggest a one-way temporal link between daily stress and paranoia and highlight the importance of emotion regulation as a vulnerability factor relevant to this process.
Beliefs about hydroxyurea in youth with sickle cell disease
Authors: Badawy Sherif M. , Thompson Alexis A. , Liem Robert I.
Published: February 2018

Background:

Hydroxyurea reduces complications and improves health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients, however adherence remains suboptimal. Understanding patients’ views of hydroxyurea is critical to optimize adherence, particularly in adolescents and young adults (AYA). Study objectives were to assess beliefs about hydroxyurea using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), and to examine the relationship of patients’ beliefs to their hydroxyurea adherence and HRQOL.

Methods:

Thirty-four AYA with SCD participated in a cross-sectional study January-December 2015. Study assessments included BMQ to examine beliefs about hydroxyurea; Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to assess hydroxyurea adherence; and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) to evaluate HRQOL.

Results:

Participants (41% female, 91% Black) had median age of 13.5 (IQR 12–18) years. Participants’ concerns about overuse of medications correlated with concerns about hydroxyurea (rs
= 0.36, p = 0.04) and overall harm of medications (rs
= 0.5, p = 0.003). Participants’ age positively correlated with the necessity of hydroxyurea (rs = 0.45, p = 0.007). Participants–; concerns about hydroxyurea and overuse of medications positively correlated with anxiety (rs
= 0.41, p = 0.02; rs
= 0.44, p = 0.01) and depression (rs
= 0.37, p = 0.04; rs
= 0.54, p = 0.001), but inversely correlated with peer relationships (rs
= -0.45, p = 0.03; rs
= -0.44, p = 0.03), respectively, suggesting better HRQOL with concerns. Fifty percent of participants reported low hydroxyurea adherence (VAS < 80%), which was more seen in patients with higher concerns about hydroxyurea (p = 0.02).

Conclusions:

Beliefs about hydroxyurea correlated with HRQOL scores and adherence levels. Addressing patients’ concern about hydroxyurea and medications overall as well as routine assessment of adherence and beliefs could help to overcome adherence barriers.
Skin involvement in Burkitt’s lymphoma
Authors: Thakkar Dhwanee , Lipi Lipika , Misra Ruchira , Yadav Satya Prakash
Published: February 2018

Skin involvement in Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) is rare, more so in the pediatric age group. There are very few cases of BL involving skin either at presentation or relapse reported in literature. We report a case of a 9-years old boy with stage 4 Burkitt’s lymphoma with skin involvement who tested negative for human immune-deficiency virus.
Neighborhoods, sleep quality, and cognitive decline: Does where you live and how well you sleep matter?
Authors: Hunter Jaimie C. , Handing Elizabeth P. , Casanova Ramon , Kuchibhatla Maragatha , Lutz Michael W. , Saldana Santiago , Plassman Brenda L. , Hayden Kathleen M.
Published: February 2018

Introduction

We evaluated the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) and sleep quality on cognitive decline in the Health and Retirement Study.

Methods

Health and Retirement Study participants (n = 8090), aged 65+ with DNA and multiple biennial cognitive observations (abbreviated Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status), were included. Participants were grouped into quartiles of NSES and sleep quality scores. We adjusted for apolipoprotein E ε4, demographic, and cardiovascular risk factors. Random effects modeling evaluated cognitive change over time.

Results

NSES and sleep were significantly associated with cognitive decline, and there was a significant interaction between them (P = .02). Significant differences between high/low NSES and high/low sleep quality (P < .0001) were found.

Discussion

Sleep and NSES were associated with cognitive decline; the association between sleep and cognition appeared stronger among those with low NSES. The association between low NSES, poor sleep quality, and cognitive decline was roughly equivalent to the association between apolipoprotein E ε4 and cognitive decline.
Topical Testosterone Therapy Adherence and Outcomes Among Men With Primary or Secondary Hypogonadism
Authors: Grabner Michael , Hepp Zsolt , Raval Amit , Tian Fang , Khera Mohit
Published: February 2018

Background

Men with primary or secondary hypogonadism (HG) prescribed testosterone therapy (TTh) who terminate treatment early might not obtain the benefit of symptom relief.

Aim

To estimate adherence to topical TTh and to compare baseline characteristics and follow-up outcomes between adherent and non-adherent patients in a population of commercially insured US men with primary or secondary HG.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of adult men with primary or secondary HG and initiating topical TTh from 2007 through 2014, with continuous coverage during 12-month baseline and follow-up periods, was identified from a large US health plan. Clinical conditions were assessed using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Adherence to initial topical TTh was defined as proportion of days covered of at least 80%. Characteristics and outcomes were compared across adherent and non-adherent patients.

Outcomes

Adherence to topical TTh, occurrence of HG-related clinical outcomes, and total health care costs.

Results

We identified 3,184 topical TTh initiators (mean age = 49 years), of whom 17% (n = 538) were adherent at 12 months. Factors positively associated with adherence included prescribing by specialists, a lower prevalence of certain comorbidities at baseline, residence in the Northeast, and an earlier start year of the topical TTh prescription. Adherence to topical TTh was associated with lower odds of having HG-associated clinical conditions (composite measure) over 12-month follow-up. In the subset of patients with available laboratory results, adherent patients had greater increases in testosterone levels compared with non-adherent patients. Increased pharmacy costs for adherent patients were partly offset by decreases in medical costs.

Clinical Implications

Adherence to topical testosterone is low but associated with positive outcomes, demonstrating the need for future efforts to focus on improving adherence in this population.

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths of this study include the large number of analyzed patients and the routine care (rather than interventional trial) setting, which maximizes generalizability within the source population. Limitations are primarily a result of reliance on medical claims data, which lack clinical context and are subject to potential coding errors. Certain factors of potential importance for adherence, such as patient and provider preferences, were not available in the dataset. The study analyzed commercially insured US patients and our ability to generalize these results to the entire US population or other countries might be limited.

Conclusion

Study findings provide further evidence for suboptimal topical TTh adherence among men treated for primary or secondary HG. Adherence is associated with greater improvement in total testosterone laboratory values and might be associated with a lower likelihood of having certain HG-related conditions.
Fratura da diáfise de úmero associada a luxação de cotovelo e fratura do terço distal do antebraço: relato de caso
Authors: Alencar Neto Jonatas , Costa Cavalcante Maria , Garrido Renackson , Messias da Rocha Pedro
Published: February 2018

A fratura da diáfise do úmero associada a luxação posterolateral do cotovelo e fratura de terço distal dos ossos do antebraço é uma lesão rara, não relatada na literatura pesquisada. Alguns estudos reportam a associação de duas dessas lesões, porém não foram encontrados relatos com as três ipsilateralmente nas bases PubMed, Lilacs e Bireme. Os autores apresentam o caso de um paciente de 13 anos, do sexo masculino, com história de queda de aproximadamente três metros de altura. Foi atendido em um hospital terciário de referência em traumatologia com diagnóstico de fratura diafisária do úmero associada a luxação do cotovelo, lesão da placa fisária do rádio e fratura de terço distal da ulna ipisilateral esquerda. O paciente foi submetido a redução incruenta de todas as lesões sob sedação anestésica; posteriormente à redução, optou-se pelo uso de tala antebraquiopalmar e tipoia comercial tipo Velpeau como tratamento da fratura diafisária de úmero. Após uma semana, o paciente apresentou desvio da fratura diafisária do úmero, foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico com hastes flexíveis de forma retrógrada, gesso antebraquiopalmar e tipoia comercial do tipo Velpeau.
China shows growing interest in Fluence's smart packaged MABR business model
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: February 2018

US-based provider of water and wastewater treatment systems Fluence Corp Ltd recently signed two agreements in quick succession with companies in China that are interested in deploying its containerised membrane aerated biofilm reactor (C-MABR) system – proof that its smart packaged MABR business model is highly applicable to the country's rural wastewater treatment market.
The 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda and Academic Criminology
Authors: Redo Sławomir
Published: February 2018

This essay introduces some research and pedagogical issues relevant to the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda into academic criminology, especially concerning teaching and learning about these issues in the context of climate change. Academic criminology should not hesitate to take on board the normative dimension of socio-economic development. Certainly, the 2030 United Nations Agenda is a very fitting case in point.
The Rockefeller University Clinical Scholars (KL2) program 2006–2016
Authors: Schlesinger Sarah J. , Romanick Michelle , Tobin Jonathan N. , Brassil Donna , Kost Rhonda G. , Devine Rita , O’Sullivan Barbara , Vaughan Roger D. , Liang Yupu , Correa da Rosa Joel , Williams Maija , Krueger James G. , Coller Barry S.
Published: February 2018

Introduction and Methods

The Rockefeller Clinical Scholars (KL2) program began in 1976 and transitioned into a 3-year Master’s degree program in 2006 when Rockefeller joined the National Institute of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award program. The program consists of ∼15 trainees supported by the Clinical and Translational Science Award KL2 award and University funds. It is designed to provide an optimal environment for junior translational investigators to develop team science and leadership skills by designing and performing a human subjects protocol under the supervision of a distinguished senior investigator mentor and a team of content expert educators. This is complemented by a tutorial focused on important translational skills.

Results

Since 2006, 40 Clinical Scholars have graduated from the programs and gone on to careers in academia (72%), government service (5%), industry (15%), and private medical practice (3%); 2 (5%) remain in training programs; 39/40 remain in translational research careers with 23 National Institute of Health awards totaling $23 million, foundation and philanthropic support of $20.3 million, and foreign government and foundation support of $6 million. They have made wide ranging scientific discoveries and have endeavored to translate those discoveries into improved human health.

Conclusion

The Rockefeller Clinical Scholars (KL2) program provides one model for translational science training.
The kinematic genesis of vortex formation due to finite rotation of a plate in still fluid
Authors: David M. Jimreeves , Mathur Manikandan , Govardhan R. N. , Arakeri J. H.
Published: February 2018

We present a combined experimental and numerical study of an idealized model of the propulsive stroke of the turning manoeuvre in fish. Specifically, we use the framework of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) to describe the kinematics of the flow that results from a thin plate performing a large angle rotation about its tip in still fluid. Temporally and spatially well-resolved velocity fields are obtained using a two-dimensional, incompressible finite-volume solver, and are validated by comparisons with experimentally measured velocity fields and alternate numerical simulations. We then implement the recently proposed variational theory of LCSs to extract the hyperbolic and elliptic LCSs in the numerically generated velocity fields. Detailed LCS analysis is performed for a plate motion profile described by$\dot{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}(t)=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{max}\sin ^{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}t)$during$0\leqslant t\leqslant t_{o}$and zero otherwise. The stopping time$t_{o}$is given by$t_{o}=\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}=10~\text{s}$, the value of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{max}$chosen to give a stopping angle of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{max}=90^{\circ }$, resulting in a Reynolds number$Re=c^{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{max}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=785.4$, where$c$is the plate chord length and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=10^{-6}~\text{m}^{2}~\text{s}^{-1}$the kinematic viscosity of water. The flow comprises a starting and a stopping vortex, resulting in a pair of oppositely signed vortices of unequal strengths that move away from the plate in a direction closely aligned with the final plate orientation at$t/t_{o}\approx 2$. The hyperbolic LCSs are shown to encompass the fluid material that is advected away from the plate for$t>t_{o}$, henceforth referred to as the advected bulk. The starting and stopping vortices, identified using elliptic LCSs and hence more objective than Eulerian vortex detection methods, constitute only around two thirds of the advected bulk area. The advected bulk is traced back to$t=0$to identify five distinct lobes of fluid that eventually form the advected bulk, and hence map the long-term fate of various regions in the fluid at$t=0$. The five different lobes of fluid are then shown to be delineated by repelling LCS boundaries at$t=0$. The linear momentum of the advected bulk region is shown to account for approximately half of the total impulse experienced by the plate in the direction of its final orientation, thus establishing its dynamical significance. We provide direct experimental evidence for the kinematic relevance of hyperbolic and elliptic LCSs using novel dye visualization experiments, and also show that attracting hyperbolic LCSs provide objective characterization of the spiral structures often observed in vortical flows. We conclude by showing that qualitatively similar LCSs persist for several other plate motion profiles and stopping angles as well.
Impinging jet flow and hydraulic jump on a rotating disk
Authors: Wang Yunpeng , Khayat Roger E.
Published: February 2018

The free-surface flow formed by a circular jet impinging on a rotating disk is analysed theoretically. The study explores the effects of rotation and inertia on the thin-film flow. Both boundary-layer height and film thickness are found to diminish with rotation speed. A maximum film thickness develops in the supercritical region, which reflects the competition between the convective and centrifugal effects. Unlike the flow on a stationary disk, an increase in the wall shear stress along the radial direction is predicted, at a rate that strengthens with rotating speed. Our results corroborate well existing measurements. The location and height of the hydraulic jump are determined subject to the value of the thickness at the edge of the disk, which is established first for a stationary disk based on the capillary length, and then for a rotating disk using existing analyses and measurements in spin coating. The case of a stationary is revisited in an effort to predict the location and height of the jump uniquely. The formulated value of the height at the edge of the disk seems to give excellent results for a jet at moderately high flow rate (or low viscosity) where the jump structure is well identifiable in reality.
Drainage flow of a viscous compressible fluid from a small capillary with a sealed end
Authors: Chen Kang Ping , Shen Di
Published: February 2018

Volumetric expansion driven drainage flow of a viscous compressible fluid from a small capillary with a sealed end is studied in the low Mach number limit using the linearized compressible Navier–Stokes equations with no-slip condition. Density relaxation, oscillation and decay as well as the velocity field are investigated in detail. It is shown that fluid drainage is controlled by the slow decay of the standing acoustic wave inside the capillary; and the acoustic wave retards the density diffusion by reducing the diffusion coefficient of the density envelope equation by one half. Remarkably the no-slip flow exhibits a slip-like mass flow rate. The period-averaged mass flow rate at the exit (drainage rate) is found proportional to the fluid’s kinematic viscosity via the density diffusion coefficient and the average drainage speed is independent of the capillary radius. These findings are valid for arbitrarily small capillaries as long as the continuum assumption holds and they are in stark contrast to the classical lubrication based theory. Generalization to a capillary with a sound absorbing end is achieved by a simple model. The reported results offer new insights to the nature of slow viscous compressible flows in very small capillaries.
Droplet impact onto an elastic plate: a new mechanism for splashing
Authors: Pegg Michael , Purvis Richard , Korobkin Alexander
Published: February 2018

During a droplet impact onto a substrate, splashing is known to be caused by the presence of surrounding gas or by surface roughness. Impact occurring in a vacuum onto a smooth rigid wall results in droplet spreading, rather than development of a corona or prompt splash. Here we present an analytical and numerical study of a third potential splashing mechanism, namely elastic deformation of the substrate. An axisymmetric Wagner-style model of droplet impact is formulated and solved using the method of normal modes, together with asymptotic analysis and numerical methods. We highlight the effect that a flexible substrate brings to the contact line velocity and jet behaviour, demonstrating that oscillation of the substrate can cause blow-up of the splash jet which is absent for a rigid substrate and indicate the onset of splashing.
Transparency, Protest and Democratic Stability
Authors: Hollyer James R. , Rosendorff B. Peter , Vreeland James Raymond
Published: February 2018

Democratic rule is maintained so long as all relevant actors in the political system comply with the institutional rules of the game – democratic institutions must be self-enforcing. We examine the role of transparency in supporting a democratic equilibrium. Transparency improves the functioning of elections: in transparent polities, elections more effectively resolve adverse selection problems between the public and their rulers. Transparency increases popular satisfaction with democracy and inhibits challenges to the democratic order. We provide a game-theoretic model, test these claims, and find they enjoy empirical support. Transparency is associated with a reduction in both the probability of democratic collapse and of the irregular removal of democratic leaders. Transparency stabilizes democratic rule.
A Fast Acquisition Algorithm Based on Division of GNSS Signals
Authors: Zeng Qingxi , Qiu Wenqi , Zhang Pengna , Zhu Xuefen , Pei Ling
Published: February 2018

The acquisition of signals is a precondition for tracking and solution calculation in software-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. The Parallel Code phase Acquisition (PCA) algorithm can simultaneously obtain the correlation results at every sampling point. However, if the number of sampling points that needs processing is large, this method will lead to a heavy computational load. Thus, we improve the process of the PCA algorithm and propose a novel algorithm that divides the signals intoK(Kis a constant) parts to achieve correlation and obtains the correlation results with a fusion algorithm. This algorithm can simultaneously obtain the correlation results for sampling points at an interval ofKpoints. If theKvalue is selected appropriately, the computational load can be decreased by about 50%. Also, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves show that under a certain probability of false alarm, the detection probability of the proposed algorithms is 5% lower than that of the PCA algorithm. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can speed up the acquisition process with a slight decrease in detection probability.
Remembered resilience: oral history narratives and community resilience in agroforestry systems
Authors: Osterhoudt Sarah
Published: February 2018

In this article, I consider how local oral history narratives provide smallholder farmers with both material and symbolic resources in adapting to climate change. I draw from the case study of an agrarian village in Madagascar that was struck by a destructive category 3 cyclone. In the weeks following the storm, oral history knowledge occupied an increasingly visible role within the community, as younger farmers interacted with elders to hear tales of past storms. Through these shared accounts, people discussed specific techniques on how to cope with environmental uncertainty. They also created a sense of shared history, which provided individuals across generations an entry point into the local historical record. Overall, the process of sharing oral history accounts can contribute to community resilience, with resiliency encompassing not only technical or ecological factors, but also the more affective realms of shared legacies, hope and belonging.
Let-7 microRNA controls invasion-promoting lysosomal changes via the oncogenic transcription factor myeloid zinc finger-1
Authors: Tvingsholm Siri Amanda , Hansen Malene Bredahl , Clemmensen Knut Kristoffer Bundgaard , Brix Ditte Marie , Rafn Bo , Frankel Lisa B , Louhimo Riku , Moreira José , Hautaniemi Sampsa , Gromova Irina , Jäättelä Marja , Kallunki Tuula
Published: February 2018

Cancer cells utilize lysosomes for invasion and metastasis. Myeloid Zinc Finger1 (MZF1) is an ErbB2-responsive transcription factor that promotes invasion of breast cancer cells via upregulation of lysosomal cathepsins B and L. Here we identify let-7 microRNA, a well-known tumor suppressor in breast cancer, as a direct negative regulator of MZF1. Analysis of primary breast cancer tissues reveals a gradual upregulation of MZF1 from normal breast epithelium to invasive ductal carcinoma and a negative correlation between several let-7 family members and MZF1 mRNA, suggesting that the inverse regulatory relationship between let-7 and MZF1 may play a role in the development of invasive breast cancer. Furthermore, we show that MZF1 regulates lysosome trafficking in ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells. In line with this, MZF1 depletion or let-7 expression inhibits invasion-promoting anterograde trafficking of lysosomes and invasion of ErbB2-expressing MCF7 spheres. The results presented here link MZF1 and let-7 to lysosomal processes in ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells that in non-cancerous cells have primarily been connected to the transcription factor EB. Identifying MZF1 and let-7 as regulators of lysosome distribution in invasive breast cancer cells, uncouples cancer-associated, invasion-promoting lysosomal alterations from normal lysosomal functions and thus opens up new possibilities for the therapeutic targeting of cancer lysosomes.
Targeted production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria to overcome cancer drug resistance
Authors: Wang Hai , Gao Zan , Liu Xuanyou , Agarwal Pranay , Zhao Shuting , Conroy Daniel W. , Ji Guang , Yu Jianhua , Jaroniec Christopher P. , Liu Zhenguo , Lu Xiongbin , Li Xiaodong , He Xiaoming
Published: February 2018

Multidrug resistance is a major challenge to cancer chemotherapy. The multidrug resistance phenotype is associated with the overexpression of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven transmembrane efflux pumps in cancer cells. Here, we report a lipid membrane-coated silica-carbon (LSC) hybrid nanoparticle that targets mitochondria through pyruvate, to specifically produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. The ROS can oxidize the NADH into NAD+ to reduce the amount of ATP available for the efflux pumps. The treatment with LSC nanoparticles and NIR laser irradiation also reduces the expression and increases the intracellular distribution of the efflux pumps. Consequently, multidrug-resistant cancer cells lose their multidrug resistance capability for at least 5 days, creating a therapeutic window for chemotherapy. Our in vivo data show that the drug-laden LSC nanoparticles in combination with NIR laser treatment can effectively inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistant tumors with no evident systemic toxicity.
Influences of organic carbon speciation on hyporheic corridor biogeochemistry and microbial ecology
Authors: Stegen James C. , Johnson Tim , Fredrickson James K. , Wilkins Michael J. , Konopka Allan E. , Nelson William C. , Arntzen Evan V. , Chrisler William B. , Chu Rosalie K. , Fansler Sarah J. , Graham Emily B. , Kennedy David W. , Resch Charles T. , Tfaily Malak , Zachara John
Published: February 2018

The hyporheic corridor (HC) encompasses the river–groundwater continuum, where the mixing of groundwater (GW) with river water (RW) in the HC can stimulate biogeochemical activity. Here we propose a novel thermodynamic mechanism underlying this phenomenon and reveal broader impacts on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial ecology. We show that thermodynamically favorable DOC accumulates in GW despite lower DOC concentration, and that RW contains thermodynamically less-favorable DOC, but at higher concentrations. This indicates that GW DOC is protected from microbial oxidation by low total energy within the DOC pool, whereas RW DOC is protected by lower thermodynamic favorability of carbon species. We propose that GW–RW mixing overcomes these protections and stimulates respiration. Mixing models coupled with geophysical and molecular analyses further reveal tipping points in spatiotemporal dynamics of DOC and indicate important hydrology–biochemistry–microbial feedbacks. Previously unrecognized thermodynamic mechanisms regulated by GW–RW mixing may therefore strongly influence biogeochemical and microbial dynamics in riverine ecosystems.
Publisher Correction: Electric-field control of ferromagnetism through oxygen ion gating
Authors: Li Hao-Bo , Lu Nianpeng , Zhang Qinghua , Wang Yujia , Feng Deqiang , Chen Tianzhe , Yang Shuzhen , Duan Zheng , Li Zhuolu , Shi Yujun , Wang Weichao , Wang Wei-Hua , Jin Kui , Liu Hui , Ma Jing , Gu Lin , Nan Cewen , Yu Pu
Published: February 2018

In the original version of this Article, Figs. 4c and 4d contained incorrectly sized error bars. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article
Methylation profiling identifies two subclasses of squamous cell carcinoma related to distinct cells of origin
Authors: Rodríguez-Paredes Manuel , Bormann Felix , Raddatz Günter , Gutekunst Julian , Lucena-Porcel Carlota , Köhler Florian , Wurzer Elisabeth , Schmidt Katrin , Gallinat Stefan , Wenck Horst , Röwert-Huber Joachim , Denisova Evgeniya , Feuerbach Lars , Park Jeongbin , Brors Benedikt , Herpel Esther , Nindl Ingo , Hofmann Thomas G. , Winnefeld Marc , Lyko Frank
Published: February 2018

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer and usually progresses from a UV-induced precancerous lesion termed actinic keratosis (AK). Despite various efforts to characterize these lesions molecularly, the etiology of AK and its progression to cSCC remain partially understood. Here, we use Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChips to interrogate the DNA methylation status in healthy, AK and cSCC epidermis samples. Importantly, we show that AK methylation patterns already display classical features of cancer methylomes and are highly similar to cSCC profiles. Further analysis identifies typical features of stem cell methylomes, such as reduced DNA methylation age, non-CpG methylation, and stem cell-related keratin and enhancer methylation patterns. Interestingly, this signature is detected only in half of the samples, while the other half shows patterns more closely related to healthy epidermis. These findings suggest the existence of two subclasses of AK and cSCC emerging from distinct keratinocyte differentiation stages.
Locating multiple diffusion sources in time varying networks from sparse observations
Authors: Hu Zhao-Long , Shen Zhesi , Cao Shinan , Podobnik Boris , Yang Huijie , Wang Wen-Xu , Lai Ying-Cheng
Published: February 2018

Data based source localization in complex networks has a broad range of applications. Despite recent progress, locating multiple diffusion sources in time varying networks remains to be an outstanding problem. Bridging structural observability and sparse signal reconstruction theories, we develop a general framework to locate diffusion sources in time varying networks based solely on sparse data from a small set of messenger nodes. A general finding is that large degree nodes produce more valuable information than small degree nodes, a result that contrasts that for static networks. Choosing large degree nodes as the messengers, we find that sparse observations from a few such nodes are often sufficient for any number of diffusion sources to be located for a variety of model and empirical networks. Counterintuitively, sources in more rapidly varying networks can be identified more readily with fewer required messenger nodes.
The influence of the peripheral cortisol fluctuation on the success rate of adrenal venous sampling
Authors: Chang Chin-Chen , Lee Bo-Ching , Liu Kao-Lang , Chang Yeun-Chung , Wu Vin-Cent , Huang Kuo-How , Wu Tung-Hsin
Published: February 2018

In this retrospective study, we aimed to estimate the influence of fluctuating peripheral plasma cortisol concentration (PCC) on the success rate of non-stimulated adrenal venous sampling (AVS) and to demonstrate its fluctuating pattern. Overall, 107 consecutive patients with primary aldosteronism undergoing AVS between July 2015–January 2017 were included. The peripheral vein was sampled at 4 separate time points during the procedure: after femoral puncture, during left adrenal sampling, during right adrenal sampling, and before procedural ending. The selectivity index (SI) was calculated using the highest, the lowest, and the simultaneous sampled peripheral PCC. The highest and lowest peripheral PCC significantly differed (p < 0.001) ranging from a 113% increase to a 55% decrease, respectively, and significant correlation between the degree of the peripheral PCC fluctuation and the inter-sampling time length was found (p < 0.001). There was significant difference in the success rate of the groups using different peripheral PCC: highest and lowest (SI cutoff value 2 and 3), highest and simultaneous (2 and 3), and lowest and simultaneous (3). Altogether, we found significant variation of the peripheral PCC during AVS and the success rate for non-stimulated AVS altered significantly using the peripheral PCC at different time points.
Biogenic corrosion inhibitor on mild steel protection in concentrated HCl medium
Authors: Krishnan Muthukumar , Subramanian Harinee , Dahms Hans-Uwe , Sivanandham Vignesh , Seeni Palanichamy , Gopalan Subramanian , Mahalingam Ashok , Rathinam Arthur James
Published: February 2018

Turbinaria ornata(TO) extract was tested as green corrosion inhibitor on mild steel (MS) coupons in conc. HCl medium with an efficiency of 100% at 25 g l−1during 5 min exposure. Antibacterial efficacy performed against 16 S rDNA identified marine biofilming bacteria (MBB) and human pathogenic bacteria (HPB). Maximum inhibition growth was 16 mm on MBB observed inBacillus megaterium(MBF14 - AB894827) and 20 mm on HPB inEscherichia coli(B5 - NCIM 2931). Similarly, minimum of 10 mm on MBB witnessed inPseudomonassp., (MBF9 - AB894829). Toxicity studies proved 50.0% LC50at 500 μg ml−1in 24 hrs, whereasBalanus amphitriteresulted in 100% mortality within 12 hrs. Results including weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, FT-IR and GC-MS confirm 10-Octadecaonic acid as a major corrosion inhibitor fromT. ornataand is discovered as a novel antifoulant. Anticorrosion formulation will become available soon.
Glucose repression can be alleviated by reducing glucose phosphorylation rate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lane Stephan , Xu Haiqing , Oh Eun Joong , Kim Heejin , Lesmana Anastashia , Jeong Deokyeol , Zhang Guochang , Tsai Ching-Sung , Jin Yong-Su , Kim Soo Rin
Published: February 2018

Microorganisms commonly exhibit preferential glucose consumption and diauxic growth when cultured in mixtures of glucose and other sugars. Although various genetic perturbations have alleviated the effects of glucose repression on consumption of specific sugars, a broadly applicable mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that a reduction in the rate of glucose phosphorylation alleviates the effects of glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Through adaptive evolution under a mixture of xylose and the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose, we isolated a mutant strain capable of simultaneously consuming glucose and xylose. Genome sequencing of the evolved mutant followed by CRISPR/Cas9-based reverse engineering revealed that mutations in the glucose phosphorylating enzymes (Hxk1, Hxk2, Glk1) were sufficient to confer simultaneous glucose and xylose utilization. We then found that varying hexokinase expression with an inducible promoter led to the simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose. Interestingly, no mutations in sugar transporters occurred during the evolution, and no specific transporter played an indispensable role in simultaneous sugar utilization. Additionally, we demonstrated that slowing glucose consumption also enabled simultaneous utilization of glucose and galactose. These results suggest that the rate of intracellular glucose phosphorylation is a decisive factor for metabolic regulations of mixed sugars.