bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CD2AP is a potential prognostic biomarker of renal clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Can , Xu Jia , Zhang Jie‐Xin , Chen Lin‐Yuan , Wei Yu‐Ang , Zhang Wei‐Ming , Shao Peng‐Fei , Xu Hua‐Guo
Published: March 2024

Background

CD2‐associated protein (CD2AP) is a podocyte‐associated gene and its reduced expression is associated with the development of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. However, few studies have focused on the correlation between the expression and prognosis of CD2AP in renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Therefore, we aimed to assess the regulation of CD2AP expression and prognostic value in ccRCC.

Methods

Multiple databases were employed to examine the expression of CD2AP in ccRCC. RT‐qPCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to validate CD2AP expression in different cell lines and tissue samples. Kaplan–Meier analysis and ROC curve analysis were performed on the predictive prognostic performance of CD2AP. COX regression was used to construct CD2AP‐related prognostic models. The TIMER and TISIDB databases were used to analyze the correlation of tumor‐infiltrating immune cells with gene expression, mutations, somatic copy number variation, and immune molecules. Mass spectrometry was used to detect methylation status of the promoter CpG site of CD2AP in multiple cells.

Results

We found that CD2AP expression was downregulated in ccRCC and its lower expression level was correlation with worse patient prognosis, higher tumor stage and grade and distant metastasis through analysis of databases, ccRCC cell lines and clinical tissue samples. Moreover, database and mass spectrometry techniques identified and validated cg12968598 hypermethylation as one of the key reasons for the downregulation of CD2AP expression. CD2AP expression was also associated with macrophage and neutrophil infiltration.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results suggest that CD2AP can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ccRCC patients and that DNA hypermethylation plays an important role in reducing CD2AP expression.
Prescribing pre‐ and post‐operative physical activity interventions for people undergoing breast cancer surgery: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Howe Lauren , Husband Andy , Robinson‐Barella Anna
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Undertaking physical activity, pre‐ and post‐operatively, can benefit recovery time and improve post‐surgical outcomes. One cohort of patients that have reported these benefits are those undergoing surgery for breast cancer. Yet, what remains unclear is the level to which physical activity interventions are implemented into standard surgical care for patients with breast cancer.

Aims

This systematic review aimed to examine existing qualitative evidence focusing on pre‐ and post‐operative physical activity interventions to better understand the benefits and shortcomings of physical activity within the surgical journey.

Methods

A systematic literature search was undertaken in November 2022, across five databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus. Qualitative studies involving people with breast cancer who had undertaken a physical activity intervention, either pre‐ and/or post‐operatively, were included for analysis. The review was registered on PROSPERO: CRD42022372466 and performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative study checklist was used to assess study quality.

Results

Fourteen studies were included, comprising the perspectives of 418 people receiving surgery for breast cancer. One study implemented preoperative physical activity interventions; the remaining studies focused on post‐operative interventions. A narrative systematic review was undertaken due to heterogeneity in reported results. Four themes were developed by thematic analysis, centring on: (1) factors promoting engagement with physical activity interventions; (2) factors preventing engagement with physical activity interventions; (3) the impact of pre‐ and post‐operative interventions on physical and psychological health; and (4) participant recommendations for pre‐ and post‐operative interventions.

Conclusion

Pre‐ and post‐operative physical activity interventions were well‐accepted. Patients recognised factors which promoted or prevented engagement with interventions, as well as pre‐ and post‐operative physical and psychological benefits that arose as a result. Evidence based co‐design studies may further inform successful implementation of prescribed physical activity into standard care for surgical breast cancer patients.
High Cell Density Cultivation Combined with high Specific Enzyme Activity: Cultivation Protocol for the Production of an Amine Transaminase from Bacillus megaterium in E. coli
Authors: Rothkranz Berit , Rieb Matthias , Unrau Evelin Lisa , Frindi‐Wosch Ilona , Hemmerich Johannes , Sehl Torsten , Rother Dörte
Published: March 2024

High cell density cultivation is an established method for the production of various industrially important products such as recombinant proteins. However, these protocols are not always suitable for biocatalytic processes as the focus often lies on biomass production rather than high specific activities of the enzyme inside the cells. In contrast, a range of shake flask protocols are well known with high specific activities but rather low cell densities. To overcome this gap, we established a tailor‐made fed‐batch protocol combining both aspects: high cell density and high specific activities of heterologously produced enzyme. Using the example of an industrially relevant amine transaminase from Bacillus megaterium, we describe a strategy to optimize the cultivation yield based on the feed rate, IPTG concentration, and post‐induction temperature. By adjusting these key parameters, we were able to increase the specific activity by 2.6‐fold and the wet cell weight by even 17‐fold compared to shake flasks. Finally, we were able to verify our established protocol by transferring it to another experimenter. With that, our optimization strategy can serve as a template for the production of high titers of heterologously produced, active enzymes and might enable the availability of these catalysts for upscaling biocatalytic processes.
Measuring Ligand‐bound Protein Complexes with Proximity Labeling: A Practical Guide
Authors: Goyal Pavitra , Tao Andrew J. , Mumby Elizabeth J. , English Justin G. , Ferguson Fleur M.
Published: March 2024

Identifying the drug‐target interactome of small molecule therapeutics is essential for understanding the full pharmacological effects of a compound. These therapies often induce changes within the cellular proteome, leading to unexpected consequences such as changes in the targets complexation state or off‐target interactions between the compound and additional proteins. Currently, unbiased target‐ID approaches are being used to embark on this task. Here we provide an overview of the strengths and limitations of these methods, and a practical step‐by‐step protocol for using the BioTAC system to assist with drug target and interactome ID.
Para mi gente: Community responsive civic practices at Hispanic Serving Community Colleges
Authors: Alcantar Cynthia Maribel , Hernandez Edwin , Reyes Alicia Nani , Jauregui‐Gomez Melissa , Kim Victoria
Published: March 2024

This article presents research on the role of educators at a Hispanic Serving community college in the civic development—the capacity to be socially and/or politically civically engaged—of Latinx students. The article presents educators’ perceptions of, and pedagogies used to promote, the civic development of Latinx students and communities at a federally designated Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) community college. The community college serves a region that has historically disenfranchised, excluded, and dismissed Latinx and other immigrant groups from fully incorporating into the civic fabric of the region. We present findings from interviews with educators (i.e., faculty, counselors, administrators, and staff), and document and website analysis to undercover the pedagogies that support the civic development of Latinx students and communities. The need to study the connection between HSIs, community colleges, and civic engagement is imperative because these colleges can serve la gente de la comunidad by promoting service to communities and developing leaders to evoke social and community change. This study contributes to the understanding of the critical role of Minority‐Serving Institution (MSI) community colleges and presents practical approaches to promoting the civic development of underserved Latinx communities.
Acute pancreatitis secondary to moderate hypertriglyceridemia: A case report
Authors: Nepali Anil , Kharga Satyam , Jayan Malavika , Adhikari Prakriti , Shah Amit , Sanker Vivek
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

It is crucial to remain vigilant about acute pancreatitis, even in cases with moderately elevated triglycerides. Triglycerides as a cause of acute pancreatitis must be considered even in the absence of other risk factors.

Hypertriglyceridemia is one of the most common causes of acute pancreatitis (AP), with triglyceride levels greater than 1000 mg/dL being an established risk factor for AP. Cases of acute pancreatitis due to triglyceride levels less than 1000 mg/dL have rarely been reported in the literature. We report a case of a 26‐year‐old para‐2, living‐2 (P2L2) female who presented with epigastric pain and fever, with a serum triglyceride level of 579 mg/dL. A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was made based on the clinical features and radiological findings, despite no identifiable risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia was managed with no complications of acute pancreatitis during treatment.
Beyond the obvious: A case presentation on the misdiagnosis of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment as semitendinosus muscle tear
Authors: Pourahmadi Mohammadreza , Yaseri Gohari Alireza , Ghorbani Duqaei Mohammad Mahdi
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

To underscore the importance of evaluating the entrapment of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (PFCN) in patients exhibiting symptoms in the posterior thigh region. A 42‐year‐old male dentist, initially diagnosed with a semitendinosus muscle tear and persistent pain and tingling in the posterior thigh, sought treatment at our outpatient clinic. Despite unsuccessful physiotherapy, a comprehensive evaluation revealed an unusual entrapment of the PFCN between the sacrotuberous ligament and the semitendinosus muscle stump. The patient was subjected to a series of specialized therapeutic interventions, including soft tissue release, kinesiology taping, and lifestyle modifications. The patient's symptoms, including pain and tingling, were completely resolved, enabling him to sit on a stool for extended periods without discomfort. This case presentation emphasizes the need for physical therapists to consider the possibility of PFCN entrapment in patients experiencing pain and tingling in the posterior thigh. These symptoms can be easily mistaken for conditions such as sciatica or a hamstring muscle tear.
Unilateral tongue atrophy as the initial clinical manifestation in a patient with prostate cancer
Authors: Zahran Mohammed , Larios Henry , Rosales Victor , Coulson Adrian
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

Unilateral tongue atrophy can be a rare and crucial early indicator of metastatic prostate cancer, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring in clinical assessments. This case underscores the importance of considering cranial nerve involvement, especially the twelfth, for timely intervention and comprehensive patient care.

Prostate cancer, ranking among the most prevalent cancers, often manifests with skeletal metastases. Cranial nerve involvement, particularly the twelfth cranial nerve (XII), as an initial presentation is exceptionally rare. This case report outlines a unique instance of unilateral tongue atrophy as the primary clinical manifestation in a patient diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. A 54‐year‐old man presented with dysarthria and progressive weakness, later revealing signs of hypoglossal nerve paralysis, unilateral tongue atrophy, and skeletal metastases involving the base of the skull. Imaging studies, including CT and MRI, confirmed diffuse lytic lesions and cranial nerve entrapment. Further investigations identified elevated PSA levels, confirming acinar prostate adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent hormone therapy due to the poor prognosis. Prostate cancer's skeletal metastases are well‐documented, but cranial nerve involvement remains rare, particularly with isolated XII nerve manifestation. The discussion emphasizes the diagnostic challenges, imaging techniques' roles, and the impact on prognosis and quality of life. This case underscores the rarity of unilateral XII nerve involvement as the initial presentation of metastatic prostate cancer. Clinicians should consider this manifestation, especially in men over 40, warranting a thorough diagnostic approach, including PSA measurement and referral for appropriate oncological and urological interventions.
Paraneoplastic movement disorder due to suspected metastatic Leiomyosarcoma of tongue: A case report
Authors: Khanal Pradeep , Khanal Pitambar , Paudel Sandip , Pokhrel Ashbita , Chapagain Subodh
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

Paraneoplastic movement disorders, though rare, can be the initial symptoms of malignancies like leiomyosarcoma, as in our case. Clinicians should keep malignancies in their differential diagnosis in cases of unexplained movement abnormalities.
Iliacus hematoma causing late femoral nerve palsy
Authors: Al Fırat , Köroglu Muhammed , Özdeş Hüseyin Utku , Aslantürk Okan
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

Femoral nerve palsy is rare and may progress insidiously, leading to late clinical presentation. Identifying the underlying cause is very important for treatment. An iliacus hematoma causing nerve palsy is perhaps the most innocent etiology. However, this hematoma sometimes causes only abdominal pain and may even be misdiagnosed as a late intra‐abdominal pathology.
Optimal Oriented External Electric Fields to Trigger a Barrierless Oxaphosphetane Ring Opening Step of the Wittig Reaction
Authors: Bofill Josep Maria , Severi Marco , Quapp Wolfgang , Ribas‐Ariño Jordi , de P. R. Moreira Ibério , Albareda Guillermo
Published: March 2024

The Wittig reaction is one of the most important processes in organic chemistry for the asymmetric synthesis of olefinic compounds. In view of the increasingly acknowledged potentiality of the electric fields in promoting reactions, here we will consider the effect of the oriented external electric field (OEEF) on the second step of Wittig reaction (i. e. the ring opening oxaphosphetane) in a model system for non‐stabilized ylides. In particular, we have determined the optimal direction and strength of the electric field that should be applied to annihilate the reaction barrier of the ring opening through the polarizable molecular electric dipole (PMED) model that we have recently developed. We conclude that the application of the optimal external electric field for the oxaphosphetane ring opening favours a Bestmann‐like mechanism.
Mechanistic Insights into the Discharge Processes of Li−CO2 Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xinxin , Luo Tingting , Wang Yu , Li Yafei
Published: March 2024

Li−CO2 batteries facilitate renewable energy storage in a cost‐effective, eco‐friendly manner. However, an inadequate understanding of their reaction mechanism severely impedes their development. Here we outline recent mechanistic advances in the discharge processes of Li−CO2 batteries, particularly in terms of the theoretical aspect. First, the vital factors affecting the formation of discharge intermediates are highlighted, and a surface lithiation mechanism predominantly applicable to catalysts with weak CO2 adsorption is proposed. Subsequently, the modeling of the chemical potential of Li++e−, which is crucial for the evaluation of the theoretical limiting voltage, is detailed. Finally, challenges and future directions pertaining to the further development of Li−CO2 are discussed. In essence, this concept article seeks to inspire future experimental and theoretical studies in advancing the development of Li−CO2 electrochemical technology.
Azulene‐Containing Bis(squaraine) Dyes: Design, Synthesis and Aggregation Behaviors
Authors: Yao Yiming , Sun Xuan , Zhang Zuyuan , Yu Haoyun , Yang Xiaodi , Ding Dan , Gao Xike
Published: March 2024

The relationship among chemical structure, physicochemical property and aggregation behavior of organic functional material is an important research topic. Here, we designed and synthesized three bis(squaraine) dyes BSQ1, BSQ2 and BSQ3 through the combination of two kinds of unsymmetrical azulenyl squaraine monomers. Their physicochemical properties were investigated in both molecular and aggregate states. Generally, BSQ1 displayed different assembly behaviors from BSQ2 and BSQ3. Upon fabrication into nanoparticles, BSQ1 tend to form J‐aggregates while BSQ2 and BSQ3 tend to form H‐aggregates in aqueous medium. When in the form of thin films, three bis(squaraine) dyes all adopted J‐aggregation packing modes while only BSQ1 presented the most significant rearrangement of aggregate structures as well as the improvement in the carrier mobilities upon thermal annealing. Our research highlights the discrepancy of aggregation behaviors originating from the molecular structure and surrounding circumstances, providing guidance for the molecular design and functional applications of squaraines.
A Randomized Crossover Trial of Mixed Meal Tolerance Test Response in People with Type 1 Diabetes on Insulin Pump Therapy and YG1699 or Dapagliflozin
Authors: Lapuerta Pablo , Urbina Silvia , He Jiaojuan , Wittle Alyssa , Li Chenghai , Li Tong , Wang Helen , Hompesch Marcus
Published: March 2024

YG1699 is a novel inhibitor of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and SGLT2. This double‐blind, 3‐way crossover trial compared YG1699 to dapagliflozin as an adjunct to insulin in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) on insulin pump therapy. Treatment periods included four mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTTs) and insulin withdrawal tests per person. Nineteen adults with T1D were randomized to YG1699 10 mg, YG1699 25 mg, and dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily for 1 week in different orders. The primary end point was the difference in area under the curve (AUC) in plasma glucose (AUC0–120min) after an MMTT between treatment groups. Mean change in plasma glucose after an MMTT (AUC0–120min) was lower for YG1699 10 mg vs. dapagliflozin (89.51% of baseline vs. 102.13%, 90% confidence interval (CI) vs. dapagliflozin, −6% to −16%, P = 0.0003) and for YG1699 25 mg (84.83% vs. 102.13%, 90% CI vs. dapagliflozin −13% to −22%, P < 0.0001). At 120 minutes, mean glucose values on no treatment, dapagliflozin, YG1699 10 mg, and YG1699 25 mg were 149 (SE 7.6), 141 (SE 6.1), 128 (SE 6.9), and 115 (SE 7.8) mg/dL, respectively. Insulin dose requirements were lower for YG1699 10 mg and 25 mg vs. dapagliflozin for bolus insulin, and for YG1699 10 mg vs. dapagliflozin for total daily insulin. Safety profiles were similar between treatment groups. YG1699 reduced post‐prandial glucose more than dapagliflozin in people with T1D on insulin pump therapy. The results were consistent with dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibition by YG1699.
Trends and patterns in ESG research: A bibliometric odyssey and research agenda
Authors: De Falco Salvatore Esposito , Montera Raffaella , Leo Sabrina , Laviola Francesco , Vito Pietro , Sardanelli Domenico , Basile Gianpaolo , Nevi Giulia , Alaia Raffaele
Published: March 2024

The paper provides a detailed analysis of the ESG literature with the aim of bringing clarity to this area of research and proposing a research agenda. An overview of the development of the literature on ESG pillars is offered through a review of 903 peer‐reviewed articles. The paper identifies four thematic clusters: impacts of ESG disclosure and practices, sustainability, accounting, and responsible investments. The main research streams and sub‐streams for each cluster are discussed, highlighting the most frequent theoretical perspectives and methodologies. Furthermore, the evolution of ESG research across time is delineated. The paper also identifies future research directions within each cluster to advance knowledge, and proposes an integrative framework based on focal themes and their reciprocal connections.
Automated antibody dispensing to improve high‐parameter flow cytometry throughput and analysis
Authors: Bosteels Victor , Van Duyse Julie , Ruyssinck Elien , Van der Borght Katrien , Nguyen Long , Gavel Jannes , Janssens Sophie , Van Isterdael Gert
Published: March 2024

Over the past decade, the flow cytometry field has witnessed significant advancements in the number of fluorochromes that can be detected. This enables researchers to analyze more than 40 markers simultaneously on thousands of cells per second. However, with this increased complexity and multiplicity of markers, the manual dispensing of antibodies for flow cytometry experiments has become laborious, time‐consuming, and prone to errors. An automated antibody dispensing system could provide a potential solution by enhancing the efficiency, and by improving data quality by faithfully dispensing the fluorochrome‐conjugated antibodies and by enabling the easy addition of extra controls. In this study, a comprehensive comparison of different liquid handlers for dispensing fluorochrome‐labeled antibodies was conducted for the preparation of flow cytometry stainings. The evaluation focused on key criteria including dispensing time, dead volume, and reliability of dispensing. After benchmarking, the I.DOT, a non‐contact liquid handler, was selected and optimized in more detail. In the end, the I.DOT was able to prepare a 25‐marker panel in 20 min, including the full stain, all FMOs and all single stain controls for cells and beads. Having all these controls improved the validation of the panel, visualization, and analysis of the data. Thus, automated antibody dispensing by dispensers such as the I.DOT reduces time and errors, enhances data quality, and can be easily integrated in an automated workflow to prepare samples for flow cytometry.
Evaluating the efficacy of the selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist nivasorexant in an animal model of binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Steiner Michel Alexander , Botticelli Luca , Bergamini Giorgio , Micioni Di Bonaventura Emanuela , Gatfield John , Williams Jodi T. , Treiber Alexander , Vaillant Catherine , Cifani Carlo , Micioni Di Bonaventura Maria Vittoria
Published: March 2024

Objective

Test the efficacy of the selective orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist (SO1RA) nivasorexant in an animal model of binge‐eating disorder (BED) and study its dose–response relationship considering free brain concentrations and calculated OX1R occupancy. Compare nivasorexant's profile to that of other, structurally diverse SO1RAs. Gain understanding of potential changes in orexin‐A (OXA) neuropeptide and deltaFosB (ΔFosB) protein expression possibly underlying the development of the binge‐eating phenotype in the rat model used.

Method

Binge‐like eating of highly palatable food (HPF) in rats was induced through priming by intermittent, repeated periods of dieting and access to HPF, followed by an additional challenge with acute stress. Effects of nivasorexant were compared to the SO1RAs ACT‐335827 and IDOR‐1104‐2408. OXA expression in neurons and neuronal fibers as well as ΔFosB and OXA‐ΔFosB co‐expression was studied in relevant brain regions using immuno‐ or immunofluorescent histochemistry.

Results

All SO1RAs dose‐dependently reduced binge‐like eating with effect sizes comparable to the positive control topiramate, at unbound drug concentrations selectively blocking brain OX1Rs. Nivasorexant's efficacy was maintained upon chronic dosing and under conditions involving more frequent stress exposure. Priming for binge‐like eating or nivasorexant treatment resulted in only minor changes in OXA or ΔFosB expression in few brain areas.

Discussion

Selective OX1R blockade reduced binge‐like eating in rats. Neither ΔFosB nor OXA expression proved to be a useful classifier for their binge‐eating phenotype. The current results formed the basis for a clinical phase II trial in BED, in which nivasorexant was unfortunately not efficacious compared with placebo.

Public Significance

Nivasorexant is a new investigational drug for the treatment of binge‐eating disorder (BED). It underwent clinical testing in a phase II proof of concept trial in humans but was not efficacious compared with placebo. The current manuscript investigated the drug's efficacy in reducing binge‐like eating behavior of a highly palatable sweet and fat diet in a rat model of BED, which initially laid the foundation for the clinical trial.
Bottom‐up rather than top‐down mechanisms determine mesocarnivore interactions in Norway
Authors: Cano‐Martínez Rocío , Thorsen Neri Horntvedt , Hofmeester Tim R. , Odden John , Linnell John , Devineau Olivier , Angoh Siow Yan Jennifer , Odden Morten
Published: March 2024

Interactions among coexisting mesocarnivores can be influenced by different factors such as the presence of large carnivores, land‐use, environmental productivity, or human disturbance. Disentangling the relative importance of bottom‐up and top‐down processes can be challenging, but it is important for biodiversity conservation and wildlife management. The aim of this study was to assess how the interactions among mesocarnivores (red fox Vulpes vulpes, badger Meles meles, and pine marten Martes martes) were affected by large carnivores (Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx and wolf Canis lupus), land cover variables (proportion of agricultural land and primary productivity), and human disturbance, as well as how these top‐down and bottom‐up mechanisms were influenced by season. We analyzed 3 years (2018–2020) of camera trapping observations from Norway and used structural equation models to assess hypothesized networks of causal relationships. Our results showed that land cover variables were more strongly associated with mesocarnivore detection rates than large carnivores in Norway. This might be caused by a combination of low density of large carnivores in an unproductive ecosystem with strong seasonality. Additionally, detection rates of all mesocarnivores showed positive associations among each other, which were stronger in winter. The prevalence of positive interactions among predators might indicate a tendency to use the same areas and resources combined with weak interference competition. Alternatively, it might indicate some kind of facilitative relationship among species. Human disturbance had contrasting effects for different species, benefiting the larger mesocarnivores (red fox and badger) probably through food subsidization, but negatively affecting apex predators (wolf and lynx) and smaller mesocarnivores (pine marten). In a human‐dominated world, this highlights the importance of including anthropogenic influences in the study of species interactions.
Species distribution modeling of northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in a data‐limited ecosystem
Authors: Hasan Elizabeth L. , Gorman Kristen B. , Coletti Heather A. , Konar Brenda
Published: March 2024

Species distribution models (SDMs) are used to map and predict the geographic distributions of animals based on environmental covariates. Typically, SDMs require high‐resolution habitat data and time series information on animal locations. For data‐limited regions, defined as having scarce habitat or animal survey data, modeling is more challenging, often failing to incorporate important environmental attributes. For example, for sea otters (Enhydra lutris), a federally protected keystone species with variable population trends across the species' range, predictive modeling of distributions has been successfully conducted in areas with robust sea otter population and habitat data. We used open‐access data and employed a presence‐only model, maximum entropy (MaxEnt), to investigate subtidal habitat associations (substrate and algal cover, bathymetry, and rugosity) of northern sea otters (E. lutris kenyoni) for a data‐limited ecosystem, represented by Kachemak Bay, Alaska. Habitat association results corroborated previous findings regarding the importance of bathymetry and understory kelp as predictors of sea otter presence. Novel associations were detected as filamentous algae and shell litter were positively and negatively associated with northern sea otter presence, respectively, advancing existing knowledge of sea otter benthic habitat associations useful for predicting habitat suitability. This study provides a quantitative framework for conducting species distribution modeling with limited temporal and spatial animal distribution and abundance data. Utilizing drop camera information, our novel approach allowed for a better understanding of habitat requirements for a stable northern sea otter population, including bathymetry, understory kelp, and filamentous algae as positive predictors of sea otter presence in Kachemak Bay, Alaska.
Identification of molecular signatures in epicardial adipose tissue in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: He Shan , Zhao Lei , Zhang Jianjun , Yang Xinchun , Zhu Huagang
Published: March 2024

Aims

The molecular signatures in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) that contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are poorly characterized. In this study, we sought to elucidate molecular signatures including genetic transcripts and long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in EAT that might modulate HFpEF development.

Methods

RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was performed to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in EAT samples from patients with HFpEF (n = 5) and without HF (control, n = 5) who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. The sequencing results were validated using quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). Bioinformatics analysis (Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) of differentially expressed RNAs was performed to predict enriched functions.

Results

HFpEF patients had higher EAT thickness and NT‐proBNP levels than the control group. A total of 64 471 transcripts were detected including 35 395 protein‐coding sequences, corresponding to 16 854 genes in EAT. RNA‐seq identified a total of 741 dysregulated mRNA transcripts (394 up‐regulated and 347 down‐regulated) and 334 differentially expressed lncRNA transcripts (222 up‐regulated and 112 down‐regulated) in the HFpEF group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). qRT‐PCR analysis confirmed that two lncRNAs ENST00000561775 (P = 0.0194) and ENST00000519093 (P = 0.027) and an mRNA POSTN (P = 0.003) were differentially expressed. Functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed mRNAs suggested their potential roles in immune response involving cytokine interaction and chemokine signalling.

Conclusions

We are the first group to report on the lncRNA and mRNA landscape in EAT in HFpEF patients. Our study suggests the possible role of lncRNAs in EAT.
Current trends in medium‐chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoates: Microbial production, purification, and characterization
Authors: Hahn Thomas , Alzate Melissa Ortega , Leonhardt Steven , Tamang Pravesh , Zibek Susanne
Published: March 2024

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained interest recently due to their biodegradability and versatility. In particular, the chemical compositions of medium‐chain‐length (mcl)‐PHAs are highly diverse, comprising different monomers containing 6–14 carbon atoms. This review summarizes different feedstocks and fermentation strategies to enhance mcl‐PHA production and briefly discusses the downstream processing. This review also provides comprehensive details on analytical tools for determining the composition and properties of mcl‐PHA. Moreover, this study provides novel information by statistically analyzing the data collected from several reports on mcl‐PHA to determine the optimal fermentation parameters (specific growth rate, PHA productivity, and PHA yield from various structurally related and unrelated substrates), mcl‐PHA composition, molecular weight (MW), and thermal and mechanical properties, in addition to other relevant statistical values. The analysis revealed that the median PHA productivity observed in the fed‐batch feeding strategy was 0.4 g L−1 h−1, which is eight times higher than that obtained from batch feeding (0.05 g L−1 h−1). Furthermore, 3‐hydroxyoctanoate and ‐decanoate were the primary monomers incorporated into mcl‐PHA. The investigation also determined the median glass transition temperature (−43°C) and melting temperature (47°C), which indicated that mcl‐PHA is a flexible amorphous polymer at room temperature with a median MW of 104 kDa. However, information on the monomer composition or heterogeneity and the associated physical and mechanical data of mcl‐PHAs is inadequate. Based on their mechanical values, the mcl‐PHAs can be classified as semi‐crystalline polymers (median crystallinity 23%) with rubber‐like properties and a median elongation at break of 385%. However, due to the limited mechanical data available for mcl‐PHAs with known monomer composition, identifying suitable processing tools and applications to develop mcl‐PHAs further is challenging.
A Kinetic Study of Microwave‐Assisted Desorption of Co2 from Zeolite 13x
Authors: Erguvan Mustafa , Doroshenko Alisa , Amini Shahriar
Published: March 2024

CO2 is the main contributor of the greenhouse gas emission which considerably accelerates climate change. The capture of CO2 requires the development of sustainable adsorption‐desorption processes, which can be upscaled to satisfy the industrial demands. It is well‐known that sustainable microwave (MW) heating leads to fast desorption of CO2 compared to conventional, but there is a lack of study on how to upscale this process. Here it is investigated a concept for the upscaled multi‐mode MW heating of zeolite 13X. The proposed concept is based on the non‐isothermal kinetic study of CO2 desorption, revealing a complex multi‐step process: activation of zeolite 13X below 40 °C and CO2 desorption at T > 40 °C with Eact = 0 kJ mol−1. It was found that MW‐assisted CO2 desorption happens simultaneously with H2O desorption after zeolite MW‐activation. The mechanism of MW‐assisted desorption of CO2 has been proposed. Based on this mechanism, the parameters important for optimizing CO2 desorption process at a larger scale are offered together with an upscaled concept.
Genetic determinants of thermal resistance in foodborne bacterial pathogens
Authors: Soni Aswathi , Brightwell Gale
Published: March 2024

Thermal food processing stands as the conventional and prevalent intervention utilized by food industries to uphold food safety standards. Some bacteria are known to withstand thermal treatments up to definite extents. This ability primarily stems from genetically determined traits that can be influenced by environmental conditions. This review focuses on the genetic determinants of thermal resistance in foodborne pathogens including the locus of heat resistance (LHR). Genes contributing to the expression of proteins that might indirectly contribute to thermal resistance have also been covered. The emergence of thermal tolerance in these pathogens raises significant food safety concerns, given global worries about bacterial resistance. The review consolidates existing research on genetic components and loci of heat resistance and highlights potential areas of gaps that warrant further research. Furthermore, acquired cross‐protection leading to resistance across multiple interventions has also been highlighted as an emerging concern. Acquiring insights into the environmental conditions that promote the selection of the LHR will empower the adoption of more efficient strategies to obstruct the pathways by which these pathogens persist within processing chains.
The Surprising Diversity of UV‐Induced Mutations
Authors: Laughery Marian F. , Wilson Hannah E. , Sewell Allysa , Stevison Scott , Wyrick John J.
Published: March 2024

Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most pervasive environmental mutagen and the primary cause of skin cancer. Genome sequencing of melanomas and other skin cancers has revealed that the vast majority of somatic mutations in these tumors are cytosine‐to‐thymine (C>T) substitutions in dipyrimidine sequences, which, together with tandem CC>TT substitutions, comprise the canonical UV mutation “signature”. These mutation classes are caused by DNA damage directly induced by UV absorption, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) or 6‐4 pyrimidine‐pyrimidone photoproducts (6‐4PP), which form between neighboring pyrimidine bases. However, many of the key driver mutations in melanoma do not fit this mutation signature, but instead are caused by T>A, T>C, C>A, or AC>TT substitutions, frequently occurring in non‐dipyrimidine sequence contexts. This article describes recent studies indicating that UV light causes a more diverse spectrum of mutations than previously appreciated, including many of the mutation classes observed in melanoma driver mutations. Potential mechanisms for these diverse mutation signatures are discussed, including UV‐induced pyrimidine‐purine photoproducts and indirect DNA damage induced by UVA light. Finally, the article reviews recent findings indicating that human DNA polymerase eta normally suppresses these non‐canonical UV mutation classes, which can potentially explain why canonical C>T substitutions predominate in human skin cancers.
Management strategies to improve the nitrogen use efficiency in grasslands and the protein quality in grass silages: Lessons from a practical study on dairy farms in Flanders
Authors: Van den Bossche Tine , De Boever Johan L. , Haesaert Geert , Cougnon Mathias , Debevere Sandra , Vandaele Leen , Goossens Karen
Published: March 2024

Background

Grasslands are the primary source of forage for ruminants. Legal restrictions on nitrogen fertilization force farmers to optimize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of grassland and protein quality in grass silage.

Methods

The present study included grassland data from 10 dairy farms in Flanders. For each grassland field, the presence of clover was determined based on the seed mixture composition. Soil and manure were sampled before the first application and analyzed to determine plant available N content. The annual NUE was calculated for each field possible (n = 28). Prewilted grass samples were taken just before ensiling (n = 65) and grass silage samples (n = 41) were collected from the same fields.

Results

Clover fields demonstrated improved NUE due to a lower nitrogen input from fertilizers compared to pure grassland fields (75 vs. 265 kg ha−1). The protein quality of the grass silage was positively correlated with the organic matter digestibility, sugar content, and dry matter content of the prewilted grass. Conversely, crude ash content had a negative effect.

Conclusions

These findings underscore the importance and potential of clover and the practical feasibility of optimizing grassland management to improve both NUE in grasslands and protein quality of the silage.
The tumor microenvironment of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors
Authors: Wai Katherine C. , Okholm Trine Line H. , Ha Patrick K. , Marquez Diana M. , Tenvooren Iliana , Jones Kyle B. , Spitzer Matthew H.
Published: March 2024

Background

Treatment of salivary gland tumors (SGTs) remains challenging. Little is known about the immune landscape of SGTs. We aimed to characterize the tumor microenvironment in benign and malignant SGTs.

Methods

Eleven benign and nine malignant tumors were collected from patients undergoing curative intent surgery. Specimens were analyzed using mass cytometry by time‐of‐flight. Immune cell populations were manually gated, and T cells were clustered using the FlowSOM algorithm. Population frequencies were compared between high‐grade and low‐grade malignancies, corrected for multiple hypothesis testing.

Results

There were trends towards increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells among malignant tumors. High‐grade malignancies exhibited trends towards higher frequencies of CD8+ PD‐1+ CD39+ CD103+ exhausted T cells, CD4+ FoxP3+ TCF‐1+ CD127− Tregs, and CD69+ CD25− CD4+ T cells compared to low‐grade malignancies.

Conclusion

SGTs exhibit significant immunologic diversity. High‐grade malignancies tended to have greater infiltration of exhausted CD8+ T cells and Tregs, which may guide future studies for immunotherapy strategies.
Dietary composition of adult eosinophilic esophagitis patients is related to disease severity
Authors: Eussen Simone R. B. M. , Wielders Sanne , de Rooij Willemijn E. , Van Ampting Marleen T. J. , Van Esch Betty C. A. M. , de Vries Jeanne H. M. , Bredenoord Albert J. , Vlieg‐Boerstra Berber
Published: March 2024

Background

In addition to the elimination diet, dietary composition may influence disease severity in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) through modulation of the immune response.

Aim

To explore the immunomodulatory role of nutrition before and during elimination diet in adult EoE patients.

Methods

Nutritional intake was assessed in 39 Dutch adult EoE patients participating in the Supplemental Elemental Trial (Dutch trial registry NL6014, NTR6778) using 3‐day food diaries. In this randomized controlled trial, diagnosed patients received either a four‐food elimination diet alone (FFED) or FFED with addition of an amino acid‐based formula for 6 weeks. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess associations between the intake of nutrients and food groups per 1000 kCal and peak eosinophil count/high power field (PEC), both at baseline and after 6 weeks.

Results

At baseline, we found a statistically significant negative (thus favorable) relationship between the intake of protein, total fat, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin B12, folate, and milk products and PEC (p < .05), while calcium (p = .058) and full‐fat cheese/curd (p = .056) were borderline (favorably) significant. In contrast, total carbohydrates, prepacked fruit juice, and white bread were significantly positively (unfavorable) related to PEC (p < .05), while ultra‐processed meals (p = .059) were borderline (unfavorably) significant. After dietary intervention, coffee/tea were significantly negatively (favorably) related to PEC, hummus/legumes were significantly positively (unfavorably) related with PEC, while peanuts were borderline significantly positively related (p = .058).

Conclusion

Dietary composition may be related to inflammation in adult EoE patients. High‐quality and anti‐inflammatory diets may be a promising adjuvant therapy in the dietary management of EoE.
Regulatory RNAs in immunosenescence
Authors: Talepoor Atefe Ghamar , Doroudchi Mehrnoosh
Published: March 2024

Background

Immunosenescence is a multifactorial stress response to different intrinsic and extrinsic insults that cause immune deterioration and is accompanied by genomic or epigenomic perturbations. It is now widely recognized that genes and proteins contributing in the process of immunosenescence are regulated by various noncoding (nc) RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs.

Aims

This review article aimed to evaluate the regulatore RNAs roles in the process of immunosenescence.

Methods

We analyzed publications that were focusing on the different roles of regulatory RNAs on the several aspects of immunosenescence.

Results

In the immunosenescence setting, ncRNAs have been found to play regulatory roles at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. These factors cooperate to regulate the initiation of gene expression programs and sustaining the senescence phenotype and proinflammatory responses.

Conclusion

Immunosenescence is a complex process with pivotal alterations in immune function occurring with age. The extensive network that drive immunosenescence‐related features are are mainly directed by a variety of regulatory RNAs such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Latest findings about regulation of senescence by ncRNAs in the innate and adaptive immune cells as well as their role in the immunosenescence pathways, provide a better understanding of regulatory RNAs function in the process of immunosenescence.
Injectable macroporous naturally‐derived apatite bone cement as a potential trabecular bone substitute
Authors: Dewangan Vimal Kumar , Sampath Kumar T. S. , Doble Mukesh , Daniel Varghese Viju
Published: March 2024

In this study, we have formulated a novel apatite bone cements derived from natural sources (i.e. eggshell and fishbone) with improved qualities that is, porosity, resorbability, biological activity, and so forth. The naturally‐derived apatite bone cement (i.e. FBDEAp) was prepared by mixing hydroxyapatite (synthesized from fishbone) and tricalcium phosphate (synthesized from eggshell) as a solid phase with a liquid phase (a dilute acidic blend of cement binding accelerator and biopolymers like gelatin and chitosan) with polysorbate (as liquid porogen) to get a desired bone cement paste. The prepared cement paste sets within the clinically acceptable setting time (≤20 min), easily injectable (>85%) through hands and exhibits physiological pH stability (7.3–7.4). The pure apatite phased bone cement was confirmed by x‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. The FBDEAp bone cement possesses acceptable compressive strength (i.e. 5–7 MPa) within trabecular bone range and is resorbable up to 28% in simulated body fluid solution within 12 weeks of incubation at physiological conditions. The FBDEAp is macroporous in nature (average pore size ~50–400 μm) with interconnected pores verified by SEM and micro‐CT analyses. The FBDEAp showed significantly increased MG63 cell viability (>125% after 72 h), cell adhesion, proliferation, and key osteogenic genes expression levels (up to 5–13 folds) compared to the synthetically derived, synthetic and eggshell derived as well as synthetic and fishbone derived bone cements. Thus, we strongly believe that our prepared FBDEAp bone cement can be used as potential trabecular bone substitute in orthopedics.
An overview of prominent factors influencing the photocatalytic degradation of cationic crystal violet dye employing diverse nanostructured materials
Authors: Shabna Shaila , Singh Christopher John Clement , Dhas Sathiya Dhas Sahaya Jude , Jeyakumar Selvamani Chellappan , Biju Chellaswamy Saraswathy
Published: March 2024

Crystal violet (CV), a cationic dye, has been demonstrated to be a powerful carcinogen, a mitotic toxin and poisonous to mammalian cells such that the predominant presence of the dye invariably causes several effects of destruction to mankind and it necessitates a clarion call to do away with this nuisance before it can produce a snowball effect. The recent widespread reporting of the photocatalysis‐mediated degradation of CV as an emerging technique for removing this dangerous dye from aqueous mediums highlights its effectiveness. Numerous researchers have contributed substantially to describing how photocatalysis‐based nanomaterials could be used to degrade CV. The fundamentals and the factors that predominantly influence CV degradation are highlighted in this work. These factors include the nature of nanomaterials, catalyst concentration, dye dosage, pH of the solution in use, temperature and light intensity. Additionally, thorough kinetics and mechanistic descriptions are also included to give crucial insights into the light‐mediated reaction of CV. The present study's findings have the potential to alleviate practitioners and researchers of the burden of having to navigate through numerous studies under each category of parameters to get an exhaustive overview of all of the different variables that may affect the photocatalytic degradation of CV dye. In order to further enhance the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of CV, researchers can expand on this study by investigating novel strategies to lessen the impact of certain elements that adversely affect the photocatalytic reaction process. The potential prospects for extending the advancement of scientific study in this area are also explored. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).