bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population exposure to droughts in China under the 1.5 °C global warming target
Authors: Chen Jie , Liu Yujie , Pan Tao , Liu Yanhua , Sun Fubao , Ge Quansheng
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The Paris Agreement proposes a 1.5 ∘C target to limit the increase
in global mean temperature (GMT). Studying the population exposure to
droughts under this 1.5 ∘C target will be helpful in guiding new
policies that mitigate and adapt to disaster risks under climate change.
Based on simulations from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison
Project (ISI-MIP), the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index
(SPEI) was used to calculate drought frequencies in the reference period
(1986–2005) and 1.5 ∘C global warming scenario (2020–2039 in
RCP2.6). Then population exposure was evaluated by combining drought
frequency with simulated population data from shared socioeconomic pathways
(SSPs). In addition, the relative importance of climate and demographic
change and the cumulative probability of exposure change were analyzed.
Results revealed that population exposure to droughts in the east of China is
higher than that in the west; exposure in the middle and lower reaches of the
Yangtze River region is the highest, and it is lowest in the Qinghai-Tibet
region. An additional 12.89 million people will be exposed to droughts under
the 1.5 ∘C global warming scenario relative to the reference period.
Demographic change is the primary contributor to exposure (79.95 %) in
the 1.5 ∘C global warming scenario, more than climate change
(29.93 %) or the interaction effect (−9.88 %). Of the three drought
intensities – mild, moderate, and extreme – moderate droughts contribute
the most to exposure (63.59 %). Probabilities of increasing or decreasing
total drought frequency are roughly equal (49.86 % and 49.66 %,
respectively), while the frequency of extreme drought is likely to decrease
(71.83 % probability) in the 1.5 ∘C global warming scenario. The
study suggested that reaching the 1.5 ∘C target is a potential way
for mitigating the impact of climate change on both drought hazard and
population exposure.
The influence of plant species richness on stress recovery of humans
Authors: Lindemann-Matthies Petra , Matthies Diethart
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Natural sceneries or single plants may have positive influences on human health. Here we show that plant species richness can positively influence recovery from stress. Meadow-like arrays of different species richness (1, 16, 32, 64 species) were presented to visitors (n=171) of a popular park in Zurich, Switzerland (one array per participant). Participants' systolic blood pressure was measured twice: directly after they had been stressed and once again after a 2 min post-stress relaxation period during which they looked at one of either the meadow-like arrangements of plants in pots or at bare ground, shielded on three sides by a tent-like structure. The decrease in blood pressure was larger when respondents could view an arrangement of plants instead of ground without vegetation. Relaxation was strongest at intermediate species richness (32 species). Age, gender, and a person's attachment to nature did not influence relaxation. Our results indicate that species-rich vegetation may contribute to recovery from stress which should be considered in landscape management and planning.
La dificultad de medir la cultura y la diversidad. Comparación de tres modelos internacionales de medición cultural: MEC-2009, ESSnet-2012 y CAB-2015
Authors: Fuertes Marta , Badillo Ángel
Published: August 2018

El creciente interés por cuantificar las industrias culturales y creativas, por visibilizar la contribución económica de las actividades ligadas a la cultura, necesita previamente de la construcción de marcos de análisis homologables y comparables internacionalmente. En la actualidad existen tres grandes referentes que abordan esta cuestión y cuyo estudio comparado es el eje central de este artículo: el Marco de Estadísticas Culturales de la UNESCO (MEC-2009), el Marco Europeo de Estadísticas de Cultura de EUROSTAT (ESSnet-Culture 2012), y el Manual Metodológico del Convenio Andrés Bello para la elaboración de las Cuentas Satélite de Cultura en Iberoamérica (CAB- 2015). Las mediciones del sector cultural arrojan información necesaria para una correcta planificación de las políticas culturales que a su vez desembocan en el sostenimiento de las industrias y en el fomento de la diversidad cultural. El texto identifica las diferencias existentes en los tres modelos y en tres niveles de análisis, los sectores y las actividades culturales, y los criterios que cada uno utiliza para determinar el reparto de las actividades por sector. El resultado final es la imposibilidad de comparar estadísticas culturales de países que aplican los diferentes marcos de referencia.
Comunicación como traducción
Authors: Aladro Vico Eva
Published: August 2018

Este texto reflexiona sobre el hecho profundo de que toda auténtica comunicación es de hecho una traducción. Analiza el fenómeno de la expresión como un método que acepta siempre la naturaleza indirecta de todos los lenguajes para la cooperación básica que supone la expresión. Siguiendo las teorías de Grice o Vygotsky, presenta ideas sobre el fenómeno básico de la generación de una comunidad de significados entre hablantes y oyentes.
Organizaciones regionales y diversidad cultural: la diplomacia de la Unión Europea con el Mercosur entre la sombra de Hollywood y la acción intergubernamental
Authors: Vlassis Antonios
Published: August 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es doble: por un lado explorar la habilidad de la Unión Europea para llevar a cabo una política audiovisual dirigida al Mercosur y promover las normas de la Convención sobre la diversidad de las expresiones culturales; por otro, analizar el impacto del modelo de política audiovisual de la UE en el desarrollo de la cooperación audiovisual con el Mercosur y centrarse en los principales vectores que configuran el paisaje audiovisual del Mercosur. El texto pretende destacar cómo y por qué la UE persigue una política audiovisual con esa región, cuáles son los propósitos y los límites de actuación. En este sentido, se preocupa por entender cómo la diplomacia audiovisual de la UE interactúa con otros actores, como las acciones gubernamentales llevadas a cabo desde la propia UE y el Mercosur, así como las prácticas del sector privado (Hollywwod y los grandes conglomerados de medios).
Midiendo la diversidad y la integración de la producción cinematográfica en los países del Mercosur desde el Análisis de Redes Sociales
Authors: Canedo Daniele Pereira , Ranaivoson Heritiana , Loiola Elisabeth
Published: August 2018

A partir de una base de datos original y extensa con todos los largometrajes de ficción producidos en el Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur) entre 2004 y 2012, este artículo analiza si la industria fílmica del Mercosur ha evolucionado hacia un mercado más integrado y culturalmente más diverso. Aporta un resumen de oportunidades políticas en términos de integración y diversidad, enfatizando el papel limitador de las políticas regionales. Muestra asimismo que aunque la industria del cine en el Mercosur se mantiene bastante desintegrada, tiende a convertirse en una industria más integrada y culturalmente más diversa. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, la combinación del Análisis de Redes Sociales (Social Network Analysis) y del Modelo de Stirling abre interesantes caminos al análisis de las industrias creativas en función de la integración de sus mercados y su diversidad cultural.
Una perspectiva histórica del análisis documental de contenido fílmico
Authors: Domínguez-Delgado Rubén , López-Hernández María-Ángeles
Published: August 2018

Hacemos un recorrido histórico, desde los orígenes del cine hasta la actualidad, por la atención prestada a la importante tarea de análisis documental de contenido, en el caso concreto de los documentos audiovisuales fílmicos, por parte de los investigadores, las filmotecas y las principales instituciones encargadas de elaborar las directrices internacionales de análisis documental y de metadatos para archivos fílmicos: la Federación Internacional de Archivos Fílmicos y el Comité Europeo de Normalización. Comprobamos y analizamos el segundo plano al que ha sido relegada esta labor documental, las deficiencias de las que ha venido acompañada históricamente, así como su efecto en las posibilidades actuales de búsqueda y recuperación de información audiovisual en las filmotecas por parte de los usuarios.
Un recorrido por la fotografía de Jean Laurent: el caso particular de la ciudad de Toledo
Authors: Clavero Suero Fernando
Published: August 2018

Desde que se produce el desarrollo de la fotografía en el S. XIX, se consigue que una imagen de un objeto o persona quedase fijada en una placa o papel. Las diversas técnicas que se irán desarrollando permitirán un significativo avance en la fotografía y de los profesionales de la misma. En el momento en el que se expande mundialmente, España resulta ser un país idóneo que fotografiar y mostrar al resto de Europa, sobre todo por la corriente romántica presente por aquel entonces. Así, varios fotógrafos extranjeros deciden trasladarse para obtener capturas de monumentos, vistas de ciudades emblemáticas, edificios religiosos o públicos o las condiciones de vida de la población autóctona, para poder obtener un rendimiento económico de ello tanto dentro como fuera de España. Jean Laurent, será uno de estos fotógrafos que consiga consolidarse como un exitoso empresario, inventor y fotógrafo profesional. Esto le llevará a desplazarse por toda la geografía española y portuguesa en busca de material de gran valor artístico y monumental que exportar a la población europea. Toledo será una de las ciudades más fotografiadas por parte de la marca J. Laurent y Cia, ello es comprobable mediante su aparición en los distintos catálogos impresos desde 1863-1896.
"Internet Archive": la conservación de lo efímero
Authors: Mayagoitia Ana , González Aguilar Juan Manuel
Published: August 2018

Lo efímero tiende a ser desechado, encontrando poca cabida en museos o archivos tradicionales. El surgimiento de archivos digitales, aunado a la aceptación de un sector del medio académico, han ayudado a modificar poco a poco la percepción que se tiene sobre los contenidos efímeros. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo el análisis de la evolución de  Internet Archive, un repositorio digital especializado en la recopilación y conservación de medios efímeros.  Finalmente se hace una reflexión sobre el futuro de la preservación digital y la posibilidad de crear archivos digitales similares en países de habla hispana.
Piedad Isla: reportajes fotográficos de los años cincuenta del siglo XX en "El Diario Palentino" – "El Día de Palencia"
Authors: Alvoz Eliana
Published: August 2018

Piedad Isla (Cervera de Pisuerga, 1926 - Madrid, 2009), a lo largo de su dilatada vida colaboró como corresponsal de prensa para la Agencia EFE, El Norte de Castilla y El Diario Palentino. Esta investigación sintetiza de forma cuantitativa y cualitativa los primeros reportajes fotográficos que ésta realizó para el periódico El Diario Palentino-El Día de Palencia. Como resultado de la investigación se han revisado 3500 artículos de prensa entre los años 1953-1963 procedentes del Diario Palentino. A través de su consulta, sabemos que durante ese periodo publicó 22 reportajes con un total de 39 fotografías publicadas sobre temática documental, social, humanista, etnográfica. Finalmente, el análisis de tres reportajes de los años cincuenta permiten concluir que la mirada de la fotógrafa de la Montaña Palentina no dista de los pioneros del fotoperiodismo de la posguerra española.
RESISTÊNCIAS AO DESENRAIZAMENTO DA PALAVRA
Authors: Bertoli Naiara Alice
Published: August 2018

A palavra parece valer pouco no mundo do progresso. Aqui não há tempo para palavras como comunidade, memória e experiência, mas estas resistem desde as “margens” e têm ocupado espaços de poder: a literatura indígena, por exemplo, tem presenteado muitos escritores com seus universos singulares, evidenciando as diferenças existentes nos mais de 305 povos e nas mais de 280 línguas, só no Brasil. Porém, estas são, ainda, histórias invisibilizadas no país e há que se ter o cuidado para, ao contá-las, não cair em estereótipos e romantizações distantes da realidade e acabar reiterando a marginalização dos povos originários. Dessa forma, para o contador de história não indígena há um desafio diante dessa diversidade e, ao mesmo tempo, falta de conhecimento: como contar estas histórias? Quais as implicações éticas? Como as diferentes etnias vivem as suas histórias ancestrais no seu cotidiano? Neste artigo procuro compreender estes questionamentos que me levaram, enquanto “corpo-arquivo”, aos caminhos junto às mulheres Baniwa na comunidade de Itacoatiara-Mirim, na região periurbana da cidade de São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM). E, por fim, vislumbro a possibilidade de, nesta vivência, “trair” a palavra dita “ocidental”, em busca de narrações mais enraizadas onde possa haver escuta, vínculo e pertencimento.
VÔOS E SOBREVÔOS WAJANGA – EM BUSCA DE MUNDOS POSSÍVEIS NA LUZ MẼBÊNGÔKRE-KAYAPÓ.
Authors: Cabral Rafael Ribeiro
Published: August 2018

Cada cosmovisão indígena possui uma perspectiva de ver o mundo na constituição das corporeidades envolvidas no contexto compartilhado por seus membros. A etnia Mẽbêngôkre-Kayapó será a luz para pensar como o corpo se constitui em seus afetos e desafetos na contemporaneidade levando em consideração a recombinação da tradição indígena na aproximação de atores ilícitos que interferem na destruição da floresta e na modificação dos comportamentos tradicionais indígenas localizados no sul do Estado do Pará. Serão voos e sobrevoos para fins de atividade artística no processo interrupto de uma pesquisa que envolve minhas identificações ancestrais com este povo. Os resultados são pensamentos para criação de experimentos artístico-político em processo relacional.
INÍCIOS, DESPERTARES E CRIAÇÕES DA BELEZA FEROZ
Authors: Pascali Maria Júlia
Published: August 2018

Consegui ter uma visão interessante das coisas que eu tenho que apresentar. Quando fui à França, estudar um mês e uma semana, no Pantheatre, Performance Vocal e Teatro Coreográfico, eu me recriei!  Saí daqui muito doente, cheia de dores, sabendo que não era da minha natureza aquilo. Era por ausência de exercer a minha natureza que eu estava ficando doente. Então, eu fui para um workshop intenso, de cinco semanas. Os trabalhos iam das 09h30min às 16h30min. No primeiro dia, pensei: “Vou morrer de dor, eu não vou aguentar!”, No segundo dia, eu falei:  “Eu vou morrer de dor”. E... Não tive dor nenhuma! Só melhorei, só melhorei, só melhorei.
Hidden Allusion in the Finale of Middlemarch: George Eliot and the Jewish Myth of the Lamed Vov
Authors: Adler Judith
Published: August 2018

This article argues that the famous concluding paragraph of George Eliot's Middlemarch contains a hitherto unrecognized cryptic allusion to a Jewish myth newly popular in her time: lamed vov, a specific “number” of “hidden” righteous persons believed to “channel” flows of divine compassion, thereby preserving and slowly improving the human world. Once recognized, this cryptic allusion has implications for the interpretation of the novel, casts new light upon the philosophical problems with which Eliot wrestled and upon her ideal of Realism, as well as upon her changing relationship to Jews and Jewish tradition. Eliot's treatment of Jewish material is commonly exclusively identified with her last works, especially Daniel Deronda. But Middlemarch marks an earlier, discreetly veiled phase of that relationship, before Eliot came publicly “out” with her philo-Semitism and determination to serve as a culture-broker. This article offers an account of Eliot's sources, of turning points in her relationship to Jews and Jewish tradition, and of the important place of Middlemarch in that development.
The Impact of Pre-Competition Estimated Results for Elite Archers on Performance According to Achievement Goal Theory
Authors: Isik Utku
Published: August 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the estimated/judged results for elite archers before competitions in the context ofAchievement Goal Theory and determine its impact on actual performance. Also, the study assessed the impact ofgoal orientation on the competition scores to comprehend the relationship between goal orientation and performance.Study participants were 116 elite archers who participated in Adult-Youth Indoor Turkey Championship in Izmir.Before the competition, the participants filled in the “Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire”. Before thisscale, a survey form, developed by the researcher, was given to participants to learn about their personalcharacteristics. The participants were asked to make a note of the numbers they wore on the chest of their uniformsand the predicted/judged scores on the survey form. They were informed that at the termination of the competition,their actual scores and their predicted scores would be compared. The study presents two important results. The firstresult is related to the fact that athletes with high goal orientation were significantly more successful than those withlow goal orientation in a real competition environment. The other result of in the current study was the significantrelationship between the pre-competition predictions/estimates of individuals with high goal orientation and theircompetition performances. This study is significant because it demonstrated that individuals with higher goalorientations have higher performances and that their predictions/estimates for their performance are much moreaccurate.
The Image of the Oriental Muslim in Lord Byron’s The Giaour (1813)
Authors: Khrisat Abdulhafeth Ali
Published: August 2018

This paper aims to examine The Giaour (1813), a significant poetic work by Lord Byron, nineteenth century romantic British poet, in terms of its presentation of Oriental characters like Hassan and his wife, Leila. Byron uses references to the Oriental Islamic practices through his portrayal of Muslims’ celebration of Ramadan, call for prayer in the mosque, and allusions to the equality of women and men in the Qur’an. Byron, like other Orientalists, adopts an unfairly attitude towards the Orient. His portrait of the Oriental society as patriarchal, where the woman has no freedom at all, a prisoner, and a victim, is embodied in The Giaour’s character of Leila, Hassan’s wife. In brief, Lord Byron’s The Giaour reveals his stereotypical Orientalist’s attitude towards the Oriental society.
Epistemic Insouciance
Authors: Cassam Quassim ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2018

This paper identifies and elucidates a hitherto unnamed epistemic vice: epistemic insouciance. Epistemic insouciance consists in a casual lack of concern about whether one’s beliefs have any basis in reality or are adequately supported by the best available evidence. The primary intellectual product of epistemic insouciance is bullshit in Frankfurt’s sense. This paper clarifies the notion of epistemic insouciance and argues that epistemic insouciance is both an epistemic posture and an epistemic vice. Epistemic postures are attitudes towards epistemic objects such as knowledge, evidence, or inquiry. Epistemic vices are defined as character traits, attitudes, or thinking styles that systematically obstruct the gaining, keeping or sharing of knowledge. Epistemic insouciance is not just a posture but an affective posture. Such postures are distinguished from epistemic stances, which are policies that one can adopt or reject. Epistemic malevolence is an example of an epistemically vicious epistemic stance that issues in active attempts to undermine the knowledge possessed by a specified group of individuals. An example of epistemic malevolence in action is the so-called ‘tobacco strategy.’ I argue that epistemic malevolence undermines knowledge by instilling doubts about respectable sources of evidence.
Dispositional Essentialism, Directedness, and Inclination to an End
Authors: Hannegan William ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2018

Dispositional essentialists U. T. Place, George Molnar, and C. B. Martin hold that dispositions are intrinsically directed to their manifestations. Thomists have noted that this directedness is similar to Thomistic directedness to an end. I argue that Place, Molnar, and Martin would benefit from conceiving of dispositional directedness as the sort of directedness associated with Thomistic inclinations. Such Thomistic directedness can help them to account for the production of manifestations; to justify their reliance on dispositional directedness; to show the causal relevance of dispositions; and to motivate their view that dispositions are not reducible to categorical bases. I argue, moreover, that Thomistic inclination to an end does not succumb to the most common objections to finality: it is not mentalistic or vitalistic, and it does not involve backwards causation. Place, Molnar, and Martin, therefore, can embrace the directedness associated with Thomistic inclination—and reap its benefits—without incurring any high metaphysical cost.
Atitude de consumidores brasileiros sobre o bem-estar animal
Authors: Remonato Franco Bruna Maria , Oliveira Sans Elaine Cristina de , Schnaider Maria Alice , Souza Soriano Vanessa , Forte Maiolino Molento Carla
Published: August 2018

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar e identificar as atitudes dos consumidores de produtos de origem animal com ênfase no bem-estar animal (BEA), possíveis vantagens do consumo de alimentos oriundos de melhores práticas de bem-estar e fatores que possam influenciar asdecisões de compra. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa online com 402 consumidores de produtos de origem animal provenientes das cinco regiões brasileiras. Os respondentes afirmaram que o tema BEA recebe pouca importância no país, avaliando as condições dos animais de produção no Brasil como piores quando comparadas às de outras nações, e atribuíram aos produtores rurais a principal responsabilidade quanto ao assunto. Os respondentes demonstraram uma desassociaçãoentre o alimento e o animal que o originou, porém reconheceram que há influência na promoção do BEA ao adquirirem produtos diferenciados para tal atributo. Do ponto de vista dos respondentes, a disponibilidade de produtos com maior grau de bem-estar, e as informações disponíveis na rotulagem quanto à forma com que os animais são criados, constituem gargalos para a aquisição de tais produtos. O preço pode ser considerado um fator importante, visto que a maioria dos respondentes aceitaria pagar 10% (32,3%) ou 25% (24,6%) a mais em produtos produzidos com maior grau de bem-estar. Com base nos resultados, os respondentes brasileiros se importam com o BEA, porém, diversos fatores podem ser entraves para que exerçam sua preferência ética no comportamento de compra, como falta de informação para o consumidor antes e no momento da compra, baixa disponibilidade dos produtos, desassociação do produto com o animal de origem e custo elevado.
Perception of beef cattle producers in the state of Paraná regarding animal identification by hot iron branding
Authors: Müller Bruno Roberto , Souza Soriano Vanessa , De Oliveira Sans Elaine Cristina , Schnaider Maria Alice , Forte Maiolino Molento Carla
Published: August 2018

The aim of this work was to study the perception of beef cattle producers in the state of Paraná, Brazil, about hot iron branding. Seventeen beef cattle producers answered a questionnaire about their perspective on cattle identification methods and animal welfare aspects. Results showed that there is a consensus among farmers that the identification of animals at their farms is an important practice. The majority of farmers (12/17) use hot iron branding as the main method of identification of cattle and most farmers (11/17) believe it is an efficient Method. Considering costs and applicability, 10/17 farmers believe there are other methods of identification that would be viable for utilization at their farms; ear tagging (7/17) and microchipping (3/17) were the most mentioned alternatives. Farmers affirmed believing that animals are sentient beings (16/17) and capable of experiencing pain (17/17). On a scale from 1-5, scores attributed to pain experienced capabilities of different species were high for human babies, sheep and dogs (median = 5.0). The median score attributed to the pain experienced by cattle during branding with a hot iron was 4.0, ranging from 2.0 to 5.0. In conclusion, the opinion of cattle producers in the State of Paraná, Brazil, indicates recognition of animal sentience and their ability to experience pain. Future efforts should focus on refining and developing new methods that are effective and inexpensive, motivating producers to use procedures that respect the quality of life of their animals.
Evolução da ciência do bem-estar animal: Uma breve revisão sobre aspectos conceituais e metodológicos
Authors: Ceballos Maria Camila , Sant'Anna Aline Cristina
Published: August 2018

crescente valorização do bem-estar dos animais pela sociedade produz implicações nos mais diversos âmbitos onde estes estejam de alguma maneira envolvidos, gerando reflexos econômicos, culturais, legais e científicos. Na presente revisão faremos um breve histórico da bordagem científica do bem-estar animal, destacando os principais referenciais teóricos que embasaram esta ciência ao longo das últimas décadas. Em seguida, trataremos da estreita associação entre a etologia aplicada e o bem-estar animal por meio da apresentação dos principais indicadores comportamentais de bem-estar. O estudo do comportamento animal tem sido uma ferramenta útil e vastamente empregada para a avaliação do bem-estar, com um importante aperfeiçoamento metodológico ao longo do tempo. Inicialmente, a avaliação do bem-estar tinha como principal foco quantificar o atendimento de necessidades básicas relacionadas, principalmente, à disponibilidade de recursos e componentes físicos do ambiente (e.g., alimento, água, espaço, conforto térmico, coespecíficos familiares). Com a maior valorização das motivações dos animais para acessar tais elementos essenciais, passou-se a buscar parâmetros que evidenciassem o sofrimento quando do não atendimento de suas necessidades comportamentais. Os estados mentais e emoções se tornam, a partir de então, uma parte fundamental da avaliação do bem-estar animal. Mais recentemente, a relação entre cognição e emoções vem sendo explorada a fim de permitir que estados mentais sejam objetivamente acessados. Vários desafios estão associados ao desenvolvimento de indicadores de bem-estar positivo, já que a qualidade de vida dos animais não é mais caracterizada pela evitação de experiências negativas, mas também pela oportunidade de vivenciar experiências positivas.
Expressões faciais em cavalos: uma abordagem sobre os métodos de avaliação e as limitações de seu uso
Authors: Trindade Pedro Henrique Esteves , Costa Franciely De Oliveira , Paranhos da Costa Mateus José Rodrigues
Published: August 2018

As expressões faciais têm como finalidade estabelecer a comunicação entre os equinos. Apesar disso, também podem ser utilizadas como produto de uma situação específica e, desse modo, refletir o estado dos cavalos. Com isso, denota-se a relevância dessa linguagem corporal como indicador comportamental para avaliar diversos estados mentais positivos e negativos dos equinos. O conhecimento geral acerca das expressões faciais, entretanto, ainda é incipiente e os estudos apresentam divergências metodológicas que precisam ser compreendidas antes da replicação de tais métodos, assim como é de extrema relevância esclarecer as limitações de seu uso. Esta revisão, portanto, foi elaborada com o objetivo de apresentar e discutir os dados disponíveis na literatura no que tange às expressões faciais em cavalos, com destaque para os métodos de avaliação e as limitações no uso das características faciais. Espera-se que esta revisão possa nortear estudos futuros no desenvolvimento científico da área e contribuir para a identificação das principais lacunas.
Consequências da seleção artificial para o bem-estar animal
Authors: Sans Elaine Cristina de Oliveira , Rüncos Larissa Helena Ersching , Soriano Vanessa Souza , Schnaider Maria Alice , Molento Carla Forte Maiolino
Published: August 2018

A domesticação causou impacto importante na vida do ser humano e dos animais. Ao longo do tempo, foram descobertas novas formas de fazer com que os animais atendessem os interesses humanos, e uma das ferramentas utilizadas para alcançar tal objetivo foi a seleção artificial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar as consequências da seleção artificial para o bem-estar de animais de companhia e de produção. Embora os programas de seleção tenham importância econômica, os animais passaram a apresentar diversos problemas devido à intensificação do uso dessa ferramenta. Cães e gatos selecionados para características estéticas e animais de produção para características de desempenho sofreram deterioração crescente de seu bem-estar. A partir do reconhecimendo do impacto da seleção artificial sobre a qualidade de vida dos animais, é possível estimular a inclusão de aspectos relacionados ao bem-estar animal nos programas de seleção artificial para as diversas espécies que são utilizadas pelo ser humano.
Fourth-Year Podiatric Medical Student Perspectives on Clerkships and Residency Selection
Authors: Shofler David W. , Bosia Kathryn , Harkless Lawrence
Published: August 2018

Background:

The fourth year of podiatric medical school is an important period in the education of the podiatric medical student, a period that consists largely of month-long clerkships. Nonetheless, there has been limited formal study of the quality of learning experiences during this period. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge of how podiatric medical students evaluate residency programs during clerkships.

Methods:

An online survey was developed and distributed electronically to fourth-year podiatric medical school students. The focus of the survey was the quality of learning experiences during externships, and decision making in ranking residency programs.

Results:

The most valuable learning experiences during clerkships were interactions with attending physicians, interactions with residents, and general feedback in surgery. Students self-identified that they most improved in the following areas during clerkships: forefoot surgery, clinical podiatry skills, and rearfoot surgery. The areas in which students improved the least were research, pediatrics, and practice management. The three most important factors students considered as they created their rank list were hands-on resident participation in surgical training, the attitude and personality of the residents, and the attitude and personality of the attending physicians. A range of surgical interest was identified among students, and students lacking in surgical interest self-reported less improvement in various surgical topics.

Conclusions:

The perspectives of fourth-year podiatric medical students are currently an underused resource. Improved understanding can help residency programs improve the quality of associated learning experiences and can make their programs more appealing to potential residency candidates.
Subungual Exostosis
Authors: Pérez-Palma Laura , Manzanares-Céspedes María Cristina , de Veciana Enrique Giralt
Published: August 2018

Background:

The coexistence of deformity of the nail bed and subungual exostosis (SE) is a frequent finding in podiatric practice in the fourth and fifth decades of life. However, it has been described by other specialists as being an uncommon osteocartilaginous tumor most prevalent during the second and third decades of life. This study attempts to determine the causes of this discrepancy.

Methods:

Two authors independently conducted a systematic bibliographic review in multiple databases, podiatry sources and others, and key words were chosen to achieve a broad search strategy. Studies reporting on epidemiology and treatment of SE lesions in lower extremities in ten or more patients were selected. Initially, 197 articles were identified through database screening, with 23 meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seven articles with the ages of all of the patients were included in the analysis of age data. A comparison was then made between the diagnostic criteria for the selected 23 articles.

Results:

Model results reveal that, although there are some significant differences between individual studies, the main factor tested (patient's age) was clearly significant (F1,5.2 = 78.12, P < .001), showing that studies coming from the podiatry speciality were conducted on individuals with a mean age of 37 years higher than in studies from other specialties. Clinical and radiologic characteristics and treatment described in the podiatry literature also contrast with those in other specialties.

Conclusions:

The SE described by podiatrists, in accordance with the parameters of true exostosis, is different from Dupuytren's SE and should be considered as a different pathologic entity. The authors are working on its histologic identification.
Energy cost associated with moving platforms
Authors: Duncan Carolyn A. , MacKinnon Scott N. , Marais Jacques F. , Basset Fabien A.
Published: August 2018

Background

Previous research suggests motion induced fatigue contributes to significant performance degradation and is likely related to a higher incidence of accidents and injuries. However, the exact effect of continuous multidirectional platform perturbations on energy cost (EC) with experienced personnel on boats and other seafaring vessels remains unknown.

Objective

The objective of this experiment was to measure the metabolic ECs associated with maintaining postural stability in a motion-rich environment.

Methods

Twenty volunteer participants, who were free of any musculoskeletal or balance disorders, performed three tasks while immersed in a moving environment that varied motion profiles similar to those experienced by workers on a mid-size commercial fishing vessel (static platform (baseline), low and high motions (HMs)). Cardiorespiratory parameters were collected using an indirect calorimetric system that continuously measured breath-by-breath samples. Heart rate was recoded using a wireless heart monitor.

Results

Results indicate a systematic increase in metabolic costs associated with increased platform motions. The increases were most pronounced during the standing and lifting activities and were 50% greater during the HM condition when compared to no motion. Increased heart rates were also observed.

Discussion

Platform motions have a significant impact on metabolic costs that are both task and magnitude of motion dependent. Practitioners must take into consideration the influence of motion-rich environments upon the systematic accumulation of operator fatigue.
Contextual and individual determinants of oral health-related quality of life among five-year-old children: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Gomes Monalisa C. , Neves Érick T.B. , Perazzo Matheus F. , Paiva Saul M. , Ferreira Fernanda M. , Granville-Garcia Ana F.
Published: August 2018

Background

Contextual factors may influence oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of individual and contextual determinants of OHRQoL based on the perceptions of children.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 769 five-year-old children from public and private preschools in a city in the countryside of northeast Brazil. Parents/caregivers answered questionnaires addressing psychological aspects, sociodemographic data and aspects of the child’s oral health. The children answered the child version of the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for five-year-old children and were submitted to oral examinations. Variables related to the context were obtained from the schools and official municipal publications. Unadjusted and adjusted multilevel Poisson regression models were used to investigate associations between variables.

Results

In the adjusted analysis, parent’s/caregiver’s schooling, household income, parent’s/caregiver’s age, a history of dental pain, dental caries and its consequences and traumatic dental injury were considered individual determinants of OHRQoL according to the children’s self-reports. After the incorporation of the contextual determinants, the association between parent’s/caregiver’s schooling and OHRQoL lost its significance. Type of school was the context variable that remained associated with OHRQoL.

Discussion

Besides the clinical and sociodemographic individual characteristics, characteristics of the school environment in which the child studies are associated with self-reported impacts on OHRQoL.
Bringing Porous Organic and Carbon‐Based Materials toward Thin‐Film Applications
Authors: Wuttke Stefan , Medina Dana D. , Rotter Julian M. , Begum Salma , Stassin Timothée , Ameloot Rob , Oschatz Martin , Tsotsalas Manuel
Published: August 2018

Porous materials have attracted tremendous scientific and industrial interest due to their broad commercial applicability. However, some applications require that these materials are deposited on surfaces to create thin films. Here, the recent progress of new porous thin‐film material classes is described: porous organic molecular materials, porous organic polymers, covalent organic frameworks, and nanoporous carbon. In each case, the state of the art and current barriers in their thin‐film fabrication, as well as intrinsic material advantages that are suited for different applications are presented. By highlighting the unique structural characteristics and properties of these materials, it is hoped that increased research development and industrial interest will be fostered, which will lead to new methods of thin‐film synthesis and consequently to new applications.
Corrugated Heterojunction Metal‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors with High Electron Mobility via Vertical Interface Manipulation
Authors: Lee Minuk , Jo Jeong‐Wan , Kim Yoon‐Jeong , Choi Seungbeom , Kwon Sung Min , Jeon Seong Pil , Facchetti Antonio , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Park Sung Kyu
Published: August 2018

A new strategy is reported to achieve high‐mobility, low‐off‐current, and operationally stable solution‐processable metal‐oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) using a corrugated heterojunction channel structure. The corrugated heterojunction channel, having alternating thin‐indium‐tin‐zinc‐oxide (ITZO)/indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (IGZO) and thick‐ITZO/IGZO film regions, enables the accumulated electron concentration to be tuned in the TFT off‐ and on‐states via charge modulation at the vertical regions of the heterojunction. The ITZO/IGZO TFTs with optimized corrugated structure exhibit a maximum field‐effect mobility >50 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an on/off current ratio of >108 and good operational stability (threshold voltage shift <1 V for a positive‐gate‐bias stress of 10 ks, without passivation). To exploit the underlying conduction mechanism of the corrugated heterojunction TFTs, a physical model is implemented by using a variety of chemical, structural, and electrical characterization tools and Technology Computer‐Aided Design simulations. The physical model reveals that efficient charge manipulation is possible via the corrugated structure, by inducing an extremely high carrier concentration at the nanoscale vertical channel regions, enabling low off‐currents and high on‐currents depending on the applied gate bias.
Interfacial Engineering of Metal Oxides for Highly Stable Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Mingorance Alba , Xie Haibing , Kim Hui‐Seon , Wang Zaiwei , Balsells Marc , Morales‐Melgares Anna , Domingo Neus , Kazuteru Nonomura , Tress Wolfgang , Fraxedas Jordi , Vlachopoulos Nick , Hagfeldt Anders , Lira‐Cantu Monica
Published: August 2018

Oxides employed in halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have already demonstrated to deliver enhanced stability, low cost, and the ease of fabrication required for the commercialization of the technology. The most stable PSCs configuration, the carbon‐based hole transport layer‐free PSC (HTL‐free PSC), has demonstrated a stability of more than one year of continuous operation partially due to the dual presence of insulating oxide scaffolds and conductive oxides. Despite these advances, the stability of PSCs is still a concern and a strong limiting factor for their industrial implementation. The engineering of oxide interfaces functionalized with molecules (like self‐assembly monolayers) or polymers results in the passivation of defects (traps), providing numerous advantages such as the elimination of hysteresis and the enhancement of solar cell efficiency. But most important is the beneficial effect of interfacial engineering on the lifetime and stability of PSCs. In this work, the authors provide a brief insight into the recent developments reported on the surface functionalization of oxide interfaces in PSCs with emphasis on the effect of device stability. This paper also discusses the different binding modes, their effect on defect passivation, band alignment or dipole formation, and how these parameters influence device lifetime.
Regulating Fibroblast Shape and Mechanics through Photoresponsive Surfaces with Concentric Circular Topographic Patterns
Authors: Rossano Lucia , Cimmino Chiara , Cavalli Silvia , Ventre Maurizio , Netti Paolo A.
Published: August 2018

Material signals in the form of surface topographies, proved to be potent regulators of cell functions and fate, through mechanotransduction pathways. While a wealth of data is related to regular topographic patterns, i.e., lines, pit, or protrusions, there are comparatively few studies addressing the effects of circular, concentric patterns. Yet, curvatures affecting cell shape dramatically alter cell contractility and behavior. Additionally, the vast majority of patterned surfaces are static in nature and this prevents to understand how cells perceive and respond to the topographic patterns. Here, a technique is exploited for dynamically embossing micrometerscale circular pattern on azopolymeric substrates using a confocal laser microscope and it is analyzed how NIH‐3T3 reacts to the underlying topography in terms of changes in shape and mechanical properties. A characteristic pattern arrangement is found which most effectively alters cell morphology and orientation. Cells perceive the concentric pattern and reconfigure as fast as 2 h after pattern inscription. The changes in morphology also reflect dramatic changes in cell mechanics and cytoskeletal arrangements. The reported method is useful to manipulate cell shape and mechanics in a facile and cost‐effective manner and most importantly enables investigate mechanotransduction events dynamically.
Developments in Cp*CoIII‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalizations
Authors: Ghorai Jayanta , Anbarasan Pazhamalai
Published: August 2018

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H bond functionalization has emerged as a powerful tool in contemporary organic synthesis. In this aspect, precious metal‐based high‐valent catalysts have been extensively studied. In the past decade, earth‐abundant high‐valent Cp*Co(III)‐catalysts have emerged as a promising alternative to the expensive transition metals, providing unique selectivity and reactivity. In this Minireview, we summarized important progresses in the area of Cp*Co(III)‐catalyzed C−H bond functionalization until 2017.
Decarboxylative C(sp3)−O Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Mao Runze , Balon Jonathan , Hu Xile
Published: August 2018

Alkyl aryl ethers are an important class of compounds in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. Catalytic C(sp3)−O cross‐coupling of alkyl electrophiles with phenols is an unexplored disconnection strategy to the synthesis of alkyl aryl ethers, with the potential to overcome some of the major limitations of existing methods such as C(sp2)−O cross‐coupling and SN2 reactions. Reported here is a tandem photoredox and copper catalysis to achieve decarboxylative C(sp3)−O coupling of alkyl N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters with phenols under mild reaction conditions. This method was used to synthesize a diverse set of alkyl aryl ethers using readily available alkyl carboxylic acids, including many natural products and drug molecules. Complementarity in scope and functional‐group tolerance to existing methods was demonstrated.
Emergence of time‐dependent material properties in chain extended polyureas
Authors: Iqbal N. , Kumar D. , Roy P. K.
Published: August 2018

In this article, we report the emergence of material properties of polyurea over a finite time frame. Due to the rapid isocyanate–amine reaction, polyurea formation occurs practically instantaneously. Despite being an “instant‐curing” system, the material properties of polyurea evolve substantially with time: phenomenon, which warrants a methodical study. The curing process of polyurea formulations, containing both aliphatic and aromatic chain extender, has been studied systematically with an aim to gain insight into the time frame associated with its curing and subsequent stress relaxation. Formulations containing aromatic chain extender mandated relatively lesser time to “gel,” but the complete disappearance of NCO absorbance mandated much longer periods ∼7 h. Interestingly, in all the formulations, mechanical properties improved with time and reached their optimal properties over a period of 15 days. This improvement has been attributed to several processes simultaneously occurring within the matrix; the foremost being the relaxation of internal stresses which tend to buildup in the polymer during the spray coating process. In addition, significant changes occur in the internal morphology of segmented polymers, which in turn is a result of H‐bond rearrangement.
Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by chain extension during reactive extrusion using functionalized block copolymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization
Authors: Benvenuta‐Tapia Juan José , González‐Coronel Valeria Jordana , Soriano‐Moro Guillermo , Martínez‐De la Luz Isabel , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo
Published: August 2018

In this study, a series of reactive block copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate (G), styrene (S), and maleic anhydride (MA) (GS–SMA–GS), with well‐defined properties and high number average functionalities, is presented. They were synthesized through reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) and evaluated as chain extenders in reactive extrusion recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET). Modification of the process using GS–SMA–GS results in increased melt flow and intrinsic viscosities higher than those of conventional rPET. Results show that increasing epoxide content makes chain organization in rPET difficult and promotes lower crystallization rates and lower degrees of crystallinity, both of which are characteristics suited to produce preforms with the desired clarity. Chain‐extended rPET exhibits improved rheological characteristics with increasing glycidyl methacrylate content. Chain‐extended rPET using GS–SMA–GS shows enhanced complex viscosity; elastic and viscous modules, which are indicative of high melt elasticity, improved mechanical properties, and processability. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46771.
Naphthalene‐containing poly(arylene ether ketone) with low dielectric constant
Authors: Zhang Yurong , Jiang Hao , Liu Jie , Zhao Chengji , Na Hui
Published: August 2018

A low dielectric constant poly(arylene ether ketone) containing naphthalene and trifluoromethyl groups (FPNAEK) were prepared and characterized. The FPNAEK showed excellent thermal stability (Td5 = 443 °C ) and low water absorption. The dielectric constant decreased significantly after introducing trifluoromethyl group, in comparision with poly(arylene ether ketone) containing naphthalene (PNAEK). The dielectric constant of FPNAEK is about 2.5 between 1 kHz and 1 MHz at room temperature, which is much lower than that of commercial poly(ether ether ketone) (3.3) and PNAEK (2.78). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46857.