bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La dichotomie synchronie-diachronie dans l'œuvre de Gustave Guillaume
Authors: Boone Annie
Published: November 2007

Annie Boone : « La dichotomie synchronie-diachronie dans l'œuvre de Gustave Guillaume »

G. Guillaume has never denied the interesting aspects of comparative and historical grammar, but he has denounced more than once its limitations and its insufficiences. He notes that the saussurian distinction between synchrony and diachrony « remains a bit sketchy ». He considers that historical grammar must extend its observations towards the history of systems, that is to say towards the diachrony of synchronies. For the distinction between synchrony and diachrony, he finally substitues a distinction between two diachronies : the diachrony of historical contributions and the diachrony of systematic relations. G. Guillaume insists on distinguishing, within the historical explanation, the retrospective point of view, which suffices to explain the morphological facts, from the prospective point of view, which enables to give an account of the structure of the system.
L'article défini en ancien français : l'expression de la subjectivité
Authors: Epstein Richard
Published: November 2007

Richard Epstein : « L'article défini en ancien français : l'expression de la subjectivité dans le discours »

Nearly all previous work on definiteness treats definite articles as strictly referential items, that is, as elements that help establish the exsitence of and pick out entities in the domain of discourse. However, such an analysis cannot account for all the facts concerning the definite article in Old French, for example, cases in which the definite article occurs in NPs with non-identifiable referents. I propose instead that the definite article possesses an expressive funcion, as a marker of prominence, in addition to its referential function. In this sense, it is a manifestation of the speaker's subjectivity in discourse.
Marques du dialogue. Emploi des majuscules dans les titres
Authors: Dournon Jean-Yves
Published: November 2007

J.-Y. Dournon : Dialogue markers — Use of Capital Letters in Titles

As forty years of working as a printing corrector led me to expect there are numerous differences in the guidelines laid down in various typographical treatises, grammars, etc. This study examines the rules as set out in the Code typographique (1983), the Lexique des règles typographiques in use at the Imprimerie Nationale (1971), Gouriou's Memento typographique (Hachette, 1973), the Dictionnaire abrégé de typographie (in Nouveau Dictionnaire des Difficultés du français, de J.-C. Colin, Hachette-Tchou, 1970), the Dictionnaire des difficultés du français by J.-Y. Dournon (Hachette, 1990), etc.

I. Dialogue markers : We will attempt to draw a simple "code" of the different procedures in use.

II. Capitals : In the case of geographical names, the rule is explained, and, in the seven examples quoted, there are no less than four discrepancies :

— les Iles Britanniques — les îles Britanniques

— l'Amérique Centrale — l'Amérique centrale

— le Comtat Venaissin — le comtat Venaissin

— le Pays Basque — le Pays basque

We will try to establish how such discrepancies occur, and propose a set of logical rules. Moreover, I have carried out a study among professional correctors from the main publishing houses, and their "in-field" experience helps to understand how difficult it is to put rules into practice.
Le Conseil international de la langue française et l'orthographe
Authors: Goosse André
Published: November 2007

A. Goosse : The Conseil international de la Langue française and Orthography

On two consecutive occasions, the CILF devoted long working sessions to the problem of orthography : firstly, when a report on the Thimonnier project was requested by the Education Ministry and the Académie française ; and secondly, when a number of lexicographers were brought together at the behest of CILF president Joseph Hanse in order to reduce the number of discrepancies both in and between major dictionaries.

These two substantial reports were not followed by any immediate effect, in spite of their being well accepted by the other French-speaking countries. However, the reports paved the way for the recent rectifications of French orthography, proposed in 1990 by the Conseil supérieur de la Langue française. lexicographers were brought together at the behest of CILF president Joseph Hanse in order to reduce the number of discrepancies both in and between major dictionaries.

These two substantial reports were not followed by any immediate effect, in spite of their being well accepted by the other French-speaking countries. However, the reports paved the way for the recent rectifications of French orthography, proposed in 1990 by the Conseil supérieur de la Langue française.
Une doctrine jésuite de l'exemple. Le Dictionnaire Royal Augmenté de François-Antoine Pomey
Authors: Girardin Chantal
Published: November 2007

Chantal Glrardin : A Jesuit doctrin of the example. The Dictionnaire Royal Augmenté by François- Antoine Pomey.

In 1671 François-Antoine Pomey published a French-Latin dictionary, the Dictionnaire Royal, which reflects of the changes of the lexicographical practices of the times. The originality of Pomey's dictionary consists partially in a new conception of the example, which now becomes a constitutive element of the dictionary. Pomey has recourse to two categories of examples : made-up examples and quotations. The made-up examples investigate into syntactic constructions, transmit knowledge (encyclopaedic and cultural value), and give examples of « amplification » (pedagogical function). The quotations of Latin authors induce perfect eloquence ; the quotations of French authors justify a word's introduction into the nomenclature. In addition to these pedagogical and didactic examples, there arises the role that the examples and quotations will play in future single-language dictionaries.
Les citations "anonymes" dans le Dictionnaitre critique de Féraud (1787)
Authors: Martin-Berthet Françoise
Published: November 2007

Françoise Martin-Berthet : « Anonymous » quotations in Feraud's Dictionnaire critique.

Abbé Féraud's Dictionaire Critique (1787), with its made-up examples and quotations, contains a rather large number of anonymous quotations. Either these are followed by the sign Anon. , which Féraud seems to use more freely than usual ; or they are attributed to « a modern author » unnamed ; or the reference is reduced to the title of a periodical. This type of example, which is neither the quotation of an author nor a made-up example — but nevertheless an example — functions at times as an « objet de critique » (the model of the Dictionnaire Grammatical is continued in the Dictionaire Critique), at other times as a « simple exemple ». Féraud is a grammarian and it is the grammatical tradition, rather than the lexicological, that accounts for ordinary discourse, in order to correct it, or in order to describe it and define therein the usage.
Du discours au discours par l'usage : pour une problématique de l'exemple
Authors: Rey Alain
Published: November 2007

Alain Rey : Towards a problematics of the example.

Starting from a selection of texts and/or spoken language, dictionaries cannot but extract (exemplum), show or illustrate (paradigma), and quote (citatio) phrases and sentences that are supposed to represent a language ; in fact they construct an ideal state of language properly called a norm.

Examples and illustrations in dictionaries constitute the core of their more or less creative aspect in politics. With definitions and semantic analysis which are often inspired by examples, illustration and quotation form their main witnesses of cultural ideology. French lexicography, in particular, is linked to social and cultural values as these are embodied in literature, which comprises in fact only a very small part of the total speech (Saussurean « parole ») in a language. Thus, the choice of examples dictionaries make is one of the best possible ways to understand how a society chooses to construct its own linguistic model and norm. Examples and illustrations in dictionaries constitute the core of their more or less creative aspect in politics. With definitions and semantic analysis which are often inspired by examples, illustration and quotation form their main witnesses of cultural ideology. French lexicography, in particular, is linked to social and cultural values as these are embodied in literature, which comprises in fact only a very small part of the total speech (Saussurean « parole ») in a language. Thus, the choice of examples dictionaries make is one of the best possible ways to understand how a society chooses to construct its own linguistic model and norm.
La musique du « Lac »
Authors: Ruwet Nicolas
Published: November 2007

Nicolas Ruwet : Lamartine : The music of The Lake

A formal study and interpretation of a moderately long Romantic poem. We stress features that point to the universality of the poem ; we also point to a number of features which are strinkingly similar to devices that are commonplace in music .
Métaphore, contexte, analogie : « Le lézard » de Francis Ponge
Authors: Sánchez Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

Joseph Sanchez : Métaphore, contexte, analogie ; "Le Lézard" de Francis Ponge.

I introduce a hypothesis on the metaphorical process, based on a study of Francis Ponge's poem Le Lézard (« The Lizard »). Within a cognitivist framework, I try to define the concepts of context and analogy in the way they are linked in the production of metaphorical sentences.
L'argumentation dans le dialogue
Authors: Adam Jean-Michel
Published: November 2007

Jean-Michel Adam, L'argumentation dans le dialogue

Within the frame of textlinguistics and of a theory of the levels of discourse organization, this article provides a study of the forms of the insertion of argumentation in written dialogues (drama, fiction, newspaper interviews). Argumentation is first dealt with as a microlinguistic phenomenon (connected clauses and sentences) and is then examined as a macrolinguistic phenomenon (expanded argumentative sequences).
Compétence argumentative et production écrite en langue étrangère et maternelle
Authors: Bouchard Robert
Published: November 2007

Robert Bouchard, Compétence argumentative et production écrite en langue étrangère et maternelle

This paper is about the analysis of the written production of argumentative discourse. Thanks to the technique of collective writing it is possible to observe the process of discourse production. Declarative, strategic and procedural abilities of two non native adults are successively analyzed and compared periodically to those of two young native speakers. This study focuses on only two levels : global and interphrasal organisation of discourse. The organisation of debates in class so as to bring students to build argumentative concepts and help them in their approach of texts (reading and writing) shows the limits of a didactic scheme which relies on oral language practice for the elaboration of written texts.
La sémantique lexicale est d'abord inférentielle
Authors: Kayser Daniel
Published: November 2007

D. Kayser : La sémantique lexicale est d'abord inférentielle

Lexical Semantics is concerned with the meaning of words ; but how to express a meaning ? In words ? With « atoms of meaning » ? With logical predicates ? With mathematical functions ? We discuss the weaknesses of these solutions, try to identify their causes and conclude that the problem is basically ill-defined. Actually, what matters are the inferences which are warranted by the use of a word in its context ; the existence of a referent in some universe of discourse is merely a possible by-product of these inferences. We finally explain that the inferential behaviour obeys general principles that can be represented in a logic, provided it is a non-monotonic one.
Le lexique des très jeunes
Authors: Walter Henriette
Published: November 2007

Henriette Walter: The Lexis of the Very Young

This study focuses on the answers given by children between the ages of 8 and 14 to a question in a big competition organized by the « Delegation Générale à la langue française » (the French Language Bureau) : « Name 5 words which you have invented and which are not in the dictionary. » This study has allowed us to pinpoint various types of neologisms : by derivation (« écriveur » for « stylo » (pen), « babaresque » for « très gros » (very big)), by juxtaposition (« choconade » = « chocolat » (chocolate) + « cassonade » (brown sugar), « patabelges » for « frites » (chips/fries)), using Greek roots (« tartophile » — pastry lover, « dodophile » — who loves sleeping), using « verlan » i.e. backs- lang involving the inverting of syllabes, (« çais-fran » for Frenchman, « choir- mou » for handkerchief, « ger-man » — to eat) by borrowing from English (cool), or from the regional lexis (guernette, meurotte, esquiche). This study focuses on the answers given by children between the ages of 8 and 14 to a question in a big competition organized by the « Delegation Générale à la langue française » (the French Language Bureau) : « Name 5 words which you have invented and which are not in the dictionary. » This study has allowed us to pinpoint various types of neologisms : by derivation (« écriveur » for « stylo » (pen), « babaresque » for « très gros » (very big)), by juxtaposition (« choconade » = « chocolat » (chocolate) + « cassonade » (brown sugar), « patabelges » for « frites » (chips/fries)), using Greek roots (« tartophile » — pastry lover, « dodophile » — who loves sleeping), using « verlan » i.e. backs- lang involving the inverting of syllabes, (« çais-fran » for Frenchman, « choir- mou » for handkerchief, « ger-man » — to eat) by borrowing from English (cool), or from the regional lexis (guernette, meurotte, esquiche).
Aspects des parlers jeunes en Algérie
Authors: Tounsi Leila
Published: November 2007

Leila Tounsi: Aspects of the speech of young people in Algeria

In today's multilingual and strife-torn Algeria, the young generation, who are the majority in numerical terms but are more and more on the fringes of socioeconomic and political life, arc creating their own areas of freedom and inventing their own personal linguistic codes. Unlike their elders, who are more than ever confronted with the « linguistic issue » and with « identity problems », they seem to be drawing without any hesitation elements from the languages at their disposal : dialectal Arabic and Berber in all their regional varieties, French and written Arabic. They use their words to express the dullness or the violence of their daily lives but also to express love, friendship, and their sense of values and sometimes, their hopes. They sprinkle their everyday conversation with this language and also their artistic and creative fields such as songwriting, theatre, cinema and even the written press. In today's multilingual and strife-torn Algeria, the young generation, who are the majority in numerical terms but are more and more on the fringes of socioeconomic and political life, arc creating their own areas of freedom and inventing their own personal linguistic codes. Unlike their elders, who are more than ever confronted with the « linguistic issue » and with « identity problems », they seem to be drawing without any hesitation elements from the languages at their disposal : dialectal Arabic and Berber in all their regional varieties, French and written Arabic. They use their words to express the dullness or the violence of their daily lives but also to express love, friendship, and their sense of values and sometimes, their hopes. They sprinkle their everyday conversation with this language and also their artistic and creative fields such as songwriting, theatre, cinema and even the written press.
La notion d'interaction en linguistique : origine, apports, bilan
Authors: Kerbrat-Orecchioni Catherine
Published: November 2007

Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, The concept of interaction in linguistics: its origins, contributions and results

We will first mention a number of reasons concerning why interactive orientations were so long to take hold in France. We will then touch upon some innovations that this new orientation has introduced as regards the object of analysis (prime importance of oral discourse in dialogue), the methodology (exclusively data-driven) and the facts considered relevant in the analyzed corpus. The study will end with an attempt to draw conclusions of the impact of interactive orientation on linguistic studies.
Abréviations et frontières de mots
Authors: Hasenohr Geneviève
Published: November 2007

G. Hasenohr: « Abbreviations and Word-Boundaries »

The scribes who put the French language into a written form for the first time were clerics, who had been trained to write in another system, that of Latin, which comprised a coherent sub-system of abbreviations. In this particular case, they merely transferred the uses of one language to the other, without trying to adapt them. This gave rise to ambiguities, and, as far as the representation of syllables was concerned, discrepancies between the written picture of the word and its phonetic form. However, the use of abbreviations had no repercussions as far as segmentation of the written chain was concerned, and did not complicate the perception of lexical units, since the use of abbreviations at line-endings (when the word was incomplete) was forbidden.
Du sens des démonstratifs à la construction d'univers
Authors: De Mulder Walter
Published: November 2007

Walter De Mulder : From the meaning of Demonstratives to the creation of discourse worlds.

Gary-Prieur and Noailly (1996) argue that some uses of demonstrative noun phrases in literary texts cannot be analysed as anaphoric, since they have no antecedents, nor as deictic, since the indexical ground, the /, here and now of the speaker / writer, is no longer available. Most of these uses signal that the referent is to be seen as part of the universe of a particular character. In my contribution, I argue they are manifestations of the basic token-reflexive meaning of the demonstratives, which demands not only that a referent be identified, but also that a context be set up, linked to the occurrence of the demonstrative. As such, these demonstratives always signal the integration of new information into the discourse : the introduction of a new referent, a change of thematic status, a change of universe, etc., and are deictic expressions according to the definition of deixis proposed a.o. by Bosch (1983).
L'usage des SN démonstratifs dans les Fables de La Fontaine
Authors: Béguelin Marie-José
Published: November 2007

Marie José Beguelin : Demonstrative noun-phrases in La Fontaine's Fables.

This study brings to light a set of writing habits related to the use of demonstrative noun phrases in La Fontaine's poetry and tries to account for their major stylistic effects. A close observation of word selection in such phrases gives a good opportunity to describe, in a literary text, the (re)categorisation of referents in and through discourse. Marie José Beguelin : Demonstrative noun-phrases in La Fontaine's Fables.

This study brings to light a set of writing habits related to the use of demonstrative noun phrases in La Fontaine's poetry and tries to account for their major stylistic effects. A close observation of word selection in such phrases gives a good opportunity to describe, in a literary text, the (re)categorisation of referents in and through discourse.
Champ, schéma, sujet : les contributions de Biihler, Bartlett et Benveniste à une linguistique du texte
Authors: Nerlich Brigitte , Clarke David D.
Published: November 2007

Brigitte Nerlich et David Clarke : Champ, schéma, sujet ; les contributions de Bühler, Bartlett et Benveniste à une linguistique du texte

This article is a contribution to an international and interdisciplinary history of text linguistics. It focuses on the works of three authors who have influenced text linguistics in various ways : Bühler, through his theory of four modes of language, his organon model, his theory of anaphora and deixis and his theory of language understanding influenced by Gestalt psychology ; Bartlett, through his theory of schemata or mental models that structure the understanding and memorisation of stories, a theory that had a direct influence on all later models of text comprehension based on schemata, frames, scripts and plans ; and finally Benveniste, through his theory of pronouns and indexicals and his discussion of two broad types of enunciation or genres of text : the story and the discourse.
Existe-t-il des stades successifs dans l'acquisition de l'orthographe d'usage ?
Authors: Martinet Catherine , Bosse Marie-Line , Valdois Sylvianne , Tainturier Marie-Josèphe
Published: November 2007

Catherine Martinet, Marilyne Bosse, Sylviane Valdois, Marie-Jeanne Tainturier. Existe-t-il des stades dans l'acquisition de l'orthographe d'usage ?

This paper questions the main proposal of the stade models of spelling acquisition which postulate that children go through a série of stages characterised by the acquisition of specific processing abilities during learning. Two kinds of evidence against this hypothesis are presented here through the analysis of neuropsychological and experimental data. It is argued that the mechanisms underlying normal reading establish very early during development, their involvement in processing being essentially determined by word familiarity. Catherine Martinet, Marilyne Bosse, Sylviane Valdois, Marie-Jeanne Tainturier. Existe-t-il des stades dans l'acquisition de l'orthographe d'usage ?

This paper questions the main proposal of the stade models of spelling acquisition which postulate that children go through a série of stages characterised by the acquisition of specific processing abilities during learning. Two kinds of evidence against this hypothesis are presented here through the analysis of neuropsychological and experimental data. It is argued that the mechanisms underlying normal reading establish very early during development, their involvement in processing being essentially determined by word familiarity.
L'orthographe en questions au 3615 ORTHOTEL ou « Est-ce que le participe passé dans les gâteaux sont fai- s'accorde ?
Authors: Billiez Jacqueline , Lucci Vincent , Millet Agnès
Published: November 2007

Jacqueline Bllliez, Vincent Lucci, Agnès Millet. L'orthographe en questions au 3615 ORTHOTEL ou « Est-ce que le participe passé dans les gâteaux sont fai- s'accorde ? »

This study analyses a corpus of 1 000 questions addressed to the ORTHOTEL service between January and August 1995. Accessible via the Minitel, this service provides assistance in helping ordinary writers resolve their spelling difficulties. The analysis yields two major results : on the one hand it shows accrued interest in grammatical markers and in particular those of the plural. It also allows for the description of highly differentiated normative attitudes linked in interpretation to real or supposed competencies. The observation of these questions which precede the act of writing suggest furthermore that the areas of spelling insecurity are not necessarily directly related to social distinction.
La préposition comme connecteur et la prédication seconde
Authors: Cadiot Pierre
Published: November 2007

Pierre Cadiot, La préposition comme connecteur et la prédication seconde

The author shows that utterances such as Paul a frappé Jean au visage, Sylvie est jolie des yeux, Paul a été attaqué sur sa vie privée, (Paul struck Jean in the face, Sylvie has pretty eyes, Paul was attaqued on/for his private life) are cases of "double predication". He developes the hypothesis that this double predication is articulted according to a model background/figure and that the choice of prepositions corresponds to an instructional theory of their basic semantic structure.
Variations des ancrages énonciatifs et fictionalisation d'une anecdote d'Albert Camus
Authors: Adam Jean-Michel , Lugrin Gilles
Published: November 2007

Jean-Michel Adam and Gilles Lugrin : Variations of the enunciative utterer-centered anchor points and fictionalization of an Albert Camus autobiographical narrative

In Camus's works, one can find three versions of the same autobiographical anecdote. The rewriting of an identical scene as fiction in The Stranger, clearly as fact in Reflections on the guillotine, and as mixed discourse in Camus's posthumous autofictional novel The First Man may be seen as a textbook case. This article examines the enunciative anchoring in each of these forms of discourse in order to study whether narrative fiction offers specific enunciative features that are linguistically identifiable.
Quelle syntaxe pour l'apposition ? Les types d'appariement des appositions frontales et la continuité référentielle
Authors: Neveu Franck
Published: November 2007

Franck Neveu - Quelle syntaxe pour l'apposition ? Les types d'appariement des appositions frontales et la continuité référentielle

This paper studies the means used by front appositions to connect with primary predication and the part of anchoring point of the detached segment in referential continuity. We develop the assumption, that in the appositive system, whatever the order and the kind of the components, the detachment and the second predication lead blocking of any referential mechanism of the segment thougt to be apposed, whose function is to predicate the properties of the support. This describing detached term forms with its controller a referential cell and its place must be described as an icon index of the interpretation field of the controller [+/- accessibility]. continuity. We develop the assumption, that in the appositive system, whatever the order and the kind of the components, the detachment and the second predication lead blocking of any referential mechanism of the segment thougt to be apposed, whose function is to predicate the properties of the support. This describing detached term forms with its controller a referential cell and its place must be described as an icon index of the interpretation field of the controller [+/- accessibility].
L'infinitif de narration comme prédication seconde
Authors: Melis Ludo
Published: November 2007

Ludo Mélis, L'infinitif de narration comme prédication seconde

This study is devoted to the so called narrative infinitive, a type of secundary predication charachterised by the partial specification of the predicative dimensions end the dependence of the left-hand context. This explains the presence of a junctor, the use of de as a marker of particularistion and the restricted distribution of accessory constituents.
L'histoire de contre et la sémantique prototypique
Authors: De Mulder Walter , Vanderheyden Anne
Published: November 2007

Walter De Mulder et Anne Vanderheyden : L'histoire de contre et la sémantique prototypique

Following the book on diachronic prototype semantics by Dirk Geeaerts, this paper tries to show that prototype semantics is, by its very nature, fit to describe semantic change. The authors first propose a semantic analysis of the Modern French preposition contre in terms of a "network", where the different meanings of the preposition (its spatial and adversative meanings, as well as the meanings of proportion and exchange) are organized around a prototypical sense ("movement of an entity towards another entity which functions as a limiting point") - an analysis that also includes a "schematic" or "basic" meaning. In the second part of the paper, they try to apply the same type of approach to analyze the use of the preposition in Old French and to explain the evolution of contre from Old French to Modern French. In this way, they can point out some phenomena which confirm the prototypical nature of the meaning-structure of contre: more than one meaning can be at the basis of one and the same extension of meaning, some meanings are more relevant than others in order to understand the semantic evolution of the preposition, and some meanings are more stable than others. Moreover, it is shown, following Geeraerts, that the prototypical conception of meaning can maintain the isomorphic principle ("one form, one meaning").
Langage intérieur et ontologie linguistique à la fin du XIXe siècle
Authors: Puech Christian
Published: November 2007

Christian Puech : Inner Language and linguistic ontology at the end of the XXth century

The problem of inner language originated from classical Greek philosophy, then developped in medieval thought. Its early nineteenth century renewal can be located in the philosophical perspective of de Bonald and Gamier. This trend is then being developped by Reigner and Chaignet in the field of philology, while Egger (1881) opposes it. The latter arguments are echoed by Darmesteter's, Bréal's and Henry's semantic analysises whithin linguistics. In the domain of psychology, they are also linked to Flournoy's work in the context of his collaboration with F. de Saussure. The analysis of oral utterance stands from heterogeneous view points, but poses two questions:

1st, that of the connection between the individual and social traits of language;

2nd, that of linguistic ontology, i.e. the link of the speaking subjects to one self in the realm of language.
Identité et variation de l'adjectif grand
Authors: Vogüé Sarah de , Franckel Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2007

Sarah De Vogüé, Jean-Jacques Franckel : Identité et variation de l'adjectif grand

The aim of this article is to make out the principles of variation of the meaning of the adjective grand. The paper outlines to this purpose a "schematic form" as an access to the identity of the word. On a wider ground, the analysis investigates the way the variation stretches out in the semantics of lexical items. The authors also account for the reason why the meaning of the adjectives proves to be so fluctuating, and consider the types of parameters and configurations at stake.
Contribution à l'analyse du préfixe sous- combiné avec des bases verbales
Authors: Paillard Denis
Published: November 2007

Denis Paillard : Contribution à l'analyse du préfixe sous-combiné avec des bases verbales

This article puts forward a systematic description of prefixed verbs that include the prefix sous- (about 20 items). Starting from an hypothesis on the semantic identity of sous (defined in terms of "schematic form"), the author brings out, in the first section, the semantic properties at work in the various verbs built with this prefix. The second section works out an analysis of the combination prefix-base, which is bound to take into account the lexical and syntaxical properties or the items at stake in this combination. Theses properties can only be unserstood through the interaction with other items of the proposition. In the conclusion, the author suggests that this approach can be generalised to the prefixation of other types of words, such as nouns and adjectives.
Emplois verbaux, distributions, métaphores
Authors: Leclère Christian
Published: November 2007

Christian Leclère : Verbal Constructions and methaphorical uses

The Lexicon-Grammar, built at LADL, attemps to classify the syntactic structures of French and the set of relations which hold between them by means of the lexical elements which admit or exclude these syntactic structures. Thousands of French simple verbs have been classified, according to the syntactic structures of the sentences in which they may occur. They have been grouped within 60 syntactic tables.

Each verbal entry in a table includes the structure of a "defining sentence", characterizing the particular use of the word which the entry relates to and the particular distribution of arguments that are involved. Constructions associated with this defining construction (specific distributions, substructures, metaphors, etc.) are taken into account in the description, and noted as properties of each particular entry.

A verb has as many entries as it has uses that are judged to be distinct. In many cases, this distinction is difficult to establish. It depends on the answer to the question: does a variation in the distributional features of the argument create a different use, which deserves another entry, or is it a metaphor which can be noted as a property of the entry in question?

This article tries to answer this question... and fails to do so.
Étude de quatre adjectifs atypiques : pluriel, multiple, singulier et unique
Authors: Jarrega Maria
Published: November 2007

Maria Jarrega : A four non typical adjectives study: pluriel, multiple, singulier and unique

This article presents a new approach concerning the current use of pluriel, multiple, singulier and unique, because this contribution discusses the main classical configurations between adjectif qualifiant and adjectif de relation. First, we show why pluriel, multiple, singulier and unique cannot be apprehended by these two configurations. Second, we caractérise properties of each terms. Third, it is argued that the meaning of these terms is the result of a dynamic interaction between, the properties of this terms, those of the noun and the elemental properties of the rest of the sentence. We show that the meaning of these terms is structured by the opposition « même »/« autre ».
La place de la langue des signes dans le milieu institutionnel de l'éducation : enjeux, blocages et évolution
Authors: Dalle Patrice
Published: November 2007

Patrice Dalle : The role of sign language in the education institutions: stakes, hurdles and evolution

Sign language status in the institutional environment of deaf education is changing, but its real role in the schooling system is still very limited. However what is at stake is nothing less than the success of deaf children at school and their access the citizenship as adults.

In this article, first of all, we present the most important official texts published in the last twenty years, as well as the different viewpoints of the people in charge of education. In a second part, we try to analyse the hurdles that sign language usage still faces in the schooling system.

If the teaching of sign language is now accepted, information about the status and the linguistic mechanisms of sign language still meets strong oppositions. One of them has to do with the capacity of this language (for which a written form has still to be created) to transmit knowledge. Another one focuses on the real ability of deaf people to become proper teachers in any subject. At present, these topics are still widely debated, in spite of the success of a very small number of schooling units that have offered a sign language teaching program over the last twenty years.
Présentation d'une expérience pédagogique d'enseignement du français dans une filière bilingue en lycée
Authors: El Khomsi Brigitte
Published: November 2007

Brigitte El Khomsi : Presentation of an educational experiment of teaching French in a bilingual approach in a secondary school

This article proposes to give an account of a six-year French teaching experience, between 1995 and 2001 in classes of deaf signing pupils in a secondary school in Toulouse. Firstly, one of the purpose of this article is to show practically, through the presentation of a teaching sequence, how a French lesson takes place in a bilingual environment, then it looks at the problems that teachers face in their daily work. Finally, the article emphasises the richness of this educational option which promotes the image and the learning of French language for deaf pupils by considering the Sign Language (FSL) as a proper language.
Le développement d'une pédagogie du français langue étrangère : les pronoms relatifs en qu- dans les grammaires à l'usage des anglophones
Authors: Kibbee Douglas
Published: November 2007

Douglas Kibbee, « The development of a pedagogy of French as foreign language: the relative pronoun with qu- in grammars for the usage of English speakers ».

The French language retained its prestige in England even as its range of functions diminished in English law and other administrative institutions. The first grammars and orthographical treatises of French were composed for an English audience in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the first printed grammars of French in the late 15th and early 16th century were likewise for insular readers. In these printed grammars the category of 'relative pronoun' might include what today are termed locative, possessive, partitive, interrogative, demonstrative and personal pronouns. The description of the qu- forms was sometimes scanty in the early grammars, but expanded rapidly in the 17th century, under the influence of continental works. Given the pedagogical utility of comparison, those features that distinguished French from English usage in this area, such as animacy, received special attention.
Le programme labovien et la variation syntaxique
Authors: Godard Danièle
Published: November 2007

The variationist approach to syntax has several inadequacies that arise from both the formalisation and the definition of the variable. In particular, the notion of variation does not capture all of structural heterogeneity. The legitimacy of the concern of integrating heterogeneity into the linguistic system is underlined by a discussion of some recent evolution in syntactic work.
Quelques passifs avec agent obligatoire
Authors: Yannick Mathieu Yvette
Published: November 2007

This note is devoted to a small class of complex prepositions {par les soins de Luc) introducing an agent complement. The preposition par may be derived from this.
Relations de femme-s à elle-s-même-s
Authors: Beigner Marie-Thérèse
Published: November 2007

The empirical research done in German allows us to observe the emergence of a positive structure of the female sex (self-reflection, assertion of sexual difference, importance of the relation to the other, female genealogy) and to what extent the male sex, with his own problematics, respects this structure.
F. de Saussure et la constitution d'un domaine de mémoire pour la linguistique contemporaine
Authors: Chiss Jean-Louis , Puech Christian
Published: November 2007

Jean-Louis Chiss and Christian Puech : F. de Saussure and the Constitution of a Domain of Memory for Contemporary Linguistics

This text examines the memory of linguistics as a discipline by questioning the essential reference of many linguistic works to F. de Saussure's Course of General Linguistics. It show the complexity of this apparently simple referential operation, in which it perceives different and often contradictory reading strategies, various modes of reception and several time periods. This work is a contribution to the understanding of what is the « domain of memory » (Foucault) of contemporary linguistics.
Combinaisons appropriées des constructions complétives
Authors: Mohri Mehryar
Published: November 2007

M. Mohri : Combinaisons appropriées des constructions complétives

Some verb-noun combinations require specific studies. Here, we shall present a set of such combinations which are composed of a verb admitting sentential complements and a predicative noun. These combinations which we shall call appropriate do not share the properties generally observed. Indeed, unlike the majority of other groups of verb and predicative noun, some of these combinations do not allow the application of general transformations. Also, in some cases, the predicative noun of these combinations can be dropped from a sentence without producing any loss of information. Using these two criteria, we shall give a precise definition of these appropriate combinations.
Étude des objets nominaux de verbes de parole anglais ; comparaison avec le français
Authors: Kübler Nathalie
Published: November 2007

N. Kubler : Étude des objets nominaux de verbes de parole anglais, comparaison avec le français

The object of this paper is to explore the syntactic structures of the English report verbs and to compare them with the French verb structures. Among these structures we single out for special attention the verbs to say and to tell, as well as the particular noun complements they accept. It will be shown that, although they share the same defining structure NO V That S to N2, they do not accept the same noun complements. Different derivations will be proposed to analyze the various noun complements which are allowed after report verbs. The table shown in the appendix illustrates the way lists of appropriate nouns for specific verbs are made out. In the second part of this paper, the comparison between appropriate nouns of the French verb dire and the two corresponding English verbs to say and to tell brings out the differences and similarities of the two systems. The linguistic phenomena are very similar, e.g. the use of support verbs and appropriate nouns. Each verb however has specific uses —whether in English or in French. A possible answer to these specific use is the careful working-out of a lexicon-grammar.
« Le traducteur et l'ordinateur »
Authors: Ladmiral Jean-René
Published: November 2007

Jean-René Ladmiral : « Le traducteur et l'ordinateur »

In a first part, this paper presents the other papers published in this issue, within a wider, linguistic and historical framework. In a second part, the author explains how the use of a personal computer with text-processing software can help the translator resolving psycho-linguistic difficulties in rewording, i.e. producing a target language text.
« L'intérêt des logiciels de concordances pour la traduction »
Authors: Jacquet-Pfau Christine
Published: November 2007

Christine Jacquet-Pfau : « L'intérêt des logiciels de concordances pour la traduction »

The aim of this article is to show the potential resources of concordance and textual analysis software (WORDCRUNCHER, TACT and DISCOTEXT) for translators. This type of analysis in context enables a faster, more systematic and therefore more effective handling of three main areas of the translator's work :

comprehension of the field, reformulation and comparison of existing translations of the same text.
« Ordinateurs et traduction : survol d'un demi-siècle »
Authors: Anis Jacques
Published: November 2007

Jacques Anis : « Ordinateurs et traduction : survol d'un demi-siècle »

The paper presents a historical survey of research in Machine (Aided) Translation. The five decades are described, 1945-1955, the first steps ; 1955-1965, from enthusiasm to disillusionment ; 1965-1975 the « quiet period » ; 1975-1985 the revival ; 1985-1995 matureness. All through the paper are recurrently addressed general topics such as the image of MT, the factors of MT demand, the architectures of eystems, the relations between MT and linguistics, the progressive integration of the computer into translation activity, the diversification of computer tools (from fully automated translation to machine-aided human translation)...
Le mécanisme des relations de réplique
Authors: Zeevat Henk
Published: November 2007

H. Zeevat, Université d'Amsterdam : « Le mécanisme des relations de réplique »

The paper discusses the laws by which the counterpart relation between objects in the world and the « objects » in the mind of a person (or between the « objects » in the mind of a person A and those in the mind of a person B) evolve under the influence of communication and perception. The results of this investigation are combined with a recent theory of presuppositions to obtain an alternative solution to Frege's problem in attitudinal contexts.
« L'EGLF : Une grammaire à "tiroirs" »
Authors: Wilmet Marc
Published: November 2007

Marc Wllmet : « l'E.G.L.F. : une grammaire à "tiroirs" »

The title in the form of a pun intends both to refer to the ressources of a strictly speaking inexhaustible book and to single out the chapter on verbal forms, which is probably one of the most powerful theoretical constructions in French grammar since Nicolas Beauzee (1767). Marc Wilmet points out what to him is its main quality — the opposition between the nunc 'now' and the tune 'then' — and its main defect — the unacknowledgment of aspect, which was by contrast discovered by Gustave Guillaume (1929) at the same time. By way of conclusion, he proposes a reexamination of the uses of the "imparfait" based on a simultaneous account of the two parameters.
La réalité de l'hyperlangue
Authors: Auroux Sylvain
Published: November 2007

Grammarians describe a grammatical language which doesn't really enable one to predict what actual language use is like. The latter is a far more complex hyperlanguage which takes into account human discourse both as an empirical reality and as a practice inscribed in an environmental, communicational and social background. To learn a language is to learn how to navigate within a hyperlanguage. And the outside world itself partakes of meaning inasmuch as its perception, within the hyperlanguage, gives the reference whose externality has to be reckoned with. As for grammar books and dictionaries, they also partake of the hyperlanguage as an integral part of the environment of language users.
Le problème épistémologique du contexte et le statut de l'interprétation dans les sciences du langage
Authors: Rastier François
Published: November 2007

Within language sciences, the gradual recession of objectivism was marked by the growing use of the concept of context, especially in semantics and pragmatics. This concept has a challenging effect, marks on one hand the breaking with the positivist principle of compositionality, and introduces also the question of situation. The context problem allows to distinguish the logical-grammatical tradition, centered on sign, from the rhetorical-hermeneutical tradition, founded on text.
Premiers symptômes syntaxiques d'une grammaire brésilienne
Authors: Tarallo Fernando
Published: November 2007

This article studies the linguistic bases of the discussions out of which Brazilian grammar was developed at the turn of the century. From the end of the 19th century, this grammar reveals obvious differencies with respect to Portuguese grammar, differencies that have since continued to increase. We study, here, four important syntactic facts that are specially Brazilian: first, the rearrangement of the preonominal system and its consequencies on the implementation of zero objects and the increasing number of lexical subjects; second, the change in strategies of relativization; third, a rearrangement in the patterns of basic sentences; fourth, changes in the patterns of direct and indirect questionning.
L'institutionnalisation de la langue, de la mémoire et de la citoyenneté au Brésil durant le XVIIIe siècle. Le rôle des académies littéraires et de la politique du Marquis de Pombal
Authors: Mariani Bethania
Published: November 2007

The aim of this article is to understand what processes are at work in memorizing and forgetting in the institutionalisation of the Portuguese language in Brazil. The following textual data are analyzed: first, Historia da America Portuguesa by Sebastião de Rocha Pitta; second, Dissertasão sobre as Coisas Naturais do Brazil by Brito e Figueiredo; third, Atas de Fundação de Academia Brasilica das Renascidos, and last, the Directoriao dos Îndios, published with the blessing of Marquês de Pombal.
Illustration d'une classe d'objets : les voies de communication
Authors: Mathieu-Colas Michel
Published: November 2007

The principle of object classes is illustrated by roads, paths, etc. These are divided up into several files: list of arguments (those units which may be used to designate roads, paths, etc.); description of appropriate predicates (verbs, adjectives and predicate nouns); record of other cooccurrents; list of frozen expressions. Identifying all the elements which make up a class is essential for language processing.
Détermination et classes d'objets
Authors: Buvet Pierre André
Published: November 2007

This article deals with theoretical options for the study of determiners , then shows that object classes are relevant for analysing the distributional constraints on determiners. The class of nouns expressing diseases is examined as an example.