bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Horizon and Tradition in the Northern Plains
Authors: Lehmer Donald J. , Caldwell Warren W.
Published: April 2006

Organization of the great mass of data accumulated during the salvage archaeology program in the Missouri River Basin poses a number of problems. One of the most fundamental is the choice of a satisfactory taxonomic system. The version of the Midwestern taxonomic system which has been used so far in the area has a number of shortcomings. In order to avoid some of them, data from the Missouri Valley in the Dakotas are organized here in terms of the Willey and Phillips system of "archaeological unit concepts." The classification which has emerged seems to have considerable merit; the application of the system itself to a particular archaeological situation has also suggested some modification of the categories which Willey and Phillips proposed.
A Silver Bracelet from Sandy, Nevada
Authors: Tuohy Donald R.
Published: April 2006

A silver bracelet exhibiting designs stamped with a steel die, recovered from an unmarked grave near Sandy, Nevada, in 1908, was sent to the Nevada State Museum for identification. This bracelet was probably made by a Navajo silversmith sometime between 1870 and 1907.
A Barbed Antler Point Found at Pyramid Lake, Nevada
Authors: Rendall Doris L.
Published: April 2006

A barbed projectile point of antler found at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, is an unusual archaeological specimen for the Great Basin. The point is thought to have been hafted for use as a fish or bird spear and is possibly Eskimo in design.
Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Baja California
Authors: Meighan Clement W.
Published: April 2006

Elaborate rock paintings from several rock shelters in the central part of Baja California are reported and described. The paintings are assigned to the Comondú culture on the basis of artifacts found in the shelters, one of which yielded a radiocarbon date of A.D. 1435 ± 80. The paintings apparently served as hunting magic. The complexity of the rock art and the wealth of sites and paintings suggest a somewhat more advanced culture than reported by the Spanish.
A Nez Perce Ethnographic Observation of Archaeological Significance
Authors: Walker Deward E.
Published: April 2006

Stone piling among the Nez Perces was an integral part of the vision quest. Recent ethnographic observations indicate that, although it served several purposes, one of the most important was to encourage particular types of visions.
Determining Gender and Kinship at Hawikku: A Reply to Corruccini
Authors: Howell Todd L. , Kintigh Keith W.
Published: April 2006

Corruccini questions our identification of kin group-based cemeteries and our inference of an ascriptive component of leadership at Hawikku based on the presumed use of flawed sex determinations, statistical problems, and inattention to potential gender-based differences in morphological similarity. We address each of these topics and present new evidence to support our contention that cemeteries at Hawikku were kin based.
Conflict, Trade, and Political Development on the Southern Plains
Authors: Vehik Susan C.
Published: April 2006

Trade is a prominent activity across much of North America during the Late Prehistoric period. On the Southern Plains, two approaches are used commonly to explain trade during this period. In one, trade is part of a system of economic interdependence between egalitarian societies having very distinct subsistence strategies. In the other, trade reflects the incorporation of Plains societies into macroeconomies centered outside the Plains. I argue that these two approaches inadequately account for Plains trade and are too narrowly constructed to account for the wider trade of which the Plains is a part. As an alternative, I propose that trade develops on the Southern Plains and elsewhere as an internally motivated political activity within the context of widespread and increasing conflict accompanied by substantial spatial rearrangements of people.
Dating the Eruption of Sunset Crater, Arizona
Authors: McGregor John C.
Published: April 2006

Almost all archaeological work in the Southwest in the past several years has been an attempt to establish a series of events in their proper time and space context. This implies as the ultimate objective the building of a spacial series of chronologies, each one of which will give as complete an historical picture as is possible to obtain from archaeological data. The particular emphasis which has been, and is being, placed on chronology has directed attention to the methods by which this end is attained. The method has been set forth in 1931 by Leslie Spier in an article in “Methods in Social Science.”

The list which Spier suggested is composed of the following methods: geology and paleontology, distribution, typology, stratigraphy, seriation, annual deposits, and documents.
A Bone Atlatl Hook from Ohio
Authors: Goslin Robert
Published: April 2006

Since there appears to be no record of an atlatl hook from Ohio, it may be of interest to note the finding of a specimen in a rock shelter. This shelter is located under a sandstone bluff in the NW i of Section IS, Goodhope Township, Hocking County, Ohio. It faces east, overlooking the Hocking River Valley, and is just west of U. S. Route 33 and Brushy Fork, which flows into the Hocking River at this place.
A Reenforced Salt-Pan Sherd from Kentucky
Authors: Miller Carl F.
Published: April 2006

A unique technique of ceramic manufacture was practiced by the inhabitants of the Goheen site in Marshall County, Kentucky, ML 14. This unusual procedure was found in a salt-pan vessel from a midden pit, Feature 22. Apparently after the salt-pan vessel was made it was found that certain portions of the vessel walls did not come up to the thickness of the rest of the vessel. An additional coat of clay was added to the outside of the vessel, in the weak spots, thus reenforcing the vessel walls. The original exterior displayed textile impressions; the part that was reenforced was absolutely plain. It is the plain part that is important, for the potter who placed this secondary coat of clay on the exterior of the vessel was doing the archaeologist an unintentional favour–he was making a direct positive of the textile used to cover the mold from which the vessel was formed.
Archaeology in the National Park Service
Authors: Kelly A. R.
Published: April 2006

Briefly, the historical background for the legal framework and administrative machinery established for archaeological survey and research in the National Park Service, should be reviewed. The Antiquities Act of 1906 and the Historic Sites Act of 1935, the latter growing out of a special study of European and American legislation and precedents for the conservation of historic monuments instituted by the Secretary of the Interior, are particularly important. Also passed in 1935, was an Act to create a National Park Trust Fund which compares with the National Trust of Great Britain; the National Park Trust of the United States grew out of the same studies which found legal expression in the Historic Sites Act of 1935.

More recently, by coöperative agreement, arrangements have been made for the review of archaeological and historical restoration projects carried out under relief auspices; these involve the operative procedures established by the Works Progress Administration, requiring the technical review of all research and survey project applications by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Park Service, Branch of Historic Sites.
Eskimo Jacket Ornaments of Ivory Suggesting Function of Bone Pendants Found in Beothuk Sites in Newfoundland
Authors: Speck Frank G.
Published: April 2006

The large number of carved bone ornaments found in sites of the extinct Beothuk of Newfoundland and illustrated in some abundance in Howley's monograph on this tribe, have been a source of speculation among American archaeologists r as to their associations with Eskimo or Indian art. Without knowing positively that these objects are pendant ornaments for the fur coats worn by this and other groups in the northeast there has been a tendency by inr ference to regard them as such. The fact that similarly appearing carved pendants of ivory are known from the Labrador Eskimo in general, and are also typical of coat decoration of the Baffinlanders, as well as other bands of Eskimo of the central group, puts the question to test, and points to the probability that the Beothuk objects served a similar purpose in clothing decoration.
The Ford Site, a Protohistoric Station in Norton, Massachusetts
Authors: Robbins Maurice
Published: April 2006

Within the town of Norton, Massachusetts, close by the boundary between it and the city of Taunton, lies the beautiful little body of water known to this day by its Indian name of Winneconnet. This lake, fed by a system of streams from the north and west and draining southward through a complicated network of ponds, swamps, and streams into the Taunton River, seems to have been the center of a large area of Indian population in ancient times. Cultivation and other disturbances of the earth surfaces have demonstrated the existence of many sites of former Indian habitation, while numerous items in local tradition point to the fact that many Indians lived and died within the township. Hardly a garden plot that has not yielded its quota of stone implements to the collections of local “relic hunters” exists in this vicinity.
The Pedestal Vessels of the Madisonville Site
Authors: Griffin John W.
Published: April 2006

In his recent study of the Fort Ancient aspect, J. B. Griffin has described two unique vessels from the Madisonville site as follows:

Two of the most unusual vessels from the site have pedestal bases. One of them was recovered relatively intact from the right side of the skull of an extended adult male. This jar is entirely typical of the Madisonville Cord-marked jars with the exception of the stand, which is an anomaly in any cultural group in the eastern United States. The vessel and the stand are 19 cm. high, and the stand alone is 6.5 cm. This unique piece is in the Cincinnati Art Museum. On the other jar the pedestal has been broken off, but there is no doubt but that such a base was formerly attached. This jar does not have any handles, but in its other traits it is a representative Madisonville Cord-marked jar.
Pithouse Number 1, Mesa Verde National Park
Authors: Smiley Terah L.
Published: April 2006

An early eighth century pithouse was accidentally discovered in Mesa Verde National Park during the spring of 1939 when workmen were digging a trench for a new pipe line. Before the trench was dug the area was thoroughly examined so that the digging would not cut through any prehistoric structure. There were no surface indications of this pithouse. During the actual laying of the pipe line workmen discovered the floor levels of the pithouse visible on the sides of the trench. The Park Service authorities decided to excavate the structure to preserve anything of archaeological value.

The pithouse is located on Chapin Mesa, 108° 29′ 27˝ west, 37° 12′ 17˝ north, at an elevation of 7,200 feet. Today a thick forest of juniper and pinyon trees covers the entire area. The red topsoil is about 1.7 m. in depth and overlays a.layer of shale. The floor of the pithouse is 1.25 m. below present ground level and well within the limits of this topsoil layer.
Diet and the Age of Californian Shellmounds
Authors: Gifford E. W.
Published: April 2006

In shell middens bones and shells are surviving indicators of the diet of the former inhabitants. Unless carbonized, the plants consumed leave no obvious trace.

A comparison of Californian and Fijian (Viti Levu Island) shellmounds reveals a striking similarity in the quantity of bone and an even more striking dissimilarity in the quantity of shell. In both areas bone constitutes less than onehalf of one per cent of the weight of the mound mass. In Fiji shell constitutes on the average 13 per cent by weight, whereas the average in California is 52 per cent—four times as great. The following speculations are based on these facts.
Implications of the Mogollon Concept
Authors: Reed Erik K.
Published: April 2006

Nearly sixty years ago, the wife of a territorial governor of New Mexico was among the first to recognize that ruins of the Southwest represented, not a vanished and mysterious race, but the ancestors of the living Pueblo Indians, and added: .“from the sameness of the remains I infer that no important facts are to reward the search of dreaming pilgrim or patient student.”

In the half-century since, patient students have ferreted out many facts of interest and possibly of importance, and have found that the sameness of the remains is not complete. The gradual recognition of successive periods of sequential development, their confirmation through stratigraphic studies, and the working out of temporal classification or horizontal segmentation, culminating in the Pecos-Roberts classification, is a familiar story.
A Pueblo Cave Site at Tres Piedras, New Mexico
Authors: Adelaide K.  , Bullen Ripley P.
Published: April 2006

Kirk Bryan and A. P. Butler, Jr., reported finding, in 1938, artifacts of glassy andesite on the northwestern part of the Taos Plateau in New Mexico. They concluded: “non-Pueblo peoples having Great Plains affinities appear to have used the material.” Knowing that we were to be in New Mexico, Bryan suggested that we investigate a small cave at Tres Piedras where, in 1940, he had found flakes of the andesite in association with coal. The week of July 7, 1941, was spent at the site.

Tres Piedras is located in the extreme north central part of New Mexico, about twenty-five miles south of the Colorado state line. The site is about two miles south of the town on land owned by Mr. Claire Hawkins, who very kindly gave us permission to excavate.
Periods of Prehistoric Art in the Aleutian Islands
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

The intent of this paper is to present the hypothesis that there are at least two discernible periods of prehistoric Aleut art; one early, the other late. Most designs of the early period somewhat resemble those of the Dorset Eskimo in the East. The art of the late period is suggestive of Punuk Eskimo in northern Alaska.

The formulation of these two periods is based upon an examination of decorated artifacts from the “D” site on the southwestern coast of Amaknak Island (Dutch Harbor, Alaska). These artifacts are part of a large collection donated to the Chicago Natural History Museum by Lt. Alvin R. Cahn, U.S.N.R.
Preliminary Report on the Discovery of Surface Sherds on Mono Island, Treasury Group, Solomon Islands
Authors: Kraus LT. (J.G.) Bertram S.
Published: April 2006

The only inhabited native village,Ba-li, in the Treasury group is on Mono Island. Although only six months old, it consists of thirty-one dwellings, two open-air churches, and 165 people who make up the native population of Treasury. Formerly, the chief village was situated among the coconut groves on the protected southern shore of Mono Island, acrciss the channel from Sterling Island, a coral atoll. Here the villagers enjoyed the excellent fishing and gathered and traded coconuts. When the Japanese landed there the natives fled to the caves in the cliffs bordering the open sea. There they lived a miserable existence until the Allied forces landed and exterminated the Japanese. Released from their cave hideouts, they decided the most undisturbed location for them, in view of the feverish military activity along the coasts, would be in the interior. Therefore they selected, for their site a ridge a mile and a half inland from the eastern beach of Mono.
The Cultural Affiliations and Chronological Position of the Clear Fork Focus
Authors: Kelley J. Charles
Published: April 2006

The importance of the Clear Fork Focus as a pre-pottery archaeological complex of north-central Texas has become generally known to archaeologists through the industry of its discoverer and principal proponent, Dr. Cyrus N. Ray, of Abilene, Texas. Unfortunately, the relationship of this complex to other and comparable archaeological cultures of Texas has been largely neglected and some regrettable misinformation in regard to its chronological position has been widely disseminated. In this paper the cultural affiliations and age of the Clear Fork Focus will be discussed in terms of the evidence presented by its discoverers and from the standpoint of new data derived from large scale excavations completed by the University of Texas in the terraces of the Colorado River near Austin, Texas. Additional information obtained by the writer through study of some twelve thousand projectile points from central, south, and western Texas, and their geographic and temporal distribution also is used.
Stone Eating Utensils of Prehistoric New England
Authors: Fowler William S.
Published: April 2006

While much has been written concerning the aboriginal steatite (soapstone) bowl industry, it would seem that too little attention has been given to its cultural significance and the people who developed it. Whatever their traits, these stone bowl people, through initiative and persistent effort to raise their standard of living, became primitive industrialists of note. From soft steatite, which they quarried, they made stone bowls of various shapes and sizes, some of which were transported in trade to far-away regions devoid of steatite deposits.

That New England was the center from which quarry work methods spread to other localities, probably south, is the opinion held by some. However, it is not known whether the concept of utilizing the soft soapy stone for pots originated in New England. It may have started further north where steatite deposits occur with telltale pick scars of primitive workmen.
Stone Celts Found in the Vicinity of Vernon, Texas
Authors: Ray J. Henry
Published: April 2006

Our collection, gathered over a period of years from surface sites in the upper Red River basin of northern Texas, represents only the historic and late prehistoric cultures of this region.

The occurrence of pecked and polished celts in the upper Red River area is of interest since they probably represent prehistoric trade objects carried westward up the Red River from somewhere in the eastern forest area, possibly western Arkansas or extreme eastern Oklahoma. Nine of the celts described here were found along a fifteen-mile stretch of the Red River between the mouths of the Pease River and China Creek, which enter it from the south. Several camp sites are located along the south bank of the Red River between these points and two more lie at the mouth of China Creek.
Collecting and Preserving Botanical Materials of Archaeological Interest
Authors: Barghoorn Elso S.
Published: April 2006

In archaeological sites plant remains are frequently encountered either as artifacts or as natural deposits. A study of such remains commonly yields much valuable information, not only for the archaeologist but for other investigators as well. Thus, the former vegetation of a region and its possible bearing upon the previously existing climate are often revealed. Both the botanist and the paleontologist are interested in the preservation of plant remains and the structural and chemical changes which they have undergone since their deposition or submergence. In addition, of course, the careful study of woody artifacts frequently affords significant information regarding the Customs and practices of primitive peoples in working their materials. In order that the greatest value may be obtained from a study of botanical materials, however, it is essential that certain precautions and techniques be used in collecting and preserving them. Unfortunately, much botanical information available in an archaeological site is either discarded or overlooked in the process of digging and exposing the site.
Concerning Grooved Axes in California
Authors: Gebhard Paul
Published: April 2006

The distribution of grooved axes in California as given by Heizer is complete with only the following minor exceptions. On display in the Chicago Museum of Natural History there are two full-grooved axes labelled “Hupa” and a third attributed to the Achomawi.
Peculiar Wooden Tubes from Southeastern Oregon
Authors: Drews Robin
Published: April 2006

During excavations in Catlow valley, southeastern Oregon, by the Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, in the summers of 1937 and 1938, there were found

seven peculiar wooden tubes, each with a shallow groove around one or both ends. The specimens, shown in Fig. 10, range in size from No. 7 which is 5.3 cm. long by .5 cm. in diameter, to No. 3 which is 10.0 cm. long and .7 cm. in diameter. The largest from the standpoint of bulk is No. 5 which is 8.8 cm. long and 1.2 cm. in diameter. This specimen is the only one made from mature wood and not from short sections cut from small annual shoots. In each case the pith has been removed, leaving a clean bore the length of the section. No. 6, one of the most poorly made, apparently was never finished because the pith was never cleaned out, though it is evident that several small sticks were broken off during the attempt.
A Perspective of Northeastern Archaeology
Authors: Ritchie William A.
Published: April 2006

Arbitrarily considered, the Northeastern geographical area embraces the Maritime Provinces of Canada, lower Quebec and Ontario (exclusive of the peninsula), and all of New England, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Obviously such a large territory (some 485,000 square miles) constitutes neither a single physiographical nor cultural province, but in a general way it was the domain, in both historic and prehistoric times, of two far flung ethnic groups: the Algonkian and the Iroquoian.
Practical Aerial Photography for Archaeologists
Authors: Solecki Ralph S.
Published: April 2006

The advantages of aerial photography to the archaeologist have been expertly described in the literature, especially by O. G. S. Crawford (1928, 1954), the English pioneer in this field. Wessex from the Air, by Crawford and Keiller (1928), is still a classic study in aerial archaeological photography. An aerial view of an archaeological site, especially before excavation, will furnish invaluable leads to the appraisal of the site. A good aerial photograph tells the story at a glance. With its added intelligence the archaeologist can better apportion his work. The purpose of this paper is to show the interested archaeologist how to get good aerial photographs himself at little cost.
Position and Meaning of a Radiocarbon Sample from the Sheguiandah Site, Ontario
Authors: Lee Thomas E.
Published: April 2006

An important radiocarbon date of 9130 ± 250 years (W-345) was recently received from Washington, courtesy of M. Rubin, United States Geological Survey. That it pertains to an archaeological site in an area commonly supposed to have been under Valders (Mankato) ice at that time is of significance in our studies of prehistory in Ontario. A few notes on the occurrence of the sample may be of interest.

The Sheguiandah site, in the northeast corner of Manitoulin Island, has produced strong indications that man was present before the last ice sheet advanced over the area. Unfortunately, no satisfactory charcoal sample was obtained from the older deposits in 4 years of excavating.
A Hohokam Platform Mound at the Gatlin Site, Gila Bend, Arizona
Authors: Wasley William W.
Published: April 2006

The mound near Gila Bend, western Arizona, excavated between November, 1958, and February, 1959 for the National Park Service by the Arizona State Museum, was rebuilt, modified, and repaired through six major stages of construction. The platform mound in use at any given stage was flat-topped and slope-sided with rounded corners and an irregular squarish or subrectangular outline. The platforms were made of a caliche plaster, and the sides were faced with a plaster of mixed caliche and adobe, placed directly over the earth core. Evidence of pre-mound occupation was encountered underneath the platform mound and in an excavated pit structure near the southeast corner of the mound. The entire historical sequence revealed by this excavation took place within the Sacaton phase of the Hohokam culture which may have lasted from A.D. 900 or 950 to A.D. 1100 or 1150 in the Gila Bend area. The significance of this Hohokam mound complex is that it represents a northern extension of the Mexican pyramid idea.
Late Eskimo Archaeology in the Western Mackenzie Delta Area
Authors: Osborne Douglas
Published: April 2006

Although the American Philosophical Society–University of New Mexico Mackenzie Valley Expedition of 1938 (Bliss, 1939, p. 365) was not primarily concerned with Eskimo archaeology, the members felt, while at the trading rendezvous Aklavik on the lower Mackenzie River, that the opportunity to run down to the Arctic coast was too obvious to be neglected. The archaeology of the Western Eskimo of the Mackenzie area has never been well studied; little, as a matter of fact, has been added since 1930 when Mathiassen wrote the introduction to his Western Eskimo report. This paper will add somewhat to a meager store of fact.
Clay Ear Spools from the Aztalan Site, Wisconsin
Authors: Maxwell Moreau S.
Published: April 2006

In the months of July and August, 1950, excavation at the Aztalan Village site was carried on by the Wisconsin Archaeological Survey under the field supervision of Chandler W. Rowe. Additional information was gathered concerning this Middle Mississippi village; this information is being prepared for publication. However, it seems advisable to record the peculiar situation encountered in three of the refuse pits (features 76, 74 and 83) in the hope that correlative information may be forthcoming.
A Carved Antler Human Face from Umatilla, Oregon
Authors: Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

In the Lillard Collection primarily comprising archaeological materials from California now permanently housed in the University of California Museum of Anthropology, is a prehistoric artifact from Oregon which deserves special mention.

The specimen (Fig. 48) which is broken now measures 8.1 cm. in length, 3.7 cm. in width and 8 cm. in thickness. In cross section it is slightly curved from the natural contour of the original material. The inner convexity bears traces of the interior spongy or cancellous material of the antler.
A Preliminary Report on the Thomas Riggs Village Site
Authors: Meleen E. E.
Published: April 2006

The Thomas Riggs village site is located along the east bank of the Missouri River on the ranch of the late Thomas L. Riggs in the SW¼ NW¼ Section 27, Township 112 North, Range 81 West, Hughes County, South Dakota (Fig. 74). It is approximately 10 miles above the proposed site of the Oahe Dam and will fall well within the limits of the basin of this huge reservoir when it eventually becomes filled. This particular site, unlike many others in the area, shows little evidence of depredation.

This may be due in part to the fact that evidences of occupation are only faintly discernible on the surface. No conspicuous pits or mounds are visible, and the site is covered with a luxuriant growth of native grass which not only conceals the usual telltale surface accumulation of refuse but also obscures the minor surface irregularities.
Fluted Point Measurements
Authors: Mason Ronald J.
Published: April 2006

Paradoxically, in presenting fluted point measurements and proportions the percentage or ratio relationship of maximum (or minimum or average) fluting to total blade length is not completely a matter of mathematics. This seems to have escaped the notice of many students of the paleo-Indian flint industries. The problem involved has come to the attention of the writer in the course of studying several series of northeastern and Great Lakes area fluted points, with the result that he has been as frequently bewildered as enlightened in attempting to compare his data with those obtained by other archaeologists.
The Johns Island Site, Hernando County, Florida
Authors: K. Adelaide , Bullen Ripley P.
Published: April 2006

Dr. Antonio J. Waring, Jr., of Savannah, Georgia, dug a test trench at Johns Island in August, 1948. He discovered an upper zone of oyster shells containing sherds of the Weeden Island period and a lower zone of cemented fresh-water snail shells in which were large percussion-flaked tools but apparently no pottery. At the conference on The Florida Indian and His Neighbors held at Rollins College, Winter, Park Florida, in April he called this site to the attention of the Florida Park Service and suggested that additional work would be worthwhile. We conducted excavations at the island in May, 1949, with two primary objectives: first, to determine the associations of the large stone tools; second, to secure data relative to a rise in sea level during or since occupancy.
A Preliminary Report on Excavations in Southwestern Colorado
Authors: Guthe Alfred K.
Published: April 2006

Archaeological research has been conducted in the Mesa Verde area of Southwestern United States since the 1880's. Because of this, many believe that the prehistory of the area is well known. Nevertheless, J. 0. Brew, in a recent summary of available information on the area, concluded that a great deal of work is still needed.

This preliminary report is submitted in the hope that it will provide more information for an archaeological interpretation of the area. It is a report on excavations conducted at the Cahone Ruin during the summer of 1947.

The Cahone Ruin is located in southwestern Colorado: Township 39 North, Range 18 West, in Dolores County, just north of the Montezuma-Dolores County line. It is found on a natural rise, about 500 yards north of the northern rim of Cahone Canyon, a tributary of Cross Canyon.
Central New Mexico Paleo-Indian Cultures
Authors: Agogino George , Hibben Frank C.
Published: April 2006

In the last decade the middle Rio Grande area of New Mexico has produced considerable cultural evidence which indicates the presence here of the paleo-Indian and related cultures. Finds of the classic hunting varieties are rare in the Rio Grande valley itself, although a scattering of Sandia, Clovis Fluted, and Folsom points has appeared. Far more common are sites of Cochiselike character, usually evidenced by deeply buried fire hearths, milling stones, manos, and occasional projectile points. Several groups of these sites have been studied in recent years and some of the fire hearths have been dated by the radiocarbon method. A burial possibly connected with these early sites has also appeared.
Geological Age of the Lehner Mammoth Site
Authors: Antevs Ernst
Published: April 2006

The late Pliocene basal clay of the region and remnants of later deposits are cut by a perennial stream of pluvial age. Bones and artifacts, including Clovis- fluted points, occur in gravel and other channel deposits in a meander bow of this stream. The bone bed is overlain by a black swamp deposit indicating a subhumid climate and by calichified silts indicating arid conditions, both cut by an Altithermal channel. The hunt, stratigraphically pre- Altithermal, is dated by the equation of the relatively warm and dry 14-to-12 foot level in the San Augustin Plains profile with the Allerod of northern Europe (12,500-10,800 B.P.). This semi-arid period, called the Datil Interval or Datil Drought, is believed to have caused the extinction of the mammoth in both the Southwest and the High Plains by 11,500 B.P. The Sulphur Spring stage Cochise deposit at Double Adobe, which is overlain by a bed containing a mammoth skull, is dated at more than 12,500 B.P. The mammoth hunts of the Lehner and Naco sites are assigned an age of 13,000 or more years.
Bison Bones from the Allen Site, Wyoming
Authors: Berman Jack E.
Published: April 2006

Measurements of bison metapodials give promise of a basis for species identification, but more data will be needed for fully satisfactory results. Bones from the Allen site in Wyoming are probably either Bison occidentalis or Bison antiquus.
The Whiskey Dick Shellmound, Washington
Authors: Swanson Earl H.
Published: April 2006

A layer of shells covered by a mixed aeolian and alluvial deposit was exposed by a road cut in a tributary of the Columbia River. Three occupation levels contained few stone tools, including burins and large knives in the lowest level. A contracting-stem point in the middle level places the site in the Frenchman Springs III phase, 4th to 11th centuries A.D. The latest level reflects increasing aridity; the streams became intermittent and the population moved to the main river.
Further Comments on the Wooden Figure from Mexico
Authors: Burland C. A. , Nowotny Karl Anton
Published: April 2006

Dr. K. A. Nowotny's note on the Xolotl figure in the Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna raises some points of general interest. First, Xolotl is mentioned as related to Quetzalcoatl in a rather obscure way in the Codex Magliabecciano.

The writer, talking of Quetzalcoatl says: “este dizen que fue hijo de otro dios que llaman mictlan tecutli, que es sefior del lugar delos muertos. y es de otro ydolo que llaman xulutl que quiere dezir un modo de pan que ellos tienen hecho de bledos y mahiz.” In all the codices which contain the tonalpouhualli, Xolotl is given as Lord of the thirteen day period Ce Cozcaquahtli, associated with the sign of the setting sun entering the jaws of the earth. In Borbonicus, p. 26, one sees an excellent representation of Xolotl and Quetzalcoatl facing one another at a dance of the priests. In the mythological sections of Borgia, Quetzalcoatl is shown as a pair of beings descending through creation.
Southern Cult Motifs on Walls-Pecan Point Pottery
Authors: Ranids Robert L.
Published: April 2006

Certain published designs from Walls-Pecan Point phase pottery are strikingly in the tradition of the socalled “Death Cult” of the Southeastern United States. Particular reference is made to 2 Walls Engraved bottles, illustrated by Phillips, Ford, and Griffin (1951, Fig. I ll g) and by Calvin Brown (1926, Fig. 278). The first of these, showing a winged serpent almost identical to those of Moundville, is at the University of Arkansas. The second, depicting skulls, long bones, and hands with oval markings at the, palms, is at the University of Mississippi.
Notes on the Supposed Association of Artifacts and Extinct Vertebrates in Flagler County, Florida
Authors: Neill Wilfred T.
Published: April 2006

J. H. Connery (1932, p. 516) reported a supposed association of artifacts and extinct vertebrates at the Bon Terra Farm, in Flagler County, Florida. It was stated that an arrowhead was found beneath the jawbone of a mammoth elephant. The arrowhead was not described or illustrated. E. B. Howard (1940, p. 309), who tested the site, thought the association questionable, but did not elaborate on his reasons for so thinking. Recently, through the cooperation of Connery, I reexamined the Bon Terra site (Fl 5) and the material found there. A drawing of the arrowhead was made, the outline being traced and the chipping indicated by freehand sketch. The artifact is small, thin, and flat; it was ovate before notching. The diagonal notches resulted in a barbed projectile point with a wide tang. The edges bear fine pressure retouching. The tip had once been broken and the artifact then reworked into what would usually be called a stemmed scraper. This type of point is unlike anything attributed to the paleo-Indian, and has not been reported from the Archaic of Florida.
Natural Burial of Artifacts
Authors: Dietz Eugene F.
Published: April 2006

In a recent issue of American Antiquity Douglas S. Byers, in “Bull Brook — a Fluted Point Site in Ipswich, Massachusetts ” (Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 343-51), pointedly raises the question of how the stone artifacts at this site have become buried rather deeply in the soil. To quote Mr. Byers: “Not the least of the problems is that having to do with the means by which the implements became buried. The surface of the land shows differences in elevation that could not have amounted to more than 5 feet over the entire area. There is no sign of an old land surface at the depth at which the fluted point complex occurs. Neither slope wash, wind action, nor frost action seem to offer satisfactory media for burying the objects. The matter remains a puzzle until further study may uncover new evidence.”

This particular dilemma, is one that I am sure will be encountered in the study of any old site, such as the fluted point sites.
Concerning the Existence of the Pit House in South America
Authors: Gonzalez Alberto Rex
Published: April 2006

With considerable interest I have read Daifuku's “The Pit House in the Old World and in Native North America” (American Antiquity, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-7, 1952). Although he did not refer to South America except in passing, citing only the finds of Bird in northern Peru, it is of interest to point out that there are numerous ethnographic references to the use of the pit house in the southern half of this continent, and that these references are confirmed by archaeological finds.

Metraux (1929) in his study of the Huarpe, primitive inhabitants of the Cuyo region of Argentina, gave a summary of the definite references to the use of the pit house in South America and attached a distribution map. He listed, in addition to the Huarpe, the Kaupe, Tsirakua, Matsikui, Kitsua de Cojata, Obacoatiara, Guaranaguacu, Piraguayguaquig, and Wayana. The first three are found in Paraguay; the remaining four are in eastern Brazil. For some of the tribes mentioned the references in question are very clear; for others, such as the Tsirakua and Wayana, they are doubtful.
The Archaeological Delineation of a Cultural Boundary in Papagueria
Authors: Ezell Paul H.
Published: April 2006

The area dealt with in this report is that portion of northwestern Sonora and southwestern Arizona bounded on the southwest by the Gulf of California, on the west by the Colorado River valley below the junction of the Gila River, on the north by the Gila River valley, and on the east by an imaginary line from the vicinity of Gila Bend south along the western edge of the Papago Reservation and thence southwest to the mouth of the Sonoyta River on the Gulf of California (Fig. 106). Within this area Sauer has suggested a boundary between the Piman-speaking people of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, and the Yuman-speaking tribes of the lower Colorado and Gila River valleys, based on linguistic affiliations described in early historical sources (Sauer 1934, map). On archaeological evidence Gifford has suggested that the locality between Punta La Cholla and the mouth of the Sonoyta River represented a point on an ethnic boundary (Gifford 1946: 221).
Statistical Techniques for the Discovery of Artifact Types
Authors: Spaulding Albert C.
Published: April 2006

Within recent years there appears to have been an increasing awareness on the part of archaeologists that certain statistical techniques offer economical methods of extracting information of cultural significance from archaeological data. The discussions of Kroeber (1940), Robinson (1951), and Brainerd (1951) have appeared in American Antiquity, and the last two even evoked a comment (Lehmer, 1951). In addition to these papers, which are primarily devoted to exposition of method, a considerable number of special applications can be found in the literature. Archaeological research inevitably brings the researcher face to face with the problems of ordering and comparing quantities of data and of sampling error. There seems little doubt that the best approach to these problems involves a search of statistical literature for appropriate methods.
Early Man Sites near Moab, Utah
Authors: Hunt Alice P. , Tanner Dallas
Published: April 2006

Many surface sites represent three different early complexes that generally occur in this area at separate locations and are not mixed with each other. The earliest occupation, perhaps late Pleistocene, is characterized by Folsom points and a type of Pinto Basin point. A second occupation, probably younger and occurring in a different area, is represented by Gypsum Cave points and a second, different type of Pinto Basin point. The third occupation, representing the Uncompaghre complex, and evidently the youngest of the three occupations, can be correlated with the Recent but prepottery alluvium of the region.
The Persistence of Southern Cult Gorgets among the Historic Kansa
Authors: Howard James H.
Published: April 2006

Shell gorgets in the shape of a human face are well-known artifacts of the North American archaeological complex often termed the “Southern Cult.” These gorgets were usually made of a pear-shaped section of the outer whorl of the shell of the whelk (Busycon perversum). Though the whelk is found only on the South Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States, gorgets of this material have been found as far north as Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Montgomery 1908).

Recently the writer, in reading ethnographic accounts of the Kansa, was surprised to find descriptions, together with one native drawing, of what are very likely Southern Cult gorgets, used in Kansa war-bundle ceremonies as late as 1883. Since no one, so far as is known, has pointed out the persistence of th's archaeological trait in historic Kansa culture, a few notes are perhaps appropriate.

The earlier of the 2 accounts, and one which is liable to be overlooked by most anthropologists, is J. Owen Dorsey's “Mourning and War Customs of the Kansas” (1885).
Animal Remains from Four Preceramic Sites in Florida
Authors: Neill Wilfred T. , Gut H. James , Brodkorb Pierce
Published: April 2006

The present article is an attempt by zoologists to draw conclusions from the vertebrate and other remains found in certain midden sites. Some of the remains have been discussed in papers presented at meetings of the Florida Anthropological Society (Brodkorb 1953; Gut 1952).

Two of the authors have been interested in local archaeological problems, as such. In addition, helpful advice was had from Ripley P. Bullen, Curator of Social Sciences at the Florida State Museum; from John M. Goggin, of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Florida; and from John W. Griffin, of the St. Augustine Historical Society (Florida). Thanks are due to these archaeologists; also to Barney R. Beck, owner of the Lemon Bluff site; to Bernard S. Good, owner of Good's Shellpit; to J. E. Price, owner of the Bluffton site; to Jerry Allen, manager of Silver Glen Springs at the time excavations were made there; to James B. Gut and Marjorie A. Briggs for assistance in collecting; and to E.
Another Cruciform Artifact from Sonora
Authors: Fay George E.
Published: April 2006

In the October, 1954, issue of American Antiquity (Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 174-5), A. McL. Howard called attention to a type of cruciform artifact which occurs sporadically through northwestern Mexico and southeastern Arizona. The writer would like to make note of a similar find from a site in west-central Sonora.

This cross (Fig. 135) was found on an extensive village midden in the vicinity of the pueblo of San Jose de Guaymas, approximately 3.7 km. northeast from the Guaymas airport. The site has temporarily been designated 53:F-71. The object was but one of many obsidian and basalt artifacts found scattered over the site area. It is possible that this cultural occupation represents the predecessors of the surviving Guaymefias Indians whom Father Kino encountered in 1687.

The artifact is of polished obsidian, with fine secondary chipping along the arms. It measures 39 and 41 mm. tip to tip, and 8 mm. in thickness. This cross supports the highland-coastal relationship already suggested by Ekholm's finds at Guasave and Topolobampo, Sinaloa.
Radiocarbon Dates and the Maya Correlation Problem
Authors: Satterthwaite Linton
Published: April 2006

This is a plea for caution in using recent and important radiocarbon results as controls in correlating the Classic Maya Long Count with our own chronology. A final choice among alternative day-for-day hypotheses must condition one's view of the meaning of the calendar and of astronomy in Mesoamerican cultures generally. More is at stake than the firm dating of archaeological periods, important as that is, and in our desire for a decision there is danger of oversimplifying the problem. Already there has been a press report that the Spinden 12.9.0.0.0 correlation has been established, though equal support in the new evidence can be claimed for an alternative 12.9.0.0.0 hypothesis of Makemson. Nonspecialists wishing to form opinions as to specific correlations must still study the evidence as a whole. Three excellent summaries, well-spaced in time, have been published by Thompson (1935, 1950) and Andrews (1940).
Ceremonial Bird Burials in San Francisco Bay Shellmounds
Authors: Wallace William J. , Lathrap Donald W.
Published: April 2006

Burials of condors at two central California coastal sites extend the area of this trait, previously known from burials further south and inland. It was probably a ritual practice from Early horizon times (about 2000 B.C.) onward. Possible connections with bird burial in the Southwest deserve study.
Maya Settlement Pattern in Northeastern Petén, Guatemala
Authors: Bullard William R.
Published: April 2006

A reconnaissance of Maya ruins in northeastern Petén, Guatemala, reveals a heavy but dispersed type of settlement during the Classic period, with the dispersion conditioned principally by availability of water supply and by suitable terrain for building. The types of archaeological remains described are House Ruins, Minor Ceremonial Centers, and Major Ceremonial Centers. Settlement is seen as having been organized into (1) “clusters” of from five to 12 houses, (2) aggregates of clusters forming township-like zones of from 50 to 100 houses, each of which had a Minor Ceremonial Center as its functional nucleus, and (3) aggregates of zones forming large province-like “districts,” each of which had a Major Ceremonial Center as its functional nucleus. These units are described and discussed. Some consideration is also given to problems of water supply, population, and agriculture. Reference is made to the ruin of Topoxté, a town or small city of the Postclassic period located on a group of islands in Lake Yaxhá.
The Origin and Development of Lowland Classic Maya Civilization
Authors: Rathje William L.
Published: April 2006

The southern Maya lowlands present a largely redundant environment which does not possess the potential for major internal symbiotic regions or for irrigation. In fact, the interior of this region is uniformly deficient in resources essential to the efficiency of every individual household engaged in the Mesoamerican agricultural subsistence economy: mineral salt, obsidian for blades, and hard stone for grinding. Yet, in the core of this rain forest region, the basic elements of Classic Maya civilization first coalesced. A model involving methods of procuring and distributing the resources necessary to the efficiency of an agricultural subsistence economy explains the loci of lowland Classic Maya development and the order in which these loci developed. This model can also be applied to the Olmec civilization.
A Tzacualli Burial from Pueblo Perdido
Authors: Rattray Evelyn C.
Published: April 2006

The circumstances of discovery and the offering of a Tzacualli (Teotihuacan I) burial from Pueblo Perdido, San Bartolo Naucalpan, northwest of Mexico City, are described.