bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Methods for Predicting Postpartum Depression: Scoping Review
Authors: Saqib Kiran , Khan Amber Fozia , Butt Zahid Ahmad
Published: August 2021

Background

Machine learning (ML) offers vigorous statistical and probabilistic techniques that can successfully predict certain clinical conditions using large volumes of data. A review of ML and big data research analytics in maternal depression is pertinent and timely, given the rapid technological developments in recent years.

Objective

This study aims to synthesize the literature on ML and big data analytics for maternal mental health, particularly the prediction of postpartum depression (PPD).

Methods

We used a scoping review methodology using the Arksey and O’Malley framework to rapidly map research activity in ML for predicting PPD. Two independent researchers searched PsycINFO, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and the ACM Digital Library in September 2020 to identify relevant publications in the past 12 years. Data were extracted from the articles’ ML model, data type, and study results.

Results

A total of 14 studies were identified. All studies reported the use of supervised learning techniques to predict PPD. Support vector machine and random forest were the most commonly used algorithms in addition to Naive Bayes, regression, artificial neural network, decision trees, and XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting). There was considerable heterogeneity in the best-performing ML algorithm across the selected studies. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values reported for different algorithms were support vector machine (range 0.78-0.86), random forest method (0.88), XGBoost (0.80), and logistic regression (0.93).

Conclusions

ML algorithms can analyze larger data sets and perform more advanced computations, which can significantly improve the detection of PPD at an early stage. Further clinical research collaborations are required to fine-tune ML algorithms for prediction and treatment. ML might become part of evidence-based practice in addition to clinical knowledge and existing research evidence.
Exploring Mothers’ Experience of a Linguistic Feedback Technology for Children at Risk of Poor Language Development: Qualitative Pilot Study (Preprint)
Authors: So Lydia , Miller Erin , Eastwood John
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

The early language environment is important for language development and a child’s life-course trajectory. Risk factors associated with poor language development outcomes in children include maternal anxiety and depression, low educational attainment, substance misuse, and low socioeconomic status. Language Environment Analysis (LENA) is a wearable technology designed to promote caregivers’ engagement in supporting their children’s language development. LENA provides quantitative linguistic feedback, which has been shown to improve caregiver language output, thus enhancing a child’s language environment. There is limited research on the uptake of this technology by families with developmentally at-risk children.

OBJECTIVE

This qualitative study aims to explore the conditions under which mothers with children at risk of poor developmental outcomes are willing to adopt the use of LENA to monitor and improve caregiver language output.

METHODS

Using a qualitative interpretive design, semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 8 mothers. Participants were recruited purposively to select the maximal variation of socioeconomic and ethnodemographic backgrounds. The transcribed interview data were analyzed thematically and interpretatively. Themes were mapped abductively to an extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, which included contextual factors for LENA acceptance.

RESULTS

Factors that influenced the intention to use LENA included both technology-specific acceptance factors and contextual factors. Technology acceptance themes included reassurance, feeling overwhelmed, and trust. These themes were mapped to performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence. Contextual themes included emergent success and the intrusion of past difficulties. These were mapped to parenting self-efficacy and perceived risk. The theme of building on success described behavioral intention. Mothers were more likely to adopt LENA when the technology was viewed as acceptable, and this was influenced by parenting self-efficacy and perceived risk.

CONCLUSIONS

LENA is a technology that is acceptable to mothers with children who are at risk of poor language development outcomes. Further studies are needed to establish LENA’s effectiveness as an adjunct to strategies to enrich a child’s early language environment.
The Quality of Health Apps and Their Potential to Promote Behavior Change in Patients With a Chronic Condition or Multimorbidity: Systematic Search in App Store and Google Play (Preprint)
Authors: Bricca Alessio , Pellegrini Alessandro , Zangger Graziella , Ahler Jonas , Jäger Madalina , Skou Søren T
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Mobile apps offer an opportunity to improve the lifestyle of patients with chronic conditions or multimorbidity. However, for apps to be recommended in clinical practice, their quality and potential for promoting behavior change must be considered.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the quality of health apps for patients with a chronic condition or multimorbidity (defined as 2 or more chronic conditions) and their potential for promoting behavior change.

METHODS

We followed the Cochrane Handbook guidelines to conduct and report this study. A systematic search of apps available in English or Danish on App Store (Apple Inc) and Google Play (Google LLC) for patients with 1 or more of the following common and disabling conditions was conducted: osteoarthritis, heart conditions (heart failure and ischemic heart disease), hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For the search strategy, keywords related to these conditions were combined. One author screened the titles and content of the identified apps. Subsequently, 3 authors independently downloaded the apps onto a smartphone and assessed the quality of the apps and their potential for promoting behavior change by using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS; number of items: 23; score: range 0-5 [higher is better]) and the App Behavior Change Scale (ABACUS; number of items: 21; score: range 0-21 [higher is better]), respectively. We included the five highest-rated apps and the five most downloaded apps but only assessed free content for their quality and potential for promoting behavior change.

RESULTS

We screened 453 apps and ultimately included 60. Of the 60 apps, 35 (58%) were available in both App Store and Google Play. The overall average quality score of the apps was 3.48 (SD 0.28) on the MARS, and their overall average score for their potential to promote behavior change was 8.07 (SD 2.30) on the ABACUS. Apps for depression and apps for patients with multimorbidity tended to have higher overall MARS and ABACUS scores, respectively. The most common app features for supporting behavior change were the self-monitoring of physiological parameters (eg, blood pressure monitoring; apps: 38/60, 63%), weight and diet (apps: 25/60, 42%), or physical activity (apps: 22/60, 37%) and stress management (apps: 22/60, 37%). Only 8 out of the 60 apps (13%) were completely free.

CONCLUSIONS

Apps for patients with a chronic condition or multimorbidity appear to be of acceptable quality but have low to moderate potential for promoting behavior change. Our results provide a useful overview for patients and clinicians who would like to use apps for managing chronic conditions and indicate the need to improve health apps in terms of their quality and potential for promoting behavior change.
Friends’ Support, Motivation to Learn, Emotional Adjustment, and Academic Performance among Indonesian First-year students
Authors: Shanti Theresia Indira , Janssens J.M.A.M. , Setiadi Bernadette
Published: August 2021

First-year students face academic and social challenges which will undermine their motivation to learn and emotional adjustment. Friends’ support helps them to cope which then influences their academic performance. This study aimed to investigate relations between friends’ support and academic performance, as mediated by a motivation to learn and emotional adjustment. Participants were 327 first-year university students at the end of their first year, recruited from random cluster sampling. Datawereanalyzed using Sobel Test indicated that motivation to learn and emotional adjustment fully mediated the relationship between friendship quality and academic performance, between lack of intimacy with friends and academic performance, and between conflict with friends and academic performance. Friends provide support which enables students to have discussion to solve their difficulties in facing academic challenges and to disclose their thoughts and feelings to face their emotional challenges. We recommend that further studies collect the data from students in each year and universities to design a curriculum that promotes supportive collaboration among students.
Gratitude Cognitive Behavior Therapy (G-CBT) to Reduce College Students’ Academic Stress
Authors: Utami Muhana Sofiati , Shalihah Mar'atush , Adhiningtyas Nanda Putri , Rahmah Siti , Ningrum Winda Kartika
Published: August 2021

Stress cannot be separated from student academic life in university. This stressful condition, if not managed properly, can prevent students from successfully completing their studies. This study aimed to examine the effects of Gratitude-Cognitive Behavior Therapy (G-CBT) in reducing academic stress among students. Sixteen students were recruited for this research, all of which were working on their thesis projects. Among these participants, 10 were assigned to the experimental group and six were assigned to the control group. The effect of the intervention was tested using a quasi-experiment with an untreated control group design with pretest and posttest samples. The Academic Stress Scale and the Grateful Scale were used to measure academic stress and gratitude. Analysis using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U Test showed that following the administration of G-CBT treatment, there was a larger reduction of academic stress among participants in the experimental group compared to the control group (Z = -3.264; p <0.05). The study concluded that G-CBT intervention can reduce academic stress on students.
Design of College Students’ Career Planning Guidance System Based On B/S Three-Tier Architecture
Authors: Fei Dong , Song Jinghan
Published: August 2021

At present, the guidance mode of college students’ career planning guidance system is imperfect, resulting in too long submission time. A college students’ career planning guidance system based on B/S three-tier architecture is designed. Hardware part: on the basis of obtaining the sensor dynamic compensation filter, expand 6 static memory; Software part: obtain the influencing factors of College Students’ career planning, combined with the external environment, use the B/S three-tier architecture to set the guidance mode, formulate the links of career planning, adopt the hierarchical management mode, and design the role authority management function of the system. Experimental results: the average submission time of the college students’ career planning guidance system designed this time and the other two systems is 11.277s, 16.253s and 15.554s, which proves that the college students’ career planning guidance system integrating the B/S three-tier architecture has a better effect.
A formação docente e o processo de construção do ser professor
Authors: Magalhães Maria Tavares , Porto Bernadete Souza
Published: August 2021

RESUMO

O presente estudo discute a formação docente, especificamente a inicial, bem como o processo de construção do entendimento do que é ser professor; isto é, compreender os saberes necessários e intrínsecos à atividade docente. Nesse contexto, entende-se que o conceito de formação está ligado ao significado de ensinar e aprender e, mais ainda, ao papel que este profissional desempenha na sociedade contemporânea. Sinalizamos que o processo de formação docente é historicamente determinado, o que requer a compreensão sistemática acerca da função social da profissão. Para tanto, elegemos os objetivos que nortearão o nosso estudo. Assim, como objetivo geral, estabelecemos: compreender a relação entre a formação inicial e o processo de constituição dos saberes docentes. Como objetivos específicos, definimos: conceituar formação inicial; identificar suas características basilares e analisar as principais tendências formativas presentes na formação inicial de professores. A metodologia adotada é a pesquisa qualitativa, especialmente a bibliográfica. Desse modo, para compreendermos o tema, consultamos obras de autores que tratam do assunto. Na conclusão, apontamos que a formação docente não é restrita à transmissão dos conteúdos curriculares, em uma acepção puramente técnica e instrumental, mas, ao contrário, está ancorada a uma concepção crítica da educação, que concebe o docente como um intelectual crítico-reflexivo e consciente da sua função social.

Palavras-chave: Professor. Formação. Docente. Saberes. Tendências.
O papel dos registros pedagógicos na formação docente
Authors: Gomboeff Ana Lucia Madsen , Penteado Maria Emiliana Lima
Published: August 2021

RESUMO

O objetivo deste artigo é explicar o papel do registro pedagógico e suas implicações no processo de formação docente na Rede Municipal de Educação de São Paulo (RMESP), bem como explicitar a importância do acompanhamento e da intervenção do coordenador pedagógico (CP) no processo de desenvolvimento profissional dos professores. Utilizamos, como material de análise, dez relatos de professoras da educação infantil (EI) e quatro relatos redigidos por docentes dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental (EF) expondo suas significações acerca do acompanhamento do CP durante o processo de produção dos registros pedagógicos. Como base teórica, pautamo-nos no método do materialismo histórico e dialético (MHD), nos princípios da psicologia sócio-histórica (PSH) e da pedagogia histórico- crítica (PHC). Usamos os meios digitais, e-mail e WhatsApp, para produção de dados, e, para análise, utilizamos os Núcleos de Significação (NS). Inicialmente, explicitamos os fundamentos teórico- metodológicos da perspectiva sócio-histórica: concepções de ser humano, sociedade e produção de conhecimento. Em seguida, explicamos brevemente como ocorreu o processo de análise e interpretação dos dados por meio do procedimento denominado NS. Prosseguimos apresentando os três NSs produzidos, dando ênfase na análise interpretativa à finalidade dos registros pedagógicos e sua importância no processo de formação docente e mostrando o trabalho formativo, com registros  pedagógicos, realizado por duas CPs. Nas considerações finais, ressaltamos a relevância da dimensão transformadora (PLACCO, ALMEIDA e SOUZA, 2015) na atuação do CP, destacando o registro como instrumento crítico-reflexivo capaz de favorecer a formação docente.

Palavras-chave: Registros pedagógicos. Formação docente. Coordenador pedagógico.
Cultura e subcultura policial: limites para a resolução pacífica de conflitos
Authors: Porto de Sampaio Pedro Paulo , Karam de Chueiri Vera
Published: August 2021

RESUMO

O presente artigo investiga os reflexos das subculturas nas instituições policiais, e de que maneira limitam posturas voltadas à polícia comunitária e à resolução pacífica de conflitos. Como etapa inicial do estudo, analisa-se o alcance do mandato policial e o problema do enforcement. Em seguida, o artigo examina o desafio da cultura e da subcultura policial, desde a f0rmação nas academias até o cotidiano profissional. Além disso, observa a influência do Movimento Lei e Ordem e do Programa Tolerância Zero, o que determina a manutenção de um modelo tradicional de policiamento, eminentemente reativo e repressivo — o que, por vezes, repercute na violação de direitos e garantias fundamentais. A partir desses subsídios, busca-se apresentar elementos que fortaleçam os mecanismos de atuação comunitária como alternativa para a superação desses processos culturais arraigados. Com o foco na perspectiva comunitária e orientada para a solução de problemas, estima-se uma mudança no modelo de atuação policial para uma abordagem proativa e baseada na resolução pacífica de conflitos.

Palavras-chave: Subculturas. Polícia comunitária. Resolução pacífica de conflitos.
Las plataformas electorales para la elección de gobernador del Estado de México en 2017: un estudio lexicométrico
Authors: Johansson Mondragón Steven
Published: August 2021

El trabajo recurre a diversas técnicas de análisis lexicométrico para comparar las plataformas electorales para gobernador del Estado de México de 2017, con el propósito de determinar si éstas dejan ver una o varias formaciones discursivas diferentes (tales como una oposición izquierda/derecha, o partidos antisistema/partidos pro-sistema). El análisis factorial de corres-pondencias del corpus Plataformas Edomex 2017 muestra una distancia significativa entre el PRI y el resto de los partidos, que sugiere la existencia de un eje que opone al partido en el poder en el Estado de México a los partidos de oposición. También deja ver un segundo eje de oposición, menos marcado, entre MORENA y el resto de los partidos
Assessment of Plant Extracts and their In vitro Efficacy against Potato Early Blight Incited by Alternaria solani
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Chandra Ram , Behera Lopamudra
Published: August 2021

Botanicals obtained from the plants are well known for the suppression of inimical plant pathogens. The present study explores the efficacy of five locally available plant extracts for their antifungal activity against the early blight of potato incited by Alternaria solani. The extracts include Datura stramonium, Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus, and Lantana camara. All extracts reduced mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. solani. In vitro studies showed that extracts obtained from A. sativum and A. indica have significant inhibition of mycelial growth of A. solani (88.80 and 86.62 percent) at 20 percent concentration. Higher concentrations of A. sativum extract caused a higher reduction of A. solani radial growth on potato dextrose agar medium. Extracts obtained from A. sativum and A. indica at 20 percent concentration, were found most effective for inhibition of conidial germination (85.50 and 80.04 percent) respectively of A. solani. Observations by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed dramatic alteration in A. solani hyphae collapsed and spores shrinked when treated with extract of A. sativum at a 20 per cent concentration. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of various phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols was showed A. sativum extract better than all the other plant extracts. Observation also revealed that 20 percent concentration of garlic extract has potential to inhibit to A. solani.
GC-MS and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Extract Hyphaene Thebaica L. Fruit Pulp against Antibiotics-resistant Pathogens
Authors: Abdallah Emad M. , Mujawah Adil A.H. , Al-Mijalli Samiah H.
Published: August 2021

Methanol extract obtained from the fruits of Hyphaene thebaica (doum fruit) was chemically analyzed using GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Up to thirty compounds were identified in the extract. Acetic acid decyl ester (36.80%), n-Hexadecenoic acid (5.14%),1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1-methyl (4.24%), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-dimethylhydrazone (4.67%), Propanoic acid 3,3′-dithiobis (3.52%) and [1,2,4] Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ol were major components. The antibacterial potential of the extract against six clinical bacterial isolates resistant to antibiotics was also investigated, using various in vitro assays including well diffusion, minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentration. It was found that, the methanol extract of doum fruit was characterized by antibacterial action toward one Gram-positive ß-lactamase bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and one Gram-negative Multidrug-resistant bacteria (Proteus mirabilis). The other four bacterial strains showed no susceptibility towards the extract. The study suggests future additional biochemical and microbiological investigations in order to understand the mechanism of action of the bioactive molecules as antimicrobial agents.
Cadmium Bioremediation Potential of Bacillus sp. and Cupriavidus sp.
Authors: Lata Sneh , Mishra Tulika , Kaur Sukhminderjit
Published: August 2021

Heavy metals are extremely toxic and their presence in the environment is a known risk factor. Out of them, cadmium is known for its fatal effects on the environment, humans and soil. Bioremediation offers an economical solution for detoxifying such metals. So, the present study aimed to isolate Bacillus sp. and Cupriavidus sp. from the cadmium contaminated soils and studied their cadmium bioremediation potential. Strains that have exhibited good tolerance upto 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm of cadmium concentration and good absorption to cadmium were studied by scanning electron microscopy. An increase in the size of the bacterial cells was observed. The absorption of cadmium by bacterial cells was further confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and found that the sorption rate of Bacillus sp. ECd004 was 87% and of Cupriavidus sp. SCd005 was 90%. Furthermore, these strains were exposed to cadmium contaminated soil in the form of bioformulations and their role in the rate of seed germination of Vigna radiata and Cicer aertinum and impact on seedlings growth was determined. Seed germination and growth rate was found to be double in comparison to the negative control. This investigation proves their efficacy to use in highly cadmium contaminated soils making them a suitable choice for bioremediation.
Vigilância Sanitária e Atenção Primária à Saúde: dimensões e práticas colaborativas em uma capital
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brasil, Ribeiro de Sales Neto Manoel , Moreira de Paiva Felipe ,   Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brasil, Mara de Sousa Lopes Nadja ,   Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brasil, Dantas de Abrantes Lôbo Cremeilda ,   Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brasil, Soares Gondim Ana Paula ,   Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
Published: August 2021

Introdução: Postula-se que a Vigilância Sanitária e a Atenção Primária à Saúde desenvolvam práticas colaborativas como comunicação dos riscos e educação em saúde. Objetivo: Descrever a colaboração entre Vigilância Sanitária e Atenção Primária à Saúde em uma capital brasileira. Método: Estudo qualitativo realizado com entrevistas, observação participante e revisão documental. Os dados construídos foram trabalhados com a análise de conteúdo, tendo como referência uma tipologia de colaboração interorganizacional. Resultados: Comprovou-se o não reconhecimento de objetivos comuns. Também dificultam a colaboração a imagem fiscalizatória da Vigilância Sanitária, a formalização exígua das práticas colaborativas e a insuficiência de espaços para discussão de problemas e formação de vínculos. Foi identificado o esporádico desenvolvimento de algumas ações em colaboração, como análises das irregularidades sanitárias das Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde, enquanto outras foram sugeridas, incluindo o compartilhamento de informações sobre produtos e serviços. Conclusões: A colaboração entre Vigilância Sanitária e Atenção Primária à Saúde precisa avançar no terreno das práticas, tendo em vista os benefícios que essa proposta pode acarretar.
Dentifrícios infantis comercializados no município de Londrina/PR, Brasil: análise da rotulagem segundo especificações da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brasil, Nascimento Martins da Fonseca Letícia , Pagani Martins Caroline ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brasil, Tiemi Inagaki Luciana ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brasil, Guilherme Caldarelli Pablo ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brasil
Published: August 2021

Introdução:Devido à grande variedade de formulações químicas entre os dentifrícios infantis e à possibilidade de apresentarem ou não o flúor (F) em sua composição, a vigilância é essencial para o controle da qualidade desses produtos. Objetivo:Analisar a rotulagem e as informações presentes em dentifrícios infantis, disponíveis comercialmente, segundo especificações das Resoluções nº 07, de 10 de fevereiro de 2015, e nº 79, de 28 de agosto de 2000, da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). Método:Estudo transversal realizado por meio da análise da disponibilidade, preço e avaliação das embalagens (primárias e secundárias) de dentifrícios infantis à venda no município de Londrina, localizado no Norte do Paraná, Brasil. Os produtos foram adquiridos no mês de maio do ano de 2019. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados:Foram avaliados 11 dentifrícios infantis dos quais 73,0% (oito) apresentaram concentração convencional de F (≥ 1.000 ppm F), 9,0% (um) baixa concentração de F (500 ppm F) e 18,0% (dois) eram sem F. O valor do grama do dentifrício sem F foi cerca de três vezes maior que o dos demais produtos. Todos os dentifrícios analisados atendiam às normas estabelecidas pela Resolução nº 79/2000 e 82,0% (nove) estavam em consonância com as exigências da Resolução nº 07/2015. Conclusões: Há uma ampla oferta de dentifrícios infantis no mercado que, em sua grande maioria, encontra-se de acordo com as normas da Anvisa sobre composição e rotulagem. Contudo, ressalta-se a importância da vigilância desses produtos para a garantia do máximo efeito no controle da cárie dentária e o mínimo risco para o desenvolvimento de fluorose dental.
Determinação de arsênio total e de sua especiação química em produtos à base de arroz e isentos de glúten
Authors:   Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Monteiro Bastos da Silva Juliana , Sánchez Ortega Alicia ,   Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Álava, Espanha, Jose Barrio Diez-Caballero Ramon ,   Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco, Álava, Espanha, Costa Moreira Josino ,   Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Published: August 2021

Introdução: O arsênio (As) é um elemento químico reconhecidamente carcinogênico capaz de contaminar o homem por meio das águas e dos alimentos. Dentre os alimentos, o arroz tem significativa importância devido ao seu elevado consumo e à sua capacidade de acumular As sob diversas espécies químicas, as quais determinam os seus efeitos biológicos.Por esta razão, a ingestão desse elemento é regulada nacional e internacionalmente. Como as diferentes espécies arsenicais possuem diferentes toxicidades, é importante a determinação de cada uma nos alimentos. Objetivo: Verificar a existência e dimensionar a significância de efeitos matriciais sobre os resultados da especiação química em amostras de produtos à base de arroz. Método: A concentração de As total nas 15 amostras de produtos derivados do arroz foi analisada por ICP/MS e a especiação química por HPLCICP/MS. Resultados: As concentrações de As total situaram-se entre 31,6 e 311,6 mg.kg-1 e duas amostras encontravam-se acima dos limites recomendados. As espécies químicas As (II), MMA, DMA e As (V) foram determinadas e o somatório de suas concentrações produziu resultados compatíveis com os valores declarados nos materiais certificados e com a concentração de As total nos produtos de composição simples. No entanto, observou-se maior variabilidade (13% a 97%) para amostras complexas contendo fibras, carboidratos, proteínas e gorduras. Conclusões: A presença na formulação dos alimentos de fibras, proteínas, óleos e carboidratos, nesta ordem, impactou negativamente os resultados obtidos e confirma a necessidade de mais estudos para superar estas interferências.
Adverse outcome pathways – development and potential regulatory application
Authors:   Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Department of Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil / Equally contributed to the drafting of the manuscript., Rios Rossi Lima Thania , Pereira de Souza Nathália ,   Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Department of Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil / # Equally contributed to the drafting of the manuscript., Cristina Pereira Lílian ,   Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Department of Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil / Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, Lauro Viana de Camargo João ,   Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Department of Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Over the last two decades, chemical safety assessment and regulatory toxicology have progressed from empirical science based on direct observation of apical adverse outcomes in whole organisms to a predictive practice that infers outcomes and risks on the basis of accumulated understanding of toxicological mechanisms and modes of action. Objective: To provide general concepts on how Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) are developed and examples related to skin sensitization, endocrine, disruption, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Method: Narrative review based on data of the scientific literature relevant to the theme addressed and on the experience of the authors. Results: An AOP framework provides a systematic approach to organize knowledge about mechanisms of toxicity that may inform analytical domains in regulatory decision-making. AOPs are open structures that may indicate not only data gaps in the understanding of a toxicity process, but also testing procedures that will generate the necessary knowledge to fill those gaps. Every AOP should be continuously refined through the collaborative efforts of the scientific community. Depending on the amount and detail of information that is successively inserted, AOP may progress from the stage of a putative AOP to the stages of qualitative and quantitative AOPs, which are more fit-for-purpose to support regulatory decision-making. Conclusions: Continuous collaboration between AOP developers within the scientific community and the regulatory corps toward the development of this mechanistic structure will support the advancement of toxicological sciences, regardless of its immediate application for regulatory purposes.
A proteção da saúde em perigo, em plena pandemia
Authors:   GTVISA/ABRASCO, Lucchese Geraldo
Published: August 2021

Nestes tempos de pandemia, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foi reconhecido e elogiado por aquela parcela da sociedade que não o valorizava como uma política pública emancipadora, civilizadora, humanista e de justiça social. Parte importante do trabalho do SUS, que o fez reconhecido e valorizado, foi feita pela Vigilância Sanitária (Visa). Desde a análise e aprovação de pesquisas clínicas de vacinas; a autorização para seu uso emergencial; a ﬂexibilização normativa visando a produção ou importação acelerada de álcool em gel, kits diagnósticos e outros insumos e a orientação para a organização dos serviços de saúde; até a orientação ao comércio em geral; a atuação em barreiras sanitárias e a fiscalização de serviços no cumprimento das medidas sanitárias adotadas em cada município ou região. Mesmo outras instâncias do próprio SUS perceberam de forma mais clara o papel da Visa para o sistema e para a sociedade. Entretanto, não obstante o reconhecimento de sua imensa importância para os brasileiros, o SUS enfrenta sérias ameaças.
Consociational Democracy in Lebanon: Modern Challenges and Development Prospects
Authors: Kerimov Arseny A.
Published: August 2021

This article explores some key problems of the organization and operation of the Lebanese confessional political system. The study is carried out within the framework of the comparative approach and, in essence, is a comparison of the Lebanese realities with the ideal type of consociational democracy in order to identify country specific features and find ways to overcome the growing instability. Arend Lijpharts consociational theory is used as the main analytical tool. Based on the analysis of the formation and development of the Lebanese consociational system, the study identifies its historical roots, as well as its strengths and weaknesses. The article examines the internal and external causes of the Lebanese political crises and assesses the possible ways of evolution of the countrys political regime, including the prospects for the transformation of consociational democracy into a civil one. When applied to Lebanon, the terms consociationalism and political confessionalism are used as synonyms.
The Concept of Multipolarity: Diversity of Approaches and Interpretations
Authors: Soluianov Vladislav S.
Published: August 2021

The author regards multipolarity as a question open for discussion, the variety of answers to which contribute not only to the comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon, but also to the perception of processes taking place in the world politics. The content of the multipolarity concept is revealed through the perspectives of realism, neorealism, civilizational approach, regional approach, liberalism, and constructivism. From the realism perspective, multipolarity can be considered as an objective reflection of the world development. The foundation of multipolarity consists in the growth of economic, military, and political potential of non-Western powers and the weakening of the US position as a global leader. Neorealism views multipolarity as a property of the international system which affects the behavior of states. The civilizational approach focuses on identifying civilizations as new actors and centers of power on the world stage. The regional approach highlights the importance of the increasing regionalization processes and creation of regional integration systems, which contribute to the formation of multipolarity in the context of the rise of regional powers and weakening of the USs world position. Liberalism seeks to assess the impact of multipolarity on the stability and security of the international system. Along with the predictable attitude to multipolarity as a threat to peace and security, there is another more optimistic point of view. Constructivism regards multipolarity as a foreign policy discourse and a project of several states, primarily Russia. The results allow to see multipolarity from different perspectives and develop a more comprehensive and objective understanding of this phenomenon.
Features of Currents on the Black Sea Northwestern Shelf Based on the Numerical Simulation Results
Authors: Dorofeyev V. L. ,   Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russian Federation, Sukhikh L. I. ,   Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russian Federation
Published: August 2021

Purpose. The work is aimed at studying the features of currents on the Black Sea northwestern shelf based of the reanalysis results, and at analyzing the reasons of these features. Methods and Results. To analyze the currents on the northwestern shelf, applied were the results of physical reanalysis of the Black Sea fields performed by the authors earlier, namely, the arrays of hydrodynamic fields on a regular grid with the 21-year duration (1992–2012). Surface currents on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea are directed mainly to the southwest. Throughout the whole year (except for the summer months when the wind effect weakens), an intensive compensatory current directed to the south is formed along the western coast. The waters near the western coast are highly horizontally stratified that is caused by fresh water inflowing with the river runoffs. In winter seasons, the stratification is most pronounced, whereas in summer, the horizontal density gradient decreases. The horizontal density stratification leads to the following: starting from the depth ~ 20 m, the pressure gradient changes its sign and the along-coastal jet countercurrent directed to the north, occurs. Conclusions. The performed studies have shown that the water circulation on the Black Sea northwestern shelf is determined mainly by the following factors: the wind-induced water flows across the shelf boundary and strong horizontal water stratification near the western coast resulted from the river runoffs. As the currents on the sea surface are directed mainly to the southwest, the compensatory current directed to the south is formed near the western coast. Due to the strong horizontal stratification resulted from the river runoffs, a countercurrent directed to the north is formed in the subsurface layer near the western coast. In case the seawater flows to the shelf are extremely high, the countercurrent may be absent.
Evaluation of GPM IMERG Products and Estimation of Warm-Season Precipitation in Crimea
Authors: Anisimov A. E. ,   Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russian Federation, Efimov V. V. ,   Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russian Federation, Lvova M. V. ,   Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Published: August 2021

Purpose. The study was aimed at the evaluation of the Integrated MultisatellitE Retrievals from GPM (IMERG) remote sensing dataset using ground observations and estimation of the 2006–2018 warmseason precipitation in the Crimean Peninsula. Methods and Results. Evaluation of the IMERG dataset was performed using the meteorological station observations treated as the ground truth. We provided the multiyear statistical characteristics of precipitation amounts, frequency and intensity for different climate zones of the Crimean Peninsula. We considered the spatial variability of summer precipitation, bias and correlation between IMERG and the ground observations. Conclusions. IMERG has a weaker spatial variability compared to the ground observations. The warm-season IMERG bias is small in the central and mountainous parts of Crimea, whereas the precipitation estimates in the coastal zones are substantially overestimated. The IMERG wet bias is mostly caused by the excessive rainfall frequency. The temporal variability of IMERG is in good agreement with the observations with an average correlation coefficient 0.73. For most of the metrics considered, warm-season IMERG precipitation significantly outperforms the other datasets in the central and mountainous parts of Crimea and could be used for practical tasks with certain precautions. At the same time, due to the lack of calibration over the marine areas, the quality of IMERG precipitation estimates in the coastal zones is reduced.
Exploring Preparation for the USMLE Step 2 Exams to Inform Best Practices
Authors: Drake Eron , Phillips Julie P. , Kovar-Gough Iris
Published: August 2021

Introduction: The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 will transition to a pass-fail format in 2022. This is likely to result in an increased focus on Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores. Thus, academic advisors must provide evidence-based guidance for preparing students. While prior research has examined the utility of academic indicators to predict student performance on the USMLE exams, no significant scholarly effort has described or evaluated students' study approaches. The research study's goal was to understand what strategies and resources students utilized when preparing for the Step 2 CK exam and investigate the relationship(s) between these approaches and performance.
Methods: Students at a single US medical school were surveyed about their Step 2 CK preparation. We analyzed self-reported exam preparation strategies and the use of specific resources to determine their relationship with Step 2 CK score.
Results: Student performance on Step 2 CK was correlated with performance on previous exams, including school-specific examinations, National Board of Medical Examiners clerkship shelf exams, and Step 1. Two study strategies were positively correlated with Step 2 CK score in preliminary analyses: completing more working practice questions, and the proportion of a question bank completed. In hierarchical regression, only completing more working questions remained predictive, after controlling for demographic variables and Step 1 performance.
Conclusions: Faculty and staff can optimize students' Step 2 CK performance by encouraging them to work through case-based, clinically-focused questions. Further study is needed to describe optimal preparation strategies better.
NATUREZA E HISTÓRIA NA FILOSOFIA IDEALISTA DE HEGEL: INDÍCIOS ONTOLÓGICOS PARA A COMPREENSÃO DO SER E DA CORPOREIDADE HUMANA
Authors: Sousa Marcel Farias de , Hungaro Edson Marcelo
Published: August 2021

A presente revisão de literatura visa apresentar o desenvolvimento das categorias natureza e história na obra hegeliana. Entende-se que neste filósofo encontram-se indícios mais sólidos, ainda que abstratos, de um percurso para uma ontologia do ser social. Tal percurso permite observar o trato lógico-conceitual destas categorias, assim como torna possível a compreensão inicial sobre o corpo – tema tão presente no debate da Educação Física – no interior deste processo. Conclui-se que tal desenvolvimento apresenta uma operação lógico-dialética acerca destas categorias e sobre a própria noção sobre o corpo. Porém, ainda apresenta limites quanto ao trato excessivamente abstrato ao apostar no espírito e na lógica para tratar destas e de outras categorias.
Hash Tables for a Digital Lexicon
Authors: Moreno Fábio Carlos , Barbosa Cinthyan Sachs C. de , Manfio Edio Roberto
Published: August 2021

This paper deals with the construction of digital lexicons within the scope of Natural Language Processing. Data Structures called Hash Tables have demonstrated to generate good results for Natural Language Interface for Databases and have data dispersion, response speed and programming simplicity as main features. The storage of the desired information is done by associating a key through the hashing functions that is responsible for distributing the information in this table. The objective of this paper is to present the tool called Visual TaHs that uses a sparse table to a real lexicon (Lexicon of Herbs), improving performance results of several implemented hash functions. Such structure has achieved satisfactory results in terms of speed and storage when compared to conventional databases and can work in various media, such as desktop, Web and mobile.
Small Renal Mass Biopsy: When to Do?
Authors: Cho Jin Seon
Published: August 2021

The incidence of small renal mass (SRM) is increasing largely owing to the growing use of cross-sectional imaging. About 20% of SRMs are benign, and smaller masses are likely to have pathological characteristics of low malignant potential. Determining the optimal management for SRM can be challenging. Advances in our understanding of the nature of SRMs and expanding treatment options for SRMs have stimulated interest in SRM biopsy which can facilitate risk stratification and prognostication. Continuing concern regarding complications and accuracy, SRM biopsy is underutilized. However, recent series on SRM biopsy have reported diagnostic accuracy and rare complications. The median concordance rate between tumor histotype on renal tumor biopsy and on the surgical specimen was over 90%. SRM biopsy can be selectively used to improve risk stratification in patient where the clinical management may change on the basis of the results of biopsy. Currently, SRM biopsy can be recommended in most cases except in patients who have imaging or clinical characteristics indicative of benign tumors and in cases in which conservative management is considered. Urologists should be aware of the benefits of SRM biopsy which should be discussed with patients.
Usefulness of Prostate-Specific Antigen Density as an Indicator for Recommending Prebiopsy Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Prevent Missed Prostate Cancer Diagnoses
Authors: Jeon Jin Hyung , Koo Kyo Chul , Chung Byung Ha , Lee Kwang Suk
Published: August 2021

Purpose: To identify the indication for recommending prebiopsy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to prevent prostate cancer missed diagnoses in cases without prebiopsy MRI.Materials and Methods: Between January 2017 and September 2020, 585 patients suspected with prostate cancer underwent prostate biopsy after MRI. For patients with visible lesions, MRI-targeted biopsy using an image-based fusion program was performed in addition to the 12- core systematic biopsy. Patients for whom MRI was performed in other institutions (n=4) and patients who underwent target biopsy alone (n=7) were excluded.Results: Of 574 patients (median prostate-specific antigen [PSA] level, 6.88 ng/mL; mean age, 68.2 years), 342 (59.6%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer (visible lesions=312/449 [69.5%]; nonvisible lesions=30/123 [24.0%]). The detection rates of visible lesions stratified using the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System score (3 vs. 4 vs. 5) were 30.9% (54 of 175), 61.2% (150 of 245), and 90.1% (127 of 141), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that PSA density was a significant factor for presence of visible lesions, prostate cancer, and significant prostate cancer diagnosis. Among patients with positive lesions, 27 (8.2%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer concomitant with negative systematic biopsy results. A PSA density of 0.15 ng/mL/cm3 was identified as the significant cutoff value for predicting positive target biopsy in groups with negative systematic biopsy. Sixty of the negative target lesions (26.1%) were diagnosed using systematic biopsy.Conclusions: To maximize cancer detection rates, both targeted and systematic biopsies should be implemented. PSA density was identified as a useful factor for recommending prebiopsy MRI to patients suspected with prostate cancer.
O vídeo ensaio como signo do cinema
Authors: Teixeira Luiz Gustavo Vilela Teixeira
Published: August 2021

O vídeo ensaio, vídeos que usam a própria linguagem do audiovisual para lhe escrutinar criticamente, é uma poderosa ferramenta crítica para análise cinematográfica. Cabe questionar, porém, quais são seus artifícios como fenômeno comunicacional, posto que ele se articula a priori como fluxo, não como obra estanque, ao nascer de outras obras e refletir sobre elas. Este breve texto irá abordar o vídeo ensaio, conceituado a partir de Timothy Corrigan, Arlindo Machado e Phillip Dubois, tomando as lentes da semiótica peirceana, através dos conceitos de Fernando Andacht.