bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial bioenergetics and posthepatectomy liver dysfunction
Authors: Alexandrino Henrique , Varela Ana T. , Teodoro João Soeiro , Martins Mónica A. , Rolo Anabela P. , Tralhão José Guilherme , Palmeira Carlos M. , Castro e Sousa Francisco
Published: May 2016

Background

Liver regeneration requires an enormous energy supply. Experimental evidence suggests that mitochondrial function is of paramount importance for liver regeneration. However, this has not been investigated in the clinical setting. We aimed to: (i) evaluate changes in mitochondrial function during hepatectomy, especially after hepatic pedicle clamping; and (ii) correlate these changes with postoperative hepatocellular function and clinical outcome.

Materials and methods

Prospective study of thirty patients undergoing hepatectomy. Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration and adenosine triphosphate content in intra‐operative liver biopsies performed in nonresected parenchyma. Correlation of findings with duration of hepatic pedicle clamping, postoperative markers of hepatocellular necrosis and function (aminotransferases, arterial lactate, international normalized ratio, bilirubin), and morbidity.

Results

Longer hepatic pedicle clamping was associated with worse mitochondrial depolarization (r = −0·519; P = 0·011) and longer lag phase (r = 0·568; P = 0·006). Higher postoperative peak aminotransferases, international normalized ratio and bilirubin correlated with worse mitochondrial function (P < 0·05). After major hepatectomy, mitochondrial respiration correlated with postoperative arterial lactate clearance (r = 0·756; P = 0·049). Mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters were significantly decreased in patients with liver‐specific morbidity and postoperative liver failure (P < 0·05). On multivariate analysis, decrease in mitochondrial potential was an independent risk factor for liver–specific morbidity (OR = 13·7; P = 0·043). Worse lag phase was highly predictive of posthepatectomy liver failure (area under the curve: 0·933; P = 0·008).

Conclusions

There is a relationship between mitochondrial function, duration of hepatic pedicle clamping and clinical outcome after hepatectomy. Mitochondrial bioenergetics can potentially translate into clinical practice, assisting in earlier diagnosis of postoperative liver dysfunction, and as a target for future pharmacological therapies.
A poster and a mobile healthcare application as information tools for dental trauma management
Authors: Iskander Marian , Lou Jennifer , Wells Martha , Scarbecz Mark
Published: May 2016

Background/Aims

Prompt management of dental trauma in children affects outcomes, and multiple educational resources are available. The aim of this study was to compare subjects’ accuracy in answering a survey about dental trauma management utilizing a poster and a mobile healthcare application and to determine user preference for mode of delivery of information.

Materials and methods

A survey was administered to parents of patients in two pediatric dental practices. Questions collected demographic information, frequency of internet use, and responses to questions regarding dental trauma management for two separate scenarios. Participants used both a poster and a mobile application, but were randomly assigned as to which tool was utilized first.

Results

Eighty‐nine surveys were usable. The majority of respondents were aged 36–45 years (50.6%), had education beyond high school (64%), and had private insurance (52.8%). Less‐educated individuals were more likely to report searching the Internet (74%) compared to individuals with a graduate degree (57%) (P = 0.017). The majority of subjects answered trauma management questions correctly with both tools. However, for an avulsed permanent tooth, individuals receiving the mobile application were more likely to select: ‘put the tooth back in place’ (71.1%) compared to those utilizing the poster, who chose ‘put the tooth in milk’ (56.8%) (P = 0.004). Less‐educated individuals were willing to pay more for the application (P = 0.015) and were more likely to report being interested in receiving dental information through mobile technology in the future (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

Both a poster and a mobile healthcare application are effective in delivering dental trauma information.
Pulse oximetry: a useful test for evaluating pulp vitality in traumatized teeth
Authors: Caldeira Celso Luiz , Barletta Fernando Branco , Ilha Mariana Cezar , Abrão Carmen Vianna , Gavini Giulio
Published: May 2016

Background and Aim

Subjective pulp tests are not trustworthy, particularly in traumatized teeth, and may lead to inaccurate diagnosis. The use of an objective test such as pulse oximetry (PO) could be a more reliable method to properly evaluate pulp status in this condition. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of PO in determining pulp vitality in traumatized teeth based on oxygen saturation measurements (%SpO2).

Subjects and methods

Fifty‐nine permanent teeth that had undergone lateral luxation, and which were unresponsive to a cold spray test and were free from signs of necrosis, were selected and tested with PO at 7, 30 and 60 days after trauma.

Results

Fifty‐nine teeth were tested. At 7 days after trauma, 8 teeth had low rates of oxygenation, compared to 10 at 30 and 60 days. Low rates were defined as a saturation reading ≤77%SpO2. These teeth were assigned to the pulp necrosis (PN) group. The other 49 teeth were either considered to have healthy pulps (HP) (saturation ≥90%SpO2) or were assigned to a pulpitis (PP) group (saturation ≥78 to ≤89%SpO2). The 10 non‐responsive teeth were followed up for 1 year and all exhibited indications for endodontic treatment. The other 49 teeth (HP or PP) began to show positive responses to the cold spray (after 3–9 months of follow up). No significant differences (P < 0.05) were detected between the three periods analyzed, but %SpO2 rates were significantly different (P < 0.01) between the groups (HP vs PP, HP vs PN and PP vs PN).

Conclusions

PO can be extremely useful for the assessment of dental pulp status in traumatized teeth, particularly when these teeth do not show signs of PN and do not respond to cold tests.
Examining the differences in the stigma of dementia and diabetes among Chinese Americans
Authors: Woo Benjamin KP , Mehta Pratik
Published: May 2016

Aim

One of the major barriers in making a diagnosis and managing dementia in the Chinese American population is the stigma surrounding the disease. The goal of the present study was to examine differences in the stigma and perceptions of dementia and diabetes among Chinese Americans.

Methods

A total of 449 Chinese Americans answered one survey with two self‐administered, true/false questionnaires assessing stigma and perceptions toward dementia and diabetes. Higher total scores were associated with increased stigma and negative perceptions. The results of the two questionnaires were compared to assess for any differences in attitudes.

Results

For the dementia questionnaire, the mean score was 5.58 (95% CI 5.37–5.79) with a standard deviation of 2.31. For the diabetes questionnaire, the mean score was 2.01 (95% CI 1.85‐2.18) with a standard deviation of 1.76. Statistical analysis showed that Chinese Americans were more likely to hold stigmatized views toward dementia than diabetes (t = 33.9, d.f. = 448, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The higher average score in the dementia questionnaire shows that there are greater stigma and negative perceptions of dementia in comparison with diabetes among Chinese Americans. Considering that stigma delays access to healthcare for dementia‐related symptoms, efforts should be taken to minimize negative attitudes associated with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 760–764.
Effects of an integrated health education and elastic band resistance training program on physical function and muscle strength in community‐dwelling elderly women: Healthy Aging and Happy Aging II study
Authors: Oh Seung‐Lyul , Kim Hee‐jae , Woo Shinae , Cho Be‐Long , Song Misoon , Park Yeon‐Hwan , Lim Jae‐Young , Song Wook
Published: May 2016

Aim

In the present study, we determined the effect of an integrated health education and elastic band resistance training program on body composition, physical function, muscle strength and quality in community‐dwelling elderly women.

Methods

We recruited participants with eligibility inclusion criteria, and randomly assigned them to either the control group (n = 19) or the intervention group (n = 19). The integrated intervention program comprised of health education and individual counseling, and elastic band training for 18 weeks (8 weeks of supervised training and 10 weeks of self‐directed training). We assessed body composition, muscle strength and quality, and physical function at pre‐, after 8 weeks (mid‐) and 18 weeks (post‐training).

Results

After the intervention, there were no significant changes in skeletal muscle index, fat free mass, total lean mass and total fat mass for both the control group and intervention group. However, the interaction effect was significantly different in SPPB score (P < 0.05), isokinetic strength (60 deg/s, P < 0.001; 120 deg/s; P < 0.05) and muscle quality (P < 0.05) after 18 weeks of intervention relative to the baseline of the control and intervention groups. The supervised elastic band training of 8 weeks did not improve short physical performance battery score and isokinetic strength, whereas there was a significant increase of those outcomes (10.6% improvement, 9.8~23.5% improvement) after 10 weeks of following self‐directed exercise compared with the baseline.

Conclusions

These results show the effectiveness of following self‐directed resistance training with health education after supervised training cessation in improvement of short physical performance battery and leg muscle strength. This intervention program might be an effective method to promote muscle strength and quality, and to prevent frailty in elderly women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 825‐833.
Indoor and outdoor falls among older adult trauma patients: A comparison of patient characteristics, associated factors and outcomes
Authors: Chippendale Tracy , Gentile Patricia A , James Melissa K , Melnic Gloria
Published: May 2016

Aim

The aim of the present study was to examine significant differences in patient characteristics, associated factors and outcomes for indoor versus outdoor falls among trauma patients.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study using data from the trauma registry and electronic medical records at a level 1 trauma center in the USA was carried out. People aged 55 years or older, for whom fall location could be identified (n = 712), were included in the study. Demographic information, functional status before admission, comorbid conditions, activation level, Injury Severity Score, discharge disposition and injury type were included in the comparative analyses. Associated factors for falls and fractures in each location were also examined using logistic regression.

Results

Significant differences were found in patient characteristics between indoor and outdoor fallers. Significant differences in outcomes were found related to discharge disposition and injury type. Open wounds were more common among outdoor fallers (26.5%) as compared with indoor fallers (16.3%, P = 0.002). Although disorders of joints with difficulty walking were associated with fractures among both indoor (OR 7.20, CI 2.19–23.66) and outdoor fallers (OR 5.65, CI 1.27–25.06), sex was only associated with fractures among those who fell indoors (OR 1.69 CI 1.12–2.56).

Conclusions

Significant differences exist in characteristics of indoor and outdoor fallers, and for discharge disposition and injury type for each fall location among patients admitted for trauma care. Factors associated with fractures differ between indoor and outdoor fallers. Results can help to inform targeted primary and secondary prevention initiatives. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 905–912.
Suitability of Mn‐ and Fe‐Rich Reference Materials for Microanalytical Research
Authors: Macholdt Dorothea S. , Jochum Klaus Peter , Wilson Stephen A. , Otter Laura M. , Stoll Brigitte , Weis Ulrike , Andreae Meinrat O.
Published: May 2016

Manganese‐ and iron‐rich materials are of major geoscientific and economic interest, many of which contain microscopic features that provide valuable information. To obtain accurate results, a homogeneous microanalytical reference material for calibration is needed. Several researchers have used the Mn‐ and Fe‐rich RMs, JMn‐1, NOD‐A‐1, NOD‐P‐1 and FeMn‐1, for this purpose; therefore, they were tested in this study to determine their suitability for microanalysis. Their homogeneity was investigated by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) with two different types of lasers (nano‐ and femtosecond), with spot and line scan analyses and with different operating parameters, such as spot size, pulse repetition rate and fluence. As the established manganese nodule RMs revealed inhomogeneities for picogram to microgram test portions, we also investigated the new synthetic Fe‐ and Mn‐rich RM, FeMnOx‐1. FeMnOx‐1 was found to be homogeneous for large (ø 40 μm: 2% RSD repeatability) and small (ø 8–10 μm: 10% RSD repeatability) spot sizes. This homogeneity is in the range of the homogeneous NIST SRM 610 and GSE‐1G reference glasses. Furthermore, FeMnOx‐1 revealed a large‐scale homogeneity within uncertainties of a few per cent, using test portions in the ng range, when measuring four individual mounts of this material.
Purification and characterization of a melanin biodegradation enzyme from Geotrichum sp.
Authors: Kim B. S. , Blaghen M. , Hong H.‐S. , Lee K.‐M.
Published: May 2016

Objective

Melanin is a black or brown phenolic polymer present mainly in skin and hair. Although melanin can be degraded by some microbial species, the melanin degradation capacity of Geotrichum sp. is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize a melanin biodegradation enzyme from Geotrichum sp.

Methods

In this study, we assessed the melanin degradation activity of Geotrichum sp. in comparison with the major melanin‐degrading enzymes, manganese‐dependent peroxidase (MnP), manganese‐independent peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and laccase. Furthermore, the effect of several carbohydrates on melanin degradation by Geotrichum sp. was determined. The MnP enzyme was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G‐200 column chromatography, and then the conditions for optimal enzymatic activity were determined by adjusting the pH, temperature and Tween‐80 concentration.

Results

Compared with extracellular ligninolytic enzymes of Geotrichum sp., MnP had the highest ligninolytic enzyme activity; and the highest enzymatic activity was observed in the presence of glucose. The final purified MnP enzyme exhibited 6 U mL−1 activity and had a molecular weight of 54.2 kDa. The enzymatic activity was highest at pH 4.5 and 25–35°C in the absence of Tween‐80.

Conclusion

These results indicate the potential of MnP purified from Geotrichum sp. as a skin‐lightening agent in the cosmetic industry.
Parenting style and oral health practices in early childhood caries: a case–control study
Authors: Dabawala Suhel , Suprabha Baranya S. , Shenoy Ramya , Rao Arathi , Shah Nachiket
Published: May 2016

Background

There is a need to carry out controlled investigations regarding risk factors for early childhood caries (ECC).

Aim

To study the type of parenting style and oral health practices as risk factors among children with ECC in an Indian preschool population.

Methods

Two hundred and eleven children with ECC and equal number of controls participated in this case–control study. A questionnaire was answered by parents regarding oral health practices such as oral hygiene methods, feeding habits, daily sugar intake, and dental attendance pattern along with socioeconomic and demographic status. The parenting style was determined using Parenting Styles Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) index. Data were statistically analyzed using chi‐square test and multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

Risk factors associated with ECC were higher birth order, lower socioeconomic status, non‐use of fluoridated toothpaste, breast/bottle feeding for more than one year, presence of formula milk or milk with sugar in the feeding bottle while falling asleep, higher sweet scores in the diet chart, and visiting dentist only when a problem was perceived. Majority of parents of children with and without ECC had authoritative parenting style.

Conclusion

Improper oral health practices are the risk factors for ECC. The association of parenting style with ECC could not be confirmed.
Financialisation, ownership and employee interests under private equity at the AA, part two
Authors: Clark Ian
Published: May 2016

This article examines a theoretically informed case study of the effects of financialisation at the workplace. It focuses in particular on trade union de‐recognition and trade union recognition in the furtherance of ownership interests. The paper reports on the continued diffusion of investor‐owner interests under the private equity business model which has recently witnessed the AA re‐listed on the stock market. It addresses two research questions. One, how are investor‐owner interests secured by trade union de‐recognition and re‐recognition? Two, how and why, as a de‐recognised trade union, does the GMB continue to campaign for and represent GMB members in the AA when the IDU (the independent democratic union) has sole recognition at the firm?
Associations Among Vocabulary, Executive Function Skills and Empathy in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Cascia JoAnne , Barr Jason J.
Published: May 2016

Background

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been characterized as having deficits in social communication and empathy which present difficulties in the areas of social reciprocity, sharing of emotions and developing and maintaining relationships. This study explores the associations between vocabulary, executive function skills and empathy in individuals with ASD.

Method

A survey study with a purposive sample was used. Twenty adolescents with ASD completed receptive and expressive vocabulary assessments while their parent and teacher completed executive function and empathy scales.

Results

Results indicated that higher vocabulary and executive function skills were associated with higher empathy. Nonparametric analyses also showed that executive function mediated the association between empathy and vocabulary. Differences between parent and teacher responses were also explored.

Conclusions

The results suggest that targeting vocabulary and executive function skills prior to, or in conjunction with, social skills in educational and therapeutic settings may prove beneficial.
Going to extremes for one's group: the role of prototypicality and group acceptance
Authors: Goldman Liran , Hogg Michael A.
Published: May 2016

To explore who goes to aggressive and antisocial extremes on behalf of their group we primed perceptions of (a) group prototypicality (peripheral vs. central) and (b) ease of acceptance by the group. Participants were members of self‐significant groups—fraternities and sororities (N = 218). Drawing on social identity theory, uncertainty‐identity theory and the social identity theory of influence through leadership, we found, as predicted, that peripheral members who believed it was easy to be accepted were most likely to intend to engage in and support antisocial and aggressive intergroup behaviors. This effect was somewhat stronger among males than females, and strengthened among the most highly identified participants. The research's potential for understanding socially harmful intergroup violence is noted.
The Role of Collateral in the Credit Acquisition Process: Evidence from SME Lending
Authors: Duarte Fábio , Matias Gama Ana Paula , Esperança José Paulo
Published: May 2016

This study tests the simultaneous impact of observed characteristics and private information on debt term contracts in a multi‐period setting, using a dataset of 12,666 credit approvals by one major Portuguese commercial bank during 2007–2010. The main results show that borrowers with good credit scores that know they have a high probability of success and are unlikely to default are more willing to pledge collateral in return for a lower interest rate premium (IRP). Furthermore, lenders tailor the specific terms of the contract, increasing both collateral requirements and the IRP from observed risk, for borrowers operating in riskier industries and with less credit availability. The results are robust to controls for joint debt terms negotiation and the degree of collateralization offered by the borrower.
Body composition and functional assessment of nutritional status in adults: a narrative review of imaging, impedance, strength and functional techniques
Authors: Smith S. , Madden A. M.
Published: May 2016

The accurate and valid assessment of body composition is essential for the diagnostic evaluation of nutritional status, identifying relevant outcome measures, and determining the effectiveness of current and future nutritional interventions. Developments in technology and our understanding of the influences of body composition on risk and outcome will provide practitioners with new opportunities to enhance current practice and to lead future improvements in practice. This is the second of a two‐part narrative review that aims to critically evaluate body composition methodology in diverse adult populations, with a primary focus on its use in the assessment and monitoring of under‐nutrition. Part one focused on anthropometric variables [Madden and Smith (2016) J Hum Nutr Diet 29: 7–25] and part two focuses on the use of imaging techniques, bioelectrical impedance analysis, markers of muscle strength and functional status, with particular reference to developments relevant to practice.
The unmet supportive care needs of long‐term head and neck cancer caregivers in the extended survivorship period
Authors: Balfe Myles , O'Brien Katie , Timmons Aileen , Butow Phyllis , O' Sullivan Eleanor , Gooberman‐Hill Rachael , Sharp Linda
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

To examine the unmet supportive care needs of long‐term head and neck cancer caregivers, and the factors associated with those needs.

Background

Research on the unmet needs of head and neck cancer caregivers is lacking, particularly in the long‐term survivorship period.

Design

Survey of 197 caregivers.

Methods

The study collected information on caregivers’ demographic characteristics and their unmet supportive care needs (as measured by the Partners and Caregivers Supportive Care Needs Survey). An overall score of unmet need was generated, as were scores for four separate domains of unmet needs (emotional, health, information and work/social).

Results

Seventy six percentage of respondents were female, and 88% reported being married or living with a partner. Mean age was 57 years. Most caregivers had low levels of unmet needs. Managing fears about the cancer recurring was the most commonly reported individual need, described by slightly more than one in five respondents. The highest levels of need were located in the emotional and the health services domains. Loneliness and financial stress were consistently and significantly associated with high levels of unmet need in the multivariable analysis.

Conclusions

Most head and neck cancer caregivers appear to have low levels of unmet need in the extended survivorship period. The greatest levels of unmet need that are experienced occur in relation to emotional and health service domains. Needs diminish over time.

Relevance to clinical practice

Health professionals should be aware that a minority of long‐term head and neck caregivers continue to experience strong fears of cancer recurrence. To reduce unmet needs across multiple domains, health professionals should seek to reduce caregivers’ feelings of loneliness, and to assist caregivers to reduce the financial burdens that they experience as a result of long‐term caring.
Healthcare professionals' documentation in nursing homes when caring for patients with dementia in end of life – a retrospective records review
Authors: Høgsnes Linda , Danielson Ella , Norbergh Karl‐Gustaf , Melin‐Johansson Christina
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

To investigate how end‐of‐life care was described by healthcare professionals in records of deceased persons affected by dementia who had lived in Swedish nursing homes.

Background

In the final stage of dementia disease, the persons are often cared for at nursing homes and they often die there. The research concurs that a palliative approach to end‐of‐life care is essential but there are still some limitations regarding research about what constitutes the end‐of‐life care provided to persons affected by dementia in Sweden.

Design

Descriptive qualitative method with a retrospective approach.

Method

Nursing records (n = 50) and medical records (n = 50) were retrospectively reviewed in two nursing homes. The analysis was conducted using deductive and inductive content analysis. Three phases of The Liverpool Care Pathway; Initial assessment, Continuous assessment and Follow‐up, were used deductively to first sort the text in the records, then the text in each phase was further analysed with inductive content analysis. Four categories and 11 subcategories described the content in the records.

Results

The end‐of‐life care was described in the healthcare records based on such categories as decision‐making, participation and communication, assessment and prevention of symptom and following up after the residents had died.

Conclusion

Paticularly, physical symptoms were documented and, to a lesser degree, psychological or existential/spiritual needs.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare professionals must have a holistic view of the person affected by dementia during the end‐of‐life care and, according to this study, more focus must be placed on their psychosocial and existential needs in the documentation of end‐of‐life care.
Predictors of effective de‐escalation in acute inpatient psychiatric settings
Authors: Lavelle Mary , Stewart Duncan , James Karen , Richardson Michelle , Renwick Laoise , Brennan Geoffrey , Bowers Len
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore the factors that influence the use of de‐escalation and its success in halting conflict in acute psychiatric inpatient setting.

Background

De‐escalation is the use of verbal and nonverbal communication to reduce or eliminate aggression and violence during the escalation phase of a patient's behaviour. Although de‐escalation is a first‐line intervention in aggression management in acute psychiatric settings, little is known about the use or effectiveness of this technique.

Design

A retrospective case note analysis.

Methods

For each patient (n = 522), their involvement in conflict (e.g. aggression) or containment (e.g. coerced medication) during the first two weeks of their admission was recorded. The frequency and order of the conflict and containment events were identified during each shift. The sequences of events occurring in shifts involving de‐escalation were analysed. Sequences where de‐escalation ended the pattern of conflict or containment were categorised as ‘successful’, and all others were categorised as ‘unsuccessful’.

Results

Over half of patients (53%) experienced de‐escalation during the first two weeks of admission, with the majority of these (37%) experiencing multiple episodes. De‐escalation was successful in approximately 60% of cases. Successful de‐escalations were preceded by fewer, and less aggressive, conflict events, compared with unsuccessful de‐escalations, which were most frequently followed by administration of pro re nata medication. Patients with a history of violence were more likely to experience de‐escalation, and it was more likely to be unsuccessful.

Conclusions

De‐escalation is frequently effective in halting a sequence of conflict in acute inpatient settings, but patients with a history of violence may be specifically challenging.

Relevance to clinical practice

These findings provide support for de‐escalation in practice but suggest that nurses may lack confidence in using the technique when the risk of violence is greater. Providing evidence‐based staff training may improve staff confidence in the use of this potentially powerful technique.
Work‐related frustration among senior nurses at a medical centre
Authors: Wang Pei‐Hern , Ku Yan‐Chiou , Chen Chi‐Chi , Jeang Shiow‐Rong , Chou Frank Huang‐Chih
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

To investigate the levels and causes of work‐related frustration among senior nurses.

Background

Role changes and the associated expectations and setbacks faced by senior middle‐aged nurses can easily result in low morale. Therefore, working setbacks experienced by senior nurses must be investigated.

Design

A cross‐sectional questionnaire study.

Methods

Purposive sampling was used to select questionnaire recipients. In total, 482 senior nurses completed and returned a structured questionnaire.

Results

The predictive factors for frustration at work among senior nurses included age, service unit, and the impact of sleep disorders, which jointly explained 54% of the variance. In particular, age and service unit were important predictive factors for frustration at work.

Conclusions

Senior nurses had medium‐to‐low scores for frustration at work and did not perceive a high level of frustration.

Relevance to clinical practice

The outpatient departments and other medical departments in this sector should provide a reasonable system of incentives and promotion opportunities if they are to retain their most senior and experienced nurses. The results of this study could serve as a reference for hospital administrations.
Screening and brief intervention for unhealthy substance use in patients with chronic medical conditions: a systematic review
Authors: Timko Christine , Kong Calvin , Vittorio Lisa , Cucciare Michael A.
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

This systematic review describes studies evaluating screening tools and brief interventions for addressing unhealthy substance use in primary care patients with hypertension, diabetes or depression.

Background

Primary care is the main entry point to the health care system for most patients with comorbid unhealthy substance use and chronic medical conditions. Although of great public health importance, systematic reviews of screening tools and brief interventions for unhealthy substance use in this population that are also feasible for use in primary care have not been conducted.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

We systematically review the research literature on evidence‐based tools for screening for unhealthy substance use in primary care patients with depression, diabetes and hypertension, and utilising brief interventions with this population.

Results

Despite recommendations to screen for and intervene with unhealthy substance use in primary care patients with chronic medical conditions, the review found little indication of routine use of these practices. Limited evidence suggested the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test‐C screeners had adequate psychometric characteristics in patients with the selected chronic medical conditions. Screening scores indicating more severe alcohol use were associated with health‐risk behaviours and poorer health outcomes, adding to the potential usefulness of screening for unhealthy alcohol use in this population.

Conclusions

Studies support brief interventions’ effectiveness with patients treated for hypertension or depression who hazardously use alcohol or cannabis, for both substance use and chronic medical condition outcomes.

Relevance to clinical practice

Although small, the international evidence base suggests that screening with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test or Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test‐C and brief interventions for primary care patients with chronic medical conditions, delivered by nurses or other providers, are effective for identifying unhealthy substance use and associated with healthy behaviours and improved outcomes. Lacking are studies screening for illicit drug use, and using single‐item screening tools, which could be especially helpful for frontline primary care providers including nurses.
Interaction Orientation and Product Development Performance for Taiwanese Electronics Firms: The Mediating Role of Market‐Relating Capabilities
Authors: Chen Yen‐Chun , Li Po‐Chien , Evans Kenneth R. , Arnold Todd J.
Published: May 2016

While academics and practitioners are increasingly aware of the value of including the customer in new product development (NPD), processes for doing so effectively remain unclear. Therefore, this study explores the process through which a firm's interaction orientation (the ability to effectively interact with customers) influences product development performance. Drawing on the resource‐based view, this study develops a research model in which two market‐relating capabilities—market‐linking and marketing capabilities—mediate the effect of interaction orientation on product development performance. The validity of this model is examined by analyzing primary data gathered from 167 Taiwanese electronics companies. The model results provide support for a process link between interaction orientation, market‐relating capabilities, and product development performance, such that a firm's capabilities enable the conversion of customer‐based resources into productive new product outcomes. More specifically, the interaction orientation–product development speed relationship is mediated by both marketing and market‐linking capabilities, while the interaction orientation–product innovativeness relationship is partially mediated by marketing capability. That is, interaction orientation has indirect effects on product innovativeness and product development speed by strengthening both marketing and market‐linking capabilities that in turn improve product development performance. In addition, the results suggest that a firm's interactive rationality moderates the relationship between interaction orientation and marketing capability. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of how firms achieve superior product development performance by developing effective customer interaction. The findings of this study provide important strategic insights into NPD.
Experiments on ostrich decomposition and opisthotonus with implications for theropod dinosaurs
Authors: Lingham‐Soliar T.
Published: May 2016

Fresh ostrich cadavers were exposed in a natural environment (two on land and one in a shallow pool of water) to investigate decomposition and possible opisthotonus. The decomposition followed through to skeletonization of the ostrich cadavers by maggots, the primary agents of decay. During ostrich decomposition, tissue was consumed sequentially from the soft matrix tissue of muscles to fibrous and ligamentous tissue (both comprising collagen). The feathers (comprisingβ‐keratin) were not consumed. The entire decomposition process was completed in 5 days. Towards the latter stages of the experiment, the cadavers on land showed stages of strong upward arching of the neck which fell short of the opisthotonic posture, while the cadaver in the pool showed the classic form of opisthotonus, strongly supporting the post‐mortem hypothesis of the phenomena. Comparisons are made with opisthotonus in the theropod dinosaur,Sinosauropteryx.
Pinpointing the Powerful: Covoting Network Centrality as a Measure of Political Influence
Authors: Ringe Nils , Wilson Steven L.
Published: May 2016

This article introduces centrality in covoting networks as a measure of influence. Based on a simple cueing dynamic, it conceptualizes those lawmakers as most central—and thus as having the greatest signaling influence—who impact the greatest number of colleagues' voting decisions. A formal proof and an agent‐based simulation show that cue‐providers are always more central than followers; hence, we can use real‐world voting data to identify the most influential legislators. To confirm the measure's construct validity, we predict covoting centrality in the European Parliament and find those factors that are expected to impact legislators' influence to predict their centrality.
Mineralogy of iron sulfides in CM1 and CI1 lithologies of the Kaidun breccia: Records of extreme to intense hydrothermal alteration
Authors: Harries Dennis , Zolensky Michael E.
Published: May 2016

The polymict Kaidun microbreccia contains lithologies of C‐type chondrites with euhedral iron sulfide crystals of hydrothermal origin. Our FIB‐TEM study reveals that acicular sulfides in a CM1 lithology are composed of Fe‐rich pyrrhotite with nonintegral vacancy superstructures (NC‐pyrrhotite), troilite, and pentlandite, all showing distinct exsolution textures. Based on phase relations in the Fe‐Ni‐S system, we constrain the temperature of formation of the originally homogeneous monosulfide solid solution to the range of 100–300 °C. In some crystals the exsolution of pentlandite and the microtextural equilibration was incomplete, probably due to rapid cooling. We use thermodynamic modeling to constrain the physicochemical conditions of the extreme hydrothermal alteration in this lithology. Unless the CM1 lithology was sourced from a large depth in the parent body (internal pressure >85 bar) or the temperatures were in the lower range of the interval determined, the water was likely present as vapor. Previously described light δ34S compositions of sulfides in Kaidun's CM1 lithology are likely due to the loss of 34S‐enriched H2S during boiling. Platy sulfide crystals in an adjacent, intensely altered CI1 lithology are composed of Fe‐poor, monoclinic 4C‐pyrrhotite and NC‐pyrrhotite and probably formed at lower temperatures and higher fS2 relative to the CM1 lithology. However, a better understanding of the stability of Fe‐poor pyrrhotites at temperatures below 300 °C is required to better constrain these conditions.
The role of combined 24‐h multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH monitoring in the evaluation of children with gastrointestinal symptoms suggesting gastro‐esophageal reflux disease
Authors: Hojsak I. , Ivković L. , Trbojević T. , Pavić I. , Jadrešin O. , Mišak Z. , Kolaček S.
Published: May 2016

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the role of multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH (pH‐MII) monitoring in the diagnosis of gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children who presented with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in comparison with the results of pH‐metry alone and endoscopy.

Methods

All children who underwent pH‐MII monitoring due to GI symptoms, suggestive of GERD, from October 2013 to October 2015 in Children's Hospital Zagreb, were retrospectively enrolled in the study. The cohort was divided into three groups according to age – group 1: children <1 year of age; group 2: 1–9 years of age; and group 3: ≥9 years of age.

Key Results

One hundred thirty‐three patients met our inclusion criteria (73 female/60 male; mean age 9.2 years [0.19–18.0]). Gastro‐esophageal reflux disease was determined in 44 of 133 patients (33.1%) by pH‐MII and only in 21 of 133 patients (15.8%) by pH‐metry alone. Endoscopy was performed in 77 (57.9%) children and esophagitis was found in 32/77 (41.6%). The finding of esophagitis significantly correlated with the number of total reflux episodes (coef. 0.42, p < 0.001), acidic (coef. 0.26, p = 0.02), weakly acidic (coef. 0.3, p = 0.008) and non‐acidic (coef. 0.26, p = 0.02) reflux episodes detected by pH‐MII; but, no correlation was found to reflux episodes detected by pH‐metry alone (coef. 0.21, p = 0.07).

Conclusions & Inferences

Compared with pH‐metry alone, pH‐MII performed significantly better in the detection of GERD in all age groups. On the basis of our data, pH‐MII had a strong correlation with endoscopically confirmed esophagitis.
Aquaporin‐mediated long‐distance polyphosphate translocation directed towards the host in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: application of virus‐induced gene silencing
Authors: Kikuchi Yusuke , Hijikata Nowaki , Ohtomo Ryo , Handa Yoshihiro , Kawaguchi Masayoshi , Saito Katsuharu , Masuta Chikara , Ezawa Tatsuhiro
Published: May 2016

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi translocate polyphosphate through hyphae over a long distance to deliver to the host. More than three decades ago, suppression of host transpiration was found to decelerate phosphate delivery of the fungal symbiont, leading us to hypothesize that transpiration provides a primary driving force for polyphosphate translocation, probably via creating hyphal water flow in which fungal aquaporin(s) may be involved.

The impact of transpiration suppression on polyphosphate translocation through hyphae of Rhizophagus clarus was evaluated. An aquaporin gene expressed in intraradical mycelia was characterized and knocked down by virus‐induced gene silencing to investigate the involvement of the gene in polyphosphate translocation.

Rhizophagus clarus aquaporin 3 (RcAQP3) that was most highly expressed in intraradical mycelia encodes an aquaglyceroporin responsible for water transport across the plasma membrane. Knockdown of RcAQP3 as well as the suppression of host transpiration decelerated polyphosphate translocation in proportion to the levels of knockdown and suppression, respectively.

These results provide the first insight into the mechanism underlying long‐distance polyphosphate translocation in mycorrhizal associations at the molecular level, in which host transpiration and the fungal aquaporin play key roles. A hypothetical model of the translocation is proposed for further elucidation of the mechanism.
Exploring genetic diversity of rice cultivars for the presence of brown planthopper (BPH) resistance genes and development of SNP marker for Bph18
Authors: Ramkumar Gandhimani , Prahalada G. D. , Hechanova Sherry Lou , Kim Sung‐Ryul , Jena Kshirod K.
Published: May 2016

Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most devastating insect pest in rice‐growing areas. Information on availability of BPH resistance alleles and their sources enhances BPH‐resistant breeding programmes. In this study, 260 highly diversified rice cultivars or breeding lines were screened for the presence of five major BPH resistance genes (Bph10, Bph13, Bph18, Bph20 and Bph21) using gene‐specific markers. The analysis revealed that 137 of the 260 cultivars possess at least one BPH resistance gene. Bph10 was predominant while Bph20 was the least distributed. Moreover, two and three different resistance gene combinations were found in the cultivars. Molecular markers play an important role in molecular breeding programmes. A tightly linked PCR‐based co‐dominant Bph18 marker was developed, which is cost effective and time effective and simpler than available Bph18 CAPS marker (7312.T4A). We strongly believe that the identified BPH‐resistant cultivars can be used as alternative resistance gene sources and also as resource for novel BPH resistance genes. The developed Bph18 marker will be highly useful in molecular breeding applications of BPH‐resistant breeding programmes.
Monitoring of local CD8β‐expressing cell populations during Eimeria tenella infection of naïve and immune chickens
Authors: Wattrang E. , Thebo P. , Lundén A. , Dalgaard T. S.
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to monitor abundance and activation of local CD8β‐expressing T‐cell populations during Eimeria tenella infections of naïve chickens and chickens immune by previous infections. Chickens were infected with E. tenella up to three times. Caecal T‐cell receptor (TCR) γ/δ‐CD8β+ cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes; CTL) and TCRγ/δ+CD8β+ cells were characterized with respect to activation markers (blast transformation, CD25 and cell surface CD107a). Cells were also induced to degranulate in vitro as a measure of activation potential. Major findings included a prominent long‐lasting, up to 6 weeks, increase in the proportion of CTL among caecal CD45+ cells in the later stages after primary E. tenella infection. These CTL also showed clear signs of activation, that is blast transformation and increased in vitro induced degranulation. At second and third E. tenella infection, chickens showed strong protective immunity but discrete signs of cellular activation were observed, for example increased in vitro induced degranulation of CTL. Thus, primary E. tenella infection induced clear recruitment and activation of local CTL. Upon subsequent infections of strongly immune chickens cellular changes were less prominent, possibly due to lower overall numbers of cells being activated because of the severe restriction of parasite replication.
Determinants of Seeking and Avoiding Risk‐Related Information in Times of Crisis
Authors: Gutteling Jan M. , de Vries Peter W.
Published: May 2016

This research is designed to provide insight into the psychological (e.g., threat appraisal or coping appraisal) and other determinants (e.g., information quality judgments or demographics) of risk information seeking or avoidance in times of an acute risk, as part of the process of increasing public resilience through adherence to risk mitigating advice. Data were collected via telephone interviews. A specialized agency interviewed 1,000 Dutch citizens, randomly confronted with one of eight fictitious, but realistic, acute risk and emergency situations. Results indicate that information seeking in an acute situation is anticipated by a less elaborate set of predictors (age and risk perception) than information seeking in a nonacute situation (age and risk perception, as well as educational level and social norm). Although risk perception is a predictor for risk information seeking, its predictive value for acute‐risk‐related behavior, as one might have assumed based on theories such as protection motivation theory (PMT) or the extended parallel process model (EPPM), appears to be limited. Implications for risk communication are discussed.
A Longitudinal Study of Racial Discrimination and Risk for Death Ideation in African American Youth
Authors: Walker Rheeda , Francis David , Brody Gene , Simons Ronald , Cutrona Carolyn , Gibbons Frederick
Published: May 2016

Although multiple studies have found that African Americans commonly experience racial discrimination, available studies have yet to examine how perceived racism might be related to suicide vulnerability in African American youth. The purpose of this study was to examine a framework for how perceived racial discrimination contributes to symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as subsequent suicide ideation and morbid ideation. Data were obtained from 722 African American youth at mean age 10.56 years (SD = 0.64); a second wave of data was obtained 2 years later. Results revealed both a direct effect and mediated effects of perceived racism on later suicide and morbid ideation. For boys and girls, the effect of perceived racism was mediated by symptoms of depression. However, the association was mediated by anxiety for girls, but not for boys in the current sample. Implications for future research and interventions are discussed.