bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOS OJOS DE I’ITOI. EL TELESCOPIO SOLAR DE KITT PEAK (ARIZONA)
Authors: Delgado Orusco Eduardo , Gómez Val Ricardo
Published: November 2020

Antes de que la observación del universo saltase al espacio para liberarse de la gravedad y de la contaminación lumínica de la superficie terrestre, hubo un rápido y notable desarrollo de esta ciencia durante el siglo XX. Esta evolución pasó por el crecimiento y la afinación de los instrumentos de observación, así como por la detección de lugares que reunieran especiales condiciones de visión y transparencia atmosférica. A este proceso no resultó ajena la participación de ingenieros y arquitectos que contribuyeron a la construcción de originales instalaciones cuya configuración incluía una redefinición del perfil del suelo –la línea de tierra– donde se asentaban. En esta carrera, ocupa un lugar destacado el Observatorio Nacional de Kitt Peak en Arizona, cuya primera instalación –el mayor telescopio solar construido nunca– fue proyectada por el ingeniero civil y arquitecto Myron Goldsmith. La atención a su trayectoria personal servirá para entender el resultado de este conjunto que media entre lo profundo de la tierra y el firmamento de las estrellas.
MULTIPLICIDAD DE RECORRIDOS Y SEGREGACIÓN FUNCIONAL EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE EAST ANGLIA
Authors: Lizondo Sevilla Laura , Domingo Calabuig Débora
Published: November 2020

Una de las características que singularizó la arquitectura y el urbanismo posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue el entendimiento de la ciudad como un organismo cambiante. Surgieron entonces nuevos planteamientos en torno a ciudades dinámicas y heterogéneas basadas en la multiplicidad y la segregación de sus recorridos y espacios de relación. Esta complejidad fue implementada, entre otros, en los espacios de educación superior construidos en Gran Bretaña durante los años sesenta, dando como resultado la creación de siete universidades –las denominadas Plateglass Universities–, que abogaron por una educación moderna, científica e igualitaria, en paralelo con nuevas estrategias de proyecto. Para un mayor conocimiento de estas arquitecturas, el presente artículo contextualiza el conjunto de las siete universidades y particulariza en el caso de estudio más singular, la Universidad de East Anglia, proyectada por Denys Lasdun. De este modo, a partir del análisis de la documentación original archivada y la vivencia de sus espacios, se reflexiona acerca de la validez de unos planteamientos que trabajaron la superposición en altura y la independencia de la línea de tierra a fin de conseguir nuevos retos arquitectónicos, sociales y educacionales.
CUANDO LA LÍNEA DE TIERRA ES UNA LÍNEA DE AGUA. VENECIA
Authors: García Pérez Francisco Antonio
Published: November 2020

Desde los orígenes la arquitectura está ligada al plano de tierra firme, estático, en el que se funda y sobre el que se soporta. Venecia, sin embargo, ha desarrollado elementos arquitectónicos y espacios habitables endémicos, distintivos, que se originan como respuesta a la continua variación topológica entre el plano de tierra y el plano de agua que sostiene su actividad urbana. Se acomete la descripción de los proyectos contemporáneos que con más solvencia han sabido integrar como parte de su estructura espacial la variabilidad de la cota cero que impone la oscilación de los niveles acuáticos a los que cotidianamente está sometida la ciudad.
MARIO ALGARÍN COMINO: ARQUITECTURAS EXCAVADAS. EL PROYECTO FRENTE A LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL ESPACIO
Authors: Santa-María Luis Martínez
Published: November 2020

Si se admitiese la simplificación podríamos escribir que la arquitectura excavada se diferencia de la no excavada en que la primera se realiza de afuera hacia adentro, yendo desde la superficie hacia el centro de la tierra, mientras que la otra se realiza siempre yendo de abajo hacia arriba… Para la arquitectura excavada la fuerza de la gravedad no es la principal protagonista sino la potencia material en cuya extensión y capacidad se confía. Y podríamos escribir también que la obra de arquitectura excavada no surge por crecimiento material sino por decrecimiento material, que su presencia última tiene lugar por la retirada de algo existente. Y que lo tallado, lo excavado, lo esculpido, no pertenecen tanto a un lugar o a una geografía, sino a la masa terrestre. La arquitectura excavada se adentra así en un mundo extenso y sin coordenadas, en una indiferencia.

El texto de Mario Algarín Comino, no se centra tanto en las arquitecturas excavadas como en la arquitectura construida sobre la superficie de la tierra, la arquitectura expuesta al aire y la luz que se ha servido de algunos de los hallazgos aportados por los constructores subterráneos.
ENCUENTROS FIGURADOS ENTRE LA TIERRA Y EL CIELO
Authors: López de la Cruz Juan José
Published: November 2020

Este número de PpA, dedicado al encuentro de la arquitectura con su plano de apoyo, reúne una serie de artículos y reseñas bibliográficas que confirman el predominio de las cualidades significantes de la arquitectura en su contacto con la Tierra frente a las puramente sustentantes, ampliando con ello el alcance de las acciones llevadas a cabo sobre la superficie terrestre, desde la técnica a la figuración. Desde las construcciones primitivas de raíz mítica hasta las arquitecturas domésticas de los maestros del siglo XX, pasando por operaciones urbanas y precisas intervenciones de carácter experimental, la capacidad de trascender el reto de transmitir el peso a la masa terrestre para evocar valores relacionados con el espacio y el lugar ha sido una constante que ha generado hallazgos formales de tal fuerza figurativa que se han decantado como tipos arquitectónicos recurrentes, incluso cuando el contacto con la tierra no es el principal argumento del proyecto.
The translator and his/her language/culture
Authors: Utri Reinhold
Published: November 2020

Tłumacz i jego język/kultura

Zdefiniowanie kultury jest tak samo trudne jak zdefiniowanie języka. Z punktu widzenia teorii antropocentrycznej te dwie koncepcje są widoczne w innym świetle. Musimy badać kulturę, ponieważ czasami tłumacz odkrywa, iż problemy w tłumaczeniu są tak naprawdę problemami w zrozumieniu kultury. Tak samo ważne jest bycie świadomym zarówno tła kulturowego mówcy (którego tłumaczymy), jak i swojej własnej kultury.
Przekład z języka japońskiego – wielopłaszczyznowa semiotyka poezji japońskiej
Authors: Zakrzewska Joanna
Published: November 2020

Translating Japanese – multilayered semiotics of Japanese poetry

The translation of the Japanese poetry is an extraordinary challenge for a translator. The specificity of this language comes not only from the diversity of morphological, inflexive or word formation differences. First of all, it is a language embedded in a completely different culture. The important element is a writing system based on the three sub‑characters: kanji ideograms and two kana syllabaries. For this reason the poetry comprises two layers: the verbal and the graphic layer. The translator maintaining concised utterances, essential feature of Japanese poetry, must express in the translation all the wealth of meanings, contained in both, verbal and graphic layers of the original. In Japanese poetry, besides those two mentioned earlier layers, there are also many rhetorical figures, which develop in a reader’s eyes many images‑associations overlaping the content of a poem by adding them “between the lines”.
CLUSTERS, EUROPEAN POLICY IN EXCELLENCE OF MANAGEMENT
Authors: Bardea Florina , Arion Felix , Szabelski Patryk
Published: November 2020

The European Union (EU) plays an important role in the developing of clusters, defined by the European Commission as groups of specialized enterprises – often SMEs – and other related supporting actors that cooperate closely together in a particular location. As a result, the EU launched the pan-European initiative to support cluster management (European Cluster Excellence Initiative). It recognizes the performance of cluster management by quality labels such as the Bronze, Silver, and Gold issued by The European Secretariat of Cluster Analysis. With reference to these certifications, the authors analyzed the cluster management excellence by critically studying the labels granted in terms of trends, numbers, sectors, countries, and regions. Based on the gathered results, the clusters initiatives (new or already existed) can benchmark themselves. Regional, national, and European policymakers will be able to estimate how specific factors of political, geographical, demographic, access to raw materials, and level of development can influence the number of clusters, their quality of management, and cluster typology. The goal of the research is to identify the number and type (bronze, silver, and gold label) of clusters in the EU and UK. As research methods, analyzes were performed using the European Cluster Collaboration Platform (ECCP) and European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis (ESCA) data. The main results of the research show that clusters differ not only in size or activity but also in quality. Most clusters are found in the rich countries of Western Europe. Most clusters in Europe that have a bronze label  are often located on the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkans, and Central Europe.
STUDY ON THE OPINION OF STAKEHOLDERS ON FORESTRY ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Authors: Dragozova Elena , Shuleva Nevena
Published: November 2020

The ecosystem services provided by forest areas have a direct and indirect impact on the quality of life of people and also increase the well-being of society. The regulatory and water protection function of forests is institutionalized in the European and Bulgarian legislation.

In the context of the current crisis in the water sector in Bulgaria there is a need to identify the stakeholder groups involved in the management, protection, control and use of the water ecosystem service. Under the crisis of water management in Bulgaria we understand the reduction of the volume of water resources and difficulties in supplying clean water to the population. Their opinion on the ecosystem of the forest and its water protection function in particular was examined by conducting a survey. The current paper identifies the different stakeholder groups and presents an analysis of the results obtained by means of a questionnaire sent to stakeholders. The results obtained are used as a basis for forming institutional links and managing conflicts in the process of generating, protecting and managing water from its source to the user. The study proved that society makes sense of the connection between the forest and the provision of clean water. Through the study, we succeeded in identifying a major problem related to the incomplete and outdated information on the maintenance of ecosystem services and improvement of the quality of the goods generated from them which is due to the poor communication between institutions coupled with the lack of awareness by the direct responsibilities of various departments and positions. The electronic platform created for the project on the one hand will support the process of information security of the technical mapping of water sources and water protection forests, as well as provide an opportunity for communication with various stakeholders. This will enable a higher information security.
DIGITAL DESIGN OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS USING VIRTUAL REALITY
Authors: Gabajová Gabriela , Krajčovič Martin , Rolinčinová Iveta , Furmannová Beáta , Bučková Monika
Published: November 2020

The design and operation of intelligent production and logistics systems requires the strong support of digital technologies today. A production and logistics system is normally modelled in a virtual environment, allowing rapid work with an extensive data set and "what - if" analyses to help optimize the resulting system design for performance, productivity, safety and environmental performance of its future operation. This paper deals with the issue of the digital design of production systems with the effective deployment of virtual reality technologies into the individual phases of the production system design. This article describes the basic steps of the digital design methodology with the description of virtual reality application tools for the production and logistics system design, in order to reduce design defects and increase work safety. The proposed methodology has been verified in an experimental workplace, presenting real outputs. The final part of the article contains a brief discussion of the problem results.
MEASURING THE POTENTIAL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION BASED ON COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES
Authors: Groznykh Rogneda , Davidson Natalia , Mariev Oleg , Chipchagova Daria , Vasilyeva Ekaterina
Published: November 2020

The goal of this paper is to reveal the key industries of comparative advantage for the Sverdlovsk region in order to make conclusions about the potential of the region’s economic development. We study comparative advantages of the Sverdlovsk region based on data for 85 Russian regions covering the period from 2003 to 2018. During the first stage of the research four groups of goods out of twenty-two groups were identified as those in which the Sverdlovsk region possibly has comparative advantages based on the index of revealed comparative advantages developed by Balassa and on the Lafay index. During the next stage, the existence of comparative advantages in these categories of goods was checked by comparison with the other regions of Russia. According to the results of the research a range of recommendations can be developed to foster economic growth of the Sverdlovsk region.
WHAT AFFECTS THE IMPLEMENTATION AND REALISATION OF STRATEGY IN ORGANISATIONS?
Authors: Hiršsons Viktors , Ludviga Iveta
Published: November 2020

In today's changing environment companies are pushed to be flexible, develop new strategies and implement change plans. Strategy implementation and realisation is a critical component of organizational performance, however, many organizations fail to implement their strategic plans, while others could not achieve their desired results. In practice nowadays more attention is paid to the implementation of the strategy than to its creation, still strategy research most often treats strategy execution and realisation as a black box. The aim of this study is to find out the factors influencing the successful implementation and realization of business strategy in Latvian organizations. Quantitative research using a structured questionnaire (n = 440) and a multivariate linear regression analysis shows that managerial competence and leadership followed by clarity of goals play a decisive role in the successful implementation of business strategy. Implications of the results for managerial practice are discussed and propositions for future research provided
MACROECONOMIC FACTORS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE VISEGRAD GROUP EXCHANGE RATES
Authors: Klacsánová Kitty , Bohdalová Mária
Published: November 2020

The paper analyzes the effects of macroeconomic development on exchange rates and aims to point out indicators with a significant impact on the Visegrad Group's domestic currencies. Steep changes causing the Visegrad Group’s currencies to either appreciate or depreciate against the US dollar may result in higher risks for investors and even deteriorate the competitiveness of the particular country. The paper presents several macroeconomic indicators and their influence on four currencies, namely the Czech crown, Hungarian forint, Polish zloty and the Euro. As the Slovak Republic introduced the Euro as its official currency, the paper also analyzes it's impact on the common currency of the Eurozone. To emphasize international competitiveness, the research apart from traditional economic indicators, serving as a focal point in theories for exchange rate determination, incorporated economic complexity and corruption score as well. The findings indicate that during the period between 2000 to 2017, the two common indicators i.e. total reserves and corruption played the key role in determining the year-end spot exchange rates of the Czech crown, Hungarian forint and the Polish zloty. Besides corruption score, economic complexity serves as another significant indicator merely influencing the direction of the Euro's and the Zloty’s Dollar exchange rate movement. The last section compares the results of the OLS analyses for each country and verifies their accuracy through robust regressions. Overall, the model for the Czech crown represents the highest accuracy, regarding its predictive ability.
GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS AND SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT FREIGHTS OF DANGEROUS CARGO WITHIN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA
Authors: Tzvetkova Svetla
Published: November 2020

The ecological, social and safety implications of railway transport freights of dangerous cargo require addressing the fact that while hazardous substances are an integral part of people’s way of life in the modern age, they can adversely and severely affect living standards. The incorrect storage, transportation, loading and unloading of dangerous cargo could pose a serious threat to people, their property and the environment. In recent years, accidents involving the transportation of dangerous cargo have become more frequent. An indicative example in this regard is the explosion of several cisterns containing propane-butane at the railway station in the village of Hitrino – a severe accident which killed seven people and injured ninety-nine. This can be classified as an ecological and social disaster. The present article is a response to a multitude of such accidents and to issues such as poor conditions of railway infrastructure, outdated and obsolete rolling stock, lack of qualified personnel and lack of measures for limiting harmful impact on the environment. The goal of this paper is to justify the necessity for improving the environmental friendliness and safety of railway transport freights of dangerous cargo within the Republic of Bulgaria and to indicate specific measures and guidelines to this effect. The topicality of the paper is supported by the probability of reoccurrence of these ecological disasters with irreversible consequences for people and the environment.
STRATEGIES FOR THE EXTENSION OF THE WINTER SEASON AT MOUNTAIN RESORTS IN BULGARIA
Authors: Velikova Elenita
Published: November 2020

The achievement of the sustainable development of mountain tourist resorts is questionable in the light of global warming. Increasing average temperatures is a precondition of the additional shortening of the winter tourist season at mountain territories in Bulgaria. The goal of the present publication is to extract strategies for extension of the winter season at mountain resorts in Bulgaria, by proposing effective mechanisms, based on the tourists' preferences and the abilities of tourist entrepreneurs. Based on expert analysis of Bulgarian tourist resorts, personal researches and experience in the researched topic, we determine alternative sources of offering and organization of event as the main possibilities of extending the season. The effect of this research can go in two directions: on one hand, by identifying and discussing the basic concept of seasonality, it will contribute to the enrichment of scientific knowledge in the field with potential for future research. On the other hand, it can be beneficial to destination managers as it will offer a better understanding of the importance of holding unique events to shape the destination's image, reduce seasonality and develop a sustainable economy based on tourism.
ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF INNOVATIVE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN CLINICAL TRIALS
Authors: Leventi Nikoleta , Vodenitcharova Alexandrina , Popova Kristina
Published: November 2020

A clinical trial, according to the WHO, “is any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes. Interventions include but are not restricted to drugs, cells and other biological products, surgical procedures, radiological procedures, devices, behavioural treatments, process-of-care changes, preventive care, etc”.

The application of innovative information technologies like artificial intelligence and big data analytics in clinical trial processes is a new challenge. Such systems are useful tools, and promise to enhance the healthcare management, and to optimize clinical outcomes and economic effectiveness. However, their use raises ethical and social issues.

In this direction, the European Commission in June 2018 set up the High Level Expert Group on AI, which offers guidance on a comprehensive framework for trustworthy AI. Trustworthy AI consists of three components, which should be met during the entire life cycle of the system: (1) it should be lawful, (2) it should be ethical, and (3) it should be robust.

In this article we used the focus group methodology to obtain information from experts about the ethical aspects raised when innovative information technologies like artificial intelligence and big data analytics are used in clinical trials. Feedback from the experts was also gathered regarding the usage of the proposed guidelines for trustworthy AI, as an evaluation tool for the particular case of clinical trials.
EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF CORRECTIVE EXERCISES ON PES PLANOVALGUS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Šutvajová Miroslava , Buľáková Kristína , Bartík Peter , Lesňáková Anna , Hudáková Zuzana
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The foot forms the natural base of the human body bearing all its weight. Over the course of a person's life, the foot ensures the contact of the body with the terrain and creates the basic support during dynamic activities such as walking or running, especially on uneven terrain. (Véle, 2006)

Objectives: The aim of the research was to verify the effects of targeted corrective exercises on healthy foot development in preschool children.

Methods: The research was conducted from September 2018 to March 2019. The research sample consisted of 105 probands (59 preschool girls and 46 preschool boys), out of whom 7.62% had the physiological position of the arch on the right foot during baseline measurements. The average age of probands was 5 years. The measured parameters were the foot arch height without and with a load. Measurements were taken before and after rehabilitation intervention.

Results: The statistical analysis of the results confirmed the positive effect of rehabilitation treatment in all monitored variables on statistically significant diference in terms of an elevation in the foot arch (p <0.005) and the influence of risk factors contributing to the development of researched foot deformities. The obtained data were processed into tables and graphs and subsequently evaluated.

Conclusion: Our study has shown that the most effective is the active exercise strengthening.  The affected muscles maintain the foot arch as well as the whole posture.
METABOLIC AND ADIPOCYTOKINE PRECONDITIONS FOR PROGRESSION OF NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS IN OBESITY PATIENTS DUE TO COMORBIDITY WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Authors: Hryniuk Olha , Khukhlina Oksana , Liakhovych Oksana , Hutsuliak Viktoriia , Hnatkovych Snizhana
Published: November 2020

The increasing prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a problem of high importance.

Objective: to determine the state of blood lipid spectrum, glycemia, the degree of insulin resistance and their regulation by adipose tissue hormones in NASH patients against the background of obesity, depending on comorbidity with COPD.

Methods. 130 patients were examined, including 35 NASH patients with obesity of the 1st stage (1 group), 60 NASH patients with obesity of the 1st stage and COPD 2-3 D (group 2), and 35 patients with COPD 2-3 D (group 3).

Results: Blood lipid concentration in patients of the 1st and the 2nd groups exceeded the norm by 29.5% and 39.8% respectively (p<0.05). In the 3rd group - by 14.9% (p<0.05). The content of total cholesterol in the blood also points out its probable increase by 36.3%, 45.7% and 14.9% (p<0.05) in comparison with practically healthy individuals (PHI) in patients of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups. A probable increase in the concentration of triacylglycerols (TG) in blood (1.9 and 2.2 times, respectively (p<0.05)) was recorded in the 1st and 2nd groups of patients, while in patients of the 3rd group the changes were quite significant (1.6 times increase, p<0.05).

Conclusions. Comorbidity of COPD in obese patients and NASH is an additional, powerful-inducing factor of lipid distress syndrome with significantly higher increase (compared with NASH without lung pathology) TG in blood, which form the basis of liver steatosis, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, with significantly higher decrease high density lipoproteins,  the atherogenic index, which are accompanied by hyperleptinemia, adiponectin deficiency, correlate with the degree of liver steatosis, fibrosis index, cytolytic activity, cholestatic, mesenchymal-inflammatory syndromes and are interrelated with hyperleptinemia, hypoadiponectinemia.
INVESTIGATION OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATORY FUNCTION AND HEMOSTASIS SYSTEM’S STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE WITH CONCOMITANT CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Authors: Karliychuk Yulia , Dudka Inna , Smandych Vitaliy , Krasnova Taisiia , Varkhomiy Petro
Published: November 2020

INTRODUCTION: It can be assumed that the comorbidity course of сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) can enhance the clinical symptoms of both diseases and lead to frequent relapses of the pathological process due to changes in the proteolysis intensity of high and low molecular weight plasma proteins and the state of the hemocoagulation.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the features of hemocoagulation and proteolytic hemostasis at COPD with concomitant CP.

METHODS: 120 patients with COPD and CP were examined. The function of external respiration, total coagulation potential of blood plasma, the state of enzymatic and non-enzymatic fibrinolysis, total fibrinolytic activity were investigated.

RESULTS: CP contributes to the development of broncho-obstructive syndrome, and the maximum indicators of reduction of FEV1 relative to the proper values are observed in patients with a comorbid course of COPD and CP. Reducing the intensity of collagenolysis in patients of groups 1-2 contributed to the development of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis in response to chronic inflammation. The imbalanced increase in the intensity of proteolysis due to reduced expression of its inhibitors in COPD patients with CP led to progressive destruction of the cell membranes of alveolocytes, acinar epithelium of pancreas and epithelium of the bronchial mucosa, acceleration of their apoptosis and development of desquamation, atrophic changes, metaplasia, and the like. The above factors are active as inducers of inflammation, and the formation of pulmonary fibrosis and fibrosis of the pancreas.

CONCLUSIONS: In COPD patients with accompanying CP are an increase in the lysis rate of low and high molecular weight proteins and a decrease in blood collagenolytic activity on the background of a significant imbalance in the activity of plasma proteinase inhibitors. Defined suppression of the activity of the anti-coagulation system factors and enzymatic, Hageman-factor-dependent fibrinolysis indicates the formation of hypercoagulation syndrome in these patients.
FRESHWATER SAPROPEL: BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPONENTS AND METHODS OF EXTRACTION
Authors: Klavina Aneka , Auce Agris , Pavlovska Ilona , Vanadzins Ivars
Published: November 2020

Previously, sapropel has been commonly used in agriculture, cosmetology and medicine in its raw form and there has been no generally accepted method or standard for realizing sapropel extract. However, for sapropel usage in medicine, balneology and pharmacy, it is essential to develop quality criteria for raw sapropel and its extracts.

This review aims at discussing and summing up different techniques for extracting bioactive compounds from sapropel as well as the possibilities of creating quality criteria. This paper covers existing analytical techniques and methodologies; currently, there are few extraction methods using several extractants for obtaining bioactive components from raw sapropel. Different freshwater sapropel types have been described and characterized. Bioactive components in sapropel have been identified and explained. Humic acids and fulvic acids have been identified as the main substances and their extraction methods have been listed. Solid-liquid, ultrasound assisted and supercritical fluid extraction methods have been pointed out as the most suitable. Additionally, analysis and storage conditions of the extracts have been discussed.

There have been found to be no commonly accepted standard methods for sapropel extraction, or for the analysis and characterization of the sapropel extracts. For pharmacological applications, a common approach for the extraction process of active substances from sapropel and the analysis procedures of the extracts need to be established. This review will help equip other researchers with the latest information on this topic.
MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON AND ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF CARBOHYDRATES BY APPLICATION OF VERMICULITE TO RECLAIMED SUBSTRATES
Authors: Malcheva Boyka
Published: November 2020

A vegetation experiment was carried out with different amounts of vermiculite mixed with humus depot substrates, tailings pond and mine, in different proportions, and with an application of mineral fertilization and liming. Biomass carbon of microbial origin has the highest values after the addition of 10% vermiculite, simultaneous application of fertilization and liming, and alone fertilization, compared to controls, without ameliorants. The activity of the studied enzymes - cellulase, amylase, invertase and catalase increased with increasing concentration of vermiculite, as well as in the combined application of fertilization and liming. The values of microbial biomass carbon and enzymes are highest in the variants with substrates from the mine.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION IN DURUM WHEAT AND SORGHUM GRAINS
Authors: Panayotova Galia , Kostadinova Svetla , Velinov Ivan
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to assess the energy efficiency of nitrogen fertilization in durum wheat and sorghum grains in the period 2017-2019. Bulgarian durum wheat variety Predel was studied at a stationary fertilizer trial on soil type Pellic vertisols at the Institute of Field Crops in Chirpan, Bulgaria. Grain sorghum hybrid EC Alize was investigated on the experimental field of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria, on soil type Mollic Fluvisols. The crops were grown under non-irrigated conditions. The studied nitrogen rates were 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N.ha-1. In durum wheat, nitrogen was applied two times: one third at sowing, and the rest - as top dressing in the tillering stage.  In sorghum, the total nitrogen was applied as pre-sowing fertilization before sowing. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied as NH4NO3. The experimental design was a randomized, complete block design with four replications with a size of experimental plots of 20 m2 for both crops. The energy efficiency of nitrogen fertilization (h) was calculated as the ratio between the received energy from additional grain yield of wheat and sorghum, respectively, and the invested energy from fertilization. It was established that energy efficiency of nitrogen fertilization depended on the nitrogen rate and hydro-thermal conditions during the vegetation period of durum wheat and sorghum. The bioenergy coefficient of durum wheat widely varied from 0.79 (N240 in 2018) to 4.44 (N60 in 2017). The average for the period, the highest value of energy efficiency of nitrogen fertilization was obtained at the low rate N60 The higher nitrogen rate of 240 kg N.ha-1 was slightly effective. Under drought conditions during the vegetation period of sorghum, most effective was the application of rates N120 with the highest energy coefficient ​​of 1.23. The application of 180 kg N.ha-1 to sorghum was the most energy efficient under the favorable hydro-thermal conditions in 2018 and 2019, and the average for the period 2017-2019. A low N60 rate in grain sorghum was inefficient from an energy point of view. Durum wheat showed higher energy efficiency of nitrogen fertilization compared to grain sorghum.
ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL TWIN ERA
Authors: Patias Ioannis
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is first to describe the current achievements regarding digitalization technologies in the engineering and construction sector. The concrete technologies presented are the GIS standards as CityGLM and BIM technologies, and as the EUBIMTG initiative. These two technologies can be applied in a common framework building digital twin environments and platforms. These platforms create a huge capacity of gains for the constructions sector in all phases, and for all the actors, as constructions digitalization has a huge unexplored potential. Most of the participants in the value chain will gain from interventions in the engineering and construction (E&C) phases of design, and engineering, construction and operations. Project management (PM) was described as intervention, which creates potential for new business models to be implemented. Virtual modelling can further develop in the direction of virtualization and construction simulation, and contribute towards the successful digitalization of the E&C sector.
TAXONOMY PROBLEMS OF VERBAL INFLUENCE TACTICS AND STRATEGIES
Authors: Akateva Irina , Vasilev Lev , Oshanova Ekaterina
Published: November 2020

Human communication has been a relevant area of social research for last 50 years. It attracts the attention of psychologists, sociologists, culturologists, and, of course, linguists. The theory of verbal influence, which arose at the intersection of argumentation, rhetoric, and pragmatics, is now at the stage of forming its own terminological research vocabulary, as is evidenced by the lack of an elaborate system of tactics and strategies. The article highlights leading approaches to this problem within the framework of various scientific disciplines. It is worth mentioning that special contribution to the development of persuasion theory was made by marketers, by specialists in behavioral economics, by social psychologists and psychotherapists, that is, scholars and practitioners who did not study linguistic problems properly. The proposed conclusions make it possible to use theoretical achievements of related humanitarian disciplines to enrich the linguistic theory of persuasion.
TRANSLATING CRAFT TRADITIONS: PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY IN LATVIAN TRADITIONAL KNITTING BOOKS
Authors: Egle Baiba
Published: November 2020

Language for special purposes is in every aspect of life, even our cultural traditions and crafts. Often, cultural terms seem self-explanatory to the people within the source text culture, in this case, Latvians, and might be unknown to other cultures. There is often a goal to achieve perfect equivalency in translation, so there should be a translation for every term. However, it is not always possible to transfer the meaning of a concept that has both technical and cultural aspects. The translator has to look at both the source and the target culture's knowledge to adapt the translation as needed.

This paper will look at the terminological problems encountered within the English translations of two books that look at Latvian traditional knitting – Suiti patterned socks and south Kurzeme jackets. While it might seem like these books describe simple items, there is a lot of special terminology used therein. Through a selection of translation problems found in these sources, the cause of the mistakes is explored and the suggestions of the correct variant are given. The results of the research  show that while specific cultural terms can be hard to translate, there are strategies to translate even the most complex culture-bound terms correctly and what skills and background knowledge are needed for it.
SOCIO-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF CHILDREN WITH SENSORY DISABILITIES IN THE BULGARIAN SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Georgieva Diyana
Published: November 2020

The problem of sociocultural adaptation of children with sensory disorders has a proper place in the Bulgarian sociocultural space. This article is devoted to a two-year-long study whose relevance is conditioned by the need to find ways to successfully integrate these children in a modern civilized society. The formulated aim of the study is focused on establishing the level of socio-cultural adaptation of children with impaired auditory and visual modality and the identification of factors that determine its peculiarities. 210 children with sensory impairments from early school, primary school and middle-school age were included, ditinguished into the following 4 groups: the ones with impaired hearing (n = 60), deaf children (n = 42), visually impaired children (n = 77), blind children (n = 31); 47 teachers from general and special structures, 153 parents. The methods used are: observation, surveying, interviewing, expert evaluation, analysis of normative documents and experimental materials, statistical analysis of empirical data (correlation, alternative and comparative analysis). From the summarized results, it is concluded that for children with the described model of ontogeny, socio-cultural adaptation is a concept that is represented at different levels. The clearly expressed dominants are the medium and low levels, which implies the partial or complete impossibility of fulfilling the generally accepted socio-cultural functions. In addition to the degree of sensory impairment as factors determining the characteristics of the sociocultural adaptation of children, the following factors were outlined: the professional readiness of teachers, the level of psychological and pedagogical competence of the family, and the attitudes of the society towards children with atypical development.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN DEAF CHILDREN
Authors: Georgieva Diyana , Valchev Gencho
Published: November 2020

Under certain conditions, associated with the presence of early and significant hearing loss, there are some peculiarities observed in children's interpersonal communication. Their knowledge can serve as a guide for overcoming difficulties and maximizing successful communication. The present study is dedicated to identifying the peculiarities of communicative behavior and the type of interpersonal relationships between children with hearing impairments integrated into mainstream schools. The experiment involved 40 children, divided into two groups:  control group (hearing children) and experimental group (deaf children). The Diagnostic toolkit contains 3 methodologies: the Raven progressive matrices for determining the level of nonverbal intelligence; a test for evaluation of communicative and initiating abilities, the T. Leary's psycho-diagnostic methodology for establishing interpersonal relationships in the subjects studied. The results of the first test revealed that the intellectual profile of 7-9-year-old students was significantly different from that of their hearing peers. The second test also found differences between the hearing and the deaf, but these were not statistically significant. The Leary test clearly showed that in the process of interpersonal communication, deaf children tend to be authoritarian, selfish, aggressive and suspicious of relationships. At the same time, their hearing peers seek to form an altruistic type of personal relationships.
A STUDY ON THE ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS FROM THE NATIONAL SPORTS ACADEMY TO FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN CONNECTION WITH THEIR FUTURE PROFESSIONAL REALIZATION
Authors: Hristakieva Tatiana
Published: November 2020

The purpose of the research was to study the attitude of students from the National Sports Academy “V. Levski”, Sofia, to foreign language learning in connection with their future profession as sport specialists, and their interest in using interactive learning techniques in the foreign language courses of the Academy. An enquiry was conducted at the end of the winter term of 2019-2020 academic year with students in the undergraduate programs of the Faculty of Pedagogy and the Faculty of Sport of the National Sports Academy. A questionnaire was used with 12 questions related to the evaluation of students’ foreign language learning needs and the most appropriate sources and strategies for language acquisition. The subjects of the study were 65 students, 44 men and 21 women, at the age of 19-20. The statistical methods used for the research were alternative analysis, variance analysis and  Pearson’s chi-squared test (x{\displaystyle \chi ^{2}}χ²).The results from the study show that students are mostly interested in the practical application of foreign language learning. They need to develop their productive language skills - oral communicative and writing skills, in order to use the language directly. Computer games and activities in the internet can act as a close to natural environment enhancing language acquisition. Another important conclusion from the survey is that students recognize using foreign languages as an important part of their professional qualification with reference to future career development.
GENDER VIOLENCE AS A POSSIBLE OBJECT OF SOCIALIZATION FOR BOTH SEXES
Authors: Mareková Hermína
Published: November 2020

There are countless theories and models of socialization. All of these theories agree on one thing: it is a process, during which people pass on and absorb social values and norms, including the norms that apply to gender. Socialization is not a one-way process, in which our children acquire information from our “adult” world. It is rather a two-way process.

Children socialize with each other in everyday interactions – both at home and away from home. In the theories of socialization at school, from the point of view of interaction, the focus is on the microsocial area, i.e the interaction between subjects. The basic concept of all interactions is therefore communication between the subjects. The individuals have a common set of symbols – speech – at their disposal and are confronted with the expectation of a stabilized behavior. The occurrence of violence in the child's family and in the social environment has significant socializing and educational effects, in a negative sense.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION TRANSVERSAL COMPETENCY IN THE EDUCATION IN MATHEMATICS FOR GRADES 1-4
Authors: Temnikova Maria
Published: November 2020

Communicational transversal competency represents an important part of the mathematical knowledge, skills and competencies in the process of   students’ development in Grade 1-4.

The creation and formation of communicational transversal competency helps to put students into an active cognitive position in the course of pedagogical interactions in mathematics classes. Further, creation of communicational transversal competencies develops not only students’ analytic – synthetic activity during the process of solving different types of mathematical tasks but also their creative thinking.

This longitudinal research presents some theoretical concepts related to the transversal communicational competency and to its development during the educational process in mathematics in Grade 1-4.

During this empirical study a completely new methodology system of work was developed with the purpose to facilitate development of mathematical knowledge, skills and competencies including the communicational transversal competency. The new system was tested and applied during the compulsory, additional and extended classes in mathematics in Grade 1-4 and consequently was improved after the performance of entry and intermediate diagnostic. Also, this article presents some of the mathematical tasks included in the tests.

The researcher studied the objectiveness, the validity and the reliability of the diagnostic tools developed for the purpose as well as the tasks included in the tests in respect of their difficulty and separating force. 

The presented results of the experimental work were processed using mathematics-statistics methods.
TYPOLOGY OF DYSGRAPHIA ERRORS IN PERFORMING THE WRITING TASK 'PRODUCING YOUR OWN TEXT' BY BILINGUAL PRIMARY-SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Valchev Gencho , Georgieva Diyana
Published: November 2020

The article presents the results of a field logopedic study of third- and fourth-grade bilingual students and the research material created by them while carrying out a writing task of producing a text of their own. The aim of the experiment is to analyze the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the dysgraphia errors in bilingual students (ethnic Roma and Turks) at the text level and on this basis to identify their typology and dependence on some linguistic and social factors. For the purposes of the research, a toolkit has been developed that includes groups of methods for the study of the following: the psychosomatic and the academic status, the elementary graphic habits; the phonemic gnosis; writing in different situations; identification and typologization of typographical errors through a criterion system. The results clearly show that the prevailing errors made by the bilinguals are analytic-synthetic. Regarding the other types of errors, significant differences have not been registered. The analysis of the results showed significant differences in terms of gender, ethnicity/language status and type of settlement.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF STUDENTS OF FULL-TIME AND EXTRAMURAL FORMS OF STUDIES, TRAINEES FOR CHILDREN AND ELEMENTARY TEACHERS AT TRAKIA UNIVERSITY, STARA ZAGORA
Authors: Zheleva-Terzieva Donka
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The survey carried out covered all students from the second course, specialty "Preschool and Primary School Pedagogy" at the Pedagogical Faculty of Trakia University, Stara Zagora, in full-time and extramural forms of studies.

Purpose of the study: A comparative analysis of academic achievements in the subject "Sport animation in educational environment" of students of full-time and extramural forms of studying for kindergarten and elementary teachers at Thracian University, Stara Zagora.

Methods: A comparative characteristic by age of the method "stem-leaf" with the purpose of reconnaissance (research) analysis of the data was performed. The statistical indicators coefficient of variation, asymmetry, excesses were used. A comparative analysis of the academic achievements of 127 students for the degree of competence after completion of the training course "Sports animation in educational environment" was carried out. The structural differences (relative share, absolute sum, integral coefficient of structural divergence, Spearman and Kendal rank correlation coefficients) between the results of the conducted knowledge verification didactic test and the pedagogical monitoring of the degree of mastered skills and demonstrated relationship at the end of the training were analyzed.

Findings and results: The survey outlined the following summaries: as a whole, the structural differences between the two forms of studies in relation to the acquired knowledge are not great, but the students of full-time form of studies give in the vast majority of cases more correct answers; The "fully mastered skill" assessment is most often greater with students of full-time form of studies compared to extramural form of studies, On skills and relationships that require greater life experience and discipline, the relative share of this assessment is, in more rare cases, greater for the extramural form of studies.