bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated detection of smiles as discrete episodes
Authors: Mohammed Hisham , Kumar Reginald , Bennani Hamza , Halberstadt Jamin B. , Farella Mauro
Published: October 2022

Background

Patients seeking restorative and orthodontic treatment expect an improvement in their smiles and oral health‐related quality of life. Nonetheless, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of dynamic smiles are yet to be understood.

Objective

To develop, validate, and introduce open‐access software for automated analysis of smiles in terms of their frequency, genuineness, duration, and intensity.

Materials and Methods

A software script was developed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and artificial intelligence to assess activations of (1) cheek raiser, a marker of smile genuineness; (2) lip corner puller, a marker of smile intensity; and (3) perioral lip muscles, a marker of lips apart. Thirty study participants were asked to view a series of amusing videos. A full‐face video was recorded using a webcam. The onset and cessation of smile episodes were identified by two examiners trained with FACS coding. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was then used to assess detection accuracy and optimise thresholding. The videos of participants were then analysed off‐line to automatedly assess the features of smiles.

Results

The area under the ROC curve for smile detection was 0.94, with a sensitivity of 82.9% and a specificity of 89.7%. The software correctly identified 90.0% of smile episodes. While watching the amusing videos, study participants smiled 1.6 (±0.8) times per minute.

Conclusions

Features of smiles such as frequency, duration, genuineness, and intensity can be automatedly assessed with an acceptable level of accuracy. The software can be used to investigate the impact of oral conditions and their rehabilitation on smiles.
Reflections, research, and implications of decades of activism by educators to create a movement to address sexual harassment in K‐12 schools in the United States
Authors: Stein Nan D. , Taylor Bruce G.
Published: October 2022

An organized response to sexual harassment (SH) in K‐12 schools in the US traces its development as a social movement to the larger women's rights movement in the late 1970s. It was an outgrowth of the social movement of feminist activists who protested and filed lawsuits to draw attention to SH in the workplace to gain recognition for the problem as one of equity for working women. The focus on SH in K‐12 schools did not begin as an academic pursuit or with an emphasis on research – rather shares its origins as an activist movement to rectify injustices. Authors document the unwritten history of this social movement, by examining the early roots to address and prevent SH in K‐12 schools. The authors review survey and intervention research from the initial movement through the past couple of decades, noting limitations and challenges for future efforts to prevent and eliminate SH in K‐12 schools. The role of youth activism in advancing the movement against SH in schools represents hope of a renewal of activism with a robust gendered perspective. Authors provide next steps for research and action.
Cacti fruit in the human diet: Sensory perceptions and interest of Brazilian consumers
Authors: Cardoso Patrick da Silva , Costa Lyvia Daim , Correia e Silva Larissa , dos Santos Conceição Luísa , Coqueiro Júlia Matos , Gularte Márcia Arocha , Ferreira‐Ribeiro Camila Duarte , Otero Deborah Murowaniecki
Published: October 2022

Cactus fruits have distinctive sensory characteristics and are highly nutritious. Despite that, these unconventional food plants are little used and undervalued in the Brazilian diet. Therefore, this work aims to observe Brazilian participants' perceptions and interest in cactus fruit consumption. Thus, an online survey was applied to identify these foods' frequency, motivation, and forms of consumption. To analyze consumers' perception, a free‐word association test about cactus fruits was carried out with the survey. The responses obtained from 611 participants revealed that few (36.8%) have already consumed it, motivated mainly by curiosity (41.4%). However, from the positive associations evidenced in the sensory test and the interest in experimenting (93.2%), it is observed that cactus fruits have a niche in the market due to their nutritional attributes and can be inserted fresh or as food products (e.g., jam/compote, juice, and ice cream) into the Brazilian diet.

Practical Applications

This study can promote the consumption and valorization of cactus fruits considering that they present nutritional characteristics beneficial to human health. Associated with Food and Nutritional Security, these fruits become an economically sustainable opportunity to be studied in new product development. Furthermore, the survey and the Free‐word Association Test can be used to guide the possible market niches with significant acceptance by the population. Thus, a profitable opportunity for consumption and marketing is evidenced, whether in nature, processed, or even new products, such as juices, teas, or bakery products.
Theory of cultural capital: Productive use of an unproductive activity
Authors: Lee Sam‐Ho
Published: October 2022

Cultural capital is the term suggested to explain the phenomena that seemingly productivity‐irrelevant cultural activities may lead to better economic outcome for individuals. A simple model is proposed to explain the emergence of cultural capital. The cost of acquiring a cultural attribute plays a role in the emergence of cultural capital. The importance of cultural capital is compared between two groups distinguished by a natural attribute. The cultural capital in the economically worse‐performing group is more elitist in the sense that a smaller proportion of individuals acquire it due to the higher attainment costs. Welfare implications are also investigated.
Pathogenicity of Corynespora cassiicola from eggplant to various plant species
Authors: Aumentado Herbert Dustin , Balendres Mark Angelo
Published: October 2022

Emerging fungal pathogens could bring irreversible damage to economically important plant species resulting in yield losses. One method of control of plant diseases is crop rotation, whereby the main cultivated crop is rotated with other crops. However, for crop rotation to be successful, the alternative crop must be a non‐susceptible or non‐host plant of the pathogen. In January 2021, for the first time, Corynespora cassiicola was reported to cause leaf spots and fruit rot in eggplant (Solanum melongena) in the Philippines. This study investigated the potential host range of newly reported C. cassiicola in controlled, repeated pathogenicity assays. Of the 36 plant species (19 plant families) assayed for leaf infection, 26 and 23 plant species were pathogenic to C. cassiicola in wounded and unwounded conditions, respectively. Of the 27 plant species (13 plant families) assayed for fruit/head/bulb/tuber infection, 16 and 6 were susceptible to C. cassiicola in wounded and unwounded conditions, respectively. Among all plant species assayed, mango, tomato, and beans were considered very susceptible as infection occurred in both leaves and fruits and wounded and unwounded treatments. The related species, tomato and pepper, were also susceptible to diseases caused by C. cassiicola. This is the first report of the pathogenicity of the C. cassiicola Philippine strain to various plant species assessed in controlled conditions.
Barriers and facilitators to HIV care engagement: Recommendations from people with HIV in rural Arkansas
Authors: Marshall Sarah Alexandra , Tao Jun , Horton Heather K. , Montgomery Madeline C. , Baloh Jure , Gu Mofan , Mabin Cornelius , Cima Mike , Nunn Amy S. , Chan Philip A. , Zaller Nickolas D.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

Little is known about factors affecting HIV care engagement and retention among rural people with HIV (PWH) in the South. About half of PWH in Arkansas reside in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting engagement and retention in HIV care among PWH in rural areas of Arkansas.

Methods

We conducted an exploratory qualitative study in 2020 and completed individual interviews (N = 11) with PWH in rural counties in Arkansas.

Findings

Content analysis revealed the following themes: (1) Barriers to HIV care included long distances to the nearest HIV clinic and transportation issues along with anticipating and/or experiencing HIV‐related stigma; (2) facilitators of HIV care included having a helpful HIV care provider and Ryan White case manager and a social support network that aided them in prioritizing their own health; (3) participants had the most favorable reactions to Ryan White case management, peer navigators, and telemedicine for HIV treatment/care; and (4) participants demonstrated resilience overcoming various obstacles as they worked toward being healthy mentally and physically while living with HIV.

Conclusion

Interventions need to address multilevel factors, including hiring PWH as peer navigators and/or caseworkers and offering HIV care via telemedicine, to improve HIV care engagement and retention among rural populations.
Transmissible cancer and longitudinal telomere dynamics in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii)
Authors: Madsen Thomas , Klaassen Marcel , Raven Nynke , Dujon Antoine M. , Jennings Geordie , Thomas Frédéric , Hamede Rodrigo , Ujvari Beata
Published: October 2022

A plethora of intrinsic and environmental factors have been shown to influence the length of telomeres, the protector of chromosome ends. Despite the growing interest in infection–telomere interactions, there is very limited knowledge on how transmissible cancers influence telomere maintenance. An emblematic example of transmissible cancer occurs in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), whose populations have been dramatically reduced by infectious cancer cells. To investigate associations between telomere dynamics and the transmissible cancer, we used longitudinal data from a Tasmanian devil population that has been exposed to the disease for over 15 years. We detected substantial temporal variation in individual telomere length (TL), and a positive significant association between TL and age, as well as a marginally significant trend for devils with devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) having longer telomeres. A proportional hazard analysis yielded no significant effect of TL on the development of DFTD. Like previous studies, we show the complexity that TL dynamics may exhibit across the lifetime of organisms. Our work highlights the importance of long‐term longitudinal sampling for understanding the effects of wildlife diseases on TL.
Genetic structure and historic demography of endangered unarmoured threespine stickleback at southern latitudes signals a potential new management approach
Authors: Turba Rachel , Richmond Jonathan Q. , Fitz‐Gibbon Sorel , Morselli Marco , Fisher Robert N. , Swift Camm C. , Ruiz‐Campos Gorgonio , Backlin Adam R. , Dellith Chris , Jacobs David K.
Published: October 2022

Habitat loss, flood control infrastructure, and drought have left most of southern California and northern Baja California's native freshwater fish near extinction, including the endangered unarmoured threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni). This subspecies, an unusual morph lacking the typical lateral bony plates of theG. aculeatuscomplex, occurs at arid southern latitudes in the eastern Pacific Ocean and survives in only three inland locations. Managers have lacked molecular data to answer basic questions about the ancestry and genetic distinctiveness of unarmoured populations. These data could be used to prioritize conservation efforts. We sampledG. aculeatusfrom 36 localities and used microsatellites and whole genome data to place unarmoured populations within the broader evolutionary context ofG. aculeatusacross southern California/northern Baja California. We identified three genetic groups with none consisting solely of unarmoured populations. UnlikeG. aculeatusat northern latitudes, where Pleistocene glaciation has produced similar historical demographic profiles across populations, we found markedly different demographics depending on sampling location, with inland unarmoured populations showing steeper population declines and lower heterozygosity compared to low armoured populations in coastal lagoons. One exception involved the only high elevation population in the region, where the demography and alleles of unarmoured fish were similar to low armoured populations near the coast, exposing one of several cases of artificial translocation. Our results suggest that the current “management‐by‐phenotype” approach, based on lateral plates, is incidentally protecting the most imperilled populations; however, redirecting efforts toward evolutionary units, regardless of phenotype, may more effectively preserve adaptive potential.
Deus Absconditus: A Dialogue
Authors: Engelland Chad
Published: October 2022

In the tradition of both Cicero and Hume, this paper explores the nature of God in dialogic form. Set at the tomb of Thomas Aquinas, in a church that is now a museum, the dialogue focuses on the central question of divine hiddenness, offering a novel alternative to both the atheistic interpretation of hiddenness in terms of divine amoral aloofness and the theistic account of hiddenness in terms of human indolence. Phenomenologically speaking, God the creator, in order to be God the creator, must be hidden to creatures. Divine hiddenness is, therefore, natural and does not necessarily call into question the moral status of God or of humans.
Surgical sequence, timing and volume, and variation in dento‐facial outcome, speech and secondary surgery in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate: The Cleft Care UK Study
Authors: Slator Rona , Perisanidou Lydia I. , Sell Debbie , Sandy Jonathan , Ness Andrew R. , Wills Andrew K.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To estimate both the association of surgical variables in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (cUCLP) in the UK with outcomes at age 5 years, and the association of secondary speech surgery, volume of surgery, and surgeon with the same outcomes.

Setting and Sample Population

The Cleft Care UK study, a cross‐sectional study of 268 5‐year‐olds, born from 2005 to 2007, with cUCLP.

Materials and Methods

Information on surgical variables was extracted from a standardized questionnaire. Dento‐facial outcomes were derived from dental study casts of dental arch relationships. Three speech outcomes – intelligibility, structure and articulation – were derived using the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech‐Augmented tool.

Results

Surgical and outcome data were available for 211 (79%) children from all cleft centres in the UK. Later soft palate surgery was associated with a 17% increased chance of a poor intelligibility score (P = .02), and high volume surgery with a 249% increased chance of a good articulation score (P = .01). There were no between surgeon effects identified. No association between the surgical variables examined and dento‐facial outcome, or secondary speech surgery by the age of 5 years were found.

Conclusion

This study found associations between surgical variables and speech outcomes at 5 years of age, but not between surgical variables and dento‐facial outcome, nor between surgical variables and secondary speech surgery. High surgical volume should be maintained, and any changes towards later surgery monitored for changes in speech outcome.
Biological Explanations of Social Inequalities
Authors: Lowe Dan
Published: October 2022

Inequalities of social goods between gender, racial, or other groups call out for explanation. Such inequalities might be explained by socialization and discrimination. But historically some have attributed these inequalities to biological differences between social groups. Such explanations are highly controversial: on the one hand, they have a very troubling racist and sexist history, but on the other hand, they are empirical claims, and so it seems inappropriate to rule them out a priori. I propose that the appropriate epistemic attitude toward biological explanations of social inequalities is a general but defeasible skepticism. I then turn to the appropriate moral attitude, arguing that when such explanations are inadequately supported, they are offensive.
Changing racial and ethnic differences for lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hayes Don , Dani Alia , Guzman‐Gomez Amalia , Zafar Farhan , Morales David L. S. , Ziady Assem G.
Published: October 2022

Background

CFTR modulators, especially (elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor), have positively impacted the CF population and quickly decreased LTx numbers. However, no study has investigated if this reduction is universal across all races/ethnicities.

Methods

Using the UNOS Registry, we explored the frequency/proportions of LTx in WNH and NW (Black, non‐Hispanic/Hispanic‐Latino/Asian‐non Hispanic/American Indian‐Alaskan Native‐non‐Hispanic/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander‐non‐Hispanic/Multiracial) in children and adults with CF in the US.

Results

Between 1990 and 2019, the annual mean (±SD) number of LTxs for children with CF was 23.2 (±7.7) compared to 5 in 2020 (p < .001) and in 2021 (p < .001). In adults from 1990 to 2019, the mean (±SD) number of LTxs performed was 144.9 (±73.5), which was significantly higher than 2020 (n = 73; p < .001) and 2021 (n = 45; p < .001). Comparing 1990–2019 to post‐2019, the proportion of LTxs performed in both children and adults with CF has decreased from 50.5% (696/1378) to 16.4% (9/55) and from 12.1% (4773/39542) to 2.4% (118/5004), respectively. In WNH pediatric patients, the difference in the percentage of all LTx made up by CF patients between the two eras was 41.2% compared to NW patients where the difference was 11%. Similarly in adults, the difference between the two eras was 10.4% in WNH and 2.4% in NW patients.

Conclusions

The recent reduction in LTx for the CF population has had less impact on the NW population in the US, so the continuation of optimal referrals for this group is needed.
The origin of the fourfold (Geviert). Heidegger's concept of world in his later philosophy and Plato's concept of kosmos in the Gorgias (507e–508a)
Authors: Enache Cătălin
Published: October 2022

The paper discusses the parallels between late Heidegger's view of the world as a fourfold unity of earth, heavens, the divine and the mortal (the Geviert), and a passage in Plato's Gorgias (507e–508a) where the world (kosmos) is conceived of in a similar way. It is argued, first, that the Gorgias passage is not an isolated remark but rather a point where a number of important Platonic insights come together, and second, that Heidegger was well acquainted with these insights and pointed out their ontological significance on various occasions.
Complementarity and substitutability between farm and nonfarm activities: Evidence from agricultural households in Tanzania
Authors: Aikaeli Jehovaness , Chegere Martin Julius , Rand John
Published: October 2022

Increasing evidence shows that farm households in developing countries maintain a portfolio of income‐generating activities. Concerns have been raised that household income diversification to include nonfarm activities will stifle farm works, and thus reduce agricultural productivity. On the contrary, some evidence of complementarity between the farm and nonfarm activities in rural areas has been found. This paper uses data from the fourth and the fifth waves of Tanzania's National Panel Surveys to examine whether there exists complementarity or substitutability between farm and nonfarm activities in rural Tanzania. The findings show that participation in off‐farm work and nonfarm business activities has no clear relationship to the adoption and use of improved agricultural practices, namely, irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Participation in off‐farm work and nonfarm business activities does not also seem to directly influence agricultural investments, production, and productivity nor overall household income. These results suggest that the complementary and substitution effects of nonfarm activities offset each other in Tanzania, implying that proper policies are required to unleash the potential impact of nonfarm activities on agriculture.
Assessing Epidemic Curves for Evidence of Superspreading
Authors: Meagher Joe , Friel Nial
Published: October 2022

The expected number of secondary infections arising from each index case, referred to as the reproduction or R number, is a vital summary statistic for understanding and managing epidemic diseases. There are many methods for estimating R; however, few explicitly model heterogeneous disease reproduction, which gives rise to superspreading within the population. We propose a parsimonious discrete-time branching process model for epidemic curves that incorporates heterogeneous individual reproduction numbers. Our Bayesian approach to inference illustrates that this heterogeneity results in less certainty on estimates of the time-varying cohort reproduction number Rt. We apply these methods to a COVID-19 epidemic curve for the Republic of Ireland and find support for heterogeneous disease reproduction. Our analysis allows us to estimate the expected proportion of secondary infections attributable to the most infectious proportion of the population. For example, we estimate that the 20% most infectious index cases account for approximately 75%–98% of the expected secondary infections with 95% posterior probability. In addition, we highlight that heterogeneity is a vital consideration when estimating Rt.
Aging of colloidal contaminants and pathogens in the soil environment: Implications for nanoplastic and COVID‐19 risk mitigation
Authors: Wang Liuwei , Hu Zhongtao , Yin Hanbing , Bradford Scott A. , Luo Jian , Hou Deyi
Published: October 2022

Colloidal contaminants and pathogens are widely distributed in soil, whose tiny sizes and distinct surface properties render unique environmental behaviours. Because of aging, colloids can undergo dramatic changes in their physicochemical properties once in the soil environment, thus leading to diverse or even unpredictable environmental behaviour and fate. Herein, we provide a state‐of‐art review of colloid aging mechanisms and characteristics and implications for risk mitigation. First, we review aging‐induced formation of colloidal contaminants and aging‐associated changes. We place a special focus on emerging nanoplastic (NP) contaminants and associated physical, chemical, and biological aging processes in soil environments. Second, we assess aging and survival features of colloidal pathogens, especially viruses. Viruses in soils may survive from several days to months, or even several years in groundwater, depending on their rates of inactivation and the reversibility of attachment. Furthermore, we identify implications for risk mitigation based on aging mechanisms. Hotspots of (photo)chemical aging of NPs, including plastic gauzes at construction sites and randomly discarded plastic waste in rural areas, are identified as area requiring greater research attention. For COVID‐19, we suggest taking greater care in regions where viruses are persist for long periods, such as cold climate regions. Soil amendment with quicklime (CaO) may act as an effective means for pathogen disinfection. Future risk mitigation of colloidal contaminants and pathogens relies on a better understanding of aging mechanisms and more sophisticated models accurately depicting processes in real soil environments.
Two novel HLA‐A alleles detected in a potential hematopoietic stem cell donors: HLA‐A*03:418 and ‐A*26:220
Authors: Ananeva Anastasiia , Gulnaz Akhmetshina , Shagimardanova Elena
Published: October 2022

HLA‐A*03:418 and ‐A*26:220, two novel alleles detected by next generation sequencing.
Building a Cognitive Science of Human Variation: Individual Differences in Spatial Navigation
Authors: Newcombe Nora S. , Hegarty Mary , Uttal David
Published: October 2022

The aim of this issue is to take stock of cognitive science of human variation in the field of spatial navigation, an important domain in which debates have often assumed an invariant human mind. Addressing the challenge of individual differences requires cognitive scientists to change their practices in several ways. First, we need to consider how to design measures and paradigms that have adequate psychometric characteristics. Second, using reliable, efficient, and valid measures, we need to examine how people vary from time to time, both in the short run due to emotions, such as stress or time pressure, and in the longer run, due to training or living in physical environments that require wayfinding skills. Third, we need to study people different from the traditional college participants, including variations in age, gender, education, culture, physical environment, and possible interactions among these variables.
‘Stay at home and limit contact’: The impact of stay‐at‐home advice on the behavior of Australian donors aged 70 and over in the first year of the pandemic
Authors: Naing Sanda , Thorpe Rachel , Jensen Kyle , Masser Barbara , Guerin Nicola
Published: October 2022

Background

Early in the COVID‐19 pandemic, Australian donors aged 70 and over were advised to temporarily stop donating. The aim of this research was to understand the factors associated with some of these donors continuing to donate despite the advice, and whether adherence to the advice had negative implications for donor retention.

Study Design and Methods

Survey data from 2078 donors were analyzed to understand the factors associated with donating blood during the first 6 months of the pandemic, and the impact of following stay‐at‐home advice during the first 6 months of the pandemic on donor return 6–12 months into the pandemic. Panel data were used to gain an overview of donation behavior before, during, and after the initial phase of the pandemic.

Results

Donations by donors aged 70 and over decreased disproportionately to other age groups during the early stages of the pandemic. Sex, total donation count, awareness of stay‐at‐home advice from the Blood Collection Agency, the mode of receiving stay‐at‐home advice, donor risk perceptions and attitudes toward stay‐at‐home advice were associated with donation behavior in the first 6 months of the pandemic. Donors who did not donate in the first 6 months of the pandemic had lower odds of returning 6–12 months into the pandemic.

Conclusion

Stay‐at‐home advice was partially successful in preventing older donors from donating; however, more tailored communication approaches may have prevented more donors from donating. Implementation of stay‐at‐home advice should be accompanied by strategies to prevent ongoing donor lapse in the medium‐ to long‐term.
The effectiveness of embargoes: Evidence from Russia
Authors: Miromanova Anna
Published: October 2022

While sanctions have been an increasingly popular instrument of Western foreign policy over the past several decades, retaliatory measures by non‐Western targets of Western sanctions are a more recent development. In this study, I focus on the first such incident in recent history: the Russian retaliatory embargo imposed in August 2014 in response to the anti‐Russian sanctions that have been in place since March 2014. I formulate a comprehensive approach to analysing the impacts of such retaliations on trade and how retaliating countries deal with lost trade. Towards that goal, I use a quadruple difference approach with high‐dimensional fixed effects to disentangle various effects of the retaliatory embargo on the extensive and intensive margins of trade. I find that such retaliation comes at a cost to both the retaliating country and the target of retaliation, while not being effective as Russian sanctions are still in place today. I estimate that the total loss of trade from such retaliation amounts to about 42 billion USD in the first 1.5 years after the imposition of the embargo. The disturbances caused by such retaliation destabilise bilateral trade by causing negative spillovers and significantly increase the costs of retaliation as an economic policy or political strategy. Note: This paper was written prior to the Russian invasion in Ukraine on 24 February 2022.
A Review of Techniques for Measuring the Biot Coefficient and Other Effective Stress Parameters for Fluid-Saturated Rocks
Authors: Kasani Hossein A. , Selvadurai A. P. S.
Published: October 2022

Predicting the behavior of a saturated rock with variations in pore fluid pressure during geo-energy production and storage, deep geological disposal of nuclear wastes, etc. with skeletal mechanical behavior in the linear elastic range is carried out using the isothermal theory of poroelasticity that incorporates Biot's effective stress principle. For conditions that are not within linear elasticity, other effective stress coefficients are used. Several experimental methods for determining Biot's and other effective stress coefficients have been documented in the literature. The objective of this study is to review the fundamentals of these techniques, their advantages and disadvantages, and to include several case studies. Current techniques for Biot's coefficient are based on different premises: jacketed and unjacketed bulk moduli or compressibility values; volume changes of the bulk and pore fluid from a drained triaxial test on a saturated sample; isotropic-isochoric compression tests on a saturated sample; matching volumetric strains for dry and saturated samples; estimation of the Biot coefficient from other poroelastic parameters; and approximation of the jacketed bulk modulus from ultrasonic wave velocities and/or unjacketed bulk modulus from the mineralogical compositions. Other effective stress coefficients are based on matching failure envelopes for dry and saturated samples and variations of rock properties (such as volumetric strain, permeability, and ultrasonic wave velocities) with respect to confining stress and pore pressure. This article discusses variations in Biot's and other effective stress coefficients produced using the different techniques and how factors such as pore geometry, test conditions, stress path, and test temperature affect the coefficients.
Design of Control Schedules for Interturbine Burner Turbofan Engine Considering Ignition and Flameout Characteristics
Authors: Jia Xingyun , Zhou Dengji , Cao Mingdong , Hao Jiarui , Li Gangtuan , Ma Shixi , Huang Hongchao , Xu Luyao , Mo Zhihan , Qiang Xingyu
Published: October 2022

The interturbine burner (ITB) engine, which is introduced between high and low pressure turbines (LPTs), is a relatively new concept for increasing specific thrust and lowering high altitude specific fuel consumption (SFC) than engine with afterburner (AB). Although ITB engines have outstanding performance improvements, they also present a challenge to the design of control laws for ITB engines under unknown matching mechanisms and multiple constraints. This study proposes a self-scheduling control law design method for ITB engine mode transition that considers ITB ignition and flameout characteristics, as well as cooling air volume. This method derives the control law based on the global optimal algorithm and shapley additive explanation (SHAP)-value analysis method, which avoids manual analysis and reduces the number of adjustment of variable geometric components. An ITB transient model is established to verify the control laws under the transition of ignition and flameout modes. During the mode transition process of opening and closing the ITB, the flow fluctuation of the precritical point and rear-critical point does not exceed 2%, and the comprehensive thrust fluctuation index composed of three typical state points does not exceed 5%. Through simulation analysis with constrained constraints, at most one variable geometry component is adjusted.
Effect of Vanadium on the Microstructure, Transformation Temperatures, and Corrosion Behavior of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Sampath Santosh , Vedamanickam Sampath
Published: October 2022

Ni50Ti50-xVx (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 at%) shape memory alloys were prepared by vacuum induction melting. They were homogenized and then hot rolled. Carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen sulfur (CHNOS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out on the alloys to find out the oxygen and carbon contents and the phases present in the alloys. Transformation temperatures determined by differential scanning calorimetry indicate that the addition of vanadium reduces the transformation temperatures. Corrosion studies were carried out in Hanks’ solution, while potentiodynamic polarization tests were done to calculate the rate of corrosion of the alloys. Two significant parameters were analyzed from the Tafel graph, namely, corrosion rate and corrosion potential. A comparison of these properties of the alloys was also made with commercially pure titanium and binary NiTi alloys. Among the NiTiV alloys, Ni50Ti47V3 (at%) alloy was found to undergo the least rate of corrosion. With the increasing vanadium content, the rate of corrosion was found to decrease. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the corroded surface shows that pitting was the main mechanism of corrosion in these alloys. Results show that the addition of V to NiTi has a positive effect on the corrosion properties of the alloys. Elaborate results are discussed in detail in this article.
Restoration of the GTPase activity and cellular interactions of Gα
o
mutants by Zn
2+
in
GNAO1
encephalopathy models
Authors: Larasati Yonika A. , Savitsky Mikhail , Koval Alexey , Solis Gonzalo P. , Valnohova Jana , Katanaev Vladimir L.
Published: October 2022

De novo point mutations in
GNAO1
, gene encoding the major neuronal G protein Gα
o
, have recently emerged in patients with pediatric encephalopathy having motor, developmental, and epileptic dysfunctions. Half of clinical cases affect codons Gly
203
, Arg
209
, or Glu
246
; we show that these mutations accelerate GTP uptake and inactivate GTP hydrolysis through displacement Gln
205
critical for GTP hydrolysis, resulting in constitutive GTP binding by Gα
o
. However, the mutants fail to adopt the activated conformation and display aberrant interactions with signaling partners. Through high-throughput screening of approved drugs, we identify zinc pyrithione and Zn
2+
as agents restoring active conformation, GTPase activity, and cellular interactions of the encephalopathy mutants, with negligible effects on wild-type Gα
o
. We describe a
Drosophila
model of
GNAO1
encephalopathy where dietary zinc restores the motor function and longevity of the mutant flies. Zinc supplements are approved for diverse human neurological conditions. Our work provides insights into the molecular etiology of
GNAO1
encephalopathy and defines a potential therapy for the patients.
Revealing non-Hermitian band structure of photonic Floquet media
Authors: Park Jagang , Cho Hyukjoon , Lee Seojoo , Lee Kyungmin , Lee Kanghee , Park Hee Chul , Ryu Jung-Wan , Park Namkyoo , Jeon Sanggeun , Min Bumki
Published: October 2022

Periodically driven systems are ubiquitously found in both classical and quantum regimes. In the field of photonics, these Floquet systems have begun to provide insight into how time periodicity can extend the concept of spatially periodic photonic crystals and metamaterials to the time domain. However, despite the necessity arising from the presence of nonreciprocal coupling between states in a photonic Floquet medium, a unified non-Hermitian band structure description remains elusive. We experimentally reveal the unique Bloch-Floquet and non-Bloch band structures of a photonic Floquet medium emulated in the microwave regime with a one-dimensional array of time-periodically driven resonators. These non-Hermitian band structures are shown to be two measurable distinct subsets of complex eigenfrequency surfaces of the photonic Floquet medium defined in complex momentum space.
Swap motion–directed twinning of nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Qiubo , Song Zhigang , Wang Yu , Nie Yifan , Wan Jiawei , Bustillo Karen C. , Ercius Peter , Wang Linwang , Sun Litao , Zheng Haimei
Published: October 2022

Twinning frequently occurs in nanocrystals during various thermal, chemical, or mechanical processes. However, the nucleation and propagation mechanisms of twinning in nanocrystals remain poorly understood. Through in situ atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy observation at millisecond temporal resolution, we show the twinning in Pb individual nanocrystals via a double-layer swap motion where two adjacent atomic layers shift relative to one another. The swap motion results in twin nucleation, and it also serves as a basic unit of movement for twin propagation. Our calculations reveal that the swap motion is a phonon eigenmode of the face-centered cubic crystal structure of Pb, and it is enhanced by the quantum size effect of nanocrystals.
Cathodoluminescence excitation spectroscopy: Nanoscale imaging of excitation pathways
Authors: Varkentina Nadezda , Auad Yves , Woo Steffi Y. , Zobelli Alberto , Bocher Laura , Blazit Jean-Denis , Li Xiaoyan , Tencé Marcel , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Stéphan Odile , Kociak Mathieu , Tizei Luiz H. G.
Published: October 2022

Following optical excitations’ life span from creation to decay into photons is crucial in understanding materials photophysics. Macroscopically, this is studied using optical techniques, such as photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. However, excitation and emission pathways can vary at nanometer scales, preventing direct access, as no characterization technique has the relevant spatial, spectral, and time resolution. Here, using combined electron spectroscopies, we explore excitations’ creation and decay in two representative optical materials: plasmonic nanoparticles and luminescent two-dimensional layers. The analysis of the energy lost by an exciting electron that is coincident in time with a visible-ultraviolet photon unveils the decay pathways from excitation toward light emission. This is demonstrated for phase-locked (coherent) interactions (localized surface plasmons) and non–phase-locked ones (point defect excited states). The developed cathodoluminescence excitation spectroscopy images energy transfer pathways at the nanometer scale, widening the available toolset to explore nanoscale materials.
Key learnings from an outcome and embedded process evaluation of a direct to beneficiary mobile health intervention among marginalised women in rural Bihar, India
Authors: Irani Laili , Verma Supriya , Mathur Ruchika , Verma Raj Kumar , Mohan Diwakar , Dhar Diva , Seth Aaditeshwar , Chaudhuri Indrajit , Chaudhury Mahua Roy , Purthy Apolo , Nanda Ankit , Singh Shivani , Gupta Akshay , LeFevre Amnesty Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Mobile Vaani was implemented as a pilot programme across six blocks of Nalanda district in Bihar state, India to increase knowledge of rural women who were members of self-help groups on proper nutrition for pregnant or lactating mothers and infants, family planning and diarrhoea management. Conveners of self-help group meetings, community mobilisers, introduced women to the intervention by giving them access to interactive voice response informational and motivational content. A mixed methods outcome and embedded process evaluation was commissioned to assess the reach and impact of Mobile Vaani.

Methods

The outcome evaluation, conducted from January 2017 to November 2018, used a quasi-experimental pre–post design with a sample of 4800 married women aged 15–49 from self-help group households, who had a live birth in the past 24 months. Surveys with community mobilisers followed by meeting observations (n=116), in-depth interviews (n=180) with self-help group members and secondary analyses of system generated data were conducted to assess exposure and perceptions of the intervention.

Results

From the outcome evaluation, 23% of women interviewed had heard about Mobile Vaani. Women in the intervention arm had significantly higher knowledge than women in the comparison arm for two of seven focus outcomes: knowledge of how to make child’s food nutrient and energy dense (treatment-on-treated: 18.8% (95% CI 0.4% to 37.2%, p<0.045)) and awareness of at least two modern spacing family planning methods (treatment-on-treated: 17.6% (95% CI 4.7% to 30.5%, p<0.008)). Women with any awareness of Mobile Vaani were happy with the programme and appreciated the ability to call in and listen to the content.

Conclusion

Low population awareness and programme exposure are underpinned by broader population level barriers to mobile phone access and use among women and missed opportunities by the programme to improve targeting and programme promotion. Further research is needed to assess programmatic linkages with changes in health practices.
Assessment of the lifetime prevalence and incidence of induced abortion and correlates among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya: a secondary cohort analysis
Authors: Simmelink Anne Marieke , Gichuki Caroline M , Ampt Frances H , Manguro Griffins , Lim Megan S C , Agius Paul , Hellard Margaret , Jaoko Walter , Stoové Mark A , L'Engle Kelly , Temmerman Marleen , Gichangi Peter , Luchters Stanley
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Prevalence of lifetime-induced abortion in female sex workers (FSWs) in Kenya was previously estimated between 43% and 86%. Our analysis aimed at assessing lifetime prevalence and correlates, and incidence and predictors of induced abortions among FSWs in Kenya.

Methods

This is a secondary prospective cohort analysis using data collected as part of the WHISPER or SHOUT cluster-randomised trial in Mombasa, assessing effectiveness of an SMS-intervention to reduce incidence of unintended pregnancy. Eligible participants were current FSWs, 16–34 years and not pregnant or planning pregnancy. Baseline data on self-reported lifetime abortion, correlates and predictors were collected between September 2016 and May 2017. Abortion incidence was measured at 6-month and 12-month follow-up. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess correlates of lifetime abortion and discrete-time survival analysis was used to assess predictors of abortions during follow-up.

Results

Among 866 eligible participants, lifetime abortion prevalence was 11.9%, while lifetime unintended pregnancy prevalence was 51.2%. Correlates of lifetime abortions were currently not using a highly effective contraceptive (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.76 (95% CI=1.11 to 2.79), p=0.017) and having ever-experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) (AOR=2.61 (95% CI=1.35 to 5.06), p=0.005). Incidence of unintended pregnancy and induced abortion were 15.5 and 3.9 per 100 women-years, respectively. No statistically significant associations were found between hazard of abortion and age, sex work duration, partner status, contraceptive use and IPV experience.

Conclusion

Although experience of unintended pregnancy remains high, lifetime prevalence of abortion may have decreased among FSW in Kenya. Addressing IPV could further decrease induced abortions in this population.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12616000852459.
Association between serum alkaline phosphatase and bacteraemia in haemodialysis outpatients: a multicentre retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Katasako Aya , Sasaki Sho , Raita Yoshihiko , Yamamoto Shungo , Tochitani Kentaro , Murakami Minoru , Nishioka Ryo , Fujisaki Kiichiro
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Elevated baseline serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) may correlate with higher medium-term to long-term mortality in the general population and in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, few data are available on the association between serum ALP and the short-term prognosis of patients on haemodialysis (HD). We verified the association of ALP levels and bacteraemia or death in maintenance HD patients suspected of bacteraemia in an outpatient setting.

Design

We analysed 315 consecutive HD patients suspected of having bacteraemia with two sets of blood culture drawn on admission.

Setting

Admission to two tertiary-care university medical centres from January 2013 to December 2015.

Participants

Consecutive cases on maintenance HD aged≥18 years. Cases of hospitalised patients who had been transferred from another hospital, had a dialysis vintage<2 months, were also undergoing peritoneal dialysis, and/or were receiving HD less than once a week were excluded.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Primary outcome measure was bacteraemia and secondary outcome was in-hospital death.

Results

Among 315 cases included in the study, 187 had baseline-measured ALP levels, with a cut-off value on ROC analysis of 360 U/L (Area Under the Curve (AUC) 0.60, sensitivity 0.49, specificity 0.76). In multivariate analysis, there was a statistically significant association between a higher ALP in hospital visit and bacteraemia (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.17 to 4.83). However, there were no statistically significant associations between higher ALP and in-hospital death (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 0.57 to 2.54). A sensitivity analysis of 187 patients with no missing ALP values also demonstrated a significant association between elevated ALP and bacteraemia, but no significant association between ALP and in-hospital death.

Conclusions

Elevated ALP is a predictor of bacteraemia. In HD patients suspected of bacteraemia in outpatient settings, increased ALP levels were associated with increased likelihood of confirmed disease.
Instruments to measure postintensive care syndrome: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Chu Yuan , Timmins Fiona , Thompson David , Eustace-Cook Jessica
Published: October 2022

Introduction

There is an increasing need for evaluating postintensive care syndrome in adults concerning their long-term physical, psychological, cognitive and/or social outcomes, yet there is no consensus regarding the choice of instruments to measure these. This scoping review aims to identify and examine instruments used to measure postintensive care syndrome in adults.

Methods and analysis

This scoping review will be conducted following the Arksey and O’Malley and its extended framework, and the Joanna Briggs Institute guideline. It will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Review checklists. Medline via EBSCO, CINAHL complete, EMBASE, Web of Science, AME and APA PsycINFO databases and grey literature will be searched from 2010 to the present. Reference lists of included studies will be manually checked to identify additional sources. The quality of included studies will be appraised using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool. All review steps will involve at least two reviewers. Data charting will be performed narratively, comprising study characteristics and findings, and instrument properties. This review will also aim to identify research gaps.

Ethics and dissemination

There is no ethics disclosure for this review protocol. This scoping review will identify instruments used to measure postintensive care syndrome in adults. The findings will be disseminated through professional bodies, conferences and research papers.