bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation and Path Coefficient Studies for Plant Characters in Aqua Aroids, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Authors: Paul K. K. , Bari M. A. , Debnath S. C.
Published: January 2011

The nature and extent of correlation and path coefficients of aqua edible aroid taro (Colocasia esculenta L., Panikachu) accessions were studied for plant height, petiole length, petiole breadth, leaf number, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area index, inflorescence length, peduncle length, spath length, spath breadth and  yield per plant. The yield per plant showed significant and positive phenotypic correlation with petiole length (0.481), leaf length (0.576), leaf breadth (0.918), leaf number (0.620), inflorescence length (0.662), spath length (0.890) and spath breadth (0.992). The residual effect was 0.2205 which indicated that characters studied contributed 78% of yield per plant. At genotypic level, yield per plant expressed positive and significant correlation with plant height (0.560) and leaf number (0.600). The residual effect (0.424) indicated that about 58% yield was contributed by these characters.Keywords: Genotypic correlation; Phenotypic correlation; Path coefficient; Aqua aroid; Panikachu (Colocasia esculenta L Schott.stoloniferous).© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.6078                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 169-176 (2011)
Anti-bacterial Activity of the Extract of Terminalia arjuna Against Multi Antibiotic Resistant Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Murad F. , Alam K. A. , Mazumdar R. M. , Islam S. , Nipa M. N. , Iqbal A. , Bhuiyan H. R.
Published: January 2011

Morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoea continues to be a major problem in many developing countries. Water samples from different areas of Chittagong were collected and 22 Vibrio cholerae were isolated from the samples. In this experiment we found that 85% of the Vibrio cholerae  isolated  can grow at 6% NaCl whereas none of these  can survive at 8% NaCl. Most of the isolates were resistant to at least 2 antibiotics. 95.45% were resistant to ampicillin, 50% to erythromycin, 63.63% to nalidixic acid, 13.63% to cephotaxine, 13.63% to ceftriaxone and 27.27% to cotrimoxazol. Arjun bark extract was used as a biological tool to resolve the antibiotic resistant V. cholerae problem. Arjun extract inhibited the growth of V. cholerae at all concentrations and zone diameter increased with the increase of concentrations. The regression coefficient of the relationship between concentration and zone diameter varies from 0.75 to 0.984 for most of the isolates which indicates that there exists a linear relationship. This study revealed that Terminalia arjuna would be a good antibacterial drug in the treatment of Vibrio cholerae infections, provided if found effective and nontoxic through in vivo studies.Keywords:  Vibrio cholerae; Terminalia arjuna; Antimicrobial; Drug resistance.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.6094                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 129-137 (2011)
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 7-chloro-6-fluoro-2-(5-aminooxazol/thiazol-2-aryldenylamino)-benzo(1,3)thiazoles
Authors: Bannimath G. , Sambireddy C. , Purohit M. N. , Pujar G. V.
Published: January 2011

New series of 7-chloro-6-fluoro-2-(5-aminooxazol/thiazol-2-aryldenylamino)-benzo (1,3)thiazoles (Schiff’s base)(5a-g, 6a-g) were synthesized from 7-chloro-6-fluoro-2-(5-amino-oxazol/thiazol-2-amino)-benzothiazole (4a-b). Structures of the compounds were verified by 1H-NMR spectra. The synthesized compounds were screened for in vivo analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. Some of the compounds showed moderate activities.Keywords: Benzothiazole; Schiff’s base; Analgesic activity; Antiinflammatory activity.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.6166                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 121-128 (2011)
Rediscovery and Lectotypification of Eugenia argentea Bedd. (Myrtaceae)  An Endemic and Endangered Species of India
Authors: Kumar S. , Shareef S. M. , Roy P. E.
Published: January 2011

Eugenia argentea Bedd. has been rediscovered from Wayanadu forests in Kerala after a lapse of 138 years of its first collection. Detailed description, photographs, lectotypification, etc are provided.Keywords:  Eugenia argentea; Rediscovery; Western Ghat; Lectotypification.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.6210                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 213-216 (2011)
Emergence of Superconductivity in LaOFeAs: Electronic Structure and Lattice Dynamics
Authors: Aftabuzzaman M. , Islam A.K.M. A. , Naqib S. H.
Published: January 2011

In view of continuing interest in the parent compound of the recently discovered superconducting iron-oxypnictide (LaO1-xFxFeAs) we present fresh results and analyses of ab-initio calculations of the electronic band structure, lattice dynamical properties, and elastic constants assuming it to be insulating as well as metallic. The total and partial electronic density of states (EDOS) of the undoped LaOFeAs in both states are extracted from the electronic band structure. The phonon dispersion and the phonon density of states (PDOS) are also studied. Possible implications of the band structure, EDOS, and PDOS of LaOFeAs on the eventual appearance of high-Tc superconductivity upon carrier doping are discussed. Our findings reveal that phonons are unlikely to mediate Cooper pairing in RE-OFeAs. In addition, the values of various independent elastic constants of the compound assuming both insulating and metallic states are estimated and discussed. Keywords: LaOFeAs; Electronic band structure; Phonon spectrum; Elastic constants; Superconductor.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.6211                J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 1-11 (2011)
Solvent Extraction of Fe(III) from Aqueous Chloride Solution by Cyanex 301 Dissolved in Kerosene
Authors: Biswas R. K. , Ali M. R. , Habib M. A. , Salam S. M. A. , Karmakar A. K. , Ullah M. H.
Published: January 2011

The title system has been investigated over a wide range of aqueous acidity. The equilibration time is 1 h. The extraction ratio (D) is independent of [Fe(III)] provided equilibrium [HCl] and [HA] are kept constant. At a constant equilibrium extractant concentration, the [HCl] dependences are -1.6, ~0 and -3 in the [HCl] regions of >3, 2-0.5 and <0.3 M; respectively; whilst at constant [HCl], the [HA] dependence is 3.0. On the other hand, [Cl-] dependence varies within -0.5 to -3 at constant [HCl] of 0.3 M; whereas its values are ~ -1 and ~ 0.63 at constant [HCl] of 3 and 1 M, respectively. Based on these results the extraction mechanisms have been suggested to be + 3 HA(o) ? FeA3(o) + n Cl- + 3 H+ in the low [HCl] region,    + 3 HA(o) + n Cl- ? FeCl3.3HA(o) in the intermediate [HCl] region and HFeCl4 + 3 HA(o) ? FeCl3.3HA(o) + HCl in the high [HCl] region under investigation. The Kex  and ΔH values have been evaluated. Loading capacity is 5.5 g Fe(III)/100 g Cyanex 301. The stripping can be made effective by a mixture of 6 M H2SO4 and 1 M Na2C2O4.Keywords:  Extraction equilibrium; Fe(III) extraction; Cyanex 301; chloride medium.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.6263                 J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 97-109 (2011)
Anti-Neuroblastoma Activity of Gold Nanorods Bound with GD2 Monoclonal Antibody under Near-Infrared Laser Irradiation
Authors: Peng Ching-An , Wang Chung-Hao
Published: January 2011

High-risk neuroblastoma is one of the most common deaths in pediatric oncology. Current treatment of this disease involves a coordinated sequence of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Further advances in therapy will require the targeting of tumor cells in a more selective and efficient way so that survival can be improved without substantially increasing toxicity. To achieve tumor-selective delivery, disialoganglioside (GD2) expressed by almost all neuroblastoma tumors represents a potential molecular target that can be exploited for tumor-selective delivery. In this study, GD2 monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2) was conjugated to gold nanorods (GNRs) which are one of anisotropic nanomaterials that can absorb near-infrared (NIR) laser light and convert it to energy for photothermolysis of tumor cells. Thiolated chitosan, due to its biocompatibility, was used to replace cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) originally used in the synthesis of gold nanorods. In order to specifically target GD2 overexpressed on the surface of neuroblastoma stNB-V1 cells, anti-GD2 was conjugated to chitosan modified GNRs (CGNRs). To examine the fate of CGNRs conjugated with anti-GD2 after incubation with neuroblastoma cells, rhadoamine B was labeled on CGNRs functionalized with anti-GD2. Our results illustrated that anti-GD2-conjugated CGNRs were extensively endocytosed by GD2+ stNB-V1 neuroblastoma cells via antibody-mediated endocytosis. In addition, we showed that anti-GD2 bound CGNRs were not internalized by GD2– SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. After anti-GD2-linked CGNRs were incubated with neuroblatoma cells for six hours, the treated cells were further irradiated with 808 nm NIR laser. Post-NIR laser exposure, when examined by calcein-AM dye, stNB-V1 cells all underwent necrosis, while non-GD2 expressing SH-SY5Y cells all remained viable. Based on the in vitro study, CGNRs bound with anti-GD2 has the potential to be utilized as a therapeutic thermal coupling agent that generates heat sufficient to selectively kill neuroblastoma cells under NIR laser light exposure.
A Low Cost Wireless Data Acquisition System for a Remote Photovoltaic (PV) Water Pumping System
Authors: Mahjoubi Ammar , Fethi Mechlouch Ridha , Ben Brahim Ammar
Published: January 2011

This paper presents the design and development of a 16F877 microcontroller-based wireless data acquisition system and a study of the feasibility of different existing methodologies linked to field data acquisition from remote photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems. Various existing data transmission techniques were studied, especially satellite, radio, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The system’s hardware and software and an application to test its performance are described. The system will be used for reading, storing and analyzing information from several PV water pumping stations situated in remote areas in the arid region of the south of Tunisia. The remote communications are based on the GSM network and, in particular, on the Short text Message Service (SMS). With this integrated system, we can compile a complete database of the different parameters related to the PV water pumping systems of Tunisia. This data could be made available to interested parties over the Internet.
A Route to Dicyanomethylene Pyridines and Substituted Benzonitriles Utilizing Malononitrile Dimer as a Precursor
Authors: Helmy Noha M. , El-Baih Fatma E. M. , Al-Alshaikh Monirah A. , Moustafa Moustafa S.
Published: January 2011

The conditions of the reaction of malononitrile dimer with enaminones and arylidenemalononitrile could be adapted to yield either pyridines or benzene derivatives. A new synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidines from the reaction of malononitrile dimer 1 and 2-phenyl-3-piperidin-1-yl-acrylonitrile (11) is described. Compound 1 condensed with DMFDMA to yield an enaminonitrile that reacted with hydrazine hydrate to yield N',4,6-triamino-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carboxamidine (17).
Vitamin A Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Biology
Authors: Frey Simone K. , Vogel Silke
Published: January 2011

In recent years, the importance of vitamin A in adipose tissue biology, obesity and type II diabetes has become apparent. This review focuses on recent developments within the area of vitamin A and adipose tissue biology. Adipose tissue has an active vitamin A metabolism as it not only stores vitamin A but retinol is also converted to its active metabolite retinoic acid. Several mouse models point to a relationship between vitamin A metabolism and the development of adiposity. Similarly, in vitro studies provide new molecular mechanisms for the function of different forms of vitamin A and retinol- or retinoic acid-binding proteins in adipose tissue.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Specific G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerosis
Authors: Okamoto Yasuo , Wang Fei , Yoshioka Kazuaki , Takuwa Noriko , Takuwa Yoh
Published: January 2011

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process involving complex interactions of modified lipoproteins, monocyte-derived macrophages or foam cells, lymphocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), and vascular smooth muscle cells. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a biologically active blood-borne lipid mediator, exerts pleiotropic effects such as cell proliferation, migration and cell-cell adhesion in a variety of cell types via five members of S1P-specific high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-S1P5). Among them, S1P1, S1P2 and S1P3 are major receptor subtypes which are widely expressed in various tissues. Available evidence suggest that S1P and HDL-bound S1P exert atheroprotective effects including inhibition of leukocyte adhesion and stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells (ECs) through the activation of Gi signaling pathway via S1P3 and probably S1P1, although there is still controversy. FTY720, the phosphorylation product of which is a high-affinity agonist for all S1P receptors except S1P2 and act as an immunosuppressant by downregulating S1P1 on lymphocytes, inhibits atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-null mice and apoE-null mice through the inhibition of lymphocyte and macrophage functions and probably stimulation of EC functions, without influencing plasma lipid concentrations. In contrast to S1P1 and S1P3, S1P2 facilitates atherosclerosis by activating G12/13-Rho-Rho kinase (ROCK) in apoE-null mice. S1P2 mediates transmigration of monocytes into the arterial intima, oxidized LDL accumulation and cytokine secretion in monocyte-derived macrophages, and eNOS inhibition and cytokine secretion in ECs through Rac inhibition, NF-kB activation and 3’-specific phosphoinositide phosphatase (PTEN) stimulation downstream of G12/13-Rho-ROCK. Systemic long-term administration of a selective S1P2-blocker remarkably inhibits atherosclerosis without overt toxicity. Thus, multiple S1P receptors positively and negatively regulate atherosclerosis through multitudes of mechanisms. Considering the essential and multi-faceted role of S1P2 in atherogenesis and the impact of S1P2 inactivation on atherosclerosis, S1P2 is a particularly promising therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
Bio-Decorated Polymer Membranes: A New Approach in Diagnostics and Therapeutics
Authors: Baumann Patric , Tanner Pascal , Onaca Ozana , Palivan Cornelia G.
Published: January 2011

Today, demand exists for new systems that can meet the challenges of identifying biological entities rapidly and specifically in diagnostics, developing stable and multifunctional membranes, and engineering devices at the nanometer scale. In this respect, bio-decorated membranes combine the specificity and efficacy of biological entities, such as peptides, proteins, and DNA, with stability and the opportunity to chemically tailor the properties of polymeric membranes. A smart strategy that serves to fulfill biological criteria is required, whereby polymer membranes come to mimic biological membranes and do not disturb but rather enhance the functioning and activity of a biological entity. Different approaches have been developed, exemplified by either planar or vesicular membranes, allowing insertion inside the polymer membrane or anchoring via functionalization of the membrane surface. Inspired by nature, but incorporating the strength provided by chemical design, bio-decorated polymer membranes represent a novel concept with great potential in diagnostics and therapeutics.
Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Kuno Noriyuki , Fujii Shinobu
Published: January 2011

Transport of drugs applied by traditional dosage forms is restricted to the eye, and therapeutic drug concentrations in the target tissues are not maintained for a long duration since the eyes are protected by a unique anatomy and physiology. For the treatment of the anterior segment of the eye, various droppable products to prolong the retention time on the ocular surface have been introduced in the market. On the other hand, direct intravitreal implants, using biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer technology, have been widely investigated for the treatment of chronic vitreoretinal diseases. There is urgent need to develop ocular drug delivery systems which provide controlled release for the treatment of chronic diseases, and increase patient’s and doctor’s convenience to reduce the dosing frequency and invasive treatment. In this article, progress of ocular drug delivery systems under clinical trials and in late experimental stage is reviewed.
Using Eddy Covariance Sensors to Quantify Carbon Metabolism of Peatlands: A Case Study in Turkey
Authors: Evrendilek Fatih , Karakaya Nusret , Aslan Guler , Ertekin Can
Published: January 2011

Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured in a cool temperate peatland in northwestern Turkey on a continuous basis using eddy covariance (EC) sensors and multiple (non-)linear regression-M(N)LR-models. Our results showed that hourly NEE varied between −1.26 and 1.06 mg CO2 m−2 s−1, with a mean value of 0.11 mg CO2 m−2 s−1. Nighttime ecosystem respiration (RE) was on average measured as 0.23 ± 0.09 mg CO2 m−2 s−1. Two best-fit M(N)LR models estimated daytime RE as 0.64 ± 0.31 and 0.24 ± 0.05 mg CO2 m−2 s−1. Total RE as the sum of nighttime and daytime RE ranged from 0.47 to 0.87 mg CO2 m−2 s−1, thus yielding estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) at −0.35 ± 0.18 and −0.74 ± 0.43 mg CO2 m−2 s−1. Use of EC sensors and M(N)LR models is one of the most direct ways to quantify turbulent CO2 exchanges among the soil, vegetation and atmosphere within the atmospheric boundary layer, as well as source and sink behaviors of ecosystems.
Studies in the Use of Magnetic Microspheres for Immunoaffinity Extraction of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins from Shellfish
Authors: Devlin Raymond , Campbell Katrina , Kawatsu Kentaro , Elliott Christopher
Published: January 2011

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a potentially fatal human health condition caused by the consumption of shellfish containing high levels of PSP toxins. Toxin extraction from shellfish and from algal cultures for use as standards and analysis by alternative analytical monitoring methods to the mouse bioassay is extensive and laborious. This study investigated whether a selected MAb antibody could be coupled to a novel form of magnetic microsphere (hollow glass magnetic microspheres, brand name Ferrospheres-N) and whether these coated microspheres could be utilized in the extraction of low concentrations of the PSP toxin, STX, from potential extraction buffers and spiked mussel extracts. The feasibility of utilizing a mass of 25 mg of Ferrospheres-N, as a simple extraction procedure for STX from spiked sodium acetate buffer, spiked PBS buffer and spiked mussel extracts was determined. The effects of a range of toxin concentrations (20–300 ng/mL), incubation times and temperature on the capability of the immuno-capture of the STX from the spiked mussel extracts were investigated. Finally, the coated microspheres were tested to determine their efficiency at extracting PSP toxins from naturally contaminated mussel samples. Toxin recovery after each experiment was determined by HPLC analysis. This study on using a highly novel immunoaffinity based extraction procedure, using STX as a model, has indicated that it could be a convenient alternative to conventional extraction procedures used in toxin purification prior to sample analysis.
Distribution of 36Cl in the Yoro River Basin, Central Japan, and Its Relation to the Residence Time of the Regional Groundwater Flow System
Authors: Tosaki Yuki , Tase Norio , Kondoh Akihiko , Sasa Kimikazu , Takahashi Tsutomu , Nagashima Yasuo
Published: January 2011

This study investigates the potential of 36Cl in tracing young groundwater with residence times of up to ~50 years. Groundwater samples were obtained from 16 irrigation wells in paddy fields located within an upland–lowland system in the Yoro River basin, Central Japan. The 36Cl/Cl ratios were in the range of 17 to 362 × 10−15. Among the samples with higher Cl− concentrations (>10 mg/L), two samples showed high nitrate concentrations as well (>30 mg/L). Except for these samples, the distribution of 36Cl in groundwater was essentially consistent with previous tritium concentration data measured in 1982 and 1994, considering the time that has elapsed since these earlier measurements were performed. 36Cl/Cl values were less than 30 × 10−15 in lowland areas, with higher values in and around upland areas. The results indicate longer residence times in the regional groundwater flow system (>50 years) than those estimated in previous studies, especially in the area west of the Yoro River. The results demonstrate the ability of 36Cl to trace young groundwater flow, particularly because high values of bomb-derived 36Cl/Cl are easily discriminated from pre-bomb water with low 36Cl/Cl values. Because of its very long half-life (3.01 × 105 years), 36Cl remains even after tritium is no longer available.
L'agriculture néo-paysanne roumaine : le tampon social contre la relance globale
Authors: Pouliquen Alain
Published: January 2011

La décollectivisation agraire de la Roumanie l'a dotée d'une agriculture néo-paysanne primitive, qui absorbe de manière économe les conséquences sociales de la transition systémique post-communiste. L'accélération tardive de celle-ci depuis 1997 a conduit à une nouvelle récession globale et tend à liquider les restes du secteur agroalimentaire étatique après l'échec économique de sa régulation administrée, sans relais privé significatif. Cristallisées par le suremploi caché, les micro-exploitations néo-paysannes et leurs circuits d'aval artisanaux ne peuvent donc ravitailler l'économie urbaine qu'à des prix et/ou des coûts budgétaires durablement trop élevés pour permettre sa relance compétitive. Une des conditions nécessaires de celle-ci serait donc de libéraliser davantage l'importation agro-alimentaire - ce qui affecterait peu l'emploi agricole néopaysan, très peu dépendant des ventes agricoles - et de réserver les soutiens possibles au seul noyau potentiellement compétitif du secteur. Ceci pourrait faciliter l'adhésion de la Roumanie à TUE, si celle-ci en exploite adéquatement l'opportunité, notamment dans l'aide au développement rural et à l'exode rural maîtrisé.
Alexandre Dugin : esquisse d'un eurasisme d'extrême-droite en Russie post-soviétique
Authors: Laruelle Marlène
Published: January 2011

Parmi les nombreux courants néo-eurasistes qui émergent en Russie depuis une décennie, celui d'Alexandre Dugin se distingue par sa présence sur la scène politique et ses spécificités intellectuelles. À l'idée géopolitique d'une Russie grande puissance continentaliste, impérialiste et autocratique, Dugin a en effet ajouté des ingrédients occultistes, aryanistes, antisémites et néo-païens qui font de son discours une version russe éclectique de la pensée d'extrême-droite - Dugin fut longtemps proche de la Nouvelle droite d'Alain de Benoist - plus qu'une nouvelle formulation du traditionnel eurasisme. Après avoir longuement milité dans les mouvances "national-bolcheviques" opposées à la politique eltsinienne, Dugin, à la tête du parti "Evrazija", se présente dorénavant comme le conseiller de l'ombre du nouveau pouvoir. Il espère ainsi offrir à Vladimir Poutine une idéologie constituée lui permettant de s'affirmer sur la scène internationale et de promouvoir, en Russie même, un nouveau mode de gestion des conflits entre Russes et minorités ou centre et périphérie censé éviter l'implosion de la Fédération.
L'Internationale socialiste et les partis socialistes exilés du bloc communiste : le cas de la Fédération révolutionnaire arménienne Dachnaktsoutioun
Authors: Minassian Gaïdz
Published: January 2011

Neglected by the Socialist Internationale (SI) for the sake of peace, the exiled socialist parties of eastern Europe had to wait till the Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War before joining the SI. Among these organizations, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) stood out owing to its worldwide network and its long past as an organized party. The old but ambiguous relations between the ARF and the SI revolved around the architecture of international relations, the evolution of democratic socialism and the development of the Armenian question. The SI was always wary of the sort of socialism advocated by the ARF, which it saw less as a socialist movement than as a nationalistic party. For the ARF, the SI was mainly a forum where it could advance the Armenian question and where international socialism could shine. Changes in the turbulent relations between these two organizations is analyzed from 1951, when the SI was created, till our times.
La privatisation des logements urbains : un processus complexe et en évolution. Le cas de Saint-Pétersbourg
Authors: Amestoy Isabelle
Published: January 2011

Depuis 1992, la réforme institutionnelle et économique menée en Russie porte sur un axe majeur : la politique de privatisation gratuite du parc de logements. La remise en cause du régime socialiste soviétique a donc annoncé de profonds bouleversements sociaux, économiques et politiques. Cependant, le transfert de propriété du parc public vers la sphère privée est d'ores et déjà lancé sous Mikhaïl Gorbatchev et, en 1992, il s'agit bien plus d'impulser une dynamique nouvelle à ce processus que de renier un passé proche. Au moment où l'État fédéral russe transmet la pleine et entière propriété du parc aux organes locaux, la privatisation gratuite, pensée comme le changement de propriété et le développement d'un secteur privé dominant, devient le facteur-clé nécessaire à la "réformation" de la politique publique et à l'instauration de nouvelles "relations dans l'habitat". Or, malgré les conditions très avantageuses mises en place, la privatisation s'essouffle et les difficultés de la gestion publique persistent. Le cas de Saint-Pétersbourg est de ce point de vue exemplaire. Car si l'essor de la propriété privée est réel lors des deux premières années de "transition", le net ralentissement enregistré depuis pose question : certes, le schéma politique adopté au début des années 1990 témoigne de la prise en compte des expériences passées et de la volonté d'imprimer une dynamique au transfert de propriété, mais il semble plus que jamais nécessaire de tenir compte de la logique patrimoniale d'une population appelée à gérer seule ses conditions de logement. Le gradualisme du processus, tel qu'il se dégage de la politique de privatisation, dépend en effet du degré d'implication de la population et du sentiment d'appropriation censé émerger depuis 1989.
Les différenciations régionales de l'espace linguistique en Ukraine
Authors: Besters-Dilger Juliane
Published: January 2011

Sur le plan linguistique, l'Ukraine se trouve dans une situation très particulière : la langue d'Etat (l'ukrainien) n'est pas la langue qui, actuellement, est majoritairement utilisée par la population puisque c'est le russe qui prime. La répartition des langues russe et ukrainienne, héritée de la longue durée et de la russification linguistique et ethnique de l'Ukraine à l'époque soviétique, a abouti à une polarisation linguistique Est-Ouest qui n'a pu être surmontée jusqu'ici. Le jeune État ukrainien s'est fixé pour objectif la création d'une nation ukrainienne dans laquelle la langue devient un symbole eminent en raison de l'absence d'autres signes caractéristiques d'une nation. Les débats provoqués par les dispositions législatives adoptées et par la Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires du 5 novembre 1992 illustrent l'enjeu politique capital de ce dossier. Mais pour être stable, un État doit-il nécessairement être un État- nation ?
Accroître ou réduire ? L'administration des États successeurs de l'URSS : un point de vue historique comparatiste sur le niveau des effectifs
Authors: Velychenko Stephen
Published: January 2011

His quantitative study suggests that a large central administration was a missing element of modernity in this part of the world. Aggregate totals and ratios of central government administrators, soldiers and police in relation to the population in the Tsarist Empire and the USSR are compared with those from selected western European national states and empires. From 1897 to 1991, Russian ruled Eurasia had fewer administrators per capita than European national states but more troops and administrators than European colonies. Only in the 1930s did the Red Army become the largest military force per capita in the world. And only after the 1920s did today's Russian Federation begin to have more administrators per capita than non-Russian territories in the Tsarist and Soviet empires. Whereas, compared to Great Russia, non-Russian regions had quite variable per capita distributions of police and troops before and after 1917, Great Russia (unlike other imperial centers) apparently did not have more police or administrators than its peripheral possessions prior to the 1930s. Given the government's relatively small size, it seems unreasonable to suggest, for all post-Soviet countries, staffing reductions only suitable for advanced industrial societies. Furthermore, policies perhaps suitable for the Russian Federation should not automatically be considered appropriate for the newly independent non-Russian states.
La censure à l'époque de la perestroïka : le passé surmonté ? De la symbiose forcée à la scission inévitable
Authors: Zarestskaïa-Balsente loulia
Published: January 2011

The relation between intellectuals and censors during the perestroika helps us understand the six years from 1985 to 1991 when M. Gorbatchev held power. Such an analysis brings to light the true nature of glasnost: rather than being based on freedom of speech, it was intended to mobilize the intelligentsia in order to improve the system. As can be seen through the changes in relations between intellectuals and censors, the system was not durable; and glasnost, by opening access to historical truth, stripped the system of its legitimacy. During the perestroika, the "Soviet mentality" prevailed in both acts of censorship and the attitude of intellectuals. As glasnost developed and censorship eased up, intellectuals were forced to constantly work on their own attitudes so as to overcome their self- censorship reflex and move beyond the Soviet era.
Les migrants transnationaux : une nouvelle figure sociale en Roumanie
Authors: Potot Swanie
Published: January 2011

In the context of the never-ending post-Communist "transition", temporary labor migrations by members of the Romanian middle classes toward wealthy countries are taking place, along with other migratory trends that reflect a pendulum movement or are linked to the "suitcase trade", as a particular strategy for adapting to the recession. Various statistical studies prove that more and more young city-dwellers with an education are doing this. Based on a survey of this population in a middle-sized town near Bucharest, this analysis focuses on the formation of the networks necessary for the operation of these informal movements throughout Europe. Beyond their initial plans of an occasional or temporary sort, ever more individuals with a transnational social capital tend to take part in such migrations, which become a full-time activity. The social position of these migrants is examined. Dividing their lives between a comfortable installation in Romania and a succession of "periods" of work outside the country, these migrants adopt, in their hometown, behaviors and practices related to their rising mobility. We thus see a new social category take shape.
L'entreprise du peuple et le socialisme en R.D.A. : de l'Histoire comme une ressource
Authors: Kott Sandrine
Published: January 2011

In Communist societies in general and East Germany in particular, state companies were a key institution. Their independence was limited through planning and the single party's omnipotence. State firms also considerably influenced society owing to their role in redistributing wealth. But for those who lived in East Germany, this influence was also felt because these firms were less well managed; and planning proved incapable of running the economy effectively. The survival of this key communist institution depended on informal networks and practices, which arose as political authorities "gave up", sometimes even encouraging their formation. This twofold dimension of the reality of East German firms can turn history into a resource for our own times.
Marché, organisation, réseau : l'économie de la société et la problématique communiste et post-communiste. Quelques réflexions dans une perspective luhmannienne
Authors: Baslé Louis
Published: January 2011

How methodologically and theoretically valid is Luhmann's sociological theory based on the idea of an "autopoietic", self-referential system? Every system is said do define itself as a difference with its environment. This theory is tested in relation to the (now nearly) extinct Soviet economies and the divergent, erratic patterns that have ensued. According to Luhmann, the economy is a self-contained system, like other systems in society (law, politics, etc.), this différenciation into systems being typical of modernity. The economic system reproduces itself through the chaining of payments, using money as a medium. It swings back and forth between variety (freedom and indeterminacy) and redundancy (constraint and hierarchical decision-making). Refusing differentiation, Communism sought to modernize the economy by exercising, through a single party, political control over all of society. The political system tried to command the economic system, running it like a machine. This broke the chain of payments, undermined actors' probability-based expectations and stifled the economy. In turn, patronage networks proliferated, since they were the only defense against the lack of variety. Communism is not a system that can be compared to another system. In relation to modernity, it represented an "internal protest" and a "critical self-description". It was also an attempt, undertaken in countries "irritated" and disturbed by the challenge of modernity, to achieve modern development without the inevitability of differentiation. Following the collapse of Communism, the ways of "exiting" from it depend on the historical and cultural context with regard to functional differentiation.
L'acquis communautaire, du mythe à la pratique
Authors: Audeoud Olivier
Published: January 2011

Officialized by the Treaty on the European Union, but without being clearly defined, the acquis has become a reference mark for European integration. What does it mean? This term seems to both provide a framework for ÉU actions and impose obligations on member states as well as candidate countries. References to the acquis are examined in order to delimit the concept and assess it in the context mentioned by the Commission in its Communication of 5 December 2001, where it referred to the acquis as the grounds for law and integration.
Les critères administratifs de l'adhésion à l'Union européenne : sont-ils voués au placard ?
Authors: Verheijen Tony
Published: January 2011

Alors que TUE a toujours évalué les pays candidats en fonction de leur capacité à appliquer effectivement l'acquis communautaire dans le domaine sectoriel, les critères administratifs horizontaux constituent un élément nouveau du processus d'adhésion, introduit pour la première fois lors de la vague actuelle d'élargissement. Les capacités administratives horizontales, ou générales, ont fini par susciter de l'intérêt tant pour des raisons internes (érosion de la confiance mutuelle) que pour des raisons dues à l'expérience acquise par l'UE pendant plus d'une décennie de collaboration avec les pays candidats (multiples problèmes soulevés par la mise en œuvre des programmes d'assistance). Cet examen critique du développement et de l'application du critère des capacités administratives horizontales pose la question de savoir s'ils importent vraiment. L'UE a changé à plusieurs reprises d'attitude à leur égard : après avoir ignoré ces critères, elle les a pris en considération comme un sous-ensemble des critères sectoriels, puis les a qualifiés d'élément capital dans l'évaluation des pays candidats avant que les Rapports réguliers de 2001 ne leur prêtent, de nouveau, qu'une attention assez superficielle. S'agit-il en définitive de "vrais" critères ? Ou ne sont-ils qu'un moyen commode dont l'UE se servirait à son gré pour faire ou non pression sur les pays candidats selon les progrès réalisés par ces derniers dans d'autres domaines qu'elle juge plus importants ? Toujours est-il que l'usage qui en est fait ne renforce pas la crédibilité de ces critères. Cela pourrait conduire les responsables politiques des pays candidats à ajourner les efforts qu'ils doivent encore impérativement fournir pour reconstruire leur administration publique centrale. De ce fait, le fonctionnement du système politique de l'UE pourrait être confronté à de graves problèmes une fois l'élargissement réalisé.
L'adaptation des structures territoriales face à la politique régionale communautaire
Authors: Marcou Gérard
Published: January 2011

La décentralisation communale a été une priorité des réformes administratives et politiques à partir de 1990. Le niveau intermédiaire est resté en attente de choix politiques institutionnels jusqu'à ces dernières années dans la plupart des pays. La préparation de l'élargissement a exercé une pression sur l'organisation territoriale des PECO afin d'assurer la capacité de programmation indispensable au bénéfice des fonds structurels. Les règlements sur les fonds structurels n'imposent pas un mode particulier d'organisation territoriale mais, au travers du principe de partenariat, ils exigent un certain de degré de décentralisation. La "Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques" (NUTS) n'impose pas une organisation territoriale, mais la discussion sur les unités NUTS a souvent été liée aux discussions sur le niveau intermédiaire, assimilé à la régionalisation. Toutefois, les options retenues dans les PECO traduisent une certaine prudence : aucun ne s'oriente vers l'institution d'un niveau intermédiaire puissant, soit parce que la taille de l'Etat ne le justifie pas, soit par crainte d'instituer un pouvoir régional concurrent ou de mettre en danger l'unité de l'État ; certains s'en tiennent à une simple déconcentration. Seule la Pologne fait exception et il est encore trop tôt pour apprécier la portée des réformes tchèques et slovaques, qui introduiront cependant une réelle décentralisation au niveau intermédiaire. Enfin, la préparation de l'adhésion a conduit à l'organisation d'une politique de développement régional qui a été dans certains États un support de la régionalisation, mais à l'inverse l'organisation de la politique régionale reflète aussi les options retenues pour le niveau intermédiaire.
La libre circulation des personnes et la politique européenne d'immigration : deux enjeux cruciaux pour un élargissement réussi
Authors: Borissova Lora
Published: January 2011

The free movement of persons and immigration policy are two interdependent questions that are fundamental to the successful enlargment of the EU. Expanding the EU toward eastern and central Europe entails coping with the problem of the free movement of persons from these countries throughout the EU, both before and after membership. Working out a coherent EU immigration policy is necessary in order to create a space where the freedom, security and justice proclaimed by the Amsterdam Treaty will reign. These two problems, since they are correlated, must be analyzed together given their importance in negotiations with candidate countries. On the one hand, controls at the EU border must be operative thanks to the drafting of a common immigration and refugee policy, which should include a common visa policy. On the other hand, once persons coming from non-EU lands have crossed the EU border, they should benefit from the absence of controls at borders inside the Union. They could thus enjoy the basic freedoms of the Internal Market.
L'impact de l'Union européenne sur l'administration et le style de gouvernement en Hongrie
Authors: Verebelyi Imre
Published: January 2011

Dans le système de l'Union européenne, les administrations des États membres participent à l'élaboration autant qu'à l'exécution des décisions de l'Union. Les petits États sont relativement désavantagés par leurs droits de vote, ce qui sera le cas de la Hongrie et de la plupart des PECO après leur adhésion. En outre, avant l'adhésion, ils ont été peu familiarisés avec les procédures d'élaboration. Ce sera pour eux un enjeu capital de se préparer et d'atteindre le plus rapidement possible le niveau professionnel de leurs partenaires. La capacité de l'administration sera aussi une condition essentielle du succès de l'élargissement, notamment pour assurer une bonne utilisation des fonds structurels et, également, une bonne application du droit communautaire, indispensable à la confiance entre les États membres et à leur égalité effective. Dans cet effort d'adaptation, les échanges bilatéraux et la coopération des organisations internationales ont été précieux. Il convient cependant que la Hongrie, comme chaque pays, développe, en interaction avec les autres, son propre système tenant compte de sa tradition et de la logique interne de ses institutions. Tel est le cas, en particulier, de l'organisation territoriale : le découpage statistique de la Hongrie pour les besoins de l'Union européenne ne doit pas s'imposer à l'organisation administrative. En effet, le système des comtés (comi- tat) est adapté aux besoins de la politique régionale, à l'échelle de la Hongrie, sous réserve du regroupement des comtés les plus petits.
Systèmes financiers et transition : où en est-on ? Une revue critique de la libéralisation financière
Authors: Saidane Dhafer
Published: January 2011

La vision idyllique de la libéralisation financière est obscurcie par l'accroissement de l'instabilité financière durant les années 1980 et 1990. Les difficultés éprouvées par les secteurs bancaires ont conduit à des crises systémiques de grande ampleur. Dans certains pays asiatiques, latino-américains et est-européens, les banques ont été gravement affectées par la déréglementation du secteur financier. On se propose ici de procéder à un examen critique de la libéralisation financière à travers une revue de la littérature. On analysera d'abord ses faiblesses endémiques, ensuite on étudiera quelques solutions d'ordre institutionnel et conceptuel. Il s'agit d'identifier notamment la dimension microéconomique des banques en tant que moteur de la croissance et d'affirmer leur rôle dans un processus de transition dont les acteurs et leurs divers conseillers étaient souvent des apologistes du marché financier.
Action environnementale et démocratie locale en Hongrie post-socialiste
Authors: Depraz Samuel
Published: January 2011

L'histoire des politiques environnementales en Hongrie est marquée par les caractéristiques du système d'État socialiste : la prise en compte de l'environnement dans la planification est restée, jusqu'en 1989, largement sectorielle et limitée à la seule protection de la nature. Les décisions politiques relevaient du pouvoir central et de la sphère bureaucratique, peu enclins à la prise en compte des pollutions et des risques environnementaux. Les mouvements écologistes des années 1980 ont précisément contribué à dénoncer ces traits et à ébranler le régime finissant. Cependant, la période post-socialiste, malgré sa volonté affichée de rupture avec le régime précédent, n'a pas tout à fait gommé les traces des pratiques politiques et institutionnelles antérieures. L'action environnementale a repris un tour technocratique et centralisé ; les institutions politiques peinent à appliquer le paradigme environnemental européen fondé sur le développement durable et l'initiative locale - précisément parce que cette dernière fait défaut. Le principal héritage du socialisme serait ainsi le manque relatif de participation démocratique à la question environnementale comme à l'action locale en général.
L'impact économique de la reprise de l'acquis communautaire environnemental dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale : coûts et bénéfices
Authors: Dorca Sébastien
Published: January 2011

Le 1er mai 2004, l'Union européenne a connu son cinquième élargissement avec l'adhésion de dix nouveaux pays, dont huit d'Europe centrale et orientale. L'intégration de ces derniers représente un véritable défi économique, en particulier sur le plan environnemental. En devenant membres de l'Union européenne, ils doivent adopter des réglementations (ou normes) environnementales plus strictes que celles déjà en vigueur (processus de reprise de l'acquis communautaire). Cela engendre des coûts supplémentaires liés, notamment, à la mise en conformité des industries, à la gestion des déchets et à l'instauration des structures administratives. Cependant, l'introduction de ces normes procure des avantages économiques importants, principalement issus des économies de ressources naturelles, de l'amélioration de la productivité grâce à l'innovation et de l'augmentation des débouchés commerciaux. Cet article montre, en comparant les coûts et bénéfices de l'application des normes environnementales européennes, que les bénéfices dépassent à moyen-long terme les coûts initiaux. L'Hypothèse de Porter, qui souligne les avantages des politiques environnementales, se vérifie donc à condition toutefois que ces dernières soient intégrées le plus en amont possible dans les stratégies économiques et s'appuient sur des évaluations précises des situations environnementales et économiques des pays.
La polémique sur la ratification du protocole de Kyoto en Russie : poids des réseaux soviétiques et nouveaux dilemmes
Authors: Mandrillon Marie-Hélène
Published: January 2011

The controversy in Russia about ratifying the Kyoto Protocol: New dilemmas and the weight of Soviet networks

Whereas the EU plays a leading role in the fight against global climactic change, the question of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol has stirred up a surprisingly intense public controversy in post-Soviet Russia. While scientists in industrialized countries are bringing pressure to bear on governments to make them adopt public policies for preventing global risks, the Russian Academy of Sciences is opposed to this. The reasons accounting for this Russian reaction are explained. The development of this controversy is examined from the viewpoint of several social actors - persons, groups, institutions — involved in it. Light is shed on how global and national issues interlock. The lines of cleavage and nature of the coalitions are described.
Temps de recomposition des territoires ruraux en Europe centrale. Retour sur une expérience de terrain
Authors: Maurel Marie-Claude
Published: January 2011

À partir de matériaux empiriques, l'article dresse un bilan des transformations économiques et sociales de la période post-collectiviste en montrant comment se recomposent les formes spatiales qui structurent les territoires ruraux. Après avoir défini le cadre heuristique et méthodologique de la recherche de terrain, l'étude retrace les itinéraires de décollectivisation en les replaçant dans le temps long de la transformation des formes sociales de production. Le changement de système politique, économique et social ouvre sur un temps de recomposition des territoires ruraux. À partir de l'observation des processus de diversification des fonctions et des usages, on analyse les modalités différenciées du processus de recomposition. Les trajectoires territoriales procèdent de la combinaison spécifique d'un effet de temps et d'un effet de lieu. Une grille de lecture de ces trajectoires de recomposition est proposée.