bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEASURING SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST AND DEATH INCIDENCE IN MINNESOTA HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES: A COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION STRATEGIES
Authors: Harmon K , Drezner J
Published: March 2014

Background

The incidence of SCD in Minnesota high school athletes was recently reported from 1 in 416,666 to 917,069 athlete-years based on search of catastrophic insurance claims data. The low rate of SCD was attributed to the effectiveness of a standardized pre-participation screening program using American Heart Association recommendations. However, in college age populations insurance claims data identified only 20% of SCDs.

Objective

To determine the incidence of SCA/SCD in Minnesota high school athletes using media reports and compare this to incidence using insurance claims data.

Design

Retrospective review of the Parent Heart Watch database generated from systematic search of media reports. Each case was reviewed for details. Sport participation numbers were from the National Federation of High Schools.

Setting

Minnesota.

Participants

1 906 014 high school athletes ages 14–18 from 2002–2012.

Interventions

None.

Main outcome measurements

Incidence of SCA.

Results

Media reports identified 14 SCAs, (7 SCDs /7 SCAs who survived), during the 10 year period examined, all in male athletes. The death rate in Minnesota high school athletes was 1 in 102 485. The SCA rate (death+arrests) was 1 in 51 243 athlete-years and 1 in 33 480 athlete-years in males. 43% of events and 29% of deaths identified occurred while participating on a school sponsored team. Seven of 14 events (50%) occurred in male basketball players for an SCA rate of 1 in 17 465 athlete-years. During the same time period there was one death (14%) identified using catastrophic insurance claims data.

Conclusions

SCA/SCD rates in Minnesota high school athletes are significantly higher than previously reported and the incidence in male basketball players is disproportionately high. Media reports have been shown to underestimate SCD rates by almost 50% so these numbers represent a low estimate. Insurance claims grossly underestimate the incidence of SCD and cannot be used to measure cardiovascular endpoints in athletes or evaluate screening programs.
THEORETICAL MODEL FOR THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF TACKLES A PLAYER ENGAGES IN, TACKLE INJURY RISK AND PERFORMANCE IN RUGBY UNION
Authors: Hendricks S , Micheal L
Published: March 2014

Background

The tackle in rugby union is a physical contest between opposing players contending for territory and ball possession. During an 80-minute rugby match, a player will physically engage in the tackle contest between 10 to 35 times. For a player to repeatedly engage safely and effectively in the tackle, a high level of skill and physical tolerance is required.

Objective

Understanding the physical demands of a tackle is necessary for the design and development of proper training drills, equipment, planning and management of training, recovery between training sessions and matches, minimising the risk of injury., and to replicate the event in the laboratory for research.

Design

Theoretical model.

Setting

Worldwide rugby playing population.

Participants

All levels of play.

Risk factor assessment

Magnitude of impact (energy load), number of tackles (during a match or over a season), muscle damage (micro trauma).

Main outcome measurements

Tackle injury risk and tackle performance.

Results

It is theorised that players have a capacity to endure repeated high energy impact tackle situations. However, there is an upper limit, beyond which, the risk of injury is substantially increased, and tackle performance is noticeably decreased. This upper limit is reached either through one or two very high-energy impact contact situations or, accumulates over a match or season. Effective tackle skill training, proper physical conditioning, strength, power, equipment and attitude/motivation can offset the upper limit.

Conclusions

Building on previous work in conjunction with the findings of Hendricks et al, a theoretical model for the relationship between the number of tackles a player engages in (acute or chronic fatigue), magnitude of impact (energy load), markers of muscle damage (micro trauma) and how this relationship interacts with tackle injury risk (tolerance overload or reduction) and tackle performance is proposed.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS OF TOP JUNIOR RUGBY UNION COACHES TOWARDS TRAINING THE TACKLE
Authors: Hendricks S , Martin S , Micheal L
Published: March 2014

Background

Coaching strategies for effective technique and injury prevention have been proposed for the tackle. Despite this, little is known about current knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of coaches towards proper contact technique when training the tackle.

Objective

Report on coaches' knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards coaching the tackle.

Design

Questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale for importance (attitude), quantity (behaviour) and injury risk (knowledge). Field-training sessions were observed during the first 4 weeks of the season.

Setting

High school rugby coaches and their respective training sessions.

Participants

Top 8 junior rugby coaches in the Western Cape, South Africa.

Risk factor assessment

Two sources: (i) from the questionnaire; importance of safety and performance, methods used to train the tackle, resources used to develop coaching knowledge and factors influencing their coaching, (ii) from observing training; number of tackle training sessions, time spent training the tackle, design of tackle training drill, equipment used, instruction and emphasis communicated to players.

Main outcome measurements

Knowledge, attitudes, reported behaviours when training proper contact techniques, and observed behaviours for tackle training.

Results

Coaches noted the tackle event as a high-risk phase of play (mean risk rating for tackling=3.8, 95% CI 3.3–4.4; ball into contact=3.6, 95% CI 2.6–4.6). Proper contact technique was rated asimportantandvery importantfor both safety and performance. Of the 96 training sessions observed, 16% (n=15) included tackle training.

Conclusions

The coaches in this study were aware that the tackle is a high-risk phase of play, and that coaching proper technique is important for tackling and taking the ball into contact. A positive attitude was shown towards the importance of proper technique in reducing the risk of injury and improving performance. Details on actual tackle training behaviours were revealed, however, it is difficult at this stage to establish whether this is sufficient for match preparation.
DEVELOPING A TEACHING OUTLINE: AN 11+ IMPLEMENTATION STUDY IN NIGERIA
Authors: Bakare U , Ogunkunle E
Published: March 2014

Objective

To provide information from practice based evidence on the structure of teaching the protocol of “11+” to potential instructors for coaches/handlers of teams as part of an on-goin implementation study.

Methods

Prequel to an implementation study of the "11+" included sytematic recruitment of interested persons, taking them through a course of training in the Protocol using a self-developed syllabus for two-hours per session over a course of 16 sessions. The individuals recruited were in 2011 and 2012 designated as group A and B respectively. Considerations: 1) The majority of the group of interested people trained can be classified as relatively active but not athletic, 2) Applying principles of exercise training which should be carried out progressively from low intensity to transition accordingly, 3) Time frame allocated at the training venue THE GRANGE SCHOOL IKEJA, LAGOS where the team had access pitch/classroom for a period of two hours for free on Saturdays.

Results

Group A completed thier training over a course of 16 weeks which helped in developing a teaching syllabus in 2012. The specified number of sessions was adequate to transfer knowledge effectively from Group A to Group B and equip participants effectively to prepare to teach potential target audience without being lost in translation. It created an opportunity for GROUP A to develop their teaching, technical ability and time management over the course of the sessions. It also created a template adoptable for implementation structure when training coaches/handlers/teams.

Conclusion

It is pertinent to have implementation strategies clearly outlined and structured to facilitate better outcomes of learning which may differ from place to place considering a host of factors contributing to affecting the implementation plan. The 16 sessions proposed is deemed adequate but can be completed in a shorter timeline if there is access to facilities for training and funding to facilitate program. The need for research outcome implemetation to target population.
JUMP HEIGHT IS THE CRITICAL FACTOR AFFECTING BETWEEN-SEX DIFFERENCES IN PATELLAR TENDON LOADING DURING LANDING IN VOLLEYBALL
Authors: Janssen I , Steele J , Munro B , Brown N
Published: March 2014

Background

Patellar tendinopathy is the most common overuse knee injury in volleyball, with men reporting more than twice the injury prevalence than women. However, whether between-sex variations in landing technique account for differences in patellar tendon loading is unknown.

Objective

Our objective was to compare the landing technique and patellar tendon loading in male and female volleyball players. We hypothesised that males would display differences in landing technique and generate higher patellar tendon loading due to having a higher jump height than the females.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting

A regulation height volleyball net and mounted volleyball were used to simulate volleyball court conditions.

Participants

Forty male and female volleyball players volunteered for this study. Participants were excluded if they were injured at the time of testing, had a history of lower limb surgery, equilibrium disorders, or orthopaedic or neurologic conditions that could influence their landing biomechanics.

Risk factor assessment

Independentt-tests were used to identify whether there were any between-sex differences in all 20 males and 20 females, or 13 males and 13 females matched for jump height.

Main outcome measurements

Three-dimensional lower limb kinematics were calculated to characterise landing technique. Patellar tendon loading was characterised by peak patellar tendon force and patellar tendon force loading rate.

Results

Males landed from a higher height (P<.001), displayed differences in landing kinematics (P<.05), and experienced higher patellar tendon loading (P=.002), than female players. These differences, however, dissipated when the participants were matched for jump height.

Conclusions

Jump height is the critical factor affecting patellar tendon loading, whereby a higher jump height is associated with higher patellar tendon loading, irrespective of sex. The between-sex disparity in patellar tendinopathy may, therefore, be due to males landing from greater heights causing higher patellar tendon loading, rather than being sex-related differences in landing technique.
A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PREVIOUS KNEE INJURY ON MEASURES OF BALANCE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION
Authors: Baltich J , Whittaker J , Nigg B , Emery C
Published: March 2014

Background

Individuals with a history of previous injury have been shown to be at higher risk for re-injury. It is plausible that this is due to balance deficits which have been identified as injury risk factors in multiple sports.

Objective

To quantify the impact of previous knee joint injury on clinical and force plate measures of balance.

Design

Historical Cohort.

Setting

University of Calgary Human Performance Laboratory.

Participants

25 young adults with a 3–10 year history of intra-articular knee joint injury and 25 matched (age, sex and sport) uninjured controls (34 males: 17-26 yrs; 16 females: 14-26 yrs).

Assessment of risk factors

Intra-articular knee injury was defined as a clinical diagnosis of bone, cartilage, ligament or meniscal injury that required medical consultation and disrupted sport participation.

Main outcome measures

Star excursion balance test (SEBT), medio-lateral entropic half-life (EHL-ML), anterior-posterior entropic half-life (EHL-AP), and center of pressure 95% ellipse area (EA). Force plate measures were quantified during single leg quiet standing.

Results

Injured participants had longer EHL-ML compared to healthy controls [Injured: 103 ms (95% CI: 97–109), Uninjured 94 ms (95% CI: 88–100), (paired t=2.031, P=.048)]. No group differences were found for the remaining balance measure [SEBT: Injured 76% (95% CI: 74–79), Uninjured 79% (95% CI: 77,80), (paired t=1.413, P=.164); EHL-AP: Injured 169 ms (95% CI: 148–190), Uninjured 152 ms (95% CI: 138–167), (paired t=1.289, P=.204); EA: Injured 694 mm2(95% CI: 585–802), Uninjured 597 mm2(95% CI: 505–688), (paired t=1.340, P=.187)].

Conclusions

Participants with previous knee injury (3–10 years) were unable to adjust their position as quickly and frequently as healthy controls as indicated by longer EHL-ML. This result suggests that previous injury has an impact on balance ability. These findings support the evaluation of balance to inform the development of interventions to prevent re-injury.
HYDRATION STATUS IN SWISS ELITE MALE JUDOKAS
Authors: Jung M , Malliaropoulos N
Published: March 2014

Background

Judo competitions are divided into weight classes. Some athletes reduce their body weight in short time in order to obtain a competitive advantage over lighter opponents. Fast weight loss comprises dehydration strategies that could place the athletes at health risk. Since nutrition is often the missing piece in the athlete's knowledge, the judoka is not aware of the risk taken. Hypohydration leads to a diminution of function and so has many negative effects on health (musculoskeletal and neurological).

Objective

To assess the feasibility of a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) based hydration status monitoring system before the competition and to compare it with a urine color chart scaling system.

Design

Observational descriptive study with anonymous data collection after informed consent during the Team Championship finals of the Swiss Judo Federation (SJV).

Setting

Field measurements on the competition day just after the official selection weight-in through BIA octopolar fluid balance electrical measurement, questionnaire data.

Participants

All accepting male athletes of the elite national Swiss teams.

Risk factor assessment

Body weight, hydration habitus and status.

Main outcome measurements

Extracellular/Intracellular and Total body water content status before entering the fighting mat (precompetitive hydration status).

Results

35 out of 48 athletes accepted to participate. 54% were under the current accepted euhydration status, but only 14% were in the non optimal urine color group. 70% had inappropriate drinking habits.

Conclusions

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a quick way to determine the total water content of competitive judokas on the field without being invasive and seems to be more precise than a color chart evaluation. Clinical application: it can help the Judo community to gather better knowledge on hydration problems. We expect this system to be part of a national and an international strategy of tracking hydration questions.
ECCENTRIC TRAINING IMPROVES TENDON BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES: A RAT MODEL
Authors: Kaux JF , Drion P , Libertiaux V , Colige A , Hoffmann A , Nusgens B , Forthomme B , Le Goff C , Franzen R , Rickert M , Crielaard JM , Croisier JL
Published: March 2014

Background

Even if eccentric exercises appear favourable in primary prevention of tendons lesions and, especially, in secondary prevention after tendinopathy, the biomechanical changes to the tissue are not yet clear.

Objective

We aimed to better define the biomechanical changes that affect healthy tendon after eccentric and concentric training.

Design

Randomised controlled trial.

Setting

Animal study.

Participants

18 Sprague-Dawley rats of 2 months.

Interventions

The 6 rats in the control group (U) were not subjected to physical exercise. The 12 remaining rats (6 in each group) ran on a treadmill set at a +15° incline for concentric training (C) or a −15° incline for eccentric training (E), at a speed of 17 m/min for 1 h, three times per week for 5 weeks.

Main outcome measurements

The tricipital, patellar and Achilles tendons were subsequently removed to perform a traction test until rupture, and a histological analysis was performed.

Results

There was a significant improvement in the rupture force of the patellar and tricipital tendons between the U and E groups. The tricipital tendons in the control group presented a significantly smaller cross-section than the E- and C-trained groups, but none between E and C groups. No significant difference was observed for the mechanical stress at rupture per surface unit between the three groups for all three tendons. However, a tendency towards improvement these values was observed between the trained and the U groups for the patellar tendon. Histological studies demonstrated the tendency of the development of a greater number of blood vessels and a larger quantity of collagen in the eccentric group.

Conclusions

The mechanical properties of tendons in rats improve after specific training, especially following eccentric training. Our results partly explained how mechanical loading, especially in eccentric mode, could improve the tendon structure and perhaps prevent to tendon pathologies.
SPORT CONCUSSION KNOWLEDGE BASE AND CURRENT PRACTICE– A SURVEY OF PHYSICIAN SECTIONS FROM THE ONTARIO MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Authors: Lebrun C , Mrazik M , Prasad A , Taylor T , Jevremovic T
Published: March 2014

Background

It is critical that physicians understand concussion management.

Objective

Identify practice patterns/knowledge base in two physician populations.

Design

On-line survey.

Setting

Ontario, Canada.

Participants

Physicians from Sections: Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM), General and Family Practice (SGFP).

Interventions

Emailed survey, 2 reminders.

Main utcome measurements:

Practice patterns/knowledge base, learning methods: current/preferred.

Results

Participants:SEM 92/594 (15.5%), SGFP 270/12,168 (2.2%); urban practice (90.2% SEM, 71.5% SFGP; P<.001). In preceding 3 months, 84.8% of SEM and 65.6% of SFGP had managed patients with concussion. More SEM than SGFP physicians saw >5 children under 18 with concussions per month (40.2% SEM, 9.5% SGFP; P<001).Tools:Clinical examination (92.4% SEM, 93.7% SFGP); Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT/SCAT2) (68.4% SEM, 34.1% SFGP; P<.001); balance testing (56.5% SEM, 37.4% SFGP; P=.001); computerized neurocognitive testing (23.9% SEM, 1.9% SFGP; P<.001); concussion grading scales (9.8% SEM, 14.1% SFGP; P<.001).Management:Complete physical rest (65.2% SEM, 68.5% SFGP); absolute cognitive rest (46.7% SEM, 51.9% SFGP); modified school/work until symptom resolution (50.0% SEM, 38.5% SFGP; P=.026); no cognitive rest (3.2% SEM, 9.6% SGFP; P=.026).Return-to-play:Clinical examination (87.0% SEM, 82.6% SFGP); SCAT/SCAT2 (60.8% SEM, 29.6% SFGP; P<.001); balance testing (56.5% SEM, 37.4% SFGP; P<.001); computerized neurocognitive testing (35.9% SEM, 2.2% SFGP; P<.001); concussion grading scales (7.6% SEM, 9.6% SFGP).Current learning sources:colleagues (55.4% SEM, 27.8% SFGP; P<.001); specialists (33.7% SEM, 23.7% SFGP; P=.030); continuing medical education (CME) courses/conferences (67.4% SEM, 54.7% SFGP; P=.017); journals/publications (48.9% SEM, 25.2% SFGP; P<.001); websites (35.8% SEM, 32.2% SFGP); medical school/residency training (19.6% SEM, 17.4% SFGP).Preferred learning sources:CME courses/conferences (85.9% SEM, 73.9% SFGP; P=.006); websites (35.9% SEM, 47.8%, SFGP; P=.024); medical school/residency training (37.0% SEM, 47.8% SFGP).

Conclusions

Gaps exist between consensus-based recommendations regarding concussions and current clinical practice patterns. Enhanced training in medical school/residency and additional CME initiatives are recommended.
COMPARISON OF FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREENING (FMS) SCORE IN FUTSAL PLAYERS
Authors: Mendes de Almeida Gomide Leite M , Bolling C , Reis D
Published: March 2014

Background

The FMS (Functional Movement Screening) is a functional assessment based on mobility and stability and mechanical factors which contributes to develop injury prevention programs.

Objective

To compare FMS score between different categories in futsal athletes.

Design

This is a cross sectional, retrospective study using FMS assessment method.

Setting

This study was conducted with national level futsal players, during preseason in a Brazilian sports club.

Participants

37 male athletes were evaluated, 16 athletes from under 20 years category, with a mean age of 19.28 years (±1.34), mean weight of 71.52 kg (±6.70), average height of 181.61 cm (±9.82 ) and 21 athletes of professional category, with a mean age of 20.93 years (±4.44), mean weight of 77.35 kg (±11.61) and average height of 174.93 cm (±6.51).

Interventions

All the athletes were evaluated by a physiotherapist experienced in FMS method. Each test was performed once to record the score of the athlete.

Main outcome measurements

7 tests (deep squat, hurdle step,in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push up, rotational stability) were performed. The scores were compared by student's t-test, using SPSS software.

Results

The mean score of under 20 category was 15 (±1.75) and 15.90 (±1.86) for professional. Comparative analysis between categories showed no significant difference (P<.05 ).

Conclusion

The similarity in training and competition demands could explain the absence of difference in functional measurements between under 20 and professional athletes. Many under 20 players are part of professional team, so prevention strategies in under 20 need to prepare the youth athletes to professional carrer.
QUANTIFYING THE RISK OF ABNORMAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AS A RESULT OF SUB-CONCUSSIVE BLOWS IN HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL ATHLETES
Authors: Leverenz L , Breedlove K , Breedlove E , Robinson M , Poole V , King JR , Rosenberger P , Rasmussen M , Talavage T , Nauman E
Published: March 2014

Background

Recent work suggests that repetitive sub-concussive head impacts may contribute to long-term neurodegeneration; however, the risk thresholds for sub-concussive injury are unknown.

Objective

To evaluate the risk of developing abnormal neurophysiology due to repetitive impacts to the head. Hypothesis: the number of head impacts is predictive of neurological impairment.

Design

ImPACT, fMRI, and head impact telemetry (HIT) was employed in baseline tests, pre-season and in-season. The number and magnitude of head impacts were collected for practices and games.

Setting

American high school football.

Participants

13 high school American football players age 14–18. Those diagnosed with a concussion were excluded.

Risk factor assessment

The number of head impacts during the season.

Main outcome measurements

Pre-season and in-season ImPACT, MRI, and fMRI.

Results

The players experienced an average of 17.7 to 45.5 hits/week with a mean and standard deviation of 71.7±39.3. The corresponding cumulative number of hits for the season ranged from 86 to 1996 with a mean and standard deviation of 582.8±444.3. Twenty-two in-season ImPACT tests were administered during the season. Twelve (54.5%) showed a minimum of one composite score flagged, the fMRI analysis showed 16 (72.7%) in-season assessments flagged, and seven subjects were flagged by both the ImPACT and fMRI. Groups were divided based on number of head impacts; those above & below 500 cumulative hits/season and above and below 65 hits/week. Above 500 cumulative hits/season and 65 hits/week, all examinations were flagged.

Conclusions

A number of asymptomatic athletes exhibited neurophysiological changes. The number of head impacts is a risk factor for the development of neurophysiological changes. The medical staff should monitor players who are taking large numbers of hits, consider using neurocognitive testing on an annual basis, and promote proper technique and skill development for the players.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING PROGRAMME IN FEMALE ADOLESCENT FOOTBALL: 3-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY AFTER AN RCT
Authors: Lindblom H , Waldén M , Carlfjord S , Hägglund M
Published: March 2014

Background

Neuromuscular training (NMT) has been shown to reduce injury rates in highly structured clinical trials. There is, however, a paucity of studies that evaluate implementation of NMT programmes in sports.

Objective

To evaluate the spread and implementation of a NMT programme in female adolescent football three years after a randomised controlled trial (RCT).

Design

Cross-sectional study using web-based questionnaires, based on the RE-AIM SSM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance Sports Setting Matrix) framework.

Setting

Female adolescent football in Sweden.

Participants

Representatives for the Swedish Football Association (FA) and eight district FAs that participated in an RCT in 2009, all coaches (n=303) who participated in the RCT and all currently (season 2012) active coaches for female adolescent teams (n=496) within the same districts were contacted. The response rates were 100% (Swedish and district FAs), 57% (RCT coaches, n=173) and 36% (current coaches, n=179), respectively.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main outcome measurements

Reach, perceived effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the NMT programme.

Results

The reach of the programme was high, 99% of RCT coaches (control group) and 91% of current coaches were familiar with it, and the programme was generally positively perceived. The adoption rate (usage) among current coaches was 74%. Regarding implementation, 75–77% of coaches reported programme modifications. Usage of the programme was fairly well maintained over time among RCT coaches. Formal or informal policies regarding the programme's implementation existed in the Swedish FA and in two district FAs. Among current coaches 87% reported no club routines for programme use.

Conclusions

Reach and adoption of the NMT programme was high among coaches. However, the follow-up also identified low programme fidelity and lack of formal policies for its implementation and use in clubs and district FAs.
“EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS IN ROLLER SPORTS (RS). FOUR YEARS OF STUDIES AND OBSERVATIONS ON ACCIDENTS OF ITALIAN FEDERATION (FIHP) SKATERS. PROBABLE CAUSES AND PREVENTION”
Authors: Lollobrigida M , Pulcini A , Padua E , Varisco M
Published: March 2014

Background

Roller sports (RS) have continuous spreading, not only a recreational activity. There are different sports modalities, ruled by national/international organizations. We investigated at the FIHP, being the world leader for RS, about the circumstance of accidents.

Object

To investigate if RS must be considered at risk for accidents or not.

Design

Retrospective study through observations of accidents occurred in Italian FIHP during the 2009–2012 Olympic term.

Setting

Collecting data, statistical analysis of accidents. Analysis-goal and technical-scientific anamnesis to detect risk factors.

Participants

97 085 Italian skaters in 4 years, subdivided into modality, sex, time, affected part of body.

Risk factor assessment

Data comparison underlines high number of accidents when athlete is physically stressed. These seem to be connected with 1) effect of skate vibrations on Hoffmann reflex; 2) effect of eccentric contractions; 3) functional overload on lumbar muscles; 4) age, sex, modality, time.

Main outcome measurements

We suggest to increase: 1) recovering periods during in-skate and off-skate; 2) more specific physical training with special attention to core stability and proprioception; 3) better control of upper part of body.

Results

Accidents were overall 502, equaling to 0.52% of all analyzed member athletes. Accidents involved 305 women and 197 men. 75.3% of accidents happened in training and 24.7% in competition. Subdivided into modality, (number of accidents compared to the total number of members athletes FIHP) the accidental risk was 0.24 % for artistic athletes, 0.18 % for inline speed athletes, 0.04% for rink-hockey athletes, 0.05% for inline hockey athletes, 0.01% for freestyle athletes, and 0.001% for ski roll athletes. The proportion of involved body parts for accidents during training were: upper limbs 57.4%, lower limbs 22.5%, head 13.2%, shoulder 4.0%, other 2.4; during competition: upper limbs 44.3%, lower limbs 20.9%, head 20.1%, shoulder 13.7% other 1.0%.

Conclusions

RS, if practiced in sports clubs, presented few accidents. The knowledge of the risk factors should allow us to optimize training strategies by preventing further risks. Other risk factors were detected, independent of speed, obstacles, hard surfaces, and behavior. We confirm that the use of protections is useful, especially for the beginners.
VISCOELASTIC RESPONSE OF THE ANKLE JOINT'S LATERAL SIDE TO CYCLIC INVERSION: A TIME COURSE ANALYSIS
Authors: Malmir K , Olyaie GR , Talebian S , Jamshidi AA
Published: March 2014

Background

Although important, scarcely has been studied the viscoelastic behavior of ankle's lateral side.

Objective

The aim of the present study was to assess the change in the viscoelastic behavior of this region during cyclic inversions.

Design

A quazi-experimental, repeated measures design.

Setting

Laboratory research.

Participants

18 amateur healthy males.

Interventions

The participants underwent 40 cyclic inversions passively by Biodex dynamometer at 5os−1through 80% of the maximum inversion range of motion.

Main outcome measurements

Passive work (area under passive torque-angle curve) and simultaneous electrical activity of proneus longus in consecutive repetitions were calculated. The average of five consecutive repetitions was allocated in one class. Two separate one-way analyses of variances with repeated measures and Bonferroni adjustments were conducted to compare the changes in the passive work as well as normalized electromyography from the first to the eighth class.

Results

The means of the passive work for consecutive classes decreased significantly until the fifth class (P<.01), but there were no significant differences consecutively between the means of the fifth class forward (P>.05). The means of the normalized electromyography, although increased, didn't show any significant differences between consecutive repetitions (P>.05).

Conclusions

Passive work showed decreasing trend due to probable thixotropy but stopped after about 395 seconds and leveled out.The decline of the viscoelastic response due to cyclic inversion, accompanying with low level activity of peroneus longus, may leave unprotected the tissues; expose them to injury in prolonged consecutive movements e.g. in prolonged sports competitions and exercises.
PREVALENCE OF PAIN AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE ATHLETES
Authors: Martins L , Paiva J , Freitas A , Miguel L , Andrade A , Neto FAltermann , Bacha A , Dalenogare L , Menezes WV , Silva A , Bolze MA , Maia F
Published: March 2014

Background

On study of athletes, science has been devoted focusing on athletic performance. However, more recently, researchers have been concerned with other aspects that transcend obtaining results such as the health and well being of high-performance athletes.

Objective

To investigate the occurrence of pain and associated factors and its relation to the quality of life in elite athletes of various sports.

Design

An observational, cross-sectional and analytical study.

Setting

Level of competition: International, World and Olympic.

Participants

The study population was composed of 86 high-performance athletes: 13 of judo, 42 of swimming, 22 of parachuting, and 9 of volleyball.

Risk factor assessment

The risk factors were: training aspects (sports practice time in years, number of training hours accumulated per week) and complementary training (stretching, resistance exercises and functional training). The evaluation was made by self-reported questionnaires. The occurrence of pain was assessed as a risk factor for quality of life.

Main outcome measurements

The prevalence of pain (primary outcome) was estimated by self-reported questionnaire referring to anatomical region that occurred. Quality of life (secondary outcome) was investigated using the WHOQOL-Brief.

Results

Sports practice time and gender were not associated with the occurrence of pain. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that sport (Figure 1) and age were associated with the outcome (P<.05). Pain was associated with lower quality of life in domains physical, psychological and environmental.Figure 1

Prevalence of pain according to sport.

.

Conclusions

The occurrence of pain can affect the amount of training supported by the athlete, resulting in decreased performance. Therefore it is imperative the monitoring for reducing pain in elite athletes. These are highly demanded both psychologically and physically; that's why it is equally important that they also be assisted to improve their perceived quality of life.
RELATIONSHIP JUMP-LANDING TECHNIQUE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, IMPLICATIONS FOR ACL INJURY PREVENTION
Authors: Benjaminse A , Meijer M , Cortes N , Gokeler A
Published: March 2014

Background

Neuropsychological capabilities in athletes may be associated with a predisposition to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.

Objective

Assess differences between male and female athletes in jump-landing technique in relation to their neuropsychological capabilities.

Design

Experimental.

Setting

Laboratory.

Participants

31 recreational athletes, free from lower extremity injuries, participated (females: n=16, age=21.0±1.71 years, mass=65.1±5.6 kg, height=174.2±68.9 cm; males n=15, age=22.3±2.2 years, mass=77.9±8.9 kg, height=185.7±78.7 cm).

Assessment of risk factors

Reaction time (RT) under stress was measured. Furthermore, participants conducted anticipated (ANT) and unanticipated (UNANT) double-legged drop-jumps, followed by running at 4.5-5.5 m/sec 45° to the left, straight, or 45° to the right, depending on the light indication prior to landing on the force plates.

Main outcome measures

RT and joint kinematics (trunk flexion-TF, ankle flexion-AF) and kinetics (knee abduction moment-KAM, ankle extension moment-AEM) at peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF,N/kg). Moments are expressed as external moments (Nm/kg). Pearson product-moment correlation between RT and joint biomechanics.

Results

During UNANT, KAM became significantly larger (P=.010) in females (–0.37±0.1) than males (–0.16±0.1). TF was greater in the AT (29.7°±3.3°) than UNANT (46.1°±3.1°) regardless of gender (P<001). AEM was smaller in females (2.1±0.1) than males (2.6±0.1), (P=.001). AF was smaller (i.e., increased flexion) when running straight (80.8°±0.8°) compared to the left or right (84.6°±0.7°, P=.002 and 84.2°±0.8°, P=.008). vGRF was smaller when running straight (22.8±1.0) compared to the left or right (31.5±1.0, P<.001 and 28.8±1.0, P<.001). Significant correlations (r 0.5-0.8, P<.05) were seen between faster RT and greater hip and knee flexion angle and smaller KAM and knee abduction angle.

Conclusions

Females reacted differently to UNANT in the frontal plane, potentially placing them at greater ACL injury risk. In the sagittal plane, females showed stiffer ankle landing. Further, a change in direction increased vGRF. Smaller knee flexion combined with smaller TF angles during UNANT, may increase loads at the knee. Lastly, neuropsychological characteristics seem to affect ACL injury risk.
LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY IN ELITE ADOLESCENT ATHLETES: GEORGIAN EXPERIENCE OF PRE-PARTICIPATION SCREENING
Authors: Maskhulia L , Akhalkatsi V , Chelidze K , Kakhabrishvili Z , Matiashvili M , Chabashvili N , Chutkerashvili T
Published: March 2014

Background

Athlete's heart should be differentiated from the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)-leading cause of exercise related sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Some genetic variations of HCM are characterized by a benign clinical course and a delayed onset of the disease. Therefore, substantial increase of left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) in adolescent athletes needs relevant strategies in pre-participation screening (PPS).

Objective

To identify adolescent athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and differentiate physiological LVH from HCM.

Design

Observational follow-up study.

Setting:

Sports Medicine Clinical Centre.

Participants

978 asymptomatic and normotensive highly trained (≥12 h/week) adolescent athletes (92.9% males) aged 12–18 years, representatives of national teams of 14 sporting disciplines.

Interventions

Cardiovascular evaluation with medical history, physical examination, 12-lead resting and stress electrocardiography, and echocardiography. LV structure and function were measured in 2002–2006.

Main outcome measurements

The participants were followed prospectively until 2008 with respect to LVH, and until 2012 with respect to HCM.

Results

12 (1.2%) athletes, all males had LVWT ≥12 mm (12–15) and normal ECG pattern: 10 of them had normal diastolic indices and LV end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) 52.6±4.8mm (46–61); other 2 athletes had LVEDD<45mm. One of them had normal diastolic function and peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) of 58.8 mL/kg/min. An other athlete (15 yrs) with LVWT 15 mm, LVEDD 43 mm, and decreased VO2max of 41.5 mL/kg/min,Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) revealed mildly reduced É-9cm/s and heightened E/É-8.8. Three months of detraining slightly decreased LVWT but did not improve LVEDD and TDI indices. The athlete was advised against competitive sports and referred for further cardiovascular evaluation. Follow-up over a longer period revealed advanced changes in LVWT and diastolic indices, and confirmed HCM.

Conclusions

Substantial LVH in Georgian elite adolescent athletes is rare. PPS with systematical approach can be a valuable tool in differentiation between physiological LVH and mild expression of HCM.
USING THE HEALTH ACTION PROCESS APPROACH (HAPA) MODEL TO PREDICT ADHERENCE TO THE FIFA 11+ PROGRAM IN ELITE FEMALE YOUTH SOCCER
Authors: McKay CD , Meeuwisse WH , Emery CA
Published: March 2014

Background

The FIFA 11+ warm-up program can significantly reduce injury risk in youth soccer, but community uptake of the program has been suboptimal. A health behaviour theory, the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model, may identify predictors of program uptake that can inform targeted promotion strategies.

Objective

To determine whether HAPA constructs (risk perceptions, outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, action and coping plans, facilitators and barriers) predict uptake intention and adherence to the FIFA 11+ in elite female youth soccer.

Design

Sub-analysis of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Elite (Tier 1 and 2) female soccer teams (ages 12–16) competing in Calgary, Canada.

Participants

12 teams (coaches n=12, players n=200) who were randomly recruited prior to the 2013 season as wave 1 of the larger trial.

Risk factor assessment

Participants completed a baseline questionnaire assessing risk perceptions, outcome expectancies and self-efficacy associated with the FIFA 11+, and barriers/facilitators to program use.

Main outcome measurements

Intention to follow the FIFA 11+ (from the HAPA questionnaire) and prospectively reported adherence during the season.

Results

Preliminary analyses demonstrate that for coaches, risk perceptions, outcome expectancies, and task self-efficacy accounted for 92.7% of uptake intention variance [F(3,3)=12.71, P=.0327, R2=0.9271]. The most commonly identified facilitator was access to FIFA 11+ materials (videos, manuals). The largest barrier was not having enough time to complete the program. For players, the HAPA model accounted for only 41.4% of intention variance [F(7, 154)=15.53, P<.001, R2=0.4139]. Identified facilitators included having adequate time, personal effort, and enjoying the program. Barriers included poor team leadership, uncooperative teammates, and lack of time. Relationships between HAPA constructs and adherence will also be presented.

Conclusions

The HAPA model appears to strongly predict coach, but not player, intentions to uptake the FIFA 11+. The development of role-targeted promotion strategies may improve program uptake.
THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO THE FIFA 11+ WARM-UP PROGRAM ON INJURY RISK KNOWLEDGE AND PREVENTION BELIEFS IN ELITE FEMALE YOUTH SOCCER
Authors: McKay CD , Steffen K , Romiti M , Finch CF , Emery CA
Published: March 2014

Background

Injury knowledge and beliefs influence uptake of injury prevention programs. The effect of exposure to prevention programs on knowledge and beliefs is not well understood.

Objective

To explore the effect of exposure to the FIFA 11+ program on the injury knowledge and beliefs of female youth soccer coaches and players.

Design

A sub-cohort analysis from a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Youth soccer league venues in Alberta, Canada.

Participants

31 female teams [coaches n=29, players (ages 13–18) n=258].

Risk factor assessment

Teams recorded FIFA 11+ adherence during the season.

Main outcome measurements

Coaches and players completed pre-season and post-season questionnaires to assess changes in injury knowledge and prevention beliefs after FIFA 11+ exposure.

Results

At baseline, 62.8% (95% CI: 48.4–77.3) of coaches and 75.8% (95% CI: 71.5–80.1) of players considered "inadequate warm-up" a risk factor for injury. There was no effect of 11+ adherence on this belief (odds ratio=1.0; 95% CI: 0.9–1.1), although more players (78.7%; 95% CI: 73.77–83.7) than coaches (51.7%; 95% CI: 33.55–69.9) considered "inadequate warm-up" a risk factor at post-season. At baseline, 13.8% (95% CI: 1.3–26.4) of coaches believed a warm-up could prevent muscle injuries, but none believed it could prevent knee and ankle injuries. For players, 9.7% (95% CI: 6.1–13.3), 4.7% (95% CI: 2.1–7.3), and 4.7% (95% CI: 2.1–7.3) believed a warm-up would prevent muscle, knee, and ankle injuies, respectively. There was no effect of adherence on post-season beliefs that a warm-up could prevent an injury, for coaches or players.

Conclusions

Exposure to the FIFA 11+ appears insufficient for changing injury risk or prevention beliefs over a single season. This could have implications for program delivery strategies and may influence sustained program use.
BLOOD PRESSURE IN ELITE ATHLETES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Berge HM , Isern CB , Berge E
Published: March 2014

Background

High blood pressure (BP) is a leading cause of illness, and bilateral measurement of BP is recommended in IOC's preparticipation health examination. Still there is limited data on BP in elite athletes.

Objective

To describe blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension and subclinical organ damage (left ventricular hypertrophy) in elite athletes.

Design

Systematic review, using a comprehensive search strategy developed for PubMed.

Setting

We identified studies of BP in elite athletes, including only studies of ≥100 athletes. Of 2049 studies identified, only 40 studies met the inclusion criteria.

Participants

Elite athletes aged 18 to 35 years.

Assessment of risk factors

High BP; Left ventricular hypertrophy.

Main outcome measurements

Office and ambulatory BP; Prevalence of hypertension; Method of BP measurement; Associations between BP and left ventricular hypertrophy (determined by voltage criteria on ECG or left ventricular mass on echocardiography).

Results

Office BP was recorded from one to three times at each visit, and measurements were repeated at different time intervals in nine studies. Only one study measured BP in both arms, and only two studies measured ambulatory BP if office BP was high. Mean systolic BP varied from 112±11 mmHg to 138±7 mmHg and mean diastolic BP from 59±8 mmHg to 86±7 mmHg. Hypertension was not defined or defined differently, from ≥130/85 mmHg to ≥150/95 mmHg, and the prevalence of hypertension varied from 0 to 45%. Athletes of both genders and from different sports disciplines were mixed in half of the studies. Four studies showed an association between increased BP and left ventricular hypertrophy.

Conclusions

Definition and prevalence of hypertension and methods of BP measurement differed substantially between the studies, and only a few studies investigated the association between high BP and subclinical organ damage. Future studies should use standardised definitions and methods, and hypertension as a risk factor in athletes should be further investigated.
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION ON THIGH MARKER CLUSTERS ON KNEE VALGUS ANGLES IN SIDESTEP CUTTING AND VERTICAL DROP JUMPING
Authors: Mok KM , Kristianslund EK , Krosshaug T
Published: March 2014

Background

Ranking the athletes according to their knee valgus angle contributes to the development of screening tools for the risk of knee injury. However, studies used different thigh marker clusters to calculate knee valgus angle in marker-based motion analysis system. There is a methodological concern on the thigh marker cluster design which relates to the reliability of measurement.

Objective

To quantify the differences between six different thigh marker clusters in terms of the calculated knee valgus angles and the ranking of athletes according to the maximal knee valgus angle and knee valgus angle at initial contact.

Design

A methodological study.

Setting

A marker-based motion analysis system (Oqus, Qualisys, Gothenburg, Sweden) with 480 Hz frame rate was used. Six different marker clusters was put on the thigh of subjects. Subjects performed sidestep cutting and vertical drop jumping motions while being filmed with a skin marker-based motion capture system. The knee valgus angles from six different thigh marker clusters were calculated based on the dynamic trials.

Participants

19 elite female handball players and 22 elite female football players (n=41).

Main outcome measurements

The calculated knee valgus angles and the resulting ranking of athletes from six different thigh marker clusters.

Results

There was a discrepancy in knee valgus angles between the six marker sets up to 13.9° of peak valgus angle. The rank correlation coefficient varied from 0.505 to 0.974.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that the choice of thigh marker clusters in analyses of drop jumps and sidestep cutting affected the magnitude of knee valgus angle, as well as the ranking of athletes. A standardized thigh marker cluster setup would facilitate the reliability of measurement, especially for a study on risk factor.

Table 1:

Thigh skin marker cluster.

Marker clusterSkin marker componentNumber of markersDesignILE, AT, GT3Fordet al. (2003), Howett et al. (2005)IILE, DAT, GT3McLeanet al. (1999)IIILE, DAT, LT3Distal thigh + GTVLE,DAT,LT,GT4Distal thigh + GTVILE,DAT,LT,HJC4Distal thigh + HJCVILE,DAT,LT,HJC,GT5Kristianslumndet al. (2012)Table 2:

The mean (SD) of the outcome variables on different thigh marker clusters.

TaskMarker clusterIIIIIIIVVVISidestep cuttingValgus at 1C (deg)0.7 (3.3)3.5 (2.6)2.4 (3.0)5.0 (3.1)6.2 (3.4)5.0 (3.4)Peak valgus (deg)9.0 (4.0)10.5 (4.1)10.6 (4.5)13.5 (4.6)13.7 (5.4)11.6 (5.5)Vertical drop jumpingValgus at IC (deg)-5.0 (3.5)0.24 (3.0)0.9 (3.2)2.1 (3.0)1.0 (3.5)-1.0 (3.6)Peak valgus (deg)1.9 (2.8)9.5 (5.0)11.6 (5.4)15.8 (5.8)12.0 (5.3)6.9 (5.3)