bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Riel Rebellion of 1869: New Light on British Liberals and the Use of Force on the Canadian Frontier
Authors: Smith James Patterson
Published: January 2017

Within the context of the colonial policy of the first Gladstone government in Great Britain, the Riel Rebellion in the Red River Colony on the Manitoba frontier in 1869 offers a case study in the nature of late nineteenth-century British imperialism. The incident has usually been treated within Canadian history as part of the story of western expansion, or as an example of the continuous thread of Anglo-French tension within the Canadian union. However, this confrontation raised strategic imperial considerations and issues of race and social control to which London authorities felt compelled to respond. This paper offers a reinterpretation of the motives and forces behind the British decision to deploy imperial troops to end the Red River disorders at a time when official policy was set to withdraw British garrisons from Canada and other self-governing colonies. This re-examination offers evidence that London authorities needed little Canadian prodding. Rather, the pattern that emerges shows a consistent Liberal commitment to empire and a continuing belief in the empire’s strategic and prestige value to Britain in world politics.
Overcoming the Barricades: The Crisis at Oka as a Case Study in Political Communication
Authors: Morris Martin J.
Published: January 2017

This article contains a study of the stand-off at Oka using the tools of political communication analysis. It offers an interpretation of the crisis that displays the discursive effacement of Native claims to identity and self-determination. Furthermore, it reveals as discursive the connection between the exercise of state power and influence and the relation of authority. The article argues that the crisis at Oka demonstrates how discipline, coercion and violence are immanently linked to the maintenance of legitimate authority and the identities such authority requires. Before looking at the context and events of the case, the article begins with a brief outline of the model used in the study.
Are Some Countries More Postmodern Than Others? Some Observations From Recent Canadian Experience
Authors: Porter Marilyn
Published: January 2017

For the time being the constitutional debate is over. In this paper, the author uses the respite to reflect on certain aspects of the debate in light of recent developments in postmodern thought. In doing so, two key concepts used in discussions about the nature of Canada — those of “language” and of “nation” are analyzed. In the course of the paper, postmodernism’s possible contribution is evaluated and found wanting.
The Macmillan Company of Canada in the 1930s
Authors: Young David
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the Macmillan Company of Canada, a major Canadian book publishing house, and the factors that affected its Canadian publishing in the 1930s. After the early history of the company is sketched, the number and types of Canadian titles that were published during each year of the 1930s are reviewed. In order to explain the company’s Canadian publication lists for the decade, a variety of factors are discussed throughout the paper. These include the nationalistic orientation and decision-making of Hugh Eayrs (the company’s president), Canadian demography, the Great Depression, the Americanization of Canadian education, and demand management by American publishing firms.
Popular Voices in Print: The Local Newspaper Correspondents of an Extended Scots-Canadian Community, 1894
Authors: Little J.I.
Published: January 2017

By the late nineteenth century assimilation and emigration were threatening the survival of the Highland Scots community of Quebec’s upper St. Francis district. One manifestation of the social crisis was popular resistance to legal authority during the famous Megantic Outlaw case of 1888-89. Another less dramatic response was the emergence of a network of local newspaper correspondents, among whom were a number of exiles in American urban centres. To a degree, their columns conformed to what are generally known as newspaper’s “social notes” by recording community events arid the movement of individuals to and from the district. They also fulfilled an economic function by providing readers with information on agricultural and employment markets. Perhaps most striking, however, were the anecdotes and the bantering interaction between the correspondents, two features which in some respects reflect how a community could adapt the “individualizing" medium of print to preserve some of the functions and characteristics of an oral culture.
“Sowing Seed for the Master”: The Ontario WCTU and Evangelical Feminism 1874-1930
Authors: Cook Sharon Anne
Published: January 2017

The Ontario Woman’s Christian Temperance Union was the largest non-denominational women’s organization of nineteenth-century Ontario. But it was much more than a temperance organization: its culture was based on an evangelical vision for society. Between 1874 and 1930 the women of the Ontario W.C.T.U., and particularly members of local unions rather than executive officers, developed an “evangelical feminist” ideology with a distinct code of personal and public behaviour, a broad program of social activism and a legislative strategy.
Portraits of Progress: Men, Women and the “Selective Tradition” in Collective Biography
Authors: Lanning Robert
Published: January 2017

This paper is an analysis of collective biographies published in English Canada during the late nineteenth century. Raymond Williams’s concept of “selective tradition” is used to explore short sketches in biographical dictionaries, comparing the representation of socially significant occupations and the distinctions in representation between men and women. It is argued that collective biographies reflect both actual and ideological developments in Canadian society.
Culture et Cinéma: L’évolution de la politique québécoise
Authors: Gauvreau Claude , Tremblay Gaëtan
Published: January 2017

Depuis une quinzaine d’annés, l’État québécois, dans le dossier de la culture, privilégie la dimension techno-économique. Dans le domaine cinématographique, sa politique a été sévèrement critiquée par les professionnels du milieu. Ceux-ci exigent une transformation du modèle de gestion de l’aide au cinéma, une augmentation substantielle de l’appui financier de l’État et le développement d’une stratégie de convergence du cinéma et de la télévision. Les gouvernements qui se sont succédé au Québec ont continuellement revendiqué les pleins pouvoirs en matière de culture et de communications. Pourtant, depuis une quinzaine d’années, l’État québécois a défendu une vision de la culture quasi identique à celle, véhiculée par le fédéral.
How Lavender Jane Loved Women: Re-figuring Identity-based Life/Stylism in 1970s Lesbian Feminism
Authors: Ross Becki L.
Published: January 2017

This paper explores the innovative, elaborate means devised by lesbian feminists in the 1970s to fashion a distinctive politics of life/style and identity formation. This involves attention to the diverse features that came to signify the manufacture of Lesbian Nation in Toronto: clothing, living arrangements, vegetarianism, downward mobility, sexual democracy. Lesbian activists challenged the trappings of patriarchal artifice that produced heterosexual femininity, and devised a platform that was anti-sty le at the same time, that they advanced the radical specificity of “out” (in contrast to closeted) lesbian identity. Interviews with 32 lesbian feminists who were active in feminist, lesbian, gay and left movements in the 1970s form the basis of this study. A central contradiction is the attempt made by movement activists to expand membership while regulating the enactment of politically and morally correct modes of lesbian feminist behaviour. The paper concludes with reflection on the shifts and tensions that surround “queer” life/styles and anti-heterosexist strategies in the mid-1990s.
Riding the Polar Bear Express: and Other Encounters Between Tourists and First Peoples in Canada
Authors: Blundell Valda
Published: January 2017

This paper considers how First Peoples and their cultures are encountered by tourists in Canada. The discussion takes into account government policies aimed at linking aboriginal cultures more closely with tourism as well as efforts by First Peoples to gain greater control over how their cultures are represented to tourists. Based on visits to selected attractions across the country, examples are given of alternative representational formats currently in place for tourists, including those designed by First Peoples.
National Sorrow, National Pride: Commemoration of War in Canada, 1918-1945
Authors: Thomson Denise
Published: January 2017

Following the Great War, a new tradition of commemoration of the war dead developed in Canada. The forms and practices of this new tradition were originally common to all members of the British Empire. However, during the interwar period Canadian commemoration gradually came to reflect an increasingly assertive nationalism, a process which reached its culmination with the unveiling of the Vimy Memorial in 1936. The force behind the perpetuation of Canadian commemoration at this time was the determination of veterans of the Great War not to let the war dead be forgotten.
“The Dust of Toryism”: Monarchism and Republicanism in Upper Canadian Travel and Immigration Texts
Authors: Thurston John
Published: January 2017

This essay analyzes a representative sample of travel and immigration texts set in Upper Canada, from John Howison (1821) to Samuel Strickland (1853), for the struggle played out within them between images of republicanism and monarchism. It identifies a pervasive fear in these writers of the contamination of the colony with principles and behaviour entirely contrary to its British origins. The construction of the colony these texts attempt was rife with the possibilities of transculturation through their delivery of the discourse of republicanism to the British reading public.
Legacies of Quebec Women’s “Écriture au féminin”: Bilingual Transformances, Translation Politicized, Subaltern Versions of the Text of the Street
Authors: Flotow Luise Von
Published: January 2017

The experimental feminist writing that developed in Quebec in the 1970s and 1980s — l’écriture au féminin - is an example of avant-garde creative work that has had political impact. This article traces the effects of this écriture: bilingual writing by bilingual authors who were “tuned in” to early feminist texts, translation practices which highlight and openly discus feminist interventions in translated texts and the streetwise writing of younger women of the 1990s. The idea of translation links the different sections of the article: it is a trope for women’s writing as a movement from private to public discourse, and an expression of Canadian women’s attempts to communicate across the language gap. It refers to the creative and visible work that actual interlingual feminist translation has become and, in the last section, stands for the work of creative writing. Just as écriture au féminin made a visible splash in the 1970s literary production in Quebec, its impact has been to trigger and make visible other types of Canada’s women’s textual production.
Not Directly Affected: Using the Law to Close the Door on Environmentalists
Authors: Sherman Joan , Gismondi Michael , Richardson Mary
Published: January 2017

In 1993, a decision by Alberta’s Public Health Advisory and Appeal Board to deny standing to certain dissenting parties because they were not “directly affected” set a precedent in Alberta that is now limiting the ability of environmental and public interest groups, and individual citizens, to raise a range of important issues before various resource extraction, environmental, and public health boards. This paper outlines how decisions affecting public health and the environment are made at the local administrative tribunal level, and how the law on standing was used to exclude environmentalists from raising criticisms about the design of an industrial Landfill for a large pulp mill. The narrow interpretation of “directly affected” emerging in Alberta is part of a government trend to streamline and to simplify regulatory and decision-making processes for industry. Legal decisions on standing in Alberta could be used as a precedent to close the door on environmentalists in other provinces.
Property Rights, Small Woodlot Owners and Forest Management in Nova Scotia
Authors: Sandberg L. Anders , Clancy Peter
Published: January 2017

This paper explores the political, economic and social power structure in the forest of Nova Scotia through the history of forest tenures and forest management, focussing on small woodlot owners. In forest management, one assumption holds that small woodlot owners strongly believe in the notion of private property rights; the other holds that it is unacceptable to interfere with such rights except through educational and voluntary programmes. We question these assumptions. In Nova Scotia, the state’s alleged protection of property rights has been rhetorical and highly selective. Property rights have been contested. Individual property rights, common property rights and open access arrangements have been eroded while corporate property rights have been enhanced. The ascendancy and pre-eminence of the latter are not a function of a natural order. There are precedents for different sets of rules, even within capitalism, as illustrated both by the history of Nova Scotia and by conditions in other jurisdictions.
Partenariat public-privé et développement durable : l’exemple des politiques urbaines
Authors: Hamel Pierre , Vaillancourt Jean-Guy
Published: January 2017

Est-il possible de réconcilier le partenariat public-privé dans le secteur des politiques urbaines avec la vision du développement durable mise de l'avant par le rapport Bruntland en 1987? Pour répondre à cette question, nous rappelons d’abord les principaux changements contextuels qui ont marqué les politiques urbaines en Occident depuis 1980. Nous montrons ensuite qu’il se dégage un bilan mitigé pour ce qui est de l’ouverture du partenariat public-privé et des politiques urbaines vers les valeurs d’équité et de justice sociale. Enfin, nous évaluerons dans quelle mesure ce partenariat public-privé en matière de politiques urbaines est compatible avec les réalisations concrètes du développement durable.
Sustainability and the Dis-integration of Conservation and Development in the Northwest Atlantic Fishery
Authors: Rogers Raymond A.
Published: January 2017

This paper begins with the premise that the sustainability debate is a recent, largely theoretical, discussion about conservation of the natural world. A second premise claims that there is a close similarity between the theory of sustainability and the resource management theory which informed the regulation of the Northwest Atlantic fishery. When the close similarity in theory is linked to a recognition that the practice of conservation in the fishery has failed catastrophically, there arises the possibility that the failure of the practice of conservation in the fishery can be a valuable. case study for shedding light on the theory of sustainability.
Implementing Sustainability in West Coast Forests: CORE and FEMAT as Experiments in Process
Authors: Rayner Jeremy
Published: January 2017

The forests of British Columbia and the U.S. Pacific Northwest are particularly suitable for paired case study analysis: both ecosystem characteristics and scientific knowledge and management paradigms are shared across the border. This article compares two attempts to introduce a new “ecosystem management’" paradigm, the work of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team [FEMAT] in the “spotted owl forests” of the Pacific Northwest and the Commission on Resources and Environment [CORE] in British Columbia. While both signal important advances for the new paradigm, both also fall short of acknowledging the multiple dimensions of ecosystem management, FEMAT, by overemphasizing the role of science, was unable to acknowledge the social dimensions of ecosystem management. CORE, while demonstrating the utility of “shared decision making” in reconciling conflicting values, produced a correspondingly weak scientific basis for its recommendations. Integration of science and human values remains the key problem of institutional design for the ecosystem management paradigm.
Restructuring First Nations’ Education: Trust, Respect and Governance
Authors: Ryan James
Published: January 2017

Many of the problems that First Nations’ peoples in Canada encounter with formal schooling can be traced to the structure of our educational institutions. Among other things, this structure reflects a disrespect for and lack of trust in indigenous peoples in the relationships that it sustains between the federal government and First Nations’ peoples, between schools and communities and between educators and students. This paper describes these relationships and suggests possible changes, including adjustments in hierarchy, divisions of space and time, and student assessment
Canadian Relief Agencies and Prisoners of War, 1939-45
Authors: Vance Jonathan F.
Published: January 2017

During the Second World War, hundreds of organizations were created in Canada to provide amenities to prisoners of war. So the relief effort could proceed efficiently, the government attempted to coordinate the activities of the three main organizations, the Canadian Red Cross Society, the War Prisoners’ Aid of the YMCA and the Canadian pow Relatives Association, but this endeavour was frustrated by the desire of each to control the aid programme. The result was ill-will, dissension and unnecessary work for leading philanthropists and the bureaucrats who dealt with them. Unaffected by this confusion was the most famous part of Canada’s effort in aid of rows, the provision of Red Cross food parcels. This campaign was a complete success and remains the symbol of Canada’s concern for Allied prisoners of war.
Le mythe de la “marginalité professionnelle” des ingénieurs francophones du Québec
Authors: Gagnon Robert , Gingras Yves
Published: January 2017

L’objet de cet article est de proposer une présentation sommaire de quelques aspects du développement de la profession d’ingénieur chez les francophones du Québec. Ce texte se veut une critique de la thèse de la "marginalité professionnelle” des ingénieurs canadiens-français entre 1867 et 1920, Replaçant les événements dans leur contexte historique, nous suggérons que loin d’avoir été marginaux dans le processus de professionnalisation, les ingénieurs francophones du Québec ont été très actifs et ont cherché à défendre unè forme de profession — c’est-à-dire de contrôle de l’accès à l’occupation - conforme à leurs intérêts spécifiques, intérêts qui n’étaient pas les mêmes que ceux de leurs collègues anglophones.
Quantitative Methods, Historical Micro-Data and the Interpretation of Canadian Economic History
Authors: Matteo Livio Di , George Peter J.
Published: January 2017

In evaluating the application of quantitative methods to historical micro-data in Canadian economic history, the authors focus on contributions to that branch of “micro” economic history marked by the collection and analysis of data describing personal and household economic and social characteristics. This approach involves the use of primary historical records, such as census manuscripts, probate records, assessment roils, land records, and parish records. The authors outline several illustrative studies, and offer a number of reasons why such studies have failed to make more significant impacts on the interpretation of Canadian history. They conclude that there has been a cautious underinvestment in such studies in Canada, partly as a result of the poor quality and incompleteness of the surviving census data, which have limited the applicability of formal economic models by economic historians. They offer several suggestions for better coordination of multi-disciplinary research efforts and wider dissemination of micro-data sets among quantitative historians.
“Not a Feminist, But...”: The Political Career of Ellen Louks Fairclough,Canada’s First Female Federal Cabinet Minister
Authors: Conrad Margaret
Published: January 2017

This paper traces the life course of Ellen Louks Fairclough, Canada’s first federal female cabinet minister (1957-63), discusses the factors that contributed to her success in civic and federal elections in Hamilton between 1946 and 1963, and assesses her achievements as the lone woman in the Progressive Conservative cabinet led by John Diefenbaker. While Fairclough claims not to be a feminist, it is argued here that her public and private choices were shaped by middle class feminist goals as they were defined in North America in the interwar years and Shat these goals had a significant impact on the policies adopted by both Fairclough and the party she represented in the 1940s and l950s.
Anecdotal Humour in Maria Campbell’s Halfbreed (1973)
Authors: Jannetta A.E.
Published: January 2017

Most Métis life-histories and (semi-) autobiographies, exemplified by Maria Campbell’s seminal Halfbreed (1973), are organised around humorous anecdotes which are usually in stark contrast to the overall tragic context of the texts. The employment of the anecdote as a “minor,” extra-literary form by a “minor literature” (Deleuze/Guattari) is linked to the unofficial, to the unpublished, to local knowledge and to the constitution of a literary site where the Other is encountered. In Halfbreed, anecdotal digressions, often based on Métis folk sources, generally represent true “moments of being” in language. They function as a marker of difference and cultural identity, but also as a way to recover the open spaces within, necessary for cultural survival and future literary creation. Campbell’s text, interpreted by some critics as a social case history, a mere chronicle of Native oppression and suffering in Canada, subverts the stereotypical image of the stoic and taciturn Native. Anecdotal humour as a regenerative tool balances an otherwise tragic vision and provides hope for future opposition against oppression. It in the guise of the anecdote that the minor and the de-legitimised successfully intrudes into the major genres and thereby decolonises narrative.
Ethics and Socialism: Tensions in the Political Philosophy of J.G.Schurman
Authors: Burns Steven A.M.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the political theory of the Canadian philosopher, Jacob Gould Schurman, based especially on his work, A Series of Ten Lectures on Ethics. Schurman’s Prince Edward Island roots and his convictions about Canadian autonomy helped to guide his influential assessments of the Philippines (after the American take-over in 1898) and the Balkans (just before the 1914-18 war). Schurman’s writings on socialism, however, have not been examined, even though die contemporary socialist movement constituted a serious challenge to his position. This paper argues that his criticism of socialism is grounded in his ethical theory, but that his account of what good is salvageable from its doctrines exposes a conflict in his own thought.
Ethnicity and Race: Canadian Minority Writing at a Crossroads
Authors: Padolsky Enoch
Published: January 2017

The re-emergence of race as a prominent factor in Canadian social and literary discourse raises the question of where Canadian race and ethnic relations are headed. This paper looks at two possible scenarios, one in which race provides the “irreducible and fundamental constitution of the social order” and one in which a multiplicity of elements, including race and ethnicity, provide such a basis, Canadian minority writing, it is argued, offers some insights into the second “pluralistic” scenario, since minority writers from a variety of backgrounds share a consensus on the relationship between cultural issues and social dominance and share a common interest in exploring intersecting boundaries.
Multi-Vocality and National Literature: Toward a Post-Colonial and Multicultural Aesthetic
Authors: SEILER TAMARA PALMER
Published: January 2017

This paper will examine, from an historical perspective, the contemporary debate (which rages both in Canada and in other multicultural states) over cultural voice and cultural ownership. It will draw on a fairly wide range of literary works by ethnic minority writers to discuss what might be called the evolution of cultural politics in Canada and in so doing suggest the profound but paradoxical impact of ethnic heterogeneity on Canadian culture. In particular it will suggest the contradictory legacy of such diverse “ethnic” writers as Maria Campbell, Tomson Highway, John Marlyn, Frank Paci, Joy Kogowa, Paul Lee and Sky Lee: a legacy that both decentres and centres, fragments and synthesizes Canadian national culture. Finally, it will suggest that conflicts between traditionalism and eclecticism which are given concrete expression in the debate over appropriation, are both inevitable and potentially productive tensions in a heterogeneous nation.
We Belong To This Land: A View of “Cultural Difference”
Authors: Akiwenzie-Damm Kateri
Published: January 2017

This paper is an exploration of issues of identity, miscegenation and cultural definition as they relate to the definition and study of First Nations literatures. The author problematizes and challenges stereotypes and asserts the multi-dimensional space of Aboriginal peoples. The primary cultural difference between Aboriginal peoples and Canadians is the understanding and interpretation of the relationship each group has with the land.
Representation of Ethnicity as Problem: Essence or Construction
Authors: Pivato Joseph
Published: January 2017

Our experience as readers and critics of ethnic minority writing repeatedly confronts the problem of representation, and raises many debated questions about essentialism, social construction, of appropriation, voice and agency. Using examples from Italian-Canadian writers and other minority groups in Canada, this paper explores these questions and implications referring to the critical work of Sneja Gunew, Edward Said, Francesco Loriggio, Linda Hutcheon and Frank Lentricchia.
Liberalism and Its Discontents: Reading Black and White in Contemporary Québécois Texts
Authors: CLARKE GEORGE ELLIOTT
Published: January 2017

This paper focusses on the long-standing linkage of black and Québécois subjectivities. The black/white metaphor serves to highlight a rivalry between liberal and nationalist ideologies. By examining works of authors such as Suzanne Lantange, Dany Laferrière, Eugène Seers, Emile Nelligan and Michel Garneau, the author concludes that nationalism is alive and well in Québec literature.
Perspectives critiques dans des productions littéraires migrantes au féminin, au Québec et au Canada
Authors: VERDUYN CHRISTL
Published: January 2017

Tout comme on le trouve chez des auteures “minoritaires” au Canada anglais (telles M. Nourbese Philip, Himani Bannerji, Claire Harris, Lee Maracle, pour ne nommer qu’elles), on peut observer un engagement littéraire politique dans le corpus “migrant” québécois. Toutefois, ce parallèle se manifeste de façon pins évidente dans les écrits d’auteurs noirs (Dany Laferrière, Jean Jonassaint, Gérard Etienne, Joel des Rosiers, etc,). Chez les femmes la production littéraire est tout aussi active mais l’engagement qu’elles reflètent semble s’exprimer de manière autre. Ainsi par exemple, le groupe croissant d’auteures d’origine arabe (Andrée Dahan, Nadia Ghalem, Mona Latif Ghattas, Nadine Ltaif) semble, au premier abord, favoriser l’exploration de la problématique culturelle. En cela, leurs écrits apparaissent peut-être moins “politisés.” Néanmoins, une analyse détaillée de certains de leurs textes peut apporter une ré-évaluation de cette perspective.
Dans le silence entre les mots, l’inédit prend forme
Authors: LEQUIN LUCIE
Published: January 2017

L’écriture migrante est à aborder dans sa singularité et en lien avec les autres forces de changement. L’étude circonscrite de la production littéraire des auteur-e-s immigré-e-s se veut avant tout un outil de compréhension de la nouvelle configuration de la littérature québécoise en cours. Ici ne sont retenus que le concept de 1 ’ histoire longue et la représentation de l’enfant comme forces actives ftbrant de nombreuses oeuvres de femmes migrantes. L’enfant, se taisant ou prenant la parole, attend moins la permission de s’ouvrirà l’inouï même si l’histoire longue continue toujours de la marquer.
Migration et études littéraires. Essai de théorisation d’un problème ancien aux contours nouveaux
Authors: JONASSAINT JEAN
Published: January 2017

L’intensité et la diversité des flux migratoires receats du Sud ou de l’Est vers les pays du nord ou du centre ont provoqué des changements démographiques perçus comme significatifs, et le développement d’oeuvres dites ethniques ou minoritaires en marge (ou au sein) de leurs productions littéraires dites nationales. Certains chercheurs ont introduit dans le champ des études littéraires des notions de littérature post-coloniale (post-colonial literature), mais que couvrent ces termes? En quoi diffèrentils des concepts de littérature régionale, raciale, indigéniste ou engagée, entre autres? Quelle est leur opérationalité dans nos littératures actuelles de plus en plus post-nationales et transnationales? Permettentils de mieux cerner le statut d’écrivains migrant d’une langue à l’autre, d’un espace politico-culturel à l’autre?
The Ethnic Gasp / The Disenchanted Eye Unstoried
Authors: HERK ARITHA VAN
Published: January 2017

While the ethnic crisis might be considered one of articulation, the moment of identification can also be constructed as in-sightful, an epiphanic seeing that clarifies the space that the ethnic subject occupies. This blinding unblinding suggests a place for the ethnic subject to begin the self-interrogation that must accompany the subject’s recognition of him or herself as other. As story, the “ethnic” moment builds upon itseif so that it assumes both rising action and turning point, climax and denouement, overtaking and overwhelming the trajectory of narrative so that elements are fused. This paper investigates this intensified space, its literal effects, and its trajectory in the personal shock of knowing oneself “ethnic.”
Press Censorship and the Terrace Mutiny: A Case Study in Second World War Information Management
Authors: German Daniel
Published: January 2017

During the Second World War the Canadian government employed a system of voluntary press censorship to prevent the publication of information harmful to military security. In November 1944, an anti-conscription mutiny broke out in the 15th Infantry Brigade based in Terrace, British Columbia. Terrified that the mutiny would spread, the military and government pressured the censors to increase the stringency of their application of the Defence of Canada Regulations to down-play news of the out-break. The censors resisted this pressure, arguing that the existing system adequately protected military security. Greatly disturbed by these demands, the censors felt that increased censorship was harm-ful to freedom of the press. Following the end of the mutiny the censors determined that the voluntary press censorship system did prevent the publication of inflammatory information; if anything, the press had been far too quick to censor the news, and individual freedom would have been better served by the media disputing more of their decisions. Second World War press censorship was a successful system which effectively prevented the publication of harmful material. Torn between their duties and their ethical concerns, censors also demonstrated the moral ambiguities of war in arguing against censorship.
Canadian Political Economy and the Theory of the Contemporary State: Critical Perspectives on the Sociological Imagination
Authors: Salée Daniel
Published: January 2017

Taking the discursive production of the New Canadian Political Economy on the state as an example, this essay seeks to account for (he reasons why some areas of Canadian Studies have failed to engage in distinctly homegrown theorizing. This essay argues that analyses and studies of die Canadian state that emanate from the New Canadian Political Economy tradition have not contributed significantly to the advancement of modem theories of the state. Proponents of this tradition have been borrowers of theoretical frameworks produced elsewhere rather than producers of original theorizations on the state. Two sets of factors are presented as explaining this situation. First, the literature of the New Canadian Political Economy rests on problematic conceptual biases that prevent it from imagining alternative conceptions of the state. Second, the literature is pervaded by the quintessential Canadian obsession with the identity question, a condition that largely inhibits creative impulse necessary for the development of overarching theoretical visions.
Beware of False Dichotomies: Revisiting the Idea of “Black-Focused” Schools in Canadian Contexts
Authors: Dei George J. Sefa
Published: January 2017

This paper utilizes the narrative accounts of Black youth and “dropouts” about schools and off-school experiences in a Canadian inner city to advance the argument for a “Black-focused/African-centred” school in Euro-Canadian/American contexts. It is argued that the school should be pictured as an alternative educational site for those youths who, for varied reasons, do not appear to perform well, academically or socially, in the mainstream school system. It is argued that such schools could be established on an experimental basis, at both the elementary and secondary levels, with direct consultations and partnerships with students, educators, administrators, parents and local communities.
The Myth and Mystery of POgG
Authors: Eggleston Stephen
Published: January 2017

This paper argues that it is problematic to point to the “Peace, Order and good Government” (POgG) clause of Section 91 of the BNA/Constitution Act as a symbol of Canadian conservatism. Assumptions about who was responsible for the inclusion of the phrase, and the consequent reading given to it, has generated a myth that has no basis in reality. Moreover, the failure to explore adequately the history of the POgG clause, and the circumstances attending its appearance in the Canadian Constitution, begets a lack of appreciation for the important role played by the British government in constructing the British North America Act. As a result, Canadians were, and remain, alienated from their constitution.
City Campaigns on the Cusp and the Edmonton Mayoralty Election of 1992
Authors: Lightbody James
Published: January 2017

Recent municipal elections in Canada’s major cities have revealed a keen competition for power increasingly rooted in ideological divisions. These competitions have directly challenged the once comfortable but essentially suffocating mythology of growth-focussed boosterism. It is in the selection of the community’s most visible spokesperson, the mayor, that divisions may become clearest. This case study of one such city-wide campaign, that of 1992 in Edmonton, Alberta, focusses on the logistics of shaping competitive ideologies and divergent cultural images to the rough-and-tumble of election politics. The role assumed by the city hall press gallery is assessed. Some explanation is offered as to why contemporary city campaigns are at their most bitter as ideological choice becomes more clearly defined, and as individuals personify issues and ideas rather than alternative brands of boosterism.
Canadian Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Performance 1984-1993: The Mulroney Years
Authors: Curtis Douglas
Published: January 2017

Two consecutive majority governments in Canada, from 1984 to 1993 focussed federal government budgetary and fiscal policy on deficit reduction and debt control. From 1984 to 1988 this policy was successful as the economy grew with the support of monetary policy and deficits declined. After 1988 monetary policy shifted to pursue a target of zero inflation, interest rates increased, economic growth declined and budget deficits and debt increased, despite continued improvement in the government’s operating budget surplus. This experience demonstrated the importance of the policy mix to the success of past and future deficit and debt control plans.
Of Charters and Justice: The Social Thought of F.R. Scott, 1930-1985
Authors: Mills Allen
Published: January 2017

Frank Scott was, arguably, Canada’s most accomplished, all-round public intellectual of this century, with an expertise as constitutional lawyer, poet, civil libertarian and socialist. Scott’s great impact on constitutional practice was, through his influence on Pierre Trudeau, on the 1982 Constitution: patriation, an amending formula and an entrenched Charter. Scott was, however, more than a nationalist and a Charter-based individualist: his thought also reveals a rich, variegated and often surprising texture of social discourse. This article examines the full breadth of his contribution and places him in a Canadian tradition of communitarian liberalism.
“Canadian Castles”? The Question of National Styles in Architecture Revisited
Authors: Thomas Christopher
Published: January 2017

In the historiography of Canadian architecture there is a tradition of associating neo-medievalism with the essence or “soul” of Canada. By closely examining writing of approximately 1945-80 on two styles, the High Victorian Gothic and the Chateau Style, the article seeks to show that the styles’ alleged nationalism was a form of critical retrojection and that, in fact, the use of these styles in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Canada contributed to the construction of Canadian national identity according, first, to British and, then, to American desire.
Class and Community in Canadian Welfare Work, 1933-1960
Authors: Tillotson Shirley
Published: January 2017

Between 1933 and 1965, increasing participation by organized labour in private charity, and, in particular the federated appeals, was part of a conscious remaking of class relationships and their social meanings. Engineered during and after World War II by labour and social work leaders, this exercise entailed redescribing “charity” to minimize conflicts over material relief and to emphasize the “feminine” aspects of social service. It also involved having working-class people serve as peers in the leadership structure of social agencies. More than just a pragmatic alliance founded on a shared policy agenda, this labour-social work co-operation was an exercise in reconciling, in an egalitarian way, cultural differences of class with community belonging.
7 December 1941: A Turning Point in Canadian Wartime Policy Toward Enemy Ethnic Groups?
Authors: Dreisziger N.F.
Published: January 2017

In Canada the date 7 December 1941 has been associated with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and with the heightened fears on the West Coast about national security that subsequently led to the evacuation of the local Japanese population to the interior. This measure, which failed to differentiate between those Japanese residents who were enemy aliens and those who were Canadians by naturalization or birth, was a flagrant example of racist decision-making. This paper points out that on the very day of the Pearl Harbor attack, events took place that helped to propel policy towards underprivileged and unpopular ethnic communities in the opposite direction. It concludes by suggesting that this transformation of the Canadian government’s approach to enemy ethnic groups came about as result of a number of developments, foremost among them a change in Prime Minister Mackenzie King’s inner circle of advisers.
A Study in Modernism The Group of Seven as an Unexpectedly Typical Case
Authors: Davis Ann
Published: January 2017

In this essay the author argues that the Group of Seven were firmly linked to the tradition of European modernism. The Group were dedicated to creating a new, autonomous Canadian aesthetic and were not supportive of the conservative tendencies of the artistic modes of the past.
Towards Deliberative Democracy: Parliamentary Intelligence and the Public Sphere in Upper Canada, 1791-1840
Authors: Mcnairn Jeffrey L.
Published: January 2017

The regular publication of the debates of the Upper Canadian House of Assembly in colonial newspapers after 1821 redefined the political status and role of newspaper readers, elected representatives and non-elective legislative institutions. Developing insights from Jürgen Habermas, the transition from scarcity to abundance of parliamentary intelligence and the resulting political dynamics are seen as playing a crucial role in the broader process of defining and lending credibility to deliberative democracy in the province.
Benefiting Fishermen: Origins of Fishermen’s Unemployment Insurance in Canada, 1935-1957
Authors: Schrank William E.
Published: January 2017

The fishermen’s unemployment insurance system in Canada must be one of the most controversial aspects of this most controversial of industries. This paper describes the debates concerning the desirability of extending the unemployment insurance system to fishermen, from the original parliamentary debate on unemployment insurance in 1935, through the enactment of the enabling legislation in 1956, to the implementation of fishermen’s unemployment insurance in April 1957. The main question asked, and answered, is why a money transfer system that was opposed by the government agencies that would be most involved in its administration (the Department of Fisheries and the Unemployment Insurance Commission) was implemented.
R. Murray Schafer’s And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon: The Nexus of Ideal and Real Wilderness
Authors: Waterman Ellen
Published: January 2017

R. Murray Schafer’s environmental music drama, And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon (1988- ), stands at the nexus between the lived experience of performance in the Canadian wilderness and Schafer’s romantic idea of the North. A collaborative project involving 75 volunteer participants, the work takes place over an entire week each August in the Haliburton Forest and Wild Life Reserve near Ontario’s Algonquin Park. It forms the epilogue to the composer’s massive Patria series (1966- ). Simultaneously performers, creators and audience, the participants camp together as they enact Schafer’s participatory and ritualistic theatre — a theatre specifically designed for performance in the Canadian wilderness. As such, And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon functions as an atelier for Schafer’s cultural vision, grounding his idealism in a problematic but rich practice. This paper traces the development of Schafer’s wilderness ideal both as expressed in his 30 years of writing on Canadian culture and in the performance practice of his environmental music theatre. In particular, it examines the problems and potential of the moment of contact between ideal and real wilderness as expressed in And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon.
Songs of the Open Road: Bon Echo, Urban Utopians and the Cult of Nature
Authors: Lacombe Michèle
Published: January 2017

This article focusses on the creation of a wilderness cult from 1900 to 1919 at the site on Lake Mazinaw in Ontario now known as Bon Echo Provincial Park, a cult in which Flora MacDonald Denison (1867-1921) played a major role. Particular attention is paid to the intersection of feminism, spiritualism and popular poetry in the perception and use of wilderness by members of the counter culture of Toronto in the early-twentieth century. The paper explains why the American radical poet and mystic Walt Whitman emerges as a focus for their idea of Canadian art and nature.
Possessing Meares Island
Authors: Gough Barry
Published: January 2017

How did Meares Island, British Columbia, come to be possessed by the historical record? And what were the circumstances that led it to be transferred, in historical memory, from Native occupancy and fur-trading realm to Indian Reserves and Umber License 44? How did the land claim bring all of these issues together, and leave as legacy a different perception of Meares Island, as a place saved from forest exploitation by the alliance of Native voices and environmental groups? These themes are explored in this essay, which concludes that it is crisis that gives uniqueness to the history of otherwise unknown locales.
Bushman and Dragonfly
Authors: Potts Gary
Published: January 2017

For 25 years, Gary Potts was Chief of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai, the People of the Deep Water. In that capacity he led their on-going struggle to win back and protect their traditional homeland (N’Daki Menan) covering 10,000 square kilometres of the Temagami region. It was a campaign of roadblocks, negotiations and law cases that ultimately took the Teme-Augama Anishnabai’s historic claim to the Supreme Court of Canada in 1991.

In 1988-89 the Teme-Augama Anishnabai blockaded construction of the Red Squirrel logging road asserting that the Teme-Augama Anishnabai still held legal title to their homeland. At one point, Camp Wanapitei was “occupied” with the enthusiastic co-operation of Bruce Hodgins as a site from which to organize volunteers participating in roadblocks to halt lumbering particularly in the old growth stands of the Waldmika triangle in the heart of N’Dald Menan.

In 1996, Gaiy Potts returned to Wanapitei from his home on Bear Island on Lake Temagami, to participate in the Refiguring Wilderness Conference. His paper in this volume is, essentially, the talk he gave one evening with some small changes he made subsequently. It is a personal story of experience, of straggle and of the wisdom gained along the way. That wisdom he shares here with a wider audience. At the request of the author and the guest editors, the text remains untouched by JCS/REC editorial intervention.
Arctic Wilderness — And Other Mythologies
Authors: Grant Shelagh D.
Published: January 2017

Many Canadians still conceive the Arctic as a vast area of pristine wilderness, a concept not shared by its indigenous peoples, the Inuit. The eco-tourism industry promotes the vision of an unspoiled natural world to attract thousands of visitors northward by air or cruise ships. Environmentalists argue that this wilderness must be protected against roads, mineral exploitation, trapping and hunting. The Inuit, who for centuries have relied upon their environment for sustenance and survival, argue the right to decide how best to utilize their lands and waters to sustain them, culturally and economically, through the next millennium. This paper explores the origins of these conflicting perceptions, their evolution and adaptation to changing times, to seek redefinition of the Arctic as a wilderness area.
Robert Bateman’s Natural Worlds
Authors: Brower Matthew
Published: January 2017

The absence of human figures in wildlife art is questioned through a meditation on the work of Robert Bateman. Bateman’s reception, his denigration and valorization, are examined in relation to this absence of the human, which is related to an erasure of history that raises the question of the political ramifications of wildlife art.
Refiguring the Image of Wilderness in the Northern Doorway
Authors: Whetung James
Published: January 2017

In this personal essay the author takes a wholistic approach to describing the symbiotic relationship between humans, the environment and the land.