bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Editors-in-Chief of Anesthesia & Analgesia Over 100 Years: Creating the Voice of the Global Anesthesiology Community
Authors: Moon Jane S. , Bacon Douglas R. , Pittet Jean-Francois
Published: July 2022

The year 2022 marks the 100th anniversary of Anesthesia & Analgesia, the longest-running anesthesiology publication in the world. Founded in 1922 as Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia by the visionary and charismatic Francis McMechan, MD, the journal served as a reliable mirror for the key scientific and political issues facing the nascent specialty of anesthesiology. Under the leadership of 6 subsequent Editors-in-Chief over the ensuing century—Howard Dittrick, MD; T. Harry Seldon, MD; Nicholas M. Greene, MD; Ronald D. Miller, MD; Steven L. Shafer, MD; and Jean-Francois Pittet, MD—Anesthesia & Analgesia has grown in size, circulation, and impact. Today, it remains a formidable voice in the global anesthesia community.
Multinational Genome-Wide Association Study and Functional Genomics Analysis Implicates Decreased SIRT3 Expression Underlying Intracranial Aneurysm Risk
Authors: Hale Andrew T. , He Jing , Jones Jesse
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND:

The genetic mechanisms regulating intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation and rupture are largely unknown. To identify germline-genetic risk factors for IA, we perform a multinational genome-wide association study (GWAS) of individuals from the United Kingdom, Finland, and Japan.

OBJECTIVE:

To identify a shared, multinational genetic basis of IA.

METHODS:

Using GWAS summary statistics from UK Biobank, FinnGen, and Biobank Japan, we perform a meta-analysis of IA, containing ruptured and unruptured IA cases. Logistic regression was used to identify IA-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Effect size was calculated using the coefficient r, estimating the contribution of the single-nucleotide polymorphism to the genetic variance of the trait. Genome-wide significance was set at 5.0 × 10−8. Expression quantitative trait loci mapping and functional genomics approaches were used to infer mechanistic consequences of implicated variants.

RESULTS:

Our cohort contained 155 154 individuals (3132 IA cases and 152 022 controls). We identified 4 genetic loci reaching genome-wide: rs73392700 (SIRT3, effect size = 0.28, P = 4.3 × 10−12), rs58721068 (EDNRA, effect size = −0.20, P = 4.8 × 10−12), rs4977574 (AL359922.1, effect size = 0.18, P = 7.9 × 10−12), and rs11105337 (ATP2B1, effect size = −0.15, P = 3.4 × 10−8). Expression quantitative trait loci mapping suggests that rs73392700 has a large effect size on SIRT3 gene expression in arterial and muscle, but not neurological, tissues. Functional genomics analysis suggests that rs73392700 causes decreased SIRT3 gene expression.

CONCLUSION:

We perform a multinational GWAS of IA and identify 4 genetic risk loci, including 2 novel IA risk loci (SIRT3 and AL359922.1). Identification of high-risk genetic loci across ancestries will enable population-genetic screening approaches to identify patients with IA.
Vascular Myelopathy Secondary to Compression of the Artery of Adamkiewicz From an Intrathecal Catheter: A Case Technical Report
Authors: Perdomo-Pantoja Alexander , Zakaria Hesham Mostafa , Liu Ann , Tsehay Yohannes , Weber-Levine Carly , Mao Gordon , Theodore Nicholas
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE:

Although catheter-related complications in intrathecal drug delivery systems are relatively common, vascular myelopathy secondary to occlusion of the artery of Adamkiewicz (AoA) from an abutting intrathecal catheter has not yet been reported. In this study, we present a case of this extremely rare presentation, which resolved after decompression of the artery.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

A 39-year-old woman presented with lower extremity weakness and paresthesia. She had a 20-year history of severe chronic back pain and stable sensory disturbances below T8 as sequelae of multiple injuries after a motor vehicle accident. Three years before presentation in our clinic, she underwent baclofen pump placement because of neuropathic pain refractory to oral medication. After pump placement, she gradually developed myelopathic symptoms and dysautonomia. All medications through the pump were discontinued, but her symptoms continued to progress. Workup included a spinal angiogram that showed that her intrathecal catheter was abutting the left side of the AoA at the T12 level. After interdisciplinary evaluation, it was believed that her clinical presentation was attributable to vascular compression, and she underwent surgical removal of the catheter. Three years later, her symptoms have improved and her neurological examination returned to baseline before the catheter placement.

CONCLUSION:

Meticulous, multidisciplinary neurological and radiological evaluations were essential to diagnose the compression of the AoA as the cause of this patient's myelopathy. Although exceedingly rare, direct compression of the AoA by an intrathecal catheter should be on the differential diagnosis when evaluating for causes of vascular myelopathy.
Clipping Ophthalmic Segment Artery Aneurysms Using a Modified Subdural Dolenc Approach: Classification and Experience Sharing
Authors: Zhou Heng-Jun , Wang Xiao-Yi , Zhan Ren-Ya , Zheng Jie-Sheng , Yu Jian-Bo , Zheng Xiu-Jue
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND:

Ophthalmic segment artery aneurysms (OSAs) are difficult to clip; therefore, improvement of the surgical method is of great significance to the prevention of complications, and the classification of the aneurysms is essential to formulate a reasonable surgical plan.

OBJECTIVE:

To explore the strategies and effects of surgery for OSAs using a modified subdural Dolenc approach.

METHODS:

The clinical data of 38 patients (12 men and 26 women, aged 48-73 years) with OSA were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 44 aneurysms were identified, 40 of which were OSAs. The 40 aneurysms were divided into types Ia1 (n = 2), Ia2 (n = 2), Ib (n = 6), IIa (n = 4), IIb (n = 4), IIIa (n = 0), IIIb (n = 4), IIIc (n = 16), and IV (n = 2) based on preoperative images. Thirty-nine OSAs were operated successfully through pterional craniotomy combined with the modified subdural Dolenc approach, and 1 aneurysm was clipped through the contralateral approach. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).

RESULTS:

Thirty-nine OSAs were clipped, and one was wrapped. Visual dysfunction, headache, and dizziness improved after the operation in 18 patients. One patient had new visual impairment, and there were no deaths. At discharge, the GOS score was 5 in 36 cases, 4 in 1 case, and 3 in 1 case. Thirty-seven patients had a GOS score of 5, and 1 patient had a score of 3 at 6 months after the operation.

CONCLUSION:

The modified subdural Dolenc approach (Zheng approach) for clipping OSAs may be associated with less trauma and good postoperative outcomes.
Primary Intracranial Brainstem Malignant Melanoma: A Technical Case Report
Authors: McGrath Margaret , Emerson Samuel , Shenoy Varadaraya Satyanarayan , Juric-Sekhar Gordana , Sekhar Laligam N.
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE:

Primary intracranial malignant melanomas (PIMMs) are quite rare, comprising 1% of melanomas and 0.07% of intracranial tumors. PIMMs have been reported in a variety of intracranial locations, but there has only been 1 reported instance of PIMM occurring in the brainstem. In this study, we describe the second reported case of primary pontine malignant melanoma and its treatment.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

A 40-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis, diplopia, and dysarthria. MRI demonstrated a hemorrhagic, expansile, and heterogeneously enhancing lesion in the left pons with edema extending to the left thalamus and posterior limb of the internal capsule. Surgical resection was performed through a transpetrosal approach. Pathology resulted as malignant melanoma immunopositive for BRAF V600E mutation. Complete oncological workup revealed no other lesions; thus, he was diagnosed with PIMM of the brainstem.

CONCLUSION:

We report a rare case of primary pontine malignant melanoma in which microsurgical resection resulted in dramatic clinical improvement despite the challenging location. This is only the second reported case of brainstem PIMM. More patients with longer-term follow-up will be necessary to determine the best treatment approach.
Sphenoparietal Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Series of 10 Patients
Authors: Hartke Joelle N. , Srinivasan Visish M. , Rahmani Redi , Catapano Joshua S. , Labib Mohamed A. , Rumalla Kavelin , Garcia Joseph H. , McDougall Cameron M. , Abla Adib A. , Lawton Michael T.
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND:

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) of the sphenoparietal sinus or sphenoid wing region are uncommon lesions with unique and interesting angioarchitecture. Understanding appropriate anatomy and recognizing patterns provide important treatment implications.

OBJECTIVE:

To describe a single surgeon's experience with open surgical treatment of sphenoparietal sinus DAVFs, the surgical indications for this uncommon lesion, and the microsurgical techniques related to its treatment and to review the literature on its surgical treatment.

METHODS:

Consecutive cases of sphenoparietal sinus DAVF treatment conducted by a single surgeon over 24 years (1997-2020) were retrospectively reviewed. Published reports of similar cases were reviewed.

RESULTS:

Of 202 surgically treated DAVFs, 10 lesions in 10 patients were sphenoparietal sinus DAVFs. Four patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage, 3 with headache, and 2 with pulsatile tinnitus; 1 patient was incidentally identified as having a DAVF during treatment for a ruptured aneurysm. Most patients (7 of 10) had undergone endovascular embolization previously. Nine patients had Borden type III DAVFs and one had a Borden type II fistula. Surgery in all 10 patients resulted in angiographically confirmed fistula obliteration. Clinical outcomes at the last follow-up, measured by a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, were excellent in 6 patients (mRS ≤ 2) and poor in 1 patient (mRS ≥ 3); late outcomes were not available for 3 patients.

CONCLUSION:

Sphenoparietal sinus DAVFs are an uncommon anatomic subtype. Careful attention to angiographic detail leads to identification of the site of venous interruption and results in a high rate of surgical cure with excellent clinical outcomes.
Intracranial Breakthrough Through Cavernous Sinus Compartments: Anatomic Study and Implications for Pituitary Adenoma Surgery
Authors: Xu Yuanzhi , Mohyeldin Ahmed , Asmaro Karam P. , Nunez Maximiliano Alberto , Doniz-Gonzalez Ayoze , Vigo Vera , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C.
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND:

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) with cavernous sinus (CS) invasion can extend into the intradural space by breaking through the CS walls.

OBJECTIVE:

To elaborate on the potential breakthrough route through CS compartments for invasive PAs and describe relevant surgical anatomy and technical nuances, with an aim to improve resection rates.

METHODS:

Twelve colored silicon-injected human head specimens were used for endonasal and transcranial dissection of the CS walls; ligaments, dural folds, and cranial nerves on each compartment were inspected. Two illustrative cases of invasive PA are also presented.

RESULTS:

The potential breakthrough routes through the CS compartments had unique anatomic features. The superior compartment breakthrough was delimited by the anterior petroclinoidal ligament laterally, posterior petroclinoidal ligament posteriorly, and interclinoidal ligament medially; tumor extended into the parapeduncular space with an intimate spatial relationship with the oculomotor nerve and posterior communicating artery. The lateral compartment breakthrough was limited by the anterior petroclinoidal ligament superiorly and ophthalmic nerve inferiorly; tumor extended into the middle fossa, displacing the trochlear nerve and inferolateral trunk to reach the medial temporal lobe. The posterior compartment breakthrough delineated by the Gruber ligament, petrosal process of the sphenoid bone, and petrous apex inferiorly, posterior petroclinoidal ligament superiorly, and dorsum sellae medially; tumor displaced or encased the abducens nerve and inferior hypophyseal artery and compressed the cerebral peduncle.

CONCLUSION:

The superior lateral and posterior components of the CS are potential routes for invasion by PAs. Better identification of CS breakthrough patterns is crucial for achieving higher gross total resection and remission rates.
Remains of the World War I: War against War by Ernst Friedrich and Two Approaches to Reading Archives .
Authors: Maliszewska Marta
Published: July 2022

In this paper, I analyze two methods of reading archives: ‘against the grain’ and ‘along the grain’. First one focuses mainly on revealing what is marginalized and omitted in archive’s dominant narration. The other carefully studies the logic of an archive itself. As such, reading against the grain allows to reveal victims’ forgotten stories, while reading along the grain helps to understand perpetrators’ perspective that may further lead to better recognition of the mechanisms of organized violence. I apply both approaches to the album War against War (1924) by Ernst Friedrich, which contains archival photographs from World War I. Keywords: War against War; World War I; archival photographs; reading against the grain; reading along the grain
Los “sacrificados” y la resignificación del Valle de los Caídos como símbolo de reconciliación (1958-1959).
Authors: Tormo Benavent David
Published: July 2022

Poco antes del fin de las obras del Valle de los Caídos el franquismo intentó adaptar su función original, acoger los restos de sus “héroes y mártires”, para convertir el monumento en un símbolo de reconciliación de todos los “caídos” en la Guerra Civil. Para darles cabida, a las víctimas de la represión franquista se las convirtió en “sacrificados”. El artículo analiza este concepto y documenta su utilización a la hora de identificar a las víctimas de la represión franquista en el momento de su traslado hasta el monumento
El nuevo realismo: un análisis de las propuestas de Quentin Meillassoux, Graham Harman, Maurizio Ferraris y Markus Gabriel.
Authors: Vega Luque Andrés
Published: July 2022

En el presente trabajo se abordará el Nuevo Realismo, movimiento filosófico que cada vez goza de mayor popularidad. En primer lugar, se hará un breve análisis de su origen. A continuación, se atenderá a las propuestas de cuatro de los principales referentes de este movimiento: Quentin Meillassoux, Graham Harman, Maurizio Ferraris y Markus Gabriel. El objetivo de esto es encontrar las semejanzas y diferencias entre todas, para poder establecer una clasificación más acertada dentro del nuevo realismo.
Praxis, daños e intención. Una aproximación al problema de daño sin víctima póstumo en sede aristotélica.
Authors: Podhorski Jan María
Published: July 2022

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar algunas de las deficiencias en la comprensión de la acción humana en el debate del daño sin víctima. Tales deficiencias se pueden enmendar con el planteamiento de Aristóteles y pueden resolver con éxito algunas paradojas o dificultades que surgen si no se tiene en cuenta la teoría del Estagirita.
Mapping analysis to predict the associated EuroQol five-dimension three-level utility values from the Oxford Knee Score
Authors: Clement Nick D. , Afzal Irrum , Peacock Christian J. H. , MacDonald Deborah , Macpherson Gavin J. , Patton James T. , Asopa Vipin , Sochart David H. , Kader Deiary F.
Published: July 2022

Aims

The aims of this study were to assess mapping models to predict the three-level version of EuroQoL five-dimension utility index (EQ-5D-3L) from the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and validate these before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

A retrospective cohort of 5,857 patients was used to create the prediction models, and a second cohort of 721 patients from a different centre was used to validate the models, all of whom underwent TKA. Patient characteristics, BMI, OKS, and EQ-5D-3L were collected preoperatively and one year postoperatively. Generalized linear regression was used to formulate the prediction models.

Results

There were significant correlations between the OKS and EQ-5D-3L preoperatively ( r = 0.68; p < 0.001) and postoperatively ( r = 0.77; p < 0.001) and for the change in the scores ( r = 0.61; p < 0.001). Three different models (preoperative, postoperative, and change) were created. There were no significant differences between the actual and predicted mean EQ-5D-3L utilities at any timepoint or for change in the scores (p > 0.090) in the validation cohort. There was a significant correlation between the actual and predicted EQ-5D-3L utilities preoperatively ( r = 0.63; p < 0.001) and postoperatively ( r = 0.77; p < 0.001) and for the change in the scores ( r = 0.56; p < 0.001). Bland-Altman plots demonstrated that a lower utility was overestimated, and higher utility was underestimated. The individual predicted EQ-5D-3L that was within ± 0.05 and ± 0.010 (minimal clinically important difference (MCID)) of the actual EQ-5D-3L varied between 13% to 35% and 26% to 64%, respectively, according to timepoint assessed and change in the scores, but was not significantly different between the modelling and validation cohorts (p ≥ 0.148).

Conclusion

The OKS can be used to estimate EQ-5D-3L. Predicted individual patient utility error beyond the MCID varied from one-third to two-thirds depending on timepoint assessed, but the mean for a cohort did not differ and could be employed for this purpose. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(7):573–581.
Achromatic stigmatism: achromatic Cartesian ovoid
Authors: Silva-Lora Alberto , Torres Rafael
Published: July 2022

Monochromatic and chromatic aberrations are imaging defects mainly studied from a geometrical optics point of view. These defects are treated through optimization and minimization methods to achieve acceptable performance in optical imaging systems, where the correct choice of glass materials is one of the main challenges. The selection of glass materials is a complex issue that requires a large amount of computing power within sophisticated computational algorithms and enough professional experience in the area. However, in this work, we propose a new methodology to treat the chromatic and geometrical aberrations simultaneously by taking advantage of the relationship between form parameters of Cartesian surfaces and wavelength in the material. From this relationship, we obtain an achromatism principle that establishes the conditions for refracting systems to present a strictly achromatic stigmatism.
Periodic evolution of the out-of-phase dipole and the single-charged vortex solitons in periodic photonic moiré lattice with saturable self-focusing nonlinearity media
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Qin Yali , Zheng Huan , Ren Hongliang
Published: July 2022

We survey the propagation properties of the out-of-phase (OOP) dipole solitons and the single-charged vortex (SCV) soliton in a periodic photonic moiré lattice with

θ
=
arctan
⁡
(

3

/

4

)

under self-focusing nonlinearity media. Since the rotation angle, periodic photonic moiré lattices have peculiar energy band structures, with highly flat bands and the bandgaps being much more extensive, which is very favorable for the realization and stability of the solitons. When exciting a single point on-site with the OOP dipole beam, its evolution shows a periodic rollover around the lattice axis. Whereas, when exciting a single point on-site with the SCV beam, it transmits counterclockwise rotating periodically. Both the OOP dipole solitons and the SVC soliton maintain the local state, but their phase exhibits different variations. The phase of the OOP dipole solitons is flipped, while that of the SCV is rotated counterclockwise. Our work further complements the exploration of solitons in photonic moiré lattice with nonlinearity.
Probing neuronal functions with precise and targeted laser ablation in
the living cortex: reply
Authors: Cheng Zongyue , Lin Jianian , Han Yiyong , Wei Bowen , Lai Baoling , Li Baoming , Cui Meng , Gan Wen-Biao
Published: July 2022

In their comment on Optica 8, 1559
(2021)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.433562, Liang and Vogel
performed a theoretical calculation to show that with a 1.1 NA
objective and 140 femtosecond (fs) laser pulses with a single pulse
energy of 2.2 nJ and 80 MHz repetition rate, the focal point
temperature rises 0.3 K and reaches equilibrium after 100 µs in water
[Optica
9, 868 (2022)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.454469].
They suggest that the damage to brain tissue by laser could not be
caused by thermal effects but rather by plasma-mediated chemical
effects. To quantify the thermal accumulation due to the femtosecond
(fs) laser illumination in living animals, we used a thermocouple
sensor to measure the temperature change in the vicinity of the laser
focus at a depth of 300 µm in the cortex of an adult mouse. Our
results show that laser irradiation at 930 nm wavelengths with power
ranging from 19 to 300 mW can all lead to a brain tissue temperature
rise of more than 0.3 K at 1 s at a distance of 25 µm from the laser
focus, and the 300 mW laser can cause a temperature increase of more
than 28 K at 6 s. These experimental measurements are significantly
higher than theoretically calculated values in the comment. These
results suggest that the thermal accumulation effect of focused
low-energy pulses from fs laser oscillators could contribute
significantly to the collateral damage in the living brain.
Single-pulse, reference-free, spatiospectral measurement of ultrashort pulse-beams
Authors: Goldberger David , Barolak Jonathan , Bevis Charles S. , Ivanic Bojana , Schmidt David , Lei Yuhao , Kazansky Peter , Mancini Giulia F. , Durfee Charles G. , Adams Daniel E.
Published: July 2022

High-intensity pulse-beams are ubiquitous in scientific investigations
and industrial applications ranging from the generation of secondary
radiation sources (e.g., high harmonic generation, electrons) to
material processing (e.g., micromachining, laser-eye surgery).
Crucially, pulse-beams can only be controlled to the degree to which
they are characterized, necessitating sophisticated measurement
techniques. We present a reference-free, full-field, single-shot
spatiospectral measurement technique called broadband single-shot
ptychography (BBSSP). BBSSP provides the complex wavefront for each
spectral and polarization component in an ultrafast pulse-beam and
should be applicable across the electromagnetic spectrum. BBSSP will
dramatically improve the application and mitigation of spatiospectral
pulse-beam structure.
Quantum-enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering spectroscopy and imaging
Authors: Li Tian , Li Fu , Liu Xinghua , Yakovlev Vladislav V. , Agarwal Girish S.
Published: July 2022

Brillouin microscopy is an emerging label-free imaging technique used
to assess local viscoelastic properties. Quantum-enhanced stimulated
Brillouin scattering is demonstrated using low power continuous-wave
lasers at 795 nm. A signal-to-noise ratio enhancement of 3.4 dB is
reported by using two-mode intensity-difference squeezed light
generated with the four-wave mixing process in atomic rubidium vapor.
The low optical power and the excitation wavelengths in the water
transparency window have the potential to provide a powerful
bio-imaging technique for probing mechanical properties of biological
samples prone to phototoxicity and thermal effects. The performance
enhancement affordable through the use of quantum light may pave the
way for significantly improved sensitivity that cannot be achieved
classically. The proposed method for utilizing squeezed light for
enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering can be easily adapted for
both spectroscopic and imaging applications in biology.
Leveraging a physiologically-based quantitative translational modeling platform for designing B cell maturation antigen-targeting bispecific T cell engagers for treatment of multiple myeloma
Authors: Yoneyama Tomoki , Kim Mi-Sook , Piatkov Konstantin , Wang Haiqing , Zhu Andy Z. X.
Published: July 2022

Bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs) are an emerging anti-cancer modality that redirects cytotoxic T cells to tumor cells expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), thereby forming immune synapses to exert anti-tumor effects. Designing pharmacokinetically acceptable TCEs and optimizing their size presents a considerable protein engineering challenge, particularly given the complexity of intercellular bridging between T cells and tumor cells. Therefore, a physiologically-relevant and clinically-verified computational modeling framework is of crucial importance to understand the protein engineering trade-offs. In this study, we developed a quantitative, physiologically-based computational framework to predict immune synapse formation for a variety of molecular formats of TCEs in tumor tissues. Our model incorporates a molecular size-dependent biodistribution using the two-pore theory, extravasation of T cells and hematologic cancer cells, mechanistic bispecific intercellular binding of TCEs, and competitive inhibitory interactions by shed targets. The biodistribution of TCEs was verified by positron emission tomography imaging of [89Zr]AMG211 (a carcinoembryonic antigen-targeting TCE) in patients. Parameter sensitivity analyses indicated that immune synapse formation was highly sensitive to TAA expression, degree of target shedding, and binding selectivity to tumor cell surface TAAs over shed targets. Notably, the model suggested a “sweet spot” for TCEs’ CD3 binding affinity, which balanced the trapping of TCEs in T-cell-rich organs. The final model simulations indicated that the number of immune synapses is similar (~55/tumor cell) between two distinct clinical stage B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeting TCEs, PF-06863135 in an IgG format and AMG420 in a BiTE format, at their respective efficacious doses in multiple myeloma patients. This result demonstrates the applicability of the developed computational modeling framework to molecular design optimization and clinical benchmarking for TCEs, thus suggesting that this framework can be applied to other targets to provide a quantitative means to facilitate model-informed best-in-class TCE discovery and development.
A mixed-methods exploration into the resilience of community drug distributors conducting mass drug administration for preventive chemotherapy of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in Côte d’Ivoire and Uganda
Authors: Dilliott Daniel , Addiss David , Thickstun Charles , Djima Adam Mama , Comoe Esther , Thompson Lakwo , Neema Stella , Amuyunzu-Nyamongo Mary , Wung-Buh Amos , McFarland Deborah , Gyapong Margaret , Krentel Alison
Published: July 2022

Volunteer community drug distributors (CDDs) have been vital to progress made in the elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis; two neglected tropical diseases amenable to preventive chemotherapy (PC-NTDs). However, formative work in Côte d’Ivoire and Uganda revealed that CDDs can encounter considerable challenges during mass drug administration (MDA). CDDs must be resilient to overcome these challenges, yet little is known about their resilience. This mixed-methods study explored the resilience of CDDs in Côte d’Ivoire and Uganda. The characteristics and experiences of 248 CDDs involved in the 2018 MDAs in Côte d’Ivoire (N = 132) and Uganda (N = 116) were assessed using a micronarrative survey. Thematic analysis of CDDs’ micronarratives was used to identify challenges they encountered during MDA. Resilience was assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 25 (CD-RISC-25). Variables from the micronarrative survey found to be individually associated with mean CD-RISC-25 score (P<0.05) through bivariate analyses were included in a multiple linear regression model. Post-hoc, country-specific analyses were then conducted. Thematic analysis showed that CDDs encountered a wide range of challenges during MDA. The aggregate model revealed that CDDs who had positive relationships or received support from their communities scored higher on the CD-RISC-25 on average (P<0.001 for both), indicating higher resilience. These trends were also observed in the country-specific analyses. Mean CD-RISC-25 scores were unaffected by variations in district, age, gender, and length of involvement with the NTD program. Community support during MDA and positive community-CDD relationships appear to be associated with CDDs’ personal capacity to overcome adversity. Involving communities and community leadership in the selection and support of CDDs has the potential to benefit their well-being. This study establishes the CD-RISC-25 as a useful tool for assessing the resilience of CDDs. Further research is needed to understand, promote, and support the resilience of this valuable health workforce, upon which NTD programs depend.
Embryonic manipulations modulate differential expressions of heat shock protein, fatty acid metabolism, and antioxidant-related genes in the liver of heat-stressed broilers
Authors: Ncho Chris Major , Goel Akshat , Gupta Vaishali , Jeong Chae-Mi , Choi Yang-Ho
Published: July 2022

In this study, the effects of in ovo feeding of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) on plasma biochemical parameters, organ weights, and hepatic gene expression in broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress (32 ± 1°C for 8 days) (HS) were investigated. A total of 175 chicks were assigned to five treatments: chicks hatched from control eggs (CON); chicks hatched from control eggs but exposed to HS (CON+HS); chicks hatched from eggs injected at 17.5 days of incubation with 0.6mL of 10% GABA and exposed to HS (G10+HS); chicks hatched from thermally manipulated eggs (39.6°C, 6h/d from embryonic days 10 to 18) and exposed to HS (TM+HS); chicks hatched from eggs that received both previous treatments during incubation and exposed to HS (G10+TM+HS). Results revealed that on day 36 post-hatch, hepatic NADPH oxidase 1 (P = 0.034) and 4 (P = 0.021) genes were downregulated in the TM+HS and G10+TM+HS compared to the CON+HS group. In addition, while acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression was reduced (P = 0.002) in the G10+TM group, gene expression of extracellular fatty acid-binding protein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ was lower (P = 0.045) in the TM+HS group than in the CON+HS group. HS led to higher gene expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and 90 (HSP90) (P = 0.005, and P = 0.022). On the other hand, the TM+HS group exhibited lower expression of both HSP70 (P = 0.031) and HSP90 (P = 0.043) whereas the G10+TM+HS group had a reduced (P = 0.016) HSP90 expression compared to the CON+HS. MANOVA on different gene sets highlighted an overall lower (P = 0.034) oxidative stress and lower (P = 0.035) heat shock protein expression in the G10+TM+HS group compared to the CON+HS group. Taken together, the current results suggest that the combination of in ovo feeding of GABA with TM can modulate HSPs and antioxidant-related gene expression in heat-stressed broilers.
Open source surgical fracture table for digitally distributed manufacturing
Authors: Bow J. K. , Gallup N. , Sadat S. A. , Pearce J. M.
Published: July 2022

Roughly a third of the surgical procedures the World Bank is prioritizing as essential and cost-effective are orthopedic procedures. Yet in much of the developing world, prohibitive costs are a substantial barrier to universal access. One area where this is clear is surgical fracture tables, which generally cost >US$200,000 new. With the advent of 3-D printing, a new way to reduce medical equipment costs is to use open source hardware licensed designs to fabricate digitally-distributed manufactured medical hardware. That approach is applied here to make surgical tables more accessible. This study describes the design and manufacture of an open source surgical fracture table that uses materials that are widely available worldwide with specialty components being 3-D printed. The bill of materials and assembly instructions are detailed and the fracture table is validated to perform mechanically to specifications. Using an open source desktop RepRap-class 3-D printer, the components can be printed in a little over a week of continuous printing. Including the 3-D printed parts, the open source fracture table can be constructed for under US$3,000 in material costs, representing a 98.5% savings for commercial systems, radically increasing accessibility. The open source table can be adjusted 90–116 cm in height, tilted from +/-15 degrees, the leg height ranges from 31 to 117 cm, the arm supports and foot holder both have a 180-degree range, the foot position has a 54 cm range, and the legs can be adjusted from 55 to 120 degrees. It is mechanically adjusted so does not require electricity, however, surgical staff need to be trained on how to perform needed adjustments during surgery. The open source surgical table has verified performance for mechanical loading over 130 kg, geometric flexibility to allow for wide array of common surgeries, is radiolucent in surgical zones, and is modular and upgradeable.
Prevalence of Cryptococcus gattii in Ugandan HIV-infected patients presenting with cryptococcal meningitis
Authors: Wembabazi Abel , Nassozi Dianah Rhoda , Akot Enid , Ochola Timothy Isaac , Kweka Prosper Tom , Katamu Nelson Tom , Meya David , Achan Beatrice
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a life threatening disease and leading cause of opportunistic fungal-related mortality in HIV/AIDS. Most CM infections are caused by C. neoformans species complexes but the prevalence of Cryptococcus gattii species complexes in Uganda is unknown however, it is known in a few other parts of Africa. We estimated the prevalence of C. gattii in patients living with HIV and a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda.

Methods

Cryptococcus isolates (n = 200) obtained from cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CM recruited at the Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, were tested by phenotypic methods. The Cryptococcus isolates were sub-cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates for 48 hours. The yeast colonies were examined by India ink stain, urea hydrolysis, and C. gattii was identified by blue pigmentation on CGB agar. The results were analyzed for frequency of C. gattii. Patient demographic characteristics were collected from the case record forms.

Results

From the 200 patients’ case record forms, 87 (43.5%) were female and 113 (56.5%) were male. The median age was 35 (19–64) years. Most patients, 93% (187/200) were from Central Uganda in the districts of Kampala and Wakiso. 97.51% (157/161) of the patients had absolute CD4 lymphocyte counts of less than 200 cells per cubic millimeter; 1.86% (3/161) 200–350 cells per cubic millimeter and 0.62% (1/161) above 500 cells per cubic millimeter. 45.4% (74/163) were not yet on HAART and 54.6% (89/163) were on HAART. 66.7% (58/87) had poor adherence to HAART treatment and 33.3% (29/87) had reported good adherence to HAART treatment. A total of 200 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus isolates were tested. No (0% (0/200) C. gattii was identified among the Cryptococcus isolates.

Conclusion

In this study among patients living with HIV and a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda, we found no C. gattii infections.
Facial soft tissue thickness in forensic facial reconstruction: Impact of regional differences in Brazil
Authors: Moritsugui Deisy Satie , Fugiwara Flavia Vanessa Greb , Vassallo Flávia Nicolle Stefani , Mazzilli Luiz Eugênio Nigro , Beaini Thiago Leite , Melani Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff
Published: July 2022

Forensic facial reconstruction aims to assemble and provide the appearance of a face over a skull, in order to lead to recognition of that individual, making possible the application of primary identification methods. The scientific literature presents facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) tables for reference from a range of different geographic regions. However, the consensus on its importance or on how to use specific population data related to FSTT is not unanimous. Brazil is formed by geographic regions with diverse populations, which are reflected in facial features. This paper aimed to measure and compare FSTT of distinct Brazilian samples to ascertain the need for specific data sets for different regions. A specific protocol for cone beam computed tomography was used to standardize measurement, and it was applied in a sample of 101 subjects. The FSTT measurements of a Brazilian population from the Midwest Region was compared to a previous sample from Southeast, which was collected using the same protocol. High compatibility was observed when comparing the averages of FSTT among samples of these two different geographic regions. Regarding age groups, notable differences on the medium and inferior face were observed in females. Minor variances found are unlikely to affect the practice of forensic facial reconstruction. Facial features, such as eyes, lips, nose, and skin may also be relevant in the differentiation of people from these two areas in Brazil. Therefore, concerning the Southeast and Midwest Brazilian regions, the need to apply different data sets is unnecessary.
The spatio-temporal features of perceived-as-genuine and deliberate expressions
Authors: Namba Shushi , Nakamura Koyo , Watanabe Katsumi
Published: July 2022

Reading the genuineness of facial expressions is important for increasing the credibility of information conveyed by faces. However, it remains unclear which spatio-temporal characteristics of facial movements serve as critical cues to the perceived genuineness of facial expressions. This study focused on observable spatio-temporal differences between perceived-as-genuine and deliberate expressions of happiness and anger expressions. In this experiment, 89 Japanese participants were asked to judge the perceived genuineness of faces in videos showing happiness or anger expressions. To identify diagnostic facial cues to the perceived genuineness of the facial expressions, we analyzed a total of 128 face videos using an automated facial action detection system; thereby, moment-to-moment activations in facial action units were annotated, and nonnegative matrix factorization extracted sparse and meaningful components from all action units data. The results showed that genuineness judgments reduced when more spatial patterns were observed in facial expressions. As for the temporal features, the perceived-as-deliberate expressions of happiness generally had faster onsets to the peak than the perceived-as-genuine expressions of happiness. Moreover, opening the mouth negatively contributed to the perceived-as-genuine expressions, irrespective of the type of facial expressions. These findings provide the first evidence for dynamic facial cues to the perceived genuineness of happiness and anger expressions.
Overwinter survival of Corbicula fluminea in a central Minnesota lake
Authors: Weber Megan M. , Cibulka Daniel
Published: July 2022

AlthoughCorbicula flumineahas been one of the more prolific freshwater invasive species in the world, previous studies have suggested a low probability for overwinter survival in northern latitudes without an artificially created thermal refuge. The discovery of liveC.flumineain a central Minnesota lake absent any known thermal refuge in 2020 presented an opportunity to further evaluate the overwinter survival and population structure ofC.flumineaat the presumed edge of their potential range. The population was monitored from December 2020 through September 2021 alongside water temperature to better understand at which temperaturesC.flumineasurvived and if the population structure suggested reproduction occurring in the lake. We documented liveC.flumineain temperatures as low as 0.3°C. Shell size of recovered individuals suggested multiple cohorts, and the appearance of a new cohort at the end of the study, indicating active reproduction in the lake and suggesting the population had likely been present in the lake for at least two winters by the conclusion of the study period. Our findings provide evidence of the survival below historically documented lower lethal temperature limits and suggests adaptations to modeling predicting suitable habitat, both present and in a changing climate, are necessary to better assess risk of invasion by this species.
Aetiology and prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia at the Adult University Teaching Hospital in Zambia
Authors: Ziko L. M. , Hoffman T. W. , Fwoloshi S. , Chanda D. , Nampungwe Y. M. , Patel D. , Bobat H. , Moonga A. , Chirwa L. , Hachaambwa L. , Mateyo K. J.
Published: July 2022

Background

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a frequent cause of death worldwide, and in sub-Saharan Africa particularly. Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) influence pathogen distribution in patients with CAP. Previous studies in sub-Saharan Africa have shown different frequencies of respiratory pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility compared to studies outside Africa. This study aimed to investigate the aetiology, presentation, and treatment outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in adults at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia.

Materials and methods

Three-hundred-and-twenty-seven patients were enrolled at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka between March 2018 and December 2018. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data were collected. Sputum samples were tested by microscopy, other TB diagnostics, and bacterial cultures.

Results

The commonest presenting complaint was cough (96%), followed by chest pain (60.6%), fever (59.3%), and breathlessness (58.4%). The most common finding on auscultation of the lungs was chest crackles (51.7%). Seventy percent of the study participants had complaints lasting at least a week before enrolment. The prevalence of HIV was 71%. Sputum samples were tested for 286 patients. The diagnostic yield was 59%. The most common isolate was Mycobacterium tuberculosis (20%), followed by Candida species (18%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in only four patients. There were no statistically significant differences between the rates of specific pathogens identified in HIV-infected patients compared with the HIV-uninfected. Thirty-day mortality was 30%. Patients with TB had higher 30-day mortality than patients without TB (p = 0.047).

Conclusion

Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the most common cause of CAP isolated in adults at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Gram-negative organisms were frequently isolated. A high mortality rate was observed, as 30% of the followed-up study population had died after 30 days.
Measuring health literacy: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis of instruments from 1993 to 2021
Authors: Tavousi Mahmoud , Mohammadi Samira , Sadighi Jila , Zarei Fatemeh , Kermani Ramin Mozafari , Rostami Rahele , Montazeri Ali
Published: July 2022

Background

It has been about 30 years since the first health literacy instrument was developed. This study aimed to review all existing instruments to summarize the current knowledge on the development of existing measurement instruments and their possible translation and validation in other languages different from the original languages.

Methods

The review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar on all published papers on health literacy instrument development and psychometric properties in English biomedical journals from 1993 to the end of 2021.

Results

The findings were summarized and synthesized on several headings, including general instruments, condition specific health literacy instruments (disease & content), population- specific instruments, and electronic health. Overall, 4848 citations were retrieved. After removing duplicates (n = 2336) and non-related papers (n = 2175), 361 studies (162 papers introducing an instrument and 199 papers reporting translation and psychometric properties of an original instrument) were selected for the final review. The original instruments included 39 general health literacy instruments, 90 condition specific (disease or content) health literacy instruments, 22 population- specific instruments, and 11 electronic health literacy instruments. Almost all papers reported reliability and validity, and the findings indicated that most existing health literacy instruments benefit from some relatively good psychometric properties.

Conclusion

This review highlighted that there were more than enough instruments for measuring health literacy. In addition, we found that a number of instruments did not report psychometric properties sufficiently. However, evidence suggest that well developed instruments and those reported adequate measures of validation could be helpful if appropriately selected based on objectives of a given study. Perhaps an authorized institution such as World Health Organization should take responsibility and provide a clear guideline for measuring health literacy as appropriate.
Functional changes in hemostasis during asexual and sexual parasitemia in a controlled human malaria infection
Authors: Huang Shengshi , van der Heijden Wouter , Reuling Isaie J. , Wan Jun , Yan Qiuting , de Laat - Kremers Romy M. W. , Van der Ven Andre J. , de Groot Philip G. , McCall Matthew , Sauerwein Robert W. , Bousema Teun , Roest Mark , Ninivaggi Marisa , de Mast Quirijn , de Laat Bas
Published: July 2022

Decreased platelet count is an early phenomenon in asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia, but its association with acute or long-term functional changes in platelets and coagulation is unknown. Moreover, the impact of gametocytemia on platelets and coagulation remains unclear. We investigated the changes in platelet number and function during early asexual parasitemia, gametocytemia and convalescence in 16 individuals participating in a controlled human malaria infection study, and studied its relationship with changes in total and active von Willebrand factor levels (VWF) and the coagulation system. Platelet activation and reactivity were determined by flow cytometry, and the coagulation system was assessed using different representative assays including antigen assays, activity assays and global functional assays. Platelet count was decreased during asexual blood stage infection but normalized during gametocytemia. Platelet P-selectin expression was slightly increased during asexual parasitemia, gametocytemia and at day 64. In contrast, platelet reactivity to different agonists remained unchanged, except a marked decrease in reactivity to low dose collagen-related peptide-XL. Thrombin generation and antigen assays did not show a clear activation of the coagulation during asexual parasitemia, whereas total and active VWF levels were markedly increased. During gametocytemia and on day 64, the endogenous thrombin potential, thrombin peak and velocity index were increased and prothrombin conversion and plasma prothrombin levels were decreased. We conclude that the decreased platelet count during asexual parasitemia is associated with increased active VWF levels (i.e. endothelial activation), but not platelet hyperreactivity or hypercoagulability, and that the increased platelet clearance in asexual parasitemia could cause spontaneous VWF-platelet complexes formation.