bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical beam shift induced by direct current
Authors: Jiao Xinbing , Bai Xue , Zhao Xinwei , Hao Ruirui , Pan Qian
Published: July 2017

Optical beam shift is related to external conditions. Here, optical spot position and the polarization properties of the totally polarized, P‐polarized, and S‐polarized laser beams reflected from an aluminum film as a function of the external direct current (DC) voltage are measured by a Slit Beam Profiler and a polarimeter. The results show that the optical beam shift of the totally polarized laser beam and the S‐polarized laser beam jumps from 500 to 590 µm, and −10 to 70 µm, respectively, at different critical pressures, when the external DC value changes from 0 to 2.5 V, while the optical beam shift of the P‐polarized laser beam is small and has no jump. The degree of linear polarization of different polarized laser beams cannot change, while the degree of circular polarization of different polarized laser beams changes as a function of the external DC voltage value.
Distributed nonlinear model predictive control based on contraction theory
Authors: Long Yushen , Liu Shuai , Xie Lihua , Johansson Karl Henrik
Published: July 2017

A novel distributed model predictive control algorithm for continuous‐time nonlinear systems is proposed in this paper. Contraction theory is used to estimate the prediction error in the algorithm, leading to new feasibility and stability conditions. Compared to existing analysis based on Lipschitz continuity, the proposed approach gives a distributed model predictive control algorithm under less conservative conditions, allowing stronger couplings between subsystems and a larger sampling interval when the subsystems satisfy the specified contraction conditions. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed approach.
Nature of the Metal‐Ligand Interactions in Complexes M(PH3)2(η2‐L) (M=Ni, Pd, Pt; L=CO2, COS, CS2): A Theoretical Study
Authors: Pálinkás Noémi , Kollár László , Kégl Tamás
Published: July 2017

DFT calculations have been carried out for complexes M(0)(PH3)2(η2‐CE1E2), where M=Ni, Pd, Pt, and E1, E2=O, S. The electronic structure of the complexes have been elucidated using various methods, such as quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), electron localization function (ELF), domain‐averaged Fermi hole (DAFH), and energy decomposition analysis combined with the natural orbital of chemical valence (EDA‐NOCV). In the carbonyl sulfide complexes theη2‐(S,C) coordination is clearly preferred overη2‐(O,C) which might be attributed to the harder character of oxygen reflected in excess kinetic energy density preventing the formation of bond paths in the vicinity of the metal center and the coordinating oxygen. The nature of the interaction between the metal containing fragment and the ligand is closed‐shell donor‐acceptor, rather than ′classical′ (shared‐shell) covalent type which is dominated by the back‐donating interactions.
Chevrel Phase Mo6T8 (T = S, Se) as Electrodes for Advanced Energy Storage
Authors: Mei Lin , Xu Jiantie , Wei Zengxi , Liu Huakun , Li Yutao , Ma Jianmin , Dou Shixue
Published: July 2017

With the large‐scale applications of electric vehicles in recent years, future batteries are required to be higher in power and possess higher energy densities, be more environmental friendly, and have longer cycling life, lower cost, and greater safety than current batteries. Therefore, to develop alternative electrode materials for advanced batteries is an important research direction. Recently, the Chevrel phase Mo6T8 (T = S, Se) has attracted increasing attention as electrode candidate for advanced batteries, including monovalent (e.g., lithium and sodium) and multivalent (e.g., magnesium, zinc and aluminum) ion batteries. Benefiting from its unique open crystal structure, the Chevrel phase Mo6T8 cannot only ensure rapid ion transport, but also retain the structure stability during electrochemical reactions. Although the history of the research on Mo6T8 as electrodes for advanced batteries is short, there has been significant progress on the design and fabrication of Mo6T8 for various advanced batteries as above mentioned. An overview of the recent progress on Mo6T8 electrodes applied in advanced batteries is provided, including synthesis methods and diverse structures for Mo6T8, and electrochemical mechanism and performance of Mo6T8. Additionally, a briefly conclusion on the significant progress, obvious drawbacks, emerging challenges and some perspectives on the research of Mo6T8 for advanced batteries in the near future is provided.
Quality control of ultrasound for fetal biometry: results from the INTERGROWTH‐21st Project
Authors: Cavallaro A. , Ash S. T. , Napolitano R. , Wanyonyi S. , Ohuma E. O. , Molloholli M. , Sande J. , Sarris I. , Ioannou C. , Norris T. , Donadono V. , Carvalho M. , Purwar M. , Barros F. C. , Jaffer Y. A. , Bertino E. , Pang R. , Gravett M. G. , Salomon L. J. , Noble J. A. , Altman D. G. , Papageorghiou A. T.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To assess a comprehensive package of ultrasound quality control in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH‐21st Project, a large multicenter study of fetal growth.

Methods

Quality control (QC) measures were performed for 20 313 ultrasound scan images obtained prospectively from 4321 fetuses at 14–41 weeks' gestation in eight geographical locations. At the time of each ultrasound examination, three fetal biometric variables (head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL)) were measured in triplicate on separately generated images. All measurements were taken in a blinded fashion. QC had two elements: (1) qualitative QC: visual assessment by sonographers at each study site of their images based on specific criteria, with 10% of images being re‐assessed at the Oxford‐based Ultrasound Quality Unit (compared using an adjusted kappa statistic); and (2) quantitative QC: assessment of measurement data by comparing the first, second and third measurements (intraobserver variability), remeasurement of caliper replacement in 10% (interobserver variability), both by Bland–Altman plots and plotting frequency histograms of the SD of triplicate measurements and assessing how many were above or below 2 SD of the expected distribution. The system allowed the sonographers' performances to be monitored regularly.

Results

A high level of agreement between self‐ and external scoring was demonstrated for all measurements (κ = 0.99 (95% CI, 0.98–0.99) for HC, 0.98 (95% CI, 0.97–0.99) for AC and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.95–0.98) for FL). Intraobserver 95% limits of agreement (LoA) of ultrasound measures for HC, AC and FL were ± 3.3%, ± 5.6% and ± 6.2%, respectively; the corresponding values for interobserver LoA were ± 4.4%, ± 6.0% and ± 5.6%. The SD distribution of triplicate measurements for all biometric variables showed excessive variability for three of 31 sonographers, allowing prompt identification and retraining.

Conclusions

Qualitative and quantitative QC monitoring was feasible and highly reproducible in a large multicenter research study, which facilitated the production of high‐quality ultrasound images. We recommend that the QC system we developed is implemented in future research studies and clinical practice. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Symmetry breaking in development and stochastic gene expression
Authors: Chubb Jonathan R.
Published: July 2017

The prevailing emphasis in developmental biology since the expansion of the molecular biology age has been that developmental decisions are instructive. A cell differentiates to become a specific cell type because it receives a signal, whereas its neighbor that does not receive the signal adopts a different fate. This emphasis has been generally accepted, largely because of the success of this view in tractable invertebrate model organisms, and the widespread similarities in molecular regulation to the development of more complex species. An alternative emphasis, that cells make their own decisions, has until the past decade been conspicuously silent. Here I trace the re‐emergence of our appreciation of single cell decision‐making in development, and how widespread this phenomenon is likely to be. I will focus the discussion on the potential role of stochastic gene expression in generating differences between cells in the absence of simple instructive signals and highlight the complexity of systems proposed to involve this type of regulation. Finally, I will discuss the approaches required to fully test hypotheses that noisy gene regulation can be extrapolated through developmental time to accurately specify cell fate. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e284. doi: 10.1002/wdev.284

This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation

Technologies > Analysis of the Transcriptome
Near infrared quantum dots in biomedical applications: current status and future perspective
Authors: Zhao Peng , Xu Quan , Tao Jia , Jin Zongwen , Pan Yue , Yu Changmin , Yu Zhiqiang
Published: July 2017

To address the requirements of biomedical applications including biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery, fluorescent nanomaterials served as efficient tools in many cases. Among them, near‐infrared quantum dots (NIR QDs) have been used as novel fluorescent labels for their binary advantages of both QDs and NIR light. In this review, through collecting references in recent 10 years, we have introduced basic structures and properties of NIR QDs and summarized the classification and the related synthetic methods. This review also highlights the functionalization and surface bioconjugation of NIR QDs, and their biomedical applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery.

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle‐Based Sensing

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Oxidative discolouration in whole-head and cut lettuce: biochemical and environmental influences on a complex phenotype and potential breeding strategies to improve shelf-life
Authors: Hunter Paul J. , Atkinson Laura D. , Vickers Laura , Lignou Stella , Oruna-Concha Maria Jose , Pink David , Hand Paul , Barker Guy , Wagstaff Carol , Monaghan James M.
Published: July 2017

Lettuce discolouration is a key post-harvest trait. The major enzyme controlling oxidative discolouration has long been considered to be polyphenol oxidase (PPO) however, levels of PPO and subsequent development of discolouration symptoms have not always correlated. The predominance of a latent state of the enzyme in plant tissues combined with substrate activation and contemporaneous suicide inactivation mechanisms are considered as potential explanations for this phenomenon. Leaf tissue physical properties have been associated with subsequent discolouration and these may be influenced by variation in nutrient availability, especially excess nitrogen and head maturity at harvest. Mild calcium and irrigation stress has also been associated with a reduction in subsequent discolouration, although excess irrigation has been linked to increased discolouration potentially through leaf physical properties. These environmental factors, including high temperature and UV light intensities, often have impacts on levels of phenolic compounds linking the environmental responses to the biochemistry of the PPO pathway. Breeding strategies targeting the PAL and PPO pathway biochemistry and environmental response genes are discussed as a more cost-effective method of mitigating oxidative discolouration then either modified atmosphere packaging or post-harvest treatments, although current understanding of the biochemistry means that such programs are likely to be limited in nature and it is likely that they will need to be deployed alongside other methods for the foreseeable future.
Comments on “Coexistence of hidden chaotic attractors in a novel no-equilibrium system” (Nonlinear Dyn, doi:10.1007/s11071-016-3170-x)
Authors: Petráš Ivo
Published: July 2017

In this comment, an enhancement of issue published in the paper “Coexistence of hidden chaotic attractors in a novel no-equilibrium system” (Nonlinear Dyn, doi:10.1007/s11071-016-3170-x) is addressed. We have shown that the proposed novel autonomous chaotic system can be extended to its fractional-order version where hidden attractors as well as other dynamical properties of the new no-equilibrium system can be observed. A created MATLAB function for the new fractional-order no-equilibrium system is also presented.
The Investigation of Strain-Induced Martensite Reverse Transformation in AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Cios G. , Tokarski T. , Żywczak A. , Dziurka R. , Stępień M. , Gondek Ł. , Marciszko M. , Pawłowski B. , Wieczerzak K. , Bała P.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the strain-induced martensitic transformation and reversion transformation of the strain-induced martensite in AISI 304 stainless steel using a number of complementary techniques such as dilatometry, calorimetry, magnetometry, and in-situ X-ray diffraction, coupled with high-resolution microstructural transmission Kikuchi diffraction analysis. Tensile deformation was applied at temperatures between room temperature and 213 K (−60 °C) in order to obtain a different volume fraction of strain-induced martensite (up to ~70 pct). The volume fraction of the strain-induced martensite, measured by the magnetometric method, was correlated with the total elongation, hardness, and linear thermal expansion coefficient. The thermal expansion coefficient, as well as the hardness of the strain-induced martensitic phase was evaluated. The in-situ thermal treatment experiments showed unusual changes in the kinetics of the reverse transformation (α′ → γ). The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the reverse transformation may be stress assisted—strains inherited from the martensitic transformation may increase its kinetics at the lower annealing temperature range. More importantly, the transmission Kikuchi diffraction measurements showed that the reverse transformation of the strain-induced martensite proceeds through a displacive, diffusionless mechanism, maintaining the Kurdjumov–Sachs crystallographic relationship between the martensite and the reverted austenite. This finding is in contradiction to the results reported by other researchers for a similar alloy composition.
A fresh look at integration of risks in the international stock markets: A wavelet approach
Authors: Marfatia Hardik A.
Published: July 2017

Increasing inter‐linkages across global financial markets mean that integration of stock market risks across borders play a central role in international portfolio diversification and broader economic policy making. Combining the superior features of parametric and nonparametric methods, this paper undertakes a novel approach on international volatility spillovers across 22 leading stock markets of the world. The approach is to combine wavelet techniques with time‐varying conditional volatility and study the comovement of risks at the country level and regional level. Evidence suggests that comovement of risks between the U.S. market and European markets is strong mostly at lower frequencies (in the long‐run) only. At higher frequencies (in the short‐run), the integration of stock market risks of a country is more connected to the region to which the country belongs and less with the U.S. or other global markets. Further, during the recent financial crisis, common knowledge suggests that the spillover of risks was largely a global phenomenon, but our approach provides new insights that the spillover of risks was mostly limited at lower frequencies. In fact for countries like China, India and Malaysia even at lower frequencies there is limited evidence of spillover of risks.
Writing Undergraduate Lab Reports
Authors: Lobban Christopher S. , Schefter María
Published: July 2017

Writing clear, impactful reports is a crucial skill for science students, but few books focus on this area for the undergraduate. Particularly useful for biology students, this text adopts a hands-on approach, using example reports and published papers as models to put guidance into practice. An introductory chapter familiarizes undergraduates with the principles of writing science. Two model reports are then developed, walking students through experimental and observational teaching-lab reports. The structure and content of the Introduction, Methods and Materials, Results, and Discussion are explained, together with tips for the title, abstract, and references. Students are then guided on how to polish their first draft. The last section of the book analyzes two published papers, helping the reader transition to reporting original research. Clearly and concisely written, this text offers a much-needed lifeline for science students facing science report-writing for the first time, and for those looking to hone their writing skills.
Restoring Voice to People with Cognitive Disabilities
Authors: Arstein-Kerslake Anna
Published: July 2017

The right to make decisions is important for every individual. It allows us to express ourselves, discover our likes and dislikes, and lead our lives in the way we desire. People with cognitive disability have historically been denied this right in many different ways - sometimes informally by family members or carers, and other times formally by a courtroom or other legal authority. This book provides a discussion of the importance of decision-making and the ways in which it is currently denied to people with cognitive disability. It identifies the human right to equal recognition before the law as the key to ensuring the equal right to decision-making of people with cognitive disabilities. Looking to the future, it also provides a roadmap to achieve such equality.
Hematopathology and Coagulation
Authors: Wahed Amer , Jaso Jesse Manuel , Tholpady Ashok
Published: July 2017

A clear understanding of key areas in hematopathology, hematology and coagulation is essential for all trainees preparing to take their American Board of Pathology exams. This text offers a series of increasingly challenging multiple-choice questions and answers designed to help strengthen your knowledge. Question papers cover all areas of study, from red blood cell count and coagulation disorders to hematopoietic neoplasms. Each answer is accompanied by explanations and overviews of associated topics, enabling you to learn from mistakes and to revise effectively.
A BAYESIAN JOINT MODEL FOR POPULATION AND PORTFOLIO-SPECIFIC MORTALITY
Authors: van Berkum Frank , Antonio Katrien , Vellekoop Michel
Published: July 2017

Insurance companies and pension funds must value liabilities using mortality rates that are appropriate for their portfolio. These can only be estimated in a reliable way from a sufficiently large historical dataset for such portfolios, which is often not available. We overcome this problem by introducing a model to estimate portfolio-specific mortality simultaneously with population mortality. By using a Bayesian framework, we automatically generate the appropriate weighting for the limited statistical information in a given portfolio and the more extensive information that is available for the whole population. This allows us to separate parameter uncertainty from uncertainty due to the randomness in individual deaths for a given realization of mortality rates. When we apply our method to a dataset of assured lives in England and Wales, we find that different prior specifications for the portfolio-specific factors lead to significantly different posterior distributions for hazard rates. However, in short-term predictive distributions for future numbers of deaths, individual mortality risk turns out to be more important than parameter uncertainty in the portfolio-specific factors, both for large and for small portfolios.
Killing Citizens: Core Legal Dilemmas in the Targeted Killing Abroad of Canadian Foreign Fighters
Authors: FORCESE CRAIG , SHERRIFF LEAH WEST
Published: July 2017

For the first time since the introduction of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canada is in an armed conflict with an insurgency that has actively recruited Canadians and directed them to use or promote violence against Canada. In the result, the Canadian government may ask its soldiers to target and kill fellow Canadians abroad or to assist allies in doing so. This situation raises a host of novel legal issues, including the question of “targeted killing.” This matter arose for the United Kingdom in 2015 when it directed the use of military force against several Britons believed to be plotting a terrorist attack against the United Kingdom from abroad. This incident sparked a report from the British Parliament highlighting legal dilemmas. This article does the same for Canada by focusing on the main legal implications surrounding a targeted killing by the Canadian government of a Canadian citizen abroad. This exercise shows that a Canadian policy of targeted killing would oblige Canada to make choices on several weighty legal matters. First, the article discusses the Canadian public law rules that apply when the Canadian Armed Forces deploy in armed conflicts overseas. It then analyzes international law governing state uses of military force, including the regulation of the use of force (jus ad bellum) and the law of armed conflict (jus in bello). It also examines an alternative body of international law: that governing peacetime uses of lethal force by states. The article concludes by weaving together these areas of law into a single set of legal questions that would necessarily need to be addressed prior to the targeted killing of a Canadian abroad.
On the Concept of Tort
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: July 2017

Under common law and in other legal systems, including our own, which have in whole or in part adopted English tort law, each tort possesses its own special physiognomy. Yet, the very term “tort” in its generality attests to the existence of certain elements, in addition to those which distinguish one tort from another, common both to the constituent facts—the situations giving rise to tortious liability, as hypothesized by law—and to the normative provisions—the general body of rules which in Israel is set out in various sections of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance, 1944–1947. We may, therefore, speak of a law of torts, with every tort having its own characteristic features, as well as of a law of tort, with one concept embracing the totality of torts. By attributing to these expressions a meaning other than that ascribed to them by the two schools of thought which have considered them antithetical, we indicate a state of co-existence.
Ultrasound-guided wire localisation to facilitate removal of an abnormal neck lymph node – a technical note
Authors: Golding J , Kirkland P , Howlett D
Published: July 2017

Background:

Ultrasound-guided wire localisation is a technique that is well established in breast surgery, but is not well described in head and neck practice. It can be used to locate impalpable lesions for surgical removal, without the need for more extensive surgery.

Method:

This paper describes a case where the technique was used to assist in the removal of an impalpable but radiologically abnormal lymph node.

Conclusion:

The technique offers a safe and effective method for removing lesions within the head and neck.
Blaming threatened species: media portrayal of human–wildlife conflict
Authors: Dayer Ashley A. , Williams Alicia , Cosbar Emily , Racey Meagan
Published: July 2017

Recent literature has urged the conservation science community to distinguish between human–wildlife and human–human conflict. Mislabelling conflicts is thought to constrain problem definition and hinder appropriate solutions. New to this discussion, we studied how the media is framing conflict. The focus of our research was conflict surrounding conservation of a protected species. The piping ploverCharadrius melodusis federally listed as threatened on the Atlantic coast of the USA. Our research focused on characterizing the tone and framing in media coverage of the plover and its conservation. We were interested in how the source of the conflict was framed: are the species itself, policies, or the government agencies administering legal restrictions blamed for the conflict? We analysed 725 articles (199 unique articles, not including those run by multiple media sources) written about the plover in the region during January 2014–September 2015. Articles were analysed qualitatively by two coders. We found the overall tone of the unique articles was most frequently positive towards the bird and/or its conservation (48%), followed closely by neutral (or balanced) articles (46%). Few articles were negative (6%). Nonetheless, framing that blamed a source for the conflict was present in 34% of the unique articles. The plover itself was blamed in twice as many articles as the policies or government agencies enacting the regulations. This framing was also the strongest predictor of article tone. Understanding how the media portrays piping plovers can help guide organizations interested in proactive media relations and other solutions to de-escalate this conflict.
Advances and challenges in barcoding pathogenic and environmentalLeptospira
Authors: GUERNIER VANINA , ALLAN KATHRYN J. , GOARANT CYRILLE
Published: July 2017

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease of global importance. A large spectrum of asymptomatic animal hosts can carry the infection and contribute to the burden of human disease. Environmental sources of human contamination also point to the importance of a hydrotelluric reservoir. Leptospirosis can be caused by as many as 15 different pathogenic or intermediateLeptospiraspecies. However, classification of these bacteria remains complicated through the use of both serological and genetic classification systems that show poor correlation. With the advent of molecular techniques, DNA-based barcoding offers a conceptual framework that can be used for leptospirosis surveillance as well as source tracking. In this review, we summarize some of the current techniques, highlight significant successes and weaknesses and point to the future opportunities and challenges to successfully establish a widely applicable barcoding scheme forLeptospira.
From Cyber Norms to Cyber Rules: Re-engaging States as Law-makers
Authors: MAČÁK KUBO
Published: July 2017

Several indicators point to a crisis at the heart of the emerging area of international cyber security law. First, proposals for binding international treaties by leading stakeholders, including China and Russia, have been met with little enthusiasm by other states, and are generally seen as having limited prospects of success. Second, states are extremely reluctant to commit themselves to specific interpretations of controversial legal questions and thus to express their cyberopinio juris. Third, instead of interpreting or developing rules, state representatives seek refuge in the more ambiguous term ‘norms’. This article argues that the reluctance of states to engage in international law-making has left a power vacuum, lending credence to claims that international law fails in addressing modern challenges posed by rapid technological development. In response, several non-state-driven norm-making initiatives have sought to fill the void, including Microsoft's cyber norms proposals and theTallinn Manualproject. The article then contends that this emerging body of non-binding norms presents states with a critical window of opportunity to reclaim a central law-making position, similar to historical precedents including the development of legal regimes for Antarctica and nuclear safety. Whether the supposed crisis will lead to the demise of inter-state cyberspace governance or a recalibration of legal approaches will thus be decided in the near future. States should assume a central role if they want to ensure that the existing power vacuum is not exploited in a way that would upset their ability to achieve strategic and political goals.
Nepal: an Introduction to the Natural History, Ecology and Human Environment of the Himalayas. A Companion to the Flora of Nepal . G. Miehe, C. Pendry & R. Chaudhary (eds).
Authors: Schickhoff Udo
Published: July 2017

..
On the nature of object omission: indefiniteness as indeterminacy
Authors: EU JINSEUNG
Published: July 2017

This squib attempts to bring more precision to the understanding of object omission in English by investigating the referential behavior of omitted objects. Allerton (1975) and Fillmore (1986) understand omitted objects as being indefinite, by which they mean that omitted objects are unknown and insulated from their potential referents available in the context. However, this squib presents data that challenge this understanding of indefiniteness, and proposes that the indefiniteness of omitted objects may be more precisely understood as their indeterminacy over their potential referents.
Could photosynthesis function on Proxima Centauri b?
Authors: Ritchie Raymond J. , Larkum Anthony W.D. , Ribas Ignasi
Published: July 2017

Could oxygenic and/or anoxygenic photosynthesis exist on planet Proxima Centauri b? Proxima Centauri (spectral type – M5.5 V, 3050 K) is a red dwarf, whereas the Sun is type G2 V (5780 K). The light regimes on Earth and Proxima Centauri b are compared with estimates of the planet's suitability for Chlorophylla(Chla) and Chld-based oxygenic photosynthesis and for bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)-based anoxygenic photosynthesis. Proxima Centauri b has low irradiance in the oxygenic photosynthesis range (400–749 nm: 64–132 µmol quanta m−2s−1). Much larger amounts of light would be available for BChl-based anoxygenic photosynthesis (350–1100 nm: 724–1538 µmol quanta m−2s−1). We estimated primary production under these light regimes. We used the oxygenic algaeSynechocystisPCC6803,Prochlorothrix hollandica,Acaryochloris marina,Chlorella vulgaris,Rhodomonassp. andPhaeodactylum tricornutumand the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteriaRhodopseudomonas palustris(BChla),Afifella marina(BChla),Thermochromatium tepidum(BChla),Chlorobaculum tepidum(BChla + c) andBlastochloris viridis(BChlb) as representative photosynthetic organisms. Proxima Centauri b has only ≈3% of the PAR (400–700 nm) of Earth irradiance, but we found that potential gross photosynthesis (Pg) on Proxima Centauri b could be surprisingly high (oxygenic photosynthesis: earth ≈0.8 gC m−2h−1; Proxima Centauri b ≈0.14 gC m−2h−1). The proportion of PAR irradiance useable by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (the sum of Blue + Red irradiance) is similar for the Earth and Proxima Centauri b. The oxygenic photic zone would be only ≈10 m deep in water compared with ≈200 m on Earth. ThePgof an anoxic Earth (gC m−2h−1) is ≈0.34–0.59 (land) and could be as high as ≈0.29–0.44 on Proxima Centauri b. 1 m of water does not affect oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesis on Earth, but on Proxima Centauri b oxygenicPgis reduced by ≈50%. Effective elimination of near IR limitsPgby photosynthetic bacteria (<10% of the surface value). The spectrum of Proxima Centauri b is unfavourable for anoxygenic aquatic photosynthesis. Nevertheless, a substantial aerobic or anaerobic ecology is possible on Proxima Centauri b. Protocols to recognize the biogenic signature of anoxygenic photosynthesis are needed.
Kosovo and intersecting legal regimes: An interdisciplinary analysis
Authors: ORAKHELASHVILI ALEXANDER
Published: July 2017

The unilateral declaration of independence by Kosovar authorities in Pristina in 2008 has been the source of various controversies in international affairs. From a legal perspective, Kosovo’s secessionist drive is contrary to the well-established position of international law regarding the territorial integrity of states. From a political perspective, Kosovo’s case exemplifies the political drive to alter the law – a drive that applies to other entities in Kosovo’s position. Both these phenomena are accompanied by the divergent interests held by Kosovars as the ‘local agency’ and by the interests of Serbia and third states (including great powers) that support or oppose Kosovo’s independence. The interdisciplinary nature of this matter is enhanced by the intersection of applicable legal frameworks with competing political interests. The motivating factors – and implications of – great power conduct in this context should be examined through the prism of political realism, which provides an enhanced perspective on the relationship between legal and political factors in all their complexity.
A Powerful New Tool for Research
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: July 2017

A novel interface allows users of MATLAB and GMT, two software packages widely used by the geoscience community, to simultaneously harness the capabilities of both products.
Central insulin modulates food valuation via mesolimbic pathways
Authors: Tiedemann Lena J. , Schmid Sebastian M. , Hettel Judith , Giesen Katrin , Francke Paul , Büchel Christian , Brassen Stefanie
Published: July 2017

Central insulin is thought to act at the neural interface between metabolic and hedonic drives to eat. Here, using pharmacological fMRI, we show that intranasal insulin (INI) changes the value of food cues through modulation of mesolimbic pathways. Overnight fasted participants rated the palatability of food pictures and attractiveness of non-food items (control) after receiving INI or placebo. We report that INI reduces ratings of food palatability and value signals in mesolimbic regions in individuals with normal insulin sensitivity. Connectivity analyses reveal insulinergic inhibition of forward projections from the ventral tegmentum to the nucleus accumbens. Importantly, the strength of this modulation predicts decrease of palatability ratings, directly linking neural findings to behaviour. In insulin-resistant participants however, we observe reduced food values and aberrant central insulin action. These data demonstrate how central insulin modulates the cross-talk between homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding systems, suggesting that dysfunctions of these neural interactions may promote metabolic disorders.
Phosphorylated HBO1 at UV irradiated sites is essential for nucleotide excision repair
Authors: Niida Hiroyuki , Matsunuma Ryoichi , Horiguchi Ryo , Uchida Chiharu , Nakazawa Yuka , Motegi Akira , Nishimoto Koji , Sakai Satoshi , Ohhata Tatsuya , Kitagawa Kyoko , Moriwaki Shinichi , Nishitani Hideo , Ui Ayako , Ogi Tomoo , Kitagawa Masatoshi
Published: July 2017

HBO1, a histone acetyl transferase, is a co-activator of DNA pre-replication complex formation. We recently reported that HBO1 is phosphorylated by ATM and/or ATR and binds to DDB2 after ultraviolet irradiation. Here, we show that phosphorylated HBO1 at cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) sites mediates histone acetylation to facilitate recruitment of XPC at the damaged DNA sites. Furthermore, HBO1 facilitates accumulation of SNF2H and ACF1, an ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex, to CPD sites. Depletion of HBO1 inhibited repair of CPDs and sensitized cells to ultraviolet irradiation. However, depletion of HBO1 in cells derived from xeroderma pigmentosum patient complementation groups, XPE, XPC and XPA, did not lead to additional sensitivity towards ultraviolet irradiation. Our findings suggest that HBO1 acts in concert with SNF2H–ACF1 to make the chromosome structure more accessible to canonical nucleotide excision repair factors.
Molecular mechanisms of Bdp1 in TFIIIB assembly and RNA polymerase III transcription initiation
Authors: Gouge Jerome , Guthertz Nicolas , Kramm Kevin , Dergai Oleksandr , Abascal-Palacios Guillermo , Satia Karishma , Cousin Pascal , Hernandez Nouria , Grohmann Dina , Vannini Alessandro
Published: July 2017

Initiation of gene transcription by RNA polymerase (Pol) III requires the activity of TFIIIB, a complex formed by Brf1 (or Brf2), TBP (TATA-binding protein), and Bdp1. TFIIIB is required for recruitment of Pol III and to promote the transition from a closed to an open Pol III pre-initiation complex, a process dependent on the activity of the Bdp1 subunit. Here, we present a crystal structure of a Brf2–TBP–Bdp1 complex bound to DNA at 2.7 Å resolution, integrated with single-molecule FRET analysis and in vitro biochemical assays. Our study provides a structural insight on how Bdp1 is assembled into TFIIIB complexes, reveals structural and functional similarities between Bdp1 and Pol II factors TFIIA and TFIIF, and unravels essential interactions with DNA and with the upstream factor SNAPc. Furthermore, our data support the idea of a concerted mechanism involving TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III subunits for the closed to open pre-initiation complex transition.
A non-canonical pathway regulates ER stress signaling and blocks ER stress-induced apoptosis and heart failure
Authors: Yao Yufeng , Lu Qiulun , Hu Zhenkun , Yu Yubin , Chen Qiuyun , Wang Qing K.
Published: July 2017

Endoplasmic reticulum stress is an evolutionarily conserved cell stress response associated with numerous diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The major endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway causing cardiac hypertrophy involves endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor PERK (protein kinase-like kinase) and eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling. Here, we describe a non-canonical, AGGF1-mediated regulatory system for endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling associated with increased p-eIF2α and ATF4 and decreased sXBP1 and CHOP. Specifically, we see a reduced AGGF1 level consistently associated with induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in mouse models and human patients with heart failure. Mechanistically, AGGF1 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation, which reduces the level of transcriptional repressor ZEB1, leading to induced expression of miR-183-5p. miR-183-5p post-transcriptionally downregulates CHOP and inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. AGGF1 protein therapy and miR-183-5p regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and block endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure, providing an attractive paradigm for treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Programmable base editing of zebrafish genome using a modified CRISPR-Cas9 system
Authors: Zhang Yihan , Qin Wei , Lu Xiaochan , Xu Jason , Huang Haigen , Bai Haipeng , Li Song , Lin Shuo
Published: July 2017

Precise genetic modifications in model animals are essential for biomedical research. Here, we report a programmable “base editing” system to induce precise base conversion with high efficiency in zebrafish. Using cytidine deaminase fused to Cas9 nickase, up to 28% of site-specific single-base mutations are achieved in multiple gene loci. In addition, an engineered Cas9-VQR variant with 5′-NGA PAM specificities is used to induce base conversion in zebrafish. This shows that Cas9 variants can be used to expand the utility of this technology. Collectively, the targeted base editing system represents a strategy for precise and effective genome editing in zebrafish.
Electronic components embedded in a single graphene nanoribbon
Authors: Jacobse P. H. , Kimouche A. , Gebraad T. , Ervasti M. M. , Thijssen J. M. , Liljeroth P. , Swart I.
Published: July 2017

The use of graphene in electronic devices requires a band gap, which can be achieved by creating nanostructures such as graphene nanoribbons. A wide variety of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons can be prepared through on-surface synthesis, bringing the concept of graphene nanoribbon electronics closer to reality. For future applications it is beneficial to integrate contacts and more functionality directly into single ribbons by using heterostructures. Here, we use the on-surface synthesis approach to fabricate a metal-semiconductor junction and a tunnel barrier in a single graphene nanoribbon consisting of 5- and 7-atom wide segments. We characterize the atomic scale geometry and electronic structure by combined atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and conductance measurements complemented by density functional theory and transport calculations. These junctions are relevant for developing contacts in all-graphene nanoribbon devices and creating diodes and transistors, and act as a first step toward complete electronic devices built into a single graphene nanoribbon.
Dark state with counter-rotating dissipative channels
Authors: Zhou Zheng-Yang , Chen Mi , Wu Lian-Ao , Yu Ting , You J. Q.
Published: July 2017

Dark state as a consequence of interference between different quantum states has great importance in the fields of chip-scale atomic clock and quantum information. For the Λ-type three-level system, this dark state is generally regarded as being dissipation-free because it is a superposition of two lowest states without dipole transition between them. However, previous studies are based on the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) by neglecting the counter-rotating terms in the system-environment interaction. In this work, we study non-Markovian quantum dynamics of the dark state in a Λ-type three-level system coupled to two bosonic baths and reveal the effect of counter-rotating terms on the dark state. In contrast to the dark state within the RWA, leakage of the dark state occurs even at zero temperature, as a result of these counter-rotating terms. Also, we present a method to restore the quantum coherence of the dark state by applying a leakage elimination operator to the system.
Virgin queen attraction toward males in honey bees
Authors: Bastin Florian , Cholé Hanna , Lafon Grégory , Sandoz Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2017

Although the honeybee is a crucial agricultural agent and a prominent scientific model organism, crucial aspects of its reproductive behaviour are still unknown. During the mating season, honeybee males, the drones, gather in congregations 10–40 m above ground. Converging evidence suggests that drones emit a pheromone that can attract other drones, thereby increasing the size of the congregation. Virgin queens join the vicinity of the congregation after it has formed, and mate with as many as 20 males in mid-air. It is still unclear which sensory cues help virgin queens find drone congregations in the first place. Beside visual cues for long-range orientation, queens may use olfactory cues. We thus tested virgin queens’ olfactory orientation on a walking simulator in which they have full control over odour stimulation. We show that sexually-mature virgin queens are attracted to the odour bouquet from a group of living drones. They are not attracted to the bouquet from a group of workers. In addition, non-sexually receptive females (workers) of the same age are not attracted to the drone odour bouquet. Interpreted in the context of mating, these results may suggest that virgin queens use volatile olfactory cues from the drones to find the congregations.
Hybrid normal metal/ferromagnetic nanojunctions for domain wall tracking
Authors: Corte-León Héctor , Krzysteczko Patryk , Manzin Alessandra , Schumacher Hans Werner , Antonov Vladimir , Kazakova Olga
Published: July 2017

Hybrid normal metal/ferromagnetic, gold/permalloy (Au/Py), nanojunctions are used to investigate magnetoresistance effects and track magnetization spatial distribution in L-shaped Py nanostructures. Transversal and longitudinal resistances are measured and compared for both straight and 90° corner sections of the Py nanostructure. Our results demonstrate that the absolute change in resistance is larger in the case of longitudinal measurements. However, due to the small background resistance, the relative change in the transversal resistance along the straight section is several orders of magnitude larger than the analogous longitudinal variation. These results prove that hybrid nanojunctions represent a significant improvement with respect to previously studied all-ferromagnetic crosses, as they also reduce the pinning potential at the junction and allow probing the magnetization locally. In addition, unusual metastable states with longitudinal domain walls along Py straight sections are observed. Micromagnetic simulations in combination with a magnetotransport model allow interpretation of the results and identification of the observed transitions.
Improved memory for information learnt before alcohol use in social drinkers tested in a naturalistic setting
Authors: Carlyle Molly , Dumay Nicolas , Roberts Karen , McAndrew Amy , Stevens Tobias , Lawn Will , Morgan Celia J. A.
Published: July 2017

Alcohol is known to facilitate memory if given after learning information in the laboratory; we aimed to investigate whether this effect can be found when alcohol is consumed in a naturalistic setting. Eighty-eight social drinkers were randomly allocated to either an alcohol self-dosing or a sober condition. The study assessed both retrograde facilitation and alcohol induced memory impairment using two independent tasks. In the retrograde task, participants learnt information in their own homes, and then consumed alcohol ad libitum. Participants then undertook an anterograde memory task of alcohol impairment when intoxicated. Both memory tasks were completed again the following day. Mean amount of alcohol consumed was 82.59 grams over the evening. For the retrograde task, as predicted, both conditions exhibited similar performance on the memory task immediately following learning (before intoxication) yet performance was better when tested the morning after encoding in the alcohol condition only. The anterograde task did not reveal significant differences in memory performance post-drinking. Units of alcohol drunk were positively correlated with the amount of retrograde facilitation the following morning. These findings demonstrate the retrograde facilitation effect in a naturalistic setting, and found it to be related to the self-administered grams of alcohol.
Legionella pneumophila infection activates bystander cells differentially by bacterial and host cell vesicles
Authors: Jung Anna Lena , Herkt Christina Elena , Schulz Christine , Bolte Kathrin , Seidel Kerstin , Scheller Nicoletta , Sittka-Stark Alexandra , Bertrams Wilhelm , Schmeck Bernd
Published: July 2017

Extracellular vesicles from eukaryotic cells and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from gram-negative bacteria have been described as mediators of pathogen-host interaction and intercellular communication. Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is a causative agent of severe pneumonia. The differential effect of bacterial and host cell vesicles in L. pneumophila infection is unknown so far. We infected THP-1-derived or primary human macrophages with L. pneumophila and isolated supernatant vesicles by differential centrifugation. We observed an increase of exosomes in the 100 k pellet by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, and protein markers. This fraction additionally contained Legionella LPS, indicating also the presence of OMVs. In contrast, vesicles in the 16 k pellet, representing microparticles, decreased during infection. The 100 k vesicle fraction activated uninfected primary human alveolar epithelial cells, A549 cells, and THP-1 cells. Epithelial cell activation was reduced by exosome depletion (anti-CD63, or GW4869), or blocking of IL-1β in the supernatant. In contrast, the response of THP-1 cells to vesicles was reduced by a TLR2-neutralizing antibody, UV-inactivation of bacteria, or – partially – RNase-treatment of vesicles. Taken together, we found that during L. pneumophila infection, neighbouring epithelial cells were predominantly activated by exosomes and cytokines, whereas myeloid cells were activated by bacterial OMVs.