bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical lower back pain and sacroiliac joint dysfunction in golfers at two golf clubs in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Kunene Siyabonga H. , Luthuli Hlengiwe , Nkosi Mthandeni , Haffejee Maqsood , Jooma Iftikaar , Munro Scott
Published: March 2018

Background: Mechanical lower back pain (MLBP) and sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD) are common problems among golfers. There are currently few studies on golfers regarding the relationship between MLBP and SIJD.Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of MLBP and SIJD and their association in golfers at two golf clubs in Durban, South Africa.Method: A correlation design included convenience sampling. The Standardised Nordic Questionnaire for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms determined the prevalence of MLBP. Sacroiliac joint pain provocative tests determined the prevalence of SIJD. Institutional ethical clearance was granted and consent from participants was obtained. Data were collected over 3 weeks and SPSS was used to calculate descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: There were 271 participants dominated by males (86.7%) aged between 39 and 47 years (33.2%). A total of 123 (45%) of the participants presented with MLBP and 62 (23%) with SIJD. The MLBP prevalence was moderately associated with age (χ2 = 71.22, p = 0.004) and years of experience (χ2 = 69.93, p = 0.001). The SIJD prevalence was moderately associated with age (χ2 = 55.49, p = 0.003) and poorly associated with years of experience (χ2 = 44.93, p = 0.005). Twenty-two per cent (60) had both MLBP and SIJD and 54% (146) had neither. A strong association (χ2 = 88.234, p = 0.000) between MLBP and SIJD was observed.Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of MLBP and SIJD and a strong association between them. A comprehensive management approach is recommended for golfers with MLBP and SIJD.Clinical Implications: This study will provide valuable knowledge that will assist clinicians, especially physiotherapists, in their clinical management of golfers with MLBP and SIJD. Intervention studies are needed to address lower back and sacroiliac joint problems reported in this study.
Happiness among South African private sector physiotherapists
Authors: Elliot Michael , Cullen Margaret , Calitz Andre
Published: March 2018

Background: Happiness of people can affect their daily functioning and work performance. There is limited research assessing the happiness levels of various disciplines within the health care industry. This article is the first attempt to evaluate the happiness levels of private sector physiotherapists in South Africa.Objectives: Research in happiness and physiotherapy studies are two research areas that are not associated with one another in a global perspective. The objective of this study was to assess the happiness levels of private sector physiotherapists in South Africa.Methods: A hypothesised model was statistically tested using a quantitative questionnaire, which was completed online. The target population of this study were all private sector physiotherapists who are members of the South African Society of Physiotherapy. A total of 395 respondents participated in the study.Results: This study confirmed that factors such as influence, social relations, life balance, optimism, work and leisure are all positively associated with the happiness levels of private sector physiotherapists in South Africa. These variables are recommended as key focus areas for physiotherapy practice owners to address, in order to positively affect the happiness levels of all people in their workplace.Conclusion: The study concludes the following: if happiness becomes a priority, then owners of physiotherapy practices need to generate a workforce who are more productive, demonstrate greater collaboration with colleagues and patients, are more positively energised, are less absent and are more loyal to the practice.Clinical Implications: The contribution of this study is that it highlights the importance of managing staff in private physiotherapy practices in a holistic manner.
A scoping review of digital open badge ecosystems in relation to resource-constrained environments
Authors: Motheeram Preia , Herselman Marlien , Botha Adele
Published: March 2018

This article presents a scoping review of digital open badge ecosystems. A scoping review can be seen as a methodology for systematically assessing the breadth of available research literature. This article is aimed at identifying the nature, extent and current understanding of digital open badge ecosystems. Scoping reviews follow many of the same methodological steps as systematic reviews where the reliability of results and the potential for replication remain essential. As such, this review follows the eight steps outlined by Okoli and Schabram. From the 1608 studies identified, 41 were considered relevant for inclusion criteria and thus included in a final sample. Some relevant websites and the so-called grey literature were included. These were evaluated according to the inclusion criteria and were categorised. Further subcategories were identified which include the notion of digital badges (n = 35) and open digital badges (n = 18), elements of a digital open badge ecosystem (n = 27) and reported implementations (n = 29). The scoping review presents a literature repository that can be used by practitioners and researchers interested in the application of digital open badges for the establishment of a digital open badge ecosystem. The review also serves to highlight the potential benefits this can have for resource-constrained environments.
Solidarity as a global bioethical principle: Own reasons for a culture of solidarity from a Protestant perspective
Authors: Rheeder Riaan
Published: March 2018

In the development and acceptance of Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR), the Protestant faith tradition was not involved in the consultation process (other traditions were indeed consulted). This brings the universality (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] perspective) as well as the acceptability of the declaration and its principles (civic perspective) into question. To address this issue, it is necessary to involve the Protestant tradition in the discourse by presenting own reasons to support the universal principles in the declaration (theological perspective). In order to achieve the aim, two facets of Article 13 will be studied. In the first place, to present satisfactory own reasons, it is important to investigate and construe beforehand what UNESCO’s understanding is of the content of Article 13 of the declaration. In the second place, with sufficient understanding of Article 13, a theological evaluation and grounding will be undertaken. From a broad Protestant perspective, this discourse has shown that solidarity as a shared value can be grounded in a Trinitarian approach. It is clear that Article 13 of the UDBHR can be grounded in a broad Protestant social teaching; therefore, the call for solidarity can be encouraged, wholeheartedly supported and executed.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This study gives attention to global bioethics and human rights, an underdeveloped subject within the field of theological ethics. The study overlaps with political science, philosophy (global ethics) and human rights. It joins the discussion in this discipline and supports the promotion of solidarity within this field, which is very important within the health sector in South Africa.
Assessment of osteoporotic fracture risk in urban Indian population using quantitative ultrasonography & FRAX tool
Authors: Vaishya Raju , Vijay Vipul , Agarwal Amit K. , Maheshwari Prashant
Published: March 2018

Background & objectives:

There have been studies around the world on the prevalence of osteoporosis and its related risk factors, but there have been limited studies on risk factors and osteoporosis in the Indian population. In this study, the incidence of osteoporosis and the associated clinical risk factors (CRFs) were studied in the urban Indian population.

Methods:

Bone mineral density of 445 individuals >38 yr of age using qualitative ultrasound (QUS) was assessed. The patients were also questioned regarding the presence of the various CRFs as per the FRAX tool. The patients were categorized into normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis groups on the basis of T-score from QUS.

Results:

There were 223 males and 222 females in this study. Sex was significantly associated with T-score (P<0.001). Forty (8.99%) patients were osteoporotic, 265 (59.55%) were osteopenic and the remaining 140 (31.46%) were normal. A significant association of T-score was found with parent history of fracture (P<0.05), rheumatoid arthritis (P<0.05) and secondary osteoporosis (P<0.05). Previous history of fracture's association was not found to be significant. Smoking, alcohol intake and steroid intake were not found to be significantly associated with T-scores.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The incidence of osteoporosis was found to be high in the urban Indian population. More care and attention should be targeted towards elderly, especially the ones with the risk factors to prevent osteoporosis in future.
Spectrum of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state in neurology practice
Authors: Misra U.K. , Kalita J. , Bhoi S.K. , Dubey D.
Published: March 2018

Background & objectives:

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) is a medical emergency, but there is a paucity of studies reporting the spectrum of neurological manifestations of HHS. We, therefore, report the neurological spectrum, triggering factors and outcome of HHS in general neurology practice.

Methods:

The records of the patients with HHS were extracted from computerized hospital information system and those managed currently were prospectively included. The demographic, clinical manifestations, duration of diabetes and precipitating events such as infection, stress and stroke were noted. Patients with HHS were categorized into seizure, movement disorder and encephalopathy groups. Their electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and outcome were noted.

Results:

There were 17 patients with HHS (age range 40 and 75 yr) and seven were females. Seven patients were diabetic for five years, one for four years, one for one year and four were diagnosed after the occurrence of HHS. Four patients had epilepsia partialis continua persisting for 72-360 h, one patient had focal seizures and his MRI revealed T2 hyperintensity in frontal region in one patient and cerebellar vermian hyperintensity in another. All the five patients improved, but two had neurological deficits on discharge. Nine patients had encephalopathy which was precipitated by stroke in six patients, urinary infections in two and meningitis in one. Three females had hemichorea-hemiballismus syndrome, which was triggered by infections. Abnormal movements lasted 5-10 days and responded to correction of hyperosmolarity. Nine out of 17 patients improved completely whereas the remaining eight had partial recovery, these patients had stroke, ventilator-related complications or meningoencephalitis.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The most common presentation of HHS was encephalopathy (9) followed by seizure (5) and hemichorea-hemiballismus syndrome (3) which responded to the correction of hyperosmolar state.
Comunicación turística 2.0 en Ecuador. Análisis de las empresas públicas y privadas
Authors: Altamirano Benitez Verónica , Marín-Gutiérrez Isidro , Ordóñez González Kruzkaya
Published: March 2018

El turismo en el Ecuador representa el tercer ingreso no petrolero para la economía y se pretende que en el 2020 sea la principal fuente de divisas. Por lo tanto, la promoción turística interna como externa son esenciales para alcanzar estos objetivos. La presente investigación parte de un estudio cuantitativo para determinar la evolución de la comunicación turística 2.0 en Ecuador desde la gestión de las empresas que ofrecen productos y servicios turísticos. Objetivos. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar y evaluar la comunicación 2.0 en las empresas públicas y privadas de Ecuador. Método. Se utiliza la metodología mixta, cualitativa y cuantitativa, para lo cual se emplea el Modelo de Evaluación de la Comunicación 2.0 que cuantifica las acciones e interacciones en los medios sociales e identifica los indicadores claves de desempeño (KPI) para evaluar las variables de: presencia, crecimiento, actividad, nivel de servicio, participación y Engagement. Conclusiones. En Ecuador la comunicación turística 2.0 es incipiente y la convergencia hacia los medios sociales es baja.
Built-in bad luck: Evidence of near-miss outcomes by design in scratch cards
Authors: Stange Madison , Brown Dan G. , Harrigan Kevin , Dixon Michael
Published: March 2018

Scratch cards are a pervasive form of gambling in the Canadian marketplace. Despite their widespread appeal, we are only beginning to understand the influence of their structural characteristics on the player. The most widely studied of these characteristics is the near-miss, a game outcome in which the player gets two of the three needed symbols to win a jackpot prize. Although other authors have noted the existence of these outcomes in scratch cards, no systematic investigation has been undertaken to understand their occurrence in these games. We present the results of an analysis to determine the frequency of these outcomes using two samples (sample A, n = 41; sample B, n = 61) of a popular scratch card game available in Ontario, Canada. Our results suggest that certain scratch card games may be designed to include more pairs of jackpot symbols (i.e., more near-miss outcomes) than any other symbol pair. In the game that we analyzed, the top prize symbol occurred more often than any other symbol and appeared to be manipulated to appear in clusters of two, creating many near-miss outcomes to the jackpot prize. This work has strong implications for the study of gambling behaviour, responsible gambling strategies, as well as for the scientific investigation of scratch card games. Les cartes à gratter sont une forme très répandue de jeux sur le marché canadien. Malgré leur grand attrait, nous commençons à comprendre l’influence de leurs caractéristiques structurelles sur le joueur. La caractéristique la plus étudiée parmi elles est un résultat s'approchant du résultat gagnant; le joueur obtient deux des trois symboles nécessaires pour gagner un gros lot. Bien que d’autres auteurs aient noté l’existence de ce genre de résultats dans des cartes à gratter, aucune enquête systématique n’a été entreprise pour comprendre leur occurrence dans ces jeux. Nous présentons les résultats d’une analyse pour déterminer la fréquence de ces résultats en utilisant deux échantillons (échantillon A, n = 41; échantillon B, n = 61) d’un jeu de cartes à gratter populaire, vendu en Ontario, au Canada. Selon nos résultats, certains jeux de cartes à gratter peuvent être conçus pour inclure plus de paires de symboles pour le gros lot (c’est-à-dire des résultats plus proches) que n’importe quelle autre paire de symboles. Dans le jeu que nous avons analysé, le symbole du prix le plus élevé était présent plus souvent que tout autre symbole et semblait être manipulé pour apparaître en grappes de deux, créant de nombreux résultats proches du résultat gagnant. Ce travail a de fortes répercussions pour l’étude du comportement du jeu, du jeu et des stratégies responsables, de même que pour l’étude scientifique des jeux de cartes à gratter.
Exploring the Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Obesity, and Gambling Level Across Different Gambling Types
Authors: Lam Desmond , Mok Man
Published: March 2018

Individuals’ body weight, measured in terms of body mass index (BMI), has been linked to various health issues in the literature. Recently, a positive relationship has been found between obesity and the level of problem gambling. In this exploratory study, we investigate the association between BMI, obesity, and gambling frequency across multiple types of leisure gambling. Data collected by the Pew Research Center among 1,473 gamblers was used to tests the links between BMI and gambling frequency for 16 types of leisure gambling activities. After we accounted for the effects of age, educational level, and family income and corrected for multiple comparisons, the results showed that obese participants (BMI ³ 30) conducted significantly more gambling activities in two types of gambling, namely, playing bingo for money and buying state lottery tickets. Moreover, among female gamblers only, BMI was positively associated with frequency of gambling related to casinos, college basketball, and video poker machines. The findings of this exploratory study allow a better understanding of the potential risk factors of obesity and may be of value to public policy makers.Dans diverses études antérieures, le poids corporel des personnes, mesuré en termes d’indice de masse corporelle (IMC), a été lié à divers problèmes de santé. Récemment, un lien positif a été constaté entre l’obésité et le niveau de jeu compulsif. Dans cette étude exploratoire, nous examinons la relation entre l’indice de masse corporelle, l’obésité et la fréquence du jeu, en nous basant sur divers types de jeux de hasard récréatifs. À l’aide de données recueillies par Pew Research Center auprès de 1 473 joueurs, l’étude sonde les liens entre l’IMC et la fréquence du jeu dans le cas de seize types de jeux récréatifs. Les résultats montrent qu’après avoir tenu compte de l’effet de l’âge, du niveau d’instruction et du revenu familial, ainsi que de la correction de comparaisons multiples, les participants obèses (IMC ≧ 30) ont mené beaucoup plus d’activités de jeu dans deux types de jeux, à savoir le bingo lucratif et l’achat d’une loterie d’État. De plus, seulement chez les joueurs de sexe féminin, l’IMC est positivement associé à la fréquence du jeu dans les cas du casino, du basketball universitaire et de la machine de vidéo poker. Les résultats de cette étude exploratoire nous permettent de mieux comprendre les facteurs de risque éventuels de l’obésité et peuvent être utiles aux décideurs publics.
Evaluation of a School-Based Gambling Prevention Program for Adolescents: Efficacy of Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: St-Pierre Renée A. , Derevensky Jeffrey L. , Temcheff Caroline E. , Gupta Rina , Martin-Story Alexa
Published: March 2018

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the concept of negative anticipated emotions (NAEs) have attracted research attention in the formulation of effective preventive interventions. This approach has identified several key constructs of the TPB (i.e., intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, perceptions of behavioural control) and NAEs as valid predictors of gambling behaviours and problems. However, no empirical investigation has used these constructs in the design or evaluation of a preventive intervention for adolescent problem gambling. The current research aimed to assess the efficacy of targeting NAEs and key TPB constructs in a prevention video for modifying gambling beliefs, intentions, and behaviours. A sample of 280 high school students were randomly assigned to either an intervention or a control condition. Participants were assessed at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up. Results reveal that the video was not effective in producing desired changes in NAEs, the key constructs of the TPB, or the frequency of gambling behaviour. The findings suggest that the video, delivered as a universal preventive intervention, may be insufficient for modifying NAEs and other TPB key constructs, or for changing gambling behaviours.Pour la formulation d’interventions préventives efficaces, l’attention de chercheurs s’est portée sur la théorie du comportement planifié et le concept d’émotions négatives anticipées. Cette approche a permis de relever plusieurs constructions clés de la théorie du comportement planifié (soit, les intentions, attitudes, normes subjectives, perceptions du contrôle comportemental) et des émotions négatives anticipées comme indicateurs valides de comportements et de problèmes liés au jeu. Cependant, aucune étude empirique n’a utilisé ces constructions dans la conception ou l’évaluation d’une intervention préventive pour le jeu des adolescents. La recherche actuelle visait donc à évaluer dans quelle mesure il était efficace de cibler les émotions négatives anticipées et les constructions clés du comportement planifié dans une vidéo de prévention afin de modifier les croyances, les intentions et les comportements du jeu. Un échantillon de 280 élèves du secondaire a été affecté au hasard à une condition d’intervention ou de contrôle. Les participants ont été évalués avant et après l’intervention et au suivi, trois mois plus tard. Les résultats révèlent que la vidéo n’a pas été efficace pour produire les changements souhaités dans le cas des émotions négatives anticipées, les constructions clés du comportement planifié ou la fréquence du comportement du jeu. Les résultats permettent de conclure que la vidéo présentée comme intervention préventive universelle ne suffit pas à modifier les émotions négatives anticipées ni d’autres constructions clés du comportement planifié ou des comportements de jeu.
The Social Construction of the Pathological Gambler's Identity and Its Relationship With Social Adaptation: Narratives From Members of Italian Gambling Anonymous and Gam-Anon Family Groups
Authors: Venuleo Claudia , Marinaci Tiziana
Published: March 2018

According to a socio-constructionist perspective, pathological gamblers’ “subjectivities” emerge out of social networks and networks of meaning-making in which scientists, politicians, health services, and common people take an active part. We are interested in showing how a legitimated view (socio-cultural model) of problem gambling as a disease affects the way in which the members of Gamblers Anonymous (GA) self-groups understand and present their identity and talk about their problem and the help they have received. The work is based on a qualitative analysis of 35 in-depth, semi-structured, open-ended interviews, 25 with gamblers who attend Italian GA self-help groups and 10 with gamblers’ relatives who attend Gam-Anon family groups. The main themes arising from the interviews show how a dominant view of problem gambling as a lifelong chronic illness opens the door to reconciliation with oneself and one’s relatives. This work provides insights into the close relationship between acculturation to a pathological identity, moral reconciliation, and “social belonging” that occurs through conforming to the GA group. Selon un point de vue socio-constructiviste, les «subjectivités» des joueurs pathologiques émergent des réseaux sociaux et des réseaux de création de sens dans lesquels les scientifiques, les politiciens, les services de santé et les personnes ordinaires participent activement. Nous sommes intéressés à montrer comment une vision légitimée (modèle socio-culturel) du jeu problématique en tant que maladie affecte la façon dont les membres des groupes autonomes de Gamblers Anonymes (GA) comprennent et présentent leur identité et parlent de leur problème et de l'aide qu’ils ont reçu. Le travail est basé sur une analyse qualitative de 35 entrevues approfondies, semi-structurées et ouvertes, 25 avec des joueurs qui fréquentent des groupes d'entraide italiens de GA et 10 avec des parents de joueurs qui fréquentent des groupes familiaux Gam-Anon. Les principaux thèmes découlant des entrevues montrent comment une vision dominante du jeu problématique en tant que maladie chronique tout au long de la vie ouvre la voie à la réconciliation avec soi-même et avec ses proches. Ce travail donne un aperçu de la relation étroite entre l'acculturation à une identité pathologique, une réconciliation morale et une «appartenance sociale» qui se produit en se conformant au groupe GA.
Win or Lose: Negotiating meaning of time and money within three gambling settings
Authors: Robillard Chantal , Kairouz Sylvia , Monson Eva
Published: March 2018

The rational management of expenditures has received much attention in the evaluation of problem gambling, overlooking however the contribution of the sociocultural context in which gambling occurs. This paper examines how moderate-risk and problem gamblers develop specific semantic frames within three settings—private, casino, and online—to structure time and money management to cope with all the contingencies associated with games of chance. Data were drawn from a qualitative component of a large survey of gambling practices conducted in 2008 among a random representative sample of Canadian undergraduate students. Focus groups were held with non-problem/low-risk gamblers (n = 15) and 90-minute semi-structured interviews were conducted with the moderate-risk/problem gamblers (n = 12). Analysis was carried out by applying a theory-driven coding template derived from a syncretic theoretical model combining an adapted version of an ecological model of gambling with game studies approaches. The exploration of three gambling settings demonstrates how each setting structures meaning and management of time and money. Negotiations between players of such structuro-semantic frames are central to maintaining each participant’s ease and engagement with the game. This intersubjectivity needs to be addressed when understanding risk and should be included in future health promotion efforts.La gestion rationnelle des dépenses a suscité beaucoup d’attention dans l’évaluation du jeu problématique, mais on a négligé l’influence du contexte socioculturel dans lequel se pratique le jeu. Cet article examine comment les joueurs à risque modéré et compulsifs développent des trames sémantiques spécifiques dans trois contextes (privé, casino, en ligne) pour organiser la gestion du temps et de l’argent afin de faire face à toutes les contingences associées aux jeux de hasard. Les données ont été tirées d’une composante qualitative d’un grand sondage sur les pratiques de jeu mené en 2008 auprès d’un échantillon représentatif aléatoire d’étudiants canadiens de premier cycle. Des groupes de discussion ont été organisés avec des joueurs sans problème/à faible risque (n = 15) et des entretiens semi-structurés de 90 minutes ont été réalisés avec des joueurs à risque modéré ou compulsifs (n = 12). L’analyse a été réalisée en appliquant un modèle de codage théorique dérivé d’un modèle syncrétique combinant une version adaptée d’un modèle écologique de jeu à des approches d’études de jeu. L’exploration de trois contextes de jeu démontre comment chaque contexte structure le sens et la gestion du temps et de l’argent. Les négociations entre les éléments de ces cadres structuro-sémantiques sont essentielles pour maintenir l’aisance et l’engagement du joueur avec le jeu. Cette intersubjectivité doit être abordée pour la compréhension du risque et incluse dans les futurs efforts de promotion de la santé.
On the Feasibility of In-Venue Observations of Electronic Gaming Machine Gamblers and Game Characteristics
Authors: Landon Jason , Du Preez Katie Palmer , Bellringer Maria , Abbott Max , Roberts Amanda
Published: March 2018

Detailed observational studies of undisturbed gambler behaviour in venues are rare, especially when the focus is on continuous gambling such as electronic gaming machines (EGMs). EGMs are the main source of harmful gambling in New Zealand and all EGMs in New Zealand now include a mandatory pop-up message feature. The present study reports on 48 hours of in situ observations of EGM gamblers in casino and non-casino (pub) venues in New Zealand. We sought to establish whether relatively detailed observations of EGM features and gambler behaviour in venues were possible. The EGM feature that we focused on were pop-up messages, given their harm-minimization potential and the relative ease with which they can be observed. However, other EGM features were also documented, along with descriptive accounts of associated gambler behaviour. The results establish that relatively detailed (quantitative or qualitative) observational data can be collected in venues by using smart phones. The data showed that pop-up messages were generally attended to, but had little observable effect on gambler behaviour in venues. Direct in situ observation of gamblers can provide ecologically valid information to complement more common experimental and survey-based approaches. Suggestions are made for developing the procedure.Les études d’observation détaillée in situ sur le comportement non perturbé de joueurs sont rares, surtout si on met l’accent sur le jeu continu, comme avec les appareils de jeux électroniques. En Nouvelle-Zélande, ces appareils sont la principale source de jeux compulsifs, et tous les appareils dans ce pays incluent dorénavant une fonctionnalité obligatoire de message contextuel. La présente étude fait état de 48 heures d’observation in situ de joueurs sur appareils dans des casinos ou d’autres lieux (bars) en Nouvelle-Zélande, et on a cherché à déterminer s’il était possible de faire des observations relativement détaillées des caractéristiques et du comportement de joueurs dans ces lieux. On a mis l’accent sur la fonctionnalité des messages contextuels pour analyser leur potentiel de diminuer des méfaits et leur relative facilité à les observer. On a aussi consigné d’autres fonctionnalités d’appareils de jeu, ainsi que des comptes-rendus descriptifs du comportement des joueurs associés. Les résultats montrent que l’on peut recueillir des données d’observation in situ relativement détaillées (quantitatives ou qualitatives) à l’aide de téléphones intelligents. Les données montrent que les messages contextuels ont généralement été pris en compte, mais qu’ils ont eu peu d’effet observable sur le comportement des joueurs. L’observation directe de joueurs peut fournir des informations écologiquement valables pour appuyer les approches expérimentales communes par sondage. On y fait aussi quelques suggestions pour mettre en œuvre une procédure.
Market Cannibalization Within and Between Gambling Industries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Marionneau Virve , Nikkinen Janne
Published: March 2018

In economics, cannibalization refers to a process in which a new product or service partly or completely substitutes for those in existing markets. This systematic review analyses the existing evidence on cannibalization within gambling markets to determine whether such substitution takes place between different types of gambling. The analysis shows that new gambling products substitute to a certain extent for existing gambling products. The sector in which the evidence is most convincing is the casino industry, which cannibalizes lotteries and pari-mutuel racing. There is also evidence that casinos substitute for other casinos and for non-casino electronic gaming machines. Lotteries substitute for casinos, other lotteries, sports betting, and pari-mutuel or racing industries. In other cases, the evidence is less conclusive and sometimes non-existent, or industry relationships are more complicated. This review also found that even in cases where substitution does occur, it is incomplete, and thus the introduction of new products tends to expand the overall gambling market. We discuss these market dynamics and identify gaps in the available research.  RésuméEn économie, on entend par cannibalisation un processus par lequel un nouveau produit ou service se substitue partiellement ou complètement à des produits ou services existants. Cet examen systématique analyse les données dont on dispose sur la cannibalisation dans les marchés du jeu pour déterminer si une telle substitution a lieu entre différents types de jeux de hasard. L’analyse montre que les nouveaux produits de jeux de hasard remplacent, dans une certaine mesure, certains produits de jeu existants. La preuve la plus convaincante est celle portant sur le secteur du casino qui cannibalise les loteries et les courses de pari mutuel. Il est également prouvé que les casinos accaparent légèrement le marché d’autres casinos et d’appareils de jeu hors casino. Les loteries s’approprient une part de marché des casinos, d’autres loteries, de paris sportifs et mutuels ou des secteurs de la course. Dans d’autres cas, les preuves sont moins concluantes, voire inexistantes, ou les relations entre les divers secteurs sont plus compliquées. Cet examen a également révélé que, même dans les cas où il y a un accaparement du marché, il n’est pas total et, par conséquent, le lancement de nouveaux produits tend plutôt à élargir le marché global du jeu. Nous abordons ces dynamiques de marché et cernons les lacunes dans la recherche disponible.
Atmospheric Oxidation in the Presence of Clouds during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) Study
Authors: Brune William H. , Ren Xinrong , Zhang Li , Mao Jinqiu , Miller David O. , Anderson Bruce E. , Blake Donald R. , Cohen Ronald C. , Diskin Glenn S. , Hall Samuel R. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Huey L. Gregory , Nault Benjamin A. , Peischl Jeff , Pollack Ilana , Ryerson Thomas B. , Shingler Taylor , Sorooshian Armin , Ullmann Kirk , Wisthaler Armin , Wooldridge Paul J.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Deep convective clouds are critically important to the distribution of atmospheric constituents throughout the troposphere but are difficult environments to study. The Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) study provided the environment, platforms, and instrumentation to test oxidation chemistry around deep convective clouds and their impacts downwind. Measurements on the NASA DC-8 aircraft included those of hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxyl (HO2), OH reactivity, and more than 100 other chemical species and atmospheric properties. OH, HO2, and OH reactivity were compared to photochemical models, some with and some without simplified heterogeneous chemistry, to test the understanding of atmospheric oxidation as encoded in the model. In general, the agreement between the observed and modeled OH, HO2, and OH reactivity were all well within the combined uncertainties for both the model without heterogeneous chemistry and the model that includes heterogeneous chemistry with small OH and HO2 uptake consistent with laboratory studies. This agreement is generally independent of the altitude, ozone photolysis rate, nitric oxide and ozone abundances, modeled OH reactivity, and aerosol and ice surface area. For a sunrise to midday flight downwind of a nighttime mesoscale convective system, the observed ozone increase is consistent with the calculated ozone production rate. Even with some observed-to-modeled discrepancies, these results provide evidence that current photochemical models, properly constrained with measurements, can generally simulate observed atmospheric oxidation processes even around clouds.
Short wave radiative impact of liquid-liquid phase separation in
Brown Carbon aerosols
Authors: Fard Mehrnoush M. , Krieger Ulrich K. , Peter Thomas
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles may undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) when exposed to varying relative humidity. In this study, we model how the change in morphology affects the short wave radiative forcing, in particular for particles containing organic carbon as a molecular absorber, often termed brown carbon (BrC). Preferentially, such an absorber will redistribute to the organic phase after LLPS. We limited our investigation to particle diameters between 0.04–0.5 μm, atmospherically relevant organic-to-inorganic mass ratios typical for aged aerosol (1:4 < OIR < 4:1), and absorptivities ranging from zero (purely scattering) to highly absorbing brown carbon. For atmospherically relevant O:C ratios, core-shell morphology is expected for phase-separated particles. We compute the scattering and absorption cross-sections for realistic eccentric core-shell morphologies. For the size range of interest here, we show that assuming the core-shell morphology to be concentric is sufficiently accurate and numerically much more efficient than averaging over eccentric morphologies. In the UV-region, where BrC absorbs strongest, phase-separated particles may exhibit a scattering cross-section up to 50 % larger than those of homogenously mixed particles, while their absorption cross-section is up to 20 % smaller. Integrating over the full solar spectrum, due to the strong wavelength dependence of BrC absorptivity, limits the short wave radiative impact of LLPS. For particles with very substantial BrC absorption there will be a radiative forcing enhancement of 4 %–11.8 % depending on the Ångström exponent of BrC absorptivity. However, for those of moderate absorptivity, LLPS will have no significant short-wave radiative impact.
Species composition and forest structure explain the temperature sensitivity patterns of productivity in temperate forests
Authors: Bohn Friedrich J. , May Felix , Huth Andreas
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Rising temperatures due to climate change influence the
wood production of forests. Observations show that some temperate forests
increase their productivity, whereas others reduce their productivity. This
study focuses on how species composition and forest structure properties
influence the temperature sensitivity of aboveground wood production (AWP).
It further investigates which forests will increase their productivity the
most with rising temperatures. We described forest structure by leaf area
index, forest height and tree height heterogeneity. Species composition was
described by a functional diversity index (Rao's Q) and a species
distribution index (ΩAWP). ΩAWP quantified
how well species are distributed over the different forest layers with regard
to AWP. We analysed 370 170 forest stands generated with a forest gap model.
These forest stands covered a wide range of possible forest types. For each
stand, we estimated annual aboveground wood production and performed a
climate sensitivity analysis based on 320 different climate time series (of
1-year length). The scenarios differed in mean annual temperature and
annual temperature amplitude. Temperature sensitivity of wood production was
quantified as the relative change in productivity resulting from a
1 ∘C rise in mean annual temperature or annual temperature
amplitude. Increasing ΩAWP positively influenced both
temperature sensitivity indices of forest, whereas forest height showed a
bell-shaped relationship with both indices. Further, we found forests in each
successional stage that are positively affected by temperature rise. For such
forests, large ΩAWP values were important. In the case of young
forests, low functional diversity and small tree height heterogeneity were
associated with a positive effect of temperature on wood production. During
later successional stages, higher species diversity and larger tree height
heterogeneity were an advantage. To achieve such a development, one could
plant below the closed canopy of even-aged, pioneer trees a
climax-species-rich understorey that will build the canopy of the mature
forest. This study highlights that forest structure and species composition
are both relevant for understanding the temperature sensitivity of wood
production.
The Education of an English Professor: The Biographical Narrative
Authors: Valencia Heriberto Gonzalez , Enriquez Jakeline Amparo Villota , Acosta Lizeth Ramos
Published: March 2018

This article is the result of a qualitative research following the characteristics of hermeneutical research aims to understand the training process of the English university professor, taking into account factors that affect and surround the social, economic, and cultural environment; in which the experience and the story of life, shape the professor. A historicity that allows the subject to be an actor of her own life, and from her experiences narrated, it is analyzed and a training path by which the subject under study obtained academic and life skills. All times and spaces in which the professor is exposed are interpreted to understand the whole process of training. Finally, it is evidenced how the professor’s training transcends beyond a simple classroom. The experience of life, lifestyle, family background, socio-cultural context are inseparable part of the training processes.
Contextual Clues Vocabulary Strategies Choice among Business Management Students
Authors: Ahmad Siti Nurshafezan , Muhammad Ahmad Mazli , Kasim Aini Akmar Mohd
Published: March 2018

New trends in vocabulary learning focus on strategic vocabulary learning to create more active and independent language learners. Utilising suitable contextual clues strategies is seen as vital in enabling and equipping language learners with the skill to guess word meaning accurately, moving away from dependency on a dictionary to improve their academic reading experience. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to investigate types of contextual clues selected and the extent of learners’ ability to obtain accurate word meaning through contextual guessing. The participants were Business Management students of various programmes who were taught contextual clues strategies and tested using class work sheet to analyse their utilisation of the strategies. Results indicated most participants depended on variety of contextual clues strategies, particularly cognitive strategies. The participants were also observed to be independent in guessing word meaning by making conscious decisions, as well as showing minimal reference to the instructor when attempting to utilise the strategies taught. Nevertheless, other interesting results indicated unsuccessful accurate guesses by some participants despite similar strategy choice. Overall conclusions indicated a degree of successful language learners who self direct themselves by making conscious and informed strategy choices. This leads to more emphasis on the importance of teaching and learning how to utilise suitable contextual clues strategies in continuous effort in improving and utilising the skill.
Perception About Oral Health and Its Determinants in Women in Context of Prostitution in Medellín (Colombia): Expressions of Social Vulnerability
Authors: Vásquez- Hernández Alejandro , Zapata- Villa Carolina , Agudelo-Suárez Andrés Alonso
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Women in context of prostitution (commonly called sex workers) are considered a vulnerable group due to their precarious employment, abuse and exploitation. This study aimed to understand the knowledge, practices and social representations about the oral health component for the health-disease process and its determinants in this group.METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted by means of 12 semi-structured interviews in women ≥ 18 years of age who are dedicated to the act of prostitution. In addition, three interviews were conducted with leaders of projects and/or social organizations within Medellin who work alongside sex workers. The information was analyzed using the Atlas.Ti 6.0 software by identifying meaning codes and grouping in emergent categories.RESULTS: The analysis of the interviews allowed to establish categories related to oral health and quality of life, social determinants and accessibility to health care. The concept of oral health is related to their self-perception of hygiene and the aesthetic appearance. They relate the concept of quality of life to meet basic needs such as food, housing, health, education, and have a decent job. The economic, political and social context in which they are located affects the quality of life. They identify barriers to access to oral health services, although much of these women recognize their lack of compromise when they need to seek health care.CONCLUSIONS: The oral health and its determinants as perceived by the people interviewed is a true reflection about the situation of social vulnerability of the women in context of prostitution.
Determination of Biogenic Amines in Cheese by Ion Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection
Authors: Ščavničar Andrej , Rogelj Irena , Kočar Drago , Köse Sevim , Pompe Matevž
Published: March 2018

A new method for determination of underivatized biogenic amines in cheese based on ion exchange chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric detection was proposed. The method was applied to the analysis of 10 biogenic amines (trimethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, 2-phenylethylamine, spermine, spermidine, tryptamine, agmatine, and tyramine) in different types of cheese. The amines were extracted only with water without any additional derivatization step or sample cleanup. This is a great advantage in terms of simplicity of sample pretreatment procedure compared with other currently existing methods in the literature. Biogenic amines were separated using cation exchange column, under gradient elution conditions by mixing formic acid (1.00 M) and deionized water. Detection was achieved using tandem MS/MS, with the instrument set into multiple reaction monitoring mode to ensure high specificity. The detection and quantification limits were in the ranges of 12–46 μg/L and 40–153 μg/L, respectively. The exceptions were spermidine and spermine, with detection limits of 0.8 and 5.4 mg/L, respectively. The linearity for most of the biogenic amines was from 10 μg/L up to 10 mg/L. The best recoveries were observed for trimethylamine, tyramine, and cadaverine, and were 89, 94, and 102%, respectively. The results showed that this method can be used for routine determination of biogenic amines in different types of cheeses as well other food matrices. It must be stressed that the proposed method is capable of determining 10 biogenic amines, including tyramine, which is reported to cause food intoxication commonly associated with cheeses.
Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction in an Online System for Determination of Cadmium in Water and Tea Samples
Authors: Nunes Leane Santos , Lemos Valfredo Azevedo
Published: March 2018

In this work, a method using ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) without the use of ligands in an online system for preconcentration and determination of cadmium was developed. The method was based on the preconcentration of cadmium by USAEME, employing trichloroethylene as the extraction solvent, and subsequent retention of the rich phase in a mini-column packed with silica gel. The extracted metal was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The parameters that affect the extraction of cadmium were optimized using the univariate method. Under optimized conditions, the method presented a limit of detection of 0.17 μg/L, a limit of quantification of 0.57 μg/L, an enrichment factor of 56, and a consumptive index of 0.18 mL/min. The accuracy of the method was tested by analyzing the certified reference material, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 1573 (tomato leaves). The determination of Cd in water (drinking water, bottled water, river water, and seawater) and tea (black and green tea) samples was also performed using the proposed method. The method is simple, efficient, and eco-friendly because it requires low consumption of an organic solvent.