bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Construction of Historical Equivalence: Weighing the Red and Brown Scares
Authors: Fine Gary Alan
Published: February 2007

Whether two events “belong together,” cognitively and in terms of collective memory, requires that we develop classification strategies. Historical equivalence refers to the perception that two events, separate in space and time, belong to the same cognitive category, or speak to the same issues. They are “good to think together.” Rejecting a radical constructionism that suggests that everything is a matter of ontological preference, I argue, following Gubrium (1993), that interactionists should prefer a cautious naturalism. While interests and resources affect the presentation of historical claims, an obdurate reality permits the evaluation of empirical claims of comparability. To determine historical equivalence, we need to examine events in light of their magnitude, metaphorical continuity, analogous causation, and comparative effects. To examine the construction of historical equivalence, I discuss the similarities and differences between the Red Scares of 1919 and the late 1940s and the Brown Scare of the early 1940s.

What you choose as an historical analogy begins and ends the conversation.

—Elazar Barkan,

“On Accepting Historical Responsibility: Refugees and the Right of Return” (2004)
Controlling for Consensus: Commemorating Apartheid in South Africa
Authors: Teeger Chana , Vinitzky‐Seroussi Vered
Published: February 2007

According to the literature, commemorations of difficult pasts can be categorized into two main types, fragmented and multivocal—both of which serve to express, if not to enhance, social conflicts. Our analysis of the first apartheid museum in South Africa, however, points to a commemorative type that aims at agreement, not through disagreement and debate but through overarching consensus. That consensus is constructed through a large degree of control in terms of the form and content of the mnemonic object. Having outlined the techniques used to control for consensus, we briefly explore the social context of the commemorating society, which informed and enabled such a mnemonic construction.
Texts, Bodies, and the Memory of Bloody Sunday
Authors: Spillman Lyn , Conway Brian
Published: February 2007

We examine here recent arguments that embodied experience is an important site of collective memory, and related challenges to the standard emphasis on discourse and symbols in collective memory research. We argue that although theories of embodied memory offer new insights, they are limited by (1) an overdrawn distinction between embodied memory and textual memory that neglects the complex relations between the two, (2) an overemphasis on ritual performance at the expense of collective conversation, (3) an oversimplified view of performativity, and (4) an underestimation of the ambiguity in embodied performance. Theories of embodied collective memory should be narrowed and specified with focused comparisons examining the influence of embodied experience in the formation of collective identities, in conflicts over collective memories, and in the persistence and malleability of memories across generations. We illustrate our argument throughout with examples drawn from the collective memory of Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland in 1972.
Recurrent Locus-Specific Mutation Resulting From a Cryptic Ectopic Insertion in Neurospora
Authors: Perkins David D , Freitag Michael , Pollard Virginia C , Bailey-Shrode Lori A , Selker Eric U , Ebbole Daniel J
Published: February 2007

New mutations are found among ∼20% of progeny when one or both parents carry eas allele UCLA191 (easUCLA, easily wettable, hydrophobin-deficient, linkage group II). The mutations inactivate the wild-type allele of cya-8 (cytochrome aa3 deficient, linkage group VII), resulting in thin, “transparent” mycelial growth. Other eas alleles fail to produce cya-8 mutant progeny. The recurrent cya-8 mutations are attributed to repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) resulting from a duplicated copy of cya-8+ that was inserted ectopically at eas when the UCLA191 mutation occurred. As expected for RIP, easUCLA-induced cya-8 mutations occur during nuclear proliferation prior to karyogamy. When only one parent is easUCLA, the new mutations arise exclusively in easUCLA nuclei. Mutation of cya-8 is suppressed when a long unlinked duplication is present. Stable cya-8 mutations are effectively eliminated in crosses homozygous for rid, a recessive suppressor of RIP. The easUCLA allele is associated with a long paracentric inversion. A discontinuity is present in easUCLA DNA. The eas promoter is methylated in cya-8 progeny of easUCLA, presumably by the spreading of methylation beyond the adjoining RIP-inactivated duplication. These findings support a model in which an ectopic insertion that created a mutation at the target site acts as a locus-specific mutator via RIP.
A Flat‐Panel Detector Digital Radiography and a Storage Phosphor Computed Radiography: Screening for Pneumoconioses
Authors: Takashima Yoshihiro , Suganuma Narufumi , Sakurazawa Hirofumi , Itoh Harumi , Hirano Harukazu , Shida Hisao , Kusaka Yukinori
Published: February 2007

A Flat‐Panel Detector Digital Radiography and a Storage Phosphor Computed Radiography: Screening for Pneumoconioses: Yoshihiro Takashima, et al. Division of Environmental Health, Department of International Social and Health Sciences, University of Fukui School of Medicine—Storage phosphor computed radiography (SR) and flat‐panel detector (FPD) radiography are two types of digital X‐ray utilizing different techniques. We compared these two techniques with conventional analogue chest radiograph (AR) among pneumoconiotic patients and healthy controls. Thirty individuals consisting of 20 silica‐exposed ex‐workers and 10 healthy controls without occupational exposure to any mineral dust were examined with chest X‐ray by AR, SR and FPD. Three occupational physicians, including one NIOSH B reader, assessed the digital and conventional radiographs by the side‐by‐side method according to the ILO 2000 International Classification of Radiograph of Pneumoconioses (ILO/ ICRP). No significant difference was shown between the subjective film qualities by AR and FPD. Inter‐reader agreement of the profusion of small opacities on radiographs was high in the order of SR (κ=0.64), FPD (κ=0.62), and AR (κ=0.55). The profusions of small opacity for AR and FPD by the 12‐point scaled profusion of ILO/ICRP did not show a statistically significant difference, but those for AR and SR showed a significant difference. The areas under the receiver operator curves (ROC) using clinical diagnosis by a pulmonologist as the reference showed no statistically significant difference among the three radiographic techniques. FPD gives image quality as good as that of AR, and it has acceptable agreement with AR in small profusion categories, which consequently assures its application to pneumoconiosis screening. SR showed less profusion than FPD and AR, which can be fixed with image modification.
The Ratification Status of ILO Conventions Related to Occupational Safety and Health and Its Relationship with Reported Occupational Fatality Rates
Authors: Wilson Donald J , Takahashi Ken , Sakuragi Sonoko , Yoshino Masako , Hoshuyama Tsutomu , Imai Teppei , Takala Jukka
Published: February 2007

The Ratification Status of ILO Conventions Related to Occupational Safety and Health and Its Relationship with Reported Occupational Fatality Rates: Donald J Wilson, et al. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences (IIES), University of Occupational and Environmental Health—The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the ratification status of occupational safety and health (OSH)‐related ILO conventions and reported occupational fatality rates of ILO member countries, while controlling for possible confounding factors. ILO member states were divided into 4 levels of income status, based on the gross national income per capita. Seventeen conventions designated as OSH‐related were examined. Reported country occupational fatality rates were compared according to the ratification status of these 17 conventions and multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between the fatality rates, ratification status, income level and length of ILO membership. Fatality rates were inversely and significantly related to income levels. In general, non‐ratifying countries had higher work‐related fatality rates than ratifying countries. A statistical model for identifying predictors of fatal injury rates showed that a larger number of conventions ratified was significantly associated with lower fatality rates. The fact that nonratifying countries generally have higher fatality rates than ratifying ones supports the notion that all countries should promote ratification of ILO conventions aimed at improving OSH conditions.
HBV‐ and HCV‐ Infected Workers in the Japanese Workplace
Authors: Narai Rie , Oyama Tsunehiro , Ogawa Masanori , Yamaguchi Tetsunosuke , Kinaga Tsuyoshi , Murakami Tomoe , Isse Toyohi , Ozaki Shin‐ichi , Yashima Yasunori , Okabayashi Ken , Ochiai Hideo , Yarita Keiichiro , Fujino Akihiro , Kawamoto Toshihiro
Published: February 2007

HBV‐ and HCV‐ Infected Workers in the Japanese Workplace, Rie Narai, et al. Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health—Around three million Japanese are persistently infected with HBV or HCV. Though most of them work in various industries, little is known about the actual conditions in their workplaces. To clarify the workplace conditions of workers with hepatitis, three kinds of questionnaire surveys, answered by occupational health physicians and workers with hepatitis, were carried out. The rates of workers recognized as workers with hepatitis B or C by occupational health physicians were 0.82% and 0.48% of 130,092 workers, respectively. About 30% of workers with hepatitis were engaged in “hazardous work”. The percentage of workers engaged in various types of hazardous work among workers with hepatitis was nearly the same as that among all Japanese workers. About 30% of occupational health physicians witnessed exacerbation of hepatitis in the workers at their workplaces, and 22% of workers with hepatitis experienced exacerbation of hepatitis. The rate of workers with hepatitis who had experienced exacerbation was not significantly different between workers with and without hazardous work. Workers with hepatitis have strong concerns about the relationship between work and exacerbation. As causes of exacerbation, occupational health physicians cited “unknown”, “drinking” and “quit treatment” while workers with hepatitis answered “work‐related causes”, besides “unknown” and “drinking.”
Accounting for Uncertainty in Estimates of Escapement Goals for Fraser River Sockeye Salmon Based on Productivity of Nursery Lakes in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Bodtker Karin M. , Peterman Randall M. , Bradford Michael J.
Published: February 2007

For certain populations of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, spawner and recruit data are either absent or too limited to estimate escapement goals (target abundance of spawners). In some cases, scientists instead use data on productivity of nursery lakes; however, many such analyses have not accounted for uncertainties. We therefore extended a previously developed lake productivity method for estimating escapement goals (the photosynthetic rate (PR) model) by using a Bayesian statistical approach that takes several sources of uncertainty into account. Utilizing data for Fraser River, British Columbia, sockeye salmon stocks, we compared this Bayesian PR method with stock–recruitment analysis. In six of seven cases, probability distributions of spawner abundance goals from the Bayesian PR method were 27% narrower on average than those from the stock–recruitment method. In four of seven cases, the Bayesian PR method produced higher median estimates of target spawner abundance than did stock–recruitment analysis; the other three pairs of estimates were within 7% of one another. We suggest that the Bayesian PR method is a potential alternative to using stock–recruitment data to estimate escapement goals for sockeye salmon populations.
A Raman Spectroscopy Study of Individual SiC Nanowires
Authors: Bechelany M. , Brioude A. , Cornu D. , Ferro G. , Miele P.
Published: February 2007

Raman spectroscopy of a single 40 nm 3C‐SiC nanowire (NW) has been achieved at room temperature with the use of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The structure used to enhance the Raman scattering process is based on a tungsten tip covered by a thin gold layer; a NW is attached to the apex of this tip. The specific dimensions of the SiC NWs (diameters are a few tens of nanometers and lengths are a few micrometers) allow us to study several parts of an individual NW according to the lateral resolution of the Raman microspectrometer. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images show both atomic arrangements in the SiC NWs with growth predominantly in the [111] direction and abundant structural defects. Effort has been focused on the correlation between the Raman spectroscopic profiles and the structural deformations. The Fano interference features of the sharp phonon lines have been used to evaluate the free carrier concentration.
Identification of T cell lymphoma tumor antigens on human T cell lines
Authors: Kaplan Joseph , Tilton Jerel , Peterson Ward D.
Published: February 2007

All human T lymphoblast cell lines have been derived from subjects with leukemia secondary to thymic lymphoblastic lymphoma, a T cell malignacy, suggesting that such lines represent established cultures of neoplastic T cells. Based on this observation, we prepared rabbit antisera to T cell line HSB‐2, removed reactivity for histocompatibility antigens and normal T cells by absorption with autocthonous B cell line CCRF‐SB and normal thymocytes, and tested the absorbed antisera by complement‐dependent cytotoxicity against a panel of normal and malignant cells.

A representative antiserum reacted with all 4 T cell lines (mean cytotoxic index = 56) and with tumor cells from 4 patients with T cell lymphma (mean cytotoxic index = 50) but did not react with tumor cells from 6 patients with other types of leukemias (mean cytotoxic index = 2), with 3 B cell lines (mean cytotoxic index = 1), normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (mean cytotoxic index = 5), or normal thymocytes (mean cytotoxic index = 6). We conclude that appropriately absorbed antisera to human T cell lines detect T cell lymphoma tumor antigens.
Superoxide generation by human monocytes and macrophages
Authors: Weiss Stephen J. , King Gerald W. , Lobuglio Albert F.
Published: February 2007

Intracellular and extracellular superoxide (O2 .−) generation by human monocytes and macrophages was quantitated by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction method. Human monocytes reduced 4.4 ± 0.9 nmoles/106 cells/15 minutes with an increase to 12.4 ± 1.3 during phagocytosis of zymosan. Based on inhibition by superoxide dismutase, superoxide generation of these cells was 1.8 ± 0.3 nmoles in the resting state and 16.8 ± 2.8 nmoles with zymosan phagocytosis. Human macrophages obtained by thoracentesis had comparable levels of NBT reduction and O2 .− generation. Monocytes from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease demonstrated no increment in O2 .− production during phagocytosis. Thus, human monocytes and macrophages appear capable of generating substantial amounts of O2 .− during phagocytosis which may play an important role in bactericidal and other cell functions.
Human macrophage hemoglobin‐iron metabolism in vitro
Authors: Custer Galen , Balcerzak Stanley , Rinehart John
Published: February 2007

An entirely in vitro technique was employed to characterize hemoglobin‐iron metabolism by human macrophages obtained by culture of blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages.

Macrophages phagocytized about three times as many erythrocytes as monocytes and six times as many erythrocytes as pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The rate of subsequent release of 59Fe to the extracellular transferrin pool was two‐ to fourfold greater for macrophages as compared to the other two cell types. The kinetics of 59Fe‐transferrin release were characterized by a relatively rapid early phase (hours 1‐‐4) followed by a slow phase (hours 4–72) for all three cell types. Intracellular movement of iron was characterized by a rapid shift from hemoglobin to ferritin that was complete with the onset of the slow phase of extracellular release. A transient increase in 59Fe associated with an intracellular protein eluting with transferrin was also observed within 1 hour after phagocytosis. The process of hemoglobin‐iron release to extracellular transferrin was inhibited at 4°C but was unaffected by inhibitors of protein synthesis, glycolysis, microtubule function, and microfilament function. These data emphasize the rapidity of macrophage hemoglobin iron metabolism, provide a model for characterization of this process in vitro, and in general confirm data obtained utilizing in vivo animal models.
Clinical diversity of sickle cell anemia: Genetic and cellular modulation of disease severity
Authors: Steinberg Martin H. , Hebbel Robert P.
Published: February 2007

There is a great diversity in the clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia. Some patients have severe repetitive infarctive episodes culminating in organ failure. Others have minor and nonincapacitating problems. This review focuses on the cellular and genetic factors that may play a role in modulating the clinical effects of the sickle hemoglobin gene. Understanding the role of putative modulators of disease severity may in the future allow the introduction of novel methods of therapy.
Immunoregulatory abnormalities in evans syndrome
Authors: Wang Winfred , Herrod Henry , Pui Ching‐Hon , Presbury Gerald , Wilimas Judith
Published: February 2007

Immune function in six patients with Evans syndrome (Coombs‐positive hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia) was compared to that in seven with chronic ITP. The two groups differed in measurements of T‐cell subsets and immunoglobulin production. Evans syndrome patients had decreased T4 (T‐helper) (P = 0.025), increased T8 (T‐suppressor) (P = 0.008), and a decreased ratio of T4:T8 cells (P = 0.0009) when compared to controls. Results in chronic ITP Patients were similar to those in controls. Serum IgG, IgM, and IgA levels and in vitro synthesis of IgG and/or IgM were decreased in most Evans syndrome patients. Diminished in vivo and in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis in Evans syndrome is consistent with the decreased T4:T8 ratio in these patients. The altered T4:T8 ratio may represent an unsuccessful response to an autoimmune process in which the trigger is unknown.
Marrow transplantation in hepatitis‐associated aplastic anemia
Authors: Witherspoon Robert P. , Storb Rainer , Shulman Howard , Buckner C. Dean , Deeg H. Joachim , Clift Reginald A. , Sanders Jean E. , Doney Kristine , McDonald George , Sullivan Keith M. , Appelbaum Fred R. , Thomas E. Donnall
Published: February 2007

Seventeen patients who developed aplastic anemia in association with viral hepatitis were transplanted with sibling marrow. Of the 16 HLA‐identical recipients, 14 were conditioned with cyclophosphamide, 200 mg/kg, and two received 10 Gy total body irradiation. One HLA‐nonidentical recipient received 123 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and 10 Gy total body irradiation. Of the 14 patients conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone, one died on day 49 after graft rejection, and 13 had sustained engraftment. Six of the 13 developed acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), which led to death from opportunistic infections 84, 97, and 130 days after transplantation in three patients. Four of the 13 developed chronic GVHD, two without preceding acute GVHD. Currently, ten of the 14 cyclophosphamide‐conditioned patients are alive 0.9–12.4 (median 5.9) years from transplantation. The two HLA‐identical recipients conditioned for grafting with total body irradiation died after failure of engraftment, and one also developed concomitant hepatic venoclusive disease. The mismatched recipient conditioned with radiation and cyclophosphamide died of severe GVHD 18 days posttransplant. We conclude that survival, graft rejection, and incidence of acute and chronic GVHD after marrow transplantation for hepatitis‐associated aplastic anemia are similar to those of patients transplanted for aplastic anemia of other etiologies. Previous hepatic damage from viral hepatitis and liver function abnormalities existing at the time of grafting do not appear to increase the risk of posttransplant morbidity and mortality from hepatocellular damage or venocclusive disease in cyclophosphamide‐conditioned patients.
Characteristics of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase during adult and neonatal reticulocyte maturation
Authors: Jansen G. , Koenderman L. , Rijksen G. , Cats B. P. , Staal G. E. J.
Published: February 2007

Erythrocytes from adults and newborn infants (at term and premature) were separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation into four fractions of increasing density. Glycolytic enzymes, especially the age‐dependent ones, hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1, HK), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40, PK), and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49, G6PD) were studied during reticulocyte maturation and further red cell senescence.

Analysis of the fraction with lowest density showed an almost linear and steep decline of HK, PK, and G6PD activity with a decreasing number of reticulocytes. In the next three fractions of increasing density, the activity decline was far less. These data are therefore illustrative for a biphasic activity decay pattern of HK, PK, and G6PD during both adult and neonatal red cell aging.

The strong decline in HK activity could not be ascribed to the disappearance of a particulate (mitochondrial) bound fraction of the enzyme during reticulocyte maturation. All hexokinase activity in human reticulocytes was found to be cytosolic in contrast with rabbit reticulocytes in which 70% of HK activity was particulate.
Primary lymphomas of the small intestine: East‐west contrast
Authors: Al‐Mondhiry Hamid
Published: February 2007

Primary small intestinal lymphoma (PSIL) represents a heterogenous group of disorders with variable clinical and pathologic features and a characteristic age, socioeconomic, and geographic distribution. In developed countries, PSIL usually occurs as a localized ileal tumor, shows a bimodal age distribution, and most frequently presents with abdominal pain and obstructive symptoms. Histologicaily, most of these tumors are diffuse histiocytic, lymphocytic, or undifferentiated lymphomas. Other variants of PSIL, collectively referred to as immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, occur most often among young patients of poor socioeconomic status in Third World countries, mostly in the Middle East and Mediterranean area. They are characterized by involvement of long loops of the upper small intestine and commonly present with abdominal pain, diarrhea, malabsorption, and clubbing of the fingers. A subgroup of these patients shows a serological abnormality with the appearance of part of the alpha heavy chain of IgA in the serum. Histologically, the lesion appears as a dense diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate of the mucosa of the upper jejenum or duodenum. A form of malignant lymphoma of true histiocytic origin complicates long‐standing celiac disease. The contrasting clinical, epidemiological, histopathological, and immunological features of these variants of PSIL raise interesting questions about the pathogenesis of small bowel lymphoma.
Extradural granulocytic sarcoma of the spine: A unique case of long survival after local therapy
Authors: Chan John K. C. , Lau W. H. , Saw Daisy
Published: February 2007

A 13‐year‐old boy presented with progressive bilateral lower limb weakness due to exradural granulocytic sarcoma of the spine. After surgical decompression and radiotherapy, he remained in complete remission 6 years after initial diagnosis. The possible reasons for the favorable outcome of this unique case are discussed.
Lupus anticoagulant in women with multiple spontaneous miscarriage
Authors: Howard Margaret A. , Firkin Barry G. , Healy David L. , Choong Siew‐Chin C.
Published: February 2007

A link between the presence of the lupus anticoagulant (LA) and recurrent spontaneous miscarriage exists; however, the incidence of the LA in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriage is unknown. We have therefore investigated the incidence of the LA in women with recurrent miscarriage but without evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus or other syndromes known to predispose towards spontaneous abortion. Plasma from 29 such women was obtained and tested in the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), testing for correction with normal plasma if prolonged and in the dilute simplastin time test (DSTT), again mixing with normal plasma if prolonged. Using a prolongation in either/or both tests which was not corrected by mixing with normal plasma as criteria for the presence of the LA, 14 (48%) patients showed evidence for the presence of the LA. Substitution of platelet‐rich plasma for phospholipid and plasma in the APTT corrected the prolonged clotting time in every patient (9/29) in which it was prolonged, further substantiating the presence of the LA. We suggest that the presence of the LA should be investigated in any patient with unexplained recurrent miscarriage.
Nonspecific esterase of acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)
Authors: Matsuo Tatsuki , Jain Nemi C. , Bennett John M.
Published: February 2007

Leukemic cells of 43 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) were investigated morphologically and cytochemically to determine the percentage of aberrant enzymes and whether or not the presence impacts on the clinical outcome. Twelve patients (27.9%) showed alpha‐naphythyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity in their leukemic cells, and two of these cases revealed remarkably low myeloperoxidase (MPO) positivity, a pattern seen in monocytic precursors. However, further cytochemical evidence for this monocytic feature, the inhibition of naphthol AS‐D acetate esterase (NASDA) activity with sodium fluoride (NASDA‐F), was found in only five of these nine patients. In 31 cases (72.1%), there was minimal ANAE activity. Of interest, two of these were devoid of naphthol AS‐D chloroacetate esterase (CAE), which is prominently displayed in neu‐trophilic granulocytes, even though these leukemic cells were 100% intensely positive for MPO activity. Between the two groups with and without ANAE activity, there were no remarkable differences in the distribution of sex and age, hematological findings, and rates of complete response. Our study has confirmed the cytochemical heterogeneity of M3 with no obvious relationship between this heterogeneity and early therapeutic outcome.
Changes in hemostatic and fibrinolytic proteins in patients receiving L‐asparaginase therapy
Authors: Saito Masanori , Asakura Hidesaku , Jokaji Hiroshi , Uotani Chika , Kumabashiri Ichiro , Ito Keiko , Matsuda Tamotsu
Published: February 2007

Hemostatic changes were evaluated in ten patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma who received chemotherapy with L‐asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisolone for 1 week. Following treatment, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were significantly prolonged, while a marked decrease in fibrinogen levels was observed. The values for cross‐linked fibrin degradation products, however, remained within normal limits during treatment, which excluded the possibility of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The concentrations of coagulation inhibitors (antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S), plasminogen, and α2 antiplasmin also significantly decreased; however, levels of both tissue‐type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor, which are synthesized in endothelial cells, increased during the treatment.

Although a decrease was observed in concentrations of many coagulation factors, including subunits A and B of factor XIII, the activity and antigenicity of factor VII significantly increased following the treatment. From this study, we concluded that these hemostatic abnormalities caused by the administration of L‐asparaginase produced a labile condition that easily inclines to bleeding or thrombosis.
Idiopathic myelofibrosis terminating in erythroleukemia
Authors: Garcia Sonia , Miguel Amparo , Miguel Alicia , Linares Mariano , Navarro Miguel , Colomina Pedro
Published: February 2007

A 55‐year‐old woman with a one‐year history of idiopathic myelofibrosis progressed to erythroleukemia. This is the first reported occurrence of erythroleukemia progression from idiopathic myelofibrosis. Certain patterns of leukemia transformation from myelo‐proliferative disorders are favored: Myeloblastic or myelomonocytic. The rare incidence of erythroblastic transformation is discussed.
Fibrinolysis and fibrinogenolysis in liver disease
Authors: Takahashi Hoyu , Tatewaki Wataru , Wada Ken , Niwano Hiroe , Shibata Akira
Published: February 2007

Patients with liver disease frequently have hemostatic abnormalities which include accelerated fibrinolysis. In order to assess the fibrinolytic state in liver disease, plasma levels of fibrinogenolysis products (FgDP), fibrinolysis products (FbDP), and fibrino‐genolysis plus fibrinolysis products (TDP) were measured with newly developed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays based on monoclonal antibodies in 36 patients with liver disease (six patients with acute hepatitis, seven with chronic hepatitis, ten with liver cirrhosis, 11 with hepatocellular carcinoma, and two with intrahepatic cholestasis). As compared with healthy subjects, mean plasma levels of FbDP (1,083 ± SD 1,254 vs. 236 ± 100 ng/ml, P = 0.005) and TDP (1,773 ± 1,814 vs. 669 ± 212 ng/ml, P = 0.001) were significantly elevated in patients with liver disease, whereas FgDP was normal (389 ± 202 vs. 396 ± 132 ng/ml, P = 0.87). Plasma FbDP correlated very well with TDP (r = 0.986, P < 0.00001) in liver disease. In addition, FbDP and TDP but not FgDP correlated with plasma concentrations of thrombin‐antithrombin III complex. When plotted by the disease categories, the magnitude of elevations of FbDP and TDP was the most prominent in acute hepatitis followed by hepatocellular carcinoma. These findings indicate that activation of fibrinolysis occurs following thrombin generation, but increased primary fibrinogenolysis is rare in liver disease.
Growth and development of children of mothers treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy: Current status of 43 children
Authors: Avilés Agustin , Díaz‐Maqueo José C. , Talavera Alejandra , Guzmán Renaldo , García Edna L.
Published: February 2007

To evaluate the potential teratogenicity of modern cancer treatment, 43 children born to mothers with hematological malignancies (18 with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, 14 Hodgkin disease, seven acute leukemia, and four with chronic granulocytic leukemia) who received chemotherapy during some portion of their pregnancy, including 19 of these 43 who received chemotherapy during the first trimester, were examined for physical health, growth, and development. Immunological, hematological, and cytogenetic status also were evaluated. The children's ages ranged from 3 to 19 years.

The children had a careful history and physical examination to detect any abnormal symptoms or signs and the mother's previous chemotherapy was carefully documented. In all of the children studied, physical, neurological, psychological, hematological, immune function, and cytogenetics were normal.

These results suggest that chemotherapy can be administered during pregnancy, even during the first trimester, because it is not hazardous to the fetus; nevertheless, this study is inadequate in size to exclude the possibility of teratogenesis, and more reports are necessary to define the best treatment from cancer during pregnancy.
Dynamic fluctuations in blood of thrombin/antithrombin III complex (TAT)
Authors: Deguchi Katsumi , Noguchi Mituo , Yuwasaki Eiichi , Endou Takurou , Deguchi Akira , Wada Hideo , Murashima Seikou , Nishikawa Masakatu , Shirakawa Shigeru , Tanaka Kuniyoshi , Kusagawa Minoru
Published: February 2007

The dynamic fluctuation of thrombin‐antithrombin III complex (TAT) was studied in blood obtained during the daytime (at 9 AM, noon, 3 PM), during extracorporeal circulation and during the course of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), to certify whether the level of TAT in blood can reflect the generation of thrombin. In 10 healthy male volunteers, the mean values of TAT (μg/liter) were 1.74 (±1.36) at 9 AM, 1.22 (±0.47) at noon, and 1.25 (±0.68) at 3 PM. TAT did not show a daytime fluctuation, unlike fibrinolytic factors. The mean values of TAT in 38 hemodialyzed patients were 4.83 (±2.8) before the initiation, 6.59 (±4.39) in the first hour, and 13.42 (±10.96) at the end of a dialysis session. In 20 patients undergoing open heart surgery, the mean value of TAT was increased during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and decreased with time after the end of surgery. The fibrinopeptide A (FPA) value was increased with TAT during CPB but achieved a maximum level immediately after heparin neutralization by protamine. In 20 patients with DIC, the values of TAT varied from 5.8 to 297 μg/liter in the blood at the onset of DIC. In seven of eight patients treated with low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMW‐H), the values of TAT and FPA were lower 24 hr after LMW‐H than before the treatment. These results suggest that the level of TAT in blood reflected the formation of thrombin and could serve as a sensitive parameter of activated coagulation in circulating blood.
Production of parathyroid hormone‐related protein by cultured human myeloma cells
Authors: Suzuki Akira , Takahashi Takayuki , Okuno Yoshiaki , Tsuyuoka Reiko , Sasaki Yutaka , Fukumoto Manabu , Katakami Hideki , Kita Kenkichi , Shibuya Tsunefumi
Published: February 2007

We examined whether or not parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTH‐rP) is produced in cultured human myeloma cells. PTH‐rP protein was detected in the cell extract of one (U266) of 6 myeloma cell lines examined by radioimmunoassay. Also we demonstrated the expression of PTH‐rP mRNA in all of the 6 lines. These findings indicate that PTH‐rP may be one of the factors responsible for the bone destruction or hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of interleukin‐2 receptors (α and β chain) in mature lymphoid neoplasms
Authors: Nakase Kazunori , Kita Kenkichi , Nasu Kaori , Ueda Takanori , Tanaka Isao , Shirakawa Shigeru , Tsudo Mitsuru
Published: February 2007

We investigated the expression of interleukin‐2 receptors (IL‐2R) in 60 adult patients with mature lymphoid neoplasms by flow cytometric analysis, using two monoclonal antibodies, anti‐Tac for IL‐2R α‐chain (IL‐2Rα) and Mik‐β for IL‐2R β‐chain (IL‐2Rβ). Among B‐cell malignancies, IL‐2Rα was found in 13/25 (52%) cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and its variants, 3/14 (21%) of a heterogenous group of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and none of the plasma cell diseases. IL‐2Rβ was not observed in any of B‐cell neoplasms. IL‐2Rα was more frequently expressed in CD11 b(+) B‐cell neoplasms than in CD11b(‐) (P < 0.05). In T‐cell disorders, all three cases of adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma expressed IL‐2Rα but not IL‐2Rβ. IL‐2Rβ was detected in 3/8 cases of CLL and 2/3 of NHL and none of these cases expressed IL‐2Rα. CD8(+) malignant T‐cells commonly displayed IL‐2Rβ. These data indicate that the IL‐2Rα and IL‐2Rβ in mature lymphoid neoplasms was expressed independently each other and was associated with the particular phenotypical characteristics of neoplastic cells, respectively. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An acquired hemorrhagic disorder of fibrin crosslinking due to LgG antibodies to FXIII, successfully treated with FXIII replacement and cyclophosphamide
Authors: Tosetto Alberto , Rodeghiero Francesco , Gatto Elisabetta , Manotti Cesare , Poli Tullio
Published: February 2007

We report a new case of severe bleeding diathesis due to an acquired inhibitor of fibrin crosslinking. The patient, an 80‐year‐old woman, was admitted to the hospital for a massive subcutaneous hematoma, with severe anemia requiring red cell transfusion; a subsequent retroperitoneal hematoma developed 2 weeks later. Coagulation studies were normal except for a thromboelastographic pattern suggestive of FXIII deficiency. Clot solubility test was abnormal even after 1: 1 mix with normal plasma. Immunochemical studies confirmed the presence of a monoclonal IgG lambda inhibitor directed against FXIII activity (type II FXIII inhibitor). The patient IgG fraction selectively inhibited FXIII transamidating activity but did not inhibit the thrombin‐mediated activation of FXIII. The patient was treated with high doses of FXIII concentrate to overcome the inhibitor and immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide and discharged in good conditions.

High doses of commercially available FXIII appear to be a safe and effective method of controlling acute episodes of bleeding in patients with acquired FXIII deficiency. ©1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologic characteristics of erythroleukemia (Acute Myeloid Leukemia; FAB‐M6): A CALGB study
Authors: Davey F. R. , Abraham N. , Brunetto V. L. , Maccallum J. M. , Nelson D. A. , Ball E. D. , Griffin J. D. , Baer M. R. , Wurster‐Hill D. , Mayer R. J. , Schiffer C. A. , Bloomfield C. D.
Published: February 2007

We have reviewed the clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic features of 52 patients with erythroleukemia (FAB Cooperative Group; AML‐M6) studied by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). The purpose of this study was to correlate morphology with the clinical features, immunophenotypes, and karyotypes of neoplastic cells, and with the response to therapy of patients with AML‐M6. Thirty‐three patients (63%) were male, median age 59 (range 16‐81) years, 47 patients (90%) were white, and 42 patients (81%) had a performance status of <2. Myelodysplastic changes were observed in at least 1 cell lineage in all cases, and in 2 cell lineages in 45 of 52 (86%) cases. Fifty percent or more of cases studied were positive for CD11b, CD13, CD15, CD33, glycophorin‐A, and HLA‐DR markers. Fourteen of 27 cases (52%) in whom karyotypic analyses were conducted had cytogenetic abnormalities. Five (19%) were simple (<3 karyotypic abnormalities), while 9 (33%) were complex (≥ abnormalities). We observed either a complete or partial loss of chromosomes 5, 7, or 12p, or the presence of trisomy 8, in 11 of 27 (41%) patients. Cases of AML‐M6 were divided into group 1 (14 patients with bone marrow proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts >25% of all erythroblasts) and group 2 (38 patients with proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts ≤25% of all erythroblasts). We observed no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 in regard to sex, age, race, performance status, percentage of blood erythroblasts or myeloblasts, percentage of bone marrow erythroblasts, and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) or myelodysplasia scores. Six of 6 (100%) patients of group 1, and 7 of 21 (33%) patients of group 2, had normal karyotypes (P = .006). Nine of 13 (69%) patients of group 1 and 15 of 33 (45%) patients of group 2 had a complete remission (CR) (P = .2). Eight of 11 (73%) cytogenetically normal patients achieved CR: 5 of 6 (83%) in group 1, and 3 of 5 (60%) in group 2. Five of 12 (42%) cytogenetically abnormal patients achieved CR. No difference in duration of survival (group 1, median = 4.6 months vs. group 2, median = 10.2 months; P = .93) was observed between the 2 groups. We conclude that AML‐M6 is typified by multilineage involvement of hematopoietic cells. The morphology of erythroblasts in patients with AML‐M6 may correlate with cytogenetic abnormalities and rate of CR. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Opportunistic pulmonary infections with fludarabine in previously treated patients with low‐grade lymphoid malignancies: A role for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis
Authors: Byrd John C. , Hargis Jeffrey B. , Kester Kent E. , Hospenthal Duane R. , Knutson Sarah W. , Diehl Louis F.
Published: February 2007

The high incidence of opportunistic pulmonary infections in fludarabine‐treated patients at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) and in the literature are described. A CancerLlt search of fludarabine from June 1983‐April 1994 with subsequent cross referencing and a retrospective review of all patients receiving fludarabine at WRAMC was performed. A total of 2,269 patients with low‐grade lymphoid malignancies who received 7,547 + cycles of fludarabine were identified from the literature. Seventy‐three (3.2%) of these patients developed opportunistic infections. Seventy‐one (97%) of these infections occurred in patients who were pretreated with alkylator regimens or corticosteroids. Forty‐five (2%) of these were of respiratory origin and associated with a 56% mortality rate. In contrast, 6 of the 21 patients (29%) treated with fludarabine at WRAMC developed opportunistic pulmonary infections which included three Pneumocystis carinii (PCP), one PCP/disseminated Candidiasis, one Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, and one Aspergillus niger pneumonia. These infections developed during and after treatment with fludarabine in alkylator‐resistant patients who had received corticosteroids before (n = 6), during (n = 1), or after (n = 4) fludarabine therapy. Lack of PCP prophylaxis was the only significant (P = .018) variable that differentiated patients who developed opportunistic pulmonary infections. Corticosteroid treatment before, during, or after fludarabine treatment in patients with alkylator‐resistant, low‐grade lymphoid malignancies who have not received PCP prophylaxis is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic pulmonary infections. Aggressive work‐up of pulmonary syndromes and PCP prophylaxis in these patients should be considered during and after treatment with fludarabine. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large granular lymphocyte leukemia presenting with both amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura and pure red cell aplasia: Clinical course and response to immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Kouides Peter A. , Rowe Jacob M.
Published: February 2007

Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is typically associated with neutropenia and occasionally pure red cell aplasia. We now report a new association of LGL leukemia with amegakaryocytic aplasia that was also accompanied by pure red cell aplasia. An 82‐year‐old female presented with a platelet count of 16,000/μl at the time of a gastrointestinal bleed. The white blood cell count was within normal limits but there was a relative lymphocytosis of large granulated cells that by flow cytometric and gene rearrangement studies was consistent with a monoclonal process. Platelet and red cell transfusion dependence persisted over 17 months with numerous immunosuppressive treatments given including prednisone, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, cyclosporine, gammaglobulin, and azathioprine. Presently, 36 months since the time of presentation, she is in a clinical remission with follow‐up flow cytometric and gene rearrangement studies of the peripheral blood without definite evidence of the LGL clone. This case report illustrates the various therapeutic approaches to be considered in LGL leukemia and is a reminder that severe and life‐threatening thrombocytopenia can be a feature of LGL leukemia unlike the usual course of LGL leukemia with neutropenia as the major clinical feature. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitreous phenotype: A key diagnostic sign in Stickler syndrome types 1 and 2 complicated by double heterozygosity
Authors: Ang Alan , Ung Tsiang , Puvanachandra Narman , Wilson Louise , Howard Frances , Ryalls Michael , Richards Allan , Meredith Sarah , Laidlaw Maureen , Poulson Arabella , Scott John , Snead Martin
Published: February 2007

We describe the clinical findings in two patients with double heterozygosity, both involving Stickler syndrome. In case 1, the proposita had Albright hereditary osteodystrophy which was inherited from her mother and type 1 Stickler syndrome which was a new mutation. The combination of manifestations from the two syndromes had resulted in initial diagnostic confusion. Diagnosis of the latter syndrome was made only following ophthalmic examination which documented the presence of a membranous vitreous anomaly characteristic of type 1 Stickler syndrome. Subsequent confirmation was achieved by mutation analysis of the COL2A1 gene. The propositus in case 2 inherited Treacher Collins syndrome paternally and type 2 Stickler syndrome maternally. The overlap of facial anomalies may have resulted in a more severe phenotype for the patient. The diagnosis of Stickler syndrome in the propositus was confirmed initially by vitreous assessment and later by demonstration of mutation in the COL11A1 gene. These two patients highlight the key role of vitreous examination and vitreoretinal phenotyping in the differential diagnosis of Stickler syndrome and its subtypes in cases where the clinical picture is complicated by double heterozygosity. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trisomy 18: Fetal ultrasound findings at different gestational ages
Authors: Viora E. , Zamboni C. , Mortara G. , Stillavato S. , Bastonero S. , Errante G. , Sciarrone A. , Campogrande M.
Published: February 2007

The aim of this article is evaluate the sonograhic findings in fetuses with trisomy 18 at different gestational ages. The cases were recruited from pregnant women, who underwent to prenatal diagnosis in the period from October 1995 to September 2006. Seventy‐one fetuses with trisomy 18 were diagnosed. On review of the sonograms the majority of these cases had ultrasound anomalies (sensitivity of 91.5%). The most frequent anomalies were abnormalities of extremities (40.8%) and fetal growth restriction (35.2%). More frequently (54.9%) two or more anomalies were present. Nearly all fetuses with trisomy 18 had sonographic abnormalities. Likely improved high‐resolution equipment and attention to details by skilled operators led to the detection of most anomalies to trisomy 18. Knowledge of types of specific ultrasound findings can improve prenatal diagnosis in order to provide invasive procedures only when indicated, and to avoid amniocentesis when ultrasound signs are not observed in women at high risk from positive biochemical testing. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oro‐dental features as useful diagnostic tool in Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Authors: Bloch‐Zupan A. , Stachtou J. , Emmanouil D. , Arveiler B. , Griffiths D. , Lacombe D.
Published: February 2007

Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RTS; OMIM # 180849) is a well‐known disorder characterized by mental and growth retardation, broad thumbs and great toes, and unusual facial characteristics. We studied oro‐dental findings in a group of RTS patients: 12 from the UK, 2 from Greece, and 26 from France. All were examined by two investigators, using the Diagnosing Dental Defects Database record form to document these. Various oro‐dental features were found: small mouth, retrognathia, micrognathia, highly arched and narrow palate, talon cusps, expressed crowding, screwdriver incisors, cross bites, and enamel hypoplasia. Eruption was usually normal. Specific attention for these anomalies should facilitate diagnosis and help adequate management. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.