bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compulsive Hoarding
Authors: Woody Sheila , Steketee Gail
Published: November 2013

Most people know someone who has a hoarding problem, although they may not be aware of the extent of the problem as it is commonly hidden from view. Historically considered a manifestation of obsessive‐compulsive disorder or a feature of obsessive‐compulsive personality disorder, hoarding disorder is now under consideration as a distinct diagnostic category for theDSM‐5. The key features of hoarding are difficulty discarding or parting with possessions due to strong urges to save the items or distress about letting go of them. This difficulty discarding even items that others consider to be worthless results in accumulation of a large number of possessions that clutter the home to the extent that some or all of the rooms cannot be used for their intended purpose. Although classic exposure and response prevention treatment methods and serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications are effective for most people with obsessive‐compulsive disorder symptoms that do not include hoarding, neither treatment is very effective for those with hoarding problems. Good progress has been made on developing a specialized cognitive behavioral therapy approach for hoarding, although the treatment is costly and client motivation is a notable obstacle. Enhanced self‐help and telepsychology strategies are being developed to address these problems. Research on hoarding remains in the early phases of development and treatment research is progressing rapidly.
Alcohol Problems
Authors: Harrell Nailah O. , Pedrelli Paola , Lejuez Carl W. , MacPherson Laura
Published: November 2013

Problematic alcohol use has individual, community, and global consequences. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating alcohol use disorders is well documented. This chapter provides an overview of alcohol use disorders as well as nondiagnostic, problematic alcohol behaviors. The foundations of severalCBTinterventions, and treatment implications for comorbid mental health diagnoses, are also discussed, along with the integration of pharmacotherapy and technological supports.
Shape Control of Mn3O4 Nanoparticles on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Activity
Authors: Duan Jingjing , Chen Sheng , Dai Sheng , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: November 2013

Three kinds of Mn3O4 nanoparticles with different shapes (spheres, cubes, and ellipsoids) are selectively grown on nitrogen‐doped graphene sheets through a two‐step liquid‐phase procedure. These non‐precious hybrid materials display an excellent ORR activity and good durability. The mesoporous microstructure, nitrogen doping, and strong bonding between metal species and doped graphene are found to facilitate the ORR catalytic process. Among these three kinds of Mn3O4 particles, the ellipsoidal particles on nitrogen‐doped graphene exhibit the highest ORR activity with a more positive onset‐potential of –0.13 V (close to that of Pt/C, –0.09 V) and a higher kinetic limiting current density (JK) of 11.69 mA cm–2 at –0.60 V. It is found that the ORR performance of hybrid materials can be correlated to the shape of Mn3O4 nanocrystals, and specifically to the exposed crystalline facets associated with a given shape. The shape dependence of Mn3O4 nanoparticles integrated with nitrogen‐doped graphene on the ORR performance, reported here for the first time, may advance the development of fuel cells and metal‐air batteries.
Fully Flexible GaN Light‐Emitting Diodes through Nanovoid‐Mediated Transfer
Authors: Choi Jun Hee , Cho Eun Hyoung , Lee Yun Sung , Shim Mun‐Bo , Ahn Ho Young , Baik Chan‐Wook , Lee Eun Hong , Kim Kihong , Kim Tae‐Ho , Kim Sangwon , Cho Kyung‐Sang , Yoon Jongseung , Kim Miyoung , Hwang Sungwoo
Published: November 2013

Recently, achieving flexible and highly efficient light‐emitting elements is the most noticeable demand for lighting or displays. Here, fully flexible gallium nitride (GaN) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are demonstrated based on a unique transfer method. The LED structure consisting of GaN pyramid arrays are first fabricated on an amorphous glass‐based template with a low‐temperature gallium nitride/titanium (LT‐GaN/Ti) hetero‐interface, then released and embedded into a flexible or stretchable substrate using a specialized interface control. Nanovoids created during thermal annealing render the hetero‐interface weaker than the other interfaces. This interface is further weakened by a post‐mechanical treatment for gentle release of the GaN pyramid arrays from the interface during a transfer process. The LEDs typically have a total thickness of }70 lm and exhibit stable surface‐emitting electroluminescence even at a bending radius of }2 mm with exceptionally high luminance values of 595 and 175 cd/m2 at peak wavelengths of 514 and 483 nm, respectively. The results suggest a route to high brightness, large, flexible/stretchable blue or green lighting or displays.
Inbreeding is associated with lower 2D: 4D digit ratio
Authors: Özener Baris , Hurd Peter L. , Duyar İzzet
Published: November 2013

Objectives

While consanguineous marriage has been shown to result in a small increase in risk of recessive Mendelian disorders among offspring, far less research has been conducted on the effects of inbreeding on complex traits. These effects, thought to result from increased developmental instability due to loss of heterozygosity, are expected to be found more pervasively than rare recessive Mendelian traits and are expected to result in increased developmental noise. Here, we test for a direct effect of inbreeding on 2D : 4D, a putative indicator of prenatal hormonal environment.

Methods

We compared the 2D : 4D ratios of 122 male and 108 female consanguineous (children of first cousin marriages) high school and university students to those of 142 male and 122 females controls.

Results

Across hands and sex, consanguineous parentage was consistently associated with lower, more masculine‐typical, digit ratios. Digit ratios were 1.3–1.9 times more variable among the consanguineous group than the control group. While socio‐economic status cannot explain the effects seen in our data, we found that lower, more masculinized, digit ratios were associated with lower family income.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that consanguineous marriages are associated with a fetal environment that influences morphological development and may have associated behavioral sequelae. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:183–188, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Ketone Methylation Using Methanol Under Mild Conditions: Formation of α‐Branched Products
Authors: Chan Louis K. M. , Poole Darren L. , Shen Di , Healy Mark P. , Donohoe Timothy J.
Published: November 2013

The rhodium‐catalyzed methylation of ketones has been accomplished using methanol as the methylating agent and the hydrogen‐borrowing method. The sequence is notable for the relatively low temperatures that are required and for the ability of the reaction system to form α‐branched products with ease. Doubly alkylated ketones can be prepared from methyl ketones and two different alcohols by using a sequential one‐pot iridium‐ and rhodium‐catalyzed process.
Ein Mikrogelbaukasten für die bioorthogonale Verkapselung und pH‐gesteuerte Freisetzung von lebenden Zellen
Authors: Steinhilber Dirk , Rossow Torsten , Wedepohl Stefanie , Paulus Florian , Seiffert Sebastian , Haag Rainer
Published: November 2013

pH‐Spaltbare zellbeladene Mikrogele mit exzellenten Langzeitüberlebensraten wurden durch Kombination bioorthogonaler spannungsvermittelter Azid‐Alkin‐Cycloaddition (SPAAC) und Tröpfchen‐basierter Mikrofluidik hergestellt. Poly(ethylenglycol)dicyclooctin und dendritisches Poly(glycerinazid) fungierten als bioinerte Mikrogelbausteine. Die Azid‐Konjugation erfolgte mithilfe unterschiedlicher säurelabiler Benzacetallinker, wodurch eine präzise Steuerung der Abbaukinetik im interessanten pH‐Bereich zwischen 4.5 und 7.4 ermöglicht wurde. Hierdurch konnte eine pH‐gesteuerte Freisetzung der verkapselten Zellen auf Abruf erreicht werden, ohne ihre Überlebensrate oder Ausspreizung zu beeinträchtigen. Folglich können die Mikrogelpartikel für die temporäre Verkapselung von Zellen verwendet werden, wobei sich die Zellen während der Verkapselung studieren und manipulieren lassen. Anschließend können die Zellen durch Zersetzung des Mikrogelgerüstes isoliert und freigesetzt werden.
Production of N3 upon Photolysis of Solid Nitrogen at 3 K with Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Chou Sheng‐Lung , Lo Jen‐Iu , Lin Meng‐Yeh , Peng Yu‐Chain , Lu Hsiao‐Chi , Cheng Bing‐Ming
Published: November 2013

The photodissociation of gaseous molecular nitrogen has been investigated intensively, but the corresponding knowledge in a solid phase is lacking. Irradiation of pure solid nitrogen at 3 K with vacuum‐ultraviolet light from a synchrotron produced infrared absorption lines of product l‐N3 at 1657.8 and 1652.6 cm−1. The threshold wavelength to generate l‐N3 was determined to be (143.7±1.8) nm, corresponding to an energy of (8.63±0.11) eV. Quantum‐chemical calculations support the formation of l‐N3 from the reaction N2+N2, possibly through an activated complex l‐N4 upon photoexcitation with energy above 8.63 eV. The results provide a possible application to an understanding of the nitrogen cycle in astronomical environments.
Optically Pure, Monodisperse cis‐Oligodiacetylenes: Aggregation‐Induced Chirality Enhancement
Authors: Chernick Erin T. , Börzsönyi Gabor , Steiner Christian , Ammon Maximilian , Gessner David , Frühbeißer Sabine , Gröhn Franziska , Maier Sabine , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: November 2013

Conformational changes in the conjugated backbone of poly‐ and oligodiacetylenes (PDAs and ODAs) play an important role in determining the electronic properties of these compounds. At the same time, conformational changes can also result in a folded structure that shows helical chirality. Using D‐camphor as a chiral building block, we have designed a high‐yielding, iterative synthesis of monodisperse, optically pure cis‐oligodiacetylenes (ODAs). cis‐ODAs up to the tridecamer have been formed, which is the longest monodisperse cis‐ODA reported to date. UV/Vis spectroscopy suggests a large effective conjugation length in THF, likely the result of a linear, planar conformation in this solvent. High‐resolution STM/AFM measurements of the nonamer cast from THF onto HOPG show a linear structure. In iPrOH, circular dichroism (CD) spectra suggest the formation of chiral aggregates for ODAs with at least nine D‐camphor units, based on a strong CD response.
Swelling behaviors of natural cellulose in ionic liquid aqueous solutions
Authors: Wang Yan , Yao Shun , Jia Chunmei , Chen Pengfei , Song Hang
Published: November 2013

In the study, a series of methylimidazolium ionic liquids were prepared, including five acidic and seven neutral ionic liquids; and the effects of these ionic liquids on swelling behavior of bagasse cellulose were investigated. The focus of this work is to investigate the relationship between the properties of ionic liquids and the swelling capacity. The swelling absorbency for cellulose in the acidic ionic liquid aqueous solutions was less than in distilled water. It was found that the partial hydrolysis on cellulose surface occurred along with swelling simultaneously. In neutral ionic liquid aqueous solutions, the nonlinearity of swelling ability with the alkyl chain length was discovered. It could be attributed to the dual role of hydrophobic interactions and steric effects provided by cations. Furthermore, small polarizable anions also contribute to the swelling of cellulose to some extent. The properties of treated cellulose were also investigated and compared with the native fibers by scanning electron microscopy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40199.
Amine‐Catalyzed Direct Photoarylation of Unactivated Arenes
Authors: Zheng Xingliang , Yang Luo , Du Weiyuan , Ding Aishun , Guo Hao
Published: November 2013

Constructing biaryls through direct aromatic CH functionalization of unactivated arenes has become a popular topic in organic chemistry. Many efficient methods have been developed. In this Communication, a direct arylation of unactivated arenes with a broad range of aryl iodides is reported. This reaction proceeds through a new type of amine‐catalyzed single electron transfer initiated radical coupling procedure to form biaryls in high yields under UV irradiation at room temperature. Only 20 mol% of TMEDA is used as the catalyst. No other additives are required for this transformation, thus avoiding the use of toxic transition metal catalysts, strong bases, or large amounts of other organic additives. This greener protocol provides a new strategy to achieve direct aromatic CH functionalization and offers a new example of cost‐effective and environmentally benign access to biaryls.
Measurement and Control of Magnetic Flux Signal in a Maglev System
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Qing , Li Jie , Zhang Kun , Cui Peng
Published: November 2013

A linear model of the magnetic‐levitation (maglev) system, including magnetic flux signal, has been established based on feedback linearization. This paper emphasizes measurements of magnetic flux signal and velocity signal, which are realized easily by electromagnetic induction law. The magnetic flux signal's range obtained by this method is wide. The degree of sensitivity can be regulated by changing the vertical area of the induction coils. Furthermore, this paper has designed a PIDB (proportion, integration, differentiation, flux density B) controller based on flux feedback, and some experiments have been performed on a CMS04 magnetic suspension vehicle in the national mid‐low speed maglev experiment field of Tangshan city, China. The experimental results denote that the PIDB control method designed in this paper has more advantages than the traditional control method with position and current double cascades, and the robustness and stability of the maglev control system by this method have been verified effectively.
Three‐Time‐Scale Singular Perturbation Stability Analysis of Three‐Phase Power Converters
Authors: Umbría Francisco , Aracil Javier , Gordillo Francisco , Salas Francisco , Sánchez Juan Antonio
Published: November 2013

This paper analyzes the stability of the well‐known three‐phase two‐level power converter. Focusing on the rectifier operating mode, the dynamics of the system, when the instantaneous power and dc‐link voltage controllers are included, are described by a set of complex equations that results in a nonlinear autonomous singularly perturbed system. Hence, the closed‐loop system can be studied under the assumption of separate time scales. The analysis proposed in this work follows a novel three‐time‐scale approach, where the fast time scale corresponds with the instantaneous power dynamics, the mid‐range time scale is related to the dc‐link voltage dynamics, and the slow time scale is associated with the dc‐link voltage regulator dynamics. In this way, the analysis leads to the decomposition of the closed‐loop system into three simpler subsystems: fast, medium, and slow subsystems. These subsystems approximate the closed‐loop system behavior over the three different time scales. Finally, since the equilibrium point of each subsystem is exponentially stable and some other conditions are satisfied, it is shown that the equilibrium point of the closed‐loop system also presents exponential stability. Experimental results for a synchronous three‐phase power rectifier prototype are included to corroborate the analysis carried out.
Contemporary management of abdominal surgical emergencies in infants and children
Authors: van Heurn L W E , Pakarinen M P , Wester T
Published: November 2013

Background

Acute abdominal complaints in children are common presentations in the emergency department. The aetiology, presentation, diagnosis and management often differ from those in adults.

Methods

This review was based on expert paediatric surgical experience confirmed by evidence from the literature obtained by searching PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Keywords used were the combinations of ‘abdominal emergencies’, ‘acute abdomen’ and the disorders ‘acute appendicitis’, ‘intussusception’, ‘volvulus’, ‘Meckel's diverticulum’, ‘incarcerated inguinal hernia’, ‘testicular torsion’ and ‘ovarian torsion’ with ‘children’. Information was included from reviews, randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and prospective and retrospective cohort studies.

Results

Presentation and symptoms of abdominal emergencies, especially in young children, vary widely, which renders recognition of the underlying disorder and treatment challenging. Critically targeted imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in obtaining the correct diagnosis without unnecessary delay. Minimally invasive techniques have become the method of choice for the diagnosis and treatment of many abdominal emergencies in children.

Conclusion

Knowledge of abdominal disorders in childhood, their specific presentation, diagnosis and treatment facilitates management of children with acute abdomen in emergency departments. Imaging and minimally invasive techniques are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of acute abdomen in children. Urgent operation remains the cornerstone of therapy for most acute abdominal disorders.
Strategies to improve the outcome of emergency surgery for perforated peptic ulcer
Authors: Søreide K , Thorsen K , Søreide J A
Published: November 2013

Background

Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) is a common surgical emergency that carries high mortality and morbidity rates. Globally, one-quarter of a million people die from peptic ulcer disease each year. Strategies to improve outcomes are needed.

Methods

PubMed was searched for evidence related to the surgical treatment of patients with PPU. The clinical registries of trials were examined for other available or ongoing studies. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), systematic reviews and meta-analyses were preferred.

Results

Deaths from peptic ulcer disease eclipse those of several other common emergencies. The reported incidence of PPU is 3·8–14 per 100 000 and the mortality rate is 10–25 per cent. The possibility of non-operative management has been assessed in one small RCT of 83 patients, with success in 29 (73 per cent) of 40, and only in patients aged less than 70 years. Adherence to a perioperative sepsis protocol decreased mortality in a cohort study, with a relative risk (RR) reduction of 0·63 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·41 to 0·97). Based on meta-analysis of three RCTs (315 patients), laparoscopic and open surgery for PPU are equivalent, but patient selection remains a challenge. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori after surgical repair of PPI reduces both the short-term (RR 2·97, 95 per cent c.i. 1·06 to 8·29) and 1-year (RR 1·49, 1·10 to 2·03) risk of ulcer recurrence.

Conclusion

Mortality and morbidity from PPU can be reduced by adherence to perioperative strategies.
Vacuum phenomenon: Clinical relevance
Authors: Gohil Ishan , Vilensky Joel A. , Weber Edward C.
Published: November 2013

Vacuum phenomenon (VP) is an anatomical entity of potential confusion in the diagnosis and evaluation of joint pathology. Observation of this phenomenon has been demonstrated on basic radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Although VP is most often associated with degenerative joint disease, it is observed with other pathologies. Two problematic scenarios can occur: a false‐positive diagnosis of serious pathology instead of benign VP and a false‐negative diagnosis of benign VP with a more serious underlying process Despite this potential for confusion, criteria for distinguishing VP from other causes of joint pain and for evaluating a suspected case of VP have not been fully established. We reviewed the literature to determine underlying mechanism, symptomology, associated pathologies, and clinical importance of VP. The formation of VP can be explained by gas solubility, pressure–volume relationships, and human physiology. CT, GRE‐MRI, and multipositional views are the best imaging studies to view VP. Although most cases of VP are benign, it can be associated with clinical signs and symptoms. VP outside the spine is an underreported finding on imaging studies. VP should be on the differential diagnosis for joint pain, especially in the elderly. We have proposed criteria for diagnosing VP and generated a basic algorithm for its workup. Underreporting of this phenomenon shows a lack of awareness of VP on the part of physicians. By identifying true anatomic VP, we can prevent harm from suboptimal treatment of patients. Clin. Anat. 27:455–462, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Porous, Hollow Metal MCO3 (M=Mn, Co, Ca) Microstructures and Adsorption Properties Thereof
Authors: Cai Ren , Du Yaping , Peng Shengjie , Bi Hengchang , Zhang Wenyu , Yang Dan , Chen Jing , Lim Tuti Mariana , Zhang Hua , Cao Y. Charles , Yan Qingyu
Published: November 2013

Porous, hollow metal carbonate microstructures show many unique properties, and are attractive for various applications. Herein, we report the first demonstration of a general strategy to synthesize hollow metal carbonate structures, including porous MnCO3 hollow cubics, porous CoCO3 hollow rhombuses and porous CaCO3 hollow capsules. For example, the porous, hollow MnCO3 microcubes show larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of 359.5 m2 g−1, which is much larger than that of solid MnCO3 microcubics (i.e., 12.03 m2 g−1). As a proof of concept, these porous MnCO3 hollow microcubes were applied to water treatment and exhibited an excellent ability to remove organic pollutants in waste water owing to their hollow structure and large specific surface area.
Transport, Electrochemical and Thermophysical Properties of Two N‐Donor‐Functionalised Ionic Liquids
Authors: Rüther Thomas , Harris Kenneth R. , Horne Michael D. , Kanakubo Mitsuhiro , Rodopoulos Theo , Veder Jean‐Pierre , Woolf Lawrence A.
Published: November 2013

Two N‐donor‐functionalised ionic liquids (ILs), 1‐ethyl‐1,4‐dimethylpiperazinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (1) and 1‐(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)‐dimethylethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (2), were synthesised and their electrochemical and transport properties measured. The data were compared with the benchmark system,N‐butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (3). Marked differences in thermal and electrochemical stability were observed between the two tertiary‐amine‐functionalised salts and the non‐functionalised benchmark. The former are up to 170 K and 2 V less stable than the structural counterpart lacking a tertiary amine function. The ion self‐diffusion coefficients (Di) and molar conductivities (Λ) are higher for the IL with an open‐chain cation (2) than that with a cyclic cation (1), but less than that with a non‐functionalised, heterocyclic cation (3). The viscosities (η) show the opposite behaviour. The Walden [Λ∝(1/η)t] and Stokes–Einstein [Di/T)∝(1/η)t] exponents,t, are very similar for the three salts, 0.93–0.98 (±0.05); that is, the self‐diffusion coefficients and conductivity are set byη. TheDifor1and2are the same, within experimental error, at the same viscosity, whereasΛfor1is approximately 13 % higher than that of2. The diffusion and molar conductivity data are consistent, with a slope of 0.98±0.05 for a plot of ln(ΛT) against ln(D++D−). The Nernst–Einstein deviation parameters (Δ) are such that the mean of the two like‐ion VCCs is greater than that of the unlike ions. The values ofΔare 0.31, 0.36 and 0.42 for3,1and2, respectively, as is typical for ILs, but there is some subtlety in the ion interactions given2has the largest value. The distinct diffusion coefficients (DDC) follow the order${D{{{\rm d}\hfill \atop - - \hfill}}}$<${D{{{\rm d}\hfill \atop ++\hfill}}}$<${D{{{\rm d}\hfill \atop +- \hfill}}}$, as is common for [Tf2N]−salts. The ion motions are not correlated as in an electrolyte solution: instead, there is greateranti‐correlation between the velocities of a given anion and the overall ensemble of anions in comparison to those for the cationic analogue, theanti‐correlation for the velocities of which is in turn greater than that for a given ion and the ensemble of oppositely charged ions, an observation that is due to the requirement for the conservation of momentum in the system. The DDC also show fractional SE behaviour witht∼0.95.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Annulative Coupling of 3‐Phenylthiophenes with Alkynes Involving Double C‐H Bond Cleavages
Authors: Iitsuka Tomonori , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: November 2013

Double CH bond activation took place efficiently upon treatment of 3‐phenylthiophenes with alkynes in the presence of a rhodium catalyst and a copper salt oxidant to form the corresponding naphthothiophene derivatives. Dehydrogenative coupling with alkenes was also found to occur on the phenyl moiety rather than the thiophene ring. These reactions provide straightforward synthetic methods for π‐conjugated molecules involving a thiophene unit from readily available, simple building blocks.
Synthesized Magnetic Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles on Activated Carbon for Sulfamethoxazole Removal
Authors: Wan Junli , Deng Huiping , Shi Jun , Zhou Li , Su Tong
Published: November 2013

The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in water has adverse environmental and health impacts. The main objective of the current research are to investigate the removal efficiency of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from aqueous solution by using magnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles synthesized on powdered activated carbon (PAC). Magnetic activated carbon composites (MACC) were prepared by using chemical co‐precipitation at different temperature values ranging from 298 to 423 K. The obtained samples were characterized by contemporary characterization instrumental methods of analysis, and their SMX removal capabilities were evaluated. Results revealed that the procedure successfully created magnetic nanoparticles on PAC at temperatures of 298–423 K, and the anchored MnFe2O4/MnO2 manifested more crystalline forms at 423 K. As a result, MACC prepared at 423 K showed the highest magnetic and sorption capacities among three obtained samples. The SMX maximal adsorption capacity of MACC(423K) was 159 mg/g at pH 7, and the SMX adsorption remained stable at pH 3–7. The effect of common ions and humic acids on SMX adsorption indicates a high selectivity of MACC(423K) for SMX. Furthermore, MACC(423K) achieved much higher regeneration efficiency by H2O2 than that of virgin PAC, due to the presence of MnFe2O4/MnO2.
Differential localization of NT‐3 and TrpM5 in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb of mice
Authors: Rolen S.H. , Salcedo E. , Restrepo D. , Finger T.E.
Published: November 2013

Olfactory sensory neurons that express transient receptor potential channel M5 (TrpM5) or neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) project to defined clusters of glomeruli situated ventrally in the main olfactory bulb. Using genetically labeled mice, we investigated whether expression of NT‐3‐driven βgal and TrpM5‐driven GFP marked overlapping sets of glomeruli and whether expression of these markers was coordinated. Our results indicate that these markers largely characterize independent sets of olfactory sensory neuron axons and glomeruli. Further, in glomeruli in which both TrpM5‐GFP and NT‐3‐βgal labeled axons occur, they are expressed independently. The nature of staining for these two markers also differs within glomeruli. Within each labeled TrpM5‐positive glomerulus, the level of TrpM5‐GFP expression was similar throughout the glomerular neuropil. In contrast, NT‐3‐driven βgal expression levels are heterogeneous even within heavily labeled glomeruli. In addition, a population of very small TrpM5‐GFP positive glomeruli is apparent while no similar populations of NT‐3‐βgal glomeruli are evident. Taken together, these data suggest that TrpM5 and NT‐3 characterize two largely independent receptor populations both conveying odorant information to the ventral olfactory bulb. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1929–1940, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subcortical connections of area V4 in the macaque
Authors: Gattass Ricardo , Galkin Thelma W. , Desimone Robert , Ungerleider Leslie G.
Published: November 2013

Area V4 has numerous, topographically organized connections with multiple cortical areas, some of which are important for spatially organized visual processing, and others which seem important for spatial attention. Although the topographic organization of V4's connections with other cortical areas has been established, the detailed topography of its connections with subcortical areas is unclear. We therefore injected retrograde and anterograde tracers in different topographical regions of V4 in nine macaques to determine the organization of its subcortical connections. The injection sites included representations ranging from the fovea to far peripheral eccentricities in both the upper and lower visual fields. The topographically organized connections of V4 included bidirectional connections with four subdivisions of the pulvinar, two subdivisions of the claustrum, and the interlaminar portions of the lateral geniculate nucleus, and efferent projections to the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, the thalamic reticular nucleus, and the caudate nucleus. All of these structures have a possible role in spatial attention. The nontopographic, or converging, connections included bidirectional connections with the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, afferent inputs from the dorsal raphe, median raphe, locus coeruleus, ventral tegmentum and nucleus basalis of Meynert, and efferent projections to the putamen. Any role of these structures in attention may be less spatially specific. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1941–1965, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phthalocyanine‐Based Organometallic Nanocages: Properties and Gas Storage
Authors: Zhu Guizhi , Li Yawei , Lü Kun , Sun Qiang
Published: November 2013

Phthalocyanine (Pc) molecules are well‐known flexible structural units for 1D nanotubes and 2D nanosheets. First‐principles calculations combined with grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations are used to obtain the geometries, electronic structures, optical properties, and hydrogen‐storage capacities of nanocages consisting of six Pc molecules with six Mg or Ca atoms. The primitive Pc cage has Th symmetry with twofold degeneracy in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and threefold degeneracy in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO); the corresponding HOMO–LUMO gap is found to be 0.97 eV. The MgPc and CaPc cages have Oh symmetry with a HOMO–LUMO gap of 1.24 and 1.13 eV, respectively. Optical absorption spectra suggest that the Pc‐based cages can absorb infrared light, which is different from the visible‐light absorption in Pc molecules. We further show that the excess uptake of hydrogen on MgPc and CaPc cages at 298 K and 100 bar (1 bar=0.1 MPa) is about 3.49 and 4.74 wt %, respectively. The present study provides new insight into Pc‐based nanostructures with potential applications.
Immobilization of LaW10 onto Ionic‐Liquid‐Modified Mesoporous Silica: Deep Desulfurization with Zero‐Order Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Chen Yang , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: November 2013

The polyoxometalate (POM) cluster Na7H2LaW10O36⋅32 H2O (denoted LaW10) is immobilized onto dihydroimidazolium‐based ionic‐liquid (IL)‐modified mesoporous silica, resulting in the formation of a new catalyst: LaW10/IL‐SiO2. Compared with other reported extractive catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ECODS) systems, LaW10/IL‐SiO2 has the following advantages: 1) the heterogeneous catalyst LaW10/IL‐SiO2 achieves deep desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT), benzothiophene (BT), and 4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6‐DMDBT) in 25, 30, and 25 min, respectively, under mild conditions; 2) deep desulfurization of DBT follows zero‐order reaction kinetics; 3) there is no need to add ionic liquid each time the catalyst is reused; 4) the catalyst can be separated easily by filtration and reused at least ten times without a decrease in catalytic efficiency. As such, LaW10/IL‐SiO2 shows great potential for practical applications.
Structural origin of apparent surface basicities of p‐aminosulanamide polymorphs
Authors: Cysewski P.
Published: November 2013

Perichromism of two polymorphic forms of p‐aminosulfonamide (SNM) affecting spectroscopic properties of adsorbed thymol blue (TB) was studied. The consistent protocol for assessment of indicator interactions with solids was proposed and validated. This relies on the deconvolution of spectra into individual contributions both in solution and on the surface. The obtained relationships between pH and degree of protonation of indicator allows for surface basicity quantification. It has been found that γ‐SNM is significantly more basic than β‐form with difference exciding 3 pH units. Besides, the signal profiles measured in solution and adsorbed on either of SNM form were used for examination of TB perichromism. Although, only small red‐shift has been notices, this effect is not identical for both polymorphs. The differences in apparent surface pH of polymorph are explained in terms of structural properties. The morphology analysis allows for identification of habits responsible for structural origin in observed differences of polymorphs basicities. The noticed coincidental distributions of active centres of TB conformers and amine basic/acidic sites on γ‐polymorph might be considered as the source of apparent pH differences. Thus, basicities of studied system are to be related to morphology differences of polymorphs and recognition by iorn‐pairs formation rather than changes in characters of proton donating or accepting sites.
Age‐related changes in stem cell dynamics, neurogenesis, apoptosis, and gliosis in the adult brain: A novel teleost fish model of negligible senescence
Authors: Traniello Ian M. , Sîrbulescu Ruxandra F. , Ilieş Iulian , Zupanc Günther K.H.
Published: November 2013

Adult neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons in the adult central nervous system, is a reported feature of all examined vertebrate species. However, a dramatic decline in the rates of cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation occurs in mammals, typically starting near the onset of sexual maturation. In the present study, we examined possible age‐related changes associated with adult neurogenesis in the brain of brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus), a teleost fish distinguished by its enormous neurogenic potential. Contrary to the well‐established alterations in the mammalian brain during aging, in the brain of this teleostean species we could not find evidence for any significant age‐related decline in the absolute levels of stem/progenitor cell proliferation, neuronal and glial differentiation, or long‐term survival of newly generated cells. Moreover, there was no indication that the amount of glial fibrillary acidic protein or the number of apoptotic cells in the brain was altered significantly over the course of adult life. We hypothesize that this first demonstration of negligible cellular senescence in the vertebrate brain is related to the continued growth of this species and to the lack of reproductive senescence during adulthood. The establishment of the adult brain of this species as a novel model of negligible senescence provides new opportunities for the advancement of our understanding of the biology of aging and the fundamental mechanisms that underlie senescence in the brain. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 514–530, 2014
Modeling human epilepsy by TALEN targeting of mouse sodium channel Scn8a
Authors: Jones Julie M. , Meisler Miriam H.
Published: November 2013

To evaluate the efficiency of TALEN technology for introducing mutations into the mouse genome we targeted Scn8a, a member of a multigene family with nine closely related paralogs. Our goal was to generate a model of early onset epileptic encephalopathy by introduction of the Scn8a missense mutation p.Asn1768Asp. We used a pair of TALENs that were highly active in transfected cells. The targeting template for homologous recombination contained a 4 kb genomic fragment. Microinjection of TALENs with the targeting construct into the pronucleus of 350 fertilized mouse eggs generated 67 live‐born potential founders, of which 5 were heterozygous for the pathogenic mutation, a yield of 7% correctly targeted mice. Twenty‐four mice carried one or two Scn8a indels, including 12 frameshift mutations and the novel amino acid deletion p.Asn1759del. Nine off‐site mutations in the paralogs sodium channel genes Scn5a and Scn4a were identified. The data demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of targeting members of multigene families using TALENs. The Scn8atm1768DMm mouse model will be useful for investigation of the pathogenesis and therapy of early onset seizure disorders. genesis 52:141–148. © 2013 The Authors genesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards consistent hybrid overset mesh methods for rotorcraft CFD
Authors: Jarkowski M. , Woodgate M.A. , Barakos G.N. , Rokicki J.
Published: November 2013

The overset mesh method chimera is popular within the rotorcraft research community, because the use of multiple, non‐matching grids make the CFD simulations of bodies in relative motion much simpler. Consequently, the relative motion between the helicopter blades and fuselage can be accurately accounted for. In this paper, the method for treating overset grids within CFD codes is presented. It is compatible with multi‐block, structured‐grid solvers. The proposed method is based on hierarchy of overset, non‐matching grids, whose cells are automatically identified as computational or non‐computational and localised with respect to all grids they overlap with. The efficiency of the method relies on the hierarchical, multi‐step approach, for the overset mesh localisation and the use of a tree search. Because of the high efficiency of the algorithm, the search for overlapping cells can be carried out on‐the‐fly, during time‐marching of the unsteady, implicit CFD solver. In addition, the algorithm is suitable for parallel execution. The method has been demonstrated for several flows, ranging from simple aerofoils to rotor‐body interaction. The paper presents and demonstrates the method and shows that it has a low CPU overhead. It also highlights the limitations of the method and suggests remedies for improvement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transoral robotic surgery of the parapharyngeal space: A case series and systematic review
Authors: Chan Jason Y. K. , Tsang Raymond K. , Eisele David W. , Richmon Jeremy D.
Published: November 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current use of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in the treatment of parapharyngeal space (PPS) neoplasms through a case series and systematic analysis.

Methods

A case series review of 4 patients was combined with a PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus search that identified 82 reports. Fifty‐three articles remained after screening for duplicates, finally, 8 reports with adequate patient data were included. Statistical analyses and graphical representations were performed with Microsoft Excel (Redmond, WA) and GraphPad Prism software (La Jolla, CA).

Results

Forty‐four patients had TORS resection of PPS neoplasms. Overall, mean length of stay was 3.0 days with mean time to oral diet of 1.0 day. There were no recurrences but there was a mean follow‐up time of only 18.5 months. Twenty‐nine of these neoplasms (65.9%) were pleomorphic adenomas of which 7 (24%) had unintended capsule violation or tumor fragmentation during surgery and 2 patients had pharyngeal dehiscence that was managed conservatively. There were no neurovascular complications.

Conclusion

TORS is a viable approach to resection of neoplasms of the PPS with minimal surgical morbidity. However, further long‐term evaluation, especially for pleomorphic adenomas, is needed to define patient selection and the role of TORS for PPS salivary gland neoplasms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 293‐298, 2015
Regional risk assessment of the Puyallup River Watershed and the evaluation of low impact development in meeting management goals
Authors: Hines Eleanor E , Landis Wayne G
Published: November 2013

The Relative Risk Model (RRM) is a tool used to calculate and assess the likelihood of effects to endpoints when multiple stressors occur in complex ecological systems. In this study, a Bayesian network was used to calculate relative risk and estimate uncertainty (BN-RRM) in the Puyallup River Watershed. First, we calculated the risk of prespawn mortality of coho salmon. Second, we evaluated the effect of low impact development (LID) as a means to reduce risk. Prespawner mortality in coho salmon within the Puyallup watershed was the endpoint selected for this study. A conceptual model showing causal pathways between stressors and endpoints was created to show where linkages exist. A relative risk gradient was found throughout the watershed. The lowest risk was found in risk regions with the least urban development, and the greatest risk of prespawner mortality was found in the highly urbanized risk regions with the largest amounts of impervious surface. LID did reduce risk but only when implemented at high intensities within the urban watersheds. The structure of the BN-RRM also provides a framework for water quality- and quantity-related endpoints within this and other watersheds. The framework is also useful for evaluating different strategies for remediation or restoration activities. The adaptability of using BNs for a relative risk assessment provides opportunities for the model to be adapted for other watersheds in the Puget Sound and Salish Sea region. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:269–278. © 2013 SETAC

Key Points

The Bayesian network relative risk model (BN-RRM) estimated risk of prespawn mortality to Coho salmon in the Puyallup River watershed in a spatially explicit manner. The pattern of risk was that a greater risk existed as the watershed became more urban as it transitions through National Park, agriculture, suburbs, manufacturing and eventually to the Port of Tacoma. The effect of low impact development (LID) was successfully introduced into the model to examine the changes in risk. To successfully alter the pattern of risk, a substantial amount of area would have to be transferred to LID, especially in the high-risk regions of the watershed. The adaptability of the BN-RRM allows for both an evaluation of risk and an examination of how management alternatives alter the risk. The fundamental approach should be applicable to other sites in Puget Sound and to other scenarios.
INTEGRATED STEPWISE APPROACH FOR OPTIMAL WATER ALLOCATION IN IRRIGATION CANALS
Authors: Kanooni Amin , Monem Mohammad Javad
Published: November 2013

Optimal water management in irrigation networks should be an integrated approach which includes both canal and field systems. Integrated optimal water management of irrigation networks requires consideration of both optimal allocation of water among different crops at field level, and optimal water delivery scheduling at the canal level, which is often neglected. In this study, an integrated stepwise approach has been presented for considering both farm‐ and canal‐level optimization problems. Three modules are proposed for the optimization model. In the first module, crop–water production functions for different crops are produced, and optimal seasonal allocation of available water among several crops is determined using an LP algorithm. The objective function of this module is to maximize total net benefit of all crops. The second module takes the optimal allocated water to each crop from the first module, and determines its optimal distribution through the growing season for each crop, such that the total yield at the end of the season is maximized. Taking into account the output of the second module, and cultivated area of each crop, the water requirement volume for each secondary canal is computed. The third module determines optimal water delivery scheduling among outlets of the secondary canal using a genetic algorithm (GA). The objective of the third module is to minimize canal flow, and to maximize delivery adequacy and beneficial water delivery duration. The decision variables are delivery discharge to each outlet, the number of outlets grouped in a block which receive water sequentially, and the sequence of water delivery to the outlets in each block. The proposed approach was applied on the K canal of the Moghan Irrigation Network in the north‐west of Iran. The optimal water delivery scheduling of a secondary canal, based on the optimal water allocation among several crops, and intra‐seasonal irrigation scheduling are presented, which shows the utility of the integrated approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro analysis of the antibacterial effect of nanohydroxyapatite–ZnO composites
Authors: Grenho Liliana , Jorge Monteiro Fernando , Pia Ferraz Maria
Published: November 2013

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biocompatible and bioactive synthetic material for biomedical applications as it binds to bone and enhances bone tissue formation. Particularly, nanophased HA can mimic the dimensions of constituent components of natural tissues; can modulate enhanced osteoblast adhesion and resorption with long‐term functionality of tissue engineered implants. However, HA does not inhibit bacteria from adhering onto its surface, and this has implications in the bone healing process required for patient recovery, since infection can lead to the implant failure. In the present work a composite that combines the favorable biological characteristics of nanohydroxyapatite (nanoHA) and, simultaneously, possesses antimicrobial activity as expressed by ZnO was synthesized. To determine whether the size of ZnO particles was playing an important role in inhibiting bacterial growth, ZnO particle of different sizes (from the microscale down to the nanoscale) and concentration were incorporated into nanoHA and tested. The composite samples were characterized by SEM, FT‐IR, XRD, XPS and zeta potential. The antibacterial activity of the composites was investigated, as well as the biofilm formation, using both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) microorganisms. The characterization revealed that ZnO particles were dispersed homogeneously within the nanoHA matrix. The composites antibacterial activity increased with decreasing ZnO particle size and increasing concentration. Biofilm formation tests revealed that the nanoHA‐ZnO composites exhibit a strong effect against the common pathogens S. aureus and E. coli. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3726–3733, 2014.
MicroRNA‐590 Promotes Cervical Cancer Cell Growth and Invasion by Targeting CHL1
Authors: Chu Yanxia , Ouyang Yunwei , Wang Fei , Zheng Ai , Bai Liping , Han Ling , Chen Yali , Wang Hui
Published: November 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Here, we identified that miR‐590‐5p was up‐regulated in human cervical cancer. Over‐expression of miR‐590‐5p promoted cervical cancer cell growth, cell cycle and invasion via Growth curve, Colony formation, FACS and Transwell assays in HeLa and C33A cell lines. Subsequently, CHL1 was identified as a potential miR‐590‐5p target by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, we showed that CHL1 was negatively regulated by miR‐590‐5p at the posttranscriptional level, via a specific target site within the 3′UTR by luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of CHL1 in cervical cancer cells were downregulated by miR‐590‐5p. And we identified the cell phenotype altered by miR‐590‐5p can be rescued by over‐expression of CHL1. Therefore, our findings suggest that miR‐590‐5p acts as an oncogene by targeting the CHL1 gene and promotes cervical cancer proliferation. The findings of this study contribute to current understanding of the functions of miR‐590‐5p in cervical cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 847–853, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.