bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green Room Circuit at Paulo VI Campus in Maranhao State University, Brazil
Authors: Do Carmo Andréa Aráujo , De Sousa Santos Kelly Fernanda , Miranda  Santos Marcos Eduardo
Published: August 2021

The implementation of the Environmental Management Advisory at Maranhão State University, in 2015, promoted environmental education actions as a continuous in the institution, and coordinated by the Environmental Management System of the advisory. The approval on the call for the creation of Green Rooms, by the Ministry of Environment, became this university qualified in 2018 to have a Green Room in its space, constituting a space for environmental interactions. Thus, the objective was to discuss the actions developed in 2018. Having a Circuit format, the Green Room of this academy (Green Room Circuit at Paulo VI Campus), in the year in question, four visits were made, with activities scheduled in the Fishery and Aquatic Ecology laboratories, Zoology laboratory, Botanical Collection (Rosa Mochel), Agroecological Trail and seedling workshops. Totalizing 109 participants, 33% were from the capital and 67% from the metropolitan region of Sao Luis and other municipalities of Maranhão state, northeast of Brazil. Therefore, the Green Room Circuit of Paulo VI Campus was faced as a potentializer and dynamizer, for the development of actions that contribute to a sustainable awareness among its participants.
Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antibacterial and DPPH free radical scavenging activities of methanol extract of root of Combretum album Pers.
Authors: Burman Sunanda , Chandra Goutam
Published: August 2021

The objective of the study was to investigate in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Combretum album Pers. root. In brief antibacterial efficacies of methanol extract and its petroleum ether fraction (MePET), chloroform fraction (MeCH), ethyl acetate fraction (MeEA) and water fraction (MeAQ) were determined by agar well diffusion assay along with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs). In-vitro antioxidant efficacies were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging method. Preliminary phytochemical assay, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analyses were employed to detect the plausible active ingredients. Methanol extract showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity having highest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940 (21.67±0.58 mm) and MICs ranged from100 µg/ml to 250 µg/ml. The scavenging activity of methanol extract of root of C. album was concentration dependant and IC50 value was 136.08 µg/ml. The lowest MIC (5 µg/ml) was noted with MeCH against B. subtilis (MTCC 441). MeCH showed highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 12.98 ?g/mL and MePET, MeEA, MeAQ and Ascorbic acid presented antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 16.10, 15.07, 17.44 and 13.40??g/mL respectively. Preliminary phytochemical tests and FT-IR analysis revealed presence of various phytochemicals and functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxylic acids, amidines, amines, aromatics and esters. Three compounds were elucidated from bioactive TLC fraction of MeCH in GC-MS analysis supported by presence of various functional groups in MeCH as detected in FT-IR analysis. It is concluded that methanolic extract of C. album root is a potential antibacterial and antioxidant agent where presence of N-[5-[4-pyridinyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-benzamide (compound 1), pyruvic acid (compound 2) and methyloacetone (compound 3) are responsible as possible active ingredients.
Evaluation of nutritive value, phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and in-vitro antioxidant activity of the seed of Prunus domestica L.
Authors: Shukla Rishi Kumar , Kishan  , Shukla Abha , Singh Rahul
Published: August 2021

Prunus domestica L. is a member of the Rosaceae family that shows many biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihaemolytic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective activity and many other activities. In the current study, we evaluated nutritive value, phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP method for the different extracts obtained by successive soxhlet extraction using the different solvents based on their polarity. Results show that it is a good source of energy. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of many secondary metabolites which include alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, protein, steroids and terpenoids, fixed oils and fat as well as phenolic compounds. The highest total phenolic content was found in the ethyl acetate fraction. Highest antioxidant activity by DPPH method is reported in ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 =1837.399±0.377µg/ml) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power was maximum for diethyl ether (56.032±0.985µM/ml FRAP value = 0.325±0.002).
Persistent luminescence materials for deep photodynamic therapy
Authors: Bessière Aurélie , Durand Jean-Olivier , Noûs Camille
Published: August 2021

Persistent luminescence (PerL) materials continue emitting light long after their excitation has stopped. Prepared in the form of nanoparticles they revealed their full potential as bio-nanoprobes for in vivo small animal imaging in the last 15 years. PerL materials enable to overcome the limitation of weak light penetration in living tissues. As such, they constitute remarkable light mediators to implement photodynamic therapy (PDT) in deep-seated tissues. This article reviews the recent achievements in PerL-mediated PDT in vitro as well as in small animal cancer models in vivo. PerL-mediated PDT is realized through the smart choice of a tandem of a PerL material and a photosensitizer (PS). The physical association of the PerL material and the PS as well as their targeting ability is debated. Implants or mesoporous nanoparticles emerge as particularly valuable cargos that further permit multimodality in imaging or therapy. The diversity of charge-trapping mechanisms in a few PerL materials enables a large versatility in the excitation protocols. Although the PerL agent can be pre-excited by UV light before its introduction into the animal, it also induces effective PDT after simple infrared or visible LED illumination across tissues as well as after a mild X-ray irradiation.
Burckhardt’s Silence and Nietzsche
Authors: Löwenstein Manfred Posani
Published: August 2021

The first part of this article questions the authenticity of one of the most quoted and allegedly reliable sources in the Burckhardt-Nietzsche debate. After having pointed out who was interested in manipulating this source and why, it will go back to the original issue of Burckhardt’s “silence.” This time, though, the question is going to be tackled from a different angle: not what Burckhardt thought about Nietzsche; rather, what did Nietzsche think about Burckhardt’s silence. The claims I will raise in this respect are two: 1) Nietzsche is the firstinterpreterof Burckhardt’s silence; 2) Burckhardt’s silence, far from being a mere private issue, became an elaborate theme of Nietzsche’s mature philosophy.
A Heretical Student in the Schopenhauerian School
Authors: Jensen Anthony K.
Published: August 2021

The Schopenhauer-Schule was a group of original and diverse thinkers working in the wake of a common inspiration. This paper elucidates Nietzsche’s relationship with these thinkers specifically as concerns their intertwined theories of will. It shows that despite his efforts to suppress and ridicule them, Nietzsche was influenced by the Schopenhauer-Schule and adopted several of their alterations to Schopenhauer. But it will also show that Nietzsche was a heretical member of this school in the sense that his theory of will was not only different from theirs but also subversive. Whereas each member of the Schopenhauer-Schule posits a realist ontology of will, Nietzsche’s perspectivism undercuts the possibility of their ontological realism and puts in its place a semiotical system of expression. As a result of this contextualized framework, Nietzsche’s will to power is revealed, not as an intended reference to a real “thing” in the world, but as a symbol that expresses his perspective about an unknowable reality.
Nietzsche’s Heraclitean Doctrine of the Eternal Recurrence of the Same
Authors: Loeb Paul S.
Published: August 2021

There is a long and successful scholarly tradition of commenting on Nietzsche’s deep affinity for the philosophy of Heraclitus. But scholars remain puzzled as to why he suggested at the end of his career, inEcce Homo, that the doctrine he valued most, the eternal recurrence of the same, might also have been taught by Heraclitus. This essay aims to answer this question through a close examination of Nietzsche’s allusions to Heraclitus in his first published mention of eternal recurrence inThe Joyful Scienceand in a related set of notes from the period when he was formulating and defending his doctrine of eternal recurrence while writingThus Spoke Zarathustra. The key to answering this question, it is argued, is that Nietzsche came to believe that the doctrine of eternal recurrence, when properly understood as requiring identical repetition, has to presuppose a Heraclitean reality of eternal, absolute, and universal flux.
Utopien des Übergangs. Don Quixote und Zarathustra
Authors: Kerger Henry
Published: August 2021

The subject of this article points beyond a purely literary or literary-historical approach. The question is, whether and how a human being is able to change the (social) conditions of their life by changing himself through transition into another form of existence. In order to overcome established (social) conditions and one’s self, it is necessary to begin with a vision, a utopian dream. Those who pursue the utopian dream of overcoming their current (social) conditions must acknowledge their own good and evil, that is, their position vis-à-vis equality and justice, law and morality. The person itself, and its personality, is revealed in the relation between the utopia of changing its current way of life and its social reality. The ultimate question is: what is the essence of humanity, the ecce homo? Both the transition into a new form of being and the utopian dream differ decisively in Don Quixote and Zarathustra. It is not my concern to compare them as literary figures.
„Werde, der du bist!“. Selbsterkenntnis, Handeln und Selbstgestaltung bei Nietzsche in einem Ineditum von Georges Canguilhem
Authors: Brusotti Marco
Published: August 2021

In an unpublished text from the early postwar period, Georges Canguilhem deals with Nietzsche’s maxim “Become who you are!” Is this “apparently contradictory formula of a philosopher full of contradictions” really only seemingly inconsistent? Canguilhem regards it as a norm whose supposed metaphysical or objective content dissolves upon further analysis. So he here discerns a new instance of the same potential confusion he had already addressed in his classical essay onThe Normal and the Pathological(1943). According to him, the formula “become who you are!” must not be misunderstood in a naturalistic sense, a tendency from which not even Nietzsche himself, Canguilhem thinks, was entirely free. Besides the French philosophy of his time, his philosophical inquiry into “Become who you are!” critically engages two classic German Nietzsche scholars, Ernst Bertram and Karl Jaspers, as well as the French interpreters of the latter’s philosophy ofExistenz, Mikel Dufrenne and Paul Ricœur. Finally, the paper highlights Nietzsche’s specific importance for Canguilhem and the ambivalence in his privileged relationship to the German thinker.
Bound Sovereignty: The Origins of Moral Conscience in Nietzsche’s “Sovereign Individual”
Authors: Meredith Thomas R.
Published: August 2021

This paper offers a new interpretation of Nietzsche’s “sovereign individual,” which appears in the second treatise of his 1887 On the Genealogy of Morality. I argue that Nietzsche’s presentation of that figure’s sovereignty is much more ambiguous than has hitherto been recognized. In contrast to scholars who argue that he is either completely free from moral conscience or entirely subservient to it, I argue that he is neither completely autonomous nor heteronomous. He surpasses the need for the enforcement of custom only by internalizing it, i. e. by developing a conscience. This positions him as a crucial link in Nietzsche’s understanding of the human being’s dependence on morality. Attending to the sovereign individual’s ambiguities reveals Nietzsche’s skepticism about the possibility of autonomy within the political community.
Leib, Seele und Subjektivität nach Nietzsche. Internationale Perspektiven auf ein Problem im Wandel
Authors: Guerreschi Luca
Published: August 2021

Nietzsche’s reflection on the constitution of human subjectivity is an essential moment of his philosophy. As historical and academic conditions change, distinct interpretations of this reflection often contradict each other. This review essay aims to offer an insight into this situation. The anthology edited by Dries, which focuses on the concepts of “consciousness” and the “embodied mind,” presents innovative readings from the perspective of the philosophy of mind. However, this collection is marred by an insufficient comparison with the embodiment debate. Second, Benne and Müller’s volume shows how the concepts of “person” and “personality” are used by Nietzsche to describe the complexity of human subjectivity after the dissolution of the metaphysical subject. Third, Papparo’s monograph denotes with clarity the positive and productive aspects of the concept of soul in Nietzsche, but it is unsatisfactory from a scientific point of view. Finally, Scandella’s book succeeds on the contrary in highlighting some significant themes that have been overlooked in previous contributions. From a theoretical point of view, this review points out some shortcomings of the naturalistic interpretations of Nietzsche, which seem inadequate not only to grasp the complexity of his conception of human subjectivity, but also to show its actuality.
Jewish Nietzscheanism
Authors: Holub Robert C.
Published: August 2021

Jewish Nietzscheans have traditionally shied away from any detailed examination of Nietzsche’s comments on contemporary Jewry or the Jewish religion. Scholars who have examined Jewish Nietzscheans have therefore sought to connect Nietzsche with some dimension of Jewish thought through similarities in views between Nietzsche and the Jewish intellectuals who were purportedly influenced by him. The two books under consideration in this essay strain to find solid connections between Nietzsche’s philosophy and the writings of eminent Jewish writers. Daniel Rynhold and Michael Harris examine how selected Nietzschean concepts can also be found in the work of the noted Jewish thinker Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik. David Ohana, by contrast, examines a variety of Jewish writers who at some point exhibited an enthusiasm for Nietzsche, ranging from Hebrew scholars and translators to German-Jewish intellectuals. Both books suffer from many of the shortcomings of general Nietzschean influence studies: there is often no sound philological evidence of influence, or the “connection” is so general that it is difficult to see Nietzsche as the source of influence, or the alleged influence was of short duration, and it is difficult to understand what remains Nietzschean in the individual influenced.
A simple and green approach to the preparation of super tough IIR/SWCNTs nanocomposites with tunable and strain responsive electrical conductivity
Authors: Guo Xin , Kang Le , Sun Lishui , Liu Li , Liu Guangye
Published: August 2021

Nanocomposites of single-wall carbon nanotubes in isobutylene isoprene rubber (IIR/SWCNTs) were successfully prepared by a simple and green wet process. The traditional melt mixing process and organic solvent dissolution suffered from unable to effectively disperse the SWCNTs of tangled structure, and degradation of polymer molecules, respectively. Our process very well avoided these two problems. The SWCNTs aqueous solutions emulsified by polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether (OP-10) were firstly mixed and compounded with IIR rubber at a relatively high temperature, followed by the second step of melt compounding process with the addition of cross-linking agent and accelerators. The SWCNTs were dispersed uniformly, and a fine network was constructed in the matrix of the obtained IIR/SWCNTs nanocomposite with a low percolation threshold. With the concentration of SWCNTs as low as 2 phr, the IIR/SWCNTs nanocomposite received an electrical conductivity of 10−6∼10−3 S/cm, and a 71% improvement of tensile strength. By varying the loadings of SWCNTs in a certain range, the tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and dielectric property were found tunable. Besides, the nanocomposites also presented strain responsive specific resistance, excellent elongation (600–740%), and better heat resistance.
Recent progress on improving the mechanical, thermal and electrical conductivity properties of polyimide matrix composites from nanofillers perspective for technological applications
Authors: Ogbonna Victor Ekene , Popoola A. Patricia I. , Popoola Olawale M. , Adeosun Samson O.
Published: August 2021

The adoption of polymer nanocomposites in the design/manufacturing of parts for engineering and technological applications showcases their outstanding properties. Among the polymer nanocomposites, polyimide (PI) nanocomposites have attracted much attention as a composite material capable of withstanding mechanical, thermal and electrical stresses, hence engineered for use in harsh environments. However, the nanocomposites are limited to the application area that demands conduction polymer and polymer composites due to the low electrical conductivity of PI. Although, there has been advancement in improving the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of PI nanocomposites. Thus, the review focuses on recent progress on improving the mechanical, thermal and electrical conductivity properties of PI nanocomposites via the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and graphene oxide (GO) fillers into the PI matrix. The review summarises the influence of CNTs, graphene and GO on the mechanical and conductivity properties of PI nanocomposites. The authors ended the review with advancement, challenges and recommendations for future improvement of PI reinforced conductive nanofillers composites. Therefore, the review study proffers an understanding of the improvement and selection of PI nanocomposites material for mechanical, thermal and electrical conductivity applications. Additionally, in the area of conductive polymer nanocomposites, this review will also pave way for future study.
Study on impact resistance of composite rocket launcher
Authors: Pang Fuzhen , Qin Yuxuan , Li Haichao , Teng Yao , Gong Qingtao , Wang Shoujun
Published: August 2021

The transient impact load during the launch of a rocket at sea threatens the safety of the launcher and the deck structure of the launch platform. In view of the impact resistance of the offshore rocket launcher system, this paper takes the real-scale rocket launcher system as the research object and establishes the analysis model of the fiber-reinforced composite rocket launcher based on the finite element method. Then, we explore the factors of the thickness by finite element simulation method and the angle and the position of IM7 fiber-reinforced composite, which influence the impact resistance property of the rocket launcher. The results show that the fiber-reinforced composite rocket launcher can effectively reduce the impact response of the structure and improve the impact resistance of the structure. The best laying scheme is to lay four layers of IM7 fiber material on both sides of the panels of the fixed bracket and the webs of the erector, respectively, with a single layer thickness of 0.75 mm and a laying angle of [90°/∓45°/90°].
Effects of TVSR process on the dimensional stability and residual stress of 7075 aluminum alloy parts
Authors: Xu Yan , Shi Zhongjun , Li Bianhong , Zhang Zhang
Published: August 2021

Residual stress generated during the blank forming and machining process significantly influences the dimensional stability of the mechanical parts. The equivalent bending stiffness and thermal vibration stress relief (TVSR) are two factors that affect the deformation of thin-walled workpiece. To increase the machining accuracy, on the one hand, increase the equivalent bending stiffness in manufacturing, and on the other hand, usually conduct the stress relief process to reduce the residual stress in manufacturing. In the present study, morphology optimization and TVSR process are conducted on a thin-walled part Specimen B of 7075 aluminum alloy to control the residual stress and machining deformation before finish machining. As a contrast, Specimen A is machined in one step. The deformations vary with time of Specimen A and B are measured. The corresponding finite element model is built to further study the stress and distortion during the machining process. Results showed that (1) deformation decreased with the increase of equivalent bending stiffness, compared with Specimen A, the maximum deformation of Specimen B decreased by 58.28%. (2) The final maximum deformation of Specimen B can be reduced by 38.33% by topology reinforcement to improve the equivalent stiffness and TVSR to reduce the residual stress.
Compliment responses in Hong Kong: an application of Leech’s pragmatics of politeness
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan , Pat Kevin
Published: August 2021

This paper focusses on compliment responses in the context of group undergraduate student projects, in a university in Hong Kong. It applies Geoffrey Leech’s model of politeness. Although less well known than some other politeness models, it has proved relatively popular in studies of compliment responses, which are often said to involve a clash between the Maxim of Agreement (achieved by agreeing with the complimenter) and the Maxim of Modesty (achieved by mitigating the compliment, thereby disagreeing with the complimenter). This study deploys Leech’s most recent work on politeness in the study of compliment responses. Using an innovative variant of the discourse completion task adapted to WhatsApp to collect text messages and metapragmatic comments from undergraduate students in Hong Kong on their messages, it reveals that acceptance strategies are overwhelmingly the most frequent type. This finding adds to the small body of work on compliment responses in Hong Kong cultures, and, more generally, to cross-cultural pragmatics studies on compliment responses. However, the interpretation of this result needs to attend to the detail. The key specific acceptance strategy in our data is the expression of gratitude, and this, we argue, is best accounted for through the Maxim of Obligation, a maxim proposed in Leech’s more recent work.
A cross-sectional overview of SARS-CoV-2 genome variations in Turkey
Authors: Ergünay Koray , Kaya Mücahit , Serdar Muhittin , Akyön Yakut , Yılmaz Engin
Published: August 2021

Objectives

We assessed SARS-CoV-2 genome diversity and probable impact on epidemiology, immune response and clinical disease in Turkey.

Materials and methods

Complete genomes and partial Spike (S) sequences were accessed from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database. The genomes were analysed for variations and recombinations using appropriate softwares.

Results

Four hundred ten complete genomes and 206 S region sequences were included. Overall, 1,200 distinct nucleotide variations were noted. Mean variation count was 14.2 per genome and increased significantly during the course of the pandemic. The most frequent variations were identified as A23403G (D614G; 92.9,%), C14408T (P323L, 92.2%), C3037T (89.8%), C241T (83.4%) and GGG28881AAC (RG203KR, 62.6%). The A23403G mutation was the most frequent variation in the S region sequences (99%). Most genomes (98.3%) belonged in the SARS-CoV-2 haplogroup A. No evidence for recombination was identified in genomes representing sub-haplogroup branches. The variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1 were detected, with a statistically-significant time-associated increase in B.1.1.7 prevalence.

Conclusions

We described prominent SARS-CoV-2 variations as well as comparisons with global virus diversity. Continuing a molecular surveillance in agreement with local disease epidemiology appears to be crucial, as vaccination and mitigation efforts are ongoing.
Gas–liquid two-phase flow pattern analysis based on multiscale symbolic transfer entropy
Authors: Fan Chunling , Qin Jiangfan , Fan Qihua , Zhang Chuntang
Published: August 2021

This paper presents a multiscale symbolic transfer entropy (MSTE) to extract the features of gas–liquid two-phase flow and distinguish flow patterns effectively. The role of the MSTE in typical chaotic time series is investigated. Then the characteristics of the flow patterns about three gas–liquid two-phase flows are analyzed from the perspective of causal analysis. The results show that the MSTE can identify different flow patterns and characterize the dynamic characteristics of flow patterns, providing a new method for identifying two-phase flow accurately. In addition, the MSTE reduces the influence of noise to a certain extent and preserves the dynamic characteristics based on simplifying the original sequence. Compared with traditional algorithm, the MSTE has fast calculation speed and anti-interference characteristics and can express the essential features well.
Effectiveness of a Supervised Group-Based Otago Exercise Program on Functional Performance in Frail Institutionalized Older Adults: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: García-Gollarte Fermín , Mora-Concepción Ania , Pinazo-Hernandis Sacramento , Segura-Ortí Eva , Amer-Cuenca Juan José , Arguisuelas-Martínez María Dolores , Lisón Juan Francisco , Benavent-Caballer Vicent
Published: August 2021

Background and Purpose:

Because of its high prevalence and association with negative health-related outcomes, frailty is considered one of the most important issues associated with human aging and its mitigation is among the essential public health goals for the 21st century. However, very few studies have focused on institutionalized older adults, despite the knowledge that frailty can be reversible when identified and treated from its earliest stages. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a supervised group-based multicomponent exercise program intervention with or without oral nutritional supplementation on functional performance in frail institutionalized older adults.

Methods:

This was a multicenter randomized controlled trial study with a 6-month intervention period. A total of 111 frail institutionalized older adults (75 years or older) who met at least 3 of the 5 Fried frailty criteria were randomly allocated to the control group (CG; n = 34, mean age = 87.3 ± 5.3 years), a supervised group-based multicomponent Otago Exercise Program group (OEP; n = 39, mean age = 86 ± 5.9 years), or a supervised group-based multicomponent exercise program intervention with oral nutritional supplementation (OEP+N; n = 38, mean age = 84.9 ± 6 years). Measurements included the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Short Physical Performance Battery, repeated chair stand test (STS-5), handgrip strength (HGS), 10-m walking test, and 6-minute walking test, both at baseline and after the 6-month intervention period.

Results and Discussion:

The between-group analysis by 2-way analysis of covariance showed significant improvement in the TUG [{OEP vs CG: −8.2 seconds, 95% CI [−13.3 to −2.9]; P < .001}; {OEP vs OEP+N: −7.3 seconds, 95% CI [−12.4 to −2.2]; P = .002}], BBS [{OEP vs CG; 8.2 points, 95% CI [5.2 to 11.2]; P < .001}; [{OEP+N vs CG: 4.6 points, 95% CI [1.6 to 7.6]; P < .001}; {OEP vs OEP+N: 3.5 points, 95% CI [0.6 to 6.5]; P = .011}], and HGS [{OEP vs CG: 3.4 kg, 95% CI [1.5 to 5.3]; P < .001}; {OEP+N vs CG: 3.6 kg, 95% CI [1.7 to 5.5]; P < .001}]. Additionally, the within-group analysis showed a significant improvement in the TUG (−6.9 seconds, 95% CI [−9.8 to −4.0]; P < .001) and BBS (4.3 points, 95% CI [2.6 to 5.9]; P < .001) in the OEP group. A significant decrease in the BBS and HGS was shown in the CG.

Conclusions:

A 6-month supervised group-based multicomponent exercise intervention improved the levels of mobility, functional balance, and HGS in frail institutionalized older adults. Further research will be required to evaluate the nutritional supplementation effects on functional performance to better determine its clinical applicability for tackling frailty.
A Feasibility Study of Pain Neuroscience Education and Exercise for Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Chronic Pain
Authors: Heleno Emanuel , Andias Rosa , Neto Maritza , Silva Anabela G.
Published: August 2021

Background and Purpose:

Pain prevalence in older adults is high and greatly impacts their functioning. The primary aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of an intervention consisting of pain neuroscience education (PNE) plus exercise for community-dwelling older adults attending primary care, by assessing recruitment rates (inclusion, refusal, and exclusion rates), adverse events, and acceptability of the intervention. Secondary aims were to establish suitable procedures for delivering the intervention and assess the feasibility of data collection for psychosocial and physical functioning.

Methods:

A mixed-methods feasibility study with 2 groups was conducted. One group received 8 weekly 75-minute sessions of PNE plus exercise (PNE+E) and the other received usual care (UC), which consisted of appointments with the general practitioner. Inclusion, refusal, exclusion, and retention rates, dropouts, and adverse events were assessed. The Brief Pain Inventory, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Tampa Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, the 4-meter walk gait speed test and the 5 times sit-to-stand tests were used for assessment. A focus group interview was conducted with participants from the PNE+E group. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data.

Results and Discussion:

Of 61 participants recruited, 33 (PNE+E = 22; UC = 11) entered the study, and 24 completed the intervention (PNE+E = 15; UC = 9). The inclusion rate was 54%, the refusal rate was 21%, the exclusion rate was 35%, the dropout rate was 32% in the PNE+E and 18% in the UC, and the retention rate was 68% in the PNE+E group and 82% in the UC group. No adverse events were reported and the intervention was well accepted by participants. Data collection for the clinical outcomes was feasible and results suggested higher improvements in the PNE+E group than in the UC group.

Conclusion:

PNE+E is possible to implement, safe, and well accepted by community-dwelling older adults independent of their education level. This study informs future studies on practical and methodological strategies that should be considered when designing a PNE+E intervention for older adults, such as adapting the language of the PNE to participants, using relatable metaphors, and encouraging written and exercise homework.
Descriptive and Kinetic Analysis of Two Different Vertical Jump Tests Among Youth and Adolescent Male Basketball Athletes Using a Supervised Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Gillett Javair , De Witt John , Stahl Cody A. , Martinez Daniel , Dawes J. Jay
Published: August 2021

Gillett, J, De Witt, J, Stahl, CA, Martinez, D, and Dawes, JJ. Descriptive and kinetic analysis of two different vertical jump tests among youth and adolescent male basketball athletes using a supervised machine learning approach. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2762–2768, 2021—The countermovement jump (CMJ) is a functional movement in basketball and is also frequently used as an assessment of lower-body power. The CMJ can be performed in a variety of manners, and multiple variables can be extracted, and calculated, from the ground reaction force (GRF) time curve. The purpose of this article is to present kinematic and kinetic data collected from adolescent male basketball players during performance of the CMJ with hands on hips (HOH) or with an arm swing while reaching overhead to a target (i.e., vertical jump reach [VJR]). This study also sought to determine the effectiveness of a machine learning algorithm to identify the most important features that relate to jump height. Bilateral GRF data were collected on 89 right-handed male basketball athletes (age: 13.19 ± 0.72 year old, mass: 60.44 ± 13.35 kg, standing reach height: 228.49 ± 16.79 cm) using force platforms (Forcedecks, Vald Performance, Newstead, Queensland, Australia) and their associated software. Fifty-six bilateral kinematic and kinetic variables from each condition were analyzed using supervised machine learning to identify the top 10 important features to predict jump height in each condition, and to predict VJR height using HOH data. Vertical center of mass flight height was greater during VJR trials than during HOH trials (38.9 ± 6.8 cm vs. 32.6 ± 5.5 cm, respectively). The only common predictor variables between the conditions were concentric impulse and peak power. HOH jump data were able to predict VJR height with a mean error of 7.13 cm. These data suggest that important force platform data relating to jump height differ depending on test condition, and that data from CMJ performed with HOH, particularly peak power, concentric impulse, and concentric rate of power development, can be used to predict jump height during functional performance.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training vs. Conventional Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect on Strength Development
Authors: Happ Kevin A. , Behringer Michael
Published: August 2021

Happ, KA, and Behringer, M. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation Training vs. conventional strength training: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect on strength development. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3527–3540, 2022—A systematic review of the current state of literature and a meta-analysis were conducted to compare the strength development between neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and conventional strength training when training volume is matched. Searches of PubMed and several other databases were conducted for studies that met the following primary inclusion criteria: randomized studies of >20 days duration with a sample size of >4 subjects in each group (“voluntary contraction” [VC] and “electrically stimulated” [ES]) conducted with percutaneous stimulation only in healthy individuals at equal training volume. Finally, a total of 19 studies were included in the analysis. When comparing strength gains between groups (ES-VC), no favorable effect toward a training method could be observed (0.023 hg [95% CI: −0.198 to 0.246, p = 0.836]). Subgroup analyses were performed based on the application type (NMES evoked and NMES onto voluntary contractions) and stimulation frequency. Both analyses revealed no favorable effect and significant difference of groups (significance level set at 0.05). A meta-regression evaluated the relationship between stimulation frequency and effect size difference. The regression showed a tendency of higher stimulation frequencies being associated with higher study effect size differences (predicted effect size = −0.599 + 0.008 (Hz) (p = 0.176)). The findings indicate that training with NMES results in virtually identical strength gains compared with conventional strength training when training volume is matched. If training with NMES is preferred, the stimulation frequency type (regular or Burst Mode Alternating Current) can be chosen according to preference without loss of effectiveness.
Internal Physiological Load Measured Using Training Impulse in Varsity Men's and Women's Ice Hockey Players Between Game Periods
Authors: Bigg Jessica L. , Gamble Alexander S.D. , Spriet Lawrence L.
Published: August 2021

Bigg, JL, Gamble, ASD, and Spriet, LL. Internal physiological load measured using training impulse in varsity men’s and women’s ice hockey players between game periods. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2824–2832, 2021—This study quantified internal load in male and female ice hockey players throughout a season, with comparisons between game periods and match outcome. Twenty-seven male and 24 female varsity ice hockey players participated in this longitudinal prospective cohort study monitoring internal load, using Banister’s training impulse (TRIMP). Data were assessed according to game periods, match outcome (win or loss), and games played in noncongested (1 game/wk) or congested (2 + games/wk) weeks. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. The TRIMP for period 1 for both male (25 ± 16 arbitrary units [AU]) and female (23 ± 19 AU) players was significantly lower than period 3 (males: 30 ± 21 AU; p = 0.001; females: 29 ± 21 AU; p = 0.003) but not period 2 (males: 27 ± 17 AU; p = 0.183; females: 27 ± 19 AU; p = 0.681). There were no differences in TRIMP within any period between games resulting in a win compared with a loss. Overall, there were no differences in TRIMP between male and female players. However, when stratified by position, male forwards experienced greater TRIMP than female forwards (p < 0.001 for all periods), whereas female defense had greater TRIMP than male defense (p ≤ 0.032 for all periods). There were no differences between noncongested and congested week games and no differences in TRIMP between nonback-to-back and back-to-back games, or the first and second games played of a back-to-back series. This study measured physiological demand throughout the periods of ice hockey games in men and women and concluded that internal load was highest in the third period. Understanding the demands throughout a game can provide information to coaches and players that would be useful in managing fatigue and optimizing physical performance.
What Does It Take to Complete the Cape Epic?
Authors: Reinpõld Karmen , Bossi Arthur H. , Hopker James G.
Published: August 2021

Reinpõld, K, Bossi, AH, and Hopker, JG. What does it take to complete the cape epic? J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3513–3520, 2022—This study aimed to describe the racing and training demands of the Cape Epic. Six male mountain bike riders (age: 39 ± 7 years, height: 181 ± 3 cm, and body mass: 78.7 ± 8.1 kg) trained for 4.5 months and took part in the Cape Epic. Training and racing data (prologue, stage 1, and 2) were analyzed, and riders were tested in the laboratory on 3 distinct occasions for maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), maximal work rate (Ẇmax), and power output associated with the respiratory compensation point (RCPPO). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. With race durations of 1.5 ± 0.2, 6.5 ± 1.2, and 6.4 ± 1.4 hours for, respectively, prologue, stage 1, and 2, normalized power was higher in prologue (3.73 ± 0.72 W·kg−1) compared with stages 1 (3.06 ± 0.59 W·kg−1, p < 0.001) and 2 (2.94 ± 0.69 W·kg−1, p < 0.001). Riders spent more time in power zones 1 and 2 (as %RCPPO) and less time in zones 4 and 5, during stage 2 compared with prologue (all zones p ≤ 0.028). Despite no changes in V̇O2max or Ẇmax, RCPPO increased from midtraining (3.89 ± 0.61 W·kg−1) to prerace testing (4.08 ± 0.64 W·kg−1, p = 0.048). No differences were found between base and build training phases for time in power zones. In conclusion, the Cape Epic requires an ability to sustain high submaximal power outputs for several hours as well as an ability to repeat high-intensity efforts throughout the race. A well-balanced program, incorporating a pyramidal intensity distribution, may be used as a starting point for the design of optimal training approaches.
Texts, Drugs, and Rock ’n’ Roll
Authors: Lee Jonathan Rhodes
Published: August 2021

Of all the New Hollywood films, Easy Rider (1969) perhaps most effectively demonstrates the potential complexity of the rock compilation soundtrack. Drawing on concepts from film studies, film musicology, and literary theory, this article discusses how Easy Rider demonstrates the compilation soundtrack’s potential to generate meanings both inter- and intratextually. The intertextual method of interpreting pop compilation soundtracks looks deeply into the intersection of image, sound, and narrative on a vertical axis, considering the relationship between dialogue/image/plot point and song lyrics/musical style, the ways that the songs on these soundtracks communicate to audiences the thematic or diegetic significance of a given moment, and how these synthetic meanings apply to various characters/situations in the diegesis. Intratextual readings work horizontally to show the cyclical relationships between audiovisual set-pieces and the ways that these relationships clarify or enhance narrative themes. Attention to the intratextual function shows that despite the frequent concern that popular songs can disrupt the integrity of a filmic narrative, popular music soundtracks can in fact feature their own modes of large-scale, structural function. This film’s soundtrack allows viewers to experience Easy Rider in dual registers; narrative threads connect to other narrative threads, musical set-pieces connect to musical set-pieces, and all of the elements together comprise one audiovisual complex.
The Scribe of W1 and His Scottish Context
Authors: Steiner Katherine Kennedy
Published: August 2021

This article examines W1 (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, cod. Guelf. 628 Helmstad.) as a source of musical identity in St Andrews through a “new philological” approach. Challenging the current view on the production of W1, it argues that a single singer-scribe, whose work spanned his association with at least two different bishop’s communities, was responsible for copying the manuscript’s entire contents. New archival assessments suggest that the manuscript was compiled for the community of secular clerics in St Andrews, who may have been taught by the scribe. Parisian polyphony, both in its written form and in performance, thus directly influenced the local production of liturgical polyphony, including a unique collection of polyphony for the Lady mass, at St Andrews Cathedral through the scribe of W1.
A Three-dimensional, Systemic Functional Analysis of Tense Usage in Gregory of Tours’ Decem libri Historiarum
Authors: Aerts Simon
Published: August 2021

The current paper investigates the three-dimensional meaning potential of the Late Latin narrative tenses. The grammatical categories ‘tense’ and ‘aspect’ are hypothesized to express meaning on the three metafunctional levels posited by Systemic Functional Linguistics. Combinations of their ideational and textual dimensions can be used to classify the various ‘traditional labels’ proposed in the literature on the Latin tenses. Interpersonal meaning, however, gives rise to an extra possibility to account for tense usage by referring to a number of perspectives from which the author invites his audience to experience the narrated events. An author like Gregory of Tours may avail himself of these perspectives to influence his audience in taking a stance on the events. The ultimate tense selection depends on a hierarchy of metafunctional considerations the author may have. The current paper also briefly discusses some of the morphological developments reported in the literature on the Latin tense system.
Seasonal and Spatial Water Pollution Status at The Rivers Estuaries in Cirebon Region
Authors: Hidayah Izhamil , Januar Hedi Indra , Dwiyitno Dwiyitno , Prihantini Nining Betawati
Published: August 2021

Cirebon has 18 rivers that flow into the Java Sea. The Cirebon rivers play an important role in several sectors such as industrial, agriculture, household, and also aquaculture. The increasing anthropogenic activities, may have affected the health and quality of the Cirebon rivers and the surrounding area. This study aimed to determine the water pollution level of Cirebon rivers based on the Storage and Retrieval (STORET) and Pollution Index approaches. The study was conducted at seven different rivers located in the districts (kabupaten) and municipals (kotamadya) of Cirebon. The observation was performed during the end of the west monsoon (March 2019) as well as the beginning (July 2019) and the end of the east monsoon (November 2019). The STORET score of the Cirebon district rivers were between -10 and -20, which is categorized as lightly to moderately polluted. Similarly, most of the Cirebon municipal rivers were moderately contaminated throughout the year (-18 to -30). In contrast, the Pollution Index (PI) values of all observed rivers were between 1.0 to 5.0 which are categorized as lightly polluted.
Neuritogenic Activities of Various Kappaphycus alvarezii Extracts in Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Tirtawijaya Gabriel , Meinita Maria Dyah Nur , Haque Md. Nazmul , Moon Il So
Published: August 2021

The carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is known to have neuritogenic activities. Post-harvest treatment of seaweed affects its biological activities. Five drying treatments of K. alvarezii, including oven-drying, sun-drying, freeze-drying, shade-drying, and salting followed by shade-drying, were evaluated for their effects on neuritogenic activities. We also evaluated the neuritogenic activity of different parts of K. alvarezii thalli and its carrageenan waste. Neuron cells of the 19th day pregnant rat fetuses were collected from the hippocampus by brain dissection. Neuron cells were isolated by dissociation of the hippocampal tissue. Cells were plated onto poly-DL-lysine-coated glass coverslips in 24-well plates and treated with extracts.  All tested extracts were obtained from maceration using 95% ethanol. Freeze and shade-drying extracts exhibited significantly higher neuritogenic activities (p 0.05) compared to that of the vehicle control. Carrageenan waste also significantly promoted the neuritogenic activities (p 0.05) with an optimal dose at 1 µg mL-1. Old and young thalli showed insignificant differences in neuritogenic activities. The carrageenan waste extract retained neuritogenic activities. Thus, the utilization of carrageenan waste for neuritogenic material provides added value to the waste in the carrageenan industry. Freeze and shade dried  K. alvarezii can be used as a neuritogenic agent to provide optimum biological activity.
Molecular Identification, Nutritional Profile and Heavy Metals Content of Edible Caulerpa from Binuangeun Coast, Banten
Authors: Sihono Sihono , Utomo Bagus Sediadi Bandol , Nurhayati Nurhayati
Published: August 2021

Two species of Caulerpa, locally known as “Pedesan” and “Latuh” have been traditionally consumed by coastal communities at Binuangeun, Banten. This study aimed to identify “Pedesan” and “Latuh” using the DNA barcoding method and to evaluate their nutrient and heavy metal contents. Fatty acids were determined by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC FID), amino acids using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), and minerals using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). Based on the tufA gene sequences, the “Pedesan” was identified as Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa and “Latuh” as Caulerpa chemnitzia. Thirteen fatty acids were detected in C. racemosa var. macrophysa and twelve fatty acids in C. chemnitzia. Of the total fatty acid content, C. racemosa var. macrophysa contained 41.0% unsaturated fatty acids, dominated by linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Meanwhile, C. chemnitzia contained 47.5%, dominated by oleic acid. Both seaweeds contained fatty acids with the w6/w3 ratio lower than 10, which could prevent heart disease risk based on World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation. The primary amino acids content in C. racemosa var. macrophysa were glutamic acid, alanine, serine and aspartic acid, while those in C. chemnitzia were glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, and glycine. The high content of glutamic acid in both samples indicated their potential use as food flavor enhancer. The Na/K ratio of C. racemosa var. macrophysa (40.31) and C. chemnitzia (27.48) were higher than those recommended by WHO. Heavy metals were not detected in either “Pedesan” nor “Latuh”, indicating that they are safe for consumption.