bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laser-Induced Organic Transformation. Direct and Selective Synthesis of Diols from Methanol, Ethanol, and Their Mixture in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Shimizu Yuichi , Sugimoto Shun’ichi , Kawanishi Shunichi , Suzuki Nobutake
Published: July 2006

The laser-induced transformation of methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and MeOH–EtOH mixture have been investigated in the presence of H2O2. Ethylene glycol (EG) was highly selectively produced in high quantum yield (φ=0.94) by KrF-laser irradiation of the N2-saturated MeOH and the selectivity was 94% at 3.2 ml h−1 of H2O2 feeding rate (f). Butanediol (BD) and acetaldehyde (AA) were directly and selectively produced by KrF-laser irradiation of the N2-saturated EtOH. The quantum yields of BD and AA were 0.42 and 0.29, respectively, and the combined selectivity was 97% at f=3.4 ml h−1. Also, propanediols (PD) were directly produced by KrF-laser irradiation of the N2-saturated MeOH–EtOH mixture. The quantity of 1,2-PD reached the maximum at about 64 mol% of MeOH content. EG is produced through the dimerization of hydroxymethyl radicals formed by the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from MeOH by hydroxyl radical formed in high density by the laser-photolysis of H2O2. Similarly, 2,3-BD is produced by the dimerization of 1-hydroxyethyl radicals formed by the abstraction of α-hydrogen atom from EtOH by hydroxyl radical and 1,2-PD is produced by the recombination between hydroxymethyl radical and 1-hydroxyethyl radical.
Study of Various Factors Affecting the Stability of Ternary Cu(II) and Ni(II) Complexes
Authors: Ullah Mohammd Rafiqe , Bhattacharya Pabithrak K
Published: July 2006

The stability constants of the ternary M(II) complexes [MAL], where M(II) refers to Cu(II) and Ni(II), A refers to 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (dpa) and iminodiacetic acid (imda) and L refers to glycine, α-alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine, oxalic acid, catechol, catechuic acid, tiron, pyrogallol, o-aminophenol, and o-phenylenediamine, have been determined potentiometrically by using SCOGS computer programme. Probable reasons for less negative ΔlogK values of the ternary complexes have been discussed.
Acid-Base and Complex-Formation Properties of N-Hydroxy-3-pyridinecarboxamide and N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Leporati Enrico
Published: July 2006

The protonation and complexation equilibria of the iron(III) and copper(II) complexes of N-hydroxy-3-pyridinecarboxamide (hpca) and N,2-dihydroxybenzamide (dhbc) have been investigated by potentiometric and spectrophotometric techniques in 0.5 mol dm−3 (KCl) at 25±0.1°C. It was shown that the properties of iron(III) and copper(II) chelates under study are similar to those of corresponding chelates of simple aromatic hydroxamic acids (without any additional donor groupings in the molecule). The hydroxamate and carbonyl oxygens may also take part in coordination in the copper(II) and iron(III) systems.
Correlation between Physicochemical Characteristics of Synthetic Cationic Amphiphiles and Their DNA Transfection Ability
Authors: Akao Tetsuyuki , Osaki Tetsurou , Mitoma Jun-ya , Ito Akio , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: July 2006

Liposomes formed with synthetic double-chain ammonium amphiphiles were used for DNA transfection into eukaryotic cells. We studied the correlation between the efficiency of various cationic amphiphiles in DNA transfection and their physicochemical properties. The efficiency of amphiphiles in the transfection was examined by the transient expression of β-galactosidase from its cDNA in COS cells. Amphiphiles with a phase-transition temperature (Tc) lower than 37°C, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, could introduce DNA into the cells. Electron microscopic observation indicated that amphiphiles possessing DNA transfection ability form vesicular structures in aqueous solution. Thus, fluid and vesicular bilayer structures were much higher than rigid and helical bilayer structures regarding the effectiveness of amphiphiles in DNA transfection. The efficiency of didodecyl N-[p-(2-trimethylammonioethoxy)benzoyl]-l-glutamate bromide was the highest of all the synthetic amphiphiles examined.
The Claisen Rearrangement of 2-Phenylsulfinyl-2-propenyl Phenyl Ethers –A New Route to Functionalized Phenols and 2-Methylbenzofurans
Authors: Khan Muhammad Akram
Published: July 2006

The hitherto unknown Claisen rearrangement of 2-phenylsulfinyl-2-propenyl phenyl ethers to the corresponding 2-(2-phenylsulfinyl-2-propenyl)phenols is reported. The latter compounds underwent Michael reactions with a variety of nucleophiles to provide functionalized phenolic adducts. O-Alkylation of the initial rearrangement products with 3-bromo-2-phenylsulfinyl-1-propene and 2,3-dibromo-l-propene followed by [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement provided a promising route to 7-substituted 2-methylbenzofurans.
Kinetic Studies on the Chemical and Electrochemical Reduction of Some 4-Arylidene-5-pyrazolone Compounds
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Mahmoud A , Abdel-Hamid Refat , Rabia Mostafa K , El-Dessouki Mohamed M
Published: July 2006

Kinetics of chemical and electrochemical reduction of some 4-arylidene-5-pyrazolones were studied. The chemical reduction was performed using aluminum hydride. The electrochemical reduction in 0.1 mol dm−3 TEAP/DMF was studied by cyclic and convolution potential sweep voltammetry at HDME. The title compounds exhibit two diffusion-controlled irreversible mono electronic cv waves. Both waves follow EC kinetics and they are attributed to the reduction of the pyrazolin carbonyl group. The kinetics of the chemical and electrochemical reduction were proposed and discussed in terms of the molecular structure of the subject arylidenes.
Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reactions of an Acrylic Acid Derivative Using a Chiral Titanium Catalyst
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Tanaka Hiroko , Kanai Fumihiko
Published: July 2006

Asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions of an acrylic acid derivative using a catalytic amount of a chiral titanium reagent were performed with several dienes. The titanium catalyst was prepared by the alkoxy exchange between dichlorodiisopropoxytitanium(IV) and a chiral 1,4-diol derived from (2R,3R)-tartrate. By the use of the titanium catalyst, the reaction between 3-acryloyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one and dienes proceeded in a toluene–petroleum ether mixture in the presence of Molecular Sieves 4A to afford the Diels–Alder adducts in 72–100% yields and 88–>96% enantioselectivity. This reaction can be applied to a diene containing a hetero atom such as 2-ethylthio-1,3-butadiene, which affords the Diels–Alder adduct in a high optical purity. In this paper are also described the methods for determining the optical purities of the obtained 4-substituted 3-cyclohexenecarboxylic acid derivatives.
Different Kinetic Behavior of Zinc(II), Cadmium(II), and Lead(II) Porphyrins in the Ligand-Substitution Reaction with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid
Authors: Tabata Masaaki , Suenaga Kazuhisa
Published: July 2006

Kinetics and mechanism of the ligand-substitution reaction of Zn-, Cd-, and Pb(tpps)4− (H2tpps4−=5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have been studied at 25°C and I=0.1 mol dm−3 (NaNO3). The rate equation for the decrease of M(tpps)4− is expressed as –d[M(tpps)4−]⁄dt=(k1[edta4−])+k2[Hedta3−]+k3k4[H]2(k−3+k4[H+])−1)[M(tpps)4−], where M=Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+, and edta4− denotes the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, respectively. The values of k1 were found to be 0 for all of the metalloporphyrins studied, and k2=0 mol−1 dm3 s−1; k3k4(k−3)−1=8.7±0.2 mol−2 dm6 s−1 for Zn(tpps)4−, k2=4.1±0.2 mol−1 dm3 s−1; k3k4(k−3)−1=(8.3±0.4)×1012 mol−2 dm6 s−1 for Cd(tpps)4− and k2=2.0±0.1 mol−1 dm3 s−1; k3(5.4±0.1)×107 mol−1 dm3 s−1; k3k4(k−3)−1=2.0±0.1 mol2 dm6 s−1 for Pb(tpps)4−, respectively. Hedta3− directly attacks Cd- or Pb(tpps)4 to form its metal complex, whereas Hedta3− can not bind Zn(tpps)4−. Zn(tpps)4− dissociates to aquazinc(II) by proton attack, then the aquazinc(II) reacts with Hedta3. Therefore, the ligand-substitution reaction of Zn(tpps)4− with EDTA is so slow that the reaction can be negligible compared with those of Cd- and Pb(tpps)4− in an alkaline solution. The reaction mechanism of the ligand substitution reaction and the different reactivities of the metalloporphyrins in it are discussed in detail.
1,3-Diol Fragmentation Using a Reactive Benzylic Hydroxyl Group as a Nucleofuge. Synthesis of a Tobacco Sesquiterpene
Authors: Kato Michiharu , Tooyama Youichi , Yoshikoshi Akira
Published: July 2006

A benzylic hydroxyl group activated by electron-donative aromatic function was found to be a remarkably reactive nucleofuge for 1,3-diol fragmentation. Thus, treatment of α-(2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2β-hydroxy-2α,5,5,8aβ-tetramethyl-4aα-decahydro-lβ-naphthalenemethanol with pyridinium chloride or pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate in dichloromethane underwent the 1,3-diol fragmentation smoothly to produce r-1-[(E)-2-(2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethenyl]-t-2-(3-oxobutyl)-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexane (24) in quantitative yield. Starting from 24, a tobacco sesquiterpene, 4-(2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinylcyclohexyl)-2-butanone, was synthesized in racemic form by seven steps.
Limiting Partial Molar Volumes of Ions in Water–Methanol and Water–Acetonitrile
Authors: Kawaizumi Fumio , Inoue Yoshitomo , Nomura Hiroyasu
Published: July 2006

Measurements of densities of solution of AgNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 in the mixed solvents water–methanol and water–acetonitrile were carried out at 25°C and the partial molar volumes V2∞ of these electrolytes were determined by taking account of the concentration dependence of the apparent molar volumes predicted by the Debye–Huckel theory. The ionic partial molar volumes of Ag+, Ca2+, and NO3− were evaluated and compared with those of other ions in the two mixed solvent systems. The solvent composition dependence is more remarkable in water–acetonitrile than in water–methanol, and characteristic behavior was observed for Ag+ and Ca2+ ions in water–acetonitrile system.
Synthesis and Inclusion Properties of Sulfur-Bridged Analogs of Acyclic Phenol-Formaldehyde Oligomers
Authors: Ohba Yoshihiro , Moriya Kazuhiko , Sone Tyo
Published: July 2006

A series of compounds in which a part or all of the methylene bridges of acyclic p-methyl- and p-t-butylphenol–formaldehyde tetramers were replaced by sulfur bridge(s) was synthesized. It was found that though the sulfur-bridged tetramers formed crystalline host-guest complexes with a variety of organic compounds, they were different from the parent tetramers regarding their inclusion behavior. The number and position of the sulfur bridge(s), as well as the p-substituent of phenol in the tetramers, had a great influence upon the inclusion property. The thermal stability of complexes of the sulfur-bridged tetramers (SSS-a,b) with benzene, as estimated from their thermal dissociation rates, are lower than those of the parent tetramers (CCC-a,b).
On the Partitioning of the NMR B′-Coefficient. The Evaluation of Single Ion B′-Coefficients by a New Method and the Correlation with the Viscosity B-Coefficient, Partial Molal Volume and Electrostatic Entropy of Solvation of Ions in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Systems
Authors: Bhattacharyya Moni Mohan
Published: July 2006

A new method of division used for the viscosity B-coefficient has now been extended to the partitioning of the NMR B′-coefficient both in aqueous and various nonaqueous systems. The derived set of Bi′-values, unlike those obtained by other methods in water are found to be quantitatively related to the ionic molal volumes obtained by the UVP method. The usual assumption of equal contributions of K+ and Cl− ions has been discarded. Abraham et al.’s electrostatic entropy of solvation of ions has also been found to give excellent linear correlation with the derived NMR Bi′-values in different solvents. The striking feature is that the NMR Bi′-values as derived by Abraham and coworkers by a different method are almost identical to the present values in all the nonaqueous solvents studied. The slight disagreement observed for the aqueous system has been discussed as being due to encroaching of the disordered second layer to the first layer of solvation, thereby making the absolute entropy estimates less certain. Both the cationic and anionic Bi′-values are represented by a single smooth parabolic curve against the crystal ionic radii as predicted by the theory. The hydration number for Cl− ion as derived from this work agrees excellently with the widely accepted value.
Voltammetric Studies on Some Arylhydrazones of α-Cyano Ketones and α-Cyano Esters
Authors: Abou-Elenien G M , Ismail N A , Hafez T S
Published: July 2006

The redox characteristics of the title compounds are extensively studied using DC-, cyclic voltammetry, coulometry, and controlled potential electrolysis in benzonitrile at platinum electrodes. These compounds are oxidized in one-electron transfer process followed by deprotonation which leads to dimerization. The reduction process differs according to the nature of the compound and the electron-withdrawing power of the substituent in the α-position. They can be reduced in a single two electron or two one electron waves leading in both cases to saturation of the hydrazonic moiety.
Separation of Scandium(III) as Ascorbato Complex by Extraction with Aliquat 336S
Authors: Karve M A , Khopkar S M
Published: July 2006

Scandium was quantitatively extracted with 0.1 mol dm−3 Aliquat 336S in xylene at pH=6.0 from 0.01 mol dm−3 ascorbic acid. It was stripped with l mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid and determined as its complex with Arsenazo III. It was separated from binary mixtures by exploiting the difference in the extraction behavior from ascorbic acid. Several separations were accomplished by process of selective stripping with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Many interesting separations of scandium from associated elements like yttrium, thorium, uranium, and molybdenum have been carried out.
Synthesis of Dimethylsilyl Bis-Enol Ethers Derived from Aldehydes
Authors: Fataftah Z A , Ibrahim M R , Abdel-Rahman H N
Published: July 2006

Two procedures for the prepation of dimethylsilyl bis-enol ethers from aldehydes, through enolization, are described. Dimethylsilyl bis-enol ethers, derived from propanal, butanal, 2-methylpropanal, pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal have been synthesized by refluxihg a mixture of triethylamine, dichlorodimethylsilane and the corresponding aldehyde in tetrahydrofuran for 18–38 h. The yields are in the range of 75–90%. Alternatively, a stronger base, lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP) is used for deprotonation of the above mentioned aldehydes at −23°C. The enolates are then quenched with dichlorodimethylsilane. The small aldehydes, propanal, butanal, and 2-methylpropanal fail to give the desired products, while the others gave a very good yields (56–85%). Ethanal fails to give the product in either of the two procedures. A competitive rate of polymerization with the rate of proton abstraction or with the rate of mixing of the reactants could explain these failures. The silyl bis-enol ethers have been characterized on the basis of their NMR, IR, and elemental analysis data.
Synthesis and Aldol Stereoselectivity of 2-Oxazolidinones Derived from l-Histidine
Authors: Bermejo Gonzalez Francisco , Perez Baz Julia , Santinelli Fabio , Mayor Real Fernando
Published: July 2006

The regiospecific synthesis of the 2-oxazolidinones 5b, 7, 12a, and 12b starting from l-histidine la is described. The stereoselectivity in the dibutyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)borane promoted aldol condensation between the chiral imides 13a and 13b and benzaldehyde was also studied. The formation of a cationic imidazole–boron complex, 14a, occurs before the aldol condensation between 13a and benzaldehyde takes place. However, the condensation between 13b and benzaldehyde occurs without the formation of any boron complex. The steric hindrance of the substituent at C-4 may account for this difference in behavior.
Sulfur Nitride in Organic Chemistry. Part 19. Selective Formation of Benzo- and Benzobis[1,2,5]thiadiazole Skeleton in the Reaction of Tetrasulfur Tetranitride with Naphthalenols and Related Compounds
Authors: Mataka Shuntaro , Takahashi Kazufumi , Ikezaki Youji , Hatta Taizo , Tori-i Akiyoshi , Tashiro Masashi
Published: July 2006

Tetrasulfur tetranitride (N4S4) reacted with 2-naphthols to afford naphtho [1,2-c][1,2,5] thiadiazoles (13) in high yields, while 1-naphthaols gave naphtho[1,2-c:3,4-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazoles as a major product, together with a small amount of 13. In the reactions with naphthalenediols such as 1,5-, 2,6-, 2,7-, 1,6-, and 1,7-diol, naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c′]- or naphtho[1,2-c:7,8-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazoles were obtained in varying yields. In some cases, naphtho[1,2-c:3,4-c′:5,6-c″]tris[1,2,5]thiadiazole was formed as a by-product. In reactions with 5-isoquinolinol, 8-quinolinoles, 9H-carbazol-2-ol, and dibenzofuran-2-ol, one and/or two 1,2,5-thiadiazole-ring-fused heteroaromatic compounds were obtained.
Theoretical Study on the Formation of Spherical Micelles
Authors: Funasaki Noriaki , Hada Sakae
Published: July 2006

From the Tanford theory for the formation of spherical micelles and a modification of this theory, the aggregation number nw and monomer concentration x1 are calculated as a function of total surfactant concentration x. The definition of cmc of d3x1⁄dx3=0 is adequate. Empirical equations for the estimation of nw and cmc are obtained.
Thermochromism of Metal Complexes of Cresolphthalein Dye. Solvent Effect on Temperature-Dependence and Reversibility
Authors: Nanasawa Masato , Wada Mitsuo , Kamogawa Hiroyoshi
Published: July 2006

The thermochromism of metal complexes of cresolphthalein dye was studied in organic solvents in the presence of pyridine derivatives. Remarkable thermochromic changes were observed for complexes with nickel(II) and magnesium(II) ion; a large temperature dependence was found in a polar aprotic solvent.
Revised Structure of 2-Cyclohexyl-3,4-diphenyl-1,2-oxaphosphetane 2-Oxide
Authors: Kawashima Takayuki , Nakayama Shigenobu , Yoshifuji Masaaki , Okazaki Renji , Inamoto Naoki
Published: July 2006

The correct structure of the title compound was elucidated to be cyclohexyl(2,2-diphenyl-1-hydroxy-ethyl)phosphine oxide, which seems to be formed via migration of a phenyl group, from the NMR spectral data and synthesis of the dimethyl derivative.
Gold(III) Complexes of 2-Amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine
Authors: Kovala-Demertzi Dimitra
Published: July 2006

The reactions of Au(III) with 2-amino-4,6-dimethyl pyrimidine (ADMPY) are reported. Complexes of Au(III) with ADMPY have been isolated from reactions in aqueous and in methanolic solutions, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra 1H NMR spectra, electronic absorption spectra, conductivity in DMF solutions, and thermal gravimetric analysis.
A New Oxidizing System for Aromatic Alcohols by the Combination of N-Oxoammonium Salt and Electrosynthesized Tetraalkylammonium Tribromide
Authors: Inokuchi Tsutomu , Matsumoto Sigeaki , Fukushima Mitsuhiro , Torii Sigeru
Published: July 2006

A combination of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl and tetraalkylammonium tribromides (R4NBr3), which are available from the corresponding tetraalkylammonium bromides via electrooxidation with potassium bromide, has proved to be useful for oxidations of primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The oxidation reaction proceeds smoothly even with a 0.5–1.0 mol% of N-oxyl compounds and 1.5–2.0 equivalents of tetraalkylammonium tribromides in an aqueous-organic two-phase solution buffered at pH 8.0–8.6. This recyclable oxidant/co-oxidant combination system may involve the formation of N-oxoammonium salts, actual oxidizing agents of alcohols, by the action of hypobromite species generated from R4NBr3 in the binary solution. Utility of the method is highlighted by the selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols bearing electron-releasing groups on the aromatic nucleus to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones without any bromination and overoxidation.
The Fifth Overtone Spectra of C–H Stretching Vibrations of C6H5X in Nonpolar Solvents
Authors: Itaya Kazuhiko , Nasu Takao , Sakai Jun , Katayama Mikio
Published: July 2006

The fifth overtone spectra of aryl C–H stretching vibrations of fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene in nonpolar solvents were observed using photoacoustic spectroscopy. In a nonpolar solvent, such as hexane, the three components of the overtones of the o-, m-, and p-C–H stretching vibrations could be easily decomposed owing to line-width narrowing. We could therefore obtain more detailed information concerning the chemical properties of these C–H bonds.
Structures of the Polymers Obtained by the Solid-State Polymerization of Diyne, Triyne, and Tetrayne with Long-Alkyl Substituents
Authors: Okada Shuji , Hayamizu Kikuko , Matsuda Hiro , Masaki Atsushi , Nakanishi Hachiro
Published: July 2006

Structures of the polymers obtained by solid-state polymerization of diyne, triyne, and tetraynes substituted by long chain alkyl groups were investigated by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Assignment of all peaks in the spectra were made successfully, referring to those of the monomers and the polydiacetylenes of known structures. It was clearly shown that the backbone of these polymers has always the same structure of (Remark: Graphics omitted.). This fact suggests that only 1,4-addition polymerization takes place in the similar way for the diyne, the triyne and the tetraynes, excluding many other possible addition schemes, and the tetraynes give an interesting polydiacetylene with butadiynyl substituents. This exclusive 1,4-addition can be explained in terms of topochemical control.
Synthesis and Coordination Behaviors of New Double-Sided Porphyrinatoiron(II) Complexes: Effect of the Pocket-Size for Imidazole on Dioxygen Binding
Authors: Tsuchida Eishun , Hasegawa Etsuo , Komatsu Teruyuki , Nakata Taisaku , Nakao Keisuke , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: July 2006

The synthesis and characteristic ligation behaviors of new “double-sided porphyrinatoiron(II) complexes” having two pockets of different spacing-size on each side of a ring plane and a larger sized one on both sides of a macrocycle, are described. The equilibrium constants for the imidazole derivatives to the four-coordinated porphyrinatoiron(II)s were increased in proportion to the size of the pocket-space, which is reflected by the ΔH term. The five-coordinated complexes of the porphyrinatoirons, obtained by the addition of 1,2-dimethyl-imidazole (1,2-dmin) in a toluene solution, formed stable and reversible dioxygen adducts at 25°C. The oxygen affinities for the iron(II) complexes increased as the steric bulk on the rear side of the porphyrin plane was relieved. These changes in the oxygen affinity are attributed to the strength of the π-electron donation from the imidazole to the central iron ion.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Photo-Induced Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid by Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing 2,2′-Bipyridine and 2,2′-Bipyrazine
Authors: Tsukahara Keiichi , Wada Yuuko , Kimura Masaru
Published: July 2006

Hydrogen peroxide was efficiently produced by the irradiation of visible light on aqueous acid solutions containing ascorbic acid, molecular oxygen, and ruthenium(II) complexes: [Ru(bpy)x(bpz)3−x]2+ (x=0–3, bpy=2,2′-bipyridine, and bpz=2,2′-bipyrazine). The formation of hydrogen peroxide and the decay of ascorbic acid were followed by polarography during continuous irradiation by visible light of the solution. The rate constants of the quenching reaction of the excited triplet state of the ruthenium(II) complexes by ascorbate and molecular oxygen obtained from the initial rate method were in good agreement with those obtained from luminescence quenching experiments. The initiation reaction in the photo-induced reaction mechanism changes from the oxidative quenching of *[Ru(bpy)3]2+ by molecular oxygen to the reductive quenching of *[Ru(bpy)2]2+, *[Ru(bpy)(bpz)2]2+, or *[Ru(bpz)3]2+ by ascorbate. Such a change in the mechanism arises from a difference in the redox potentials, E0(Ru3+/*Ru2+) and E0(*Ru2+/Ru+), for each ruthenium(II) species containing bpy and bpz. The detailed mechanisms are discussed.
Determination of Magnetic Susceptibility of Liquids by a Sensitive Viscometer Method
Authors: Sueoka Kazuo
Published: July 2006

A sensitive viscometer method is presented for precise measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of liquids. This method can be applied to a determination of the diamagnetic susceptibilities of various materials and the temperature dependence of the susceptibility for water. Measurements show that this method has a sensitivity of ±0.005% and a reproducibility of ±0.02%.
Thermal Dehydrogenation of Cyclooctane by Supported Noble Metal Catalysts
Authors: Fujii Takahiro , Yukawa Kiyoshi , Saito Yasukazu
Published: July 2006

Under boiling and refluxing conditions, cyclooctane has been dehydrogenated to cyclooctene and molecular hydrogen selectively with carbon- and alumina-supported Pd, Ph, and Ru catalysts. The activity order among these metal catalysts was Pd>Rh>Ru. The most active carbon-supported Pd catalyst was least sensitive to the rate retardation caused by cyclooctene adsorption. Desorption of molecular hydrogen from the Pd catalyst surface was deduced to proceed rapidly after the rate-determining step.
Thermal Behavior and Characterization of Poly[1,3-phenylenebis (methylene)adipamide]
Authors: Shimasaki Choichiro , Sanagi Hisashi , Unishi Akira , Notoya Hisakimi , Tsukurimichi Eiichi , Yoshimura Toshiaki
Published: July 2006

Thermal degradation of poly[1,3-phenylenebis(methylene) adipamide] (MXD-6) was investigated by DTA-TG, FT-IR, TG-GC/MS, and mass spectroscopy. The DTA-TG/DTG curve showed that the thermal decomposition of MXD-6 occurred in two stages. MXD-6 melted at about 235°C and decomposed to the oligomer or monomer with a weight loss of about 40% in the temperature region from 330 to 400 °C during the first stage. A TG effluent gas was collected in a cold trap and then directly injected into a GC for separation, the MS for an unequivocal identification. The eleven effluent compounds from the thermal degradation of MXD-6 were identified. The main fragmentation mechanism by electron impact for MXD-6 consisted of two processes: simple cleavage and a rearrangement reaction. The activation energy of the thermal decomposition was estimated to be 230 during the first stage and 150 kJ mol−1 during the second stage. From the value of the activation energy in each stage, the kinetic data for MXD-6 was elucidated.
An overlooked vulnerability in a defendant: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a miscarriage of justice
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Young Susan
Published: July 2006

Aim. To describe the implications of a Court of Appeal murder case involving a 15‐year‐old youth. His attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was not identified at trial, but 8 years later it was and his conviction was quashed.

Method. An analysis of the judgments by the Court of Appeal at an earlier hearing (1997) and in 2004, together with a review of how the relatively new diagnostic concept of ADHD, can be employed to aid assessment of important vulnerable qualities.

Results. One of the primary effects of ADHD in the case was to ‘affect’ the IQ scores, making it look as if the defendant was suffering from mental retardation and so masking his other more relevant vulnerabilities.

Conclusions. ADHD symptoms are relevant to contended issues around adverse inferences and fitness to plead and stand trial. A comprehensive ADHD assessment, including neuropsychological testing, is necessary where there are indications of a history of childhood ADHD.
Dimensions and Volumetric BMD of the Proximal Femur and Their Relation to Age Among Older U.S. Men
Authors: Marshall Lynn M , Lang Thomas F , Lambert Lori C , Zmuda Joseph M , Ensrud Kristine E , Orwoll Eric S
Published: July 2006

We measured femoral neck and shaft dimensions and volumetric BMD with QCT. Relations of these measures to age were quantified in a cross-sectional study among 3358 men 65–100 years old. Relations of femoral neck dimensions and vBMD to age differed from those in the shaft, indicating that patterns of bone modeling and remodeling in the neck and shaft are distinct.

Introduction: Little is known about population variation in dimensions and volumetric BMD of the proximal femur or the relation of these measures to age among older men.

Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, dimensions and volumetric BMD (vBMD) in the femoral neck and shaft were obtained from QCT scans among 3358 men 65–100 years of age in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men cohort. Total bone size and size of the cortical and medullary compartments were measured with volumes in the femoral neck and with areas in the shaft. We quantified distributions of these measures and examined their relations to age with multivariable linear regression.

Results: Population variation in femoral neck and shaft dimensions and vBMD was substantial. In the femoral neck, total volume was minimally related to age, whereas cortical volume was 5% smaller and medullary volume was 10% larger (both p < 0.0001) in the oldest (85+ years) compared with the youngest (65–69 years) men. Across these ages, the percent of cortical bone declined from 46% to 42% (p < 0.0001). Integral and trabecular vBMD were 9% and 22% lower, whereas DXA femoral neck BMD was 4% lower, in the older men. Neck cortical vBMD was unrelated to age. In the shaft, cross-sectional area and medullary area were 9% and 22% larger, respectively, in the oldest men (both p < 0.0001), but cortical area was unchanged with age. The percent of cortical bone declined from 69% to 65% across these ages (p < 0.0001). Shaft cortical BMD was 4% lower in the older men (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: There is substantial diversity of femoral morphology and vBMD among older U.S. men. Patterns indicative of modeling and remodeling in the femoral neck were distinct from those in the shaft. Notably, changes in periosteal and endosteal dimensions that underlie cortical thinning appear to differ in the neck and shaft.
Regulation of C-Terminal and Intact FGF-23 by Dietary Phosphate in Men and Women
Authors: Burnett Sherri-Ann M , Gunawardene Samantha C , Bringhurst F Richard , Jüppner Harald , Lee Hang , Finkelstein Joel S
Published: July 2006

FGF-23 is a novel regulator of phosphate metabolism. We studied the regulation of FGF-23 by dietary phosphate in 66 men and women using two assays. Dietary phosphate restriction decreased FGF-23 and loading increased FGF-23 significantly. An assay that measured intact FGF-23 showed the effects of dietary phosphate much more clearly than an assay that also measures presumed biologically inactive fragments. Dietary phosphate is a key regulator of circulating FGF-23; choice of assay is critical when studying FGF-23 physiology.

Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is a novel phosphaturic factor discovered through genetic studies of patients with renal phosphate wasting disorders. Ablation of the FGF-23 gene in mice reduces renal phosphate excretion and increases serum phosphate, suggesting that FGF-23 is critical for normal phosphate homeostasis. We examined the role of dietary phosphate in the regulation of FGF-23 in humans.

Materials and Methods: Sixty-six healthy males and females were randomized to either phosphate-depleted or -loaded diets for 5 days, after a 4-day run-in diet. FGF-23 was measured using an “intact” assay that only detects intact FGF-23 peptide and with a “C-terminal” assay that measures both intact FGF-23 peptide and presumed biologically inactive carboxyl terminal fragments. The main outcome was the within group change in FGF-23 with either phosphate depletion or loading.

Results: Using the intact FGF-23 assay, mean FGF-23 area under the curve (AUC) decreased by 9 ± 16% with phosphate depletion (p = 0.0041) and increased by 35 ± 29% with loading (p < 0.0001). Using the C-terminal FGF-23 assay, mean FGF-23 AUC decreased by 8 ± 12% with phosphate depletion (p = 0.0003) and increased by 13 ± 20% with loading (p = 0.0016). Increases in FGF-23 with phosphate loading were greater with the intact assay than with the C-terminal assay (p = 0.0003). Using the intact assay only, FGF-23 was significantly associated with serum phosphate (r = 0.39, p < 0.01), 24-h urinary phosphate (r = 0.47, p < 0.01), fractional excretion of phosphate (r = 0.29, p < 0.01), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (r = −0.30, p < 0.01). The association between the assays was weak (r = 0.26, p < 0.01).

Conclusions: Dietary phosphate is a key regulator of circulating FGF-23 levels in humans. Additionally, choice of assay is critical when performing physiologic investigations of FGF-23.
Adaptation of the Proximal Femur to Skeletal Reloading After Long-Duration Spaceflight
Authors: Lang Thomas F , Leblanc Adrian D , Evans Harlan J , Lu Ying
Published: July 2006

We studied the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the proximal femoral BMD and structure of astronauts 1 year after missions lasting 4–6 months. We observed that the readaptation of the proximal femur to Earth's gravity entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of volumetric BMD.

Introduction: Bone loss is a well-known result of skeletal unloading in long-duration spaceflight, with the most severe losses occurring in the proximal femur. However, there is little information about the recovery of bone loss after mission completion and no information about effect of reloading on the structure of load-bearing bone. To address these questions, we carried out a study of the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the BMD and structure of the proximal femur 1 year after missions lasting 4–6 months.

Materials and Methods: In 16 crew members of the International Space Station (ISS) making flights of 4.5–6 months, we used QCT imaging to measure the total, trabecular, and cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the proximal femur. In addition to vBMD, we also quantified BMC, bone volume, femoral neck cross-sectional area (CSA), and femoral neck indices of compressive and bending strength at three time-points: preflight, postflight, and 1 year after mission.

Results: Proximal femoral bone mass was substantially recovered in the year after spaceflight, but measures of vBMD and estimated bone strength showed only partial recovery. The recovery of BMC, in the absence of a comparable increase in vBMD, was explained by increases in bone volume and CSA during the year after spaceflight.

Conclusions: Adaptation of the proximal femur to reloading entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of vBMD. The data indicate that recovery of skeletal density after long-duration space missions may exceed 1 year and supports the evidence in the aging literature for periosteal apposition as a compensatory response for bone loss. The extent to which this compensatory effect protects against fracture remains to be seen.
Tenascin-R Restricts Posttraumatic Remodeling of Motoneuron Innervation and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Mice
Authors: Apostolova Ivayla , Irintchev Andrey , Schachner Melitta
Published: July 2006

Tenascin-R (TNR) is an extracellular glycoprotein in the CNS implicated in neural development and plasticity. Its repellent properties for growing axons in a choice situation with a conducive substratein vitrohave indicated that TNR may impede regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS. Here we tested whether constitutive lack of TNR has beneficial impacts on recovery from spinal cord injury in adult mice. Using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, we found that open-field locomotion in TNR-deficient (TNR−/−) mice recovered better that in wild-type (TNR+/+) littermates after compression of the thoracic spinal cord. We also designed, validated, and applied a motion analysis approach allowing numerical assessment of motor functions. We found, in agreement with the BBB score, that functions requiring low levels of supraspinal control such as plantar stepping improved more inTNR−/−mice. This was not the case for motor tasks demanding precision such as ladder climbing. Morphological analyses revealed no evidence that improved recovery of some functions in the mutant mice were attributable to enhanced tissue sparing or axonal regrowth. Estimates of perisomatic puncta revealed reduced innervation by cholinergic and GABAergic terminals around motoneurons in intactTNR−/−compared withTNR+/+mice. Relative to nonlesioned animals, spinal cord repair was associated with increase in GABAergic and decrease of glutamatergic puncta inTNR−/−but not inTNR+/+mice. Our results suggest that TNR restricts functional recovery by limiting posttraumatic remodeling of synapses around motoneuronal cell bodies where TNR is normally expressed in perineuronal nets.
MuSK Expressed in the Brain Mediates Cholinergic Responses, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory Formation
Authors: Garcia-Osta Ana , Tsokas Panayiotis , Pollonini Gabriella , Landau Emmanuel M. , Blitzer Robert , Alberini Cristina M.
Published: July 2006

Muscle-specific tyrosine kinase receptor (MuSK) has been believed to be mainly expressed and functional in muscle, in which it mediates the formation of neuromuscular junctions. Here we show that MuSK is expressed in the brain, particularly in neurons, as well as in non-neuronal tissues. We also provide evidence that MuSK expression in the hippocampus is required for memory consolidation, because temporally restricted knockdown after training impairs memory retention. Hippocampal disruption of MuSK also prevents the learning-dependent induction of both cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and CCAAT enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) expression, suggesting that the role of MuSK during memory consolidation critically involves the CREB–C/EBP pathway. Furthermore, we found that MuSK also plays an important role in mediating hippocampal oscillatory activity in the theta frequency as well as in the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation, two synaptic responses that correlate with memory formation. We conclude that MuSK plays an important role in brain functions, including memory formation. Therefore, its expression and role are broader than what was believed previously.
Gender and Risk in a Matrifocal Caribbean Community: A View from Behavioral Ecology
Authors: QUINLAN ROBERT J.
Published: July 2006

Matrifocality is a feature of Caribbean communities in which mothers and adult daughters often form the household core. I argue that daughter‐biased parental care underlies matrifocality. Parental investment (PI) theory predicts sex‐biased care, but factors promoting daughter preference are not always clearly specified. If sons are more likely than daughters to experience unpredictable hazards, then parents may bias their efforts toward daughters. In this study, I examine gender differences in rural Dominica and test PI predictions. Men were more likely to be poor and develop alcoholism and less likely to migrate or attend high school than women were. Educational outcomes showed a Trivers‐Willard effect: Boys from unfavorable family environments were less likely to receive secondary education than were other boys, but there was no association for girls. PI variables generally accounted for less variance in men's outcomes than women's, suggesting that unpredictable hazards for sons may promote daughter preference and matrifocality.
Pocahontas Goes to the Clinic: Popular Culture as Lingua Franca in a Cultural Borderland
Authors: MATTINGLY CHERYL
Published: July 2006

Urban hospitals constitute an example of what is arguably the most visible site in anthropology these days—the border zone. Negotiating health care requires trafficking in tricky spaces where patients and their families must pay vigilant attention about when to submit, when to resist, and how to collaborate. Drawing from ethnographic research carried out over the past nine years among African American families who have children with severe illnesses and disabilities, I examine how children's popular culture operates in the fraught borderland that constitutes the urban clinic. Global icons like a Disneyfied Pocahantas can function as a lingua franca, offering a language of publicly available symbols on which families, health professionals, and children can draw to create a shared imaginative space across race and class divides and across the sometimes even more radical divide between sufferer and healer.
Media and Tribal Development
Authors: PETERSON MARK ALLEN
Published: July 2006

Media and Tribal Development. Jaganath Pati. New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2004. 275 pp.
Toward a Unified Paradigm of Race
Authors: PAGE ENOCH H.
Published: July 2006

Racism in Mind. Michael Levine and Tamas Pataki, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. 320 pp.

Only Skin Deep: Changing Visions of the American Self. Coco Fusco and Brian Wallis, eds. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2003. 416 pp.
Franz Boas 1858–1942: An Illustrated Biography; Margaret Mead: The World Ahead: An Anthropologist Anticipates the Future
Authors: SILVERMAN SYDEL
Published: July 2006

Franz Boas 1858–1942: An Illustrated Biography. Norman Francis Boas. Mystic, CT: Seaport Autographs Press, 2004. 312 pp.

Margaret Mead: The World Ahead: An Anthropologist Anticipates the Future. Robert B. Textor, ed. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005. 348 pp.
The Origin and Evolution of Cultures; Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
Authors: FUENTES AGUSTÍN
Published: July 2006

The Origin and Evolution of Cultures. Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 456 pp.

Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 332 pp.
Female Ascetics in Hinduism; The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States; Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal
Authors: ALTER JOSEPH S.
Published: July 2006

Female Ascetics in Hinduism. Lynn Teskey Denton. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004. 218 pp.

The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States. Karen Pechilis, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 260 pp.

Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. June McDaniel. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 356 pp.
Au bonheur des autres. Anthropologie de l'aide humanitaire (For their own good: The anthropology of humanitarian aid)
Authors: TIEDJE KRISTINA
Published: July 2006

Au bonheur des autres. Anthropologie de l'aide humanitaire (For their own good: The anthropology of humanitarian aid). Laetitia Atlani‐Duault. Paris: Société d'Ethnologie, 2005. 200 pp.
Religion and Healing in America
Authors: PRUSSING ERICA
Published: July 2006

Religion and Healing in America. Linda L. Barnes and Susan S. Sered, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 535 pp.
The Spirit of Development: Protestant NGOs, Morality, and Economics in Zimbabwe
Authors: RUTHERFORD BLAIR
Published: July 2006

The Spirit of Development: Protestant NGOs, Morality, and Economics in Zimbabwe. Erica Bornstein. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. 213 pp.
Kinship and Behavior in Primates
Authors: KAPLAN JAY R.
Published: July 2006

Kinship and Behavior in Primates. Bernard Chapais and Carol M. Berman, eds. Oxford University Press, 2004. 507 pp.
Kinship, Contract, Community, and State: Anthropological Perspectives on China
Authors: DAILEY MARK
Published: July 2006

Kinship, Contract, Community, and State: Anthropological Perspectives on China. Myron L. Cohen. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. 359 pp.
Thinking with Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism
Authors: ALLEN JOHN S.
Published: July 2006

Thinking with Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism. Lorraine Daston and Gregg Mitman, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. 230 pp.
The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation
Authors: HEALY PAUL F.
Published: July 2006

The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation. Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, eds. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2004. 676 pp.
The Olmecs: America's First Civilization
Authors: CHARLTON THOMAS H.
Published: July 2006

The Olmecs: America's First Civilization. Richard A. Diehl. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2004. 208 pp.
Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations across Time and Space
Authors: HICKS RONALD
Published: July 2006

Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations across Time and Space. John W. Fountain and Rolf M. Sinclair, eds. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2005. 579 pp.
The Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon, A.D. 1000–2000
Authors: VICKERS WILLIAM T.
Published: July 2006

The Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon, A.D. 1000–2000. Michael J. Heckenberger. New York: Routledge, 2005. 404 pp.
Mayan Voices for Human Rights: Displaced Catholics in Highland Chiapas
Authors: FRENCH BRIGITTINE
Published: July 2006

Mayan Voices for Human Rights: Displaced Catholics in Highland Chiapas. Christine Kovic. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. 238 pp.
Jesus in Our Wombs: Embodying Modernity in a Mexican Convent
Authors: NORGET KRISTIN
Published: July 2006

Jesus in Our Wombs: Embodying Modernity in a Mexican Convent. Rebecca J. Lester. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 344 pp.
Inside the Neolithic Mind: Consciousness, Cosmos, and the Realm of the Gods
Authors: JOHNSTON SUSAN A.
Published: July 2006

Inside the Neolithic Mind: Consciousness, Cosmos, and the Realm of the Gods. David Lewis‐Williams and David Pearce. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2005. 320 pp.
Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America
Authors: MIHELICH JOHN
Published: July 2006

Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America. Setha Lowe. New York: Routledge, 2003. 275 pp.
Breast Feeding and Sexuality: Behaviour, Beliefs and Taboos among the Gogo Mothers in Tanzania
Authors: CALDWELL‐RYAN JOSEPHINE
Published: July 2006

Breast Feeding and Sexuality: Behaviour, Beliefs and Taboos among the Gogo Mothers in Tanzania. Mara Mabilia. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005. 140 pp.
Untaming the Frontier in Anthropology, Archaeology, and History
Authors: WILSON THOMAS M.
Published: July 2006

Untaming the Frontier in Anthropology, Archaeology, and History. Bradley J. Parker and Lars Rodseth, eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2005. 294 pp.
Plagues, Priests, and Demons: Sacred Narratives and the Rise of Christianity in the Old World and the New
Authors: AUSTIN SUZANNE
Published: July 2006

Plagues, Priests, and Demons: Sacred Narratives and the Rise of Christianity in the Old World and the New. Daniel T. Reff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 290 pp.
Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina
Authors: ANDERSEN MARTIN EDWIN
Published: July 2006

Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina. Antonius C. G. M. Robben. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. 467 pp.
Same‐Sex Cultures and Sexualities: An Anthropological Reader
Authors: RIEDEL BRIAN
Published: July 2006

Same‐Sex Cultures and Sexualities: An Anthropological Reader. Jennifer Robertson, ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. 310 pp.
Petty Capitalists and Globalization: Flexibility, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development
Authors: MOLLONA MASSIMILIANO
Published: July 2006

Petty Capitalists and Globalization: Flexibility, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development. Alan Smart and Josephine Smart, eds. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2005. 317 pp.
Human Sacrifice, Militarism, and Rulership: Materialization of State Ideology at the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan
Authors: EVANS SUSAN TOBY
Published: July 2006

Human Sacrifice, Militarism, and Rulership: Materialization of State Ideology at the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan. Saburo Sugiyama. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 280 pp.