bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economía Campesina en la comunidad la Garnacha, Estelí, Nicaragua
Authors: Sánchez Balmaceda Miguel Ángel , Tapia Álvarez Rubén Elí , Peña Calderón Shiela Patricia
Published: February 2016

En el presente ensayo se enfoca en caracterizar los sistemas de producción presentes en San Nicolás, Estelí. Para cumplir con el objetivo general se ha planteado el siguiente objetivo específico es elaborar una tipología de fincas y sistemas de producción campesino presentes en la Garnacha. El argumento es que en la comunidad encuestada los productores siguen un patrón productivo agrícola con poca tendencia a la diversificación y mayor tendencia hacia la producción de granos básicos. La metodología empleada es de carácter exploratoria porque se busca información, sobre datos cualitativos y cuantitativos que permitan identificar los modelos de sistemas de producción campesinos. La información se recolecto por medio de encuestas realizadas a productores del municipio de San Nicolás, Estelí. Se encontró que los productores tienen problemas de rendimientos en sus cultivos, la tipología de finca y el uso potencial del suelo verifica una tendencia más diversificada pero para los productores de mayor tamaño según la tipología creada.REICE Vol.3(6) 2015: 194-215
Learner Autonomy as an element in Chinese Education Reform: A Case of English Language Subject
Authors: Lu Jinjin , Liu Yingliang
Published: February 2016

Enhancing students’ learning autonomy has been emphasized in the current round of English curriculum reforms by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in China. The initial aim of the new guidelines was developed to enhance students’ English proficiency to better fulfil their basic education (Nine-year compulsory education). However, up until now, very little is known about the quality of students’ basic education and their learner autonomy development. This paper uses the English language subject as a case to examine the relationship between the different locations of students’ attendance of their basic education and their learner autonomy development at university level. The result shows that secondary schools’ locations play a more important role in students’ learner autonomy development at university. A ‘Have A Go’ model is proposed to improve students’ transition between high schools and universities in the English language learning process.
The Effect of Blackboard Collaborate-Based Instruction on Pre-service Teachers' Achievement in the EFL Teaching Methods Course at Faculties of Education for Girls
Authors: Mohammad Hussein Hussein El-ghamry
Published: February 2016

This study investigated the effect of Blackboard-based instruction on pre-service teachers' achievement in the teaching methods course at The Faculty of Education for Girls, in Bisha, KSA. Forty seventh-level English Department students were randomly assigned into either the experimental group (N=20) or the control group (N=20). While studying their teaching methods course, the experimental group received instruction via Blackboard Collaborate, whereas the control group received traditional instruction. The two groups were pre-post tested using a teaching methods test prepared by the researcher. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested. Results obtained from Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and Mann-Whitney Test revealed that Blackboard-based instruction was effective in enhancing the achievement of the experimental group. In addition, compared to traditional instruction, Blackboard-based instruction was more effective in improving the participants' achievement as it provided them with multiple opportunities to explore alternative means to interact with teachers, peers, course material and activities.
Op zoek naar innovatie in het beleidsimplementatieonderzoek: de meerwaarde van ‘Qualitative Comparative Analysis’
Authors: Stinckens Maud
Published: February 2016

Op zoek naar innovatie in het beleidsimplementatieonderzoek: de meerwaarde van ‘Qualitative Comparative Analysis’

De voorbije vier decennia werden er heel wat studies naar de implementatie van beleid uitgevoerd, maar deze hebben vier belangrijke tekortkomingen: (1) onduidelijke omschrijving van de afhankelijke variabele, (2) te weinig inzicht in de ‘kritieke’ onafhankelijke variabelen en te weinig aandacht voor de wijze waarop deze in combinatie met elkaar het beleidsimplementatieproces beïnvloeden, (3) te laag aantal cases en (4) te weinig aandacht voor hypothesetoetsing. Dit artikel geeft aan hoe het gebruik van Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) (Ragin, 1987) een antwoord kan bieden op deze beperkingen. Deze analysemethode tracht de verschillende causale paden die het beleidsimplementatieproces beïnvloeden te identificeren en de condities of combinaties van condities die noodzakelijk of voldoende zijn in kaart te brengen. Hiervoor wordt gebruikgemaakt van Booleaanse algebra. Door deze en andere specifieke eigenschappen kan QCA leiden tot vernieuwende inzichten in beleidsimplementatieonderzoek.
Semantiske neologismer
Authors: Martinsen Bodil
Published: February 2016

Neologisms can, roughly speaking, be divided into formal and semantic neologisms. Focusing notably on the latter, the present paper adresses the question of how they are formed and suggests, based on Greimas' theory on the structuring of the meaning of the linguistic sign, that semantic neologisms are formed via a metaphoring process. This view challenges the traditional subdivision of semantic neologisms into metaphors, metonomy, generalization and specialization and topples the myth that the use of metaphors is exclusively a literary phenomen. Thus, metaphos are commonly used, e.g. in journalism.
(Tomme) NPer i moderne generativ syntaktisk teori (2. del)
Authors: Jacobsen Bent
Published: February 2016

The present paper takes its point of departure in the concept of empty NP-categories, as this is embodied in a more comprehensive theory of NPs. The theoretical framework adopted is mainly that expouned in Chomsky: Lextures on Government and Binding (1981) and subsequent works (though no attempt has been made to incorporate the revised model presented in Chomsky: Barriers (1986)). The paper gives a brief introduction to the main modules of a modern generative grammar (X-bar syntax;0-theory; government (including proper government and the Extended Empty Category Principle); the theory of abstract Case; the theory of Binding; and the theory of Bouding). The paper falls into two parts. In the first part the basic modules and principles are introduced. In the second part, to be published in the next issue of Hermes, it will be shown how these modules interact in the derivation of sentences. Particular attention will be paid to NP-Movement and Wh-Movement. A separate section will deal with the status of PRO. The full bibliography appears after both parts.
Ekspressiv grammatik
Authors: Arndt Hans
Published: February 2016

The aim of this paper is to consider how to present pedagogical grammar (PG) for advanced students. Taking its point of departure in the lack of structural flexibility often instantiated in student writing, the paper discusses the requirements for an advanced PG, compared to those for theoretical grammar on the one hand and for a beginner's PG on the other. It goes on to outline how an advanced PG can be formulated so as to support and enhance more expressive writing.
Synspunkt
Authors: Haarder Bertel
Published: February 2016

Intet abstract
Too Big or Not Too Big: Establishing the Minimum Size for a Legal Ad Hoc Corpus
Authors: Seghiri Miriam
Published: February 2016

A corpus can be described as “[a] collection of texts assumed to be representative of a given language, dialect, or other subset of a language, to be used for linguistic analysis” (Francis 1982). However, the concept of representativeness is still surprisingly imprecise considering its acceptance as a central characteristic that distinguishes a corpus from any other kind of collection (Seghiri 2008). In fact, there is no general agreement as to what the size of a corpus should ideally be. In practice, however, “the size of a corpus tends to refl ect the ease or diffi culty of acquiring the material” (Giouli/Piperidis 2002). For this reason, in this paper we will attempt to deal with this key question: we will focus on the complex notion of representativeness and ideal size for ad hoc corpora, from both a theoretical and an applied perspective and we will describe a computer application named ReCor that will be used to verify whether a sample of legal contracts compiled might be considered representative from the quantitative point of view.
Peer-feedback as a Translation Training Tool in Web-based Communication
Authors: Flanagan Marian , Heine Carmen
Published: February 2016

Teaching web-based communication involves website analysis, website design and webcopy writing, often in multiple languages for different target audiences. Localization and foreign language webcopy writing require training in the area of translation, in addition to other skills related to web communication. Such training might be didactically supported with peer-feedback assignments. Surprisingly few studies in the area of localization/translation and web-based communication report about classroom practice of this kind. Drawing on theory from Educational Psychology, Writing Research in L2 and Translation Studies, this paper explores common notions in peer-feedback research. It discusses peer-feedback and its implementation as a translation training tool in the context of web-based communication with a focus on localization as a form of text production. Student feedback and the revisions performed on its basis are investigated. The data reported here derive from an undergraduate web-based communication course, where students produced a translation and an academic translation review. The paper discusses possible future peer-feedback practices, including suggestions for feedback scaffolding tailored to the needs of future language professionals in the area of

web-based communication.
Fagspråk som forskningsdisiplin (1. del)
Authors: Andersen Øivin
Published: February 2016

This article deals with the object of study for LSP. After stressing the general importance of studying LSP (Language for Specific Purposes) (section 2), attention is focused on basic methods, models and definition types used in attempts at drawing a line of demarcation between LSP and LGP (Language for General Purposes) (section 3). Four alternative approaches to the relationship between LSP and terminology are discussed in section 4. In section 5 the object of study is discussed in more detail. The concept subject field is seen as being related to the concepts tacit knowledge and communicative competence. The article concludes that the most fruitful study of LSP is the themes or subject matter of texts.
Terminologi
Authors: Hauschildt Bent
Published: February 2016

Following a short introduction of the General Theory of Terminology, the underlying language theory is criticized by example. This theory-immanent criticism concentrates on the metaphysical langauge view illustrated by the abstractions as a mental process and the relation between the concept and the term as label. the self-contradictions and paradox shown have peculiar consequences for the understanding of the definition. Finally, an alternative is developed on the basis of Constructivism.
Adäquatheit und Äquivalenz
Authors: Reiss Katharina
Published: February 2016

The science of translation theory, like any other science, is in need of specific terminology which is commonly accepted as regards definition and content description. Translation theory very often makes use of two concepts, in particular: "Adäquatheit" and "Äquivalenz", though without defining these terms in an unambiguous way. This paper attempts to delimit one concept in relation to the other and to provide definitions accordingly.
Om simultantolkning
Authors: Aarup Hanne
Published: February 2016

The present article deals with simultaneous interpretation from a communicative point of view, placing the act of interpretation within a study of the communicative situation as a whole. It looks into what it takes to perform simultaneous interpretation, in practice, as specified by professional interpreters in a research study and, in theory, through the introduction of linguistic parameters. Models for the process of simultaneous interpretation are set up and discussed, and certain elements of the theory of interpretation are discussed in some detail, such as units, chunks, memory, delay and transformation. Finally, major schools within the theory of interpretation are discussed. Major theses of the Paris school are compared with other theories about interpretation and didactics.
Strategies in Negotiation
Authors: Trosborg Anna
Published: February 2016

This paper outlines major strategies in negotiation and points to some difficulties non-native speakers are likely to experience when taking part in commercial, international negotiations. It stresses the need for an approach which integrates social and psychological knowledge of the process and strategies of negotiation interactions with cross-cultural and cross-linguistic aspects, from which guidelines for the practical training of negotiators can be derived.
On Deceptive Data of Language Interpretation
Authors: Van de Velde Roger G.
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. New Edition. Longman 1987
Authors: Andersen Birger
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
A reader for Nordic phoneticians. Kirsten Gregersen & Hans Basbøll (eds.): Nordic Prosody IV. Papers from a symposium. Odense University Studies in Linguistics Vol. 7. Odense: Odense University Press. 1986. 192 p.
Authors: Fant Lars
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Peter Blume: Fra tale til data. Studier i det juridiske informationssystem. (De la parole à l'informatique. Une étude du système de diffusion des informations juridiques). København: Akademisk Forlag, 1989. 464 p.
Authors: Baron Irène
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Forskningspolitik på handelshøjskoler og universiteter
Authors: Andersen Birger
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Problemer ved at oversætte Bibelen til dansk på ny
Authors: Jeppesen Knud
Published: February 2016

In November 1989 the last issues of a trial translation to a forthcoming authorized Danish Bible version were released. The author, one of the editors of the translation, describes some of the problems connected to translating a text which already has a history in Danish language and literature and at the same time is dear to many people. A short introduction to the history of Bible translation in Denmark is given. The transmission of the text and the relation to the classic versions are touched upon, and finally some examples of changes from older translations to the new are discussed.
Dansk-fransk teknisk ordbog. Fonden for Fagsproglig Leksikografi, Handelshøjskolen i København, og Aschehoug Dansk Forlag A/S 1989
Authors: Møller Bernt
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
DATALINGVISTIK som erhvervssproglig forskningsgren (en anmeldelse af LAMBDA 13)
Authors: Nølke Henning
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Textpatterns in a computer assisted translator's workstation
Authors: Gommlich Klaus , Förster Krischan
Published: February 2016

A software package for a computer-assisted translator's workstation should contain a special module which consists of a database of preferred textual structures in the source and target languages, (TEXTPAT I), as well as a processor of typical translation cases (TEXTPAT II). TEXTPAT I includes micro- and macrostructures at four levels (text type, text type variants, chunks, syntactic and lexical structures). TEXTPAT II consists of lists of items for which translation rules have to be applied. Both textpats contribute to the idea of a translator's expert system.
Connectionists Approaches to Language Processing and Acquisition
Authors: Plunkett Kim
Published: February 2016

The degree to which the behaviour of parallel distributed processing (PDP) models approximates children's acquisition of inflectional morphology has recently been highlighted in discussion of the applicability of PDP to the study of human cognition and language. In this paper, an attempt is made to examine many of the limitations of the Rumelhart and McClelland model and adopt an empirical, comparative approach to the analysis of learning....
An analysis of legal speech acts in English Contract Law. 'It is hereby performed'
Authors: Trosborg Anna
Published: February 2016

This paper is concerned with the language used in legal speech acts in legislative texts in the field of English Contract Law as the object of study. It points to a division of legal English in subdomains with 'the language of the law' as a particular sublanguage. Interest centers on regulative and constitutive functions, and an analysis of realization patterns of directive acts is reported. The findings show that the language of the law characteristically selects patterns of directives which differ in level of directness from the patterns typically selected in everyday conversational English. This difference can be explained with reference to 'felicity conditions'.
Äquivalentlose Lemmata und kulturgebundene Wörter in zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern
Authors: Rosenbohm Hans-Otto
Published: February 2016

"Amtsborgmesteren spiser frokost på døgneren" - mit Hilfe dieses aus dänisch-landeskundlicher Sicht zwar möglichen, wenn auch unwahrscheinlichen Tatbestandes soll versucht werden, einige Probleme der Präsentation solcher Wörterbucheinträge zu beleuchten, die sich der 1:1-Gleichung "Lemma A(usgangssprache) = Lemma Z(ielsprache)" zur verzweiflung der Lexikographen und zum Schaden der Wörterbuchbenutzer hartnäckig entziehen.
Erstellung eines dänischen und eines deutschen Textkorpus - Fachsprache Gentechnik
Authors: Lauridsen Ole , Riiber Theis , Søndergaard Henning
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Duden. Deutsches Universalwörterbuch. 2., völlig neu bearbeitete und stark erweiterte Auflage. Mannheim/Wien/Zürich: Dudenverlag 1989. [= Munksgaards Tysk-Tysk Ordbog. København: Munksgaard]
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning , Mugdan Joachim
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Wotjak, Gerd/Alexandre Veiga (eds): La descripción del verbo español. 1990. 285 pp. Verba, anuario galego de filoloxía, anexo 32. ISBN 84-7191-609-6. Servicio de Publicacións, Universidade de Santiago, 15771 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Authors: Jensen Kjær
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
ENTREVIS - a Spanish machine-readable text corpus
Authors: Jensen Kjær
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Base b11: FAGSPROGSBIBLIOGRAFIEN
Authors: Kromann Hans-Peder
Published: February 2016

Sprogbiblioteket, HERMES on-line katalog, Handelshøjskolen i København
Kritiske bemærkninger til artikel af Henning Bergenholtz, Helle Dam og Torben Henriksen i Hermes 5 - 1990, side 127-136
Authors: Lenstrup Rita
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Jens Axelsen: Dansk-engelsk Ordbog. Undervisning (Gyldendals røde ordbøger), Gyldendal, Copenhagen 1990, 703 pp.
Authors: Jakobsen Arnt Lykke
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Hermann Vinterberg og C. A. Bodelsen: Dansk-engelsk Ordbog 3. udgave. Redaktion: Viggo Hjørnager Pedersen. Gyldendal, 1990
Authors: Lauridsen Karen M.
Published: February 2016

Vinterberg and Bodelsen's Danish-English dictionary has now been published in its third, revised edition. As a natural consequence of the development in society as a whole, Danish and English usage has changed considerably since the second edition was published in the mid-1960s, thousands of new words have been added to both languages, and a range of words and expressions have undergone a change in meaning. The present review focusses on seeing whether these changes are reflected in the selection of entries and the translation equivalents offerede in the dictionary and concludes that, even though there are about 100,000 changes (of which approximately 50,000 are additions) in the new edition, a wide range of entries are not sufficiently updated. Given the development in computer software and lexicography within the last two decades, it must be concluded that the dictionary is not on the forefront of the development.
Remarks on Acceptability and Grammaticality
Authors: Jacobsen Bent
Published: February 2016

In the present paper a distinction is drawn between acceptability and grammaticality. These two concepts have often been confounded in the literature. Thus linguists have been prone to say that 'the native speaker makes grammaticality judgments'. Nothing could be more mistaken. He makes acceptability judgments, and that is something entirely different. In this article, I shall make use of the sentence-schema which has been current since Chomsky (1986a) - a logical extension of X-bar syntax. Readers who are not familiar with the basic modules of modern TG-theory are referred to my articles in Hermes, 1 and Hermes, 2 (see references). In these two articles I adhered to the S-bar/S-schema of sentence structure. This is now obsolete. I shall adopt a relatively conservative view of bounding nodes (subjacency); i.e. I make no attempt to introduce the sophisticated theory of barrierhood developed in Chomsky (1986a). This is immaterial to the argument conducted in this paper.
Andrzej Katny (Hrsg.): Studien zur kontrastiven Linguistik und literarischen Übersetzung. Frankfurt am Main/Bern/New York/Paris: Verlag Peter Lang 1989, 259 Seiten
Authors: Mikkelsen Hans Kristian
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Cahiers de Lexicologie. Revue internationale de lexicologie et de lexicographie. Vol. 56-57, 1990, 1-2: Actes du Colloque franco-danois de Lexicographie, Copenhague, 19 et 20 septembre 1988. 314 pp.
Authors: Mikkelsen Hans Kristian
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
The Performance of Legal Discourse
Authors: Trosborg Anna
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
The Meaning and Use of the Modals CAN and MAY in English Contract Law Texts
Authors: Lauridsen Karen M.
Published: February 2016

This paper presents the results of an analysis of the English modals CAN and MAY in four text types covering the domain of Contract Law. These results show a distinct difference between the two modals, which is interesting because the meaning and use of CAN and MAY is generally taken to be more blurred than it is the case here. The meaning and use of the modals is analysed and compared on the basis of logico-semantic and pragmatic parameters briefly introduced in the paper. The analysis is part of a major contrastive analysis of the meaning and use of the Danish and English modals.
An Analysis of Regulative Speech Acts in English Contracts - Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
Authors: Blom Bjarne , Trosborg Anna
Published: February 2016

This paper deals with the language used to express legal speech acts in simple contracts within the field of English Contract Law. The central objects of study are regulative functions, i.e. directive and commissive speech acts with a particular view to establishing realisation patterns of these rhetorical functions. The hypothesis that the speech acts subjecte to analysis are homogeneously distributed linguistic realisations typical for simple contracts is tested by means of partly manual analysis, partly machine-based quantification of the data of investigation. The findings show that statistically significant items are distributed homogenously in the corpus examined, and that the choice of individual strategies can be interpreted in terms of the face redress required by the socio-pragmatic situation.
L'impératif en français et en anglais contemporains
Authors: Danon-Boileau Laurent , Morel Mary-Annick , Perrin Isabelle
Published: February 2016

As a deontic mode of enunciation, the imperative excludes any operation which implies a certain degree of agreement between speaker and addressee - presupposition, referential construction, etc. In order to make up for this fundamental disjunction, the speaker resorts to a range of compensatory devices such as the use of person desinences, the ethical dative, the position of clitic pronouns or the function of the first person plural. Yet an imperative utterance is also related to the declarative context in which it occurs, and this sometimes causes co-locution to give way to co-enunciation - witness the problem of negative imperatives, or markers of discourse consistency such as voyons in French. This twofold theoretical approach is here presented as applying to the French language, and then put to the test of the English language.
Théorie des catastrophes et dynamisme sémantique
Authors: Lund Steffen Nordahl
Published: February 2016

The article focuses on the potential import of catastrophe theory in the study of word semantics. Thus the lexical content of the French adjective terrible is analyzed within the dynamic geometrical frame-work of the catastrophe theoretic schemata in order to apprehend, on the one hand, the continuum of similar meanings between the two senses (dreadful/formidable) of the word and, on the other hand, the discontinuous reversal between the two opposite values.
Steen Hjelmblink: Retsplejeordbog. København: Munksgaard 1991
Authors: Barlach Richard , Bergenholtz Henning , Gubba Wilhelm
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Die Lemmatisierung von Goethes "Wahlverwandtschaften"
Authors: Schwanke Martina
Published: February 2016

In German studies computer-oriented methods are taking on an increasing significance and consequently should be considered in detail together with all the problems connected with them. This article deals with the automatic lemmatization of Goethe's novel "The Elective Affinities". Following the results of the computer-system LEMMA2, central problems of lemmatization as far as manual correction is concerned will also be discussed.
Fag, faglighed og fagordbøger
Authors: Balsgart Karin
Published: February 2016

This paper argues that one of the reasons that existing bilingual (Danish -> English) LSP dictionaries are unsatisfactory is that insufficient emphasis is attached to the question of defining and delimiting the subject-matter covered, in respect of both the overall selection of entries and the choice and application of field labels. More detailed grammatical considerations are of no real importance in remedying this situation because there is no such thing as a special LSP grammar. An interdisciplinary approach, on the other hand, would seem to offer good prospects, always providing that the linguistic insight is not confined to lexicographic theory and principles but extends to intimate knowledge of both languages. A relatively narrow definition of potential users and uses would also seem beneficial. A number of so-called "business", "technical" and "specialised" dictionaries are reviewed in substantiation of this argument.
Blinkenberg et Høybye: Dictionnaire Danois-Français, 4e édition. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, 1991
Authors: Andersen Bjarne Kjeldberg
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Arnt Lykke Jakobsen (ed.): Oversættelse af fagsproglige tekster, ARK 65. Handelshøjskolen i København, 1992
Authors: Grinsted Annelise
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Henrik Bergstrøm-Nielsen, Henrik Lange & Henry Verner Larsen; redaktionelle medarbejdere: Anton Andersen, Peter Jürgensen & Hans-Otto Rosenbohm: Dansk-tysk ordbog. København: Munksgaard, 1992
Authors: Lauridsen Ole
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. An introduction to the thematic section
Authors: Pilegaard Morten , Trosborg Anna
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
The Language of Negotiation in Management Training
Authors: Neumann Ingrid
Published: February 2016

In this paper teaching Negotiation in a foreign language is seen as teaching 'the language of Negotiation' rather than teaching Negotiation techniques. One teaching project in a Norwegian firm is described. Method and content in the course are based on research using Negotiation data and on an 'on-line' needs analysis. Two teaching units are focused on: questions and 'meta-labels'.
Team Work in Business Negotiations
Authors: Öberg Britt-Marie
Published: February 2016

This is a case study of an authentic Swedish business negotiation, stretched over a time of nearly one year and divided into three sessions. The study traces and describes the phases within the negotiation process and it shows that the phase structure of each session is related to the global structure of the entire negotiation. The second part of the study concerns cooperative talk within the negotiating teams, teamtalk, and cooperative talk across the teams, grouptalk. It describes the relationship between the phases in the negotiation process and the development of different types of cooperative talk. The third part of the study indicates the relationship between the interactional character of the negotiation and the different phases. It shows how a monological interaction pattern with several instances of teamtalk in the presentation phase, gradually changes into a dialogical interaction pattern with many instances of grouptalk in the closing phase.
Die Funktionen anaphorischer Proformen beim Simultandolmetschen aus dem Deutschen
Authors: Dubslaff Friedel
Published: February 2016

When working from German in the simultaneous mode, interpreters often start producing the target language utterance before they have heard the end of the source language utterance in question. The reason for this is that the short-term memory may become overloaded if the interpreter decides to wait for the whole utterance to be complete. As soon as he has captured the full meaning of the German utterance (or a meaning unit of it) he will take the incomplete output segment up again by means of anaphoric pro-forms (such as resumptive pronouns), correct it, if necessary, and/or complete it in accordance with the requirements of his target language production. This paper shows that, as they may be used for various functions in the process, anaphoric pro-forms are a flexible processing device.
Ernst Bork: Tysk-Dansk ordbog. 13. udgave, 1. oplag ved Christian Liebing (Gyldendals røde ordbøger). København: Gyldendal, 1992
Authors: Lauridsen Ole
Published: February 2016

No abstract.
Fabrication of III–V compound nanowires via hot embossing nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Tang An-Chieh , He Shi-Yuan , Lee Ming-Kwei
Published: February 2016

In this study, the nanoimprint lithography (NIL) technique used to fabricate III–V compound nanowires was investigated. A silicon mold and thermoplastic polymer mr-I 7010R were used for hot embossing nanoimprint lithography. The mold was patterned by e-beam lithography with two masks exposed with different dosages to reduce the proximity effect. The filling capability and residual layer thickness of the thermoplastic polymer were optimized at the embossing temperature of 125 °C. A 73 nm GaAs nanowire was obtained by the mold coated with an antisticking layer.
Heat shock protein 90 is involved in the regulation of HMGA2-driven growth and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Kao Chun-Yu , Yang Pei-Ming , Wu Ming-Heng , Huang Chi-Chen , Lee Yi-Chao , Lee Kuen-Haur
Published: February 2016

High Mobility Group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is a nonhistone chromatin-binding protein which acts as a transcriptional regulating factor involved in gene transcription. In particular, overexpression of HMGA2 has been demonstrated to associate with neoplastic transformation and tumor progression in Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Thus, HMGA2 is a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) is a chaperone protein required for the stability and function for a number of proteins that promote the growth, mobility, and survival of cancer cells. Moreover, it has shown strong positive connections were observed between Hsp90 inhibitors and CRC, which indicated their potential for use in CRC treatment by using combination of data mining and experimental designs. However, little is known about the effect of Hsp90 inhibition on HMGA2 protein expression in CRC. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Hsp90 may regulate HMGA2 expression and investigated the relationship between Hsp90 and HMGA2 signaling. The use of the second-generation Hsp90 inhibitor, NVP-AUY922, considerably knocked down HMGA2 expression, and the effects of Hsp90 and HMGA2 knockdown were similar. In addition, Hsp90 knockdown abrogates colocalization of Hsp90 and HMGA2 in CRC cells. Moreover, the suppression of HMGA2 protein expression in response to NVP-AUY922 treatment resulted in ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-dependant degradation of HMGA2. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated silencing of HMGA2 reduced the survival of CRC cells and increased the sensitivity of these cells to chemotherapy. Finally, we found that the NVP-AUY922-dependent mitigation of HMGA2 signaling occurred also through indirect reactivation of the tumor suppressor microRNA (miRNA), let-7a, or the inhibition of ERK-regulated HMGA2 involved in regulating the growth of CRC cells. Collectively, our studies identify the crucial role for the Hsp90-HMGA2 interaction in maintaining CRC cell survival and migration. These findings have significant implications for inhibition HMGA2-dependent tumorigenesis by clinically available Hsp90 inhibitors.
Polycyanoacrylates
Authors: Burns Barry
Published: February 2016

Alkyl 2‐cyanoacrylate monomers are commonly used as instant adhesives or “superglue,” mainly because of their unique ability to undergo rapid polymerization under ambient conditions on a wide range of surfaces. This article overviews the chemistry and physical properties of these materials, the most common methods of preparation, their mode(s) of polymerization, and typical performance properties. The main performance limitations of alkyl 2‐cyanoacrylate adhesives, such as poor hot strength and resistance to extreme environments (high heat and humidity) are explained in terms of the susceptibility of the polymer to degradation, and how the chemical structure of the polymer directly affects this degradation process. An overview is given of how the performance properties of cyanoacrylate adhesives are modified through the inclusion of various thickeners for viscosity modification, accelerators for cure acceleration, and recent advances in two component cyanoacrylate adhesives. The uses of polycyanoacrylates in medical adhesive applications and for the preparation of nanoparticles for drug delivery are briefly reviewed.
A Network Inversion Filter combining GNSS and InSAR for tectonic slip modeling
Authors: Bekaert D. P. S. , Segall P. , Wright T. J. , Hooper A. J.
Published: February 2016

Studies of the earthquake cycle benefit from long‐term time‐dependent slip modeling, as it can be a powerful means to improve our understanding on the interaction of earthquake cycle processes such as interseismic, coseismic, post seismic, and aseismic slip. Observations from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) allow us to model slip at depth with a higher spatial resolution than when using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) alone. While the temporal resolution of InSAR has typically been limited, the recent fleet of SAR satellites including Sentinel‐1, COSMO‐SkyMED, and RADARSAT‐2 permits the use of InSAR for time‐dependent slip modeling at intervals of a few days when combined. With the vast amount of SAR data available, simultaneous data inversion of all epochs becomes challenging. Here we expanded the original network inversion filter to include InSAR observations of surface displacements in addition to GNSS. In the Network Inversion Filter (NIF) framework, geodetic observations are limited to those of a given epoch, with a stochastic model describing slip evolution over time. The combination of the Kalman forward filtering and backward smoothing allows all geodetic observations to constrain the complete observation period. Combining GNSS and InSAR allows modeling of time‐dependent slip at unprecedented spatial resolution. We validate the approach with a simulation of the 2006 Guerrero slow slip event. We highlight the importance of including InSAR covariance information and demonstrate that InSAR provides an additional constraint on the spatial extent of the slow slip.
Validation of 205 MHz wind profiler radar located at Cochin, India, using radiosonde wind measurements
Authors: Kottayil Ajil , Mohanakumar K. , Samson Titu , Rebello Rejoy , Manoj M. G. , Varadarajan Rakesh , Santosh K. R. , Mohanan P. , Vasudevan K.
Published: February 2016

A novel Mini Wind Profiling radar at 205 MHz has been set up at Cochin (10.04°N, 76.33°E), India, with the main objective of studying the dynamics of the Indian summer monsoon. This paper presents the first time validation of this Mini Wind Profiler using collocated radiosonde wind measurements. The wind profiles within 1–6 km altitude range have been validated. The radar wind profiles match very well with the radiosondes both in terms of magnitude and direction and ideally captures the day‐to‐day wind variations. The correlation between radar and radiosonde's zonal and meridional wind is 0.91 and 0.85, respectively. The standard deviation of the difference between radiosonde and radar for zonal wind is found to be 1.95 m s−1 and 1.56 m s−1 for meridional wind. These observations are seen to agree quite well with other established wind profiler radars operating elsewhere in the world. The results show that the 205 MHz Wind Profiler is capable of providing high‐quality wind data, and this could be pivotal for monsoon studies in years to come.
Addendum zu Blei und seine Verbindungen (außer Bleiarsenat, Bleichromat und Alkylbleiverbindungen) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2013]
Authors: Bolt H.M.
Published: February 2016

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheBiologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR), 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Reevaluierung

Evaluierung des BAR
Enzyminduktion durch die gleichzeitige Einwirkung von Fremdstoffen [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2013]
Authors: Weistenhöfer W.
Published: February 2016

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Toleranz‐Werte (BAT‐Werte), Expositionsäquivalente für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA), Biologische Leitwerte (BLW) und Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte (BAR)
, 20. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2013

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:
Understanding the Processing Window of Hypromellose Acetate Succinate for Hot‐Melt Extrusion, Part I: Polymer Characterization and Hot‐Melt Extrusion
Authors: Lu Jiannan , Obara Sakae , Ioannidis Nicolas , Suwardie John , Gogos Costas , Kikuchi Shingo
Published: February 2016

The aims of this study were to assess the processing window of hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) as a polymeric carrier for hot‐melt extrusion, and to investigate the effect of screw configuration and processing parameters on the physicochemical properties of HPMCAS extrudates. The processability was investigated using a Brabender® mixer and a Pharma 11 Twin Screw Extruder. HPMCAS extrudates were characterized with regard to glass transition temperature, true density, yellowness index, crystallinity, morphology, and free succinic acid/acetic acid/succinoyl group/acetyl group content. The specific energy input and mean residence time were also calculated and correlated to the physicochemical properties of final extrudates. Additionally, the effect of the die opening size of the twin screw extruder was investigated. The glass transition temperature of HPMCAS was found to be 137 and 133°C, using dynamic mechanical analyzer and oscillatory rheometer, respectively. HPMCAS demonstrated a shear thinning behavior at all temperatures tested (150, 160, and 170°C). The process conditions, screw configurations, as well as the diameter of die opening significantly affect the amount of free acetic acid and succinic acid. With a modified screw configuration and 1‐mm die, the amounts of free acetic acid and succinic acid from the material processed at 180°C were 0.114% and 0.337%, respectively. Moreover, when the die was removed, the amounts of free acetic acid and succinic acid were further reduced to 0.084% and 0.294%, respectively. In conclusion, we successfully extruded HPMCAS at a temperature as low as 130°C and up to 180°C without any significant thermal degradation.
Advanced control strategies for the multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification process
Authors: Papathanasiou Maria M. , Avraamidou Styliani , Oberdieck Richard , Mantalaris Athanasios , Steinebach Fabian , Morbidelli Massimo , Mueller‐Spaeth Thomas , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N.
Published: February 2016

The multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification process (MCSGP) is a semicontinuous, chromatographic separation process used in the production of monoclonal antibodies) . The process is characterized by high model complexity and periodicity that challenge the development of control strategies, necessary for feasible and efficient operation and essential toward continuous production. A novel approach for the development of control policies for the MCSGP process, which enables efficient continuous process control is presented. Based on a high fidelity model, the recently presented PAROC framework and software platform that allows seamless design and in‐silico validation of advanced controllers for complex systems are followed. The controller presented in this work is successfully tested against disturbances and is shown to efficiently capture the process periodic nature. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2341–2357, 2016
Was acupuncture developed by Han Dynasty Chinese anatomists?
Authors: Shaw Vivien , Mclennan Amy K.
Published: February 2016

Anatomical dissection has begun to reveal striking similarities between gross anatomical structures and the system of nomenclature used in traditional Chinese acupuncture. This paper argues that acupuncture point nomenclature is rooted in systematic anatomical investigation of cadaveric specimens, and that acupuncture points and meridians are purposefully named to reflect observable physical form. Two types of evidence are compared: observations of physical structures based on anatomical dissection, and translation and analysis of original Chinese texts. Evidence is contextualized through in‐depth practical understanding of acupuncture. Points designated as 天 tian (heavenly/superior), 下 xia (below/inferior), 髎 liao (bone‐hole), 飛 fei (flying), 委 wei (bend), and 谿 xi (mountain stream/ravine) are investigated. These acupuncture point names: (a) specify position; (b) reflect function and/or form; (c) indicate homologous structures; (d) mark unusual structures; and/or (e) describe the physical appearance of a deep (dissected) structure by likening it to a homologous everyday object. Results raise intriguing possibilities for developing an understanding of acupuncture points and meridians firmly based in the material and functional anatomy of the human body. Such an understanding has the potential to open new fields of thought about functional anatomy. It also has implications for future investigations into the mechanisms of acupuncture, and gives some insights into the possible origins of this iconic area of Chinese medicine. Anat Rec, 299:643–659, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust Stability Analysis for Systems with Time‐Varying Delays: A Delay Function Approach
Authors: Ma Ming‐Yu , Dong Chao‐Yang , Wang Qing , Ni Maolin
Published: February 2016

This paper is concerned with the robust stability of time‐varying delay systems with structured uncertainties. Stability conditions are provided through a Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional (LKF) method. The proposed method introduces a linear function of the time‐varying delay to construct the LKF. With this function, two‐dimensional partition is conducted on the integral domain in the derivative of LKF. Quadratic convex combination then is employed to present stability criteria in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The method not only exploits the information of delay at different time instants, but also enables the handling of its derivative to reduce conservatism. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of our method.
A LOFAR view on the duty cycle of young radio sources
Authors: Brienza M. , Morganti R. , Shulevski A. , Godfrey L. , Vilchez N.
Published: February 2016

Compact Steep Spectrum, Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum, and High Frequency Peak (CSS, GPS, HFP) sources are considered to be young radio sources, but the details of their duty cycle are not well understood. In some cases they are thought to develop in FRI/FRII radio galaxies while in other cases their jets may remain confined within the host galaxy, and some may experience intermittent activity or die prematurely, never reaching the size of large classical double radio galaxies. Studying in a systematic way the presence and the properties of any extended emission surrounding these compact sources can provide firmer constraints on their evolutionary history and on the timescales of activity of the radio source. Remnant emission from previous outbursts is supposed to have very low surface brightness and to be brighter at low frequency. Taking advantage of the unprecedented sensitivity and resolution provided by the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) we have started a systematic search of new CSS, GPS, and HFP sources with extended emission, as well as a more detailed study of some well‐known of these sources. Here we present the key points of our search in the LOFAR fields and a more in‐depth analysis on the source B2 0258+35, a CSS source surrounded by a pair of large, diffuse radio lobes. In this way, we aim to provide a better census of restarted sources and a better knowledge of the variety of their duty cycle. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nature of radio feature formed by re‐started jet activity in 3C 84 and its relation with γ ‐ray emissions
Authors: Nagai H. , Chida H. , Kino M. , Orienti M. , D'Ammando F. , Giovannini G. , Hiura K.
Published: February 2016

Re‐started jet activity occurred in the bright nearby radio source 3C 84 in about 2005. The re‐started jet is forming a prominent component (namely C3) at the tip of jet. The component has showed an increase in radio flux density for more than 7 years while the radio spectrum remains optically thin. This suggests that the component is the head of a radio lobe including a hotspot where the particle acceleration occurs. Thus, 3C 84 is a unique laboratory to study the physical properties at the very early stage of radio source evolution. Another important aspect is that high energy and very high energy γ ‐ray emissions are detected from this source. The quest for the site of γ ‐ray emission is quite important to obtain a better understanding of γ ‐ray emission mechanisms in radio galaxies. In this paper, we review the observational results from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) monitoring of 3C 84 reported in series of our previous papers. We argue the nature of re‐started jet/radio lobe and its relation with high‐energy emission. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)