bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of group N streptococcus lipoteichoic acid
Authors: Wicken A J , Knox K W
Published: January 2020

Lipoteichoic acid was extracted from the group N organism Streptococcus lactis ATCC 9936 with hot aqueous phenol and purified by gel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography using Ricinus communis lectin as the specific absorbent. The teichoic acid moiety of the lipoteichoic acid was calculated to contain 16 to 17 glycerol phosphate units, approximately half of which were substituted with alpha-D-galactosyl residues; the glycolipid moiety contained O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 2-O-alpha-D-glucosyl-1 yields 1-glycerol. The finding of 2-O-alpha-D-galactosyl glycerol in the lipid fraction of hydrofluoric acid hydrolysates suggests that fatty acids also occur as substituents on the main chain of the lipoteichoic acid. The reactivity of the lipoteichoic acid with R. communis lectin was studied by the quantitative precipitin method and compared with the reactivity of Lactobacillus fermenti lipoteichoic acid, which has a lower degree of alpha-D-galactosyl substitution. Group N antiserum reacted strongly with the S. lactis lipoteichoic acid and cross-reacted with L. fermenti lipoteichoic acid. From inhibition studies it is concluded that the antibodies are specific for alpha-D-galactosyl substituents. In addition to lipoteichoic acid, a fraction was obtained by gel chromatography which contained galactose and reacted with group N antiserum but could be distinguished from the lipoteichoic acid by immunoelectrophoresis.
Transfer of Adoptive Immunity to Tuberculosis in Mice
Authors: Lefford Maurice J.
Published: January 2020

A system is described for studying adoptive immunity to tuberculosis in syngeneic mice. Donor mice were immunized with 10
4
BCG intravenously, and lymphoid cells were harvested 28 days later. Adoptive immunity was measured in recipient mice in terms of the inhibition of growth of BCG in the liver and spleen following intravenous injection. Adoptive immunity was expressed optimally when recipients were sublethally irradiated (500 R), challenged with 10
4
to 10
5
viable organisms, and given sensitized lymphoid cells intravenously. Adoptive immunity was not manifest until 14 days after challenge and was effective against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv as well as BCG. Immunity could be conferred by spleen, lymph node, peritoneal exudate, and resident peritoneal (washout) cells. The lymphoid cells conferring immunity were shown to be thymus-dependent lymphocytes by virtue of their nonadherence to glass wool and sensitivity to anti-θ serum plus complement. The sensitized cells were relatively susceptible to both in vitro and in vivo X-irradiation.
Immunological Sequelae of
Trichinella spiralis
Infection in Mice: Effect on the Antibody Responses to Sheep Erythrocytes and Japanese B Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Lubiniecki A. S. , Cypess R. H.
Published: January 2020

Immunosuppression of the antibody response to Japanese B encephalitis (JBE) virus and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was observed in mice infected with
Trichinella spiralis
. This suppression was paralleled by the presence of fewer antibody-forming cells to SRBC in the spleens of parasitized mice. Both primary and secondary complement-fixing antibody responses to JBE virus were suppressed, but the development of immunological memory was not affected. Parasitized mice demonstrated a normal blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and normal serum clearance rate of injected
125
I-labeled immunoglobulin G
2b
, although the size of the extravascular fluid compartment was significantly increased. The data presented here and in previous reports suggest that sequential antigenic competition is a possible explanation for the humoral immunosuppression to heterologous antigens caused by
T. spiralis
infection.
Adeno-Associated Virus in Adenovirus Type 3 Conjunctivitis
Authors: Schmidt O. W. , Cooney M. K. , Foy H. M.
Published: January 2020

Although human infection with adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) has been demonstrated, there is no evidence that disease results from such infections. The proportion of adenovirus infections which are dual infections with AAV is virtually unknown, since special methods are required to demonstrate infection with AAV. To search for AAV, we re-examined a collection of specimens from 40 persons involved in an epidemic of pharyngoconjunctival fever associated with a swimming pool. Virological and serological studies indicated that the etiological agent was adenovirus type 3. When the 91 original eye, throat, and fecal specimens were re-examined, using methods suitable for detection of adenovirus and AAV, 37 strains of adenovirus type 3 and 35 strains of AAV type 3 (AAV3) were isolated. Surprisingly, 19 AAV3 but only 11 adenovirus isolates were found in eye specimens, whereas adenovirus isolates were equally distributed in all types of specimens. Four AAV3 strains were isolated from adults. Significant (fourfold or greater) rises in AAV3 complement-fixing antibody titers were seen in six of 14 persons shedding AAV3, whereas nine of 10 persons shedding adenovirus type 3 showed significant rises in adenovirus complement-fixing antibody. These results raise the question whether AAV persists better in eyes than adenovirus or that a possible association with conjunctivitis might be present. In contrast to the results in the specimens from the swimming pool epidemic, only one of 36 adenovirus strains isolated in other Seattle-based studies yielded AAV. Complement fixation tests on serial sets of sera collected from 60 children not involved in the swimming pool episode revealed nine AAV2 and 12 AAV3 infections during a 4-year period.
Interferon production in mice by the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Kato N , Nakashima I , Ota M
Published: January 2020

The capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) type 1, Kasuya strain, induces interferon production in the blood of mice when injected intravenously. CPS-K resembles bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in the time pattern of interferon production, with peak levels 2h after injection. CPS-K on a weight basis exhibits a more potent interferon-inducing effect than lipopolysaccharide. The active substance responsible for the interferon-inducing activity of CPS-K is the neutral CPS-K antigen which is antigenically distinct from the O antigen and from acidic CPS-K (the type-specific capsular antigen). Neutral CPS-K from the Kasuya strain has been already found to exhibit a strong adjuvant effect on antibody responses to various antigens in mice. Preparations of neutral CPS-K from other strains of K. pneumoniae, of which adjuvant action is only very weak, exhibit interferon-inducing activity similar to the preparation from the Kasuya strain. Heterologous and homologous tolerance to re-induction of interferon is produced by a prior injection (one each) of LPS, neutral CPS-K, and acidic CPS-K. No simple correlation exists between the inducing and tolerogenic capabilities of these substances.
Chemical composition and immunological specificity of cell wall polysaccharide group antigens of streptococcal groups P and U
Authors: Wessman G E
Published: January 2020

The group antigens of streptococcal groups P and U were extracted with formamide and purified on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25 and Sephadex G-200. The antigens were shown to be polysaccharides located in the cell walls of the organisms. In a precipitin test, the P and U group antigens did not cross-react with homologous sera of each other, nor with specific antiserum of the group antigen of group E streptococci. The polysaccharide comprising the group P antigen contained rhamnose, glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and galactosamine; the group U antigen was similar in composition but lacked galactosamine and contained more galactose.
Depressed specific cell-mediated immunity to Herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with recurrent herpes labialis
Authors: Thong Y H , Vincent M M , Hensen S A , Fuccillo D A , Rola-Pleszczynski M , Bellanti J A
Published: January 2020

Cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was assessed by a lymphocytotoxicity 51-Cr-release microassay procedure, using the MA-160 human prostatic adenoma cell line chronically infected with HSV-1 and its parent cell line as control. The specific immune release mean plus or minus standard deviation for nine asymptomatic patients with recurrent HSV-1 infections was 13.7 plus or minus 8.1%, compared to 28.9 plus or minus 8.4% in seven normal seropositive controls (P is less than 0.01). In four additional patients studied serially, the cell-mediated immunity was significantly increased during the recrudescence of herpetic infection, with a mean specific immune release value of 51.7 plus or minus 27.8%, compared to 8.7 plus or minus 1.5% during the convalescent period 2 to 10 weeks later (P is less than 0.05). These findings suggest that patients with recurrent HSV-1 infections have vigorous cellular immune responses during the acute phase but a specific impairment of cell-mediated immunity during the quiescent period, which may in part account for their susceptibility to recurrent herpetic infections.
Cellular location of alpha-hemolysin in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Nugent K M , Calandra G B , Theodore T S
Published: January 2020

Protoplast fractionation techniques were used to prepare subcellular fractions of three strains of Staphylococcus aureus for the analysis of alpha-hemolysin activity. More than 90% of the cellular hemolytic activity was localized in the periplasm, only a trace was detected in the cytoplasm, and none was found in either plasma membranes or mesosomes. This cellular portion constituted approximately 4 to 10% of the total hemolytic activity of the culture. The erythrocyte lysis spectrum and Sephadex G-100 filtration studies indicated that the cellular hemolysin closely resembles the extracellular form.
Antibody response in the parotid fluid and serum of Irus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after local immunization with Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Emmings F G , Evans R T , Genco R J
Published: January 2020

The antibody response of Macaca fascicularis in parotid saliva and serum to local immunization by two routes with Streptococcus mutans was studied and compared over 1 year. Antibodies were titrated and classified by indirect immunofluorescent staining using specific antiglobulin conjugates. Antiglucosyltransferase activity was assayed by an enzyme inhibition test. Animals were immunized first by injecting formalin-killed bacterial cells and cell products subcutaneously into the vicinity of the four major salivary glands. The monkeys were next immunized by retrograde instillation of antigen into the parotid duct. Extensive subcutaneous local immunization gave a serum response only. After parotid duct immunization, high titers of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody, along with traces of immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody, appeared in the parotid saliva, and in the serum high titers of IgG antibody were present along with lower titers of IgA and IgM. IgA antibodies in parotid fluid were shown by double immunofluorescent staining to be associated with antigenic determinants which cross-reacted with an antiserum directed to human secretory component. Titers in parotid fluids and sera fell sharply when immunization was stopped. This response pattern was reproducible. High concentrations of antibody capable of inhibiting glucosyltransferase prepared from S. mutans were found in the sera, but relatively little was detected in the parotid fluids. Extensive immunization via the parotid duct resulted in transient functional impairment of the gland, as evidenced by diminished salivary flow rates. We conclude that parotid ductal immunization can be an effective method for stimulating a salivary secretory IgA antibacterial antibody response.
Immunological Response of Rodents to Murine Mycoplasmas
Authors: Cole B. C. , Golightly-Rowland L. , Ward J. R. , Wiley B. B.
Published: January 2020

Mycoplasma arthritidis, M. pulmonis, M. neurolyticum
, and
M. felis
strains administered on various immunization schedules induced complement-fixing and agglutinating antibodies in rats, mice, and guinea pigs. Metabolic inhibiting (MI) antibodies against
M. felis
were produced by guinea pigs, mice, and rats.
M. neurolyticum
did not induce MI antibody in mice but induced high titers in guinea pigs and rats.
M. pulmonis
failed to induce MI antibody titers in mice, induced low titers in rats, and induced high titers in guinea pigs.
M. arthritidis
induced no or very low titers in rats and low titers in mice, but induced high MI titers in guinea pigs. A positive correlation was demonstrated between ability of the mycoplasma to induce disease and lack of MI antibody formation by its natural host. It is suggested that the apparent inability of the various animals to produce MI antibodies against their natural mycoplasmal parasites may enable the mycoplasmas to become established in their hosts. The concept of biological mimicry is brought forward to explain these observations.
Plaque Reduction Technique for Demonstrating Neutralizing Antibodies for
Chlamydia
Authors: Banks J. , Eddie B. , Sung M. , Sugg N. , Schachter J. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2020

Some members of the genus
Chlamydia
(
Bedsonia
or psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis group of microorganisms) produce plaques in monolayers of mouse fibroblast (L-929) cells. Hyperimmune chicken antisera may be capable of specifically reducing plaque counts. When the test was applied to chlamydiae isolated from avian species, the results indicated that different isolates with a common source had similar antigenic reactivity. The plaque reduction test is a potentially useful method for serotyping chlamydiae. The difficult aspect of the method appears to be a readily reproducible means of producing neutralizing antiserum.
Biological Activities of Rabbit Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Bjornson Ann B. , Michael J. Gabriel
Published: January 2020

Immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies, prepared in the rabbit against the protective antigen of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
P4, were compared as to their biological activities in vitro and in vivo. In vitro biological activities of these antibodies were determined by passive hemagglutination, bactericidal, and opsonophagocytic tests. Increased effectiveness of IgM over IgG on a molar basis was demonstrated in all of these tests. However, in mouse protection tests, in which the purified globulins were injected intraperitoneally 4 hr prior to challenge with
P. aeruginosa
suspended in hog gastric mucin, IgM anticapsular antibody was found to be less effective than IgG antibody. The exact mechanism whereby IgG antibody exerts more protective ability than IgM antibody is still unknown. We present evidence to suggest that the difference in activity between the two classes of antibody is due to the ability of the IgG antibody to enter the bloodstream more rapidly than the IgM antibody and also to the ability of IgG to diffuse rapidly through the tissues of the organs.
Rapid Detection of Bacteremia in Mice by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Mitruka B. M. , Jonas A. M. , Alexander M.
Published: January 2020

Gas chromatography of the serum of mice inoculated 6 hr earlier with
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
K-12, and
Clostridium chauvoei
revealed the formation of products associated with the infections. Longer periods were required before compounds resulting from infecting the animals with
Salmonella typhimurium
and other
Clostridium
species were detected by gas chromatographic means. The technique is sensitive to the presence of metabolites elaborated in vivo as a result of the presence of 100 to 35,000 cells. Each bacterial species caused the formation of distinctive compounds in infected mice, and substances chromatographically identical to these products were generated by the microorganisms in vitro as well.
Induction and Immunity in Vibriocinogenic Bacteria
Authors: Jayawardene Asoka , Farkas-Himsley Hannah
Published: January 2020

Vibriocinogenic bacteria were found to differ in sensitivity to mitomycin C from the corresponding indicator strain, and immunity to vibriocin disappeared with post-inductional growth.
Comparison of Compact and Diffuse Variants of Strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Yoshida Kosaku , Takeuchi Yoshio
Published: January 2020

Several biological characteristics of six diffuse-type variants and six compact-type variants of
Staphylococcus aureus
were compared on the basis of morphology, phage type, certain cellular products, growth rate, and mouse virulence. All compact variants gave a positive test for clumping-factor reaction, coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, mannitol fermentation, hemolysis, and pigmentation. Four of the six compact variants were phage typable and lacked capsules. None of the diffuse variants was phage-typable or possessed the clumping-factor reaction. Only one diffuse variant had hemolytic activity, and all of the diffuse strains were encapsulated. No differences between the compact and diffuse strains were noted with respect to mannitol fermentation or deoxyribonuclease activity. Coagulase and acid phosphatase activities of the culture supernatant fluid were diminished in most of the diffuse strains. Less β-carotene content was found in cells of diffuse variants. Virulence in mice was found to correlate with the capsule size, as the mortality rate was greatest for diffuse variants having the largest capsules. Growth rates of variants were generally not significantly different.
Lysis of Grouped and Ungrouped Streptococci by Lysozyme
Authors: Coleman S. E. , van de Rijn Ivo , Bleiweis A. S.
Published: January 2020

Thirty strains of streptococci were tested for lysis with lysozyme, and 29 of these could be lysed by the following method: (i) suspension of the cells to a Klett reading of 200 units (no. 42 filter) in 0.01
m
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer,
p
H 8.2, after washing twice with the buffer; (ii) addition of lysozyme to a final concentration of 250 μg/ml with incubation for 60 min at 37 C; (iii) addition of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) to a final concentration of 0.2% and incubation up to an additional 15 min at 37 C. Significant lysis was obtained only after the addition of SLS. (Strains of groups A, E, and G were treated with trypsin at a concentration of 200 μg/ml for 2 hr at 37 C before exposure to lysozyme.) These parameters for optimal lysis of streptococci by lysozyme were established by testing the group D
Streptococcus faecalis
strain 31 which lyses readily with lysozyme and the group H strain Challis which is less susceptible to the action of the enzyme. Viability of
S. faecalis
decreased 96% after 3 min of exposure to 250 μg of lysozyme per ml, whereas the more resistant strain Challis retained 27% of the initial viability after the same period. After 60 min, there was almost total loss of viability in each case. Variations of three methods of lysing streptococci with lysozyme were compared with respect to the decrease in turbidity and the release of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) effected by each variation. The method presented in this paper allowed the greatest release of these cytoplasmic constituents from
S. faecalis
and strain Challis. Transformation experiments using DNA obtained from strain Challis (streptomycinresistant) by this method showed that the DNA released is biologically active.
Seroepidemiological and Ecological Studies of the Adenovirus-Associated Satellite Viruses
Authors: Parks Wade P. , Boucher D. Wark , Melnick Joseph L. , Taber Larry H. , Yow Martha D.
Published: January 2020

The seroepidemiology of the defective adenovirus-associated satellite viruses was studied by use of a neutralization test that has been shown to be much more sensitive than the complement-fixation (CF) test. Less than 25% of the subjects in any age group were positive for any type of satellite virus CF antibody. The neutralization test revealed serological evidence of satellite infection in almost 80% of the subjects in some age groups. Studies of geometric mean antibody titers by neutralization showed that antibody against type 1 and the type 2-3 complex reached peak levels at 2 to 3 years of age; antibody against types 2 and 3 reached mean titers of 500 to 800, whereas mean antibody levels of only 200 were found for type 1. Type 4 antibodies were rarely noted in human sera. In a companion study in monkeys, monospecific responses to types 1 and 4 were found only in rhesus and green monkey sera, respectively. These data suggest that the type 2-3 complex may be the only naturally occurring satellite serotype which infects man and that antibodies noted against types 1 and 4 may be the result of cross-reactions. No satellite viruses were isolated from throat or rectal swabs of 100 children between 6 months and 3 years of age. However, the patterns of adenovirus and enterovirus isolations from these specimens were typical of previous studies in this laboratory.
Immobilization of Antiviral Antibody at the Cell Surface: a Novel Means for Preventing Virus Infection
Authors: Magee Wayne E.
Published: January 2020

Methods for preparing bentonite-gamma globulin complexes and for determining their attachment to cells in tissue culture were investigated by use of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) labeled with
125
I. For virus-inhibition studies, bentonite-IgG complexes were prepared by use of human IgG with high specific neutralizing activity against coxsackievirus A21. Much of the antibody in the complex remained available for virus neutralization, and the bentonite-IgG was at least 500 to 1,000 times as active as IgG alone in a plaque-reduction test. The complex appeared to function as a “shield” held at the surface of the cell, preventing initiation of infection.
Immunity in Schistosoma mansoni using antigens of Fasciola hepatica isolated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography
Authors: Hillyer G V , Sagramoso de Ateca L
Published: January 2020

Antigens of Fasciola hepatica adult worms were chromatographed using concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. Two unbound peaks appeared in the inclusion volume (DT-1 and DT-2), and one peak was eluted with alpha-methylglucoside (E1-1). At least seven peaks were obtained by isoelectric focusing of E1-1. The largest of these peaks, with an average pI of 4.0, contained the antigens reactive with antibodies to Schistosoma mansoni. Mice immunized with DT-2 or E1-1 and challenged with S. mansoni cercariae developed 39 to 82% fewer worms than controls. DT-1 had no protective effect. Combining DT-1 and DT-2 abolished this protection. These experiments demonstrate that F. hepatica glycoprotein antigens induce in mice significant protection to infection with S. mansoni and offer an interesting approach to the study of vaccines in experimental schistosomiasis.
Difference in capacity of Sendai virus envelope components to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes in primary and secondary immune responses
Authors: Fukami Y , Hosaka Y , Yasuda Y , Bonilla J A
Published: January 2020

Studies were made on the abilities of Sendai virus envelope components to induce primary and secondary generations of virus-specific cytotoxic mouse T lymphocytes (CTL). The primary CTL response in BALB/c mice was induced by reassembled envelope particles that had fusion activity but not by envelope glycoproteins without fusion activity, although both preparations induced a humoral immune response. Reconstitution of membrane-bound envelope proteins from envelope glycoproteins with lipids restored the fusion activity and the capacity to induce CTL. Target cells susceptible to virus-specific CTL could be induced by reassembled envelope particles, but not by envelope glycoproteins or LLC-MK2 cell-grown Sendai virus, neither of which had fusion activity. On the other hand, all the viruses and envelope components tested were found to stimulate a virus-specific CTL response in the in vitro secondary generation of CTL from virus-primed spleen cells. These results suggest that Senaei virus fusion activity is involved in primary induction of the CTL response as well as in target cell formation, but that it is not essential for secondary stimulation of the CTL response.
Quantitative Immunoelectrophoretic Analysis of
Streptococcus pyogenes
Membrane
Authors: Kessler Robert E. , van de Rijn Ivo
Published: January 2020

The antigenic composition and molecular structure of the plasma membrane of
Streptococcus pyogenes
(group A; M type 6) were studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (XIE) and other related quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques. After establishment of a reference pattern of 29 immunoprecipitates, the relative differences in amounts of individual antigens contained in membranes isolated from cells that were harvested during the exponential or stationary phase of growth were examined. Relative increases and decreases in amounts of individual antigens were estimated from the areas subtended by immunoprecipitates after XIE of Triton X-100 extracts. The asymmetric distribution of antigens on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane was established in absorption experiments with intact, stable protoplasts. Of the 29 immunoprecipitates, 8 appeared to contain antigens exposed on the outer surface of the membrane, whereas 11 appeared to contain antigens either located on the inner surface or unexposed. Six antigens appeared to have limited exposure on the outer surface, and four others remain to be assigned. Certain immunoprecipitates were characterized with respect to enzymatic activity or interaction with the lectin concanavalin A. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3), adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3), and polynucleotide phosphorylase (EC 2.3.7.8) were demonstrated by zymogram techniques. The latter two activities were present within the same immunoprecipitate, suggesting the occurrence of a multienzyme complex. In addition, the areas under the immunoprecipitates containing the three enzymatic activities were not affected by absorption of antimembrane immunoglobulin with intact protoplasts and thus appeared to be located on the inner surface of the membrane. The results from absorption experiments also suggested that the exposure of outer protoplast surface antigens was greater on protoplasts from exponential-phase cells than on those from stationary-phase cells, even when found in increased amounts in the latter.
Phagocytosis-induced injury of normal and activated alveolar macrophages
Authors: McGee M P , Myrvik Q N
Published: January 2020

The present study tested the hypothesis that BCG-activated macrophages become injured when they phagocytose certain particulates. The data indicate that alveolar macrophages obtained from Mycobacterium bovis BCG-sensitized animals were more susceptible to cell death after in vitro incubation with BCG or zymosan than were macrophages from normal animals. Increased susceptibility was dependent on phagocytosis, since incubation with cytochalasin B, a phagocytosis inhibitor, abrogated the effect. Catalase, cytochrome c, and ascorbic acid offered partial protection to the macrophage, suggesting the involvement of free radicals in the generation of cytotoxicity. Not all of the cells from the alveolar populations were equally susceptible to cell death, thus suggesting either heterogeneity in the cell population or a requirement of more than one cell type in the induction of necrosis or both.
Models for Study of the Specificity by Which Indigenous Lactobacilli Adhere to Murine Gastric Epithelia
Authors: Kotarski Susan F. , Savage Dwayne C.
Published: January 2020

A
Lactobacillus
strain isolated from a mouse (indigenous) and another strain isolated from swine feces (nonindigenous) were compared in two model systems for their ability to adhere in vitro and in vivo to keratinizing squamous and columnar epithelia of mouse stomachs. In one model, stomachs dissected from specific-pathogen-free or germfree mice were injected with suspensions of lactobacilli labeled with [
3
H]thymidine and incubated at 37°C. Thereafter, the non-secreting and secreting tissues were separated and washed vigorously. The radioactivity remaining with each tissue was counted by liquid scintillation spectrometry. When the radioactivity remaining with these tissues ranged between 500 and 100,000 cpm, the calculated radioactivity (disintegrations per minute) was related linearly to the number of lactobacilli adhering to the tissue. The estimate of the number of bacteria adherent to the tissue was not influenced significantly by artifacts in the techniques used. In this model, both
Lactobacillus
strains adhered in equally high numbers to both types of epithelial surfaces from stomachs from germfree mice. In contrast, in the second model, in which germfree mice were monoassociated with one or the other of the
Lactobacillus
strains, only the strain indigenous to the mouse formed dense layers on the epithelia of the nonsecreting portions of the stomachs, although both strains maintained high population levels throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of the animals. The capacity to adhere to the mucosal surface is undoubtedly necessary for lactobacilli to colonize gastric epithelia in mice. Our findings suggest, however, that nutritional or environmental conditions dictate whether particular
Lactobacillus
strains can colonize particular surfaces in the stomachs of living animals.
Cytotaxin receptors of neutrophils: evidence that F-methionyl peptides and pepstatin share a common receptor
Authors: Nelson R D , Ackerman S K , Fiegel V D , Bauman M P , Douglas S D
Published: January 2020

Pepstatin, a chemotactic microbial pentapeptide, competes with f-Met-Leu-[3H]Phe for binding to human neutrophils. Furthermore, porcine neutrophils, which neither specifically bind nor respond chemotactically to the synthetic f-methionyl peptides, also fail to respond chemotactically to pepstatin. These results suggest that pepstatin shares a receptor on the neutrophil with f-methionyl peptides, despite their completely different amino acid compositions. The specificity of this cytotaxin receptor may therefore be broader than expected and depend on ligand characteristics distinct from primary structure.
Cell-mediated immunity against herpes simplex induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Lawman M J , Rouse B T , Courtney R J , Walker R D
Published: January 2020

The conditions required for the induction of both primary cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo and secondary CTL in vitro against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected cells were defined. Primary CTL responses occurred only in mice exposed to infectious HSV-1. These responses, which were shown to be mediated by T lymphocytes, peaked at 1 week and had disappeared by 2 weeks after infection. The level of primary cytotoxicity was enhanced by treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide before infection. Secondary in vitro CTL responses were more pronounced and were induced by some forms of inactivated virus as well as by infectious HSV-1. Thus, both ultraviolet light- and glutaraldehyde-inactivated preparations of HSV-1 induced CTL, but heat-inactivated and detergent-extracted antigens failed to do so. The reasons for the differing efficiency of infectious and noninfectious HSV-1 for induction of CTL are discussed.
Ribonuclease-sensitive ribosomal vaccine of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Gonggrijp R , Mullers W J , Lemmens P J , van Boven C P
Published: January 2020

In mice, active protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be induced with two fractions derived from a crude preparation of ribosomes from P. aeruginosa. The two fractions were obtained by gel filtration chromatography of the crude ribosomal preparation on Sepharose CL-2B. In fraction I, less than 1% of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) applied to the column was recovered. Fraction II contained RNA and protein in a ratio of 1.94. The presence of ribosomes in this fraction was confirmed by analysis on a sucrose density gradient. The protection by fraction I was not affected by treatment with ribonuclease; in contrast, incubation of fraction II with ribonuclease completely abolished active protection. Fraction I contained lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as was indicated by the presence of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid. No LPS was found in fraction II. The adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide enhanced the protection by fraction II; however, immunity by a low dose of fraction I was abolished by dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide. Protection by fractions I and II appeared to be restricted to the homologous serotype of P. aeruginosa. These results indicate that RNA is required for protection by fraction II. Active protection by fraction I is likely due to LPS.
Complement-dependent antiviral monospecific antibody-mediated lysis of murine cells coated with Sendai virus or its envelope component
Authors: Hosaka Y , Fukami Y , Yasuda Y , Bonilla J A
Published: January 2020

Complement-dependent antiviral antibody-mediated lysis of murine cells coated with Sendai virus or its envelope component (P815 mastocytoma cells and L929 cells) was studied with antiviral monospecific sera (anti-F and anti-HN sera). Three types of interactions different in terms of susceptibility of complement-dependent antibody-mediated lysis were distinguished: (i) fusion-positive Sendai viruses induced the susceptibility with both anti-F and anti-HN sera; (ii) fusion-negative envelope particles with F protein induced the susceptibility with only anti-F serum; (iii) noninfectious Sendai viruses with F0 protein induced no susceptibility. The lack of complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytolysis susceptibility in case (iii) was found to be due neither to detachment of cell-associated noninfectious virus in the presence of antiserum nor to antibody-mediated particular redistribution of cell surface virus antigens. Differences in virus or envelope component-cell association in these three cases were discussed.
Inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis by group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin
Authors: Schlievert P M , Bettin K M , Watson D W
Published: January 2020

Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs) A, B, and C and alpha-amanitin enhance host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. The capacity of SPE C and alpha-amanitin to prepare rabbits for the enhancement phenomenon required pretreatment of the animals 1 to 2 h before giving endotoxin. Endotoxin clearance from the circulation of rabbits pretreated with either SPE C or alpha-amanitin was reduced. Even at the time of death, significant amounts of endotoxin remained in the circulation. It is proposed that the SPE and alpha-amanitin inhibit ribonucleic acid synthesis in Kupffer cells with concomitant alteration in reticuloendothelial clearnace function, allowing endotoxin to persist in the circulation and produce host injury. All three SPE types and alpha-amanitin inhibited ribonucleic acid synthesis by 50% or greater in whole liver cells. Kupffer cells, liver cell nuclei, and liver nuclear extracts; inhibition was observed liver cells from both mice and rabbits. The inhibitory effect by SPEs was dose dependent and was observed after as little as 15 min of preincubation with liver cells. The content of ribonucleic acid in liver nuclei of mice pretreated with either SPE C or alpha-amanitan was reduced, whereas total deoxyribonucleic acid and protein content remained unaltered.
Plasmid associated with pathogenicity and calcium dependency of Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Gemski P , Lazere J R , Casey T
Published: January 2020

Studies of the virulence and plasmid properties of Yersinia enterocolitica revealed a plasmid, 42.2 +/- 1.1 megadaltons in size, which is associated with the pathogenicity and calcium dependency of this organism.
Adherence of oral streptococci to keratinized and nonkeratinized human oral epithelial cells
Authors: Sklavounou A , Germaine G R
Published: January 2020

The ability of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius to adhere to keratinized versus nonkeratinized human oral epithelial cells was compared. S. mitis and S. salivarius exhibited significantly greater adherence to keratinized cells than to nonkeratinized cells. S. mutans and S. sanguis adhered equally well to either epithelial cell type. It is concluded that keratinization of epithelial cells may be a significant factor in the adherence of certain oral streptococci to the oral mucosa.
Virulence of Streptococcus mutans: immunochemical characterization of a serotype g-defective mutant (C307)
Authors: Hirasawa M , Kiyono H , Shiota T , Michalek S M , McGhee J R
Published: January 2020

A mutant of Streptococcus mutans 6715 wild type designated C307 has been shown to possess a small amount of either Lancefield- or Rantz-Randall-extractable serotype antigen. Quantitative analysis employing combined immunoabsorption and radial immunodiffusion of anti-S. mutans serotype-specific serum demonstrated that C307 exhibited less than 1% of the amount of serotype g antigen normally expressed in S. mutans 6715 wild type.
Mechanism of Action of the Enteropathogenic Factor of
Clostridium perfringens
Type A
Authors: Niilo L.
Published: January 2020

Cell extract of an enteropathogenic strain of
Clostridium perfringens
type A was administered intravenously to lambs, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Lambs developed transitory diarrhea, lacrimation, salivation, nasal discharge, lassitude, and dyspnea in 1 to 5 hr after inoculation. Large doses of the inoculum caused rapid onset of the clinical signs and subsequent death. Examination of dead animals revealed intensely hyperemic small intestinal mucosa and some congestion in the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. Rabbits showed excessive salivation, frequent defecation, tranquility, and dyspnea, followed by death. Guinea pigs became weak and died in 15 min to 7 hr. Congestion was evident in lungs, liver, spleen, and in the small intestine. In lambs and guinea pigs tested, atropine and epinephrine alleviated the clinical signs. Intradermally injected cell extract caused an immediate increase in capillary permeability and subsequent erythematous reaction without necrosis in the skin of guinea pigs. It is hypothesized that in the enteric infection
C. perfringens
enteropathogenic factor acts on the small intestine causing increased capillary permeability, vasodilation, and increased intestinal motility.
Chemical Composition of Purified Cell Walls of Cariogenic Streptococci
Authors: Bleiweis Arnold S. , Craig Ronald A. , Zinner Doran D. , Jablon James M.
Published: January 2020

The qualitative and quantitative chemical compositions of the cell walls of five strains of oral streptococci (four human and one rat) are presented. Presumptive evidence for glycerol teichoic acid in
Streptococcus mutans
group II cell walls is given.
Respiratory Pathogens in Monkeys
Authors: Good Robert C. , May Bessie D.
Published: January 2020

Respiratory disease in a dynamic colony of nonhuman primates during a 4-year period was due primarily to infections caused by
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida
, and
Haemophilus influenzae.
The principal secondary invaders were
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus
, and streptococci. A high fatality rate was associated with infections caused by each of the primary pathogens, and females appeared to be more susceptible than males. Incidence of respiratory disease was greatest in the fall and early winter; however, at all times newly colonized monkeys had a higher infection rate than conditioned monkeys. Infections were occasionally confined only to the lungs and were sometimes present without grossly observable lung lesions. The information given on susceptibility of 10 species of nonhuman primates to respiratory infections provides a basis for developing disease models.
Sensitization of Complement-Resistant Smooth Gram-Negative Bacterial Strains
Authors: Reynolds B. L. , Pruul H.
Published: January 2020

Many gram-negative bacteria are susceptible to the bactericidal action of complement in the presence of specific antibody. As a general rule, rough strains are readily killed, whereas smooth strains are relatively resistant. The results of this study show that the serum sensitivity of smooth gram-negative organisms can be controlled by the environmental conditions imposed by the test system. Smooth organisms which are completely resistant to the bactericidal action of immune serum plus complement in the presence of divalent cations become quite sensitive in a test system containing a relatively high concentration of certain univalent cations; this effect is potentiated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Since it is generally accepted that the serum resistance of smooth gram-negative organisms is associated with the protection afforded by their thick lipopolysaccharide layer, it is suggested that environmental conditions favoring serum sensitization cause some structural disorganization of the smooth lipopolysaccharide of these cells.
Purification and Partial Characterization of a
Vibrio fetus
Immunogen
Authors: Myers L. L.
Published: January 2020

An antigen released into broth culture medium (2 mg/100 ml of culture medium) during 20-hr growth of
Vibrio fetus
was removed from the growth medium by salt precipitation [50 g of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
/100 ml of broth] and centrifugation. About 30 mg of the postgrowth broth (PGB) antigen protein was removed from other salt precipitable material during one polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic run. The PGB antigen was further purified by using gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and a molecular weight of 135,000 was established. The purified PGB antigen was shown to contain protein and carbohydrate but not lipid and was a glycoprotein. The antigen had an isoelectric point at
p
H 4.2 and an

R
F

value of 0.30 on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least one PGB antigen was detected in all (31)
V. fetus
isolants tested. These antigens were heat labile.
Characteristics of Cytophilic Antibody in the Mouse
Authors: Brown George L. , Carpenter Philip L.
Published: January 2020

Immunoglobulin M hemagglutinin and antibody cytophilic for macrophages were produced simultaneously in mice after primary antigenic stimulation with sheep erythrocytes in saline. Antigen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant induced formation of cytophilic antibody (CA) in high titer. Purified cytophilic globulin was isolated by permitting it to attach to macrophages in vitro and eluting it at 56 C. The chromatographic elution pattern, molecular weight, and resistance to mercaptoethanol suggested that CA is a member of the immunoglobulin G class of immunoglobulins.
Streptolysin O II. Relationship of Sulfyhdryl Groups to Activity
Authors: Van Epps Dennis E. , Andersen Burton R.
Published: January 2020

Streptolysin O (SO), a group A streptococcal toxin, exists in two forms, a reduced active state and an oxidized reversibly inactive state. Activity is measured by red blood cell hemolysis. SO is a labile toxin, and, with time, activity is irreversibly lost. The rate of activity loss is slowed by incubation with 0.1
m
2-mercaptoethanol or 0.01
m
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The effect of EDTA can be reversed by excess MgSO
4
. Reversibly oxidized SO is activated by cleavage of disulfide bonds. When the free sulfhydryl groups of the active SO are alkylated with iodoacetamide, complete and irreversible loss of activity results. Periodate (0.01
m
) oxidation also causes complete loss of activity which may be due to oxidation of sulfhydryl groups. SO in the active form reacts with Fe
2+
, Cu
2+
, Ca
2+
, and Mg
2+
, causing loss of activity in various degrees depending on the ions and the concentration used. Ferric and cupric ions are most effective and cause loss of activity at concentrations on the order of 10
−4
m
. The reversibly oxidized form of SO is not influenced by exposure to cupric ions (0.01
m
), indicating that the reaction is only with the active form of SO, probably involving the free sulfhydryl groups. These groups may be responsible for the direct binding of the toxin to the target membrane or for the maintenance of the proper conformation for activity.
Vancomycin Induction of L Colonies of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Watanakunakorn Chatrchai
Published: January 2020

L colonies of
Staphylococcus aureus
were induced with vancomycin and propagated on agar. The yield of L colonies induced by vancomycin was very low in comparison with other inducers.
Improved Method for Immunoelectrophoretic Research
Authors: El-Sharkawy Taha A. , Huisingh Donald
Published: January 2020

A rapid, semiquantitative method for immunoelectrophoretic research is described. It combines the great resolving capacity of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis with rapid immunoprecipitation in a thin agar film surrounding the acrylamide gel.
Influence of the Indigenous Gastrointestinal Microbial Flora on Duodenal Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Mice
Authors: Yolton Diane P. , Stanley Carol , Savage Dwayne C.
Published: January 2020

Alkaline phosphatase activity was assayed by two procedures in duodenal homogenates from specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice of various ages, adult germfree mice, adult ex-germ-free mice colonized with an indigenous microflora from the SPF mice, and adult ex-germ-free mice monocontaminated with a
Lactobacillus
sp. indigenous to the SPF mice. In the SPF neonates, the activity remained at low levels until at least 12 days of age, increased to high levels at 20 days of age, and then fell to adult levels between the early neonatal and later high levels. In the germ-free mice, the activity levels were significantly higher than the levels in SPF mice at any age. In contrast, in the ex-germ-free animals, colonized by an entire indigenous microflora, the values fell within the range for adult SPF animals. In the ex-germ-free mice colonized only by the
Lactobacillus
sp., the activity levels were intermediate between the values for germ-free and SPF mice. These findings show that the indigenous microbial flora influences considerably the intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in the mouse.
Sensitivity of Types 1 and 2
Herpesvirus hominis
to an Interferon Inducer, Poly I:C
Authors: Oh J. O.
Published: January 2020

Type 1 strains of
Herpesvirus hominis
were more resistant than type 2 strains to the antiviral effects of polyinosinic acid-polycytidilic acid in primary cultures of rabbit kidney cells.
Lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor synthesis in initial genital herpesvirus infection: correlation with lymphocyte transformation
Authors: Rattray M C , Peterman G M , Altman L C , Corey L , Holmes K K
Published: January 2020

Lymphocyte transformation and production of lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor in response to herpes simplex virus antigen were studied in 15 patients with initial genital herpes and 10 controls. The patients underwent frequent genital examinations, viral cultures, and weekly immunological studies for a period of 11 weeks. The production of lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor was maximal in week 1 of the disease and declined to control levels by week 6. In contrast, lymphocyte transformation was lowest in week 1, reached a maximum by week 4, and declined to control levels by week 11. Production of lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor in week 1 was significantly lower in nine patients who developed signs or symptoms of systemic herpes infection than in six who had localized disease. In addition, a marked but transient decline in the production of this lymphokine was observed in patients at the time of clinical recurrence. Virus-specific lymphocyte transformation correlated inversely with the duration of genital pain and lesions and did not correlate with the presence of systemic signs or symptoms. These findings indicate that during initial genital herpes infection the dynamics of lymphocyte transformation and those of lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor production are different, and that the generation of this lymphokine is an early component of the cellular immune response in this disease. Furthermore, adequate produce of lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor may be important in restricting herpes simplex virus to the genital area and preventing disease recurrence.