bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for immersion pulmonary edema: hyperoxia does not attenuate pulmonary hypertension associated with cold water-immersed prone exercise at 4.7 ATA
Authors: Fraser J. A. V. , Peacher D. F. , Freiberger J. J. , Natoli M. J. , Schinazi E. A. , Beck I. V. , Walker J. R. , Doar P. O. , Boso A. E. , Walker A. J. , Kernagis D. N. , Moon R. E.
Published: December 2010

Hyperoxia has been shown to attenuate the increase in pulmonary artery (PA) pressure associated with immersed exercise in thermoneutral water, which could serve as a possible preventive strategy for the development of immersion pulmonary edema (IPE). We tested the hypothesis that the same is true during exercise in cold water. Six healthy volunteers instrumented with arterial and PA catheters were studied during two 16-min exercise trials during prone immersion in cold water (19.9–20.9°C) in normoxia [0.21 atmospheres absolute (ATA)] and hyperoxia (1.75 ATA) at 4.7 ATA. Heart rate (HR), Fick cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), central venous pressure (CVP), arterial and venous blood gases, and ventilatory parameters were measured both early (E, 5–6 min) and late (L, 15–16 min) in exercise. During exercise at an average oxygen consumption rate (V̇o2) of 2.38 ml·kg−1·min−1, CO, CVP, and pulmonary vascular resistance were not affected by inspired Po2or exercise duration. Minute ventilation (V̇e), alveolar ventilation (V̇a), and ventilation frequency ( f) were significantly lower in hyperoxia compared with normoxia (mean ± SD: V̇e 58.8 ± 8.0 vs. 65.1 ± 9.2, P = 0.003; V̇a 40.2 ± 5.4 vs. 44.2 ± 9.0, P = 0.01; f 25.4 ± 5.4 vs. 27.2 ± 4.2, P = 0.04). Mixed venous pH was lower in hyperoxia compared with normoxia (7.17 ± 0.07 vs. 7.20 ± 0.07), and this result was significant early in exercise ( P = 0.002). There was no difference in mean PAP (MPAP: 28.28 ± 8.1 and 29.09 ± 14.3 mmHg) or PAWP (18.0 ± 7.6 and 18.7 ± 8.7 mmHg) between normoxia and hyperoxia, respectively. PAWP decreased from early to late exercise in hyperoxia ( P = 0.002). These results suggest that the increase in pulmonary vascular pressures associated with cold water immersion is not attenuated with hyperoxia.
Multilayer Laue Lens: A Path Toward One Nanometer X-Ray Focusing
Authors: Yan Hanfei , Kang Hyon Chol , Conley Ray , Liu Chian , Macrander Albert T. , Stephenson G. Brian , Maser Jörg
Published: December 2010

The multilayer Laue lens (MLL) is a novel diffractive optic for hard X-ray nanofocusing, which is fabricated by thin film deposition techniques and takes advantage of the dynamical diffraction effect to achieve a high numerical aperture and efficiency. It overcomes two difficulties encountered in diffractive optics fabrication for focusing hard X-rays: (1) small outmost zone width and (2) high aspect ratio. Here, we will give a review on types, modeling approaches, properties, fabrication, and characterization methods of MLL optics. We show that a full-wave dynamical diffraction theory has been developed to describe the dynamical diffraction property of the MLL and has been employed to design the optimal shapes for nanofocusing. We also show a 16 nm line focus obtained by a partial MLL and several characterization methods. Experimental results show a good agreement with the theoretical calculations. With the continuing development of MLL optics, we believe that an MLL-based hard x-ray microscope with true nanometer resolution is on the horizon.
MRI Superresolution Using Self‐Similarity and Image Priors
Authors: Manjón José V. , Coupé Pierrick , Buades Antonio , Collins D. Louis , Robles Montserrat
Published: December 2010

In Magnetic Resonance Imaging typical clinical settings, both low‐ and high‐resolution images of different types are routinarily acquired. In some cases, the acquired low‐resolution images have to be upsampled to match with other high‐resolution images for posterior analysis or postprocessing such as registration or multimodal segmentation. However, classical interpolation techniques are not able to recover the high‐frequency information lost during the acquisition process. In the present paper, a new superresolution method is proposed to reconstruct high‐resolution images from the low‐resolution ones using information from coplanar high resolution images acquired of the same subject. Furthermore, the reconstruction process is constrained to be physically plausible with the MR acquisition model that allows a meaningful interpretation of the results. Experiments on synthetic and real data are supplied to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A comparison with classical state‐of‐the‐art interpolation techniques is presented to demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed methodology.
A Common End Point Theorem for Set-Valued Generalized "Equation missing" -Weak Contraction
Authors: Abbas Mujahid , Ðorić Dragan
Published: December 2010

We introduce the class of generalized "Equation missing"-weak contractive set-valued mappings on a metric space. We establish that such mappings have a unique common end point under certain weak conditions. The theorem obtained generalizes several recent results on single-valued as well as certain set-valued mappings.
Cytokine Production by Peripheral Blood CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Atopic Childhood Asthma
Authors: Machura Edyta , Mazur Bogdan , Rusek-Zychma Malgorzata , Barć-Czarnecka Malgorzata
Published: December 2010

There are conflicting studies on T cell cytokine production in childhood asthma. In this study
intracellular cytokine expression of IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐13, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α in CD4+ and
CD8+ T cells in children with atopic asthma were measured by flow cytometry.
Results. A significant increase in the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IL‐4 and IL‐13 and decrease in the percentage of CD4+ producing IFN‐γ in asthmatic children was
found. The percentage of CD4+/IL‐13+ was significantly higher in severe asthma than in
children with intermittent disease symptoms. Severity of asthma was associated with
increased both serum IgE and frequencies of CD4+/IL‐13+ T cells, as well as duration of
disease. Moreover, a decrease in FEV1, FEV1/FVC was observed in relation to the severity of
asthma. Changes in cytokine profile in CD8+ subpopulation didn′t depend on the severity of
the disease. Conclusions. Increased production of IL‐4 and IL‐13 in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accompanied by decreased IFN‐γ expression in CD4+ T cells may be evidence that both lymphocyte subpopulations are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Relationship of
CD4+/IL‐13+ T cells with disease activity suggests that this lymphocyte subset may have a
prominent role in childhood asthma.
Cryopreservation of Parathyroid Glands
Authors: Guerrero Marlon A.
Published: December 2010

The risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism following thyroid and parathyroid surgery is around 1% in the hands of experienced endocrine surgeons. Although this complication is rare, rendering a patient permanently aparathyroid has significant consequences on the health and quality of life of the patient. Immediate autotransplantation of parathyroid glands that are injured or unintentionally removed offers the best possibility of graft viability and functionality. However, since the majority of cases of hypoparathyroidism are transient, immediate autotransplantation can complicate postoperative surveillance in certain patients, especially those with primary hyperparathyroidism. Cryopreservation of parathyroid tissue is an alternate technique that was developed to treat patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism. This method allows for parathyroid tissue to be stored and then autotransplanted in a delayed fashion once permanent hypoparathyroidism is confirmed. This article provides a contemporary review on cryopreservation of parathyroid tissue and its current role in thyroid and parathyroid surgery.
Efficacy and Safety of a New Formulation of Pancrelipase (Ultrase MT20) in the Treatment of Malabsorption in Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Konstan Michael W. , Liou Theodore G. , Strausbaugh Steven D. , Ahrens Richard , Kanga Jamshed F. , Graff Gavin R. , Moffett Kathryn , Millard Susan L. , Nasr Samya Z. , Siméon Édith , Spénard Jean , Grondin Josée
Published: December 2010

Background. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is the standard of care for treatment of malabsorption in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (PI).Aim. To evaluate efficacy and safety of a new formulation of pancrelipase (Ultrase MT20) in patients with CF and PI. Coefficients of fat absorption (CFA%) and nitrogen absorption (CNA%) were the main efficacy parameters. Safety was evaluated by monitoring laboratory analyses, adverse events (AEs), and overall signs and symptoms.Methods. Patients (n=31) were randomized in a crossover design comparing this pancrelipase with placebo during 2 inpatient evaluation periods (6-7 days each). Fat and protein/nitrogen ingestion and excretion were measured from food diaries and 72-hour stool collections. CFA% and CNA% were calculated for each period and compared.Results. Twenty-four patients provided analyzable data. This pancrelipase increased mean CFA% and CNA% (+34.7% and +25.7%, resp.,P<.0001for both), reduced stool frequency, and improved stool consistency compared with placebo. Placebo-treated patients reported more AEs, with gastrointestinal symptoms being the most frequently reported AE.Conclusions. This pancrelipase is a safe and effective treatment for malabsorption associated with exocrine PI in patients with CF.
Diffeomorphic Registration of Images with Variable Contrast Enhancement
Authors: Janssens Guillaume , Jacques Laurent , Orban de Xivry Jonathan , Geets Xavier , Macq Benoit
Published: December 2010

Nonrigid image registration is widely used to estimate tissue deformations in highly deformable anatomies. Among the existing methods, nonparametric registration algorithms such as optical flow, or Demons, usually have the advantage of being fast and easy to use. Recently, a diffeomorphic version of the Demons algorithm was proposed. This provides the advantage of producing invertible displacement fields, which is a necessary condition for these to be physical. However, such methods are based on the matching of intensities and are not suitable for registering images with different contrast enhancement. In such cases, a registration method based on the local phase like the Morphons has to be used. In this paper, a diffeomorphic version of the Morphons registration method is proposed and compared to conventional Morphons, Demons, and diffeomorphic Demons. The method is validated in the context of radiotherapy for lung cancer patients on several 4D respiratory-correlated CT scans of the thorax with and without variable contrast enhancement.
Nakiterpiosin Targets Tubulin and Triggers Mitotic Catastrophe in Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Wei Jen-Hsuan , Seemann Joachim
Published: December 2010

Agents that interfere with mitotic progression by perturbing microtubule dynamics are commonly used for cancer chemotherapy. Here, we identify nakiterpiosin as a novel antimitotic drug that targets microtubules. Nakiterpiosin induces mitotic arrest and triggers mitotic catastrophe in human cancer cells by impairing bipolar spindle assembly. At higher concentration, it alters the interphase microtubule network and suppresses microtubule dynamics. In the presence of nakiterpiosin, microtubules are no longer arranged in a centrosomal array and centrosome-mediated microtubule regrowth after cold depolymerization is inhibited. However, centrosome organization, the ultrastructure of Golgi stacks, and protein secretion are not affected, suggesting that the drug has minimal toxicity toward other cellular functions. Nakiterpiosin interacts directly with tubulin, inhibits microtubule polymerization in vitro, and decreases polymer mass in cells. Furthermore, it enhances tubulin acetylation and reduces viability of paclitaxel-resistant cancer cells. In conclusion, nakiterpiosin exerts antiproliferative activity by perturbing microtubule dynamics during mitosis that activates the spindle assembly checkpoint and triggers cell death. These findings suggest the potential use of nakiterpiosin as a chemotherapeutic agent. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(12); 3375–85. ©2010 AACR.
Incremental Value of Clinical Data Beyond Claims Data in Predicting 30-Day Outcomes After Heart Failure Hospitalization
Authors: Hammill Bradley G. , Curtis Lesley H. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Heidenreich Paul A. , Yancy Clyde W. , Peterson Eric D. , Hernandez Adrian F.
Published: December 2010

Background—

Administrative claims data are used routinely for risk adjustment and hospital profiling for heart failure outcomes. As clinical data become more readily available, the incremental value of adding clinical data to claims-based models of mortality and readmission is unclear.

Methods and Results—

We linked heart failure hospitalizations from the Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure registry with Medicare claims data for patients discharged between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2006. We evaluated the performance of claims-only and claims-clinical regression models for 30-day mortality and readmission, and compared hospital rankings from both models. There were 25 766 patients from 308 hospitals in the mortality analysis, and 24 163 patients from 307 hospitals in the readmission analysis. The claims-clinical mortality model (area under the curve [AUC], 0.761; generalized
R
2
=0.172) had better fit than the claims-only mortality model (AUC, 0.718;
R
2
=0.113). The claims-only readmission model (AUC, 0.587;
R
2
=0.025) and the claims-clinical readmission model (AUC, 0.599;
R
2
=0.031) had similar performance. Among hospitals ranked as top or bottom performers by the claims-only mortality model, 12% were not ranked similarly by the claims-clinical model. For the claims-only readmission model, 3% of top or bottom performers were not ranked similarly by the claims-clinical model.

Conclusions—

Adding clinical data to claims data for heart failure hospitalizations significantly improved prediction of mortality, and shifted mortality performance rankings for a substantial proportion of hospitals. Clinical data did not meaningfully improve the discrimination of the readmission model, and had little effect on performance rankings.
Moving the Tipping Point
Authors: Eckman Mark H. , Singer Daniel E. , Rosand Jonathan , Greenberg Steven M.
Published: December 2010

Background—

The rate of ischemic stroke associated with traditional risk factors for patients with atrial fibrillation has declined over the past 2 decades. Furthermore, new and potentially safer anticoagulants are on the horizon. Thus, the balance between risk factors for stroke and benefit of anticoagulation may be shifting.

Methods and Results—

The Markov state transition decision model was used to analyze the CHADS
2
score, above which anticoagulation is preferred, first using the stroke rate predicted for the CHADS
2
derivation cohort, and then using the stroke rate from the more contemporary AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation cohort for any CHADS
2
score. The base case was a 69-year-old man with atrial fibrillation. Interventions included oral anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or a hypothetical “new and safer” anticoagulant (based on dabigatran), no antithrombotic therapy, or aspirin. Warfarin is preferred above a stroke rate of 1.7% per year, whereas aspirin is preferred at lower rates of stroke. Anticoagulation with warfarin is preferred even for a score of 0 using the higher rates of the older CHADS
2
derivation cohort. Using more contemporary and lower estimates of stroke risk raises the threshold for use of warfarin to a CHADS
2
score ≥2. However, anticoagulation with a “new, safer” agent, modeled on the results of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy trial of dabigatran, leads to a lowering of the threshold for anticoagulation to a stroke rate of 0.9% per year.

Conclusions—

Use of a more contemporary estimate of stroke risk shifts the “tipping point,” such that anticoagulation is preferred at a higher CHADS
2
score, reducing the number of patients for whom anticoagulation is recommended. The introduction of “new, safer” agents, however, would shift the tipping point in the opposite direction.
Development of a direct quantitative detection method for Meloidogyne incognita in sandy soils and its application to sweet potato cultivated fields in Tokushima prefecture, Japan
Authors: Sawada Eiji , Mizuguchi Shoko , Sato Erika , Min Yu Yu , Goto Keita , Abe Naruhito , Toyota Koki , Nakano Akio
Published: December 2010

A real-time PCR (quantitative PCR: qPCR)-based detection method of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was developed for sandy soils, the major soil type in sweet potato cultivated fields in Tokushima prefecture, Japan. Different numbers (5, 20, 80, 200 and 500) of second-stage juveniles (J2) were artificially added into 20 g of an air-dried sandy soil not containing M. incognita. To make homogenous samples, soil was homogenised by two different ways (ground with either a mortar and pestle or ball mill) and then 0.5 g of the soil was used for DNA extraction. There was a strong negative correlation in each homogenisation method between the cycle threshold number (Ct) and inoculated numbers of M. incognita J2. The Ct values were consistently lower and their variations among replicates were smaller in the samples ground with ball mill, suggesting that grinding with ball mill may be suitable for the preparation of soil for DNA extraction. Sandy soils were collected from sweet potato fields in Tokushima prefecture at the transplanting and harvesting times. Damage to sweet potato caused by M. incognita was also evaluated in some of the fields. At the transplanting time, no M. incognita was extracted in all the soils by the Baermann funnel method, while detection in the qPCR method ranged from zero to 4 210 000 J2 equivalent (20 g soil)–1. Heavy damage was observed in fields with more than 500 equivalent M. incognita J2 (20 g soil)–1. By contrast, very few galls were observed in fields with fewer than four individuals (20 g soil)–1. At harvest, zero to >1000 individuals of M. incognita was counted by the Baermann method and there was a significant correlation in estimated numbers of M. incognita between the two methods. However, the estimated numbers were 15 times higher in the qPCR method than in the Baermann method. These results indicate that direct quantification of M. incognita based on the qPCR method might enable a sensitive diagnosis to predict damage by the nematode.
Xinjiang’s Production and Construction Corps, and the Sinification of Eastern Turkestan
Authors: Seymour James D.
Published: December 2010

A major institution for the ethnic Han (Chinese) colonisation of Xinjiang is the Production and Construction Corps. Although quasi-military in origin, its military role is now eclipsed by its economic role. Traditionally it was primarily a collection of state farms, but in recent years its industrial enterprises have expanded. It has also played a role in imprisoning convicts from eastern China. Largely destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, it was actually abolished for a few years beginning in 1975. But the perceived need to project Chinese influence into the area, and to protect against ethnic unrest and Soviet pressures, persuaded the authorities that the Corps should be revived. Today the Corps has 2.8 million members, or 14 percent of Xinjiang’s population, and plays a significant role in the region’s economy.
Four Generations of Uyghurs: The Shift towards Ethno-political Ideologies among Xinjiang’s Youth
Authors: Smith Joanne
Published: December 2010

Although most Uyghurs in Xinjiang maintain strong Uyghur national identities, not every social group subscribes to the separatist ideologies of the late eighties and nineties. The elderly generation of Uyghurs grew up during the chaotic, unstable years of the Warlord Period. Most are grateful for recent improvements in standards of living and do not want to ‘rock the boat’. Middle-aged Uyghurs suffered persecution during the Cultural Revolution and fear a return of Maoist ideology. Furthermore, they have homes and families to protect. The younger generation, however, has grown up amid the relative freedom of post-1980 conciliatory minority policy. It has known the 1989 pro-democracy movement in China, the collapse of Eastern Europe and the USSR, the subsequent formation of the CIS, and the burgeoning of Islamic fundamentalist movements world-wide. These significant events have provided inspiration for a Uyghur youth that is ever more militant in its aspirations to independence. Unlike their elders, they have both less to fear and less to lose. This paper presents a number of portraits of Uyghur youth, based on fieldwork conducted in Xinjiang during 1995 and 1996. ·öhrat represents the young urban male intellectual, whose aim is to achieve goals for Uyghurs by encouraging the youth to penetrate the Han education system. Ghayrät represents the young petty entrepreneur who hopes to take advantage of domestic turmoil or international conflict to seize the chance to secede from China. Azatgül represents the politicised teenager who listens to radio broadcasts emanating from émigré Uyghur sources in Qazaqstan and claims that Xinjiang separatists are being funded by Muslim countries in a bid for independence. Then there is the next generation: as the grievances of Uyghur parents against Han immigrants in turn rub off on their children, the latter are growing up with an ingrained dislike of the Han Chinese. Are Uyghurs in a transition period? Once the cautious older generation passes away and the young grow up to raise their own children, will Uyghurs finally unite in nationalist spirit?
A Re-examination of the Establishment of the Mongolian People’s Party, Centring on Dogsom’s Memoir
Authors: Futaki Hiroshi
Published: December 2010

D. Dogsom’s memoir which was published in Source Materials Related to the History of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party (Ulaanbaatar, 1928) should be considered the most comprehensive account of the establishment of the Mongolian People’s Party. This memoir records extremely important facts which were later deliberately excluded from the description of modern Mongolian history, such as the Mongolian nationalists’ approach to the White Russian regime and their religious and ritualistic observance. The comparison of three main source materials, that is, Dogsom’s memoir, Sorokovikov’s accounts and the 1934 edition of the history of the Mongolian revolution, reveals that the hitherto accepted theory of the establishment of the Mongolian People’s Party contains fundamental errors, including the date of the establishment of the party. Additionally ‘the myth of Sükhbaatar’ strongly influenced the 1934 edition of the history of the Mongolian revolution. This edition has been treated as the most reliable source material for the study of the 1921 revolution. It is difficult to agree with the accepted theory that on 25 June 1920 two groups gathered at Danzan’s, adopted the party’s manifesto and united into the Mongolian People’s Party. This paper is intended to show it is very improbable that the meeting and decision took place on 25 June. The meeting at Dogsom’s which was held in the second month of spring using the lunar calendar in 1920 should be regarded as the real turning point for the Mongolian revolutionaries in the development of the Mongolian People’s Party.
An Unknown Russian Memoir by Aagvan Dorjiev
Authors: Andreyev Alexandre
Published: December 2010

This article describes the literature on Aagvan Dorjiev available in various languages (Tibetan, Mongolian, Buryat, Russian and English). It brings to the attention of readers a new short memoir of Dorjiev, written in Russian and hitherto unpublished. This memoir, almost certainly written by Dorjiev himself, gives us an insight into the ‘GreatGame’as seen from someone working within it on the Russian side. Supplying an English translation of the memoir as an Appendix, the article discusses the new information it provides.
Writers at the Crossroads: The Mongolian-Tibetan Authors Tsering Dondup and Jangbu
Authors: Dhondup Yangdon
Published: December 2010

The Mongolian Autonomous county of Henan, known in Tibetan as Malho or Sogpo, raises interesting questions about representation and identity. The paper, by tracing the history of education of this county from 1950 onwards, argues that the Mongols from Henan re-defined their identity through state-sponsored policies and with the active involvement of the elite. As a case study, the paper introduces two authors from this county, Tsering Dondup and Jangbu (Dorje Tsering), who write only in Tibetan language and have made a name with their works. Their identity is, however, a contested issue in the Tibetan literary scene. Even though their works are included in the Tibetan literary canon, remarks concerning their ethnicity and origin are frequent among literary critics. This marginalisation is not only evidenced by these two authors but starts already when Mongol students attend the same classes as Tibetan students.
Tashi Tsering: The Last Mongol Queen of ‘Sogpo’ (Henan)
Authors: Dhondup Yangdon , Diemberger Hildegard
Published: December 2010

Tashi Tsering was the last qinwang or queen of a Mongolian enclave in southeastern Qinghai called Sogpo or Henan. This outline of her and her family's history illustrates the different roles played by a woman leader during the enforced transition of her community from a traditional to a modern society. As a representative of the traditional local élite she was positioned as a symbol of her nationality within the framework of the emerging Chinese state, and, when the Communists came to power in and ‘liberated’ Henan, she adapted rapidly to the changing social order. She therefore participated in the process of modern state construction, in her case in the effort to transform Henan from a small Mongolian kingdom into a ‘minority nationality autonomous county’ in the Communist era. Like many traditional leaders, she was killed in the Cultural Revolution, to be posthumously reinstated only in the 1980s, when she became seen again as a representative of ‘Mongolness’ in general. She and her daughter, also given high position, worked with the modern nation-state that absorbed them, but as emblems of ethnicity or gender remained constantly vulnerable to larger political forces.
Mongolian Tenggerism and Modern Globalism: A Retrospective Outlook on Globalisation
Authors: Bira SH.
Published: December 2010

A study of historical, political and religious thought of the early Mongols undertaken during the last few years has provided a thesis that during the period of their world domination in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, they initiated an original universal concept with the purpose of substantiating and justifying the world's largest land empire. Further, this concept was so developed that it constituted a cohesive theory that can be called Tenggerism or ‘Heavenism’.
Chinggis Khan and the New Shamans
Authors: Merli Laetitia
Published: December 2010

Since the mid nineties, several shamanic centres have opened in Ulaanbaatar, capital of Mongolia. These centres are places visited by people consulting shamans with the hope of solving the diverse problems of their lives, and where rituals are organised. Generally, shamanic centres are linked with organisations that claim the promotion and protection of Mongolian culture. They have also become an interesting gathering place for nationalist organisations, more concerned with cultural and identity issues than with questions of individual misfortune. This paper will present examples, through recent rituals, of how new shamans use Chinggis Khan – whose cult was also forbidden – in a system of beliefs and practices where the person and the state; the people and the nation, are treated together to develop the country; echoing the great past of the Mongol Empire.
Hybridity and Nomadology in Inner Asia
Authors: Bulag Uradyn E.
Published: December 2010

Identity, especially modern national identity, entails ideas of authenticity and hybridity. For much of the history of Mongolian studies, authenticity has been a staple of scholarly concern, whereas hybridity or diversity is brushed aside. This is as much an Orientalist imperative as a nationalist quest for the homogeneity of the Mongolian nation/nationality. Every country which has a substantial number of Mongols – Mongolia, China, and the Soviet Union (Russia) – has set their own separate but often mutually conflicting standard of what Mongolness means and where its boundary should lie. In this issue, we publish several important studies about Mongols in China, concerning precisely the issue of hybridity, or Mongols who possess certain qualities or attributes, which are deemed un- Mongol. It is imperative that we realise that hybridity is not only an objective reality but also a product of modernist nationalism that is predicated on such governmentalities as standardisation and categorisation.
Power Struggle in Socialist Mongolia: Review of Two Political Memoirs
Authors: Radchenko Sergey
Published: December 2010

B. Nyambuu. Eh Ornoo l Gesen Irgen Bi (‘A citizen of the motherland I am’). Ulaanbaatar: Mongolyn Uls Töriin Helmegdegsediin Holboo. 2004, 260 pages. S. Jalan-Aajav, Tuulsan Zamd Törsön Bodol (‘Thoughts born on the passed road’) 2004. Ulaanbaatar: Sodpress, 144 pages.
Taranchis, Kashgaris, and the ‘Uyghur Question’ in Soviet Central Asia
Authors: Brophy David
Published: December 2010

Up till now, the problem of Uyghur identity construction has been studied from an almost exclusively anthropological perspective. Little Western research has been done on the history of the Uyghur community in the Soviet Union during the period of national delimitation, and the process by which a re-invented ‘Uyghur’ identity was fostered among settled Turkicspeakers of East Turkestani origin. In this paper I have set out to trace some of the key events and debates which formed part of that process. In doing so I provide evidence that challenges certain aspects of the standard account of this period, in particular the role of the 1921 Tashkent conference. In 1921 the term ‘Uyghur’ was not used an ethnic designation, but as an umbrella term for various peoples with family roots in Eastern Turkestan. It was not until several years later that the term took its place beside other ethnonyms in the Soviet Union, provoking debate and opposition in the Soviet Uyghur press. This paper is largely based on the recently republished writings of leading Uyghur activists and journalists from the 1920s, and focuses on the role of the Uyghur Communist Abdulla Rozibaqiev. My paper attempts to demonstrate the importance of basing the study of Uyghur history on Uyghur language sources, rather than Russian or Chinese materials alone.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Humphrey Caroline
Published: December 2010

This issue of Inner Asia ranges over diverse themes in the history and anthropology of Inner Asia. Lewis Mayo’s two-part article on ‘Illness, Threat, and Systems of Authority in Dunhuang’ is a notable contribution to the Journal because it relates history with anthropology in a theoretically innovative way. Medicine and politics,Mayo argues, are both forms of ‘event management’, and with this perspective we can see parallels between the management of disease at different historical periods in the same environment. The history of endemic disease in Dunhuang articulates a threefold linkage between sickness, geography and administrative power, in which each element helps to define and constitute the other. Describing the Dunhuang region involves constructing a history of the diseases to which that region has been prone, and the work that has been done in relation to them. On the one hand, modern public administration gives illness a geographical articulation, one that involves a distinctive local configuration of minerals and microorganisms. The geological and biological particularities of the Dunhuang area manifest themselves in the prevalence of certain kinds of diseases in the region, which public health authorities detect and seek to counteract. On the other, over a thousand years earlier, Dunhuang’s rulers were also scripting methods to keep the area safe from, threat, disease and instability. The battle against disease and misfortune was waged every year in an exorcism ceremony, but through analysis of particular late-9th-century texts Mayo relates an enhanced sense of threat to a specific political and institutional juncture – a particular combination of challenges to authority. In both cases, the prestige of physicians and political leaders rests in their calmness in the face of events, as well as their capacity to anticipate and prevent them. The medical manual, the gazetteer and the ritual guide all promise a mastery of events. Like the notion of the endemic disease, there is a regional profile to suffering, one that Mayo suggests is constituted by and helps constitute the local political order. The historical and anthropological analysis of illness must engage with the systems of authority whose actions and structures seek to regulate and eliminate it. In this sophisticated piece, Mayo argues that if we accept that our sufferings have an institutional form and often an institutional cause, we can grasp how the endless labour of reproducing co-ordination and regulation also generates its own structures of threat.
Gellner, the ‘Saints’ and Central Asia: between Islam and Nationalism
Authors: Abashin Sergei
Published: December 2010

This article assesses the salience for Central Asia of Ernest Gellner’s theories about Islam, modernity and nationalism. Gellner has argued that modernisation homogenises culture and that this process goes together with nationalism and certain changes of emphasis within Islam. In Central Asia, Soviet modernisation did not bring long-lasting cultural or social standardisation. Evidence for this is that the traditional respect given to the status of ‘saintly’ families has not disappeared, as Gellner would have predicted, but has continued, though in different forms in rural and urban societies. People in Central Asia have complex identities that may sometimes cross-cut the city agrarian divide. In this post-colonial modernising environment, nationalism has not swept all before it, but is regarded by many people with some suspicion.
Trading or Teaching: Dilemmas of Everyday Life Economy in Central Asia
Authors: Shamatov Duishon , Niyozov Sarfaroz
Published: December 2010

The paper discusses the effects of the collapse of the Soviet Union on teachers’ life and work in Badakhshan and Osh provinces of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Challenging some of the assumptions of the Soviet studies about the interaction between teaching and other sources of moneymaking by teachers, the paper illustrates continuities and changes in the pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet times in terms of role, nature, forms, and ethics of trading and commercial activities in the life of the teachers in the two countries. The paper draws from the two ethnographic case studies carried out in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan between 1999 and 2005. The drastic actual changes in the status and work of the teachers in post- Soviet Central Asia has presented teachers with tough choices. One of such choices was whether to become involved in trading and commerce. Teachers’ experience of trading and commercialisation has been contradictory: necessary, possible, rewarding; yet challenging and often disgusting and contrary to the very morality of the teaching profession. The teachers’ life and work serves as windows to the larger issues that have both local and global ramifications. The challenges teachers face in the paper speak to basic issues of human experience: dignity, justice, hope, equity, care and humanity. The paper’s major argument is that while teachers are increasingly gaining from their involvement in trading, it is the societies that are losing, both by loss of the best teachers and by the implications of trading and commercial activities on the education systems in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The policy makers must make decisions about how teachers could be provided with conditions that enable them to focus on the major priority of their work for the benefit of the future generations of Central Asia.
Mongolia at 800: The State and Nation Since Chinggis Khan
Authors: Schwarz Henry G.
Published: December 2010

As we are commemorating the 800th anniversary of Temüjin’s ascent to power, we are being told that that event marked the birth of the Mongolian state, the Yeke Monggol Ulus. There can, of course, be no question that this event happened and that it marked, like the Otrar Incident a dozen years later,2 a major qualitative change in the history of Mongolia and indeed of most of northern Asia. What is of equal importance but has been neglected or entirely ignored was the birth of a Mongolian nation, or perhaps more precisely speaking, a new Mongolian nation. The relative neglect is understandable because the two terms are frequently used interchangeably. I hope to show not only that state and nation are two different entities but that in the case of Mongolia they differ in size and longevity, with nation being the more enduring. A state, such as the one Chinggis Khan created in 1206 on the banks of the Onon River, is an objectively definable political entity led by a government. Its existence can be ascertained regardless of the efficacy of its government. A nation, on the other hand, is a cultural entity characterised by a variety of common objective features, such as language, customs and habits, and economic activities. Most importantly, and in contrast to a state, a nation is also defined by the subjective force of a sense of identity.3 Moreover, this sense of identity is heavily dependent on context. During the time of the Mongol world empire, men serving with the armies in far-away lands undoubtedly identified themselves with the Mongolian nation, but members of their own families staying behind at home had probably little or no reason to identify themselves with any ‘nation’ beyond their own clan.4 If state and nation are not identical, it follows that they are rarely, if ever, truly interchangeable concepts.
Chinggis Khan in the Identity Practices of Modern Buryats
Authors: Skrynnikova Tatyana D. , Amogolonova Darima D.
Published: December 2010

In the identity discourse of Post Soviet Buryatia the modelling of ethnic boundaries has priority, and the ethnic marker ‘Buryat’ is increasingly replaced by the wider marker ‘Buryat- Mongol.’ In this way a revitalised historical memory allows the synonymising of ethnicity and political identity. This move inspires elites in their construction of a new mythology, in which the glorious pages of the Mongol empire and Chinggis Khan have become the basis of a new discourse. The article shows how elites use the ‘confirmations’ that are allegedly preserved in the legends to affirm their identity. Such ideas include, that it is in the territory of ethnic Buryatia that the most sacred places connected to Chinggis Khan are located (his birthplace, throne, and burial place). Furthermore, Chinggis Khan is ‘privatised’: his Buryat origin and even the Buryat sources of the Mongol empire is ‘proved.’ Positive features of Chinggis’s character and intentions, and his progressive activities in the creation of ‘Eurasian’ and ‘global’ space, are emphasised. The discourse asserts the globalising character of his activities not only in the lay sense and not only regarding the past. The article discusses how the quoted texts both implicitly and explicitly contain the idea that a happy future for the Buryats is inevitably determined by their ties with Chinggis Khan and the loci connected with him, an idea which sacralises and cosmologises the territories where Buryats reside.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Humphrey Caroline
Published: December 2010

This issue of Inner Asia has a focus on issues of politics and identity. We are pleased to have as our leading article a ‘think piece’ by the eminent scholar Henry Schwarz, inspired by the recent celebrations of the 800th anniversary of Mongolian statehood in Ulaanbaatar and around the world. Schwarz argues that we should be aware that ‘state’ and ‘nation’ are not coterminous, and that crucial components in the latter, unlike the former, are culture and a sense of identity. In the current era when states are under attack by mass globalisation, the distinction between state and nation may become ever more evident. The great states are likely to retain most of their power and thus be able to dominate neighbouring small states economically, but the fate of the Mongol nation is much more promising. It is a far larger entity than the present state, being based on language, customs, habits and lifestyle and not defined solely in political terms. The feeling of belonging to one Mongolian nation, Schwarz argues, has repeatedly manifested itself and is likely to persist in the future.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Sneath David
Published: December 2010

The contributions to this issue of Inner Asia are all concerned, in one way or another, with historical narratives and representations of the past. The first section includes two papers that deal in very different ways with the portrayal of Sufi Islam and its relationship with China. Edmund Waite explores the way in which the seventeenth century Sufi religious leader Apaq Khoja is represented very differently by various sections of the Uyghur public in Xinjiang today. The miracle-working Apaq Khoja was the most famous of a line of Naqshbandi Sufi ‘masters’ (khojas) who gained widespread religious devotion and, with the military support of the Zhungar Mongols, who came to control the entire Tarim region. After the Manchu conquest of the region Apaq Khoja’s descendants remained a focus for resistance to the Qing until the annexation of Xinjiang as a province of China in 1884.
Conflict, religion and social order in Tibet and Inner Asia – Humboldt University
Authors: Pirie Fernanda
Published: December 2010

Conflict, religion and social order in Tibet and Inner Asia – Humboldt University, Berlin, 18–19 November 2005
Multiplicity Without Myth: Theorising Darhad Perspectivism
Authors: Pedersen Morten Axel
Published: December 2010

What would an animist ontology look like if there were no mythology to prop it up? Based partly on the Darhad hunting lore about badagshin or ‘half-people’, this article argues that myth is not a precondition for perspectivism. It is possible to conceive of an animist cosmos that is thoroughlymultiple, but at the same time amythological. Thus the Darhads do not entertain ideas of an original state of undifferentiation, in the sense of a truer form of existence that people (such as shamans) aspire to become a part of. Instead, they operate with a different concept of virtuality, namely the great nomadic void that constitutes a background potentiality, which plays the role of an ontological trampoline making possible the ongoing jumping between different realms, which Darhad social life amounts to. In that sense, the Darhad perspectivist cosmos comprises not one unified whole containing all there is, but many parallel worlds, each containing the totality of relations enacted through a given point of view.
The Features of Musical Folklore in Mongolian Shamanic Chanting
Authors: Baatarnaran Tsetsentsolmon
Published: December 2010

This paper explores the specific features of musical folklore in Mongolian Shamanic tradition through the four essential features of folk art works, selectivity, existence, continuity and complexity. Adopting the systematic theory of Mongolian folklore including folk music which was developed by Jamtsyn Badraa, Mongolian folklorist, on the basis of Indian philosopher Nagarjuna’s Eightfold Negation, the author examines the chanting ways (formation or improvisation), functions (non- or multifunctional), learning process (transmission), and authorship (collectivity and individuality) of Mongolian Shamanic chanting.
The Buryat Village of Tory in the 1990s: Social and Cultural Re-adaptation in a Small Village Community
Authors: Panarin Sergei
Published: December 2010

This paper considers whether Tory in Buryatia can survive as a community. It is argued that Tory came to be a unified community under the Soviet regime from the 1930s onwards. As Soviet institutions strengthened, the earlier Buryat society lost its integrity and came to consists of familial groups isolated from and opposed to public life, yet economically dependent on the collective farm. With the 1990s outside support was withdrawn from the collective farm. There is a real possibility that if it collapses altogether, the household economies will collapse with it. It is argued that a large proportion of people in the village have become psychologically accustomed to dependency on the state and may be incapable of self-reliance. Meanwhile, the young generation is oriented to urban and outside culture and may drop out of any process of village adaptation to the new economic conditions.
Passions about Arkaim: Russian Nationalism, the Aryans, and the Politics of Archaeology
Authors: Shnirelman V. A.
Published: December 2010

Arkaim is the name given to the site of an ancient town in the Southern Urals, dated to the 17th–16th centuries BC. Discovered in 1987, Arkaim rapidly became more than an archaeological site. It became the focus for an extraordinary congolmeration of ideas linked to ecological and political movements, in particular those of Russian nationalists. Threatened with flooding because of a dam project, Arkaim was made a ‘Museum Reserve’. Soon it became the focus for theories that this was a sacred place and furthermore the home of proto-Slavs. The break-up of the Soviet Union was followed by attempts by Russian nationalists to demonstrate the legitimacy of their domination of the former empire. The article shows how quasi historical claims expanded into myth and fantasy, linked to the emergence of new cults. Arkaim became the city not only of proto Slavs but of Zarathustra and the Aryans too. Such inventions are related to local politics and ethnic tensions as well as to wider Russian nationalism.
Money and Sovereignty in Mecca: Issues of the Sharifs in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Meloy John L.
Published: December 2010

The sharifs of Mecca in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries minted coins that formed the basis of the local monetary system. The Meccan dirham, debased during this period until it was reduced to a copper coin, was an expression of the monetary autonomy of the sharifs and a means of profit for the monetary authorities.
The International Seabed Authority and the Common Heritage of Mankind: The Need for States to Establish the Outer Limits of their Continental Shelf
Authors: Franckx Erik
Published: December 2010

The principle of the common heritage of mankind was introduced in international law to internationalize certain common spaces beyond national jurisdiction. It has found a certain application in outer space as well as in the Antarctic, but it is with respect to the oceans that it has so far found its fullest exposition. Since the principle is very much tied to the Area in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, i.e., the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, it can be said to have triggered that convention, but at the same time was also almost responsible for its demise. As a consequence, its content has changed over the years. The present article intends to have a closer look at how this principle at present relates to the obligation of broad-margin states to establish the outer limit of their continental shelf.