bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failure to Isolate Viruses of the Genus Phlebovirus from Lutzomyia shannoni Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Ossabaw Island, Georgia
Authors: Comer James A.
Published: September 2017

Lutzomyia shannoni Dyar were collected on Ossabaw Island, Chatham County, GA, and tested for infection with viruses of the genus Phlebovirus. No virus isolates were obtained from 5,053 sand flies collected in 1990 and 1991. These results suggest that phleboviruses are absent from this population of sand flies.
Aquatic Insects of Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Site, South Carolina. Part IV: Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Lower Reaches2
Authors: Floyd Michael A. , Morse John C. , McArthur J. Vaun
Published: September 2017

Ninety-three species of caddisflies, representing 14 families, were identified from collections obtained from two localities on Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Site, Aiken County, South Carolina. Collections of adult caddisflies were made biweekly over a 1-yr period with ultraviolet light traps. The similarity index, Jaccard's Coefficient of Communities, showed that the two sites were over 78% similar with 73 species in common. Three species, Oxyethira setosa Denning, Triaenodes smithi Ross, and Nyctiophylax serratus Lago & Harris, are new distributional records for South Carolina. Two species of Triaenodes are new to science. Other species, which were considered to be endemic to the Upper Three Runs Creek drainage, rare outside of the drainage, or of limited distribution, included Cheumatopsyche richardsoni Gordon, Oxyethira dunhartonensis Kelley, Protoptila morettii Morse, Hydrophysche elissoma Ross, Triaenodes ochraceus (Betten and Mosely), Neotrichia falca Ross, Oecetis morsei Bueno-Soria, and Pycnopsyche virginica (Banks).
Population Parameters and Probing Behavior of Cowpea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), on Preferred and Non-Preferred Host Cover Crops
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Dutcher James D.
Published: September 2017

Developmental time, fecundity, nymphal mortality, generation time, intrinsic and finite rates of increase, and time for population to double were compared for cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, reared on cover crop seedlings of sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Rafinesque-Schmaltz) Cory; cowpea, Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walpers; hairy indigo, Indigofera hirsuta L.; hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth; crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L.; and cereal rye, Secale cereale L. The study was conducted under near-ambient temperatures in a greenhouse from late January to mid-April. Developmental, pre-reproductive, and generation times of A. craccivora were the shortest on V. unguiculata, followed by S. exaltata and I hirsuta. However, mean total fecundity, fecundity rate, and intrinsic and finite rates of increase were higher on V. unguiculata and I. hirsuta than on the other species. No differences in life parameters were detected when A. craccivora developed on the same plant species at different evaluation periods. Probing behavior of individual A. craccivora differed on various cover crops. Mean probe duration was longer on V. unguiculata and I. hirsuta, but time to start the first probe, number of probes per access period, and non-probing duration were shorter than on other plant species evaluated.
Interactions Among the Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Homoptera Membracidae), Stem Canker, and Red Crown Rot in Soybean
Authors: Padgett G. B. , Russin J. S. , Snow J. P. , Boethel D. J. , Berggren G. T.
Published: September 2017

Field experiments in 1988–1990 determined the (1) effects of defoliation by Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (soybean looper) or basal stem girdling by Spissistilus festinus (Say) (threecornered alfalfa hopper) on soybean stem canker severity and (2) effects of the soybean looper defoliation on red crown rot incidence. Compared to ungirdled plants, stem canker severity was increased while stem length, stem diameter, and yield were reduced for girdled plants. Stem canker severity, number of perithecia, yield, stem length, and stem diameter were reduced on defoliated soybean, compared to undefoliated soybean. Red crown rot incidence, perithecial production, and yields were reduced on defoliated soybean compared to undefoliated soybean. This suggests different types of insect injury may either increase or decrease the severity of soybean diseases.
Response of Cadra cautella and Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Pheromone Baited Traps
Authors: Mullen Michael A.
Published: September 2017

The effect of the presence of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), on the capture of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), in pheromone-baited traps was evaluated. It was found that when both sexes of each species were released into a large warehouse simultaneously, the capture of male C. cautella was reduced to 5.5 ± 0.8 in traps baited with a two-component lure as compared to 11.4 ± 2.2 when only C. cautella were released. This decrease in response may have been caused by an inhibitory substance produced by the female P. interpunctella that affects the response of male C. cautella to the pheromone or confusion caused by an increase in the amount of pheromone present. This reduced response of C. cautella must be considered when using pheromone-baited traps to estimate population levels when both species are present.
Effect of Cuticular Lipids From Silks of Selected Corn Genotypes on the Development of Corn Earworm Larvae
Authors: Yang Guang , Wiseman B. R. , Espelie Karl E.
Published: September 2017

Eleven genotypes of corn, Zea mays L., known to vary in their resistance to silk-feeding by larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), were used to study the effect of corn silk cuticular lipids on larval growth and development. Growth of the corn earworm was significantly enhanced when larvae were reared on meridic diet containing corn silks from which the cuticular lipids had been removed. Growth of larvae reared on a diet containing unextracted silks from genotypes ‘Stowell's’ ‘Evergreen’, ‘Pioneer 3369A’, and ‘PI340856’ was not affected. When the cuticular lipid extracts of corn silks were added to a meridic diet, no significant differences were found in the weight of 8-day larvae, time to pupation, or days to adult emergence for larvae reared on silks of several corn genotypes. However, the weight of pupae was significantly less when larvae were fed a diet containing cuticular lipids extracted from silks of three corn genotypes ‘Stowell's Evergreen’, ‘GE37’, and ‘Zapalote Chico 2451#(P)C3’ than the weight of pupae from larvae that fed on the control diet.
Destruction of Gypsy Moth Egg Masses (Using Surfactants, Detergents, Oils or Conventional Insecticides) for Quarantine and Community Action Programs2
Authors: Webb R. E. , McLane W. H. , Finney J. A. , Venables L. , White G. B. , Wieber A. M. , Cohen D. L.
Published: September 2017

A series of studies were conducted, beginning in 1976, at the Otis Methods Development Center, Otis ANGB, MA, and beginning in 1982 at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, to evaluate surfactants, detergents, oils, and insecticides as egg mass destruction agents for use in quarantine and community action programs. Surfactants, oils, and detergents tended to be more active when applied in the fall, while conventional insecticides were generally more active when applied in the spring. Some products, especially soybean oil, were highly active throughout the gypsy moth egg stage (July–March). A soybean-oil based product has been registered for this use. A 50% concentration of soybean oil is recommended for quarantine purposes, while a 25% concentration should be suitable for homeowners and arborists.
Influence of Different Larval Feeding Regimes and Diet Presentation Methods on Chrysoperla Rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Development
Authors: Greenberg S. M. , Nordlund Donald A. , King E. G.
Published: September 2017

Results of a comparative analysis of the effects of seven different larval feeding regimes on the development of individually reared Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) larvae are presented. Also, four methods for presenting liquid artificial diet (capillary tubes, sponge, agarose based jelly, and artificial eggs) are discussed. Development time, pupal weight, fecundity, and reproductive rate were higher for C. rufilabris larvae reared on the eggs of either Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) or Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) than for those reared on artificial diet. Diet presentation methods that show promise include agarose-based jelly and artificial eggs.
Seasonal Mortality of Cassida rubiginosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Due to Incomplete Development and Parasitism in Southwestern Virginia
Authors: Ang B. N. , Kok L. T.
Published: September 2017

Releases of Cassida rubiginosa Müller in Montgomery Co. in Virginia in 1973 have been successful and the beetle is consistently the most conspicuous defoliator of Canada thistle in southwestern Virginia. As the original beetle populations collected in northern Virginia were only moderately parasitized, it appeared that the establishment and spread of C. rubiginosa in southwestern Virginia were not inhibited. Our objective was to determine the effect of parasitism on C. rubiginosa more than a decade after its release in southwestern Virginia. A two-year study involving three sites revealed that parasitism and incomplete development were major mortality factors. Four species of parasites, Eucelatoriopsis dimmocki (Aldrich) (Diptera: Tachinidae), Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Conura torvina (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), and Aprostocetus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), were collected from larvae or pupae of C. rubiginosa. No egg or adult parasites were detected. The major parasite, Aprostocetus sp., was collected from up to 80% of C. rubiginosa pupae during the latter part of the season. Incomplete development accounted for up to 91% of the mortality at later sampling dates. Combined seasonal mortality of larvae and pupae ranged from 12 to 47% in 1989 and 8.6 to 80% in 1991.
Proboscidea louisianica: An Unreported Host of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Laster M. L.
Published: September 2017

The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was found to be strongly attracted to devil's claw, Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thellung, plants. Of 160 larvae collected from the plants in 1992, 99.4% were H. virescens, 0.6% were Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), 42.5% died from infection by undetermined disease pathogens, and 11.3% H. virescens were parasitized by Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick. Of 112 larvae collected from P. louisianica in 1994, 90.2% were H. virescens, 9.8% were H. zea, 59.8% died from infection by undetermined pathogens, and 26.7% H. virescens were parasitized by C. nigriceps. Feeding studies showed that P. louisianica was a nutritionally poor host for H. virescens, backcrosses of H. subflexa X H. virescens, and H. zea; when compared with their development on semisynthetic diet, development was much slower, pupal weights were lower, and survival rates were lower for larvae fed P. louisianica than for those fed semisynthetic diet. None of the backcross or H. zea and only one H. virescens female developed on P. louisianica survived to reproduce. This study reports P. louisianica as a new host record for H. virescens. Data show that H. virescens can survive and reproduce on this plant and that P. louisianica could be a major host of H. virescens in the Mississippi Delta if it were to become widespread.
Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Against Different Ages and Stages of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Cotton
Authors: Ali A. , Young S. Y.
Published: September 2017

This study was done to compare the mortality of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) eggs and larvae of different ages on cotton treated with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki. Mortality of H. zea neonates hatching from eggs collected from B. thuringiensis-treated cotton plots was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher for eggs 0 than 2 d in age at the highest (1.12kg/ha) rate, but did not differ at lower rates. However, across all rates the median lethal concentration (LC50) was 3.2-fold lower for larvae hatching from eggs that were 2 d in age than those from eggs 0 d in age. Mortality for larvae 1 d in age placed on B. thuringiensis-treated cotton terminals was significantly higher than for larvae 3 and 5 d in age at 4.48 and 8.96 kg/ha rates of B. thuringiensis. The LC50 for larvae 1 d in age (2.1 kg/ha) was 3 and 5.7-fold lower than for larvae 3 and 5 d in age, respectively (based on 95% confidence intervals). These data indicate that in cotton pest management systems, B. thuringiensis applications need to be directed at maximum oviposition and eclosion of H. zea neonates because control is very low against larger larvae.
Bionomics of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Its Ectoparasitic Nematode, Noctuidonema guyanense, in South Georgia
Authors: Rogers C. E. , Marti O. G. , Chandler L. D. , Simmons A. M.
Published: September 2017

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a perennial immigrant pest of several crops in south Georgia. Moths of S. frugiperda commonly are infested by an ectoparasitic nematode, Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet and Silvain in the Southeast. The seasonal chronology and natural association of these species are reported for Tift Co. from 1988 to 1994. Seasonal influxes of non-infested moths usually arrive in late April and dissipate in early November. Seasonal influxes of infested male moths follow the initial immigrants by 4 to 6 wks and disappear in the fall from 1 to 2 mos earlier than the general moth populations. Feral male moths that are moderately worn and infested by N. guyanense weigh less than moderately worn, non-infested males. Noctuidonema guyanense infests moths of several species of noctuids, but it has not been found on the cotton bollworm/corn earworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)], tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fab.)], or beet armyworm [S. exigua (Hubner)].
Effect of Trap Size on Efficiency of Yellow Sticky Traps for Sampling Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adults in Corn
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Kuhar T. P. , Midgarden D. G.
Published: September 2017

Field studies were conducted in Virginia cornfields in 1990 and 1991 to evaluate the effect of trap size on numbers of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte adults caught on unbaited Pherocon AM and Olson yellow sticky traps. No significant differences in trapping efficiency (i.e., catch per unit area) were detected on Pherocon AM traps whose sizes had been reduced by either 50% or 75% when compared with standard Pherocon AM no-bait traps. Likewise, no significant difference in trapping efficiency was detected between Olson traps whose sizes had been reduced 50% and full-size Olson traps (212.9 cm2). However, significantly more western corn rootworm adults per unit area were caught on Olson yellow sticky traps compared to Pherocon AM traps whose sizes had been reduced 50%. Comparative costs and precision values for reduced-size Pherocon AM and Olson yellow sticky traps are discussed.
Susceptibility of Five Plant Defoliators to Celery Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
Authors: Solomon Walter , Lambert Lavone , Bell M. R.
Published: September 2017

Bioassays were conducted to determine the susceptibility of five lepidopteran defoliators to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) isolated from the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby). Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), exhibited the greatest susceptibility, LC50 = 2,328PIB/ml, and velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), exhibited the least susceptibility, LC50 = 5,176,038 PIB/ml, after 7 d of feeding at the 5 × 104 PIB/ml dosage. Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), expressed intermediate levels of susceptibility, LC50 - 11,742, 14,195, 14,614 respectively, after 7 d of feeding at the 5 × 104 PIB/ml dosage. These results were consistent at days 10 and 14 indicating the relative activity of the virus against each species.
Impact of Insecticides Applied With/Without Bromoxynil Herbicide on Various Cotton Pests in Laboratory Bioassays
Authors: Scott W. P. , Snodgrass G. L. , Shaw R. , Adams D. A.
Published: September 2017

Spray chamber tests with BXN cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), plant terminals demonstrated that mixing bromoxynil herbicide with different classes of insecticides had no negative effects on the efficacy of the insecticides for boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), or tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.). Efficacy of azinphos-methyl for control of tarnished plant bugs was significantly increased at 48 h when mixed with bromoxynil. A significant decrease in survival of the tobacco budworm occurred at 24 h when cyfluthrin was mixed with bromoxynil. Bromoxynil can be applied for weed control in cotton as early as the seedling stage. The ability to mix a herbicide with an insecticide can save on application costs.
Four Species of Noctuid Moths Degrade Sex Pheromone by a Common Antennal Metabolic Pathway
Authors: Klun Jerome A . , Potts William J. E. , Oliver James E.
Published: September 2017

Z-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z-9-14:OAc) is a component in the female sex pheromones of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). We compared the in vivo catabolism of Z-9-14:OAc in time course fashion after the tritiated compound was applied topically to the antennae of males in the four species. Catabolism of tritiated European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), sex pheromone (Z-11-14:OAc) was monitored concomitantly so direct comparisons could be made between the male borer and the noctuid males. Results showed that catabolism of pheromone in all four noctuid moths proceeded along the same hydrolysis-alcohol oxidation pathway as has been observed in the European corn borer male. Catabolism was mathematically modeled with first-order differential equations as a four-compartment degradative system in which tritiated pheromonal acetate was sequentially converted to tetradecenol, tetradecenoic acid and water. The modeling revealed subtle differences in catabolism from one species to another and that most species exhibited a finite capacity to catabolize the pheromone.
Structure-Activity Study with Haloalkane Attractants of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larvae Using a Behavioral Bioassay
Authors: Jewett D. K. , Bjostads L. B.
Published: September 2017

A two-choice laboratory behavioral bioassay was used to compare the dose-dependent responses of second-instar western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, larvae to a series of structurally-related haloalkanes, including ones with different halogens, degree of halogen substitution, chain length, and degree of saturation. Disubstituted bromine and iodine analogs of dichloromethane attracted larvae at all doses tested, including 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg. Dibromomethane attracted significantly more larvae than dichloromethane at the lowest dose tested (0.5 mg). Analogs of dichloromethane with more chlorine substitutions attracted significantly fewer larvae than dichloromethane at most doses tested except for chloroform, which attracted significantly more larvae than dichloromethane at the lowest dose tested (0.5 mg). Although larvae were repelled by the two highest doses of 1,1-dichlorobutane tested (2.0 and 4.0 mg), orthogonal contrasts revealed no trend in responses of larvae to increasing doses of it or any of the other chain length analogs tested, 1,1-dichloroethene is an unsaturated analog of 1,1-dichloroethane, and orthogonal contrasts revealed a positive linear trend for responses of larvae to increasing doses of it.
Bacillus thuringiensis Alone and in Mixtures with Chemical Insecticides against Heliothines and Effects on Predator Densities in Cotton
Authors: Young S. Y. , Kring T. J. , Johnson D. R. , Klein C. D.
Published: September 2017

Tests were conducted in a cotton field in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner alone and in mixtures with thiodicarb and cyhalothrin against heliothines and to evaluate the survival of predators on cotton. The heliothine population treated in both years was almost entirely Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (>97%). In both years, B. thuringiensis alone failed to reduce larval populations over the control plots (P > 0.05). Larval densities were similarly reduced in thiodicarb and thiodicarb-B. thuringiensis treatments. Treatments that contained cyhalothrin and/or profenofos provided the best control. Bacillus thuringiensis treatment of plots did not have any delayed effects on H. zea such as reductions in developmental rates or delayed mortality beyond 3 days after application. In addition, heliothine egg mortality in the 1994 collection 3 days after application did not differ significantly among treatments. Predator density in the B. thuringiensis alone treatment was similar to the untreated control. All treatments that contained conventional chemical insecticides, including thiodicarb at the ovicidal rate, reduced predator densities to low numbers. These data indicate that B. thuringiensis did not provide control of H. zea in cotton fields and did not improve control of H. zea when used in mixtures with an ovicide or larvacide. Therefore, caution should be urged in recommending B. thuringiensis when the heliothine species composition is skewed toward H. zea. Furthermore, when B. thuringiensis was used in mixtures with chemical insecticides, there was no conservation of arthropod predators relative to use of traditional chemical insecticide treatments.
Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) Survey in Northeast Ohio
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Sean Ellis M. , Teraguchi Sonja
Published: September 2017

Seven sites within the Grand River Watershed east of Cleveland, OH were surveyed for Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) for three years (1992–1994), to establish long-term population trends for future reference. Particular interest was devoted to the possible impact of pesticides or natural disasters on feral nitidulids in the Grand River Watershed. Nitidulidae were chosen due to their widespread abundance at the soil surface/leaf litter interface. At least 35 species of nitidulids were collected. According to our classification scheme, 18 were designated “rare locally,” 7 were “moderate” in abundance, and 10 were categorized as “abundant.”
Benzoylbiuret Insect Chitin Inhibitors: Structure-Activity Correlations Derived from an In vitro Clasper Assay and an In vitro Mosquito Adult Emergence Assay2
Authors: DeMilo Albert B. , Gelman Dale B. , Bordás Barna
Published: September 2017

Chitin-synthesis inhibitory effects of nine l-benzoyl-5-phenyl-biurets and six l-benzoyl-5-phenyl-4-thiobiurets were determined in an in vitro assay using male pharate adult claspers of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Incorporation of labeled N-acetylglucosamine into the clasper tissue was effectively inhibited by the benzoylbiurets (IC50 values ranged from 0.032 to 8.2 ppm). Quantitative structure-activity relationships of the benzoylbiurets were analyzed by linear regression analysis. The analysis used yellowfever mosquito (Aedes aegypti (L.)) adult emergence data (LC50 values) and in vitro chitin-synthesis inhibition data (IC50 values) as biological endpoints and a set of physicochemical parameters (independent variables) of the para substituent of the anilide moiety. Stepwise regression analysis of the in vivo data provided a significant four-parameter equation involving Hammett σp and Hansch-Fujita π constants, and two indicator variables. Analysis of the in vitro chitin-synthesis inhibition data yielded a significant two-parameter equation incorporating σp and an indicator variable. In vitro larvicidal activity against A. aegypti and the house fly (Musca domestica L.) was enhanced by electron-withdrawing and lipophilic substituents in the para position of the anilide moiety. In contrast, in vitro chitin-synthesis inhibition was favored by electron-donating substituents. It was suggested that the equations derived from in vivo activity data describe mainly pharmacokinetic processes such as transport and metabolism. Structural requirements for intrinsic activity of the benzoylbiurets at the putative receptor site were better represented by the equation derived from the in vitro chitin-synthesis inhibition data.
Behavior of Neonate Imported Cabbageworm Larvae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Under Laboratory Conditions on Collard Leaves with Glossy or Normal Waxi
Authors: Stoner Kimberly A.
Published: September 2017

Movement and feeding of newly-hatched imported cabbageworms, Pieris rapae (L.), on the upper and lower leaf surfaces of collard plants with glossy and normal waxes were monitored using a videocamera. During the 50-min observation period, more of the larvae fed when placed on the lower surface of leaves with normal wax (50 to 68%) than on the upper surface (23 to 32%), or on either upper (27%) or lower (16%) surfaces of leaves with glossy wax. A larger portion of the larvae moved at least 1 mm on glossy leaves than on normal leaves, and they moved farther during the observation period on glossy than on normal leaves, and on the upper leaf surface compared to the lower leaf surface. The failure of a large proportion of the larvae to begin feeding on either surface of leaves with glossy wax is likely to be an important factor in the resistance to imported cabbageworms observed in the field.
Laboratory Infection and Release of Spiroplasma (Entomoplasmatales: Spiroplasmataceae) from Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: Wedincamp Jimmy , French Frank E. , Whitcomb Robert F. , Henegar Roberta B.
Published: September 2017

Many tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are infected with spiroplasmas (Mollicutes: Spiroplasmataceae). Naturally-infected Tabanus gladiator Stone and T. sulcifrons Maquart flies were restrained and fed 10% sucrose to determine the exit points of Spiroplasma from tabanid flies. The flies were allowed to feed for 24 h, and the resulting oral and anal specks were cultured in MID broth. Spiroplasmas were isolated from 21 of 51 oral specks but not from 23 anal specks deposited on plastic. In contrast, when anal specks were deposited in a sucrose solution, 9 of 28 anal specks in sucrose yielded spiroplasma cultures. Tabanus limola F. and T. longiusculus Hine were offered a culture of Spiroplasma strain EC-1 on a stewed raisin or in 5% sucrose in the form of a hanging drop. After 4 d, the minced abdominal viscera of each fly were incubated in MID broth and 25 of 32 tabanids yielded cultures of Spiroplasma.
A Meridic Diet for the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
Authors: Domek John M. , Cantelo William W. , Deahl Kenneth L.
Published: September 2017

Foliage of the potato, Solanum tuberosum (L.), was analyzed previously to determine its nutritional content. This information was used to help develop a meridic diet for rearing the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Various test diets were prepared, and types and concentrations of proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and ascorbic acid were tested for their influence on growth and weight gain of larvae reared from the egg stage on diet. At 2.8% protein or less, neither egg albumin nor casein produced adult beetles. Adults were reared with casein concentrations of 3.0 and 4.2%, but not at 5% casein. An abbreviated list of foliar amino acids was as effective as the complete foliar complement in the rearing of adults. Oat flour or potato flakes were suitable carbohydrate sources for rearing to the adult stage. The composition of a meridic diet is presented which was used for rearing the Colorado potato beetle from the egg to the adult stage, in the absence of host plant material.
Biology of the Yellowmargined Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Crucifers
Authors: Ameen Abdullahi O. , Story Richard N.
Published: September 2017

Multi-generation survivorship, developmental biology, fecundity, and adult longevity of the yellowmargined leaf beetle, Microtheca ochroloma Stål, were studied in the laboratory on cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L., collard, B. oleracea var. acephala L., mustard, B. juncea Cosson, turnip, B. rapa L., and radish, Raphanus sativus L. Host plant significantly affected multi-generation survivorship; survivorship was 0% on cabbage but >70% on the other hosts when tests were terminated in the fourth generation. Duration of development of life stages and total duration of development from oviposition to adult emergence did not vary significantly with host at 20°C. The latter averaged 27 d among hosts. Development averaged 7.8 d for eggs, 10 d for the four larval instars, 3 d for prepupae, and 5.6 d for pupae. Fecundity and adult longevity were significantly affected by host plant. Egg numbers per female were significantly higher on turnip than on collard but did not differ significantly among cabbage, mustard and radish. Sex did not affect longevity, but beetles lived significantly longer on radish than cabbage, collard, mustard, or turnip.
Grape Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Biology and Management on Grapes
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Lewis Barb A. , Whitehead J. David
Published: September 2017

Grape scale, Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), is a pest of grapes, Vitus spp., in the south-central United States. This study compared Julian days and cumulative degree-days (DD at base 10°C accumulated after 1 April) to grape scale biology and control in Arkansas. On the average, first generation crawlers began emerging 14 May (274 DD) and peaked on 20 May (356 DD). First generation winged males began emerging on 26 June (794 DD) and peaked 13 July (1,108 DD). Second generation crawlers began emerging on 20 July (1,166 DD) and peaked on 12 August (1,549 DD). Second generation wingless males began emerging on 31 August (1,857 DD) and peaked on 18 September (2,026 DD). Relative to untreated vines, vines treated with chlorpyrifos at bud swell (early April) or as late as early May (near grape bloom) realized at least an eight-fold reduction in the number of crawlers and adult males per sticky tape trap. Vines receiving the second application near grape bloom had significantly fewer crawlers in May, August and September than vines sprayed once in late April. A chlorpyrifos treatment in early April provided at least a 30-d lethal residual on grape against grape scale crawlers that emerged during May.
Antibiosis of Released Soybean Germplasm to Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. , Cooper Richard L.
Published: September 2017

None of the soybean, Glycine max (Merrill), cultivars released as being insect resistant are grown over large areas in the U.S. partly due to reduced yields and lower than expected insect resistance levels. Recently, Ohio released two germplasm lines, HC95-15MB and HC95-24MB, with significant levels of insect resistance and yields approaching those of adapted cultivars. A study was conducted that compared their resistance levels to other advanced breeding lines. HC95-15MB and HC95-24MB were found to have moderate levels of resistance to Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, much higher compared with the other advanced lines. Additionally, resistance levels in HC95-15MB and HC95-24MB remained relatively constant during two different soybean growth stages, late vegetative and mid-reproductive, compared with the resistance levels in the other germplasm lines which tended to lower as the soybeans matured. The higher levels of resistance offered by these two lines make them very useful as sources of germplasm for breeders in their breeding programs.
Effects of Blankophor BBH, a Virus-Enhancing Adjuvant, on Mortality of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Webb R. E. , Peiffer R. A. , Fuester R. W. , Valenti M. A. , Thorpe K. W. , White G. B. , Shapiro M.
Published: September 2017

We examined aspects of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)/nuclear polyhedrosis virus relationship, and the effects of Blankophor BBH on that relationship, that might impact the timing of virus kill in a cohort of treated larvae. We studied this relationship both for virus and enhancer applied together and separately. We found that a portion of larvae ingesting virus polyhedral inclusion bodies die later (more than 4 wk after infection) in the season, and that this can be affected by the presence of Blankophor BBH if the virus dose is above a certain level (in this study, 107 polyhedral inclusion bodies per 378 liters). Furthermore, the pattern of mortality resulting from virus ingestion was elucidated. This pattern was affected by Blankophor BBH, but only when the virus dose was above a certain higher level (in this study, 1011 inclusion bodies per 378 liters). We also found that Blankophor BBH alone had no obvious effect on the course of the disease in gypsy moth larvae that had previously ingested virus; it caused neither an increase in mortality, a decrease in time to kill, nor any obvious effect on the pattern of kill. Most larvae died between 18 and 29 d. Few larvae ingesting virus died earlier (13 to 17 d); however, about 5% of the larvae died later than 30 d after infection, which may be late enough to contribute to the second wave of mortality. A combination of Blankophor BBH at 0.5% and virus at 1011 inclusion bodies resulted in an increase in mortality and a decrease in time of kill compared with that seen for that level of virus without the enhancer, while eliminating the “tail” of mortality occurring 30 d after infection. However, a combination of Blankophor BBH at 0.5% and virus at 109 inclusion bodies still give higher mortality than expected with the virus alone, but did not decrease the time of kill or eliminate the “tail.”
Diel Host-Seeking Activity of Adult Diachlorus ferrugatus (F.) (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Northwestern Florida
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Schreiber E. T.
Published: September 2017

Host-seeking activity of adult Diachlorus ferrugatus (F.) was studied in northwest Florida during its peak abundance period in June 1993 and 1994. Primary peak activity occurred at sunset (1945h Central Standard Time) with a minor secondary peak at 1145h. Temperature explained the major portion of variation in host-seeking behavior with relative humidity and light intensity as statistically non-significant factors. No host-seeking activity was observed at darkness. Mark-recapture studies indicated that the majority of individuals did not remain in the area after initial capture but were transitory. Anthrone assays from D. ferrugatus collected adjacent to the immediate study area revealed that about 72% had fed on fructose, while parity assays indicated 96.9% of host-seeking adults were nulliparous.
Slugs in Conservation Tillage Corn and Soybeans in the Eastern Corn Belt
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. , Beck Terry , Smith Judith A. , Amos Roger , Barker John , Moore Robert , Siegrist Howard , Slates Dean , Ward Barry
Published: September 2017

Slug problems have increased in frequency as conservation tillage has become a more widely adapted practice for production of corn, Zea mays (L.), and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in the Midwest. Because of the increasing concern about slug damage to these crops, we initiated studies to aid growers in management of this serious pest. Slug populations were sampled in conservation-tillage fields in seven counties in Ohio from 1994–1996 to determine the species that were present in field crops and to gain insights into their life histories and damage potential. Four slug species were collected in numbers sufficient to be considered of potential economic importance. The predominant species in population size and geographic range were Deroceras reticulatum (Müller), followed closely by D. leave (Müller). Both species were common in most fields. The third most numerous slug species was Arion subfuscus (Drapamaud). Although this species was found in fewer fields, it was often collected in very large numbers. The fourth slug. A. fasciatus (Nilsson), was found only in two counties. We observed juvenile D. reticulatum causing the most damage by their feeding in late-May and in June. Damage caused by the other species was not as evident, with the possible exception of A. subfuscus causing stand loss in soybeans.
A Re-Examination of Economic Injury Levels for Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Soybean2
Authors: Hunt Thomas E. , Higley Leon G. , Pedigo Larry P.
Published: September 2017

The potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), is an occasional pest of seedling soybean throughout the eastern United States. Economic injury levels (EIL) for E. fabae on soybean are not available for all vulnerable soybean stages, nor do they reflect current understandings of soybean response to injury or EIL calculation methodology. Damage terms were estimated for seedling soybean stages using curve-fitting techniques that consider the vulnerability of the expanding leaf tissue of seedling soybean. Yield loss for stage V1 soybean was 43.58 kg/ha/E. fabae/plant, for V2 was 20.41 kg/ha/E. fabae/plant, for V3 was 13.10 kg/ha/E. fabae/plant, and for V4 was 9.55 kg/ha/E. fabae/plant. Economic injury level matrices were developed to reflect changing economic conditions and management costs for V1 through V4 soybean. The EILs are 1.4 to 3.6 E. fabae/plant for V1 soybean, 3.0 to 7.8 E. fabae/plant for V2 soybean, 4.7 to 12.2 E. fabae/plant for V3 soybean, and 6.5 to 16.7 E. fabae/plant for V4 soybean.
Feeding Injury of the Azalea Lace Bug (Heteroptera: Tingidae)
Authors: Klingeman W. E. , Braman S. K. , Buntin G. D.
Published: September 2017

Azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott), feeding rates were investigated in controlled laboratory bioassays. Individual newly-eclosed nymphs were transferred to cut stems of ‘Girard's Rose’ azaleas and maintained at either 20°C for 26°C for the duration of their lifetimes. Feeding rates, determined using computer assisted image area analysis, were calculated for both nymphs and adults. In both trials, females caused significantly more feeding injury per day than males. However, the overall amount of injury inflicted during lace bug lifetimes was similar for males and females at both temperatures. During adulthood, feeding injury by individual lace bugs resulted in a mean (±SD) of 6.35 ± 4.61 cm2 leaf area injury at 20°C and 3.93 ± 2.06 cm2 leaf area injury at 26°C. Nymphal feeding was a small fraction of the injury inflicted by the adults and averaged 0.43 ±0.15 cm2 at 20°C and 0.30 ±0.10 cm2 at 26°C. The determination of azalea lace bug feeding-injury potential is critical to the development of decision-making guidelines.
Laboratory Evaluation of Selected Spray Adjuvants as Ultraviolet Light Protectants for the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of the Celery Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)2
Authors: Farrar Robert R. , Ridgway Richard L.
Published: September 2017

Four spray adjuvants were tested in the laboratory as ultraviolet light (UV) protectants for the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the celery looper, Anagraphs falcifera (Kirby) (AfMNPV), against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). We tested a sodium lignin sulfonate (Lignosite AN®), two diaminostilbene disulfonic acid-derived fluorescent brighteners (Blankophor BBH® and Blankophor HRS®), and a nutrient-based feeding stimulant (Coax®). Lignosite AN was active as a UV protectant; Blankophor BBH, as both an enhancer and a UV protectant; Blankophor HRS, as an enhancer only, and; Coax, as a UV protectant only. Lack of an effect of Coax as a feeding stimulant may be due to the design of the bioassay, in which larvae were confined on small pieces of foliage. However, the practical utility of some, if not all, of these materials may be limited by the cost and/or bulk of the amounts required to achieve the desired effects.
Description of the Larva of Sphaeropthalma pensylvanica (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae: Sphaeropthalminae)
Authors: Pitts James P. , Matthews Robert W.
Published: September 2017

The larval stage of Sphaeropthalma pensylvanica (Lepeletier) is described and differentiated from other known larval Mutillidae. The larva of S. pensylvanica differs from the other described larvae of Mutillidae by the following combination of characters: the tenth abdominal segment rounded and not produced over the anus, a basal mandibular tooth half the size of the third mandibular tooth, large, densely clustered sensilla on the labrum, and prominent pleural lobes.
Comparison of Traps for Monitoring Plum Curculio Adults (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Apple Orchards
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Chandler Bradley W. , Leskey Tracy C. , Wright Starker E.
Published: September 2017

Effectiveness of four types of odor-baited or unbaited traps for monitoring overwintered adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), on perimeter apple trees in Massachusetts orchards was compared. Black wooden pyramid traps placed on the ground next to apple tree trunks captured more adults than black plastic cylinder traps placed vertically on limbs within apple tree canopies, squares of clear Plexiglas placed vertically next to apple tree canopies to intercept incoming adults on the sticky-coated outward-facing surface, or “Circle” traps comprised of aluminum screen and fastened to limbs within apple tree canopies (which captured no adults). In no comparison did any of these traps baited with a combination of synthetic aggregation pheromone (grandisoic acid) and synthetic host volatiles (limonene and ethyl isovalerate) capture more adults than unbaited traps. None of the three types of baited or unbaited traps evaluated in commercial orchards (pyramid, cylinder or Circle) yielded captures of adults whose amounts or phenologies reflected amounts or phenologies of ovipositional injuries to fruit caused by plum curculio, although in unmanaged orchards amounts of capture by baited and unbaited pyramid and clear Plexiglas traps did reflect amounts of fruit injury. The only situation where odor bait enhanced trap effectiveness involved clear Plexiglas traps placed next to woods nearby an unmanaged orchard, where baited traps facing woods caught about 10× more immigrating overwintered adults than did unbaited traps. We conclude that odor-baited clear Plexiglas traps placed near woods can be useful for monitoring the beginning, peak and ending of overwintering adult immigration, but a more attractive blend of odor components is needed for effective monitoring by traps of any type placed near, beneath or within canopies of apple trees.
Pecan Varietal Differences in Hemipteran Kernel Damage
Authors: Dutcher J. D. , Worley R. E. , Conner Patrick , Dove Sue
Published: September 2017

Pecan, Carya illinoensis Wangenh. (K. Koch), is susceptible to feeding by leaffooted bugs (Hemiptera: Coriedae) and stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) from fruit set to post harvest. These hemipterans are difficult to control with insecticide sprays. We found that 33 pecan varieties had consistent and significant differences in the incidence of hemipteran kernel damage indicating that host plant resistance may help solve this problem. The rank of varieties for average incidence of damage over 4 yrs, from highest to lowest was: ‘USDA 53-11-139’, ‘USDA 57-7-22’, ‘Shawnee’, ‘Moreland’, ‘USDA 40-9-266’, ‘USDA 49-20-112’, ‘Linberger’, ‘Cape Fear’, ‘Robinson’, ‘Shoshoni’, ‘USDA 64-11-17’, ‘USDA 55-12-17’, ‘Caddo’, ‘USDA 62-5-8’, ‘Sioux’, ‘Melrose’, ‘Tejas’, ‘Pawnee’, ‘Forkert’, ‘Kiowa’, ‘Owens’, ‘Candy’, ‘Gloria Grande’, ‘USDA 49-1-182’, ‘Western Schley’, ‘Creek’, ‘USDA 53-3-36’, ‘USDA 41-19-20’, ‘Maramec’, ‘Sumner’, ‘GraBohls’, ‘Kanza’, and ‘USDA 53-9-1’. Many of the more tolerant varieties have desirable kernel quality and often have good production characteristics, while many of the more susceptible varieties are also not horticulturally desirable. Adults of the southern green stinkbug, Nezara viridula (L.), and the leaffootted bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus (L), when placed in cages on pecan nut clusters by sex, differed in their ability to cause damage to ‘Cape Fear’, ‘Creek’, ‘USDA 64-11-17’, ‘Melrose’, and ‘Shoshoni’. Males of both species caused less damage than females, and N. viridula generally caused more damage than L. phyllopus.
Superparasitism Occasionally Predisposes Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Develop Gregariously in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1
Authors: Riddick Eric Wellington
Published: September 2017

Experiments were designed to estimate the incidence of superparasitism of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) and gregarious development of Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson). Dissections of host larvae revealed that superparasitism was common at all host densities (5, 10, or 20 larvae per 0.05 liter arena). At least two parasitoid eggs were present per host on day 1 after parasitoid oviposition; eggs were scarcely found on day 2 and never found on days 3, 4 or 5. More than one parasitoid first instar was present per host on day 2 at all densities, although more were found in hosts of the 5 density rather than the 20 density treatment. Second instars were present in hosts on days 3, 4 and 5, and at least one was present per host on day 5. Third instars (the final instar stage) were not present inside hosts by day 5. Rearing of host larvae demonstrated that gregarious development was rare, since less than 6% of parasitized hosts yielded two third instars that spun cocoons. Neither host density nor exposure time (24 h, 48 h) had an effect on the occurrence of gregarious development. The adult emergence rate was 64% and the sex ratio was male-biased for parasitoids that developed gregariously. The adult emergence rate was 73% and the sex ratio was unbiased for those that developed solitarily. This research suggests that superparasitism of hosts by C. marginiventris can occasionally predispose parasitoid larvae to develop gregariously. Frequent superparasitism of hosts may be detrimental to the long-term propagation of C. marginiventris.
Imidacloprid Insecticide Slows Development of Pierce's Disease in Bunch Grapes
Authors: Krewer Gerard , Dutcher J. D. , Chang C. J.
Published: September 2017

Six cultivars of bunch grapevines Vitis labrusca (L.) and V. vinifera (L), ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Canadice’, ‘Flame Seedless’, ‘Johannesburg Riesling’, ‘Mars’ and ‘Reliance’ when treated at planting and for 3 yrs with two (early spring and mid-summer) applications of imidacloprid (Admire®, Bayer Corp., Kansas City, MO) in a 1 to 2 liters aqueous solution (0.70 g active ingredient per vine per application) as drench to the base of the vine, had lower incidence of Pierce's Disease (PD) than untreated grapevines. Apparent PD symptoms were evident on the control vines in mid-summer of the second season. By the fall of the second season and spring of the third season, some control vines were dead. ELISA tests in July of the third season, indicated that similar proportions of treated and control vines contained the PD bacteria. ELISA tests in August of the third season, indicated that significantly more control vines than treated vines contained PD bacteria. Vines treated with imidacloprid showed PD symptoms in June of the third season, and the rate of disease development was slower than in the control vines. After 3 yrs, 18% of the control vines were dead while all the treated vines were alive. ‘Carbernet Franc’ and ‘J. Riesling’ vines treated with imidacloprid had higher yields that the untreated vines within the two cultivars in the third season. ‘Reliance’ vines had higher soluble solids in vines treated with imidacloprid than in untreated vines. Survival at bud break of the fourth year was higher in treated than in untreated vines. Homalodisca coagulata (Say), H. insolita (F.), Oncometopia orbona (Walker) and Graphocephala versuta (Say) were the more abundant leafhopper vectors of PD in the experimental plot and in the surrounding fruit crops. Overall, this research suggests that under severe PD pressure vineyard life can be extended by about 1 yr by application of imidacloprid.