bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Second Example of Anti‐Fy51
Authors: DiNapoli Janet , Garcia Alicia , Marsh W. L. , Dreizin D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐Fy5 has been found in the serum of a transfused Fy(a–b–) Negro woman. The antibody reacts with red cells that are Fy(a+) or Fy(b+) or both, but not with Fy(a–b–) cells or with cells of the Rhnull phenotype. Rhnull red cells of both amorph and regulator types are nonreactive with anti‐Fy5. If interaction between Rhesus and Duffy gene products is necessary for Fy5 antigen synthesis, it must be the Rh gene itself and not the X1r modifier that is involved.
Bombay (Oh) Phenotype in two Generations in an Indian Family
Authors: Sathe Malti , Bhatia H. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is described in which the Bombay (h) and Lewis genes were inherited independently, with Oh Lewis‐negative individuals in two generations.
An Improved Method for the Reconstitution of Frozen Red Blood Cells
Authors: Moghaddam M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Continuous flow dialysis of red cells which have been stored frozen at –20 to –25°C in 40% glycerol citrate solution improves the percentage recovery and stability of the red cell samples and reduces the time of the recovery procedure.
Interaction of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen with RNA1
Authors: Hirschman Shalom Z.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Preparations of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), incubated with either wheat germ or yeast RNA at 37 °C, showed by electron microscopy a significantly greater number of tube forms and a shift in their modal lengths. Pre‐treatment of RNA, or incubation of the reaction mixture, with RNAse abolished this effect. Formation of tube forms was not observed with either native or denatured calf thymus or Escherichia coli B DNA. Radiolabeled yeast RNA incubated with HBsAg was co‐pelleted with the antigen following centrifugation and co‐sedimented with antigen on sucrose density gradients.
A New Zealand Family with i Members
Authors: Signal Teresa , Booth P. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A New Zealand (Caucasian) family with two i brothers was discovered by an anomalous routine blood grouping reaction. The i propositus and the individual whose anti‐i caused the discovery were both voluntary blood donors of long standing.
Acanthocytes Bearing the i Antigen
Authors: Berrebi A. , Levene C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a typical case of abetalipoproteinemia with acanthocytosis, a positive anti‐i agglutination of the acanthocytes was found with the same titer as compared to the anti‐i agglutination of the cord blood cells.
Preparation of 131I‐Asialo‐α1‐Acid Glycoprotein
Authors: van Rijk Peter P. , Heinsius H. L. , van den Hamer C. J. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. α1‐Acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) was prepared from a byproduct of the ethanol plasma fractionation by means of ion‐exchange procedures. Immunoelectrophoresis suggested a high degree of purity; the purified protein contained 13.5% sialic acid and 17.8% hexose. The α1‐acid glycoprotein was modified by removal of sialic acid with neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) followed by iodination with 131I. The purpose of the preparation, its potential use as a pharmacon for liver function studies in nuclear medicine is the subject of further study.
Direct Observation of Immunoglobulins on the Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Stolinski C. , Romano E. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modification of the sublimation procedure for observation of cell membrane exteriors is described. By retaining basic advantages of the freeze‐fracture technique, without actual fracturing of the sample, high quality replicas can be produced on which molecules such as immunoglobulins can be identified and mapped on extensive areas of the erythrocyte membrane surfaces. The method can be used for direct observation of antibodies without recourse to labelling with other marker molecules, such as for example ferritin. In addition, direct visualization of clumping of red cells, as induced by such antibodies, is feasible.
Rhmod, a Second Kindred (Craig)1
Authors: Mallory Delores McGuire , Rosenfield Richard E. , Wong Kwan Y. , Heller Charlene , Rubinstein Pablo , Allen Fred H. , Walker Mary E. , Lewis Marion
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three Rhmod siblings were found to have identical Rh: w1, w2, –3, –4, w5 (D↓ C↓e↓) phenotypes. All had stomatocytic hemolytic anemia. On quantitative hemagglutination studies, as well as on hand tests, all Rh antigens were not equally depressed. Rh17 (Hro, ‘not D’) and Rh29 (RH, ‘total Rh’) were both normal. Rh5 (hr“, e) was only slightly depressed. Rh25 (LW) had 50% of the expression expected in normal Rh:–1 cells. Rh1 (Rho, D), Rh13 (RhA), Rh14 (RhB), Rh15 (RhC), and Rh16 (RhD), were severely depressed. Rh2 (rh‘, C) was depressed, while Rh7 (rhi, Ce) was absent. Both Rh19 (hrS) and Rh31 (hrB) were depressed. Rh12 (rhG, G) was distinctly depressed, scoring considerably less than rGrG red cells.

The unrelated parents, the child of the proposita, and some siblings of each parent showed lessened depression of Rh antigens without displaying the consistent pattern that might be expected from a presumed single suppressor gene. Absence of a consistent pattern may have resulted from differing Rh genotypes, but a frequently observed depression involved Rh14, Rh15, and Rh16 (RhB, RhC, and RhD) without an effect on either Rh1 (Rho or D) or Rh13 (RhA).
Failure to Demonstrate Dosage of U Antigen
Authors: ISSITT PETER D. , PAVONE BEVERLY G. , ROLIH SUSAN D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Tests in which 11 examples of anti‐U were used in titration studies against the red blood cells of 9 obligate Uu heterozygotes, from 4 unrelated families, and random Negro and Caucasian donors (many of whom were of the presumptive UU genotype) have failed to demonstrate any dosage of the U antigen.
Incidence and Distribution of Hepatitis Bs‐Antigen in Turkey
Authors: PIRNAR AYSEL , KANRA TEKIN
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The sera of 3,363 healthy people from different regions of Turkey were investigated for the presence of hepatitis Bs‐antigen. Agar‐gel double‐diffusion technique was employed for the demonstration of this antigen. In 101 persons this antigen was found to be present, giving an incidence of 3% for hepatitis Bs ‐antigen in Turkey.
New Laboratory Method to Detect Hepatitis‐B (Australia) Antigen Based on ‘Anomalous' Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme
Authors: BAXI A. J. , BAPAT J. P. , DAMLE S. R. , TALAVADEKAR R. V. , RAJPAL R. M. , DAVE JAYASHRI K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A laboratory method for the indirect detection of hepatitis‐B antigen (HBSAg) based on the presence of ‘anomalous’ LDH isoenzyme by disc electro‐phoresis has been developed. The method is specific and highly sensitive when compared with existing methods.
Sterilized Hepatitis B (Surface) Antigen for Production of Specific Antisera
Authors: Stephan W. , May G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The combined treatment with β‐propiolactone and ultraviolet rays described for the sterilization of HBSAg ‐positive sera does not interfere with the purification procedures for the production of HBs antigen. The immunogenicity of the HBs antigen is retained.
Preparation of Human Immunoglobulin by Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A. , Francis Robert D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Crude IgG precipitated from plasma by the addition of an equal volume of 4 M ammonium sulfate was fractionated on DEAE‐cellulose column to obtain pure IgG as shown by disc electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration. The processed IgG was free of plasmin and plasminogen and did not undergo fragmentation or aggregation on storage at 40 °C for at least 4 weeks. The anticomplement activity was low and the antibody activity was retained.
Automated Irregular Antibody Screening on a Modified 15‐Channel Blood‐Grouping Machine
Authors: Cotton R. , Ray T. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The addition to a 15‐channel blood‐grouping machine of two singlechannel antibody screening systems, based on the principles described by Marsh and Lalezari has produced a modified machine capable of detecting most clinically significant irregular blood group antibodies with a sensitivity equal to normal manual screening tests.
Collection of Lymphocytes on a Continuous‐Flow Blood Cell Separator
Authors: Pentycross C. R. , Walden P. A. M. , Bagshawe K. D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Lymphocytes have been collected by continuous flow leukapheresis from cancer patients (pre‐treatment) and stored at ‐190 °C in liquid nitrogen as immunological support for intensive chemotherapy. Described here are methods for obtaining maximum yield and viability. Assessments are made of cell count, both during and after leukapheresis, and of viability just prior to storage.
Agglutination of Group Ax Erythrocytes by Anti‐A Sera (Group B)1
Authors: Mohn J. F. , Plunkett R. W. , Cunningham R. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four random examples of group Ax erythrocytes were tested with anti‐A sera (group B). Microscopic examination demonstrated a high incidence of reactivity of these cells with the anti‐A sera (group B) obtained after immunization with group A substance.
The Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Reaction, Lysolecithin and Red Cell Ageing in Blood Stored under Normal Transfusion Service Conditions
Authors: Rumsby M. G. , Barnes Yvonne W. , Hoare D. G. , Tovey L. A. D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and lysolecithin content of human blood stored under standard blood transfusion service conditions at 4 0C for 6 weeks has been investigated. Cooling the blood to 4 0C rapidly inactivates the LCAT reaction, but the enzyme is not denatured during storage under these conditions. Citrate in the anticoagulant did not activate the LCAT reaction in freshly‐taken whole blood. The total phospholipid and total lysolecithin content of whole blood decreased during storage at 4 0C for 6 weeks. The lysolecithin content of fresh red cells (2.0–3.0 αmol lysolecithin × 10‐11 per cell) showed no significant change during the storage period.
Separation of Two Hepatitis B Human Antibody Fractions by Cold‐Ethanol Precipitation
Authors: Horowitz Marilyn S. , Woods Kenneth R. , Gersten Merril , Ehrich Carlos
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antibodies to three different samples of hepatitis B antigen‐positive serum were found to be absent from a Cohn fraction II hepatitis B immune globulin preparation, but present in the whole plasma from which the immune globulin was made. Fractions containing the antibodies specific for the three antigen samples were isolated from the plasma by euglobulin precipitation, and the antibodies were characterized as to immunoglobulin class and precipitability in the Cohn fractionation procedure. They appear to be IgG antibodies which, however, were detectable only in Cohn fraction I, while the remainder of the HB specificity present in the original plasma was found, as expected, in fraction II.
Activity of B‐Gene‐Specified Galactosyltransferase in Individuals with Bm Phenotypes1
Authors: Kościelak J. , Pacuszka T. , Dzierżzkowa‐Borodej W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood group B‐gene‐specified α‐galactosyltransferase was determined in serums and erythrocyte membranes of several related persons with Bm pheno‐types. The level of this enzyme in serums was similar to, but in erythrocyte membranes much lower than that found in normal B and AB persons.
Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness in Man1
Authors: Mackay Ian R. , Whittingham Senga , Tait Brian
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Interest in immunogenetics originated from two streams: (a) histocompatibility in mouse and man, and (b) inheritance of specific immune responses in the guinea pig and mouse. In the mouse, there are genes associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which (i) code for antigens determining allograft responses and mixed lymphocyte reactions, (ii) control responses to certain antigens (Ir genes), and (iii) code for cell‐surface antigens which elicit specific antisera (anti‐Ia).

In man, there is genetic control, in part X‐linked, over levels of immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin classes. Evidence for MHC‐linked genetic control is derived from immune responses to (i) micro‐organisms, (ii) pollen antigens, (iii) food antigens, (iv) vaccines, (v) innocuous test antigens, and (vi) autoantigens. Some evidence exists for allotype‐linked genetic control. Practical aspects concern influences of the MHC on susceptibility to disease, within individuals and populations.
Volume Limitations of Plasmapheresis
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The published specifications of the acceptable limits of the maximum plasma volume to be ‘harvested’ by plasmapheresis from one individual per year vary from 10–15 liters in Europe to 50–60 liters in the United States. To answer the question which of these widely diverging precepts is appropriate, the effects of plasmapheresis on serum protein levels and their relationship to albumin metabolism, the accepted safeguards for the donation of whole blood, and the disease known as the nephrotic syndrome are considered. A living person who consents to his bodily integrity being violated for the benefit of others must be protected not only against the generation of manifest illness by such violation, but also against any prolonged deviation from the normal state of his body. It is concluded that plasmapheresis donors should not deliver more than 10 to 15 liters of plasma per year, as now recommended by European authorities. Not more than 500 ml of plasma should be withdrawn per session, and the interval between two such sessions should not be less than 2 weeks.
Increase in Strength of Red Cell Bga Antigen Following Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Morton J. A. , Pickles M. M. , Darley J. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Following an attack of infectious mononucleosis, the red cells of HLA B7 patients may show a greatly increased reactivity with anti‐Bga antibodies. This occurs from about the 3rd week of the disease, the reactivity then slowly decreasing over a period of months or years. Both specific and nonspecific reactions to other HLA antisera may also occur. Five patients were followed in detail and the reason for the increase in antigen strength was investigated without a conclusive result.
Weak Anti‐IgA Antibodies with Limited Specificity and Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Koistinen Jukka , Leikola Juhani
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐IgA antibodies were studied in sera from patients with nonhemolytic transfusion reactions for which no serological reason had been found. Of the 158 sera that were studied by passive hemagglutination assay using twelve IgA myeloma proteins, 4 samples had class‐specific antibodies and 10 samples antibodies with limited specificity. Titers were 1:8 or less. 100 multitransfused hemophilia patients were studied with two IgA myeloma proteins. Four of the sera had anti‐IgA antibodies. Normal blood donor sera reacted with TgA only when antigens were first either digested with pepsin or stored for several months as dilute solutions in refrigerator. The results emphasize the need for fresh IgA proteins of good quality when human anti‐IgA antibodies are investigated.
Association between HLA and Red Cell Antigens
Authors: Nordhagen R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Cytotoxic HLA antisera of various specificities were examined on the AutoAnalyzer against red blood cells (RBC) from a great number of HLA‐typed donors. HLA‐associated haemagglutinins of different specificities were demonstrated. In cytotoxic anti‐HLA‐A9 and anti‐HLA‐A10, as well as in anti‐HLA‐B12, anti‐HLA‐Bw15 and anti‐HLA‐B17 sera, haemagglutinins of apparently corresponding specificities were found. This indicates that several HLA antigens may be present on RBC, but they are demonstrable only on RBC from a limited number of donors who possess the corresponding antigens on their white cells. Some antigens, like HLA‐A28 and HLA‐B7, are relatively strong RBC antigens, whereas others, like HLA‐B12 or HLA‐Bw15 seem to be much weaker. In cytotoxic anti‐HLA‐A1 and anti‐HLA‐B13 sera, no corresponding haemagglutinins were demonstrated. However, haemagglutinins of anti‐HLA‐B7 specificity were shown to be present in two cytotxic anti HLA‐A1 and three anti‐HLA‐B13 sera. No cytotoxic anti‐HLA‐B7 was found in these sera. Cross‐reacting antibodies also seem to be frequent among HLA associated haemagglutinins.
Biochemical Genetics of MN1
Authors: Walker M. E. , Rubinstein P. , Allen F. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Quantitative hemagglutination studies of the MN‐hemizygous (M/‐) patient and his family reported by German et al. are given together with data on the electrophoretic mobility of their red cells. These results, and those obtained on the cells of a donor of the MU pheno‐type (MU = M+N−S−s−U+; Mu = M+N−S−s−U−), demonstrate a series of shortcomings in the current ‘precursor transferase’ theory of the biochemical genetics of MN antigens. Another theory is proposed, according to which the effects of the MN genes take place exclusively in the protein part of the glycopeptide. The MN proteins would carry acceptor sites for the antigenic oligosaccharides which are put together by enzymes genetically independent of MN. In M glycoproteins, the acceptor sites are close to each other, in doublets, while in N they are all separate. This model is shown to apply successfully to several difficult problems in MN.
Yet More Salvia Agglutinins
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Further sources of Salvia agglutinins with Tn‐Specificity are reported.

We have previously reported on haemagglutinins in Salviu [l, 2]. Because it is sometimes difficult to obtain the seeds of Salvia sclarea (anti‐Tn) [l] or Salvia horminum (anti‐Tn + anti‐Cad) [l], it is useful to know of alternative sources of reagents with similar specificities [2].

Through the kind co‐operation of the Curator, University Botanic Gardens, Birmingham, we have had the opportunity to extend our studies to yet more Salvia species.

The techniques used were those described previously [1]. The under‐mentioned Salvias were studied: S. aurea, S. candelabrum, S. forskohlei, S. grandiflora, S. japonica, S. nilotica, S. regeliana, S. superba, S. transylvanica and S. verticillata. It must, however, be mentioned that S. superba may be the same as S. pratensis or S. nemorosa [2] which we have already reported.
Radioimmunoassay Inhibition Method for Confirming the Specificity of Positive Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Reactions and for Survey of Antibodies to the Antigen1
Authors: Forghani Bagher , Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Studies were conducted to determine the hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (anti‐HBS) levels and antibody subtype specificities required in order for anti‐HBS sera of human origin to be suitable for use in radioimmunoassay (RIA) inhibition tests for determining the specificity of positive reactions for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg.) Also, the RIA inhibition method was evaluated for detection of anti‐HBS in sera of laboratory personnel. Only anti‐HBS sera with complement‐fixing (CF) antibody titers of 1:32 or higher effectively inhibited HBSAg‐positive sera with demonstrable CF activity, and complete inhibition was obtained only for antigens having CF titers of 1:64 or lower. Higher‐titered antigens could be inhibited when diluted 1:10‐1: 100. The low‐titered HBSAg preparation supplied with AusRIA kits (Abbott Laboratories) was effectively inhibited by low‐titered anti‐HBS sera, and when used in RIA inhibition tests on sera from laboratory personnel, the tests detected anti‐HBS in approximately 14% of the individuals tested, a slightly greater number than those showing anti‐HBs in passive hemagglutination tests. Inhibition of HBSAg‐positive sera by the anti‐HBS sera could not be related to the d and y subtype specificities of the antigens or antisera; the antisera were no more effective in inhibiting antigens of the homologous subtype than those of the heterologous subtype.
Preparation of Human Immunoglobulin Free of Plasmin and Anticomplement Activities
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A. , Francis Robert D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Human IgG separated by Cohn fractionation showed variability in the content of aggregates, plasminogen and anticomplement activity. The plasminogen was removed or markedly reduced by affinity chromatography on Sepharose‐lysine. Anticomplement activity was reduced by chromatography of Cohn fraction II on DEAE‐cellulose. Preparations of IgG obtained by chromatography of intermediates from Cohn fractionation (e.g. Cohn FII + FIII or FII + FIII W) on DEAE‐cellulose were devoid of aggregates, plasminogen and exhibited reduced anticomplement activity. The initial levels of specific antibody activity to viral agents were recovered in the IgG fractions. Fragmentation of IgG during storage was prevented or greatly reduced by removal of plasminogen by affinity chromatography on Sepharose‐lysine.
Processes to Increase the Yields of Normal Serum Albumin
Authors: Wye E. J. , Kim M. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. By heating in the presence of a stabilizer, albumin can be recovered from Cohn fraction IV‐4 and also pyrogen‐free from pyrogenic albumin.
Quantitative Determination of Albumin Dimer in Albumin Preparations by Combined Starch‐Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoprecipitation
Authors: Skoog Bo , Granstrund Bengt
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described for albumin dimer determination. The method is based upon an electrophoretic separation of albumin dimer from the monomer in starch gel with a subsequent immunochemical diffusion and precipitation of the albumin components in agarose gel containing antibodies. The precipitation zones are measured and compared with those of albumin monomer standards. A factor for converting monomer to dimer has furthermore been established.
Identification of Sialosylparagloboside as the Erythrocyte Receptor for an ‘Anti‐p’ Antibody
Authors: Schwarting G. A. , Marcus D. M. , Metaxas M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A human antibody which preferentially agglutinates p erythrocytes is inhibited specifically by the glycolipid sialosylparagloboside, NeuNAc (α,2←3)Gal(β,1←4)G1cNAc (β,1←3)Gal(β, 1←4)GIc‐Cer and forms a precipitin band with this compound in agarose gel. Erythrocytes treated with neuraminidase are no longer agglutinated by this antibody, but the agglutination is not affected by papain treatment. Sialosylparagloboside is not a biosynthetic precursor of any of the P antigens, but it contains the lacto‐N‐neotetraose structure which is also present in the P1 glycolipid.
Studies on the Biosynthetic Pathway of Human P Erythrocyte Antigen using Genetic Complementation Tests between Fibroblasts from Rare p and Pk Phenotype Donors
Authors: Fellous M. , Gerbal A. , Nobillot G. , Weils J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, P antigen is not detected on skin fibroblasts from Pk1, Pk2, or p donors. P antigen is reexpressed on polykaryon cells obtained by fusion of Pk ′ p fibroblasts. On the contrary, P antigen is not expressed on polykaryon cells from Pk ′ Pk or p ′ p fusion, All these data suggest that in Pk and p fibroblasts, at least two distinct genes are modified, one in the p phenotype, and the other in the Pk phenotype. The two Pk phenotypes studied seem to be homogeneous from a genetic point of view, as do the five p phenotypes.
The Identity of Kamhuber and Far Antigens
Authors: Giles Carolyn M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The low frequency antigens Kamhucer and Far are shown to be the same.
Three Antibodies of the MNSs System and Their Association with the Miltenberger Complex of Antigens
Authors: Webb A. J. , Giles C. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two antisera are shown to detect a low frequency antigen in the British population that is MNSs‐linked.
Three Antibodies of the MNSs System and Their Association with the Miltenberger Complex of Antigens
Authors: Giles C. M. , Chandanayingyong D. , Webb A. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The association of Anek, Raddon and Lane antisera with the Miltenberger subsystem is discussed.
Erythrocyte Autoantibody with Unusual Specificity
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An erythrocyte autoagglutinin is reported which apparently had the unusual specificity anti‐Hi.
H, A and A1 Reactivity in Two Polynesian Groups
Authors: Booth P. B. , Cartwright Lucy
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Polynesian O bloods from Samoans and Tokelau Islanders have the same mean H reactivity as Caucasian, and their A, bloods the same A1 content. However, Polynesian A1 bloods have significantly greater H reactivity than Caucasian, and the Tokelau Tslanders also showed enhanced A and IT. It is suggested that the Polynesian AHI molecular conformation must differ from the Caucasian pattern, providing an arrangement of antigen sites more favourable to some antigen‐antibody reactions.
Normal Lymphocyte Transfer Reaction in Humans and its Possible Mechanism
Authors: Saha Kunal , Mittal Madan Mohan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This study illustrates the development of the skin reaction in human recipients to injected allogeneic lymphocytes from two aspects: the capacity of lymphocytes to elicit the reaction, and the ability of the recipient to react. The reaction is expressed by local skin in‐duration and is biphasic. The first phase seems to be a hostgraft reaction; the second may require proliferation of graft cells as well as the reaction of host cells. Circulating fetal lymphocytes collected from a 12‐week human embryo caused no reaction in an adult recipient; those from a 15‐week embryo usually caused the first phase, with little or no second phase reaction, while those from 22‐ and 30‐week fetuses and from a mature infant caused a normal, biphasic reaction. So, usually, did 22‐week splenic lymphocytes, but fetal thymic lymphocytes usually provoked no reaction in adults. In premature infants given adult cells either both phases or the second were reduced; in normal infants the second response may be reduced but after six years of age the reaction is like that seen in adults.
Distribution of IgG Subclasses in Commercial and Some Experimental γ‐Globulin Preparations1
Authors: Skvaril F. , Probst Marianne , Audran R. , Steinbuch Marion
Published: March 2009

Abstract.The IgG subclass distribution was determined in six commercial and in four experimental human γ‐globulin preparations. The concentrations of IgG subclasses were measured in a modified radioimmunoassay using subclass‐specific antisera. In commercial γ‐globulins, the distribution of the subclasses corresponded roughly lo the distribution in normal human serum. A considerable enrichment of the IgG 4 was found in experimental lots prepared either from the ethanol fraction III or from the rivanol‐precipitable IgG.
The Incidence of HLA Antigens in Leprosy
Authors: Youngchaiyud U. , Chundunayingyong D. , Vibhatavanija T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HLA antigens were studied in 36 patients, with leprosy, 20 cases of lepromatous and 16 cases of tuberculoid type. Eleven out of 36 (30.55%) had BW40 as compared to 9.33% of 150 controls. The frequency of BW40 in tuberculoid patients (31.25%) was not different from that in lepromatous cases (30%).
Plateletpheresis Using the Haemonetics Model 30 Cell Separator
Authors: Nusbacher J. , Scher M. L. , MacPherson J. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plateletpheresis using the Haemonetics Model 30® cell separator results in a mean collection of 5.5 × 1011 platelets. This product contains substantial numbers of erythrocytes and mononuclear cells which can be effectively removed by centrifugation but with a 23% loss of platelets as well. The mean decrement in donor's platelet count during the procedure, which is 78,000/mm3, is not commensurate with the number of platelets collected suggesting donor platelet mobilization. Platelets collected by this technic, when transfused into unselected recipients, give platelet increments comparable to platelets produced in the standard batch manner.
Anti‐Fab‘ Antibodies in Human Sera
Authors: Vos G. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antibodies to the Fab' fragments of human IgG are commonly found in human sera. This study shows that the incidence of such antibodies is higher in women, both blood donors and hospital patients, than in men: it is no higher in patients with malignant disease than in hospital patients of the same sex without malignancies. The incidende in hospital patients is always greater than in healthy blood donors. The presence of Fab' antibodies is not related to pregnancy. The greatest difference in the frequency of such antibodies occurs between males and females under the age of 50.
Preparation and Properties of a Therapeutic Factor IX Concentrate
Authors: Suomela H. , Myllylä G. , Raaska E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method for the large‐scale preparation of a coagulation factor IX concentrate from human plasma is described. The method includes absorption of the coagulation factors from cryosupernatant plasma onto DEAE‐Sephadex, extensive washing of the gel and elution of the coagulation factors with 0.5 M phosphate buffer at 6.85, followed by desalting of the eluate in a column of Sephadex G‐25, then by lyophilization, dissolving and sterile filtration, and finally by freeze‐drying of the final product. Experiments performed with HB,Ag‐positive plasma demonstrated a decrease in the HBsAg content by a factor of 10‐5 during the process. The product is inactive in Na‐PTT assay.

The process yields an about 100‐fold purified factor TX concentrate containing also factors 11, VII, and X, but in relatively smaller amounts. The average yield relative to factor IX is 60%. The batch size has been from 16 to 150 litres of plasma and about 300 batches of the concentrate have been prepared.

About 5,100 bottles (about 4.0 times 106 U of factor IX) of the concentrate have been used in the treatment of patients with haemophilia B. The clinical effect has always been good and the in viro response to factor IX was 1.15±0.30%/U/kg body weight. Two cases of HBsAg‐negative hepatitis that may have been caused by the concentrate, were detected. No thrombotic complications were found.
Laboratory and Clinical Effects of the Infusion of ACD Solution During Plateletpheresis
Authors: Olson Peter R. , Cox Carol , McCullough Jefrey
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Transfusion of massive amounts of citrate anticoagulated blood during plateletpheresis with the intermittent flow centrifuge can produce symptoms and electrocardiographic changes suggestive of hypocalcemia. Following 15 procedures the ionized calcium decreased by an average of 32.4%, the average postpheresis serum citrate was 26.7 mg/dl and the QT interval was prolonged by 0.08 sec. Twelve plateletphereses performed with half‐strength ACD solution caused an average decrease in ionized calcium of 16%, serum citrate levels of 12.5 mg/dl and QT prolongation of 0.04 sec. No donors experienced significant clinical symptoms with citrate infusion rates of less than 65 mg/kg/h. Solutions with citrate concentrations lower than ACD‐A should be developed for use in plateletpheresis procedures involving citrate infusion rates greater than this.
Studies on New Process Procedures in Plasma Fractionation on an Industrial Scale
Authors: Friedli H. , Fournier E. , Volk T. , Kistler P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two semipermeable membrane systems for the production of salt‐poor, concentrated human albumin preparations for clinical use are compared. A very efficient method, on an industrial scale, is obtained by the combination of gel filtration and ultrafiltration.
Absorption Tests on Cold Lymphocytotoxins
Authors: Mayer S. , Tongio M. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Tests were carried out to absorb cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies on different types of cells. These included lymphocytes and neuraminidase‐treated lymphocytes from healthy donors, thymocytes from children undergoing open heart surgery, fetal thymocytes, human brain and cultured lymphocytes. The results showed these antibodies to be absorbed on some types of cells and eluted from others. The best absorption was obtained with fetal thymocytes and brain tissue.
Immunochemical Studies of Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Fletcher Mary Ann , Lo Timothy M. , Graves William R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The major sialoglycopeptide released from bovine erythrocytes by papain has been purified and characterized. The glycopeptide contains 82% by weight carbohydrate in molar ratios of galactose ‐5.5:N‐acetylglucosamine ‐3.6:sialic acid ‐2.6:N‐acetylgalactosamine ‐1.0. The carbohydrate and amino acid composition is quite different from the glycoprotein extracted from bovine erythrocyte stroma with hot 75% ethanol. The glycopeptide is devoid of reactivity with Paul‐Bunnell heterophile antibody of infectious mononucleosis ‐ an activity expressed to high degree on the bovine erythrocyte and associated with glycoprotein. The glycopeptide does react, however, with another antibody found in infectious mononucleosis as well as most normal human sera tested.
Screening of HBs Antigen and Detection of Corresponding Antibodies on Groupamatic Equipment1
Authors: Garretta M. , Benamon D. , Drotu J. , CouroucéPauty A.M. , Gener J. , Muller A. , Soulier J. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The widespread utilization of Groupamatic equipment for routine immunohaematological tests has increased the demand for serological procedures that can be performed with this machine. We describe the test method which was developed and with which the detection of HBs antigen has now been carried out routinely for 1 year. It is an automated haemagglutination inhibition reaction which is called GIPHA (Groupamatic inhibition of passive haemagglutination). The sensitivity corresponds to 2 CNTS units, the antigen weight for 1 unit being from 1 to 4 ng. The reproducibility is good; the percentage of false positive reactions is about 0.5% and that of technical problems 0.7%. The additional advantages of the machines are numerous, among which we have the possibility of 11 other simultaneous reactions. One of them is the detection of antibodies against HBs antigen, which is a passive haemagglutination test called PHAG (passive haemagglutination on Groupamatic).
Osmotic Fragility Changes in Preserved Blood: Measurements by Coil Planet Centrifuge and Parpart Methods
Authors: Sasakawa Shigeru , Tokunaga Eiichi , Hasegawa Ganzo , Nakagatva Shigeo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The coil planet centrifuge (CPC) can be used to measure the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Fragility measured by this method alters when different salts are used. The CPC and Parpart methods were used to measure the changes during storage in red cell osmotic fragility in ACD or CPD blood with or without adenine. More marked changes were detected by the CPC method, especially in old cells. The changes of fragility of erythrocytes during storage seem to occur mainly in old cells. Adenine is effective in preventing such changes.
Radioimmunoassay of Hepatitis B Core Antigen and Antibody with Autologous Reagents1
Authors: Vyas Girish N. , Roberts Isabel M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐HBc is the most sensitive indicator of current or recent hepatitis B virus infection, hence its detection is valuable in laboratory diagnosis of the infection. Dane particles isolated from the plasma of a single chronic carrier and his autologous IgG labeled with 125I were utilized in a solid‐phase sandwich radioimmunoassay for anti‐HBc. The principle of serologic neutralization of core antigen and consequent inhibition of binding of the cores to the solid‐phase rendered the method to be a simple, sensitive, specific and rapid means of detecting anti‐HBc.
w Variants of the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Israeli Populations
Authors: Sandler S. G. , Couroucé A. M. , Soulier J. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A survey of w variants of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among native and immigrant Israelis revealed that the subtype ayw2 predominated among asymptomatic HBsAg carriers (69%), and patients with acute (83%) and chronic active hepatitis B (81%). The subtypes ayw3, ayw4 and adw2, uncommon in native populations, were detected in carriage by immigrants and transients. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of ayw2 among native Israeli carriers (87%), and in particular natives with acute (93%) and chronic active hepatitis B (86%), indicates that the introduction of nonindigenous viral strains has not overtly altered the anticipated geographic distribution of hepatitis B viruses.
Changes in the Agglutinability of Red Cells and the Inhibition of Specific Agglutination by Plasma from Human Blood Taken into ACD and Stored at 4 4DgC
Authors: Longster G. H. , Tovey L. A. Derrick , Barnes Yvonne , Rumsby M. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of storage in ACD at 4°C on red cell agglutinability and the inhibitory properties of the plasma to blood group reagents has been studied. It was found that the variability demonstrated was related to the origin of the reagent used, particularly between human and non‐human sources. The significance of these findings with regard to biochemical and morphological changes in blood on storage is discussed.
The Rh Antigen Evans
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Stebbing Birgit , Blessing Margaret , Gavin June
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two families are described which clearly show that the low frequency antigen Evans is a part of the Rh system, in which it defines a ‘new’ gene complex.
e‐Antigen and Anti‐e in Two Categories of Chronic Carriers of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Couroucé‐Pauty Anne‐Marie , Plançon Annie
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Screening for e antigen and anti‐e was performed in 517 HBs antigen chronic carriers, 329 blood donors and 188 hemodialyzed patients, e antigen was detected in 35 blood donors (10.6%): 88% had a high titre of HBs Ag, and 80% had a disturbed liver function. No difference was noted regarding sex and age of the carrier. Anti‐e was detected in 33.7% of the blood donors. A significant difference (p < 0.01) was noted between males (29%) and females (46.6%). Anti‐e was found more prevalent in young people between 21 and 34 than in older people (p < 0.05). Anti‐e was rarely found when the titre of HBs Ag was low or high. 88% of the anti‐e carriers had an intermediate titre from 1/1 to 1/32 by CEP.

Both e Ag and anti‐e were more prevalent in ad subtype than in ay subtype (p < 0.02 for both). Inside the ad subtype, anti‐e is less frequent in adr (6%) than in adw2 (42%) and in adw4 (57%); p < 0.01. The difference between the prevalence of e Ag in adr (31%) and in adw2 (17%) is not significant but the healthy carriers with e antigen are more numerous in adr than in adw2 subtype.

e antigen was detected in 53.7% of HBs Ag‐hemodialyzed patients and anti‐e in 3.7% of these patients. These results are neither correlated with the liver function nor with the state of chronic carrier (27% of e Ag in transient HBs Ag carrier).
A Rapid Automated Latex Screen for Tetanus Toxoid Antibodies
Authors: Booth J. R. , Nuttall P. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This report describes the sensitisation of latex particles and the use of this reagent on the Autotape system to select blood donations containing ≥4 IU/ml of tetanus toxoid antibody.

Plasma containing tetanus toxoid antibodies is processed to provide immunoglobulin for passive protection against tetanus. The techniques used for screening include immunoelectro‐phoresis [3], tetanus toxoid sensitised latex particles [5], haemagglutination [1] and automated haemagglutination [6]. The technique used by the Sheffield Regional Transfusion Centre until recently, was immunoelectrophoresis, selecting donors with 4 or more IU/ml. The Autotape system, previously described for brucellosis [4] and syphilis testing [2], provides a system for automated slide testing and a 5‐min tetanus toxoid coated latex test has been developed to select suitable donations for the production of specific immunoglobulin.
Genetic Polymorphism of the Fourth Component of Human Complement1
Authors: Mauff G. , Bender K. , Fischer Barbara
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modified electrophoretic system for the determination of C4 polymorphism has been found with which the new allotype F1 could be detected. The system has been applied to the population distribution of C4 in 266 unrelated Germans, further to association and linkage studies. Gene frequency was 0.3985 for C4F, 0.5526 for C4S and 0.0489 for the rare C4 genes. In the population sample, significant association between Bf and C4 but no indication for close association between C4 and GLO I has been found. In the families HLA, Bf and C4 segregated together.
Number of B Sites Generated on Group O Red Cells from Adults and Newborn Infants
Authors: Romano E. L. , Mollison P. L. , Linares J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. When red cells from the group O blood of adults and newborn infants (cord blood) were incubated with UDP‐galactose and group B serum, over 200,000 B sites per cell were generated on adult O cells but only 40,000–70,000 sites per cell on cord cells. It is concluded that smaller amounts of substrate for the B transferase are present on cord cells.
Normal Blood Group B Antigen and B Transferase Activity in a Patient with IgM Autoanti‐B Agglutinin
Authors: Lopez M. , Sachs V. , Badet J. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Studies carried out on the red cells of a patient with autoanti‐B agglutinin gave further evidence that it is probably not modified red cell antigens which cause autoantibody formation.
The Nature of Human Blood Group A3 Erythrocytes
Authors: Oguchi Yoshiharu , Kawaguchi Tsutomu , Suzuta Tatsuo , Osawa Toshiaki
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A population of human erythrocytes (free A3 cells) which was entirely unagglu‐tinable with anti‐A hemagglutinins was successfully separated from human blood group A3 erythrocytes by affinity chromatography on a column of lima bean anti‐A hemagglutinin (LBH)‐Sepharose. The hemagglutinating and the binding properties of free A3 cells with purified LBH and purified eel serum anti‐H hemagglutinin (ESH) were investigated. It has been revealed that there exists a bulk of H antigens on free A3 cells, whereas the number of A antigens on a free A3 cell is only 9% of that on an A1 cell. However, no appreciable difference was observed in the binding constants of A1 and free A3 cells to LBH and ESH. From these results it is assumed that the structure of the A antigens on free A3 cells is identical with, or at least similar to, that on A1 cells, but the density of the antigens on the surface of free A3 cells is too low to induce the agglutination of the cells with LBH or anti‐A serum.
A Coated‐Tube Radioimmunoassay (FRC‐RIA) for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Koistinen Vesa
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A sandwich‐type solid phase radioimmunoassay, FRC‐RIA (Finnish Red Cross‐RIA) for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is described. Polystyrene test tubes coated with sheep anti‐HBs γ‐globulin serve as the solid phase. The technique is specific and has a sensitivity of about 1 ng/ml for the subtypes ad and ay of HBsAg when corresponding subtype‐specific antibodies are used as reagents. The total incubation time can be shortened from over 20 h to 3 h, with almost equal sensitivity, when the incubation temperature is raised from room temperature to 45°C. The test is economical in reagents and is applicable to routine use.
Antenatal Blood Group Serology in Sudanese Women
Authors: Abu‐Sin A. Y. H. , Ayoub M. , Abdelrazig H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 2,140 pregnant Sudanese women attending the antenatal clinic in Omdurman Maternity Hospital during the period November 1975 to December 1976 had ABO and Rh typing performed. Their sera were also screened by a modified papain enzyme technique for the presence of atypical antibodies. The rate of Rhesus immunization, the frequency distribution of blood groups, the atypical antibodies encountered, and the advantages of the method used for screening the sera in a developing country are discussed.
Influence of Various Physicochemical Factors on Hemagglutination1
Authors: van Oss C. J. , Mohn J. F. , Cunningham R. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A study is made of the influence on hemagglutination of various physicochemical parameters, such as: cell shape, cell distance, extracellular colloid‐osmotic pressure, degree of hydration of the cell surface, and cell ζ‐potential. To a varying extent these are changed by: the addition of divers soluble polymers, the action of enzymes, the presence of various salt ions, centrifugation, agglomeration at low ionic strength, complex coacervation with cationic polymers, and the interaction with different kinds of antibodies. Among the more important parameters are cell distance and cell shape (particularly when the latter tends to spiculation), while the influence of ζ‐potential appears to be of fairly minor consequence. The action of dissolved polymers is mediated through polymer bridging, increase in extracellular colloidosmotic pressure, decrease of cell surface hydration, and change in cell shape. A peculiarity of dextran is that in addition to all of the above, it causes pronounced erythrocytic spiculation.
A Rapid, Simple, and Reliable Technique for Preparation of Antisera against Idiotypes of Homogeneous Immunoglobulins
Authors: Radl Jiri , de Glopper Elisabeth , de Groot Gemma
Published: March 2009

Abstract. One‐step immunization of guinea pigs with homogeneous immunoglobulins partly purified by micro‐agar electrophoresis represents a rapid and reliable microtechnique for the preparation of antisera against the idiotype of the homogeneous immunoglobulins. Testing of these antisera by immunodiffusion techniques requires agar plates containing 3% polyethyleneglycol 6000.
ND1 a New Neutrophil Granulocyte Antigen
Authors: Verheugt F. W. A. , Borne A. E. G. Kr. v. d. , Noord‐Bokhorst J. C. v. , Nijenhuis L. E. , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The serum of 2 patients suffering from autoimmune neutrophil granulocytopenia contained autoantibodies that were directed against a new granulocyte‐specific antigen. Genetic analysis showed that this new antigen was not correlated with the already known neutrophil antigens NA1, NA2, NB1, NC1 or 9a. This was studied in a four‐generation family. In the Dutch population the frequency of the antigen, tentatively called ND1, is 98.5% (n = 67), pointing to a gene frequency of 0.88.
Development of Large‐Scale Fractionation Methods
Authors: Wickerhauser M. , Mercer J. E. , Eckenrode J. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To increase purity and potency of the antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrate prepared by the American Red Cross method, the following modifications were introduced: (1) A cold extraction step was incorporated to remove cold‐soluble impurities. The cryopre‐cipitate (cryo) was extracted with 0.02 M Tris buffer, pH 7.0 (4 ml/g cryo) at 0°C. Factor VIII loss in this step was negligible. (2) AHF was then recovered from the cold‐insoluble portion of the cryo by extraction at 21°C with the same buffer. To increase the AHF concentration, this second extraction step was carried out with a smaller buffer volume (2 ml instead of 3–4 ml/g cryo). The subsequent steps, deprothrombinization, filtration and lyophilization were essentially unchanged. To further increase factor VIII concentration, the dried AHF concentrate was reconstituted to 40 rather than 50% of the initial volume. AHF concentrate prepared on a large scale by this method was 20‐ to 30‐fold concentrated and 40‐ to 50‐fold purified over plasma at a recovery of about 250 factor VIII units per liter of plasma. The final product was readily soluble, clear and almost colorless upon reconstitution.