bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Patton and Lieutenant Winters: a contrast in leadership
Authors: Swain Jordon , Young Lissa
Published: November 2018

Synopsis

This video case study exercise uses excerpts from the movie Patton and the HBO series Band of Brothers to juxtapose two military leaders (General George S. Patton and Lieutenant Dick Winters) as they face strikingly similar situations – each interacts with a subordinate experiencing “battle fatigue” (a.k.a. shell shock, PTSD) during the Second World War. Patton appears to lack emotional intelligence (EI) as he apparently loses control and strikes a soldier he believes is demonstrating cowardice. Winters, on the other hand, takes a much different approach when dealing with a subordinate in a similar situation. This case exercise is designed to augment assigned theoretical readings and increase student conceptual and practical insight into the construct of EI.

Research methodology

The analysis of film and biographies is based on historical figures.

Relevant courses and levels

The case is best used with undergraduates in management or leadership courses who may lack the contextual background to discuss certain aspects of leadership. Specifically, the case is designed to explore the elements that comprise EI as well as how EI may affect a leader’s effectiveness. The case study can also be used to challenge common conceptions of how EI may manifest and to discuss the potential “dark side” of EI.

Theoretical bases

This case study exercise centers on the concept of EI, with an emphasis on providing a robust understanding of the concept, including how context may come into play and how EI may have a “dark side.” The exercise could also be used to facilitate discussion of multiple topics normally covered in undergraduate management or leadership courses such as personality, perception and attribution, authentic leadership, toxic leadership, transformational leadership and motivation.
Herbivore culling influences spatio‐temporal patterns of fire in a semiarid savanna
Authors: Smit Izak P. J. , Archibald Sally
Published: November 2018

Fire and herbivory are competitive processes in grassy ecosystems as they both consume above‐ground biomass. Despite this interaction between fire and grazing, herbivore and fire management plans in conservation areas are usually perceived, and hence managed, independently. This study aims to demonstrate the importance of acknowledging and integrating the interdependence between herbivore and fire management.

We compare average proportional area burnt during years when large‐scale culling kept herbivore biomass within a narrow range within the Kruger National Park, South Africa, against subsequent years of no culling when herbivore densities increased to effectively double the biomass. Furthermore, to improve our mechanistic understanding, we utilize natural gradients in rainfall (north to south) and grazing (distance from rivers) to test a conceptual model of how herbivory influences fire occurrence under different rainfall regimes.

Fires were more prevalent during the culling period than thereafter, and the fire suppression effect of increasing grazing biomass was most pronounced in areas closer to rivers (50% reduction within 1 km of rivers).

The “grazer effect” (i.e. difference between % area burnt between low and high grazer biomass years) seems to be more pronounced in arid landscapes than in semiarid landscapes, which in turn is more pronounced than in the mesic landscapes.

Despite elephants being mixed feeders, elephant density influences fire occurrence more than the density of buffaloes or hippopotami.

Synthesis and applications: Herbivore and fire management actions should be integrated, as events that influence herbivore densities go on to influence fire occurrence in subsequent years. In areas with 400–600 mm MAP it is particularly important because changes in herbivore numbers—due to drought, predation, disease, or human interventions—can result in switches between fire‐ and herbivore‐dominated systems, with cascading consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem function. Furthermore, grazing gradients (in this case distance to closest perennial river) are critical as it allows both fire and herbivore‐dominated systems to occur within the same system along the gradient. This increases management possibilities, as management actions that induce grazing gradients can have positive implications for maintaining biodiversity in protected areas.
Knockdown of cathepsin D protects dopaminergic neurons against neuroinflammation‐mediated neurotoxicity through inhibition of NF‐κB signalling pathway in Parkinson's disease model
Authors: Gan Ping , Xia Qiaofang , Hang Guihua , Zhou Yincai , Qian Xiaojuan , Wang Xiaomei , Ding Lidong
Published: November 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Chronic neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of PD pathophysiology. Cathepsin D (CathD), a soluble aspartic protease, has been reported to play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. This research focuses on the role of CathD and the molecular mechanisms involved in the process of neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. We use 1‐methyl‐4phenyl‐1, 2, 3, 6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐challenged mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced murine microglia BV2 cells as the in vivo and in vitro models, respectively. The effect of CathD on the neuroinflammation, cytotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms associated with NF‐κB signalling pathway are investigated. Data showed that MPTP induces motor deficit, inflammation and depletion of dopaminergic neurons in PD model mice. Notably, cathD was overexpressed in the SNpc of MPTP‐induced PD mice and was highly expressing in LPS‐stimulated primary microglial cells and BV‐2 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of CathD with lentiviral transduction inhibited LPS‐induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of NF‐κB signalling pathway primarily by regulating the NF‐κB p65 nuclear translocation both in BV‐2 and primary microglial cells. Additionally, knockdown of CathD protected the activated‐microglia induced dopaminergic neurons MN9D cells from neurotoxicity as well as apoptosis. Our findings bring a new insight into understanding the complex mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD and provide a novel target to attenuate the excessive neuroinflammatory responses in the treatment of PD.
Complex Congenital Heart Malformation Including Transposition of the Great Vessels, Presenting as Sudden Unexplained Infant Death
Authors: Demeter Carlee N. , Gunther Wendy M. , Fantaskey Amy P.
Published: November 2018

Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) is a common congenital heart defect that is difficult to diagnose before birth. Antenatal diagnosis is associated with increased survival. Unusual features such as anomalous pulmonary artery origin may delay cyanosis, decreasing clinical suspicion. A three‐week old female infant who had never been cyanotic presented for forensic autopsy due to onset of unresponsiveness at home. History included risk factors for TGV and signs of heart enlargement that were not recognized during life. Cardiac pathology consultation identified D‐type TGV with additional rare anomalies. TGV may present as sudden unexplained infant death (SUID) for forensic autopsy if variant features prevent development of cyanosis. Cardiac pathology consultation is helpful in clarifying these features.
Detection of Cutting Agents in Drug‐Positive Seized Exhibits within the United States
Authors: Fiorentin Taís R. , Krotulski Alex J. , Martin David M. , Browne Thom , Triplett Jeremy , Conti Trisha , Logan Barry K.
Published: November 2018

The following report summarizes a study performed on seized drug exhibits collected in two U.S. states to evaluate the presence and identification of cutting agents. Aliquots of seized drug materials from Kentucky (n = 200) and Vermont (n = 315) were prepared using a dilute‐and‐shoot procedure. Initial analysis was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) followed by analysis using liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF). Active compounds detected overall included caffeine (31.0%), quinine/quinidine (24.7%), levamisole (11.6%), acetaminophen, (8.2%) and procaine (8.2%). These compounds were found with several drugs of abuse, such as heroin, fentanyl, methamphetamine, and cocaine. This novel information about cutting agents used to dilute or alter drugs of abuse is important to criminal investigations and in the management of acute intoxications at health centers. However, common methodologies for analysis and standard reporting practices frequently do not include cutting agents, resulting in lacking or inadequate information regarding prevalence of these substances.
Extended‐release quetiapine overdose is associated with delayed onset of toxicity compared to immediate‐release quetiapine overdose
Authors: Taylor Lucy , Graudins Andis
Published: November 2018

Objectives

There are currently no studies comparing toxicity after extended‐release (XR) and immediate‐release (IR) quetiapine overdose. To compare the time course of toxicity of XR and IR quetiapine overdose.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of toxicology unit consultations from July 2013 to April 2016. Information extracted included demographics, type of ingestion (IR, XR, mixed formulation, dose, tablet count, time to presentation, sedative co‐ingestants), lowest Glasgow coma score (GCS), time to lowest GCS, fastest pulse, lowest systolic blood pressure, and time to recovery from sedation.

Results

There were 256 presentations in 210 patients. Females 86% (n = 181), median age 30.5 years (IQR 23–43). Median quetiapine dose for the whole cohort was 2 g (IQR 1–5). Sedating co‐ingestants were seen in 61% of presentations. Comparison of IR (n = 43) and XR quetiapine (n = 23) ingestions without sedating co‐ingestants revealed a larger median ingested dose for XR formulation: 5.7 g versus 1.75 g (P = 0.004) and larger median tablet strength (XR 200 mg vs IR 100 mg, P < 0.001). Median time to lowest GCS: XR 7 h (IQR 4.9–11) versus IR 3.8 h (IQR 2.4–5.7), P < 0.001. Median time to peak pulse: XR 9 h (IQR 3–12) versus IR 2.5 h (IQR 1.5–5), P = 0.01. Median time to recovery from sedation: XR quetiapine 20 h (IQR 12–39) versus 12 h (IQR 5.5–22), P < 0.05. Median duration of intubation: XR 47 h versus 17 h for IR, P = 0.04).

Conclusion

XR quetiapine overdoses without sedating co‐ingestants were associated with a doubling of time to peak sedation and pulse, and had longer recovery from sedation. The absence of sedation or tachycardia 12 h post‐overdose of XR quetiapine seems a reasonable timeframe to rule out significant poisoning.
Environmental DNA metabarcoding studies are critically affected by substrate selection
Authors: Koziol Adam , Stat Michael , Simpson Tiffany , Jarman Simon , DiBattista Joseph D. , Harvey Euan S. , Marnane Michael , McDonald Justin , Bunce Michael
Published: November 2018

Effective biomonitoring is critical for driving management outcomes that ensure long‐term sustainability of the marine environment. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA), coupled with metabarcoding methodologies, has emerged as a promising tool for generating biotic surveys of marine ecosystems, including those under anthropogenic pressure. However, more empirical data are needed on how to best implement eDNA field sampling approaches to maximize their utility for each specific application. The effect of the substrate chosen for eDNA sampling on the diversity of marine taxa detected by DNA metabarcoding has not yet been systematically analysed, despite aquatic systems being those most commonly targeted for eDNA studies. We investigated the effect of four commonly used eDNA substrates to explore taxonomic diversity: (a) surface water, (b) marine sediment, (c) settlement plates and (d) planktonic tows. With a focus on coastal ports, 332 eDNA samples from Australia (Indian and Southern oceans) and Kazakhstan (Caspian Sea) were collected and analysed by multi‐assay DNA metabarcoding. Across study locations, between 30% and 52% of eukaryotic families detected were unique to a particular substrate and <6% of families were found in all four substrates. Taxonomic composition varied significantly depending on the substrate sampled implying that the suitability (and bias) of an eDNA substrate will depend on the focal taxa. These findings demonstrate that single substrate eDNA metabarcoding likely underestimates the total eukaryotic diversity. Future eDNA experimental design should consider incorporating multiple substrates or select substrate(s) best suited to the specific detection of target taxa.
Knockdown of long non‐coding RNA linc‐ITGB1 inhibits cancer stemness and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition by reducing the expression of Snail in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Guo Lili , Sun Cencen , Xu Shilei , Xu Yue , Dong Qiuping , Zhang Linlin , Li Wei , Wang Xingyu , Ying Guoguang , Guo Fengjie
Published: November 2018

Background

The main cause of death in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the progression of cancer metastasis, which can be attributed to multiple factors, such as cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, immune responses, and metastasis in cancers, but the potential roles and mechanisms of lincRNAs in CSC‐like properties of cancer have not yet been elucidated.

Methods

Human NSCLC cell lines (A549 and H1299), highly metastatic cell lines (L9981 and 95D), and their corresponding low‐metastatic cell lines (NL9980 and 95C) were subject to quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot, transwell invasion, colony formation, and wound healing assays.

Results

Linc‐ITGB1 was greatly upregulated in CSC spheres. Linc‐ITGB1 knockdown markedly inhibited CSC formation and the expression of stemness‐associated genes, such as Sox2, Nanog, Oct‐4, c‐Myc, and CD133. Depletion of linc‐ITGB1 expression also inhibited the in vitro invasive and migratory potential of cells, and further analysis indicated that linc‐ITGB1 knockdown increased the expression of the epithelial marker E‐cadherin and downregulated the mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin. The EMT‐related transcription factor Snail mediated these effects of linc‐ITGB1 in NSCLC, and overexpression of Snail significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of linc‐ITGB1 depletion.

Conclusion

Overall, our study demonstrated that linc‐ITGB1 promoted NSCLC cell EMT and cancer stemness by regulating Snail expression.
Responsiveness without Representation: Evidence from Minimum Wage Laws in U.S. States
Authors: Simonovits Gabor , Guess Andrew M. , Nagler Jonathan
Published: November 2018

How well does public policy represent mass preferences in U.S. states? Current approaches provide an incomplete account of statehouse democracy because they fail to compare preferences and policies on meaningful scales. Here, we overcome this problem by generating estimates of Americans' preferences on the minimum wage and compare them to observed policies both within and across states. Because we measure both preferences and policies on the same scale (U.S. dollars), we can quantify both the association of policy outcomes with preferences across states (responsiveness) and their deviation within states (bias). We demonstrate that while minimum wages respond to corresponding preferences across states, policy outcomes are more conservative than preferences in each state, with the average policy bias amounting to about two dollars. We also show that policy bias is substantially smaller in states with access to direct democratic institutions.
Der p 1‐specific regulatory T‐cell response during house dust mite allergen immunotherapy
Authors: Boonpiyathad Tadech , Sokolowska Milena , Morita Hideaki , Rückert Beate , Kast Jeannette I. , Wawrzyniak Marcin , Sangasapaviliya Atik , Pradubpongsa Panitan , Fuengthong Rattanaporn , Thantiworasit Pattarawat , Sirivichayakul Sunee , Kwok William W. , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Akdis Mübeccel , Akdis Cezmi A.
Published: November 2018

Background

Allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only available treatment for allergic diseases that can induce specific immune tolerance to allergens. The key mechanisms involved in this process include changes in allergen‐specific regulatory T (Treg) cells.

Methods

We studied 25 allergic rhinitis patients undergoing subcutaneous house dust mite–specific immunotherapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied before and after 10, 30 weeks, and 3 years of AIT. Der p 1‐specific T regulatory cell responses were investigated by characterization of Der p 1‐MHC class II tetramer–positive cells and correlated with nasal symptom score.

Results

Twelve of 25 AIT patients matched with their MHC class II expression to the Der p 1 peptide‐MHC class II tetramers. A significant increase in the numbers of Der p 1‐specific FOXP3+Helios+CD25+CD127− Treg cells after 30 weeks was observed, which slightly decreased after 3 years of AIT. In contrast, Der p 1‐specific immunoglobulin‐like transcript 3 (ILT3)+CD25+ Treg cells decreased substantially from baseline after 3 years of AIT. ILT3+ Treg cells displayed compromised suppressive function and low FOXP3 expression. In addition, Der p 1‐specific IL‐10 and IL‐22 responses have increased after 30 weeks, but only IL‐10+ Der p 1‐specific Treg cells remained present at high frequency after 3 years of AIT. Increased number of FOXP3+Helios+ and IL‐10+ and decreased ILT3+ Treg cell responses correlated with improved allergic symptoms.

Conclusion

The results indicate that AIT involves upregulation of the activated allergen‐specific Treg cells and downregulation of dysfunctional allergen‐specific Treg cell subset. Correction of dysregulated Treg cells responses during AIT is associated with improved clinical response.
Anterolateral thigh versus pectoralis major flaps in reconstruction of the lateral temporal bone defect
Authors: Parr Justin M. , Chouhan Prem , Wagels Michael
Published: November 2018

Background

Free tissue reconstruction is reliable in suitable patients but patient selection remains a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. The anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap and pedicled pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) are two common reconstructive options for a lateral temporal bone resection defect. The threshold at which free tissue reconstruction should be considered over locoregional reconstruction is not defined. We sought to define reconstructive flap choice in the setting of medical comorbidities that may dissuade free tissue transfer.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of lateral temporal bone defects at a single institution was undertaken. The primary outcomes were flap survival, surgical complications and durations of surgery and stay. Data regarding medical comorbidities and potential confounders were examined.

Results

Sixty patients with lateral temporal bone defects were identified. Twenty‐four (40%) patients underwent PMMF reconstruction and 36 (60%) were reconstructed with ALT. The former were significantly older (73 versus 62 years), though with similar Anesthesiologists Risk Classification System status. Free‐flap reconstruction resulted in significantly less flap loss (two versus six) but a longer operating time (790 versus 671 min).

Conclusion

Patients suffering head and neck cancer with medical comorbidities can make selection of a suitable reconstruction difficult. We found that while patients undergoing ALT reconstruction were typically younger, the comorbidity profile of those patients was similar to patients undergoing PMMF reconstruction. ALT flaps were more reliable than the PMMF, lending credence to the view that free tissue transfer should be the preferred reconstructive option in suitable candidates and defects.
Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Spinner Michael A. , Varma Gaurav , Advani Ranjana H.
Published: November 2018

Nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a unique rare subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) which differs clinically, pathologically and biologically from classic HL, warranting a nuanced approach to treatment. CD20 expression by malignant lymphocyte‐predominant cells, a tendency for late relapses, and the risk of transformation to aggressive large B‐cell lymphoma are characteristic features with important implications for treatment and follow‐up. Recognition of histopathological variant patterns is also critical, with important implications for prognosis and treatment. The optimal management for NLPHL is unclear and opinions differ as to whether treatment paradigms should be similar to, or differ from, those for classic HL. Therapy differs for early versus advanced stage disease and for frontline versus relapsed or refractory disease. Potential treatment strategies include radiotherapy, combined modality therapy, chemotherapy, rituximab and watchful waiting. Given the excellent overall survival of NLPHL, treatment choices should be geared towards reducing long‐term toxicity and optimizing survivorship. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature and discuss modern principles in the management of NLPHL.
Genotype‐phenotype correlations in focal malformations of cortical development: a pathway to integrated pathological diagnosis in epilepsy surgery
Authors: Benova Barbora , Jacques Thomas S.
Published: November 2018

Malformations of cortical development (MCD) comprise a broad spectrum of developmental brain abnormalities. Patients presenting withMCDs often suffer from drug‐resistant focal epilepsy, and some become candidates for epilepsy surgery. Their likelihood of achieving freedom from seizures, however, remains uncertain, and depends in a major part on the underlying pathology. Tissue samples obtained in epilepsy surgery form the basis of definite histopathological diagnosis; however, new molecular genetic methods have not yet been implemented in diagnostic processes forMCDcases. Furthermore, it has not been completely understood how the underlying pathology affects patients’ outcomes after epilepsy surgery. We performed a systematic literature review of studies describing both histopathological and molecular genetic findings inMCD, along with studies on epilepsy surgery outcomes. We aimed to correlate the genetic causes with the underlying morphological abnormalities in focal cortical malformations and to stress the importance of the underlying biology for patient management and counseling. From the summarized findings of multiple authors, it is obvious thatMCDmay have a diverse genetic background despite a similar or even identical histopathological picture. Even though most of their molecular genetic findings converge on various levels of thePI3K/AKT/mTORpathway, the exact mechanisms underlyingMCDformation have not yet been completely described or indeed how this pathway generates a diverse range of histological abnormalities. Based on our findings, we therefore propose that all patients diagnosed and operated for drug‐resistant epilepsy should have an integrated molecular and pathological diagnosis similar to the current practice in brain tumor diagnostic processes that might lead to more accurate diagnosis and effective stratification of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery.
Sexual selection and its evolutionary consequences in female animals
Authors: Hare Robin M. , Simmons Leigh W.
Published: November 2018

For sexual selection to act on a given sex, there must exist variation in the reproductive success of that sex as a result of differential access to mates or fertilisations. The mechanisms and consequences of sexual selection acting on male animals are well documented, but research on sexual selection acting on females has only recently received attention. Controversy still exists over whether sexual selection acts on females in the traditional sense, and over whether to modify the existing definition of sexual selection (to include resource competition) or to invoke alternative mechanisms (usually social selection) to explain selection acting on females in connection with reproduction. However, substantial evidence exists of females bearing characters or exhibiting behaviours that result in differential reproductive success that are analogous to those attributed to sexual selection in males. Here we summarise the literature and provide substantial evidence of female intrasexual competition for access to mates, female intersexual signalling to potential mates, and postcopulatory mechanisms such as competition between eggs for access to sperm and cryptic male allocation. Our review makes clear that sexual selection acts on females and males in similar ways but sometimes to differing extents: the ceiling for the elaboration of costly traits may be lower in females than in males. We predict that current and future research on female sexual selection will provide increasing support for the parsimony and utility of the existing definition of sexual selection.
Upregulated microRNA‐193a‐3p is responsible for cisplatin resistance in CD44(+) gastric cancer cells
Authors: Lee So D. , Yu Dayeon , Lee Do Y. , Shin Hyun‐Soo , Jo Jeong‐Hyeon , Lee Yong C.
Published: November 2018

Cisplatin is a well‐known anticancer drug used to treat various cancers. However, development of cisplatin resistance has hindered the efficiency of this drug in cancer treatment. Development of chemoresistance is known to involve many signaling pathways. Recent attention has focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) as potentially important upstream regulators in the development of chemoresistance. CD44 is one of the gastric cancer stem cell markers and plays a role in regulating self‐renewal, tumor initiation, metastasis and chemoresistance. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mechanism of miRNA‐mediated chemoresistance to cisplatin in CD44‐positive gastric cancer stem cells. We sorted gastric cancer cells according to level of CD44 expression by FACS and analyzed their miRNA expression profiles by microarray analysis. We found that miR‐193a‐3p was significantly upregulated in CD44(+) cells compared with CD44(−) cells. Moreover, SRSF2 of miR‐193a‐3p target gene was downregulated in CD44(+) cells. We studied the modulation of Bcl‐X and caspase 9 mRNA splicing by SRSF2 and found that more pro‐apoptotic variants of these genes were generated. We also found that downstream anti‐apoptotic genes such as Bcl‐2 were upregulated, whereas pro‐apoptotic genes such as Bax and cytochrome C were downregulated in CD44(+) cells compared to CD44(−) cells. In addition, we found that an elevated level of miR‐193a‐3p triggered the development of cisplatin resistance in CD44(+) cells. Inhibition of miR‐193a‐3p in CD44(+) cells increased SRSF2 expression and also altered the levels of multiple apoptotic genes. Furthermore, inhibition of miR‐193a‐3p reduced cell viability and increased the number of apoptotic cells. Therefore, miR‐193a‐3p may be implicated in the development of cisplatin resistance through regulation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. miR‐193a‐3p could be a promising target for cancer therapy in cisplatin‐resistant gastric cancer.
Conservation needs exposed by variability in common‐pool governance principles
Authors: McClanahan Tim R. , Abunge Caroline A.
Published: November 2018

Common‐pool governance principles are becoming increasingly important tools for natural resource management with communities and comanagement arrangements. Effectiveness of these principles depends on variability in agreements, trust, and adherence to institutional norms. We evaluated heterogeneity in governance principles by asking 449 people in 30 fishing communities in 4 East African countries to rate their effectiveness. The influences of individuals, their membership and role in stakeholder community groups, leadership, community, and country were tested. The membership and role of people were not the main influence on their perceptions of the effectiveness of governance principles. Therefore, drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of specific principles would be difficult to make independent of the individuals asked. More critical were individuals’ nationalities and their associations with the shared perceptions of a response‐group's effectiveness of each principle. Perceptions of effectiveness differed strongly by country, and respondents from poor nations (Madagascar and Mozambique) were more cohesiveness but had fewer and weaker between‐community conflict‐resolution mechanisms. Overall, group identity, group autonomy, decision‐making process, and conflict resolution principles were perceived to be most effective and likely to be enforced by repeated low‐cost intragroup activities. Graduated sanctions, cost–benefit sharing, and monitoring resource users, fisheries, and ecology were the least scaled principles and less affordable via local control. We suggest these 2 groups of principles form independently and, as economies develop and natural resources become limiting, sustainability increasingly depends on the later principles. Therefore, management effectiveness in resource‐limited situations depends on distributing power, skills, and costs beyond fishing communities to insure conservation needs are met.
Factors associated with multiple contact allergies in Thai dermatitis patients: A 10‐year retrospective study
Authors: Winayanuwattikun Waranaree , Boonchai Waranya
Published: November 2018

Background

Multiple contact allergies (MCAs) are defined as three or more positive patch test reactions to unrelated antigens. Factors associated with MCAs include female sex, older age, and certain eczema sites.

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of MCAs, risk factors for their development, and patterns of allergen combinations.

Methods

This retrospective, case‐control study was conducted on patients suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis who had been patch tested with a baseline series in the period January 2007 to December 2016.

Results

Of the 2178 included patients, 531 (24.4%) had MCAs. A multivariate analysis showed that a generalized distribution of dermatitis represented the highest risk factor (odds ratio [OR] 3.97), followed by a history of metal allergy (OR 3.18). The other significantly associated factors were, in order of decreasing frequency, the dermatitis sites (hands/feet, extremities, and face), age ≥25 years, and occupationally related dermatitis; their ORs were <3.

Conclusions

The factors that were significantly associated with MCAs were identified. The ranking of the common contact allergens among MCA patients was comparable with that of non‐MCA patients. Metal and fragrance allergens were frequently found to cause concurrent positive reactions in MCA patients.
Matrix stiffness regulates arteriovenous differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells during vasculogenesis in nude mice
Authors: Xue Changyue , Huang Qian , Zhang Tao , Zhao Dan , Ma Quanquan , Tian Taoran , Cai Xiaoxiao
Published: November 2018

Objectives

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of matrix stiffness on arteriovenous differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) during vasculogenesis in nude mice.

Materials and methods

Dextran hydrogels of differing stiffnesses were first prepared by controlling the crosslinking reaction to generate different thioether bonds. Hydrogels with stiffnesses matching those of the arterial extracellular matrix and venous extracellular matrix were separately combined with mouse bone marrow‐derived EPCs and subcutaneously implanted on either side of the backs of nude mice. After 14 days, artery‐specific marker Efnb2 and vein‐specific marker Ephb4 in the neovasculature were detected to determine the effect of matrix stiffness on the arteriovenous differentiation of EPCs in vivo.

Results

Fourteen days after the implantation of the EPC‐loaded dextran hydrogels, new blood vessels were observed in both types of hydrogels. We further verified that matrix stiffness regulated the arteriovenous differentiation of EPCs during vasculogenesis via the Ras/Mek pathway.

Conclusions

Matrix stiffness regulates the arteriovenous differentiation of EPCs during vasculogenesis in nude mice through the Ras/Mek pathway.
Safety and tolerability of high‐intensity statin therapy in heart transplant patients receiving immunosuppression with tacrolimus
Authors: Heeney Stephanie A. , Tjugum Shelby L. , Corkish Morgan E. , Hollis Ian B.
Published: November 2018

Background

Following heart transplantation (HT), HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to reduce total and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), and mortality. Studies in HT patients have demonstrated the safety of low/moderate intensity statins; however, little data exist using high‐intensity (HI) statins. The study aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HI statins in HT recipients receiving tacrolimus.

Methods

This single‐center, retrospective analysis included adult HT recipients from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2015, who received HI statin therapy during posttransplant follow‐up. The primary outcome, tolerability, was defined as the absence of myalgias, hepatotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis, or HI statin dose reduction/discontinuation. The secondary end point was the mean reduction in total and LDL cholesterol.

Results

Among the 24 patients included, one experienced myalgias and therapy discontinuation (4%; P > 0.99). No other HI statin dose reduction/discontinuation occurred, and no instances of rhabdomyolysis or hepatotoxicity were observed. The average reduction in total and LDL cholesterol after conversion to HI statin was 35 mg/dL (P = 0.02) and 19 mg/dL (P = 0.10), respectively.

Conclusions

High‐intensity statin therapy appears safe and efficacious in HT recipients receiving tacrolimus and is a reasonable option for the treatment of refractory hyperlipidemia.
A head‐to‐head comparison of personal and professional continuous glucose monitoring systems in people with type 1 diabetes: Hypoglycaemia remains the weak spot
Authors: Moser Othmar , Pandis Marlene , Aberer Felix , Kojzar Harald , Hochfellner Daniel , Elsayed Hesham , Motschnig Melanie , Augustin Thomas , Kreuzer Philipp , Pieber Thomas R. , Sourij Harald , Mader Julia K.
Published: November 2018

To compare the performance of a professional continuous glucose monitoring (proCGM) and a personal continuous glucose monitoring (persCGM) system worn in parallel under standardized conditions in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), two CGM systems (iPro2 – proCGM; Minimed 640G – persCGM) worn in parallel using the same sensor (Enlite 2) were compared. Ten people with T1D were included in this single‐centre, open‐label study in which CGM performance was evaluated. The study consisted of a 24‐hours inpatient phase (meals, exercise, glycaemic challenges) and a 4‐day home phase. Analyses included fulfilment of ISO 15197:2013 criteria, mean absolute relative difference (MARD), Parkes Error Grid and Bland–Altman plots. During the inpatient stay, ISO 15197:2013 criteria fulfilment was 58.4% (proCGM) and 57.8% (persCGM). At home, the systems met ISO 15197:2013 criteria by 66.5% (proCGM) and 65.3% (persCGM). No difference of MARD in inpatient phase (19.1 ± 16.7% vs. 19.0 ± 19.6; P = 0.83) and home phase (18.6 ± 26.8% vs. 17.4 ± 21.3%, P = 0.87) was observed. All sensors performed less accurately during hypoglycaemia. ProCGM and persCGM showed similar performance during daytime and night‐time for the inpatient and the home phase. However, sensor performance was reduced during hypoglycaemia for both systems.
Impact of baseline left ventricular ejection fraction on outcome after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with and without low‐gradient aortic stenosis
Authors: El‐Chilali Karim , Patsalis Polykarpos Christos , Al‐Rashid Fadi , Kahlert Heike Annelie , Riebisch Matthias , Mincu Raluca‐Ileana , Totzeck Matthias , Lind Alexander , Jánosi Rolf Alexander , Kehren Clemens , Dirkmann Daniel , Peters Jürgen , Wendt Daniel , Jakob Heinz , Rassaf Tienush , Kahlert Philipp
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To evaluate the impact of baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and its interaction with low‐gradient aortic stenosis (LGAS) on all‐cause mortality after transfemoral aortic valve implantation (TF‐TAVI).

Methods

We reviewed mortality data of 624 consecutive single center TF‐TAVI patients and categorized LVEF according to current ASE/EACVI recommendations (normal, mildly‐, moderately‐, and severely abnormal).

Results

Baseline LVEF was normal in 336 (53.8%), mildly abnormal in 160 (25.6%), moderately abnormal in 91 (14.6%), and severely abnormal in 37 (5.9%) patients, and 1‐year mortality was 19%, 17%, 23%, and 43% (P = 0.002), respectively. Patients with LGAS had a similar 1‐year mortality compared to those without LGAS in groups with normal (19% vs 19%, P = 0.899) and mildly abnormal LVEF (16% vs 17%, P = 0.898). One‐year mortality of patients with LGAS was significantly greater than in those without LGAS in presence of moderately abnormal LVEF (31% vs 11%, P = 0.022), and it was numerically greater than in those without LGAS in presence of severely abnormal LVEF (48% vs 25%, P = 0.219). In multivariate analysis, only the combination of moderately/severely abnormal LVEF and LGAS predicted increased 1‐year mortality (HR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.4–3.2, P < 0.001). Other variables, including EuroSCORE I did not affect this result.

Conclusions

Moderately/severely abnormal LVEF (≤40%) at baseline is associated with increased mortality after TF‐TAVI, especially when the mean transvalvular aortic gradient is <40 mm Hg (LGAS), while outcomes in patients with normal and mildly abnormal LVEF are comparable regardless of the pressure gradient across the native aortic valve. (DRKS00013729).
Temporal trends and patterns in carbamazepine use, related severe cutaneous adverse reactions, and HLA‐B*15:02 screening: A nationwide study
Authors: Lin Chih‐Wan , Huang Wei‐I , Chao Pi‐Hui , Chen Wen‐Wen , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan
Published: November 2018

Objective

After discovering the association between the HLA‐B*15:02 allele and carbamazepine‐related severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), particularly in Southeastern Asian populations, clinical strategies to prevent carbamazepine‐related SCARs have changed. We aimed to investigate 10‐year trends in carbamazepine use and carbamazepine‐related SCARs and to examine the patterns and determinants of HLA‐B*15:02 screening in Taiwan.

Methods

A nationwide study was performed using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. In the first part of the study, new users of carbamazepine were included, and those who experienced SCAR‐related admissions were further identified. In the second part of the study, recipients of HLA‐B*15:02 screening (reimbursed by Taiwan’s National Health Insurance since June 2010) were included and multivariate logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with the use of screening.

Results

The numbers of new users of carbamazepine and SCAR cases decreased remarkably during the 10‐year period (−82.6% and −87.1%, respectively), and the incidence rates of SCARs showed a downward trend after 2011. The screening rate of the HLA‐B*15:02 allele increased to 24.9% in 2014. Neurologists (odds ratio 12.33, 95% confidence interval 9.30‐16.35), psychiatrists (9.97, 7.31‐13.61), and neurosurgeons (3.23, 2.42‐4.32) were more likely to perform screening tests than other specialties were. Physicians practicing in medical centers (6.00, 5.51‐6.54) were more likely to perform screening tests than those practicing in other hospitals, whereas the screening rates in clinics remained at 0.0% throughout the study period.

Significance

In recent years, the number of carbamazepine‐related SCAR cases has decreased substantially in Taiwan. However, only one‐fourth of new users of carbamazepine received HLA‐B*15:02 screening, and there were considerable disparities in the screening rates across different physician groups. Policymakers should consider solutions to barriers to implementing screening tests in clinical practice and should not neglect the value of other safety communications and regulations to complement the limitations of pharmacogenomic testing.
Accounting for Temporal Demand Variations in Retail Location Models
Authors: Waddington Tom , Clarke Graham , Clarke Martin C. , Hood Nick , Newing Andy
Published: November 2018

This article develops and calibrates a spatial interaction model (SIM) incorporating additional temporal characteristics of consumer demand for the U.K. grocery market. SIMs have been routinely used by the retail sector for location modeling and revenue prediction and have a good record of success, especially in the supermarket/hypermarket sector. However, greater planning controls and a more competitive trading environment in recent years has forced retailers to look to new markets. This has meant a greater focus on the convenience market which creates new challenges for retail location models. In this article, we present a custom built SIM for the grocery market in West Yorkshire incorporating trading and consumer data provided by a major U.K. retailer. We show that this model works well for supermarkets and hypermarkets but poorly for convenience stores. We then build a series of new demand layers taking into account the spatial distributions of demand at the time of day that consumers are likely to use grocery stores. These new demand layers include workplace populations, university student populations and secondary school children. When these demand layers are added to the models, we see a very promising increase in the accuracy of the revenue forecasts.
Inclusion, exclusion, and racial identity in Singapore's language education system
Authors: Starr Rebecca Lurie , Hiramoto Mie
Published: November 2018

The multiethnic population of Singapore speaks a wide variety of languages, only four of which hold official status. We consider sociolinguistic issues that arise in connection with Singapore's Mother Tongue (MT) education policy, in which children are assigned a course of language study based on their racial heritage. A survey of Singaporeans from various backgrounds indicates that those of mixed and/or minority heritage do not identify strongly with their assigned MT. Respondents of Chinese heritage differ considerably in their attitudes by ethnolinguistic background; overall, they show more ambivalence towards their assigned MT than respondents of Malay and Indian heritage. Our findings reflect the legacies of Singapore's government language campaigns, as well as a growing enthusiasm among Singaporeans for languages that index distinctive regional ethnic identities.
Spiritual values and motives of secular pilgrims
Authors: Hall John , Basarin V. John , Lockstone‐Binney Leonie , Yusuf Adnan , Winter Caroline , Valos Michael
Published: November 2018

This study presents and tests an empirical model of the antecedents and outcomes associated with secular pilgrimage from a consumer perspective. Informed by the literature on spiritual journeys, religious and secular pilgrimage, consumer literature on personal values, emotions, customer satisfaction and recommendation behaviour, the study proposes that personal values of pilgrims positively affect their motives to partake in the spiritual journey of a secular pilgrimage. Pilgrimage motives positively affect pilgrim satisfaction directly, as well as indirectly through emotions associated with the spiritual pilgrimage experience. Pilgrim satisfaction is also positively affected by attributes of the pilgrimage site and results in an intention to recommend to family, friends and others. The model was tested on a paired sample of visitors attending the pilgrimage site of Gallipoli in Turkey for the annual commemoration of the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps (Anzac) Day. The study results show statistical support for all hypothesized relationships in the theoretical model. Findings of this study contribute an improved understanding of the role of consumer values, motivations and emotions to undertake spiritual journeys to pilgrimage sites and their satisfaction with the spiritual experience of a secular pilgrimage and the resultant recommending behaviour.
A Spanish perspective on the impact on religiosity and spirituality on consumer ethics
Authors: Vitell Scott , Ramos‐Hidalgo Encarnación , Rodríguez‐Rad Carlos
Published: November 2018

Studies of consumer ethics have generally used the Muncy–Vitell consumer ethics scale, but much of the published research has encountered problems with this scale. The present study proposes a new perspective for assessing consumer ethics, which constructs a model to analyze the impact of religiosity and spirituality on consumer attitudes and whether it leads to either ethical or unethical behaviour. Our model indicates that consumers’ behaviour in situations that involve ethical issues partly depends on both their religiosity and spirituality. Our findings present interesting theoretical implications for the consumer ethics literature, as well as practical implications for managers, principally marketers. The identification of a number of consumer types may provide the basis for an effective strategy for dealing with ethical and unethical behaviours.
Global personal spirituality: Concept, measurement, and correlates across cultures
Authors: Mathur Anil , Barak Benny , Zhang Yong , Lee Keun S. , Yoo Boonghee
Published: November 2018

The present study introduces a scale measuring a universal trait Global Personal Spirituality (GPS), which is independent of a person’s religion or religious belief. A series of confirmatory factor analyses with progressively more restrictive constraints were carried out to assess the GPS scale’s measurement invariance using subjects who were 30 to 69 years of age, and were from China (N = 453), Japan (N = 314), Korea (N = 350), and the United States (N = 436). The study also examines correlates of the GPS scale with selected related constructs to check for its validity. Results indicate that the GPS scale is both reliable and valid in these culturally and religiously diverse countries. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Awe, spirituality and conspicuous consumer behavior
Authors: Hu Jing , Yang Yan , Jing FengJie , Nguyen Bang
Published: November 2018

Awe represents a self‐transcendent, sacred experience that is closely related to spirituality. In this study, we suggest that spirituality buffers the effect of awe on materialistic consumption. Across three studies (N = 896), we test the hypothesis that awe can prompt participants’ spirituality, which in turn decreases the inclination of conspicuous consumption. In a survey, dispositional awe is found to be negatively related to the inclination of conspicuous consumption (Study 1). In follow‐up experiments, the induction of awe (relative to other control states) decreases conspicuous consumption behavior (Studies 2 and 3). In addition, a mediation analysis demonstrates that the impacts of awe on conspicuous consumption behavior are explained partly by spirituality. These findings indicate that awe may impede an individual’s materialistic need by enhancing self‐transcendent value.