bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: General Aspects of Computer Simulation Techniques and Their Applications in Polymer Physics
Authors: Binder Kurt
Published: November 2023

In recent years computer simulation has become a major tool in polymer science, complementing both analytical theory and experiment. This interest is due both to the many fundamental scientific questions that polymer systems pose and to the technological importance of polymeric materials. At the same time, computer simulation of polymers meets stringent difficulties, and despite huge progress (as documented in previous reviews1-7) many problems are still either completely unsolved or under current study. In the following pages these difficulties are briefly discussed.
Computer Simulations of Tethered Chains
Authors: Grest Gary S , Murat Michael
Published: November 2023

The study of tethered polymer chains1 is an area which has received increasing attention in recent years. These are systems in which one or both ends of the chain are constrained in their motion because they are attached to a ddimensional surface. This surface could be a point or small central core (d = 0) as in the case of a many-arm star polymer, a line (d = 1) as in the case of a comb polymer, or a flat surface (d = 2) as in the case of a polymer brush. Polymers attached to themselves to form a polymer network or a tethered membrane are also examples of tethered chain systems.
Beyond Glossing: The Old Made New in Mout me fu grief/Robin m’ aime/Portare
Authors: Pesce Dolores
Published: November 2023

Discussions of the thirteenth-century motet have emphasized the presence of preexistent materials, most notably a chant segment in the tenor, and refrains, both textual and musical, in the upper voices. With few exceptions, the discussions stop short of explaining how these preexistent materials interact with newly composed ones. One is usually left with an impression that the chant is an immutable guiding foundation above which other voices are added, and that preexistent refrains tend to be merely incorporated within or grafted onto otherwise new material. With regard to the first point, I have recently presented findings that tenor pitch organization usually, but not always, guides a motet’s overall pitch organization: interactions among the three voices can create new tonal emphases. Ardis Butterfield has begun a reevaluation of the second point, suggesting that motet composers engaged in a fluid process of combining and recombining musical refrain units to the point where a distinction between preexistent and original cannot always be maintained. She views this as a kind of creative play on the part of the composer.
The Social Construction and Reconstruction of Care
Authors: Moody-Adams Michele M
Published: November 2023

On a recent anniversary of the 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade, a fundamentalist Christian church in a small Midwestern city displayed the following message: “Thinking abortion? First visit our pastor. He cares.” This message suggests a good deal of the ambiguity in contemporary debates, not only about abortion but also about “family values,” by not saying for what, for whom, and in what form the pastor “cares.” That ambiguity raises important questions about how care for children and families might be supplemented by agencies outside the domestic household-most notably, voluntary private assistance or the workings of what Daniel Bell has called the public household. The expansion of the public household-the management, through the political process, of state revenues and expenditures to provide for public needs and wants-is one of the most important twentieth-century developments in liberal democracies. Bell contends that this development challenges the traditional, dichotomous understanding of the mechanisms by which citizens of liberal democracies provide for their needs and wants since the public household has assumed an importance rivaling that of the domestic household on the one hand and the market economy on the other (Bell, 1976:220-27). This expansion has been accompanied by an enlargement of the liberal democratic conception of public goods (once confined to goods like national defense and public highways), which is now commonly understood to extend to complex schemes of benefits like unemployment insurance, social security, and a variety of income supports.
Sexuality and Liberty: Making Room for Nature and Tradition?
Authors: Macedo Stephen
Published: November 2023

The obvious question provoked by my title is: why make room for nature and tradition? Such talk, a liberal might assert, is the stuff of intellectual reaction, and we have had more than enough of that over the last few years, no more so than in the realms of sexuality and family life. The aim of this essay, however, is to argue that liberals would do well to reclaim certain traditional moral resources and certain insights about sexuality from their captivity in the domain of intellectual and political reaction. That domain is nowadays defined by a particular aversion to the ideals of equality and liberation that came to the fore in the 1960s. Reclaiming these resources requires liberals to acknowledge that the conservative critics of the 1960s are not all wrong. Conservatives are right, for example, to argue that decent, elevated forms of human sexuality require a self-restraint and moderation that are undermined by simplistic celebrations of liberation from inherited constraints, celebrations that ignore the potentially tyrannical nature of sexual passion.
Who Should Live? Who Should Die? The Ethics of Death and Dying
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

“Death, as the Psalmist says, is certain to all; all shall die,” Justice Shallow tells Justice Silence in Shakespeare’s Henry IV. Justice Shallow’s pious platitude is the one indubitable truth. Death has always been the expected and feared result of serious illness or severe injury, as well as the anticipated end of a long life. Human efforts to fend it off have been frail and futile. The manner in which humans meet death has been a constant theme of meditation and literature in every culture. During the Christian Middle Ages, writers and preachers expounded an “art of dying” (ars moriendi), preparation to encounter one’s creator and redeemer. Physicians had relatively little part to play in the drama of human death. Greek physicians were admonished to refrain from applying their art to those who were “overmastered by their disease.” While this admonition lingered through the tradition of medical ethics, it was gradually mollified: even though physicians should not attempt to cure the incurable, they should remain with the dying to comfort them and relieve their pain. Thomas Percival eloquently urged his colleagues to be “the minister of hope and comfort to the sick; that by such cordials to the drooping spirit. he may smooth the bed of death, revive expiring life, and counteract the depressing influence of those maladies which rob the philosopher of fortitude and the Christian of consolation.”
Constructive or Mitigated Scepticism
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

Another way of meeting the sceptical crisis was the formulation of a theory that could accept the full force of the sceptical attack on the possibility of human knowledge, in the sense of necessary truths about the nature of reality, and yet allow for the possibility of knowledge in a lesser sense, as convincing or probable truths about appearances. This type of view, which has become what many philosophers today consider the scientific outlook, was first presented in the seventeenth century in Father Marin Mersenne’s grandiose attack on Pyrrhonism, La Verité des Sciences, contre les Septiques ou Pyrrhoniens, and later, in a more systematic form, by Mersenne’s good friend Father Pierre Gassendi. In such other writers as the English theologian Chillingworth and the French Franciscan writer Du Bosc, one finds the quest for, and a partial statement of, this mitigated scepticism. This attempt to find a via media between the completely destructive tendency of the nouveau pyrrhonisme and a questionable dogmatism has ultimately become a crucial part of modern philosophy, in the movements of pragmatism and positivism. But even though the most theoretical formulations of this mitigated or constructive scepticism probably occurred in the early seventeenth century, a new dogmatism had to develop and be demolished before this new solution to la crise pyrrhonienne could be accepted.
Biblical Criticism and the Beginning of Religious Scepticism
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

Another important kind of scepticism developed out of Bible studies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Exploring problems of ascertaining the correct text of Scripture and the status of Scripture as a source of truth, it raised many problems, some that became very important in creating doubts about religious positions.

After the beginning of printing there was a need to stabilize and codify texts that had come down through manuscript traditions. The most important for the overall society was, of course, the Bible. The many new manuscripts that became available to Western scholars in the Renaissance led to attempts to establish criteria for best texts and accurate texts. Erasmus’ edition of the New Testament in Greek, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, showed that the best scholarly examination of available manuscripts could raise questions about the source of key religious doctrines. Erasmus had omitted the proof texts about the doctrine of the Trinity and instead noted that this text did not appear in the earliest known manuscripts of the New Testament or in citations from the early Church Fathers. He did not publicly question whether the doctrine was, in fact, part of Scripture or whether it was true.
Daughters Signifyin(G) History The Example of Toni Morrison’s Beloved
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A
Published: November 2023

Despite the dangers of remembering the past, American artists have insistently based a large part of their aesthetic ideal on precisely that activity. John Edgar Wideman prefaces his novel Sent for You Yesterday with this testament: “Past lives in us, through us. Each of us harbors the spirits of people who walked the earth before we did, and those spirits depend on us for continuing existence, just as we depend on their presence to live our lives to the fullest.” This insistence on the interdependence of past and present is, moreover, a political act, for it advocates a revisioning of the past as it is filtered through the present. Wideman elsewhere has asked, “What is history except people’s imaginary recreationl” Racial memories, he suggests, “exist in the imagination.” They are in fact a record of “certain collective experiences” that “have been repeated generation after generation.”
A Conversation On Toni Morrison’s Beloved
Authors: Christian Barbara , Deborah Mcdowell , Mckay Nellie Y
Published: November 2023

I would like to thank both of you for taking the time to talk with me about Toni Morrison’s Beloved. I have always felt that this book embodies many oral qualities, perhaps because we learn a great deal about the narrative through the dialogues that the characters have with each other as well as with themselves as they struggle with their memories. Consequently, I believe that an oral component in this book makes an appropriate contribution to the collection. I have no prepared questions to lead us into the discussion since I envisioned a more spontaneous and less structured dialogue: something that captures some of the flavor of the oral tradition. So, I now invite you to relax and jump in with your questions and ideas as they come to you. We’ll bounce our ideas off of each other for the next hour or so.
Can Animal Rights Activists Be Environmentalists?
Authors: Varner Gary E
Published: November 2023

MY OWN VIEW is not, strictly speaking, an animal rights philosophy. My view does not restrict moral standing to sentient organisms, nor do I employ the concept of moral obligation, let alone that of moral rights. Nevertheless, my view resembles animal rights views insofar as I find preeminent value in the lives of individual sentient organisms, and this places it in dubious company, since most environmental philosophers believe that animal rights views are incompatible with sound environmental policy. Notoriously, it was J. Baird Callicott who, in his early paper “Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair,” appeared to delight in driving a very deep wedge between environmentalism and animal rights. To appreciate how hegemonic this view of the animal rights-environmental ethics split has become among environmental ethicists, consider the following quotations. Under a title extending Callicott’s amorous metaphor (“Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce”), Mark Sagoff wrote: Environmentalists cannot be animal liberationists.
The Host, the Law, and the Ambiguous Space of Medieval London Taverns
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

The most notable depiction of an innkeeper/taverner in Middle-English literature appears in The Canterbury Tales in the character of the Host. Harry Bailly’s Tabard Inn, where the pilgrims gather, suggests an institution that is replete with ambiguity and contradictory images. In the Prologue the Tabard is described as a “gentyle tavern” rather than one of the sordid ones that were common in London and Southwark. Its clientele is a very varied one that represents regular and secular clergy, nuns, rural laity ranging in social degree from knight to plowman, and a large contingent of Londoners of different ranks and occupations. Not only the variety of social classes represented but also the gender mix is somewhat surprising for medieval society: a woman (the Wife of Bath) traveling alone, a Prioress who is appropriately accompanied but suspect, because she is staying at an inn rather than one of the well-endowed nunneries of London. The Monk, likewise, could have found lodging in a monastery. Were they all eager for an early start or was Harry’s place recommended for its fine wines, ales, and cuisine? The Tabard was certainly well-known for its food, both historically and in The Tales. The space within the inn also defies the conventional ordering of society in that Harry’s wife, Harry eventually confesses, dominates the domestic power relations and challenges his manhood. His position as guide and the acceptance of his role by his social superiors among the pilgrims is also of interest: no one, except the Cook, disagrees with his selfdesignation as “judge,” “governor,” “referee,” and punisher of “rebels” against his rule.
The Meaning of Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: November 2023

People tend to use the word suffering in either of two ways: in a psychological sense, or in what I will call, for want of a better word, an “objectivist” sense. In the “objectivist” sense, suffering is roughly synonymous with calamity or misfortune. In this sense, the precise meaning of suffering remains partly to be filled in, because what counts as calamity or misfortune is somewhat vague and partly subject to dispute. But often enough, calamity is unmistakable. One is murdered; one’s relatives are massacred; one’s house of a lifetime is swept away by a flood; one loses one’s job and is turned onto the street; one is malnourished; one contracts a debilitating disease. Sometimes suffering simply designates the experience of such objective calamities, withoutreferring to the psychological state of the people concerned.
Knowledge, Belief, and Counterfactual Reasoning in Games
Authors: Stalnaker Robert
Published: November 2023

Deliberation about what to do in any context requires reasoning about what will or would happen in various alternative situations, including situations that the agent knows will never in fact be realized. In contexts that involve two or more agents who have to take account of each others’ deliberation, the counterfactual reasoning may become quite complex. When I deliberate, I have to consider not only what the causal effects would be of alternative choices that I might make, but also what other agents might believe about the potential effects of my choices and how their alternative possible actions might affect my beliefs. Counterfactual possibilities are implicit in the models that game theorists and decision theorists have developed-in the alternative branches in the trees that model extensive form games and the different cells of the matrices of strategic form representations-but much of the reasoning about those possibilities remains in the informal commentary on and motivation for the models developed. Puzzlement is sometimes expressed by game theorists about the relevance of what happens in a game “off the equilibrium path”: of what would happen if what is (according to the theory) both true and known by the players to be true were instead false.
Rational Failures of the KK Principle
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: November 2023

It is tempting to suppose that rational thinkers satisfy the KK principle that if one knows something, then one knows that one knows it.1 This essay investigates a variety of phenomena which cause the KK principle to fail. The failures are rational in the sense that they can be described within a framework on which thinkers know all the logical consequences of what they know. Of course, actual thinkers fail to draw all these consequences; the point of the idealization is that this failure of deductive closure is quite separate from, because not necessary for, the failure of the KK principle. A positive proposal will be made as to the logic of rational knowledge.
Photosynthetic Associations Of Protozoans And Invertebrates
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Many invertebrates, such as sea anemones, corals, flatworms, and protozoans, have formed mutualistic associations with photosynthetic microbes (Saffo, 1992b; Trench, 1993). The photobionts supply nutrients to their hosts, which allows them to colonize habitats they normally could not because of limited supplies of prey. Two groups of algae (protists), collectively called zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae, are the most common photobionts. These names do not have taxonomic status but are useful for identifying the general type of endosymbiont in a host. Zoochlorellae are mainly species of Chlorella, a freshwater, unicellular alga which is a wellknown symbiont of at least 30 genera of ciliates, amoebae, hydras, sponges, and clams (D.C:. Smith, 1991). About 10 species of Chlorella are recognized. DNA-DNA hybridization studies have revealed that many of the species are not closely related and that the Chlorella-type morphology evolved in several lineages of the Chlorococcales. Zooxanthellae are mostly dinoflagellates, which appear yellow-brown in the many marine organisms they colonize. The dinoflagel late chloroplasts have efficient light-harvesting complexes that include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and large amounts of xanthophylls. Reproduction and genetics of dinoflagellates are unusual and not well understood. They have more nuclear DNA than other eukaryotes. Their chromosomes remain condensed during interphase, lack centromeres, and unwind only for DNA replication. The nuclear membrane does not break down during mitosis, as in animals and plants.
Behavioral And Social Symbioses
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Darwin’s book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) was a turning point in the study of behavior. For the first time, behavior was considered from an experimental view, and it was recognized that adaptive behavior of an organism fosters its survival and reproduction. Today, behavioral scientists study four aspects of behavior: causation, development, evolutionary history, and function. Observation and description are central to behavioral studies, but the problems involved in carrying out such studies are great. For example, observations cannot be made continuously during the lifetime of an organism under study. Further, behavior is complex, and a scientist can study only one aspect of it at a time. Therefore, personal biases of the scientist become an important consideration in behavioral analysis. Causation is studied by examining the factors that influence behavior over relatively short periods of time in the life of an organism. These factors include environmental as well as sensory and physiological stimuli. Regulation of behavior in an interorganismic association involves internal as well as external factors.
The Appeal of Violent Sports
Authors: Guttmann Allen
Published: November 2023

If we define violence as the unsanctioned or illegitimate use of harmful or destructive physical force, which I take to be a reasonable definition, then sports confront us with a paradox: boxing matches and a number of other sports events involve a great deal of interpersonally harmful but nonetheless sanctioned physical force. In sports as in warfare, whose image sports are often taken to be, some forms of interpersonal violence are legitimate. In many sports, physical violence is the core if not the name of the game. The prestige of a Roman gladiator increased with the number of opponents he slew. The mayhem at a medieval tournament was often more deadly than the carnage of a real battle. (In the course of a tournament held in 1240 near the German town of Neuss, scores of knights were killed Uusserand, 1901; Keen, 1984].) In our own time, a number of boxers have been beaten to death by opponents who were subsequently judged exempt from legal prosecution for assaults that are severely penalized if committed outside sports’ specially privileged time and space. Like gladiatorial combats and knightly jousts, boxing matches are haunted by the specter not only of serious injury but also of immediate death.
Chromosomal Syndromes: Common and/or
Well-Known Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Trisomy 21 is the most common and best known of all malformation syndromes. More than 100 different signs have been reported (160). The reader is referred to the following sources: comprehensive coverage (10,136,160), biology (6,124), anatomic aspects (11,48,169), pediatric aspects (35,76,175), central nervous system manifestations (10,39,160,187), growth charts (41), craniofacial aspects (97), craniofacial pattern profiles (3), oral manifestations (34), contribution of S. Langdon Down and other history (76a,125,182), cytogenetic considerations and recurrence risk counseling (2,14,23,35,51,54,70,74,79,84–86,94,96, 111,115,118,122,123,126,130,145,160,164–168,178,183), prenatal screening (4,91,171), epidemiology (110), life tables (9), frequency of malformations (95,176), associated tumors (146), presentations for parents of an affected child (87,159).
Scientific Dialectics in Action: The Case of Joseph Priestley
Authors: Barrotta Pierluigi
Published: November 2023

Priestley’s tenacity in defending the phlogiston chemistry has often puzzled historians. In his works, Priestley very often underlines that hypotheses are at best heuristic instruments that one must be ready to abandon in any moment. As he proudly writes in one of his works: “[W]henever I have drawn general conclusions too soon, I have been very ready to abandon them.”1 Indeed, his scientific activity was perfectly consistent with this view, and it is well known that he was prone to change his mind with puzzling frequency. Notwithstanding, he never abandoned phlogiston. Priestley’s attitude especially represents a puzzle for what we can call the “traditional historiography” of science. If the implausible idea that Priestley did not adhere to the new chemistry because he lacked competence is rejected, then the only available solution to the traditional historiography is to claim that he was blinded by his prejudices in the face of overwhelming empirical evidence.
Multiple Personalities, Internal Controversies, and Invisible Marvels
Authors: Hacking Ian
Published: November 2023

This chapter was first presented at the 1993 Conference on Scientific Controversies, and was revised a few days later to take into account what other participants had said. We all change our minds, or develop our ideas, so I cannot speak for what colleagues now believe, but what they said then seems to me important enough to recall it to mind. For my part, I used as an example of what I call internal scientific controversies— a label I explained—the then raging debates about multiple personality. I was at the time working on a book (Hacking 1995) that now documents the history I exploit below. But the specific use of that history as an example with which to think about controversy was dedicated to the conference and is not found in the book or elsewhere.
The Meaning of Theoretical Terms A Critique of the Standard Empiricist Construal
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

This essay is concerned with a general characterization of scientific theories that has been developed, with certain individual differences, by various thinkers sharing a broadly empiricist outlook and a precise logico-analytical approach to problems in the philosophy of science; among them, F. P. Ramsey, N. R. Campbell, R. B. Braithwaite, Hans Reichenbach, Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, and Ernest Nagel. This characterization is often referred to as the standard construal, or the standard analysis, of scientific theories. Let me indicate first what was perhaps the basic problem this analysis was meant to clarify. A scientific theory usually accounts for a class of empirical phenomena by positing particular kinds of entities and processes, which are taken to be governed by specified laws of their own, and which are, intuitively speaking, farther removed from the realm of our everyday experience than are the phenomena the theory is to explain. In characterizing those entities and processes, a theory typically employs a set of new terms, which are said to form its theoretical vocabulary.
The Slum
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

First published in 1890, and undoubtedly Azevedo’ s masterpiece, The Slum is one of the most widely read and critically acclaimed novels ever written about Brazil. Indeed, its great popularity, realistic descriptions, archetypal situations, detailed local coloring, and overall race-consciousness may well evoke Huckleberry Finn as the novel’ s North American equivalent. Yet Azevedo also exhibits the naturalism of Zola and the ironic distance of Balzac; while tragic, beautiful, and imaginative as a work of fiction, The Slum is universally regarded as one of the best, or truest, portraits of Brazilian society ever rendered. This is a vivid and complex tale of passion and greed, a story with many different strands touching on the different economic tiers of society. Mainly, however, The Slum thrives on two intersecting story lines. In one narrative, a penny-pinching immigrant landlord strives to become a rich investor and then discards his black lover for a wealthy white woman. In the other, we witness the innocent yet dangerous love affair between a strong, pragmatic, “gentle giant” sort of immigrant and a vivacious mulatto woman who both live in a tenement owned by said landlord. The two immigrant heroes are originally Portuguese, and thus personify two alternate outsider responses to Brazil. As translator David H. Rosenthal points out in his useful Introduction: one is the capitalist drawn to new markets, quick prestige, and untapped resources; the other, the prudent European drawn moth-like to “the light and sexual heat of the tropics.” A deftly told, deeply moving, and hardscrabble novel that features several stirring passages about life in the streets, the melting-pot realities of the modern city, and the oft-unstable mind of the crowd, The Slum will captivate anyone who might appreciate a more poetic, less political take on the nineteenth-century naturalism of Crane or Dreiser.
Autonomy, Social Disruption, and Women
Authors: Friedman Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Are women in Western societies alienated by the ideal of autonomy? Many feminist philosophers have recently suggested that women find autonomy to be a notion inhospitable to women, one that represents a masculine-style preoccupation with selfsufficiency and self-realization at the expense of human connection.
The Perversion of Autonomy and the Subjection of Women
Authors: Code Lorraine
Published: November 2023

Autonomy has figured prominently as an emancipatory ideal in the feminist, antiracist, and postcolonial analyses of oppression, subjection, subjectivity, and agency that are the inheritors of the philosophy of rights, as well as in the activism informed by these theories. Yet while recognizing autonomy’s effectiveness and its persistent appeal, my entry into this discussion originates in a profound unease with the autonomy-saturated theories and rhetorics that infuse affluent Western social-political spaces in the late twentieth century, holding in place a regulative autonomy ideal that, paradoxically, underpins patterns of oppression and subjection.
Autonomy and Interdependence
Authors: Donchin Anne
Published: November 2023

In 1996 a foundation funded by a British pharmaceutical company launched a project to allay public fears about the new genetic detection techniques under development in its industry. The focal point of the project was a traveling road show, featuring performances of a play called The Gift, which focused on a family affected by an autosomal recessive genetic disorder (Friedreichs ataxia). The audience debate that followed was structured and circumscribed by a staff facilitator, who offered a preselected menu of options for resolving decisional quandaries dramatized by the play’s characters.
Relational Autonomy, Self-Trust, and Health Care for Patients Who are Oppressed
Authors: McLeod Carolyn , Sherwin Susan
Published: November 2023

Traditional autonomy theory, especially as it is deployed in the context of healthcare ethics discussions, has focused on specific factors that interfere with autonomy: coercion, internal compulsion, and ignorance. Depending on the circumstances and the severity, the presence of any of these factors may make it impossible, or at least very difficult, for an agent to act autonomously. What traditional accounts tend to overlook, however, is that there is a fourth way in which an agent’s autonomy may also be compromised, namely, by the forces of oppression. Oppression may itself involve dimensions of coercion, compulsion, and ignorance, but it functions in complex and often largely invisible ways, affecting whole social groups rather than simply disrupting isolated individuals; as a result, its effects tend to be ignored within the traditional autonomy framework that focuses solely on individuals. Moreover, addressing these features requires changing the broad social conditions that constitute oppression and not merely changing some of the specific circumstances of an individual agent’s situation. It is necessary, then, to explore the distinct ways in which oppression may interfere with a person’s ability to act autonomously.
The Canonization of Béla Bartók
Authors: Gillies Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Canons have been increasingly invoked in discussions of artistic worth since the early 1970s and musical worth since the early 1980s.1 In the 1990s, canons feature prominently in debates about music and gender, national musics, musical genres, and curricula of music education.2 Most frequently, repertory or disciplinary canons are analyzed as a preliminary stage to canonic dismantlement, reformulation, or reinforcement. The focus has tended to be on the musical objects—the lists of musical repertories or subdisciplines—and those who have been responsible for such listings, the canonizers.3 The canonized individuals and how they came to be canonized have received less attention, their position in the canonic scheme of things often being established summarily by current statistics or simply taken as given.
The Paradox of Subjectivity
Authors: Carr David
Published: November 2023

Challenging prevailing interpretations of the development of modern philosophy, this book proposes a reinterpretation of the transcendental tradition, as represented primarily by Kant and Husserl, and counters Heidegger's influential reading of these philosophers. Author David Carr defends their subtle and complex transcendental investigations of the self and the life of subjectivity, and seeks to revive an understanding of what Husserl calls "the paradox of subjectivity"--an appreciation for the rich and sometimes contradictory character of experience.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Causes And Cures
Authors: Weir Bryce
Published: November 2023

Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) often presents a challenge for neurologists. The author of this volume, who is both a neurologist and a surgeon, clarifies the steps a neurologist should take when a patient is at risk of SAH, explains when surgery is advised, and helps physicians to treat patients after SAH. All of the causes of SAH, including intracranial aneurysms, are considered to provide a useful guide to case management. Historical, epidemiological, and economic/medico-legal aspects are discussed initially, followed by discussions of diagnosis, pathology, physiology, and medical, surgical, and radiological therapies.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) was described more than 300 years ago by Thomas Willis, who conveyed its disagree able aspects in his 17th-century textbook. The syndrome of anxietas tibiarum described by Wittmaack in 1861 may have been RLS, and Haskovec in 1902 described two patients with an inability to remain at rest that he termed akathisia. Akathisia was initially attributed to hysteria, but after the recognition of postencephalitic cases in the 1920s, an organic cause was suspected. , Akathisia is also precipitated by the use of antipsychotic medications, and since that association was reported, the term akathisia has been used mainly to refer to a syndrome of inner restlessness that is not worse at night and has a less prominent sensory component than RLS.
Social Justice/Criminal Justice
Authors: Heffernan William C
Published: November 2023

A single mother, 25, with a one-year-old son is indicted for Medicaid fraud. The woman, herself the daughter of a single mother, has completed only three years of high school. She works as a waitress at a diner, relying on her mother and sisters to care for her child during working hours. At her trial, her lawyer, out of the presence of the jury, informs the judge that his client is prepared to concede the accuracy of the charges against her but that she wishes to interpose a defense of justification. The defendant will testify, her lawyer states, that her son suffers from a heart problem. Although her son was not confronted with imminent danger of death at the time she submitted her application for Medicaid, she knew he could develop serious symptoms at any time. She thus decided that committing fraud was a lesser evil than not securing medical benefits to protect her son. Her act was not one of civil disobedience, the lawyer concedes. Understanding that Congress has declined to provide universal health insurance, his client believed that it would be useless to follow the steps that come under the rubric of “civil disobedience”: publicly seeking a change in the law, publicly disobeying the law, and then accepting punishment for one’s disobedience.
Scaling of Terrestrial Support: Differing Solutions to Mechanical Constraints of Size
Authors: Biewener Andrew A
Published: November 2023

Terrestrial animals and plants span an enormous size range, and yet even distantly related groups are constructed of similar materials (e.g., bone, wood, muscle, and tendon). As with many physiological processes, evolutionary and ontogenetic changes in size impose constraints of scale on the mechanical design and function of skeletal support systems that are built of materials having similar properties. Adequate design requires that the capacity of skeletal elements (and muscles) for force transmission safely exceeds the levels required for biological support and movement. This is the case when the force transmitted per unit cross-sectional area of the material, defined as a mechanical stress (= F/A, e.g., N/mm2), does not exceed the material’s strength (the maximum stress that the material can withstand before failure). Clearly, larger structures can support larger forces more safely. The important design consideration, however, is whether changes in force requirements are matched by comparable changes in tissue cross-sectional area in order to keep maximal stresses and, thus, safety factors (defined as failure stress/peak functional stress) constant as size changes. Scale-invariant features (bone strength, timber strength, and peak muscle stress), therefore, require size-dependent changes in other features if the functional integrity of support systems is to be maintained over a broad size range (see also Li this volume).
Does Piety Pay? Socrates and Plato on Prayer and Sacrifice
Authors: McPherran Mark L
Published: November 2023

Plato’s Apology offers a perennial challenge to its readers, prodding them to ask inter alia whether its Socrates is really guilty of the formal charge of impiety by failing to “recognize” the gods of Athens (Ap. 24b8-c1). If one turns to Xenophon for assistance in answering this question, however, the response will be an unequivocal “not guilty,” for as his portrait has it: “[Socrates] never said or did anything impious (asebes), and his speech and actions in respect of the gods were those of a truly religious (eusebestatos) man” (Mem. 1.1.20).
The Catecholamine Innervation of Primate Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Lewis David A
Published: November 2023

The catecholamines dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) are known to exert critical modulatory influences over a number of cognitive and motor functions mediated by the neural circuitry of the frontal lobe. Understanding how alterations in cortical catecholamines may be involved in both the pathophysiology and treatment of ADHD requires knowledge of the normal regional, laminar, and cellular distribution of the axons that utilize DA or NE, of the receptors that are the targets of these neurotransmitters, and of the development of these systems during child hood and adolescence.
Communication in a Lilliputian World
Authors: Greenfield Michael D
Published: November 2023

In most terrestrial and freshwater or marine habitats, the vast majority of animals transmitting and receiving communicative signals are arthropods. This generalization holds whether the accounting is by species, individuals, or even the number and rate of messages transmitted. Given the attention paid to the abundance and overall importance of arthropods in the earth’s ecosystems in recent years, these contentions may engender little surprise when taken at face value. Nonetheless, the ways in which the myriad of arthropods communicate are often beyond our perceptual abilities or imagination, and we may be generally unaware of these activities taking place in our midst.
The Emergence of Everything
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

When the whole is greater than the sum of the parts--indeed, so great that the sum far transcends the parts and represents something utterly new and different--we call that phenomenon emergence. When the chemicals diffusing in the primordial waters came together to form the first living cell, that was emergence. When the activities of the neurons in the brain result in mind, that too is emergence. In The Emergence of Everything, one of the leading scientists involved in the study of complexity, Harold J. Morowitz, takes us on a sweeping tour of the universe, a tour with 28 stops, each one highlighting a particularly important moment of emergence. For instance, Morowitz illuminates the emergence of the stars, the birth of the elements and of the periodic table, and the appearance of solar systems and planets. We look at the emergence of living cells, animals, vertebrates, reptiles, and mammals, leading to the great apes and the appearance of humanity. He also examines tool making, the evolution of language, the invention of agriculture and technology, and the birth of cities. And as he offers these insights into the evolutionary unfolding of our universe, our solar system, and life itself, Morowitz also seeks out the nature of God in the emergent universe, the God posited by Spinoza, Bruno, and Einstein, a God Morowitz argues we can know through a study of the laws of nature. Written by one of our wisest scientists, The Emergence of Everything offers a fascinating new way to look at the universe and the natural world, and it makes an important contribution to the dialogue between science and religion.
Introduction
Authors: Christiano Thomas
Published: November 2023

What is valuable about democracy and what are the limits of this value? These are the two questions that are the focus of the essays in this volume. And these are among the most important questions in political philosophy today. For when there are disagreements about the right course of action for a political society, some person or group of people must decide what to do. This fact is at the core of most of the problems that we face as members of political communities for two reasons. First, we share cultural, economic, and political institutions with many people. And, second, we encounter pervasive conflicts of interests with our fellow human beings and ubiquitous and deep disagreements with them on how to shape these shared institutions. These dis­ agreements range over matters of social justice, human rights, the common good, and the best means for achieving these aims. Democracy provides a solution to the problem of who may legitimately participate in decision making about issues of great importance to a political community under circumstances of disagreement and conflict of interests. The authors in this volume provide differing philosophical foundations for the idea that democracy is valuable and explore the legitimate shape, scope, and limits of democratic rule.
What is Equality? Part 4: Political Equality
Authors: Dworkin Ronald
Published: November 2023

In a series of essays, I have been studying the idea of equality beginning in a principle—the abstract egalitarian principle—that states the idea in its most abstract form. This principle stipulates that government must act to make the lives of citizens better, and must act with equal concern for the life of each member. We reach a useful, practical theory about what equality requires by constructing and testing concrete interpretations—conceptions—of that principle, to decide which conception is, all things considered, the best. Of course the abstract egalitarian principle cannot decide all matters: government and politics face a variety of issues, at every level of abstraction and concreteness, that cannot be answered simply by selecting among different interpretations or conceptions of abstract equality. And yet the influence of the egalitarian principle will be pervasive for any society that accepts it. The preferred interpretation of equal concern will affect not only the design of all fundamental institutions of government, but also the particular decisions each of these institutions makes.
Balance: Neurovestibular Effects of Space?ight and Their Operational Consequences
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

A day or so after returning from Earth orbit, an astronaut drove his car onto a long, tightly curved ramp at the intersection of two interstate highways. About halfway through the curve he needed to pull over because he was having a strong sensation of tilt. The slight sideways G forces he had experienced in the turn had been interpreted by his space-adapted brain and nervous system as a significant body tilt. The most likely explanation was that his balance system had adapted to weightlessness and had not yet readapted to Earth’s gravity.
Nutrient Relations of the Herbaceous Layer in Deciduous Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Muller Robert N
Published: November 2023

The contributions of deciduous forest herbs to ecosystem-level processes are frequently ignored due to low contributions of this stratum to overall biomass. Thus, we are familiar with studies that treat the herbaceous layer as a dependent variable, responding to light and through fall (R.C. Anderson et al. 1969), soil and biotic influences on nutrient availability (Snaydon 1962, Crozier and Boerner 1984), and local patterns of topographic variation (e.g., windthrow pits and mounds; Beatty 1984; chapter 7, this volume). Studies treating deciduous forest herbs as independent agents influences community and ecosystem processes are less common and frequently focus on isolated circumstances in which processes such as control of pollinators (Thompson 1986), allelopathy (Gliessman 1976; Horsley 1977b), or exploitative competition (Meekins and McCarthy 1999) can be demonstrated. Yet, in considering ecosystem-level influences of the herbaceous layer, we need only look at the effectiveness of understory removal on increasing wood production in plantation forestry to appreciate the importance of the herbaceous layer. For instance, a 12-year study of loblolly pine seedling response to herbaceous weed control demonstrated a 30–99% increase in growth (volume) over the period (Glover et al. 1989).
The Herbaceous Layer of Eastern Old-Growth Deciduous Forests
Authors: McCarthy Brian C
Published: November 2023

The study of old-growth forests has long been a fascination of plant ecologists. In all likelihood this was an outgrowth of the Clementsian view of succession (Clements 1936; Weaver and Clements 1938) in which communities were perceived to change in an orderly and predictable way and culminate in a terminal climax community (chapter 10, this volume). Throughout much of eastern North America, old-growth forests were the epitome of the climax community (Braun 1950; Whitney 1987). Old-growth forests have been of continued interest in the study of plant ecology in large part because they are generally free of the myriad of disturbances caused by humans, thereby allowing the study of natural processes. This unique quality has generated an enormous research database on many aspects of eastern old-growth forests (Nowacki and Trianosky 1993). Due to the massive disturbances associated with European settlement, the landscape in eastern North America underwent enormous change (M. Williams 1989; Whitney 1994; Irland 1999). Lumbering, agriculture, grazing, and anthropogenic wildfires all altered the landscape such that now most deciduous old-growth forest exists only as small relicts. More recently, some have argued that no forest in eastern North America is free of anthropogenic disturbance (direct or indirect).
Habitat Heterogeneity and Maintenance of Species in Understory Communities
Authors: Beatty Susan W
Published: November 2023

What determines species distributions and species richness in forested communities? This question has been debated for decades. Rather than ruling out possible explanations, we have continued to propose new hypotheses. Four explanatory factors often appear in the literature: disturbance, patterns in physical factors (soils, microclimate), biological processes (e.g., competition, dispersal, colonization, and extinction), and history (land use, anthropogenic impacts, and successional age). In this chapter I address the effects of all four factors in determining the species composition and richness of northeastern deciduous forest communities in the context of spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. Disturbance in plant communities has been connected with the maintenance of species richness, community stability, and a variety of life history strategies (Watt 1947a; Whittaker 1969; F. E. Smith 1972; Drury and Nisbet 1973; Grubb 1977; Platt and Weis 1977; Whittaker and Levin 1977; Connell 1978; Grime 1979; Huston 1979; Denslow 1980; 1985; Pickett 1980; Collins and Pickett 1987; Foster 1988a; Foster and Boose 1992; Cooper-Ellis et al. 1999).