bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Variation of POD Activities in Bergenla tianquanensis in Tissue Culture Progress
Authors: Liu Shou Jiang , Yu Bo , Hu Cui Hua
Published: May 2011

In the experiment, Bergenla tianquanensis in Tianquan County of Sichuan Province is used as materials for tissue culture, The effect of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Activated carbon（AC）and gibberellin (GA3) on Peroxidase (POD) Activities in the browning of bergenla leaves in the culture process was investigated and researched. The results showed that the inhibition effect of GA3 on the browning of Bergenin was better than PVP and AC.
Study on Synthesis of Preservative Benzyl Methyl Fumarate
Authors: Li Na , Zhu Zi Ping
Published: May 2011

Using maleic anhydride, benzyl alcohol and methanol as raw materials, a new preservative benzyl methyl fumarate containing α, β-unsaturated carbonyl structure was prepared. Based on the single factor experiment, the results of orthogonal test showed that the optimal conditions for the reaction was 4 h time, temperature at 65 °C, and with molar ratio of fumarate acid to methanol at 1:5. The production rate was 65.53%.
Solvothermal Synthesis of CeO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Yong Cai , Zhang En Ren
Published: May 2011

Ultrafine CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized directly via solvothermal treatment of Ce(NO3)3·6H2O powder in toluene at 180 °C for 48 h, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-vis absorption spectrum. The results from XRD, Raman and XPS revealed the formation of pure cubic phase CeO2 with some oxygen vacancies. The TEM image disclosed that the as-synthesized CeO2 comprised nanoparticles of about 5–8 nm. The UV-vis absorption spectrum showed that the as-synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles had a wide UV absorption band centered at around 326 nm (3.8 eV).
Variation Regulation of Bioactive Components in Rosemary Leaves and Extraction Procedure
Authors: Li Da Wei , Bi Liang Wu , Zhao Zhen Dong , Li Dong Mei , Gu Yan , Wang Jing , Liu Xian Zhang
Published: May 2011

The variation regulation of five bioactive components including carnosic acid (CA), carnosol (CO), rosmarinic acid (RA), oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) in rosemary leaves and extraction procedure was studied. The effects of rosemary sources, steam distillation time, activated carbon dosage and storage time of extraction solution on variation regulation of bioactive components were discussed in detail.
Characteristics of Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) in A.bulbifer Compared with that in A.rivieri and A.albus
Authors: Wang Qiao , Wang Jian , Zhong Geng
Published: May 2011

Amorphophallus bulbifer (A. bulbifer) is a promising species in Amorphophallus sp., with great potentiality of developing, low risk for cultivation and considerable commercial benefits, mainly locates in tropical and subtropical regions or near the equator. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is the main component of Amorphophallus tuber which is a water-soluble dietary fiber. In this work, some physiochemical properties of KGM in three Amorphophallus species flour [one was A.bulbifer, the other two were current main species namely Amorphophallus rivieri (A. rivieri) and Amorphophallus albus (A. albus)] were studied and compared with each other. The KGM content in A. rivieri, A. albus and A. bulbifer flour were 85.03%, 76.28% and 88.07% (w/w), respectively. The apparent viscosity, viscosity average molecular weight, whiteness, gel-forming properties and chemical structure of KGM in the three flours were investigated by using viscometer, colorimeter, texture analyzer and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results indicated that the viscosity and Mw of A. bulbifer was the largest, gel strength was almost same (p>0.05) and the molecular structure were of no differences of three KGM. It may be proposed that transplanting A. bulbifer from its native land in the tropical and subtropical regions to temperate zone in the southwest part of China would be feasible, and it would cause the revolution of Amorphophallus sp. and more considerable benefits.
Study on the Isolation and Purification of Proanthocyanidins from Rhodiola Rose by Macroporous Adsorbent Resin
Authors: Zhao Wen , Meng Yuc Cai , Yin Zhi Ping , Liu Wei Hua , Niu Cui Jiao
Published: May 2011

Five different macroreticular resins (S-8, HPD750, AB-8, HPD100 and D101) were evaluated for the adsorption properties of the proanthocyanidins extracted from Rhodiola rose. The results showed that AB-8 displayed the optimal adsorption and desorption properties. The adsorption of AB-8 for proanthocyanidins followed Langmuir equation and belonged monolayer adsorption. The optimal purification conditions were as follows: the sample concentration of proanthocyanidins was 4mg/mL, sample flow rate was 1.5BV/h, proanthocyanidins could be entirely eluted with 3 bed volumes of 50% ethanol. Based on the experiment, the purity of proanthocyanidins product is 64%.
Cure Kinetics of Epoxy/DDS/ Epoxy-Grafted Nano-Aluminum Oxide
Authors: Zhou Hong Jun , Yin Guo Qiang , Zhuang Miao Hong , Ge Jian Fang , Lin Xuan
Published: May 2011

The cure kinetics of epoxy/epoxy-grafted nano-aluminum oxide using 4, 4'-diaminodiphenylsulphone (DDS) as the curing agent was studied by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates. The activation energy (Ea) was determined by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, and kinetic model was predicted by Málek method. TheEa values of epoxy/nano-aluminum oxide/DDS systems are generally higher than those of epoxy /DDS. These imply that the addition of nano-aluminum oxide would inhibit the chain mobility of the epoxy resins. Furthermore, autocatalytic model was found to be appropriate to describe the kinetics of above mentioned reactions. The predicted curves fit well with the experimentally obtained curves.
Synthesis of Nanosized HMS Mesoporous Molecular Sieve in an Ionic Liquid-Water Mixture
Authors: Liu Hong , Wang Meng Yang , Cao Wei Ran
Published: May 2011

The hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) nano-particles were prepared in mixture of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM+BF4-) ionic liquid and water by a sol-gel method. The structure and morphology of obtained materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The influence of the amount of BMIM+BF4-was investigated. It was shown that the synthesized materials have discrete and uniform spherical morphology with the size in the range of 68-177 nm (obtained from DLS measurements), and the particle size of HMS can be controlled by varying the amount of BMIM+BF4-.
Identifying Time-Dependent Drug Diffusion Parameters in the Cylindrical Tube by Optimal Algorithm
Authors: Li You Yun , Xiang Zi Quan , Wang Song
Published: May 2011

First, a FD scheme based on a polar-coordinate diffusion optimization problem is derived. Next, an optimization algorithm to compute the partial derivatives is proposed. Third, the procedure for the time-dependent drug diffusion parameters is given. Finally, the numerical result shows the validity of the optimal method based on FD to extract the effective time-dependent drug diffusivity.
Study on the Mechanism of Enhancing Oil Recovery by Molecular Film Displacement
Authors: Liu Qi Cheng , Liu Yong Jian
Published: May 2011

Molecular film displacement is a new nanofilm EOR technique. A large number of experiments show that the mechanism of molecular film displacement is different from conventional chemical displacement (polymer, surfactant, alkali and ASP displacement etc). With water solution acting as transfer medium, molecules of the filming agent develop the force to form films through electrostatic interaction, with efficient molecules deposited on the negatively charged rock surface to form ultrathin films at nanometer scale. This change the properties of reservoir surface and the interaction condition with crude oil, making the oil easily be displaced as the pores swept by the injected fluid. Thus oil recovery is enhanced. The mechanism of molecular filming agent mainly includes absorption, wettability alteration, diffusion and capillary imbibition etc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Missile-Like ZnO
Authors: Li Yan , Zou Yun Ling , Hou Yan Yan
Published: May 2011

A novel missile-like ZnO structure has been synthesized solvo-thermally in absolute alcohol using Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and NaOH as starting materials, and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and room temperature photoluminescence. The missile-like ZnO crystal, with a wurtzite structure and a blue-green emission at 459 nm, is made up of two symmetrical rocket-like crystals possessing a prismatic base and a hexagonal pyramid linking with each other along plane (0001(_)).
Fabrication and Optical Properties of Mn Doped ZnS Nanowires
Authors: Qi Jun Jie , Zhang Qi , Liao Qing Liang , Deng Zhan Qiang , Zhang Yue
Published: May 2011

Mn doped ZnS nanowires with typical wurtzite single-crystalline structure were successfully synthesized via H2 assistant chemical evaporation deposition method. The investigations indicated that the diameter of Mn/ZnS Nanowire with high aspect ratio is 25~40nm, EDS results show that the content of Mn element is about 4.45at%. HRTEM and SAED results demonstrated that the Mn/ZnS nanowires grow along [101] direction, which was different from the common direction reported in literatures. Room temperature photoluminescence properties were also examined, showing a strong green emission centered at 523.04 nm, and a weak emission at 382.53 nm was also observed, showing a red shift of 45.53 nm comparing to the intrinsic luminescence.
Preparation of Water-Dispersible Nanoparticles by Self-Organization of Bio-Based Photo-Reactive Polymer
Authors: Shi Dong Jian , Chen Ming Qing , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: May 2011

Hyperbranched polyesters, poly(4-hydroxycinnamic acid-co-3, 4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) [P(4HCA-co-DHCA)], were synthesized by the heat-transesterification of bio-based monomers 4HCA and DHCA. The P(4HCA-co-DHCA) nanoparticles were formed after two homogeneous copolymer solutions were mixed in DMF and TFA solutions, which are both good solvents for the copolymer P(4HCA-co-DHCA). For the potential application of the nanoparticles composed of cinnamic acid derivatives, water-dispersible nanoparticles were prepared by introduction of Pluronic F127 into the P(4HCA-co-DHCA) nanoparticles. The photo-reactivities of the nanoparticles were investigated.
Research on Synthesis Processing of Microcapsule Wall Material with Emulsion Crosslinking Method
Authors: Zheng Jie , Jiao Xue Min , Yang Ting , He Yong
Published: May 2011

In this study, the microcapsule was prepared by emulsion crosslinking method, using trisodium trimetaphosphate (TSTP) as crosslinking agent. The microcapsule was named OMA-MPs because the mixture of Octenyl succinic starch ester(OSA-starch)，maltodextrin starch and arabic gum were used as raw material. Orthogonal experiment was used in this work to find the relationship between the small diameter of OMA - MPs and preparation factors. The better condition is that the small diameter of OMA-MPs technique was that the stirring rate 400 rpm, the materials concentration 15%, the crosslinking agent concentration 1%, and the volume ratios(w2/w1) 120:100. Due to the processing route without the use of toxic organic solvents, it is expected that these microparticles can be used as delivery vehicles for controlled release of food and drug.
Study on Flavonoids from the Peony Leaves by Ultrasonic Extraction
Authors: Shan Fang Fang , Tang Hao Guo , Wang Yan Long , Guo Mi Mi
Published: May 2011

The extraction of flavonoids from peony leaves was studied recently. We carried out a research on the optimum technology of extracting flavonoids by single and orthogonal factor experiment. Finally we found the optimum conditions were: the ultrasonic temperature is 60 degrees, the ultrasonic time is 20min, the ultrasonic power is 600w, solid-liquid ratio is 1:25. Under this condition, the yield of flavonoids was 1.47% and the content was 8.34%.
Application of Gelatin-Based Antimicrobial Edible Coatings on the Preservation of Chicken Meat and Prepared Products
Authors: Liang Rong Rong , Zhang Xi Bin , Wang Xiu Jiang , Wang Ren Huan , Mao Yan Wei , Zhang Yi Min , Luo Xin
Published: May 2011

To prolong the shelf-life of chilled chicken and to reduce the drip loss in this meat and in prepared chicken products in refrigerated storage, a gelatin-based antimicrobial edible coating was developed that included nisin, EDTA and potassium sorbate. The chilled chicken breast and prepared chicken products were treated with the coating and were stored at 4°C in tray-packaging. The results showed that after treatment with the coating that included the optimal concentrations of the additives, the shelf life of the chilled chicken meat and the prepared chicken products was significant prolonged, the amount of drip loss of was significantly reduced from 4.88~5.90% to 0.67%~0.82%, and the color values were also improved during the early stage of the storage. We conclude that the gelatin-based antimicrobial edible coating with the optimization formula is an effective preservation material that can be applied as an inner packaging for the chicken and prepared chicken products under refrigerated.
Effects of Lycopene on Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil
Authors: Li Xi Hong , Liu Chang , Sun Ya Jun , Du Jin , Xing Ya Ge , Tang Yao
Published: May 2011

Effects of lycopene on the oxidative stability of soybean oils were studied by adding different concentrations of lycopene [0.01, 0.02 and 0.04% (w/w)] in soybean oils, at the same time, BHT and TBHQ at 0.02% (w/w) were used for comparison. The antioxidant activity is measured by using three different methods. Induction time for the samples of the Rancimat method was determined by measuring the elapsed time from the beginning to the moment when conductivity changed suddenly, whereas the other samples were method hod and oven storage at 60 °C in the dark and accelerated photo-oxidation at 7500 lx light intensity at 30 °C. Degree of oxidation was measured by the indicators of both peroxide value and acid value. These results reveal that lycopene exhibits appreciable activity, which exceeded the activity of BHT, but slightly lower than that of TBHQ.
Antioxidant Pathways and Chemical Mechanism of Curcumin
Authors: Guo Yuan Liang , Li Xiang Zhou , Kuang Chun Tao
Published: May 2011

Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from rhizome (turmeric) of the herbCurcuma longa, have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anticarcinogenic anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and nephroprotective activities,et al. Among these, its potent antioxidant activity is worthwhile of special attention, because oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases,et al. This review focuses on the ways that curcumin exerts its antioxidant activity, including direct chemical reaction with free radicals, chelation with metals ions which results in oxidative stress, regulation of antioxidant-related enzyme activity and gene expression. Meanwhile the disputed chemical antioxidant mechanism is also discussed.
The Flow Pulsation Analysis of an External Gear Pump
Authors: Li Yan Zhi , Gao Li Huan , Tang Xiao Yang
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the theoretical flow ripple of an external gear pump is studied for pumps of similar size using different numbers of teeth on the driving and driven gears. External gear pumps with three different types of tooth profiles are studied. Nondimensional flowrates and fluctuation coefficients of gear pumps are discussed. By using the formula, flowrates can be calculated accurately and efficiently. Results indicate that: in the case of the same displacement (except teeth number and tooth width, other parameters of the gear pump are the same) the gear pump flow pulsation decreases with the increasing of the teeth number. We also concluded that changing tooth profiles on the driving and driven gear can get different pulse amplitude of the flow ripple.
Structural Change of Rice Husk Char Particles during Steam Gasification
Authors: Fu Peng , Li Zhi He , Yi Wei Ming , Bai Xue Yuan
Published: May 2011

The structural evolution of rice husk char particles during steam gasification was studied. The chars were characterized by ultimate analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), N2 isothermal adsorption/desorption method and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that with the development of gasification, the H/C atomic ratio always increases, but the O/C atomic ratio and oxygen content decrease firstly, then increase and decrease finally. As the conversion increases, the K, Ca, Na and Mg contents in rice husk chars first increase then decrease and the conversion values corresponding to their maximum peaks are different. The change trend of the micropore volume is similar to that of the surface area during gasification. As the degree of gasification reaction deepens, biomass chars become more ordered.
Strengthening in CNT-Al Composites Produced by High-Energy Ball Milling
Authors: Wang Xiao Fei , Cai Xiao Lan
Published: May 2011

In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNT)-reinforced aluminum (Al) matrix composites were fabricated by High-Energy Ball Milling, the objective was to investigate the evolvement of particle size, density and hardness of CNT-Al composites with increasing wt% CNT, and analyzed the micrographs of mixture powders at different milling time. The results showed that the addition of CNT can play a role of grinding aid to refine grain, improve the hardness and decrease the density, and CNT can be homogeneous dispersed in the matrix with increasing ball-milling time, it also showed that too much CNT was no help on hardness, this attributed to clustering of CNT, the proper addition of CNT was 2wt%, and the mixture powders could reached a state of equilibrium between fracturing and cold-welding at 75min.
Tenderization of Goose Meat by Papain, Pineapple Juice and Ginger Juice Treatment
Authors: Gao Hai Yan , Zhou Guang Hong , Zeng Jie , Ma Han Jun , Pan Run Shu , Yu Xiao Ling
Published: May 2011

This study was conducted to improve tenderness and overall qualities of goose breast meat using plant proteolytic enzymes from papaya, pineapple and ginger rhizome. The results showed that the optimum addition was: 0.12% papain, 6% pineapple juice and 4% ginger juice. Great differences were observed in water holding capacity of goose breast by the three solution treatment. The tenderness of goose breast by papain treatment was the best and the water loss rate, water holding capacity and hardness for 0.12% papain treated sample were 42%, 80% and 12542 g, respectively. SEM analysis results showed that the goose breast muscle fiber treated with 0.12% papain was only slightly fractured as compared with the control, but the muscle fiber treated by 6% pineapple juice or 4% ginger juice was seriously ruptured.
Effects of Polyphenols from Sugarcane Tip on the Stability of Peanut Oil
Authors: Li Chun Hai , Qiu Song Shan , Sun Wei Dong , Lang Zhi Qun
Published: May 2011

Efficacy of polyphenols from sugarcane tip (STP) in stabilizing of peanut oil during accelerated storage had been studied. Extracts of STP were prepared with the parameters of extraction technology was ethanol 50%, extraction time 1.5 h, the ratio of material to liquid 2 and extraction temperature was 70°C water bath, concentrated extraction organic solvent and obtained the crude polyphenols concentrate. Samples of the raw fraction (STP) were directly analysed on a Waters HPLC. Then STP, Vitamin E (VE) and Vitamin C (Vc) were added into the peanut oil to compare the stability of sample during storage. The peroxide value (POV) and acid value (AV) of samples with different treatment were taken as parameters for evaluation of effectiveness in stabilization of peanut oil, respectively. Results from different parameters were in agreement with each other, suggesting the highest efficiency of STP and Vc, followed by STP, VE, and Control. Results reveal STP to be a potent antioxidant for stabilization of peanut oil.
Effect of High Oxygen Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Browning Characteristics of Fresh-Cut ‘Fuji’ Apple
Authors: Zhou Yan Wen , Wan Sen , Li Xi Hong , Xue Ting
Published: May 2011

Fresh-cut ‘Fuji’ apples were stored in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of 20%, 60% or 100% O2(balance N2) at 4 °C for 10 days, to determine the effects of high oxygen atmospheres on browning characteristics (color, total phenol (TP) and ascorbic acid (AA)) throughout the storage. Treatments with 60% and 100% O2significantly inhibited cut-surface browning, in particular the 60% O2. The 100% O2treatment was the most effective in controlling AA content (approximately 1.6-fold higher than 20% O2byday 10), while it kept a lower TP content during the storage, indicating the positive correlation between AA and TP. In general, these data suggested that high oxygen atmospheres may provide a potential alternative for browning control on fresh-cut ‘Fuji’ apple.
Separation of Carotenoids from Physalis Alkekengi var. Francheti through Supercritical CO2
Authors: Huang Zhen , Yang Mei Jing , Ma Qing , Liu Shao Fang
Published: May 2011

Separation of carotenoids has been carried out on the calyx of Physalis alkekengi var. francheti by means of supercritical CO2. The influences of various parameters such as extraction pressure, temperature, processing time and particle size on the total carotenoid yield extracted are investigated in detail. A diffusion layer theory model is used to correlate the extraction yield vs. time profiles and it performs rather satisfactorily to describe the extraction process with an average absolute relative deviation varying from 3.2 to 11.0%.
Life Problem Analysis on PPS Filter Application of Bag Dedusters in Coal-Fired Power Plants
Authors: Wang He Cen , Jiang De Hou , Liu Ying
Published: May 2011

In order to control the dust emission for boiler, bag dedusters and composite electrostatic-bag precipitators in the application of coal-fired power plants in China increase annually, these precipitator most on the ratio of higher p-phenylene sulfide (hereinafter referred to as PPS) material produced filter bag, run after period of time, PPS filter bag large appeared the life cycle of damage phenomenon.In this paper, the problems of bag dedusters and composite electrostatic-bag precipitators in the operation are statistically analyzed,especially composite electrostatic-bag precipitators used in the near future will have more appear PPS filter bag oxidation, acid corrosion such problems as the in-depth analysis study, appropriate solutions are presented.
Synthesis of Epoxidized Rubber Seed Oil
Authors: Huang Yuan Bo , Zheng Zhi Feng , Gu Ji You , Zheng Yun Wu , Qin Qing Li , Wang Guan Dong
Published: May 2011

The liquefaction of cellulose in the presence of phenol without or with sulfuric acid as catalyst was investigated. The liquefied products were characterized by GC/MS and FTIR. Results showed that reaction temperature and reaction time had obvious effects on liquefaction of cellulose. Sulfuric acid showed an excellent catalytic degradation. The chemical compositions of the liquefied products produced using sulfuric acid catalyst or not were almost identical, and the majority of the identified liquefied products were methylene bisphenol and its isomers. During the process of liquefaction, the degradation of cellulose and condensation polymerization occurred at the same time. The last liquefied products were greatly dependent on the reaction conditions.
Synthesis of Phytosterol Esters of Oleic Acid by Catalysis of Zr(SO4)2•4H2O under Solvent-Free Condition
Authors: Pang Min , Jiang Shao Tong , Zheng Hai Jie
Published: May 2011

The synthesis of oleic acid phytosterol esters catalyzed by Zr(SO4)2·4H2O under free medium was investigated. The reaction conditions were optimized using response surface methods (RSM) measured by the degree of esterification (DE). A quadratic response regression equation of esterification rate on independent variables of temperature, substrate molar ratio (oleic acid: phytosterol), reaction time and catalyst amount was established. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the DE of phytosterol with oleic acid reached 93% and then the phytosterol esters catalyzed in the optimum condition confirmed by the GC and FTIR analysis. It was concluded that the esterification of phytosterols and oleic acid by the green catalyst Zr(SO4)2·4H2O is very efficient and this supplied as an alternative to the green synthesis of phytosterol esters.
Studies on Oxidative Stability of Microencapsulated Oils Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Chai Xiang Hua , Wu Ke Gang , Lin Ruo Hui , Liu Xiao Li
Published: May 2011

To evaluate oxidative stability of microencapsulated oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, the change of peroxide value (POV) during storage was investigated. Microencapsulated oils were prepared by spray drying emulsions containing oils rich in docosahexaenoic acid or arachidonic acid, caseinate, modified starch and maltodextrin. Results showed that oxidative stability and initial POV of oils, packing and storage temperature all affected markedly oxidative stability of microencapsulated oils. It is necessary for obtaining stable microencapsulated oils to choose oils of high oxidative stability and low initial POV, reduce oxygen content in wrapper and lower storage temperature. Basing on our findings, six stages of the oxidation of microencapsulated oils were suggested as compared with three stages of the oxidation of oils. It is very important for the oxidative stability and shelf-life to extend the first and the forth stages, shorten the second and the third stages, and avoid the fifth and the sixth stages during oxidation of microencapsulated oils.
Optimization of Brewing Process of Low-Alcohol Litchi Wine and its Influence on Volatile Compounds
Authors: Jian Hua Li , Yang You Hui , Chen Jian Sheng , Tan Yu Liang
Published: May 2011

The optimization of low-alcohol litchi wine brewing process through orthogonal design L9(34) and the comparison of influence of pre- and post-fermentation on the volatile compounds by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis were studied. The low-alcohol litchi wine which fermented using the mixed aroma-producing yeastsKloeckera apiculata(Y2) andHansenula anomala(Hansen) H. et P. Sydow (Y4) at 14°C, with ratio Y2/Y4 of 1:2 (vol.) and inoculum size of 4 (%,vol.), had the typical characteristics of low alcohol, light yellow color, fresh litchi-like and refined wine aroma, refreshing sweet taste. The volatile compounds of the fermented wine invented a marked improvement in flavor of the low-alcohol litchi wine, because the esters were increased 1.16-fold, alcohols (0.96-fold), acids (2.38-fold), while the terpenes decreased more than 39% compared with samples before fermentation. The results would explain the technological differences and superiorities in the aroma compounds contributed by the aroma-producing yeasts.
Technology Optimization on Preparation of Peanut Polypeptide Using Alcalase
Authors: Yu Li Na , Gong Qing Xuan , Yang Qing Li , Sun Jie , Bi Jie , Zhang Chu Shu
Published: May 2011

In order to exploit and utilize the peanut protein resource and produce high additional value protein products, the preparation technology of peanut polypeptide from peanut protein isolate was investigated using Alcalase. The effects of influencing factors, enzyme dosage, substrate mass fraction, hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time and pH value, on hydrolysis was studied during the process of Alcalase hydrolyzing peanut protein isolate by single factor experiment and response surface methodology central composite design. The regression model for the relationship between the influencing factors and the soluble nitrogen mass concentration was established. The optimum parameters for Alcalase enzymatic reaction were obtained as follows: pH value 8.0, enzyme dosage 4762U/g substrate, substrate mass fraction 5%, hydrolysis temperature 50°C, hydrolysis time 180min, and then the soluble nitrogen mass concentration reached to 16.28mg/mL.
Optimization of Ullmann Reaction Step in the Synthesis of Sertindole
Authors: Li Wen , Ma Xiao Qing , Yu Jiang He
Published: May 2011

5-chloro-1-(4- fluorophenyl)-indole is a key intermediate of sertindole. It can be synthesized from 4-fluoro-bromobenzene and 5-chloroindole by Ullmann reaction, but this step required significant optimization to improve yield and reproducibility for the purity processes of the syntheses that have been disclosed are quite complicated and the reaction proceeds usually can’t go to completion. The Ullmann reaction step in the synthesis of sertidole was improved by using purified 5-chloroindole, suitable catalyst and solvent. A viable kilo-scale synthesis of the 5-chloro-1-(4- fluoro phenyl)-indole was described. Simple workup, economical, high yields and purity of product are some advantages of this method.
Analysis of Flavonoids in Acanthopanax by UV–Vis Spectrophotometry with Comparative Study on Different Extraction Technologies
Authors: Wang Ying , Chu Hong Tao
Published: May 2011

Acanthopanax Senticosus is a traditional medicinal plant in China. Flavonoids are one of the main active ingredients of this plant. Four extraction technologies of flavonoids from Acanthopanax Senticosus were investigated and compared, including microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction, reflux extraction and Soxhlet extraction. The results showed that microwave-assisted extraction was most suitable for the extraction of flavonoids from Acanthopanax Senticosus because of its high effect and short extraction time. The found optimum extraction conditions were that the ethanol concentration was 50% (v/v), solid–liquid ratio was 1:50, extraction temperature was 50°C and irradiation time was 9 min. Quantification was performed by means of UV–Vis spectrophotometry with chromogenic system of NaNO2–Al (NO3)3–NaOH. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curve for the analyte was linear with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.9999. The average recovery was 101.8%, and its RSD was 0.87%(n=5). The total content of flavonoids was18.72 mg g−1.
Comparison of Volatile Compounds in Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) by Simultaneous Distillation Extraction (SDE) and GC-MS
Authors: Chen Wen Xue , Dou Hai Gang , Ge Chang , Li Cong Fa
Published: May 2011

In this study, the volatile compounds of pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) were extracted and analyzed by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The differences in volatile compounds were observed by GC-MS data sets. Results showed vinyl compounds were the most dominant volatiles in pepper by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) and GC-MS, and 22 volatile compounds in the white pepper and black pepper were the same.
Effects of Frozen Storage Time on the Functional Properties of Frozen Wheat Gluten
Authors: Liu Guo Qin , Liu Xiao Jun , Li Lin , Li Bing
Published: May 2011

The effects of frozen storage time on the functional properties of frozen wheat gluten were evaluated. The frozen wheat gluten was subjected to frozen storage in refrigerator at－18°C for 0–120days. The samples were obtained by the process of freeze-drying. The main functional properties of frozen wheat gluten were determined to confirm the effects of frozen storage time on functional properties of frozen wheat gluten. Results showed that solubility, water-holding capacity, emulsifying capacity, foamability and foam stability of frozen wheat gluten decreased and that oil-holding capacity, emulsion stability of frozen wheat gluten were improved with prolonged frozen storage time.
Pressurized Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Total Isoflavones from Pueraria Lobata
Authors: Jiang Bo Quan , Lan Shi Wen , Liu Yu De , Zeng Jiang Nan
Published: May 2011

The single factor experiment method was used to investigate the effects of microwave power（P）, extraction pressure(p), alcohol mass concentration（x%）, ratio of liquid to solid (l/s), pre-immersed time(τ) and particle size(d) on extraction efficiency of total isoflavones from pueraria lobata by pressurized microwave-assisted extraction technique. Based on the above the Design-Expert 6.0 software was used to carry out a response surface test with three factors (ratio of liquid to solid, pressure and alcohol mass concentration) to optimize the technical conditions and establish the mathematical model. The results show that the optimum technical conditions are: P =700w, p =132.61kPa, x =51.2%, l / s =10.45,τ=2h，d = 80 meshes. Under these conditions the extraction efficiency reaches 98.75% which is 23.5% higher than that by microwave-assisted extraction at atmospheric pressure. The established model (second multivariate regression equation) is consistent with the experiment and can predict the extraction efficiency of the total isoflavones under different technical conditions.
Experiment Probe on Micro-Electric Field Effects on Seepage in Micro Particle Clays
Authors: Pan Wei Dong , Gu Ren Guo , Fang Ying Guang
Published: May 2011

Using laboratory experiment method, the micro-electric field effect on seepage in micro particle clays is discussed in this paper. A series of micro-and mesoscopic parameters and seepage consolidation tests are conducted for the samples of micro particle clays with different ion concentrations in pore water or particle surface electric potentials. The test results show that an increase in particle surface electric potential or a decrease in ion concentration will result in the decrease of equivalent permeability coefficient, consolidation rate and consolidation displacement, revealing the existence of micro-electric field effect on seepage in micro particle clays.
Optimization of Adsorption Technology of Chitosan with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Authors: Liu Xiao Li , Xie Wan Cui , Yang Xi Hong , Zhang Chao Hua
Published: May 2011

The paper highlighted the response surface methodology (RSM) which was used to optimize the adsorption technology of Chitosan (CTS) with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in this paper. The selection of Box-Behnken design and implication of response surface analysis was justified on the basis of single factor (pH, time, temperature, the volume of CTS) experiment. After analyzing the result statistically, it has been proven that the linear and quadric terms of these four variables had signiﬁcant effects. By using Design Expert (7.1.6) software the predictive quadratic equations model was developed. It can be concluded from the results that the optimum adsorption conditions were pH 3.42, time 88.72 min, temperature 39.66 °C, the volume of (2%) CTS 3.21 mL. Maintaining the above mentioned conditions, the predicted yield of adsorption was found 91.57% with the optimized procedure; while the practical yield of adsorption was 90.32%, which indicate a good fitness of the regression model and actual process.
Preparation of Xanthan Gum-G-N-Vinylpyrrolidone by Radiation and Adsorption Property of Phenol and Polyphenol
Authors: Li Yong Fu , Ha Yi Ming , Tao Le Ren , Li Yan Jie , Wang Feng
Published: May 2011

Simultaneous radiation grafting method（60Co γ as radiation source）was used to prepare xanthan gum - graft - N-Vinypyrrolidone (XG-g-NVP). FT-IR spectra showed that grafting reaction occurred in NVP Vinyl part and lactam structure was retained. Thermo gravimetric analysis showed that, XG-g-NVP enhanced thermal stability of xanthan gum. XRD showed the crystallinity increased after grafting. At the grafting yield of 623%, XG-g-NVP had the maximum adsorption capacity of phenol and TP, the adsorption amount of which were 0.76 g/g and 2.85 g/g respectively. PH value had the different effects on the adsorption of phenol and tea polyphenols by XG-g-NVP.
Research on Extraction and Refinement of Gutta-Percha from Eucommia Ulmoides Leaves after Comprehensive Utilization
Authors: Shan Fu Rong , Wang Meng Qi , Bai Yang , Yu Zhi Ming
Published: May 2011

The research presented in the paper focuses on the specific process of Gutta-percha extraction and refinement. Gutta-percha was extracted from the residues of leaves, which is based on the comprehensive utilization technology of Eucommia Ulmoides leaves. After extracted and separated chlorophyll, β-carotene, lignans, aucubin, chlorogenic acid, flavonoid, polysaccharide and proteins, etc. with the method of Multi-stage Countercurrent Extraction, the green leaves changed into the residues, which was then steeped in petroleum ether (whose boiling range is from 60 to 90°C) and generated precipitation in acetone. The results of this research indicate that: Gutta-percha extracted from the residues owns light color, which resolves the big issue that the gum was restricted for deep color in exportation. Besides, the yield of the gum in this experiment is approximate 2.0%, the increasing rate rising by 17.6% compared with 1.7% of other immediate extraction methods’. What’s more, the cost of the process flows introduced in the paper is lower than others, with less consumption, less waste and more efficient solvent circle utilization. And a new way for gutta-percha extraction was presented.
Effect of Seasons on Volatile Compounds of Dorsal Meat in Grass Carp
Authors: Shi Wen Zheng , Wang Xi Chang , Ying Miao Miao , Zhu Yao Zhou , Tao Ning Ping , Liu Yuan
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the volatile compounds of the dorsal meat of cultured grass carp in different seasons were identified by SPME(solid phase micro-extraction)-GC (gas chromatography)-MS (mass spectrometry). The results showed that SPME was effective to analysis of the volatiles in grass carp. According to GC-MS, 21, 43, 42 and 42 volatile compounds were detected in dorsal meat of grass carp in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. The volatile components are mostly carbonyl compounds and alcohols, the respective relative contents are above 90%. The relative content of the volatile compounds of cultured grass carp in different seasons has the significance difference by ANOVA. Seasons have greater effect on the volatile compounds of dorsal meat of grass carp. The study will enrich the theoretical knowledge of flavor chemistry and provide an effective solution to the current situation of low proportion of fish processing.
A Statistical Experimental Design to Plastein Synthesis with the Mixture of Soy Protein Isolate(SPI) Hydrolysate and Whey Protein Isolate(WPI) Hydrolysate
Authors: Xu Ying Cao , Feng Zhi Biao , Liu Chun Hong
Published: May 2011

A statistical experimental design to plastein synthesis which was catalyzed by transglutaminase, using the mixture of soy protein isolate(SPI) hydrolysate and whey protein isolate (WPI) hydrolysate, was investigated. Enzyme/Substrate(E/S:5-25U/g), pH(5-9) and temperature (35-65°C) were selected as major operating variables. To investigate the effects of variables to yield of plastein, the statistical experiment of Box-Behnken design(BBD) and Response Surface methodology(RSM) was employed. Regression analysis showed that the experiment data accorded with the predicted values obtained from quadratic regression equation in BBD with R-Squared of 0.9866 and F-value of 102.51. The optimum results estimated by BBD were as follows: E/S(19.5U/g), pH(6.8), and temperature(50.0°C), gave a maximum plastein yield of 54%. In the present experiment, the preliminary study on plastein functions such as foaming, emulsifying, were showed that plastein had a good biological function.
Effect of Split Ratio in Determination of OCPs in Traditional Chinese Medicines Using Gas Chromatography
Authors: Jin Hong Yan , Liu Wei , Zheng Xu Xu , Liu Jie , Fan Ai Ping , Yin Zhong Yi
Published: May 2011

In this work, the effect of split ratio and the column flow in determination of OCPs in Traditional Chinese medicines are discussed in the name of heptachlor. When the split ratio is 60:1, the measured concentration is close to the actual concentration; on the contrary, they lead the measured concentration lower than the actual concentration. The column flow has not obviously effect on result. The split ratio is considered in OCPs analysis.
Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of β-Chitosan from Squid Pens
Authors: Huang Jun , Mao Jian Wei , Hu Sheng , Zhao Dong Ke , Mei Le He , Liu Shi Wang , Wu Yuan Feng , Fang Sheng , Shao Qian
Published: May 2011

β-chitosan preparation from squid pens was carried out using aqueous NaOH with the ultrasonic assistance. Single factor experiments and L9(34) orthogonal experiments were used to investigate the effect of three parameters (reaction time, concentration of NaOH and reaction temperature) on deacetylation of β-chitin. The optimal conditions for deacetylation of chitin were reaction temperature 80°C, reaction time 2 h and concentration of NaOH 50%. The optimal conditions allowed deacetylation degree of β-chitin from 71.32% to 92.91%. The β-chitosan from squid pens was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial activities of the prepared β-chitosans againstaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) andEscherchia coli(E.coli) were then determined and compared by the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). Results indicate that β-chitosans with different degrees of deacetylation (DD) possess different antibacterial activity. The growth ofS. aureuscan be easily inhibited by prepared β-chitosan thanE.coli.
Development of Direct Competitive ELISA Kit for the Detection of Tetrodotoxin Using HRP Labeled Antigen
Authors: Zhong Qing Ping , Huang An Cheng , Wang Bin , Dong Xue
Published: May 2011

The direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA) kit was developed for detecting tetrodotoxin (TTX). The working conditions of the dcELISA kit including the anti-TTX mAb coating concentration, coating method, enzyme-labeled antigen concentration, the antigen diluents, reaction time and temperature were all optimized. The result showed that mAb coating concentration was 3.72 μg/ml, it was coated at the condition of minimal power treatment of microwave oven for 3 min. The enzyme-labeled antigen concentration was 4.08 μg/ml. The competitive reaction was under the condition of room temperature 25 °C for 30 min. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the standard curve was 20.4 ng/ml, detection limit was 1.1 ng/ml, linear range 3.3～137 ng/ml, the intra-assay CV and inter-assay CV were 6.25% and 7.34% respectively. And recovery rate of TTX ranged from 65.0% to 93.2% with the CV of 9.41～12.77%. This method is convenient, sensitive and time-saving, hope this dcELISA kit can bring benefits and reference for TTX detection.
The Effect of Technical Parameters on Lycopene Extraction in Supercritical Fluid Extraction From Freeze-Dried Tomato Pomace (Peels and Seeds)
Authors: Zhang Kun Sheng , Jiang Hong , Ren Yun Xia
Published: May 2011

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of lycopene from freeze-dried tomato pomace(peels and seeds) with CO2 was explored. The effect of different technical parameters, such as temperature (40°C, 50°C, 60°C), pressure (35MPa, 40MPa, 45MPa) and particle size (three degree index), on the extraction yield and the content of lycopene in extracts was determined with statistical analysis.The product obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction at over 35MPa contained the highest concentration of lycopene, while the product rich in β-carotene and lutein was obtained at below 30MPa.The product obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction at 40MPa and 60°C contains the highest concentration lycopene of 32.52±1.02g/100g dry material.
Effect of Coal Structure on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Coal Filled Soy Protein Composites
Authors: Wang Guang Heng , Zhou An Ning
Published: May 2011

Using different rank coals as filler, coal-soy protein isolate (SPI) composites were prepared by compression molding processing using glycerol as plasticizer. The structure of the coals used were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultimate analysis, and surface functional group analysis. The effects of coal structure on the mechanical properties, water resistance, and thermal properties were investigated. The results showed that, in different rank coals, the atomic ratio of oxygen to carbon, carboxylic acid groups, phenolic hydroxyl groups, lactone bonds, and aliphatic chains decreased with coal rank. The strength, water resistance, and glass transition temperature of coal-SPI composites decreased with coal rank. Lower ran coal filler with more reactive functional groups caused the composites strong but brittle. While, higher rank coals provide poor mechanical properties for the composites.
Effect of Catfish Bone Hydrolysate on the Quality of Catfish Sausage During Ambient Temperature (37 °C) Storage
Authors: Ren Xiao Qing , Ma Li Zhen , Chu Ju
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of catfish bone hydrolysate (CBH), at levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%, on the quality of catfish sausage stored at ambient temperature (37 °C). The results showed that sausages with addition of CBH had lower pH, lower TVB-N and lower total plate count during storage. The lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellow (b* ) values of sausages with CBH were lower than control before storage. During storage, the L* values of the sausages with CBH decreased significantly. The a* values and the b* values changed slowly. Samples with 1.5% CBH had higher overall acceptance during storage.
Rapid Carboxymethylation of Xylan-Rich Hemicelluloses by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Peng Xin Wen , Ren Jun Li , Peng Feng , Sun Run Cang
Published: May 2011

Rapid carboxymethylation of xylan-rich hemicelluloses from wheat straw biomass with sodium monochloroacetate and sodium hydroxide in the ethanol/water medium under microwave irradiations was investigated in this paper. The effects of reaction conditions such as the reaction time, the reaction temperature, and the amounts of sodium hydroxide and sodium monochloroacetate on the degree substitution (DS) of carboxymethylated hemicelluloses were discussed. The structures of hemicelluloses before and after the chemical modification were analyzed by13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to characterize the carboxymethylated hemicelluloses. During the chemical modification, it was found that the remarkable degradation of hemicelluloses occurred under microwave irradiations.
Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas Treatment on Surface Sterilization of Grape
Authors: Jin Ri Ya , Hu Shuang Qi , Chi Zhi Chao
Published: May 2011

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of concentration and duration of chlorine dioxide gas treatment on Surface sterilization of grape at 25°C. The results showed that the values of inactivate bacterial log reduction ofBotrytis cinerea,Penicilliumandalternariaincreased with the increasing of ClO2gas concentrations and treatment time. When the concentrations and treatment time was about 10 mg/m3and 30 minutes, respectively, more than 4 log reduction was obtained for the three spoilage bacteria on grape surface. Furthermore, the effect of chlorine dioxide gas treatment on quality of grape was investigated. It was found that the contents of vitamin C (Vc) and reducing sugar (RS) in grape also increased compared with grape without ClO2gas treatment.
Studies on the Fermentation Technics of Dry Wild Jujube Wine
Authors: Liu Yue Hua , Zhao Qing Xiao
Published: May 2011

In this study, we tried to utilize wild jujube as the raw material to produce fruit wine. Grape wine active dry yeast was used for fermentation. The effects of initial sugar content, inoculation concentration of yeast, fermentation temperature and pH were investigated. Fermentation conditions were optimized by orthogonal test. The resulted optimum fermentation conditions were as the following: initial sugar content: 18%, pH value: 4.0, fermentation temperature: 24°C, and inoculum concentration of dry yeast: 0.3%. The produced wine was amber, clear and transparent, fresh jujube fruit aroma, and had mellow and harmonious taste. Its alcohol content was 12.6% vol, the content of residual sugar was 1.5 g/L, vc content was 350 mg/L and total acid were 4.0 g/L.