bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El tiempo equivalente de exposición al fuego en un edificio histórico
Authors: Orta Belén
Published: December 2010

Cuando se analiza la resistencia a fuego de una estructura, según el Código Técnico de Edificación (CTE), se puede recurrir a métodos simplificados que fijan valores de resistencias exigidas a la estructura, en función del uso y de la altura de evacuación del edificio, independientemente del sector, o bien se puede emplear el método del tiempo equivalente que permite considerar las condiciones particulares del sector estudiado (el tamaño, la ventilación, el material estructural, las medidas activas de lucha contra el fuego, etc.). En la mayor parte de los proyectos se optará por la primera vía, sin embargo cuando se trate de un edificio que por su singularidad requiera un análisis más pormenorizado, se recurrirá a la segunda.
Este artículo expone la dificultad de aplicar el método del tiempo equivalente en base al CTE sin consultar el Eurocódigo-1 (EC-1) o manuales técnicos. Se expone hasta dónde llega la norma española y cuando hay que acudir a la europea. Se aplica el método a un ejemplo concreto, un espacio en dos alturas con un hueco horizontal en cubierta. Además se muestra como el método del tiempo equivalente, como alternativa, puede generar una serie de resultados con una amplia dispersión de valores obtenidos a partir de la cantidad de decisiones que la normativa permite en función de unos criterios que no son rígidos. Esta diversidad de resultados puede dejar perplejo al calculista no docto en el asunto.
Para finalizar se extraen conclusiones sobre los valores obtenidos y se reflexiona sobre la aplicación del método y la responsabilidad del técnico.
El reposicionamiento estratégico de las constructoras españolas
Authors: Martín R. , González J.
Published: December 2010

El presente trabajo repasa algunas de las cuestiones clave que caracterizan la industria de la construcción en España, desde el punto de vista empresarial. La transformación del sector en los últimos años ha sido la respuesta a las circunstancias y los acontecimientos del mercado, tales como el comportamiento de la demanda, los aspectos financieros o los cambios regulatorios y sus efectos sobre las compañías, que han motivado la apertura de nuevas líneas estratégicas.
La transformación de las compañías ha sido un fenómeno en cascada y ha impulsado una revolución en la industria, ha transformado productos y estrategias productivas, conduciendo, en última instancia a políticas empresariales como la diversificación, integración, internacionalización y la generalización de los contratos subordinados, lo que marcará las nuevas reglas del juego.
Por último, en base a lo anterior, se plantean las principales expectativas y algunas líneas estratégicas que definirán las actuaciones de las empresas para los próximos años, asumiendo la realidad actual de la economía y el sector. Las decisiones tomadas hoy determinarán el papel que desempeñarán durante los próximos años.
Evaluación de los modelos de predicción del ACI-08, Eurocódigo 2 y EHE-08, para estimar las propiedades mecánicas del hormigón autocompactante
Authors: Vilanova Á. , Fernández J. , Agranati G.
Published: December 2010

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad estudiar la aplicabilidad de los modelos de cálculo del ACI-08, Eurocódigo 2 y de la EHE-08 utilizados para la estimar las propiedades mecánicas del hormigón convencional, en el hormigón autocompactante. Las propiedades mecánicas estudiadas han sido: el módulo de deformación, la resistencia a tracción y la resistencia a flexotracción. Para llevar a cabo la investigación fue necesario construir una extensa base de datos que permitiera albergar en ella una gran cantidad de dosificaciones de hormigón autocompactante y un amplio rango de valores de sus propiedades mecánicas para lograr una muestra lo más representativa posible. En primera instancia se comparó el comportamiento de cada uno de estos modelos normativos de cálculo, con la curva de regresión de los datos obtenidos para el hormigón autocompactante, observando su comportamiento y adaptabilidad a los distintos modelos normativos. Posteriormente se compararon los valores experimentales y los valores medidos para estudiar la aplicabilidad de estos modelos normativos de cálculo del hormigón convencional en el hormigón autocompactante.
Diseño y construcción del Hospital Infanta Leonor en Vallecas (Madrid)
Authors: Araujo R.
Published: December 2010

El Hospital Infanta Leonor en Vallecas se ha planteado como una investigación sobre la nueva generación de hospitales flexibles, basada en los sistemas constructivos, buscando un diseño innovador como alternativa a los esquemas hospitalarios comunmente aceptados en nuestro pais, los llamados “peines”, organizados como una serie de alas paralelas conectadas por corredores perpendiculares. El edificio tiene un planteamiento modular e industrializado, con una trama modular común para todos los usos, con lo que se pretende permitir el crecimiento por repetición y la transformación de los usos. El cerramiento se ha concebido como un sistema de paneles metálicos con módulos correspondientes a los vanos entre soportes, buscando un alto nivel de protección solar además de una estricta funcionalidad. El control energético se apoya en un extensivo ajardinamiento de las cubiertas, el control solar, la ventilación natural y el recurso a energías renovables. El proyecto es el resultado del desarrollo de varios proyectos previos a nivel ejecutivo y fue adjudicado en un Concurso Nacional de Concesión de Obra Pública. Ha sido presentado recientemente por el autor en la Conferencia Internacional sobre Planeamiento de Hospitales Flexibles en el Politécnico de Milán
Perfusion Imaging with SPECT in the Era of Pathophysiology-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Weih Markus , Degirmenci Ümüt , Kreil Sebastian , Lewczuk Piotr , Schmidt Daniela , Kornhuber Johannes , Kuwert Torsten
Published: December 2010

SPECT allows registration of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) which is altered in a characteristic temporoparietal pattern in Alzheimer's Dementia. Numerous studies have shown the diagnostic value of reduced cerebral blood flow and metabolic changes using perfusion SPECT and FDG-PEPT in AD diagnosis as well as in differential diagnosis against frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular disease. Recently more pathophysiology-based biomarkers in CSF and Amyloid-PET tracers have been developed that probably have a higher diagnostic accuracy than the more indirect rCBF changes seen in perfusion SPECT. In the paper review, we describe recent advances in AD biomarkers as well as improvements in the SPECT technique.
Resistance Training Is an Effective Tool against Metabolic and Frailty Syndromes
Authors: Sundell Jan
Published: December 2010

Metabolic syndrome is a set of risk factors (abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) which increases markedly the risk of arteriosclerotic vascular disease. In subjects with frailty syndrome, aging-related loss of muscle (sarcopenia) and bone (osteoporosis) might progress to the extent that an older person loses his or her ability to live independently. Due to ongoing obesity pandemic and growing elderly population, metabolic and frailty syndromes are major emerging concerns in healthcare system. Recent studies show that resistance training has remarkable beneficial effects on the musculoskeletal system including prevention and treatment of these syndromes. Resistance training has favourable effect on metabolic syndrome since it decreases fat mass including abdominal fat. It also enhances insulin sensitivity, improves glucose tolerance, and reduces blood pressure values. The combination of sarcopenia and osteoporosis is often seen in the frailty syndrome. Resistance training is probably the most effective measure to prevent and treat sarcopenia. In addition, many studies show that resistance training can maintain or even increase bone mineral density. Optimal nutrition enhances the anabolic effect of resistance training. Resistance training should be a central component of public health promotion programs along with an aerobic exercise.
Allopurinol to Febuxostat: How far have we come?
Authors: Stockert Amy L. , Stechschulte Melissa
Published: December 2010

For decades allopurinol has been used as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Although effective in many patients, some experience sensitivity to the drug. In some cases, this sensitivity may lead to allopurinol hypersensitivity disorder, which if untreated can be fatal. Recently the Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of febuxostat as an alternative therapy for hyperuricemia and gout. Febuxostat is a new xanthine oxidase inhibitor, but is not purine based and therefore decreases adverse reactions due to patient sensitivity. This review is a comprehensive look at the background of hyperuricemia and gout treatment with allopurinol compared to recent clinical studies with febuxostat. Each clinical study is evaluated and summarized, identifying the advances in treatment that have been made as well as the concerns that still exist with either treatment.
Where Does the Alignment Score Distribution Shape Come from?
Authors: Ortet Philippe , Bastien Olivier
Published: December 2010

Alignment algorithms are powerful tools for searching for homologous proteins in databases, providing a score for each sequence present in the database. It has been well known for 20 years that the shape of the score distribution looks like an extreme value distribution. The extremely large number of times biologists face this class of distributions raises the question of the evolutionary origin of this probability law.

We investigated the possibility of deriving the main properties of sequence alignment score distributions from a basic evolutionary process: a duplication-divergence protein evolution process in a sequence space. Firstly, the distribution of sequences in this space was defined with respect to the genetic distance between sequences. Secondly, we derived a basic relation between the genetic distance and the alignment score. We obtained a novel score probability distribution which is qualitatively very similar to that of Karlin-Altschul but performing better than all other previous model.
Smuggling Illegal versus Legal Goods across the U.S.‐Mexico Border: A Structural Equations Model Approach
Authors: Buehn Andreas , Eichler Stefan
Published: December 2010

We study the smuggling of illegal and legal goods across the U.S.‐Mexico border from 1975 to 2004. Using a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model we test the microeconomic determinants of both smuggling types and reveal their trends. We find that illegal goods smuggling decreased from $116 billion in 1984 to $27 billion in 2004 as a result of improved labor market conditions in Mexico and intensified U.S. border enforcement. Smuggling legal goods is motivated by tax and tariff evasion. While export misinvoicing fluctuated at low levels, import misinvoicing switched from underinvoicing to overinvoicing after Mexico's accession to the GATT and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) induced lower tariffs.
Substance Abuse Treatment and Motor Vehicle Fatalities
Authors: Freeborn Beth A. , McManus Brian
Published: December 2010

The danger of alcohol‐ and drug‐impaired driving implies that policies that reduce substance abuse can save lives. We study this issue in small U.S. counties where access to substance abuse treatment can be measured directly through the presence of treatment facilities. We find that placing an additional treatment clinic in a county reduces the number of alcohol‐related motor vehicle fatalities by 15%. An additional outpatient clinic, which specializes in treating the local population, reduces the overall number of alcohol‐related deaths by 26%. In the counties that we study, this reduction in alcohol‐related accidents saves 0.66 lives per county per year.
Gambling, Prediction Markets and Public Policy
Authors: Paton David , Siegel Donald S. , Williams Leighton Vaughan
Published: December 2010

The recent worldwide increase in gambling and prediction markets, including casinos, sports betting, lotteries, elections, and wagering on financial instruments has stimulated an important debate regarding the public policy implications of these activities. Some critical research questions concern the efficiency of such markets, heterogeneity in risk attitudes among agents engaged in these activities, the factors that influence performance in gambling, and the desirability of using prediction markets. This special issue provides empirical evidence on these issues.
R&D Collaboration Networks in Mixed Oligopoly
Authors: Zikos Vasileios
Published: December 2010

We develop a model of endogenous network formation in order to examine the incentives for R&D collaboration in a mixed oligopoly. Our analysis reveals that the complete network, where each firm collaborates with all others, is uniquely stable. When R&D subsidies are not available, in addition to the complete network, the private partial and the private‐hub star networks are Pareto efficient. However, the complete network becomes the unique Pareto efficient network when R&D is subsidized. This result is in contrast with earlier contributions in private oligopoly where under strong market rivalry a conflict between stable and efficient networks is likely to occur. It also highlights the role of a public firm as policy instrument in aligning individual incentives for collaboration with the objective of efficiency, independently of whether R&D subsidies are provided by the regulator.
Dental Infection Control in India at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Puttaiah Raghunath , Bedi Raman , Shetty Sadashiva
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess the status of Dental Infection Control and Occupational Safety in India. 456 respondents (dentists) used this self-administered survey instrument containing about 96 variables. Over 95% of respondents felt that HIV and Hepatitis were infectious disease risks of concern and that infectious diseases were on the rise in India. Education and training in Dental Safety were lacking and that the latter are made mandatory in dental school curricula. Availability and access to safety materials and equipment were lacking in India and affordability was an issue. While respondents had adequate knowledge in the subject of infectious diseases, attitude (Stigma) towards treating infected patients was a negative factor with a significant number stating that double gloving was necessary, medical history dictated additional precautions and finally that care providers had the right to refuse care to Infectious patients. Although standards in Dental Safety are in place, implementation of educational (both didactic in schools and continuing education for practitioners) is a priority. Dental industry from within and outside India must play a role in this effort. In conclusion, significant structural and educational support activities are indicated with improvements in access and availability of materials and equipment to improve dental safety in India. Further, stigma of infectious diseases must be eradicated if not reduced towards infectious patients.
Reliability of Permanent Mandibular Canine Calcification as an Indicator of Skeletal Maturity in Karnataka Population
Authors: Dinesh MR , Divyashree R , Amarnath BC
Published: December 2010

Aims

The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of permanent mandibular canine tooth calcification as an indicator of skeletal maturity in Karnataka population by comparing it with the ossification stages of the middle phalanx of the left third finger and also to compare the sexual dimorphism in the timing of these events.

Methods

This study was performed on 100 subjects (50 boys and 50 girls) of South Indian origin aged 10 to 14 years. Radiovisiographs of the middle phalanx of the left third finger and Orthopantomographs were obtained and assessed for the stages of calcification using the methods described by Hagg and Taranger and by Demirjian et al respectively. The correlation between various stages of lower canine calcification and stages of MP3 ossification was assessed for both the sexes using Chi-square test and percentage distributions.

Results

The associations were statistically significant only between MP3-F and canine F stages in both sexes (88% for boys, 59% for girls) and MP3-H and canine H stages in boys (100%). Also girls showed an advanced trend in dental maturation.

Conclusion

The mandibular canine calcification stages alone are not as reliable an indicator as MP3 stages for assessing the skeletal maturity in Karnataka population.
Grossing in Oral Pathology: General Principles and Guidelines
Authors: Premalatha BR , Rao Roopa S
Published: December 2010

Grossing of surgical pathology specimens form the first and an important step in tissue processing, leading to diagnosis. It forms a connecting link between the patient and the pathologist. It involves a close coordination between the surgeon, pathologist and the histotechnologist. A correct grossing procedure helps in minimizing the processing errors while at the same time providing useful information about the specimen helping in the achievement of correct diagnosis. However, the importance of this step is often overlooked and neglected. The purpose of this article is to provide adequate insight about the grossing procedure of the pathologic specimens of head and neck region. Our effort is to present this article as a hands-on experience for the student population and the technicians.
An Uncommon Dental Anomaly: Talon Cusp
Authors: Hegde Usha , Paras Mull J , Danish Gazala , Nabeel Syed
Published: December 2010

Talon cusp is an uncommon dental anomaly presenting as an accessory cusp. It is seen in both deciduous and permanent dentition and on lingual and facial surfaces of anterior teeth. It can occur unilaterally or bilaterally. The incidence of occurrence is more in maxillary teeth. It is usually asymptomatic but can pose functional and esthetic problems. This article presents the review of talon cusp in relation to its definition, etiopathogenesis, prevalence, clinical and histological findings, clinical implications, radiographic findings, classification and management aspects.
Intermediate Type of Osteopetrosis in a Ten Year Old Boy
Authors: Puranik Surekha R , Singh Satwinder , Rakaraddi Mangala
Published: December 2010

Osteopetrosis is a disease characterized by failure of osteoclasts of bone as a consequence bone modeling and remodeling is impaired, characteristically resulting in skeletal fragility despite of increased density, which also cause hematopoietic insufficiency, disturbed tooth eruption, nerve disturbances, syndrome and growth impairment. Human OP is a heterogeneous genetic disorder encompassing different molecular lesions and range of clinical features, which share single pathogenic nexus in the osteoclasts. We present a rare case of osteopetrosis in a 10-year-old boy with a palatal bony and infraorbital inflammatory swellings. The characteristic clinical, radiologic, and laboratory evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of intermediate osteopetrosis.
XP Bond in Self-Cure Mode Used for Luting Porcelain Restorations: 4-year Recall
Authors: Cagidiaco Maria Crysanti , Goracci Cecilia , Polimeni Antonella
Published: December 2010

Purpose

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate some clinical parameters of Empress II restorations luted under clinical conditions with XP Bond in combination with SCA and Calibra cured in self-cure mode after 4 years of clinical service.

Materials and methods

Fifty-three restorations were placed in 38 patients from March 2006 until April 2006. No patient received more than two restorations. Luting procedures were performed following manufacturers’ instructions. The restorations were evaluated for postoperative sensitivity, marginal discoloration, marginal integrity, secondary caries, maintenance of interproximal contact and fracture at baseline, after 2 weeks, 6 months, 1, 2, 3 and 4 years of clinical service.

Results

At the 4-year recall 49 restorations were reevaluated. The clinical examination showed that postoperative sensitivity did not affect any restoration. Only 5 restorations of 49 showed bravo score and 2 charlie for marginal integrity/stain.1 restoration showed bravo score at vitality test and another restoration for interproximal contact. Secondary caries, retention and fracture parameters showed alpha scores.

Conclusion

All the evaluated restorations were in place and acceptable. The postoperative sensitivity recorded after using XP BOND with SCA and Calibra in self-cure mode was clinically acceptable after 4 years of clinical service and no serious endodontic complications were recorded.
Analysis of Copper and Zinc Levels in the Mucosal Tissue and Serum of Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Nayak Ajay G , Chatra Laxmikanth , Prashanth Shenai K
Published: December 2010

Background and Objectives

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a well-recognized potentially malignant disease of oral mucosa whose exact pathogenetic mechanisms have not been understood. Measurement of copper and zinc levels in the tissue and serum of these patients may be helpful in understanding the pathogenesis. Therefore, a study was undertaken to analyze the levels of these trace elements in the populations of the coastal region of south Karnataka and north Kerala, India, who show predominant use of areca nut due to their cultural and social backgrounds.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted on 20 cases of OSMF and 20 controls. The tissue and serum concentrations of copper and zinc in these 40 subjects were measured by colorimetry.

Results

The mean tissue copper level in OSMF group was 4.31 ± 1.13 μg/gm, while the tissue zinc level was 25.18 ± 4.92 μg/gm. The mean serum copper level in the OSMF group was 1.00 ± 0.20 μg/ml while the mean serum zinc level was 0.92 ± 0.18 μg/ml.

Interpretation and conclusion

The tissue copper levels in OSMF group showed very highly significant difference (p = 0.001) from the controls while the difference in tissue zinc levels was highly significant (p = 0.009). The serum levels of copper (p = 0.35) and zinc (p = 0.08) did not exhibit any statistical difference from those of the control group. These findings indicate that the trace elements, copper and zinc, within the oral mucosa definitely, have a role to play in the pathogenetic mechanisms of OSMF.
Mercury Vapor Release from Amalgam Restorations: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Sajjan Girija , Tavane Pradeep N , Mehta Deepak
Published: December 2010

Dental amalgam has served as an excellent and versatile restorative material for more than 150 years despite periods of controversies. If we were to believe the opinions of some of the last decade, dental amalgam would not survive as a restorative material into the 21st century. Various forces at work seemed to doom it to extinction.

The aim of the present study is to further characterize the factors that contribute to elemental mercury vapor exposure and to recommend how the practicing dentist can best minimize exposure in the practice setting.
Part 2: “I would Rather have a Root Canal than...” Francis W Allen discusses the challenges of cleaning the canal thoroughly to minimize pain and ensure long-term success
Authors: Allen Francis W
Published: December 2010

The primary objective of root canal therapy is retention of pulpless or pulpally involved tooth with its associated periapical tissues in a healthy state. Achievement of this objective requires that the pulpal spaces and contents be eliminated as sources of infection. No instrumentation technique can be100% effective in removing debris all the time. Although with Light speed technique we can achieve 95% removal of debris, introduction of an antimicrobial endodontic irrigant plays vital role in cleaning up any remaining debris and bacteria that can lead to pain and failure during root canal treatment. With traditional positive pressure irrigation technique getting an adequate amount of irrigant to flow into the last 1mm is not safe and easy. Additionally, techniques recommend 30 or 45 minutes of soaking, which is time consuming. These difficulties can be avoided by novel idea of reversing the irrigation process with EndoVac (discus) by using negative apical pressure for irrigation. SMART endo using light speed technique and endovac irrigation is faster, easier, safer, and can remove 99+% of the debris and bacteria in the critical apical region of the canal. That means less painful, better and more successful root canal treatment.
Temporary Orthodontic Anchorage Devices
Authors: Vijayalakshmi PS , Veereshi AS
Published: December 2010

Efficient anchorage control is one of the important requisites for successful orthodontic treatment. The conventional means of anchorage control have been the use of transpalatal /lingual arch and palatal button but disadvantage is they do not provide absolute anchorage. Though the use of headgear provide efficient anchorage control, the patients are not compliant in using a headgear. Orthodontic implants have provided us with noncompliant and efficient means of anchorage control. This article traces the journey of development of implants as temporary anchorage devices.
Antibiotics are Passe: Take a Look at Probiotics
Authors: Manjunath M , Deepak TA , Pewa Shubha
Published: December 2010

“Part of the secret of success in life is to eat, what you like and let the food fight it out inside.”

—Mark Twain

This age—old quote was probably the first reference to a relatively novel group of organisms fondly known as ‘probiotics’. Probiotics are live organisms that alter the composition or metabolic activities of the microbiota, or to modulate immune system reactivity in a way that benefits our health. In other words, they are microorganisms good for our health. To achieve this, probiotics actively ‘compete’ with pathogenic bacteria for attachment sites, nutrition, etc. Probiotics are also beneficial by eliminating the toxins produced by pathogens, hereby rendering them invalid.

Research surrounding probiotics has historically focused on digestive health. Over recent years, scientists have been investigating the potential immune benefits of probiotics, as well as other benefits beyond the recognized area of gut.

This article attempts to summarize the mechanisms of action of probiotics with a brief overview of some of the oral benefits of certain probiotics organisms.
Proteus Syndrome: A Rare Entity
Authors: Nanjappa Madan , Keerthi R , Kumaraswamy SV , Anup Kumar G
Published: December 2010

The Proteus syndrome is a rare congenital hamartomatous condition that is characterized by a wide range of malformations, sometimes involving the face. Common manifestations include partial gigantism, congenital lipomas, and plantar hyperplasia. In this report, we describe a case of an 18-year-old male patient with Proteus syndrome, who had pronounced hemifacial hypertrophy, exostoses in the left parietal region, and enlargement of the inferior alveolar nerve and mandibular canal in the affected region. The dental development of the affected left mandible and maxilla was characterized by extremely premature development and eruption of the permanent teeth. The proposed multidisciplinary management of the patient and a review of literature of the Proteus patients, who exhibited manifestation in the craniofacial region is discussed in this report.
Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of Upper Lip: An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Nandi Devarshi , Shivaprasad S , Ashok L , Ahmed Mujib BR
Published: December 2010

Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma is a rare salivary gland malignancy, usually derived from a long-standing or recurrent benign tumor, the pleomorphic adenoma.1 This rare tumor comprises less than 4% of salivary gland neoplasms and 11.6% of salivary gland carcinomas. They mostly involve the “major” salivary glands1 and their occurrence in the minor salivary gland is considered rare, especially in the upper lip. So far there is only one report of CXPA occurring in the upper lip in the literature.13 Hereby, we present a case of carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma in a 52-year-old woman who reported to our department with a painful swelling on the upper lip which was diagnosed and treated successfully.
The Rationale for Dental Safety
Authors: Youngblood Dennis , Reddy Anil , Puttaiah Raghunath
Published: December 2010

Dental infection control and occupational safety are very important aspects of dentistry. It is quintessential to provide safe care to patients and at the same time not to be affected personally by occupational hazards. While patient safety addresses control of disease transmission to patients during care, occupational safety addresses control of occupational hazards to the care provider. Collectively, we can refer to both patient safety and occupational safety as “dental safety”.

“Primum non nocere” or “first, do no harm” is the key to providing safe dental care. Dentistry has evolved in science, technology and esthetics over the years, and around making various types and options of treatments available, but dental safety has not kept pace with changes and advancements. This is not due to lack of availability of information, materials and equipment, but due to lack of importance given to safety in comparison with other fields of dental sciences. While dental care is important in improving oral health, dental safety is important in controlling morbidity and mortality that is more important than improving oral health.

In this manuscript, we address the rationale for understanding the need for dental safety. We address recent status in epidemiology of infectious diseases, including HIV, infectious diseases commonly encountered during provision of dental care, routes of disease transmission, Spaulding's classification of surfaces, universal and standard precautions, additional precautions while anticipating certain diseases or during certain endemics and epidemics, and finally infectious disease related stigma impacting universal precautions.
Heterogeneous Glycopeptides from Gastric Mucin Inhibit Dental Decay in Rats: A Pilot Study
Authors: Seemann Rainer , Juhr Norbert-Christian , Kage Andreas
Published: December 2010

The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether the application of sufficient amounts of soluble adhesin receptor analogues in the oral cavity could effectively inhibit the lectin mediated binding of Strep. mutans, and consequently the development of dental caries in vivo. Germ free rats were orally infected with Strep. mutans and were fed a high cariogenic diet. The control-group was given sterilized tap water. The test group received a sterilized solution of hydrolyzed gastric mucin. The test group developed significantly less carious lesions on approximal surfaces. Our data revealed that a continuous supplementation of glycopeptides from gastic mucins via drinking water is a potential inhibitor of dental decay in gnotobiotic rats.
Pearls in Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Puttaiah Raghunath , Reddy Anil Kumar
Published: December 2010

Pearls in Pediatric Dentistry is a series of educational articles that address essential clinical applications for all levels of dental care providers who come in contact with pediatric dental patients. Sources of information for these modules are derived from standards, bestpractices, evidence-based care, academic consensus, and finally clinical experience. Modules will address clinical care issues from infancy all the way to into adulthood. Specific topics to be covered are infant oral health, developmental disturbances, trauma, cariogenic medications, oral habits and interventions, acceptable restorative treatments, minor surgical procedures, space-maintainers, special needs dentistry, behavior management, and special topics.
Inovação e concorrência em serviços de informação acadêmica: de Eugene Garfield ao google scholar
Authors: Beira Eduardo
Published: December 2010

Discutem-se os processos de inovação envolvidos, desde a luta empreendedora de Eugene Garfield e do ISI Institute for Scientific Information nos últimos 40 anos até meados dos anos 90, e as mudanças que a entrada do Google Scholar tem provocado com o seu modelo de negócio baseado num mecanismo de inovação disruptiva. Os processos de inovação envolvidos são discutidos com base em modelos sociais de inovação empresarial. Apresenta‑se evidência empírica comparando resultados de procuras no ISI/WoS e no Google Scholar, que mostram o efeito de legacy da arquitectura de dados do ISI/WoS e que mostram que nenhum deles é perfeito. Ambos subestimam o número real de citações, e, para os casos apresentados, as citações únicas das duas origens são dominantes. Discute-se o significado das actuais “guerras das citações” como uma continuação das anteriores “guerras das ciências” e como uma continuação da permanente procura do significado e fundamento para o conhecimento científico e para a actividade académica. Argumentamos que o modelo aberto e dinâmico do Google Scholar é muito mais coerente com a realidade, e permite uma visão mais completa dos múltiplos processos envolvidos na actividade científica e académica – algo que tem importantes implicações sobre as políticas para o sector.
Domain-specific markup languages and descriptive metadata: their functions in scientific resource discovery
Authors: Zeng Marcia Lei
Published: December 2010

While metadata has been a strong focus within information professionals’ publications, projects, and initiatives during the last two decades, a significant number of domain-specific markup languages have also been developing on a parallel path at the same rate as metadata standards; yet, they do not receive comparable attention. This essay discusses the functions of these two kinds of approaches in scientific resource discovery and points out their potential complementary roles through appropriate interoperability approaches.
Uma análise sistêmica sociotecnológica da engenharia de requisitos
Authors: Moretto Luís Augusto Machado , Galdo Alessandra Maria Ruiz , Kern Vinícius Medina
Published: December 2010

A engenharia de requisitos, etapa inicial da construção de sistemas de informação, requer intenso intercâmbio de informação entre profissionais de tecnologias da informação e comunicação, e peritos no negócio. A teoria e a prática comum da engenharia de requisitos, no entanto, são tecnocêntricas e caracterizadas por dificuldade de comunicação. A literatura recente aborda a concepção de sistemas sociotecnológicos, cujas propriedades emergem por meio da colaboração dinâmica entre pessoas e agentes artificiais. Este artigo apresenta um modelo sistêmico sociotecnológico da engenharia de requisitos com base no modelo CESM de Mario Bunge, segundo o qual todo sistema concreto pode ser representado segundo seus componentes, ambiente, estrutura e mecanismo. Entre os componentes, estão os peritos no negócio, profissionais de TIC, agentes artificiais e os objetos da colaboração dinâmica – modelo de domínio e requisitos. O mecanismo é essencialmente um processo de comunicação, com intercâmbio de informações e compartilhamento de conhecimento. Essa descrição presta-se à compreensão sistêmica da engenharia de requisitos, visando à intervenção para aliviar os problemas comunicacionais do processo e promover a emergência de requisitos que representem as reais necessidades do sistema.
Sistemas de informação e evolução tecnológica: mitos e realidade
Authors: Almeida José Maria Fernandes de
Published: December 2010

Os Sistemas de Informação – para gestão ou não – são representações artificiais construídas pelo Homem para representar factos, acontecimentos e fluxos que observou no mundo real. O objectivo deste trabalho é tentar demonstrar que a evolução tecnológica de alguns subsistemas contribui para executar de modo mais preciso e com maior rapidez as funções sistémicas, sendo estas invariantes. Foi adoptada como metodologia o relato do percurso realizado pelo autor ao longo de 24 anos de actividade empresarial e 12 anos de docência universitária na área dos Sistemas de Informação, incluindo a descrição dos resultados obtidos num conjunto de projectos diversos. Sendo vulgar considerar-se que o desenvolvimento de um projecto e a construção de uma solução dependem da tecnologia existente e disponível, no presente artigo é também realçado o facto de muitas soluções construídas com tecnologia muito pouco desenvolvida,  terem permitdo obter “ganhos” muito significativos, apesar de terem ocorrido há muito tempo.
O fórum central: catalizador da participação do aluno em turmas virtuais no ensino a distancia online
Authors: Coelho José , Marcos Adérito Fernandes
Published: December 2010

No ensino a distancia online a participação do aluno torna-se inviável em espaços virtuais com um grande número de participantes pois a intervenção individual tende rapidamente a diluir-se no elevado volume de interacções geradas. Este é o motivo principal subjacente à criação de turmas virtuais com um máximo de 60 alunos, especialmente se se considerar os cursos de primeiro ciclo do ensino superior. Aguarda-se assim que ao reduzir a dimensão da turma virtual se implemente uma maior proximidade online e se aumente a participação individual do estudante. No entanto, nas áreas das ciências da computação os níveis de participação do aluno são em regra bastante reduzidos, sendo que a intervenção fica geralmente monopolizada por um reduzido núcleo de alunos com maior domínio da área ou mais desinibidos. Propõe-se uma nova abordagem baseada na exploração de um espaço comum e fórum central partilhado por diversas turmas que permita catalizar toda a interacção, mesmo que residual, de cada turma, maximizando o seu impacto final junto dos estudantes. Neste artigo descreve-se um caso de estudo e respectivos resultados experimentais recolhidos ao longo de dois anos lectivos que permitiram aferir um efectivo incremento da participação dos estudantes no processo de ensino-apreendizagem e respectivo aproveitamento.
A informação, suas ciências e repercussões
Authors: Souza Francisco das Chagas de
Published: December 2010

Prof. Francisco das Chagas de Souza, Dr.Editor das Edições Especiais de Encontros BibliDepartamento de Ciência da InformaçãoPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da InformaçãoUniversidade Federal de Santa CatarinaBrasilchagas@cin.ufsc.brhttp://nipeeb.blogspot.com/Florianópolis, Ilha de Santa Catarina, dezembro de 2010.
Extension Leaders' Self-Evaluation Of Leadership Skill Areas
Authors: Moore Lori L. , Rudd Rick D.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of and level of proficiency in six leadership skill areas as perceived by current Extension leaders. For the purposes of this study, Extension leaders were defined as the individuals from 1862 and 1890 land-grant institutions that were most responsible for the day-to-day operations of Extension in their states, and generally had the title of state director or administrator. Participants rated the Human, Conceptual, Communication, Emotional Intelligence, and Industry Knowledge skills areas between important to very important and rated the Technical Skills area between somewhat important and important. In terms of their proficiency within each skill area, participants rated themselves between above average to very proficient in the Human, Conceptual, Communication, Emotional Intelligence, and Industry Knowledge skills areas and between average and above average in Technical Skills. The smallest gap between perceived importance and self-perceived proficiency occurred in the area of Industry Knowledge Skills while the largest gap occurred in the Conceptual Skills area.
EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF 4-H COMPETITIVE EVENTS AS PERCEIVED BY PARENTS OF 4-H PARTICIPANTS
Authors: Radhakrishna Rama B.
Published: December 2010

Competitive events are a major component of 4-H programs in the United States. Each year hundreds of youth participate in 4-H competitive events. Literature on competitions indicates both positive and negative effects on participants. The purpose of this study was to determine the educational value of 4-H competitive events as perceived by parents of 4-H participants. A secondary purpose was to identify factors that underlie competitive events using factor analysis. A descriptive-correlational research design with a mail survey was used to collect data. A total of 340 parents responded to a three-section survey which contained 32 statements relative to the value of 4-H competitive events, prior participation in 4-H and demographic information. Factor analysis extracted six factors which explained 62% of the total variance. Reliability analysis of the six factors revealed acceptable reliability (alpha ranged from 0.63 to 0.90). Parents of 4-H participants perceive that 4-H competitions have various positives and negatives. Positives include: helping youth to learn new things, setting goals, development of life skills, creativity, and preparing youth for a competitive world. Negatives were: aggressive behavior, cheating, and development of unhealthy practices. Four of the six 4-H participation variables were related to perceived value of competitive events.
Measurements of atmospheric mercury in Shanghai during September 2009
Authors: Friedli H. R. ,   A. F. Arellano Jr., Geng F. , Cai C. , Pan L.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. We report on total gaseous mercury (TGM) measurements made in Pudong, Shanghai in August/September 2009. The average TGM was 2.7 ± 1.7 ng m−3. This represents about 90% of the total atmospheric mercury. This is an underestimate for an annual-mean concentration because the meteorology in September favored predominantly easterly oceanic air, replaced in other seasons by airflow from industrial areas. The observed TGM follows a pattern seen in other cities around the world: a background elevated over mean hemispheric background (1.5 ng m−3), and pollution plumes of different magnitude and duration, interspersed with very sharp spikes of high concentration (60 ng m−3). The September 2009 Shanghai measurements are lower than those reported for most other Chinese cities and Mexico City, and similar to concentrations found in some Asian and in North American cities. Such comparisons are tenuous because of differences in season and year of the respective measurements. We find that the observed TGM are most likely coming from coal fired power plants, smelters and industrial sources, based on its high correlation with NOx, SO2, CO and wind directions.
Impact of model grid spacing on regional- and urban-scale air quality predictions of organic aerosol
Authors: Stroud C. A. , Makar P. A. , Moran M. D. , Gong W. , Gong S. , Zhang J. , Hayden K. , Mihele C. , Brook J. R. , Abbatt J. G. , Slowik J. P. D.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Regional-scale chemical transport model predictions of urban organic aerosol to date tend to be biased low relative to observations, a limitation with important implications for applying such models to human exposure health studies. We used a nested version of Environment Canada's AURAMS model (42-to-15-to-2.5 km nested grid spacing) to predict organic aerosol concentrations for a temporal and spatial domain corresponding to the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met), an air-quality field study that took place in the southern Great Lakes region in the summer of 2007. The use of three different horizontal grid spacings allowed the influence of this parameter to be examined. A domain-wide average for the 2.5 km domain and a matching 15 km subdomain yielded very similar organic aerosol averages (4.8 vs. 4.3 μg m−3, respectively). On regional scales, secondary organic aerosol dominated the organic aerosol composition and was adequately resolved by the 15 km model simulation. However, the shape of the organic aerosol concentration histogram for the Windsor urban station improved for the 2.5 km simulation relative to those from the 42 and 15 km simulations. The model histograms for the Bear Creek and Harrow rural stations were also improved in the high concentration "tail" region. As well the highest-resolution model results captured the midday 4 July organic-aerosol plume at Bear Creek with very good temporal correlation. These results suggest that accurate simulation of urban and large industrial plumes in the Great Lakes region requires the use of a high-resolution model in order to represent urban primary organic aerosol emissions, urban VOC emissions, and the secondary organic aerosol production rates properly. The positive feedback between the secondary organic aerosol production rate and existing organic mass concentration is also represented more accurately with the highest-resolution model. Not being able to capture these finer-scale features may partly explain the consistent negative bias reported in the literature when urban-scale organic aerosol evaluations are made using coarser-scale chemical transport models.
The influence of pulsed redox conditions on soil phosphorus
Authors: Scalenghe R. , Edwards A. C. , Barberis E. , Ajmone Marsan F.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The effects of eleven pulsed reduction-oxidation cycles (20 and 2 days, respectively) on soil phosphorus (P) dynamics are compared for 12 soils having contrasting properties and overfertilised with respect to P. Incubation conditions simulated transient waterlogging of the soil profile and involved repeated sampling and analysis of both the solution and solid phase P forms. An initial increase in P concentration occurred upto and including the fourth full cycle was followed by a sharp decline in concentration for all but one soil. Accompanying changes in the main extractable forms of P, which appeared to be cumulative, could be summarised as a general decline in the organic P fraction and an overall increase in amorphous associated inorganic forms of P. The fact that up to 60% of the total soil P was demonstrated to change its sensitivity for a particular extractant suggests that these operationally defined P forms can experience substantial transformations. There was also a suggestion that certain changes in P forms may not be reversible. While the laboratory conditions represent an extreme situation changes in timing and frequency of intense precipitation events, as predicted in many climate change scenarios, may increase the risk of episodic soil waterlogging. The potential onset of reducing conditions even for periods of less than twenty days will influence soil P dynamics and short-term bioavailable P. Various mechanisms are involved but the robustness of sequential extraction procedures and general soil test methods (e.g. Olsen) for quantifying and reliably distinguishing specific soil P forms/associations are questioned.