bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
India-Ink Immunoreaction for Encephalitozoonosis: Phototechnique
Authors: Kellett B. S. , Bywater J. E. C.
Published: June 2007

Summary

We present photographs of an immunoreaction which has to be viewed as a wet preparation under high-power oil-immersion microscopy. The difficulties of varying focal plane and constant movement of the specimen were overcome by the use of electronic flash.
A Barrier Cabinet for Mice Based on the Houghton Chicken Isolator
Authors: Skinner H. H. , Knight E. H. , Moore D. R.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Nuclei of a disease-free foundation stock of mice housed in a barrier unit and a barrier cabinet constructed from resin-bonded glass-fibre were compared over a period of 7 years. The cabinet was found to be a satisfactory alternative to a flexible-film isolator and was thought to be preferable. A description is given of the cabinet, the method of sterilization and the breeding schedules for 2 generations adopted to make the maximum use of the 10–month life of the high-efficiency filter employed. Throughout many cycles of this duration the degree of cleanliness was of a high order. A major contribution towards this was the collection of excreta on a tray lined with both absorbent and grease-proof paper, and the removal from the cabinet of dirty boxes when weaners were issued in them at the age of 5 weeks. These boxes were replaced in the cabinet by clean, sterile ones.
Breeding Performance of a Captive Colony of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatto)
Authors: Anderson Donna Marie , Simpson M. J. A.
Published: June 2007

Summary

For most of the 18 years recorded, fewer than 50% of the adult females gave birth in any one year. The colony, of 6 social groups, showed a clear-cut breeding season. Female parity and dominance had no effect on breeding rate, though 1st infants were born earlier in the year than 2nd-born ones. Only when females gave birth in successive years were the months of giving birth correlated. Mothers and daughters may tend to give birth closer in time within a breeding season than do other females.
Warfarin-Resistance Genotype Determination in the Norway Rat, Rattus Norvegicus
Authors: Martin A. D. , Steed Linda C. , Redfern R. , Gill J. E. , Huson L. W.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The 2-stage determination is based on changes in blood coagulation activity brought about both by the administration of warfarin in conjunction with vitamin K1 epoxide and by feeding a vitamin K-free diet for 4 days. When it was applied to laboratory-bred rats of known warfarin-resistance genotype, 35/35 homozygous susceptible, 44/44 homozygous resistant and 131/133 heterozygous rats were correctly classified. This method was equally effective in identifying the genotype of wild rats carrying the warfarin-resistance gene, Rw2. The procedure is rapid and accurate.
Naturally-Occurring Neoplasms in the Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones Unguiculatus
Authors: Meckley Paul E. , Zwicker Gary M.
Published: June 2007

Summary

10 spontaneous tumours were observed. Several had not been previously reported for this species and 1 occurred in the youngest gerbil yet reported to have a spontaneous tumour. 7 of the 10 tumours originated from the female reproductive tract.
Electrocardiogram of the reindeer, Rangifer tarandus tarandus
Authors: TimisjÄrvi J. , Hirvonen L. , JÄrvensivu P. , Nieminen M.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Electrocardiograms were recorded for 50 Finnish reindeer of age 1 day to 9 years, using standard and unipolar extremity leads in the frontal plane. The range of heart rate was 40–250 beats per minute. Atrial and ventricular depolarization times were 5–10 ms shorter in newborn calves than in older reindeer, and showed only minor variance with respect to heart rate. The duration of depolarization was dependant on heart rate, and was more rapid in young calves. A-V conduction time decreased with increasing heart rate. The mode of the QRS vector was 280–290°, and the mode of the T vector 200–230° in the older animals, but 100–120° in young calves. The main deflection in the QRS complex was S in the leads II, III and aVF. R was dominant in aVL and I.
A small hatching incubator
Authors: Egan B. J. , Cooper Doreen M. , Geater Patricia M.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The incubator is used in conjunction with isolators for rearing specified-pathogen-free chicken. It can hold 30 eggs each of 56 g weight.
Aerometric study of viable fungus spores in an animal care facility
Authors: Burge Harriet A. , Solomon William R. , Williams Pamela
Published: June 2007

Studies of airborn fungi were undertaken to evaluate exposure risks for laboratory animals and human handlers which might lead to allergic or invasive disease. Although sporadically high fungus levels were encountered, counts of viable fungus particles were in general low. Recoveries on malt extract agar significantly exceeded those on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The taxa most frequently and abundantly recovered were Penicillium species. Data analyses suggest that 'clean' bedding material may be the principal source of these spores, that cleaning temporarily increases spore levels, and that outdoor airborne fungi contributed little to the indoor air spora identified. Aspergillus fumigatus was infrequently encounted in our samples, and dermatophytes were not recovered.
Production of ultraviolet-light-induced skin erythema in the hairless rat: a comparison with the haired rat in screening for anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Fox P. K. , Lewis A. J.
Published: June 2007

The onset of this erythema in response to different times of exposure corresponds closely to that in the haired animal. Orally administered phenylbutazone (30 mg/kg) or subcutaneously administered fluocinolone acetonide (10 mg/kg) have an equivalent antierythemic effect on haired and hairless animals. The hairless rat may therefore be an attractive alternative to its haired counterpart in this model since, prior to irradiation, it requires no depilation-which itself may affect subsequent erythema production.
Cardiac puncture in the mouse through the anterior thoracic aperture
Authors: Frankenberg L.
Published: June 2007

The puncture is performed during ether anaesthesia and will usually give 0·6-0·8 ml within 10-15 s. Blood volumes up to 1 ml have frequently been obtained from adult mice with this method.
Double staining technique for rat foetus skeletons in teratological studies
Authors: Whitaker J. , Dix Kathleen M.
Published: June 2007

Cartilage and bone were differentiated using alcian blue and alizarin red S respectively. Anomalies of both cartilaginous and bony parts of the skeleton could be examined.
Anaesthesia in the hamster using a combination of methohexitone and diazepam
Authors: Ferguson John W.
Published: June 2007

The technique produces good anaesthesia with low mortality, and may be used repeatedly.
Anaesthetic effects of various ratios of ketamine and xylazine in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Naccarato Elise F. , Hunter William S.
Published: June 2007

Intramuscular injection of selected ratios of ketamine and xylazine provided smooth anaesthetic induction, a wide safety margin, and no significant undesirable side effects. Induction and recovery times, duration of anaesthesia, and thermoregulatory ability can be affected by different combinations of ketamine and xylazine. The addition of xylazine to ketamine increases muscle relaxation, recovery time, and duration of anaesthesia, while generally decreasing induction time and thermoregulatory ability.
Hydronephrosis in ACI/N rats
Authors: Fujita Kimio , Fujita Hiroko M. , Ohtawara Yoshihisa , Suzuki Kazuo , Tajima Atsushi , Aso Yoshio
Published: June 2007

Of 45 ACI/N rats 9 were found with renal agenesis and 2 with hydronephrosis. The hydronephrosis may have been due to faulty development of the mesonephric duct.
Primate disease and breeding rates
Authors: Chamove Arnold , Cameron Graham , Nash Vicki
Published: June 2007

33 species were compared for 12 disease categories over 3 years of laboratory housing. There were low correlations between popularity, birth, death, and illness rates. Highest rates were: birth, Macaca nemestrina; illness, Pongo pygmaeus; death, Cercopithecus aethiops. Lowest rates were: birth, Lemur catta; illness, Sanguinus mystax; death, Galago crassicaudatus. Galago crassicaudatus and Macaca fasicularus had low disease and high birth rates.
Dietary habits relating to 'wasting marmoset syndrome' (WMS)
Authors: Shimwell M. , Warrington B. F. , Fowler J. S. L.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The syndrome is a condition of poor weight gain and weakness. Changed eating habits of animals suffering from it lead to consumption of a poorly-balanced diet. By softening the diet and avoiding less nutritious foods, the eating habits can be improved and the syndrome halted. Particular attention should be paid to the palatibility of high-protein foods when weaning marmosets.
Fractional extracellular space and fractional water content of various rat tissues at different extracellular pH values and in uremia
Authors: Rothe K. F.
Published: June 2007

Summary

At different extracellular pH values fractional extra-cellular space (calculated from the distribution of 3H inulin) and fractional water content showed no significant differences. 72 h after nephrectomy both variables increased significantly. An exception to this was brain, where fractional extracellular space decreased and total intracellular water increased as a sign of brain oedema.
Transfer isolator to protect personnel from exposure to peracetic acid
Authors: Trexler P. C.
Published: June 2007

Summary

A transfer isolator is described which confines peracetic acid fumes used in the gnotobiotic operation of isolators. The use of this isolator protects both personnel and animals from contact with peracetic acid, provides additional isolator space and reduces wear on the gloves and sleeves of the main isolator.
Is Encephalitozoonosis a Zoonosis?
Authors: Bywater J. E. C.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Encephalitozoon cuniculi has often been cited as a human pathogen although few cases (of disease) have been described in the literature. A discussion of these cases suggests that this microsporidium should not be regarded as a pathogen of man.
Vaginal Opening in the Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones Unguiculatus: Normal Data and the Influence of Social Factors
Authors: Norris M. L. , Adams C. E.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Mean age at vaginal opening was 41 days, range 33–53 days. Bodyweight at weaning and age at vaginal opening were negatively correlated, but there was no relationship between bodyweight and age at vaginal opening. The presence of a male before vaginal opening did not accelerate either the time of its occurrence or first conception. The vaginas of females caged singly from weaning opened earlier than in those kept in groups of 2 or 3.
Studies on Tyzzer's Disease: Acquired Immunity Against Infection and Activation of Infection by Immunosuppressive Treatment
Authors: Fries A. Schaich
Published: June 2007

Summary

The correlation between serum antibody titre and resistance to challenge infection with Bacillus piliformis was studied in naturally infected mice, in experimentally infected but recovered mice, and in mice treated with antigen prepared from infected livers. Irrespective of the way in which the antibodies were acquired resistance to infection was found to be related to the immunofluorescence antibody titre found. Experimentally infected but recovered mice, as well as rats with persistent antibodies to Bacillus piliformis, were given prednisolone in order to activate a possible persistent infection. Bacillus piliformis was detected in the rats, but not in the mice.
Early postnatal physical and behavioural development of degus (Octodon degus)
Authors: Reynolds Thomas J. , Wright John W.
Published: June 2007

Summary

6 litters of Octodon degus were studied from birth to 10 days of age. Newly-born degus (mean weight 14·6 g) had open eyes, upper and lower pigment, für, and teeth. Within 3–4 hours of birth they were able to walk supporting their full weight, right themselves rapidly, sit upright on their haunches, or rear upright with support, and vocalize. By the 1st or 2nd day, the young animals displayed functional grooming (face washing, hind-paw scratching, rapid head-shake). Solid food was ingested from day 6, although newborns chewed wood chips and 3–day olds gnawed dried faeces. Young degus were tested daily in an open field apparatus and showed increased activity and exploration, with repeated testing while decreasing distress vocalization after the 4th or 5th day. Degus are proposed for the study of developmental topics since their degree of development at birth allows for immediate testing. The degus studied here seem to be more fully developed at birth than those studied in Britain.
'Collaborative' rearing of marmoset triplets
Authors: Hearn J. P. , Burden F. J.
Published: June 2007

Summary

A system of management is described in which all 3 offspring from triplet births of Callithrix jacchus can be successfully reared to weaning. Hand-rearing techniques are applied to the offspring in turn without depriving them of the maternal and family influences necessary for normal behavioural development.
Stress response of rats to handling and experimental procedures
Authors: Gärtner K. , Büttner D. , Döhler K. , Friedel R. , Lindena J. , Trautschold I.
Published: June 2007

The effects were observed of moving male, adult Han:Sprague rats in their cages or of exposure to ether for 1 min on the plasma concentration profiles of 25 blood characteristics linked with stress and shock reactions. 5 min after the stress serum prolactin, corticosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, triiodothyronine and thyroxin levels were elevated 150-500% compared with those in blood collected within 100 s of entering the animal room.

Heart rate (telemetrically recorded), packed cell volume,, haemoglobin and plasma protein content were 10-20% elevated 2-10 min after cage movement or 2-20 min after ether confrontation over those of controls sampled within 50 s, indicating circulatory and microcirculatory shock reactions.

Serum glucose, pyruvate and lactate concentrations rose by 20-100% 1-5 min after cage movement and 1-15 min after ether exposure. Phosphate, calcium, urea, apartate and alanine transferases, alkaline phosphalase and leucine arylamidase were not altered significantly by either stressor, while potassium and bound glycerol fell for 1 min and 5-20 min respectively.

The presence of a familiar animal attendant working in the room without touching the cages did not markedly affect the blood characteristics being studied.
Comparison between ether and carbon dioxide anaesthesia for removal of small blood samples from rats
Authors: Fowler J. S. L. , Brown J. S. , Flower E. W.
Published: June 2007

Choice of anaesthetic did not affect packed cell volume, urea or total protein concentration, alanine aminotransferase activity or prothrombin time. Slightly higher plasma glucose values were obtained after carbon dioxide. All values were well within the laboratory reference ranges.
Growth and 24 hour eating patterns of rats kept under various light: dark conditions
Authors: Hoor F. Ten , Rietveld W. J. , Kooij M. , Flory W.
Published: June 2007

Up to 84 days there was no difference in growth between groups of rats kept from birth at 8:16, 12:12 or 18:6 hours light:dark. More eating activity takes place during the light period when this is a larger part of the 24 hour day.
Absence of lesions in the hypothalamus of frogs treated with gold thioglucose
Authors: Brown Danley F. , Farrar Eugenia S.
Published: June 2007

Gold thioglucose (800-1000 mg/kg ip) failed to cause lesions in the hypothalamus of Rana pipiens within 48 h of injection. Since this dose is a pharmacological one in mammals it is likely that the frog hypothalamus differs significantly in its sensitivity.
A new metabolism cage suitable for the study of mice
Authors: Rucklidge G. J. , McKenzie J. D.
Published: June 2007

Nitrogen recoveries of 98% have been obtained, significantly better than those obtained using a commercial metabolism cage.
A method for intracerebrally implanting crystalline hormones into neonatal rodents
Authors: Holman Stephen D.
Published: June 2007

The advantages of this delivery method are that the weight of each hormonal implant can be accurately assessed, the implant can be accurately placed within the brain, there is no obvious damage to the brain following the operation, and hormones leaking out of the brain from the implants have no stimulatory effects on peripheral organs.
Evaluation of a scavenging system for use with inhalation anaesthesia techniques in rats
Authors: Glen J. B. , Cliff G. S. , Jamieson A.
Published: June 2007

A minimum fresh gas flow of 1 litre per minute per mask and an inspired concentration of 2-3% halothane was required to induce anaesthesia in rats in 1-2 min. Anaesthesia was maintained with an inspired concentration of 1·5-2% halothane. Arterial carbon dioxide concentration increased during anaesthesia and was not reduced by increasing the flow of fresh gas.

Using the apparatus described here, halothane vapour concentration in the operator's breathing zone was 5 ppm. Prior to its introduction, levels of 250 ppm had been recorded in a poorly-ventilated animal room.
Neuromuscular development of Felis catus
Authors: Beaver Bonnie V.
Published: June 2007

Neuromuscular development was studied for 12 weeks in 22 kittens. Vertebral extensor, flexor and combined dominance was recorded in several phases. Thoracic limb support began between days 1 and 10, while the initiation of pelvic limb support ranged up to day 25. Crossed extensor and Landau reflexes were present in most kittens at various times up to day 19, although the Magnus response was not seen. Auricular muscle control developed at 1·5 weeks, about the same time as claw control.
Embryonic development of NMRI mice: relationship between the weight, age and ossification of embryos
Authors: Fasel Nicolas , Schowing Jean
Published: June 2007

The time and the order of the appearance of the ossification centres were found to be similar in C3H and NMRI mice. Bodyweight comparisons confirmed these results.

Location in the right as opposed to the left uterine horn, or in the upper, middle or lower part, was not found to influence the weight of the embryo.

Significant differences in the weight of embryos within the same litter were used in investigating the sequence of ossification in embryos. This should prove useful in comparative morphology and teratology.
Vitamin K deficiency syndromes in warfarin-resistant brown rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Partridge G. G.
Published: June 2007

Resistance to the anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin and an increased vitamin K requirement appear to be pleiotropic effects of the gene Rw2. A comparison of pup mortality in F2 ( Rw1 Rw2 × Rw1 Rw2) and backcross ( Rw1 Rw2 × Rw1 Rw1 or reciprocal) matings of wild brown rats in the laboratory revealed significantly greater losses in the F2 litters at 4-8 weeks of age. Some deaths could be attributed directly to haemorrhage resulting from vitamin K deficiency.

A newborn warfarin-resistant rat from an F2 litter showed bleeding from the umbilicus and the anus, and died from internal haemorrhage at 18 weeks of age. Another warfarin-resistant male rat dying at the same age had a grossly enlarged skull.
Salmonella montevideo salmonellosis in laboratory mice: successful treatment of the disease by oral oxytetracycline
Authors: Simmons D. J. C. , Simpson W.
Published: June 2007

In an epidemic outbreak of salmonellosis associated with Salmonella montevideo in 6 mouse colonies, most deaths occurred in BALB/c and ASI mice, although the carrier rate was similar in other mouse strains. The salmonella was eradicated from ASI mice of 4-6 weeks old, and the carrier rate considerably reduced at 12-26 weeks of age, by use of oral oxytetracycline in conjunction with strict hygiene measures. Housing mice on wire grids instead of wood shavings did not affect the efficacy of the treatment.
The effect of diet on some parameters measured in toxicological studies in the rat
Authors: Clapp M. J. L.
Published: June 2007

The bodyweight, food consumption and various biochemical and haematological parameters were measured in, and breeding and histological studies made of, groups of rats fed 6 different diets. All diets acceptably supported reproduction. 1 diet restricted body weight gain by 30%, and increased plasma alanine transaminase activity.

Nephrocalcinosis was seen in females fed diets with a calcium: phosphorous ratio of <1. Levels of dietary protein were positively correlated with the incidence of renal pelvic dilatation in offspring at 7 weeks of age.
Immunological properties of athymic nude mice born from homozygous (nu/nu) parents
Authors: Kuhara T. , Fujiwara M. , Sudo Katsuko , Suzuki K. , Kawamura A.
Published: June 2007

No significant differences were observed between nude mice ( nu/nu) born of homozygous ( nu/nu) parents and those born of heterozygous ( nu/+) mothers in the percentage of Thy-1-positive cells or immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells in the spleen as assessed by immunofluorescence. There were no significant differences in the antibody response to thymus-dependent antigen or in the number of background plaque-forming cells to this antigen. The antibody response to thymus-independent antigen was not impaired at all in mice born from homozygous parents as compared with other nude mice or euthymic mice. It was concluded that the Thy-1-bearing (T) cells observed in nu/nu mice and the capacity of these mice to respond to thymus-dependent antigens arose independently of maternal T cells and of the influence of the maternal thymus.
The 'hairless' gerbil: a new mutant
Authors: Swanson Heidi H.
Published: June 2007

Although the animal looks bald, the smooth, warm skin is covered by fine stubble. The vibrissae also appear broken off short. The nails appear normal and the ventral scent gland and nipples are well developed. This female is fertile and has had several litters, but none of her offspring show the mutation. Her parents produced 2 other hairless gerbils in subsequent litters, but these did not survive past 5 weeks. Histological examination revealed marked pathology of hair development, although the number of follicles seemed normal. The thymus was disorganized and sparsely populated with lymphocytes.
Bacteriological examination of specified-pathogen-free animals: a procedure for small rodents
Authors: Erfle V. , Neumann Gudrun
Published: June 2007

Organs of 10 mice or 5 rats were pooled and homogenized. A portion of the homogenate was cultured on several selective and enrichment media. The method was tested by adding various pathogenic organisms to organ homogenates. 103-104 microorganisms in homogenates of 10 organs were readily detected. This procedure allows even a small microbiological laboratory to detect a low frequency of infected animals in a colony.
Polyvalent strain-specific alloantisera as tools for routine genetic quality control of inbred and congenic strains of rats and mice
Authors: Festing Michael F. W. , Totman Peter
Published: June 2007

Strain-specific polyvalent anoantisera may be obtained by injecting lymphocytes pooled from several different strains into an inbred recipient. 6 sera of this type were produced in rats and 23 in mice. A dye-exclusion microcytotoxic test was used to evaluate the strain specificity of such sera. A total of 663 out of 713 (93·0%) of the tests conformed with expectation, but there were 48 (6·7%) false negative results in which the test failed to detect non-authentic animals. There were also 2 (0·3%) false positive results, in which authentic animals were shown as non-authentic. These were attributed to technical errors. Most false negative results occurred when serum and test cell suspensions matched at the major histocompatibility complex.

It was concluded that the use of strain-specific polyvalent immune sera, coupled with a simple immunological test such as the microcytotoxic test, offers a sensitive and quick new method for routine genetic quality control.
Lymphomas associated with a tolerant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice
Authors: Skinner H. H. , Knight E. H. , Lancaster M. C.
Published: June 2007

On each of 2 occasions when a tolerant lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection was introduced experimentally by a natural route into breeding stock of the Pirbright P(SD) mouse strain, and a comparison made with genetically identical controls, there was in successive generations an overall 15-fold increase in the incidence of lymphomas. Most of these were recognized clinically after the age of 16 months. The same observation was made in mice of the P(H) strain from which the P(SD) strain had been surgically derived. The finding is interpreted as the activation of an endogenous viral oncogene by the LCM infection.

It was concurrently observed that the incidence of mammary tumours in the P(H) strain mice before the age of 16 months was markedly lower in the animals infected with LCM.
Lack of effect of Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris on the Immune response to tetanus toxoid in the rat
Authors: Mullink J. W. M. A. , Ruitenberg E. J. , Kruizinga W.
Published: June 2007

In contrast to the mouse, in rats the immune response to tetanus toxoid was not altered by infection with Spironucleus muris.
The indirect india-ink immunoreaction for detection of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rat and mouse serum
Authors: Kellett B. S. , Bywater J. E. C.
Published: June 2007

The indirect india-ink immunoreaction and the india-ink immunoreaction inhibition tests are described and results are compared with those obtained by the indirect fluorescence antibody test. Titrations of seropositive samples were made by 2 methods and the titres obtained were similar. Some advantages of the india-ink immunoreaction as a diagnostic test are discussed.
Experimental study of the effects on rabbits of strains of Staphylococcus aureus which are resistant to mercuric chloride
Authors: Adekeye J. D.
Published: June 2007

3 mercuric chloride resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus of human, canine and bovine origin were inoculated into rabbits which were then caged with clinically healthy rabbits. All rabbits were observed twice daily for evidence of infection. The human strain of S. aureus produced the severest lesion and the bovine strain the least severe lesion. Only 1 of 16 healthy rabbits developed a lesion similar to those of the infected rabbits in its group and from which identical S. aureus was isolated. It was concluded that the human biotype was more virulent in rabbits than the canine and bovine biotypes, and that infection in a rabbit colony by mercuric chloride resistant members of the 3 biotypes may not cause epidemic staphylococcosis.
Cerebrospinal fluid glucose and protein values in normal rabbits
Authors: Kusumi Rodney K. , Plouffe Joseph F.
Published: June 2007

In 35 normal rabbits the cerebrospinal fluid glucose values ranged between 56 and 135 mg/dl, mean and standard deviation 78 ± 13 mg/dl. Cerebrospinal total protein values ranged from 16 to 66 mg/dl, mean and standard deviation 33 ± 10 mg/dl. The mean values were similar to those reported for human cerebrospinal fluid. Depression of the cerebrospinal glucose level in the rabbit may parallel the human situation and prove to be a useful marker of purulent inflammation.
Torulopsis pintolopesii-an opportunistic pathogen in guineapigs?
Authors: Kunstýř I. , Niculescu Eugenia , Naumann Susanne , Lippert Elisabeth
Published: June 2007

2 young female guineapigs kept as pets died consecutively with signs of enteritis. Yeasts were isolated in large quantity from their small intestines, In the 2nd animal the yeast strain, isolated from the gut and other organs, was identified as Torulopsis pintolopesii. Thus, this normal inhabitant of the gut may be characterized as an opportunistic pathogen in guineapigs, like T. glabrata in man. A change in diet and social group were the only identifiable events which might have played the role of precipitating factor.
Robenidine treatment of rabbits naturally infected with coccidia
Authors: Peeters J. E. , Halen P.
Published: June 2007

New Zealand White rabbits naturally infected with Eimeria intestinalis, E. magna, E. media and E. perforans and fed 100 parts/l06 robenidine in their diet for 70 days ceased to excrete oocysts in their faeces after 19 days of treatment.
Two Actinobacillus species isolated from laboratory rodents
Authors: Simpson W. , Simmons D. J. C.
Published: June 2007

A study was made of the cultural and biochemical characteristics of 17 strains of Actinobacillus isolated from laboratory rats and hamsters. 2 types were recognized which differed in their urease reaction and colony colour on blood agar. The results obtained suggest that one was Actinobacillus equuli but the other could not be identified as belonging to a described species. The characteristics of both organisms are such that they could be confused with Pasteurella pneumotropica. One of the types was Isolated from tapwater.
Studies on Tyzzer's disease: comparison between Bacillus piliformis strains from mouse, rat and rabbit
Authors: Fries A. Schaich
Published: June 2007

The pathogenicity of Bacillus piliformis strains isolated from mouse, rat and rabbit, compared by inoculation into mice, appeared to be identical. The antibody titre obtained for the individual sera from spontaneously infected mice, rats, rabbits, dogs and humans was the same whether the antigen employed was from organisms isolated from mouse, rat or rabbit.
Nasal mites in a colony of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Bornstein Set , Iwarsson Krister
Published: June 2007

The occurrence of the mite, Speleorodens (Paraspeleognathopsis) clethrionomys, in the nasal cavities of Syrian hamsters obtained from a breeding unit is reported. The hamsters did not show clinical signs of disease.
Renal aplasia and hypoplasia in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Wadsworth Peter F. , Squires Peter F.
Published: June 2007

Unilateral renal aplasia or hypoplasia was discovered in 3 wild-caught rhesus monkeys at the end of routine toxicological experiments. No clinical abnormalities were evident and the opposite kidneys had undergone compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
The Icr:Ha(ICR) mouse: a current account of breeding, mutations, diseases and mortality
Authors: Eaton Gordon J. , Johnson Frederic N. , Custer R. Philip , Crane A. Reynolds
Published: June 2007

This stock of albino mice is minimally inbred (0·5% per generation), and has been rigidly selected for fecundity. It is widely employed in oncological and pharmaceutical research. Spontaneous tumours arose in 55% of animals, multiple in 28%, averaging 1·66 per mouse. Females developed tumours at an earlier age than males. Predominant tumour types were pulmonary (23·1%), lymphoreticular (20%), and mammary (14%-23% of females). Miscellaneous tumour types (42·9%) ranged in frequency from 0·2 to 2·0%, the latter being hepatomas. Distribution of mammary tumours indicated that milk-borne mammary tumour virus was absent. Non-neoplastic disease was present in 58°6%, 24°1% being pulmonary and predominant in the young, while renal (31·2%) and cardiovascular (10·2%) disease was common in the elderly. Males outlived females.
Lymphoblastic leukaemia in a rabbit: a case report
Authors: Finnie J. W. , Bostock D. E. , Walden N. B.
Published: June 2007

The lymphoblastic leukaemia was associated with generalized infiltration of many organs by neoplastic cells.
Survey of the numbers and species of amphibia used in the United Kingdom in 1977
Authors: Donnelly H. T.
Published: June 2007

This survey suggests that about 115 000 amphibia, of which more than half were Rana temporaria, were supplied for use in teaching and research in the UK during 1977. As only 27 000 were recorded as being used by universities, polytechnics and research Institutes, probably mostly for teaching, it must be assumed that the majority are used for teaching purposes in schools. There has been an increase in the proportion of amphibia supplied by Recognised Suppliers, and also in that being 'purpose-bred', although breeding in the laboratory is still restricted to Xenopus laevis and Ambystoma mexicanum. Probable cost appears to be a deterent to the use of purpose-bred amphibia. A large number of respondents had encountered problems with using amphibia, mainly losses due to 'red leg' and arrival from the supplier in poor condition, probably interrelated.
The influence of media on the recovery of bacteria from the normal mouse caecum
Authors: Koopman J. P. , Kennis H. M.
Published: June 2007

3 diluting fluids and 6 agar media were compared for the culture of caecal micro flora of mice. The efficiency of the media in the growth of caecal bacteria was determined by comparing the quantitative recovery (expressed as percentage of the total microscopic count) from the specimens. Of the diluting fluids saline resulted in a low yield (11·47%). Addition of potassium salts increased the yield (23·25%). A broth medium resulted in the highest recovery (44·44%). The influence of storing the caecal micro flora in 3 different diluting fluids on the yield was studied. In all diluents the viable count of caecal bacteria decreased with time, but did so least in broth medium. 6 solid agar media were tested. When saline was used as the diluting fluid, no significant differences in yields were found with all 6 media. When broth medium was used as diluting fluid and yields up to 60% were obtained, no significant differences were shown between the results with 5 media but one medium resulted in a lower yield (32·59%).
Congenital malformations in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) similar to human 13-trisomy syndrome
Authors: Pugsley S. L.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the finding of a number of malformations in a live-born common marmoset. The malformations included microphthalmia, ocular hypertelorism, cleft lip and palate and polydactyly. The findings are consistent with and strongly suggest chromosome trisomy similar to that which has been seen in man.
The relation of growth performance to dietary oil source in African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse)
Authors: Amubode F. O.
Published: June 2007

An experiment is described in which palm-oil, groundnut oil, cottonseed oil and soybean oil were each fed as a 5% dietary supplement to the African giant rat (AGR). 4 AGR were fed each diet from 6-12 weeks of age. The groundnut oil-based diet supported the best liveweight gain of 4·23 g/day, while AGR fed the cottonseed oil diet lost an average weight of 1·42 g/day during the 6-week study. The efficiency of feed utilization was similar for AGR fed on palm-oil and soybean oil diets, but this was significantly (P < 0·05) better than the 3·24 g feed/g gain obtained for AGR fed on groundnut oil diet. There was an abnormally low feed intake by AGR fed the cottonseed oil diet, and this probably resulted in their poorest performance. In terms of feed conversion efficiency, the results suggest that either palm-oil or soybean oil can be used in the diet of AGR. This observation is not in line with the practice whereby groundnut oil was used in the diet of albino rat.
Characterization of clostridia isolated from faeces of limited flora mice and their effect on caecal size when associated with germ-free mice
Authors: Itoh K. , Mitsuoka T.
Published: June 2007

115 strains of clostridia were accumulated from 3 separate isolations from the faeces of 1 limited flora (LF) mouse produced by inoculation of germ-free mice with chloroform-treated faeces of conventional mice. These strains were divided into 36 types on the basis of conventional biochemical characteristics. There was some variation in types isolated on the 3 occasions. Although 3 groups of polyassociated (PA) mice were produced from mixing 46 monoassociated mice, each inoculated with 1 of 46 strains of 36 bacterial types, the caecal size of PA mice was still greater than that of the control mice prepared by inoculation of chloroform-treated faeces of an LF mouse. After PA mice of each group were housed together, the caecal size became smaller and was only slightly larger than the control.
Serum lipoproteins in cholesterol-fed pigs after partial ileal bypass
Authors: Schouten J. A. , Beynen A. C. , Hoitsma H. F. W. , Mulder C. , Havekes L. M. , Van Gents C. M.
Published: June 2007

Partial ileal bypass (PIB) surgery was performed in hypercholesterolaemic mini-pigs and Yorkshire pigs fed a semipurified diet containing 1% (W/W) of cholesterol. PIB drastically reduced serum total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations and the cholesterol : phospholipid ratio in spite of continuation of cholesterol feeding. The relative distribution of cholesterol between serum lipoproteins was affected by PIB; the surgical treatment caused an increase in the ratio of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Serum apo B and apo A levels were rapidly decreased by PIB. The operation induced a decrease in the cholesterol : apo B and cholesterol : apo A ratios. It is suggested that the pig is a suitable animal model to study PIB-induced changes in lipoprotein metabolism.
Renal papillary adenoma in a cotton-topped tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Brack M.
Published: June 2007

The second case of a renal tumour in a tamarin is described. The incidentally discovered unilateral tumour developed in an adult female cotton-topped tamarin. It did not cause clinical symptoms and was classified as a papillary adenoma based on its morphological characteristics.
Experimental Herpes neonatalis in SA 8-infected baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Brack M. , Eichberg J. W. , Heberling R. L. , Kalter S. S.
Published: June 2007

13 newborn baboons were experimentally infected with a baboon-derived herpesvirus SA 8-strain. Intratracheal infection produced herpetic tracheo-bronchopneumonia, intravenous inoculation resulted in adrenal necrosis similar to that in human neonatal herpes infection.
Influence of testosterone on hydronephrosis in the inbred mouse strain DDD
Authors: Goto N. , Nakajima Y. , Imamura K. , Yoshida T.
Published: June 2007

Hereditary hydronephrosis was detected in all of the male mice of DDD inbred strain maintained at the National Institute of Animal Health Japan, but in only a few of the females. From the standpoint that male hormones are related to the development of hydronephrosis in this strain, the incidence and severity of the disease were investigated in gonadectomized mice treated with testosterone. In the males, the incidence of hydronephrosis was 50% (7/14) in the control (gonadectomized) group, and 73·3% (11/15), 100% (13/13) and 100% (12/12) in the 0·1 mg, 3·3 mg and 10 mg treatment groups respectively. The same tendency was observed in the female animals, though the incidence in each group was not so high. In both sexes the degree of severity increased in proportion to the dose of testosterone administrated. Blood testosterone levels were higher in intact DDD mice than in C57BL/6 mice, which had normal kidneys in both sexes. These results suggest that male hormones play a significant role in the development of hydronephrosis.
The use of a flexible film isolator to maintain specified concentrations of oxygen
Authors: Betts T. E. , Firmin R. , Guerreiro D.
Published: June 2007

A simple system which will maintain an oxygen-rich atmosphere for a number of actively respiring animals is described
Guidelines for specification of animals and husbandry methods when reporting the results of animal experiments
Authors:   Working Committee for the Biological Characterization Laboratory of Animals/GV-Solas
Published: June 2007

Any report on the results of animal studies must include sufficient information on the animals used and their conditions of husbandry to enable the reader to understand how the investigation was performed. Only then can he properly interpret the findings. These guide-lines provide a catalogue of the minimum information which should be included in such reports.
Fuzzy: a genetic marker for warfarin resistance in the Norway rat
Authors: Greaves J. H. , Ayres Priscilla B.
Published: June 2007

No recombination was observed between fuzzy ( fz) and warfarin resistance ( Rww) in 245 rats from a backcross test for linkage. This locates fz very close to Rw in linkage group I. The map position established for fz makes this allele particularly suitable for use in combination with p (pink-eyed dilution) for linkage tests in group I and as a genetic marker for the Rw locus in studies of warfarin resistance. The map position of fz in the rat corresponds to that of fr (frizzy) in the mouse, suggesting homology between these loci in the 2 species.
Planning and Scheduling by Logic-Based Benders Decomposition
Authors: Hooker J. N.
Published: June 2007

We combine mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and constraint programming (CP) to solve an important class of planning and scheduling problems. Tasks are allocated to facilities using MILP and scheduled using CP, and the two are linked via logic-based Benders decomposition. Tasks assigned to a facility may run in parallel subject to resource constraints (cumulative scheduling). We solve problems in which the objective is to minimize cost, makespan, or total tardiness. We obtain significant computational speedups, of several orders of magnitude for the first two objectives, relative to the state of the art in both MILP and CP. We also obtain better solutions and bounds for problems than cannot be solved to optimality.
Note: A Separation Principle for a Class of Assemble-to-Order Systems with Expediting
Authors: Plambeck Erica L. , Ward Amy R.
Published: June 2007

In an assemble-to-order system, a wide variety of products are rapidly assembled from component inventories in response to customer orders. We assume that orders must be filled within a product-specific target lead time. In the event that some of the components required to fill an order are out of stock, these components must be expedited. The objective is to minimize the expected infinite-horizon discounted cost of primary component production and expediting. Our formulation captures financial holding costs but implicitly assumes that physical holding costs are negligible. The controls are (1) sequencing orders for assembly, (2) primary component production, and (3) component expediting. We prove that the multidimensional assemble-to-order control problem separates into single-item inventory control problems. In particular, under an optimal policy for assembly sequencing, the optimal production and expediting policy for each component is independent of all other components. Hence, the literature on single-item inventory management with expediting or lost sales is directly relevant to the control of assemble-to-order systems.
Bounds, Heuristics, and Approximations for Distribution Systems
Authors: Gallego Guillermo , Özer Özalp , Zipkin Paul
Published: June 2007

This paper develops simple approximate methods to analyze a two-stage distribution system consisting of one warehouse and multiple retailers with stochastic demand. We consider local and central control schemes. The main ideas are based on relaxing and or decomposing the system into more manageable newsvendor-type subsystems. We also provide bounds on the optimal policy and the optimal expected cost. We show that one of the heuristics is asymptotically optimal in the number of retailers. These results provide practically useful techniques as well as insights into stock-positioning issues and the drivers of system performance.
Progressive Interval Heuristics for Multi-Item Capacitated Lot-Sizing Problems
Authors: Federgruen Awi , Meissner Joern , Tzur Michal
Published: June 2007

We consider a family of N items that are produced in, or obtained from, the same production facility. Demands are deterministic for each item and each period within a given horizon of T periods. If in a given period an order is placed, setup costs are incurred. The aggregate order size is constrained by a capacity limit. The objective is to find a lot-sizing strategy that satisfies the demands for all items over the entire horizon without backlogging, and that minimizes the sum of inventory-carrying costs, fixed-order costs, and variable-order costs.

All demands, cost parameters, and capacity limits may be time dependent. In the basic joint setup cost (JS) model, the setup cost of an order does not depend on the composition of the order. The joint and item-dependent setup cost (JIS) model allows for item-dependent setup costs in addition to the joint setup costs. We develop and analyze a class of so-called progressive interval heuristics. A progessive interval heuristic solves a JS or JIS problem over a progressively larger time interval, always starting with period 1, but fixing the setup variables of a progressively larger number of periods at their optimal values in earlier iterations. Different variants in this class of heuristics allow for different degrees of flexibility in adjusting continuous variables determined in earlier iterations of the algorithm.

For the JS-model and the two basic implementations of the progressive interval heuristics, we show under some mild parameter conditions that the heuristics can be designed to be ϵ-optimal for any desired value of ϵ > 0 with a running time that is polynomially bounded in the size of the problem. They can also be designed to be simultaneously asymptotically optimal and polynomially bounded.

A numerical study covering both the JS and JIS models shows that a progressive interval heuristic generates close-to-optimal solutions with modest computational effort and that it can be effectively used to solve large-scale problems.
Simple Models of Influenza Progression Within a Heterogeneous Population
Authors: Larson Richard C.
Published: June 2007

The focus of this “OR framing paper” is to introduce the operations research (OR) community to the need for new mathematical modeling of an influenza pandemic and its control. By reviewing relevant history and literature, one key concern that emerges relates to how a population’s heterogeneity may affect disease progression. Another is to explore within a modeling framework “social distancing” as a disease progression control method, where social distancing refers to steps aimed at reducing the frequency and intensity of daily human-to-human contacts. To depict social contact behavior of a heterogeneous population susceptible to infection, a nonhomogeneous probabilistic mixing model is developed. Partitioning the population of susceptibles into subgroups, based on frequency of daily human contacts and infection propensities, a stylistic difference equation model is then developed depicting the day-to-day evolution of the disease. This simple model is then used to develop a preliminary set of results. Two key findings are (1) early exponential growth of the disease may be dominated by susceptibles with high human contact frequencies and may not be indicative of the general population’s susceptibility to the disease, and (2) social distancing may be an effective nonmedical way to limit and perhaps even eradicate the disease. Much more decision-focused research needs to be done before any of these preliminary findings may be used in practice.
Congestion Pricing and Noncooperative Games in Communication Networks
Authors: Ganesh Ayalvadi , Laevens Koenraad , Steinberg Richard
Published: June 2007

We consider congestion pricing as a mechanism for sharing bandwidth in communication networks, and model the interaction among the users as a game. We propose a decentralized algorithm for the users that is based on the history of the price process, where user response to congestion prices is analogous to “fictitious play” in game theory, and show that this results in convergence to the unique Wardrop equilibrium. We further show that the Wardrop equilibrium coincides with the welfare-maximizing capacity allocation.