bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of Octopus maya revealed by mtDNA sequences
Authors: Juárez OE , Rosas C , Arena-Ortiz ML
Published: September 2012

The phylogenic relationships among the Octopus species have not been fully established. We compared sequences for three mitochondrial genes (16S ribosomal RNA, cytochrome oxydase I, and cytochrome oxydase III) from Octopus maya, an endemic taxon of the Yucatan Peninsula, with homologous sequences from other taxa within the Octopus genus, with the aim of elucidating the phylogenetic relationships of this species. Maximum likelihood trees grouped O. maya with octopuses that inhabit the East Pacific. Considering that the distribution of O. maya is limited to the Yucatan peninsula in the West Atlantic and that the sequences analyzed show equal evolutionary rates across taxa, we propose that the divergence of O. maya possibly started during the formation of the Panama Isthmus, when the Pacific and Atlantic basins were split. The genetic distances that O. maya sequences show within the trees obtained are in the range of congeneric distances of other taxa in this genus so that these sequences are characters that support the inclusion of O. maya within the genus Octopus.
Characterization of the fouling community of macroinvertebrates on the scallop Nodipecten nodosus (Mollusca, Pectinidae) farmed in Santa Catarina, Brazil
Authors: Carraro JL , Rupp GS , Mothes B , Lerner C , Würdig NL
Published: September 2012

The culture of marine molluscs became, in the last ten years, an important source of income for communities living along the coast of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The scallop Nodipecten nodosus is a species with high potential for aquaculture, and cultivation at pilot/experimental scale has been carried out in the state with excellent prospects. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the fouling organisms on N. nodosus and also assess scallop growth and survival. Samples were collected from N. nodosus shells cultured at Canto Grande Beach, Santa Catarina State, from June 2006 to July 2007. Thirty-one taxa of eight groups were collected from scallop valves, but only 10 taxa represented more than 98% of the total abundance. Despite increased richness of species and differences in abundance and diversity, no evidence of ecological succession was found. Even after 467 days of study without cleaning the valves, scallops presented high growth (5.58 mm month–1) and survival rates (~90%).
Effect of temperature on the culture of larvae of the bivalve Mytilus chilensis originated from broodstocks from different latitudes in a controlled environment
Authors: Lagos L , Uriarte I , Yany G , Astorga M
Published: September 2012

D-veliger larvae from Mytilus chilensis broodstocks from natural banks of Punta Arenas and Chiloé (Chile) were grown at 9 ± 0.5 ºC and 15 ± 0.5 ºC to compare results under two culture temperatures. During this experiment, larvae were fed Isochrysis galbana (clone T-ISO). The larvae were grouped into four groups depending on origin of broodstock and the culture temperature. The growth rate was statistically higher in the group from Punta Arenas at 15 ºC, while settlement length was smaller in the group from Chiloé at 9 ºC. In both cases, the remaining groups did not differ significantly. Settlement survival showed no significant differences between populations and temperatures. Both populations showed a better use of accumulated thermal units (ºC day–1) during growth at 9 ºC than at 15 ºC. Despite the genetic differentiation of the Punta Arenas population, the productive outcome of M. chilensis larvae from broodstocks from different latitudes is similar.
Growth, feed intake, survival, and histological response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing grains naturally contaminated with aflatoxin
Authors: Tapia-Salazar M , García-Pérez OD , Velásquez-Soto RA , Nieto-López MG , Villarreal-Cavazos D , Ricque-Marie D , Cruz-Suárez LE
Published: September 2012

Two feeding trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of diets containing corn or peanut grains naturally contaminated with aflatoxins on the growth, feed intake, survival, and histological response of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In trial 1, four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 µg kg–1 of total aflatoxins (TA) and fed to L. vannamei juveniles for 28 days. In trial 2, six experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 µg kg–1 TA and fed to L. vannamei juveniles for 64 days. Feed intake and weight gain were significantly affected by the presence of aflatoxins from naturally contaminated grains. Feed conversion rate increased significantly from a level of inclusion of 60 µg kg–1. Survival was significantly reduced only for shrimp fed diets supplemented with 1000 and 2000 µg kg–1 TA. Shrimp exposed to higher aflatoxin inclusion levels presented significantly lower lipid vacuole levels in R-cells (12–28%), lower B-cell activity, and lower mitotic E-cell activity. Tubular epithelial atrophy increased from the inclusion level of 20 µg kg–1. Hepatopancreatocyte sloughing was significantly higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 1000 and 2000 µg kg–1 TA. It is worth noting that shrimp fed 40 µg kg–1 TA presented a high hepatopancreatocyte sloughing coefficient. Based on these results we conclude that the presence of aflatoxins, even at low levels, reduces feed intake and weight gain, and alters the cells of the hepatopancreas.
Reproductive biology of the rock goby, Gobius paganellus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Gobiidae), on the southern Tunisian coast (Gulf of Gabes)
Authors: Hajji F , Ouannes-Ghorbel A , Ghorbel M , Jarboui O
Published: September 2012

The rock goby Gobius paganellus is one of the most common gobiid fish on the southern Tunisian coast and this study provides the first detailed information on its reproductive biology in the Gulf of Gabes. A total of 356 males (8.9–14 cm total length, TL) and 273 females (9.1–14.3 cm TL) were analyzed. Specimens were dissected and their gonads and livers were removed. Mean size at sexual maturity (TL50; i.e., length at which 50% of the fish are mature) was estimated for males and females by fitting the logistic Gompertz function to the proportion of mature fish per centimeter size class. The gonadosomatic index, the seminal vesicle-somatic index (SVSI), the hepatosomatic index, and the condition index were calculated on a monthly basis. In the entire population, the sex ratio was unbalanced, males dominating among larger size classes. The reproductive period started in October and lasted until March, and the spawning season was between January and March. Monthly changes in the SVSI showed that during the pre-spawning period they have a proliferation phase, followed by a regressive phase during the post-spawning period. The use of lipid reserves, stored predominantly in the liver as well as in muscles, was important during the reproductive season. The estimated length at sexual maturity was 11.44 ± 0.25 cm for males and 10.37 ± 0.23 cm for females. Total fecundity ranged from 5280 to 14,320 eggs per fish, with an average of 8565 ± 608 eggs per fish.
Photoresponsive Molecules in Well‐Defined Nanoscale Environments
Authors: Zheng Yue Bing , Pathem Bala Krishna , Hohman J. Nathan , Thomas John C. , Kim Moonhee , Weiss Paul S.
Published: August 2012

Stimuli‐responsive molecules are key building blocks of functional molecular materials and devices. These molecules can operate in a range of environments. A molecule's local environment will dictate its conformation, reactivity, and function; by controlling the local environment we can ultimately develop interfaces of individual molecules with the macroscopic environment. By isolating molecules in well‐defined environments, we are able to obtain both accurate measurements and precise control. We exploit defect sites in self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) to direct the functional molecules into precise locations, providing a basis for the measurements and engineering of functional molecular systems. The structure and functional moieties of the SAM can be tuned to control not only the intermolecular interactions but also molecule‐substrate interactions, resulting in extraction or control of desired molecular functions. Herein, we report our progress toward the assembly and measurements of photoresponsive molecules and their precise assemblies in SAM matrices.
Integration of Photoswitchable Proteins, Photosynthetic Reaction Centers and Semiconductor/Biomolecule Hybrids with Electrode Supports for Optobioelectronic Applications
Authors: Wang Fuan , Liu Xiaoqing , Willner Itamar
Published: August 2012

Light‐triggered biological processes provide the principles for the development of man‐made optobioelectronic systems. This Review addresses three recently developed topics in the area of optobioelectronics, while addressing the potential applications of these systems. The topics discussed include: (i) the reversible photoswitching of the bioelectrocatalytic functions of redox proteins by the modification of proteins with photoisomerizable units or by the integration of proteins with photoisomerizable environments; (ii) the integration of natural photosynthetic reaction centers with electrodes and the construction of photobioelectrochemical cells and photobiofuel cells; and (iii) the synthesis of biomolecule/semiconductor quantum dots hybrid systems and their immobilization on electrodes to yield photobioelectrochemical and photobiofuel cell elements. The fundamental challenge in the tailoring of optobioelectronic systems is the development of means to electrically contact photoactive biomolecular assemblies with the electrode supports. Different methods to establish electrical communication between the photoactive biomolecular assemblies and electrodes are discussed. These include the nanoscale engineering of the biomolecular nanostructures on surfaces, the development of photoactive molecular wires and the coupling of photoinduced electron transfer reactions with the redox functions of proteins. The different possible applications of optobioelectronic systems are discussed, including their use as photosensors, the design of biosensors, and the construction of solar energy conversion and storage systems.
Facile synthesis and micellization of biodegradable poly(decamethylene succinate)‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Zhu Guixiang , Wang Ying , Zhu Weipu , Zhu Kui , Xu Xiaoyan , Shen Zhiquan
Published: August 2012

In this article, we report the facile one‐pot synthesis of poly(decamethylene succinate) (PDS) with multiple hydroxyl groups by direct polycondensation with malic acid (MA) as the functional monomer and dysprosium triflate as the chemoselective catalyst at 80°C. The secondary hydroxyl groups of malic units were inactive during the polycondensation process. The density of hydroxyl groups of the copolymer could be well‐controlled by the molar ratio of succinic acid and MA in the feed. These hydroxylated PDSs were grafted by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) through a simple esterification reaction; this resulted in amphiphilic PDS‐g‐PEG copolymers, which could undergo micellization in aqueous media to form nanosized aggregates with diverse morphologies and diameters. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013.
Crosslinked epoxy microspheres: Preparation, surface‐initiated polymerization, and use as macroporous silica porogen
Authors: Yu Xiangping , Zhang Chongyin , Ni Yong , Zheng Sixun
Published: August 2012

In this article, we report the preparation of crosslinked epoxy microspheres with diameters of 5–10 μm prepared via phase‐inverted phase separation induced by polymerization in the thermosetting blend of epoxy and poly(ε‐caprolactone). The surfaces of the epoxy microspheres were functionalized to bear 2‐bromopropionyl groups, which were further used as initiators to obtain poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) grafted epoxy microspheres via the surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization approach. The PGMA‐grafted epoxy microspheres were then employed to react with 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxylsilane (APTMS) to obtain the functionalized epoxy microspheres, the surface of which contained a great number of trimethoxysilane groups. A co‐sol–gel process between the APTMS‐functionalized epoxy microspheres and tetraethoxysilane was performed, and organic–inorganic glassy solids were obtained. The organic–inorganic glasses were used as precursors for accessing macroporous silica materials via pyrolysis at elevated temperatures. The hierarchical porosity of the resulting macroporous silica was investigated by means of field emission scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, and surface‐area Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements. We found that the macroporous silica possessed BET surface areas in the range 183.9–235.2 m2/g, depending on the compositions of their precursors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Pharmacokinetic interactions among major bioactive components in Radix Scutellariae via metabolic competition
Authors: Li Chen‐Rui , Zhang Li , Wo Siu‐Kwan , Zhou Li‐Min , Lin Ge , Zuo Zhong
Published: August 2012

Baicalein (B), wogonin (W) and oroxylin A (OA) are major components in Radix Scutellariae with similar pharmacokinetic properties. Due to the co‐presence of these three flavones in herbal formulations for Radix Scutellariae, they are likely consumed together. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the pharmacokinetics of individual flavones is influenced by each other and the underlying mechanism of the interaction. Various systems were utilized in the current study including a rat in vivo study, a Caco‐2 cell monolayer model and a rat in situ single‐pass intestinal perfusion as well as in vitro enzymatic kinetics studies. The B, W and OA given singly as well as in a mixture were administered and the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared. After co‐administration of the three flavones to rats, OA absorption increased significantly in comparison with when OA was administered alone. Mechanistic studies on the Caco‐2 cell monolayer and rat in situ single‐pass intestinal perfusion models revealed that co‐administration of B, W and OA could significantly enhance their absorption and decrease the extent of phase II metabolism. Further in vitro enzymatic study and a transport study in transfected MDCK cells revealed that metabolic competition rather than membrane transporters might contribute to the pharmacokinetic interactions. The co‐presence of multiple active components would result in metabolic interactions, which may induce further changes in pharmacodynamics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Simple Phosphine–Diolefin‐Promoted Copper‐Catalysed N‐Arylation of Pyrazoles with (Hetero)aromatic Bromides: The Case of Chloroarenes Revisited
Authors: Rampazzi Vincent , Massard Alexandre , Richard Philippe , Picquet Michel , Le Gendre Pierre , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille
Published: August 2012

A molecularly defined new phosphine–diolefin cubane copper pre‐catalyst used at 1.25 mol % under mild conditions promotes the coupling of pyrazoles to functionalised aryl and heteroaryl bromides, which hold a variety of functional groups. This versatile phosphorus‐based system was thus successfully used, under identical conditions, for the coupling of a large scope of heteroaromatics to selectively produce pyridinyl‐ and pyrimidinyl‐pyrazoles, as well as several novel furyl‐, thienyl‐ and thiazolyl‐substituted pyrazoles. The careful investigation of coupling with the analogous aryl and heteroaryl chlorides clearly indicated that for specifically activated chloroarenes a direct nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is easily achieved in the absence of any copper and ligand. These results are pertinent with regards to the reported protocols in which copper–ligand systems have been claimed as useful for coupling activated chloroarenes.
Efficient NIR‐Light Emission from Solid‐State Complexes of Boron Difluoride with 2′‐Hydroxychalcone Derivatives
Authors: D'Aléo Anthony , Gachet David , Heresanu Vasile , Giorgi Michel , Fages Frédéric
Published: August 2012

This article describes a series of nine complexes of boron difluoride with 2′‐hydroxychacone derivatives. These dyes were synthesized very simply and exhibited intense NIR emission in the solid state. Complexation with boron was shown to impart very strong donor–acceptor character into the excited state of these dyes, which further shifted their emission towards the NIR region (up to 855 nm for dye 5 b, which contained the strongly donating triphenylamine group). Strikingly, these optical features were obtained for crystalline solids, which are characterized by high molecular order and tight packing, two features that are conventionally believed to be detrimental to luminescence in organic crystals. Remarkably, the emission of light from the π‐stacked molecules did not occur at the expense of the emission quantum yield. Indeed, in the case of pyrene‐containing dye 4, for example, a fluorescence quantum yield of about 15 % with a fluorescence emission maximum at 755 nm were obtained in the solid state. Moreover, dye 3 a and acetonaphthone‐based compounds 1 b, 2 b, and 3 b showed no evidence of degradation as solutions in CH2Cl2 that contained EtOH. In particular, solutions of brightly fluorescent compound 3 a (brightness: ε×Φf=45 000 M−1 cm−1) could be stored for long periods without any detectable changes in its optical properties. All together, these new dyes possess a set of very interesting properties that make them promising solid‐state NIR fluorophores for applications in materials science.
A Soft Copper(II) Porous Coordination Polymer with Unprecedented Aqua Bridge and Selective Adsorption Properties
Authors: Quartapelle Procopio Elsa , Fukushima Tomohiro , Barea Elisa , Navarro Jorge A. R. , Horike Satoshi , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: August 2012

Herein, the synthesis, crystal structure, and full characterization of a new soft porous coordination polymer (PCP) of ([Cu2(dmcapz)2(OH2)]DMF1.5)n (1) formulation, which is easily obtained in the reaction of CuX2 (X=Cl, NO3) salts with 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐carboxypyrazole (H2dmcapz) is present. Compound 1 shows a copper(II) dinuclear secondary building unit (SBU), which is supported by two pyrazolate bridges and an unprecedented H2O bridge. The dinuclear SBUs are further bridged by the carboxylate ligands to build a diamondoid porous network. The structural transformations taking place in 1 framework upon guest removal/uptake has been studied in detail. Indeed, the removal of the bridging water molecules gives rise to a metastable evacuated phase (1 b) that transforms into an extremely stable porous material (1 c) after freezing at liquid‐nitrogen temperature. The soaking of 1 c into water allows the complete and instantaneous recover of the water‐exchanged material (1 a′). Remarkably, 1 b and 1 c materials possess structural bistability, which results in the switchable adsorptive functions. Therefore, the gas‐adsorption properties of both materials have been studied by means of single‐component gas adsorption isotherms as well as by variable‐temperature pulse‐gas chromatography. Both materials present permanent porosity and selective gas‐adsorption properties towards a variety of gases and vapors of environmental and industrial interest. Moreover, the flexible nature of the coordination network and the presence of highly active convergent open metal sites confer on these materials intriguing gas‐adsorption properties with guest‐triggered framework‐breathing phenomena being observed. The plasticity of CuII metal center and its ability to form stable complexes with different coordination numbers is at the origin of the structural transformations and the selective‐adsorption properties of the studied materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Carbamoylacetates from α‐Iodoacetate, CO, and Amines under Pd/Light Combined Conditions.
Authors: Sumino Shuhei , Fusano Akira , Fukuyama Takahide , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: August 2012

The optimized conditions produce the desired target compounds as key intermediates for biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds.
Polymorphism M55V in gene encoding small ubiquitin‐like modifier 4 (SUMO4) protein associates with susceptibility to type 1 (and type 2) diabetes
Authors: Tang Song‐tao , Peng Wen‐jia , Wang Chang‐jiang , Tang Hai‐qin , Zhang Qiu
Published: August 2012

Background

The association between small ubiquitin‐like modifier 4 (SUMO4) gene polymorphism and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been investigated in several studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis to evaluate the association of SUMO4 gene polymorphism with T1DM and T2DM susceptibility.

Methods

A meta‐analysis was performed on the published studies before August 2011. The association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with T1DM and T2DM was evaluated. Meta‐analysis was performed for genotypes AA versus GG, AA versus AG, AA versus AG + GG and A allele versus G allele in a fixed/random effect model. The combined odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to estimate the strength of the association.

Results

Sixteen case–control studies including 9190 cases and 10 456 healthy controls were included. T1DM patients were divided into Asian and Caucasian subgroup. We detected a significant association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with T1DM in Asian population (A versus G: OR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.72–0.86, p = 0.000) and a significant association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with T1DM in Caucasian population (A versus G: OR = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.73–0.97, p = 0.007). Included T2DM patients were all Asian. Meanwhile, a significant association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with T2DM was also found (A versus G: OR = 0.86, 95%CI = 0.79–0.94, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates significant associations of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with T1DM in Asian and Caucasian population and with T2DM in Asian population. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient and Selective Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols Using an Iron(III)/Phenanthroline Complex: Structural Studies and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Biswas Bhaskar , Al‐Hunaiti Afnan , Räisänen Minna T. , Ansaloni Simone , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo , Chen Yen‐Tung , Tsai Hui‐Lien , Naik Anil D. , Railliet Antoine P. , Garcia Yann , Ghosh Rajarshi , Kole Niranjan
Published: August 2012

An efficient catalytic system for the oxidation of alcohols has been developed by using iron(III) catalyst [Fe(phen)2Cl2]NO3 (1) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) and H2O2 as terminal oxidant. A series of primary and secondary alcohols were oxidized into aldehydes and ketones in good yields and excellent selectivities after a short reaction time. The mononuclear iron(III) complex [Fe(phen)2Cl2]NO3 was characterized by several independent methods. The X‐ray structure shows distorted octahedral geometry around the FeIII center, which is in a high‐spin state (S = 5/2) according to Mössbauer study.
Electrochemical Behavior of Calcein and the Interaction Between Calcein and DNA
Authors: Zhang Xuzhi , Li Meng , Cui Yi , Zhao Jun , Cui Zhengguo , Li Qiufen , Qu Keming
Published: September 2012

The electrochemical behavior of calcein (CA) has been investigated by using a conductive carbon black paste electrode (CCBPE) as working electrode. It exhibits a single well‐defined redox peak in phosphate buffered saline in the range of pH 5.5–8.0, which attributes to the irreversible oxidation with 2 electrons and 2 protons participation. Under the optimized analytical conditions, the proposed linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) method allows the determination of CA in a linear concentration range of 0.64–9.60 µM, with a limit of detection of 0.32 µM. Further, the interaction between CA and DNA were studied by voltammetric and spectrometric methods. Both studies have shown that CA can bind to DNA by the intercalation binding mode. Under the present experimental condition, the binding constant β of CA and dsDNA is 1.10×107. Meanwhile, in the loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction mixture there is obvious interaction between CA and dsDNA, resulting in a nonignorable decrease of the indicating sensitivity.
HIGH‐FREQUENCY EXCHANGE‐RATE PREDICTION WITH AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Choudhry Taufiq , McGroarty Frank , Peng Ke , Wang Shiyun
Published: August 2012

This paper examines how market microstructure variables can be used to forecast foreign exchange (FX) rates at frequencies of one to several minutes. We use a unique FX dataset of global inter‐dealer electronic transactions and applied the artificial neural network (ANN) as the predicting model. The immediately preceding bid and ask prices are significant factors in these predictions, which is in keeping with market microstructure theory. These microstructure factors have not been tested in an ANN model before. High‐frequency trading strategies based on the ANN model are shown to be profitable even when transaction costs are included. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and in vitro degradation performance of Mg–Zn–Mn alloys for biomedical application
Authors: Rosalbino F. , De Negri S. , Scavino G. , Saccone A.
Published: September 2012

Manganese and zinc were selected as alloying elements to develop a Mg‐based ternary alloy for biomedical applications, taking into account the good biocompatibility of these metals. The microstructures of Mg–Zn–Mn alloys containing 0.5 or 1.0 mass% of manganese and 1.0 or 1.5 mass% of zinc were investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Their corrosion properties were assessed by means of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements performed in Ringer's physiological solution that simulates bodily fluids. All tested samples are two‐phase alloys formed by a Mg‐based matrix, consisting of a Mg–Zn–Mn solid solution, and a Mg–Zn binary phase. The electrochemical results show an improvement of the corrosion behavior of the investigated alloys with increasing Zn and Mn content. This is attributed to the formation of a partially protective Mg(OH)2 surface film whose protective capabilities are increased by the alloying elements. The reduced influence of the Mg–Zn intermetallic compound on the corrosion rate of Mg–Zn–Mn alloys in the presence of a partially protective surface layer can be ascribed to an increasing resistance between the Mg–Zn–Mn solid solution and the second phase, thereby decreasing the effective driving force for microgalvanic corrosion. Owing to its highest corrosion protective ability, the Mg–1.5Zn–1Mn alloy is a promising candidate for the development of degradable implants, such as screws, plates, and rods. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 704–711, 2013.
Effects of androgen deprivation therapy and bisphosphonate treatment on bone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Results from the University of Washington Rapid Autopsy Series
Authors: Morrissey Colm , Roudier Martine P , Dowell Alex , True Lawrence D , Ketchanji Melanie , Welty Christopher , Corey Eva , Lange Paul H , Higano Celestia S , Vessella Robert L
Published: August 2012

Qualitative and quantitative bone features were determined in nondecalcified and decalcified bone from 20 predetermined bone sites in each of 44 patients who died with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), some of which received bisphosphonate treatment (BP) in addition to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). Thirty-nine of the 44 patients (89%) had evidence of bone metastases. By histomorphometric analysis, these bone metastases were associated with a range of bone responses from osteoblastic to osteolytic with a wide spectrum of bone responses often seen within an individual patient. Overall, the average bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) was 25.7%, confirming the characteristic association of an osteoblastic response to prostate cancer bone metastasis when compared with the normal age-matched weighted mean BV/TV of 14.7%. The observed new bone formation was essentially woven bone, and this was a localized event. In comparing BV/TV at metastatic sites between patients who had received BP treatment and those who had not, there was a significant difference (28.6% versus 19.3%, respectively). At bone sites that were not invaded by tumor, the average BV/TV was 10.1%, indicating significant bone loss owing to ADT that was not improved (11%) in those patients who had received BPs. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the number of osteoclasts present at the metastatic sites between patients treated or not treated with BPs, but in bone sites where the patient had been treated with BPs, giant osteoclasts were observed. Overall, 873 paraffin-embedded specimens and 661 methylmethacrylate-embedded specimens were analyzed. Our results indicate that in CRPC patients, ADT induces serious bone loss even in patients treated with BP. Furthermore, in this cohort of patients, BP treatment increased BV and did not decrease the number of osteoclasts in prostate cancer bone metastases compared with bone metastases from patients who did not receive BP. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Mind‐Body CAM Interventions: Current Status and Considerations for Integration Into Clinical Health Psychology
Authors: Park Crystal
Published: August 2012

Objective

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly used for treating myriad health conditions and for maintaining general health. The present article provides an overview of current CAM use with a specific focus on mind‐body CAM and its efficacy in treating health conditions.

Method

Characteristics of CAM users are presented, and then evidence regarding the efficacy of mind‐body treatments (biofeedback, meditation, guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, hypnosis, yoga, tai chi, and qi gong) is reviewed.

Results

Demographics associated with CAM use are fairly well‐established, but less is known about their psychological characteristics. Although the efficacy of mind‐body CAM modalities for health conditions is receiving a great deal of research attention, studies have thus far produced a weak base of evidence. Methodological limitations of current research are reviewed. Suggestions are made for future research that will provide more conclusive knowledge regarding efficacy and, ultimately, effectiveness of mind‐body CAM. Considerations for clinical applications, including training and competence, ethics, treatment tailoring, prevention efforts, and diversity, conclude the article.

Conclusions

Integration of CAM modalities into clinical health psychology can be useful for researchers taking a broader perspective on stress and coping processes, illness behaviors, and culture; for practitioners seeking to incorporate CAM perspectives into their work; and for policy makers in directing healthcare resources wisely.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and fluorescence emission of gold nanoparticle–multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids
Authors: Sharma Himani , Agarwal Dinesh C. , Shukla A. K. , Avasthi D. K. , Vankar V. D.
Published: August 2012

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are grafted with gold (Au) nanoparticles of different sizes (1–12 and 1–20 nm) to form Au–MWCNT hybrids. The Au nanoparticles pile up at defect sites on the edges of MWCNTs in the form of chains. The micro‐Raman scattering studies of these hybrids were carried using visible to infrared wavelengths (514.5 and 1064 nm). Enhanced Raman scattering and fluorescence is observed at an excitation wavelength of 514.5 nm. It is found that the graphitic (G) mode intensity enhances by 10 times and down shifts by approximately 3 cm−1 for Au–MWCNT hybrids in comparison with pristine carbon nanotubes. This enhancement in G mode due to surface‐enhanced Raman scattering effect is related to the interaction of MWCNTs with Au nanoparticles. The enhancement in Raman scattering and fluorescence for large size nanoparticles for Au–MWCNTs hybrids is corroborated with localized surface plasmon polaritons. The peak position of localized surface plasmons of Au nanoparticles shifts with the change in environment. Further, no enhancement in G mode was observed at an excitation wavelength of 1064 nm. However, the defect mode (D) mode intensity enhances, and peak position is shifted by approximately 40 cm−1 to lower side at the same wavelength. The enhanced intensity of D mode at 1064 nm excitation wavelength is related to the double resonance phenomenon and shift in the particular mode occurs due to more electron phonon interactions near Fermi level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overcoming undernutrition with local resources in Africa, Asia and Latin America
Authors: Krawinkel Michael B
Published: August 2012

Even in the 21st century, undernutrition is a challenge to be overcome. In the year 2009, 1.02 billion people were reported as food insecure and 180 million children were undernourished. Food insecurity and undernutrition are more than a lack of food energy: they are not reflected countrywide by prevalence means; they are mostly not permanent but seasonal; they are mostly not caused by insufficient amounts of food being produced; and they first affect parents and later children. Food insecurity and undernutrition often manifest themselves as micronutrient deficiency. While undernutrition is still a challenge for global nutrition, a second challenge has arisen: preventing caloric overnutrition. In various countries, food pyramids or food circles have been plotted supporting nutrition education and illustrating the challenge. Such integrative approaches are desirable for all countries of the world, as in all countries, to a smaller or larger extent, undernutrition and caloric overnutrition are the problems of today and tomorrow. The International Assessment of Agriculture for Science Technology and Development (IAASTD) has paid attention to the inescapable interconnectedness of agriculture's different roles and functions in the world and in all societies. Overcoming undernutrition with local resources means first protecting and promoting the use of local resources against imports of low‐priced processed foods from subsidised production in industrialised countries; second, it means developing education and training material for regional food production with a nutrition orientation; and third, the experiences of organic farming can contribute much to support farmers in developing countries in planting their indigenous varieties and applying integrated pest management strategies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Control of Phytophthora nicotianae disease, induction of defense responses and genes expression of papaya fruits treated with Pseudomonas putida MGP1
Authors: Shi Jingying , Liu Aiyuan , Li Xueping , Chen Weixin
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Biological control is a potential strategy to reduce post‐harvest decay in several fruits. Little research has been carried out on the effects of endophytic bacterium on post‐harvest blight caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in papaya. In this work, the biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas putida MGP1 on this disease and its possible mechanisms, including changes of defensive enzyme activities, total phenolic content and mRNA levels of two important genes, were investigated.

RESULTS: Fruits treated with MGP1 showed a significant lower disease index and demonstrated increases in chitinase, β‐1,3‐glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities and total phenolic content. In addition, the expression levels of pathogenesis related protein 1 gene (PR1) and non‐expressor of PR1 gene (NPR1) in papaya fruits were elevated by MGP1 treatment.

CONCLUSION The results indicated that papaya fruits were responsive to the endophytic bacterium Ps. putida, which could activate defensive enzymes and genes and thereby induce host disease resistance. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Postharvest management affects spearmint and calamint essential oils
Authors: Tibaldi Giorgio , Fontana Emanuela , Nicola Silvana
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this work were to evaluate the phytomass yield, essential oil (EO) content and EO yield of Mentha spicata L. var. rubra, M. spicata L. var. viridis and Calamintha nepeta Savi in Piedmont (Italy), and to study how postharvest management (hydrodistillation of EO from fresh, dehumidified or oven‐dried herbs) can affect the EO content and profile of the three species.

RESULTS: Mentha spicata L. var. rubra gave the greatest phytomass yield (1997 g m−2), which was statistically different from M. spicata L. var. viridis and C. nepeta. The highest EO yield was obtained from C. nepeta (3.75 g m−2), which was significantly different from the Mentha genus. Postharvest management significantly affected both the EO content and the EO profile of each species, with the dehumidifying process leading to a significantly higher EO content than the oven‐drying process. The EO profile was different not only from species to species but also because of the postharvest management.

CONCLUSION: The dehumidifying process is a relatively new postharvest technology that has shown positive results in terms of EO yield, and it can be applied to species which have a high EO value, after evaluation of the resulting EO profile. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Volatile constituents of roasted tigernut oil (Cyperus esculentus L.)
Authors: Lasekan Ola
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Volatile compounds play a key role in determining the sensory appreciation of vegetable oils. In this study a systematic evaluation of odorants responsible for the characteristic flavour of roasted tigernut oil was carried out.

RESULTS: A total of 75 odour‐active volatiles were identified. From these, 13 aroma compounds showing high flavour dilution factors in the range of 16 to 128 were quantified by their odour activity values (OAVs). On the basis of high OAVs in oil, the following aroma compounds [vanillin (chocolate, sweet vanilla), 5‐ethylfurfural (caramel, spicy), 2,3‐dihydro‐3,5‐dihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one (caramel), phenyl acetaldehyde (honey‐like), ethanone, 1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl) (faint vanilla)] were elucidated as important contributors to the overall chocolate, sweet vanilla, butterscotch aroma of the oil.

CONCLUSION: Odorants with high concentrations in the roasted tigernut oil such as 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, ethyl hexadecanoate, n‐propyl‐9,12‐octadecadienoate gave relatively low OAVs, so their contributions to the overall orthonasal aroma impression of roasted tigernut oil can be assumed to be low. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Composition of two Spanish common dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), ‘Almonga’ and ‘Curruquilla’, and their postprandial effect in type 2 diabetics
Authors: Olmedilla‐Alonso Begoña , Pedrosa Mercedes Martín , Cuadrado Carmen , Brito Miguel , Asensio‐S‐Manzanera Carmen , Asensio‐Vegas Carmen
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Legume consumption has been associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, the type of legume is a modifier of its effect. Two Spanish dry bean varieties—white (‘Almonga’) and cream (‘Curruquilla’)—were analyzed and used in a postprandial study in type 2 diabetics to assess glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol in blood.

RESULTS: ‘Curruquilla’ variety had higher total galactoside (stachyose, mainly), trypsin inhibitors and lectin content than ‘Almonga’. The canning liquid was discarded prior to the analysis and the bean consumption by the subjects. The canning process reduced the total α‐galactoside content (>50%), practically eliminated trypsin inhibitors, and no lectin content was found. After bean consumption, maximum glucose was obtained at 60 min and was three times lower than that in bread. After bean intake, maximum insulin was produced 60 min with ‘Almonga’ and occurred later (90 min) with ‘Curruquilla’ and bread. After ‘Almonga’ intake, the area under the curve response of triglycerides was 14% lower compared to bread (P = 0.013).

CONCLUSIONS: ‘Almonga’ and ‘Curruquilla’ are similar in the content of the nutritional but not in that of the antinutritional components. Both beans showed similar effects on blood glucose and insulin in type 2 diabetics and marked differences compared to those of bread in terms of magnitude and time course, but only ‘Almonga’ rendered a significant reduction in the triglyceridemic response. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Responsiveness of ‘Conference’ pears to 1‐methylcyclopropene: the role of harvest date, orchard location and year
Authors: Chiriboga Maria‐Angeles , Schotsmans Wendy C , Larrigaudière Christian , Dupille Eve , Recasens Inmaculada
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: In some pear varieties like ‘Conference’, 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) treatment often impairs the ripening process indefinitely and the pears remain ‘evergreen’. To better understand this behaviour, the influence of the harvest date, orchard location and year on the effectiveness of 1‐MCP treatment was investigated.

RESULTS: Pear softening was inhibited by 1‐MCP treatment and the effectiveness of the treatment depended on harvest date, orchard location and year. Differences in the rate of softening in 1‐MCP‐treated pears depended mainly on the fruit physiological maturity at the moment of 1‐MCP treatment. Accordingly, the combination of the Streif index and ethylene production at harvest appeared to be able to predict the evergreen behaviour. Treated pears with a low Streif index (<0.8) and high ethylene production at harvest (≥0.23 µL kg−1 h−1) maintain significantly high firmness but did soften during shelf life, reaching acceptable eating quality.

CONCLUSION: Evergreen behaviour was mainly influenced by the initial fruit maturity and especially by the ability of the fruit to produce ethylene at the moment of treatment. More mature fruit were able to overcome the inhibition by 1‐MCP, and the solution to prevent evergreen behaviour therefore lies in the adequate determination of harvest maturity. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Isolation and characterization of pepsin‐solubilized collagen from the integument of sea cucumber (Stichopus vastus)
Authors: Abedin Md Zainul , Karim Alias A , Ahmed Faiyaz , Latiff Aishah A , Gan Chee‐Yuen , Che Ghazali Farid , Islam Sarker Md Zaidul
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Sea cucumber (Stichopus vastus) is considered an underutilized resource, since only its stomach and intestines are eaten raw as salad in a few countries and the remaining parts, especially the integument rich in collagen, is discarded. Hence a valuable by‐product having potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications is wasted. In the present investigation, pepsin‐solubilized collagen (PSC) from the integument of S. vastus was isolated, purified and characterized.

RESULTS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis showed that the purified collagen was of type I, consisting of three α1 chains of approximately 122 kDa each. The peptide map of PSC digested by V8 protease was different from that of calf skin type I collagen. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the triple helical structure was well preserved in isolated collagen. The denaturation temperature of PSC was 21.23 °C and showed good gel‐forming capability at pH 6.5 and 300 mmol L−1 NaCl.

CONCLUSION: It is inferred that the collagen isolated from S. vastus integument has potential for use as an alternative to land‐based mammalian collagen in food, nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical industries. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on physicochemical and functional properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) protein isolate
Authors: Qin Zihan , Guo Xingfeng , Lin Yan , Chen Jiluan , Liao Xiaojun , Hu Xiaosong , Wu Jihong
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a good source of protein that has potential application in new product formation and fortification. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (300–600 MPa 20 min) on physicochemical and functional properties of walnut protein isolate (WPI) using various analytical techniques at room temperature.

RESULTS: The results showed significant modification of solubility, free sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity with increased levels of HHP treatment, indicating partial denaturation and aggregation of proteins. Differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectrum analyses demonstrated that HHP treatment resulted in gradual unfolding of protein structure. Emulsifying activity index was significantly (P < 0.05) increased after HHP treatment at 400 MPa, but significantly decreased (P < 0.05) relative to the untreated WPI with further increase in pressure. HHP treatment at 300–600 MPa significantly decreased emulsion stability index. Additionally, HHP‐treated walnut proteins showed better foaming properties and in vitro digestibility.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HHP treatment could be applied to modify the properties of walnut proteins by appropriate of pressure levels, which will help in using walnut protein as a potential food ingredient. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Nest site fidelity and dispersal of Rio Grande wild turkey hens in Texas
Authors: Locke Shawn L. , Hardin Jason , Skow Kevin , Peterson Markus J. , Silvy Nova J. , Collier Bret A.
Published: August 2012

Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) nests suffer high predation rates exceeding 65%, which may limit recruitment. We evaluated post‐nesting movements of reproductively active female Rio Grande wild turkeys. We monitored 194 nesting attempts between 2005 and 2010 and documented 17% and 32% overall apparent nest success for the Edwards Plateau and Central Rio Grande Plains study regions, respectively. Rio Grande wild turkey hens move approximately 1.2 km (SD = 0.7) between nesting attempts within a nesting season and approximately 1.4 km (SD = 1.6) between initial nesting attempts among years. Rio Grande wild turkey hens selected open areas with moderate woody cover for nesting (${\bar {x}}$ = 37.7%; range = 3.0–88.2%). Patchiness of vegetation in the nesting landscape also was borne out by typically low edge‐to‐area ratios (${\bar {x}}$ = 0.20; range = 0.040–0.732). We found no clear pattern in movement distance and either landscape composition or edge‐to‐area ratio for within or between breeding season nest site selection for either the Edwards Plateau or Central Rio Grande Plains study region. Based on our results, movement distances post‐nest failure do not seem to influence habitat selection. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Optimizing outcomes for pediatric recipients
Authors: Samyn Marianne
Published: September 2012

Key Points

1. After liver transplantation (LT), the majority of children now grow into adulthood, with 10-year patient survival rates of 74% to 84% and graft survival rates of 62% to 72% according to United Network for Organ Sharing data.

2. Graft and patient survival rates decrease for patients undergoing transplantation between the ages of 12 and 17 years, and this raises the importance of dedicated adolescent care and appropriate transitioning to adult services.

3. Complications associated with long-term immunosuppression, including renal complications, infections, malignancies, and cardiovascular complications, are well described, and the risk factors are defined.

4. Biomarkers for measuring clinical immunosuppression and the concept of tolerance-inducing regimens are exciting, but further assessment is needed in large, prospective, multicenter studies.

5. As long-term medical complications are better managed, we need to focus on understanding the challenges for pediatric LT patients with respect to quality of life and health status. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.