bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Toxicity of Some Insecticides to a Freshwater Teleost Lebistes reticulatus (PETERS)
Authors: Gupta P. K. , Mujumdar V. S. , Rao P. S.
Published: February 2007

In batch tests with daily exchange of the medium the toxicity of endosulfan, lindane, aldrin, chlordane, rogor and novocron is investigated during times of exposure of 12… 96 h. The mean survival periods and the LC50 are determined. Toxicity increases in the following sequence (LC50,96h) (in mg/1): novocron (22.65), rogor (18.97), chlordane (0.341), aldrin (0.017), lindane (0.0160), endosulfan (0.0027). The following safe concentrations in mg/1 are recommended: 0.0006 endosulfan, 0.0041 lindane, 0.0010 aldrin, 0.1436 chlordane, 5.4086 rogor and 7.2309 novocron.
Beitrag zur analytischen Beschreibung von Transportprozessen im Grundwasserleiter bei diffusem Stoffeintrag
Authors: Schwan M.
Published: February 2007

A model is described for the relation between water quantity and water quality in the aquifer with the diffuse substance input by the gravitation water being taken into account. The model is based on a partial differential equation of the second order for a flow pipe. For constant transport parameters, a sink of the kinetics of the first order and a time‐dependent source term an exact analytical solution is presented and explained by a model. At a diffuse substance input, the dispersion has only a slight influence on the transport of substances contained in water. Potential applications of these solutions to different problems are mentioned.
Displacement Phenomenon of Slow and Fast Growing Species in Microorganisms Association
Authors: Vavilin V. A.
Published: February 2007

In the process of the biological treatment of sewage, the multicomponent system of the substrate is converted by an association of microorganisms. The composition of species of microorganisms in the system depends on the substrate available and on the conversion of substrate. For this, a mathematical model is presented, which describes the change of the composition of species according to the rate of growth of the individual species on the basis of load (substrate available/biomass). The diversity of the biological system increases with decreasing load. The model is tested by practical examples.
Untersuchungen zur Einzel‐ und Gemischadsorption von Phenolen an Aktivkohlen. Teil 1. Einzeladsorptionsgleichgewichte von Phenol, p‐Chlorphenol und p‐Nitrophenol
Authors: Worch E.
Published: February 2007

Adsorption investigations at 25 °C were carried out with the aqueous solutions of phenol, p‐chlorophenol and p‐nitrophenol on two types of activated carbon which were produced on the basis of lignite high‐temperature coke. For setting the equilibrium, stirring was carried out for some days in closed vessels. Several isotherm — equations were used for mathematical descriptions of the adsorption equilibria. Two‐parameter equations, as the Freundlich‐ and Langmuir‐isotherms, do not suffice for the total course of the isotherms. Satisfactory results of the adaptation to the experimental values on the investigated concentration range were obtained from three‐parameter isotherm — equations. The results of measurement series are summarized in tables.
Beitrag zur Phosphorbestimmung im Klärschlamm
Authors: Malý J.
Published: February 2007

As the introduction, the advantages and drawbacks of a large number of phosphorus determination methods and digestion techniques for particulate matter, as e. g. sewage sludge, used in practice are described. The results of some investigations concerning the techniques of digestion as well as the further preparation of the extracts for the phosphorus determination proper are graphically and in tabular form represented and interpreted. The investigated photo‐metric methods may be disturbed by iron and silicic‐acid components. Advice about, and possibilities for avoiding such disturbances are given. In the case of the simultaneous application of the Kjeldahl digestion for the determination of nitrogen as well as of phosphorus there should be paid attention to possible disturbances by the selenium‐ or mercury‐containing catalyst additives in the further processing of samples due to the formation of deposits.
Occurrence and Nutritional Relations of the Limax‐Amoebae Group in Bathing Pool Waters
Authors: Švorcová Libuše
Published: February 2007

In 392 samples from 14 balneological therapeutic pools and two swimming pools with untreated and chlorinated water of 15… 30 °C the following species were found in 72% of the samples (percentage of positive samples): Acanthamoeba polyphaga (10.5), A. castellani (3.7), Naegleria gruberi (5.9), N. lovaniensis (12.7), Vahlkampfia ustiniana (7.2), V. spec. (15.8), Hartmanella vermiformis and H. exudans (13.1), H. spec. (31.2). 47% of the positive findings grew also at 37 °C, 9% of them also at 44 °C. The average densities amounted to between 27 and 777 ind./l, the maxima were between 66 and more than 1000 ind./l. Neither heterotrophic bacteria nor amoebas could be detected in 25 samples, in the other samples a significant regression exists between the number of amoebas per litre A and the number of bacteria N/ml of the form lg A=0.47 × lg N + 1.22. Because of the danger of the occurrence of pathogenic amoebas, too, in the bathing pool waters, the analysis for amoebas is recommended to check the bathing water. As a temporary working level, the absence of amoebas in a sample of 100 ml is proposed.
Untersuchungen zum Nachweis vonEscherichia coliim Wasser
Authors: Stelzer W.
Published: February 2007

From river water there were isolated 21 species (mainly coliform bacteria) in 914 strains. Of the pure cultures of coliform bacteria (E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter) 74.1 % ofE. coliand 23.2 % of theKlebsiellastrains showed lactose decomposition with gas formation at 44 °C. More than 90 % of the isolatedKlebsielladid not form indole. Therefore, the temperature test and the indole formation (at 44 °C) (TI‐test) made a very specific detection ofE. coliin water possible. 94.7 % of the cultures grown initially on endoagar after a positive TI‐test proved to beE. coli.The detection ofE. colishowed a very good agreement with the standard method and the TI‐test, the detection with the standard method being considerably dependent on the number of checked coliform colonies.
Biomass Determination in Some Species Using a Geometric Equivalent Technique of Plankton Organisms
Authors: Sarkar S. , Jana B. B.
Published: February 2007

The plankton collected from three fish ponds shows a considerable variability within a pond, between the ponds and in the course of the year. The individual volumes or weights are (minimum—mean—maximum): Gleotrichia echinulata 41–252–879 μg3, Chlorella vulgaris 18–42–94 μm3, Oscillatoria amphigranulata 99–306–827 μm3, Brachionus plicatilis 1–4.918 μg, nauplia 0.5–1.25–2.35 μg, Mesocyclops hyalinus 4–45–369—μg, Heliodiaptomus viduus 41–202–288 μg, Daphnia carinata 186–1468–4578 μg.
On the Elimination of Organic Microcontaminants by Flocculation with Lime Hydrate
Authors: Walther H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

For the purpose of utilizing domestic flocculants for the treatment of water and of reducing by this the equivalent imports of metal salts, in this paper the result of investigations made on model waters and on a river water sample is described. The model waters contained the pesticides Atrazin, Diuron and 2,4‐D, which partly were polluted in addition with different quantities of fulvic and humic acids as well as with colloidal substances causing turbidity (Friedland clay and finely dispersed cellulose). The investigations were supplemented by testing several adsorption media as γ‐aluminium oxide, active carbon and diatom earth. In the presence of fulvic and humic substances one does not succeed in eliminating the investigated herbicides by flocculation with lime hydrate. Only after chemical side reactions between these contained substances the adsorbability is clearly influenced. The different elimination efficiencies at different reaction conditions are explained in detail.
Immersionskalorimetrische Einschätzung der Adsorptionsfähigkeit von Aktivkohlen gegenüber organischen Stoffen aus wäßrigen Lösungen
Authors: Radeke K. H.
Published: February 2007

In comparison with the conventional methods for testing the adsorptive capacity of active charcoals, the author presents a new technique. The measuring possibilities of the immersion calorimetry are used. This measuring technique is based on the determination of the interaction of active charcoal with liquid adsorptives. The immersion heat referred to one mol adsorptive is used as the measure. Due to simplifying assumptions and a micropore volume of active charcoal measured with water vapour, immersion‐calorimetrically relative equilibrium constants can be determined. By the example of phenol and indol, the adsorptive capacity of several domestic and foreign samples of active charcoal is assessed on the basis of the difference of the immersion heats in benzene and water.
Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit von Flockungsmitteln bei der Badewasseraufbereitung
Authors: Jessen H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

Within the framework of extensive investigations, the efficiency of various flocculants and flocculation aids was determined. With due regard to the frequentation of baths, to various parameters of the quality of the basin and filter effluents as well as to technical criteria, specific criteria for baths were determined and critically compared with data given in literature with the aid of mathematical relations for the orderly functioning of indoor swimming baths. Moreover, a new source of flocculants was indicated: In the course of the chemical synthesis according to the Friedel‐Craft reaction there are obtained acidic polyaluminium chlorides as byproducts, which are suitable for application in the bathing water treatment. As to the present state of knowledge, one cannot with metal‐salt flocculants.
Voraussetzung und Grenzen der Qualitätssicherung in der Wasseranalytik
Authors: Koch R. , Lienig D.
Published: February 2007

A discussion is presented on the conditions required and limitations of the guaranteeing of quality in water analysis as the basis for the necessary standardization of analytical methods. The following concepts are of particular importance: principle of analysis, method of analysis, technique of analysis, specification for analysis, measured value, analytical value, result of measurement, result of analysis, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, detection limit, determination limit, sensitivity and rate of retrieval. Prequisite for the ensuring of quality proper are the standard addition method and the ring analysis. In the water analysis the guaranteeing of quality is of particular importance due to the multifarious matrix as well as for the interpretation of the analytical results as a basis for important decisions in the national economy.
Stratigraphy of Fossil Pigments as a Guide to the Environmental Changes of the Kortowskie Lake, Poland
Authors: Rybak J. , Rybak M.
Published: February 2007

A 294 cm long sediment core is divided into 1 cm disks at intervals of 7 cm. The disks are pollen‐stratigraphically dated. At the same time, the pigment content is determined by two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography. The pigments were determined spectrophotometrically between 200 and 800 nm, six pigments having been identified, whereas in the chromatograms 13… 36 spots are found. Chlorophyll conversion products as well as epiphasic and hypophasic carotenoids were determined by liquid adsorption. The greatest variety was found with the pigments in the Atlantic period, the minimum of diversity lies in the Subboreal period. The concentration of the chlorophyll derivatives decreases with the age of sediments, whereas the carotenoids have maxima in the Atlantic and Subatlantic periods. On the basis of the ratio of chlorophyll derivatives to carotenoids and of the ratio of epiphasic carotenoids to hypophasic ones, the trophic state of the lake between oligotrophic and eutrophic as well as the relative share of autochthonous and allochthonous feed of matter to the sediment can be represented well.
Phosphoraufnahme durch Potamogeton natans und submerse Makrophyten in einem Fließgewässer‐Laboratoriumsmodell
Authors: Weise G. , Mayer H.‐G. , Jorga W. , Bahr I.
Published: February 2007

The germs of macrophytes were exposed in a ring channel at 0.073 m/s, 0.085 m water level and natural daylight for 52 h in tap water whose phosphorus concentration had been increased with KH2PO4 to 0.325 mg/1 P. After 4, 28 and 52 h the phosphorus concentrations in water and in dry matter were determined and the relative phosphorus elimination and incorporation, as referred to the concentrations in water and in dry matter prior to the test, were calculated in 0/0. Within 52 h the following increases of the internal phosphorus pool resulted (in %): Ranunculus aquatilis April 141, Potamogeton crispus May 178, P. natans June 139, Callitriche polymorpha June 128, Ranunculus aquatilis August 118, Elodea canadensis September 124. The phosphorus uptake behaves thus parallel to the gas‐metabolism‐physiological activity and the subsequently made differentiation into species which are active in spring, summer and autumn. Therefore, weed removals from waters should be done at the date of the species‐specific activity maximum, since the then obtained biomass with 3… 9 kg/t P in the dry matter guarantees a maximum phosphorus elimination from the water.
Zusammenhänge zwischen Chlorophyll a, Phytoplanktonvolumen, Seston, Sichttiefe und Trübung als Methoden zur Einschätzung der Wasserbeschaffenheit in Talsperren
Authors: Loth P.
Published: February 2007

The statistical relations between the different parameters of water quality are represented from investigations of an oligotrophic to mesotrophic storage reservoir carried out for several years. The significant linear regressions between chlorophyll a and the phytoplankton volume show seasonal differences depending on the aspect change of phytoplankton. Equally, there may occur differences of this relation for the euphotic layer and the intermixed layer. Chlorophyll, phytoplankton volume and dry matter of seston as well as turbidity show also close correlations with the depth of visibility. The scattering occuring for the individual regressions, the distribution of measured values and the relations of chlorophyll a to the phytoplankton volume of dominant algal groups are discussed.
The Accumulation of Monocrotophos in Some Piscine Organs
Authors: Janalík B. , Wohlgemuth E.
Published: February 2007

Monocrotophos (0,0‐dimethyl‐0‐(1‐methyl‐2‐N‐methyl‐carbamoyl)‐cis‐vinylphosphate) as an active component of some insecticides is highly soluble in water at a low hydrolysis rate: half‐time at 2 mg/l, pH = 7.0 and 38 °C 23 d. Individuals of the following fish species (individual weight in g) were kept during the static bioassay for 6… 72 h at 40 mg/l monocrotophos in the medium: Cyprinus carpio (70), Carassius carassius (45) and Leucaspius delineatus (1.5), and then the concentration of monocrotophos was gas‐chromatographically determined in different tissues. Initially, till the 24th hour a high accumulation in the gills took place (in mg/kg fresh weight: Cyprinus 0.49, Carassius 3.88), then the concentration remained uniform or slightly falling here, whereas in the other organs (digestive organs, muscle, gonads) a further accumulation up to 1 mg/kg occurred. Leucaspius was investigated only as whole individuals, and after 72 h their fresh weight had increased to 6.96 mg/kg. The rates of accumulation decrease in the following order: Cyprinus: digestive organs, gills, muscle; Carassius: gills, digestive organs, gonads, muscle.
Wasserwirtschaftliche Beurteilung von Grundwasser
Authors: Deibel K.
Published: February 2007

The hardness quotient according to WANDT as a quotient from carbonate hardness and non‐carbonate hardness is used for the characterization of groundwater by its “age” and thus as an indicator of the risk of contamination. Due to its application, statements on the risk of nitrate‐carrying groundwaters and on the age of the ammonium loading of groundwater are possible. With the aid of the hardness quotient it is proved that most of the nitrate‐carrying sites produce “air‐covered” groundwater and thus are riskful, while a high percentage of the ammonium found in the groundwater of the Neubrandenburg country is of geogenic origin and not due to fresh faecal matter.
Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen von Wassergütedaten
Authors: Gnauck A. H. , Finke W.
Published: February 2007

The assessment of the quality of a water is based on the findings of chemical, physical and biological investigations. The safety of statement is determined by the uncertainty of data and the stochastics of the observed conversion processes. The description of the probability distribution is the basis for the increasing of the safety of interpretation. Stationary distribution functions are determined with the aid of the results of routine investigations on selected flowing water gauge stations. For that, the frequency distributions are evaluated graphically. Moreover, the computer aided adaptation of water quality values is investigated by a power normal distribution (PN), the Johnson distribution and the LN‐3 distribution. The discussion by examples of several partly flow‐dependent water quality values leads to the recommendation of the testing of stationary distributions as a basis of the aquatic ecosystem analysis and a secured water quality management.
Correlation of Microbial Degradation Rates with the Chemical Structure
Authors: Pitter P.
Published: February 2007

Structure/reactivity relations are investigated experimentally and theoretically for the microbial degradation of 35 substituted phenols and anilines by adapted mixed cultures of bacteria. From the results one can conclude that the initial attack of the aromatic nucleus has an electrophilic character and is ratelimiting. The results are suitable for predictions of biodegradation rates of organic compounds and facilitate understanding of the mechanism of degradation.
Indicator Value of Saprobic Amoebina
Authors: Sládeček V.
Published: February 2007

After a short description of the morphology and mode of life as well as the distribution of Amoebina, ecological statements are made for 14 taxa, and for 32 species, which are depicted too, their integration in the saprobic system, inclusive of the indicative weight, is stated.
Wasser — Sphinx unter den Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Kümmel R.
Published: February 2007

Water is a rather peculiar substance with respect to a wide variety of static and dynamic properties. It can be considered as a highly organized complex liquid with a complicated structure determined by extended hydrogen bondings. Mixture models and continuum models have been developed to explain the structural features of liquid water, both of them being approximative and hitherto not at all convincing. Aqueous solutions can be discussed in terms of structure breaking and structure making solutes. The most surprising and fascinating properties of water and its outstanding importance require further detailed and unusual investigations.
Der Einfluß von Erdölkohlenwasserstoffen auf die Primärproduktion des Donauplanktons
Authors: Tomajka J.
Published: February 2007

Danube river water samples were saturated with mineral oil, and then the primary production (gross) was determined by means of the light‐dark bottle method (oxygen) in situ at depths of 0.1… 1.5 m in comparison with untreated samples. Samples were exposed for half a solar day alternately during the first and second half‐days. Investigations carried out between March and October for periods of 14 days showed a mean production of 2.56 g · m−2d−1 O2, which was reduced by 36% due to 12.6 mg/l hydrocarbons. Production decreases with the water depth from 6.2 to 0.9 mg · l−1d−1 02, whereas the inhibition by hydrocarbons increases from 31 to 41%.
Hämatologische, enzymatische und histologische Untersuchungen an Fischen der Weser im Mai 1983
Authors: Halsband E. , Halsband I. , Romestand B. , Dzuvić A. , Radtjković B. , Marić D. , Jürgensen S.
Published: February 2007

The momentary condition concerning the haematological, physiological, macro‐and microscopical constitution of the fishes of the Weser at Grohnde was investigated.

The fishes were caught electrically at 22 positions in front of and behind the power‐station at Grohnde. In the experiments the blood parameters, the biochemical, enzymatical, parasitological and microscopical changes of several species of fishes were analysed.

You can see the details of these changes in the figures and pictures of the publication. It is supposed that organic toxic substances are given into the river in front of the power station, because in this region an industrial undertaking is posted.

But also the general water quality of the Weser shows a significant toxicological degree, though the content of salt had been reduced in the former time.

One can see that at all positions the blood parameters have changed, we also found haemorrhages in the gills, liver, kidney and spleen, little blood swellings, lymphocysts, necrosis, external and internal parasites, enzymatical changes and inflammations of the liver, kidney and myocard in the fishes. The investigations are being continued.
Studies on the Treatment of Distillery Effluents by Anaerobic Filters
Authors: Schulze E. , Behrens U.
Published: February 2007

In the present work the kinetics and the feasibility of batch anaerobic filter operations for the treatment of beet molasses distillery slops have been investigated.

Up to 50% of the influent COD up to 25 g/l are removed after 5… 10 h and up to 80% after 24… 40 h treating time. Highest removal rates were obtained for 50% removal and influent COD concentration ≧13 kg. m−3. The highest methane productivity was observed in the same range of COD influent concentration during the first 10 hours (initial velocity) of the treatment.

The benefits of the anaerobic treatment of waste water applying systems with biomass retention are discussed.
A Problem of the Optimal Adaptation of a Bacterial Culture to a Toxic Substrates in Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Teodorova S. E. , Sivriev I. K.
Published: February 2007

A model of bacterial culture, utilizing a toxic substrate in continuous flow conditions' is discussed in the present paper. The relative velocity of microorganisms growth is expressed by means of a formula proposed by us, grounded on the analogy of a model of an irreversibly inhibited enzymatic reaction. It is assumed that the integral parameter characterizing the damage of the bacterial cell by a toxic agent may be considered a slow variable in regard to the variation of the biomass and substrate concentrations. An equation for the evolution of this parameter is proposed. A problem of minimum time adaptation of the bacterial population is proposed as a time optimal control problem that is solved on the basis of the Pontryagin maximum principle. This model provides a possibility of studying some regularities in the adaptation mechanism of the microorganisms destroying toxic substances. The same model can also be used to forecast the optimal regimes in cultivation of bacterial cultures that play an essential role in the biological self‐purification of various water pools.
Zur Bewertung der Analytik und Interpretation des Gruppenparameters “Extrahierbares organisch gebundenes Halogen” von Wässern
Authors: Neupert L.
Published: February 2007

Organohalogen compounds are gaining in importance in the control of surface and drinking water due to their unwholesome properties. An accumulation of the organohalogen compounds, occurring mostly at low concentrations, is possible in different ways. The author discusses the possibility and problems of the extractability from waters with the aid of organic solvents. The group parameter EOX that can be determined does not allow any statement concerning components of individual substances, but gives some clues to the state of surface and drinking waters which are mostly anthropogenically polluted. Results of practical examples as well as theoretical considerations indicate the importance of the different distribution coefficients in the solvent/water extraction system. The degree of extraction can be considerably increased by the application of suitable mixtures of solvents. In waters with a known composition, the probably detectable EOX‐quantity can be calculated by means of theoretical degrees of extraction.
Dünnschichtchromatographische Analyse primärer aromatischer Amine, Chlorphenole, Phenole und einiger herbizider Wirkstoffgruppen im Wasser
Authors: Lawerenz A. , Goralczyk H. , Hermenau H.
Published: February 2007

After an extractive enrichment from a water sample of 1.5 l and a preliminary separation into a neutral/basic fraction and an acidic fraction, individual groups of substances are separated with the aid of several mobile solvents and different sorbents and detected by means of selected reagents or under ultraviolet light. In this way, 45 individual compounds of the mentioned groups of substances can be determined. A semiquantitative determination within the ppb‐range is possible by a comparison of spots with reference substances in known quantities.
Saprobiologische Untersuchungen der Kleinalgenflora in einem Brackgewässer (Darß‐Zingster Boddenkette)
Authors: Podelleck R. , Pankow H.
Published: February 2007

On the basis of investigations into periphyton for three years as well as selected physical and chemical criteria of water quality at eight stations with different wastewater load there were classified initially 52 algal taxa with respect to their saprobic indicative values: 4 oligoto β‐mesosaprobic, 23 β‐mesosaprobic, 19 β‐ to α‐mesosaprobic, 6 α‐mesosaprobic. Their distribution and ecological demands are shortly discussed. The degree of saprobity, expressed as the index of saprobity according to PANTLE and BUCK proves to be very suitable for the documentation of ecological changes at wastewater inlet points and their environment. Finally, proposals for an ecological classification of coastal waters by their trophic state and anthropogenic load are derived from the results of investigation by analogy with the corresponding classification of stagnant inland waters.
Occurrence in Water and Waste Water of E. coli and Coliform Bacteria Carrying R‐Plasmids Part 3: Plasmids Encoding Gentamicin, Trimethoprim or Streptothricin Resistance
Authors: Tschäpe H. , Tietze E. , Prager R. , Heier H.
Published: February 2007

Before the introduction of gentamicin, trimethoprim, or streptothricins for therapeutic or ergotropic purposes in the GDR respective resistance plasmids could not be detected in enteric bacteria from sewage, surface water or clinical specimens, even if the selection was carried out on drug containing media. After a certain time of continuous drug application the rise of particular plasmids encoding gentamicin (IncM), trimethoprim (IncI5), or streptothricin resistance (IncW3) was observed much earlier in enteric bacteria from sewage, waste water and surface water than in bacteria from clinical sources. These observations were further supported by surveying other plasmid species encoding gentamicin (IncOF, IncD, IncC), trimethoprim (IncK, IncZ, IncFII, IncN, IncW3), or streptothricin (IncI2, IncX, IncFII, IncI1, IncS, IncN) resistance. They appeared also at first in bacteria from sewage and surface water, then, some time later, in bacteria from clinical sources. Therefore, one must admit a key position of sewage and surface water for the surveillance of infectious drug resistance.
Alteration in the Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of a Freshwater Prawn after in vitro Aldrin Exposure
Authors: Omkar
Published: February 2007

In vitro effects of aldrin on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in various tissues, viz. hepatopancreas, stomach, muscle, gill and brain, of a freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lamarrei have been studied. Aldrin exposure inhibited the activities of both the phosphatases in all the tissues and this inhibition in enzyme activity showed a dose‐dependent response. The results were discussed in relation to in vivo findings and it is concluded that aldrin causes some enzymological changes and thereby creates widespread disturbance in the metabolism.
Toxicity of Pesticides to Fecundity, Hatchability and Survival of Young Snails ofLymnaea acuminata
Authors: Singh D. K. , Agarwal R. A.
Published: February 2007

The effects of carbaryl and phorate on the fecundity and hatchability of the snailLymnaea acuminata, the survival of young snails were studied. It was observed that the fecundity ofLymnaea acuminatawas reduced only at the 11.00 mg/l concentration of carbaryl and phorate, whereas a time‐ and dose dependent reduction in the hatchability of exposed eggs and the survival of young snails was observed.
Beziehungen zwischen der Wasserqualität des Großen Müggelsees und der Zooplanktonentwicklung
Authors: Mothes G. , Krocker M.
Published: February 2007

The results of measurements carried out for several years in the Müggel Lake of Berlin are graphically evaluated in diagrams and interpreted with respect to the relation between phytoplankton, zooplankton and transparency depth. During the vegetation period, phytoplankton maxima are succeeded by maxima of herbivorous zooplankton; the transparency depth increasing up to two and more metres. With the decrease of the available food decreases the rate of development of zooplankton, and due to predatory animals the filtration efficiency of herbivores is reduced. Now, the mass development of phytoplankton increases again and the transparency depth decreases. The weak oxygen production resulting from the decimation of phytoplankton and the high oxygen consumption of zooplankton cause a pronounced oxygen deficiency in the lake at the clear‐water stage. Further results concerning the conditions and the nutritional chain in the Müggel Lake and their influences on the transparency depth are discussed.
Phycoperiphyton Development on an Artificial Substrate in the River Wye System, Wales, U. K. Part 2: Population Dynamics
Authors: Antoine S. E. , Benson‐Evans K.
Published: February 2007

The temporal and spatial fluctuations of the main algal phyla and the constant species colonising Perspex slides were studied. Higher algal counts were noted during the warmer periods of the year and lower ones during the winter months. The Bacillariophyta dominated the other algal phyla and greatly affected the total biomass. The Chlorophyta were represented by a few species which were regarded as plankton fall‐out.

The diatom species showed various, inconsistent relationships with different environmental variables. It was concluded that not only the environmental variables affected the colonisation and growth of benthic algae, but also others, such as smoothness of the surface of the Perspex slides, duration of colonisation period, accumulation of silt and detritus on the slide, the competition for limited spaces and selectivity of the Perspex slides for certain species.

Several species colonising both the Perspex slides and stone surfaces either failed to correlate significantly between themselves or were not correlated at all. Several others were only correlated significantly at some stations and not correlated at others. It was therefore concluded that the Perspex slides affected the algal species in an unpredictable manner at the different sampling sites and so rendered the method unreliable for reflecting true ecological changes.
The Influence of a Teleost Clarias batrachus (L.) on the Behaviour of Different Species of Nitrogen in Water
Authors: Jana B. B. , Sengupta S. , Sinha M.
Published: February 2007

Different experimental conditions (fed large, fed small, starved large, starved small groups, batch offered ration during experiment and low fish loading for a constant volume of water) of the carnivorous fish Clarias batrachus resulted in marked changes in the concentration of different N species (ammonium‐N, nitrate‐N, nitrate‐N, organic‐N as well as the sum of all forms of N) in aquaria water. Organic forms of nitrogen were the most important species of nitrogen excreted by the test fish. The maintenance nitrogen excretion rate was distinctly higher in larger fishes than in smaller ones. Different species of N were found to differ significantly depending upon the fed or starved conditions as well as small or large groups. A reduced level of oxygen in experimental aquaria inhibited the synthesis of nitrate which was maximum in control aquaria with considerably higher values of oxygen.
Migration und Translokation von Blei und Cadmium im Lysimeterversuch
Authors: Schulz F. , Gerlich W. , Schwan M.
Published: February 2007

In 18 field lysimeters (area 1 m2, depth 1 m, couch‐grass Dactylis glomerata L.) there has been investigated for two years the influence of 100, 250 und 1000 mg/kg Pb‐load and of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg Cd‐load on the migration of heavy metals into the ground‐water and their translocation into plants for different soil types (sand and loamy sand), different irrigation (180 or 360 mm/a) and four different fertilization levels. As a result of high dosages of urea, the pH‐value decreased in the percolates of the sandy soil; this leads to an exponential increase of the heavy‐metal loads and concentrations, whereas the soil loading level does not show any significant influence after two years. On the other hand, the heavy‐metal content in the biomass depends significantly on the nature and loading of soil and it increases with the level of contamination from 1 to 8 mg/kg Pb and from 0.2 to 1 mg/kg Cd.
Gaschromatographische Spurenanalyse von leichtflüchtigen Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen in Wässern mittels simultaner ECD/FID‐Detektion
Authors: Stottmeister E. , Hendel P. , Engewald W.
Published: February 2007

The substances which are expulsed from the water sample by a nitrogen current are first adsorbed on a column filled with Tenax GC and subsequently expulsed at 200° and fed into the gas‐chromatographic column. The parallel detection improves the identification of individual substances and makes the detection of aromatics possible at the same time. Characteristics of the process (detection limit, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, rate of retrieval) are determined and examples of analysis are given. For a water sample of 10 ml the detection limit lies at or below 1 μg/l.
Zur Adsorption von Farbstoffen und Farbstoffablaugen an hochsilicatischen Adsorbentien mit Schicht‐ und Raumnetzstruktur
Authors: Bergk K.‐H. , Jurkschat J. , Schwieger W.
Published: February 2007

The adsorption of Crypur‐red BL, Crypur‐yellow‐brown and substances from spent lyes of the dyes Crypur‐red GTL and Crypur‐yellow‐brown on silicate‐rich adsorbents is investigated. The ZSM‐type zeolites do not have any advantages as against alkali phyllosilicates and silica gel. The adsorbed quantities of dye are less than 10 mg dye/g adsorbent. In the low concentration range the adsorption isotherms correspond to the Langmuir equation. The treatment of spent lyes of dye results in a lowering of the COD‐Mn by 90 %, at most.
Sorption of Ammonium‐Ions by Clinoptilolite and by Strongly Acidic Cation Exchangers
Authors: Vokáčová M. , Matêjka Z. , Eliášek J.
Published: February 2007

The sorption capacity of two natural sorbents of different origin and of Wofatit KPS is determined by dynamic laboratory investigations and the influence of a thermal pretreatment of clinoptilolite, of the type and quantity of regenerants and of the presence of other cations is investigated. There are represented results of the ammonia removal from biologically treated municipal wastewater and of the removal of caesium‐ions from laundry wastewaters. The capacity of clinoptilolite is lower than that of the ion‐exchange resin, but clinoptilolite has the advantage of a considerably higher affinity for ammonium‐ions, so that it can be used also in the presence of other salts in water to be treated. The ammonium concentration should not exceed 30 mg/l, in order to avoid too short filter runs.
Effect of Individual Phenolic Compounds and of their Mixtures on Luminous Bacteria. Part 4: Causes of the Weakening of p‐ and o‐Dphenol Toxicity by Other Phenols
Authors: Stom D. J. , Geel T. A. , Balayan A. E.
Published: February 2007

Experimental data are presented favouring a hypothesis of the elimination of quinones formed in the presence of hydroquinone oxidation in a mixture with other phenols. Results obtained on decreases of the quinone quantities in the mixture correlate with the data on a decrease of their toxicity for luminous bacteria.
Analytik und Vorkommen des Thiocyanates in der Meeresumwelt
Authors: Weuffena W. , Brügmann L. , Thürkow B.
Published: February 2007

Starting from the working hypothesis that thiocyanate is ubiquitous in the animate nature, marine samples (sediment, zooplankton and sea water) were investigated. In the sediment of the Western Baltic Sea there were found 0.3… 1.0 and in the zooplankton 2… 6 mg/kg thiocyanate in the dry weight. Values of 3… 4 μg/I resulted for sea water (Baltic and Atlantic).

The analytical determinations were made by the use of modified techniques, on the one hand, by the isolation of thiocyanate after its conversion into hydrogen cyanide with a subsequent spectrophotometric measurement (sediment) and, on the other hand, by paper‐chromatographic separation, conversion into cyanogen bromide and its gas‐chromatographic detection (sediment, zooplankton).
Harnstoffbestimmung im Wasser
Authors: Gunkel K.
Published: February 2007

For a prolonged time a photometric method of analysis for determining the urea content in waters was tested by the author. With this method, the urea component of the water sample is hydrolysed into ammonium‐ions and photometered by the use of a new indophenol‐blue technique (selected methods of water analysis. 1985) with the Spekol at 546 nm. The ammonium content of the untreated water sample should be taken into account in the explanatory method of calculation of the urea content. If the state of the water sample is unchanged, urea concentrations of up to about 60 mg/I can be determined. The detection limit is at 0.15… 0.20 mg/I.
Das Angespül des Greifswalder Boddens
Authors: Subklew H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

According to the prevailing plant species, the types of washed‐ashore matter of Zostera, Ceramium‐Fucus and reed can be distinguished, and in addition also Potamogeton, Cordylophora, Ectocarpus, Cladophora, Mytilus and Mya, which may be determinant in the washedashore matter for short periods of time. According to the level, there are distinguished swash marks of alternating water, flood water and storm tides. According to appearance and shape, there are distinguished threads and strips, net‐like or flat deposits and dams being up to 1 m high. In the washed‐ashore matter there were detected 14 plant species, 16 species of invertebrates, 12 fish species and 6 species of birds as well as 9 forms of inanimate hard substances. It is estimated that 5000 t fresh matter are washed ashore per year at a beach length of 80 km. Its natural processing and its economic utilization in former times are described.
Hauptkomponentenanalyse und Hauptkomponentendisplay als Methode zur multivariaten Datenanalyse und Mustererkennung
Authors: Henrion A. , Henrion R. , Henrion G.
Published: February 2007

The principle of the method for analysing large data sets is explained and a programming proposal in BASIC for small computers is given. The application is illustrated by the example of the concentration of individual heavy metal ions for a period of 24 hours in a water of an intermediate pumping station which is composed of municipal and industrial wastewaters.
Observations on Zooplankton Composition, Abundance and Periodicity in two Flood‐plain Lakes of the Kashmir Himalayan Valley
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: February 2007

In the two eutrophic shallow lakes there were detected 51 taxa in the zooplankton: 27 rotifers, 14 cladocerans, 6 cyclopoids, 3 calanoids and 1 harpacticoid. In the lake Trigamsar, rotifers prevail at a higher electrolytic content, higher nutrient concentrations and higher primary production and at a transparency depth of 0.4 m, whereas cladocerans prevail in the less eutrophicated lake Naranbagh. In the annual variation, in both lakes rotifers show pronounced spring and autumn maxima, the same applying to copepods, whereas cladocerans have a pronounced summer maximum. In general, at the water surface the zooplankton density is higher than near the bottom.
Accumulation and depletion of chromium in mystus vittatus (BLOCH)
Authors: Sriwastwa V. M. , Tripathi R. S. , Srivastava D. K. , Kumar R.
Published: February 2007

Exposure against two ppm chromium from K2Cr2O7 for 1 to 7 months produced increasing accumulation of chromium in the liver, kidneys, brain and bone of the freshwater fish Mystus vittatus. In gonads, the accumulation of chromium was progressive for the first 5 months (i.e., April to August), but not in the subsequent 2 months. After 4 months exposure, fish transferred to chromium–free freshwater had a significant depletion of chromium from all tissues at 1, 2 and 3 months.
Austausch von Schwermetallen an der Grenzfläche Wasser/Sediment in Gewässern und Baggergutdeponien
Authors: Förstner U. , Kersten M. , Calmano W.
Published: February 2007

Subsequent to the description of characteristic exchange processes including examples from both literature and own research the alternatives for the treatment of dredged sludges were evaluated under the aspect of heavy metal mobilization (including changes of typical associations) as follows: (1) During handling of contaminated sediments under water oxidation processes may affect an enhanced consumption of oxygen and a reduction of the bonding strength of metals. (2) Following open water field or diked disposal of less buffered sludges the oxidation of sulfide minerals leads to lowering of pH‐values and partially to significant remobilisation of metals. (3) After dumping in estuarine, coastal, and shallow marine areas both oxidation of sulfides and organic substances takes place; metals released are partly kept in solution by complexation processes. (4) Regarding the heaplike deposition of dredged sludges on land, which is favourable because of the better control and repair facilities, stabilization measures should be optimized also with respect to the fixation of heavy metals. (5) Due to the formation of sparingly soluble sulfide phases of heavy metals the marine environment, e.g. in the form of a near‐shore subsediment deposit, could provide a noteworthy alternative for solving the problems with dredged materials, as has been demonstrated by the example of a peninsula project in the North Sea coast of Rotterdam.
Basic‐Programm Extrakt zur statistischen Auswertung univariater Analysendaten
Authors: Henrion G. , Henrion R. , Henrion A.
Published: February 2007

The algorithms, mode of operation and flowchart of an extensive BASIC‐program for the statistical data evaluation and information condensation from serial and ring analyses as well as for the homogeneity analysis are represented. The program tests for runaways, trend, deviations from the normal distribution, combinability and differences of standard deviations and mean values and secures the statements alternatively on the basis of the normal distribution and the parameter‐free U‐test.
Eliminierung von Abwasserinhaltsstoffen durch Kombination biochemischer und grenzflächenchemischer Mechanismen
Authors: Winkler F. , Kümmel R. , Stiebert M. , Kühne C.
Published: February 2007

Recent developments and future trends of waste water treatment by combined biochemical and adsorptive elimination steps are presented. Various mechanisms are discussed to explain the enhancement of conventional activated sludge systems by addition of different solid adsorbents. Special emphasis is given to the improvement of elimination capacity and operation stability caused by powdered or granular activated carbons. The results of laboratory experiments as well as large‐scale applications suggest that combinations of biological systems with by‐product carbonaceous materials are most likely to gain future importance in waste water treatment facilities.
Survivality and Impaired Growth in Arsenic Treated Fingerlings of Channa punctatus, a Fresh Water Murrel
Authors: Shukla J. P. , Shukla K. N. , Dwivedi U. N.
Published: February 2007

The LC50‐values of As3+‐compounds for Channa punctatus are determined for a 48‐h exposure to 19.4 (18.02… 21.3) mg/1 and for a 96‐h exposure to 14.3 (13.06… 16.80) mg/1. At a long‐time exposure to 7.0 mg/1 As3+, during the first seven days there does not occur any change of growth, then the growth in length and the increase in weight decreased by 6.6 and 11.7%, respectively, till the 31st day. At the same time, the RNA content of the muscle decreased by 11.5% to 966.7 μg/g fresh weight and the protein content decreased by 12.5 % to 95.39 mg/g fresh weight.
Traceruntersuchungen zum Verhalten der HCH‐Isomere bei Probenvorbereitungsschritten zur gaschromatographischen Bestimmung
Authors: Huschek G. , Schieck K.
Published: February 2007

The accuracy of gas‐chromatographic analysis of organochloropesticides from natural water was checked with the help of tracer. C‐14 marked HCH within the mixture of isomers was used to research the behaviour and to check the preparation steps to gas‐chromatographic analysis. The use of this relative method allowed to analyse every step of work exactly and to determine the recoveries of the analysis method. The relative method was followed by the absolute method of the gas‐chromatographic detection to confirm the discovered results. The experiments of the trace analysis method used show that this method is especially qualified for the results for the routine analysis.
Berechnung der LC50 unter Berückschtigung einer Resistenzrate im Spermatest
Authors: Recknagel R.‐D. , Kalbe L.
Published: February 2007

It is shown by the example of the sperm vitality test how a probit‐analysis has to be made if the initial data are distorted by a blank value (natural range of action) and if, in addition, a portion of resistent test objects is assumed in the tested material. On the basis of the likelihood‐quotient it is decided whether a rate of resistance in the model statement must be taken into account. The adequacy of the extended probit‐model is tested with the χ2 adaptation test. The influence of the model choice on the estimated LC50 is demonstrated by an example of data.
Humic Material in Himalayan Lake Sediments
Authors: Kango R. A. , Zutshi D. P. , Dubey K. P.
Published: February 2007

Humic material isolated from six Himalayan lakes was investigated for its elemental composition, exchange behaviour and spectrophotometric properties. The carbon content was 36.8… 56.6 %. The C: H ratio was lower than for soil humic acids. The nitrogen content was 3.8… 5.8 % and was higher than reported for soil humic acids. Zinc and copper were higher at the sites with high pollution load. On a strong cation exchanger copper showed the highest stability and calcium was least stable. The Δ log K values suggested that comparatively deep water sediments show lower degrees of humification.