bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Physical Education Multimedia Teaching for Data Assimilation
Authors: Lifu Xing
Published: April 2018

The evaluation of physical education (PE) multimedia teaching refers to the prediction of physical education multimedia teaching quality in the absence of initial multimedia teaching information. Therefore, the evaluation method of PE multimedia teaching based on unsupervised feature learning has achieved good performance. But, its quality prediction accuracy decreases significantly with the reduction of the feature dimension. In order to overcome this defect, the author combines the active learning strategy with the unsupervised feature learning and proposes a kind of data assimilation framework to improve the discriminability of the representation of teaching features. The results show that the proposed method can enhance the accuracy of teaching quality prediction by 8%. Experiments show that, when feature dimension is relatively low, the proposed method can improve the teaching quality prediction accuracy by 8% compared with the method based on unsupervised feature learning. At the same time, the performance of the proposed method is superior to that of the other physical education multimedia teaching evaluation methods at present.
Active House - A Building that Offers more than Consumes
Authors: Calbureanu Madalina , Malciu Raluca , Calbureanu Diana
Published: April 2018

Active House is a vision on some buildings that create a healthy and comfortable life for their occupants without influencing in a negative way the climate and environment - leading to a cleaner, healthier and safer world. Active House proposes a target framework for changing the way we build and renovate buildings in order to contribute positively to our health, safety and well-being, focusing on indoor and outdoor environment and on the effective use of energy.
Structural and Constructive Analysis of the Grab with Two Cups Used in the Port and Marine Area
Authors: Cotrumbă Mirela , Pintilie Alexandru
Published: April 2018

In the case of handling bulk goods, at the operation of ships, both in port and at sea, the most used installation are those with grab equipment. In this paper, was realized a structural and constructive study of a looper with two cups. Have been analytically determined the loads occurring in one cup and have been determined state of stress and strain by numerical analysis. In the end of the paper are proposed some constructive, functional and structural solutions to optimize the exploitation of the looper with two cups in the onshore and offshore zones.
Lubricating Performance of Residual Zinc Phosphate Coating on Forged Specimen in Bowden-Leben Sliding Test
Authors: Kada Osamu , Wang Zhi Gang
Published: April 2018

The lubricating performance of the zinc phosphate coating employed generally in cold forging is evaluated with Bowden-Leben sliding test by changing friction conditions such as the coating thickness, specimen temperature, the tool surface roughness, contact pressure and sliding speed. A specimen for the friction test is prepared from the inner surface of an extruded square cup and the residual thickness of the lubrication coating on the specimen is controlled by using the surface expansion in forward extrusion of the cup. Experimental results showed that the specimen temperature has the strongest influence on the friction coefficient. With an increase of the specimen temperature, the friction coefficient gradually decreases until 473K, and then increases sharply. With an increase of the tool surface roughness, the friction coefficient increases slightly. Friction coefficient is formulated as a function of the specimen temperature and the tool surface roughness. The anti-galling ability of the coating is affected by the residual thickness of lubrication coating, the specimen temperature and the tool surface roughness.
Lubrication in Hot Forging with Pulsed Ram Motion
Authors: Matsumoto Ryo , Utsunomiya Hiroshi , Ishigai Shinya
Published: April 2018

The effect of pulsed (oscillating) ram motion control on lubrication was investigated in hot forging of stainless steel workpiece with oxide glass lubricant. During the retreat in the pulsed ram motion, the workpiece was re-lubricated by flow of lubricant through the gap between the workpiece and the die. A hot spike-type forging test on a servo press with pulsed ram motions was carried out to investigate the lubrication performance of the oxide glass. In the test, the workpiece with a temperature of 1223 K was extruded into the hollow part of the upper die together with oxide glass in a manner that combined pulsed and stepwise ram operations. The re-lubrication of the workpiece with oxide glass was confirmed by the test results showing 5–10% reduction in the forging load and 5% longer length of the backward extruded part of the workpiece under an appropriate pulsed ram motion.
Microstructure and Heat Treatment of Hot Work Tool Steel: Influence on Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviour
Authors: Skela Božo , Sedlaček Marko , Podgornik Bojan
Published: April 2018

Good mechanical and wear properties of hot-work tool steels are needed for tools to withstand severe service conditions during their operational lifetime. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to correlate mechanical and wear properties with changes in microstructure of commercially available hot work tool steel Sitherm S361R. Hardness, impact toughness, tensile strength and wear tests were performed. Hot-work tool steel was heat treated at austenitizing temperature 1030 °C for 15 min in a horizontal vacuum furnace and gas quenched using nitrogen. One set of samples was investigated in as quenched state. Double tempering of samples was performed after quenching for 2 h at each of chosen temperatures, with first tempering temperature of 500 °C for the whole set of tempered samples. The second tempering was conducted at temperatures from 520 °C to 640 °C with increment of 30 °C for each set of samples. Microstructure of differently heat treated samples showed martensitic matrix, but different fraction and distribution of carbides, consequently influencing hardness, impact toughness, tensile strength, yield strength and wear resistance. Reciprocating sliding wear tests were carried out at room temperature in order to correlate microstructure of differently heat treated hot-work tool steel with wear. In order to achieve adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms, 100Cr6 and Al2O3 balls were used as counter-body, respectively. Combination of adhesive and abrasive wear was observed for all specimens with different hardness when using 100Cr6 material as a counter body. However, in the case of Al2O3 abrasive wear was found as the prevailing wear mechanism.
Estimation of Frictional Coefficient between Punch and Billet at Back-Stroke in Backward Can Extrusion Test of Steel
Authors: Asai Kazuhito , Kitamura Kazuhiko , Goto Keisuke , Hayashi Nobukazu
Published: April 2018

A backward can extrusion test provides severe tribological conditions because high pressure, high temperature, and large surface expansion ratio affect the lubricant. During the forward stroke these conditions intensify with increasing cup depth of the extruded workpiece; additionally, the back-stroke force during retraction of the punch rises to a significant level under a poor-lubricated condition. This study estimates the coefficient of friction μp between punch and workpiece during the back-stroke by combining experiments using conventional soap-phosphate coated steel and numerical analysis by FEM. The values of μp were estimated to be 0.09 and 0.03 in case of small and large workpiece depth, respectively. Friction decreased with elevating temperature.
Analysis of the Tribological Conditions in Grinding of Polycrystalline Diamond Based on Single Grain Friction Tests Using the Pin-Disk Principle
Authors: Vits Frederik , Trauth Daniel , Mattfeld Patrick , Vits Rudolf , Klocke Fritz
Published: April 2018

Cutting tools made of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) are used for machining of aluminum alloys, fiber-reinforced plastic composites and wood. Compared to cemented carbide tools with geometrically defined cutting edges, PCD tools offer significant advantages with respect to tool life. High demands regarding the cutting edge roughness and the quality of the rake and the flank face usually require a grinding process with diamond grinding wheels. The PCD grinding process, however, is characterized by low material removal rates and high grinding wheel wear. The material removal rate and the grinding wheel wear, in turn, highly depend on the process state variables process force and process temperature. However, the relationship between these process state variables and the process input variables is largely unknown. This work provides a contribution to the closure of this knowledge gap by means of an adapted friction law. A single grain friction test stand using the pin-disk principle was developed, which enables a measurement of the friction force and the contact zone temperature for normal forces and relative speeds that are common in PCD grinding. During the experiments, the specification of the PCD disc, the cross-sectional area of the friction sample made of monocrystalline diamond as well as the process parameters normal force and relative speed were varied. In addition, the tests were carried out without lubrication as well as with a minimum lubrication. A high correlation between the contact force and the coefficient of friction was determined. This relationship was mathematically formulated in a friction law. In addition, a direct influence of the contact force and the relative velocity on the contact zone temperature was identified. The knowledge gained leads to an improved understanding of the PCD grinding process and thus enables a more efficient grinding process design.
Mechanical Joining of Glass and Aluminium
Authors: Veenaas Stefan , Vollertsen Frank
Published: April 2018

The ongoing trend of miniaturization and increasing function integration makes it necessary to join different sheet materials in the micro range. Conventional joining processes cannot be scaled down to smaller dimension due to so called size effects. Thermal based joining processes, like welding or brazing can lead to distortion, which are more critical in the micro range. Normally ceramic materials can only be joined using extra joining elements like glue or bolts. Laser shock joining is a promising mechanical joining process for delicate material combinations. This process usesTEA-CO2-laser induced shockwaves. Several pulses are applied at one point to achieve high forming degrees without increasing the energy density beyond the ablation limit. The laser irradiates on the forming sheet and creates a plasma plume above the surface, which leads to a shockwave. This shockwave pushes the material in the joining area and creates an undercut which presents the joint itself. The laser induced shockwave is used to create an undercut underneath the other material. The form closure between the two materials enables a joint. So far, investigations were performed to identify the process window and the joining strength for aluminum and steel joints. The influence of die sheet materials is negligible, so that this process can be used for joining of dissimilar materials like aluminum and glass. Therefore, in this paper the suitability of this process for the mechanical joining of aluminum and glass is investigated. It is found that the tools need to be adjusted for the joining process. It is shown that a mechanical joining of aluminum and glass is possible. The joining strength is 53% of the theoretical maximum of the material strength of the aluminum. The limiting factor is the strength of the glass, which is breaking during the tensile tests.
Joining by Die-Less Hydroforming of Profiles with Oval Cross Section
Authors: Müller Michael , Gies Soeren , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: April 2018

Joining by die-less hydroforming is used to produce overlap joints by means of hydraulic expansion. Due to a difference in the elastic recovery of the two joining partners an interference pressure p remains at their contact area. Due to the possibility to produce multi-material joints without relying on heat, the process has great potential for joining parts in lightweight applications. Therefore, the process limits were extended so that profiles with non-rotationally symmetric cross-sections can be joined. For this purpose a new tool for profiles with oval cross-section was developed. The inner and the outer joining partner ware made of aluminum 6060 and aluminum 6082 respectively. The influence of the overlap length and different wall thicknesses of the outer joining partner were investigated by numerical simulations and validated by experiments. An upper limit in interference pressure was observed which was also found previously for profiles with circular cross sections. The fluid pressure limit is compared with the analytically calculated value for a configuration with circular tubes under equivalent conditions. The analytical model underestimated the pressure limit. In contrast to circular tubes, the strain distribution of profiles with oval cross sectional shapes is not uniform, which results in superposed bending stresses. Also a difference in stiffness of the inner and outer joining partner leads to a pressure depended contact area which is assumed constant in the analytical model.
Influence of Lubrication on Manufacturing of Multicomponent Gear Wheels by Lateral Extrusion
Authors: Meissner Robert , Liewald Mathias
Published: April 2018

A combination of several manufacturing process steps in a simultaneous manner allows to save energy costs, reduce investment and economic logistical efforts. This paper provides the contribution reports on particular research work performed by the Institute for Metal Forming Technology, which deals with gearwheel bodies manufactured by lateral extrusion (forging). The scope of this paper focuses on the joining process and achievement of desired properties for forged wheel bodies. At the beginning of the forming process, a blank is placed in a ring having an axial and tangential profile. Due to a force application on the face surface, the material flows into the ring radially and in the following, the joint provides both a form and press fit. Since the forming and joining process is conducted in one step, the lubricant for the forming process must fulfil two requirements. First, low friction for the manufacturing process is advised. On the contrary, the joint gearwheel needs to transmit the applied load during use. In order to determine the influences of two different lubricants onto both the manufacturing processes and static torque application, experimental investigations were performed
Identification of Drilling Parameters during the Flow Drill Screw Driving Process
Authors: Aslan Fadik , Langlois Laurent , Mangin Philippe , Balan Tudor
Published: April 2018

The automobile manufacturing industry, until recent years, has been using steel for car body components and the main method for joining these components has always been Resistance Spot Welding. However, since the global trends toward CO2 reduction and resource efficiency have significantly increased, the importance and usage of lightweight materials has enhanced as well. New lightweight materials such as aluminum and magnesium alloys, carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, etc., have become a reality, thanks to the new fastening technologies. Flow drill screw driving (FDS) is a one–sided thermomechanical assembly process based on heat generation by frictional force and plastic deformation. A special screw, known as hole forming and self-tapping screw, is used in this process as both fastener and tool. Moreover, rotational and translation movements are applied to the screw to create special friction conditions with the workpiece. Furthermore, unlike traditional drilling and thread milling processes, there is no chip or waste of material in FDS and the machining operations are realized through plastic deformation. This paper explores flow drilling steps and the parameters which influence heating and local softening of the aluminum sheet 5182-0. An experimental study has been carried out by varying process parameters (rotational speed, drilling force), coating and geometry of the screw. As a result, an increase of rotational speed and drilling force allows significant reduction in drilling time and introduce an important variation of the torque installation. In addition, a strong dependence is observed between drilling time and torque on the one hand, and related to the screw parameters geometry and coating on the other hand. Finally, an evaluation of the heating effect on the thread forming operation is also undertaken.
Increasing the Adhesive Wear Resistance of Hot Stamping Tools by Modifying the Surfaces
Authors: Neubauer Franziska , Reil Tobias , Hofmann Konstantin , Merklein Marion
Published: April 2018

Over the last few years lightweight construction became increasingly important in modern cars. Motivated by reducing greenhouse gas emission the car industry is currently working on different approaches to decrease the weight of structural body parts. In this regard, a reduced sheet thickness of these components and therefore a reduced overall weight can be achieved by using high-strength steels. Hot stamping has been established as a suitable manufacturing process for these steel grades, in which a hot austenitic blank is formed and quenched simultaneously. The high strength of the formed parts is realized by the phase transformation of an austenitic to a martensitic structure during hot stamping. Due to the alternating thermo-mechanical loads, which occur during forming and quenching, the hot stamping tools are highly stressed. In addition, when the blank slides over the surface of its counterpart, a substantial adhesive wear occurs, which is the predominant wear mechanism in hot stamping. The aim of this study is, to increase the wear resistance of the tools by modifying the surface. In this context, the chemical affinity between the interacting components need to be reduced in order to decrease the adhesive wear on the hot stamping tool, which is possible by alloying the base material. For this reason, the wear development is investigated for samples alloyed with different materials with a modified pin-on-disc test. This experimental setup enables a continuous contact of the tool with the blank and thermal alternating stress of the pin. The contact area is investigated with a laser-scanning microscope to qualify the tool surface before and after the experiments by measuring the tool topographies. The results of an unalloyed and alloyed tool will be compared with each other to evaluate the wear behavior. In order to quantify the amount of wear the wear volume will be calculated with an algorithm of the software WinSam. The experiments will be carried out under process like conditions to ensure transferability to the real hot forming process.
Measuring the Changes in Copper Nanopowder Conductivity during Heating as a Method for Diagnosing its Thermal Stability
Authors: Mostovshchikov Andrei V. , Ilyin Alexander P. , Zabrodina Irina K. , Root Liudmila O. , Ismailov Daniar V.
Published: April 2018

This work researches the impact of the temperature of compacted copper nanopowder on the amperage of the current flowing through the nanopowder sample. It was determined that upon reaching its oxidation temperature (~ 1900C), the copper nanopowder started conducting electricity, and at 280-320°C electric breakdown of sample was occurring. This is caused to irreversible processes taking place in nanomaterials during heating, such as sintering and mass-transfer, those processes leading to the formation of conductivity channels. This speaks in favor of an evident dependency between copper nanopowder conductivity and the chemical transformations taking place in it; this allows for recommending this research method for instant diagnostics of copper nanopowders.
The Application of Phytotesting Method to Assess the Toxicity of Titanium Etching Effluents
Authors: Bykovsky Nikolay Alekseevich , Zabirov Timur Z. , Ovsyannikova Inna V. , Fanakova Nadezhda F.
Published: April 2018

The article evaluates the toxicity of the spent acid etching solution (SAES) formed in production of titanium products when etched with a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids. The SAES contained TiF3, HF and HCl in the amount of 21.9 g/l, 1.7 g/l and 6.2 g/l, respectively. To determine the toxicity of SAES the phytotesting method was used. As a phytoecological indicator, a cress of Zabava variety was used. The experiment was carried out according to the method for determining the toxicity of drinking, ground, surface and sewage water, chemical solutions by measuring the germination index, average length and average dry weight of seedlings of cress seeds (Lepidium sativum). The SAES toxicity was determined before its neutralization with alkali and after neutralization with alkali. It is shown that SAES has an acute toxic effect both before neutralization and after neutralization with alkali. To determine the safe dilution factor, the effect of SAES dilution on seed germination, average length and average dry weight of seedlings was investigated. It was found that “seedlings average length – dilution factor” equations most reliably describe the experimental data. The safe dilution factor calculated from these dependencies is 669.2 for non-neutralized SAES and 382.5 for neutralized SAES.
Lactide Production from Polymer Waste
Authors: Posvyashchennaya Anzhelika , Volgina Tatyana , Novikov Victor , Zinovyev Alexey
Published: April 2018

The method of thermal depolymerization of polylactide wastes and products from it has been studied. At a temperature of 200-250 °C and a pressure of 5-10 mbar the maximum yield of crude lactide and pure lactide is 40 and 5.5 % by weight accordingly. The addition of catalysts (Zn, ZnO, SnO, C16H30O4Sn, Sb2O3) in an amount from 0.5 to 2.0 % by weight make it possible to intensify the process and increase the monomer yield by 3-10 times. The maximum amount of lactide (~60 wt %) is achieved by using of tin octoate (1.5 % wt) as the catalyst. The findings product is a mixture that consist of D-, L-lactide (~80 wt %) and m-lactide (~4 wt %) isomers, lactic acid (~2 wt %), oligomer of lactic acid (~14 wt %), water (<1 wt %), and has a melting point 92-96 °C.
Sorption Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions from Industrial Sewage
Authors: Khamitova Korlan , Ismailov Daniar V. , Sultangazina Marzhan , Kanat Rakhima
Published: April 2018

Contaminated water purification from products of anthropogenesis activity remains one of the main problems that chemists and ecologists are facing nowadays. The main mass of pollutants in the form of toxic compounds of heavy metals is made by insufficiently purified and untreated sewage from the mining and machine-building industries. Industrial sewage treatment has become one of the most common technological processes, thus the issues of its improvement and optimization are especially relevant.
Efficiency of Thermal Plasma Treatment of Aluminosilicate Particles
Authors: Shekhovtsov Valentin V. , Volokitin Oleg G. , Tsvetkov Nikolai A. , Volokitin Gennadii G. , Skripnikova Nelli K. , Gafarov Ruslan E.
Published: April 2018

The paper studies the efficiency of plasma-assisted synthesis of bottom ash-based microspheres in the light of the liquid phase formation. The studies also include the assessment of morphology of obtained microspheres. It is shown that microspheres with high sphericity can be obtained with thermal plasma treatment. During thermal plasma treatment, the amount of silicon and aluminum relatively grows due to the decrease in the amount of calcium, titanium, magnesium, potassium, and natrium. The high content of silica and alumina in obtained microspheres indicates to their high thermal, chemical, and mechanical resistance.
Assessment of Structure Integrity and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel Wire in Combined Deformation Processing
Authors: Polyakova Marina , Gulin Alexandr , Golubchik Eduard
Published: April 2018

Because basic metal forming methods have reached the maximum of their manufacturing capabilities in deformation-velocity processing modes so called combined or integrated processing methods move to the forefront. The method of combined deformation processing based on drawing with bending and torsion deformation was developed. On the example of carbon steel wire it was shown that microstructure and mechanical properties can vary in a wide range depending on the process regimes. In order to estimate the probability of carbon steel wire fracture at the designed combined deformation processing the simulation complex DEFORM-3D was used. The results demonstrate that there are no areas with high concentrations of hydrostatic pressure and overestimated values Cockcroft-Latham criterion. For the developed combined deformation processing of wire by drawing with alternating bending and torsion, algorithm for the prediction of carbon steel wire microstructure and mechanical properties changing at combined deformation processing was carried out. The developed methodological approach to forecasting of formation of the structure and mechanical properties during combined deformation processing of carbon steel can be used to solve both direct and inverse problems.
Protection from Corrosive Destruction of Deep-Pump Equipment in Oil and Gas well
Authors: Fomin Danila Andreevich , Antipov Artem Evgenyevich , Lapin Dmitrii Gennadevich
Published: April 2018

The article analyses corrosive stock in an oil and gas field, and the protection method for the equipment in boreholes and in oil pipelines is discussed. Subsurface pumping equipment corrosion rate monitoring method has been improved. In an oil and gas field, the inhibitor is pumped into the oil pipeline directly into the oil-gathering line and into the production boreholes with different dosages. Pilot testing was carried out to optimize the corrosion inhibitor dosage.
Concretes for Underwater Structures
Authors: Fediuk Roman , Kuzmin Denis , Cherneev Aleksey , Batarshin Vitaliy , Garmashov Ilia , Lesovik Valery , Ibragimov Ruslan
Published: April 2018

In the article results of research of underwater concretes are resulted. Influences on concrete structures under water are revealed. The formulation of the optimal concrete mixtures, capable of providing the necessary physical, mechanical and operational characteristics for operation in salt and fresh water after hardening is given.
Computer Modeling of Depth Distribution of Vacancy Nanoclusters in Ion-Irradiated Materials
Authors: Voronova Nataliya A. , Kupchishin Anatoliy I. , Kupchishin Alexander A. , Kuatbayeva Akmaral A. , Shmygaleva Tatyana A.
Published: April 2018

In this work, the calculation algorithms of cascade and probability functions and vacancy nanoclusters concentration were developed and their calculations for various incident particles in silicon and iron were made.
Calculation of Contact Stresses during Titanium Alloy Cutting
Authors: Kozlov Victor , Zhang Jia Yu , Guo Ying Bin , Sabavath Sai Kiran
Published: April 2018

The paper presents data about distribution of contact stresses on a rake surface and flank-land of a cutter in free orthogonal turning of a disk made from a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr). On the cutting edge of the bar blade, there is a normal force Nρ, directed perpendicularly to a transient surface, with a large magnitude of specific linear force qN r= 182.6 N/mm, but the tangential force on the cutting edge Fρis equal to zero. On the rake surface, there are uniformly distributed shear contact stresses with very small magnitude of τ ≈ const ≈ 25 MPa, irrespective of feed rate, which speaks about plastic character of the contact on the rake surface. The greatest normal contact stress on the rake surface σmax≈ 1009 MPa, irrespective of feed rate. The greatest magnitude of normal contact stresses on the flank surface chamfer near the cutting edge σh max= 3400-2200 MPa confirms the hypothesis about recovery of a transient surface sag after separation of a formed element of a chip, and explains increased wear of the cutting tool on the flank surface at initial time. Normal σhand shear τhcontact stresses on the flank surface chamfer are essentially diminish with a distance from the cutting edge. It explains working ability of the cutting tool even at very large wear on the flank surface (hf> 3 mm). Our experimental data allows calculating the components of cutting force and contact stresses on the rake and flank surfaces of cutting tools during titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-2Mo-2Cr) machining.
Effectiveness of A Multicomponent School Based Intervention to Reduce Bullying among Adolescents in Chandigarh, North India: A Quasi-Experimental Study Protocol
Authors: Rana Monica , Gupta Madhu , Malhi Prahbhjot , Grover Sandeep , Kaur Manmeet
Published: April 2018

Background

Bullying perpetration and victimization is associated with significant academic, psychosocial and health related problems among adolescents. There is a need to develop effective interventions to prevent bullying among adolescents, especially in low and middle income countries. This paper presents the study protocol to develop, and evaluate the effect of multi-component school based prevention program for bullying in India.

Design

Quasi-experimental study.

Methods

The study will be conducted among 846 students of grade 7th and 8th in the intervention and control schools in Chandigarh, Union Territory, North India. A government and a private school will be selected purposively in each of the intervention and control arm. The intervention is based on socio-ecological model, and will be administered at individual, relationship (parents and teachers) and school level. The primary study outcome will be the proportion of students experiencing any kind of bullying (bullying, victimization, or both), in each study arm. The effectiveness of the intervention will be measured by performing difference in difference analysis and generalized estimating equations.

Expected impact for public health

Bullying is an aggressive behaviour with significant morbidities, including psychological or physical trauma, affecting individuals not only in their adolescence, but also later in their adulthood. This quasi-experimental study is expected to provide evidence on whether multi-component bullying prevention intervention program, can reduce the burden of bullying perpetration and victimization among school adolescents in India. The results of the study will add in the exiting literature on bullying intervention program, especially, from the low middle-income countries, as there are limited studies available on this topic in these countries.
Present and future of criminology in the criminal system | Presente e futuro della criminologia nel sistema penale
Authors: AA.VV. Various Authors |
Published: April 2018

Present and future of criminology in the criminal system. First Congress of the Italian Academy of Criminology, Criminal System, Investigations and Security | Primo Congresso dell’Accademia Italiana di Criminologia, Sistema penale, Investigazioni e Sicurezza, Roma 27-29 aprile 2018Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma - UNINT, Italy
Onderweg na inklusiewe taalgebruik in die Afrikaanse kerklied (2): Die heteroseksuele witman as god
Authors: Vermeulen Ockie C.
Published: April 2018

In 2016, I published an article in which I explained the purpose and benefits of using inclusive and expansive language in the Afrikaans Dutch Reformed Church’s (DRC) hymns which, to this day, remain notably exclusive in gender references and when addressing God. I hoped that my article would inspire the workgroup responsible for the creation of new Afrikaans hymns to consider the possibilities and advantages of inclusive language. When I submitted a new melody and text to said workgroup earlier this year, the melody was accepted, but the text rejected on grounds that it was seen as a ‘forced adaptation of how the Father chooses to reveal himself to us’. This blatant and continuing aversion to incorporate some form of inclusive or expansive language in their hymns, despite my research article I sent them, lead me to investigate this apparent opposition in the DRC context even further. After exploring the comparative stance of the three biggest reformed churches in America with regard to inclusive and expansive language, I come to the conclusion that the DRC’s reservation towards inclusive and expansive language cannot be explained on sober theological objections alone. In fact, I show that these reservations are the direct consequence of protecting the interests of the church’s ingroup, the heterosexual white male. I identify this ingroup based on the discriminatory way the DRC treated women, non-whites and the LGBTIQ community in the recent past. I conclude that when a church continues to protect and promote the interests of an exclusive ingroup the use of inclusive language in their songs of faith would indeed seem to be ‘forced’. The title refers to Mary Daly’s statement in 1973: ‘If God is male then the male is god.’
Influence of micronization on the physical properties of salbutamol sulfate as a model drug used in dry powder inhalation
Authors: Boshhiha Antesar , Urbanetz Nora
Published: April 2018

Purpose: Investigation of the crystallinity of salbutamol sulfate a model drug used in the dry powder inhalation formulation. Materials and Methods: Salbutamol sulfate was supplied kindly by Lindopharm (Hilden, Germany). Salbutamol sulfate was milled using an air jet milling process, the particle size and morphology were determined using laser diffraction and the scanning electron microscopy. The drug was subjected to conditioning through storage at 52.8% and 75% relative humidity for 24 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks, respectively. The drug crystallinity was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, and water vapor sorption techniques. Results and Discussion: Conditioning of salbutamol sulfate after micronization lowers the glass transition (Tg) temperature of the amorphous parts present at particle surface, which enhances particle mobility for more rearrangement associated with water expelling. This transformation may result in deviation from the original particle size obtained after milling out of respirable range. DSC and X-ray diffraction show no detectable amorphous drug since no detectable Tg observed. Alternatively, water vapor sorption shows a small amount of amorphous salbutamol sulfate at the particle surface, which recrystallizes at 52.8% relative humidity after approximately 2 weeks of conditioning. Conclusion: The amorphous regions can be generated in crystalline materials during processing. The level of amorphous materials can affect every step of pharmaceutical formulation, storage, and stability. However, quantification of low levels of amorphous content still poses considerable challenge. This study confirms that, the water vapor sorption technique is useful in the quantification of a small amount of drug amorphous content.
Local Shtukas and Divisible Local Anderson Modules
Authors: Hartl Urs , Singh Rajneesh Kumar
Published: April 2018

We develop the analog of crystalline Dieudonné theory for$p$-divisible groups in the arithmetic of function fields. In our theory$p$-divisible groups are replaced by divisible local Anderson modules, and Dieudonné modules are replaced by local shtukas. We show that the categories of divisible local Anderson modules and of effective local shtukas are anti-equivalent over arbitrary base schemes. We also clarify their relation with formal Lie groups and with global objects like Drinfeld modules, Anderson’s abelian$t$-modules and$t$-motives, and Drinfeld shtukas. Moreover, we discuss the existence of a Verschiebung map and apply it to deformations of local shtukas and divisible local Anderson modules. As a tool we use Faltings’s and Abrashkin’s theories of strict modules, which we review briefly.
Three counterexamples concerning the Northcott property of fields
Authors: Fehm Arno
Published: April 2018

We give three examples of fields concerning the Northcott property on elements of small height: The first one has the Northcott property but its Galois closure does not even satisfy the Bogomolov property. The second one has the Northcott property and is pseudo-algebraically closed, i.e. every variety has a dense set of rational points. The third one has bounded local degree at infinitely many rational primes but does not have the Northcott property.
Second order differentiation formula on RCD$(K,N)$ spaces
Authors: Gigli Nicola , Tamanini Luca
Published: April 2018

We prove the second order differentiation formula along geodesics in finite-dimensional RCD

(K, N)

spaces. Our approach strongly relies on the approximation of

W_2

-geodesics by entropic interpolations and, in order to implement this approximation procedure, on the proof of new (even in the smooth setting) estimates for such interpolations.
Regularizing effect of the lower order terms in some elliptic problems: old and new
Authors: Boccardo Lucio , Orsina Luigi
Published: April 2018

This paper is divided in two parts: the first one is a survey about recent results on the regularizing effect of lower order terms on solutions of nonlinear Dirichlet problems; in the second part we prove two existence theorems (related to the results of the first part) concerning elliptic systems.
Efficiency and Corruption in Local Counties: Evidence from Romania
Authors: Bostan Ionel , Onofrei Mihaela , Popescu Cristian , Lupu Dan , Firtescu Bogdan
Published: April 2018

The current financial crisis and the lack of resources made imperative the analysis of the efficiency for managing public money, both at the central and at the local level. The general objective of the research is constituted by the estimate of the technical efficiency of all counties in Romania, as well as the analysis of its implications in local development. The originality and novelty of the study are supported by the research of a subject that has in the center the efficiency of the public authorities, current research direction for the public sector, in view of achieving a complex study. In order to reach the objective proposed, we will perform calculations on the basis of the Data Envelopment Analysis mathematical model and of the Tobit non-linear econometric model. At the same time, we reach the conclusion that in Romania, as in other states, there is a causality link between the efficiency of the local authorities and the level of corruption.
Conjoint Analysis: An Innovative Approach for Sunk Cost Prevention in PPP Contracts
Authors: Sobiech-Grabka Katarzyna G.
Published: April 2018

The preparation stage of PPPs is crucial in order to avoid unsuccessful negotiations that lead to sunk costs.  The key to successful negotiations is to construct an effective contract reconciling the differing interests of all parties. Therefore, identification of the most important features of the project from both partners’ points of view is extremely important to ultimately conclude the negotiations successfully. The purpose of the study is to test and assess the usefulness of an innovatively adapted conjoint analysis method aimed at identifying the preferences of both partners involved in PPP.
Synthetic Assessment of Financial Situation of Local Governments in Podkarpackie Voivodeship Compared with other Polish Provinces
Authors: Zawora Jolanta
Published: April 2018

Interest in community finances stems from the role of local government in boosting and creating socioeconomic development. This article aims to compare the financial conditions of communities in Podkarpackie Voivodeship with other Polish provinces. In addition to measurement analysis, this study used multidimensional comparative analysis. The TOPSIS method was used because it enables synthetic assessment of financial situations. Calculated values of the measure showed that Podkarpackie’s communities were characterized by a worse financial situation than the rest of Poland. Podkarpackie’s communities were characterized by lower financial independence and lower capacity for undertaking their own investments.
The Rog Autonomous Factory: A Conflict between Post-Socialist Self-Management and Public-Private Partnership
Authors: Centrih Lev
Published: April 2018

The article discusses the Rog Autonomous Factory and the conflict between its users and authorities of the city of Ljubljana, which dates back to 2006. The Rog Autonomous Factory (Avtonomna tovarna Rog), or simply “Rog”, was established by artists and alternative political activists. The large space houses numerous art activities and also serves as a social center: artists have set up studios there, and it provides a meeting place for migrants, workers and refugees; it hosts lectures, public food programs, concerts, exhibitions and a number of other non-commercial activities. Its activities are coordinated through a users’ assembly. The article will argue that Rog has become a provider of marginal public utilities in the field of culture and other services of common interest. Its very existence is proof that the mainstream institutional configuration in Slovenia (political parties, the state, municipalities, etc.) is severely limited in its capacity to integrate certain groups of young people interested in acting towards the common good. The city's plans for the space, which are based on public-private partnership, were not acceptable to the users of Rog, and serious conflicts arose. The article argues that in the conflict between Rog and the city, maintaining the status quo is probably the best solution.
Characterization of Aerosol Composition, Aerosol Acidity and Organic Acid Partitioning
at an Agriculture-Intensive Rural Southeastern U.S. Site
Authors: Nah Theodora , Guo Hongyu , Sullivan Amy P. , Chen Yunle , Tanner David J. , Nenes Athanasios , Russell Armistead , Ng Nga Lee , Huey L. Gregory , Weber Rodney J.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The implementation of stringent emission regulations has resulted in the decline of anthropogenic pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). In contrast, ammonia (NH3) emissions are largely unregulated, with emissions projected to increase in the future. We present real-time aerosol and gas measurements from a field study conducted in an agricultural-intensive region in the southeastern U.S. during the fall of 2016 to investigate how NH3 affects particle acidity and SOA formation via the gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic acids. Particle water and pH were determined using the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic model and validated by comparing predicted inorganic HNO3-NO3− and NH3-NH4+ gas-particle partitioning ratios with measured values. Our results showed that despite the high NH3 concentrations (study average 8.1 ± 5.2 ppb), PM1 were highly acidic with pH values ranging from 0.9 to 3.8, and a study-averaged pH of 2.2 ± 0.6. PM1 pH varied by approximately 1.4 units diurnally. Formic and acetic acids were the most abundant gas-phase organic acids, and oxalate was the most abundant particle-phase water-soluble organic acid anion. Measured particle-phase water-soluble organic acids were on average 6 % of the total non-refractory PM1 organic aerosol mass. The measured molar fraction of oxalic acid in the particle phase (i.e., particle-phase oxalic acid molar concentration divided by the total oxalic acid molar concentration) ranged between 47 and 90 % for PM1 pH 1.2 to 3.4. The measured oxalic acid gas-particle partitioning ratios were in good agreement with their corresponding thermodynamic predictions, calculated based on oxalic acid’s physicochemical properties, ambient temperature, particle water and pH. In contrast, gas-particle partitioning of formic and acetic acids were not well predicted for reasons currently unknown. For this study, higher NH3 concentrations relative to what has been measured in the region in previous studies had minor effects on PM1 organic acids and their influence on the overall organic aerosol and PM1 mass concentrations.
Algorithm theoretical baseline for formaldehyde retrievals from S5P TROPOMI and from the QA4ECV project
Authors: De Smedt Isabelle , Theys Nicolas , Yu Huan , Danckaert Thomas , Lerot Christophe , Compernolle Steven , Van Roozendael Michel , Richter Andreas , Hilboll Andreas , Peters Enno , Pedergnana Mattia , Loyola Diego , Beirle Steffen , Wagner Thomas , Eskes Henk , van Geffen Jos , Boersma Klaas Folkert , Veefkind Pepijn
Published: April 2018

Abstract. On board the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) platform, the
TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is a double-channel,
nadir-viewing grating spectrometer measuring solar back-scattered earthshine
radiances in the ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared
with global daily coverage. In the ultraviolet range, its spectral resolution
and radiometric performance are equivalent to those of its predecessor OMI,
but its horizontal resolution at true nadir is improved by an order of
magnitude. This paper introduces the formaldehyde (HCHO) tropospheric
vertical column retrieval algorithm implemented in the S5P operational
processor and comprehensively describes its various retrieval steps.
Furthermore, algorithmic improvements developed in the framework of the EU
FP7-project QA4ECV are described for future updates of the processor.
Detailed error estimates are discussed in the light of Copernicus user
requirements and needs for validation are highlighted. Finally, verification
results based on the application of the algorithm to OMI measurements are
presented, demonstrating the performances expected for TROPOMI.
Implementation of electrochemical, optical and denuder-based sensors and sampling techniques on UAV for volcanic gas measurements: examples from Masaya, Turrialba and Stromboli volcanoes
Authors: Rüdiger Julian , Tirpitz Jan-Lukas , de Moor J. Maarten , Bobrowski Nicole , Gutmann Alexandra , Liuzzo Marco , Ibarra Martha , Hoffmann Thorsten
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Volcanoes are a natural source of several reactive gases (e.g.,
sulfur and halogen containing species) and nonreactive gases (e.g.,
carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere. The relative abundance of carbon and
sulfur in volcanic gas as well as the total sulfur dioxide emission rate from
a volcanic vent are established parameters in current volcano-monitoring
strategies, and they oftentimes allow insights into subsurface processes.
However, chemical reactions involving halogens are thought to have
local to regional impact on the atmospheric chemistry around passively
degassing volcanoes. In this study we demonstrate the successful deployment
of a multirotor UAV (quadcopter) system with custom-made lightweight payloads
for the compositional analysis and gas flux estimation of volcanic plumes.
The various applications and their potential are presented and discussed in
example studies at three volcanoes encompassing flight heights of 450 to
3300 m and various states of volcanic activity. Field applications were
performed at Stromboli volcano (Italy), Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica) and
Masaya volcano (Nicaragua). Two in situ gas-measuring systems adapted for
autonomous airborne measurements, based on electrochemical and optical
detection principles, as well as an airborne sampling unit, are introduced.
We show volcanic gas composition results including abundances of CO2,
SO2 and halogen species. The new instrumental setups were compared with
established instruments during ground-based measurements at Masaya volcano,
which resulted in CO2 ∕ SO2 ratios of 3.6 ± 0.4. For
total SO2 flux estimations a small differential optical absorption
spectroscopy (DOAS) system measured SO2 column amounts on transversal
flights below the plume at Turrialba volcano, giving
1776 ± 1108 T d−1 and 1616 ± 1007 T d−1 of SO2
during two traverses. At Stromboli volcano, elevated CO2 ∕ SO2
ratios were observed at spatial and temporal proximity to explosions by
airborne in situ measurements. Reactive bromine to sulfur ratios of
0.19 × 10−4 to 9.8 × 10−4 were measured in situ
in the plume of Stromboli volcano, downwind of the vent.