bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HAEMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MENSTRUAL BLOOD LOSSES
Authors: Cole Susan K. , Thomson A. M. , Billewicz W. Z. , Black Alison E.
Published: August 2005

In women of reproductive age in a Northumbrian mining village, there was a weak inverse relationship between the amount of blood lost at menstruation and various haematological indices. In those who had not recently taken iron medicines this relationship was more pronounced: the greater the loss, the lower the indices. Against expectation, however, this negative association was as strong at low as at high levels of menstrual loss. It is concluded that, within the range experienced in this community, the association between menstrual losses and haematological indices is not likely to be due to iron depletion.
ENDOMETRIAL CYSTIC GLANDULAR HYPERPLASIA IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS
Authors: Fraser Ian S. , Baird David T.
Published: August 2005

The occurrence of cystic glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium in adolescent girls has been reviewed. This condition has been diagnosed much less frequently in the South‐Eastern Region of Scotland than in previously reported series. Only 5.3 cases per year were diagnosed in a population of 1 100 000 in a ten‐year period. This represented 4.0 per cent of all cases of abnormal uterine bleeding requiring curettage in adolescent girls in the region, and 1.9 per cent of cases of cystic glandular hyperplasia from all age groups. Mild hyperplastic changes were found almost as frequently as the more classical “Swiss‐cheese” cystic glandular hyperplasia. Patients showing more marked hyperplastic changes had a worse prognosis than those who only showed mild changes, in particular a high incidence of persistent menstrual abnormalities, repeated curettage, repeated hormone therapy, primary infertility and possible polycystic ovarian disease. The implications of the finding of cystic glandular hyperplasia in adolescent girls have been discussed.
THE EFFECT OF METHYL CYANOACRYLATE TISSUE ADHESIVE ON THE HUMAN FALLOPIAN TUBE AND ENDOMETRIUM
Authors: Stevenson T. C. , Taylor D. S.
Published: August 2005

When the liquid tissue adhesive methyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate polymerized on the endometrium and Fallopian tube lining a temporary localized histotoxic effect was produced. The toxicity was confined to the superficial layers of cells which underwent round cell infiltration followed by fibrous tissue replacement with loss of the original epithelium. The thickness of secretory endometrium prevented damage to the basal layers and allowed the endometrium to regenerate. The basal layers of proliferative endometrium were involved in the inflammation and the endometrium did not regenerate. In the Fallopian tube the lining epithelium was permanently lost at all stages of the menstrual cycle and the tube lumen was obliterated. The polymer was eliminated from the genital tract within 16 weeks. The authors suggest that the transcervical technique of instillation described here may be developed (a) to control persistent menorrhagia, and (b) to offer a method of permanent sterilization in women comparable in ease to the insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device.
HYPERCALCAEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH AN OVARIAN CARCINOMA OF MESONEPHROMATOUS TYPE
Authors: Rivett Joan D. , Robinson Janet M.
Published: August 2005

A case of hypercalcaemia associated with an ovarian carcinoma of mesonephromatous type is described.
A COMMUNITY STUDY OF SMOKING IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Andrews Joan , McGarry John M.
Published: August 2005

A comprehensive study has been made of all pregnant women in the city of Cardiff. One aspect has been to review the habit of smoking during pregnancy in relation to maternal and fetal wellbeing. Some suggestions are made as to the mode of action of cigarette smoke in producing these effects.
ANTIBODY PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE MATERNAL SERUM IN RHESUS ISO‐IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Fraser I. D. , Tovey G. H. , Lockyer W. J. , Sobey D. F.
Published: August 2005

Automated serum antibody protein estimations proved to be a reliable index of the need for amniocentesis in expectant mothers with rhesus antibodies. In those who develop rhesus antibodies for the first time, amniotic fluid examination is indicated if the antibody protein value in the serum reaches 1.5 μg per ml. or more before 35 weeks of gestation. Using this technique instead of manual indirect antiglobulin tests the proportion of mothers requiring amniocentesis fell from 45 to 35 per cent. When a previous baby has been affected amniocentesis is indicated if the antibody protein level reaches 1.0 μg per ml. or more before 35 weeks of gestation. In this group of patients the replacement of manual by automated techniques decreased the proportion of mothers requiring amniocentesis from 56 to 51 per cent. There was a good correlation between the maternal serum antibody protein level and the degree of haemolytic disease in the newborn baby. In 2 of the 600 pregnancies studied the maternal serum contained a bromelin inhibitor; prior treatment of the test cells with bromelin overcame the problem that this inhibitor caused.
THE EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE ON THE EXCRETION OF MATERNAL URINARY STEROIDS IN PREGNANCIES WITH ANENCEPHALIC FETUSES
Authors: Chattoraj Sati C. , Pinkus Jack L. , Stronge John A. , Turner Adrian K. , Charles David
Published: August 2005

The urinary excretions of oestriol, total 17‐oxosteroids and pregnanediol were studied before, during and after the administration of dexamethasone in 14 pregnancies in which the fetus was anencephalic. While the excretion of oestriol in all patients decreased significantly during therapy no consistent alteration was observed either for total 17‐oxosteroids or pregnanediol. In eight of these patients fractionation of oestrogens and 11‐deoxy‐17‐oxosteroids was carried out. A consistent and significant decrease in values of oestrone, oestriol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) was observed. The effect of dexamethasone on the excretion of oestradiol‐17β and the 17‐oxosteroids, androsterone and aetiocholanolone was insignificant.
IMPAIRMENT OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH‐ EARLY WARNING BY CERVICAL MUCUS FERNING
Authors: Macdonald R. R.
Published: August 2005

Patients considered to be at extra risk of fetal loss because of previous history were assessed throughout pregnancy for hormone deficiency by cervical mucus smears, vaginal cytology and total oestrogen excretion. There was a significantly higher incidence of light‐for‐dates babies when cervical mucus ferning was noted early in pregnancy and persisted or recurred after 16 weeks. Early detection of‘placental insufficiency’by ferning in the mucus would allow closer study of the factors which impair intrauterine growth.
PATHWAYS OF WATER EXCHANGE IN THE FETOPLACENTAL UNIT AT MID‐PREGNANCY
Authors: Abramovich D. R. , Page K. R.
Published: August 2005

The pathways of water exchange between liquor amnii and the fetoplacental unit were examined in vivo in pregnancies of 14 to 22 weeks’gestation. Fetal skin permeability appears to decrease with increasing fetal size while the umbilical cord becomes an increasingly important site from 18 weeks. The fetal surface of the placenta appears to be important as a site of water exchange.
TOXOPLASMOSIS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Ruoss C. F. , Bourne G. L.
Published: August 2005

Seven of 3, 187 women investigated developed toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. A further two women developed the infection either shortly before or during early pregnancy. These nine patients were delivered of ten infants, none of which showed evidence of congential toxoplasmosis. Two infants died, one in utero at 30 weeks of pregnancy and the other (one of twins) of asphyxia and intraventricular haemorrhage. The eight children who survived were followed for a period of two years. A group of 104 patients who aborted was also studied but in no case was toxoplasmosis considered a contributory factor.
RECURRENT ABORTIONS AND CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Lucas Mary , Wallace Isobel , Hirschhorn K.
Published: August 2005

Chromosome translocations have been found in three families with recurrent abortions. In each case the chromosomes involved in the translocations have been identified by a special staining technique, thus allowing a more precise prognosis to be given. Although parental chromosome anomalies are not a frequent cause of recurrent abortions, they occur more commonly than in the general population and it is useful to examine both parents cytogenetically. If a chromosome anomaly is found, and precisly identified, a more exact prognosis for future pregnancies can be given and antenatal diagnosis may be offered in suitable cases.
EFFECT OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES ON THE LIVER IN WOMEN WITH RECURRENT CHOLESTASIS (HEPATOSIS) DURING PREVIOUS PREGNANCIES
Authors: Rannevik G. , Jeppsson S. , Kullander S.
Published: August 2005

The hepatic effects of various sex steroids on 61 women who had had intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and 19 control patients have been studied. Chlormadinone acetate and lynestrenol produced little or no increase of the serum enzyme activity. With the mestranol and a combined preparation of mestranol and chlormadinone acetate an increase of the serum enzyme activity was found, which, however, soon returned towards normal. No increase in the concentration of the serum bilirubin was found in any of the patients. The supposed risk of jaundice during the use of hormone contraceptives by such patients has been exaggerated.
CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE VAGINA
Authors: Williams E. A.
Published: August 2005

Two patients who had congenital absence of the vagina and subsequently developed enterocoele are described.

Women with congenital absence of the vagina may occasionally develop an enterocoele that presents at the vulva. The enterocoele may follow the McIndoe‐Read inlay grafting operation (Thompson, 1970) or it may develop after vulva‐vaginoplasty (Williams, 1964). It may also occur in women whose vagina has been developed by coitus alone. This article records the details of two patients with congenital absence of the vagina who developed an enterocoele.
THE LH‐RELEASING HORMONE TEST IN 31 WOMEN WITH SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA
Authors: Nillius Sven Johan , Wide Leif
Published: August 2005

Thirty‐one women with secondary amenorrhoea were given 100 μg. of synthetic luteinizing‐hormone‐releasing hormone (LRH) intravenously to test the capacity of the pituitary to respond to LRH with a release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). The preceding endocrine investigation showed that three of the women had pituitary tumours and two had a premature menopause. The remaining 26 women were classified as functional amenorrhoea. This group included, among others, patients with anorexia nervosa, Chiari‐Frommel syndrome and amenorrhoea after oral contraceptive treatment. All the 26 patients with functional amenorrhoea responded to LRH with a significant increase of LH and, in 16 of them, also of FSH. The mean LH and FSH increase was 351 and 51 per cent respectively. The response to LRH indicates hypothalamic rather than pituitary dysfunction in this group. The smallest LH response to LRH was obtained in the women with anorexia nervosa. Patients with a low endogenous oestrogen production had a significantly smaller LH response than the rest of the group. The LH response to LRH was also significantly related to the pretreatment level of LH. Small but significant increases of LH were obtained in the three patients with pituitary tumours. The two women with premature menopause had LH responses to LRH in relation to their increased pretreatment LH levels while no further increase of their high FSH levels were observed. The LRH test can be performed without side effects in one hour in ambulant patients. It should be useful not only in the investigation of women with amenorrhoea but also as a valuable complement to the thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) test in other patients with diseases of the pituitary and hypothalamus.
URINARY EXCRETION OF FOLATE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Fleming A. F.
Published: August 2005

The plasma clearance rates of endogenous serum creatinine and folate were studied in 11 non‐pregnant and 37 pregnant healthy women. The mean clearance of creatinine by the kidney was about 50 per cent higher and the mean folate clearance over 100 per cent higher in the pregnant women. Creatinine and folate clearance increased independently and it is argued that the greater urinary loss of folate was probably the result of altered renal tubular function, not increased glomerular filtration rate.

The urinary loss of folate was not so great as to make a significant contribution to the high folate requirements of pregnancy, but could be a major cause of depletion of the unbound fraction of serum folate and the lowering of the total serum folate activity from early pregnancy. Low serum folate activity should not be interpreted as evidence of a pregnant patient being in negative folate balance in the absence of signs of tissue folate depletion.
INTRAUTERINE FETAL TRANSFUSION FOR SEVERE RHESUS HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE
Authors: Whitfield C. R. , Thompson W. , Armstrong M. J. , Reid M. McC.
Published: August 2005

During a period of 76 months 252 intrauterine blood transfusions were performed on 166 out of 1600 fetuses in rhesus‐immunized pregnancies. A standard transfusion technique was developed by a small obstetrical and radiological team, and the improved results associated with increasing experience are described. During the last two years the fetal transfusion rate in rhesus‐immunized pregnancies reached 18 per cent, but it was only 13 per cent if patients transferred from other centres dealing with rhesus immunization are excluded. The immediate fetal mortality rate for the procedure was reduced to 12 per cent and the eventual perinatal survival rate was increased to 47 per cent during this final two‐year period. Factors influencing the fetal and neonatal mortality are considered, and the maternal complications are described. The practical implications of the cord blood findings in babies born alive after single intrauterine transfusions are discussed, and the so‐far satisfactory mental and physical development of surviving infants is noted.
THE EFFECT OF BROMELAIN THERAPY ON EPISIOTOMY WOUNDS—A DOUBLE BLIND CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: Howat R. C. L. , Lewis G. D.
Published: August 2005

The effect of orally administered bromelain (“Ananase”) on the reduction of oedema and bruising in episiotomy wounds of primigravidae was assessed by a double blind controlled clinical trial. The rate of reduction of oedema and bruising was more rapid in the patients on bromelain than in those taking placebo especially when oedema and bruising were severe. The differences noted did not, however, reach statistical significance.
PREVENTION OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AFTER CATHETERIZATION
Authors: Sood Satya V.
Published: August 2005

A new technique of catheterisation is described and its results are presented. There was a marked reduction in the incidence of urinary tract infection following catheterisation. The method is cheap, safe and simple and it was easily accepted by the medical and nursing staff. This technique, coupled with the aspiration method of decompression of the bladder at gynaecological laparotomy, could make a significant contribution towards reducing urinary infection.
SERUM IONIC CALCIUM LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Tan C. M. , Raman A. , Sinnathyray T. A.
Published: August 2005

Serum ionic calcium levels during pregnancy were investigated with a calcium flow‐through electrode. It was found that the ionic calcium levels decreased with the progress of pregnancy. The possible reasons for this decrease have been discussed in the light of other studies on serum calcium changes during pregnancy.
MATERNAL HYPERPHENYLALANINAEMIA IN THE NORMAL AND PHENYLKETONURIC MOTHER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON MATERNAL PLASMA AND FETAL FLUID AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Cockburn F. , Farquhar J. W. , Forfar J. O. , Giles M. , Robins S. P.
Published: August 2005

An oral load of L‐phenylalanine (150 mg. per kg. body weight) was given to five women three hours before delivery by hysterotomy of their 16–18 week conceptuses. A sixth woman was delivered of a 16‐week conceptus after two hours continuous intravenous infusion of L‐phenylalanine (75 mg. per kg. body weight per hour).

Concentrations of free amino acids were measured in maternal venous plasma, umbilical arterial plasma, fetal urine, amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. Free amino acid concentrations were also measured in maternal and umbilical vein plasma and amniotic fluid of a treated phenylketonuric mother delivered spontaneously at 36 weeks gestation of a non‐phenylketonuric infant.

Increased concentrations of phenylalanine were measured in all maternal plasma samples obtained one, two and three hours after ingestion of L‐phenylalanine and during intravenous infusion. There were correspondingly high concentrations of phenylalanine in fetal plasma, fetal urine, amniotic fluid and fetal cerebrospinal fluid at delivery.

Tyrosine concentrations were also increased in maternal and fetal plasma, fetal urine, amniotic fluid and fetal cerebrospinal fluid of mothers given phenylalanine. Although maternal plasma, fetal plasma and amniotic fluid from the phenylketonuric mother contained increased concentrations of phenylalanine, there was no increase in the tyrosine concentrations in these fluids.

The mean umbilical artery plasma‐maternal vein plasma ratios for phenylalanine was 2·35 in normal 15‐ to 20‐week pregnancies, 2·26 three hours after oral L‐phenylalanine, 1·29 after intravenous infusion of L‐phenylalanine and 1·45 in the phenylketonuric pregnancy. Corresponding ratios for tyrosine were 2·52, 2·30, 2·15 and 2·90. In the acute tolerance studies the mean fetal plasma phenylalanine‐tyrosine ratio was 2·47 and in the phenylketonuric fetus 8·16.

There were reductions in maternal plasma concentrations of most amino acids three hours after the oral phenylalanine and these reductions were significant for methionine, lysine, histidine and arginine. These changes were not reflected in the amniotic fluid but there were significant reductions in fetal plasma threonine and arginine and in fetal urine threonine and taurine. Methionine concentrations were increased in the maternal plasma, fetal plasma and amniotic fluid of the treated phenylketonuric mother.

The human placenta does not “protect” the fetus from increased maternal plasma concentrations of phenylalanine in the normal or phenylketonuric mother.
AMNIOTIC FLUID URIC ACID LEVELS IN THE MATURING FETUS
Authors: Harrison R. F.
Published: August 2005

An increase in the level of amniotic fluid uric acid as pregnancy advanced was found in a series of 100 cases. An amniotic fluid uric acid value of more than 8.5 mg. per 100 ml. indicates a fetus of 38 weeks gestation or more. There was no correlation with any concomitant maternal condition nor with maternal plasma uric acid levels.
THE USE OF A CERVICAL DILATATION GRAPH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRIMIGRAVIDAE IN LABOUR
Authors: Ledger WilliamJ. , Witting WilliamC.
Published: August 2005

One thousand consecutive labours in primigravid patients were evaluated to show the value of the combined use of a cervical dilatation graph and a policy of active management. Intervention was required at a significantly higher rate in patients with abnormal cervical dilatation patterns. Significantly more Caesarean sections were performed in patients with abnormal cervical dilatation pattern. Early recognition of cervical dilatation problems, early intervention, and the avoidance of difficult vaginal deliveries have contributed to the good results.
CAVERNOUS HAEMANGIOMA AND CHRONIC INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION IN A GYNAECOLOGICAL PATIENT
Authors: Groll Michael , Day James
Published: August 2005

Giant cavernous haemangioma is a rare cause of consumption coagulopathy. A 29‐year‐old gynaecological patient had severe postoperative bleeding secondary to this entity. Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF A PROGESTOGEN, MEGESTROL ACETATE, ON CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLISM
Authors: Adams P. W. , Wynn V.
Published: August 2005

The metabolic effects of the administration of megestrol acetate 0.5 mg. daily have been studied in 31 women. In 26 women (Group A) studied before and after daily megestrol acetate administration there were no changes in plasma glucose, plasma insulin, blood pyruvate, serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol levels. Significant decreases in plasma glucose and plasma insulin and in blood pyruvate levels during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were observed in 17 women (Group B) on substituting daily megestrol acetate for a combined oestrogen‐progestogen oral contraceptive (OC). In these women the fasting serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol levels also decreased. It is concluded that the daily administration of 0.5 mg. megestrol acetate does not alter carbohydrate or lipid metabolism. This may be an advantage over combined preparations. Offsetting this, however, was a fairly high incidence of side effects and in this small group, at least one method failure.
CTSTINE AMINOPEPTIDASE IN NORMAL AND COMPLICATED PREGNANCIES
Authors: Hurry D. J. , Tovey J. E. , Robinson D. A. , Beynon C. L. , Cooper K.
Published: August 2005

Normal values for serum cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) during pregnancy are established and compared with results from abnormal pregnancies. Steadily rising CAP values suggest adequate lacental function. A correlation exists between the final CAP value and birthweight in normal pregnancies. The implications of various trends in CAP results in abnormal pregnancies are considered.
ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF PLACENTAL INFARCTS IN PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Brosens I. , Renaer M.
Published: August 2005

Placental bed spiral arteries underlying placental infarcts were studied in a hysterectomy specimen with the placenta in situ and in placental bed biopsies from cases of severe pre‐eclampsia. The spiral arteries supplying infarcted placentae differed from normal spiral arteries in two important features; first, in the failure of trophoblast infiltration and concomitant physiological changes of the myometrial segment of the spiral artery and, second, in the appearance in this segment of hypertensive, occlusive vascular lesions. Although placental infarction is apparently a direct result of the occlusive hypertensive lesions in the spiral arteries, it is also to be considered as the ultimate evidence of failure of adequate placentation.
CONTINUOUS INTRAUTERINE INFUSION OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2α FOR TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Midwinter Audrey , Bowen Michael , Shepherd Angela
Published: August 2005

A continuous infusion of prostaglandin E2 into the extra‐ovular space was administered to 25 healthy women who were from 10 to 17 weeks pregnant. Termination was successful in 24 patients within 36 hours. The total dose of prostaglandin used ranged from 550 to 2800 μg. with an average of 1381 μg. The infusion‐abortion interval varied from 8 hours 30 minutes to 23 hours 15 minutes, with an average of 15 hours 20 minutes.
LOW URINARY OESTRIOL EXCRETION DURING PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH PLACENTAL SULPHATASE DEFICIENCY OR CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPOPLASIA
Authors: Fliecner J. R. H. , Schindler Irene , Brown J. B.
Published: August 2005

The clinical details and outcome of eight pregnancies associated with very low oestriol excretion are reported. Three cases were associated with congenital adrenal hypoplasia which was confirmed at autopsy. In the remaining five cases the infants showed no clinical evidence of adrenal insufficiency, and the two placentae which were examined from these pregnancies were found to be deficient in placental sulphatase activity. It is likely that in all five cases placental sulphatase deficiency was present. To date all the reported cases of placental sulphatase deficiency have been with male fetuses and the condition appears to be sex linked.
RING CHROMOSOMES IN CARCINOMA IN SITU OF THE CERVIX AS EVIDENCE OF CLONAL GROWTH
Authors: Spriggs A. I. , Cowdell R. H.
Published: August 2005

Two cases are described in which ring chromosomes were found in direct preparations of cervical epithelium showing presumptive precancerous states. Both showed “microcarcinoma”, though not in parts of the cervix from which samples for chromosomes were obtained. Similar ring chromsomes were seen in separate biopsy samples, demonstrating the extension of an abnormal clone. Failure of rings to separate at anaphase produced bridges visible in histological sections, and (in one case) in millipore preparations taken from the living cervix, and this confirmed the wide extent of spread of the neoplastic clone.
CIRSOID ANEURYSM OF THE UTERUS AS A CAUSE OF MENORRHAGIA
Authors: Hibbard B. M. , Jones D. Prysor , Scarrow G. D.
Published: August 2005

summary

A case of menorrhagia due to a cirsoid aneurysm of the uterus is reported.
PREGNANCY IN ABNORMAL HAEMOGLOBINS CC, S‐THALASSAEMIA, SF, CF, DOUBLE HETEROZYGOTES
Authors: Hendrickse J. P. De V. , Harrison K. A. , Watson‐Williams E. J. , Luzzatto L. , Ajabor L. N.
Published: August 2005

In 12 years, 90 pregnancies were studied in 51 Nigerians with the following abnormal haemoglobin types: C homozygotes (39 patients), S‐β‐Thalassaemia (5 patients), high fetal haemoglobin combined with haemoglobin S (4 patients) double heterozygotes (2 patients) and high fetal haemoglobin combined with haemoglobin C (1 patient). There were no maternal deaths.

Homozygous C haemoglobin is associated with anaemia and splenomegaly. High fetal haemoglobin combined with S, or C, and also double heterozygotes are apparently innocuous in pregnancy. Therefore, no specific treatment is required in these haemoglobin types, apart from the prevention of anaemia by folic acid supplements in all cases, with the addition of oral iron and antimalarial drugs in areas where iron deficiency anaemia is common and malaria is holoendemic.

By contrast patients with haemoglobin S‐β‐Thalassaemia require close supervision throughout pregnancy since this haemoglobinopathy is associated with anaemia, bone pain crises and an increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage. However, it is less morbid in comparison with haemoglobin SS and SC.
ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA: AN ANALYSIS OF 355 CASES TREATED AT ST. THOMAS' HOSPITAL, 1945–69
Authors: Milton P. J. D. , Metters J. S.
Published: August 2005

The survival and recurrence‐free rates of 355 cases of carcinoma of the endometrium treated at St. Thomas' Hospital have been analysed with reference to the stage of the tumour, its histological type, the age of the patient, and the treatment.

The five‐year survival rate was 70.0 per cent and the ten‐year survival rate 63.4 per cent.

Simple total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oöphorectomy in Stage I cases resulted in a ten‐year survival rate of 75‐8 per cent. In this series Wertheim's hysterectomy did not improve the survival or recurrence‐free rate. The pelvic lymph node involvement rate in those cases treated by Wertheim's hysterectomy was low.
Y CHROMOSOME FLUORESCENCE IN PHENOTYPIC FEMALES
Authors: Lucas Mary , Dewhurst C. J.
Published: August 2005

Fluorescent staining has been carried out on the cells of five phenotypic females with Y chromosome material in their karyotypes. In three cases a morphologically normal Y chromosome showed fluorescence indistinguishable from that seen in normal male cells. In two cases morphologically abnormal Y material also fluoresced.
PLASMA CORTISOL AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN NORMAL MEN AND NON‐PREGNANT WOMEN, NORMAL PREGNANT WOMEN AND WOMEN WITH PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Mukherjee Kalyani , Swyer G. I. M.
Published: August 2005

Determinations of plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) have been made in normal men and non‐pregnant women, in normal pregnant women and women with pre‐eclampsia, in maternal and cord blood during normal vaginal delivery and during delivery by Caesarean section. The findings in normal individuals, including the demonstration of diurnal variations, are in agreement with those of other workers, thus validating the methodology used. In pregnancy the plasma cortisol is raised and ACTH lowered so that, in comparison with non‐pregnant individuals, the ACTH/cortisol ratio is greatly reduced. In pre‐eclamptic pregnancies, on the other hand, the plasma cortisol tends to be lower and the ACTH much higher than in normal pregnancies, so that the ACTH/cortisol ratio is similar to that found in non‐pregnant individuals. This rise in ACTH/cortisol ratio may occur in pregnant women before the development of oedema, proteinuria and hypertension. It appears that in pregnancy adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH is enhanced while in pre‐eclampsia the ability to secrete cortisol is relatively impaired, leading to increased ACTH secretion and this, by stimulating an increased output of aldosterone and possibly other salt‐retaining steroids, may partly be responsible for the manifestations of pre‐eclampsia. The concentration of cortisol in cord blood is lower than that in maternal blood at the time of delivery and both these concentrations are lower during delivery by Caesarean section than during normal vaginal delivery. On the other hand, although during delivery the ACTH levels in cord blood and maternal blood are greatly elevated, the difference between them is not significant, suggesting that the maternal adrenal cortex is more responsive to ACTH stimulation than the fetal adrenal cortex.
CHLORMETHIAZOLE IN THE TREATMENT OF PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Varma Thankam
Published: August 2005

Seventy patients with pre‐eclampsia were treated with chlormethiazole and the results in terms of fetal survival and maternal condition were compared with those of another group of seventy patients treated with barbiturates, Control of pre‐eclampsia and fetal survival were better in the group of patients treated with chlormethiazole.
THE EFFECT OF PARITY ON PLASMA TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN, UREA AND α‐AMINO NITROGEN LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Macdonald H. N. , Good W.
Published: August 2005

The plasma levels of total protein, albumin, urea and α‐amino nitrogen have been compared in primigravidae and multigravidae. At 10 weeks the plasma total protein concentration is significantly higher in multigravidae than in primigravidae and the plasma urea levels show a similar pattern, but the difference is not statistically significant; the plasma albumin and α‐amino nitrogen levels at 10 weeks are the same for each parity group. Between 10 and 28 weeks there is a decrease in the plasma levels of total protein, albumin and urea; this fall is greater for multigravidae than for primigravidae, but the difference is less marked with albumin. Plasma α‐amino nitrogen concentrations, however, appear to increase between 10 and 28 weeks, especially in primigravidae. Multigravidae show a decrease in plasma total protein, albumin and α‐amino nitrogen levels between 28 and 37 weeks, but primigravidae show a significant fall only in plasma albumin concentrations; plasma urea levels do not change significantly during this period. After delivery the plasma concentrations of urea and α‐amino nitrogen increase significantly and the levels of total protein and albumin decrease, but the changes are not statistically significant. The puerperal plasma total protein concentrations are lower in multigravidae than in primigravidae, who exhibit a bimodal frequency distribution; once again urea levels reflect the same tendency. In discussing the physiological implications of these results it is suggested that they are consistent with the hypothesis that plasma volume expansion is an important causative factor.
ESTIMATION OF CLEARANCE RATE OF INHALED XENON‐133 IN THE PLACENTAL REGION OF THE PREGNANT UTERUS
Authors: Jacoby H. E. , Arnot R. N. , Glass H. I. , McClure Browne J. C.
Published: August 2005

A safe, atraumatic method of measuring clearance of 133Xe in the region of the placenta is described. The gas was inhaled for two minutes, and external monitoring of the placental area and of the expired air was continued for a further 25 minutes. The placental clearance curve was analyzed into two exponential components, with and without correction for recirculation of the tracer. There was a significant difference of 15 per cent between the results of the two methods of analysis. No difference was found between the mean clearance rates of 19 normotensive and 19 hypertensive patients. The birthweights of the babies were used to assess total placental function, and its relationships to the clearance rates is discussed.
PROGESTOGEN THERAPY FOR OVARIAN CARCINOMA
Authors: Ward H. W. C.
Published: August 2005

Twenty‐nine patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma were treated with a high‐potency progestogen. A response was observed in 15 out of 23 who received adequate treatment with this hormone. It is suggested that progestogens offer a safe alternative to non‐hormonal chemotherapy for the advanced case and that further trials should be undertaken.
PLASMA FOLATE LEVELS FOLLOWING AN ORAL LOAD OF FOLIC ACID DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Landon M. J. , Hytten F. E.
Published: August 2005

The rise in the plasma level of folate following an oral load of 15 μg. of folic acid per kg. body weight was examined in a serial study of 12 healthy pregnant women. The average rise in pregnancy was similar to that postpartum and in two male control subjects, but there was a suggestion of a more sluggish rise in early compared to late pregnancy. Individual variation was considerable and greatly exceeded any possible effect of pregnancy.

These data provide no evidence that pregnant women suffer an impairment of folate absorption.
CERVICOGRAPHS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LABOUR IN PRIMIGRAVIDAE
Authors: Philpott R. H. , Castle W. M.
Published: August 2005

Adding a particular Alert Line to the cervicographs of Rhodesian African primigravidae has simply and effectively screened normal patients from those with reduced pelvic size and inefficient uterine action. The method can be applied by midwives working in isolated areas. This paper describes the derivation of the line and the results of a prospective study of 624 consecutive patients, whose management in labour was based on its use. The Alert Line would have relevance to practice elsewhere.
ANTEPARTUM AND POSTPARTUM ACID‐BASE CHANGES IN MATERNAL BLOOD IN NORMAL AND COMPLICATED PREGNANCIES
Authors: Dayal Promila , Murata Yuji , Takamura Hikaru
Published: August 2005

Blood acid‐base status was studied in 75 patients during pregnancy and about 50 patients after delivery. In all 75 patients, whether they had normal or uncomplicated prenancies, there was metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis during pregnancy. Reversal of these changes is not complete so far as the respiratory component is concerned during the first week of the puerperium.
EFFECT ON FETAL LIVER LIPIDS OF 14C GLUCOSE ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE MOTHER
Authors: Coltart T. M.
Published: August 2005

Uniformly labelled 14C glucose was administered intravenously to eight patients in the mid‐trimester of pregnancy who were about to undergo hysterotomy and tubal ligation. After delivery of the fetus the fetal liver was removed and the extent of incorporation of 14C glucose into hepatic lipids estimated. Significant levels of 14C were found in all fetal lipid fractions. When these levels were compared with the corresponding levels of 14C incorporation into the maternal serum lipids there was no correlation. It is concluded that much if not all the newly synthesized lipid in the fetal liver is of fetal origin, and has not been synthesized by the mother and subsequently transferred to the fetus via the placenta.
THE CIRCULATING LEVELS OF OXYTOCIN FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS AND INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF SYNTOMETRINE
Authors: Gibbens D. , Boyd N. R. H. , Crocker S. , Baumber S. , Chard T.
Published: August 2005

Using a radioinimunoassay for oxytocin, circulating levels of the hormone were measured following intravenous and intramuscular administration of Syntometrine. After intramuscular injection oxytocin appeared in the circulation in as little as 30 seconds and continued to be detectable at levels around 25 pg. per ml. for up to 60 minutes. After intravenous injection there was a rapid rise to a peak of 530 pg. per ml. at one minute. The subsequent decay showed a bi‐exponential pattern, and yielded an average half‐life of 3 minutes for the initial rapid phase of disappearance. Following subcutaneous injection of Syntometrine, circulating oxytocin was found in only one of the two cases studied. After intravenous ergometrine, there was no detectable rise in oxytocin levels.
CORRELATION OF ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSY AND PLASMA PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN INFERTILE WOMEN
Authors: Cooke I. D. , Morgan Christine A. , Parry T. E.
Published: August 2005

Histologically dated premenstrual endometrial biopsies from infertile patients have been correlated with plasma progesterone values obtained at the same time. The plasma progesterone assay was a chick plasma protein binding assay. All histologically dated biopsies were grouped according to the accuracy of the correlation with chronological dating of the endometrium and the plasma progesterone values of each of these groups were reviewed. Of the 59 paired results analyzed from patients having regular cycles only 34 showed good agreement between timing of the biopsy and its histological dating. The abnormal plasma progesterone results in the groups that failed to show good agreement are discussed in relation to concepts of defective luteal phase.

Follow‐up showed a similar incidence of pregnancy in both groups.
SOME SURPRISING RESULTS IN THE INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OF THE INFERTILE WOMAN
Authors: Pennington G. W. , Atlay R. D.
Published: August 2005

The first 180 patients referred to this Unit after gynaecological investigation for further endocrinological investigations and possible induction of ovulation have been followed up for two years. To supplement the case notes a questionnaire was sent to each; 117 patients replied. Seventy‐two patients received stimulant therapy and 45 did not; 56 per cent of the treated patients became pregnant, but also no less than 42 per cent of the untreated patients.
ORAL CONTRACEPTION AND LIVER FLUKE DISEASE
Authors: Chulacharit Ekachai , Petchakit Vichien , Rosenfield Allan G.
Published: August 2005

Opisthorchis Viverrini (liver fluke) infestation is endemic in certain parts of Thailand, where the incidence is as high as 90 per cent. Although the disease is essentially benign in man, there has been concern that oral contraception may be contra‐indicated in patients with this disease. In the present study no laboratory differences were found between a group of oral contraceptive users with positive stools and those with negative stools. The only minor abnormality found after oral contraceptive use was a slight increase in the bromsulphthalein retention values in both groups of patients as compared to a control group using intrauterine devices. No case of jaundice was seen in either group of pill acceptors. It is concluded that oral contraceptives are safe in patients with this parasitic disease.
THE USE OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 FOR THERAPEUTIC ABORTION
Authors: Karim S. M. M. , Filshie G. M.
Published: August 2005

Prostaglandin E2 was infused in 139 women recommended for therapeutic trmination of pregnancy. Abortion occurred in 130 women and was complete in 105. Uterine activity was measured in 67 patients before, during and after prostagiandin infusion. In selected cases haematological, biochemical, hormonal and renal function studies were performed. No serious adverse effects were noted.
SERUM HEAT STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO URINARY OESTROGEN OUTPUT, FETAL AND PLACENTAL WEIGHT, AND PLACENTAL ENZYME CONTENT
Authors: Curzen Peter , Hensel Helen
Published: August 2005

Paired estimations of serum heat stable alkline phosphatase (HSAP) concentration and urinary oestrogen output were perormed on 100 patients (544 estimatons). There was no correlation between these values.

There was a weak correlation between urinary oestrogen output and fetal weight. The HSAP content of 47 placentae was assayed and compared with the last serum HSAP level before delivery. There was a weak correlation between these parameters.
AMNIOTIC FLUID VOLUMES IN EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: Nelson MatildaM.
Published: August 2005

Amniotic fluid volumes were measured in 46 cases of therapeutic abortion by hysterotomy. These are combined with four other published series to give figures for over 160 cases measured during the first half of pregnancy.
AMNIOTIC CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TWIN‐PREGNANCY AFTER INTRA‐AMNIOTIC INJECTION OF HYPERTONIC SALINE
Authors: Kovács L. , Gellén J. , Falkay Gy.
Published: August 2005

During termination of a twin‐pregnancy by saline injection, for a psychiatric indication 20 per cent saline was injected into one amniotic sac and the chloriede concentration in both amniotic fluids was recorded by separate cannulation of the amniotic cavities. Changes in chloride concentration of the maternal serum and fetal heart activity were continuously observed. The fetus in the treated sac died and was born macerated, whereas the other showed signs of life at the delivery. The results show that the composition of the amniotic fluid may change significantly by paraplacental transfer.
SERUM LIPIDS AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN PREGNANT NIGERIAN WOMEN
Authors: Taylor G. Oladunni
Published: August 2005

The levels of serum total cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, triglycerides and the total fatty acid composition were determined in non‐pregnant and pregnant women at the 24the and 36th weeks of gestation.

The levels of the serum phospholipids and triglyucerides in the pregnant women at the 24th week of gestation were significantly higher than those in the nonpregnant women, but there was no significant increase in these serum lipids from the 24th to the 36th week of gestation. The serum total cholesterol and cholesterol esters in the pregnant women were significantly higher than in the non‐pregnant women only at the 36th week of gestation. The total percentage of the saturated fatty acids was higher and that of teh polyunsaturated fatty acids lower at the 24teh week of pregnancy than those at the 36th week and for non‐pregnant women. There was no significant difference in the percentage of the monounsaturated fatty acids in the three groups.
URGENCY INCONTINENCE
Authors: Frewen W. K.
Published: August 2005

A twelve months follow up of 100 consecutive cases of urgency incontinence was made. Eighty patients were still continent at the end of one year but half of them had some residual urgency of micturition. In a seris of 556 cases of incontinence, the incidence of urgency incontinence was 30 per cent. The diagnosis and clinical relevance of the disorder is discussed and the value of the Foley catheter test in differentiation one type of incontinence from another is emphasized.
PREVENTION OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AFTER GYNAECOLOGICAL LAPAROTOMY
Authors: Sood SatyaV.
Published: August 2005

Aspiration of urine at laparotomy is a safe and satisfactory method of emptying the bladder. Evidence is presented that postoperative urinary trace infection, a common complication following catheterization, can be reduced sifnificantly by this technique.
ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN RHESUS ISO‐IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Fairweather D. V. I. , Billewicz W. , Loraine J. A. , Bell E. T.
Published: August 2005

Serial assays of oestrone, oestriol, pregnanediol and chorionic gonadotrophin have been made in maternal urine from 32 weeks gestation until delivery in rhesus immunized patients whose infants suffered from haemolytic disease o varying severity. The results were compared with those from a series of normally pregnant women of comparable age and gestation period. In the rhesus patients no correlation could be demonstrated between severity of disease and endocrine profile. Assays of hormones and their metabolites were of little or no value in the management of patients with rhesus immunization.
THE USE OF ANTI‐D GAMMA GLOBULIN FOR THE PREVENTION OF Rh IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Tovey L. A. Derrick
Published: August 2005

Results of the six months follow‐up of 2319 women who received the English preparationof anti‐D gamma globulin, and of 546 who have had a subsequent pregnancy are reported. The failure rate was found to be 0.55 and 1.6 per cent respectively.

Details are given of the 7 cases of failure of protection in the subsequent pregnancy; the infants were all mildly affected. Three cases are described, also mildly affected, of subsequent pregnancies after anti‐D gamma globulin was given although the mothers had a positive enzyume test for rhesus antibodies prior to the injection. There was little correlation between the incidence of failures, the pre‐injection. There was little correlation between the incidence of failures, the pre‐injection Kleihauer count and the dose of anti‐D gamma globulin given.
BIRTHWEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF SINGAPORE CHINESE, MALAY AND INDIAN INFANTS FROM 34 WEEKS TO 42 WEEKS GESTATION
Authors: Cheng MarkC. E. , Chew PeterC. T. , Ratnam S. S.
Published: August 2005

The birthweights of 4506 Chinese, 3722 Malay and 2798 Indian live‐born infants born at 34 to 42 weeks gestation were studied. The mean birthweight was calculated for each gestation week from 34 weeks to 42 weeks, and the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles obtained. There was no sigificant differences in mean birthweight between Chinese and Malay infants. The mean birthweight of Indian infants at 40 weeks was 160 g. less than that of Chinese infants, which in turn is 235 g. less than that of British Causcasian infants. The intrauterine growth pattern was similar to that of other countries.
CERULOPLASMIN ACTIVITY IN INFANTS BORN TO UNDERNOURISHED MOTHERS
Authors: Krishnamachari K. A. V. R. , Rao Kamala S. Jaya
Published: August 2005

Serum copper levels and serum ceruloplasmin activity were estimated in maternal venous blood and corresponding cord blood of 12 well‐nourished and 18 undernourished women. The levels of both blood constituents were not different in these groups. The levels in the infants born to undernourished mother were significantly lower than those in infants born to well‐nourished mothers. It is suggested that maternal malnutrition adversely affects the protein synthesizing capacity of the livers of the offspring. A significant correlation was observed between birthweight and serum ceruloplasmin activity of the newborb. The livers of low birthweight infants may have a reduced capacity to synthesize proteins.
LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION IN THE PUERPERIUM
Authors: Whiteley Paul F.
Published: August 2005

Puerperal laparoscopic sterilization has become a routine procedure in this hospital, and the first 100 cases are reviewed. Although the technique is slightly more difficult than that of interval sterilization no serious complications arose. The most patients were discharged home on the following day.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PLACENTA IN DEPRESSION OF FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: åStedt Birger
Published: August 2005

The local fibrinolytic activity in the blood after venous occlusion was studied in fourteen patients one hour after normal delivery of the baby. Seven of these patients had retained, adherent placenta and seven had a normal third stage of labour. The fibrinolytic activity of the patients with a retained placenta was still at the pregnant level, while that of the patients who had a normal thrid stage had returned to non‐pregnant levels indicating that the depression of fibrinolytic activity during pregnancy is not due to any effect of the fetal circulation, but to the presence of the placenta.