bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
North circumpolar region
Authors:   Natural Resources Canada
Published: March 2017

Contained within the Atlas of Canada's Reference Map Series, 1961 to 2010, is a map which has detailed coverage of all parts of the world north of approximately 55 degrees North (and south of this latitude for the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk areas). The map
uses the Azimuthal equidistant projection. The map shows national and provincial-level boundaries for Canada, Greenland and Russia, and gives names for the province-level units. Included with the boundaries is Canada's 200 mile limit. The set of places denotes national and province-level capitals.
Other places are not differentiated in any way (such as by size). Road and rail lines are shown for all thematic areas. The map uses shaded relief for all parts of the coverage area, and also has bathymetric tints for all marine areas. Glaciers/icefields are shown for all thematic areas. An
interesting feature is the depiction of three levels of ice extent: the minimum, median and maximum ice-edges. Coverage data is as of 1997, but accurate provisiona
Geothermal Gradients On the West Side of Okanagan Lake, B.c.
Authors: Lewis T J
Published: March 2017

Observations on the distribution of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in permafrost waters have been completed at a drained lake site in the Mackenzie Delta, along the Dempster Highway, Additional laboratory observations of isotope 'fractionation in phase change were
completed. The analyses are used in conjunction with c14 dates to delineate the history of the drained lake basin over the past 9000 yrs. and to examine permafrost history and the origin of the waters in the northeastern Yukon.
1982 Cocrust Experiment - Acquisition and Interpretation of Crustal Refraction Profiles Across the Ottawa Valley Graben, the Central Metasedimentary Belt and the Greenville Front, Ontario and Quebec
Authors: Mereu R F
Published: March 2017

During the summer of 1982 the COCRUST* Consortium conducted a major long-range seismic refraction experiment across the Canadian Shield of Eastern Canada. Major participants of this experiment came from the Earth Physics Branch DEMR, Ottawa, the Department of
Geophysics, University of Western Ontario, the Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University, the Department of Geology, University of Montréal, the Department of Mineral Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, the Department of Earth Sciences, Université du Québec
à Chicoutimi, the Department of Geophysics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia and the Department of Physics, University of Toronto. Seismic lines, approximately 300 km in length were located along the Ottawa-Bonnechère Graben from North Bay to Arnprior, Ontario and perpendicular
to the Ottawa-Bonnechère Graben and Grenville Front along a line from Marmora, Ontario to Mont Laurier, Québec to Val d'Or, Québec. This line was then linked to the Val d'Or to Matagami line of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt experiment. Bath in-line and fan - type profiles for both
2-dimensional and 3-dimensional subsurface analysis were obtained from a series of twelve shots which were fired at North Bay, Marmora, Bristol Mines, Mont Laurier, and Val d'Or. An additional four shots which were fired near Matachewan, Matagami, Chibougamau and Val d'Or were recorded along a line
from Val d'Or to Matagami in the adjoining Abitibi Greenstone Belt experiment. Seismic sections and a discussion of the preliminary results are presented in this paper.
Canadian earthquakes - 1981
Authors: Drysdale J A , Wetmiller R J , Horner R B , Stevens A E , Rogers G C
Published: March 2017

During 1981, 261 earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater occurred in Canada or adjacent areas of the United States and Greenland. These are listed chronologically by region in five tables following the text. Epicentral and magnitude parameters have been
determined for 876 earthquakes smaller than magnitude 3 .0 in or near Canada in 1981 and are plotted along with the larger events on seven epicentre maps. All events are catalogued on magnetic tape and are available upon request. Seismic activity was primarily restricted to the recognized zones of
past seismicity without any significant change . The largest earthquake in Canada (mN 4.9) occurred 20 February in the Mackenzie Valley, N.W . T. and was felt at Fort Wrigley. Eight events with magnitude greater than 4 .0 took place in the active area west of Vancouver Island. Four earthquakes near
potash mines in Saskatchewan are believed to be induced. Three of these were felt locally, the largest being mN 3.2. The largest evenl in the Eastern Region, mN 3.9, occurred on 28 October in the lower St. Lawrence Valley and was felt mildly at several conununities along the norlh shore. Two
earthquakes (mN 3 . 7 and mN 3 . 4) near Cornwall, Ontario on 04 and 05 July were widely felt. Swarm activity persisted in the area near the B.C. - Alaska border east of Juneau. A total of 36 earlhquakes were reported felt in Canada, including 17 with magnitude less than 3. 0. None was large enough
to cause any ,property damage.
METHODS OF TESTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE-TYPE SEALERS, ADHESIVES, AND DEADENERS
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice contains a series of test methods for use in measuring characteristics of automotive-type sealers, adhesives, and deadeners. The test methods which are contained in this document are as follows:

ADS-1—Methods of Determining Viscosity

ADS-2—Low Temperature Tests

ADS-3—Weld-Through Tests

ADS-4—Enamel, Lacquer, and Fabric Staining Test

ADS-5—Wash-Off Resistance Test

ADS-7—Solids Test

ADS-8—Flash Point Test

ADS-9—Sag and Bridging Tests

ADS-10—Flow Test

The intent of this document is to provide a series of test methods which can be used in testing the various qualities of sealers, adhesives, and deadener material. In later revisions of this document, attempts will be made to reduce the number of tests now presented. The specific temperatures and times at which some of these tests are to be conducted are not dictated in these test procedures, but they will be found in the material standards which govern each type of material to be tested.
WOODRUFF KEYS
Authors:   Metals Technical Committee
Published: March 2017
ELECTRIC FUSES
Authors:   Circuit Protection and Switch Device Committee
Published: March 2017

The fuses shown are for use in motor vehicles, boats, and trailers to protect electrical wiring and equipment. This standard is for the construction shown and is not intended to restrict the design and use of other configurations and materials capable of meeting the vehicle requirements.
Healthcare Team Perceptions of a Portal for Parents of Hospitalized Children Before and After Implementation
Authors: Kelly Michelle M. , Dean Shannon M. , Carayon Pascale , Wetterneck Tosha B. , Hoonakker Peter L.T.
Published: March 2017

Background. Patient electronic health record (EHR) portals can enhance patient and family engagement by providing information and a way to communicate with their healthcare team (HCT). However, portal implementation has been limited to ambulatory settings and met with resistance from HCTs.

Objective. We evaluated HCT perceptions before and 6-months after implementation of an inpatient EHR portal application on a tablet computer given to parents of hospitalized children. Methods. This repeated cross-sectional study was conducted with HCT members (nurses, physicians, ancillary staff) on a medical/surgical unit at a quaternary children’s hospital. From December 2014-June 2015, parents of children <12 years old were given a portal application on a tablet computer. It provided real-time vitals, medications, lab results, schedules, education, HCT information and a way to send the HCT messages/requests. HCT members completed surveys pre- and post-implementation regarding their portal perceptions. Pre-post differences in HCT perceptions were compared using chi-squared, Mann-Whitney and Kruskall Wallis tests.

Results. Pre-implementation, HCT respondents (N=94) were generally optimistic about the benefits of a portal for parents; however, all anticipated challenges to portal use. Over the next 6-months, 296 parents used the portal, sending 176 requests and 36 messages. Post-implementation, HCT respondent (N=70) perceptions of these challenges were significantly reduced (all p<0.001), including: parents (will) have too many questions (69 vs. 3%, pre-post), parents (will) know results before the HCT (65 vs. 1%), staff (would be/are) skeptical (43 vs. 21%) and there (will be/is) not enough technical support (28 vs. 1%).

Conclusions. All HCT respondents anticipated challenges in providing a portal to parents of hospitalized children; however, these concerns were minimized after implementation.
Repertório cultural: como surgem as ideias?
Authors: Reis Mazzei Victor
Published: March 2017

This study intents on promoting discussions about the creative being and the cultural repertoire. We consider, in addition, that is not enough wishing to be creative, once there are outer factors, like professional, academic or familiar environments and also inner ones, related to an individual’s state of mind, which are capable of interfering in the ability to stimulate or inhibit one’s aptitude of birthing new ideas. It is also our intention to question miths envolving creativity, with the goal of making it a reachable practice for many people. As methodology, we articulated a bibliographic review to a field research, even in the classroom or in managerial environments, which provided us clues of how creativity flourishes, individually and collectively
AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM10 and PM2. 5 concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values
Authors: Diapouli Evangelia , Manousakas Manousos I. , Vratolis Stergios , Vasilatou Vasiliki , Pateraki Stella , Bairachtari Kyriaki A. , Querol Xavier , Amato Fulvio , Alastuey Andrés , Karanasiou Angeliki A. , Lucarelli Franco , Nava Silvia , Calzolai Giulia , Gianelle Vorne L. , Colombi Cristina , Alves Célia , Custódio Danilo , Pio Casimiro , Spyrou Christos , Kallos George B. , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The contribution of natural sources to ambient air particulate matter (PM) concentrations is often not considered; however, it may be significant for certain areas and during specific periods of the year. In the framework of the AIRUSE-LIFE+ project, state-of-the-art methods have been employed for assessing the contribution of major natural sources (African dust, sea salt and forest fires) to PM concentrations, in southern European urban areas. 24 h measurements of PM10 and PM2. 5 mass and chemical composition were performed over the course of a year in five cities: Porto, Barcelona, Milan, Florence and Athens. Net African dust and sea-salt concentrations were calculated based on the methodologies proposed by the EC (SEC 2011/208). The contribution of uncontrolled forest fires was calculated through receptor modelling. Sensitivity analysis with respect to the calculation of African dust was also performed, in order to identify major parameters affecting the estimated net dust concentrations. African dust contribution to PM concentrations was more pronounced in the eastern Mediterranean, with the mean annual relative contribution to PM10 decreasing from 21 % in Athens, to 5 % in Florence, and around 2 % in Milan, Barcelona and Porto. The respective contribution to PM2. 5 was calculated equal to 14 % in Athens and from 1.3 to 2.4 % in all other cities. High seasonal variability of contributions was observed, with dust transport events occurring at different periods in the western and eastern Mediterranean basin. Sea salt was mostly related to the coarse mode and also exhibited significant seasonal variability. Sea-salt concentrations were highest in Porto, with average relative contributions equal to 12.3 % for PM10. Contributions from uncontrolled forest fires were quantified only for Porto and were low on an annual basis (1.4 and 1.9 % to PM10 and PM2. 5, respectively); nevertheless, contributions were greatly increased during events, reaching 20 and 22 % of 24 h PM10 and PM2. 5 concentrations, respectively.
Modeling inter-continental transport of ozone in North America with CAMx for the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) Phase 3
Authors: Nopmongcol Uarporn , Liu Zhen , Stoeckenius Till , Yarwood Greg
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Inter-continental ozone (O3) transport extends the geographic range of O3 air pollution impacts and makes local air pollution management more difficult. Phase 3 of the Air Quality Modeling Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII-3) is examining the contribution of inter-continental transport to regional air quality by applying regional scale atmospheric models jointly with global models. We investigate methods for tracing O3 from global models within regional models. The CAMx photochemical grid model was used to track contributions from boundary condition (BC) O3 over a North America modeling domain for calendar year 2010 using a built-in tracer module called RTCMC. RTCMC can track BC contributions using chemically reactive tracers and also using inert tracers in which deposition is the only sink for O3. Lack of O3 destruction chemistry in the inert tracer approach leads to over estimation biases that can exceed 10 ppb. The flexibility of RTCMC also allows tracking O3 contributions made by groups of vertical BC layers. The largest BC contributions to seasonal average daily maximum 8-hour averages (MDA8) of O3 over the US are found to be from the mid-troposphere with small contributions from the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere. Contributions from the lower troposphere are shown to not penetrate very far inland. Higher contributions in the Western than the Eastern US, reaching an average of 57 ppb in Denver for the 30 days with highest MDA8 O3 in 2010, present a significant challenge to air quality management approaches based solely on local or US-wide emission reductions. The substantial BC contribution to MDA8 O3 in the Intermountain West means regional models are particularly sensitive to any biases and errors in the BCs. A sensitivity simulation with reduced BC O3 in response to 20 % lower emissions in Asia found a near linear relationship between the BC O3 changes and surface O3 changes in the Western US in all seasons and across the US in fall and winter. However, the surface O3 decreases are small: below 1 ppb in spring and below 0.5 ppb in other seasons.
Design of an ozone and nitrogen dioxide sensor unit and its long-term operation within a sensor network in the city of Zurich
Authors: Mueller Michael , Meyer Jonas , Hueglin Christoph
Published: March 2017

Abstract. This study focuses on the investigation and quantification of low-cost sensor performance in application fields such as the extension of traditional air quality monitoring networks or the replacement of diffusion tubes. For this, sensor units consisting of two boxes featuring NO2 and O3 low-cost sensors and wireless data transfer were engineered. The sensor units were initially operated at air quality monitoring sites for three months for performance analysis and initial calibration. Afterwards, they were relocated and operated within a sensor network consisting of six locations for more than one year. Our analyses show that the employed O3 and NO2 sensors can be accurate to 2–5 and 5–7 ppb, respectively, during the first three months of operation. This accuracy, however, could not be maintained during their operation within the sensor network related to changes in sensor behaviour. Hence, the low-cost sensors in our configuration do not reach the accuracy level of NO2 diffusion tubes. Tests in the laboratory revealed that changes in relative humidity can impact the signal of the employed NO2 sensors similarly as changes in ambient NO2 concentration. All the employed low-cost sensors need to be individually calibrated. Best performance of NO2 sensors is achieved when the calibration models include also time dependent parameters accounting for changes in sensor response over time. Accordingly, an effective procedure for continuous data control and correction is essential for obtaining meaningful data. It is demonstrated that linking the measurements from low-cost sensors to the high quality measurements from routine air quality monitoring stations is an effective procedure for both tasks provided that time periods can be identified when pollutant concentrations can be accurately predicted at sensor locations.
Carbon stocks and dynamics at different successional stages in an Afromontane tropical forest
Authors: Nyirambangutse Brigitte , Zibera Etienne , Uwizeye Félicien K. , Nsabimana Donat , Bizuru Elias , Pleijel Håkan , Uddling Johan , Wallin Göran
Published: March 2017

Abstract. As a result of different types of disturbance, forests are a mixture of stands at different stages of ecological succession. Successional stage is likely to influence forest productivity and carbon storage, linking the degree of forest disturbance to the global carbon cycle and climate. Although tropical montane forests are an important part of tropical forest ecosystems (ca. 8 %, elevation  >  1000 m a.s.l.), there are still significant knowledge gaps regarding the carbon dynamics and stocks of these forests, and how these differ between early (ES) and late successional (LS) stages. This study examines the carbon (C) stock, relative growth rate (RGR) and net primary production (NPP) of ES and LS forest stands in an Afromontane tropical rainforest using data from inventories of quantitatively important ecosystem compartments in fifteen 0.5 ha plots in Nyungwe National Park in Rwanda. The total C stock was 35 % larger in LS compared to ES plots due to significantly larger above-ground biomass (AGB; 185 and 76 Mg C ha−1 in LS and ES plots), while the soil and root C stock (down to 45 cm depth in the mineral soil) did not significantly differ between the two successional stages (178 and 204 Mg C ha−1 in LS and ES plots). The main reasons for the difference in AGB were that ES trees had significantly lower stature and wood density compared to LS trees. However, ES and LS stands had similar total NPP (canopy, wood and roots of all plots  ∼  9.4 Mg C ha−1) due to counterbalancing effects of differences in AGB (higher in LS stands) and RGR (higher in ES stands). The AGB in the LS plots was considerably higher than the average value reported for old-growth tropical montane forest of south-east Asia and Central and South America at similar elevations and temperatures, and of the same magnitude as in tropical lowland forest of these regions. The results of this study highlight the importance of accounting for disturbance regimes and differences in wood density and allometry of tree species dominating at different successional stages in an attempt to quantify the C stock and sink strength of tropical montane forests and how they may differ among continents.
Exposure to Floods, Climate Change, and Poverty in Vietnam
Authors: Bangalore Mook , Smith Andrew , Veldkamp Ted
Published: March 2017

Abstract. With 70 percent of its population living in coastal areas and low-lying deltas, Vietnam is highly exposed to riverine and coastal flooding. This paper examines the exposure of the population and poor people in particular to current and future flooding in Vietnam and specifically in Ho Chi Minh City, using new high-resolution flood hazard maps and spatial socioeconomic data. The national-level analysis finds that a third of today’s population is already exposed to a flood, which occurs once every 25 years, assuming no protection. For the same return period flood under current socioeconomic conditions, climate change may increase the number exposed to 38 to 46 percent of the population. Climate change impacts can make frequent events as important as rare ones: the estimates suggest a 25-year flood under future conditions can expose more people than a 200-year flood under current conditions. Although poor districts are not found to be more exposed to floods at the national level, the city-level analysis of Ho Chi Minh City provides evidence that slum areas are highly exposed. The results of this paper show the benefits of investing today in flood risk management, and can provide guidance as to where future investments may be targeted.
Transposing an active fault database into a fault-based seismic
hazard assessment for Nuclear facilities.
Part B: Impact of fault parameter uncertainties on a site-specific
PSHA exercise in the Upper Rhine Graben, Eastern France
Authors: Chartier Thomas , Scotti Oona , Clément Christophe , Jomard Hervé , Baize Stéphane
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We perform a fault-based PSHA exercise in the Upper Rhine Graben to quantify the relative influence of fault parameters on the hazard at the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant site. Specifically, we show that the potentially active faults described in Part A of this paper (Jomard et al., submitted this issue) are the dominant factor in hazard estimates at the low annual probability of exceedance relevant for the safety assessment of nuclear installations. Geological information documenting the activity of the faults in this region, however, remains sparse, controversial and affected by a high degree of uncertainty. A logic tree approach is thus implemented to explore the epistemic uncertainty and quantify its impact on the seismic hazard estimates. Disaggregation of the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) hazard at 10,000 years return period shows that the Rhine River Fault is the main seismic source controlling the hazard level at the site. The choice of Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPE) is the major source of uncertainty. Nonetheless the parameters describing the geometry and the seismic activity of the faults (dip, width, slip rate) also have an impact on the result depending on the GMPE used. The uncertainty on the slip rate of the Rhine River Fault is the second most dominant factor controlling the uncertainty on the seismic hazard level. Uncertainty on slip rate estimates from 0.04 mm/yr to 0.1 mm/yr results in up to 40 % increase in hazard levels at the 10,000 years return period target depending on the GMPE used and the spectral frequency of interest. Reducing epistemic uncertainty in future fault-based PSHA studies at this site will thus require (1) performing in-depth field studies to better characterize the seismic potential of the Rhine River Fault; (2) complementing GMPEs with more physics-based modeling approaches to better account for the near-field effects of ground motion and (3) improving the modeling of the background seismicity. Indeed, in this exercise, we assume that background earthquakes can only host M  6.0 earthquakes have been recently identified at depth within the Upper Rhine Graben (see Part A) but are not accounted for in this exercise since their potential activity has not yet been described.
Iterative feedback tuning of wind turbine controllers
Authors: van Solingen Edwin , Mulders Sebastiaan Paul , van Wingerden Jan-Willem
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Traditionally, wind turbine controllers are designed using first principles or linearized or identified models. The aim of this paper is to show that with an automated, online, and model-free tuning strategy, wind turbine control performance can be significantly increased. For this purpose, iterative feedback tuning (IFT) is applied to two different turbine controllers: drivetrain damping and collective pitch control. The results, obtained by high-fidelity simulations using the NREL 5MW wind turbine, indicate significant performance improvements over baseline controllers, which were designed using classical loop-shaping techniques. It is concluded that iterative feedback tuning of turbine controllers has the potential to become a valuable tool to improve wind turbine performance.
Drug eluting balloons for resistant arteriovenous dialysis access stenosis
Authors: Karnabatidis Dimitrios , Kitrou Panagiotis
Published: March 2017

Vascular access maintenance is vital for hemodialysis patients. Conventional balloon angioplasty is the gold standard of treatment in endovascular therapy according to published guidelines, accompanied by bare metal stents as a bail-out method. Several devices have been used so far with a view to improve patency outcomes, but only covered stents have been proposed as a valid alternative and only for venous juxta-anastomotic stenosis of arteriovenous grafts. Paclitaxel-coated balloons (PCBs) have been extensively investigated in the last few years in pilot studies with small numbers of patients in dialysis access. Results from these studies have been promising so far; however, a larger number of subjects is needed to prove outcomes. Aim of this analysis is to discuss current available studies and explore some critical aspects of PCB use in dialysis access treatment.
Optiflow anastomotic device for hemodialysis vascular access creation
Authors: Glickman Marc
Published: March 2017

The need to have consistent methods and consistent technique to optimize hemodialysis outcomes is behind the concept of the Optiflow™ device. This device was created to allow for consistency in size of the arterial anastomosis and consistency in angle of the vein to the artery at the anastomosis. Early data suggest that allowing these two technical entities can improve outcomes in regards to flow and maturity in arteriovenous fistula creation. This article is a summary of early data that demonstrate the impact the Optiflow device on brachial cephalic fistulas.
Patient factors and haemodialysis arteriovenous fistula outcomes
Authors: Masengu Agnes , Hanko Jennifer
Published: March 2017

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) improve survival and morbidity for most haemodialysis (HD) patients. Are they better for all patients? In the enthusiastic pursuit of AVFs for all, concerns have been raised regarding high primary AVF failure rates, continued high incident central venous catheter (CVC) use in some countries, and the limited life expectancy of some HD patients. “Fistula first” is changing to “catheter last”. The focus must be on decreasing AVF failure to mature and decreasing incident CVC use. An optimal outcome should be sought for each individual patient, and multiple failed attempts at AVF creation avoided.
Preoperative ultrasound still valuable for radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula creation?
Authors: Pajek Jernej , Malovrh Marko
Published: March 2017

Radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula is a prototype hemodialysis access with small incidences of infection and distal ischemia, it spares proximal veins for future access use and it helps in the maturation of veins that may be used for more proximal access creations. This access type is prone to higher early failure rates compared to more proximal fistulas and there are unsolved uncertainties regarding exact ultrasound parameters predictive of fistula outcome. Evolution of ultrasound use has yielded several functional parameters that can be measured in addition to anatomical lumen sizes, which remain core parameters on which the decision to construct fistula in radio-cephalic forearm position is based. We propose to use arterial hyperemic response and wall morphology to aid in this decision when radial artery diameter falls in the interval with predictive uncertainty of 1.6-1.9 mm and to use venous flow pattern, respiratory variation, radial artery status and possibly venous distensibility when cephalic vein augmented diameter lies in the borderline interval of 2-2.4 mm. Ultrasound preoperative mapping and planning should be followed by expert surgical technique and several technique modifications of the classical end-to-side approach are possible to enhance operation outcome and diminish the incidence of stenosis most often present at juxta-anastomotic location. In our experience radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula remains the golden standard for hemodialysis access and preoperative ultrasound the single best imaging modality to plan the operation and predict its success.
Is early cannulation of an arteriovenous fistula associated with early failure of the fistula?
Authors: Wilmink Teun , Hollingworth Lee , Stevenson Tamasin , Powers Sarah
Published: March 2017

Objective

To study the effect of early cannulation of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) on early AVF failure.

Methods

Analysis of two databases of access operations and dialysis sessions from 1/12/2002 till 1/4/2015. Follow-up until 1/4/2016. Functional dialysis use defined as six consecutive cannulations of the AVF with two needles. Early cannulation defined as needling of the AVF within 30 days of creation. Early failure was defined as abandonment for new form of access within 90 days of first cannulation. Machine blood-flow rates (BFR) of each dialysis session for the first 2 months collected from the dialysis database.

Results

We analysed 1167 AVFs with functional dialysis use. Some 148 AVFs (11%) were needled within 30 days. Early needling was not associated with increased early failure rates (p = 0.43). Early failure rates were lower in AVFs with six consecutive successful cannulations from the start (p = 0.002). There was a trend of reduced early failure rates (test for trend: p = 0.018) in the latter years of the study period, but no trend in early cannulation rates (p = 0.19). Failure to achieve six successful cannulations from the start was an independent predictor of early AVF failure but early needling was not an independent predictor in multivariate analysis. Average starting BFRs were higher in AVF that were needled early.

Conclusions

Early cannulation was not associated with early failure. Failure to achieve six successful cannulations from the start was an independent predictor of early failure. The trend in yearly variation of early failure rates suggests that evolving practices influenced early failure rates.
Cerebral hyperperfusion and other consequences of hemodialysis central vein catheters
Authors: Wasse Haimanot
Published: March 2017

While central venous stenosis is a common consequence of protracted central venous catheter use, intracardiac device transvenous leads, and central venous instrumentation, the majority of patients who develop symptomatic central venous stenosis present with characteristic venous hypertension. However, some patients may develop an abnormal intracranial venous circulation and present with neurologic symptoms. This paper will summarize findings from case reports that describe the neurologic sequelae that can develop as a result of central venous stenosis/occlusion in end-stage renal disease patients with a functional arteriovenous access.
MERCÚRIO, CROMO, CÁDMIO E CHUMBO EM PYGOCENTRUS NATTERERI KNER, 1858 E PROCHILODUS LINEATUS (VALENCIENNES, 1836) DE DOIS RIOS DO PANTANAL (MT), BRASIL
Authors: Santos Filho Francisco Morais dos , Lino Adan Santos , Malm Olaf , Ignácio Aurea
Published: March 2017

O estudo foi realizado na Bacia do Alto Paraguai, no Pantanal Mato-Grossense,Brasil, e teve como objetivo determinar as concentrações de mercúrio total(THg), cromo (Cr), cádmio (Cd) e chumbo (Pb) em tecidos de peixes. A Bacia doAlto Paraguai é alvo de inúmeras agressões antrópicas, que afetam diretamenteseu ecossistema aquático, como queimadas da vegetação nativa, exploração deouro, além de uma forte exploração do estoque pesqueiro. Foram capturados78 indivíduos de duas espécies (44 Pygocentrus nattereri e 34 Prochiloduslineatus) provenientes do Rio Paraguai e do Rio Cuiabá. Para a quantificação dasconcentrações de THg, foi utilizado um espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica,Perkin Elmer (FIMS - system), enquanto as leituras de Cr, Cd e Pb foram realizadasem espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica com chama (AAS-F). Os exemplaresde P. nattereri analisados apresentaram concentrações de THg no músculoentre 0,099 e 0,597 μg.g-1 e 4,54% acima de 0,50 μg.g-1, concentração máximade tolerância recomendada para consumo pela Organização Mundial da Saúde;e 43,18% apresentaram concentrações entre 0,20 e 0,50 μg.g-1. Os resultadospara Cr revelaram que 95,45% de P. nattereri e 97,05% de P. lineatus apresentamconcentrações de Cr acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação. ConcentraçõesCd e Pb nos músculos dos peixes coletados apresentaram valores abaixo dolimite máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira.
VULNERABILIDADE AMBIENTAL EM UMA COMUNIDADE RURAL NO ENTORNO DO PARQUE NACIONAL DA RESTINGA DE JURUBATIBA (RJ, BRASIL)
Authors: Lerner Fernanda , Ferreira Maria Inês Paes
Published: March 2017

No Brasil, os assentamentos da reforma agrária são normalmentelocalizados em antigas áreas monocultoras degradadas ambientalmente.O Assentamento João Batista Soares, situado no município de Carapebus,Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, surgiu com a desapropriação de uma dessas áreas.O assentamento é limítrofe com o Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba,criado para proteger os ecossistemas de restinga e de lagoas costeiras.Por meio deste artigo, investigou-se se a alocação desses assentados naatual área inicia ou intensifica um processo de vulnerabilidade ambiental.Para isso, foram investigadas questões como pedologia, áreas de preservaçãopermanente, distribuição dos lotes e uso e cobertura da terra, em 2005 e2015, em ambiente de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (©QGIS), com oobjetivo de procurar evidências do processo de vulnerabilidade ambientalna área. No assentamento, há um processo de vulnerabilidade ambientalinstalado, decorrente do potencial agrícola dos solos, do uso das terras e dadistribuição dos lotes. A vulnerabilidade ambiental pode vir a afetar o parque,além de contribuir para a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica dos assentados.
BIOMONITORING OF SURFACE WATER TOXICITY RELATED TO URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER RELEASE
Authors: Favaro André , Granados Daniele Trenas , Utsumi Alex Garcez , Anhê Ana Carolina Borella Marfil , Senhuk Ana Paula Milla dos Santos
Published: March 2017

Water toxicity was biomonitoried by Tradescantia pallida, relating the resultsto physicochemical and qualitative analysis. Two clusters were formed byhierarchical analysis of micronuclei percentage (MN), dissolved oxygen (DO),electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity. The first cluster corresponded to astream that receives urban untreated sewage, where the highest MN (6.1%)corroborated the physicochemical results (1.90 mg.L‑1 DO, 575.0 μS.cm‑1and 115.6 NTU). The other cluster includes sampling sites with pollutantsfrom agriculture, livestock and industry. Some of them presented high MNeven with acceptable values of physicochemical parameters, according to theBrazilian legislation. So for a better quality information on water pollutionmonitoring it is essential to recognize the variables that affect the bioticcomponents, in a holistic approach of aquatic ecosystem. In this sense thebioassay with T. pallida becomes a useful tool that can be applied in manytropical and subtropical regions, because of its widely distribution.
Principles of Curriculum Design and Construction Based on the Concepts of Educational Neuroscience
Authors: Watagodakumbura Chandana
Published: March 2017

With the emergence of a wealth of research-based information in the field of educational neuroscience, educators are now able to make more evidence-based decisions in the important area of curriculum design and construction. By viewing from the perspective of educational neuroscience, we can give a more meaningful and lasting purpose of leading to human development with enhanced consciousness or wisdom as the goal of a curriculum. We can better decide on the essential contents of a curriculum that is carried out within a limited time, using the emerging and validating information. Knowledge of educational neuroscience can also be used effectively for instructional design or conveying important messages to learners in the learning support material provided. Further, educators can be better directed in forming appropriate assessment so that learners are prepared for active and deep engagements in the teaching-learning process developing the skills of independence and discovery learning. Educational practitioners, as well as policy-makers, can also promote inclusive practices by directing, designing and constructing a curriculum appropriately especially taking into consideration the characteristics of right cerebral hemispheric oriented visual-spatial or gifted learners. Overall, education professionals can be benefited immensely to take more informed decisions in the process of curriculum design and construction by embracing emerging educational neuroscience principles.
De preparatie op de nafase binnen veiligheidsregio’s
Authors: de Bas Martine , Helsloot Ira , Dückers Michel
Published: March 2017

Disaster recovery preparedness in safety regions in the Netherlands: An exploratory study

This article addresses disaster recovery preparedness characteristics prescribed by literature and guidelines. An exploratory study was conducted in 25 Dutch safety regions to describe the status of disaster recovery preparedness with an emphasis on psychosocial support aspects. The study pointed at substantial cross-regional variation. Particular areas of improvement were identified in relation to involving citizens and partner organizations in safety regions’ recovery planning efforts, and the extent to which preparedness activities are guided by regional risk profiles. Optimization of preparedness takes place in an everyday context where relatively little priority is assigned to disaster recovery. Also, as major crises are fairly scarce there is little room for learning or routinization. Deliberate investments to enhance disaster recovery preparedness are needed, they would however benefit from more research into the association between relevant conditions, the disaster recovery preparedness level and the quality of service delivery when an event actually takes place.
Fertility care interventions should be provided as the first line options for HIV+ serodiscordant couples who desire children in settings with affordable access to care, regardless of their fertility status
Authors: Safier Lauren Zakarin , Sauer Mark V
Published: March 2017

Introduction: With increasing life expectancy, couples with at least one partner afflicted with HIV are more commonly pursuing the opportunity to have biologic offspring. Currently, there are no universally accepted recommendations regarding first line reproductive treatments for HIV serodiscordant couples lacking a history of infertility. We strongly believe that fertility care intervention should be the first line treatment, when affordably accessible, over natural conception for HIV serodiscordant couples to achieve pregnancy in a safe and efficacious manner.

Discussion: In the era of highly active anti‐retroviral therapy, in combination with timed intercourse and pre‐exposure prophylaxis for the HIV negative partner, some members of the medical community are arguing in favour of natural conception as a means of achieving pregnancy in this patient population. In our opinion, laboratory assisted fertility methods, including intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection with semen washing should be the first line treatment recommendation for HIV serodiscordant couples desiring pregnancy for the following reasons: (1) abundance of evidence in the medical literature supporting the safety profile and efficacy of fertility care intervention in couples with HIV; paucity of data addressing safety of natural conception in comparison to fertility intervention techniques (2) unknown public health impact of promoting natural conception as a safe means of achieving pregnancy (3) ethical implications: patients should be offered the available and accessible treatment option posing the lowest possible known risk to the uninfected partner.

Conclusions: We believe that physician assisted fertility care, when affordably accessible, should be the treatment of choice over natural conception. While the preliminary data on natural conception in couples using highly active anti‐retroviral therapy/pre‐exposure prophylaxis/timed intercourse appears promising, we believe that this approach should be limited to patients in resource poor settings where more sophisticated measures do not exist or for patients that simply cannot afford subspecialty care. There are likely to be unknown psychological and behavioural factors impacted by promoting natural conception and diminishing the importance of safe sex practices. Additionally, it is our moral obligation to patients to offer the affordably accessible treatment interventions that pose the least known risk when considering reproductive options.
Identification of a pre-active conformation of a pentameric channel receptor
Authors: Menny Anaïs , Lefebvre Solène N , Schmidpeter Philipp AM , Drège Emmanuelle , Fourati Zaineb , Delarue Marc , Edelstein Stuart J , Nimigean Crina M , Joseph Delphine , Corringer Pierre-Jean
Published: March 2017

Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) mediate fast chemical signaling through global allosteric transitions. Despite the existence of several high-resolution structures of pLGICs, their dynamical properties remain elusive. Using the proton-gated channel GLIC, we engineered multiple fluorescent reporters, each incorporating a bimane and a tryptophan/tyrosine, whose close distance causes fluorescence quenching. We show that proton application causes a global compaction of the extracellular subunit interface, coupled to an outward motion of the M2-M3 loop near the channel gate. These movements are highly similar in lipid vesicles and detergent micelles. These reorganizations are essentially completed within 2 ms and occur without channel opening at low proton concentration, indicating that they report a pre-active intermediate state in the transition pathway toward activation. This provides a template to investigate the gating of eukaryotic neurotransmitter receptors, for which intermediate states also participate in activation.
Writing for different readers
Authors: Rodgers Peter
Published: March 2017

More could be done to make research papers readily understandable by the public.
Something for everyone
Authors: Shailes Sarah
Published: March 2017

Journals and other scientific organizations produce a diverse variety of plain-language summaries.
Photocatalysis
Authors: Herrmann Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2017

When photons are implicated in a catalytic reaction, the system becomes photocatalytic. The titania catalyst acts (1) by adsorbing the reactants and (2) by absorbing efficient photons which create electrons and holes, responsible for the subsequent redox reactions. Photocatalysis is a complex polyphasic system, involving simultaneously solid, gaseous and liquid phases plus the uv‐irradiation considered as the “electromagnetic” phase. The action of the five basic physico‐chemical parameters which control the kinetics are deeply described and demonstrated. In dry media, photocatalysis can be used as a means for selective mild oxidation reactions. In the presence of water, the generation of OH° radicals gives total oxidation reactions with a total mineralization in CO
2
+ H
2
O of pollutants, pesticides, dyes in water as well as total degradation of pollutants in (humid) air. Several examples are given. The actual tendency is the use of fixed beds of titania photocatalysts for air and water purification. Photocatalytic engineering is also developing with pilot plants, especially in the field of solar photocatalysis. Recent results are given about mechanisms, especially addressed to the radical nature of reaction intermediates.
Nanotubes
Authors: Vengatesan Muthukumaraswamy Ranagraj , Varghese Anish Mathai , Mittal Vikas
Published: March 2017

Nanotubes are one‐dimensional tubular nanomaterial having a great length to diameter ratio. The substantial research interest of nanotubes for miscellaneous applications is triggered from their unusual and superlative properties. This article narrates the different types of nanotubes and their synthesis and applications. The techniques used to modify various nanotubes properties and thus its performances for various applications are also discussed. Nanotubes have been incorporated with a number of inorganic and organic materials and then used in diverse applications such as sensors, biomedical, energy storage, environmental, and engineering. The presence of tubular structure, large aspect ratio and surface area, porous nature, chemical inertness, and enhanced mechanical and thermal properties are the highlights of nanotubes for vast acceptance in broad range of applications.
Skillful prediction of multidecadal variations in volcanic forcing
Authors: Tuel A. , Naveau P. , Ammann C. M.
Published: March 2017

Stratospheric sulfate injections from explosive volcanic eruptions are a primary natural climate forcing. Improved statistical models can now capture and simulate dynamical relationships in temporal variations of binary data. Leveraging these new techniques, the presented analysis clearly indicates that the number of large eruptions in the most recent records of explosive volcanism cannot be considered to be fully random. Including dynamical dependence in our models improves their ability to reproduce the historical record and thus forms a strong basis for skill in statistical prediction. Possible geophysical mechanisms behind the identified multidecadal variations are discussed, including variations in the observed length of day.
Identifying the evolution of Southern Hemisphere poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) in the context of plasma convection and magnetic reconnection
Authors: Tremsina E. A. , Mende S. B. , Frey H. U.
Published: March 2017

In this study we examine the dynamic evolution of Southern Hemisphere auroral precipitation patterns, specifically poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs). The spatial, structural, and temporal characteristics of these events have been linked to underlying magnetopause‐boundary layer flux transfer events which are responsible for the generation of these ionospheric transient forms. We present five case studies of Southern Hemisphere PMAFs using optical data for 630.0 nm and 427.8 nm wavelengths from the US Automatic Geophysical Observatory Network in Antarctica. Emphasis is put on the unique capabilities of two‐dimensional optical data when it comes to studying PMAFs in the context of pulsed magnetic reconnection. In a detailed examination of three PMAFs recorded in 2007, we have found that their motion closely follows the underlying plasma convection patterns as determined from backscatter radar data, which in turn are governed by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) configuration. Of particular interest are periods when the positive IMF By component causes an asymmetric convection pattern which is biased toward the dawn region. These cases are consistent with the expected antisymmetric nature of the northern and southern hemisphere convection. In addition, we present two “pseudo” PMAFs which are actually independent auroral arcs executing poleward motions and occurring when the IMF Bz was positive. Using two‐dimensional images instead of one‐dimensional keograms or meridian scanning photometer recordings, we were able to distinguish these arcs from PMAFs. The misidentification of these arcs as PMAFs would cause inconsistencies with the theories of cusp aurora dynamics and magnetic reconnection, and some previous studies may have included such non‐PMAF events.