bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Meanings of Anarchy
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

The chapter begins with a description of Mexico City during the early republican period. The theme of the chapter is Alamán’s first ministry, 1823-1825 (with some breaks), first under an interim triumvirate and then under the presidency of the independence hero Guadalupe Victoria. As the chief minister in the cabinet, whose portfolio embraced both interior affairs and foreign relations, Alamán dealt with such issues as the securing of sovereign loans from British banking houses, the American colonization of Texas, and the effort to force the Spanish forces out of the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa, opposite the Gulf city of Veracruz. His chief preoccupation was the opposition in 1823 to the central government by several federalist chieftains in the important provinces of Nueva Galicia (shortly to be the State of Jalisco), Oaxaca, and others, in the face of which he managed to hold the country together.
Getting the Historia Written
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

This is the first of two chapters dealing with Alamán’s work as a historian, almost entirely devoted to a discussion of his Historia de Méjico (1849-1852), his monumental five-volume history of the Mexican independence struggle, bookended by parts of volumes one and five, respectively, with penetrating and controversial accounts of the colonial period and the political history of the early republic. The chapter pays some slight attention to the work that preceded this, his Disertaciones sobre la historia de la República Mejicana, which dealt with the colonial era. His interesting epistolary relationship with the American historian W. H. Prescott is described at length, as well as his sources and working methods for the history of the independence struggle. A close analysis of his library is also offered.
Pig-Humans and Human-Pigs
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the body of Dayak myths regarding humans and pigs who travel between their respective villages, transform into the “other” in the process, and face attendant dangers as well as rewards. The fragile boundary between human and pig identities is reflected in the traditional belief that spirits may perceive humans as pigs and so hunt and kill them. Dayak address this threat by sacrificing domestic pigs in their stead, the logic of which is underpinned by the shared dualistic natures of humans and pigs: pigs can be both wild and domesticated, and humans can be both their domestic selves and — in the eyes of spirits — wild pigs. Pig–human substitutions and transformations are a form of mimesis. Omens from the spirit world that foretell good or ill events are mimetic, as is the ritual theater by which ill omens are neutralized. Human understanding and strategic manipulation of these mimetic relations is ontological in character, recognizing the existence of multiple realities. Mimesis helps the Dayak to see that the way they view themselves may not be the way others view them; and it depicts awareness of other views — other ontologies — as literally a matter of life or death.
“Bitter Shade”
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter assesses a mimetic relationship between objects and their shadows, between things and their signs. It focuses on Pakistani farmers' concept of sayah, which loosely translates as “shade.” The roots of the concept of shade in Western intellectual traditions extends back to Plato's parable of the cave, the lesson of which pivots on the difference between shadows and reality. The difference between object and shadow has figured prominently in the subsequent historical development of diverse fields ranging from astronomy to child psychology. Pakistani farmers conceive of tree shade not as an absence of something, light, but rather as the presence of something — having size, density, temperature, and taste. Knowledge of all of these dimensions of shade is used to manage tree–crop interaction, based on humoral principles balancing properties of hot and cold, wet and dry, bitter and sweet. The relation between shadow and tree is mimetic and approximate: it is the character of the tree that is important to interaction with proximate crops; the appearance of the shadow alone can be deceiving. Ultimately, the difference between shadow and object is another means of attaining perspective on reality through removal from it.
Intentions in Great Power Politics
Authors: Rosato Sebastian
Published: September 2021

Can great powers be confident that their peers have benign intentions? States that trust each other can live at peace; those that mistrust each other are doomed to compete for arms and allies and may even go to war. This book offers a theory—intentions pessimism—that says great powers can rarely if ever be confident that their peers have benign intentions, because it is extraordinarily difficult for them to obtain the kind of information that would allow them to reach such a conclusion. Any optimistic assertions to the contrary—and there are many—are wrong. Indeed, even in cases that supposedly involved mutual trust—Germany and Russia in the Bismarck era (1871-90); Britain and the United States during the great rapprochement (1895-1906); France and Germany, and Japan and the United States in the early interwar period (1919-30); and the Soviet Union and the United States at the end of the Cold War (1985-90)—the protagonists were acutely uncertain about each other’s intentions. As a result, they competed for security. The ramifications for the future of U.S.-China relations are profound. Uncertain about the other side’s intentions, but aware of its formidable capabilities, Washington and Beijing will go to great lengths to strengthen their military and diplomatic positions, triggering a competitive action-reaction spiral with the potential for war.
The Great Rapprochement
Authors: Rosato Sebastian
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Anglo-American relations during the great rapprochement (1895-1906). The bulk of the chapter draws on the primary and secondary historical record to evaluate how key British and American decision makers thought about each other’s intentions in five episodes: the onset and aftermath of the crisis over Venezuela; the events surrounding the Spanish-American War; the negotiations regarding a trans-isthmian canal; the inception and resolution of a dispute over the Canada-Alaska boundary; and Anglo-American relations in the Far East between the Spanish-American and Russo-Japanese Wars. Were they confident that their counterparts had benign intentions—that is, did they trust each other—as asserted by intentions optimists? Or were they uncertain about each other’s intentions, which is to say that they mistrusted each other, as suggested by intentions pessimism? Having shown that London and Washington were acutely uncertain about each other’s intentions in each episode, the chapter concludes by describing the shape of the resulting Anglo-American security competition in the Western Hemisphere, before examining Britain’s decision to quit that contest in 1904-6.
On the United States and China
Authors: Rosato Sebastian
Published: September 2021

This chapter employs intentions pessimism to predict the future of U.S.-China relations. It begins with a review of the theory and a summary of the historical case studies described in chapters 3-6, focusing on the fact that great powers have invariably been uncertain about each other’s intentions, a situation that has caused them to compete for security. The chapter then turns to U.S.-China relations from 2000 to 2020 and shows that the United States has already begun to compete with China, because Washington is acutely uncertain about Beijing’s intentions. The final section addresses the issue of the future, demonstrating that U.S. decision makers will in all likelihood be far from confident that their Chinese counterparts have benign intentions, and arguing that if China completes its rise this uncertainty will make for a considerably more intense security competition and a higher chance of war than is the case today.
Archipelagos of Power
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the history of Guerrero between 1880 and 1945. It demonstrates that frontier-like economic and political structures were warped but not broken by the violence, social reforms and new political classes of the revolution. Old Porfirian landowner and political dynasties instead made alliance with generals and developers to wage petty warfare on land-hungry peasants and unionizing workers. Politicians of all levels were unwilling or unable to follow instructions from Mexico City, whether these dealt with rigging elections, land reforms or literacy campaigns. Across much of the state teachers were scarce and priests powerful. While new lumber and tourist industries took off there were few signs of stabilization or a new social contract in 1945. Guerrero remained instead an archipelago of state power.
Elections, Fraud, and Democracy
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the rapid swing from would-be authoritarian electoral control to democratic spring and back again. The end of the Second World War fostered the rise of democratic regimes across Latin America. In Mexico the shift was particularly marked for domestic reasons that included pent up demand, a powerful tradition of competitive politics and an increase in the level of violence necessary to rig elections. The emerging civilian elite consequently introduced under pressure primary elections inside the single party, which brought with them a new level of democratic representation. While elections remained flawed, committed voters could choose from a wide range of candidates and exercise a reliable veto power unpopular party choices. This was particularly the case in municipal elections, the ones that mattered most to voters. State and federal governments would let opposition victories stand when the cost of repression was too high. The ensuing polyarchy ended when the PRI ended primary elections in 1950. However the political genes and memories of representative local elections endured and were critical to the democratic transition of the later twentieth century.
Law and Order in México Profundo
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the high incidence of state and non-state violence, establishes a typology of violence and demonstrates how and why homicide rates began their enduring decline c.1950. Saddled with traditionally feeble law enforcement agencies, a turbulent countryside, and a free market of violence, post-revolutionary governments relied on informal arrangements with soldiers, caciques and pistoleros to preserve a minimal level of law and order. A case study of one such pistolero, the veracruzano Crispín Aguilar, illustrates the high costs of those arrangements to both state and public. The governments of the period created professional police forces and reduced the autonomy of pistoleros and the military. The result was an uneven, reversible but long-term reduction in violence, in particular in the disorderly countryside. Generally adroit management of both state and non-state violence turned into a pillar of the PRI’s longevity.
Why Mexico Did Not Become a Military Dictatorship
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

The retirement of the army from national politics after 1940 was one of the main distinguishing marks of modern Mexico. This chapter gauges the extent of that retirement, finding that it followed a near-coup in 1948 and that its endurance relied, paradoxically, on the veto power of an informal senate of senior generals. In exchange for their surrender of national power, soldiers remained autonomous and energetic rent-seekers at the subnational level, where region and zone commanders enjoyed free hands to dabble in the politics and business of the states. The army’s subordination to civilian rule was in reality only to the president, and it rested on a Faustian pact. It was enough, however, to stop Mexicans from following the rest of Latin America into military dictatorship.
The Down Payment of Righteousness
Authors: Quigley Jennifer A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter studies a letter or set of letters written some fifty to seventy-five years after Paul, partially preserved in Greek, Latin, and Syriac: Polycarp's Letter to the Philippians (Pol. Phil.). The letter's seemingly disjointed themes — from its emphasis on the Philippian community as recipients of Pauline correspondence to its focus on quoting the Pastoral Epistles in condemning philarguria (love of money) to its intense interest in right belief and practice to its stark imagery of divine judgment — make sense when taken in a broader theo-economic context. The chapter focuses especially on Pol. Phil. 8.1–2, in which Polycarp introduces the idea that Christ is the “down payment for our righteousness.” Polycarp understands both the use of money and following proper teaching within a juridical theo-economic context in which Christ has spent blood in suffering as a down payment for humanity's future judgment and that both right belief and right action are required in order to avoid being held liable for that down payment. This text expands the economy of suffering that one finds in Paul's letter, where Christ and suffering are commodified.
Capsular ligaments provide a passive stabilizing force to protect the hip against edge loading
Authors: Karunaseelan Kabelan J. , Dandridge Oliver , Muirhead-Allwood Sarah K. , van Arkel Richard J. , Jeffers Jonathan R. T.
Published: September 2021

Aims

In the native hip, the hip capsular ligaments tighten at the limits of range of hip motion and may provide a passive stabilizing force to protect the hip against edge loading. In this study we quantified the stabilizing force vectors generated by capsular ligaments at extreme range of motion (ROM), and examined their ability to prevent edge loading.

Methods

Torque-rotation curves were obtained from nine cadaveric hips to define the rotational restraint contributions of the capsular ligaments in 36 positions. A ligament model was developed to determine the line-of-action and effective moment arms of the medial/lateral iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments in all positions. The functioning ligament forces and stiffness were determined at 5 Nm rotational restraint. In each position, the contribution of engaged capsular ligaments to the joint reaction force was used to evaluate the net force vector generated by the capsule.

Results

The medial and lateral arms of the iliofemoral ligament generated the highest inbound force vector in positions combining extension and adduction providing anterior stability. The ischiofemoral ligament generated the highest inbound force in flexion with adduction and internal rotation (FADIR), reducing the risk of posterior dislocation. In this position the hip joint reaction force moved 0.8° inbound per Nm of internal capsular restraint, preventing edge loading.

Conclusion

The capsular ligaments contribute to keep the joint force vector inbound from the edge of the acetabulum at extreme ROM. Preservation and appropriate tensioning of these structures following any type of hip surgery may be crucial to minimizing complications related to joint instability. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(9):594–601.
Anterior Capsulolabral Reconstruction with Semitendinosus Autograft after Latarjet Failure: A Case Report
Authors: Carli Angelo De , Vadalà Antonio P , Fedeli Gianluca , Scrivano Marco , Gaj Edoardo , Ferretti Andrea
Published: September 2021

Introduction: The treatment of chronic shoulder instability, associated with poor tissue quality, remains challenging in the setting of anterior capsular deficiency. There are a few viable alternatives in the end-stage shoulder instability when multiple surgical attempts to correct the pathology have failed. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate the efficacy of anterior capsular reconstruction with semitendinosus autograft for the management of capsulolabral deficiency without associated bone loss.
Case Report: A 39-year-old female admitted in our institution with a history of recurrent atraumatic anterior dislocation of the left shoulder after three unsuccessful surgical attempts: Arthroscopic and open capsulorrhaphy and a Latarjet coracoid transfer. CT scan images showed adequate placement (flush) of the coracoid transfer without any sign of reabsorption. Reconstruction of anterior capsulolabral structure was performed using a Semitendinosus autograft. The middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments, the more crucial ligaments for anterior-inferior shoulder stability, were effectively recreated. The patient did not suffer any recurrent dislocation or subjective symptoms of instability at the time of the final follow-up, 2 years after surgery, and the ASES score increased from 36 preoperatively to 86.
Conclusion: This technique, described for the first time as a salvage procedure after Latarjet failure, could represent a safe and viable treatment option in the context of multiple ineffective surgeries.
Keywords: Autograft, capsulolabral reconstruction, latarjet, recurrent shoulder instability.
Use of Tantalum Trabecular Metal Cones for Management of Nonunion of the Distal Femur with Segmental Bone Defects: Technique and Case Series
Authors: Reynolds Alan W , Melvin Patricia R , Yakish Eric J , Sotereanos Nicholas , Altman Gregory T , Sewecke Jeffrey J
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Segmental bone loss in the distal femur presents a challenge for reconstruction regardless of etiology. Use of tantalum trabecular metal cones with intramedullary fixation and autologous bone graft may be used as a salvage technique in difficult situations where other options have either been exhausted or are unavailable.
Case Report: Surgical planning and technique for this approach to reconstruction are described. A retrospective review of five cases with >1 year of follow-up was performed to provide radiographic and clinical outcomes. All five patients had satisfactory outcomes with clinical union and retention of implants at final follow-up (average >4 years).
Conclusions: Use of tantalum metal cones for reconstruction of distal femur nonunion with segmental bone defects can be a successful technique in a complex group of patients.
Keywords: Femur, bone defect, non-union, induced membrane, tantalum.
Management of Adolescent Three-Part Lateral Triplane Ankle Fracture with Ipsilateral Shaft of Tibia Fracture and Intact Fibula in COVID Pandemic: A Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Mittal Shivanshu , Prakash Atul , David Vivek Kumar , Sarkar Somit
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Triplane fracture of ankle is a rare adolescent injury. Its association with ipsilateral tibial shaft fracture is very uncommon in pediatric orthopedic traumatology and rarely reported in the literature till date. Timely diagnosis and management is required to optimize the outcome and avoid complications.
Case Report: This is a case of a 14-year-old male who sustained a twisting injury to his right leg during early phase of COVID-19 pandemic. He sustained a three-part lateral triplane fracture of the ankle with a concomitant displaced spiral fracture of the shaft of the right tibia. He underwent close reduction under fluoroscopy and above-knee casting for 10 weeks followed patellar tendon weight-bearing cast for 4 weeks. Both fractures healed uneventfully in 14 weeks with patient returning to full activities in 22 weeks.
Conclusion: The ankle injury in adolescent age group (12–15 years) can easily be missed in the presence of the more obvious tibial fracture and therefore, we recommend ankle assessment of all patients with tibial shaft fractures in this age group both clinically and radiologically.
Keywords: Triplane ankle fracture, tibia shaft fracture, adolescent.
Housing policy: the rise and fall of public housing
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines and explains the expansion and contraction of London’s public housing from the late 19th century until the 2010s. It argues that public/council housing – the ‘wobbly pillar’ of the welfare state – has been privatised, demunicipalised and now demolished under regeneration (Chapter 3). Two broad historical periods are delineated: an expansionary period from 1900-80, followed by a contractionary period from the 1980s. This periodisation is theoretically located within the development of the Keynesian welfare state, followed by the latter’s unravelling due to forty years of neoliberalisation. The expansionary period entailed substantial housing decommodification whereby council housing became a significant feature of the metropolitan welfare state, much of which occurred under Labour local governments (e.g. London County Council). Renting from the council became a normalised part of working-class Londoners’ post-War housing experiences (Chapter 5). Such decommodification began to be undermined during the 1960s-70s under Conservative local governments. From 1979, neoliberal policies under Conservative and New Labour central governments – such as the Right-to-Buy, lack of new-building, and stock transfers to housing associations – have resulted in housing recommodification. New Labour’s Decent Homes Programme is assessed; despite some housing quality improvements, it proved to be slow and partial especially in London (Chapter 9).
Social divisions: class, gender, ethnicity – and more
Authors: Thompson Paul , Plummer Ken , Demireva Neli
Published: September 2021

This chapter shows how social divisions gradually emerged as a key concern in the social sciences. Focusing on early studies that looked at class, race, gender and sexuality, the chapter shows how early controversies anticipated later ones. Class was studied in four ways: through poverty research, community studies, education and culture, and finally through class measurement and mobility studies (The Affluent Worker). Gender for the first time became a very prominent issue in research and many of our pioneers were engaged in building the new feminist stance in social science feminist research (e.g., Ann Oakley, Judith Okely, Pat Caplan, Meg Stacey, Maxine Molyneux and Leonore Davidoff). The Original BSA meeting on Sexual Divisions in 1974 was formative and is discussed along with a series of problems facing women at this time. Ethnicity was also growing — largely through new migration and culture studies in the 1950s and 1960s. Key pioneers here are Robert Moore (who worked with John Rex and the breakthrough book Race, Community and Conflict; and the Jamaican born Harry Golbourne. There is a short comment on sexuality, disability and age to close. The chapter shows how many of the contemporary debates are pre-figured in some of this early work.
Facets of planning action: heritage, local environment and design
Authors: Marshall Tim
Published: September 2021

In this chapter and chapter 10, different facets and fields of planning are analysed, in order to give examples of how political and ideological analysis of planning can be undertaken for particular types of planning. This chapter takes a critical look at three facets of planning activity, for heritage, local environmental matters and design quality. It is argued that these are key aspects of British planning, with extensive achievements on each dimension. But the perspective in each field is seen as ideologically conservative, raising the consideration of these facets above a range of social and deep environmental concerns, which can be crowded out by the skewing of the perspective on these considerations. This skewing is reinforced by the play of local and national pressure politics, which gives a high profile to especially heritage and light green issues. This can however vary significantly between localities, depending on local political cultures.
Financial Inclusion
Authors: Prabhakar Rajiv
Published: September 2021

Should the public play a greater role within the financial system? Decisions about money are a part of our everyday lives. Supporters promote financial inclusion as a way of helping people navigate decisions about money. However, critics fear these policies promote the financialisation of the welfare state and turn citizens into consumers. Presenting a nuanced, critical analysis of financial inclusion, the book brings together the supportive and critical literatures which have, until now, developed in parallel. Addressing key issues including the poverty premium, financial capability and housing, this essential dialogue advances crucial public, academic and policy debates, and proposes alternative paths forward.
Financial capability: citizens or subjects?
Authors: Prabhakar Rajiv
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses financial capability, which refers to the knowledge, skills, and confidence of people to make financial choices. It is possible that people have full access to the financial system but still make poor choices because they lack the capacity to make informed choices. Conversely, people might be fully capable of making such choices but are unable to make these choices if they are excluded from financial services. This points to the importance of 'financial capability' as a complement to financial inclusion. Critics claim that financial capability ultimately turns people into consumers or 'investor-subjects'. The chapter argues that while it is possible for financial capability to develop in this fashion, it can also be part of an alternative agenda that supports citizenship. The capacity of people to make financial decisions is an important part of citizenship, and so the task is to shape financial capability in appropriate ways rather than rejecting the idea outright.
Alternatives
Authors: Prabhakar Rajiv
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores some of the possible alternatives for financial inclusion. The aim is to consider the ways in which it might be possible for the everyday life of finance to develop in different directions. The chapter first outlines the role of a universal basic income. Lack of money might render the capacity to make financial decisions and access to the financial system fairly meaningless. A universal basic income is one way of ensuring that all citizens have access to money. The chapter then looks at universal basic services, which have been proposed as one significant way of extending the welfare state. It also examines the feasibility of an alternative future. To do this, the chapter studies what lessons might be drawn from the Welsh government reforms of property taxation.
The changing policy analysis capacity of the Irish state
Authors: MacCarthaigh Muiris
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 examines the development of the state’s capacity for policy analysis. It considers the origins and organisation of the Irish civil service before examining the evolution of its policy analysis capacity, with the increasing angencification from the early 1970s. The economic crisis after 2008 exposed failings in policy foresight and planning in the civil service. Thus, the issue of policy analysis capacity and capabilities in the civil service emerged as of particular salience, resulting in some important reforms discussed here. The chapter draws on interviews with a number of senior civil servants.
Introducing evidence into policy making in Ireland
Authors: Ruane Frances
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses how in recent decades Ireland has increasingly used empirical evidence in policy making. Ireland has favoured an evidence informed approach to policy making, as opposed to an evidence based one, as this integrates empirical evidence with an acknowledgement that other factors that matter in policy making are not readily quantifiable. The Central Statistics Office (CSO) has played an important role in the process of integrating evidence into policy making through the provision of high-quality datasets. The chapter also examines the investments being made in the skills sets needed to analyse the vast quantities of data available today and reviews the evolution of Irish Government Economic and Evaluation Service (IGEES) in this regard.
Civil society organisations and policy analysis
Authors: Murphy Mary P. , O’Connor Orla
Published: September 2021

Chapter Twelve assess the relationship between civil society organisations (CSOs) and policy analysis in contemporary Ireland. Since the 1980s CSOs have assumed an increasingly important role in social, economic and environmental policy and have been resilient and versatile in their approach to engaging with policy formation. There are two themes examined here. Firstly, the variety of CSOs is reflected in their diverse range of models of change. The engagement of CSOs with public policy has not evolve linearly. CSOs adapt their models of change to meet their immediate political environment, in some cases requiring changes in their form of policy analysis capacity. Secondly, while during social partnership (1987-2008) the CSOs’ space for policy analysis was expansive, it has subsequently downsized. Simultaneously, a ‘new politics’ has emerged that is characterized by new parliamentary and public forms of policy making that require new forms of policy analytical capacity with different implications for CSOs, and bringing them closer to the political system.
Media discourses on the economy in Ireland: framing the policy possibilities
Authors: O’Rourke Brendan K.
Published: September 2021

Chapter Seventeen argues that a discursive approach can add much to our understanding of what has happened in policy analysis in Ireland. The concept of hyper-specialization is introduced as an important feature of the context in which policy discourse takes place, and shows the complexities discourses face as they travel across societies. Policy relevant discourses of media, and actors within the media, are examined, along with what recent developments mean for Irish public policy discourse. An important factor is how such policy discourses are internationalised in Ireland and the impact of that complication on participation in policy debates is examined. Further complexities include the effects of technocratization and economization on how we discuss policy. The chapter concludes that the discursive power of economists remains an important feature of our policy discourses.
Navigating the transition to adulthood
Authors: Bynner John , Heinz Walter R.
Published: September 2021

The focus here is on the drivers of transitions and the routes that young people have to navigate in what is now a labour market ever-more associated with risk and precarity. Transitions are status passages of the life course that young people have to navigate. They are related to social pathways that differ in structure and number in England and Germany and reflect their management of personal relationships, education, and employment. The transition from education to work is considered from the perspective of institutional arrangements and discussed in terms of the effects of digitalisation in restructuring occupations on the pathways of vocational training and academic education. A core theme is how social class and differences in the welfare mix for young people are key influences on their access to occupational opportunities and the process and outcomes of such transitions.
Aging in suburban Canada
Authors: Hartt Maxwell , Channer Natalie S. , Biglieri Samantha
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Canada's built environment and population growth that predominantly occurs on the urban fringe. It describes Canada as a suburban nation and its largest metropolitan areas, which include Vancouver, Montréal, and Toronto with the suburban residents that exceed 80 percent. It also distinguishes traditional forms of suburban locations that can be characterized by a variety of factors, such as the proportion of single-family housing, car-commuting patterns, population density, and home-ownership rates. The chapter recognizes that the modern suburban landscape is complex and diverse and that there is no single perfect operational definition of suburban. It examines suburban Canada's population that is relatively heterogeneous, compared to rural locations, but is still significantly less diverse than urban Canada.
An age-friendly city? LGBTQ and frail older adults
Authors: Herman Lindsay , Walker Ryan , Rosenberg Mark W.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the aging demographic in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and across Canada that is changing the way communities function. It examines the intersection of age and diversity that compound the daily experience of aging, which subject older adults to a 'double jeopardy' in accessing important spaces, services, and opportunities for health and wellbeing. It also mentions age-friendly community development, popularized by the World Health Organization's Age-Friendly Cities Guide, which encompasses an approach to the physical, social, and political fabric of cities and includes a careful consideration of older-adult lived experience. The chapter highlights the age-friendly development theory, which considers the social capital as a foundational component to healthy and sustainable aging infrastructure. It analyzes the experiences of two of the most at-risk or isolated communities among the overall older adult population in Saskatoon: the members of the LGBTQ community, and those experiencing physical or cognitive frailty.
The governance of social investment policies in comparative perspective: long-term care in England and South Korea
Authors: Lee Jooha
Published: September 2021

This chapter features an investigation of a mode of governance in the operational policy domain between different welfare regimes, which has been rarely analysed in comparative welfare studies. It illustrates a mode of governance that must be conceptualised in three dimensions: the vertical dimension, involving central–local (or inter-governmental) relations, and the two horizontal dimensions, operating at the centre (central–central), and the periphery (local–local). On this basis, the chapter provides a comparison and contrast between England and Korea's approaches to the governance of long-term care for the elderly with a special focus on co-governance and coordination at the three dimensions. By examining the governance of long-term care in England and Korea, the chapter reveals that the operational policy domain matters greatly in delivering the intended outcomes of social investment strategies.
Towards greater social investments and equality in Europe and East Asia: policies and politics
Authors: Fleckenstein Timo , Lee Soohyun Christine
Published: September 2021

This chapter evaluates developments towards greater social investments and the related politics in Europe and East Asia, in addition to reviewing the policy implications suggested by the contributors to this book. It studies the uneven social investment turn in the two regions and provides insight into the roads and barriers towards greater social investments. The chapter shows that family and labour market policies, and their very different outcomes, are underpinned by diverse political dynamics, rather than by a politics of social investment. It proposes that the traditional prominence of social partners in labour market policy-making remains largely intact, but the power balance has shifted towards businesses. Ultimately, the chapter argues that it is important for policy-makers to understand the specific political dynamics of a given policy area and to devise a strategy for social investment accordingly. It then reviews the findings of chapters of this book and their wide-ranging policy recommendations for social and economic progress.
The challenges of populism
Authors: Kenny Sue
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the contextual landscape of populism, considering it through the framework of political culture. A political culture refers to a set of shared views, imaginaries, beliefs, and normative judgements about the political world. The chapter then offers some introductory thoughts on the problematic intersections between community development, democracy, and populism. There are now many criticisms of populism, from a variety of perspectives. But for the purposes of the chapter, the focus is on the ways in which populism undermines civil society. Understanding populist assaults on civil society is important for community development, because civil society provides the habitat in which the various forms of community development operate. To understand how populism threatens civil society, one can begin with the contrast between civil society and populism in regard to pluralism. After analysing convergences and disjunctions, the chapter looks at the ways in which the beliefs and practices of populism challenge community development. It concludes with a brief discussion of community development responses to populism.
Right-wing populism and community development: beyond modernity and liberal democracy
Authors: Ife Jim
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the relationship between right-wing populism and community development. Community development has identified itself as working with the most marginalised in society, as a result of its 'welfare' orientation and mandate to address social problems, and has also identified itself with more politically progressive movements for social change, such as anti-racism, feminism, Indigenous land rights, pro-LGBTIQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, Queer) rights, refugee rights, environmentalism, and so on. It positions itself as supporting the 'parasites' so mistrusted by right-wing populism. Such a positioning of community development suggests that community development is as much an anathema to right-wing populists as right-wing populism is to community development workers, and that the two are fundamentally opposed. The chapter then considers the relationship between them first in relation to the crisis in modernity, and then more specifically in relation to one aspect of that crisis, namely the erosion of the legitimacy and the institutions of liberal democracy. This will lead to some suggestions of how community development might move to address some of these issues and retain both its relevance and its integrity in a world where right-wing populism will be a continuing presence.
A radical community development response to right-wing populism
Authors: Westoby Peter
Published: September 2021

This chapter evaluates what community development's response might be to right-wing populism. It begins by looking at the literature's analysis of right-wing populism. The chapter then considers a theory of social change that might help in charting a way forward for community development praxis. Community development practitioners need to engage locally and globally, bringing their particular skills in creating spaces, places, and platforms for associational life, filled with dialogical and agonistic conflict. It is their job to create the places where people can put aside their rage, and learn the disciplines of conversation and deliberation, heard, while not affirmed as necessarily right. In a nutshell, the work of reconnecting. These are the basic qualities of liberal democracy also infused with a radical egalitarian spirit, and a cohesive society.
Community development and popular education in populist times
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by looking at the potential contributions that popular education can make. It then considers the ways in which popular educators have been engaging with communities to address contemporary challenges, exploring the underlying causes of the growth of far-right populism, as well as developing alternative strategies in response. In practice, working collectively for more inclusive forms of community development and social change, popular educators can provide tools to enable communities to deepen their knowledge and critical understanding of the problems that they face. Most importantly, popular educators can provide the support that communities need in order to engage with the emotions that underpin the growth of far-right populism, along with the growth of racism, xenophobia, misogyny, anti-Semitism and Islamophobia, just to mention the most pervasive forms of prejudice, discrimination, and oppression involved. However, while recognising the achievements of popular education, the chapter concludes by highlighting some of the remaining tensions and the continuing dilemmas.
Community engagement policies in the era of populism: Finland
Authors: Aho Suvi , Hämäläinen Juha , Salonen Arto
Published: September 2021

This chapter studies community engagement policies in the era of populism in Finland. Finland, although performing excellently in international comparisons of social cohesion, has seen the steepest decrease in the level of trust in the government among all the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during the past decade. At the same time, right-wing populist rhetoric has strengthened and the populist movement has established its support in the political spectrum. To transform Finnish democracy, participatory programmes have been created in order to reach out and engage different groups to join community development practices. These efforts stem both from the public authorities and the renewed Finnish Local Government Act of 2017, as well as from projects undertaken by civil society organisations (CSOs). Further, there is a long tradition of building civil society in Finland, which has often been based on the unique Finnish liberal adult education system. Yet growing inequality is currently deepening the polarisation in political participation. The chapter then explores the ways of countering the polarisation and populism by supporting the political capabilities of communities and nurturing deliberative discussion.
Community development as counter-hegemony
Authors: Reynolds Andie
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the relationship between the decline in status of community development, entrenching neoliberal hegemony, and the rise in populism. It does so using a post-structuralist discourse analysis methodology to analyse 74 texts which span national policy debate and the policy and practice within a case-study local authority. The empirical evidence shows that during the administration of the coalition government (2010–15), neoliberal and left-wing populist discourses competed to shape community development debate and practice in England. The chapter calls for community development to unite with left-wing populist strategies to generate and practise counter-hegemonic discourses. However, it also cautions that such discourses can reproduce unhelpful binaries which the community development field must attempt to reconcile.
University extension and the settlement idea
Authors: Ginn Geoffrey A.C.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focusses on two of the earliest settlement houses in the United Kingdom, Toynbee Hall and the Bermondsey Settlement. It examines the activities of the residents of these settlements and explores the contribution made by university extension, an effort to develop university teaching into a more democratic social force. to the inception and practical operations of them. Indeed, a close look at the activities of these settlements and the motivations of their founders and residents does indeed show that, alongside religious imperatives and paternalistic notions of class reconciliation through personal contact, the settlements embodied a progressive commitment to education that could be endorsed across class divide. As such, educational activities aimed to bring the knowledge of the universities to the working class neighbours living in the slums in which the settlement houses were established were a crucial element in their work.
To be an Englishman and a Jew: Basil Henriques and the Bernhard Baron Oxford and St George’s Settlement House
Authors: Shewell Hugh
Published: September 2021

Inspired by Oxford University’s Christian social reform clubs in the early 20 th century, Basil Henriques a young Jewish gentleman from a distinguished, upper middle-class family in London determined to establish a Jewish boys’ club in London’s East End. Influenced first by his mother’s devotion to Judaism and then by the progressive views of Jewish scholar, Claude Montefiore and his Oxford history professor, Kenneth Leys, Henriques established the Oxford and St.George’s Jewish Boys’ Club in 1914. An anti-Zionist, Henriques believed strongly in establishing a club that would socialize Jewish youth to become both proud Jews and proud citizens of Great Britain. The club soon served both boys and girls and, by 1919, it had acquired larger premises and become a settlement. Changing demographics in London’s Whitechapel and the rise of the welfare state eventually led to the settlements’ relocation in 1973 and then to its eventual demise.
Imposing ideology
Authors: Beresford Peter
Published: September 2021

This chapter develops the discussion by asking that if most of us play little part in shaping ideology, what does? It explores the different forces and influences at work shaping our ideological preferences and how they are internalised. The chapter looks at the knowledge claims used to justify different ideological positions and how political ideologies serve as means as well as ends. The chapter also discusses a variety of means and techniques used to advance political ideologies. It then turns to get a clearer idea of the pressures operating on people to adopt any political ideology, which includes force, education, mass media, language, arts and culture, propaganda, knowledge claims, and internalisation. Ultimately, the chapter focuses on the ownership of ideology; where does it come from, what say do we have in it? It considers such questions also in relation to ideologies that have emerged to challenge ruling ideologies. Are they different, do we have more say in them? Are there exceptions to the rule?
Contemporary Narratives of Mass Incarceration
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: September 2021

The rise in rates of imprisonment since the late 1970s is one of the most striking features of social policy. The USA and England and Wales have been the “leaders” in these developments. The rate of imprisonment doubled in the UK in the twenty years to 2015. This chapter will begin with a discussion of the historicity of mass incarceration and the penal state. It will examine the expansion of the use of imprisonment in England and Wales over the past thirty years. In contrast to the previous theoretically orientated chapters, this will focus on data such as the rates of imprisonment and the development of policy within this field. The chapter will also provide a comparative analysis that will place the development of the penal state in England and Wales within an international context.
The Third Way in Welfare and Penal Policy
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: September 2021

An analysis of the Blairite mantra “tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime” is at the heart of this work. This chapter will consider the development of welfare and penal policy during the Blair and Brown administrations. This is a mixed picture as investment in public services was accompanied by significant increases in the uses of imprisonment. This was partly because of the political fear of being seen as weak on crime – though the Blairite ascendancy meant that there was actually huge scope for manoeuvre – but also it reflected the fundamental communitarianism at the heart of New Labour. These underpinning attitudes created a punitive approach that ran through welfare and penal policy. This chapter will examine the paradox of the Centaur state which leads to great regulation for those at the margins of society