bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New evidences suggesting that the central endothelium of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) presents features of peripheral endothelium
Authors: He Zhiguo , Vaïtinadapoulé Hanielle , Poinard Sylvain , Perrache Chantal , Gain Philippe , Thuret Gilles , Mascarelli Frederic
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Most recent studies about FECD highlighted its complex and heterogeneous genetic background. Yet, the sequence of cellular mechanisms leading to the formation of Descemet excrescents (Guttae), endothelial cell (EC) death and loss of pumping functions remains poorly understood.

Aim

To present new phenotypic characteristics of ECs observed in late onset FCED, opening new perspectives in understanding its pathogenesis.

Methods

Thirty corneal central buttons were collected from FECD patients during graft. They were compared with fresh normal corneas (body donation to Sciences), and with 10 whole corneas with early stage of FECD (discarded from our eye bank). The morphology of ECs and of guttae, the expression of EC markers, of stem cell markers, of proliferation marker and of extracellular matrix was studied using the immunostaining of flat mount of corneas.

Results

Central ECs of FECD specimens and extreme peripheral ECs of fresh corneas shared common features: weaker expression of the usual CE markers (Na/K ATPase, ZO‐1, COXIV, CD166, N‐cadherin), expression of mesenchymal stem cells markers (nestin, c‐Myc, CD44), presence of proliferating cells (Ki67), presence of numerous dead cells (Ethidium), numerous cells containing pigments, isolated and confluent guttae, thicker Descemet membrane (DM), and localization of collagen I, IV, V and VIII. In corneas with early stages of FECD, the peripheral radial rows of EC and Descemet striae normally observed in healthy corneas were here significantly enlarged.

Conclusions

These new features of ECs and DM suggest that central ECs of FECD acquire or retain characteristics of peripheral ECs of healthy corneas, corresponding to less differentiated cells. We, therefore, suggest a new physiopathology mechanism involving the abnormal dedifferentiation of ECs in the centre of the cornea, resulting in the slow formation of the plaque‐like endothelial structure, typical of FCED.
Scatter measurement in the human eye based on a Shack‐Hartmann wavefront aberrometer with extended field of view
Authors: Schramm Stefan , Solf Benjamin , Klee Sascha
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Forward scattered light from the anterior segment of the human eye can be measured by Shack‐Hartmann (SH) wavefront aberrometers with limited visual angle (approx.1°). We developed a novel system that allows a measurement of forward scattered light based on the reconstruction of the Point Spread Function (PSF) of an extended field of view up to 11.1°.

Methods

For proof of principle of our new optic design, we studied 12 young healthy subjects (20–40 year). 21 SH‐images with different stop diameters in a range of 0.7–11.1° were captured from the right eye. Therefore, we used a mechanical variable aperture as variable field stop which is conventionally used as a pinhole aperture for suppressing scatter and reflections. For each image, the average of the intensities of the subapertures images and the average intensity of the pupil area are calculated. The resulting 21 intensities represent integral values of the PSF which is consequently reconstructed by derivation with respect to the visual angle. Based on the reconstructed PSF, a stray light parameter Log(IS) is calculated. Scatter Filters (Tiffen BPM1, BPM2) were positioned in front of the subjects eyes, to evaluate our new optic design for increased stray light conditions. For statistical analysis, the stray light parameters Log(IS) were compared to Log(ISC) parameters measured by C‐Quant for normal and increased stray light conditions and the scatter density of the filters SDF using Spearman‐Rho‐correlation. Bonferroni corrected Wilcoxon tests were performed to compare Log(IS) for normal and increased stray light conditions.

Results

Log(IS) at 11.1° is significantly correlated with SDF (r = 0.809; p < 0.01) and Log(ISC) (r = 0.683; p < 0.01). The comparison of the filter groups showing significant differences of Log(IS).

Conclusions

Our novel measurement technique allows for objective stray light analysis of visual angles up to 11.1 degrees and could be a useful extension to SH‐wavefront‐aberrometers.
Positive psychological states and stress responses in caregivers of adults receiving an allogeneic bone marrow transplant: A study protocol
Authors: Tan Kelly R. , Santacroce Sheila J. , Wood William A. , Mayer Deborah K. , Santos Hudson , Mucha Peter J. , Schwartz Todd A. , Fredrickson Barbara L.
Published: January 2021

Aims

This protocol directs a study that aims to: (a) describe the caregiver's experience over 8–12 weeks after an index adult patient's allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) for advanced cancer using a case‐oriented approach and mixed methods, with qualitative methods in the foreground; and (b) explore networks of relationships among psycho‐neurological symptoms, positive psychological states and caregiver health.

Design

Case‐oriented longitudinal design using multiple data types and analytic approaches.

Methods

Data will be collected from 10–12 caregivers. The sample will be recruited from a large public hospital in the southeastern United States using maximum variation sampling (e.g., caregiver race/ethnicity, relationship to patient, age, education, and number of caregiving roles). Participants will be asked to complete weekly surveys, have their blood drawn bi‐weekly and participate in an interview each month during the study period (~100 days). Aim 1 analysis will include directed content analysis and case‐oriented visual analysis. Aim 2 analysis will include symptom network estimation of psycho‐neurological symptoms, positive psychological states, and caregiver health. Institutional review board approval was obtained August 2018.

Discussion

Results will provide an in‐depth description of caregivers’ experiences in the 100 days after BMT. Findings will inform generation of hypotheses and identification of targets for interventions to improve caregiver's experiences after BMT.

Impact

This in‐depth multi‐method longitudinal study to describe caregivers of adult patients receiving an allogeneic BMT is an essential step in understanding caregivers’ complex responses to chronic stress and the role of positive psychological states. The results from this study will inform future research on chronic stress processes, intense caregiving, and intervention development.
Speciation in marine environments: Diving under the surface
Authors: Faria Rui , Johannesson Kerstin , Stankowski Sean
Published: January 2021

Marine environments are inhabited by a broad representation of the tree of life, yet our understanding of speciation in marine ecosystems is extremely limited compared with terrestrial and freshwater environments. Developing a more comprehensive picture of speciation in marine environments requires that we 'dive under the surface' by studying a wider range of taxa and ecosystems is necessary for a more comprehensive picture of speciation. Although studying marine evolutionary processes is often challenging, recent technological advances in different fields, from maritime engineering to genomics, are making it increasingly possible to study speciation of marine life forms across diverse ecosystems and taxa. Motivated by recent research in the field, including the 14 contributions in this issue, we highlight and discuss six axes of research that we think will deepen our understanding of speciation in the marine realm: (a) study a broader range of marine environments and organisms; (b) identify the reproductive barriers driving speciation between marine taxa; (c) understand the role of different genomic architectures underlying reproductive isolation; (d) infer the evolutionary history of divergence using model‐based approaches; (e) study patterns of hybridization and introgression between marine taxa; and (f) implement highly interdisciplinary, collaborative research programmes. In outlining these goals, we hope to inspire researchers to continue filling this critical knowledge gap surrounding the origins of marine biodiversity.
The peri‐implant phenotype and implant esthetic complications. Contemporary overview
Authors: Wang I‐Ching (Izzie) , Barootchi Shayan , Tavelli Lorenzo , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: January 2021

Objective

To provide a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the hard and soft tissue biological structures surrounding an osseointegrated dental implant (peri‐implant referred to as the peri‐implant phenotype), in the context of peri‐implant esthetic complications.

Overview

The individual components of the peri‐implant phenotype (keratinized mucosa width, mucosal thickness, supracrestal tissue height, and the peri‐implant buccal bone) have been linked to different aspects of implant esthetics, as well as health‐related aspects. At the time of implant therapy, respecting the biology of the peri‐implant hard and soft tissues, and anticipating their remodeling patterns can alleviate future esthetic complications.

Conclusions

While the current literature may not allow for a point‐by‐point evidence based‐recommendation for the required amount of each peri‐implant structure, bearing in mind the proposed values for the components of the peri‐implant phenotype, at the time of and prior to implant therapy can lead to more predictable treatment outcomes, and the avoidance of esthetic complications.

Clinical Significance

Knowledge of hard and soft tissue components surrounding and osseointegrated dental implant, and their underlying biological remodeling process is crucial for carrying out a successful therapy and alleviating possible future esthetic challenges.
Soft tissue grafting with the tunnel technique in the mandibular anterior: Myths and realities
Authors: Allen Edward P.
Published: January 2021

Objective

To address the myths and realities of soft tissue grafting with the tunnel technique in the mandibular anterior region.

Materials and Methods

Myths associated with use of the tunnel technique for soft tissue grafting in the mandibular anterior region are identified and examined. Explanations for the misunderstandings are presented and documented with case examples and evidence from scientific studies.

Results

Six myths are described and the realities are presented.

Conclusions

This report demonstrates that the tunnel technique can be successfully used in the mandibular anterior region in the presence of anatomic features thought to favor the use of more invasive surgical methods.

Clinical Significance

Soft tissue grafting in the mandibular anterior region has complicating anatomical features including a strong frenal attachment, shallow vestibule and thin tissue. These features may be successfully managed with a free gingival graft, but that procedure results in an uncomfortable experience for the patient. The tunnel technique, especially when combined with an acellular dermal matrix, dramatically improves the patient experience and esthetic outcome without compromising the clinical outcome.
Carp edema virus and immune response in carp (Cyprinuscarpio): Current knowledge
Authors: Machat Radek , Pojezdal Lubomir , Piackova Veronika , Faldyna Martin
Published: January 2021

The importance of world aquaculture production grows annually together with the increasing need to feed the global human population. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important freshwater fish in global aquaculture. Unfortunately, carp production is affected by numerous diseases of which viral diseases are the most serious. Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), and during the last decades also koi sleepy disease (KSD) are currently the most harmful viral diseases of common carp. This review summarizes current knowledge about carp edema virus (CEV), aetiological agent causing KSD, and about the disease itself. Furthermore, the article is focused on summarizing the available information about the antiviral immune response of common carp, like production of class I interferons (IFNs), activation of cytotoxic cells, and production of antibodies by B cells focusing on anti‐CEV immunity.
FT5a interferes with the Dt1‐AP1 feedback loop to control flowering time and shoot determinacy in soybean
Authors: Yue Lin , Li Xiaoming , Fang Chao , Chen Liyu , Yang Hui , Yang Jie , Chen Zhonghui , Nan Haiyang , Chen Linnan , Zhang Yuhang , Li Haiyang , Hou Xingliang , Dong Zhicheng , Weller James L. , Abe Jun , Liu Baohui , Kong Fanjiang
Published: January 2021

Flowering time and stem growth habit determine inflorescence architecture in soybean, which in turn influences seed yield.Dt1, a homolog ofArabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1), is a major controller of stem growth habit, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate thatDt1affects node number and plant height, as well as flowering time, in soybean under long‐day conditions. The bZIP transcription factor FDc1 physically interacts with Dt1, and the FDc1‐Dt1 complex directly represses the expression ofAPETALA1(AP1). We propose that FT5a inhibits Dt1 activity via a competitive interaction with FDc1 and directly upregulatesAP1. Moreover, AP1 repressesDt1expression by directly binding to theDt1promoter, suggesting that AP1 and Dt1 form a suppressive regulatory feedback loop to determine the fate of the shoot apical meristem. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of Dt1 and FT5a in controlling the stem growth habit and flowering time in soybean, which determine the adaptability and grain yield of this important crop.
Anthropometry does not fully explain low fitness among adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Beck V. D. Y. , Baynard T. , Lefferts E. C. , Hibner B. A. , Fernhall B. , Hilgenkamp T. I. M.
Published: January 2021

Background

Cardiorespiratory fitness, expressed as peak oxygen uptake during exercise (VO2peak), is an important predictor of cardiovascular health and is related to anthropometry in the general population. Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have reduced cardiorespiratory fitness and often exhibit different anthropometrics compared with the general population. Interestingly, the relation between anthropometry and cardiorespiratory fitness found in the general population is not apparent in individuals with DS. However, accurate measures with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan have not been used to investigate this relationship in this population. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between accurate measures of anthropometry and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with DS compared with an age‐matched and sex‐matched control group.

Methods

Anthropometrics (height, weight, waist and hip circumference, body composition via DEXA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak, measured during a graded maximal exercise test) were assessed in adults with (n = 9; 25 ± 3 years; 6 male patients) and without DS (n = 10, 24 ± 4 years; 5 male patients).

Results

Participants with DS were shorter (P < 0.01) than without DS and had a higher body mass index (P < 0.01), waist circumference (WC) (P = 0.026) and waist/height ratio (WHtR) (P < 0.01), but similar weight, body surface area (BSA), waist/hip ratio and body composition (P > 0.05). Participants with DS had significantly lower relative VO2peak and VO2peak corrected for total lean mass (TLM), but similar absolute VO2peak, compared with without DS. In participants with DS, only WC and WHtR were associated with VO2peak, whereas in participants without DS, height, weight, BSA, TLM, leg lean mass and body fat percentage were associated with VO2peak.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the relation between anthropometry and cardiorespiratory fitness found in the general population is not the same in adults with DS and that anthropometrics do not fully explain cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with DS. Further research into potential alternative explanations is required.
Serotonin and amyloid deposition: A link between depression and Alzheimer’s disease?
Authors: Gründer Gerhard , Cumming Paul
Published: January 2021

Indirect agonism has been invoked as part of the mechanism of antipsychotic action at dopamine D2/3 receptors, and more recently as a salient neuropharmacological aspect of the serotonin 5‐HT2A drug pimavanserin (Pim). We now comment on an article in this volume showing that Pim treatment attenuates the deposition of Aβ protein in brain of transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mice. Pim treatment may interfere with Aβ deposition by shifting the balance between two 5‐HT2A signaling pathways, that is, antagonism of Gq/11 signaling and agonism of Gαi1 signaling. Treatment with serotonin‐selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) evoked also reduced amyloid deposition in transgenic mice, but SSRI treatment does not unequivocally interfere in the progression of human Alzheimer's disease, perhaps because of complex effects of chronic SSRI treatment on multiple serotonin receptor types. Preclinical findings suggest Pim as a promising pharmacological strategy for intervening against Alzheimer's pathology, perhaps at a very early stage of the disease. However, much remains to be learned about the convergence of various receptor‐mediated signaling pathways on the final common path leading to net Aβ deposition.

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‘Milk actually comes from a cow’: Ontario dairy farmers' reactions and interventions with consumers' milk rifts as third‐party alienation
Authors: Gray Allison
Published: January 2021

A significant effect of industrial capitalism on the modern Western world is the generation and perpetuation of a physical and discursive distancing between people and food – a result of what Marx termed the metabolic rift. Studies of alienated relationships often homogenize the rift experience. This paper explores how rural Ontario dairy farmers experience what John Bellamy Foster calls ‘metabolism’ and their perceptions of the alienated states of non‐farmers. Results from on‐farm semi‐structured interviews suggest these farmers are aware of a distancing between non‐farmers and food (milk) that is a different experience than that of farmers. Such perception of milk alienation involving an external group – or what I term third‐party alienation – is accompanied by farmer‐initiated interventions, such as on‐farm educational visits and educational programmes, attempting to mend non‐farmers rift experience. Third‐party alienation exemplifies the ways in which metabolism can be diversely embodied – and possibly mended – within current human–food, and human–nature, relationships.
Peer learning and collaborative placement models in health care: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the literature
Authors: Markowski Marianne , Bower Heather , Essex Ryan , Yearley Carole
Published: January 2021

Aims

To summarise the international empirical literature to provide a comprehensive overview of peer learning and collaborative practice placement models in health care and to synthesise their benefits and challenges.

Background

Practical placements for students are in high demand due to the need for an increased nursing, midwifery and health professional workforce, thus collaborative placement models are an attractive solution to potentially increase placement capacity and enhance the student learning experience.

Design

A systematic search of the literature and qualitative data synthesis using the PRISMA checklist and ENTREQ guidelines.

Review methods

MEDLINE and CINAHL searched in March 2020. Quality appraisal of studies conducted. Collaborative models and empirical findings summarised. Reported benefits, challenges and implementation recommendations synthesised. Two tables developed for data representation.

Results

172 studies were identified by the search strategy. Of these, 47 articles were included for appraisal and synthesis. 30 articles employed qualitative, seven quantitative and ten mixed‐methods approaches. Research took place in eight countries. The majority of studies employed focus groups, interviews as well as questionnaire design. The total participant sample was 3462 consisting of students and educators.

Conclusions

This review confirmed that any peer learning is beneficial in supporting students’ confidence and team working skills. It is especially helpful when pairing first year with third‐year students. The latter can demonstrate their clinical skills and prepare for working in practice. Simultaneously, expert‐led learning is important for role modelling and for the recognition of acquired skills. Evidence on the optimal placement experience is inconclusive; however, it can be concluded that any form of collaborative placement model requires careful planning and continuous preparation for staff and students.

Relevance to clinical practice

Decision makers should consider implementing at least some form of peer learning to assist students with peer support, and ideally work towards a collaborative learning environment.
WHERE DO WE STAND IN CRYPTOCURRENCIES ECONOMIC RESEARCH? A SURVEY BASED ON HYBRID ANALYSIS
Authors: Bariviera Aurelio F. , Merediz‐Solà Ignasi
Published: January 2021

This survey develops a dual analysis, consisting, first, in a bibliometric examination and, second, in a close literature review of all the scientific production around cryptocurrencies conducted in economics so far. The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, proposes a methodological hybrid approach to perform comprehensive literature reviews. On the other hand, we provide an updated state of the art in cryptocurrency economic literature. Our methodology emerges as relevant when the topic comprises a large number of papers, which make unrealistic to perform a detailed reading of all the papers. This dual perspective offers a full landscape of cryptocurrency economic research. First, by means of the distant reading provided by machine learning bibliometric techniques, we are able to identify main topics, journals, key authors, and other macro aggregates. Second, based on the information provided by the previous stage, the traditional literature review provides a closer look at methodologies, data sources, and other details of the papers. In this way, we offer a classification and analysis of the mounting research produced in a relative short time span.
Opioid exposures in children under 5 years of age (2004–2019): A retrospective study of calls to Australia's largest poisons information centre
Authors: Arbaeen Abrar , Wheate Nial J , Cairns Rose
Published: January 2021

Aim

To describe time trends in opioid exposures in children under 5 years, and to describe patient demographics, the medicines involved, the reasons for exposure and disposition.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of paediatric (<5 years of age) opioid exposure calls to the New South Wales Poisons Information Centre (NSWPIC, Australia's largest poison centre), 2004–2019. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine temporal trends.

Results

There were 4807 cases of paediatric opioid exposure during the 16 year study period, with an average of 300 exposures per year. Exposures increased, 2004–2007, with an annual percentage change (APC) of 14.6% (95% CI = 4.3 to 26.0%), then decreased, 2007–2016, APC −3.4% (95% CI = −5.3 to −1.3%). A steeper decrease was observed after 2016, APC −14.1% (95% CI = −21.8 to −5.6%). The overall APC was −2.3% (95% CI = −4.7 to 0.2%), 2004–2019. Accidental exposures accounted for 86% of calls (4137). The majority of calls were from family members regarding exposures that happened at home, highlighting the need for safety initiatives. The preparations most frequently involved were paracetamol/opioid combination products (primarily codeine), 53% (2566) and ibuprofen/opioid combinations 14% (650). Twenty‐two percent of cases were referred to a hospital (1062), and a further 15% (719) of calls originated from hospital staff.

Conclusion

Opioid exposures in young Australian children continue to occur; however, the rate has declined since 2007. Safe storage and parent education initiatives could further reduce the burden of paediatric opioid poisoning in Australia.
Improved care and management of paediatric neurological patients evaluated at a paediatric Rapid Access Neurology clinic: A pilot study
Authors: Yaworski Amanda M , Yager Jerome Y , Richer Lawrence , Mailo Janette , Rajapakse Thilinie , Kassiri Janani
Published: January 2021

Aim

Referral wait times for paediatric neurological patients are increasing, leading to an increased burden on the emergency department (ED). The paediatric Rapid Access Neurology (pRAN) clinic was created for paediatric patients who are clinically stable, but require an urgent paediatric neurology consultation. The objectives were to evaluate the pathways of referral, accuracy of referring diagnoses, adherence to clinic appointments, impact of clinic visitation on ED visits and patient satisfaction.

Methods

Data were collected from the pRAN clinic from March 2018 until April 2019. Information was obtained from patient charts including the referring and final diagnosis, management plan and the number of visits made to the ED before and after visiting the pRAN clinic.

Results

Of the 256 referred patients, 91 met inclusion criteria. The most frequent referral diagnosis was a seizure. Referring physicians and pRAN clinic neurologists differed significantly in the level of diagnostic agreement for patients <2 years of age (P = 0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.294, 0.373). There was a significant reduction in visits to the ED made by patients 3 months after the pRAN appointment compared with before the visit (P < 0.001; 95% CI −0.9070, −0.4088). The majority of patients felt that the clinic had high value and were satisfied with their follow‐up plan.

Conclusion

This pilot study showed that a pRAN clinic can improve the accuracy of neurological diagnoses and management, especially for children <2 years of age. In addition, pRAN clinic patients make fewer subsequent visits to the ED and express high satisfaction with their care.
Proteoglycans in the periodontium: A review with emphasis on specific distributions, functions, and potential applications
Authors: Chen Yilin , Guan Qiuyue , Han Xianglong , Bai Ding , Li Defu , Tian Ye
Published: January 2021

Proteoglycans (PGs) are largely glycosylated proteins, consisting of a linkage sugar, core proteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, more than 40 kinds of PGs have been identified, and they can be classified as intracellular, cell surface, pericellular, and extracellular PGs according to cellular locations. To illustrate, extracellular PGs are known for regulating the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix; cell‐surface PGs play a role in mediating cell adhesion and binding various growth factors. In the field of periodontology, PGs are implicated in cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, contractility, and anoikis, thereby exerting a profound influence on periodontal tissue development, wound repair, the immune response, biomechanics, and pathological process. Additionally, the expression patterns of some PGs are dynamic and cell‐specific. Therefore, determining the roles and spatial‐temporal expression patterns of PGs in the periodontium could shed light on treatments for wound healing, tissue regeneration, periodontitis, and gingival overgrowth. In this review, close attention is paid to the distributions, functions, and potential applications of periodontal PGs. Related genetically modified animal experiments and involved signal transduction cascades are summarized for improved understanding of periodontal PGs. To date, however, there is a large amount of speculation on this topic that requires rigorous experiments for validation.
Antimicrobial resistance increased over an 8‐year period in Enterobacteriaceae cultured from canine urine samples
Authors: Guzmán Ramos P. J. , Shiel R. E. , Fernández Pérez C. , Ríos Boeta A. M. , Perlado Chamizo M. R. , Ballester Aguado J. I. , Ruiz Duro N. , Ortiz‐Díez G.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

The aims of the present study were to describe the prevalence of positive urinary bacterial culture in dogs, to identify the most commonly isolated microorganisms and to analyse changes in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over time.

Material and Methods

A retrospective case series was performed using culture and susceptibility results from canine urine samples collected between January 2010 and December 2017. The presence or absence of infection, identity of the bacterium with heaviest growth, and susceptibility profile were recorded for each sample. Trends in the frequency of positive culture and antimicrobial resistance were assessed by Poisson regression modelling. Prevalence rate ratio and 95% confidence interval were reported for resistance to each antimicrobial.

Results

A positive urine culture was documented in 771 (22.5%) of 3420 samples.Escherichia coliwas the most commonly isolated microorganism. There was no significant increase in the frequency of positive bacterial culture over the study period (prevalence rate ratio 0.98; 95% confidence interval: 0.92 to 1.0). Overall, there was an increase in antimicrobial resistance within Enterobacteriaceae from 5.2 to 35.6%. The prevalence of multidrug‐resistant bacteria varied from year to year throughout the study period. However, the Poisson regression model identified a significant increase in the frequency of multidrug‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae over this period, averaging approximately 22% per year (prevalence rate ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 1.42).

Clinical Significance

The significant increase in antimicrobial resistance observed in this study is concerning and may have implications for veterinary and public health. Appropriate measures, such as antibiotic stewardship programmes, should be implemented to address increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Shift from trait convergence to divergence along old‐field succession
Authors: Backhaus Lindsay , Albert Georg , Cuchietti Anibal , Jaimes Nino Luisa María , Fahs Nina , Lisner Aleš , Kolář Vojtěch , Kermavnar Janez , Widmer Stefan , Zimmermann Zita , Rofrics Nora , de Bello Francesco , Lepš Jan , García Medina Nagore
Published: January 2021

Aims

Ecological theories predict that assembly processes shape communities so that co‐existing species may either be functionally more dissimilar ("divergence") or more similar ("convergence") than expected by chance. Two important factors that are rarely considered in combination are spatial scale and successional stage. Our aim is to identify different functional patterns during succession across spatial scales and to discuss the likely underlying assembly processes. We expect to find convergence due to environmental filtering at early succession, especially at the largest scales, and a tendency towards divergence driven by competitive interactions as succession unfolds and at smaller spatial scales.

Location

Protected Landscape Area “Bohemian Karst”, Czech Republic.

Methods

We studied three succession stages (two, eight and 55 years after abandonment). Each field was sampled using 40 1‐m2 quadrats containing 100 pins in a regular grid. We analysed trait dispersion at several combinations of grain and extent and characterised trait similarity using phylogeny and four traits: specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, height, and seed mass analysed individually and combined using Gower distance (multi‐trait dissimilarity).

Results

In the youngest field, three of the traits individually and the multi‐trait dissimilarity showed convergence regardless of scale. Phylogeny showed convergence at most spatial scales of the youngest stage. The other two fields showed greater divergence predominantly in the oldest field at the smallest spatial scale.

Conclusions

The results are mainly congruent with theoretical expectations and provide a valuable example of directional changes from trait convergence to divergence along succession. The scale‐invariant convergence in the early stages of succession seems to be the result of environmental filtering and weaker competitive exclusion. At later stages and particularly at smaller scales, divergence becomes more common, likely because competition limits the trait similarity of species. These results highlight the importance of predictable (non‐random) changes in ecological succession.
Diversification, disparification and hybridization in the desert shrubs Encelia
Authors: Singhal Sonal , Roddy Adam B. , DiVittorio Christopher , Sanchez‐Amaya Ary , Henriquez Claudia L. , Brodersen Craig R. , Fehlberg Shannon , Zapata Felipe
Published: January 2021

There are multiple hypotheses for the spectacular plant diversity found in deserts. We explore how different factors, including the roles of ecological opportunity and selection, promote diversification and disparification in Encelia, a lineage of woody plants in the deserts of the Americas.

Using a nearly complete species‐level phylogeny based on double‐digest restriction‐aided sequencing along with a broad set of phenotypic traits, we estimate divergence times and diversification rates, identify instances of hybridization, quantify trait disparity and assess phenotypic divergence across environmental gradients.

We show that Encelia originated and diversified recently (mid‐Pleistocene) and rapidly, with rates comparable to notable adaptive radiations in plants. Encelia probably originated in the hot deserts of North America, with subsequent diversification across steep environmental gradients. We uncover multiple instances of gene flow between species. The radiation of Encelia is characterized by fast rates of phenotypic evolution, trait lability and extreme disparity across environments and between species pairs with overlapping geographic ranges.

Encelia exemplifies how interspecific gene flow in combination with high trait lability can enable exceptionally fast diversification and disparification across steep environmental gradients.
In vivo assembly of the sorgoleone biosynthetic pathway and its impact on agroinfiltrated leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Pan Zhiqiang , Bajsa‐Hirschel Joanna , Vaughn Justin N. , Rimando Agnes M. , Baerson Scott R. , Duke Stephen O.
Published: January 2021

Sorgoleone, a hydrophobic compound exuded from root hair cells of Sorghum spp., accounts for much of the allelopathic activity of the genus. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of this compound have been identified and functionally characterized. Here, we report the successful assembly of the biosynthetic pathway and the significant impact of in vivo synthesized sorgoleone on the heterologous host Nicotiana benthamiana.

A multigene DNA construct was prepared for the expression of genes required for sorgoleone biosynthesis in planta and deployed in N. benthamiana leaf tissues via Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression. RNA‐sequencing was conducted to investigate the effects of sorgoleone, via expression of its biosynthesis pathway, on host gene expression.

The production of sorgoleone in agroinfiltrated leaves as detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) resulted in the formation of necrotic lesions, indicating that the compound caused severe phytotoxicity to these tissues. RNA‐sequencing profiling revealed significant changes in gene expression in the leaf tissues expressing the pathway during the formation of sorgoleone‐induced necrotic lesions.

Transcriptome analysis suggested that the compound produced in vivo impaired the photosynthetic system as a result of downregulated gene expression for the photosynthesis apparatus and elevated expression of proteasomal genes which may play a major role in the phytotoxicity of sorgoleone.
DIGGING PITS AND MAKING PLACES AT UĞURLU DURING THE SIXTH MILLENNIUM BC
Authors: Karamurat Cansu , Atakuman Çiğdem , Erdoğu Burçin
Published: January 2021

The site of Uğurlu on the island of Gökçeada (Imbros) is the earliest known Neolithic settlement within the Aegean Islands (c.6800–4500 cal. BC). In total, 37 pits, associated with a rich variety of artefacts as well as human and animal bones were excavated in the Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic levels of the site (c.5900–4500 BC). The pits belonging to the early sixth millennium BC levels of Uğurlu were small and located within the houses that seem to have gone through multiple episodes of house destruction and renovation rituals. During the late sixth millennium BC, this area became the focus of extensive pit‐digging activity, when large pits involving rich variety of artefacts were set within the courtyard of a special building (Building 4). Among the pits, a collective human burial pit (P188) incorporating the remains of 11 individuals and another pit (P52) involving a partial human skeleton were also found. From a comparative point of view, the construction techniques of these pits, their spatio‐temporal relations as well as their associated archaeological artefacts resemble the Anatolian and Near Eastern Neolithic practices of house destruction and renovation cycles, which are activities related to the ancestor cults of the region. We argue that all of these practices reflect public events during which social relations were negotiated through the agency of place. The differences observed during the sixth millennium BC at Uğurlu reflect the changing concepts of place and society in the immediate aftermath of the Neolithic Process, when interactions with the Balkans as well as the Aegean intensified in this region.
Low nitrate alleviates iron deficiency by regulating iron homeostasis in apple
Authors: Sun Wei‐Jian , Zhang Jiu‐Cheng , Ji Xing‐Long , Feng Zi‐Quan , Wang Xun , Huang Wen‐Jing , You Chun‐Xiang , Wang Xiao‐Fei , Hao Yu‐Jin
Published: January 2021

Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plant growth, development and metabolism. Due to its lack of solubility and low bioavailability in soil, Fe levels are usually far below the optimum amount for most plants' growth and development. In apple production, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer may cause iron chlorosis symptoms in the newly growing leaves, but the regulatory mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unclear. In this study, low nitrate (NO3−, LN) application alleviated the symptoms of Fe deficiency and promoted lower rhizosphere pH, which was beneficial for root Fe acquisition. At the same time, LN treatment increased citrate and abscisic acid accumulation in roots, which promoted Fe transport from root to shoot and maintained Fe homeostasis. Moreover, qRT‐PCR analysis showed that nitrate application caused differential expression of genes related to Fe uptake and transport, as well as transcriptional regulators. In summary, our data reveal that low nitrate alleviated Fe deficiency through multiple pathways, demonstrating a new option for minimizing Fe deficiency by regulating the balance between nutrients.
Proteomic profile of pre‐implantational ovine embryos produced in vivo
Authors: Sanchez Deisy J. D. , Vasconcelos Fabio R. , Teles‐Filho Antônio C. A. , Viana Arabela G. A. , Martins Aline M. A. , Sousa Marcelo V. , Castro Mariana S. , Ricart Carlos A. , Fontes Wagner , Bertolini Marcelo , Bustamante‐Filho Ivan C. , Moura Arlindo A.
Published: January 2021

The present study was conducted to decipher the proteome of in vivo‐produced pre‐implantation ovine embryos. Ten locally adapted Morana Nova ewes received hormonal treatment and were inseminated 12 hr after ovulation. Six days later, 54 embryos (morula and blastocyst developmental state) were recovered from eight ewes and pooled to obtain sufficient protein for proteomic analysis. Extracted embryo proteins were analysed by LC‐MS/MS, followed by identification based on four database searches (PEAKS, Proteome Discoverer software, SearchGUI software, PepExplorer). Identified proteins were analysed for gene ontology terms, protein clusters and interactions. Genes associated with the ovine embryo proteome were screened for miRNA targets using data sets of TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org) and mIRBase (http://www.mirbase.org) servers. There were 667 proteins identified in the ovine embryos. Biological processes of such proteins were mainly related to cellular process and regulation, and molecular functions, to binding and catalytic activity. Analysis of the embryo proteins revealed 49 enriched functional clusters, linked to energy metabolism (TCA cycle, pyruvate and glycolysis metabolism), zona pellucida (ZP), MAPK signalling pathway, tight junction, binding of sperm to ZP, translation, proteasome, cell cycle and calcium/phospholipid binding. Sixteen miRNAs were related to 25 pre‐implantation ovine embryo genes, all conserved in human, bovine and ovine species. The interaction network generated by miRNet showed four key miRNAs (hsa‐mir‐106b‐5p; hsa‐mir‐30‐5p; hsa‐mir‐103a‐5p and hsa‐mir‐106a‐5p) with potential interactions with embryo‐expressed genes. Functional analysis of the network indicated that miRNAs modulate genes related to cell cycle, regulation of stem cell and embryonic cell differentiation, among others. Retrieved miRNAs also modulate the expression of genes involved in cell signalling pathways, such as MAPK, Wnt, TGF‐beta, p53 and Toll‐like receptor. The current study describes the first major proteomic profile of 6‐day‐old ovine embryos produced in vivo, setting a comprehensive foundation for our understanding of embryo physiology in the ovine species.
Age at marriage, social norms, and female education in Nepal
Authors: Jafarey Saqib , Mainali Ram , Montes‐Rojas Gabriel
Published: January 2021

We study the impact of age at marriage on female education. We hypothesize that in cultures where women marry young, parents discount the pecuniary benefits of educating girls; the earlier the anticipated age at marriage the greater this discount. We empirically test this effect using household data from Nepal. We control for potential endogeneity of age at marriage by exploiting variations in cultural norms regarding dowry and differences in the average age of female marriage among ethnicities and regions as instrumental variables. The econometric results support the hypothesis that female education is negatively affected by cultural norms that favor early marriage.
HIV, HCV, and HBV incidence and residual risk in US blood donors before and after implementation of the 12‐month deferral policy for men who have sex with men
Authors: Steele Whitney R. , Dodd Roger Y. , Notari Edward P. , Haynes James , Anderson Steven A. , Williams Alan E. , Reik Rita , Kessler Debra , Custer Brian , Stramer Susan L. ,   Transfusion‐Transmissible Infections Monitoring System (TTIMS)
Published: January 2021

Background

In December 2015, the men who have sex with men (MSM) deferral was reduced to 12 months in the United States. We compared human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) incidence and residual risk before and after this policy change using data from >50% of the US blood supply.

Study Design and Methods

Three estimation intervals from the Transfusion‐Transmissible Infections Monitoring System were compared: 15‐months pre‐ and two consecutive, nonoverlapping 15‐month post‐MSM deferral implementation. Repeat, first‐time, and weighted all‐donor incidences were estimated. Residual risk was calculated for all incidence estimates using the incidence/window‐period method.

Results

HIV repeat donor incidence was 1.57 per 100 000 person‐years (phtpy) in the second 15‐month post change and not significantly different from pre‐MSM incidence of 2.19 phtpy. Similar values were seen for HCV (1.49 phtpy vs 1.46 phtpy) and HBV (1.14 phtpy vs 0.97 phtpy). In some cases, higher estimated incidence, but without significant change from pre‐MSM to the second post change period occurred for males and first‐time donors (eg, first‐time donors, second post change period: 6.12 phtpy HIV, 6.41 phtpy HCV and 5.34 phtpy HBV). Estimated per donation residual risk was 1:1.6 million for HIV, 1:2.0 million for HCV and 1:1.0 million for HBV based on weighted incidence for all donors.

Conclusions

Repeat, first‐time, and overall donor incidence did not vary significantly comparing pre‐MSM to either of the post‐MSM estimation intervals. Residual risk estimates vary by study, but all yield residual risks in the United States of ≤1 per million, and thus far have not shown increasing risk with the 12‐month MSM policy change.
How do I create a partnership between a blood bank and a milk bank to provide safe, pasteurized human milk to infants?
Authors: O'Rourke Janice , Long Sarah , LePage Nichole L. , Waxman Dan A.
Published: January 2021

The now 5‐year collaboration between the Indiana Blood Center, now Versiti Blood Center of Indiana, and The Milk Bank has increased the number of human milk donors, improved the collection and processing of donor milk, and improved awareness of this lifesaving resource. The Indiana Blood Center provides greater visibility for The Milk Bank, creating more opportunities to reach potential donors, and can provide the screening blood test for potential donors to become approved human milk donors. The resources of the multiple locations of the Indiana Blood Center permitted the formation of new milk depots in five different cities and quicker transportation of donated milk through their active courier system. This partnership most importantly has improved awareness for both lifesaving missions to the communities they serve.
Influence of osteochondrosis on the longevity and racing performance of standardbred trotters and pacers
Authors: Boorman Sophie , Hofmeister Erik H. , Ross Michael W. , Ralston Sarah , Bell Garrett , Mackie Sarah , Ortved Kyla
Published: January 2021

Objective

To determine the influence of clinical osteochondrosis (OC) on the short‐term (2, 3, and 4‐year‐old) and long‐term racing performance and longevity of standardbred racehorses.

Study design

Retrospective case–control study.

Sample population

Standardbred racehorses from a single breeding farm born between 2009 and 2017 that survived to racing age (n = 2711). Three hundred eighty‐two (14%) horses were OC‐affected (829 lesions confirmed arthroscopically during surgical treatment), and 2329 (86%) horses were nonaffected.

Methods

Racing performance data were obtained from an online database and evaluated with multiple linear regression models.

Results

Trotters were more likely than pacers to be affected by OC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1‐1.9,P= .006). Compared with nonaffected horses, long‐term OC‐affected horses had 8.8 fewer starts (95% CI = −14.4 to −3.2,P= .002), 1.0 fewer wins (95% CI = −1.9 to −0.1,P= .030), and 3.8 fewer total number of first through third place finishes (95% CI = −6.2 to −1.4,P < .0001). Nonaffected horses had longer careers compared with OC‐affected horses, racing 0.32 years longer (95% CI = −0.52 to −0.12,P= .002). Osteochondrosis had no impact on short‐term racing performance. Horses with lesions at the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia or lateral trochlear ridge of the talus had decreased performance compared with horses without these lesions.

Conclusion

Pacers were less likely than trotters to be affected by OC. Affected horses had fewer starts and shorter careers, despite early surgical intervention.

Clinical significance

Osteochondrosis decreases long‐term racing performance in racing standardbreds.
Monitoring the Epidemiology and Antifungal Resistance of Yeasts Causing Fungemia in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Madrid, Spain: Any Relevant Changes in the Last 13 Years?
Authors: Díaz-García Judith , Mesquida Aina , Sánchez-Carrillo Carlos , Reigadas Elena , Muñoz Patricia , Escribano Pilar , Guinea Jesús
Published: January 2021

We conducted an updated analysis on yeast isolates causing fungemia in patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Madrid, Spain, over a 13-year period. We studied 896 isolates associated with 872 episodes of fungemia in 857 hospitalized patients between January 2007 and December 2019.