bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Factors Predicting Clinical Outcome Following Laparoscopic Fundoplication
Authors: Staehelin Annina , Zingg Urs , Devitt Peter G. , Esterman Adrian J. , Smith Lorelle , Jamieson Glyn G. , Watson David I.
Published: December 2013

Background

Antireflux surgery is effective for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, but not all patients benefit equally from it. The challenge is to identify the patients who will ultimately benefit from antireflux surgery. The aim of this study was to identify preoperative factors that predict clinical outcome after antireflux surgery, with special interest in the influence of socioeconomic factors.

Methods

Preoperative clinical and socioeconomic data from 1,650 patients who were to undergo laparoscopic fundoplication were collected prospectively. Clinical outcome measures (persistent heartburn, dysphagia, satisfaction) were assessed at short‐term (1 year) and longer‐term (≥3 years) follow‐up.

Results

At early follow‐up, male gender (relative risk [RR] 1.091, p < 0.001) and the presence of a hiatus hernia (RR 1.065, p = 0.002) were independently associated with less heartburn. Male gender was also associated with higher overall satisfaction (RR 1.046, p = 0.034). An association was found between postoperative dysphagia and age (RR 0.988, p = 0.007) and the absence of a hiatus hernia (RR 0.767, p = 0.001). At longer‐term follow‐up, only male gender (RR 1.125, p < 0.001) was an independent prognostic factor for heartburn control. Male gender (RR 0.761, p = 0.001), the presence of a hiatus hernia (RR 0.823, p = 0.014), and cerebrovascular comorbidities (RR 1.306, p = 0.019) were independent prognosticators for dysphagia at longer‐term follow‐up. A hiatus hernia was the only factor associated with better overall satisfaction. Socioeconomic factors did not influence any clinical outcomes at short‐ and longer‐term follow‐up.

Conclusion

Male gender and hiatus hernia are associated with a better clinical outcome following laparoscopic fundoplication, whereas socioeconomic status does not influence outcome.
Development of a Composite Endpoint for Randomized Controlled Trials in Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Coolsen Marielle M. E. , Clermonts Stefan H. E. M. , van Dam Ronald M. , Winkens Bjorn , Malagó Massimo , Fusai Giuseppe K. , Dejong Cornelis H. C. , Olde Damink Steven W. M.
Published: December 2013

Background

Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been performed in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). An important factor contributing to this is the large number of patients needed to adequately power RCTs for relevant clinical single endpoints. A PD‐specific composite endpoint (CEP) could solve this problem. The aim of the present study was to develop a PD‐specific CEP, consisting of complications related to PD, allowing reduction in sample sizes and improving the ability to compare outcomes.

Methods

PD‐specific CEP components were selected after a systematic review of the literature and consensus between 25 international pancreatic surgeons. Ultimately, prospective cohorts of patients who underwent PD in two high‐volume HPB centers (London, UK, and Maastricht, NL) were used to assess the event rate and effect of implementing a PD‐specific CEP.

Results

From a total of 18 single‐component endpoints, intra‐abdominal abscess, sepsis, post‐PD hemorrhage, bile leakage, gastrojejunostomy leakage, leakage of the pancreatic anastomosis, delayed gastric emptying, and operative mortality within 90 days were selected to be included the PD‐specific CEP. All eight components had consensus definitions and a Dindo–Clavien classification of 3 or more. The incidence of the PD‐specific CEP was 24.7 % in the Maastricht cohort and 23.3 % in the London cohort. These incidence rates led to a twofold reduction in the theoretical calculated sample size for an adequately powered RCT on PD using this CEP as a primary endpoint.

Conclusions

The proposed PD‐specific CEP enables clinical investigators to adequately power RCTs on PD and increases the feasibility, comparability, and utility in meta‐analysis.
Surgical Scheduling: A Lean Approach to Process Improvement
Authors: Simon Ross William , Canacari Elena G.
Published: December 2013

A large teaching hospital in the northeast United States had an inefficient, paper‐based process for scheduling orthopedic surgery that caused delays and contributed to site/side discrepancies. The hospital's leaders formed a team with the goals of developing a safe, effective, patient‐centered, timely, efficient, and accurate orthopedic scheduling process; smoothing the schedule so that block time was allocated more evenly; and ensuring correct site/side. Under the resulting process, real‐time patient information is entered into a database during the patient's preoperative visit in the surgeon's office. The team found the new process reduced the occurrence of site/side discrepancies to zero, reduced instances of changing the sequence of orthopedic procedures by 70%, and increased patient satisfaction.
Safety Checklist Briefings: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: McDowell Diana Soule , McComb Sara A.
Published: December 2013

Nearly half of all surgical complications are considered preventable. Early research regarding preprocedural surgical safety checklist briefings revealed that this process led to improved surgical complication rates. We conducted a literature search to gather evidence regarding compliance in conducting briefings, outcomes of briefings, and surgical team members’ perceptions toward the use and efficacy of checklist briefings. We found 23 studies conducted in 17 countries, the majority published since 2011, addressing these elements. The studies used a variety of methodologies and outcome measures. Common themes in the studies included enhanced patient safety, improved compliance over time, and increased communication among team members when checklists were used. As research continues on surgical safety checklists and briefings, a great opportunity exists for perioperative nurses to make contributions to the evidence.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYMMETRY GROUPS FOR PLANAR -BODY CHOREOGRAPHIES
Authors: MONTALDI JAMES , STECKLES KATRINA
Published: December 2013

Since the foundational work of Chenciner and Montgomery in 2000 there has been a great deal of interest in choreographic solutions of the $n$-body problem: periodic motions where the $n$ bodies all follow one another at regular intervals along a closed path. The principal approach combines variational methods with symmetry properties. In this paper, we give a systematic treatment of the symmetry aspect. In the first part, we classify all possible symmetry groups of planar $n$-body collision-free choreographies. These symmetry groups fall into two infinite families and, if $n$ is odd, three exceptional groups. In the second part, we develop the equivariant fundamental group and use it to determine the topology of the space of loops with a given symmetry, which we show is related to certain cosets of the pure braid group in the full braid group, and to centralizers of elements of the corresponding coset. In particular, we refine the symmetry classification by classifying the connected components of the set of loops with any given symmetry. This leads to the existence of many new choreographies in $n$-body systems governed by a strong force potential.
MALT90: The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz Survey
Authors: Jackson J. M. , Rathborne J. M. , Foster J. B. , Whitaker J. S. , Sanhueza P. , Claysmith C. , Mascoop J. L. , Wienen M. , Breen S. L. , Herpin F. , Duarte-Cabral A. , Csengeri T. , Longmore S. N. , Contreras Y. , Indermuehle B. , Barnes P. J. , Walsh A. J. , Cunningham M. R. , Brooks K. J. , Britton T. R. , Voronkov M. A. , Urquhart J. S. , Alves J. , Jordan C. H. , Hill T. , Hoq S. , Finn S. C. , Bains I. , Bontemps S. , Bronfman L. , Caswell J. L. , Deharveng L. , Ellingsen S. P. , Fuller G. A. , Garay G. , Green J. A. , Hindson L. , Jones P. A. , Lenfestey C. , Lo N. , Lowe V. , Mardones D. , Menten K. M. , Minier V. , Morgan L. K. , Motte F. , Muller E. , Peretto N. , Purcell C. R. , Schilke P. , Bontemps Schneider-N. , Schuller F. , Titmarsh A. , Wyrowski F. , Zavagno A.
Published: December 2013

The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) survey aims to characterise the physical and chemical evolution of high-mass star-forming clumps. Exploiting the unique broad frequency range and on-the-fly mapping capabilities of the Australia Telescope National Facility Mopra 22 m single-dish telescope1, MALT90 has obtained 3′ × 3′ maps towards ~2 000 dense molecular clumps identified in the ATLASGAL 870 μm Galactic plane survey. The clumps were selected to host the early stages of high-mass star formation and to span the complete range in their evolutionary states (from prestellar, to protostellar, and on to $\mathrm{H\,{\scriptstyle {II}}}$ regions and photodissociation regions). Because MALT90 mapped 16 lines simultaneously with excellent spatial (38 arcsec) and spectral (0.11 km s−1) resolution, the data reveal a wealth of information about the clumps’ morphologies, chemistry, and kinematics. In this paper we outline the survey strategy, observing mode, data reduction procedure, and highlight some early science results. All MALT90 raw and processed data products are available to the community. With its unprecedented large sample of clumps, MALT90 is the largest survey of its type ever conducted and an excellent resource for identifying interesting candidates for high-resolution studies with ALMA.
Représentationnalisme et attention
Authors: THALABARD ÉMILE
Published: December 2013

Dans cet article, je défends le représentationnalisme contre l’objection de la saillance phénoménale, développée notamment par Chalmers, Nickel et Speaks. Selon mon approche, les déplacements couverts de l’attention améliorent la résolution des représentations perceptives au point de fixation. Cette amélioration locale permet d’expliquer l’effet de saillance, typique de l’attention focale, et de préserver l’intuition représentationnaliste.
Depletable resources: Necessary, in need of fair treatment, and multi-functional
Authors: Harvey Nigel
Published: December 2013

I make three points. First, processors and depletable resources should not be regarded as alternative means of processing information: they are both necessary. Second, comparing a processor account with a rational allocation mechanism to a depletable-resources account without one is not a fair comparison. Third, depletable resources can act as signals as well as fuels.
Formal models of “resource depletion”
Authors: Huizenga Hilde M. , van der Molen Maurits W. , Bexkens Anika , van den Wildenberg Wery P. M.
Published: December 2013

The opportunity cost model (OCM) aims to explain various phenomena, among which the finding that performance degrades if executive functions are used repeatedly (“resource depletion”). We argue that an OCM account of resource depletion requires two unlikely assumptions, and we discuss an alternative that does not require these assumptions. This alternative model describes the interplay between executive function and motivation.
Stroop task among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and pathological gambling (PG) in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)
Authors: Peles Einat , Weinstein Aviv , Sason Anat , Adelson Miriam , Schreiber Shaul
Published: December 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the impaired attention selection (Stroop interference effect) and general performance [reaction times (RTs)] on the Stroop task among methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), pathological gambling (PG), both PG/OCD or none, and the influence if having ADHD.

Methods

Eighty-six patients and 15 control subjects underwent the Stroop task, which measured RTs of condition-related words (color, obsessive compulsive disorder, pathological gambling, addiction) and neutral words.

Results

MMT patients had longer RTs on the Stroop task compared with controls. RTs were longer among patients with OCD and in those who abused drugs on the study day. The combined PG/OCD group had the longest RTs, but they were also characterized as abusing more drugs, being older, and having worse cognitive status. Stroop color interference differed only among MMT patients with ADHD, and it was higher among those with OCD than those without OCD. The modified condition-related Stroop did not show any interference effect of OCD, addiction, or gambling words.

Conclusions

MMT patients had generally poorer performance, as indicated by longer RTs, that were related to clinical OCD, drug abuse, poor cognitive state, and older age. Patients with both clinical OCD and ADHD had a higher Stroop interference effect, which is a reflection of an attention deficit. In order to improve clinical approach and treatment of MMT patients, OCD and ADHD should be evaluated (and treated as needed).
Eleven mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation
Authors: ZAGGL MICHAEL A.
Published: December 2013

Cooperation is one of the basic elements of social life. It is essential for emergent social phenomena, such as the formation of families, groups, and societies. However, evolutionary forces counter cooperation. The trait of supporting others is dominated by selfish behavior. In the last few decades scientists, in particular biologists, achieved extraordinary progress regarding the question of how cooperation is possible despite of evolutionary forces. This produced an enormous amount of literature. This paper identifies and reviews the known solutions explaining cooperation under evolutionary forces. Using bibliometric methods in combination with extant review articles and traditional reviewing of original literature, it is possible to isolate 11 mechanisms of cooperation under the conditions of evolution. Developing a categorization of the mechanisms according to shared characteristics establishes a fundamental framework for institutional and mechanism design activities. Implications for future research paths are identified, in particular for the mechanism of indirect reciprocity.
Tetra-primer ARMS-PCR is an efficient SNP genotyping method: An example from SIRT2
Authors: Li Mingxun , Sun Xiaomei , Jiang Jing , Sun Yujia , Lan Xianyong , Lei Chuzhao , Zhang Chunlei , Chen Hong
Published: December 2013

We have successfully genotyped a new identified bovine SIRT2 SNP g.4140A > G by T-ARMS-PCR method and validated the accuracy by PCR-RFLP assay using 1255 animals representing the five main Chinese breeds.
Immobilisation of photoswitchable diarylcyclohexenes synthesised via cobalt-mediated Diels–Alder reaction
Authors: Raster Peter , Schmidt Anastasia , Rambow Maxie , Kuzmanovic Natascha , König Burkhard , Hilt Gerhard
Published: December 2013

Functionalised photoswitches – photochromic dithienylcyclohexenes were prepared in two steps initiated by a cobalt-mediated Diels–Alder reaction of internal alkynes with isoprenylpinacolboronic ester.
Efficient synthesis of chiral cyclic acetals by metal and Brønsted acid co-catalyzed enantioselective four-component cascade reactions
Authors: Qiu Lin , Guo Xin , Ma Chaoqun , Qiu Huang , Liu Shunying , Yang Liping , Hu Wenhao
Published: December 2013

Four-component Mannich reactions subsequently followed by an intramolecular oxo-Michael addition were developed to efficiently produce chiral cyclic acetals with high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity.
Efficient synthesis of narrowly dispersed hydrophilic and magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres with excellent molecular recognition ability in a real biological sample
Authors: Zhao Man , Zhang Cong , Zhang Ying , Guo Xianzhi , Yan Husheng , Zhang Huiqi
Published: December 2013

A facile and highly efficient approach to obtain uniform hydrophilic and magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres with excellent molecular recognition ability in a real biological sample is described.
Anti-sieve effect in guest inclusion by thiacalix[4]arene giving a surge in thermal stability of its clathrates prepared by solid-phase guest exchange
Authors: Galyaltdinov S. F. , Ziganshin M. A. , Gubaidullin A. T. , Vyshnevsky S. G. , Kalchenko O. I. , Gorbatchuk V. V.
Published: December 2013

The unusual exclusion of smaller guests by host may be avoided by solid-phase exchange in preparation of clathrates, which thus become extremely thermally stable.
Seven dicarboxylate-based coordination polymers with structural varieties and different solvent resistance properties derived from the introduction of small organic linkers
Authors: Huang Chao , Ji Feixiang , Liu Lu , Li Na , Li Haofei , Wu Jie , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting
Published: December 2013

Introducing organic molecules as coligands, several coordination polymers with new topologies and remarkable solvent resistance properties have been obtained.
Amorphous precursor compounds for CuInSe2 particles prepared by a microwave-enhanced aqueous synthesis and its electrophoretic deposition
Authors: Ayela Delele Worku , Su Wei-Nien , Wu Chih-Chung , Shiau Ching-Yeh , Hwang Bing-Joe
Published: December 2013

Amorphous precursor compounds for CuInSe2 were synthesized with uniform morphology under microwave heating at 180 °C for 30 min and a pH value of 5.
Halogen effects on photoluminescence and catalytic properties: a series of spatially arranged trimetallic zinc(ii) complexes
Authors: Lee Haeri , Noh Tae Hwan , Jung Ok-Sang
Published: December 2013

Halogen effects of a unique columnar ensemble of discrete trimetallic zinc(ii) complexes formed via π⋯π interactions and hydrogen-bonds were investigated.
The Role of High Spatial Frequencies in Face Perception
Authors: Fiorentini Adriana , Maffei Lamberto , Sandini Giulio
Published: December 2013

The relevance of low and high spatial-frequency information for the recognition of photographs of faces has been investigated by testing recognition of faces that have been either low-pass (LP) or high-pass (HP) filtered in the spatial-frequency domain. The highest resolvable spatial frequency was set at 15 cycles per face width (cycles fw−1). Recognition was much less accurate for images that contained only the low spatial frequencies (up to 5 cycles fw−1) than for images that contained only spatial frequencies higher than 5 cycles fw−1. For faces HP filtered above 8 cycles fw−1, recognition was almost as accurate as for faces LP filtered below 8 cycles fw−1, although the energy content of the latter greatly exceeded that of the former. These findings show that information conveyed by the higher spatial frequencies is not redundant. Rather, it is sufficient by itself to ensure recognition.
The Effect of Feature Displacement on Face Recognition
Authors: Haig Nigel D
Published: December 2013

Human beings possess a remarkable ability to recognise familiar faces quickly and without apparent effort. In spite of this facility, the mechanisms of visual recognition remain tantalisingly obscure. An experiment is reported in which image processing equipment was used to displace slightly the features of a set of original facial images to form groups of modified images. Observers were then required to indicate whether they were being shown the “original” or a “modified” face, when shown one face at a time on a TV monitor screen. Memory reinforcement was provided by displaying the original face at another screen position, between presentations. The data show, inter alia, the very high significance of the vertical positioning of the mouth, followed by eyes, and then the nose, as well as high sensitivity to close-set eyes, coupled with marked insensitivity to wide-set eyes. Implications of the results for the use of recognition aids such as Identikit and Photofit are briefly discussed.
Extracting Prototypical Facial Images from Exemplars
Authors: Benson Philip J , Perrett David I
Published: December 2013

A computer graphic method for extracting a natural image of an individual's facial prototype, or average appearance, from a number of different images of that individual is presented. The process improves upon previous photographic and computational techniques. Synthesis of a person's average expression and pose from a sample of images is derived in an automatic and quantitative way. Possible uses of composite faces produced in this manner in psychological investigations of facial qualities (eg attractiveness) and in applied areas such as telecommunication are pointed out.
Equivariant coherent sheaves on the exotic nilpotent cone
Authors: Nandakumar Vinoth
Published: December 2013

Let

G
=
S

p

2
n

(

C

)

G=Sp_{2n}(\mathbb {C})

, and

N

\mathfrak {N}

be Kato’s exotic nilpotent cone. Following techniques used by Bezrukavnikov in 2003 to establish a bijection between

Λ
+

\boldsymbol {\Lambda }^+

, the dominant weights for an arbitrary simple algebraic group

H
H

, and

O

\textbf {O}

, the set of pairs consisting of a nilpotent orbit and a finite-dimensional irreducible representation of the isotropy group of the orbit, we prove an analogous statement for the exotic nilpotent cone. First we prove that dominant line bundles on the exotic Springer resolution

N

~

\widetilde {\mathfrak {N}}

have vanishing higher cohomology, and compute their global sections using techniques of Broer. This allows us to show that the direct images of these dominant line bundles constitute a quasi-exceptional set generating the category

D
b

(

C
o
h

G

(

N

)
)

D^b(\mathrm {Coh}^G(\mathfrak {N}))

, and deduce that the resulting

t
t

-structure on

D
b

(

C
o
h

G

(

N

)
)

D^b(\mathrm {Coh}^G(\mathfrak {N}))

coincides with the perverse coherent

t
t

-structure. The desired result now follows from the bijection between costandard objects and simple objects in the heart of the

t
t

-structure on

D
b

(

C
o
h

G

(

N

)
)

D^b(\mathrm {Coh}^G(\mathfrak {N}))

.
N,N-Dimethyl-3-phenylisoxazole-5-carboxamide
Authors: Wang Li , Li Ya-Jun , Li Zheng-Wei , Liu Kai-Ge , Zhang Shao-Hua
Published: December 2013

In the title compound, C12H12N2O2, synthesized by ammonolysis of 3-phenylisoxazole-5-carbonyl chloride in dichloromethane, the dihedral angle between the isoxazole ring and the phenyl ring is 14.05 (7)°. In the crystal, centrosymmetrically related molecules are linked into dimers by pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating rings of graph-set motif R
2
2(10).
2-(6-Hydroxy-1-benzofuran-3-yl)acetamide
Authors: Arunakumar D. B. , Krishnaswamy G. , Sreenivasa S. , Pampa K. J. , Lokanath N. K. , Suchetan P. A.
Published: December 2013

In the title compound, C10H9NO3, the dihedral angle between the benzofuran ring system (r.m.s. deviation for the non-H atoms = 0.009 Å) and the –C—C(O)—N– segment is 83.76 (1)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating (001) sheets, which feature C(4) and C(10) chains.
(2Z,4E)-1-(5-Fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypenta-2,4-dien-1-one
Authors: Chen Jing-Wei , He Zhuo , Wu Zhen , Fang Mei-Juan , Fang Hua
Published: December 2013

In the title molecule, C17H12F2O3, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 8.6 (2)°. In the crystal, two pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules into inversion dimers. In addition, weak C—H...F hydrogen bonds link the dimers into a two-dimensional network parallel to (10-4). The carbonyl O atom is an acceptor for two weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds.
(E)-1-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-2-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Chantrapromma Suchada , Ruanwas Pumsak , Kobkeatthawin Thawanrat , Chidan Kumar C. S.
Published: December 2013

The molecule of the title hydrazine derivative, C15H14N4O6, is essentially planar, the dihedral angle between the substituted benzene rings being 2.25 (9)°. The ethoxy and hydroxy groups are almost coplanar with their bound benzene ring [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0153 (2) Å for the ten non-H atoms]. Intramolecular N—H...O and O—H...Oethoxy hydrogen bonds generate S(6) and S(5) ring motifs, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...Onitro hydrogen bonds into chains propagating in [010]. Weak aromatic π–π interactions, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.8192 (19) and 4.0491 (19) Å, are also observed.
2-{[5-(Pyridin-4-yl)-4-p-tolyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]methyl}acrylic acid hemihydrate
Authors: Paprocka Renata , Modzelewska-Banachiewicz Bożena , Gzella Andrzej K.
Published: December 2013

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C18H16N4O2·H2O, consists of two organic molecules and one solvent molecule. The symmetry-independent organic molecules have slightly different conformations: the 1,2,4-triazole ring forms dihedral angles of 84.61 (4), 89.68 (5) and 22.38 (6)°, respectively, with the 2-propenecarbocylic, p-tolyl and 4-pyridyl groups in one independent molecule, and 71.35 (4), 82.13 (5) and 24.82 (6)°, respectively, in the second. In the crystal, molecules ralated by the 21 screw axes are assembled via O—H...N and O—H...O hydrogen bonds into infinite chains and these are linked by further O—H...N hydrogen bonds into undulating sheets parallel to the bc plane. Adjacent sheets are connected by weak C—H...O interactions, forming a three-dimensional structure.
Potassium trinickel(II) orthophosphate diphosphate, KNi3(PO4)P2O7
Authors: Moutataouia Meryem , Lamire Mohammed , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: December 2013

The structure of the title compound is characterized by the presence of two different anions, (PO4)3− and (P2O7)4− with an eclipsed conformation. The crystal structure consists of edge-sharing [NiO6] octahedra forming an [Ni3O14] chain running parallel to [001]. Adjacent chains are connected through edges and apices to PO4 and P2O7 groups in such a way as to build a three-dimensional host lattice. The resulting framework presents intersecting tunnels running along [010] and [101] in which the 11-coordinated potassium cation is located. The crystal structure of this new phosphate probably represents a new structural type.
(E)-N′-(2-Chlorobenzylidene)-1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrrole-2-carbohydrazide
Authors: Wang Jinglin , He Rong , Xin Zhijuan , Shen Huiling , Wang Cairong
Published: December 2013

In the title compound, C13H11ClN4O3, the phenyl and pyrrolyl ring are linked by an acyl–hydrazone (R
2C=N—N—CO—R) group, forming a slightly bent molecule: the dihedral angle subtended by the the phenyl and pyrrolyl rings is 8.46 (12)°. In the crystal, the three-dimensional supramolecular structure is assembled by N—H...O hydrogen bonding. Molecular sheets are formed parallel to (101) in a herringbone arrangement by weak van der Waals interactions; weak π–π [centroid–centroid phenyl–phenyl and pyrrolyl–pyrrolyl distances of 3.7816 (3) and 3.8946 (2) Å, respectively] interactions occur between neighbouring sheets.
1-(4-Methylphenylsulfonyl)-5,6-dinitro-1H-indazole
Authors: Oulemda Bassou , Rakib El Mostapha , Abbassi Najat , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: December 2013

In the title compound, C14H10N4O6S, the indazole ring system is almost perpendicular to the tosyl ring, as indicated by the dihedral angle of 89.40 (9)° between their planes. The dihedral angles between the indazole system and the nitro groups are 57.0 (3) and 31.9 (3)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O interactions, forming chains running along [100].
Poor resource quality lowers transmission potential by changing foraging behaviour
Authors: Penczykowski Rachel M. , Lemanski Brian C. P. , Sieg R. Drew , Hall Spencer R. , Housley Ochs Jessica , Kubanek Julia , Duffy Meghan A.
Published: December 2013

Resource quality can have conflicting effects on the spread of disease. High‐quality resources could hinder disease spread by promoting host immune function. Alternatively, high‐quality food might enhance the spread of disease through other traits of hosts or parasites. Thus, to assess how resource quality shapes epidemics, we need to delineate mechanisms by which food quality affects key epidemiological traits.

Here, we disentangle effects of food quality on ‘transmission potential’ – a key component of parasite fitness that combines transmission rate and parasite production – using a zooplankton host and fungal parasite. We estimated the components of transmission potential (i.e. parasite encounter rate, susceptibility and yield of parasite propagules) for hosts fed a high‐quality green alga and a low‐quality cyanobacterium.

A focal experiment was designed to disentangle food quality effects on various components of transmission potential. The low‐quality resource decreased transmission potential by stunting host growth and altering foraging behaviour. Hosts reared on low‐quality food were smaller and had lower size‐corrected feeding rates. Due to their slower grazing, they encountered fewer parasite spores in the water. Smaller hosts also had lower risk of an ingested spore causing infection (i.e. lower susceptibility) and yielded fewer parasite propagules. Hosts switched from high‐ to low‐quality food during spore exposure also had low transmission potential – despite their large size – because the poor quality resource strongly depressed foraging.

A follow‐up experiment investigated traits of the low‐quality resource that might have driven those results. Cyanobacterial compounds that can inhibit digestive proteases of a related grazer likely did not cause the observed reductions in transmission potential.

Our study highlights the value of using mechanistic models to pinpoint how resource quality can change transmission potential. Overall, our results show that low‐quality resources could inhibit the spread of disease through effects on multiple components of transmission potential. They also provide insight into how disease outbreaks in wildlife may respond to shifts in resource quality caused by eutrophication or climate change.
Changing drivers of species dominance during tropical forest succession
Authors: Lohbeck Madelon , Poorter Lourens , Martínez‐Ramos Miguel , Rodriguez‐Velázquez Jorge , van Breugel Michiel , Bongers Frans
Published: December 2013

Deterministic theories predict that local communities assemble from a regional species pool based on niche differences, thus by plant functional adaptations. We tested whether functional traits can also explain patterns in species dominance among the suite of co‐occurring species.

We predicted that along a gradient of secondary succession, the main driver of species dominance changes from environmental filtering in the relatively harsh (dry and hot) early successional conditions, towards increased competitive interactions and limiting similarity in later successional conditions (when light is limited).

We used the Kurtosis (K) (a measure of peakedness) of the functional trait distribution of secondary forest communities in high‐diversity tropical rain forest in Chiapas, Mexico. The forests ranged 1–25 years in age, and we used eight functional leaf traits related to a plants' carbon, water and heat balance. We calculated the functional trait distribution based on species dominance, where trait values were weighted by species' relative basal area, as well as based on species presence, all species counting once. ‘K‐ratio’ was subsequently computed by dividing kurtosis based on species dominance by kurtosis based on species presence. If the K‐ratio is high, the dominant species are functionally similar and we interpreted this as environmentally driven functional convergence allowing species to become dominant. If the K‐ratio is small, dominant species are a functionally dissimilar subset of the species present and we interpreted this as competitively driven functional divergence allowing species to become dominant.

We found that in early succession, dominant species represent a functionally narrow subset of species with similar traits, and in late succession, dominant species increasingly represent a wide subset of the species present. This trend was found for traits that reflect photosynthetic performance and light capture, and indicates increased competition for light with succession. No trend was found for traits that indicate defence against herbivory, suggesting no successional changes in herbivore pressure.

Synthesis. This is one of the first studies showing that drivers of species dominance change along a gradient of secondary succession. During the early successional time window we evaluated, the importance of environmental filtering as a driving force fades away rapidly, and the importance of niche partitioning for species dominance starts to emerge.
Night warming on hot days produces novel impacts on development, survival and reproduction in a small arthropod
Authors: Zhao Fei , Zhang Wei , Hoffmann Ary A. , Ma Chun‐Sen
Published: December 2013

An asymmetric increase in night‐time temperatures (NTs) on hot days is one of the main features of global climate change. But the biological effects of an increased night‐time temperature combined with high daytime temperature are unclear.

We used six thermal regimens to simulate NTs on hot days and investigated the effects of night warming on life‐history traits of the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae. Experimental temperatures fluctuated in continuous diurnal cycles, increasing from 27 °C to a maximum 35 °C and then declining to 27 °C gradually before further dropping to different minima (13, 16, 19, 21, 23 or 25 °C) representing NTs.

When compared to expectations based on constant temperatures, night warming raised the optimum temperature for development by 3 °C, in contrast to results from experiments where temperature variability was altered symmetrically or in a parallel manner. Night warming also reduced aphid survival under heat from 75% to 37% and depressed adult performance by up to 50%. Overall, night warming exacerbated the detrimental effects of hot days on the intrinsic rate of population increase, which was predicted to drop by 30% when night‐time minimum temperatures exceeded 20 °C.

Our novel findings on development challenge the ‘Kaufmann effect’, suggesting this is inapplicable to night warming likely to be encountered in nature. Although many average temperature models predict increasing pest outbreaks, our results suggest that outbreaks of some species might decrease due to the effects of night warming on population dynamics.
The impact of drought in early fourteenth‐centuryEngland
Authors: Stone David
Published: December 2013

Climatic change is currently viewed as one of the main causes of the so‐called crisis of the early fourteenth century. It is well established thatEngland saw increased storminess and heavy rainfall in this period, but this article suggests that the impact of drought—which became a common feature of theEnglish climate during the 1320s and early 1330s—has been overlooked. Based primarily on a detailed analysis of account rolls for over 60 of the best‐documented manors in this period, the article establishes that drought brought devastating harvest failure and caused severe outbreaks of a number of diseases, plausibly including enteric infections, malaria, and winter and spring fevers. As a result, mortality surged and population levels fell in communities in affected regions, which were mainly confined to the southern and eastern counties ofEngland. The article concludes that such regional variation significantly affects our understanding of demographic, agricultural, and even fiscal trends in this period. Although we should not disregard the human factors influencing the impact of environmental shocks,England was plainly struck with indubitable force by extreme weather in this pivotal phase of the medieval economy.
THE ROLE OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT IN YOUTH CO‐OFFENDING
Authors: SCHAEFER DAVID R. , RODRIGUEZ NANCY , DECKER SCOTT H.
Published: December 2013

Despite co‐offending being a core criminological fact, locating suitable peers has many challenges. Chief among these, given the risky nature of co‐offending, is finding trustworthy accomplices. We propose that neighborhoods serve as youths’ most ready source of accomplices, and as such, their composition affects the likelihood of identifying suitable co‐offenders. In particular, youth are more likely to co‐offend in contexts with more peers of their race/ethnicity, less disadvantage, and greater residential stability—all of which promote trust among neighbors. We test our hypotheses using multilevel models applied to census data and official court records for 7,484 delinquent youth in a large metropolitan area. The results offer support for our hypotheses and provide greater insight into how individual and contextual factors combine to affect co‐offending behavior. An implication of these findings is that many of the same neighborhood characteristics that reduce crime lead to a greater proportion of co‐offending.
Thermally Stimulated Luminescence in Powdered Soy Proteins
Authors: Abdi Dereje , Jahan Muhammad S. , Boatright William L. , Walters Benjamin M. , Lei Qingxin
Published: December 2013

Heating powder isolated soy proteins (ISPs) in a N2 environment produced thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL), in 2 major temperature regions, 50 to 250°C (region R1) and 250 to 350°C (region R2). In soy protein 7S fraction, strong TSL was detected in both regions with glow peak maximum (Tm) at 150 ± 15°C and at 300 ± 10°C. Two additional satellite or shoulder peaks were detected from the ISP and 7S protein fraction within region R1 at Tm = 90°C and Tm = 210°C. The soy protein 11S fraction produced a broad, poorly defined TSL peak in the low‐temperature region. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy data from the control ISP sample, deuterium sulfide‐treated ISP, ISP stored in either N2 or O2, and defatted soy flour, indicated that the trapped radicals present in ISP is associated with the production of the primary TSL peak at 150 ± 15°C. Activation energies required to release the trapped charges (for luminescence to occur) are approximately 0.70, 0.78, 1.50, and 1.8 eV for TSL at Tm = 100, 150, 200, and 300°C, respectively. The reaction mechanism that leads to the release of the trapped charges for TSL to occur followed a mixed order kinetic, between 1.5 and 1.8. The frequency factor varied between 107/s and 1017/s.
Modelling group dynamic animal movement
Authors: Langrock Roland , Hopcraft J. Grant C. , Blackwell Paul G. , Goodall Victoria , King Ruth , Niu Mu , Patterson Toby A. , Pedersen Martin W. , Skarin Anna , Schick Robert S.
Published: December 2013

Group dynamics are a fundamental aspect of many species' movements. The need to adequately model individuals' interactions with other group members has been recognized, particularly in order to differentiate the role of social forces in individual movement from environmental factors. However, to date, practical statistical methods, which can include group dynamics in animal movement models, have been lacking.

We consider a flexible modelling framework that distinguishes a group‐level model, describing the movement of the group's centre, and an individual‐level model, such that each individual makes its movement decisions relative to the group centroid. The basic idea is framed within the flexible class of hidden Markov models, extending previous work on modelling animal movement by means of multistate random walks.

While in simulation experiments parameter estimators exhibit some bias in non‐ideal scenarios, we show that generally the estimation of models of this type is both feasible and ecologically informative.

We illustrate the approach using real movement data from 11 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Results indicate a directional bias towards a group centroid for reindeer in an encamped state. Though the attraction to the group centroid is relatively weak, our model successfully captures group‐influenced movement dynamics. Specifically, as compared to a regular mixture of correlated random walks, the group dynamic model more accurately predicts the non‐diffusive behaviour of a cohesive mobile group.

As technology continues to develop, it will become easier and less expensive to tag multiple individuals within a group in order to follow their movements. Our work provides a first inferential framework for understanding the relative influences of individual versus group‐level movement decisions. This framework can be extended to include covariates corresponding to environmental influences or body condition. As such, this framework allows for a broader understanding of the many internal and external factors that can influence an individual's movement.
Psychosocial factors associated with impact of cancer in longterm haematological cancer survivors
Authors: Korszun Ania , Sarker Shah‐Jalal , Chowdhury Kashfia , Clark Charlotte , Greaves Paul , Johnson Rachel , Kingston Judith , Levitt Gill , Matthews Janet , White Peter , Lister Andrew , Gribben John
Published: December 2013

To assess the impact of cancer (IOC) on subsequent quality of life (QOL), 718 long‐term haematological cancer survivors completed validated psychosocial, functional and QOL scales, including IOC. Fifteen percent reported significant psychological distress, 18% high levels of fatigue and 10% moderate to severe functional impairment. These groups of participants also showed poorer QOL. There were no significant differences in psychological distress (P = 0·76), fatigue (P = 0·23) or functional impairment (P = 0·74) across different cancer subtypes. Two separate hierarchical regression analyses examined the combined association of disease‐type, psychosocial and other factors on negative and positive IOC scores respectively. Higher negative IOC scores were significantly associated (P ≤ 0·001) with medical comorbidity, psychological distress, lower social support, high fatigue levels and functional impairment. Paediatric patients (diagnosed at <17 years) had significantly higher negative IOC scores than adult patients (P = 0·001); greater years since diagnosis was significantly (P < 0·001) associated with less negative IOC. Higher positive IOC was associated with acute leukaemia (P = 0·01); lower positive IOC with paediatric patients (P < 0·001), white ethnicity (P < 0·001), higher education (P = 0·003), no partner (P = 0·01) and lower social support (P = 0·01). Screening for medical comorbidity, psychological distress and fatigue identifies those needing most support and should allow earlier interventions to address negative and positive IOC to improve the well‐being of cancer survivors.
Behind bars but above the bar: Prisoners consider themselves more prosocial than non‐prisoners
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Meek Rosie , Alicke Mark D. , Taylor Sarah
Published: December 2013

That people evaluate themselves more favourably than their average peer on desirable characteristics – the better‐than‐average effect (BTAE) – is one of the most frequently cited instances of motivated self‐enhancement. It has been argued, however, that the BTAE can be rational when the distribution of characteristics is skewed such that most people lie above the mean. We addressed whether the BTAE is present even among people liable to be objectively below average on such characteristics. Prisoners compared their standing on pro‐social characteristics – such as kindness, morality, law abidingness – with non‐prisoners. Prisoners exhibited the BTAE on every characteristic except law abidingness, for which they viewed themselves as average. Given that prisoners are unlikely to be objectively above average on pro‐social characteristics, the findings push for a motivational interpretation of the BTAE.
Fluorescence‐lifetime molecular imaging can detect invisible peritoneal ovarian tumors in bloody ascites
Authors: Nakajima Takahito , Sano Kohei , Sato Kazuhide , Watanabe Rira , Harada Toshiko , Hanaoka Hirofumi , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka
Published: December 2013

Blood contamination, such as bloody ascites or hemorrhages during surgery, is a potential hazard for clinical application of fluorescence imaging. In order to overcome this problem, we investigate if fluorescence‐lifetime imaging helps to overcome this problem. Samples were prepared at concentrations ranging 0.3–2.4 μm and mixed with 0–10% of blood. Fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of samples were measured using a time‐domain fluorescence imager. Ovarian cancer SHIN3 cells overexpressing the D‐galactose receptor were injected into the peritoneal cavity 2.5 weeks before the experiments. Galactosyl serum albumin‐rhodamine green (GSA‐RhodG), which bound to the D‐galactose receptor and was internalized thereafter, was administered intraperitoneally to peritoneal ovarian cancer‐bearing mice with various degrees of bloody ascites. In vitro study showed a linear correlation between fluorescence intensity and probe concentration (r2 > 0.99), whereas the fluorescence lifetime was consistent (range, 3.33 ± 0.15–3.75 ± 0.04 ns). By adding 10% of blood to samples, fluorescence intensities decreased to <1%, while fluorescence lifetimes were consistent. In vivo fluorescence lifetime of GSA‐RhodG stained tumors was longer than the autofluorescence lifetime (threshold, 2.87 ns). Tumor lesions under hemorrhagic peritonitis were not depicted using fluorescence intensity imaging; however, fluorescence‐lifetime imaging clearly detected tumor lesions by prolonged lifetimes. In conclusion, fluorescence‐lifetime imaging with GSA‐RhodG depicted ovarian cancer lesions, which were invisible in intensity images, in hemorrhagic ascites.
Places for Place‐Based Policy
Authors: Olfert M. Rose , Partridge Mark , Berdegué Julio , Escobal Javier , Jara Benjamin , Modrego Felix
Published: December 2013

Place‐based policy is both ubiquitous and widely criticised. The conventional economic case against place‐targeted interventions is strong, relegating its application to a narrow range of cases of immobile labour resources, market imperfections and/or other externalities. However, both internationally and domestically, equity considerations lead to policies and programmes for disadvantaged regions and their populations. Budget constraints and accountability suggest a selection or ‘triage’ process targeting places with the highest returns in contributing to social welfare. Furthermore, the challenges facing rural areas may be fundamentally different in developed from developing countries. This article proposes a framework for assessing places appropriate for place‐based policies, using the examples of Canada, Chile and Peru.
Investigating Poverty through the Lens of Riches – Immigration and Segregation in Indian Capture Fisheries
Authors: Bavinck Maarten
Published: December 2013

This article argues that in the period since 1900 marine capture fisheries are more profitably characterised by a quest for wealth than by enduring poverty. Making use of country data from India, it maintains that the blue revolution that took place in the South not only retained a steadily growing fishing population, but also provided opportunities for large numbers of immigrants, mainly in the lower echelons of the industry. It subsequently investigates the variations between geographical regions and sub‐sectors, and explains them by reference to non‐governmental institutional control patterns.
Drivers of Exploitation and Inequity in Non‐Timber Forest Products (NTFP) Value Chains: The Case of Indian Bay Leaf in Nepal and India
Authors: Choudhary Dyutiman , Kala S.P. , Todaria N.P. , Dasgupta S. , Kollmair M.
Published: December 2013

This article presents the findings of a study that analysed the Indian Bay Leaf (Cinnamomum tamala) Nees and Eberm value chain (VC) in Uttarakhand, India and Udayapur, Nepal. The results show that bay‐leaf VCs are loosely integrated and consist of stakeholders with asymmetrical power relations and different priorities. Traders in India dominate the chains and inappropriate standards lead to the exploitation of small producers and inequity in the chain. Policy measures are suggested for improving co‐ordination and competitiveness in the bay‐leaf VC which could be applied to the NTFP sector as a whole.