bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-level advances in databases related to systems pharmacology in traditional Chinese medicine: a 60-year review
Authors: Fan Mengyue , Jin Ching , Li Daping , Deng Yingshan , Yao Lin , Chen Yongjun , Ma Yu-Ling , Wang Taiyi
Published: November 2023

The therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) involve intricate interactions among multiple components and targets. Currently, computational approaches play a pivotal role in simulating various pharmacological processes of TCM. The application of network analysis in TCM research has provided an effective means to explain the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the actions of herbs or formulas through the lens of biological network analysis. Along with the advances of network analysis, computational science has coalesced around the core chain of TCM research: formula-herb-component-target-phenotype-ZHENG, facilitating the accumulation and organization of the extensive TCM-related data and the establishment of relevant databases. Nonetheless, recent years have witnessed a tendency toward homogeneity in the development and application of these databases. Advancements in computational technologies, including deep learning and foundation model, have propelled the exploration and modeling of intricate systems into a new phase, potentially heralding a new era. This review aims to delves into the progress made in databases related to six key entities: formula, herb, component, target, phenotype, and ZHENG. Systematically discussions on the commonalities and disparities among various database types were presented. In addition, the review raised the issue of research bottleneck in TCM computational pharmacology and envisions the forthcoming directions of computational research within the realm of TCM.
Effects of a dry-land strengthening exercise program with elastic bands following the Kabat D2 diagonal flexion pattern for the prevention of shoulder injuries in swimmers
Authors: Della Tommasina Ivan , Trinidad-Morales Alfonso , Martínez-Lozano Pedro , González-de-la-Flor Ángel , Del-Blanco-Muñiz José Ángel
Published: November 2023

Background: During the repetitive execution of the swimming strokes, the muscles responsible for the internal rotations of the shoulders tend to become stronger compared to the muscles that oppose these movements. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of a strengthening program for the shoulder rotator muscles using elastic band exercises in a diagonal Kabat pattern (D2 for flexion) in swimmers, to develop an effective, quick and easy-to-implement protocol for preventive training routines.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial design was carried out. Internal and external rotation range of movement, isometric strength of the muscles responsible for internal and external rotation of the shoulder, scapular movements, was measured at the beginning of the study and after 8 weeks post-intervention. A total of 22 male swimmers participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 11) or a control group (n = 11). The experimental group underwent a 8-week shoulder-strength program using elastic bands, while the control group focused on aquatic training.

Results: The strength-training program resulted in an improvement in the isometric strength of the muscles responsible for external rotation and a better balance between the shoulder rotator muscles in the experimental group. However, these improvements have not been significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: The strengthening exercise program showed minimal improvement in shoulder rotation strength and range of motion. These findings suggest that the prescribed shoulder-strengthening exercise could be a quick-beneficial dry-land training option to improve external rotation shoulder strength or range of motion, but more studies with larger sample sizes and more weeks of treatment are needed to determine the efficacy of this protocol.
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit induces potent neutralizing responses in mice and is effective against Delta and Omicron variants
Authors: Mamedov Tarlan , Yuksel Damla , Gurbuzaslan Irem , Gulec Burcu , Mammadova Gulshan , Ozdarendeli Aykut , Pavel Shaikh Terkis Islam , Yetiskin Hazel , Kaplan Busra , Uygut Muhammet Ali , Hasanova Gulnara
Published: November 2023

SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, belongs to the betacoronavirus genus. This virus has a high mutation rate, which rapidly evolves into new variants with different properties, such as increased transmissibility or immune evasion. Currently, the most prevalent global SARS-CoV-2 variant is Omicron, which is more transmissible than previous variants. Current available vaccines may be less effective against some currently existing SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the Omicron variant. The S1 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been a major target for COVID-19 vaccine development. It plays a crucial role in the virus’s entry into host cells and is the primary target for neutralizing antibodies. In this study, the S1 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was engineered and produced at a high level in Nicotiana benthamiana plant. The expression level of the recombinant S1 protein was greater than the 0.5-g/kg fresh weight, and the purification yield was at least ~0.3 g of pure protein/kg of plant biomass, which would make a plant-produced S1 antigen an ideal vaccine candidate for commercialization. Purified, the plant-produced SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein exhibited significantly higher binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Moreover, we also show that recombinant S1 protein/antigen-elicited antibodies can neutralize the Delta or Omicron variants. Collectively, our results demonstrate that a plant-produced S1 antigen could be a promising vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron.
Divergent social communication between autistic and non-autistic individuals revisited: unraveled via an Integrated Model of Pragmatic Competence
Authors: Xu Chang , Mao Tiaoyuan , Du Shengbin
Published: November 2023

Some current studies call for the adoption of the theory of the Double Empathy Problem (DEP) to reappraise autistic individuals' problematic social communications with non-autistic individuals from the perspectives of both sides, rather than exclusively focusing on the social cognition of individuals with autism. However, there is no specific proposal that explicates how such reframed social communications proceed. Herein, we adopt two subcomponents of the Integrated Model of Pragmatic Competence (IMPC) to clarify the main factors leading to the divergent social interactions between the two groups. Internal Pragmatic Competence (IPC), revealing how they both independently think about internal linguistic and communicative issues, echoes DEP's reference to different mindsets and elucidates why uncooperative social communications happen. Pragmatic Competence for External Communication (PCEC) explains how the impaired communications among organism-internal submodules and/or their unsuccessful interactions with outside contexts impede the external sociopragmatic communications between the two sides. Put together, the operation of the two components helps to interpret the cognitive pragmatic mechanism underlying social communications and suggests a potential holistic perspective to improve such communications in terms of both sides.
Changes in thyroid function levels in female patients with first-episode bipolar disorder
Authors: Song Xiuhua , Feng Yufang , Yi Lei , Zhong Baoliang , Li Yi
Published: November 2023

Objectives

The identification of molecular biomarkers for bipolar disorder is anticipated to greatly improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. The objective of this case–control study is to determine whether the blood thyroid hormone levels in bipolar disorder patients are associated with different types of first onset.

Methods

From August 1, 2020 to July 31, 2021 a total of 120 female patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and hospitalized at Qingdao Mental Health Center were recruited as the case group, including 60 patients with depression as their first onset (depression first-episode group, DF) and 60 with mania/hypomania as their first onset (mania/hypomania first-episode group, M/HF). A group of 60 healthy adult females matching general demographic data, such as race and age, were selected as the control group. Blood samples were taken from both groups to measure serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations.

Results

The duration of current onset in the M/HF group was significantly less than that in the DF group (23.1 ± 20.2 vs. 125.2 ± 41.0 days). About 27% of patients in the M/HF group had thyroid abnormalities, in contrast to 60% in the DF group. The blood T3 and T4 levels in both the M/HF group and the DF group, as well as the TF3 levels in the DF group, were significantly lower as compared to control. The M/HF group had significantly higher T3 and FT3 levels than the DF group. The blood T3 levels were inversely correlated with the Young’s Mania Scale score and the Hamilton Depression Scale score in both the M/HF and DF groups.

Conclusion

Thyroid dysfunction resulting in reduced levels of blood thyroid levels may be involved in the disease progression of bipolar disorder, and correlated with the clinical symptoms in patients with depression or mania as the first episode.
Do the American guideline-based leisure time physical activity levels for civilians benefit the mental health of military personnel?
Authors: Tsai Kun-Zhe , Liu Pang-Yen , Lin Yen-Po , Chu Chen-Chih , Huang Wei-Chun , Sui Xuemei , Lavie Carl J. , Lin Gen-Min
Published: November 2023

Backgrounds

This study aimed to clarify the association of American guideline-based leisure time physical activity (PA) level with mental health in 4,080 military personnel in Taiwan.

Methods

The moderate intensity PA level was assessed according to the total running time per week (wk) reported in a self-administered questionnaire over the previous 6  months and was categorized into PA level <150, 150–299, and ≥300  min/wk. Mental stress was assessed by the Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS)-5 for which ≥15 points were classified as great mental stress. Suicide ideation (SI) was graded as 1 for mild, 2 for moderate, and 3 or 4 for severe. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the association between PA and mental health while adjusting for demographics, smoking, alcohol intake, betel nut chewing, and obesity.

Results

As compared to participants with a PA level of <150  min/wk., those with PA levels 150–299  min/wk. and ≥  300  min/wk. had a lower possibility of SI ≥1 [odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.58 (0.40–0.83) and 0.23 (0.14–0.36), respectively] and SI ≥1 and/or BSRS-5 ≥  15 [ORs: 0.55 (0.39–0.79) and 0.21 (0.13–0.34), respectively]. The possibilities were more significantly lower for SI ≥2 [ORs: 0.37 (0.20–0.68) and 0.10 (0.04–0.26), respectively] and SI ≥2 and/or BSRS-5 ≥  15 [ORs: 0.35 (0.20–0.62) and 0.10 (0.04–0.25), respectively].

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that participating in moderate-intensity leisure time PA level for ≥150  min/wk. may have a positive effect on mental health among military personnel. The impact appears to be even more significant when engaging in a higher PA level of ≥300  min/wk.
External quality assessment for laboratories in pan-India ILI/SARI surveillance for simultaneous detection of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Potdar Varsha , Vijay Neetu , Vipat Veena , Jadhav Sheetal , Gupta Nivedita , Aggarwal Neeraj
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The Indian Council of Medical Research has set up a nationwide network of 28 laboratories for simultaneous surveillance of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 in ILI/SARI patients, using an in-house developed and validated multiplex real-time RTPCR assay. The aim of this study was to ensure the quality of testing by these laboratories by implementing an external quality assessment program (EQAP).

Methods

For this EQAP, a proficiency test (PT) panel comprising tissue-culture or egg-grown influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 was developed. The PT panel was distributed to all the participant laboratories, which tested the panel and submitted the qualitative results online to the EQAP provider. The performance of the laboratories was evaluated on qualitative criteria but cycle threshold (Ct) values were also gathered for each sample.

Results

On a qualitative basis, all the laboratories achieved the criteria of 90% concordance with the results of the PT panel provider. Ct values of different samples across the laboratories were within ≤ ±3 cycles of the corresponding mean values of the respective sample. The results of this EQAP affirmed the quality and reliability of testing being done for simultaneous surveillance of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 in India.
Comprehensive assessment of emergency departments in county-level public hospitals: a multicenter descriptive cross-sectional study in Henan province, China
Authors: Cheng Yanwei , Cao Xue , Zhang Jiange , Xu Lijun , Qin Lijie
Published: November 2023

Background

Emergency Departments (EDs) play a crucial role in providing immediate medical care, particularly in densely populated countries like China. While previous research has predominantly focused on well-funded urban hospitals, this study offers a comprehensive evaluation of EDs in county-level public hospitals in Henan province, China, aiming to identify disparities and challenges.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in 382 public hospitals across Henan province, China, from July 1, 2023, to August 1, 2023. Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire covering hospital information, human resources, infrastructure, clinical capabilities, and operational capacities. The data collection period for this survey spanned from January 1 to December 31, 2022.

Results

With a remarkable 94.0% response rate, our study reveals significant disparities in county-level public hospitals compared to their provincial or municipal counterparts in Henan Province, China. County-level hospitals, which constitute 266 of the total 342 surveyed facilities, exhibit notable differences, including fewer doctors (median: 11 vs. 23, p < 0.0001) and nurses (median: 18 vs. 37, p < 0.0001). Additionally, a higher proportion of junior doctors is observed in these hospitals, while senior medical staff are more prevalent in provincial or municipal hospitals (p < 0.001). County-level hospitals also face resource challenges, with fewer beds in the emergency room (median: 4 vs. 7, p = 0.0003) and limited proficiency in advanced clinical procedures such as POCT, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, CRRT, ECMO, ultrasound equipment operation, and intraosseous infusion, with significant differences noted in most of these capabilities (p < 0.05). Operational capabilities show distinctions as well, with county-level hospitals managing a lower patient volume (median: 14,516 vs. 34,703, p < 0.0001) and handling fewer pre-hospital CPR cases (median: 33 vs. 89, p < 0.0001). In-hospital CPR success rates are also lower in county-level hospitals (median ROSC: 25.0% vs. 42.8%, p = 0.0068).

Conclusion

While provincial or municipal hospitals enjoy better resources, county-level hospitals, especially crucial in less urbanized regions, face substantial challenges. Addressing these disparities is imperative, necessitating targeted investments, improved infrastructure, enhanced clinical training, and the adoption of innovations like telemedicine to enhance the quality of emergency care.
Air pollution, dementia, and lifespan in the socio-economic gradient of aging: perspective on human aging for planning future experimental studies
Authors: Finch Caleb E.
Published: November 2023

Air pollution (AirPoll) accelerates human aging, as assessed by increased adult mortality and earlier onset of cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Socio-economic strata (SES) of wealth and education have parallel differences of mortality and these diseases. Children from impoverished homes differ in brain development at birth and in risk of early fat excess and hypertension. To further enhance the healthspan, biogerontologists may consider a wider range of environmental exposures from gestation through later life morbidity that comprise the Gero-Exposome. Experimental studies with rodents and nematodes document shared transcriptional responses to AirPoll. In rodents, AirPoll exposure activates gene systems for body-wide detoxification through Nrf2 and NFkB transcription factors that mediate multiple aging processes. Gestational environmental factors include maternal diet and exposure to AirPoll and cigarette smoke. Correspondingly, gestational exposure of mice to AirPoll increased adult body fat, impaired glucose clearance, and decreased adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, a brain region damaged in dementia. Nematode larvae also respond to AirPoll with Alzheimer relevant responses. These experimental approaches could identify to interventions for expanded human health and longevity across SES gradients.
Bacteriome analysis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-JP2 genotype-associated Grade C periodontitis in Moroccan adolescents
Authors: Molli Vijaya Lakshmi Pavani , Kissa Jamila , Baraniya Divyashri , Gharibi Amina , Chen Tsute , Al-Hebshi Nezar N. , Albandar Jasim M.
Published: November 2023

Background

Grade C (previously aggressive) periodontitis (GCP) in adolescents is prevalent in certain parts of Africa where it is associated with JP2 genotype, a highly virulent strain of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The aim of this study was to characterize the subgingival bacteriome in Moroccan subjects with GCP positive to A. actinomycetemcomitans JP2 genotype.

Methods

Subgingival plaque samples were collected from shallow and deep pockets of 8 subjects with GCP (17.2 ± 1.5 years) and from gingival sulci of 13 controls with no periodontitis (14.6 ± 1.1 years). Identification and genotyping of A. actinomycetemcomitans was performed using PCR analysis of the ltx operon, while bacteriome profiling was done by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1–V3 region). Groups were compared in terms of microbial diversity, abundances, and dysbiosis.

Results

The shallow and deep pocket sites from GCP cases had a significantly altered microbial composition compared to controls. Species associated with health included Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Lautropia mirabilis, Streptococcus spp., Gemella spp., and Rothia spp. While known periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema spp. and Fretibacterium spp., were significantly enriched in GCP, non-conventional taxa, including Pseudomonas oral taxon C61 and Enterobacter cloacae were more abundant and showed stronger association with the disease. Less significant differences in abundances of individual taxa were observed between shallow and deep pockets. Overall dysbiosis measured in terms of Subgingival Microbial Dysbiosis Index (SMDI) differentiated between GCP and no-periodontitis with 95% accuracy.

Conclusions

The results suggest that several periodontal pathogens involved in the adult-type periodontitis also play a role in JP2 genotype-associated GCP. The potential role of non-conventional taxa in the pathogenesis of GCP warrants further investigation.
Taking Earth’s Temperature: Will Zero Carbon Mean Zero Change?
Authors: Palazzo Corner Sofia , Rogelj Joeri
Published: November 2023

How do we stop global warming? We know that excess carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere causes global warming, but when we stop emitting CO2–a goal known as net zero—will warming stop at the same time? Our best understanding is that no more CO2 emissions means no more warming, but we are not completely sure about this. The extra change in temperature after we reach net zero emissions is called the zero emissions commitment. In this article, we explain how understanding the way heat and carbon move around the Earth is key to working out whether we will get more global warming after net zero, see some cooling, or perhaps experience no change in Earth’s temperature at all.
Basketball talent identification: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the anthropometric, physiological and physical performance factors
Authors: Han Miaoyu , Gómez-Ruano Miguel-Angel , Calvo Alberto Lorenzo , Calvo Jorge Lorenzo
Published: November 2023

Background

The purpose of this study was to do a systematic review and meta-analysis about the anthropometric, physiological, and physical performance that discriminate the physical talent in basketball.

Methods

The search was conducted using the most relevant databases as Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus, according to the PRISMA (2020) guideline. Keywords such as “basketball”, “talented identification”, “anthropometric”, “physiology” and “physical performance” were used for the search, in English and following the “PICOS” question model. Eighteen articles' overall methodological quality was assessed using the Critical Review Forms.

Results

The study found in basketball, height, body mass, Yo-Yo test, T-test, 20 m sprint, and jump performance had statistical significance between elite and non-elite groups, including different positions and levels.

Conclusions

The reviewed literature highlighted a complicated relationship between anthropometric, physiological, and physical performance. Based on the results of the study, it's possible that height, body mass, agility, speed, endurance capacity, and lower lamb power could affect the early development of basketball.
Gene identification and transcriptome analysis of cadmium stress in tomato
Authors: Chen Liang , Wu Man , Jin Wei , Lei Ting , Li Ying , Wu Xuan , Fu Shan
Published: November 2023

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that can severely hinder plant growth and development. Tomato is one of the most important economical crops in the world, and its quality and safety are closely related to human health. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in tomato plant responses to Cd stress. In this study, tomato plants were treated with or without 100 μM Cd2+ in hydroponic culture for 3 days. Transcriptional changes in tomato roots and shoots were examined by transcriptome sequencing techniques. A total of 1,123 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in roots and 159 DEGs were identified in shoots after Cd treatment, including 15 DEGs were upregulated and 24 DEGs were downregulated in both roots and shoots. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEGs in the roots and shoots under Cd stress were significantly enriched in the glutathione metabolism pathway, sulfur metabolism pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction cutin pathway, suberine and wax biosynthesis pathway, and photosynthesis-antenna proteins pathway. 15 DEGs were further validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, including ABC transporter genes, WRKY transcription factors, and NAC transcription factors, among others. This study will provide a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanisms involved in tomato responses to Cd stress, and genetic improvement of Cd tolerance.
Physiological and skeletal muscle responses to high-intensity interval exercise in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Mukai Kazutaka , Ohmura Hajime , Takahashi Yuji , Ebisuda Yusaku , Yoneda Koki , Miyata Hirofumi
Published: November 2023

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute high-intensity interval exercise or sprint interval exercise induces greater physiological and skeletal muscle responses compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise in horses.

Methods

In a randomized crossover design, eight trained Thoroughbred horses performed three treadmill exercise protocols consisting of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (6 min at 70% VO2max; MICT), high-intensity interval exercise (6 × 30 s at 100% VO2max; HIIT), and sprint interval exercise (6 × 15 s at 120% VO2max; SIT). Arterial blood samples were collected to measure blood gas variables and plasma lactate concentration. Biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle before, immediately after, 4 h, and 24 h after exercise for biochemical analysis, western blotting and real-time RT-PCR. Effects of time and exercise protocol were analyzed using mixed models (p < 0.05).

Results

Heart rate and plasma lactate concentration at the end of exercise were higher in HIIT and SIT than those in MICT (heart rate, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0005; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0015; lactate, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0014; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0003). Arterial O2 saturation and arterial pH in HIIT and SIT were lower compared with MICT (SaO2, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0035; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0265; pH, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0011; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0023). Muscle glycogen content decreased significantly in HIIT (p = 0.0004) and SIT (p = 0.0016) immediately after exercise, but not in MICT (p = 0.19). Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in HIIT showed a significant increase immediately after exercise (p = 0.014), but the increase was not significant in MICT (p = 0.13) and SIT (p = 0.39). At 4 h after exercise, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α mRNA increased in HIIT (p = 0.0027) and SIT (p = 0.0019) and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA increased in SIT (p = 0.0002).

Discussion

Despite an equal run distance, HIIT and SIT cause more severe arterial hypoxemia and lactic acidosis compared with MICT. In addition, HIIT activates the AMPK signaling cascade, and HIIT and SIT elevate mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas MICT did not induce any significant changes to these signaling pathways.
Biometric Trait Characterization and Multivariate Discriminant Analysis of Traditionally Bred Autochthonous Chickens in Ethiopia
Authors: Mekonnen Kefala Taye , Lee Dong-Hui , Cho Young-Gyu , Son Ah-Yeong , Seo Kang-Seok
Published: November 2023

The biometric characterization of autochthonous Ethiopian chickens has not been fully investigated in the study area. In this study, we aimed to conduct biometric trait characterization and multivariate discriminant analysis of traditionally bred autochthonous chickens in Ethiopia and assess the wide range of phenotypic diversity within these populations. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used, and data on biometric traits and body weight were collected from adult chickens. Principal component and correlation analyses were performed to explore the discriminating factors and relationships among traits. All autochthonous chickens showed clear sexual dimorphism, with the Agarfa chickens having the highest biometric traits and body weight. Across the study area, the majority of biometric values showed variation between age group 1 (AG-1) and age group 3 (AG-3). All autochthonous chickens showed a strong correlation between wingspan and back length (p ≤ 0.001). Roosters and hens also showed a strong correlation between the keel and neck length (p ≤ 0.001). Principal component 1 (PC1) and principal component 2 (PC2) explained 56.44%, 55.09%, and 47.86% of the total variation in the original variables for all autochthonous chickens, roosters, and hens, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed the existence of biometric trait and body weight variations among autochthonous chickens from different districts. Therefore, genetic profiling should be performed to better understand the genetic potential of autochthonous Ethiopian chickens.
Processing of Carbon Nanoparticle-Enriched AISI H11 Tool Steel Powder Mixtures in DED-LB/M for the AM of Forging Tools with Tailored Properties (Part II): Influence of Nanoscale Carbon Additives on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Hentschel Oliver , Kohlstruck Jan , Krakhmalev Pavel , Nikas Dimitrios , Schmidt Michael
Published: November 2023

A promising approach for producing parts with outstanding properties in directed energy deposition (DED-LB/M) provides the application of tailored powder mixtures processed by applying in situ alloying strategies. In this work, DED-LB/M was used to manufacture multilayer specimens from AISI H11 steel powders enriched with carbon nanoparticles (C-np) in concentrations of 0.1 wt.-% and 0.2 wt.-%. The scientific aim was to investigate the impact of C-np on the microstructural (particularly retained austenite content (RA-c) and grain size) and mechanical properties (specifically hardness and compression yield strength) of the manufactured specimens. It was shown that the addition of C-np to the H11 powder leads to a stronger distortion of martensite as well as significantly enhancing the RA-c. Furthermore, the C-np seem to favor the formation of finer martensite, as can be verified with XRD and EBSD. Under as-built conditions, the mean hardness increases from 653 ± 10 HV1 for the H11 sample to 770 ± 14 HV1 for the sample reinforced with 0.2 wt.-% C-np. At the same time, Y0.2% rises up from 1839 ± 61 MPa to 2134 ± 68 MPa. The hardness- and strength-increasing effect of the added C-np is retained even after heat treatment, similarly to the industrial standard.
Variations in Composition, Antioxidant Profile, and Physical Traits of Goat Milk within the Semi-Intensive Production System in Mountainous Areas during the Post-Weaning to End-of-Lactation Period
Authors: Kasapidou Eleni , Iliadis Iraklis-Vasileios , Mitlianga Paraskevi , Papatzimos Georgios , Karatzia Maria-Anastasia , Papadopoulos Vasileios , Amanatidis Michail , Tortoka Vasiliki , Tsiftsi Ekaterini , Aggou Antonia , Basdagianni Zoitsa
Published: November 2023

Dairy products from mountain-origin milk are known for their superior composition and quality. This study aimed to examine changes in composition, nutritional quality, and antioxidant properties of milk from semi-intensively managed goats in mountainous regions during the post-weaning to end-of-lactation period. Bulk tank milk samples from 10 farms were collected bi-weekly in the period from March to September. The farms were situated in regions with an average altitude of 772.20 m above sea level. The results revealed significant variations in milk composition, with fluctuations in fat, protein, lactose, and total solids. Milk yield per doe showed seasonal differences, with the highest yield in April and the lowest in September. Fatty acid composition exhibited changes throughout the sampling period, with variations in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutritional indices, such as the atherogenicity index and thrombogenicity index, remained within the recommended values. Antioxidant properties, including total phenolic content, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS, showed significant differences, with higher values toward the end of the study. Milk pH, electrical conductivity, brix value, and refractive index also exhibited variations, while density and freezing point remained relatively stable. The study provided valuable information that can be used to develop breeding and feeding plans to achieve uniform milk quality in mountainous regions.
Genetic Variability and Conservation Challenges in Lithuanian Dairy Cattle Populations
Authors: Marašinskienė Šarūnė , Šveistienė Rūta , Razmaitė Violeta , Račkauskaitė Alma , Juškienė Violeta
Published: November 2023

The purpose of the study was to investigate the genetic variability of open Lithuanian Red and Red-and-White (LRWP) and Lithuanian Black-and-White (LBWP) dairy cattle populations and indicate the differences from the old genotypes of Lithuanian Black-and-White (LBW) and Lithuanian Red cattle (LR), which are currently under a conservation program. In order to gain a better understanding of the populations under conservation and to minimize the potential influence of other breeds, a distinct subgroup was formed that comprised animals whose father and mother belonged to the same breed (LR_pure and LBW_pure). The genetic variability was estimated using the number of founders, pedigree completeness, number of males and females in reproduction and age distribution, generation interval (GI), inbreeding coefficient (F) and effective population size (Ne). The highest average pedigree completeness values in the second generations of the old genotype LR and LBW were 100%. Higher ages of females in the populations under conservation were related to a higher GI and their longer life expectancy. In 2021, the reproductive age of bulls used for insemination within these populations ranged from 5.1 to 27.8 years. The proportions of males producing offspring in their older age indicate that the semen was used from the national gene bank of commercial artificial insemination companies. The GI (>5) in LR and LBW females was higher than that in LRWP and LBWP. The analysis of the data over the 15-year period showed that the GI of males in LRWP and LBWP decreased equally by 38%, while in LR_pure population, it increased by 80%. A high (9.24%) average inbreeding coefficient (F) was found in inbred animals of LR_pure population, while in LBW_pure, it was 5.35% in 2021. The coefficient of inbreeding varied within the different cattle populations. In the open LR population, it ranged from 1.48% to 2.7%, while in the LRWP population, it fell between 2.12% and 3.72%. The lowest effective population size (Ne) concerning the rate of inbreeding was observed in LBW_pure (23) and LR_pure (59), with the highest Ne identified in the LBWP population (462). When considering Ne based on the number of parents, LR_pure displayed the lowest Ne (42), while the highest Ne was found in LBWP (4449). An analysis of local cattle populations reveals that LR faces the most critical situation. This particular population has been steadily declining for a number of years, necessitating additional measures and efforts to safeguard the LR’s ancestral genetic makeup. The results of the LBWP analysis also highlight a concerning trend. Even in very large populations with open breeding programs, the effective population size per generation can experience a significant decrease.
Spatiotemporal and Individual Patterns of Domestic Cat (Felis catus) Hunting Behaviour in France
Authors: Castañeda Irene , Forin-Wiart Marie-Amélie , Pisanu Benoît , de Bouillane de Lacoste Nathalie
Published: November 2023

Domestic cats (Felis catus), one of the most popular pets, are widespread worldwide. This medium-sized carnivore has well-known negative effects on biodiversity, but there is still a need to better understand the approximate causes of their predation. Based on a citizen science project, we assessed the role of spatiotemporal (i.e., latitude, longitude, and seasons), climatic (i.e., rainfall), anthropogenic (i.e., human footprint, HFI), and individual (i.e., sex and age) variables on the number of preys returned home by cats in metropolitan France. Over the 5048 cats monitored between 2015 and 2022, prey from 12 different classes (n = 36,568) were returned home: 68% mammals, 21% birds, and 8% squamates. Shrews brought home by cats peaked during summer, while rodents were recorded during summer–autumn. Birds brought home by cats peaked in spring–summer and in autumn, and lizards peaked in spring and in late summer. Lower HFI was associated with more voles and mice brought home, and the opposite trend was observed for lizards and birds. Younger cats were more prone to bring home shrews, birds, and reptiles. Although environmental factors play a minor role in prey brought home by cats, some geographical characteristics of prey species distribution partly explains the hunting behaviour of cats.
Toward Renewable-Based Prebiotics from Woody Biomass: Potential of Tailored Xylo-Oligosaccharides Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Beechwood Xylan as a Prebiotic Feed Supplement for Young Broilers
Authors: Dieryck Ines , Dejonghe Winnie , Van Hecke Wouter , Delacourt Joy , Bautil An , Courtin Christophe M. , Vermeulen Daniel , Buyse Johan , Paeshuyse Jan
Published: November 2023

Although antibiotic resistance emerges naturally, this process has been accelerated by the worldwide overuse and misuse of antibiotics. It is essential to find effective alternatives in the broiler industry to improve poultry health while maintaining production efficiency and product safety. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a potential alternative: wood-derived xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS). The objective of this research was to investigate the potential of XOS prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis of beechwood xylan as a prebiotic feed supplement for broilers. A pilot study was conducted to explore the optimal XOS fraction profile by in vitro fermentation. Subsequently, a semi-continuous enzyme membrane reactor was used, allowing for the production of tailored XOS in large quantities. Given the strong bidirectional relationship between intestinal health, nutrition, and intestinal microbiota composition in broilers, an in vivo experiment was performed to explore the potential of XOS as a prebiotic feed supplement by investigating growth performance, feed conversion ratio, caecal short and medium chain fatty acid (SCFA and MCFA) concentration, and microbiological composition of the caecal content. Results from the pilot study indicated that higher enzyme concentrations in the hydrolysis process yield a product that leads to a higher total SCFA and MCFA- and butyric acid production during in vitro fermentation by caecal bacteria. Supplementation of the tailored XOS to the broiler diet (day 1 (d1)-d8 0.13% wt/wt XOS, d9-d15 0.32% XOS) resulted in higher Bifidobacterium counts, beneficial to the health of birds, on d11 and d15.
Risk Factors for Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Incidence in Adult Icelandic Riding Horses
Authors: Luthersson Nanna , Þorgrímsdóttir Úndína Ýr , Harris Patricia A. , Parkin Tim , Hopster-Iversen Charlotte , Bennet Euan D.
Published: November 2023

A high prevalence of both squamous (ESGD) and glandular (EGGD) ulcers was previously found in, mainly young, Icelandic horses coming into training for the first time. This study evaluated risk factors for gastric ulcers in Icelandic riding horses at various ages and stages of training. The horses (n = 211) were gastroscoped from 21 equine establishments across Iceland. A variety of morphometric, clinical, behavioural and management factors were evaluated as potential risk factors for gastroscopically significant (grade ≥ 2/4: found in 27% of horses) or gastroscopically severe (grade 3 or 4/4: found in ~10% of horses) ESGD or gastroscopically significant EGGD (grade ≥ 1/2: found in 46.4%). Body condition score (BCS), cresty neck score (CNS), stable/turnout behaviour, exercise intensity/frequency and age were not significantly associated with ESGD or EGGD ulcer score. However, having come off the pasture into training for 4 weeks or less was a significant risk factor for gastroscopically significant and severe ESGD compared to 5 weeks or more. For both EGGD and ESGD, “region” was important. Gastroscopically significant EGGD and gastroscopically severe ESGD were more prevalent in those showing clinical signs often associated with ulcers. Geldings were more likely to have gastroscopically significant ESGD than both mares and stallions and more EGGD than stallions. Being stabled, but spending >2 h/day out in the paddock, compared with <2 h paddock time or full-time turnout, was protective for gastroscopically significant ESGD as was being fed complementary feed (all fed <1 g non-structural carbohydrate (NSC)/kg/BW/meal). Being at a training establishment for >4 weeks was protective for gastroscopically significant and gastroscopically severe ESGD but not EGGD. This study confirms the relatively low prevalence of ESGD in Icelandic horses being kept in training establishments and fed low NSC diets but highlights the high prevalence of EGGD.
The Effect of Monensin vs. Neem, and Moringa Extracts on Nutrient Digestibility, Growth Performance, Methane, and Blood Profile of Merino Lambs
Authors: Preez Danah A. Du , Akanmu Abiodun Mayowa , Adejoro Festus Adeyemi , Hassen Abubeker
Published: November 2023

Plant secondary compounds are potential rumen modifiers that can improve nutrient utilization in ruminant animals. This study evaluated the effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and enteric methane production in South African Mutton Merino lambs. Forty 4-month-old ram lambs with a mean body weight of 35 ± 2.2 kg were blocked by weight and from each block, lambs were randomly allocated into one of the following treatments: (i) diet only (fed a total mixed ration TMR-negative control), (ii) Monensin (fed TMR containing Monensin sodium, 15 mg/kg DM), (iii) Moringa (fed TMR, drenched with Moringa extract 50 mg/kg feed DM intake), and (iv) Neem (fed TMR, drenched with Neem extract 50 mg/kg DM intake). Extracts were administered via oral drenching at a concentration determined based on the previous week’s feed intake. There were no differences in dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed conversion efficiency, digestibility, and nitrogen retention across the treatments. However, the extracts tended to reduce methane emitted both in g/head/day (p < 0.08) and g/ kg dry matter intake (p < 0.07). Extracts did not influence any of the blood metabolites in the ram lambs. Although the benefits of utilizing these medicinal plants as rumen modifiers under prolonged feeding conditions is justified, further evaluation is recommended to test Moringa and Neem leaf extracts at higher inclusion levels. Our research group is currently exploring a variety of phytogenic tools for the identification and standardization of key bioactive compounds linked to methane inhibition, in these leaf extracts.
Genomic Selection for Live Weight in the 14th Month in Alpine Merino Sheep Combining GWAS Information
Authors: Li Chenglan , Li Jianye , Wang Haifeng , Zhang Rui , An Xuejiao , Yuan Chao , Guo Tingting , Yue Yaojing
Published: November 2023

Alpine Merino Sheep is a novel breed reared from Australian Merino Sheep as the father and Gansu Alpine Fine-Wool Sheep as the mother, living all year in cold and arid alpine areas with exceptional wool quality and meat performance. Body weight is an important economic trait of the Alpine Merino Sheep, but there is limited research on identifying the genes associated with live weight in the 14th month for improving the accuracy of the genomic prediction of this trait. Therefore, this study’s sample comprised 1310 Alpine Merino Sheep ewes, and the Fine Wool Sheep 50K Panel was used for genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis to identify candidate genes. Moreover, the trial population (1310 ewes) in this study was randomly divided into two groups. One group was used as the population for GWAS analysis and screened for the most significant top 5%, top 10%, top 15%, and top 20% SNPs to obtain prior marker information. The other group was used to estimate the genetic parameters based on the weight assigned by heritability combined with different prior marker information. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of genomic breeding value estimation when combined with prior marker information from GWAS analysis with the optimal linear unbiased prediction method for genome selection (GBLUP) for the breeding value of target traits. Finally, the accuracy was evaluated using the five-fold cross-validation method. This research provides theoretical and technical support to improve the accuracy of sheep genome selection and better guide breeding. The results demonstrated that eight candidate genes were associated with GWAS analysis, and the gene function query and literature search results suggested that FAM184B, NCAPG, MACF1, ANKRD44, DCAF16, FUK, LCORL, and SYN3 were candidate genes affecting live weight in the 14th month (WT), which regulated the growth of muscle and bone in sheep. In genome selection analysis, the heritability of GBLUP to calculate the WT was 0.335–0.374, the accuracy after five-fold cross-verification was 0.154–0.190, and after assigning different weights to the top 5%, top 10%, top 15%, and top 20% of the GWAS results in accordance with previous information to construct the G matrix, the accuracy of the WT in the GBLUP model was improved by 2.59–7.79%.
The Role of Antibody-Based Therapies in Neuro-Oncology
Authors: Ramapriyan Rishab , Sun Jing , Curry Annabel , Richardson Leland G. , Ramesh Tarun , Gaffey Matthew A. , Gedeon Patrick C. , Gerstner Elizabeth R. , Curry William T. , Choi Bryan D.
Published: November 2023

This review explores the evolving landscape of antibody-based therapies in neuro-oncology, in particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunomodulatory antibodies. We discuss their mechanisms of action, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and experience in neuro-oncological conditions. Evidence from recent trials indicates that while these therapies can modulate the tumor immune microenvironment, their clinical benefits remain uncertain, largely due to challenges with BBB penetration and tumor-derived immunosuppression. This review also examines emerging targets such as TIGIT and LAG3, the potential of antibodies in modulating the myeloid compartment, and tumor-specific targets for monoclonal antibody therapy. We further delve into advanced strategies such as antibody–drug conjugates and bispecific T cell engagers. Lastly, we explore innovative techniques being investigated to enhance antibody delivery, including CAR T cell therapy. Despite current limitations, these therapies hold significant therapeutic potential for neuro-oncology. Future research should focus on optimizing antibody delivery to the CNS, identifying novel biological targets, and discovering combination therapies to address the hostile tumor microenvironment.
Bayesian-Based Traffic Safety Evaluation Study for Driverless Infiltration
Authors: Wang Yinhao , Zhang Junyou , Wu Guansheng
Published: November 2023

Although driverless technology belongs to the frontier of science and technology, there is no sufficient actual data. From the lack of a comprehensive systematic evaluation method of traffic safety under driverless penetration, considering the impact of the three core systems of driverless perception, decision-making, control, and the complex road factors on the safety of driving, we review the main risk causal factors through the analysis of the accident causal model STAMP and put forward the fusion of the Leaky Noisy-OR Gate and Bayesian network model. The Bayesian network professional analysis tool GeNIe 2.0 was used to simulate, analyze, and evaluate the driverless traffic risk Bayesian network model, which accurately assessed the traffic safety risk under driverless penetration and diagnosed and identified the sensitive risk factors. The results of this study concluded that, in order to effectively deal with the future traffic safety risks of driverless vehicles, vehicle enterprises, research institutions, software and hardware suppliers in the field of driverless driving should strengthen the research and development and manufacturing of key components such as perception, and enhance the depth of research and development of AI decision-making software, which provides a new way of thinking about the management of the safety risk of driverless traffic and a theoretical basis for the development and implementation of risk control measures.