bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs by Dual Infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine Circovirus Type 2
Authors: Opriessnig T. , Thacker E. L. , Yu S. , Fenaux M. , Meng X.-J. , Halbur P. G.
Published: November 2004

The objectives of this study were to investigate the interactions between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and to establish a model for studying the pathogenesis of and testing intervention strategies for the control of PCV2-associated porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Sixty-seven pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. Group 1 ( n = 17) pigs served as controls, group 2 ( n = 17) pigs were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae, group 3 ( n = 17) pigs were dual infected with M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2, and group 4 ( n = 16) pigs were inoculated with PCV2. Pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae at 4 weeks of age followed by intranasal inoculation with PCV2 at 6 weeks of age. Dual-infected pigs had moderate dyspnea, lethargy, and reduced weight gain. The overall severity of macroscopic lung lesions, PCV2-associated microscopic lesions in lung and lymphoid tissues, and the amount of PCV2-antigen associated with these lesions were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in dual-infected pigs compared with all other groups. Four of 17 (23.5%) dual-infected pigs had decreased growth rate and severe lymphoid depletion and granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with high amounts of PCV2-antigen consistent with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). PCV2-antigen in lung tissue was most often associated with M. hyopneumoniae-induced peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia, suggesting that this is an important site for PCV2 replication in the lung. This study indicates that M. hyopneumoniae potentiates the severity of PCV2-associated lung and lymphoid lesions, increases the amount and prolongs the presence of PCV2-antigen, and increases the incidence of PMWS in pigs.
Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens: Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Lymphocytes Infiltrating the Proventricular Glands
Authors: Pantin-Jackwood M. J. , Brown T. P. , Huff G. R.
Published: November 2004

Broiler chickens with transmissible proventriculitis have severe lymphocytic infiltration of the proventricular glands. The distribution of T cells and B cells in these infiltrates was studied histopathologically, and their identity was confirmed immunohistochemically (CD3, CD4, CD8, and B cells). To reproduce this disease, 1-day-old commercial boilers were orally gavaged with homogenized proventriculi from broilers with proventriculitis. Resulting lesions were examined at both acute (7 days postinoculation [dpi]) and chronic (14 and 21 dpi) time points. Lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands and the mucosal lamina propria were present at all time points and were most prominent and demarcated at 14 dpi. T and B lymphocytes were present during acute and chronic proventriculitis, but their distribution varied within the glands. Lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands and in the lamina propria were predominantly CD3+ T cells, and most of these were also CD8+. B cells and CD4+ T cells formed aggregates in chronic proventriculitis. Thus, both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are induced during transmissible proventriculitis, and the cell-mediated immune response is morphologically greater.
Effect of Bovine Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on the Development of Pneumonia Caused by Mannheimia haemolytica
Authors: Youssef S. A. , Clark M. E. , Caswell J. L.
Published: November 2004

The role of recruited neutrophils in Mannheimia haemolytica infection is controversial. We hypothesized that the neutrophilia induced by recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) would lead to rapid bacterial clearance and less severe lesions after infection with M. haemolytica. Two experiments (A and B) were conducted in which four calves per experiment were treated daily with 5 μg/kg GCSF and four calves per experiment were treated with saline. All 16 calves were challenged with 5 × 109 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml (experiment A) or 4.5 × 108 cfu/ml (experiment B) of M. haemolytica bacteria, into the right bronchus by bronchoscope-placed catheter. The mean maximal blood neutrophil counts in non-GCSF-treated and GCSF-treated calves before bacterial challenge were 5.6 ± 0.7 × 109/liter and 25.4 ± 2.7 × 109/liter, respectively. Two untreated calves became neutropenic and were euthanatized 2 days after infection because of severe respiratory distress. GCSF-treated calves had a 37% reduction in lung lesions compared with nontreated calves, and this difference was significant ( P = 0.04) when the effect of previous antibody titre to leukotoxin was considered. The effect of GCSF treatment on the severity of clinical signs seemed to be influenced by the antibody titre to M. haemolytica leukotoxin, although this effect could not be conclusively addressed. In conclusion, GCSF induced neutrophilia and partially protected calves against experimental infection with M. haemolytica. These results imply that increased numbers of neutrophils may, under some circumstances, protect against severe pneumonia caused by M. haemolytica.
Cytomegalovirus-associated Discrete Gastrointestinal Masses in Macaques Infected with the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Hutto E. Hendricks , Anderson D. C. , Mansfield K. G.
Published: November 2004

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated gastrointestinal masses have been reported in human acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. This is the first report on CMV-associated gastrointestinal masses in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. Two SIV-infected macaques presented at necropsy with multiple nodular or umbilicated masses within the gastrointestinal tract. In one animal, the masses were located throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas in the other, the masses were restricted to the proximal small intestine. Grossly, the masses were indistinguishable from those caused by neoplastic conditions such as lymphoma and, histologically, were composed of hyperplastic glandular tissue, dense neutrophilic infiltrates within the lamina propria, and multifocal proprial hemorrhage. Frequent cytomegalic cells with basophilic intranuclear inclusions were found in affected regions. Immunohistochemistry for CMV demonstrated frequent immunopositive cells within affected areas. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry for the proliferation marker Ki-67 demonstrated increased proliferation in hyperplastic glands and crypts. CMV should be considered a cause of discrete mass lesions in the gastrointestinal tract of SIV-infected macaques.
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma: The First Reported Case in a Nonhuman Animal Species
Authors: Vincek V. , Zaulyanov L. , Mirzabeigi M.
Published: November 2004

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor that almost exclusively occurs in children. It is a low-grade malignant neoplasm that is locally aggressive but without proven metastatic potential. Herein, we describe a case of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in a 10-year-old male dog. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this vascular tumor occurring in a nonhuman animal species. The tumor was located on the ventromedial surface of the posterior limb. Microscopic examination of the lesion revealed a multinodular tumor with sheets of spindled endothelial cells forming vascular slits similar to Kaposi's sarcoma and peripheral tumor lobules resembling capillary hemangioma.
An Oral Choristoma in a Foal Resembling Hairy Polyp in Humans
Authors: Steinbach T. J. , Reischauer A. , Kunkemöller I. , Mense M. G.
Published: November 2004

A neonatal foal was presented with a 6.5-cm pedunculated mass arising from the upper deciduous incisors. The distal end was soft and covered by haired skin, whereas the proximal end was firm, covered with mucosal epithelium, and at the point of transection contained a fully developed tooth. Microscopically, the mass was covered by epidermis and mucosal epithelium and the remaining portion of the mass consisted of mature collagen, nonneoplastic fat and smooth muscle, and a single tooth within a bony socket. The mass is consistent with an oral choristoma and has features similar to those described for hairy polyp in humans.
Expression and Function of Tight Junctions in the Crypt Epithelium of Human Palatine Tonsils
Authors: Go Mitsuru , Kojima Takashi , Takano Ken-ichi , Murata Masaki , Ichimiya Shingo , Tsubota Hiroshi , Himi Tetsuo , Sawada Norimasa
Published: November 2004

The human palatine tonsils have surface and crypt stratified epithelium and may be initiated via the epithelium to mount immune responses to various presenting antigens. Here we investigated the expression and function of tight junctions in the epithelium of human palatine tonsils from patients with tonsillar hypertrophy or recurrent tonsillitis. Occludin, ZO-1, JAM-1, and claudin-1, −3, −4, −7, −8, and −14 mRNAs were detected in tonsillar hypertrophy. Occludin and claudin-14 were expressed in the uppermost layer of the tonsil surface epithelium, whereas ZO-1, JAM-1, and claudin-1, −4, and −7 were found throughout the epithelium. In the crypt epithelium, claudin-4 was preferentially expressed in the upper layers. In freeze-fracture replicas, short fragments of continuous tight junction strands were observed but never formed networks. In the crypt epithelium of recurrent tonsillitis, the tracer was leaked from the surface regions where occludin and claudin-4 disappeared. Occludin, ZO-1, JAM-1, and claudin-1, −3, −4, and −14, but not claudin-7, mRNAs were decreased in recurrent tonsillitis compared with those of tonsillar hypertrophy. These studies suggest unique expression of tight junctions in human palatine tonsillar epithelium, and the crypt epithelium may possess an epithelial barrier different from that of the surface epithelium.
Subapical Localization of the Dopamine D3 Receptor in Proximal Tubules of the Rat Kidney
Authors: Nürnberger Asja , Räbiger Marcus , Mack Andreas , Diaz Jorge , Sokoloff Pierre , Mühlbauer Bernd , Luippold Gerd
Published: November 2004

The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R), intensively studied in neuroscience, also plays an important role in the regulation of renal and cardiovascular function. In contrast to functional findings, less information is available on its localization in the kidney. Neither RT-PCR studies nor radioligand binding assays are suitable to selectively determine the distribution of renal D3R at the level of cellular or even subcellular structures. We studied the renal D3R distribution in Sprague-Dawley rats by a polyclonal antiserum directed against an epitope in the third intracytoplasmic loop. D3R immunoreactivity was detected by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. D3R staining was confined to the renal cortex and occurred in proximal convoluted tubules near or in direct connection with the urinary pole of the glomeruli. The fluorescent spots were restricted to the subapical portion of the proximal tubular cells. Double staining with the F-actin marker phalloidin revealed a localization of the D3R below the brush border region. However, staining by anti-P1/p2-adaptins, recognizing clathrin-coated compartments, did not correspond to the distribution of the D3R signal. This is the first description of a D3R accumulation in a cytoplasmic pool in the kidney, probably corresponding to a recycling mechanism or storage compartment.
Combined Smooth Muscle and Melanocytic Differentiation in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Authors: Zhe Xiaoning , Schuger Lucia
Published: November 2004

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is characterized by abnormal proliferation of immature-looking smooth muscle (SM)-like cells (LAM cells), leading to lung destruction and cyst formation. In addition to expressing some SM markers, scattered LAM cells express the melanocytic maker gp100, which is recognized by antibody HMB45, suggesting that at least a few LAM cells may have melanocytic differentiation. Here we immunostained 26 LAM samples for several melanocyte-related proteins. These studies showed that all LAM cells express tetraspanin CD63, a melanoma-associated protein that belongs to the transmembrane 4 superfamily. The majority of LAM cells also immunoreacted with PNL2, an antibody against a yet uncharacterized melanocytic antigen. Furthermore, we examined the co-expression of PNL2 and Ki-67, an indicator of cell proliferation, and found that PNL2-positive LAM cells showed a significantly lower proliferation rate compared with their negative counterparts. Our findings shed new light on the nature of the LAM cells by demonstrating their combined SM and melanocytic differentiation and the existence of subpopulations with different proliferative potential. Furthermore, these studies provided two new antibodies useful in the diagnosis of LAM.
Nucleolar Size and Activity Are Related to pRb and p53 Status in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Treré Davide , Ceccarelli Claudio , Montanaro Lorenzo , Tosti Elena , Derenzini Massimo
Published: November 2004

Cell proliferation is tightly coordinated with cell growth. The oncosuppressor proteins pRb and p53 may exert a key role in coupling growth and proliferation by controlling both ribosome biogenesis and cell cycle progression. In the present study we evaluated the relationship between the pRb and p53 status and rRNA transcriptional activity in histological sections of 343 human primary breast carcinomas. Ribosomal biogenesis was quantified by morphometric analysis of silver-stained interphase nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs). pRb and p53 status was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Twenty-four tumors were considered to be pRb deleted, 260 tumors showed a phosphorylated-pRb labeling index (LI) up to 25%, and 55 tumors an LI >25%. Tumors with deleted pRb or phosphory-lated-pRb-LI ×25% were characterized by significantly greater mean AgNOR area values than those with unaltered pRb ( p<0.001). In the 71 tumors with mutated p53 the NOR area mean value was greater than in the 272 tumors with normal p53 ( p<0.001). Our results demonstrate, for the first time in vivo, that pRb and p53 status is related to the ribosome biogenesis rate and suggest that in tumors with altered pRb and p53 function the up-regulation of rRNA synthesis may always assure an adequate growth to cancer cells with uncontrolled cell cycle progression.
Serum S-100B as an Indicator of Early Postoperative Deterioration after Meningioma Surgery
Authors: Stranjalis George , Korfias Stefanos , Psachoulia Christina , Boviatsis Efstathios , Kouyialis Andreas , Protopappa Despina , Sakas Damianos E
Published: November 2004

Background: S-100B protein is an established serum marker of primary and secondary brain damage in head injury and stroke. Despite major progress in neurophysiologic monitoring, there are still difficulties in the early identification and quantification of evolving edema or trauma after craniotomy for tumor. In this study we aimed to correlate serum S-100B values with early postoperative neurologic course as well as late outcome in meningioma surgery.

Methods: We enrolled 50 consecutive patients who underwent meningioma resection. Serum S-100B was measured preoperatively and postcraniotomy for 7 consecutive days. Twenty-five patients (50%) developed immediate postoperative neurologic deterioration, and 15 (30%) had unfavorable 6-month outcomes. We used the Mann–Whitney U-test to assess the association of S-100B with all variables of interest. We used multiple logistic regression to search for the most significant predictor of postoperative deterioration.

Results: Increased S-100B was highly correlated with larger tumors, intraoperative difficulties, postcraniotomy acute deterioration, and long-term poor outcome. In addition, multiple logistic regression showed that age, sex, site, preoperative edema, history of meningioma resection, extent of resection, and histologic type did not correlate with postoperative increases in S-100B. Furthermore, patients with postoperative S-100B values >0.4 μg/L had increased risk of deterioration (relative risk = 9.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.4–34; P <0.0001) and of poor ultimate outcome (relative risk = 11; 95% confidence interval, 1.6–77; P = 0.002).

Conclusions: After meningioma excision, postcraniotomy increases in serum S-100B appear to be an early indicator of short-term postoperative neurologic deterioration and of a poor longer-term outcome.
Increased Plasma Lipid-Poor Apolipoprotein A-I in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Suzuki Makiko , Wada Hisayasu , Maeda Satoshi , Saito Kuniaki , Minatoguchi Shinya , Saito Kazunori , Seishima Mitsuru
Published: November 2004

Background: Pre-β1-HDL participates in a cyclic process involved in the retrieval of cholesterol from peripheral tissues. Although pre-β1-HDL can be measured by two-dimensional electrophoresis or crossed immunoelectrophoresis, these methods are time-consuming and require technical expertise. In this study, we separated plasma lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography.

Methods: We measured plasma lipid-poor apo A-I in 20 male patients with coronary artery disease [CAD; mean (SD) age, 64.0 (18) years] and 15 male controls [54.7 (17) years] and in 7 female CAD patients [70.3 (7.7) years] and 9 female controls [65.1 (4.7) years].

Results: Lipid-poor apo A-I was most stable when stored at −80 °C in the presence of aprotinin (final concentration, 50 kIU/L). The lipid-poor apo A-I concentration decreased during incubation at 37 °C, and this was not prevented by the addition of 2 mmol/L of the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) inhibitor 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Lipid-poor apo A-I was significantly higher in CAD patients than in controls [38.3 (7.9) mg/L for male CAD patients vs 29.3 (7.3) mg/L for male controls; 43.3 (11) mg/L for female CAD patients vs 27.1 (7.4) mg/L for female controls (P <0.01 for both)]. There were no significant differences in LCAT activity or cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) concentration between patients and controls. Moreover, the plasma lipid-poor apo A-I concentration was not significantly correlated with LCAT or CETP activities.

Conclusions: Although the production of lipid-poor apo A-I in plasma is not fully understood, our results indicate that lipid-poor apo A-I could be used as a marker for arteriosclerosis and demonstrate that it is not identical to the pre-β1-HDL measured by other methods.
Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system and release of new kinins through alternative cleavage of kininogens by microbial and human cell proteinases
Authors: Imamura Takahisa , Potempa Jan , Travis James
Published: November 2004

Kinins are released from kininogens through the activation of the Hageman factor-prekallikrein system or by tissue kallikrein. These peptides exert various biological activities, such as vascular permeability increase, smooth muscle contraction, pain sensation and induction of hypotension. In many instances kinins are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Recent studies have revealed that microbial and human cell proteinases activate Hageman factor and/or prekallikrein, or directly release kinin from kininogens. This review discusses the activation of the kinin-release system by mast-cell tryptase and microbial proteinases, including gingipains, which are cysteine proteinases fromPorphyromonas gingivalis, the major pathogen of periodontal disease. Each enzyme is evaluated in the context of its association to allergy and infectious diseases, respectively. Furthermore, a novel system of kinin generation directly from kininogens by the concerted action of two proteinases is described. An interesting example of this system with implications to bacterial pathogenicity is the release of kinins from kininogens by neutrophil elastase and a synergistic action of cysteine proteinases fromStaphylococcus aureus. This alternative production of kinins by proteinases present in diseased sites indicates a significant contribution of proteinases other than kallikreins in kinin generation. Therefore kinin receptor antagonists and proteinase inhibitors may be useful as therapeutic agents.
The 2003 District Council Elections in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheng Joseph Y. S.
Published: November 2004

After a massive July 1, 2003, protest rally, Hong Kong people voted in local elections to again express their demand for democratization. The electoral victory and the prospect of winning in the Legislative Council elections in September 2004 symbolize the revival of the pro-democracy movement.1 The expectations also generate considerable pressure on the Beijing authorities, who could not accept a scenario in which China lost control of Hong Kong.
Embodied Fluidity and the Commitment to Movement: Constructing the Moral Self through Arthritis Narratives
Authors: Rosenfeld Dana , Faircloth Christopher
Published: November 2004

While biomedical research reifies bodily movement in the lives of people with chronic illness as “functional mobility,” our analysis of biographical osteoarthritis narratives uncovers a moral commitment to movement as both a moral imperative and a technique to preserve a self threatened by the limits arthritis places on daily life. A content analysis of twelve interviews with arthritis sufferers shows that, in addition to the practical and emotional challenges of living with arthritis, these actors face the daily challenge of displaying their understanding of embodied fluidity—the timely and fluid movement through time and space—as a virtuous practice. Our informants use the movement mandate—the commitment to move despite the pain it may cause—to produce themselves as competent social and moral actors sacrificing the demands of their bodies to meet social expectations, and they conduct this performance in front of several audiences: the self and specific and generalized others. For these informants, in both private and public realms, the experience and the management of pain and physical limitation are profoundly social and accountable matters, as they affect interactions with others, their own social identities and moral integrity, and their relations with self as they seek to balance their arthritis pain with their past, present, and future self‐concepts.
To Invest or Detach? Coping Strategies and Workplace Culture in Service Work
Authors: Erickson Karla
Published: November 2004

Drawing on original ethnographic research and interweaving food servers' voices with theories of labor, this article examines the emotional content of interactions between customers and workers in restaurants. It addresses the potential benefits of emotional labor, the effect of gender on how workers make sense of and cope with the demands of their jobs, and the work culture that arises as a result of workers' approaches to the emotional demands of their jobs. The article culminates with a discussion of the potential for exploitation when servers, particularly waitresses, begin to care for the customers who pay them.
Adequacy of Time per Visit in Community Nursing
Authors: Cockerill Rhonda , O’Brien Palla Linda L. , Murray Michael , Doran Diane , Sidani Souraya , Laurie Shaw Brenda , Lochhaas Gerlach Jacquelyn
Published: November 2004

This article is a study of the experiences of community based nurses; specifically, their ratings of the adequacy of time they had to complete treatment and prevention activities. Perception of adequacy of time to complete job functions is important because of its links to job satisfaction and job stress. The largest predictor of a sense of inadequate time was visit characteristics. Specifically, it was the mental health speciality team which was most likely to experience inadequate time to deliver treatment and prevention activities. Possible explanations include the time required to deliver care to this patient population, and/or the greater travelling distances and coordination activities linked to provision of services to this patient population. Nurse characteristics were also important in the analysis. Nurses with an RN designation were less likely to report stress with the time they had to complete their activities. Years of community nursing experience was also an important predictor; individuals with greater community experience were less likely to report inadequate time for their duties.
Caring for Medically Fragile Children in the Home: An Alternative Theoretical Approach
Authors: Mentro Anne M. , Steward Deborah K.
Published: November 2004

Medically fragile children require extensive, ongoing care that is typically provided in the home environment. The phenomenon of “caregiver burden” has been the topic of many studies in which the hardships and everyday life stressors of families with medically fragile children are examined. These studies are limited in that they focus merely on the difficulties of care, which represent only one dimension of the larger phenomenon of caregiving. It is the purpose of this article to review the literature from an alternative perspective in an attempt to provide a more thorough understanding of the dynamic of caregiving for a medically fragile child.
Illness Uncertainty, Perceived Control, and Psychological Distress Among Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hoff Ahna L. , Mullins Larry L. , Chaney John M. , Hartman Valerie L. , Domek David
Published: November 2004

This study examined the relationship between illness uncertainty, perceived control, and psychological distress among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Sixty-eight adolescents age 13 to 18 years with type 1 diabetes completed the Children’s Uncertainty in Illness Scale, the Perceived Control Scale Media Relations, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Increased uncertainty was significantly associated with both decreased perceived control and increased psychological distress. Further analyses indicated that the relationship between illness uncertainty and psychological distress was direct and was not mediated or moderated by perceived control. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at managing uncertainty may help decrease psychological distress among adolescents with diabetes.
Academic Talk About Dementia Caregiving: A Critical Comment on Language
Authors: Kramer Maeona K.
Published: November 2004

A language that characterizes the work of informal caregivers as burdensome dominates the academic literature on dementia caregiving. Informal caregiving is a socially important activity of significant economic benefit that is both gendered female and primarily carried out by women. Words collocated with caregiving and caregivers were extracted from a sub-set of recent professional journal articles on dementia caregiving. Collocations were numerically described and grouped into three categories: (1) recipient (or what caregivers receive as a result of caregiving), (2) generative (what caregivers do or generate as a result of caregiving), and (3) demographic (the general context of caregivers and caregiving). Collocations in the recipient category were most numerous followed by demographic and generative collocations. Overall collocations suggested dementia caregiver/caregiving passivity in the context of an unrewarding, burdensome experience. Questions raised in relation to findings focus on whether the view of caregiving revealed may further inscribe oppressive practices related to disabilities, age, and gender roles.
Fine Art Examination and Conservation
Authors: Berrie Barbara H.
Published: November 2004

Science and connoisseurship come together in the examination and conservation of fine art. Chemical and physical analysis methods are used to examine art objects for a variety of purposes including the establishment of authenticity, schloarly investigation of the works, and evaluation of their state of preservation. Methods for analyzing the works are described and conservation scientists’ efforts in the field of preservation are discussed. Knowledge of the materials used for the creation of a work of art is invaluable for understanding how it was made, and how best to preserve it. Choosing appropriate treatments for a work of art requires knowledge of its chemical components and their deterioration mechanisms as well as how the artist applied them. Current research on the stablity of materials that have been used by artists and artists’ techniques is summarized. Examples of the application of scientific analysis of the investigation of artists’ working methods and the original appearance of works are given.
A disorder resembling pseudoachondroplasia but without COMP mutation
Authors: Spranger J.W. , Zabel B. , Kennedy J. , Jackson G. , Briggs M.
Published: November 2004

Pseudoachondroplasia (PA) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia characterized by disproportionate short stature, generalized ligamentous laxity, irregular epi‐metaphyseal ossification, and vertebral anomalies that regress with age. It usually manifests in the second year of life or later. The clinically and radiographically variable disorder is caused by mutations in the COMP gene. Parental gonadal mosaicism may lead to recurrence of the disorder in children of unaffected parents. Here, we describe sibs with bone changes similar to those seen in very severe PA born to clinically and radiographically unaffected parents. Sequencing of all 19 exons of the COMP gene failed to disclose a mutation. The sibs appear to be affected by a disorder resembling PA but resulting from a defect of an extracellular matrix protein other than COMP. It may be suspected in patients with unusually severe dwarfism, severe epi‐metaphyseal abnormalities, and persistent platyspondyly. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel case of dup(3q) syndrome due to a de novo interstitial duplication 3q24‐q26.31 with minimal overlap to the dup(3q) critical region
Authors: Meins Moritz , Hagh Javad Karimzad , Gerresheim Fritz , Einhoff Elisabeth , Olschewski Heidi , Strehl Henning , Epplen Jörg T.
Published: November 2004

Dup(3q) syndrome is characterized by typical facial features, mental and growth retardation, often with congenital heart defects. The syndrome has attracted special attention because of the clinical overlap with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CDLS). Patients with dup(3q) syndrome are trisomic for segments of the long arm of chromosome 3, most often within the region 3q21 to 3qter. Most cases have arisen as unbalanced translocations and do involve other chromosomes also. A dup(3q) minimal region has been defined at 3q26.3‐q27. We report here a 15‐month‐old boy with a de novo interstitial inverted duplication of 3q24‐q26.31. Clinical evaluation revealed mild but typical features of dup(3q) syndrome. The duplication was characterized by conventional and molecular cytogenetics. The results allow further narrowing of the dup(3q) critical region at its distal end and suggest the existence of one or several major genes responsible for the dup(3q) syndrome in the proximal half of 3q26.31. Moreover, the results of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with BAC probes suggest a disruption of the NLGN1 gene at the distal end of the duplication in 3q26.31 in the patient. The breakpoint within NLGN1 is unique for this patient, and the contribution of NLGN1 disruption to the phenotype of this patient remains unclear. Yet since NLGN1 is involved in synaptogenesis in the central nervous system, altered gene dosage is a good candidate for mental retardation as a recurrent feature of dup(3q) syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel mutation (E767K) in the second extracellular loop of the calcium sensing receptor in a family with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia
Authors: Uçkun‐Kitapçi Ayşin , Underwood Louis E. , Zhang Jihui , Moats‐Staats Billie
Published: November 2004

Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia resulting from gain‐of‐function mutations of the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) is a rare familial disorder that can become evident at any age. We report a novel mutation (E767K) of the CASR in a family with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. Ten members of the family had a history of hypocalcemia. The index case exhibited marked hypocalcemia and seizures in the newborn period, while her father who also has hypocalcemia, was largely asymptomatic except for a myocardial infarction‐like event at 21 years of age, a new presentation of the disorder. The E767K mutation, which resides in the second extracellular loop adjacent to the fifth transmembrane domain, co‐segregated with hypocalcemia in these two individuals. Both subjects are heterozygous for the mutation. The proband is also heterozygous for the previously reported CASR polymorphism of G990R in the intracellular domain, while her father is homozygous. The co‐segregation of this naturally occurring mutation with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia supports the previously reported experimental model in which it was proposed that the three acidic residues (767, 758, and 759) in exo‐loop 2 in CASR help maintain an inactive conformation of the receptor. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recurrent adjacent‐2 segregation of a familial t(14;21)(q11.2;q11.2): Phenotypic comparison of two brothers and a paternal aunt inheriting the der(14)
Authors: Chen Emily , Choe Michele A. , Loughman William D. , Covert Susan , Bitts Sheila , Rowe Amy , Beischel Linda , Johnson John P.
Published: November 2004

A 14‐year‐old boy was referred for a genetics evaluation after high‐resolution chromosome analysis showed a small amount of extra material in the proximal long arm of chromosome 21. Five years prior, his karyotype analysis was interpreted as normal with a variant chromosome 21. The patient has short palpebral fissures, strabismus, flat antihelices of the ears, long thumbs with bilaterally absent interphalangeal creases, proximal bilateral 3/4 syndactyly, small testes, hypotonia, mental retardation, and speech problems. He has significant depression and behavioral problems including hyperactivity, aggression, and impulsivity. His 8‐year‐old brother has more severe behavioral disturbances and depression, but less significant mental retardation. A paternal aunt has mental retardation, is unusually docile, and appears similar to our patient. Chromosome analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) whole chromosome paint of chromosome 21 showed that the patient's father carries a “cryptic” balanced translocation, 46,XY, t(14;21)(q11.2;q11.2), as does the patient's paternal grandmother. Uniparental disomy studies using seven informative polymorphic nucleotide repeat markers from 14q and 21q confirmed biparental inheritance of the number 14 and 21 chromosomes for each brother, and indicate that they and the paternal aunt, all of whom inherited the der(14), are monosomic for proximal 21q and trisomic for proximal 14q. These karyotypes arose through an adjacent‐2 segregation in the father on two occasions, and from the paternal grandmother on one occasion. This family is an example of recurrent malsegregation with translocations involving the acrocentrics. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Two‐Compartment Fluidized Bed Reactor for CO2 Capture by Chemical‐Looping Combustion
Authors: Kronberger B. , Johansson E. , Löffler G. , Mattisson T. , Lyngfelt A. , Hofbauer H.
Published: November 2004

Chemical‐looping combustion (CLC) is a combustion method for a gaseous fuel with inherent separation of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. A CLC system consists of two reactors, an air reactor and a fuel reactor, and an oxygen carrier circulating between the two reactors. The oxygen carrier transfers the oxygen from the air to the fuel. The flue gas from the fuel reactor consists of carbon dioxide and water, while the flue gas from the air reactor is nitrogen from the air. A two‐compartment fluidized bed CLC system was designed and tested using a flow model in order to find critical design parameters. Gas velocities and slot design were varied, and the solids circulation rate and gas leakage between the reactors were measured. The solids circulation rate was found to be sufficient. The gas leakage was somewhat high but could be reduced by altering the slot design. Finally, a hot laboratory CLC system is presented with an advanced design for the slot and also with the possibility for inert gas addition into the downcomer for solids flow increase.
Magnetic Field‐induced Increasing of the Reaction Rates Controlled by the Diffusion of Paramagnetic Gases
Authors: Peng Z. , Wang J. , Huang Y. , Chen Q.
Published: November 2004

The rates of some reactions are greatly limited by diffusion rates of paramagnetic gases. The idea to enhance them by means of applying a magnetic field was considered and tested in this paper. The introduction of a weak magnetic field into the oxidation reaction of aqueous suspensions of ferrous hydroxide increased the reaction rate to a considerable extent, which was attributed to magnetically induced convection for the existence of a gradient of susceptibilities and magnetic strength. The idea can be valuable in all the processes, in which diffusion rates of the paramagnetic gases control the reaction rates or at least play an important role.
Concentration Fields in Drying Droplets
Authors: Brenn G.
Published: November 2004

The paper presents an analytical solution of the diffusion equation on a spherical domain with its surface shrinking linearly with time. The solution is given as a series expansion in confluent hypergeometric functions and is valid for arbitrary ratios of the rate of shrinkage of the surface of the sphere to the diffusion coefficient in the liquid phase. The field of application of the results is spray drying of solutions of solid substances with very low vapor pressure. The mathematical functions found may be used as a benchmark for numerical computations.
Nanostructured Vanadia‐Titania Catalysts with Hierarchical Architecture in the Oxyhydrative Scission of 1‐Butene to Acetic Acid
Authors: Stelzer J.B. , Fait M. , Bentrup U. , Kubias B. , Eberle H.‐J. , Caro J.
Published: November 2004

The synthesis of hierarchically designed supported vanadia‐titania catalysts and their properties in the oxyhydrative scission (OHS) of 1‐butene to acetic acid (AA) is described. The interaction of the TiO2 support with V2O5 appears to be responsible for an enhanced catalytic performance, and it is proposed that the catalytic activity is related to the number and size of the contact zones between the support and the active component.
Effects of negative mood induction and impulsivity on self‐perceived emotional eating
Authors: Bekker Marrie H.J. , van de Meerendonk Carola , Mollerus Jessica
Published: November 2004

Objective

The current study investigates the influence of negative mood induction and impulsivity on self‐perceptions with respect to emotional eating. Negative affect as well as high impulsivity was expected to increase levels of self‐perceived emotional eating.

Method

College students who were high versus low in impulsivity were assigned randomly to either a negative (failure on a quiz) or a neutral mood induction. Their levels of self‐perceived emotional eating were measured after and before mood induction.

Results

Negative affect appeared to enhance the level of self‐perceived emotional eating significantly (p < .01). There was no statistically significant effect of impulsivity. The interaction effect of affect and impulsivity approached significance (p = .08), indicating that highly impulsive subjects compared with subjects low in impulsivity were more strongly influenced by negative affect in self‐perceived emotional eating.

Discussion

Negative affect substantially influences self‐perceptions in terms of emotional eating, which is relevant for both prevention and treatment. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 461–469, 2004.
Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: A prospective study
Authors: Presnell Katherine , Bearman Sarah Kate , Stice Eric
Published: November 2004

Objective

Despite evidence that body dissatisfaction predicts the onset of eating pathology and depression, few prospective studies have investigated predictors of body dissatisfaction.

Method

We examined risk factors for body dissatisfaction using prospective data from 531 adolescent boys and girls.

Results

Elevations in body mass, negative affect, and perceived pressure to be thin from peers, but not thin‐ideal internalization, social support deficits, or perceived pressure to be thin from family, dating partners, or media, predicted increases in body dissatisfaction. Gender moderated the effect of body mass on body dissatisfaction and revealed a significant quadratic component for boys, but not girls. Gender also moderated negative affect.

Discussion

Results support the assertion that certain sociocultural, biologic, and interpersonal factors increase the risk for body dissatisfaction, but differ for boys and girls. Results provided little support for other accepted risk factors for body dissatisfaction. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 389–401, 2004.
Binge eating and satiety in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: Effects of macronutrient intake
Authors: Latner Janet D. , Wilson G. Terence
Published: November 2004

Objective

The current study tested the hypothesis that supplemental dietary protein would reduce binge eating frequency and test meal intake in women with bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Eighteen women with BN or BED ingested high‐carbohydrate or high‐protein supplements (280 kcal) three times daily over two 2‐week periods. On the morning after each period, participants were given a high‐protein or high‐carbohydrate supplement (420 kcal) 3 hr before an ad libitum meal.

Results

Binge eating episodes occurred less frequently during protein supplementation (1.12 episodes per week) than during carbohydrate supplementation (2.94 episodes per week) or baseline (3.01 episodes per week). Participants reported less hunger and greater fullness, and consumed less food at test meals, after protein than after carbohydrate (673 vs. 856 kcal).

Discussion

Adding protein to the diets of women with BN and BED reduced food intake and binge eating over a 2‐week period. These findings may have implications for the longer‐term treatment of these disorders. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 402–415, 2004.
Green manufacturing process of chromium compounds
Authors: Zhang Yi , Li Zuo‐Hu , Qi Tao , Zheng Shi‐Li , Li Hui‐Quan , Xu Hong‐Bin
Published: November 2004

Chromium compounds are important basic chemicals essential to many industries. In the traditional process for manufacturing these compounds, the utilization efficiency of resources and energy is quite low. Large amounts of chromium‐containing toxic solid wastes and exhaust gas are discharged, resulting in serious pollution problems. A green manufacturing process of chromium compounds has been developed by the Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China. With the design objective of eliminating pollution at the source, this green process achieves higher resource utilization efficiency and zero emissions of chromium‐containing waste residue by alteration of process chemistry, change of reactor and operation, regeneration and recycle of reaction media, and comprehensive use of resources. By use of the green process, a demonstration plant with an annual production capability of 10,000 tons has been built and operated in Henan Province, China. The green process exhibits a promising prospect for the industrial production of chromium compounds. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Nutrient limitations during the biofiltration of methyl isoamyl ketone
Authors: Son Hyun‐Keun , Striebig Bradley A. , Regan Ramond W.
Published: November 2004

With biofiltration, both organic and inorganic compounds that are toxic to humans and volatile organic compounds from a variety of industrial and public sector sources have been effectively removed. During the initial stage of the acclimation period, the removal capacity of the biofilter is primarily attributed to the adsorption capacity of the media. The adsorption capacity of different types of biofilter media was studied. MIAK (methyl isoamyl ketone), which is one of the major air pollutants in painting operations, was used as the target air pollutant for the biofiltration experiments. All the materials tested exhibited very poor adsorption capacity for MIAK. The effect of nutrient limitation was also evaluated. A gradual decrease of removal capacity was observed under the nutrient‐limited environment. When nutrient was provided to the biofilter, the removal capacity increased from 55 to 93% in 3 days. A nutrient ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD):N:P = 200:4:1 was sufficient for the removal of volatile organic compounds from the polluted air stream. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Anaerobic treatment of waste beer
Authors: Li Pengjie , Mulligan Catherine N.
Published: November 2004

This research study focused on the biotreatability of waste beer in an anaerobic environment. A comparison of two bioreactors, ASBR (anaerobic sequencing batch reactor) and UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors, was performed. The experiments were carried out in the two reactors under identical conditions at room temperature and 35° C under organic loading rates (OLRs) from 2 to 20 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m−3 day−1. The results show that the performance in the ASBR was better than that in the UASB reactor without a recirculation system at the two temperatures under all organic loading levels. In the ASBR, soluble COD reductions of 95 to 57% and 93 to 70% were obtained as the OLR increased from 2 to 20 kg COD m−3 day−1 at room temperature and 35° C, respectively. In the UASB reactor without a recirculation system, the soluble COD reduction was 78 to 49% and 80 to 65% under the same increase in OLR as the ASBR at room temperature and 35° C, respectively. Methane production was measured in the ASBR at both temperatures. Results for methane production were close to the expected yields of 0.39 m3/kg COD removed for an OLR of 2 to 6 kg COD m−3 day−1, and lower than the expected values for an OLR of 8 to 20 kg COD m−3 day−1. Therefore, anaerobic treatment of beer is sustainable by both reactors if the organic load is limited to 6 kg COD m−3 day−1. 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
The failure of eco‐efficiency to guarantee sustainability: Future challenges for industrial ecology
Authors: Huesemann Michael H.
Published: November 2004

Western industrialized societies are inherently unsustainable in their present form because they depend almost exclusively on a finite supply of nonrenewable minerals and fossil fuels. In addition, the resulting wastes cause various environmental problems ranging from widespread ecosystem disruptions to global warming. The most common response to these problems has been to promote technological improvements in eco‐efficiency, which Welford defined as “adding maximum value with minimum resource use and minimum pollution.” Although constructive, improvements in eco‐efficiency alone will not guarantee sustainability of industrialized societies because the limited supplies of nonrenewable minerals cannot be extended indefinitely by recycling and substitution, and a transition to renewable and nuclear energy sources would result in significant negative environmental impacts, particularly if deployed on a large scale. In addition, according to the second law of thermodynamics, industrial production technologies have inherently unavoidable environmental impacts. Finally, any hard‐won improvements in eco‐efficiency will soon be negated if growth in population and consumption is allowed to continue. Consequently, long‐term industrial sustainability can be achieved only through a transition to a steady‐state economy where the total throughput of matter–energy is kept at a constant and sustainable level. This requires not only improvements in eco‐efficiency but also a reassessment of fundamental societal values that erroneously equate material consumption and economic growth with well‐being and happiness. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004