bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Diagnosis of Giant Left Ventricular Diverticulum: Case Report
Authors: Demir Fadli , Ozbarlas Nazan , Gocen Uğur , Buyukkurt Selim
Published: October 2014

The distinction between a ventricular aneurysm and diverticulum is difficult. The differences between these two are based on anatomical, histological, and functional criteria. We present a case of prenatal diagnosis of a giant left ventricular outpouching at 28 weeks gestation. During the postnatal period, the neonate underwent surgical correction for the outpouching. Histopathological examination reported the resected segment was a cardiac diverticulum. Our case indicates that differentiating between the two diagnoses during the intrauterine period is not always straightforward and possible. Histopathological examinations are sometimes necessary to make a precise differentiation. Treatment should be individualized depending on the clinical presentation.
Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve in Patients with Ascending Aorta Aneurysm
Authors: Baykan Ahmet Oytun , Yüksel Kalkan Gülhan , Gür Mustafa , Uçar Hakan , Acele Armağan , Şeker Taner , Şen Ömer , Kaypakli Onur , Harbalioğlu Hazar , Çayli Murat
Published: October 2014

Background

Ascending aorta aneurysms (AAA) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Impairment in coronary flow may contribute to cardiovascular consequences in AAA patients. Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) has been considered an important diagnostic index of the functional capacity of coronary arteries noninvasively. The aim of this study was to evaluate, by noninvasive CVFR, whether patients with AAA demonstrate significant coronary microvascular dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

We prospectively included 44 patients with thoracic AAA in the absence of concomitant CAD (30 men, 14 women; mean age 57.5 ± 8.4 years). A total of 36 patients without aortic dilatation (mean age 55.2 ± 9.9 years) were selected as the control group. Coronary flow velocities in the distal left anterior descending (LAD) artery were measured using transthoracic echocardiography. CFVR was calculated as the hyperemic to resting coronary diastolic peak velocities ratio.

Results

Compared with controls, patients with AAA had higher baseline LAD peak diastolic coronary flow velocities (28.3 ± 5.8 vs. 25.2 ± 4.5 cm/sec, P = 0.01), lower hyperemic LAD flow velocities (54.0 ± 10.3 vs. 57.2 ± 12.7 cm/sec, P = 0.220), and consequently lower CFVR (1.9 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that CFVR was independently associated only with aortic systolic diameter (AoSD) (β = −0.679, P = <0.001).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that noninvasive CFVR is significantly reduced in patients with AAA and AoSD is the most important determinant of impaired CFVR.
Right Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Is an Independent Predictor of Right Ventricular Function: A Multimodality Study of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Lu Ken J. , Chen Janet X. C. , Profitis Konstantinos , Kearney Leighton G. , DeSilva Dimuth , Smith Gerard , Ord Michelle , Harberts Susan , Calafiore Paul , Jones Elizabeth , Srivastava Piyush M.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Accurate assessment of right ventricular (RV) systolic function is important, as it is an established predictor of mortality in cardiac and respiratory diseases. We aimed to compare speckle tracking–derived longitudinal deformation measurements with traditional two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiographic parameters, as well as real time three‐dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)‐derived RV volumes and ejection fraction (EF).

Method

Subjects referred for CMR also underwent echocardiography. On both RT3DE and CMR, we measured RV volumes and EF. On 2D echocardiography, we analyzed RV fractional area change, RV internal diastolic diameter, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, tricuspid annular tissue Doppler–derived velocity, myocardial performance index, and RV global longitudinal strain (RV GLS).

Results

Sixty subjects were recruited (mean age = 45 ± 10 years; 60% male). RV GLS (R = −0.69, P < 0.001) and RT3DE RVEF (R = 0.56, P < 0.001) correlated well with CMR RVEF. RT3DE RV end‐diastolic (RVEDV) and end‐systolic (RVESV) volumes also correlated with CMR RV volumes: RVEDV, R = 0.74, P < 0.001 and RVESV, R = 0.84, P < 0.001. In addition, RV GLS best predicted the presence of RV dysfunction, defined as RVEF <48% on CMR (hazard ratio = 7.0 [1.5–31.7], P < 0.01). On receiver operator characteristic analysis, a RV GLS of −20% was the most sensitive and specific predictor of RV dysfunction (AUC 0.8 [0.57–1.0], P < 0.02).

Conclusion

RVEF and volumes estimated on RT3DE were closely correlated with CMR measurements. When compared to more traditional markers of RV systolic function and RT3DE, RVGLS produced the highest correlation with CMR RVEF and was a good predictor of RV dysfunction. RV GLS should be considered a complementary modality to RT3DE and CMR in the assessment of RV systolic function.
Fine root dynamics of oak saplings in response to Phytophthora cinnamomi infection under different temperatures and durations
Authors: McConnell M. E. , Balci Y.
Published: October 2014

The belowground effects of Phytophthora cinnamomi on 1‐year‐old saplings of two common oak species in mid‐Atlantic US forests, white (Quercus alba) and red oak (Q. rubra), were examined after incubation in pathogen‐infested soilless potting mix. Fine root lengths (0–1.5 mm in diameter) of both oak species were quantified after incubation at successive 30‐day intervals up to 300 days, for a total of 10 incubation periods. In addition, colony‐forming units (CFU) of P. cinnamomi were quantified after white oak saplings were incubated in infested soilless potting mix at different temperature/duration combinations that reflect soil conditions present in the mid‐Atlantic United States. Impact of P. cinnamomi on fine root lengths of red and white oak saplings varied considerably over time. Significant periods of fine root loss occurred primarily during spring, when bud break and leaf flush began for both oak species. Red oaks had 17% fine root loss on average, while white oaks appeared more resistant to P. cinnamomi infection with a 2% decrease in fine roots over the course of the experiment. Phytophthora cinnamomi CFU declined significantly with exposure to all incubation temperatures except 8°C. This was in contrast to in vitro experiments, where the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was determined to be 21°C and above. Significant fine root loss caused by P. cinnamomi depended on plant phenology and the oak species tested. Extreme soil temperatures have a significant adverse impact on temporal changes of P. cinnamomi population.
Prevalence, location and symmetry of noncatastrophic ligamentous suspensory apparatus lesions inCaliforniaThoroughbred racehorses, and association of these lesions with catastrophic injuries
Authors: Hill A. E. , Gardner I. A. , Carpenter T. E. , Lee C. M. , Hitchens P. L. , Stover S. M.
Published: October 2014

Reasons for performing study

Knowledge of the site distribution of ligamentous injuries facilitates clinical diagnosis of suspensory apparatus conditions.

Objectives

To determine if lesions within the suspensory ligament (SL) and distal ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones (DSLs) were associated with suspensory apparatus failure or metacarpal lateral condylar fracture in California Thoroughbred racehorses.

Study design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Suspensory apparatus specimens from 327 deceased Thoroughbred racehorses were sectioned within theSLbody and branches, and oblique and straightDSLs. Purple lesions ≥2 mm in width were categorised as moderate and paler or smaller lesions as mild. Associations between moderate lesions and age, sex, racetrack and cause of death were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Moderate lesions were evident in 16% and milder lesions in 77% of racehorses. Moderate lesions occurred with similar frequency inSLbranches and obliqueDSLs. Moderate lesions were more likely to occur in horses that died as a result of suspensory apparatus failure (odds ratio [OR] = 4.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61–13.13; and P = 0.004) or metacarpal lateral condylar fracture (OR= 5.05; 95%CI1.42–17.93; and P = 0.012) compared with horses that died from nonmusculoskeletal causes, and in horses aged ≥7 years horses compared with 2‐year‐old horses (OR= 5.33; 95%CI1.44–19.75; and P = 0.012).

Conclusions

Moderate lesions are common in theSLbranches and obliqueDSLsof racehorses, and may be associated with risk for suspensory apparatus failure and metacarpal condylar fracture. Monitoring health of the suspensory apparatus ligamentous structures may be a simple means of assessing fatigue in, and preventing more extensive injuries to, the forelimb suspensory apparatus and metacarpal condyles.
Detection of early osteoarthritis in the centrodistal joints ofIcelandic horses: Evaluation of radiography and low‐field magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Ley C. J. , Björnsdóttir S. , Ekman S. , Boyde A. , Hansson K.
Published: October 2014

Reasons for performing study

Validated noninvasive detection methods for early osteoarthritis (OA) are required forOAprevention and early intervention treatment strategies.

Objectives

To evaluate radiography and low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of early stageOAosteochondral lesions in equine centrodistal joints using microscopy as the reference standard.

Study design

Prospective imaging of live horses and imaging and microscopy of cadaver tarsal joints.

Methods

Centrodistal (distal intertarsal) joints of 38 Icelandic research horses aged 27–29 months were radiographed. Horses were subjected to euthanasia approximately 2 months later and cadaver joints examined with low‐fieldMRI. Osteochondral joint specimens were classified as negative or positive forOAusing light microscopy histology or scanning electron microscopy. Radiographs andMRIswere evaluated for osteochondral lesions and results compared with microscopy.

Results

Forty‐two joints were classifiedOApositive with microscopy. Associations were detected between microscopicOAand the radiography lesion categories; mineralisation front defect (P<0.0001), joint margin lesion (P<0.0001), central osteophyte (P = 0.03) and the low‐fieldMRIlesion categories; mineralisation front defect (P = 0.01), joint margin lesion (P = 0.02) and articular cartilage lesion (P = 0.0003). The most frequent lesion category detected in microscopicOApositive joints was the mineralisation front defect in radiographs (28/42OApositive joints, specificity 97%, sensitivity 67%). No significant differences were detected between the sensitivity and specificity of radiography and low‐fieldMRIpooled lesion categories, but radiography was often superior when individual lesion categories were compared.

Conclusions

Early stage centrodistal jointOAchanges may be detected with radiography and low‐fieldMRI. Detection of mineralisation front defects in radiographs may be a useful screening method for detection of earlyOAin centrodistal joints of young Icelandic horses.
Climatic variability, hydrologic anomaly, and methane emission can turn productive freshwater marshes into net carbon sources
Authors: Chu Housen , Gottgens Johan F. , Chen Jiquan , Sun Ge , Desai Ankur R. , Ouyang Zutao , Shao Changliang , Czajkowski Kevin
Published: October 2014

Freshwater marshes are well‐known for their ecological functions in carbon sequestration, but complete carbon budgets that include both methane (CH4) and lateral carbon fluxes for these ecosystems are rarely available. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first full carbon balance for a freshwater marsh where vertical gaseous [carbon dioxide (CO2) andCH4] and lateral hydrologic fluxes (dissolved and particulate organic carbon) have been simultaneously measured for multiple years (2011–2013). Carbon accumulation in the sediments suggested that the marsh was a long‐term carbon sink and accumulated ~96.9 ± 10.3 (±95%CI) g C m−2 yr−1during the last ~50 years. However, abnormal climate conditions in the last 3 years turned the marsh to a source of carbon (42.7 ± 23.4 g C m−2 yr−1). Gross ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration were the two largest fluxes in the annual carbon budget. Yet, these two fluxes compensated each other to a large extent and led to the marsh being aCO2sink in 2011 (−78.8 ± 33.6 g C m−2 yr−1), nearCO2‐neutral in 2012 (29.7 ± 37.2 g C m−2 yr−1), and aCO2source in 2013 (92.9 ± 28.0 g C m−2 yr−1). TheCH4emission was consistently high with a three‐year average of 50.8 ± 1.0 g C m−2 yr−1. Considerable hydrologic carbon flowed laterally both into and out of the marsh (108.3 ± 5.4 and 86.2 ± 10.5 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively). In total, hydrologic carbon fluxes contributed ~23 ± 13 g C m−2 yr−1to the three‐year carbon budget. Our findings highlight the importance of lateral hydrologic inflows/outflows in wetland carbon budgets, especially in those characterized by a flow‐through hydrologic regime. In addition, different carbon fluxes responded unequally to climate variability/anomalies and, thus, the total carbon budgets may vary drastically among years.
Professional occupation and the number of teeth retained among older adults aged 50 and above
Authors: Zini Avraham , Lewit Chen , Vered Yuval
Published: October 2014

Objective

To examine the association between occupational characteristics and number of natural teeth retained among older adults aged 50 and above.

Background

Despite the integral part of the professional occupation of a person's time, few studies have examined the effect of the occupational environment on one's oral health.

Material and methods

Self‐administered questionnaires were randomly distributed among 280 participants, who had at least one professional occupation over a period of 10 years or more. Data from the questionnaire were collected concerning variables related to professional occupation and the self‐reported number of natural teeth retained. The data were analysed using a logistic regression analysis with stepwise‐backward selection.

Results

Significant risk factors for the number of natural teeth being ≤25 were age (p < 0.001), years of education (p = 0.019) and a hospital/commercial environment of work (p = 0.021). The odds ratio for the number of natural teeth ≤25 increased with each year by 1.109, decreased with each additional year of education by 0.881, and was 2.693 folds higher for individuals working in a hospital/commercial environment compared to those in an office environment.

Conclusions

These findings suggest the importance of operating community‐based oral health programmes for these occupational risk groups. The results from this study also implicate the need for further studies of this subject to find the underlying reasons for these occupational environmental risks.
DigitalCrust – a 4D data system of material properties for transforming research on crustal fluid flow
Authors: Fan Y. , Richard S. , Bristol R. S. , Peters S. E. , Ingebritsen S. E. , Moosdorf N. , Packman A. , Gleeson T. , Zaslavsky I. , Peckham S. , Murdoch L. , Fienen M. , Cardiff M. , Tarboton D. , Jones N. , Hooper R. , Arrigo J. , Gochis D. , Olson J. , Wolock D.
Published: October 2014

Fluid circulation in the Earth's crust plays an essential role in surface, near surface, and deep crustal processes. Flow pathways are driven by hydraulic gradients but controlled by material permeability, which varies over many orders of magnitude and changes over time. Although millions of measurements of crustal properties have been made, including geophysical imaging and borehole tests, this vast amount of data and information has not been integrated into a comprehensive knowledge system. A community data infrastructure is needed to improve data access, enable large‐scale synthetic analyses, and support representations of the subsurface in Earth system models. Here, we describe the motivation, vision, challenges, and an action plan for a community‐governed, four‐dimensional data system of the Earth's crustal structure, composition, and material properties from the surface down to the brittle–ductile transition. Such a system must not only be sufficiently flexible to support inquiries in many different domains of Earth science, but it must also be focused on characterizing the physical crustal properties of permeability and porosity, which have not yet been synthesized at a large scale. The DigitalCrust is envisioned as an interactive virtual exploration laboratory where models can be calibrated with empirical data and alternative hypotheses can be tested at a range of spatial scales. It must also support a community process for compiling and harmonizing models into regional syntheses of crustal properties. Sustained peer review from multiple disciplines will allow constant refinement in the ability of the system to inform science questions and societal challenges and to function as a dynamic library of our knowledge of Earth's crust.
Location Decision Making of “Creative” Industries: The Media and Computer Game Sectors in Dublin, Ireland
Authors: Murphy Enda , Fox‐Rogers Linda , Redmond Declan
Published: October 2014

There has been significant research undertaken examining the “creative class” thesis within the context of the locational preferences of creative workers. However, relatively little attention has been given to the locational preferences of creative companies within the same context. This paper reports on research conducted to qualitatively analyse the location decision making of companies in two creative sectors: media and computer games. We address the role of the so‐called “hard” and “soft” factors in company location decision making within the context of the creative class thesis, which suggests that company location is primarily determined by “soft” factors rather than “hard” factors. The study focuses upon “core” creative industries in the media and computer game sectors and utilises interview data with company managers and key elite actors in the sector to investigate the foregoing questions. The results show that “hard” factors are of primary importance for the location decision making in the sectors analysed, but that “soft” factors play quite an important role when “hard” factors are satisfactory in more than one competing city‐region.
Interaction of Aquifer and River‐Canal Network near Well Field
Authors: Ghosh Narayan C. , Mishra Govinda C. , Sandhu Cornelius S. S. , Grischek Thomas , Singh Vikrant V.
Published: October 2014

The article presents semi‐analytical mathematical models to asses (1) enhancements of seepage from a canal and (2) induced flow from a partially penetrating river in an unconfined aquifer consequent to groundwater withdrawal in a well field in the vicinity of the river and canal. The nonlinear exponential relation between seepage from a canal reach and hydraulic head in the aquifer beneath the canal reach is used for quantifying seepage from the canal reach. Hantush's (1967) basic solution for water table rise due to recharge from a rectangular spreading basin in absence of pumping well is used for generating unit pulse response function coefficients for water table rise in the aquifer. Duhamel's convolution theory and method of superposition are applied to obtain water table position due to pumping and recharge from different canal reaches. Hunt's (1999) basic solution for river depletion due to constant pumping from a well in the vicinity of a partially penetrating river is used to generate unit pulse response function coefficients. Applying convolution technique and superposition, treating the recharge from canal reaches as recharge through conceptual injection wells, river depletion consequent to variable pumping and recharge is quantified. The integrated model is applied to a case study in Haridwar (India). The well field consists of 22 pumping wells located in the vicinity of a perennial river and a canal network. The river bank filtrate portion consequent to pumping is quantified.
Effect of hydrosoluble vitamin E on erythrocyte membrane lipid composition in patients with advanced cirrhosis: An open‐label pilot trial
Authors: Restellini Sophie , Alaei Mahnaz , Matthes Thomas , Kherad Omar , Moschetta Antonio , Spahr Laurent
Published: October 2014

Aim

Deficiency in vitamin E, a natural antioxidant, participates in abnormal erythrocyte membrane lipids, structural alterations and hemolysis in advanced cirrhosis. Poor absorption of fat‐soluble vitamins limits full correction of deficiency with standard formulations in cirrhosis with cholestasis. The aim of the present study was to examine safety and effects of tocofersolan, a water‐soluble derivative of vitamin E, on erythrocyte membrane lipids and anemia in patients with biopsy‐proven advanced cirrhosis, vitamin E deficiency and hemolysis.

Methods

Twenty patients (age, 53 ± 10 years; Child class B/C, 8/12), with low plasma vitamin E, chronic anemia and hemolysis, received oral tocofersolan 700 mg/day for 4 weeks. Erythrocyte membrane lipid composition (cholesterol [Chol], phospholipids [Phosph]) was determined by enzymatic assays. Total and conjugated bilirubin, hemoglobin and vitamin E were measured.

Results

Abdominal pain occurred in one patient. Five patients received blood transfusions due to severe anemia. After 4 weeks, both Chol and Phosph decreased, but changes were not significant. Both plasma vitamin E (P < 0.05) and hemoglobin (P < 0.05) increased, together with a decrease in total (P < 0.05) and conjugated (P < 0.05) bilirubin.

Conclusion

In patients with advanced cirrhosis, low vitamin E plasma levels and chronic anemia with hemolysis, oral tocofersolan was overall well tolerated, but did not affect erythrocyte membrane lipid composition.
Biocompatibility of new nanostructural materials based on active silicate systems and hydroxyapatite: in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Petrović V. , Opačić‐Galić V. , Živković S. , Nikolić B. , Danilović V. , Miletić V. , Jokanović V. , Mitić‐Ćulafić D.
Published: October 2014

Aim

To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo inflammatory response to new nanostructural materials based on active calcium silicate systems (CS) and hydroxyapatite (HA‐CS).

Methodology

Cytotoxicity of eluates of new nanostructural noncommercial materials CS and HA‐CS, and MTA (White MTA, Angelus® Soluções Odontológicas, Londrina, Brazil) as a control, were tested using the MTT assay on MRC‐5 cells. Eluates of set materials were tested in 100% and 50% concentrations, 24 h, 7 days and 21 days post‐elution. The pH values were determined for undiluted eluates of set materials. Polyethylene tubes containing the test materials (CS, HA‐CS, MTA) were implanted in subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats. Histopathological examinations were conducted at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after the implantation. Data were statistically analyzed using three‐way and one‐way anova Tukey's post hoc test as well as Kruskall–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc test at α = 0.05.

Results

All materials significantly reduced cell viability; especially when undiluted eluates were used (P < 0.001). After 24 h elution, cell viability was 10 ± 1.8%, 49.5 ± 4.2% and 61 ± 7.4%, for MTA, and HA‐CS, respectively. However, CS and HA‐CS were significantly less toxic than the control material MTA (P < 0.05). Cytotoxicity could be at least partially attributed to pH kinetics over time. Dilution of eluates of all tested materials resulted in better cell survival. Histopathological examination indicated similar inflammatory reaction, vascular congestion and connective tissue integrity associated with CS, HA‐CS and MTA at each observation period (P > 0.05). The only significant difference was found for capsule thickness, that is thicker capsule was associated with HA‐CS compared to MTA at 60 days (P = 0.0039). HA‐CS induced moderately thick capsules (median score 3, score range 2‐3), whereas MTA resulted in thin capsule formation (median score 2, score range 1‐3).

Conclusions

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and inflammatory response indicated better biocompatibility of CS and HA‐CS, in comparison with MTA (White MTA, Angelus® Soluções Odontológicas, Londrina, Brazil).
Knock‐down of p300 decreases the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation potentiality of HDPCs
Authors: Liu H. J. , Wang T. , Li Q. M. , Guan X. Y. , Xu Q.
Published: October 2014

Aim

To investigate the role of p300 in the regulation of proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).

Methodology

The recombinant lentiviral vector pshRNA‐copGFP was used to knock‐down p300 expression in HDPCs. Protein level of acetylated H3 was detected. The proliferation of HDPCs was measured using the CCK8 assay. The cell cycle and apoptosis were analysed using flow cytometry and TUNEL staining, respectively. The expression levels of Cdc25A, p21waf1 and the cleaved products of caspase 3 and caspase 7 were determined utilizing real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured, and the formation of mineralized nodules was assessed using alizarin red staining after the induction of odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs. The expression levels of the odontogenic differentiation markers DMP‐1, DSPP and DSP were detected utilizing real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis.

Results

After p300 was knocked down in HDPCs, p300 was significantly down‐regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels, and histone H3 acetylation was reduced. The proliferation capacity of HDPCs was suppressed in p300 knock‐down groups. The cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and cell apoptosis was triggered. ALP activity, the formation of mineralized nodules and the expression levels of DMP‐1, DSPP and DSP were all decreased in p300‐knock‐down HDPCs undergoing odontogenic differentiation.

Conclusion

Knocking down p300 restrains the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation potentiality of HDPCs.
Effects of iRoot BP and white mineral trioxide aggregate on cell viability and the expression of genes associated with mineralization
Authors: Öncel Torun Z. , Torun D. , Demirkaya K. , Yavuz S. T. , Elçi M. P. , Sarper M. , Avcu F.
Published: October 2014

Aim

To evaluate the cytotoxicity and mineralization effects of iRoot BP in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) and to compare them with those of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA).

Methodology

hDPCs were exposed to prepared dilutions (1 : 1–1 : 10) of the test materials. Cell viability was evaluated using the XTT assay after incubation periods of 24, 48 or 72 h. The expression of mineralization‐related genes (bone morphogenic protein, osteonectin, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, dentine sialophosphoprotein and collagen type 1) and heme oxygenase 1 was measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) at 24 and 72 h. Statistical differences between test materials were analysed with the Mann–Whitney test.

Results

The 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 dilutions of iRoot BP were associated with higher cell viability after 24 h (P < 0.05). Only the 1 : 1 dilution of iRoot BP had higher cell viability after 48 h (P < 0.05), and there was no difference between iRoot BP and WMTA after 72 h (P > 0.05). Although somewhat variable, according to the gene expression results, iRoot BP had a mineralization potential similar to that of WMTA. WMTA revealed a higher heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) mRNA level than iRoot BP (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

iRoot BP and WMTA were biocompatible and facilitated odontoblastic differentiation of hDPCs.
What is overconsumption? – A step towards a common understanding
Authors: Håkansson Andreas
Published: October 2014

Overconsumption is a widely used term in science, media and among concerned consumers. What do we mean by this term? This study is based on the assumption that both the public debate on consumption and consumer research could benefit from better understanding how this term is used and from clarifying the definition. The primary aim of this study was to describe how the term ‘overconsumption’ is being used in the contemporary scientific debate in fields related to consumer studies. This was done by studying the use of the term in scientific journal papers between 2010 and 2012 using qualitative content analysis. It is concluded that overconsumption is often described as consumption of hedonic goods by individuals with undesirable personality traits, low moral or belonging to minority groups. Furthermore, overconsumption is described as having detrimental effects both on the individual consumer, the society and the environment; however, direct individual effects are more frequently mentioned in the studies. The term is seldom defined explicitly. This might lead to confusion and misunderstanding between research fields and between different stakeholders. A structured framework for generating clear and useful definitions is suggested in this study, based on the reviewed papers and a theoretical framework from moral philosophy.
Bioelectrical impedance as a measure of change in body composition in young children
Authors: Meredith‐Jones K. A. , Williams S. M. , Taylor R. W.
Published: October 2014

Background and objectives

The ability of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) to measure change in body composition in children has rarely been examined.

Methods

Body composition was estimated by BIA (Tanita BC‐418) and dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 187 children aged 4–8 years at baseline and at 12 months. Change in body composition was compared between the two methods using mixed models.

Results

Estimates of change in fat mass did not differ between BIA and DXA for overweight girls (mean difference between methods, 95% confidence interval: 0.04 kg, −0.19 to 0.28) or boys (0.07 kg, −0.14 to 0.27). BIA was also able to accurately detect change in fat‐free mass, with no significant differences between methods (−0.14 kg, −0.10 to 0.38 in girls and −0.07 kg, −0.35 to −0.20 in boys). Change in percentage fat produced similar estimates in both genders (0.18%, −0.82 to 0.46 in girls and 0.38%, −0.37 to 1.13 in boys). BIA/DXA comparisons in normal weight children were also not significantly different, with the exception of percentage fat in girls, where BIA slightly underestimated change compared with DXA (0.7%, 0.02–0.37).

Conclusion

BIA performed well as a measure of change in body composition, providing confidence for its use as an outcome measure in children.
Association between breastfeeding and body mass index at age 6–7 years in an international survey
Authors: Hancox R. J. , Stewart A. W. , Braithwaite I. , Beasley R. , Murphy R. , Mitchell E. A. ,   ISAAC Phase Three Study Group
Published: October 2014

Background

Breastfeeding is believed to reduce children's risk for obesity but data are conflicting. It is also uncertain if breastfeeding has different effects on obesity in high‐ and low‐income countries.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the association between having been breastfed and body mass index (BMI) in 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children in a large international survey.

Methods

Parents/guardians reported whether their child had been breastfed and their current height and weight. Some centres measured height and weight directly. Analyses adjusted for whether height and weight were reported or measured, child's age, sex, country gross national income and centre.

Results

Data were available for 76 635 participants from 31 centres in 18 countries. Reported breastfeeding rates varied from 27 to 98%. After adjusting for potential confounders, the estimated BMI difference was 0.04 kg m−2 lower among those who had been breastfed (P = 0.07). The risk for being overweight or obese was slightly lower among breastfed children (odds ratio = 0.95, P = 0.012). There was no evidence that the association between breastfeeding and BMI was different in lower income countries compared with higher income countries.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that breastfeeding has little impact on children's BMI. Increasing breastfeeding is unlikely to reduce the global epidemic of childhood obesity.
Competency frameworks for advanced practice nursing: a literature review
Authors: Sastre‐Fullana P. , De Pedro‐Gómez J.E. , Bennasar‐Veny M. , Serrano‐Gallardo P. , Morales‐Asencio J.M.
Published: October 2014

Aim

This paper describes a literature review that identified common traits in advanced practice nursing that are specific to competency development worldwide.

Background

There is a lack of international agreement on the definition of advanced practice nursing and its core competencies. Despite the lack of consensus, there is an ongoing process worldwide to establish and outline the standards and competencies for advanced practice nursing roles.

Introduction

International agencies, such as the International Council of Nurses, have provided general definitions for advanced practice nursing. Additionally, a set of competency standards for this aim has been developed.

Methods

A literature review and a directed search of institutional websites were performed to identify specific developments in advanced practice nursing competencies and standards of practice. To determine a competency map specific to international advanced practice nursing, key documents were analysed using a qualitative approach based on content analysis to identify common traits among documents and countries.

Results

The review process identified 119 relevant journal articles related to advanced practice nursing competencies. Additionally, 97 documents from grey literature that were related to advanced practice nursing competency mapping were identified. From the text analysis, 17 worldwide transversal competency domains emerged.

Conclusions

Despite the variety of patterns in international advanced practice nursing development, essential competency domains can be found in most national frameworks for the role development of international advanced practice nursing. These 17 core competencies can be used to further develop instruments that assess the perceived competency of advanced practice nurses.

Implications for Nursing and Health Policy

The results of this review can help policy developers and researchers develop instruments to compare advanced practice nursing services in various contexts and to examine their association with related outcomes.
By name or by deed? Identifying the source of the feminist stigma
Authors: Anastosopoulos Vanessa , Desmarais Serge
Published: October 2014

Prejudice and discrimination against feminists were explored across two contexts, a workplace and a social setting. We examined university students' reactions to a woman who called herself a feminist, behaved like a feminist by challenging sexism, did both, or did neither. In Study 1, participants (N = 177) evaluated a job candidate less favorably when she called herself a feminist after controlling for perceived assertiveness and participants' feminist self‐identification. However, our results showed no evidence of hiring discrimination. In Study 2, participants (N = 184) evaluated a peer less favorably and were less willing to befriend and date her when she called herself a feminist, controlling for perceived assertiveness. Participants were also less willing to befriend her when she behaved like a feminist. The contextual nature of the feminist stigma and the influence of perceived assertiveness are discussed.
The world's biggest salad bowl: Facebook connecting cultures
Authors: Schwab Anne K. , Greitemeyer Tobias
Published: October 2014

A correlational study on Facebook investigated the relationship between virtual intergroup contact and general attitudes toward diverse out‐groups. A so‐called Facebook application retrieved objective data about the intercultural composition of participants' Facebook networks. The exact percentage of out‐group friends correlated significantly with more favorable out‐group attitudes. This relationship was mediated by humanitarian‐egalitarian values, suggesting that having intercultural friends on Facebook is positively linked to value orientations, which in turn are associated with more favorable intergroup attitudes. In addition, identification with one's own national group and real‐life experience abroad did not moderate the results. Overall, although causation cannot be inferred because of the correlational design of our study, results suggest that virtual intergroup contact may positively affect attitudes.
Impact of periodontal maintenance on tooth survival in patients with removable partial dentures
Authors: Tada Sayaka , Allen Patrick Finbarr , Ikebe Kazunori , Matsuda Ken‐ichi , Maeda Yoshinobu
Published: October 2014

Aim

Removable partial dentures (RPDs) may have a negative impact on oral health and have the potential to cause further tooth loss, especially of abutment teeth. However, no evidence indicates the effective interval of regular periodontal maintenance after RPD provision. This practice‐based cohort study aimed to examine the impact of regular periodontal maintenance visits on survival of RPD abutment teeth.

Materials and Methods

One hundred and ninety‐two patients had been previously provided with 304 new clasp‐retained RPDs at Osaka University Dental Hospital, Japan. Using the Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test, 1094 abutments were analysed to illustrate survival curves and to compare each curve. According to the frequency of periodontal maintenance, study samples were divided into three groups; every 3–6 months (3–6M) group, 1‐year (1Y) group and no‐maintenance (NM) group.

Results

Seven‐year cumulative survival rates were 83.7% (3–6M), 75.5% (1Y) and 71.9% (NM) respectively. Survival of abutment teeth in the 3–6M group was significantly better than both 1Y (p = 0.005) and NM (p < 0.001) groups.

Conclusion

These longitudinal clinical data indicates that periodontal maintenance at least once in 6 months had the most favourable outcome. Frequent periodontal maintenance after RPD provision could be effective in preventing further tooth loss.
Contact sensitization in patients with suspected cosmetic intolerance: results of the IVDK 2006–2011
Authors: Dinkloh A. , Worm M. , Geier J. , Schnuch A. , Wollenberg A.
Published: October 2014

Background

Ingredients of leave‐on cosmetics and body care products may sensitize. However, not every case of cosmetic intolerance is due to contact sensitization.

Objective

To describe the frequency of contact sensitization due to cosmetics in a large clinic population, and a possible particular allergen pattern.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, 2006–2011.

Results

Of 69 487 patients tested, ‘cosmetics, creams, sunscreens’ was the only suspected allergen source category in 10 124 patients (14.6%). A final diagnosis ‘allergic contact dermatitis’ was stated in 2658 of these patients (26.3%).Compared to a control group, there were significantly more reactions to fragrance mixes I and II, balsam of Peru, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) and lanolin alcohols. No special pattern of fragrance sensitization could be identified. Among the preservatives, MI was by far the leading allergen, while sensitization to other widely used compounds like parabens or phenoxyethanol was rare.

Conclusions

True allergic reactions to cosmetic ingredients are rarer than generally assumed. Limitation of exposure to MI in leave‐on cosmetics and body care products is urgently needed.
Laser (755 nm) and cryotherapy as depigmentation treatments for vitiligo: a comparative study
Authors: van Geel N. , Depaepe L. , Speeckaert R.
Published: October 2014

Background

Depigmentation therapy can be an option in adults with extensive and refractory vitiligo. Remaining pigmented patches can be removed using depigmentation creams (monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone 20%), laser therapy or cryotherapy. In contrast to cream treatment, laser therapy and cryotherapy are fast and targeted methods, capable of destroying melanocytes selectively on one specific area. Up till now, controlled trials comparing laser and cryotherapy as depigmenting treatment in vitiligo are lacking.

Material and methods

We performed a retrospective comparative study in 22 generalized vitiligo patients. Thirty‐one pigmented test regions were exposed to cryotherapy and 20 to 755 nm laser therapy. The mean surface area per test region was 3.55 cm² and number of treatments per test region was limited to one single session in 84.3% and varied up to four sessions (2.0%).

Results

Overall no significant difference in the capacity to induce depigmentations was observed between cryotherapy (46.7%) and laser therapy (42.9%) after one treatment. The percentage of induced depigmentation was significantly different according to the body location (P = 0.005) with best results on the trunk, followed by the arms, face, neck and less on the hands. Variables that positively influenced depigmentation results were a younger age of vitiligo onset (P = 0.012), skin type V (P < 0.001) and clinical presence of Koebner's phenomenon (P = 0.039). Despite initial failure after one treatment, repetitive treatment sessions on eight test areas resulted in successful depigmentation. Side‐effects were restricted to cryotherapy and concerned mainly hyperpigmentation in the face.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing head‐to‐head depigmentation strategies intra‐ and inter‐individually. We could demonstrate that in general laser and cryotherapy are equally effective in inducing depigmentations in generalized vitiligo patients. Retreatment of the same area may be required in case of initial failure.
Condition dependence of female choosiness in a field cricket
Authors: Judge K. A. , Ting J. J. , Gwynne D. T.
Published: October 2014

Females generally choose mates that produce the loudest, brightest or most elaborate sexual displays, and these costly male displays are predicted to be condition dependent. However, mate choice itself is a costly behaviour also expected to be condition dependent. Male fall field crickets, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, produce a conspicuous long‐distance calling song that attracts females and is condition dependent. In this study, we tested the condition dependence of female preferences (preference function and choosiness) for male calling effort in G. pennsylvanicus. We manipulated female condition by raising crickets from hatching on either a low‐ or high‐quality diet. In a series of two‐speaker phonotaxis trials, both low‐ and high‐condition females preferred playbacks reflecting greater calling effort. However, relative to low‐condition females, high‐condition females took significantly longer to make a choice, were more likely to fail to choose within the time allotted for a phonotaxis trial and significantly increased their latency to choose over the course of multiple trials. We discuss these results with respect to the possibility that female G. pennsylvanicus may be foraging for direct benefits when they choose their mates.
Bursts of transposable elements as an evolutionary driving force
Authors: Belyayev A.
Published: October 2014

A burst of transposable elements (TEs) is a massive outbreak that may cause radical genomic rebuilding. This phenomenon has been reported in connection with the formation of taxonomic groups and species and has therefore been associated with major evolutionary events in the past. Over the past few years, several research groups have discovered recent stress‐induced bursts of differentTEs. The events for which bursts ofTEs have been recorded include domestication, polyploidy, changes in mating systems, interspecific and intergeneric hybridization and abiotic stress. Cases involving abiotic stress, particularly bursts ofTEs in natural populations driven by environmental change, are of special interest because this phenomenon may underlie micro‐ and macro‐evolutionary events and ultimately support the maintenance and generation of biological diversity. This study reviews the known cases of bursts ofTEs and their possible consequences, with particular emphasis on the speciation process.
Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in southern Thailand
Authors: Kongrueng J , Yingkajorn M , Bunpa S , Sermwittayawong N , Singkhamanan K , Vuddhakul V
Published: October 2014

Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from shrimp of five farms located in the Pattani and Songkhla provinces of southern Thailand. Using a PCR method targeted to the unique DNA sequences derived from the plasmid (AP2 primers) and the toxin gene (AP3 primers) of V. parahaemolyticus that caused acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), a total of 33 of 108 isolates were positive. In contrast, all 63 and 66 isolates of clinical and environmental V. parahaemolyticus, respectively, obtained previously from 2008 to 2014 from the same area were negative. This implied that these strains were likely to be the cause of the outbreak of AHPND in this area. Intestinal samples proved to be a better source for the isolation of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND than the hepatopancreas. All isolates were investigated for haemolytic activity, virulence genes, serotypes, genotypes and antibiotic susceptibility. All the AHPND isolates had a unique O antigen, but small variations of the K antigens were detected from different farms. In addition, the DNA profiles of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND isolates were similar, but distinct from those clinical and environmental isolates. It is postulated that the causative agent of AHPND might have originated from one clone and then slightly different serotypes subsequently developed.
Pudendal Nerve Block for Vaginal Birth
Authors: Anderson Deborah
Published: October 2014

Pudendal nerve block is a safe and effective pain relief method for vaginal birth. Providing analgesia to the vulva and anus, it is used for operative vaginal birth and subsequent repair, late second stage pain relief with spontaneous vaginal birth, repair of complex lacerations, or repair of lacerations in women who are unable to achieve adequate or satisfactory pain relief during perineal repair with local anesthesia. Key to its efficacy is the knowledge of pudendal nerve anatomy, the optimal point of infiltration of local anesthetic, and an understanding of the amount of time necessary to effect adequate analgesia.
Health Empowerment Among Immigrant Women in Transnational Marriages in Taiwan
Authors: Yang Yung‐Mei , Wang Hsiu‐Hung , Lee Fang‐Hsin , Lin Miao‐Ling , Lin Pei‐Chao
Published: October 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to develop, implement, and evaluate a theory‐based intervention designed to promote increased health empowerment for marriage migrant women in Taiwan. The rapid increase of international marriage immigration through matchmaking agencies has received great attention recently because of its impact on social and public health issues in the receiving countries.

Design and Methods

A participatory action research (PAR) and in‐depth interviews were adopted. Sixty‐eight women participated in this study. Eight workshops of the health empowerment project were completed.

Findings

Through a PAR‐based project, participants received positive outcomes. Four outcome themes were identified: (a) increasing health literacy, (b) facilitating capacity to build social networks, (c) enhancing sense of self‐worth, and (d) building psychological resilience.

Conclusions

PAR was a helpful strategy that enabled disadvantaged migrant women to increase their health literacy, psychological and social health, and well‐being.

Clinical Relevance

The findings can be referenced by the government in making health‐promoting policies for Southeast Asian immigrant women to increase their well‐being. Community health nurses can apply PAR strategies to plan and design health promotion intervention for disadvantaged migrant women.