bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ‘NEW NORMAL’ OF CODE-SWITCHING: COVID-19, THE INDONESIAN MEDIA AND LANGUAGE CHANGE
Authors: Foster Stuart Mannix , Welsh Alistair
Published: June 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed behavioural norms and how people conceptualise everyday life. It has led to prolific use of specific terminology that is new or was previously outside the lexical boundaries of common use. Terms like ‘social distancing’, ‘lockdown’ and ‘new normal' were previously jargon limited to specialist fields. The COVID-19 pandemic which spread globally in 2020 has led to great social change and an associated lexical influence. To study this phenomenon, we examine the lexical effects of COVID-19 on the Indonesian language, through analysis of two well-known Indonesian national newspapers – Kompas and Suara Pembaruan, for the month of May 2020. This was at a time of growing awareness of COVID-19 in Indonesia, that included a partial lockdown in Jakarta. As such, there was a great deal of attention to COVID-19 in the mass media. To study this, we apply quantitative content analysis to the sample data to identify the range and frequency of words borrowed from English. We examine this use of code-switching to also undertake qualitative analysis, exploring the various socio-linguistic dimensions of those borrowed terms. Some usage was found to address lexical gaps in Indonesian language, where other usage appeared more for stylistic, emphatic purposes, drawing on the semiotic power of English in the Indonesian context. Code-switching reiteration was particularly prominent in the sample data. We argue that through code-switching reiteration, the print media can introduce new foreign vocabulary to Indonesian readers, which subsequently generates opportunities for language change. COVID-19 has expedited this process, meaning that there has been an increased likelihood of Indonesian language change during 2020.
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF CONCEPTS IN MODIAIN
Authors: Neupane Nabaraj
Published: June 2021

Translation involves communication across languages and cultures. When one translates, s/he is involved in cross-cultural communication that is necessary in the current world scenario of globalization. English has been a global lingua franca that lubricates communication in the multilingual and multicultural communities. In this context, some Nepali novels have been translated into English, including Modiain that is the corpus of the present study. This study aims to explore and examine strategies used in translating cultural concepts (CCs) from Nepali into English. To achieve the set objective, I have employed corpus-based research design that uses parallel corpora consisting of Nepali-English pair of the selected novel. I investigated CCs in the original version and examined their translation counterparts in light of the set strategies such as translation by a more general term, a more neutral term, cultural substitution, loan terms, paraphrase, omission and illustration. The findings reveal that the use of the strategies poses pitfalls in transferring senses of the CCs across languages and cultures in one way or the other. This implies that the translators should be aware of the bilingual and bicultural sensitivities and sensibilities while translating CCs. Further implication of the study is that the course developers of applied linguistics, especially translation studies, should pay due attention while designing the courses towards the cross-cultural communicability of the CCs.CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF CONCEPTS IN MODIAIN
PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ CONCEPTIONS AND COMPETENCES ON DIGITAL LITERACY IN AN EFL ACADEMIC WRITING SETTING
Authors: Nabhan Salim
Published: June 2021

This case study seeks to examine pre-service teachers’ digital literacy conceptions in an EFL academic writing context. Despite the recent growth of research regarding general conceptions of digital literacy, little attention has been given to its conception focusing on EFL digital writing environment. To bridge the gap, this research offers a new perspective of the conception of digital literacy from the perspective of pre-service teachers in their academic writing setting. Also, the study aims to identify pre-service teachers’ competences concerning the predominant dimensions of digital literacy encompassing critical thinking, online safety skills, digital culture, collaboration and creativity, finding information, communication, and functional skills. This case study involved both quantitative and qualitative data taken from 107 pre-service teachers’ online questionnaires and one 5-member focus group discussion delivered to pre-service teachers taking Academic Writing subjects in English Language Education Department in an urban university in Indonesia. While thematic analysis was involved for qualitative data, the quantitative ones were analyzed using descriptive analyses. Emergent themes related to the conception of digital literacy in academic writing context included basic conception of digital literacy, competences related to digital literacy, awarness of the importance of digital literacy, and challenges of digital literacy. In general, the result of the study revealed that the pre-service teachers’ conceptions of digital literacy were principally associated with the narrow proficiency of utilizing online tools and technological devices and set aside a critical mindset. Further, in spite of the fact that most participating students were found to have lack of understanding of critical thinking and digital culture towards digital literacy, they appeared to possess the competencies of finding information, communication, and functional skills. Additionally, quantitative result of the pre-service teachers’ competences demonstrated that communication dimension was the highest of all with the mean value of 3.95, followed by online safety skills (3.87), finding information (3.79), critical thinking (3.77), functional skills (3.75), as well as collaboration and creativity (3.43). The lowest mean (3.40) belonged to digital culture dimension. The findings have important implications for developing digital literacy framework in an EFL academic writing.
FILMS FOR EFL: EXPLORING THE PERCEPTIONS OF A HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER
Authors: Sánchez Estefanía , Férez Pedro Antonio
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Research on teacher perceptions on the use of films in the secondary school English classroom is scarce since most studies have focused on other educational levels and on the opinions of students. Besides, most of these studies are merely of a theoretical nature. Consequently, there is a need for empirical research which sheds further light on both Compulsory Secondary Education and teacher perceptions on this matter. Objective of the paper: this study explores the perception of a secondary school teacher on the use of a film as a tool for conducting EFL classes. Method: data were obtained according to the following steps. Firstly, the English instructor was interviewed regarding her views on the use of authentic audio-visual materials in the English classroom. Then, the teacher examined a film-based lesson plan which included the advantages of authentic audio-visual resources for EFL as defined by scholars in the field. Finally, the teacher was interviewed again to trace changes in her perception. Findings: the results of the study show that, in the initial interview, the participant’s opinion was positive although her use of movies as a didactic aid was vague and minimal. However, in the final interview, she reflected a more positive view and she was willing to include films and their multiple educational benefits into her lessons, advocating, therefore, a more holistic understanding of EFL. Conclusion: the contextually situated awareness elicited through the teacher’s own experience of the lesson plan made her question her own classroom practice. This led to the amplification of the teacher’s understanding of EFL, which, at the post-intervention stage, emerged not only as a linguistic endeavour but also as a platform from where to promote critical thinking, aesthetic sensitivity or awareness towards issues of social justice.
COUNTER-CLAIMING FOR A CRIME NARRATIVE: AN EVALUATION OF THE DEFENDANT’S PLEA AT THE CORRUPTION CRIMINAL COURT
Authors: Hermawan Ripan , Rahyono F.X. , Dallyono Ruswan
Published: June 2021

In a criminal trial, the plea of the accused is arguably a very important appraising discourse tool functioning mainly to counter the crime narrative made by public prosecutors in their indictment and closing statement. As an appraisal instrument, the plea represents the stance of the accused with regards to the facts of the case as well as the legal aspects of the alleged crime. In this regards, the plea may serve both argumentative and persuasive functions and may shape, to some extent, the understanding and the consideration of the judges who decide on the case. The study, which is qualitative in nature, uses Martin and White’s appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005) to investigate evaluation strategies employed by an accused of a corruption case in his plea. Evaluation strategies are defined here as strategies in discourse used to counter the crime narrative by employing relevant evaluative resources. The result of the analysis shows that the accused strategically uses the three main discourse semantics resources, i.e. engagement, attitude, and graduation. The contractive options of engagement (deny, counter, and pronounce) are used to counter aspects of the crime narrative, while judgment of propriety (social sanction) and capacity (social esteem) of the attitude component are employed mainly to evaluate aspects of the crime narrative negatively and aspects of the counter narrative positively. Furthermore, amplification and quantification options of the graduation component are used to strengthen the degree of evaluation. It can be concluded that the narrative of plea is arguably an important evaluative instrument which, strategically and professionally constructed, may help the accused convince the judges of his/her innocence.
LEMMATIC INFLUENCE ON VOCABULARY ACQUISITION AMONG L3 ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN TANZANIA
Authors: Kaoo Lydia , Upor Rose Acen
Published: June 2021

This paper presents the findings of a study that investigated cross-linguistic influence (CLI) on the acquisition of English vocabulary by Tanzanian third language (L3) learners. Specifically, the study aimed to determine how lemmatic CLI from L1 and L2  influences L3 in a multilingual rural context where L1 is a dominant ethnic community language (L1=Haya, L2=Swahili, L3=English) and determine the source language responsible. In all, 40 participants performed three language tasks i.e. word association(WAT), letter writing task (LWT) and wordless picture narration (WPN). The study found evidence of lemmatic transfer from background languages in various forms. More significantly, , the L2 played instrumental and facilitative roles, both strategically and spontaneously, in influencing L3 vocabulary acquisition relative to the L1. Also, the study found the status of L2 is the predominant source language for lemmatic influence on L3 English and was modulated by proficiency and exposure.The study confirms that L3 learners reduce CLI as they increase L3 proficiency and that L2 acts as both a filter and source language as it features in L3.
Optimization of Energy Efficient Advance Leach Protocol
Authors: Kaur Sandeep , Bedi Dr. Rajeev , Marwaha Mohit
Published: June 2021

In WSNs, the only source to save life for the node is the battery consumption. During communication with other area nodes or sensing activities consumes a lot of power energy in processing the data and transmitting the collected/selected data to the sink. In wireless sensor networks, energy conservation is directly to the network lifetime and energy plays an important role in the cluster head selection. A new threshold has been formulated for cluster head selection, which is based on remaining energy of the sensor node and the distance from the base station. Proposed approach selects the cluster head nearer to base station having maximum remaining energy than any other sensor node in multi-hop communication. The multi hop approach minimizing the inter cluster communication without effecting the data reliability.
TOPLAM KALİTE YÖNETİMİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE HALKLA İLİŞKİLER TANITIM VE REKLAMCILIK ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN AKREDİTASYON ALGISI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
Authors: ÇEDİKÇİ ÇEVİK Tuğçe , YILDIRIM Gonca
Published: June 2021

İçinde bulunduğumuz bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri çağında ekonomik, siyasi, sosyal, kültürel anlamda her şey hızla değişmektedir. Bu bağlamda yükseköğretim kurumları da eğitim-öğretim sistemlerini, yönetim anlayışlarını bugünün ve yarının gereksinimlerini karşılayacak biçimde geliştirmek ve yenilemek durumundadır. Buna istinaden artan rekabet baskısı altında iç ve dış paydaşların gereksinimlerinin tüm çalışanların katılımıyla en üst düzeyde karşılanması olarak tanımlanan Toplam Kalite Yönetimi (TKY) de son yıllarda yükseköğretim kurumlarının yönetim anlayışına dahil olmuştur. Bu doğrultuda kalitenin iyileştirilerek devamlılığının sağlanması, çeşitli standart ve kurallara uygunluğunun denetlenmesi hususunda da akreditasyon süreçleri devreye girmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’deki iletişim fakültelerinin akreditasyon değerlendirmelerinde yetkili kurum İLEDAK tarafından akredite edilen Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Programı ve akreditasyon sürecinde olan Reklamcılık Programı öğrencilerinin akreditasyon algıları incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı TKY çerçevesinde akredite olmuş ve olmamış iki bölüm öğrencisinin akreditasyon algılarını karşılaştırmaktır. İletişim fakültelerindeki akreditasyon süreçlerinin birkaç yıl önce başlaması sebebiyle, bu alanda akreditasyon algısı üzerine yapılmış makaleye rastlanılmamıştır. Türkiye’de Halkla İlişkiler Tanıtım ve Reklamcılık programları arasında yapılan ilk araştırmalardan olması, bu çalışmayı diğerlerinden özgün ve önemli kılmaktadır. Araştırma, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile ulaşılan 261 öğrenci arasında yapılan anketin verilerine dayanmaktadır. Buna göre akredite olmuş Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım öğrencilerinin akreditasyon algılarının, henüz akredite olmamış Reklamcılık öğrencilerine kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenirken, Reklamcılık öğrencilerinin konuyla ilgili bilinç düzeylerinin beklenenden yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Covid-19 Pandemisinin Change.Org’da Başlatılan Dijital İmza Kampanyalarına Yansıması
Authors: ALTAR YAVUZ Oya
Published: June 2021

Covid-19 virüsü ilk olarak Çin’in Wuhan kentinde görülmüştür. Kısa zamanda tüm dünyaya yayılan virüs, ekonomik, siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel hayatta radikal kararlar alınmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Alınan karantina kararları sonrasında insanlar, şimdiye kadar benzeri olmayan bir hayat deneyimi yaşamıştır. Virüsün yayılımının engellenmesi amacıyla karantina yasaklarının uygulandığı bu dönemde Türkiye’de tüm seviye eğitim kurumları için uzaktan eğitim kararı alınmıştır. Özel sektör ve kamu kuruluşları için de esnek çalışma sisteminin devreye sokulması, iletişim teknolojileri ve internete duyulan ihtiyacı en üst seviyeye çıkarmıştır. Gerek eğitim, gerekse de evden çalışmaya ek olarak en küçük market ihtiyacının bile teması azaltmak için internet üzerinden yapıldığı bu dönemde sosyal medya, dijital bankacılık ve dijital vatandaşlık benzeri uygulamaların kullanımında belirgin bir artış yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma, reel yaşamın hemen hemen tüm uygulamalarıyla karantina altına alındığı pandemi sürecinin dijital aktivist hareketlere yansımasını irdelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini, Türkiye›de en fazla dijital imza kampanyası başlatılan platform olması nedeniyle Change.org oluşturmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi ve durum çalışması desenini kullanıldığı bu araştırmada pandemi öncesi dönem 2019 ve pandemi süreci olan 2020 yılı Change.org Değişim Raporları ele alınmıştır. Araştırma sonunda, alınan kararlar nedeni ile reel sosyal hayatta karantina süreci yaşanmasına rağmen özellikle dijital imza kampanyalarının bu süreçte artarak düzenlenmeye devam edildiği ve karantina öncesi döneme göre daha fazla başarı sağlandığı tespit edilmiştir.
Surgical treatment of locally advanced vulvar cancer
Authors: Mukhin A.  A. , Vazhenin A.  V. , Saevets V.  V. , Taratonov A.  V.
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the choice of different surgical procedures in patients with locally advanced vulvar cancer, depending on the volume of resected tissues and the possibility of reconstructive plastic surgery. The advantages and disadvantages of various plastic reconstructive techniques are provided. The issue of wound closing after the vulvectomy and the plastic techniques has always been controversial and led to the sophistication of the reconstructive component, as well as to the limitations or refusal of this surgical procedure use.
Radiation therapy for oligometastatic cancer
Authors: Dengina N.  V. , Mitin T. V. , Tsimafeyeu I.  V. , Usychkin S.  V.
Published: June 2021

Current approaches to the treatment of patients with metastatic malignant tumors have changed significantly over the past decade. Instead of a purely palliative systemic or just supportive therapy, a large proportion of patients receive an aggressive local treatment directed not only to the primary tumor, but also to metastatic foci, and a number of studies demonstrate the advantage of such approach. This review provides information on the role of radiation therapy as a local method of treatment of cancer patients with oligometastases.
Cooperación o frustración. Minorías nacionales concurrentes: el caso español
Authors: Marzal Yetano Elia
Published: June 2021

Los Estados complejos se construyen sobre un difícil equilibrio entre unidad (en la identificación del poder soberano) y diversidad (por la existencia de minorías permanentes), que cuestiona la legitimidad democrática de la regla de la mayoría en la adopción de decisiones. Este trabajo plantea esta cuestión a la luz de la democracia liberal, que protege el pluralismo, pero también la igualdad formal entre ciudadanos, lo que dificulta la consideración de sus características sustantivas y, por tanto, el reconocimiento de las minorías. El artículo defiende la protección de las minorías con el límite del propio pluralismo (la garantía de otras eventuales), evitando con ello que la democracia liberal mute en una identitaria. Desde este esquema teórico, se analiza el caso español (el reconocimiento constitucional de la diversidad y la consiguiente adaptación de los procedimientos de toma de decisiones) y se sostiene que, si bien la Constitución declara el carácter heterogéneo del Estado, no resuelve las contradicciones que dicho reconocimiento plantea.
Editorial Responsibilities
Authors: . .
Published: June 2021

No abstract.
Determining the Specific Activity of Anti-Rabies Sera and Immunoglobulin Using Atomic Force Microscopy of Cell Cultures
Authors: Generalov Sergey V. , Erokhin Pavel S. , Kuznetsov Oleg S. , Abramova Elena G. , Zhulidov Ivan M. , Osina Natalya A.
Published: June 2021

Background: Mouse neutralization test is widely used to determine the level of anti-rabies antibodies, but it is labor-intensive and time consuming. Alternative methods for determining the neutralizing activity of anti-rabies sera and immunoglobulin in cell cultures are also known. Methods such as FAVN and RFFIT involve the use of fluorescent diagnostics. Determination of Cytopathic Effect (CPE) is often complicated due to features of rabies virus replication in cells. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is able to detect the interaction of the virus with the cell at an early stage. Therefore, in this study, a method has been developed for determining the specific activity of anti-rabies sera and immunoglobulin using AFM of cell cultures.
 
Methods: The method is based on the preliminary interaction of rabies virus with samples of rabies sera or immunoglobulin drug, adding the specified reaction mixture to cell culture (Vero or BHK-21), and then measuring the surface roughness of the cells using AFM. AFM was carried out in the intermittent contact mode by the mismatch method in the semi-contact mode. The results were compared with the values obtained in the mouse neutralization test. The consistency of the results obtained by both methods was evaluated by Bland-Altman method.
 
Results: The increment in the surface roughness of the cells is a consequence of the damaging effect of the virus, which is weakened as a result of its neutralization by rabies antibodies. A dilution allowing 50% suppression of the increase in the surface roughness of cells was selected as the titer of rabies sera or immunoglobulin. In this case, the recommended range for determining the antibody titer is from 1:100 to 1:3000.
 
Conclusion: For the first time, a new methodological approach in virology and pharmaceutical research is presented in this study. The use of the proposed methodological technique will reduce the time from 21 to 2 days to obtain results in comparison with the mouse neutralization test; also, fewer laboratory animals are required in this approach which is in agreement with 3 R Principle.
An Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis of the Potential Regulatory Effects of miR-21 on T-cell Related Target Genes in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Manian Mostafa , Sohrabi Ehsan , Eskandari Nahid , Assarehzadegan Mohammad-Ali , Ferns Gordon A. , Nourbakhsh Mitra , Jazayeri Mir Hadi , Nedaeinia Reza
Published: June 2021

Background: Overexpression of miR-21 is a characteristic feature of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and is involved in gene regulation and the expression enhancement of pro-inflammatory factors including IFNγ and TNF-α following stimulation of T-cells via the T Cell Receptor (TCR). In this study, a novel integrated bioinformatics analysis was used to obtain a better understanding of the involvement of miR-21 in the development of MS, its protein biomarker signatures, RNA levels, and drug interactions through existing microarray and RNA-seq datasets of MS.
 
Methods: In order to obtain data on the Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in patients with MS and normal controls, the GEO2R web tool was used to analyze the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, and then Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks of co-expressed DEGs were designed using STRING. A molecular network of miRNA-genes and drugs based on differentially expressed genes was created for T-cells of MS patients to identify the targets of miR-21, that may act as important regulators and potential biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis and, potential therapeutic targets for MS.
 
Results: It found that seven genes (NRIP1, ARNT, KDM7A, S100A10, AK2, TGFβR2, and IL-6R) are regulated by drugs used in MS and miR-21. Finally, three overlapping genes (S100A10, NRIP1, KDM7A) were identified between miRNA-gene-drug network and nineteen genes as hub genes which can reflect the pathophysiology of MS. 
 
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that miR-21 and MS-related drugs can act synergistically to regulate several genes in the existing datasets, and miR-21 inhibitors have the potential to be used in MS treatment.
Designing a Strategy for pH Control to Improve CHO Cell Productivity in Bioreactor
Authors: Ahleboot Zohreh , Khorshidtalab Mahdi , Motahari Paria , Mahboudi Rasoul , Arjmand Razieh , Mokarizadeh Aram , Maleknia Shayan
Published: June 2021

Background: Drastic pH drop is a common consequence of scaling up a mammalian cell culture process, where it may affect the final performance of cell culture. Although CO2 sparging and base addition are used as common approaches for pH control, these strategies are not necessarily successful in large scale bioreactors due to their effect on osmolality and cell viability. Accordingly, a series of experiments were conducted using an IgG1 producing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-S) cell culture in 30 L bioreactor to assess the efficiency of an alternative strategy in controlling culture pH.
 
Methods: Factors inducing partial pressure of CO2 and lactate accumulation (as the main factors altering culture pH) were assessed by Plackett-Burman design to identify the significant ones. As culture pH directly influences process productivity, protein titer was measured as the response variable. Subsequently, Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to obtain a model for product titer prediction as a function of individual and interaction effects of significant variables.
 
Results: The results indicated that the major factor affecting pH is non-efficient CO2 removal. CO2 accumulation was found to be affected by an interaction between agitation speed and overlay air flow rate. Accordingly, after increasing the agitation speed and headspace aeration, the culture pH was successfully maintained in the range of 6.95-7.1, resulting in 51% increase in final product titer. Similar results were obtained during 250 L scale bioreactor culture, indicating the scalability of the approach.
 
Conclusion: The obtained results showed that pH fluctuations could be effectively controlled by optimizing CO2 stripping.
ZHER2 Affibody as a Good Candidate for Detection of Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Nazari Mahboobeh , Radmanesh Ramin
Published: June 2021

The article abstract is not available.
Association of a Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (rs874040) in the RBPJ Gene with Susceptibility to Rheumatoid Arthritis in Iranian Population
Authors: Salesi Mansour , Oboodiyat Mahdieh , Salehi Rasoul , Pakzad Bahram
Published: June 2021

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a progressive, heterogeneous, and common multifactorial autoimmune disease. Several Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWASs) have revealed more than 100 risk loci for RA. One of these loci is a functional single nucleotide polymorphism (rs874040; G>C) near the recombination signal-binding protein for the immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ) gene. RBPJ can convert into a transcriptional activator upon activation of the canonical Notch pathway. Notch signaling has recently emerged as an important regulator of immune responses in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. In the present study, the possible association between SNP rs874040 (G>C) upstream of the RBPJ gene with RA risk was assessed in Iranian population.
 
Methods: A case-control study including 60 RA patients and 44 control subjects was conducted to estimate rs874040 genotypes using real‑time polymerase chain reaction High Resolution Melting (HRM) method.
 
Results: Logistic regression analysis indicated that homozygous CC and heterozygous GC genotypes increase the risk of RA compared with GG genotype (CC vs. GG; OR=11.36; 95% CI [3.93-33.33] and CG vs. GG; OR=3.78; 95% CI [1.30-10. 98]). Besides, subjects with C allele were more frequently affected with RA than subjects with G allele (OR=10.42; 95% CI [5.21-20.83]). Furthermore, in the patient group, a significant correlation was found between C-reactive protein concentrations and rs874040 polymorphism (p<0.05).
 
Conclusion: Our findings propose a substantial correlation between rs874040 polymorphism and RA risk in Iranian population.
Allocation of Resources for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions in Rare Diseases
Authors: Mobinizade Mohammadreza , Fakoorfard Zeinab
Published: June 2021

Background: The health system is facing limited financial resources in all countries. Resource allocation is one of the tasks of the health system. Prioritizing interventions is one of the strategies that can help health policymakers in allocating financial resources. Rare diseases require more attention than other diseases due to their high cost and complex treatments. The countries use different policies to determine the effectiveness of interventions in the field of rare diseases. The purpose of this study is to refer to some policies in the field of allocating resources for rare diseases and to explain the importance of determining the threshold of cost-effectiveness for rare diseases in Iran.
Methods: This research is a review study. First, a study was conducted on how to prioritize health interventions in the world and the thresholds of cost-effectiveness in different countries. Articles related to the research topic were then searched in accessible databases in Iran such as SID, Google Scholar and Medline. Finally, the obtained articles were screened and analyzed based on a thematic approach.
Results: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a threshold for determining the cost-effectiveness of health system interventions , that is determined and calculated based on the per capita GDP of each country. There are many differences between countries on policies related to the treatment of rare diseases, medicines, health care budgets and patient access.
Conclusions: Due to the very high cost of treating rare diseases, it is impossible to use the threshold used for general disease interventions in rare diseases and it is necessary to use a higher threshold for rare diseases. In addition to cost-effectiveness, budget, justice, feasibility, and other criteria that are considered important at the national level should be considered.
Comparison of video assisted thoracoscopic surgery with thoracotomy for treatment of chronic empyema: a systematic review study
Authors: Irani Leila , Aryankhesal Aidin , Alipour Vahid
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Empyema is a respiratory disease that has increased seriously in the past two decades. The usual treatments for the stage III patients includes thoracotomy and video assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Hence a systematic review was conducted to compare the effectiveness and safety of the two procedures.
Materials and Methods: In this search systematic review the databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, NIHR HTA, Embace, Magiran and SID were searched from 1990 until the end of June 2018. We used CASP checklist to evaluate the quality. Data analysis was performed in STATA software. The pooled effectiveness results were demonstrated in Forest plat.
Results: Among initially 2228 retrieved records, four studies entered in the final stage of review, among which three were included in the meta-analysis. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods of thoracoscopic surgery and thoracotomy in the treatment of organizational empyema in terms of duration of surgical operation (MD = 1.33, %95 CI: -0.66 _ 3.31, p = 0.18). Postoperative hospital stay was not statistically different between two surgical methods (MD = 1.68, %95 CI: -0.20 _ 3.56, p = 0.08). In terms of safety, there was no particular risk for patients across the surgeries.
Conclusion: There is no statistically significant difference in the operation of video assisted thoracoscopic surgery with thoracotomy in terms of effectiveness and safety. Nevertheless, the results should be considered cautiously due to the little number of included studies.
Translation and Validation of a Persian Version of the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire: P-MIPQ
Authors: Baghban Baghestan Elham , Shahabizadeh Fatemeh , Tabatabaee Toktam
Published: June 2021

Background and Objective: parenting is an important issue in the growth process of children that affects their health. A new approach in parenting styles is mindful parenting. mindfulness in parenting means taking care of the children with no judgmental approach and having an open welcoming attitude toward children’s actions in the very moment parents and offspring(s) are living in. This study aimed to localize the MIPQ questionnaire into Persian language through translation and validation in order to create a useful valid measure for assessing mindfulness in parenting in Iran.
Methods and materials: the MIPQ- original version- was translated through forward-backward translation into Persian, and then was pilot-tested on mothers of children aged 7-12 after confirming the validity of the measure using CVR-CVI method. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to ensure the item-development validity of the measure. To evaluate the factor structure of data, AMOSE (version 24) software was used. In order to assess the reliability of translated version 15 mothers included in the first phase of the study. They filled out the MIPQ questionnaire, and also they filled out simultaneously “parenting scale” by Arnold and O’leary -1993 and MMAS by Brown and Ryan-2003. After having the measure confirmed regarding validity and reliability, it was distributed among 400 mothers of which 306 returned the questionnaire fully administered.
Results: Confirmatory factor analysis assessed and it indicated that the two-factor model in the original measure was of a good fit. The total score of the questionnaire and the scores of the two domains (‘Mindfulness’ and ‘Being in the moment with the child’) were correlated significantly positive with the total score of the MAAS and PS. The CVR-CVI of the questionnaire was also confirmed.
Conclusion: regarding psychometrics of the measure, according results of our study, it seems that the questionnaire benefits from a highly standard structure and content as well. As one could notice, this study is the second effort for translation and validation of MIPQ which in both the measure could meet the criteria’s requirements. Therefore, it seems that the measure could be a useful standard questionnaire for evaluating mindfulness in parenting. More research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the measure (P-MIPQ) in different kind of people.
Complications related to coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): A call for action
Authors: Hassanipour Soheil , Joukar Farahnaz , Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz
Published: June 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Public-Private Partnerships: A Strategy for Effective Private Partnerships in Health Care Provision: A Policy Option
Authors: Gharaee Hojatolah , Azami-aghdash Saber
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim: One of the most effective ways to cope with the financial constraints of health system, especially in developing countries, can be to engage the private sector in the form of a public-private partnership (PPP). Hence, the purpose of the present study is to introduce PPP as a general policy to increase the effective participation of the private sector in health system.
Methods: Initially, existing literature was reviewed to identify methods, areas, and experiences in PPP. Then, an expert panel was organized with researchers, professors and experts in health services management and policy making. At the beginning of the panel, the content obtained in the previous step was presented, and then the requirements of PPP implementation in healthcare was discussed.
Results: Considering the discussions, we can summarize the factors affecting PPP implementation in three topics: A) Private Sector Conditions: Sufficient number of eligible companies, significant financial gain for private companies; B) Public Sector Conditions: Principles, policies and indicators related to outsourcing of services, availability of transferable services, units or substations to private sector, lower cost of providing services in the private sector than the public sector; C) Background: Political, legal, economic and cultural conditions, successful experiences in other cities and provinces, support of the health system scientific body, common language and contract conditions.
Conclusion: Given the private sector’s capabilities and potentials to improve the quality and quantity of services provided, transparent PPP policies should be developed as an appropriate strategy for effective private sector participation in the provision of health care, and required infrastructure must be provided
Requirements for Third Generation University: A Conceptual Review of Iranian Studies
Authors: Arghami Sh , Shoghli A
Published: June 2021

Introduction: For more than a decade, Iranian researchers have been concerned about the third- generation university and have conducted various studies in this field. Collecting and analyzing the ideas presented in these studies may pave the way for finding a path for transformation into third-generation university. This study tries to introduce the requirements of moving Iranian universities towards the third generation university by reviewing reliable articles.
Methods: This study formed on the conceptual review method using the framework introduced by Arksey and O'Malley in eight steps. All original articles of the last three years (2017-2019) in journals with scientific-research index were extracted from the database for information of national publication and the database of the Scientific Information Center for education, culture and research. By considering the exclusion criteria, 12 articles remained in this study.
Result: Conceptual review of articles, separation and recombination of components led to the formation of 9 intra-university requirements divided into: intermediate requirements (entrepreneurship culture and development), basic requirements (vision, mission, goals and strategy, and management and leadership), and providing platform and support (entrepreneurial policy-making, and university development).
Conclusion: It appears that the proposed model in this study is suitable for starting to move towards university entrepreneurship and taking the first steps. Of course, depending on the growth rate of entrepreneurship in each university, intense studies of these requirements may be necessary.
Comparison Viewpoints of Academic Members and Medical Students about Clinical Teaching Status in the Internal Medicine Wards in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Accordance to Ministry of Health Clinical Teaching Standards
Authors: Baradan-Binazir M , Heidari F
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Investigating the situation of clinical teaching is an important part of beneficial clinical teaching and it is used in finding domains of strength and domains needed to improve. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate clinical teaching situation in the internal medicine wards at Tabriz University of medical sciences, based on standards prepared by the Ministry of Health.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from January to March 2019 in the Internal medicine wards. Participants were all academic members and medical students who were present in these wards during this investigation. The study tool was a checklist of standards that contained four areas: teaching rounds, morning reports, journal club, and outpatient clinic. Because of the varying number of items in the different parts of the checklist, we calculated the standard score for each part.  Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare scores on the checklist among academic members and medical students.
Result: Totally, 155 medical students and academic members participated in this study. Among them, 58 (37.4 %) were 5th-year medical students, 58 (37.4%) were final-year medical students and 39 (25.2%) were academic members. No statistically significant differences were found in mean standard scores for various areas of clinical teaching among academic members and medical students.
Conclusion: Regarding the favorable running of outpatient clinics, morning reports, and journal clubs from viewpoints of medical students, some educational interventions are necessary to make better awareness and adherence to the Ministry of Health clinical teaching standards.
Promising ways of CMS using in breeding of head cabbage
Authors: Bondareva L.L. , Startsev V.I.
Published: June 2021

The use of heterosis is a forward direction in white head cabbage breeding program. This strategy enables to serve characteristic and yield improvements compared with best cultivars currently being used. At present time, the most suitable way to produce the hybrid seeds of cabbage is crossing between self incompatibility lines. 4-line crossed hybrids Avrora, (ultra fast ripening), and Snezhinka (mid-late ripening) with use of self incompatibility were obtained. The andro-sterile form has been multiplied by biotechnology methods and the sterility maintainers have been tested and fatherly forms have also been multiplied.
Determined tomato cultivars with ecological stress resistance for growing in open field condition
Authors: Kondratieva I.U. , Kandoba E.E.
Published: June 2021

In north regions of Russia the breeding programs are manly focused on developing tomato cultivars with following characteristics: resistance to stresses (biotic, abiotic), high yield capacity, high quality output, high dry matter content and long storage ability of tomato fruits. Since 2007 in State Registry of Plant Breeding Achievements there are three cultivars Malinka, Rosinka, Unona bred at All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production that were included. Their high ecological plasticity provides a stable yield under any climatic condition of a year.
Conventional and molecular breeding of field and vegetable crops, Novi Sad, Serbia, 2008
Authors: Balashova I.T.
Published: June 2021

On 24-27th of November, 2008 the international conference on conventional and molecular breeding of field and vegetable crops was held in Novi Sad, Serbia. Russian delegated group included Dr. Lapochkina I.F., a head of genetics and cytology department at All -Russian Research institute of Agriculture for Nonchernozem zone, Dr Balashova I.T, a head of a laboratory of gamete selection and molecular methods for plant breeding, Dr Kushnereva V.P., a head of a Cucurbitaceae crop breeding laboratory
Triumph of the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin
Authors: Burenin V.I.
Published: June 2021

This year, February, 12th marks a 200th birthday of Charles Darwin. It has already been 150 year since he published his work on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle of Life
Post graduate, doctoral training programs
Authors: Pavlova N.F.
Published: June 2021

ВНИИССОК проводит подготовку научных кадров в аспирантуре и докторантуре. Обучение в аспирантуре проводится по следующим специальностям: 06.01.05 - селекция и семеноводство, 06.01.06 - овощеводство, 06.01.11 - защита растений, 05.20.01 - технологии и средства механизации сельского хозяйства, 08.00.05 - экономика и управление народным хозяйством (сельское хозяйство).
Practical and scientific section on «Present status and prospects in garden pea breeding program and seed management» was held at All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed
Authors: Sirota S.M. , Pronina E.P. , Kotlyar I.P. , Antoshkin A.A. , Goncharov S.V. , Ushakov V.A.
Published: June 2021

Practical and scientific section on «Present status and prospects in garden pea breeding program and seed management» was held at All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production. The problems concerning of home pea production and processing were discussed. The leading experts in pea breeding from different institutions of Russian Academy of Agricultural Science (Research institute of Plant Growing, Vavilove Institute of Plant Industry, Lomonosov State University, Research Institute of Canning Industry, etc.) joined together to share experience and prospects.
TO THE MEMORY OF KAZALY KAMALOVICHA KAZALIEV, A MASTER AND A MENTOR
Authors: Velizhanov N.M.
Published: June 2021

On 9 August, 2011 K.K. KAZALIEV, renowned worker of agriculture of Russian Federation, honored economist of Republic of Dagestan, researcher (PhD), director of Dagestan Experimental Station of Vegetable Breeding and Viticulture passed away at the age of 62.
BREEDING PROGRAMM FOR ADAPTIBILITY IN GARDEN PEAS
Authors: Dobrutskaya E.G. , Kotliyar I.P. , Antoshkin A.A.
Published: June 2021

Adaptive proprieties of pea accessions can be estimated at the final stage of breeding program in the area of All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production (VNIISSOK) for four years of trial. For effective selection of varieties and hybrids the attention should be paid to searching and elaborating informative environment grounds using for plant selection.
The role of standarts in vegetable production
Authors: Pivovarov V.F. , Pavlov L.V. , Paraskova O.T. , Kononichina V.M.
Published: June 2021

Standard is the main normative document regulating the important traits of seeds (germination ability, humidity, purity, regime of storage). This regulatory document provides the technological and economical basis for vegetable production and others features of agriculture.
THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE «INTRODUCTION OF NON-TRADITIONAL AND RARE PLANTS» IN PLANTS DIVERSITY INCREASING
Authors: Nemtsev S. N. , Gins M. S. , Gins V. K. , Naumenko T. S.
Published: June 2021

From 25 to 29 June 2012 on the basis of the Ulyanovsk Research Institute of Agriculture there was a jubilee X International Scientific and Methodical Conference «Introduction of non-traditional and rare plants», dedicated to the memory of the academician of RAAS Nemtsev N.S.
Experimental devices to investigate degradation of PCM
Authors: Rathgeber Christoph
Published: June 2021

Deliverable 2 of Subtask 3P is a collection of questionnaires regarding experimental devices that are used by the experts of Task 58 / Annex 33 to investigate the degradation of Phase Change Materials (PCM). Three types of experiments are considered: Tests on degradation of PCM over thermal cycling (type I), tests on degradation of PCM with stable supercooling (type II), and tests on degradation of phase change slurries (type III).
Doznawanie klasy w perspektywie mikrosocjologicznej. Przypadek pracowników naukowych
Authors: Łuczaj Kamil
Published: June 2021

Artykuł skupia się na analizie pojęć uwrażliwiających, które pozwalają uchwycić indywidualny wymiar doświadczenia klasowego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem losów akademików pochodzących z klas ludowych. Opracowanie opiera się na analizie wtórnej jakościowych badań empirycznych oraz koncepcji teoretycznych poświęconych procesowi awansu społecznego. Ze względu na nieporównywalność źródeł, z których korzystałem, praca nie jest klasyczną metaanalizą, lecz ma charakter hermeneutyczny. Wiele z analizowanych prac oparto o źródła autobiograficzne, co powoduje, że uwidacznia się w nich terapeutyczny wymiar pisania, który pozwala autorkom i autorom przepracować przeszłe doświadczenia związane z szybkim awansem społecznym. Choć poddane analizie prace nie mają charakteru stricte teoretycznego, nie brakuje w nich autoteoretyzowania charakterystycznego dla każdej pracy biograficznej. W toku analizy zidentyfikowano i poddano szczegółowemu badaniu koncepcje wstydu klasowego, syndromu oszusta, piętna klasowego, opodatkowania kulturowego oraz nerwicy klasowej. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie polskiemu czytelnikowi pojęć uwrażliwiających, które mogą okazać się przydatne przy interpretacji nowych danych empirycznych.
MEMIKIRKAN MODEL PENDIDIKAN LITERASI BERBASIS KESURABAYAAN UNTUK TAMAN BACA MASYARAKAT (TBM) DI SURABAYA
Authors: Karnanta, S.S., M.A Kukuh Yudha
Published: June 2021

This community service program aims to develop a creative writing model based on Surabaya’s local values. Surabaya’s local values refer to identity and common worldview of ‘arek Suroboyo’ such as egalitarianism, urban, and multicultural. Those values are tied in the main theme a revitalization of Surabaya Identity. Participants are 115 junior high schools in Surabaya. The community service program is conducted through student-centered learning, while the strategies are discovery learning and project-based learning using inquiry technique. Learning materials are collected from archives such as photos, videos, and field trips to certain places. This community service program give a significant contribution to cultivating a cultural understanding of the Surabaya, as exposed in participants' literary works.