bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HUMAN SERUM ANTIBODIES AGAINST HEAT‐STABLE ANTIGENS FROM YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA
Authors: MÆLAND J. A. , DIGRANES A.
Published: August 2010

Human sera, 200 from blood donors and five from patients with infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 3 (Y.e. 3), were tested by indirect haemagglutination for antibodies against antigens from Y.e. serotypes 3 and 9. Erythrocytes were sensitized using extracts prepared by heating of the bacteria at 100° C for 60 min. All sera tested showed antibody activity against antigen from both Y.e. serotypes. In blood donors, the titres ranged from 4 to 512, and in patients from 512 to 2048 against the Y.e. 3 extract, from 32 to 256 against the Y.e. 9 extract. The results of inhibition and absorption experiments showed that human antibodies against the common enterobacterial antigen (CA) agglutinated the sensitized erythrocytes and that anti‐CA antibody was present in all sera tested. Some blood donor sera and all the patient sera also contained antibodies that could not be inhibited by CA when tested against antigen in the Y.e. 3 extract. Only these sera had the ability to agglutinate heat‐treated Y.e. 3 bacteria. Presumably these antibodies were directed against the O antigen of the Y.e. 3 strain.
CANINE MYCOPLASMAS: CULTURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TYPE AND REFERENCE STRAINS
Authors: ROSENDAL S.
Published: August 2010

Media and conditions for cultivation of type and reference strains of the mycoplasmas presently known (except M. bovigenitalium, A. laidlawii and Ureaplasma strains) to occur in dogs are described. The colonial morphology, ultrastructure, filterability and absence of reversion confirmed that the strains belong to the order Mycoplasmatales. All strains were cholesterol dependent and therefore of the family Mycoplasmataceae, genus Mycoplasma. Finally the most useful biochemical characteristics are specified.
CANINE MYCOPLASMAS: SEROLOGICAL STUDIES OF TYPE AND REFERENCE STRAINS, WITH A PROPOSAL FOR THE NEW SPECIES, MYCOPLASMA OPALESCENS
Authors: ROSENDAL S.
Published: August 2010

The type and reference strains of all Mycoplasma species or “serogroups” presently known to occur in dogs were compared serologically. Tests of growth inhibition and metabolism inhibition as well as indirect immunofluorescence tests did not disclose any cross reactions. Examination by double immunodiffusion revealed at least one antigen specific for each strain tested. In addition, the common antigens were found within the glucose fermenting group and within the arginine metabolizing group of Mycoplasma strains, respectively. No antigens were shared by these groups. The arginine positive strain MH5408, serogroup D was found to differ serologically from all other arginine positive Mycoplasma species. Serogroup D is therefore a new species for which the name Mycoplasma opalescens is proposed. The type strain is MH5408 (ATCC 27921 and NTCC 10149). Finally, serological data are presented which relate strain HRC689 to M. mycoides.
BACITRACIN PRODUCTION BY THE NEOTYPE
Authors: HAAVIK HANS I.
Published: August 2010

A small but significant bacitracin production has been observed in the neotype Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580. This strain produces bacitracin only during the phase of rapid growth. The bacitracin production ceases before growth is completed, and the relationship between growth and antibiotic production was not influenced by different environmental conditions. The maximum titre produced by the neotype strain was about 1 i.u. bacitracin/ml. This maximum titre was not influenced by the environmental conditions which resulted in a great variability of the maximum titre of the known bacitracin producer Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716. In contrast to B. licheniformis ATCC 10716, the bacitracin production of the neotype B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 was not stimulated by Mn(II)ions. It is suggested that bacitracin may be incidentally overproduced by certain strains grown in certain environments. The controlled bacitracin production by the neotype is not consistent with the definition of secondary metabolites and the hypothesis concerning the function of secondary metabolites after growth of the producer organisms.
PREVALENCE OF MUCOID STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN BACTERIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND PATIENTS WITH OTHER DISEASES
Authors: HØIBY N.
Published: August 2010

The relative prevalence of mucoid strains compared with non‐mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been investigated in all routine bacteriological specimens received in a department of clinical microbiology during 1973. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 1054 of the specimens (5.7 per cent) representing 53 patients with cystic fibrosis (551 isolates) and 169 patients with other diseases (503 isolates). The relative prevalence of mucoid strains was significantly higher in specimens from patients with cystic fibrosis (80 per cent) than in specimens from patients with other diseases (3 per cent). Considering patients without cystic fibrosis, the relative prevalence of mucoid strains was low in specimens from all anatomical regions, and no special preference of these strains for the respiratory tract could be demonstrated in these patients, in contrast to the situation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Alternation between mucoid strains and non‐mucoid strains in subsequent specimens was observed in 33 of the patients.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: BERGAN TOM , HØIBY NIELS
Published: August 2010

The simultaneously occurring mucoid (M) and non‐mucoid (NM) variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently observed in cultures from the respiratory tract of chronically infected cystic fibrosis patients have been studied. M cultures in vitro were unstable and easily dissociated NM colonies. In a large proportion of the cases, M and NM variants occurring simultaneously in cultures from one and the same clinical specimen were of the same pyocine type, phage type, and serogroup. In some remaining cases there were small differences between the M and NM variants such that identity between the variants from one and the same specimen was possible, although not definite. The NM dissociants from M strains were of the same type as the M variant. The possible role of cross‐infection and the interaction of bacteria and host response factors continuously tending to select the unstable M variant in vivo are discussed.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS DONNÉ BEFORE AND AFTER TRANSFER FROM VAGINAL SECRETION TO DIAMONDS MEDIUM
Authors: NIELSEN MORTEN H.
Published: August 2010

Cells of Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vag.) obtained from five patients with severe trichomoniasis were fixed for electron microscopy directly in the vaginal fluid. Samples of the same material from three of the patients was inoculated into Diamonds medium and propagated for 3–6 weeks. During the first 3–4 weeks in vitro the fine structure of all cells was changed. The shape of the nucleus, the size of the Golgi apparatus and adjacent vesicles, the fine structure of the chromatic granules, and the mastigont were all changed when compared to the organelles of the originally isolated cells. In addition the “ectoplasm” had disappeared, the glycogen granules had become sparse, and the number of free cytoplasmic ribosomes had increased. On the other hand, the large food vacuoles and the cell membranes generally were unchanged. Mycoplasms were observed in the original isolate and were also seen after more than 6 weeks of propagation, both as free organisms in the culture medium and within the large food vacuoles of “in vitro” cultured cells.
ESCHERICHIA COLI O:H SEROTYPES ISOLATED FROM HUMAN BLOOD
Authors: ØRSKOV FRITS , ØRSKOV IDA
Published: August 2010

Escherichia coli strains isolated from human blood obtained from 539 different patients all over Denmark were examined serologically for O and H antigens. 425 strains could be O grouped with O sera 1 to 150. 90 strains were spontaneously agglutinable. Using O sera to the ten most frequent O groups: 2, 4, 6, 75, 9, 8, 18, 7, 22 and 1, 57 per cent of all strains could be grouped. Using sera corresponding to the ten most frequent O and the ten most frequent H sera, it was possible to O:H type 68 per cent of all O groupable strains. The K1 antigen was detected in 18 per cent of the strains.
RADIORESPIROMETRIC STUDIES IN GENUS NEISSERIA
Authors: Holten Eirik
Published: August 2010

The catabolism of glutamate and fumarate was studied by radiorespirometry in selected Neisseria species. The tricarboxylic acid cycle is functioning in all species tested, in spite of the known absence of in vitro malate dehydrogenase activity in N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and N. cinerea. The results imply a pyridine nucleotide independent oxidation of malate. The oxidation of glutamate is less complete in the presence of phosphate. In N. meningitidis, N. perflava, N. flava, N. subflava and N. lactamica the catabolism of fumarate was slow and incomplete in the absence of glutamate.
OCCURRENCE OF REO‐LIKE VIRUSES IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS
Authors: Tufvesson B. , Johnsson T.
Published: August 2010

In the course of a six‐month‐study of acute gastroenteritis in children of ages up to six years, a reo‐like virus was found in 54 per cent of the faecal specimens obtained at an early stage of the disease, using electron microscopy as screening test. By means of a concentrated complement fixation antigen, composed of a related calf diarrhoea virus cultivated in tissue culture, the rise in titre was found to be significant in 96 per cent of the patients whose faeces contained the reo‐like virus. Antibodies were present in the remaining 4 per cent without rise in titre. In 10 per cent of the cases with gastroenteritis infection was caused by adenovirus or Salmonella. A probable aetiological agent was found in 71 per cent of the patients. It applies to 33 per cent of all cases caused by the reo‐like virus that they were nosocomial infections.
HUMAN ECTO‐ AND ENDOCERVICAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AS TARGETS FOR HERPES SIMPLEX TYPE TWO INFECTION IN VITRO
Authors: Vesterinen Ervo
Published: August 2010

An in vitro method was used to compare the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2) susceptibility of human ecto‐ and endocervical epithelial cells as well as the induced cellular alterations. HSV2 caused a productive infection and morphological alterations both in ecto‐ and endocervical epithelial cells, but the cytopathogenicity, virus production and development of HSV2 antigens showed a greater sensitivity of ectocervical cells to HSV2 infection. The cytopathogenicity and production of infectious virus did not depend on the antibody pattern of the target cell donor patients. Basically similar morphological alterations were seen in ecto‐ and endocervical cultures and the various morphological types of altered cells are described.
FLAMING OF BIOPSY SPECIMENS FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL CULTURE: SURFACE STERILIZATION AND EFFECT ON BACTERIA IN THE UNDERLYING TISSUE
Authors: Nielsen Mogens Lykkegaard
Published: August 2010

The effect of flaming (i.e. dipping biopsy specimens in alcohol and igniting them by drawing them rapidly through an open flame) on the reduction of bacterial surface contamination and on true bacterial concentrations in underlying tissue was investigated in different sizes of liver biopsy specimens in an experimental model suitable for quantitative and statistical calculations. Different degrees of surface contamination and of bacterial concentrations in underlying tissue were examined after a varying number of flaming procedures, the study comprising a total of 400 biopsy specimens. The flaming procedure repeated three times was able to eradicate a surface contamination of up to 104E. coli per biopsy specimen, whereas a contamination of 106E. coli per biopsy specimen was reduced to only 103E. coli. Undesirable reduction in the true bacterial concentrations in tissue did not invalidate the method from a quantitative bacteriological point of view, since the median reduction in bacteria per gram tissue in biopsy specimens of 1 cm3 size did not exceed a factor of 3 after three repeated flamings. It is concluded that in regard to surface sterilization the method is unreliable as a routine in postmortem bacteriological studies.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CELLS OF TREPONEMA PERTENUE OBTAINED FROM EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED HAMSTERS
Authors: Hovind‐Hougen Kari , Birch‐Andersen Aksel , Jensen Hans‐Jørgen Skovgaard
Published: August 2010

Cells of Treponema pertenue Gauthier obtained by elution from skin lesions and lymph nodes of experimentally infected hamsters were studied in the electron microscope by means of negative staining. The cells were also examined in thin sections of skin biopsies and lymph nodes. Fimbriae were observed on the negatively stained cells. Until now fimbriae have not been demonstrated on negatively stained cells of other species of Treponema, but at present only one strain of T. pertenue has been studied in our laboratory. Otherwise, the ultrastructure of the T. pertenue cells was found to be very similar, if not identical to, the substructural details observed in cells of T. pallidum and T. cuniculi. In thin sections of skin biopsies, treponemes were observed in the intercellular spaces between cells of the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum layers of the epidermis.
ENTEROTOXIN, HAEMOLYSIN AND CYTOTOXIC PROTEIN IN AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA FROM HUMAN INFECTIONS
Authors: Wadström T. , Ljungh Å. , Wretlind B.
Published: August 2010

Three different toxins were detected in culture supernatants from 11 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. The haemolysin and the cytotoxic factor(s) interferred in the three test systems for enterotoxin, but they could be neutralized by heating at 56° C or by specific antihaemolysin.
POSSIBLE FUNCTIONS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS DURING GROWTH OF PRODUCER ORGANISMS: BACITRACIN AND METAL(II) ION TRANSPORT
Authors: Haavik Hans I.
Published: August 2010

The inhibitory effect of bacitracin upon growth of the producer strain Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716 was dependent upon the presence of several different metal(II) ions, particularly Mn(II), Co(II), or Zn(II) ions. This supports our previous suggestion that the normal function of bacitracin during growth of the producer organism may be to promote the uptake of several divalent metal ions. Due to the striking similarity between the antimicrobial effect of bacitracin towards susceptible organisms and the effect of bacitracin towards the producer organisms B. licheniformis ATCC 10716, the possibility that the antimicrobial effect of bacitracin may be an induction of uptake of toxic amounts of metal ions is discussed. The possibility that peptide antibiotics may normally participate in ion transport during growth of producer organisms is also discussed.
BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS INFLUENCING THE FOCAL NECROTIC HEPATITIS TEST FOR DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPES 1 AND 2
Authors: Mogenseny S. C.
Published: August 2010

Some biological conditions of the focal necrotic hepatitis test for the differentiation between herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 were investigated. Most of 13 different strains of mice tested were found usable in the test. An upper age limit (4 weeks) for the appearance of focal necrotic liver lesions was found in one strain of mice, while this was not seen in another strain. The minimum dose in 3‐ to 4‐week‐old mice was found to be as small as 102 to 103 p.f.u. in 0.1 ml of diluent. Suckling rats and hamsters, aged up to 7 and 14 days, respectively, were found to be convenient as alternative test animals. Finally, it was observed that focal necrotic hepatitis did not develop in the nude mouse with thymic aplasia on intraperitoneal inoculation of HSV type 2. The possible involvement of the thymus in the pathogenesis of the focal necrotic lesions is briefly discussed.
ISOLATION OF HYALURONIC ACID FROM CULTURES OF STREPTOCOCCI IN A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM
Authors: Kjems E. , Lebech K.
Published: August 2010

A haemolytic streptococcus (Lancefield's group A) has been cultivated in a chemically defined medium. About 300 mg hyaluronic acid of a high degree of purity was isolated per litre of this culture.
THE EFFECT OF ENDO‐ENTERIC DEVELOPMENT OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE OF INFECTED CATS
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Hutchison W. M. , Siim J. Chr.
Published: August 2010

Toxoplasma gondii undergoing endo‐enteric development in the small intestine of the cat affects the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells. The epithelial cells from infected cats have swollen rough endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria may be swollen with degenerate cristae. A statistically significant shortening of the microvilli of the epithelial cells was demonstrated. It appeared that the effect on the microvilli length was related to the parasite distribution within the small intestine. These changes occur in both cells with and without parasites present at the level of the sections studied. The abnormalities are quickly rectified after the disappearance of the endo‐enteric forms of Toxoplasma.
THE EFFECT OF GLUTARALDEHYDE ON THE STABILITY OF ERYTHROCYTES AND ON VIRUS RECEPTOR SUBSTANCES
Authors: Dalen Are B.
Published: August 2010

Fixation with glutaraldehyde at a concentration above 0.05 per cent for 1 h at neutrality rendered erythrocytes resistant towards surfactants as Triton X‐100, Tween‐80 and sodium dodecyl sulphate. Fixation of erythrocytes with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde abolished the lytic effect of membrane active proteins as complement, phospholipase C and staphylococcal α‐toxin. The fixation procedure did not alter significantly the receptor groups on erythocytes for viruses of the ortho‐ and para‐myxo group and rubella virus. The fixation reduced the agglutinability of human O‐erythrocytes by reovirus.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CELLS OF TRICHOMONAS V AGINALIS DONNÉ OBTAINED FROM THE EXPONENTIAL PHASE OF GROWTH AND FROM STATIONARY CULTURES
Authors: Nielsen Morten H.
Published: August 2010

In cells of Trichomonas vaginalis in logarithmic phase of growth (log. T. vaginalis) the number of free cytoplasmic ribosomes was higher than that in cells from stationary cultures (stat. T. vaginalis). Polyribosomes closely surrounding the chromatic granules were present in equal amounts in both categories of cells, which indicates that they have specific functions and are not directly involved in the protein synthesis of the growing cell. The volume of the Golgi region and of the food vacules were approximately twice as large in log. T. vaginalis cells as in stat. T. vaginalis cells. The round and slightly ovoid chromatic granules were smaller in log. T. vaginalis cells than in stat. T. vaginalis cells, whereas elongated granules were more numerous in the former than in the latter cell type. The elongated chromatic granules presented a coarser texture than ordinary round granules. The chromatic granules probably replicate by binary fission a process which seem to follow an internal reorganization of the granules. Polysaccharides were demonstrated on the cell surface and on the membranes of the Golgi and endocytotic vesicles if sectioned cells were stained with phosphotungstic acid after inert dehydration and embedding in a water‐missible methacrylate. Ruthenium red and colloidal iron only showed affinity for the filamentous cell coat.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS ISOLATED IN DANISH HOSPITALS FROM JANUARY 1st, 1966, TO DECEMBER 31st, 1974
Authors: Rosendal Kirsten , Bülow Per , Bentzon Michael Weis , Eriksen Knud Riewerts
Published: August 2010

During the years 1966–1974, 167,297 strains isolated from 167,297 patients or staff members in Danish hospitals were registered at Statens Seruminstitut. All the strains were phage‐typed and examined for production of a ‘Tween’‐80‐splitting enzyme and resistance to mercuric chloride. 158,236 strains were examined for resistance to antibiotics. Since 1968, a steep decrease in the number of strains resistant to three or more antibiotics (multiple‐resistant) and in strains of the 83A complex was noticed. In recent years an increase in strains belonging to phage‐group I and in those referred to as miscellaneous and non‐identified was registered. The increase in the non‐typable strains might be explained by the shift of the concentration of the typing phages from 1000 X RTD to 100 X RTD. It is concluded that at least two factors may have contributed to the reduction of the multiple‐resistant strains: an altered antibiotic policy, restricting the use of streptomycin and tetracyclines, and an improved hospital hygiene, diminishing the spread of identical strains within the various departments. However, it is emphasized that the consumption of methicillin is still increasing.
YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS AS THE CAUSE OF SEPTICAEMIA IN A PATIENT WITH AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: Bevanger Lars
Published: August 2010

Septicaemia caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis in a female patient, aged 61, is reported. The patient suffered from amyloidosis with extensive infiltration of liver, spleen, and kidneys. While under treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprin, Y. pseudotuberculosis, serotype IA, was isolated from each of 6 blood cultures. The infection responded favourably to treatment with ampicillin. The development of Y. pseudotuberculosis septicaemia owing to impairment of the defence mechanisms by the underlying disease and the treatment given is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN MICE AND RABBITS
Authors: PETTERSEN EILIV K.
Published: August 2010

AvirulentToxoplasma gondiiwere made virulent by passages in mice, and then attenuated by storage. In contrast to the avirulent parasites, attenuated organisms did not appear to form cysts in mice and rabbits, although parasites could be isolated from such animals as long as three months after their inoculation. Rabbits infected with parasites of attenuated ‐ virulence had high antibody levels, and survived challenge with virulentToxoplasma gondii.Cysts were not detected in the brains of such rabbits following this second infection. By following the generation ofToxoplasma gondiiin mouse peritoneal cavities, it was found that attenuated parasites resembled avirulent more than virulent organisms. Although the effect of attenuation was mainly on the parental generation of parasites, some genetic effect seemed to be involved as well.
DEMONSTRATION OF HOST ANTIGENS IN THE MYXOVIRUS MEMBRANE: LYSIS OF VIRUS BY ANTIBODY AND COMPLEMENT
Authors: HAUKENES GUNNAR
Published: August 2010

Complement‐mediated lesions developed in myxovirus membranes in the presence of antibody to host antigens. Intact virions reacted with antibody to the keratosulphate‐like host antigen present in the spike layer. Spike‐deprived influenza virus reacted in the same way when an antiserum to the Forssman glycolipid was used. The holes in the membrane varied considerably in size, but were otherwise similar to those found in erythrocyte membranes. This immune electron microscopy method proved useful for the localization of host material in viral membranes.
CLASSIFICATION OF COAGULASE‐NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI IN THE DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY
Authors: OEDING P. , DIGRANES A.
Published: August 2010

One hundred and ninety‐eight coagulase‐negative staphylococci isolated from urines, blood cultures, and pus samples were classified by means of two identification schemes, and their wall teichoic acids were determined serologically. S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, and S. cohnii were identified reliably by the use of five criteria: acid aerobically from sucrose, trehalose, and mannitol, phosphatase production, and sensitivity to novobiocin. Further species, notably S. haemolyticus and S. hominis, could be identified when haemolysis on blood agar plates was included in the criteria group. The investigation shows, that a considerable number of coagulase‐negative staphylococci isolated from human specimens belong to species other than S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus. These staphylococci can cause human infections and should be identified in the diagnostic laboratory. S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus were found to contain the teichoic acids previously identified in these species. S. cohnii contained the same teichoic acids as S. saprophyticus. No characteristic teichoic acid was demonstrated in the other species, but several strains contained poly C (β‐N‐acetylglucosaminylglycerol teichoic acid).
ANTIBIOTIC POLICY AND SPREAD OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS IN DANISH HOSPITALS, 1969–1974
Authors: ROSENDAL KIRSTEN , JESSEN OVE , BENTZON MICHAEL WEIS , BÜLOW PER
Published: August 2010

In the period 1969–1974 a decreasing number of Danish hospital departments recorded epidemic occurrences of Staphylococcus aureus strains, and the local spread of strains was less extensive. Multiple‐resistant strains of the 83 A complex were succeeded by type 94 strains, resistant to penicillin only. The level of methicillin resistance fell from 19 to 6 per cent. 12 per cent of methicillin resistant strains are now sensitive to streptomycin and/or tetracyclines; they do not represent a few clones, but belong to a wide spectrum of phage types. The changes follow a reduction in the consumption of streptomycin and tetracyclines but not of methicillin or other penicillins. As a contrast to the general reduction of combined resistance to streptomycin and tetracyclines, the strains in dermatological departments, where tetracyclines are commonly used, maintain a high degree of resistance to tetracyclines alone.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF LEISHMANIA TROPICA IN SKIN LESIONS
Authors: HENTZER BENT , KOBAYASI TAKASI
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of the amastigote stage of Leishmania tropica has been studied. The present work reports on new observations on the fine structure of the basal body, prokinosome and flagellum. The basal body is composed of a centriole‐like structure and a transitional zone continuous with the proximal part of the flagellum. The centriole‐like part consists of nine peripheral triplet tubules and an indistinct dense central core. The transitional zone consists of nine peripheral doublet tubules and two central cylinders. The centriole‐like prokinosome is present parallel and close to the basal body. The flagellum arises from the transitional zone of the basal body and has the classical axoneme (9 + 2) structure. However, at the tip of the flagellum the central tubules are replaced by one of the peripheral doublet tubules. The ultrastructural findings, as compared with previous studies of Leishmania, are discussed.
PIGMENT PRODUCTION IN GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Haug Rangdi Holth , Soderlund Erik
Published: August 2010

Most haemolytic group B streptococci produced a yellow to orange pigment in Colombia agar and in some Todd Hewitt broths. The composition of the broth medium was important. Trypsin inhibited pigment production, but had no effect on pigment already produced. Optical density measurement: revealed three main peaks at 420, 260 and 215 nm respectively with pigment producing strains. Nonpigmented strains gave only the two peaks at 260 and 215 nm.
BINDING OF AGGREGATED IgG IN THE PRESENCE OF FRESH SERUM BY GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI PRODUCING PHARYNGEAL INFECTION: POSSIBLE CONNECTION WITH TYPES FREQUENTLY INVOLVED IN ACUTE NEPHRITIS
Authors: CHRISTENSEN POUL , SJÖHOLM ANDERS G. , HOLM STIG E. , HOVELIUS BIRGITTA , MÅRDH PER‐ANDERS
Published: August 2010

109 streptococcal strains, belonging to diverse serological groups and types, were investigated as regards their capacity to bind IgG aggregates in the presence of fresh serum. Strains capable of such binding were not found in groups B, C, D, E, G, L, M or N. Such binding was restricted to a few types of group A streptococci: the potentially nephritogenic types 2, 6 and 12. and four strains belonging to types M 39. M 46 and M 22 or M 62, the nephritogenic capacity of which is unknown. Two of five strains isolated from patients with acute post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) and 19/28 type T 12, SOR‐ strains, isolated during an epidemic in a kindergarten with associated cases of AGN, were found to hind aggregates. The findings suggest a possible association between capacity to bind aggregates in the presence of serum and the serological types of group A streptococci involved in acute nephritis following pharyngeal infection.
MICROCALORIMETRIC STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF CEPHALEXIN AND CEPHALORIDIN ON ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: ARHAMMER MARIANNE , MÅRDH PER‐ANDERS , RIPA TORVALD , ANDERSSON KARL‐ERIK
Published: August 2010

The kinetics of the antibacterial actions of cephalexin and cephaloridin against a strain of Escherichia coli and a strain of Staphylococcus aureus were studied by a flow microcalorimeter. The heat production was related to the number of viable organisms (CFU ml‐1), the pH, the optical density of the culture medium (OD540). and the morphology of the antibiotic‐exposed bacteria. No heat effects could be registered when the number of CFU was below 104 ml‐1. The addition of cephalexin. 2.5 μg ml‐1 (5 × MIC), to cultures of S. aureus caused a decrease in the heat production which was only roughly correlated with the number of CFU ml‐1. This was also the case when 9.0 μg ml‐1 (2 × MIC) of this drug were added to cultures of E. coli. Two to three hours after the drugs had been added, no heat effects could be registered for the following 6–8 hours, after which an increase in the heat production again occurred. The MIC and MBC of the organisms isolated during this late heat increase were 8–40 times higher than those of the parent test organisms. A direct relation between drug concentration and response, i.e. heat effects produced, was found when increasing concentrations of cephalexin, i.e. 1.0 up to 50 μg ml‐1 (2–100 × MIC) were added in the logarithmic growth phase to cultures of S. aureus. In ampoule calorimetric experiments, E. coli was cultured in a non‐aerated, sealed growth vessel in the presence of cephalexin or cephaloridin in concentrations corresponding to 1/2 × MIC. The thermograms did not differ in shape, although the heat effects occurred somewhat later in the culture containing cephaloridin.
ANTIGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAXELLA NONLIQUEFACIENS FIMBRIAE IN DOUBLE IMMUNODIFFUSION
Authors: FRØHOLM LEIF ODDVAR
Published: August 2010

Rabbit antisera against purified fimbriae (pili) from Moraxella nonliquefaciens detected three fimbrial antigenic components, one or two of which appeared to be present in other fimbriated strains of M. nonliquefaciens and the closely related M. bovis. Maximal precipitation with the antisera required some denaturation of the antigen. Ultrasonication, repeated freeze‐thawing, heating, and agents like KBr, NaSCN and urea were effective in liberating the antigen in diffusible forms. The morphology of the fimbriae was altered by heat treatment in 1 M KBr.
RAPID ONCOGENESIS IN VIVO BY CHICKEN RETROVIRUS OK 10
Authors: HORTLING LARS
Published: August 2010

The OK10 virus complex is known to contain two detectable viruses: a) focus‐forming virus OK10V that transforms chick embryo cells, and b) an associated virus OK10AV present in excess that converts the morphology of cultured chick embryo cells. The pathogenesis of OK10 virus infection was studied, using 2–4 day old Brown Leghorn chickens. A group of chickens was sacrificed at weekly intervals, serum samples were taken and tissues were examined for virus. Autopsies of the chicken were performed and gross and microscopic changes were registered. After intraperitoneal injection of 104 focus‐forming units of OK10 virus, infectious OK10AV was detected after one week in Bursa Fabricius, thymus and liver, and OK10V after two weeks in Bursa Fabricius but in no other organ. Neutralizing serum antibodies developed within three weeks. The first malignant changes, in the mesentery, were detected after three weeks. The infection was lethal in all experiments within 6–8 weeks. In the mesentery, the tumors consisted of large tumour cells with clear cytoplasm, a large nucleus and prominent nucleoli. The origin of these cells could not be established. The cells were surrounded by lymphoid cells. From the tumours, vontinuous cell lines were established which produced both viruses OK10V and OK10AV and had blast‐like morphology. After intravenous injection of OK10 virus, tumours could also be found in liver, kidneys and testes. The associated virus OK10AV was infectious for chickens and induced neutralizing serum antibodies. One out of seven chickens died of leukosis after 1 1/2 years. The OK 10 virus complex, consisting of a tumour‐forming and a weakly oncogenic associated virus, appears to have a multiple oncogenic potential in its rapid oncogenic action in vivo.;
ANALYSIS OF AMINES AND OTHER BACTERIAL PRODUCTS BY HEAD‐SPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: LARSSON LENNART , MÅRDH PER‐ANDERS , ODHAM GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

A gas chromatographic (GC) head‐space technique is presented, which is suitable for the analysis of volatile products in bacterial broth cultures. This is exemplified by studies on Clostridium septicum, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The media were acidified or made alkaline and after heating, samples of the gas phase above the media were directly injected into the gas chromatograph. A gas chromatograph equipped with dual columns and flame ionization detectors was used, employing Porapak Q and Chromosorb 103 as stationary phases. Analysis of acidified media, using Porapak Q, gave chromatograms representing acidic and neutral volatile products, while when analysing samples made alkaline, using Chromosorb 103, alkaline and neutral compounds could be detected. Interest was particularly concentrated on the analysis of bacterial amines. P. mirabilis was found to produce isobutylamine and isopentylamine, which were identified by mass spectrometry and GC retention times. C. septicum produced ethylamine. The GC head‐space technique described constitutes a means for rapid identification of microorganisms. It is adaptable for use on a routine basis in the clinical microbiological laboratory.
EXPERIMENTAL ENDOCARDITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: GUTSCHIK ERNÖ , CHRISTENSEN NILS
Published: August 2010

Insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the heart was used for regular establishment of sterile endocarditis in 52 rabbits. The catheter was inserted with the aid of guide wire, and distance marking on the catheter was used to obtain precise positioning, so that the catheter was retained with the curved distal end inside the left ventricle of the heart. The results showed that the catheterization procedure could be carried out with a high degree of accuracy. Uniform localization of the vegetations was obtained, these reaching a suitable size of development in all rabbits after insertion of the catheter for 3 days. Histological examination of the sterile vegetation showed that catheter withdrawal at this time would still permit the regular development of an infection. After withdrawal of the catheter, the sterile vegetations rapidly decreased in size and disappeared almost completely by 10 days. Sterile endocarditis in rabbits induced by a catheter for a period of 3 days proved to be a harmless and self‐limiting disease. The model presented seems to be suitable for further investigations on experimental bacterial endocarditis.
THE PRESENCE IN FAECAL EXTRACTS OF BACTERIAL CELL WALL COMPONENTS RESEMBLING VIRAL STRUCTURES
Authors: Dalen Are
Published: August 2010

Electron microscopy of faecal extracts frequently shows organized structures which have a superficial resemblance to viral material in that it is more heterogenous and consists mainly of vesicles and tubules covered by subunits arranged in different patterns. Evidence is presented that this kind of material is derived from detached outer layers of bacterial cell walls.
EXPERIMENTAL »RUNDE« VIRUS INFECTIONS IN EMBRYONATED EGGS AND CHICKENS
Authors: TRAAVIK T.
Published: August 2010

Three‐day‐old chicks and 11–12 day embryonated eggs were inoculated with 100 BMLD50 (baby mouse lethal doses) of Runde virus. Chicks were infected subcutaneously and eggs in the allantoic or amniotic cavities, in the yolk sac, or on the chorioallantoic membrane. »Runde« virus produced viraemia and antibody responses in 3‐day‐old chicks. The virus multiplied only in the amniotic cavity of the embryonated eggs and was detected in the brains of the embryos from day 5–9 p.i. Out of five eggs left to hatch, two hatched on time, while in three unhatched eggs the chicks were alive but extremely weak. Virus was detected in the brains of all five chicks, and high antibody titres were found in the two which hatched. These two chicks had »epilepsy‐like« attacks. The results suggested that one passage in chicks or eggs reduced the mouse pathogenicity of »Runde« virus. No antigenic difference between chick‐ and mouse‐passaged virus could be demonstrated by gel precipitation.
DETERMINATION OF GENOME SIZE AND BASE RATIO ON DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: BAESS I. , MANSA B.
Published: August 2010

The genome size and the base ratio of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from 15 different species of mycobacteria have been determined. The molecular weight of the sheared DNA specimens has been estimated.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SALT, CYANIDE AND CHLORAMPHENICOL ON THE UPTAKE OF STREPTOMYCIN BY ESCHERICHIA COLI K 12
Authors: NIELSEN PETER LUND
Published: August 2010

The uptake of tritium‐labelled streptomycin by cells of Eschericia coli K 12 was shown to be only partly and transiently inhibited by the reported antagonists cyanide and chloramphenicol. After a lag, uptake of streptomycin took place in the presence of cyanide, although at a decreased rate. The lag was absent when cells were treated with cyanide some time before streptomycin. The cyanide‐resistant transport system showed the same sensitivity to salt as the normal system. By increasing the salt content of the complex medium used, the uptake rate was decreased and several different phases in the uptake became detectable, including an early saturation phase of unknown nature. Uptake in a mineral salt medium was compared with that in complex medium, and differences in uptake were found explainable by differences in salt content. Chloramphenicol, in a concentration of 50 μg/ml, was shown to permit an uptake rate (after a lag) of about one‐fifth of the normal uptake rate in the complex medium. When the last rapid uptake phase, coincident with killing, was delayed by salt or cyanide, chloramphenicol had little or no effect on uptake. At higher concentrations, it enhanced the uptake and caused lysis of the bacteria. Based on the inhibition pattern produced by the inhibitors mentioned above, both alone and in combination, a hypothesis for the uptake of streptomycin by Escherichia coli is submitted.
LABORATORY IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENIC NEISSERIA WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO ATYPICAL STRAINS: AN EVALUATION OF SUGAR DEGRADATION, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND CO‐AGGLUTINATION TESTS
Authors: OLCÉN PER , DANIELSSON DAN , KJELLANDER JAN
Published: August 2010

Sugar degradation tests (SDT) were compared with immunofluorescence (IFL) and co‐agglutination (COA) tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GO and Neisseria meningitidis (MC). Somewhat more than 5% of the GC strains and 8% of the MC strains were misinterpreted by SDT. On most occasions the disagreement between SDT and serological tests was due to the inability of the MC strains (less so for GC strains) to degrade sugars correctly. Because of this, three out of 15 strains (20%) from pharyngeal specimens were primarily considered to be GC by SDT but were identified as MC by COA tests. Deficiencies in sugar degradations were also found in a group of clinical problem strains. Many of them were unable or had a decreased ability to degrade glucose or maltose but were diagnosed distinctly as MC by the COA test. There were no false positives with the IFL or COA tests, but 2% of the GC strains and 26% of the MC carrier strains (non‐groupable) were not identified by COA. Both IFL and COA tests are good adjuncts to SDT for the diagnosis of GC and clinically significant MC, since the results are reliable and the tests rapid and simple to perform.
EXPERIMENTAL MIXED CNS INFECTIONS IN MICE CAUSED BY THREE IXODES RICINUS TRANSMITTED ARBOVIRUSES
Authors: TRAAVIK T.
Published: August 2010

Approximately 12‐day‐old mice were infected intracerebrally with tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) virus (strain Hypr), Uukuniemi virus (strain By E50) and Tribec virus, as single virus inoculations, coinfections with two or three viruses, and sequential infections with two or three viruses at 24‐hour intervals. The effect of mixed infections on mortality, morbidity and average survival time was recorded. The main findings were that: 1. Some mixed infections with TBE and UUK viruses reduced the mortality and acute morbidity significantly as compared to single infections with each virus. The average survival times were lengthened. 2. Mixed infections with TBE and Tribec did not affect the 100% mortality of TBE. 3. Mixed infections with UUK and Tribec seemed to result in a cumulative effect of the two viruses. 4. With triple co‐infections (TBE + Tribec + UUK simultaneously), the mortality and acute morbidity rates were reduced significantly as compared to TBE single infections. 5. Some of the mixed infections tended to result in chronic disease among the survivors.
»RUNDE« VIRUS: FURTHER CHARACTERISTICS AND A METHOD FOR PURIFICATION
Authors: TRAAVIK T. , BRUNVOLD E.
Published: August 2010

Neither BHK 21/c13, BSC‐1, Vero nor GMK cells were of use for quantification of »Runde« virus. The titres were low and difficult to reproduce. Infected newborn mouse brains gave considerably higher yields than any of the cell cultures. The growth curve in BHK 21/c13 cells showed a slow increase in both intracellular and extracellular virus until maximum titres of about 106 baby mouse LD50 were reached at 48 and 72 hours post‐infection (p.i.). During the following 24 hours, the infectivity dropped by about 1 log10 unit and was then unaltered until 196 hours p.i. Infected BHK 21/c13 cells did not haemadsorb chicken erythrocytes, although the culture media contained haemagglutinins. Resistance to BUdR indicated an RNA genome. Concentrated and purified virus preparations were produced by polyethylene glycol 6000/NaCl »precipitation« and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Treatment with a colloidal silica gel widened the spectrum of agglutinable erythrocyte species.
PERSISTENT INFECTIONS WITH »RUNDE« VIRUS IN CELL CULTURES AND SUCKLING MICE
Authors: TRAAVIK TERJE
Published: August 2010

A morphologically intact, persistently infected BHK 21/c13 cell culture was established by serial trypsinization and reseeding of cells infected with approximately one baby mouse LD50 cell. The extracellular virus infectivity dropped more than 3 log10 units from the 1st to the 4th passage, and was then unaltered up to passage 20. In 2‐week‐old mice, but not in baby mice, a chronic disease with virus persistence up to 150 days was produced after intracerebral infection with moderate virus doses. The humoral immune response of the animals seemed to be adequate by the methods employed. Development of defective interfering virus particles was indicated by the von Magnus phenomenon in BHK 21/c13 cultures infected with serially passed, undiluted virus samples. Intracerebral infection of baby mice with such samples resulted in transient paresis and motion disturbances instead of the usually fatal encephalitis. Specific virus antigens but no infectious virus could be recovered from such animals.
Electron Microscopy and Immunoperoxidase Staining of Streptococcus Mutans During Controlled Growth in two Different Media
Authors: Berthold C‐H. , Berthold P. , Nord C. E.
Published: August 2010

Streptococcus mutans subspecies sobrinus serotype d (B13) was cultivated in a fermentor under controlled conditions in two different media: a complex proteose‐peptone medium and a defined minimal medium (C4). Specimens from different growth phases were examined by electron‐microscopy and tested electron‐immunohistochemically. Irrespective of the growth medium used, no differences were observed in the immunohistochemical staining pattern of bacteria during the lag, the exponential and the early stationary phases. Specimens obtained several hours after exponential growth contained areas where the bacteria showed staining that ranged from a strong deposit of reaction product to no deposit. This appearance seems partly to explain the differences in the intensity of immunohistochemical staining of certain bacteria observed in dental plaques stained for identification of S. mutans subspecies sobrinus.
Electron Microscopical Study of Antibody Binding to Mycoplasma Gallisepticum: Indirect Immunoferritin Labelling
Authors: Vinther O. , Freundt E. A.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructural aspects of the interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with specific rabbit antibody have been studied. In particular, fixation conditions which allow the simultaneous preservation of cellular fine structure and membrane antigenicity have been established and applied in a procedure of indirect immunological labelling of the antibody‐coated organisms with ferritin conjugated sheep anti‐rabbit IgG. The advantages of working with agar embedded organisms in a multistep labelling procedure are discussed. In membrane fractions of M. gallisepticum, prepared by osmolysis and freeze‐thawing, only sealed membranes retained their antibody‐binding capacity. Electron microscopical examination of “break‐through” colanies from immune growth inhibition zones revealed that the majority of cells in these colonies were destroyed, sometimes limited only by a single‐layered membrane and without extracellular antibody coat. An exception from this was the presumedly young cells in the periphery of colonies and in microcolonies which appeared to be intact and had a heavy antibody layer surrounding the cells. Based on these characteristics, a possible sequence of events is suggested eventually leading to destruction of mycoplasma organisms in immune growth inhibition zones.
Serology of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae. Demonstration of Strain‐Specific Antigens by Immunoelectrophoresis, Immunofluorescence And Co‐Agglutination Techniques
Authors: Danielsson Dan , Sandström Eric
Published: August 2010

Among a group of four selected strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, common and strain‐specific antigens were demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis, indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) and co‐agglutination (COA). In preparations of ultrasonically‐disrupted organisms, the strain‐specific antigens appeared in crossed‐line immunoelectrophoresis (C‐LIE) with antigen containing intermediate agar get as a two‐peak precipitin line, one peak close to the antigen well, the other towards the anode. A similar pattern was found for each of the four strains studied. These strain‐specific precipitin lines were also identified in rocket‐line immunoelectrophoresis (R‐LIE) tests, which were found useful for comparative studies. Using whole cells, strain‐specific antigens were also demonstrated by COA and IFL tests with the use od cross‐absorbed antibodies. The results corresponded to those obtained with C‐LIE and R‐LIE. Immunosorption experiments indicated identity between the strain‐specific antigens shown by COA tests and those demonstrated by C‐LIE and R‐LIE tests.
Trisodium Phosphonoformate Inhibits Hepatitis B Dane Particle Dna Polymerase
Authors: Nordenfelt Erik , Helgstrand E. , öberg B.
Published: August 2010

Evidence available indicates that the so‐called Dane particles are the hepatitis virus. A DNA polymerase is associated with the core of these particles. The probability that this is the viral DNA polymerase offers the possibility of preventing hepatitis B multiplication by selective inhibition of this enzyme. This investigation reports that trisodium phosphonoformate (PFA) at low concentrations but not phosphonoacetate acid (PAA) inhibits Dane particle associated DNA polymerase.