bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shelley Seaton in conversation with Jerome Carson
Authors: Seaton Shelley , Carson Jerome
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a profile of Shelley Seaton.

Design/methodology/approach

Shelley gives a short background to her life story and is then interviewed by Jerome.

Findings

Shelley tells us about a number of life events that impacted on her mental health issues, starting with childhood bullying and also abusive relationships.

Research limitations/implications

The case study approach privileges the person’s lived experience. It also lets us see the unique complexity of each person’s story.

Practical implications

Shelley received little help in the form of counselling either at school or when she experienced post-natal depression.

Social implications

When mental health problems start in childhood, schools have a vital role to play. While the bullying stopped when Shelley’s Mum went to the school, the damage was already done. She was given no support to help her through this.

Originality/value

Patricia Deegan has asked, “Could you have survived what this person has survived?” (Deegan, 1996, p. 95). Shelley’s story is a tale of survival.
Do Strict Regulators Increase the Transparency of Banks?
Authors: COSTELLO ANNA M. , GRANJA JOÃO , WEBER JOSEPH
Published: January 2019

We investigate the role that regulatory strictness plays on the enforcement of financial reporting transparency in the U.S. banking industry. Using a novel measure of regulatory strictness in the enforcement of capital adequacy, we show that strict regulators are more likely to enforce restatements of banks' call reports. Further, we find that the effect of regulatory strictness on accounting enforcement is strongest in periods leading up to economic downturns and for banks with riskier asset portfolios. Overall, the results from our study indicate that regulatory oversight plays an important role in enforcing financial reporting transparency, particularly in periods leading up to economic crises. We interpret this evidence as inconsistent with the idea that strict bank regulators put significant weight on concerns about the potential destabilizing effects of accounting transparency.
Resistance to oxidative stress by inner membrane protein ElaB is regulated by OxyR and RpoS
Authors: Guo Yunxue , Li Yangmei , Zhan Waner , Wood Thomas K. , Wang Xiaoxue
Published: January 2019

C‐tail anchored inner membrane proteins are a family of proteins that contain a C‐terminal transmembrane domain but lack an N‐terminal signal sequence for membrane targeting. They are widespread in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and play critical roles in membrane traffic, apoptosis and protein translocation in eukaryotes. Recently, we identified and characterized in Escherichia coli a new C‐tail anchored inner membrane, ElaB, which is regulated by the stationary phase sigma factor RpoS. ElaB is important for resistance to oxidative stress but the exact mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that ElaB functions as part of the adaptive oxidative stress response by maintaining membrane integrity. Production of ElaB is induced by oxidative stress at the transcriptional level. Moreover, elaB expression is also regulated by the key regulator OxyR via an OxyR binding site in the promoter of elaB. OxyR induces the expression of elaB in the exponential growth phase, while excess OxyR reduces elaB expression in an RpoS‐dependent way in the stationary phase. In addition, deletion of elaB reduced fitness compared to wild‐type cells after prolonged incubation. Therefore, we determined how ElaB is regulated under oxidative stress: RpoS and OxyR coordinately control the expression of inner membrane protein ElaB.
Anatomic characterization of pulmonary accessory fissures in canine cadavers
Authors: Mendoza Patricia , Giglio Robson F. , Olmo Christopher , Abbott Jeffrey R. , Johnson Richard D. , Berry Clifford R.
Published: January 2019

Accessory fissures in the lungs are well described in humans, considered a normal finding, being identified in 60% of autopsied lungs, and more prevalent in the right lung (Gesase, ; Nene, Gajendra, & Sarma, 2011). In dogs, interlobar fissures are well recognized, but there is the lack of anatomic characterization for accessory fissures in the accessible literature. The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the prevalence and to describe the anatomic localization of accessory fissures. The lungs from 87 dog cadavers used to teach veterinary gross anatomy were collected. Accessory fissures were characterized for each lung lobe, specific lung lobe location, orientation, length and the number of accessory fissures per lobe. Accessory fissures were recognized in 48/87 (55%) of canine lungs, all located in the periphery of the individual lobes. We found a significant association between the presence of accessory fissures and the costal surface of the lung (p < 0.0001), the right lung (p < 0.004), the right cranial lung lobe (p < 0.002) and the left cranial lung lobe (p < 0.04). Histologic results showed normal alveolar and respiratory bronchioles to the level of the accessory fissures. Our results show that accessory fissures are a common finding and should be considered a normal variant. They are more prevalent in the right lung, in the costal surface, and in the right and left cranial lung lobes. An anatomic nomenclature for accessory fissures based on the current Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria and the human literature is proposed. Further studies include a comparison among anatomical accessory fissures, and radiographic and computed tomographic images.
A Diachronic Study of Networks of Ceramic Assemblage Similarity in Neolithic Western Anatolia, the Aegean and the Balkans (c.6600–5500 bc)
Authors: de Groot B. G.
Published: January 2019

This study compares the results of Jaccard and Kulczynski‐2 similarity measures on a sample of ceramic assemblages to reveal spatio‐temporal patterns in the relationship between Neolithic sites in western Anatolia and south‐eastern Europe (c.6600–5500 bc). The results show that the relationship between spatial distance and ceramic assemblage similarity has increased through time, which supports previous interpretations of leapfrog migrations and subsequent regionalization in ceramic assemblages during the Neolithic. A diachronic network analysis demonstrates the continuation of Aegean networking after the spread of farming.
Encountering the city: Haptic images of suburban Darwin
Authors: Lobo Michele
Published: January 2019

Photographs by research participants capture the multisensory dimension of encounters in shared public spaces that are often difficult to articulate in words. Rather than freezing the moment in stillness, these images of movement and feeling that fuse vision, sound, touch, taste and smell show how racially differentiated bodies explore the city through practices that are part of their everyday life. This paper draws on photographs and poetry by long‐term residents of Aboriginal and ethnic‐minority backgrounds who express what touches or happens to their bodies in open‐air Asian‐style markets of Darwin, a rapidly developing tropical north Australian city. Such attention to bodily encounters is central to more‐than‐representational and feminist approaches that affirm the diversity, materiality and vitality of urban life. In this paper I argue that Deleuzian thinking on images and Elizabeth Grosz's non‐aesthetic philosophy for art contributes to this literature by providing an insight into how sensing bodies use photography and poetry to make imperceptible affective forces and matter expressive. The paper shows that such an approach is productive in thinking about the potentialities of city life for bodies of colour with different histories and geographies of racialisation.
Re‐animating Gros Morne's storyless space: From natural heritage to ecological heritage
Authors: Vannini Phillip , Vannini April
Published: January 2019

This paper reports on ethnographic research conducted at one of Canada's Natural World Heritage sites: Gros Morne National Park. UNESCO's criteria for the identification of natural heritage sites and its descriptions of the specific qualities of listed sites are informed by a dualist ontology that sharply separates nature and culture. The result of this separation between nature and culture is the construction of natural heritage spaces that seem to exist in a vacuum from social life, abstracted from human relations, largely devoid of human presence, and thus emptied of the many stories that make them meaningful to both Indigenous and non‐Indigenous residents. In contrast, this paper/video combination describes how natures at a Canadian natural heritage site are relationally woven with the lives of their human inhabitants. The narratives we share about Gros Morne are meant to re‐animate this site in response to the World Heritage classification, calling to attention the perpetual growth and becoming of its relational environments. We make our case by utilising a short video to recount the stories, experiences, and perspectives of a few residents who have taught us about Gros Morne. We argue that in place of natural heritage we ought to consider the concept of ecological heritage.
Spatial variations in intestinal skatole production and microbial composition in broilers
Authors: Yang Guiqin , Zhang Pei , Liu Haiying , Zhu Xin , Dong Weiguo
Published: January 2019

Spatial variations in intestinal skatole production and microbial composition in broilers were evaluated. Fifteen 42‐day‐old broilers were slaughtered. Samples were taken from the broilers’ ileum, cecum, and rectum and analyzed for skatole levels. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique was used to analyze the microbial community from the intestinal digesta. The skatole levels could be arranged in decreasing order: cecum > rectum > ileum. Cecal lactate and acetate levels were higher than those of ileum and rectum (p < 0.01). Cecal microbial diversity and richness were higher than those of ileum (p < 0.05). One specific DGGE band was found in cecal sample and is closely related to Bacteroides uniformis. Cecum and rectum samples consisted of three coexistence bands, the related bacteria included Lactobacillus vaginalis and two members of Candidatus Arthromitus. The total bacterial population in cecum was higher than that in ileum and rectum (p < 0.05). Skatole levels were positively correlated with microbial Shannon‐Wiener index, richness, total bacteria (p < 0.01) and Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05) populations. These results suggest that the variations in fermentation patterns are more likely to explain differences in intestinal skatole level. Bacteroides uniformis may play a role in the production of skatole.
Maternal sleep practices and stillbirth: Findings from an international case‐control study
Authors: O’Brien Louise M. , Warland Jane , Stacey Tomasina , Heazell Alexander E. P. , Mitchell Edwin A. ,   the STARS Consortium
Published: January 2019

Background

Late stillbirth, which occurs ≥28 weeks’ gestation, affects 1.3‐8.8 per 1000 births in high‐income countries. Of concern, most occur in women without established risk factors. Identification of potentially modifiable risk factors that relate to maternal behaviors remains a priority in stillbirth prevention research. This study aimed to investigate, in an international cohort, whether maternal sleep practices are related to late stillbirth.

Methods

An Internet‐based case‐control study of women who had a stillbirth ≥28 weeks’ gestation within 30 days before completing the survey (n = 153) and women with an ongoing third‐trimester pregnancy or who had delivered a live born child within 30 days (n = 480). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR and aOR, respectively) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for stillbirth.

Results

Sleeping >9 hours per night in the previous month was associated with stillbirth (aOR 1.75 [95% CI 1.10‐2.79]), as was waking on the right side (2.27 [1.31‐3.92]). Nonrestless sleep in the last month was also found to be associated with stillbirth (1.73 [1.03‐2.99]), with good sleep quality in the last month approaching significance (1.64 [0.98‐2.75]). On the last night of pregnancy, not waking more than one time was associated with stillbirth (2.03 [1.24‐3.34]). No relationship was found with going to sleep position during pregnancy, although very few women reported settling in the supine position (2.4%).

Conclusions

Long periods of undisturbed sleep are associated with late stillbirth. Physiological studies of how the neuroendocrine and autonomic system pathways are regulated during sleep in the context of late pregnancy are warranted.
School‐related subjective well‐being promotes subsequent adaptability, achievement, and positive behavioural conduct
Authors: Putwain David W. , Loderer Kristina , Gallard Diahann , Beaumont Joanna
Published: January 2019

Background

Previous studies have shown that subjective well‐being and adaptability are linked to adaptive educational outcomes, including higher achievement and lower anxiety. It is not presently clear, however, how school‐related subjective well‐being and adaptability are related, or predict behavioural outcomes such as student conduct.

Aim

The aim of the present study was to test a bidirectional model of school‐related subjective well‐being and adaptability, and how they relate to achievement and behavioural conduct.

Method

Data were collected from 539 Year 12 students over four waves. Achievement and behavioural conduct were measured in the first wave of data collection (T1), school‐related subjective well‐being and adaptability at the second and third waves (T2 and T3), and achievement and behavioural conduct again in the fourth wave of data collection (T4).

Results

A structural equation model showed that T2 school‐related subjective well‐being predicted higher T3 adaptability, but not vice versa. T3 school‐related subjective well‐being predicted greater T4 achievement and positive behavioural conduct, and T3 adaptability predicted greater T4 positive behavioural conduct.

Conclusion

School‐related subjective well‐being promotes adaptability, achievement, and positive behavioural conduct, and adaptability is also related to positive behavioural conduct. Attempts to foster well‐being and adaptability could show educational gains for students.
Treasure troves of pharmacological tools to study transient receptor potential canonical 1/4/5 channels
Authors: Rubaiy Hussein N.
Published: January 2019

Canonical or classical transient receptor potential 4 and 5 proteins (TRPC4 and TRPC5) assemble as homomers or heteromerize with TRPC1 protein to form functional nonselective cationic channels with high calcium permeability. These channel complexes, TRPC1/4/5, are widely expressed in nervous and cardiovascular systems, also in other human tissues and cell types. It is debatable that TRPC1 protein is able to form a functional ion channel on its own. A recent explosion of molecular information about TRPC1/4/5 has emerged including knowledge of their distribution, function, and regulation suggesting these three members of the TRPC subfamily of TRP channels play crucial roles in human physiology and pathology. Therefore, these ion channels represent potential drug targets for cancer, epilepsy, anxiety, pain, and cardiac remodelling. In recent years, a number of highly selective small‐molecule modulators of TRPC1/4/5 channels have been identified as being potent with improved pharmacological properties. This review will focus on recent remarkable small‐molecule agonists: (−)‐englerin A and tonantzitlolone and antagonists: Pico145 and HC7090, of TPRC1/4/5 channels. In addition, this work highlights other recently identified modulators of these channels such as the benzothiadiazine derivative, riluzole, ML204, clemizole, and AC1903. Together, these treasure troves of agonists and antagonists of TRPC1/4/5 channels provide valuable hints to comprehend the functional importance of these ion channels in native cells and in vivo animal models. Importantly, human diseases and disorders mediated by these proteins can be studied using these compounds to perhaps initiate drug discovery efforts to develop novel therapeutic agents.
A short perspective on the long road to effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Reynolds David S.
Published: January 2019

Globally, there are approximately 47 million people living with dementia, and about two thirds of those have Alzheimer's disease (AD). Age is the single biggest risk factor for the vast majority of sporadic AD cases, and because the world's population is aging, the number of people living with AD is set to rise dramatically over the coming decades. There are currently no disease‐modifying treatments for AD, and the few symptomatic agents available have limited impact on the disease. Perhaps surprisingly, there is relatively little activity in the AD research and development field compared with other diseases with a high mortality burden, such as cancer. There is enormous economic incentive to discover and develop the first disease‐modifying treatment, but previous failure has significantly reduced further industrial investment in this field. The short review looks at the historical path trodden to develop treatments and reflects on the journey down the road to truly effective treatments for people living with AD.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc
1,2,3,4,6‐Penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐d‐glucose modulates perivascular inflammation and prevents vascular dysfunction in angiotensin II‐induced hypertension
Authors: Mikolajczyk Tomasz P. , Nosalski Ryszard , Skiba Dominik S. , Koziol Joanna , Mazur Magdalena , Justo‐Junior Amauri S. , Kowalczyk Paulina , Kusmierczyk Zofia , Schramm‐Luc Agata , Luc Kevin , Maffia Pasquale , Graham Delyth , Kiss Anna K. , Naruszewicz Marek , Guzik Tomasz J.
Published: January 2019

Background and Purpose

Hypertension is a multifactorial disease, manifested by vascular dysfunction, increased superoxide production, and perivascular inflammation. In this study, we have hypothesized that 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐d‐glucose (PGG) would inhibit vascular inflammation and protect from vascular dysfunction in an experimental model of hypertension.

Experimental Approach

PGG was administered to mice every 2 days at a dose of 10 mg·kg−1 i.p during 14 days of Ang II infusion. It was used at a final concentration of 20 μM for in vitro studies in cultured cells.

Key Results

Ang II administration increased leukocyte and T‐cell content in perivascular adipose tissue (pVAT), and administration of PGG significantly decreased total leukocyte and T‐cell infiltration in pVAT. This effect was observed in relation to all T‐cell subsets. PGG also decreased the content of T‐cells bearing CD25, CCR5, and CD44 receptors and the expression of both monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (CCL2) in aorta and RANTES (CCL5) in pVAT. PGG administration decreased the content of TNF+ and IFN‐γ+ CD8 T‐cells and IL‐17A+ CD4+ and CD3+CD4−CD8− cells. Importantly, these effects of PGG were associated with improved vascular function and decreased ROS production in the aortas of Ang II‐infused animals independently of the BP increase. Mechanistically, PGG (20 μM) directly inhibited CD25 and CCR5 expression in cultured T‐cells. It also decreased the content of IFN‐γ+ CD8+ and CD3+CD4−CD8− cells and IL‐17A+ CD3+CD4−CD8− cells.

Conclusion and Implication

PGG may constitute an interesting immunomodulating strategy in the regulation of vascular dysfunction and hypertension.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc
Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link?
Authors: Gogos Andrea , Ney Luke J. , Seymour Natasha , Van Rheenen Tamsyn E. , Felmingham Kim L.
Published: January 2019

In this review, we describe the sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptom profiles, and disease outcome that are evident in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Women with schizophrenia tend to exhibit less disease impairment than men. By contrast, women with post‐traumatic stress disorder are more affected than men. The most likely candidates to explain these sex differences are gonadal hormones. This review details the clinical evidence that oestradiol and progesterone are dysregulated in these psychiatric disorders. Notably, existing data on oestradiol, and to a lesser extent, progesterone, suggest that low levels of these hormones may increase the risk of disease development and worsen symptom severity. We argue that future studies require a more inclusive, considered analysis of gonadal steroid hormones and the intricacies of the interactions between them, with methodological rigour applied, to enhance our understanding of the roles of steroid hormones in psychiatric disorders.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc
The effect of agriculture on the seasonal dynamics and functional diversity of benthic biofilm in tropical headwater streams
Authors: Taniwaki Ricardo H. , Matthaei Christoph D. , Cardoso Tatima K. M. , Ferraz Silvio F. B. , Martinelli Luiz A. , Piggott Jeremy J.
Published: January 2019

Tropical streams are one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world due to the constant pressures from human activities. Among these activities, agriculture represents a land use that is crucial for human development but also a key driver of stream degradation and biodiversity decline in the tropics. Against this background, we investigated indirect effects of agriculture (alterations in stream flow and nutrient availability) and climate characteristics (water temperature) on benthic biofilm communities in tropical streams (São Paulo State, Brazil). Three first‐order streams draining catchments dominated by agricultural land use (sugarcane for bioenergy production, pasture) with some remaining riparian forest were studied for 1 year. We focused on the relationships of benthic biofilm biomass, algal biomass, diatom community, and functional structure with streamflow dynamics, nitrate concentrations, and water temperature. Our results indicate that these biological responses were mainly mediated by flow and water temperature and not by resource availability in the studied headwater streams. This result could be explained by the heavy rains and elevated runoff generation in these tropical catchments under agricultural influence, which might override the known effects of nutrient enrichment on benthic biofilm communities. Considering forecast climate and land‐use changes in tropical streams, our findings may suggest potential shifts in benthic biofilm communities, with functional consequences for aquatic food webs in these environments.

Abstract in Brazilian Portuguese is available with online material.
Phase II trial of aflibercept with FOLFIRI as a second‐line treatment for Japanese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Denda Tadamichi , Sakai Daisuke , Hamaguchi Tetsuya , Sugimoto Naotoshi , Ura Takashi , Yamazaki Kentaro , Fujii Hirofumi , Kajiwara Takeshi , Nakajima Takako Eguchi , Takahashi Shin , Otsu Satoshi , Komatsu Yoshito , Nagashima Fumio , Moriwaki Toshikazu , Esaki Taito , Sato Takeo , Itabashi Michio , Oki Eiji , Sasaki Toru , Sunaga Yoshinori , Ziti‐Ljajic Samira , Brillac Claire , Yoshino Takayuki
Published: January 2019

Aflibercept targets vascular endothelial growth factor. The present study involved assessing the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of aflibercept plus 5‐fluorouracil/levofolinate/irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as a second‐line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in Japanese patients. Aflibercept (4 mg/kg) plus FOLFIRI was administered every 2 weeks in 62 patients with mCRC until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or patient withdrawal. Tumors were imaged every 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR); secondary endpoints were progression‐free survival, overall survival, safety, and pharmacokinetics of aflibercept, irinotecan and 5‐fluorouracil. A total of 60 patients were evaluated for ORR; 50 had received prior bevacizumab. The ORR was 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3%‐15.3%), and the disease control rate (DCR) was 80.0% (69.9%‐90.1%). The median progression‐free survival was 5.42 months (4.14‐6.70 months) and the median overall survival was 15.59 months (11.20‐19.81 months). No treatment‐related deaths were observed, and no significant drug‐drug interactions were found. The most common treatment‐emergent adverse events were neutropenia and decreased appetite. Free aflibercept had a mean maximum concentration (coefficient of variation) of 73.2 μg/mL (15%), clearance of 0.805 L/d (22%) and volume of distribution of 6.2 L (18%); aflibercept bound with vascular endothelial growth factor had a clearance of 0.162 L/d (9%) (N = 62). Aflibercept did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan or 5‐fluorouracil: The clearance was 11.1 L/h/m2 (28%) for irinotecan and, at steady state, 72.6 L/h/m2 (56%) for 5‐fluorouracil (N = 10). Adding aflibercept to FOLFIRI was shown to be beneficial and well‐tolerated in Japanese patients with mCRC. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01882868.
Nitric oxide inhibits autophagy and promotes apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhang XiaoGang , Jin Li , Tian Zhen , Wang Jing , Yang Yuan , Liu JinFeng , Chen Yi , Hu ChunHua , Chen TianYan , Zhao YingRen , He YingLi
Published: January 2019

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. The expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the inhibition of autophagy have been linked to cancer cell death. However, the involvement of serum nitric oxide (NO), the expression of NOS and autophagy have not been investigated in HCC. In the present study, we first established that the NO level was significantly higher in hepatitis B virus‐related HCC than in the liver cirrhosis control (53.60 ± 19.74 vs 8.09 ± 4.17 μmol/L, t = 15.13, P < 0.0001). Using immunohistochemistry, we found that the source of NO was at least partially attributed to the expression of inducible NOS and endothelial NOS but not neuronal NOS in the liver tissue. Furthermore, in human liver cancer cells, NO‐induced apoptosis and inhibited autophagy. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy also induced apoptosis, whereas the induction of autophagy could ameliorate NO‐induced apoptosis. We also found that NO regulates the switch between apoptosis and autophagy by disrupting the Beclin 1/Vps34 association and by increasing the Bcl‐2/Beclin 1 interaction. Overall, the present findings suggest that increased NOS/NO promotes apoptosis through the inhibition of autophagy in liver cancer cells, which may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of HCC.
Validation of childhood asthma predictive tools: A systematic review
Authors: Colicino Silvia , Munblit Daniel , Minelli Cosetta , Custovic Adnan , Cullinan Paul
Published: January 2019

Background

There is uncertainty about the clinical usefulness of currently available asthma predictive tools. Validation of predictive tools in different populations and clinical settings is an essential requirement for the assessment of their predictive performance, reproducibility and generalizability. We aimed to critically appraise asthma predictive tools which have been validated in external studies.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (1946‐2017) for all available childhood asthma prediction models and focused on externally validated predictive tools alongside the studies in which they were originally developed. We excluded non‐English and non‐original studies. PROSPERO registration number is CRD42016035727.

Results

From 946 screened papers, eight were included in the review. Statistical approaches for creation of prediction tools included chi‐square tests, logistic regression models and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Predictive models were developed and validated in general and high‐risk populations. Only three prediction tools were externally validated: the Asthma Predictive Index, the PIAMA and the Leicester asthma prediction tool. A variety of predictors has been tested, but no studies examined the same combination. There was heterogeneity in definition of the primary outcome among development and validation studies, and no objective measurements were used for asthma diagnosis. The performance of tools varied at different ages of outcome assessment. We observed a discrepancy between the development and validation studies in the tools’ predictive performance in terms of sensitivity and positive predictive values.

Conclusions

Validated asthma predictive tools, reviewed in this paper, provided poor predictive accuracy with performance variation in sensitivity and positive predictive value.
Hyponatraemia in patients with community‐acquired pneumonia; prevalence and aetiology, and natural history of SIAD
Authors: Cuesta Martin , Slattery David , Goulden Eirena L. , Gupta Saket , Tatro Elizabeth , Sherlock Mark , Tormey William , O'Neill Shane , Thompson Christopher J.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Hyponatraemia is common in community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) and is associated with increased mortality. The mechanism of hyponatraemia in CAP is not completely understood and treatment is therefore ill‐defined. We aimed to define the causation of hyponatraemia in CAP.

Design

Prospective, single‐centre, observational study of all patients with CAP and hyponatraemia (≤ 130 mmol/L) during a 9‐month period.

Patients

The prevalence of each subtype of hyponatraemia, and the associated mortality, was determined in 143 admissions with CAP (Study 1). A sub‐cohort of patients with SIAD (n = 10) was prospectively followed, to document the natural history of SIAD associated with CAP (Study 2).

Measurements

In Study 2, blood and urine were collected on day 1, 3, 5 and 7 following admission for measurement of plasma vasopressin, sodium, osmolality and urine osmolality.

Results

In study 1, 143/1723(8.3%) of CAP patients had hyponatraemia (≤130 mmol/L). About 66 had SIAD (46%), 60(42%) had hypovolaemic hyponatraemia (HON), 13(9%) had hypervolaemic hyponatraemia (HEN) and 4(3%) patients had hyponatraemia due to glucocorticoid hormone deficiency. Mortality was higher in the HEN than in the HON, SIAD or normonatraemic groups (P < 0.01). In Study 2, plasma sodium concentration normalized in 8/10 (80%) by day 7. Two patients with persistent hyponatraemia were discovered to have underlying bronchiectasis.

Conclusions

Hyponatraemia in CAP is most commonly secondary to SIAD or hypovolaemia. HEN is less common, but has worse prognosis. Prospective observation demonstrates that in SIAD, plasma AVP and sodium concentrations normalize with antimicrobials; failure of reversal of suggests underlying lung disease, such as bronchiectasis.
Comparison between radioiodine therapy and single‐session radiofrequency ablation of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules: A retrospective study
Authors: Cervelli Rosa , Mazzeo Salvatore , Boni Giuseppe , Boccuzzi Antonio , Bianchi Francesca , Brozzi Federica , Santini Pierina , Vitti Paolo , Cioni Roberto , Caramella Davide
Published: January 2019

Objective

To compare the efficacy of Radioiodine (RI) and Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTNs). End‐points: nodule volume reduction (NVR) and thyroid function normalization.

Design, patients and measurements

Twenty‐two patients (2:20 M:F; 51.9 ± 13.9 years) affected by 25 AFTNs, treated by RFA were retrospectively compared with 25 patients (8:17 M:F; 57.2 ± 12.8 years) affected by a single AFTN treated by RI. Both group showed analogous characteristics as to age, gender, toxic/pretoxic phase and pretreatment nodule volume (calculated by the ellipsoid formula). Thyroid hormone levels and autoimmune thyroid profile were assessed before treatment. A fixed RI activity of 555 MBq (15 mCi) was administered. RFA was performed with an 18G, single‐tipped electrode, by the “modified moving shot technique.” Thyroid hormones were assessed and the nodule post‐treatment volume calculated 12 months after treatment.

Results

No statistical difference was found between the post‐treatment NVR by comparing RI and RFA (P = 0.69). The volume reduction rates were 68.4 ± 28.9% and 76.4 ± 16.9% after RI and RFA, respectively. As to the thyroid function, 5/25 patients developed clinical hypothyroidism after RI. After RFA, all the 22 patients silenced their AFTN and normalized the thyroid hormones. Subclinical hypothyroidism was recorded in two patients after both RI and RFA. Thus, the functional therapeutic success, defined as the restoration of euthyroidism, was achieved in 18/25 (72%) patients treated by RI and in 20/22 (90.9%) treated by RFA.

Conclusions

No statistical difference in NVR was found between RI and RFA. All patients responded to RI but 5/25 were “over‐treated” developing hypothyroidism. RFA was effective in all patients with no case of post‐treatment clinical hypothyroidism. No radiation exposure and lower risk of post‐treatment hypothyroidism might make RFA the favourite option especially for young patients.
Prehabilitation is feasible in patients with rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and may minimize physical deterioration: results from the REx trial
Authors: Moug S. J. , Mutrie N. , Barry S. J. E. , Mackay G. , Steele R. J. C. , Boachie C. , Buchan C. , Anderson A. S.
Published: January 2019

Aim

Rectal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) experience physical deterioration and reductions in their quality of life. This feasibility study assessed prehabilitation (a walking intervention) before, during and after NACRT to inform a definitive multi‐centred randomized clinical trial (REx trial).

Methods

Patients planned for NACRT followed by potentially curative surgery were approached (August 2014–March 2016) (www.isrctn.com; 62859294). Prior to NACRT, baseline physical and psycho‐social data were recorded using validated tools. Participants were randomized to either the intervention group (exercise counselling session followed by a 13–17 week telephone‐guided walking programme) or a control group (standard care). Follow‐up testing was undertaken 1–2 weeks before surgery.

Results

Of the 296 screened patients, 78 (26%) were eligible and 48 (61%) were recruited. N = 31 (65%) were men with a mean age of 65.9 years (range 33.7–82.6). Mean intervention duration was 14 weeks with 75% adherence. n = 40 (83%) completed follow‐up testing. Both groups recorded reductions in daily walking but the reduction was less in the intervention group although not statistically significant. Participants reported high satisfaction and fidelity to trial procedures.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that prehabilitation is feasible in rectal cancer patients undergoing NACRT. Good recruitment, adherence, retention and patient satisfaction rates support the development of a fully powered trial. The effects of the intervention on physical outcomes were promising.
Expression analysis and functional identification of several genes related to diapause in Bombyx mori
Authors: Jiang Tao , Chen Yanhua , Tan Zhichen , Li Jiashuang , Qian Ping , Tang Shunming , Shen Xingjia
Published: January 2019

Diapause is an important characteristic of insects used to adapt to extreme changes in environmental conditions. Embryonic diapause of the bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori) is determined by environmental conditions experienced by the mother while in the embryo stage. If they are incubated at 25°C with natural light, their progenies will be diapause‐destined. If they are incubated at 17°C in darkness, their progenies will be non‐diapause‐destined. The molecular mechanism of diapause remains unknown. In the present study, we analyzed two downregulated genes (BGIBMGA003835, BGIBMGA012335) and two upregulated genes (BGIBMG012996, BGIBMG002426) related to carbohydrate metabolism, verified differentially expressed in ovaries and heads of 1‐day‐old fifth‐instar larvae to 6‐day pupae by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). In line with published data, the expression level of these genes in larvae were generally lower than in pupae. We further analyzed the expression levels of the four genes in BmN cells that had been treated with various concentrations of diapause hormone (DH). It demonstrated that the expression of these genes was affected by DH. Knockdown of the selected genes in non‐diapause‐destined female pupae changed the fate of the progeny from non‐diapause‐ to daipause‐destined, as seen by the appearance of diapause eggs. Our study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of diapause in B. mori.
Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen discharge on dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport in global rivers
Authors: Liu Shuang , Xie Zhenghui , Zeng Yujin , Liu Bin , Li Ruichao , Wang Yan , Wang Longhuan , Qin Peihua , Jia Binghao , Xie Jinbo
Published: January 2019

Excess nutrients from fertilizer application, pollution discharge, and water regulations outflow through rivers from lands to oceans, seriously impacting coastal ecosystems. A reasonable representation of these processes in land surface models and River Transport Models (RTMs) is very important for understanding human–environment interactions. In this study, the schemes of riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) transport and human activities including nitrogen discharge and water regulation, were synchronously incorporated into a land surface model coupled with a RTM. The effects of anthropogenic nitrogen discharge on the DIN transport in rivers were studied based on simulations of the period 1991–2010 throughout the entire world, conducted using the developed model, which had a spatial resolution of about 1° for land processes and 0.5° for river transport, and data on fertilizer application, point source pollution, and water use. Our results showed that rivers in western Europe and eastern China were seriously polluted, on average, at a rate of 5,000–15,000 tons per year. In the Yangtze River Basin, the amount of point source pollution in 2010 was about four times more than that in 1991, while the amount of fertilizer used in 2010 doubled, which resulted in the increased riverine DIN levels. Further comparisons suggested that the riverine DIN in the USA was affected primarily by nitrogen fertilizer use, the changes in DIN flow rate in European rivers was dominated by point source pollution, and rivers in China were seriously polluted by both the two pollution sources. The total anthropogenic impact on the DIN exported to the Pacific Ocean has increased from 10% to 30%, more significantly than other oceans. In general, our results indicated that incorporating the schemes of nitrogen transport and human activities into land surface models could be an effective way to monitor global river water quality and diagnose the performance of the land surface modeling.
Influence of static and dynamic cyclic fatigue tests on the lifespan of four reciprocating systems at different temperatures
Authors: Keleş A. , Eymirli A. , Uyanık O. , Nagas E.
Published: January 2019

Aim

To compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of four reciprocating single‐file systems within artificial stainless‐steel canals at two temperatures using different kinematics.

Methodology

A total of 240 instruments, Reciproc Blue, Reciproc, WaveOne Gold and WaveOne, (60 of each), were tested at room and intracanal temperature using both a static and a dynamic model (n = 15) in a stainless‐steel artificial canal with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, 60° angle of curvature and 5 mm radius of curvature until fracture occurred. The time to fracture was measured in seconds using a digital chronometer, and data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests.

Results

WaveOne instruments had significantly less fatigue resistance compared to that of other systems in all conditions (P < 0.05). Comparison of the results from the static and dynamic models at both temperatures revealed that fatigue resistance was significantly increased in the dynamic model for all the instrument systems (P < 0.05). Temperature did not influence the cyclic fatigue resistance results (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the mean length of the fractured fragments of the various instruments tested (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

WaveOne files had a shorter cyclic fatigue life. The dynamic axial movement extended the cyclic fatigue life, but it did not have any influence on the comparison among the instruments tested in respect of the static test. Temperature did not significantly affect the cyclic fatigue of these nickel–titanium files.
NONNEUTRALITY OF MONEY IN DISPERSION: HUME REVISITED
Authors: Jin Gu , Zhu Tao
Published: January 2019

For a class of standard and widely used preferences, a one‐shot money injection in a standard matching model can induce a significant and persistent output response by dispersing the distribution of wealth. Decentralized trade matters for both persistence and significance. Following the injection, the price response may be sluggish, the markup may move up with output, and both the interest rate and the inflation rate may drop below their trend levels.
LEARNING IN A HEDONIC FRAMEWORK: VALUING BROWNFIELD REMEDIATION
Authors: Ma Lala
Published: January 2019

Incomplete information in property value hedonic models can bias estimates of marginal willingness to pay (MWTP). Using brownfield remediation as an application, this article recovers hedonic values from a dynamic neighborhood choice framework that allows households to learn about brownfield contamination in a Bayesian fashion before choosing where to live. I find that ignoring learning yields nontrivial biases to the MWTP estimate. This has important implications for hedonic valuation if agents are imperfectly informed. Estimates are used to calculate information's value had it been withheld from the public and to assess heterogeneity in information's value along site and homebuyer demographics.
Moving Towards Happiness?
Authors: Grimes Arthur , Wesselbaum Dennis
Published: January 2019

We add to the literature on the driving forces of international migration. While the existing literature establishes that income differences, migration costs and certain other factors (e.g. climate or human rights) affect the migration decision, we focus on the broader role of non‐pecuniary factors. We include well‐being measures in a standard model of bilateral migration flows and enrich the analysis further by testing the effects on migration of inequality in happiness within a country. Our findings that both the mean and standard deviation of happiness – in both origin and destination countries – help explain bilateral migration flows over and above any income effect, indicates the need to incorporate both pecuniary and non‐pecuniary factors when modelling migration choices.
Demystifying behaviour and dental anxiety in schoolchildren during endodontic treatment for primary teeth—controlled clinical trial
Authors: Pezzini Soares Josiane , Cardoso Mariane , Bolan Michele
Published: January 2019

Background

Behaviour and anxiety of children are predictors of effective dental treatment.

Aim

Compare the behaviour and anxiety during preventive care, endodontic treatment, and dental extraction.

Design

Controlled clinical trial was conducted with 99 children aged 6‐9 years. The children were distributed among three groups: G1 (control)—prophylaxis and topical fluoride; G2 (intervention)—endodontic treatment; and G3 (intervention)—tooth extraction. Behaviour was measured using the Frankl scale. Dental anxiety was assessed using the modified Venham Picture Test and measured at three moments: before, during, and after the procedure. Caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing the child's previous dental experience. Clinical examinations were performed by a calibrated examiner (Kappa > 0.70) for the identification of dental caries (d‐dmft/D‐DMFT). Statistical analysis involved repeated‐measures Poisson regression, with level of significance was P < 0.05.

Results

Neither negative behaviour nor anxiety was associated with the type of procedure. Negative behaviour was associated with the need for restraint during a previous dental appointment (P = 0.012). Dental anxiety was associated with age (P = 0.037), previous difficult behaviour (P < 0.001), moment of measurement (P < 0.001), and dental caries on permanent teeth (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Negative behaviour and dental anxiety in children were not associated with the type of treatment performed.
Management of compromised first permanent molars in children: Cross‐Sectional analysis of attitudes of UK general dental practitioners and specialists in paediatric dentistry
Authors: Taylor Greig D. , Pearce Kim F. , Vernazza Christopher R.
Published: January 2019

Background

It is unclear on how children with compromised first permanent molars (cFPMs) are currently managed in the UK by either general dental practitioners (GDP) or specialists in paediatric dentistry (SPD).

Aim

Explore the current attitudes to the management of compromised first permanent molars amongst UK general dental practitioners and specialists in paediatric dentistry.

Design

Self‐completed online questionnaire including three clinical vignettes of 7, 9, and 15 years old with cFPM. All registered SPDs (n = 236), as of May 2017, 500 randomly selected GDPs from England, selected from a national performers list, and 52 Scottish GDPs, part of Scottish dental practice research network, were invited to complete the questionnaire.

Results

About 71.6% (n = 53) of SPDs agreed that children with cFPM should be referred to a paediatric specialist for treatment planning, whereas the reverse for GDPs is true, as 86.8% (n = 138) believe they have a responsibility to treat these teeth. Responses to clinical vignettes suggest a slight preference amongst GDPs to restore cFPM, including root canal treatment, whereas SPDs have a slight preference towards extraction.

Conclusion

Current pathways for cFPM, amongst UK general dental practitioners and specialists in paediatric dentistry, vary greatly between and within each professional group.
How do people with intellectual disabilities construct their social identity? A review
Authors: Logeswaran Sophini , Hollett Megan , Zala Sonia , Richardson Lisa , Scior Katrina
Published: January 2019

Background

A 2005 review by Beart, Hardy and Buchan, asking how people with intellectual disabilities view their social identities, has been widely cited, indicating this important topic needs an updated review. This review covers research on how people with intellectual disabilities view their ascribed label; to what extent they ascribe it to themselves; and whether they recognize it as devalued in society.

Method

Rapid review methodology using PsycINFO, citation‐ and hand‐searching identified relevant studies.

Results

The 16 studies identified indicate that the majority are aware of their ascribed label, or acknowledge they are “different”. Others reject it, focusing on alternative attributes or roles. Most recognize others view the label negatively and express feelings of shame, anger and powerlessness.

Conclusions

The review advances our understanding of social identity formation in people with intellectual disabilities, with implications for future research and practice to support construction of positive social identities and stigma resistance.