bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Cue-Dependency as a Function of Socialization Environment
Authors: Sherman Richard C. , Smith Frances
Published: September 2011

A formulation by Lynn (1962) proposing that sex differences in cue-dependency are due to differential sex-identification modes was tested. Nineteen Ss from normal families and 20 Ss from a parochial orphanage learned a geometrical concept and then were tested for tendencies to deviate from the given perceptual standard in judging new figures as similar to the learned concept. Differences between normal males and females replicated earlier findings (Wallach & Caron, 1959) in that females were more cue-dependent than males. Differences between orphaned males and females, however, showed a reversed trend. These results were interpreted as supportive of Lynn's formulation.
Patterns of Psychological Function Before, after Unilateral, and after Bilateral Thalamic Surgery
Authors: Levita Eric , Riklan Manuel
Published: September 2011

Visual-perceptual, verbal, and short-term retention tests were administered to unilaterally operated, bilaterally operated, and unoperated parkinsonian patients. Principal component factor analyses derived for each group yielded 4 factors regardless of treatment condition. Similarities between groups pointed to consistency and overlapping among factor patterns obtaining in the presence or absence of subcortical surgery. Variations among factor structures suggested that unoperated patients are characterized by a gross, wholistic approach to perceptual-cognitive tasks. Bilaterally operated individuals show more concern with detail and specific aspects in their perceptual-cognitive style. Unilateral brain operates occupy an intermediate position. Implications for behavioral activation and the relevance of diffuse bilateral subcortical systems were emphasized.
Heritability of Numerical Facility
Authors: Osborne R. Travis , Gregor A. James , Miele Frank
Published: September 2011

In this preliminary work 33 pairs of MZ twins and 12 pairs of like-sexed DZ twins, 32 boys and 58 girls, 40 of whom were Negro and 50 white, whose ages ranged from 13 to 18, were given the Simple Arithmetic Test (after B. N. Mukherjee) understood to be outstanding with respect to the size of loadings and purity of the numerical facility factor (Factor N). Using three different heritability ratios, (1) the Holzinger heritability coefficient, (2) the heritability ratio proposed by Nichols, and (3) the F ratio (Block), the relative intra-pair similarity of MZ and like-sexed DZ twins in mathematical test performance was determined. All the MZ correlations, except one, were greater than the corresponding rs for the DZ twins. Four of the seven differences were significant ( p ≤ .10). The difference between the totals was significant ( p ≤ .10). The results suggest that numerical facility is a unitary ability independently inherited with as much as 72% of the within-family variance determined by hereditary factors.
Recall of Paired Associates as a Function of Arousal and Recall Interval
Authors: Batten Don E.
Published: September 2011

An interaction between arousal and recall interval is hypothesized. High arousal and low arousal groups of Ss were given a paired-associate learning task and tested for recall at intervals of 2 min., 20 min., 45 min., 1 day, and 1 wk. Group means agree with the interaction hypothesis but do not differ significantly.
Empirical Detectability Scales without the JND
Authors: Creelman C. Douglas
Published: September 2011

Psychometric functions for discrimination yield direct estimates of the slope of the psychophysical scale. These estimates of slope may be used to deduce an equation for the general scale. This procedure avoids recourse to differential thresholds or to unacceptable mathematical assumptions.
Loci of Disfluencies in the Speech of Stutterers
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Williams Dean E.
Published: September 2011

A group of 15 male stutterers read a 1000-word passage. Words spoken disfluently were analyzed for the presence of Brown's four word characteristics. The same pattern of loci of occurrence was observed as was reported by Brown in a similar study in which the analyses were based on stuttering counts rather than on disfluency counts. Several implications of this finding are discussed.
Personality Correlates of Achievement Imagery: Theoretical and Methodological Implications
Authors: Shrable Kenneth , Stewart Lawrence H.
Published: September 2011

Certain scoring procedures for the McClelland-Atkinson projective measure of achievement motivation were examined. Traditionally, achievement imagery (AI), task imagery (TI), and unrelated imagery (UI) responses have been scored as though they form a continuum, with AI indicating high achievement motivation and UI low motivation. The findings indicate that the three responses are non-monotonic; on selected personality variables, Ss responding predominantly with AI were similar to those with UI responses. Both AI and UI Ss were significantly different from those responding predominantly with TI. Implications of these findings for research design and for the meaning of achievement motivation are discussed.
Relation of Self-Concept to Impact and Obviousness of Disability among Male and Female Adolescents
Authors: Meissner Ann L. , Thoreson Richard W. , Butler Alfred J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated adolescents' self-concept and the relation of self concept to sex, impact of physical disability, and the obviousness of the disability. It was hypothesized that the three variables would significantly interact. To form criterion groups according to self-perceived physical problems, a scale, Major Medical Problem, was constructed and administered to 382 male and female high school juniors. Significant interaction effects were demonstrated between sex and impact on the three self-concept dimensions (real, acceptance, and ideal) and a significant triple interaction among sex, obviousness, and impact on the three measures and on social desirability. Results suggested greatest impact on self concept occurred for adolescent females with physical problems of high impact and visibility. Implications of the findings were discussed within the context of Friedenberg's concept of sex-differentiated, adolescent needs for competence.
Recognition Memory for Photographs in Homogeneous Sequences
Authors: Howe Michael J. A.
Published: September 2011

Ss inspected sequences of photographs belonging to a particular category. Half of the items were presented twice within a sequence, and the task was to recognize the items which had occurred earlier. Correct recognition rate was around 72%, irrespective of whether the number of intervening items was 8, 16, 24, or 32.
Compensation for Auditory Re-Arrangement in Hand-Ear Coordination
Authors: Freedman Sanford J. , Wilson Lynn , Rekosh Jerold H.
Published: September 2011

10 Ss pointed at concealed auditory targets while listening through a pseudophone which produced 20° functional rotation of the interaural axis. After short exposures listening to a sound source held in one hand while moving that hand about, large and significant corrective shifts in pointing were measured.
Factors in Recovery from Performance Decrement: Activation, Inhibition and Warm-up
Authors: Catalano John F. , Whalen Patricia M.
Published: September 2011

It has been recently found that rotary pursuit tracking performance can be enhanced as a result of inducing muscular tension by requiring individuals to squeeze a dynamometer as an interpolated activity between tracking trials. The present experiment was designed to determine whether such enhancement would result if the tension inducing activity utilized the same muscular movements as those involved in the rotary pursuit task. In the main condition, Ss were required to overcome 3 in.-lb. of resistance in order to turn a disk at 60 rpm. This interpolated activity significantly enhanced reminiscence beyond that following rest alone. No enhancement occurred in a control condition when there was no resistance to overcome. Another condition in which muscular tension was induced by turning the disk in a direction opposite to that of the pursuit rotor target resulted in an enhancement of reminiscence. A final tension inducing condition in which the disk was turned with the non-tracking hand produced a bilateral enhancement effect. It was generally found that those individuals with the greatest amount of performance decrement tended to show the greatest enhancement. The results of this study were viewed as additional evidence of the influence of changes in activation level upon efficiency of performance.
Method for Measuring the Rate of Subjective Time
Authors: McGrath James J. , O'Hanlon James F.
Published: September 2011

A method was developed for measuring rate of subjective time ( RST). Subjective time ( T) was recorded in subjects making a series of contiguous estimations of a standard interval of time. The results showed that T generally increased as a linear function of real time ( t). RST was measured by describing T as a linear function of t and by differentiating that function in respect to t. Individual differences in RST were large and stable within a test session. The differences were reliable from one session to the next. Within the range studied (1 to 10 min.) the duration of the standard interval had no systematic effect upon RSTs. And, RSTs were related in the appropriate direction to traditional measures of time perception. It was concluded that the RST is a useful measure for research on time perception.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LXIX. Psychological Index No. 12, 1905
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

This list of references to work on motor skills contains 49 items.
Perception Bibliography: XLV. Psychological Abstracts, 1933, Volume 7
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

100 references to research on perception are listed alphabetically.
The Oppel-Kundt Illusion in the White Rat
Authors: Ducharme Raymond , Delorme Andre , Boulard Michel
Published: September 2011

A technique was established to measure the Oppel-Kundt illusion in the white rat. Using Lashley's jumping stand, 11 pairs of hatched and non-hatched white lines were presented to 4 rats. Several factors were controlled; the stimuli were presented in a predetermined sequence in order to force the animals to choose only on the basis of the length of the figures. One rat underestimated the length of the hatched line, as previously hypothesized, while 3 rats overestimated it. It can be concluded that the Oppel-Kundt illusion exists in these rats and that both the procedure and the technique used are valid.
Sex Differences in Cognitive Style
Authors: Fiebert Martin
Published: September 2011

The relationships between measures of masculinity-femininity (M-f) and cognitive style were explored for 61 college students. While the over-all relationship was weak, selected dimensions of M-f were significantly related to cognitive style performance, especially among girls. It appears that Ss who respond adversely to items whose content concerns feelings of pity and disgust are also field dependent in their cognitive style behavior.
Light Sensitivity as Related to Age and Sex
Authors: Burg Albert
Published: September 2011

In order to provide normative data on light sensitivity as a function of age and sex, some 17,500 Ss, ages 16 to 92, were tested for both form recognition ability and glare recovery time under scotopic levels of illumination. The results show: (a) a progressive deterioration of performance on both tests with increasing age, (b) a very low correlation between form recognition ability and glare recovery time, and (c) no consistent difference in performance between males and females. Possible explanations for these findings are presented.
Visuo-Motor Ability for School Prediction: A Seven-Year Study
Authors: Keogh Barbara K. , Smith Carol E.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of visuo-motor ability and school achievement over the 7-yr. elementary school period was examined using a longitudinal paradigm in which data were collected on the same 73 children at kindergarten, Grades 3 and 6. Visuo-motor performance was measured by the Bender-Gestalt, school achievement by standard achievement tests. Analyses determined patterns of visuo-motor performance over the age span, and considered the predictive and diagnostic utility of the Bender for school achievement. Results suggest that the kindergarten Bender is a surprisingly useful predictor of educational achievement in the upper elementary school grades.
Effects of Induced Muscle Tension on Judgment of Time
Authors: Warm Joel S. , Smith Richard P. , Caldwell Lee S.
Published: September 2011

The functional relation between induced muscle tension and temporal perception was explored. Judgments of the duration of 4 intervals (6, 12, 24, and 48 sec.) were made under 5 levels of muscle tension (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of maximum grip strength) by the methods of reproduction and verbal estimation. The effects of degree of muscle tension were negligible at the two shortest stimulus durations. At the two longer intervals, perceived duration decreased as a non-monotonic function of muscle load. Findings were independent of the psychophysical methods employed. Disparities in the magnitude of duration judgments secured by the two psychophysical methods were also dependent upon stimulus duration. At 24 and 48 sec., verbal estimates of the standard interval were significantly longer than reproductions. Differences in response magnitude between methods were not observed at the two shortest stimulus intervals. Results are discussed in terms of the general relation between activity level and temporal perception and in terms of the problem of methodological equivalence in judgments of time.
Apparent Vibration of Vertical Lines
Authors: Feeney William R. , Braunstein Myron L.
Published: September 2011

Displays of motionless vertical lines sometimes produce an impression of vibration. The relative strength of this impression was explored for 40 Ss, using a paired-comparison procedure, for displays of black lines subtending visual angles from 2 to 20′ of arc and having black to white area ratios of 1:1.5 and 1:3. The maximum impression of vibration was found for lines between 3′ and 10′ with 1:1.5 spacing.
Repetitive Psychometric Measures: Handedness and Performance
Authors: James William E. , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Many investigators have reported that right-handed people perform most motor tasks better, faster, and with relatively fewer errors than do the left-handed. We found slight differences in performance on only three of the tests of the Repetitive Psychometric Measures battery—SO, SC, and FC. Some of the difference in performance may be alleviated by minor changes in instruction for left-handed Ss.
Delayed Auditory Feedback as a Method of Manipulating Anxiety in a Paired Associate Learning Task
Authors: Rankin R. J.
Published: September 2011

Ss presently tested gave data replicating results of Korchin and Levine. Thus delayed auditory feedback can be used to induce anxiety.
Sequential Analysis of Effects of Time Uncertainty on Choice Reaction Time
Authors: Hale D. J.
Published: September 2011

Forepetiods (FPs) of 0.6, 2, and 4 sec. were used in a 2-choice reaction time (RT) task. Average RT increased with increase in foreperiod. A ‘negative recency RT’ effect was found where repeated RTs were slower than alternated RTs. Analysis of RTs according to position in sequences of runs reveals a similarly shaped curve for all foreperiods. The effect of increased foreperiod is to increase the RTs of all positions in the sequence. A model for this sequential effect is discussed.
Recall of Two Messages Presented in Sequential Alternate Words
Authors: Story Anne W.
Published: September 2011

The words of 2 familiar quotations, each 6 words in length, were presented alternately at a rate of 1 word per second. 18 pairs of quotations or messages were presented. It was hypothesized that the more words S reported from 1 message in correct contiguous order, omitting alternately interposed words as displayed, then the more words he would report from the other message in correct contiguous order. Although the hypothesis was verified, a learning effect occurred, with correct sequencing of the message whose first word appeared first on the display, increasing over trials at a faster rate than did correct sequencing of the message whose first word appeared second on the display.
Primary Suggestibility, Life Experiences, and Aptitude Measures
Authors: Duke J. D.
Published: September 2011

Three primary suggestibility tests correlated .61 (mean value; N = 335) among themselves but failed to correlate with nine aptitude measures ( N = 214). Low but significant correlations obtained with selected life experiences. Suggestible Ss less often heard themselves spoken to while absorbed in some activity and were less often aware of incurring injuries under the same circumstances.
Proactive Inhibition, Recency, and Limited-Channel Capacity under Acoustic Stress
Authors: Eldredge Donald , Busch Allen C.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of an increase in the level of acoustic stress (signal-to-noise ratio) on the retrieval of message sets of 2, 3, or 4 unrelated words presented successively. The results indicated that noise degradation did indeed affect the efficiency with which Ss retrieve sequences of successively presented items. It was noticed that the retention of the initial item of a message set caused a marked decrement in the retention and retrieval of subsequent items of the message set and that the effect increased as a function of the number of words presented. The effects were attributed to proactive inhibition, recency, and limited-channel capacity.
Effect of Background Conversation and Darkness on Reaction Time in Anxious, Hallucinating, and Severely Ill Schizophrenics
Authors: Raskin Allen
Published: September 2011

Background conversation impaired the reaction time (RT) performance of 34 schizophrenics with a recent history of auditory hallucinations. 32 anxious schizophrenics gave elevated RTs when the room lights were extinguished. 32 severely ill patients did equally poorly under the three conditions of stimulus presentation.
Self-Anchoring Scaling for Study of Perceptions of Religious Maturity
Authors: Strunk Orlo
Published: September 2011

This is a first report on the use of self-anchoring scales measuring perceptions related to religious maturity. The present research is essentially a demonstration of the method with two groups of college freshmen girls, one white, the other Negro.
Infra-Red Method for Assessment of Small and Large Eye Movements in Clinical Experiments
Authors: Gaarder Kenneth , Silverman Julian , Pfefferbaum Dolf , Pfefferbaum Louise , King Catherine
Published: September 2011

Problems in measuring eye movements are briefly reviewed and a simple, inexpensive technique is presented for counting either the number of small eye movements during fixation or the number of small plus large eye movements during visual search. Details are given for building the system, which reflects infra-red light from the corneal-scleral margin of the eye to a photocell. The methods of operation and analysis of data are presented and the strengths and weaknesses of the technique are summarized. Examples of its use in particular experiments are presented.
Perceptual-Motor Performance Related to Impulsiveness and Anxiety
Authors: Barratt Ernest S.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of Ss were selected on the basis of varying levels of anxiety and impulsiveness and were tested on four perceptual-motor tasks. The high-impulsiveness, low-anxiety Ss consistently performed less efficiently on these tasks than did the other three groups of Ss. The results suggest that impulsiveness as a personality predisposition is related more to motor control than to sensory discrimination or cognition.
Technique for Measuring Reproductions of Visual Stimuli: III. Bender-Gestalt and Severity of Neurological Deficit
Authors: Cooper John R. , Dwarshuis Louis , Blechman Gerald
Published: September 2011

The Cooper-Barnes technique for scoring two-dimensional reproductions of visual stimuli was applied to the scoring of Bender-Gestalt drawings of 40 neurologically damaged Ss. The Bender scores obtained were significantly correlated with reliable ratings of severity of psycho-neurological damage. Neither the severity nor the Bender scores were significantly correlated with age. Although the severity score was not significantly correlated with IQ, the correlation between the Bender score and IQ was significant in a negative direction. This significant correlation is thought to reflect the observation that deficiency in IQ is related to the extent of organic damage which in turn is related to the magnitude of the errors found in Bender drawings.
Response Times to Electrocutaneous Stimulation
Authors: Hofmann Mark
Published: September 2011

Response times were obtained from 9 Ss responding to DC electrocutaneous signals. Each S received a series of 160 signals varying randomly in inter-signal interval (response to onset of next signal) and location. The results indicated that of the 5 inter-signal intervals employed, those being 7, 10, and 12 sec. in duration produced faster mean response times than those of 2 and 4 sec. Response times to the locations, the left hand, left foot, right hand, and right foot, did not differ significantly from one another but significantly interacted with Ss.
Human Dermo-Optical Perception: Colors of Objects and of Projected Light Differentiated with Fingers
Authors: Zavala Albert , Van Cott Harold P. , Orr David B. , Small Victor H.
Published: September 2011

It has been popularly reported that some persons can discriminate nonvisually among stimulus objects usually requiring visual cues. A female S ( A) was reported to possess the ability of so-called “finger-sight” or “dermo-optical perception.” To determine whether there was anything unusual about her sensory behavior, S and three controls were tested using plastic discs, projected light and playing cards as stimuli. The stimuli were presented so as to prevent use of visual cues for identification. Results indicated that S performed reliably above chance and above the level of the controls as a group in discriminating colored plastic discs, colored projected lights, and in discriminating the suit and number of playing cards. Some controls also performed reliably above chance but below A.
Cognitive Complexity and the Perception of Conflict: A Partial Replication
Authors: Tripodi Tony
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to replicate partially a study by Tripodi and Bieri, who found an association between cognitive complexity and the perception of conflict, and to study the relations among Bieri's CC measure, Eysenck's measure of neuroticism, and the perception of conflict. Each of 63 Ss responded to paragraph descriptions of disparate information by rating their degree of perceived conflict on a 20-point scale. The results indicated that CC is significantly associated with the perception of conflict, and it was inferred that there may be an interaction between CC and neuroticism in the perception of conflict.
Temporal Integration of Vibrotactile Stimulation
Authors: Berglund Birgitta , Berglund Ulf , Ekman Goesta
Published: September 2011

The perceived intensity of vibrotactile stimulation at 250 c/s was measured by a psychophysical scaling method under different conditions of intensity (32–54 db) and duration (30–1200 msec.) of stimulation. It was found (1) that perceived intensity grows as a logarithmic function of stimulus duration up to about 1 sec., whereafter it remains constant, and (2) that the exponent of the psychophysical power function decreases from 0.7 at the shortest duration and approaches a constant value of about 0.4 for the longest durations.
Comparison of Maze Learning on Spatial and Confounded Discriminations by Caimans and Toads
Authors: Williams John T.
Published: September 2011

Caimans ( Caiman sclerops) and toads ( Bufo marinus) were trained to escape shock in a T-maze with either spatial cues or confounded spatial and brightness cues relevant. The caimans learned the spatial discrimination as easily as they learned the confounded problem, but the toads took significantly longer to learn the spatial problem than to learn the confounded problem. The over-all performance of the caimans was much more efficient than that of the toads.
t for More Than Two
Authors: Dietze Doris
Published: September 2011

A simple method for performing t tests of the differences between means of independent groups, matched groups, and paired observations is presented and illustrated. The method is especially appropriate where data are collected simultaneously on a large number of dependent variables. Statistical tables are provided which markedly reduce the number of calculations to be performed. The method provides a clearcut way of graphically representing t test data relative to chosen significance levels.
Critique of a Pupillary Response Experiment
Authors: Dooley Roger P. , Lehr Donald J.
Published: September 2011

This critique questions the experimental design, controls and data analysis of a recent pupillary response experiment by Hess and Polt (1966).
Ocular Dominance and Perceptual Asymmetry
Authors: Hayashi T. , Bryden M. P.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed to determine the relation of sighting and acuity dominance to tachistoscopic recognition. In both, single-letter material was exposed binocularly to either the left or right of fixation at brief durations. In Exp. I ( N = 32) visual field differences in recognition were unrelated to sighting dominance. The results of Exp. II ( N = 24) suggested that both acuity dominance and cerebral dominance affect visual field differences. While all were strongly right-handed (and presumably left cerebral-dominant), right acuity-dominant Ss displayed a large right-field superiority, whereas left acuity-dominant Ss exhibited no visual field difference. These results suggest an interaction between acuity dominance and cerebral dominance which may be mediated by the relative superiority of the crossed optic pathways.
Psychology Students' Graphic Expression of Need for Achievement
Authors: Fretz Bruce R. , Schmidt Lyle D.
Published: September 2011

6 groups of undergraduate and graduate psychology students were administered the Aronson Graphic Expression Measure of n Achievement. Counseling students had significantly higher scores on this measure than most of the other groups. Students in a study skills program had significantly higher scores than either of the other two undergraduate groups.
Values and Psychotherapy: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Kessel Paul , McBrearty John F.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews theoretical literature and empirical investigations concerning the role of values in psychotherapy. Contrary to traditional psychoanalytic conceptualization, the psychotherapeutic relationship is viewed in terms of interpersonal attraction and interpersonal influence and some degree of therapist-patient value similarity is considered a prerequisite for positive attraction, effective communication, and influence of therapist over patient. The importance of matching therapist-patient pairs on the value dimension is stressed. Psychotherapy-analogue research is cited as a vehicle for exploring the role of values in psychotherapy.
Performance of Hospitalized Male Alcoholics on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: Shearn Charles R. , Warren Stacy L.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of protocols for the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement from 40 hospitalized male alcoholics yielded the following findings. The symbol pattern, representing the over-all test scores for the entire group of Ss, showed a fairly good correspondence with the typical symbol pattern formulated on the basis of previous research for “character and behavior disorder with neurosis.” This diagnostic category is consistent with our clinical observations concerning the largest group of male alcoholic patients seen in this institution over the years. The composite symbol pattern for the lowest three-quarters of our Ss (again, in terms of over-all test performance) shows closer correspondence to the typical pattern for “character and behavior disorder with neurosis.” The composite symbol pattern for 10 Ss at the top of the range in total test performance bears some similarity to the symbol pattern of the superior normal S but at the same time indicates excessive or uncontrolled type of abstract thinking, with some possible autistic features. In the case of some patients the question of underlying schizophrenia is raised. Qualitative examination of test performance reveals strong trends consistent with clinical observations regarding personality features seen in most male alcoholics: evasiveness, refusal to get involved or refusal to exert much effort in complying with the test instructions, strong dependency needs and reluctance to take personal responsibility, and a strong need to suppress and deny hostile feeling.
Field Dependency and Picture Recognition Ability
Authors: Campbell Donald R. , Dyer Frederick N. , Boersma Frederic J.
Published: September 2011

The study attempted to resolve conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between analytic ability, as measured by tests of field dependency, and structuring ability, as measured by performance on picture recognition tasks. The data failed to support the view that field dependency and ability to recognize fragmented pictures are significantly related and that age affects performance on picture recognition tasks. The results were discussed in terms of individual differences in search strategies on the Picture Recognition Test. A suggestion was made that the Children's Embedded Figures Test and the Conceptual Style Test are measuring different abilities.
Correspondence between Mean and Median Scale Values for Sets of Stimuli Scaled by the Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals
Authors: Silverman Franklin H.
Published: September 2011

Mean scale values were computed for each of five sets of stimuli for which median scale values and the distributions of judges' ratings had been reported. The correlations (Pearson rs) between the mean and the median scale values for each of the five sets of stimuli range from .995 to .999. These high correlations indicate that mean and median scale values rank order sets of stimuli in approximately the same manner. Several implications of this finding are discussed.
Effect of Test Produced Anxiety on Human Figure Drawings
Authors: Doubros Steve G. , Mascarenhas Juliet
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effects of test-produced anxiety in the classroom and to examine the consistency in repeatedly drawing one's own sex first or the other sex first, the DAP figures of 203 freshman 14-yr.-old high-school students were analyzed. It was found that Machover's signs of anxiety such as shading, erasures and omissions were not valid indexes or predictors of classroom tension. Both boys and girls showed good consistency in drawing like-sexed figures first, but girls were more prone than boys to make a sex-change on a subsequent drawing.
Stimulus Discrimination Gradients as a Function of Test Stimuli Spacing
Authors: Shurtleff Donald A. , Mostofsky David I.
Published: September 2011

Stimulus discrimination gradients were compared for conditions in which intervening (test) stimuli were spaced equally between the positive (S+) and negative (S−) stimuli and when test stimuli were spaced unequally between S+ and S−. When the gradients are plotted as a function of the physical units of the stimulus dimension, no differences attributable to stimulus spacing are evident. The results further suggested that the Ss responded to intervening stimuli according to their arrangement on an interval scale rather than to their arrangement on an ordinal scale.
Group GSR Technique in the Detection of Deception
Authors: Orne Martin T. , Thackray Richard I.
Published: September 2011

A technique to average GSR across Ss is proposed to facilitate detection of deception. Differential responsivity to “lie” vs “neutral” stimuli is augmented by averaging out idiosyncratic responses to neutral stimuli. Its feasibility was demonstrated by recording individual and group GSRs of Ss questioned in small groups. The probability of detecting shared information was greatly increased. Limitations and possible applications of the technique are discussed.
Motivation and Awareness in Use of Incidental Stimuli in a Conceptual Learning Situation
Authors: Cohen David B.
Published: September 2011

In a conceptual learning situation involving factual material that was focally presented by means of projection on a screen, the performance of two groups of equal reading ability was examined to determine the effects of motivation and awareness on the use of incidental and high-intensity stimuli. Motivation and awareness had significant effects on the test performance of Ss who received incidental cues.
Draw-a-Person Protocols of Male and Female College Students
Authors: Soccolich Christina , Wysocki Boleslaw A.
Published: September 2011

A purely male vs female differentiation of D-A-P test variables was attempted for 50 male and 50 female college students or graduates of 3 yr. or less. Analysis of sex and aggression variables revealed much emphasis and conflict in these areas in the drawings of both males and females. Sexual conflict was almost always expressed in the drawings of the opposite sex alone. A generalized psychosexual immaturity was demonstrated in the drawings of male Ss. Female Ss seemed to exhibit conflict over masculine orientation and ‘role’ inversion in their drawings. In addition, a strong tendency toward ‘evasion,’ a wish to ‘not see’ or ‘perceive vaguely,’ was heavily evidenced in the drawings of both male and, to a lesser extent, female Ss.
Hypokinesis in Rats Induced by a Schizophrenic Mimicking Compound
Authors: Machale Eleanor , Mandes Evans
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to study the effects of a schizophrenic mimicking compound (B 3,4 Dimethoxyphenel-ethalamine) on the activity of rats. Baseline activity was derived for two groups of 10 rats each during four 3-min. trials in an open-field test. 2.8 g/kg weight of the drug or placebo was then injected into the rats. They were run at 50-min. intervals. The activity level of the post-injection trials was compared with the mean baseline activity within and between the groups. The activity level of the compound-injected group decreased significantly as predicted.
Driving with a Crt Display
Authors: Mortimer Rudolf G.
Published: September 2011

Ss drove a car using a synthetic display. Lateral position alone was a weak cue for lateral control. The addition of either lateral velocity or peripheral vision cues greatly improved performance.
Short-Latency Electrodermal Reaction and Traffic Accidents
Authors: Levonian Edward
Published: September 2011

For 7 of 24 Ss, a single light flash evoked an unanticipated short-latency (100–200 msec.) increase in voltage between 2 fingertip electrodes passing a 2 μa. of direct current. The occurrence of this electrodermal phenomenon and the occurrence of a traffic accident over a 3-yr. period were related at the .059 level. This finding is discussed in relation to simple reaction time and driving GSR. In addition, consideration is given to possible reasons why this short-latency phenomenon has not been reported in some 1000 electrodermal studies covering a century.
Multidimensional Scaling of Recalls of Connected Meaningful Verbal Material
Authors: Russell Gordon W.
Published: September 2011

The study involved multidimensionally scaling written recalls of a passage. Two of the three dimensions were identified and paralleled those derived factor analytically by King in his efforts to establish a dependent measure(s) of the accuracy of recall of connected meaningful material.
Effects of Labels on Children's Perception: Part-of-Speech Variation of the Verbal Stimulus
Authors: Katz Phyllis A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of varying the part of speech of a verbal label in stimulus predifferentiation training. 48 children in Grades 2 and 4 were randomly assigned to 3 experimental conditions. One group learned to associate distinctive nouns to 4 random forms; a second associated distinctive adjectives to these forms; and a control group viewed the forms without labels. Following verbal training, all Ss judged pairs of these forms, tachistoscopically presented, as “same” or “different.” Results indicated a significant effect of Treatments on the number of discrimination errors. The control group made the most errors, and the distinctive label groups made the fewest. No significant differences were associated with the part of speech of the label.
Body-Image (Hand) and Arithmetic Ability
Authors: Hershenson David B.
Published: September 2011

Arithmetic ability (WAIS Arithmetic as highest Verbal subtest score) was significantly related to accuracy of hand (five fingers) in human figure drawings. Insignificant positive correlations existed between time to complete WAIS Object Assembly hand item ( not the longest of these four items) and arithmetic ability. No relationship between Object Assembly hand accuracy and arithmetic ability was found.
Hypoxia and Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in the Rat
Authors: Gerben Martin J.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments investigated the effects of hypoxia on activity wheel running in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Ss were exposed to atmospheres containing 21% O2 (normoxia), 16% O2, 12% O2, and 8% O2 for 20 min. of running. Decreases in activity occurred in atmospheres below 16% O2. Activity over the length of each 20-min. running period decreased as a function of amount of previously elapsed running time but was not significantly affected by the duration of previous exposure to the experimental atmosphere. Running in a normoxic atmosphere was increased if the immediately preceding exposure involved a hypoxic rather than normoxic atmosphere. The results suggest a dual effect of hypoxia. Hypoxia initially increases the tendency to be active in the non-running rat but eventually reduces activity in the running animal. Hypoxia was compared to other deprivation states with respect to motivational properties.
Estimation of Angles
Authors: Beery Keith E.
Published: September 2011

In a study designed to test the adequacy of a long-held belief that acute angles are overestimated and obtuse angles underestimated, 20 adult Ss reproduced acute and obtuse angle sizes. The findings challenge this traditional view of angle estimation.
Comparison of Children's Self-Drawings with Their Drawings of other Persons
Authors: Gellert Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that children's awareness of their own bodily attributes is more articulated and accurate than their conception of those of the opposite sex, a modified D-A-P Test was given to 151 Ss (Grades K to 6). Instructions were to draw frontal pictures of the self and of an opposite sex age-mate, both standing up and wearing bathing suits. Sketches were compared for detail, manner of depiction, symmetry, proportion, size, placement, and line quality. Except for size and for depictions of hair, mouth, and eyes, protocols showed no significant differences between self- and opposite-sex drawings. Individual graphic styles were highly consistent. A significant proportion drew larger, but not qualitatively superior, self-representations than non-self figures. Results were related to the development of body image, projective interpretations of figure drawings, realism, and IQ. It was concluded that, for the aspects assessed, children seem equally aware of the bodily attributes of both sexes.
Experimental Alteration of the it Scale in the Study of Sex-Role Preference
Authors: Reed Max R. , Asbjornsen Willotta
Published: September 2011

The study explored some assumptions underlying Brown's It Scale and employed an altered administration of the scale to investigate sex-role-preference behavior in 50 boys and 48 girls of preschool age. Ss judged the sex status of Brown's It figure and Hogan's analogous Somebody figure. Neither figure was seen as ambiguous. The second part of the study employed stimulus figures for the It Scale which Ss had unambiguously designed male and female. The results disagreed with some previous findings. Preschool girls (a) equalled boys in making appropriate sex-role preference choices for a same-sex stimulus figure, (b) made more choices than boys of an opposite-sex stimulus figure, and (c) showed increased frequency of choices with age on the same task for both same- and opposite-sex figures, while boys showed no such change.
Some Transfer Data concerning Contingent Discriminations
Authors: Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

Transfer of training effects for two contingent discrimination techniques were studied. The main finding was a substantial amount of positive transfer when a contingent position technique was subjected to reversal of reinforcement.
Behavioral and Learning Disabilities Associated with Cognitive-Motor Dysfunction
Authors: Rubin Eli Z. , Braun Jean S.
Published: September 2011

There is a need to clarify the diagnosis of school maladjustment. Previous research suggested the hypothesis that a high percentage of maladjusted school children would have cognitive-motor dysfunction predisposing to behavioral and learning disorders. Utilizing a new method that measures nine areas of cognitive-motor functioning to compare maladjusted and problem-free children, 40% of the maladjusted group showing dysfunction are clearly identified. Relationships of dysfunction to behavioral symptoms, IQ and learning are discussed. Implications for remediation are reported.
Application of the Dennis Uses Test to Canadian Children
Authors: Al-Issa Ihsan
Published: September 2011

The Dennis Uses Test was administered to 362 Canadian children. Ss were drawn from a middle-class area, a lower-class area, a Jewish school, and an Indian reservation school. Their responses were classified into seven categories, i.e., sustentative, benevolent, malevolent, hedonistic, esthetic, religious, and hierarchical. Comparisons of the groups of these categories show some significant differences. It is concluded that the Dennis Uses Test may be regarded as a promising measure of psychological differences which are produced by societies or cultures.
Heritability of Factor V: Verbal Comprehension
Authors: Osborne R. Travis , Gregor A. James , Miele Frank
Published: September 2011

33 pairs of MZ twins and 12 pairs of like-sexed DZ twins, 32 boys and 58 girls, 40 of whom were Negro and 50 white, whose ages ranged from 13 to 18, were given a battery of verbal comprehension tests which included the Heim Self-judging Vocabulary Test, the Wide-Range Vocabulary Test, the Heim Vocabulary Test, and the Spelling Achievement Test. Using three different heritability ratios, (1) the Holzinger heritability coefficient, (2) the heritability ratio proposed by Nichols, and (3) the F ratio (Block), the relative intrapair similarity of MZ and like-sexed DZ twins on the verbal comprehension tests was determined. All the MZ correlations were greater than the corresponding rs for the DZ twin-pairs. Two of the six differences were significant ( p ≤ .05). The range of heritability coefficient ratios (Holzinger) was from .35 to .78, with MZ intraclass rs ranging from .45 to .86, with DZ rs from –.34 to .40. The agreement among tests suggests that verbal comprehension as tested by the various performance tests is heritable with as much as .78 of the within-family variance attributable to hereditary factors.
Analysis of the Army Physical Proficiency Test in Terms of the Fleishman Basic Fitness Tests
Authors: Carver R. P. , Winsmann F. R.
Published: September 2011

In order to analyze the Physical Combat Proficiency Test (PCPT) in terms of the physical fitness factors measured by the Basic Fitness Tests (BFT), both tests were administered to 149 soldiers. The correlations of the PCPT with the BFT were interpreted as factor loadings. The PCPT loaded (.30 or above) on Dynamic Flexibility, Dynamic Strength, Explosive Strength, and Stamina. With the exception of Grenade Throwing, all of the PCPT subtests loaded on at least one of the fitness factors. It was concluded that the PCPT is mainly a test of physical fitness, thus calling into question the rationale for including Grenade Throwing since it was unrelated to physical fitness.
Variability of Temporal Judgment: Intersensory Comparisons and Sex Differences
Authors: Goldstone Sanford
Published: September 2011

Previous work with 7- to 13-yr.-old children demonstrated that the time judgments of girls were more variable than boys, and this sex difference was greater for visual than auditory judgments. This study used the same method with an adult population. Ss rendered 9-category absolute judgments of short auditory and visual durations using a social or a subjective internal temporal standard, and a measure of intrasubject response variance was obtained. The women were more variable than men, and this sex difference was independent of sense mode and temporal standard; the significant effects due to sense mode and temporal standard were dependent upon the differential locations of the auditory and visual, social and subjective transition zones. The sex difference is discussed in light of the changing pattern of results obtained since 1894.
Effect of High Elevation upon Physical Proficiency, Cognitive Functioning and Subjective Symptomatology
Authors: Carver R. P. , Winsmann F. R.
Published: September 2011

To assess the possible decremental effects associated with an abrupt exposure to high elevation, eight basic fitness tests, one intelligence test, and a self-report symptoms card were administered to 43 adult Ss at sea level and at 13,000 ft. At the high elevation, the possible facilitating effect of the drug acetazoleamide was studied by administering it to 21 Ss. It was concluded that abrupt exposure to an elevation of 13,000 ft.: (1) does affect running proficiency but does not affect other aspects of physical proficiency, (2) does not disrupt cognitive functioning, and (3) does produce headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath and insomnia. Acetazoleamide (1) was effective in reducing reports of headache, dizziness, and nausea while facilitating sleep and (2) did not affect physical proficiency or cognitive functioning.
Form Reproduction as a Function of Angularity, Orientation of Brightness Contrast, and Hue
Authors: Beery Keith E.
Published: September 2011

This is an evaluation of three stimulus variables (angularity and orientation, brightness contrast, and hue) involved in geometric (diamond-shaped) form reproductions of children between 6 and 14 yr. of age in Grades 1, 2 and 3. Error in orientation of reproduction was of greater magnitude with the form in a diagonal position rather than in a horizontal or vertical position. Brightness contrast at 3 levels of grey showed a significant 3-factor interaction on the size-of-top-angle reproduction, whereas the study of hue showed no significant differences.
Note on Dees' Size Constancy Explanation of the Moon Illusion
Authors: Dyer Frederick N.
Published: September 2011

Monocular cues for distance do not seem to produce faulty reversed perceptions of distance and this suggests that binocular cues and not monocular cues as Dees argued are involved in these distance judgments and also possibly in the moon illusion.
Successive Discrimination Reversal Measures as a Function of Variation of Motivational and Incentive Levels
Authors: Gossette Robert L. , Hood Patricia
Published: September 2011

The successive habit reversal performances of pigeons under two levels of drive and two levels of incentive magnitude were examined on a spatial task. While the fewest total errors and sessions per problem were produced by the high incentive group, the high drive group produced the greatest initial errors. However, significant asymptotic differences were found only for the incentive conditions.