bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Wallach Transformation. I. The Products of the Reaction
Authors: Gore PH , Hughes GK
Published: September 2010

The products formed in the Wallach
Transformation of various azoxybenzenes have been systematically examined. Many
abnormal results claimed have been reinvestigated.
Alkaloids of the Australian Rutaceae. The Structure and Reactions of Acronycidine
Authors: Lahey FN , Lamberton JA , Price JR
Published: September 2010

Acronycidine, C15H15O5N,
is shown to be 4,6,7,8-tetramethoxyfurano-(2', 3'-2, 3)-quinoline (VI). It has
been degraded to 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid by a series of reactions, one of
which involves the conversion of 3-nitroso-5,7,8-trimethoxy-2,4-dihydroxyquinoline
to 4,6,7-trimethoxyisatin by heating with mineral acid. This process appears to
be of general application for the conversion of 2,4-dihydroxyquinolines to
isatins. Acronycidine readily undergoes oxidative demethylation with either
nitric or nitrous acid giving a 1,4-quinone. Quinones are likewise formed from
several acronycidine derivatives.
The Fomation of Rain by Coalescence
Authors: Bowen EG
Published: September 2010

It is generally acknowledged that drizzle
or light rain can fall from clouds which do not reach freezing level and cases
have recently bean described in which moderate to heavy rain has been observed
to fall from such clouds. A simple theory is developed to account for the
phenomenon, based on the initial growth of cloud droplets by condensation
followed by the growth of a small fraction of their number by coalescence.
These grow in their ascent through the cloud until they are large enough to
remain in suspension in the upward air current, after which they fall as min.
It is shown that for a given set of cloud conditions the maximum height reached
by the drops increases with increasing vertical air velocity and that the size
of the drops emerging from the base of the cloud is nearly a linear function of
the height attained. The time for the precipitation to appear, on the other
hand, is an inverse function of the upward air velocity.

Experimental observations of rain from
non-freezing clouds have distinguished two main types. The first of these shows
an increase in drop diameter or rainfall intensity downward through the cloud,
as would be expected if the drops followed a variety of trajectories within the
cloud. The second type is one in which the drop trajectories tend to coincide,
in which case there would be a maximum in the raindrop density and the rain
water content at some defined height within the cloud. This has been verified
qualitatively by radar observations and flight experiments.
Some Bridged Derivatives of 4-Piperidone
Authors: Anet EFLJ , Hughes GK , Marmion D , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

Attempts to prepare the areca nut alkaloids by the route suggested by Robinson
were unsuccessful. Several polycyclic bases related to 4-piperidone have been
synthesized.
Dunnione and related naphthoquinones. II. Synthesis of isodunniol and dl-dunnione
Authors: Cooke RG
Published: September 2010

Claisen rearrangement of
2-(3,3-dimethylallyloxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone gives two products. One of these is
identical with isodunniol, and the other, on treatment with sulphuric acid,
gives a compound which is evidently the racemic modification of the natural
dextrorotatory pigment dunnione. It is shown that isodunniol must be
2-hydroxy-3-(1,2-dimethylallyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone, and dunnione is ααβ-trimethyl-dihydrofurano-1,2-naphthoquinone.
The racemic modifications of α-dunnione and allodunnione are also described.
The synthesis of melicopicine and some Trimethoxy-10-methylacridones
Authors: Hughes GK , Neill KG , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

1,2,3,4-Tetramethoxy-10-methylacridone has
been prepared and shown to be identical with a natural specimen of
melicopicine. The four related isomeric trimethoxy-10-methylacridones have been
prepared and the 2,3,4-trimethoxy derivative was shown to be identical with the
trimethoxy derivative obtained from evoxanthine. A
new synthesis of 10-methylacridones is described.
The Crystal Structure of Indium Monobromide
Authors: Stephenson NC , Mellor DP
Published: September 2010

The crystal structure of indium
monobromide has been determined using powder and complete rotation photographs.
The unit cell dimensions are ������������ a= 4.46�0.005 Ǻ������������ b=12.39�0.02 Ǻ ������������ c= 4 73�0.01 Ǻwith four molecules per
cell. The space group is D172h:: -Cmcm. The structure is a layer
structure isomorphous with that of thallium iodide TlI. Each indium has five
bromine atoms arranged about it at the corners of a rectangular pyramid with
one In-Br bond of 2.80 Ǻ and four In-Br bonds of 3.29 Ǻ. Indium atoms
are similarly arranged about bromine atoms.
The Iodination of Aromatic Compounds. IV. The Iodination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nuclear-substituted Phenols
Authors: Jurd L
Published: September 2010

Salicylic acid and p-nitrophenol are
almost quantitatively diiodinated when treated in alcoholic solution with
iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric, or phosphoric
acid. In glacial acetic acid solution salicylic acid gives good yields of the
diiodo compound only in the presence of hydrochloric acid. No appreciable
iodination occurs in the presence of sulphuric or nitric acid whilst
3,5-dibromosalicylic acid is formed with hydrobromic acid.

Cinnamic acid reacts slowly with iodine,
hydrogen peroxide, and sulphuric acid in methanol and ethanol solutions to give
the corresponding α-iodo-β-alkoxy-β-phenylpropionic
acids.

Benzene homologues are readily iodinated
in alcoholic solution in the presence of sulphuric or nitric acid although
benzene does not react appreciably under similar conditions.
Galactic Radiation at 18.3 Mc/s
Authors: Shain CA
Published: September 2010

Observations are described of galactic
radiation at a frequency of 18.3 Mc/s. over a zone of the sky centred on
Declination -34�. The results, expressed as equivalent temperatures, are
compared with the distribution of intensity at 100 Mc/s. It is found that the
temperatures are consistently much higher at 18.3 Mc/s. than at 100 Mc/s. but
the observed ratio of maximum to minimum at 18.3 Mc/s. is less than would have
been obtained at 100 Mc/s. using an aerial with the same directional diagram.
The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that contours of equal
equivalent temperature over the sky are of similar shape on the two
frequencies. Peaks in the intensity distribution are observed which appear to
be due to discrete sources.�The
observations give information concerning the attenuation of radiation passing
through the ionosphere. It is found that F-region
absorption is higher near the critical frequency than expected, and that E-region absorption is lower than
expected. It is found that the collision frequency at the height of maximum
ionization of the E region is not
greater than 104 sec.-l, and is probably less.

For the equipment used, the limit of
sensitivity for the reception of radio signals was generally set by galactic
noise.
The Structure of Steady-State Anticyclones
Authors: James RW
Published: September 2010

It is found that symmetrical anticyclones
of the Australian region exhibit roughly similar pressure profiles.

The total pressure rise within a high is
approximately proportional to the area covered by the disturbance, large
systems in higher latitudes being more intense than small systems in lower
latitudes.

These structural properties are shown to
be a consequence of the requirement for gradient-wind balance within an
anticyclone, which requirement is shown to limit the intensity of a high of
specified size.

The theory indicates that the variation of
the size of anticyclones should be restricted, and that disturbances in higher
latitudes should have higher mean intensities. Both these requirements are
borne out by observation.
An Analysis of the Galvanometer Amplifier and its Response to Alternating Electromotive Forces and Mechanical Vibrations
Authors: Wylie RG , Harper AFA
Published: September 2010

A system which is representative of most
practical galvanometer amplifiers is analysed and the response of the system to
alternating e.m.f.'s and to mechanical vibration is determined.

It is shown that the values of the circuit
constants can be so chosen that the galvanometer movement is at least
critically damped for all conditions of operation and that, for critical
damping. the frequency response curve for the amplifier to applied alternating
e.m.f.'s resembles that for the galvanometer alone but is expanded along the
frequency axis by a factor which depends on the degree of feedback. Mechanical
vibration with a component about the axis of the galvanometer cod produces an
effect which is markedly increased by the provision of feedback.
Dielectric Absorption in Solid Aliphatic Methyl Esters
Authors: Dryden JS , Welsh HK
Published: September 2010

The dielectric absorption in three
aliphatic methyl esters, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, and methyl
behenate, has been measured over a wide frequency range at temperatures of 25,
2, and -18 �C. The measurements reveal that there are two absorptions in these
esters, both arising from relaxation mechanisms.

Deductions made from the results indicate
that one of the absorptions is due to the rotation of the ester molecule from
one position of equilibrium in the crystal lattice to another, and that the
other absorption arises from rotation of the polar group (which in these
molecules is at one end) from one position of relative equilibrium to another.
Influence of the Volume Fractions of the Phases on the Deformation of (α+β) Brass
Authors: Clarebrough LM , Perger GR
Published: September 2010

The relative deformations of the phases
were studied, after 20, 40, 60, and 80 per cent. reductions in area by wire
drawing in duplex brasses of various compositions, using as a measure of the
degree of deformation the temperature at which recrystallization began. In
alloys containing more than about one-third by volume of the hard P phase,
crystals of both phases deformed to the same extent, but in alloys containing
10 or 20 per cent. by volume of the β phase, the heavier deformation
always occurred in the soft a phase. The mode of recrystallization of the
phases varied with the degree of deformation and the volume proportion of the
phases.
The Viscosity and Rigidity of Gelatin in Concentrated Aqueous Systems. I. Viscosity
Authors: Cumper CWN , Alexander AE
Published: September 2010

The viscosity of gelatin solutions at
concentrations between 100 and 500 g./l. has been studied as a function of pH,
ionic strength, and temperature. In these concentrated systems the predominant
factor determining the viscosity appeared to be Coulombic forces between
ionized groups on adjacent chains.
The Demethylation of Methoxyacridones
Authors: Hughes GK , Matheson NK , Norman AT , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

4-Methoxy-10-methylacridone demethylates
more readily than the 1-, 2-, or 3-isomers but not so readily as the acridone
alkaloids. 4-Hydroxy-10-methylacridone resembles the nor-alkaloids but its
isomers have distinctly different properties.
The Distribution of the Discrete Sources of Cosmic Radio Radiation
Authors: Mills BY
Published: September 2010

The galactic distribution of 77 discrete
sources of cosmic radio radiation has been examined. It is found that the
distribution can be explained on the assumption that there are two major
classes of source, one having a high degree of galactic concentration and the
other having a random distribution. The possible identification of the sources
with various types of astronomical object is discussed, and it is concluded
that, although some of the evidence is suggestive, it is insufficient for any
positive conclusions to be formed.
Sulphonamides. IV. The Reaction of N-Heterocyclic Amines with Sulphonyl Halides
Authors: Angyal SJ
Published: September 2010

The hypothesis is advanced that the
reaction of sulphonyl halides with amino-derivatives of nitrogen-containing
cyclic compounds occurs on the ring-nitrogen (which is the more basic),
followed either by reaction of the amino-group with another molecule of
sulphonyl halide, or by migration of the sulphonyl group from the ring to the
ammo-nitrogen. Several apparently anomalous cases of this reaction are
explained.
Self-condensation reactions of Chloroalkyl Sulphides
Authors: Davies W , Hambly AN
Published: September 2010

The identity of the product formed by the
reaction of 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide with potassium cyanide has been
established by the synthesis of ethylene bis-2-carboxyethyl sulphide and its
methyl ester. The preparation of bischloromethyl sulphide has been improved and
bischloromethyl disulphide prepared as a by-product. Bischloromethyl sulphide
undergoes a self-condensation action when heated with methanolic potassium
cyanide solution.
The essential oil of Myoporum crassifolium Forst
Authors: O'Brien KG , Penfold AR , Werner RL
Published: September 2010

The essential oil of Myoporum crassifolium
Forst., a shrub endemic to New Caledonia, is shown to consist principally of a
tertiary sesquiterpene alcohol which is either identical with or isomeric with
synthetic bisabolol.
Determination of Activity Coefficients from total pressure measurements
Authors: Barker JA
Published: September 2010

A method of least squares is described for
calculating activity coefficients from results of total vapour pressure
measurements.
Transient rates of gas sorption. III. Pore structure, adsorption isotherms, and calculated rates at constant volume
Authors: Sutherland KL , Winfield ME
Published: September 2010

The pore structure has been determined for
the thoria, alumina monohydrate, and γ-alumina adsorbents of Part I of
this Series ; also the Henry's law constants when the adsorbate is water vapour
at 140 �C. Using these quantities in the equations given in Part II it is shown
how the calculated rate of Knudsen flow, accompanied by rapid adsorption on the
pore walls, can account for the experimental rates of gas uptake by the two aluminas.
None of the equations can account for the dependence of the rate of uptake by
thoria on the square (or higher power) of the mass of the bed. It is suggested
that a poisoning phenomenon may be responsible.

In deciding the nature of the limiting
step in gas uptake by an adsorbent, the dependence of the rate on the mass of
the bed is a useful criterion. The temperature coefficient is not informative
unless it is positive.

The methods and results described in Parts
I, II, and III can be applied in the study of gas adsorption and flow in the
catalyst pellets of a fixed-bed industrial reactor. They should also be capable
of predicting the unsteady reaction rates within a granule in a fluidized bed.
The structure of Dimedone and the effect of solvents on Keto-enol Tautomerism
Authors: Angell CL , Werner RL
Published: September 2010

An infra-red spectroscopic examination of
dimedone has shown that in non-polar solvents this compound exists in the
diketo- rather than the mono-en01 form. Such behaviour suggests that where
intramolecular hydrogen bonding cannot stabilize the enolic form, as it can,
for example, in acetyl acetone, there is little tendency for the 1,3-diketones
to enolize. In other media, the equilibrium shifts in favour of the mono-enol,
thorn solvents which are basic or easily form hydrogen bonds having the greatest
influence. On the other hand the dielectric constant per se of the solvent has
little effect on the equilibrium.

In contrast with diosphenol, it is shown
that the hydroxyl group in the mono-enolic form of dimedone has some effect on
the mesomerism of the system -C=C-C=O.
The surface viscosity of soluble films
Authors: Ewers WE , Sack RA
Published: September 2010

The surface viscosity of soluble films can
be determined by measuring the velocity, vm,
of an element of surface moving along the centre-line of a rectangular trough
under the influence of a constant bulk flow, V, of solution along the trough.
An equation is derived in which the ratio, V/vm,
is described accurately in terms of the dimensions of the trough, the viscosity
of the solution, and the surface viscosity of the film adsorbed at the
air-water interface. This equation is based on the assumption that the surface
pressure gradient along the trough is zero. When the surface pressure gradient
is not zero, but is constant and of known magnitude, a second equation makes it
possible to determine the surface viscosity. ����� Measurements of surface viscosity have
been made with water, electrolyte solutions, and solutions of sodium dodecyl
sulphate and of n-octanol.
The Kjeldahl determination of Nitrogen: A critical study of digestion conditions-Temperature, Catalyst, and Oxidizing agent
Authors: McKenzie HA , Wallace HS
Published: September 2010

The effect of temperature on the rate of
Kjeldahl digestions in the absence of catalyst and oxidizing agent has been
studied. Both the clearing time and the minimum time for complete recovery of
nitrogen are markedly decreased by raising the digestion temperature. The
appreciable rise in temperature during prolonged digestions and the effect of
time and temperature on the pyrolytic loss of nitrogen are considered. By
proper choice of digestion conditions nitrogen can be completely recovered in a
reasonable time even from refractory compounds. The time may be further
decreased by the use of mercury as catalyst.

The use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant
in Kjeldahl digestions is discussed and the effects of the volume and number of
additions at various temperatures after different cooling times determined.
Earlier claims regarding complete recoveries with few additions cannot be
substantiated.

A modified micro-apparatus for the
distillation of ammonia from Kjeldahl digestions is described and acidimetric
methods for the determination of the ammonia are critically examined.

As a result of this work it is possible to
develop procedures for the Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen in various
materials. A rapid and precise method for the determination of 0.2-2 mg of
nitrogen in amino acids and proteins is described.
The chemical constituents of Himantandra species. I. The Lignins of Himantandra baccata Bail. and H. belgraveana F. Muell
Authors: Hughes GK , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

Three new lignans have been isolated from
Himantandra baccata Bail. and one from H. belgraveana F. Muell. Their
structures have been elucidated, two are phenyltetralins and the other two are αα?-disubstituted
tetrahydrofurans.
The kinetics of decarboxylation of uronic acids, polysaccharides, and oxycelluloses
Authors: Meller A
Published: September 2010

Measurements of the
rate of carbon dioxide evolution from sulphuric acid solutions of galacturonic
acid have revealed that it follows first-order kinetics, but some carbon dioxide
is also formed in a side reaction at a constant rate.

Glucuronolactone,
polyglucuronic acid, and oxycelluloses decarboxylate in essentially homogeneous
sulphuric acid solutions according to a two-step reaction scheme, both steps
being kinetically first order. This main reaction is accompanied by side
reactions in which carbon dioxide is evolved at an approximately constant rate.

Mathematical
expressions have been derived and applied to compute the constants of the rate
equation for the decarboxylation of materials containing uronic acid.
The preparation of some dipeptides containing asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamine
Authors: Leach SJ , Lindley H
Published: September 2010

Several methods have been used to
synthesize dipeptides of asparagine, glutamine, and aspartic acid. Not all
techniques were found to be equally applicable to the synthesis of a particular
peptide. The methods examined involved the use of the chloracetyl-, phthalyl-,
and carbobenzoxy- residues as protective groups and the use of acid chlorides,
mixed carbonic anhydrides, phosphite amides, and isocyanate esters in the
coupling reaction.
The behavour of fluids of Quasi-Spherical molecules. III. Surface tensions
Authors: Hamann SD , Lambert JA
Published: September 2010

Theoretical surface tensions at absolute zero have been worked out for liquids
whose molecules interact according to the Lennard-Jones potential
U = λ/Rn - μ/Rm
taking the two sets of exponents : n=12, m=6 and n=28, m=7.
The predicted difference between the reduced surface tensions for these two
potentials is shown by the experimental surface tensions of monatomic and diatomic
liquids on the one hand, and of liquids of polyatomic quasi-spherical molecules on the
other hand.
Reduction by dissolving metals. X. Aromatic compounds containing electron sinks
Authors: Birch AJ , Hextall P , Sternhell S
Published: September 2010

The general features are reviewed of the
reduction by dissolving metals of aromatic compounds carrying
electron-attracting groups. The reductions by sodium-ammonia solutions of
2-methylamino-, 3-methoxy-, 3,4-dimethoxy-, and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid,
of 3-ethoxyphenylbut-2-ene, and of 2-phenylimidazoline have been investigated.
Asarinin in Acronychia muelleri W.D. Francis
Authors: Davenport JB , Sutherland MD
Published: September 2010

����� (+)-Asarinin has been found in the leaves
of Acronychia muelleri W. D. Francis. An anomaly in the ultraviolet absorption
of asarinin and of its diastereoisomer sesamin is discussed.
Liquid-Vapour Equilibria. VI. The systems Acetonitrile + Benzene at 45°C. and Acetonitrile + Nitromethane at 60°C
Authors: Brown I , Smith F
Published: September 2010

Liquid-vapour equilibrium data are given
for the systems acetonitrile + benzene at 45.00 �C and acetonitrile + nitromethane
at 60.00 �C. These data are used to calculate the excess free energy of mixing
for these systems.
Studies on Xanthorrhoea resins. II. Xanthorrhoein and Hydroxypaeonol
Authors: Birch AJ , Hextall P
Published: September 2010

The substances, m.p. 80 �C
(hydroxypaeonol) and m.p. 68-69 �C (xanthorrhoein) isolated from the resins of
several Xanthorrhoea spp. by Rennie, Cooke, and Finlayson (1920) are shown to
be phloroacetophenone 2,4-dimethyl ether (I ; R=OCH,) and a (+)-methoxymethylnaphthodihydrofuran
probably with one oxygen α- and the other in a β-position of the
naphthalene ring.
Water-soluble constituents of fruit. IV. The organic acids in peaches
Authors: Anet EFLJ , Reynolds TM
Published: September 2010

The acids in several varieties of peaches
were separated by displacement chromatography on strongly basic anion-exchange
resins. l-Quinic, L-malic, and citric
acids were the three main acids, any one of them being the predominant acid
depending on the variety, season, and maturity of the fruit. Mucic acid was
found in small quantity in all samples ; galacturonic acid was only present in
fruit picked at commercial maturity and ripened at 20 �C. The effect of
maturity on the three major acids was studied for one crop of Blackburn Elberta
peaches; the immature fruit contained only traces of citric acid.
The synthesis and properties of some Glycosides
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: September 2010

A number of new glycosides and their
acetates, principally β-glucosides, have been synthesized and their
physical constants are reported. Certain limitations have been found to the
application of the modified Helferich synthesis (Jermyn 1954).
The chemical constituents of Australian Flindersia species. VIII. The structure of maculine
Authors: Gell RJ , Hughes GK , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

Maculine is shown by degradation to be
6,7-methylenedioxydictamnine (II).
Studies of Waxes. IX. The normal alcohols of wool wax
Authors: Murray KE , Schoenfeld R
Published: September 2010

Seven normal alcohols have been isolated
from the unsaponifiable part of wool wax and identified as n-octadecanol,
n-eicosanol, n-docosanol, n-tetracosanol, n-hexacosanol, n-octacosanol, and
n-triacontanol.
Studies of waxes. X. The diols of carnauba wax
Authors: Murray KE , Schoenfeld R
Published: September 2010

Four α-ω-diols have been
isolated from the unsaponifiable fraction of carnauba wax and identified as
n-docosane-1,22-diol, n-tetracosane-1,24-diol, n-hexacosane-1,26-diol, and
n-octacosane-1,28-diol.
Studies of waxes. XI. The hydroxy acids of carnauba wax
Authors: Murray KE , Schoenfeld R
Published: September 2010

Seven ω-hydroxy acids have been
identified as constituents of carnauba wax. They are 18-hydroxyoctadecanoic,
20-hydroxyeicosanoic, 22-hydroxydooosanoic, 24-hydroxytetracosanoic,
26-hydroxyhexacosanoic, 28-hydroxyoctacosanoic, and 30-hydroxytriacontanoic
acids.
The vapour pressure of solid cadmium
Authors: O'Donnell TA
Published: September 2010

An apparatus has been designed for
measurement by the Knudsen effusion method of the vapour pressure of solid
cadmium in the temperature range 200-260 �C. Reliability of the apparatus was
checked by measurement of the vapour pressure of zinc, for which a recent,
reliable determination has been reported.

The vapour pressure of cadmium in the
temperature range studied is given by the equation

log10
Pmm = 9.413
? 6078/T .
Studies in relation to biosynthesis. IV. The structures of some natural quinones
Authors: Birch AJ , Donovan FW
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of
2,5,7-trimethoxynaphthoquinone (XI) is described. This substance is identical
with flaviolin trimethyl ether. Biogenetic relationships of several quinones
are discussed.
A new sesquiterpene alcohol from Himantandra baccata Bail
Authors: Birch AJ , Mostyn KMC
Published: September 2010

A new crystalline sesquiterpene alcohol
has been isolated from the bark of Himantandra baccata Bail. (syn. Galbulimima
baccata). It is a tricyclic saturated tert.-alcohol, C15H26O,
which yields guaiazulene on dehydrogenation. The formulae I and II are
suggested as possibilities.
Alternating current polarography of organic compounds. V. Quantitative treatment of the adsorption process
Authors: Breyer B , Bauer HH
Published: September 2010

Equations are derived to express the
adsorption equilibrium subsisting at an adsorbent surface in the presence of
two adsorbable species. These equations are applied to the case of the
reduction of organic compounds at the dropping mercury electrode. It is well
known that adsorption at the electrode can produce irreversibility in the D.C.
step, and a qualitative explanation is provided. The same treatment is used to
explain the shape of the A.C. calibration curves.
Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution in the Benzene ring and the Hammett Equation
Authors: Miller J
Published: September 2010

The Hammett equation as applied to
aromatic nuclear electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution is tested for a
wide range of substituents. For nucleophilic substitution quite good agreement
is obtained for electron-attracting substituents using σ* values,
but large deviations occur with substituents releasing electrons by the
conjugative mechanism. In electrophilic substitution, in so far as results are
available, a fair measure of agreement obtains for electron-attracting
substituents, but very large and to some extent irregular deviations occur for
the conjugative electron- releasing substituents. The deviations occur whether σ
or σ* values are used, and new sets of σN** and σE**
values are defined and the values recorded.

A comparison is made of substituent
effects in nuclear electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution.
Migration of excitation energy in organic crystals. II. Solid solution of anthracene and tetracene in napthalene
Authors: Ferguson J
Published: September 2010

The migration of excitation energy from
anthracene to tetracene has been studied in a solid solution of the two
molecules in naphthalene crystal. Perturbation theory has been used to
formulate the probability of transfer of energy from anthracene to tetracene
when both are in naphthalene solid solution, and the excellent agreement with
the experimental result (probability of fluorescence equals probability of
transfer at an intermolecular distance of 44 Ǻ) supports the conclusion
that the mechanism operating is dominantly a non-radiative one, adequately
described by the dipole-dipole approximation for the interaction between the
molecules.
New molecular compounds of the layer lattice type. I. New molecular compounds of graphite
Authors: Croft RC
Published: September 2010

An extension of previous work (Croft 1952)
on molecular compounds of graphite has led to the discovery of over 30 new molecular
compounds of the layer lattice type.

In addition, the experimental data
revealed some necessary conditions for compound formation. Thus, intercalation
was found to be most probable with multivalent chlorides of the transition
metals, but only when the latter are in their higher valence states. Chlorides
of all Group IIIA elements can also form molecular compounds with graphite.
Intercalation is related to the position of the cation of the test substance in
the periodic table. Molecular shape, polarity, and the covalent nature of the
test substance have little, if any, relation to its reactivity with graphite.

Graphite compounds formed from Group IIIA
chlorides are distinguished from those containing transition metal chlorides by
the possibility of hydrolysing intercalated cations of the former but not those
of the latter. The metal cations of graphite-ZrCl4 and graphite-YCl3
are also capable of hydrolysis in situ.

The results of this investigation suggest
the possibility of employing graphite compound formation to effect many
chemical separations and purifications.
Some naturally occurring dimethylchromenes. II. Alloevodione
Authors: Kirby KD , Sutherland MD
Published: September 2010

The neutral substance C13H11O2(OCH3)3,
m.p. 81 �C, isolated from the leaves of Evodia elleryana F. Muell. by Jones and
Wright (1946) is shown to be 5,6,7-trimethoxy-8-acetyl-2,2-dimethylchromene
(alloevodione), an isomer of evodione already known from the same plant.

Various samples from the leaves of E.
elleryana differ in chromene content. A sample from the leaves of E. bonwickii
F. Muell. contained no neutral chromenes.
Studies in the natural coating of apples. III. Saturated acids of the cuticle oil
Authors: Davenport JB
Published: September 2010

The saturated acids, comprising 10.3 per
cent. of the cuticle oil of ripe Granny Smith apples, consist principally of
stearic and arachidic acids, with smaller amounts of palmitic acid, behenic
acid, and acids of higher molecular weight than behenic acid.
Alternating current polarography of organic compounds
Authors: Breyer B , Bauer HH
Published: September 2010

In previous papers of this series (Breyer,
Bauer, and Hacobian 1954 ; Breyer and Bauer 1956) it was shown that the A.C.
polarographic behaviour of organic com- pounds can be explained by postulating
adsorption of the substances at the electrode. Empirical and theoretical
expressions for the dependence of the alternating current on the bulk
concentration of depolarizer were qualitatively correlated. In the present
paper, the theoretical treatment is developed further, permitting the
evaluation of the adsorption coefficients of the oxidized and reduced forms at
the electrode surface.
The Alkaloids of Senecio jacobaea L. III. The structure of Jaconecic Acid
Authors: Bradbury RB
Published: September 2010

Oxidation of jaconecic acid by nitric acid
yields four acid products, which have been separated by a combination of
partition chromatography on silica gel, and paper chromatography. Two of these
fragments have been identified as αβ-dimethylmalic acid and oxalic
acid, whilst the other two are dibasic acids having the formulae C9H14O6
and C9H12O7. These findings support the
structure previously assigned to jaconecic acid.
The mechanism of the pinacol-pinacone rearrangement. IV. Exchange and rearrangement with hydrogen isotopes
Authors: Duncan JF , Lynn KR
Published: September 2010

The two hydroxyl atoms of pinacol exchange
very rapidly and quantitatively with 3H2O even at room
temperature. The rate of the pinacol-pinacone rearrangement in 99.7 per cent. D2O
with unibasic acids at 100 �C is about 1.9 times faster than that obtained in
ordinary water.

Although these results conform with the
generally accepted mechanism, some features are unexpected.
The Permanganate-Coloured 'Dimer' of Siphenylketen
Authors: Armstrong RS , Le Fevre RJW
Published: September 2010

The substance C28H20O2
formed by the pyrolysis of benzilic acid, has a dipole moment of c. 6 D and
shows ketonic absorptions in the infra-red spectral region. These observations
can be harmonized with views stated by Sch�nberg and Sina (1947).
Crystallographic calculations on the silliac electronic digital computer. I. Fourier syntheses
Authors: Freeman HC
Published: September 2010

A method is presented whereby SILLIAC, a
high-speed electronic digital computer, sums 2-dimensional Fourier syntheses
for crystallographic electron-density projections of any symmetry. The
trigonometrical form of a particular summation and the area over which the
projection is to be calculated are determined by programme-parameters
introduced with the data.
Reactions of Aroyl Peroxides. III. Benzoyl Peroxide with Chlorobenzene, Naphthalene, and Nitrobenzene
Authors: Lynch BM , Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

Quantitative product studies under varying
conditions are reported for the systems named in the title to the present
paper. The results obtained lend further support to our previous conclusion
that benzoyl peroxide is not a suitable reagent for evaluation of reactivities
towards free radicals (Pausacker 1957). Isomer ratios in the (mono-)
phenylation and benzoyloxylation of naphthalene by benzoyl peroxide are
reported and discussed.
Chemistry of non-enzymic browning. II. Reactions between Amino Acids, Organic Acids, and sugars in freeze-dried Apricots and Peaches
Authors: Anet EFLJ , Reynolds TM
Published: September 2010

The water-soluble constituents of apricot
and peach purees were examined qualitatively and quantitatively before and
after storage for 4 to 16 months at 25 �C and 70 per cent. R.H. All samples
contained all the amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and polyols previously
detected (Reynolds 1967 ; Anet and Reynolds 1955a, 1966b ; Ash and Reynolds
1955a, 1955b) in the two species of fruit.

The stored samples also contained the
following compounds : eleven 1-(N-amino acid)-1-deoxyfructoses, traces of two
2-(N-amino acid)-2-deoxyglucoses, nine by-products of unknown constitution
formed from the reaction between glucose and aspartic acid and glucose and
asparagine, three compounds formed from ammonia and glucose, two series of
sucrose, glucose, and fructose mono-esters of malic acid, traces of a sorbitol
mono-ester of malic acid, and some sugar mono-esters of citric acid.�The
free amino acid or organic acid lost was equal, on a molar basis, to the amino
acid-deoxyfructoses (and related compounds) and sugar esters formed. After
allowing for these derivatives as much as 7 per cent. of the total sugar
(calculated as hexoses) originally present could not be accounted for.
Spectra of Sulphonyl derivatives. III. Interaction with attached groups
Authors: Freeman DE , Hamble AN
Published: September 2010

The Raman and infra-red spectra of
2-propene-1-sulphonyl chloride, 1-propene-1-sulphonyl chloride, 2-phenyl ethane
and 2-phenyl ethane sulphonyl chlorides, and the infra-red spectrum of sodium
2-phenyl ethane sulphonate have been recorded. The constancy of sulphonyl,
S-Cl, C-S, and C=C vibrations indicates the absence of conjugation in the
ground state between C=C and S=O. The ultraviolet spectra of the styrene
derivatives indicate a strong electronic interaction in the excited state. The
1-propene-1-sulphonyl chloride prepared by the method of Lambert and Rose
(1949) is shown to be the trans-compound.

�� The
constancy of the symmetric and asymmetric frequencies of the SO3
group in the ions CH3S03-, NH2SO3-,
and HOS03- also shows that there is no strong inter-
action between the lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen or oxygen and the
sulphur-oxygen π-bond system.
A new interpretation of the Acidic and Basic structures in Carbons. II. The Chromene-carbonium ion couple in Carbon
Authors: Garten VA , Weiss DE , Willis JB
Published: September 2010

The conflicting views of Frumkin, Shilov,
and Steenberg on the chemical and adsorptive behaviour of sugar carbons
activated at 800 �C (H-carbons) can be reconciled by postulating that the
carbons contain chromene structures. The same is true of certain carbon blacks.
The chromene system is readily oxidized at room temperature in the presence of
acid to the corresponding benzopyrylium (carbonium) system, with the adsorption
of the anion of the acid and the liberation of hydrogen peroxide. This reaction
accounts for the dependence on the partial pressure of oxygen of adsorption of
acid from dilute solutions, for the formation of peroxide from carbon with
acids, and for the linear relationship between the potential of an H-carbon
electrode and pH. A theoretical interpretation of the electrochemical behaviour
of the chromene-carbonium ion couple is in good quantitative agreement with the
observed behaviour of a cathodically polarized carbon electrode in acid
solution. The ability of H-carbons to catalyse the oxidation of ferrous iron by
molecular oxygen can also be accounted for by this couple, the concept of which
is in agreement with the observed kinetic behaviour of the reaction.
The chemistry of ants. II. Structure and configuration of Iridolactone (Isoiridomyrmecin)
Authors: Cavill GWK , Locksley HD
Published: September 2010

Iridolactone, isolated from Iridomyrmex
nitidus Mayr., is shown to be the lactone of α-(2-hydroxymethyl-3-methylcyclopentyl)propionic
acid and is identical with isoiridomyrmecin. Structural and configurational
relationships of iridomyrmecin and of isoiridomyrmecin with the nepetalinic
acids are discussed.
Sunthesis of some substances related to p-Nitrophenyl-β-glucoside and of 4-O-Methyl glucose through crystallien intermediates
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: September 2010

The four monomethyl ethers of
p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside have been synthesized, together with
some other substances structurally related to the nitrophenyl glucoside. Their
properties and those of the intermediates are reported. 4-O-Methyl glucose has
been prepared by a method that uses only crystalline intermediates.
Arylation of aromatic compounds. V. p-Dichlorobenzene with Benzoly Peroxide, Iodosobenzene Dibenzoate, and Lead Tetrabenzoate; Diphenyl with Benzoly Peroxide
Authors: Karelsky M , Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

The reactions mentioned in the title have
been investigated and the relative yields of the various products have been
determined.

It was found that when p-dichlorobenzene
reacts with benzoyl peroxide at certain temperatures the molar yield of 2,5-dichlorodiphenyl
was greater than that of the benzoic acid simultaneously formed. The
explanation of this observation is discussed in detail.

A possible new approach to the determination
of the relative reactivities of free radicals with aromatic compounds is
mentioned.
The properties and structures of the 1,8-Terpins and some related compounds
Authors: Barnes CS
Published: September 2010

The mechanism of formation, and the
chemical and hydrate forming properties of the 1,8-terpins are discussed.
Configurations are assigned to the six 1,8-dihalogeno-p-menthanes,
ethylnopinol, β-terpineol, p-menthan-1-ol, and homoterpin. It is suggested
that the presently accepted configurations of the carveols and sobrerols may
need to be reversed and that the structures of the p-menthane-2,8-diols need
revision.
The occurrence of paramagnetic and diamagnetic isomers of Bis(N-methylsalicylaldimine)nickel(II)
Authors: Harris CM , Lenzer SL , Martin RL
Published: September 2010

The isolation of a stable well-defined
paramagnetic isomer of bis(N-methylsalicyl-aldimine)nickel(II) is reported.
This buff coloured compound has a magnetic moment at room temperature of 3.2
B.M., corresponding to the presence of two unpaired spins/Ni atom, and is
insoluble in a large variety of solvents in marked contrast to the soluble
green diamagnetic isomer. The magnetic moment is nearly independent of
temperature in the range 115-350 �K, and probably has its origin in a
polymeric, and hence insoluble, octahedral structure involving 4s4p34d2 nickel-bonding orbitals.
Reactions of Aroyl Peroxides. IV. Benzolyl Peroxide with some halides and oxyhalides of Phosphorus and Sulphur
Authors: Karelsky M , Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

When benzoyl peroxide was heated with
phosphorus trichloride (1 and 2 mol) in benzene, or chlorobenzene solution,
carbon dioxide, benzoyl chloride, and phenyl phosphonyl chloride were the major
products. Diphenyl phosphonyl chloride was also formed in small yield,
p-Chlorobenzoyl peroxide reacted with phosphorus trichloride, in benzene
solution, yielding carbon dioxide, p-chlorobenzoyl chloride, p-chlorophenyl
phosphonyl chloride, and p-chlorobenzoic anhydride. The reaction of benzoyl
peroxide with phosphorus trichloride alone yielded benzoyl chloride only.
Phosphorus oxychloride, on the other hand, does not enter into the reaction.

Thionyl chloride, in benzene, gave a
complex mixture consisting of carbon dioxide, chlorobenzene, benzoyl chloride, phenyl
benzoate, benzene sulphonyl chloride, diphenyl, and benzoic anhydride.
Sulphuryl chloride in benzene yielded a mixture of carbon dioxide,
chlorobenzene, benzoic acid, phenyl benzoate, and diphenyl.

The mechanisms of these various reactions
are discussed.
Constituents of Melicope sarcococca Laut
Authors: Geissman TA
Published: September 2010

Among the constituents of the bark of
Melicope sarcococca Laut. (Rutaceae) have been found two optically active
flavanones : (-)-4',5-dihydroxy-3',7-dimethoxy-flavanone, and its 4'-prenyl
ether. The occurrence of the flavanone prenyl ester is of interest in view of
the occurrence of coumarin and furocoumarin isoprenoid ethers in the family
Rutaceae.
The partial molal volumes of gases in water at 0°C
Authors: Lauder I
Published: September 2010

The partial molal volumes of nitrogen,
oxygen, and carbon dioxide in water at 0 �C have been determined by a new
technique based on the use of a Gilfillan-Polanyi micro-pyknometer as a float.
The value obtained for nitrogen is 37.0 ml and that for oxygen, 31 ml. The
value for carbon dioxide is found to vary from 44 to 28 ml as the pressure at
which the water is saturated with the carbon dioxide varies from 0 to 6 cm Hg.
The changes in the density of water at 0 �C produced by saturation with
nitrogen, oxygen, and air at 1 atm pressure are -9.3, + 1.8, and -4.7 p.p.m.
respectively. The density of air-saturated water is considerably greater than
would be expected from the sum of the effects due to nitrogen and oxygen
separately.
Reactions of Tertiary Butyl Hypochlorite. I. The Chlorination of Aromatic Nitroamines
Authors: Pausacker KH , Scroggie JG
Published: September 2010

Tertiary butyl hypochlorite reacts with
2-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, N-methyl-4-nitroaniline, and
NN-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline to form excellent yields of nuclear-chlorinated
derivatives. Direct oxidation, to form azo compounds, is also observed with
4-nitroaniline and the yield of azo compound increases at higher temperatures.
Demethylation also occurs when N-methyl-4-nitroaniline and
NN-dimethyl-4-nitro-aniline are used.
Chemistry of nonenzymic browning. X. Difructose-amino acids as intermediates in browning reactions
Authors: Anet EFLJ
Published: September 2010

The visible and ultraviolet spectra of
various mixtures stored at 37.5 or 50 �C were compared. Each mixture consisted
of an aqueous syrup of sorbitol buffered at pH 5.5, to which an amino acid (0.1M)
and one of the following : difructose-glycine, fructose-glycine, or glucose
(0.05M) were added.

Difructose-glycine mixtures browned much
faster than those containing fructose-glycine, and there was very little
browning in the glucose mixtures. The rapid browning with difructose-glycine is
attributed to the non-nitrogenous carbonyl decomposition products.

Bisulphite largely eliminated the
production of material absorbing light above 240 mμ,
except for a chromophore with a maximum at 295 mμ,
derived from fructose-glycine.�All
the amino acids gave similar browning curves, but the rates varied. The
greatest differences occurred in mixtures containing difructose-glycine, γ-aminobutyric
acid giving the highest rates. The results show that diketose-amino acids can
be important intermediates in non-enzymic browning reactions.
The Mass-Spectrometric Analysis of Oxygen in Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Lauder I
Published: September 2010

Results of measurements of oxygen-18
abundances in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide using a Nier-type
isotope-ratio mass spectrometer are given. Carbon monoxide is a far superior
gas to carbon dioxide as a carrier for the oxygen isotopes because of the more
rapid pump-out and almost complete absence of memory in the mass spectrometer.
The slight variation of the measured ratio with output voltage is attributed
mainly to the non-ohmic response of the grid resistors to the electrometer
valves.
Studies in Waxes. XIV. An Investigation of the Aliphatic Constituents of Hydrolysed Wool Wax by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Downing DT , Kranz ZH , Murray KE
Published: September 2010

A quantitative analysis has been made of
the composition of each of the classes of aliphatic constituents known to exist
in hydrolysed wool wax. These classes consist of α-hydroxy acids, ω-hydroxy
acids, alkanoic acids, monohydric alcohols, and α,β-diols. Each has
been found to contain members of the normal, iso-, and anteiso-homologous
series of compounds.

The analysis was carried out by
saponification of the wax and separation of the constituents into the above
classes which were separately reduced to the corresponding hydrocarbon
mixtures. The composition of these mixtures was determined by gas
chromatographic separation.
Coordination Compounds of Substituted 1,10-Phenanthrolines and Related Dipyridyls. I. Synthesis of 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
Authors: O'Reilly EJ , Plowman RA
Published: September 2010

A direct synthesis of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
has been developed. The method involves a Skraup type of reaction between
o-phenylenediamine, crotonaldehyde, and either arsenic(V) oxide or sodium
m-nitrobenzenesulphonate. Some derivatives of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
have been characterized.
Colouring Matters of Australian Plants. VII. Flavonoid Glycosides from Exocarpus cupressiformis Labill
Authors: Cooke RG , Haynes HF
Published: September 2010

The foliage of Exocarpus cupressiformis
contains dihydrokaempferol-7-rhamnoside (2.5%), kaempferol-7-rhamnoside
(OS48%), kaempferol-3-rhamnobioside (0.16%), and quercetin-3-rhamnobioside
(0.23%). Mannitol was also isolated and the presence of oleanolic acid (3%) was
confirmed.
Comparative Studies of Brown Coal and Lignin. I. Infra-Red Spectra
Authors: Durie RA , Lynch BM , Sternhell S
Published: September 2010

The infra-red spectra of two softwood
lignins are discussed with reference to the spectra of their acetyl and
methoxyl derivatives. The spectra of the respective acetyl derivatives provide
conclusive evidence for the presence of both phenolic and alcoholic groups in
lignin and oxidized lignin, and of alcoholic groups only in the methoxyl
derivatives of both these samples. Treatment of lignin with hydriodic acid in
the conventional Zeisel determination of methoxyl groups eliminates the
alcoholic hydroxyl groups and appears to split aliphatic ether linkages. The
spectrum of lignin treated with hydriodic acid is very similar to that of brown
coal, which supports previous chemical evidence that brown coal appears to be
essentially " demethylated dehydrated lignin ". The progress of the
isolation of lignin from wood was followed by infra-red spectroscopy.
Addition Compounds of Titanium
Authors: Dunn P
Published: September 2010

The reaction of titanium tetrachloride,
chlorotitanium alkoxides, and titanium tetra-alkoxides with ammonia and
pyridine has been investigated. Solid, stable, addition complexes are formed ;
these react further with alcohols to give the fully substituted ester. In some
of the ammonia complexes, titanium exhibits covalencies five and six.