bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory synapse loss and accumulation of amyloid beta in inhibitory presynaptic terminals in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kurucu Hatice , Colom‐Cadena Martí , Davies Caitlin , Wilkins Lewis , King Declan , Rose Jamie , Tzioras Makis , Tulloch Jane H. , Smith Colin , Spires‐Jones Tara L.
Published: July 2021

Background and purpose

Synapse degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates strongly with cognitive decline. There is well‐established excitatory synapse loss in AD with known contributions of pathological amyloid beta (Aβ) to excitatory synapse dysfunction and loss. Despite clear changes in circuit excitability in AD and model systems, relatively little is known about pathology in inhibitory synapses.

Methods

Here human postmortem brain samples (n = 5 control, 10 AD cases) from temporal and occipital cortices were examined to investigate whether inhibitory synapses and neurons are lost in AD and whether Aβ may contribute to inhibitory synapse degeneration. Inhibitory neurons were counted in all six cortical layers using stereology software, and array tomography was used to examine synapse density and the accumulation of Aβ in synaptic terminals.

Results

Differing inhibitory neuron densities were observed in the different cortical layers. The highest inhibitory neuron density was observed in layer 4 in both brain regions and the visual cortex had a higher inhibitory neuron density than the temporal cortex. There was significantly lower inhibitory neuron density in AD than in control cases in all six cortical layers. High‐resolution array tomography imaging revealed plaque‐associated loss of inhibitory synapses and accumulation of Aβ in a small subset of inhibitory presynaptic terminals with the most accumulation near amyloid plaques.

Conclusions

Inhibitory neuron and synapse loss in AD may contribute to disrupted excitatory/inhibitory balance and cognitive decline. Future work is warranted to determine whether targeting inhibitory synapse loss could be a useful therapeutic strategy.
Inflammatory and neurotrophic factor plasma levels are related to epilepsy independently of etiology
Authors: Alvim Marina K. M. , Morita‐Sherman Marcia E. , Yasuda Clarissa L. , Rocha Natália P. , Vieira Érica L. , Pimentel‐Silva Luciana R. , Henrique Nogueira Mateus , Barbosa Renata , Watanabe Nancy , Coan Ana Carolina , Lopes‐Cendes Iscia , Teixeira Antonio L. , Cendes Fernando
Published: July 2021

Objective

Inflammation plays an essential role in epilepsy. Studies indicate that cytokines and neurotrophic factors can act in neuroexcitability and epileptogenesis. We aimed to investigate the association between plasma inflammatory and neurotrophic markers, seizure frequency, and chronic epilepsy subtypes.

Methods

We studied 446 patients with epilepsy and 166 healthy controls. We classified patients according to etiology and seizure frequency. We measured plasma levels of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17, interferon‐γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFr1), sTNFr2, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophic factor 3 (NT3), NT4/5, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or cytometric bead array.

Results

The plasma levels of BDNF, NT3, NGF, and sTNFr2 were higher, whereas IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17, IFNγ, TNFα, CNTF, and sTNFr1 were lower in patients than controls. IL1, GDNF, and NT4/5 were similar between groups. These markers did not correlate with age, sex, and epilepsy duration. The molecule sTNFr2 was the best marker to discriminate patients from controls (area under the curve = .857), also differing between patients with frequent and infrequent seizures.

Significance

This large cohort confirmed that patients with epilepsy have abnormal levels of plasma inflammatory and neurotrophic markers independent of the underlying etiology. Plasma level of sTNFr2 was related to seizure frequency and discriminated people with or without epilepsy with good accuracy, making it a potential biomarker for epilepsy and seizure burden.
Rapamycin promotes autophagy cell death of Kaposi’s sarcoma cells through P75NTR activation
Authors: Lupinacci Simona , Perri Anna , Toteda Giuseppina , Vizza Donatella , Lofaro Danilo , Pontrelli Paola , Stallone Giovanni , Divella Chiara , Tessari Gianpaolo , La Russa Antonella , Zaza Gianluigi , Bonofiglio Renzo
Published: July 2021

The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTOR‐I) Rapamycin, a drug widely used in kidney transplantation, exerts important anti‐cancer effects, particularly in Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), through several biological interactions. In this in vivo and in vitro study, we explored whether the activation of the autophagic pathway through the low‐affinity receptor for nerve growth factor, p75NTR, may have a pivotal role in the anti‐cancer effect exerted by Rapamycin in S. Our Kimmunohistochemistry results revealed a significant hyper‐activation of the autophagic pathway in KS lesions. In vitro experiments on KS cell lines showed that Rapamycin exposure reduced cell viability by increasing the autophagic process, in the absence of apoptosis, through the transcriptional activation of p75NTR via EGR1. Interestingly, p75NTR gene silencing prevented the increase of the autophagic process and the reduction of cell viability. Moreover, p75NTR activation promoted the upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumour suppressor that modulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, our in vitro data demonstrated, for the first time, that in Kaposi's sarcoma, autophagy triggered by Rapamycin through p75NTR represented a major mechanism by which mTOR inhibitors may induce tumour regression. Additionally, it suggested that p75NTR protein analysis could be proposed as a new potential biomarker to predict response to Rapamycin in kidney transplant recipients affected by Kaposi's sarcoma.
Inner ear organoids: progress and outlook, with a focus on the vascularization
Authors: Moeinvaziri Farideh , Zarkesh Ibrahim , Pooyan Paria , Nunez Desmond A. , Baharvand Hossein
Published: July 2021

The inner ear is a complex organ that encodes sound, motion, and orientation in space. Given the complexity of the inner ear, it is not surprising that treatments are relatively limited despite the fact that, in 2015, hearing loss was the fourth leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. Inner ear organoid models are a promising tool to advance the study of multiple aspects of the inner ear to aid the development of new treatments and validate drug‐based therapies. The blood supply of the inner ear plays a pivotal role in growth, maturation, and survival of inner ear tissues and their physiological functions. This vasculature cannot be ignored in order to achieve a truly in vivo‐like model that mimics the microenvironment and niches of organ development. However, this aspect of organoid development has remained largely absent in the generation of inner ear organoids. The current review focuses on three‐dimensional inner ear organoid and how recent technical progress in generating in vitro vasculature can enhance the next generation of these models.
A systematic review and gap analysis of frailty and oral health characteristics in older adults: A call for clinical translation
Authors: Slashcheva Lyubov D. , Karjalahti Erika , Hassett Leslie C. , Smith Barbara , Chamberlain Alanna M.
Published: July 2021

Objective

This systematic review updates the evidence for association between oral health characteristics and frailty status, identifying gaps in translational dental research and application of frailty assessment into clinical practice.

Background

Clinicians have little guidance on stage‐appropriate dental treatment for medically complex older adults. Oral health characteristics have been associated with frailty status, determined through validated assessment tools representing a concise measure of health. Translation of frailty assessment into dental practice has not been the focus of previous reviews.

Methods

Utilising the PRISMA framework for systematic reviews, a comprehensive database search identified articles describing the association of interest. Those included were cross‐sectional or longitudinal, in English, included participants aged 50 years or older, used validated frailty assessments and measured clinically relevant oral health outcomes. From 835 screened articles, 26 full‐text articles were eligible for quality appraisal and synthesis.

Results

Frailty prevalence ranged from 8.5% to 66.0%. Most studies utilised the Fried frailty criteria. Qualitative synthesis of 17 cross‐sectional and nine longitudinal studies demonstrated significant covariate‐adjusted association between frailty status and number of teeth, chewing ability, prosthetic characteristics, dental caries, periodontitis, dental utilisation and oral health‐related quality of life factors. Variability in findings reflected study sample diversity based on country of study origin, age at recruitment, sample size, frailty assessment type, use of clinical versus self‐reported outcome measures and differences in statistical analysis.

Conclusion

Despite robust evidence of association with oral health characteristics, frailty assessment has yet to be sufficiently applied to translational dental research and clinical practice.
Distribution of Australian dental practices in relation to the ageing population
Authors: Kamil Wisam , Kruger Estie , McGeachie John , Jean Gillian , Tennant Marc
Published: July 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to analyse and map the distribution of the ageing population, by sociodemographic profiling, in private and public dental practices in Australia.

Background

The rapid increase in the aged population in Australia requires a comprehensive approach to ensure accessibility to geriatric dental services. However, the availability of dental services for the older people requires further investigation of the demographic distribution of need.

Materials and Methods

Dental practices were located and mapped against the ageing population data. The address for each dental practice in Australia was compiled from online access sources. Australian socioeconomic data were integrated with dental practices, clinic locations and older populations using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology.

Results

There was an uneven distribution of dental practices across Australia's States and Territories (NT and ACT). Tasmania had the highest ratio of private practices to the older population (1:1000) and the highest percentages of this ageing cohort (32%, 61%) that lived more than 5 km from private and public dental practices respectively.

Higher percentages of dental practices were located in areas of lower socioeconomic status in Tasmania, Queensland and South Australia (47%, 42% and 38%) respectively, however, these areas were associated with higher ageing population densities.

Conclusion

There is a geographic maldistribution of dental practices in relation to the spatial distribution of Australia's older population, with the inequity most pronounced in the most disadvantaged areas. This inequality requires a National approach to match dental services to the population that they serve.
The trace fossil record of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the Iberian Massif
Authors: Rodríguez‐Tovar Francisco J.
Published: July 2021

Trace fossil (ichnological) analysis of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T‐OAE) in several sections from the Iberian Massif reveals a comparatively minor incidence of this global anoxic event in the macrobenthic trace maker community. A variable trace fossil record can be recognized, involving changes in ichnodiversity, abundance and size of structures, evidencing not extinctions, but the effects of the event on the behaviour, palaeoecology and palaeobiology of trace makers. However, the influence of anoxia is only partially identified, with other palaeoenvironmental conditions—nutrient availability and substrate features, among others—being the major parameters influencing the trace maker community during the T‐OAE.
Fermentation of locust bean (Parkia biglobosa): modulation in the anti‐nutrient composition, bioactive profile, in vitro nutrient digestibility, functional and morphological characteristics
Authors: Yakubu Caleb Maina , Sharma Rajan , Sharma Savita
Published: July 2021

The present investigation was undertaken with an objective to assess the impact of fermentation temperatures (22, 30, 38 and 46 °C for 72 h) on physico‐chemical, functional and structural characteristics of locust bean (Parkia biglobosa). Alkaline fermentation treatment caused drastic reduction in anti‐nutritional factors including tannins (~65%), phytates (~60%) and saponins (~70%) owing to hydrothermal treatment and production of microbial enzymes during fermentation. Furthermore, phytochemical profile and associated antioxidant potential were enhanced due to the breakdown of cell‐wall components and polyphenolic complexes, liberating phenolic acids and flavonoids available for extraction. With respect to bioactive properties and in vitro starch and protein digestibility, the most pronounced effect was observed after fermentation at 38 °C for 72 h. The trend was also supported by scanning electron micrographs, which revealed modulation in the macromolecular‐structural arrangement. Significant and negative correlation coefficients between anti‐nutritional factors and protein digestibility (r > −0.95, P < 0.05) confirmed the degradation of protein–polyphenol matrix. Exposure of hydrophobic regions due to fermentation resulted in altered functional properties including better oil absorption capacity, higher water solubility index, reduced water absorption potential, and lower emulsification and gelation properties. Principal component analysis was further employed to statistically validate the differences among variables and observations.
Know your enemy or find your friend?—Induction of IgA at mucosal surfaces
Authors: Bemark Mats , Angeletti Davide
Published: July 2021

Most antibodies produced in the body are of the IgA class. The dominant cell population producing them are plasma cells within the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, but many IgA‐producing cells are also found in the airways, within mammary tissues, the urogenital tract and inside the bone marrow. Most IgA antibodies are transported into the lumen by epithelial cells as part of the mucosal secretions, but they are also present in serum and other body fluids. A large part of the commensal microbiota in the gut is covered with IgA antibodies, and it has been demonstrated that this plays a role in maintaining a healthy balance between the host and the bacteria. However, IgA antibodies also play important roles in neutralizing pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and the upper airways. The distinction between the two roles of IgA ‐ protective and balance‐maintaining ‐ not only has implications on function but also on how the production is regulated. Here, we discuss these issues with a special focus on gut and airways.
Effects of the silver nanodots on the photocatalytic activity of mixed‐phase TiO2
Authors: Tasić Nikola , Ćirković Jovana , Ribić Vesna , Žunić Milan , Dapčević Aleksandra , Branković Goran , Branković Zorica
Published: July 2021

We present the synthesis and photocatalytic properties of mixed‐phase TiO2 nanoparticles decorated with silver nanodots obtained by environmental‐friendly wet chemical method using low molecular weight chitosan as the silver reducing agent. Structural analysis of synthesized Ag nanoparticles revealed that they crystallized in a rare hexagonal modification. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy study shows that <3‐nm hexagonal‐Ag nanoparticles are implanted on the surface of <20‐nm anatase grains. Compared to Ag‐free TiO2 powders, implantation with Ag results in important increase in visible light absorption. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was measured by monitoring decolorization of concentrated textile dye solution (50 mg L−1 of Reactive Orange 16) under simulated solar irradiation of 280 W m−2. The optimum photocatalytic properties are achieved with 5 wt% of silver. Based on the collected results, the operating mechanism of the degradation process is suggested, and the effects of the silver addition are explained.
Polaron hopping conduction mechanism and magnetic properties of Pb‐doped LaMnO3
Authors: Khan Faraz A. , Arshad M. , Abushad M. , Naseem Swaleha , Ahmed Hilal , Ansari Azizurrahaman , Chakradhary Vishal Kumar , Husain Shahid , Khan Wasi
Published: July 2021

In the present work, we have synthesized La1‐xPbxMno3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) perovskites through a conventional solid‐state reaction route. The powder x‐ray diffraction data analyzed through the Rietveld refinement program confirm monophase rhombohedral distorted structure (R‐3c space group). Fourier transform infrared spectra exhibit strong and well‐defined absorption bands of a typical perovskite structure. The x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirm the elemental composition and oxidation state of various elements in the samples. Low temperature resistivity measurements do not reveal metal–semiconductor transition (MST) in the pristine sample while Pb‐doped samples show MST. The metallic region of the temperature‐dependent resistivity data is well fitted with ρ(T) = ρο + ρ2.5T2.5, which reveals the significance of electron–magnon interaction. Moreover, the semiconducting behavior of all the samples follows the Mott's variable range hopping conduction process. Additionally, the semiconducting part is also fitted with the small‐polaron hopping (SPH) model that establishes the non‐adiabatic SPH mechanism obeyed for the lower doping, whereas adiabatic mechanism for the higher Pb concentration. Magnetic studies clearly indicate a paramagnetic to weak ferromagnetic transition associated with the Pb doping that may be due to the double‐exchange mechanism between the manganese ions via oxygen orbitals. The outcomes are elucidated on the basis of substitution effect induced by Pb2+ ions.
Capital market liberalization and auditors' accounting adjustments: Evidence from a quasi‐experiment
Authors: Deng Yingwen , Hope Ole‐Kristian , Wang Cyndia , Zhang Min
Published: July 2021

Using a shock to the Chinese capital market and unique and detailed audit‐adjustment data, this paper investigates the effect of a capital market liberalization program on auditors’ adjustments to their clients’ financial reports. Employing difference‐in‐differences tests with propensity score matching and firm fixed effects (FE), we find that the capital market liberalization induced by the implementation of the Shanghai‐Hong Kong Stock Connect affects auditors’ professional judgment and leads to audit‐adjustment changes stimulated by greater reputational and litigation risks for auditors. Specifically, while the liberalization significantly decreases the frequency and magnitude of upward audit adjustments, the probability of downward adjustments remains the same in most cases. Further evidence shows that the effect is more pronounced for companies with high trading volume from Hong Kong investors, audited by the largest audit firms and with low financial transparency.
Genome‐wide association studies of preweaning growth and in vivo carcass composition traits in Esme sheep
Authors: Yilmaz Onur , Kizilaslan Mehmet , Arzik Yunus , Behrem Sedat , Ata Nezih , Karaca Orhan , Elmaci Cengiz , Cemal Ibrahim
Published: July 2021

Sheep are considered as a major contributor of global food security. Moreover, sheep preweaning growth traits as well as in vivo carcass composition traits such as ultrasonic measurements of Longissimus dorsi muscle depth (UMD) and back‐fat thickness (UFD) are crucially important indicators of meat yield and hot carcass composition. Despite their relative importance for productivity and profitability of a sheep production system, detected QTL for these traits are quite scarce. Therefore, we implemented GWAS for these traits using animal mixed model‐based association approach provided by GenABEL in Esme sheep. Three genome‐wide and 14 individual chromosome‐wide associated SNPs were discovered. As a result, ESRP1, LOC105613082, ZNF641, DUSP5, TEAD1, SMOX, PTPRT, RALYL, POM121C, PHIP, LOC101106051, ZIM3, PEG3, TRPC7, FBXL4, LOC105610397, LOC105616489 and DNAAF2 were suggested as candidates. Some of the discovered genes and involved pathways were already annotated to contribute growth and development in various species including human, mice and cattle. All in all, the results of this study are expected to strongly contribute to shed a light on the underlying molecular mechanisms behind growth and carcass composition traits, with potential implications on studies aiming faster genetic improvement, targeted low‐resolution SNP panel designs and genome‐editing studies.
Quality of life in patients with Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Ottevanger R. , van Beugen S. , Evers A.W.M. , Willemze R. , Vermeer M.H. , Quint K.D.
Published: July 2021

Cutaneous T‐cell Lymphoma’s (CTCL) are a rare, heterogeneous group of T‐cell lymphomas that primarily manifest in the skin. Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) are considered the classic types of CTCL. The diverse manifestation of CTCL results in a wide range of symptoms with a possible mild to severe impact on Quality of Life (QoL) depending on the disease stage. Previous studies on QoL in CTCL patients report diverse patient populations and use many different QoL instruments. In the current literature, a clear overview on the influence of the different stages of disease (early MF, late‐stage MF/SS or total group) on the QoL is lacking. Therefore, a systematic search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases. Studies were included if they described QoL in patients with MF and SS retrieved by standardized instruments or qualitative interviews. In total, 24 studies were included using 18 different questionnaires to report on dermatology‐specific, cancer‐specific and generic QoL. The effect on QoL was found to be greater in patients with late‐stage disease as compared to early stage disease, with significant impairments on functional, emotional and physical domains. Nonetheless, even in patients with limited disease, QoL was mildly to moderately affected. Overall, pruritus was the most frequent reported and most bothersome symptom. Significant influence of the disease on daily life activities were found, not only in patients but also on caregivers and family. This broad, structured overview on QoL in MF and SS patients underlines the influence of disease stage on QoL, and therefore, recommends future studies to distinguish between disease stages when reporting results. Furthermore, this overview can inform clinicians in clinical practice by creating awareness of QoL deficits according to disease stage.
An innovative application of follicular unit extraction technique in the treatment of bromhidrosis
Authors: Li H. , Zhang X. , Wei W. , Zhang L. , Chen Z. , Cao M. , Cheng J. , Du L. , Zhao J. , Fang Z. , Li X. , Chen P.
Published: July 2021

Background

Surgery is the most effective way to treat bromhidrosis, but postoperative complications are still the biggest obstacles for patients to choose surgical treatment.

Objectives

To introduce an innovative application of follicular unit extraction (FUE) in the treatment of bromhidrosis.

Methods

We conducted a case series study on 20 patients who received FUE technique for the treatment of bromhidrosis. The axillary hair follicles were extracted with a one‐millimetre punch. The released hair follicles were collected for histological examination. After the operation, the wounds were wrapped with moderate pressure. The dressing was removed 24 h after the FUE operation. The postoperative complications were collected, and the improvement of malodour was evaluated by the 10‐point visual analogue scale.

Results

Immediately postoperation, many needle‐shaped holes appeared in the armpits. The holes healed 7 days after the operation, with no scar or pinpoint‐like scars. Except for a female who complained of mild pain in the left armpit, no other patients had any discomfort. The malodour level varied between 0 and 4 during the follow‐up period. The tissue examination showed that more than 90% of the completely plucked hair follicles were accompanied by apocrine glands, and many blocked and dilated apocrine glands were observed. The lumens of the blocked glands were filled with decapitation products, which were positive for K5, Brst‐2 and CEA.

Conclusions

Patients with bromhidrosis have a positive response to FUE technique. The FUE technique is well‐tolerated, with only a few postoperative complications, which deserves to be widely promoted.
High prevalence of syphilis in women, minors and precarious patients: a cross‐sectional study in a Reunion Island sexually transmitted infection clinic, 2017–2020
Authors: Delfosse A. , Bouscaren N. , Dupin N. , Jaubert J. , Tran P.L. , Saint Pastou C. , Manaquin R. , Poubeau P. , Gerardin P. , Bertolotti A.
Published: July 2021

Background

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) with a global prevalence estimated at 0.5% in 2012. Syphilis has been on the rise among men who have sex with men (MSM) in high‐income countries and remains at endemic levels in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This trend, however, has not been observed in Reunion Island.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics and risk factors of syphilis in at‐risk patients visiting the South Reunion STI clinic in Reunion Island.

Methods

This monocentric cross‐sectional study included all patients who visited our STI clinic between 2017 and 2020. Syphilis serology was performed on all included patients, and data were collected using a standardized self‐administered questionnaire.

Results

Over the 3‐year study period, 2593 patients were enrolled. The prevalence of syphilis was 7.52% (n = 195, 95% CI, 6.50–8.65%) in the overall study population, 11.76% (n = 18, 95% CI, 6.97–18.59%) in minors (aged under 18 years) and 36.36% (n = 16, 95% CI, 21–59%) in pregnant women. The risk factors identified in multivariate analysis were being female [adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR) 1.85, 95% CI, 1.10–3.11], being MSM (aPR 2.87, 95% CI, 1.71–4.80), being aged under 18 years (aPR 3.54, 95% CI, 1.90–6.57), living in precarious conditions [aPR 3.12, 95% CI, 2.11–4.62] and being born in Reunion Island (aPR 2.43, 95% CI, 1.42–4.13). The clinical presentation was heterogeneous (plaques and papules, chancre, atypical ulcerations, multiple ulcerations, condyloma lata, etc.).

Conclusions

These findings suggest a high prevalence of syphilis in at‐risk patients visiting our STI clinic. Unlike the situation in other high‐income countries, the people most at risk of syphilis in Reunion Island are local‐born residents, minors, women and precarious patients. This is a source of concern, especially given the risk of resurgence of congenital syphilis on the island.
Raman spectroscopy reveals collagen and phospholipids as major components of hyalinosis in the arteriolosclerotic ulcer of Martorell
Authors: Deinsberger J. , Felhofer M. , Kläger J.P. , Petzelbauer P. , Gierlinger N. , Weber B.
Published: July 2021

Background

Arteriolosclerotic ulcers of Martorell are histologically characterized by hyaline arteriolosclerosis resulting in concentric occlusion of the arteriolar lumina. Although several authors have previously reported on hyaline changes in hypertensive arteriolopathies, so far, little information is available on the molecular composition of hyaline wall depositions.

Objectives

This study aimed at the molecular characterization of hyaline arteriolar deposits in patients with hypertensive arteriolopathy using confocal Raman spectroscopy.

Methods

Samples of patients diagnosed with arteriolosclerotic ulcers of Martorell were analysed using confocal Raman spectroscopy. The findings were correlated with histological analyses. Skin samples from healthy, non‐hypertensive patients served as controls.

Results

Confocal Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed that subendothelial hyaline deposits in arteriolosclerotic ulcers are mainly composed of collagen and phospholipids, in particular phosphatidylcholine. The presence of collagen within hyaline deposits was confirmed by Masson's Trichrome and Picrosirius Red staining. Additionally, the presence of collagen could also be shown for hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Actin was markedly decreased in hyalinized compared to control vessels, corresponding to the loss of smooth muscle cells in the process of hyalinization. This was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining for α‐smooth muscle actin and desmin.

Conclusion

The present findings suggest that arteriolar hyaline deposits in hypertensive arteriolopathy are mainly composed of collagen and phospholipids, in particular phosphatidylcholine. Together with the concurrent absence of actin, these findings suggest that potentially critical disease mechanisms involve pressure‐induced vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis with subsequent deposition of collagen.
The relevance of chromosome fissions for major ribosomal DNA dispersion in hymenopteran insects
Authors: Menezes Rodolpho S. T. , Cabral‐de‐Mello Diogo C. , Milani Diogo , Bardella Vanessa B. , Almeida Eduardo A. B.
Published: July 2021

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci are essential for cellular metabolism due to their participation in ribosome biogenesis. Although these genes have been widely cytogenetically mapped, the evolutionary mechanisms behind their variability in number and chromosomal location remain elusive, even in well‐known biological groups, such as ants, bees and wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera). To address this question in Hymenoptera and therefore advance the understanding of rDNA evolution in insects in general, we integrated molecular cytogenetic data, a phylogenomic framework, model‐based predictions and genome sequencing. Hence, we assessed the main evolutionary trends shaping the chromosomal distribution of rDNA loci in Hymenoptera. We noticed the conservation of one site of rDNA per haploid genome, suggesting that a single 45S rDNA locus is the putative ancestral pattern for aculeate Hymenoptera. Moreover, our results highlighted a nonrandom distribution of rDNA in Hymenoptera karyotypes, as well as a lineage‐specific preferential location. The proximal location of rDNA is favoured in species with multiple loci and in the two families of Hymenoptera that show the highest range of chromosome numbers: Formicidae and Vespidae. We propose that chromosome fissions have played a crucial role in the distribution pattern of rDNA loci through the evolutionary diversification of Hymenoptera. Moreover, our genomic analysis of two species, one with a single locus of rDNA and one with multiple loci, supported that loci multiplication is followed by sequence divergence. Our results provide detailed information about the number and chromosomal position of rDNA in Hymenoptera and, therefore, broaden our knowledge regarding rDNA evolutionary dynamics in insects.
Greater reproductive assurance of asexual plant compared with sexual relative in a low‐density sympatric population: Experimental evidence for pollen limitation
Authors: Mráz Patrik , Mrázová Viera
Published: July 2021

High reproductive assurance is regarded as a key advantage of uniparentally reproducing organisms for establishing a new population. This demographic benefit should especially be relevant for plants with autonomous apomixis, that is those which produce seeds completely independently from mates and pollinators. Indeed, many autonomous apomicts occupy larger distributional ranges when compared to their sexual relatives, showing geographical parthenogenesis patterns. However, uniparental reproduction advantage has only rarely been quantified in natural populations and results provided a mixed support, partly because allopatric sexual and asexual populations were exposed to different environmental and pollination conditions causing considerable between‐population variation in the level of reproductive assurance. Here, we compared the level and stability of reproductive assurance between sexual self‐incompatible and asexual autonomously apomictic plants of Hieracium alpinum (Asteraceae) cultivated in a sympatric low‐density population with two levels of spatial clumping of sexual plants. Overall, we found that the realized seed set (i.e. proportion of well‐developed seeds per capitulum) of asexuals was ca. 3 times greater than that of sexuals (83% vs. 27%), whereas the variance of this trait expressed as coefficient of variation was ca. 4 times smaller in asexuals compared with sexuals (19% vs. 83%). Solitary sexual plants had more than 2 times lower realized seed set when compared to clumps composed of two spatially close (20–30 cm) sexual plants (13% vs. 34%). Our study provides experimental evidence for benefit of uniparental reproduction of asexuals in a sympatric situation when the availability of mates is limited. This, together with unpredictability of pollinator environment could provide autonomous apomicts with an ultimate demographic superiority during colonization reflected in geographical parthenogenesis observed in this species.
Does the female seahorse still prefer her mating partner after a period of separation?
Authors: Lin Tingting , Liu Xin , Zhang Dong
Published: July 2021

For species showing sexual monogamy, once one male and one female form a mating pair bond, they will be faithful to each other in subsequent breeding events. However, if their pair bond is broken for some reason, do they continue to prefer their partner when they come together again for mating? In other words, can the broken pair bond of sexually monogamous species be repaired? This is an interesting question but not yet well answered. To address this question, in the present study we used the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus), a typical sexually monogamous species, to study the partner preference of a female individual who experienced a complete separation followed by a reunion with her partner. Our main findings are as follows: (i) The female seahorse no longer prefers her partner after a separation, whether it is a former partner or a recent partner. No preference for partner‐males may indicate that the broken pair bond cannot be repaired. (ii) The female seahorse maintains sexual fidelity to her partner in the absence of separation. However, once the health of her partner decreases, the female will switch mate, and her courtship with the new partner can take place during the pregnancy of her original partner. The first finding may provide insight into whether monogamous species still have an opportunity to reselect a new partner in the future to correct their poor choice once they have mated with a low‐quality partner. The answer is that they can still gain an opportunity as long as the pair bonds with their current partners are broken. The second finding may reveal the conditions and timing at which a female seahorse switches her mate. These findings help us better understand the mating system of the seahorse H. erectus.
How Does the Facilitation Effort of Clinical Educators Interact With Aspects of Organizational Context to Affect Research Use in Long‐term Care? Evidence From CHAID Analysis
Authors: Lo TKT , Boamah Sheila A. , Poss Jeffrey W. , Teare Gary F. , Norton Peter G. , Estabrooks Carole A.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Organizational context influences the effect of facilitation efforts on research use in care settings. The interactions of these factors are complex. Therefore, the use of traditional statistical methods to examine their interrelationships is often impractical. Big Data analytics can automatically detect patterns within the data. We applied the chi‐squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) algorithm and classification tree technique to explore the dynamic and interdependent relationships between the implementation science concepts—context, facilitation, and research use.

Design

Observational, cross‐sectional study based on survey data collected from a representative sample of nursing homes in western Canada.

Methods

We assessed three major constructs: (a) Conceptual research utilization (CRU) using the CRU scale; (b) facilitation of research use measured by the frequency of contacts between the frontline staff and a clinical educator, or person who brings new ideas to the care unit; and (c) organizational context at the unit level using the Alberta Context Tool (ACT). CHAID analysis was performed to detect the interactions between facilitation and context variables. Results were illustrated in a classification tree to provide a straightforward visualization.

Findings

Data from 312 care units in three provinces were included in the final analysis. Results indicate significant multiway interactions between facilitation and various aspects of the organizational context, including leadership, culture, evaluation, structural resources, and organizational slack (staffing). Findings suggested the preconditions of the care settings where research use can be maximized.

Conclusions

CHAID analysis helped transform data into usable knowledge. Our findings provide insight into the dynamic relationships of facilitators’ efforts and organizational context, and how these factors’ interplay and their interdependence together may influence research use.

Clinical relevance

Knowledge of the combined effects of facilitators’ efforts and various aspects of organizational context on research use can contribute to effective strategies to narrow the evidence‐practice gap in care settings.
Do advanced clinical practitioners have the theoretical knowledge to authorise blood components for transfusion? A cross sectional survey Study
Authors: Harvey Magda , Leary Alison
Published: July 2021

Aim

The aim of this study is to investigate whether non‐medical authorisers of blood component transfusion, in a single centre working at an advanced level, have the theoretical knowledge to potentially undertake this task safely.

Background

Authorisation of blood components for transfusion has predominantly been a medical role in the United Kingdom. Advanced Clinical Practitioners (ACP) are increasingly undertaking this role in order to maintain timely transfusion care.

Design

A cross sectional study design was utilised for this study which was conducted between 05th March 2018 and the 4th of April 2018.

Methods

A total of 81 participants (49 medical authorisers and 32 Advanced Clinical Practitioners of which 21 were nurses and 11 were Allied Healthcare Professionals) working in a single centre completed the BEST‐TEST, a previously validated knowledge assessment tool (Transfusion, 54, 2014, 1225). This study’s methods were compliant with the STROBE Checklist.

Results

The overall mean was 8.74 out of a possible 20 questions. Doctors scored higher within the basic science domain compared to Advanced Clinical Practitioners (p = .01). This study found the method of training received by its participants was statistically significant with those receiving formal training scoring more than those who had received on the job training from their colleagues (p = .02). When all specialities were compared for differences with the mean correct scores a statistically significant difference was found (p = .01).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates there is no statistically significant difference in transfusion medicine knowledge between professional subgroups working in a single centre. Furthermore, there is deficits in the knowledge of all subgroups.

Relevance to clinical practice

With advanced practice roles expanding, it is essential that we realise their full potential. There is no current research examining knowledge of ACPs, who could potentially authorise blood components for transfusion, but there are some clear benefits for clinical practice such as providing safe, timely and patient centred care.
Increased α‐tocopherol metabolism in horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy
Authors: Hales Erin N. , Habib Hadi , Favro Gianna , Katzman Scott , Sakai R. Russell , Marquardt Sabin , Bordbari Matthew H. , Ming‐Whitfield Brittni , Peterson Janel , Dahlgren Anna R. , Rivas Victor , Ramirez Carolina Alanis , Peng Sichong , Donnelly Callum G. , Dizmang Bobbi‐Sue , Kallenberg Angelica , Grahn Robert , Miller Andrew D. , Woolard Kevin , Moeller Benjamin , Puschner Birgit , Finno Carrie J.
Published: July 2021

Background

Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder associated with a vitamin E deficiency within the first year of life. Vitamin E consists of 8 isoforms metabolized by the CYP4F2 enzyme. No antemortem diagnostic test currently exists for eNAD/EDM.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Based on the association of α‐tocopherol deficiency with the development of eNAD/EDM, we hypothesized that the rate of α‐tocopherol, but not γ‐tocopherol or tocotrienol metabolism, would be increased in eNAD/EDM‐affected horses.

Animals

Vitamin E metabolism: Proof of concept (POC) study; eNAD/EDM‐affected (n = 5) and control (n = 6) horses. Validation study: eNAD/EDM‐affected Quarter Horses (QHs; n = 6), cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy affected (n = 6) horses and control (n = 29) horses.CYP4F2expression and copy number: eNAD/EDM‐affected (n = 12) and age‐ and sex‐matched control (n = 11‐12) horses.

Methods

The rates of α‐tocopherol/tocotrienol and γ‐tocopherol/tocotrienol metabolism were assessed in equine serum (POC and validation) and urine (POC only) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Quantitative reverse‐transcriptase PCR (qRT‐PCR) and droplet digital (dd)‐PCR were used to assay expression and genomic copy number of aCYP4F2equine ortholog.

Results

Metabolic rate of α‐tocopherol was increased in eNAD/EDM horses (POC,P < .0001; validation,P = .03), with no difference in the metabolic rate of γ‐tocopherol. Horses with eNAD/EDM had increased expression of theCYP4F2equine orthologue (P = .02) but no differences in copy number.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Increased α‐tocopherol metabolism in eNAD/EDM‐affected QHs provides novel insight into alterations in vitamin E processing in eNAD/EDM and highlights the need for high‐dose supplementation to prevent the clinical phenotype in genetically susceptible horses.
Oral pharmacokinetic profile of fipronil and efficacy against flea and tick in dogs
Authors: dos Santos Gabriela Carmelinda Martins , Scott Fabio Barbour , Campos Diefrey Ribeiro , Magalhães Viviane de Sousa , Borges Debora Azevedo , Miranda Fernando Rocha , Alves Melina Cardilo Campos , Pereira Geraldo Augusto , Moreira Leandra Oliveira , Lima Emily Andressa Santos , Rocha Marisa Beatriz da Silva , Cid Yara Peluso
Published: July 2021

Fipronil (FIP) is an ectoparasiticide of the phenylpyrazole class, used in veterinary medicine in topical form. Supported by evidence of uncontrolled human exposure to FIP and environmental damage caused by commercially available formulations, its use by oral administration has become promising. The effectiveness of FIP against the flea Ctenocephalides felis felis and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and its pharmacokinetics and main active metabolite, fipronil sulfone (SULF) were evaluated after single oral administration of tablets in three different doses (2, 4, and 6 mg/kg) in dogs. Through the plasma concentration curves, it was possible to observe that the FIP showed rapid absorption and metabolization and slow elimination. The values of Cmax (β = 0.7653) and AUC0‐t (β = 0.3209) did not increase proportionally with increasing dose. At 48 h after treatment, doses of 4 mg/kg (AUC0−t = 442.39 ± 137.35 µg/ml*h) and 6 mg/kg (AUC0−t = 421.32 ± 102.84 µg/ml*h) provided 100% and 99% efficacy against fleas, and 95% and 98% against ticks, respectively. The estimated EC90 of FIP +SULF was 1.30 µg/ml against C. felis felis and 2.16 µg/ml against R. sanguineus. The correlation between the FIP pharmacokinetic and efficacy data demonstrated its potential for oral administration in the form of tablets for the control of ectoparasites in dogs, as a safer alternative for animals, humans, and the environment, aligned with the One Health concept.
Evidence from phosphorus X‐ray mapping for a multistep process in the formation of olivine phenocrysts in FeO‐rich porphyritic chondrules
Authors: Rubin Alan E. , Baecker Bastian
Published: July 2021

Phosphorus X‐ray maps of olivine phenocrysts in many type II (FeO‐rich) porphyritic chondrules in LL3.00 Semarkona and CO3.05 Y 81020 reveal multiple sets of thin dark/bright (P‐poor/P‐rich) layers that resemble oscillatory zoning. Such discrete layers are generally not evident in BSE images or in Fe, Cr, Ca, Al, Mg, or Mn X‐ray maps because rapid diffusion of these cations in olivine at high temperatures smoothed out their initial distributions, thereby mimicking normal igneous zoning. In contrast, the relatively slow diffusion of P in olivine preserves original dendritic or hopper morphologies of olivine crystals; these skeletal structures formed during quenching after initial chondrule melting. The skeletal olivine crystals were filled in with low‐P olivine during cooling after one or more subsequent heating events, mainly involving the melting of mesostasis. Crystallization of mafic silicates depleted the mesostasis in FeO and MgO and enriched it in silico‐feldspathic components. Sectioning of the olivine grains at particular orientations can produce apparent oscillatory zoning in P. Strong evidence of a secondary melting event is evident in Semarkona chondrule H5k. Phenocryst H5k‐2 in this chondrule has a relict core (with rhythmic P zoning layers) that was fractured and severed; it is overlain by a set of differently oriented subparallel P‐poor olivine layers. Chondrule C6f from Y 81020 contains a large multi‐lobed olivine phenocryst that still preserves hopper cavities, partially outlined by P‐poor/P‐rich olivine layers. The thin P‐rich rims surrounding many olivine phenocrysts could reflect a short period of rapid grain growth after a late‐stage chondrule reheating event.
Balthasar Beyond European Modernity: Re‐Thinking Herrlichkeit Through Its Precursors
Authors: Carpenter Anne M.
Published: July 2021

This article aims at understanding Balthasar in such a way that leads him beyond himself, especially when it comes to Balthasar’s grasp of the relationship of his work to Europe and to European modernity. The danger of Balthasar’s theological aesthetics is not that it ends up being “all too” Mediterranean but that it risks succumbing to Eurocentrism. This article posits that the Balthasarian standpoint is open—in its own terms, by its own logic—to a standpoint other than Europe. That Balthasar can be opened out into a confrontation with colonial modernity is demonstrated not by placing him in direct contact with post‐ or de‐colonial thought but by re‐examining his contention that the Christ‐form cannot be identified with any particular aesthetic form. That the Christ‐form is not identical with any particular aesthetic form leaves open the possibility of something other than Eurocentrism within a thoroughgoing theological aesthetic.