bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The antagonistic strain Bacillus subtilis UMAF6639 also confers protection to melon plants against cucurbit powdery mildew by activation of jasmonate‐ and salicylic acid‐dependent defence responses
Authors: García‐Gutiérrez Laura , Zeriouh Houda , Romero Diego , Cubero Jaime , de Vicente Antonio , Pérez‐García Alejandro
Published: January 2013

Biological control of plant diseases has gained acceptance in recent years. Bacillus subtilis UMAF6639 is an antagonistic strain specifically selected for the efficient control of the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera fusca, which is a major threat to cucurbits worldwide. The antagonistic activity relies on the production of the antifungal compounds iturin and fengycin. In a previous study, we found that UMAF6639 was able to induce systemic resistance (ISR) in melon and provide additional protection against powdery mildew. In the present work, we further investigated in detail this second mechanism of biocontrol by UMAF6639. First, we examined the signalling pathways elicited by UMAF6639 in melon plants, as well as the defence mechanisms activated in response to P. fusca. Second, we analysed the role of the lipopeptides produced by UMAF6639 as potential determinants for ISR activation. Our results demonstrated that UMAF6639 confers protection against cucurbit powdery mildew by activation of jasmonate‐ and salicylic acid‐dependent defence responses, which include the production of reactive oxygen species and cell wall reinforcement. We also showed that surfactin lipopeptide is a major determinant for stimulation of the immune response. These results reinforce the biotechnological potential of UMAF6639 as a biological control agent.
Epiphytic cyanobacteria of the seagrass Cymodocea rotundata: diversity, diel nifH expression and nitrogenase activity
Authors: Hamisi Mariam , Díez Beatriz , Lyimo Thomas , Ininbergs Karolina , Bergman Birgitta
Published: January 2013

Seagrasses are photoautotrophic, ecologically important components of many globally widespread coastal ecosystems, in which combined nitrogen may limit their production. We examined the biodiversity and diazotrophic capacity of microbial epiphytes associated with the phyllosphere of the seagrass Cymodocea rotundata of the Western Indian Ocean. Light microscopy, 16S rRNA and nifH gene analysis revealed the dominance of cyanobacteria in the epiphytic microbial community. Most phylotypes were related to free‐living uncultured benthic cyanobacteria, while some to cyanobacterial endosymbionts of marine diatoms. Novel and potentially diazotrophic species, some of known pantropical distribution, were also discovered. Significant diel nitrogenase activities (acetylene reduction assay) were recorded (up to 358 ± 232 nmol C2H4 g−1 of seagrass FW h−1). The nifH gene expression patterns showed that heterocystous phylotypes may be the dominant diazotrophs during the day and non‐heterocystous at night. These data show that C. rotundata is colonized by diverse diazotrophic cyanobacteria species and suggest that these may be beneficial partners of seagrasses in nitrogen‐depleted waters.
Experimental Evaluation in Rabbits of the Effects of Thread Concavities in Bone Formation with Different Titanium Implant Surfaces
Authors: Scarano Antonio , Degidi Marco , Perrotti Vittoria , Degidi Davide , Piattelli Adriano , Iezzi Giovanna
Published: January 2013

Background

Differences in implant microtexture are important in conditioning the bone response around dental implants.

Purpose

The aim of the present study was an evaluation of the bone response in machined (M), blasted with apatitic calcium phosphate (tricalcium phosphate/hydrossyapatite [HA] blend) particles (resorbable blast texturing [RBT]), and coated with HA implants.

Methods

A total of 48 (16 M, 16 RBT, and 16 HA) threaded screw‐shaped implants were inserted into the tibia of 12 rabbits. The specimens were retrieved after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks and processed for histology.

Results

All experimental groups showed an increase of the bone‐implant contact percentages through the study period. Higher and highly statistically significant differences were found in the percentages of bone observed in the concavities rather than in the convexities of the implants retrieved after 1, 2, and 4 weeks, while no significant differences were found after 8 weeks. In the different time periods, higher percentages of bone‐implant contact were found in the RBT and HA‐coated implants both in the concavities and in the convexities, but these differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The newly formed bone present in the concavity of the threads was not influenced by the implant surface in the first healing period, while after 4 to 8 weeks, the percentage of bone observed in the concavities and convexities was similar. Additional histological studies are necessary to further evaluate the critical role of the concave geometry in bone differentiation and formation around dental implants.
Diagnostic cellular abnormalities in neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions of the epidermis: a morphological and statistical study
Authors: Malhotra Saurabh , Kazlouskaya Viktoryia , Andres Christian , Gui Jiang , Elston Dirk
Published: January 2013

Background

Distinguishing cellular abnormalities in reactive and malignant lesions is challenging. We compared the incidence and severity of cytological abnormalities in malignant/premalignant and benign epidermal lesions.

Methods

One hundred fifty‐two biopsies representing 69 malignant/premalignant squamous lesions and 83 benign conditions were studied. Cytological features, including nuclear hyperchromasia, nuclear overlap (crowding), irregular nuclei, high nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, conspicuous nucleoli, delicate inconspicuous nucleoli, clumped chromatin, pleomorphic parakeratosis, normal and abnormal mitotic figures and necrotic keratinocytes, were evaluated and graded. Statistical analysis was performed.

Results

Irregular nuclei, increased N/C ratio, conspicuous single prominent nucleoli, nuclear overlap (crowding), pleomorphic parakeratosis, nuclear hyperchromasia, necrotic keratinocytes, normal and abnormal mitotic figures and coarse chromatin were seen more frequently in malignant neoplasms (p < 0.05). Abnormal mitotic figures, although uncommon (20.3%), were only noted in the malignant/premalignant group. Certain cytological features were common among both malignant and benign lesions, suggesting that they are of little value.

Conclusion

In the setting of an atypical cutaneous squamous proliferation, nuclear irregularity, increased N/C ratio, conspicuous nucleoli, crowding and hyperchromasia are the most useful indicators of malignancy. In contrast, mitotic figures, necrotic cells and coarse chromatin are less useful. The presence of abnormal mitotic figures is very helpful when present; however, their overall rarity limits their utility.
IQ level in children with epilepsy: familial, genetic, and seizure‐related factors
Authors: Prentkowski Erica D , Dunn David W
Published: January 2013

This commentary is on the original article by Walker et al on pages 278–282 of this issue.
Diet quality is prospectively associated with incident impaired fasting glucose in older adults
Authors: Gopinath B. , Rochtchina E. , Flood V. M. , Mitchell P.
Published: January 2013

Aims

Dietary modifications may play an important role in the prevention of diabetes. We aimed to assess the temporal association between diet quality and both impaired fasting glucose and Type 2 diabetes among older adults.

Methods

A total of 2564 participants aged 49+ years at baseline were examined between 1992 and 1994 and 2002–2004 and had their fasting blood glucose measured. Dietary data were collected using a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A modified version of the Healthy Eating Index for Australians was developed to determine Total Diet Score. Incident diabetes (or impaired fasting glucose) was defined in participants at risk who were newly diagnosed by a physician during the follow‐up or found to have a fasting blood glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (or 6.1–6.9 mmol/l).

Results

After adjusting for age, sex, current smoking, body mass index, hypertension and serum triglycerides, comparing highest with lowest tertile of total diet score, a significant 75% decrease in risk of incident impaired fasting glucose was observed in men (Ptrend = 0.02). Also, in men, each two‐point increase in Total Diet Score was associated with a 52% reduction in the 10‐year incidence of impaired fasting glucose, (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.33–0.69). No significant associations were observed among women or with the 10‐year incidence of diabetes.

Conclusions

Greater compliance with published dietary guidelines (better diet quality) was associated with a reduced risk of pre‐diabetes in men, but not women.
Relationship of pentraxin 3 with insulin sensitivity in gestational diabetes
Authors: Todoric Jelena , Handisurya Ammon , Knapp Bernhard , Tura Andrea , Pacini Giovanni , Kautzky‐Willer Alexandra
Published: January 2013

Background

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a cytokine‐inducible molecule expressed in different tissues, the levels of which increase in a response to a variety of inflammatory conditions. Recently, it has been linked to the serum glucose levels and some comorbidities in type 2 diabetes.

Materials and methods

Here, we aimed to investigate the role of PTX3 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is considered a forerunner of type 2 diabetes. Fasting PTX3 serum levels were measured in 90 women [45 GDM, 45 normal glucose tolerance (NGT)] during pregnancy. In addition, PTX3 was measured during a 2 h, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 20 women (10 GDM, 10 NGT) at 24–28 weeks of gestation and in 16 of them after delivery (10GDM, 6 NGT).

Results

A continuous increase in PTX3 levels was observed during the OGTT and reached in the GDM group a significant difference after 120 min compared with baseline (P < 0·05). Additionally, a rise in the PTX3 concentration was significantly higher in the GDM‐ compared with the NGT group, 120 min after glucose challenge (P < 0·01). During pregnancy, serum glucose and C‐peptide were positively correlated with the PTX3 levels in the whole study group, whereas a negative association was found with the insulin sensitivity parameters QUICKI and OGIS.

Conclusions

Dependence of PTX3 on serum glucose levels was more pronounced in women with GDM than in the NGT group. This notion together with its inverse relation to the parameters of insulin sensitivity, suggests a potential involvement of PTX3 in GDM pathology.
Biological effectiveness of an inexpensive nature‐like fishway for passage of warmwater fish in a small Ontario stream
Authors: Steffensen S. Marina , Thiem Jason D. , Stamplecoskie Keith M. , Binder Thomas R. , Hatry Charles , Langlois‐Anderson Naomi , Cooke Steven J.
Published: January 2013

Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nature‐like fishways, particularly in low gradient warmwater streams with diverse fish communities. We evaluated a nature‐like fishway that was installed to facilitate upstream passage at a low head dam on Indian Creek near Spencerville, Ontario, Canada. A passive integrated transponder (PIT) array was used to quantify attraction and passage efficiency for 391 PIT tagged warmwater fish, represented by seven species. Attraction efficiency for the three most common species, common shiner (Luxilus cornutus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), was 63.3%, 83.7% and 65.6%, respectively, and passage efficiencies were 5.1%, 38.4% and 25%, respectively. Creek chub were able to locate the fishway in less time than white sucker and common shiner; however, took longer to successfully pass. Manipulation of creek chub release locations was used to separate issues of attraction and passage and revealed that passage efficiency was highest (76.2%) for those released within the fishway and intermediate for those released at the entrance (42.1%). This multispecies fishway improved stream connectivity, but additional work is needed to fine tune its configuration. Similar projects that engage stakeholders in nature‐like fishway construction are a promising approach for the thousands of small dams that occur on low gradient streams around the globe, but those studies should incorporate a biological evaluation to ensure that attraction and passage efficiency are optimised.
Does ‘race to fish’ behaviour emerge in an individual transferable quota fishery when the total allowable catch becomes non‐binding?
Authors: Emery Timothy J , Hartmann Klaas , Green Bridget S , Gardner Caleb , Tisdell John
Published: January 2013

Successful individual transferable quota (ITQ) management requires a binding (constraining) total allowable catch (TAC). A non‐binding TAC may result in a shift back towards open access conditions, where fishers increasingly compete (‘race’) to catch their share of the total harvest. This process was examined by comparing fishing fleet behaviour and profitability in the Tasmanian southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery (TSRLF), Australia. Between 2008 and 2010, the TSRLF had a non‐binding TAC and effectively reverted to a regulated, limited‐entry fishery. Fishers' uncertainty about future profitability and their ability to take their allocated catch weakened the security characteristic of the ITQ allocation. The low quota lease price contributed to an increase in fleet capacity, while the more limited reduction in quota asset value proved an investment barrier, hindering the autonomous adjustment of quota towards the most efficient fishers. In the TSRLF, catch rates vary more than beach price and are therefore more important for determining daily revenue (i.e., price x catch rate) than market price. Consequently, fishers concentrated effort during times of higher catch rates rather than high market demand. This increased rent dissipation as fishers engaged in competitive race to fish to be the first to exploit the stock and obtain higher catch rates. The history of this fishery emphasizes the need for a constraining TAC in all ITQ fisheries, not only for stock management, but also to manage the security of the ITQ allocation and prevent unanticipated and undesirable changes in fisher behaviour and fishery profitability.
Enhanced expression of farnesoid X receptor in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kumagai Arisa , Fukushima Junichi , Takikawa Hajime , Fukuda Toshio , Fukusato Toshio
Published: January 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and cell lines and evaluate its clinicopathological significance.

Methods

Expression levels of FXR protein and mRNA in hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (SC), and HCC cells in human liver, HCC tissues and cultured cell lines were analyzed using immunohistochemical methods, western blotting (WB), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR). The relationship between FXR expression and clinicopathological parameters was also investigated.

Results

Immunoreactivity for FXR was observed in nuclei of hepatocytes, SC and HCC cells. The intensity of nuclear FXR positive staining was comparable or increased in tumor cells of all HCC tissues when compared with hepatocytes of non‐tumorous liver tissues of the same patients as well as in comparison with metastatic colon cancers. A significant level of FXR expression in four of six human HCC cell lines was also confirmed, while it was undetectable in three cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. However, FXR protein and mRNA levels in HCC tissues determined by WB and qRT–PCR were lower than those in non‐tumorous liver tissues because of the high level of FXR expression in SC nuclei as detected by immunohistochemical double stain. Statistically significant relationships between FXR immunostaining intensity and high Ki‐67 labeling indices or a history of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in HCC patients were also disclosed.

Conclusion

Contrary to previous reports, preserved or enhanced expression levels of nuclear FXR were detected in HCC, indicating that FXR may play significant roles in the biological behavior of HCC.
Strength Behavior of Magnesia‐Based Refractories after Thermal Cycling
Authors: Olubambi Peter A. , Andrews Anthony , Mothle Thabang S.
Published: January 2013

The thermal shock resistance of four commercially available magnesia‐based refractory bricks mainly used in furnace linings were investigated. Thermal stability of the bricks was tested using the water‐quench method. The experimental damage was characterised by visual inspection and determining some residual physical and mechanical properties. Cracks were observed after thermal cycling resulting in loss of strength and materials degradation. The results show that thermal stability of magnesia‐based refractories depends strongly on their chemical composition. The addition of chrome and spinel improved the thermal stability of magnesia bricks with magnesia–spinel (MgAl2O4) having better thermal stability than the magnesia–chrome bricks.
Mixed-methods research in pharmacy practice: recommendations for quality reporting (part 2)
Authors: Hadi Muhammad Abdul , Alldred David Phillip , Closs S José , Briggs Michelle
Published: January 2013

This is the second of two papers that explore the use of mixed-methods research in pharmacy practice. This paper discusses the rationale, applications, limitations and challenges of conducting mixed-methods research. As with other research methods, the choice of mixed-methods should always be justified because not all research questions require a mixed-methods approach. Mixed-methods research is particularly suitable when one dataset may be inadequate in answering the research question, an explanation of initial results is required, generalizability of qualitative findings is desired or broader and deeper understanding of a research problem is necessary. Mixed-methods research has its own challenges and limitations, which should be considered carefully while designing the study. There is a need to improve the quality of reporting of mixed-methods research. A framework for reporting mixed-methods research is proposed, for researchers and reviewers, with the intention of improving its quality. Pharmacy practice research can benefit from research that uses both ‘numbers’ (quantitative) and ‘words’ (qualitative) to develop a strong evidence base to support pharmacy-led services.
Correlating perceived arrhythmia symptoms and quality of life in an older population with heart failure: a prospective, single centre, urban clinic study
Authors: Hickey Kathleen T , Reiffel James , Sciacca Robert R , Whang William , Biviano Angelo , Baumeister Maurita , Castillo Carmen , Talathothi Jyothi , Garan Hasan
Published: January 2013

Aims and objectives

To determine the relationship between quality of life and perceived self‐reported symptoms in an older, ambulatory, urban population living with heart failure.

Background

While arrhythmias in older individuals with heart failure are well documented, the association between perceived arrhythmia symptoms and quality of life is not well‐defined.

Design

Prospective, cross‐sectional single‐centre study.

Methods

A single‐centre, prospective study was conducted with heart failure patients recruited from an urban outpatient cardiology clinic in the United States. Fifty‐seven patients completed a baseline quality of life survey with 42 of these completing the six‐month follow‐up survey. Quality of life was evaluated with the SF‐36v2™ and frequency of symptoms with the Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale. Subjects wore an auto triggered cardiac loop monitor (LifeStar AF Express®) for two weeks to document arrhythmias. Data analysis utilised Spearman's rank correlation and logistic regression.

Results

Baseline and six‐month quality of life measures did not correlate with recorded arrhythmias. However, perceptions of diminished general health correlated significantly with symptoms of exercise intolerance, lightheadedness/dizziness, palpitations and chest pain/pressure. By multivariable logistic regression, more severe perceived episodes, symptoms of exercise intolerance and lightheadedness/dizziness were independently associated with diminished quality of life.

Conclusion

Quality of life was significantly worse in patients with perceptions of severe arrhythmic episodes and in those with symptoms of dizziness and exercise intolerance.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings of this study indicate that symptomatic heart failure patients suffer from poor quality of life and that interventions are needed to improve quality of life and decrease symptom severity. Nurses who care for heart failure patients play an essential role in symptom evaluation and management and could significantly improve overall quality of life in these patients by carefully evaluating symptomatology and testing interventions and educational programmes aimed at improving quality of life.
Histological Estimation of Age at Death from the Compact Bone of Burned and Unburned Human Ribs
Authors: Absolonova Karolina , Veleminsky Petr , Dobisikova Miluse , Beran Michal , Zocova Jarmila
Published: January 2013

This study describes the estimation of age at death from the compact bone of burned and unburned human ribs. Bone samples came from individuals of known age, sex, and cause of death. Each bone was divided into four sections; three sections were burned at 700, 800, and 1000°C. Undecalcified, unstained ground cross sections were photographed, and 28 variables were analyzed in the bones using SigmaScan Pro 5. Age‐related as well as heat‐induced microstructural changes were found. These changes were often very similar and made estimating the age at death difficult in the burned bones. Differences between the sexes were found in some variables, caused by both aging and also by the different behavior of some variables during burning. Regression equations were developed to estimate age at death for unburned bones (r² = 0.579 and 0.707), bones burned at 700°C (r² = 0.453 and 0.501), and 800°C (r² = 0.334 and 0.340).
Constraint Annealing of HfO2 Films on Silicon Substrate: Suppression of Si Outward Emission
Authors: Shih Chuan‐Feng , Hsiao Chu‐Yun , Chen Bo‐Cun , Hsiao Yu‐Chih , Leu Ching‐Chich
Published: January 2013

Flexural tensile and compressive constraints were applied mechanically to the 7.5 nm thick HfO2 films on Si substrates to investigate the influences of stress on the Si outward emission behavior in Si/HfO2 during annealing. The constraint stress inhibited further growth of the interfacial layer (IL) between HfO2 and Si, suppressing the IL‐growth‐induced Si outward emission. This fact was associated with atomic rearrangement that was induced during constrained annealing, resulting in the formation of a robust HfO2 layer with low oxygen vacancy. Such an HfO2 layer effectively suppressed the inward diffusion of oxygen, the IL growth and the Si out‐diffusion.
Higher Degree of Left Atrial Structural Remodeling in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: AKKAYA MEHMET , HIGUCHI KOJI , KOOPMANN MATTHIAS , DAMAL KAVITHA , BURGON NATHAN S. , KHOLMOVSKI EUGENE , McGANN CHRIS , MARROUCHE NASSIR
Published: January 2013

LV Systolic Dysfunction is Related to LA‐SRM in AF Patients

Background

Catheter ablation significantly improves the left ventricular (LV) function in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and LV systolic dysfunction. In this study, we compared the degree of left atrial structural remodeling (LA‐SRM) in patients with normal versus reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF). We also studied the impact of LA‐SRM on LVEF improvement in patients undergoing ablation of AF.

Method and Results

We categorized 384 patients into 2 groups based on their cardiac function: reduced LVEF group (LVEF ≤50%; n = 105) and normal LVEF group (LVEF > 50%; n = 279). LVEF was determined prior and mean 8 ± 3 months after catheter ablation for AF. Percentage of LA‐SRM was quantified using LGE‐MRI and patients were classified into 4 groups based on the amount of structural remodeling in their LA wall: minimal ≤ 5%, mild = 5–20%, moderate = 20–35%, and extensive ≥ 35%. The average preablation LA‐SRM (21.5 ± 13.2% vs 15.4 ± 10.0%; P < 0.001) was significantly higher in reduced LVEF group than normal LVEF group. Among the 105 patients with reduced LVEF, while there was a modest 11.7 ± 8.4% average increase in LVEF following ablation, the greatest increase was seen in patients with less extensive LA‐SRM (minimal = 19.3 ± 5.1%, n = 3, P = 0.02 and mild = 16.6 ± 9.9%, n = 48, P < 0.001). Patients with moderate and extensive fibrosis had an average EF improvement of 8.7 ± 11.1% and 2.8 ± 6.4%, respectively (n = 39, P < 0.001 and n = 15, P = 0.11, respectively).

Conclusion

Patients with LV systolic dysfunction displayed a comparatively greater LA‐SRM than patients with normal LVEF. Patients with lesser LA‐SRM experienced a greater improvement in LVEF after catheter ablation for AF.
Endothelial reconstitution by CD34+ progenitors derived from baboon embryonic stem cells
Authors: Shi Qiang , Schatten Gerald , Hodara Vida , Simerly Calvin , VandeBerg John L.
Published: January 2013

In this study, we used a large non‐human primate model, the baboon, to establish a step‐wise protocol to generate CD34+ endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and to demonstrate their reparative effects. Baboon ESCs were sequentially differentiated from embryoid body cultures for 9 days and then were specified into EPCs by culturing them in monolayer for 12 days. The resulting EPCs expressed CD34, CXCR4 and UEA‐1, but neither CD31 nor CD117. The EPCs were able to form intact lumen structures when seeded on Matrigel, took up Dil‐LDL, and responded to TNF‐α. Angioblasts specified in EGM‐2 medium and ECGS medium had 6.41 ± 1.16% (n = 3) and 9.32 ± 3.73% CD34+ cells (n = 3). The efficiency of generating CD34+ EPCs did not differ significantly from ECGS to EGM‐2 culture media, however, angioblasts specified in ECGS medium expressed a higher percentage of CD34+/CXCR4+ cells (3.49 ± 1.32%, n = 3) than those specified in EGM‐2 medium (0.49 ± 0.52%, n = 3). To observe their reparative capacity, we purified CD34+ progenitors after specification by EGM‐2 medium; inoculated fluorescently labelled CD34+ EPCs into an arterial segment denuded of endothelium in an ex vivo system. After 14 days of ex vivo culture, the grafted cells had attached and integrated to the denuded surface; in addition, they had matured further and expressed terminally differentiated endothelial markers including CD31 and CD146. In conclusion, we have proved that specified CD34+ EPCs are promising therapeutic agents for repairing damaged vasculature.
MicroRNA‐126 regulates the induction and function of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells through PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors: Qin Andong , Wen Zhenke , Zhou Ya , Li Ying , Li Yongju , Luo Junmin , Ren Tao , Xu Lin
Published: January 2013

Recent evidence showed that limited activation of PI3K/Akt pathway was critical for induction and function sustainment of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we reported that miR‐126 was expressed in mouse and human Tregs. Further study showed that silencing of miR‐126 using miR‐126 antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) could significantly reduce the induction of Tregs in vitro. Furthermore, miR‐126 silencing could obviously reduce the expression of Foxp3 on Tregs, which was accompanied by decreased expression of CTLA‐4 and GITR, as well as IL‐10 and TGF‐β, and impair its suppressive function. Mechanistic evidence showed that silencing of miR‐126 enhanced the expression of its target p85β and subsequently altered the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway, which was ultimately responsible for reduced induction and suppressive function of Tregs. Finally, we further revealed that miR‐126 silencing could impair the suppressive function of Tregs in vivo and endow effectively antitumour effect of CD8+T cells in adoptive cell transfer assay using a murine breast cancer model. Therefore, our study showed that miR‐126 could act as fine‐tuner in regulation of PI3K‐Akt pathway transduction in the induction and sustained suppressive function of Tregs and provided a novel insight into the development of therapeutic strategies for promoting T‐cell immunity by regulating Tregs through targeting specific miRNAs.
Gender‐specific association of the interleukin 18 gene with symptomatic gallstone disease
Authors: Shih Shou‐Chuan , Yang Horng‐Woei , Chang Tzu‐Yang , Wang Horng‐Yuan , Hu Kuang‐Chun , Chang Ching‐Wei , Chang Chen‐Wang , Hung Chien‐Yuan , Lin Marie , Chan Hui‐Wen , Lin Wen‐Shan , Chang Shih‐Chuan , Lee Yann‐Jinn
Published: January 2013

Background and Aim

Symptomatic gallstone disease (SGSD) induced several inflammatory responses and affected extrahepatic bile ducts. Although the pathology and environmental risk factors of gallstone disease are well documented, immune or inflammatory responses in SGSD development are still inconclusive. Interleukin 18 (IL18) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in immune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases because of the induction of interferon‐γ. In this study, we investigated whether polymorphisms of the IL18 gene were associated with SGSD susceptibility.

Methods

Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole blood samples of 445 patients with SGSD and 1121 gallstone‐free controls. The IL18 rs549908T>G, rs5744247C>G, rs187238G>C, rs1946518T>G, and rs360719A>G polymorphisms were genotyped using predeveloped TaqMan allelic discrimination assay.

Results

We found IL18 rs5744247G allele conferred protection against SGSD in female patients (odds ratio = 0.75, corrected P‐value = 0.015). Haplotype analysis revealed that TGGTA protected females from SGSD development (odds ratio = 0.75, corrected P‐value = 0.02).

Conclusions

Based on our findings, IL18 rs5744247C>G polymorphism could be a potential genetic marker to predict SGSD susceptibility in Han Chinese women.
Interferon treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C complicated with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis
Authors: Kojima Akira , Kakizaki Satoru , Hosonuma Ken‐ichi , Yamazaki Yuichi , Horiguchi Norio , Sato Ken , Kitahara Tokuyuki , Mori Masatomo
Published: January 2013

Background and Aims

The Japan Society for Dialysis Therapy established “Guidelines for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Dialysis Patients.” We evaluated the status of HCV infection and the treatment of hemodialysis patients in Gunma prefecture.

Methods

Questionnaires concerning the infection rate, recognition of the guidelines, and treatment status were sent to all 64 hospitals/clinics that had hemodialysis systems in Gunma prefecture. The hepatitis C virus‐infected hemodialysis patients who received pegylated interferon (peg‐IFN) were analyzed at Gunma University Hospital.

Results

The positive rate for hepatitis C virus antibody was 256/2582 hemodialysis patients (9.9%). The positive rate varied between institutions (range 0–40.0%; median 9.0%). All institutes recognized the establishment of the guidelines. Conventional or peg‐IFN treatment was being given at 37.5% of the institutions. The other 62.5% institutions answered that they intended to provide the treatment in the future if collaboration with a hepatologist could be arranged. The most common answers regarding the indication for IFN treatment were as follows: few complications, under 60 years of age, more than 10 years of survival expected on hemodialysis. Eighteen patients received peg‐IFN treatment. The sustained virological response rate of all patients was 33.3%, 0% in 1b/high viral titer, 50% in genotype 2, and 100% in genotype 2/low viral titer. The sustained virological response rate was worse in the patients with 1b/high viral load and diabetic nephropathy (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Recognition of the publication of the guidelines was high. However, the number of patients treated with peg‐IFN was still low. Further enlightenment and cooperation between hemodialysis teams and hepatologists are therefore needed.
Relationship Between Mean Corpuscular Volume and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults
Authors: Gamaldo Alyssa A. , Ferrucci Luigi , Rifkind Joseph , Longo Dan L. , Zonderman Alan B.
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To examine the relationship between erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and cognitive performance over time.

Design

Longitudinal.

Setting

Sample from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA).

Participants

Eight hundred twenty‐seven participants from the BLSA (mean age 67, range 50–96).

Measurements

Mean corpuscular volume and several other blood indices were measured, including hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, vitamin B12, folate, white blood cell count, albumin, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Cognitive performance was examined using neuropsychological measures of visual memory, verbal memory, language, attention, executive function, and global mental status.

Results

High MCV levels were significantly associated with lower global mental status even after adjusting for potential confounders. High MCV levels were also significantly associated with high rates of decline on tasks of global mental status, long delay memory, and attention, even after adjusting for potential confounders.

Conclusion

The findings confirm a previous observation that larger erythrocytes in older adults are associated with poorer cognitive function. Anemia and inflammation do not appear to explain the relationship between MCV and cognition. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms behind this association.
Long‐term urinary catheter users self‐care practices and problems
Authors: Wilde Mary H , McDonald Margaret V , Brasch Judith , McMahon James M , Fairbanks Eileen , Shah Shivani , Tang Wan , Scheid Eileen
Published: January 2013

Aims and objectives

To characterise a sample of 202 adult community‐living long‐term indwelling urinary catheter users, to describe self‐care practices and catheter problems, and to explore relationships among demographics, catheter practices and problems.

Background

Long‐term urinary catheter users have not been well studied, and persons using the device indefinitely for persistent urinary retention are likely to have different patterns of catheter practices and problems.

Design

The study was a cross‐sectional descriptive and exploratory analysis.

Methods

Home interviews were conducted with catheter users who provided information by self‐reported recall over the previous two months. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics and tests of association between demographics, catheter practices and catheter problems.

Results

The sample was widely diverse in age (19–96 years), race and medical diagnosis. Urethral catheters were used slightly more often (56%) than suprapubic (44%), for a mean of six years (SD 7 years). Many persons were highly disabled, with 60% having difficulty in bathing, dressing, toileting and getting out of the bed; 19% also required assistance in eating. A high percentage of catheter problems were reported with: 43% experiencing leakage (bypassing of urine), 31% having had a urinary tract infection, 24% blockage of the catheter, 23% catheter‐associated pain and 12% accidental dislodgment of the catheter. Treatments of catheter‐related problems contributed to additional health care utilisation, including extra nurse or clinic visits, trips to the emergency department or hospitalisation. Symptoms of catheter‐associated urinary tract infections were most often related to changes in the colour or character of urine or generalised symptoms.

Conclusions

Catheter‐related problems contribute to excess morbidity and health care utilisation and costs.

Relevance to clinical practice

More research is needed in how to minimise catheter‐associated problems in long‐term catheter users. Information from this study could help inform the development of interventions in this population.
Wegener's granulomatosis: a review of clinical features and an update in diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Almouhawis Hanan A. , Leao Jair C. , Fedele Stefano , Porter Stephen R.
Published: January 2013

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is an idiopathic, systemic inflammatory disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and pauci‐immune small‐vessel vasculitis of upper and lower respiratory tract and kidneys. The condition affects both genders equally, although some inconsistent gender differences have been observed. The aetiology of WG remains unknown although a number of exogenous factors have been suggested to be of aetiological relevance. Most clinical characteristics of this disease are non‐specific, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Histopathological examination of lesional and peritoneal tissue is not pathognomonic, but is an essential investigation to confirm the presence of disease and exclude other disorders. At present, despite the increasingly wide range of potential therapies, cyclophosphamide plus corticosteroids remain the most recognized and effective means of inducing and sustaining remission of WG.
Pals, Problems, and Personality: The Moderating Role of Personality in the Longitudinal Association Between Adolescents’ and Best Friends’ Delinquency
Authors: Yu Rongqin , Branje Susan , Keijsers Loes , Koot Hans M. , Meeus Wim
Published: January 2013

We examined the potential moderating role of Block's personality types (i.e., overcontrollers, undercontrollers, and resilients) on the longitudinal associations between adolescents’ and their best friends’ delinquency. Across three annual waves, 497 Dutch adolescents (283 boys, MAge = 13 years at Wave 1) and their best friends reported on their delinquent behaviors. Adolescents’ three personality types were obtained by latent class growth analysis on their annual reports on Big Five personality. A three‐group cross‐lagged panel analysis was performed on three waves of data. Delinquency of overcontrollers was predicted by their best friends’ delinquency, whereas delinquency of undercontrollers and resilients was not. Delinquency of undercontrollers and resilients predicted their best friends’ delinquency, but overcontrollers’ delinquency did not. These findings suggest that personality may play an important role in adolescents’ susceptibility to the influence of friends’ delinquency, as well as in youths’ ability to influence friends through their own delinquency.
Ejection behavior characteristics in experimental cratering in sandstone targets
Authors: SOMMER Frank , REISER Fiona , DUFRESNE Anja , POELCHAU Michael H. , HOERTH Tobias , DEUTSCH Alex , KENKMANN Thomas , THOMA Klaus
Published: January 2013

Abstract– Within the frame of the MEMIN research unit (Multidisciplinary Experimental and Numerical Impact Research Network), impact experiments on sandstone targets were carried out to systematically study the influence of projectile mass, velocity, and target water saturation on the cratering and ejection processes. The projectiles were accelerated with two‐stage light‐gas guns (Ernst‐Mach‐Institute) onto fine‐grained targets (Seeberger sandstone) with about 23% porosity. Collection of the ejecta on custom‐designed catchers allowed determination of particle shape, size distribution, ejection angle, and microstructures. Mapping of the ejecta imprints on the catcher surface enabled linking of the different patterns to ejection stages observed on high‐speed videos. The increase in projectile mass from 0.067 to 7.1 g correlates with an increase in the total ejected mass; ejecta angles, however, are similar in range for all experiments. The increase in projectile velocity from 2.5 to 5.1 km s−1 correlates with a total ejecta mass increase as well as in an increase in comminution efficiency, and a widening of the ejecta cone. A higher degree of water saturation of the target yields an increase in total ejecta mass up to 400% with respect to dry targets, higher ejecta velocity, and a steeper cone. These data, in turn, suggest that the reduced impedance contrast between the quartz grains of the target and the pores plays a primary role in the ejecta mass increase, while vaporization of water determines the ejecta behavior concerning ejecta velocity and particle distribution.
A Clinical Phenotype of Adverse Response to Biventricular Pacing: A Case Series
Authors: LIM HOONG SERN
Published: January 2013

Background

Biventricular pacing is an established therapy for patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and prolonged QRS duration. However, there are few reports on the adverse effects of biventricular pacing.

Methods

Three patients who deteriorated rapidly following biventricular pacing (heart transplantation/ventricular assist device within 3 months of device implantation) were identified. The clinical, echocardiographic, and functional characteristics before and after device implantation were evaluated. The acute hemodynamic effects of biventricular pacing were assessed by cardiac catheterization.

Results

Preimplant assessment showed biventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and relatively narrow QRS duration. The time from device implantation to assessment was 62, 58, and 42 days. All three patients developed right bundle branch block (RBBB)‐type QRS morphology, deterioration in right ventricular (RV) function, and functional capacity in association with rapid clinical decline. Acutely, biventricular pacing resulted in higher right atrial pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, lower cardiac output, and RV stroke work in all three patients.

Conclusions

A phenotype of adverse response to biventricular pacing is characterized by relatively narrow QRS duration, RV dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension. Clinical decline is rapid and associated with the development of RBBB‐type morphology, worsening of pulmonary hemodynamics, and RV dysfunction with biventricular pacing.
Intrathecal morphine reduces blood loss during idiopathic scoliosis surgery: retrospective study of 256 pediatric cases
Authors: Lesniak Aleksandra B. , Tremblay Pierre , Dalens Bernard J. , Aucoin Maryse , Mercier Pierre
Published: January 2013

Background

This retrospective cohort study was designed to assess the impact of intrathecal morphine compared with no intrathecal morphine on blood loss and on hemodynamic stability during surgery for pediatric idiopathic scoliosis correction.

Methods

A retrospective review was done of 256 anesthetic charts who underwent scoliosis surgery between January 1993 and February 2012 by the same orthopedic surgeon. 128 patients were operated on before 2003 without intrathecal morphine (NITM group) and 128 were treated later on with intrathecal morphine (ITM group).Primary endpoints were a 20% decrease in blood loss in the ITM group and hemodynamic stability.

Results

Both groups were similar for age, girl/boy ratio, weight and duration of surgery. Blood loss was significantly greater in the NITM group: 1793.1 ± 964.3 ml vs 655.8 ± 323.0 ml (P < 0.0001). Overall mean decrease in blood loss was 63.4% between the NITM group and the ITM group. A significantly (P < 0.0001) greater number of patients from the NITM group (122) received blood transfusions as compared to the ITM group (30). The volume of blood transfused per patient was significantly greater in the NITM group (701.4 ± 492.5 ml) than in the ITM group (293.7 ± 170.9 ml) (P < 0.0001). Heart rate was stable intra‐operatively in both groups. Variation in blood pressure >20% of baseline occurred more frequently in the NITM group (28.1%) than in the ITM group (14.8%) (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that intrathecal morphine in pediatric surgical scoliosis correction significantly decreases intra‐operative blood loss and transfusions and enhances blood pressure stability.
Proteomic Analysis of Clathrin Interactions in Trypanosomes Reveals Dynamic Evolution of Endocytosis
Authors: Adung'a Vincent O. , Gadelha Catarina , Field Mark C.
Published: January 2013

Endocytosis is a vital cellular process maintaining the cell surface, modulating signal transduction and facilitating nutrient acquisition. In metazoa, multiple endocytic modes are recognized, but for many unicellular organisms the process is likely dominated by the ancient clathrin‐mediated pathway. The endocytic system of the highly divergent trypanosomatid Trypanosoma brucei exhibits many unusual features, including a restricted site of internalization, dominance of the plasma membrane by GPI‐anchored proteins, absence of the AP2 complex and an exceptionally high rate. Here we asked if the proteins subtending clathrin trafficking in trypanosomes are exclusively related to those of higher eukaryotes or if novel, potentially taxon‐specific proteins operate. Co‐immunoprecipitation identified twelve T. brucei clathrin‐associating proteins (TbCAPs), which partially colocalized with clathrin. Critically, eight TbCAPs are restricted to trypanosomatid genomes and all of these are required for robust cell proliferation. A subset, TbCAP100, TbCAP116, TbCAP161 and TbCAP334, were implicated in distinct endocytic steps by detailed analysis of knockdown cells. Coupled with the absence of orthologs for many metazoan and fungal endocytic factors, these data suggest that clathrin interactions in trypanosomes are highly lineage‐specific, and indicate substantial evolutionary diversity within clathrin‐mediated endocytosis mechanisms across the eukaryotes.
The development and feasibility of a remote damage control resuscitation prehospital plasma transfusion protocol for warfarin reversal for patients with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Zielinski Martin D. , Smoot Dustin L. , Stubbs James R. , Jenkins Donald H. , Park Myung S. , Zietlow Scott P.
Published: January 2013

Background

The rapid reversal of warfarin in the setting of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with improved outcomes. Until now, remote reversal of hypocoagulable states has not been possible in the prehospital environment. This manuscript describes the development and analysis of a prehospital plasma transfusion protocol to reverse warfarin at the earliest possible moment after TBI.

Study Design and Methods

A retrospective review of all TBI patients receiving plasma transfusion(s) in the prehospital environment for warfarin reversal between February 2009 and September 2010 was conducted. Thawed plasma was carried on every air ambulance flight centered at the main campus.

Results

A total of 2836 flights carried over 2500 units of thawed plasma throughout the study period. During this time, 16 patients received prehospital plasma resuscitation, five of who were on warfarin with a concurrent TBI. The median Injury Severity Score was 17 (8.5‐27.5) with a median Glasgow Coma Score of 13 (8‐15) and a mortality rate of 40%. A median of 2 (1.5‐2.0) units of thawed plasma and 0 (0‐0) units of RBCs were transfused en route. The pretransfusion point‐of‐care international normalized ratio improved from 3.1 (2.3‐4.0) to 1.9 (1.3‐3.6) upon trauma center admission (serum sample). One hundred percent of the transported, but unused, thawed plasma underwent subsequent transfusion prior to expiration.

Conclusions

Remote prehospital plasma transfusions effectively reverse anticoagulation secondary to warfarin administration in TBI patients. It is feasible to transfuse thawed plasma in the prehospital setting via remote damage control techniques without increasing waste. Prospective studies are needed to determine if this practice can improve outcomes in this population.