bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating suspended sediment and trace element fluxes in large river basins: methodological considerations as applied to the NASQAN programme
Authors: Horowitz Arthur J. , Elrick Kent A. , Smith James J.
Published: September 2002

In 1994, the NASQAN (National Stream Quality Accounting Network) programme was redesigned as a flux‐based water‐quality monitoring network for the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado, and Rio Grande Basins. As the new programme represented a departure from the original, new sampling, processing, analytical, and data handling procedures had to be selected/developed to provide data on discharge, suspended sediment concentration, and the concentrations of suspended sediment and dissolved trace elements.

Annual suspended sediment fluxes were estimated by summing daily instantaneous fluxes based on predicted suspended sediment concentrations derived from discharge‐based log–log regression (rating‐curve) models. The models were developed using both historical and current site‐specific discharge and suspended sediment concentrations. Errors using this approach typically are less than ±10% for the 3‐year reporting period; however, the magnitude of the errors increases substantially for temporal spans shorter than 1 year.

Total, rather than total‐recoverable, suspended sediment‐associated trace element concentrations were determined by direct analysis of material dewatered from large‐volume whole‐water samples. Site‐specific intra‐ and inter‐annual suspended sediment‐associated chemical variations were less (typically by no more than a factor of two) than those for either discharge or suspended sediment concentrations (usually more than 10‐fold). The concentrations, hence the annual fluxes, for suspended sediment‐associated phosphorus and organic carbon, determined by direct analyses, were higher than those determined using a more traditional paired, whole‐water/filtered‐water approach (by factors ranging from 1·5‐ to 10‐fold). This may be important for such issues as eutrophication and coastal productivity.

Filtered water‐associated (dissolved) trace element concentrations were markedly lower than those determined during the historical NASQAN programme; many were below their respective detection limits. This resulted from the use of clean sampling, processing, and analytical protocols. Hence, the fluxes for filtered water‐associated (dissolved) Ag, Pb, Co, V, Be, Sb, and Se, as well as the total (filtered water plus suspended sediment‐associated) fluxes for these constituents, could not be estimated. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of subsurface runoff through bedrock on storm flow generation
Authors: Onda Yuichi , Komatsu Yosuke , Tsujimura Maki , Fujihara Jun‐ichi
Published: September 2002

The influence of bedrock subsurface flow on storm runoff generation was investigated in Japan in two regions in Japan underlain by three bedrock types. One region, with approximately 2500 m of relief, is located in the Japan Alps, central Japan (In a region), where six small forest‐covered watersheds underlain by granite and Mesozoic shale were studied. Two of these watersheds were instrumented to monitor stream discharge and the other four are springs occurring at the bedrock exposure. The other study area is in northern Kyoto prefecture, western Japan (Oe region). Here, spring distribution and seasonal flow were monitored in two steep basins underlain by serpentinite rocks. Distinctly different runoff responses were observed: the granite watershed exhibited a large and rapid runoff peak that coincided with the rainfall peak (type 1); and the shale and serpentinite basins exhibited small initial runoff peaks followed by a maximum peak discharge five to ten times greater with a convex recession limb (type 2). Runoff response from bedrock springs had characteristics similar to type 1 hydrographs; however, discharge increased only when the antecedent precipitation index was large and the runoff peak was delayed between 10 h and 1 week after rain events. The specific discharge of the springs decreased with increase in altitude in the Oe region, especially in dry periods. This decline in discharge with elevation suggests that a deep subsurface flow system through bedrock fissures contributes to the storm water flow in serpentinate basins. When comparing runoff response and spring discharge, slow or double peak runoff response may be a good indicator of the influence of bedrock subsurface outflow on storm runoff generation in steep mountainous regions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
pH dependence of iron photoreduction in a rocky mountain stream affected by acid mine drainage
Authors: McKnight Diane M. , Kimball Briant A. , Runkel Robert L.
Published: September 2002

The redox speciation of dissolved iron and the transport of iron in acidic, metal‐enriched streams is controlled by precipitation and dissolution of iron hydroxides, by photoreduction of dissolved ferric iron and hydrous iron oxides, and by oxidation of the resulting dissolved ferrous iron. We examined the pH dependence of these processes in an acidic mine‐drainage stream, St Kevin Gulch, Colorado, by experimentally increasing the pH of the stream from about 4·0 to 6·5 and following the downstream changes in iron species. We used a solute transport model with variable flow to evaluate biogeochemical processes controlling downstream transport. We found that at pH 6·4 there was a rapid and large initial loss of ferrous iron concurrent with the precipitation of aluminium hydroxide. Below this reach, ferrous iron was conservative during the morning but there was a net downstream loss of ferrous iron around noon and in the afternoon. Calculation of net oxidation rates shows that the noontime loss rate was generally much faster than rates for the ferrous iron oxidation at pH 6 predicted by Singer and Stumm (1970. Science 167: 1121). The maintenance of ferrous iron concentrations in the morning is explained by the photoreduction of photoreactive ferric species, which are then depleted by noon. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural network linear forecasts for stock returns
Authors: Kanas Angelos
Published: September 2002

We examine the out‐of‐sample performance of monthly returns forecasts for the Dow Jones and the FT, using a linear and an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The comparison of out‐of‐sample forecasts is done on the basis of directional accuracy, using the Pesaran and Timmermann (1992. A simple nonparametric test of predictive performance, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 10: 461–465) test, and forecast encompassing, using the Clements and Hendry (1998. Forecasting Economic Time Series. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK) approach. While both models perform badly in terms of predicting the directional change of the two indices, the ANN forecasts can explain the forecast errors of the linear model while the linear model cannot explain the forecast errors of the ANN for both indices. Thus, the ANN forecasts are preferable to linear forecasts, indicating that the inclusion of nonlinear terms in the relation between stock returns and fundamentals is important in out‐of‐sample forecasting. This conclusion is consistent with the view that the underlying relation between stock returns and fundamentals is nonlinear. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stereo vision system for the inspection of IC bonding wires
Authors: Ye Q. Z. , Ong S. H. , Han X.
Published: September 2002

We describe a novel inspection system based on the application of the stereo technique to the detection of defects related to the three‐dimensional (3D) profile of IC wire bonds. In our single‐camera–based setup, stereo views are obtained by rotating the IC chip under the CCD camera with a telecentric lens. The edges of the wires are detected using Petrou's line filter and the facet model applied to obtain subpixel edge localization. After linking edges to form meaningful curves, stereo matching is conducted between the two curve lists of a stereo pair. The height profiles of the wire bonds are obtained using the disparity equation derived from the imaging geometry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 254–262, 2000
Pralidoxime and l ‐lactate effects in vitro on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by paraoxon: pralidoxime does not confer superior protection
Authors: Petroianu Georg , Roth Christina , Beha Ulrike , Fisher Joseph , Bergler Wolfgang , Rüfer Roderich
Published: September 2002

Intoxication with the organophosphorus compound paraoxon (POX), an inhibitor of serine hydrolases, is frequent. Although oximes are the only enzyme reactivators presently available, clinical experience with their use was rather disappointing. Recent work has shown that under certain conditions l‐lactate is also able to reduce in vitro the POX inhibition of butyrylcholine‐ and acetylcholineesterase (BChE and AChE). To assess the practical relevance, if any, of these findings, the protective effects of pralidoxime (PRX) and those of lactate had to be compared in the same in vitro model.

Effects of PRX on the inhibition of AChE by POX were assessed in vitro in plasma of 12 (six male and six female) healthy human volunteers. The determinations were repeated using different oxime and different POX concentrations.

The AChE activity determinations were performed using the following sampler: sample BL—baseline (or untreated plasma); sample a—after addition of POX to plasma (pl + POX); sample b—after POX and plasma were incubated and then oxime was added (pl + POX/PRX); sample c—after addition of oxime to plasma (pl + PRX); sample d—after oxime and plasma were incubated and then POX was added (pl + PRX/POX); sample e—after oxime and POX were incubated and then added to plasma (PRX + POX/pl).

Results were corrected for spurious enzyme ‘pseudo‐activity’ due to interaction between PRX and substrate (acetylthiocholine) in the absence of enzyme. In the micro‐ and millimolar ranges, PRX is able to protect in vitro AChE from inhibition by POX when added to human plasma prior to POX or when incubated with POX prior to addition to plasma. Adding PRX to plasma after POX has no protective effect. The PRX results were compared statistically with historical lactate data (obtained under identical conditions) using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test, with significance assumed for p = 0.01. No difference between PRX and lactate's protective effect on the AChE inhibition by POX was found in the in vitro model used. We therefore conclude that in vivo testing of lactate as a POX protective agent is warranted. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of in vitro wear of machined and molded UHMWPE tibial inserts on TKR kinematics
Authors: Benson Lisa C. , DesJardins John D. , LaBerge Martine
Published: September 2002

The effect of manufacturing process on the wear and mechanical performance of a total knee replacement (TKR) design was investigated with the use of a force‐controlled knee joint simulator. Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial inserts processed by direct compression molding from 1900H resin were compared to UHMWPE tibial inserts machined from a compression‐molded sheet of GUR 1050. Both sets of components had the same posterior‐cruciate‐retaining geometry, and were identically aligned with cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloy femoral components. Wear tests were conducted at a frequency of 1 Hz for 4 million cycles with the use of a standard walking cycle pattern. Implant kinematics, including anterior–posterior (AP) displacement and internal–external (IE) rotation in response to applied loads were monitored. Gravimetric wear, surface roughness, and surface morphology were used to characterize the wear process of the UHMWPE inserts. Results showed that the molded UHMWPE inserts exhibited less gravimetric wear over time than the machined inserts of the same design. Both the machined and molded components exhibited scratching, pitting, and burnishing over their wear areas. The AP displacement distance per cycle of the molded tibial inserts decreased over the course of testing, resulting in a shorter total testing displacement for this group compared to machined tibial inserts. Although AP displacement distance per cycle for machined tibial inserts did not change significantly over the course of testing, their position relative to the femoral components shifted posteriorly over time, resulting in an elongated wear track. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 496–504, 2001
The pH dependence of monofilament sutures on hydrolytic degradation
Authors: Tomihata Kenji , Suzuki Masakazu , Ikada Yoshito
Published: September 2002

Hydrolytic degradation of two nonabsorbable sutures, four absorbable sutures, and a new type of absorbable suture was studied in buffered media of various pHs at 37 °C. The pH levels fixed in this study were 1.0, 7.4, 8.5, and 10.5. Physical measurements were made on the retention of tensile strength and melting temperature of the sutures after hydrolysis for 12 weeks. Sutures containing glycolic acid as a comonomer exhibited enhanced degradation in alkaline media, similar to polyglycolide multifilament sutures. Poly‐p‐dioxanone (PDS II®) suture lost strength to a significant extent at pH 1.0, suggesting that care should be taken when this suture is used for closing tissues in contact with acidic media, such as the stomach. In marked contrast, the degradation of lactide‐ϵ‐caprolactone copolymer [P(LA/CL)] suture was not sensitive to the pH of media. The surface morphology of hydrolyzed sutures varied, depending on the pH of media. Particularly, moon‐crater‐shaped impressions were observed on glycolide‐ϵ‐caprolactone copolymer (MONOCRYL®) and glycolide‐trimethylene carbonate‐dioxanone copolymer (BIOSYN®) sutures. Among the nonabsorbable sutures, nylon (ETHILON®) exhibited the fastest loss of strength in acidic buffer solution, and polypropylene (PROLENE®) suture retained most of its initial strength at all pHs studied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 511–518, 2001
Electrochemical conversion of phenolic wastewater on carbon electrodes in the presence of NaCl
Authors: Körbahtı Bahadir K , Salih Bekir , Tanyolaç Abdurrahman
Published: September 2002

The electrochemical conversion of highly concentrated synthetic phenolic wastewater was studied on carbon electrodes in a batch electrochemical reactor. The effects of reaction temperature, electrolyte concentration, current density and initial phenol concentration on phenol conversion were elucidated. The wastewater was synthetically prepared and used in reactions carried out generally at 25 °C with an initial phenol concentration of 3500 mg dm−3. Although current density increased, phenol conversion% and initial phenol conversion rate did not increase correspondingly above 35 °C and an electrolyte concentration of 90 g dm−3. As the voltage values applied were increased, the increasing current density resulted in fast phenol conversion. Kinetic investigations denoted that overall phenol destruction kinetics was of zero order with an activation energy of 10.9 kJ mol−1. Under appropriate conditions, phenol was completely converted within 15 min for an initial phenol concentration of 98 mg dm−3 while 8 h was required to gain 95% conversion using 4698 mg dm−3. Solid polymeric materials were produced at initial phenol concentrations above 500 mg dm−3 using the appropriate current density. In the reaction medium, only mono‐, di‐ and tri‐substituted chlorophenols were formed and 100% of all species were either oxidised or contributed to the formation of a polymeric structure. Almost all of the phenol loaded to the reactor was converted into non‐passivating polymeric products, denoting a safe and easy method for the separation of phenol.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling and simulation of a hybrid process (pervaporation–distillation) for the separation of azeotropic mixtures of alcohol–ether
Authors: González Beatriz , Ortiz Inmaculada
Published: September 2002

This work reports the modelling and simulation of a hybrid process, based on the combination of distillation and pervaporation, for the separation of azeotropic mixtures of alcohol–ether. After having selected the separation of methanol‐2‐metoxi‐2,2‐dimethyl ethane (ETHER) as a motivating example the mathematical modelling of the distillation column was achieved and used together with a mass transfer model previously reported for the pervaporation operation in order to simulate the behaviour of the hybrid process for different compositions of the feed stream (case 1: 3.2 wt% methanol, 55.4 wt% C4, 41.4 wt% ETHER, and case 2: 5.2 wt% methanol, 42 wt% C4, 52.8 wt% ETHER). Simulation tasks were carried out with the process modelling system gPROMS and the results of alternative process configurations that result from the relative location of the separation technologies have been compared on the basis of the required membrane area. Finally, the design of the pervaporation unit including the overall processing costs is reported.

Copyright © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Contrast‐enhanced color Doppler sonography of uveal melanomas
Authors: Lemke Arne‐Joern , Hosten Norbert , Richter Miriam , Bechrakis Nikolaos Emanuel , Foerster Paul , Puls Ralf , Gutberlet Matthias , Felix Roland
Published: September 2002

Purpose

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the use of the galactose microbubble‐based contrast agent Levovist in color Doppler sonography of uveal melanomas. We also evaluated the use of the resistance index and pulsatility index in differentiating tumor‐associated vessels from normal vessels in patients with uveal melanomas.

Methods

In this prospective study, 40 patients with uveal melanoma were examined with color Doppler sonography before and after the administration of the contrast agent Levovist. The Doppler signals were recorded from both the tumor and the orbit and were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively.

Results

Tumor‐associated vessels were detected without contrast enhancement in 36 of 40 patients and with contrast enhancement in 38 of 40 patients. The spectral characteristics of the Doppler signals did not change after the injection of Levovist. There were no differences—qualitative or quantitative—in Doppler signals between normal and tumor‐associated vessels.

Conclusions

The injection of Levovist slightly improved the detection of small vessels in uveal melanomas and the orbit but did not help to differentiate between normal vessels and tumoral vessels. The differentiation of a solid tumor from subretinal hemorrhage or effusion was improved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:205–211, 2001.
Regulation of metamorphosis in ascidians involves NO/cGMP signaling and HSP90
Authors: Bishop Cory D. , Bates William R. , Brandhorst Bruce P.
Published: September 2002

Treatment of larvae of the ascidians Boltenia villosa (Family: Pyuridae) and Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis (Family: Styelidae) with drugs that inhibit the function of the molecular chaperone HSP90 increased the frequency of tail resorption, the primary morphogenetic event of metamorphosis. If treatment was initiated at hatching, metamorphic events subsequent to tail resorption failed to occur, indicating an ongoing role for HSP90 during morphogenesis. Removal of tails from heads of mature, but not newly hatched larvae, induced metamorphosis of the head. Decapitation experiments indicate that the capacity of tails to shorten in response to inhibition of HSP90 function requires communication with heads. To identify candidate proteins with which HSP90 may interact to regulate metamorphosis, we noted that in mammalian cells, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) interacts with HSP90 and its activity is sensitive to drugs that inhibit HSP90 function. In addition, nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the marine snail Ilyanassa obsoleta is an important regulator of metamorphosis. Inhibition of NOS activity in these ascidian larvae with L‐NAME increased the frequency of metamorphosis, consistent with a putative interaction of NOS and HSP90. NOS is present in tail muscle cells, implicating them as targets for the drug treatments, consistent with the decapitation experiments. Inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase, the most common effector of NO signaling, also increased the frequency of metamorphosis. In contrast to treatment with anti‐HSP90 drugs, metamorphosis induced with L‐NAME or ODQ was complete. The results presented suggest that an HSP90‐dependent, NO‐based regulatory mechanism localized in tails represses ascidian metamorphosis. We discuss these results in relation to the induction of ascidian metamorphosis by several unrelated agents. J. Exp. Zool. 289:374–384, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical and electrophoretic distribution of cytokeratins in the resting stage epidermis of the lizard Podarcis sicula
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo , Maurizii Mariagabriella , Taddei Carlo
Published: September 2002

The distribution of three anti‐cytokeratin (α‐keratin) antibodies (AE1, AE2, AE3) in the epidermis of a lizard has been studied by immunocytochemistry at light and electron microscope and by immunoblot analysis. This study shows the expression of different keratins in the resting stage epidermis of the lizard Podarcis sicula. In this stage the epidermis has an external β‐layer, an underlying α‐layer, some layers of living suprabasal cells and a basal stratum germinativum. The AE1 antibody is localized in the basal and suprabasal cells only in the outer scale surface, but is absent from the inner surface, the hinge region and from the keratinized β‐ and α‐layers. The AE2 antibody is mainly localized at the level of the hinge region and of the α‐layer and gives a lower reaction in the β‐layer. The AE3 antibody is mainly localized in basal and suprabasal cells, lower in the α‐layer, and absent from the β‐layer. The electron microscope shows that all the three antibodies immunolabel cytoplasmic fibrillar structures in the deep α‐layers and that AE2 and AE3 antibodies label small electron‐dense areas in the external dense β‐layer within the electron‐lucid matrix. Immunoblot analysis of the keratins extracted and separated by gel electrophoresis demonstrates the presence of a band of high molecular weight (67–68 kDa) positive to all three antibodies. In addition AE1 antibody recognizes a 44–45 kDa band and a 57–58 kDa band, AE2 recognizes a 60–61 kDa band, and AE3 recognizes a 47 kDa and a 56–57 kDa band. The localization of the keratins identified by immunoblot analysis in the epithelial layers is discussed taking in account the immunolabeling at light and electron microscope. The present study suggests that also in the normal epidermis of this reptiles, in both the α‐ and the β‐layer, the molecular masses of keratins increase from the basal to the keratinized layers, a phenomenon which is generalized to adult and embryonic amniotes epidermis. J. Exp. Zool. 289:409–418, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Independent perfect domination sets in Cayley graphs
Authors: Lee Jaeun
Published: September 2002

In this paper, we show that a Cayley graph for an abelian group has an independent perfect domination set if and only if it is a covering graph of a complete graph. As an application, we show that the hypercube Qn has an independent perfect domination set if and only if Qn is a regular covering of the complete graph Kn+1 if and only if n = 2m − 1 for some natural number m. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 213–219, 2001
Another two graphs with no planar covers
Authors: Hlinĕný Petr
Published: September 2002

A graph H is a cover of a graph G if there exists a mapping φ from V(H) onto V(G) such that φ maps the neighbors of every vertex υ in H bijectively to the neighbors of φ(υ) in G. Negami conjectured in 1986 that a connected graph has a finite planar cover if and only if it embeds in the projective plane. It follows from the results of Archdeacon, Fellows, Negami, and the author that the conjecture holds as long as K1,2,2,2 has no finite planar cover. However, this is still an open question, and K1,2,2,2 is not the only minor‐minimal graph in doubt. Let 𝒞4 (ℰ2) denote the graph obtained from K1,2,2,2 by replacing two vertex‐disjoint triangles (four edge‐disjoint triangles) not incident with the vertex of degree 6 with cubic vertices. We prove that the graphs 𝒞4 and ℰ2 have no planar covers. This fact is used in [P. Hlinĕný, R. Thomas, On possible counterexamples to Negami's planar cover conjecture, 1999 (submitted)] to show that there are, up to obvious constructions, at most 16 possible counterexamples to Negami's conjecture. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 227–242, 2001
Socialist psychotherapy and its dissidents
Authors: Leuenberger Christine
Published: September 2002

This article focuses on the history of psychotherapeutic theory and practice in socialist East Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The “official” pre‐1989 socialist history of East German psychology is juxtaposed to psychotherapists' post‐1989 oral history of the development of Socialist psychological theory and practice. These reconstructive histories draw on embryonic therapeutic practices that diverged from the dominant socialist paradigm. Their existence exemplifies how a state‐driven high modernist scheme for remaking society can fail as it does not account for the complex relationship between a state's abstract knowledge and local practices. Moreover, the emphasis therapists put on the prevalence of these alternative practices also reveals how the present post‐socialist context becomes an interpretative resource for reconstructing their past. By emphasizing these practices they try to bridge the gap between their past and current practices so as to minimize the transformation that has taken place. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coping strategies in developed and developing societies: the workings of the informal economy
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: September 2002

The purpose of this paper is to examine the persistence and significance of informal economic activity in both the developed and developing world. Drawing on empirical work carried out in Belfast, the paper suggests that many similarities exist between the informal economic activities of people on low incomes in Belfast and the poor in developing countries. The paper illustrates these connections through an examination of three aspects of the informal economy: reciprocity between households, informal self‐employment and informal paid employment. By examining the variety of ways in which people at the lower end of the economic scale attempt to secure their economic livelihoods in the absence of formal employment opportunities, the paper demonstrates the global nature of the informal economy. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are user charges efficiency‐ and equity‐enhancing? A critical review of economic literature with particular reference to experience from developing countries
Authors: Sepehri Ardeshir , Chernomas Robert
Published: September 2002

User charges have come to play a significant role in the financing and delivery of publicly provided health services in many developing countries. As a response to health care financing crises, user charges are often promoted as a way of rationalizing the use of care, raising revenue, and improving the coverage and quality of services. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of the main arguments for the efficiency‐ and equity‐enhancing potential of user charges.

The extent and scope of welfare gains from user charges are found to be very limited in practice. Using a less restrictive theoretical choice model and estimation technique, the most recent demand studies' findings indicate that household's utilization of health services are more responsive to changes in price and income than was initially reported by the early demand studies. Response to price changes are also found to be greater among the poor than the rich. These findings, combined with modest retained fee revenues and the failure of exemption mechanisms to protect the poor tend to cast doubt on the net benefits of user charges policy, particularly in the area of equity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latent membrane protein‐1 of Epstein‐Barr virus inhibits cell growth and induces sensitivity to cisplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Xianghong , Lo Angela K.F. , Wong Yong Chuan , Cheung Annie L.M. , Tsao Sai Wah
Published: September 2002

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is closely associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and the EBV encoded latent membrane protein‐1 expression (LMP1) is commonly found in the tumour cells. LMP1 has been shown to be involved in modulation of cell growth in B cells but the biological properties of LMP1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells are less defined. In this study, a full length LMP1 gene was introduced into an EBV negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, CNE2, and five LMP1‐expressing clones were isolated. Expression of LMP1 did not confer cell growth advantage in CNE2 cells; instead, it induced growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the LMP1 transfected cells were more susceptible to cisplatin‐induced cell death and showed 1.4–4.0‐fold increased sensitivity to cisplatin compared to the vector infected control clones. The effect of LMP1 on the balance of Bcl‐2 and Bax ratio may play a role in inducing susceptibility to cisplatin‐induced cell death. These results demonstrated that LMP1 did not confer growth advantage in CNE2 cells, suggesting that expression of LMP1 may not be crucial in sustaining cell growth in established cell lines. Alternatively, LMP1 alone may not be sufficient to facilitate nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth and additional oncogenic factors may be needed along with LMP1 in modulating the malignant property of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Med. Virol. 66:63–69, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of “Norwalk‐like virus” infections in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis observed during the 1999–2000 season in Osaka city, Japan
Authors: Iritani Nobuhiro , Seto Yoshiyuki , Kubo Hideyuki , Haruki Kosuke , Ayata Minoru , Ogura Hisashi
Published: September 2002

We have investigated the incidence of Norwalk‐like viruses (NLVs) associated with outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Osaka City, Japan, since April 1996 using reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR and electron microscopy methods. From the results of the first 3 years, between April 1996 and March 1999, we previously reported that multiple genetic types of NLVs were detected in 71.9% of outbreaks using RT‐PCR with Ando's primers except for one outbreak [Iritani et al., 2000]. However, during the 1999–2000 season, NLV outbreak strains, which could not be detected by RT‐PCR with Ando's primers, were increased. From probe typing and sequence analysis, 76.9% of these undetectable outbreak strains were classified into the P1‐B type and the others were untypeable. These untypeable strains were closely related with Alphatron type strains detected in the Netherlands. The P2‐B probe type of the NLV outbreak strains was predominant (88.2%) in the 1999–2000 season. The phylogram based on the 81 nucleotide sequences from these P2‐B outbreak strains formed 2 clusters closely related with Lordsdale virus. The dominant genetic type of the P2‐B outbreak strains, during the 1996–1997 season in Osaka City, belonged in one of these 2 clusters. These findings of the emergence of NLVs escaping the RT‐PCR method strongly indicated the importance of probe typing and sequence analysis to survey NLV infections. Our surveillance of NLV infection in the outbreaks, for these 4 years, showed that the predominant probe type and dominant genetic type of NLV outbreak strains changed each season. J. Med. Virol. 66:131–138, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis of Oropouche virus infection by RT‐nested‐PCR
Authors: Moreli Marcos Lázaro , Aquino Victor Hugo , Cruz Ana Cecília R. , Figueiredo Luiz Tadeu M.
Published: September 2002

Using the RT‐PCR with primers that anneal to the 5′ and the 3′ extremities of the genome segments of bunyaviruses and internal primers that anneal to the S segment of Simbu serogroup viruses in a nested PCR it was possible to amplify the Oropouche virus (ORO) genome from the sera of three patients. These results show that this RT‐nested‐PCR is a useful tool for rapid diagnosis of Oropouche fever infections. J. Med. Virol. 66:139–142, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability of cloud microphysical and optical parameters obtained from aircraft and satellite remote sensing measurements during RACE
Authors: Gultepe I , Isaac G.A. , Strawbridge K.B.
Published: September 2002

Observations of low stratiform clouds made during the Radiation, Aerosol and Cloud Experiment (RACE) over the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, on 15 August 1995, and central Ontario on 4 October 1995 were used in this study. Aircraft, LAND Resources SATellite System (LANDSAT) and the Center for Atmospheric Research Experiments (CARE) lidar observations are used to obtain effective radius (reff), droplet number concentration (Nd) and cloud optical thickness (τ). Radiation observations with 28.5 m resolution from the Thematic Mapper (TM) on LANDSAT were used. The 10.4–12.5 µm infrared channel with a field of view of 114 m was used for the blackbody temperature calculation. Comparisons are made between clouds over the Ontario region, representing clouds over the land and over the Bay of Fundy, representing clouds over the ocean. Results of the aircraft observations show that the leg averaged Nd, liquid water content (LWC) and reff over land were about 147±73 cm−3, 0.21±0.11 g m−3 and 7.7±1.7 µm, respectively. Corresponding parameters for the clouds over the ocean were approximately 61±34 cm−3, 0.12±0.07 g m−3 and 13.8±3 µm, respectively. The mean measured visible extinction coefficient (σext) was about 55±15 km−1 for all cases, and it was a strong function of both LWC and Nd. The horizontal variability in both aircraft and LANDSAT observations indicate the need to address inhomogeneity in the sub‐grid scales of models. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Air temperature fluctuations in Guadalajara, Mexico, from 1926 to 1994 in relation to urban growth
Authors: Tereshchenko I.E. , Filonov A.E.
Published: September 2002

Daily, monthly and annual mean air temperatures in Guadalajara, Mexico, were gathered from the time periods: 1926–1994, 1957–1994, 1978–1994. The heat island effect was detected in a trend analysis of the series of minimum temperatures over the period 1926–1994. Also, it was found that the annual mean temperature increased 0.05°C per year. A sharp increase has occurred over the last 20 years because of the abrupt expansion and industrialization of the city of Guadalajara. This study revealed the presence of a cool island in the centre of the metropolitan zone of Guadalajara (MZG) during the wet season. A cross‐spectral analysis was used to study the thermal variations with different frequencies. Temperature oscillations in the MZG occurred in time intervals ranging from 3–5 days up to 22 years. The study suggests a relationship between urban growth and temperature variations. The temperature rise relates to urban growth with a correlation co‐efficient equal to 0.857. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Rapid methods to estimate sky‐view factors applied to urban areas
Authors: Grimmond C.S.B. , Potter S.K. , Zutter H.N. , Souch C.
Published: September 2002

A common parameter used to characterize the geometry of urban canyons is the sky‐view factor (ψs). Here, two simple alternatives are presented that can be used both objectively and rapidly to estimate ψs. The first method uses a Nikon CoolPix 950 digital camera fitted with a Nikon FC‐E8 fisheye lens. The second method involves a LI‐COR LAI‐2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer to measure automatically diffuse non‐interceptance (DIFN) light using a fisheye optical sensor. Through a series of intercomparisons for urban canyons of known geometry, the digital camera is shown to provide accurate estimates of ψs. The LAI‐2000 also performs well, although it tends to over‐estimate ψs (for the conditions considered here, the mean absolute error is 0.04), and has a more restricted set of sky conditions under which it performs well (ideally, uniform overcast skies). For both methods, data collection and post‐processing is rapid, and storage of data is straightforward. Thus, mobile data collection is possible which allows detailed information on the spatial variability of ψs in urban areas to be determined. An example of such an application for a small US city, Bloomington, IN, is presented. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Middle Pleistocene interglacial deposits at Barling, Essex, England: evidence for a longer chronology for the Thames terrace sequence
Authors: Bridgland D. R. , Preece R. C. , Roe H. M. , Tipping R. M. , Coope G. R. , Field M. H. , Robinson J. E. , Schreve D. C. , Crowe K.
Published: September 2002

Results are presented from a multidisciplinary study of fossiliferous interglacial deposits on the northern side of the Thames estuary. These fill a channel cut into London Clay bedrock and overlain by the Barling Gravel, a Thames–Medway deposit equivalent to the Lynch Hill and Corbets Tey Gravels of the Middle and Lower Thames, respectively. The channel sediments yielded diverse molluscan and ostracod assemblages, both implying fully interglacial conditions and a slight brackish influence. Pollen analysis has shown that the deposits accumulated during the early part of an interglacial. Plant macrofossils, particularly the abundance of Trapa natans, reinforce the interglacial character of the palaeontological evidence. A beetle fauna, which includes four taxa unknown in Britain at present, has allowed quantification of palaeotemperature using the mutual climatic range method (Tmax 17 to 26 °C; Tmin −11 to 13 °C). A few vertebrate remains have been recovered from the interglacial deposits, but a much larger fauna, as well as Palaeolithic artefacts, is known from the overlying Barling Gravel.

The age of the interglacial deposits is inferential. The geological context suggests a late Middle Pleistocene interglacial, part of the post‐diversion Thames system and therefore clearly post‐Anglian. This conclusion is supported by amino acid ratios from the shells of freshwater molluscs. The correlation of the overlying Barling Gravel with the Lynch Hill/Corbets Tey aggradation of the Thames valley constrains the age of the Barling interglacial to marine oxygen isotope stages 11 or 9. The presence of Corbicula fluminalis and Pisidium clessini confirms a pre‐Ipswichian (marine oxygen isotope substage 5e) age and their occurrence in the early part of the interglacial cycle at Barling precludes correlation with marine oxygen isotope stage 11, as these taxa occur only later in that interglacial at sites such as Swanscombe and Clacton. Thus by process of elimination a marine oxygen isotope stage 9 age would appear probable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Holocene tephras and a proxy climate record from a blanket mire in northern Skye, Scotland
Authors: Langdon P. G. , Barber K. E.
Published: September 2002

Four Holocene tephras of Icelandic origin have been identified and geochemically characterised from a water shedding blanket peat sequence on the Trotternish ridge, Isle of Skye, Scotland. Geochemical characterisation of the shards propose the Glen Garry tephra to be present, a tephra layer of Hekla origin incorporating shards from Hekla‐4, as well as two new tephras dated by interpolation from a radiocarbon based chronology to ca. 830 cal. yr BP and ca. 2340 cal. yr BP. The new historic tephra has an ambiguous geochemistry and therefore has not been correlated with other known Icelandic historic tephras. The new prehistoric tephra is suggested as originating from the Snæfellsjökull volcano in northwest Iceland and forms an important stratigraphical marker in this Holocene sequence. A proxy climate record has been derived from humification analyses of the peat, which compares well with other regional palaeoclimatic reconstructions, as well as enabling correlations based on tephra geochemical linkages between sites and climatic records at precise times in the past. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Huge Ice‐age lakes in Russia
Authors: Mangerud Jan , Astakhov Valery , Jakobsson Martin , Svendsen John Inge
Published: September 2002

During an early phase of the Last Ice Age (Weichselian, Valdaian), about 90 000 yr ago, an ice sheet formed over the shallow Barents and Kara seas. The ice front advanced on to mainland Russia and blocked the north‐flowing rivers (Yenissei, Ob, Pechora, Dvina and others) that supply most of the freshwater to the Arctic Ocean. The result was that large ice‐dammed lakes were formed between the ice sheet in the north and the continental water divides to the south. Here we present reconstructions and calculations of the areas and volumes of these lakes. The lake on the West Siberian Plain was nearly twice as large as the largest lake on Earth today. The well‐mapped Lake Komi in northeast Europe and a postulated lake in the White Sea Basin would also rank before the present‐day third largest lake. The lakes overflowed towards the south and thus the drainage of much of the Eurasian continent was reversed. The result was a major change in the water balance on the continent, decreased freshwater supply to the Arctic Ocean, and increased freshwater flow to the Aral, Caspian, Black and Baltic seas. A sudden outburst of the lakes' water to the Arctic Ocean when the ice sheet thinned is postulated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectroscopic analysis of 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐diazacyclooctane and its copper(II) complex
Authors: He Lian , Hu Ji‐Ming , Luo Ming‐Dao , Xue Guo‐Ping , Ye Yong , Niu Fei , Gu Ying‐Hong , Liu Sheng‐Hua , Fu En‐Qin , Luo Bao‐Sheng , Chen Liao‐Rong , Wu Cheng‐Tai
Published: September 2002

The changes in the vibrational spectra between 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐diazacyclooctane and its copper(II) complex were studied by Fourier transform Raman and infrared spectroscopy for the first time. The vibrational bands near 472 and 204 cm−1 were assigned to the Cu–N and Cu–O stretching vibrations in the copper(II) complex, respectively. CNDO/2M and AM1 methods were used to calculate Mulliken orders and bond distances on the basis of the copper(II) complex's crystal structure. The mechanism of the changes in the vibrational spectra is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of Cl atoms with HO2 radicals
Authors: Riffault Véronique , Bedjanian Yuri , Le Bras Georges
Published: September 2002

The kinetic and mechanism of the reaction Cl + HO2 → products (1) have been studied in the temperature range 230–360 K and at total pressure of 1 Torr of helium using the discharge‐flow mass spectrometric method. The following Arrhenius expression for the total rate constant was obtained either from the kinetics of HO2 consumption in excess of Cl atoms or from the kinetics of Cl in excess of HO2: k1 = (3.8 ± 1.2) × 10−11 exp[(40 ± 90)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1, where uncertainties are 95% confidence limits. The temperature‐independent value of k1 = (4.4 ± 0.6) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at T = 230–360 K, which can be recommended from this study, agrees well with most recent studies and current recommendations. Both OH and ClO were detected as the products of reaction (1) and the rate constant for the channel forming these species, Cl + HO2 → OH + ClO (1b), has been determined: k1b = (8.6 ± 3.2) × 10−11 exp[−(660 ± 100)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (with k1b = (9.4 ± 1.9) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at T = 298 K), where uncertainties represent 95% confidence limits. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 317–327, 2001
The decision to finance account receivables: the factoring option
Authors: Soufani Khaled
Published: September 2002

Factoring is a financial service enabling enterprises to sell their accounts receivable to a factoring company in exchange for cash. The market for factoring in the UK has been growing at substantial rates and most banking institutions are now actively involved in providing this service. Little research on the factoring market currently exists and so this paper'seeks to profile the determinants influencing decision making in the UK factoring industry. Using data from an interview‐based survey, this paper establishes that the decision to purchase an enterprise's accounts receivable is influenced by the enterprise's size, type of product or service it offers, industry, sector, age, type of customers, financial statement, the management team, operational suitability, collectability and credit notes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative model for teaching microsurgery
Authors: Fanua Sione P. , Kim Jaesuk , Shaw Wilgis E.F.
Published: September 2002

Animals have been widely used as a training model for teaching microsurgery. However, unlimited access to the animal laboratory is not always possible, and increased scrutiny of the ethical use of laboratory animals is a major factor to consider when teaching microsurgery. In such situations, an alternative method is required for microsurgical training techniques, such as medical grading tubes, and surgical gloves. These alternative teaching tools provide an ideal training model and present an alternative for teaching microsurgical techniques. They are readily available and abundant in the laboratory. In addition, these alternative tools can be used to provide initial training before entering the clinical setting. A practice card designed from surgical gloves and medical grading tube was used to practice simple sutures. The training progressed to a more difficult level, using medical‐grade tubing for end‐to‐end anastomosis, end‐to‐side anastomosis, side‐to‐side anastomosis, and free graft placement. This alternative proved challenging for the trainees, but improved hand coordination was observed. The alternative models familiarized trainees with the instruments and with developing a surgical approach before moving on to more clinical settings. The use of surgical gloves and medical grading tubes resulted in a significant reduction in the numbers of laboratory animals used for teaching microsurgery, as well as reduced cost. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:379‐382; 2001
Theoretical tools to solve the axisymmetric Maxwell equations
Authors: Assous F. , Ciarlet P. , Labrunie S.
Published: September 2002

In this paper, the mathematical tools, which are required to solve the axisymmetric Maxwell equations, are presented. An in‐depth study of the problems posed in the meridian half‐plane, numerical algorithms, as well as numerical experiments, based on the implementation of the theory described hereafter, shall be presented in forthcoming papers. In the present paper, the attention is focused on the (orthogonal) splitting of the electromagnetic field in a regular part and a singular part, the former being in the Sobolev space H1 component‐wise. It is proven that the singular fields are related to singularities of Laplace‐like operators, and, as a consequence, that the space of singular fields is finite dimensional. This paper can be viewed as the continuation of References (J. Comput. Phys. 2000; 161: 218–249, Modél. Math. Anal. Numér, 1998; 32: 359–389) Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformal antenna array modeling using a locally nonorthogonal FDTD
Authors: Nilavalan R. , Craddock I. J. , Paul D. L. , Railton C. J.
Published: September 2002

This contribution presents a locally nonorthogonal FDTD analysis of a class of conformal antenna arrays. A complex test structure is considered, containing two patches, dielectrics, absorbing boundaries, and a heavily distorted mesh region. This structure is deliberately designed to determine whether inaccuracy is introduced by the use of distorted meshes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 238–240, 2001.