bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Identifying and Managing New Operational Requirements during Naval Vessel Batch‐Building Programs
Authors: Morris Brett A.
Published: September 2021

One approach to building a class of naval vessels that has recently been adopted in Australia is to fix a design for a subset of the total number of vessels to be built. These subsets can be termed batches, or flights of vessels. The batch‐building approach allows incremental changes to be made to the design for the follow‐on batches and is analogous to evolutionary systems development. These design changes will be a response to updated operational requirements that typically result from the maturation of technology that needs to be integrated into the design or shifting geo‐political circumstances that change the capability needs. A third key driver of new operational requirements that is not currently managed in a robust, traceable manner is the need to adapt the design of the vessel to account for how it is actually being used in‐service. This need arises due to the potential mismatch between the operational scenarios and operational profiles developed during requirements definition activities and the operational profile the crew adopts when actually using the vessel in operations. Such a mismatch between the owner's original operational requirements and the in‐service operational profile can result in sub‐optimal outcomes for the vessel's performance.

This paper investigates the research question: “how can new operational requirements be identified, managed and integrated to the design of follow‐on batches of vessels in a naval vessel batch‐building program?” The paper begins with an introduction into the effect a mismatched design and in‐service operational profile can have on vessel performance. It is followed by a review of the open literature covering naval vessel batch‐building and evolutionary system development. From this review, a high‐level framework for incorporating updated operational requirements based on in‐service operational data, new technology, or changes in strategic circumstances into the design of follow‐on batches in naval vessel batch‐building programs is synthesized. The paper concludes with some initial observations on how the framework's implementation could be supported by digital engineering and outlines key aspects that are required to support its implementation.
An Elaboration of Service Views within the UAF
Authors: Hause Matthew , Kihlström Lars‐Olof
Published: September 2021

Services in the Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) are not just software services. Services can include transport, surveillance, communications, providing healthcare and medical services, etc. The UAF implements DoDAF using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) as well as the British MODAF and NATO NAF. The DoDAF Service views implement services by duplicating the systems views and labeling the systems elements as services. This causes some confusion with engineers who either implement solution‐based service views or ignore them completely. Even when implemented, they can cause confusion in the model as it becomes difficult to tell if a model element describes a service or a system implementing a service. The UAF implementation of the MODAF services views provides a distinct set of views, concepts and traceability. The Service Oriented Views do not specify how the service is to be implemented, but the requirements for the services. The Resources (Systems) Views implement services in various phases and their deployment will modify the configurations of the system at the very highest level. This paper will show how services views trace from capabilities and how that can be used to define system resource requirements.
From Brownfield to Greenfield Development – Understanding and Managing the Transition
Authors: Axehill Johanna Wallén , Herzog Erik , Tingström Johan , Bengtsson Marie
Published: September 2021

This paper describes our experience of developing a new system (Greenfield development) after continuously extending an existing one (Brownfield development) for a long time. Our experience however does not seem to be unique to our context. Complex systems tend to live longer and be continuously updated to stay relevant over many years. With this longevity there is a risk that there are few, if any, leaders who have experienced a previous transition from Brownfield to Greenfield development. The paper characterises how development changes and illustrates the organisational challenges during the transition. The paper also presents some indicators of an approaching transition to Greenfield development, together with some management strategies for preparing the organisation for a successful transition. A key message in the paper is that an organisation optimised for Brownfield development is inherently unsuitable for the challenges in Greenfield development.
Systems Thinking in Socially Engaged Design Settings: What Can We Learn?
Authors: Beebe Chanel , Kenley C. Robert
Published: September 2021

Socially engaged design programs, community development coalitions, and intentional and unintentional design spaces are rich with expertise and thinkers that are developing solutions to very pressing, yet complicated problems. Little research is conducted on the expertise and sense‐making of the community partners present. The goal of this research endeavor is to unpack the ways various community partners make meaning of their design experiences by answering: What evidence of system's thinking can be seen in the way community partners describe their work or context? A qualitative research study has been conducted in which fifteen community partners have been observed and interviewed at various points of their engagement within socially engaged design programs. Resulting codes and competencies can be used to expand scholarly conceptions of community cultural wealth, social resistance and much more. Further, this research has implications for more novel and genuine ways to situate design learning within systems thinking competencies.
You Don't Save Money by Doing Less Testing – You Save Money by Doing More of the Right Testing!
Authors: Pickard Andrew C , Beasley Richard , Nolan Andy J
Published: September 2021

Like so many aspects of life, we are looking for value‐for‐money. But we need to consider the value in terms of both short and long‐term gains. Although certification standards require verification that requirements have been met, we need to recognize that verification is also there to bring value to a Project and to the business as a whole. However, prioritizing the value to the Project over the value to the Business can result in sub‐optimization and an overall higher cost to the Business. This paper examines a specific case, the prediction of the fatigue lives of critical parts in gas turbine engines, to illustrate the more general case of performing tests to calibrate models that then have general applicability across multiple Projects, rather than focusing testing on the needs of a specific Project. In some circumstances, testing may not even be the best approach to take; if some level of error escape into service is acceptable (unlike the life prediction example given in this paper) then more focus on requirements validation and design review may provide a more cost‐effective approach. This is where the linkage in a Systems Engineering model between requirements, functions, failure modes and effects analysis, verification test cases and available calibrated models can help with identifying opportunities and risks.
Ontology‐Based Search Engine For Simulation Models From Their Related System Function
Authors: MEJDAL Sara , PENAS Olivia , BARBEDIENNE Romain , PLATEAUX Régis , BISQUAY Mathieu , BRUNET Jean‐Patrick
Published: September 2021

In a highly competitive industrial environment, reducing development time while maintaining a low level of risk makes simulation‐based design an effective way to cope with the complexity of multidisciplinary systems. To accelerate the design cycle, capitalization and reuse processes can support the search for similar models in an existing database. Therefore, we propose to prototype a search engine for simulation models from system modeling. This paper focuses on the presentation of our initial works around an ontology‐based search engine of simulation models representing the behavior of a given system function. Algorithms and similarity metrics developed are based on both thesaurus reference functions associated with semantic relations, and on various port attributes. Finally, an implementation of the corresponding inference engine has been demonstrated in an autonomous vehicle case study.
Enhancing Enterprise Architecture with Resilience Perspective
Authors: Jnitova Victoria , Efatmaneshnik Mahmoud , Joiner Keith , Chang Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

The research literature has found current Enterprise Architecture (EA) methods are limited in dealing with uncertainty and pathologies of complex systems to enable design and operation of a resilient enterprise. To some extent, EAs’ approaches persist in applying textbook plans and activities in the face of mounting evidence of changing circumstances and the challenges of uncertainty. They rely on a qualitative shift in assessment, priorities, or response strategy, that often lead to a ‘failure to adapt adequately.’ To address this gap in EA resilience representation, we have combined several prior research proposals to produce a wholistic Department of Defence Architecture Framework (DoDAF) resilience architecture and enhanced that with our original underpinning resilience framework. Despite still being in an ongoing major case study, our comprehensive resilience representation shows promise of assisting all enterprise stakeholders with adapting this representation to their capability systems. Doing so will better incorporate resilience considerations in capability systems’ design and likely help capability stakeholders to evolve capability systems with appropriate levels of resilience throughout their life cycle.
An Agile Systems Engineering Analysis of a University CubeSat Project Organization
Authors: Honoré‐Livermore Evelyn , Lyells Ron , Garrett Joseph L. , Angier Rock , Epps Bob
Published: September 2021

University CubeSat projects become popular in recent decades, and face challenges that include both technical and sociotechnical aspects. However, these teams often lack the infrastructure and resources for having effective systems engineering or project management which are beneficial for addressing these challenges and developing complex systems, such as satellites. In this paper we present the results of an exploratory case study of a university CubeSat team developing an Earth Observation satellite. The Agile Decision Guidance method was applied to pinpoint parts of the project organization that could benefit from agile methods in three specific areas: customer problem space, solution space, and product development space. The results drew attention to areas such as; stakeholder management, knowledge and information management, and the support environment, that could benefit from an agile approach. We outline some of the plans to move forward and how the team responded to the analysis. We also discuss if the method was appropriate for academic small satellite organizations and adaptations of the method made during the assessment.
A novel gradient and multilayered sheet with a silk fibroin/polyvinyl alcohol core–shell structure for bioabsorbable arterial grafts
Authors: Koyanagi Eri , Tara Shuhei , Sakata Chiemi , Shimada Kazumi , Kato Konosuke , Miyachi Hideki , Tanaka Ryou , Nakazawa Yasumoto
Published: September 2021

Bioabsorbable arterial grafts can potentially improve patency and neovessel formation; however, their application in clinical settings has not been realized. In this study, we developed bioabsorbable gradient sheets based on silk fibroin (SF) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a core–shell nanofibrous structure. This gradient sheet was expected to promote vascular remodeling while we maintained its physical properties and a gradual degrading process from the luminal surface. ESP was conducted at various flow rates for SF and PVA to achieve the multilayer gradient structure. Furthermore, the elasticity of the gradient sheet could be increased by increasing the PVA flow rate; however, this reduced the tensile strength of the core–shell fibers. Notably, the physical properties of the gradient sheet did not degrade even after 7 days of immersion in a phosphate buffer saline solution, which indicates that the structure could maintain its structural integrity while resisting arterial pressure. In vitro experiments revealed that the number of endothelial cells attached to the SF/PVA sheet was notably higher than that on the cell‐culture dish. The gradient sheets were implanted in rat abdominal aortas and explanted after 14 days to confirm acute‐phase patency and vascular remodeling. The gradient sheets constructed with SF composed of polyurethane and PVA improved the ease of handling of the material, and these sheets resulted in a favorable vascular remodeling outcome. Our results strongly suggest that the SF/PVA‐based gradient sheets described in this study can serve as a novel design for bioabsorbable arterial grafts upon further modifications.
Investigation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐dependent neuroplasticity on rat nucleus tractus solitarius and phrenic nerve after chronic sustained hypoxia
Authors: Kuloglu Nurhan , Basaran Kemal E. , Yakan Birkan
Published: September 2021

The neuronal system that controls respiration creates plasticity in response to physiological changes. Chronic sustained hypoxia causes neuroplasticity that contributes to ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH). The purpose of this study is to explain the potential roles of the VAH mechanism developing because of chronic sustained hypoxia on respiratory neuroplasticity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor activation on the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and phrenic nerve. In this study 24 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were used. Subjects were separated into four groups, a moderate‐sham (mSHAM), severed‐sham (sSHAM), moderate chronic sustained hypoxia (mCSH), and severed chronic sustained hypoxia (sCSH). Normoxic group (mSHAM and sSHAM) rats were exposed to 21% O₂ level (7 days) in the normobaric room while hypoxia group (mCSH and sCSH) rats were exposed to 13% and 10% O₂ level (7 days). Different protocols were applied for normoxic and hypoxia groups and ventilation, respiratory frequency, and tidal volume measurements were made with whole‐body plethysmography. After the test HIF‐1α, erythropoietin (EPO), and VEGFR‐2 expressions on the NTS region in the medulla oblongata and phrenic nerve motor neurons in spinal cord tissue were analyzed using the immunohistochemical stain method. Examinations on the medulla oblongata and spinal cord tissues revealed that HIF‐1α, EPO, and VEGFR‐2 expressions increased in hypoxia groups compared to normoxic groups while a similar increase was also seen when respiratory parameters were assessed. Consequently, learning about VAH‐related neuroplasticity mechanisms developed as a result of chronic continuous hypoxia will contribute to developing new therapeutical approaches to various diseases causing respiratory failure using brain plasticity without recourse to medicines.
Highlighting psychological pain avoidance and decision‐making bias as key predictors of suicide attempt in major depressive disorder—A novel investigative approach using machine learning
Authors: Ji Xinlei , Zhao Jiahui , Fan Lejia , Li Huanhuan , Lin Pan , Zhang Panwen , Fang Shulin , Law Samuel , Yao Shuqiao , Wang Xiang
Published: September 2021

Objective

Predicting suicide is notoriously difficult and complex, but a serious public health issue. An innovative approach utilizing machine learning (ML) that incorporates features of psychological mechanisms and decision‐making characteristics related to suicidality could create an improved model for identifying suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Method

Forty‐four patients with MDD and past suicide attempts (MDD_SA,N = 44); 48 patients with MDD but without past suicide attempts (MDD_NS,N = 48–42 of whom with suicide ideation [MDD_SI,N = 42]), and healthy controls (HCs,N = 51) completed seven psychometric assessments including the Three‐dimensional Psychological Pain Scale (TDPPS), and one behavioral assessment, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Descriptive statistics, group comparisons, logistic regressions, and ML were used to explore and compare the groups and generate predictors of suicidal acts.

Results

MDD_SA and MDD_NS differed in TDPPS total score, pain arousal and avoidance subscale scores, suicidal ideation scores, and relevant decision‐making indicators in BART. Logistic regression tests linked suicide attempts to psychological pain avoidance and a risk decision‐making indicator. The resultant key ML model distinguished MDD_SA/MDD_NS with 88.2% accuracy. The model could also distinguish MDD_SA/MDD_SI with 81.25% accuracy. The ML model using hopelessness could classify MDD_SI/HC with 94.4% accuracy.

Conclusion

ML analyses showed that motivation to avoid intolerable psychological pain, coupled with impaired decision‐making bias toward under‐valuing life's worth are highly predictive of suicide attempts. Analyses also demonstrated that suicidal ideation and attempts differed in potential mechanisms, as suicidal ideation was more related to hopelessness. ML algorithms show useful promises as a predictive instrument.
LRRK2 and WAVE2 regulate microglial‐transition through distinct morphological phenotypes to induce neurotoxicity in a novel two‐hit in vitro model of neurodegeneration
Authors: Fenner Barbara M. , Fenner Mark E. , Prowse Natalie , Hayley Shawn P.
Published: September 2021

We report a novel in vitro classification system that tracks microglial activation state and their potential neurotoxicity. Mixed live‐cell imaging was used to characterize transition through distinct morphological phenotypes, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), formation of reactive microglial aggregates, and subsequent cytokine production. Transwell cultures were used to determine microglial migration (control and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated) to glutamate pre‐stressed or healthy neurons. This two‐hit paradigm was developed to model the vast evidence that neurodegenerative conditions, like Parkinson's disease (PD), may stem from the collective impact of multiple environmental stressors. We found that healthy neurons were resistant to microglial‐mediated inflammation, whereas glutamate pre‐stressed neurons were highly susceptible and in fact, appeared to recruit microglia. The LPS treated microglia progressed through distinct morphological states and expressed high levels of ROS and formed large cellular aggregates. Recent evidence implicates leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as an important player in the microglial inflammatory state, as well as in the genesis of PD. We found that inhibition of the LRRK2 signaling pathway using the kinase inhibitor cis‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐(6‐(5‐(1‐methylcyclopropoxy)‐1H‐indazol‐3‐yl)pyrimidin‐4‐yl)morpholine (MLi2) or inhibition of the actin regulatory protein, Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome family Verprolin‐homologous Protein‐2 (WAVE2), stunted microglial activation and prevented neurotoxicity. Furthermore, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity reduced pro‐inflammatory chemokines including MIP‐2, CRG‐2, and RANTES. These data together support the notion that LRRK2 and WAVE2 are important mediators of cytokine production and cytoskeletal rearrangement necessary for microglial‐induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, our model demonstrated unique microglial phenotypic changes that might be mechanistically important for better understanding neuron‐microglial crosstalk.
The selective action of Cfunc control
Authors: Finn Martin , De Houwer Jan
Published: September 2021

According to relational frame theory Cfunc stimuli select which stimulus properties are transformed via derived stimulus relations. To date there has been no demonstration of the selective action of Cfunc control. We provide an analysis of the requirements for such a demonstration, and describe the results from four experiments employing a paradigm consistent with these requirements. We employed a paradigm based on virtual car races. The paradigm had two components: i) a sample racecar screen which showed the performance of a sample racecar, and used experimentally engineered symbols to communicate how the performance of each real racecar would compare with that of the sample racecar, and ii) a car race screen showing other racecars race. Two symbols were established as Crels for the relations of same and different, and two symbols were established as Cfuncs for the functional properties of speed and direction. The results from these experiments demonstrate Cfunc stimuli can select which functions transform via derived stimulus relations, a central component of relational frame theory. The study has implications for the study of relational responding in complex settings and for applied work aimed at refining repertoires of relational responding.
New singular wave solutions to the KdV‐Sawada‐Kotera‐Ramani equation by the modified simple equation method
Authors: Chen Chaodong
Published: September 2021

The singular solutions and some special solutions of the KdV‐Sawada‐Kotera‐Ramani equation which have been analyzed in detail with solution functions supplemented by the relevant 3‐dimensional presentations of them. In the paper, very large number of possible concrete solutions are presented and discussed, based on the very various choices of possible values of the integration constants existing in the general solution function forms of the relevant class of problems being investigated. The contents of the main chapters have been classified and represented in a more concise and informative manner by pointing out the most important characteristics of the relevant solution sub‐results related by the actually chosen sub‐system of the general system of coupled ordinary differential equations and this process motivated this very detailed study. Finally, this paper obtains the unusually widespread collection of all these relatively laborsome solutions' set which can promote the application of the equation.
Tubule‐derived INHBB promotes interstitial fibroblast activation and renal fibrosis
Authors: Sun Yanyan , Cai Huimin , Ge Jia , Shao Fang , Huang Zhen , Ding Zhi , Dong Lei , Chen Jiangning , Zhang Junfeng , Zang Yuhui
Published: September 2021

Upstream stimuli for myofibroblast activation are of considerable interest for understanding the mechanisms underlying renal fibrosis. Activin B, a member of the TGF‐β family, exists as a homodimer of inhibin subunit beta B (INHBB), but its role in renal fibrosis remains unknown. We found that INHBB expression was significantly increased in various renal fibrosis models and human chronic kidney disease specimens with renal fibrosis. Notably, the increase of INHBB occurred mainly in the tubular epithelial cells (TECs). In vivo, inhibiting INHBB blocked the activation of interstitial fibroblasts and ameliorated the renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction or ischemia–reperfusion injury, while ectopic expression of INHBB in the TECs was able to activate interstitial fibroblasts and initiate interstitial fibrosis. In vitro, overexpression of INHBB in TECs led to the secretion of activin B, thereby promoting the proliferation and activation of interstitial fibroblasts through activin B/Smad signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of activin B/Smad signaling attenuated the fibrotic response caused by tubular INHBB. Mechanistically, the upregulation of INHBB depended on the transcription factor Sox9 in the injured TECs. Clinical analyses also identified a positive correlation between Sox9 and INHBB expression in human specimens, suggesting the Sox9/INHBB axis as a positive regulator of renal fibrosis. In conclusion, tubule‐derived INHBB is implicated in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis by activating the surrounding fibroblasts in a paracrine manner, thereby exhibiting as a potential therapeutic target. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influenza vaccination rates and hospitalizations among Medicaid enrollees with and without sickle cell disease, 2009–2015
Authors: Payne Amanda B. , Adamkiewicz Thomas V. , Grosse Scott D. , Steffens Andrea , Shay David K. , Reed Carrie , Schieve Laura A.
Published: September 2021

Background

Personswith sickle cell disease (SCD) face increased risks for pulmonary and infection‐related complications. This study examines influenza vaccination coverage and estimates influenza‐related morbidity among Medicaid enrollees with and without SCD.

Procedure

Influenza vaccination coverage and hospitalizations related to influenza and pneumonia/acute chest syndrome (ACS) during each influenza season from 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 were assessed among enrollees in the IBM MarketScan® Multi‐State Medicaid Database. Enrollees with SCD were identified as enrollees with greater than or equal to three claims listing SCD within a 5‐year period during 2003–2017. Vaccinations were identified in outpatient claims. Hospitalizations associated with influenza or pneumonia/ACS were identified using inpatient claims. This study includes a series of cross‐sectional assessments by season.

Results

From 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 seasons, the SCD sample ranged from 5044 to 8651 enrollees; the non‐SCD sample ranged from 1,841,756 to 3,796,337 enrollees. Influenza vaccination coverage was higher among enrollees with SCD compared with enrollees without SCD for all seasons (24.5%–33.6% and 18.2%–22.0%, respectively). Age‐standardized rates of influenza‐related hospitalizations were 20–42 times higher among SCD enrollees compared with non‐SCD enrollees, and ACS/pneumonia hospitalizations were 18–29 times higher. Among enrollees with SCD, influenza‐related hospitalization rates were highest among children aged 0–9 years. Among enrollees without SCD, influenza‐related hospitalization rates were highest among adults aged 40–64 years.

Conclusions

Although vaccine coverage was higher in persons with versus without SCD, efforts to increase influenza coverage further are warranted for this high‐risk group, who experienced markedly higher rates of influenza and ACS/pneumonia hospitalizations during each season.
Asiatic acid inhibits angiogenesis and vascular permeability through the VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway to inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer in mice
Authors: Tian Miaomiao , Chen Kan , Huang Jianhua , Chu Dongqing , Li Jialin , Huang Keqiang , Ma Chunyu
Published: September 2021

Anti‐angiogenic medicines have been evaluated as anticancer therapies, however, their use remains limited in clinical practice due to associated adverse effects. Asiatic acid (AA) is known to have broad‐spectrum anticancer properties, however, its effects on angiogenesis in breast cancer remain to be fully established. In this study, we analyzed the inhibitory effects of AA on angiogenesis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in vitro and on the growth and metastasis of a subcutaneous breast cancer 4T1 tumor model and a lung metastasis model in vivo. AA significantly inhibited HUVECs proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. In vivo, AA significantly reduced the microvascular density and blood vascular permeability in breast cancer tumors and inhibited growth and lung metastasis. AA inhibited the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HUVECs and subsequently downregulated the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and its downstream target proteins including ERK1/2, Src, and FAK. These results indicate that AA significantly inhibits angiogenesis and blood vessel permeability through the VEGF/VEGFR2 signal axis to inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Our data strongly demonstrate the potential applications of AA in the treatment of breast cancer.
Molecular orbital study of Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexation with salicylate and citrate ligands: Implications for soil biogeochemistry
Authors: Ohno Tsutomu , Kubicki James D. , Amirbahman Aria
Published: September 2021

The formation of mineral‐associated organic matter (OM), typically with Fe oxy(hydr)oxide minerals, contributes to the long‐term storage of soil C. However, the changing climate is predicted to alter precipitation frequency and intensity patterns such that soils may experience greater periods of anoxic conditions leading to the reductive dissolution of the Fe oxy(hydr)oxide minerals. This would subject the released OM to microbial decomposition and the Fe cation to react with soil solution constituents. Using salicylate and citrate as model soil ligands, this study uses density functional theory to provide physical insights into the chemical bonds formed between Fe(II) and Fe(III) cations with the organic acids. The ΔG° for the complexation reactions of both salicylate and citrate were negative indicating that the complex formation is energetically favorable. Furthermore, the ΔG0was more negative for the salicylate ligand as compared with the citrate ligand suggesting that the involvement of carboxyl‐O and phenoxyl‐O to form a complex is more thermodynamically favorable. We show from the molecular electron density data that the bonds involved in the complexation are more electrostatic than covalent in nature. Molecular orbital calculations show that the energies of the highest occupied orbitals of Fe(II)–salicylate and Fe(II)–citrate complexes are less negative than that of the uncomplexed Fe(II)–(H2O)6, suggesting that the complexed Fe(II)–organic species will be preferentially oxidized upon return of the soil to aerobic conditions. Our results provide a more fundamental chemical understanding of the reactions involved in the biogeochemical cycling of soil Fe and C. This knowledge may assist in evaluating the potential role of enhanced soil C sequestration as one approach to mitigate climate change.
Preparation of Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid by Means of a Melt Impregnation Method and Application as a 3D Printing Consumable
Authors: Wang Yesong , Zhang Qing , Wang Qing , Li Wei , Liu Jiang
Published: September 2021

3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced composites (CFRC) has become a trend. However, the continuous glass fiber reinforced filament (CFRF) is mainly CFRF/PA for 3D printing. there are few studies on CFRF/PLA with PLA as matrix and continuous fiber as reinforcement. In this paper, continuous glass fiber reinforced filament/PLA (CGFRF/PLA) which can be used in 3D printing are prepared by molten impregnation process with PLA as matrix material and continuous glass fiber as reinforcement. Orthogonal experiment method was used to study the process parameters of CGFRF/PLA. The results show that when CGFRF/PLA is prepared, the parameters are set as the cavity die temperature 215 °C, the outlet die temperature 212 °C, the sizing die temperature 202 °C. And the winding speed of the composite material is 7r/min. The diameter of the composite wire we get is 0.45 mm with the roundness error is 0.01 mm. The roughness is 18um, and the bending degree is 25.8 %. At the same time, this study can provide ideas for the preparation of more multiple CFRF.
Defects in CsPbX3 Perovskite: From Understanding to Effective Manipulation for High‐Performance Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Jingru , Zhao Wangen , Olthof Selina , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: September 2021

The rapid development of all inorganic metal perovskite (CsPbX3, X represents halogen) materials holds great promise for top‐cells in tandem junctions due to their glorious thermal stability and continuous adjustable band gap in a wide range. Due to the presence of defects, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CsPbX3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still substantially below the Shockley‐Queisser (SQ) limit. Therefore, it is imperative to have an in‐depth understanding of the defects in PSCs, thus to evaluate their impact on device performances and to develop corresponding strategies to manipulate defects in PSCs for further promoting their photoelectric properties. In this review, the latest progress in defect passivation in the CsPbX3 PSCs field is summarized. Starting from the effect of non‐radiative recombination on open circuit voltage (Voc) losses, the defect physics, tolerance, self‐healing, and the effect of defects on the photovoltaic properties are discussed. Some techniques to identify defects are compared based on quantitative and qualitative analysis. Then, passivation manipulation is discussed in detail, the defect passivation mechanisms are proposed, and the passivation agents in CsPbX3 thin films are classified. Finally, directions for future research about defect manipulation that will push the field to progress forward are outlined.
Intelligent antiphishing framework to detect phishing scam: A hybrid classification approach
Authors: Marimuthu Satheesh Kumar , Kalampatti Gopalasamy Srinivasagan , Ben‐Othman Jalel
Published: September 2021

In the inevitably hi‐tech universe of cybercrimes, one of the major still prevailing methods is the usage of the malicious URLs and creating a Phishing link to obtain user credentials from the people. This method is highly subtle and has more effect on people's lives as well as corporate loss. To identify the malicious URLs, the security community has listed blacklists and benign links online. Still, as the technology is being developed day by day, the attackers try to create new phishing URLs using new social engineering methods that could be easily forged into the user's account. To improve the generality of malicious URL detectors, machine‐learning techniques have been explored with increasing attention in recent years. This article addresses the detection of malicious URLs combining the intelligence of both the heuristic‐based method and the machine learning process. It has been found that there are many possibilities for detecting zero‐day attacks and spear‐phishing attacks when incorporating both lexical features and machine learning methods. Out of the six‐batch learning process analyzed, we implement a decision tree algorithm in our framework with 99.47% accuracy during evaluation. The true positive values gained in our proposed hybrid framework is 99.2% and indicate <1% of the false‐positive values. The implementation shows a precision level higher than the previous model developed and by other antiphishing techniques. A high detection rate on zero‐day and spear‐phishing attacks and overall results reveal that our system outclasses the current approach to detecting phishing scams.
Einleitung
Authors: Säugling Carolin
Published: September 2021

Kapitel 1 leitet in die hier vorliegende soziologische Untersuchung ein. Zunächst wird ihre Fragestellung grob umrissen, anschließend ein Überblick über die einzelnen Kapitel gegeben. In theoretischer Hinsicht ist die Studie unter Bezugnahme auf den Sozialkonstruktivismus entstanden, empirisch hat sie sich an der Grounded Theory Methodologie orientiert. Reflexiv wurde die innerhalb der deutschen Automobilindustrie angewandte Praxis der Methode der Social-Media-Analysen rekonstruiert. Es handelt sich daher auch um eine Meta-Analyse der von dem betrachteten Unternehmen praktizierten Forschung. Die Forschungsarbeit zeichnet die von der Organisation angewandte Praxis der Methode der Social-Media-Analysen im Kontext des Phänomens „Digitalisierung“ mit einem Bezug zu Big Data nach und bildet so anhand eines konkreten Fallbeispiels die ‚Konstruktion’ von Wissen in der deutschen Automobilindustrie ab.
Wissenssoziologische Organisationsforschung
Authors: Säugling Carolin
Published: September 2021

Kapitel 2 behandelt die wissenssoziologische Organisationsforschung als den theoretischen Bezugsrahmen der umgesetzten empirischen Untersuchung. Jeweils in mehreren Etappen wird Wissen zum einen in der Wissenssoziologie betrachtet, zum anderen in der Organisationsforschung beleuchtet. So entsteht zunächst ein Überblick über die wissenssoziologische Entwicklung von deren Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart, im Hinblick auf die Fragestellung dieser Studie und daher auch nicht durchgehend chronologisch. Zu Beginn geht es um Wissen, das auf Ideologien beruht oder durch diese erzeugt wird. Wesentliches in diesem Kontext zu behandelndes Gedankengut entstammt der Arbeit von Karl Mannheim. Es folgt ein Sprung in die entgegengesetzte Art der Wissenserzeugung, nämlich diejenige durch Wissenschaft. Zum einen wird auf die Ideologiekritik, die die Aufklärung hervorgebracht hat, eingegangen; zum anderen werden positivistische Konzeptionen, wie sie Auguste Comte begründet hat, in den Fokus der Betrachtung gerückt. Daraufhin richtet sich der Blick auf die klassische Wissenssoziologie der Moderne, welche anhand der Theorie von Max Weber vorgestellt wird. In der wissenssoziologischen Entwicklung folgt dann bereits die Gegenwart, die hier in ihrer sozialkonstruktivistischen Perspektive thematisiert wird: Überlegungen von Alfred Schütz, das Werk von Peter L. Berger und Thomas Luckmann und auch die derzeitige Wissenssoziologie anhand eines Aufsatzes von Oliver Dimbath und Reiner Keller. Ein Exkurs über Wissenskulturen schließt dabei einen ersten Block und leitet zugleich über in den zweiten. Dieser betrachtet Wissen aus dem Blickwinkel der Organisationsforschung. Anfangs steht die theoretische Perspektive auf Organisationen als Gegenstand der Soziologie, um daraufhin in theoretischer Hinsicht Wissen sowohl innerhalb von Organisationen zu bestimmen als auch die organisationale Wissensgenese im Vorfeld deren empirischer Untersuchung zu thematisieren. Sodann nimmt die Studie Bezug zu ihrem Fallbeispiel, indem sie zum einen das Kundenwissen als eine für die deutsche Automobilindustrie relevante Wissensart darlegt und zum anderen auf die Marktforschung als deren üblichen Weg der Wissensgenese eingeht. Ein Exkurs zu Wissensmanagement rundet das Kapitel ab.
Untersuchungsmaterial und methodisches Vorgehen
Authors: Säugling Carolin
Published: September 2021

Kapitel 4 richtet den Blick auf das Untersuchungsmaterial und methodische Vorgehen der empirischen Studie über die organisationale Wissensgenese und Wissensverwendung in der deutschen Automobilindustrie anhand von Social-Media-Analysen. Den Anfang macht ein Exkurs in die sozialkonstruktivistische Perspektive, die die gesamte empirische Forschung in theoretischer Hinsicht gerahmt hat. Darauf folgend wird die Grounded Theory Methodologie als der Forschungsstil dargelegt, an dem sich die vorliegende Arbeit in ihrer empirischen Umsetzung orientiert hat. Es schließt sich ein weiterer Exkurs in die Wissensart des Expertenwissens an. Im Mittelpunkt des Kapitels steht die Darstellung der empirischen Erhebung sowie der Auswertung des Untersuchungsmaterials. Die Datenerhebung wie die Datenauswertung werden nacheinander in je mehreren Etappen beschrieben. Um die Erhebung der Daten abzubilden, wird nach einer Vorstellung der Methode des Experteninterviews das Erhebungsinstrument betrachtet, welches erarbeitet wurde und zum Einsatz kam. Nach einer Darstellung des Erhebungszeitraums geht es um den Feldzugang sowie die Fallauswahl. In weiteren drei Etappen wird die empirische Auswertung der Daten erläutert. Im Anschluss an einen Einblick in die Datenaufbereitung wird der entlang des Codierparadigmas der Grounded Theory Methodologie realisierte Codierprozess erklärt und die durchgeführte Typenbildung vorgestellt.
Social-Media-Analysen in der Automobilindustrie
Authors: Säugling Carolin
Published: September 2021

Kapitel 5 beinhaltet erste Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung und weist am Ende jedes Abschnitts ein Zwischenfazit auf. Social-Media-Analysen in der deutschen Automobilindustrie werden rekonstruiert, indem diese Studie zunächst die angewandte Praxis von Social-Media-Analysen nachzeichnet. Es waren zwei Varianten der Methode auszumachen und drei Arten der methodischen Umsetzung und praktischen Durchführung zu erkennen. Sämtliche Optionen der Praxis stellt diese Arbeit gesondert vor. Daraufhin geht es um Social-Media-Analysen als Methode. Dargestellt wird dies, indem zunächst deren Charakteristika gezeigt werden, um anschließend sowohl die Vorteile als auch die Nachteile der Methode der Social-Media-Analysen zu beschreiben. Am Ende des Kapitels werden Social-Media-Analysen auf andere Methoden bezogen und mit diesen verglichen. Nach einer Gegenüberstellung mit der Marktforschung richtet sich der Blick gesondert auf die jeweiligen Potentiale beider. Ferner werden die spezifischen Herausforderungen der Methode der Social-Media-Analysen zusammengefasst und es wird die festzustellende Tendenz beschrieben, die Methode nicht für sich alleine sprechen und stehen zu lassen.
Limits on the Extraterritoriality of United States Export Control and Sanctions Legislation
Authors: Voetelink Joop
Published: September 2021

The sovereignty of states is reflected in the notion of jurisdiction, empowering them to enact and enforce laws and regulations, and to adjudicate disputes in court. The jurisdiction of states and the exercise thereof is primarily territorial, limiting the exercise of state authority to their respective national territories except in specific situations. However, in an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, it would be hard to maintain that a state should be denied the right to exercise its sovereign powers beyond national borders when there are reasonable grounds for doing so. Consequently, the exercise of extraterritorial legislative jurisdiction has become more accepted, although it is limited to particular situations and circumstances. These have to do with the exercise of jurisdiction over nationals, vessels and aircraft registered in or pertaining to the legislating state, as well as certain activities aimed at undermining the state’s security or solvency or which constitute crimes under international law. However, in principle it is not allowed to regulate activities of foreign nationals or entities operating wholly outside the legislating state’s territory. One area where this has become increasingly prevalent is through the exercise of export controls over foreign nationals and legal persons. The United States (US) has long been engaged in the exercise of this type of extraterritorial jurisdiction and is, without doubt, the state that is most proactive in doing so. This chapter considers US extraterritorial claims with respect to its export control and sanctions legislation and explores the limits of this practice under public international law.
Case: Dronebuster; Handling Non-compliance to ITAR
Authors: Nieboer Wim , van Manen Dik
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the unauthorized transfer of a Dronebuster for testing in a fictitious European NATO member state (EUMS). As the Dronebuster had been purchased in the US, it remained subject to US export control regulations, and, prior authorization was warranted. As there had been no requests for prior authorization, this transfer is considered non-compliant behaviour. Using the Problem-Oriented Policing framework, we investigate the underlying causes and conditions. We argue that a coordinated operation of a mix of hard- and soft controls is the optimal response to prevent such behaviour.
Case: Non-compliance at Fokker Services
Authors: Klappe Ben , Keunen Mark
Published: September 2021

From late 2005 through to late 2010, Fokker Services BV (FSBV) failed to comply with the economic sanctions the United States (US) Government had established against Iran and Sudan. By scanning the case, violations by FSBV came to light in a structured way, laying bare how FSBV operated to evade export control, breaching sanctions regimes and export control laws. Next, analysis stipulated that the cause and conditions of the violation of the export control regulations were mainly rooted in the tone at the top, the role of (intermediary) management and the absence of a Compliance Program. Subsequently, a short-term and a long-term response were formulated addressing the tone at the top, the development of an Internal Compliance Program, and the application of soft controls to promote an ethical culture.
Supersymmetric black holes with spiky horizons
Authors: Faedo Federico , Klemm Silke , Viganò Adriano
Published: September 2021

Abstract

We use the recipe of [1] to find half-BPS near-horizon geometries in the t3model ofN= 2,D= 4 gauged supergravity, and explicitely construct some new examples. Among these are black holes with noncompact horizons, but also with spherical horizons that have conical singularities (spikes) at one of the two poles. A particular family of them is extended to the full black hole geometry. Applying a double-Wick rotation to the near-horizon region, we obtain solutions with NUT charge that asymptote to curved domain walls with AdS3world volume. These new solutions may provide interesting testgrounds to address fundamental questions related to quantum gravity and holography.
Charged Higgs effects in IceCube: PeV events and NSIs
Authors: Dey Ujjal Kumar , Nath Newton , Sadhukhan Soumya
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Extensions of the Standard Model with charged Higgs, having a non-negligible coupling with neutrinos, can have interesting implications vis-à-vis neutrino experiments. Such models can leave their footprints not only in the ultra-high energy neutrino detectors like IceCube but can also give rise to the neutrino non-standard interactions (NSIs). We consider a model based on the neutrinophilic two-Higgs doublets and study its imprints in the excess neutrino events in the 1–3 PeV energy bins at the IceCube. This is facilitated by the existence of a charged scalar in the model which can result in a Glashow-like resonance. The same charged scalar can be responsible for sizeable NSIs. We perform a combined study of the latest IceCube data along with various other constraints arising from different neutrino experiments together with the limits set by the LEP experiment, and explore the parameter space which can lead to a sizeable NSI.
On characterizations of amenable $$\hbox {C}^*$$-dynamical systems and new examples
Authors: Ozawa Narutaka , Suzuki Yuhei
Published: September 2021

We show the equivalence of several amenability type conditions for$$\hbox {C}^*$$C∗-dynamical systems. As an application, based on the Pimsner–Meyer construction, we give a new method to produce amenable actions on simple$$\hbox {C}^*$$C∗-algebras.