bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian approach for flexible modeling of semicompeting risks data
Authors: Han Baoguang , Yu Menggang , Dignam James J. , Rathouz Paul J.
Published: October 2014

Semicompeting risks data arise when two types of events, non‐terminal and terminal, are observed. When the terminal event occurs first, it censors the non‐terminal event, but not vice versa. To account for possible dependent censoring of the non‐terminal event by the terminal event and to improve prediction of the terminal event using the non‐terminal event information, it is crucial to model their association properly. Motivated by a breast cancer clinical trial data analysis, we extend the well‐known illness–death models to allow flexible random effects to capture heterogeneous association structures in the data. Our extension also represents a generalization of the popular shared frailty models that usually assume that the non‐terminal event does not affect the hazards of the terminal event beyond a frailty term. We propose a unified Bayesian modeling approach that can utilize existing software packages for both model fitting and individual‐specific event prediction. The approach is demonstrated via both simulation studies and a breast cancer data set analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Water Vapor on Sulfur Distribution Between Liquid Fe and MgO‐Saturated Slag Relevant to a Flash Ironmaking Technology
Authors: Mohassab Yousef , Sohn Hong Yong
Published: October 2014

As part of research to develop a novel flash ironmaking process using natural gas or hydrogen to reduce iron ore concentrate, sulfur distribution between MgO‐saturated slag and iron was determined in the temperature range 1550–1650 °C under three different gas atmospheres: H2/H2O, H2/H2O/CO/CO2, and CO/CO2. The distribution ratios of sulfur (LS) were 4.0, 2.0, and 0.8, respectively, under these atmospheres. In the flash process over ≈25 wt% S volatilize during ore concentrate downward flight in the reactor shaft in addition to avoiding coke. Therefore, the sulfur content of iron produced by the flash ironmaking process will be much lower than that of hot metal produced by the BF.
Pre‐Blast Strengthening of Fe–18Mn–0.6C–1.5Al TWIP Steel
Authors: Choi Chang‐Ho , Peng Ching‐Tun , Dixon Brian F. , Li Huijun
Published: October 2014

Armored vehicles are primarily designed to provide protection against blast and ballistic events and secondly to improve the manoevrability in battlefield. The manoevrability can be materialized by weight reduction of the vehicles, which also leads to the decrease in operating cost. To obtain improved performance without compromising blast and ballistic properties, explosion bulge testing was adpoted in this work to strengthening a austenitic twinning‐induced plasticity (TWIP) steel. The pre‐blast technique significanly reduced the grain size of the material which increased the hardness.The electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was conducted to study the microstructure and the dominant deformation mechanism was found to be dislocation slips. As a result, it was found that soft materials like TWIP steel lost a minimal toughness but showed strongly work‐hardened after blasts. Based on this result, it is possible that the lifecycle of armor vehicles could be significantly expanded and the repair cost could be greatly reduced.
Non-monotonic influence of a magnetic field on the electrochemical behavior of Fe78Si9B13 glassy alloy in NaOH and NaCl solutions
Authors: Zhang Hong-di , Li Xiao-yu , Pang Jing , Yin Li-juan , Ma Hai-jian , Li Ying-jie , Liu Yan , Wang Wei-min
Published: October 2014

The corrosion behavior and microstructure of Fe78Si9B13 glassy alloy in NaOH and NaCl solutions under a 0.02-T magnetic field were investigated through electrochemical testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The current-density prepeak (PP) in the anodic polarization curves in low-concentration NaOH solutions (classified as type I) tends to disappear when the NaOH concentration is increased to 0.4 mol/L and the magnetic field is applied. Under the magnetic field, the height of the second current-density peak is increased in low-concentration NaOH solutions (type I) but decreased in high-concentration NaOH solutions (type II). The non-monotonic effect of the magnetic field was similarly observed in the case of polarization curves of samples measured in NaCl solutions. Ring-like corroded patterns and round pits are easily formed under the magnetic field in NaOH and NaCl solutions. These experimental results were discussed in terms of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect.
Öffentliche Mundgesundheitspflege
Authors: Petrakakis Pantelis , Sauerland Claudia , Schäfer Michael
Published: October 2014

Einleitung

Die Zahngesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen hat sich in den letzten 30 Jahren in Deutschland erheblich verbessert. Neben der häuslichen Vorsorge ist dies auf individual- und bevölkerungsbezogene Präventionsmaßnahmen zurückzuführen. Trotz der in Deutschland vorhandenen Strukturen und Angebote zur Zahngesundheitsvorsorge werden insbesondere Kinder in prekären Soziallagen nicht erreicht. Zahnärzte kommunaler Gesundheitsämter erfüllen in diesen Fällen wichtige sozialkompensatorische Funktionen.
Ein Leitbild für soziale Arbeit im ÖGD
Authors: Rappenglück Christian
Published: October 2014

Einleitung

Die Soziale Arbeit an den Gesundheitsämtern in Bayern hat Bedarf an einer klareren Entwicklungsausrichtung. Deshalb wurde ein Leitbild erstellt. Der Leitbildprozess ist Teil einer Entwicklung, die Soziale Arbeit so aufzustellen, dass sie für Herausforderungen gut gerüstet ist.
Runde Tische, Gesundheitskonferenzen, Gesundheitsregionen – Evolutionsgeschichte eines Projektes des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes
Authors: Roller Gottfried , Wuthe Jürgen
Published: October 2014

Einleitung

Das Gesundheitssystem in Deutschland steht vor großen Herausforderungen. Es müssen Antworten gegeben werden auf die Fragen, wie eine wohnortnahe, qualitativ hochwertige Gesundheitsversorgung vor Ort auch in Zukunft möglich ist. Das Land Baden-Württemberg hat mit der Gesundheitsstrategie und dem Zukunftsplan Gesundheit frühzeitig auf diese Entwicklung reagiert. Kommunale Gesundheitskonferenzen wurden als ideale Drehscheibe und Koordinationsplattform in nahezu allen Stadt- und Landkreisen etabliert. Ziel ist die strukturelle Verankerung von Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung sowie die bürgernahe und bedarfsorientierte Weiterentwicklung der Gesundheitsversorgung.
Brauchen wir ÖGD-Professuren?
Authors: Wildner Manfred
Published: October 2014

Einleitung

Die vielfältigen Aufgaben zur Gesunderhaltung der Bevölkerung, der gesundheitlichen Vorsorge, gesundheitlichen Versorgung und zur Schaffung von gesundheitsförderlichen Lebenswelten kann in modernen, hochkomplexen Gesellschaften nicht mehr von einzelnen Akteuren alleine und auch nicht nur durch Überwachung und Kontrolle ins Werk gesetzt werden. Die Einrichtung eigener ÖGD-Professuren durch die Länder ist, auch in Korrektur einer historischen deutschen Anomalie, überfällig.
Voting and mental illness: the silent constituency
Authors: Kelly B. D.
Published: October 2014

Mental illness has been long associated with denial of certain human rights, social exclusion and political disempowerment. Too often, the effects of adverse social, economic and political circumstances, along with stigma, constitute a form of ‘structural violence’, which impairs access to psychiatric and social services, and amplifies the effects of mental illness in the lives of sufferers and their families. Existing literature indicates that voting rates are low among people with mental illness and, whereas voting preferences in the mentally ill may tend towards the liberal end of the political spectrum, they do not differ dramatically from the overall population. Rates of voting could be improved by mental health service users, service providers, advocacy services and others through (a) improved awareness of voting rights; (b) provision of information, especially to inpatients; (c) assessments of voting capacity, where indicated, using standardised, well-proven tools; and (d) pro-active voter-registration programmes.
Medicines management audit cycle, St. Brigid’s Hospital Ballinasloe
Authors: Murphy R. , Grehan G. , Hays V. , Freeman G. , Kerr P. , Fahy S.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

This audit cycle aimed to identify deficiencies in medicines management in an adult psychiatric hospital. The original audit in 2009 highlighted that a number of improvements were needed to enhance prescribing standards. Following implementation of these recommendations, two reaudits were performed to assess both the improvements in medicines management along with evaluating the newly introduced drug prescription chart.

Methods

Local, national and international guidelines on medicines management were reviewed in 2009, following which an audit tool was designed. Recommendations from the original audit were taken on board with the introduction of a new medication chart. This chart incorporated many of the recommendations from the original audit into it. Two reaudits were then performed, each over 1 day by four assessors and included all inpatient wards.

Results

The initial audit in 2009 outlined a number of recommendations, namely the introduction of an appropriate ‘fit for purpose’ medication chart, the need for regular postgraduate prescribing education and training and the consideration of a prescribing formulary and/or Drugs & Therapeutics Committee. Results from the reaudits revealed that considerable improvement was made in areas such as patient demographics, pharmacist involvement, generic prescribing, BLOCK capitals, inclusion of Medical Council Registration Number, PRN prescribing and discontinuation procedures.

Conclusion

Although significant improvement was noted, further improvement is required with regards to the need for a review date for PRN medication; the need for improved documentation of allergies, height and weight; and the importance of a working group to assess community medicines management and the need for further reaudits to assess continued improvement in all deficient areas.
Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean
Authors: Catlos Brian A.
Published: October 2014

One of the most salient features of the medieval Mediterranean is that it was a zone of intense interaction and long-term cohabitation of members of various ethno-religious communities whose relations are usually conceived of as fundamentally adversarial. Yet Christians, Muslims, and Jews lived amongst each other in both the Christian- and Muslim-ruled Mediterranean, even during the era of the crusades. Typically, such relationships have been presented as either fundamentally hostile, or cordial, and as related to the “tolerance” that host cultures were inclined to demonstrate as a consequence of their own religious orientation. This paper takes a different, phenomenological approach by focusing on a specific manifestation of this interaction: the emergence of out-group political elites in confessionally defined societies. Through the medium of three case studies—a powerful Jew in Islamic Spain, a powerful Muslim in Norman Sicily and a powerful Coptic Christian in Fatimid Egypt—I demonstrate that the status of minority elites was related to concrete political circumstances grounded in the particular environment of the region, and that, despite cultural differences that might have distinguished them, these societies developed near-identical strategies for engaging with minority elites. The language of religious polemic, exclusion, and marginalization was present, but it tended to serve as apost factumrationalization for repression rather than its cause, and tended to be deployed decisively only in certain circumstances. This provides new insights not only into Muslim-Christian-Jewish relations, but the fundamental nature of Mediterranean history and society.
Justice and Security in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tomkins Adam
Published: October 2014

This article outlines the ways in which the United Kingdom manages civil litigation concerning sensitive national security material. These are: (i) the common law of public interest immunity; (ii) the use of a closed material procedure and special advocates; and (iii) the secret hearings of the Investigatory Powers Tribunal. With these existing alternatives in mind the article analyses the background to, the reasons for, and the controversies associated with the Justice and Security Act 2013, enacted in the wake of the UK Supreme Court's 2011 ruling inAl Rawi v Security Service.
Scytalidium dimidiatumassociated invasive fungal sinusitis in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Hariri A , Choudhury N , Saleh H A
Published: October 2014

Background:

Scytalidium dimidiatumis a soil and plant pathogen that frequently affects fruit trees, but can also cause human infection. There are only two reported cases of invasive fungal sinusitis involving this rare micro-organism.

Objective:

This paper reports the first case of invasive fungal sinusitis caused byScytalidium dimidiatumoccurring in a young immunocompetent patient from a non-endemic region, and discusses potential sources of exposure and relevance of local factors.

Method:

Case report.

Results:

The patient was treated successfully with a combination of functional endoscopic sinus surgery, and antifungal and corticosteroid treatment.

Conclusion:

This paper describes the first reported case of invasive fungal sinusitis secondary toScytalidium dimidiatumin a young immunocompetent patient from a non-endemic region. Importance is placed on following a systematic process of investigation and management, and adhering to well-defined basic surgical principles.
The British Government, Ernest Shackleton, and the rescue of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Dudeney J.R. , Sheail J. , Walton D.W.H.
Published: October 2014

The remarkable rescue of Shackleton's men from Elephant Island, after the sinking ofEndurance, and from Ross Island, has been recounted many times by both participants and historians. There has been little critical examination of the part played by governments, nor assessment of some of Shackleton's own actions. In this paper we explore more fully from official British archival sources the extent to which the British Government was prepared to underwrite the rescue efforts; the importance of the plea made by Emily Shackleton directly to the Prime Minister; the role and actions of the Relief Advisory Committee (especially in respect of limiting Shackleton's actions); the significance of the media rights to the debt-laden expedition, and how such preoccupation could have influenced Shackleton's endeavour to rescue his marooned parties.
The domestic goat as a potential seed disperser ofMimosa luisana(Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico
Authors: Giordani Luca , Baraza Elena , Camargo-Ricalde Sara Lucía , Moe Stein R.
Published: October 2014

Mimosa luisanais functionally important in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico, since it is able to create favourable microsites for the establishment of other plant species. The endozoochory ofM. luisanaseeds by goats was evaluated in terms of excrement deposition pattern, seed survival and germination. The excrement deposition pattern was evaluated by collecting pellets in four plots of 25 × 2 m randomly placed in a grazing area and recording the microhabitat where pellets were found. Seed survival and germination were evaluated by feeding the goats with seeds and collecting dung pellets at 8-h intervals for 80 h. Seeds from goat pellets (treatment) and seeds collected from pods (control) were placed in a germination chamber for 24 d. Goats mainly depositedM. luisanaseeds in viable sites (open areas) for growth.Mimosa luisanaseeds survived the goat digestive treatment (5.91% ± 2.86%) and most of them (67% ± 25.9%) were recovered 8–32 h after ingestion. Goat gut treatment increasedM. luisanafinal germination (47.5% ingested, 5.83% control) and shortened initial and mean time of germination. Our results indicate that goats may be an efficient disperser ofM. luisanaseeds.
Mobility-aware balanced scheduling algorithm in mobile Grid based on mobile agent
Authors: Lee Jonghyuk , Choi Sungjin , Suh Taeweon , Yu Heonchang
Published: October 2014

The emerging Grid is extending the scope of resources to mobile devices and sensors that are connected through loosely connected networks. Nowadays, the number of mobile device users is increasing dramatically and the mobile devices provide various capabilities such as location awareness that are not normally incorporated in fixed Grid resources. Nevertheless, mobile devices exhibit inferior characteristics such as poor performance, limited battery life, and unreliable communication, compared with fixed Grid resources. Especially, the intermittent disconnection from network owing to users’ movements adversely affects performance, and this characteristic makes it inefficient and troublesome to adopt the synchronous message delivery in mobile Grid. This paper presents a mobile Grid system architecture based on mobile agents that support the location management and the asynchronous message delivery in a multi-domain proxy environment. We propose a novel balanced scheduling algorithm that takes users’ mobility into account in scheduling. We analyzed users mobility patterns to quantitatively measure the resource availability, which is classified into three types: full availability, partial availability, and unavailability. We also propose an adaptive load-balancing technique by classifying mobile devices into nine groups depending on availability and by utilizing adaptability based on the multi-level feedback queue to handle the job type change. The experimental results show that our scheduling algorithm provides a superior performance in terms of execution times to the one without considering mobility and adaptive load-balancing.
QoS-based active dropping mechanism for NGN video streaming optimization
Authors: Chen Chi-Yuan , Wu Tin-Yu , Lee Wei-Tsong , Chao Han-Chieh , Chiang Jen-Chun
Published: October 2014

Video streaming over mobile wireless networks is getting popular in recent years. High video quality relies on large bandwidth provisioning, however, it decreases the number of supported users in wireless networks. Thus, effective bandwidth utilization becomes a crucial issue in wireless network as the bandwidth resource in wireless environment is precious and limited. The NGN quality of service mechanisms should be designed to reduce the impact of traffic burstiness on buffer management. For this reason, we propose an active dropping mechanism to deal with the effective bandwidth utilization in this paper. We use scalable video coding extension of H.264/AVC standard to provide different video quality for users of different levels. In the proposed dropping mechanism, when the network loading exceeds the threshold, the dropping mechanism starts to drop data of the enhancement layers for users of low service level. The dropping probability alters according to the change in network loading. With the dropping mechanism, the base station increases the system capability and users are able to obtain better service quality when the system is under heavy loading. We also design several methods to adjust the threshold value dynamically. By using the proposed mechanism, better quality can be provided when the network is in congestion.
Entire solutions of non-quasi-monotone delayed reaction—diffusion equations with applications
Authors: Wu Shi-Liang , Hsu Cheng-Hsiung
Published: October 2014

We are interested in finding the entire solutions of non-quasi-monotone delayed non-local reaction–diffusion equations. It is well known that the comparison principle is not applicable for such equations. To overcome this difficulty, we introduce two auxiliary quasi-monotone equations and establish some comparison arguments for the three systems. Some new types of entire solutions are then constructed using the comparison argument, the travelling wavefronts and a spatially independent solution of the auxiliary equations. We also extend our arguments to a delayed cellular neural network with non-monotonic output functions and a delayed non-local lattice differential equation with non-monotonic birth functions.
Analysis of a piezoelectric contact problem with subdifferential boundary condition
Authors: Migórski Stanisław , Ochal Anna , Sofonea Mircea
Published: October 2014

We consider a mathematical model which describes the frictionless contact between a piezoelectric body and a foundation. The contact process is quasi-static and the foundation is assumed to be insulated. The novelty of the model consists in the fact that the material behaviour is described with an electro-elastic–visco-plastic constitutive law and the contact is modelled with a subdifferential boundary condition. We derive a variational formulation of the problem which is in the form of a system coupling two nonlinear integral equations with a history-dependent hemivariational inequality and a time-dependent linear equation. We prove the existence of a weak solution to the problem and, under additional assumptions, its uniqueness. The proof is based on a recent result on history-dependent hemivariational inequalities obtained by Migórski, Ochal and Sofonea in 2011.
On the spectrum of a partial theta function
Authors: Kostov Vladimir Petrov
Published: October 2014

The bivariate series defines a partial theta function. For fixed q, θ(q, ·) is an entire function. We show that for ∣q∣ ≤ 0.108 the function θ(q, ·) has no multiple zeros.
Evaluation of Brainstem Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Skorić Magdalena Krbot , Adamec Ivan , Mađarić Vesna Nesek , Habek Mario
Published: October 2014

Background/Aims:

The aim of the present study was to determine the optimum method to detect brainstem lesions in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Methods:

72 patients with the diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS were prospectively included. Brainstem functional system score (BSFS) (part of the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) evaluating brainstem symptomatology) was calculated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 1.5T and T1, T2, PD and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences were analyzed for presence of brainstem lesions. Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMP and cVEMP) were performed according to the standardized protocol.

Results:

From 72 patients, 18 (25%) had clinical involvement of the brainstem. MRI showed brainstem involvement in 29 (40%) patients. Of the neurophysiological tests, AEP showed pathological result in 16 (22%) patients, oVEMP in 36 (50%) patients, cVEMP in 18 (25%) patients, and VEMP (combination of oVEMP and cVEMP) in 45 (63%) patients. VEMP detected brainstem lesions in higher percentage than clinical examination, MRI and AEP, which was statistically significant (< 0.0001, 0.012 and < 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusions:

Results of the present study have shown that VEMPs are the optimal method to detect brainstem lesions in multiple sclerosis and that they detect them significantly better than clinical examination, AEP or MRI.
The journey of the frail older adult with heart failure: implications for management and health care systems
Authors: Heckman George A , Tannenbaum Cara , Costa Andrew P , Harkness Karen , McKelvie Robert S
Published: October 2014

The heart failure epidemic predominantly affects older people, particularly those with concurrent co-morbid conditions and geriatric syndromes. Mortality and heath service utilization associated with heart failure are significant, and extend beyond the costs associated with acute care utilization. Over time, older people with heart failure experience a journey characterized by gradual functional decline, accelerated by unpredictable disease exacerbations, requiring greater support to remain in the community, and often ultimately leading to institutionalization. In this narrative review, we posit that the rate of functional decline and associated health care resource utilization can be attenuated by optimizing the management of heart failure and associated co-morbidities. However, to realize this objective, the manner in which care is delivered to frail older people with heart failure must be restructured, from the bedside to the level of the health care system, in order to optimally anticipate, diagnose and manage co-morbidities.
Introduction
Authors: HÄBERLEN JOACHIM C. , SPINNEY RUSSELL A.
Published: October 2014

It might seem trivial and mere common sense to note that revolts and revolutions are deeply emotional moments. In history books and newspapers, we read about the tense and emotionally charged atmosphere that leads to violence when protestors confront police forces, or about furious and passionate crowds acting in defiance of the ideal of rational and coldblooded politics. But rage and anger are not the only emotions involved in the politics of protest. Consider the iconic photographs of the summer strikes during the French Popular Front in 1936, depicting smiling workers occupying their factories and construction sites, or the cheering crowds storming the Berlin Wall in November 1989. Or consider the genre of protest songs, telling stories of solidarity and hope as well as deep sorrow. At times, social and political movements even made feelings their central concern, such as the hippy movement with its calls for free love. On the other side of the political spectrum, conservative as well as social democratic observers often denounced protests and riots as politically irrelevant outbreaks of hatred, or mocked the ‘hysterical’ fear of the peace movement during the 1980s. Somehow, these examples suggest, feelings mattered, yet how precisely they mattered is rarely investigated. The essays in this special issue will address this question in order to enrich our understanding of protest movements, revolts and revolutions. Collectively, they intend to open a theoretical and methodological debate on the role of emotions in the politics of protest and resistance.
Struggling for Feelings: The Politics of Emotions in the Radical New Left in West Germany,c.1968–84
Authors: HÄBERLEN JOACHIM C. , SMITH JAKE P.
Published: October 2014

The article discusses emotional politics in the radical left in West Germany from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. The first part analyses radical left-wing critiques of capitalism during the 1970s that focused on the emotions that capitalism allegedly produced. The article argues that activists described an ‘emotional regime’ of capitalism, but in doing so effectively instituted an emotional regime within their own milieu which made the expression of certain negative feelings, such as fear, imperative. The article then discusses emotional practices radical left-wingers developed in order to overcome the alleged ‘emotional void’ of capitalism. The article's second part then focuses on the urban revolts of 1980–81 (mostly in Berlin). This revolt marked a decisive shift, as the centrality of fear, frustration and boredom was increasingly overshadowed by feelings of joy and ecstatic possibility. The article concludes by proposing that the alternative left contributed to the formulation of new emotional styles and norms in West German society at large.
‘Foreshadows and Repercussions’: Histories of Air War and the Recasting of Cities and Citizens
Authors: PAGE ADAM
Published: October 2014

In the preface to the 1941 edition to his 1908 novel, The War in the Air, H. G. Wells wrote: ‘I told you so. You damned fools’. The books discussed here illustrate how, in the few intervening decades, air war moved from a fearful vision into reality, and detail the varied experiences and consequences of the aerial bombardment of cities and civilians. The histories of air power and the aerial bombardment of cities have centred on the Second World War, moving from the humanising endurance of Londoners during the Blitz to the entirely dehumanised horror of the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The texts reviewed here extend the histories of air war and highlight the city and the home as a target for bombing while remaining the place where people carried on their daily lives.
Quantitative Equidistribution for Certain Quadruples in Quasi-Random Groups
Authors: AUSTIN TIM
Published: October 2014

Bergelson and Tao have recently proved that if G is a D-quasi-random group, and x, g are drawn uniformly and independently from G, then the quadruple (g, x, gx, xg) is roughly equidistributed in the subset of G4 defined by the constraint that the last two coordinates lie in the same conjugacy class. Their proof gives only a qualitative version of this result. The present note gives a rather more elementary proof which improves this to an explicit polynomial bound in D−1.
Aesthetics as a Normative Science
Authors: Graham Gordon
Published: October 2014

It is well known that we owe the term ‘aesthetics’ in its philosophical sense to the 18thcentury German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten. The eighteenth century's interest in aesthetics, however, pre-dated the invention of the term. In 1725, Francis Hutcheson published anInquiry into the Original of Our Idea of Beauty and Virtue. This may be said to be the first sustained and significant work in philosophical aesthetics as we now know it. Hutcheson's volume preceded Baumgarten's by 10 years, and within Scotland it inaugurated a series of philosophical writings on taste and beauty that continued for almost a century. Contributors included major philosophical figures like David Hume, Thomas Reid and Adam Smith, as well as influential figures less well known today such as Alexander Gerard, George Turnbull and Lord Kames.
Music and Cognitive Science
Authors: Scruton Roger
Published: October 2014

It has always been controversial to make a sharp distinction between the philosophical and the psychological approaches to aesthetics; and the revolution brought about by cognitive science has led many to believe that the philosophy of art no longer controls a sovereign territory of its own. To take one case in point: recent aesthetics has addressed the problem of fiction, asking how it is that real emotions can be felt towards merely imagined events. Several philosophers have tried to solve this problem by leaning on observations in psychology – Jenefer Robinson, for example, exploring the domain of pre-conscious and non-rational responses, and Greg Currie, invoking simulation theory from the realm of cognitive science. I am not yet persuaded that either has succeeded in solving the philosophical question: but the fact that such sophisticated and well-informed philosophers should begin from studies in empirical psychology says much about how the subject of aesthetics has changed since the early days of linguistic analysis.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix Ultrastructure
Authors: Gillies Allison R. , Bushong Eric A. , Deerinck Thomas J. , Ellisman Mark H. , Lieber Richard L.
Published: October 2014

The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) supports muscle’s passive mechanical function and provides a unique environment for extracellular tissues such as nerves, blood vessels, and a cadre of mononuclear cells. Within muscle ECM, collagen is thought to be the primary load-bearing protein, yet its structure and organization with respect to muscle fibers, tendon, and mononuclear cells is unknown. Detailed examination of extracellular collagen morphology requires high-resolution electron microscopy performed over relatively long distances because multinucleated muscle cells are very long and extend from several millimeters to several centimeters. Unfortunately, there is no tool currently available for high resolution ECM analysis that extends over such distances relevant to muscle fibers. Serial block face scanning electron microscopy is reported here to examine skeletal muscle ECM ultrastructure over hundreds of microns. Ruthenium red staining was implemented to enhance contrast and utilization of variable pressure imaging reduced electron charging artifacts, allowing continuous imaging over a large ECM volume. This approach revealed previously unappreciated perimysial collagen structures that were reconstructed via both manual and semi-automated segmentation methods. Perimysial collagen structures in the ECM may provide a target for clinical therapies aimed at reducing skeletal muscle fibrosis and stiffness.
Professional training in the context of food and nutrition security
Authors: Vieira Viviane L. , Cervato-Mancuso Ana M.
Published: October 2014

Background

Primary care is an important area in which to confront situations of food and nutrition insecurity. To undertake action in this area, well-prepared professionals are necessary. Courses of health training are not yet, however, equipped to offer the necessary preparation.

Aim

To analyse the topics taught in nutrition graduation courses related to the abilities and competencies demanded by professional work in this area.

Methods

The curricula of the nutrition courses offered in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil were analysed. Nutritionists and teachers were interviewed. The triangulation of the data obtained was undertaken by means of a qualitative approach taking the theory of social representations as the frame of reference.

Results

The concepts necessary to act within the context of food and nutrition security are related to a humanistic approach, the unity of theory and practice, the nutritionist’s role as educator, teamwork and reflection on public health.
THE EQUIVARIANT CHEEGER–MÜLLER THEOREM ON LOCALLY SYMMETRIC SPACES
Authors: Lipnowski Michael
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we provide a concrete interpretation of equivariant Reidemeister torsion, and demonstrate that Bismut–Zhang’s equivariant Cheeger–Müller theorem simplifies considerably when applied to locally symmetric spaces. In a companion paper, this allows us to extend recent results on torsion cohomology growth and torsion cohomology comparison for arithmetic locally symmetric spaces to an equivariant setting.
Increasing Phenotypic and Genetic variations in Hyperactivity/Inattention Problems from Age 3 to 13 Years: A Cross-Sectional Twin Study
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi
Published: October 2014

A twin design was used to examine the developmental nature of genetic, environmental, and phenotypic variations in hyperactivity and inattention problems (HIP). Mothers of 662 complete pairs of twins (273 monozygotic [MZ] pairs and 389 dizygotic [DZ] pairs) aged from 3 to 13 years (mean [SD] age = 8.3 [2.9] years) responded to the items of the HIP scale of the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire via a telephone interview. Maximum likelihood MZ and DZ twin correlations in the total sample were 0.47 (95% CI: 0.37–0.55) and −0.01 (95% CI: −0.11–0.09). A standard univariate model incorporating age as a modifier was applied to the raw data. Results of model-fitting analyses showed that the phenotypic variation of HIP monotonically increased from age 3 to age 12 and that this increase was completely due to an increase in genetic variance, suggesting that it is genes that expand individual difference in ADHD symptoms with age during childhood. Child-specific environmental variance was constant during this age period. In terms of relative influences, total genetic factors increased from 33% (95% CI: 27–44%) at age 3 to 51% (95% CI: 28–71%) at age 13 and this increase was accompanied by a decrease in relative influences of child-specific environmental factors from 67% (95% CI: 56–73%) at age 3 to 49% (95% CI: 29–72%) at age 13. These estimates of genetic influences were somewhat lower than those found in most twin studies of ADHD symptoms. However, the increasing trend of genetic influences with age during childhood was consistent with the results of a recent meta-analysis of ADHD symptoms.
Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Zinc-dependent Histone Deacetylases (HDACs)
Authors: Ganesan A.
Published: October 2014

The modulation of epigenetic targets has recently become an attractive strategy for drug discovery. Among these, it is the inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) that has received the most attention. Numerous HDAC inhibitors have advanced to clinical trials and two have received FDA approval as anticancer agents. This chapter reviews natural and synthetic inhibitors of zinc-dependent HDACs that contain a macrocyclic scaffold including the trapoxin and apicidin cyclic tetrapeptides, the FK228 depsipeptide family, the azumamides and fully synthetic macrocycles.
Designed Macrocyclic Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Poulsen Anders , William Anthony D. , Dymock Brian W.
Published: October 2014

Cancer continues to present as an increasing and serious global unmet medical need in today's aging population.1 Macrocyclic kinase inhibitors have reached advanced clinical testing and are making an impact in oncologic conditions including myelofibrosis, lymphomas and leukemias. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is also beginning to be impacted with the first macrocycle having entered Phase I clinical evaluation in healthy volunteers. Increasing reports of innovative macrocycles in preclinical research are appearing in the literature. Desirable, selective, multi-kinase inhibitory profiles against specific kinases known to be abrogated in cancer, RA, and other diseases have been achieved in a first generation series of clinical stage compact small molecule macrocyclic kinase inhibitors. Herein we discuss their design, synthesis, structure activity relationships and assessment of the latest clinical data in a range of oncologic conditions. Macrocyclic kinase inhibitors have the potential to offer new hope to patients and their families.
Linear and Macrocyclic Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitors: Inhibitor Design and Macrocyclization Strategies for HCV Protease and Related Targets
Authors: Kazmierski Wieslaw M. , Jarvest Richard L. , Plattner Jacob J. , Li Xianfeng
Published: October 2014

Enormous progress has been made towards an all-oral, very highly sustained viral response (considered a cure) treatment of hepatitis C. Key ingredients of these therapies are hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitors (PIs). The first generation linear and covalent PIs, telaprevir and boceprevir, were discovered through the enzyme substrate-based approach and are being followed by a second generation of non-covalent PIs. Many of these are macrocycles, as exemplified by the recently FDA-approved simeprevir. This chapter will detail the science successfully employed in both the substrate-based and inhibitor macrocyclization approaches. Additionally, as HCV PI C-terminal motifs develop critical contacts with the enzyme catalytic Ser139 and adjacent sites, this chapter discusses the mechanistic and structural details of such interactions for both the reversible covalent ketoamide as well as non-covalent sulfonamide and carboxylic acid moieties. Efforts to explore a cyclic boronate motif in various linear and cyclic HCV PIs in search of both Ser139-specific and opportunistic enzyme–inhibitor interactions are also summarized herein. In addition, key clinical and marketed PIs are described, including extensive references to primary literature. Finally, this chapter briefly covers key macrocyclic inhibitors of HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B and selected non-HCV macrocyclic protease inhibitors in order to provide additional insights into the successful design of macrocyclic drugs.
Optimizing the Permeability and Oral Bioavailability of Macrocycles
Authors: Mathiowetz Alan M. , Leung Siegfried S. F. , Jacobson Matthew P.
Published: October 2014

Macrocycles have a number of inherent advantages that improve their prospects for achieving oral bioavailability, even when their physical properties lie outside the traditional Rule-of-5 chemistry space. This chapter provides an overview of these advantages, with particular attention given to the potential for macrocycles to adopt three-dimensional conformations that overcome barriers to permeability. An overview of the relationship between physical properties and oral bioavailability is given along with a more detail description of permeability, including recent developments in using fundamental physics to predict passive permeability. A variety of orally bioavailable macrocycles is described, including both natural products and compounds discovered through medicinal chemistry. In addition, some structure property relationships are described, which were identified during the process of optimizing these macrocycles.
Enhancement of deoxyribozyme activity by cationic copolymers
Authors: Gao Jueyuan , Shimada Naohiko , Maruyama Atsushi
Published: October 2014

A cationic copolymer enhanced DNAzyme activity.
Preparation, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of a copper hydroxy salt with diamond chain magnetic network
Authors: Yoneyama Shota , Kodama Takeshi , Kikuchi Koichi , Fujii Yutaka , Kikuchi Hikomitsu , Fujita Wataru
Published: October 2014

The copper hydroxy salt, α-[Cu3(OH)2(CH3CO2)2(H2O)4](C6H5SO3)2, exhibited a distorted diamond chain magnetic network and no magnetic order down to 2 K.
Effect of high pressure on the crystal structure and charge transport properties of the (2-fluoro-3-pyridyl)(4-iodophenyl)borinic 8-oxyquinolinate complex
Authors: Wesela-Bauman Grzegorz , Parsons Simon , Serwatowski Janusz , Woźniak Krzysztof
Published: October 2014

Compression of the crystal structure and its impact on the charge transport properties of a model borinic quinolinate system.
Structural directing roles of isomeric phenylenediacetate ligands in the formation of coordination networks based on flexible N,N′-di(3-pyridyl)suberoamide
Authors: Lo Yang-Chih , Hsu Wayne , He Hsiu-Yi , Hyde Stephen T. , Proserpio Davide M. , Chen Jhy-Der
Published: October 2014

A 5-fold cds net and 1D network with a new mode of entanglement were formed from N,N′-di(3-pyridyl)suberoamide with Cu(ii) salts.
Evidence for the intrinsic nature of band-gap states electrochemically observed on atomically flat TiO2(110) surfaces
Authors: Takata Shintaro , Miura Yoshihiro , Matsumoto Yuji
Published: October 2014

The intrinsic nature of the band-gap states of UHV-clean TiO2(110) single crystal and film surfaces was electrochemically investigated by an UHV-electrochemistry approach.
The mechanism of tautomerisation and geometric isomerisation in thioformic acid and its water complexes: exploring chemical pathways for water migration
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Vikas Vikas
Published: October 2014

Through a systematic and an automated search using a global reaction route mapping method, this work reports uncovered pathways for cis–trans and thione–thiol isomerisation in TFA and its water-complexes besides exploring the routes for water-migration.
Speciation and the structure of lead(ii) in hyper-alkaline aqueous solution
Authors: Bajnóczi Éva G. , Pálinkó István , Körtvélyesi Tamás , Bálint Szabolcs , Bakó Imre , Sipos Pál , Persson Ingmar
Published: October 2014

In hyper-alkaline aqueous solutions, lead(ii) is present exclusively as [Pb(OH)3]−. Other species, like [Pb(OH)4]2−, [PbOOH]−or [PbO2]2−are not detectable.
Highly efficient and bending durable perovskite solar cells: toward a wearable power source
Authors: Kim Byeong Jo , Kim Dong Hoe , Lee Yoo-Yong , Shin Hee-Won , Han Gill Sang , Hong Jung Sug , Mahmood Khalid , Ahn Tae Kyu , Joo Young-Chang , Hong Kug Sun , Park Nam-Gyu , Lee Sangwook , Jung Hyun Suk
Published: October 2014

We report annealing-free compact TiOx layer by atomic layer deposition for high efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells, and maintained 95% of the initial PCE after 1000 bending cycles with 10 mm bending radius.
Evaluating the precision of Pb isotope measurement by mass spectrometry
Authors: Taylor Rex N. , Ishizuka Osamu , Michalik Agnieszka , Milton J. Andrew , Croudace Ian W.
Published: October 2014

Comparison of analytical precision for radiogenic isotope systems expressed as a percentage of the spread of isotope compositions found in mantle-derived rocks.
Can we use the epigenetic bioactivity of caloric restriction and phytochemicals to promote healthy ageing?
Authors: Christodoulou Michael. S. , Thomas Adeline , Poulain Stéphane , Vidakovic Melita , Lahtela-Kakkonen Maija , Matulis Daumantas , Bertrand Philippe , Bartova Eva , Blanquart Christophe , Mikros Emmanuel , Fokialakis Nikolas , Passarella Daniele , Benhida Rachid , Martinet Nadine
Published: October 2014

Why is it relevant to propose epigenetic “Nutricures” to prevent diseases linked with ageing?
Iron regulatory proteins and their role in controlling iron metabolism
Authors: Kühn Lukas C.
Published: October 2014

Cellular and body iron homeostasis are regulated by iron-sensing and post-transcriptional feedback mechanisms, which control iron uptake, release, storage and heme biosythesis.
Asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral anilides by Pd-catalyzed allylic substitutions with P/olefin ligands
Authors: Liu Yilin , Feng Xiangqing , Du Haifeng
Published: October 2014

Palladium-catalyzed allylic substitutions of ortho-substituted anilides using P/olefin ligands were achieved to afford chiral anilides with up to 84% ee.
Comparative perspective and synthetic applications of transition metal mediated oxidative cyclisation of 1,5-dienes towards cis-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Sheikh Nadeem S.
Published: October 2014

Synthesis ofcis-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran rings from 1,5-diene precursors using metal-oxo species along with their mechanistic proposals and synthetic applications is concisely reviewed.
Diastereoselective photodimerization reactions of chromone-2-carboxamides to construct a C2-chiral scaffold
Authors: Yagishita Fumitoshi , Baba Nozomi , Ueda Yuki , Katabira Satoshi , Kasashima Yoshio , Mino Takashi , Sakamoto Masami
Published: October 2014

Irradiation of three chromone-2-carboxamides with a chiral auxiliary resulted in diastereoselective formation of a C2-chiral anti-HH dimer scaffold.
Efficient silver-catalyzed direct sulfenylation and selenylation of rich arenes
Authors: Yan Guobing , Borah Arun Jyoti , Wang Lianggui
Published: October 2014

An efficient protocol for silver/copper-cocatalyzed direct sulfenylation and selenylation of arenes with aryl disulfides and diselenides has been developed.
The dynamic process of radioactive iodine removal by ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate: discriminating and quantifying halogen bonds versus induced force
Authors: Chen Yu , Yan Chuanyu , Zhao Wancheng , Liu Zhenghui , Mu Tiancheng
Published: October 2014

The halogen bonds vs. induced force of the dynamic process of iodine removal by ionic liquid is discriminated and quantified.
Facile synthesis of Fe2O3/MWCNT composites with improved cycling stability
Authors: Yin Yanhong , Zhang Xiaoting , Jia Yujie , Cao Zhaoxia , Yang Shuting
Published: October 2014

Fe2O3 nanoparticles were fabricated via a facile method and loaded into the void space in the intertwined MWCNT matrix or on the MWCNTs homogeneously. The as-prepared Fe2O3/MWCNTs composites deliver a discharge capacity of 1026 mA h g−1 at a current rate of 0.2 C after 50 cycles, which has a 81.2% capacity retention.
Free-standing nitrogen doped V-O-C nanofiber film as promising electrode for flexible lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Chen Xia , Sha Yujing , Cai Rui , Tade Moses O. , Shao Zongping
Published: October 2014

Highly flexible vanadium and nitrogen co-doped carbon films were synthesized by electrospinning, delivering an outstanding discharge capacitance of 1380 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. The Coulombic efficiency was as high as 63.3% and a capacity retention ratio of 80% was obtained after cycling at 6.4 A g−1 for 500 times.
Hexanuclear [Ni2Ln4] clusters exhibiting enhanced magnetocaloric effect and slow magnetic relaxation
Authors: Liu Cai-Ming , Zhang De-Qing , Zhu Dao-Ben
Published: October 2014

Two hexanuclear [Ni2Ln4] aggregates exhibit either an enhanced magnetocaloric effect or slow magnetic relaxation, depending on the lanthanide ions chose.