bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensory horizons and the functions of conscious vision
Authors: Fleming Stephen M , Michel Matthias
Published: November 2024

It is not obvious why we are conscious. Why can’t all of our mental activities take place unconsciously? What is consciousness for? We aim to make progress on this question, focusing on conscious vision. We review evidence on the timescale of visual consciousness, showing that it is surprisingly slow: postdictive effects reveal windows of unconscious integration lasting up to 400 milliseconds. We argue that if consciousness is slow, it cannot be for online action-guidance. Instead, we propose that conscious vision evolved to support offline cognition, in tandem with the larger visual sensory horizons afforded by the water-to-land transition. Smaller visual horizons typical in aquatic environments require fast, reflexive actions of the sort that are guided unconsciously in humans. Conversely, larger terrestrial visual horizons allow benefits to accrue from “model-based” planning of the sort that is associated with consciousness in humans. We further propose that the acquisition of these capacities for internal simulation and planning provided pressures for the evolution of reality monitoring—the capacity to distinguish between internally and externally triggered signals, and to solve “Hamlet’s problem” in perception—the problem of when to stop integrating evidence, and fix a particular model of reality. In line with higher-order theories of consciousness, we associate the emergence of consciousness with the emergence of this reality monitoring function. We discuss novel empirical predictions that arise from this account, and explore its implications for the distribution of conscious (vs. unconscious) vision in aquatic and terrestrial animals.
Mine is Merrier: A Process Description of the Robust In-Group Bias Across Contexts Using Perceptual-Matching Task
Authors: Baba Abhishek , Thaikkandi Swarag. , Verma Ark
Published: November 2024

Research suggests that individuals consistently demonstrate favorable attitudes towards members of their ingroups compared to those belonging to other social groups. Such ingroup biases are observed not only in well-established historical groups but also in minimal group settings. The current study investigates the robustness of the said ingroup bias across different contexts through four experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were merely assigned to one of the two minimal groups, and their ingroup bias was assessed. In the next three experiments (Exps 2a- 2c), the relationship between the minimal ingroups and outgroups was manipulated. In Experiment 2a, both groups were described as good and in a mutually harmonious relationship; in Experiment 2b, the two groups were in a conflicted relationship, with the ingroup described as good and the outgroup as bad; and finally, in Experiment 2c, both groups were again in a conflicted relationship with the ingroup being described as bad and the outgroup as good. The degree of ingroup bias was indexed in terms of faster response times, higher accuracy, and greater sensitivity on a perceptual-matching task. Interestingly, while the preliminary analysis showed a significant moderation of bias measures across the four experiments, a more detailed examination using Bayesian regression analysis and Drift-Diffusion Modeling established a strong persistence of ingroup favoritism despite changing group characteristics and relations. The changing relations didn’t affect the robust ingroup bias much as the general trend for favoring one’s own group persisted across all experiments. The minimal yet robust nature of ingroup favoritism is explicated.
Gender quotas and upward political mobility in India
Authors: RAMACHANDRA VARUN KAREKURVE
Published: November 2024

This paper uses the staggered implementation of gender quota policy in India to understand whether women who won office due to quotas go on to win higher-level office. Indian local government elections impose mandatory gender quotas, but state elections do not. This provides a setting to assess if there is an increase in women's representation at higher levels of governance due to quotas at the local level. The identification strategy allows me to ascribe an increase of three percentage points in the share of women at the state-level to gender quotas in local government. Additionally, to establish upward political mobility of local-level leaders I tracked political biographies of over 1000 women legislators across India's 15 major state assemblies. In doing so, I identify that political dynasties, and ground-level leadership --- those who entered politics due to mandatory gender quotas --- are the two primary channels that enable entry of women into state-level politics. Further, I show that the effect of democratic entry of women into politics via quotas is pronounced in states with parties that are reliant on empowered rank and file members. Overall, these results highlight the importance of gender quotas as a democratic state-building tool and provide evidence for career advancement of women in politics whose democratic entry into politics was facilitated by the implementation of mandatory gender quotas.
Individual- and country-level socioeconomic predictors of community group membership across 50 countries in the World Values Survey
Authors: Walker Emma , Fancourt Daisy , Mak Hei Wan
Published: November 2024

Background: Evidence shows that community group activities can support and improve health and wellbeing. However, research into the patterning of community engagement suggests that socioeconomic factors may act as barriers to participation. Yet, because this research has mainly been conducted in high-income, Western and Global North countries, it remains unclear whether these patterns are consistent across different countries and cultural settings, especially in Global South, low-middle income, and non-Western countries. Further, we do not know whether country-level socioeconomic factors influence community engagement. Methods: Data from 64,065 adult respondents in the World Values Survey were analysed to examine the association between individual-level (education, income, and employment) and country-level (years of compulsory education, GDP per capita, Gini coefficient, and unemployment) socioeconomic factors and community organization membership rates. Multilevel regression modelling was used. Further analyses tested the associations between active membership and various types of community organization memberships. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, immigration status, household size and marital status. Results: Prevalence of community organization membership varies across countries. Kenya, Colombia and Mongolia have the highest numbers of memberships and Greece, Russia and Egypt have the lowest numbers. Individual education and perceived household income, and country-level income inequality and employment rate were all positively associated with group membership. Some variations by organization type were observed.Conclusions: We found a universal social gradient in community organization membership, with individual education as the most influential predictor of more memberships across countries. Given that participation in community organizations can improve and support individual and community wellbeing, and plays a role in cultural and social capital development, reducing participatory disparities in these organizations could contribute to the reduction of health and social inequalities.
Protests (An abridged version is forthcoming in the Encyclopedia of Experimental Social Science, Cheltenham and Camberley: Edward Elgar Publishing)
Authors: Tung Hans
Published: November 2024

Experimental studies on political behavior are on the rise in economics and political science. Especially, apart from traditional forms of political participation such as voting and petitions, we have also seen a burgeoning literature on protests, a non-institutional and contentious form of political participation. Despite various ethical concerns with recreating artificially contentious environments for conducting experiments, this burgeoning literature is robust and still growing to cover all analytic issues about the genesis and effects of protests. This essay provides a comprehensive framework and a critical review for the recent experimental literature on protests in social sciences.
Running Late: Student Commutes and High School Tardiness in Baltimore City
Authors: Burdick-Will Julia , Stein Marc
Published: November 2024

In this study we use estimated public transit routes for high school students in Baltimore City to predict the number of days they are late during the school year. We find that after adjusting for individual and school characteristics, school preferences, and neighborhood fixed-effects, total travel time and transit use are not predictive of tardiness, but requiring a bus transfer is. These estimates do not vary by student or school characteristics indicating that this is a general phenomenon that has more to do with system-level reliability than individual motivation or school climate. These findings highlight the hidden costs imposed on some students who wish to leave their neighborhood and travel across town for better educational opportunities.
Divided We Fall: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Polarisation, Social Divides and the Fragility of Unity in Human Societies
Authors: Alexander Adrian
Published: November 2024

"Divided We Fall: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Polarisation, Social Divides, and the Fragility of Unity in Human Societies" explores the escalating threat of polarisation and tribalism in modern human societies. By examining historical case studies, such as Nazi Germany and McCarthyism, alongside contemporary events like Brexit and the U.S. elections of 2016 and 2024, the paper identifies recurring patterns in how societal divisions are exploited for political and ideological gain. The analysis integrates insights from social psychology, highlighting cognitive biases like confirmation bias, in-group/out-group dynamics and heuristic-driven decision-making, which leave individuals vulnerable to manipulation.The paper also delves into the role of emerging technologies, such as social media and AI-driven propaganda, in amplifying divisions, creating echo chambers and eroding democratic norms. Beyond diagnosing the problem, it explores opportunities for fostering unity, drawing on historical examples of collective action, such as post-WWII reconstruction and the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings underscore the fragility of social cohesion and emphasize the urgent need for proactive leadership, media responsibility and grassroots mobilisation to counter polarisation. This multidisciplinary framework aims to provoke discussion on how humanity can navigate its growing divides and build resilience against future existential threats.The paper also explores how modern technologies—such as social media algorithms and artificial intelligence—amplify polarization, creating echo chambers and eroding trust in democratic processes. Insights from social psychology, including heuristics, cognitive biases, and tribalism, highlight the vulnerabilities that make societies susceptible to manipulation. Finally, the paper discusses pathways to unity through shared goals, historical examples of successful collaboration, and the necessity of ethical leadership and robust institutions.The findings underscore the urgent need for proactive measures to counteract polarization, emphasizing education, transparency, and collective action as essential tools for preserving democracy and fostering global unity in the face of existential threats such as climate change and technological disruption.
A study on soil moisture under different land management practices across two rural municipalities in semi-arid region of Mustang, Nepal
Authors: Dhakal Sandesh , Kandel Saroj , Subedi Rajan
Published: November 2024

Soil moisture refers to the water amount present in the soil, which is a critical factor influencing plant growth, nutrient cycling, and groundwater recharge. Accurate information on soil moisture-level is crucial for water resource management, agriculture, land degradation, and ecosystem health assessment in semi-arid mountainous regions. Therefore, this study aims to assess average soil moisture under different land managements of the two rural municipalities (Thasang and Gharapjhong) of the Mustang Valley using remote sensing and a geospatial approach. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data were processed in Google Earth Engine to derive soil moisture using the modified Dubois and Topp's models. The key findings demonstrated that the spatial distribution of soil moisture ranged from 0.01 to 0.4 m3/m3 with cropland exhibiting the highest values (0.36 m3/m3). The correlation of the average soil moisture with the rainfall showed a strong positive correlation with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94. The findings of this paper contributes for a better understanding of soil moisture dynamics of different land cover types of this study region. Further, research on the modeling of soil moisture based on in-situ field data and other influencing factors is recommended.
Short article Euphorbia umbellata, a newly recorded naturalized species from Nepal
Authors: Pathak Mitra , Kasaju S. K.
Published: November 2024

Not available
Relationship between Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Nepal: A Regional Analysis
Authors: Silwal Uma Kant
Published: November 2024

Not Available.
Market Diversification and Condition for Benefit Lessons from the Experience of Nepal
Authors: Sharma Kishor
Published: November 2024

Not available.
Uruguay Round of Negotiations: A Political Economic Analysis
Authors: Bhandari Shailesh Ram
Published: November 2024

Not available.
Trends and Issues in Poverty Alleviation in Nepal
Authors: Guru-Gharana Kishor Kumar
Published: November 2024

Not available.
Privatization in Theory and Practice
Authors: Pant Bhubanesh
Published: November 2024

Not Available.
Poverty in Rural Nepal: A case Study of Purana Jhanga Jholi VDC of Sindhuli District
Authors: Aryal Jitendra Prakash
Published: November 2024

Not Available.
Nature and pattern of Disguised Unemployment in Nepalese Agriculture
Authors: Subedi Khagendra Prasad
Published: November 2024

Not available.
A Note on Evolution of Grameen Bank Financial System in Nepal
Authors: Pant H.D.
Published: November 2024

Not available.
Public Interventions and Support Services for Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems in Nepal: Review of Some Selected Support Services Programme
Authors: Shivakoti Ganesh P.
Published: November 2024

Not available.
Gini Coefficient and Kandel's Reduction
Authors: Kanel Nav Raj
Published: November 2024

Not available.
Elasticity and Buoyancy of Nepal's Tax System
Authors: Nepal Mani Kumar
Published: November 2024

Not available.
A Note on Land Reform in Nepal
Authors: Dhungel Kamal Raj
Published: November 2024

Not available.
Knowledge Regarding Healthful School Environment Among Teachers in Schools
Authors: Acharya Shusma , Bashyal Dakshina
Published: November 2024

Background: Healthful school environment is one of the components of school health program which is essential for promotion and maintenance of healthy and safe learning as well as living environment. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge regarding healthful school environment among teachers in school of Palpa. 
Method: A descriptive cross sectional design was carried out among 96 teachers working in Shree Damkada Model Secondary School, Saraswati Higher Secondary School and Shree Sarda Higher Secondary School. Probability proportionate sampling method was used and data was collected through self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 25 findings were presented in tabulated form.
Findings: More than half (53.9%) had adequate level of knowledge. Adequate knowledge was present on meaning (59.8%), purpose (89.6%), important of boundary for school (100.0%),  classroom structure with minimized distraction and hazard to students (69.8%), comfort and ergometric design of classroom furniture (62.5%), color of board used in classroom(71.9), necessary of cross ventilation (86.5%), necessary of separate  eating facility (100.0%), necessary of separate toilet facility (100.0%),  safe method for waste disposal (71.9%). However inadequate knowledge was present regarding appropriate location for school (32.3%), area needed for a student (34.4%), ideal number of students in one classroom (2.0%), size of playground for school (10.4%). There was no significant association found level of knowledge and socio-demographic variables.
Conclusion: More than half of the respondents have adequate level of knowledge regarding healthful school environment despite of this there is inadequate level of knowledge regarding appropriate location for school, area needed for one student, ideal number of students in one classroom. This indicates need of in-service education program on healthful school environment.
Magnitude of Domestic Violence Among Married Women of Reproductive Age (15-49) in Ratnanagar Municipality-13, Chitwan
Authors: Bhatta Pramila , Poudel Kamal , Khanal Asmita , Shah Rajani
Published: November 2024

Background: Domestic Violence is any form of physical, mental, sexual and economic harm perpetrated by person to a person with whom he/she has a family relationship and this word also includes any acts of reprimand or emotional harm.
Methodology: A Discriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 married women of reproductive age of Ratnagear municipality-13, Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS 20, focusing on frequency and percentage.
Result: This study identifies the overall  prevalence of domestic violence was found to be 14.89%. Where emotional violence was experienced by 21.68% respondents, physical violence was experienced by 15.55% respondents, and sexual violence was experience by 7.46% respondents.
Conclusion: In this study among different forms of violence emotional violence was the most common forms of domestic violence, Slapping, beating, twisting arm, pulling hair, kicking were the commonest forms of physical violence, whereas said something bad, being unfaithful, insulting were the common forms of emotional violence and forced to have sexual intercourse were the common form of sexual violence in my study.
Keywords: Domestic Violence, Reproductive age, Married Women, Ratnanager Municipality
Correlation of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology With Thyroid Function Test in Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu
Authors: Paudel Deliya , Pokhrel Sushant , Adhikari Dibit , Regmi Himanshu
Published: November 2024

Background: FNAC is the gold standard method in the management of thyroid lesions and helps to rule out the surgical cases. Thyroid disorders show different abnormal thyroid function test. This study aims to find the association between thyroid function test and FNAC.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 137 patients with thyroid swelling that attended in Manmohan Memorial Medical College and Teaching Hospital (MMTH). Thyroid lesion were evaluated by cytologically and compared with thyroid function test.
Result: Among the study population, 44.4% of patients presented with colloid goitre while 38.3% with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Age group of 30-40 years showed higher prevalence of thyroid lesion. 40.6% of the study population were had thyroid function test. About half of the lymphocytic thyroiditis had hypothyroidism with positive anti-thyroid peroxidase.
Conclusion: This study showed that having normal thyroid function test also presented with different types of thyroid lesion. Hence, we conclude that FNAC and TFT should be performed for the proper management of thyroid lesion.
Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Fresh Fruits and Vegetable Sold in Market of Janakpurdham
Authors: Yadav Nagendra Prasad , Yadav Rakesh Kumar , Sah Suveksha , Purbe Harinarayan
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Vegetable and fruits are highly nutritious palatable food. They are enriched sources of vitamins mineral and fibres. They are the essential part of our diet and used all over the world daily. They are perishable food. The microorganisms get easy access to enter inside it. They get contaminated with different types of bacteria, during cultivation, harvesting, processing, transportation, storage and consumption. Eating of bacterial contaminated fruits and vegetable can lead to severe problem to the community people. Bacterial contamination can cause degradation, loss of quality and potential health risk to the consumer.
Materials and Methods: A total of 70 fresh fruits and vegetable were collected from different retailer of Janakpur metropolitan city, aseptically. Bacterial count and their identification were done in the microbiology lab in Model Multiple College Janakpur using different media and biochemical reagents.
Results: Among them Pseudomonas species, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus species, Staphylococcus species and salmonella species were the dominant bacteria. All of the fruits and vegetable were found heavily contaminated with bacteria. Bacterial count in different sample were found as in Guava count was 3.1 x104 CFU/ml, Apple was 4.3x104 CFU/ml, Tomato 6.2x104 CFU/ml, Cucumber 5.0x104 CFU/ml, carrot was 1.3x104 CFU/ml, Amara was 8.5x104 CFU/ml and Orange was 1.2x104 CFU/ml.
Conclusions: The fruits and vegetable available in Janakpur market is highly contaminated and has a great risk for consumer health.
स्व उपन्यासमा बौद्धदर्शन
Authors: अर्याल अम्बिका
Published: November 2024

प्रस्तुत लेखमा सरस्वती प्रतीक्षाको ‘स्व’ (२०८१) उपन्यासमा अभिव्यक्त बौद्धदर्शनसम्बन्धी अवधारणाको निरूपण गरिएको छ । बौद्धदर्शन सिद्धार्थ गौतम वा गौतम बुद्धको अवधारणा हो । यो मूलतः निर्वाणलाई जीवनको चरमलक्ष्य मान्ने, नित्य आत्मा नमान्ने, वेदलाई प्रमाण नमान्ने अनिश्वरवादी दर्शन हो । यो मूलतः चार आर्यसत्यमा केन्द्रित छ । यस लेखमा बौद्धदर्शनसँग सम्बद्ध एवम् विश्लेष्य उपन्यास र यससँग सम्बद्ध प्राथमिक तथा द्वितीयक सामग्रीको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट गरिएको छ । बौद्धदर्शनले अघि सारेका सिद्धान्तका सापेक्षमा कृतिको विश्लेषण गरिएको हुँदा यसमा निगमनात्मक पद्धतिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ भने सामग्रीको विश्लेषणका लागि बौद्धदर्शनमा उल्लेख गरिएका चार आर्यसत्य तथा अनित्यवाद, मध्यम मार्ग, पञ्चशील, सन्देह, अनिश्वरवाद र मार्गदर्शन, एवम् निर्वाणसम्बन्धी अवधारणालाई मात्र आधार बनाइएको छ । यही अवधारणाबाट प्रेरित पात्रहरू र तिनले निर्वाणका यात्रामा गरेका विभिन्न किसिमका सङ्घर्ष एवम् ज्ञानलाई मूल रूपमा प्रतीक्षाको उपन्यासमा स्थान दिइएको छ । यसको प्रमुख पात्र सप्तम नै स्वको खोजीमा लागेको छ । विभिन्न उपकथाहरू लिएर आएका सहायक पात्रहरू समेत बुद्धको ज्ञानबाट प्रेरित भई दुःख निवारणका मार्गमा बौद्धमार्गी बन्न पुगेका छन् । स्वको खोजी, दुःखको निवारणको मार्ग तथा निर्वाणको यात्रामा होमिएका पात्रहरूको मानसिकता, व्यवहार एवम् क्रियाकलापका माध्यमबाट बौद्धदर्शनसम्बन्धी अवधारणालाई यस उपन्यासमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । दुःखको कारक र त्यसबाट बच्ने उपायको खोजीका साथै हरेक व्यक्तिले आफू को हो भन्ने स्वत्वबोधको मार्ग पहिचान्नु आवश्यक रहेको तथ्यलाई यस उपन्यासले मूल विषय बनाएको हुनाले प्रस्तुत उपन्यासमा बौद्धदर्शनसम्बन्धी चिन्तन पाइने निष्कर्ष यस लेखको रहेको छ ।
Conflict of Right Action in the Mahabharata
Authors: Adhikari Bal Dev
Published: November 2024

The characters of the Mahabharata encounter moral crisis across various contexts. This paper attempts to explore and analyze different episodes of moral dilemmas faced by the major characters. Even the wise and mighty characters hesitate while making their choices. The conflict of right action is an existential problem. This situation is created when a person is caught between ideal and practical, family and society, kinship and friendship, desire and duty, and worldliness and spirituality and so on. The objectives of this paper are: to know the causes of the moral crisis and to find the reasons why people face difficulty in doing right action. I have used the method of textual analysis in this paper. The conceptual framework consists of theories of moral crisis/dilemma. I have also used the philosophies of law of karma/duty, attachments and renunciation from the Bhagavad-Gita. The findings are: the characters’ attachments have caused their moral dilemmas in doing right action. Self-control is the key to triumph over moral crisis. The consequence of right thinking is right action.
Capital Structure and Profitability of Nepalese Hotel Industry
Authors: Thapa Bhim Kumar , Paudel Ramesh Rasik
Published: November 2024

Employing a descriptive and analytical quantitative research design, this study examines the influence of capital structure on the profitability of hotels in Nepal. The secondary data utilized in the research is obtained from the official websites of a limited number of hotels in Nepal. As independent variables, the Debt Ratio (DR), Short Term Debt Ratio (STDR), Liquidity Ratio (LR), and Firm Size (Size) are examined, while Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) are used as dependent variables. The relationship between these capital structure components and profitability metrics is analyzed using a multiple linear regression model. The study confirms the presumptions of the regression model as the residuals show homoscedasticity, independence and a normal distribution. Particularly the histogram of regression standardized residuals shows a bell-shaped curve, the Normal P-P Plot tightly aligns residuals with the diagonal line; and the scatterplot of residuals versus anticipated values shows a random distribution around the horizontal axis. These results validate the reliability and accuracy of the findings and support the use of linear regression in the research. Studies show that keeping the right balance between debt and equity may significantly increase a hotel's profitability. Larger companies may exploit their varied financial structures and have easier access to capital. The research contributes to the existing literature by offering practical insights for hotel managers and financial planners to make informed decisions about capital structure in order to achieve sustainable profitability and financial stability. It also provides empirical evidence from the Nepalese hotel industry.
Integrated Program through CBOs and NGOs and their Impact in Policies and People’s Life in Dangisharan Rural Municipality, Dang
Authors: K.C. Dipendra Bahadur
Published: November 2024

The key aim of this study is to look into the impact of policies and programs conducted by different non-government organizations in the study area. The exploration of gap between policy and practice is the main area of research. What are the best practices, skills and how they (non- governmental organization) are using this knowledge solving the major problems of poor and vulnerable community is also the issue of research. Method of study was purely purposive non- probability judgmental sampling techniques; qualitative data saturation procedure was adopted so that it would help to make valid understanding of non-government organization's activities. For this inquiry; 42 (forty-two) sample respondents were selected from 420 beneficiaries’ households (10%) specially, the elected bodies like ward chairman, mayor, vice mayor, ward members, local government officers, representative of NGOs/CBOs and social workers. To achieve the objective of the study the researcher frequently visits of the targeted area to explore and find out the impacts of integrated development program conducted by CBOs and NGOs in the Dangisharan Rural municipality, ward no 3, Dang district. The projects were found to be relevant and have positive impact on the way of life of people. On the other hand, local women were engaged in different income generating activities. However, they do not have sustainability unless funding or donor is continued or beneficiaries are developed capable and competent to self-sustain.
The Role of Social Mobilization to Empower Communities in Decision-Making
Authors: Guragain Govinda Prasad
Published: November 2024

This paper draws on practical experiences gained from grassroots engagement and policy advocacy to explore the role of social mobilization in enhancing people's participation in decision- making processes. It examines community practices that influence various aspects of people's lives. The core questions addressed include the definition of social mobilization, its rationale, methods employed, and its overarching purpose. At its heart, mobilization is a facilitated process utilizing diverse tools and methods to achieve participation as its ultimate goal.
The paper emphasizes that "every person is political," highlighting the importance of accommodating diverse societal views, needs, and cultures in social mobilization efforts. It underscores the contextual and non-linear nature of mobilization, which varies across different segments of society. Furthermore, the long-term impact of mobilization is stressed, affecting broader spheres such as mass conscientization and policy governance over time.
Overall, the paper elucidates how social mobilization, through its multifaceted approach, strives to foster inclusive decision-making processes by empowering communities and amplifying their voices effectively. The role of social mobilization in Nepal’s decision-making processes has been significantly influenced by the Civil Code of 2074 and other related policies. The achievements in this area demonstrate progress toward more inclusive and participatory governance. However, continued focus on addressing implementation challenges and enhancing community capacity remains crucial for realizing the full potential of these legal and policy frameworks.
“गरिबकी छोरी” कथामा लैङ्गिक प्रतिनिधित्व
Authors: पोखरेल गुरुप्रसाद
Published: November 2024

‘गरिबकी छोरी’ कथामा तत्कालीन पुरुषवादी सामन्ती पितृसत्तात्मक चिन्तन, चरित्र, संस्कार र तिनका व्यवहारको प्रतिनिधित्व गराई निरीह नारीजीवनका यथार्थलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । सर्वेक्षण, सूक्ष्म पठन तथा पाठविश्लेषणको विधि प्रयोग गरी समग्रमा विश्लेषणात्मक विधिमार्फत सामान्यीकृत निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको प्रस्तुत लेखमा लैङ्गिक प्रतिनिधित्वको सिद्धान्तअन्र्गत लैङ्गिक अन्तःसम्बन्ध पितृसत्ता र लैङ्गिक हिंसा तथा लैङ्गिक उत्पीडनको खोजी र विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । निम्नवर्गीय पुरुष र नारी चरित्रका लैङ्गिक समस्याको मूल कारकका रूपमा पितृसत्तागत अहम् र दम्भ रहेको देखाइएको प्रस्तुत लेखमा मानिसको प्राकृतिक लिङ्गका विपरीत सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक र पारिवारिक आधारमा निर्मित विभेदकारी लैङ्गिक सम्बन्ध स्थापित भएको छ र त्यसले पारिवारिक र सामाजिक सत्ता पुरुषका हातमा सुम्पिएर असमान लैङ्गिक सम्बन्ध निर्माण गरेको कुरा निष्कर्षका रूपमा प्रस्तुत छ । यसमा तत्कालीन सामन्तवादी विमर्शात्मक संरचनामा उत्पादनका साधन, उपभोग, वितरण प्रणाली र श्रमको मूल्य निर्धारणमा सामन्तवादी चिन्तन र व्यवहारबाट दीक्षित पुरुषले नारीको सहभागिता शून्य गराएकाले तत्कालीन नारीहरूको अवस्था पुरुषआश्रित उत्पीडित र अधीनस्थ बनेको देखाइएको छ । तत्कालीन सामन्ती उत्पादनसम्बन्धमा आधारित पितृसत्तात्मक समाजमा विद्यमान पुरुष वर्चस्व र अधीनस्थताको जर्जर अवस्था प्रस्तुत गरिएको यस कथाका सबै तथ्यहरू हेर्दा तत्कालीन समाजको लैङ्गिक अन्तःसम्बन्ध अमानवीय, असन्तुलित र असमानतापूर्ण थियो भन्ने निष्कर्ष निस्किन्छ । यसमा तत्कालीन पितृसत्तात्मक संस्कार र चिन्तनयुक्त सामाजिक संरचनाका कारणले पुरुषबाट नारीहरू चरम यौनउत्पीडनमा परी शक्तिहीन र सीमान्तीकृत बनाइएको र पुरुषहरू यौनपिपासु बनी यौनसुखमा लिप्त रहने तत्कालीन विकृतपूर्ण दुरवस्थाको प्रस्तुति छ ।
Ascending the Heights: Exploring Self-Discovery and Personal Transformation through the Narratives of Mountaineering
Authors: Gautam Pragya
Published: November 2024

This article explores the narratives of mountaineering expeditions on Mount Everest and Mount Annapurna, highlighting the profound journey of self-discovery and personal transformation, experienced by climbers. It delves into how human hubris turns into trepidation and terror, leading climbers to a humbling realization of their insignificance, which ultimately fosters a transformation into a more compassionate, resilient, and wise being. By employing Edmund Burke’s concept of the sublime, the article captures the awe, wonder, and fear encountered by mountaineers as they confront the immense challenges of their expeditions. The research employs descriptive and analytical methods to examine the personal narratives of the successful summiteers of Mt. Everest and Mt. Annapurna, documenting their experiences and the resulting revelations of self-discovery and transformation.
Federalism and the Madheshi People: A Struggle for Equality and Inclusion
Authors: Mallik Sabita Kumari
Published: November 2024

This article presents the view of the federal structure of Nepal and the issues related to Madhesh and Madheshi people along with their struggle for equality and inclusion. Federalism was felt necessary in Nepal due to the dissatisfaction of diverse group of peoples' demand of self- governance, inclusion, identity, rights etc. and to strengthen the democracy and sovereignty of the nation if the social diversity is addressed. The study is primarily based on conceptual and narrative literature review, used the liberal philosophy of political science, a contemporary institutional approach, and a descriptive and analytical methodology that mostly uses secondary sources of data. As federalism is introduced in the country in recent past, it is still in transition period to fulfil the will and aspiration of the people because it is not addressing full autonomy and self-governance to the provinces. Though Madheshi peoples' fight for inclusion and equality, through which the Madheshi Movement forced the government to amend the 2015 constitution in order to improve sustainability, national integrity, and inclusive democracy and equal status, Madheshi people are not satisfied in concern with proportional representation and power sharing. Yet, we cannot forget the significance of federalism which is the outcome of a struggle for equality and inclusion in Nepal concerning with Madhesh and Madheshi people and it paved the way of balanced development and self-decision making power to the provincial and local government.
Metode Pembelajaran Dalam Pengelolaan Kelas Berbasis Karakter Plegmatis Pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK)
Authors: Indriani Eka Putri  , Danny Abrianto
Published: November 2024

Penelitian ini mengkaji metode yang digunakan oleh guru agama dalam mengelola kelas berbasis karakter plegmatis di SMK Negeri 1 Pancur Batu, dengan fokus pada pengembangan kesabaran, konsistensi, dan ketenangan siswa kelas XI TAV. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi pendekatan dan strategi pembentukan karakter plegmatis, serta faktor pendukung dan penghambatnya. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi langsung, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan secara tematik melalui tahapan pengumpulan, reduksi, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Validitas data diperoleh melalui triangulasi sumber dan metode. Hasil penelitian diharapkan memberikan wawasan bagi praktisi pendidikan tentang integrasi nilai karakter dalam pembelajaran dan meningkatkan pengelolaan kelas di sekolah vokasi. Faktor pendukung dalam pengelolaan kelas meliputi dukungan kepala sekolah dan komunikasi efektif, sementara faktor penghambat mencakup kurangnya motivasi siswa dan kendala waktu.
Kata kunci: guru agama, mengelola kelas, karakter plegmatis
Strategi Guru Dalam Pelaksanaan Bimbingan Dan Konseling Pada Anak Autis Di SLB TKLB Negeri Ternate
Authors: Fatoni Achmad  , Yulia Novita Sari  , Dhanang Suwidagdho  , Nurlian Doofa  , Mulyanti Muin
Published: November 2024

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui strategi guru dalam pelaksanaan bimbingan dan konseling anak autis di SLB TKLB Negeri Ternate. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Subjek penelitian yaitu guru yang mengajar anak autis di SLB TKLB Negeri Ternate. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Strategi guru di SLB TKLB Negeri Ternate dalam membantu anak autis mengatasi kesulitan belajar dilakukan melalui identifikasi kebutuhan, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan penilaian. Tahap identifikasi kebutuhan, menyoroti pentingnya penyediaan ruang dan fasilitas belajar khusus serta penyesuaian pembelajaran berdasarkan kemampuan dan kebutuhan anak. Perencanaan kegiatan bimbingan dan konseling menekankan pendekatan individual dan interaktif, memperhatikan minat dan kondisi emosional anak. Pelaksanaan bimbingan dan konseling melibatkan penyesuaian pembelajaran dengan kemampuan anak serta kerjasama dengan orang tua untuk latihan di rumah. Penilaian dilakukan melalui metode kreatif seperti permainan dan pengulangan materi untuk mengevaluasi perkembangan dan pemahaman anak.
The levels of physical activity, physical fitness self-assessment, and physical working capacity in school students of the modern time
Authors: Andrieieva O. V. , Dudko M.V. , Martyn P.M. , Yerakova L. А. , Sobotiuk S.А. , Knyazev-Shevchuk A.A.
Published: November 2024

The article presents the results of evaluation of physical activity, physical fitness, and physical working capacity in 13-14-year-old boys. The following methods and techniques were used: theoretical analysis of specialized scientific and methodological literature authored by Ukrainian and foreign researchers, physiological methods (assessment of physical working capacity), methods for assessing physical activity (Framingham Physical Activity Index), self-assessment of physical fitness (E. Bochenkova’s method), and mathematical statistics. It was found that most of the adolescents who participated in the study did not have a proper level of physical activity. In our study, no participants with a high level of physical activity were identified. Nevertheless, only two participants (10%) had a very low level of physical activity (less than 30 points). Among the participants, 55% had a low level of physical activity (34.5 points on average), and the remaining 35% had a moderate level of physical activity, but were mostly at its lower limit (37 points). The assessment of physical working capacity using the Ruffier test showed that 35 % of the adolescent boys had a moderate level, 45 % had a lower than moderate, and 20 % had a low working capacity. An overestimated level of self- assessment of physical fitness was observed in only 5% of the subjects, 20% of the study participants had high self-assessment, 65% had a moderate level, and 10% a low level of self-assessment. The insufficient level of physical activity, moderate physical working capacity, and the moderate level of self-assessment of physical fitness necessitate the search for and substantiation of affordable, effective, attractive, and innovative approaches to engaging this population into regular physical exercise.
Gender approach in physical culture classes of high school students
Authors: Bazyliuk Demian , Dolzhenko L.P.
Published: November 2024

The issue of implementing a gender approach in physical education classes for high school students remains insufficiently studied in the modern educational system. The need to take into account the individual gender characteristics of students is an important aspect for increasing the effectiveness of physical education classes and developing their motivation for physical activity. The article discusses the methods of implementing a gender approach in physical education lessons in general educational institutions for high school students. The purpose of the study is to find out the problems of implementing a gender approach in physical culture classes in senior classes and to determine the possibilities of increasing the motivation of students to engage in physical activity taking into account their gender characteristics. Methods are theoretical analysis of literary sources; generalization and systematization of scientific and methodical sources of literature. The results of the study show that the use of a gender approach in physical culture classes helps to better take into account the physiological and psychological differences between boys and girls. This contributes to better assimilation of the material, increasing motivation and improving physical fitness indicators.
Study of motor qualities that determine the effectiveness of competitive activity in Thai boxing
Authors: Vysochyn Vitalii , Okun Daria
Published: November 2024

Abstract. Today, Muay Thai still enjoys great popularity in the world and Ukraine. Despite the fact that Thai boxing is not an Olympic sport, regional, national and international competitions are held in it. As a result of the analysis of the few data in scientific and methodological literature, it was revealed that the issue of developing the physical fitness of athletes in Thai boxing is poorly understood and requires further research. Thus, the current issue is the search for ways to improve the level of physical fitness of athletes in Thai boxing. To determine the views of coaches and athletes on the importance of motor qualities in the structure of physical fitness of Thai boxers and, accordingly, their influence on the effectiveness of competitive activity, a survey was conducted. The survey involved 15 coaches and 40 athletes specializing in Thai boxing. Comparing the results obtained, the following conclusion can be made: coaches and athletes believe that the main physical qualities in Thai boxing are speed, strength and agility. At the same time, answering the control question, the overwhelming majority of respondents note that the result in Thai boxing also depends on the level of development of coordination abilities. The obtained data confirm the results of studies conducted by other specialists in single-event sports and boxing to determine the priority of the leading motor qualities. As a result of our study, it was found that speed-strength qualities and endurance are leading in Thai boxing. Thus, at the current stage of development of Thai boxing, for further growth of sports results, it is more promising to improve the methodology of sports training taking into account the specifics of competitive activity.
Formation of military-applied shooting skills with automatic small arms of recruits of the National Guard of Ukraine
Authors: Harbar Ye. O. , Kochura I. I. , Bovsunivskyi I. M. , Abdrakhimov O. F. , Zeleniuk O. V. , Golub V. P.
Published: November 2024

Taking into account the results of the analysis of scientific-methodological and special literature, it was established that research comprehensively reveals the peculiarities of the organization of the system of professional training of recruits at the basic stage (with an emphasis on modern technical skills) rarely occurs. This is reinforced by the relevance and relevance of this direct scientific intelligence. Research methods: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction, modeling, hypothetic-deductive method, systematic approach, analogy method, formalization, content analysis, historical analysis method.
In the process of pre-investigative-analytical work, members of the scientific-pre-investigative group disaggregated the organizational and pedagogical minds of the NGU recruits and improved their shooting techniques with automatic rifle fire at the beginning stage of military service (from the emphasis on the development of modern technical features and highly functional complexes of applied physical exercises). The experimental organizational and pedagogical minds we have proposed are planned to implement four main stages: formative, basic, applied and special physical training (during the hour of continuous training by recruits NGU basic military training). It is necessary to reinforce that the experimental organizational and pedagogical minds are mobile and flexible, which will ensure the effectiveness of the necessary initial methodological material of the system (the full program form) a list of key professional competencies of representatives of the following category. The prospects for further research from the selected direct scientific intelligence are conveyed by the testing of the experimental program we have developed on the application of cadets of the highest military commanders of the NGU.
The influence of physical activity on the level of adaptive stress of the body of female soccer players who are in the V critical period of the formation of the immune system
Authors: Dychko D.V. , Dychko O.A. , Dychko V.V.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of physical activity on the level of adaptive stress of the body of female indoor sportsmen at the age from 13 to 14 years, who are in the V critical period of the formation of the immune system, and peers who do not play futsal. Research methods: research was conducted on the level of adaptive stress in young futsal players and peers who do not play futsal. From the obtained results of the study of the relative number of lymphocytes and segmented nuclear neutrophil granulocytes, the level of adaptation stress (adaptation index) was established. Research results. It was established that the normalization of the absolute and relative number of the main populations of immunocompetent cells in the peripheral blood is formed in girls who play indoors, the exception to the basic rule being rod-nucleated neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes. In conclusion, the article highlights the key aspects of physical exertion in the game sport (futsal), which improves individual indicators of adaptation processes in comparison with the indicators of non-futsal players.
VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Yakovenko Olena , Zavalnyuk Viktoriya , Semenenko Viacheslav , Yaremenko O.M.
Published: November 2024

The importance of physical education in the formation of students' value orientations is studied, substantiating its role not only in improving the physical condition of young people, but also in the formation of personal and social qualities necessary for life in modern society. In the modern world, young people are faced with many challenges, such as high levels of stress, dynamic changes in the social environment, as well as growing pressure for professional and personal development. It is noted that physical education, although often perceived only as a means of developing physical skills, has the potential to influence the formation of moral and ethical values and social competencies of young people, which are fundamental for successful adaptation to the requirements of modern life. The emphasis is on key personal features such as self-discipline, responsibility, sociability, initiative, resilience and moral stability, which are essential for further professional and personal growth.
The role of physical activity as a tool that promotes the development of responsibility and teamwork, which is the basis for successful social integration, is highlighted. It is noted that under the influence of sports, students develop self-control skills, time management and decision-making ability, which allows them to better adapt to the conditions of constant change and stress. At the same time, it is emphasized that the development of such qualities as self-discipline, responsibility, resilience and communication skills is crucial for students' success in the modern labor market and social life. Through physical education, students acquire practical skills for social adaptation, improve their ability to interact in teams and develop positive values, which helps them become active and productive members of society. By recommending that educational institutions improve their curricula to take these aspects into account, the authors call for a comprehensive approach to youth development that will facilitate their harmonious entry into the modern world and integration into a globalized society.