bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Fas mAb-induced apoptosis and cytolysis of airway tissue eosinophils aggravates rather than resolves established inflammation
Authors: Uller Lena , Rydell-Törmänen Kristina , Persson Carl GA , Erjefält Jonas S
Published: August 2005

Background

Fas receptor-mediated eosinophil apoptosis is currently forwarded as a mechanism resolving asthma-like inflammation. This view is based on observationsin vitroand in airway lumen with unknown translatability to airway tissuesin vivo. In fact, apoptotic eosinophils have not been detected in human diseased airway tissues whereas cytolytic eosinophils abound and constitute a major mode of degranulation of these cells. Also, Fas receptor stimulation may bypass the apoptotic pathway and directly evoke cytolysis of non-apoptotic cells. We thus hypothesized that effects of anti-Fas mAbin vivomay include both apoptosis and cytolysis of eosinophils and, hence, that established eosinophilic inflammation may not resolve by this treatment.

Methods

Weeklong daily allergen challenges of sensitized mice were followed by airway administration of anti-Fas mAb. BAL was performed and airway-pulmonary tissues were examined using light and electron microscopy. Lung tissue analysis for CC-chemokines, apoptosis, mucus production and plasma exudation (fibrinogen) were performed.

Results

Anti-Fas mAb evoked apoptosis of 28% and cytolysis of 4% of eosinophils present in allergen-challenged airway tissues. Furthermore, a majority of the apoptotic eosinophils remained unengulfed and eventually exhibited secondary necrosis. A striking histopathology far beyond the allergic inflammation developed and included degranulated eosinophils, neutrophilia, epithelial derangement, plasma exudation, mucus-plasma plugs, and inducement of 6 CC-chemokines. In animals without eosinophilia anti-Fas evoked no inflammatory response.

Conclusion

An efficient inducer of eosinophil apoptosis in airway tissuesin vivo, anti-Fas mAb evoked unprecedented asthma-like inflammation in mouse allergic airways. This outcome may partly reflect the ability of anti-Fas to evoke direct cytolysis of non-apoptotic eosinophils in airway tissues. Additionally, since most apoptotic tissue eosinophils progressed into the pro-inflammatory cellular fate of secondary necrosis this may also explain the aggravated inflammation. Our data indicate that Fas receptor mediated eosinophil apoptosis in airway tissuesin vivomay cause severe disease exacerbation due to direct cytolysis and secondary necrosis of eosinophils.
CareSearch: finding and evaluating Australia's missing palliative care literature
Authors: Tieman Jennifer J , Abernethy Amy P , Fazekas Belinda S , Currow David C
Published: August 2005

Background

Palliative care is an evolving specialty with a growing evidence base. However, evidence is less accessible than it could be with a lower than average conversion of conference abstracts to articles in peer-reviewed journals and the need for more accessible tools to support evidence-based practice (EBP) in palliative care. The CareSearch project involved identifying, collecting and evaluating Australia's "grey" palliative care literature and identifying international published literature missing from the electronic indexing systems. The literature was then catalogued and made publicly available through the CareSearch website.

Results

To date over 2,500 items have been included in the CareSearch database and can be accessed and searched through a publicly available website. Nearly 2,000 items are conference abstracts and 178 are theses or government, organisational and planning documents. A further 410 items relate to articles from palliative journals that are not indexed on a major bibliographic database. The website also provides tools and facilities to support palliative care practice and research.

Conclusion

CareSearch is a new evidence resource for palliative practitioners, educators and researchers. The palliative community now has access to a more comprehensive literature base as well as a resource that supports the integration of knowledge into practice. This specialised data repository enables users to access information on the body of work that has shaped palliative care development and prevents the potential loss or duplication of research work. It also provides a template for other emerging disciplines to use in capturing their literature and evidence.
Usefulness of five-item and three-item Mental Health Inventories to screen for depressive symptoms in the general population of Japan
Authors: Yamazaki Shin , Fukuhara Shunichi , Green Joseph
Published: August 2005

Background

The five-question Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) is a brief questionnaire that can be used to screen for depressive symptoms. Removing the 2 anxiety-related items from the MHI-5 yields the MHI-3. We assessed the performance of the Japanese versions of the MHI-5 and MHI-3 in detecting depressive symptoms in the general population of Japan.

Methods

From the population of Japan, 4500 people 16 years old or older were selected by stratified-random sampling. The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36, which includes the MHI-5) and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) were included in a self-administered questionnaire. ZSDS scores of 48 and above were taken to indicate the presence of moderate or severe depressive symptoms, and scores of 56 and above were taken to indicate the presence of severe depressive symptoms. We computed the correlation coefficient between the ZSDS score and the scores on the MHI-5 and MHI-3. We also computed the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Of the 3107 subjects (69% of the 4500 initially selected), 14.0% had moderate or severe depressive symptoms, and 2.0% had severe depressive symptoms as measured with the ZSDS. The correlations of ZSDS scores with MHI-5 scores and with MHI-3 scores were similar: -0.63 and -0.61, respectively. These correlation coefficients were almost the same whether or not the data were stratified by age and sex. For detecting severe depressive symptoms with the MHI-5, the area under the ROC curve was 0.942 (95%CI: 0.919 – 0.965); for the MHI-3, it was 0.933 (95%CI: 0.904 – 0.962).

Conclusion

The MHI-5 and MHI-3 scores were correlated with the ZSDS score, and can be used to identify people with depressive symptoms in the general population of Japan.
Hyperprolactinemia after laparoscopic ovarian drilling: An unknown phenomenon
Authors: Parsanezhad Mohammad E , Alborzi Saeed , Zolghadril Jaleh , Parsa-Nezhad Maryam , Keshavarzi Gholamreza , Omrani Gholamhossein R , Schmidt Ernst H
Published: August 2005

Background

The effects of ovarian drilling on the serum levels of gonadotropins and androgens have been studied previously. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of ovarian drilling on the serum prolactin levels and its relation to ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Methods

This is a prospective controlled study. Thirty-six women with PCOS underwent ovarian electrocauterization in university hospitals. Control group consisted of 35 ovulatory women with unexplained infertility. Hormonal assessment performed in early follicular phase of spontaneous or induced cycle before operation in the two groups and repeated one week after operation. Hormonal assay was also performed in the early follicular phase of the first post-operative menstruation, folliculometry and progesterone assay were also performed in the same cycle. Data were analyzed by "repeated measurement design, discriminant analysis, correlation coefficient, and Fisher exact test".

Results

Six to ten weeks after operation the serum mean +/- SD prolactin levels increased from 284.41 +/- 114.32 mIU/ml to 354.06 +/- 204.42 mIU/ml (P = 0.011). The same values for the control group were 277.73 +/- 114.65 to 277.4 +/- 111.4 (P = 0.981) respectively. Approximately 45% of subjects in PCOS group remained anovulatory in spite of decreased level of LH and testosterone. Prolactin level remained elevated in 73.2% of women who did not ovulate 6–10 weeks after the procedure.

Conclusion

Hyperprolactinemia after ovarian cauterization may be considered as a possible cause of anovulation in women with polycystic ovaries and improved gonadotropin and androgen levels. The cause of hyperprolactinemia is unknown. Hormonal assay particularly PRL in anovulatory patients after ovarian cauterization is recommended.
Maintaining Normal Hemoglobin Levels With Epoetin Alfa in Mainly Nonanemic Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer Receiving First-Line Chemotherapy: A Survival Study
Authors: Leyland-Jones Brian , Semiglazov Vladimir , Pawlicki Marek , Pienkowski Tadeusz , Tjulandin Sergei , Manikhas George , Makhson Antoly , Roth Anton , Dodwell David , Baselga Jose , Biakhov Mikhail , Valuckas Konstantinas , Voznyi Edouard , Liu Xiangyang , Vercammen Els
Published: August 2005

Purpose

To evaluate the effect on survival and quality of life of maintaining hemoglobin (Hb) in the range of 12 to 14 g/dL with epoetin alfa versus placebo in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) receiving first-line chemotherapy.

Patients and Methods

Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive epoetin alfa 40,000 U once weekly or placebo for 12 months. Study drug was initiated if baseline Hb was ≤ 13 g/dL or when Hb decreased to ≤ 13g/dL during the study. The primary end point was 12-month overall survival (OS).

Results

The study drug administration was stopped early in accordance with a recommendation from the Independent Data Monitoring Committee because of higher mortality in the group treated with epoetin alfa. Enrollment had been completed, with 939 patients enrolled (epoetin alfa, n = 469; placebo, n = 470). Most patients had Hb more than 12 g/dL at baseline (median Hb, 12.8 g/dL) or during the study. From the final analysis, 12-month OS was 70% for epoetin alfa recipients and 76% for placebo recipients (P = .01). Optimal tumor response and time to disease progression were similar between groups. The reason for the difference in mortality between groups could not be determined from additional subsequent analyses involving both study data and chart review.

Conclusion

In this trial, the use of epoetin alfa to maintain high Hb targets in women with MBC, most of whom did not have anemia at the start of treatment, was associated with decreased survival. Additional research is required to clarify the potential impact of erythropoietic agents on survival when the Hb target range is 10 to 12 g/dL.
Prognostic Importance of Preoperative CA-125 in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage I Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: An Australian Multicenter Study
Authors: Paramasivam Sellva , Tripcony Lee , Crandon Alex , Quinn Micheal , Hammond Ian , Marsden Donald , Proietto Anthony , Davy Margaret , Carter Jonathan , Nicklin James , Perrin Lewis , Obermair Andreas
Published: August 2005

Purpose

To evaluate the prognostic significance of preoperative CA-125 levels on overall survival of patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).

Patients and Methods

Data from 518 patients with FIGO stage I EOC treated in seven gynecologic oncology centers throughout Australia between 1990 and 2002 were analyzed. Patients with borderline tumors and nonepithelial ovarian carcinomas were excluded, as were women in whom CA-125 had not been determined preoperatively. Preoperative CA-125 levels were studied in surgically staged and incompletely staged patients and compared with prognostic factors, such as substage, grade, and histologic type. Multivariate Cox models were calculated.

Results

CA-125 levels more than 30 U/mL were associated with higher grade, substage 1B and 1C, nonmucinous histologic type, and older age. In univariate analysis, higher histologic grade, the absence of surgical staging, and preoperative CA-125 levels more than 30 U/mL were associated with impaired survival. Multivariate analysis identified histologic grade, preoperative CA-125, and surgical staging as independent predictors for survival. In the subgroup of completely surgically staged patients, the 5-year overall survival rate was 82% (95% CI, 76% to 88%) for patients with CA-125 levels more than 30 U/mL and 95% (95% CI, 90% to 99%) for patients with CA-125 levels of 30 U/mL or less (P = .028). In the group of incompletely staged patients, the 5-year survival rates were similar for patients with elevated and normal serum CA-125 levels.

Conclusion

Complete surgical staging, histologic grade, and preoperative serum CA-125 levels are independent prognostic factors and should be included in the decision making for chemotherapy.
Expression of Intermediate Filament Proteins and Neuronal Markers in the Human Fetal Gut
Authors: Rauch Ulrich , Klotz Markus , Maas-Omlor Silke , Wink Elvira , Hänsgen Andrea , Hagl Cornelia , Holland-Cunz Stefan , Schäfer Karl-Herbert
Published: August 2005

The human enteric nervous system (ENS) derives from migrating neural crest cells (NCC) and is structured into different plexuses embedded in the gastrointestinal tract wall. During development of the NCC, a rearrangement of various cytoskeletal intermediate filaments such as nestin, peripherin, or alpha-internexin takes place. Although all are related to developing neurons, nestin is also used to identify neural stem cells. Until now, information about the prenatal development of the human ENS has been very restricted, especially concerning potential stem cells. In this study the expression of nestin, peripherin, and alpha-internexin, but also of neuronal markers such as protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and tyrosine hydroxylase, were investigated in human fetal and postnatal gut. The tissue samples were rapidly removed and subsequently processed for immunohistochemistry or immunoblotting. Nestin could be detected in all samples investigated with the exception of the 9th and the 12th week of gestation (WOG). Although the neuronal marker PGP9.5 was coexpressed with nestin at the 14th WOG, this could no longer be observed at later time points. Alpha-internexin and peripherin expression also did not appear before the 14th WOG, where they were coexpressed with PGP9.5. This study reveals that the intermediate filament markers investigated are not suitable to detect early neural crest stem cells.
Aberrant Gata-3 Expression in Human Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Gulbinas Antanas , Berberat Pascal O. , Dambrauskas Zilvinas , Giese Thomas , Giese Nathalia , Autschbach Frank , Kleeff Joerg , Meuer Stefan , Büchler Markus W. , Friess Helmut
Published: August 2005

Gata-3 has been shown to specifically alter its expression patterns in different types of cancers. Recent evidence suggests that an interference of Gata-3 exists in the TGF-β signaling pathway. To determine the role of Gata-3 in pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer samples were analyzed in comparison to normal pancreatic tissues. Furthermore, four different pancreatic cancer cell lines with different alterations of the TGF-β pathway were studied. To evaluate if a potential relationship with TGF-β signaling pathway exists, we correlated mRNA expression levels with the expression of TGF-βs, TGF-β receptors, and Smad-3. Finally, we analyzed the influence of TGF-β on Gata-3 expression in vitro. All pancreatic cancer samples demonstrated a marked overexpression of Gata-3 mRNA and protein. Immuno-histochemical staining revealed strong and persistent cytoplasmic Gata-3 immunoreactivity in cancer cells. In an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, a disturbed nuclear translocation was confirmed. The expression of Gata-3 showed a significant correlation with the expression of TGF-βs, TGF-β receptors, and Smad-3. TGF-β responsive cell lines showed a down-regulation of Gata-3 mRNA upon TGF-β exposure, whereas in TGF-β-unresponsive cell lines, Gata-3 mRNA expression persisted at high levels. Furthermore, strong specific upregulation of Gata-3 impaired nuclear translocation and its cooperative action with the TGF-β pathway, suggesting that Gata-3 plays a central role in human pancreatic cancer.
Decing Salt-Scaling Resistance: Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Concrete Containing up to 70 % Class C and Class F Fly Ash
Authors: Naik TR , Kraus RN , Ramme BW , Chun Y-M
Published: August 2005

Laboratory mixtures, pilot mixtures, and field construction mixtures were made to evaluate salt-scaling resistance of concrete incorporating large amounts of either Class C fly ash obtained from several different sources or Class F fly ash. The laboratory mixtures that incorporated Class C fly ash up to a fly ash to cementitious materials ratio (FA/Cm) of 60 % by mass exhibited very slight to moderate scaling. Results from the pilot mixtures indicate that it is possible to produce structural-grade, salt-scaling resistant concrete using up to 56 % Class C fly ash. Specimens of a field mixture containing 50 % Class C fly ash showed moderate to severe scaling, and specimens of a field concrete with 40 % Class F fly ash showed slight to moderate scaling. These field mixtures exhibited satisfactory salt-scaling resistance in actual pavements. Comparisons of strength and scaling results suggest that it would be beneficial to allow sufficient time for high-volume fly ash concrete to develop strength before it is subjected to salt-scaling actions.
Modeling of Three-Dimensional Effects on Fatigue Crack Closure Processes in Small-Scale Yielding
Authors: Dodds RH , Roychowdhury S
Published: August 2005

In ductile metals, plasticity-induced closure of fatigue cracks often retards significantly measured crack growth rates in the Paris regime and contributes strongly to the observed R-ratio effect in experimental data. This work describes a similarity scaling relationship based on the 3D small-scale yielding framework wherein the thickness, B, defines the only geometric length-scale of the model. Dimensional analysis suggests a scaling relationship for the crack opening loads relative to the maximum cyclic loads (Kop/Kmax) governed by the non-dimensional load parameter ) governed by the non-dimensional load parameter = Kmax/σ0 √B, i.e., a measure of the in-plane plastic zone size normalized by the thickness. Both Kop and Kmax refer to remotely applied values of the mode I stress-intensity factor. Large-scale, 3D finite element analyses described here demonstrate that Kop/Kmax values vary strongly across the crack front in thin sheets but remain unchanged when values vary strongly across the crack front in thin sheets but remain unchanged when Kmax, B, and σ0 vary to maintain = constant. The paper also includes results to demonstrate that the scaling relationship holds for non-zero values of the T-stress (which affect the Kop/Kmax values) and for an overload interspersed in the otherwise constant amplitude cycles. The present results focus on values) and for an overload interspersed in the otherwise constant amplitude cycles. The present results focus on R = Kmin/Kmax = 0 loading, although the scaling relationship has been demonstrated to hold for other = 0 loading, although the scaling relationship has been demonstrated to hold for other R > 0 loadings as well. The new similarity scaling relationship makes possible more realistic estimates of crack closure loads for a very wide range of practical conditions from just a few analyses of the type described here.
Selection of Material for Welded Steel Structures Based on Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Höhler S , Sedlacek G
Published: August 2005

The European technical rules for the design of steel structures (Eurocode 3) offer a method to select steels to avoid brittle fracture. This concept is available for members subject to fatigue loads and is based on a safety assessment using fracture mechanics, applying stress intensity factors (K-concept). In order to extend these rules to members with predominant static loads, investigations have been carried out for typical details as used in buildings, both experimentally and theoretically. The details investigated were welded connections of solid bars or I-profiles with slotted gusset plates. The experimental studies included large scale tests using test specimens with initial cracks at locations of high stress concentrations. For the theoretical studies, the K-concept was applied. Formulae for K-requirements were developed for such details with numerical simulations using BE- (Boundary Element-) methods. The results allow an extension of the rules in Eurocode 3.
Crack Initiation, Propagation, and Arrest in 316L Model Pipe Components under Thermal Fatigue
Authors: Paffumi E , Nilsson K-F , Taylor N , Hurst R , Bache M
Published: August 2005

There is a continuing need for reliable thermal fatigue analysis tools to ensure that high safety levels are maintained in the main coolant lines of light water reactors. As a contribution to this effort, a combined experimental and numerical investigation has been conducted on cylindrical components of 316L stainless steel subjected to cyclic thermal shocks of varying intensity. It exploits a dedicated rig in which the tubular test pieces are subjected to induction heating and water quenching. Under the applied loading, a network of cracks initiates at the inner surface; some of these propagate further through the wall thickness. The number of cycles to crack initiation is estimated from surface replicas taken during intermittent stops, whereas the crack depth of fatigue cracks is measured using an ultrasound time of flight diffraction technique (TOFD). The analysis is done by a sequentially coupled thermal-stress finite element analysis using a cyclic plasticity model. Predictions of the crack initiation life (based on crack initiation curves as well as crack propagation models for microstructurally short cracks) are in good agreement with the test results. Crack propagation for small fatigue cracks was estimated by plastic strain amplitude based propagation formulas, whereas long crack propagation is analyzed by Paris law type criteria using ΔK as well as ΔCTOD.
Simulation of Fatigue Crack Propagation in Railway Axles
Authors: Beretta S , Carboni M
Published: August 2005

The need for optimizing inspection intervals of wheelsets has led to increasing attention to those of railway axles. This paper addresses this issue by comparing predictions obtained by an EPFM model and two widely used fatigue crack growth softwares (namely AFGROW and NASGRO) with a set of propagation data derived from small and full-scale specimens made of 30NiCrMoV12, a high strength steel used for railway axles. Comparisons, made under constant amplitude and block loading, support the application of the considered fatigue crack growth algorithms to the estimation of inspection intervals.
The Effect of Negative Stress Ratio Load History on High Cycle Fatigue Threshold
Authors: Golden PJ , Nicholas T
Published: August 2005

The objective of this research was to measure the load history effects of negative stress ratio loading on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) crack growth threshold of Ti-6Al-4V. Previous work has shown an increase in the HCF threshold that is dependent on the Kmax during the low cycle fatigue loading that nucleated a crack. The increase in fatigue limit was attributed to an overload effect from the LCF loading and was quantified through the use of a simple overload model. On the contrary, evidence from R = −1 testing suggests that negative overloads, referred to as underloads, may reduce this Kmax load history effect and even lower the threshold below long crack values. To investigate this further, smooth and notched Ti-6Al-4V specimens were pre-loaded in fatigue below their endurance limit at stresses expected to nucleate cracks in approximately 10 million and 100 000 cycles, respectively, and at stress ratios of −3.5 and −3, respectively. Although the smooth specimens could not be monitored for crack nucleation, the notched specimens allowed the use of an infrared damage detection system to monitor the localized region at the notch root for indications of crack nucleation. These cracked specimens were then heat tinted, and several were also stress relieved to remove load history effects. All of the preloaded specimens were then HCF step tested to determine the fatigue limit stress or threshold. Although the smooth bars showed little effect due to the preloading at negative R, the threshold results on the notched specimens that developed measurable cracks seem to show competing effects of underloading and Kmax overloading, dependent somewhat on precrack length. The specimens with smaller cracks nucleated at R = −3 tend to have a reduced HCF threshold compared to the conventional long crack threshold. Short crack effects and load-history effects are quantitatively explained with the aid of a Kitagawa diagram with an El Haddad short crack correction.
How Fast Do Winter Sports Participants Travel on Alpine Slopes?
Authors: Shealy JE , Ettlinger CF , Johnson RJ
Published: August 2005

This study was developed to empirically determine the impact of the following variables on the speeds of skiers and snowboarders: activity [skiing versus snowboarding], visibility [clear and sunny sky versus cloudy, overcast conditions], type of resort [day, destination, or combination], and helmets [use or not of helmet]. The study also evaluated differences in speed between males and females and the ability of subjects to estimate their speed.

The authors measured the speed of some 650 individuals at three different ski resorts in the U.S. during the winter of 2002/2003. One resort was primarily a destination resort in Utah, one was a day area in New York, and the third resort in Vermont had a combination of destination and day skiers. The speeds were determined by means of a calibrated radar speed gun. Speeds were gathered on consecutive skiers and snowboarders as they were observed from an uphill, looking downhill position. The speed recorded was the highest speed observed during a several second interval while the observed person went through several turns as the skiers and snowboarders moved away from the observer. All observations were made on wide, straight, well-groomed ‘blue square’ (more difficult) trails. The slopes ranged from 16–20° in steepness.

The average speed for all observations was 43.0 km/h (26.7 mph), with a standard deviation of 11.2 km/h (7.0 mph). The average speed for skiers of 44.5 km/h (27.6 mph) was significantly higher than that for snowboarders at 38.9 km/h (24.1 mph). The average speed under good visibility of 46.7 km/h (29.0 mph) was significantly higher than for poor visibility conditions at 38.3 km/h (23.7 mph). The average speed for helmet users of 45.8 km/h (28.4 mph) was significantly higher than those not using a helmet at 41.0 km/h (25.4 mph). Males ski and snowboard significantly faster than females. Skiers and snowboarders are fair at estimating their speed (r = 0.56), but they tend to underestimate their speeds the faster they go; for example, at an actual 48 km/h (30 mph), they estimate that they are traveling at 37 km/h (23 mph).

The observed speeds are well above the speeds (22.6 km/h, or 14.0 mph) used for ASTM F 2040 helmet testing protocols for recreational snow sports helmets.
Fluorescence Imaging for Investigating the Efficiency of Formulations, Adjuvants, and Application Systems
Authors: de Ruiter H , van der Schoor R , Jalink H
Published: August 2005

Several herbicides reduce, directly or indirectly, the efficiency of photosynthesis of plants. As a consequence, the fluorescence of the chlorophyll increases. The relative increase of fluorescence [(Fm-F0)/Fm] can be used to compare the influence of formulations and adjuvants on the activity of herbicides. This procedure allows the accurate and non-destructive screening of sprayed plants in the first minutes and hours after treatment. A new development is the automated imaging and quantification of the relative increase of fluorescence at the whole plant level. Use of a robot-arm enables a laser-camera to take pictures of the chlorophyll fluorescence of different plants with short time intervals between plants. This procedure makes it possible to screen hundreds of plants simultaneously. Individual pictures can be used, or pictures can be used to compose a video demonstrating the dynamics of the herbicide action. The potency of this technology for monitoring bentazon, glufosinate and glyphosate action is demonstrated. In addition to investigating the influence of formulations and adjuvants on herbicide activity, the fluorescence imaging technology can be used to monitor phytotoxicity of formulations and spray application parameters like water volume and drop size.
Applications of Ether Amine Surfactants in Agricultural Formulations: The Known and Unexplored
Authors: Lei Y
Published: August 2005

Ether amines, ether amine alkoxylates, and their derivatives have found increased use as agricultural surfactants in the past decade. Most of the documented applications of ether amine surfactants have been limited to glyphosate formulations, where ether amine ethoxylates, oxides, and quats have been demonstrated to be excellent adjuvants. Because of regulatory status and availability, their application potentials in agricultural formulations have not been fully explored. In this paper, we will review the unique physical properties of ether amines and amine ethoxylates and their applications as agricultural adjuvants. The potentials of these molecules in other formulations will be explored with exemplary formulations.
Agricultural Granule Particle Size Considerations
Authors: Goss GR
Published: August 2005

When developing a granular pesticide formulation, the choice of an appropriate particle size is crucial. Particle size may or may not affect the desired performance parameters. Some of the properties to consider are sorptivity, bulk density, particle count per unit weight, hardness, drift potential, and application pattern. Depending on the nature of the carrier, particle size has little effect on bulk density and sorptivity. Particle size affects particle count per unit weight, drift potential, and possibly application pattern.
On Secondary β-Nb Phase Precipitation within Primary α-Zr Phase in Zr-Nb Alloys During Tensile Deformation
Authors: Kapoor K , Padmaprabu C , Saroja S , Paul T , Rao SVR , Sanyal T , Narayan Rao M , Saibaba N , Kashyap BP
Published: August 2005

Two-phase alloys of zirconium, Zr-1wt% Nb and Zr-2.5wt% Nb, are widely used in nuclear reactors as fuel-clad and structural material, respectively. Post-irradiation studies on Zr-Nb alloys have shown Nb rich β (containing more than 50wt% Nb) precipitation within the α-Zr phase. In the present study, slow deformation of the two alloys at elevated temperature was carried out on unirradiated material at different temperature up to 873 K. Secondary phase (β-Nb), identified by TEM, micro diffraction and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, was observed to precipitate within the primary phase (α-Zr), which is similar to the observations in the irradiated material. The precipitation was dependent on temperature and imposed strain. Measurements of the lattice parameter of the α-Zr phase using X-ray diffraction show a sharp increase in samples deformed above 550 K, where the precipitation was also observed. This change is due to Nb drawn out of the supersaturated α-Zr phase during precipitation. There is a progressive increase in the dislocation density, measured by X-ray diffraction, due to strain on elevated temperature tensile deformation (up to 723 K). No such change in lattice parameter was observed in the case of samples aged at test temperatures without deformation. Dislocations generated during deformation provide enhanced Nb diffusivity, increased preferential nucleation sites, and reduced the strain energy required for nucleation of the β-Nb phase within the existing α-Zr phase. The similarity in the secondary phase precipitation observed between slow deformation at elevated temperature and irradiation is explained on the basis of dislocation-enhanced precipitation. The change in the texture due to the uniaxial tensile deformation at elevated temperature gives information on the acting deformation mechanisms. By measurement of texture at each test temperature, the deformation mechanisms were determined, which is related to the observed precipitation behavior.
Characterization and Analytical Application of the Ion-Association Complex of Nickel with Alizarin Yellow R and Eosin
Authors: Hashem EY
Published: August 2005

The reaction of nickel (II) with [5-(4-nitrophenylazo)salicylic acid] Alizarin yellow R (AYR) as a primary ligand and eosin as a secondary ligand was studied spectrophotometrically in the presence of Tween 80, 50 % (v/v) ethanol-water medium and an ionic strength of 0.1 M (NaClO4). The solution spectra of the mixed-ligand complex formed are characterized by high intensity (ɛ = 3.3 × 105 L mol-1cm-1) charge transfer at 575 nm. The study reveals the formation of an ion-association complex having the composition Ni: AYR: eosin (2: 1: 2), and the corresponding molecular formula is (Ni)2(AYR)(eosin)2. The optimum conditions for the spectrophotometric determination of Ni (II) have been established. A simple, sensitive, and selective method was proposed for the determination of Ni (II). The method has been applied successfully for the micro determination of Ni(II) in pharmaceutical samples. The mechanism of the reaction was also discussed.
The Performance of Different Analytical Approaches Measuring Respirable Quartz In the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP) and the Precision and Limit of Detection of the Direct On-Air-Filter Analysis Methods
Authors: Stacey PR
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the technique used to prepare replicate samples of respirable α-quartz on GLA5000 filters and the precision of the samples, and it compares the performance of different analytical methods for the measurement of quartz in air, used by laboratories that participate in the United Kingdom (UK) proficiency-testing program the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP). The average within laboratory relative standard deviation (RSD) of results submitted by a laboratory using an on-filter analysis method was 8.8%. The small number of laboratories using indirect methods in the program produced the most variable data (6–34 % RSD). A robust estimate of analytical precision for an 8-h sample containing 0.05 mg/m3 of quartz (53 μg on the filter) is about ± 12 % (1σ) for the direct on-filter XRD method and about ± 14 % (1σ) for the direct on-filter infrared method. The analytical precision estimates for a 4-h sample (26 μg on the filter) are likely to exceed 30 % (1.96σ). The limits of detection for the direct on-filter analysis methods are comparable with those stated in the NIOSH methods [1,2], and a comparison of the performance of X-ray diffraction and infrared analysis shows that the difference between results produced from the two techniques is insignificant for some types of dust(s).
Statistical Significance of the Restrained Slab Test for Quantifying Plastic Cracking in Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Qi C , Weiss J , Olek J
Published: August 2005

Fiber reinforcement has been shown to reduce the detrimental aspects of plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete. However, no standard test method currently exists to quantify the efficiency of various types or volumes of fiber reinforcement. This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the restrained slab test for assessing plastic shrinkage cracking. Plastic cracking was initiated in a drying environment, and the cracks that developed in the restrained slab were analyzed using both optical microscopy and automated image analysis. The crack width data were analyzed to determine the number of measurements that are required to provide reasonable statistical significance. Statistical analysis was used to establish the variability that can be expected with this test method. The crack reduction ratio (CRR) was assessed to determine the number of replicate specimens required for a given level of statistical significance. In addition, a modified Weibull approach was used to quantify the variable nature of crack width measurements using three parameters that are related to physical features of the crack.
Cement-Admixture Interactions Related to Aluminate Control
Authors: Sandberg PJ , Roberts LR
Published: August 2005

Proper aluminate control has a strong effect on the performance of most portland cement based mixtures. Insufficient aluminate control typically results in poor admixture dosage efficiency, loss of workability, and in extreme cases abnormal retardation of strength development. The amount of soluble sulfate needed for proper aluminate control depends on the reactivity of the aluminate phases, not the nominal amount given by chemical analysis. Many admixtures impact both the reactivity of the cement phases, the dispersion and wetting of cement grains, and sometimes also the rate of dissolution of the sulfates. Hence, it is imperative that cement and admixture must be tested together in performance tests. This paper reviews some basic cement-admixture chemical interactions and presents some examples of the application of isothermal calorimetry as a performance test of the hydration kinetics of portland cement in the presence of admixtures.
Study of Nb and Fe Precipitation in α-Phase Temperature Range (400 to 550°C) in Zr-Nb-(Fe-Sn) Alloys
Authors: Toffolon-Masclet C , Barberis P , Brachet J-C , Mardon J-P , Legras L
Published: August 2005

This work is aimed at improving our knowledge of the Nb and Fe precipitation in the low α-temperature range as a function of Fe and Sn contents in ZrNb based alloys. Several experimental variants, with Nb contents ranging from 0.3–0.8 wt%, Fe from 0.01–0.5 wt% (and also Sn additions), have been studied, with special attention paid to the residual Nb content in the matrix, and to the SPP crystallographic nature and chemical composition as a function of the nominal alloy composition, annealing time/temperature, and initial metallurgical condition.

For ZrNb alloys, recent studies have pointed out the necessity of performing long term annealing treatments in order to avoid the persistence of metastable phases, and to reach a thermodynamic equilibrium state of precipitation. For that purpose, experimental alloys were annealed for up to 2 years at 400, 470, and 550°C. The evolution of SPP chemical compositions with temperature and annealing time was first quantified. For the longer annealing times, i.e., for conditions close to thermodynamic equilibrium, the results suggest an existence of a composition range for the SPP phases under equilibrium conditions. This specific point is currently taken into account to improve the thermodynamic description of the ZrNbFe phase diagram.

Also, the influence of preliminary cold work on the precipitation kinetics of equilibrium βNb phase has been investigated. This study was conducted on two Zr-1%Nb alloys containing initially metastable βZr precipitates. It was observed that cold work significantly accelerates the precipitation of equilibrium βNb phase, mainly for annealing treatments too short to allow significant recovery of the dislocation network, i.e., between 1 and 100 h of annealing.

Finally, all of these experimental results are discussed with regard to their consequences on the thermodynamic modeling of the equilibrium phase diagram and precipitation kinetics.
Temperature and Strain Rate Effects on Zr-1%Nb Alloy Deformation
Authors: Bocharov O , Zavodchikov S , Belov V , Kabanov A , Kotrekhov V , Rozhdestvenski V , Filippov V , Losistskiy A , Shikov A
Published: August 2005

A series of investigations has been performed to determine the maximum plasticity of Zr1%Nb alloy material. Also, the deformation limits for Zr1%Nb alloy material were determined. Tests in tension and compression were performed. During these tests the basic value of resistance to deformation and plasticity of the Zr-1%Nb alloy was determined under the temperature and strain rate conditions typical of hot deformation processing. The best temperature range is identified for the hot deformation processing of the Zr-1%Nb alloy. Also, a mathematical model is identified for the maximum plasticity as a function of the deformation conditions. That dependence has been used for the development of the high-tech processes for zirconium product manufacturing for nuclear application.
Improved ZIRLOTM Cladding Performance through Chemistry and Process Modifications
Authors: Yueh HK , Kesterson RL , Comstock RJ , Shah HH , Colburn DJ , Dahlback M , Hallstadius L
Published: August 2005

Since the introduction of the ZIRLO™ alloy for use in commercial nuclear light water reactors (LWRs) in the early nineties, work has continued on identifying chemistry and process changes to improve further the in-reactor corrosion performance of the alloy. Relative to the reference ZIRLO chemistry of Zr-1%Nb-1%Sn-0.1%Fe, a series of Zr-xNb-ySn-zFe alloys was fabricated to strip material and autoclave tested. The goal was to identify Zr-Nb-Sn-Fe compositions that would result in lower uniform corrosion rates in pure water and steam environments, while retaining resistance to accelerated corrosion in abnormal chemistry conditions, such as elevated lithium levels. The results of the study identified a reduction in tin content as having the greatest impact on improving the uniform corrosion performance. However, a minimum tin content was required to avoid accelerated corrosion in water containing 70-ppm Li. In the processing area, an extensive study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between thermal-mechanical processing, alloy microstructure (e.g., second phase particles), and corrosion performance. Processing variables following β-phase heat treatments included cold work, annealing temperature, and annealing time. Long-term autoclave tests performed in 633°K water containing 70-ppm lithium showed the uniform corrosion rate of the alloy is essentially optimized in cold-worked material after only 1 h of anneal at temperatures higher than 823°K. The autoclave results also showed a lower corrosion rate with decreasing processing temperatures. A low tin version of the ZIRLO alloy, with approximately 0.75 % tin content, was fabricated into fuel cladding and inserted as fuel rods in a commercial pressurized water reactor. After two 18-month cycles at high fuel duty and average burnups greater than 52 GWD/MTU, the peak oxide thickness in the low tin ZIRLO was significantly lower than reference ZIRLO.
Development of Fuel Clad Materials for High Burn-up Operation of LWR
Authors: Cho H-S , Kimura A , Ukai S , Fujiwara M
Published: August 2005

Oxide dispersion strengthening (ODS) steels have been considered to be very promising for fuel clad materials for high burn-up operation of light water reactor and super critical water reactor. For improving the corrosion resistance, increasing chromium concentration, which often resulted in degradation of mechanical properties and thermal embrittlement, has been required. In this work, the effects of aluminum addition on the mechanical properties of high chromium ODS steels have been investigated. Various ODS steels which have 14 ∼ 22 wt% Cr concentrations were made by mechanical alloying method. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties and the effect of thermal aging, a miniaturized Charpy V notch test and tensile test were performed before and after aging. 1) The addition of Al resulted in the decrease in anisotropy of tensile properties, although it reduced the tensile stress. 2) The impact properties of 19Cr-ODS steel are improved by the addition of Al.
Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study of Irradiated Martensitic Steels: Relation Between Microstructural Evolution and Hardening
Authors: Mathon M-H , de Carlan Y , Averty X , Alamo A , de Novion C-H
Published: August 2005

Martensitic/ferritic steels (containing 7–13 % Cr) are candidate materials for internal structures in pressurized water, fast breeder, and fusion reactors. Approval for use requires verification of structural stability under neutron irradiation in relation to the evolution of mechanical properties. In this context, several conventional and Reduced Activation (RA) martensitic materials were neutron irradiated at 325°C up to 6 dpa. They were investigated by Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) under a magnetic field after various doses.

It was shown that when the Cr content of the b.c.c. ferritic matrix was larger than a critical threshold value (∼ 7.2 at.% at 325°C), the ferrite separated under neutron irradiation into two isomorphous phases, Fe-rich (α) and Cr-rich (α′). The kinetics of phase separation is much faster than under thermal aging. The quantity of precipitated α′ phase increases with the Cr content and the irradiation dose. In the case of steel with the lowest Cr content (F82H) irradiated at 5.6 dpa at 325°C, the α′ phase does not form, and the SANS signal suggests a small contribution due to vacancy clusters. It was believed that these could contribute to the “black dots” observed by TEM. Furthermore, we studied the microstructural features responsible for the secondary hardening phenomenon detected in the as-quenched F82H martensitic steel during irradiation or annealing.

In addition, the microstructural evolution of the Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel MA957, which presents an excellent hardening/ductility compromise after irradiation, has been also characterized. The stability of the oxides has been elucidated, and an important α′ volume fraction has been detected.

The contribution of α′ to the irradiation-induced hardening was assessed. This, although not negligible, is not the critical factor in normalized and tempered or cold-worked steels. However, it may be the main contribution to hardening in MA957.
TEM Examinations of the Metal-Oxide Interface of Zirconium Based Alloys Irradiated in a Pressurized Water Reactor
Authors: Abolhassani S , Restani R , Rebac T , Groeschel F , Hoffelner W , Bart G , Goll W , Aeschbach F
Published: August 2005

Metal-oxide interfaces of three different materials irradiated in a pressurized water reactor have been analyzed by TEM and AEM. Standard Zircaloy-4, low-tin Zircaloy-4, and Zr-2.5%Nb were used for this study. The microstructure of the material on the two sides of the metal-oxide interface, the geometry of the interface, the distribution of different alloying elements, and the oxygen profile have been examined in each material. Results of the examinations showed that the three materials had different microstructure and oxygen distribution on the two sides of the metal-oxide interface. In particular, the following parameters were noticed: a) the geometry of the interface seems to be of a different nature in the case of Zr-2.5%Nb alloy. Unlike the Zircaloy-4 alloys, which show an undulated interface, this material has a “jigsaw” type interface. This point is discussed, and its role on the oxidation is considered. b) Hydrides are observed and analyzed in the vicinity of the interface in the case of low-tin Zircaloy-4, and it is shown that they can have an influence on the occurrence of cracks in this material. c) The origins of stress are discussed, and it is shown that it can have different sources. The crystal structure of the oxides is mainly monoclinic. A tetragonal oxide is observed at some regions, in particular in the standard Zircaloy-4.