bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of a Randomized and Two Quasi-Experimental Designs in a Single Outcome Evaluation
Authors: Aiken Leona S. , West Stephen G. , Schwalm David E. , Carroll James L. , Hsiung Shenghwa
Published: March 2007

The authors assessed the impact of three designs (randomized experiment, nonequivalent control group design, regression discontinuity design) on estimates of effect size of a university-level freshman remedial writing program. Designs were implemented within the same context, same time frame, and with the same population. The 375 freshman participants were either randomly assigned or self-selected into specific evaluation groups, according to design protocols. The three designs led to highly similar effect size estimates of the impact of a semester of remedial writing on writing outcomes following standard freshman composition. Specific design features contributed to the convergence of effect size estimates across designs.
The Concept of Theme as Used in Qualitative Nursing Research
Authors: DeSantis Lydia , Ugarriza Doris Noel
Published: March 2007

The concept of theme is critical to the accurate interpretation of qualitative data. A literature review of qualitative research methodology and nursing research studies reveals considerable diversity in the identification of themes, the interpretation of the concept, and its function in data analysis. Part of the problem is the transfer of research methods from other disciplines to the study of nursing phenomena. The transfer often results in a blending of distinct research methods that compromises methodological rigor in data analysis and theory generation. A definition of theme is developed from the literature review and interdisciplinary definitions and descriptions. Five aspects of a theme and criteria foundational to the definition and concept of theme are identified. Implications of the concept of theme are presented for the conduct and application of research findings to the practice and development of nursing science.
Perceptions about Risk for HIV/AIDS among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention
Authors: Anderson Nancy Lois Ruth , Nyamathi Adeline , McAvoy Julie A. , Conde Francisco , Casey Conerly
Published: March 2007

Although progress has been made toward reducing risk-taking behavior among teens, adolescents confined in juvenile detention facilities and youths living in inner cities remain vulnerable. Reaching these populations with appropriate risk-reduction strategies continues to challenge health providers and educators. Crucial first steps in the design of relevant programs involve discovering how at-risk teens perceive risk and which risks and dangers within their communities occupy their attention. Participants in this study did not identify HIV/AIDS as a primary concern; instead, they described the dangers and risks they encountered in their home neighborhoods. Based on these findings, this discussion addresses the implications for the development of health education programs to empower teens for responsible behavior after release from detention.
A Grounded Theory of Families Responding to Mental Illness
Authors: Rose Linda , Mallinson R. Kevin , Walton-Moss Benita
Published: March 2007

Despite decades of research documenting family burden related to mental illness of a relative, little is known about families’ responses over time. A grounded theory study was designed to describe families’ responses to these severe mental illnesses. Twenty-nine participants representing 17 families were interviewed 3 times over 2 years. Interviews were analyzed using constant comparison. Living with ambiguity of mental illness was the central concern. The basic social process was pursuing normalcy and included confronting the ambiguity of mental illness, seeking to control impact of the illness, and seeing possibilities for the future. Goals were managing crises, containing and controlling symptoms, and crafting a notion of “normal.” Strategies were being vigilant, setting limits on patients, invoking logic, dealing with sense of loss, seeing patients’ strengths, and taking on roles. The study revealed that families were profoundly affected by the social contexts of mental illnesses.
A Feminist Approach to Concept Analysis
Authors: Wuest Judith
Published: March 2007

Concept analysis is an important device for clanfying the meaning of concepts and the foundations of nursing theory, research, and practice. Exploration of traditional approaches to concept analysis reveals the limitations of these methods for contextual analysis that acknowledges the social construction of the concept and acknowledges gender, class, and racial bias. Concept analysis conducted from a feminist perspective overcomes these weaknesses and becomes a powerful toolfor the development of nursing knowledge.
Nutrition Preparation and the Geriatric Nurse
Authors: Lindseth Glenda
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not geriatric nurses are prepared to implement nutrition interventionsfor high-risk elderly patients. Manyfactors can influence poor dietary intakes among the elderly, thus contributing to disease and impeding recovery from illness. The nurse, the main caregiver, must be prepared to care for this vulnerable population. Seventy-one geriatric nurses from randomly selected nursing homes and swing-bed facilities within a midwestern state were selectedfor participation in this descriptive-correlational study. The nurses were evaluatedfor nutrition knowledge as well as for demographic and educational correlates. This study supports a moderate correlation between the number and type of nutrition-related continuing education programs and nutrition knowledge levels of the geriatric nurses. Significant differences were found in geriatric nurses'nutrition knowledge scores in the following nutrition content areas: nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism; nutrition throughout the life cycle; diet and disease; cultural and regulatory considerations forfood and nutrition; and nutrient quality.
Issues in Conducting Research with Vulnerable Families
Authors: Demi Alice S. , Warren Nancy A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores methodological and ethical issues in the conduct of research with vulnerable families. Some methodological and ethical issues are common to allfamily research, regardless of the families'vulnerability; however, many research issues are more problematic in vulnerable families, and a few issues are relatively unique to vulnerable families. Vulnerable families are defined as families that are susceptible to harm because of their socioeconomic status, their minority status, or other stigmatizing status. Methodological issues include definition of family; recruitment and retention of participants; reliability and validity of instruments; and racism, classism, and sexism. Ethical issues include confidentiality, reporting abuse and neglect, conflict of research ethics and personal ethics, identifying problems nobody can fix, balancing demands and benefits, and interpretation of data. Examples of methodological and ethical issues are drawn from several research studies in which the primary author was or is currently involved.
Emotions, Coping, and Psychological Well-Being in Elderly People with Arthritis
Authors: Downe-Wamboldt Barbara L. , Melanson Patricia M.
Published: March 2007

Rheumatoid arthritis, the most destructive and crippling of allforms of arthritis, poses a number of stressful demands on individuals. In a sample of elderly women (N = 59) and men (N = 19) with rheumatoid arthritis, the relationship between social economic status, severity of impairment, sex, stress emotions, type of coping strategy, and psychological well-being was explored. Path analysis results indicated that higher social economic status was directly related to greater use of confrontive types of coping strategies. Severity of impairment had a direct, negative influence on psychological well-being, but sex was not an important factor Optimistic coping strategies were used most often and emotive coping strategies the least.
Beliefs, Values, and Practices of Navajo Childbearing Women
Authors: Dempsey Patricia , Gesse Theresa
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this exploratory-descriptive study is to describe the beliefs, values, and practices regarding the childbearing experience as perceived by a sample of Navajo childbearing women. The methodology is a replication of that used in previous studies by the researchers and colleagues who investigated the childbearing experience as perceived by childbearing women of five other culture s. A Navajo nurse interviewed 20 pregnant Navajo women between 16 and 38years ofage who reside on the Navajo reservation. The 35items with which at least 12 subjects agreed are reported. The great diversity in beliefs, values, and practices reported by this sample of Navajo childbearing women is consistent withfindings of thefive previous studies. The results reemphasize the needfor individualized culture-specific assessment of each Navajo childbearing client to provide health care that is truly sensitive to her cultural needs.
Discovering Life Quality in Coping with Dementia
Authors: Quayhagen Mary P. , Quayhagen Margaret
Published: March 2007

Using qualitative techniques, data were obtainedfrom 20 informants, comprising 10 caregiving dyads-that is, the caregiver and the spouse diagnosed with possible or probable Alzheimer's disease in the mild to moderate stages. Processes were identified in caregiving reactions and interactions during implementation of a cognitive remediation intervention designed to disrupt the trajectory of decline in dementia. Of interest was the impact of the implementation process on both the Alzheimer-diagnosed care recipient and the caregiver, as individuals and as a dyad. A four-phase process model of discovering life quality was delineated through analysis of log recordings, interviews and observational notes, and written evaluative responses of thefamilies. The phases that emerged from the data address movement from an initial state of depleted interaction to a regaining of familial life quality.
Family Members' Experiences Living with Members with Depression
Authors: Badger Terry A.
Published: March 2007

Using interview datafrom 11 family members and grounded theory methods, this study describes family members'experiences in living with a member with depression. Findings suggest that this process can be described as family transformations. In the first stage of this processacknowledging the strangers within-family members described observing the metamorphosis of the person and other family members, finding socially acceptable explanations, living two lives, searchingfor reasons and solutions, and hopingforwhatwas. In the second stage-fighting the battle-family members alternated between the strategies of holding our ground (protective) and of movingforward (coercive) to counteract the metamorphosis, and the strategy of working the system to get help for their ill member. In the third and final stage, family members described gaining a new perspective and identified preserving oneself refocusing on others, redesigning the relationship, and becoming hopeful as strategies used in this stage.
The Meaning of Relocation among Elderly Religious Sisters
Authors: Johnson Rebecca A.
Published: March 2007

The meaning of involuntary, intra-institutional relocation (a move in primary living space) was constructed in this qualitative study through semistructured interviews with 12 elderly religious sisters. A thematic analysis of the data elicited from audiotape-recorded interviews was conducted. Overall, themes emerging from the sisters'discussion of the relocation included relocation as preparation for the future (to ensure their care in advancing years) and possibilities and consequences (resulting in improved living conditions together with sacrifice, uprooting, isolation, and distancing). Although relocation was seen as a largely positive event, it also had negative meaning for the subjects.
Family Stress and Support among Former Soviet Immigrants
Authors: Aroian Karen J. , Spitzer Ada , Bell Margaret
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to investigate types of family support and stress among former Soviet immigrants. Forty-two immigrants (14 males and 28 females) were interviewed about their immigration experiences, including description of current relationships with family in the resettlement country. Content analysis of interview data documented that immigrant families can be a valuable source of emotional and/or instrumental support. Immigrant families, however, can also be too overwhelmed by their own immigration demands to provide support or can generate additional stress for its members. Types of family stress included conflict from differing values and opinions, increased responsibility for family members who could not manage resettlement on their own, family members 'emotional distress over immigration experiences, unmet expectationsfor family members'adjustment, and changes in household composition and living arrangements upon arrival in the United States.
Home-Care Nurses as Strangers in the Family
Authors: Coffman Sherrilyn
Published: March 2007

As nurses move from the hospital into the home setting, they are challenged to examine boundaries ofpractice andfamily-nurse relationships. This phenomenological study was undertaken to explore the experiences of nurses working with families of technology-dependent children in the home. The main theme emerging from the data was the nurse's presence as "a stranger in the family. " Additional themes focused on the nurse's advocacy for the child and family, boundary setting, collaboration, and occupational demands.
Cardiovascular Disease-Related Diet and Exercise Experiences of Immigrant Mexican Women
Authors: Juarbe Teresa C.
Published: March 2007

In this study, I describe the cardiovascular-related diet and exercise experiences of 24 married immigrant Mexican women (21 to 40 years-old) who have children. I used semistructured taped interviews in Spanish to elicit qualitative data concerning the diet and exercise experiences of this sample. The data were analyzed in Spanish using grounded theory procedures. A majorfinding in this study is a core process of realizing a covert overweight image. Women described an ongoing process of coming to terms with diet and exercise decisions in a sociocultural disempowering environment that limited their options to promote their health. Despite these limitations, some of the women assessed and formulated options that developed into transcending strategies for engaging in diet and exercise behaviors. Such sociocultural factors as women's roles and theirsocial support structures were found to be critical in describing those behaviors.
Texts in Context: Intertextuality, Hybridity, and the Negotiation of Cultural Identity in Japan
Authors: Darling-Wolf Fabienne
Published: March 2007

Based on insights collected during eight months of fieldwork recently conducted in rural southern Japan and the urban center of Kyoto, this article explores how Western cultural texts are adopted, adapted, and interpreted within the Japanese popular cultural environment. It first examines the theoretical development of the concept of Western cultural influence—from discourses of cultural imperialism to more recent interpretations of culture as hybrid and ever changing—and its particular significance to Japanese culture. It then attempts to locate Western texts and Western imagery within the larger Japanese cultural, historical, and media environment into which such texts are exported and consumed.
Watching Music: Interpretations of Visual Music Performance
Authors: Berry Venise T. , Shelton Vanessa
Published: March 2007

The discourse concerning audience interpretation of media, particularly music videos, has shifted to focus on individual understanding. The individual controls his or her final interpretation based on personal, cultural, and social experiences. This study, using a questionnaire and focus groups, looks at how visual music performance is interpreted, particularly how gender and race influences individual relevancy and understanding. Five music videos offering a variety of themes and levels of interpretation were reviewed by a diverse group of twentyfive college students. Personal, cultural, and social relevancy of the mediated themes and images, along with the racial and gender background of participants, significantly influenced interpretations and understandings. As music videos and other media gain prominence in our daily lives, this study adds insight into the connection between polysemous texts and polyvalent audiences.
Media Cultural Studies' Uncomfortable Embrace of Ethnography
Authors: Murphy Patrick D.
Published: March 2007

This article explores ethnography's place in media cultural studies by examining obstacles that have frustrated ethnographic practice. The author argues that although audience ethnographies developed in cultural studies have nourished theory, most disparage fieldwork in favor of more abstract theoretical exercises. Resistance studies, postmodernism, and anthropology's encounter with post-structuralism are examined in relation to this tendency in cultural studies. Conclusions are drawn that some ethnographers already offer new methodological approaches that could provide a point of departure for the reinvestment in media ethnography. However, to make these approaches useful, audience ethnographers must reconsider the heuristic value of doing fieldwork. Moreover, new ethnographies could help contextualize and strengthen the more abstract theorizing of cultural studies by providing links and revealing tensions between private appropriations and structural determinations.
The Centrality of Central Asia
Authors: Frank Andre Gunder
Published: March 2007

From time to time Studies in History will carry a contribution challenging received wisdoms or turning long-standing issues on their head. Our first dialogue is initiated by Andre Gunder Frank who argues that the history of Central Asia is crucial to the understanding of developments in a very large part of the world. Four scholars of Central Asia then comment on this provocative thesis from an unabashed non-specialist, anchored in world-system theory. Daniel Balland comments as a geographer of the region, Thomas Barfield as an expert on China-Central Asia connexions. Mansura Haider specializes on medieval Central Asia and has a command over the Uzbeg and Persian language sources, and Lawrence Krader, known in India primarily as a Marxist theoretician, is an authority on political processes amongst Central Asian peoples. Frank's rejoinder sums up the debate—for the moment!
The New Right and Social Policy
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: March 2007

How far does the present government's social policy represent the practical politics of the radical right? While some aspects of policy can be interpreted as the expression of the doctrines of new right political economists, other aspects display strong continuities with the practice of previous govern ments. The distinctive nature of the new right is most clearly displayed in political rhetoric and in qualitative aspects of policy. Electoral success sets the seal on a shift in political debate that has taken place through the seventies.

The phenomenon of the growth of right-wing politics has been analysed at two levels: the structural level of the functional imperatives of the developing crisis of capitalism and the superstructural level of the capacity of ruling groups to construct the appropriate mass ideology — authoritarian populism. It is argued that any materialist account must attempt to link these two levels. The genesis of currents in popular con sciousness is of crucial importance to political shifts in democratic societies. It is suggested that the ideological basis to the trend to the right is both a lack of apprehension of solidaristic class interest and a growing conscious ness that available collective forms, like the welfare state, fail to serve perceived individual interests. The lived experience of state welfare has tended to make the individualism expressed in the new right plausible to many people.
Ideologies of care: a feminist contribution to the debate
Authors: Dalley Gillian
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the ideological grounds underlying the dominant call for care of the chronically ill and disabled to be located 'in the community. ' It looks also at some of the competing concepts which are, nevertheless, rejected. The paper suggests that the ideologies of certain professions and the policies of certain agencies have chosen to incorporate some of the con cepts current during the past two decades and to reject others; and that this has had demonstrable consequences for the development ofpolicies relat ing to the provision of long-term care in the present period. Principally, it looks at a concept which has got lost - the concept of communality.
The Labour Party and neighbourhood decentralisation: flirtation or commitment?
Authors: Beuret Kristine , Stoker Gerry
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s a number of Labour local authorities committed themselves to decentralising service delivery to neighbourhood bases and establishing new mechanisms of consumer control. Achievements in practice have been limited. This article examines the reasons behind the failure to push ahead aggressively with decentralisation. Public expenditure constraints and the resistance of established organisational interests are identified as important factors. It is further argued that on close examination the nature of Labour's support for decentralisation is, in some cases, conditional and pragmatic, and in others, it is riddled with contradictions and tensions. In short, Labour's failure reflects an under lying uncertainty about whether it wants a full-blooded decentralisation.
Citizenship and social power
Authors: Taylor David
Published: March 2007

To be of use the concept of citizenship must be taken out of its liberal history and retl?ought. The nationalistic context in which it has evolved is one associated ¡.vith a set ofinclusionary artd exclusionary practices based on a variety of Janns of sodal power. Citizenship has not been realised for excluded groups either through the false collectivism of social democratic welfare, or through the consumerist 'detnocracy'of the market. The state/market dichotomy is ill fact a false one. Neither exist as autonomous spheres but exist only as organisational principles with.ill the totality of social relations. These social relations must be situated in the context of underlying power based not only on property but on 'race'and gender as well. These pmver relations structure the spaces of the market and the state and thus limit the ectent to which either ean fic~f~f the ideal of citizenship. It is not, then, simply> to a set of legal reforms based on universalistic concept of rights that we should look in order to promote active citizenship, but to a 'dynamic' concept of need.
The struggle against the poll tax in Scotland
Authors: Lavalette Michael , Mooney Gerry
Published: March 2007

April the first, 1989, was an historic day in Scotland. Traditionally April Fool's Day has historically given rise to a wide-range of pracical jokes and stunts, a day for laughing as friends and enemies are caught unawares. But this year's April Fools Day was not a laughing matter for the vast majority of Scotland's population. As 25,000 demonstrators marched through Edinburgh in a protest against the Poll Tax, 3.9 million Scots started receiving their first Community Charge' bills, replacing the Domestic Rating System which was abolished under the Abolition of Domestic Rates etc (Scotland) Act, 1987 The Poll Tax legislation for England and Wales, contained in the Local Government Finance Act, 1988, will come into force on April 1, 1990.
A new deal for the mentally ill: Progress or propaganda?
Authors: Chapman Tom , Goodwin Simon , Hennelly Rick
Published: March 2007

Since the late 1950s, successive British government's have embraced the philosophy of caring for dependent groups in the community in prefer ence to institutions. Yet through this period it has become commonplace for social policy analysts to deride the gap between political and profes sional rhetoric, and the lived experiences of the users of services and informal carers.The policy has become characterised as by the communority, and not care in the community (Walker, 1982).

After much prevarication, the present govermment has provided a policy framework which purports to offer the prospect of a better deal for those who need care, and their carers. This paper axamines the adequacy of this policy framework, and argues that serious faiging exist withine it. Unwar ranted assumptions, contradictory policy aims, and substantial amissions characterise the most recent attempt to improve communty care policy. Based on this analysis, we argue that a radical; historically based, review of recent develppments of the mental health services is urgently required.
Between the devil and the deep blue sea: managing the NHS in the wake of the 1990 Act
Authors: Allsop Judith , May Annabelle
Published: March 2007

The article traces the ideological origins of the 1990 NHS and Com munity Care Act, and the growing political emphasis on managrement and the introduction of an internal market. It argues that while both managerial power and responsibilities have increased, the fragmen tation of agencies at the periphery together with a policy vacuum at the centre have created constraints as well as challenges for managers. While some positive outcomes are discernible, issues of equity, purpose and accountability continue to pose complex problems for managers and for the populations they serve.1
Towards racial j ustice? A re-evaluation of anti-racism
Authors: Macey Marie
Published: March 2007

In this paper I suggest that the weakness of much anti-racism stems from its inaccurate conceptual and analytical base and its inadequate analysis of socio-economic reality. The result has been the formu lation of unrealistic policies which had negative consequences for individuals, groups and society, and the widespread rejection of all anti-racism. I suggest that a potentially radical way forward in the struggle for racial justice involves the resurrection of some currently discredited concepts in the framework of a broader movement for human rights which acknowledges the interaction and intersection of class, gender (and other) oppressions.
Child-care: the changing boundaries of family, economy and state
Authors: Scott Gill
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to outline and analyse the policies and prac tices that are now being developed throughout the UK in the area of child-care related to work. A growing recognition of the role of child care in economic development by employers and economic regeneration agencies is identified and an evaluation attempted of the extent to which these represent significant shifts in the boundaries between state, family and market. The article also attempts to examine the impact of work- related child-care and family-friendly policies on women's economic independence and directs attention towards the very different experience for high and low paid workers, before highlighting alternative strategies which could produce clearer labour market rewards for all women and their families.
Visible Acts of Meaning
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin , Chovil Nicole
Published: March 2007

The authors propose that dialogue in face-to-face interaction is both audible and visible; language use in this setting includes visible acts of meaning such as facial displays and hand gestures. Several criteria distinguish these from other nonverbal acts: (a) They are sensitive to a sender-receiver relationship in that they are less likely to occur when an addressee will not see them, (b) they are analogically encoded symbols, (c) their meaning can be explicated or demonstrated in context, and (d) they are fully integrated with the accompanying words, although they may be redundant or nonredundant with these words. For these particular acts, the authors eschew the term nonverbal communication because it is a negative definition based solely on physical source. Instead, they propose an integrated message model in which the moment-by-moment audible and visible communicative acts are treated as a unified whole.
Female and Male Managers’ and Professionals’ Criticism Giving
Authors: Mulac Anthony , Seibold David R. , Farris Jennifer Lee
Published: March 2007

Study 1 investigated differences in the language used by 86 female and male middle managers and career professionals during role plays of criticism that they had recently voiced to a colleague. Discriminant analysis revealed significant differences in language use, permitting 72% accurate gender reclassification. The language features more indicative of men were number of words, negations, questions, judgmental adjectives, references to emotion, and oppositions. Those more predictive of women were intensive adverbs, longer mean length sentences, hedges, directives, dependent clauses, and sentence initial adverbials. However, nearly one half of these gender indicators had been found in previous research to be predictive of the opposite gender. In Study 2, effects of these language differences on third-party observers’ judgments were assessed. Contrary to earlier research in nonorganizational settings, no differences were found on Socio-Intellectual Status, Aesthetic Quality, or Dynamism. Results indicated a gender-differentiating, but counterstereotypical, language use of female and male managers and career professionals in criticism giving.
Older Adults’ Responses to Patronizing Advice
Authors: Hummert Mary Lee , Mazloff Debra C.
Published: March 2007

Following Okamoto and Robinson, two studies extended the study of politeness in context to a consideration of how older individuals respond to advice delivered in a patronizing (impolite) or affirming (polite) manner. Study 1 involved older persons in focus groups that considered contexts for, perceptions of, and responses to patronizing advice. Study 2 collected oral responses from other older individuals in a 2 (advice style: patronizing/affirming) 2 (context: community/hospital) design. Together, the studies showed that participants perceived at least five ways of responding to patronizing advice (appreciative, assertive, passive, ignoring, condescending) that vary from highly polite (appreciative) to polite to impolite (condescending). Results from Study 2 supported the hypothesis that evaluations of advice and responses would show that the hospital context legitimates a patronizing advice style, consistent with the general framework of Politeness Theory. Other results reinforced the complexity and challenges of using the theory to interpret behaviors in context.
Implicit Causality in Language
Authors: Corrigan Roberta
Published: March 2007

This research explored how basic semantic dimensions of evaluation, potency, and activity influence attributions of who causes an interpersonal event. Two experiments examined how the dimensions affected (a) college students’ judgments about which particular social identities were better agents or patients for generic positive and negative actions and (b) their judgments about who caused specific actions described by sentences containing the same identities. The semantic characteristics of the nouns and verbs and “goodness of thematic role” accounted for 44% of the variance in attribution judgments. Experiment 3 examined the effects of evaluation and potency on state verbs. Attributions were again made to the thematic role whose traits matched the valence of the state’s evaluation. More potent subjects and more potent verbs elicited stronger attributions. Thus, basic dimensions of affective meaning that underlie the words used to describe interpersonal interactions help account for observers’ judgments of who is responsible for those events.
Communication Evaluations Across the Life Span
Authors: Williams Angie , Garrett Peter
Published: March 2007

In this study, 490 community adults aged 20 to 59 evaluated their experiences with non-family members aged 13 to 16 years, 65 to 85 years, and their own age, in terms of their perceptions of both the others’ and their own communicative behavior. As well as validating previous research that suggested that nonaccommodation, accommodation, and respect/obligation are important evaluative dimensions for communication between younger and older people, these results revealed two relatively new evaluative dimensions—noncommunication and self-promotion—which seem particularly relevant for perceptions of communication with 13- to 16-year-olds. Overall, although elders are perceived as more nonaccommodative, 13- to 16-year-olds were viewed as more noncommunicative, less accommodative, and more self-promotional. Findings also suggest changes in evaluations across the lifespan. For example, the older respondents tended to view elders more favorably. Results are discussed in the context of a plea for more research taking a developmental lifespan perspective on intergenerational communication.
Production Principles for Turn-Taking Rules in Social Interaction: Socially Anxious vs. Socially Secure Persons
Authors: Cappella Joseph N.
Published: March 2007

Turn-taking rules are one of the social abilities that are widely shared among social actors. Mutual adherence to these rules allows social interactions to proceed smoothly as the back and forth flow of speaking and listening roles are regulated. Evidence reviewed here suggests that certain behaviours involved in turn-taking rules, in particular eye gaze aversion, body-focused gesture, and pausing, are employed differently by socially anxious and socially secure persons. Possible reasons for such differences in the production of these behaviours by these two groups are discussed. The cognitive load experienced by socially anxious persons may explain why high anxious persons would exhibit more of these behaviours than low socially anxious persons. A secondary data analysis is reported testing this hypothesis on high and low socially anxious persons under conditions of greater and lesser cognitive load. Results supportive of the hypothesis were obtained for gesture and for pausing (but only for males) indicating that high socially anxious persons exhibit more of these behaviours under high load than do the less socially anxious. The data for gaze aversion did not support the hypothesis, exhibiting a trend in the opposite direction for males. Implications for training are discussed.
Language Attitudes, Frames of Reference, and Social Identity: A Scottish Dimension
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Hogg Michael A.
Published: March 2007

It was predicted from social identity and self-categorisation theories that ingroup speakers should attract more positive evaluations than outgroup speakers, especially when both are of equal status. However, the ingroup may be redefined by changes in the levels of categorisation salient to the perceiver. In Scotland, both intra-national and international levels are relevant at various times. Using the matched guise technique, in three conditions each possible pairing of middle class versions of Dundee, Glasgow (both Scottish) and RP English accents were presented to teenagers from Dundee. On ratings of speaker status, likely employment, and solidarity there was a clear pattern of ingroup favouritism. As predicted, the ingroup accents were evaluated positively and out-group negatively. Thus, Glasgow accents were evaluated negatively when contrasted with Dundee accents, but positively when contrasted with RP. Moreover, levels of ingroup favouritism correlated positively with measures of identification with Scotland. The data suggest language attitudes are susceptible to considerable variation, depending on the level of self-categorisation salient to the perceiver. Implications for issues of ethnolinguistic vitality and for the similarity attraction hypothesis are discussed.
Language and Intergroup Perception in Spain
Authors: Ros Maria , Cano J. Ignacio , Huici Carmen
Published: March 2007

With the background of the multilingual situation in Spain, which has undergone a very rapid change in the past decade, this study centres in the intergroup perception of social groups who share Castilian (Spanish) with their own ethnic languages, Catalan, Basque, Galician or Valencian. A sample of 165 university students answered several questions related to language competence, attitudes, social status and ingroup social identity. Using the matched-guise technique they also evaluated speakers representative of the five linguistic communities. Results show that the content of social categories (stereotypes) and language attitudes vary according to ingroup social identity and subjective vitality of their languages.
The Effects of Gender, Gender Role, and Values on the Interpretation of Messages
Authors: Edwards Renee
Published: March 2007

The interpretation of messages is a mental process that necessarily accompanies communication. It is theoretically related to relational communication but includes both denotative and connotative meanings as well as speaker's intent. This study initiates a program of research on message interpretation by exploring the role ofgender, gender role, and values in interpreting messages. Of the subjects, 175 rated supportive and controlling interpretations of messages in four scenarios. Gender of subject, gender of the source of the message, communal gender role, and masculine values interact to influence message interpretation, but the type of interpretation depends on the scenario. Additionally, reported communication difficulty is greatest for opposite-sex communication for males, followed by opposite sex communication for females, same-sex communication for females, and same-sex communication for males. Gender processes are associated with the difficulty of same-sex communication; both gender and interpretive processes influence opposite-sex communication difficulty.
Discursive Constructions of Racial Boundaries and Self-Segregation on Campus
Authors: Buttny Richard
Published: March 2007

This discourse analysis examines North American college students’ discursive constructions of racial boundaries, difference, and voluntary segregation on campus. Participants watched the documentary, Racism 101, at home with others and immediately afterwards tape-recorded their discussion about the video and related race matters. None of the participants disagreed with the existence of separateness on campus; they did, however, offer different accounts and positions. Some criticized such self-segregation while others justified it as understandable due to commonalities or differences. Still other individuals were ambivalent or avowed conflicting accounts, which seemed to reflect a dilemma, such as wanting more meaningful interracial contact but being unable to know how to achieve it. African Americans cited preserving group identity as a justification for boundaries. The findings fit with racial formation theory in that participants are partaking in different discourses so as to articulate, explore, or criticize different positions on interracial matters.
Home Background Characteristics and Second Language Learning
Authors: Gardner R. C. , Masgoret Anne-Marie , Tremblay Paul F.
Published: March 2007

Some researchers investigating second language acquisition argue that the sociocultural milieu of the learner influences individual difference variables involved in learning a second language. This study investigated this link by assessing the linguistic nature of the home community, respondents’ recollections of early experiences in second language learning, and their current attitudes and beliefs about language learning and bilingualism. The sample consisted of 109 1st-year university students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Support was found for a causal model that indicated that early sociocultural experiences, as reflected in respondents’ recollections, influence their current cultural attitudes, motivation to learn a second language, and self-perceptions of second language proficiency.
Senior Management, Classroom Teacher and Governor Responses to Local Management of Schools
Authors: Marren Eamon , Levacic Rosalind
Published: March 2007

Eamon Marren, Education Officer, Borough of Kingston and Rosalind Levač ič , Centre for Educational Policy and Management at the Open University, report on research in which they examine the positive and negative views of the Local Management of Schools held by senior managers, governors and classroom teachers in 11 case study schools within one LEA.
The Policy-making Capacity of Schools
Authors: Sleegers Peter , Bergen Theo , Giesbers Jan
Published: March 2007

Sleegers, Bergen and Giesbers all work at the Department of Education of the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands. In this paper they consider two key questions. Firstly, is it possible to distinguish types of schools on the basis of their policy-making capacity. Secondly, do schools currently differ in their use of the scope for policy-making as a result of such differences in capacity. Their answers to both questions are in the affirmative.
Taking Nothing for Granted
Authors: Hayes Denis
Published: March 2007

Denis Hayes is a Lecturer within the Rolle School of Education of the University of Plymouth. In this article he discusses an ethnographic style case study of the trials and triumphs of a primary-school headteacher as she attempted to develop a collaborative approach to decision-making.
Action Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Naftalin Irene H.
Published: March 2007

The action learning experience which informs this paper is drawn from the author's 3 years of working as a Set Adviser in Action Learning Sets offered as the learning mode for final year students in a part-time MSc course in Educational Management in the UK. This paper explores the hypothesis that the academic demands of an award-bearing programme and those of action learning impact upon each other detrimentally. It concludes with a proposal which attempts to offer greater clarity by separating the two strands of the activity and suggests that a design of action learning modelled on Revans's work might be effective.
Key Performance Indicators for Primary School Improvement
Authors: Strand Steve
Published: March 2007

Over recent times increasing attention has been given to the development of performance indicators (PI) for schools. However, much of this work is characterized by the assumption that PIs will somehow `speak for themselves' and strikingly little effort has been made to explore how they can be used to promote school improvement. This paper describes the system of PIs for primary schools employed within one LEA, and in particular focuses on the link between the PIs and concurrent efforts on the part of the LEA to support school improvement. These efforts include a research programme which aims to translate the PIs into targets for improvement appropriate to each school and a programme of Annual School Reviews undertaken by the LEA inspectorate.
From Lady Teacher to Professional
Authors: Watts Ruth
Published: March 2007

In recent years there has been a growing interest in gender in educational management. In the late 1990s, such interest has gone beyond the issue of the under-representation of women in senior positions. Against this backdrop, this paper investigates the professional identity and leadership styles of women headteachers by taking us back to the latter decades of the 19th century when the first secondary schools for girls were established. In doing so it explores a number of issues using a case-study approach of the careers of three headmistresses of girls' secondary schools in Birmingham where, within seven years, from 1876 to 1883, two girls' high schools and a grammar school were opened.
Pera Peras Poros
Authors: Dikeç Mustafa
Published: March 2007

The attempt in this article is to reflect on the notion of hospitality, building on Derrida's engagement with the notion. In doing so, I visit some of the debates on cosmopolitanism, a term which, I believe, is sometimes used overenthusiastically, neglecting the negative implications it might carry. Besides, I observe the same uncritical stance towards the reception of Kant's notion of `universal hospitality', developed in his famous piece on `Perpetual Peace', a text that has been at the core of the recent debates on cosmopolitanism. I revisit Kant's text to discuss the implications of his project. I distinguish between `the other' and `the stranger', and try to develop a politics and ethics of hospitality due to the stranger. I conclude with some implications of `not being home'.
Just Another Night in a Shooting Gallery
Authors: Bourgois Philippe
Published: March 2007

This ethnographic account of a night spent in an African-American heroin shooting gallery in East Harlem, present the details of how heroin, cocaine and crack are bought, injected, enjoyed and suffered on New York City's most dangerous streets. Although the narrative spans only one ten-hour session, it builds upon the author's many years of participant-observation research among drug dealers and addicts. The observations and conversations evoke the roller coaster agonies and ecstasies of heroin and cocaine addiction. They also highlight the structural contradictions and the human cost - in the form of immediate personal pain and fear - of US inner-city apartheid. By situating himself as a white researcher violating apartheid and challenging the taboos around class and sobriety, the author documents the polarization of street culture in the criminalized economy. The vacuum created by the breakdown of both the public and private sectors in inner-city communities has been filled by a dynamic underground drug economy. This expanding illegal industry, along with the state-sanctioned `war on drugs', has spawned an oppositional street culture of resistance that contradictorily is a central force in the community's devastation. While the drug addicts and dealers in this account are clearly victims, they are also the immediate agents for their neighborhood's destruction, and for their own violent suffering. At the same time, they remain `all-American' in their life view, internalizing the causes for their poverty and isolation. They direct their violence primarily against one another and against themselves. The desperation of the addicts is communicated in the minute details of how they inject themselves with potentially HIV-contaminated syringes. Simultaneously, however, the narrative emphasizes their professional skill at surviving on the street. It documents their extensive cultural capital in deploying interpersonal violence and economic deception, as well as their complex definitions of hierarchy and dignity. Ultimately, we are confronted by the banality of the painful contortions that are inherent in human quests for respect and meaning - if not ecstasy - in settings of extreme social misery.
Social Spheres and Public Life
Authors: Lii Ding-Tzann
Published: March 2007

This article is designed to explore the concept of the social sphere and its relations to public life. `Social sphere' here refers to a societal self-organization to create a common cultural landscape on which various forms of performance and public drama are staged, and through which a social bond among strangers is created and public life maintained. It is argued that different societies have different kinds of social spheres with distinctive forms of cultural performance, and thus create various types of public life. Through a genealogical exploration, four kinds of social spheres (religious ceremonies, public festivals, recreation and consumption), associated with four types of performance (ritual, spectacular, theatrical and magical) are identified. The social transformation of the nature of public life is thereby explored. It is here that I see the structural source of modern individualism and its relations to cultural performance.