bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New results on periodic symbolic sequences of second order digital filters with two's complement arithmetic
Authors: Wing‐Kuen Ling Bingo , Kwong‐Shun Tam Peter
Published: July 2003

In this article, the second order digital filter with two's complement arithmetic in Reference 1 is considered. Necessary conditions for the symbolic sequences to be periodic after a number of iterations are given when the filter parameters are at b=a+1 and b=‐a+1. Furthermore, for some particular values of a, even when one of the eigenvalues is outside the unit circle, the system may behave as a linear system after a number of iterations and the state vector may toggle between two states or converge to a fixed point at the steady state. The necessary and sufficient conditions for these phenomena are given in this article. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pseudo‐viscoelastic approach for transient polymeric flow exiting a channel
Authors: Khayat R. E. , Ashrafi N.
Published: July 2003

The influence of elasticity of a fluid exiting a channel is examined on transient coating downstream. A hybrid spectral/boundary element approach is proposed to solve the problem. The flow inside the channel is assumed to be fully developed. A viscoelastic instability of one‐dimensional plane Couette flow is first determined for a large class of Oldroyd fluids with added viscosity, which typically represent polymer solutions composed of a Newtonian solvent and a polymeric solute. The Johnson–Segalman equation is used as the constitutive model. The velocity profile inside the channel is taken as the exit profile for the emerging free‐surface flow. The flow is assumed to be Newtonian as it emerges from the channel. An estimate of the magnitude of the rate‐of‐strain tensor components in the free‐surface region reveals that they are generally smaller than the shear rate inside the channel. The evolution of the flow front is simulated using the boundary element method. For the channel flow, the problem is reduced to a nonlinear dynamical system using the Galerkin projection method. Stability analysis indicates that the channel velocity may be linear or non‐linear depending on the range of the Weissenberg number. The evolution of the coating flow at the exit is examined for steady as well as transient (monotonic and oscillatory) channel flow. It is found that adverse flow can exist as a result of fluid elasticity, which can hinder the process of blade coating. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C‐reactive protein and depressed mood in a sub‐group of smokers during nicotine abstinence
Authors: Corwin Elizabeth J. , Klein Laura Cousino
Published: July 2003

Cigarette smokers frequently fail multiple attempts to quit smoking, often because of the unpleasant symptoms that accompany quitting. Similar unpleasant symptoms accompany inflammatory responses during infection and autoimmune disease. The hypothesis that smoking abstinence induces inflammation was tested. Eighteen smokers (n = 18) were evaluated while smoking freely and after 24 h of nicotine abstinence. Immune, cardiovascular and psychological measures were collected. Hunger, nervousness, anxiety, restlessness and irritability increased during abstinence (p < 0.05); systolic blood pressure and heart rate levels decreased (p < 0.05). Analysis demonstrated a split among smokers in response to abstinence compared with smoking freely; some smokers (n = 10) displayed increased C‐reactive protein (CRP, p < 0.05) whereas others (n = 8) responded with decreased CRP (p < 0.05). An increase in symptoms of depressed mood and a fall in heart rate occurred only in those who displayed increased CRP with nicotine abstinence ( p < 0.05), while systolic blood pressure fell only in those whose CRP levels decreased with abstinence ( p < 0.05). Interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6 did not change with abstinence. The results suggest that 24 h nicotine abstinence does not stimulate inflammation among all smokers, but that a sub‐group of smokers do demonstrate an inflammatory response with significant negative psychological and physiological symptomatology. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of transdermal nicotine on lateralized identification and memory interference
Authors: McClernon F. Joseph , Gilbert David G. , Radtke Robert
Published: July 2003

It has been proposed that nicotine may enhance performance on tasks requiring primarily left hemisphere (LH) resources while impairing right hemisphere (RH)‐based performance. However, this hypothesis has not been directly tested using a lateralized cognitive task. The effects of transdermal nicotine administration on lateralized consonant identification and memory interference were examined in dependent smokers and never‐smokers. In a double‐blind placebo‐controlled design, smokers (n = 24) and never‐smokers (n = 24) were assigned to receive a nicotine or placebo patch. Subjects completed a lateralized letter identification task that required them to identify strings of three consonants presented in the left or right visual field while keeping a word in memory. A distinct right‐visual‐field (RVF) advantage was observed for consonant identification, but this effect was unaltered by nicotine or smoking status. However, nicotine decreased word memory errors on trials where consonants were presented in the RVF and increased errors on LVF trials. Nicotine may enhance LH‐based cognitive performance by increasing LH cognitive resources or by reducing the influence of RVF distracting stimuli. These findings are consistent with a model of the lateralized effects of nicotine on cognitive performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The platelet‐poor plasma 5‐HT response to carbohydrate rich meal administration in adult autistic patients compared with normal controls
Authors: Vered Yaffa , Golubchik Pavel , Mozes Tamar , Strous Rael , Nechmad Allon , Mester Roberto , Weizman Abraham , Spivak Baruch
Published: July 2003

There are cumulative data indicating involvement of the 5‐HT system in autistic disorder. Most studies examining 5‐HT function have focused on whole blood 5‐HT content. The carbohydrate‐rich meal test (CRMT) is a dietary manipulation that could significantly influence platelet‐poor plasma (PPP) 5‐HT levels and reflect the responsiveness of the serotonergic system in ‘free’ plasma. In this study, CRMT was used as an indicator of 5‐HT responsivity in drug‐free adults with autistic disorder (n = 7), compared with normal controls (n = 10). The PPP 5‐HT levels were measured at baseline and during 3 h after administration of the CRMT. A significant elevation in PPP 5‐HT levels in adult autistic patients was reached 60 min after meal administration (p < 0.03 vs control and p = 0.05 vs baseline) and a significant decrease was noted after 120 min (p < 0.01 vs baseline). In contrast to the biphasic response of the autistic patients, normal controls exhibited a gradual linear increase of PPP 5‐HT levels. Our results indicate that in adult autistic patients, the pattern of PPP 5‐HT responsivity to a dietary challenge of CRMT is dysregulated compared with normal controls and provide further support for the role of 5‐HT in autism. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluvoxamine versus fluoxetine in major depressive episode: a double‐blind randomised comparison
Authors: Dalery Jean , Honig Adriaan
Published: July 2003

A double‐blind, multinational study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine and fluoxetine in outpatients with major depressive episode; 184 patients were randomised to fluvoxamine (100 mg/day) or fluoxetine (20 mg/day) for 6 weeks. Both drugs were effective and there were no statistically significant differences between them in the area under the curve of change from baseline in the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD) total score. However, the percentage of HAMD responders (≥ 50% decrease in HAMD total score) at week 2, the clinical global improvement severity of illness score at week 2 and the depression subscale of the irritability, depression and anxiety scale at weeks 1, 2 and 4, all showed significant advantages for fluvoxamine. During the last 2 weeks, fluvoxamine was significantly more effective in improving the HAMD sleep disturbance scale. Both drugs were well tolerated and there were no marked differences in their side effect profiles which were typical of SSRIs. Fluvoxamine and fluoxetine have similar efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of major depressive episode; the findings of this study indicate that fluvoxamine may have a faster onset of action with respect to resolution of depressive symptoms and result in a better improvement in sleep quality. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tianeptine: a novel strategy of psychopharmacological treatment of children with autistic disorder
Authors: Niederhofer Helmut , Staffen W. , Mair A.
Published: July 2003

Objectives

Many autistic children have problems of eye contact and expressive language that limit the effectiveness of educational and behavioural interventions. Few controlled psychopharmacological trials have been conducted in autistic children to determine which agents may be effective for these associated features.

Methods

Twelve male children (7.3 ± 3.3 years) with autistic disorder, diagnosed by ICD‐10 criteria, completed a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind crossover trial of tianeptine, which lasted for 12 weeks. Subjects were included in the study if their eye contact and expressive language was inadaequate for their developmental level. Subjects had not tolerated or responded to other psychopharmacological treatments (neuroleptics, methylphenidate, clonidine or desipramine).

Results

Teacher ratings on the aberrant behaviour checklist irritability, stereotypy and inappropriate speech factors were lower during treatment with tianeptine than during treatment with placebo. Clinician ratings (children's psychiatric rating scale autism, anger and speech deviance factors; children's global assessment scale; clinical global impressions efficacy) of videotaped sessions were not significantly different between tianeptine and placebo.

Discussion

Tianeptine were modestly effective in the short‐term treatment of irritability in some children with autistic disorder. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olanzapine treatment of an adolescent girl with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Ercan Eyüp Sabri , Copkunol Hakan , Çýkoðlu Sibel , Varan Azmi
Published: July 2003

This case report presents a severe case of anorexia nervosa in a 15‐year‐old female adolescent. The patient suffered from extreme weight loss and agitation that required hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit. The initial treatment consisted of fluoxetine management. Marked improvements, both in weight and psychological adjustment, were observed with the later addition of olanzapine. The findings reported here support previous findings that suggest the beneficial use of olanzapine in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diurnal variations in first lapses to smoking for nicotine patch users
Authors: Ussher Michael , West Robert
Published: July 2003

Amongst those not using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), first lapses to smoking have been shown to be more common in the afternoons and evenings than the mornings. The present study investigated whether first lapses amongst those using 16 h nicotine patches follow a similar pattern. This is of interest because 16 h patches may not provide sufficient nicotine early in the morning to meet the needs of smokers. 200 male and female smokers attended a cessation programme combining behavioural support and 16 h nicotine patches. During the first 2 weeks of smoking abstinence 70 smokers reported first lapses. The frequency of first lapses was significantly higher in the afternoons (12.00–18.00 h, 30 lapses) and evenings (18.00–24.00, 35 lapses) than in the mornings (24.00–12.00, five lapses, p < 0.001 for both comparisons). There was no detectable difference between the rates of first lapse in the afternoon and evening. In conclusion, abstaining smokers using 16 h nicotine patches are more likely to experience their first lapse in the afternoon or evening rather than in the morning. Despite nicotine patches providing limited nicotine replacement for the first few hours after waking, there is no evidence that this undermines quit attempts by failing to prevent lapses during that time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of antipsychotic‐induced side effects: Support for the validity of a self‐report (LUNSERS) versus structured interview (UKU) approach to measurement
Authors: Lambert T. J. R. , Cock N. , Alcock S. J. , Kelly D. L. , Conley R. R.
Published: July 2003

A self‐report measure of antipsychotic side effects (LUNSERS) was compared with that of an established semi‐structured interview (UKU side effect rating scale). The validity and the ability of the LUNSERS to determine false positives by use of an internal ‘red herring’ subscale were assessed. ‘Red herring’ items are those which do not directly relate to known antipsychotic side effects. In an open study, 29 patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder from inpatient and outpatient settings within an Australian metropolitan mental health service were assessed for antipsychotic‐induced side effects using both the LUNSERS and UKU. The LUNSERS and UKU were similar in their overall assessment of antipsychotic side effects (total score correlation of 0.58) and were correlated on a wide array of individual side effect items. Correlations between total scores and individual items were higher for those patients scoring low on the LUNSERS ‘red herring’ items compared with both those with high ‘red herring’ scores and the sample as a whole. Several LUNSERS items were identified as potentially problematic, requiring further explanation or supplementation with direct questioning. The ‘red herring’ scale appears to enable detection of patients that may be over‐reporting symptomatology. The LUNSERS is a valuable self‐report measure of antipsychotic side effects, particularly in cases where red herring scores are low. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topiramate in benzodiazepine withdrawal
Authors: Cheseaux Michel , Monnat Martine , Zullino Daniele F.
Published: July 2003

There is an increasing interest in anticonvulsants for the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms. The new anticonvulsant compound topiramate seems to be an especially promising drug for this indication. It acts, among others, as an AMPA antagonist, which may be responsible in part for its anticonvulsant efficacy, but may also modulate the withdrawal‐induced activation of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, which are related to some behavioural effects of benzodiazepine withdrawal. A case is presented of a rapid benzodiazepine‐withdrawal treated successfully with topiramate. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol and/or benzodiazepine use in injured road users
Authors: Kurzthaler Ilsemarie , Wambacher Markus , Golser Karl , Sperner Gernot , Sperner/Unterweger Barbara , Haidekker Alexander , Pavlic Marion , Kemmler Georg , Fleischhacker W. Wolfgang
Published: July 2003

Blood samples of all patients (269) involved in a traffic accident and admitted to the Emergency Room of the University Hospital of Trauma Surgery in Innsbruck were analysed for alcohol and benzodiazepines. The large majority were drivers (55%) followed by passengers (19.7%), cyclists (12.6%) and pedestrians (12.3%).

Alcohol was obviously the most commonly found drug in all groups (drivers: 36.9%; passengers: 15.1%; cyclists: 29.4%; pedestrians: 18.2%), with a mean BAC (blood alcohol concentration) high above the legal limit at the time of the study in Austria of 0.8 g/l (drivers: 1.49 ± 54 g/l; passengers: 1.52 ± 71 g/l; cyclists: 1.72 ± 51 g/l; pedestrians: 1.67 ± 25 g/l). The percentage of alcohol users was highest in drivers. Concerning BAC levels no significant differences were found between the groups.

The most commonly detected benzodiazepine was diazepam. Benzodiazepine consumption (drivers: 8.1%; passengers: 5.7%; cyclists: 8.8%; pedestrians: 3%) as well as plasma levels (drivers: 68.7 ± 62.6 μg/l; passengers: 61.0 ± 69.3 μg/l; cyclists: 135.7 ± 118.3 μg/l; pedestrians: 18 μg/l) were nearly equal in all groups.

Concerning alcohol or benzodiazepine use, females showed lower frequencies of both alcohol and benzodiazepine positive blood samples. The frequency of alcohol use was higher in patients ≤ 60 years of age. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preference of insomniac patients between a single dose of zolpidem 10 mg versus zaleplon 10 mg
Authors: Allain Hervé , Bentué‐Ferrer Danièle , Breton Stéphanie Le , Polard Elisabeth , Gandon Jean‐Marc
Published: July 2003

We assessed the preference of insomniac patients between a single dose of 10 mg zolpidem or zaleplon, respectively, administered in random order on two consecutive nights. Fifty‐three patients (mean age 52.2 years, 51% females) with a history of recurrent episodes of insomnia and currently complaining of difficulties in falling asleep were included into a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over study by 12 general practitioners. After each night, the patients were asked to fill in a sleep questionnaire and visual analogue scales (VAS) to subjectively assess both the quality of sleep (in the morning) and the quality of the day (in the evening). After the second study night, patients' self‐assessed preference was established through a drug preference questionnaire. 62% of patients preferred zolpidem, while 38% preferred zaleplon (p = 0.08). The quality of sleep items getting to sleep and quality of sleep were significantly more improved after zolpidem (p = 0.03 and p < 0.0001, respectively). On the VAS, subjective sleep quality was significantly better after zolpidem (p < 0.0001). Diurnal awakeness and quality of day life were satisfying in both groups, without significant difference. The subjective total duration of sleep was 8.0 h for zolpidem and 8.1 h for zaleplon (n.s.). Safety was good and similar between the two drugs. Insomniac patients tended to prefer zolpidem to zaleplon on both nocturnal and diurnal assessments. These results provide additional information for the physician's choice, based on the patient's preference for a given drug. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of caffeine on prospective and retrospective duration judgements
Authors: Gruber Ronald P. , Block Richard A.
Published: July 2003

The effects of caffeine on prospective and retrospective duration judgements were evaluated in a double‐blind placebo‐controlled experiment. After taking either 200 mg caffeine or a placebo, participants touched a 17‐sided polygon for 15 s. Then they verbally estimated the number of angles and the duration. Participants in the prospective group were told in advance they would be making a duration estimate, whereas those in the retrospective group were not told. Caffeine reduced duration estimates in the prospective condition but not in the retrospective condition. The effect of caffeine on very long duration comparisons (the past year compared with a year at one‐half and one‐quarter of one's age) was also evaluated, but none was found. The findings do not support the hypothesis that caffeine affects duration experience by increasing the internal clock rate as a result of its dopamine D2 agonist properties. The hypothesis that caffeine produces its effect by enhancing memory was considered and rejected. The most parsimonious explanation is that caffeine increased arousal level, which led to a narrowing of the focus of attention to the most salient task. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term efficacy and therapeutic drug monitoring of sertraline in major depression
Authors: Mauri Massimo C. , Fiorentini Alessio , Cerveri Giancarlo , Volonteri Lucia S. , Regispani Francesca , Malvini Lara , Boscati Luigi , Baido Rosita Lo , Invernizzi Giordano
Published: July 2003

Maintenance treatment for depression should be considered as a chronic disease management programme. Several studies have reported that sertraline (SRT) can be useful in preventing relapses and recurrent episodes of major depression.

Twenty‐three outpatients, 14 males and 9 females, affected by major depressive disorder, recurrent (DSM‐IV criteria) were included. The patients were prescribed 25–150 mg of SRT for 12 months and were evaluated at baseline (T0), after 15 days (T0.5), 30 days (T1), 6 months (T6) and 12 months (T12) by using the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HRS‐A) and Hamilton rating scale for depression (HRS‐D). Plasma samples for SRT level determination were collected at T0.5, T1, T6 and T12. There was a positive relationship between SRT oral dose and drug plasma levels. Lower plasma levels, 25–50 ng/ml, were adequate for clinical maintenance treatment.

Our data suggest that SRT seems to be effective and well tolerated at low dosages both in the acute and maintenance treatment of recurrent depression. Monitoring the SRT plasma level, even though not strictly necessary from a clinical point of view, can be useful in optimizing treatment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional hydraulic flood modelling using a finite‐element mesh decomposed according to vegetation and topographic features derived from airborne scanning laser altimetry
Authors: Cobby David M. , Mason David C. , Horritt Matthew S. , Bates Paul D.
Published: July 2003

Airborne scanning laser altimetry (LiDAR) is an important new data source that can provide two‐dimensional river flood models with spatially distributed floodplain topography for model bathymetry, together with vegetation heights for parameterization of model friction. Methods are described for improving such models by decomposing the model's finite‐element mesh to reflect floodplain vegetation features such as hedges and trees having different frictional properties to their surroundings, and significant floodplain topographic features having high height curvatures. The decomposition is achieved using an image segmentation system that converts the LiDAR height image into separate images of surface topography and vegetation height at each point. The vegetation height map is used to estimate a friction factor at each mesh node. The spatially distributed friction model has the advantage that it is physically based, and removes the need for a model calibration exercise in which free parameters specifying friction in the channel and floodplain are adjusted to achieve best fit between modelled and observed flood extents. The scheme was tested in a modelling study of a flood that occurred on the River Severn, UK, in 1998. A satellite synthetic aperture radar image of flood extent was used to validate the model predictions. The simulated hydraulics using the decomposed mesh gave a better representation of the observed flood extent than the more simplistic but computationally efficient approach of sampling topography and vegetation friction factors on to larger floodplain elements in an undecomposed mesh, as well as the traditional approach using no LiDAR‐derived data but simply using a constant floodplain friction factor. Use of the decomposed mesh also allowed velocity variations to be predicted in the neighbourhood of vegetation features such as hedges. These variations could be of use in predicting localized erosion and deposition patterns that might result in the event of a flood. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical descriptions of channel networks and their shapes on non‐vegetated hillslopes in Kemmerer, Wyoming
Authors: Raff D. A. , Smith J. L. , Trlica M. J.
Published: July 2003

Erosion prediction tools are essential for many different aspects of land management. In this paper we examine the applicability of scaling relationships developed for river networks for the description of hillslope erosion channel networks. Eight erosion channel networks were studied on mine spoil sites in Kemmerer, Wyoming. We analysed these networks using well‐known geomorphological relationships such as Horton's laws and Melton's law. An analysis of the erosion channel hydraulic geometry described by a series of power functions was also conducted. We found that the network geometry resembles larger river networks, and that the cross‐sectional shapes of individual erosion channels exhibit statistical characteristics of their larger river counterparts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal and spatial variation of annual rainfall on the island of Crete, Greece
Authors: Naoum S. , Tsanis I. K.
Published: July 2003

Annual rainfall records from the island of Crete in Greece were used with the aid of a geographical information system (GIS) to study the temporal and spatial rainfall characteristics. The GIS was used to produce a digital elevation model, delineate watersheds and estimate the areal rainfall from a network of raingauges by using different interpolation schemes. The rainfall–elevation correlation was significant, suggesting an orographic type of precipitation for the island. The rainfall records for the majority of the stations were found to fit the normal distribution. Deviation from normal for the rest of the records was attributed to the wettest year of 1977–1978. The year 1989–1990 was the driest, and most rainfall records showed a decrease in rainfall over 30 years with higher negative rainfall gradients at the higher elevations. Frequency analysis of the rainfall records was used to estimate areal rainfall for the island of Crete and its main watersheds for return periods of 2, 5 and 10 years. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heavy metal concentrations during storm events in a rehabilitated industrialized catchment
Authors: Blake W. H. , Walsh R. P. D. , Barnsley M. J. , Palmer G. , Dyrynda P. , James J. G.
Published: July 2003

Water quality data collected on a fortnightly or monthly basis are inadequate for assessment and modelling of many water quality problems as storm event samples are underrepresented or missed. This paper examines the stormflow dynamics of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn) in the Nant‐y‐Fendrod stream, South Wales, which has been affected by 250 years of metal smelting, followed by 35 years of landscape rehabilitation measures. For storm events of contrasting (very dry and very wet) antecedent conditions in May 2000 and February 2001, respectively, temporal changes in streamwater heavy metal concentrations above and below an in‐line flood detention lake are analysed. At the upstream site, peaks in total metal concentration were recorded on the rising limb for Pb (0·150 mg l−1) and Cu (0·038 mg l−1) but on the falling limb for Zn (1·660 mg l−1) and Cd (0·006 mg l−1) in the summer 2000 storm event, yielding clockwise and anticlockwise hysteretic loops respectively. In contrast, metal concentrations, although high throughout the winter storm event, were diluted somewhat during the storm peak itself. The Pb and Cu appear to be supplied by quickflow processes and transported in close association with fine sediment, whereas Zn and Cd are delivered to the channel and lake by slower subsurface seepage in dissolved form. In the winter 2001 event, antecedent soil moisture and shallow groundwater levels were anomalously high and seepage sources of dissolved metals dominated. Downstream of the lake, Pb and Cu levels and suspended sediment were high in the summer storm, but low in the winter storm, suggesting retention with deposition of fine sediment in the lake during the latter. In the winter storm, Zn and Cd levels were higher downstream than upstream of the lake, perhaps because of additional seepage inputs from the surrounding slopes, which failed to have an impact during summer. An understanding of the complex interplay of antecedent soil moisture and the dynamics of subsurface seepage pathways in relation to the three‐dimensional distribution of sources is important in modelling heavy metal fluxes and levels in contaminated urban catchments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of water renewal times for the middle and lower sections of the Yellow River
Authors: Liu Lüliu , Yang Zhifeng , Shen Zhenyao
Published: July 2003

Replacement of water in a given hydrological component is one of the effects of the hydrological cycle. We introduce the concept of renewal time to express the rate of water replacement in a specific reach of a river. Based on stream‐flow data from the 1990s, a simple formula is used to estimate renewal times for several reaches in the middle and lower sections of the Yellow River (Huanghe) in China. These estimates reveal the following trends: (i) renewal times are shortest during the May–October period and (ii) annual renewal times tend to decrease when moving downstream from the middle to lower reaches. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of suspended particulate matter concentration from turbidity measurements: particle size effects and calibration procedures
Authors: Pfannkuche J. , Schmidt A.
Published: July 2003

Measurements of suspended particulate matter concentration and turbidity point towards the possibility of a site‐specific algorithm (SPM), relating SPM to nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). In this paper regression models are presented that account for changes in the relationship of SPM and NTU as a result of changes in particle properties. The models have been developed by the use of daily measurements of SPM concentration and a continuous record of turbidity for the period from June 1996 to February 2001 in the River Elbe, a major river in the eastern part of Germany.

The effect of changes in the particle properties with increasing water discharge was taken into account by varying the slope of a linear regression equation according to a logistic function. Water discharge, Q, was defined to be the only variable of this function—as an adequate substitute of the parameter bottom shear stress, which cannot be measured directly. Measurements of flow velocity in the River Elbe show that bottom shear stress is related almost linearly to water discharge up to bankful discharges.

Regression models with slopes varying continuously with hydraulic parameters may account for the effects resulting from changes of particle characteristics and thus may have some advantages compared with models with a constant slope or models calibrated for different seasons. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new tool for hillslope hydrologists: spatially distributed groundwater level and soilwater content measured using electromagnetic induction
Authors: Sherlock Mark D. , McDonnell Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2003

New methods for obtaining and quantifying spatially distributed subsurface moisture are a high research priority in process hydrology. We use simple linear regression analyses to compare terrain electrical conductivity measurements (EC) derived from multiple electromagnetic induction (EMI) frequencies to a distributed grid of water‐table depth and soil‐moisture measurements in a highly instrumented 50 by 50 m hillslope in Putnam County, New York. Two null hypotheses were tested: H0(1), there is no relationship between water table depth and EC; H0(2), there is no relationship between soil moisture levels and EC. We reject both these hypotheses. Regression analysis indicates that EC measurements from the low frequency EM31 meter with a vertical dipole orientation could explain over 80% of the variation in water‐table depth across the test hillslope. Despite zeroing and sensitivity problems encountered with the high frequency EM38, EC measurements could explain over 70% of the gravimetrically determined soil‐moisture variance. The use of simple moisture retrieval algorithms, which combined EC measurements from the EM31 and EM38 meters in both their vertical and horizontal orientations, helped increase the r2 coefficients slightly. This first hillslope hydrological analysis of EMI technology in this way suggests that it may be a promising method for the collection of a large number of distributed soilwater and groundwater depth measurements with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fog precipitation in the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala
Authors: Holder Curtis D.
Published: July 2003

Fog precipitation occurs when fog droplets are filtered by the forest canopy and coalesce on the vegetative surfaces to form larger water droplets that drip to the forest floor. This study examines the quantity of throughfall compared with incident precipitation produced by the canopy of a lower montane rain forest (2100 m) and an upper montane cloud forest (2550 m) in the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. Fog precipitation was measured with throughfall and precipitation gauges from 23 July 1995 to 7 June 1996. Fog precipitation occurred during sampling periods when throughfall exceeded incident precipitation. Fog precipitation contributed <1% of total water inputs in the cloud forest at 2100 m during the 44‐week period, whereas fog precipitation contributed 7·4% at 2550 m during the same period. The depth equivalent of fog precipitation was greater at 2550 m (203·4 mm) than at 2100 m (23·4 mm). The calculation of fog precipitation in this study is underestimated. The degree of underestimation may be evident in the difference in apparent rainfall interception between 2100 m (35%) and 2550 m (4%). Because the apparent interception rate at 2550 m is significantly lower than 2100 m, the canopy probably is saturated for longer periods as a result of cloud water contributions. Data show a seasonal pattern of fog precipitation most evident at the 2550 m site. Fog precipitation represented a larger proportion of total water inputs during the dry season (November to May). Because cloud forests generate greater than 1 mm day−1 of fog precipitation in higher elevations of the Sierra de las Minas, the conservation of the cloud forest may be important to meet the water demands of a growing population in the surrounding arid lowlands. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A soil‐water‐balance approach to quantify groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain
Authors: Kendy Eloise , Gérard‐Marchant Pierre , Todd Walter M. , Zhang Yongqiang , Liu Changming , Steenhuis Tammo S.
Published: July 2003

Rapidly depleting unconfined aquifers are the primary source of water for irrigation on the North China Plain. Yet, despite its critical importance, groundwater recharge to the Plain remains an enigma. We introduce a one‐dimensional soil‐water‐balance model to estimate precipitation‐ and irrigation‐generated areal recharge from commonly available crop and soil characteristics and climate data. To limit input data needs and to simplify calculations, the model assumes that water flows vertically downward under a unit gradient; infiltration and evapotranspiration are separate, sequential processes; evapotranspiration is allocated to evaporation and transpiration as a function of leaf‐area index and is limited by soil‐moisture content; and evaporation and transpiration are distributed through the soil profile as exponential functions of soil and root depth, respectively. For calibration, model‐calculated water contents of 11 soil‐depth intervals from 0 to 200 cm were compared with measured water contents of loam soil at four sites in Luancheng County, Hebei Province, over 3 years (1998–2001). Each 50‐m2 site was identically cropped with winter wheat and summer maize, but received a different irrigation treatment. Average root mean‐squared error between measured and model‐calculated water content of the top 180 cm was 4·2 cm, or 9·3% of average total water content. In addition, model‐calculated evapotranspiration compared well with that measured by a large‐scale lysimeter. To test the model, 12 additional sites were simulated successfully. Model results demonstrate that drainage from the soil profile is not a constant fraction of precipitation and irrigation inputs, but rather the fraction increases as the inputs increase. Because this drainage recharges the underlying aquifer, improving irrigation efficiency by reducing seepage will not reverse water‐table declines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity analysis of a deterministic water temperature model to forest canopy and soil temperature in Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)
Authors: St‐Hilaire André , El‐Jabi Nassir , Caissie Daniel , Morin Guy
Published: July 2003

A coupled deterministic hydrological and water temperature model, CEQUEAU, was modified to include soil temperature and crown closure in its calculation of local advective terms in the heat budget. The modified model was than tested to verify its sensitivity to these modifications. An analysis of the heat budget of a small forested catchment in eastern Canada revealed that the advective term related to interflow plays a significant role in the daily water heat budget, providing on average 28% of the local advective budget (which also includes advective heat terms from surface runoff and groundwater) and nearly 14% of the total heat budget (which includes all radiative terms at the water surface, convection and evaporation, as well as the local advective terms).

Relative sensitivity indices (RSIs) were used to verify the impact of the newly introduced parameters and variables. Among them, parameters related to the forest cover (crown closure and leaf area index) have a maximum RSI of −0·6; i.e. a 100% increase in value produces a 60% decrease in the local advective term. Parameters with the greatest influence are the volume of water contributing to interflow and the amplitude of the net radiative flux at the soil surface, which, if doubled, would double the contribution of the local interflow advective term to the heat budget. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediments, porewaters and diagenesis in an urban water body, Salford, UK: impacts of remediation
Authors: Taylor Kevin G. , Boyd Nathan A. , Boult Stephen
Published: July 2003

Contaminated sediments deposited within urban water bodies commonly exert a significant negative effect on overlying water quality. However, our understanding of the processes operating within such anthropogenic sediments is currently poor. This paper describes the nature of the sediment and early diagenetic reactions in a highly polluted major urban water body (the Salford Quays of the Manchester Ship Canal) that has undergone remediation focused on the water column.

The style of sedimentation within Salford Quays has been significantly changed as a result of remediation of the water column. Pre‐remediation sediments are composed of a range of natural detrital grains, predominantly quartz and clay, and anthropogenic detrital material dominated by industrial furnace‐derived metal‐rich slag grains. Post‐remediation sediments are composed of predominantly autochthonous material, including siliceous algal remains and clays. At the top of the pre‐remediation sediments and immediately beneath the post‐remediation sediments is a layer significantly enriched in furnace‐derived slag grains, input into the basin as a result of site clearance prior to water‐column remediation. These grains contain a high level of metals, resulting in a significantly enhanced metal concentration in the sediments at this depth.

Porewater analysis reveals the importance of both bacterial organic matter oxidation reactions and the dissolution of industrial grains upon the mobility of nutrient and chemical species within Salford Quays. Minor release of iron and manganese at shallow depths is likely to be taking place as a result of bacterial Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Petrographic analysis reveals that the abundant authigenic mineral within the sediment is manganese‐rich vivianite, and thus Fe(II) and Mn(II) released by bacterial reactions may be being taken up through the precipitation of this mineral. Significant porewater peaks in iron, manganese and silicon deeper in the sediment column are most probably the result of dissolution of furnace‐derived grains in the sediments. These species have subsequently diffused into porewater above and below the metal‐enriched layer.

This study illustrates that the remediation of water quality in anthropogenic water bodies can significantly impact upon the physical and chemical nature of sedimentation. Additionally, it also highlights how diagenetic processes in sediments derived from anthropogenic grains can be markedly different from those in sediments derived from natural detrital material. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controls on the chemistry of runoff from an upland peat catchment
Authors: Worrall Fred , Burt Tim , Adamson John
Published: July 2003

This study uses 2 years of data from a detailed weekly water sampling programme in a 11·4 km2 upland peat catchment in the Northern Pennines, UK. The sampling comprised precipitation, soil‐water samples and a number of streams, including the basin outlet. Samples were analysed for: pH, conductivity, alkalinity, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Total N, SO4, Cl and colour. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify end‐members and compositional trends in order to identify controls on the development of water composition. The study showed that the direct use of PCA had several advantages over the use of end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) as it combines an analysis of mixing and evolving waters without the assumption of having to know the compositional sources of the water. In its application to an upland peat catchment, the study supports the view that shallow throughflow at the catotelm/acrotelm boundary is responsible for storm runoff generation and shows that baseflow is controlled by cation exchange in the catotelm and mixing with a base‐rich groundwater. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microeconomic effects of capital controls: The chilean experience during the 1990s
Authors: Gallego Francisco A. , Hernández F. Leonardo
Published: July 2003

This paper provides empirical evidence on some of the microeconomic effects of the capital controls introduced in Chile during the 1990s, in particular, the unremunerated reserve requirement (URR). By looking at financial statements for a group of 73 Chilean firms during 1986–2001, the paper attempts to identify the effects of the URR on the firms' costs and ways of financing. Results show that the effects of the URR are firm specific; for instance, there are striking differences in the response to the URR among firms of different size and those with or without access to international capital markets. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capital account liberalization and growth: was Mr. Mahathir right?
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Leblang David
Published: July 2003

Much ink has been spilled over the connections between capital account liberalization and growth. One reason that previous studies have been inconclusive, we show, is their failure to account for the impact of crises on growth and for the capacity of controls to limit those disruptive output effects. Accounting for these influences, it appears that controls influence macroeconomic performance through two channels, directly (what we think of as their positive impact on resource allocation and efficiency) and indirectly (by limiting the disruptive effects of crises at home and abroad). Because these influences work in opposite directions, it is not surprising that previous studies, in failing to distinguish between them, have been unable to agree whether the effect of controls tilts one way or the other. And because vulnerability to crises varies across countries and with the structure and performance of the international financial system, it is not surprising that the effects of capital account liberalization on growth are contingent and context specific. We document these patterns using two entirely different data sets: a panel of historical data for 21 countries covering the period 1880–1997, and a wider panel for the post‐1971 period like that employed in other recent studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capital account liberalization and financial globalization, 1890–1999: a synoptic view
Authors: Quinn Dennis P.
Published: July 2003

An indicator of financial openness spanning the period 1890–1999 is used to evaluate policies towards the capital account of the balance of payments. Findings include that: financial globalization was deeper in 1890–1913 than subsequently; countries with liberal capital account policies recovered more quickly from the Great Depression than countries that restricted capital account transactions; the correlation between democracy and capital account openness was negative or zero during the gold standard era, in contrast to subsequent periods, when it has tended to be positive; and countries in geographic proximity to one another have tended to behave similarly in their policies towards the capital account. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convertibility, currency controls and the cost of capital in Western Europe, 1950‐1999
Authors: Voth Hans‐Joachim
Published: July 2003

For most of the post‐war period, Europe's capital markets remained largely closed to international capital flows. This paper explores the costs of this policy. Using an event‐study methodology, I examine the extent to which restrictions of current and capital account convertibility affected stock returns. The delayed introduction of full currency convertibility increased the cost of capital. Also, a string of measures designed to reduce capital mobility before the ultimate collapse of the Bretton Woods System had considerable negative effects. These findings offer an explanation for the mounting evidence suggesting that capital account liberalization facilitates growth. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression in human neutrophils during activation and priming by bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Tsukahara Yasuhiro , Lian Zheng , Zhang Xueqing , Whitney Constance , Kluger Yuval , Tuck David , Yamaga Shigeru , Nakayama Yasuhiro , Weissman Sherman M. , Newburger Peter E.
Published: July 2003

Circulating neutrophils play a key role both in the systemic inflammatory response and in complications of bacterial infection such as septic shock and septic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. We have analyzed gene expression patterns in human neutrophils stimulated by E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with or without prior exposure to LPS, using differential display and oligonucleotide chip techniques. We identified 307 genes that were activated or repressed after treatment with LPS at 10 ng/ml and 385 genes after LPS at 100 ng/ml, compared with untreated neutrophils. The two sets included many transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, and surface antigens, as well as members of the toll‐like receptor, Rel/NF‐κB, and immune mediator gene families. Time course analysis showed that the early and late neutrophil responses to LPS share some common mechanisms, but many changes in gene expression are transient or late to develop. Neutrophils also showed a priming response to LPS, in which 97 genes significantly changed expression on re‐exposure to lower dose LPS and were analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering. These findings indicate that the neutrophil is a transcriptionally active cell responsive to environmental stimuli and capable of a complex series of both early and late changes in gene expression. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry website (http://jws‐edci.interscience.wiley.com:8998/jpages/0730‐2312/suppmat/89/v89.page.html). J. Cell. Biochem. 89: 848–861, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.