bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How will brepocitinib cream compare with established treatments for mild-to-moderate eczema?
Authors: Lax Stephanie J. , Drucker Aaron M.
Published: October 2022

Linked Article:  Landis et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:878–887.
One size does not fit all: Exploring how the five‐factor model facets predict disordered eating behaviours among adolescent and young adult males and females
Authors: Gilmartin Tanya , Gurvich Caroline , Dipnall Joanna F. , Sharp Gemma
Published: October 2022

There is a wealth of research that has highlighted the relationship between personality and eating disorders. It has been suggested that understanding how subclinical disordered eating behaviours are uniquely associated with personality can help to improve the conceptualization of individuals with eating disorders. This study aimed to explore how the facets of the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) predicted restrictive eating, binge eating, purging, chewing and spitting, excessive exercising and muscle building among males and females. An online survey assessing disordered eating behaviours, FFM and general psychopathology was completed by 394 females and 167 males aged between 16 and 30 years. Simultaneous equations path models were systematically generated for each disordered eating behaviour to identify how the FFM facets, body dissatisfaction and age predicted behaviour. The results indicated that each of the six disordered behaviours were predicted by a unique pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving. Considerable differences between males and females were found for each path model, suggesting differences between males and females in the personality traits that drive disordered eating behaviours. It was concluded that it is important to take personality into account when treating males and females who engage in disordered eating behaviours.
Factors that are hindering and facilitating sleep quality of children with intellectual disabilities and their mothers: A qualitative study
Authors: Haylı Çiğdem Müge , Aydın Ayfer
Published: October 2022

Accessible summary

We asked mothers of children with intellectual disability about the factors that affected their and their children's sleep quality.

We found that factors in the body, mind and environment all affect sleep quality.

We suggest that parents would benefit from education and counselling to help establish good bedtime routines and manage stress.
Species richness and assemblages of bats along a forest elevational transect in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Sivault Elise , Amick Pita K. , Armstrong Kyle N. , Novotny Vojtech , Sam Katerina
Published: October 2022

Over the past decades, elevational gradients have become a powerful tool with which to understand the underlying cause(s) of biodiversity. The Mt. Wilhelm elevational transect is one such example, having been used to study the birds, insects, and plants of Papua New Guinea (PNG). However, a survey of mammals from this forest elevational transect was lacking. We thus aimed to investigate patterns in the community structure and species richness of bats (Chiroptera) along the transect, link the species to available regional data, and explain the observed patterns by including environmental characteristics. Bat assemblages were surveyed between 200 m and a timberline at 3700 m a.s.l. at eight study sites separated by 500 m in elevation. We conducted mist‐netting and acoustic surveys to detect and identify species at each site. Regional data were compiled to compare local with regional diversity. Finally, biotic (i.e., food availability, habitat features) and abiotic (i.e., mean daily temperature) factors were included in our analyses to disentangle the ecological drivers underlying bat diversity. Results revealed that species richness decreases with ascending elevation and was best explained by a corresponding decrease in temperature. We observed both turnover and nestedness of the species composition at regional scale whereas turnover was dominant at local scale. Extensions and shifts of bat elevational ranges were also found in Mt. Wilhelm. Consequently, despite that the study was restricted to one mountain in PNG, it demonstrates how basic inventory surveys can be used to address ecological questions in other similar and undisturbed tropical mountains.
A simple and practical measure of the connectivity of protected area networks: TheProNetmetric
Authors: Theobald David M. , Keeley Annika T. H. , Laur Aaron , Tabor Gary
Published: October 2022

Measuring connectivity is key to track progress toward broad conservation goals, such as the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity's proposed Post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. The framework includes an area‐based target for the protection of 30% of lands and seas globally—through well‐connected systems of protected areas. Although the field of connectivity science has grown rapidly, limited progress has been made in tracking conservation connectivity in practice. This is in part due to the lack of a standardizing framework to clarify different purposes, approaches, and datasets—particularly in differentiating a metric from its application within a broader connectivity framework—as well as a benchmark to quantitatively compare alternative approaches. To address this science‐practice gap, we developed a novel metric of connectivity called the Protected Network metric (ProNet). ProNet is designed to assess the structural connectivity of a protected area network in a way that can be easily described, clearly communicated, and rapidly computed at high resolution. We evaluated how ProNet adheres to fundamental conservation science principles using a library of hypothetical landscapes, compared it to two commonly used existing connectivity metrics, and demonstrated its performance in assessing connectivity for a set of real‐world landscapes selected across the gradient of human modification. More broadly, ProNet is a powerful tool to galvanize emerging connectivity conservation as a countermeasure to increasing fragmentation of global ecosystems.
Multispecies approaches to status assessments in support of endangered species classifications
Authors: Fitzgerald Daniel B. , Freeman Mary C. , Maloney Kelly O. , Young John A. , Rosenberger Amanda E. , Kazyak David C. , Smith David R.
Published: October 2022

Multispecies risk assessments have developed within many international conservation programs, reflecting a widespread need for efficiency. Under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA), multispecies assessments ultimately lead to species‐level listing decisions. Although this approach provides opportunities for improved efficiency, it also risks overwhelming or biasing the assessment process and would benefit from clear guidance for practitioners. We reviewed multispecies assessments conducted between 1993 and 2019 for ESA listing decisions to identify the ecological basis for combining species, the assessment approach used, and the policy factors influencing their efficacy. We identified 42 cases covering 359 species. Most assessments (81%) included two to five species, although the maximum was 82. A common theme involved grouping narrow endemics or habitat specialists based on taxonomic relatedness, similar distributions, and common threats to persistence. All assessments included a combined threats analysis, but few employed a common species' response model or expert elicitation process. Although ESA risk assessments are distinct from policy decisions, most assessments (50%) supported decisions that all species warranted endangered status. Available guidance has generally emphasized ecological similarity as the key attribute leading to successful multispecies assessments. The challenge with consistently selecting species based on qualitative proxies such as common distributions or threats to persistence is that ecological patterns and processes are scale dependent. Focusing instead on the assessment methods and their potential for bias and increased efficiency may provide a stronger basis for developing consistent and transparent guidance.
Algorithmic Leviathan or Individual Choice: Choosing Sanctioning Regimes in the Face of Observational Error
Authors: Markussen Thomas , Putterman Louis , Wang Liangjun
Published: October 2022

Laboratory experiments are a promising tool for studying how competing institutional arrangements perform and what determines preferences between them. Reliance on enforcement by peers versus formal authorities is a key example. That people incur costs to punish free riders is a well‐documented departure from non‐behavioural game‐theoretic predictions, but how robust is peer punishment to informational problems? We report experimental evidence that reluctance to personally impose punishment when choices are reported unreliably may tip the scales towards rule‐based and algorithmic formal enforcement even when observation by the centre is equally prone to error. We provide new and consonant evidence from treatments in which information quality differs for authority versus peers, and confirmatory patterns in both binary decision and quasi‐continuous decision variants. Since the role of formal authority is assumed by a computer in our experiment, our findings are also relevant to the question of willingness to entrust machines to make morally fraught decisions, a choice increasingly confronting humans in the age of artificial intelligence.
Show me you care: A patient‐ and family‐reported measure of care experiences in early psychosis services
Authors: Iyer Srividya N. , Taksal Aarati , Malla Ashok , Martin Helen , Levasseur Mary Anne , Pope Megan A. , Rangaswamy Thara , Ramachandran Padmavati , Mohan Greeshma
Published: October 2022

Aim

Despite their emphasis on engagement, there has been little research on patients' and families' experiences of care in early intervention services for psychosis. We sought to compare patients' and families' experiences of care in two similar early psychosis services in Montreal, Canada and Chennai, India. Because no patient‐ or family‐reported experience measures had been used in a low‐ and middle‐income context, we created a new measure, Show me you care. Here we present its development and psychometric properties.

Methods

Show me you care was created based on the literature and stakeholder inputs. Its patient and family versions contain the same nine items (rated on a 7‐point scale) about various supportive behaviours of treatment providers towards patients and families. Patients (N = 293) and families (N = 237) completed the measure in French/English in Montreal and Tamil/English in Chennai. Test–retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent validity, and ease of use were evaluated.

Results

Test–retest reliability (intra‐class correlation coefficients) ranged from excellent (0.95) to good (0.66) across the patient and family versions, in Montreal and Chennai, and in English, French, and Tamil. Internal consistency estimates (Cronbach's alphas) were excellent (≥0.87). The measure was reported to be easy to understand and complete.

Conclusion

Show me you care fills a gap between principles and practice by making engagement and collaboration as central to measurement in early intervention as it is to its philosophy. Having been co‐designed and developed in three languages and tested in a low‐and‐middle‐income and a high‐income context, our tool has the potential for global application.
Norway rats help social partners in need in response to ultrasonic begging signals
Authors: Paulsson Niklas Ingvar , Taborsky Michael
Published: October 2022

Begging signals are widespread in animals and have been extensively studied in the context of brood care. In contrast, the functionality of begging signals expressed among adults has not yet been scrutinised experimentally. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) have been shown to express 50‐kHz calls towards a social partner when in need of help to obtain food. Here, we tested with help of playbacks whether focal subjects exposed to a high rate of ultrasonic calls would increase their helping rate towards their social partner. The propensity to help a partner was significantly enhanced when the focal rats were exposed to playback with a doubled number of calls relative to baseline conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the first evidence of increased help in response to an experimentally altered begging signal in adult animals.
Unpredicted costly dividends and temporary short squeezes
Authors: Huo Xiaolin , Liu Xin , Qiu Zhigang , Yang Sijie
Published: October 2022

We argue that cash dividend is a type of arbitraging cost that short sellers tend to avoid. We find that dividend announcements lead to temporary short squeezes, causing the prices of highly shorted stocks to overshoot and fully revert over time. These stocks also experience excessive buy‐initiated trades and abnormal trading volume in response to dividend announcements. These results are driven mainly by stocks with unpredicted dividends, low lending fees, and high dividend yields. Overall, results suggest that news of a dividend distribution is magnified by short squeezes due to increased short costs and generates excessive nonfundamentals‐driven price fluctuations.
Clinical predictive models in equine medicine: A systematic review
Authors: Cummings Charles O. , Krucik David D. R. , Price Emma
Published: October 2022

Clinical predictive models use a patient's baseline demographic and clinical data to make predictions about patient outcomes and have the potential to aid clinical decision making. The extent of equine clinical predictive models is unknown in the literature. Using PubMed and Google Scholar, we systematically reviewed the predictive models currently described for use in equine patients. Models were eligible for inclusion if they were published in a peer‐reviewed article as a multivariable model used to predict a clinical/laboratory/imaging outcome in an individual horse or herd. The agreement of at least two authors was required for model inclusion. We summarised the patient populations, model development methods, performance metric reporting, validation efforts, and, using the Predictive model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST), assessed the risk of bias and applicability concerns for these models. In addition, we summarised the index conditions for which models were developed and provided detailed information on included models. A total of 90 predictive models and 9 external validation studies were included in the final systematic review. A plurality of models (41%) was developed to predict outcomes associated with colic, for example, need for surgery or survival to discharge. All included models were at high risk of bias, defined as failing one or more PROBAST signalling questions, primarily for analysis‐related reasons. Importantly, a high risk of bias does not necessarily mean that models are unusable, but that they require more careful consideration prior to clinical use. Concerns about applicability were low for the majority of models. Systematic reviews such as this can serve to increase veterinarians' awareness of predictive models, including evaluation of their performance and their use in different patient populations.
Emerging Ideas. Families Together: Supporting family resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Marceau Kristine , Kimiecik Carlyn , Ruiz Yumary , McCormick Carolyn , Toombs Austin , Elias Cezanne , Lalani Nasreen , Wadsworth Shelley MacDermid
Published: October 2022

Objective

This study evaluated a rapidly developed program designed to support family resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

Grounded in Walsh's family resilience framework, Families Tackling Tough Times Together (FT) disseminated weekly evidence‐informed content through a public Facebook group, partner organizations, and on a dedicated website.

Method

Facebook and website analytics and weekly brief usage surveys (n with at least one = 74) documented program use, and pre‐ and post‐FT surveys (n with at least one = 49) assessed family connectedness, positive outlook, purpose in life, and stress.

Results

The program was widely used and received favorable feedback. Participants reported less stress in weeks when they engaged in more program activities, and more family connectedness in weeks when they spent more time engaged in program materials. No significant changes were observed, however, in overall family resilience, self‐efficacy, family functioning, or stress.

Conclusion

The FT program was widely used and appraised positively. Program involvement was favorably correlated with less stress and family connectedness within weeks, although long‐term changes post‐program were not observed.

Implications for Emerging Ideas

Social media can be used as an effective mechanism for reaching families during times of adversity and provides preliminary data that can guide refinement of FT and other disaster‐responsive programs.
City Size Distribution Analyses Based on the Concept of Entropy Competition
Authors: Sanchirico Antonio , Andrulli Giovanna , Fiorentino Mauro
Published: October 2022

The present work pursues theoretical and empirical objectives. With regards to the former, it is demonstrated that the natural tendency to uniformity of both the probability distribution of a city to have a certain number of inhabitants and that of a person to reside in a town of a given number of citizens leads to a competition between their information entropies, which provides the power law distribution as the most probable one for city size. It is also shown that Zipf's law reflects the significant control of the existence of interconnections between cities on the self‐organization of their size. With regards to the empirical objectives, based on population data of European countries and Italian municipalities, the theoretical approach proposed is validated. At the Italian scale, city distribution is shown to be a power law for cities above 10,000 inhabitants. In the 20 Italian regions, the breakpoint in the distribution is generally lower. Finally, the geographical control on city distribution is discussed based on the results achieved in some regions.
Challenging gendered power: How sexual harassment perpetrators respond to victim confrontation
Authors: Crowley Jocelyn Elise
Published: October 2022

Sexual harassment is a problem that continues to plague mostly women in the American workforce today. One tool that victims can use in these situations is confrontation, either through verbal or physical means. Yet, understudied to this point is how perpetrators respond to confrontation, which is highly salient as to whether this is an effective tool for victims. This study uses grounded theory methods to analyze 31 accounts of sexual harassment from within the fashion industry that recorded perpetrators' responses to victim confrontation to clearly unwanted, abusive behavior. I argue that specific features of the fashion industry, or a “display work culture,” embolden perpetrators to effectively thwart any type of confrontation. Indeed, this study finds that these predominantly male perpetrators of sexual harassment moved to reassert their dominant position over their female victims in the moment of confrontation, immediately after being confronted, and even later, well beyond confrontation, as they aimed to reestablish normal business practices as usual. This research thus dispels a significant sexual harassment myth that victims working within this culture are able to stop perpetrators simply by speaking up and/or fighting back and points to the need for the development of sexual harassment theory to incorporate work culture‐related risk factors and remedies.
Rhinoentomophthoromycosis: A cause of central face disfigurement
Authors: Antunes‐Duarte Sofia , Marcos‐Pinto Ana , Ferreira João , Soares‐de‐Almeida Luís , Filipe Paulo
Published: October 2022

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Association of three insulin resistance indices with hypertension and body weight among Uyghur adults in rural areas of Xinjiang, China
Authors: Mao YiDan , Ma RuLin , Li Yu , Yan YiZhong , He Jia , Rui DongSheng , YuSong Ding , He Xin , Liao ShengYu , Sun XueYing , Guo ShuXia , Guo Heng
Published: October 2022

Obesity and insulin resistance are significant contributors to hypertension. There is a high prevalence of obesity among Uyghurs in the rural areas of Xinjiang, China. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the association between insulin resistance indices and hypertension according to different body weights in rural Uyghur residents of Xinjiang, China. A total of 12 813 local Uyghur residents were recruited for the study. Excluding those with incomplete data and those using antihypertensive, lipid‐lowering, or glycemic drugs, 9577 permanent residents were eligible for the study. Three insulin resistance indicators were calculated: triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, product of fasting triglyceride and glucose (TYG), and metabolic score for insulin resistance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between the three non‐insulin‐based insulin resistance indices and the risk of hypertension for different body weights. TYG was significantly associated with hypertension in the normal‐weight group, particularly in women. In the obese group that was obese, all three indicators were associated with hypertension. Since TYG was associated with hypertension in the groups with normal weight and obesity, it may be useful as a reference indicator for insulin resistance. This indicator may provide a basis for the identification and management of hypertension risk among adults in the Uyghur population.
Differential resistance across paternal genotypes of honey bee brood to the pathogenic bacteriumMelissococcus plutonius
Authors: Ameline Camille , Beaurepaire Alexis , Ory Florine , de La Harpe Marylaure , Dainat Benjamin , Dietemann Vincent
Published: October 2022

Melissococcus plutoniusis a pathogenic bacterium affecting immature stages of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) and leads to European foulbrood (EFB) disease. Despite EFB outbreaks increasing in frequency in several countries in recent decades, there is little knowledge on the epidemiology ofM. plutoniusor on the defence mechanisms of honey bees against this pathogen. Mating of honey bee queens with multiple males (polyandry) can be such a mechanism, as it has been shown to be beneficial to colony health and fitness. It is hypothesized that a high level of polyandry was selected for in response to pathogen pressure to maximize the probability that at least some patrilines among nestmates in a colony possess a high degree of resistance to specific pathogens, ultimately protecting colonies against infections. We show thatM. plutoniusinfection provokes differential mortality among patrilines of immature honey bee workers. Such differences indicate a genetic origin of resistance against this pathogen—supporting the polyandry hypothesis—and open up avenues to improve control of EFB disease via selective breeding.
Chemical behavior of 20%–22% carbamide peroxide gels in at‐home bleaching: Randomized crossover in situ trial
Authors: Mailart Mariane Cintra , dos Santos Karine Carvalho , Torres Carlos Rocha Gomes , Borges Alessandra Bühler
Published: October 2022

Objective

To evaluate if distinct 20%–22% carbamide peroxide bleaching gels present similar decomposition pattern and pH during the clinical use in both arches, as well as gels viscosity.

Methods

Participants randomly received treatments with carbamide peroxide gels (n = 10): OPF (OpalescencePF‐20%); PNT (Polanight‐22%); and WPC (Whiteness Perfect‐22%) in three different days, with 2‐day washout. Decomposition pattern was assessed by peroxide concentration. Both PC and pH of bleaching gels were measured in different time points in upper and lower trays during a total of 120 min of clinical use. Viscosity of bleaching gels was measured in triplicate. ANOVA and Tukey's test were applied (α = 0.05).

Results

Regarding decomposition pattern, no significant differences were observed for the interaction between gel, time, and tray position factors. The peroxide concentration progressively reduced until 120 min of trays use (p < 0.001), being overall more notable in lower trays (p < 0.001). Regarding pH, the lowest values were verified in WPC within time. At 120 min, an increase of pH was observed for both WPC and OPF (p < 0.001) compared to baseline means. PNT exhibited constant pH values over time. The values of viscosity were: OPF (1.682.000 ± 19 cP)a, WPC (1.388.667 ± 172.63 cP)ab, PNT (579.567 ± 0.98 cP)b.

Conclusions

The bleaching gels presented overall decomposition pattern clinically equivalent, being more notable in lower trays over time. Nevertheless, distinct pH and viscosities were observed among the products.

Clinical Significance

Although the manufacturers recommend different times of use for bleaching gels with similar peroxide concentrations, the commercial products tested did not exhibit clinically relevant difference in the decomposition pattern during the 120 min of clinical procedure.
Effectiveness of breast cancer screening interventions in improving screening rates and preventive activities in Muslim refugee and immigrant women: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Racine Louise , D'Souza Melba Sheila , Tinampay Cindy
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To systematically assess the effectiveness of breast cancer (BC) interventions in improving breast self‐examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE), mammogram screening rates, and preventive activities in Muslim refugee and immigrant women.

Design

Guided by the Health Belief Model, a mixed method systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed using a sequential design.

Methods

This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis statement (PRISMA), the Critical Appraisal Skill Program Checklists, and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for systematic review and meta‐analysis. A systematic search of English‐language peer‐reviewed articles was undertaken in multiple health and social sciences databases from January 1, 2015, to March 31, 2022. Randomized clinical trials and quasi‐experimental studies focused on the uptake of BSE, CBE, and mammograms were selected.

Results

Fourteen articles were included in the review. Most of the studies relied on quasi‐experimental designs and were carried out in the United States of America. The qualitative analysis of BC screening interventions generated three themes: (1) education, (2) access‐focused, and (3) cultural and faith‐based. The meta‐analysis included three randomized control trials and two quasi‐experimental studies. The meta‐analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of community‐led cultural and faith‐based interventions in facilitating the completion of CBE and mammography screening. Education on BC and patient navigator interventions are more effectively used in conjunction than standalone interventions, yet community‐based cultural and faith‐based interventions are the most effective.

Conclusion

This systematic and meta‐analysis review provides evidence on the effectiveness of access‐focused and cultural and faith‐based interventions in improving BC screening in Muslim refugee and immigrant women. Future research should focus on designing and measuring the effectiveness of cultural and faith‐based interventions to increase Muslim refugee and immigrant women's BC screening knowledge and practices.

Clinical Relevance

This systematic and meta‐analysis review demonstrates the need to explore Muslim refugee and immigrant women's cultural contexts for developing culturally sensitive BC screening interventions. Knowledge and practice of BC and religiosity intersect with financial, geographic, and linguistic barriers to decrease participation in screening and preventive activities in Muslim refugee and immigrant women.
Does what happens abroad stay abroad? Displaced aggression and emotional regulation in expatriate psychological contracts
Authors: Schuster Tassilo , Bader Anna Katharina , Bader Benjamin , Rousseau Denise M.
Published: October 2022

The effects of psychological contract violation are the subject of considerable research. Yet, their effects in work arrangements with more than two parties are largely unknown. Multi‐party work arrangements differ from traditional ones because individuals may be vulnerable to psychological contract breach and violation by more than one party, potentially directing negative emotional responses not only towards the responsible party but also displacing it to the other (innocent) party. Primary data from a two‐wave survey of 221 current expatriates is used to test the effects of displaced aggression and emotion regulation in multi‐party psychological contracts. We find that the negative emotions (violation experiences) associated with breach predict reduced commitment both to the perpetrating organization and the innocent party. However, this spillover effect is asymmetric and follows displaced aggregation theory: Expatriates displace their aggressive behaviour on to the host when the home organization violated the psychological contract, not the reverse.
Effect of radioiodine treatment on muscle mass in hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Xifra Pilar , Serrano Sara I. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: October 2022

Background

Approximately 75% of hyperthyroid cats lose muscle mass as accessed with a muscle condition scoring (MCS) system. After treatment, MCS improves as the cats regain muscle mass.

Objectives

To quantify the degree of muscle loss in hyperthyroid cats using ultrasonography and evaluate changes in muscle mass after treatment.

Animals

Forty‐eight clinically normal cats and 120 cats with untreated hyperthyroidism, 75 of which were reevaluated after radioiodine‐131 therapy.

Methods

Prospective cross‐sectional and before‐after studies. All cats underwent ultrasonography and measurement of epaxial muscle height (EMH), with subsequent calculation of vertebral and forelimb epaxial muscle scores (VEMS and FLEMS). A subset of hyperthyroid cats underwent repeat muscle imaging 6 months after treatment.

Results

Untreated hyperthyroid cats had a lower EMH than did clinically normal cats (median [25th‐75th percentile], 0.98 [0.88‐1.16] cm vs 1.34 [1.23‐1.58] cm,P < .001). Seventy‐seven (64.2%) untreated cats had subnormal EMH. Similarly, compared to normal cats, hyperthyroid cats had lower VEMS (0.93 [0.84‐1.07] vs 1.27 [1.18‐1.39],P < .001) and FLEMS (1.24 [1.10‐1.35] vs 1.49 [1.39‐1.63],P < .001). After treatment, EMH increased (1.03 [0.89‐1.03] cm to 1.33 [1.17‐1.41] cm,P < .001), with abnormally low EMH normalizing in 36/41 (88%). Both VEMS (0.94 [0.87‐1.10] to 1.21 [1.10‐1.31],P < .001) and FLEMS (1.31 [1.17‐1.40] to 1.47 [1.38‐1.66],P < .001) also increased after treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Almost two‐thirds of hyperthyroid cats have abnormally low muscle mass when measured quantitatively by ultrasound. Successful treatment restores muscle mass in >85% of cats. EMH provided the best means of quantitating muscle mass in these cats.
Temporal change in floral availability leads to periods of resource limitation and affects diet specificity in a generalist pollinator
Authors: Lowe Abigail , Jones Laura , Brennan Georgina , Creer Simon , Christie Lynda , de Vere Natasha
Published: October 2022

Generalist species are core components of ecological networks and crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity. Generalist species and networks are expected to be more resilient, and therefore understanding the dynamics of specialization and generalization in ecological networks is a key focus in a time of rapid global change. Whilst diet generalization is frequently studied, our understanding of how it changes over time is limited. Here we explore temporal variation in diet specificity in the honeybee (Apis mellifera), using pollen DNA metabarcoding of honey samples, through the foraging season, over two years. We find that, overall, honeybees are generalists that visit a wide range of plants, but there is temporal variation in the degree of specialization. Temporal specialization of honeybee colonies corresponds to periods of resource limitation, identified as a lack of honey stores. Honeybees experience a lack of preferred resources in June when switching from flowering trees in spring to shrubs and herbs in summer. Investigating temporal patterns in specialization can identify periods of resource limitation that may lead to species and network vulnerability. Diet specificity must therefore be explored at different temporal scales in order to fully understand species and network stability in the face of ecological change.
Lessons from the pandemic: Responding to emerging zoonotic viral diseases—a Keystone Symposia report
Authors: Cable Jennifer , Fauci Anthony , Dowling William E. , Günther Stephan , Bente Dennis A. , Yadav Pragya Dhruv , Madoff Lawrence C. , Wang Lin‐Fa , Arora Rahul K. , Van Kerkhove Maria , Chu May C. , Jaenisch Thomas , Epstein Jonathan H. , Frost Simon David William , Bausch Daniel G. , Hensley Lisa E. , Bergeron Éric , Sitaras Ioannis , Gunn Michael D. , Geisbert Thomas W. , Muñoz‐Fontela César , Krammer Florian , de Wit Emmie , Nordenfelt Pontus , Saphire Erica Ollmann , Gilbert Sarah C. , Corbett Kizzmekia S. , Branco Luis M. , Baize Sylvain , van Doremalen Neeltje , Krieger Marco A. , Clemens Sue Ann Costa , Hesselink Renske , Hartman Dan
Published: October 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic caught the world largely unprepared, including scientific and policy communities. On April 10–13, 2022, researchers across academia, industry, government, and nonprofit organizations met at the Keystone symposium “Lessons from the Pandemic: Responding to Emerging Zoonotic Viral Diseases” to discuss the successes and challenges of the COVID‐19 pandemic and what lessons can be applied moving forward. Speakers focused on experiences not only from the COVID‐19 pandemic but also from outbreaks of other pathogens, including the Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and Nipah virus. A general consensus was that investments made during the COVID‐19 pandemic in infrastructure, collaborations, laboratory and manufacturing capacity, diagnostics, clinical trial networks, and regulatory enhancements—notably, in low‐to‐middle income countries—must be maintained and strengthened to enable quick, concerted responses to future threats, especially to zoonotic pathogens.
The application and reporting of motivational interviewing in managing adolescent obesity: A scoping review and stakeholder consultation
Authors: Browne Nadia E. , Newton Amanda S. , Gokiert Rebecca , Holt Nicholas L. , Gehring Nicole D. , Perez Arnaldo , Ball Geoff D. C.
Published: October 2022

Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence‐based counseling approach that can help individuals make positive behavioral and cognitive changes for managing obesity. We conducted a scoping review to summarize evidence on fidelity and key elements of MI‐based interventions for managing adolescent obesity and examine the reporting of these interventions. Ten electronic databases and gray literature were searched systematically and included literature from January 1983 to February 2022, and 26 studies were included. Data on MI features, delivery context, training, and fidelity to treatment were summarized. Fidelity was assessed using an assessment grid with five domains—theory, training, implementation, treatment receipt, and treatment enactment. The last step of the review involved stakeholder consultation with clinician‐scientists and researchers with experience in MI and managing adolescent obesity. Thirteen stakeholders were interviewed about our review findings on MI and treatment fidelity. Our analyses revealed that MI‐based interventions for managing adolescent obesity had “low treatment fidelity”; no studies had “high treatment fidelity” across all five domains. Fidelity strategies adhered to the most was theory, and treatment enactment was the lowest. Stakeholders mentioned that “low treatment fidelity” may be due to increased time to complete fidelity assessments and increased cost associated with treatment fidelity. These findings have implications for planning, implementing, and evaluating MI‐based interventions for managing adolescent obesity.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: mate choice in glow‐worms depends on perceived, not emitted signals
Authors: Hopkins Juhani , Kaitala Veijo , Kaitala Arja
Published: October 2022

While the strength of sexual signals is important in mate attraction, the ability to accurately compare signals may also have a major effect on mate choice. Large distances between competitors may reduce competition, as accurate comparison of signals becomes harder. This may be advantageous to weak signallers and detrimental to stronger signallers. We create a mathematical model examining optimal distance from stronger competitors for sexual signallers and test its predictions using the common glow‐worm Lampyris noctiluca. Female glow‐worms are flightless and attract males by glowing. Males prefer the brightest female if two females are close to each other. Our model gave different predictions depending on whether searchers fly or not. The model and experiment showed that weak signallers should move away from competitors and strong signallers should move closer to weaker competitors when searchers fly. In contrast, the model predicted that the distance between competing signallers has no effect when searchers do not fly. This reveals an unexpected spatial competition between strong and weak signallers. We conclude that, while signal strength is important in sexual selection, location in relation to others is similarly important as ornamentation in determining the result of mate attraction.
Three‐year change in corneal asphericity in children at the age of emmetropisation
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Khabazkhoob Mehdi , Jamali Alireza , Emamian Mohammad Hassan , Fotouhi Akbar
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To determine the 3‐year changes in anterior and posterior values of corneal asphericity (Q) in 6‐ to 12‐year‐old children.

Methods

The first and second phases of the study were conducted in 2015 and 2018, respectively. The target population in the first phase was 6‐ to 12‐year‐old students in Shahroud, Iran. Multistage cluster sampling was performed on urban students. Additionally, all rural students in Shahroud county were invited to participate. Corneal imaging and ocular biometry were performed using the Pentacam‐HR and Allegro Biograph, respectively.

Results

A total of 4961 right eyes were analysed in this report. The mean (95% confidence interval) anterior and posterior Q values for an 8‐mm chord diameter were −0.38 ± 0.11 (−0.39 to −0.38) and −0.32 ± 0.12 (−0.33 to −0.32) in the first phase of the study, respectively. The mean 3‐year changes in anterior and posterior Q values were 0.00 ± 0.08 (95% CI: 0.00–0.00) and −0.01 ± 0.06 (95% CI: −0.01 to −0.01), respectively. Based on a multiple regression model, advancing age (β = −0.002; [−0.003 to −0.001]), 3‐year increase in mean keratometry (β = −0.04; [−0.06 to −0.02]), central corneal thickness (β = −0.001; [−0.001 to −0.000]), lens thickness (−0.05; [−0.11 to −0.003]) and anterior chamber depth (−0.09; [−0.15 to −0.03]) showed a statistically significant association with increased anterior Q prolation. Increased axial length was associated with a decrease in Q (β = 0.02; [0.004 to 0.03]). In addition, female gender (β = −0.004; [−0.007 to −0.001]) was significantly associated with a more prolate posterior Q value, while rural residence (β = 0.005; [0.002 to 0.009]) was significantly associated with a more oblate posterior Q value.

Conclusion

Three‐year changes in anterior and posterior Q values were very small. The cornea tends to become more prolate with increasing age.
Fifty years as the fourth pillar of public administration: A polycentric extension of the social equity framework
Authors: Stokan Eric , Hatch Megan E. , Overton Michael
Published: October 2022

While public consideration of social equity pre‐dates Minnowbrook (Blessett et al., 2019; Burnier, 2021), the field formally recognized social equity as its fourth pillar after the conference (Frederickson, 1971). The National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA, 2000), Svara and Brunet (2004, 2005), and Johnson and Svara (2011) outlined a unified social equity framework along four dimensions: procedural fairness, access, quality, and outcomes. We build on this important work by offering apolycentric extension, which considers what social equity means when government programs are often place‐based and delivered in an intergovernmental context with multiple decision‐making units across spatial levels (e.g., state, city, neighborhood) simultaneously. Using the Community Development Block Grant as an example, we demonstrate the importance of careful consideration of geographic levels in the delivery of public goods for understanding the program's social equity implications. The polycentric framework can be a useful tool for evaluating the social equity of policies.
An autopsy case report of adult‐onset Krabbe disease: Comparison with an infantile‐onset case
Authors: Sasaki Miu , Ebata Miori , Tanei Zen‐ichi , Oda Yoshitaka , Hamauchi Akiko , Tanikawa Satoshi , Sugino Hirokazu , Ishida Yusuke , Abe Takenori , Arai Nobutaka , Sako Kazuya , Tanaka Shinya
Published: October 2022

Krabbe disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme, which leads to demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Almost all patients with Krabbe disease are infants, and this is the first report of adult‐onset cases that describe pathological findings. Here, we present two autopsy cases: a 73‐year‐old female and a 2‐year‐old male. The adult‐onset case developed symptoms in her late thirties and was diagnosed by the identification of GALC D528N and L634S mutations and by T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging; she had increased signal in the white matter along the pyramidal tract to the bilateral precentral gyrus, as well as from the triangular part to the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Microscopically, Klüver–Barrera staining was pale in the white matter of the precentral gyrus and occipito‐thalamic radiation, and a few globoid cells were observed. The GALC mutations that were identified in the present adult‐onset case do not completely inactivate GALC enzyme activity, resulting in focal demyelination of the brain.
All the Pringle ladies: Neural and behavioral responses to high‐calorie food rewards in young adult women
Authors: Banica Iulia , Allison Grace , Racine Sarah E. , Foti Dan , Weinberg Anna
Published: October 2022

Reward processing is vital for learning and survival, and can be indexed using the Reward Positivity (RewP), an event‐related potential (ERP) component that is larger for rewards than losses. Prior work suggests that heightened motivation to obtain reward, as well as greater reward value, is associated with an enhanced RewP. However, the extent to which internal and external factors modulate neural responses to rewards, and whether such neural responses motivate reward‐seeking behavior, remains unclear. The present study investigated whether the degree to which a reward is salient to an individual's current motivational state modulates the RewP, and whether the RewP predicts motivated behaviors, in a sample of 133 women. To elicit the RewP, participants completed a forced‐choice food reward guessing task. Data were also collected on food‐related behaviors (i.e., type of food chosen, consumption of the food reward) and motivational salience factors (i.e., self‐reported hunger, time since last meal, and subjective “liking” of food reward). Results showed that hungrier participants displayed an enhanced RewP compared to less hungry individuals. Further, self‐reported snack liking interacted with RewP magnitude to predict behavior, such that when participants reported low levels of snack liking, those with a smaller RewP were more likely to consume their snacks than those with a larger RewP. Our data suggest that food‐related motivational state may increase neural sensitivity to food reward in young women, and that neural markers of reward sensitivity might interact with subjective reward liking to predict real‐world eating behavior.
Effects of the combination of atomoxetine and oxybutynin in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: A randomized controlled crossover trial
Authors: Kinouchi Toru , Terada Jiro , Sakao Seiichiro , Koshikawa Ken , Sasaki Tsuyoshi , Sugiyama Atsuhiko , Sato Shun , Sakuma Noriko , Abe Mitsuhiro , Shikano Kohei , Hayama Nami , Shiko Yuki , Ozawa Yoshihito , Ikeda Shinobu , Suzuki Takuji , Tatsumi Koichiro
Published: October 2022

Background and Objective

The possibility of combination therapy with atomoxetine (ATO) and oxybutynin (OXY) has been suggested for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, the effectiveness of this treatment remains uninvestigated in Japanese OSA patients. Therefore, we performed a randomized, crossover, phase II, single‐centre prospective trial to examine the effects of ATO–OXY therapy in Japanese OSA patients.

Methods

In total, 17 OSA patients participated in this study. The effects of one night of 80‐mg ATO plus 5‐mg OXY administration were compared with those of no medication administered before sleep. The primary and secondary outcomes comprised the apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) and nadir SpO2, SpO2 drop time and sleep architecture, respectively. The safety endpoints included drug side effects and adverse events.

Results

The values of AHI, nadir SpO2, 3% oxygen desaturation index (ODI), 4% ODI, and SpO2 drop time of <90% did not significantly differ between patients receiving ATO–OXY administration and no medication. Sleep architecture exhibited a significant change: ATO–OXY increased sleep stage N1 (p < 0.0001) and decreased stage N2 (p = 0.03), rapid eye movement (p < 0.0001) and sleep efficiency (p = 0.02). However, the subanalysis demonstrated an obvious decrease in AHI in five responder patients. Total sleep time and basal sleep efficiency tended to be lower in the responders compared with nonresponders (p = 0.065). No patients experienced severe adverse events or side effects.

Conclusion

Overall, ATO–OXY therapy does not reduce AHI in Japanese OSA patients, although AHI was decreased in a proportion of patients. Future studies for identifying treatment response group characteristics are warranted.
Republicanism as critique of liberalism
Authors: Moen Lars J. K.
Published: October 2022

The revival of republicanism was meant to challenge the hegemony of liberalism in contemporary political theory on the grounds that liberals show insufficient concern with institutional protection against political misrule. This article challenges this view by showing how neorepublicanism, particularly on Philip Pettit's formulation, demands no greater institutional protection than does political liberalism. By identifying neutrality between conceptions of the good as the constraint on institutional requirements that forces neorepublicanism into the liberal framework, the article shows that neutrality is what neorepublicans must jettison to offer a tenable critique of liberalism. Only then can neorepublicans ensure greater protection against misrule by demanding that citizens participate more actively in politics. They can then also criticize liberalism for failing to appreciate the importance of such protection.