bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revolutionary Warrior and Gendered Icon: Aida Lafuente and the Spanish Revolution of 1934
Authors: Bunk Brian D
Published: February 2007

The article traces the evolution of imagery depicting the activities of
Aida Lafuente, a young woman who took up arms to fight on behalf of the
insurrection during the Spanish revolution of October 1934. Following
the revolt, pro-revolutionary writers, poets, and politicians sought
to commemorate her activities. This article argues that commentators
resorted to conventional images of women in war in order to counteract
the unsettling notion of a woman warrior. In doing so, revolutionary
memories transformed Lafuente from an authentic woman warrior into a
symbol of purity and motherhood. Despite her radical actions in both a
political and gendered sense, memories of Lafuente served ultimately to
reinforce traditional notions of proper gender behavior.
Arm in Arm: Gender, Eugenics, and Virginia's Racial Integrity Acts of the 1920s
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: February 2007

In 1924, Virginia passed a law "to preserve racial integrity" as part
of a wave of eugenic legislation. Debate surrounding the passage of the
Racial Integrity Act, a law forbidding a white person to marry anyone
of another race, reveals how eugenicists manipulated ideas about race,
class, and gender to create a social crisis that apparently could only
be solved through their policies. Women's growing independence and new
social behaviors, they feared, would lead to increasing sexual relations
between white women and black men. Proponents of the act articulated a
new female vulnerability, encouraged women's return to their traditional
roles, and supported efforts to control women who did not conform to moral
expectations. Justified by eugenicists' desire to protect and improve
white genetic stock, and ostensibly enacted to prevent racial mixture,
the law ultimately served to prescribe the attitudes and behavior of
Virginia's white women.
The Environmental Movement's Retreat from Advocating U.S. Population Stabilization (1970–1998): A First Draft of History
Authors: Beck Roy , Kolankiewicz Leon
Published: February 2007

The years surrounding 1970 marked the coming of age of the modern environmental movement. As that movement enters its fourth decade, perhaps the most striking change is the virtual abandonment by national environ-mental groups of U.S. population stabilization as an actively pursued goal.
Earl Warren's New Deal: Economic Transition, Postwar Planning, and Higher Education in California
Authors: Douglass John Aubrey
Published: February 2007

World War II was a time of unprecedented industrial growth and urban and suburban expansion in California. War mobilization ushered in new types of postindustrial and technology-based industries. Military bases were established up and down the Pacific Coast. Factories suddenly materialized, supplying military hardware, jobs, and, in turn, attracting a new wave of migrants.
Two Concepts of Secularism
Authors: McClay Wilfred M.
Published: February 2007

Looking back over the century just ended, it is not easy to assess the status and prospects of secularism and the secular ideal in the United States. As is so often the case in American history, when one sets out in search of the simple and obvious, one soon comes face to face with a crowd of paradoxes. The psychologist Erik Erikson once observed that Americans have a talent for sustaining opposites, and he could hardly have been more right. Such Janus-faced doubleness, or multiplicity, is virtually the Americanspecialité de la maison.
A Response to Bartholomew Sparrow
Authors: Workman Andrew A.
Published: February 2007

Bartholomew Sparrow takes exception to some aspects of my article on the origins of the National War Labor Board (NWLB). Although claiming “no great quarrel” with my argument, research, or the topic of my project, he raises two large points of criticism and follows with a number of minor objections. I'll address each in turn.
Indian Convict Workers in Southeast Asia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Yang Anand A
Published: February 2007

South Asian convicts transported to Southeast Asia in the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries were part of a global system of forced migration. Together with
slaves and bonded and indentured laborers, they helped settle and colonize the overseas
European empires. No wonder, then, that recent writings have designated them
as "convict workers," an emphasis that shifts attention away from their earlier characterization
as "professional and habitual criminals" to highlight their actual lived experiences
in the penal settlements. Indeed, Indian "convict workers" filled a critical need
for labor in Southeast Asia, playing an especially significant role in carrying out the
public works projects that were so essential to the establishment and consolidation of
the British Empire in the region. This convict system came to an end in the late nineteenth
century.
Measured Fairness, Situated Justice: Feminist Reflections on Health Care Rationing
Authors: Nelson James Lindemann
Published: February 2007

Bioethical discussion of justice in health care has been much
enlivened in recent years by new developments in the theory of
rationing and by the emergence of a strong communitarian voice.
Unfortunately, these developments have not enjoyed much in the
way of close engagement with feminist-inspired reflections on
power, privilege, and justice. I hope here to promote interchange
between "mainstream" treatments of justice in health care and
feminist thought.
The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of the Council of Europe
Authors: Dommel F. William , Alexander Duane
Published: February 2007

The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine developed by
the Council of Europe, now undergoing ratification, is the first
international treaty focused on bioethics. This article describes the
background of the Convention's development and its general
provisions and provides a comparison of its requirements with those
of federal regulations governing research with human subjects.
Although most provisions are comparable, there are significant
differences in scope and applicability, for example, in the areas of
compensation for injury, research participation by persons with
limited capacity to consent, assisted reproduction, organ
transplantation, and research in emergency situations. The
Convention represents a milestone in international bioethics and
protection of human rights that will probably be referred to with
increasing frequency.
The Ethics and Politics of Small Sacrifices in Stem Cell Research
Authors: McGee Glenn , Caplan Arthur L
Published: February 2007

Pluripotent human stem cell research may offer new treatments for
hundreds of diseases, but opponents of this research argue that
such therapy comes attached to a Faustian bargain: cures at the
cost of the destruction of many frozen embryos. The National
Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), government officials, and
many scholars of bioethics, including, in these pages, John
Robertson, have not offered an adequate response to ethical
objections to stem cell research. Instead of examining the ethical
issues involved in sacrificing human embryos for the goal of curing
fatal and disabling diseases, they seek to either dismiss the moral
concerns of those with objections or to find an "accommodation"
with those opposed to stem cell research. An ethical argument can
be made that it is justifiable to modify or destroy certain human
embryos in the pursuit of cures for dread and lethal diseases. Until
this argument is made, the case for stem cell research will rest on
political foundations rather than on the ethical foundations that the
funding of stem cell research requires.
A Defense of the Common Morality
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L
Published: February 2007

Phenomena of moral conflict and disagreement have led writers in ethics
to two antithetical conclusions: Either valid moral distinctions hold
universally or they hold relative to a particular and contingent moral
framework, and so cannot be applied with universal validly. Responding
to three articles in this issue of the Journal that
criticize his previously published views on the common morality, the
author maintains that one can consistently deny universality to some
justified moral norms and claim universality for others. Universality
is located in the common morality and nonuniversality in other parts
of the moral life, called "particular moralities." The existence of
universal moral standards is defended in terms of: (1) a theory of
the objectives of morality, (2) an account of the norms that achieve
those objectives, and (3) an account of normative justification (both
pragmatic and coherentist).
The Creation of National Treasures and Monuments: The 1916 Japanese Laws on the Preservation of Korean Remains and Relics and Their Colonial Legacies
Authors: Pai Hyung Il
Published: February 2007

This article surveys the history of KoreaÕs heritage management laws and
administration beginning with the current divisions of the Office of
Cultural Properties and tracing its structure back to the 1916 Japanese
Preservations Laws governing Korean remains and relics. It focuses on
the eighty-year-old bureaucratic process that has led to the creation of
a distinct Korean patrimony, now codified and ranked in the nationally
designated registry of cultural properties (Chijong munhwajae). Due to
the long-standing perceived "authentic" status of this sanctified list
of widely recognized "Korean" national treasures, they have been
preserved, reconstructed, and exhibited as tangible symbols of Korean
identity and antiquity since the early colonial era.
The Aesthetic Pasts of Space (1960-1990)
Authors: Delissen Alain
Published: February 2007

Imagined communities and narratives of identity rely heavily on history. Studies of South
Korea, however, focus exclusively on academic historiography. Other agencies that link
formal history with public culture--such as Konggan, the group created by architect Kim
Sug n that centered on an influential magazine--need proper recounting. With popularization and cultural unification in view, Konggan strove to elaborate Korean identity
through aesthetics and aesthetics through history. To take this rhetoric of the past seriously and identify its shifting tropes or mnemonic sites might also refine a cultural history of the Republic of Korea that was not entirely determined by clashing official and
dissident cultures.
The Nation, the World, and the Dissolution of the Shin'ganhoe: Nationalist Historiography in South Korea
Authors: Wells Kenneth M.
Published: February 2007

This article forwards an interpretation of the Korean united front movement of 1927-
1931, the Shin'ganhoe, that might offer some insight into the dynamics of the movement, especially of its dissolution, and that complements the nationalist accounts of it.
That the Shin'ganhoe was created under the conditions of Japan's colonial rule gave the
movement its character as a part of the resistance against that rule. But I propose that
the movement is not fully explained by that role and that it took on a logic or dynamic
of its own that led toward its dissolution in some sense independently of its being a
nationalist resistance organization. I then relate the discussion to recent developments
in South Korean nationalist historiography, paying particular attention to attempts to
"glocalize" Korean national imperatives by linking them with theories of a global or
world system. I conclude with the observation that the linkages made between local
and global phenomena, related as they are to the severe internecine competition on the
Korean peninsula over the past five decades, appear to be a restatement of central
demands of the nationalist position. As such they do not chart a clear route beyond the
nationalist paradigm and may suffer from intractable difficulties similar to those that
plagued the Shin'ganhoe movement.
Creating New Paradigms of Womanhood in Modern Korean Literature: Na Hye-sok's "Kyonghui"
Authors: Kim Yung-Hee
Published: February 2007

Na Hye-sok (1896-1948) lived a pioneering life as an individual woman, artist,
and writer during the turbulent period of Japanese colonial rule in Korea. A beneÞciary of progressive education in Korea, Japan, and Europe, rarely available to
average Koreans of her time, Na enjoyed high social visibility and reputation. She
broke new ground in Western oil painting as the Þrst Korean woman professional
painter and also had an indelible impact on modern Korean literature and culture
as a reform-minded writer and critic. Her life and creative activities, often iconoclastic
and audacious, were rarely free of press attention and controversy because
they challenged the conventional thinking and status quo of her own society. Her
major work, "Kyonghu i," polemicizes some of the urgent and thorny issues of
Korean society in the throes of modernization, focusing on gender and patriarchal
relations, Confucian family and marriage institutions, and women's identity and
autonomy. Na's most accomplished work of Þction, "Kyonghu i" qualiÞes itself
as the Þrst full-blown, feminist short story in Korean literature, marked by its
heroine's successful completion of self-discovery and her diffcult quest for meaning
in life as a "new woman." As such, the story represents one of the towering
points in the intellectual annals of modern Korea as well as in modern Korean
women's writing traditions.
Imagining Cancer: Sara Coleridge and the Environment of Illness
Authors: Meiners Katherine T
Published: February 2007

Meiners traces Sara Coleridge's illness though her diaries and her essay "Nervousness." The author notes that in her
writings Coleridge destabilizes salutary and sympathetic effects of nature characterized by the Romantic poets. Sara's
writing presents a distinctly feminine view of illness, which is defined by contradictions and not by the need to eliminate
them. Through both Sara's concealments and her explanations, she seeks to maintain control over how she is viewed as
an invalid and to seek out a "language in which to communicate the radical incommensurability of suffering."
Daughters of Aesculapius: A Selected Bibliography of Autobiographies of Women Medical School Graduates 1849-1920
Authors: Sirridge Marjorie S
Published: February 2007

The authors began to identify and read women physicians' autobiographical writings out of a desire to learn what these
women had to say of their own experiences. This article contains annotations of twenty-three autobiographies by women
physicians who graduated between 1849 and 1920 and whose careers were as remarkably varied as the women
themselves
Deaf Poets' Society: Subverting the Hearing Paradigm
Authors: Burch Susan
Published: February 2007

Susan Burch gives her audience a privileged look at American Sign Language (ASL) poetry, a genre in which the body
rather quite literally is the text. The hands, facial expressions, stance, and movements of the signer are critical ingredients
of the language and the meaning of the poem. Living only through embodiment, ASL poetry signifies that moment in
which language circulates through the writer and emerges as a corporeal signification as well as a metaphorical one.
Burch brings us to the state of affairs in which metaphor, gesture, meaning, and corpus are one. The work of Bernard
Bragg, Clayton Valli, and the Flying Words Project serve as examples.
Writing, Time, and AIDS in the Works of Herve Guibert
Authors: Orban Clara Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

In Hervé Guibert's AIDS works, confronting the disease demands restructuring parameters of time, which is often
accomplished by manipulating literary genres. By rewriting time through reworking the linearly chronological implications
of the diary genre, Guibert defies the inexorable progression of a chronic illness. This paper traces the way in which
confronting AIDS provides an impetus for the destruction and reconstruction of notions of time in several of Guibert's
works.
Conrad Aiken and the Seduction of Suicide
Authors: Seigel Catharine F
Published: February 2007

Conrad Aiken, the twentieth-century American poet, fictionalist, and critic, was traumatized at the age of eleven by his
father's shooting of his mother and subsequent suicide. Much of Aiken's fiction and poetry reflect this lifelong seduction
of self-destruction, the former directly and the latter more obliquely. This essay follows the theme of suicide in Aiken's
life and work, bringing new attention to Aiken's great autobiographical novels.
Identity and Compassion in Rafael Campo's "The Distant Moon"
Authors: Henderson S. W
Published: February 2007

This essay explores how physician-poet Rafael Campo uses
identity as a metaphor for medical compassion and how Campo's
critique of the figure of the phsycian becomes a basis for
reconstructing that compassion.
The Epistemology of Slave Conspiracy
Authors: Gillman Susan Kay
Published: February 2007

This essay envisions an American literary history that would allow for a comparative study of race, slavery, and nation. Comparing two 19th century novels, one Cuban and one US, that draw on a 1844 Cuban slave uprising, Gillman examines the political and cultural work slave revolts do in different national contexts. The essay also discusses the reception of Helen Hunt Jackson and Harriet Beecher Stowe by the Latin American intellectuals Jos� Mart� and Roberto Fern�ndez Retamar, a revisioning that transforms these novelist from examples of an undervalued literature of women's sentimental reform to central texts of Our American literature.
Minstrelsy's Racechanging Numbers: A Postscript to Racechange and the Fictions of Identity
Authors: Gubar Susan
Published: February 2007

The afterword begins with a
discussion of the African-American Captain America character in the Marvel
comic book series Truth, a series that
points to the persistence in the present of the racial injustice of the past.
The afterword then reflects on the ways that the various critics in this issue
characterize the mediations on identity performed by twentieth-century narratives
that darken or lighten their characters. Finally, the representation of racial
transformation in works by Spike Lee, Robert Colescott, Michael Ray Charles and
Kara Walker is placed in dialogue with the contributors to this special issue.
Doing Things with Ethics: Beloved, Sula, and the Reading of Judgment
Authors: Wu Yung-Hsing
Published: February 2007

Recent critical history has seen renewed interest in theorizing
the ethics attributed to literature. What such interests mean for
reading drives the argument of this essay, which contends that an
ethics of literature emerges out of the reading problems posed by Toni
Morrison's Beloved and Sula. Centered on protagonists whose narratives
defy communal as well as literary convention, Beloved and Sula compel
readings insistent in their efforts to delineate resolution. Yet in their
ceaseless provocation of reading both novels demand that judgments be
made even as they suspend the determination of such judgments.
Intertext and the Regendering of Nietzsche's Superman in Kostis Palamas's Trisevyeni
Authors: Gounaridou Kiki
Published: February 2007

Kostis Palamas wrote Trisévyeni in 1902. In it, he adapts the notion
of Nietzsche's superman in a novel fashion. Palamas takes the
attributes of the superman and invests them in a female character,
thus exploring the consequences of regendering the superman.
Trisévyeni breaks free from the crowd and overcomes traditional
values and common morality. Nevertheless, she does not overcome
the social prejudice against her gender; her social milieu condemns
her to rebellion. At the end, she commits suicide. In Palamas's
Trisévyeni, gender operates as a socially constructed category:
Trisévyeni is a woman who can act like a man--indeed, like
Nietzsche's superman--but she is socially cast in the role of a
woman. It is precisely this social construct of gender that prohibits
her from completing the superman's project of transforming society.
At the end, her suicide becomes her only and final way of
reasserting her Nietzschean superiority.
Kazantzakis's Metatheatrical Othello Returns
Authors: Grammatas Thodoros
Published: February 2007

Metatheater involves a complex relationship between the "real" and
the fictive, and between actors and spectators. Kazantzakis's
Pirandellian comedy Othello Returns is one type of metatheater.
The plot is structured on multiple levels--receptive, metatextual,
intertextual, dramatic, real, and archetypal. This allows situations
experienced by the actors in their "real" lives to converge with and
diverge from fictive situations derived from the Shakespearian
prototype. In the end, both the "real" and the fictive are revealed as
products of the author's consciousness. Othello Returns deserves
to be recognized as the first example of theatrical postmodernism
in twentieth-century Greek drama.
Greek Women Dramatists: The Road to Emancipation
Authors: Patsalidis Savas
Published: February 2007

Greek women playwrights may not be radical feminists, but their
plays reflect the position of women in Greek society. They
dramatize the bewilderment of Greek women as they play a game
that almost none of them can win so long as the social structure
remains the same. The characters whom they create understand
the problems that grow from their ambivalent position in Greek
society, yet their emancipatory activity is restricted by traditional
rules regarding marriage and motherhood. They continue to live in a
world in which these rules are of primary importance. Women
playwrights are looking for support to help them produce on stage
the emotional reality of what it is like to be a Greek woman. The
scarcity of theater companies in Greece dedicated to feminist or
women's issues, along with the lack of a well-organized movement
to help women in their task, make all the more difficult the creation
of a feminist theater with a voice of its own.
Feminist Discourse and Literary Representation in Turn-of-the-Century Greece: Kallirrhoe Siganou-Parren's "The Books of Dawn"
Authors: Anastasopoulou Maria
Published: February 2007

The second half of the nineteenth century was an era of
reconstruction for the modern Greek state. The new nation
struggled to redefine its ethnicity by means of a two-directional,
ostensibly paradoxical approach: by modernizing its society,
Westernizing it, and at the same time by rediscovering its
fundamental Greekness in local customs and mores. The "woman
question," which raised feminist awareness in Greek society toward
the end of the nineteenth century, influenced the nation's cultural
evolution. Literature began reflecting the new role women were
expected to play in this evolution. Kallirrhoë Siganou-Parren, the
leader of the feminist movement at the turn of the century, exploited
the needs of society in the nascent Greek nation in order to
advance her own feminist agenda. Toward this end, she wrote
The Books of Dawn, a trilogy of novels that
promote a new model of women, educated and independent but
also maternal-capable of raising citizens willing to sacrifice
everything for their nation's security and social progress. In
addition, Parren's novels present a new gender relationship within
marriage and a new, more liberal way of child-rearing.
Nanos Valaoritis: The Cultural Cross-Breeding of a Cosmopolitan and Protean Writer
Authors: Ollier Nicole
Published: February 2007

Nanos Valaoritis is considered an avant-garde writer chiefly owing
to his role in promoting French surrealism in Greece and then in
California. Parody, pastiche, collage, and effusive referentiality are
ubiquitous in his work, but many of these elements could be
considered the tools of postmodernism as well as surrealism. The
attraction of two antagonistic poles reorients the poet, who turns
toward structuralism, poststructuralism and deconstructionism,
while blending easily such strategies as Bakhtinian dialogism and
carnivalization. He continues to use intertextuality and theorization,
ending up in narcissistic self-referentiality. The avant-garde
classification is easily reversed by borrowing Valaoritis's absurdist
syllogisms, so that this pioneer might just as well be the last of a
group on the verge of extinction, waiting for the rebirth of yet
another avant-garde.
Nationalism, Ethnicity and the Concert of Europe: the Case of the High Commissionership of Prince George of Greece in Crete, 1898-1906
Authors: Holland R. F. (Robert F.)
Published: February 2007

Crete provides a classic nineteenth-century case of the
interaction between international politics and ethnic struggle. This
article is concerned with the transitional regime under Prince George of
Greece following the departure of Turkish troops in November 1898. The
ambiguous politico-constitutional situation, including elements of
continuing Ottoman suzerainty, did not at first cause problems,
as the island was recovering from recent depredations. Beginning in
1902-1903, however, conflicting views regarding Crete's
destiny led to polarization between the prince and the Great Powers,
Christians and Muslims, and among Christian factions. This story shows
how Eleutherios Venizelos first insinuated himself into the exploding
gap between Hellenic aspirations and Western power. The narrative covers
the 1905 insurrection and Prince George's controversial departure in
September 1906. The conclusion of the analysis has a contemporary Balkan
echo: a frozen and unresolved status quo may suit external actors but
is usually disastrous for local societies.
The Teaching of History in Greece
Authors: Avdela Ephe
Published: February 2007

The Greek educational system attaches particular significance to
national history. The continuity of Hellenism from antiquity to the
present constitutes an essential component of Greek national identity
and is continuously reproduced in school through the teaching of
history and other courses and activities. In the highly centralized
Greek school system, history teaching is organized around a detailed
official syllabus and its single corresponding textbook. In the
national narrative reproduced in school, the Greek nation is understood as
a natural, unified, eternal, and unchanging entity, not a product of
history. The teaching of history neither moves beyond this ethnocentric
concept of the nation nor familiarizes students with the production of
historical knowledge.
Formation of Historical Consciousness Among Greek Adolescents: Some Insights for Political Science Theory
Authors: Prodromou Elizabeth H
Published: February 2007

The explanatory and predictive failures of political science theories
on ethnonationalism have generated a movement towards disciplinary
self-criticism in the post-Cold War era. Attempts at more robust
theorizing on problems of nationalism and ethnicity have been part of
larger debates on the distinctions between rationalist and constructivist
approaches, as well as differences between comparative politics and
international relations, in terms of analytical tools and conceptual
categories. Evaluation of Greek data from the Youth and History study of the formation of historical consciousness among European
adolescents suggests that material and ideational/constructive factors
must receive equal attention as causal forces in the formation of national
identity. Furthermore, the Greek data point to a combination of global,
regional, and domestic variables in shaping patterns of ethnonationalism.
Greece and Germany in Postwar Europe: The Way towards Reconciliation
Authors: Apostolopoulos Dimitrios K
Published: February 2007

This article examines the political and economic relations between
Greece and Germany in the 1950s and 1960s. Following the end of the
German occupation of Greece on October 12, 1944, both nations showed
a willingness to put the trauma of the war and the occupation behind
them. Among the issues that the article addresses are the following:
the normalization of Greek-German relations after the Second World War;
the factors which positively influenced the postwar cooperation between
former enemies; and the role of postwar international conditions such
as the American dominance and the Cold War climate. It highlights the
most important problems, events, interactions, and decisions taken by
Greece and Germany, and it defines the relationship between politics
and economy.
The Donna me prega of the Seicento? Reassessing Vico's Unautobiographical Affetti di un disperato
Authors: Roush Sherry
Published: February 2007

In this study Sherry Roush analyzes Giambattista VicoÕs "Affetti di un disperato" (Affections of a Desperate Man, 1693) as a theoretical canzone indebted to Guido CavalcantiÕs philosophical-poetic mode and Giovanni Della CasaÕs poetic Mannerism. She argues that VicoÕs poem deserves to be read on terms other than strictly autobiographical ones, finding that it presents a rational distillation in rhyme of widely debated philosophical notions, especially seventeenth-century theories concerning the causes and effects of human passions and affections (Descartes, Spinoza, Caloprese, Giannelli).
La poesie comme non-savoir
Authors: Arnould Elisabeth
Published: February 2007

An exploration of the essential similarities between what Georges Bataille conceptualizes as "non-knowledge" and as "modern poetry". Bataille's thought is focused around a fundamental denunciation of the fallacies of modern poetry. His "a-theology" is inherently "anti-poetic": its excesses depend on a transgression of poetry's restricted economy and its "inner experience" is contingent upon negating its language--carrying out its silent "ecstasy". It would be logical then to assume that non-knowledge is poetry negated. Yet, when Bataille defines modern poetry, he describes its privileged transgressions in terms identical to those used for defining the experience of non-knowledge: its experiments are said to be sacred variations of a common "inner experience"; its excesses, language's "ecstasy". It is thus very difficult to understand what, if any, are the difference between poetry and non-knowledge.
"Cette Blanche Agonie": Baudelaire, Mallarme and the Ice of Sound
Authors: Billone Amy Christine
Published: February 2007

In my paper, I examine the negative trajectory delineated by two famous swan poems: Charles Baudelaire's "Le Cygne" and St�phane Mallarm�'s poem on "Le vierge, le vivace et le bel aujourd'hui." Turning to the swan as a figure for poetic language itself (Cygne/Signe), Baudelaire propels his speaker through an endless chain of images and reflections. Mallarm�'s "aujourd'hui," however, situates itself at Baudelaire's one unchanging point of reference: his static "m�lancholie." Culminating in the "blanche agonie" of Mallarm�'s impotent "fant�me," the swan pendant appears to record the loss of the representational function of figurative language and the retreat of the poetic word into a mute self-reflexivity. However, I argue that negativity ultimately serves as a vehicle through which the modern poet recuperates the very origin whose loss he mourns. (AB)
The Laryngeal Gesture in Austronesian Languages: A Terminological Quibble
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: February 2007

Hajek and Bowden (Oceanic Linguistics 41:222-224) report on the unusual
ejective series in Waimoa, an Austronesian language of East Timor. I argue
that, while phonetically odd, it is not a phonological oddity to find ejectives
in an Austronesian language, especially not one in the Timor region. A possible historical pathway for the genesis of the ejectives is proposed, and some
questions are raised about the acoustic nature of ejectives and about their
phonological representation.
A New View of the Proto-Oceanic Pronominal System
Authors: Kikusawa Ritsuko
Published: February 2007

Proto-Oceanic had two distinct sets of clitic pronouns, with members of one
set expressing the S ("subject" of intransitive sentences), while the members
of the other set expressed the A ("agent" of transitive sentences). Clitic pronouns expressing O ("object") observed in some Oceanic languages today
are later innovations, rather than reflexes of Proto-Oceanic "object" clitic
forms. The main evidence comes from a comparison of what is reconstructible for Proto-Extra Formosan, a parent language of Proto-Oceanic, and
Proto-Polynesian, one of the daughter protolanguages of Proto-Oceanic.
The Formosan Language Archive: Development of a Multimedia Tool to Salvage the Languages and Oral Traditions of the Indigenous Tribes of Taiwan
Authors: Zeitoun Elizabeth , Yu Ching-hua , Weng Cui-xia
Published: February 2007

We introduce the newly developed Formosan Language Archive and show
how it has been built up through examples drawn from Rukai, a Formosan
language spoken across southern Taiwan and including six main dialects
(Mantauran, Maga, Tona, Budai, Labuan, and Tanan) that exhibit great variation. After displaying the layout of the archive, we explain how texts and
sound files are recorded and digitalized, how words are tagged, and what the
purpose of the search system is. Last, we compare the Formosan language
archive to other well-established language archives and show how and why
we have adopted a layout that is somewhat different but enables us to capture, through thorough linguistic analysis, the variations displayed in the
Rukai dialects (and in Formosan languages in general).
Agreement in the Skou Language: A Historical Account
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: February 2007

Skou, a language of the central north coast of New Guinea, presents a rare example of multiple exponence of features in the agreement paradigms for subject. While this is a challenge for theories of morphology, because each morphological realization presents exactly the same featural information in Skou, there is a simple historical explanation for the modern complexities, involving cycles of cliticization. After the initial impetus toward developing an agreement system, the subsequent cycles were probably inspired by the progressive loss of differentiation in the inflected verb form due to sound changes in the language that simplified clusters and collapsed contrasts. This account allows us to understand many of the irregularities in Skou agreement.
Low Vowel Dissimilation in Vanuatu Languages
Authors: Lynch John
Published: February 2007

Robert Blust in this journal in 1996 drew attention to a process in a number of widely separated Oceanic languages in which the first a of an aCa sequence dissimilates to a higher vowel. In some of these languages the rule is still productive, while others show only historical dissimilation. He briefly presented data from three areas in Vanuatu comprising ten languages. More recent research, however, shows that there are about thirty Vanuatu languages that exhibit this phenomenon, though only four seem to do so as part of their synchronic morphophonemics. While an initial analysis suggests that there are four different types of dissimilatory processes, three of these (accounting for all but three or four of the thirty languages) can be shown to be derivable from a single historical process in which dissimilation applied iteratively from left to right: *a, whether stressed or unstressed, developed the allophone [e] as a result of this, though dissimilation was apparently blocked by intervening or adjacent postvelars, velars, and labiovelars. In languages that reflect the dissimilation, this [e] is now phonemic /e/, /e/, or less frequently /i/. (The fourth type is dependent on stress, but is almost certainly a more recent development in just one small geographical area.) I propose that dissimilation occurred in the ancestor of all languages from Malakula and Ambrym in the north to Aneityum in the south, and that the nondissimilating languages within this region have subsequently reversed the process, allophonic [e] becoming [a]. A brief comparison is made with similar cases in Micronesia, but it seems impossible, on the basis of data available, to suggest any historical connection between the two regions.
Typology and Language Families: A Comment on Klamer's "Typical Features of Austronesian Languages in Central/Eastern Indonesia"
Authors: Ross Malcolm
Published: February 2007

In the article mentioned in the title, Klamer appears to say that typological features may be used to help determine whether a particular language is Austronesian or Papuan. I argue here that this is not so, as typological features are often shared as a result of language contact. Genealogical relatedness is demonstrated by the presence of what Johanna Nichols has called "individual-identifying features."
Saviors of Languages: Who Will Be the Real Messiah?
Authors: Topping Donald M
Published: February 2007

This paper was presented by the author at the Seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (7ICAL) at Leiden in 1994, at a plenary session on endangered languages, the last session of the conference, held on a Saturday morning after some of the conference participants had already departed—probably responsible for the petulance that comes through in its preamble. Nevertheless, those who stayed for the session (which included an open discussion chaired by Hein Steinhauer) found it most valuable, even inspiring. The paper is published here posthumously and is referred to in the article written in memory of its author on pages 514Ã521.
"No Practical Capabilities": American Biological and Chemical Warfare Programs During the Korean War
Authors: Crane Conrad C
Published: February 2007

Much controversy still surrounds accusations that American forces
in the Far East during the Korean War used biological warfare against
North Korea and China. An analysis of recently declassified documents
reveals that, although the United States attempted to accelerate
its development and acquisition of such weapons during that period,
its efforts to create a viable biological warfare capability were
unsuccessful. Plans to similarly expand chemical warfare stocks and
capabilities were also frustrated. Technological difficulties, personnel
shortages, bureaucratic battles between the armed services, and policy
limitations combined to hold back advances in American chemical and
biological warfare. In light of the recent fears of terrorist attacks
with such weapons, this analysis highlights the great difficulties
involved in developing, acquiring, and delivering such capabilities.
Medical Validity in Eastern and Western Traditions
Authors: Fabrega Horacio
Published: February 2007

When comparing biomedical treatments and traditional treatments
from China and India, validity is established by a randomized
placebo-controlled trial (RPCT). While the advantages of RPCT are
uncontestable, its requirements handicap validation of treatments
from Eastern traditions, which are integrated within a worldview that
encompasses natural philosophy, theology, empirically based clinical
experience, and spiritual and moral tenets. RPCT evolved during a time
when comparatively little was known about Eastern medical traditions;
about the effects of emotional, cognitive, and cultural factors on
healing; or about the evolutionary biology and psychology of innate
mind/body mechanisms, such as those producing placebo responses, which
may constitute evolved adaptations naturally selected during human
evolution. A fair way of both securing the advantages provided by RPCT
and balancing them with a methodology that ensures safe and efficacious
treatments from other traditions can be facilitated by examining medical
validity in light of generalizations from evolutionary psychology and
the cultural study of medicine.
Thomas Kuhn Is Alive and Well: The Evolutionary Relationships of Simple Life Form--A Paradigm Under Siege ?
Authors: Lyons Sherrie Lynne
Published: February 2007

A Kuhnian framework is used to analyze the current controversy
over whether two or three fundamental types of life forms exist. Until
the 1980s, all life was classified into two primary forms: eukaryotes
and prokaryotes. Using molecular sequencing data, Carl Woese suggested
the archaebacteria constituted a third domain. In the mid-1990s, Radhey
S. Gupta challenged the three-domain hypothesis. While this dispute may
seem to be a purely technical debate over the analysis of protein and
nucleic acid sequence data, the controversy encompasses broader issues
such as the aims of classification and the role of microorganisms in
the biosphere. At the heart of this dispute is what kinds of data are
relevant to constructing an overall taxonomy. The prestige of molecular
biology played a large role in why the three-domain hypothesis was
accepted so readily, but supporters of the two-domain hypothesis argue
that the fossil record, morphology, and cell physiology should all play a
role in taxonomy. This case study provides a good example of a paradigm
shift in the making, demonstrating that issues beyond the raw data will
be significant factors in deciding whether the three-domain hypothesis
will prevail or a new classificatory scheme will emerge.
A Natural History of "Agonist"
Authors: Russo Ruth
Published: February 2007

This paper constructs a brief history of the biochemical
term agonist by exploring the multiple meanings of the root
ag�n in ancient Greek literature and describing how
agonist first appeared in the scientific literature of the 20th
century in the context of neurophysiologists' debates about the existence
and properties of cellular receptors. While the narrow scientific
definition of agonist may appear colorless and dead when compared
with the web of allusions spun by the ancient Greek ag�n,
the scientific power and creativity of agonist actually resides
precisely in its exact, restricted meaning for biomedical researchers.
The Fault Lines of Academic Medicine
Authors: Schafer Andrew I
Published: February 2007

Unprecedented advances in biomedical research and
the upheaval in health care economics have converged to cause seismic
changes in the traditional organization of medical schools and academic
health centers. This process is particularly evident in departments of
internal medicine. The activities and functions of academic medicine are
in the midst of separation and realignment along lines that do not honor
historical departmental and divisional boundaries. The organization of
a successful medical school or department must be dynamic, constantly
serving its constituents to accommodate progress and change and to
promote optimal structure for academic productivity.
Secular Trends in Physiological Capital: Implications for Equity in Health Care
Authors: Fogel Robert William
Published: February 2007

Over the past three centuries, there has been a rapid
accumulation of physiological capital in Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Enhanced physiological
capital is tied to long-term reduction in environmental hazards and to
the conquest of chronic malnutrition, since both nutritional status and
the quality of the external and intrauterine environments appear to be
linked to the quality of organ development and to the onset of chronic
diseases later in life. Data on heights and birth weights suggest that
physiological capital has become more equally distributed, thereby
reducing socioeconomic disparities in the burden of disease. These
developments have a number of health care policy implications: (1)
enhanced physiological capital has done more to reduce inequities
in health status than has wider access to health care; (2) the main
contribution of more advanced medical treatment so far has been to retard
depreciation in individuals' physiological capital;
(3) prenatal and early childhood care and environmental issues are
key for interventions aimed at enhancing physiological capital and at
affecting its rate of depreciation;
(4) lifestyle change is the most important issue affecting health equity
in rich countries; and (5) greater access to clinical care should be
promoted through aggressive outreach, since expanded insurance coverage
by itself is inadequate.
Mold: " Tsara'at, " Leviticus, and the History of a Confusion
Authors: Heller Richard M. , Heller Toni W , Sasson Jack M
Published: February 2007

The noun tsara'at appears about two dozen times in the Hebrew
Bible, almost exclusively in Leviticus, where it is used to describe a
state of ritual defilement manifested as a scaly condition of the skin, a
condition of cloth, leather, and the walls of houses. In the Septuagint,
the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, negac tsara'at was
translated as aphe lepras; in the Latin Vulgate, this became
plega leprae. These words in Greek and Latin implied a condition
that spread over the body, not a term of ritual impurity. Tsara'at
has continued to be translated as "leprosy," even though this term is
not appropriate, as there was no leprosy as we know it in the Middle
East during the time period the Hebrew Bible was written. Others have
suggested that the proper translation of tsara'at is "mold." The
recent identification of a specific mold (Stachybotrys sp.) that
contaminates buildings and causes respiratory distress, memory loss,
and rash, and the fact that mold has been present for millennia, lend
support to the translation of tsara'at as "mold."
What Is the "Subaltern" of the Comparative Philosophy of Religion?
Authors: Bilimoria Purusottama
Published: February 2007

It is claimed that Comparative Philosophy of Religion (CPR) mistakenly builds on the dogmas of comparative religion (or history of religions) and philosophy of religion. Thus, the belief that there are things common and therefore comparable between two or more traditions and that these objects of comparison are of philosophical or theological significance are questions that continue to trouble the field. Just what does one compare, how does one choose what to compare or why, through what methodological and epistemic tools, and who is it that carries out the tasks? But what has remained unasked and unanalyzed are the larger meta-questions concerning the motivation, civilizational presuppositions, cultural parochialism, or legacies of orientalism, modernity, and (post-)colonialism that together affect the boundedness of certain key categories and thematic issues in the comparative enterprise such as God or the Transcendent, Creation, the Problem of Evil, the Afterlife, Sin, Redemption, Purpose, and the End. Is difference with respect to alterity and altarity permissible? If so, what a postcolonial, differently gendered, cross-cultural critique would look like and what is left of CPR are two such questions explored here.
Meno and Mencius: Two Philosophical Dramas
Authors: Chandler Marthe A
Published: February 2007

The conversations between Meno and Socrates and between Mencius and King Xuan are philosophical dramas whose "plots" are intellectual arguments. Although both texts present historical characters at particular times in their lives, the texts were written some years after the events they describe by disciples of Socrates and Mencius. The authors had a number of motives: they wanted to represent what the characters thought and said, to explain the philosophical theories underlying the dramatic plots, and to justify the failure of their mentors to teach something very important. Meno did not learn how to live a good life. Xuan did not become a sage king. It is argued here that while both dramas end in failure, Socrates leaves the conversation confidently optimistic about the future. The conversation between Mencius and Xuan, on the other hand, has deeply tragic overtones.
The Sociotechnical Networks of Scholarly Communication
Authors: Beagle Donald
Published: February 2007

The complex state of flux in scholarly communications
and publishing today cannot be described or analyzed adequately in
economic or technological terms. Actor-Network Theory (ANT) offers an
interdisciplinary vocabulary and methodology that may have promising
application to understanding this flux and its impact on libraries. Key
terms and concepts advanced by several ANT researchers are applied
to an overview of the evolution of scholarly communications networks
and to an analysis of the strategy of the Scholarly Publishing and
Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC). A possible adaptation of the
Jenkins-Fricke analytical matrix for tracking actors across the network
is also discussed, as well as its potential as a predictive mechanism
for anticipating future network elaboration.