bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mini‐review of intensified synthesis of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels in the presence of perovskite catalysts
Authors: Sai Bharadwaj Aryasomayajula Venkata Satya Lakshmi , Phillips Jason Joseph , Venkateshbabu Janani , Kammathanahalli Shivappa Gajendra , Venkatesh Archana , Gupta Navneet Kumar
Published: July 2024

Enhancement of a sustainable environment through the choice of a selective catalyst with high activity, regeneration nature, and high stability is an important aspect to be focused on to achieve a high yield and maximum conversion of feedstock to biodiesel (1st generation biofuel), and also in the biomass valorization/pyrolysis (2nd generation biofuel synthesis). Depending on the nature of the catalyst and synthesis method adopted for biofuel production and biomass valorization, the variations in the process conditions, final yield, and conversion are varied accordingly. A prospective development and application of perovskite catalysts in the synthesis of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels using various process intensification strategies for the development of a clean and green environment is reviewed in this study. The synthesis of types of perovskite catalysts polycrystalline, nano‐sized, and powdered oxide are also discussed in this review. It is also concluded that, apart from other process parameters, molar ratio is one of the most influencing sensitive factors in the case of 1st generation biofuel synthesis, whereas during the production of 2nd generation biofuels, catalyst concentration and liquid–solid ratio are more significant process parameters that change based on the nature of the catalyst selected for the reaction.
Gape‐limited invasive predator frequently kills avian prey that are too large to swallow
Authors: Kastner Martin , Goetz Scott M. , Baker Kayla M. , Siers Shane R. , Paxton Eben H. , Nafus Melia G. , Rogers Haldre S.
Published: July 2024

Gape‐limited predators (e.g., snakes, many fish) are not generally expected to pose a predation threat to prey that are too large for them to swallow. However, the extent to which snakes predate on prey that exceed their gape limitation remains largely unknown. We conducted the first study to investigate the influence of both prey and predator sizes on the frequency of ingestion success by snakes in a natural system. We combined survival monitoring of an avian prey species (Aplonis opaca) via radio‐telemetry with a survey of the size distribution of their major predator (Boiga irregularis) on Guam. This allowed us to assess (1) the frequency of unsuccessful ingestion by the predator, (2) whether the size of the prey predicts ingestion success, (3) whether the size of the predator predicts ingestion success, and (4) the relationship between prey and predator sizes in successful ingestion attempts. We found that nearly half (47.95%) of ingestion attempts by snakes on fledgling birds were unsuccessful, and no instances where unsuccessful ingestion caused the mortality of the snake. Attempts to consume smaller fledglings were as likely to be unsuccessful as attempts to swallow larger fledglings. However, snakes that successfully ingested fledglings were among the largest snakes in the population, and larger than average conspecifics attracted to endothermic prey. The smallest snakes that successfully ingested fledglings attained remarkably high relative prey mass values for their species, consuming prey weighing up to 79.9% of their own mass. Our study indicates that B. irregularis routinely predate prey that are too large for them to successfully ingest, which causes mortality to the prey but poses little risk to the predator. The potential reward for snakes in consuming oversized prey may outweigh the inherent risks, while instances of predation that do not result in consumption may have considerable impacts on prey populations.
Introducing a new special section—Indigenous Science and Practice in Ecology and Evolution
Authors: McKinnon Emily A. , Muth Arley F.
Published: July 2024

Editorial introducing a new special issue in the journal.
Alpine songbirds at higher elevations are only raised with a slight delay and therefore under harsher environmental conditions
Authors: Paterno Julia , Korner‐Nievergelt Fränzi , Gubler Stefanie , Anderwald Pia , Amrhein Valentin
Published: July 2024

The breeding phenology of birds is often timed to coincide with a peak in food availability. However, the shortening of the vegetation period with increasing elevation may force bird species at high elevations to breed earlier in relation to optimal environmental conditions due to time constraints. We investigated differences in fledging dates in five Alpine woodland songbird species along an elevational gradient from 1500 to 2200 m in Switzerland. We estimated fledging dates from a nationwide citizen science bird monitoring dataset and used the date when the proportion of observations of ‘fledged young’ reached 50% among all observations indicating breeding behaviour. This measure had the advantage that we could estimate average timing of the broods across a wide geographic range and over many years without the need to search for individual nests. We then compared differences in timing of the broods with climatic conditions and larch budburst across different elevational bands. The daily mean air temperature of 10–15°C was reached 34–38 days later at 2200 m compared to 1500 m, which is a similar delay as found in previous reports on snow melt‐out date. The average delay in larch budburst was 19.2 days at 2200 m compared to 1500 m. In comparison, the average timing of the birds' broods was only 5.4 days later in coal tits and 0.5 days later in Alpine tits at 2200 compared to 1500 m (the two species for which we had the narrowest interval estimates). Also, the estimated delay at higher elevations in the broods of song thrushes, mistle thrushes and Eurasian chaffinches was relatively small. Rather than postponing breeding dates to better environmental conditions later in the season that would match the earlier conditions at low elevation, songbirds breeding at higher elevations may thus have evolved adaptations to cope with the harsher conditions.
Decoupled shifts of dominant and rarer fish species as a response to warming and extreme events in a large estuary
Authors: Anadón J. D. , Piñeiro O. , Ruhi A. , Hornstein J. , Waldman J. R.
Published: July 2024

Disentangling community responses to multiple stressors in a warming context is one of the most challenging tasks ecologists face. Taking advantage of a long‐term (1989–2017) and intensive fish monitoring survey (N = ~900K from 804 seines‐day), we present a comprehensive analysis on the dynamics of coastal fish communities in Jamaica Bay, New York, by addressing multiple dimensions of community change that although closely related are rarely considered in a single work. Specifically, we tested hypotheses about changes in composition, composition variability and community functional attributes, and the role of environmental drivers acting at different temporal scales. Our analyses suggest two decoupled community dynamics triggered by two different extreme events. First, the 1999 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation phase switch caused an abrupt shift from a single‐species dominance to intermittent co‐dominance, with species preferring higher temperatures, a shift that has persisted in time but that may be cyclical at a multidecadal scale. Second, the 2012 heat wave promoted an abrupt collapse of rare and cold‐water species, and the sudden arrival of warmer‐water species in a portion of the community that was already increasingly variable due to long‐term warming. Functionally, the entire community subtly shifted toward species with faster turnover and lower trophic levels. Our work sheds light on the complex responses of biological communities to warming in terms of the impacts on composition, its temporal variability, and its functional dimension, by disentangling the interplay of long‐term environmental trends such as warming, multidecadal cycles, and extreme events on different portions (i.e., dominant and rare thermal species) of the community.
Inferring ecological selection from multidimensional community trait distributions along environmental gradients
Authors: Kaarlejärvi Elina , Itter Malcolm , Tonteri Tiina , Hamberg Leena , Salemaa Maija , Merilä Päivi , Vanhatalo Jarno , Laine Anna‐Liisa
Published: July 2024

Understanding the drivers of community assembly is critical for predicting the future of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecological selection ubiquitously shapes communities by selecting for individuals with the most suitable trait combinations. Detecting selection types on key traits across environmental gradients and over time has the potential to reveal the underlying abiotic and biotic drivers of community dynamics. Here, we present a model‐based predictive framework to quantify the multidimensional trait distributions of communities (community trait spaces), which we use to identify ecological selection types shaping communities along environmental gradients. We apply the framework to over 3600 boreal forest understory plant communities with results indicating that directional, stabilizing, and divergent selection all modify community trait distributions and that the selection type acting on individual traits may change over time. Our results provide novel and rare empirical evidence for divergent selection within a natural system. Our approach provides a framework for identifying key traits under selection and facilitates the detection of processes underlying community dynamics.
Drought tolerance and species abundance mediate dry season negative density dependence in a tropical forest
Authors: Song Xiaoyang , Katabuchi Masatoshi , Chase Jonathan M. , Johnson Daniel J. , Zhang Wenfu , Deng Xiaobao , Cao Min , Yang Jie
Published: July 2024

Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) is thought to be a key process in maintaining plant diversity. However, the strength of CNDD is highly variable in space and time as well as among species, and correlates of this variation that might help to understand and explain it remain largely unquantified. Using Bayesian hierarchical models, we took advantage of 10‐year seedling monitoring data that were collected annually in every dry and rainy season in a seasonal tropical forest. We quantified the interspecific variation in the strength of CNDD and its temporal variation. We also examined potential correlates of this interspecific and temporal variation, including species functional traits (such as drought‐tolerant traits, defense‐related traits, and recourse acquisition traits) and species abundances. In the dry season, we found a negative relationship between the density of neighboring conspecific seedlings on seedling survival, while in the rainy season, there was a negative relationship between the density of neighboring conspecific adults on seedling survival. In addition, we found that interspecific variation in CNDD was related to drought‐tolerant traits in the dry season but not in the rainy season. Across years, we found that drought‐intolerant species suffer less CNDD during the dry seasons that have higher rainfall, whereas drought‐tolerant species suffer less CNDD when the dry season has lower rainfall. We also found that rare species suffered stronger CNDD in the dry season. Overall, our study highlights that CNDD is highly variable among species and through time, necessitating a deeper appreciation of the environmental and functional contexts of CNDD and their interactions.
SGLT2 inhibition, blood lipids, and cardiovascular disease: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Li Jiangtao , Li Chenhe , Feng Xin , Wei Xiang
Published: July 2024

Aims

We aim to investigate the causal effect of blood lipids mediating sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition in cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods and results

A two‐sample two‐step MR study was conducted to evaluate the association of SGLT2 inhibition with CVDs and the mediation effects of blood lipids linking SGLT2 inhibition with CVDs. Genetic instruments for SGLT2 inhibition were identified as genetic variants, which were associated with the expression of the SLC5A2 gene and glycated haemoglobin level (HbA1c). SGLT2 inhibition was associated with reduced risk of heart failure (HF) (OR 0.44 [95% CI 0.32–0.61]; P = 6.0 × 10−7), atrial fibrillation (AF) (0.47 [0.37–0.61]; P = 1.81 × 10−8), coronary artery disease (CAD) (0.47 [0.30–0.73]; P = 7.46 × 10−4), myocardial infarction (MI) (0.30 [0.15–0.61]; P = 7.44 × 10−4), any stroke (AS) (0.28 [0.18–0.42]; P = 1.14 × 10−9), and ischaemic stroke (IS) (0.27 [0.17–0.44]; P = 1.97 × 10−7). Our results indicated that the proportion mediated of the mediating effect of total cholesterol was 1.7% (OR 0.99 [95% CI 0.98, 0.99], P = 0.004), 4.7% (0.96 [0.95, 0.98], P = 0.002), and 2.7% (0.97 [0.95, 0.98], P = 0.002) in the association between SGLT2 inhibition and the risk of HF, CAD, and MI, respectively. For low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, the proportion mediated of the mediating effect was 2.2% for HF (OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.98, 0.99], P = 0.003), 8.6% for CAD (0.93 [0.91, 0.95], P = 5.74 × 10−4), and 5.0% for MI (0.95 [0.94, 0.96], P = 6.97 × 10−4). For non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, the proportion mediated of the mediating effect was 3.4% for HF (OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.97, 0.98], P = 4.42 × 10−6), 11.8% for CAD (0.92 [0.90, 0.93], P = 7.23 × 10−8), 5.7% for MI (0.94 [0.92, 0.95], P = 8.17 × 10−7), 1.5% for AS (0.98 [0.98, 0.99], P = 0.001), and 1.4% for IS (0.98 [0.98, 0.99], P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Our study showed the association of SGLT2 inhibition with the reduced risk of CVDs and blood lipids might mediate this association.
Pilot trial of an electronic decision support to improve care for emergency department patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Sax Dana R. , Mark Dustin G. , Rana Jamal S. , Huang Jie , Casey Scott D. , Norris Robert P. , Tillage Viliami , Reed Mary E.
Published: July 2024

Aims

Emergency department (ED) providers play an important role in the management of patients with acute heart failure (AHF). We present findings from a pilot study of an electronic decision support that includes personalized risk estimates using the STRIDE‐HF risk tool and tailored recommendations for initiating guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) among appropriate patients.

Methods

Among ED patients treated for AHF who were discharged from the ED or the ED‐based observation unit in two EDs from 1 January 2023 to 31 July 2023, we assess prescriptions to the four classes of GDMT at two intervals: (1) ED arrival and (2) ED discharge. Specifically, we report active prescriptions for beta‐blockers (BBs), renin–angiotensin receptor system inhibitors (RASis), sodium‐glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) among patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and mildly reduced (HFmrEF). Second, we describe rates of 30‐day serious adverse events (SAE) (death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, balloon‐pump insertion, intubation, new dialysis, myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization) among patients predicted to be very low risk by STRIDE‐HF and discharged home.

Results

Among 234 discharged patients, 55% were female and 76% were non‐White. We found 51 (21.8%), 21 (9.0%) and 126 (53.8%) had HFrEF, HFmEF and HFpEF, respectively, while 36 (15.4%) were missing EF, and 51 (22%) were very low risk, 82 (35%) were low risk, 60 (26%) were medium risk and 41 (18%) were high risk. Among HFrEF patients, 68.6%, 66.7%, 25.5% and 19.6% were on a RASi, BB, SGLT2i and MRA, respectively, at ED arrival, while 42.9%, 66.7%, 14.3% and 4.8% of HFmrEF patients were on a RASi, BB, SGLT2i and MRA, respectively. Among patients with HFpEF, only 6 (4.8%) were on an SGLT2i at ED arrival. The most prescribed new medication at ED discharge was an SGLT2i, with a nearly 10% increase in the proportion of patients with an active prescription for SGLT2i at ED discharge among HFrEF and HFmEF patients. We observed no 30‐day SAE among the 51 patients predicted to be very low risk and discharged home.

Conclusions

Ongoing treatment with GDMT at ED arrival was sub‐optimal. Initiation among appropriate patients at discharge may be feasible and safe.
Investigation of induced electroosmotic flow in small‐scale capillary electrophoresis devices: Strategies for control and reversal
Authors: De Silva Miyuru , Opallage Prabhavie M. , Dunn Robert C.
Published: July 2024

Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is the bulk flow of solution in a capillary or microchannel induced by an applied electric potential. For capillary and microchip electrophoresis, the EOF enables analysis of both cations and anions in one separation and can be varied to modify separation speed and resolution. The EOF arises from an electrical double layer at the capillary wall and is normally controlled through the pH and ionic strength of the background buffer or with the use of additives. Understanding and controlling the electrical double layer is therefore critical for maintaining acceptable repeatability during method development. Surprisingly, in fused silica capillaries at low pH, studies observe an EOF even though the capillary surface should be neutralized. Previous work has suggested the presence of an “induced electroosmotic flow” from radial electric fields generated across the capillary wall due to the separation voltage and grounded components external to the capillary. Using thin‐wall (15 µm) fused silica separation capillaries to facilitate the study of radial fields, we show that the EOF mobility depends on both the separation voltage and the location of external grounds. This is consistent with the induced EOF model, in which radial electric fields embed positive charges at the capillary walls to create an electrical double layer. The magnitude of the effect is characterized and shown to have long‐range influences that are difficult to completely null by moving grounded components away from the separation capillary. Instead, active EOF control using externally applied potentials or a passive approach using a negative separation voltage are discussed as two possible methods for controlling the induced EOF. Both methods can reverse the EOF and improve the resolution and peak efficiency in amino acid separations.
Phase‐controllable cobalt phosphide heterostructure for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution in water and seawater
Authors: Huang Guo , Huang Yujin , Ali Asad , Chen Zhijie , Shen Pei Kang , Ni Bing‐Jie , Zhu Jinliang
Published: July 2024

Cobalt phosphides attract broad attention as alternatives to platinum‐based materials towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The catalytic performance of cobalt phosphides largely depends on the phase structure, but figuring out the optimal phase towards HER remains challenging due to their diverse stoichiometries. In our work, a series of cobalt phosphide nanoparticles with different phase structures but similar particle sizes (CoP‐Co2P, Co2P‐Co, Co2P, and CoP) on a porous carbon network (PC) were accurately synthesized. The CoP‐Co2P/PC heterostructure demonstrates upgraded HER catalytic activity with a low overpotential of 96.7 and 162.1 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH and 1 M phosphate‐buffered saline solution, respectively, with a long‐term (120 h) durability. In addition, the CoP‐Co2P/PC exhibits good HER performance in alkaline seawater, with a small overpotential of 111.2 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 64.2 mV dec−1, as well as promising stability. Density functional theory results show that the Co2P side of the CoP‐Co2P/PC heterostructure has the best Gibbs free energy of each step for HER, which contributes to the high HER activity. This study sets the stage for the advancement of high‐performance HER electrocatalysts and the implementation of large‐scale seawater electrolysis.
Assessing policy capacity and policy effectiveness: A comparative study using sustainable governance indicators
Authors: Khan Rameen , Hussain Fiaz
Published: July 2024

Policy capacity is vital for a nation's prosperity and sustainability, enabling governments to fulfill diverse responsibilities, such as security, economic growth, and accountable governance. This study evaluates policy capacity across countries from 2014 to 2020 using Sustainable Governance Indicators by the Bertelsmann Foundation. Focusing on executive capacity, which encompasses policy capacity's analytical, managerial, and political aspects, we gauge governments' ability to implement sustainable policies. Executive capacity is further classified into steering capability, policy implementation, and institutional learning. Findings show that policy capacity significantly influences policy effectiveness in all countries, with high‐capacity countries demonstrating more impact. Enhancing policy capacity through efficient steering, implementation, and learning can improve policy effectiveness and foster responsive governance for sustainable development. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to bolster governance capacities and achieve positive policy outcomes.
Detecting the three‐dimensional dynamics of post‐dam sandbars from Sentinel‐2 time‐series images: A case study in the lower Lancang–Mekong River
Authors: Li Xiaoyang , Fan Hui , Yang Ting
Published: July 2024

Channel sandbars are extremely sensitive to basin‐wide natural processes and human activities, and their modifications considerably affect channel stability and river ecosystem health. However, quantitatively detecting the three‐dimensional dynamics of channel sandbars at a high spatial resolution over a large area remains challenging. In this study, we propose a semi‐automated process to address this challenge by extracting sandbar contours from Sentinel‐2 images in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. We then generate contour datasets for each sandbar based on the spatial relationship between contours and water levels at nearby hydrological stations. Subsequently, digital elevation models (DEMs) are created for each sandbar using the contour dataset, and non‐linear relations between sandbar areas and water levels are fitted through polynomial curves of degrees 3–6 to calculate changes in sandbar volumes. Finally, we comprehensively analysed the driving mechanisms of sandbar changes in different sub‐reaches. Our findings reveal the area and volume of sandbars in three of the four sub‐reaches increased significantly between 2018 and 2019; however, these values decreased significantly and continuously between 2019 and 2022. Sandbars located downstream near the dam experienced more severe erosion compared to those farther downstream. Although the morphodynamic processes of each sub‐reach were different, extremely low rainfall in 2019–2020 and the operation of the Xayaburi Dam are significant global factors leading to the shrinkage of the sandbars. Furthermore, abnormal erosion with a change rate of −9.62% in area and −8.95% in volume was observed in the sub‐reach between Vientiane and Khong Chiam hydrological stations between 2018 and 2019, with the susceptibility of the channel to flow scour and anthropogenic sand mining being significant factors. Although the sediment replenishment from tributaries diminishes the impact of upstream dams and droughts on the reach farther downstream, the threat to channel stability due to excessive sand mining should be given high priority. Our study highlights how satellite remote sensing, specifically utilizing time series images with fine spatio‐temporal resolutions, effectively detects three‐dimensional variations in sandbars and river geomorphic changes. Additionally, it demonstrates the significant post‐dam alteration of erosion patterns and deposition dynamics within the sandbar region of the lower Mekong River.
Characterization of The Permeation Properties of Membrane Filters and Sorption Properties of Sorbents Used for Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers
Authors: Moriya Miyu , Noro Kazushi , Nagaosa Aika , Banno Arisa , Ono Junko , Amagai Takashi , Yabuki Yoshinori
Published: July 2024

Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are promising devices for measuring the time-weighted average concentrations of hydrophilic compounds in aquatic environments. However, the mechanisms underlying compound uptake by POCIS remain unclear. We investigated the permeation kinetics of polyethersulfone and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters, and the sorption kinetics of Oasis HLB (Waters), Envi-Carb (Supelco), and Oasis WAX (Waters) sorbents. The log octanol−water partition coefficient (KOW) values of the 19 targeted compounds ranged from −0.55 to 6.0. The overall mass-transfer coefficients were negatively correlated with KOW, indicating that interactions between hydrophobic compounds and the membrane inhibit permeation. The sorption rate coefficient showed no correlation with KOW and depended on the type of sorbent used. These results imply that the uptake of highly hydrophilic compounds by POCIS is determined by both the membrane and the sorbent kinetics; however, membrane kinetics dominate the uptake of hydrophobic compounds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2115–2121. © 2024 SETAC

Design of this study. Sorption rate coefficients (s; g s–1) and overall mass transport coefficients (ko; m3 s–1) were obtained from sorption and permeation experiments, respectively. Kinetic factors (F; a.u.) were calculated as F=sVkomp where V (m3) is the volume of water and mp (g) is the mass of sorbent in the polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). High F values indicate that uptake by POCIS dominated by membrane kinetics. Kow(L kg−1) = octanol-water partition coefficient.
A Novel Method for the Assessment of Feeding Rate as a Phenotypic Endpoint for the Impact of Pollutants in Daphnids
Authors: Rowan Emma , Leung Anne , Grintzalis Konstantinos
Published: July 2024

Traditional approaches for monitoring aquatic pollution primarily rely on chemical analysis and the detection of pollutants in the aqueous environments. However, these methods lack realism and mechanistic insight and, thus, are increasingly supported by effect-based methods, which offer sensitive endpoints. In this context, daphnids, a freshwater species used extensively in molecular ecotoxicology, offer fast and noninvasive approaches to assess the impact of pollutants. Among the phenotypic endpoints used, feeding rate is a highly sensitive approach because it provides evidence of physiological alterations even in sublethal concentrations. However, there has been no standardized method for measuring feeding rate in daphnids, and several approaches follow different protocols. There is a diversity among tests employing large volumes, extensive incubation times, and high animal densities, which in turn utilize measurements of algae via fluorescence, radiolabeling, or counting ingested cells. These tests are challenging and laborious and sometimes require cumbersome instrumentation. In the present study, we optimized the conditions of a miniaturized fast, sensitive, and high-throughput assay to assess the feeding rate based on the ingestion of fluorescent microparticles. The protocol was optimized in neonates in relation to the concentration of microplastic and the number of animals to increase reproducibility. Daphnids, following exposures to nonlethal concentrations, were incubated with microplastics; and, as filter feeders, they ingest microparticles. The new approach revealed differences in the physiology of daphnids in concentrations below the toxicity limits for a range of pollutants of different modes of action, thus proving feeding to be a more sensitive and noninvasive endpoint in pollution assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2211–2221. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

A novel method for feeding measurements in neonates of Daphnia magna for toxicity assessment.
Bridging foresight and evaluation: A bridge worth building
Authors: Gardner Annette L. , Davies Rick , Kelly Thomas
Published: July 2024

Focusing on and supporting the integration of two overlapping but siloed disciplines is an exciting but uncertain endeavor. We can anticipate ambiguity in that it is an exploratory activity, as well as novelty in that we don't know exactly where we are going until we get there. However, we are sure it is worth the effort. As evidenced by the papers in this volume, evaluation and futures studies are two disciplines that have much to offer one another. Evaluation can inform the quality and effectiveness of foresight initiatives, such as whether an environmental scanning system surfaces signals of change that supports organizational long‐term thinking and preparedness. Systematically thinking about the future can free evaluation from being a primarily hindsight‐based discipline and activity and enable it to play a more active role in informing strategy and decision‐making that benefits evaluators, clients, and the program. Looking across this volume's papers, and beyond, we identify themes important to advancing foresight evaluation thinking and practice. In particular, we focus on how foresight thinking and methods can inform evaluation practice (and vice versa), the foresight capacity required on the part of evaluators, and the evaluation capacity that foresight practitioners currently have. Additionally, we provide some observations on gaps and challenges, and recommend ways that evaluators can look inward and outward to advance their foresight evaluation practice.
The origin and migration laws of hydrocarbons in uranium‐bearing Luohe Formation, Pengyang area, SW Ordos Basin
Authors: Si Qinghong , Teng Xueming , Zhu Qiang , Li Jianguo , Zhao Hualei , Wang Guoming , Tong Haikui , Dang Hongliang
Published: July 2024

The hydrocarbon activity in Pengyang area, situated in the southwestern Ordos Basin, is notably prominent. Investigation on the migration laws of hydrocarbons is imperative for comprehending the involvement in uranium mineralization. Based on the analysis of spatial distribution of hydrocarbon containing fluid and hydrocarbon generation conditions of sandstone in the Luohe Formation, the organic geochemical characteristics including hydrocarbon components, carbon isotopes and biomarker compounds were analysed. The research results indicate that: (1) hydrocarbon fluid activities in the Luohe Formation are predominantly observed in layers exhibiting higher uranium mineralization. The mudstone of the Luohe Formation had low organic matter content and low thermal maturity, which was not conducive to hydrocarbon generation. (2) Hydrocarbon‐containing fluid in the sandstone of Luohe Formation not only contained reducing gases such as methane and hydrogen but also chloroform asphalt components. The carbon isotopes of hydrocarbon in sandstone inform Luohe Formation resemble oil and gas in the Mesozoic. The biomarker parameter inferred that the parent rock of hydrocarbons in the Luohe Formation was formed under reducing and freshwater conditions, and hydrocarbon generation occurred at the mature stage. As above mentioned, a comparison was carried out between the affinity of hydrocarbon‐containing fluid in the Luohe Formation and different layers of hydrocarbon source rocks. The migration behaviour of hydrocarbon‐containing fluid in the Pengyang area has been summarized, and the involvement of hydrocarbon‐containing fluid in uranium mineralization has been discussed. The main concepts are as follows: the sedimentary environment and thermal evolution conditions of hydrocarbons in the sandstone of Luohe Formation resemble those of the primary hydrocarbon source rocks in the Yanchang Formation. The main hydrocarbon charging events in the Luohe Formation occurred before the Late Cretaceous period, which is primarily related to two hydrocarbon generation events from 130 to 100 Ma in the Yanchang Formation and fault conduits connecting the Triassic to the Cretaceous Strata. The hydrocarbon‐containing fluid released from Yanchang Formation migrating to the Luohe Formation provides reducing conditions for the precipitation of uranium in oxygen‐bearing water bodies.
CD4+ T cell‐associated cytokines induce a chronic pro‐inflammatory phenotype in induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived midbrain astrocytes
Authors: MacMahon Copas Adina N. , McComish Sarah F. , Petrasca Andreea , McCormack Rachel , Ivers Daniel , Stricker Anna , Fletcher Jean M. , Caldwell Maeve A.
Published: July 2024

Astrocytes are mediators of homeostasis but contribute to neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mounting evidence suggests involvement of peripheral immune cells in PD pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the potential role of peripheral immune secreted cytokines in modulating midbrain astrocyte reactivity. Human iPSC‐derived midbrain astrocytes were exposed to 5% and 10% CD4+ T cell conditioned media (CD4CM) for 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days to assess chronic exposure. Additionally, astrocytes were exposed to the Th17 cell cytokine, IL‐17A (10 ng/mL), alone and in combination with TNF‐α (0.3 ng/mL) to assess potential synergistic effects of both cytokines at 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days. CD4CM induced acute and chronic alterations in midbrain astrocytes. Increased NFκB translocation to the nucleus, increased expression of the pro‐inflammatory genes, IL‐1β, CXCL10 at 24 h, C3, LCN2, IL‐6 at 24 and 48 h, as well as an increase in their release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and CXCL10 at both these time points were observed. A synergistic response to the combination of IL‐17A and TNF‐α on increasing inflammatory gene expression and cytokine release occurred. IL‐17A and TNF‐α increased intensity of S100β at 24 h, decreased nuclear area and increased circularity of astrocytes at 72 h. A synergistic effect on γH2AX intensity at 72 h and an increase in LDH release at 7 days was observed. Our results demonstrate that IL‐17A and TNF‐α act synergistically, enhancing midbrain astrocyte reactivity to a similar degree as CD4CM. This highlights the importance of the peripheral immune secreted cytokines in increasing the reactivity status of midbrain astrocytes, implicating their role in PD.
Trends in resource allocation for primary health care in rural China: Concentration curve and decomposition analysis
Authors: Li Huiwen , Yuan Beibei , Song Suhang , Meng Qingyue , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: July 2024

Since 2009, China has made large investments in strengthening the primary healthcare system. This study aimed to examine the trends in the number and distribution of health resources in rural China following the health system reform and to decompose the sources of inequalities. Data were collected from standardized reports compiled by each county in rural China and compiled by the National Health Commission and Bureau of Statistics. From the findings of this empirical study, resource allocation per capita for primary health care (PHC) improved gradually from 2008 to 2014. The distribution of beds across counties (ranked by level of economic development) was relatively equitable. However, the concentration curve analysis indicated that the distribution of primary care professionals remained skewed in favour of wealthier and more urbanised counties. Economic status was proved to be a major contributor to the inequality of health human resource. China's primary care reforms resulted in simultaneously improved supply of PHC resources as well as pro‐rich inequality in distribution of the workforce. To advance equality in health resource allocation, greater attention should be paid to the substantial inequality of economic status within counties.
Abnormalities in copper status associated with diminished ovarian reserve: A case–control and cross‐sectional study
Authors: Xu Ke , Shao Jingyi , Cai Kaixuan , Liu Qinyang , Li Xiyu , Yan Fei , Huang Rong , Hou Yao , Shi Yun
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study aimed to illustrate the copper status of diminished ovarian reserve in Chinese women, especially the effects of copper, ceruloplasmin, non‐ceruloplasmin‐bound copper (NCC) and CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD1).

Methods

This case–control, cross‐sectional investigation included women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR group, n = 35) and matched normal ovarian reserve (NOR group, n = 35). The serum levels of copper, ceruloplasmin, NCC, SOD1, follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, testosterone, and anti‐Müllerian hormone were tested and analyzed.

Results

The serum copper concentrations (60.88%), NCC (54.75%) and SOD1 (54.75%) in the DOR group were significantly higher than those in the NOR group (all P < 0.001), and the concentrations of the three markers were higher in most subgroups (P < 0.001). The correlation analysis verified the correlation between copper status and impaired ovarian function. Additionally, linear regression analysis showed that NCC and SOD1 levels were negatively correlated with anti‐Müllerian hormone (P < 0.05 or 0.001).

Conclusion

Our exploration found significant increases in copper, NCC and SOD1 levels in DOR and suggests a possible link. Copper status is expected to serve as the predictive marker for DOR.
Clinical implications of a Couvelaire uterus with placental abruption: A retrospective study
Authors: Hiiragi Kazuya , Obata Soichiro , Miyagi Etsuko , Aoki Shigeru
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study aimed to clarify the maternal and neonatal outcomes based on the presence or absence of a Couvelaire uterus with placental abruption.

Methods

This single‐center retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary perinatal center in Japan, including patients diagnosed with acute placental abruption who delivered live births via cesarean section between 2016 and 2023. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of a Couvelaire uterus during surgery: the Couvelaire and normal uterus groups. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed.

Results

This study included 76 patients: 24 in the Couvelaire group and 52 in the normal uterus group. No patients underwent hysterectomies. The Couvelaire group had significantly higher intraoperative blood loss (median 1152 vs 948 g, P = 0.010), blood transfusion rates (58% vs 31%, P = 0.022), fibrinogen administration rates (38% vs 13%, P = 0.038), intensive care unit/high care unit admission rates (29% vs 7.7%, P = 0.013), and disseminated intravascular coagulation complication rates (25% vs 7.7%, P = 0.038). There were no differences in birth weight, gestational age (median 2387 vs 2065 g, P = 0.082), Apgar score <4 at 5 min (4.2% vs 3.9%, P = 0.95), umbilical artery blood pH <7.1 (25% vs 22%, P = 0.82), and neonatal death (4.2% vs 1.9%, P = 0.57).

Conclusion

A Couvelaire uterus indicated adverse maternal outcomes but not neonatal ones. Its presence necessitates preparation for blood transfusions and/or intensive patient follow‐up.
Research progress of serum albumin in the field of drug delivery
Authors: Ji Hanxu , Zheng Ziyang , Li Siqi , Xiao Xian , Tang Wenxia , Zhang Xuehao , Guo Qimin , He Qi , Cai Shulong , Jiang Pan , Wang Hongxun , Li Longjie , Xiao Xianjin , Wang Limei
Published: July 2024

As a drug delivery system with wide application potential, serum albumin drug‐carrying nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention in the field of drug delivery in recent years. This review aims to summarize the research progress of serum albumin drug‐loaded nanoparticles in the field of drug delivery. Firstly, the excellent properties of serum albumin as a drug carrier were introduced, several methods of preparing serum albumin nanoparticles were discussed in depth, and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. Then, the design of the nanoparticle albumin drug carrier is discussed, including the control of the size of the nanoparticle, the surface properties and the amount of drug loading, so as to achieve better drug delivery effect. Finally, a series of therapeutic approaches using serum albumin nanoparticles as drug carriers, such as anti‐cancer drug delivery and drug delivery across the blood‐brain barrier, are systematically summarized. In summary, the research of serum albumin drug‐carrying nanoparticles has brought new possibilities and opportunities to the field of drug delivery, and inspired more innovative research and practical applications.
Overcoming challenges of clinical cell therapies for Parkinson's disease with photobiomodulation
Authors: Chamkouri Hossein , Si Jianmin , Chen Peng , Ni Haiyong , Bragin Denis E. , Ahmadlouydarab Majid , Niu Chaoshi , Chen Lei
Published: July 2024

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a rapidly growing and innovative therapeutic method for various illnesses in recent years. Due to the irreversible nature of Parkinson's disease (PD), it has proven challenging to impede or postpone the progression of the disease. Despite research on pharmacological approaches to halt neuronal degeneration, the viability of these techniques has been called into doubt due to apprehensions over potential side effects and the ethical implications associated with the utilization of embryonic cell transplantation. Hence, developing an innovative therapeutic approach to halting neuronal degeneration and safeguarding neurons from this neurodegenerative disorder is imperative. This review examines the pathogenesis, challenges, and limitations of conventional PD therapies, allowing a closer examination of PBM's distinctive approach within this medical context. Delving into PBM's therapeutic mechanisms in the cells, the effects of different wavelengths on cell therapies in PD patients, and considerations for patient care administration to overcome traditional challenges, this study offers insights into its potential as a promising avenue for PD management.
Applications and efficacy of radically open dialectical behavior therapy (RO DBT): A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Hatoum Amaani H. , Burton Amy L.
Published: July 2024

Radically open dialectical behaviour therapy (RO DBT) is a transdiagnostic treatment, originally developed as a variant of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), that emerged as a novel treatment approach for those presenting with excessive or maladaptive overcontrol. Despite RO DBT's growing popularity among clinicians as a treatment for chronic depression, personality disorders and eating disorders, to date, no systematic review has been conducted to summarise the evidence on this therapy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to provide a current and comprehensive summary of the available evidence on the clinical applications and efficacy of RO DBT. Articles were included if they were original research studies that described the use of RO DBT in the treatment of any psychological disorder, condition or symptom, published in the English language in a peer‐reviewed journal. Four electronic databases were searched, and screening, selection, risk of bias assessment and data extraction were all conducted by two independent reviewers. Fourteen articles were included in this review, including two qualitative articles, one case study, five case series studies, four quasi‐experimental studies, and two articles describing one randomized control trial. Findings indicated there is emerging evidence for the use of RO DBT in both adolescents and adults, for disorders characterized by excessive self‐control, such as anorexia nervosa and autism, as well as for treatment‐resistant depression. While RO DBT shows promise as a treatment for disorders of overcontrol, further research is needed. This review outlines current gaps and identifies areas for future research.
Experienced discrimination and internalized stigma among people infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and surviving COVID‐19: Association with anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms
Authors: Lasalvia Antonio , Bodini Luca , Pace Davide , Colombi Morena , Caruson Mattia Marco , Van Bortel Tine , Bonetto Chiara
Published: July 2024

People surviving COVID‐19 may experience social stigma related to their condition even after clinical recovery. This study aimed to: (1) investigate COVID‐19‐related experienced discrimination and internalized stigma, and (2) explore their association with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. We conducted an online survey of people who survived COVID‐19. Perception of stigma was assessed using the COVID‐19 Experienced Discrimination Scale and the COVID‐19 Internalized Stigma Scale. Depression, anxiety, and insomnia were assessed using, respectively, the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, the General Anxiety Disorder Scale‐7, and the Insomnia Severity Index. Multivariable logistic regression analyses for each psychopathological domain were performed. A total of 579 participants participated in this study. Overall, 25% reported some degree of experienced discrimination, and 23% reported some degree of internalized stigma. Adjusted odds ratio showed that scoring higher on internalized stigma related significantly to higher symptoms of depression (2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35–3.39), anxiety (2.30; 95% CI, 1.48–3.59), and insomnia (2.54; 95% CI, 1.64–3.95), whereas experienced discrimination was associated to anxiety (1.55; 95% CI, 1.06–2.28) and insomnia (1.82; 95% CI, 1.24–2.69). Experiences of social stigmatization are frequent among people surviving COVID‐19 and seem to be associated with levels of psychological disturbances. Further research is required to elucidate the direction of these relationships to implement effective treatment strategies.
Postdischarge needs identified by an automated text messaging program: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Ahn Aiden , Morgan Anna U. , Burke Robert E. , Honig Katherine , Long Judith A. , McGlaughlin Nancy , Jointer Carlondra , Asch David A. , Bressman Eric
Published: July 2024

Background

Text messaging has emerged as a popular strategy to engage patients after hospital discharge. Little is known about how patients use these programs and what types of needs are addressed through this approach.

Objective

The goal of this study was to describe the types and timing of postdischarge needs identified during a 30‐day automated texting program.

Methods

The program ran from January to August 2021 at a primary care practice in Philadelphia. In this mixed‐methods study, two reviewers conducted a directed content analysis of patient needs expressed during the program, categorizing them along a well‐known transitional care framework. We describe the frequency of need categories and their timing relative to discharge.

Results

A total of 405 individuals were enrolled; the mean (SD) age was 62.7 (16.2); 64.2% were female; 47.4% were Black; and 49.9% had Medicare insurance. Of this population, 178 (44.0%) expressed at least one need during the 30‐day program. The most frequent needs addressed were related to symptoms (26.8%), coordinating follow‐up care (20.4%), and medication issues (15.7%). The mean (SD) number of days from discharge to need was 10.8 (7.9); there were no significant differences in timing based on need category.

Conclusions

The needs identified via an automated texting program were concentrated in three areas relevant to primary care practice and within nursing scope of practice. This program can serve as a model for health systems looking to support transitions through an operationally efficient approach, and the findings of this analysis can inform future iterations of this type of program.