bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glomus Tumor of the Hand
Authors: Lee Won , Kwon Soon Beom , Cho Sang Hun , Eo Su Rak , Kwon Chan
Published: May 2015

Background Glomus tumors were first described by Wood in 1812 as painful subcutaneous tubercles. It is an uncommon benign neoplasm involving the glomus body, an apparatus that involves in thermoregulation of cutaneous microvasculature. Glomus tumor constitutes 1%-5% of all hand tumors. It usually occurs at the subungual region and more commonly in aged women. Its classical clinical triad consists of pain, tenderness and temperature intolerance, especially cold sensitivity. This study reviews 15 cases of glomus tumor which were analyzed according to its anatomic location, surgical approach and histologic findings.

Methods Fifteen patients with subungual glomus tumors of the hand operated on between January 2006 and March 2013, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were evaluated preoperatively with standard physical examination including ice cube test and Love's test. Diagnostic imaging consisted of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. All procedures were performed with tourniquet control under local anesthesia. Eleven patients underwent excision using the transungual approach, 3 patients using the volar approach and 1 patient using the lateral subperiosteal approach.

Results Total of 15 cases were reviewed. 11 tumors were located in the nail bed, 3 in the volar pulp and 1 in the radial aspect of the finger tip. After complete excision, patients remained asymptomatic in the immediate postoperative period. In the long term follow up, patients exhibited excellent cosmetic results with no recurrence.

Conclusions Accurate diagnosis should be made by physical, radiologic and pathologic examinations. Preoperative localization and complete extirpation is essential in preventing recurrence and subsequent nail deformity.
Surgical Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome through a Minimal Incision on the Distal Wrist Crease: An Anatomical and Clinical Study
Authors: Yoo Hye Mi , Lee Kyoung Suk , Kim Jun Sik , Kim Nam Gyun
Published: May 2015

Background An anatomical analysis of the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) and the surrounding structures might help in identifying effective measures to minimize complications. Here, we present a surgical technique based on an anatomical study that was successfully applied in clinical settings.

Methods Using 13 hands from 8 formalin-fixed cadavers, we measured the TCL length and thickness, correlation between the distal wrist crease and the proximal end of the TCL, and distance between the distal end of the TCL and the palmar arch; the TCL cross sections and the thickest parts were also examined. Clinically, fasciotomy was performed on the relevant parts of 15 hands from 13 patients by making a minimally invasive incision on the distal wrist crease. Postoperatively, a two-point discrimination check was conducted in which the sensations of the first, second, and third fingertips and the palmar cutaneous branch injuries were monitored (average duration, 7 months).

Results In the 13 cadaveric hands, the distal wrist crease and the proximal end of the TCL were placed in the same location. The average length of the TCL and the distance from the distal TCL to the superficial palmar arch were 35.30±2.59 mm and 9.50±2.13 mm, respectively. The thickest part of the TCL was a region 25 mm distal to the distal wrist crease (average thickness, 4.00±0.57 mm). The 13 surgeries performed in the clinical settings yielded satisfactory results.

Conclusions This peri-TCL anatomical study confirmed the safety of fasciotomy with a minimally invasive incision of the distal wrist crease. The clinical application of the technique indicated that the minimally invasive incision of the distal wrist crease was efficacious in the treatment of the carpal tunnel syndrome.
Full-Thickness Skin Grafting with De-Epithelization of the Wound Margin for Finger Defects with Bone or Tendon Exposure
Authors: Lee Jun Hee , Burm Jin Sik , Kang Sang Yoon , Yang Won Yong
Published: May 2015

Background Full-thickness skin grafts (FTSGs) are generally considered unreliable for coverage of full-thickness finger defects with bone or tendon exposure, and there are few clinical reports of its use in this context. However, animal studies have shown that an FTSG can survive over an avascular area ranging up to 12 mm in diameter. In our experience, the width of the exposed bones or tendons in full-thickness finger defects is <7 mm. Therefore, we covered the bone- or tendon-exposed defects of 16 fingers of 10 patients with FTSGs.

Methods The surgical objectives were healthy granulation tissue formation in the wound bed, marginal de-epithelization of the normal skin surrounding the defect, preservation of the subdermal plexus of the central graft, and partial excision of the dermis along the graft margin. The donor site was the mastoid for small defects and the groin for large defects.

Results Most of the grafts (15 of 16 fingers) survived without significant surgical complications and achieved satisfactory functional and aesthetic results. Minor complications included partial graft loss in one patient, a minimal extension deformity in two patients, a depression deformity in one patient, and mild hyperpigmentation in four patients.

Conclusions We observed excellent graft survival with this method with no additional surgical injury of the normal finger, satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes, and no need for secondary debulking procedures. Potential disadvantages include an insufficient volume of soft tissue and graft hyperpigmentation. Therefore, FTSGs may be an option for treatment of full-thickness finger defects with bone or tendon exposure.
Three Cases of Acquired Simulated Brown Syndrome after Blowout Fracture Operations
Authors: Ji So Young , Yoo Jae Hong , Ha Won , Lee Ji Won , Yang Wan Suk
Published: May 2015

Brown syndrome is known as limited elevation of the affected eye during adduction. It is caused by a disorder of the superior oblique tendon, which makes it difficult for the eyeball to look upward, especially during adduction. It is classified into congenital true sheath Brown syndrome and acquired simulated Brown syndrome. Acquired simulated Brown syndrome can be caused by trauma, infection, or inflammatory conditions. The surgical restoration of blowout fractures can also lead to limitations of ocular motility, including Brown syndrome. We report on three patients with acquired simulated Brown syndrome, who complained of diplopia and limitation of ocular motility after operations to treat blowout fractures.
Le fait religieux au Québec et au Canada : regard critique sur deux historiographies récentes1
Authors: Larochelle Catherine
Published: May 2015

Cet essai historiographique s’intéresse à deux approches de l’histoire du fait religieux au Québec s’étant développées à l’aube des années 2000 : 1) la « nouvelle sensibilité » et 2) l’histoire sociale du christianisme. D’abord, les chercheurs de la « nouvelle sensibilité » n’ont pas voulu voir dans l’histoire de l’Église catholique qu’un empêchement à la « modernité » québécoise. Quant à elle, l’histoire sociale du christianisme a voulu replacer les Églises et leurs institutions au coeur même du monde libéral. Après avoir étudié leur historiographie respective, l’article examine de façon critique ces deux tendances en les observant sous les angles de l’exigence éthique, du projet d’histoire critique et du paradigme national.
Des frères… presque jumeaux : les Pères blancs belges et canadiens-français entre colonisation et mission dans l’Afrique des années 1950
Authors: Foisy1 Catherine
Published: May 2015

Cet article va au-delà des statistiques missionnaires belges et québécoises en comparant les revues publiées par les Pères blancs belges et canadiens-français, tant du point de vue de leurs relations avec leurs coreligionnaires nationaux que de leur action missionnaire en territoire africain au cours des années 1950. Il explore d’abord les stratégies de propagande, de financement et de recrutement mises en place pour maintenir l’intérêt, l’engagement et le support des catholiques belges et canadiens-français face aux missions étrangères. Par la suite, il revisite l’action missionnaire de ces deux groupes dans divers pays africains en se focalisant sur les dimensions politiques internes au catholicisme telles que déployées en mission et sur les liens entretenus par les missionnaires avec les empires coloniaux. Enfin, il s’emploie à dégager les principales similitudes et différences entre les deux cas, montrant que les deux groupes étudiés se ressemblent davantage qu’ils se distinguent, malgré une différence majeure, celle d’appartenir à une nation coloniale.
Politique et discipline ecclésiastique dans l’archidiocèse de Québec (1932-1944)
Authors: Dumas1 Alexandre
Published: May 2015

S’il est indéniable que l’Église catholique a joué un rôle politique au Québec, on connaît encore peu le rôle joué par le bas clergé au XXe siècle. Les interventions du clergé, souvent non autorisées par les évêques, ont compliqué les relations entre l’Église et l’État. Dans quelles limites était-il permis à des prêtres de se mêler de politique et comment était administrée la discipline ecclésiastique dans ce cas précis ? L’article explore l’implication politique du clergé et ses ramifications en examinant le cas de deux prêtres de Québec, le curé Édouard-Valmore Lavergne de Notre-Dame de Grâce et l’abbé Pierre Gravel de Saint-Roch.
Note de recherche1. Religion et politique dans les années 1950
Authors: Warren Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2015

La présente note de recherche offre une interprétation synthétique des années 1950. En premier lieu, il s’agit d’appliquer au Québec le concept d’autoritarisme démocratique afin de cerner l’originalité des régimes autocratiques qui s’appuient sur la légitimité du scrutin populaire. En deuxième lieu, il s’agit de revenir sur les derniers dix ans du pontificat de Pie XII, afin de souligner comment cette décennie instaure un climat nettement plus conservateur à l’échelle de la catholicité mondiale. Nous espérons montrer ainsi que le mythe de la Grande Noirceur repose sur deux réalités à la fois autonomes et complémentaires qui ont fondé, dans l’imaginaire collectif, l’opinion d’une époque essentiellement réactionnaire.
Parcours de Claude Lefort : de l’« expérience prolétarienne » de l’« aliénation » à la critique du marxisme
Authors: Labelle Gilles
Published: May 2015

Souvent négligée, l’étude de la pensée de Claude Lefort avant sa rupture avec le marxisme est cependant fondamentale pour comprendre son parcours politique et intellectuel. La thèse de cet article est que le noyau de cette pensée repose sur le couple de concepts « expérience prolétarienne » / « aliénation ». L’aliénation est définie par Lefort en référence à Hegel, à Marx, mais également à la socio-anthropologie (travaux d’Evans-Pritchard sur les Nuer). Ce sont les apories propres à l’expérience prolétarienne, qui à la fois est censée révéler le sens de l’aliénation dans le « capitalisme bureaucratique » et annoncer son dépassement, qui amènent Lefort à rompre avec le marxisme et à se tourner vers une pensée de la division originaire dont les fondements se trouvent selon lui dans l’oeuvre de Machiavel.
Claude Lefort et Cornelius Castoriadis : regards croisés sur Mai 68
Authors: Chollet Antoine
Published: May 2015

Comme tous les moments révolutionnaires, Mai 68 n’est jamais complètement passé : il reste vivant pour la pensée politique contemporaine. En 1968, Cornelius Castoriadis et Claude Lefort, deux des principaux penseurs politiques de la France de l’après-guerre, proposaient leurs lectures des événements de Mai en France dans un livre important :Mai 68 : la Brèche. Pour le vingtième anniversaire des événements, ils écrivaient à nouveau sur ceux-ci, en cherchant à examiner leur postérité à la fois sociale et intellectuelle. Ces interprétations de Mai 68 font apparaître des convergences aussi bien que des oppositions théoriques entre les deux auteurs, qui concernent aussi bien le rôle de l’intellectuel que les définitions de la révolution, du pouvoir et de la démocratie. Mai 68 sert ainsi de révélateur, qui éclaire des aspects importants du dissensus politique et théorique qui a opposé Castoriadis à Lefort dès les années 1950.
Réinterroger le social : la démocratie au-delà du politique
Authors: Singer Brian C.J.
Published: May 2015

Claude Lefort est connu comme penseur du politique ; cet article interroge Lefort, toutefois comme penseur du social. Qu’est-ce qu’il veut dire par le social ? Quel rapport entretient-il avec le politique ? Et avec le symbolique ? Est-ce que la forme et le sens du social changent avec la révolution démocratique ? En répondant à ces questions, cet essai examine des textes clés de Lefort en ordre chronologique. Il montre que bien que Lefort retienne l’idée d’une « division sociale originaire », sa compréhension du social en démocratie se modifie. Ses écrits antérieurs sont plus « marxisants », au moins au sens qu’ils considèrent la société comme constituée par la division des classes sociales ; le politique doit représenter cette division, lui donner son sens et ses enjeux, tel que le social n’est complété qu’en trouvant une expression en termes politiques. Ses écrits ultérieurs sont plus tocquevilliens : le social démocratique est vu comme fondé sur l’égalité des conditions, considérée comme un événement symbolique irréversible marqué par la disparition d’un principe de différentiation et de hiérarchisation par « nature ». Mais même dans cette phase ultérieure, le social apparaît sans ses propres valeurs et finalités, de telle sorte que le déclin du conflit de classes ne peut que conduire à l’épuisement du politique et même à la « désymbolisation ». En essayant de penser le social à la fois pour et contre Lefort, cet essai demande si ce dernier n’a pas suffisamment distingué le social du politique et si son concept du social n’est pas suffisamment épaissi.
Qu’est-ce qu’une oeuvre de pensée ? Réflexions sur l’art de lire lefortien
Authors: Marcotte-Chénard Sophie
Published: May 2015

La pensée de Claude Lefort est généralement associée au renouveau de la philosophie politique et à la réflexion sur le statut de la démocratie moderne. Il est cependant un domaine – auquel une large part de ses écrits est consacrée – qui demeure négligé ou bien se trouve relégué au second plan : celui de l’interprétation. Dans cet article, nous cherchons à répondre à la question suivante : Lefort propose-t-il, notamment dans son ouvrage Le travail de l’oeuvre Machiavel, une méthode de lecture des textes du passé ? Nous défendons l’idée qu’il existe bel et bien un « art de lire » lefortien et que celui-ci trouve son point d’appui dans la redéfinition de la notion centrale d’oeuvre de pensée. L’analyse des « propriétés » de l’oeuvre et des tâches qu’elle assigne au lecteur permet de dévoiler les articulations de la théorie interprétative de Lefort et de montrer de quelle façon celle-ci constitue l’un des fondements de sa pensée du politique.
La photographie stéréoscopique animée, avant la chronophotographie
Authors: Chik Caroline
Published: May 2015

La photographie stéréoscopique animée ne saurait se réduire à une forme archaïque et inaboutie de « pré-cinéma » : tel est le postulat de cet article, qui étudie les expériences fondatrices et les premiers dispositifs de photographie stéréoscopique animée dans leur contexte historique, celui de la photographie des années 1850-1860. Expliquant tout d’abord comment s’est opéré le passage originel de la photographie stéréoscopique à la photographie animée, et comment l’apport d’une nouvelle dimension spatiale a pu engendrer l’apparition d’une dimension temporelle — et par là même d’une forme de mouvement, si minimale fût-elle —, l’auteure tente de mettre en lumière, à travers une série d’exemples, l’intérêt que présente l’étude de cette forme photographique marginale, qui se caractérise par des prises de vue image par image en nombre restreint destinées à composer artificiellement un mouvement séquentiel et à être animées selon des techniques spécifiques.
Le territoire des ombres. Pour n’en jamais finir avec les hommes imaginaires du cinéma…
Authors: Lombard Gaëlle
Published: May 2015

Le cinéma propose un reflet des choses qui le contraint à se conjuguer au passé même s’il nous invite à le vivre comme un présent. C’est ce qui en fait le lieu idoine de l’incarnation de la mémoire : depuis les débuts de leur histoire, les films proposent des modalités de représentation différentes du retour et de la persistance de ce qui a été dans ce qui est. Si la figure du spectre (cet être translucide, voire transparent, qui rappelle le vivant qu’il a habité) s’est imposée comme la plus à même de remplir cette fonction, et ce, sous diverses formes témoignant d’une réflexion du médium sur lui-même, ses attributs ont su dépasser le cadre du fantastique pour s’incarner dans des procédés cinématographiques (flash-back, anaphores musicales, surimpressions) qui traduisent certains mécanismes de la vie psychique et qui engagent à une lecture anthropologique du cinéma dans le sillage du livre d’Edgar Morin, Le cinéma ou L’homme imaginaire. De fait, si la possibilité de représenter la mémoire permet de réfléchir à sa spécificité, la réciproque est pareillement vraie, car rien ne nous éclaire plus sur l’homme, éveillé ou assoupi, présent, passé ou futur, que l’analyse de ses créations.
A native interactor scaffolds and stabilizes toxic ATAXIN-1 oligomers in SCA1
Authors: Lasagna-Reeves Cristian A , Rousseaux Maxime WC , Guerrero-Muñoz Marcos J , Park Jeehye , Jafar-Nejad Paymaan , Richman Ronald , Lu Nan , Sengupta Urmi , Litvinchuk Alexandra , Orr Harry T , Kayed Rakez , Zoghbi Huda Y
Published: May 2015

Recent studies indicate that soluble oligomers drive pathogenesis in several neurodegenerative proteinopathies, including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Curiously, the same conformational antibody recognizes different disease-related oligomers, despite the variations in clinical presentation and brain regions affected, suggesting that the oligomer structure might be responsible for toxicity. We investigated whether polyglutamine-expanded ATAXIN-1, the protein that underlies spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, forms toxic oligomers and, if so, what underlies their toxicity. We found that mutant ATXN1 does form oligomers and that oligomer levels correlate with disease progression in the Atxn1154Q/+ mice. Moreover, oligomeric toxicity, stabilization and seeding require interaction with Capicua, which is expressed at greater ratios with respect to ATXN1 in the cerebellum than in less vulnerable brain regions. Thus, specific interactors, not merely oligomeric structure, drive pathogenesis and contribute to regional vulnerability. Identifying interactors that stabilize toxic oligomeric complexes could answer longstanding questions about the pathogenesis of other proteinopathies.
Postrift history of the eastern central Atlantic passive margin: Insights from the Saharan region of South Morocco
Authors: Leprêtre Rémi , Missenard Yves , Barbarand Jocelyn , Gautheron Cécile , Saddiqi Omar , Pinna‐Jamme Rosella
Published: May 2015

The passive margin of South Morocco is a low‐elevated passive margin. It constitutes one of the oldest margins of the Atlantic Ocean, with an Early Jurassic breakup, and little geological data are available concerning its postrift reactivation so far. We investigated the postrift thermal history of the onshore part of the margin with low‐temperature thermochronology on apatite crystals. Fission track and (U‐Th‐Sm)/He ages we obtained are significantly younger than the breakup (~190 Ma). Fission track ages range from 107 ± 8 to 175 ± 16 Ma, with mean track lengths from 10.7 ± 0.3 to 12.5 ± 0.2 µm. (U‐Th‐Sm)/He ages range from 14 ± 1 to 185 ± 15 Ma. Using inverse modeling of low‐temperature thermochronological data, we demonstrate that the South Moroccan continental margin underwent a complex postrift history with at least two burial and exhumation phases. The first exhumation event occurred during Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous, and we attribute this to mantle dynamics rather than to intrinsic rifting‐related processes such as flexural rebound. The second event, from Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene, might record the onset of Africa/Europe convergence. We show a remarkably common behavior of the whole Moroccan passive margin during its early postrift evolution. The present‐day differences result from a segmentation of the margin domains due to the Africa/Europe convergence. Finally we propose that varying retained strengths during rifting and also the specific crustal/lithospheric geometry of stretching explain the difference between the topographical expressions on the continental African margin compared to its American counterpart.
Increased nitrogen export from eastern North America to the Atlantic Ocean due to climatic and anthropogenic changes during 1901–2008
Authors: Yang Qichun , Tian Hanqin , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Hopkinson Charles S. , Lu Chaoqun , Najjar Raymond G.
Published: May 2015

We used a process‐based land model, Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model 2.0, to examine how climatic and anthropogenic changes affected riverine fluxes of ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) from eastern North America, especially the drainage areas of the Gulf of Maine (GOM), Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB), and South Atlantic Bight (SAB) during 1901–2008. Model simulations indicated that annual fluxes of NH4+, NO3−, DON, and PON from the study area during 1980–2008 were 0.019 ± 0.003 (mean ± 1 standard deviation) Tg N yr−1, 0.18 ± 0.035 Tg N yr−1, 0.10 ± 0.016 Tg N yr−1, and 0.043 ± 0.008 Tg N yr−1, respectively. NH4+, NO3−, and DON exports increased while PON export decreased from 1901 to 2008. Nitrogen export demonstrated substantial spatial variability across the study area. Increased NH4+ export mainly occurred around major cities in the MAB. NO3− export increased in most parts of the MAB but decreased in parts of the GOM. Enhanced DON export was mainly distributed in the GOM and the SAB. PON export increased in coastal areas of the SAB and northern parts of the GOM but decreased in the Piedmont areas and the eastern parts of the MAB. Climate was the primary reason for interannual variability in nitrogen export; fertilizer use and nitrogen deposition tended to enhance the export of all nitrogen species; livestock farming and sewage discharge were also responsible for the increases in NH4+ and NO3− fluxes; and land cover change (especially reforestation of former agricultural land) reduced the export of the four nitrogen species.
Considering thermal‐viscous collapse of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Colgan William , Sommers Aleah , Rajaram Harihar , Abdalati Waleed , Frahm Joel
Published: May 2015

We explore potential changes in Greenland ice sheet form and flow associated with increasing ice temperatures and relaxing effective ice viscosities. We define “thermal‐viscous collapse” as a transition from the polythermal ice sheet temperature distribution characteristic of the Holocene to temperate ice at the pressure melting point and associated lower viscosities. The conceptual model of thermal‐viscous collapse we present is dependent on: (1) sufficient energy available in future meltwater runoff, (2) routing of meltwater to the bed of the ice sheet interior, and (3) efficient energy transfer from meltwater to the ice. Although we do not attempt to constrain the probability of thermal‐viscous collapse, it appears thermodynamically plausible to warm the deepest 15% of the ice sheet, where the majority of deformational shear occurs, to the pressure melting point within four centuries. First‐order numerical modeling of an end‐member scenario, in which prescribed ice temperatures are warmed at an imposed rate of 0.05 K/a, infers a decrease in ice sheet volume of 5 ± 2% within five centuries of initiating collapse. This is equivalent to a cumulative sea‐level rise contribution of 33 ± 18 cm. The vast majority of the sea‐level rise contribution associated with thermal‐viscous collapse, however, would likely be realized over subsequent millennia.
Gravity waves and high‐altitude CO2 ice cloud formation in the Martian atmosphere
Authors: Yiğit Erdal , Medvedev Alexander S. , Hartogh Paul
Published: May 2015

We present the first general circulation model simulations that quantify and reproduce patches of extremely cold air required for CO2 condensation and cloud formation in the Martian mesosphere. They are created by subgrid‐scale gravity waves (GWs) accounted for in the model with the interactively implemented spectral parameterization. Distributions of GW‐induced temperature fluctuations and occurrences of supersaturation conditions are in a good agreement with observations of high‐altitude CO2 ice clouds. Our study confirms the key role of GWs in facilitating CO2 cloud formation, discusses their tidal modulation, and predicts clouds at altitudes higher than have been observed to date.
Soil organic matter composition and quality across fire severity gradients in coniferous and deciduous forests of the southern boreal region
Authors: Miesel Jessica R. , Hockaday William C. , Kolka Randall K. , Townsend Philip A.
Published: May 2015

Recent patterns of prolonged regional drought in southern boreal forests of the Great Lakes region, USA, suggest that the ecological effects of disturbance by wildfire may become increasingly severe. Losses of forest soil organic matter (SOM) during fire can limit soil nutrient availability and forest regeneration. These processes are also influenced by the composition of postfire SOM. We sampled the forest floor layer (i.e., full organic horizon) and 0–10 cm mineral soil from stands dominated by coniferous (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) or deciduous (Populus tremuloides Michx.) species 1–2 months after the 2011 Pagami Creek wildfire in northern Minnesota. We used solid‐state 13C NMR to characterize SOM composition across a gradient of fire severity in both forest cover types. SOM composition was affected by fire, even when no statistically significant losses of total C stocks were evident. The most pronounced differences in SOM composition between burned and unburned reference areas occurred in the forest floor for both cover types. Carbohydrate stocks in forest floor and mineral horizons decreased with severity level in both cover types, whereas pyrogenic C stocks increased with severity in the coniferous forest floor and decreased in only the highest severity level in the deciduous forest floor. Loss of carbohydrate and lignin pools contributed to a decreased SOM stability index and increased decomposition index. Our results suggest that increases in fire severity expected to occur under future climate scenarios may lead to changes in SOM composition and dynamics with consequences for postfire forest recovery and C uptake.
Online tests of Kalman filter consistency
Authors: Piché Robert
Published: May 2015

The normalised innovation squared (NIS) test, which is used to assess whether a Kalman filter's noise assumptions are consistent with realised measurements, can be applied online with real data, and does not require future data, repeated experiments or knowledge of the true state. In this work, it is shown that the NIS test is equivalent to three other model criticism procedures, which are as follows: (i) it can be derived as a Bayesian p‐test for the prior predictive distribution; (ii) as a nested‐model parameter significance test; and (iii) from a recently‐proposed filter residual test. A new NIS‐like test corresponding to a posterior predictive Bayesian p‐test is presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robustness and perfect tracking in simple adaptive control
Authors: Barkana Itzhak
Published: May 2015

Adaptive controllers have been developed to guarantee stability and asymptotically perfect tracking under ideal conditions. In particular, the simple adaptive control methodology has been developed to avoid the use of identifiers, observer‐based controllers and, in general, to avoid using large order adaptive controllers in the control loop. In spite of initially successful applications, it is known that the basic adaptive algorithm may lead to divergence of the adaptive gains in such non‐ideal conditions as the presence of disturbances. A sigma‐term adjustment has been used to maintain boundedness with disturbance, yet is known that it seems to also eliminate perfect following even in ideal situations. Furthermore, bursting and other chaotic‐like phenomena observed in connection with the sigma‐term may also give pause to potential users of adaptive control. This paper revisits and modifies the use of various components of the simple adaptive control approach and shows how one can use passivity concepts such that, while it maintains robustness with disturbances, it also allows asymptotically perfect tracking in ideal conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reasons for Volume Contraction after Long‐Term Annealing of Waspaloy
Authors: Kinzel Svenja , Gabel Johannes , Völkl Rainer , Glatzel Uwe
Published: May 2015

Some materials for turbine applications show volume contraction during service lifetime. Relative shrinkage (Δl/l0) of up to about −4 · 10−4 may occur. In this study Waspaloy samples were exposed up to 10 000 h at 550 °C, 650 °C and 750 °C. High resolution length measurements unveil remarkable contraction during exposure at 550 °C and 650 °C and less contraction at 750 °C. The main contribution to sample contraction is compositional variation due to temperature dependent phase fraction changes. Lattice parameters of matrix and γ′ phase decrease within the first 300 h of temperature exposure. In addition carbide transformation from TiC to Cr23C6 contributes to the observed contraction.
Impact of modernization on adult body composition on five islands of varying economic development in vanuatu
Authors: Olszowy Kathryn M. , Pomer Alysa , Dancause Kelsey N. , Sun Cheng , Silverman Harold , Lee Gwang , Chan Chim W. , Tarivonda Len , Regenvanu Ralph , Kaneko Akira , Weitz Charles A. , Lum J. Koji , Garruto Ralph M.
Published: May 2015

Objective

The Republic of Vanuatu, similar to other South Pacific island nations, is undergoing a rapid health transition as a consequence of modernization. The pace of modernization is uneven across Vanuatu's 63 inhabited islands, resulting in differential impacts on overall body composition and prevalence of obesity among islands, and between men and women. In this study, we investigated (1) how modernization impacts body composition between adult male and female Melanesians living on four islands of varying economic development in Vanuatu, and (2) how body composition differs between adult Melanesians and Polynesians living on rural islands in Vanuatu.

Methods

Anthropometric measurements were taken on adult male and female Melanesians aged 18 years and older (n = 839) on the islands of Ambae (rural), Aneityum (rural with tourism), Nguna (rural with urban access), and Efate (urban) in Vanuatu, in addition to Polynesian adults on Futuna (rural).

Results

Mean measurements of body mass and fatness, and prevalence of obesity, were greatest on the most modernized islands in our sample, particularly among women. Additionally, differences between men and women became more pronounced on islands that were more modernized. Rural Polynesians on Futuna exhibited greater body mass, adiposity, and prevalence of obesity than rural Melanesians on Ambae.

Conclusions

We conclude that Vanuatu is undergoing an uneven and rapid health transition resulting in increased prevalence of obesity, and that women are at greatest risk for developing obesity‐related chronic diseases in urbanized areas in Vanuatu. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:832–844, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sleeping beauties in genius work: When were they awakened?
Authors: Li Jiang , Shi Dongbo
Published: May 2015

“Genius work,” proposed by Avramescu, refers to scientific articles whose citations grow exponentially in an extended period, for example, over 50 years. Such articles were defined as “sleeping beauties” by van Raan, who quantitatively studied the phenomenon of delayed recognition. However, the criteria adopted by van Raan at times are not applicable and may confer recognition prematurely. To revise such deficiencies, this paper proposes two new criteria, which are applicable (but not limited) to exponential citation curves. We searched for genius work among articles of Nobel Prize laureates during the period of 1901–2012 on the Web of Science, finding 25 articles of genius work out of 21,438 papers including 10 (by van Raan's criteria) sleeping beauties and 15 nonsleeping‐beauties. By our new criteria, two findings were obtained through empirical analysis: (a) the awakening periods for genius work depend on the increase rate b in the exponential function, and (b) lower b leads to a longer sleeping period.
Assessing the stereoselectivity of carbonyl reductases toward the reduction of OPBE and docking analysis
Authors: Chen Rong , Deng Jian , Lin Jinping , Yin Xiaopu , Xie Tian , Yang Shengli , Wei Dongzhi
Published: May 2015

The asymmetric reduction of prochiral carbonyl compounds by NAD(P)H‐dependent carbonyl reductases represents a powerful method for the production of optically active alcohols. The stereoselectivity of a series of carbonyl reductases were evaluated toward the reduction of ethyl 2‐oxo‐4‐phenylbutyrate (OPBE). A majority of reductases produced the ethyl (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylbutyrate ((R)‐HPBE) with low to excellent enantiomeric excess (e.e.), whereas about 30% reductases catalyzed OPBE to form (S)‐HPBE. Among them, the carbonyl reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SeCR) and short‐chain dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter oxydans (GoKR) exhibited 100% e.e., yielding the corresponding (R) and (S)‐HPBE, respectively. However, the SeCR showed relative higher activity (29.0 U/mg) and affinity (Km of 0.22 mM) than those of GoKR. Docking analysis found that the interaction of OPBE with enzyme‐NADPH complex determined the NADPH‐provided hydrogen transfer and the configuration of reductive product. These results indicated that the three‐dimensional (3D) structure of enzymes controlled the stereoselectivity of the reductive product based on the geometry of the substrate and cofactor.
Eye See What You Are Saying: Testing Conversational Influences on the Information Gleaned from Home‐Loan Disclosure Forms
Authors: LeBoeuf Mark A. , Choplin Jessica M. , Stark Debra Pogrund
Published: May 2015

The federal government mandates the use of home‐loan disclosure forms to facilitate understanding of offered loans, enable comparison shopping, and prevent predatory lending. Predatory lending persists, however, and scant research has examined how salespeople might undermine the effectiveness of these forms. Three eye‐tracking studies (a laboratory simulation and two controlled experiments) investigated how conversational norms affect the information consumers can glean from these forms. Study 1 was a laboratory simulation that recreated in the laboratory; the effects that previous literature suggested is likely happening in the field, namely, that following or violating conversational norms affects the information that consumers can glean from home‐loan disclosure forms and the home‐loan decisions they make. Studies 2 and 3 were controlled experiments that isolated the possible factors responsible for the observed biases in the information gleaned from these forms. The results suggest that attentional biases are largely responsible for the effects of conversation on the information consumers get and that perceived importance plays little to no role. Policy implications and how eye‐tracking technology can be employed to improve decision‐making are considered. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manage challenges, embrace opportunities of social‐media world
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: May 2015

Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Tumblr, Pinterest, Yik Yak. The breakneck speed at which the social‐media world continues to grow and change presents an array of challenges for colleges and universities struggling to keep pace. Institutions face a difficult balance between boosting their social‐media presence and steering clear of legal hot water and PR nightmares.
Talking to your child about sex, sexuality, and health: Facts + love = success
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2015

Sex is a normal part of teen development, and parents need to help their children understand feelings, peer pressure, and how to say no. If your child is having sex, he or she needs to know how to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy.
Biphasic components of sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinomas are molecularly similar to each other, but distinct from, non‐sarcomatoid renal carcinomas
Authors: Sircar Kanishka , Yoo Suk‐Young , Majewski Tadeusz , Wani Khalida , Patel Lalit R. , Voicu Horatiu , Torres‐Garcia Wandaliz , Verhaak Roel G. W. , Tannir Nizar , Karam Jose A. , Jonasch Eric , Wood Christopher G. , Tamboli Pheroze , Baggerly Keith A. , Aldape Kenneth D. , Czerniak Bogdan
Published: May 2015

Sarcomatoid transformation, wherein an epithelioid carcinomatous tumour component coexists with a sarcomatoid histology, is a predictor of poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Our understanding of sarcomatoid change has been hindered by the lack of molecular examination. Thus, we sought to characterize molecularly the biphasic epithelioid and sarcomatoid components of sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma and compare them to non‐sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma. We examined the transcriptome of the epithelioid and sarcomatoid components of advanced stage sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma (n=43) and non‐sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma (n=37) from independent discovery and validation cohorts using the cDNA microarray and RNA‐seq platforms. We analyzed DNA copy number profiles, generated using SNP arrays, from patients with sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma (n=10) and advanced non‐sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma (n=155). The epithelioid and sarcomatoid components of sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma had similar gene expression and DNA copy number signatures that were, however, distinct from those of high‐grade, high‐stage non‐sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Prognostic clear cell renal cell carcinoma gene expression profiles were shared by the biphasic components of sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma and the sarcomatoid component showed a partial epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition signature. Our genome‐scale microarray‐based transcript data were validated in an independent set of sarcomatoid and non‐sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinomas using RNA‐seq. Sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma is molecularly distinct from non‐sarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma, with its genetic programming largely shared by its biphasic morphological components. These data explain why a low percentage of sarcomatoid histology augurs a poor prognosis; suggest the need to modify the pathological grading system and introduce the potential for candidate biomarkers to detect sarcomatoid change preoperatively without specifically sampling the histological sarcomatoid component.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Pretreatment to MINIMISE Reperfusion Injury After ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction (The MINIMISE STEMI Trial): Rationale and Study Design
Authors: Bulluck Heerajnarain , Fröhlich Georg M. , Mohdnazri Shah , Gamma Reto A. , Davies John R. , Clesham Gerald J. , Sayer Jeremy W. , Aggarwal Rajesh K. , Tang Kare H. , Kelly Paul A. , Jagathesan Rohan , Kabir Alamgir , Robinson Nicholas M. , Sirker Alex , Mathur Anthony , Blackman Daniel J. , Ariti Cono , Krishnamurthy Arvindra , White Steven K. , Meier Pascal , Moon James C. , Greenwood John P. , Hausenloy Derek J.
Published: May 2015

Novel therapies capable of reducing myocardial infarct (MI) size when administered prior to reperfusion are required to prevent the onset of heart failure in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Experimental animal studies have demonstrated that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) therapy administered prior to reperfusion can reduce MI size, and MRA therapy prevents adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in post‐MI patients with LV impairment. With these 2 benefits in mind, we hypothesize that initiating MRA therapy prior to PPCI, followed by 3 months of oral MRA therapy, will reduce MI size and prevent adverse LV remodeling in STEMI patients. The MINIMISE‐STEMI trial is a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial that will recruit 150 STEMI patients from four centers in the United Kingdom. Patients will be randomized to receive either an intravenous bolus of MRA therapy (potassium canrenoate 200 mg) or matching placebo prior to PPCI, followed by oral spironolactone 50 mg once daily or matching placebo for 3 months. A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging scan will be performed within 1 week of PPCI and repeated at 3 months to assess MI size and LV remodeling. Enzymatic MI size will be estimated by the 48‐hour area‐under‐the‐curve serum cardiac enzymes. The primary endpoint of the study will be MI size on the 3‐month cardiac magnetic resonance imaging scan. The MINIMISE STEMI trial will investigate whether early MRA therapy, initiated prior to reperfusion, can reduce MI size and prevent adverse post‐MI LV remodeling.
A probabilistic model for performance analysis of cloud infrastructures
Authors: Chen Peng , Xia Yunni , Pang Shanchen , Li Jia
Published: May 2015

Analyzing the quantitative performance plays an important role in understanding and improving the quality of cloud computing systems and cloud‐based applications. In cloud computing, service requests from users go through numerous provider‐specific steps from the instant it is submitted to when the requested service is fully delivered. Quantitative performance analysis is not an easy task because of the complexity of cloud provisioning control flows and the increasing scale and complexity of real‐world cloud infrastructures. This work proposes a probabilistic queuing network‐based model for the performance analysis of cloud infrastructures. It considers expected task completion time and rejection probability as the performance metrics. Experimental performance data suggest the correctness of the proposed model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated join evaluation in Semantic Web databases by using FPGAs
Authors: Werner Stefan , Heinrich Dennis , Stelzner Marc , Linnemann Volker , Pionteck Thilo , Groppe Sven
Published: May 2015

While the amount of information steadily increases, the requirements on the response time to query these information become more strict. Under those conditions, conventional database systems reach their limits and cannot meet these performance requirements anymore. In recent years, systems with many processing cores are considered to satisfy these demands. Furthermore, these systems include more and more heterogeneous cores tailor‐made to solve one specific task in an efficient manner. However, dedicated hardware accelerators are inflexible and cannot be adapted to the requirements of a dedicated query. Thus, the challenge is orchestrating the diversity of the functionality of all the cores to be optimized for performance/energy efficiency. In this paper, a concept is introduced on how to develop a flexible Field‐Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA)‐based hardware accelerator to improve the performance of query evaluation in a Semantic Web database. As a first step to the hardware/software system, several joint algorithms are implemented on an FPGA and evaluated against a well‐developed software solution (implemented in C). The comparison shows a significant speedup of up to 10 times. Because of the complexity of the join operator, it is promising that the overall performance of query evaluation can be further enhanced by processing whole queries on an FPGA. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FireWorks: a dynamic workflow system designed for high‐throughput applications
Authors: Jain Anubhav , Ong Shyue Ping , Chen Wei , Medasani Bharat , Qu Xiaohui , Kocher Michael , Brafman Miriam , Petretto Guido , Rignanese Gian‐Marco , Hautier Geoffroy , Gunter Daniel , Persson Kristin A.
Published: May 2015

This paper introduces FireWorks, a workflow software for running high‐throughput calculation workflows at supercomputing centers. FireWorks has been used to complete over 50 million CPU‐hours worth of computational chemistry and materials science calculations at the National Energy Research Supercomputing Center. It has been designed to serve the demanding high‐throughput computing needs of these applications, with extensive support for (i) concurrent execution through job packing, (ii) failure detection and correction, (iii) provenance and reporting for long‐running projects, (iv) automated duplicate detection, and (v) dynamic workflows (i.e., modifying the workflow graph during runtime). We have found that these features are highly relevant to enabling modern data‐driven and high‐throughput science applications, and we discuss our implementation strategy that rests on Python and NoSQL databases (MongoDB). Finally, we present performance data and limitations of our approach along with planned future work. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication‐hiding programming for clusters with multi‐coprocessor nodes
Authors: Dong Xinnan , Wen Mei , Chai Jun , Cai Xing , Zhao Mandan , Zhang Chunyuan
Published: May 2015

Future exascale systems are expected to adopt compute nodes that incorporate many accelerators. To shed some light on the upcoming software challenge, this paper investigates the particular topic of programming clusters that have multiple Xeon Phi coprocessors in each compute node. A new offload approach is considered for intra‐node communication, which combines Intel's APIs of coprocessor offload infrastructure (COI) and symmetric communication interface (SCIF) for achieving low latency. While the conventional pragma‐based offload approach allows simpler programming, the COI‐SCIF approach has three advantages in (1) lower overhead associated with launching offloaded code, (2) higher data transfer bandwidths, and (3) more advanced asynchrony between computation and data movement. The low‐level COI‐SCIF approach is also shown to have benefits over the MPI‐OpenMP counterpart, which belongs to the symmetric usage mode. Moreover, a hybird programming strategy based on COI‐SCIF is presented for joining the computational force of all CPUs and coprocessors, while realizing communication hiding. All the programming approaches are tested by a real‐world 3D application, for which the COI‐SCIF‐based approach shows a performance advantage on Tianhe‐2. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verification of Iron Loss Calculation Method Using a High‐Precision Iron Loss Analyzer
Authors: Shimizu Toshihisa , Kakazu Keisuke , Takano Koushi , Ishii Hitoshi
Published: May 2015

Because of the improved performance of power devices, the volume of the ac filter inductors used in high‐frequency PWM inverters has been reduced. However, the temperature rise in the filter inductor due to this miniaturization has become more pronounced. Therefore, we have proposed an iron loss calculation method for the ac filter inductor. However, the accuracy of the value calculated via the loss map method cannot be verified, because the iron loss arising during each switching period cannot be measured with conventional power measuring instruments. In order to resolve this problem, we developed an inductor loss analyzer (ILA), which allows precise measurement of the iron loss in the inductor during each switching period. The accuracy of the calculation of iron loss in the filter inductor by the loss map method was verified with the ILA. We found that the value calculated by the loss map method differed slightly from the value measured with the ILA. However, these differences can be reduced if we take into account the accurate flux density calculation and the effect of the duty ratio of PWM pulses on the loss. Finally, we verified that the loss map method can provide accurate iron loss calculations.