bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second victim support structures in anaesthesia: a cross-sectional survey in Belgian anaesthesiologists
Authors: Nijs Kristof , Seys Deborah , Coppens Steve , Van De Velde Marc , Vanhaecht Kris
Published: March 2021

Background

Anaesthesiologists are prone to patient safety situations after which second victim symptoms can occur. In international literature, a majority of these second victims indicated that they were emotionally affected in the aftermath of a patient safety incident (PSI) and received little institutional support after these events.

Objective

To study the current second victim support structures in anaesthesia departments in Belgium.

Methods

An observational cross-sectional survey. Belgian anaesthesiologists and anaesthesiologists in training were contacted through e-mail from May 27th until 15 July 2020.

Results

In total, 456 participants completed the online survey. 73.7% (n = 336) of the participants encountered a PSI during the last year of their medical practice. 80.9% (n = 368) of respondents answered that they do discuss incidents with their colleagues. 18.0% (n = 82) discussed all incidents. 19.3% (n = 88) admitted that these incidents are never discussed in their department. 15.4% of participants (n = 70) experienced or thought that the culture is negative during these PSI discussions. 17.3% (n = 79) scored the culture neutral. Anaesthesiologists who encountered a PSI in the last years scored the support of their anaesthesia department a mean score of 1.59 (ranging from −10 to +10). A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between the culture during the morbidity and mortality meetings, the support after the incidents and the perceived quality of the anaesthesia department.

Conclusion

Of the participating anaesthesiologist in Belgium, 80.9% discussed some PSIs and 18.0% discussed all PSIs as a normal part of their staff functioning with an experienced positive or neutral culture during these meetings in 84.6%. Psychological safety within the anaesthesiology departments is globally good; however, it could and should be optimized. This optimization process warrants further investigations in the future.
Evolution and genomic insight into methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in China
Authors: Jiang Nansong , Wyres Kelly L , Li Jun , Feßler Andrea T , Krüger Henrike , Wang Yang , Holt Kathryn E , Schwarz Stefan , Wu Congming
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To reconstruct the evolutionary history and genomic epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in China.

Methods

Using WGS analysis, we described the phylogeny of 131 S. aureus ST9 isolates collected between 2002 and 2016 from 11 provinces in China, including six clinical samples from Taiwan. We also investigated the complex structure and distribution of the lsa(E)-carrying multiresistance gene cluster, and genotyped prophages in the genomes of the ST9 isolates.

Results

ST9 was subdivided into one major (n = 122) and one minor (n = 9) clade. Bayesian phylogeny predicted the divergence of ST9 isolates in pig farming in China as early as 1987, which then evolved rapidly in the following three decades. ST9 isolates shared similar multiresistance properties, which were likely acquired before the ST9 emergence in China. The accessory genome is highly conserved, and ST9 harboured similar sets of phages, but lacked certain virulence genes.

Conclusions

Host exchange and regional transmission of ST9 have occurred between pigs and humans. Pig rearing and trading might have favoured gene exchanges between ST9 isolates. Resistance genes, obtained from the environment and other isolates, were stably integrated into the chromosomal DNA. The abundance of resistance genes among ST9 is likely attributed to the extensive use of antimicrobial agents in livestock. Phages are present in the genomes of ST9 and may play a role in the rapid evolution of this ST. Although human ST9 infections are rare, ST9 isolates may constitute a potential risk to public health as a repository of antimicrobial resistance genes.
Xarifiid copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopoidea: Xarifiidae) parasitic in the coral Psammocora digitata Milne Edwards & Haime 1851 from Taiwan
Authors: Cheng Yu-Rong , Lin Yu-Chi
Published: March 2021

Four species of xarifiid copepods, including three new species and one new distribution and host record, are discussed based on specimens obtained from a widely distributed scleractinian coral, Psammocora digitata Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851, collected from Taiwan: Xarifia conreptasp. nov., X. gracilissp. nov., X. lata sp. nov., and X. diminutaHumes & Ho, 1967. Xarifia conreptasp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by the morphology of the endopods and exopods of legs, the genital segment, maxilliped, and maxillule; X. gracilissp. nov. is diagnosed by the morphology of the leg endopods and the region dorsal to the fifth legs; and X. latasp. nov. by its shorter body length, the terminal armature of endopods and exopods, and the morphology of the maxilliped. The specimens of X. diminuta are similar to those in the original description, except for the undeveloped endopods of legs 3 and 4. Including the three new species, five species of xarifiids are now known to use P. digitata as host, raising to 18 the number of species symbiotic copepod recorded from Psammocora.
Avian Coloration Genetics: Recent Advances and Emerging Questions
Authors: Price-Waldman Rosalyn , Stoddard Mary Caswell
Published: March 2021

The colorful phenotypes of birds have long provided rich source material for evolutionary biologists. Avian plumage, beaks, skin, and eggs—which exhibit a stunning range of cryptic and conspicuous forms—inspired early work on adaptive coloration. More recently, avian color has fueled discoveries on the physiological, developmental, and—increasingly—genetic mechanisms responsible for phenotypic variation. The relative ease with which avian color traits can be quantified has made birds an attractive system for uncovering links between phenotype and genotype. Accordingly, the field of avian coloration genetics is burgeoning. In this review, we highlight recent advances and emerging questions associated with the genetic underpinnings of bird color. We start by describing breakthroughs related to 2 pigment classes: carotenoids that produce red, yellow, and orange in most birds and psittacofulvins that produce similar colors in parrots. We then discuss structural colors, which are produced by the interaction of light with nanoscale materials and greatly extend the plumage palette. Structural color genetics remain understudied—but this paradigm is changing. We next explore how colors that arise from interactions among pigmentary and structural mechanisms may be controlled by genes that are co-expressed or co-regulated. We also identify opportunities to investigate genes mediating within-feather micropatterning and the coloration of bare parts and eggs. We conclude by spotlighting 2 research areas—mechanistic links between color vision and color production, and speciation—that have been invigorated by genetic insights, a trend likely to continue as new genomic approaches are applied to non-model species.
The need for alternative plant species interaction models
Authors: Damgaard Christian , Weiner Jacob
Published: March 2021

Aims

The limitations of classical Lotka–Volterra models for analyzing and interpreting competitive interactions among plant species have become increasingly clear in recent years. Three of the problems that have been identified are (i) the absence of frequency-dependence, which is important for long-term coexistence of species, (ii) the need to take unmeasured (often unmeasurable) variables influencing individual performance into account (e.g. spatial variation in soil nutrients or pathogens) and (iii) the need to separate measurement error from biological variation.

Methods

We modified the classical Lotka–Volterra competition models to address these limitations. We fitted eight alternative models to pin-point cover data on Festuca ovina and Agrostis capillaris over 3 years in an herbaceous plant community in Denmark. A Bayesian modeling framework was used to ascertain whether the model amendments improve the performance of the models and increase their ability to predict community dynamics and to test hypotheses.

Important Findings

Inclusion of frequency-dependence and measurement error, but not unmeasured variables, improved model performance greatly. Our results emphasize the importance of comparing alternative models in quantitative studies of plant community dynamics. Only by considering possible alternative models can we identify the forces driving community assembly and change, and improve our ability to predict the behavior of plant communities.
Management of deltopectoral flap failure using a three-stage revision reconstruction: a case report
Authors: Chotipanich Adit , Wongmanee Sombat
Published: March 2021

Although deltopectoral flap failure is uncommon, its management can be difficult. This report presents a case of deltopectoral flap failure successfully rescued by a three-stage revision reconstruction using the postdebridement flap. A 59-year-old patient presented with a pharyngocutaneous fistula due to radionecrosis and subsequently underwent a medially based deltopectoral flap reconstruction for fistula closure. Unfortunately, this operation was unsuccessful because the flap developed necrosis at its distal tip, and the postdebridement flap could not be directly placed on the defect because of its shorter length. A subsequent revision operation successfully closed the fistula using a three-stage reconstruction with the postdebridement flap. Although this three-stage technique can avoid the morbidity associated with additional flap harvesting and can greatly extend the distance to the recipient, it also requires more time to heal and more operations than simply harvesting a new flap.
Inseparable Operations, Trinitarian Missions, and the Necessity of a Christological Pneumatology
Authors: Teer Torey J S
Published: March 2021

A pneumatology that is Christological in emphasis (Christological pneumatology) provides a valuable foil to a Christology that is pneumatological in emphasis (Spirit Christology). Furthermore, a Trinitarian Christological pneumatology offers a robust conception of the person and work of the Holy Spirit that at once acknowledges the centrality of Christ in redemptive history, aligns with orthodox Trinitarianism, and protects against common Trinitarian concerns. The framework of this model lies in a theological complex involving the doctrines of inseparable operations and distinct personal appropriations, the Trinitarian taxis (or order), and the Trinitarian missions. This article provides one step in constructing a theologically viable Christological pneumatology that contributes to the contemporary enrichment of evangelical theology concerning the Holy Spirit.
GARP transcription factors repress Arabidopsis nitrogen starvation response via ROS-dependent and -independent pathways
Authors: Safi Alaeddine , Medici Anna , Szponarski Wojciech , Martin Florence , Clément-Vidal Anne , Marshall-Colon Amy , Ruffel Sandrine , Gaymard Frédéric , Rouached Hatem , Leclercq Julie , Coruzzi Gloria , Lacombe Benoît , Krouk Gabriel
Published: March 2021

Plants need to cope with strong variations of nitrogen availability in the soil. Although many molecular players are being discovered concerning how plants perceive NO3− provision, it is less clear how plants recognize a lack of nitrogen. Following nitrogen removal, plants activate their nitrogen starvation response (NSR), which is characterized by the activation of very high-affinity nitrate transport systems (NRT2.4 and NRT2.5) and other sentinel genes involved in N remobilization such as GDH3. Using a combination of functional genomics via transcription factor perturbation and molecular physiology studies, we show that the transcription factors belonging to the HHO subfamily are important regulators of NSR through two potential mechanisms. First, HHOs directly repress the high-affinity nitrate transporters, NRT2.4 and NRT2.5. hho mutants display increased high-affinity nitrate transport activity, opening up promising perspectives for biotechnological applications. Second, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important to control NSR in wild-type plants and that HRS1 and HHO1 overexpressors and mutants are affected in their ROS content, defining a potential feed-forward branch of the signaling pathway. Taken together, our results define the relationships of two types of molecular players controlling the NSR, namely ROS and the HHO transcription factors. This work (i) up opens perspectives on a poorly understood nutrient-related signaling pathway and (ii) defines targets for molecular breeding of plants with enhanced NO3− uptake.
Maximum temperatures in evolving protoplanetary discs and composition of planetary building blocks
Authors: Li Min , Huang Shichun , Zhu Zhaohuan , Petaev Michail I , Steffen Jason H
Published: March 2021

The maximum temperature and radial temperature profile in a protoplanetary disc are important for the condensation of different elements in the disc. We simulate the evolution of a set of protoplanetary discs from the collapse of their progenitor molecular cloud cores as well as the dust decoupling within the discs as they evolve. We show how the initial properties of the cloud cores affect the thermal history of the protoplanetary discs using a simple viscous disc model. Our results show that the maximum mid-plane temperature in the disc occurs within 0.5 au. It increases with the initial cloud temperature and decreases with its angular velocity and the viscosity of the disc. From the observed properties of the molecular cloud cores, we find the median value of the maximum temperature is around 1250 K, with roughly 90 per cent of them being less than 1500 K – a value that is lower than the 50 per cent condensation temperatures of most refractory elements. Therefore, only cloud cores with high initial temperatures or low-angular velocities and/or low viscosities within the planet-forming discs will result in refractory-rich planetesimals. To reproduce the volatile depletion pattern of CM, CO, and CV chondrites and the terrestrial planets in Solar system, one must either have rare properties of the initial molecular cloud cores like high core temperature, or other sources of energy to heat the disc to sufficiently high temperatures. Alternatively, the volatile depletion observed in these chondrites may be inherited from the progenitor molecular cloud.
From the CMF to the IMF: beyond the core-collapse model
Authors: Pelkonen V-M , Padoan P , Haugbølle T , Nordlund Å
Published: March 2021

Observations have indicated that the pre-stellar core mass function (CMF) is similar to the stellar initial mass function (IMF), except for an offset towards larger masses. This has led to the idea that there is a one-to-one relation between cores and stars, such that the whole stellar mass reservoir is contained in a gravitationally bound pre-stellar core, as postulated by the core-collapse model, and assumed in recent theoretical models of the stellar IMF. We test the validity of this assumption by comparing the final mass of stars with the mass of their progenitor cores in a high-resolution star formation simulation that generates a realistic IMF under physical condition characteristic of observed molecular clouds. Using a definition of bound cores similar to previous works we obtain a CMF that converges with increasing numerical resolution. We find that the CMF and the IMF are closely related in a statistical sense only; for any individual star there is only a weak correlation between the progenitor core mass and the final stellar mass. In particular, for high-mass stars only a small fraction of the final stellar mass comes from the progenitor core, and even for low-mass stars the fraction is highly variable, with a median fraction of only about 50 per cent. We conclude that the core-collapse scenario and related models for the origin of the IMF are incomplete. We also show that competitive accretion is not a viable alternative.
Local stellar kinematics and Oort constants from the LAMOST A-type stars
Authors: Wang F , Zhang H-W , Huang Y , Chen B-Q , Wang H-F , Wang C
Published: March 2021

We estimate the solar peculiar velocities and Oort constants using a sample of 5627 A-type stars with $d\lt 0.6\, \rm kpc$ and $|z|\lt 0.1\, \rm kpc$, selected from the LAMOST (Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope) surveys. The radial and tangential velocities of these A-type stars are fitted by using a non-axisymmetric model. The best-fitting result yields the solar peculiar velocities $(U_\odot ,V_\odot ,W_\odot)=(11.69\pm 0.68, 10.16\pm 0.51, 7.67\pm 0.10)\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$ and Oort constants $A=16.31\pm 0.89\, \rm km\, s^{-1}\, kpc^{-1}$, $B=-11.99\pm 0.79\, \rm km\, s^{-1}\, kpc^{-1}$, $C=-3.10\pm 0.48\, \rm km\, s^{-1}\, kpc^{-1}$, and $K=-1.25\pm 1.04\, \rm km\, s^{-1}\, kpc^{-1}$. $|K+C|\gt 4\, \rm km\, s^{-1}\, kpc^{-1}$ means that there is a radial velocity gradient in the extended local disc, implying that the local disc is in a non-asymmetric potential. Using the derived Oort constants, we derive the local angular velocity $\Omega \, {\approx }\, A-B=28.30\pm 1.19\, \rm km\, s^{-1}\, kpc^{-1}$. By using A-type star sample of different volumes, we further try to evaluate the impacts of the ridge pattern in the R–Vϕ plane on constraining the solar motions and Oort constants. As the volume becomes larger towards the anticentre direction, the values of A and B become larger (implying a steeper slope of the local rotation curve) and the value of V⊙ becomes smaller probably caused by the ridge structure and its signal increasing with distance.
Quantified diffuse light in compact groups of galaxies
Authors: Poliakov Denis , Mosenkov Aleksandr V , Brosch Noah , Koriski Shuki , Rich R Michael
Published: March 2021

The vast majority of stars in galaxy groups are contained within their constituent galaxies. Some small fraction of stars is expected, however, to follow the global dark matter (DM) potential of the group. In compact groups, interactions between the galaxies should be frequent. This leads to a more intensive material stripping from the group members, which finally forms an intra-group light component (IGL). Therefore, the distribution of the IGL should be related to the distribution of the total mass in the compact group and its dynamical status. In this study, we consider the distribution and fraction of the IGL in a sample of 36 Hickson compact groups (HCGs). We use deep observations of these compact groups (down to surface brightness ∼28 mag arcsec−2 in the r band) obtained with the WISE 28-in. telescope. For five HCGs with a bright symmetric IGL component, we carry out multicomponent photometric decomposition to simultaneously fit the galaxy profiles and the IGL. For the remaining groups, we only fit the profiles of their constituent galaxies. We find that the mean surface brightness of the IGL correlates with the mean morphology of the group: it becomes brighter in the groups with a larger fraction of early-type galaxies. On the other hand, the IGL brightness depends on the total luminosity of the group. The IGL profile tends to have a Sérsic index n ∼ 0.5−1, which is generally consistent with the mass density profile of DM haloes in compact groups obtained from cosmological simulations.
The effect of the streaming instability on protoplanetary disc emission at millimetre wavelengths
Authors: Scardoni Chiara E , Booth Richard A , Clarke Cathie J
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we investigate whether overdensity formation via streaming instability is consistent with recent multiwavelength Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations in the Lupus star-forming region. We simulate the local action of streaming instability in 2D using the code athena, and examine the radiative properties at mm wavelengths of the resulting clumpy dust distribution by focusing on two observable quantities: the optically thick fraction ff (in ALMA band 6) and the spectral index α (in bands 3–7). By comparing the simulated distribution in the ff–α plane before and after the action of streaming instability, we observe that clump formation causes ff to drop, because of the suppression of emission from grains that end up in optically thick clumps. α, instead, can either increase or decline after the action of streaming instability; we use a simple toy model to demonstrate that this behaviour depends on the sizes of the grains whose emission is suppressed by being incorporated in optically thick clumps. In particular, the sign of evolution of α depends on whether grains near the opacity maximum at a few tenths of a mm end up in clumps. By comparing the simulation distributions before/after clump formation to the data distribution, we note that the action of streaming instability drives simulations towards the area of the plane where the data are located. We furthermore demonstrate that this behaviour is replicated in integrated disc models provided that the instability is operative over a region of the disc that contributes significantly to the total mm flux.
Exploring the contamination of the DES-Y1 cluster sample with SPT-SZ selected clusters
Authors: Grandis S , Mohr J J , Costanzi M , Saro A , Bocquet S , Klein M , Aguena M , Allam S , Annis J , Ansarinejad B , Bacon D , Bertin E , Bleem L , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carnero Rosel A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Castander F J , Choi A , da Costa L N , De Vincente J , Desai S , Diehl H T , Dietrich J P , Doel P , Eifler T F , Everett S , Ferrero I , Floyd B , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gupta N , Gutierrez G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Jeltema T , Kuehn K , Lahav O , Lidman C , Lima M , Maia M A G , March M , Marshall J L , Melchior P , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Morgan R , Myles J , Ogando R , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Plazas A A , Reichardt C L , Romer A K , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Singh P , Smith M , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , To C , Weller J , Wilkinson R D , Wu H
Published: March 2021

We perform a cross validation of the cluster catalogue selected by the red-sequence Matched-filter Probabilistic Percolation algorithm (redMaPPer) in Dark Energy Survey year 1 (DES-Y1) data by matching it with the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect (SZE) selected cluster catalogue from the South Pole Telescope SPT-SZ survey. Of the 1005 redMaPPer selected clusters with measured richness $\hat{\lambda }\gt 40$ in the joint footprint, 207 are confirmed by SPT-SZ. Using the mass information from the SZE signal, we calibrate the richness–mass relation using a Bayesian cluster population model. We find a mass trend λ ∝ MB consistent with a linear relation (B ∼ 1), no significant redshift evolution and an intrinsic scatter in richness of σλ = 0.22 ± 0.06. By considering two error models, we explore the impact of projection effects on the richness–mass modelling, confirming that such effects are not detectable at the current level of systematic uncertainties. At low richness SPT-SZ confirms fewer redMaPPer clusters than expected. We interpret this richness dependent deficit in confirmed systems as due to the increased presence at low richness of low-mass objects not correctly accounted for by our richness-mass scatter model, which we call contaminants. At a richness $\hat{\lambda }=40$, this population makes up ${\gt}12{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (97.5 percentile) of the total population. Extrapolating this to a measured richness $\hat{\lambda }=20$ yields ${\gt}22{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (97.5 percentile). With these contamination fractions, the predicted redMaPPer number counts in different plausible cosmologies are compatible with the measured abundance. The presence of such a population is also a plausible explanation for the different mass trends (B ∼ 0.75) obtained from mass calibration using purely optically selected clusters. The mean mass from stacked weak lensing (WL) measurements suggests that these low-mass contaminants are galaxy groups with masses ∼3–5 × 1013 M⊙ which are beyond the sensitivity of current SZE and X-ray surveys but a natural target for SPT-3G and eROSITA.
Dynamical tides in neutron stars: the impact of the crust
Authors: Passamonti A , Andersson N , Pnigouras P
Published: March 2021

We consider the dynamical tidal response of a neutron star in an inspiralling binary, focussing on the impact of the star’s elastic crust. Within the context of Newtonian gravity, we add the elastic aspects to the theoretical formulation of the problem and quantify the dynamical excitation of different classes of oscillation modes. The results demonstrate the expectation that the fundamental mode dominates the tidal response and show how the usual tidal deformability (and the Love number) emerge in the static limit. In addition, we consider to what extent the different modes may be excited to a level where the breaking strain of the crust would be exceeded (locally). The results show that the fundamental mode may fracture the crust during the late stages of inspiral. This is also the case for the first gravity mode, which reaches the breaking threshold in strongly stratified stars. In our models with a fluid ocean, interface modes associated with the crust-ocean transition may also induce crust fracture. If this happens, it does so earlier in the inspiral, at a lower orbital frequency.
Trends in the Socioeconomic Inequalities Related to Second-Hand Smoke Exposure as Verified by Urine Cotinine Levels Among Nonsmoking Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2018
Authors: Kang Seo Young , Lim Min Kyung , Cho Hong-Jun
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The expansion of smoke-free policies has reduced the prevalence of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure; however, declines differ according to socioeconomic positions. We evaluated the trends in socioeconomic inequalities related to SHS exposure in nonsmoking Korean adults from 2008 to 2018.

Methods

We analyzed 30,027 nonsmoking adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 to 2018. We evaluated trends in urine cotinine levels, self-reported prevalence of SHS exposure at workplaces and homes, and people exhibiting nonmeasurable urine cotinine levels between 2008 and 2018. To evaluate the yearly decline differences of urine cotinine levels according to socioeconomic positions, we calculated the interaction effects of year and education, household incomes, and occupation from linear regression analysis.

Results

In the last 11 years, the geometric means of urine cotinine levels decreased from 3.53 (95% CI 2.96–4.19) ng/mL to 0.60 (0.57–0.64) ng/mL in males, and from 2.36 (2.03–2.73) ng/mL to 0.53 (0.51–0.56) ng/mL in females. The prevalence of SHS exposure at workplaces and homes also declined. In the multivariate model, the interaction effects between education and years were significant; therefore, indicating a substantial yearly decline of urine cotinine levels in higher educated individuals. The interaction effects between household incomes and years were only significant among males; the interaction effects between occupations and years were not significant.

Conclusions

SHS exposure in nonsmoking Korean adults has consistently decreased; however, socioeconomic inequalities related to SHS exposure by education level have widened. Policies targeting socioeconomically disadvantaged populations should be implemented to decrease the disparities of SHS exposure.

Implications

Along with tobacco control policies, the prevalence of self-reported and urinary cotinine verified SHS exposure has decreased in the last 11 years. In contrast, the socioeconomic inequalities related to SHS exposure by education level have increased over time. This study emphasizes the need for implementing tobacco control policies to reduce disparities of SHS exposure.
Orosius
Authors: Van Nuffelen Peter
Published: March 2021

Orosius was a Spanish priest, attested in the years 414–419. He is best known as the author of the Histories against the pagans (416–417), a world history that was conceived as a companion piece to the first ten books of Augustine’s City of God. The Histories would become the most-read history of the Middle Ages and be translated in Old English and Arabic in the 9th to the 10th centuries. Orosius also plays a secondary role in other controversies of the period. He wrote a tract against Priscillianism, and an Apology to defend himself from accusations of heresy coming from partisans of Pelagius. Finally, bringing relics of St Stephen to Spain, he landed in Minorca, sparking one of the most-discussed episodes of conversion of the Jews. If Orosius is, all in all, a minor figure in late antique history, his Histories have been treated as proof of some strongly held opinions about late antique historiography and early Christianity. The Histories, relying mainly on earlier sources, have been seen to exemplify the essentially derivative nature of late antique historiography, while its apologetic tendency has been taken as proof that Christians were not interested in historical events and subordinated everything to theological views on the course of history. Scholarship also tends to stress the gulf between Augustine’s apparent rejection of the alliance between empire and Church and Orosius’s apparent espousal of it. More recent scholarship has shed doubt on these long-held views, which are, in fact, shaped by modern theological responses to enthusiasm for dictatorial regimes found in some Christian circles in the 1930s. Scholarship on Orosius is very international, with numerous publications in Spanish, Italian, French, and German. Only starting in the early 21st century has scholarship in English picked up.
Comparative Regionalism
Authors: Söderbaum Fredrik
Published: March 2021

Comparative regionalism refers to the study of (“world”) regions and regionalism in comparative perspective. The field emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, and the keyword was “regional integration,” which reflected the dominance of European integration theory and practice. Although the early debate—later referred to as “old regionalism”—took comparison seriously, a general belief emerged that regionalism in the rest of the world deviated from the European integration experience. After a general decline of regionalism in the 1970s and 1980s, the phenomenon reemerged after the end of the Cold War. The explosion of literature on regionalism in the 1990s and early 2000s—often referred to as “new regionalism”—emphasized that regionalism was a global and multidimensional phenomenon, involving both state and nonstate actors across a growing number of policy fields and in a variety of forms and institutional designs. The research field remained fragmented in the 1990s and early 2000s, characterized by rivalries and a lack of dialogue between theoretical and methodological standpoints as well as regional and thematic specializations. Since the latter half of the 2000s, the intellectual landscape changed again and comparative regionalism has consolidated as a research field, with greater acceptance of contrasting theoretical and methodological perspectives and with more advanced comparisons across both regions and policy fields. The result has been that the research field is no longer structured in a hub-and-spoke fashion around Europe versus the rest. By implication, the concept of regional integration has been subsumed under a broader and more general conceptual umbrella, and it has become established to refer to the research field as comparative regionalism.
Béla Bartók
Authors: Hooker Lynn , Laki Peter , Witt Alexis
Published: March 2021

Béla Bartók (b. 1881–d. 1945) was one of the most influential musical figures of the 20th century, particularly from outside the historic musical centers of Germany, France, and Italy. Now remembered principally as a composer, he was also an international concert pianist, teacher of piano, and pioneer in folk music research. Bartók was born and educated in the provincial periphery of late-19th-century Hungary; when he was admitted to institutions in both Vienna and Budapest for his advanced education, he made the fateful decision to enroll in Budapest’s Royal Academy of Music. In 1907 he joined its piano faculty, continuing until 1934, when he transferred to a full-time position doing folk music research at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He performed his works widely, especially during the interwar period, though after 1934 his performances in Germany ceased, in part due to his refusal to certify his Aryan origins. As Bartók grew uneasy about Hungary’s alliance with the Third Reich, he and his wife left after his mother’s death, landing in New York in 1940. He died there of leukemia in 1945. After modeling his early works on the chromaticism of Richard Strauss combined with 19th-century Hungarian-style motifs, Bartók changed his musical direction after his discovery of the folk songs of isolated peasantry, first by chance in 1904 and then in systematic fieldwork with Zoltán Kodály beginning in 1905. Bartók studied village music of not only Hungarians but also other ethnic groups around East-Central Europe, North Africa, and Turkey. His study of these materials along with the music of earlier composers, particularly Debussy, Liszt, and Beethoven, were his sources for new modes of organization of pitch, rhythm, and form. He also responded in music and words to other modernist musicians of his time; several scholars have investigated the issue of who influenced whom. At the height of his career, he departed radically from tonality and reinterpreted classical forms in some works, while at the same time writing a variety of more accessible and frequently performed character pieces, folk song settings, and pedagogical works. Some of the large-scale works he produced at the end of his life, most notably the Concerto for Orchestra (1943), combined ambition of scale and accessibility in a way that made for great success with the public. However, some postwar modernist critics, who debated the issue of accessibility through a Cold War lens, saw Bartók’s popularity as a sign of selling out to audiences rather than following the “mandate of history.” Bartók scholars have addressed a wide range of topics, from cultural studies of his interactions with other artists in Hungary and abroad, to his folk music research, to close readings of his compositions from biographical, literary, or source-studies perspectives, to a multitude of music-theoretical analyses. This bibliography provides a representative survey of the voluminous Bartók scholarship.
Occupational health management of work-related stress: guidelines versus practice
Authors: Palka G , Sen D
Published: March 2021

Background

Work-related stress, anxiety and depression (WRSAD) are common, overlapping mental health problems burdened with major medical, occupational, institutional and societal implications. Current occupational health (OH) management of WRSAD is based on clinical and managerial guidelines and individual risk assessment.

Aims

The study sought to identify patterns of OH advice in WRSAD and the relationships between the OH advice, available evidence, experience and expertise of the OH doctors (OHDs).

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 101 first-time OH consultations for WRSAD by nine OHDs.

Results

The three most common OH interventions included follow-up OH consultations, adjusted duties and referrals for counselling. All OHDs preferred a light-touch approach but the less experienced and qualified OHDs were more proactive and prescriptive.

Conclusions

In the absence of a specific occupational medical guideline for the management of WRSAD, the OH interventions may be guided by clinical guidelines, individual risk assessment, the client’s circumstances or the experience, expertise and preferences of the OHDs. In the study group, OH interventions were under-utilized and not consistently applied. Our findings support the argument for OH guideline for WRSAD to improve the consistency and effectiveness of OH interventions. This is important given the scale of the problem and the recent increase in WRSAD during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Cynotherapy in Cancer Pain Management: A Pilot Study
Authors: Silva Carvalho Filipe , Carvalho Susana , Conde Rita , Esteves Susana
Published: March 2021

Objectives

This was a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and impact of a single dog-assisted therapy (cynotherapy) session in reducing pain and emotional distress in oncological outpatients compared with typical waiting room experience (control).

Design

This was a quasi-experimental before-after controlled study that took place at a chronic pain outpatient clinic of a tertiary cancer center, whose participants were adult oncological patients, able to consent and without medical contraindication.

Setting

Chronic pain outpatient clinic of a tertiary cancer center.

Participants

Adult oncological patients able to consent and without medical contraindication.

Methods

All participants completed self-reported questionnaires including a numeric rating scale for pain and distress thermometer at admission and immediately before departure from the clinic.

Results

Eighty-one patients were enrolled over a 10-month study period, 41 in the cynotherapy group and 40 controls. Improvement was greater in cynotherapy than control group for pain (median difference score = -1.0 vs 0.0; P = 0.037), distress levels (median = -1.0 vs 0.0; P = 0.017), and depression (median = -1.0 vs 0.0; P = 0.030). The proportion of patients with a clinically relevant improvement in pain (reduction ≥2 points) was approximately twofold in the cynotherapy group when compared with controls, although not statistically significant (39% vs 20%, odds ratio = 2.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.86–8.02; P = 0.088). The mean satisfaction rate was 9.3/10, and no negative occurrences were reported.

Conclusion

A single session of dog-assisted therapy can provide immediate improvement in the perception of pain and distress for patients with chronic cancer pain in an outpatient setting, with high satisfaction rates and no negative occurrences. This nonrandomized pilot study points toward the clinical relevance of implementing cynotherapy at a cancer pain clinic and developing a larger scale, more directed study.
Combining Stress Management With Pain Neuroscience Education and Exercise Therapy in People With Whiplash-Associated Disorders: A Clinical Perspective
Authors: Willaert Ward , Leysen Laurence , Lenoir Dorine , Meeus Mira , Cagnie Barbara , Nijs Jo , Sterling Michele , Coppieters Iris
Published: March 2021

Individuals classified as having whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) grade II, which reflects approximately 93% of people with WAD who are commonly managed by health care professionals, exhibit both physical (eg, pain and disability) and psychological (eg, fear of movement, anxiety, posttraumatic stress) problems that, in approximately 50% of cases, persist beyond 3 months. There is still much ongoing debate regarding factors predictive of poor recovery. The strongest associations have been found for high initial pain and disability following whiplash injury. In addition, a growing body of evidence supports the clinical importance of characteristic features, such as disturbed nociceptive processing (eg, local or general hyperalgesia to cold and mechanical stimuli), inefficient cognitions and beliefs about pain/movement/recovery, and posttraumatic stress symptoms, in the development and maintenance of physical and psychological manifestations in individuals with WAD. For this reason, the field shifted away from single interventions that mainly follow a biomedical approach, such as exercise therapy and activity programs, to gold standard multimodal care (at least 2 distinct therapeutic modalities given by 1 or more health care professionals) that acknowledges the biopsychological nature of WAD. To date, there exist several multimodal care approaches to managing WAD; however, for most, the efficacy has been found to be rather limited. One may argue that the limited success of some approaches can be attributed to the fact that they focused mainly on rehabilitating the physical symptoms (eg, pain, disability) rather than also the associated cognitive (eg, catastrophizing) and psychological (eg, posttraumatic stress symptoms) symptoms of the condition, leaving much room for improvement. In this article, current and previous evidence is used to explain why and how a comprehensive and multimodal treatment for people with WAD—consisting of a combination of pain neuroscience education, cognition-targeted exercise therapy, and stress management—can be applied in clinical practice.
COVID-19 pandemic: health impact of staying at home, social distancing and ‘lockdown’ measures—a systematic review of systematic reviews
Authors: Chiesa Valentina , Antony Gabriele , Wismar Matthias , Rechel Bernd
Published: March 2021

Background

To systematically review the evidence published in systematic reviews (SR) on the health impact of staying at home, social distancing and lockdown measures. We followed a systematic review approach, in line with PRISMA guidelines.

Methods

In October 2020, we searched the databases Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase and Web of Science, using a pre-defined search strategy.

Results

The literature search yielded an initial list of 2172 records. After screening of titles and abstracts, followed by full-text screening, 51 articles were retained and included in the analysis. All of them referred to the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The direct health impact that was covered in the greatest number (25) of SR related to mental health, followed by 13 SR on healthcare delivery and 12 on infection control. The predominant areas of indirect health impacts covered by the included studies relate to the economic and social impacts. Only three articles mentioned the negative impact on education.

Conclusions

The focus of SR so far has been uneven, with mental health receiving the most attention. The impact of measures to contain the spread of the virus can be direct and indirect, having both intended and unintended consequences.

Highlights
The systemic approach as an instrument to evaluate higher education systems: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Aparicio Juan , Rodríguez Dorys Yaneth , Zabala-Iturriagagoitia Jon Mikel
Published: March 2021

This article aims to provide a systemic instrument to evaluate the functioning of higher education systems. Despite systemic instruments have had a strong impact on the management of public policy systems in fields such as health and innovation, higher education has not been widely discussed in applying this type of instrument. Herein lies the main gap that we want to close. The ultimate purpose of the evaluation instrument introduced here is thus to provide information for decision-makers, so these can identify the strengths/weaknesses in the functioning of their respective higher education systems from a systemic perspective. To achieve the previous goal, we apply the methodological guidelines of the integrative review of the literature. An integrative review of the literature was chosen because it guides the extraction of quantitative evidence from the literature and its classification, with the purpose of integrating the results into an analytical framework. This resulting analytical framework is what we have labelled as the systemic evaluation instrument. The article makes three contributions to the literature. First, the different types of higher education institutions considered in the literature and the higher education systems analysis scales are evidenced. Second, we identify the capacities and functions examined by the literature so that higher education institutions and higher education systems can fulfil their missions. Third, a systemic evaluation framework for higher education institutions and higher education systems is presented. The article concludes with a discussion of the opportunities and challenges associated to the implementation of such a systemic framework for policymaking.
Complexity Science, Nursing, and COVID-19
Authors: White Kenneth R. , Begun James W. , Vicenzi Angela E.
Published: March 2021

Understanding a bewildering crisis like a pandemic as ‘normal’ may be empowering.
Improving the Emergency Response to Mental Health Crises
Authors: Sofer Dalia
Published: March 2021

Reconsidering how police respond to people with mental illness.
Extended Bisphosphonate Therapy not Associated with Reduced hip Fracture Risk
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: March 2021

According to this study:

Among women who completed five years of bisphosphonate treatment, an additional five years of treatment wasn't associated with a lower risk of hip fracture.
Sperm Alterations Affect Autism Susceptibility in Offspring
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: March 2021

According to this study:

Epigenetic biomarkers for paternal offspring autism susceptibility potentially exist.
N95 Masks Offer Best Protection Against Viral Respiratory Infections in the Hospital
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: March 2021

According to this study:

Wearing an N95 respirator for an entire shift offers health care workers the best protection against viral respiratory infectious diseases.
Immunity from Civil Liability, Part 1
Authors: Brous Edie
Published: March 2021

A timely primer on what nurses should understand.
A Quality Improvement Project to Reduce Events of Visitor Escalation in the Intensive Care Nursery
Authors: Schwoebel Ann , Quigley Elizabeth , Deeley Annemarie , DeLuca Joanne , Hollister Stephanie , Ruggiero Joanne
Published: March 2021

Background:

Escalating and aggressive visitor behaviors have become increasingly common in healthcare settings nationally, negatively impacting staff and patients alike. Most healthcare providers do not innately possess the specific skills to manage such behaviors. Management of escalating and aggressive behaviors presents a particularly bedeviling challenge when staff safety must be balanced with the needs of parent–neonate bonding.

Purpose:

In the Intensive Care Nursery (ICN), the frequency of aggressive and hostile incidents from visitors increased such that the staff felt frustrated by and uneasy about their work environment.

Methods:

The ICN convened an interprofessional team to strategize interventions aimed at consistently managing aggressive behavior and supporting the staff after aggressive and/or hostile visitor encounters.

Findings:

Following staff education and training, the unit launched a de-escalation management algorithm in July 2018 that assisted in identifying high-risk families at admission and drove consistent action and management of all visitor behaviors. In the 12 months following the intervention, the frequency of behavioral escalation decreased by 75% and staff perception of safety increased by 25%.

Implications for Practice:

Collaborating with staff to design consistent strategies to manage aggressive and escalating visitor behavior can improve safety and improve employee satisfaction in the ICN.

Implications for Research:

Additional research on the effectiveness of the algorithm in other ICNs and alternative areas of practice is needed. Furthermore, validation of a staff perception survey measuring the impact of escalating visitor behaviors on employees would be an important next step in this research.

Video abstract available at
https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx?autoPlay=false&videoId=43