bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Changes in Waist Circumference (WC) and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among Participants in a University Worksite Wellness Program (WWP)
Authors: Touger‐Decker Riva , Marcus Andrea , Radler Diane , Griehs Rachel
Published: June 2021

Methods:

Participants enrolled in a university‐based WWP between January 2013 and May 2014, received individual counseling with a Registered Dietitian (RD) and 12 weeks of group lifestyle education sessions. At both baseline and follow‐up, participants completed the CDC's “Healthy Days Measure” and had their WC measured. The Healthy Days core module captures the number of days (of the last 30) that physical or mental health was “not good.” Physically and mentally unhealthy days are added together to create the Summary Score (SS), a marker of HRQoL. Changes in SS and WC were calculated by subtracting baseline from follow‐up value. The sample was grouped based on pattern of WC change: gain, no change, loss of <5cm, and loss of 蠅5cm. Mean changes in SS by WC change group with 95% confidence intervals are reported.

Results:

There were 146 participants; 89% (n=130) women; mean age of 46.6 years (SD=12.1). Changes in SS by WC change group form a J‐shaped relationship. The gain WC group had a mean loss of 2.8 unhealthy days (95% CI: ‐7.1, 1.5) while the no change group had a mean gain of 2.8 unhealthy days (95% CI: ‐6.5, 12.2). The loss of WC <5 cm group had a mean loss of 1.4 unhealthy days (95% CI: ‐3.8, 1.1). SS decreased by a mean of 6.7 unhealthy days (95% CI: ‐10.3, ‐2.6) for those that lost 蠅5 cm indicating a statistically significant reduction which is nearly 5 times that of those who lost <5 cm or gained.

Conclusion

Reductions in WC are associated with significant reductions in unhealthy days among participants. Further research is warranted to examine associations and factors that may contribute to them.

Funding Source: Internally supported WWP.
American Minor Dietary Patterns and Age‐related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Chiu Chung‐Jung , Chang Min‐Lee , Li Tricia , Gensler Gary , Taylor Allen
Published: June 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the relationships between American minor dietary patterns and AMD.

Methods:

8,103 eyes from 4,088 eligible participants in the baseline Age‐Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) were classified into control (n=2,739), early AMD (n=4,599), and advanced AMD (n=765) according to the AREDS AMD Classification System. Using food consumption data collected by a 90‐item food frequency questionnaire, eight minor dietary patterns were characterized by principle component analysis based on 37 food groups.

Results:

The eight minor dietary patterns were named Steak, Breakfast, Salad, Caribbean, Pizza, Peanut, Alcohol, and Beverage patterns. For advanced AMD, the multivariate‐adjusted OR comparing the highest to lowest quintile of the pattern score was 1.73 (95% CI: 1.24 to 2.41; Ptrend=0.02) for the Steak pattern, 0.60 (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.82; Ptrend=0.004) for the Breakfast pattern, 0.64 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.89; Ptrend=0.009) for the Caribbean pattern, and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.46 to 0.89; Ptrend=0.03) for the Peanut pattern.

Conclusions

This cross‐sectional analysis indicates that a diet characterized by higher intake of leafy and salad vegetables alone, such as the Salad pattern, may be insufficient to provide a protection against AMD, and some foods that have not been recognized previously, such as peanuts, may be protective against AMD. These results, in conjunction with our previous analysis of major American dietary patterns, suggest that a diet consisted of diverse healthy foods may be the best dietary option for reducing AMD risk.
Consumption of Certain Grain Food Patterns is Associated With Improved Diet Quality and Nutrient Intakes in US Adults: A NHANES 2005‐2010 Analysis
Authors: Papanikolaou Yanni , Fulgoni Victor
Published: June 2021

We identified the most commonly consumed grain food patterns in US adults (蠅19 y) and compared nutrient intakes, diet quality (via Healthy Eating Index), anthropometric and physiological parameters of those consuming various grain foods patterns to those not consuming grains. Cluster analysis using data from What We Eat in America 2005‐2010, identified 8 grain foods patterns focusing on (1) crackers/salty snacks, (2) yeast bread/rolls, (3) cakes/cookies/pies, (4) cereals, (5) pasta/cooked cereals/rice, (6) quick breads, (7) mixed grains, and (8) no grains. Adults consuming cereals, pasta/cooked cereals/rice and mixed grains had a significantly higher diet quality than no grains (54.7±1.0, 54.4±0.6, 49.5±0.03, 46.8±0.9, respectively; p<0.002). Consuming many of the grain foods patterns resulted in significantly less saturated fat and increased dietary fiber intake in the diet; p<0.05. Those consuming yeast bread/rolls had significantly less total sugar intake relative to no grains (113.4±1.8 vs 124.8±2.6 g; p<0.0001). Adults consuming pasta/cooked cereals/rice had significantly lower body weights (79.1±0.7 vs 82.5±1.2 kg; p=0.009) and waist size (95.2±0.6 vs 98.2±1.0 cm; p=0.004) relative to adults in the no grains pattern. There were no significant differences observed comparing those in the no grains cluster to those in the other grain patterns for body mass index or fasting blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol and triglycerides. Thus, inclusion of several grain foods patterns in the diet is associated with several health‐ and nutrition‐related outcomes in adults. Supported by Grain Foods Foundation.
High Soft Drink Consumption is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Korean Adults Using the Data from 2007‐2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Chung Sangwon , Ha Kyungho , Lee Haeng‐Shin , Kim Cho‐il , Joung Hyojee , Paik Hee‐Young , Song YoonJu
Published: June 2021

The significant relationships between soft drink consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been consistently reported. To examine the association between soft drink consumption and MetS risk factors for Korean population, we used data from 2007‐2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and a total of 13,972 Korean adults aged 蠅30 years selected. Soft drink consumption were categorized into 5 groups; <1/mo, 1‐3/mo, 1/wk, 2‐6/wk, >1/day using a food‐frequency questionnaire and the definition of MetS was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. In the adjusted multivariate models, we found that high soft drink consumption was positively associated with high BMI, waist circumference, and fasting glucose. Those who consumed soft drinks 2‐6/wk had increased risks for having elevated triglyceride (OR 1.40, CIs 1.23‐1.61) and having elevated fasting glucose (OR 1.21, CIs 1.05‐1.40) compared with those who consumed <1/mo. MetS prevalence also showed significant linear trend across soft drink consumption groups (P for Trend=0.0011). In conclusion, increased soft drink consumption may be an important determinant of MetS and its component in Korean adults.
Effects of Dietary Protein on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Sarcopenia Risk in Middle‐aged Framingham Adults
Authors: Buendia Justin Rene , Hasnain Syed , Bradlee M Loring , Singer Martha , D'Agostino Ralph , Moore Lynn
Published: June 2021

Sarcopenia, or age‐related muscle mass loss leads to impairment of physical function as well as increased mortality risk. The adequacy of the current protein RDA to counter progressive loss of muscle in older adults is under debate. Our goal was to examine the impact of dietary protein on skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and risk of sarcopenia in middle‐aged adults, using data from the prospective Framingham Offspring Study. Dietary data from 3‐day records in exams 3 and 5 for 1380 subjects free of cancer and congestive heart failure were used. Bioelectrical impedance analysis at exams 6 and 7 was used to calculate SMM. Sarcopenia was defined using Janssen's skeletal muscle mass equation. ANCOVA and multiple logistic regression models were used to control for confounding by age, sex, education, height, activity, smoking, and % fat calories. Mean weight‐adjusted protein residuals across tertiles of intake were 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 grams/kg/day. Consuming more protein, alone or as part of a healthy diet (FV, fiber, whole grains), led to higher mean %SMM and lower risk of sarcopenia. Increasing total, animal, and plant protein intakes were linked with statistically significant increases in %SMM (1.2, 0.9, 1.4), respectively. Consuming more total, animal, or plant protein was associated with a 24% (95% CI: 0.62‐0.92), 22% (95% CI: 0.64‐0.94), and 24% (95% CI: 0.62‐0.93) reduced risk of sarcopenia, respectively. There was no modification of the effects of protein on sarcopenia risk by intakes of other dietary factors such as FV, fiber, or whole grains. In Framingham, higher dietary protein intakes lowered the long‐term risk of sarcopenia in middle‐aged adults.
Assessing Nutritional and Vitamin D Status of Postmenopausal Obese and Osteosarcopenic Obese Women
Authors: Inglis Julia , Kelly Owen , Ilich Jasminka
Published: June 2021

Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) is newly identified syndrome which reconciles osteopenia/osteoporosis with sarcopenia and adiposity. Neither complete diagnostic criteria nor full clinical characteristics of this syndrome are defined or understood. Our objective was to examine various nutritional parameters in women with OSO and compare them to obese‐only (OB, without sarcopenia or osteopenia) women. 225 obese postmenopausal women were evaluated for bone, muscle and fat mass by iDXA to identify osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity (body fat>30%). OSO was identified in 37 women who were compared to n=53 OB women. Diet and physical activity were assessed as well. Fasting serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) was analyzed by ELISA. Women with OSO had significantly lower calcium (930±469 vs 1293±667 mg/day) and vitamin D, but higher protein (76.1±17.6 vs 74.3±18.1g/day) and energy intake. Their habitual activity was also significantly higher (7.9±4.8 vs 5.9±5.8 hr/week). 25(OH)D, although in an adequate range, was significantly lower in OSO than in OB women (78.8±71.8 vs 130.1±108.4nmol/L); all p<0.05. Although women with OSO were significantly younger and had higher protein and energy intake, and higher level of sustained habitual activity, compared to OB women, their bone and muscle profile was inferior, resulting in the OSO diagnosis. The OB women had higher calcium and vitamin D intake, as well as better vitamin D status, possibly contributing to more favorable bone and muscle profile. Future research is warranted to investigate OSO syndrome and subsequent therapeutic measures for prevention/treatment, as these findings suggest it is a complex condition.
Do Food Group Intake and Physical Activity during Growth Spurt Have Impact on Bone Health during Adulthood
Authors: Movassagh Elham , Vatanparats Hassan
Published: June 2021

The amount of bone mass achieved during childhood to early adulthood is one the most important predictors of osteoporosis later in life. Since almost 25% of peak bone mass is attained during the 4‐year period around age at peak height velocity (APHV), we aimed to determine how milk and alternatives intake, fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake and physical activity (PA) during 4‐year period around PHV (growth spurt) impact maximum total‐body bone mineral density (Max‐TBBMD) at least 10 years after age at PHV (adulthood).

The Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (BMAS 1991‐2011) data from 103 participants (55 female and 48 male) were used for this analysis. Data were collected using serial 24‐h recalls, PA questionnaire and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry machine. Biological age was defined as the number of years after PHV. We analyzed data using stepwise linear regression.

Among all modifiable factors, adulthood F&V intake was a significant independent predictor of max‐TBBMD after adjusting for all potential variables (β=0.132 g/cm2; P =0.014). Mean intake of F&V intake during adulthood was 4.82±2.58 serving/d with only 14.6% adequate intake. Other predictors were TBBMD at APHV, adulthood total body lean mass, height, and biological age at Max‐TBBMD.

Beneficial effect of adulthood F&V intake might be due to acid‐buffering effect and providing nutrients and natural compounds essential for bone mineral maintenance during adulthood.

The source of the research support was Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
The Effects Of A Calcium‐Collagen Chelate Dietary Supplement on Molecules Regulating Osteoclastogenesis In Osteopenic Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Elam Marcus , Johnson Sarah , Hooshmand Shirin , Feresin Rafaela , Gu Jennifer , Arjmandi Bahram
Published: June 2021

The use of hydrolyzed collagen dietary supplements as a means to aid in the prevention of bone loss has received considerable attention. Thirty‐nine osteopenic postmenopausal women were randomized to receive either a chelated supplement of calcium (500 mg) and enzymatically hydrolyzed collagen (5 g) (CC), and 200 IU of vitamin D3 or the same dose of calcium and vitamin D3 alone as control for one year. We found that the loss of whole body bone mineral density in women consuming CC was significantly lower than that of the control group at 12 months in those who completed the study (CC: ‐1.33% and ‐0.33% vs. control: ‐3.75% and ‐2.17%; P = .026, P = .035). In addition, serum concentrations of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, an osteoclast‐derived degradative enzyme, were significantly reduced at six months in the CC group. In order to determine whether CC reduces fracture risk and better understand the mode of action by which CC and similar dietary collagen formulations act, we will assess hip fracture risk using FRAX®, and serum concentrations of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. We anticipate that at six‐ and twelve‐month time points, levels of RANKL in the CC group compared to the control will be significantly lower with OPG levels unaltered, representing decreased maturation and activation of bone‐resorbing osteoclasts. The regulation of these important molecules has been reported to occur in a similar fashion with other hydrolyzed collagen formulations in rodents, but has yet to be confirmed in humans.
Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Fractures: An Updated Meta‐Analysis from NOF
Authors: Wallace Taylor , Weaver Connie , Alexander Dominik , Boushey Carol , Dawson‐Hughes Bess , Lappe Joan , LeBoff Meryl , Looker Anne
Published: June 2021

Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation has been widely recommended to prevent osteoporosis and subsequent fractures; however, considerable controversy exists regarding the association of such supplementation and fracture risk. We conducted a meta‐analysis of RCTs of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and fracture prevention in adults. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted to generate SRREs for hip fracture and total fractures. Of the citations retrieved, 11 studies including 52,915 participants met criteria for inclusion in the analysis, reporting 634 hip fractures and 5719 total fractures among participants. Meta‐analysis of these studies showed that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation produced a statistically significant 16% reduced risk of total fractures (SRRE, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.73–0.96) and a 31% reduced risk of hip fractures (SRRE, 0.69, 95% confidence interval, 0.56–0.86). Reductions in risk were generally stronger in magnitude for hip fracture than for total fracture, but all analyses resulted in statistically significant fracture prevention.
A New Natural Extract with Anti‐Aging and Regenerative Properties for Skin
Authors: Torrent A , Montell E. , Vergés J. , Ruhí R. , Dalmau P. , Zurbano M.J. , Romero J.
Published: June 2021

Objective:

The skin, like other organs, is subject to chronological ageing. In addition, exposure to ultraviolet radiation can lead to a reduction in collagen and an increased expression of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).The aim of this study is to determine the anti‐aging and regenerative effect of BIX003, a natural extract from porcine cartilage with Cosmetic and Nutricosmetic potential. BIX003 is a natural product rich in bioactive substances due to the mild conditions used in the manufacturing process.

Methods:

The anti‐aging action was determined using a culture of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). The potential to increase skin elasticity was determined by quantifying elastin levels and the effect on MMP‐1 production was quantified by ELISA. Effects on proliferation of HDF were also tested.

Results:

BIX003 induced a significant increase of HDF proliferation. In addition, the extract showed a potent induction of elastin synthesis up to 12%. Moreover, it was a potent inhibitor of the MMP‐1 production at all tested concentrations in a dose‐dependent manner. The same effect was observed in MMP‐1 activity (up to 70% reduction). Finally, a mild hydrating action was observed (12% increase at 500 µg/mL).

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that BIX003 exerts its anti‐ageing benefits not only via enhanced fibroblast proliferation, but also through an increase in elastin synthesis and a potent inhibition of production and activity of MMP‐1. All together, these results suggest that this natural extract may be useful for Skin Care, specially for mature skin in which there is a reduction in skin firmness due to the increased MMP synthesis.

Supported by BIOIBERICA S.A., Barcelona, Spain.
Theoretical Effect of Universal Removal of Added Sugars in Packaged Foods
Authors: Louie Jimmy
Published: June 2021

Public health agencies have been calling for the removal of added sugars in the food supply in recent years, based on the untested assumption that this could lead to a reduction in both intakes of added sugars as well as energy. This study aimed to test this assumption. Data from an Australian added sugars database and plausible dietary data (n = 4184) from the 2007 Australian Kids Eat Kids Play (KEKP) survey were used. The theoretical effect of a universal removal of 5%, 10% and 25% in sugars added in packaged foods was modelled. In the modelling, the removal only applies to foods with greater than 5 g/100 g added sugars, and it was assumed that: 1) consumers will consume the same amount by weight of the modified product, and 2) the added sugars removed are not replaced by other ingredients. Paired t‐test was used to compare the daily intakes of energy, added sugars, total fat and saturated fat of KEKP participants with and without the removal of added sugars from foods. Removal of added sugars at a 5%, 10% and 25% level in packaged foods resulted in a decrease in added sugars intake by 2 ± 49 g/d (p = 0.014), 4 ± 48 g/d and 12 ± 45 g/d respectively (both p < 0.001). However this was accompanied by an increase in total energy intake at lower levels of removal (5%: 55 ± 35 kJ/d; 10%: 22 ± 39 kJ/d, both p < 0.001) while a 25% reduction in added sugars resulted in a small but significant decrease in total energy intake (‐76 ± 97 kJ/d; p < 0.001). Although highly statistically significant (all p < 0.001), changes to total fat and saturated fat intake were all less than 0.6 g/d at all levels of added sugars reduction. To conclude, the assumption that removing added sugars in packaged foods alone will help reduce population energy intake appears unsound. Replacement of added sugars with non‐caloric ingredients may be a more appropriate option. Funding source: Not applicable
Food assistance programs have an indirect effect on a non‐anemia trend via household food insecurity and socio economic conditions in children receiving the benefit from San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Authors: Mendez Gomez Humaran Ignacio , Shamah Levy Teresa , Cuevas Nasu Lucia , Gaona Pineda Elsa Berenice
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the indirect association of food assistance programs with anemia in children beneficiaries.

Methods:

Based on an Impact evaluation study of Food Assistance Programs (FAP) in San Luis Potosi, México we generated an Structural Equation Model to study the effect of FAP on anthropometric conditions and anemia of 1366 households with children (< 5y old) beneficiaries of two FAP: Prospera (before Oportunidades) and Rescue to Malnutrition with amaranth compared to a Control group. We used the Latin American and Caribbean household food Security measurement scale (ELCSA) and a multivariate socio economic index based on house characteristics and possessions to generate the food and socio economic condition (FSEC) as the intermediary factor. Non Anemia trend in children was represented by an increase in hemoglobin levels. A Structural Equation model was constructed to show relationships.

Results:

Prospera Assistance Program shows a positive significant effect on the FSEC and the Rescue program shows the opposite effect, FSEC shows a positive effect on hemoglobin levels as a non‐anemia trend.

Conclusions

The effect of FAP shows effect on FSEC directly and this as a result can modify hemoglobin levels with the consequent anemia reduction.

Supported by FOMIX, SLP‐COPOCYT

Project: FMSLP‐213‐CO2‐208475
Modeling Changes in Daily Grain Foods Intake: An Analysis to Determine the Impact on Nutrient Intakes in Comparison to the USDA Ideal Food Pattern
Authors: Papanikolaou Yanni , Fulgoni Victor
Published: June 2021

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) encourage increased whole grains (WG) and dietary fiber intake while limiting refined grains (RG). We identified how changes in DGA recommendations for grain intake could impact nutrient/energy intake for US adults. A modeling analysis was conducted within a 2000 kcal/d USDA ideal food pattern where the ideal USDA grain food composite was replaced with 10 different grain food patterns based on data from What We eat In America 2005‐2010. All patterns were compared vs. USDA ideal and USDA typical food patterns. Relative to USDA ideal, 1 serving WG, 3 servings RG and 2 high‐fiber grain servings led to 1.5% (31 kcal) greater energy, 2.5% (2 g) less total fat, 1.7% (0.4 g) less saturated fat, 5.1% (89 mg) greater sodium, 68% (429 µg DFE) increase in folate, and 47% (11.5 g) greater dietary fiber intake. Compared to USDA ideal, consuming all grains as WG resulted in 5% (102 kcal) less energy, 2.8% (2.25 g) less total fat and 1.7% (0.4 g) saturated fat, 47.8% (301 µg DFE) less folate, 13.7% (237 mg) more sodium and 6.5% (1.6 g) more dietary fiber. With all servings RG, energy decreased 4.8% (95 kcal), total fat decreased 1.9% (1.6 g), saturated fat decreased 1% (0.2 g), dietary fiber decreased 17.1% (4.2 g), folate was reduced 26.3% (166 µg DFE) and sodium increased 7.5% (131 mg). All ten models examined provided less energy in comparison to the USDA typical food pattern. Several grain patterns, including RG, contribute nutrient and energy intakes similar to USDA recommendations. Supported by the Grain Foods Foundation.
Relative VO2 max correlates with lipoprotein subfractions in response to four different exercise modalities
Authors: Kieffer Adam , Lambert Brad , Crouse Stephen , Walzem Rosemary
Published: June 2021

Exercise variably increases high density lipoprotein, HDL, cholesterol; little information is available for effects on density distributions that may better reflect HDL functionality. 45 normolipidemic, untrained subjects completed one of four exercise modalities that progressively increased energy expenditure over a 8wk period without diet change. From wk 8‐12 exercise intensity was constant and created a 500 kcal/wk expenditure for each modality. Density distributions were determined by imaging fluorescently stained plasma lipoproteins follow isopycnic separation before and at the end of the 12 wk training period. Body fat was determined by DEXA and averaged 40.2% at week 0 and 38.4% at week 12 (p<0.05); relative VO2 max mL O2/min/kg body weight increased 13% from 30.0 to 33.9 over this same time interval (p < 0.05). Total lipoprotein area under the curve did not change with exercise. No lipoprotein subfraction was found to be associated with relative VO2 max in untrained individuals. At week 12, regardless of exercise group, relative VO2 max was negatively correlated (p<0.05) with HDL3b, low‐density lipoprotein subfraction 2, LDL2, and LDL3. These findings show that increasing VO2 max, independent of exercise modality and diet modification, can have positive impact on lipoprotein profiles in the absence of changes in plasma cholesterol or HDL‐C.
Comparative Effects of Avocado Oil and Losartan on Brain Mitochondrial Function and Calcium Transport in Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Cabrera‐Nuñez Noemi Faride , Garcia‐Berumen Claudia Isabel , Hernandez de la Paz Jose Lucio , Raya‐Farias Andres , Calderon‐Cortes Elizabeth , Saavedra‐Molina Alfredo , Salgado‐Garciglia Rafael , Cortes‐Rojo Christian
Published: June 2021

Ca2+ participates as a second messenger in a myriad of metabolic and physiologic processes in the brain, with mitochondria controlling Ca2+ transients through its uptake and release. Hypertension (HT) is known to impair mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in association with respiratory chain dysfunction. As many of the deleterious effects of HT are related with increased oxidative stress, the goal of this study was to assess whether avocado oil, an important source of antioxidants, prevent the deleterious effects of HT in brain mitochondrial calcium handling and mitochondrial function and to compare its effects with losartan, an antihypertensive drug. Ca2+ uptake and release was decreased in L‐NAME‐induced HT rats and this effect was fully prevented by losartan, with avocado oil dietary intake exhibiting a slight protective effect. In mitochondria from control rats, respiration was negatively modulated by 40µM Ca2+ and this effect was absent in mitochondria from hypertensive rats. Modulation of respiration by Ca2+ was recovered either by losartan or avocado oil. These results suggest that losartan improves the modulatory effects of Ca2+ in mitochondrial function by preventing the impairment in mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, while avocado oil exert the same effect of losartan on the modulation of mitochondrial function without having an apparent effect on Ca2+ handling. Supported by CONACYT (130638 to CCR) and CIC‐UMSNH (CCR) grants
Therapeutic Targeting of Nuclear γ‐tubulin in RB1‐negative Tumors
Authors: Lindström Lisa , Lehn Sophie , Hellsten Rebecka , Nilsson Elise , Crneta Enisa , Olsson Roger , Alvarado‐Kristensson Maria
Published: June 2021

Reduced protein levels of nuclear γ‐tubulin increase the transcriptional activities of E2Fs and raise the protein levels of Retinoblastoma (RB1) and in tumor cells lacking RB1 expression, decreased γ‐tubulin protein levels induce cell death in an E2 promoter‐binding factors (E2F) dependent manner. Consequently, impairment of the nuclear activity of γ‐tubulin may be used as a new strategy for RB1 deficient targeted chemotherapy. Here, we searched for compounds that interfere with the nuclear activity of γ‐tubulin including known α‐ and β‐tubulin inhibitors. However, neither the microtubule‐destabilizing colcemid nor the microtubule‐stabilizing Paclitaxel affected E2Fs activities in a Luciferase assay. In contrast, we found that MsP increased E2Fs' activities, but it also impaired astral microtubule outgrowth. Among tested MsP analogues, we found that Gz increased E2Fs' activities without impairing microtubule dynamics. Gz's cytotoxic effect on tumor cells was attenuated by either an increase expression of RB1 or γ‐tubulin, and potentiated by reduced protein levels of either RB1 or γ‐tubulin. In vivo, tumor progression was diminished by Gz in a RB1 dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that drugs developed to specifically inhibit the nuclear activity of γ‐tubulin have the potential to single out tumor cells and may aid the design of safer and more efficient chemotherapeutic.
Relationship Between Pain, C‐reactive Protein and Cytokines in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Gouvea Sonia , Oliveira Karine , Abreu Priscila , von Zeidler Sandra , Bissoli Nazare
Published: June 2021

Pain is a common symptom in patients with cancer, including those with head and neck cancer (HNC). While studies suggest an association between chronic inflammation and pain, levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as C‐reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), have not been correlated with pain in HNC patients who are not currently undergoing anticancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between these inflammatory markers and perceived pain in HNC patients prior to anticancer therapy. The study group consisted of 127 HNC patients and 9 healthy controls. Pain was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and serum levels of CRP and TNF‐α were determined using the particle‐enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) and ELISA techniques, respectively. Patients experiencing pain had significantly higher levels of CRP (P<0.01) and TNF‐α (P<0.05) compared with controls and with patients reporting no pain. There were significantly positive associations between pain, CRP level, and tumor stage. This is the first study to report a positive association between perceived pain and CRP in HNC patients at the time of diagnosis. The current findings suggest important associations between pain and inflammatory processes in HNC patients, with potential implications for future treatment strategies.
Novel Cancer Therapy: Targeting Methionine Metabolism
Authors: Venkatachalam KV
Published: June 2021

Methionine is an essential amino acid required in larger quantities during development. Albeit considered essential certain amounts of methionine can be synthesized through methionine synthase (MetS) activity from homocysteine using coenzymes methyl‐tetrahydrofolate (vitamin B9) and methylcobalamin (vitamin B12). Homocysteine can be reused to make methionine which is controlled by the levels of methyl‐tetrahydrofolate (vitamin B9) and methylcobalamin (vitamin B12). The other fate of homocysteine in mammals is to be channeled for cysteine synthesis which are controlled by serine, vitamin B12, and the activities of cystathionine betasynthase and cystathionine gammalyase. Methionine is activated into s‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) by methionine adenosyltransferase using ATP. Cytoplasmic and Nuclear MAT had been characterized, establishing the specific compartmentalized methylations. In the nucleus RNA, DNA and histones are modified by methylation, limited by SAM. In cytoplasm phosphatidyl choline, epinephrine, carnitine synthesis etc. requires SAM for methylation. In bacteria, methionine is catabolized to methylthiol and deaminated into alpha‐ketobutyrate by methionine gammalyase‐deaminase (MGLD). MGLD is absent in mammals. Molecularly cloned cytoplasmic‐GFP‐MGLD transfected into many cancer cells evinced either moderate cell death/severe aggregation depending on the cell types. With this priori, GFP‐MGLD gene with nuclear localization signal NLS‐GFP‐MGLD) was transfected into Hela, Ad293T, BHK, PC3 and DU145. In conclusion: total (quantitative) and site‐specific (qualitative) methylation pattern/signature is extremely crucial for cell progression that varies among cell types. Specific global methylation patterns/signatures studies are underway.
Comparison of Four Different Supplementary Foods in the Treatment of Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) in Children Under Five in Sierra Leone
Authors: Marron Bethany , Green Jamie , Jayson Lauren , Suri Devika , Marcus Shelley , Boiteau Jocelyn , Manary Mark , Webb Patrick , Rogers Beatrice
Published: June 2021

Objective

A prospective cluster randomized control trial, supported by WFP and USAID, compared the effectiveness of four supplementary foods in the treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in children 6‐59 months of age in normal programmatic settings in Sierra Leone.

Methods

Twenty clinics in Kenema District were randomly assigned to one of four treatment foods: Super Cereal (SC) plus fortified vegetable oil (FVO) and sugar (acting as the comparison group), Super Cereal Plus (SC+), Corn Soy Blend 14 (CSB14) plus FVO, and Plumpy'Sup (PS). Children 6‐59 months with MAM (MUAC > 11.0 cm and < 12.5 cm) were enrolled in the clinic‐based supplementary feeding programs, receiving a food ration every 2 weeks for 12 weeks or until recovered from MAM (determined by MUAC 蠅 12.5 cm). Beneficiaries' anthropometric data were collected during each clinic visit including MUAC, height, and weight.

Results

The study was terminated early due to the Ebola outbreak and our sample size was reduced from 5000 to 1153 children who enrolled and completed the study. Out of these, recovery rates were 61% in the SC plus FVO group (comparison), 56% in the CSB14 group, 57% in the PS group, and 63% in the SC+ group. There were no significant differences in recovery rates, SAM, or failure to respond between each study arm and the SC comparison group; death rates were significantly higher in SC+ compared with SC (0.9% vs 3.2%, p=0.046).

Conclusion

We found no significant difference in MAM recovery rates among the four supplementary foods. However, due to our limited sample size the power to detect a significant difference was reduced.
Does Market Access Protect Children against Poor Health Conditions at Birth?
Authors: Darrouzet‐Nardi Amelia , Masters William
Published: June 2021

Seasonal fluctuations in early life circumstances can be associated with later differences in health outcomes, especially for children in rural farm households and in low‐income countries. Other evidence finds that access to markets and public services can help rural households improve their well‐being. This study links these two phenomena, using spatial diversity across the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to investigate whether proximity to towns confers resilience against seasonal determinants of maternal and infant health. To identify a potentially causal effect, we use the random component of birth timing relative to the intensity of seasonal climate fluctuations and households' distance to the nearest town. This approach is made possible by systematic variation in the intensity and duration of seasons from north to south across DRC, independent variation in geographic isolation among survey sites, and uniform distribution in birth timing within years. Controlling for mother fixed effects and a variety of robustness tests, we find that that children in households closer to towns have significantly smaller impact of their birth timing on their subsequent heights and risk of death. The protective effect of market access could involve a variety of mechanisms such as consumption smoothing, health services and public assistance. Future work might find ways to distinguish among these channels using additional data. For this initial study, we merged geocoded Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) results with geo‐coded data on civil conflict and the locations of towns, providing an unusual opportunity to identify the consequences of geographic isolation for child health. This work was supported by a U.S. Borlaug Fellowship in Global Food Security.
Implementation of a national training system to address nutrition transition at primary care in Mexico
Authors: Gonzalez Wendy , Bonvecchio Anabelle , Rivera Juan , Magaña Laura , Villa de la Vega Alejandria , Rosas Cynthia , Neufeld Lynnette
Published: June 2021

Mexico, as many developing countries, is undergoing a nutrition transition characterized by the coexistence of undernutrition (stunting and micronutrient deficiencies) alongside obesity and chronic diseases. Health workers need essential competencies, skills, and attitudes to address this problem.

The objective of this paper is to describe the design and implementation of a national training system at the primary care level to address nutrition transition in Mexico. Participant observation and data review were used as primary methods for data collection.

Based on formative research, we designed, tested, and evaluated an in‐person cascade training for primary health workers. Training improved skills but failed to reach the lower levels of the cascade. We redesigned the training by 1) adopting a competency‐based approach to improve learning, and 2) developing virtual (online and offline) training modules. Furthermore, we designed a monitoring system and established clear timeline for implementation. Federal and state‐level officials were appointed as supervisors. Over 40,000 primary health workers successfully completed the training.

In conclusion, the use of technology has the potential to improve reach and fidelity of the training system. Monitoring and supervision help ensure adequate implementation.
Breastfeeding Difficulties at Three Months are Associated with Formula Use in Vietnam
Authors: Henry Megan , Christian Parul , Kim Sunny , Nguyen Phuong , Rawat Rahul , Menon Purnima
Published: June 2021

Breastfeeding (BF) difficulties after lactation is established are not well understood, and lack of support may lead to infant feeding practices that undermine exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). We assessed the association between BF difficulties at 3mo and formula feeding (FF) between 3‐6mo in a subsample of eligible mothers (n=604) as part of a 2010 Alive & Thrive baseline household survey in Vietnam (n=4029). Almost 14% of all mothers reported BF difficulties, including perception of insufficient milk (PIM, 38%), breast pain (15%), and poor latch (15%). Only half of mothers sought support for PIM compared to three‐quarters for pain or latch. Regardless of type of difficulty or support sought, use of formula was the most common recommendation to mothers. Over half of mothers FF in the first 6mo, but use was dynamic; 27% reported first use between 3‐6mo. In multivariable analysis, BF difficulties were associated with higher odds of FF at 3‐6mo (OR, 2.32; 95% CI 1.38, 3.91), as was maternal work outside the home (OR, 2.03; 95% CI 1.30, 3.18), FF at birth (OR, 1.86; 95% CI 1.27, 2.73), and child age (OR, 1.34; 95% CI 1.06, 1.68). No association was found for education, SES, having heard about EBF, food security, BMI, BF difficulties at birth, or recent child illness. In Vietnam, later BF difficulties are associated with formula use. Targeted support for PIM, breast pain, and latch is necessary if EBF goals are to be achieved. Reduced formula use at birth and support for working mothers are also necessary to decrease formula use between 3‐6mo.

Funding Source: Alive & Thrive, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and managed by FHI360
Traditional Foods Made from Sorghum and Millet in Mali Have Slower Gastric Emptying than Pasta, Potatoes, and Rice
Authors: Cisse Fatimata , Erickson Daniel , Opekun Antone , Nichols Buford , Hamaker Bruce
Published: June 2021

Gastric emptying rates of Malian traditional foods (couscous, thick and thin porridges made from sorghum and millet) were studied versus imported staple foods that are mostly consumed in the urban areas under the hypothesis that these indigenous foods provide a more sustained energy delivery to the body that is related to a slower gastric emptying, which also may be related to satiety. Our interest is to understand whether traditional African foods have positive attributes that can be promoted for higher use in urban areas to provide better markets for local farmers. A 13C‐labelled octanoic acid breath test method was used with subjective pre‐test and satiety response questionnaires. Fourteen healthy volunteers initially participated in this study located in Bamako, Mali, which was followed up by a validation trial with 6 volunteers. Eight different meals were tested and collected breath samples were analyzed. Traditional African solid foods had nearly half the gastric emptying rate of rice, potatoes, and pasta as measured by lag phase and half‐emptying time (P < 0.0001). Millet couscous and rice had higher fullness and lower hunger scores compared to others (all P < 0.05). Pre‐test satiety rankings correlated well with actual satiety rankings which suggests that preconceived ideas of satiety may confound subjective satiety scoring. Traditional African foods were concluded to provide same meal slow gastric emptying and prolonged energy delivery to the body more than non‐traditional foods.
Breastfeeding Practices are Associated with Child Development in Vietnamese Children
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , DiGirolamo Ann , Gonzalez‐Casanova Ines , Pham Hoa , Truong Truong , Nguyen Son , Martorell Reynaldo , Ramakrishnan Usha
Published: June 2021

Optimal breastfeeding (BF) has been shown to improve child morbidity and mortality. However, few population‐based prospective studies have evaluated relationships of BF practices with child development. This study examines the effects of BF practices on child cognitive, language and motor development, using data from the randomized controlled trial (PRECONCEPT) in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam (n= 795 mother–child pairs). Information about BF practices was obtained by interview during the first 6 mos of life. Child development was assessed by trained psychologists using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III at age 1 y. The prevalence of early initiation (EIB) was 51.7% and exclusive BF (EBF) at 3 mos was 61.9%. In multivariable linear regressions adjusting for potential confounders (socio‐economic status, maternal IQ, child gender, and birth size), both EIB and EBF were positively associated with higher motor development scores (0.89, 95% CI: 0.29, 1.49 and 0.95, 95% CI: 0.33, 1.56, respectively) compared to those who did not have these practices. Further adjusting for home environment did not change the association. Children receiving EIB also had higher cognitive development scores (0.34 points, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.65), but this effect is attenuated after controlling for home environment (0.31 points, 95% CI: ‐0.01, 0.62). EIB or EBF were not associated with language scores. In conclusion, optimal BF practices are critical to support child development in Vietnam. Supported by the Micronutrient Initiative, the Mathile Institute, and the Nestle Foundation.
Measuring Brain Function in Newborns in Rural Gambia
Authors: Lloyd‐Fox Sarah , Halliday Drew , Begus Katarina , Darboe Momodue , Prentice Andrew , Moore Sophie , Elwell Clare
Published: June 2021

The goal of our project is to establish assessments to evaluate the efficacy of nutritional interventions during the first 1000 days of life. Here we measure cognitive function in newborn infants.

Cortical mapping of the brain during infancy is rarely undertaken in low‐income countries due to the lack of transportable neuroimaging methods. Studying the infant brain in situations where development may be compromised in some way, such as through under nutrition, may provide information that has been unavailable with behavioural paradigms particularly for infants who may be too young to elicit overt responses in behaviour. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) ‐ which uses the absorption of near infrared light to non‐invasively measure changes in oxygen in the blood ‐ is an elegant method for assessing cognitive function in such settings.
We transported a custom‐built fNIRS system to a field station in rural West Africa (The Gambia). Twenty‐three 0 ‐ 2 month olds listened to vocal (i.e. laughter) and non‐vocal (i.e. water running) sounds, while haemodynamic responses were recorded using fNIRS. We found specialised activation in the superior and middle temporal cortex. These results confirm the suitability of fNIRS in this age group in a resource poor setting. Changes in cortical haemoglobin may afford early biomarkers that are more sensitive to nutritional insults affecting cognition than current standardised behavioural measures.
Gestational Deficits have Selectively Negative Long‐Term Effects on Cognitive Control among Female Preadolescents
Authors: Khan Naiman , Raine Lauren , Drollette Eric , Scudder Mark , Kramer Arthur , Donovan Sharon , Hillman Charles
Published: June 2021

Long‐term cognitive impairments following extreme preterm delivery are well recognized, however, it was unknown whether these effects are present among infants born closer to term or vary based on sex. Herein, cognitive control was assessed among 8‐9‐year‐olds (preterm/<37 wk [n=60] or term/蠅37 wk [n=60]). Children were matched for age, pubertal stage, sex (28 females/group), SES, IQ, BMI, and VO2max. Cognitive control was assessed using a flanker task and groups were compared on measures of accuracy, reaction time, and interference control. While no effects were observed for accuracy, an effect of birth status on overall (d=0.65, P=0.02) and incongruent trial reaction time (d=0.75, P<0.01) was observed among females. Further, preterm females exhibited over two‐fold greater reaction time interference (incongruent ‐ congruent) compared to preterm males, and term females and males (all P<0.01), reflecting compromised ability to up‐regulate cognitive control when faced with higher task demands. This work shows that even relatively small gestational deficits have a lasting influence on cognitive health. Specifically, preterm birth status was selectively and negatively related to cognitive control among female preadolescents. Future studies should elucidate the effects of early life factors on a wider range of cognitive tasks and determine the source of these sex differences. Funding sources: NIH HD055352 and HD069381.
Association Between Binge Drinking and Food Addiction in College Students
Authors: Dopler‐Nelson Mindy , Ackerson Leland
Published: June 2021

The objective of this investigation was to determine whether binge drinking (BD) is associated with food addiction (FA). Since BD has become a problem among college‐aged students, BD associated with FA may contribute to obesity in this population. We hypothesized that students who binge drink are at increased risk of FA related to the hedonic value of both along with compromised decision‐making ability due to impairment under heavy alcohol consumption.

Methods

Data for this cross‐sectional study were collected using a web‐based survey tool. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of college students, with and without BD, who answered >5 FA questions and BD questions in our survey. Questions targeted age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, symptomatology and self‐classification of binge drinking behavior, and eating behavior in terms of FA based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Students were classified as non‐binge drinkers if they reported never binge drinking.

Results

1809 were eligible for participation in this study. 83.2% of participants were 18‐24 years old. 34.2% of participants binge drank within 30 days and 21.0% binge drank more than 30 days but within one year of taking the survey. Of the 1197 students who reported binge drinking, 10.1% showed high symptomatology of FA. Of the 33.8% of students who reported never binge drinking, 7% showed high symptomatology of FA (p‐value=0.031).

Conclusion

There is a strong association BD and food addiction. Factors influencing this association may be youth, living situations, and possible addictive personalities.

No external support was used to conduct this study.