bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atypical imaging presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma - Case series
Authors: Divya S  , Geetha G  , Ashwin Kumar A
Published: February 2025

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver tumor, significantly contributes to cancer-related mortality worldwide. This case series investigated HCC imaging presentations, including portal vein tumor thrombus, multifocal HCC, cirrhotomimetic diffuse infiltrative HCC, metastasis to various organs, HCCwith capsular rupture and hemoperitoneum, and unusual features like a fatty metamorphosis. Imaging plays a crucial role in HCC detection, diagnosis, staging, and posttreatment monitoring, and ultrasonography is recommended for screening and triple-phase computed tomography, which is essential for characterization and staging. Typical imaging features include arterial phase hyperenhancement, washout in later phases, and tumor capsule. Recognizing imaging presentations is vital for accurate diagnosis and management, as HCC complications indicate advanced disease and poor prognosis. This series highlights HCC’s diverse imaging spectrum of HCC and emphasizes the importance of identifying atypical presentations for timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
Elizabethkingia anophelis: An uncommon cause of hospital-acquired septic meningitis and a rare cause of community-acquired meningitis in children: A case series
Authors: Sarjana Shuchi  , Shweta Satija  , Manoj B Jais
Published: February 2025

Elizabethkingia is one among several new organisms which heve emerged as an important human pathogen in the past few decades. We present the first two cases of Elizabethkingia anophelis infection reported from our institution. The first case was of septic meningitis in a 10-day-old preterm neonate after 10 days of hospital stay and another case was of community-acquired meningitis in a 2-month-old infant. The organism was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of both the patients and the blood of only the neonate. E. anophelis is now being identified as the most prevalent species under the genus Elizabethkingia. Among the two cases, one was a health-care-associated infection and another was a community-acquired infection. Both cases improved after giving appropriate antibiotics. Hence, we should look for these kind of cases for early identification and to prevent mortality in patients by starting the right antibiotic.
Safety and efficacy of laryngeal mask airway placement in term of oropharyngeal leak pressure: A comparison between conventional insertion and laryngoscope guided insertion
Authors: Ayan Ghorui  , Baisakhi Laha  , Sandip Roy Basunia  , Debasish Saha
Published: February 2025

Background: The effectiveness of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) through conventional insertion technique versus laryngoscope-guided insertion is a debatable issue. Use of only fiberoptic scoring for assessment has shown conflicting results. A newly presented clinical sign – oropharyngeal leak oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP) – is showing promise for assessing airway sealing in LMA placement.
Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to compare the conventional blind insertion versus laryngoscope-guided insertion of LMA using OLP as the main indicator.
Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized comparison was done between two groups (Group C-Conventional LMA insertion and Group L-Laryngoscope guided LMA insertion) numbering 100 patients in total. OLP, first attempt success rate, time taken for insertion, hemodynamic variation, and adverse effects were recorded and compared between the groups.
Results: OLP was significantly high in laryngoscope-guided LMA insertion than conventional insertion (22.6±3.59 vs. 17.4±3.53 cm H2O [Mean±Standard deviation]). Time taken for LMA insertion (28.3±5.92 vs. 23.3±5.03 s) and hemodynamic stress response was higher in laryngoscope-guided insertion than conventional insertion. The two methods showed a similar profile of complications.
Conclusions: Laryngoscope-guided LMA insertion improves the airway seal pressure over conventional blind LMA insertion with some limitations. We suggest laryngoscope guidance may be a better technique for LMA insertion.
Comparative evaluation of ondansetron, palonosetron, and dexamethasone for antiemetic prophylaxis in cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Vankudoth Bhaskar  , Jitendra Agrawal  , Ankita Gupta  , Ashish Mohan M
Published: February 2025

Background: Spinal anesthesia is the most common regional anesthesia used to provide surgical anesthesia for cesarean section. Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms experienced by patients undergoing cesarean section.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of dexamethasone, ondansetron, and palonosetron in prevention of nausea and vomiting.
Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized study was conducted on total 90 patients undergoing cesarean section, divided in three groups of 30 patients each. Group O received 4 mg ondansetron i.v., Group P received palonosetron 075 mg i.v and Group D received 8 mg dexamethasone i.v. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was compared between the groups and side effects were assessed.
Results: Antiemetic prophylaxis reduced the overall incidence of nausea and vomiting. However, Palonosetron had a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting as compared to dexamethasone and ondansetron.
Conclusion: Our study concluded that Palonosetron had the lowest incidence of nausea and vomiting.
Correlation of newer inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Swetha Akkina  , Srikanth Akula  , Rajeev Gandham  , Preethi Batakala  , Bhagyalakshmi Atla  , Divija Reddy Bonthu  , Sunkara Uha Priya
Published: February 2025

Background: Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health concerns and has reached alarming levels. DM is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia leading to micro- and macro-vascular complications. Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with the pathophysiology of DM.
Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the levels of neutrophil-to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and other inflammatory markers in T2DM patients and their correlation with blood sugar and HbA1c.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry in association with Department of General Medicine and Pathology, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences (NRIIMS), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. In this study, 90 T2DM patients and 90 non-diabetic subjects were recruited. Fasting and post-prandial blood samples were collected and used for the estimation of blood sugar, urea, creatinine, and lipid profile parameters. Whole blood (EDTA) samples were used for analysis of complete blood count (CBC) and HbA1c. NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, MHR, NHR, LHR, and PHR were calculated from CBC values. Demographic details were collected.
Results: In this study, significant increase in blood pressure (systolic [120.4±8.1 mmHg], diastolic [80.2±4.8 mmHg]), fasting blood sugar (FBS) (162.5±53.7 mg/dL), post-prandial blood sugar (238.3±78.8 mg/dL), HbA1c (8.5±2.2%), urea (28.6±8.6 mg/dL), creatinine (1.1±0.2 mg/dL), total cholesterol (186.8±46.1 mg/dL), triglycerides (168.9±61.2 mg/dL), LDLC (115.0±36.3 mg/dL), VLDL (33.8±12.4 mg/dL), and neutrophil count (66.6±11.4%) was observed in T2DM cases. Inflammatory markers such as NLR (4.2±1.1), PLR (0.17±0.01), SII (12.6±3.6), SIRI (25.7±5.2), MHR (0.15±0.08), NHR (1.9±0.72), and PHR (0.07±0.02) were significantly increased in T2DM cases than non-diabetic subjects. FBS was positively correlated with SIRI (r=0.180), MHR (r=0.257), NHR (r=0.418), and PHR (r=0.212). Similarly, HbA1c positively correlated with NHR (r=0.353) and PHR (r=0.177) in T2DM subjects. In this study, HDLC level and lymphocyte count was significantly decreased in T2DM cases.
Conclusion: The study may conclude that increased levels of NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, MHR, NHR, and PHR in T2DM and their positive correlation with blood sugar and HbA1c may serve as alternate markers of inflammation and are useful to assess the impact of systemic inflammatory response in T2DM patients.
Assessment of the neurobehavioral and histomorphological effects of quercetin on monosodium glutamate-induced changes in the rat cerebral cortex
Authors:   Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Famuyide Opeyemi , Kolade Tolulope ,   Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, Onaolapo Olakunle ,   Behavioural Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, Onaolapo Adejoke ,   Behavioural Neuroscience and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
Published: February 2025

Consumption of monosodium glutamate (MSG), a widely used flavour enhancer has been associated with oxidative stress, proinflammation and neurodegeneration. There have also been suggestions that the use of flavonoids like quercetin could exert neuroprotective potentials in MSG-induced neurotoxicity; necessitating this study. This study examined the effects of quercetin supplementation on MSG-induced changes in neurobehaviour and cerebrocortical histomorphology in rats. Sixty male rats (120–150 g) were assigned to six groups of ten each. Group A (control) were fed standard rat chow and administered saline orally (10 ml/kg). Groups B and C were fed quercetin-supplemented diets at 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, while group D received MSG orally (80 mg/kg body weight). Rats in groups E and F were fed quercetin-supplemented diets and administered MSG orally. Treatment was for a period of 35 days. On day 36, animals were exposed to the behavioural paradigms following which they were euthanised. Blood was taken for biochemical assays while the cerebral cortex was excised and processed for general histology. The results showed significant decrease in body weight and feed intake in the MSG-treated groups and a reversal by quercetin. Horizontal locomotion and rearing decreased with MSG while grooming increased. The administration of quercetin reversed these changes. Result of cerebral histomorphology revealed variable degrees of preservation of the architecture of the cerebral cortex in groups E and F compared to group D. These findings suggest that the use of quercetin offers a promising neuroprotective strategy against monosodium glutamate-induced cerebral cortex toxicity.
The Idea of Legal Pluralism in Dispute Resolution of Village Head Election in Madura
Authors: Eugenia Brandao Da Silva  , Asyiqoh Lin
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study is to find a solution to the weakness of the dispute resolution regulation on the results of the village head election, which is considered to have caused ongoing problems due to the existence of a legal vacuum related to the mechanism for fulfilling the rights of the people who are harmed by the determination of the results of the Village Head Election. This research contributes to creating a dispute resolution model for the election of village heads based on local wisdom values in Indonesia.  This study uses empirical legal research methods with socio-legal and anthropo-legal approaches. The results of this study reveal that the proposed model, which involves the existence of judicial institutions at the village level that apply informally and are used as a legal tradition of the Madura community, can be a game-changer in resolving disputes over the results of village heads. This method is considered able to resolve Village head election disputes more quickly and peacefully because they are determined by figures who influence the socio-cultural structure of the Madura community. The results of this study can be used as a reference in implementing policies and legal arrangements related to the dispute resolution mechanism for the results of the Village head election, either independently by the village government or by the Pamekasan Regency Government in making Regional Regulations (Perda) related to the settlement of disputes over the results of the Village head election in Pamekasan Regency.
Freedom of Expression in the Spread of Hoax News on Social Media Between Indonesia and South Korea
Authors: Rini Jarwati Indah N. C  , Dhea Zeftyaningrum  , Richo Febria Putra  , Dio Ashar Wicaksana
Published: February 2025

Freedom of expression is the right of people to freely express their opinions through various media without considering their limitations and without violating the rights of others. One example of the spread of fake news that has the potential to damage reputation is the spread of hoax news, which mainly occurs in Indonesia and South Korea. This study aims to understand the comparison of regulations governing the spread of fake news in Indonesia and South Korea and how the government faces this problem in the election process. The method used is a normative methodology through a legislative approach, which allows a comparison of freedom of opinion regulations in spreading fake news between Indonesia and South Korea. In Indonesia, freedom of opinion is regulated in Article 28 E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Article 1 paragraph (1) of Law Number 9 of 1998 concerning Independence, while South Korea indirectly regulates freedom of opinion regulated in Article 21 paragraph 4 of the South Korean Law. In Indonesia and South Korea, special regulations are given regarding sanctions against perpetrators of spreading fake news, in Indonesia is contained in Article 28, paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, while South Korea is substantially stated in Criminal Act No. 14415 Article 307. However, it is necessary to ensure that freedom of expression is not used to circulate fake news, which is a symptom of a problem rather than the root of the issue itself.
FORMULASI TABAYYANU: STRATEGI CEPAT GUNA DALAM MENYIKAPI INFORMASI DI ERA TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL
Authors: Badruddin
Published: February 2025

Informasi serba digital sangat memudahkan pada era sekarang ini. Namun demikian, informasi digital yang bersifat singkat dan praktis pada saat ini dapat memberikan penerimanya kesalahpahaman dalam memahami isi serta berkurangnya daya pikir kritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pandangan Al-Qur'an terhadap pentingnya berpikir kritis dalam menyikapi informasi singkat dan praktis di era digital. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif analisis, penelitian ini memfokuskan pada konsep tabayyanu dalam Islam sebagai pedoman untuk memastikan kebenaran informasi sebelum membuat penilaian. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Al-Qur'an mendorong umatnya untuk berpikir kritis, teliti, dan menghindari kesalahan dalam menerima dan menyebarkan informasi singkat. Dengan penguatan literasi digital dan berpikir kritis, masyarakat dapat mengatasi informasi negatif di media sosial dengan panduan Al-Qur'an, sehingga terhindar dari ujaran kebencian dan kesalahpahaman
PARADIGMA INTEGRASI INTERKONEKSI KEILMUAN : BIOGRAFI INTELEKTUAL M. AMIN ABDULLAH
Authors: Bambang Hery Aryanto  , Hasan Husaini
Published: February 2025

Gagasan integrasi ilmu di Indonesia telah muncul sejak dekade tahun 1980-an tentang Islamisasi Ilmu, namun respon yang semakin serius terjadi semenjak adanya gerakan transformasi beberapa IAIN dan STAIN menjadi UIN pada tahun 2000-an. Hal ini menimbulkan kegelisahan bagi para ilmuan muslim, tak terkecuali M. Amin Abdullah. Kegelisahan ini membawanya pada sebuah pembagunan paradigma yang disebut dengan “integrasi interkoneksi keilmuan”. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan sketsa biografis intelektual M. Amin Abdullah, memahami konsep dasar paradigma integrasi interkoneksi keilmuan, dan mengetahui aktualisasi paradigma integrasi interkoneksi keilmuan. Sumber dari studi ini adalah karya-karya ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan kajian M. Amin Abdullah yang merupakan Guru Besar Filsafat Islam dan Studi Islam di UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Gagasan integrasi interkoneksi keilmuan yang ia tawarkan berangkat dari kesadaran bahwa setiap bangunan keilmuan, baik agama, sosial, humaniora, maupun alam tidak dapat berdiri sendiri tanpa kerja sama, saling tegur sapa, saling membutuhkan, saling koreksi, dan saling berhubungan satu sama lain. Paradigma berusaha saling menghargai; keilmuan umum dan agama sadar akan keterbatasan masing-masing dalam memecahkan persoalan manusia.
Berpikir Kritis Dalam Menghadapi Tantangan Disinformasi di Era Digital
Authors: Nur Diantini  , Purwanti
Published: February 2025

Era digitalisasi telah membawa kemajuan signifikan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, namun juga menghadirkan tantangan serius berupa penyebaran disinformasi dan misinformasi yang masif, khususnya melalui media sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran literasi digital dan berpikir kritis dalam menghadapi tantangan tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi pustaka, menganalisis data sekunder dari artikel ilmiah, jurnal, laporan penelitian, dan buku terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media sosial menjadi sumber informasi utama bagi masyarakat Indonesia, dengan 73% masyarakat menggunakannya untuk mencari berita atau informasi. Namun, kurangnya literasi digital di masyarakat menyebabkan tingginya kerentanan terhadap hoaks yang berdampak negatif pada opini publik, stabilitas sosial, dan kepercayaan terhadap institusi. Literasi digital dan kemampuan berpikir kritis diperlukan untuk memilah informasi, memverifikasi kebenaran sumber, dan menghindari dampak negatif dari disinformasi. Pemerintah Indonesia telah meluncurkan program seperti "Indonesia Makin Cakap Digital" dan Digital Talent Scholarship (DTS) untuk meningkatkan literasi digital masyarakat. Program ini fokus pada pengembangan keterampilan digital, etika, keamanan, dan budaya digital. Kesimpulannya, literasi digital dan berpikir kritis adalah kunci untuk menciptakan masyarakat yang cerdas, kritis, dan mampu menghadapi tantangan disinformasi di era digital. Kolaborasi pentahelix diperlukan untuk membangun ekosistem digital yang mendukung pertumbuhan sosial dan ekonomi di Indonesia.
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Buku Sumber Belajar Siswa Berbantu Website Pada Mata Pelajaran PJOK Di SDN 6 Kota Palangka Raya
Authors: Muhammad Syabrina  , Meliati  , Rahmi Nati
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan bahan ajar berupa buku sumber belajar siswa berbantu website yang dapat digunakan oleh siswa kelas IV dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga, dan Kesehatan (PJOK) di SDN 6 Kota Palangka Raya. Buku ini dirancang untuk mengintegrasikan elemen interaktif seperti teks, gambar, video, dan kuis yang dapat diakses melalui website menggunakan QR code. Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah ADDIE, yang meliputi lima tahap: analisis, desain, pengembangan, implementasi, dan evaluasi.Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, dan angket. Hasil angket menunjukkan bahwa bahan ajar ini sangat layak digunakan, dengan skor dari ahli materi 97%, ahli desain 97%, guru 100%, dan uji coba lapangan 88,42%. Hasil uji-t menunjukkan nilai 0,00, yang berarti bahan ajar ini signifikan meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Analisis N-gain menghasilkan nilai 0,66, termasuk kategori sedang. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa bahan ajar buku sumber belajar siswa berbantu website ini efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.
Analisis Belajar Matematika Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita
Authors: Puji Astuti  , Fajri Wulan Dini
Published: February 2025

Banyak siswa yang mengalami kesulitan dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita, terutama soal cerita dengan kemampuan pemecahan masalah yang meliputi tahap memahami masalah, merencanakan penyelesaian,melaksanakan rencana penyelesaian, dan memeriksa kembali. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan kesulitan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita berbasis kemampuan pemecahan masalah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek yang dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI SMP Muhammadiyah siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa soal tes sebanyak 1 soal dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa kesulitan dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita berbasis kemampuan pemecahan masalah yang meliputi: (1) pada tahap memahami masalah, siswa kesulitan dalam memahami maksud dari soal serta tidak menuliskan apa yang diketahui dan ditanyakan pada soal, (2) pada tahap merencanakan penyelesaian, siswa kesulitan dalam menyusun rencana penyelesaian karena belum terbiasa mengerjakan soal cerita sehingga kesulitan dalam hal mengaplikasikan konsep, (3) pada tahap menyelesaikan perencanaan, siswa mengalami kesulitan karena salah dalam menuliskan rumus pada tahap perencanaan strategi penyelesaian, sehingga hasil dari perhitungan penyelesaian juga salah, (4) pada tahap memeriksa kembali, siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam memeriksa kembali hasil pekerjaan karena tidak memberikan kesimpulan terhadap hasil pekerjaannya, tidak menyelesaikan soal dengan baik dan salah dalam hasil perhitungannya.
Pelaksanaan Penyelesaian Sengketa Kredit Dalam Perjanjian Kredit Dengan Jaminan Fidusia (Studi Pada PT. Mandiri Tunas Finance)
Authors: Muhammad Baharudin Yusuf
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini mengkaji peran lembaga pembiayaan dalam menyediakan pembiayaan investasi melalui perjanjian antara kreditur dan debitur, khususnya yang melibatkan jaminan fidusia. Jaminan fidusia menjamin kepastian hukum, mengurangi risiko gagal bayar, dan memfasilitasi penyelesaian pinjaman bermasalah melalui mekanisme eksekusi. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pembiayaan investasi dengan metode sewa guna usaha dan pembelian angsuran, yang memiliki implikasi berbeda terhadap kepemilikan dan risiko. Pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif digunakan, dengan analisis studi kasus yang dilakukan di PT. Mandiri Tunas Finance, Divisi Armada Korporasi, Surabaya, berdasarkan konten hukum dan tinjauan pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asas kebebasan berkontrak mencakup hak dan kewajiban yang diuraikan dalam klausul perjanjian. Sengketa dapat timbul dari kelalaian atau wanprestasi, yang menunjukkan celah hukum dalam kewajiban kontraktual. Untuk meningkatkan kepastian hukum, Mahkamah Konstitusi mengamanatkan reformulasi klausul dan pembentukan mekanisme eksekusi yang adil dan jelas sesuai dengan norma hukum. Perlindungan hukum yang bersifat preventif dan represif, serta penyelesaian sengketa sebelum eksekusi diperlukan untuk meminimalisir perselisihan dan kerugian, serta mendukung keberlanjutan pembiayaan investasi di sektor korporasi.
Situation Analysis of Awareness Level and Stigmatization of Speech Disorders in Punjab: A Parental Perspective
Authors: Aftab Muhammad Javed , Bhatti Humayun , Amjad Faisal
Published: February 2025

Objective: The study investigated the existing awareness of speech problems and the associated stigmatization among parents of children with speech impairments in Punjab, Pakistan.
Method: Using a quantitative cross-sectional methodology, this research sought to understand how parents in Punjab, Pakistan view stigma and how much knowledge they have about speech difficulties. The research utilized a survey methodology to gather data. The targeted group comprised, parents of children in Punjab, Pakistan diagnosed with speech disorders. A total of 81 parents engaged in the study.
Results: The results indicated that mothers exhibited elevated levels of awareness compared to fathers and guardians. As education is crucial in cultivating awareness, parents possessing bachelor's degrees or higher demonstrated a markedly superior comprehension of speech impairments. Stigmatization was widespread across all educational levels, with no significant difference. Mothers reported, experiencing moderate levels of stigma more often than fathers and guardians. The relationship with the child had no statistically significant effect on awareness or stigmatization.
Conclusion: The findings highlight the pressing necessity for focused awareness initiatives and Initiatives aimed at reducing stigma to assist parents of children with speech impairments in Pakistan. Parents of boys face more problems than parents of girls. Knowledge of speech disorders and a stern approach against cultural prejudices would enhance people's acceptance and understanding of speech disorders thus making the lives of children and their families easier.
دراسة مقارنة في قيم بعض المتغيرات الوظيفية واقصى قيمة للقدرة بين اختباري السير التحرك (Treadmill (واختبار صعود الدرج لـ (Margaria (باستخدام مقاومات اضافية وبدونها
Authors: آغا محمد توفيق عثمان آل حسين
Published: February 2025

يهدف البحث الحالي الى محاولة التعرف على الفروق بين اختباري (السير التحرك (Treadmill )واختبار صعود الدرج لـ (Margaria)، في قيم بعض المتغيرات الوظيفية واقصى قيمة للقدرة. وكذلك التعرف على الفروق بين استخدام مقاومات اضافية وبدون استخدامها الختبار السير التحرك (Treadmill )، في قيم بعض المتغيرات الوظيفية واقصى قيمة للقدرة. والتعرف على الفروق بين اختباري السير التحرك (Treadmill ) واختبار صعود الدرج لـ (Margaria )عند استخدام مقاومات اضافية، في قيم بعض المتغيرات الوظيفية واقصى قيمة للقدرة، واستخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي لمالئمته لطبيعة البحث، وقد شملت عينة البحث على (5) العبي ساحة ومضمار يمثلون نادي الموصل للموسم الرياضي (2020-2019)، تم اخذ القياسات الجسمية لالعبي وتم تحديد الكتلة العضلية للرجلين من خالل استخدام تقنية المقاومة الحيوية باستخدام جهاز ( Composition Body Analyzer(، وتم اخذ القياسات الوظيفية والتي شملت ما يأتي: (السعة الحيوية (VC)، والتهوية الرئوية (VE)، وحجم النفس (TV)، وعدد مرات التنفس (RR)، وتم قياس نبض القلب (HR )بواسطة جهاز (Oximeter-Pals). لغرض تحقيق اھداف تم استخدام اختباري السير التحرك (Treadmill )واختبار صعود الدرج لـ (Margaria)، وأھم ما توصل اليه الباحثان من استنتاجات ما يأتي : كانت قيمة القدرة القصوى الناتجة عن اختبار السير التحرك (Treadmill )أقل من اختبار صعود الدرج لـ (Margaria )، وعند استخدام  مقاومات اضافية في اختبار السير التحرك (Treadmill )كانت قيمة القدرة القصوى ايضا  أقل من اختبار صعود الدرج لـ (Margaria).
اثر تمرينات خاصة بعد الحجامة في بعض المتغيرات البيوكيميائية ومكونات اللياقة الصحية للرجال بإعمار 40-35 سنة
Authors: حوني سندس فاروق
Published: February 2025

تكمن مشكلة البحث في معرفة االثار العلمية بخصوص تمرينات خاصة معدة بعد الحجامة في بعض المتغيرات البيوكيميائية وبعض مكونات اللياقة الصحية للرجال بإعمار (40-35) سنة، ولقلة الدراسات التي تناولت اثر الحجامة على نسبة خاليا الدم البيضاء وعناصر اللياقة البدنية وأخذها بعين االعتبار في أثناء عملية تخطيط التدريب والوقوف على تأثير الحجامة من الناحية البدنية بغية تقديم المعلومات العلمية الدقيقة عن حجم هذه التأثيرات لتكون عونا للعاملين في المجال الرياضي. ويھدف البحث الى االتي: -اعداد تمرينات خاصة بعد الحجامة للرجال بإعمار 40-35 سنة.-التعرف على تأثير التمرينات الخاصة بعد الحجامة في بعض المتغيرات البيو كيميائية ومكونات اللياقة الصحية للرجال بإعمار 40-35 سنة.فيما افترضت الباحثة بان هناك فروق ذات داللة معنوية بين االختبارين القبلي والبعدي للمجموعة التجريبية في بعض المتغيرات البيو كيميائية ومكونات اللياقة الصحية للرجال بأعمار 40-35 سنة.اما مجاالت البحث فقد اشتملت على االتي:-المجال البشري: مجموعة من الطالب في الكلية التربوية المفتوحة في واسط والبالغ عددهم (10) طالبا من الذكور. -المجال ألزماني: الفترة من 2019/11/15 ولغاية 2020./2/15-المجال المكاني: ساحة الكلية التربوية المفتوحة في واسط، ساحة وقاعة معهد الفنون الجميلة للبنات في الكوت. استخدمت الباحثة المنهج التجريبي ذو المجموعة التجريبية الواحدة لمالءمته وطبيعة البحث، على عينة من مجتمع البحث بعد ان اجرية عليهم التجانس.فمن خالل مناقشة النتائج التي حصلت عليها من المعالجات االحصائية وفي ضوء هذه النتائج خرجت الباحثة بمجموعة من االستنتاجات منها ان تطبيق التمرينات الخاصة والحجامة كان لها تأثير ايجابي على زيادة خاليا الدم البيضاء، فضال عن عدم ظهور تغير واضح على القوة االنفجارية للذراعين.في ضوء االستنتاجات خرجت الباحثة بمجموعة من التوصيات اهمها:-ضرورة زيادة الوعي حول الحجامة من خالل المعلومات الخاصة بالتأثيرات االيجابية للحجامة على ممارسة النشاط البدني، كذلك ضرورة إجراء دراسة حول تأثير الحجامة على متغيرات بايوكيميائية وبدنية اخرى، ضرورة اطالع المدربين على نتائج البحوث المتعلقة بهذا الموضوع لالستفادة منها، خضوع الجميع إلى فحوص طبية قبل وبعد استخدام الحجامة
تأثير تمرينات تنافسية تعليمية بوسائل مساعدة في تطوير مهارتي الضرب الساحق والدفاع عن الملعب للکرة الطائرة لالعبين بأعمار (15-13) سنة
Authors: محمد مصطفی خالد , صخي علي سبهان
Published: February 2025

يهدف البحث الی التعرف علی تأثير تمرينات تنافسية تعليمية بوسائل مساعدة في تطوير مهارة الضرب الساحق ومهارة الدفاع عن الملعب للکرة الطائرة لالعبين بأعمار (15-13) سنة وقد تم استخدام المنهج التجريبي وبلغ عدد افراد العينة (24) العب قسم الی مجموعتين ضابطة وتجريبية وقد اظهرت النتائج هناك تأثير بين التمرينات التنافسية التعليمية ومهارتي الضرب الساحق والدفاع عن الملعب، وقد اوصی الباحثان بضرورة استخدام التمرينات التنافسية ووسائل المساعدة لما لها من تأثير ايجابي في الزيادة من حماس الالعبين وسرعة التعلم في الوحدة التعليمية . إذ خضعت عينة البحث لالختبارات الميدانية عمد بتسجيل اختبار القبلي والبعدي وبعد إجراء المعالجات اإلحصائية وعرض النتائج وتحليلها ومناقشتها توصل الباحثان إلی ما يلي هناك وجود فروق ذات داللة احصائية بين نتائج االختبارات القبلية والبعدية للمهارات المبحوث وعلی وفق االستنتاجات  يوصي الباحثان بعدة توصيات منها االخذ بالتمرينات التنافسية اثناء الوحدات التعليمية واالعتماد اکثر علی االسلوب التنافسي لما له من تأثير علی عملية التعلم کأحد انواع االساليب التعليمية في لعبة الکرة الطائرة او غيرها من االلعاب الرياضية
تأثير تمرينات تصحيح وفقا للتحليل البايوميکانيکية في تعلم اداء مسکة الخطف لمصارعي الرومانية
Authors: فائق علي فؤاد
Published: February 2025

اھداف البحث:1- اعداد تمرينات تصحيح األخطاء تمرينات تصحيح وفقا للتحليل البايوميكانيكيةفي تعلم اداء مسكة الخطف لمصارعي الرومانية تتالئم وعينة البحث. 2- التعرف على تأثير تصحيح األخطاء تمرينات تصحيح وفقا للتحليل البايوميكانيكية في تعلم اداء مسكة الخطف لدى عينه البحث .فرضيات البحث:1- توجد فروق ذات داللة إحصائية بين االختبارات القبلية والبعدية في في تعلم اداء مسكة الخطف لمصارعي الرومانية.مجاالت البحث:المجال البشري: مصارعي فئة االشبال بأعمار (14-12) سنة من نادي الكاظمية.المجال الزماني: المدة من /8/21 2019 ولغاية .2019/10/3المجال المكاني: قاعة نادي الكاظمية الرياضي.المجال المكاني: قاعة المصارعة لنادي الكاظمية الرياضي.
 تم استخدام المنهج التجريبي وتم اختيار عينة البحث من مصارعين نادي  الكاظمية الرياضي. وأسفرت النتائج التي أفرزتها االختبارات أثبتت صالحية المنهاج التعليمي المتبع في البحث، وفاعليته في التأثير في تعلم مسكات قيد الدراسة، وقد تم التوصية  اعتماد تمرينات التعليمية المعد من قبل الباحث في تطوير المتغيرات الكينماتيك والمهارية لمصارعي الرومانية
القوة االنفجارية للذراعين وعالقتها بالمستوى الرقمي في فعالية رمي القرص من الثبات لطالبات المرحلة الثانية/کلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة
Authors: محسن احالم شغاتي , الشرع زينب جوني کوطي
Published: February 2025

فعالية رمي القرص من الفعاليات التي تحتاج الی متطلبات خاصة عند األداء ومن هذه المتطلبات القوة االنفجارية للذراعين وهي تحتاج الی استخدام التکنيك األمثل للفعالية للوصول إلی مستوى رقمي عالي وما يتطلبه هذا التکنيك من مواصفات جسمية تساعد الطالبات في أداء هذه الفعالية لذلك ارتأت الباحثتان الخوض في هذه الفعالية، والهدف من هذا البحث التعرف علی العالقة بين القوة االنفجارية للذراعين والمستوى الرقمي في رمي القرص من الثبات وفرضا هذا البحث وجود عالقة ارتباط ذات دالئل إحصائية بين القوة االنفجارية للذراعين والمستوى الرقمي لفعالية رمي القرص من الثبات واعتمدت الباحثتان المنهج الوصفي باألسلوب المسحي في هذا البحث وکانت عينة البحث طالبات (المرحلة الثانية) کلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة – جامعة بغداد، وأجرت الباحثتان االختبارات باستخدام اختبار رمي الکرة الطبية من واختبار المستوى الرقمي لرمي القرص من الثبات وعلی وفق النتائج وتحليل البيانات االحصائية ومناقشة النتائج ظهرت عالقة ارتباط ذات داللة احصائية معنوية ايجابية بين القوة االنفجارية للذراعين والمستوى الرقمي في فعالية رمي القرص من الثبات، وعلی وفق نتائج الدراسة وضعت الباحثتان بعض التوصيات التي تؤکد ضرورة الترکيز علی تدريب القوة االنفجارية للذراعين لينسجم مع متطلبات األداء والمستوى الرقمي لفعالية رمي القرص
Pemanfaatan Aplikasi Trello untuk Efisiensi Agenda Manajemen Sekolah di SMK Negeri 5 Balikpapan
Authors: Natavia Dini Sakti , Warman Warman , Widyatmike Widyatmike , Hasanah Arini
Published: February 2025

This research analyzes the use of the Trello application in improving school management efficiency at SMK Negeri 5 Balikpapan through a qualitative descriptive approach based on case studies. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach based on case studies at SMK Negeri 5 Balikpapan, with data collection through observation, interviews and documentation. Research results show that Trello significantly improves schedule management, task distribution, and team collaboration through progress visualization, automatic reminders, and comments features. Time efficiency increases by up to 40%, while the on-time task completion rate reaches 85%. These findings support the theories of time management, Agile, and work motivation, and show that Trello has the potential to be an effective digital solution in educational management, especially in overcoming challenges related to organizing tasks and communication between team members. These findings support the theories of time management, Agile, and work motivation, and show the potential of Trello as a digital solution in educational management. It is estimated that the use of applications such as Trello can be further optimized by training staff and developing more specific features according to managerial needs in educational institutions.
Strategi Mengajar Guru Sekolah Minggu dalam Penataan Pertumbuhan Rohani Anak
Authors: Angkow Semual Rudy , Teintang Merry , Sembiring Lena Anjarsari
Published: February 2025

Sunday school children who grow, develop, progress and are strong, not only seen from the intellectual intelligence of the Sunday school children. But from the spiritual side too, because in spiritual growth Sunday school children can be able to interact well with the outside world, in this case the surrounding community. Here the role of the Sunday school teacher is needed to help the spiritual development of children through teaching strategies that are relevant to the spiritual needs of Sunday school children. This paper is done with qualitative analysis methods which are then interpreted. The findings of this article are that every Sunday school teacher should effectively and efficiently be able to guide, direct, encourage every Sunday school child, to be able to develop spiritually toward Christ. The impact will be spiritual growth that has a knowledge of the true God and can have an impact on his friends and the environment around him. Keywords: Teacher, Sunday School, Faith Growth AbstrakAnak sekolah minggu yang bertumbuh, berkembang, maju dan kuat, bukan hanya dilihat dari kepintaran intelektual dari anak sekolah minggu tersebut. Namun dari sisi kerohaniannya juga, karena dalam pertumbuhan rohani para anak sekolah minggu dapat mampu untuk berinteraksi baik dengan dunia luar, dalam hal ini masyarakat di sekitarnya. Di sini dibutuhkan peran guru sekolah minggu untuk membantu perkembangan rohani anak-anak melalui strategi mengajar yang relevan dengan kebutuhan rohani anak-anak sekolah minggu. Tulisan ini dikerjakan dengan metode analisis kualitatif yang kemudian di deskrifsikan. Temuan dari artikel ini bahwa setiap guru sekolah minggu seharusnya dengan efektif serta efisien dan mampu menuntun, mengarahkan, mendorong setiap anak sekolah minggu, untuk dapat mengembangkan kerohaniannya kearah Kristus. Dampaknya akan terjadi  pertumbuhan rohaninya yang memiliki pengenalan akan Tuhan yang benar serta dapat berdampak bagi temannya dan lingkungan disekitarnya. Kata Kunci: Guru, Sekolah Minggu, Pertumbuhan Iman
Analisis Teologis: "Total Depravity" dalam Konteks Teologi Kovenan dan Refleksinya terhadap Kehidupan Manusia
Authors: Purwonugroho Daniel Pesah , Telaumbanua Yohanes
Published: February 2025

Total Depravity is the condition of human sinfulness resulting from the failure of Adam and Eve to respond to God's covenant of work in the Garden of Eden. Sin renders human consciousness incapable of choosing to accept salvation from God. The state of total depravity renders humans entirely unable to respond to the covenant between humanity and God. Covenant Theology begins with God taking the initiative to establish a covenant of work with Adam. Adam's failure results in death entering the lives of humanity. Jesus, the eternal Son of God, enters into a covenant with God the Father. Jesus and His faithfulness become the determining factor in the covenant between God and humanity. Through a descriptive qualitative approach, the author expounds on the condition of total depravity and how Jesus serves as the focal point of a superior covenant, along with its reflection in human life. Abstrak Total depravity adalah kondisi keberdosaan manusia akibat dari kegagalan Adam dan Hawa merespon perjanjian kerja Allah di taman Eden. Dosa membuat kesadaran manusia tidak mungkin membuat manusia dapat memilih untuk menerima anugerah keselamatan dari Allah. Dalam keadaan rusak total, mustahil bagi manusia untuk mengadakan perjanjian antara manusia dan Tuhan. Teologi perjanjian dimulai dengan Allah mengambil inisiatif untuk membuat kontrak yang sah dengan Adam. Adam gagal, kegagalan Adam membawa kematian pada kehidupan manusia. Yesus adalah Allah Anak yang berasal dari kekekalan yang mengikat perjanjian dengan Allah Bapa. Yesus dan kesetiaanNya menjadi penentu perjanjian antara Allah dengan manusia. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, penulis menguraikan tentang kondisi total depravity dan bagaimana Yesus menjadi titik tumpu perjanjian yang lebih baik serta refleksinya dalam kehidupan manusia. Kata Kunci : Total Depravity, Kovenan, Refleksi, Yesus
Suara Kenabian Habakuk dalam Konteks Gereja Masa Kini
Authors: Halawa Iman Kristina
Published: February 2025

The condition of the world and the church today is characterized by injustice and chaos. Therefore, the church can play a role in addressing issues of social injustice and chaos that plague the global community.  Injustice and chaos are two main issues that characterize the condition of the world today. This phenomenon does not only occur in developed countries even within the church today. In this context, the church as a religious institution has a crucial role in efforts to overcome injustice and bring order to society. This study aims to analyze the conditions of injustice and chaos in the world today and how the church can voice the prophetic voice of Habakkuk as a contribution of the church in dealing with injustice. ABSTRAK Kondisi dunia dan gereja masa kini yang diwarnai  ketidakadilan dan kekacauan. Oleh karena itu gereja dapat berperan dalam mengatasi isu-isu ketidakadilan sosial dan kekacauan yang melanda masyarakat global.  Ketidakadilan dan kekacauan adalah dua isu utama yang mengkarakterisasi kondisi dunia masa kini. Fenomena ini tidak hanya terjadi di negara-negara maju bahkan didalam gereja masa kini. Dalam konteks ini, gereja sebagai institusi keagamaan memiliki peran yang krusial dalam upaya mengatasi ketidakadilan dan membawa ketertiban dalam masyarakat. Dengan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi ketidakadilan dan kekacauan di dunia saat ini serta bagaimana gereja dapat menyuarakan suara kenabian habakuk sebagai berkontribusi gereja dalam menghadapinya ketidakadilan. Kajian ini juga menyoroti perlunya kepedulian sosial dan kesalehan sosial dalam iman, serta peran gereja dalam membantu kaum yang tertindas dan miskin.Kata Kunci : Suara Kenabian, Habakuk, Gereja Masa Kini
Menghadapi Krisis Rohani: Panduan Konseling Kristen dari Kisah Daud dan Nabal
Authors: Harianto Yusup Heri
Published: February 2025

This topic is explained because spiritual crises often befall the majority of Christians. Therefore, a spiritual crisis is a serious challenge in Christian life because it affects faith as well as emotional and social well-being. This article explores how the story of David and Nabal from 1 Samuel chapter 25 can be used as a guide in Christian counseling for dealing with spiritual crises. The formulation of the question asked is how to overcome a spiritual crisis by referring to the story of David and Nabal. Through hermeneutic text analysis, this paper identifies Biblical principles that are relevant in managing anger, conflict, and moral decisions. The findings in this article explain that David's story, dealing with Nabal's complaints and violations, and Abigail's intervention as mediator offer a practical model for dealing with anger and conflict without violence. Abigail shows the magnitude of forgiveness, desire, and surrender to God. By applying these principles, Christian counselors can provide wise, faith-based support, helping clients in spiritual crises find healing and peace. This journal aims to provide practical guidance integrated with Biblical teachings for Christian counseling in facing and resolving spiritual crises. ABSTRAKTopik ini diuraikan karena krisis kerohanian kerap menimpa mayoritas orang Kristen. Oleh sebab itu, krisis rohani merupakan tantangan berat dalam kehidupan kekristenan karena berpengaruh atas iman serta kesejahteraan emosional dan sosial. artikel ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana kisah Daud dan Nabal dari 1 Samuel pasal 25 dan dapat digunakan sebagai panduan dalam konseling Kristen untuk menangani krisis rohani. Rumusan pertanyaan yang diajukan, bagaimana mengatasi krisis rohani dengan merujuk pada kisah Daud dan nabal. Melalui analisis teks hermeneutik, tulisan ini mengidentifikasi prinsip-prinsip Alkitab yang relevan dalam mengelola kemarahan, konflik, dan keputusan moral. Temuan pada artikel ini menjelaskan bahwa kisah Daud, yang menghadapi penolakan dan penghinaan dari Nabal, dan intervensi Abigail sebagai mediator, menawarkan model praktis untuk mengatasi kemarahan dan konflik tanpa kekerasan. Abigail menunjukkan pentingnya pengampunan, kebijaksanaan, dan penyerahan diri kepada kehendak Tuhan. Dengan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip tersebut, konselor Kristen dapat memberikan dukungan yang bijaksana dan berbasis iman, membantu konseli dalam krisis rohani untuk menemukan pemulihan dan kedamaian. Jurnal ini bertujuan untuk memberikan panduan praktis yang terintegrasi dengan ajaran Alkitab untuk konseling Kristen dalam menghadapi dan menyelesaikan krisis rohani. Kata Kunci: Krisis Rohani, Kristen, Daud, Pengampunan
Constraints Faced and Suggestions Made by the Cattle Rearers in Management of Milch Cattle during Transition Period
Authors: Khairnar V. N. , Romade B. D. , Patil S. D. , Raut K. G.
Published: February 2025

The study, conducted in 2023-24 in the Nashik district of Maharashtra, investigates the constraints faced and suggestions made by cattle rearers in management of milch cattle during transition period. The research was carried out in Sinnar tehsil of Nashik district, involving 120 cattle rearers from twelve villages, with data collected through personal interviews using a specially designed schedule. Statistical analysis revealed several significant constraints such as, high veterinary medicine costs, low milk rates, and high feed costs. Additionally, many respondents lacked sufficient information on proper management practices during the transition period. Other notable constraints included difficulties in identifying cattle diseases, high incidence of diseases during the transition period, distant veterinary hospitals and unavailability of government veterinary doctors, lack of knowledge about vaccination schedules and calf care, and inadequate veterinary services.
To address these challenges, respondents suggested providing generic animal drugs in each circle, government regulation on milk adulteration and pricing of feed, medicines, and dairy equipment and on-farm demonstrations of improved management practices. Additional suggestions included linking dairy farmers with agricultural universities and institutions, strengthening agricultural extension services and imparting training.
Gonadal Hormonal Changes in HIV-Positive Individuals Following Anti –retroviral Theraphy at K.R. Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Authors: Nagappa Vijay , M.C. Shamantha
Published: February 2025

Aims: HIV infection and AIDS remain global health challenges, with many individuals suffering from endocrine disorders such as gonadal dysfunction. This study assesses the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and estradiol in HIV-positive individuals before and after six months of antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Study Design: Clinical observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: ART Center, K.R. Hospital, Mysuru.
Methodology: The clinical–observational study involved seventy patients who were HIV positive, who were recruiting to ART clinic which is located at KR hospital Mysuru. The patients were split into two groups according to their CD4 count (≤200 cells/µL ND >200 cells/µ L). The baseline values were measured for LH, FSH, testosterone and estradiol just prior to ART and the levels of hormones were measured again six months after commencing ART.
Results: Our study conducted among 70 patients, 38 were males and 32 were females, average age being around 40 years. These patients were divided into two groups based on CD4 counts (≤200 cells/µL and >200 cells/µL). Gonadal hormone level were checked pre-ART and six months post-ART therapy. After six months of ART therapy, there was significant improvement in testosterone (7.93 pg/mL to 8.94 pg/mL (p < 0.0001)) and LH level noted among male patients, estradiol and FSH levels were not improved significantly. Same degree of improvement in hormone level were not seen in female patients. Hypogonadism improved from 18.57% improved to 69.23% after six-month post-ART therapy. This signifies role of ART therapy in improvement in gonadal dysfunction.
Conclusion: Gonadal deficiency or more specifically hypogonadism is common among patients infected with HIV. The improvement in male testosterone and LH levels after ART suggests that hypogonadism may reverse in some cases. However, these observations need long term and larger volume studies to support the hypothesis.
Influence of Different Levels of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivation on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil
Authors: Linda Raju , David Arun Alfred , Thomas Tarence
Published: February 2025

The degradation of soil, characterized by the decline in soil organic matter, nutrient exhaustion, and the subsequent diminishment of soil fertility, stands as a prominent factor contributing to the subpar levels of agricultural productivity. Organic amendments (OAs) present a promising avenue for rectifying this degradation, exerting their potential by enacting improvements in both the physical and chemical attributes of the soil. This, in turn, leads to a marked enhancement in the growth and yield performance of crops. An experimental endeavor was meticulously undertaken, employing the Randomised Block Design (RBD) framework, and encompassing three replicates for each treatment. Data collected during the course of instantiation were statistically analyzed using SVPSS software. Within this ambit, nine distinct nutrient management practices were evaluated, which included the application of organic manures, namely vermicompost (VC) and neem cake (NC), alongside their amalgamations with inorganic fertilizers. The overarching objective was to gauge the ensuing impact on the physico-chemical facets of the soil. Upon a comprehensive analysis of the aforementioned research endeavor, it emerges as a discernible conclusion that the treatment combination denoted as T9 [RDF @ 100% + Vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1 + Neem cake @ 1.2 t ha-1] emerged as notably advantageous. This treatment not only exhibited a discernible positive effect but also led to a significant amelioration in the physico-chemical attributes of the soil. Consequently, it is prudent to advocate this particular treatment combination to farmers, as it not only augments the yield of potatoes but also serves to uphold the overall health and vitality of the soil, particularly under the specific agro-climatic conditions of Prayagraj.