bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Neutron Star Is Born
Authors: Menezes Débora Peres
Published: July 2021

A neutron star was first detected as a pulsar in 1967. It is one of the most mysterious compact objects in the universe, with a radius of the order of 10 km and masses that can reach two solar masses. In fact, neutron stars are star remnants, a kind of stellar zombie (they die, but do not disappear). In the last decades, astronomical observations yielded various contraints for neutron star masses, and finally, in 2017, a gravitational wave was detected (GW170817). Its source was identified as the merger of two neutron stars coming from NGC 4993, a galaxy 140 million light years away from us. The very same event was detected in γ-ray, X-ray, UV, IR, radio frequency and even in the optical region of the electromagnetic spectrum, starting the new era of multi-messenger astronomy. To understand and describe neutron stars, an appropriate equation of state that satisfies bulk nuclear matter properties is necessary. GW170817 detection contributed with extra constraints to determine it. On the other hand, magnetars are the same sort of compact object, but bearing much stronger magnetic fields that can reach up to 1015 G on the surface as compared with the usual 1012 G present in ordinary pulsars. While the description of ordinary pulsars is not completely established, describing magnetars poses extra challenges. In this paper, I give an overview on the history of neutron stars and on the development of nuclear models and show how the description of the tiny world of the nuclear physics can help the understanding of the cosmos, especially of the neutron stars.
Novel Viruses That Lyse Plant and Human Strains of Kosakonia cowanii
Authors: Petrzik Karel , Brázdová Sára , Krawczyk Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

Kosakonia cowanii (syn. Enterobacter cowanii) is a highly competitive bacterium that lives with plant, insect, fish, bird, and human organisms. It is pathogenic on some plants and an opportunistic pathogen of human. Nine novel viruses that lyse plant pathogenic strains and/or human strains of K. cowanii were isolated, sequenced, and characterized. Kc166A is a novel kayfunavirus, Kc261 is a novel bonnellvirus, and Kc318 is a new cronosvirus (all Autographiviridae). Kc237 is a new sortsnevirus, but Kc166B and Kc283 are members of new genera within Podoviridae. Kc304 is a new winklervirus, and Kc263 and Kc305 are new myoviruses. The viruses differ in host specificity, plaque phenotype, and lysis kinetics. Some of them should be suitable also as pathogen control agents.
Agent Based Model of Anti-Vaccination Movements: Simulations and Comparison with Empirical Data
Authors: Sobkowicz Pawel , Sobkowicz Antoni
Published: July 2021

Background: A realistic description of the social processes leading to the increasing reluctance to various forms of vaccination is a very challenging task. This is due to the complexity of the psychological and social mechanisms determining the positioning of individuals and groups against vaccination and associated activities. Understanding the role played by social media and the Internet in the current spread of the anti-vaccination (AV) movement is of crucial importance. Methods: We present novel, long-term Big Data analyses of Internet activity connected with the AV movement for such different societies as the US and Poland. The datasets we analyzed cover multiyear periods preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, documenting the behavior of vaccine related Internet activity with high temporal resolution. To understand the empirical observations, in particular the mechanism driving the peaks of AV activity, we propose an Agent Based Model (ABM) of the AV movement. The model includes the interplay between multiple driving factors: contacts with medical practitioners and public vaccination campaigns, interpersonal communication, and the influence of the infosphere (social networks, WEB pages, user comments, etc.). The model takes into account the difference between the rational approach of the pro-vaccination information providers and the largely emotional appeal of anti-vaccination propaganda. Results: The datasets studied show the presence of short-lived, high intensity activity peaks, much higher than the low activity background. The peaks are seemingly random in size and time separation. Such behavior strongly suggests a nonlinear nature for the social interactions driving the AV movement instead of the slow, gradual growth typical of linear processes. The ABM simulations reproduce the observed temporal behavior of the AV interest very closely. For a range of parameters, the simulations result in a relatively small fraction of people refusing vaccination, but a slight change in critical parameters (such as willingness to post anti-vaccination information) may lead to a catastrophic breakdown of vaccination support in the model society, due to nonlinear feedback effects. The model allows the effectiveness of strategies combating the anti-vaccination movement to be studied. An increase in intensity of standard pro-vaccination communications by government agencies and medical personnel is found to have little effect. On the other hand, focused campaigns using the Internet and social media and copying the highly emotional and narrative-focused format used by the anti-vaccination activists can diminish the AV influence. Similar effects result from censoring and taking down anti-vaccination communications by social media platforms. The benefit of such tactics might, however, be offset by their social cost, for example, the increased polarization and potential to exploit it for political goals, or increased ‘persecution’ and ‘martyrdom’ tropes.
The Gift: Ethically Indicated Euthanasia in Companion Animal Practice
Authors: Quain Anne
Published: July 2021

The majority of companion animals seen by veterinary practitioners will die by euthanasia. Yet euthanasia can be a source of moral stress for veterinary team members, even when ethically indicated. In this discussion, I explore when euthanasia is ethically indicated and discuss the potential impact of ethically indicated euthanasia on veterinary team members. In particular, I challenge the analogy that the veterinarian performing ethically indicated euthanasia is akin to an executioner, arguing that this analogy is both inappropriate and potentially harmful. Finally, I discuss how we can support ourselves and our colleagues in relation to euthanasia, so we can attend to and maximise the welfare of our patients at the end of their lives.
Integrated Operation of Multi-Reservoir and Many-Objective System Using Fuzzified Hedging Rule and Strength Pareto Evolutionary Optimization Algorithm (SPEA2)
Authors: Dariane Alireza B. , Sabokdast Mohammad M. , Karami Farzane , Asadi Roza , Ponnambalam Kumaraswamy , Mousavi Seyed Jamshid
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a many-objective optimization algorithm was developed using SPEA2 for a system of four reservoirs in the Karun basin, including hydropower, municipal and industrial, agricultural, and environmental objectives. For this purpose, using 53 years of available data, hedging rules were developed in two modes: with and without applying fuzzy logic. SPEA2 was used to optimize hedging coefficients using the first 43 years of data and the last 10 years of data were used to test the optimized rule curves. The results were compared with those of non-hedging methods, including the standard operating procedures (SOP) and water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model. The results indicate that the combination of fuzzy logic and hedging rules in a many-objectives system is more efficient than the discrete hedging rule alone. For instance, the reliability of the hydropower requirement in the fuzzified discrete hedging method in a drought scenario was found to be 0.68, which is substantially higher than the 0.52 from the discrete hedging method. Moreover, reduction of the maximum monthly shortage is another advantage of this rule. Fuzzy logic reduced 118 million cubic meters (MCM) of deficit in the Karun-3 reservoir alone. Moreover, as expected, the non-hedging SOP and WEAP model produced higher reliabilities, lower average storages, and less water losses through spills.
Diagnostic Simulation of Water Age in Small Lake of Bosten Lake
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhong Ruisen , Bao Anming , Liu Tie
Published: July 2021

Concerns have increased regarding water quality deterioration in arid land water. Water age is a useful indicator of the susceptibility of water bodies to water quality deterioration and is helpful for knowing the basic mechanisms governing the transport of materials through water bodies. In the current study, the spatial distributions of water age in the small lake of Bosten Lake (hereinafter referred to as small lake) were investigated with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model built on the basis of the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model. In particular, the influences of different water flow periods, farmland drainages, and wind directions on water age distributions in the small lake were investigated. The modeled water age in the small lake has high spatial variability. The water age is maximum at the northeastern part and minimum at the center of the small lake. The water age in the small lake is lower during wet periods and gets larger for dry periods. After five years’ simulation, the average water age in the whole small lake system was 594, 684, and 794 days under wet, normal, and dry periods. Increasing the hydraulic connectivity of the small lake can reduce its water age by opening its ecological gate inflow and Ahongkou gate outflow. This is the more favorable hydraulic conditions promoting water exchange in most regions of the small lake and can be used in hydraulic engineering to improve its water age. The farmland drainages should be controlled around the small lake. The mean water age of the whole small lake under the northwestern wind is lower than that under the southwestern wind. The simulated results provide important information for comprehending the water exchange efficiency, help in discovery of areas of the small lake most likely to experience water quality degradation, and can be used to design the engineering projects to improve or protect the water environment.
Research on Design of the Safety Supervision System for Desalinated Seawater Entering Urban Water Supply Network
Authors: Zhao Cui , Gao Qiqi , Song Jiajun , Wang Yueguo , Sun Fuzeng
Published: July 2021

Desalinated seawater enters the urban water supply network on a large scale, which brings new challenges to water quality assurance. In order to strengthen the safety supervision of the pipeline network, ensure the stability of water quality, prevent pipeline corrosion, and avoid the “red water” problem, this study constructed a safety supervision system for desalinated seawater entering the urban water supply pipeline network. In this system, the on-line monitoring system can monitor water quality, water quantity, water pressure and the corrosion of pipeline network in real-time. Early warning system can quickly identify problems and initiate based on the threshold exceeding, statistical analysis, and model prediction. The safety regulation system (including water source regulation system, water quality adjustment system and operation management system) is used to regulate and control water quality problems in the urban water supply network. The application of this safety supervision system is conducive to improving regulation efficiency and ensuring water supply safety.
Statistical Analysis of Green Laboratory Practice Survey: Conservation on Non-Distilled Water from Distillation Process
Authors: Abou Assi Reem , Ng Theam Foo , Tang Jing Rui , Hassan Mohd Sayuti , Chan Siok Yee
Published: July 2021

The water crisis is identified as the most serious global risk for the coming decade. Distilled water is one of the on-demand elements in academic laboratories; however, water scarcity may eventually affect the education sector, necessitating the implementation of new policies. Human behavior, awareness, knowledge, and opinion is having an impact on water management; accordingly, a questionnaire was purposely designed and validated to assess these variables in a Malaysian public university regarding the use of non-distilled water produced by the distillation process. An exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: “concept of green laboratory and water”, “usage of non-distilled water”, “knowledge about water distillation”, and “behavior related to water conservation”. Using the Mann–Whitney U test to compare laboratory and non-laboratory users’ responses, the variables “Knowledge”, “Behavior”, and “Opinion” revealed statistically significant differences, with laboratory users scoring higher in all four variables. Employing the Kruskal–Wallis H test in an occupation-based comparison among laboratory users, and with an additional variable “Practice”, showed that “Lecturer” has the highest mean rank for “Awareness”, “Behavior”, and “Opinion”, while “Laboratory Assistant” has the highest mean rank for “Knowledge”. This study provides a rationale analysis for future insights to educate faculty members about the reuse of non-distilled water sustainably.
List of natural fungal pathogens infecting bark beetles and lepidopteran forest pests from Bulgaria
Authors: Pilarska Daniela , Takov Danail , Doychev Danail
Published: July 2021

Information about fungal infections detected in different bark beetles and lepidopteran forest pests in Bulgaria is presented. Eighteen species of entomopathogenic fungal species and numerous isolates of orders Hypocreales, Eurotiales и Entomophthorales have been reported from 12 bark beetles and 10 moths within a sixty years period. The results from conducted laboratory and field bioassays with several isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against bark beetles and the gypsy moth were summarized.
Geoarchaeological field survey of ancient ore mining and metalworking in the West part of Zlatisa-Pirdop valley
Authors: Dumanov Boyan , Uzunov Zhivko , Dimitrova Irena , Kostova Bilyana
Published: July 2021

Geo-archaeological field surveys have been carried out in the Western part of the Zlatitsa-Pirdop valley. Archaeological sites and surface collections, traces of metalworking of iron were registered to restore the economic models in ancient times.
An algorithm for determining the oxygen concentration in the Black Sea by Argo probes
Authors: Nikolov Nikolay
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the algorithm for determining the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the Black Sea according to data from Argo probes. A comparison was made between data from two Argo probes released in the Black Sea in 2011 and 2014.
The development of vegetable crops seeds radiography
Authors: Musaev F.B. , Potrakhov N.N. , Beletskiy S.L.
Published: July 2021

The article describes the relevance and main stages of development of one of the directions in the express-analysis of seeds, i.e. radiography, and provides the main hidden defects of seeds, proven modes of radiography of vegetable crops seeds, the main results of the study, as well as further ways to develop this direction.
A Novel to Method to Measure Food Waste: The Mobile Food Record
Authors: Banna Jinan , Danible Kaitlin , Panizza Chloe , Boushey Carol , Kerr Deborah , Zhu Fengqing
Published: July 2021

The mobile food record™ (mFR™) is a novel app that allows for the tracking of individual food waste and addresses the limitations of current methods to accurately quantify food waste. Extension educators may use data from the mFR™ to create educational initiatives for food waste prevention and education that may be implemented in settings such as schools and universities. The mFR is an innovative application that simplifies the process of collecting food-based data and accurately quantifying food waste for use in Extension.
Metamorfosis y reescalamiento territorial: megarregión y expansión urbana en el sudeste bonaerense (2000-2020)
Authors: Ciccolella Pablo , Mignaqui Iliana
Published: July 2021

Los procesos de metamorfosis metropolitana y la formación de megarregiones constituyen un nuevo estadío del proceso de producción del espacio, que responde a dinámicas y a lógicas del capitalismo contemporáneo. Así, las megarregiones establecen un salto de escala y una de las formas territoriales emergentes en la configuración del espacio. En este marco, el Estado ha modificado su papel en materia de desarrollo territorial en función de los intereses globales, generando las condiciones políticas, administrativas, fiscales y económicas para el redespliegue y avance del capital corporativo sobre el territorio. El reescalamiento de la producción del espacio urbano profundiza las falencias de la planificación y el ordenamiento territorial al permitir la preeminencia del capital inmobiliario-financiero, alimentando procesos especulativos en el uso, apropiación y valorización del suelo. La región del Tuyú, en el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, es un caso testigo de dichos procesos y del salto de escala que supone la formación de una megarregión, centrada en la metrópolis porteña. La fuerza del capital corporativo en todas sus formas, la ambivalencia del Estado en todas sus dimensiones, los cambios tecnológicos y los cambios en los estilos de vida confluyen en alterar la forma, estructura y función de distintas escalas territoriales e impulsan la expansión de la producción privada de la ciudad sobre nuevos territorios, más allá de las coronas metropolitanas de Buenos Aires, donde proliferó desde los años noventa.
San Pablo: neoliberalismo y reproducción espacial
Authors: Alessandri Carlos Ana Fani , Teixeira Prieto Gustavo
Published: July 2021

A partir del análisis de la gestión de la ciudad de San Pablo (Brasil) en el período 2017-2021, se postula como hipótesis que las metamorfosis urbanas, impuestas por las políticas públicas, aluden a la victoria de la opción del crecimiento sobre el desarrollo social, transformando radicalmente la vida urbana. En este momento de capitalismo financiero, la producción del espacio se revela como un componente del proceso de valorización. La gestión urbana centrada en los negocios se acompaña del discurso de la eficiencia desde el ámbito de lo privado contra aquel de lo público. Un modelo de éxito que se vende a los votantes aprovechando el escenario de crisis.
Professionalization of Political Campaigns: Roadmap for the Analysis
Authors: Ostrá Daniela
Published: July 2021

Political parties in developed democracies have undergone deep inner transformation processes brought about by changes in voting behaviour of their electorates, fragmentation of media landscape, and technological revolution. Such changes have caused that the topic of political party transformation has become a central focus of current political science research. However, only a few works have addressed specific aspects of these far-reaching transformations, that is the process of modernisation and professionalization of political campaigns. Specifically, the recent research on professionalization of electoral campaigns has focused primarily on measurement of the index of professionalization, which is suitable for comparative research. Yet deep understanding of the process itself has been still absent, and therefore, this research paper aspires to cover this gap. Main goal of this paper is to offer a roadmap for analysis of professionalization of electoral campaigns with focus on qualitative studies. It represents a causal mechanism of professionalization of electoral campaigns, including the identification of internal and external factors and possible framework conditions that contribute to it (i.e. professionalization), through the process of tracing method (i.e. the causal mechanism is built on the basis of the process tracing method). Here, external factors are defined as environmental conditions, which include declining voter turnout, declining party identification, increasing electoral volatility, and declining interest in political party membership. Although their effect is considered a long-term one, the causal mechanism assumes their influence on the triggering of other processes: external shock (electoral win or loss) and internal shock (change of leader). In the next part of the causal mechanism, subsequent internal processes are expected in the form of changes to the primary goal and organizational structure of parties. Unlike previously published works on this topic, this paper suggests that not only the specific internal and external factors or amount of invested financial resources affect the degree of professionalization, but also the party's market orientation and the level of its internal discipline.
Exercise of the Presidential Powers in the Slovak Republic in a Comparative Perspective (1999 – 2019)
Authors: Horváth Peter , Juza Peter , Richvalský Leon , Šafár Marek
Published: July 2021

This article focuses at powers of the Presidents of the Slovak Republic during the period from 1999 to 2019. Therefore, the aim is to compare how selected constitutional presidential powers were exercised after the fundamental constitutional changes in 1999. The most significant change was by introducing direct presidential elections, and adjusting the President´s constitutional status. The ways how the individual Presidents holding their office within this period, exercised their powers towards the Parliament, government, and the judiciary do form the basic research questions here. Hence, whether a personal background of individual Presidents and political reality of seats distribution in the Parliament predetermined their exercise of these powers, or if there were some other rules present when they exercised their office. The findings presented in this research reflect 20 years of continuous exercise of Presidential office in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. This ultimately leads to the conclusion that the function itself, as well as its constitutional definition, has affected the exercise of Presidential powers more ultimately than the personal background of these directly elected Presidents at the beginning of their terms of office. The very first President, Mr. Michal Kováč, got into a major conflict with then Prime Minister, Vladimír Mečiar, even during the first year after taking the office. This conflict lasted nearly for five-years and altogether with the inability of the MPs to elect his successor led to the necessity of amending the Constitution. Presidents Rudolf Schuster, Ivan Gašparovič and Andrej Kiska gradually took their office, but only the second mentioned had managed to defend his position in an electoral competition. At present, the office of President is held by Zuzana Čaputová, who has been in the office since June 2019 - as the very first woman in this position in history of Slovakia.
What Do We Need to Resolve after Establishing the European Public Prosecutor’s Office in the Slovak Republic?
Authors: Deset Miloš , Klimek Libor
Published: July 2021

Establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office is a result of the European Union’s initiatives as a consequence of the fraud against its financial interests. Many questions beg consideration at the EU level as well as at national level of all EU Member States, including the Slovak Republic. The aim of the paper is the assessment of Slovak understanding of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office. The article’s focus comprises five crucial issues that need to be resolved in Slovakia. The first section points out at the process of adoption and implementation of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office. Consequently, the following section tackles with the question whether the European Public Prosecutor’s Office could be considered a law enforcement authority at national level. The third section is focused on number of the European delegated prosecutors and related competence and jurisdiction. While the fourth section is focused on the execution of evidence in criminal proceedings, the fifth section is focused on application of mutual recognition. At the outset of the contribution, the historical method of research was used, namely in regard to the genesis of the EPPO. The most frequently used method was the analytical method of research. This method was used in regard to the analyses and assessments of literary sources, legislation and implementation of electronic monitoring. Another frequently used method was the comparative method of research. Further, the synthetic method of research was used. Information gathered in order to elaborate the contribution was collected in particular through the three following gathering techniques. The first data gathering method was the review of scientific literature; the works of renowned authors was analysed. The second data gathering method was access to legislation. It should be highlighted that not only consolidated legislation was used, but also original versions were analysed, in particular in the case of historical issues. Third, research into official documents of European organisations was conducted, in particular documents of the European Union.
Performance Analysis of Regular and Irregular LDPC Codes on SPIHT Coded Image Data
Authors: P Shahnas
Published: July 2021

The LDPC (Low Density Parity Check Code) has Shown interesting results for transmitting embedded bit streams over noisy communication channels. Performance comparison of regular and irregular LDPC codes with SPIHT coded image is done here. Different Error Sensitive classes of image data are obtained by using SPIHT algorithm as an image coder. Irregular LDPC codes map the more important class of data into a higher degree protection class to provide more protection. Different degree protection classes of an LDPC code improves the overall performance of data transmission against channel errors. Simulation results show the superiority of irregular LDPC over regular LDPC codes.
Field programmable Gate Array based Real Time Object Tracking using Partial Least Square Analysis
Authors: D. Somasundaram , N Kumaresan , S Vanitha
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we proposed an object tracking algorithm in real time implementation of moving object tracking system using Field programmable gate array (FPGA). Object tracking is considered as a binary classification problem and one of the approaches to this problem is that to extract appropriate features from the appearance of the object based on partial least square (PLS) analysis method, which is a low dimension reduction technique in the subspace. In this method, the adaptive appearance model integrated with PLS analysis is used for continuous update of the appearance change of the target over time. For robust and efficient tracking, particle filtering is used in between every two consecutive frames of the video. This has implemented using Cadence and Virtuoso software integrated environment with MATLAB. The experimental results are performed on challenging video sequences to show the performance of the proposed tracking algorithm using FPGA in real time.
Perspectivas de profesionales peruanos sobre las declaraciones de voluntad anticipada
Authors: Enriquez Canto Yordanis , Chaparro Gamarra Katia Denisse
Published: July 2021

Con el objetivo examinar las opiniones y perspectivas de médicos, abogados y notarios peruanos sobre las directivas anticipadas, a partir de la familiaridad con la Ley 29633, se realizó un estudio cualitativo. Se desarrollaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 15 profesionales siguiendo un enfoque abierto con posterior análisis temático según Braun y Clarke. La mayoría de entrevistados eran varones. Las edades oscilaron entre 35 y 60 años, con experiencia laboral de 10 a 30 años. Se identificaron tres temas principales: respeto de la autonomía de la persona a través de una declaración de voluntad anticipada ejecutada por un familiar cercano; alcances de la manifestación de voluntad anticipada formalizada en instrumento público; respeto a la voluntad propia y a la voluntad ajena, con nueve subtemas. La comprensión de la perspectiva de los médicos y abogados constituye un respaldo a la discusión sobre las directivas anticipadas colaborando a cerrar las brechas legal y ética.
Rendszerek, szabályozások a természetben és a társadalomban
Authors: Ujfaludi László
Published: July 2021

Jelen cikk a rendszerek jellemzőire összpontosít, és néhány példát mutat be a rendszerek megnyilvánulásaira és mechanizmusaira az ember, a természet, a környezet, a társadalom, a képzőművészet, a természettudomány szempontjából.
A Philosophical Critique of Nationalism
Authors: Kausar Zeenath
Published: July 2021

In this paper, I explore Iqbal’s views on nationalism, not only in the context of the Indian subcontinent but also in general terms as well. I contend that Iqbal’s political philosophy is mainly inspired by the Islamic concept of tawhid. His profound reflections on the unity of life, the unity of the Islamic ummah, and the unity of humanity based upon the concept of tawhid strike the root of secularism and nationalism. His philosophy of “self” (khudi) and his conception of the Islamic social order also are discussed briefly in order to elucidate some of his views on humanity and the Islamic mission, which stand in complete contradiction to nationalism.
More on testing granular filtering materials in accordance with GOST R 51641-2000
Authors: Беляк А.А. , Смирнов А.Д.
Published: July 2021

Возможность ошибок в определении свойств фильтрующих зернистых материалов заложена в самом ГОСТ Р 51641-2000 «Материалы фильтрующие зернистые. Общие технические условия» из-за неточностей в методиках испытаний. На основании опыта НИИ ВОДГЕО в выполнении испытаний различных фильтрующих материалов даются предложения по уточнению и корректировке этих методик, позволяющие получить достоверные и воиспроизводимые результаты для оценки физико-химических свойств материалов. Для получения реальных воспроизводимых результатов по основным методикам ГОСТ Р 51641-2000 их необходимо корректировать в части пробоподготовки, определения показателей химической стойкости и механической прочности фильтрующего материала в соответствии с предложенными рекомендациями. Данные предложения, основанные на практическом опыте испытаний различных фильтрующих материалов (песков, цеолитов, активных углей и др.), позволяют получить достоверные воспроизводимые результаты, которые не противоречат методикам ГОСТ Р 51641-2000.

Possible errors while determining the properties of filtering granular materials are laid down in GOST R 51641-2000 «Granular filtering materials. General specifications» because of theinaccuracies in the test methods. Based on the experience of NII VODGEO in performing tests of various filtering materials, suggestions on improving and adjusting these methods are presented that provide for obtaining reliable and reproducible results for the estimation of the physical and chemical properties of materials. To obtain actual reproducible results according to the main methods defined in GOST R 51641-2000, correcting the processes of sample preparation, determination of chemical resistance indicators and mechanical strength of the filter material is needed in accordance with the proposed recommendations. These proposals, based on the work experience in testing various filter materials (sand, zeolite, activated carbon, etc.), provide for obtaining reliable reproducible results that do not contradict the methods of GOST R 51641-2000.
AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDATIF DAN ANTI-GLIKASI EKSTRAK FENOLIK BEBAS DAN FENOLIK TERIKAT DARI TONGKOL JAGUNG
Authors: Suryanto Edi , Taroreh Mercy
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas antioksidan dan anti glikasi ekstraks fenolik bebas dan ekstrak fenolik terikat dari tongkol jagung. Tongkol jagung diekstraksi secara sekuensial berbantu ultrasonikasi dengan pelarut etanol dan aseton selama 60 menit yang untuk mendapatkan ekstrak fenolik bebas. Residu dari ekstraksi fenolik bebas dihidrolisis dengan NaOH 2 M dan dinetralkan serta diekstraksi dengan etil asetat untuk mendapatkan ekstrak fenolik terikat. Ketiga ekstrak tersebut dilakukan analisis kandungan total fenolik dan pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dan anti glikasi. Kandungan total fenolik ekstrak  ekstrak fenolik terikat (EFT), ekstrak fenolik bebas aseton (EFBA) dan ekstrak fenolik bebas etanol (EFBE) berturut-turut adalah 288,39; 100,32 dan 92,95 μg/mL yang dinyatakan sebagai ekuivalen asam galat. Ekstrak EFT menunjukkan aktivitas penangkalan radikal bebas DPPH dan total antioksidan lebih tinggi daripada ekstrak EFBA dan ekstrak EFBE. Sejalan dengan itu, aktivitas anti glikasi dari EFT, EFBA dan EFBE berturut-turut adalah 61,93; 64,42 dan 66,31%. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ekstrak EFT dari tongkol jagung mengandung senyawa yang memilki sifat antioksidan dan berpotensi sebagai anti glikasi. ABSTRACTThis objective of this research was to determine the antioxidant activity and inhibition of AGEs formation of free phenolic and bound phenolic extract from corn cobs. Corn cobs were extracted sequentially assisted by ultrasonication with ethanol and acetone solvents for 60 minutes to obtain free phenolic extract. The residue from free phenolic extraction was hydrolyzed with 2 M NaOH and neutralized and extracted with ethyl acetate to obtain bound phenolic extract. The three extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content and evaluated for antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity of AGEs formation. The total phenolic content of bound phenolic extract (EFT), acetone-free phenolic extract (EFBA) and ethanol-free phenolic extract (EFBE) were 288,39; 100,32 and 92,95 μg/mL expressed as gallic acid equivalents, respectively. EFT extract showed higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidants more than EFBA extract and EFBE extract. Anti-glication of EFT, EFBA and EFBE were 61,93; 64,42 dan 66,31%, respectively. These result concluded that the EFT extract from corn cobs contains compounds having antioxidant properties and potential as anti-glication.
KARAKTERISASI DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SERAT PANGAN DARI TEPUNG KULIT LEMON CUI (Citrus microcarpa)
Authors: Dika Oki Oktaviani , Suryanto Edi , Momuat Lidya
Published: July 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengekstraksi dan mengkarakterisasi antioksidan serat pangan dari kulit lemon cui (Citrus microcarpa) dengan perbedaan pelarut menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tepung kulit lemon cui yang diekstraksi dengan perbedaan pelarut  tidak mengalami perubahan mendasar pada komponen utama ditunjukkan pada hasil spectra Fourier Transfrom Infra Red (FT-IR). Karakterisasi secara kimia menunjukkan TPKLC memiliki kandungan air (8,49%), abu (4,44%), lemak (0,8%), protein (12,45%), dan karbohidrat (73,99%). AKLC mengandung air (1,71%), abu (4,41%), lemak (0,56%), protein (10,56%), karbohidrat (82,76%). EKLC mengandung air (7,88%), abu (6,18%), lemak (1,04%), protein (7,68%), karbohidrat (77,22%). Hasil pengujian aktivitas antioksidan menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak fenolik EKLC (96,48%) tertinggi diikuti oleh ekstrak fenolik AKLC (95,45%), dan ekstrak fenolik TPKLC (94,29%).Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan pelarut etanol dapat meningkatkan aktivitas antioksidan dibanding dengan pelarut aquades.ABSTRACTObjective of this study to extract and characterize antioxidant dietary fiber from lemon peel cui (Citrusmicrocarpa)with different solvents using wave ultrasonic. The results showed that the lemon cui peel powder extracted with different solvents did not experience a fundamental change in the main component as shown in the results of the Fourier Transfrom Infra Red (FT-IR) spectra. Chemical characterization showed that TPKLC contained water (8.49%), ash (4.44%), fat (0.8%), protein (12.45%), and carbohydrates (73.99%). AKLC contains water (1.71%), ash (4.41%), fat (0.56%), protein (10.56%), carbohydrates (82.76%). EKLC contains water (7.88%), ash (6.18%), fat (1.04%), protein (7.68%), carbohydrates (77.22%). The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the highest EKLC phenolic extract (96.48%) was followed by AKLC phenolic extract (95.45%), and TPKLC phenolic extract (94.29%). The results of this study indicate that ethanol solvent can increase antioxidant activity compared to distilled water solvent.
COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN LATERAL FLOW, ELISAAND ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF SARS-COV-2 ANTIBODIES AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS
Authors: M R Shincy , Govindan Vandana , H H Sudhakar , K Padmapriya , V T Venkatesha , Ravikumar K L
Published: July 2021

Background: The detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG is important to determine the course of COVID-19. Medical professionals and researchers
have been urging the need for wide and rapid testing of citizens in order to plan measures that can contain the spread of the virus. Antibody tests play
an important role throughout the patient care pathway and are vital for the management and surveillance of the virus. Although RTPCR is
considered to be the gold standard, serological tests based on antibodies could be very helpful for on-time detection. We performed one to one
assessment of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay (EIAs), and point-of-care lateral ow assay (POCTs) to detect
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibody.
Materials and Methods: 611 healthcare workers were recruited between November and December 2020 at Central Research Laboratory, KIMS.
® Collected serum samples were analysed using three commercially available assays: the Elecsys , Anti-SARS CoV-2 Human IgG ELISA, the
Standard Q IgG/IgM combo assay following the manufacturer's protocol to measure the IgG titer of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Results:The kits displayed a sensitivity of 91.8%, 79.5% ,61.2% and a specicity of 80.2%, 64.1% ,61.7% in order.
Conclusion: ® Our results indicate a high sensitivity and specicity for the Elecsys assay compared to Anti-SARS CoV-2 Human IgG ELISA, the
Standard Q IgG/IgM combo assays.
Data-Driven Single Image Deraining: A Comprehensive Review and New Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Wei Yanyan , Zhang Haijun , Yang Yi , Yan Shuicheng , Wang Meng
Published: July 2021

Abstract—Due to the powerful fitting ability of neural networks and massive training data, data-driven Single Image Deraining (SID) methods have obtained significant performance, and most of the existing studies focus on improving the deraining performance by proposing different kinds of deraining networks. However, the generalization ability of current SID methods may still be limited in the real scenario, and the deraining results also cannot effectively improve the performance of subsequent high-level tasks (such as object detection). The main reason may be because the current works mainly focus on designing new deraining neural networks, while neglecting the interpretation of the solving process. To investigate these issues, we in this paper re-examine the three important factors (i.e.,data, rain model and network architecture) for the SID task, and specifically analyze them by proposing new and more reasonable criteria (i.e., general vs. specific, synthetical vs. mathematical, black-box vs. white-box). We will also study the relationship of the three factors from new perspectives of data, and reveal two different solving paradigms (explicit vs. implicit) for the SID task. Besides, we also profoundly studied one of the three factors, i.e., data, and measured the performance of current methods on different datasets via extensive experiments to reveal the effectiveness of SID data. Finally, with the above comprehensive review and in-depth analysis, we also draw some valuable conclusions and suggestions for future research.
A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules
Authors: Viatkin Aleksandr , Ricco Mattia , Mandrioli Riccardo , Kerekes Tamas , Teodorescu Remus , Grandi Gabriele
Published: July 2021

A new Modular Multilevel Converter with Interleaved half-bridge Sub-Modules (ISM-MMC) is proposed in this paper. The ISM-MMC exhibits a higher modularity and scalability in terms of current ratings with respect to a conventional MMC, while preserves the typical voltage level adaptiveness. The ISM-MMC brings the known advantages of classical MMC to low-voltage, high-current applications making it a novel candidate for the sector of ultra-fast chargers for all types of electrical vehicles (EV). This advanced topology makes it possible to easily reach charging power of the EV charging system up to 4.5 MW and beyond with low-voltage supply. To operate the new converter, a hybrid modulation scheme that helps to exploit advantages of the interleaving scheme, is implemented, and explained in this paper. It has been verified that the typical MMC control methods are still applicable for ISM-MMC. A comparative study between classical MMC and ISM-MMC configurations in terms of output characteristics and efficiency is also given. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the number of ac voltage levels is synthetically multiplied by the number of interleaved half- bridge legs in submodules. Simulations, Hardware-in-the-Loop and Experimental tests are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed topology and implemented modulation scheme.
A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules
Authors: Viatkin Aleksandr , Ricco Mattia , Mandrioli Riccardo , Kerekes Tamas , Teodorescu Remus , Grandi Gabriele
Published: July 2021

A new Modular Multilevel Converter with Interleaved half-bridge Sub-Modules (ISM-MMC) is proposed in this paper. The ISM-MMC exhibits a higher modularity and scalability in terms of current ratings with respect to a conventional MMC, while preserves the typical voltage level adaptiveness. The ISM-MMC brings the known advantages of classical MMC to low-voltage, high-current applications making it a novel candidate for the sector of ultra-fast chargers for all types of electrical vehicles (EV). This advanced topology makes it possible to easily reach charging power of the EV charging system up to 4.5 MW and beyond with low-voltage supply. To operate the new converter, a hybrid modulation scheme that helps to exploit advantages of the interleaving scheme, is implemented, and explained in this paper. It has been verified that the typical MMC control methods are still applicable for ISM-MMC. A comparative study between classical MMC and ISM-MMC configurations in terms of output characteristics and efficiency is also given. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the number of ac voltage levels is synthetically multiplied by the number of interleaved half-bridge legs in submodules. Numerical simulations and Hardware-in-the-Loop tests are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed topology and implemented modulation scheme.
Input Admittance, Directivity and Quality Factor of Biconical Antenna of Arbitrary Cone Angle
Authors: Janaswamy Ramakrishna
Published: July 2021

New analytical expressions and numerical results for the quality factor and directivity as well as computationally convenient expressions for the input admittance of a symmetrical biconical antenna of arbitrary length $L$ and cone angle $\theta_0$ are presented. The quality factor for a wide-angle biconical antenna is shown to very closely approach the Chu's limit of $Q = (kL)^{-1}\{1+(kL)^{-2}\}$. Numerical calculations based on the analytical formula for antenna admittance confirm the conjecture that Foster's reactance theorem remains invalid even for perfectly conducting antennas. Furthermore, the variation of directivity of a wide-angle biconical antenna is a slowly varying function of its electrical length and is shown to depart significantly from that of a thin cylindrical dipole.
Négyzet alakú övveretek a 10. századi Kárpát-medencében : Régészeti és archeometriai vizsgálatok
Authors: Ilés-Muszka Andrea , Angyal Anikó
Published: July 2021

A régészeti leletek elemzésekor a felmerülő kérdések egy részére a hagyományos régészeti módszerek nem minden esetben tudnak választ adni, ezért egy tárgytípus vizsgálatakor kiemelten fontos a természettudományok bevonása. A korszerű technológiáknak köszönhetően egymástól távol eső területek, műhelyek és tárgyak kapcsolata is vizsgálhatóvá vált. A Kárpát-medence 10. századi emlékanyagában ritkaságnak számító díszített és díszítetlen négyzet alakú övveretek az Altáj vidékére eredeztethetők vissza. A honfoglaló magyarok első generációjához köthető öntvények igen változatosak, mindegyiken egyedi motívum figyelhető meg, egymással teljesen megegyező példányt nem ismerünk térségünkből, sem méretük, sem pedig anyaguk és ornamentikájuk alapján. Jelen dolgozat Tiszaeszlár–Bashalom, Budaörs–Tűzkőhegy és Hajdúböszörmény–Erdős tanya négyzet alakú öntvényeinek legújabb anyagvizsgálati eredményeit mutatja be, összehasonlítva egy külföldi párhuzam fémösszetételével.
PENGARUH RELAKSASI OTOT PROGRESIF TERHADAP KECEMASAN PADA WANITA PASANGAN USIA SUBUR (WPUS) PENDERITA HIV/AIDS
Authors: Mauliku Novie E , Endah Siti Nur , Yuniarti Sri
Published: July 2021

HIV / AIDS is an infectious disease that attacks the immune system. HIV / AIDS cases are still a health problem in the world, because the disease trend is still increasing. Negative stigma and discriminatory can cause high psychological distress and feelings of anxiety. Excessive anxiety will cause feelings of uncertainty, guilt, depression, and helplessness, anxiety, phobias, illusions and hallucinations, thus affecting the quality of life. This study aims to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on anxiety levels in women of reproductive age couples (WPUS) with HIV / AIDS. The research method used a quasi-experimental with One group pretest-posttest design. The sample was 10 people with HIV / AIDS. Data obtained using HARS and analyzed the T-dependent test with a significance test of p value 0.05 (95% CI). The results showed that the average anxiety index before progressive muscle relaxation therapy was 29.90 (severe anxiety), the average anxiety index after progressive muscle relaxation therapy was 16.50 (mild anxiety). The results of the analysis showed that there was an effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on the anxiety level of WPUS suffering from HIV / AIDS (p Value = 0.000). It is hoped that this progressive muscle relaxation therapy can be used to reduce the anxiety level of women of reproductive age couples (WPUS) suffering from HIV / AIDS through health education and demonstration of progressive muscle relaxation therapy movement.
Diversidade das Espécies Arbóreas em Quintais de Várzea da Ilha Saracá, Limoeiro do Ajuru, Pará
Authors: Ferreira-Alves Ellem Suane , Rayol Breno Pinto
Published: July 2021

O estudo objetivou avaliar a composição florística, riqueza e diversidade das espécies arbóreas em quintais agroflorestais localizados em áreas de várzea pertencentes a famílias ribeirinhas. Foram selecionados 15 quintais da Ilha Saracá, localizada no município de Limoeiro do Ajuru, Pará. Por meio de turnês guiadas foram coletados dados para compor o inventário botânico dos quintais com a catalogação e contagem de indivíduos das espécies. O índice de diversidade usado foi o de Shannon Wiener e o índice de Pielou para equabilidade. Foram realizadas análises dos parâmetros fitos-sociológicos (frequência e densidade). Foram amostrados 4300 indivíduos compreendendo 40 espécies distribuídas em 37 gêneros e 23 famílias botânicas, com destaque para Arecaceae, Fabaceae e Myrtaceae. A maior parte das espécies é espontânea e tem origem nativa. A espécie arbórea mais frequente e com maior densidade foi o açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), sendo sua extração e comercialização a base da geração de renda local.