bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percepción de Discriminación y Obesidad: el Rol de la Afectividad Negativa y la Calidad de la Dieta
Authors:   Universidad de la Frontera (Temuco), Gómez-Pérez Daniela , Salinas-Rehbein Belén ,   Universidad de La Frontera, Becerra-Muñoz Catalina ,   Universidad de La Frontera, Ortiz Manuel S. ,   Universidad de La Frontera
Published: June 2021

Diversos factores se asocian con la etiología de la obesidad, dentro de los cuales figuran factores genéticos, psicológicos y conductuales. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si la discriminación percibida estuvo asociada directamente con obesidad e indirectamente, vía afectividad negativa y calidad de la dieta. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia de 420 funcionarios de una universidad regional estatal del sur de Chile (248 mujeres, promedio edad 44 años, DE = 8,79), quienes respondieron la escala de percepción de discriminación, estrés psicológico percibido, el inventario de ansiedad rasgo-estado y la escala de depresión CES-D, además de autorreportar la calidad de su dieta. El análisis de ecuaciones estructurales reveló que la discriminación no se relacionó directamente con la obesidad (medida con el perímetro de cintura), pero sí con la afectividad negativa, lo que se vinculó con calidad de la dieta y esta con el perímetro de cintura. Existe una secuencia de mediación de la percepción de discriminación en el perímetro de cintura, vía afectividad negativa y calidad de la dieta que, aunque pequeña en magnitud, es estadísticamente significativa. Se destacan los efectos negativos de la discriminación en salud y se identifica un mecanismo subyacente a esta relación.
Valores y Personalidad como Predictores del Aprecio por las Prácticas Sostenibles en Emprendedores Sociales y Comerciales de Lima-Perú
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú, Vera Ruiz Angela , Espinosa Agustin ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú, Prialé Valle María Angela ,   Universidad del Pacífico, Perú
Published: June 2021

Este estudio buscó analizar la capacidad predictiva de los valores (Schwartz, 1992) y la personalidad (Goldberg, 1990) en el aprecio por prácticas sostenibles (APS). El APS es una dimensión actitudinal hacia la sostenibilidad, medida con una escala desarrollada específicamente para esta investigación y aplicada en el contexto de la actividad emprendedora. Asimismo, se analizó la capacidad clasificatoria del APS para la identificación de perfiles de emprendedores, según el tipo de emprendimiento que realizan (social versus comercial), y se comparó con la capacidad clasificatoria de los valores y la personalidad. Para tales fines, se utilizó una muestra no probabilística intencionada de emprendedores de Lima Metropolitana, previamente identificados como sociales (n = 135) o comerciales (n = 198). Una regresión lineal múltiple muestra que el APS es predicho por valores de autotrascendencia y por los rasgos de agradabilidad y apertura intelectual. Un análisis de regresión logística binaria muestra que la capacidad clasificatoria del APS alcanza un 68,8% de efectividad en la identificación correcta de casos, según tipo de emprendimiento, versus un 76% de los valores y la personalidad en conjunto. Sin embargo, la capacidad clasificatoria del APS es superior a la de los valores y la personalidad cuando se analizan las dimensiones de estos constructos por separado. Se discuten la capacidad clasificatoria del APS para la detección de emprendedores de orientación social como un criterio parsimonioso, alternativo y complementario a los perfiles de valores y personalidad y las implicancias del mismo en la comprensión de emprendimientos innovadores y sostenibles.
Determination of the just‐suspended speed, Njs, in stirred tanks using electrical resistance tomography (ERT)
Authors: Teoman Baran , Sirasitthichoke Chadakarn , Potanin Andrei , Armenante Piero M.
Published: June 2021

Njs, the minimum agitation speed to just‐suspend dispersed solids in liquids in stirred tanks, is a critical parameter to operate industrial processes. The focus of this work was to develop a novel observer‐independent method to experimentally obtain Njs in tanks that cannot be visually inspected internally using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). The mean bulk resistivity was measured across electrodes mounted on an ERT linear sensing probe placed inside a stirred tank containing water and glass beads. As the agitation speed increased, more solids became suspended and the resistivity measured by the probe changed. Plots of resistivity variation vs. agitation speed resulted in an S‐shaped curve that could be analyzed to determine Njs. The Njs values obtained with this novel approach compared very favorably with those obtained using other methods requiring transparent tanks. It is expected that the ERT method proposed here could find applications in many industrial solid–liquid mixing processes.
Exploration of C‐H Activation Strategies in Construction of Functionalized 2‐Aryl Benzoazoles: A Decisive Review
Authors: Sunny Steeva , John Stephy Elza , Shankaraiah Nagula
Published: June 2021

Transition metal‐catalyzed C−H bond activation has proved to be a powerful weapon for the synthesis and functionalization of privileged class of heterocycles. The 2‐aryl benzoazole (benzothiazoles, benzoxazoles and benzimidazoles) derivatives have surfaced in the scientific community with their potential applications in medicinal chemistry, agrochemistry and material science. The contribution of C−H activation strategies towards the functionalization of relevant 2‐aryl benzoazoles has been amenable in the drug discovery process. This review envelopes a decade account of the C−H activation strategies adopted for the functionalization of 2‐aryl benzoazoles.
Recent developments in the reduction of unsaturated bonds by magnesium precursors
Authors: Banerjee Indrani , Panda Tarun K.
Published: June 2021

Scientists have witnessed significant breakthroughs ins‐block metal chemistry. Over the past few years, several applications in catalysis associated with alkaline‐earth metal catalysts have been established owing to their abundance and lower cost. These catalysts have proved to be essential alternatives to transition metal catalysts. Several research groups have recognized the importance of magnesium complexes as highly active metal catalysts in the reduction of a series of unsaturated substrates for the synthesis of ubiquitous compounds necessary for industrial purposes. This minireview presents, based on studies published in the past recent years, a detailed discussion of catalytic hydroelementation on C–X (X = C, N, O, B, Si, S) multiple bonds, promoted by novel magnesium metal catalysts.
Preparation of graphene oxide/polyamide composite nanofiltration membranes for enhancing stability and separation efficiency
Authors: Wei Xiuzhen , Huang Jiahao , Cao Shiyu , Chen Yi , Yang Ruiyuan , Wang Ze , Zhou Qinghua , Chen Jinyuan , Pan Bingjun
Published: June 2021

Polyamide (PA) NF membranes are synthesized on a hollow fiber support by the interfacial polymerization (IP) of piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). Then, GO is coated on the PA layer to decorate the NF membrane surface (denoted GO/PA‐NF). This strategy aims to improve the hydrophilicity, chlorine resistance and separation stability of the membrane. The optimization, chemical composition, morphology, and hydrophilicity of the synthesized GO/PA‐NF membrane are characterized. Results indicate that the optimized GO/PA‐NF in terms of rejection rate and flux are with 0.05 wt% GO. The rejection of GO/PA‐NF for Na2SO4 and MgSO4 is 99.4% and 96.9%, respectively. Even if the GO/PA‐NF is immersed in 1000 ppm NaClO solution for 48 h, the NF membrane still maintains stable salt rejection. The developed NF membranes exhibit excellent treatment performance on dying wastewater. The permeate flux and rejection of GO/PA‐NF toward Congo red solution are determined to be 44.2 L/m2h and 100%, respectively. Compared with the PA membrane, GO/PA‐NF presents a higher rejection for Na2SO4 (99.4%) and a lower rejection for NaCl (less than 20%), which shows that the NF membranes have a better divalent/monovalent salt separation performance. This study highlights the superior performance of GO/PA‐NF and shows its high potential for application in wastewater treatment.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor attenuates cognitive impairment and motor deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Chang E , Wang Jiongmei
Published: June 2021

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders that seriously impair the life quality and survival of patients. Herein, we aim to investigate the neuroprotective roles of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in PD mice and reveal the underlying mechanisms. BDNF overexpression was achieved via the injection of adeno‐associated viruses (AAV) with BDNF gene.

Methods

PD mouse model was established by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment. Tests of rotarod, pole, open field, and novel object recognition were conducted to evaluate the motor and cognitive functions of treated mice.

Results

Mitochondrial impairment, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive dopaminergic neurons were detected to uncover the molecular mechanism. BDNF overexpression attenuated motor deficits and cognitive impairment in MPTP‐induced PD mice. Mechanistically, BDNF mitigated mitochondrial impairment increased the activity of respiratory chain Complex I and Ⅱ+III, and finally alleviated TH‐positive dopaminergic neuron loss in MPTP‐induced PD mice.

Conclusion

This study highlights the potential of BDNF as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of mitochondrial impairment‐associated neurodegenerative diseases.
Personalized prediction of overall survival in patients with AML in non‐complete remission undergoing allo‐HCT
Authors: Hirabayashi Shigeki , Uozumi Ryuji , Kondo Tadakazu , Arai Yasuyuki , Kawata Takahito , Uchida Naoyuki , Marumo Atsushi , Ikegame Kazuhiro , Fukuda Takahiro , Eto Tetsuya , Tanaka Masatsugu , Wake Atsushi , Kanda Junya , Kimura Takafumi , Tabuchi Ken , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Atsuta Yoshiko , Yanada Masamitsu , Yano Shingo
Published: June 2021

Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HCT) is the standard treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in non‐complete remission (non‐CR); however, the prognosis is inconsistent. This study aimed to develop and validate nomograms and a web application to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with non‐CR AML undergoing allo‐HCT (cord blood transplantation [CBT], bone marrow transplantation [BMT], and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation [PBSCT]). Data from 3052 patients were analyzed to construct and validate the prognostic models. The common significant prognostic factors among patients undergoing allo‐HCT were age, performance status, percentage of peripheral blasts, cytogenetic risk, chemotherapy response, and number of transplantations. The conditioning regimen was a significant prognostic factor only in patients undergoing CBT. Compared with cyclophosphamide/total body irradiation, a conditioning regimen of ≥3 drugs, including fludarabine, with CBT exhibited the lowest hazard ratio for mortality (0.384; 95% CI, 0.266–0.554; p < 0.0001). A conditioning regimen of ≥3 drugs with CBT also showed the best leukemia‐free survival among all conditioning regimens. Based on the results of the multivariable analysis, we developed prognostic models showing adequate calibration and discrimination (the c‐indices for CBT, BMT, and PBSCT were 0.648, 0.600, and 0.658, respectively). Our prognostic models can help in assessing individual risks and designing future clinical studies. Furthermore, our study indicates the effectiveness of multi‐drug conditioning regimens in patients undergoing CBT.
Effects of relational capital on relationship between place attachment and resident participation
Authors: Chang Kai‐Chih , Chen Han‐Shen , Hsieh Chi‐Ming
Published: June 2021

Place attachment and public participation are increasingly important to sustainable community development and environmental protection, and influence the degree to which residents value community development. Unfortunately, social segregation has broken value consensus in many modern communities, particularly Chinese communities, which traditionally emphasize interpersonal interactions. This has created discrepancies between theory and reality in community development, making it necessary to clarify the influence of relational capital (e.g., trust, identification, and norm of reciprocity) on the relationship between place attachment and resident participation. This study adopted convenience sampling to conduct a case study in Eastern Taiwan. A total of 310 valid samples were collected. The relationships between constructs are determined by a linear structural equation model. Our results show that place attachment and resident participation are positively correlated and that reciprocal norms are important mediators of the influence of place attachment on resident participation. From a practical perspective, this confirms the rationality of community policy and highlights areas for improvement to support ongoing community development.
Advance care planning ahead of life‐altering clinical deterioration in secure settings: Do not wait until a crisis
Authors: Hurlow Adam , Hurlow Jonathan , Neil Wendy , Pullinger Alice
Published: June 2021

All professionals involved in someone’s care should be equipped to support individuals, and the people close to them, to understand how their health is likely to change, consider the burdens and likely outcomes of treatment options and make realistic, informed recommendations to guide future care. This can be particularly challenging in forensic mental health, when it covers cardiopulmonary resuscitation alongside recommendations about acute hospital admission and medical escalation within and outside of hospital settings. Some clinicians question whether or not the harms of raising the spectre of invasive ventilation and potential mortality risks unnecessary anxiety and psychological harm amongst detained patients. Instead, we argue that timely advance care and treatment escalation planning with each patient, informed by psychiatric clinicians, is long overdue.
Real‐time intravascular ultrasound guidance: A novel technique for accurate placement of ostial stents
Authors: Harding Scott A. , Webber Bruce , Fairley Sarah , Ormiston John A.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To describe a novel technique for ostial stent placement using real‐time IVUS guidance.

Background

Accurate placement of coronary stents at ostial locations is challenging with the true ostium frequently being missed increasing the risk of adverse events. We have developed a novel technique for ostial stent placement and report our benchtop testing and initial clinical experience.

Methods

Benchtop testing was performed to validate the appearance of the stent and delivery system on IVUS. Benchtop testing of real‐time IVUS guided ostial stent positioning was carried out in a left main bifurcation phantom. Real‐time IVUS guidance of stent placement in aorto‐ostial, ostial left anterior descending (LAD), or ostial circumflex lesions was assessed in a prospective registry.

Results

Bench model IVUS demonstrated clear differences between the appearances of the stent and other components of the delivery system. Positioning of 10 consecutive stents into the ostial LAD using real‐time IVUS guidance was assessed in a left main bifurcation model. Median distance from proximal stent edge to LAD ostium was 0.39 mm (interquartile range 0.31 to 0.73). Real‐time IVUS guidance of ostial stent placement was performed in 50 patients (51 lesions). Angiographic success was 100%. IVUS post‐stenting demonstrated median distance from the proximal stent edge to the ostium was 0.2 mm (interquartile range 0.1 to 0.5 mm). There was one periprocedural myocardial infarction but no other major adverse cardiac events at 30‐days.

Conclusions

We have developed a novel technique using real‐time IVUS guidance allowing accurate ostial stent placement.
Well‐Dispersed Ru‐Clusters Decorating Nanobox‐Structured CoP Synergistically Catalyze the NaBH4 Hydrolysis and Electro‐Reductive H2 Evolution
Authors: Dou Shasha , Hu Chuan , Shi Luyan , Zhang Wanyu , Zhou Shuqing , Yan Puxuan , D'Souza Lawrence , Isimjan Tayirjan Taylor , Yang Xiulin
Published: June 2021

The high‐efficiency multifunctional materials have considerable significance in the area of sustainable energy to developing a cross‐usable and low‐cost catalyst. Nevertheless, substantial challenges are ahead on designing and synthesizing a high performance in a scalable and straightforward manner. Here, we have developed a novel bifunctional catalyst based on Ru/CoP nanoboxes (NBs) prepared using ZIF‐67 as a precursor. The nano hollow box structure and the strong electronic interaction between Ru clusters and CoP component are confirmed. The Ru/CoP NBs as a catalyst show excellent activities for catalytic NaBH4 hydrolysis such as high turnover frequency (1202.2 min−1), and small electrocatalytic H2 evolution overpotential (49 mV@10 mA cm−2) under ambient conditions. Besides, Ru/CoP NBs also display good stability and reusability. The excellent catalytic performance of Ru/CoP NBs is attributed to the synergy between Ru clusters and CoP species as well as the unique morphology that accelerates charge transfer, provides higher active surface area, and facilitates solute transport and gas emission.
Shaping the Electrocatalytic Performance of Metal Complexes for CO2 Reduction
Authors: Gotico Philipp , Leibl Winfried , Halime Zakaria , Aukauloo Ally
Published: June 2021

The mass scale catalytic transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into reduced forms of carbon is an imperative to address the ever‐increasing anthropogenic emission. Understanding the mechanistic routes leading to the multi‐electron‐proton conversion of CO2 provides handles for chemists to overcome the kinetically and thermodynamically hard challenges and further optimize these processes. Through extensive electrochemical investigations, Prof. J.‐M. Savéant and coworkers have made invaluable electro‐analytical tools accessible to chemists to address and position the electrocatalytic performance of molecular catalysts grounded on a theoretical basis. Furthermore, he has bequeathed lessons to future generations on ways to improve the catalytic activity and the electrocatalytic zone we must target. As a tribute to his accomplishments, we recall here a few aspects on the tuning of iron porphyrin catalysts by playing on electronic effects, proton delivery, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions and its implications to other catalytic systems.
Bimetal Phthalocyanine‐Modified Carbon Nanotube‐Based Bifunctional Catalysts for Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Kumar Yogesh , Kibena‐Põldsepp Elo , Kozlova Jekaterina , Kikas Arvo , Käärik Maike , Aruväli Jaan , Kisand Vambola , Leis Jaan , Tamm Aile , Tammeveski Kaido
Published: June 2021

A series of non‐precious bifunctional electrocatalysts composed of first‐row transition metal phthalocyanine (MPc, M=Mn, Ni, Co) modified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was prepared and examined for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. The use of MPc in carbon matrix is attractive due to the formation of M‐Nx sites, which are responsible for ORR electrocatalysis and transition metal oxides that are OER‐active. Physical characterisation of the prepared catalysts was carried out by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, N2 physisorption analysis, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The highest ORR activity among bimetallic catalysts was shown by a MnCoN‐CNT catalyst with half‐wave potential of 0.84 V. The electrochemical results of the prepared bimetallic catalysts revealed superior OER activity of NiCoN‐CNT with EOER of 1.61 V at 10 mA cm−2 and also good ORR activity (E1/2=0.83 V). Furthermore, NiCoN‐CNT exhibited excellent stability for both, ORR and OER, with only 5 mV change in half‐wave potential and only 14 mV loss in EOER, respectively. For checking bifunctionality, the NiCoN‐CNT catalyst was used as an air electrode and tested for zinc‐air battery (ZAB). Good ZAB performance was obtained, with open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.338 V.
In‐plane Defect Engineering Enabling Ultra‐stable Graphene Paper‐based Hosts for Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Li Gang , Xu Shiwei , Li Bin , Yin Maoshu , Shao Feng , Li Hong , Xia Tong , Yang Zhi , Su Yanjie , Zhang Yafei , Ma Jie , Yu Jian , Hu Nantao
Published: June 2021

Graphene papers are widely studied as stable hosts to suppress lithium dendrite growth and accommodate the volumetric expansion for lithium metal anodes. Designing and constructing flexible graphene‐based films with unique structures as stable hosts in large scales for lithium metal anodes is challenging in terms of their realistic applications. Herein, scalable three‐dimensional (3D) holey reduced graphene oxide (HrGO) films with abundant as‐tailored oxygen functional groups on hole defects of graphene nanosheets are successfully constructed as stable hosts for lithium metal anodes. The as‐designed anodes deliver a stable voltage of 11 mV for 1900 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2. The achieved cycling times of the optimized Li‐HrGO‐4 film anodes are over 1000 and 800 h at current densities of 0.5 and 1.0 mA cm−2, respectively. Simultaneously, the Li‐HrGO‐4 composite film anodes also exhibit superior rate performance as compared to pure lithium and Li‐rGO film anodes when utilized in symmetric cells. The as‐assembled LiFePO4/Li‐HrGO‐4 full cells show superior rate performance and retain capacity after 300 cycles at the rate of 1 C. Furthermore, first‐principles calculations indicate that C−O and O−C=O groups on defects of HrGO surfaces lead to excellent lithium affinity and uniform deposition. Above all, the unique 3D holey structure with as‐tailored oxygen defects and its design strategy holds a significant potential for the development of high energy‐dense and stable metal batteries.
Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials from Machine Learning Simulations: A Topical Review†
Authors: Guan Shu‐Hui , Shang Cheng , Liu Zhi‐Pan
Published: June 2021

Energy materials featuring the capability to store and release chemical energy reversibly involve generally complex geometrical structures with multiple elements. It has been a great challenge to establish the quantitative relationship between the structure of materials and their dynamic physicochemical properties. In recent years, machine learning (ML) technique has demonstrated its great power in accelerating the research on energy materials. This topical review introduces the key ingredients and typical applications of ML to energy materials. We mainly focus on the ML based atomic simulation via ML potentials in different architectures/implementations, including high dimensional neural networks (HDNN), Gaussian approximation potential (GAP), moment tensor potentials (MTP) and stochastic surface walking global optimization with global neural network potential (SSW‐NN) method. Three cases studies, namely, Si, LiC and LiTiO systems, are presented to demonstrate the ability of ML simulation in assessing the thermodynamics and kinetics of complex material systems. We highlight that the SSW‐NN method provides an automated solution for global potential energy surface data collection, ML potential construction and ML simulation, which boosts the current ability for large‐scale atomic simulation and thus holds the great promise for fast property evaluation and material discovery.
Confined Electrochemiluminescence at Microtube Electrode Ensembles for Local Sensing of Single Cells†
Authors: Ding Hao , Guo Weiliang , Ding Lurong , Su Bin
Published: June 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Chemical analysis of single cells plays essential roles in both fundamental research and clinical applications. In this work, the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) generated at vertically aligned gold microtube electrode ensembles (MEEs) was applied for the local chemical sensing of single cells. Thanks to the structure of MEEs and the surface‐confined nature of ECL generation, the ECL is confined in single microtubes and the local variations of hydrogen peroxide concentration can be revealed by the changes of ECL signals at single MEEs. With this methodology, we studied the hydrogen peroxide efflux from single living cells, showing the subcellular heterogeneity in hydrogen peroxide release. With sufficient spatial resolution for the parallel single cell sensing as well as advantages including easy preparation and high throughput, the MEEs provide a promising platform for subcellular electroanalysis.
DigiNet: Prediction of Assamese handwritten digits using convolutional neural network
Authors: Dutta Prarthana , Muppalaneni Naresh Babu
Published: June 2021

Numerous work focusing on Indian Languages for automatically recognizing characters has been witnessed in literature in the last few decades. But it was observed that only a handful of them targeted the optical character recognition of the Assamese language despite the language being widely spoken and used in many official works and activities across North‐East India. The limited contribution in this field seems to be inadequate and insufficient in their ability to recognize the handwritten characters due to dissimilarity in the people's writing style. This has motivated us to device a computational model for automatic recognition of the handwritten Assamese digits belonging to 10 different classes of 0 to 9. This study employs a convolutional neural network model (DigiNet) to learn and understand the various styles of handwritten digits. Our model exercises the convolutional neural network composed of six alternative Convolution and Pooling layers and is able to attain state‐of‐the‐art performance on the Assamese handwritten digits, achieving a test accuracy of which is a pretty good success. The proficiency of the model architecture is also tested on the MNIST and the Bangla handwritten numeral datasets. Furthermore, our proposed model is compared with the pre‐trained VGG 19 architecture, where the performance of our model was better compared to the pre‐trained model on the Assamese as well as the Bangla handwritten numerals.
Hybrid Harris Hawk‐Salp swarm optimization algorithm‐based integrated optimal data placement and task scheduling for improving the user experience in edge computing
Authors: Vivekanandan Nivethitha , Gnanasekaran Aghila
Published: June 2021

Edge computing permits the computation process at the edge of the network for enhancing the efficiency of the data access. The problem of optimal data block placement entirely depends on the maximization of interdependent factors, which corresponds to an NP‐hard problem. In this paper, the Hybrid Harris Hawk‐Salp Swarm‐based Optimization, Data Placement and Task Scheduling (HHHSS‐ODPTS) scheme is proposed for improving the user experience in edge computing. This data placement is devised considering the popularity and user preference of data blocks, storage capacity of edge server, and the ratio of replacement associated with the edge servers. This proposed scheme utilized a 2/3‐approximation method for essential mapping of tasks with generated containers of the edge server. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed HHHSS‐ODPTS scheme is better at data response time, response time of tasks, number of the replaced data blocks, and hit rate of tasks with different capacity of data storage, number of required data blocks, and data popularity.
Determination of the “Privileged Structure” of 8‐Hydroxyquinoline
Authors: McNaughton Donald , Wachsmuth Dennis , Kraus Peter , Herbers Sven , Wang Juan , Grabow Jens‐Uwe
Published: June 2021

An accurate semi‐experimental equilibrium structure of 8‐hydroxyquinoline (8‐HQ) has been determined combining experiment and theory. The cm‐wave rotational spectrum of 8‐HQ was recorded in a pulsed supersonic jet using broadband dual‐path reflection and narrowband Fabry‐Perot‐type resonator Fourier‐transform microwave spectrometers. Accurate rotational and quartic centrifugal distortion constants and 14N quadrupole coupling constants are determined. Rotational constants of all 13C, 18O and 15N singly substituted isotopologues in natural abundance and those of a chemically synthesized OD isotopologue were used to obtain geometric parameters for all the heavy atoms and the hydroxyl hydrogen from a number of structure determination models. Theoretical approaches allowed for the determination of a semi‐experimental equilibrium structure,
in which computed rovibrational and electronic corrections were utilized to convert vibrational ground state constants into equilibrium constants. Despite the molecule having only a horizontal plane of symmetry and possessing 11 individual heavy atoms, microwave spectroscopy has allowed for a reliable and accurate structure determination. A mass dependent,
structure was determined and proved to be equally reliable by comparison with the B3LYP‐D3(BJ)/aVTZ equilibrium structure.
Crystal Phase Effects on the Gas‐Phase Ketonization of Small Carboxylic Acids over TiO2 Catalysts
Authors: Fufachev Egor V. , Weckhuysen Bert M. , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A.
Published: June 2021

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Pieter Bruijnincx from Utrecht University. The image shows an imaginary police line‐up of two molecules suspected to be involved as intermediates in the catalytic ketonization reaction. Based on the evidence collected, depicted on the pinboard on the wall, the scientist discusses the impact of all this with somebody interested in catalysis that converts waste, wastewater‐derived volatile fatty acids in this case, to value‐added circular chemicals. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202100721.
Palladium Nanoparticles Hardwired in Carbon Nanoreactors Enable Continually Increasing Electrocatalytic Activity During the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Aygün Mehtap , Guillen‐Soler Melanie , Vila‐Fungueiriño Jose M. , Kurtoglu Abdullah , Chamberlain Thomas W. , Khlobystov Andrei N. , del Carmen Gimenez‐Lopez Maria
Published: June 2021

Catalysts typically lose effectiveness during operation, with much effort invested in stabilising active metal centres to prolong their functional lifetime for as long as possible. In this study palladium nanoparticles (PdNP) supported inside hollow graphitised carbon nanofibers (GNF), designated as PdNP@GNF, opposed this trend. PdNP@GNF exhibited continuously increasing activity over 30000 reaction cycles when used as an electrocatalyst in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The activity of PdNP@GNF, expressed as the exchange current density, was always higher than activated carbon (Pd/C), and after 10000 cycles PdNP@GNF surpassed the activity of platinum on carbon (Pt/C). The extraordinary durability and self‐improving behaviour of PdNP@GNF was solely related the unique nature of the location of the palladium nanoparticles, that is, at the graphitic step‐edges within the GNF. Transmission electron microscopy imaging combined with spectroscopic analysis revealed an orchestrated series of reactions occurring at the graphitic step‐edges during electrocatalytic cycling, in which some of the curved graphitic surfaces opened up to form a stack of graphene layers bonding directly with Pd atoms through Pd−C bonds. This resulted in the active metal centres becoming effectively hardwired into the electrically conducting nanoreactors (GNF), enabling facile charge transport to/from the catalytic centres resulting in the dramatic self‐improving characteristics of the electrocatalyst.
An innovative interleaved high step‐up direct current–direct current converter with switched‐inductor/capacitor–diode units for hydrogen fuel cell power system
Authors: Tang Juntao , Qi Zhidong , Shan Liang , Ye Weiqin , Zhao Caohui
Published: June 2021

As a kind of new energy power generation technology in the 21st century, hydrogen fuel cell plays an indispensable role in energy network. However, due to its characteristics of low output voltage and large fluctuation, direct current–direct current (DC–DC) converter with high step‐up voltage gain has become a key part for safe and stable operation of fuel cell. In this paper, by replacing the inductors on the input side of interleaved boost converter with switched‐inductor units (small current ripple) and adding a capacitor–diode unit with strong voltage multiplication to the output side, an innovative interleaved high step‐up DC–DC converter is proposed with high step‐up voltage gain, small inductor current, and low voltage/current stresses. In addition, working principle, steady‐state performance, device parameter design, and theoretical efficiency calculation for the entire duty cycle range (duty cycle D < 0.5 and D > 0.5) are carried out, respectively, to verify its validity and feasibility. Finally, a 150‐W experimental prototype of fuel cell front‐stage power conversion is established. When the input voltage and output current are 16 V and 1.25 A, respectively, the efficiency of the entire system can reach about 92.6%.
A retrospective analysis of 512 cases of breast fine needle aspiration cytology utilizing the recently proposed IAC Yokohama system for reporting breast cytopathology
Authors: Dixit Nutan , Trivedi Shalini , Bansal Vikas Kumar
Published: June 2021

Background

Recently the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) introduced a new reporting system for breast fine‐needle aspiration cytology that classifies cytologic diagnoses into five‐categories: (I) insufficient material, (II) benign, (III) atypical, (IV) suspicious of malignancy, and (V) malignant. The current study was undertaken to categorize the breast lesions utilizing the newly proposed IAC Yokohama classification system and evaluate the risk of malignancy (ROM) for respective categories and the diagnostic yield of this technique.

Methods

All FNAs of breast lesions over 2.5 years were categorized retrospectively using the newly proposed IAC Yokohama reporting system. The ROM was calculated along with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, diagnostic accuracy, false positive, and false‐negative rate using the histological diagnosis as the gold standard.

Results

The 512 cases were distributed as follows: Category I (insufficient material) 7.4%, Category II (benign) 74%, Category III (atypical) 5.7%, Category IV(suspicious) 1.4%, and Category V (malignant) 11.5%. Histopathological correlation was available in 285 (55.7%) cases. The respective ROM calculated was 33.3%, 0.5%, 13.3%, 83.3%, and 100% for Category I‐V. The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive Value, and Diagnostic accuracy were 95%, 99.5%, 98.27%, 98.6, and 98.5% respectively.

Conclusions

Despite previous attempts to establish a standardized diagnostic terminology, there has been a lack of a single internationally approved standardized reporting system allowing substantial diagnostic clarity and incorporating distinct diagnostic categories, each linked with a specific ROM and recommended management. This System also provides enhanced communication between pathologists and attending clinicians for the benefit of the patient.
Experimentally measured group direct benefits according to worker density explain group living of the termiteReticulitermes chinensis
Authors: Bai Zhuangdong , Liu Yibin , Sillam‐Dussès David , Wang Rui‐Wu
Published: June 2021

The evolution of cooperation requires more benefits of group living than solitary lifestyle. However, to some degree, our understanding about the benefits is hindered by abstract debates over theoretical and experimental evidences of individual selection or group selection because it is difficult to examine the actual benefits at the group level. Moreover, group density is a crucial ecological factor which deeply affects group reproduction and survival, few studies have been performed in social insects. Here, we study the effects of worker density on group direct benefits in the termite speciesReticulitermes chinensis. The termiteR.chinensisis an ideal model which lives with a high worker density in wood. We used the quantity of eggs and the total biomass (biomass of all group members) accumulation as two components of group benefits. We investigated the group benefits in the context of worker density according to eleven worker densities, and we measured the group benefits and the resource consumption with the same group members in two types of artificial nest areas. Moreover, we counted the stomodeal trophallaxis occurrences from any workers to queens under three worker densities to explore the degree of cooperation according to worker density. We found that both the number of eggs and the total biomass accumulation significantly increased with increasing worker density in groups. Furthermore, the consumption of resources was similar between groups with the same number of individuals gathered in small or large nest areas, but the production of eggs and the biomass accumulation were higher in groups of small nest areas than in large nest areas. Additionally, we found the stomodeal trophallaxis behavior significantly increased in higher worker density groups. Our results suggest that the group benefits influenced by the high worker density may at least partially explain the group living of eusocial insects in ecology.
Burrow characteristics and ecological significance of Marmota himalayana in the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Shu‐Lin , Hou Fu‐Jiang
Published: June 2021

Burrows provide burrowing animals with a place to hibernate, reproduce, and avoid predators and harsh weather conditions and thus have a vital impact on their survival. However, the general physical characteristics and ecological functions of Marmota himalayana burrows as well as whether there are differences in burrow traits under different terrains (e.g., sunny slopes, shady slopes, and flat areas) are not well understood. From July to August 2019 (warm season), we used unmanned aerial vehicles to fly at low altitudes and slow speeds to locate 131 M. himalayana burrows (45 on shaded slopes, 51 on sunny slopes, and 35 on flat areas) in the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau region. We then measured the physical characteristics (burrow density, entrance size, first tunnel length, volume, orientation, and plant characteristics near the burrow entrance) of these burrows on site. We found that terrain had a substantial influence on burrow density, orientation, and entrance size and on the angle of the burrow entrance; species richness had a substantial impact on path density and tunnel volume. The physical parameters of the M. himalayana burrows showed that they function to protect the marmots from natural enemies and bad weather, provide good drainage, and maintain a stable microclimate around the entrance. We discuss the ability of burrowing animals (e.g., M. himalayana) to adapt to the external environment based on their burrow characteristics.
A long postreproductive life span is a shared trait among genetically distinct killer whale populations
Authors: Nielsen Mia Lybkær Kronborg , Ellis Samuel , Towers Jared R. , Doniol‐Valcroze Thomas , Franks Daniel W. , Cant Michael A. , Weiss Michael N. , Johnstone Rufus A. , Balcomb Kenneth C. , Ellifrit David K. , Croft Darren P.
Published: June 2021

The extended female postreproductive life span found in humans and some toothed whales remains an evolutionary puzzle. Theory predicts demographic patterns resulting in increased female relatedness with age (kinship dynamics) can select for a prolonged postreproductive life span due to the combined costs of intergenerational reproductive conflict and benefits of late‐life helping. Here, we test this prediction using >40 years of longitudinal demographic data from the sympatric yet genetically distinct killer whale ecotypes: resident and Bigg's killer whales. The female relatedness with age is predicted to increase in both ecotypes, but with a less steep increase in Bigg's due to their different social structure. Here, we show that there is a significant postreproductive life span in both ecotypes with >30% of adult female years being lived as postreproductive, supporting the general prediction that an increase in local relatedness with age predisposes the evolution of a postreproductive life span. Differences in the magnitude of kinship dynamics however did not influence the timing or duration of the postreproductive life span with females in both ecotypes terminating reproduction before their mid‐40s followed by an expected postreproductive period of about 20 years. Our results highlight the important role of kinship dynamics in the evolution of a long postreproductive life span in long‐lived mammals, while further implying that the timing of menopause may be a robust trait that is persistent despite substantial variation in demographic patterns among populations.
Sperm length divergence as a potential prezygotic barrier in a passerine hybrid zone
Authors: Cramer Emily R. A. , Grønstøl Gaute , Maxwell Logan , Kovach Adrienne I. , Lifjeld Jan T.
Published: June 2021

The saltmarsh sparrow Ammospiza caudacuta and Nelson's sparrow A. nelsoni differ in ecological niche, mating behavior, and plumage, but they hybridize where their breeding distributions overlap. In this advanced hybrid zone, past interbreeding and current backcrossing result in substantial genomic introgression in both directions, although few hybrids are currently produced in most locations. However, because both species are nonterritorial and have only brief male–female interactions, it is difficult to determine to what extent assortative mating explains the low frequency of hybrid offspring. Since females often copulate with multiple males, a role of sperm as a postcopulatory prezygotic barrier appears plausible. Here, we show that sperm length differs between the two species in the hybrid zone, with low among‐male variation consistent with strong postcopulatory sexual selection on sperm cells. We hypothesize that divergence in sperm length may constitute a reproductive barrier between species, as sperm length co‐evolves with the size of specialized female sperm storage tubules. Sperm does not appear to act as a postzygotic barrier, as sperm from hybrids was unexceptional.
Are COVID‐19 conspiracies a threat to public health? Psychological characteristics and health protective behaviours of believers
Authors: Juanchich Marie , Sirota Miroslav , Jolles Daniel , Whiley Lilith A.
Published: June 2021

We tested the link between COVID‐19 conspiracy theories and health protective behaviours in three studies: one at the onset of the pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK), a second just before the first national lockdown, and a third during that lockdown (N = 302, 404 and 399). We focused on conspiracy theories that did not deny the existence of COVID‐19 and evaluated the extent to which they predicted a range of health protective behaviours, before and after controlling for psychological and sociodemographic characteristics associated with conspiracy theory belief. COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs were positively correlated with beliefs in other unrelated conspiracies and a general conspiracy mind‐set, and negatively correlated with trust in government and a tendency towards analytical thinking (vs. intuitive thinking). Unexpectedly, COVID‐19 conspiracy believers adhered to basic health guidelines and advanced health protective measures as strictly as non‐believers. Conspiracy believers were, however, less willing to install the contact‐tracing app, get tested for and vaccinated against COVID‐19, and were more likely to share COVID‐19 misinformation—all of which might undermine public health initiatives. Study 3 showed conspiracy theory believers were less willing to undertake health protective behaviours that were outside of their personal control, perceiving these as having a negative balance of risks and benefits. We discuss models explaining conspiracy beliefs and health protective behaviours, and suggest practical recommendations for public health initiatives.
Resilience and sustainable supply chain network design by considering renewable energy
Authors: Lotfi Reza , Kargar Bahareh , Hoseini Seyed Hosein , Nazari Sima , Safavi Soroush , Weber Gerhard‐Wilhelm
Published: June 2021

Nowadays, using renewable energy (RE) is faster growing by each country. The managerial and designer of supply chain network design (SCND) have to plan to apply RE in pillars of supply chain (SC). This research indicates resilience and sustainable SCND by considering RE (RSSCNDRE) for the first time. A two‐stage new robust stochastic optimization is embedded for RSSCNDRE. The first stage locates facility location and RE and the second stage defines flow quantity between SC components. We solve the model by GAMS‐CPLEX solver to locate components of SC and RE. Effects of changing conservative coefficient and demand are investigated and by increasing 20% for conservative coefficient, the cost function increase by 0.5%. Also, when demand is high, activating RE is economically feasible and we cannot buy and supply energy by the government power network and have to supply energy by RE. After activating RE, by increasing 20% for demand, the cost function increases by 6%. We contribute fix‐and‐optimize strategy to define the upper bound for a large‐scale problem. The proposed upper bound for the main model is less than 10% and appropriate for estimating the cost of large‐scale problems. This research suggested to equip SC by RE that SC becomes resilient against demand fluctuation and sustainable energy resource compatible with sustainable development goal (SGD7).
Phase‐change composites silicone rubber/paraffin@SiO2 microcapsules with different core/shell ratio for thermal management
Authors: Deng Hao , Yang Wenbin , Cai Tianyu , He Fangfang , Li Yongsheng , Zhang Kai , He Ren
Published: June 2021

A series of paraffin (Pa)@silicon dioxide (SiO2) microcapsules with different core/shell ratios were constructed by interfacial‐polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and γ‐Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS), and then were embedded in addition‐cure liquid silicone rubber (ALSR) to fabricate ALSR/Pa@SiO2 phase‐change composites. The SiO2 shell can avoid the leakage of Pa. Meanwhile, the in‐situ modification of the SiO2 shell by MPS can enhance the interface bonding between Pa@SiO2 and ALSR, because the C═C bond introduced by MPS on the SiO2 shell can participate in the curing reaction of ALSR. The study explored the effects of the core/shell ratio on the Pa@SiO2 microcapsules and ALSR/Pa@SiO2 composites. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis demonstrated that ALSR/Pa@SiO2 composites have dependable thermal energy storage capability which can reach to 90.7 J g−1 and phase‐change enthalpy of the composites increase with the core/shell ratio. The ALSR/Pa@SiO2 composites were found as form‐stable phase‐change materials with low leakage rate, which is attributed to the protection of both SiO2 shell and ALSR matrix. Due to the chemical interfacial interaction, the composites displayed improved mechanical strength. The composites can be used for thermal management and temperature regulation as an electronic packaging material.