bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friction Loss of Externally Prestressed Concrete Beams with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Tendons
Authors: Yu Tian Lai , Zhang Li Yuan
Published: December 2010

Friction loss is an important component of the calculation of prestressing loss for external prestress strengthening technology. Unfortunately, the test data of relevant curvature friction and wobble coefficients is scarce, especially for beams strengthened by external prestressing Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) tendons. Through the experiment of 12 concrete beams strengthened by external prestressing CFRP tendons, this study attempts to discuss the friction loss algorithm and the reasonable value of friction coefficient. The test results demonstrated that traditional friction loss algorithm for prestressed steel tendons is also suit to external prestressing CFRP tendons, but the value of curvature and wobble coefficients should be determined by different types of CFRP tendons and saddle design. What is more, aiming at the domestic production of CFRP tendons and the adopted special saddle design in this paper, the curvature friction coefficient is 0.263 and the wobble coefficient is 0.0067 at the deviator. Results of the research provide a reference for external prestress strengthening design with CFRP tendons.
Seismic Analysis of Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge with Energy-Based Modal Pushover Method
Authors: Zou Zhong Quan , Zhou Li Ping , He Guo Jing
Published: December 2010

Energy-based modal pushover analysis method has been proved to be an appropriate approach to perform seismic analysis for structures whose high mode effect is not negligible. It directly establishes the capacity spectrum based on energy increments, which corrects the deficiency of conventional modal pushover method that the capacity curve would not be unique or even be retorted while the base shear-top displacement curve is established with respect to different reference nodes of the structure. In this paper, a continuous rigid frame bridge with tall piers in seismic zone is analyzed with EMPA method. The results showed that EMPA is more adaptable than conventional methods, and the seismic performance of the bridge can satisfy the demand of the design code.
Wind Vibration Response Analysis for Plate-Cone Reticulated Shell
Authors: Wang Fan , Wang Xing
Published: December 2010

Plate-cone reticulated shell is a new type of space structure with good mechanical behavior and technical economy. In this paper, the wind-induced vibration response characteristics of plate-cone reticulated shell are studied. By using the wave superposition method, the fluctuation wind loads are simulated. By using the large general structural analysis software ANSYS, wind dynamic vibration time domain analysis of plate-cone reticulated shell are carried out. After comparing the wind dynamic vibration results of the model with different material, some important conclusions for plate-cone reticulated shell are obtained for practical design.
Wind Load on Complex-Shape Building
Authors: Wang Cheng Qi , Li Zheng Liang , Yan Zhi Tao , Wei Qi Ke
Published: December 2010

Wind load on complex-shape building, the wind tunnel test and numerical simulation were carried out. The two technologies supplement each other and their results meet well. There are mainly positive pressures on the windward surface, negative pressures on the roof, the leeward surface and the side. Especially, negative pressure is higher in the leeward region of the building corner. Its effect induced by the shape of the complex-shape building is remarkable.
The Study on SMA Pseudo-Rubber Metal Damper’s Control Efficiency on Aseismic Pounding in High-Pier Bridge in Shaking Table Testing
Authors: Meng Qing Li , Zhang Min Zheng , Zhou Guo Liang
Published: December 2010

In this paper, Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Pseudo-Rubber Metal (PRM) was studied, and comparative test on mechanical behavior with common Pseudo-Rubber Metal was carried out, which indicates the damp of SMA PRM overmatches that of common PRM. Moreover, SMA PRM damper device was studied and developed, which can bear pull and press action, dissipate energy by two SMA PRM elements, furthermore, owing to the stiffness of SMA PRM increases with increase of distortion, this device can play role in restricting distortion. In order to study the control efficiency of SMA Pseudo-Rubber Metal damper on aseismic pounding of high-pier bridge, under El Centro, Taft and artificial ground motion respectively, to carry out seismic pounding shaking testing of high-pier bridge steel model and aseismic pounding shaking table testing of high-pier bridge steel model, furthermore, analyze detailedly the control efficiency of SMA Pseudo-Rubber Metal damper, which is adapted to reduce seismic pounding device and restrictor in high-pier and long span bridges.
Researching Status and Prospect of Lightweight Aggregates Obtained from Solid Wastes in China
Authors: Liu Shu Xian , Shen Li Li , Niu Fu Sheng
Published: December 2010

Ceramsite is a typical representation of artificial lightweight aggregates and the new energy saving and soil building materials. It has great prospects for development new material in the field of wall materials innovation and building energy efficiency. Ceramsite prepared from fly ash, coal gangue, sludge and other solid wastes were studied. Its crushing strength was 3.4~13MPa and water absorption was 2.0% ~ 18.0%, which are consistent with national performance targets. And we discussed ceramsite’s main problems in the preparation and application and prospect. To use solid wastes to prepare ceramsite can provide a new space for resource utilization and has better social environment and economic benefits.
Properties of Aliphatic Polyurea Coated Concrete under Salt Fog Exposure
Authors: Huang Wei Bo , Lu Ping , Zhang Jing , Li Xin Mao
Published: December 2010

Coating protection becomes the primary and available method for the protection of marine concrete. Aliphatic polyurea is a new genre of polyurea. In the present study, the frost resistance property and adhesion property of 2 different aliphatic polyurea coated concretes under salt fog exposure were studied for the first time. The surface morphology and molecular structure of the coating under the salt fog exposure were investigated through SEM and FTIR. The investigations on the influence of the salt fog exposure to the PAE-t-HDI prepolymer-D2000H65 aliphatic polyurea (T3) coated concrete and T3 finishing coat/ MDI emulsion primer aliphatic polyurea (TM) coated concrete reported that after 300 days salt fog exposure, the relative dynamic elastic modulus of T3 and TM coated concrete were more than 85%, and their wet adhesion were 1.0 N/mm and 2.5N/mm respectively. SEM and FTIR researches showed that no obvious changes were observed in the surface morphology and structure of the coating after 200 days salt fog exposure. The results indicate that aliphatic polyurea coated concretes have favorable salt fog resistance, and are suitable for applying in marine concrete structures.
Effect of Straw Fiber Modification on Performance of Gypsum Composite
Authors: Gao Zi Dong , Li Guo Zhong
Published: December 2010

Straw fibers were modified by acrylic acid coating treatment, and mechanical properties of straw fibers reinforced gypsum composite were investigated. Wax emulsion was added in order to improve waterproof properties of gypsum composite. Surface modification effect of straw fibers and micro-morphology of gypsum composite were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, infrared spectrometer and mercury porosimeter. The mechanism of modified straw fibers and wax emulsion in improving performances of gypsum composite was discussed.
Analysis of Flow and Failure Mechanism of Cushion in Rigid Pile Composite Foundation
Authors: Dong You Kou , Zheng Jun Jie , Zhang Jun
Published: December 2010

A DEM-FDM coupling model was established in this paper to study flow and failure mechanism of cushions with different thickness in rigid pile composite foundation (RPCF). Via analyzing displacement and stress fields in simulation results, the flow of cushion and its mechanical reason was discussed, the results showed that the flow of cushion was mainly caused by the penetration of pile and sand wedge above the pile head; and the shearing of particles along the outlines of pile shaft and the wedge was the main mechanical reason for the flow of cushion. In addition, theoretical discussion of potential failure of cushion in RPCF showed that the bearing capacity of cushion was large enough to keep cushion safe in normal cases.
Influence of Heat Treatment Conditions on Crystallization and Thermal Expansion of Las Glass-Ceramics
Authors: Xiao Zhuo Hao , Luo Ming Hua
Published: December 2010

The LAS glass containing P2O5has been prepared by conventional molten quenching method. The influence of heat treatment conditions on crystallization behavior, including phase transformation and microstructure, and thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2(LAS) glass-ceramics were investigated. DSC, XRD, SEM and TEC were used to detect the microstructure and properties of glass-ceramics under the different heat-treatment conditions. The results show the virgilite crystalline separated firstly from the matrix glass when heat treatment temperature was 850 °C. As the heat treatment temperature increased from 850 °C to 1050 °C, virgilite and β-spodumene were identified as main crystal phases. The TEC of glass-ceramics ranges from 0.5×10-6 °C-1to 2.8×10-6 °C-1, which is much lower than that of matrix glass.
Finite Element Model Updating of a PSC Box Girder Bridge Using Ambient Vibration Test
Authors: Hiatt Matthew , Mathiasson Annika , Okwori John , Jin Seung Seop , Shang Shen , Yun Gun Jin , Caicedo Juan , Christenson Richard , Yun Chung Bang , Sohn Hoon
Published: December 2010

In this paper, in-field ambient vibration testing of a highway bridge in South Korea under traffic loadings has been conducted to update its finite element model for future predictive analysis and diagnosis purpose. The research results presented in this paper are outcomes from an international REU (Research Experience for Undergraduates) program in smart structures funded by US-NSF (National Science Foundation) and hosted abroad by the Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). The monitoring, modeling, and model updating of civil infrastructures are vital in maintaining new design and maintenance standards. Using the frequency domain decomposition (FDD), experimental modal properties of the structure were found and, after a finite element model was created and updated based on the modal properties. From the results, it has been concluded that (a) the FDD method successfully identified the modal characteristics of the structure from ambient vibration, (b) that model updating improved the accuracy of the finite element model, (c) Representing the structural supports as springs in the FEM improved the results from the ideally supported model.
Stability Evaluation of Chenmenshan Open-Pit by SURPAC and MIDAS
Authors: Zhou Zi Long , Li Xi Bing , Liu Ke Wei , Zou Yang
Published: December 2010

Chengmenshan open pit has been constructed to be the biggest copper pit in China. The slope designed with empirical rock mass rating and engineering analogy needs reinvestigation and evaluation for its overall stability. With help of SURPAC, the topographic contour of the mine was converted into surface model. Then the geological information of the mine was embedded into the numerical solid model by NURBS treatment of the core loggings. Through overall stability analysis with MIDAS, it was found that there was no obvious failure in the pit with the current design. But the major principal stress at the north especially the north-east corner of the pit tended to be high, so the width of the bench below the high stress region is suggested to be widened for possible collapse in this region. And field observation should be carried out in the region. Once evident slip or collapse happens, anchor and netting structures should be used. At the same time, high shear stress zones were revealed at the south-east of the outside limit of the pit. More planting is suggested to avoid soil creep or even landslides in heavy rain.
Influences of Initial Curing Conditions on the Microstructure of Fly Ash Cement System
Authors: Li Guo , Lu En Li , Wang Peng , Geng Ou , Ji Yong Sheng
Published: December 2010

In order to study the influences of initial curing conditions on fly ash (FA) cement concrete durability, fly ash cement samples with 30% replacement ratio were fabricated and cured in water at 10°C, 20°C, 30°Cand 40°C for 3d, 7d, 14d and 28d respectively. Hydration degrees of fly ash at early age were measured using the selective dissolve method. Correspondingly the pore structure and morphology of FA-cement mortar and compared cement mortar were studied by using MIP and SEM methods. Then early age compressive strengths of FA-cement concrete and compared normal cement concrete were tested. Experimental results show that initial curing temperatures and ages are important factors to fly ash early age hydration degree, FA-cement system microstructure, morphology and early age compressive strength etc. High curing temperatures and longer curing time can lead higher fly ash hydration degree, and then higher compressive strength of FA-cement concrete, and make the micro-structures of fly ash-cement system denser.
Effect of Lightweight Aggregate Moisture Content on Pore Structure of Concrete
Authors: Dong Shu Hui , Ge Yong , Zhang Bao Sheng , Yuan Jie
Published: December 2010

To understand the impacting law of lightweight aggregate moisture content on the cement paste pore structure and its relationship with humidity and deformation of the lightweight aggregate concrete, it is necessary to study the effect of water absorptivity and pre-wet moisture content of lightweight aggregate on the pore structure interfacial transition zone (ITZ) cement paste. The experimental results indicated that the species and moisture content of lightweight aggregate have a greater effect on the pore structure in interfacial transition zone of cement paste in low w/c concrete than that in high w/c concrete. With the saturation level of lightweight aggregate increased, the overall pore structure shows a refinement tendency. The porosity and the larger pore of ITZ in ordinary aggregate are notably higher than those in the basal body cement paste. Meanwhile, we find that the pore structure of ITZ in lightweight aggregate concrete is much different from that in ordinary aggregate concrete. Especially in the concrete using the lightweight aggregate with a high absorption–desorbtion water rate, the pore aperture in ITZ is significantly lower than that in the cement paste, the pore content below 50nm can reach as high as 80%.
Concrete Study Using Infrared Thermography and Forced Resonant Frequency
Authors: Sales Rosemary Bom Conselho , Paulino Aguilar Maria Teresa , Augusto Sales Fernando , Bragança Lana Sebastiana , Cetlin Paulo Roberto
Published: December 2010

The performance of materials made from Portland cement is usually evaluated by tensile strength under compression loads, elastic modulus and porosity. Modulus of elasticity is usually determined from compression tests, and the results show large dispersions. With the advances in data acquisition and signal processing, the infrared thermography and forced resonant frequency have been increasingly used in the study of materials. However, these studies are devoted almost entirely to metals. In this paper it is evaluates the use of the method of forced longitudinal resonance frequency and infrared thermography as a tool for characterization of the buildings cementitious materials. The results show that thermography and forced resonant frequency are Able to detect changes in concrete macrostructure as well as the nature of its constituents.
Mix Proportion Design Method Optimization of Asphalt Mixture for Heavy Load Pavement
Authors: Du Xiaoting , Tong Qin , Xu Xijuan
Published: December 2010

Mix proportion design methods of different asphalt mixtures used in China and other countries were taken comparative analysis. Volume indexes were proposed for gradation design of mineral aggregate and road performance parameters for function analysis in structure layers were used to determine optimum asphalt content in accordance with the service requirements and current construction situation of heavy load asphalt pavement in China, and other performance indexes were taken as verification parameters for mix proportion design of asphalt mixture. Consequently, asphalt mixture with optimized design methods can reflect the actual service condition of heavy load asphalt pavement and correspond with the design and construction of heavy load asphalt pavement in China.
Optimal Design of Mainshaft Bearing for Wind Turbine
Authors: Zhou Qing , Xia Xin Tao , Zhang Ya Ping
Published: December 2010

Working conditions, characteristics, and development about the mainshaft bearing for wind turbines are investigated and mathematical model based on the rated dynamic load is proposed in this paper. With the help of the nonlinearly minimum function, viz., fmincon, in MATLAB toolbox, the constrained optimization method for the main parameters of the bearing is studied in order to improve the bearing life.
Applications and Challenges of Mobile P2P Systems in Ad Hoc Network
Authors: Wang Hai Tao , Song Li Hua
Published: December 2010

Mobile peer to peer system in Ad hoc network is a brand novel application system. In this paper backgrounds and basic concepts of mobile peer to peer (p2p) systems are introduced firstly. Then possible applications of mobile p2p systems are expounded. Afterwards, technical challenges which mobile p2p system must face are analyzed in detail. In the end, the developments and implementation of mobile p2p system are explored and some conclusions are given.
A Brief Study on Knowledge Management, Innovation, and Ability-Training Based on Web
Authors: Tian Xian Zhi
Published: December 2010

As a social person in society, "management" covers everything including personal management, knowledge management, and personnel management ect.. Management is an art with different skills and characteristics. It covers different aspects. In learning course, it mainly covers knowledge management, innovation and ability-training. In the paper, the author tries her best to study all of the fields. In fact, it will be beneficial for teaching and learning between teachers and students.
Computer Simulation about Influence of Flue Gas Recycle and Subsection Air on Nitrogen Oxide Formation to Chain Boiler
Authors: Han Jing , Hu Man Yin , Wang Xiu Hong
Published: December 2010

Numerical simulation is used to study the combustion process，temperature distridution and NOx emission for a 10t/h chain boiler with and without flue gas recycle. And at the same time,it is constrasted that differences when flue gas is recycled to the primary wind inlet and to secondry wind inlet.The results show the temperature distridution decreased with flue gas recycle,so there is less NOx emission.And when flue gas is recycled to secondry wind inlet ,the NOx emission dropped mostly. The result offer a reference to design and operate a chain boiler.
Efficiency of DMUs with Interval Data under the Hypotheses of Weak Data Consistency
Authors: Wang Jie Fang , Liu Si Feng
Published: December 2010

The original data envelopment analysis (DEA) measures the efficiencies of decision making units（DMUs） with exact values of inputs and outputs. For interval data, some methods have been developed to calculate the interval efficiencies, however, the result of classic method always have high uncertainties. This paper proposes the hypothesis of weak data consistency in DEA. LP (linear programming) models to solve the upper and lower bounds of interval efficiencies are established. Lengths of efficiency intervals under the hypotheses are shorter the its limiting case is the result of DEA model under the hypotheses of data consistency
Characterization of Fluoro-Doped Tin Oxide Films Prepared by Newly Approached of Inkjet Printing Methods
Authors: Samad Wan Zurina , Yarmo Mohd Ambar , Salleh Muhamad Mat
Published: December 2010

A comparison study on deposition temperature between 40oC and 60oC using new route coating which is inkjet printing technique have been studied in this research paper. The FTO material were prepared by a common mixture technique between precursor solution of SnCl4.5H2O and NH4F as a doping agent. The prepared samples were coated on the glass substrate sized 20mm x 25mm and were calcined at 450oC. The samples were characterized using XRD, XPS, VP-SEM and UV-VIS. From the VP-SEM, the result show the different surface morphology between the two deposition temperatures. Samples prepared at 60oC shows a lot existence some kind of crystal shape on the substrate compared to films deposited at 40oC. Surface studies using XPS technique shows the existence of elements such as Sn, O and F. Detail analysis of these elements shows that Sn 3d5/2 form as Sn-O, O1s as oxygen linkage and F1s as Sn-F. The XPS and XRD results also shows that no significant changes on chemical stoichiometry for both deposition temperatures. The optimum optical properties with lower resistivity were found for thin films deposited at 40oC with 91 %T and 16 Ω/□.
Influence of Screen Ruling and Engraving Needle Tip Angle on Ink Transfer for Gravure
Authors: Deng Pu Jun , Zhang Gai Mei , Wang Yu , Fang Wei
Published: December 2010

Gravure printing is widely applied in packaging printing and the ink transfer is very important for printing quality. Ink transfer affects the ink uniform, thickness and dot gain, so it is necessary to optimize the parameter of the gravure plate making. At present, some investigations are developed for the ink transfer only qualitatively. In this paper, the influence of screen ruling and engraving needle tip angle on ink transfer is researched experimentally. Firstly, the standard test gravure plate was prepared, and then the gravure plates are engraved at different parameter combining the screen ruling and engraving needle tip angle. Finally, the printing samples are obtained, from which the transfer amount and the density are measured. This paper, the amount of ink transfer and the density are investigated, and the results show that screen ruling and engraving needle tip angle affect the ink transfer amount.
Research and Manufacture of Nano-Silver Conductive Ink
Authors: Tang Bao Lin , Chen Guang Xue , Chen Qi Feng , Tai Jing Lei
Published: December 2010

Printing electronics technology promotes the application of conductive ink. In this paper, the manufacture of nano-sliver conductive ink is investigated. First, Spherical silver nano-particles were reduced from silver nitrate solution by liquid chemical reduction method, with hydrazine hydrate as reductant and PVP as surface-protection reagent. SEM was used to characterize the morphology of silver powders, and the mean particles size is 62.79 nm. Then, conductive ink was prepared with nano-silver particles made in this research as conductive fillers, polyurethane resin and acrylic resin as binders, and stearic acid as dispersant. In the last, the conductive ink was printed on the PCB substrate by screening printing. After the ink is dried, conductivity, abrasion resistance, and adhesion were tested. The experiment results shows that the order of sheet resistivity magnitude is 10-4Ω•m, the number of rubbing fastness is more than 6000, and the adhesion can be resisted repeatedly to tape tear.
Effect of Polyethylene Films Coated Capsaicin on Rodent Repellent
Authors: Yang Wei Dong , Li Xi Hong , Li Li
Published: December 2010

The effect of capsaicin/gelatin/acacia/NaCMC crosslinked mixture coated outside polyethylene (PE) films on rodent repellent was studied. The concentrations of capsaicin coated were 0.5%, 1.0% and 3.0%, respectively. Determination of the rodent repellent effect was performed using the weight of grain inside the PE coated bags and the bitten proportion of PE coated bags. The results showed that the PE coated films were significantly able to expel mice (P<0.05). It was also observed that the rodent repellent bags coated capsaicin of 1.0% and 3.0% were able to expel mice effectively over 7 days. The capsaicin coated outside PE films had a positive effect on rodent repellent.
Growth of DLD-1 Colon Cancer Cells on Variotis™ Scaffolds of Controlled Porosity: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ma Yu Jia , Bryce Nicole S. , Whan Renee M. , Xiao Lucy , Li Kai , Ruys Andrew John , Hambley Trevor W. , Boughton Philip
Published: December 2010

Tissue engineering will play an increasingly vital role in cancer research. Provision of biomimetic microenvironment systems for in vitro cancer models can be addressed in part by utilizing thick 3D scaffolds with high interconnective porosity . This approach gives rise to new analytical challenges and opportunities. In this preliminary study, Variotis™ synthetic scaffolds of high interconnected porosity and hierarchical structure were used. An effective macroscopic porosity of 94.3 ±1.74 vol% was attained by using microCT and finite element methods. The actual porosity was determined to be 94.6±0.29 vol%. Scaffolds were compressed in a customized jig to thicknesses of 99.5 mm, 74.6 mm, 46.3 mm (±0.5% tolerance) and then annealed to set respective porosities of 94.3 vol%, 93.2 vol%, 89.5 vol% (±1.5% tolerance). Scaffolds were then sectioned to 2mm thickness. DLD-1 colon cancer cells were grown on 3D scaffolds of three specified porosities for varying periods of time then imaged using confocal and scanning electron microscopy methods. Hoechst staining resulted with minimal scaffold autofluoresence while autofluoresence exceeded useful limits when used in conjunction with Alexa488-phalloidin under argon laser excitation in confocal microscopy. Using Hoechst staining, DLD-1 cells (nuclei) were observed to readily attach and proliferate on Variotis™ scaffolds. Normal DLD-1 cell morphologies were evident using scanning electron microscopy. The high interconnected porosity of the scaffolds allowed cells to be observed deep within scaffolds. Scaffolds remained structurally stable and unified throughout all culture experiments and provided ease of handling during cell culture and microscopy.
3D Elastomeric Scaffolds Fabricated by Casting in Micro End Milled Moulds
Authors: Vivanco Juan , Smith Bryce , Blake Alex , Williams Justin , Turner Kevin , Ploeg Heidi
Published: December 2010

It is known that conventional scaffold manufacturing techniques have low reproducibility and control of the micro-architecture features. Although there have been advances in bone tissue engineering fabrication, there is no consensus on the optimized parameter designs or clear understanding of the microfluidic interactions required for tissue regeneration. In this work, we introduce a new inexpensive fabrication method of producing pore designs of 3D-elastomeric structures with high controlled geometry of orthogonal arrays. The present fabrication method utilizes a permanent and reusable micro-machined mould along with a micro-casted process to efficiently fabricate diverse 3D feature directly. This fabrication method, without multiple process steps, would be suitable to support experiments of controlled environment for flow effects in 3D bone scaffolds.
A Kangaroo Spine Lumbar Motion Segment Model: Biomechanical Analysis of a Novel In Situ Curing Nucleus Replacement Device
Authors: Sabet Tamer S. , Ho Ronald , Choi Jonathan , Boughton Philip , Diwan Ashish D.
Published: December 2010

This in vitro study compared the effects of nucleotomy alone, with nucleotomy then implantation with a novel nucleus replacement device (D3 device) in a single segment kangaroo spine model. This study utilised dynamic biaxial biomechanical testing of intact, nucleotomy and nucleus replacement implant conditions to evaluate the kinematic behaviour of the single segment kangaroo lumbar spine. Studies have examined the biomechanical efficacy of invasive treatments such as Total Disc Replacement and Intervertebral Fusion for the treatment of chronic low back pain, however no studies to date have investigated the biomechanical effects of a novel elastomeric compressive load sharing nucleus replacement device. Kangaroo lumbar spine motion segments with all musculature, ligamentous tissue and posterior elements removed, were tested in intact state prior to undergoing nucleotomy or nucleotomy then nucleus implantation using the D3 device. All specimens were tested in flexion-extension and lateral-bending; Range of motion (ROM), Neutral Zone (NZ), Hysteresis (H), and Elastic Stiffness (ES) were evaluated. Nucleotomised motion segments demonstrated a 30% to 90% increase in ROM, NZ, H, but not ES for all Flexion-Extension testing conditions and in Lateral Bending test conditions when compared to intact state. Implantation of the nucleus replacement device demonstrated no significant difference when compared to intact state except for H during Lateral Bending testing conditions when compared to the intact state. Therefore, there was a significant increase in ROM, NZ, and H after Nucleotomy during Flexion-Extension motions and an increase in ROM alone during lateral bending motions in the single segment kangaroo spine model. These changes return to that of the intact state with the placement of a novel nucleus replacement device. Our data suggest that the D3 device tested can restore the kinematic changes of a degenerated disc represented by the nucleotomised single motion segment.
Study on Cervical Spine Injuries in Vehicle Frontal Impact
Authors: Zhou Shu Wen , Zhang Si Qi , Yang Ying , Song Gui Qiu
Published: December 2010

The human spinal column is a highly complex and sophisticated system both from an engineering and neurological point of view, and provides a source of biomimetic inspiration for analysis of its function in trauma scenarios. A three-dimensional multi-body model of the 50th percentile male human and discretized neck were built for the study on cervical spine injuries in vehicle frontal impact. The discretized neck includes of cervical spine vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles. Following motor front crash evaluations, a finite element vehicle model was propelled straight ahead into a concrete barrier at a speed of 50 km/h. The longitudinal velocity of driver seat was decreased due to the absorbing energy function of the crumple zones. A Hybrid III adult male dummy was seated on a sled, restrained using safety belt, and longitudinal velocity measured from frontal impact was applied to simulate cervical spine injuries. The disk bending loads, interspinous ligament loads and disk shear strain of the cervical spine were analyzed in this paper.
A Study of the Structural and Vibrational Properties of Diamond Nanoparticles Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Chakraborty Rajarshi , Sharma Suresh C. , Laroque J. Kyle
Published: December 2010

Diamond nanoparticles (NPs), grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), have been characterized by utilizing AFM, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy. AFM and SEM data show increase in NPs size with growth period, ranging from about 20 nm for 15 min to 200 nm for 105 min growth. The Raman spectra show a sharp line at around 1332 cm-1, which is characteristic of diamond structure. We analyze the Raman spectra by using optical phonon confinement in nm-size crystals and discuss the resulting data for NP sizes.
Casein α s1 Is Expressed by Human Monocytes and Upregulates the Production of GM-CSF via p38 MAPK
Authors: Vordenbäumen Stefan , Braukmann Achim , Petermann Klaudia , Scharf Andrea , Bleck Ellen , von Mikecz Anna , Jose Joachim , Schneider Matthias
Published: December 2010

Caseins are major constituents of mammalian milks that are thought to be exclusively expressed in mammary glands and to function primarily as a protein source, as well as to ameliorate intestinal calcium uptake. In addition, proinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties have been reported for bovine caseins. Our aim was to investigate whether human casein α s1 (CSN1S1) is expressed outside the mammary gland and possesses immunomodulatory functions in humans as well. For this purpose, CSN1S1 mRNA was detected in primary human monocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but not in CD19+ B cells. CSN1S1 protein was traceable in supernatants of cultured primary human CD14+ monocytes by ELISA. Similarly, CSN1S1 mRNA and protein were detected in the human monocytic cell lines HL60, U937, and THP1 but not in Mono Mac 6 cells. Moreover, permeabilized human monocytes and HL60 cells could be stained by immunofluorescence, indicating intracellular expression. Recombinant human CSN1S1 was bound to the surface of Mono Mac 6 cells and upregulated the expression of GM-CSF mRNA in primary human monocytes and Mono Mac 6 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. A similar increase in GM-CSF protein was found in the culture supernatants. CSN1S1-dependent upregulation of GM-CSF was specifically blocked by the addition of the p38 MAPK inhibitor ML3403. Our results indicated that human CSN1S1 may possess an immunomodulatory role beyond its nutritional function in milk. It is expressed in human monocytes and stimulates the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine GM-CSF.
HER-2/neuTesting and Therapy in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Moelans Cathy B. , van Diest Paul J. , Milne Anya N. A. , Offerhaus G. Johan A.
Published: December 2010

Despite ongoing advances in the treatment of gastroesophageal cancer, prognosis remains poor. The best promise to improve this poor survival is provided by new targeted agents. Of these, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is currently in the spotlight. In this review, we provide an overview of recent developments in HER2 testing and results of clinical trials targeting HER2 in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Based on the encouraging ToGA trial findings it is now expected that routine HER2 testing will be included in the diagnostic work-up of patients with advanced gastric cancer. With regard to this testing, overexpression of the HER2 protein seems to possess the best predictive properties. However, HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is subject to assay and interobserver variability, so standardization and internal and external proficiency testing is an absolute prerequisite, especially as the IHC scoring system in gastric cancer is different from that of breast cancer. Further study is needed to investigate the clinical meaning of the significant heterogeneity observed in both gene amplification and protein overexpression in gastroesophageal cancer. Highly effective therapies for gastroesophageal cancer can only be accomplished by a multi-targeted approach, considering crosstalk between pathways and continuing to optimize chemotherapy.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) in chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia
Authors: Advani S H , Achreckar Suvarna , Thomas Dennis , Krishnankutty Binny
Published: December 2010

Background: The use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors to treat patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is well accepted. To assess whether administration of filgrastim along with standard empiric antibiotic therapy is beneficial for patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia (FN), we conducted an open, non-randomized clinical trial. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, open, Phase IV clinical trial in patients receiving chemotherapy for histologically confirmed cancer, with an oral temperature of >38.2°C and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of <500/mm 3 . Filgrastim was administered subcutaneously in a dose of 5 mcg/kg/day, 24 hours after administration of cytotoxic therapy, for up to two weeks or until the ANC reached 10,000 cells/mm 3 . The parameters of assessment included duration of neutropenia, fever, hospitalization and antibiotic usage. Results: All 24 evaluable patients recovered from neutropenia, fever and FN in a median duration of two days. This result is similar to that reported in earlier studies with filgrastim. Despite the acceleration in recovery from neutropenia and fever, it also reduced the duration of hospital stay and usage of intravenous (IV) antibiotic. Only two adverse events were reported, which were of mild nature. Conclusion: Filgrastim, when used in patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, exhibited efficacy in accelerating the recovery from neutropenia and fever comparable to that reported with filgrastim in literature. The data from this study suggest that filgrastim is effective in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and is well tolerated by Indian patients.
Hyperleukocytosis in a neonate: A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Avabratha K Shreedhara , Tauro Kiran Joseph , Shwethadri G K ,   Sushanth
Published: December 2010

A preterm baby presented with lethargy and tachypnea. Blood counts revealed hyperleukocytosis. Peripheral smear and bone marrow examination were not suggestive of leukemia. The baby was treated for sepsis. The baby recovered and WBC counts gradually reduced. Hyperleukocytosis was presumed to be a part of leukemoid reaction secondary to sepsis. The diagnostic possibilities with a review of literature are also presented.
Discrete Space-time and Integral Lorentz
Transformations
Authors: Schild Alfred
Published: December 2010

Modern physical theory, both classical and quantal, faces serious difficulties which arise from the divergence of certain integrals. Perhaps the best known of these “infinities” is the self-energy of the point electron. Most of the simpler devices used to eliminate the infinities, such as the introduction of a finite electron radius, are non-relativistic and must therefore be rejected. Relativistic theories1 which do avoid some or all of the infinities are very complicated and often suffer from difficulty in physical interpretation.
On Conjugate Convex Functions
Authors: Fenchel W.
Published: December 2010

Since the classical work of Minkowski and Jensen it is well known that many of the inequalities used in analysis may be considered as consequences of the convexity of certain functions. In several of these inequalities pairs of “conjugate” functions occur, for instance pairs of powers with exponents a and a related by 1/a + 1/a = 1. A more general example is the pair of positively homogeneous convex functions denned by Minkowski and known as the distance (or gauge) function and the function of support of a convex body. The purpose of the present paper is to explain the general (by the way rather elementary) idea underlying this correspondence.
Axiomatic Treatment of Rank in Infinite Sets
Authors: Rado R.
Published: December 2010

1. Summary. In many branches of mathematics the notion of rank plays an important part. H. Whitney [3] made a detailed axiomatic investigation of rank and several related ideas. All sets considered by Whitney are finite. In the present note the axiomatic treatment of rank is extended to sets of any cardinal. In the special case of algebraic dependence of elements of a field with respect to a sub-field, similar questions have already been considered by Steinitz [2].
Graphs of Degree Three with a Given Abstract Group
Authors: Frucht Robert
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. In his well-known book on graphs [1] König proposed the following problem: “When can a given abstract group be represented as the group of the automorphisms of a (finite) graph, and if possible how can the graph be constructed?”

To understand this problem well let us begin with the precise definition of a graph and its group (of automorphisms).
Factorization Ladders and Eigenfunctions
Authors: Duff G. F. D.
Published: December 2010

The eigenfunctions of a boundary value problem are characterized by two quite distinct properties. They are solutions of ordinary differential equations, and they satisfy prescribed boundary conditions. It is a definite advantage to combine these two requirements into a single problem expressed by a unified formula. The use of integral equations is an example in point. The subject of this paper, namely the Schrödinger-Infeld Factorization Method, which is applicable to certain restricted. Sturm-Liouville problems, is based upon another combination of the two properties. The Factorization Method prescribes a manufacturing process.
Extremum Properties of the Regular Polyhedra
Authors: Fejes Tόth Lâszlό
Published: December 2010

1. Historical remarks. In this paper we extend some well-known extremum properties of the regular polygons to the regular polyhedra. We start by mentioning some known results in this direction.

First, let us briefly consider the problem which has received the greatest attention among all the extremum problems for polyhedra. It is the determination of the polyhedron of greatest volume F of a class of polyhedra of equal surface areas F, i.e., the isepiphan problem.
Radiation and Gravitational Equations of Motion
Authors: Infeld L. , Scheidegger A. E.
Published: December 2010

Among the classical field theories, general relativity theory occupies a
somewhat peculiar place. Unlike those of most other field theories, the field
equations in relativity theory are non-linear. This implies that many facts, well
known in linear theories, have no analogues in general relativity theory, and
conversely. The equations of motion of the sources of the gravitational field are
contained in the field equations, a fact which does not apply for the motion of an
electron in the electromagnetic field. Conversely, it is difficult to define the
notion of a wave (familiar in electrodynamics) in relativity theory; for, the
linear principle of superposition is crucial for the existence of waves (at least
in the sense that the notion of a wave is normally used).
On Countably Paracompact Spaces
Authors: Dowker C. H.
Published: December 2010

Let X be a topological space, that is, a space
with open sets such that the union of any collection of open sets is open and the
intersection of any finite number of open sets is open. A covering of
X is a collection of open sets whose union is
X. The covering is called countable if it consists
of a countable collection of open sets or finite if it consists of a finite
collection of open sets ; it is called locally finite if every point of
X is contained in some open set which meets only a
finite number of sets of the covering. A covering is called a
refinement of a covering U if every open set of X is
contained in some open set of . The space
X is called countably paracompact if every countable
covering has a locally finite refinement.
On the Changes of Sign of a Certain Error Function
Authors: Erdös Paul , Shapiro Harold N.
Published: December 2010

Though much effort has been expended in studying the mean values of
arithmetic functions there is one case which has not yielded a great deal either
to elementary or analytic methods. The case to which we refer is that of
estimating
Darboux Properties and Applications to Non-Absolutely Convergent
Integrals
Authors: Ellis H. W.
Published: December 2010

This paper consists of two parts. The first contains an outline of the
theorems and principal results and the second (§§2-6) gives proofs of the theorems
and additional details. The theorems concern properties of Darboux continuous
functions and functions having generalized Darboux properties. The corresponding
results are shown to have interesting applications to the theory of non-absolutely
convergent integrals.
The Class Number of the Cyclotomic Field
Authors: Ankeny N. C. , Chowla S.
Published: December 2010

Let g denote an odd prime, and h = h(g) the class number of the cyclotomic
field R(), where
is a primitive gth
root of unity. It is known that we can write
The Factors of Graphs
Authors: Tutte W. T.
Published: December 2010

A graphGconsists of a non-null setVof objects called vertices together with a setEof objects called edges, the two sets having no common element. With each edge there are associated just two vertices, called its ends. Two or more edges may have the same pair of ends.
A Note on Divergent Series
Authors: Petersen G. M.
Published: December 2010

In this note we shall discuss certain matrix methods of summation, though otherwise, §1 and §2 are not connected.In this section, we shall study some properties of the method (Bh) where we say the series ∑uv is summable (Bh) when

The method (Bh) has been studied in special cases airsing from different values of h by Rogosinski [11; 12], Bernstein [2], and more recently by Karamata [3; 4].
Sur De Nouvelles Solutions Oscillatoires Des Equations De La
Gravitation
Authors: Matte Alphonse
Published: December 2010

Nous savons que dans le champ gravitationnel de la relativité (i.e. défini
par les équations Rμv = 0) les ondes dites gravitationnelles se propagent avec la
vitesse de la lumière. Nous allons maintenant voir, dans le présent travail
que si, dans le même continuum, on impose aux potentiels
gμv, une oscillation de fréquence assez élevée, il en résulte une onde
du type maxwellien.
On The Number of Symmetry Types of Boolean Functions of
n Variables
Authors: Slepian David
Published: December 2010

In recent years Boolean Algebra has come to play a prominent role in the
analysis and synthesis of switching circuits [1; 4]. One general synthesis
problem in which this algebra has proved useful is the following. Let there
be given n input leads each of which can assume one of two possible states.
It is desired to construct a network with these n input leads and a single
output lead also capable of assuming either of two states. Furthermore, the
state of the output lead for each of the 2n states of the input
leads is prescribed.
Completeness of Order Statistics
Authors: Fraser D. A. S.
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. Under the non-parametric assumption that a set of observations is a sample from an absolutely continuous distribution, the order statistics are known to form a complete sufficient statistic. It is proved in this note that it suffices to have the class of uniform distributions over finite numbers of intervals or the class of uniform distributions over sets of a ring which is a basis for the σ-algebra of Borel sets. This result is derived as a particular case
of that of several samples from more general distributions.
Non-Parametric Theory: Scale and Location Parameters
Authors: Fraser D. A. S.
Published: December 2010

In §2 a result in measure theory is obtained. The remainder of this paper, §3 to §11, contains results in the branch of statistics called non-parametric theory; these results in part are based on the measure result of §2.

The measure result concerns a class of probability distributions—those distributions having a probability density function on the real line and for which a fraction p of the probability is on the negative axis and a fraction q = 1 - p is on the positive axis. Corresponding to a sample of n the functional form is obtained for a statistic having expectation zero for all distributions in the class; such a statistic is referred to as an unbiased estimate of zero.
On the Riemann Derivatives for Integrable Functions
Authors: Butzer P. L. , Kozakiewicz W.
Published: December 2010

The central difference of order s of the functionf(x), Δs2hf(x), corresponding to a numberh> 0, is defined inductively by the relations

.

If the limit of the difference quotient

exists at the pointx, it is called the sth Riemann derivative or the generalized sth derivative of fix) at the pointx.
Some Series Of Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Designs
Authors: Sprott D. A.
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. The use of incomplete block designs for estimating and judging the significance of the difference of treatment effects is now a standard statistical technique. A special kind of incomplete block design is the Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Design (PBIBD) introduced in (3).