bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endometriosis-associated Pain in Patients with and without Hormone Therapy
Authors: Brandes Iris , Neuser Mandala , Kopf Andreas , Chiantera Vito , Sehouli Jalid , Mechsner Sylvia
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Endometriosis is associated with both cyclic and non-cyclic pelvic pain. Many patients do not remain symptom free, even after guideline-oriented treatment. This study aimed to identify differences in endometriosis-associated pain and test for possible associations with hormone therapy.

Methods

The results presented here are based on a cross-sectional study conducted at the Charité Endometriosis Center in Berlin in which pain profile data were collected via a questionnaire from women with a confirmed diagnosis of endometriosis. The questionnaire contained items concerning cyclic and non-cyclic pain, pain intensity, and pain duration. SPSS software was used to perform the statistical analysis, including descriptive and analytical statistics.

Results

Of 239 women surveyed, 121 (50.6%) reported current hormone therapy, and 185 (77.4%) reported previous hormone therapy. Moreover, 84% had current (cyclic and non-cyclic) pain symptoms, which were severe enough to warrant treatment in nearly 70% of all cases. Hormone therapy was only found to be associated with a slight, non-significant advantage in patients with “cyclic pain”. The reverse was true of non-cyclic pain: women on hormone therapy reported a greater incidence of pain, greater pain intensity, more frequent need for treatment, and more pain days.

Conclusions

With a very broad interpretation of our findings, it can be concluded that hormone therapy achieves some degree of pain reduction via down-regulation of the ovarian cycle, at least in the case of cyclic pain, whereas non-cyclic pain does not respond or no longer responds to hormones.
Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis: Review of 17 Portuguese Patients
Authors: Sousa Sandra , Fernandes Susana , Estanqueiro Paula , Zilhão Carla , Resende Catarina , Aguiar Francisca , Brito Iva , Oliveira-Ramos Filipa , Salgado Manuel , Guedes Margarida , Melo-Gomes José , Santos Maria J.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Juvenile systemic sclerosis (jSSc) represents about 10% of all systemic sclerosis patients. We aim to describe the clinical characteristics and disease progression of children with jSSc followed in Portuguese pediatric rheumatology centers.

Methods

Clinical and laboratory features as well as medication and outcomes of jSSc children were reviewed.

Results

Seventeen patients were included in the analysis, 5 of whom had overlap syndromes. Thirteen girls, with a mean age at diagnosis of 10.6 ± 3.9 years and mean disease duration of 10.5 ± 3.9 years, of these 12 had diffuse cutaneous scleroderma. In 94% cases, the first symptom was Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), followed by arthritis and/or puffy hands (59%). Pulmonary involvement was documented in 7 patients at disease diagnosis, despite the paucity of respiratory complaints. Thirteen patients presented periungual capillaropathy. During follow-up, RP and skin thickening were the most frequent clinical manifestations (100%), followed by arthralgia (94%) and arthritis (76%). Pulmonary, as well as gastrointestinal involvement was documented in eight patients. Sixteen children were antinuclear (ANA) positive, eight tested positive for anti-Scl70, and one for anti-fibrillarin antibodies. Immunosuppressants (94%), proton pump inhibitors (76%) and glucocorticoids (65%) were the most common therapeutic options. One child needed autologous bone marrow transplant due to severe refractory disease. An improvement of skin thickening and stabilization of pulmonary involvement was documented in most cases. No deaths were registered in this cohort.

Conclusions

Raynaud's phenomenon as well as capillaroscopic abnormalities were almost universal at disease presentation. Internal organ involvement was common and occurred early during disease course, although asymptomatic in several cases.
An Accurate Full-flexion Anterolateral Portal for Needle Placement in the Knee Joint With Dry Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hussein Mohamed
Published: June 2017

Introduction:

Accurate delivery of an injection into the intra-articular space of the knee is achieved in only two thirds of knees when using the standard anterolateral portal. The use of a modified full-flexion anterolateral portal provides a highly accurate, less painful, and more effective method for reproducible intra-articular injection without the need for ultrasonographic or fluoroscopic guidance in patients with dry osteoarthritis of the knee.

Methods:

The accuracy of needle placement was assessed in a prospective series of 140 consecutive injections in patients with symptomatic degenerative knee arthritis without clinical knee effusion. Procedural pain was determined using the Numerical Rating Scale. The accuracy rates of needle placement were confirmed with fluoroscopic imaging to document the dispersion pattern of injected contrast material.

Results:

Using the standard anterolateral portal, 52 of 70 injections were confirmed to have been placed in the intra-articular space on the first attempt (accuracy rate, 74.2%). Using the modified full-flexion anterolateral portal, 68 of 70 injections were placed in the intra-articular space on the first attempt (accuracy rate, 97.1%; P = 0.000).

Conclusion:

This study revealed that using the modified full-flexion anterolateral portal for injections into the knee joint resulted in more accurate and less painful injections than those performed by the same orthopaedic surgeon using the standard anterolateral portal. In addition, the technique offered therapeutic delivery into the joint without the need for fluoroscopic confirmation.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level II
Sex-workers in a Country of Largest Muslim Population
Authors: Artaria Myrtati D. , Kinasih Sri E.
Published: May 2017

Indonesia is the largest Islam country in the world that has the biggest number of Muslims among other countries in the world. Hence this is the reason of the local governments, the governor of East Java Province and the mayor of Surabaya, to close the red-light areas. The purpose of this research is to know how the women became sex-workers in the biggest number of Muslims in the world. We observed and interviewed 20 informants of sex workers and former sex-workers; the Head of Local Health Center, NGO in those areas, and midwives. The data that had been collected were classified into themes. While being analyzed, the report was written and being classified. The results show that although the nation vows that every individual in this country has a religion, and mostly are Muslims, but prostitution is difficult to inhibit. We found many reasons that have made the women fell into the world of prostitution in this area of East Java. After the closing of the red-areas we found that they have secretly continue doing their job because they do not have other skills that can make as much as money that they earned as sex-workers. We conclude that the purpose to preserve a good religious environment by closing the red-areas cannot be realized. The closing of the red-areas has brought new problems because the spread of HIV/AID and sexually transmitted disease are more difficult to control.
The Effectiveness of Likes Method in Improving Reading Skills of Orang Asli Students
Authors: Wahab Norwaliza Abdul , Jaafar Ridzuan , Mustapha Ramlee , Kamis Arasinah , Affandi Norhayati Mohd
Published: May 2017

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the LIKES method in teaching KVKV (consonant, vowel, consonant, vowel) syllables in bahasa Melayu (Malay language) among Orang Asli students in primary schools. This research was conducted in two Orang Asli schools consisting of pupils aged 8 to 10 years as the subjects of the study. Quasi-experimental methods were used to determine the effectiveness of the LIKES method. Assessments were carried out for eight weeks including diagnostic tests as well as pre and post tests. The results showed significant differences in the reading skills of the control group (CG) and experimental group (EG). The study found that the reading skills according to gender was not a significant. Results from the observations showed the Orang Asli students are more focused and enjoyed to learn while using LIKES method in class. The findings clearly show that the LIKES method are suitable to be given to Orang Asli students, or students in remedial classes to improve the skills of reading especially KVKV syllables in bahasa Melayu.
The Varied Nature of Risk and Considerations for the Water Industry: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Kosovac Anna , Davidson Brian , Malano Hector , Cook Julia
Published: May 2017

In many circumstances within the water industry, project managers act as the gatekeepers for new infrastructure and water projects by way of determining, or at least providing, an assessment of whether to proceed with the project. Their assessments, which are considerably based on risk, disproportionately assume a technical, rational approach. Psychological, sociological and cultural risk approaches provide a comprehensive guide into how risks are assessed, highlighting areas that are not considered by the traditional technical risk approach. This article provides a review of these approaches, and in so doing contends that existing risk assessments in the water industry ignore sociological and psychological contexts in situations, leading to an assessment that may not be reliable.
Legal Effect of Subtract Physical in Iranian Jurisprudence and Law
Authors: Khalafi Ali , Roshan Mohammad , Taghizadeh Ebrahim , Karimi Abbas
Published: June 2017

In Iranian law, only entities that can be said is similar to physical subtraction, iddah entity after revocable divorce. During the iddah, couples living together have some obligations, but not forced to lay in between. And in another, though, for fear the loss of his wife, is allowed to subtract the location of the shared residence. It must be said that this system is rational and human relations based on the wisdom of civilization is permissible insofar as it does not conflict with Islamic law. If intellectuals of today's society conclude that stipulated in the divorce decree was not rational and not in the interest of society must predict good strategies to restore them to life and as far as possible be required. Basically, physical subtraction is expected to act before divorce to assess at this time to prevent the occurrence of problems after divorce and couples come to life with stability.
Criminal Responsibility of Children in International Documents and Comparative Study with Iranian Law
Authors: Lotfi Iraj
Published: June 2017

Criminal growth, reach the age that person has the power of discernment and full recognition of good and evil actions and understand the legal and religious commandments and on the basis of the criminal in front of their criminal acts, will have criminal responsibility. This article is to examine the criminal liability of children with attitudes to Iran and some countries with international rules. United Nations as a global organization, without following any legal system and also due to the diverse needs of member countries, providing solutions in the field of juvenile delinquency in the form of documents that primarily to improve the national law in this area is rich countries that are not and need international assistance. According to the documents of the United Nations, having a special child rights law is that all children and young people who live in this vast universe, must have it and this national legislation in this regard, it can take effective steps for the rights of children, following the international rules in this area. Criminal growth requires criminal responsibility and with recent developments of the Islamic Penal Code, many former legal forms have been overcome and effective steps have been taken in order to keep pace with human rights law, which has long attached great importance to this issue.
What Future(s) for Liberalized Electricity Markets: Efficient, Equitable or Innovative?
Authors: Newbery David M.
Published: May 2017

Well-designed electricity liberalization has delivered efficiency gains, but political risks of decarbonizing the sector have undermined investment incentives in energy-only markets, while poorly designed regulated tariffs have increased the cost of accommodating renewables. The paper sets out principles from theory and public economics to guide market design, capacity remuneration, renewables support and regulatory tariff setting, with an illustration from a high capital cost low variable cost electricity system. Such characteristics are likely to become more prevalent with increasing renewables penetration, where poor regulation is already threatening current utility business models. The appendix develops and applies a method for determining the subsidy justified by learning spillovers from solar PV.
Feitenloze wetenschap speelt de post-waarheid politiek in de kaart
Authors: van der Maas Han L.J.
Published: June 2017

Fact free science plays into the hands of post-truth politics

Dijstelbloem’s view on science and truth seems to support post-truth politics. The relativistic view on science is logically inconsistent and mostly irrelevant to practical science and its contribution to society. Post truth politics should be challenged by better science and better education.
De maatschappelijke positie van de wetenschappen staat op het spel – reactie op Han van der Maas
Authors: Dijstelbloem Huub
Published: June 2017

Reflection and debate initiates academically inspired discussions on issues that are on the current policy agenda.
Introductie bij de oratie van Monique Kremer
Authors: Bannink Duco , Engelen Ewald
Published: June 2017

In this feature authors discuss recent research findings that are of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.
‘Verzorgingsstaten maken mensen solidair’
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem
Published: June 2017

In this feature authors discuss recent research findings that are of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.
De blinde vlek in corporatieland
Authors: Teunis Gerrit
Published: June 2017

The most relevant part of a discussion is not what is discussed but what cannot be spoken of. The real taboos are those for which it is taboo to call them taboos. The status quo defines itself as non-ideological while denouncing any challenge to itself as radical. Therefore the column “De Blinde Vlek” frames the framers, politicizes the status quo and articulates what is not heard of.
Hart, handen & voeten: de mondelinge behandeling en de pleitnota na KEI
Authors: Seinen C.J-A.
Published: June 2017

Hart, handen & voeten: de mondelinge behandeling en de pleitnota na KEI

Na invoering van KEI zal de civiele rechter in veel zaken meteen na de mondelinge behandeling uitspraak doen; alle stukken en stellingen moeten voortaan vóór de zitting zijn ingediend, en rechters worden geacht vaker instructies geven om dit te bewerkstelligen. Nieuw is deze wens niet; wel nieuw is dat de wetgever haar in de wet heeft geëxpliciteerd en op de overtreding van enkele sleutelbepalingen concretere sancties stelt. Deze bijdrage onderzoekt of de wetgever met die wijzigingen de al decennia gewenste ‘cultuuromslag’ in het civiele proces eindelijk afdwingt; praktische vraag daarbij is of partijen nog wel een pleitnota mogen indienen.
Development and Validation of a GC-MS Method for the Analysis of Homogentisic Acid in Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Honey
Authors: Brčić Karačonji Irena , Jurica Karlo
Published: May 2017

To confirm the botanical origin of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey, a liquid–liquid extraction followed by GC-MS method was developed for the quantitative determination of homogentisic acid (HGA), the main phenolic compound in this honey. Different parameters affecting extraction, such as the type and volume of extraction solvents, pH of the solution, and amount of salt, were optimized. The method showed good linearity (r2 = 0.9990) over the tested concentration range (50–500 mg/kg) and a low LOD (0.3 mg/kg). Precision expressed as RSD was <7%. The average accuracy was 95%. The optimized method was applied for determining the HGA content in strawberry tree honey samples from Croatia. The HGA content in analyzed samples (n = 7) ranged from 245.1 to 485.9 mg/kg. The proposed method provided reliable performance and can be easily implemented for the routine monitoring of HGA in strawberry tree honey in order to assure honey QC.
Dimensões do excesso e de realidade: reflexões a partir de uma experiência de escuta
Authors: Ribas Renata Freitas , Tomasi Laura , Macedo Mônica Medeiros Kother
Published: June 2017

Em Psicanálise, sabe-se que a vivência de um trauma, seja ele real ou fantasiado, causa impactos importantes no psiquismo. O presente trabalho propõe, a partir de uma vinheta clínica, a reflexão a respeito dos efeitos do traumático advindo do histórico vivencial e da realidade psíquica do sujeito. No desenvolvimento das proposições deste artigo utilizam-se vinhetas de um caso clínico a fim de ilustrar a inter-relação entre experiências da realidade externa e as marcas decorrentes desta na realidade interna. A história de Marta permite problematizar contribuições da Psicanálise a respeito de trauma psíquico. Acredita-se ser a escuta analítica um recurso fundamental frente às manifestações de dor psíquica oriundas da vigência do excesso traumático. A partir da instauração de condições de tramitação psíquica e de atribuição de sentido às experiências de dor é possível acompanhar a construção de novas possibilidades de devir ao sujeito psíquico.
Management of oral adverse effects related to cetuximab plus radiotherapy
Authors: Corrêa Danilo da Silva , Oliveira Thaís Feitosa Leitao de , Santos Paulo Sérgio da Silva
Published: June 2017

Squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck have an incidence of more than five hundred thousand cases a year worldwide. The standard treatment of this condition consists of platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, in case of advanced age or reduced general condition the chemotherapy agent utilized is Cetuximab, a molecular targeted drug, used for metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Adverse effects associated with Cetuximab can be potentiated by the radiotherapy leading to oral mucositis and skin toxicities. We report a case of a 70-year-old caucasian woman who had removed a gingival squamous cell carcinoma at the left side of the mandible. During intensity modulated radiotherapy and Cetuximab chemotherapy she began to develop severe oral mucositis and perioral and neck skin toxicities. The pain associated with the oral mucositis prevented the patient from eating, causing a break in radio and chemotherapy. The treatment with systemic and topical medications and low-level lasertherapy was applied. The patient tolerated well the treatment and fifteen days after it began, radio and chemotherapy was reinitiated and concluded with no more adverse effects. It is important to the medical team to be aware of it, since the early identification and treatment of its signs and symptoms reduces the risks of breaks in the treatment and provides better quality of life to these patients.
Familial case of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome associated with craniosynostosis
Authors: Mohan Ravi Prakash Sasankoti , Gupta Akanksha , Kamarthi Nagaraju
Published: June 2017

Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder and occurs due to mutations in the PTCH1 (Patched 1) gene. It is characterized by multiple keratocystic odontogenic tumors, multiple basal cell carcinomas, skeletal, ophthalmic, neurological ab- normalities and facial dysmorphism. Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of calvarial bones leading to an abnormal head shape. In addition to all the classical features, presence of craniosynostosis in one of our cases was an interesting finding which has never been reported previously in Gorlin-Goltz syndrome. Giant congenital melanocytic nevus was also present making the case more unique.
Reemerging syphilis
Authors: Santos Ingrid da Silva , Bastos Daniela Brito , Valente Vitor Bonetti , D'Avila Solange Pires , Tjioe Kellen Cristine , Biasoli Éder Ricardo , Miyahara Glauco Issamu , Bernabé Daniel Galera
Published: June 2017

Background: Syphilis cases have increasing worldwide recently, indicating a resurgence of the disease. Its clinical features vary widely and often challenge the establishment of the diagnosis. Case report: A 23-year-old woman presented with multiple erosive and patchy oral lesions, dysphagia, and pain with onset of two months. Her medical history revealed that she also presented skin macules which were misdiagnosed as pityriasis by a dermatologist. Nontreponemic test was reagent. An incisional biopsy of an oral lesion was performed and the histopathological aspects were suggestive of syphilis. Treponemic test was positive, confirming secondary syphilis. The treatment consisted of penicillin for 3 weeks. After the 6-months follow-up, clinical and serological exams did not show any sign of the disease. Conclusions: Diagnosing syphilis by oral lesions can be difficult once it can mimic other affections. Additionally, the reemergence of this sexually transmitted disease in the last years demands its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of either erosive or ulcerate lesions.
Clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical findings in canalicular adenoma
Authors: Silva Leorik Pereira da , Silva Luiz Arthur Barbosa da , Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas da , Oliveira Patrícia Teixeira de , Miguel Márcia Cristina da Costa
Published: June 2017

Canalicular adenoma (CAd) is an uncommon benign salivary gland tumor, usually located in the upper lip. We carried out a survey of cases of CAds among the all salivary gland tumors submitted to an Oral Pathology service over a 36-year period, and performed a comprehensive literature review of all CAds reported from 2006 to 2016. Among 161 salivary gland tumors, only two were diagnosed as CAds. A detailed clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study of the two cases was performed. Morphologically, the tumors were characterized by cuboidal to columnar neoplastic cells lining cystic spaces and forming tumor cords. The IHC reactions (positive for cytokeratin-7, AE1/ AE3, S-100, p63, and negative for α-SMA) supported a luminal/ductal cell proliferation without myoepithelial cells. The clinical features of the cases were similar to that shown in the literature, while the morphological and IHC findings confirmed the epithelial nature of the tumor, and highlighted important differential diagnostic aspects.
The meaning of voices in understanding and treating psychosis: Moving towards intervention informed by collaborative formulation
Authors: Lonergan Aoife
Published: May 2017

From a medical perspective, hearing voices is perceived as a symptom of mental illness and their content as largely irrelevant. The effectiveness of antipsychotic medication has made it central to the treatment of psychosis. However pharmacological treatment alone is rarely sufficient for this disabling condition. This review examined the feasibility of formulating an understanding of the meaning of voices in psychosis to inform intervention. Examination of the literature demonstrated the need for a paradigm shift to a recovery model, drawing on biopsychosocial factors in formulating an understanding of the meaning of voices in the context of a person’s life. Providing the opportunity to talk about their experiences may aid the development of an interpersonally coherent narrative representing opportunities for psychological growth. Findings have implications for treatment planning and assessment of outcome. Collaborative formulation regarding the subjective meaning of voices may aid in understanding their development and maintenance and guide intervention. Hearing voices with reduced negative effects on wellbeing and functioning may reduce distress and improve quality of life even in the presence of voices. CFT, CBT, Relating Therapy and Open Dialogue may be effective in applying these principles. Findings are limited by the lack of controlled studies. Further controlled studies and qualitative explorations of individual experiences are recommended.
Friendship and internal migration in Brazil: Vulnerability and coping
Authors: Garcia Agnaldo , Rodrigues Tayssa Grassi , Lucas Lorena Schettino , Pérez-Angarita Daniela Marisol
Published: June 2017

Friendship has been investigated in the context of international migration, but little is known about the subject in relation to internal migration, a phenomenon of great social importance in Brazil. The purpose of this article is to present and discuss data obtained in an investigation on the relations between internal migration and friendship as perceived by citizens from the state of Espírito Santo who were living in other states of Brazil, in the North, Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast regions. Twenty adults born in the state and who had migrated to another Brazilian state participated in the investigation. The participants have been interviewed about how they perceived the relationship between friendship and migration and the data were subjected to thematic content analysis. Among the results difficulties to maintain friendships with people of the place of origin as well as difficulties in forming new friendships were observed. Friends were considered relevant for adaptation to the new state, affecting the perception of the same. The article also discusses the origin of friends, the perception of cultural differences and difficulties to make friends in another state. It is concluded that friends play a relevant role in the lives of Brazilian internal migrants and further investigations are necessary.
Getúlio Vargas: um estudo comparativo entre a revista ilustrada “Careta” e a imprensa comunista (1945-1954)
Authors: Gawryszewski Alberto
Published: May 2017

Utilizando como fontes a revista “Careta” e os periódicos da imprensa comunista, buscar-se-á fazer um estudo comparativo de como essas publicações desenharam a figura de Getúlio Vargas no período de 1945-54. Traços, conceitos de caricatura e charge, abordagens, público-alvo, busca do riso, da ironia e da denúncia serão abordados neste texto. Palavras-chave: Getúlio Vargas; “Careta”; Imprensa Comunista; Caricatura; Charge.
Rumo à Catástrofe
Authors: Maynard Dilton Cândido Santos
Published: May 2017

ROUSSO, Henry. A última catástrofe: a história, o presente, o contemporâneo. Trad. Fernando Coelho e Fabrício Coelho. Rio de Janeiro: FGV, 2016.
ON THE HORNS OF A DILEMMA: INTELLECTUALS BETWEEN THE REGIME AND THE PEOPLE AS REFLECTED IN IRAQI COMMUNIST LITERATURE
Authors: Peled-Shapira Hilla
Published: May 2017

This paper deals with the way in which Communist writers in mid-twentieth-century Iraq used literature in order to, on the one hand express their tense relationship with the regime during times of severe political repression, and on the other hand sharply criticize the Iraqi people themselves for not taking responsibility for or caring about their fate—or, for that matter, for failing to internalize the social class discourse to which the Communists aspired.  The paper’s objective is to examine the connection between the writers’ ideology and the rhetorical and conceptual elements with which they expressed their dissatisfaction with the regime, the way Iraqi society was run, and the desires of both—intellectuals and society at large—to undergo change. In addition, this study will survey the esthetic and stylistic devices, which the writers under consideration chose, and consider both the meanings and motives behind their choices. These aspects will be examined in the framework of a proposed model of “circles of criticism.”
SHARING SACRED SPACES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: CHRISTIANS, MUSLIMS, AND JEWS AT SHRINES AND SANCTUARIES.
Authors: Gourlay William
Published: May 2017

Review of:Sharing Sacred Spaces in the Mediterranean: Christians, Muslims and Jews at Shrines and Sanctuaries. By Dionigi Albera and Maria Couroucli (editors), Indiana University Press, 2012, Cloth, 288 pp. $70.00 ISBN 9780253356338
THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND THE MAKING OF GLOBAL RADICALISM, 1860-­1914
Authors: Khuri-Makdisi Ilham
Published: May 2017

The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860-­1914 / Ilham Khuri-­Makdisi, (University of California Press, 2010,) 279 pp.
Pharmacy refill data can be used to predict virologic failure for patients on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil
Authors: Martin David , Luz Paula M. , Lake Jordan E. , Clark Jesse L. , Campos Dayse P. , Veloso Valdilea G. , Moreira Ronaldo I. , Cardoso Sandra W. , Klausner Jeffrey D. , Grinsztejn Beatriz
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Pharmacy adherence measures such as pharmacy dispensing ratios (PDRs) have previously been shown to be predictive of virologic outcomes. We aimed to determine the optimal interval of PDR assessment for predicting virologic failure for HIV‐infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods: Using national Brazilian ART pharmacy refill data, we examined PDRs for patients ≥18 years of age with at least one HIV RNA level ≥180 days after ART initiation on or after 1 January 2011. Patients with a documented ART change ≤270 days prior to viral load test date were excluded. Logistic regression models were used to describe associations between virologic failure, defined as an HIV RNA level ≥400 copies/mL and PDRs, defined as the number of days index drug dispensed (non‐nucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor) per 180‐ and 90‐day, interval preceding viral load testing, adjusting for sex, age, race, time since ART initiation and index drug. Backward elimination of insignificant variables was performed after adjusting for PDR. A predictive probability of virologic failure was calculated using the corresponding odds ratios for the PDR and any other significant variables. The diagnostic performance of the PDR interval was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for the predictive probability with respect to virologic failure.

Results and Discussion: A total of 1,025 patients were included (68% were male, median age 40 years, median time on ART 3.4 years). The PDR was found to be significantly associated with virologic failure for all of the PDR intervals (p < 0.001). There was an increased risk of virologic failure for all PDRs <0.95. The 90–180 days interval had a AUROC of 0.842, compared to 0.841 and 0.829 for the 0–180 days and 0–90 days intervals, respectively. The PDR performed well as a predictive tool to identify patients in virologic failure with the 90–180‐days interval prior to viral load testing being marginally more predictive.

Conclusions: The validation and use of the pharmacy dispensing ratio using public pharmacy refill data could aid in early identification of patients with poor adherence and prevent development of treatment failure and drug resistance in Brazil.
A cell cycle-independent, conditional gene inactivation strategy for differentially tagging wild-type and mutant cells
Authors: Nagarkar-Jaiswal Sonal , Manivannan Sathiya N , Zuo Zhongyuan , Bellen Hugo J
Published: May 2017

Here, we describe a novel method based on intronic MiMIC insertions described in Nagarkar-Jaiswal et al. (2015) to perform conditional gene inactivation in Drosophila. Mosaic analysis in Drosophila cannot be easily performed in post-mitotic cells. We therefore, therefore, developed Flip-Flop, a flippase-dependent in vivo cassette-inversion method that marks wild-type cells with the endogenous EGFP-tagged protein, whereas mutant cells are marked with mCherry upon inversion. We document the ease and usefulness of this strategy in differential tagging of wild-type and mutant cells in mosaics. We use this approach to phenotypically characterize the loss of SNF4Aγ, encoding the γ subunit of the AMP Kinase complex. The Flip-Flop method is efficient and reliable, and permits conditional gene inactivation based on both spatial and temporal cues, in a cell cycle-, and developmental stage-independent fashion, creating a platform for systematic screens of gene function in developing and adult flies with unprecedented detail.
Difference on cone size preferences between two coniferous species by Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major)
Authors: Dylewski Łukasz , Yosef Reuven , Myczko Łukasz
Published: May 2017

The number of species that specialize in pre-dispersal seed predation is relatively small. Examples of specialized pre-dispersal seed predators adapted to feeding on closed cones include vertebrate species like Crossbills, Squirrels, Nutcrackers and Woodpeckers. Seed predation selects against certain phenotypic features of cones and favors another phenotypic features. In this study, we document preferences of the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) for specific traits in the cones of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). We found that the Great Spotted Woodpecker prefers to feed on medium sized Norway spruce cones. The results suggest a disruptive selection that favors the extreme cone lengths in Norway spruce. In Scots pine, the woodpeckers avoided cones with large apophyses. Further, the selectivity for the specific characteristics of the cones is probably related to the configuration of the anvil, a place at which woodpeckers extract seeds from the cones. We think that the Great Spotted Woodpecker preferences in relation to the morphological characteristics of cones are a key to the design of the anvil in order to maximize the use of it as a tool for processing cones of both the Norway spruce and the Scots pine.
Temperature variations in the dayside magnetosheath and their dependence on ion‐scale magnetic structures: THEMIS statistics and measurements by MMS
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Osmane A. , Pulkkinen T. I. , Nykyri K. , Kilpua E.
Published: May 2017

The magnetosheath contains an array of waves, instabilities, and nonlinear magnetic structures which modify global plasma properties by means of various wave‐particle interactions. The present work demonstrates that ion‐scale magnetic field structures (∼0.2–0.5 Hz) observed in the dayside magnetosheath are statistically correlated to ion temperature changes on orders 10–20% of the background value. In addition, our statistical analysis implies that larger temperature changes are in equipartition to larger amplitude magnetic structures. This effect was more pronounced behind the quasi‐parallel bow shock and during faster solar wind speeds. The study of two separate intervals suggests that this effect can result from both local and external drivers. This manuscript presents two separate case studies, one from using THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) data and another from Magnetospheric Multiscale; these measurements are then supported by extensive THEMIS statistical observations. These results could partly explain the 10–20% dawn‐favored asymmetry of the magnetosheath ion temperature seed population and contribute to the dawn‐favored asymmetry of cold component ions in the cold dense plasma sheet.
Statistical comparison of the ICME's geoeffectiveness of different types and different solar phases from 1995 to 2014
Authors: Shen Chenglong , Chi Yutian , Wang Yuming , Xu Mengjiao , Wang Shui
Published: May 2017

The geoeffectiveness of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) is an important issue in space weather research and forecasting. Based on the ICME catalog that we recently established and the Dst indices from the World Data Center, we study and compare the geoeffectiveness of ICMEs of different in situ signatures and different solar phases from 1995 to 2014. According to different in situ signatures, all ICMEs are divided into three types: isolated ICMEs (I‐ICMEs), multiple ICMEs (M‐ICMEs), and shock‐embedded ICMEs (S‐ICMEs), resulting in a total of 363 group events. The main findings of this work are as follows: (1) Fifty‐eight percent of ICMEs caused geomagnetic storms with Dstmin≤−30 nT. Further, large fraction (87%) of intense geomagnetic storms are caused by ICME groups and their sheath regions. (2) Numbers of ICME groups and the probabilities of ICME groups in causing geomagnetic storms varied in pace with the solar cycle. Meanwhile, the ICME groups and the probabilities of them in causing geomagnetic storms in Solar Cycle 24 are much lower than those in Solar Cycle 23. (3) The maximum value of the intensity of the magnetic field (B), south component of the magnetic field (Bs), and dawn‐dusk electric field vBs are well correlated with the intensity of the magnetic storms. (4) Shock‐embedded ICMEs have a high probability in causing geomagnetic storms, especially intense geomagnetic storms. (5) The compression of shock on the south component of magnetic field is an important factor to enhance the geoeffectiveness of S‐ICMEs structures.
An isolated, bright cusp aurora at Saturn
Authors: Kinrade J. , Badman S. V. , Bunce E. J. , Tao C. , Provan G. , Cowley S. W. H. , Grocott A. , Gray R. L. , Grodent D. , Kimura T. , Nichols J. D. , Arridge C. S. , Radioti A. , Clarke J. T. , Crary F. J. , Pryor W. R. , Melin H. , Baines K. H. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: May 2017

Saturn's dayside aurora displays a number of morphological features poleward of the main emission region. We present an unusual morphology captured by the Hubble Space Telescope on 14 June 2014 (day 165), where for 2 h, Saturn's FUV aurora faded almost entirely, with the exception of a distinct emission spot at high latitude. The spot remained fixed in local time between 10 and 15 LT and moved poleward to a minimum colatitude of ~4°. It was bright and persistent, displaying intensities of up to 49 kR over a lifetime of 2 h. Interestingly, the spot constituted the entirety of the northern auroral emission, with no emissions present at any other local time—including Saturn's characteristic dawn arc, the complete absence of which is rarely observed. Solar wind parameters from propagation models, together with a Cassini magnetopause crossing and solar wind encounter, indicate that Saturn's magnetosphere was likely to have been embedded in a rarefaction region, resulting in an expanded magnetosphere configuration during the interval. We infer that the spot was sustained by reconnection either poleward of the cusp or at low latitudes under a strong component of interplanetary magnetic field transverse to the solar wind flow. The subsequent poleward motion could then arise from either reconfiguration of successive open field lines across the polar cap or convection of newly opened field lines. We also consider the possible modulation of the feature by planetary period rotating current systems.
Next‐generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death
Authors: More Alexander F. , Spaulding Nicole E. , Bohleber Pascal , Handley Michael J. , Hoffmann Helene , Korotkikh Elena V. , Kurbatov Andrei V. , Loveluck Christopher P. , Sneed Sharon B. , McCormick Michael , Mayewski Paul A.
Published: May 2017

Contrary to widespread assumptions, next‐generation high (annual to multiannual) and ultra‐high (subannual) resolution analyses of an Alpine glacier reveal that true historical minimum natural levels of lead in the atmosphere occurred only once in the last ~2000 years. During the Black Death pandemic, demographic and economic collapse interrupted metal production and atmospheric lead dropped to undetectable levels. This finding challenges current government and industry understanding of preindustrial lead pollution and its potential implications for human health of children and adults worldwide. Available technology and geographic location have limited previous ice core investigations. We provide new high‐ (discrete, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP‐MS) and ultra‐high resolution (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LA‐ICP‐MS) records of atmospheric lead deposition extracted from the high Alpine glacier Colle Gnifetti, in the Swiss‐Italian Alps. We show that contrary to the conventional wisdom, low levels at or approaching natural background occurred only in a single 4 year period in ~2000 years documented in the new ice core, during the Black Death (~1349–1353 C.E.), the most devastating pandemic in Eurasian history. Ultra‐high chronological resolution allows for the first time detailed and decisive comparison of the new glaciochemical data with historical records. Historical evidence shows that mining activity ceased upwind of the core site from ~1349 to 1353, while concurrently on the glacier lead (Pb) concentrations—dated by layer counting confirmed by radiocarbon dating—dropped to levels below detection, an order of magnitude beneath figures deemed low in earlier studies. Previous assumptions about preindustrial “natural” background lead levels in the atmosphere—and potential impacts on humans—have been misleading, with significant implications for current environmental, industrial, and public health policy, as well as for the history of human lead exposure. Trans‐disciplinary application of this new technology opens the door to new approaches to the study of the anthropogenic impact on past and present human health.
Gusts and shear within hurricane eyewalls can exceed offshore wind turbine design standards
Authors: Worsnop Rochelle P. , Lundquist Julie K. , Bryan George H. , Damiani Rick , Musial Walt
Published: May 2017

Offshore wind energy development is underway in the U.S., with proposed sites located in hurricane‐prone regions. Turbine design criteria outlined by the International Electrotechnical Commission do not encompass the extreme wind speeds and directional shifts of hurricanes stronger than category 2. We examine a hurricane's turbulent eyewall using large‐eddy simulations with Cloud Model 1. Gusts and mean wind speeds near the eyewall of a category 5 hurricane exceed the current Class I turbine design threshold of 50 m s−1 mean wind and 70 m s−1 gusts. Largest gust factors occur at the eye‐eyewall interface. Further, shifts in wind direction suggest that turbines must rotate or yaw faster than current practice. Although current design standards omit mention of wind direction change across the rotor layer, large values (15–50°) suggest that veer should be considered.
Subsurface injection of combustion power plant effluent as a solid‐phase carbon dioxide storage strategy
Authors: Darnell K. N. , Flemings P. B. , DiCarlo D.
Published: May 2017

Long‐term geological storage of CO2 may be essential for greenhouse gas mitigation, so a number of storage strategies have been developed that utilize a variety of physical processes. Recent work shows that injection of combustion power plant effluent, a mixture of CO2 and N2, into CH4 hydrate‐bearing reservoirs blends CO2 storage with simultaneous CH4 production where the CO2 is stored in hydrate, an immobile, solid compound. This strategy creates economic value from the CH4 production, reduces the preinjection complexity since costly CO2 distillation is circumvented, and limits leakage since hydrate is immobile. Here we explore the phase behavior of these types of injections and describe the individual roles of H2O, CO2, CH4, and N2 as these components partition into aqueous, vapor, hydrate, and liquid CO2 phases. Our results show that CO2 storage in subpermafrost or submarine hydrate‐forming reservoirs requires coinjection of N2 to maintain two‐phase flow and limit plugging.
Extensive Amazonian‐aged fluvial channels on Mars: Evaluating the role of Lyot crater in their formation
Authors: Weiss David K. , Head James W. , Palumbo Ashley M. , Cassanelli James P.
Published: May 2017

Widespread Amazonian‐aged fluvial channels have been mapped proximal to Lyot crater, a ~225 km diameter impact basin in the northern lowlands of Mars. Comparable in area to some Noachian/Hesperian fluvial systems, their morphology differs, being dominated by broad, shallow braided channels. Using new developments in the study of cratering, water inventory, and climate history, we assess eight different models for their origin. Dewatering of excavated ice‐rich Lyot ejecta and contact melting from hot Lyot ejecta superposed on surface ice deposits are the most plausible channel origins. The existence of this extensive Amazonian fluvial system is attributed to: (1) the large size of Lyot, and its consequent hot ejecta, and (2) the presence of surface ice at the time of impact, attributed to obliquity changes redistributing polar ice to the mid‐latitudes, a relatively common occurrence in Martian geologic history.
Conjugate observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves associated with traveling convection vortex events
Authors: Kim Hyomin , Clauer C. Robert , Gerrard Andrew J. , Engebretson Mark J. , Hartinger Michael D. , Lessard Marc R. , Matzka Jürgen , Sibeck David G. , Singer Howard J. , Stolle Claudia , Weimer Daniel R. , Xu Zhonghua
Published: May 2017

We report on simultaneous observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves associated with traveling convection vortex (TCV) events caused by transient solar wind dynamic pressure (Pd) impulse events. The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft located near the magnetopause observed radial fluctuations of the magnetopause, and the GOES spacecraft measured sudden compressions of the magnetosphere in response to sudden increases in Pd. During the transient events, EMIC waves were observed by interhemispheric conjugate ground‐based magnetometer arrays as well as the GOES spacecraft. The spectral structures of the waves appear to be well correlated with the fluctuating motion of the magnetopause, showing compression‐associated wave generation. In addition, the wave features are remarkably similar in conjugate hemispheres in terms of bandwidth, quasiperiodic wave power modulation, and polarization. Proton precipitation was also observed by the DMSP spacecraft during the wave events, from which the wave source region is estimated to be 72°–74° in magnetic latitude, consistent with the TCV center. The confluence of space‐borne and ground instruments including the interhemispheric, high‐latitude, fluxgate/induction coil magnetometer array allows us to constrain the EMIC source region while also confirming the relationship between EMIC waves and the TCV current system.
1‐Nitropropan [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for 1‐nitropropane, considering all toxicity endpoints. The critical effects of 1‐nitropropane [108‐03‐2] were inflammation and degeneration of the olfactory mucosa and inflammation of the squamous epithelium in rats after 28 or 47 days inhalation. The study yielded a NOAEC of 24 ml/m3for local effects. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. According to this approach, the MAK value for 1‐nitropropane has been lowered from 25 ml/m3to a concentration of 2 ml/m3. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I is confirmed. The excursion factor of 8 is set as a human volunteer study revealed irritative effects only at considerably higher concentrations. Because there are no studies of teratogenicity, the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and 1‐nitropropane is designated with an “H”. 1‐Nitropropane is not genotoxic and data for carcinogenicity are lacking. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.