bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation as a Modulator of Autonomic Functions: A Narrative Review
Authors: Banyal Muskaan , Jangra Mandeep Kumar , Saxena Akanksha
Published: September 2024

Introduction: The transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been explored for its benefits in a variety of conditions, and has been reported to have significant impact on the autonomic functions such as heart rate, heart rate variability, sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow via the neural modulation. Aim: To study the potential effects tDCS on the autonomic functions. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted on healthy young adults with age ranging from 18 to 35 years. For the studies to be segregated, a plethora of studies were looked up the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Ovid and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). As a result of search, 1007 studies were found out of which 22 experimental studies were found to justify the aim chosen for current study and hence were scrutinised for yielding the result. Results: The scrutiny of the included literature resulted in yielding the nuances that stimulation by tDCS has improved the parameters determined by autonomic nervous system. A total of nine out of 22 studies talked about the cathode placed extra-cephalous, having no statistically appreciable results however, rest 13 studies had the anode and cathode both placed cephalic and had significant impact on heart rate variability, baro-reception and sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow. Though on comparison of the type of tDCS stimulation, stimulation via anode had much pronounced beneficial changes than cathode or sham stimulation. Conclusion: The tDCS is a novel technique that impact-fully deals with impairment in autonomic functions incorporation with the conventional treatment techniques, tDCS can be adjunctively used to deal with autonomic impairments and help achieve better quality at life.
Evaluation of Forward Head Posture using Photogrammetric Method: A Literature Review
Authors: Kundu Anamika , Kaur Simranjeet , Sharma Nidhi
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Photogrammetry is a technological space, innovations in electronics and computer science had an enormous effect on it and continues to be greatly impacted by the expanding use of technology. This particular area is perpetually progressing and the transition from analog to statistical and digitised approaches emphasises this aspect well. The photogrammetric method is comprehensively being used in the healthcare system for the assessment of forward head postural evaluation. Aim: To determine the efficacy of photogrammetry for the assessment of forward head posture in frontal and sagittal planes. Materials and Methods: Electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library to acquire essential information on photogrammetric methods for evaluating forward head posture were used. Studies including evaluation of the forward head posture utilising the photogrammetric method as an outcome measure, full-text articles, written in English language, published between 2010 to 2023 were included. The review performed an objective process, evaluation, and selection of data extraction. Results: This review included a total of five articles that emphasised the use of the photogrammetric method in the evaluation of forward head posture, particularly the craniovertebral angle. Conclusion: The photogrammetric method has shown consistency for the evaluation of forward head posture, particularly the craniovertebral angle, and therefore is a cost-effective approach in the field of postural evaluation and it would be worth considering for evaluating forward head posture.
Fungicides and Bioagents Are Used to Manage Downy Mildew on Pearl Millet
Authors: Meena Chandra Mohan , Babele J K , Malav Satyandra , Malav Mohit , Sharma Chandra Prakash
Published: September 2024

Pennisetum glaucum (L.), pearl millet Known by most as bajra, it is a significant warm-season grain that is mostly farmed in India under rainfed circumstances. In India, downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet is the most common and deadly disease affecting pearl millet. Two weeks after seeding, the illness was visible as chlorotic stripes on the leaf surface advanced from the base to the top. Most infected plants were unable to develop typical, healthy earheads. The bioagents that were examined as seed dressers were Trichoderma harzianum (6 g/kg seed), Pseudomonas fluorescens (8 g/kg seed), Trichoderma viride (6 g/kg seed), and neem oil and water. The downy mildew disease incidence was significantly reduced (2.83%) by the fungicides Mancozeb at 0.2%, Neem oil, Metalaxyl at 0.25%, and Carbendazim at 0.25%, as compared to the control, which had a documented disease incidence of 40.33%. Neem oil considerably outperformed all evaluated bioagent seed dressings for downy mildew prevention, including the seed dressing containing Pseudomonas fluorescens seed treatment at 8 g/kg seed was statistically comparable to Trichoderma harzianum seed treatment at 6 g/kg seed and Metalaxyl application at 0.25%. The downy mildew was also greatly reduced by foliar application of Mancozeb at 0.2 % and seed treatment with Metalaxyl (6 g/kg seed) + spray of Propiconazole at 25% EC at 0.25%; these two methods outperformed the seed dressing with all evaluated bioagents. The positive outcome of using neem oil topically suggests that, when it comes to managing downy mildew in pearl millet in an environmentally benign manner, it might replace fungicides.
Influence of Iron and Zinc Biofortification on Growth and Yield of Drilled Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
Authors: Jinjala V. R. , Gudadhe N. N. , Tripathi Sonal , Chudasama S. D. , Ninama A. R.
Published: September 2024

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 and 2023 to study the effect of iron and zinc biofortification on the growth and yield of drilled rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Krushi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Dediapada, Gujarat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments. Based on pooled analysis, almost all the growth attributes (periodical plant height, number of tillers plant-1, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation plant-1), yield attributes (productive tillers m-2, number of filled grains panicle-1, panicle length, weight of panicle and 1000 grain weight), grain yield (3035 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5336 kg ha-1) were recorded significantly higher under treatment T10 (soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 0.5% at 30 & 60 DAS). Based on the results, it concluded that for achieving higher growth and yield in drilled rice, the crop should be fertilized with soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 and foliar ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 0.5% at 30 & 60 DAS along with RDF and soil ZnSO4 + FeSO4 each @ 25 kg ha-1 along with RDF.
Potential Benefits of Tannins on Ruminant Health, Production and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Kadigi Joseph H. , Muzzo Bashiri I. , Schreiber Sebastian
Published: September 2024

Tannins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds increasingly recognized for their potential benefits to ruminants. Tannins can be extracted from plants' roots, bark, leaves, and seed husks. Management of plant communities to produce a diverse array of secondary compounds, particularly tannins, is a promising strategy for holistically enhancing agroecosystems on rangelands and benefiting free grazing ruminant animals. Deterioration of rangelands constrains plant diversity, reducing tanniferous forage plants and limiting tannin availability to free-grazing ruminants. Ruminants supplemented with tannin extracts in confined feeding operations have gained several reported benefits. Commercial industries are also expanding to extract and process tannin extracts. The beneficial effects of tannins depend on many factors, including plant species, plant part, tannin type (condensed tannins (CTs) or hydrolyzable tannins (HTs), and dose. Tannin binds with proteins, enhances the diversity and abundance of amino acids in the small intestine, and improves overall protein absorption and utilization. Compiled with other mechanisms, tannins can improve the quality, quantity, shelf life, and consumer preference of meat and milk products. Tannins also possess antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. CTs also impact rumen microbial populations, decreasing methane production, improving ruminal microbiota diversity, and lowering ammonia nitrogen production. Therefore, the use of tannin from tannin extracts and tanniferous forage plants presents a promising avenue for enhancing confined and free-grazing ruminant animals' health, productivity, and environmental sustainability.
Effect of Foliar Application of Nano fertilizers on Soil Properties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Western UP, India
Authors: Verma Sandeep Kumar , Kumar Mukesh , Vivek  , Singh P. K. , Singh S. P. , Singh Bhim , Verma Aparna , Roy Shalini
Published: September 2024

An experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 and 2023 at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to study the Effect of Foliar Application of Nano on Soil properties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Western UP. The investigation was carried out with fourteen treatments viz. Control, RDF (N:P:K-120:60:40 kg ha-1 + 25 kg zinc sulphate), 100% RDF + Nano urea, 100% RDF + Nano potash, 100% RDF + Nano Zn, 100% RDF + Nano urea + Nano potash + Nano Zn, 75% RDF + Nano urea, 75% RDF + Nano potash, 75% RDF + Nano Zn,  75% RDF + Nano urea + Nano potash + Nano Zn, 50% RDF + Nano urea, 50% RDF + Nano potash, 50% RDF + Nano Zn and 50% RDF + Nano urea + Nano potash + Nano Zn. The nano fertilizers were applied at tillering stage (35 DAT). Result revealed that highest soil properties viz., organic matter % (0.48 & 0.52), available nitrogen (225.6 & 228.7 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (19.5 & 20.7 kg ha-1), available potassium (235.6 & 233.8 kg ha-1) and available zinc (0.80 & 0.83 g ha-1) were recorded with application of 100% RDF + Nano urea + Nano potash + Nano Zn spray at tillering stage (35 DAT) respectively, during both the years. The lowest values of these parameters were recorded under control treatment.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Based Morphology of Papaya Mealybug [Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Wilink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] on Mulberry Plant of Assam, India
Authors: Hazarika M. , Dutta S. K. , Bhattacharryya B. , Dey D.
Published: September 2024

A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study was conducted on the external morphology of the adult female Papaya mealybug, Paracoccous marginatus Willam and Granara de Willink. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of the external morphology and wax-secreting pores of the papaya mealybug through SEM examination. The ultrastructure of the antenna, stylet fascicle, legs, cerarii, vulva, and wax-secreting pores was carefully examined. Despite the time-consuming and expensive nature of preparing specimens for SEM, the detailed information obtained is valuable for resolving challenging aspects of papaya mealybug taxonomy and enhancing our understanding of the role of wax in their biology.
Assessment of Biological Characteristics of Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) Koch on Brinjal
Authors: Birari Vaishali V. , Chaudhary F. K. , Jadav Gita S.
Published: September 2024

Red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch passed through five stages viz., egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult with three short resting stages known as quiescent stages which termed as nymphochrysalis, deutochrysalis and teleiochrysalis. The incubation period of egg was 3.28 ± 1.10 days with 0.13 ± 0.01 mm diameter in size. The average length and breadth of larva, nymphochrysalis, protonymph, deutochrysalis, deutonymphs, teleiochrysalis, adult male and adult female stage were 0.14 ± 0.01 and 0.10 ± 0.01; 0.19 ± 0.01 and 0.12 ± 0.01; 0.20 ± 0.01 and 0.12 ± 0.01; 0.24 ± 0.02 and 0.13 ± 0.01, 0.29 ± 0.02 and 15 ± 0.02, 0.35 ± 0.03 and 0.18 ± 0.01, 0.43 ± 0.04 and 0.19 ± 0.01; and 0.47 ± 0.02 and 0.22 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. The mean duration of male and female larva, nymphochrysalis, protonymph, deutochrysalis, deutonymphs, teleiochrysalis and adult was 2.07 ± 0.73 and 2.36 ± 0.22, 0.58 ± 0.32 and 0.68 ± 0.22, 2.23 ± 0.35 and 2.92 ± 0.81, 0.70 ± 0.35 and 0.76 ± 0.39, 2.12 ± 0.44 and 2.56 ± 0.51, 0.77 ± 0.19 and 0.87 ± 0.37 and 7.12 ± 0.93 and 11.08 ± 0.86 days, respectively. Female of T. urticae occupied 2.48 ± 0.96, 5.32 ± 0.99 and 2.35 ± 0.84 days as pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period, respectively. Total life period of male and female was 19.14 ± 2.06 and 23.85 ± 1.65 days, respectively. The average fecundity and hatching percentage were 47.60 ± 6.13 days and 91.11 ± 4.14 per cent, respectively with 1 : 2.50 sex ratio.
Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Haloperidol Versus Olanzapine among Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: R Dhanalakshmi , R Hari Shankar , C Hemachandar , J Janeviennygrace
Published: September 2024

Aim: To compare the efficacy of oral Typical Antipsychotic drug [Haloperidol] Group A versus oral Atypical Antipsychotic drug [Olanzapine] Group B in patients who met the criteria for schizophrenia. This study includes observe and compare the positive symptoms and negative symptoms in Group A and Group B by using PSYRATS scale and negative symptom assessment tool.
Study Design:  Prospective comparative observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried from April 2023 – September 2023 at Psychiatric Outpatient Department in the Government Medical College and Hospital,   Nagapattinam.
Methodology: The study sample comprised 60 patients [N=60], The 30 subjects were in Group A and 30 subjects were in Group B who met the SCID – DSM V criteria and also include criteria 1. Age between 22 – 65 years. 2. Subject should have Minimum mental state examination [MMSE] score between 25 – 30. Paired and Unpaired t test was performed to observe statistical significance.
Results: Out of 60 patients Olanzapine was associated with a mean baseline to endpoint improvement of ( -22.77) versus a Mean change of ( -14.39) in Haloperidol. Olanzapine [Group B] had higher mean difference than Haloperidol [Group A].
Conclusion: By using PSYRATS scale and Negative symptom assessment tool, Olanzapine treated group were numerically better than the Haloperidol treated group in both Negative and Positive Symptoms.
Impact of Magnetic Fields on the Efficiency of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Removal from Unsaturated Zones Using Steam Injection
Authors: Adegbola A.A , Adeyemo T. , Yakub Y.O , Adeleke A.A
Published: September 2024

Unsaturated zone is of great importance in providing water and nutrients that are vital to the biosphere and the main factor controlling water movement from the land surface to the aquifer. Contamination of unsaturated zone by Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) has becoming major threat to human environment as a result of increasing concern with industrialization. The use of steam injection for remediation of porous media which are contaminated by DNAPLs has not given the desire recovery efficiency, hence the need for improvement in recovery efficiency has been a subject of continuous study. This study investigated the effect of magnetic field on the removal of DNAPL from unsaturated zone using steam injection.
An unsaturated zone of a sand box of interior dimensions 110 x 74 x 8.5 cm was polluted at different periods with 200 ml of Carbon tetrachloride. Steam injection experiment with flow rate of 0.01 m3/s was performed to determine the recovery efficiencies of Carbon tetrachloride in an unsaturated zone containing sand of porosity 0.42 and permeability of 0.001163779 cm/s. Magnetic field in step of 1 Tesla (T) was introduced from 1-3 Tesla (T) into experiment. The effects of magnetic field on removal of DNAPL from unsaturated zone using steam injection only and steam injection with magnetic field were compared using descriptive statistic.
The recovery efficiency of Carbon tetrachloride using steam injection only was 82.05 %, while that with varying magnetic field at 1T, 2T and 3T were 89.45%, 94.95% and 95.35% respectively. The recovery efficiency of steam injection with varying magnetic field at 1T, 2T and 3T were 9.02, 15.72, 16.21% higher than the result of steam injection only for Carbon tetrachloride.
The result demonstrated the ability of steam injection to recover contaminants from the subsurface. The application of magnetic field as an aid to facilitate system activities has been signifi-cantly effective due to its ability to overcome the constraints of conventional treatment processes. A combined application of steam injection with magnetic field appreciably enhances the removal of Non Aqueous phase liquids from Unsaturated Zone.
Problems of Women Entrepreneurship in Andhra Pradesh
Authors:   B.Santhosh, Kondeti Dr. Suneetha , Koteswari Dr. P.
Published: September 2024

The women constitute not only half the world population but also sway the growth of the remaining half. They produce half the world food supply and account for 60 per cent of the working force but comprise only about 30 per cent of the labour force, receive benefits of only 10 per cent of the world economy and surprisingly own less than 1 per cent of the world real estate. They have little access to productive resources and negligible control over family income. This discrimination is the result of the gender bias malpractices prevalent in Indian societies are female fetus termination, killing the girl child at birth, less nutrition, medical care, education and freedom due to preference for the male child, marriage before puberty, dowry death, legal discrimination, professions exclusively earmarked for men, precarious widow life, etc. while such practices and activities are prevalent in Indian society, they are fortunality not the lot of every Indian women and are confined to certain communities and section of society. The studies reviewed above have analysed the study of women entrepreneurship at international, national and regional levels by the individual researchers, institutions and Government. A careful investigation at micro level is therefore necessary to take a correct stand in regard to the study of the various women entrepreneurships in Tirupati District of Andhra Pradesh. The study is mainly designed to analyse the problems of women entrepreneurship in Tirupati District of Andhra Pradesh State. In the first the list of registered units functioning in the district obtained from the District Industries Centre, TIrupati. There are all types of entrepreneurs are operating in TIrupati. District, after especially physically identified women entrepreneurs in TIrupati District. In all types industries are high concentrated entrepreneurs are also identified. The concentrated entrepreneurs are classified into nine categories which are specified below. The methodology explains that stratified random sampling method is employed for the selection of women entrepreneurs. From each category 50 per cent of the sample women entrepreneurs have been selected at random. Thus the study covers a total sample of 91 women entrepreneurs covering all the 9 categories and total sample size is 91 entrepreneurs in the study area
Practical approachin Industrial Training in close loop Control Systems, problems solution” Case of PID- Level Control
Authors: Alahmad Saad S. Alahmad , Ibreik Abdelkarim J.
Published: September 2024

The necessity of training students in a way to gain skills in Instrumentation and control fields leads us to search and specify the difficulties appearing during the execution of industrial control experiments. As an example of an experimental approach, Level PID control was used to attend this goal, Furthermore, the results of the experiments will be recorded at different scenarios to choose the suitable values for the control system response. This research will apply a PID corrector to improve the Process Control under specific conditions and constraints using Basic Level Rigs (feedback) and ABB controller. Furthermore recording the confronted difficulties in the experiment, and find a proper solutions to meet the expected results according to related theorems. Examine the control system characteristic, behavior and reliability by applying external disturbance . This study shows that producing accurate results are not simple, you need to consider many factors such as follow the instruction of equipment manufacturer explained in technical manuals, calibrate devices and Knowledge of theories. The main aim of the study to enrich technician and researchers with knowledge in the field of instrumentation and motivate them for further research. Finding the reasons behind un expected results of experiments and try to find solutions. The solutions were either by calibrating the sensors nor actuators in the system(hardware wise) or configuring the system parameters such PID coefficients in the controllers (software wise)
Mantle exhumation and metamorphism in the Basque‐Cantabrian Basin (NSpain): Stable and clumped isotope analysis in carbonates and comparison with ophicalcites in the North‐Pyrenean Zone (Urdach and Lherz)
Authors: DeFelipe I. , Pedreira D. , Pulgar J. A. , Iriarte E. , Mendia M.
Published: January 2017

The presence of ophicalcites in serpentinized peridotites together with fragments of these rocks in Cretaceous breccias along several North‐Pyrenean basins led to the interpretation of complete mantle exhumation to the seafloor. The westernmost outcrop of peridotites in the Pyrenean‐Cantabrian belt is located in Ziga (eastern Basque‐Cantabrian Basin), associated to a band of HT metamorphism related to the Leiza fault (Marble Unit). We present a petrological and geochemical study of the marbles and Ziga peridotite‐hosted calcite, including standard stable isotope composition and clumped isotope geothermometry. These isotopic techniques allow the determination of different types of formational fluids and crystallization temperatures, and are a useful tool for studying carbonation processes in hyperextended basins. Fieldwork and analytical studies lead us to conclude that during the opening of the Bay of Biscay, mantle rocks were unroofed at the base of the sedimentary pile of the eastern Basque‐Cantabrian Basin. However, the ophicalcite veins were recrystallized from meteoric fluids at low temperatures (≤49°C). The primary carbonate phase may have been formed either during the mid‐Cretaceous unroofing of the mantle or in a post‐exhumation stage. The process of mantle exhumation was accompanied with HT‐LP metamorphism and fluid circulation along major faults that reset the marine isotopic signature in the nearest marbles. For comparison, ophicalcites from Urdach and Lherz (North‐Pyrenean Zone) were included in the clumped isotope study. Results show that they were recrystallized from hot (∼200–230°C), saline fluids, and from meteoric fluids at near ambient temperatures (∼32–42°C), respectively.
Ion acceleration at dipolarization fronts in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Sitnov M. I. , Merkin V. G. , Gkioulidou M. , Mitchell D. G.
Published: January 2017

During geomagnetic storms plasma pressure in the inner magnetosphere is controlled by energetic ions of tens to hundreds of keV. Plasma pressure is the source of global storm time currents, which control the distribution of magnetic field and couple the inner magnetosphere and the ionosphere. Recent analysis showed that the buildup of hot ion population in the inner magnetosphere largely occurs in the form of localized discrete injections associated with sharp dipolarizations of magnetic field, similar to dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail. Because of significant differences between the ambient magnetic field and the dipolarization front properties in the magnetotail and the inner magnetosphere, the physical mechanisms of ion acceleration at dipolarization fronts in these two regions may also be different. In this paper we discuss a new acceleration mechanism enabled by stable trapping of ions at the azimuthally localized dipolarization fronts. It is shown that trapping can provide a robust mechanism of ion energization in the inner magnetosphere even in the absence of large electric fields.
Comparing and contrasting dispersionless injections at geosynchronous orbit during a substorm event
Authors: Kronberg E. A. , Grigorenko E. E. , Turner D. L. , Daly P. W. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Kozak L.
Published: January 2017

Particle injections in the magnetosphere transport electrons and ions from the magnetotail to the radiation belts. Here we consider generation mechanisms of “dispersionless” injections, namely, those with simultaneous increase of the particle flux over a wide energy range. In this study we take advantage of multisatellite observations which simultaneously monitor Earth's magnetospheric dynamics from the tail toward the radiation belts during a substorm event. Dispersionless injections are associated with instabilities in the plasma sheet during the growth phase of the substorm, with a dipolarization front at the onset and with magnetic flux pileup during the expansion phase. They show different spatial spread and propagation characteristics. Injection associated with the dipolarization front is the most penetrating. At geosynchronous orbit (6.6 RE), the electron distributions do not have a classic power law fit but instead a bump on tail centered on ∼120 keV during dispersionless electron injections. However, electron distributions of injections associated with magnetic flux pileup in the magnetotail (13 RE) do not show such a signature. We surmise that an additional resonant acceleration occurs in between these locations. We relate the acceleration mechanism to the electron drift resonance with ultralow frequency waves localized in the inner magnetosphere.
Investigation of turbulent momentum flux in the typhoon boundary layer
Authors: Duan Ziqiang , Yao Xiaohong , Li Yongping , Lei Xiaotu , Fang Pingzhi , Zhao Bingke
Published: January 2017

Turbulent momentum flux in the typhoon boundary layer was measured at a turbulent flux tower in Southeast China using an eddy covariance technique during the passage of typhoons Fanapi and Megi in 2010. The anemometers were mounted on the cantilever bracket at the height of 26.6, 42.4, 60.4, and 82.9 m. The momentum flux in the typhoon boundary layer decreased with increasing height during the two typhoon passages. The decrease was nearly linear during the passage of the Typhoon Fanapi. However, in the boundary layer of the Typhoon Megi, the momentum flux at 26.6 m height was much greater than that at 42.4 m height. The cospectra of wind components showed that the enhanced flux at the bottom of the boundary layer was caused by small‐scale turbulence with frequency in the range of 0.1–1 Hz and can be explained by the turbulent energy accumulation of small‐scale turbulence.
Redistribution of ice nuclei between cloud and rain droplets: Parameterization and application to deep convective clouds
Authors: Paukert M. , Hoose C. , Simmel M.
Published: January 2017

In model studies of aerosol‐dependent immersion freezing in clouds, a common assumption is that each ice nucleating aerosol particle corresponds to exactly one cloud droplet. In contrast, the immersion freezing of larger drops—“rain”—is usually represented by a liquid volume‐dependent approach, making the parameterizations of rain freezing independent of specific aerosol types and concentrations. This may lead to inconsistencies when aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation shall be investigated, since raindrops consist of the cloud droplets—and corresponding aerosol particles—that have been involved in drop‐drop‐collisions. Here we introduce an extension to a two‐moment microphysical scheme in order to account explicitly for particle accumulation in raindrops by tracking the rates of selfcollection, autoconversion, and accretion. This provides a direct link between ice nuclei and the primary formation of large precipitating ice particles. A new parameterization scheme of drop freezing is presented to consider multiple ice nuclei within one drop and effective drop cooling rates. In our test cases of deep convective clouds, we find that at altitudes which are most relevant for immersion freezing, the majority of potential ice nuclei have been converted from cloud droplets into raindrops. Compared to the standard treatment of freezing in our model, the less efficient mineral dust‐based freezing results in higher rainwater contents in the convective core, affecting both rain and hail precipitation. The aerosol‐dependent treatment of rain freezing can reverse the signs of simulated precipitation sensitivities to ice nuclei perturbations.
Mccrearamycins A–D, Geldanamycin‐Derived Cyclopentenone Macrolactams from an Eastern Kentucky Abandoned Coal Mine Microbe
Authors: Wang Xiachang , Zhang Yinan , Ponomareva Larissa V. , Qiu Qingchao , Woodcock Ryan , Elshahawi Sherif I. , Chen Xiabin , Zhou Ziyuan , Hatcher Bruce E. , Hower James C. , Zhan Chang‐Guo , Parkin Sean , Kharel Madan K. , Voss S. Randal , Shaaban Khaled A. , Thorson Jon S.
Published: January 2017

Four cyclopentenone‐containing ansamycin polyketides (mccrearamycins A–D), and six new geldanamycins (Gdms B–G, including new linear and mycothiol conjugates), were characterized as metabolites of Streptomyces sp. AD‐23‐14 isolated from the Rock Creek underground coal mine acid drainage site. Biomimetic chemical conversion studies using both simple synthetic models and Gdm D confirmed that the mccrearamycin cyclopentenone derives from benzilic acid rearrangement of 19‐hydroxy Gdm, and thereby provides a new synthetic derivatization strategy and implicates a potential unique biocatalyst in mccrearamycin cyclopentenone formation. In addition to standard Hsp90α binding and cell line cytotoxicity assays, this study also highlights the first assessment of Hsp90α modulators in a new axolotl embryo tail regeneration (ETR) assay as a potential new whole animal assay for Hsp90 modulator discovery.
Preparation of arylmagnesium/lithium from aryl bromides and their coupling and substitution reactions in tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Gundogdu Ozlem , Altundas Ramazan , Kara Yunus
Published: January 2017

One‐pot synthesis of 2‐aryltetrahydrofurans was achieved by a coupling reaction between arylmagnesium bromides prepared in situ and tetrahydrofuran under mild conditions. The reaction between ArBr and n‐BuLi gave unexpected butylbenzene derivatives in moderate yields.
Synthesis of carbamates from carbon dioxide promoted by organostannanes and alkoxysilanes
Authors: Germain Nicolas , Hermsen Marko , Schaub Thomas , Trapp Oliver
Published: January 2017

A cooperative methoxy transfer between orthosilicate esters and organotin oxides was developed for the synthesis of various N‐alkyl and N‐aryl carbamates from carbon dioxide in up to 97% isolated yield. The reaction is highly selective and N‐alkylated amines are not observed. Density functional theory calculations of the reaction were performed and, together with NMR observations, a plausible mechanism featuring the catalytic regeneration of dialkyltin dialkoxide is proposed.
Antioxidant α‐tocopherol/γ‐cyclodextrin–inclusion complex encapsulated poly(lactic acid) electrospun nanofibrous web for food packaging
Authors: Aytac Zeynep , Keskin Nalan Oya San , Tekinay Turgay , Uyar Tamer
Published: January 2017

α‐Tocopherol (α‐TC) and α‐TC/cyclodextrin (CD)–inclusion complex (IC) incorporated electrospun poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers (NF) were developed via electrospinning (PLA/α‐TC–NF and PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF). The release of α‐TC into 95% ethanol (fatty food simulant) was much greater from PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF than from PLA/α‐TC–NF because of the solubility increase in α‐TC; this was confirmed by a phase‐solubility diagram. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging assay shows that PLA/α‐TC–NF and PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF had 97% antioxidant activities; this value was expected to be high enough to inhibit lipid oxidation. PLA/α‐TC–NF and PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF were tested directly on beef with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method, and the nanofibers displayed a lower TBARS content than the unpackaged meat sample. Thus, active packaging significantly enhanced the oxidative stability of the meat samples at 4 °C. In conclusion, PLA/α‐TC/γ‐CD–IC–NF was shown to be promising as an active food‐packaging material for prolonging the shelf life of foods. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44858.
Measured extent of agricultural expansion depends on analysis technique
Authors: Dunn Jennifer B. , Merz Dylan , Copenhaver Ken L. , Mueller Steffen
Published: January 2017

Concern is rising that ecologically important, carbon‐rich natural lands in the United States are losing ground to agriculture. We investigate how quantitative assessments of historical land‐use change (LUC) to address this concern differ in their conclusions depending on the data set used through an examination of LUC between 2006 and 2014 in 20 counties in the Prairie Pothole Region using the Cropland Data Layer, a modified Cropland Data Layer dataset, data from the National Agricultural Imagery Program, and in‐person ground‐truthing. The Cropland Data Layer analyses overwhelmingly returned the largest amount of LUC with associated error that limits drawing conclusions from it. Analysis with visual imagery estimated a fraction of this LUC. Clearly, analysis technique drives understanding of the measured extent of LUC; different techniques produce vastly different results that would inform land management policy in strikingly different ways. Best practice guidelines are needed. © 2017 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size‐dependent dual emission of Cu,Mn:ZnSe QDs: Controlling both emission wavelength and intensity
Authors: Xu Shuhong , Jiang Han , Dong Renjie , Lv Changgui , Wang Chunlei , Cui Yiping
Published: January 2017

Cu,Mn:ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) of tunable size, controllable photoluminescence (PL) intensity ratio and PL range were prepared. A study of the experimental conditions confirmed that the size of Cu,Mn:ZnSe QDs is affected by the pH of the solution, the speed at which the Zn solution is injected and the reaction temperature. In general, high pH, low injection speed and high reaction temperature are optimal for preparing large QDs. Based on this knowledge, different sizes of Cu,Mn:ZnSe QDs were synthesized. Moreover, white emission Cu,Mn:ZnSe QDs were designed by controlling the experimental conditions and the feeding mole ratio of Mn:Cu.
Polymer composite fluorescent hydrogel film based on nitrogen‐doped carbon dots and their application in the detection of Hg2+ ions
Authors: Yu Shujuan , Chen Kuan , Wang Feng , Zhu Yongfei , Zhang Xuehong
Published: January 2017

A simple microwave‐assisted solvothermal method was used to prepare fluorescent nitrogen‐doped carbon dots (N‐CDs) with high fluorescence quantum yield (79.63%) using citric acid and N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine as starting materials. The PVAm‐g‐N‐CDs grafted products were synthesized by amide bond formation between the carboxylic groups of N‐CDs and amine groups of polyvinylamine (PVAm). Fluorescent hydrogel films (PVAm‐g‐N‐CDs/PAM) were synthesized by interpenetration polymer network polymerization of PVAm‐g‐N‐CDs and acrylamide (AM). When used for ion detection, we found that the fluorescence of the hydrogel films was clearly quenched by addition of Hg2+. Repeatability tests on using the hydrogel films for Hg2+ detection showed that they could be applied at least three times. The PVAm‐g‐N‐CDs/PAM could serve as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for sensitive detection of Hg2+ ions with a detection limit of 0.089 μmol/L. This work may offer a new approach for developing recoverable and sensitive N‐CDs‐based sensors for biological and environmental applications.
Mesoscopic structure of pectin in solution
Authors: Alba K. , Bingham R. J. , Kontogiorgos V.
Published: January 2017

Mesoscopic structure of pectin with different molecular characteristics was investigated by means of small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), electrokinetic measurements and data modelling. The influence of a broad range of pH (2–7) on chain conformation in the dilute and semi‐diluted regime was investigated. Scattering data and concomitant analysis revealed two length scales at all environmental conditions studied. pH showed greater influence at acidic values (pH 2.0) enhancing the globular component of the structure due to association of galacturonic acid residues. Double logarithmic scattering intensity plots revealed fractal dimensions of 1.9 ± 0.2 in the low‐q regime and 1.5 ± 0.2 in the high q‐region, irrespectively of the specific environment. Increase in branching of RG‐I regions of the polysaccharide chains enhanced the compact conformation irrespectively of the pH or concentration. The present work shows that radical changes in pectin conformation can be induced only under strongly acidic conditions a finding that has important consequences in tailoring the technological performance of these biopolymers.
Identifying Unknown Enzyme–Substrate Pairs from the Cellular Milieu with Native Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Catcott Kalli C. , Yan Jing , Qu Wanlu , Wysocki Vicki H. , Zhou Zhaohui Sunny
Published: January 2017

The enzyme–substrate complex is inherently transient, rendering its detection difficult. In our framework designed for bisubstrate systems—isotope‐labeled, activity‐based identification and tracking (IsoLAIT)—the common substrate, such as S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (AdoMet) for methyltransferases, is replaced by an analogue (e.g., S‐adenosyl‐l‐vinthionine) that, as a probe, creates a tightly bound [enzyme⋅substrate⋅probe] complex upon catalysis by thiopurine‐S‐methyltransferase (TPMT, EC 2.1.1.67). This persistent complex is then identified by native mass spectrometry from the cellular milieu without separation. Furthermore, the probe's isotope pattern flags even unknown substrates and enzymes. IsoLAIT is broadly applicable for other enzyme systems, particularly those catalyzing group transfer and with multiple substrates, such as glycosyltransferases and kinases.
A Theoretical Investigation on CO Oxidation by Single‐Atom Catalysts M1/γ‐Al2O3 (M=Pd, Fe, Co, and Ni)
Authors: Yang Tao , Fukuda Ryoichi , Hosokawa Saburo , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Ehara Masahiro
Published: January 2017

Single‐atom catalysts have attracted much interest recently because of their excellent stability, high catalytic activity, and remarkable atom efficiency. Inspired by the recent experimental discovery of a highly efficient single‐atom catalyst Pd1/γ‐Al2O3, we conducted a comprehensive DFT study on geometries, stabilities and CO oxidation catalytic activities of M1/γ‐Al2O3 (M=Pd, Fe, Co, and Ni) by using slab‐model. One of the most important results here is that Ni1/Al2O3 catalyst exhibits higher activity in CO oxidation than Pd1/Al2O3. The CO oxidation occurs through the Mars van Krevelen mechanism, the rate‐determining step of which is the generation of CO2 from CO through abstraction of surface oxygen. The projected density of states (PDOS) of 2p orbitals of the surface O, the structure of CO‐adsorbed surface, charge polarization of CO and charge transfer from CO to surface are important factors for these catalysts. Although the binding energies of Fe and Co with Al2O3 are very large, those of Pd and Ni are small, indicating that the neighboring O atom is not strongly bound to Pd and Ni, which leads to an enhancement of the reactivity of the O atom toward CO. The metal oxidation state is suggested to be one of the crucial factors for the observed catalytic activity.
Towards Higher Energy Density Redox‐Flow Batteries: Imidazolium Ionic Liquid for Zn Electrochemistry in Flow Environment
Authors: Periyapperuma Kalani , Zhang Yafei , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Forsyth Maria , Pozo‐Gonzalo Cristina , Howlett Patrick C.
Published: January 2017

We present the first demonstration of an ionic liquid electrolyte under a realistic flow environment for applications in redox‐flow batteries based on the Zn2+/Zn0 redox couple. An electrolyte mixture containing Zn(dca)2 and 3 wt % H2O in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium dicyanamide, [Emim][dca], ionic liquid was used to study the effects of Zn2+ concentration and flow rate on the Zn2+/Zn0 electrochemical performance as well as its impact on the morphology of the Zn deposit. An optimized Zn2+ concentration and flow rate were determined by using an in‐house‐designed 3D‐printed flow‐cell prototype. Surface characterization through SEM revealed that both the concentration and flow rate directly impact Zn morphology under flow conditions. The electrolyte mixture with a higher Zn(dca)2 concentration (18 mol %) showed favourable results; voltammetry showed higher peak current densities (100 mA/cm2 discharge current density) and more positive Zn electrodeposition potentials (−1.33 V vs Ag/AgOTf) coupled with higher cycling efficiency (45±3%) compared to those obtained with the lower Zn concentration system (9 mol %, −1.44 V vs Ag/AgOTf, 48 mA/cm2 discharge current density and 33±3% cycling efficiency).
Pathfinders in oncology from the end of the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 19th century
Authors: Hajdu Steven I.
Published: January 2017

During the 3 centuries reviewed herein, all that was known regarding cancer was limited to Italy, France, Germany, and England. Practically nothing was written about cancer in the rest of the known world, including the newly discovered geographic areas in the Americas, Africa, and Australia. The 7 pioneer physicians considered in this review lived through some of the most turbulent geopolitical, social, and religious upheavals that Europe had experienced during the Renaissance. Despite their diverse social, political, and religious backgrounds and disparate personalities, they were united in their commitment to the advancement of medicine and oncology and to spreading knowledge through printed texts. Collectively, they established the groundwork for modern anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, surgical oncology, and chemotherapy. It perhaps is noteworthy that 5 of the 7 physicians who contributed the most to the advancement of surgery and surgical oncology served in various wars as army surgeons. Considering everything together, the refusal of physicians of this epoch to use the microscope is a historical enigma. Cancer 2017;123:1888–1897. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Improvements in cell block processing: The Cell‐Gel method
Authors: La Fortune Kristin A. , Randolph Melissa L. , Wu Howard H. , Cramer Harvey M.
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

The ability to produce adequate cell blocks profoundly impacts the diagnostic usefulness of cytology specimens. Cell blocks are routinely processed from fine‐needle aspiration specimens or concentrated fluid samples. Obtaining directed passes for the sole purpose of producing a cell block is common practice, particularly when the cytopathologist anticipates the need for ancillary immunocytochemical stains and/or molecular studies.

METHODS

The authors developed an effective and inexpensive process for producing cell blocks that consistently yields abundant cellular material, which they have termed the Cell‐Gel method. This method can be simplified into 3 main steps: 1) preparing the sample; 2) constructing the cell block; and 3) processing the cell block. Highlights of the protocol include using a hemolytic fixative for sample preparation and disposable base molds for cell block construction.

RESULTS

The cell block failure rate in the current study decreased from 18% with the HistoGel Tube method (January 2014‐December 2014) to 6% with the Cell‐Gel method (January 2015‐December 2016). The authors evaluated 110 cell blocks processed with the HistoGel Tube method and 110 cell blocks processed with the Cell‐Gel method, for a total evaluation of 220 cell blocks.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors have developed an effective and inexpensive protocol for producing cell blocks that consistently yields abundant cellular material. The Cell‐Gel method uses a hemolytic fixative and disposable base molds to produce adequate cell blocks. When the method was implemented, the cell block failure rate of the study laboratory decreased by approximately 67%. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:267–276. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Conformational Flexibility of Limonene Oxide Studied By Microwave Spectroscopy
Authors: Loru Donatella , Quesada‐Moreno María Mar , Avilés‐Moreno Juan Ramón , Jarman Natasha , Huet Thérèse R. , López‐González Juan Jesús , Sanz M. Eugenia
Published: January 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by the groups of Prof. J.J. López‐González (University of Jaen, Spain), Prof. T.R. Huet (University of Lille, France), and Dr. M.E. Sanz (King's College London, UK). The image shows the five lower‐energy conformers of limonene oxide, a molecule of atmospheric interest, identified by microwave spectroscopy. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201600991.
Rolapitant Absolute Bioavailability and PET Imaging Studies in Healthy Adult Volunteers
Authors: Wang X , Zhang ZY , Powers D , Wang J , Lu S , Kansra V
Published: January 2017

Rolapitant, a selective, long‐acting neurokinin‐1 (NK‐1) receptor antagonist, demonstrated efficacy in preventing chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in patients receiving highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Two studies in healthy volunteers evaluated 1) absolute bioavailability and 2) NK‐1 receptor occupancy of oral rolapitant. Absolute bioavailability, determined by the ratio of dose‐normalized exposure following a 180‐mg oral dose vs. an intravenous microdose, was ∼100%. Brain imaging by positron emission tomography 120 h after a single dose showed that NK‐1 receptor occupancy increased with escalating doses (4.5–180 mg) but was not dose‐proportional; a 180‐mg dose resulted in near‐saturable binding to NK‐1 receptors (mean ± standard deviation: 94% ± 9%). A pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic model predicted that rolapitant plasma concentrations >348 ng/mL would result in >90% NK‐1 receptor occupancy in the cortex up to 120 h postdose. These results support administration of a single 180‐mg oral dose of rolapitant for CINV prevention.