bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their Potential
Authors: Binford Lewis R.
Published: June 2018

The explanations of burial customs provided by previous anthropologists are examined at length together with the assumptions and data orientations that lay behind them. Both the assumptions and explanations are shown to be inadequate from the point of view of systems theory and from a detailed examination of the empirical record. A cross-cultural survey drawn from the Human Relations Area Files shows that associations do exist between measures of mortuary ritual variety and structural complexity. It was found that both the number and specific forms of the dimensions of the social persona commonly recognized in mortuary ritual vary significantly with the organizational complexity of the society as measured by different forms of subsistence practice. Moreover, the forms that differentiations in mortuary ritual take vary significantly with the dimensions of the social persona symbolized. Hence, much of contemporary archaeological conjecture and interpretation regarding processes of cultural change, cultural differentiation, and the presence of specific burial customs is inadequate as well as the ideational propositions and assumptions underlying these notions. Inferences about the presumed “relationships” compared directly from trait lists obtaining among archaeological manifestations are useless without knowledge of the organizational properties of the pertinent cultural systems.
2 Site Description
Authors: Binford Lewis R. , Binford Sally R. , Whallon Robert , Hardin Margaret Ann
Published: June 2018

Hatchery Site West is located on the east bank of the Kaskaskia River just east of the town of Carlyle, Illinois, and immediately downstream from the location of the Carlyle Reservoir dam being constructed (Fig. 1). The site is located on the crest of the T-2 terrace where the river is currently cutting into this old terrace system. The old terrace bends to the east just north of the site while the present river channel continues north resulting in a broad, low T-0 terrace formation just north of the site. The terrace on which the site is located is very broad and not heavily dissected and extends eastward joining with a fairly good-sized hill formed of glacial till concentrated in what was probably crevasse fill.

The accurate definition of the boundary of the site was made possible by the controlled surface collection and is shown on Fig. 1. The total area of the distribution of ceramics definitive of the site is approximately 1.23 acres. Within this distribution there are two distinct concentrations of ceramic debris (see Fig. 2). In addition, there was a recognizable difference in the color of the soil within the area defined by the ceramic distribution with two distinct areas of heavy humus content and brown coloration. These two areas corresponded well with the areas of high ceramic concentration. These two areas will be described separately since, as will be shown, they represent distinct components of the several present on the Hatchery West site.
3 Site Definition: Surface Distribution of Cultural Items
Authors: Binford Lewis R. , Binford Sally R. , Whallon Robert , Hardin Margaret Ann
Published: June 2018

The initial problem in approaching an archaeological site as a structural entity is to define the boundaries of the sampling universe within which the investigator must work. In the case of Hatchery West, it was hoped that by following the procedures mentioned earlier (having the fields especially plowed, waiting until there had been sufficient rain to settle the newly plowed earth, laying out a grid over the entire plowed area, and collecting all items exposed on the surface and bagging them by grid square) the analysis of the resulting data would permit definition of the boundaries, as well as something of the internal structure of the site. Aside from the obvious advantages of defining the universe in which we would work, we hoped to investigate the nature of the relationship between the structure of the site as defined by the surface distribution of cultural items and the structure of the site as defined by the spatial configuration of sub-surface cultural features. This kind of investigation was prompted by an awareness that certain general principles of site selection as well as guide lines to selecting the locations on a site for excavation have been traditionally employed for many years. It seems fair to say that archaeologists have tended to select for excavation sites with ihe greatest yield of cultural items from surface collections and have tended to excavate areas on such sites selected in terms of two general criteria: 1) where there are above ground indications of cultural features, e.g., such things as mounds, house depressions, walls, etc.; and 2) where there is the greatest density of cultural items observed in the surface reconnaissance. I have previously addressed myself to the problem of obtaining an adequate and representative sample of both cultural items and cultural features (Binford 1964). The work reported here is an attempt to evaluate objectively the assertion that traditional methods of selecting locations for excavation could lead to inadequate and misrepresentative data about the site being investigated.
5 Structure of the Site Defined by the Cultural Features and Correlation with the Surface Distribution of Cultural Items
Authors: Binford Lewis R. , Binford Sally R. , Whallon Robert , Hardin Margaret Ann
Published: June 2018

It has previously been argued (Binford 1964) that because of the differences in the formal properties of cultural items (as distinguished from cultural features) that there are different problems associated with obtaining an adequate and representative sample of both items and features. Excavation and recovery techniques which might be adequate to the recovery of a fair sample of cultural items might not be sufficient for supplying similar information regarding a population of cultural features.

The investigation of Hatchery West was conducted with an eye to this problem, and the methods employed were aimed toward insuring an adequate and representative sample of both cultural items and cultural features. These sampling procedures allowed us to investigate the relationship between these two classes of archaeological data and to assess the degree to which the formal-spatial structure of a population of items is correlated with the formal-spatial structure of a population of features.
5 Projectile Points
Authors: Wauchope Robert
Published: June 2018

Before presenting the projectile point classifications, I feel that a short summary of the unusual circumstances attending the timing of this report is necessary. I submitted what I considered the final version of the manuscript to the Memoirs editor in March, 1963. All figures were submitted to the engraver at about the same time. The classifying of the projectile points and other lithic artifacts, the descriptive text, and the comparative research had actually been completed almost two years before that, the subsequent period from 1961 to 1963 being devoted, in what spare time I could find for the purpose, to drawing figures 45-146, preparing the photographic layouts of figures 235-252, and assembling the final typed manuscript for publication.
3 The Arnapik Site
Authors: Taylor William E.
Published: June 2018

The Arnapik site, JlGu-9, is located about two miles east (Fig. 1) of Amulet Creek (61°51′15″N., 79°27′40″W.) on the central east coast of Mansel Island in the northeastern extremity of Hudson Bay. Mansel Island, 36 miles west of the Ungava mainland at its closest point, is a low, generally barren island measuring roughly 60 by 34 miles. Despite its size its maximum elevation is under 500 feet. The island, formed of limestone and limestone gravels, geologically is a member of the Arctic lowlands. The vegetation, arctic grasses, sedges, mosses, lichens, willow and arctic flowers, is extremely sparse for this latitude, a marked contrast to the hardrock terrain of the nearby mainland, but much like such high Arctic locales as Bathurst and Comwallis Islands near 75° north latitude (Polunin 1948: 248).
4 The Tyara Site
Authors: Taylor William E.
Published: June 2018

The Tyara site, KkFb-7 in the National Museum catalogue and site file, faces the north coast of the Ungava mainland and rests on the west shore of Sugluk Island (Fig. 1). That island stands about five hundred yards from the mainland and from Sugluk Inlet, one of the few good harbors on that coast. This handsome little island, about one and one-half miles long and as wide, consists of rounded, rugged, hardrock hills that shelter well-vegetated, generally flat-floored valleys. The valleys often contain marshy patches. The shore, of variable incline, is quite jagged, a result of abrupt rock outcrops projecting seaward from brief stretches of sandy beach. The shore facing the mainland is, therefore, quite convenient for small boat use. Dark grey gneisses seem to predominate, although they are often cut by dykes and veins of lighter material, notably quartz. The dense, green valley and hillside vegetation includes willows, mosses, grasses, lichens, and a pleasant profusion of arctic wild flowers (Polunin 1948, Pt. III). I was told at Sugluk that at the head of the inlet, willows, growing in protected situations, reach the thickness of a man's wrist.
3 Location and Environment of the Olsen-Chubbuck Site
Authors: Wheat Joe Ben
Published: June 2018

Today, all that remains of the High Plains in eastern Colorado thrusts westward like a blunt wedge, the point of which rests near Limon (Fig. 2). Westward from Limon, a low divide extends to the foot of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, between Denver and Colorado Springs, separating the northeasterly oriented drainage of the Platte river system from the southeasterly oriented system of the Arkansas. At one time, the High Plains extended to the Rocky Mountains, but during the geologic past these two great river systems, which rise in the Rockies and flow eastward across the High Plains of Colorado, have cut broad, deep valleys, largely destroying the Plains which once encroached upon and buried the lower slopes of the mountains. This area of stripped alluvial plains is known as the Colorado Piedmont (Fenneman 1931). On the surface of the High Plains, streams flow eastward down the long, gentle slope toward the Plains border in central Kansas (Fig. 2).

The northwestern border of the High Plains is formed by a low escarpment carved by the northand northeastward-flowing waters of the South Platte River. The southwestern border is formed by another low escarpment cut by the southward- and southeastward-flowing tributaries of the Arkansas River.
The Use of Life Tables in Paleodemography
Authors: Moore James A. , Swedlund Alan C. , Armelagos George J.
Published: June 2018

Anthropologists have become increasingly aware of the importance of population as a factor in a systematic view of human biological and cultural development. This awareness has generated an interest in the field of demography, and consequently, techniques once utilized almost exclusively by demographers are now frequently utilized for anthropological studies. Anthropological-paleodemographic inquiry traditionally starts with the excavation of a skeletal population sample. The sample is aged and sexed, and the data are put into a descriptive analytic model–the life table. The life table, through a process of inference, is taken to represent the life processes of a local biological population and often forms the basis for further inference on the relationships between populational and cultural processes (Green and others 1974; Howell-Lee 1971).

Critics have questioned the assumption of life table construction and cited various sources of error in data collection to argue against the use of life tables as a source of inference concerning the biological population. In this paper we will attempt to address some of these sources of error. Specifically, we will discuss the effects of enumeration errors, population growth, and small population size on life table values. To assess the impact of these errors on life table values of “anthropological” populations, we make use of computer simulation. We conclude that, once the implications of these factors are understood, the life table can provide a useful model for paleodemographic research.
Mummy Lake Gray: A New Pottery Type
Authors: Rohn Arthur H. , Swannack Jervis D.
Published: June 2018

A formal description is presented for a new type of plain gray pottery made during late Pueblo II and early Pueblo III at Mesa Verde and its surrounding territory. Significant characteristics include jar and pitcher shapes, small size, and the presence of a single unobliterated fillet around the rim. This type is seen as a continuation of the plain gray pottery tradition in the northern San Juan region.
Edge-abraded Flakes, Blades, and Cores in the Puebloan Tool Assemblage
Authors: Wheeler Richard P.
Published: June 2018

Some of the use-modified stone artifacts obtained from Puebloan sites on Wetherill and Chapin mesas exhibit one technological attribute, edge-abrasion, which does not seem to have been reported previously from the Four Corners region nor from other sections of the United States. These artifacts are grouped under 38 styles, based on variations of edge-abrasion and other features resulting from use. They are assignable to each of the ceramic stages identified in the Mesa Verde district — Basketmaker III, Pueblo I, Pueblo II, and Pueblo III. Experiments suggest that edge-abrasion resulted from using the sharp-edged rock fragments to incise geometric designs on sandstone building elements and linear figures on fallen blocks of sandstone and, more commonly, to cut or saw “blanks” for artifacts and possibly many of the slabs and blocks (for architectural purposes) from larger pieces of the locally abundant, soft, fine-grained sandstone.
The Preparation of Yucca Fibers: An Experimental Study
Authors: Osborne Carolyn M.
Published: June 2018

Several distinct structural fibers, all yucca, were observed in the twines taken from the Wetherill Mesa sites. Attempts were made to duplicate these fibers, using leaves from Yucca baccata and Yucca harrimaniae. Although our methods did not produce all fibers with the exact coloration of the prehistoric fibers, it is probable that our procedures approximated those of the ancient Indians.
Postulation of Socio-Economic Groups from Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Rohn Arthur H.
Published: June 2018

Exceptional preservation in a sheltered Pueblo III cliff site at Mesa Verde enables delineation of space units formerly occupied by socio-economic groups. These groups are not characterized by kinship relations but by durable remains of domestic cooperation, such as the juxtaposition of rooms with different functions, building sequences, patterns of movement indicated by doorway locations, and the placement of hearths and other domestic features. Three different groupings are recognized: household units or suites, courtyard units, and complete village-sized communities.
Pollen and Archaeology at Wetherill Mesa
Authors: Martin Paul S. , Byers William
Published: June 2018

Nine profiles of prehistoric cultural deposits at Wetherill Mesa, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, were analyzed for fossil pollen content. Relatively large numbers of corn (Zea) pollen occur in certain deposits of Mug House. In the alluvium retained behind low walls of two check-dams, the frequency of Zea is relatively low (.07%) but approximates the frequency of Zea pollen in soil of a garden on Chapin Mesa planted in Indian corn since 1919. Evidently, soil behind the prehistoric checkdams served as corn plots. The abundance of pollen resembling bee-weed (Cleome serrulata) suggests a more important role for the caper family in prehistoric time than would be inferred from its macrofossil record alone. The Cieome-type is common in prehistoric refuse and in human coprolite in the Four Corners area.

Pollen content of matrix within a single archaeological site may vary, depending on the nature of the deposit. Although parts of their deposits overlap in time, the pollen content of (1) a trash slope, (2) a kiva, and (3) a work area within Mug House pueblo varies greatly, especially in economic pollen. Variation between profiles is reduced considerably when they are taken from the same type of deposit, that is, adjacent kivas or trash profiles.

The hope that the fossil record would shed new light on the cause of abandonment of Mesa Verde was largely unrealized. The main stratigraphic event in the pollen sequence of the last 1000 years is a relative increase in juniper and pine pollen following abandonment 700 years ago. Ecologically, this rise can be explained as the result of secondary plant succession with first juniper and then pinyon invading fields when human disturbance ended. It may or may not reflect climatic change.
Archaeological Bird Bones from Chapin Mesa, Mesa Verde National
Park
Authors: Hargrave Lyndon L.
Published: June 2018

Bird bones from sites on Chapin Mesa, in the collection of the Mesa Verde Museum,
were examined. From such a study, it is possible to learn something about the
distribution (temporal and spatial) of certain bird species, the use made of
them by prehistoric peoples, and certain aspects of the ecology. Birds
identified included Whistling Swan, Mallard or Mexican Duck, Hawk, Sage Grouse,
Turkey, Sandhill Crane, Great Horned Owl, Black-billed Magpie, Common Raven, and
Common Crow.
Biological Techniques in Archaeology
Authors: Douglas Charles L.
Published: June 2018

Analysis of color and cuticular patterns of mammalian hair and examination of epidermal plant cells may be used to identify fragmentary remains from archaeological sites when standard taxonomic procedures cannot be applied. The techniques described will help the non-biologist decide when to request assistance from the specialist. An inexpensive apparatus for taking photomicrographs is described.
Three Applications of Edge-Punched Cards for Recording and Analyzing Field Data
Authors: Davis Emma Lou
Published: June 2018

Materials recovered in archaeological research expand in numbers, while increasingly refined analytical techniques make sorting more complicated than ever. Welldesigned data sheets, tailored to a specific job and carrying space for on-the-spot illustrations, expedite field reporting and report writing. For analysis and comparison of limited amounts of material, edge-punched cards provide accessible storage of information, as well as rapid means of comparing data. Cards are available in a number of types and sizes and may offer an excellent alternative step to rough sorting or computer programming. Examples are presented of three applications of edge-punched cards in analyzing various kinds of data in the hands of three persons who worked on the Wetherill Mesa Archeological Project. These individual approaches indicate the variety, flexibility, and sophistication of punch-card recording and analysis.
The View Camera in Archaeological Photography
Authors: Mang Fred E.
Published: June 2018

The view camera, with negative format of 4x5 or larger, is a versatile tool for accurately recording a site area and materials taken from an excavation. The camera can correct distortions and present a more natural perspective than either the 35 mm. or 2¼ × 2¼ camera. Examples show the need for using correct lenses when photographing artifacts. The large format negative does not require as much enlargement as does the 35 mm. or 2¼ × 2¼ negative, an important consideration when preparing prints for publication, thus minimizing slight defects in the negative. Filing the larger negatives is easier, and in subsequent handling (for making additional prints) there is less possibility that they will be damaged.
8 Cultural Continuity and Change
Authors: Webb Clarence H.
Published: June 2018

This site is one of several key sites in the Caddoan Area which Krieger used in the formulation of his classification of Caddoan cultures. It offers, in Mound B, a clear separation of habitation periods by sterile fills and thereby affords a sharp temporal segmentation of culture levels. We believe that we have been reasonably accurate in relating other habitation levels and burials to the four levels of Mound B in working out the picture of the entire site. It now seems desirable to investigate these levels or periods for (a) evidences of continuity of traits and culture patterns, (b) evidences of abrupt interruption of culture or interjection of an entirely new cultural pattern and (c) evidences of distinct culture sequences, resulting either from internal growth and differentiation or from external influences, sudden or gradual. This site may thereby contribute information as to relative depth of Caddoan culture, to the relationship between Gibson and Fulton aspects, and to temporal associations between the various Caddoan cultures and other cultures of the Southeast.
Houses
Authors: Newell H. Perry
Published: June 2018

In general the same techniques were used in the excavation of all house outlines in the site, with, of course, modifications and adjustments to meet any unusual conditions. Whenever postholes were struck the immediate area wa's cleaned off and any suggested line of postholes followed until the entire outline was exposed or, as often happened, the postholes proved not to be part of a definite outline. The practice of profiling all postholes was soon instituted because the soil in them was often so nearly the color of the surrounding soil that their exact placement was impossible. These cross sections also gave exact depths and diameters, data otherwise impossible to obtain accurately.

When an outline had been roughly established, the top of each posthole was troweled out slightly and photographs were taken. A trench was then dug around, and just outside of, the outline and its inner wall cut back by thin vertical slicing until all postholes were exposed in profile (Fig. 16, E). Measurements and plots were then made. Fireplaces and centerposts, if present, were also profiled.
Physical Stratigraphy
Authors: Krieger Alex D.
Published: June 2018

The accompanying Figure 26 was made by the writer from Newell's field notes and profiles. These profiles summarize the potential stratigraphy within the excavated leg of the mound in terms of the actual sequence of construction. (All remarks hereafter on the construction of “the mound” must be taken to apply only to the excavated eastern leg, subject to possible correction if and when the other leg is examined.) It will be shown that not all these stages of construction have determinable cultural significance; that is, some show no apparent differences in the associated cultural material and can be grouped into what we shall call “phases” of occupation.

The reader should first examine NewelFs contour map of the site (Fig. 4), showing the peculiar L-shape of the complete mound, the grid system of numbered squares, and the position of the numerous house outlines.
Growth of quasiconvex subgroups
Authors: DAHMANI FRANÇOIS , FUTER DAVID , WISE DANIEL T.
Published: June 2018

We prove that non-elementary hyperbolic groups grow exponentially more quickly than their infinite index quasiconvex subgroups. The proof uses the classical tools of automatic structures and Perron–Frobenius theory.

We also extend the main result to relatively hyperbolic groups and cubulated groups. These extensions use the notion of growth tightness and the work of Dahmani, Guirardel and Osin on rotating families.
Hydrotalcite Can Prevent the Damaging Effects of Helicobacter Pylori on Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Yanyan Shi , Yanlei Guo , Ting Zhang , Shigang Ding
Published: June 2018

Background: Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastric diseases including gastric cancer. This study was aimed to explore whether hydrotalcite can inhibit H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells. Methods: the gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 and the gastric cancer cell line BGC823 were infected with H. pylori at multiplicities of infections (MOIs) of 50:1 and 100:1. Hydrotalcite was added to cell cultures. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle analysis were performed to measure the situation of cell growth. The main changes of cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. H. pylori cell adhesion was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: hydrotalcite could significantly inhibit cell apoptosis of GES-1 and cell proliferation of BGC823 induced by H. pylori infection at an MOI of 50:1. Hydrotalcite treatment protected gastric cells from H. pylori infection, and H. pylori adhesion to gastric cells was reduced. However, hydrotalcite could not reverse damage induced by H. pylori infection at an MOI of 100:1. Conclusion: hydrotalcite can protect gastric cells from H. pylori infection when cell damage is not serious. It can weaken the damage of cells induced by H. pylori and decrease H. pylori adhesion to gastric cells.
Adaptive Modifications in Four Fish Species of the GenusGarra(Teleostei; Cyprinidae) in Basistha River, Assam, India
Authors: Hussain Jafrin F. , Bordoloi Sabitry
Published: June 2018

This paper deals with the study of the surface morphology of barbels, upper lips, and adhesive discs in four hill stream fish species collected from Basistha River, a torrential river in Guwahati city, Assam, India. The four species belonging to the genusGarranamely,Garra gotyla(Gray, 1830),Garra gravelyi(Annandale, 1919),Garra stenorhynchus(Jerdon, 1849), andGarra nasuta(McClelland, 1838) were collected from the same torrential habitat. These fish revealed anatomical peculiarities in their barbels, lips, and adhesive discs which are believed to help them in adapting to such habitats. Organs exhibiting adaptive modifications (barbels, lips, and adhesive discs) were studied with the scanning electron microscope. The study primarily revealed the presence of type I and type II taste buds in the barbels, lips, and adhesive discs, and numerous unculi surrounded by microridges in the upper lips and adhesive discs. A cumulative, intercalated action of these organs enables these fish to adhere and adapt to rocky, torrential streams. Special ability to adapt to these habitats was reflected from the two types of taste buds (I and II) present in the barbels, and the clustering of excrescencies bearing unculi in the lips and adhesive discs of the fish.
A multi-site exploration of barriers faced by vulnerable patient populations: a qualitative analysis exploring the needs of patients for targeted interventions in new models of care delivery
Authors: Johannes Bobbie , Graaf Deanna , Blatt Barbara , George Daniel , Gonzalo Jed D.
Published: June 2018

Aim

To investigate which populations of patients are considered ‘vulnerable’ across varying clinical sites, and to identify the barriers encountered by these patient populations limiting optimal health.

Background

Vulnerable patient populations encounter diverse barriers that limit their ability to successfully navigate the health system, potentially resulting in poor health outcomes. Little current-day work has described types of barriers encountered by vulnerable patient populations across numerous clinical sites and settings, which is necessary to ensure health systems can begin to improve quality and disparities for all patient populations.

Methods

An inductive content analysis was performed based on field-site notes and digitally recorded telephone interviews with providers/leadership at clinics/programs related to patient- and clinic-needs from January 2014 through May 2015. Using thematic analysis with grounded theory techniques, authors identified categories and themes. In total, 30 diverse clinical sites/programs including inpatient- and outpatient-based clinics providing medicine and surgery-based services were assessed through both site visits and follow-up telephone interviews. Follow-up interviews were conducted with one individual in various positions within sites/programs, including physicians (n=15), registered nurses (n=8), clinic managers/coordinators (n=2), clinical program coordinator (n=1), and care coordinator (n=1); one participant represented three clinical sites.

Findings

In total, 30 sites/programs (n=30) received both a site visit and follow-up interview. Commonly reported vulnerable patient populations included those with multiple chronic conditions, lower socioeconomic status, patients in a specific stage in the continuum of care, and patients with over- and under-utilization of resources without a clear etiology. Themes related to barriers included systems barriers (eg, insufficiencies of care processes), clinic barriers (eg, lack of resources), patient-related barriers (eg, housing, transportation), and provider-related barriers (eg, inadequate time and knowledge).

Conclusions

These results provide a framework to identify systems- and clinic-related barriers that can be used in population health management strategies aimed at improving health disparities within clinically diverse sites.
Climate change and security: towards ecological security?
Authors: McDonald Matt
Published: June 2018

Climate change is increasingly characterized as a security issue. Yet we see nothing approaching consensus about the nature of the climate change–security relationship. Indeed existing depictions in policy statements and academic debate illustrate radically different conceptions of the nature of the threat posed, to whom and what constitute appropriate policy responses. These different climate securitydiscoursesencourage practices as varied as national adaptation and globally oriented mitigation action. Given the increasing prominence of climate security representations and the different implications of these discourses, it is important to consider whether we can identifyprogressivediscourses of climate security: approaches to this relationship underpinned by defensible ethical assumptions and encouraging effective responses to climate change. Here I make a case for an ecological security discourse. Such a discourse orients towards ecosystem resilience and the rights and needs of the most vulnerable across space (populations of developing worlds), time (future generations), and species (other living beings). This paper points to the limits of existing accounts of climate security before outlining the contours of an ‘ecological security discourse’ regarding climate change. It concludes by reflecting on the challenges and opportunities for such discourse in genuinely informing how political communities approach the climate change–security relationship.
Deutsche Adaptation der Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale (PABSS)
Authors: Sohnsmeyer Jan
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie (N = 759) wurde die deutsche Adaptation der Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale (PABSS) anhand von explorativen Strukturgleichungsmodellen (Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, ESEM) evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse replizieren die vierfaktorielle Struktur der englischsprachigen Version. Der Modell-Fit des ESEM war akzeptabel und resultierte in gut differenzierten (wenig korrelierten) Faktoren. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Reliabilität der Skalen und die partielle Messinvarianz über Geschlecht und unterschiedliche Mannschaftssportarten (Fußball, Rugby / Football, Hockey / Floorball, Basketball und Handball). Die analysierten Geschlechtsunterschiede sowie die Zusammenhänge mit konzeptuell ähnlichen Skalen weisen auf die Konstruktvalidität hin.
Temporal Variation of Ecosystem Scale Methane Emission From a Boreal Fen in Relation to Temperature, Water Table Position, and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes
Authors: Rinne Janne , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina , Peltola Olli , Li Xuefei , Raivonen Maarit , Alekseychik Pavel , Haapanala Sami , Pihlatie Mari , Aurela Mika , Mammarella Ivan , Vesala Timo
Published: June 2018

We have analyzed decade‐long methane flux data set from a boreal fen, Siikaneva, together with data on environmental parameters and carbon dioxide exchange. The methane flux showed seasonal cycle but no systematic diel cycle. The highest fluxes were observed in July–August with average value of 73 nmol m−2 s−1. Wintertime fluxes were small but positive, with January–March average of 6.7 nmol m−2 s−1. Daily average methane emission correlated best with peat temperatures at 20–35 cm depths. The second highest correlation was with gross primary production (GPP). The best correspondence between emission algorithm and measured fluxes was found for a variable‐slope generalized linear model (r2 = 0.89) with peat temperature at 35 cm depth and GPP as explanatory variables, slopes varying between years. The homogeneity of slope approach indicated that seasonal variation explained 79% of the sum of squares variation of daily average methane emission, the interannual variation in explanatory factors 7.0%, functional change 5.3%, and random variation 9.1%. Significant correlation between interannual variability of growing season methane emission and that of GPP indicates that on interannual time scales GPP controls methane emission variability, crucially for development of process‐based methane emission models. Annual methane emission ranged from 6.0 to 14 gC m−2 and was 2.7 ± 0.4% of annual GPP. Over 10‐year period methane emission was 18% of net ecosystem exchange as carbon. The weak relation of methane emission to water table position indicates that space‐to‐time analogy, used to extrapolate spatial chamber data in time, may not be applicable in seasonal time scales.
Back‐Projection Imaging of Extended, Diffuse Sources of Volcano‐Tectonic Seismicity During June 2010 at Sierra Negra Volcano, Galápagos
Authors: Kelly C. L. , Lawrence J. F.
Published: June 2018

Seismic signals generated by subsurface volcano‐tectonic processes commonly have low signal‐to‐noise ratios that make it difficult to resolve both 3‐D subsurface structures and seismic source locations using established seismic imaging methods (e.g., phase picking, template matching). High‐amplitude bursts within the noise (i.e., eruptions) are sometimes suitable for traditional seismic imaging but occur infrequently relative to the duration of a systems eruption cycle and offer minimal insight into mechanisms that occur during more common intereruption periods. Prevalent noise recorded near volcanic systems is often nearly continuously generated by many overlapping low‐magnitude displacements at depth that can be directly linked to magma, fluid, and volatile transport. This noise contains valuable information about subsurface processes that occur between volcanic eruptions and may provide critical information for mitigating risks from volcanic hazards. We present a new computationally efficient method to comprehensively study temporal and spatial variations in extended, diffuse, low‐magnitude volcano‐tectonic seismicity by applying a back‐projection search algorithm to analyze coherent seismic energy arriving from potential subsurface source locations to available pairs of broadband seismometers. We apply this method to Sierra Negra Volcano for a 2.5‐week study period coinciding with a dike intrusion in June 2010. Through averaging (stacking), the back‐projection algorithm illuminates the most likely source locations of low‐magnitude, high‐frequency volcano‐tectonic seismicity before, during, and after previously identified volcano‐tectonic earthquakes. Our results corroborate known volcano‐tectonic earthquake locations and support the interpretation of a small‐volume dike intrusion at ~5–8 km below sea level along the south‐southeastern flanks of the Sierra Negra caldera in June 2010.
Inversion of Surface Deformation Data for Rapid Estimates of Source Parameters and Uncertainties: A Bayesian Approach
Authors: Bagnardi Marco , Hooper Andrew
Published: June 2018

New satellite missions (e.g., the European Space Agency's Sentinel‐1 constellation), advances in data downlinking, and rapid product generation now provide us with the ability to access space‐geodetic data within hours of their acquisition. To truly take advantage of this opportunity, we need to be able to interpret geodetic data in a prompt and robust manner. Here we present a Bayesian approach for the inversion of multiple geodetic data sets that allows a rapid characterization of posterior probability density functions (PDFs) of source model parameters. The inversion algorithm efficiently samples posterior PDFs through a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, incorporating the Metropolis‐Hastings algorithm, with automatic step size selection. We apply our approach to synthetic geodetic data simulating deformation of magmatic origin and demonstrate its ability to retrieve known source parameters. We also apply the inversion algorithm to interferometric synthetic aperture radar data measuring co‐seismic displacements for a thrust‐faulting earthquake (2015 Mw 6.4 Pishan earthquake, China) and retrieve optimal source parameters and associated uncertainties. Given its robustness and rapidity in estimating deformation source parameters and uncertainties, our Bayesian framework is capable of taking advantage of real‐time geodetic measurements. Thus, our approach can be applied to geodetic data to study magmatic, tectonic, and other geophysical processes, especially in rapid‐response operational settings (e.g., volcano observatories). Our algorithm is fully implemented in a MATLAB®‐based software package (Geodetic Bayesian Inversion Software) that we make freely available to the scientific community.
Stresses and Drag in Turbulent Bed Load From Refractive Index‐Matched Experiments
Authors: Ni Wei‐Jay , Capart Hervé
Published: June 2018

We report steady open‐channel flow experiments that resolve the internal dynamics of turbulent bed load layers at subgrain diameter resolution. Optical access is gained by using materials of matched refractive index, and a laser light sheet is scanned across the medium to capture both the solid and liquid motions over a 3‐D volume. The imaging measurements yield vertical profiles of granular concentration, solid and liquid mean velocity, and velocity fluctuation statistics including the granular temperature and the Reynolds stress. This makes it possible to determine all principal contributions to the momentum balance of each phase. In particular, experimental profiles are obtained for the stresses and interphase drag force. They are used to test constitutive relationships derived from kinetic theory, turbulence theory, and fluidization cell experiments.
Proxy Index Derived From All Sky Imagers for Space Weather Impact on GPS
Authors: Mushini Sajan C. , Skone Susan , Spanswick Emma , Donovan Eric , Najmafshar Maryam
Published: June 2018

Global Positioning System (GPS) signals passing through the auroral ionosphere, which exhibits multiscreen electron density structuring, maybe scintillated causing observation and possibly positioning errors. It is advantageous to determine the magnitude of GPS signal scintillation associated with a given level of auroral brightness observed around the signal's ionospheric pierce point (IPP). Such information would enable the exploitation of auroral image observations in space weather monitoring and help in assessment of impact on infrastructure/services reliant on GNSS. Studies have observed a general positive correlation between auroral brightness and GPS phase scintillation but not a definite one‐to‐one relationship. In this study a correlation coefficient of 0.38 is observed between the phase scintillation and the level of auroral arc brightness around the GPS signal's raypath for a data set of 292 events in the Canadian sector. Alternatively, a new pseudo‐scintillation index, Rate of change of Brightness index, is introduced in this study which is derived from the changing auroral brightness around the satellite's IPP. This Rate of change of Brightness index is highly positively correlated (correlation coefficient: 0.75) with GPS phase scintillation. Spatial and spectral relationships between auroral brightness around the satellite's IPP and phase scintillation were also analyzed. It is observed that probability of GPS signals experiencing phase scintillation is high when the auroral brightness around the satellite's IPP has dominant fluctuations in the frequency band ~0.06 to 0.16 Hz. These results indicate that GPS signal scintillation is related to the dynamics of the brightness around the satellite's IPP as the satellite signal propagates through the aurora.
The Solar Particle Event on 10 September 2017 as observed onboard the International Space Station (ISS)
Authors: Berger T. , Matthiä D. , Burmeister S. , Rios R. , Lee K. , Semones E. , Hassler D. M. , Stoffle N. , Zeitlin C.
Published: June 2018

The nominal radiation environment in low Earth orbit, especially for the International Space Station (ISS), is dominated by two sources. The first is galactic cosmic radiation, which is modulated by the interplanetary and the Earth's magnetic fields, and the second is trapped radiation in the form of the Van Allen belts. The trapped radiation inside the ISS is mostly due to protons of the inner radiation belt. In addition to these sources sporadic solar particle events (SPEs) can produce high doses inside and outside the ISS, depending on the intensity and energy spectrum of the event. Before 2017, the last SPE observed inside the ISS with relevant radiation detectors occurred in May 2012. Even though we are currently approaching the next solar minimum, an SPE was observed in September 2017, which was (a) a ground‐level enhancement, (b) measured with various radiation detector systems onboard the ISS, and (c) observed on the surface of Mars. This paper gives an overview of the 10 September 2017 SPE measured with the DOSIS 3D‐DOSTEL and the ISS‐RAD (Radiation Assessment Detector) instruments, both located at this time in close proximity to each other in the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS. The additional dose received during the SPE was 146.2 μGy in Si as measured by ISS‐RAD and 67.8 μGy in Si as measured by the DOSIS 3D‐DOSTEL instruments. In comparison, the dose measured on the surface of Mars with the Mars Science Laboratory‐RAD instrument accounted to 418 μGy in Si.
Endogenous opioid system dysregulation in depression: implications for new therapeutic approaches
Authors: Peciña Marta , Karp Jordan F. , Mathew Sanjay , Todtenkopf Mark S. , Ehrich Elliot W. , Zubieta Jon-Kar
Published: June 2018

The United States is in the midst of an opioid addiction and overdose crisis precipitated and exacerbated by use of prescription opioid medicines. The majority of opioid prescriptions are dispensed to patients with comorbid mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD). A growing body of research indicates that the endogenous opioid system is directly involved in the regulation of mood and is dysregulated in MDD. This involvement of the endogenous opioid system may underlie the disproportionate use of opioids among patients with mood disorders. Emerging approaches to address endogenous opioid dysregulation in MDD may yield novel therapeutics that have a low or absent risk of abuse and addiction relative to µ-opioid agonists. Moreover, agents targeting the endogenous opioid system would be expected to yield clinical benefits qualitatively different from conventional monaminergic antidepressants. The development of safe and effective agents to treat MDD-associated endogenous opioid dysregulation may represent a distinct and currently underappreciated means of addressing treatment resistant depression with the potential to attenuate the on-going opioid crisis.
Methanotrophy across a natural permafrost thaw environment
Authors: Singleton Caitlin M , McCalley Carmody K , Woodcroft Ben J , Boyd Joel A , Evans Paul N , Hodgkins Suzanne B , Chanton Jeffrey P , Frolking Steve , Crill Patrick M , Saleska Scott R , Rich Virginia I , Tyson Gene W
Published: June 2018

The fate of carbon sequestered in permafrost is a key concern for future global warming as this large carbon stock is rapidly becoming a net methane source due to widespread thaw. Methane release from permafrost is moderated by methanotrophs, which oxidise 20–60% of this methane before emission to the atmosphere. Despite the importance of methanotrophs to carbon cycling, these microorganisms are under-characterised and have not been studied across a natural permafrost thaw gradient. Here, we examine methanotroph communities from the active layer of a permafrost thaw gradient in Stordalen Mire (Abisko, Sweden) spanning three years, analysing 188 metagenomes and 24 metatranscriptomes paired with in situ biogeochemical data. Methanotroph community composition and activity varied significantly as thaw progressed from intact permafrost palsa, to partially thawed bog and fully thawed fen. Thirteen methanotroph population genomes were recovered, including two novel genomes belonging to the uncultivated upland soil cluster alpha (USCα) group and a novel potentially methanotrophic Hyphomicrobiaceae. Combined analysis of porewater δ13C-CH4 isotopes and methanotroph abundances showed methane oxidation was greatest below the oxic–anoxic interface in the bog. These results detail the direct effect of thaw on autochthonous methanotroph communities, and their consequent changes in population structure, activity and methane moderation potential.
Factors influencing bacterial microbiome composition in a wild non-human primate community in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Gogarten Jan F , Davies T Jonathan , Benjamino Jacquelynn , Gogarten J Peter , Graf Joerg , Mielke Alexander , Mundry Roger , Nelson Michael C , Wittig Roman M , Leendertz Fabian H , Calvignac-Spencer Sébastien
Published: June 2018

Microbiomes impact a variety of processes including a host’s ability to access nutrients and maintain health. While host species differences in microbiomes have been described across ecosystems, little is known about how microbiomes assemble, particularly in the ecological and social contexts in which they evolved. We examined gut microbiome composition in nine sympatric wild non-human primate (NHP) species. Despite sharing an environment and interspecific interactions, individuals harbored unique and persistent microbiomes influenced by host species, social group, and parentage, but surprisingly not by social relationships among members of a social group. We found a branching order of host-species networks constructed using the composition of their microbiomes as characters, which was incongruent with known NHP phylogenetic relationships, with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) sister to colobines, upon which they regularly prey. In contrast to phylogenetic clustering found in all monkey microbiomes, chimpanzee microbiomes were unique in that they exhibited patterns of phylogenetic overdispersion. This reflects unique ecological processes impacting microbiome composition in chimpanzees and future studies will elucidate the aspects of chimpanzee ecology, life history, and physiology that explain their unique microbiome community structure. Our study of contemporaneous microbiomes of all sympatric diurnal NHP in an ecosystem highlights the diverse dispersal routes shaping these complex communities.
Systematic discovery of germline cancer predisposition genes through the identification of somatic second hits
Authors: Park Solip , Supek Fran , Lehner Ben
Published: June 2018

The genetic causes of cancer include both somatic mutations and inherited germline variants. Large-scale tumor sequencing has revolutionized the identification of somatic driver alterations but has had limited impact on the identification of cancer predisposition genes (CPGs). Here we present a statistical method, ALFRED, that tests Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis to systematically identify CPGs from cancer genome data. Applied to ~10,000 tumor exomes the approach identifies known and putative CPGs – including the chromatin modifierNSD1– that contribute to cancer through a combination of rare germline variants and somatic loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH). Rare germline variants in these genes contribute substantially to cancer risk, including to ~14% of ovarian carcinomas, ~7% of breast tumors, ~4% of uterine corpus endometrial carcinomas, and to a median of 2% of tumors across 17 cancer types.