bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibrotactile sense in median and ulnar nerve innervated fingers of men with Type 2 diabetes, normal or impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Dahlin L. B. , Thrainsdottir S. , Cederlund R. , Thomsen N. O. B. , Eriksson K. F. , Rosén I. , Speidel T. , Sundqvist G.
Published: March 2008

Aims  To investigate vibrotactile sense (large fibre neuropathy) at different frequencies in index and little fingers (median and ulnar nerves, respectively) of subjects with diabetes, or impaired (IGT) or normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Methods  Vibration thresholds (tactilometry at seven frequencies (8, 16, 32, 64, 125, 250 and 500 Hz)) and median nerve function (electrophysiology) were examined in men (age 73.4 ± 0.12 years; n = 58, mean ± sd) with persistent NGT (n = 28) or IGT (n = 7) or with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (n = 23) for > 15 years.

Results  HbA1c was increased and vibrotactile sense (sensibility index) was impaired in index and little fingers in men with T2DM. Vibration thresholds were particularly increased at 16, 250 and 500 Hz in the little finger (ulnar nerve). T2DM subjects showed electrophysiological (gold standard) signs of neuropathy in the median nerve. Although subjects with persistent IGT had higher HbA1c, vibrotactile sensation and electrophysiology remained normal. HbA1c did not correlate with vibrotactile sense or electrophysiology, but the latter two correlated with respect to Z‐score (sign of neuropathy) in forearm (NGT) and at wrist level (NGT and DM).

Conclusions  Vibration thresholds are increased in the finger pulps in T2DM subjects, particularly at specific frequencies in ulnar nerve innervated finger pulps. Neuropathy is not present in IGT. Tactilometry, with a multi‐frequency approach, is a sensitive technique to screen for large fibre neuropathy in T2DM. Frequency‐related changes may mirror dysfunction of various receptors.
Six‐year incidence of lower extremity arterial disease and associated risk factors in Type 1 diabetic African‐Americans
Authors: Roy M. S. , Peng B.
Published: March 2008

Aims  To report the 6‐year incidence of, and risk factors for, lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) in African‐Americans with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods  African‐Americans (n = 483) with Type 1 diabetes were re‐examined 6 years after an original visit. At both visits, patients underwent a structured clinical interview which included history of amputation or leg angioplasty because of poor circulation in lower extremities; ocular examination; masked grading of seven stereoscopic fundus photographs; and blood pressure measurements. Biological tests included blood and urine assays.

Results  Of the 483 patients who had a 6‐year follow‐up, 457 had no LEAD at the baseline examination. Of these 457 patients, 26 (5.7%) developed LEAD over the 6‐year follow‐up. Six‐year incidence of LEAD was significantly associated with baseline older age (P = 0.0002) and longer duration of diabetes (P < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that baseline longer duration of diabetes, male gender, higher systolic blood pressure, retinopathy severity, and presence of foot ulcers were significant and independent risk factors for incidence of LEAD.

Conclusions  Blood pressure control and prevention and treatment of foot ulcers may be helpful in reducing the morbidity associated with LEAD in African‐Americans with Type 1 diabetes.
Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk
Authors: Rosenheck R.
Published: March 2008

Consumption of fast food, which have high energy densities and glycemic loads, and expose customers to excessive portion sizes, may be greatly contributing to and escalating the rates of overweight and obesity in the USA. Whether an association exists between fast food consumption and weight gain is unclear. Sixteen studies (six cross sectional, seven prospective cohort, three experimental) meeting methodological and relevance criteria were selected for inclusion in this systematic review. While more research needs to be conducted specifically in regard to effects of fast food consumption among subpopulations such as children and adolescents, sufficient evidence exists for public health recommendations to limit fast food consumption and facilitate healthier menu selection. As the fast food industry continues to increase both domestically and abroad, the scientific findings and corresponding public health implications of the association between fast food consumption and weight are critical.
Mapping spectral tropicality in The Maid and Return to Pontianak
Authors: Harvey Sophia Siddique
Published: March 2008

Contemporary, postcolonial Singapore has tamed, managed, and essentially disavowed its tropicality, aptly captured symbolically as the ‘air‐conditioned nation’. This essay traces how two recent Singapore horror films, The Maid (2005) and Return to Pontianak (2001), evoke the ‘return of the repressed’ as a form of haunting that I call ‘spectral tropicality’. The films image and imagine this spectral return through unruly bodies (citizen subjects, female domestic workers, ghosts and vampire‐ghosts) and uncanny landscapes (the jungle and city). In particular, the films and this analysis examine two sociocultural spectres lurking beneath Singapore as a tropical urban city‐nation: the female domestic worker (The Maid) and ethnoracial folk beliefs (The Maid and Return to Pontianak). The Maid features the Hungry Ghosts Festival in the Chinese religious calendar, ghost marriages and an engagement with yin and yang energies, while Return to Pontianak deals with Malay folk beliefs of semangat (‘life force’), and the pontianak, a female vampire‐ghost. The Maid attempts to integrate Chinese folk beliefs into contemporary Singapore's cityscape, particularly the architecturally conserved Chinatown shophouses, while Return to Pontianak displaces Malay folk beliefs onto the tropical forest, which is mapped as a threatening other(ed) space and serves as Singapore's tropical doppelganger. Both films suggest that these folk beliefs have an unruly presence within the state's seemingly harmonious and meritocratic ethnoracial ideologies.
Bayesian estimation of log odds ratios fromR × Cand 2 × 2 × Kcontingency tables
Authors: Demirhan Haydar , Hamurkaroglu Canan
Published: March 2008

In this paper, Bayesian estimation of log odds ratios overR × Cand 2 × 2 × Kcontingency tables is considered, which is practically reasonable in the presence of prior information. Likelihood functions for log odds ratios are derived for each table structure. A prior specification strategy is proposed. Posterior inferences are drawn using Gibbs sampling and Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the matters argued.
The beginnings of Nazi autarky policy: the ‘National Pulp Programme’ and the origin of regional staple fibre plants1
Authors: SCHERNER JONAS
Published: March 2008

In 1934, the Nazi regime decided to expand German staple fibre capacities significantly. The planned expansion expressed by the ‘National Pulp Programme’ was not only motivated by the balance of payments crisis at this time, but also by long‐term autarky considerations. However, private companies and the Nazi regime disagreed on the size of the cellulose fibre markets and on how risks were to be shared. Therefore the Nazi regime considered the foundation of privately owned but actually state controlled new suppliers as a way of influencing the private companies to comply with its demands. However, as far as the established companies' willingness to invest was concerned, this strategy did not prove particularly successful. These companies were disposed to invest but only according to their long‐term expectations regarding the potential staple fibre market given normal conditions; that is, with no import restrictions on natural fibres. Surprisingly, not only the big, established companies but also the private shareholders of the regional plants—often comparatively small textile companies—were not forced by the state to fulfil the requirements of the Nazi regime. Therefore these results suggest that the still‐prevailing command economy thesis is not supported by the evidence.
A Robust Linkage Analysis Method Using Combined Allele Sharing and Transmission Disequilibrium Information from Case‐Parent Tetrad Families
Authors: Wang J.‐Y. , Hou C.‐D. , Tai J. J.
Published: March 2008

There are two types of linkage information, the allele sharing information and transmission disequilibrium information, that can be extracted from case‐parent tetrad families for deriving statistics for test of linkage. By extracting allele sharing information the mean test can be derived. By extracting transmission disequilibrium information the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) can be derived. The power performances of the two tests are different with respect to the extent of linkage disequilibrium. The TDT is more powerful than the mean test when the extent of linkage disequilibrium is moderate to strong, but the mean test has better power performance than the TDT when linkage disequilibrium is weak. Some previous studies have proposed several post‐combination analysis methods, which combine the two tests after they are derived using the two types of linkage information respectively, to yield robust test statistics against the interference of linkage disequilibrium. Instead of adopting the post‐combination approach, in this paper we investigate the approach of using the pre‐combination idea to yield robust statistics for test of linkage. The pre‐combination methods combine the two types of linkage information first, and then use the combined information to construct robust test statistics. Simulation studies are conducted to compare the power performances of the proposed pre‐combination tests with those of the existing post‐combination methods.
Medicinal plants and the treatment of diabetes in Senegal: survey with patients
Authors: Dièye Amadou Moctar , Sarr Anna , Diop Saïd Norou , Ndiaye Mamadou , Sy Guata Yoro , Diarra Mounibé , Rajraji/Gaffary Ilham , Ndiaye/Sy Awa , Faye Babacar
Published: March 2008

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder worldwide and is a major public health problem. Its frequency increases every day in all countries. However, in developing African countries, few people have access to drugs. In addition, in Africa, traditional beliefs induce people to use medicinal plants whenever they have health problems. Thus, many people in these developing countries use plants for the treatment of diabetes. Yet, few studies are focused on the knowledge and attitudes of the users on medicinal plants in Africa in general and in Senegal in particular. Hence we undertook this survey on the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes in Senegal in order to make recommendations which could contribute to the increase of the value of herbal medicines in developing countries. We did a cross‐sectional survey by direct interview at a university teaching hospital, in Dakar with a representative sample of 220 patients. Forty‐one plants were used by the patients and the two most frequently cited were Moringa oleifera Lam (65.90%) and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst (43.20%). Patients gave several reasons for using medicinal plants (traditional treatment: 40%, efficacy: 32%, low cost: 20%). The principal suppliers of plants were tradesmen in the market (66.8%) and traditional therapists (5%). Sixty‐five per cent of patients think that medicinal plants are efficient for the treatment of diabetes and 20% have reported adverse effects which could be caused by medicinal plants. In conclusion, many people in our study think that medicinal plants are efficient for the treatment of diabetes, which requires research work by scientists in developing countries in this field in order to prove their efficacy and innocuousness.
Factitious increases in serum testosterone concentrations related to phenylbutazone therapy
Authors: Uzzan Bernard , Dumont‐Fischer Dominique , Lahlou Najiba , Bihan Hélène , Boissier Marie‐Christophe , Alvarez Jean‐Claude , Perret Gérard‐Yves , Cohen Régis
Published: March 2008

We report 6 additional observations of a drug/hormone assay interaction between serum testosterone and phenylbutazone intake. This interaction had been described previously only once. We discuss its potential mechanisms, based upon our experimental findings, and its clinical implications.
Antihypertensive effects of crude extracts from leaves of Echinodorus grandiflorus
Authors: Lessa Marcos Adriano , Araújo Cláudia Valéria , Kaplan Maria Auxiliadora , Pimenta Daniel , Figueiredo Maria Raquel , Tibiriçá Eduardo
Published: March 2008

The antihypertensive action of a crude ethanolic extract (EEEG) from leaves of Echinodorus grandiflorus (Alismataceae) was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The intraperitoneal injection of increasing doses of EEEG (300–1000 mg/kg) elicited dose‐dependent reductions in mean arterial pressure (MAP) that were paralleled by reductions of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, reaching the maximum of 23 ± 5%, 13 ± 3% and 18 ± 4%, respectively (n = 5, P < 0.05). Comparable reductions of MAP were obtained upon i.v. administration of EEEG (3–100 mg/kg), reaching the maximum decrease of 51 ± 6% (n = 7; P < 0.001). The blockade of nitric oxide synthesis significantly reduced the hypotension induced by i.v. administration of EEEG. Moreover, the pre‐treatment of the animals with a selective antagonist of cholinergic muscarinic receptors or of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) receptors partially blunted the cardiovascular effects of EEEG. The i.v. pre‐treatment with the selective B2 bradykinin receptor antagonist HOE 140 or with indomethacin, an inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, did not prevent the hypotensive effects induced by EEEG. Finally, the chronic oral treatment with EEEG presented a significant antihypertensive effect that was comparable to that of reference antihypertensive drugs currently used to treat arterial hypertension. It is concluded that EEEG elicits significant acute antihypertensive effects through the release of nitric oxide and the stimulation of cholinergic muscarinic and PAF receptors. Moreover, our results suggest that EEEG may be appropriate to chronic oral treatment of arterial hypertension.
Oral absorption of ampicillin: role of paracellular route vs. PepT1 transporter
Authors: Lafforgue Guylène , Arellano Cécile , Vachoux Christelle , Woodley John , Philibert Claude , Dupouy Veronique , Bousquet‐Mélou Alain , Gandia Peggy , Houin Georges
Published: March 2008

The β‐lactam antibiotic ampicillin has a relatively poor oral bioavailability in animals and man (30–40%), and its widespread agricultural use in livestock may be contributing to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the environment. The aim of this study was to define the absorption mechanism by which ampicillin crosses the small intestinal epithelium. The improved rat everted gut sac system was used, with an emphasis on the role of the PepT1 transporter. The absorption kinetics, effects of pH and the use of competitive substrates failed to provide any substantive evidence that the transporter played a major role in ampicillin absorption. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid enhanced the absorption, and tissue levels remained low, suggesting that paracellular transport was predominant. pH and competition studies with glycylsarcosine, the widely used PepT1 substrate, also failed to show any transporter activity. Despite evidence from studies with Caco‐2 cells that β‐lactam antibiotics are transported by the PepT1 transporter in rat small intestine, the results rather suggest that paracellular diffusion is the major mechanism of absorption, at least for β‐lactam antibiotics with poor bioavailability, such as ampicillin. We suggest that the use of Caco‐2 cells underestimates the role of the paracellular route in the absorption of hydrophilic drugs in vivo, and may exaggerate the role of influx transporters.
THE FIRST FOSSIL PROSCOPIIDAE (INSECTA, ORTHOPTERA, EUMASTACOIDEA) WITH COMMENTS ON THE HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE FAMILY
Authors: HEADS SAM W.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Eoproscopia martilligen. et sp. nov. is described from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation Lagerstätte of Ceará State, north‐east Brazil. The new taxon is assigned to the extant family Proscopiidae and represents the first occurrence of the group in the fossil record.Eoproscopiais similar to crown group proscopiids in its stick‐like habitus, elongate prothorax and absence of the cryptopleuron, but differs in the presence of well‐developed wings, the short head with a small, simple fastigium, the prothoracic legs being inserted near the posterior margin of the prothorax, and the absence of spines on the metathoracic tibiae. The discovery ofEoproscopiaextends the geological range of the family by approximately 110 myr and confirms the presence of stem‐group proscopiids in the Atlantic rift zone of South America during the Early Cretaceous.
AN EARLY HERBIVOROUS LIZARD FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF JAPAN
Authors: EVANS SUSAN E. , MANABE MAKOTO
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The Lower Cretaceous Tetori Group of Japan has yielded diverse freshwater and terrestrial vertebrate assemblages. The most productive small vertebrate locality is the ‘Kaseki‐Kabe’ or ‘fossil‐bluff’ at Kuwajima, Hakusan City, Ishikawa Prefecture. These deposits have produced at least six distinct lizard taxa of which one, described and named here asKuwajimalla kagaensis, has lanceolate denticulate teeth convergent on those of the livingIguana. This type of dentition is rare among living lizards and is usually considered indicative of herbivory and, more specifically, folivory.Kuwajimalla kagaensisprovides the earliest unambiguous record of squamate herbivory. Comparisons with modern and fossil lizards suggest thatKuwajimallamay be an early relative of the macrocephalosaurines, a group of large herbivores well represented in the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION AND PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITY OF TUBULAR MICROFOSSILS FROM THE EDIACARAN DOUSHANTUO FORMATION AT WENG’AN, SOUTH CHINA
Authors: LIU PENGJU , XIAO SHUHAI , YIN CHONGYU , ZHOU CHUANMING , GAO LINZHI , TANG FENG
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  This paper provides a systematic treatment of tubular microfossils collected from dolomitic phosphorites of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at Weng’an, South China. These microfossils were investigated using petrographic, acid extraction and re‐embedding techniques. Four morphological genera and five morphospecies are described: Ramitubus increscens gen. et sp. nov., Ramitubus decrescens gen. et sp. nov., Sinocyclocyclicus guizhouensis, Quadratitubus orbigoniatus, and Crassitubus costatus gen. et sp. nov. They are characterized by cylindrical (R. increscens, R. decrescens, S. guizhouensis and C. costatus) or tetragonal (Q. orbigoniatus) tubes with closely spaced cross‐walls. Ramitubus has mostly complete cross‐walls, whereas all other taxa have regularly intercalated complete and incomplete cross‐walls. Some of them branch dichotomously (R. increscens and R. decrescens), others have a longitudinal ridge running along a curved tube (C. costatus).

The palaeoecology, ontogeny, and phylogenetic affinity of these microfossils are still uncertain. They probably represent non‐biomineralizing organisms in the Ediacaran ocean. Ramitubus (and possibly all other morphotaxa described in this paper) was probably benthic and grew unidirectionally and episodically. The incomplete cross‐walls could have been formed through terminal addition or, alternatively, through intercalary insertion. It is possible that some or all morphotaxa described may represent ontogenetic or ecophenotypic variations of one or a few closely related biological species. If so, then the combination of morphological features (complete and incomplete cross‐walls, tetraradial symmetry, and longitudinal ridge) can negate a cyanobacterial or algal interpretation, and point to a tentative cnidarian affinity.
Chemotherapy‐induced neuropathy
Authors: Windebank Anthony J. , Grisold Wolfgang
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Neurotoxic side effects of cancer therapy are second in frequency to hematological toxicity. Unlike hematological side effects that can be treated with hematopoietic growth factors, neuropathies cannot be treated and protective treatment strategies have not been effective. For the neurologist, the diagnosis of a toxic neuropathy is primarily based on the case history, the clinical and electrophysiological findings, and knowledge of the pattern of neuropathy associated with specific agents. In most cases, toxic neuropathies are length‐dependent, sensory, or sensorimotor neuropathies often associated with pain. The platinum compounds are unique in producing a sensory ganglionopathy. Neurotoxicity is usually dependent on cumulative dose. Severity of neuropathy increases with duration of treatment and progression stops once drug treatment is completed. The platinum compounds are an exception where sensory loss may progress for several months after cessation of treatment (“coasting”). As more effective multiple drug combinations are used, patients will be treated with several neurotoxic drugs. Synergistic neurotoxicity has not been extensively investigated. Pre‐existent neuropathy may influence the development of a toxic neuropathy. Underlying inherited or inflammatory neuropathies may predispose patients to developing very severe toxic neuropathies. Other factors such as focal radiotherapy or intrathecal administration may enhance neurotoxicity. The neurologist managing the cancer patient who develops neuropathy must answer a series of important questions as follows: (1) Are the symptoms due to peripheral neuropathy? (2) Is the neuropathy due to the underlying disease or the treatment? (3) Should treatment be modified or stopped because of the neuropathy? (4) What is the best supportive care in terms of pain management or physical therapy for each patient? Prevention of toxic neuropathies is most important. In patients with neuropathy, restorative approaches have not been well established. Symptomatic and other management are necessary to maintain and improve quality of life.
Correlation between clinical/neurophysiological findings and quality of life in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 1A
Authors: Padua Luca , Shy Michael E. , Aprile Irene , Cavallaro Tiziana , Pareyson Davide , Quattrone Aldo , Rizzuto Nicolo , Vita Giuseppe , Tonali Pietro , Schenone Angelo
Published: March 2008

Abstract  Quality of life (QoL), as defined by the Short Form 36, has previously been shown to be abnormal in patients with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT), both for Physical Composite Scores (PCS) and Mental Composite Scores (MCS). We have now extended these observations in a multicenter evaluation of 89 patients with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 1A, the most common form of CMT. Both the PCS and MCS were abnormal also in this cohort, compared with the Italian population at large. In particular, the ability to ambulate independently as well as toe and heel walk correlated well with QoL measures in our patients.
Effect of Paclitaxel‐Eluting Versus Sirolimus‐Eluting Stents on Coronary Restenosis in Korean Diabetic Patients
Authors: KIM MOO HYUN , HONG SOON JUN , CHA KWANG SOO , PARK HUN SIK , CHAE SHUNG CHULL , HUR SEUNG HO , GWON HYEON CHEOL , BAE JANG HO , LIM DO‐SUN
Published: March 2008

Background: With the introduction of drug‐eluting stents (DES), the angiographic rates of restenosis have reduced dramatically but less prominently in diabetic patients. We compared the effects of sirolimus‐eluting stents (SES) versus paclitaxel‐eluting stents (PES) on 6‐month angiographic and clinical outcomes in Korean diabetic patients.

Method: Diabetic patients with de novo coronary lesions (169 patients with 190 lesions) were randomly assigned to either SES or PES in six different cardiovascular centers from April 2005 to January 2006. Patients with vessel size >2.0 mm and ≤2 vessel diseases requiring ≤2 DES implantation were included in the study.

Results: Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar between the two groups. At 6‐month follow‐up, the late lumen loss (0.26 ± 0.76 in the SES group vs. 0.39 ± 0.92 mm in the PES group, P = 0.356) and the rate of binary restenosis (2.8%[n = 2] in the SES group vs. 6.9%[n = 5] in the PES group, P = 0.441) showed no significant differences. Rates of death (1.2%[n = 1] in the SES group vs. 1.2%[n = 1] in the PES group, P = 1.000), myocardial infarction (1.2%[n = 1] in the SES group vs. 1.2%[n = 1] in the PES group, P = 1.000), and target lesion revascularization (2.4%[n = 2] in the SES group vs. 4.8%[n = 4] in the PES group, P = 0.443) were similar in both groups during 6 months of follow‐up.

Conclusion: The use of either SES or PES demonstrated similar 6‐month angiographic and clinical outcomes in Korean diabetic patients with coronary artery disease.
Effect of ultrasonic debridement using a chlorhexidine irrigant on circulating levels of lipopolysaccharides and interleukin‐6
Authors: Lee Monica K. , Ide Mark , Coward Paula Y. , Wilson Ron F.
Published: March 2008

Aim: Transient bacteraemia and endotoxaemia, and elevated levels of systemic cytokines have been reported following subgingival debridement. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) solution on circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) when used as an irrigant during ultrasonic debridement in patients with periodontitis.

Material and Methods: Eighteen patients with moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis were treated in a split‐mouth, crossover, single‐masked study. Irrigation with 0.02% CHX solution or water was used during treatment of two ipsilateral quadrants on two separate occasions 7 days apart, randomized as to order. Peripheral blood samples were collected for circulating levels of LPS and IL‐6 at baseline, 5 and 120 min. after instrumentation commenced.

Results: Median concentrations of LPS were elevated from baseline to 5 min. into treatment with both CHX and control irrigant (p<0.05). Median levels of IL‐6 increased with both treatments from baseline to 120 min. (p<0.001): CHX, 0.81–1.85 pg/ml; control, 0.78–1.78 EU/ml.

Conclusions: Ultrasonic instrumentation in patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis increases circulating levels of LPS after 5 min. and IL‐6 120 min. after commencement of treatment, and is not affected by using 0.02% CHX as an irrigant instead of water.
C‐terminal domains within human MT1and MT2melatonin receptors are involved in internalization processes
Authors: Sethi Shalini , Adams Wendy , Pollock John , Witt‐Enderby Paula A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Melatonin, a molecule implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, often exerts its effects through G‐protein‐coupled melatonin receptors, MT1and MT2. In this study, we sought to understand further the domains involved in the function and desensitization patterns of these receptors through site‐directed mutagenesis. Two mutations were constructed in the cytoplasmic C‐terminal tail of each receptor subtype: (i) a cysteine residue in the C‐terminal tail was mutated to alanine, thus removing a putative palmitoylation site, and a site possibly required for normal receptor function (MT1C7.72A and MT2C7.77A) and (ii) the C‐terminal tail in the MT1and MT2receptors was truncated, removing the putative phosphorylation and β‐arrestin binding sites (MT1Y7.64 and MT2Y7.64). These mutations did not alter the affinity of 2‐[125I]‐iodomelatonin binding to the MT1or MT2receptors. Using confocal microscopy, it was determined that the putative palmitoylation site (cysteine residue) did not play a role in receptor internalization; however, this residue was essential for receptor function, as determined by 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation assays. Truncation of the C‐terminal tail of both receptors (MT1Y7.64 and MT2Y7.64) inhibited internalization as well as the cAMP response, suggesting the importance of the C‐terminal tail in these receptor functions.
Potential role of tryptophan derivatives in stress responses characterized by the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
Authors: Peyrot Fabienne , Ducrocq Claire
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  To face physicochemical and biological stresses, living organisms evolved endogenous chemical responses based on gas exchange with the atmosphere and on formation of nitric oxide (NO•) and oxygen derivatives. The combination of these species generates a complex network of variable extension in space and time, characterized by the nature and level of the reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) and of their organic and inorganic scavengers. Among the latter, this review focusses on natural 3‐substituted indolic structures. Tryptophan‐derived indoles are unsensitive to NO•, oxygen and superoxide anion (O2•−), but react directly with other ROS/RNS giving various derivatives, most of which have been characterized. Though the detection of some products like kynurenine and nitroderivatives can be performed in vitro and in vivo, it is more difficult for others, e.g., 1‐nitroso‐indolic compounds. In vitro chemical studies only reveal the strong likelihood of their in vivo generation and biological effects can be a sign of their transient formation. Knowing that 1‐nitrosoindoles are NO donors and nitrosating agents indicating they can thus act both as mutagens and protectors, the necessity for a thorough evaluation of indole‐containing drugs in accordance with the level of the oxidative stress in a given pathology is highlighted.
Melatonin uptake in prostate cancer cells: intracellular transport versus simple passive diffusion
Authors: Hevia David , Sainz Rosa M. , Blanco Domingo , Quirós Isabel , Tan Dun‐Xian , Rodríguez Carmen , Mayo Juan C.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Melatonin, an indole mainly synthesized in the pineal gland during the dark phase, plays a role as an endogenous antioxidant and an anticancer agent in many tumors. Melatonin, at pharmacological concentrations, inhibits cell growth and induces neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer cells. Classically it has been considered that melatonin enters freely into most of cells by passive diffusion through the cell membrane; however, there are few studies examining how melatonin is taken up by cancer cells. The aim of the present paper was to study the uptake of melatonin into human androgen‐dependent LNCaP and androgen‐independent PC‐3 prostate cancer cells. Increased concentrations of melatonin induced a rapid and transitory rise in intracellular melatonin content in both cell types, with a peak of maximal content at 6 hr after melatonin addition, following a rhythmic uptake; melatonin was found in both cytoplasm and nuclear fractions. Inhibition of protein or RNA synthesis partially blocked melatonin uptake in both cell lines. Interestingly, melatonin pulse incubation led to a higher uptake after four cycles of pulse incubation. Neither extracellular Ca2+/K+ alterations nor the presence of bovine serum albumin or charcoal‐stripped serum modified the profile of melatonin uptake. On the contrary, chemical binding of melatonin to BSA totally prevented melatonin from entering into cells. The present data support the hypothesis that a facilitated diffusion or an active process rather than simple passive diffusion through the cell membrane is the major mechanism in melatonin uptake by prostate cancer cells and it accounts for its intracellular concentration (350 nm–3.3 μm), which is related to its anti‐tumor actions.
Norsolorinic Acid from Aspergillus nidulans Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Breast Adenocarcinoma MCF‐7 Cells via Fas‐Mediated Pathway
Authors: Wang Clay C. C. , Chiang Yi‐Ming , Kuo Po‐Lin , Chang Jiunn‐Kae , Hsu Ya‐Ling
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Norsolorinic acid, isolated from the Aspergillus nidulans, was investigated for its antiproliferative activity in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF‐7 cells. To identity the anticancer mechanism of norsolorinic acid, we assayed its effect on apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and levels of p53, p21/WAF1, Fas/APO‐1 receptor and Fas ligand. The results showed that norsolorinic acid induced apoptosis of MCF‐7 cells without mediation of p53 and p21/WAF1. We suggest that Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic system is the main pathway of norsolorinic acid‐mediated apoptosis of MCF‐7 cells. Our study reports here for the first time that the activity of the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of norsolorinic acid in MCF‐7 cells.
Host plant resistance against broomrapes (Orobanche spp.): defence reactions and mechanisms of resistance
Authors: Pérez‐de‐Luque A. , Moreno M.T. , Rubiales D.
Published: March 2008

Over 4000 species of angiosperms are able to directly invade and parasitise other plants, but only very few are weedy and parasitise cultivated plants. Together with the witchweeds (Striga spp.) and dodders (Cuscuta spp.), the broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) affect important crops causing complete yield loses with severe infestations. Genetic resistance to parasitisation remains as one of the most desirable components in an integrated control strategy. However, breeding for resistance is a difficult task and many aspects of the host/parasite interaction remain unknown. In the present work, we review the cytological and cytochemical studies investigating the mechanisms of resistance involved in the process leading to an incompatible host–parasite interaction. We have attempted to identify the main gaps and problems related to such studies with parasitic plants and present an in‐depth review of histochemical techniques used to assess mechanisms of resistance against these parasitic plants. Furthermore, we discuss future research directions and novel techniques and finally, how such techniques can be applied and incorporated within a breeding programme.
Effects of shade on root characters associated with lodging in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Sparkes D.L. , Berry P. , King M.
Published: March 2008

Previous work has shown that as the density of wheat plants increase, the spread of the root plate, root length and root number per plant decrease, leading to reduced anchorage strength and increased lodging susceptibility. The aim of this study was to determine which aspect of mutual plant shading [reduction of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or the ratio of red to far red light (R : FR)] is associated with this reduction in anchorage strength. Field experiments were conducted at Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK, in two seasons using a range of plant densities in conjunction with shading materials to manipulate PAR and R : FR independently. The spread of the root plate, which has been linked most strongly with anchorage strength, was almost exclusively influenced by PAR intercepted per plant at the beginning of stem extension. Root number and root length were influenced by both PAR and R : FR. When structural roots (defined as thicker than 0.5 mm) and nonstructural roots were considered separately, it was discovered that increasing plant density and PAR shading reduced the length of both structural and nonstructural roots. However, reducing R : FR only reduced the length of structural roots without affecting the length of nonstructural roots.
Comparison of different methods to construct a core germplasm collection in woody perennial species with simple sequence repeat markers. A case study in cherimoya (Annona cherimola, Annonaceae), an underutilised subtropical fruit tree species
Authors: Escribano P. , Viruel M.A. , Hormaza J.I.
Published: March 2008

Although molecular markers are becoming the tool of choice to develop core collections in plants, the examples of their use in woody perennial species are very scarce. In this work, we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data to develop a core collection in an underutilised subtropical fruit tree species, cherimoya (Annona cherimola, Annonaceae), from an initial collection of 279 genotypes from different countries. We compared six alternative allocation methods to construct the core collection, four not based upon the similarity dendrogram [random sampling, maximisation strategy (M strategy) and simulated annealing algorithm maximising both genetic diversity and number of SSR alleles] and two based on dendrogram data (logarithmic strategy and stepwise clustering). The diversity maintained in each subset was compared with that present in the entire collection. The results obtained indicate that the use of SSRs together with the M strategy is the most efficient method to develop a core collection in cherimoya. In the best subset, with 40 accessions, all the SSR alleles present in the whole collection were recovered and no significant differences in frequency distribution of alleles for any of the loci studied or in variability parameters (HO, HE) were recorded between the core and the whole collection.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF SARDINES (SARDINA PILCHARDUS) AT –18C AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF KAMABOKO GELS ENHANCED WITH Ca2+ IONS AND MTGase
Authors: KARAYANNAKIDIS PANAYOTIS D. , ZOTOS ANASTASIOS , PETRIDIS DIMITRIS , TAYLOR K.D. ANTHONY
Published: March 2008

The physicochemical changes in sardine flesh during frozen storage at −18C were studied in terms of salt‐soluble protein extractability, nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), pH, myosin and actin denaturation enthalpies, color, fatty acid methyl esters and proteolytic activity in surimi wastewaters. Furthermore, the functional properties of the produced kamaboko gels were studied based on two experimental factors: (1) frozen storage time (five levels) and (2) various additives (three levels). The NPN and pH changes showed a similar trend (P < 0.05) throughout the storage. Myosin transition enthalpy significantly decreased throughout the storage and strongly negatively correlated with storage time (r = −0.987). Color deterioration was evidenced by the decrease in lightness (L*) and whiteness index (WI) as well as the increase in greenness (−a*) and yellowness (+b*) of sardine mince (P < 0.05). Protease activity in surimi wastewaters increased on day 20, due to either sample variation or better extraction, and showed a downward trend thereafter. A gradual increase was noticed in gel hardness and cohesiveness after 10 days of storage due to protein aggregation. Hardness and cohesiveness, as well as L* and WI, were positively affected by the addition of CaCl2 and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), while springiness was only affected by MTGase addition. Overall instrumental evaluation showed that kamaboko gels of acceptable quality could be produced from sardines frozen stored up to 20 days.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of alternative fish species in order to obtain surimi of good gel‐forming ability is one of the aims of the fishing industry. Because of its high potential for capture and its low price, there is a sustained interest at present in small pelagic fish species. In Greece, small pelagic fish species are mainly processed by salting, drying, smoking and canning, and preferably when these species are large and fatty. However, these species are often too small for processing and thus have no commercial value, particularly around the spawning season (low lipid content), and are usually being dumped. Thus, in Greece, the lack of utilization of small fish may also have an adverse effect on the environment.
DETERMINATION OF pH CHANGE KINETICS DURING DIFFERENT STAGES OF KASHAR CHEESE MANUFACTURING FROM RAW AND PASTEURIZED MILK WITH ADDITION OF THERMOPHILIC, MESOPHILIC AND MIXED THERMOPHILIC CULTURE
Authors: ATASOY AHMET FERIT
Published: March 2008

The pH change kinetics during Kashar cheese production from raw and pasteurized milk with addition of thermophilic, mesophilic and mixed thermophilic‐mesophilic lactic acid bacteria were evaluated. The kinetics of pH change were determined during milk ripening, cooking/holding and pressing/fermentation phases of Kashar cheese. The pH decreased logarithmically, nonlinearly, with time in the milk ripening period, and reduced linearly with time in the cooking/holding and pressing/fermentation stages. Pasteurization of milk retarded the rate of change in pH during the three periods. The highest rate of pH change was determined in the addition of thermophilic culture, followed by mixed thermophilic‐mesophilic and then mesophilic ones during milk ripening. The pH change characteristics of cheese made with thermophilic starter were similar to the cheese made with mixed thermophilic‐mesophilic culture, but different from mesophilic lactic acid bacteria during cooking/holding and pressing/fermentation stages.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

One of the important factors in the control of cheese quality is the extent of acid production in the vat. Acid development at a desired rate is important during cheese making. The progress of acidification is monitored by pH change in the industrial Kashar cheese production. Three main stages have been recognized with respect to pH change: milk ripening, cooking/holding and pressing/fermentation. This study evaluated and compared the pH change kinetics during various stages of Kashar cheese making using raw, pasteurized milk with the addition of thermophilic, mesophilic and mixed thermophilic culture. This work may help in the comparison of raw and pasteurized milk, and in the selection of appropriate starter culture for Kashar cheese production.
Genetic engineering of malaria parasite resistance in vector mosquitoes
Authors: JAMES Anthony A.
Published: March 2008

Malaria is the most significant vector‐borne disease and mostly affects people living in the lesser developed countries of tropical and sub‐tropical regions. Climate changes, rapid global transportation, immigration and invasion of exotic mosquito vectors bring the threat of introduction of the disease to developed nations. Sustainability of malaria control requires the discovery of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs, development of effective vaccines and control of vector mosquitoes. Drug development and vaccine research have been pursued aggressively over the past 20 years, and progress in novel approaches to vector control is now evident. Our long‐term objective is the production and utilization of strains of vector mosquitoes that are genetically refractory to the transmission of malaria parasites. These insects will be used to test the hypothesis that an increase in the frequency of a gene or allele that confers decreased vector competence to a population of mosquitoes will result in a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of malaria. Completed studies make it possible to develop strains of Anopheles mosquitoes expressing specific effector molecules that interfere completely with the transmission of the most lethal human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Data are reviewed here that support the use of single‐chain monoclonal antibodies (scFv) that disable parasites in the midgut and hemolymph of transgenic mosquitoes.
Pest and disease challenges and insect biotechnology solutions*
Authors: MILLER Thomas A.
Published: March 2008

Advances in microbiology and molecular genetics have led to renewed interest in microbial and host interactions, especially mutualism and symbiosis. More genome sequences are being reported every year; indeed, we are awash in information on an unprecedented scale. However, despite the greater amount of genomic information, we still have difficulty resolving species boundaries, and we still have much to learn about pathogen, vector and host interactions. Biotechnology approaches offer the promise of new tools for pest and disease control.
Taxonomic review ofGymnoscelisMabille (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: March 2008

A larentiine genus,GymnoscelisMabille, is reviewed for the first time from Korea. Two species ofGymnoscelisare recognized from Korea:G. deleta(Hampson) andG. esakiiInoue. Diagnoses of genus and species are provided with brief descriptions of adults, including male and female genitalia.
Taxonomic review of the genus Copelatus Erichson (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in Korea
Authors: PARK Hae Chul , LEE Young Bo , LEE Hee A.
Published: March 2008

A taxonomic review of the genus Copelatus Erichson (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in Korea is presented. In the present study, five species of Copelatus are recognized from Korea, including one unrecorded species, C. kammuriensis. We provide a key to the Korean species of Copelatus, diagnosis of one unrecorded species, habitus photographs, scanning electron micrographs of the elytron, and illustrations of the aedeagus.
Wolbachia‐induced reproductive anomalies and their future applications
Authors: JEONG Gilsang , SUH Eunho
Published: March 2008

TheWolbachiabacterium is currently one of most prevalent endosymbionts of arthropods. The bacterium has drawn much attention because of its ability to induce reproductive anomalies, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male killing, and parthenogenesis, in various invertebrates. This review focuses on the basic biology ofWolbachia, its infection phenotypes, and its potential future applications.
Differential expression profile of genes encoded in a genome segment of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus in a parasitized host, Plutella xylostella
Authors: GAD Wael , CHOI Jae Young , JE Yeon Ho , KIM Yonggyun
Published: March 2008

The Polydnaviruses are an insect DNA virus group. The segmented genome of a polydnavirus is located on the host wasp chromosome as a provirus. After replication, virions are delivered into the parasitized host, where their expression products play significant roles in specific processes of parasitism. However, little is known about how viral gene expression is controlled. In the present study, we tested whether different genes in a genome segment are expressed concomitantly. Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) is a polydnavirus mutualistic to an endoparasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera). Its circular genome segments in viral particles were captured by a transposon containing pUC origin sequence and replicated in Escherichia coli. CpBV‐S30 (23.5 kb), one of the large CpBV genome segments, was fully sequenced, and seven open reading frames (ORF) were predicted. We analyzed expression patterns of the seven ORF in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, parasitized by C. plutellae. Transcription analyses indicated that all ORF of CpBV‐S30 in the parasitized P. xylostella were expressed from the first day of parasitization and then expression levels decreased over the period of parasitization, except for CpBV‐H4, which showed an additional expression peak. In terms of tissue specificity in their expression patterns, all ORF were found to be expressed in the fat body, hemocytes and gut of the parasitized host. Promoter sequence analysis showed that all seven ORF had typical promoter elements, including TATA binding sites, but promoter component numbers and kinds varied. These results suggest that genes in a genome segment of CpBV can differentially express in the parasitized host, presumably by their different promoter components.
First records ofLeiodytes nicobaricus(Redtenbacher) andPlatambus stygius(Régimbart) in Korea (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: LEE Dae‐Hyun , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: March 2008

Two dytiscid beetle species,Leiodytes nicobaricus(Redtenbacher) andPlatambus stygius(Régimbart), are identified for the first time in Korea. Diagnoses, habitus and scanning electron microscopy photographs, and line drawings of the diagnostic characters are provided.
Korean species of the genusBisniusStephens (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: CHO Young Bok
Published: March 2008

Two Korean species of the genusBisniusStephens are studied.Bisnius macies(Sharp), found along the seashore of some islands, is introduced for the first time in Korea.