bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rab8
Authors: Huber Lukas A
Published: November 2023

Rab8 was originally identified by screening a cDNA library (Zahraoui et al. 1989; Chavrier et al. 1990) with degenerated oligonucleotides corresponding to the amino acid sequence WDTAGQE (these seven residues are strictly conserved in Ypt1, Sec4 and all of the proteins of this subfamily identified so far). The DNA sequence of canine Rab8 is shown in Fig. 1. The EMBL accession number is X56385.
Sec22p
Authors: Ferro-Novick Susan
Published: November 2023

DNA sequence analysis has revealed that SEC22 is structurally similar to BET1 and BOS1 (see chapter ‘Bet1’) and encodes a 25-kDa protein. Sec22 protein is hydrophilic with a hydrophobic carboxy-terminal stretch of amino acids that are potentially membrane spanning (Dascher et al. 1991; Newman etal. 1992).
Ypt2
Authors: Mundt Maren , Gallwitz Dieter
Published: November 2023

The ypt2 gene was isolated from total genomic 5. pombe DNA using a protein-coding fragment of the S. cerevisiae YPT1 gene (Gallwitz et al. 1983) as hybridization probe (Haubruck et al. 1990). The protein-coding region of the gene is not interrupted by introns. The ypt2 gene has been mapped on the right arm of chromosome I, approximately 2.5 cM apart from ura2 (Miyake et al. 1991). The DNA sequence of ypt2 (Haubruck et al. 1990) is shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is X52469.
The ARF subfamily
Authors: Kahn Richard A
Published: November 2023

Unlike most of the members of the Ras superfamily, Arf was identified first as an activity and then as a distinct protein and only later as a family of structurally related proteins. As a result, many of the activities assigned to Arf can still only be ascribed to the subfamily (rather than one specific gene product) as the Arf prepared from mammalian sources is a mixture of several gene products. Earlier suggestions that distinct Arf proteins reside in membrane versus cytosol fractions have proven misleading. Rather, one of the more interesting features of Arf action in cells is the dynamic aspect of its reversible association with membranes (see below).
Arf6
Authors: Kahn Richard A
Published: November 2023

A chicken-processed pseudogene, termed CPS1 (accession number P26990; Alsip and Konkel 1986), was originally cloned by serendipity and thought to be a novel Ras protein, as no other small GTP-binding proteins were known at that time. With the cloning of a human homologue (accession number P26438; Tsuchiya, etal. 1991), it became clear that this gene is expressed in humansand, by extension, probably in chickens as well, and it was renamed ARF6 at that time as the ARF family was by then well-established. The human ARF6 was cloned from a differentiated HL-60 lambda cDNA library by cross-species hybridization with the bovine ARF2 probe (Tsuchiya, eta/. 1991). Two different message sizes, 1.8 and 4.2 kb, were detected in a panel of tissues and mammalian species (Tsuchiya, etal. 1991).
Sarlp
Authors: Barlowe Charles , Schekman Randy , Nakano Aki
Published: November 2023

The SAR1 gene (EMBL accession number X51667) contains an intervening sequence that after splicing predicts an open reading frame of 190 amino acids. SAR1 cDNA sequencing confirms the excision of a 139 bp intron. Sari protein contains the four consensus motifs characteristic of GTPases (Bourne et al. 1991), although there are other notable features contained within the protein sequence. Sari p does not contain a C-terminal cysteine or an N-terminal glycine as potential residues for lipid modification, a feature observed in a number of other small GTPases.
Escherichia coli Hsc66
Authors: Kawula T H
Published: November 2023

The hscA gene sequence (£. coli K-12 accession number U01827, E. coli B U05338) encoding Hsc66 revealed that this protein is composed of 615 amino acids totalling 65 913 Da with an isoelectric point of 4.93. Hsc66 classification as an HSP70 protein is based on the fact that the amino acid sequence of this protein is 42% identical, 62% similar to the classic E. coli HSP70 protein DnaK (Kawula, Lelivelt, 1994; Seaton, Vickery, 1994), ,contains perfect matches to two amino acid sequences conserved among all of the known HSP70 proteins.
The HSP110/SSE stress proteins — an overview
Authors: Easton D P , Subjeck J R
Published: November 2023

The proteins so far identified as members of the HSP110/SSE family (Lee-Yoon et al., 1995) are: yeast stress seventy proteins Sse1, Sse2 (D13908, D13909, Mukai et al., 1993; Shirayama et al., 1993), C30c11.4, Caenorhabditis elegans hypothetical protein (GenBank accession number Q05036, Wilson etal., 1994); sea urchin egg receptor for sperm (L04969, D67016, Foltz et al., 1993; but see Just et al., 1997), human B lymphocyte HSP70-like protein, Hsp70RY (L127123, Fatallah et al.,
Human Hdj2
Authors: Chellaiah A , Davis A , Mohanakumar T
Published: November 2023

An hdj2 cDNA clone was originally isolated from a A-gt11 human umbilical vein endothelial cDNA library (HUVE) using a monoclonal antibody, SK2H10, which reacts specifically to human endothelial cells, monocytes (Schook et al., 1987; Wood et al., 1988). The cDNA clone consists of 1275 nucleotides (GenBank accession number L08063) with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1191 nucleotides (Chellaiah etal., 1993). BLAST comparison of nucleic sequences showed that Hdj2 is 99% homologous to another human cDNA, isolated from a human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cDNA library, that encodes a homologue (HSDJ) of the DnaJ protein (Oh et al., 1993). Considering the utilization by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae of multiple DnaJ-like proteins (see earlier entries in this section), it is not surprising to find three DnaJ homologues in humans (Cheetham et al., 1992; Chellaiah etal., 1993; Oh etal., 1993).
Myosin essential light chain
Authors: Celio Marco R
Published: November 2023

Myosin essential light chain (ELC) is a subunit of conventional myosin-11 in muscle and non-muscle tissues with cell- and tissue-specific isoforms. It contains four EF-hand domains, has lost the ability to bind Ca2• and is required for efficient conversion of chemical energy into movement.
S100 proteins
Authors: Celio Marco R
Published: November 2023

Members of the 5100 Ca2•-binding protein family are typically small, acidic proteins containing two Ca2•-binding sites. It has been suggested, that they are associated with cell cycle progression, differentiation, metabolism, and the generation of neoplastic cells. Each member of the 5100 protein family shows a unique spatial and temporal expression pattern.
SPARC
Authors: Celio Marco R
Published: November 2023

SPARC, BM-40, and osteonectin are synonyms for identical proteins initially identified from different sources, such as bone (Termine et al. 1981), endothelial cells (Sage et al. 1984; Mason et al. 1986), platelets (Stenner et al. 1986), and basement membranes (Dziadek et al. 1986). Comparison of cDNA sequences have shown that all these proteins are identical molecules or interspecies homologs and that they are the product of a single gene. The acronym SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) is perhaps the most appropriate name for this protein, because both other names refer to only part of its widespread extracellular tissue localization.
Annexins (Introduction)
Authors: Celio Marco R
Published: November 2023

The annexins are a family of widely distributed Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding proteins all of which possess a conserved repeated domain. These proteins are found in both intracellular and extracellular locations and, despite being associated with many distinct cellular processes, their exact functions are not known for certain.
Bacterial calcium-binding proteins
Authors: Celio Marco R
Published: November 2023

The importance of Ca2+ in bacterial physiology is at last being confirmed (for references see Lynn and Rosen 1987; Norris et al. 1991a; Onek and Smith 1992). Almost 20 years after Ca2+ was first implicated in bacterial chemotaxis, manipulations of putative Ca2+channels and intracellular Ca2+ levels in Escherichia coli have been clearly shown to affect chemotaxis (Tisa et al. 1993). Examples of bacterial differentiation that reveal a connection with Ca2+ now include sporulation, fruiting body formation, gliding and heterocyst formation. Ca2+ is also implicated in the cell cycle, with intracellular Ca2+ apparently increasing during cell division in E. coli. Such division entails formation of non-bilayer structures which may depend on Ca2+(Rietveld et al. 1993). Clarification of the role of Ca2+in the heat shock response awaits discovery of a role for Ca2+ in phosphorylation of DnaK in vivo (see below). The role of Ca2+ in bacterial disease now extends from the expression of virulence-related genes in strains of Yersinia pestis and dental plaque formation in Streptococcus mutans to nodulation in the “parasitic” relationship between Rhizobium spp. and plants.
Calreticulin
Authors: Celio Marco R
Published: November 2023

Calreticulin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved Ca2+-bindinglstorage protein associated with endo(sarco)plasmic reticulum membranes. Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein implicated to play a role in a variety of cellular functions ranging from Ca2+homeostasis to the control of gene expression. Rabbit calreticulin has a calculated molecular weight of 46, 567 (for recent reviews on the structure, function, amino acid sequence and localization of calreticulin see Michalak et al. 1992; Sontheimer et al. 1993; Burns et al. 1994; Nash et al. 1994 and references within). The protein migrates on 5D5 gels with an apparent molecular mass of 60 kDa (at pH 8.0) or of 55 kDa (at pH 7.0). The molecular weight of calreticulin estimated by sedimentation equilibrium is 55,000. The isoelectric point of the human protein is 4.65-4.67 and the protein stains blue with “Stains-All”. Calreticulin contains potential glycosylation sites; however, only bovine and rat liver proteins are shown to be glycosylated. In CHO cells calreticulin undergoes a heat shock-induced glycosylation (Jethmalani et al. 1994). Bovine calreticulin has one disulfide bridge (Cys120-Cys146: Matsuoka eta/. 1994).
Crystallins
Authors: Celio Marco R
Published: November 2023

In bovine !3-crystallin, six or more chains are primary products, whereas some ten others arise by post-translational modifications. cDNAs have been sequenced for cow i3A2 and i3A4 (van Rens et al. 1991; EMBL accession no. M60329 and M60328), bovine i3B1 (Quax-Jeuken et al. 1984; M11850), bovine i3B2 (Hogg et al. 1987; M22466), human i3B3 (Aarts et al. 1989; X15144), human i3B2 (Aarts eta/. 1989; X15144, X15146), human i3A3/A1 (Hogg eta/. 1986; M14301), human i3B2 (Aarts et al. 1987; M18440, L10035), mouse i3A3/A1 (Peterson and Piatigorsky 1986; M21472), mouse i3B2 (Chambers and Russell, 1991; M60559), rat i3B1 (den Dunnen et al. 1986; M13526), rat i3B3 (den Dunnen et al. 1985; X05899), rat i3A3/A1 (Aarts et al. 1989; X15143), chicken i3A3/A1 (Peterson and Piatigorsky 1986; McDermott et al. 1992; M84460), chick i3B1 (Hejtmancik et al. 1986; M 11619), and for frog i3A1 (Luchin et al. 1987; X06421).
Introduction
Authors: Dufourcq J , Castano S
Published: November 2023

The first primordial function of the plasma membrane is to maintain all materials, from macromolecules to small solutes, selectively in the cell, i.e. the membrane is equipped in order to very selectively and efficiently regulate permeability. Consequently, it is not surprising that many bacterial toxins act on the plasma membrane and have evolved to change efficiently the first critical property required for living. Indeed, any unbalanced entry, or efflux of ions or small molecules should be opposed by selective pumps and channels in order to recover, as soon as possible, the physiological conditions by active transport. But if the nonselective fluxes induced by toxins overcome the capabilities of the cells to recover their equilibrium quickly, due either to an important transitory change, ‘a burst’, or to a permanent leakage through a ‘hole’, cells will generally die. This often results from the entry of ions inducing metabolic disorders, like Ca2+ entry, causing entry of water which swells the cell in order to compensate the osmotic pressure due to the presence of concentrated polyelectrolytes inside the cell. Conversely, the escape of vital compounds, again ions and small metabolites, can be lethal. Then all the following toxins have the same effect, they only differ in the way they perform it, in their efficiency in inducing the deleterious imbalance of permeability, and in the detailed structure and mechanism causing an open structure through which lethal leakage will occur.
Cholesterol binding toxins (Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria)
Authors: Alouf J
Published: November 2023

The 19 toxins identified to date are produced by gram-positive aerobic or anaerobic, sporulating or non-sporulating bacteria from the genera Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, and listeria (Smyth and Duncan 1978, Alouf and Geoffroy 1991) listed below in Table 1.Except for PLY, which is intracytoplasmic, the other toxins are secreted in culture medium during bacterial growth. Among the toxin-producing bacteria, only Listeria are intracellular pathogens which grow and release their toxins in host phagocytes or possibly in other cells.
Escherichia coli hemolysin
Authors: Ludwig A , Goebel W
Published: November 2023

E. coli hemolysin (Hly A) is the most extensively studied member of the family of RTX toxins, which represents a group of structurally and functionally related cytolysins and cytotoxins produced by a variety of gram-negative bacteria. In addition to E. coli hemolysin, the RTX toxins include hemolysins from Proteus vulgaris and Morganella morganii, hemolysins, and cytotoxins from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Actinobacillus suis, leukotoxins from Pasteurella haemolytica and Actinobacillus actino-mycetemcomitans, and the bifunctional adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (adenylate cyclase toxin) from Bordetella pertussis (Coote 1992). All RTX toxins are Ca2+-dependent, pore-forming protein toxins. The most pronounced structural feature of these toxins is the presence of a characteristic repetitive domain, which is composed of a toxin-specific number of highly conserved glycine-and aspartate-rich repeat motifs of nine amino acids (XLXGGXGN/DD). The designation RTX (Repeats in ToXins) was deduced from this common structure.
Adducin
Authors: Matsua Yoichiro , Bennett Vann
Published: November 2023

Adducin is a membrane-skeletal protein localized at spectrin-actin junctions that was first purified from human erythrocytes based on calmodulin-binding activity. Adducin also is a substrate for protein kinases A and C.3–5 Adducin caps the fast-growing end of actin filaments and promotes association of spectrin with actin. Adducin capping activity may target spectrin to the ends of actin filaments and help stabilize the short actin filaments that comprise the spectrin-actin network of erythrocytes.
Introduction
Authors: Kreis Thomas E
Published: November 2023

Intracellular membrane traffic between different subcellular compartments is mediated predominantly by vesicular carriers. These transport processes involve rounds of sorting of cargo into specific domains of an organelle where vesicles bud, directed movement of the transport intermediates to their corresponding acceptor compartments, and subsequent delivery of cargo by fusion of the vesicular and acceptor compartment membranes. Many of the factors building up the protein machinery regulating these processes have been identified and characterized at the molecular level. These proteins include (i) membrane-bound coat proteins which, together with additional factors, regulate cargo sorting and vesicle budding; (ii) structural or scaffold proteins required for establishing and maintaining shape and identity of organelles; and (iii) proteins linking organelles and transport intermediates to cytoskeletal filaments.
AP180
Authors: Ungewickell Ernst
Published: November 2023

AP180 binds to clathrin protomers (triskelions) and promotes their assembly into regular coat structures. This activity can be quantitated in a sedimentation assay by either pelleting or fractionation in 5-30 per cent sucrose gradients. Assembled clathrin is also readily detected by electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens.
MAP1B/MAP5
Authors: Gordon-Weeks Philip , Matus Andrew
Published: November 2023

This protein was originally described under a variety of names of which two, MAP1 B and MAPS, are currently in use. MAP18/MAPS binds to microtubules during successive cycles of repolymerization in vitro (although more weakly than MAP2 and tau protein) and when transfected into cell lines, and immunoaffinity purified MAP18/MAPS promotes the polymerization of tubulin in vitro.
MAP2
Authors: Bustos Rodrigo , Moraga, Daniel , Murphy Doug
Published: November 2023

MAP2 is a monomeric protein that occurs as three primary isoforms, MAP2a, MAP2b, and MAP2c, with approximate molecular weights of 200, 200, and 42 kDa, respectively. The apparent molecular weights of all three isoforms on SDS-PAGE gels are considerably higher. These three isoforms are derived from a single gene by alternative splicing2,3 and are subject to strong developmental regulation in their expression.
MARK protein kinases
Authors: Drewes Gerald , Ebneth, Andreas , Mandelkow Eva-Maria
Published: November 2023

EMK, a mouse putative kinase gene (the encoded protein has not been characterized),4 is probably the murine homologue of MARK2. p78, the human homologue of rat MARK3, was discovered as a marker which localizes to the lateral membrane of human pancreas cells, but is lost upon carcinogenesis.5 In cultures of polarized epithelial (MDCK) cells, a canine homologue of MARK2, termed mPAR, was shown to localize at the lateral membrane, and overexpression of C-terminal fragments resulted in the loss of polarity and cell death.
MARPs
Authors: Seebeck Thomas , Hemphill Andrew
Published: November 2023

The cytoskeleton of the parasitic protozoon Trypanosoma brucei consists of a membrane skeleton formed by a closely spaced array of membrane-associated microtubules. This membrane skeleton encloses the entire cell body.1 The closely spaced microtubules are extensively cross-linked among each other, and they are tightly connected to the overlying cell membrane. 2,3 They are highly resistant to the action of microtubule-disrupting drugs, and they are very stable upon extraction of the cell.
Syncolin
Authors: Propst Friedrich , Wiche Gerhard
Published: November 2023

Syncolin is related to but distinct from the brain microtubule-associated protein MAP2. This is revealed by cross-reaction of polyclonal but not monoclonal MAP2 antibodies with syncoiin. In addition, syncolin is slightly larger than chicken brain MAP2 when analysed by SDS-PAGE. Moreover, differences in several biochemical characteristics suggest that syncolin and MAP2 are distinct proteins.
Tektins
Authors: Linck Richard W , Norrander Jan M
Published: November 2023

Tektins possess immunological1,2 and structural3 similarities with intermediate filament proteins (i.e. similar sized coiled-coil regions and non-helical linkers), but they are not closely related in primary sequence.
What good is an explanation?
Authors: Lipton Peter
Published: November 2023

We are addicted to explanation, constantly asking and answering ‘why’ questions. But what does an explanation give us? I will consider some of the possible goods, intrinsic and instrumental, that explanations provide.

The name for the intrinsic good of explanation is ‘understanding’, but what is this? In the first part of this paper I will canvass various conceptions of understanding, according to which explanations provide reasons for belief, make familiar, unify, show to be necessary, or give causes. Three general features of explanation will serve as tests of these varied conceptions.
Ponderable matter: explanation in chemistry
Authors: Atkins Peter
Published: November 2023

The most extraordinary event in the evolution of chemical explanation occurred in the eighteenth century. Until then matter, though tangible, had been inexplicable. Although matter was everywhere, both inside us and outside us, and though matter could be transformed in a variety of natural and contrived ways, it was unrationalized; in the physical sense it was ponderous but in a mental sense imponderable. Though copper might occur with zinc, and though the manipulation of blends of the two metals provided the launching pad for civilization when bronze displaced stone for utensil, decoration, and weapon, there was no inkling of why they were truly cousins. Though grapes could be fermented and the fermented product turn to vinegar, there was observation without comprehension. Despite their almost infinite meddlings, the alchemists never understood their failure, except by self-deception and simple deception, to transmute base metal into gold.
Ontology and scientific explanation
Authors: Cao Tian Yu
Published: November 2023

Over millennia, we humans have invented and developed a multiplicity of ways to understand whatever in the world intrigues us. These many modes of understanding include mythical projections, religious teachings, metaphysical speculations, magical association, hermeneutic readings, mathematical and logical reasoning, and scientific explanation. What differentiates scientific explanation from other modes of understanding is a question standing at the very centre of the philosophy of science, a question to which philosophers of various persuasions have different answers. In this short piece I am not, however, going to examine these diverse opinions beyond offering a few brief comments. Rather, my major concern is to give an outline of my own view of scientific explanation, which I will then illustrate by several examples taken mainly from physics.
Environmental Systems
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S
Published: November 2023

This book is about initiatives to bring environmental management, engineering, and science to the multimedia age. Those initiatives integrate old with new methods for collecting, storing, modelling, representing, and making available environmental information on the Internet. On the World Wide Web environmental information is increasingly multidimensional. It includes text, audio, graphics, photographs, and video data types. As a result, environmental monitoring, information systems design and modelling activities are changing dramatically. Monitoring experts are becoming familiar with image and sound acquisition and processing tools. Environmental multidimensional data are part of the Internet-based information infrastructures, which are being developed at regional, national, and international levels. The wealth of multimedia information is facilitating the creation of a new generation of environmental models, using techniques originally developed for other areas such as the entertainment industry. This is a compact presentation of methods to handle multidimensional environmental information. The book combines the introduction of fundamental concepts with guidance to related and expanded views; these views are detailed in a comprehensive list of Web links - periodically updated at the book's web site - and a bibliography.
Mathematical study of elliptic problems
Authors: Allaire Gregoire
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall finish the mathematical analysis of elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) which was started in chapter 3. To show that boundary value problems are well-posed for these elliptic PDEs, that is, they have a solution, which is unique, and depends continuously on the data, we follow the variational approach presented in Chapter 3 and we use the Sobolev spaces introduced in Chapter 4.
Sundry examples
Authors: Scarani Valerio , Thew Rachael
Published: November 2023

Mathematics is sometimes thought of as a great entity, like a tree, branching off into several large chunks of mathematics, which themselves branch off into specialized fields, until you reach the very ends of the tree, where you find the blossoms and the fruit. But it is not easy to classify all of mathematics into such neat compartments: there are always fuzzy regions in between branches and also extra bits outside all the classical branches.
Algebraic Models in Geometry
Authors: Félix Yves , Oprea John , Tanré Daniel
Published: November 2023

Rational homotopy is a very powerful tool for differential topology and geometry. This text aims to provide graduates and researchers with the tools necessary for the use of rational homotopy in geometry. Algebraic Models in Geometry has been written for topologists who are drawn to geometrical problems amenable to topological methods and also for geometers who are faced with problems requiring topological approaches and thus need a simple and concrete introduction to rational homotopy. This is essentially a book of applications. Geodesics, curvature, embeddings of manifolds, blow-ups, complex and Kähler manifolds, symplectic geometry, torus actions, configurations and arrangements are all covered. The chapters related to these subjects act as an introduction to the topic, a survey, and a guide to the literature. But no matter what the particular subject is, the central theme of the book persists; namely, there is a beautiful connection between geometry and rational homotopy which both serves to solve geometric problems and spur the development of topological methods.
The European Commission
Authors: Bouwen Pieter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I investigate a number of elements that are crucial to understand the lobbying activity of private interests in the European Commission. First, the Commission’s powers and responsibilities are analysed in order to study how they engender specific forms of lobbying at the European level. Secondly, the close interaction between the Commission and the lobbyists is analysed. Rather than viewing lobbying in the European Union (EU) institutions as a unidirectional activity of private interests vis-a`-vis this institution, it can better be conceived as an exchange relation between interdependent public and private actors (Bouwen 2002:368). In order to fully understand the interaction between the lobbyists and the European Commission, the latter should not be regarded as a single, unitary organization. It is an internally much fragmented organization (Nugent 2001:135; Christiansen 2006:108). The functional and hierarchical fragmentation within this supranational institution is studied because it influences to a great extent the lobbying strategies of private interests. Thirdly, the various instruments the Commission employs to actively shape the system of EU interest representation are investigated: money, rule-making power, and governance style. Finally, this chapter studies how the role of the Commission has changed in the EU policy-making process and the impact this evolution has had on EU lobbying.
The European Parliament*
Authors: Lehmann Wilhelm
Published: November 2023

Until quite recently, it seemed natural that a much-quoted description of the lobbying arena emerging in Brussels did not contain a separate chapter on the role of the European Parliament in EC decision making and the many ways and means to influence it (Mazey and Richardson 1993). One contribution to this book focused on the creative work of Commission desk officers and contended that final Commission proposals usually reproduced around 80 per cent of the first draft (Hull 1993). An increased role of the Parliament was acknowledged as a result of the recent entry into force of the Single Act, on issues related to the single market. Lobbyists were given the advice to stick to the Commission draftsman because he or she often exerted great influence over the Commission’s attitude towards amendments proposed by the Parliament or the Council at the later stages of a legislative proposal.
Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

This is a thoroughly updated and expanded 4th edition of the classic text Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations by Dominic Jordan and Peter Smith. Including numerous worked examples and diagrams, further exercises have been incorporated into the text and answers are provided at the back of the book. Topics include phase plane analysis, nonlinear damping, small parameter expansions and singular perturbations, stability, Liapunov methods, Poincare sequences, homoclinic bifurcation and Liapunov exponents. Over 500 end-of-chapter problems are also included and as an additional resource fully-worked solutions to these are provided in the accompanying text Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: Problems and Solutions, (OUP, 2007). Both texts cover a wide variety of applications whilst keeping mathematical prequisites to a minimum making these an ideal resource for students and lecturers in engineering, mathematics and the sciences.
Greece: A Suitable Accommodation?
Authors: Featherstone Kevin
Published: November 2023

The participation of Greece in the evolving Euro Area has entailed a series of significant and varied domestic political effects. Indeed, it has been more potent than any other EU policy in this period or any since the immediate post-accession transition. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) involved a contrasting mix of domestic effects. It has been variously determinant, facilitating, and ineffective; permanent and temporary; and both penetrating and shallow. Accordingly, the effects need to be differentiated—they eschew simple generalizations. This chapter seeks to establish a number of themes by examining, first, the context and conditions for monetary policy prior to euro entry; then examining the impact of EMU on the polity, politics, and policies of Greece. The extent of these impacts will be gauged in terms of the ‘Europeanization’ literature on transformation, inertia, and retrenchment. Overwhelmingly, the experience of EMU in Greece has had a ‘top-down’ character, with the downloading rather than uploading of policies.
Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

An ideal companion to the new 4th Edition of Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations by Jordan and Smith (OUP, 2007), this text contains over 500 problems and fully-worked solutions in nonlinear differential equations. With 272 figures and diagrams, subjects covered include phase diagrams in the plane, classification of equilibrium points, geometry of the phase plane, perturbation methods, forced oscillations, stability, Mathieu’s equation, Liapunov methods, bifurcations and manifolds, homoclinic bifurcation, and Melnikov’s method. The problems are of variable difficulty; some are routine questions, others are longer and expand on concepts discussed in Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations 4th Edition, and in most cases can be adapted for coursework or self-study. Both texts cover a wide variety of applications whilst keeping mathematical prequisites to a minimum making these an ideal resource for students and lecturers in engineering, mathematics and the sciences.
Group actions, symmetries and reduction
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

An action of a group on a set is a map that associates to each element of the group an invertible transformation of the given set, in such a way that the group operation corresponds to composition of transformations. Thus, the group may be thought of as a group of transformations. For instance, every matrix group is naturally thought of as a group of invertible linear transformations of a Euclidean space.
Introduction
Authors: Robson Eleanor , Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

We hope that this book will not be what you expect. It is not a textbook, an encyclopedia, or a manual. If you are looking for a comprehensive account of the history of mathematics, divided in the usual way into periods and cultures, you will not find it here. Even a book of this size is too small for that, and in any case it is not what we want to offer. Instead, this book explores the history of mathematics under a series of themes which raise new questions about what mathematics has been and what it has meant to practise it.
Siyaq: numerical notation and numeracy in the Persianate world
Authors: Spooner Brian , Hanaway William L
Published: November 2023

Siyaq is a system of numerical notation that was introduced during the early Islamic Caliphate, probably under one of the Umayyad caliphs in Damascus between 656 and 751 ad, and was preferred throughout the Persianate regions down to recent times. Th e basic system is shown in Figs. 5.2.1–5.2.3. It is derived from writing out the words for each of the Arabic decimal numerals. The earliest extant records of siyaq are found in financial accounts written for the Abbasid Caliph al-Moqtader in Baghdad in 918–19 ad (Kremer 1887).
Antiquity, nobility, and utility: picturing the Early Modern mathematical sciences
Authors: Remmert Volker R
Published: November 2023

In Early Modern Europe the term ‘mathematical sciences’ was used to describe those fields of knowledge that depended on measure, number, and weight, redecting the much quoted passage from the ‘Wisdom of Solomon’: ‘thou hast ordered all things in measure and number and weight’. The scientiae mathematicae ‘mathematical sciences’ were generally subdivided into those that were purae ‘pure’, dealing with quantity, continuous and discrete, as in geometry and arithmetic, and those that were mixtae or mediae ‘mixed’ or ‘intermediate’, which dealt also with quality, for example, astronomy, geography, optics, music, cosmography, and architecture.
Mathematics in fourteenth-century theology
Authors: Thakkar Mark
Published: November 2023

All would-be historians of medieval mathematics must ask themselves where to look for their subject matter. One obvious place to start would be in works with promising titles; approaching the Latin fourteenth century in this way, one might investigate Bradwardine’s Arithmetica speculativa , Geometria speculativa , and De proportionibus velocitatum in motibus , Swineshead’s Liber calculationum , Oresme’s De proportionibus proportionum , and so on.
The transmission of the Elements to the Latin West: three case studies
Authors: Rommevaux Sabine
Published: November 2023

The history of the text of Euclid’s Elements during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is now well known and documented. The twelfth-century translation with the largest number of surviving manuscripts is that attributed to Robert of Chester (Busard and Folkerts 1992). In fact it exists in several different versions. Initially it consisted of nothing more than itemizations of the definitions, principles, and propositions, compiled from one or more Arabic translations.
Abstraction and application: new contexts, new interpretations in twentieth-century mathematics
Authors: Kjeldsen Tinne Hoff
Published: November 2023

During the twentieth century mathematics grew on all fronts. Many universities were built, universal education became a widespread political goal, technology advanced with a speed never seen before. Worldwide, mathematics was the most frequently taught school subject, at all levels. The number of PhDs in mathematics rose, as did the number of research mathematicians. Mathematics expanded into fields such as economics, biology, physiology, and psychology.
Sequential Monte Carlo for Bayesian Computation
Authors: Moral Pierre Del , Doucet Arnaud , Jasra Ajay
Published: November 2023

Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are a class of importance sampling and resampling techniques designed to simulate from a sequence of probability distributions. These approaches have become very popular over the last few years to solve sequential Bayesian inference problems (e.g., Doucet et al., 2001). However, in comparison to Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), the application of SMC remains limited when, in fact, such methods are also appropriate in such contexts (e.g. Chopin, 2002); Del Moral et al. 2006). In this paper, we present a simple unifying framework which allows us to extend both the SMC methodology and its range of applications. Additionally, reinterpreting SMC algorithms as an approximation of nonlinear MCMC kernels, we present alternative SMC and iterative self-interacting approximation (Del Moral and Miclo 2004, 2006) schemes. We demonstrate the performance of the SMC methodology on static and sequential Bayesian inference problems.
Dynamic Gaussian Process Priors, with Applications to the Analysis of Space-time Data
Authors: Gamerman Dani , Salazar Esther , Reis Edna A
Published: November 2023

This paper describes the class of dynamic Gaussian processes. These are obtained as straightforward extensions of Gaussian processes when the time dimension is also considered or of dynamic models when the space dimension is also considered. Properties of dynamic Gaussian processes are derived and illustrative examples are provided. They provide useful components to a number of different models designed to analyze space-time data. Their adequacy and limitations are also discussed. Illustrations to simulated data examples show the potential usefulness of these structures.
Fast Bayesian Shape Matching Using Geometric Algorithms
Authors: Schmidler Scott C
Published: November 2023

We present a Bayesian approach to comparison of geometric shapes with applications to classification of the molecular structures of proteins. Our approach involves the use of distributions defined on transformation invariant shape spaces and the specification of prior distributions on bipartite matchings. Here we emphasize the computational aspects of posterior inference arising from such models, and explore computationally efficient approximation algorithms based on a geometric hashing algorithm which is suitable for fully Bayesian shape matching against large databases. We demonstrate this approach on the problems of protein structure alignment, structural database searching, and structure classification. We discuss extensions to flexible shape spaces developed in previous work.
The Preparation of the Fifth Enlargement
Authors: Christoffersen Poul Skytte
Published: November 2023

The fifth enlargement process of the Union involving the Central and Eastern European countries as well as Malta and Cyprus started officially in March 1998, and ten states joined the existing fifteen member states five years later on 1 May 2004. Bulgaria and Romania, which were also part of the fifth enlargement, are expected to enter the Union in 2007 or 2008 at the latest.
Risk assessment of invasive species
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J , Jarnevich Catherine S
Published: November 2023

Risk assessments have long been used for the analysis of human health risks associated with chemical contaminants and other hazards (National Academy of Sciences 1983). For chemical hazards, risk assessment has been defined as ‘A set of formal scientific methods for establishing the probabilities and magnitudes of undesired effects resulting from the release of chemicals. Risk assessment includes quantitative determination of both exposure and effects’ (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1987). Humans often were the target species of concern.
Principles of containment and control of invasive species
Authors: Grice Tony
Published: November 2023

Biological invasion can be described as a process involving several stages (Fig. 5.1) though delineation of transitions between stages can be quite arbitrary (Cousens and Mortimer 1995; Groves 1999, 2006; Colautti and MacIsaac 2004). Five stages of invasion can be identified: pre-introduction, introduction, naturalization, expansion, and ‘saturation’. The time of initial introduction is followed by naturalization, defined as the stage when a species is able to ‘reproduce consistently and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct intervention by humans’ (Richardson et al. 2000).
Trade and Transatlantic Relations: Old Dogs and New Tricks
Authors: Peterson John , Young Alasdair R
Published: November 2023

Transatlantic relations, it is widely alleged, have fallen on hard times. For every analysis that concludes that the relationship between Europe and America is ‘broadly healthy and, in some areas, thriving’ (European Commission 2005d: 3), there are more that portray the transatlantic allies as being ‘at war’ (Gordon and Shapiro 2004), ‘at odds’ (Mowle 2004), or ‘under stress’ (Andrews 2005). In the circumstances, it is easy to forget how much western Europe and the USA invested in institutionalizing their relationship after 1945, to the point where it became common to refer to a ‘transatlantic security community’ (see Risse 2003b). This community was built largely on mutual security guarantees and the NATO, but one of its primary foundations was an economic relationship that became a source of enormous prosperity.
From EU Model to External Policy? Promoting Regional Integration in the Rest of the World
Authors: Farrell Mary
Published: November 2023

To what extent is the EU seeking to replicate the European model of regional integration elsewhere in the world? Statements by senior European officials suggest the policy is being developed with serious intent. Romano Prodi, the former president of the European Commission was vocal in his claim: Our European model of integration is the most developed in the world. Imperfect though it is, it nevertheless works on a continental scale. Given the necessary institutional reforms, it should continue to work well after enlargement, and I believe we can make a convincing case that it would also work globally (Romano Prodi, president of the European Commission, 2000—cited in Rosamond 2002: 473).
Management of invasive species
Authors: Davis Mark A
Published: November 2023

Real and substantial threats to human health, great economic harm, and other undesirable ecological impacts have fueled efforts to manage the spread and impact of non-native species posing these threats. As is the case with most problems, there are two general approaches one can take to deal with these threats—prevention and mitigation.
Statistical modelling and inference
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brian , Hinde John , Darnell Ross
Published: November 2023

In this book, we will be concerned with the statistical analysis of data from experimental and observational studies. In experimental studies randomization or random assignment of individual experimental units (e.g. human or animal subjects, agricultural plots) to the experimental treatments plays a fundamentally important role.
An Introduction To The Theory Of Numbers
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M
Published: November 2023

An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers by G.H. Hardy and E. M. Wright is found on the reading list of virtually all elementary number theory courses and is widely regarded as the primary and classic text in elementary number theory. Developed under the guidance of D.R. Heath-Brown this Sixth Edition of An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers has been extensively revised and updated to guide today's students through the key milestones and developments in number theory. Updates include a chapter by J.H. Silverman on one of the most important developments in number theory -- modular elliptic curves and their role in the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem -- a foreword by A. Wiles, and comprehensively updated end-of-chapter notes detailing the key developments in number theory. Suggestions for further reading are also included for the more avid reader The text retains the style and clarity of previous editions making it highly suitable for undergraduates in mathematics from the first year upwards as well as an essential reference for all number theorists.
General Properties of Congruences
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M
Published: November 2023

Roots of congruences. An integer xwhich satisfies the congruence is said to be a rootof the congruence or a root of f (x) (mod m). If ais such a root, then so is any number congruent to a(mod m). Congruent roots are considered equivalent; when we say that the congruence has lroots, we mean that it has lincongruent roots. Analgebraic equation of degree nhas (with appropriate conventions) just nroots, and a polynomial of degree nis the product of nlinear factors. It is natural to inquire whether there are analogous theorems for congruences, and the consideration of a few examples shows at once that they cannot be so simple. Thus has no root. The possibilities are plainly much more complex than they are for an algebraic equation.
Quadratic Fields (1)
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M
Published: November 2023

Algebraic fields. In Ch. XII we considered the integers of k(i)and k(ρ), but did not develop the theory farther than was necessary for the purposes of Ch. XIII. In this and the next chapter we carry our investigation of the integers of quadratic fields a little farther. An algebraic fieldis the aggregate of all numbers where ϑis a given algebraic number, P(ϑ)and Q(ϑ)are polynomials in ϑwith rational coefficients, and Q(ϑ)0. We denote this field by k(ϑ). It is plain that sums and products of numbers of k(ϑ)belong to k(ϑ)and that α/βbelongs to k(ϑ)if αand βbelong to k(ϑ)and β0. In § 11.5, we defined an algebraic number ξas any root of an algebraic equation where a0, a1, ...are rational integers, not all zero. If ξsatisfies an algebraic equation of degree n, but none of lower degree, we say that ξis of degree n. If n1, then ξis rational and k(ξ)is the aggregate of rationals. Hence, for every rational ξ, k(ξ)denotes the same aggregate, the field of rationals, which we denote by k(1).
Elliptic Curves
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M
Published: November 2023

The congruent number problem. A congruent numberis a rational number qthat is the area of a right triangle, all of whose sides have rational length. We observe that if the triangle has sides a, b, and c, and if sis a rational number, then s2qis also a congruent number whose associated triangle has sides sa, sb,and sc.So it is enough to ask which square free integers nare congruent numbers. If we take cto be the length of the hypotenuse, then we are looking for square free integers nsuch that there are rational numbers a, b, csatisfying A simple algebraic calculation shows that the positive solutions to the simultaneous equations (25.1.1) are in one-to-one correspondence with the positive solutions to the equation Thus nis a congruent number if and only if (25.1.2) has a solution in positive rational numbers xand y.
Thickening Thin Concepts: Issues in Large-N Data Generation
Authors: Coppedge Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the distinction between ‘thick’ and ‘thin’ approaches to data generation and spells out the trade-offs that are associated with these two conventional approaches in comparative politics. I discuss these two approaches as they relate to matters of conceptualization and measurement and identify trade-offs between generality and specificity, quantity and quality, and absolutes and matters of degree. I illustrate these principles with references to research on democracy.
Why Regions of the World Are Important: Regional Specificities and Region-Wide Diffiusion of Democracy
Authors: Mainwaring Scott , Brinks Daniel , Pérez-Liñán Aníbal
Published: November 2023

For decades, the subfield of comparative politics has primarily been organized around regions of the world. The job market is still structured primarily around regions, although less so today than was the case in the 1970s or 1980s. About 70 percent of the articles published in the top three comparative journals over the last fifteen years have dealt exclusively with one geographic region (Munck and Snyder 2007a: 14).1 Some respected political science journals are organized around regions. Curiously in light of the traditional organization of comparative politics along regional lines, however, there has been almost no explicit defense of why regions are important. Criticism of organizing comparative politics along regional lines has drawn more attention than defenses of why regions are important. For example, Robert Bates’s criticisms (1996, 1997) of area studies could be taken as a critique of organizing comparative politics along regional lines.