bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity of PowerTap P1 Pedals during Laboratory-Based Cycling Time Trial Performance
Authors: Whittle Chris , Smith Neal , Jobson Simon A.
Published: September 2018

The use of mobile power measuring devices has become widespread within cycling, with a number of manufacturers now offering power measuring pedals. This study aimed to investigate the validity of PowerTap P1 pedals by comparing them with the previously validated Wattbike ergometer. Ten trained cyclists performed three simulated 10-mile (16-km) time trials on a Wattbike, while using PowerTap P1 pedals. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between PowerTap P1 pedals and a Wattbike for maximum, minimum, and mean power output, or for maximum, minimum, and mean cadence. There were good to excellent levels of agreement between the PowerTap P1 pedals and Wattbike (ICC > 0.8) for all measured variables except minimum cadence (ICC = 0.619). This suggests that PowerTap P1 pedals provide a valid measurement of power output.
Designing a Sustainable Development Goal Index through a Goal Programming Model: The Case of EU-28 Countries
Authors: Guijarro Francisco , Poyatos Juan A.
Published: September 2018

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations are at the center of the global political agenda to eradicate extreme poverty, achieve universal education, promote gender equality and ensure environmental sustainability between others. These goals are organised in 169 indicators, which give an accurate perspective on the main dimensions related with country sustainable development. To gain insight into the relative position of involved countries, it is necessary to develop a composite index that summarises the global progress in the achievement of these goals, but considering possible conflicts and trade-offs between individual SDGs. The objective of this paper is to introduce a Goal Programming model to calculate a composite SDG index, capable of overcoming some of the limitations of celebrated approaches such as arithmetic and geometric averages. The proposed model balances between two extreme solutions: one which calculates a consensus index that reflects the majority trend of the SDGs, and another one which biases the estimated index towards those SDGs that show the most discrepancy with the rest. The model is applied on the EU-28 countries, and shows that the best performing countries regarding the sustainable development are Austria and Luxembourg, while Greece and Romania remain as the worst performers.
Subterranean millipedes, some patterns and adaptations
Authors: Enghoff Henrik
Published: September 2018

Millipedes (class Diplopoda) are a large group of arthropods mostly living in the soil. More than 10,000 species have been described, but this is surely just a mere fraction of the actually existing number of living species. Many lineages of millipedes have invaded caves and other subterranean habitats, not the least in southern Europe.

In spite of their many legs, millipedes are in general poor dispersers, and their present-day distributions often reflect very old biogeographical patterns. The monotypic genus Cantabrodesmus Mauriès, 1971, of uncertain family placement and only known from a few caves in N Spain, is an extreme example of this.

The genus Thalassisobates Verhoeff, 1908, provides an example of “ecological disjunction”: One species is truly littoral and occurs along the coasts of Europe and eastern N America, whereas the two other species of the genus were collected in a cave in S Spain and in MSS on the island of La Gomera, Canary Islands, respectively, in both cases more than 500 m above sea level. Similar ecological disjunctions (littoral/subterranean) are known from pseudoscorpions (genus Paraliochthonius Beier, 1956) and isopods (genera Halophiloscia Verhoeff, 1908, and Littorophiloscia Hatch, 1947).

Subterranean millipedes often exhibit classical troglomorphisms, but there are also some not-so-classical adaptations, such as modification of the mouthparts for a semiaquatic/hygropetric mode of life. Such modifications have apparently arisen at least seven times independently in unrelated lineages belonging to four millipede families.

Millipedes are often hosts to epibiotic fungi of the order Laboulbeniales. Available evidence, although scant, suggests a difference between cave and epigean millipedes in the distribution patterns of the fungi on the hosts: Laboulbeniales on epigean millipedes tend to grow on body parts which come into contact during copulation, whereas those on cave millipedes tend to be scattered along the millipede body, suggesting transfer via the substrate.
Rediscovery of Crocus biflorus var. estriatus (Iridaceae) and its taxonomic characterisation
Authors: Roma-Marzio Francesco , Harpke Doerte , Peruzzi Lorenzo
Published: September 2018

The Italian endemic Crocusbiflorus usually shows white or lilac flowers with three-to-five striking violet longitudinal stripes on the outer tepals, but unstriped plants were recorded in the past. These plants were originally described as C.annulatussubvar.estriatus, and subsequently recombined as a variety of C.biflorus. The rediscovery of such plants in Toscana gave us the opportunity to clarify their systematic relationships, so that we typified the name, and performed karyological and ITS analyses. These plants share the same chromosome number (2n = 2x = 8) and ITS sequence with C.biflorus s. str.
Restaurer l’âme antique : Rousseau, Mably et le mirage polonais
Authors: Le Menthéour Rudy
Published: September 2018

Dans ses Considérations sur le gouvernement de Pologne (rédigées en 1770-1771), Rousseau s’oppose non seulement aux partisans de la Russie, mais aussi et surtout à son rival en matière de républicanisme, l’abbé de Mably, qui avait également été sollicité par les confédérés polonais. La comparaison de leurs propositions rivales permet de discerner la force et l’originalité du projet républicain de Rousseau. Tout en se plaçant dans le sillage de la théorie républicaine de Machiavel et de Montesquieu, Rousseau fait œuvre nouvelle en liant de façon étroite la restauration de la magnanimité antique, le renforcement de la singularité nationale et l’exaltation de l’amour de la patrie. Aux solutions avant tout constitutionnelles de Mably, il oppose un modèle très cohérent d’institution de la république. L’essentiel pour Rousseau n’est pas d’instaurer un régime politique stable ou une constitution équilibrée : il s’agit avant tout de s’assurer que la forme de la république puisse modeler la forme des âmes.
La acción de los Ugetistas en la Organización Internacional del Trabajo: contrarrestar el sindicalismo franquista en el mundo (1969-1976)
Authors: Berzal de la Rosa Enrique
Published: September 2018

La intervención de los socialistas europeos y de los sindicatos tuvo un impacto favorable en el establecimiento de una oposición enérgica y en la deslegitimación del régimen de Franco, tanto en el interior como en el exterior de España. El estudio de la dimensión internacional de la UGT durante el franquismo es fundamental para entender la supervivencia del sindicato socialista durante el largo periodo de la dictadura, y ayuda a comprender su proceso de reconstrucción en los años 70. La OIT actuó como altavoz de las críticas al régimen franquista y a su sistema sindical, y contribuyó a moderar la represión de la dictadura.
Reverse Internationalization?
Authors: Lay Keith John
Published: September 2018

This chapter first describes UK HE from a systems theory perspective through reflection on the history of UK HE and the current system in relation to the criteria that are used to assess and audit universities. The current position of UK HE within the larger global HE system is then considered through analysis of the latest university rankings lists. Having identified the key elements of the current UK HE system and highlighted the centrality of international academic staff within that system, the rhetoric in the academic and political discourse and the printed media is then focused upon in order to highlight the potential impact of Brexit on how UK HE performs as an open system. A best case/worst case scenario narrative follows, resulting in the recommendation of fast action from the UK government to safeguard the retention and hiring of international faculty, a key element in the enviable current open system that is UK HE.
Internationalization of Higher Education Institutions in North Cyprus
Authors: Altınay Mehmet , Shneikat Belal
Published: September 2018

Internationalization has become one of the hotly debated issues in higher education institutions due its role in competitive advantage. Countries around the world encourage their universities to engage in competition and cooperation on the local and global level, and this can't be achieved without internationalization. This chapter is proposed to shed light on a unique case study: internationalization of higher education in North Cyprus, which is a politically unrecognized country. To achieve the aim of this chapter, a survey from International Association of Universities (IAU) was adapted to evaluate the internationalization in the four largest and oldest universities in North Cyprus.
Internationalization of Higher Education in Kazakhstan
Authors: Kenebayeva Ainur Seitbattalovna
Published: September 2018

This chapter highlights the internationalization of the higher education system in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It briefly discusses Kazakh national initiatives to enhance the country's global economic competitiveness through modernization and capacity-building in the field of higher education and science. National experience on integration to the international educational space by the consecutive implementation of Bologna principles is reflected. The importance of the Bolashak presidential scholarship program is addressed as a strategy for human capital development. This chapter also underlines trends, tendencies, and issues of internationalization of higher education in globalization. Key aspects of internationalization considered through the prism of the Kazakhstani experience include academic mobility, accreditation, university rankings, and research and development (R&D).
Reaching Diverse Learners by Offering Different Course Delivery Methods
Authors: Haynes Aisha Shawana
Published: September 2018

Students possess various learning styles and do not respond equally to the same instructional methods. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences exist in learning styles between students who select a traditional course delivery method versus a technology-enhanced course delivery method. Participants included 113 males and 195 females who were enrolled in a College of Business Principles of Marketing course for non-business majors at the University of South Carolina. The students who were enrolled in the course completed an online questionnaire including the Grasha-Reichmann student learning style scale (GRSLSS) and demographic questions. The findings are relevant for a better understanding of why students select a course delivery method.
The Influence of Social and Cultural Capital on Student Persistence
Authors: Banks H. Kay
Published: September 2018

Using a mixed-methods approach, this chapter examines the use of the social and cultural capital questionnaire to measure capital, combined with student narrative experiences to gauge student persistence. An analysis of the interviews from the participants' experiences provided four themes: faculty/professors, family, self-motivation, and finances. In this study, social capital was more positively related to school success as a factor of persistence than cultural capital. The findings of this research study contributes to this growing body of literature by providing a unique survey instrument designed to assess the influence of social and cultural capital.
The Inclusion and Support of Students With Disabilities in the South African Higher Education System
Authors: Ntombela Sithabile , Mahlangu Vimbi Petrus
Published: September 2018

The intention of this chapter is to contribute to the scholarship of diversity, equity, and inclusivity in contemporary higher education. Its purpose is to develop an understanding of pedagogical issues concerning the inclusion and support of students with disabilities in the South African higher education system through literature review. The chapter will contribute to debate on policy imperatives and how these have informed practice, the social model of disability and its role in shaping educational provision, access and support constraints as products of intersectionality of disability and disablement, and possible ways to re-culture higher education for support.
Campus Climate and the Theory of Gender Performativity
Authors: Zimmerman Aaron Samuel , Herridge Andrew S.
Published: September 2018

The objective of this chapter is to outline the theory of gender performativity and to discuss its implications for researchers and policymakers in higher education. This chapter will examine the manner in which the measurement tools and recruitment methods utilized by research in higher education may serve to reinforce particular ontological assumptions about gender. If institutions of higher education aspire to serve their diverse student populations as inclusively as possible, it may be valuable for researchers and policymakers to consider the notion that gender is a social construct that is continually open to experimental performance.
Modeling Processes and Outcomes From Cybersecurity Talent Gaps in Global Labor Markets
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: September 2018

Many experience cybersecurity talent gaps at a local level. They see positions that go unfilled or filled with people without the requisite skills; they see data and identity compromises, projects that are stymied, and heightened risks. They have to address this gap locally by educating individuals through the talent pipeline, supporting learning and training programs, cross-training employees into cybersecurity endeavors, placing classified ads/head-hunting and hiring ever-more-expensive talent, and so on. They go to outside vendors to support the work. For those in the proverbial trenches, understanding this global labor market challenge at the 30,000-foot level may be helpful. This work models the projected processes and outcomes of the cybersecurity talent gap through multiple means: a review of the literature, general systems theory, social network analysis, game theory, and abductive logic, and up-to-date data.
The Business Transformation Framework and Enterprise Architecture Framework for Managers in Business Innovation
Authors: Trad Antoine , Kalpić Damir
Published: September 2018

The business transformation project (BTP) of a modern business environment needs a well-designed information and cyber technology security automation concept (ITSAC) that, in turn, depends on measurable success factors. These factors are used for the evolution of the transformation process. During the last decade, due to the global insecurity and financial crisis, the security strategies are not efficient. That is mainly due to the fact that businesses depend on security standards, cyber and information technology evolution, enterprise architecture, business engineering, and multilevel interoperability. They are restricted to blindfolded infrastructure security operations. Major BTPs are brutally wrecked by various security violations that may cause a no-go decision.
The Threat of Cyber Warfare in the SADC Region
Authors: Kurebwa Jeffrey , Matenga Kundai Lillian
Published: September 2018

This chapter is based on a study that sought to understand the threats of cyber warfare in Zimbabwe. The effects of cyber warfare, cyber intelligence mechanisms in place, and the status of the harmonization of laws and collaboration of SADC countries in efforts to address cyber threats were also covered. Qualitative research methodology was used to conduct the study. A total of 15 key respondents drawn from information technology experts, academia, top military personnel, and lawyers participated in the study. The study revealed that Zimbabwe was vulnerable to cyber warfare due to increased use of technology and failure to keep up with technological advancements. The study noted that the current legislation does not explicitly address cyber warfare threats but focuses more on cybercrime. The study recommended that Zimbabwe enact effective legislation to curtail cyber warfare in order to enhance cyber security. Investment in cyber security in terms of research and human capital development should also be prioritized.
Health Effects of Pesticides on Pregnant Women and Children
Authors: Youssouf Mudasir , Kalia Arun , Nabi Zahid , Malik Zubair A.
Published: September 2018

Pesticides, along with hybrid seeds and fertilizers, are an integral part of the green revolution and are used to control and eradicate disease vectors for the improvement of agricultural production. Pesticides is an umbrella term for insecticides, nematocides, fungicides, herbicides, fumigants, repellents, and attractants. Pesticides are used against unwanted plants and animals to control diseases and losses. Efforts at different levels may help to reduce the impact of pesticides on newborn babies and on pregnant women. Different efforts can be considered at clinical, educational, and policymaking institutes. Use of risk assessment tools, encouragement of organic diets, educating parents working in agricultural fields from hazards of pesticides particularly in pregnancy and breast feeding, implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs, and encouraging policies supporting IPM can help in tackling the menace of pesticide hazards.
Advances and Evolution of Techniques for Pesticide Estimation
Authors: Lakshmi Krishnasamy , Kanagasubbulakshmi S. , Kadirvelu Krishna , Varadharajan Venkatramanan
Published: September 2018

Pesticides that are meant for the demolition of pests have become a nuisance for public health and environmental safety. Hence, the detection of pesticides in various types of samples such as food, environment, and even bodily fluids from various living entities is essential. Even though spectroscopic techniques are widely used for routine detection and quantification of pesticides, these techniques cannot determine pesticides with accuracy assured by chromatographic techniques. This chapter deals with various pesticide analysis techniques and the limitations associated with each technique.
A Methodological Proposal for Building Conservation
Authors: Vaz de Freitas Isabel , Cortés Ricardo Erasun , Leite Paulo Pereira
Published: September 2018

Guimarães is a Portuguese medieval town classified as a world heritage site. The historical city center of Guimarães has been shaping and its heritage shows the passage of time. The main goals are to analyze the organic and dynamic passage of time, and prepare a micro study and an historic analysis of a structure and the surrounding urban area. The authors intend to capture the time passage in the perspective of a city as a construction of an aggregation of elements and multiple layers. It is questioned what changes occurred from the generational passage in the building, considered here as a case study, and what implications for the structure of the urban mesh. Historical documental sources were analyzed and a structural examination by photography design was carried out from an analysis of the constructive, artistic, and the architectural structure of this house. The documental references from the beginning of the 16th century to the 19th century were revised. They were the support of the operational analysis that permits crossing data from the end of the Middle Ages until our days.
Politics or Pedagogy?
Authors: Blom Ronel
Published: September 2018

This chapter deals with the struggle in South Africa to make sense of the phenomenon of workplace-based learning. Education institutions and policymakers alike recognize that there is enormous value in the practice. However, this value is being interpreted from different perspectives: education institutions see the practice in terms of enhanced learning, while policymakers view workplace-based learning as a means to solve critical social and economic problems. Consequently, the opposing epistemological views may seriously undermine the educational value of learning through work. The chapter provides an analysis of the prevailing workplace-based learning practices in South Africa. Using an emerging conceptual framework to evaluate current practices, it was found that most practices could successfully enhance a holistic curriculum seeking to balance learning at institutions and work, as an important vehicle for enhanced learning.
Australia's National Work-Integrated Learning Strategy in University Education
Authors: Clayton Berwyn , Guthrie Hugh B.
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes how the development of work-integrated learning (WIL) has become an increasingly important component of both curriculum and pedagogy across a wide range of disciplines in Australia's universities. This has been driven by institutions reacting to government and industry demands for work-relevant degrees and work-ready graduates. The chapter analyzes five of the eight action areas in the National WIL Strategy. A number of barriers to further implementation are identified and discussed, including funding, institutional constraints, assessment challenges, and employer capacity, particularly in smaller companies. Ways forward include developing quality information and the resources to support implementation, growing champions of the process in institutions and employers, and developing alternative approaches to delivery given the pressure placed on industry for work placements by all sectors of Australian education.
Work-Based Learning (WBL) in Higher Education and Lifelong Learning in the Netherlands
Authors: Onstenk Jeroen
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, developments and issues in the Netherlands with regard to work-based learning (WBL) and its relevance for higher professional education (HPE) and lifelong learning (LLL) are discussed. While traditionally in LLL the emphasis was on formal and non-formal learning in organized settings (adult education), nowadays there is growing awareness of the importance of informal LLL in the workplace. Different and more intensive patterns of interaction between companies and HPE are being developed to improve the connection between learning in education and in the workplace. There are steps towards an effective pedagogy of WBL as employers and HPE strive for high-quality outcomes. As a final point, the authors discuss the recent developments with regard to accreditation of prior learning as a way to raise the qualification levels of the working population.
The Socio-Technical Arrangement of Gaming
Authors: Waldrich Harald
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the home console dispositive of the Sony Playstation in relation to digital games. The concept of the “dispositive” functions as a basis for the conceptualization of video games as an actor-network or a socio-technical arrangement, respectively. This allows for an analysis and a description of various actors and their reciprocal relationships as well as the mutual process of fabrication of these actors in such video game networks. The historical development of the Sony Playstation system will serve as the primary example for these heterogeneous ensembles, whereby the main focus will be placed on one single-player game series, Grand Theft Auto, and one multiplayer game series, the soccer simulations of the FIFA series.
3D Printing in Dialogue With Four Thinkers
Authors: Harman Graham
Published: September 2018

Although public awareness of the implications of 3D printing has been growing at a steady clip, prominent philosophers have barely begun to take stock of what this emerging technology might mean. This chapter starts by considering an important cautionary article on 3D printing by Rachel Armstrong. After giving an account of the materialist and relationist suppositions of Armstrong's approach, the author compares it with possibly different approaches illuminated by the thought of three prominent thinkers: Bruno Latour, Marshall McLuhan, and Timothy Morton.
Risks, Security, and Privacy for HIV/AIDS Data
Authors: Ansari Md Tarique Jamal , Pandey Dhirendra
Published: September 2018

Big data has the potential to transform healthcare systems for the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS by providing analytic tools that are capable of handling huge and different types of data at very fast speeds. Big data's transformative potential is also introverted by privacy and security requirements for HIV/AIDS patients' sensitive data that restrict health information exchange. Electronic health records provide the opportunity for HIV/AIDS patients to receive improved coordinated care from healthcare providers and easier access to their health information. This chapter discusses the various legal frameworks governing health information, dispels misconceptions about privacy regulations, and highlights how these legal frameworks provide privacy, confidentiality, and security to this sensitive information, and shows how EHRs can maximize the utility of big data to improve HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment.
The Right to Privacy Is Dying
Authors: Edwards III Sam B.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores privacy in American jurisprudence from its inception until the present day. This examination starts with the first challenge of defining privacy. The second section examines the body of research on the importance of privacy. The third section focuses on privacy in American jurisprudence from its inception to its current state. This examination will include analysis of specific cases where technology has advanced and privacy has retreated. The purpose of this examination is to elucidate how current privacy doctrine no longer represents either the original intent nor the wishes of the citizens. The final section examines different paths the U.S. can take at this important point in privacy jurisprudence.
Algorithms vs. Hive Minds
Authors: Searle Rick
Published: September 2018

From the time of its emergence onto the public scene, the internet has been understood in light of both its dystopian potential for total surveillance and control and its utopian possibilities to enable enhanced forms of freedom. The reality has proven far more complicated with the internet having both helped to weaken institutions and strengthened new forms of authoritarian populism. This chapter argues that these two potentials are deeply interconnected and that the long-term sustainability of democracy requires that we understand and address the connections between our fears and hopes regarding the internet's future.
Effective Surveillance Management During Service Encounters
Authors: Bonfanti Angelo
Published: September 2018

This chapter aims to theoretically examine effective surveillance management (ESM) during service encounters within the servicescape and provide a conceptual framework for the study of this topic in a service management perspective. It analyses antecedents, dimensions and effects of ESM. This study especially proposes as antecedents both improving customer service experience along with meeting customers' need for security and implementing a surveillance service-oriented strategy that includes secure and safe servicescape design, deterrent communication, and trained and motivated security staff. This chapter suggests also that the dimensions of ESM (customer-physical service environment encounters, customer-technological surveillance systems encounters, and customer-security staff encounters) contribute to enhancing service quality, experience quality, and staff productivity. The integration of these dimensions, antecedents, and effects create a theoretically grounded framework that can serve as a starting point for future studies about this topic in the field of service management.
A Clustering Approach Using Fractional Calculus-Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm for k-Anonymization in Privacy Preserving Data Mining
Authors: Bhaladhare Pawan R. , Jinwala Devesh C.
Published: September 2018

A tremendous amount of personal data of an individual is being collected and analyzed using data mining techniques. Such collected data, however, may also contain sensitive data about an individual. Thus, when analyzing such data, individual privacy can be breached. Therefore, to preserve individual privacy, one can find numerous approaches proposed for the same in the literature. One of the solutions proposed in the literature is k-anonymity which is used along with the clustering approach. During the investigation, the authors observed that the k-anonymization based clustering approaches all the times result in the loss of information. This paper presents a fractional calculus-based bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (FC-BFO) to generate an optimal cluster. In addition to this, the authors utilize the concept of fractional calculus (FC) in the chemotaxis step of a bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) algorithm. The main objective is to improve the optimization ability of the BFO algorithm. The authors also evaluate their proposed FC-BFO algorithm, empirically, focusing on information loss and execution time as a vital metric. The experimental evaluations show that our proposed FC-BFO algorithm generates an optimal cluster with lesser information loss as compared with the existing clustering approaches.
Semantic Based Annotation for Surveillance Big Data Using Domain Knowledge
Authors: Xie Feng , Xu Zheng
Published: September 2018

Video surveillance technology is playing a more and more important role in traffic detection. Vehicle's static properties are crucial information in examining criminal and traffic violations. Image and video resources play an important role in traffic events analysis. With the rapid growth of the video surveillance devices, large number of image and video resources is increasing being created. It is crucial to explore, share, reuse, and link these multimedia resources for better organizing traffic events. With the development of Video Surveillance technology, it has been wildly used in the traffic monitoring. Therefore, there is a trend to use Video Surveillance to do intelligent analysis on vehicles. Now, using software and tools to analyze vehicles in videos has already been used in smart cards and electronic eye, which helps polices to extract useful information like plate, speed, etc. And the key technology is to obtain various properties of the vehicle. This paper provides an overview of the algorithms and technologies used in extracting static properties of vehicle in the video.
The Case for Privacy Awareness Requirements
Authors: Omoronyia Inah
Published: September 2018

Privacy awareness is a core determinant of the success or failure of privacy infrastructures: if systems and users are not aware of potential privacy concerns, they cannot effectively discover, use or judge the effectiveness of privacy management capabilities. Yet, privacy awareness is only implicitly described or implemented during the privacy engineering of software systems. In this paper, the author advocates a systematic approach to considering privacy awareness. He characterizes privacy awareness and illustrate its benefits to preserving privacy in a smart mobile environment. The author proposes privacy awareness requirements to anchor the consideration of privacy awareness needs of software systems. Based on these needs, an initial process framework for the identification of privacy awareness issues is proposed. He also argues that a systematic route to privacy awareness necessitates the investigation of an appropriate representation language, analysis mechanisms and understanding the socio-technical factors that impact the manner in which we regulate our privacy.
Notifiable Disease Databases for Client Management and Surveillance
Authors: Jolly Ann M. , Logan James J.
Published: September 2018

The spread of certain infectious diseases, many of which are preventable, is widely acknowledged to have a detrimental effect on society. Reporting cases of these infections has been embodied in public health laws since the 1800s. Documenting client management and monitoring numbers of cases are the primary goals in collecting these data. A sample notifiable disease database is presented, including database structure, elements and rationales for collection, sources of data, and tabulated output. This chapter is a comprehensive guide to public health professionals on the content, structure, and processing of notifiable disease data for regional, provincial, and federal use.
Anomalous Event Detection Methodologies for Surveillance Application
Authors: Rao T. J. Narendra , Girish G N , Tahiliani Mohit P. , Rajan Jeny
Published: September 2018

Automatic visual surveillance systems serve as in-place threat detection devices being able to detect and recognize anomalous activities which otherwise would lead to potentially harmful situations, and alert the concerned authorities to take appropriate counter actions. However, development of an efficient visual surveillance system is quite challenging. Designing an unusual activity detection mechanism which is accurate and real-time is the primary challenge. Review of literature carried out led to the inference that there are some attributes which are essential for a successful unusual event detection mechanism for surveillance application. The desired approach must detect genuine anomalies in real-world scenarios with acceptable accuracy, should adapt to changing environments and, should require less computational time and memory. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to provide an insight into some of the prominent approaches employed by researchers to solve these issues with a hope that it will benefit researchers towards developing a better surveillance system.
Object-Based Surveillance Video Synopsis Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Gandhi Shefali , Ratanpara Tushar V.
Published: September 2018

Video synopsis provides representation of the long surveillance video, while preserving the essential activities of the original video. The activity in the original video is covered into a shorter period by simultaneously displaying multiple activities, which originally occurred at different time segments. As activities are to be displayed in different time segments than original video, the process begins with extracting moving objects. Temporal median algorithm is used to model background and foreground objects are detected using background subtraction method. Each moving object is represented as a space-time activity tube in the video. The concept of genetic algorithm is used for optimized temporal shifting of activity tubes. The temporal arrangement of tubes which results in minimum collision and maintains chronological order of events is considered as the best solution. The time-lapse background video is generated next, which is used as background for the synopsis video. Finally, the activity tubes are stitched on the time-lapse background video using Poisson image editing.
Citizen Perspectives on the Customization/Privacy Paradox Related to Smart Meter Implementation
Authors: Winter Jenifer Sunrise
Published: September 2018

This paper employs the framework of contextual integrity related to privacy developed by as a tool to understand citizen response to implementation of residential smart metering technology. To identify and understand specific changes in information practices brought about by the introduction of smart meters, citizens were interviewed, read a description of planned smart grid/meter implementation, and were asked to reflect on changes in the key actors involved, information attributes, and principles of transmission. Areas where new practices emerge with the introduction of the smart grid were then highlighted as potential problems (privacy violations). Issues identified in this study included concern about unauthorized use and sharing of personal data, data leaks or spoofing via hacking, the blurring distinction between the home and public space, and inferences made from new data types aggregated with other personal data that could be used to unjustly discriminate against individuals or groups.
Utilization Pattern and Privacy Issues in the Use of Health Records for Research Practice by Doctors
Authors: Omidoyin Eunice Olubunmi , Opeke Rosaline Oluremi , Osagbemi Gordon Kayode
Published: September 2018

Research is a fundamental activity in teaching hospitals, and medical doctors use information contained in health records for research. In this process, researchers are often confronted with privacy issues. It is however not clear the extent to which doctors paid attention to this privacy issues in their research. The purpose of this study was to establish the extent to which privacy principles were followed by medical doctors in federal teaching hospitals in Nigeria when using health records for research. Survey research design was adopted for this study with two-stage random sampling technique to select 60% of the federal teaching hospitals; and 60% of the medical doctors in the selected hospitals. Attention was paid to securing patients unused data; health records was used mostly to generate data to support application for grant. There was a joint positive significant relationship between the predictor variables (privacy and health records) and the criterion variable in research practice.
Western Female Migrants to ISIS
Authors: Saltman Erin Marie
Published: September 2018

Women have long been a blind spot for security, academic and think tank sectors in relation to the growing threat of global extremism. The recent spike in female recruitment to the terrorist organisation, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), is a strong indicator of this dangerous trend. While often assumed to be passive agents, women continue to play strong roles in online and offline recruitment to violent extremist organisations. However, women can also act as strong counter-extremism agents in the fight against radicalisation and terrorism. Looking at the issue of gender, there is a new ability through online research to retrieve valuable insight into terrorist strategies around recruitment of women from online propaganda. This chapter aims to address questions of gender within current radicalisation trends through an analysis of online data, and through tracking Western females who are migrating to territories under the control of ISIS.
The Influence of Groupthink on Culture and Conflict in Twitter
Authors: Steele Godfrey A. , Zephyrine Niekitta
Published: September 2018

Groupthink puts pressure on individuals to conform to social norms, but anonymity has been found to reduce or lessen such influence. Apart from anonymity, the significance of the topic and self-censorship may or may not contribute to the influence of groupthink. Groupthink has been studied in the context of social media using various approaches, but to date it remains unclear how much and to what extent it influences the conflict among users within this cultural context. This chapter describes approaches to studying the influence of groupthink on the users of an open social media platform (e.g., Twitter) and proposes a methodology for conducting a study. Using data from a selected hashtag, it reports on the application of theory to research, considers the role and influence of groupthink, and discusses the implications of the findings for reconceptualizing approaches to the study of new media.
Stealing Consciousness
Authors: Skoll Geoffrey R.
Published: September 2018

In light of the recent revelations about the electronic surveillance by the US National Security Agency, this essay analyzes such surveillance as part of state strategies to control populations. It also examines the use of terror scares—that is, fear mongering—by states as the rationale for their control practices. It contrasts the origins of terrorism in the French Terror to contemporary terrorism, and shows how cybernetic control and surveillance steal human communications and thereby steal consciousness.
Exploring Privacy Notification and Control Mechanisms for Proximity-Aware Tablets
Authors: Zhou Huiyuan , Ferreira Vinicius , Alves Thamara Silva , MacKay Bonnie , Hawkey Kirstie , Reilly Derek
Published: September 2018

In hospitals, offices and other settings, professionals face the challenge of accessing and sharing sensitive content in public areas. As tablets become increasingly adopted in work environments, it is important to explore ways to support privacy that are appropriate for tablet use in dynamic, mobile workflows. In this research we consider how spatial information can be utilized to support both individual and collaborative work in a natural way while respecting data privacy. We present a proof-of-concept implementation of a proximity-aware tablet, and a range of privacy notification and control mechanisms designed for such a tablet. Results from a user study support the idea that interpersonal distance and orientation can be used to mediate privacy management for tablet interfaces. Selecting a specific design for privacy threat notification and response is highly context-dependent—for example, in health care the first priority is to not impede the fluid exchange of information.
Panopticon – Cybercontrol in Liquid Modernity
Authors: Batko Roman
Published: September 2018

The chapter proposes a critical analysis of the panopticon, the model of an ideal prison devised in the 18th century by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and its function in modern management. The original prison was designed in such a way that it enabled a single prison guard to watch all the inmates at all times, while the latter could never tell whether they were currently being watched or not. The idea behind the panopticon gave rise to the concept of panopticism, a philosophy developed by the French thinker Michel Foucault, which he voiced in Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975/1995). Analyzing the mechanism of control through the ages, he ponders the resilience and adaptability of such concepts as discipline, training and hierarchical surveillance. I intend to provide a critical analysis of methods and techniques of organizational control applied today, in the era of liquid modernity. Since that control, more often than not, is executed nowadays by electronic surveillance equipment and computer programs, hence my term of choice – “cybercontrol”.
Privacy Compliance Requirements in Workflow Environments
Authors: Koukovini Maria N. , Papagiannakopoulou Eugenia I. , Lioudakis Georgios V. , Dellas Nikolaos L. , Kaklamani Dimitra I. , Venieris Iakovos S.
Published: September 2018

Workflow management systems are used to run day-to-day applications in numerous domains, often including exchange and processing of sensitive data. Their native “leakage-proneness,” being the consequence of their distributed and collaborative nature, calls for sophisticated mechanisms able to guarantee proper enforcement of the necessary privacy protection measures. Motivated by the principles of Privacy by Design and its potential for workflow environments, this chapter investigates the associated issues, challenges, and requirements. With the legal and regulatory provisions regarding privacy in information systems as a baseline, the chapter elaborates on the challenges and derived requirements in the context of workflow environments, taking into account the particular needs and implications of the latter. Further, it highlights important aspects that need to be considered regarding, on the one hand, the incorporation of privacy-enhancing features in the workflow models themselves and, on the other, the evaluation of the latter against privacy provisions.
Gender, Translation, and Censorship
Authors: Zaragoza Gora
Published: September 2018

After the “cultural turn” in the 1980s, translation was redefined as a cultural transfer rather than a linguistic transposition. Key translation concepts were revised, including equivalence, correction, and fidelity. Feminist approaches to translation emerged, for example, the recovery of texts lost in patriarchy. Following the death of Franco and the transition to democracy, Spain initiated a cultural expansion. The advent of the Franco regime after the civil war (1936-1939) resulted in years of cultural involution and the abolition of rights for women attained during the Spanish Second Republic (1931-1939). Severe censoring prevented the publication of literature—both native and foreign (through translation)—that contradicted the principles of the dictatorship. This chapter will examine the link between gender, translation, and censorship, materialised in Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness (1928), the first English novel to tackle lesbianism and transgenderism, an example of translation in cultural evolution.
The New Jersey YouTube Experience Survey
Authors: Crick Matthew
Published: September 2018

YouTube has changed dramatically since 2005, both in look and platform functionality. There have also been many culturally and internationally relevant events that probably would have not received as much attention from the popular press without YouTube's video sharing and distribution power. This chapter presents current and original research on YouTubers' attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs about YouTube, using the research plan and model designed for the Bronx YouTube pilot study in 2009 described in detail in Chapter 7. New research in the areas of surveillance and learning in YouTube offers insight into how research participants (university students in New Jersey) use YouTube and what they think regarding its potential to help them learn. This chapter also offers observations on the research outcomes and potential future research possibilities in a growing body of scholarly work regarding online activity and the relationship between new technologies and people. As in the 2009 Bronx study, this chapter argues that, while YouTubers are aware of YouTube and Google surveillance strategies and are not necessarily in control of those strategies, they are unconcerned about surveillance unless money or email information might be unprotected. More work along the lines of focus groups and randomized experimental studies will provide better evidence from which generalized conclusions can be drawn regarding people and technology in the YouTube digital sphere. The New Jersey YouTube Experience research study focused on how YouTuber's learn and acquire all types of knowledge. The descriptive results indicate that, as suggested in the earlier Bronx study, YouTubers' obtain information from a variety of sources including professional academics, lay people, corporate interests and random commenters. YouTubers' learn at every level and people of all types are participating in transmitting knowledge. Generally, this happens with little immediate financial benefit although for-profit driven education and learning in YouTube is becoming more prevalent. While the knowledge creation in YouTube isn't all accurate, or even relevant, and sometimes comes with strong bias and personal agendas, this is also true in traditional education although many of us would like to think otherwise.
Is It Privacy or Is It Access Control?
Authors: Osborn Sylvia L.
Published: September 2018

With the widespread use of online systems, there is an increasing focus on maintaining the privacy of individuals and information about them. This is often referred to as a need for privacy protection. The author briefly examines definitions of privacy in this context, roughly delineating between keeping facts private and statistical privacy that deals with what can be inferred from data sets. Many of the mechanisms used to implement what is commonly thought of as access control are the same ones used to protect privacy. This chapter explores when this is not the case and, in general, the interplay between privacy and access control on the one hand and, on the other hand, the separation of these models from mechanisms for their implementation.