Evaluating the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Persea Americana Extracts
Authors: Thu Dang Kim , Thu Thuy Hoang , Thi Thanh Duyen Bui , Thi Thanh Hang Luc , Thi Trang Nguyen , Son Nhat Bui , Thi Quynh Hoa Tran , Thi Ky Duyen Duong , Thanh Tung Bui 
Published: June 2019

Medicinal plants are a potential source of enzyme acetylcholinesrerase (AChE) inhibitors, a key target in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. This paper studies the AChE inhibitory activity and the antioxidant effect of Persea Americana Mill extract. The sample leave, seed, exocarp and mesocarp of avocado were extracted with 50% ethanol and subsequently fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOA) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) solvents. The AChE inhibitory activity was evaluated by Ellman’s colorimetric method and the antioxidant activity by screening DPPH free radicals.  The results show that the seed of Persea Americana extract had the strongest AChE inhibitory activity and antioxidant effect, followed by the leave extract, and the exocarp extract and mesocarp extract were the weakest. The Persea Americana seed extract inhibited AChE activity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 47.43 ± 0.5 μg/mL and the antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 68.7 ± 0.35 µg/mL. The results also show that n–BuOH fraction of Persea Americana seed extract had strong AChE inhibitory and antioxidant activities with an IC50 value of 15.24 ± 0.52 µg/ml and 15.73 ± 0.42 μg/mL, respectively. The study results suggest that the Persea Americana Mill is a promising ingredient in Alzheimer’s disease prevention and treatment.

Keywords

Persea Americana Mill, Acetylcholinesrerase inhibitors (AChE), Alzheimer, DPPH.

References

[1] M.M. Essa et al., Neuroprotective effect of natural products against Alzheimer's disease, Neurochem Res. 37(9) (2012) 1829.[2] B. McGleenon, K. Dynan, A. Passmore,. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease, British journal of clinical pharmacology. 48 (1999) 471.[3] P. B. Watkins et al, Hepatotoxic effects of tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's disease, In: Jama. pp. 992 (1994).[4] O. Adeyemi, S. Okpo, O. Ogunti,. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae). In: Fitoterapia. pp. 375 (2002).[5] P.D.D. Dzeufiet, et al, Antihypertensive potential of the aqueous extract which combine leaf of Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae), stems and leaf of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.(Poaceae), fruits of Citrus medical L.(Rutaceae) as well as honey in ethanol and sucrose experimental model. In: BMC complementary and alternative medicine. p. 507 (2014).[6] B.I. Brai, A. Odetola, P. Agomo,. Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic potential of Persea americana leaf extracts, Journal of medicinal food. 10(2) (2007) 356.[7] Phạm Khuê. Bệnh Alzheimer. Nhà xuất bản Y học (2002).[8] Đàm Trung Bảo. Các gốc tự do, Tạp chí Dược học. 6 (2001) 29 [9] F.R. Mowsumi, A. Rahaman, N.C. Sarker, B.K. Choudhury, S. Hossain, In vitro relative free radical scavenging effects of Calocybe indica (milky oyster) and Pleurotus djamor (pink oyster), World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 4(07) (2015) 186.[10] Y. Bao, Y. Qu, J. Li, Y. Li, X. Ren, K. Maffuci, et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of the flowers and leaves from Paeonia rockii and identification of their antioxidant constituents by UHPLC-ESI-HRMSn via pre-column DPPH reaction, Molecules. 23(2) (2018) 392.[11] Phan Kế Sơn. Đánh giá tác dụng ức chế enzym Acetylcholinsterase in vitro của các phân đoạn dịch chiết Hoàng Liên Ô rô (Mahonia Nepalensis DC., họ Berberidaceae). Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Đại học ngành Dược học. Khoa Y Dược - Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nội (2017).[12] D. Mohammad, P. Chan, J. Bradley, K. Lanctôt, N. Herrmann, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treating dementia symptoms-a safety evaluation, Expert opinion on drug safety. 16(9) (2017) 1009.[13] A. Mohammadi-Farani, S.S. Darbandi, A. Aliabadi, Synthesis and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory evaluation of 4-(1, 3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-N-phenyl benzamide derivatives as potential anti-alzheimer agents, Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research. IJPR 15(3) (2016) 313.[14] T.B. Fernandes, M.R. Cunha, R.P. Sakata, T.M. Candido, A.R. Baby, M.T. Tavares, et al. Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Evaluation of Novel Sulfonylhydrazones as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease, Archiv der Pharmazie. 350(11) (2017) 1700163.[15] M.I. Alkhalf, W.S. Alansari, E.A. Ibrahim, M.E. Elhalwagy, Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of avocado (Persea americana) fruit and seed extract. Journal of King Saud University-Science (2018).[16] F. Gómez, S. Sánchez, M. Iradi, N. Azman, M. Almajano, Avocado seeds: extraction optimization and possible use as antioxidant in food, Antioxidants. 3(2) (2014) 439.[17] O.A. Folasade, R.A. Olaide, T.A. Olufemi, Antioxidant properties of Persea americana M. seed as affected by different extraction solvent, Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology. 3(2) (2016) 101.[18] C.A. Alagbaoso, I.I. Tokunbo, O.S. Osakwe, Comparative study of antioxidant activity and mineral composition of methanol extract of seeds of ripe and unripe avocado pear (Persea americana, Mill.). NISEB Journal. 15(4) (2017).[19] G. Oboh, V.O. Odubanjo, F. Bello, A.O. Ademosun, S.I. Oyeleye, E.E. Nwanna et al. Aqueous extracts of avocado pear (Persea americana Mill.) leaves and seeds exhibit anti-cholinesterases and antioxidant activities in vitro, Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 27(2) (2016) 131.[20] H. Cavdar, M. Senturk, M. Guney , S. Durdagi, G. Kayik, C.T. Supuran, et al. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with uracil derivatives: kinetic and computational studies, Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry. 34(1) (2019) 429.