bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S. , Mahaffey Brittain
Published: February 2016

In her commentary on our case description of Cassie, Dr. Beidel very thoughtfully raises a number of important points regarding the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). And we agree with all of them. Dr. Beidel, however, raises two issues in particular that we wish to comment on further: (a) the origins of obsessional fears, and (b) the use of distraction in exposure therapy....
Commentary
Authors: Bellack Alan S.
Published: February 2016

McIntosh and Compton have done an excellent job of describing the onset of schizophrenia in a young person. They aptly represent the subtle disease process that unfolds over time, making differential diagnosis difficult, if not impossible, at a circumscribed point in time. As is the case with many young persons, Mr. M expressed a number of vague complaints, with a common denominator of a gradual decline in functioning, especially increasing social isolation, and declining performance at school or work. The confounding and potentially exacerbating role of drugs and alcohol is also characteristic and frequently complicates the diagnostic picture....
Response
Authors: McIntosh Belinda , Compton Michael T.
Published: February 2016

Dr. Bellack’s commentary highlights a number of important points in the assessment and treatment of patients with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. He emphasizes that, although many patients with schizophrenia receive pharmacotherapeutic and psychosocial treatments in keeping with the spirit of the recommendations, often the treatments being applied are not evidence-based. Dr. Bellack stresses that there are a number of manualized psychosocial treatments to guide clinicians wishing to provide evidence-based supported employment, social skills training, and substance abuse treatment. He also aptly cites that the bulk of mental health treatment for patients with schizophrenia occurs in community mental health settings that lack the resources to adequately provide these treatments....
Response
Authors: Stinson Jill D. , Becker Judith V.
Published: February 2016

Tony Ward’s commentary on our case study of pedophilia and the application of empirical science to this challenging case begins by noting the empirical and theory-driven approach taken in the treatment of John Smith. Ward makes three observations upon which we would like to comment. First, John has been in treatment for a long time, as was necessitated by the multitude of his mental health and other needs, requiring intervention prior to placement in a less restrictive treatment environment. That he was in treatment for a lengthy duration and made only modest progress does not always imply treatment failure, but could be a reflection of the complexity of his psychiatric, social support, interpersonal, medical, risk management, and sex offender treatment needs....
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Major Depression
Authors: Lichtmacher Jonathan , Fitzgerald Iljie
Published: February 2016

Chapter 3 presents a case example of role dispute-focused IPT and demonstrate supervision in an outpatient teaching clinic where IPT is offered to all patients with depression as part of an evidence-based treatment program. In this chapter, the therapist is a third-year psychiatry resident learning IPT as a required part of the residency training curriculum.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Chronic Depression
Authors: Markowitz John C
Published: February 2016

Chapter 6 discusses interpersonal psychotherapy for chronic depression, including interpersonal aspects, research, adaptations of IPT, and a case example with patient personal, family, medical and social history, as well as a therapy plan.
Using Interpersonal Psychotherapy with Older Individuals
Authors: Miller Mark D , Reynolds III Charles F
Published: February 2016

Chapter 14 discusses using IPT with older individuals, and covers how IPT can help with role transitions, relocation, increasing medical burden, awareness of cognitive decline, caregiving burdens, depression, or waning mental and physical capabilities.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Medically III Depressed Patients
Authors: Hoffer Marcela , Markowitz John C , Blanco Carlos
Published: February 2016

Chapter 15 discusses how IPT relates depressive symptoms to interpersonal difficulties, with the goals of diminishing the depressive symptoms and improving the patient’s interpersonal functioning. It describes therapeutic work with a woman presenting with two medical illnesses: breast cancer and major depressive disorder (MDD).
Interpersonal Therapy and Cultural Issues
Authors: Patel Sapana R , Lewis-Fernández Roberto
Published: February 2016

Chapter 16 discusses IPT with regards to cultural issues, and specifically addresses hispanic patients, covering cultural assessment and adaptations for hispanic patients, interpersonal styles and values, and a case example discussing medical, personal, psychiatric, and family histories, interpersonal history and cultural formation, treatment phases, and case discussion.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Women with Depression Living on Low Incomes
Authors: Grote Nancy K , Swartz Holly A , Zuckoff Allan
Published: February 2016

Chapter 17 reviews the effectiveness of IPT for depressed women on low incomes and highlights the multiple chronic stressors and barriers to care they face, as well as describes adaptations and additions to IPT made via work with depressed, low-income women who face practical, psychological, and cultural barriers to treatment engagement and retention. A case example demonstrates these modifications in the delivery of IPT.
Maintenance Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT-M)
Authors: Miller Mark D , Frank Ellen , Levenson Jessica C
Published: February 2016

Chapter 19 covers maintenance interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-M), and that while effective psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic acute treatments for depression are well known, the problem of how to prevent relapse and recurrence has been a vexing one. It describes some of the studies designed to test the protective effects of maintenance pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy against relapse and recurrence, how with pharmacotherapy, judging long-term efficacy simply requires monitoring patients on a given dose of medication over time, but how psychotherapeutic interventions raise other issues. It covers IPT-M for late-life mood disorders, personality pathology, optimal frequency of IPT-M, research in this area, and a case example.
The Ethics of Conditional Confidentiality
Authors: Fisher Mary Alice
Published: February 2016

This online resource is a guide designed to help therapists and other mental health professionals navigate the ethical and legal maze surrounding confidentiality. At its core is a practical Confidentiality Practice Model, which is a step-by-step guide for clarifying the ethical and legal issues that make the ethics of conditional confidentiality so complicated. Ethics codes represent the 'ethical floor,' which is the minimum standard of behavior about confidentiality. This title encourages reaching for the 'ethical ceiling,' by protecting confidentiality to the extent legally possible and not disclosing patients' confidences just because certain laws would allow them to be disclosed. It aims to demystify confidentiality for therapists, clinical supervisors, educators, ethics consultants, attorneys who represent mental health professionals, clinicians, and administrators.
Laws Affecting Confidentiality
Authors: Fisher Mary Alice
Published: February 2016

Chapter 2 discusses laws affecting confidentiality, including the underlying legal concepts, laws protecting confidentiality, non-disclosure laws, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and laws limiting confidentiality, laws allowing therapists to disclose information without patient consent.
Placing Laws Into Ethical Context
Authors: Fisher Mary Alice
Published: February 2016

Chapter 3 discusses placing laws into ethical context, including recognizing the difference between ethical standards and laws and making a distinction between voluntary and legally compelled (involuntary) disclosures of patient information, as well as using an ethical practice model to integrate ethical duties and legal requirements.
Step 2: Telling Patients the Truth About Confidentiality’s Limits
Authors: Fisher Mary Alice
Published: February 2016

Chapter 5 walks therapists through Step 2, and covers two conversations in which therapists must explain confidentiality and its limits, and how therapists are ethically required to conduct informed consent conversations about confidentiality in two different contexts. It discusses how patients must be given enough information to allow them to make an informed decision about whether to confide in this therapist in the first place, and how that conversation must be reopened if the therapist believes the patient has forgotten the rules about confidentiality, or if the disclosure risks have increased because of changes in the patient’s circumstances, changes in the law, or changes in the therapist’s policies. It shows how this later conversation allows the prospective patient to pause and assess the risks of confiding further, and why informed consent about confidentiality must be an ongoing process, not a static, one-time event.
Step 4: Responding Ethically to Legal Demands for “Involuntary” Disclosure of Patient Information
Authors: Fisher Mary Alice
Published: February 2016

Chapter 7 discusses disclosures that are legally coerced, and how this can create very different ethical obligations for therapists in comparison to disclosures that are voluntary, because the implications for patients can be very different. It addresses how therapists are always ethically required to obtain the patient’s explicit consent, and also covers how therapists may be legally required to make the disclosures discussed in this chapter even if the patient objects.
Step 6: Talking More About Confidentiality: Educating Each Other and the Public
Authors: Fisher Mary Alice
Published: February 2016

Chapter 9 is about the importance of creating conversations, how therapists’ policies about confidentiality are not confidential, and that the dilemmas therapists face in upholding their policies can be talked about, with each other and with others, as long as patients are not identified. It also discusses the shared language that all mental health professionals can use for creating clearer conversations with each other about this difficult aspect of practice, and that can be helpful for structuring student training and supervision about confidentiality, for teaching staff and employees in clinical settings, and for writing on the topic in academic and clinical journals, as well as for educating attorneys, judges, legislators, and the public.
Conceptual and Scientific Foundations of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
Authors: Finch Alfred J. , Lochman John E. , Nelson III W. Michael , Roberts Michael C.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 2 discusses the conceptual and scientific foundations of clinical child and adolescent psychology, including development, social factors (including the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem), biological factors, and scientific foundations.
Clinical Assessment of Children, Adolescents, and Their Families
Authors: Finch Alfred J. , Lochman John E. , Nelson III W. Michael , Roberts Michael C.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 3 presents the process involved in the social-emotional-behavioral assessment of children and adolescents and how this process can be conceptualized within a comprehensive problem-solving framework. It includes discussions about the importance of assessment in clinicians' therapeutic work with children, adolescents, and their families, the ways in which clinicians' theoretical orientations guide/define their practice, not only in terms of psychotherapeutic interventions, but also in terms of their assessment practices, the background in child and adolescent assessment, and how assessment can be comprehensively conceptualized as a problem-solving process for clinicians.
Clinical Child and Adolescent Intervention Strategies
Authors: Finch Alfred J. , Lochman John E. , Nelson III W. Michael , Roberts Michael C.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 5 provides an overview of a clinician's functional competencies with regard to psychological interventions with children and adolescents, and focuses on levels of intervention competency that permit a psychologist to provide good quality care to the child clients and their families–level of competency that is expected to be attained by well-trained psychologists in the years shortly after they have received their terminal degrees. It first briefly covers basic procedural issues in establishing the therapy contract, and then discusses types of therapeutic procedures that psychologists may competently use with their clients.
Consultation in Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
Authors: Finch Alfred J. , Lochman John E. , Nelson III W. Michael , Roberts Michael C.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 6 outlines the key concepts of the core competency and function of working collaboratively with others to deliver the necessary services through consultation, which can take several forms, including having another professional (physician, nurse, social worker, teacher) conduct an intervention under advice and supervision from the psychologist, providing information about symptoms and screening for behavior problems and how to make a referral, advising juvenile care or detention workers about management techniques, or serving on a collaborative team by offering psychological insights that help create therapeutic interventions for children with certain conditions (e.g., maltreatment, chronic illness). It also provides formal definitions and models of consultation with examples of professional activities in school and pediatric settings.
Immigrant Students
Authors: Morland Lyn , Birman Dina , Dunn Burna L. , Adkins Myrna Ann , Gardner Laura
Published: February 2016

The United States is increasingly diverse and this is nowhere more evident than in our public schools. Children who arrive as immigrants, as well as those born here to at least one immigrant parent, currently make up nearly one-quarter of all children in the United States.2 By the year 2025, it is estimated that one-third or more of the students in our nation’s schools will be children of immigrants.3 After providing a brief overview of the immigrant population in the United States, this chapter will describe both the unique challenges as well as the strengths that many immigrant children bring to the classroom, and how teachers can help support their resilience and academic success.
Students Exposed to Domestic Violence
Authors: Deseri A. BURGESS , Phifer Lisa Weed
Published: February 2016

Domestic violence is a growing public health problem that affects children nationwide. In fact, research estimates that anywhere between three and 17.8 million children witness domestic abuse each year5. Therefore, it is likely that teachers will regularly encounter students in their classroom who have been exposed to domestic violence. The impact of domestic violence is widespread, affecting academic performance, behavior, and social development. Teachers can make a positive impact by learning how best to identify and support these students. The following chapter will provide an overview of domestic violence, developmental considerations, and strategies for helping children who have been affected by it.
Students From Military Families
Authors: Carter Courtney D.
Published: February 2016

Military deployments can put significant strain on a student, and if applicable, the remaining caregiver. In fact, having a parent deployed to a war zone can be one of the most stressful events a child can experience. These students often are at increased risk for depression, behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and emotional challenges. Unfortunately, many students have experienced long-term separation of a military parent(s) due to military involvement overseas. As of December 2007, the United States alone had over 360,000 active-duty military personnel deployed in more than 150 countries around the world, resulting in approximately 700,000 children with at least one parent deployed6. Deployments are often long and the students therefore rely on educators to play a significant role in their lives. Additional concerns exist for large number of children with non-deployed military parents, including those in the National Guard and Reserves. Numerous suggestions and classroom activities are provided.
Students Responding to Natural Disasters and Terrorism
Authors: Kilmer Ryan P. , Gil-Rivas Virginia , Hardy Steven J.
Published: February 2016

This chapter seeks to help teachers and school mental health professionals understand the needs of students who have faced a disaster or terrorism and identify strategies for school-based responses. The chapter provides an overview of the effects of these events on school children and youths, including relevant developmental and cultural considerations, and the impact on the school setting. Then, the discussion emphasizes recommendations for, and possible responses by, teachers, school-based mental health professionals, and administrators. Indeed, just as these traumas can affect multiple levels of school children’s lives, the needed response of school-based professionals can be framed as multi-level, ranging from curricular modification to interventions specifically targeting youngsters’ socio-emotional needs. The sections that follow seek to inform and guide responses for school personnel and provide clear, “actionable” recommendations.
The brighter galaxies reionized the Universe
Authors: Sharma Mahavir , Theuns Tom , Frenk Carlos , Bower Richard , Crain Robert , Schaller Matthieu , Schaye Joop
Published: February 2016

Hydrogen in the Universe was (re)ionized between redshifts z ≈ 10 and z ≈ 6. The nature of the sources of the ionizing radiation is hotly debated, with faint galaxies below current detection limits regarded as prime candidates. Here, we consider a scenario in which ionizing photons escape through channels punctured in the interstellar medium by outflows powered by starbursts. We take account of the observation that strong outflows occur only when the star formation density is sufficiently high, and estimate the galaxy-averaged escape fraction as a function of redshift and luminosity from the resolved star formation surface densities in the eagle cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We find that the fraction of ionizing photons that escape from galaxies increases rapidly with redshift, reaching values of 5–20 per cent at z > 6, with the brighter galaxies having higher escape fractions. Combining the dependence of escape fraction on luminosity and redshift with the observed luminosity function, we demonstrate that galaxies emit enough ionizing photons to match the existing constraints on reionization while also matching the observed ultraviolet-background post-reionization. Our findings suggest that galaxies above the current Hubble Space Telescope detection limit emit half of the ionizing radiation required to reionize the Universe.
Molecular and Culture-Based Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Testing for the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Pneumonitis
Authors: Tan Susanna K. , Burgener Elizabeth B. , Waggoner Jesse J. , Gajurel Kiran , Gonzalez Sarah , Chen Sharon F. , Pinsky Benjamin A.
Published: February 2016

Background.  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, with CMV pneumonitis among the most severe manifestations of infection. Although bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples are frequently tested for CMV, the clinical utility of such testing remains uncertain.

Methods.  Retrospective analysis of adult patients undergoing BAL testing via CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR), shell vial culture, and conventional viral culture between August 2008 and May 2011 was performed. Cytomegalovirus diagnostic methods were compared with a comprehensive definition of CMV pneumonitis that takes into account signs and symptoms, underlying host immunodeficiency, radiographic findings, and laboratory results.

Results.  Seven hundred five patients underwent 1077 bronchoscopy episodes with 1090 BAL specimens sent for CMV testing. Cytomegalovirus-positive patients were more likely to be hematopoietic cell transplant recipients (26% vs 8%, P < .0001) and less likely to have an underlying condition not typically associated with lung disease (3% vs 20%, P < .0001). Histopathology was performed in only 17.3% of CMV-positive bronchoscopy episodes. When CMV diagnostic methods were evaluated against the comprehensive definition, the sensitivity and specificity of PCR, shell vial culture, and conventional culture were 91.3% and 94.6%, 54.4% and 97.4%, and 28.3% and 96.5%, respectively. Compared with culture, PCR provided significantly higher sensitivity and negative predictive value (P ≤ .001), without significantly lower positive predictive value. Cytomegalovirus quantitation did not improve test performance, resulting in a receiver operating characteristic curve with an area under the curve of 0.53.

Conclusions.  Cytomegalovirus PCR combined with a comprehensive clinical definition provides a pragmatic approach for the diagnosis of CMV pneumonitis.
Acculturation Research Critiques and Alternative Research Designs
Authors: Rudmin Floyd , Wang Bo , de Castro Joaquim
Published: February 2016

Dictionary definitions concur that “acculturation” means second-culture acquisition, but “acculturation” began as a Eurocentric concept that inferior peoples improve themselves by imitating superior peoples. Shadows of this persist despite the acceleration of acculturation research from nine studies per decade in the 1920s to the current rate of more than 6000 per decade. Reviews of this research have noted confused findings and lack of utility. Critics either (1) advocate for qualitative methods because culture, identity, and human experience are too complex for psychometric methods, or (2) recommend new models and new forms of quantitative analysis, or (3) fault research for poor social science practices. Rudmin (2006) has argued that academics’ shared liberal ideology causes collective confirmation bias that shapes research to promote advocacy of bicultural integration. Many future research designs and projects are proposed, including emic studies of rural-urban migration in China and the development of single-case measures of acculturative competence.
Montaigne on Justice and Law
Authors: Dionne Valérie M.
Published: February 2016

This article examines the distinction that Montaigne makes between law and justice, between the words of the law and the ideal of justice. In refuting the concepts of divine justice and natural law, he demystifies justice and hopes to humanize law. He does not criticize the force of the law, but he condemns violence in the name of justice, and illustrates that justice as an ideal is problematic because impartial judgment is all but impossible to attain. Courts must not imagine that they operate in the image of God as purveyor of an absolute justice. Rather the authority of the law derives from usage alone. Judges must therefore uphold human dignity by recognizing the impossibility of judicial certainty and moderate the severity of their sentences accordingly. Montaigne lays the groundwork for modern views of alternative solutions to punishment, and for understanding the fallibility of the ideal of justice.
Montaigne on Health and Death
Authors: Heitsch Dorothea
Published: February 2016

The Essays contain a number of well-known gems with regard to early modern medical knowledge (II, 37), healthy living (III, 13), and death and dying (I, 20). That Montaigne treats notions concerning health, sickness, and potential cures as interpretable opinions and considers all medical belief as dependent on individual corporeal and mental givens has been less discussed. That these givens are grounded in notions of a material soul and a thinking body, due to a reversal of hierarchies that is prevalent in the essayist’s writing, is less known. This chapter shows how Montaigne assesses personal health and sickness and the means he suggests to preserve good health. The essayist’s interest in one particularly common medical practice–purging–is reviewed within the context of humoral theory. A discussion of death and dying, as exemplified in the passing of family members and the author’s best friend Étienne de La Boétie, ending in Montaigne’s thoughts concerning suicide, the afterlife, and his own approaching end, ensues.
Robert Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory
Authors: MacGilvray Eric
Published: February 2016

Democracy can be understood as a mechanism for making decisions and as an ideal of social life. The defense of “polyarchy” that Robert Dahl provides in A Preface to Democratic Theory takes a negative position on both dimensions. It is not concerned with enabling “the people” to decide political outcomes, but rather with ensuring that no one has unchecked decision-making power. Nor is it concerned with developing people’s capacities to the fullest, but rather with harnessing their competitive energies so that no one can impose their will unilaterally on the whole. Ironically, the moral underpinnings of this approach lie in the Madisonian system that Dahl rejects. Like Madison, Dahl focuses on the republican aim of preventing the arbitrary exercise of power rather than the democratic aim of securing popular control over elected officials. Unlike Madison, Dahl argues that the success of this project depends on social rather than constitutional factors.
Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue
Authors: Wallach John R.
Published: February 2016

This essay discusses the contribution of Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue (1981) to a generation of moral theory. Pitched as a critique of liberal individualism (e.g., Rawls), modernity (e.g., amoral bureaucracies), and the antagonism toward the history of moral theory evinced by analytical philosophers, MacIntyre’s book urges a return toward moral traditions embedded in local communities as the best route to avoid what he regards as the soullessness of modernity and the abyss of Nietzschean philosophy. But his failure to reflect on the political valence of traditions in general or the Aristotelian and Thomist ones he values, seriously compromises his complaints about modernity and his suggestions for ways out.
G. A. Cohen, Karl Marx’s Theory of History—A Defence
Authors: Dietsch Peter
Published: February 2016

Cohen’s book is one of the founding publications of Analytical Marxism, aiming to reconstruct and in some cases reformulate some of Marx’s core claims using the rigorous tools of contemporary philosophy. The first part of the chapter analyzes Cohen’s defense of the controversial idea of historical materialism. Can the idea that history follows some underlying law of progress, which is central to Marx’s writing, stand up to scrutiny? This part of the chapter discusses, first, the radical challenges to historical materialism formulated by rational choice Marxists such as Elster; second, a series of objections against functionalist explanation in the social sciences more generally; and, finally, some modifications Cohen made to his account of historical materialism in his later writings and in response to these critiques. The second part of the chapter analyzes Cohen’s conception of exploitation to illustrate the theoretical potential of Analytic Marxism more generally.
Hindu Disproofs of God
Authors: Nicholson Andrew
Published: February 2016

Among Hindu philosophical schools, Sāṃkhya is well known for its atheism. The Sāṃkhya-sūtra (c.14th cent. ce) is notable as the only Sāṃkhya source text to present positive disproofs of the existence of god (Īśvara). According to this text, it is impossible for god, an eternally fulfilled being, to have the desire to create the world. Its other arguments cite the problem of suffering in the world and god’s superfluity in relation to other causal forces as additional reasons that there can exist no omniscient, omnipotent, and benevolent creator of the world. This chapter concludes by discussing Vedāntic and medieval Christian responses to the disproof based on god’s lack of desire, and offers suggestions for how attention to argumentation in premodern Indian texts may offer new avenues of study for the comparative philosophy of religion.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Tammy D. , Eby Lillian T.
Published: February 2016

Multiple factors such as changes in family structure and labor patterns have contributed to interest in work–family scholarship and practice over the past several decades. The global economy and rapidly evolving technology have introduced new challenges to how individuals structure and manage their work and family responsibilities. This chapter sets the stage for the rest of the volume. It includes an overview of the seven sections of the book and brief highlights of the chapters that comprise the total volume.
Future Directions and Conclusion
Authors: Kleespies Phillip M.
Published: February 2016

In this concluding chapter, further emphasis is given to the critical need for education and training for psychologists and other mental health providers in the evaluation and management of behavioral emergencies. It is noted that the need for such training has been cited by several national and international organizations concerned with health care. Next, there is a discussion of some aspects of behavioral emergencies that are in need of future research and some promising directions for the prevention of suicide and interpersonal violence (e.g., means restriction and means restriction counseling). Finally, the importance of remaining evidence-based in clinical work is discussed, as well as what “evidence-based” might mean in a dynamic area of practice such as behavioral emergencies.
Intonation in Singing
Authors: Sundberg Johan
Published: February 2016

Intonation is an important aspect of sung performances. This chapter presents someinvestigations of vocal ensemble and solo singing. The magnitude of the standarddeviation of f0 (SDF0) in a choral section of a high-quality choir is discussed, as areintonation effects of common partials, the presence of high-frequency partials, andvibrato-free tone production, which all tend to reduce SDF0, i.e., to facilitate intonation.Other topics include accuracy, expressivity, and the role of equally tempered tuning ofaccompanying instruments. Reaction time for f0 correction of intonation errors is slow,suggesting that copying the pitch from fellow singers in an ensemble is not a usefulstrategy. The f0 pattern used in legato performances of sequences of short notes isdescribed as well as solo singers’ intonation strategies in different musical and emotionalcontexts. Likewise, professional music listeners’ tolerance to intonation inaccuracy seemsto vary depending on context.
Boys’ Singing Voice Change in Adolescence
Authors: Williams Jenevora , Harrison Scott
Published: February 2016

This chapter addresses boys’ voice change in adolescence. It begins with a summary ofphysiological changes that take place. This leads to a discussion of challenges andpossibilities for singing through the change, focusing on impediments to full involvementwith singing in adolescence. The chapter employs a mixed method approach. Initially,measurement and documentation of the physical characteristics of the voice in stages ofchange are presented. This provides a foundation for the second part, qualitativeaccounts of boys’ engagement with singing in adolescence. Knowledge areas coveredinclude attributes of the male changing voice, factors impacting boys’ participation insinging, and documentation of effective practice in addressing challenges andpossibilities of singing through this life-cycle stage. Implications for the assessmentpractices of voice health professionals are put forward and the roles of singing teachers,choral directors, and class music teachers in training adolescent males are discussed.
Beyond Rhetoric
Authors: Sinclair Paul , Isendahl Christian , Barthel Stephan
Published: February 2016

Historical ecological approaches to settlement aggregation and complexity reject modernist and post-modernist reliance on linear neo-evolutionary categorization of cities in relation to earlier farming communities. Instead, urban centres and multi-urban systems are viewed as components of complex heterarchically and hierarchically organized landscapes. Resilience theory has been applied in several archaeological efforts to characterize urban development of specific centres. Building on experience from the recently concluded Urban Mind project this chapter argues for a historical ecology approach to track the long-term cultural and environmental dynamics of multi-centred urban systems. Linking human cognition, social memory, ecosystem services, urban metabolism and food security, and institutions of urban governance, it uses data on long-term urban histories in the eastern Mediterranean, southern Africa, and Mesoamerica to identify implications for future urban planning initiatives.
Applied Archaeology in the Americas
Authors: Cooper Jago , Duncan Lindsay
Published: February 2016

This chapter considers the role of archaeology in creating solutions for coping with the impacts of global environmental change, illustrated by cases from Latin America. Past examples of the practical application of pre-Columbian innovations and techniques are considered, and the key themes of social practice and community engagement discussed. These principles are then applied to the islands of the Caribbean where archaeology can play an important role in accessing and illuminating pre-Columbian lifeways in the region. The comparative resilience of past and present lifeways to the hazards created by extreme weather events, precipitation variability, and sea level changes are discussed, and the role of archaeology as a means of engaging the public, stimulating discussion, and informing debate is considered.
The Nationalization of the Masses
Authors: Markwick Roger D. , Doumanis Nicholas
Published: February 2016

Europe was a continent of nation states by the mid-twentieth century. But it was not always thus. The patchwork quilt of nation states and the nationalism that coloured them in were forged by massive social and political shifts that had been gathering momentum since the late nineteenth century. Viewing nations and nationalism as constructs of modern, global capitalism, often legitimated by national mythologies old and new, this chapter surveys the forces at work: from above and below, from centre and periphery. The First World War raised nationalism to white heat, and as multi-ethnic empires faltered, myriad subaltern nationalisms erupted, demanding ‘self-determination’, the watchword of the post-war peace settlements. But the war also unleashed internationalist class challenges to belligerent nationalism, culminating in the 1917 Russian Revolution. Thereafter, European nationalism assumed its most truculent guise: fascism and military dictatorships warring against class in the name of ethnic, national, and biological purity.
Political Violence and Mass Society
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines political violence in a new age of mass politics, looking in particular at ideas of a ‘European civil war’. Civil war, however, requires more than ideological division and was a discrete and unusual circumstance. The chapter problematizes binary understandings of Left and Right, looking instead at struggles for public space, youth, and masculinity as key aspects of the political and cultural violence of the interwar period. The chapter also argues that the role of the state is an important explanatory variable in explaining differences in the level and type of violence found across Europe during this period.
Everyday Life in Wartime Europe
Authors: Mick Christoph
Published: February 2016

This chapter discusses everyday life under foreign occupation during the Second World War. Living conditions were very different depending on class, race, location, and time. People living in Poland, Greece, Yugoslavia, and the occupied territories of the Soviet Union were not only much more exposed to terror and mass crimes; their standards of living were also much lower than in western Europe. Some experiences, however, were shared. The chapter focuses on certain common daily experiences: procuring food and other daily necessities; the relationship between peasants and urban populations; the working and living conditions in cities and towns; the role of families and the importance of networks; and the impact of terror, destruction, and insecurity on society and individuals. Living under foreign occupation partly corrupted the moral standards governing human relations, but there was also solidarity which focused on a core group of people consisting of family and close friends.
The Left and the Revolutions
Authors: Priestland David
Published: February 2016

This article provides a new interpretation of Europe’s revolutionary era between 1917 and 1923, exploring the origins of the revolutionary wave and its diverse impact across Europe, focusing on the role of the Left. It seeks to revive the insights of social history and historical sociology, which have been neglected by a recent historiography, that stress the role of contingency, the impact of war, and the influence of militaristic cultures. Yet unlike older social history approaches which emphasised domestic social conflict at the expense of ethnic politics and empire, it argues that the revolutions were the result of a crisis of old geopolitical and ethnic hierarchies, as well as social ones. It develops a comparative approach, presenting a new way of incorporating the experience of eastern Europe and the Caucasus into the history of Europe’s revolutions, and a new analysis of why Russia provided such fertile ground for revolutionary politics.
The Muʿtazilite Movement (II)
Authors: Bennett David
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the theology of the early Muʿtazilites. First we consider the state of the sources in which their positions are preserved, the individual figures involved, and their historical context. We indicate the relation of Muʿtazilites to their contemporaries, orthodox and heretical, and enumerate the central tenets of their theology. Then we consider the outstanding features of early Muʿtazilite theology in practice, beginning with its grounding in the philosophy of nature and the various physical theories associated with the school, together with speculation concerning their provenance. Finally we examine various aspects of the philosophical system in detail, including the divine attributes, the nature of God, philosophical anthropology, and free will.
The Early Roman Horizon
Authors: Wallace Lacey
Published: February 2016

In this chapter, the significance and complexity of the archaeological characteristics of the early Roman period in south-eastern Britain are explored. The biases and assumptions that have dominated interpretations of this period are questioned, as are hypotheses and paradigms derived from ancient authors and focusing on military and administrative control of social change. Aspects of settlement change are contrasted to problematize the idea of a uniform ‘early Roman horizon’ in Britain through an exploration of St Albans, Colchester, and London, using examples from public buildings and new forms of material culture. The urban characteristics of these early centres are compared and the motivations of their populations suggested. Continuity across the LPRIA and early Roman period in power structures and settlement through the example of Colchester is presented, as is a suggestion to further the exploration of the early Roman period through grey literature and comparison of well-dated sites.
Britain before the Romans
Authors: Champion Timothy
Published: February 2016

Much of Britain saw significant changes in the later part of the first millennium bc, particularly in the south-east. Widespread but regionally varied changes in settlement organization resulted in the emergence of new types of sites, some of which have been termed oppida. Changes included the reappearance of gold, the adoption of wheel-turned pottery, new styles of clothes fastening, and cremation burial from Late La Tène Gaul. The burial tradition included a small number of richly furnished burials. Imports of Roman origin were transmitted through Gaulish intermediaries. After Caesar’s expeditions to Britain, the influence of Rome was much more marked and imports increased. Contacts between Britain and Rome may have included formal recognition of some rulers as client kings. Evidence suggests a limited knowledge of literacy and Latin, but the cultural significance of many Roman objects is often unclear.
Mobility, Migration, and Diasporas in Roman Britain
Authors: Eckardt Hella , Müldner Gundula
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the main sources of evidence for mobility in the Roman period, focusing on epigraphy, material culture, and new scientific techniques, specifically isotopic analysis, evaluating strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Employing diaspora theory and hybridization models, it also asks broader questions of how interactions and relationships between incomers and locals can be modelled. Finally, and acknowledging that there is now an increased awareness of the political context in which research on emotive themes such as migration is conceived and conducted, we review some recently developed educational resources and their potential impact on public perceptions of mobility in the past.
Gender in Roman Britain
Authors: Sherratt Melanie , Moore Alison
Published: February 2016

Despite an increasing interest in social identity, the topic of gender identity remains under-theorized within Romano-British archaeology: gender categories are often assumed to be fixed and unchanging within the archaeological literature on the province. However, the concept of gender is complex and is impacted on by other aspects of social identity such as age, status, and ethnicity. This chapter provides an overview of the development of gender as a subject in the archaeological record of Roman Britain and explores the problems and potential of how gender is approached in present scholarship through four key areas: burial evidence, dress and adornment, economic activity, and family roles.
Cemeteries and Funerary Practice
Authors: Weekes Jake
Published: February 2016

This chapter applies and attempts to contribute to the funerary process method of investigating late Iron Age and Roman period mortuary ritual in Britain. In this approach, evidence derived from archaeological contexts including tombstones and monuments, possible cemetery surfaces, cemetery boundaries, burials, pyre sites, and other features is reconsidered diachronically in relation to funerary schema. We therefore try to consider objects and actions in their correct funerary contexts, from the selectivity of death itself, through laying-out procedures, modification of the remains and other objects, degrees of spatial separation of the living and the dead, and types of deposition and commemorative acts. The development of tradition and diversity in funerary practice in Roman Britain is considered throughout, and the chapter concludes with a brief reconsideration of the multi-vocality of funerary symbolism.
Sociolinguistics
Authors: Mullen Alex
Published: February 2016

This chapter begins by considering the motivations for undertaking sociolinguistic studies and discusses the range and quality of evidence that can be marshalled for early Britain. The pre-Roman linguistic situation and the advent and spread of Latin are assessed using linguistic and archaeological evidence, and the extent and nature of Latin–Celtic bilingualism across time, space, and social levels explored. A presentation of the long-standing debate on the nature of Latin spoken in Roman Britain follows, and new evidence is offered to counter the traditional view that British Latin was particularly conservative. The chapter closes by looking at the legacy of the linguistic impact of Roman Britain, briefly considering the post-Roman inscriptions and language contact phenomena in the Germanic languages.
Memories of the Past in Roman Britain
Authors: Kamash Zena
Published: February 2016

After setting out the history of memory studies and the role of archaeology in these studies, this chapter examines three realms of memory in Roman Britain: the burial of memories; the reorganization of landscapes and memories; and the building of religious memory. First, I explore how burying people and objects can be part of the memory process, focusing on embodied actions and the use of legendary topographies in the landscape. I then examine how different memory communities responded to major periods of landscape reorganization, linking this to wider discussions about the creation and maintenance of identity in Roman Britain. Finally, I explore the Romano-Celtic temple phenomenon. I argue that the construction of temples was linked to the kinds of memory-making that are particularly prevalent in times of social instability, a phenomenon seen as part of a broader set of processes that began in the late Iron Age.
Adolescent Alcohol Use
Authors: Chung Tammy , Jackson Kristina M.
Published: February 2016

Alcohol is the substance most commonly used by youth. Problematic alcohol use can be considered a developmental disorder, which typically has its origins in an individual’s genetic liability, temperament, and experiences in childhood and adolescence. To provide a context for the emergence of alcohol use in adolescence, this chapter briefly reviews biological substrates of risk that include genetic liability and processes of developmental maturation (e.g., puberty, brain development). The chapter then addresses the prevalence of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in adolescence, trajectories of youth alcohol use, and internalizing and externalizing behavior pathways associated with adolescent alcohol use. Risk and protective factors influencing adolescent alcohol use are discussed as targets to guide developmentally informed prevention and intervention.
Family-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Abuse: Advances Yield New Developmental Challenges
Authors: Boustani Maya M. , Henderson Craig E. , Liddle Howard
Published: February 2016

Adolescent drug and alcohol abuse remains a serious health problem. Family-based treatments are recognized as among the most effective interventions for youth with drug and alcohol problems. This chapter presents the state of the science of the family-based adolescent substance abuse treatment field, summarizing the advances, methodological features, and outcomes of 36 randomized controlled trials, representing 18 distinct models of family-based therapies for youth substance abuse. The chapter reviews developments and gaps in this specialty, including theory issues, treatment development, research, and services for referred youths. The chapter also discusses the unknowns of the field, including the topic of treatment mechanisms and moderators, and deliberates on the complicated topic of implementing evidence-based therapies in usual care settings.