bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Processed from Green Solvent
Authors: Du Zhifang , Mainville Mathieu , Vollbrecht Joachim , Dixon Alana L. , Schopp Nora , Schrock Max , Peng Zhengxing , Huang Jianfei , Chae Sangmin , Ade Harald , Leclerc Mario , Reddy G. N. Manjunatha , Nguyen Thuc-Quyen
Published: May 2021

The environmental impact of solution processed organic solar cells (OSCs) can be mitigated by introducing so‐called green solvents during the fabrication processes. However, the effects of such green solvents on the molecular‐level structures and optoelectronic properties lack in‐depth characterization. Here, insights into the structure–processing–property correlation of a PPDT2FBT:PC61BM bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) system processed from a green solvent, ortho‐xylene (o‐XY), is investigated in comparison with the same blend processed from a traditional halogenated solvent, chlorobenzene (CB). The BHJ blends are characterized with various techniques probing at difference length scales, and an increased donor:acceptor (D:A) interfacial area as well as well‐mixed features in the bulk morphologies of the active layer are observed for the o‐XY processed BHJ blend. Furthermore, molecular‐level differences in the D–A intermolecular interactions at the BHJ interfaces in o‐XY and CB cast films are elucidated by 2‐dimensional solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) measurements and analysis. These results are consistent with the device properties, suggesting that the green‐solvent‐processed devices have longer charge carrier lifetimes and faster charge carrier extraction. The optimized PPDT2FBT:PC61BM devices processed from o‐XY can achieve a noteworthy higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) owing to a higher short‐circuit current density and fill factor.
Planar Organic Bilayer Heterojunctions Fabricated on Water with Ultrafast Donor‐to‐Acceptor Charge Transfer
Authors: Lee Tack Ho , Park Won-Woo , Park Song Yi , Cho Shinuk , Kwon Oh-Hoon , Kim Jin Young
Published: May 2021

Herein, planar heterojunctions comprising a nonfullerene small molecular acceptor (NFA) and a polymer donor are demonstrated by transferring polymer films on a water surface on top of NFA layers. So far, most solution‐processed layer‐by‐layer architectures have been reported as sequentially deposited bulk heterojunctions or pseudo‐bilayers because mixed regions at the donor/acceptor interface are inevitable in these methods. By virtue of the unique properties of conjugated polymers such as hydrophobicity and spontaneous film formation on a water surface, the fabrication of NFA/polymer bilayer nanostructures is clearly demonstrated by dramatically simplified methods. These bilayers are successfully rendered into bilayer organic solar cells achieving a power conversion efficiency of up to 7.47%. This reflects that these bilayers have appropriate morphological and optoelectrical properties to be operated as photoactive layers in photovoltaic devices. Further, ultrafast charge transfer from the polymer donor to the NFA and fast carrier mobility are investigated by transient‐absorption spectroscopy and photoinduced charge‐extraction measurements. Fast carrier dynamics are observed, which are essential for the efficient harvest of excitons in photovoltaic devices. It is believed that the formation of planar heterojunctions on water can offer technical diversity for the fabrication methods of the photovoltaic devices.
Contactless and Spatially Resolved Determination of Current−Voltage Curves in Perovskite Solar Cells via Photoluminescence
Authors: Bui Anh Dinh , Mahmud Md Arafat , Mozaffari Naeimeh , Basnet Rabin , Duong The , Bartholazzi Gabriel , Le Tien T. , Truong Thien N. , Tebyetekerwa Mike , Wibowo Ary , Weber Klaus J. , White Thomas P. , Catchpole Kylie R. , Macdonald Daniel , Nguyen Hieu T.
Published: May 2021

Early prediction of spatially resolved performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is essential for process monitoring, control and fault diagnosis, and upscaling of this emerging technology. Herein, a fast, nonde structive, contactless imaging‐based approach is developed to visualize the spatial distribution of possible light current density−voltage (pseudo‐J−V) curves on finished and partly finished cells. This allows for the extraction of other critical spatially resolved properties including implied open‐circuit voltage and pseudo‐fill factor. The technique is applied to systematically investigate various degradation behaviors on PSCs including thermal stability, light soaking, and ambient air exposure. Finally, it is used to predict pseudo‐J−V curves of various perovskite films with different compositions. These results demonstrate the significant value of this fast imaging technique for the research and development of PSCs ranging from material selection, process optimization, to degradation study.
Person‐centered assessment of people living with dementia: Review of existing measures
Authors: Mast Benjamin T. , Molony Sheila L. , Nicholson Nicholas , Kate Keefe Caroline , DiGasbarro Diana
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Person‐centered care and assessment calls for measurement tools that help researchers and providers understand people with dementia, their social relationships, and their experience of the care environment. This paper reviewed available measures and evaluated their psychometric properties.

Methods

Literature searches of major databases (PsycInfo, PubMed, EBSCO, CINAHL) for papers examining person‐centered constructs in samples of people living with dementia or mild cognitive impairment. Reliability and validity coefficients were reviewed and reported.

Results

We identified 26 unique measures that had been tested in samples of people living with dementia. Twelve measures of hope, well‐being, engagement, social relationships, meaning, resilience, stigma, spiritual beliefs and practices, values and preferences, and positive psychology constructs had strong psychometric properties in samples with dementia.

Discussion

A variety of reliability and valid measures were identified for use in person‐centered care and research with people living with dementia. Additional measure development is needed for key person‐centered concepts including dignity and strengths.
Bacterial infective stifle arthritis secondary to a migrating grass seed foreign body in an adult dog
Authors: Prior Sebastian , Arthurs Gareth
Published: May 2021

An adult neutered male cocker spaniel was presented with a 2‐ to 3‐week history of left pelvic limb lameness, stifle effusion, general malaise and pyrexia. Computed tomography imaging revealed an irregular tubular tract, extending from the stifle distally to the level of the mid tibial diaphysis, associated with the long digital extensor muscle. Ultrasonography revealed the tract had echogenic contents; however, no foreign body could be identified. Following surgical exploration, a grass seed was identified in the medial compartment of the left stifle. Culture of the grass seed and joint capsule tissue yielded growth of Pantoea agglomerans. Following the surgery and subsequent antibacterial and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory medication, the dog made a full recovery to normal activity.
Transformations of the polycyclic Alumosiloxane Al2(OSiPh2OSiPh2O)3 into new Polycycles and Co(II) and In(III) derivatives of (Ph2SiO)8[Al(O)OH]4
Authors: Veith Michael , Sahin Fadime , Nadig Sandra , Huch Volker , Morgenstern Bernd
Published: May 2021

In the presence of water and amines the etherate of bicyclic Al2(OSiPh2OSiPh2O)3 (II a) can be used to generate novel alumosiloxane polycycles like [O(Ph2SiOSiPh2)O−]2Al2O[O(Ph2SiOSiPh2)O] ⋅ 2 H2N+Et2 (1), [O(Ph2SiOSiPh2)O−]2Al2[O(Ph2Si)O]2 ⋅ 2 HN+Et3 (2), [O(Ph2SiOSiPh2)O−]2Al2[O(Ph2SiOSiPh2)O]2 ⋅ 2 HN+Et3 (3 a, 3 b), which crystallizes in two different phases, and [O(Ph2SiOSiPh2)O−]2Al2[O(Ph2SiOSiPh2)O]2 ⋅ 2 HN+(CH2CH2)3N (4). As a common structural feature of these compounds two aluminum atoms which are incorporated in six‐membered Al[O(SiPh2OSiPh2)O−] rings are connected as spiro cyclic centers through oxygen and/or siloxane bridges [(OSiPh2)nO] (n=1, 2) to form an assembly of three fused rings at the aluminum corners. The central ring is either eight‐ (1, 2) or twelve‐membered (3, 4). Alkyl ammonium cations balance the charges and form hydrogen bridges to oxygen atoms of the six membered rings. The pentacyclic (Ph2SiO)8[Al(O)OH]4 (I) can be used indirectly (addition of water) and directly as chelating ligand versus Co(II)Cl and In‐CH3 fragments as shown with the isolated and structurally characterized compounds (HN+Et3)2{[(Ph2Si)2O3][Al4(OH)4O2](CoCl)2}2− (5 a, 5 b) and (Ph2SiO)8[AlO(OH)]2[AlO2]2(InCH3) ⋅ 2 O(CH2)4 (6).
Tuning and Emulation of Mechanical Characteristics – Tunable Mounts and a Mechanical Hardware-in-the-Loop Approach for More Efficient Research and Testing
Authors: Millitzer Jonathan , Hansmann Jan , Lapiccirella Giovanni , Tamm Christoph , Herold Sven
Published: May 2021

Numerical simulations offer a wide range of benefits, therefore they are widely used in research and development. One of the biggest benefits is the possibility of automated parameter variation. This allow testing different scenarios in a very short period of time. Nevertheless, physical experiments in the laboratory or on a test rig are still necessary and will still be necessary in the future. The physical experiments offer benefits e.g. for very complex and/or nonlinear systems and are needed for the validation of numerical models.

Fraunhofer LBF has developed hardware solutions to bring the benefit of rapid and automated parameter variation to experimental environments. These solutions allow the tuning and emulation of the mechanical properties, like stiffness, damping and eigenfrequencies of structures.

The work presents two approaches: First a stiffness tunable mount, which has been used in laboratory tests in the field of semi-active load path redistribution. It allowed the researcher to test the semi-active system under different mechanical boundary conditions in a short period of time. Second, a mechanical Hardware-in-the-loop (mHIL) approach for the NVH development of vehicles components is presented. Here a mHIL-system is used to emulate the mechanical characteristics of a vehicle’s body in white in a wide frequency range. This allows the experimental NVH optimization of vehicle components under realistic boundary conditions, without actually needing a (prototype) body in white.
Surrogate Model-Based Uncertainty Quantification for a Helical Gear Pair
Authors: Diestmann Thomas , Broedling Nils , Götz Benedict , Melz Tobias
Published: May 2021

Competitive industrial transmission systems must perform most efficiently with reference to complex requirements and conflicting key performance indicators. This design challenge translates into a high-dimensional multi-objective optimization problem that requires complex algorithms and evaluation of computationally expensive simulations to predict physical system behavior and design robustness. Crucial for the design decision-making process is the characterization, ranking, and quantification of relevant sources of uncertainties. However, due to the strict time limits of product development loops, the overall computational burden of uncertainty quantification (UQ) may even drive state-of-the-art parallel computing resources to their limits. Efficient machine learning (ML) tools and techniques emphasizing high-fidelity simulation data-driven training will play a fundamental role in enabling UQ in the early-stage development phase.

This investigation surveys UQ methods with a focus on noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics of transmission systems. Quasi-static 3D contact dynamic simulations are performed to evaluate the static transmission error (TE) of meshing gear pairs under different loading and boundary conditions. TE indicates NVH excitation and is typically used as an objective function in the early-stage design process. The limited system size allows large-scale design of experiments (DoE) and enables numerical studies of various UQ sampling and modeling techniques where the design parameters are treated as random variables associated with tolerances from manufacturing and assembly processes. The model accuracy of generalized polynomial chaos expansion (gPC) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) is evaluated and compared. The results of the methods are discussed to conclude efficient and scalable solution procedures for robust design optimization.
Assessment of Model Uncertainty in the Prediction of the Vibroacoustic Behavior of a Rectangular Plate by Means of Bayesian Inference
Authors: Kleinfeller Nikolai , Gehb Christopher M. , Schaeffner Maximilian , Adams Christian , Melz Tobias
Published: May 2021

Designing the vibroacoustic properties of thin-walled structures is of particularly high practical relevance in the design of vehicle structures. The vibroacoustic properties of thin-walled structures, e.g., vehicle bodies, are usually designed using finite element models. Additional development effort, e.g., experimental tests, arises if the quality of the model predictions are limited due to inherent model uncertainty. Model uncertainty of finite element models usually occurs in the modeling process due to simplifications of the geometry or boundary conditions. The latter highly affect the vibroacoustic properties of a thin-walled structure. The stiffness of the boundary condition is often assumed to be infinite or zero in the finite element model, which can lead to a discrepancy between the measured and the calculated vibroacoustic behavior. This paper compares two different boundary condition assumptions for the finite element (FE) model of a simply supported rectangular plate in their capability to predict the vibroacoustic behavior. The two different boundary conditions are of increasing complexity in assuming the stiffness. In a first step, a probabilistic model parameter calibration via Bayesian inference for the boundary conditions related parameters for the two FE models is performed. For this purpose, a test stand for simply supported rectangular plates is set up and the experimental data is obtained by measuring the vibrations of the test specimen by means of scanning laser Doppler vibrometry. In a second step, the model uncertainty of the two finite element models is identified. For this purpose, the prediction error of the vibroacoustic behavior is calculated. The prediction error describes the discrepancy between the experimental and the numerical data. Based on the distribution of the prediction error, which is determined from the results of the probabilistic model calibration, the model uncertainty is assessed and the model, which most adequately predicts the vibroacoustic behavior, is identified.
Broad excitations in a 2+1D overoccupied gluon plasma
Authors: Boguslavski K. , Kurkela A. , Lappi T. , Peuron J.
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Motivated by the initial stages of high-energy heavy-ion collisions, we study excitations of far-from-equilibrium 2+1 dimensional gauge theories using classical-statistical lattice simulations. We evolve field perturbations over a strongly overoccupied background undergoing self-similar evolution. While in 3+1D the excitations are described by hard-thermal loop theory, their structure in 2+1D is nontrivial and nonperturbative. These nonperturbative interactions lead to broad excitation peaks in spectral and statistical correlation functions. Their width is comparable to the frequency of soft excitations, demonstrating the absence of soft quasiparticles in these theories. Our results also suggest that excitations at higher momenta are sufficiently long-lived, such that an effective kinetic theory description for 2+1 dimensional Glasma-like systems may exist, but its collision kernel must be nonperturbatively determined.
Soft matters, or the recursions with massive spinors
Authors: Falkowski Adam , Machado Camila S.
Published: May 2021

Abstract

We discuss recursion relations for scattering amplitudes with massive particles of any spin. They are derived via a two-parameter shift of momenta, combining a BCFW-type spinor shift with the soft limit of a massless particle involved in the process. The technical innovation is that spinors corresponding to massive momenta are also shifted. Our recursions lead to a reformulation of the soft theorems. The well-known Weinberg’s soft factors are recovered and, in addition, the subleading factors appear reshaped such that they are directly applicable to massive amplitudes in the modern on-shell language. Moreover, we obtain new results in the context of non-minimal interactions of massive matter with photons and gravitons. These soft theorems are employed for practical calculations of Compton and higher-point scattering. As a by-product, we introduce a convenient representation of the Compton scattering amplitude for any mass and spin.
On General Position Sets in Cartesian Products
Authors: Klavžar Sandi , Patkós Balázs , Rus Gregor , Yero Ismael G.
Published: May 2021

The general position number$$\mathrm{gp}(G)$$gp(G)of a connected graphGis the cardinality of a largest setSof vertices such that no three distinct vertices fromSlie on a common geodesic; such sets are refereed to as gp-sets ofG. The general position number of cylinders$$P_r\,\square \,C_s$$Pr□Csis deduced. It is proved that$$\mathrm{gp}(C_r\,\square \,C_s)\in \{6,7\}$$gp(Cr□Cs)∈{6,7}whenever$$r\ge s \ge 3$$r≥s≥3,$$s\ne 4$$s≠4, and$$r\ge 6$$r≥6. A probabilistic lower bound on the general position number of Cartesian graph powers is achieved. Along the way a formula for the number of gp-sets in$$P_r\,\square \,P_s$$Pr□Ps, where$$r,s\ge 2$$r,s≥2, is also determined.
Correction to: Efficacy and safety of PEGylated exenatide injection (PB-119) in treatment-naive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a Phase II randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Ji Linong , Du Ying , Xu Min , Zhou Xiangjun , Mo Zhaohui , Ma Jianhua , Li Jiarui , Li Yufeng , Lin Jingna , Wang Yanjun , Yang Jing , Song Weihong , Jin Hui , Pang Shuguang , Liu Hui , Li Ping , Liu Jie , Yao Minxiu , Li Wenhui , Jiang Xiaohong , Shen Feixia , Geng Houfa , Zhou Haifeng , Ran Jianmin , Lei Minxiang , Du Yinghong , Ye Shandong , Guan Qingbo , Lv Wenshan , Tan Huiwen , Chen Tao , Yang Jinkui , Qin Guijun , Li Shiyun , Chen Lei
Published: May 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s00125-021-05460-0
Abdominal, perineal, and genital soft tissue reconstruction with pedicled anterolateral thigh perforator flaps
Authors: Steiner Stephan Alois , Schweizer Riccardo , Klein Holger , Waldner Matthias , Giovanoli Pietro , Plock Jan A.
Published: May 2021

Background

Pedicled perforator flaps have become a contemporary alternative to muscle flaps for soft tissue reconstruction as they have reduced donor site morbidity, avoid the need for microsurgical transfer, and are versatile and reliable. The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap was first introduced as a free flap and has since gained popularity as a pedicled flap. Here we review our experience using pedicled ALT flaps for regional soft tissue reconstruction.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent loco-regional soft tissue reconstruction using pedicled ALT flaps between March 2014 and October 2018, with the goal of identifying potential applications of pedicled ALT flaps. The following aspects of each case were reviewed: patient demographics, defect location and size, comorbidities such as previous radiotherapy, flap details, clinical follow-up, and postoperative complications.

Results

Our analysis demonstrates the versatility of pedicled ALT flaps in a variety of indications to successfully cover large abdominal, perineal, and genital soft tissue defects. Depending on the patient’s needs to achieve more bulk or stability in the reconstruction, the ALT flap was individually tailored with underlying muscle or fascia. The average follow-up was 7 months (range: 3–13 months).

Conclusions

Pedicled ALT flaps are a valuable reconstructive option for soft tissue defects located within the pedicle’s range, from the lower abdomen to the perianal region. These flaps are usually raised from a non-irradiated donor site and are sufficient for covering extensive soft tissue defects. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the defect using pedicled ALT flaps allows for anatomical function and minor donor sites.

Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.
Biological and trophic consequences of genetic introgression between endemic and invasive Barbus fishes
Authors: De Santis Vanessa , Quadroni Silvia , Britton Robert J. , Carosi Antonella , Gutmann Roberts Catherine , Lorenzoni Massimo , Crosa Giuseppe , Zaccara Serena
Published: May 2021

Genetic introgression with native species is recognized as a detrimental impact resulting from biological invasions involving taxonomically similar invaders. Whilst the underlying genetic mechanisms are increasingly understood, the ecological consequences of introgression are relatively less studied, despite their utility for increasing knowledge on how invasion impacts can manifest. Here, the ecological consequences of genetic introgression from an invasive congener were tested using the endemic barbel populations of central Italy, where the invader was the European barbelBarbus barbus. Four populations of nativeBarbusspecies (B. plebejusandB. tyberinus) were studied: two purebred and two completely introgressed with alienB. barbus.Across the four populations, differences in their biological traits (growth, body condition and population demographic structure) and trophic ecology (gut content analysis and stable isotope analysis) were tested. While all populations had similar body condition and were dominated by fish up to 2 years of age, the introgressed fish had substantially greater lengths at the same age, with maximum lengths 410–460 mm in hybrids versus 340–360 mm in native purebred barbel. The population characterized by the highest number of introgressedB. barbusalleles (81 %) had the largest trophic niche and a substantially lower trophic position than the other populations through its exploitation of a wider range of resources (e.g. small fishes and plants). These results attest that the genetic introgression of an invasive congener with native species can result in substantial ecological consequences, including the potential for cascading effects.
Be Well Communities™: mobilizing communities to promote wellness and stop cancer before it starts
Authors: Rechis Ruth , Oestman Katherine B. , Caballero Elizabeth , Brewster Anna , Walsh Michael T. , Basen-Engquist Karen , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Tektiridis Jennifer H. , Moreno Mark , Williams Pamela A. , Treiman Katherine , Garza Priscila D. , Hawk Ernest
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Increasingly, cancer centers are delivering population-based approaches to narrow the gap between known cancer prevention strategies and their effective implementation. Leveraging successful healthy community initiatives, MD Anderson developed Be Well Communities™, a model that implements evidence-based actions to directly impact people’s lives.

Methods

In partnership with local organizations, MD Anderson’s Be Well Communities team executed and evaluated 16 evidence-based interventions to address community priorities in healthy diets, physical activity, and sun safety. Evaluation included assessing the effectiveness of evidence-based interventions, stakeholders’ perceptions of collaboration, and the population-level impact on dietary and physical activity behaviors among students using the School Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey and the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time. Two-tailed t-tests were used to compare tested parameters at baseline and follow-up. p values less than .05 were considered significant.

Results

This model achieved its early outcomes, including effectively implementing evidence-based interventions, building strong partnerships, increasing access to healthy foods, improving the built environment, and increasing healthy food and water consumption and moderate to vigorous physical activity among students (p < .001).

Conclusions

Be Well Communities is an effective model for positively impacting community health which could be leveraged by others to deliver evidence-based actions to improve population health.
A theoretical and computational investigation of mixed mode creep crack growth along an interface
Authors: Elmukashfi Elsiddig , Cocks Alan C. F.
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework for studying mixed mode (I and II) creep crack growth under steady state creep conditions. In particular, we focus on the problem of creep crack growth along an interface, whose fracture properties are weaker than the bulk material, located either side of the interface. The theoretical framework of creep crack growth under mode I, previously proposed by the authors, is extended. The bulk behaviour is described by a power-law creep, and damage zone models that account for mode mixity are proposed to model the fracture process ahead of a crack tip. The damage model is described by a traction-separation rate law that is defined in terms of effective traction and separation rate which couple the different fracture modes. Different models are introduced, namely, a simple critical displacement model, empirical Kachanov type damage models and a micromechanical based model. Using the path independence of the $$C^{*}$$

C

∗

-integral and dimensional analysis, analytical models are developed for mixed mode steady-state crack growth in a double cantilever beam specimen (DCB) subjected to combined bending moments and tangential forces. A computational framework is then implemented using the Finite Element method. The analytical models are calibrated against detailed Finite Element models and a scaling function ($$C_{k}$$

C
k

) is determined in terms of a dimensionless quantity $$\phi _{0}$$

ϕ
0

(which is the ratio of geometric and material length scales), mode mixity $$\chi $$
χ
and the deformation and damage coupling parameters. We demonstrate that the form of the $$C_{k}$$

C
k

-function does not change with mode mixity; however, its value depends on the mode mixity, the deformation and damage coupling parameters and the detailed form of the damage zone. Finally, we demonstrate how parameters within the models can be obtained from creep deformation, creep rupture and crack growth experiments for mode I and II loading conditions.
The Religious Meaning System and Resilience in Spouse Caregivers of Cancer Patients: A Moderated Mediation Model of Hope and Affect
Authors: Krok Dariusz , Zarzycka Beata , Telka Ewa
Published: May 2021

The character of the relationship between religiosity and resilience depends to a large extent on mediation and moderation mechanisms which rely on cognitive and emotional processes. Research conducted within hope theory and the broaden and build theory indicates that hope and affect can mediate and moderate this relationship. The present study explored whether the relationship of the religious meaning system with resilience in spouse caregivers of cancer patients can be mediated by hope and simultaneously moderated by positive and negative affect. A total of 241 spouse caregivers completed a set of questionnaires. The results revealed that hope mediated the relationship between the religious meaning system and resilience. Furthermore, positive affect but not negative affect moderated the indirect effect of the religious meaning system to resilience through hope.
Re-integrating ecology into integrated landscape approaches
Authors: Reed James , Kusters Koen , Barlow Jos , Balinga Michael , Borah Joli Rumi , Carmenta Rachel , Chervier Colas , Djoudi Houria , Gumbo Davison , Laumonier Yves , Moombe Kaala B. , Yuliani Elizabeth L. , Sunderland Terry
Published: May 2021

Context

Integrated landscape approaches (ILAs) that aim to balance conservation and development targets are increasingly promoted through science, policy, and the donor community. Advocates suggest that ILAs are viable implementing pathways for addressing global challenges such as biodiversity loss, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, we argue that recent advances in ILA research and discourse have tended to emphasize the social and governance dimensions, while overlooking ecological factors and inadequately considering potential trade-offs between the two fields.

Objectives

By raising the issue of inadequate integration of ecology in ILAs and providing some general design suggestions, we aim to support and incentivise better design and practice of ILAs, supplementing existing design principles.

Methods

In this perspective we draw on the recent literature and our collective experience to highlight the need, and the means, to re-integrate ecology into landscape approaches.

Results

We suggest that better incorporation of the ecological dimension requires the integration of two approaches: one focusing on conventional scientific studies of biodiversity and biophysical parameters; and the other focusing on the engagement of relevant stakeholders using various participatory methods. We provide some general guidelines for how these approaches can be incorporated within ILA design and implementation.

Conclusion

Re-integrating ecology into ILAs will not only improve ecological understanding (and related objectives, plans and monitoring), but will also generate insights into local and traditional knowledge, encourage transdisciplinary enquiry and reveal important conservation-development trade-offs and synergies.
Long-term safety of gamma knife radiosurgery (SRS) for acromegaly
Authors: Sims‐Williams Hugh P. , Rajapaksa Kaveesha , Yianni John , Walton Lee , Sinha Saurabh , Radatz Matthias , Herbert Esther , Bradburn Mike , Newell‐Price John
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Acromegaly has high morbidity and mortality when growth hormone secretion remains uncontrolled. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may be used when pituitary surgery is not suitable or unsuccessful, but there are few very long-term safety data available, especially for significant adverse events such as stroke.

Methods

118 patients with acromegaly were treated with SRS between 1985 and 2015, at the National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Sheffield, UK. Data were gathered from case notes, hospital databases, and patient questionnaires. Stroke incidence in comparison to the normal population was quantified using the standardised incidence ratio (SIR), and visual complications assessed.

Results

88% (104/118) had complete morbidity follow up data for analysis. The mean follow-up was 134 months, and median SRS dose was 30 Gy. 81% of tumours had cavernous sinus invasion. There was no excess stroke rate relative to that seen in two age- and sex-matched large population studies (SIR = 1.36, 95% CI 0.27–3.96; SIR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.06–1.89). In 68/104 patients who had MRI-guided SRS with no further radiation treatment (SRS or fractionated radiotherapy) there was no loss of visual acuity and 3% developed ophthalmoplegia. There was a positive correlation between > 1 radiation treatment and both ophthalmoplegia and worsening visual acuity.

Conclusion

Stroke rate is not increased by SRS for acromegaly. Accurate MRI-based treatment planning and single SRS treatment allow the lowest complication rates. More than one radiation treatment (SRS or fractionated radiotherapy) was associated with increased visual complications.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Assignment Strategies for Estimating Likely Undocumented Status in Secondary Data Sources for Latino and Asian Immigrants
Authors: Ro Annie , Van Hook Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Researchers are increasingly interested in the role of undocumented status in immigrant economic, social, and health outcomes. A major obstacle to this work is that detailed immigration status is not widely collected in representative data sources. Some secondary data sources collect enough information to identify immigrants without a green card (non-LPRs), and researchers take different approaches to assign undocumented status to immigrants within this population. These approaches have not been compared to one another, nor do we know if they work equally well for Latino and Asian immigrants. In this research note, we test the validity of several assignment strategies using the 2001, 2004, and 2008 panels of the restricted version of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to measure differences in health-related outcomes (e.g., health insurance coverage and self-rated health) by immigration status. We compare results when immigration status is directly measured using the detailed information in the SIPP to several strategies to assign undocumented status among non-LPRs. The probabilistic approach produced the smallest biases, but Asian immigrants had larger biases compared to Latinos across all strategies.
The ‘weak pupil’ as a social representation: (re)production in dialogue between compulsory school teachers in Sweden
Authors: Friberg Therese
Published: May 2021

Attributing negative categories such as ‘weak’ to pupils is a common practice in Sweden and a known phenomenon worldwide. While there has been a substantial amount of research on different expressions of ‘deviance’ in the educational arena, the research on how teachers communicate about pupils as ‘weak’ is scarce. In this study, teachers’ communication about pupils as ‘weak’ is examined in dialogues produced in focus group discussions by 29 teachers in six different Swedish compulsory schools. Through the lens of social representations theory and a dialogical perspective, this study suggests that ‘weak pupil’ as a social representation can be characterized by a range of different and sometimes contradicting themes and mainly two themata: normal/deviant and nature/nurture. The results show that ‘weak pupil’ is used as a multifaceted communicative resource to describe pupils who do not perform according to schools’ expectations. In contrast to several previous studies, the use of ‘weak pupil’ is partially challenged by participants who, to some extent, place perceived problems within the educational institution instead of the individual pupil. The study has implications for the understanding of how perceptions of normality might be perceived and collectively (re)produced in communication about pupils as well as for future research using social representations theory within the educational field.
First genome edited poinsettias: targeted mutagenesis of flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase using CRISPR/Cas9 results in a colour shift
Authors: Nitarska Daria , Boehm Robert , Debener Thomas , Lucaciu Rares Calin , Halbwirth Heidi
Published: May 2021

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a remarkably promising tool for targeted gene mutagenesis, and becoming ever more popular for modification of ornamental plants. In this study we performed the knockout of flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) with application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the red flowering poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cultivar ‘Christmas Eve’, in order to obtain plants with orange bract colour, which accumulate prevalently pelargonidin. F3′H is an enzyme that is necessary for formation of cyanidin type anthocyanins, which are responsible for the red colour of poinsettia bracts. Even though F3′H was not completely inactivated, the bract colour of transgenic plants changed from vivid red (RHS 45B) to vivid reddish orange (RHS 33A), and cyanidin levels decreased significantly compared with the wild type. In the genetically modified plants, an increased ratio of pelargonidin to cyanidin was observed. By cloning and expression of mutated proteins, the lack of F3′H activity was confirmed. This confirms that a loss of function mutation in the poinsettia F3′H gene is sufficient for obtaining poinsettia with orange bract colour. This is the first report of successful use of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing in poinsettia.
When learning from animations is more successful than learning from static pictures: learning the specifics of change
Authors: Ploetzner Rolf , Berney Sandra , Bétrancourt Mireille
Published: May 2021

The results of three meta-analyses show that the effectiveness of learning from animations, when compared to learning from static pictures, is rather limited. A recent re-analysis of one of these meta-analyses, however, supports that learning from animations is considerably more effective than learning from static pictures if the specifics of the displayed changes need to be learned. In order to further validate this finding as well as to clarify the educational strengths and weaknesses of animations and static pictures, an experimental study with three groups was conducted. Overall, 88 university students participated in the study. One group of learners (n = 30) watched a single picture of a gear mechanism, one group of learners (n = 28) watched four pictures, and one group of learners (n = 30) watched an animation. All groups had to identify specific motions and spatial arrangements covered by the gear mechanism. While learners who watched the animation exhibited the best performance with respect to the identification of motions, learners who watched the pictures showed the best performance with respect to the identification of spatial arrangements. The effect sizes are large. The results of the study help to clarify when animations and when static pictures are most suitable for learning.
Gesundheitskompetenz und Gesundheit von Studierenden unter besonderer Betrachtung der Lehramtsstudierenden
Authors: Hohensee Elena , Schiemann Stephan
Published: May 2021

Hintergrund

Ungefähr die Hälfte der Studierenden weist eine eingeschränkte Gesundheitskompetenz (GK) auf. Bislang werden Lehramtsstudierende in Studien zur GK selten adressiert. Im Kontext von Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung erscheint dies aber ein bedeutsames Thema für die Lehrkräfteausbildung zu sein.

Ziel der Arbeit

Erfassung, Vergleich, Zusammenhänge und deren Analyse bezogen auf die erweiterten Fähigkeiten der GK und des allgemeinen Gesundheitszustands von Lehramtsstudierenden (LS) und Nicht-Lehramtsstudierenden (NLS).

Material und Methode

An der Online-Erhebung haben 303 Masterstudierende (LS = 195/ NLS = 108) teilgenommen, die mittels Fragebogen die GK (nach Lenartz) und den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand (nach WHO) erfasst hat. Die statische Auswertung berücksichtigte t‑Tests, Produkt-Moment-Korrelationen und multivariate Regressionsanalysen.

Ergebnisse

Mit Ausnahme der Verantwortungsübernahme weisen LS im Vergleich zu NLS signifikant höhere Werte in den übrigen Fähigkeiten der GK auf. Die niedrigsten Ausprägungen sind in beiden Gruppen in den Fähigkeiten zur Selbstregulation (SR) sowie Kommunikation und Kooperation (KUK) zu verzeichnen. LS und NLS unterscheiden sich nicht-signifikant in Bezug auf den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand. Knapp jeder dritte Studierende weist einen schlechten Gesundheitszustand auf. Bezüglich der Zusammenhänge nimmt die Fähigkeit zur SR eine vorgeordnete Rolle ein und stellt den statistisch stärksten Prädiktor dar.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Bedeutung der GK für den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand. Es lassen sich Interventionen ableiten, die die Fähigkeiten zur SR und KUK fördern. Im Hochschulsetting sollten Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden, die die frühzeitige und stetige Förderung der GK für Studierende ermöglichen, u. a. da die späteren Lehrkräfte wichtige Multiplikatorenfunktionen ausüben.
Uniformization with Infinitesimally Metric Measures
Authors: Rajala Kai , Rasimus Martti , Romney Matthew
Published: May 2021

We consider extensions of quasiconformal maps and the uniformization theorem to the setting of metric spaces X homeomorphic to $${{\mathbb {R}}}^2$$

R

2

. Given a measure $$\mu $$
μ
on such a space, we introduce $$\mu $$
μ
-quasiconformal maps$$f:X \rightarrow {{\mathbb {R}}}^2$$

f
:
X
→

R

2

, whose definition involves deforming lengths of curves by $$\mu $$
μ
. We show that if $$\mu $$
μ
is an infinitesimally metric measure, i.e., it satisfies an infinitesimal version of the metric doubling measure condition of David and Semmes, then such a $$\mu $$
μ
-quasiconformal map exists. We apply this result to give a characterization of the metric spaces admitting an infinitesimally quasisymmetric parametrization.
The relationship between team ability and home advantage in the English football league system
Authors: Ramchandani Girish , Millar Robbie , Wilson Darryl
Published: May 2021

The existence of home advantage (HA) has been found in a variety of team sports including football. There is a paucity of research on the relationship between team ability and HA in domestic football leagues and the findings of previous studies are inconclusive. Using longitudinal data from the top four football divisions in England, this study investigates the influence of team ability on the HA of teams. The data collected for this study spans 24 seasons from 1995/96 to 2018/19 and includes 48,864 matches from the English Premier League (n = 9120), the Championship (n = 13,248), League One (n = 13,248) and League Two (n = 13,248). Team ability was interpreted in two ways: (1) the division in which teams play and (2) their league table position within each division. For both the divisional and positional analysis, HA was calculated as the ratio of home points to total points achieved by teams in each season under review. Evidence of a statistically significant HA was found in all four divisions and for teams of all abilities within each division. Small but statistically significant differences in HA were observed between divisions and between high, moderate and low ability teams within divisions.
Can we routinely identify the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerves with neural monitoring?: a prospective report on 176 consecutive nerves at risk
Authors: Del Rio Paolo , Bonati Elena , Loderer Tommaso , Rossini Matteo , Cozzani Federico
Published: May 2021

The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) provides motor function to the cricothyroid muscle (CTM). EBSLN damage produces changes in voice quality and projection. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in thyroid surgery aims to optimize EBSLN control during dissection. We prospectively collected the data of 88 consecutive patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with IONM from July 2019 to December 2019. IONM was offered in the intermittent mode of application. We routinely searched for the EBSLN electromyographic (EMG) signal before (S1) and after (S2) dissection of the superior vascular peduncle. In the absence of the EMG signal, we observed the CTM twitch. We identified 141 (80%) S1 EMG signals, while we recorded the CTM twitch in 15 cases (8.5%). In 20 (11.3%) cases, we were unable to identify the EMG signal. Analysing the S2 results, we found loss of EBSLN signal in 11/141 cases (7.8%) identified with IONM in pre-dissection stimulation. Among the 20 cases without pre-dissection identification (we had not identified the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve or the muscle twitch), in the post-dissection evaluation, we confirmed the loss of signal in 17 of 20 cases, equal to 85% (p < 0.001). Our data clearly show that intraoperative stimulation and recognition of EBSLN, performed before any dissection manoeuvre to the superior vascular thyroid pole, leads to a much higher rate of nerve conservation.
New Approaches in Drug Dependence: Opioids
Authors: Mielau Juliane , Vogel Marc , Gutwinski Stefan , Mick Inge
Published: May 2021

Purpose of Review

This article aims to provide an overview of standard and adjunctive treatment options in opioid dependence in consideration of therapy-refractory courses. The relevance of oral opioid substitution treatment (OST) and measures of harm reduction as well as heroin-assisted therapies are discussed alongside non-pharmacological approaches.

Recent Findings

Currently, recommendation can be given for OST with methadone, buprenorphine, slow-release oral morphine (SROM), and levomethadone. Heroin-assisted treatment using diamorphine shall be considered as a cost-effective alternative for individuals not responding to the afore-mentioned opioid agonists in order to increase retention and reduce illicit opioid use. The modalities of application and the additional benefits of long-acting formulations of buprenorphine should be sufficiently transferred to clinicians and the eligible patients; simultaneously methods to improve planning of actions and self- management need to be refined. Regarding common primary outcomes in research on opioid treatment, evidence of the effectiveness of adjunctive psychological interventions is scarce.

Maintaining a harm reduction approach in the treatment of opioid addiction, a larger range of formulations is available for the prescribers. Embedding the pharmacological, ideally individualized treatment into a holistic, structure-giving concept also requires a reduction of fragmentation of ancillary services available, drug policies, and treatment philosophies on a global scale.
Dissent and rebellion in the House of Commons: a social network analysis of Brexit-related divisions in the 57th Parliament
Authors: Intal Carla , Yasseri Taha
Published: May 2021

The British party system is known for its discipline and cohesion, but it remains wedged on one issue: European integration. We offer a methodology using social network analysis that considers the individual interactions of MPs in the voting process. Using public Parliamentary records, we scraped votes of individual MPs in the 57th parliament (June 2017 to April 2019), computed pairwise similarity scores and calculated rebellion metrics based on eigenvector centralities.
Comparing the networks of Brexit- and non-Brexit divisions, our methodology was able to detect a significant difference in eurosceptic behaviour for the former, and using a rebellion metric we predicted how MPs would vote in a forthcoming Brexit deal with over 90% accuracy.
Statistical analysis of helium bubbles in transmission electron microscopy images based on machine learning method
Authors: Wu Zhong-Hang , Bai Ju-Ju , Zhang Di-Da , Huang Gang , Zhu Tian-Bao , Chang Xi-Jiang , Liu Ren-Duo , Lin Jun , Sun Jiu-Ai
Published: May 2021

Helium bubbles, which are typical radiation microstructures observed in metals or alloys, are usually investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, the investigation requires human inputs to locate and mark the bubbles in the acquired TEM images, rendering this task laborious and prone to error. In this paper, a machine learning method capable of automatically identifying and analyzing TEM images of helium bubbles is proposed, thereby improving the efficiency and reliability of the investigation. In the proposed technique, helium bubble clusters are first determined via the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm after removing the background and noise pixels. For each helium bubble cluster, the number of helium bubbles is determined based on the cluster size depending on the specific image resolution. Finally, the helium bubble clusters are analyzed using a Gaussian mixture model, yielding the location and size information on the helium bubbles. In contrast to other approaches that require training using numerous annotated images to establish an accurate classifier, the parameters used in the established model are determined using a small number of TEM images. The results of the model formulated according to the proposed approach achieved a higher F1 score validated through some helium bubble images manually marked. Furthermore, the established model can identify bubble-like objects that humans cannot facilely identify. This computationally efficient method achieves object recognition for material structure identification that may be advantageous to scientific work.
Correction to: The impact of atorvastatin on cardiometabolic risk factors in brothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Szkróbka Witold , Okopień Bogusław
Published: May 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-021-00276-6