bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Security and Safety Modelling with Failure Sequence Diagrams
Authors: Raspotnig Christian , Opdahl Andreas L.
Published: November 2012

While security assessments of information systems are being increasingly performed with support of security modelling, safety assessments are still undertaken with traditional techniques such as Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). As system modelling is becoming an increasingly important part of developing more safety critical systems, the safety field can benefit from security techniques that integrate system modelling and security aspects. This paper adapts an existing security modelling technique, Misuse Sequence Diagrams, to support failure analysis. The resulting technique, called Failure Sequence Diagrams, is used to support Failure Mode and Effect Analysis in an industrial setting. Based on the experiences, the authors suggest improvements both to traditional safety techniques and to security and safety modelling.
Identification of Lineage Relationships and Novel Markers of Blood and Skin Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Harman Andrew N. , Bye Chris R. , Nasr Najla , Sandgren Kerrie J. , Kim Min , Mercier Sarah K. , Botting Rachel A. , Lewin Sharon R. , Cunningham Anthony L. , Cameron Paul U.
Published: November 2012

The lineage relationships and fate of human dendritic cells (DCs) have significance for a number of diseases including HIV where both blood and tissue DCs may be infected. We used gene expression profiling of human monocyte and DC subpopulations sorted directly from blood and skin to define the lineage relationships. We also compared these with monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) and MUTZ3 Langerhans cells (LCs) to investigate their relevance as model skin DCs. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that myeloid DCs clustered according to anatomical origin rather than putative lineage. Plasmacytoid DCs formed the most discrete cluster, but ex vivo myeloid cells formed separate clusters of cells both in blood and in skin. Separate and specific DC populations could be determined within skin, and the proportion of CD14+ dermal DCs (DDCs) was reduced and CD1a+ DDCs increased during culture, suggesting conversion to CD1a+-expressing cells in situ. This is consistent with origin of the CD1a+ DDCs from a local precursor rather than directly from circulating blood DCs or monocyte precursors. Consistent with their use as model skin DCs, the in vitro–derived MDDC and MUTZ3 LC populations grouped within the skin DC cluster. MDDCs clustered most closely to CD14+ DDCs; furthermore, common unique patterns of C-type lectin receptor expression were identified between these two cell types. MUTZ3 LCs, however, did not cluster closely with ex vivo–derived LCs. We identified differential expression of novel genes in monocyte and DC subsets including genes related to DC surface receptors (including C-type lectin receptors, TLRs, and galectins).
Reading comprehension and strategy awareness of Grade 11 English second language learners
Authors: Cekiso Madoda
Published: November 2012

The aim of this study was to examine the reading strategies used by Grade 11 English Second Language (ESL) learners and the possible effects of reading instruction on their reading comprehension and strategy awareness. A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was used. The participants included a total of 60 Grade 11 learners from a high school. The results of this study indicate that (1) learners who received reading strategy instruction scored both statistically and practically significantly higher marks on the reading comprehension test than those in the control group and (2) explicit instruction in the use of reading strategies was essential to bring about the increased use of reading strategies of learners in the experimental group. The study has implications for learners, teachers, university students and lecturers.
The state of mathematics education in Afrikaans schools.
Authors: Stols Gerrit
Published: November 2012

Higher-order thinking skills are essential basic skills for the 21st century as computers can do calculations and algorithms faster and more accurately than people. This means that schools should equip students to think logically, search for patterns, do proofs and solve non-routine problems. These activities are part of higher-order thinking, which is the essence of mathematical thinking and development. South Africa participates in several international comparative studies. Using these comparative studies, it has been possible to determine how the performance of Afrikaans mathematics learners in South Africa compares to that of learners of other countries and also to highlight possible deficiencies in mathematics education. According to the TIMSS 2003 results, Afrikaans learners perform poorly in the TIMSS advanced level questions, where higher-order thinking is required. This means that Afrikaans schools should purposely develop higher-order thinking. The TIMSS 1999 Video Study shows that the best performing countries like Japan spend more time in class on the development of conceptual understanding and working on complex problems. High-performing countries are focused on the development of higher-order thinking through problem solving. They also spend less time on doing routine or repetition exercises which can rather be done by a computer. The contrary is typically the case in Afrikaans schools where a teacher will for example do one or more examples on the blackboard and the students will follow and do a number of similar routine exercises.
Simulation of Wave-Flow-Cavitation Interaction Using a Compressible Homogenous Flow Method
Authors: Zheng J. G. , Khoo B. C. , Hu Z. M.
Published: November 2012

A numerical method based on a homogeneous single-phase flow model is presented to simulate the interaction between pressure wave and flow cavitation. To account for compressibility effects of liquid water, cavitating flow is assumed to be compressible and governed by time-dependent Euler equations with proper equation of state (EOS). The isentropic one-fluid formulation is employed to model the cavitation inception and evolution, while pure liquid phase is modeled by Tait equation of state. Because of large stiffness of Tait EOS and great variation of sound speed in flow field, some of conventional compressible gasdynamics solvers are unstable and even not applicable when extended to calculation of flow cavitation. To overcome the difficulties, a Godunov-type, cell-centered finite volume method is generalized to numerically integrate the governing equations on triangular mesh. The boundary is treated specially to ensure stability of the approach. The method proves to be stable, robust, accurate, time-efficient and oscillation-free.

Novel numerical experiments are designed to investigate unsteady dynamics of the cavitating flow impacted by pressure wave, which is of great interest in engineering applications but has not been studied systematically so far. Numerical simulation indicates that cavity over cylinder can be induced to collapse if the object is accelerated suddenly and extremely high pressure pulse results almost instantaneously. This, however, may be avoided by changing the traveling speed smoothly. The accompanying huge pressure increase may damage underwater devices. However, cavity formed at relatively high upstream speed may be less distorted or affected by shock wave and can recover fully from the initial deformation. It is observed that the cavitating flow starting from a higher freestream velocity is more stable and more resilient with respect to perturbation than the flow with lower background speed. These findings may shed some light on how to control cavitation development to avoid possible damage to operating devices.
Emergence of Autochthonous Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Texas and Southeastern Oklahoma
Authors: Clarke Carmen F. , Bradley Kristy K. , Wright James H. , Glowicz Janet
Published: November 2012

Autochthonous human cases of leishmaniasis in the United States are uncommon. We report three new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and details of a previously reported case, all outside the known endemic range in Texas. Surveys for enzootic rodent reservoirs and sand fly vectors were conducted around the residences of three of the case-patients during the summer of 2006; female Lutzomyia anthophora sand flies were collected at a north Texas and southeast Oklahoma residence of a case-patient, indicating proximity of a suitable vector. Urban sprawl, climatologic variability, or natural expansion of Leishmania mexicana are possible explanations for the apparent spread to the north and east. Enhanced awareness among healthcare providers in the south central region of the United States is important to ensure clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis, diagnosis, and appropriate patient management.
Diagnosis of Multiple Enteric Protozoan Infections by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in the Guatemalan Highlands
Authors: den Hartog Julia , Rosenbaum Laura , Wood Zachary , Burt David , Petri William A.
Published: November 2012

We tested a prototype stool enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (TRI-COMBO) that is simultaneously diagnostic for Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica in a rural pediatric clinic in Guatemala. We compared its results to those of three individual ELISAs for these parasites, assessed the prevalence of these parasites, and compared our findings to those found by stool microscopy. We tested 620 non-diarrheal stools. The TRI-COMBO diagnosed 57 positive samples and 52 (91%) had a correlating positive result in an individual assay, giving a kappa coefficient of 0.90. Giardia spp., E. histolytica, and Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 52 (8.4%), 2 (0.3%), and 3 (0.5%) samples, respectively. Twenty-three (40%) samples positive by ELISA for Giardia spp. were identified by microscopy. This study is the first to test the TRI-COMBO in this setting and, to our knowledge, represents the first assessment of these parasites in Guatemala by stool ELISA.
Small Flows, Compliance Costs and Trade Preferences: The Case of EU Imports from African LDCs
Authors: Nilsson Lars , Dotter Caroline
Published: November 2012

Previous work has shown that a significant number of preference eligible goods are imported into the EU from developing countries at relatively small values and that the rate of preference utilisation of these imports are low and in many cases zero. This fact is unobserved in the aggregate figures because large flows have high utilisation rates, thereby pushing up the average preference utilisation rate. This paper examines this phenomenon further by using monthly data on EU imports from African LDCs at the lowest level of (publicly) available aggregation thereby coming close to transaction level data. It identifies the average value of preference eligible imports, utilising and not utilising preferences, by country and product category and test their empirical relevance for explaining the African LDCs’ preference utilisation rates.
Simulation of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols over the United States
Authors: Walker J. M. , Philip S. , Martin R. V. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Atmospheric concentrations of inorganic gases and aerosols (nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium) are simulated for 2009 over the United States using the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. Predicted aerosol concentrations are compared with surface-level measurement data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE), the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET), and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Sulfate predictions nationwide are in reasonably good agreement with observations, while nitrate and ammonium are over-predicted in the East and Midwest, but under-predicted in California, where observed concentrations are the highest in the country. Over-prediction of nitrate in the East and Midwest is consistent with results of recent studies, which suggest that nighttime nitric acid formation by heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 is over-predicted based on current values of the N2O5 uptake coefficient, γ, onto aerosols. After reducing the value of γ by a factor of 10, predicted nitrate levels in the US Midwest and East still remain higher than those measured, and over-prediction of nitrate in this region remains unexplained. Comparison of model predictions with satellite measurements of ammonia from the Tropospheric Emissions Spectrometer (TES) indicates that ammonia emissions in GEOS-Chem are underestimated in California and that the nationwide seasonality applied to ammonia emissions in GEOS-Chem does not represent California very well, particularly underestimating winter emissions. An ammonia sensitivity study indicates that GEOS-Chem simulation of nitrate is ammonia-limited in southern California and much of the state, suggesting that an underestimate of ammonia emissions is likely the main cause for the under-prediction of nitrate aerosol in many areas of California. An approximate doubling of ammonia emissions is needed to reproduce observed nitrate concentrations in southern California and in other ammonia sensitive areas of California. However, even a tenfold increase in ammonia emissions yields predicted nitrate concentrations that are still biased low in the central valley of California. The under-prediction of nitrate aerosol in the central valley of California may arise in part from an under-prediction of both ammonia and nitric acid in this region. Since nitrate aerosols are particularly sensitive to mixed layer depths, owing to the gas-particle equilibrium, the nitrate under-prediction could also arise in part from a potential regional overestimate of GEOS-5 mixed layer depths in the central valley due to unresolved topography in this region.
A pervasive and persistent Asian dust event over North America during spring 2010: lidar and sunphotometer observations
Authors: Cottle P. , Strawbridge K. , McKendry I. , O'Neill N. , Saha A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Among the many well-documented cases of springtime trans-Pacific transport of crustal dust from Asia to North America (significant events include those of 1998, 2001, and 2005), the events of March and April 2010 were extraordinary both in the extent of the dust distribution and in the unique meteorological conditions that caused the dust layers in the free troposphere to linger and be detectable across Canada and the Northern United States for over a month. This study focuses on extending previous research by combining data from CORALNet lidars in Vancouver, BC and Egbert, ON with AERONET sunphotometer retrievals and model results from HYSPLIT and NAAPS to monitor the arrival and distribution of dust layers across North America. This is the first documented instance of lidar detection of Asian dust from the Egbert CORALNet installation, where layers identified as dust using depolarization ratios corresponded with retrievals of coarse mode optical depth at the co-located AEROCAN/AERONET site. In Vancouver dust layer depolarization ratios varied from 0.27 for dust above 6 km to less than 0.10 for the first 1.5–2 km above the surface. Similar layers of elevated dust exhibited much lower bulk depolarization ratios for all altitudes in Egbert, ON where maximum depolarization ratios stayed below 0.15 for all layers from 2–8 km with no clear variation with altitude, or over time. The relative lack of variation is an indication that as the dust particles aged the rate of change in chemical composition and optical properties slowed. HYSPLIT back trajectories performed throughout the free troposphere above these sites showed a majority of air parcels originating from Central Asia on the days in question. Using these techniques, it was shown that elevated layers of aerosol reaching the west coast of North America as early as 17 March also included dust from the same Central Asian sources, extending the known duration of the 2010 event by almost a full month.
HOx measurements in the summertime upper troposphere over Europe: a comparison of observations to a box model and a 3-D model
Authors: Regelin E. , Harder H. , Martinez M. , Kubistin D. , Tatum Ernest C. , Bozem H. , Klippel T. , Hosaynali-Beygi Z. , Fischer H. , Sander R. , Jöckel P. , Königstedt R. , Lelieveld J.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. In-situ airborne measurements of OH and HO2 with the HORUS (HydrOxyl Radical measurement Unit based on fluorescence Spectroscopy) instrument were performed in the summertime upper troposphere across Europe during the HOOVER 2 (HOx OVer EuRope) campaign in July 2007. Complementary measurements of trace gas species and photolysis frequencies were conducted to obtain a broad data set, which has been used to quantify the significant HOx sources and sinks. In this study we compare the in-situ measurement of OH and HO2 with simulated mixing ratios from the constrained box model CAABA/MECCA (Chemistry As A Box Model Application/Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere), and the global circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry Model). The constrained box model reproduces the observed OH and HO2 mixing ratios with better agreement (obs/mod median 98% OH, 96% HO2) than the global model (median 76% OH, 59% HO2). The observations and the computed HOx sources and sinks are used to identify deviations between the models and their impacts on the calculated HOx budget.
Precise pointing knowledge for SCIAMACHY solar occultation measurements
Authors: Bramstedt K. , Noël S. , Bovensmann H. , Gottwald M. , Burrows J. P.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. We present a method to precisely determine the viewing direction for solar occultation instruments from scans over the solar disk. Basic idea is the fit of the maximum intensity during the scan, which corresponds to the center of the solar disk in the scanning direction. We apply this method to the solar occultation measurements of the satellite instrument SCIAMACHY, which scans the Sun in elevation direction. The achieved mean precision is 0.46 mdeg, which corresponds to an tangent height error of about 26 m for individual occultation sequences. The deviation of the derived elevation angle from the geolocation information given along with the product has a seasonal cycle with an amplitude of 2.26 mdeg, which is in tangent height an amplitude of about 127 m. The mean elevation angle offset is −4.41 mdeg (249 m). SCIAMACHY's sun follower device controls the azimuth viewing direction during the occultation measurements. The derived mean azimuth direction has an standard error of 0.65 mdeg, which is about 36 m in horizontal direction at the tangent point. We observe also a seasonal cycle of the azimuth mispointing with an amplitude of 2.3 mdeg, which is slightly increasing with time. The almost constant mean offset is 88 mdeg, which is about 5.0 km horizontal offset at the tangent point.
Energetic protons at Mars: interpretation of SLED/Phobos-2 observations by a kinetic model
Authors: Kallio E. , McKenna-Lawlor S. , Alho M. , Jarvinen R. , Dyadechkin S. , Afonin V. V.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Mars has neither a significant global intrinsic magnetic field nor a dense atmosphere. Therefore, solar energetic particles (SEPs) from the Sun can penetrate close to the planet (under some circumstances reaching the surface). On 13 March 1989 the SLED instrument aboard the Phobos-2 spacecraft recorded the presence of SEPs near Mars while traversing a circular orbit (at 2.8 RM). In the present study the response of the Martian plasma environment to SEP impingement on 13 March was simulated using a kinetic model. The electric and magnetic fields were derived using a 3-D self-consistent hybrid model (HYB-Mars) where ions are modelled as particles while electrons form a massless charge neutralizing fluid. The case study shows that the model successfully reproduced several of the observed features of the in situ observations: (1) a flux enhancement near the inbound bow shock, (2) the formation of a magnetic shadow where the energetic particle flux was decreased relative to its solar wind values, (3) the energy dependency of the flux enhancement near the bow shock and (4) how the size of the magnetic shadow depends on the incident particle energy. Overall, it is demonstrated that the Martian magnetic field environment resulting from the Mars–solar wind interaction significantly modulated the Martian energetic particle environment.
Climate warming and vegetation response after Heinrich event 1 (16 700–16 000 cal yr BP) in Europe south of the Alps
Authors: Samartin S. , Heiri O. , Lotter A. F. , Tinner W.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Chironomids preserved in a sediment core from Lago di Origlio (416 m a.s.l.), a lake in the foreland of the Southern Swiss Alps, allowed quantitative reconstruction of Late Glacial and Early Holocene summer temperatures using a combined Swiss–Norwegian temperature inference model based on chironomid assemblages from 274 lakes. We reconstruct July air temperatures of ca. 10 °C between 17 300 and 16 000 cal yr BP, a rather abrupt warming to ca. 12.0 °C at ca. 16 500–16 000 cal yr BP, and a strong temperature increase at the transition to the Bølling/Allerød interstadial with average temperatures of about 14 °C. During the Younger Dryas and earliest Holocene similar temperatures are reconstructed as for the interstadial. The rather abrupt warming at 16 500–16 000 cal yr BP is consistent with sea-surface temperature as well as speleothem records, which indicate a warming after the end of Heinrich event 1 (sensu stricto) and before the Bølling/Allerød interstadial in southern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. Pollen records from Origlio and other sites in southern Switzerland and northern Italy indicate an early reforestation of the lowlands 2000–1500 yr prior to the large-scale afforestation of Central Europe at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød period at ca. 14 700–14 600 cal yr BP. Our results suggest that these early afforestation processes in the formerly glaciated areas of northern Italy and southern Switzerland have been promoted by increasing temperatures.
Influence of dynamic vegetation on climate change and terrestrial carbon storage in the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: O'ishi R. , Abe-Ouchi A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. When the climate is reconstructed from paleoevidence, it shows that the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca. 21 000 yr ago) is cold and dry compared to the present day. Reconstruction also shows that compared to today, the vegetation of the LGM is less active and the distribution of vegetation was drastically different, due to cold temperature, dryness, and a lower level of atmospheric CO2 level (185 ppm compared to a preindustrial level of 285 ppm). In the present paper, we investigate the influence of vegetation change on the climate of the LGM by using a coupled atmosphere-ocean-vegetation general circulation model (GCM, the MIROC-LPJ). We examined four GCM experiments (LGM and preindustrial, with and without vegetation feedback) and quantified the strength of the vegetation feedback during the LGM. The result shows global-averaged cooling during the LGM is amplified by +13.5% due to the introduction of vegetation feedback. This is mainly caused by the increase of land surface albedo due to the expansion of tundra in northern high latitudes and the desertification in northern middle latitudes around 30° N to 60° N. We also investigated how this change in climate affected the total terrestrial carbon storage by using a separated Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-DGVM). Our result shows that the total terrestrial carbon storage was reduced by 653 PgC during the LGM, which corresponds to the emission of 308 ppm atmospheric CO2. The carbon distribution during the LGM that is predicted from using an atmospheric-ocean-vegetation (AOV) GCM and using the LPJ-DGVM after an atmospheric-ocean (AO) GCM, is generally the same, but the difference is not negligible for explaining the lowering of atmospheric CO2 during the LGM.
The influence of vegetation dynamics on anthropogenic climate change
Authors: Port U. , Brovkin V. , Claussen M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. In this study, vegetation–climate and vegetation–carbon cycle interactions during anthropogenic climate change are assessed by using the Earth System Model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI ESM) that includes vegetation dynamics and an interactive carbon cycle. We assume anthropogenic CO2 emissions according to the RCP 8.5 scenario in the time period from 1850 to 2120. For the time after 2120, we assume zero emissions to evaluate the response of the stabilising Earth System by 2300. Our results suggest that vegetation dynamics have a considerable influence on the changing global and regional climate. In the simulations, global mean tree cover extends by 2300 due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration and global warming. Thus, land carbon uptake is higher and atmospheric CO2 concentration is lower by about 40 ppm when considering dynamic vegetation compared to the static pre-industrial vegetation cover. The reduced atmospheric CO2 concentration is equivalent to a lower global mean temperature. Moreover, biogeophysical effects of vegetation cover shifts influence the climate on a regional scale. Expanded tree cover in the northern high latitudes results in a reduced albedo and additional warming. In the Amazon region, declined tree cover causes a regional warming due to reduced evapotranspiration. As a net effect, vegetation dynamics have a slight attenuating effect on global climate change as the global climate cools by 0.22 K due to natural vegetation cover shifts in 2300.
Effect of variable winds on current structure and Reynolds stresses in a tidal flow: analysis of experimental data in the eastern English Channel
Authors: Korotenko K. A. , Sentchev A. V. , Schmitt F. G.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Wind and wave effects on tidal current structure and turbulence throughout the water column are examined using an upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The instrument has been deployed on the seafloor of 18-m mean depth, off the north-eastern French coast in the eastern English Channel, over 12 tidal cycles, and covered the period of the transition from mean spring to neap tide, and forcing regimes varied from calm to moderate storm conditions. During storms, we observed gusty winds with magnitudes reaching 15 m s−1 and wave heights reaching up to 1.3 m. Analysis of velocity spectra revealed a noticeable contribution of wind-induced waves to spectral structure of velocity fluctuations within the subsurface layer. Near the surface, stormy winds and waves produced a significant intensification of velocity fluctuations, particularly when the sustained wind blew against the ebb tide flow. As during wavy periods, the variance-derived Reynolds stress estimates might include a wave-induced contamination, we applied the Variance Fit method to obtain unbiased stresses and other turbulent quantities. Over calm periods, the turbulent quantities usually decreased with height above the seabed. The stresses were found to vary regularly with the predominantly semidiurnal tidal flow. The along-shore stress being generally greater during the flood flow (~2.7 Pa) than during the ebb flow (~−0.6 Pa). The turbulent kinetic energy production rate, P, and eddy viscosity, Az, followed a nearly regular cycle with close to a quarter-diurnal period. As for the stresses, near the seabed, we found the maximum values of estimated quantities of P and Az to be 0.1 Wm−3 and 0.5 m2 s−1, respectively, during the flood flow. Over the storm periods, we found the highest unbiased stress values (~−2.6 Pa) during ebb when tidal currents were opposite to the southwesterly winds while, during the flood, the surface stresses slightly exceeded those estimated for a calm period. A comparison of obtained results gives a good agreement with those of other researchers working on direct measurements of turbulence in tidal flows.
Ten-Year Experience with Open Prostatectomy in Maiduguri
Authors: Ahmed Gadam Ibrahim , Nuhu Ali , Aliyu Suleiman
Published: November 2012

Background. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction in the elderly male.
Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and outcome of open prostatectomy in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Material and Methods. Two hundred and fifty-three men with lower urinary tract obstruction clinically due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) underwent open prostatectomy over a ten-year period (January 2001–December 2010). Data on patients including age, clinical, laboratory, and histology were reviewed and analyzed to determine treatment outcome. Results. A total of 253 patients were studied. Their mean age was 69.11 ± 10.9 years (range 50–98). The most common symptoms at presentation included frequency 229 (90.5%) and poor stream 225 (88.9%). The most common complications at presentation were stones in 41 (16.2%) and bleeding in 37 (14.6%). The most common comorbid conditions were hypertension and diabetes found in 72 (28.5%) and 23 (9.1%), respectively. Transvesical prostatectomy was done for most of the patients, 126 (49.8%). Clot retention and wound infection were the commonest postoperative complications accounting for 19 (7.5%) each. Transient incontinence occurred in 17 (6.7%) patients. There was 1 (0.4%) mortality. Conclusion. Open prostatectomy still has a prime place in the operative treatment of BPH with acceptable postoperative morbidity and very low mortality in the developing world with no facilities for TURP.
Characterization of Biochar Properties Affected by Different Pyrolysis Temperatures Using Visible-Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Haiqing , Sheng Kuichuan
Published: November 2012

Rapid characterization of biochar for energy and ecological purpose utilization is fundamental. In this work, visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy was used to measure ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon contents, and calorific value of three types of biochar produced from pine wood, cedar wood, and cotton stalk, respectively. The vis-NIR spectroscopy was also used to discriminate biochar feedstock types and pyrolysis temperature. Prediction result shows that partial least squares (PLS) regression calibrating the spectra to the values of biochar properties achieved very good or excellent performance with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.86~0.91 and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 2.58~3.32 for ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon, and good prediction with R2 of 0.81 and RPD of 2.30 for calorific value. Linear discrimination analysis (LDA) of the principal components (PCs) produced from PCA of wavelength matrix shows that three types of biochar can be successfully discriminated with 95.2% accuracy. The classification of biochar with different pyrolysis temperatures can be conducted with 69% accuracy for all three types and 100% accuracy for single type of cotton stalk. This experiment suggests that the vis-NIR spectroscopy is promising as an alternative of traditionally quantitative and qualitative analysis of biochar properties.
Spectrophotometric Estimation of Flutamide in Pure and in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Deepakumari Hemavathi Nagaraju , Revanasiddappa Hosakere Doddarevanna
Published: November 2012

Three simple, rapid, precise, sensitive, and accurate visible spectrophotometric methods (A, B, and C) are described for the estimation of flutamide in both pure and pharmaceutical preparations. They are based on the diazotization of reduced flutamide (FA) with nitrous acid followed by coupling with acetyl acetone (method A), citrazinic acid (method B), and 8-hydroxyquinoline (method C) to form colored azo dyes, exhibiting absorption maxima at 410, 440 and 500 nm, for methods A, B, and C, respectively. Linear concentration range was of 0.5–12, 0.5–10, and 0.3–10 μg/mL for methods A, B, and C, respectively, and the corresponding molar absorptivity values are , , and  L mol−1 cm−1. The correlation coefficients for FA are 0.9988, 0.9976, and 0.9975 for methods A, B, and C, respectively. All variables were optimized, and the results were statistically compared with those of a literature method by employing Student’s t-test and F-test. No interference was observed from common adjuvants normally added to the tablets. The relative standard deviations () for FA in all the three methods in the tablets are always less than 3%.
Evaluation of an Intervention Program to Foster Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement in Latin Instruction
Authors: Wagner Daniela , Perels Franziska
Published: November 2012

The study's aim was to develop two different intervention programs and to evaluate their contribution to students' self-regulated learning and academic achievement in Latin classes. The concept of our study referred to a process-focused model of self-regulated learning that divides the phases of the self-regulated learning process into different areas, which we applied to domain-specific translation strategies. Within a pre-, post-, and follow-up-test design with 109 tenth graders, self-regulated learning skills and translation competency as well as translation strategy application were assessed using both a self-regulation questionnaire and a standardized translation test. Three different conditions were compared: (a) combined training group (ComG): self-regulated learning and translation, (b) translation training only (TG), and (c) control group (CG). The intervention consisted of nine sessions spread over a period of three weeks. Results of analyses of variance with time as a repeated measurement indicated interaction effects between time and groups for self-regulated learning in favor of the intervention groups. The ComG showed marginally higher self-regulatory skills than the TG. Regarding the translation competencies as well as the strategy application, the results revealed significant training effects in comparison to the control group, with the TG showing the highest increase.
An Adaptive -Based Formation Control for Multirobot Systems
Authors: Shabani Faridoon , Ranjbar Bijan , Ghadamyari Ali
Published: November 2012

We describe a decentralized formation problem for multiple robots, where an formation controller is proposed. The network of dynamic agents with external disturbances and uncertainties are discussed in formation problems. We first describe how to design social potential fields to obtain a formation with the shape of a polygon. Then, we provide a formal proof of the asymptotic stability of the system, based on the definition of a proper Lyapunov function and technique. The advantages of the proposed controller can be listed as robustness to input nonlinearity, external disturbances, and model uncertainties, while applicability on a group of any autonomous systems with -degrees of freedom. Finally, simulation results are demonstrated for a multiagent formation problem of a group of six robots, illustrating the effective attenuation of approximation error and external disturbances, even in the case of agent failure or leader tracking.
Simultaneous Extraction Optimization and Analysis of Flavonoids from the Flowers of Tabernaemontana heyneana by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Diode Array Detector and Electron Spray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sathishkumar Thiyagarajan , Baskar Ramakrishnan , Aravind Mohan , Tilak Suryanarayanan , Deepthi Sri , Bharathikumar Vellalore Maruthachalam
Published: November 2012

Flavonoids are exploited as antioxidants, antimicrobial, antithrombogenic, antiviral, and antihypercholesterolemic agents. Normally, conventional extraction techniques like soxhlet or shake flask methods provide low yield of flavonoids with structural loss, and thereby, these techniques may be considered as inefficient. In this regard, an attempt was made to optimize the flavonoid extraction using orthogonal design of experiment and subsequent structural elucidation by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electron spray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) techniques. The shake flask method of flavonoid extraction was observed to provide a yield of 1.2±0.13 (mg/g tissue). With the two different solvents, namely, ethanol and ethyl acetate, tried for the extraction optimization of flavonoid, ethanol (80.1 mg/g tissue) has been proved better than ethyl acetate (20.5 mg/g tissue). The optimal conditions of the extraction of flavonoid were found to be 85°C, 3 hours with a material ratio of 1 : 20, 75% ethanol, and 1 cycle of extraction. About seven different phenolics like robinin, quercetin, rutin, sinapoyl-hexoside, dicaffeic acid, and two unknown compounds were identified for the first time in the flowers of T. heyneana. The study has also concluded that L16 orthogonal design of experiment is an effective method for the extraction of flavonoid than the shake flask method.
Histoire et liberté d’expression
Authors: Morange Jean
Published: November 2012

Parmi les enjeux de la liberté d’expression, dans les décennies à venir, on peut, paradoxalement, citer le récit historique. Depuis l’Antiquité, l’histoire a été utilisée à des fins très variées, parfois peu avouables. Elle a été et reste manipulée par les régimes autoritaires. Dans les démocraties libérales contemporaines, les conflits portant sur sa présentation peuvent donner lieu à des recours fondés sur l’atteinte aux droits des personnes, au respect de leur vie privée ou sur l’incitation à la discrimination ou à la haine. Les juridictions saisies doivent concilier la liberté d’expression avec les droits opposés. L’équilibre n’est pas toujours facile à réaliser comme le prouve, par exemple, la confrontation du droit français avec le droit européen des droits de l’homme. Il appartient donc aux pouvoirs publics non pas de proclamer la « vérité historique », même s’ils l’ont parfois tenté, mais plutôt de favoriser les conditions d’une recherche honnête et la diffusion d’une connaissance et d’un débat objectifs, notamment, dans le cadre universitaire.
La manifestation : une forme d’expression collective
Authors: Babineau Gabriel
Published: November 2012

En tant qu’activité expressive, la manifestation bénéficie présentement d’une protection en vertu de l’article 2 (b) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. Cette protection lui serait par contre mal adaptée. Plusieurs arrestations de masse clairement injustifiées survenues au Canada pendant la dernière décennie illustre bien le statut précaire du droit de manifester. Le rattachement du droit de manifester à la liberté de réunion pacifique prévue par l’article 2 (c) de la Charte, liberté littéralement abandonnée depuis l’adoption de la Charte, permettrait aux tribunaux de développer une protection qui y serait mieux adaptée. À l’instar de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, les tribunaux canadiens devraient reconnaître l’importance de la liberté de réunion pacifique en tant que droit de nature politique fondamental dans une société démocratique. Comme corollaire de la liberté de réunion pacifique, le droit de manifester devrait bénéficier d’une meilleure protection par les tribunaux.
Qu’est-ce qu’un « délit d’opinion » ?
Authors: Hochmann Thomas
Published: November 2012

L’hostilité envers les « délits d’opinion » est un lieu commun du discours juridique français en matière de liberté d’expression. Une analyse des écrits doctrinaux montre que les auteurs, s’ils se dispensent en général d’une définition explicite, entendent désigner de la sorte les restrictions de la liberté d’expression qui définissent les propos visés essentiellement par leur signification, et indépendamment de leurs possibles conséquences.

L’interdiction des délits d’opinion constitue-t-elle une exigence juridique ou simplement un argument de philosophie politique ? Les régimes de la liberté d’expression en vigueur en Allemagne et aux États-Unis, beaucoup plus élaborés que le système français, permettent d’éclairer toutes les subtilités d’une telle exigence. Les délits d’opinion sont interdits, selon des modalités différentes, en Allemagne et aux États-Unis, mais pas en France. Ainsi, l’incrimination du négationnisme, si elle constitue un « délit d’opinion » dont il est possible de débattre du bien-fondé politique, ne pose pas à cet égard un problème de constitutionnalité en droit français.
Trademarks Worth a Thousand Words : Freedom of Expression and the Use of the Trademarks of Others
Authors: Scassa Teresa
Published: November 2012

Trademarks play an important role in facilitating critical speech in an increasingly corporate capitalist society. Not only do they serve as markers for expressive content on the Internet, they can also be used as vehicles for the communication of critical messages about the trademark owner or its products or services. In this paper, the author examines the implicit balance in the Trade-marks Act between freedom of expression values and trademark rights, and argues that it is being significantly altered by the contemporary push for greater trademark protection. The author identifies specific problems that emerge from Canadian case law relating to freedom of expression and trademark law. These include the treatment by courts of intellectual property rights as private property rights, inattention to the trademark/copyright overlap, the troublesome distinction between commercial and non-commercial uses, and the phenomenon of trademark bullying. The author argues for a sharp evolution in Canadian case law that would establish clear parameters for critical speech using trademarks.
Reconnaître la spiritualité des lieux : la concrétisation des valeurs immatérielles dans l’acte debâtir le patrimoine religieux du Québec
Authors: Dufaux François
Published: November 2012

Cet article aborde la spiritualité des bâtiments des communautés religieuses à partir d’une méthode d’analyse morphologique qui cherche à cerner les intentions incarnées dans l’architecture. Plus qu’un arrière-plan à la vie spirituelle, apostolique et au service aux fidèles, ces lieux reflètent les valeurs immatérielles de la vie religieuse, ils structurent les pratiques des membres des communautés. Il s’agit de comprendre les desseins matérialisés et les logiques de croissance intégrées dans les lieux par-delà les pierres. Des exemples tirés de recherche sur les monastères des Augustines et des Ursulines de Québec illustrent ces observations. Elles révèlent à la fois une certaine persistance, mais aussi des ruptures et des dégradations des lieux. Ces modifications témoignent d’une remise en cause de l’ordre du monde, en particulier à partir des années 1930 chez les Augustines, accentuée depuis la Révolution tranquille. La reconnaissance de ces transformations éclaire sur les valeurs des communautés religieuses tout autant que sur la société civile qui leur a confié leur mission.
Du culte à l’espace muséal, quel patrimoine ? Une étude de cas : la statuaire religieuse en plâtre du Québec
Authors: Prégent Édith
Published: November 2012

À l’heure où de nombreuses églises ferment leurs portes et que les communautés religieuses se voient dans l’obligation de prendre des décisions déchirantes, le sort des objets mobiliers religieux est plus qu’incertain. Conçus pour des fins précises et des lieux déterminés, les objets mobiliers religieux possèdent une dimension matérielle et immatérielle difficile à définir et à comprendre en dehors de leur cadre original. Le déplacement de ces objets hors de leurs lieux d’origine suscite un questionnement quant à la pertinence de conserver ce patrimoine et sur la manière d’en préserver et d’en transmettre le sens dans un cadre muséal. Le cas de la statuaire religieuse en plâtre du Québec reflète bien cette problématique.
La Fête-Dieu dans trois quotidiens québécois (1910-1970)
Authors: Bernier-Cormier Marie-Eve
Published: November 2012

Cet article décrit la couverture journalistique de la Fête-Dieu dans trois quotidiens québécois entre 1910 et 1970. Malgré des différences marquées dans le traitement de cette célébration par les quotidiens étudiés, leur examen a permis de démontrer que dès 1945, les journaux ont accordé de moins en moins d’importance à ce moment important du calendrier liturgique catholique. Peut-on dès lors parler d’un autre signe de l’effritement de la pratique religieuse avant 1960 ?
Les Soeurs de la Providence et les psychiatres modernistes : enjeux professionnels en santé mentale au Québec, 1910-1965
Authors: Perreault Isabelle , Thifault Marie-Claude
Published: November 2012

Au renouvellement de leur deuxième contrat avec le gouvernement du Québec en 1924, les Soeurs de la Providence, propriétaires de l’Asile Saint-Jean-de-Dieu depuis 1873, s’engagent, pour les cinquante années suivantes, à nourrir, entretenir, traiter et réhabiliter les malades mentaux. S’ensuivent, dans les années 1940 et 1950 des relations interpersonnelles et interprofessionnelles difficiles entre les soeurs et un groupe de jeunes psychiatres, dits modernistes. Le climat proprement thérapeutique s’envenime au profit d’intérêts politiques au sein même de l’institution. Ces tensions sont explicitement révélées en 1962 lors du dépôt du rapport Bédard sur la Commission d’étude des hôpitaux psychiatriques au Québec. Les tensions entre religieuses et psychiatres, depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu’aux années 1970, longtemps évacuées du discours historique n’ont pas permis, jusqu’ici, d’en révéler tous les aspects ou conséquences liés aux soins et au devenir des psychiatrisés. Nous entendons, dans cet article, mettre en lumière cette bataille mémorielle à propos du statut religieux de Saint-Jean-de-Dieu.
Les écoles privées juives à Montréal (1874-1939) : des instances de reproduction identitaire et de production sociale ?
Authors: Croteau Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2012

Entre les années 1880 et 1930, une importante vague migratoire juive, originaire d’Europe de l’Est, transforme le tissu social de la métropole québécoise. Ces immigrants, qui ont une forte appartenance identitaire, ne tardent pas à mettre sur pied des établissements scolaires privés, porteurs de projets éducatifs qui reflètent les divers horizons culturels, religieux, sociaux et idéologiques auxquels ils appartiennent. Cet article vise à présenter le processus de formation du milieu scolaire juif à Montréal, entre 1874 et 1939, examiné à la fois sous l’angle de la volonté politique des dirigeants communautaires et des aspirations sociales de la population juive. Nous montrons que ce réseau d’écoles privées a participé à la création d’un espace identitaire juif à Montréal en permettant d’assurer la continuité d’une judéité qui prenait ses racines dans l’« Ancien Monde » que les immigrants avaient quitté tout en l’adaptant à la réalité montréalaise et nord-américaine.
Sphingolipid Trafficking and Purification in Chlamydia trachomatis–Infected Cells
Authors: Moore Elizabeth R.
Published: November 2012

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen, which lacks a system that allows genetic manipulation. Therefore, chlamydial researchers must manipulate the host cell to better understand chlamydial biology. Host‐derived lipid acquisition is critical for chlamydial survival within the host. Hence, the ability to track and purify sphingolipids in/from chlamydial infected cells has become an integral part of pivotal studies in chlamydial biology. This unit outlines protocols that provide details about labeling eukaryotic cells with exogenous lipids to examine Golgi‐derived lipid trafficking to the chlamydial inclusion and then performing imaging studies or lipid extractions for quantification. Details are provided to allow these protocols to be applied to subconfluent, polarized, or siRNA knockdown cells. In addition, one will find important experimental design considerations and techniques. These methods are powerful tools to aid in the understanding of mechanisms, which allow C. trachomatis to manipulate and usurp host cell trafficking pathways. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 27:11A.2.1‐11A.2.19. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.