bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Elemental Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopic Calibration Problems of the Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Fractionation of the Heavy Metal Content from Aquatic Sediments
Authors: Heltai György , Fekete Ilona , Halász Gábor , Kovács Katalin , Horváth Márk , Takács Anita , Boros Norbert , Győri Zoltán
Published: June 2015

For the characterisation of the environmental mobility of heavy metal contamination in aquatic sediments, the EU Bureau of Reference has proposed a fractionation by sequential extraction procedure. For its validation, the CRM-701 sample is available containing Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. In this paper, the matrix-matched calibration problems are presented. A multi-elemental inductively coupled plasma-optical emission technique is employed for the detection of heavy metals in the extracts. It was established that the sensitivities are strongly influenced by the extractants, which causes significant matrix effects: the sensitivities are strongly influenced by the solvents applied in extraction steps; the summarised recoveries show an acceptable agreement with the certified values; however, in the individual extraction steps for certain elements significant differences may occur due to the neglected interferences. Therefore, further optimisation is required utilising the flexible line selection possibility offered by the HORIBA Jobin Yvon ACTIVA-M instrument.
Nitrogen Removal Controlled by an Ammonium-Analyser at the north Pest Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Kassai Zsófia
Published: June 2015

At the North Pest Wastewater Treatment Plant, a nutrient removal process has been in operation since 2011. New tanks have been built, which can receive approximately half of the pre-settled wastewater. A predenitrification system has been planned and built both to the old and new lines. Due to the relatively small anoxic zones, periodic aeration was initiated first in the new line to achieve the lowest possible effluent total nitrogen concentration. Because of its positive impact, the operation of periodic aeration was initiated in the old line as well. Ammonium-analysers are used to control the aeration periods. Due to this process, the plant can provide a very low total nitrogen effluent value (below 10 mg dm-3 on average) as well as save energy and operational costs.
User Interaction with Context-aware Recommender Systems on Smartphones
Authors: Wörndl Wolfgang , Lamche Béatrice
Published: June 2015

In this article we give an overview on selected aspects of user interaction with context-aware recommender systems on smartphones. We discuss these according to the three steps of user interaction with recommender systems using subjective and objective evaluation criteria: 1. Preference elicitation: how input methods on mobile devices can influence the users’ rating behavior, 2. Result delivery and presentation: how results can be adapted to the mobile context, 3. Feedback, critiquing and refinement: how interactive explanation can improve the user experience. The selection of examples is based on several studies we did in different mobile scenarios.
No Success without Purpose
Authors: Gumm Dorina
Published: June 2015

The purpose an organisation attaches to its intranet should be the starting point for justifying an intranet project, defining use cases and ultimately being able to measure its success. An intranet's prospects for success are best when it is perceived as a tool for operations management. This is one of the core findings of the “KlinikNet 2.0” project chosen by hospital directors as one of five “IT Key Topics” in 2014.
Blessing or Curse: “Everybody Knows how to Write” – How Can Good Editorial Work Be Accomplished on an Intranet?
Authors: Häfel Heike
Published: June 2015

In many companies, employees and managers alike are critical about the quality of their intranet. Solutions focusing on technical and process improvements frequently fail to produce sustainable results because they ignore one key factor for the quality of written content: Amid the day-to-day business routine there are too many obstacles for doing good editorial work and acquiring writing skills. To encourage the production of quality texts, an environment must be created that encourages writing, a culture where editorial work is firmly established, trained and performed efficiently.
Social Collaboration: Overcoming Inhibitions with Communication
Authors: Chaudhuri Oliver
Published: June 2015

Employee empowerment is at least as important as a high level of usability for the acceptance and successful implementation of a new Intranet or social collaboration platforms – especially in view of the media skepticism in middle management and among middle-aged executives. Strategic communication is the key to driving cultural change in companies and successfully introducing new forms of collaboration.
Developing Intranet Strategy: An Interdisciplinary Building Block Model
Authors: Riemke-Gurzki Thorsten
Published: June 2015

Intranets became the central platform for internal corporate communication, business processes and information technology in the last decade. This huge application scope leads to severe project traps: How can a corporate-wide, interdisciplinary intranet strategy be developed, established and maintained? This article shows the challenges and potential problems for the development of an intranet strategy. It introduces a building block model for intranet strategy. The model includes strategic dimensions as well as cultural aspects and project scope.
Environmental And Economic Aspects Of Anticorrosion Protection By Hot-Dip Galvanized Method Rebars In Concrete
Authors: Hegyi Andreea , Păstrav M. , Rus M.
Published: June 2015

The implementation of the sustainable development concept is nowadays a key issue in almost all human activities. For the constructions domain an European strategy has already been elaborated. Among its goals are also the use of long lasting materials and the reduction of repair costs. This paper presents an interdisciplinary study concerning the efficiency of the use of hot-dip galvanized rebar for concrete structures. Experimental results about corrosion kinetics of coated and usual steel reinforcement embedded in concrete, subjected to chlorine ions attack, are analyzed. Electrochemical methods as chronoamperometry and linear polarization have been used. Corrosion potential values recorded for galvanized steel embedded in concrete indicate an uncertain corrosion activation process up to a rate of 2.5 % calcium chloride relative to concrete. For rates of 5% CaCl2 and more the corrosion process is activated. For unprotected steel bars embedded in concrete the corrosion activation process started at all calcium chloride studied rates and higher corrosion potential values has been registered than for the hot-dip galvanized ones, at the same rates. Economical assessments have been done using entire lifetime cost analysis of the reinforced concrete structures. Despite that the hot-dip galvanization is a rather expansive procedure, when taking into account the whole expected life span, the use of zinc coating proves to be efficient both from structural and financial approaches.
Approximation Of Scours Using Terrestrial 3D Laser Scanning
Authors: Jocea Andreea Florina , Crăciun E. G. , Anton A.
Published: June 2015

In designing artwork as bridges, hydraulic calculations have a very important role due to the fact that they are behind their sizing. Bridge designer must therefore possess knowledge of hydrology, hydraulics of bridges and river banks regularization. A problem that arises during the design stage of bridges is the scour phenomenon surrounding bridge pier. Over time, there have been conducted a number of studies which led to the provision of a plurality of mathematical models that are intended scour prediction. In the present article we will present an experimental study to determine the bed profile and measurement of scours products around a pier bridge using 3D terrestrial laser scanner.
Building Design Influence On The Energy Performance
Authors: Moga Ligia , Moga I.
Published: June 2015

Energy efficient design is a high priority in the national energy strategy of European countries considering the latest requirements of the European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings. The residential sector is responsible for a significant quantity of energy consumptions from the total amount of consumptions on a worldwide level. In residential building most of the energy consumptions are given mainly by heating, domestic hot water and lighting. Retrofitting the existing building stock offers great opportunities for reducing global energy consumptions and greenhouse gas emissions. The first part of the paper will address the need of thermal and energy retrofit of existing buildings. The second part will provide an overview on how various variables can influence the energy performance of a building that is placed in all four climatic zones from Romania. The paper is useful for specialist and designers from the construction field in understanding that buildings behave differently from the energy point of view in different climatic regions, even if the building characteristic remain the same.
An ethnopharmacological approach to the preliminary screening of native Australian herbal medicines for anticancer activity
Authors: Tan Aaron C. , Konczak Izabela , Li George , Roufogalis Basil D. , Sekhon Bhagwant , Sze Daniel M.-Y.
Published: June 2015

: Five plants used traditionally by Australian Aboriginals and two edible native Australian fruits have been investigated for anticancer activity. The aim was to identify native Australian herbal medicines which displayed anticancer activity, with cytotoxicity to cancer cells but sparing or even proliferating normal immunological cells, and subsequently provide potentially new anticancer drug leads.

: Extracts and derived fractions were assayed for cell viability against a multiple myeloma cell line, RPMI-8226, in comparison to the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) representing normal human immunological cells.

: None of the crude extracts exhibited the desirable differential activity; however, following further fractionation of the

: One fraction may potentially contain valuable compounds which may be useful for further investigation. This may focus on the identification of the bioavailable purified compounds present within these fractions or by detailed delineation of the related mechanisms of action.
Slow Television
Authors: Puijk Roel
Published: June 2015

Public-service broadcasters are compelled to seek innovative ways to fulfil their publicservice functions in an increasingly competitive environment. The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) has been experimenting with new programme formats and cross-media concepts. The concept of slow television was developed by the regional office in Bergen. On July 16, 2011, they started a five-day live broadcast from one of the cruise ships that sailed up the Norwegian coast from Bergen in southern Norway to Kirkenes near the Russian border. The broadcast was a huge success. I take this programme as a case study and provide an analysis from the perspective of innovation within public-service broadcasting. The article addresses the following questions: 1) In what way was the programme innovative? 2) How was the programme accepted and produced? 3) What accounts for the success of the broadcast in terms of number of viewers and popular engagement?
Synthesis of carrageenan/multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite for adsorption of crystal violet from aqueous solution
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Hossein
Published: June 2015

A novel polysaccharide-based hydrogel nanocomposite was prepared using grafting of acrylic acid (AA) on to kappa-carrageenan (κC) by incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotube (MCNT). In fact, MCNTs were used as nano-sized reinforcements in the synthesized nanocomposite. Spectroscopy together with morphology proved relatively strong κC-MCNT interaction. Besides, the swelling behavior of the nanocomposite hydrogel was studied. The results showed that in the presence of MCNTs, the equilibrium swelling capacity was decreased. This can be attributed to cross-linking role and hydrophilicity nature of MCNTs. The adsorption performance of hydrogel nanocomposite was also investigated for the removal of crystal violet (CV) as a cationic dye. The effects of some important parameters such as MCNT concentration, pH and contact time on the uptake of CV solution were studied. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm data of the hydrogel exhibited better fit to the Langmuir than to the Freundlich isotherm model. According to this model, the maximum adsorption capacity of κC-based hydrogel nanocomposite was found to be 118 mg . g-1.
An Empirical Analysis of Case Disposition Time in Belgium
Authors: Bielen Samantha , Marneffe Wim , Vereeck Lode
Published: June 2015

This paper analyzes the determinants of case disposition times in Belgian first instance courts by exploiting a unique dataset of 174 court cases. Unlike previous studies, our analysis focuses mainly on case-level determinants. Regression results show that the use of expert assessments on average prolongs overall disposition time by 902 days. Furthermore, the number of pleadings, as a proxy of case complexity, also significantly impacts the duration of trials. Additionally, results indicate that case outcomes, such as settlements or plaintiff wins, are significant determinants of case duration. In addition to case-level characteristics, our results indicate that two civil procedure reforms aimed at accelerating adjudication led to a major decrease of case duration in Belgian first instance courts.
Judicial Independence, Judges’ Incentives and Efficiency
Authors: Melcarne Alessandro , Ramello Giovanni B.
Published: June 2015

Although often assumed by economic theory, the idea of an efficient judicial system often sounds like an oxymoron. In this work, we suggest an innovative approach to investigating the determinants of court performance. Our focus is on determining the ideal institutional environment for fostering the appropriate set of incentives for judges to operate efficiently. In this setting, we find evidence that greater independence enjoyed by the judiciary from politics induces more competition among judges to obtain professional upgrades. Such an environment will incentivize ambitious individuals to be more efficient, thus positively affecting the aggregate performance of the judiciary.
A model of homeostasis maintenance
Authors: Romanyukha A. A. , Sannikova T. E.
Published: June 2015

The paper is aimed to construction of models of mechanisms determining the accuracy and stability of maintenance of target values for internal environment characteristics. The organism is described as an integrated set of physiological systems, namely, the homeostasis maintaining system, the reproductive system, and others. Those systems are joined by a common internal environment and a pool of energy substrate. The accuracy of homeostasis maintenance depends on the power, and the resistance to strong perturbations depends on the functional reserve of the homeostasis maintaining system. A specific feature of the model is the consideration of the dependence of the violation of internal environment characteristics on the current power of the energy metabolism. Experimental data show that the energy cost of maintaining the homeostasis and regeneration exceeds 70% of total energy expenditure of the body and creates most of the load of the system. The energy cost of homeostasis maintenance increases with the growth of the functional reserve and/or the deviation of internal environment characteristics from their target values, which reduces the amount of energy used for regeneration and reproduction. The model describes a physiologically motivated algorithm of adaptive use of functional reserves and energy substrate
Synonymous and nonsynonymous distances help untangle convergent evolution and recombination
Authors: Chi Peter B. , Chattopadhyay Sujay , Lemey Philippe , Sokurenko Evgeni V. , Minin Vladimir N.
Published: June 2015

When estimating a phylogeny from a multiple sequence alignment, researchers often assume the absence of recombination. However, if recombination is present, then tree estimation and all downstream analyses will be impacted, because different segments of the sequence alignment support different phylogenies. Similarly, convergent selective pressures at the molecular level can also lead to phylogenetic tree incongruence across the sequence alignment. Current methods for detection of phylogenetic incongruence are not equipped to distinguish between these two different mechanisms and assume that the incongruence is a result of recombination or other horizontal transfer of genetic information. We propose a new recombination detection method that can make this distinction, based on synonymous codon substitution distances. Although some power is lost by discarding the information contained in the nonsynonymous substitutions, our new method has lower false positive probabilities than the comparable recombination detection method when the phylogenetic incongruence signal is due to convergent evolution. We apply our method to three empirical examples, where we analyze: (1) sequences from a transmission network of the human immunodeficiency virus, (2)
Exact Solutions of the (2+1)-Dimensional Dirac Oscillator under a Magnetic Field in the Presence of a Minimal Length in the Non-commutative Phase Space
Authors: Boumali Abdelmalek , Hassanabadi Hassan
Published: June 2015

We consider a two-dimensional Dirac oscillator in the presence of a magnetic field in non-commutative phase space in the framework of relativistic quantum mechanics with minimal length. The problem in question is identified with a Poschl–Teller potential. The eigenvalues are found, and the corresponding wave functions are calculated in terms of hypergeometric functions.
The Adsorption and Sedimentation of Clean, Carrier-Free, Yttrium Solutions
Authors: Mellish C.E. , Payne J.A. , Worrall G.
Published: June 2015

Experiments on the adsorption and Sedimentation of yttrium solutions have been carried out with solutions containing minimal suspended matter. It has been shown that such clean solutions of 'carrierfree' yttrium can be kept in polystyrene vessels, even at pH = 8 or more, with no Sedimentation taking place, and only a small amount of adsorption on to the vessel walls. It has also been shown that addition of 'Analar' water to such solutions converts the yttrium to a centrifugable form.

It is suggested that the 'radiocolloidal' properties of yttrium reported in the literature are due to ion exchange adsorption of yttrium ions on to suspended particulate matter and on to surfaces.
Fission of 232Th by Reactor Neutrons: Fission Yields of some Mass-Chains
Authors: Wyttenbach A. , Gunten H. R. von , Dulakas H.
Published: June 2015

The cumulative yields of the mass-chains ending at 90Sr, 131I, 137Cs, 140Ba, 141Ce, and 144Ce in the fast neutron-induced fission of 232Th have been measured, using radiochemical techniques and, whenever possible, γ-spectrum-analysis.
Détermination rapide du Cesium 137 des retombées radioactives au moyen de phosphomolybdate d'ammonium
Authors: Van der Stricht E.
Published: June 2015

On décrit une méthode rapide de détermination du Cesium 137 basée sur l'utilisation de couches minces de phosphomolybdate d'ammonium. Mise au point pour la mesure du Cesium 137 dans des échantillons tels que le lait, la végétation, les sols, les poissons, l'eau, les poussières des retombées radioactives, sa généralisation à d'autres types d'échantillons ne devrait pas présenter de difficultés.
Determination of Iodine, Bromine, and Chlorine in Atmospheric Samples by Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Duce Robert A. , Winchester John W.
Published: June 2015

Iodine, bromine, and chlorine are determined by pile neutron activation in aqueous atmospheric samples. About 8 ml. of aqueous sample are irradiated, short-lived 38Cl, 80Br + 80mBr and 128I are separated using carriers, selective oxidation and reduction, and CCl4 extraction, and beta radioactivity is counted from solid silver halide sources. Six or seven samples per day can be analyzed with 5% accuracy.
Szilard-Chalmers Reaction of the Trioxalatochromium Ion Adsorbed on an Anion-Exchange Resin under Continuous Elution Conditions
Authors: Matsuura Tatsuo , Sensui Yoshihiro , Sasaki Takashi
Published: June 2015

A flow method during reactor irradiation to separate the recoiling species from the parent complex ion adsorbed on an ion-exchange resin was applied to the trioxalatochromium ion. The separable yield increased as expected: 80% for the dynamic method compared with 66% for the static method, at p
H
2.0 by HNO3. The yield decreased with increasing pH with nitric or acetic acid as eluent, but the oxalic acid case showed a reverse trend. The specific activity increased with increasing p
H
in all cases.
Austauschadsorption von Kationen an TiO2 · aq
Authors: Levi H. W. , Schiewer E.
Published: June 2015

TiO2 · aq ist ein polyfunktioneller Kationenaustauscher, dessen drei Austauschstufen jeweils die gleiche Anzahl Austauschstellen enthalten. Unter geeigneten Versuchsbedingungen können die erste und zweite Austauschstufe getrennt voneinander ihre Η-Ionen gegen Na-Ionen und die erste und dritte Stufe isoliert von der zweiten Stufe ihre Η-Ionen gegen Cs-Ionen eintauschen. Für diese Fälle ist es möglich, die rationalen Gleichgewichtskonstanten des H-Me-Austausches der betreifenden Austauschstufen zu bestimmen: Die Logarithmen der Konstanten sind: lgK1 (Na - H) = - 3,81, lgK2 (Na - H) = - 6,28, lgK1, (Cs-H) = - 3,29 und lgK3 (Cs - H ) = - 7,60.

Zur Bestimmung der Gleichgewichtskonstanten des Cs-H-Austausches für die zweite Stufe kann ein in der Literatur beschriebenes Modell eines polyfunktionellen Austauschers verwendet werden, das die Eigenschaften des TiO2 ·aq als Alkali-H-Austauscher gut wiedergibt. Dabei erhält man lgK
2
(Cs-H) =-5,47.
Reactions of Nucleogenic Chlorine Atoms with Simple Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Stöcklin G. , Tornau W.
Published: June 2015

Reactions of recoil chlorine resulting from the 37Cl(n, γ)38Cl-process have been studied in liquid aromatic compounds of the type C6H5X [X = F, Cl, I, CH3, CF3, NO2], using both binary CCl4/C6H5X-systems and 2 mole % Cl2-containing pure aromatic substrates.

No pronounced orientation effects for the o-, m-, p-distribution of the monochloro isomers are observed at high ArH concentration. The functional group has little or no influence on the reactivity of the aromatic compound towards hydrogen substitution. The lack of selectivity- and reactivity effects indicates the absence of electrophilic substitution processes. It is suggested that recoil chlorination largely proceeds via hot, neutral chlorine atoms. Comparison with results obtained from the γ-radiolysis of the corresponding systems show that deviations from purely non-discriminating reactions can be ascribed to caged thermal radical reactions.

The yield for heavy atom- and group displacement at high ArX concentration increases in the following sequence of the displaced group X:CH3 < CF3 < F < I < NO2 < CI. The mass of the displaced atom or group and cross sectional effects, rather than bond energies are shown to be yield-determining factors the lack of bond energy effects and the almost complete retention of the original isomeric form after chlorine replacement in o- and m-dichlorobenzene rules out an addition-type reaction followed by a decomposition of the excited intermediate. Both hot replacement reactions and caged thermal radical reactions are assumed to be responsible for the formation of C6H5
38Cl from C6H5X.
Imazethapyr Co-Application Interactions in Imidazolinone-Resistant Rice
Authors: Fish John Caleb , Webster Eric P. , Blouin David C. , Bond Jason A.
Published: June 2015

A study was conducted to evaluate interactions of imazethapyr co-application with propanil, thiobencarb, or a prepackaged mixture of propanil plus thiobencarb. At 7, 14, 21, and 49 d after treatment (DAT), synergism occurred for red rice treated with imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha−1mixed with propanil plus thiobencarb at 1,680 and 3,360 g ai ha−1. A synergistic response was also observed with imazethapyr at 70 g ha−1mixed with propanil at 1,680 g ha−1; however, all other co-applications evaluated resulted in a neutral response with no antagonism observed. At 7 DAT, antagonism was observed for barnyardgrass when treated with imazethapyr at 70 g ha−1mixed with propanil plus thiobencarb at 1,680 g ha−1, propanil at 840 g ha−1, or thiobencarb at 840 and 1,680 g ha−1; however, a synergistic response occurred for barnyardgrass control at 14, 21, and 49 DAT with imazethapyr at 70 g ha−1mixed with propanil plus thiobencarb at 3,360 g ha−1. The synergistic response observed for red rice and barnyardgrass control with a mixture of imazethapyr plus propanil plus thiobencarb can benefit producers by increasing control of red rice and barnyardgrass, and this mixture contains three herbicides with three different modes of action, which can be part of an overall resistance-management strategy in imidazolinone-resistant (IR) rice.
Trends and influencing factors in professional indemnity claims
Authors: Powell Thomas
Published: June 2015

Griffiths & Armour have been practising since 1934 and have an entire division dedicated to professional indemnity insurance, Griffiths & Armour Professional Risks (GAPR). The vast majority of GAPR’s client base consists of construction professionals, and this makes them one of the most experienced professional indemnity insurance brokers in the market today. This article will, as the title suggests, consider what factors influence claims against construction professionals, with a particular emphasis on consulting engineers. It will also seek to reveal whether there are any identifiable meaningful trends in respect of such claims against civil engineers and structural engineers. The data sample used consists of extracts from GAPR’s database, a worthy source given their history and client base.
Pablo Toribio Pérez, Isaac Newton Historia Ecclesiastica De origine schismatico Ecclesiae papisticae bicornis (María Asunción Sánchez Manzano)
Authors: Sánchez Manzano María Asunción
Published: June 2015

Reseña escrita por María Asunción Sánchez Manzano de Pablo Toribio Pérez Isaac Newton Historia Ecclesiastica
Trauma and the Effects on the Midwife
Authors: Calvert Irene , Benn Cheryl
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND:When practicing as a lead maternity carer, the first author (IC) found that following a traumatic practice experience, there appeared to be very little emotional support for the midwife unless provided by colleagues or family. Midwives were expected to continue as if nothing had happened and they had not been affected in any way by the event.

AIM:To explore the effects of a traumatic practice experience on the midwifery practitioner.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHOD:A qualitative study using a narrative research method was implemented. Data were collected using an adapted biographical narrative interview method. An eclectic approach was used to analyze the data for content and form based on identity and ontology.

FINDINGS:The study demonstrated that partnership and autonomous midwifery practice are key drivers that make New Zealand midwives more likely to be blamed for unfortunate outcomes, and their competence in practice challenged. The study identified that a breach of relational trust exacerbates or prolongs the initial physiological and/or psychological symptoms experienced by the participating midwives following a traumatic practice event. The perpetrators of this betrayal of trust were organizational and clinical managers, medical and midwifery colleagues, women, and their families.

CONCLUSION:The participants’ stories have drawn attention to the effects of counterproductive behaviors that occur in dysfunctional health organizations and the need for professional emotional support.
Commencing Undergraduate Midwifery Students’ Beliefs About Birth and the Role of the Midwife
Authors: Bass Janice , Sidebotham Mary , Gamble Jenny , Fenwick Jennifer
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND: A shift has occurred in the last decade toward preregistration undergraduate Bachelor of Midwifery programs in Australia. This has led to an increase in the numbers of student midwives from diverse backgrounds with limited experience of university and socialization into hospital systems.

AIM: This study aimed to explore commencing midwifery students’ beliefs about birth and expectations of the role of the midwife.

METHOD: A qualitative descriptive approach was used. All 115 commencing first-year midwifery students enrolled in the first week of an undergraduate Bachelor of Midwifery program were invited and completed a self-administered survey. The survey used open-ended questions to elicit student beliefs about birth and the role of the midwife. Latent content analysis was used to analyze the data set.

FINDINGS: Midwifery students’ beliefs were captured within the four themes: birth as “a miracle,” “a woman’s journey,” “a transformative event,” and “a natural process.” Students articulated the role of the midwife as one of support, education, advocacy, and partnership. Student beliefs and expectations were aligned with the emergent philosophy of the normality of birth and woman-centered care within the Australian maternity care context.

CONCLUSION: Greater understanding is essential to designing quality midwifery education programs that are responsive to the needs of commencing student midwives. Supporting midwifery students’ successful transition into, and early engagement with the midwifery profession, may have long-term benefits in terms of retention and successful completion of their program. In addition, ensuring professional socialization occurs early is likely to develop graduates who are well prepared to work across their full scope and are willing to participate in the reform of maternity services in Australia.
Bereavement After Informal Caregiving: Assessing Mental Health Burden Using Linked Population Data
Authors: Moriarty John , Maguire Aideen , O’Reilly Dermot , McCann Mark
Published: June 2015

Objectives. We compared the mental health risk to unpaid caregivers bereaved of a care recipient with the risk to persons otherwise bereaved and to nonbereaved caregivers.

Methods. We linked prescription records for antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs to characteristics and life-event data of members of the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (n = 317 264). Using a case-control design, we fitted logistic regression models, stratified by age, to model relative likelihood of mental health problems, using the proxy measures of mental health–related prescription.

Results. Both caregivers and bereaved individuals were estimated to be at between 20% and 50% greater risk for mental health problems than noncaregivers in similar circumstances (for bereaved working-age caregivers, odds ratio = 1.41; 95% confidence interval = 1.27, 1.56). For older people, there was no evidence of additional risk to bereaved caregivers, though there was for working-age people. Older people appeared to recover more quickly from caregiver bereavement.

Conclusions. Caregivers were at risk for mental ill health while providing care and after the death of the care recipient. Targeted caregiver support needs to extend beyond the life of the care recipient.
Debating Water Fluoridation Before Dr. Strangelove
Authors: Carstairs Catherine
Published: June 2015

In the 1930s, scientists learned that small amounts of fluoride naturally occurring in water could protect teeth from decay, and the idea of artificially adding fluoride to public water supplies to achieve the same effect arose. In the 1940s and early 1950s, a number of studies were completed to determine whether fluoride could have harmful effects. The research suggested that the possibility of harm was small. In the early 1950s, Canadian and US medical, dental, and public health bodies all endorsed water fluoridation. I argue in this article that some early concerns about the toxicity of fluoride were put aside as evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of water fluoridation mounted and as the opposition was taken over by people with little standing in the scientific, medical, and dental communities. The sense of optimism that infused postwar science and the desire of dentists to have a magic bullet that could wipe out tooth decay also affected the scientific debate.
The Oregon Public Health Policy Institute: Building Competencies for Public Health Practice
Authors: Luck Jeff , Yoon Jangho , Bernell Stephanie , Tynan Michael , Alvarado Carla Sarai , Eversole Tom , Mosbaek Craig , Beathard Candice
Published: June 2015

The Oregon Public Health Policy Institute (PHPI) was designed to enhance public health policy competencies among state and local health department staff. The Oregon Health Authority funded the College of Public Health and Human Sciences at Oregon State University to develop the PHPI curriculum in 2012 and offer it to participants from 4 state public health programs and 5 local health departments in 2013.

The curriculum interspersed short instructional sessions on policy development, implementation, and evaluation with longer hands-on team exercises in which participants applied these skills to policy topics their teams had selected. Panel discussions provided insights from legislators and senior Oregon health experts.

Participants reported statistically significant increases in public health policy competencies and high satisfaction with PHPI overall.
Mobile Misfortune
Authors: Vigh Henrik
Published: June 2015

This article examines how the emergent cocaine trade in Bissau, the capital of the west African country of Guinea-Bissau, has become entangled with and trickled into the life worlds, hopes and fears of the city’s many impoverished young men. The article is divided into two parts. While the first part looks at the predicament of youth and the hope of migration in Bissau, the second illuminates the anguish of deportation and the despair of being forcefully ‘displaced back home.’ Following in the footsteps of the young men that seek to navigate the cocaine trade, in order to obtain better lives for themselves and their families, it shows how involvement in the cocaine trade is both a curse and a catalyst. Though trading the drug may facilitate migration and mobility, generating social being and worth in the process, it is an activity that is haunted by the threat of deportation and the termination of the mobility it enables. This article, thus, looks at the motives and manners in which young men in Bissau become caught up in transnational flows of cocaine. It shows how motion is emotively anchored and affectively bound: tied to and directed toward a feeling of worth and realisation of being, and how migration from the global South often has negative potentiality as an end-point via the ascription of illegality and condition of deportability that shade it.
Solving Energy-Aware Real-Time Tasks Scheduling Problem with Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm on Heterogeneous Platforms
Authors: Zhang Weizhe , Bai Enci , He Hui , Cheng Albert
Published: June 2015

Reducing energy consumption is becoming very important in order to keep battery life and lower overall operational costs for heterogeneous real-time multiprocessor systems. In this paper, we first formulate this as a combinatorial optimization problem. Then, a successful meta-heuristic, called Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA) is proposed to reduce the energy consumption. Precocity remission and local optimal avoidance techniques are proposed to avoid the precocity and improve the solution quality. Convergence acceleration significantly reduces the search time. Experimental results show that the SFLA-based energy-aware meta-heuristic uses 30% less energy than the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm, and 60% less energy than the Genetic Algorithm (GA) algorithm. Remarkably, the running time of the SFLA-based meta-heuristic is 20 and 200 times less than ACO and GA, respectively, for finding the optimal solution.
Bioinformatics-Aided Venomics
Authors: Kaas Quentin , Craik David
Published: June 2015

Venomics is a modern approach that combines transcriptomics and proteomics to explore the toxin content of venoms. This review will give an overview of computational approaches that have been created to classify and consolidate venomics data, as well as algorithms that have helped discovery and analysis of toxin nucleic acid and protein sequences, toxin three-dimensional structures and toxin functions. Bioinformatics is used to tackle specific challenges associated with the identification and annotations of toxins. Recognizing toxin transcript sequences among second generation sequencing data cannot rely only on basic sequence similarity because toxins are highly divergent. Mass spectrometry sequencing of mature toxins is challenging because toxins can display a large number of post-translational modifications. Identifying the mature toxin region in toxin precursor sequences requires the prediction of the cleavage sites of proprotein convertases, most of which are unknown or not well characterized. Tracing the evolutionary relationships between toxins should consider specific mechanisms of rapid evolution as well as interactions between predatory animals and prey. Rapidly determining the activity of toxins is the main bottleneck in venomics discovery, but some recent bioinformatics and molecular modeling approaches give hope that accurate predictions of toxin specificity could be made in the near future.
La périurbanisation en Autriche : le cas de Vienne (The development of suburbia and the outskirts in Austria : the example of Vienna)
Authors: Paal Michaela
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - This paper deals with the question of suburban development in the Eastern region of Austria including the Viennese agglomeration area. The resistance of the structure of Central places and the relationship between little towns as centres of employment call for a new definition of outskirts and suburban belts.
«La forêt prend l'air» : quels impacts des modifications de l'atmosphère sur la forêt ? (The forest takes the air : what impacts of modifications of the atmosphere on the forest ?)
Authors: Mortier Frédéric
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les rapports entre l'augmentation du taux de gaz à effet de serre et la vie des arbres sont complexes. Une augmentation de la température et du taux de CO2 stimule la production de biomasse dans les forêts, qui stocke une partie du carbone supplémentaire. Les forêts avanceraient vers les pôles et s'élèveraient en altitude. Mais la plus forte production de biomasse épuiserait les sols pauvres, conduirait à l'extinction d'espèces végétales. Il faut donc protéger au maximum les forêts actuelles et nouvelles dans leur diversité.
Biodiversité et forêt. Un exemple d'étude au sein d'un écocomplexe : le bassin-versant du Petit-Buesch (Hautes-Alpes) (Biodiversity and forest. The watershed of the Petit-Buesch (Hautes-Alpes))
Authors: Rameau Jean-Claude
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - Biodiversity has become an important consideration within the context of forest management. After a brief definition of biodiversity, we consider the example of a study currently underway in the southern Alps concerning the impact of various types of management on the diversity of flora and fauna, some insect groups and birds. It is apparent from this research that diversity shows constant variations across forest cycles and that previous human practice has a major influence on current diversity. The diversity of tree species (and their functional groups) plays a key role in the various dynamic processes that develop in the watershed under study.
Atouts et flexibilité des réseaux marchands maritimes bugis en Indonésie (Flexibility and assets of commercial maritime networks of the Bugis in Indonesia)
Authors: Riegel Carole
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - La navigation indonésienne combine le trafic de flottes modernes et de navires locaux, tels que les voiliers motorisés en bois, ou klm (kapal layar motor). L'ethnie des Bugis, très active dans ce type de commerce interinsulaire, illustre le dynamisme et la souplesse de ces réseaux maritimes traditionnels. L'étude de leurs caractéristiques et de leurs atouts soulèvent la nécessité de s'appuyer sur les potentiels et les ressources locales pour assurer un développement harmonieux du pays. La flotte traditionnelle garantit en effet une fluidité dans les échanges interinsulaires, assure la subsistance de nombreuses couches de la population, particulièrement en temps de crise, et entretient un tissu de relations entre de nombreux éléments disparates de l'archipel, cimentant ainsi dans une large mesure l'unité du pays.
Une nouvelle approche de l'importance métropolitaine et de la relativité des réseaux urbains en Europe (The new approach of metropolises in European urban structure)
Authors: Paal Michaela
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - The re-definition of the economic role of European metropolises concerns the specialization in services which means new hierarchical structures and new urban competition. The paper deals with the long-term perspectives of specialization on the one hand (product-cycle-theory or comparative advantages) and with the perspectives of co-operation and competition on the other.
Des riches parmi les pauvres ? La « géographie prioritaire » et les emplois-ville : exemple de discrimination par l'habitat des politiques de lutte contre le chômage au sein des quartiers dits « sensibles » (Riches among poors ? "Geographic priority" and "emplois-ville")
Authors: Guillemot Lionel
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les emplois-ville, mesure pour l'emploi destinée à favoriser l'insertion des jeunes habitant dans les grands ensembles et quartiers d'habitat dégradé, sont l'illustration de l'application la plus significative de la «géographie prioritaire» prônée par le Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité et par celui de la Ville. Ces emplois-ville, bien que tendant aujourd'hui à disparaître et/ou à être oubliés, ont été l'occasion de définir en 1996, au sein des principaux pôles urbains de chaque département, les sites apparaissant comme les plus discriminants pour l'emploi, au numéro près dans chaque rue.
Projet culturel et réhabilitation socio-spatiale, outils de régénération d'une agglomération urbaine industrielle menacée : le cas du Béthunois et de la Chartreuse du Mont Sainte-Marie (Cultural project and socio-spatial renovation : the case of Bethunois and Chartreuse of Mout Ste Marie)
Authors: Mariotti Alessia
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Ce travail propose d'analyser comment un élément du patrimoine historique et culturel participe au processus de développement du territoire et dans quelle mesure sa présence influence l'évolution des projets proposés par les administrations et les organismes locaux. La recherche s'est déroulée dans le contexte d'un site historique et géographique soumis depuis de nombreuses années à différents projets de rénovation et de réhabilitation. Il s'agit de la chartreuse du Mont Sainte-Marie de Gosnay (Pas-de-Calais), qui constitue un exemple de patrimoine intégré dans le territoire car les acteurs de sa réhabilitation cherchent à ce que les bâtiments qui la composent jouent un rôle de lien entre un territoire communal désarticulé et les habitants pour lesquels l'ensemble patrimonial constitue moins un bien culturel qu'un lieu à usage à de résidence.
La diffusion rurale des industries textiles en Flandre française à la fin de l'Ancien Régime et au début du XIXème siècle
Authors: Deyon Pierre
Published: June 2015

Ce texte met l'accent sur les conditions générales de la proto-industrialisation dans cette région : poussée démographique, urbanisation précoce, productivité de l'agriculture. L'auteur étudie la diffusion géographique du phénomène, met en lumière son influence sur la démographie et propose quelques directions de recherches ultérieures.
La diffusion rurale de l'industrie cotonnière en France (1750-1850)
Authors: Chassagne Serge
Published: June 2015

Serge Chassagne, "The rural diffusion of cotton industry in France (1750-1850)".

Here are briefly underlined three questions touching the diffusion of cotton industry in the country. First of all, how did this new activity spread itself out in the course of the eighteenth century ? This question compels us to cast a new glance on the too widely accepted connection between industrial and urban developments, and draws the attention on certain trading manufacturers, ill-known and yet efficiently helped by the King's administration. Secondly, how did the mechanization of spinning affect the scattered system of work organization ? The technological improvements neither brought forth a brutal concentration of the production nor ruined the old system of scattered manufacturing. Lastly, who are those rural industry workers ? The example of the Mauges weavers, a region which is nowadays famous for its well-balanced development, provides us with elements of an anthropological survey which demands to be carried on in some other place.
Mutations économiques et sociales de Dunkerque pendant la guerre d'Amérique
Authors: Cabantous Alain
Published: June 2015

Duinkerken kende heel wat konfliktrn na 1662 en de Amerikaanse onafhankelijkheidsoorlog viel samen met een heropleving van de kaapvaart, dank zij o.m. de aktiviteit van Amerikaanse kapers en met de voortdurende bloei van de handel na 1763. De Duinkerkse handelaars wisten zich aan de nieuwe omstandigheden aan te passen : zij verkochten bescher- ming aan de vissersvloten, zij gebruikten de neutrale vlag vanuit Nieuwpoort en Oostende en ontwikkelden de kustvaart. De oorlog bracht ook veranderingen mee voor de havengemeens- chap : migratie (aankomst in Duinkerken van een internationale maritieme fauna ; vertrek van reders en zeelui naar Oostende) bankroet van handelshuizen, verrijking van bepaalde groepen (cabarethouders, handelsfamilies) echter zonder diepgaande herverdeling van de grote fortuinen.
Structural transitions in electron beam deposited Co–carbonyl suspended nanowires at high electrical current densities
Authors: Gazzadi Gian Carlo , Frabboni Stefano
Published: June 2015

Suspended nanowires (SNWs) have been deposited from Co–carbonyl precursor (Co2(CO)8) by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID). The SNWs dimensions are about 30–50 nm in diameter and 600–850 nm in length. The as-deposited material has a nanogranular structure of mixed face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Co phases, and a composition of 80 atom % Co, 15 atom % O and 5 atom % C, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, respectively. Current (I)–voltage (V) measurements with current densities up to 107 A/cm2 determine different structural transitions in the SNWs, depending on the I–V history. A single measurement with a sudden current burst leads to a polycrystalline FCC Co structure extended over the whole wire. Repeated measurements at increasing currents produce wires with a split structure: one half is polycrystalline FCC Co and the other half is graphitized C. The breakdown current density is found at 2.1 × 107 A/cm2. The role played by resistive heating and electromigration in these transitions is discussed.