bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine structural characteristics related to digestion properties of acid‐treated fruit starches
Authors: Espinosa‐Solis Vicente , Sanchez‐Ambriz Sandra L. , Hamaker Bruce R. , Bello‐Pérez Luis Arturo
Published: August 2011

Starches from unripe fruits (mango, banana, and plantain) were acid modified to form different degrees of lintners with the objective to increase the slowly digestible starch (SDS) and RS contents. Molecular, thermal, and structural characteristics were evaluated. Mango starch showed higher susceptibility to acid hydrolysis than banana and plantain starches. The peak temperature of gelatinization (Tp) showed a decrease at low hydrolysis percentage, but at higher hydrolysis percentage the Tp increased. However, the enthalpy of gelatinization presented an increase with the hydrolysis percentage, but was not higher than its native counterpart. In general, the peak temperature and enthalpy of retrogradation increased with hydrolysis percentage due to formation of linear chains during the modification that promoted retrogradation. High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis demonstrated the presence of multiple‐branches (DP = 96–109), single branched (DP = 28–31), and linear (DP = 16–18) polymers in the fruit starch lintners. The acid treatment (lintnerization) of mango starch had no effect on the SDS fraction, while for plantain and banana starches, the SDS content increased (6.14–35.4%) at low hydrolysis percentage (0–50%) followed by a decrease at higher days of hydrolysis. At higher hydrolysis percentage (70–80%) the RS content increased for the three fruit lintners.
Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Novel Counterions
Authors: Jiang Yajie , Geng Tao , Li Qiuxiao
Published: August 2011

The preparations of quaternary ammonium compounds from various tertiary amines and the (environmentally friendly) alkylation agent dimethyl carbonate were carried out. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, material mol ratio and solvent dosage on quaternization were examined, and the optimum reaction conditions were determined. Under the optimum conditions, the conversions of mono‐alkyl tertiary amines could attain over 99%, while the conversions of di‐alkyl tertiary amines reached over 95%. Moreover, a series of quaternary ammonium salts with new counterions (HCO3, CH3COO, CH3CH2COO, CH3CH(OH)COO) were synthesized by the hydrolysis of methyl carbonate quaternary ammonium salts or by ion exchange reaction of methyl carbonate quaternary ammonium salts with corresponding acids.
Serum 2‐Methoxyestradiol, an Estrogen Metabolite, is Positively Associated with Serum HDL‐C in a Population‐Based Sample
Authors: Masi Christopher M. , Hawkley Louise C. , Cacioppo John T.
Published: August 2011

Serum HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C) is inversely associated with coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and atherosclerosis in men and women. Among postmenopausal women, oral conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) increases serum HDL‐C. This is due to activation of hepatic nuclear estrogen receptors, resulting in increased HDL‐C expression, as well as modulation of proteins which metabolize HDL‐C. 2‐methoxyestradiol (2‐MeOE2), an estrogen metabolite, has several vasculoprotective effects and may play a role in HDL‐C production. 2‐MeOE2 inhibits HMG‐CoA reductase in vitro but no study has examined the relationship between serum 2‐MeOE2 and serum HDL‐C. A population‐based sample provided information regarding demographic characteristics and use of antihyperlipidemic medications. Serum was analyzed for 17β‐estradiol (E2), estrogen metabolites (EMs), and lipoproteins. Results included serum EM data from 51 men and 47 postmenopausal women. Preliminary analysis revealed no correlation between 2‐MeOE2 and serum HDL‐C in men so the current analysis includes only women (N = 40) with no missing demographic, medication, EM, or lipoprotein data. Linear regression revealed that serum 2‐MeOE2 and antihyperlipidemic medications were positively associated with serum HDL‐C (β = 0.276, P = 0.043, and β = 0.307, P = 0.047, respectively) when age, race/ethnicity, and body mass index were held constant. Prospective studies are needed to determine if 2‐MeOE2 is causally related to HDL‐C in women.
The Top 30 Rising Stars Program: An Inter-Organizational Approach to Leadership Succession Planning
Authors: Dilworth Katie , Lankshear Sara , Cava Maureen , Aldred Jacqueline , Hawkes Nancy , Lefebre Nancy , Price Jennifer , Lawler Valerie
Published: August 2011

An effective leadership development program is an organizational investment that advances individual performance while strengthening organizational capabilities. The Top 30 Rising Stars Program is a leadership succession program designed to enable leadership capacity building within and across organizations. Key components of the program include formal learning, stretch opportunities, and mentorship. Evaluation results reveal high participant satisfaction and an increase in reported self-confidence in their ability to assume a formal leadership position.
The Restructuring of Institutional Long-Term Care in St. John's: Impact of Supply-Induced Demand on Planning
Authors: Wilson Robert C. , McDonald Jacqueline , Barrett Brendan , Parfrey Patrick S.
Published: August 2011

Restructuring of institutional long-term care was undertaken using predictions of future bed need with assumptions made on incidence rates of clients defined by type of disability, survival, and demographic changes. Recent substantial increase in the population rate of clients seeking placement across all degrees of disability, coincident with new facilities for those with modest disability, occurred. Consequently, more appropriate housing and supervised care beds, and more limited downsizing of nursing homes will be required.
Capacity Building in Residential Care
Authors: Gnaedinger Nancy , Robinson Janice
Published: August 2011

A retrospective analysis of how the Dementia Care Program (DCP) contributed to capacity building at The Lodge at Broadmead (2004–2009) was conducted in 2010. Results showed facility-wide enhancements in (1) information capital, because of educational workshops and other forms of interactive learning for all staff, and (2) social capital, because of evaluation and information-sharing. It was concluded that the DCP increased staff's capacity to deliver best practice dementia care.
Client Satisfaction in Support of Service Planning within a Regulatory Framework: Experience of a Research Hospital
Authors: Alcia Lisa , Cawdron Ruth
Published: August 2011

Research Operations at UHN provide services to a large, complex client research community with varying needs. This requires complex coordination and continual refining of service and resource targets to meet client, government and external stakeholder requirements. The UHN Research Operations model focuses on six key enablers: client education, service team expertise, direct communication, process improvement, quality assurance, and, systems and tools. Service departments that have deployed these enablers experience improved client satisfaction.
L'accessibilité par la production de preuves: Une démarche pour intégrer de nouvelles technologies prometteuses aux soins de santé
Authors: Menon Devidas , Stafinski Tania , Nardelli Alexa , Jackson Terri , Jhamandas Jack
Published: August 2011

L'évolution rapide des nouvelles technologies de la santé, pour lesquelles on dispose de preuves limitées, mais prometteuses, soulève un défi de taille, celui de dispenser des soins qui répondent aux besoins de santé de la population et optimisent l'issue des patients, qui démontrent une utilisation efficace des ressources en santé et qui respectent les principes fondamentaux d'équité, d'accès et de choix. Dans le présent article, nous proposons « l'accessibilité par la production de preuves » comme mécanisme possible pour relever ce défi et en exposons l'application à la « méthode Zamboni » pour le traitement de la sclérose en plaques.
Convection in three-dimensional vibrofluidized granular beds
Authors: VISWANATHAN H. , SHEIKH N. A. , WILDMAN R. D. , HUNTLEY J. M.
Published: August 2011

We study convective motion in vertically vibrated three-dimensional granular beds by comparing the predictions of a model based on a hydrodynamic description to Navier–Stokes order with experimental results obtained using positron emission particle tracking (PEPT). The three-dimensional conservation equations relating mass, momentum and energy are solved using the finite element (FE) method for a viscous vibrofluidized bed by using only observable system parameters such as particle number, size, mass and coefficients of restitution. The mean velocity profiles from the viscous model show reasonable agreement with the experimental results at relatively low altitudes for the range of experimental values studied, though the velocity fields at higher altitudes were systematically underestimated by the model. We confirm that the convection rolls are influenced by the sidewall coefficient of restitution and demonstrate the scaling relationships that operate, where increasing amplitude of vibration leads to a reduction in the angular velocity of the rolls.
Lipid metabolism of orchiectomised rats was affected by fructose ingestion and the amount of ingested fructose
Authors: Makino Satoru , Kishida Taro , Ebihara Kiyoshi
Published: August 2011

We examined whether lipid metabolism in orchiectomised (ORX) rats was affected by fructose ingestion and the amount of ingested fructose. Sucrose was used as a fructose source. Sham-operated and ORX rats were fed one of the following three diets for 28 d: a maize starch-based diet without sucrose (SU0), a diet by which half or all of maize starch was replaced by sucrose (SU50 or SU100). Body-weight gain and food intake were increased by sucrose ingestion, but decreased by ORX. Plasma total cholesterol concentration was increased by ORX and dose-dependently by sucrose ingestion. Plasma TAG concentration was decreased by ORX, but was increased dose-dependently by sucrose ingestion. Plasma insulin concentration was decreased by ORX, but was not affected by sucrose ingestion. Liver TAG was increased by sucrose ingestion and ORX; however, liver cholesterol concentration was not affected by sucrose ingestion and ORX. The hepatic activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 was not affected by sucrose ingestion and ORX; however, faecal excretion of bile acids was decreased. The mRNA level of microsomal TAG transfer protein, which is the gene related to hepatic VLDL production, was increased by ORX and sucrose ingestion. The mRNA level of uncoupling protein-1 was decreased by ORX, but not by sucrose ingestion. Plasma insulin concentration tended to correlate with the level of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1c mRNA (r0·747,P = 0·088). These results show that lipid metabolism in ORX rats would be affected by the consumption of fructose-rich sweeteners such as sucrose and high-fructose syrup.
Effect of B-vitamins and n-3 PUFA supplementation for 5 years on blood pressure in patients with CVD
Authors: Szabo de Edelenyi Fabien , Vergnaud Anne-Claire , Ahluwalia Namanjeet , Julia Chantal , Hercberg Serge , Blacher Jacques , Galan Pilar
Published: August 2011

Certain epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that n-3 fatty acids and folate can reduce blood pressure (BP). We investigated the effect of a daily supplementation with dietary doses of B-vitamins or n-3 fatty acids for 5 years on BP in patients with a history of CVD who participated in the Supplémentation en Folates et Omega-3 trial. The patients (n 2501; 1987 men and 514 women) were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to one of four groups: B-vitamins (5-methyl-THF (560 μg); vitamin B6 (3 mg) and vitamin B12 (20 μg)) and a placebo capsule for n-3 fatty acids; n-3 fatty acids (600 mg of EPA and DHA at a ratio of 2:1) and a placebo capsule for B-vitamins; both B-vitamins and n-3 fatty acids; or placebo capsules for both treatments. The patients took two capsules daily in a double-blind manner for a median duration of 4·7 years. At baseline and annual examination for 5 years, the patients underwent a clinical examination where BP and clinical and biological parameters were assessed. No effect of supplementation with either n-3 PUFA or B-vitamins on BP was observed in crude and adjusted multivariate models. Change in BP was not associated with change in homocysteine. In conclusion, the present results do not support the routine use of dietary supplements containing B-vitamins, or of n-3 fatty acids, to reduce BP in people with prior CVD.
PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF SOYBEAN IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNA
Authors: KAMARA ALPHA Y. , EKELEME FRIDAY , OMOIGUI LUCKY O. , AJEIGBE HAKEEM A.
Published: August 2011

Soybean (Glycine max) is a major cash crop in the savannas of Nigeria although productivity is typically constrained by poor soil fertility. The objective of this research was to determine the interactive effect of N and P on soybean productivity in the northern Guinea and Sudan savannas of northeast Nigeria. Experiments were conducted using locally adapted early and late maturing cultivars. Two rates of N and three rates of P fertilizer were also compared at both sites over two years. At both sites, pods plant−1 and seed yield were higher in 2006 than in 2007, possibly due to better rainfall distribution in 2006. Nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on seed yield or pods plant−1. Application of P fertilizer increased pods plant−1 by 40–66%. Averaged across site and year, seed yield with no P was 1057.2 kg ha−1 while yield with 20 and 40 kg ha−1 P were 1941.0 kg ha−1 and 2371.5 kg ha−1, respectively. No significant interaction effect between N and P fertilizer on seed yield and pods plant−1 was observed. The late maturing cultivar yielded less than the earlier maturity group cultivar in 2007 likely due to moisture stress. For optimum seed yield 40 kg of P fertilizer ha−1 is recommended for soybean production in both locations. Our results suggest that N fertilizer is not critical for soybean production in this area.
EFFECT OF SALINE IRRIGATION WATER ON MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA) CROP YIELD AND SOIL SALINITY IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF NORTH INDIA
Authors: SINGH AJAY , PANDA SUDHINDRA NATH
Published: August 2011

The groundwater in some parts of north India is generally saline and not suitable for drinking. However, it can be used for growing salt-tolerant crop plants. To explore the potential of using saline groundwater for farm production, a field experiment was conducted at Shahpur village, near Hisar in Haryana State, India, to study the effect of different qualities of irrigation water on mustard (Brassica juncea, cv. RH–30) crop growth, yield, water use efficiency and soil salinity. Treatments consisted of combinations of irrigation with saline groundwater (electrical conductivity (EC) 7.48 dS m−1), and a good quality canal water (EC 0.4 dS m−1) applied either alone, as blends or in alternate applications. In all treatments, canal water was used for pre-sowing irrigation. In mustard cultivation, saline groundwater with an EC of 7.48 dS m−1 can be used safely to supplement all post-sowing irrigations with marginal decline in crop yield. Irrigation with saline groundwater gave a yield as high as 95% of the optimum crop yield obtained with fresh canal water. The temporal variation in salinity showed that mustard yield responds to the average salinity of the soil during the growing season. Thus saline groundwater is a good water source to exploit for supplemental irrigation.
ON THE LOCAL-INDICABILITY COHEN–LYNDON THEOREM
Authors: ANTOLÍN YAGO , DICKS WARREN , LINNELL PETER A.
Published: August 2011

For a group H and a subset X of H, we let HX denote the set {hxh−1 | h ∈ H, x ∈ X}, and when X is a free-generating set of H, we say that the set HX is a Whitehead subset of H. For a group F and an element r of F, we say that r is Cohen–Lyndon aspherical in F if F{r} is a Whitehead subset of the subgroup of F that is generated by F{r}. In 1963, Cohen and Lyndon (D. E. Cohen and R. C. Lyndon, Free bases for normal subgroups of free groups, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 108 (1963), 526–537) independently showed that in each free group each non-trivial element is Cohen–Lyndon aspherical. Their proof used the celebrated induction method devised by Magnus in 1930 to study one-relator groups. In 1987, Edjvet and Howie (M. Edjvet and J. Howie, A Cohen–Lyndon theorem for free products of locally indicable groups, J. Pure Appl. Algebra45 (1987), 41–44) showed that if A and B are locally indicable groups, then each cyclically reduced element of A*B that does not lie in A ∪ B is Cohen–Lyndon aspherical in A*B. Their proof used the original Cohen–Lyndon theorem. Using Bass–Serre theory, the original Cohen–Lyndon theorem and the Edjvet–Howie theorem, one can deduce the local-indicability Cohen–Lyndon theorem: if F is a locally indicable group and T is an F-tree with trivial edge stabilisers, then each element of F that fixes no vertex of T is Cohen–Lyndon aspherical in F. Conversely, by Bass–Serre theory, the original Cohen–Lyndon theorem and the Edjvet–Howie theorem are immediate consequences of the local-indicability Cohen–Lyndon theorem. In this paper we give a detailed review of a Bass–Serre theoretical form of Howie induction and arrange the arguments of Edjvet and Howie into a Howie-inductive proof of the local-indicability Cohen–Lyndon theorem that uses neither Magnus induction nor the original Cohen–Lyndon theorem. We conclude with a review of some standard applications of Cohen–Lyndon asphericity.
ON RADICAL FORMULA IN MODULES
Authors: NIKSERESHT A. , AZIZI A.
Published: August 2011

We will state some conditions under which if a quotient of a module M satisfies the radical formula of degree k (s.t.r.f of degree k), so does M. Especially, we will introduce some particular modules M′ such that M′ ⊕ M″ s.t.r.f of degree k, when M″ s.t.r.f of degree k. Furthermore, we will show that, under certain conditions, if the completion of a module M s.t.r.f of degree k, then there is a non-negative integer k′ such that M s.t.r.f. of degree k′. Moreover, we state a corrected version of Leung and Man's theorem (K. H. Leung and S. H. Man, On commutative Noetherian rings which satisfy the radical formula, Glasgow Math. J. 39 (1997), 285–293) on Noetherian rings that satisfies the radical formula.
MONOLITHIC MODULES OVER NOETHERIAN RINGS
Authors: CARVALHO PAULA A. A. B. , MUSSON IAN M.
Published: August 2011

We study finiteness conditions on essential extensions of simple modules over the quantum plane, the quantised Weyl algebra and Noetherian down-up algebras. The results achieved improve the ones obtained by Carvalho et al. (Carvalho et al., Injective modules over down-up algebras, Glasgow Math. J. 52A (2010), 53–59) for down-up algebras.
ON THE SOLVABILITY OF SYSTEMS OF SUM–PRODUCT EQUATIONS IN FINITE FIELDS
Authors: VINH LE ANH
Published: August 2011

In an earlier paper, for ‘large’ (but otherwise unspecified) subsets , , , of q, Sárközy showed the solvability of the equations a + b = cd with a ∈ , b ∈ , c ∈ , d ∈ . This equation has been studied recently by many other authors. In this paper, we study the solvability of systems of equations of this type using additive character sums.
Effectiveness of lifestyle intervention in overweight children
Authors: Reinehr Thomas
Published: August 2011

Therapy of choice in obese children and adolescents is lifestyle intervention based on nutrition education, behavioural treatment and exercise treatment. Its efficacy even after the end of intervention has been proven by several randomised-controlled trials and meta-analyses including a recent Cochrane review. However, randomised-controlled trials are likely to overestimate the effectiveness. Studies under normal day-to-day circumstances demonstrated only a very moderate effect on weight loss (<10% success rate 2 years after the onset of intervention). A reduction of >0·5 SDS-BMI (which means a stable weight over 1 year in growing children) is associated with an improvement of cardiovascular risk factors, while improvements of quality of life seem independent of the degree of weight loss. Younger children and less overweight children particularly profit from lifestyle interventions in contrast to extremely obese adolescents. Recent studies demonstrated that involving parents is crucial for success, suggesting that parents and children and not children alone should be the primary target of interventions. Failures in weight reduction are attributed not only to a lack of motivation but also to other aspects particular to the genetic background. The techniques, more than the contents, of an intervention influence the treatment outcome. Besides behavioural therapy, systemic and solution-focused treatments are important. Future longitudinal research should focus on the identification of which children and adolescents profit from which kind of intervention, in order to be able to tailor specific treatment approaches. Studies under normal day-to-day circumstances are necessary to prove the benefit of this kind of intervention.
The politics of heritage and the limitations of international agency in contested cities: a study of the role of UNESCO in Jerusalem's Old City
Authors: DUMPER MICHAEL , LARKIN CRAIG
Published: August 2011

This article problematises international heritage interventions in divided cities through exploring UNESCO's role in Jerusalem's Old City. It examines the tension between universal heritage values and protocols and nationalist agendas which often involve politicised archaeological responses. Drawing on comparative case studies of UNESCO-affiliated projects in Fez and Aleppo, and in the violently divided cities and regions of Mostar and Kosovo, it assesses future challenges and possibilities facing UNESCO in Jerusalem. While the article confirms an increased need for an international arbitrator and protector for the city's sacred sites and divided cultural heritage, it also underscores the limitations of UNESCO's legal remit and the political sensitivities which hinder its praxis.
EUROPEAN FRIESIANS - THE CANADIAN AND AMERICAN INVASION
Authors: Cunningham E.P.
Published: August 2011

The use of Holstein cattle genes from Canada and the United States is increasing in European Friesians. Estimates of the rate of change are given.
THE NATIVE SHEEP OF SRI LANKA
Authors: Goonewardene L.A. , Ravindran V. , Nadarajah K. , Rajamahendran R.
Published: August 2011

The native sheep of Sri Lanka is described, and its growth and reproductive parameters under traditional management systems are reported. The need to evaluate this sheep under optimal nutritional and husbandry conditions is highlighted.
THE INDIGENOUS GOATS OF NIGERIA
Authors: Ngere L.O. , Adu I.F. , Okubanjo I.O.
Published: August 2011

The three breeds of goat in Nigeria - Sahel (Sh), Red Sokoto (RS) and West African Dwarf (WAD) - are described. The performance of the latter two is illustrated in the tables.
THE FERAL CATRLE OF SWONA, ORKNEY ISLANDS
Authors: Hall S.J. , Moore C.F.
Published: August 2011

The feral cattle, currently numbering 33, which inhabit the Orkney island of Swona, are described. Their behaviour while foraging for seaweed is compared with thatof sheep, and aspects of their social behaviour and population structure are compared with what has been observed among the Chillingham white cattle.
THE INDIGENOUS DOMESTIC ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF UGANDA
Authors: Mbuza F. M. B.
Published: August 2011

The author discusses the overall availability and economic role of indigenous livestock resources in Uganda. After a distinct reduction in number during the 80's, there is now an upsurge in the cattle number (4 300 000 in 199 1). The better milk yielding Ankole (Songa cattle) represents nearly half of those cattle, while just over 32% are of the zebu short-horn type (mainly the stocky Nkedi and the large framed Karamojong). The remaining 18% are of the non-distinct Nganda type that probably originated the crossbreeding of the Ankole and zebu shorthorns. While there are no exact data concemin crossbreeding with exotic breeds, it is estimated that there are some 30 000 exotic beef and dairy cattle and around 100 000 crossbreeds. The total goat population remained reasonably stable in recent years (3 700 000 of which 2 000 000 are breeding females). The majority (I 500 000) belong to the distinct smallbodied East Afiican goat type (25–30 kg liveweight), the two other distinct populations being those originating in the Mubende (4 230 000) and the Kigezi (930 000) regions. Both are predominantly black coloured, the Mubende being characterized by a short and fine coathair, the Kigezi being longhaired. All sheep breeds are fat-tailed. The Masai (216 000) is found in the Eastern and Northern part of the country, the Black-head (490 000) in the East and the so-called East Mrican long-tail (257 000) all over the country. The author indicates that there is an indigenous pig type (670 000) and some 1 200 000“village”chickens.
FOUR INTERESTING ENDANGERED BREEDS OF ANIMALS IN CHINA
Authors: Chen You-Chun
Published: August 2011

The Zhoushan and Hainan cattle, Hu sheep and Wuzhishan pigs are local domestic populations in China. Their ecospecific characters are unique. Zhoushan and Hainan cattle are different from each other, but both are zebu of the Chinese type, deriving from Indian origins. The distinctive pattern of coat colour for each of these two breeds and some blood serum polymorphisms show to a certain degree common factors with Bali cattle which are descendents of the gaur. Hu sheep are prolific and they are the only breed that shows oestrus cycles all year round in the world. Hu sheep are protected under the in situ conservation programme but still are in a critical situation due to the impact of the fast growing rural economics. There are less than 30 Wuzhishan pigs remaining, of which only 3 are boars. All of them are in ex situ conservation, but special attention is needed to protect them as a breed.
CHARACTERIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE MALPURA SHEEP BREED
Authors: Mehta S. C. , Vij P. K. , Joshi B. K. , Sahai R. , Nivsarkar A. E.
Published: August 2011

Observations were recorded on morphological characteristics, body weights and body measurements of 344 Malpura sheep belonging to nine age groups during a survey conducted in 18 randomly selected villages of three blocks of the Chittorgarh district of Rajastha. The body weights at birth, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months and adult weight averaged 3.3, 6.7±0.88, 12.9±0.71, 16.4±0.71, 21.0±1.00 and 31.4 kg respectively. Height, body length, chest girth, paunch girth, face length, face width, tail length and ear length of adult Malpura sheep averaged 63.6, 66.8, 77.1, 80.9, 20.7, 9.8, 30.3 and 6.3 cm respectively. Sex of the animal had significant effect on weight, height, body length and chest girth at 8 teeth stage. Phenotypic correlations of body weight with height, chest girth and paunch girth ranged from 0.76±0.04 to 0.88±0.03 and regression of weight on these body measurements ranged from 0.63±0.02 to 0.98±0.05.
LES POPULATIONS DE BETAIL PRESENTES AU TOGO
Authors: Hadzi Y. N.
Published: August 2011

RESUME

Le cheptel togolais se compose de bovins, de petits ruminants, de porcins et de volailles. Les deux régions septentrionales et la région centrale du pays abritent plus de la moitié du cheptel bovin. La population de petits ruminants est composée essentiellement d'ovins et de caprins; ces derniers sont principalement concentrés dans les deux régions méridionales où leur viande est plus appréciée que celle des ovins. Les élevages traditionnels de porcins sont répartis dans tout le pays, mais sont plus concentré s dans la région Maritime. La race locale prédomine car l'introduction des races améliorées a été faite sur une échelle très limitée. L'élevage de volailles de races locales est aussi très répandu, mais la densité rapportée au nombre de ménages agricoles est plus élevée dans le nord que dans le sud du pays.
ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN BOTSWANA
Authors: Senyatso E. K , Masilo B. S
Published: August 2011

RESUME

Cet article fait le point sur l'état des ressources génétiques animales du Botswana, notamment après plusieurs années de sécheresse. Sont également présentés les résultats de comparaison des performances des principales races locales entre elles, avec des races importées et avec des animaux croisés. Grâce à leur grande adaptation aux conditions locales, les animaux de race Tswana restent les plus productifs.
ETUDE DES RESSOURCES GENETIQUES CAPRINES DE L'ALGERIE DU NORD A L'AIDE DES INDICES DE PRIMARITE
Authors: Khemici E. , Mamou M. , Lounis A. , Bounihi D. , Ouachem D. , Merad T. , Boukhetala K.
Published: August 2011

RESUME

Les ressources génétiques caprines (CaprahircusL.) d'Algérie n'ont pas fait l'objet d'une attention particulière comparativement au reste des populations de l'espèce du Bassin méditerranéen. En témoigne la méconnaissance de leur degré d'appartenance à l'une des trois catégories de la classification évolutive des animaux de ferme qui comprend espèce sauvage, population primaire - initialement population traditionnelle - et race standardisée. Des données relatives à la variabilité génétique de douze loci à effets visibles sont considérées pour caractériser les populations caprines des Monts Dahra et Aurès. Ces travaux se basent sur l'emploi de deux indices récemment introduits: l'indice de primarité loci en ségrégation (IPs) et l'indice de primarité allèles au locus Agouti (IPa). Les résultats obtenus plaident en faveur de l'appartenance de ces populations à la catégorie de population primaire.
EL CABALLO LOSINO
Authors: Martinez Saiz J. M. , Valera Cordoba M. , Molina Alcala A.
Published: August 2011

El caballo Losino, Pony sp Losino segun Mason (1960), recibe su denominacion del area oringinal de cria, el Valle de Losa, en el Norte de la provincia de Burgos (España). Se encuentra emparentado con otras razas autoctonas derivadas del tronco Cantabro-Pirenaico: el garrano portugues, el faco gallego, el caballo asturcon, el thieldon, la jaca soriana, el caballo navarro, el pottoka vasco, el caballo de Merens y el extinguido caballo catalan. La Raza Losina mantuvo sus efectivos hasta los anos 50 pero posteriormente, y debido principalmente a la mecanizacion del campo, al cruce con razas de aptitud carnica y con ganado asnal para la produccion mulatera, su poblacion descendio hasta llegar en 1986 a los limites mas criticos de toda su historia. Ese ano, en vista de la alarmante situacion, se inicio el proyecto de recuperacion de la raza creandose posteriormente en Pancorbo (Burgos) el primer Centro de Cria y Seleccion del caballo Losino. En este Centro se viene manteniendo el sistema natural de crianza en libertad. Los animales, una vez que han sido desbravados y domados, vienen utilizados para la equitación infantil juvenil, en enganches y para realizar las rutas ecuestres por zonas rurales y de montaña.
GOAT GENETIC RESOURCES IN INDIA AND THEIR IMPROVEMENT FOR INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Chopra S.C.
Published: August 2011

Goats have an important place in the Indian economy. There is a need for proper description anid evaluation of existing genetic resources and determining the need for their conservation. The paper explains the philosophy of progeny testing in goats for production of proven bucks. It contains the observations on existing selection programmes and recommendations for an improved system to provide the knowledge required to adapt record keeping and progeny testing technology to the unique Indian environment.
Studies on feed utilization growth pattern and milk composition in Mithun (Bos frontalis)
Authors: Yadav B.P.S. , Verma N. D.
Published: August 2011

Studies were conducted on two calves and a pregnant female captured from the forest to assess the feed utilization, growth pattern and milk composition in Mithun (Bos frontalis), a rare bovine species of north-eastern India. The DMI, kg/100 kg body weight was 0.05 with DM and OM digestibility of 56.95 ± 3.68 and 58.46 ± 3.51 percents, respectively, in calves. The growth was more during the May to October months, however, the average growth of 181.26 ± 23.51 g day-1 was obtained during the year on grazing. The Mithun was not a milk yielder, but became accustomed to milking. Fat content in milk varied from 6.8 to 7.8%. The total solids, protein, lactose, ash and solid not fat (SNF) were estimated at 18.0, 4.9, 5.0, 0.8 and 10.7% respectively with COB negative at 4°C. The birth weight of the male calf was estimated at 22.0 kg, and an average growth of 325.14 g day-1 was determined in 214 days with maximum weight gain during the first two months of age.
Phenotypic characterization of the Saudi Arabian Hassawi cattle breed
Authors: Mohammed T. A.
Published: August 2011

Hassawi cattle breed is a mix of Bos indicus and Bos taurus. The cattle are raised in the Eastern province of the country by farming families in mixed farming system. The breed numbers are declining very fast, from 10 449 head in 1986 to an estimated maximum of 4 500 head at present.

The decrease is mainly due to replacement by exotic breeds, the indiscriminate crossing with these exotics, particularly in view of the scarcity of the Hassawi bulls for mating. Animals are small in size, mature body weight 210-270 kg for bulls and 150-200 kg for cows, quite uniform in colour (light red) and body conformation have conspicuously reduced dewlap and umbilical folds and relatively large hump. Animals are heat tolerant, sustain high feed intake under ambient temperature, resistant to many diseases prevailing in the region and cows have good mothering ability. Productivity of the breed in terms of meat and milk is low when compared to that of exotics in high input production environments, but reproduction performance excels that of temperate breeds and zebu cattle.

Efforts should be made to stop the decline in the breed numbers and to conserve the breed as an asset for production under harsh environment.
The Betizu Cattle of the Basque country
Authors: Gómez M. , Plazaola J. M. , Seiliez J. P.
Published: August 2011

The Betizu feral cattle breed is considered as one of the most endangered and ancient in Europe. It is native to the Basque Country (Euskadi). A small number survives in Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa (Basque Autonomous Community), the Navarre and the Atlantic Pyrenees Department of France (Lapurdi). This paper describes the origin, habitat, zootechnical characteristics, aptitudes and attributes of this breed. At present, conservation projects have been initiated in order to preserve the remaining populations.
The Criollo Horse in Uruguay
Authors: Vila F. , Valera M. , Molina A.
Published: August 2011

The Criollo horse bred in Uruguay is a direct descendant of the Andalusian horses that were brought to America by the Spanish conquerors. It is not an isolated population. Ever since its coming into existence it has been related to the other populations of the southern countries of South America (Chile, Argentina and Uruguay). It is adapted to the most divergent regions of the continent, evolving through natural selection into a versatile breed, suited in particular for farm work because of its endurance, courage and capacity for recuperation.

At the beginning of this century, its existence was endangered because of the tendency of crossing with European breeds. Around this time, breeder organisations appeared in various countries and with them the standardisation of the Criollo horse as a breed. From this moment on, its growth was well maintained and constant, and today it is also being bred in Germany and Italy.
The development and maintenance of animal recording systems in Greece: a case study
Authors: Georgoudis A. , Baltas A.
Published: August 2011

Animal performance recording and breeding in Greece aim at improving milk production of pure-bred cattle under intensive systems and of sheep and goats under semi-intensive or extensive production systems. Although milk recording was established in Greece by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1952, it is only since 1978 that it has been carried out more systematically on larger populations and in the frame of a more specific genetic improvement programme for each animal species and breed. For the application of this programme, close co-operation has been set up among the competent services of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Agricultural Universities of the country and the relevant farmers' organisations which are in the process of being established. Milk is recorded on 61 867 dairy cows (29% of the total dairy population) in 1 425 herds (average herd size 43 cows), 31 611 dairy sheep (0.36% of the total sheep population) in 429 flocks (average flock size 72 ewes) and 3 296 goats (0.06% of the total goats population) in 36 flocks (average flock size 92). The procedures of performance recording and the future planning, aiming at increasing the number of animals and the recorded traits as well as the supporting of the farmers in managing their herds/flocks, are presented.
Conservation and utilisation of the Sahiwal cattle in Kenya
Authors: Muhuyi W.B. , Lokwaleput I. , Ole Sinkeet S.N.
Published: August 2011

Sahiwal cattle are indigenous to Pakistan and India, and were imported to Kenya in 1930s and 1940s. The breed has been developed as a dual-purpose breed and is utilised in smallholder farming systems, beef and dairy ranching in marginal areas of Kenya which form 80% of the country. Conservation efforts include keeping of Sahiwal herds on state farms, individual ranches and the establishment of the Sahiwal semen bank at the Central Artificial Insemination Station at Kabete near Nairobi. Breeding of the Sahiwal has been promoted by the formation of the Sahiwal Breeders Society which has established breed standards for registration of Sahiwal cattle with the Kenya Stud Book.
Relaciones genéticas entre razas ibéricas de caballos utilizando caracteres morfológicos (prototipos raciales)
Authors: Jordana J. , Parés P.M.
Published: August 2011

A partir del estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo de 46 caracteres morfológicos, obtenidos a partir de recopilaciones bibliográficas, se analizan las relaciones existentes entre 17 poblaciones equinas de la Península Ibérica (14 razas españolas y 3 portuguesas).

Los resultados obtenidos permiten clasificar a las diferentes razas en sus correspondientes troncos ancestrales: Equus ferus gmelini, Equus ferus przewalski y Equus ferus solutreensis, integrándose los representantes de los dos primeros grupos en el llamado Tronco Tarpánico.

El promedio de distancia morfológica entre razas, medida como MCD (Mean Character Difference, o promedio de diferencias entre caracteres), tomó un valor de 0,51± 0,11. El análisis cuantitativo de los datos indica que el grupo que forman los poneys ibéricos es morfológicamente muy semejante, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con los grupos de los caballos de silla y los de tiro.

Se analizan las relaciones y se discuten las causas de la variabilidad morfológica entre grupos.
The Sambucana sheep: a project to save a valley
Authors: Luparia S.
Published: August 2011

At the beginning of the 1980's, Sambucana sheep, which have inhabited a valley in the northern Italian region of Cuneo since the Eighteenth century, were on the verge of extinction. In an effort to safeguard the breed, the ‘Comunità Montana’ and local institutes set up a consortium which includes approximately eighty breeders and has entrusted the recovery of the breed's genetic heritage, threatened by repeated cross-breeding with Biellese sheep, to a ram centre. The sales of Sambucana lamb, which is a highly prized meat guaranteed by a specific brand, have increased at the shops in the province served by the consortium, and moreover the economy of mountain communities has benefited from the protection program. A pack of wolves endangering the summer grazing of the sheep at high altitudes could in the future have a negative effect on the purity of the breed and the characteristics of the meat.
Turkey conservation in the United States
Authors: Sponenberg D.P. , Hawes R.O. , Johnson P. , Christman C.J.
Published: August 2011

The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy (ALBC) and the Society for the Preservation of Poultry Antiquities (SPPA) completed censuses of domesticated turkeys in 1997. The ALBC census targeted hatcheries and reported census figures for hens, while counting both hens and toms. Toms were about 10% of hen numbers. The ALBC census revealed that only eight seasonal hatcheries out of a total of 25 maintain breeding flocks, including 7 038 Bronze, 4 600 Large Whites, 664 Bourbon Reds, 381 Royal Palms, 62 Black, 60 Slate, 4 White Holland, and 3 Narragansett hens. The SPPA research included hatcheries and also private breeders, included both males and females, and also included anything the breeder deemed a variety. The census figures for the various varieties were: Bourbon Red 931, Royal Palm 717, Bronze 365, Black 211, White Midget 151, Slate 143, Narragansett 87, Buff 62, White Holland 38, Auburn 27, Lilac 24, Silver Auburn 19, Chocolate 12, Royal Nebraskan 8, Wisconsin 6, Spotted Nebraskan 3, 2 each of Dark Brown, Nebraska Royal, Nutmeg, and red, and 1 each of Chestnut, Fawn, and Lavendar. The results of these two approaches generated similar population rankings for these varieties. Both have concluded that the nonindustrial strains of turkeys have perilously low populations.
Characterization of Mehsana Buffaloes in India
Authors: Pundir R.K. , Sahana G. , Navani N. K. , Jain P.K. , Singh D.V. , Kumar Satish , Dave A.S.
Published: August 2011

Mehsana buffalo is distributed in Mehsana, Banaskantha and Sabarkantha districts of North Gujarat in India. The animals are reared for milk production. The management practices in the breeding tract were studied. The physical, production and reproductive characters were recorded. The Dudhsagar Research and Development Association located in Mehsana district has undertaken breed improvement programmes in farmers'herds by running field progeny testing and providing other animal husbandry services like artificial insemination, health coverage, etc. This has resultedin the improvement in the reproductive performance as is evident from the decreasein the average first service period by 74 days and the average first calving interval by 103 days from 1989 to 1997. Microsatellite DNA marker analysis was carried out on 25 Mehsana buffalo DNA samples using seven markers for genetic characterization of the breed. Number of alleles at different loci ranged from four to seven and heterozygosity ranged from 0.40 to 0.92.
Genetic diversity between Italian and Greek buffalo populations
Authors: Moioli B. , Georgoudis A. , Napolitano F. , Catillo G. , Lucioli S. , Ligda Ch. , Boyazoglu J.
Published: August 2011

The present study is a first step of a global project aiming at the estimation of the genetic distances and relationships among buffalo breeds and sub-populations and the investigation of the production potential and adaptability of different buffalo genotypes in various environments.

Genetic diversity of Italian and Greek buffalo populations was estimated on the basis of allele frequencies at nine polymorphic microsatellite loci: CSSM43, CSSM38, DRB3, D21S4, CYP21, CSSM47, CSSM60, CSSM36 and CSSM33. The number of detected alleles per locus varied from two (D21S4) to thirteen (CSSM47). Allele frequency distribution was similar in the two populations, which have the same alleles at the highest frequency at all loci, except loci CSSM47 and CSSM60. Average gene diversity over all loci was 0.60. Across-loci average gene diversity increased with the number of alleles. Observed average heterozygosity was 0.167 and 0.177 in the Italian and Greek populations, respectively. The degree of differentiation between Italian and Greek buffalo was moderate and estimated at 0.021 ± 0.009.
Phenotypic characterisation of native chicken lines in South Africa
Authors: van Marle-Köster E. , Casey N.H.
Published: August 2011

Native chicken lines in South Africa are associated primarily with rural households. A programme was established only as recently as 1994 to conserve the different lines found in South Africa. As no scientific data was available on the production traits of these lines, a research trial was conducted to describe them phenotypically in terms of their growth, carcass traits and egg production. Four different native lines, the Koekoek, Naked Neck, Lebowa-Venda and Ovambo chicken were included in the study. Significant differences were observed among the lines, which means that the lines could be described as different native lines in terms of their phenotypic traits. The Ovambo chicken had the best growth performance, while the Koekoek showed the highest performance for egg production. Although production is poor in comparison with commercial lines, the contribution of these birds to household food security and application in low-input systems should be recognized and further investigated.
Beetal goats in their native tract
Authors: Tantia M.S. , Vij P.K. , Sahana G. , Jain A. , Prasad S.K.
Published: August 2011

Beetal is one of the largest Indian breeds of goats bred mainly for milk but equally important for meat as well. This breed is found in Punjab along the Indo-Pakistani border. The status of the Beetal breed in its native tract was studied through a detailed survey in the Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts of Punjab. In this part of the country goats are mainly reared by ‘Sansi’ tribals who are landless. Goat flocks are mainly stationery and browsing is the main source of feed and fodder for these goats. Long drooping ears and roman nose are the typical characteristics of this breed. The total population of this breed in its native tract in 1997 was found to be 20 772 and the average flock size was 5.27. Average test day milk yield and lactation length were 1.8±0.79 kg and 161 days, respectively. Average ages at first kidding and kidding interval were 17.2 and 11.14 months, respectively. Prolificacy was fairly high with an average of 1.76 kids per kidding.

Beetal goats are the mainstay for the landless poor families of this region and the breed needs to be conserved in its breeding tract. There is a need to popularize this breed through demonstration units to convince the farmers that this breed is sustainable under low input conditions. This will help in in-situ conservation of the Beetal breed.
Leadersheep: the unique strain of Iceland sheep
Authors: Dýrmundsson Ó.R.
Published: August 2011

A unique strain of sheep, known to lead the flock, has evolvedwithin the short-tailed, native breed of Iceland sheep. Leadersheep, known for centuries, walk or run in front of the flock, even in bad weather conditions, they may foresee climatic events and are generally very alert and attentive. The high level of intelligence expressed by these sheep is known to be strongly inherited, without being linked to sex, age, colour and otherexternal traits. However, little is known about the genetics of leadersheepper se. Most of them are non-white and horned with a slender body conformation. Since they are endangered with a breeding population of only some 1 000 purebred animals, mostly ewes, conservation measures are in progress, mainly through AI and individual recording. To strengthen these effortsenthusiastic breeders and scientists founded the Leadersheep Society of Iceland in the spring of 2000. While the main aim is to conserve and maintain leadersheep, future possibilities of utilizing their unique characteristicsare being considered.