bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatal child abuse detected by systematic post-mortem fundus photograph in sudden death in infancy
Authors: Ducloyer Jean-Baptiste , Jossic Frédérique , VAN Goethem Valentine , Lebosse David , Cornee Charlène , Le Meur Guylène , Ducloyer Mathilde
Published: April 2024

In living children, the use of a wide field fundus camera such as RetCam is the gold standard practice to document retinal haemorrhages in suspected cases of abusive head trauma (AHT). In case of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), child abuse must be considered as a possible cause of death and an eye examination is required. However, no example of post-mortem fundus photograph (PMFP) of retinal haemorrhages related to AHT is yet available for clinicians.

We report a SUDI case, with no external traumatic lesions or limb fractures, for which prompt PMFP showed retinal haemorrhages typical of AHT: child abuse was subsequently confirmed by the forensic investigation. We discuss why PMFP is a relevant screening test to detect retinal haemorrhages in the case of SUDI and why the use of the RetCam should be further investigated.
Cleaning protocols in forensic genetic laboratories
Authors: Kampmann Marie-Louise , Tfelt-Hansen Jacob , Børsting Claus
Published: April 2024

It is pivotal to avoid cross-sample contamination in forensic genetic laboratories and optimal cleaning protocols for the removal of DNA are essential. A survey was performed, and ten forensic genetic laboratories shared their cleaning protocols in pre-PCR and post-PCR laboratories. The cleaning frequencies on different surface areas were somewhat similar, whereas none of the laboratories used the same cleaning reagents. Therefore, the efficiencies of the cleaning protocol utilised were tested and compared. The results showed that freshly made household bleach and Virkon® removed all amplifiable DNA from the surfaces, whereas DNA AWAY™ and the disinfection reagents ethanol, isopropanol, and ChemGene HLD4L did not.
The taphonomic effects of long-term burial in the South African Highveld
Authors: Landsman Claudia , Myburgh Jolandie , Meyer Anja
Published: April 2024

Taphonomy studies the environmental effects on remains from the time of deposition to the time of recovery and has been integrated into the field of forensic anthropology. The changes to skeletal remains are dependent on the method of disposal and the surrounding environment. This study focused on buried remains where the type and chemical composition of the soil and the microorganisms present need to be considered. The aim was to investigate the type, frequency, and correlations of the taphonomic alterations of buried domestic pigs. Six taphonomic alterations were observed which included depositional staining, adipocere formation, bone weathering, acidic soil corrosion, and plant, and animal activity. Depositional staining, weathering and plant activity were the most common alterations followed by adipocere which was present on 92.3% of the remains. The bones were mostly stained dark brown and brown; however, the trunk region was the only region to present with black staining. The right sides were darker than the left due to the body positioning as most pigs were placed on their right sides and thus were in direct contact with the cadaver decomposition island. Additionally, the right sides presented with more adipocere as well as increased plant activity suggesting that the soil retained water. Darker stains were correlated with a more complete skeleton as adipocere provides some protection. The study confirms that there are various complicated relationships between different taphonomic alterations. A good understanding of them is needed in forensic anthropology to assist in reconstructing the events that occur after death.
Improved quality of life and psychological symptoms following mindfulness and cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis and their mediating role for cognition: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nauta Ilse M. , van Dam Maureen , Bertens Dirk , Kessels Roy P. C. , Fasotti Luciano , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J. , Speckens Anne E. M. , de Jong Brigit A.
Published: April 2024

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently gives rise to depressive and anxiety symptoms, but these are often undertreated. This study investigated the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) on psychological outcomes and quality of life (QoL), and whether they mediate treatment effects on MS-related cognitive problems.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial included MS patients with cognitive complaints (n = 99) and compared MBCT (n = 32) and CRT (n = 32) to enhanced treatment as usual (n = 35). Baseline, post-treatment and 6-months follow-up assessments included patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) and cognitive outcomes (self-reported and neuropsychological assessment). PROMS concerned psychological symptoms, well-being, QoL, and daily life function. Linear mixed models indicated intervention effects on PROMS and mediation effects of PROMS on cognitive outcomes.

Results

MBCT positively affected depressive symptoms (Cohen’sd(d) = −0.46), fatigue (d = −0.39), brooding (d = −0.34), mindfulness skills (d = 0.49), and mental QoL (d = −0.73) at post-treatment. Effects on mindfulness skills remained significant 6 months later (d = 0.42). CRT positively affected depressive symptoms (d = −0.46), mindfulness skills (d = 0.37), and mental QoL (d = −0.45) at post-treatment, but not at 6-month follow-up. No effects on anxiety, well-being, self-compassion, physical QoL, and daily life function were found. Treatment effects on self-reported, but not objective, cognition were mediated by psychological symptoms and mindfulness skills.

Conclusions

MBCT and CRT reduced a wide array of psychological symptoms and improved mental QoL. These improvements seemed to impact self-reported cognitive problems after both treatments, whereas objective cognitive improvements after MBCT seemed independent of improvement in psychological symptoms. Future studies should investigate long-term sustainability of these beneficial effects.

Trial registration

The trial was prospectively registered in the Dutch Trial registry on 31 May 2017 (NL6285;https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR6459).
Gait asymmetry and symptom laterality in Parkinson’s disease: two of a kind?
Authors: Seuthe Jana , Hermanns Helen , Hulzinga Femke , D’Cruz Nicholas , Deuschl Günther , Ginis Pieter , Nieuwboer Alice , Schlenstedt Christian
Published: April 2024

Background

The laterality of motor symptoms is considered a key feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we investigated whether gait and turning asymmetry coincided with symptom laterality as determined by the MDS-UPRDS part III and whether it was increased compared to healthy controls (HC).

Methods

We analyzed the asymmetry of gait and turning with and without a cognitive dual task (DT) using motion capture systems and wearable sensors in 97 PD patients mostly from Hoehn & Yahr stage II and III and 36 age-matched HC. We also assessed motor symptom asymmetry using the bilateral sub-items of the MDS-UPDRS-III. Finally, we examined the strength of the association between gait asymmetry and symptom laterality.

Results

Participants with PD had increased gait but not more turning asymmetry compared to HC (p < 0.05). Only 53.7% of patients had a shorter step length on the more affected body side as determined by the MDS-UPDRS-III. Also, 54% took more time and 29% more steps during turns toward the more affected side. The degree of asymmetry in the different domains did not correlate with each other and was not influenced by DT-load.

Conclusions

We found a striking mismatch between the side and the degree of asymmetry in different motor domains, i.e., in gait, turning, and distal symptom severity in individuals with PD. We speculate that motor execution in different body parts relies on different neural control mechanisms. Our findings warrant further investigation to understand the complexity of gait asymmetry in PD.
Note on the Theorem of Balog, Szemerédi, and Gowers
Authors: Reiher Christian , Schoen Tomasz
Published: April 2024

We prove that every additive set A with energy $$E(A)\ge |A|^3/K$$

E

(
A
)

≥

|
A
|

3

/
K

has a subset $$A'\subseteq A$$

A
′

⊆
A

of size $$|A'|\ge (1-\varepsilon )K^{-1/2}|A|$$

|

A
′

|
≥

(
1
-
ε
)

K

-
1
/
2

|
A
|

such that $$|A'-A'|\le O_\varepsilon (K^{4}|A'|)$$

|

A
′

-

A
′

|
≤

O
ε

(

K
4

|

A
′

|
)

. This is, essentially, the largest structured set one can get in the Balog–Szemerédi–Gowers theorem.
Design and simulation of a micro-coiled digitally-controlled variable inductor with a monolithically integrated MEMS switch
Authors: Sharaf A. , Eladl Sh. M. , Nasr A. , Serry M.
Published: April 2024

This work introduces the design, analysis, simulation, and a standard MEMS fabrication process for a three-dimensional micro-coil with a magnetic core and a digital switch configuration using a completely integrated, fully MEMS-compatible process to achieve a digitally controlled inductance. The proposed design can also be utilized as a micro-transformer. The proposed design consists of five identical 3D coils and their corresponding MEMS switches. These coils are digitally controlled to achieve a variable inductor ranging from one-fifth of the coil inductance up to five times the coil inductance. A standard five-layer Polymumps process is proposed to fabricate the micro-coils and the integrated switches. Each micro coil is anchored directly on-chip, which is connected to the input signal from one side, and the other is connected to the switch. The Ni-based magnetic core improves the coil’s response by confining and guiding the magnetic field in the magnetic device compared to Si core based by more than five times. The presented coil has the number of windings limited by the designed length and the minimum spacing that can be realized by standard optical lithography. The coil’s diameter is also restricted by the limits defined by optical lithography, whereas the maximum height realizable by the Polymumps process limits the height of the magnetic core and accordingly results in lower inductor performance. Based on this technique, we present coils ranging from 100 μm length and ten winding up to 1000 μm length and 100 windings. The new monolithically integrated MEMS switches act as selectors to achieve a variable inductance with digital control to allow the selection among n(n + 1)/2 inductance steps, where n is the number of coils.
Thoracolumbar fascia and chronic low back pain in idiopathic lumbar scoliosis: an ultrasonographic study
Authors: Yerli Sibel , Yinanç Satuk Buğrahan , Yağcı Gözde , Erbahçeci Fatih , Özçakar Levent
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The role of thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) in the development of chronic low back pain (CLBP) has growing evidence in the literature. Although CLBP is reported in individuals with idiopathic scoliosis (IS), its relationship with the TLF has yet not been established. This study aims to evaluate the TLF and its relationship with CLBP in IS.

Methods

A total of 60 individuals were included in the study. They were divided into three groups as follows: painful scoliosis (n = 20, age: 17.1 ± 3.7 years, Cobb angle: 15–43°), non-painful scoliosis (n = 20, age: 16.4 ± 3.4 years, Cobb angle: 15–45°), and healthy group (n = 20, age: 16.4 ± 4.7 years). Pain was evaluated using the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. TLF thickness was evaluated on the lumbar region using ultrasonography. Trunk range of motion was assessed using a universal goniometer, and flexibility was assessed with sit-and-reach test.

Results

The thickness of the right TLF was greatest in the painful group, followed by non-painful (p = 0.007) and healthy (p < 0.001) groups. The thickness of the left TLF in the non-painful and painful groups was greater compared to the healthy group (p < 0.001). In the painful group, right TLF thickness was negatively correlated with trunk flexion/extension (r = −0.540, p = 0.014/r = −0.514, p = 0.020) and left rotation (r = −0.499, p = 0.025) but positively correlated with pain (r = 0.562, p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Thickening of the TLF was observed in IS, whereby, in the presence of CLBP, it was further intensified. We suggest considering fascial thickening as a potential contributing factor to both pain and limited motion in relevant patients.
Structural properties of different sphere packings with arbitrary porosities for planetary-science applications
Authors: Klar L. , Glißmann T. , Lammers K. , Güttler C. , Blum J.
Published: April 2024

Granular solids in planetary science are found in the regolith that covers planetary surfaces as well as in the bulk of rubble-pile asteroids, comets and planetesimals. To help understand the physics of these planetary bodies, we aim at deriving the structural properties of granular packings over a large range of porosities. Relevant to fluid flow and gas diffusion are the void spaces inside the granular packings so that we analyze the mean free path of point-like particles, their diffusion constant and their total traveled path lengths. For mechanical and heat-transport properties, the coordination number and the absolute chain length of the inter-connected particles are important. Generally, we also derive the homogeneity and isotropy of the granular solids. We compare granular packings generated by four algorithms for porosities in the range between 85 and 42%, which are the upper and lower limits for natural packings of equal-sized spheres. All produced sphere packings arrive at very similar quantities for the mean free path, the free path probability distribution function, the diffusion constant and the total traveled path length for the entire range of porosities. Hence, transport processes governed by the void-space properties are independent of the specific generation algorithm for the granular packing. In contrast, heat conduction or mechanical stresses almost exclusively depend on the existence and properties of particle contacts and particle chains in the network of spheres. In this case, the four algorithms deliver very different results.

Graphic abstract
In vitro activity of cefiderocol against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carrying various β-lactamase encoding genes
Authors: Uskudar-Guclu Aylin , Danyildiz Salih , Mirza Hasan Cenk , Akcil Ok Mehtap , Basustaoglu Ahmet
Published: April 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the in vitro efficacy of cefiderocol in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) isolates and evaluate the disk-diffusion (DD) method as an alternative method to broth-microdilution (BMD).

Methods

Totally 89 CRAB isolates were included. Cluster analysis was determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Resistance genes; blaOXA−51, blaOXA−23, blaOXA−24, blaOXA−58,blaPER−1, blaNDM, blaIMP and mcr-1 were screened. Cefiderocol susceptibility testing was performed by both DD and BMD. Interpretation was made according to EUCAST and CLSI. Categorical agreement (CA), minor errors (mEs), major errors (MEs), and very major errors (VMEs) were determined.

Results

PFGE revealed 5 distinct pulsotypes; 86 of the isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). All the isolates were negative for blaNDM, blaIMP, mcr-1, while positive for blaOXA−58 and blaOXA51. blaPER−1 was positive for 33.7%; blaOXA−23 for 74.2%; blaOXA−24 for 12.3%. According to CLSI, the MEs rate was 1.85%, mEs was 7.86% and there were no VMEs. According to EUCAST, MEs rate was 3.70%, there were no mEs and VMEs. CA was 91% for CLSI and 97.8% for EUCAST. MICs of cefiderocol against A. baumannii isolates ranged from 0.06 to > 128 mg/L, with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 0.5 and > 128 mg/L, respectively.

Conclusions

Cefiderocol susceptibility was 60.7% in CRAB isolates. MIC50, MIC90 of blaPER−1 positive and blaPER−1 negative groups were > 128/>128 and 0.25/>128 mg/L. A correlation between the presence of blaPER−1 and cefiderocol resistance was observed (p < 0.0001). Among colistin-resistant isolates, the presence of blaPER−1 was 47.1% and 75% of them were resistant to cefiderocol respectively.
Superior suppression of serum estrogens during neoadjuvant breast cancer treatment with letrozole compared to exemestane
Authors: Bertelsen Bjørn-Erik , Almås Bjørg , Fjermeros Kamilla , Viste Kristin , Geisler Stephanie Beate , Sauer Torill , Selsås Knut , Geisler Jürgen
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The aromatase inhibitor letrozole and the aromatase inactivator exemestane are two of the most pivotal cancer drugs used for endocrine treatment of ER-positive breast cancer in all phases of the disease. Although both drugs inhibit CYP19 (aromatase) and have been used for decades, a direct head-to-head, intra-patient-cross-over comparison of their ability to decrease estrogen synthesis in vivo is still lacking.

Methods

Postmenopausal breast cancer patients suitable for neoadjuvant endocrine therapy were randomized to receive either letrozole (2.5 mg o.d.) or exemestane (25 mg o.d.) for an initial treatment period, followed by a second treatment period on the alternative drug (intra-patient cross-over study design). Serum levels of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), letrozole, exemestane, and 17-hydroxyexemestane were quantified simultaneously using a novel, ultrasensitive LC–MS/MS method established in our laboratory.

Results

Complete sets of serum samples (baseline and during treatment with letrozole or exemestane) were available from 79 patients, including 40 patients starting with letrozole (cohort 1) and 39 with exemestane (cohort 2). Mean serum estrone and estradiol levels in cohort 1 were 174 pmol/L and 46.4 pmol/L at baseline, respectively. Treatment with letrozole suppressed serum E1 and E2 to a mean value of 0.2 pmol/L and 0.4 pmol/L (P < 0.001). After the cross-over to exemestane, mean serum levels of E1 and E2 increased to 1.4 pmol/L and 0.7 pmol/L, respectively. In cohort 2, baseline mean serum levels of E1 and E2 were 159 and 32.5 pmol/L, respectively. Treatment with exemestane decreased these values to 1.8 pmol/L for E1 and 0.6 pmol/L for E2 (P < 0.001). Following cross-over to letrozole, mean serum levels of E1 and E2 were significantly further reduced to 0.1 pmol/L and 0.4 pmol/L, respectively. Serum drug levels were monitored in all patients throughout the entire treatment and confirmed adherence to the protocol and drug concentrations within the therapeutic range for all patients. Additionally, Ki-67 values decreased significantly during treatment with both aromatase inhibitors, showing a trend toward a stronger suppression in obese women.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, we present here for the first time a comprehensive and direct head-to-head, intra-patient-cross-over comparison of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole and the aromatase inactivator exemestane concerning their ability to suppress serum estrogen levels in vivo. All in all, our results clearly demonstrate that letrozole therapy results in a more profound suppression of serum E1 and E2 levels compared to exemestane.
Combined effects of fungicides formulations and potato varieties on late blight management, yield and net farm income in Kenya
Authors: Kilonzi J. M. , Nyongesa M. W. , Amata R. L. , Pwaipwai P. , Githui D. , Omondi S. , Lusike W. , Kirugua V. , Mafurah J. J.
Published: April 2024

Management of late blight relies on the use of fungicides and potato varieties which have been associated with loss of efficacy over time. Baseline survey and field studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of fungicide formulations and potato varieties in managing late blight and subsequently on net farm income improvement. Four fungicides formulations (Infinito® (Fluopicolide 62.5g L−1 + propamocarb 625 g L−1), Milraz® (Propineb 700 g kg−1 + cymoxanil 60 g kg−1), Mistress 72® (Mancozeb 640 g kg−1 + cymoxanil 80 g kg−1) and Ridomil® (Metalaxyl 40 g kg−1 + mancozeb 640 g kg−1)), and varieties (Kenya Mpya, Shangi and Dutch Robijn) were evaluated. Survey results revealed that the majority (78%) of the farmers selected varieties to grow based on market dynamics as compared to seed availability (18%), disease resistance (12%) and other factors (8%). The most widely and least used fungicides were Ridomil® (28.8%) and Infinito® (1.7%) respectively. Late blight significantly reduced crop growth (height and stem count) and yield in the unprotected plots in Shangi and Dutch Robijn, but no effect was observed in K. Mpya. Mistress® suppressed blight symptoms by 54%, while Milraz® (lowest effects) reduced the disease by (43%). In unprotected plots, disease severity on K. Mpya was below 1%, while in Shangi and Dutch Robijn varieties, it was 60 and 78% respectively. Reduction in disease by Mistress® resulted in higher yield (30.70 t ha−1) as compared to the unprotected plots (9.25 t ha−1). Maximum yield (28.56 t ha−1) was obtained from K. Mpya, while Dutch Robijn, had the lowest observed yield (20.70 t ha−1) in protected plots. Yet, the highest cost benefit ratio (CBR) was recorded in unprotected plots with K. Mpya. The smallest CBR (1.55) was observed on plots where Milraz® was applied on Dutch Robjn. Results of this study show that, the use of fungicides reduced late blight and improved yield of potato substantially, but the efficacy varied with fungicide formulation and potato variety. However, the use of resistant variety was effective in managing late blight hence a useful tool for minimizing fungicide applications. Therefore, use of resistant variety could enhance a healthy biodiversity and at the same time maximize food production.
Two Physicalist Arguments for Microphysical Manyism
Authors: Thunder Simon
Published: April 2024

I here defend microphysical manyism. According to microphysical manyism, each composite or higher-level object is a mere plurality of microphysical particles. After clarifying the commitments of the view, I offer two physicalist-friendly arguments in its favour. The first argument appeals to the Canberra Plan. Here I argue that microphysical particles acting in unison play the theoretical roles associated with composite objects - that they do everything that we think of composite objects as doing - and thus that composite objects are to be identified with pluralities ofmicrophysical particles. Along the way I rebut the objections that pluralities of particles don’t display the right emergent, ‘lingering’, or modal properties to be good candidates for identification with higher-level objects. In the second argument I claim that microphysical manyism is uniquely able to capture a compelling and widespread physicalist intuition concerning the intimate nature of the relationshipbetween higher-level, composite objects and the microphysical world.
Death by Law: Restrictive Regulations and INGO Numbers
Authors: Fransen Luc , Dupuy Kendra E.
Published: April 2024

Does the adoption of restrictive regulations shape numbers of non-governmental organizations? Since the late 1990s, governments around the world have been enacting new legal measures designed to suppress civil society’s functions and organizational space to carry out advocacy and politically oriented work. Scholars have investigated the impact of these new regulations on foreign aid flows, voting behavior, and on organizations, but to date, we lack a systematic analysis about the cross-national global effects of these legal restrictions on numbers of international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) in particular, since it is these organizations (and their funders) that have been heavily targeted. In this research note, we fill this gap through an empirical analysis of the effects of various types of restrictive laws on INGO numbers in 96 countries between 1992 and 2018 and find that advocacy restrictions result in a reduction of transnational human rights organizations but not numbers of INGOs.
Logic Meets Wigner’s Friend (and their Friends)
Authors: Baltag Alexandru , Smets Sonja
Published: April 2024

We take a fresh look at Wigner’s Friend thought-experiment and some of its more recent variants and extensions, such as the Frauchiger-Renner (FR) Paradox. We discuss various solutions proposed in the literature, focusing on a few questions: What is the correct epistemic interpretation of the multiplicity of state assignments in these scenarios? Under which conditions can one include classical observers into the quantum state descriptions, in a way that is still compatible with traditional Quantum Mechanics? Under which conditions can one system be admitted as an additional ‘observer’ from the perspective of another background observer? When can the standard axioms of multi-agent Epistemic Logic (that allow “knowledge transfer” between agents) be applied to quantum-physical observers? In the last part of the paper, we propose a new answer to these questions, sketch a particular formal implementation of this answer, and apply it to obtain a principled solution to Wigner Friend-type paradoxes.
Dacryocystorhinostomy videos on YouTube as a source of patient education
Authors: Singh Gurfarmaan , Goel Raghav , Shapira Yinon , Hewitt Joseph , Ovenden Christopher , Selva Dinesh
Published: April 2024

Background

To determine the quality and reliability of DCR YouTube videos as patient education resources and identify any associated factors predictive of video quality.

Methods

A YouTube search was conducted using the terms “Dacryocystorhinostomy, DCR, surgery” on 12th of January 2022, with the first 50 relevant videos selected for inclusion. For each video, the following was collected: video hyperlink, title, total views, months since the video was posted, video length, total likes/dislikes, authorship (i.e. surgeon, patient experience or media companies) and number of comments. The videos were graded independently by a resident, a registrar and an oculoplastic surgeon using three validated scoring systems: the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), DISCERN, and Health on the Net (HON).

Results

The average number of video views was 22,992, with the mean length being 488.12 s and an average of 18 comments per video. The consensus JAMA, DISCERN and HON scores were 2.1 ± 0.6, 29.1 ± 8.8 and 2.7 ± 1.0, respectively. This indicated that the included videos were of a low quality, however, only DISCERN scores had good interobserver similarity. Videos posted by surgeons were superior to non-surgeons when considering mean JAMA and HON scores. No other factors were associated with the quality of educational content.

Conclusion

The quality and reliability of DCR related content for patient education is relatively low. Based on this study’s findings, patients should be encouraged to view videos created by surgeons or specialists in preference to other sources on YouTube.
Preparation and Characterization of SPEEK–PVA Blend Membrane Additives with Colloidal Silica for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Yagizatli Yavuz , Ulas Berdan , Sahin Alpay , Ar Irfan
Published: April 2024

An inexpensive membrane with high proton conductivity and high fuel cell performance, which can be an alternative to Nafion for PEMFC (Proton exchange membrane fuel cell), will overcome the obstacle to widespread commercialization of fuel cells due to high cost. For this purpose, SPEEK (sulfonated polyether ether ketone)-PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) blend membranes with colloidal silica additives were synthesized in this study. Ludox AS-40 was used as the colloidal silica source and the blend membrane was prepared by solution casting method. Water uptake capacity, swelling property, size change, dynamic mechanical analysis, ion exchange capacity, AC impedance analysis, hydrolytic and oxidative stability experiments of the synthesized Ludox additives blend membranes for fuel cell application were carried out, and the membranes were also characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) analysis. While the water uptake capacities of SPEEK/PVA membranes containing 1% Ludox, 5% Ludox, and 10% Ludox at room temperature were found to be 14.08%, 14.84%, and 16.6%, respectively, the water uptake capacities at 80oC increased to 14.73%, 15.17%, and 17.11%. The proton conductivities of 1% Ludox, 5% Ludox and 10% Ludox doped SPEEK/PVA membranes at 80oC were 0.25 S/cm, 0.56 S/cm, and 0.65 S/cm, respectively. Similarly, ion exchange capacities were determined to be 1.41 meq/g, 1.63 meq/g, and 1.71 meq/g, respectively. All Ludox-added membranes exhibited excellent hydrolytic stability, retaining approximately 88% of their mass after 650 h. In addition, in oxidative stability experiments carried out in 4 ppm Fe+ 2 at 80oC, the 10% Ludox-added membrane exhibited the highest weight loss of 88.8% at the end of 24 h, while the 5% Ludox-additive membrane retained 91.6% of its total weight. Considering the proton conductivity and longevity tests of the synthesized membranes, they are thought to be promising structures.

Graphical Abstract
Publication performance and trends in virtual reality research in education fields: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Elaish Monther M. , Yadegaridehkordi Elaheh , Ho Yuh-Shan
Published: April 2024

Virtual Reality (VR) technology has the potential to enhance education by providing immersive and engaging learning experiences that can improve teaching and learning outcomes. While there is a growing interest in utilizing VR in education settings, further research is needed to understand its pedagogical effectiveness and address associated considerations and challenges. This bibliometric study comprehensively analyzes 1,157 relevant articles from the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EPANDED) to gain insights into the current state of VR integration in education. The analysis revealed variation in VR adoption and research output across countries and institutions, underscoring the importance of collaboration and knowledge-sharing in the field. Key research areas and trends, such as the use of VR for skill development and training, were identified. Additionally, the study highlighted the need for more research on the pedagogical effectiveness of VR. The findings carry practical implications for guiding future research shaping policy decisions and advocating for a concerted effort to harness VR’s capabilities in education. This study serves as a practical roadmap, promoting the implementation and improvement of VR technology and fostering equitable and inclusive educational practices.
A new family of fourth-order energy-preserving integrators
Authors: Miyatake Yuto
Published: April 2024

For Hamiltonian systems with non-canonical structure matrices, a new family of fourth-order energy-preserving integrators is presented. The integrators take a form of a combination of Runge–Kutta methods and continuous-stage Runge–Kutta methods and feature a set of free parameters that offer greater flexibility and efficiency. Specifically, we demonstrate that by carefully choosing these free parameters, a simplified Newton iteration applied to the integrators of order four can be parallelizable. This results in faster and more efficient integrators compared with existing fourth-order energy-preserving integrators.
Impact of financial support expansion on restaurant entries and exits during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Oikawa Masato , Onishi Koichiro
Published: April 2024

This study examines the impact of an expansion of financial support to compensate for the business hour restrictions during the early COVID-19 pandemic on the entry of dine-in restaurants in the market. During this period, the local governments provided financial support to all restaurants to alleviate the urgent need for relief. This support was given regardless of their past performance, and it coincidentally provided an opportunity for new entrants that met certain criteria to receive support. Based on Japanese administrative data and a difference-in-differences estimation, our study shows that the expansion of financial support led to an increase in the number of dine-in restaurants. We also observed that the impact is more significant in areas with lower opening and operating costs, but it does not vary based on an index of potential sales. These results confirm that indiscriminate reduction of entry barriers could lead to the entry of less profitable and marginal new firms. Moreover, financial support led to a decrease in restaurant exits, especially of low-productive ones.
Needs and challenges of optical atmospheric monitoring on the background of carbon neutrality in China
Authors: Liu Wenqing , Xing Chengzhi
Published: April 2024

The achievement of the targets of coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 and the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality depend on the development of pollution and greenhouse gas monitoring technologies. Optical monitoring technology, based on its technical characteristics of high scalability, high sensitivity and wide-targets detection, has obvious advantages in pollution/greenhouse gases monitoring and has become an important direction in the development of environmental monitoring technology. At present, a system of environmental optical monitoring technology with differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), light detection and ranging (LIDAR), laser heterodyne spectroscopy (LHS), tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE) as the main body has been established. However, with the promotion of “reduction of pollution and carbon emissions” strategy, there have been significant changes in the sources of pollution/greenhouse gases, emission components and emission concentrations, which have put forward new and higher requirements for the development of monitoring technologies. In the future, we should pay more attention to the development of new optical monitoring techniques and the construction of stereoscopic monitoring system, the interdisciplinarity (among mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology, etc.), and the monitoring of greenhouse gases and research on atmospheric chemistry.
Expression Patterns of miRNAs in Egyptian Children with ADHD: Clinical Study with Correlation Analysis
Authors: Zeidan Hala M. , Nashaat Neveen Hassan , Hemimi Maha , Hashish Adel F. , Elsaeid Amal , Abd EL-Ghaffar Nagwa , Helal Suzette I. , Meguid Nagwa A.
Published: April 2024

ADHD has huge knowledge gaps concerning its etiology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) provide promising diagnostic biomarkers of human pathophysiology and may be a novel therapeutic option. The aim was to investigate the levels of miR-34c-3p, miR-155, miR-138-1, miR-296-5p, and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a group of children with ADHD compared to neurotypicals and to explore correlations between these measures and some clinical data. The participants were children with ADHD in Group I (N = 41; age: 8.2 ± 2) and neurotypical ones in Group II (N = 40; age: 8.6 ± 2.5). Group I was subjected to clinical examination, the Stanford Binet intelligence scale-5, the preschool language scale, and Conner’s parent rating scale-R. Measuring the expression levels of the miRNAs was performed by qRT-PCR for all participants. The BDNF level was measured by ELISA. The lowest scores on the IQ subtest were knowledge and working memory. No discrepancies were noticed between the receptive and expressive language ages. The highest scores on the Conner’s scale were those for cognitive problems. Participants with ADHD exhibited higher plasma BDNF levels compared to controls (p = 0.0003). Expression patterns of only miR-34c-3p and miR-138-1 were downregulated with significant statistical differences (p˂0.01). However, expression levels of miR-296-5p showed negative correlation with the total scores of IQ (p = 0.03). MiR-34c-3p, miR-138-1, while BDNF showed good diagnostic potential. The downregulated levels of miR-34c-3p and miR-138-1, together with high BDNF levels, are suggested to be involved in the etiology of ADHD in Egyptian children. Gender differences influenced the expression patterns of miRNAs only in children with ADHD.
Assessment of a novel BLOOMY score for predicting mortality in hospitalised adults with bloodstream infection
Authors: Tietäväinen Johanna , Seiskari Tapio , Aittoniemi Janne , Huhtala Heini , Mustonen Jukka , Huttunen Reetta , Syrjänen Jaana , Rannikko Juha
Published: April 2024

Purpose

A German multicentre study BLOOMY was the first to use machine learning approach to develop mortality prediction scores for bloodstream infection (BSI) patients, but the scores have not been assessed in other cohorts. Our aim was to assess how the BLOOMY 14-day and 6-month scores estimate mortality in our cohort of 497 cases with BSI.

Methods

Clinical data, laboratory data, and patient outcome were gathered retrospectively from patient records. The scores were calculated as presented in the BLOOMY study with the exception in the day of the evaluation.

Results

In our cohort, BLOOMY 14-day score estimated death by day 14 with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.87 (95% Confidence Interval 0.80–0.94). Using ≥ 6 points as a cutoff, sensitivity was 68.8%, specificity 88.1%, positive predictive value (PPV) 39.3%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 96.2%. These results were similar in the original BLOOMY cohort and outweighed both quick Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (AUC 0.76) and Pitt Bacteraemia Score (AUC 0.79) in our cohort. BLOOMY 6-month score to estimate 6-month mortality had an AUC of 0.79 (0.73–0.85). Using ≥ 6 points as a cutoff, sensitivity was 98.3%, specificity 10.7%, PPV 25.7%, and NPV 95.2%. AUCs of 6-month score to estimate 1-year and 5-year mortality were 0.80 (0.74–0.85) and 0.77 (0.73–0.82), respectively.

Conclusion

The BLOOMY 14-day and 6-month scores performed well in the estimations of mortality in our cohort and exceeded some established scores, but their adoption in clinical work remains to be seen.
Effect of fluid motions on finite spheres released in turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Tee Yi Hui , Longmire Ellen K.
Published: April 2024

This paper extends the work in Tee et al. (Intl J. Multiphase Flow, vol. 133, 2020, 103462) to investigate the effect of turbulent fluid motions on the translation and rotation of lifting and wall-interacting spheres in boundary layers. Each sphere was released from rest in smooth-wall boundary layers with

$Re_\tau =670$

and 1300 (

$d^+=56$

and 116, respectively) and allowed to propagate with the incoming fluid. Sphere and surrounding fluid motions were tracked simultaneously via three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry in streamwise–spanwise planes. Two-point correlations of sphere and fluid streamwise velocities yielded long positive regions associated with long fast- and slow-moving zones that approach and move over the spheres. The related spanwise correlations were shorter due to the shorter coherence length of spanwise fluid structures. In general, spheres lag the surrounding fluid. The less-dense lifting sphere had smaller particle Reynolds numbers varying from near zero up to 300. Its lift-offs coincided with oncoming fast-moving zones and fluid upwash. Wall friction initially retarded the acceleration of the denser sphere. Later, fluid torque associated with approaching high-velocity regions initiated forward rotation. The rotation, which was long-lived, induced sufficient Magnus lift to initiate repeated small lift-offs, reduce wall friction, and accelerate the sphere to higher sustained velocity. Particle Reynolds numbers remained above 200, and vortex shedding was omnipresent such that the spheres clearly altered the fluid motion. Spanwise fluid shear occasionally initiated wall-normal sphere rotation and relatively long-lasting Magnus side lift. Hence the finite sphere size contributed to multiple dynamical effects not present in point-particle models.
Contextualizing hard cider flavor language and market position
Authors: Neill Clinton L. , Lahne Jacob , Calvert Martha , Hamilton Leah
Published: April 2024

This paper investigates the market position of hard cider within the broader alcoholic beverage market. The first experiment identifies two distinct consumer segments—around 40% prioritize flavor attributes, while 53% prefer production information. The second experiment utilizes a basket- and expenditure-based choice experiment and a multiple discrete choice extreme value model to assess hard cider's standing among commonly consumed alcoholic beverages. Results reveal that hard cider is perceived as a complement to red and white wine but is independent from beer. The study suggests marketing hard cider in conjunction with white wine to capitalize on observed complementarity. Emphasizing the importance of addressing both consumer segments—those valuing flavor notes and those prioritizing production information—the research offers valuable insights for optimizing hard cider market strategies.
Anatomie d'un populisme émergent ? La communication en ligne du Parti conservateur du Québec
Authors: Drouin Jérémie , Giasson Thierry
Published: April 2024

Cette étude se penche sur la communication du Parti conservateur du Québec (PCQ) sur Facebook et X au cours de l'année précédant l’élection générale québécoise de 2022. Basée sur une analyse de contenu d'un échantillon de 800 messages diffusés sur Facebook et X par le parti et son chef Éric Duhaime, l'analyse relève les éléments populistes des publications de même que les objectifs politiques de sa communication en ligne. L'article démontre comment le parti a utilisé ces plateformes numériques afin de tenter de mobiliser une base d’électeurs en contournant les filtres médiatiques traditionnels et en s'adressant directement aux électeurs afin de tirer profit du contexte médiatique hybride québécois. Deux conclusions découlent de nos analyses. Premièrement, le PCQ semble avoir employé un discours populiste à caractère antiélitiste de manière à exploiter une grogne pandémique présente au Québec. Deuxièmement, le parti a utilisé les fonctions de mobilisations qu'offrent les médias socionumériques afin de constituer une coalition d’électeurs.
Faces of Inequality: Reflections on Exceptional Developments
Authors: Blackham Alysia
Published: April 2024

In Faces of Inequality, Sophia Moreau puts forward a pluralistic theory of how discrimination wrongs people. I approach Moreau's ideas not as a legal philosopher or theorist, but as an empirical and socio-legal scholar of equality law. In this commentary, I pick up on five provocations that emerge for me from Moreau's work: on reasonable accommodations, on comparison in equality law, on the public/private divide, on the justification of discrimination, and on discrimination as a personal wrong. While Moreau's work is grounded in the common themes or shared features that emerge from equality laws across jurisdictions, I consider what these themes mean for the uncommon ground, drawing on exceptional developments in discrimination law in some Australian jurisdictions, and our experience with the “exceptional” protected characteristic of age.
Evaluating the Role of Titanomagnetite in Bubble Nucleation: Rock Magnetic Detection and Characterization of Nanolites and Ultra‐Nanolites in Rhyolite Pumice and Obsidian From Glass Mountain, California
Authors: Brachfeld Stefanie , McCartney Kelly N. , Hammer Julia E. , Shea Thomas , Giachetti Thomas
Published: April 2024

We document the presence, composition, and number density (TND) of titanomagnetite nanolites and ultra‐nanolites in aphyric rhyolitic pumice, obsidian, and vesicular obsidian from the 1060 CE Glass Mountain volcanic eruption of Medicine Lake Volcano, California, using magnetic methods. Curie temperatures indicate compositions of Fe2.40Ti0.60O4 to Fe3O4. Rock‐magnetic parameters sensitive to domain state, which is dependent on grain volume, indicate a range of particle sizes spanning superparamagnetic (<50–80 nm) to multidomain (>10 μm) particles. Cylindrical cores drilled from the centers of individual pumice clasts display anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility with prolate fabrics, with the highest degree of anisotropy coinciding with the highest vesicularity. Fabrics within a pumice clast require particle alignment within a fluid, and are interpreted to result from the upward transport of magma driven by vesiculation, ensuing bubble growth, and shearing in the conduit. Titanomagnetite number density (TND) is calculated from titanomagnetite volume fraction, which is determined from ferromagnetic susceptibility. TND estimates for monospecific assemblages of 1,000 nm–10 nm cubes predict 1012 to 1020 m−3 of solid material, respectively. TND estimates derived using a power law distribution of grain sizes predict 1018 to 1019 m−3. These ranges agree well with TND determinations of 1018 to 1020 m−3 made by McCartney et al. (2024), and are several orders of magnitude larger than the number density of bubbles in these materials. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that titanomagnetite crystals already existed in extremely high number‐abundance at the time of magma ascent and bubble nucleation.
Managing established bronchopulmonary dysplasia without using routine blood gas measurements
Authors: Kielt Matthew J. , Eldredge Laurie C. , Shepherd Edward G. , DiGeronimo Robert J. , Miller Audrey N. , Bapat Roopali , El-Ferzli George , Welty Stephen E. , Nelin Leif D.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Routine blood gas measurements are common in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (sBPD) and are a noxious stimulus. We developed a guideline-driven approach to evaluate the care of infants with sBPD without routine blood gas sampling in the chronic phase of NICU care (after diagnosis at 36 weeks PMA).

Study design

We examined blood gas utilization and outcomes in our sBPD inpatient care unit using data collected between 2014 and 2020.

Results

485 sBPD infants met inclusion criteria, and 303 (62%) never had a blood gas obtained after 36 weeks PMA. In infants who had blood gas measurements, the median number of total blood gases per patient was only 4 (IQR 1–10). We did not identify adverse effects on hospital outcomes in patients without routine blood gas measurements.

Conclusions

We found that patients with established BPD could be managed without routine blood gas analyses after 36 weeks PMA.
Referrals for proliferative diabetic retinopathy from two UK diabetic retinopathy screening services: a 10-year analysis of visual outcomes, requirement for vitrectomy, and mortality
Authors: Sadiq Salman Naveed , Lee Chan Ning , Charmer Ben , Jones Emily , Habib Maged S. , Sandinha Maria T. , Criddle Ticiana , Steel David H. W.
Published: April 2024

Background/objectives

To determine long-term outcomes of patients referred with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) from diabetic eye screening programmes (DESP) to tertiary care centres in the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods

Retrospective multicentre study of patients referred from two DESPs in the UK over a 36-month period (2007–9) and followed-up for 10 years. Critical outcomes included severe vision loss (SVL) and the need for vitrectomy. Other outcomes assessed included moderate vision loss (MVL), and patient survival time. Univariate and multiple variable Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to analyse survival outcomes.

Results

212 eyes of 150 patients were referred with a diagnosis of PDR. 109 eyes of 72 patients were confirmed to have active PDR and included in the study. 61% of patients had low-risk PDR, while 39% exhibited high-risk features in at least one eye. Eight (7.3%) eyes developed SVL and 16 (14.7%) MVL during follow up. Vitrectomy was required in 24% (95% CI: 15 to 31%) of all PDR eyes and was most commonly performed for vitreous haemorrhage (65%). The 10-year survival in all PDR patients was 76% (95% CI: 63 to 85%) with the mean time to death for all deceased patients being 5.4 ± 3.6 years.

On multivariable analysis, only age was found to have a significant association with the survival of patients with PDR.

Conclusions

During the 10 year follow up SVL was uncommon, but MVL occurred in almost one-fifth of the eyes. Approximately 1 in 4 eyes required vitrectomy, highlighting its significance in patient management.