bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial Announcement
Authors: THOMAS P. K. , COWEN T.
Published: October 2007

From this issue the Journal of Anatomy will appear on a monthly basis to reduce time from acceptance to publication. The total number of pages per volume will remain the same. As in the past the scope of the Journal will continue to be broad, covering the development, maintenance, evolution and functional significance of structure in man and animals. Preference is given to experimental studies and to contributions on molecular and cell biology rather than purely descriptive studies. All contributions must include clear statements as to the reasons why they have been undertaken and the new information that they contain. There are no page charges and no charge is made for colour illustrations if the editors consider that they are essential.
Social Support, Hardiness and Psychological Well‐Being in Women with Arthritis
Authors: Lambert Vickie A. , Lambert Clinton E. , Klipple Gary L. , Mewshaw Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study of women with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 122) was to determine whether or not social support and hardiness are predictors of psychological well‐being when the severity of the women's rheumatoid arthritic disease process is statistically controlled. The findings suggest that satisfaction with social support and hardiness are indeed significant predictors of psychological well‐being in women with rheumatoid arthritis, regardless of the severity of illness.
The Lesbian Childbearing Experience: Assessing Developmental Tasks
Authors: Wismont Judith M. , Reame Nancy E.
Published: October 2007

Selected nursing theories about the childbearing experience are examined as they apply to the assessment of the pregnant lesbian couple. A review of the women's health literature suggests that the lesbian pregnancy experience is characterized by the use of donor insemination, social discrimination and a dependence on peer rather than family networks for social support. Based on these sociocultural constraints, the authors propose that the lesbian couple is faced with greater barriers than are heterosexual parents to achieving the developmental tasks of “safe passage” and acceptance by others of the pregnancy. Future research should document how a lesbian identity affects the pregnant woman's relationship with her mother, her partner's psychosocial development as a parent and the maternal‐infant attachment process. Nursing guidelines for assessing parental role development are presented.
Clinical Support For Eliminating The Nursing Diagnosis Of Knowledge Deficit
Authors: Dennison Pamela D. , Keeling Arlene W.
Published: October 2007

An investigation of the appropriateness of the use of the nursing diagnosis, Knowledge Deficit, in specific clinical instances and examination of the diagnosis in light of validation criteria provided clinical support for eliminating it. The authors conclude that Knowledge Deficit falls outside of the boundaries of the discipline and that the label encourages nurses to focus attention on the promotion of knowledge as an entity rather than addressing a behavior related to the patients' lack of information. Removal of Knowledge Deficit from The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (1986) taxonomy would force nurses to use other diagnostic labels.
Insufficient Milk Supply
Authors: Hill Pamela Dee , Humenick Sharron S.
Published: October 2007

A review of the literature reveals the phenomenon of insufficient milk supply (IMS) as being the most likely potential problem for the breastfeeding mother. This article discusses possible determinants and indicators of insufficient milk supply and proposes a conceptual definition and model.
A Proposal for a Men's Health Nurse Practitioner
Authors: Bozett Frederick W. , Forrester David Anthony
Published: October 2007

The educational preparation of a men's health nurse practitioner (MHNP) is proposed. The MHNP's scope of practice would address the complex health needs of men from a holistic perspective with emphasis on the knowledge and skills necessary for providing comprehensive primary care. Need for the MHNP is discussed, and scope of practice is delineated. Conclusions are drawn regarding the future of the MHNP in the scheme of total health care.
Normative Power of Chief Executive Nurses
Authors: Johnson Pauline Taglialavore
Published: October 2007

This study sought to determine if there was a significant difference in the equality of power of chief executive nurses and other executives with similar titles in a hospital organization. A 36‐item Power Assessment Inventory was aced to collect the data from 96 chief nurse executives and 147 other executives in the same institutions. The findings showed the nurse executive to be more powerful in overall normative power, prestige and esteem, as well as legitimacy of position. The chief executive nurse was found to be equal with the other executives regarding symbols of power. These results indicate that nurse executives are having a significant impact on the business of health care and health care administration and imply that nurses should cease referring to themselves and their profession as being powerless.
Rethinking Moral Reasoning Theory
Authors: Nokes Kathleen M.
Published: October 2007

Many nursing studies on moral reasoning and ethics have used Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The body of knowledge that resulted from these studies indicated that nurses and nursing students had consistently lower than expected levels of moral reasoning. Educational offerings were developed to assist nurses to improve their moral reasoning. This article explores the cognitive‐developmental theory of moral development as one way of determining the moral development of nurses. Since this theory of moral reasoning focuses on the rational thought of the individual and does not consider the impact of the environment, it is of limited applicability in nursing. A new theory of morality needs to be developed—a more holistic one that will include both universal principles and contextual issues.
Technology versus Clinical Evaluation for Fluid Management Decisions in CABG Patients
Authors: Pierson Mary G. , Funk Marjorie
Published: October 2007

An exploratory study was designed to determine whether data made available by a pulmonary artery catheter or data obtained by noninvasive clinical evaluation were used as a basis for fluid management decisions in stable coronary artery bypass graft patients approximately 18 hours postoperatively and beyond. The sample consisted of 40 fluid management decisions made on 33 patients. The data were collected on all of the factors that influenced the decision. In no instance was information provided by the pulmonary artery catheter used as a basis for a fluid management decision; only noninvasive clinical measures were influential. The study questions the prolonged use of this medical technology with its attendant cost and risk. Nurses' roles in managing technology are highligthed.
Nightingale, Nursing and Harassment
Authors: Bullough Vern L.
Published: October 2007

Nineteenth century nursing schools as well as schools during the first half of the twentieth century had severe restrictions on the freedom of activity of their students. Students were required to live in nursing homes, be in their rooms at certain hours, dress in very restrictive uniforms and ever strive to be ladylike. Most of these requirements date to Florence Nightingale and were essentially nineteenth century methods to avoid the problems of sexual harassment.
Literary Works as a Mode of Knowing
Authors: Younger Janet B.
Published: October 2007

The phenomena of nursing are deeply rooted in the human condition. Knowledge of human responses is developed in the arts as well as the sciences. Literary works often reveal much about human responses that are a foundation for providing compassionate care for patients.
Caring For Stroke Patients: Heavy or Exciting?
Authors: Kirkevold Marit
Published: October 2007

Nurses who work with the same patient population attach common meanings to what caring for their patients entails. This qualitative study uncovered two common meanings among nurses caring for stroke patients–the concepts of heaviness and excitement. Heaviness reflected particular demands associated with characteristics of stroke patients and the context of the care. Excitement reflected meaningfulness and satisfaction. Heaviness and excitement were general characteristics of the work rather than attitudes toward particular patients. They were not mutually exclusive; feelings of heaviness coexisted with involvement, commitment and excitement.
Role Conceptions and Professional Role Discrepancy Among Baccalaureate Nursing Students Employed as Nurse's Aides
Authors: Talotta Dorothy
Published: October 2007

It was hypothesized that more experience working as a nurse's aide would be associated with lower professional role conception and higher bureaucratic role conception scores as well as with a higher professional role discrepancy score. Senior baccalaureate nursing students (N = 117) were grouped into four levels according to hours of nurse's aide experience. An instrument designed by this investigator measured role conceptions and role discrepancy. The hypotheses were not supported. The mean professional role conception score of all students who had had nurse's aide experience was higher than that of students without such experience.
Wife Rape in a Sample of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Weingourt Rita
Published: October 2007

A descriptive study of 53 ever‐married women currently being treated for primary depression or anxiety documented that wife rape is a significant negative factor in the lives of these women and is positively correlated with a history of childhood sexual abuse. The study identified the incidence of wife rape in this sample and described co‐variables of the wife rape experience. The findings from this research may be used by nurses to increase the effectiveness of their care.
Impact of Work Stress on Female Nurse Educators
Authors: Langemo Diane K.
Published: October 2007

Factors predictive of work‐related stress in 287 female nurse educators were studied in a randomly selected sample of 18 U.S. (NLN) accredited schools of nursing. The Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Form Ed, the Hardiness of Personality Inventory, the Blair Exercise Activity Index, a demographic tool and an administrator‐completed questionnaire were used. Moderate levels of stress were found to exist, with five individual variables (hardiness, age, education, years in nursing education and exercise) and five organizational variables (student contact hours for part‐time faculty, task complexity, economic environment of school, number of full‐time faculty and percentage of tenured faculty) combining to best predict the occurrence of work‐related stress.
Subjectively Perceived Quality of Life
Authors: Oleson Marjorie
Published: October 2007

Subjectively perceived quality of life is a priority concern in planning, implementing and evaluating health policy and treatment decisions. The lack of a universally accepted definition of this multivariate concept is a barrier to sound research. This article analyzes the concept of subjectively perceived quality of life to determine its critical attributes, antecedents and consequences to establish a basis for an operational definition for use in research.
Reconceptualization of the Uncertainty in Illness Theory
Authors: Mishel Merle H.
Published: October 2007

The theory of uncertainty in illness has its strongest support among subjects who are experiencing the acute phase of illness or are in a downward illness trajectory (Mishel, 1988a). The theory has not addressed the experience of living with continual, constant uncertainty in either a chronic illness or in an illness with a treatable acute phase and possible eventual recurrence. Since uncertainty characterizes many, most prevalent, long‐term illness conditions, there is a need to reconceptualize the theory of uncertainty to include the experience of living with continual uncertainty. A close examination of the theoretical statements and the empirical data reported by Mishel resulted in the identification of areas of the theory that could be expanded and reconceptualized. The reconceptualization effort was primarily fueled by questions about the outcome portion of the uncertainty theory. To provide a contest for the expansion and reconceptualization of uncertainty, applicable parts of the theory are summarized below.
Responses to Threat Information
Authors: Baumann Linda J. , Keller Mary L.
Published: October 2007

Using the Common Sense Model to examine responses to health risk information, a laboratory study was conducted. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of four groups by manipulating information about high or normal blood glucose (BG) and a low or high threat message about the controllability of Type II diabetes. Subjects in the high BG groups reported more diabetes‐related symptoms and stronger intentions to change certain behaviors. Subjects reading a high‐threat message expressed stronger intentions to see a health professional than did those reading a low‐threat message. The results suggest that perceptions of one's risk status and the degree of threat associated with an illness effects symptom perceptions and behavioral intentions.
Living with a Wife Undergoing Chemotherapy
Authors: Wilson Sharon , Morse Janice M.
Published: October 2007

This study explicates the experience of living with a woman undergoing chemotherapy from the perspective of her husband. Data include 48 unstructured, open‐ended face‐to‐face or telephone interviews with 14 informants and the diary of one informant. A substantive theory depicts the process through which husbands experience their wives' Chemotherapy treatment for cancer. A three‐stage model was developed, consisting of identifying the threat, engaging in the fight and becoming a veteran. Buffering was identified as the basic social process that explained the behaviors of husbands throughout this experience. It is proposed that when the disease reoccurs and chemotherapy is recommenced, the process begins again.
Stability of School‐age Children's Survey Responses
Authors: Holaday Bonnie , Turner‐Henson Anne , Swan James
Published: October 2007

School‐age children may have low levels of response stability on many questions asked in survey research. This article incorporates evidence from a three‐wave panel study into a discussion of some possible causes of low stability. In general, children's responses to questions of fact were more stable than responses to questions of opinion. The findings suggest that when questionnaires are carefully developed, school‐age children are reliable respondents.
Preliminary Development of Two Predictive Models for DNR Patients in Intensive Care
Authors: Tittle Mary Beth , Moody Linda , Becker Mark P.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify which variables are the best predictors of a do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) classification and develop a model to predict the nursing care required by DNR patients in the ICU. Data collected on DNR and non‐DNR patients included nursing care requirements, severity of illness, resource allocation and sociodemographic characteristics. One model identified the best predictors of a DNR classification in intensive care as the origin of admission and the severity of illness score on the day of admission to intensive care. The second model identified the best predictors of nursing care requirements for DNR patients in intensive care as the number of days spent in intensive care prior to the DNR order, the average daily resource allocation points after the DNR order, and the severity of illness score on the day the DNR order was designated.
Homeless Shelter Policies for Women in an Urban Environment
Authors: Barge Frances C. , Norr Kathleen F.
Published: October 2007

A survey of shelters serving women in Chicago (N = 43) identified admission criteria, policies and services, estimated the number of homeless women in childbearing years served by the shelters, the number who were pregnant or mothers with children, and identified unmet health needs and health services provided. The majority (64%) of the women using shelters were African American and there was great variability in shelter policies. Women with male children more than seven years old, pregnant women and substance abusers were less likely to be admitted.
Telling Stories: Narrative Approaches in Qualitative Research
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete
Published: October 2007

There is a new attention across disciplines to narrative knowing—the impulse to story life events into order and meaning. In this paper, narrative is presented as a framework for understanding the subject and interview data in qualitative research. Examples of narrative approaches are offered, narrative analyses are contrasted with other kinds of qualitative analyses, and truth in narratives is considered.
Interviewing Institutionalized Elders: Threats to Validity
Authors: West Mary , Bondy Elizabeth , Hutchinson Sally
Published: October 2007

In the course of an ethnographic study of an intergenerational Geriatric Remotivation Program in a Southeastern US. nursing home, we encountered difficulties in interviewing institutionalized elders that threatened the validity of the data. The purpose of this paper is to explicate the difficulties and to recommend strategies for overcoming them. Four main clusters of elder characteristics threatened the validity of data: (1) physical characteristics; (2) cognitive characteristics; (3) affective characteristics; and (4) personal characteristics. Problematic data were categorized as “insufficient,”“unclear,”“nice” and “emotionally charged.” Strategies for increasing validity when interviewing impaired institutionalized elders included increasing the sample size, returning to the setting frequently, lengthening observation periods, recognizing the value of stories, recognizing the value of socializing, using videotapes, collecting both interview and observation data, and having elders view and respond to videotaped recordings.
Deconstructing the Dogma in Nursing Knowledge and Practice
Authors: Rodgers Beth L.
Published: October 2007

The existence of dogma, the unquestioning adherence to authority and tradition, is well documented as a barrier to knowledge development. Numerous examples of dogma can be found in nursing, particularly in regard to the nature of nursing as a discipline and practice of nursing. While authority and tradition provide a foundation of stability and consensus, blind faith is to be avoided. In this paper, the critical examination of examples of dogmatic belief is encouraged so that clear and useful characterizations of the nature of nursing may be developed.
Career‐oriented Women with Tattoos
Authors: Armstrong Myrna L.
Published: October 2007

Almost 50 percent of all tattoos are being done on women, many of whom are counselors, nurses, doctors, lawyers and business managers. Career‐oriented women (N=137) who had tattoos for at least six months were surveyed in a national study. Consequences associated with the unconventional, permanent product—purchase risk (pain, expense, inexperience), possession risk (self, family and general society response) and health risks—were examined. Women obtained tattoos as an expression of individuality. Almost no elements of purchase or health risks were reported, but possession risk occurred. Strong support for the tattoo was expressed by the significant person in the woman's life and friends, while mild support was perceived from mothers, siblings and children. Respondents cited a lack of, or negative response from their fathers, physicians, registered nurses and the general public. Misunderstanding of what a tattoo means to the individual and stereotyping of women with tattoos continues. Understanding career‐oriented women's experience of seeking tattoos may provide a new gender/cultural perspective which has implications for health care professionals. In addition, nursing may have a role to play in educating tattoo artists about health care risks.
Medication Calculation Ability of Registered Nurses
Authors: Bindler Ruth , Bayne Tina
Published: October 2007

A convenience sample of 110 registered nurses in four western states completed a demographic questionnaire and a 20‐item medication calculation test to investigate errors in medication calculation that contribute to medication error rates. Intravenous questions were most difficult, then oral, the intramuscular/subcutaneous items. Nurses erred more when more than one calculation was required and when milligram to grain conversion was needed. Nurses who rated their skill and comfort with medication calculation above average scored higher. Yet 81 percent of the nurses were unable to correctly calculate medications 90 percent of the time and 43.6 percent of the test scores were below 70 percent accuracy. Strategies are suggested which may be used in staff development to identify registered nurse medication calculation abilities and to enhance these skills in practicing nurses.
Knowledge of Medical Terminology Among Clients and Families
Authors: Spees Celeste M.
Published: October 2007

This descriptive correlational study replicated Byrne and Edeani's (1984) investigation of hospitalized clients' (N=25) knowledge of 50 common medical terms. The present study also included 25 family members. The mean number of correct responses was 46 (of 50) with no difference between clients and families. Only nine terms were correctly understood by all respondents. Older persons with higher education and moderate length of illness had higher scores. Participants in the present study scared significantly higher than those in the prior research especially on terms related to breast cancer and heart disease. Clients and family members may not understand medical terms as well as nurses think they do and may need consistent assessment of knowledge in the context of patient teaching.
Medication Regimen Complexity and Adherence Among Older Adults
Authors: Conn Vicki S. , Taylor Susan G. , Kelley Suzanne
Published: October 2007

Two studies were conducted to examine the relationship between medication regimen complexity and adherence among older adults recently discharged from hospitals (N=178) and those not recently hospitalized (N=98). Medication regimen complexity was measured by the Medication Complexity Index (Kelley, 1988), which measures the number, frequency, and types of actions required to enact a medication regimen. Adherence to the regimen was measured by pill count and verbal self‐report. The negative correlations between regimen complexity and adherence were in the predicted direction but did not achieve statistical significance. Medication regimen complexity may have a larger impact on aspects of medication management other than adherence to the prescriptive regimen.
Story as Link Between Nursing Practice, Ontology, Epistemology
Authors: Boykin Anne , Schoenhofer Savina O.
Published: October 2007

This paper proposes the use of story as a method of organizing and Communicating nursing knowledge which assures groundedness in the ontology of nursing. The nursing situation is viewed as the unit of nursing knowledge, and the nursing story is the re‐creation or representation of that situation.
Spousal Death, A Threat To Women's Health: Paid Work as A “Resistance Resource”
Authors: Aber Cynthia S.
Published: October 2007

This study examined the paid work role as a predictor of widows’health during conjugal bereavement. The sample of widows aged 55‐75 bereaved for two years prior to the study (N=157) was identified through recorded death certificates as the surviving spouses of deceased men. Work history and work attitude were statistically significant predictors of health during bereavement.
Moving Beyond: A Generative Philosophy of Science
Authors: Riegel Barbara , Ornery Anna , Calvillo Evelyn , Elsayed Naiema Gaber , Lee Patricia , Shuler Pamela , Siegal Bonnie Ellen
Published: October 2007

Philosophies of science are perhaps the most covert yet significant forces influencing the direction of change within disciplines. Although the era of logical positivism has waned for many disciplines, newer philosophies may not be satisfactory, especially for the applied disciplines. This article describes an alternative philosophy of science with special significance for nursing. This philosophy was influenced by several of the major existing philosophies, but especially by the paradigmatic view espoused by Thomas Kuhn. The generative philosophy of science was named because of its focus on generating growth among the applied disciplines. Members of these disciplines study questions with social significance and human application. This article defines major concepts, describes relationships among concepts and discusses implications for the development of nursing science and the nursing discipline.
Family Caring and Caring in Nursing
Authors: Pepin Jacinthe I.
Published: October 2007

Knowledge concerning family caring is developing within the caregiving literature while knowledge of caring is growing separately in the nursing literature. Both nurses (identified with caring) and family carers (identified with caregiving) experience a division of the affective and the instrumental dimensions of caring. Moreover, a historical perspective reveals that caring in nursing and family caring are faced with a common dilemma: caring in a society that undervalues caring. It is suggested that nurses, in the process of reconciling the dimensions of caring for their profession, consider family caring as a unified experience as well.
Comparison of the Experience of Women and Men in Dual‐earner Families Following the Birth of Their First Infant
Authors: Hall Wendy A.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes an extension of the concept of “redefining roles” developed from an initial study that described the experience of eight women in dual‐earner families following the birth of their first infant. A second study used redefining roles as a springboard and described the experience often men. Although constant comparative analysis generated a core variable in both studies best described as “redefining roles,” the two groups redefined their roles somewhat differently. When the women redefined their roles, they took on multiple roles, experienced role strain, and reduced role strain. The men monitored and limited role strain. The implications for nursing practice are outlined.
Future Responsibility and Requirements for First‐line Nurse Managers in New South Wales
Authors: Duffield Christine
Published: October 2007

Changes to the structure and funding of hospitals in Australia are progressing at a rapid pace. Decentralized organizational structures based on a product concept have increased the responsibility and managerial skills needed of first‐line nurse managers. The purpose of this study was to determine a profile of first‐line nurse managers in hospitals in New South Wales. Data related to education, experience and career plans were obtained from 318 respondents in 34 hospitals. The results indicate a lack of experience and educational preparation in management which has implications for the role of more senior nurse managers.
Satisfying and Stressful Experiences of First‐time Federal Grantees
Authors: Jacobson Sharol F. , O'Brien Mary Elizabeth
Published: October 2007

A survey of34 first‐time federal grantees about the satisfying and stressful experiences related to administration and non‐scientific aspects of their projects resulted in four major categories of satisfaction (Personal‐Social, Material‐Career, Impact on School and University, Clinical) and seven categories of stress (Budget, Personnel, Equipment, Access to subjects, Fatigue, Inadequate administrative and peer support, and the Grant cycle itself). Satisfiers were more enduring and profound than the stressors, and their effects often reached beyond the investigator to the university, clinical site and profession. Useful information for new investigators and doctoral students was identified.
Scientific Misconduct as a Dilemma for Nursing
Authors: Hawley Donna J. , Jeffers Jeanette M.
Published: October 2007

Scientific misconduct—fabrication, falsification, plagiarism or other deviations from ethical standards—is not new or unique to any discipline. Although nurses have not been included in publicized cases of misconduct, nursing is not immune. Circumstances that may be related to misconduct such as pressures to publish and to earn tenure, inadequate supervision of young scientists, limitations of the peer review system, and excessive numbers of publications by an individual are present or could develop within the profession. Careful socialization of young scientists, modifications in tenure and promotion guidelines, and replication studies are suggested as ways to prevent misconduct within nursing.
The Family Health System as an Emerging Paradigmatic View for Nursing
Authors: Anderson Kathryn Hoehn , Tomlinson Patricia Short
Published: October 2007

This paper explores the phenomena of family health from a nursing perspective by examining the view of health in the discipline of nursing, and the view of family health in multiple disciplines. A holistic definition of family health for nursing is proposed which includes five realms of family experience which make up the family health system. The proposed classification is offered as a beginning heuristic model to organize knowledge generation for use in the practice of family nursing.
The Experience of Bereavement in Caregivers of Family Members With Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Jones Patricia S. , Martinson Ida M.
Published: October 2007

This paper reports an analysis of the bereavement experience described by 13 caregivers of family members with Alzheimer's disease. Utilizing the constant comparative method, four patterns of experience and two major concepts describing bereavement were identified. Two stages of bereavement are described: The first during caregiving and the second following the death of the family member. Findings support the need for professional intervention for caregivers during the caregiving period, which may also be a time of intense bereavement.
Ethical Concerns in a Long‐Term Tube Feeding Study
Authors: Wilson Donna Marie
Published: October 2007

Five ethical concerns about decision‐making in relation to tube feeding were determined through secondary analysis of findings from a chart review study examining long‐term tube feeding practices. The five ethical concerns are: (1) who should make the decision to tube feed? (2) how should tube feeding decisions be made? (3) what are valid reasons for initiating and continuing tube feeding? (4) is it permissable to withdraw tube feeding once it is initiated? and (5) is tube feeding an effective and appropriate life supporting technology? Ethical concerns are described, using examples from research data. Implications for health care follow.
Functional Status Outcomes of a Nursing Intervention in Hospitalized Elderly
Authors: Wanich Christine K. , Sullivan‐Marx Eileen M. , Gottlieb Gary L. , Johnson Jerry C.
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the effectiveness of a nursing intervention for elderly hospitalized patients (N=235) as measured by functional outcomes. A nursing intervention targeted at factors which influence acute confusion or delirium employed strategies to educate nursing staff, mobilize patients, monitor medication and make environmental and sensory modifications. Subjects who received the intervention were more likely to improve in functional status from admission to discharge than subjects who did not receive the intervention.
Registering the History of Nursing
Authors: Miller Heide S.
Published: October 2007

As a school of nursing librarian, I received increasing numbers of inquiries about historical records from researchers in this country and abroad. Nursing schools and leaders were being honored with exhibits and films, biographies of American nurses appeared in the literature in greater numbers, and occasions, such as National Nurses’Day, were observed with historical displays. This lively interest in the history of nursing stimulated my curiosity about our own past and about the many apparently unrecorded documents and memorabilia that I kept finding in my attempts to answer some of these questions.
Portrayal of Nurses in Advertisements in Medical and Nursing Journals
Authors: Aber Cynthia S. , Hawkins Joellen W.
Published: October 2007

This investigation examined the content of advertisements in medical and nursing journals to determine if the images of nurses reflect the roles nurses play in health care. The method used was content analysis. Thirty‐five nursing journals and 48 medical journals yielded 313 different advertisements picturing nurses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi‐square, correlation coefficients, and interpreted for overall impressions of the portrayals. Nurses are portrayed as sex objects, ornaments and as handmaidens to physicians. The findings demonstrate a freezing of the image of nurses in the print media.
Nurses' Job Satisfaction: Are There Differences Between Foreign and U.S.‐Educated Nurses?
Authors: Pizer Christine M. , Collard Ann F. , James Sherline M. , Bonaparte Beverly H.
Published: October 2007

This article reports the results of a job satisfaction survey administered to foreign‐educated and U.S. nurses at six New York City public hospitals. Although a comparison of results for foreign‐educated nurses on temporary visas (N=322) and U.S. nurses (N=535) revealed demographic, education and work differences, no differences in level of satisfaction were found between the two groups. Cultural and work status differences that may have affected these results are discussed.
The Phenomenology of Knowing the Patient
Authors: Tanner Christine A. , Benner Patricia , Chesla Catherine , Gordon Deborah R.
Published: October 2007

Nurses' discourse about knowing the patient emerged as a recurring theme in an interpretive phenomenological study of the development of expertise in critical care nursing. The purpose of this article is to present analyses related to the meaning of knowing the patient, and its role in everyday nursing practice. informants in the study were 130 nurses who practiced in adult, pediatric and newborn intensive care units of eight hospitals in three metropolitan areas. The data were group interviews in which nurses gave narrative accounts of exemplars from their practice; in addition, a sub‐sample of 48 nurses were observed in their practice and participated in intensive personal history interviews. Knowing the patient means both knowing the patient's typical pattern of responses and knowing the patient as a person. Knowing the patient is central to skilled clinical judgment, requires involvement, and sets up the possibility for patient advocacy and for learning about patient populations.
Effect of Nurse‐Client Transaction on Female Adolescents' Oral Contraceptive Adherence
Authors: Hanna Kathleen M.
Published: October 2007

An experimental study was conducted to test the effect of a nurse‐client transactional intervention (King, 1981) on 51 female adolescents' oral contraceptive adherence. Subjects were randomly assigned to a control or an experimental group. Both groups experienced the clinics' contraceptive teaching. Subjects in the experimental group experienced the transactional intervention. Contraceptive perceptions were measured immediately post‐intervention and at the three‐month follow‐up. Oral contraceptive adherence was measured at the three‐month follow‐up. Female adolescents who experienced the transactional intervention had greater levels of oral contraceptive adherence than those who had not (F = 4.75, p <.05).
A Place to be Yourself: Empowerment from the Client's Perspective
Authors: Connelly Lynne M. , Keele Becky S. , Kleinbeck Susan V.M. , Schneider Joanne Kraenzle , Cobb Ann Kuckelman
Published: October 2007

This article describes a focused ethnography of a group of chronically mentally ill clients who were involved in a client‐run drop‐in center. Spradley's (7979) Developmental Research Sequence guided the research. Data were obtained from interviews, participant‐observation and documents review. The qualitative analysis identified the major theme of empowerment, which had four process domains: participating, choosing, supporting and negotiating. These domains represented four levels of empowerment for this group. From the clients' perspective, empowerment meant they participated more in the community, their choices were increased, they provided support for each other and they negotiated on a more equal basis with staff. A fifth domain, personal significance, described the effects of empowerment for each individual.
Physical Health Impairment and Depression Among Older Adults
Authors: Badger Terry A.
Published: October 2007

Factors were examined that contribute to depression among older adults, aged 60 to 75 years. A convenience sample of 80 older adults living independently in the community was used. There were no differences found between participants with high or low physical impairment for demographic characteristics. Significant differences were found between the two groups for mastery, social resources and depression. Mastery, social resources and economic resources were significant predictors of depression. The findings support the empirical and theoretical links between stressful life events, specificaIly physicaI heaIth impairment, and depression.
Reenactment Interviewing: A Methodology for Phenomenological Research
Authors: Drew Nancy
Published: October 2007

Reenactment is proposed as an alternative interviewing strategy for phenomenological research. Three techniques borrowed from the psychodramatic method, warming up, scene‐setting and soliloquy, are described as they were used in interviews with nurses participating in a study of caregiver/patient relationships. The rationale for and implementation of the techniques are discussed. Indications of successful reenactment during an interview are described and discussed. The data suggest that skillfully directed reenactment can generate intensely vivid recall of memories, experiences and emotions, engendering rich descriptions of participants' lived experience and subsequently, produces significant dialogue between interviewer and participant. Parallels are drawn between phenomenological research/philosophy and the philosophy of action upon which psychodramatic techniques are based.
Patients' Responses to Postponement of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Bresser Patricia J. , Sexton Dorothy L. , Foell Doris W.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the thoughts and feelings of patients (n=241 awaiting coronary artery bypass graft (CA5G) surgery and, in particular, the thoughts and feeling of those patients (n=77) whose surgical procedure was postponed. On average these patients waited four additional days before the surgery could be performed. Patients reported that the most difficult part of CABG surgery was the wait itself. Those whose CABG surgery was postponed expressed anger and disappointment, had additional tests, procedures and medication, extended hospital stays and increased costs.
Determinants of Health‐Promoting Lifestyles in Older Persons
Authors: Duffy Mary E.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which selected components derived from Fender's Health Promotion Model (1982) explained engaging in health promotion practices in a sample of 477 persons 65 years and older. One directional hypothesis was tested using canonical correlation analysis. Three significant canonical variates were demonstrated, explaining 88.7 percent of variance. Older healthy persons with high self‐esteem and internal locus of control reported practicing five of the six health promotion strategies. Men with higher income and self‐esteem but poorer health less often exercised or ate well. Older married subjects with higher incomes who were internally controlled were more likely to engage in exercise, health responsibility and stress management but not in interpersonal support. Findings provide direct multivariate support for the additive nature of the relationships posited in the Health Promotion Model.
The Idea of History and the History of Ideas
Authors: Hamilton Diane B.
Published: October 2007

Professional nurses understand that the historian's task is to inquire into the issues and ideas of nursing's past, but may not comprehend the nature and methods of historical research. Although historical research is similar to other qualitative methods, the results are usually presented in the form of “story.” The story, called the historical narrative, is intended to enlighten the reader but it may disguise the historian's method and mislead the reader into thinking that historical method is either non‐existent, simpleor non‐important. The purpose of this article is to begin a dialogue which will negate the myths that historical method is neither rigorous nor significant and to encourage other nurse historians into articulating, sharing and teaching others “how historians think.”
The Statistical versus Clinical Significance Debate
Authors: LeFort Sandra M.
Published: October 2007

There is general agreement that tests of statistical significance do not provide information about the clinical significance or practical importance of research results. Yet the concept of clinical significance has received little discussion or debate in the nursing literature. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast statistical and clinical significance, to provide an overview of the issues surrounding their uses as described in the methodological literature from a variety of disciplines, and to discuss some implications of these concepts for nursing research.
The Roles and Functions of Clinical Nurse Specialists
Authors: Naylor Mary D. , Brooten Dorothy
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the research conducted on the role and function of Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS). Four research themes have evolved over the past few decades: perceptions of the role; CNS' time allocation; effects of CNS on patient and family outcomes and cost of care; and, the actual functions of CNS. The authors identify areas for future research to demonstrate the differences that CNS make in health outcomes.
Anna Wolf's Dream: Establishment of a Collegiate Nursing Education Program
Authors: Allison Sarah E.
Published: October 2007

A lifelong dream of Anna D. Wolf was to establish nursing education in a university. Her first step toward this goal occurred in China in 1922 at the Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) which was established by the Rockefeller Foundation to bring the best of scientific Western medicine (and nursing) to China and to make nursing an acceptable occupation for educated Chinese women.
Updating the Nurse's Bedside Manner
Authors: Campbell‐Heider Nancy , Hart Cynthia Allen
Published: October 2007

The currenttendency for nurses to be on a first name basis with their patients and to wear less professonal clothing provides new metaphors for interpreting nurses' work status. We argue that this prevailing social informality in communications and dress perpetuates themes that diminish the professional image of nurses, masks the cognitive nature of their work, threatens nurses' therapeutic effectiveness, and continues to reinforce the hierarchical relationship between nurses and physicians. Strategies are presented to help nurse educators, administrators, and clinicians transform nurses' work environments into clinical settings that enhance their professional presentation.
Nursing Blood Pressure Research, 1980–1990: A Bio‐Psycho‐Social Perspective
Authors: Thomas Sue Ann , Liehr Patricia , DeKeyser Freda , Friedmann Erika
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this review is to examine nursing research on blood pressure (BP) from 1980 to 1990 from a bio‐psycho‐social perspective. Nursing research articles (N=50) from three journals were reviewed. The inclusion of subject descriptions, environmental factors, dynamic and interpersonal aspects were tabulated. This review provides a basis for designing nursing research on BP with a broader perspective.
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Coded Services Provided by Nurse Specialists
Authors: Griffith Hurdis M. , Robinson Karen R.
Published: October 2007

In this exploratory study, a random sample of nurses from nine nursing specialties was surveyed to identify which Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) coded procedures they perform and how frequently they perform them. CPT codes are used universally to file claims for physician payment. The sample included 74 school nurses, 67 enterostomal nurses, 53 family nurse practitioners, 43 critical care nurses, 43 oncology nurses, 40 rehabilitation nurses, 39 orthopaedic nurses, 34 nephrology nurses and 25 nurse‐midwives. Specific questionnaires were developed for each specialty with codes identified by expert panels. The number of CPT codes ranged from 233 for family nurse practitioners to 58 for school nurses. The mean number of coded services performed by individual respondents ranged from 79 (FNP) to 78 (school nurses); individual respondents performed 0–162 codes. Supervision by physicians was very infrequent. Charges to Medicare in 1988 for the coded services included in the survey were $22,793,427.34 (aggregate allowable charges). The study provides some documentation of the degree to which nurses perform the same services and procedures for which physicians are being paid. If policy makers are serious about reaching innovative solutions to the problems of quality, access and cost, everything must be “on the table,” including the contributions of nurses.
The NIC Taxonomy Structure Iowa Intervention Project
Authors:   Iowa Intervention Project
Published: October 2007

Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to construct a three level taxonomy of nursing interventions. The top level consists of six domains; the second level consists of 26 classes; and the third level consists of 357 interventions. The taxonomy is the organizing framework for the recently published Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). This article reports the research done to construct the taxonomy and advantages for its use. The taxonomy has applications for clinicians, educators, scholars and health policy makers.
The Caregiver Career
Authors: Lindgren Carolyn L.
Published: October 2007

The family caregiver role undertaken by spouses of persons with dementia is described as a fatalistic career process with identifiable stages. In the first or Encounter Stage, the caregivers confront the diagnosis and losses of previous lifestyle patterns and acquire home nursing skills. In the middle, or Enduring Stage, caregivers manage extensive care routines and try to cope with social isolation and their mental pain. In the final, or Exit stage, the career is relinquished to some degree either from death of the ill spouse or institutionalization. The career perspective of caregiving provides a framework for guiding nursing research and practice.
Hardiness: Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Tartasky Donna S.
Published: October 2007

Hardiness is a personality construct that is thought to influence illness outcomes by mediating the impact of stressful life events. Hardiness research has proceeded with insufficient attention to important conceptual and methodological problems associated with this construct that have appeared in the literature. This paper analyzes and synthesizes the conceptual and methodological issues associated with the use of the hardiness construct. Implications for future nursing research are discussed.