bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Typology as a Moderating Variable in Success in Science
Authors: Reynolds Richard J. , Hope Amy G.
Published: September 2011

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was examined for its utility as a predictor of intellective behaviors. For beginning, intermediate and advanced high school students measures of GPA, IQ, science achievement, and science aptitude were obtained. MBTI subscales were dichotomized and criteria were analyzed relative to the resultant eight groups. MBTI subscales provided evidence that typology may well be a moderating factor in intellective performance. The intuition (S-N) scale provided consistent indication of typological differences moderating performance. MBTI appeared to be more appropriate for heterogeneous groups and lost its discriminatory utility with homogeneous groups.
Partial Reinforcement of Social Behavior in Rats
Authors: Stimbert Vaughn E.
Published: September 2011

The effects of partial reinforcement on a social response were studied in 2 groups of rats. One group was trained to follow other rats on a continuous schedule and the other on a partial (50%) schedule. Animals having partial reinforcement training performed at a higher level during extinction than those trained under continuous reinforcement. The results were interpreted as extending reinforcement schedule effects to animal social behavior.
Reliability of Classification of Behaviors within Psychosexual Stages
Authors: Cooke Gerald , Chodorkoff Bernard
Published: September 2011

Items representing non-pathological behavior, attitudes and characteristics were presented to a panel of 6 clinicians intimately familiar with psychoanalytic theory. The clinicians were asked to assign each item to the psychosexual stage represented by it. 1 yr. later, a second panel repeated the task and interjudge agreement was calculated. Temporal agreement was calculated for the 4 judges common to both panels. The results indicate that psychoanalytically trained clinicians can reliably assign behaviors, attitudes and characteristics to psychosexual stages and that agreement exceeds the level reported for the American Psychological association diagnostic system. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Intercorrelations of Factor Scores from the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale
Authors: Allon Richard , Graham John R.
Published: September 2011

The Opinions About Mental Illness Scale (OMI) was administered to 157 psychiatrists, residents, nurses, and aides from an urban, short-term psychiatric hospital. The 5 factor scores of the scale were intercorrelated; correlations were higher among factors and, in some cases, in different direction, than previous studies have reported. Differences among occupational groups were also found. Caution should be exercised in generalizing about relationships among OMI factors from one sample to another.
Consequences of Absolute and Relative Qualitative and Quantitative Sucrose-Incentive Reductions in the Albino Rat
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Braud William G.
Published: September 2011

Four experiments are reported which involved relative qualitative (Exps. 1 and 2), relative quantitative (Exp. 3), and absolute quantitative (Exp. 4) sucrose-solution incentive reductions in the first goal box of a double runway. In the three relative experiments, different GB1 amounts (.50 cc vs .10 cc) or concentrations (32% vs 8%) of sucrose did not affect pre- or postshift locomotion speeds in either runway. In the absolute study, RW1 speeds varied directly, and RW2 speeds varied inversely, with GB1 reward magnitude (.50 vs NR). Postshift RW2 speed changes favored a demotivation rather than a frustration interpretation of incentive change.
Self-Esteem and Social-Personal Orientation of Indian 12- and 18-Year-Olds
Authors: Smart Mollie S. , Smart Russell C.
Published: September 2011

Measures of self-ideal congruence and of social-personal orientation were obtained in Delhi from groups of 50 Indian males and females of about age 12 and age 18, predominantly of socio-economic Class I. These data were compared with longitudinal American data obtained by Carlson. Among the preadolescents, the average self-ideal congruence score for the Indian girls was highest, followed by Indian boys, American girls and boys. Only the differences involving the Indian girls were statistically significant. At age 18 the average female congruence score was insignificantly above the average male score. In social-personal orientation, over half of the Indian preadolescent and adolescent girls were socially oriented. About one quarter of the Indian preadolescent boys were socially oriented; almost half of the older boys were. In contrast, the American girls had changed from one quarter socially oriented to over one-half; the American boys had changed from almost one-half to approximately one-eighth.
Test Adequacy as a Function of Item Structuring and Substantive Homogeneity
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Fisher Gary
Published: September 2011

The present findings provide some further support for two of Fiske's hypotheses: the adequacy of a test is a direct function of the structuring of the items and their substantive homogeneity.
Usefulness of Mussen's Tat Scoring System: I. Differences among Guatemalan Indians, Ladinos, and Mengalas on a Modified Tat; II. Attitudes toward the Physically Disabled as Related to Nurturance and Deference
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Foulks Edward F.
Published: September 2011

Two studies demonstrate use of Mussen's (1953) TAT scoring system. In Study I a modified TAT, designed to fit the culture of Guatemala, was administered to 57 Guatemalans, including 34 Indians, 17 Ladinos, and 6 Mengalas. It was hypothesized that, comparing Indians and Ladinos, Ladinos would have higher need achievement and higher need autonomy, while Indians would have higher need affiliation. Press lack and press physical danger were predicted to be frequent themes, consistent with the difficulties in living experienced by all 3 groups. Also, based on a recent conceptualization, minimal differences were expected on other scoring categories utilized. Data were consistent with hypotheses. In Study II, 20 college students scoring high on need nurturance 2 and 20 other college students scoring high on need deference 2 verbalized their feelings about the physically disabled. Both groups were significantly likely to verbalize positive attitudes, but the need deference 2 Ss were also significantly likely to verbalize “stereotyped favorable” attitudes, which are interpreted as being less than fully positive.
Gsr Conditioning and Pseudoconditionlng with Prolonged Practice
Authors: Morrow M. C. , Seiffert P. D. , Kramer Lorr L. W.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of Ss received 16 conditioning or pseudoconditioning trials per day for 5 days. The compound (light-tone) CS was paired with a 3.5-ma electric shock (ISI = .5 sec.) in the conditioning group but the stimuli were not paired in the pseudoconditioning group. On Day 6 both groups received 2 counterbalanced CS-element test trials and then 18 CS-compound extinction trials. During acquisition, the conditioning group produced significantly larger GSRs over-all than the pseudoconditioning group, and the former's responses generally increased over test trials on each day while the latter's responses declined. There was an over-all decrease in GSR magnitude overnight in the conditioning group and an over-all rise in the pseudoconditioning group. The GSR was significantly smaller in Group E on the first element test trial than it was on the first compound trial on Day 5, but it was not significantly different from the final compound trial on Day 5, or from the mean of the first two compound trials on Day 6. There was a sustained, statistically significant difference in mean magnitude between the two groups across the extinction trials with very little evidence of any extinction effects.
“Freeloading” in the Skinner Box Contrasted with Freeloading in the Runway
Authors: Jensen Glen D. , Leung Calvin M. , Hess David T.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of rats were allowed to make either 0, 40 or 285 rewarded bar-pressing responses and then were given a choice between eating pellets from a dish (freeloading) or pressing the bar. 3 independent groups ( Ss randomly assigned) were allowed to make either 0, 40, or 285 rewarded runs in a 4-ft. runway and then were given a choice between freeloading in the start box or running the maze. For all 6 groups a “total time” score was obtained which reflected the average time taken to stop freeloading and perform either one bar-pressing response or one run to the goal box. The 3 runway groups showed a marked tendency toward higher total time scores with increasing amounts of training whereas the three Skinner-box groups showed a trend in the opposite direction.
A New Approach to Measuring Short-Term Memory in Geriatric SS: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dana Lawrence A. , White Leonard , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

The short-term memory of 20 geriatric Ss in a state hospital was evaluated with a new method. Ss were asked to place figures of a doll family into various rooms of a doll house, and then asked to recall their placement. Since S is asked to recall his own placement, initial level of learning is assured. Pilot data suggest the measure is reliable even with Ss suffering from both psychiatric and physical illness.
Attitudes by Young Adults toward Child Rearing and Presumed Attitudes of Their Own Parents
Authors: Treichel Bruce , Nance Dale
Published: September 2011

57 undergraduate university students performed a Q-sort of 50 items of possible concern in child rearing and a second sorting based on presumed attitudes of their own parents. Significant differences were obtained between Ss' self-sorts and sorts for their parents; certain nonsignificant sex differences were also noted.
Avoidance Learning in the Rat as a Function of Strain Differences
Authors: Potts W. Joseph
Published: September 2011

Wistar, Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats were tested for general activity levels and for three different types of avoidance learning. No strain differences were observed for general activity or for the number of trials to learn a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in the one-way shuttle box. The Fischer strain avoided shock more than the Wistar strain which in turn avoided shock more than the Sprague-Dawley strain during the acquisition of the CAR and nondiscriminated avoidance response in the two-way shuttle box.
Self-Concepts Associated with Mania and Depression
Authors: Plutchik R. , Platman S. R. , Fieve R. R.
Published: September 2011

14 manic-depressive patients, 16 staff and 52 college students described their normal self, their ideal self, and their least-liked self in terms of certain personality traits. The emotion profile for the depressed state correlated highly with the least-liked self, but the manic profile did not correlate with any other description. Data suggest that ideal-self studies are basically concerned with social stereotypes.
Aspects of Alcoholics' Self-Concepts as Measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Gross William F. , Alder Linda O.
Published: September 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale was administered to 140 male alcoholics when they voluntarily entered the 60-day Alcoholic Treatment Program at the Lexington, Kentucky, Veterans Administration Hospital. The alcoholics differed significantly in a negative direction from the standardization group on 10 scales. The test results suggest that the alcoholics' derogative self-perceptions are general and not specific to narrow phases of personality and behavior.
Solutions Attribute List: I. Factor Structure for Solutions of a Task Administered under Neutral Test-Taking Instructions
Authors: Sciortino Rio
Published: September 2011

The Solutions Attribute List (SAL-1) was used to score the 2440 responses given by 173 volunteer undergraduate male and female Ss on a task from the Solutions Test. The task was administered under neutral test-taking instructions and in a test format having three parts, preparation, production, and revision. A principal components analysis was performed on the matrix of item correlations (SAL-1 items), with unities in the diagonal. When the matrix of principal components was rotated according to the varimax procedure three factors were obtained: projects, acceptability, and specificity.
Audiotape Self-Confrontation in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Bailey Kent G.
Published: September 2011

Numerous benefits have been attributed to use of playback during psychotherapy. To test its usefulness, 24 inmates at a federal women's prison were randomly divided into an audiotape-playback group, a regular therapy group, and a non-therapy control group. All Ss were administered a Q-sort measure immediately before and following a 6-wk. therapy or control period. The three groups did not significantly differ on any of the three Q-sort indices used. Taped excerpts from the two experimental groups showed that the playback Ss were significantly more verbally productive per unit of time, and it was suggested that playback may have affected the process but not the outcome of psychotherapy.
MMPI Scales vs Interviewer Ratings of Paranoia
Authors: Harris Richard J. , Wittner William , Koppell Bert , Hilf Franklin D.
Published: September 2011

Three sub-scales of the MMPI ( Sc, Pa, and Stein's recently devised Suspicion scale) had low positive correlations with two interview-derived indices of paranoia in a sample of 44 patients who had been classified by the staffs of their wards as either clearly paranoid or clearly non-paranoid.
WAIS Scores for Highly Educated Young Adults from the Philippines and the United States
Authors: Diego Ellinor A. San , Foley Jeanne M. , Walker Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

The WAIS was administered to 30 bilingual Philippine and 30 American Ss. Each national group consisted of 15 males and 15 females. The average person tested had more than 17 yr. of education. 14 2 × 2 analyses of variance for national origin and sex were performed on the 11 subtest scores and 3 IQ measures. The American group scored higher than the Philippine group on all variables except DS and significantly higher on 9 of the 14. However, both groups scored significantly higher on Verbal than on Performance IQ. The main effect for sex was significant for only one variable. The findings were discussed in relation to the literature on cross-cultural studies of adult intelligence.
Instructions, Noun Imagery, and Priority in Free Recall
Authors: Mueller John H. , Jablonski Eugene M.
Published: September 2011

Exp. I varied instructional sets in free recall, with Ss instructed to combine words into sentences, mental pictures, both, or left to their own strategy. The Pictures group was superior on both high- and low-imagery items. There was no evidence for summadon of availability for Ss with both, or for superiority of the Sentences group on low-imagery items. Low-imagery words tended to be recalled early on acquisition trials but be late in output on a delayed test. The second experiment used only own strategy and pictures instructions for lists varying orthogonally on imagery and frequency, with half of the Ss in each group informed of the general list composition. The latter seemed to have no effect, and the pictures set was effective only for high-imagery items. The priority effects were most pronounced for the low-imagery—high frequency subset.
Manifest Anxiety-Defensiveness Scale: First Factor of the MMPI Revisited
Authors: Millimet C. Raymond
Published: September 2011

A 63-item form for men and 59-item form for women of the Manifest Anxiety-Defensiveness ( MAD) scale resulted from three separate item analyses performed on a 243-item composite scale obtained by pooling 10 scales purported to reflect anxiety and defense. A factor analysis of these 11 scales yielded two clearly identifiable factors, with the MAD scale defining the first factor. The MAD scale was shown to possess very high reliability and several studies considering normal and psychiatric samples indicated satisfactory validity. Substantive and stylistic interpretations of the MAD scale were discussed in terms of the first factor of the MMPI. It was concluded that the MAD scale best reflects a bipolar dimension of anxiety and defense.
Sexual Differences in Physical Attractiveness as a Determinant of Heterosexual Liking
Authors: Miller Howard L. , Rivenbark W. H.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire study of sexual differences in the importance of physical attractiveness to heterosexual liking disclosed that 177 men ranked physical attractiveness significantly (but only slightly) higher than 177 women. Different degrees of intimacy and permanency in the relationship also affected the importance of physical attractiveness in partners. There was no significant interaction between sex and type of relationship.
Brief Note on the Reliability of the Janis and Field “Feelings of Inadequacy” Scale
Authors: Skolnick Paul , Shaw Jerry I.
Published: September 2011

In view of the frequent use of Janis and Field's (1959) “Feelings of Inadequacy” scale, an inter-item correlation matrix and correlation of each item with the total test score were obtained. Two items correlated poorly with other items and with the total test score. It is suggested that future researchers might eliminate these items from the scale.
Parent-Child Correlates of Machiavellianism and Manipulative Behavior
Authors: Braginsky Dorothea D.
Published: September 2011

The primary findings of a study to establish certain relationships between 10-yr.-old children and their parents with respect to the Machiavellian (Mach) scales and the children's manipulative interpersonal behavior were: (1) the parents' scores on both the Mach IV and Mach V are, individually, unrelated to their children's Mach scores; (2) although various combinations of the Mach scales (category patterns) are inversely related for mothers to the children's Mach scores, there is no relationship between these two variables for fathers; (3) these combinations for each parent, separately, are inversely related to the children's success at manipulative behavior.
Is There an Incentive Magnitude Effect on Adult Performance?
Authors: Monge Rolf H. , Blank Harriett D.
Published: September 2011

Four experiments ( ns = 40, 20, 46, 40) comparing the absolute and relative interpretations of the incentive magnitude effect utterly failed to show the effect with normal, community-dwelling, adult female Ss. Money was the incentive commodity used in both card-sorting and digit-symbol tasks, and it was paid both to the individual S and to S's women's club, and it was paid on both a per-task and per-unit-of-accomplishment basis. The limitations of both the incentive magnitude effect and of the methodology of these experiments are discussed.
Repressor-Sensitizer Differences in Psychiatric Patients on Repeated Exposures to Film Induced Stress
Authors: Davidson Park O. , Watkins Robert E.
Published: September 2011

A stressful film was shown twice to 39 psychiatric patients divided into 3 groups on the basis of their R-S scores. Skin conductance was monitored during the films and an adjective check list completed after each film. Differences among groups fell just short of statistical significance on both stress measures. The effects of the repression-sensitization personality dimension do not seem to account for as large a part of the variability in psychiatric patients' ability to cope with stress as they do in studies using normal Ss.
Effect of Nurturance on Imitative Behavior
Authors: Jasperse Coby S. , Hekken Suus M. J. V.
Published: September 2011

A partial replication of Mussen and Parker (1965) tested the hypothesis that a model's nurturance enhances the imitation of task-relevant behavior but not of task-irrelevant behavior. S either interacted for 15 min. with a friendly model or played for 15 min. by herself. In a subsequent individual session the model solved three Porteus Mazes during which she performed also four irrelevant acts. Thereafter, the 24 girls had to solve the same mazes. The results confirmed the hypothesis.
Comparison of Four Intelligence Tests Used with Culturally Disadvantaged Children
Authors: Johnson Dale L. , Johnson Carmen A.
Published: September 2011

Responses to 3 brief intelligence tests, the Slosson Intelligence Test, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and the Draw-A-Man Test, were compared with scores on the Stanford-Binet from 29 Head Start children. Correlations with the S-B ranged from .79 to .64. The Slosson was judged the best brief substitute for the S-B in that it correlated .79 with the S-B and its mean IQ was virtually the same as the S-B mean.
Authoritarian Attitudes, Degree of Pathology and Preference for Structured versus Unstructured Psychotherapy in Hospitalized Mental Patients
Authors: Canter Francis M.
Published: September 2011

95 men and 125 women mental hospital patients were asked to indicate preference for relatively structured (lectures) versus relatively unstructured (group discussions) psychotherapy, each of which the patient experienced in the hospital. The preferences were related to the patients' degree of authoritarianism as measured by the California F Scale and degree of mental pathology as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Social class was held relatively constant, since all patients were of lower-middle or lower class. Authoritarianism was higher in those preferring the structured approach but degree of pathology was not consistently distinguishing. It is concluded that the personality of the patient can be an important factor in considering the kind of psychotherapeutic approach to be used.
Catholic Attitudes and Beliefs in Transition: A Decade Study of a Jesuit College
Authors: Danesino Angelo , Layman William A.
Published: September 2011

Attitudes of 280 Catholic college students concerning 13 religion-oriented topics and 1 general “Life Style” area were surveyed and compared with results of a similar survey of 100 students made 10 yr. earlier. Data suggested an over-all liberalization of ideas regarding all religion-oriented topics except Labor Unions, where the reverse effect was noted. No change in Life Style opinions was observed.
Self-Stimulation in Utero
Authors: Straub Mary F.
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that the human fetus, in utero and often of itself, experiences the physiological effects of passion. Devoid of the sensuality denoted by common psychological reference, this embryonic emotion predisposes the fetus for some distinctly human qualities.
Scientific Status of Technical Eclecticism: A Critical Note
Authors: Lame-Ley Peter
Published: September 2011

This paper attempts to clarify claims that technical eclecticism is non-scientific. It is argued that modern philosophy of science has more in common with Lazarus' work than with his “scientific” critics. However, note is taken of the underlying assumption of empiricism that characterizes technical eclecticism and suggestions are made in the hope of drawing clinician's attention to an orientation more broadly based.
A Daily Activities List and its Relation to Measures of Adjustment and Early Environment
Authors: Stanfiel James D. , Tompkins William G. , Brown Harriet L.
Published: September 2011

The Daily Activities List (DAL), a self-report measure developed for a study of cancer patients, contains items denoting ordinary behavior of daily life such as work and recreation. Correlations were obtained for DAL activity level with indices of current emotional well-being and certain factors of developmental history. More active Ss (high scorers on DAL) tended to manifest less anxiety and other kinds of psychological distress and received more favorable ratings of early environment. Reliability data are presented and issues of validity and conceptual interpretation ate discussed.
Source and Magnitude of Censure in Predictions of Unethical Behavior
Authors: Zimmerman Jay , Krauss Herbert H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship of the prediction of ethical risk raking and the severity and agency of censure—self, family, peer group, and society. A significant interaction between agency and magnitude of censure was noted. With high censure, societal censure reduced risk taking most effectively; however, with low censure self-censure was most effective in inhibiting risk taking.
Frequency of Light Onset on Activation and Sensory Reinforcement in Domestic Chicks
Authors: Meyer Merle E. , Gordon Steven A.
Published: September 2011

100 chicks were exposed to 1 of 5 experimental conditions of differing frequencies of light onset with total light duration held constant during a 30-min. preconditioning phase. Within a subsequent 25-min. conditioning phase, light onset was response contingent. Exposure to different frequencies had significant behavioral effects in the preconditioning phase but not during the conditioning phase. The nonsignificant difference in conditioning suggests that Ss were in part satiated by the total duration of light. Frequency of light onset during preconditioning affects activation but not later sensory reinforced behavior.
Maslow and the Possibility of Becoming Healthy
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

The possibility that Maslow believed that self-actualized people were innately superior to others and that not everyone is capable of self-actualization is discussed. Although Maslow is somewhat obscure on this point, his writings are capable of being used to support the possibility.
Comparison of Unweighted and Importance-Weighted Job Satisfaction Measures for Three Samples of Female Office Workers
Authors: Waters L. K. , Roach Darrell
Published: September 2011

Multiplicative importance-weighted and unweighted composites of job-satisfaction components were correlated with separate measures of over-all job attitudes and a termination criterion. In no case did the use of weighting for importance result in higher correlations with criteria than the use of raw-score unit weights.
Correlates of Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Hooke James F.
Published: September 2011

The goals of this study were to develop an objective method for discriminating delinquent from non-delinquent adolescents and to describe personal and social differences between the two groups. 493 adolescents were tested. A discriminant function using variables from the Color Pyramid Test, the High School Personality Questionnaire, and some academic and demographic variables achieved statistically significant discrimination approximating the “hit” rates of other studies. However, the proportion of false positives rendered the technique impractical for general use. The delinquents generally showed less control over their behavior and tended to come from poorer family situations. A new approach to delinquency prediction research was proposed.
Suicide and Mutilation Behaviors in Non-Literate Societies
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

A sample of nonliterate societies was examined to see whether there was an association between the existence of practices of mutilation and self-torture and the incidence of suicidal behavior. No association was found.
Logic of Analysis of Variance in Relation to Predictions and Evaluations of Interaction Means
Authors: Cutter Henry S. G. , Heilizer Fred
Published: September 2011

The customary confounding of row and column effects with their interaction is discussed in terms of cell means purported to represent the interaction. Row, column and over-all mean corrections for cell means are outlined that clarify the relation between the mean and variance components of an interaction. Implications of this methodology for graphic and tabular representations of and interpretations of relationships among the means involved in an interaction are discussed.
Academic Achievement and Resultant and Academic Achievement Motivation
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Truog Anthony L.
Published: September 2011

Academic achievement measured by a standard test over 4 subject matter areas, and a GPA score, were studied as a function of resultant achievement motivation (RAM) and academic achievement motivation (AAM) in 76 students. The contribution of RAM to achievement was negligible and nonsignificant, though AAM correlated significantly in a negative direction with achievement in natural science; the importance of the latter finding was discounted. It was concluded that achievement, as measured, was not a significant function of achievement motivation, as measured. Directions for future research were outlined.
Relatively Low Prejudice in a Racially Isolated Group
Authors: Wade Kenneth , Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

This study compared the social distance scores of 84 rural high school students attending all-white high schools in an all-white section of Alabama with the scores of 214 students attending an integrated school in a small city. The students from the all-white schools expressed more favorable attitudes toward Negroes ( t = 5.27, df = 1/385, p < .001). It was not possible to arrange a re-test at the integrated school, but a re-test at the all-white schools about 6 mo. later involving 91 students showed that attitudes at these schools had improved significantly ( t = 3.68, df = 1/385, p < .001).
Volunteering as Group Spokesman as a Function of Task Effectiveness, Leader Success, and Task Similarity
Authors: Wright Jack M. , Worthy Morgan
Published: September 2011

By reversing the procedure in a Crutchfield-type apparatus, the frequency of adopting the job of spokesman for one's group was studied as a function of the following variables: effectiveness of performance on a previous task, success in influencing the behavior of other group members; and task similarity. Results for 64 male Ss indicate that persons are most willing to function as spokesmen for the group when they have been effective on an earlier task. This is especially likely when the earlier task is similar to the task on which they volunteer as spokesmen or when Ss had been unable to influence other group members' judgments on the previous task. The interpretation is advanced that some types of leadership attempts occur more readily on the basis of feeling of adequacy on the task than on feelings of acceptance as leader (i.e., successful influence).
A Cluster Analysis of Home Index Status Items
Authors: Gough Harrison G.
Published: September 2011

A “Home Index” set of 22 items for assessing socioeconomic status was first described in 1949- Although the implications of total score on the items have been previously examined, the internal dimensionality of the series has not yet been established. A cluster analysis of the item matrix was therefore conducted, using 1,379 student protocols drawn from 14 high schools. Four clusters were identified: social status, ownership, socio-civic involvement, and aesthetic involvement. Intercorrelation of clusters in new samples of 379 males and 383 females yielded coefficients ranging from .21 to .38, with median of 28. Scores were also related to scholastic achievement, intellectual ability, and father's occupation, and normative data from a sample of 2,284 Ss were presented.
Reinforcement Procedures in the Control of Encopresis: A Case Study
Authors: Pedrini Bonnie C. , Pedrlni D. T.
Published: September 2011

A student and his problems were pin-pointed, recorded, and changed. The first 3 wk. were used to establish a base rate. S defecated in class, once every few days. After he was programmed with reinforcers (charting and coupons toward book purchases), he may have had one accident, only, for the remainder of the school year (8 wk.). Follow-up through the seventh month of the next school year (the time of this writing) indicates one accident only. During this 7-mo. period, he was not programmed with book coupons or any other specific reinforcer. He had internalized a previous external model of control.
Academic Rank, Task Feedback and Self-Reinforcement in Children
Authors: Haynes Linda E. , Kanfer Frederick H.
Published: September 2011

This experiment explored the non-intellectual correlates of academic achievement from the perspective of research on self-regulation. Part I studied the relationship of class standing (in third and fourth grade boys) and self-reinforcement patterns. Ss evaluated their guesses on a perceptual task as Very Good or Bad. Boys of high class-standing were significantly more self-critical than boys of low class-standing. Part II explored the effects of positive, negative and no feedback on the same Ss. High Ss decreased more rapidly in self-criticism from Part I than Low Ss. Different feedbacks had no different effects on SR rates, but Low Ss tended to show more absolute change after feedback.
Stereotypes of Scalp and Facial Hair as Measured by the Semantic Differential
Authors: Roll Samuel , Verinis J. S.
Published: September 2011

36 male and 44 female college students were presented with a series of 15 stimuli which were designed to represent the variables of hair color, hair length, quantity of scalp hair, hair quality and amount of facial hair. Each stimulus was rated on scales representing the Evaluative, Potency, and Activity dimensions. The proposition that stereotypes are identifiable was strongly confirmed. Of 18 specific predictions 15 were also confirmed. Explanation in full of these findings was not effected.
Litter Size and Weight Gain of Neonatal Guinea Pigs
Authors: Stern Jeffrey J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between litter size and weight gain of neonatal guinea pigs was examined in 13 litters with a total of 34 offspring. The diets of the mothers were supplemented with 1% calcium glutonate. Without exception the larger the litter the smaller the weight gain of the piglets.
Attitudinal Valence and Semantic Differential Potency Scales
Authors: Jones James Marc
Published: September 2011

185 Ss rated two issues on 16 semantic differential potency scales. Ss were classified for or against the issues on the basis of their responses to two unmarked 9-cm lines descriptively labeled at the end points. Semantic differential data from the four resulting classes were factor analyzed using principal components solutions with varimax rotations. Previous research (Jones, 1969) suggested that these scales might fractionate into several components of variance and that the structure would vary depending on attitudinal valence (for-against the issue). Descriptive comparisons and comparisons employing Tucker's coefficient of congruence (Harman, 1967) supported the hypothesis of dissimilar fractionation.
A Least Squares Fit for Comparison of Configurations of Points in Two-Dimensional Space
Authors: Levin Joseph
Published: September 2011

Multidimensional scaling techniques map a set of objects into geometric space, usually Euclidean. As the solutions are not unique, and linear transformations are admissible operations, two solutions for a given set of objects are not comparable owing to differences of the coordinate systems. A Transformation of coordinates to obtain a least squares fit of two configurations is derived for the two-dimensional case.
Dogmatism and Presidential Preferences: A 1968 Replication
Authors: Direnzo Gordon J.
Published: September 2011

Replication of a 1964 study on the role of dogmatism in the selection of presidential candidates in the 1968 national elections supports previous findings that voting behavior is, in part at least, a function of some measure of identification between the political elector and the political candidate.
Predicting Gains in Knowledge during Medical Intern Training
Authors: Howell M. A. , Newman S. H.
Published: September 2011

Gains in physicians' clinical knowledge and ability to reason about professional problems as a result of intern training were measured by an end of training examination tailored to the training program. Ss were groups of interns ( N = 70 to 96) in rotating internships in U. S. Public Health Service Hospitals. The end of training examination, as a criterion, was predicted by pretests, a combination of aptitude tests and professional examinations covering medical school subjects. Multiple correlations corrected for shrinkage ranged from .62 to .73. The findings indicate that knowledge of the effects training is designed to produce and identification of individuals most suited for a particular program can improve selection by the prospective training institution.
The Children's Associative Responding Test: Its Relation to Individual Tests of Recall, Comprehension, and Concept Formation
Authors: Kerner Marion , Achenbach Thomas
Published: September 2011

The Children's Associative Responding Test (CART) was administered to 139 fifth graders. 20 identified by the CART as nonassociative responders generally outperformed 20 associative responders on individual tests of recall, comprehension, and concept formation. Marked differences between the two groups in correlations among the tasks and between the tasks and grade average indicated that associative responders use the same approach to school work as to serial recall, while nonassociative responders approach school work as they do comprehension and concept formation tasks.
Return Rates of “Lost” Letters as a Function of Whether the Letter is Stamped and Amount of Money Apparently in the Letter
Authors: Simon William E. , Gillen Marilyn J.
Published: September 2011

150 stamped and 150 unstamped letters with 3 different amounts of “play” money in them were “lost.” The return rate for stamped letters was significantly higher than the return rate for unstamped letters. Amount of “play” money in the letter did not have a significant effect upon return rate.
Validation of the Quick Test for Intelligence Screening of the Elderly
Authors: Levine Nira R.
Published: September 2011

The composite Quick Test (Forms 1, 2, 3) and full WAIS were administered to 50 elderly Ss aged 60 to 100 yr. The purpose of this study was to validate the Quick Test for use with the elderly in order to determine whether the Quick Test could be satisfactorily substituted for the WAIS when intellectual screening is required for the elderly. For this sample, the WAIS Verbal IQ was higher than the Performance IQ in 84% of the cases. Correlation coefficients between the Quick Test and the WAIS Vocabulary, Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQs ranged between .71 and .95 ( p < .001). These results strongly recommend the use of the Quick Test as a brief screening test to measure general intelligence in the elderly, particularly when administration of lengthy IQ tests is impractical or inefficient.
Death Anxiety Scale Means, Standard Deviations, and Embedding
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Ruff Carol F.
Published: September 2011

A table of means and standard deviations on the Death Anxiety Scale for 23 categories of Ss was presented. Embedding of the Scale's items apparently had little or no effect upon scores.
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Shifts in Incentive
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

Rats given magazine and bar-press training with 32% sucrose reinforcement learned faster than those given either 4% or 11% reinforcements. After all Ss were given a small, decreasing number of 11% reinforcements as the initial part of an extinction test, reliable group differences occurred, the downshifted Ss showing the greatest and the upshifted Ss the least decrement in nonreinforced performance. The results are interpreted as supporting the reality of an over-all contrast phenomenon, especially with respect to the recently implicated artifactual account emphasizing differential weight loss but as leaving open the question of whether any significant contribution is made by an overshooting effect.
The Draft Lottery and Cognitive Imbalance
Authors: Montgomery Robert L.
Published: September 2011

The resultant attitudes of college students toward the draft lottery were used in an empirical check on Heider's cognitive imbalance theory. Support for the theory was found in comparing a control group, unaffected by the lottery, with a directly affected experimental group. The means of the first-to-be drafted in the experimental group were significantly smaller than those of the first-to-be drafted in the control group and showed that the first-to-be drafted shifted toward disliking the lottery. The means of the intermediate-to-be drafted in the experimental group did not differ significantly from those of the intermediate-to-be drafted in the control group and suggested little attitude change for these individuals. The means of the last-to-be drafted in the experimental group were significantly greater than those of the last-to-be drafted in the control group and indicated that the last-to-be drafted shifted toward liking the lottery. These results were interpreted as supporting Heider's imbalance theory.
Self, Interaction, and Task Orientation of High-and Low-Rated Peace Corps Trainees
Authors: Shybut John , Uhes Michael J.
Published: September 2011

This study compared high- and low-rated Peace Corps trainees on the three scales on the Orientation Inventory. It was found that high-rated trainees exhibit a higher task orientation than their low-rated counterparts. Significant differences were also found between the Peace Corps trainees and the college sample.
Cognitive Development and Parental Loss among the Gifted, the Exceptionally Gifted and the Creative
Authors: Albert Robert S.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports an analysis of descriptions of children with IQs of 155 or better. It is suggested that these children be distinguished from gifted children by the label exceptionally gifted. The paper reports some important cognitive differences between the two groups as well as the high rate of early parental loss among historically famous highly intelligent persons. This finding is discussed in the light of how certain parent-child relationships might contribute to the development of cognitive giftedness into high level of creative behavior.
Social Olfaction: A Review of the Role of Olfaction in a Variety of Animal Behaviors
Authors: Cheal Mary Lou , Sprott Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Behavioral olfactory experiments were reviewed, relating the behavioral effects of pheromones to the psychophysical work in olfaction. Short descriptions of various experiments were used to show the importance of olfaction to the social behavior of animals by tracing the history of the experimental evidence and viewing the behavioral data pertaining to the discharge of pheromones and their effects and to look at the psychophysical evidence for olfactory acuity and the behavioral implications for the role of the physiological structures in olfaction.
MMPI Social Introversion-Extroversion and Hypnotic Previous Existence Fantasies
Authors: Philip Robert , Schill Thomas
Published: September 2011

2 extreme MMPI social introverts and 2 extroverts were hypnotically regressed to a prior existence and their descriptions of that existence were tape recorded. Later, judges rated each taped segment on 32 semantic differential scales. Personality had a marked effect on the quality of the hypnotic fantasies. Fantasies of introverts were judged to be passive, impotent, and negative in evaluation. Extroverts' fantasies were judged the exact opposite. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Special Incomplete Sentences Test for Underachievers: Further Research
Authors: Riedel Robert G. , Grossman Jack H. , Burger Gary
Published: September 2011

Three brief studies are presented. In Study I the original validation group of normal high school students and underachievers for the Special Incomplete Sentences Test are shown to give different responses on this test from high school students who are extremely high achievers. Study II presents a factor analysis of the test scores. Study III shows several significant correlations with anxiety scores. The positive findings indicate that further research and consideration are warranted.
Analysis of Demographic Variables Characterizing Hospitalized Male Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Wojtowicz E. H. , Anderson Don E.
Published: September 2011

37 demographic variables recorded for 214 male alcoholics being hospitalized in 5 different Minnesota treatment centers were factor analyzed. Low correlations among variables represented by high loadings on the 12 factors extracted lead to the conclusion that the alcoholic population tested can be described as being clearly heterogeneous in respect to these demographic characteristics.
An Analytical Investigation of Instructions Designed to Elicit Test Anxiety
Authors: Long K. Kilby , Bessemer David W.
Published: September 2011

Components of motivating instructions typically used to elicit performance decrements in high test-anxious Ss were investigated to determine whether: (a) the mention of a test, (b) identifying the test as an intelligence measure, or (c) suggesting evaluation in relation to a peer-group is primarily responsible for the observed decrement. High and low test-anxious Ss were given 12 paired-associated lists of common English word pairs, and experimental instructions between the 8th and 9th lists. Analyses of post-instruction changes in PA anticipation responses showed significant differences only between the instruction containing all three components and the control condition. The magnitude of the reliable performance decrement produced by the instructions was inversely related to Ss' level of performance before the instructions were given, and no decrement occurred for most Ss at the highest levels of pre-instructional proficiency. Increased emphasis might well be given to the analysis of effects of test anxiety on changes in individual performance.
General Self-Concept and Specific Self-Evaluations after an Academic Task
Authors: Felker Donald W. , Stanwyck Douglas J.
Published: September 2011

For a sample of 88 fourth-grade children specific self-evaluations after an academic task were related to general self-concept scores but not related to performance on the academic task.
Attitudes of Mental Health Professionals toward Homosexuality and its Treatment
Authors: Fort Joel , Steiner Claude M. , Conrad Florence
Published: September 2011

A random sample of 163 professional therapists in private practice in the San Francisco Bay Area were surveyed on their attitudes toward treatment of homosexuals, diagnostic categories, and other matters. Results indicated a majority had some (limited) experience with (predominantly male) homosexuals, most would use but few preferred group therapy for homosexuals, treatment goals were mixed, change of sex orientation in treatment was minor, but belief in its possibility widespread; there was considerable disagreement with some diagnostic categories, little support for mandatory treatment, near-unanimity on liberalization of the law, widespread support for non-exclusionary employment policies.
Statistical Treatment of Nominal Numbers
Authors: Harris David Reed
Published: September 2011

An attempt is made to find an answer to Lord's parable of the “football numbers” by demonstrating that he ignored the well known principle that a measurement operation should be consistent over allowable transformations of scale. An example is given to demonstrate that two allowable transformations of nominal scale data may lead to different statistical results.
Frontal Cortex Lesions and Fixed-Interval Acquisition in the Rat
Authors: Schmitz Nancy , Foshee Donald P.
Published: September 2011

This research was designed to study the behavioral effects of frontal cortex lesions upon the performance of rats in a fixed-interval reinforcement situation. Prior to testing, 10 Ss were prepared with posterior frontal cortical lesions in areas 10 and 6. 10 control Ss received sham operations. Following post-operative recovery, the animals were placed on a 23-hr. food deprivation schedule and trained to press a bar for a pellet of food which would be delivered only if 1 min. had elapsed since the previous reward. Analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the 2 groups in the ability to learn the temporal discrimination. However, lesioned Ss yielded a significantly divergent distribution of responses within the interval and a much lower terminal rate of response than the controls.