bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of CO2 capture on using potential adsorbents in a CI engine exhaust–An experimental investigation
Authors: Ravi Maniarasu , Rathore Sushil Kumar , Sivalingam Murugan
Published: December 2023

Anthropogenic activites release greenhouse gas emissions into our atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). This abundant accumulation of CO2 generates numerous problems like global warming and climate change. However, research has been conducted to capture CO2 from significant single‐point emitters like compression ignition (CI) engines, backup generators, and distributed power production plants. Moreover, research has also been done on post‐combustion adsorption chamber to capture CO2 emissions from small stationary engines. Biomass‐based activated carbon as an adsorbent for capturing CO2 from engine exhaust has recently been investigated. Three biomass‐based adsorbents, (a) coconut shell adsorbent, (b) rice husk adsorbent and (c) eucalyptus wood adsorbent, are used in the capture unit to trap CO2 from the CI engine exhaust. This study uses a single‐cylinder, four‐stroke, air‐cooled, naturally‐aspirated, direct‐injection (DI) CI engine running at a constant speed of 1,500 rpm and producing power of 4.4 kW. The adsorption performance of adsorbent samples is investigated by coupling the adsorption chamber to the exhaust system of a test engine operated on diesel (D100) at various loads. Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) is used to regenerate the original adsorbent. The adsorbents’ adsorption capacities are evaluated by performing multiple adsorption–desorption test cycles using the same adsorbents. During TSA, CO2 released from the capture unit is further captured and stored in a gas bag. The captured gas sample is characterized through gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS) characterization to examine and ensure the gas adsorption efficacy of adsorbent samples. The outcomes of this research study are discussed and presented in detail. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salt‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition Reactions of Hydantoins
Authors: Röser Katharina , Prameshuber Lucas , Jahangir Sajid , Chandra Mallojjala Sharath , Hirschi Jennifer S. , Waser Mario
Published: December 2023

We herein report a protocol for the asymmetric 1,4‐addition of hydantoins to various Michael acceptors by utilizing Cinchona alkaloid‐based chiral quaternary ammonium salt catalysts. Various products were obtained with moderate to good enantioselectivities and accompanying computational investigations helped to identify key interactions responsible for the observed selectivity. DFT calculations along with non‐covalent interaction plots reveal the presence of numerous stabilizing non‐classical hydrogen bonding interactions along with other non‐covalent interactions between the chiral quaternary ammonium salt and hydantoin molecule in the C−C bond forming transition states leading to the formation of the products. In addition, a first proof‐of‐concept for an analogous a‐sulfanylation reaction, albeit with poor selectivity, is reported as well.
Sonographic features of diffuse giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath in the shoulder: A case report
Authors: Du Yan , Li Li , Hu Xiaoling
Published: December 2023

A middle‐aged woman presented to our hospital with a chief complaint of a mass on the left shoulder for 1 year. The initial lump was small with no pain or tenderness, and the patient had not sought medical attention for numbness in the left shoulder. Clinical examination showed a mass on the left shoulder measuring 11 × 8 × 3 cm approximately with no apparent skin damage or ecchymosis. No limitations in left shoulder joint movements were observed, and the patient exhibited normal movement of the left elbow joint, wrist joint, and metacarpophalangeal joint. Moreover, the left radial artery was palpable.
Evaluation of antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anticancer activity of mucus extract from both Egyptian land snails, Eremina desertorum and Helix aspersa, with emphasis on their chemical profiles
Authors: Kandeil Manar A. , Mona Mahy M.
Published: December 2023

The snail mucus provides several functions and is increasingly being exploited for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. This study aimed to determine the chemical profile of two snail mucus extracts: the garden snail (Helix aspersa) and the desert snail (Eremina desertorum). In addition, it elucidates the antityrosinase, antioxidant, and anticancer activities against the human cancer cell line epithelioid carcinoma (Hela). The mucus was extracted from the pedal glands of garden snails (H. aspersa) and desert snails (E. desertorum). 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay and the content of catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione were utilized to assess the antioxidative screening activity of the mucus extracts. Besides a tyrosinase inhibitor assay, anticancer activity on cervical cancer cells (Hela) was studied. Additionally, the two mucus samples' total protein, total lipid, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles were compared. The mucus from both snails exhibited antioxidant activity. E. desertorum is more effective in inhibiting tyrosinase activity and has better scavenging activity than H. aspersa mucus extract. Both extracts revealed inhibitory activity against Hela cells, with insignificant differences. Moreover, the results indicated higher protein, lipids, and fatty acids mucus content of E. desertorum extract than those of H. aspersa mucus extract. Both snail slimes' obtained different biological activities, and amino acid contents could be related to their specific functions and beneficial for medical applications, especially antihyperpigmentation.
Long‐term outcomes of neoadjuvant gemcitabine, nab‐paclitaxel, and S1 (GAS) in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer with arterial contact: Results from a phase II trial
Authors: Uemura Kenichiro , Kondo Naru , Sudo Takeshi , Sumiyoshi Tatsuaki , Shintakuya Ryuta , Okada Kenjiro , Baba Kenta , Harada Takumi , Murakami Yoshiaki , Takahashi Shinya
Published: December 2023

Background/Purpose

This study reports the long‐term results of a phase II trial evaluating the clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant gemcitabine, nab‐paclitaxel, and S1 (GAS) in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer with arterial contact (BRPC‐A).

Methods

A multicenter, single‐arm, phase II trial was conducted. Patients received six cycles of GAS and patients without progressive disease were intended for R0 resection.

Results

Of the 47 patients, 45 (96%) underwent pancreatectomy. At the time of this analysis, all patients were updated with no loss to follow‐up. A total of 30 patients died, while the remaining 17 patients were followed for a median of 68.1 months. The updated median overall survival (OS) was 41.0 months, with 2‐ and 5‐year OS rates of 68.0% and 44.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis in the preoperative model showed that a tumor diameter reduction rate ≥10% and a CA19‐9 reduction rate ≥95% after neoadjuvant chemotherapy remained independently associated with favorable survival. In the postoperative multivariate model, no lymph node metastasis, no major surgical complications, and completion of adjuvant chemotherapy were independently associated with improved OS.

Conclusions

This long‐term evaluation of the neoadjuvant GAS trial demonstrated the high efficacy of the regimen, suggesting that it is a promising treatment option for patients with BRPC‐A.
Accelerated Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Yoon Min A , Gold Garry E. , Chaudhari Akshay S.
Published: December 2023

With a substantial growth in the use of musculoskeletal MRI, there has been a growing need to improve MRI workflow, and faster imaging has been suggested as one of the solutions for a more efficient examination process. Consequently, there have been considerable advances in accelerated MRI scanning methods. This article aims to review the basic principles and applications of accelerated musculoskeletal MRI techniques including widely used conventional acceleration methods, more advanced deep learning‐based techniques, and new approaches to reduce scan time. Specifically, conventional accelerated MRI techniques, including parallel imaging, compressed sensing, and simultaneous multislice imaging, and deep learning‐based accelerated MRI techniques, including undersampled MR image reconstruction, super‐resolution imaging, artifact correction, and generation of unacquired contrast images, are discussed. Finally, new approaches to reduce scan time, including synthetic MRI, novel sequences, and new coil setups and designs, are also reviewed. We believe that a deep understanding of these fast MRI techniques and proper use of combined acceleration methods will synergistically improve scan time and MRI workflow in daily practice.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Mobile payment adoption in China: Do demographic and socioeconomic factors matter?
Authors: Vatsa Puneet , Ma Wanglin , Zheng Hongyun
Published: December 2023

Although mobile payment adoption has risen steeply, relatively little is known about whether and how demographic and socioeconomic factors, subjective well‐being, political affiliation, and health status are associated with mobile payment adoption. Using 2017 Chinese General Social Survey data on 11,628 individuals, we show that Chinese people's decisions to adopt mobile payment solutions are positively and significantly associated with education, perception of health and economic status, Chinese Communist Party membership, full‐time work, income, social participation, car ownership, internet penetration rate, and residential location. Age is negatively associated with mobile payment adoption, and men are less likely than women to use mobile payment solutions; subject well‐being is not associated with mobile payment adoption.
Novel homozygous mutations in TXNDC15 causing Meckel syndrome
Authors: Deng Tianqin , Xie Yuli
Published: December 2023

Background

Meckel syndrome (MKS) is the most severe form of an autosomal recessive ciliopathy and is clinically characterized by occipital encephalocele, severely polycystic kidneys, and postaxial polydactyly (toes). The association of TXNDC15‐related MKS has been reported. We report the case of a homozygous mutation in the TXNDC15 gene, causing MKS14 in the Chinese population.

Methods

The fetal skin tissue and parental peripheral blood were retained for whole‐exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, which investigated the potential pathogenic variants associated with MKS.

Results

The fetus was homozygous for a mutation in the TXNDC15 gene (NM_024715.3), specifically c.560delA (p.Asn187llefsTer4), and both parents were heterozygous for this mutation.

Conclusion

Our study identified a new mutation that adds to the mutational landscape of MKS, which provide a basis for genetic counseling and the selection of reproductive options.
High‐resolution myelin‐water fraction and quantitative relaxation mapping using 3D ViSTa‐MR fingerprinting
Authors: Liao Congyu , Cao Xiaozhi , Iyer Siddharth Srinivasan , Schauman Sophie , Zhou Zihan , Yan Xiaoqian , Chen Quan , Li Zhitao , Wang Nan , Gong Ting , Wu Zhe , He Hongjian , Zhong Jianhui , Yang Yang , Kerr Adam , Grill‐Spector Kalanit , Setsompop Kawin
Published: December 2023

Purpose

This study aims to develop a high‐resolution whole‐brain multi‐parametric quantitative MRI approach for simultaneous mapping of myelin‐water fraction (MWF), T1, T2, and proton‐density (PD), all within a clinically feasible scan time.

Methods

We developed 3D visualization of short transverse relaxation time component (ViSTa)‐MRF, which combined ViSTa technique with MR fingerprinting (MRF), to achieve high‐fidelity whole‐brain MWF and T1/T2/PD mapping on a clinical 3T scanner. To achieve fast acquisition and memory‐efficient reconstruction, the ViSTa‐MRF sequence leverages an optimized 3D tiny‐golden‐angle‐shuffling spiral‐projection acquisition and joint spatial–temporal subspace reconstruction with optimized preconditioning algorithm. With the proposed ViSTa‐MRF approach, high‐fidelity direct MWF mapping was achieved without a need for multicompartment fitting that could introduce bias and/or noise from additional assumptions or priors.

Results

The in vivo results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed acquisition and reconstruction framework to provide fast multi‐parametric mapping with high SNR and good quality. The in vivo results of 1 mm‐ and 0.66 mm‐isotropic resolution datasets indicate that the MWF values measured by the proposed method are consistent with standard ViSTa results that are 30× slower with lower SNR. Furthermore, we applied the proposed method to enable 5‐min whole‐brain 1 mm‐iso assessment of MWF and T1/T2/PD mappings for infant brain development and for post‐mortem brain samples.

Conclusions

In this work, we have developed a 3D ViSTa‐MRF technique that enables the acquisition of whole‐brain MWF, quantitative T1, T2, and PD maps at 1 and 0.66 mm isotropic resolution in 5 and 15 min, respectively. This advancement allows for quantitative investigations of myelination changes in the brain.
Influence of sensory retraining on cortical reorganization in peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review
Authors: Canlı Kübra , Van Oijen Joris , Van Oosterwijck Jessica , Meeus Mira , Van Oosterwijck Sophie , De Meulemeester Kayleigh
Published: December 2023

Objective

This study systematically reviewed the literature about sensory retraining effect in comparison to other rehabilitative techniques on cortical reorganization in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain.

Type

Systematic review.

Literature survey

After an electronic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials and the ROBINS‐1 (Risk of bias in non‐randomized studies‐of interventions) for non‐randomized studies of intervention.

Methodology

The strength of conclusion was determined using the evidence‐based guideline development approach.

Synthesis

Limited evidence indicates a higher increase in cortical inhibition and a higher reduction in cortical activation during a motor task of the affected hemisphere after graded motor imagery compared to wait‐list. Higher reductions in map volume (total excitability of the cortical representation) of the affected hemisphere after peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) were observed when compared to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or to sham treatment with limited evidence. No other differences in cortical excitability and representation of the affected and non‐affected hemisphere were observed when comparing mirror therapy with sham therapy or tDCS, PES with sham therapy or tDCS, and graded motor imagery with wait‐list.

Conclusions

Graded motor imagery and PES result in higher cortical excitability reductions of the affected hemisphere compared to wait‐list, tDCS and sham treatment, respectively.
A magnetic resonance conditional robot for lumbar spinal injection: Development and preliminary validation
Authors: Liu Depeng , Li Gang , Wang Shuyuan , Liu Zixuan , Wang Yanzhou , Connolly Laura , Usevitch David E. , Shen Guofeng , Cleary Kevin , Iordachita Iulian
Published: December 2023

Purpose

This work presents the design and preliminary validation of a Magnetic Resonance (MR) conditional robot for lumbar injection for the treatment of lower back pain.

Methods

This is a 4‐degree‐of‐freedom (DOF) robot that is 200 × 230 × 130 mm3 in volume and has a mass of 0.8 kg. Its lightweight and compact features allow it to be directly affixed to patient's back, establishing a rigid connection, thus reducing positional errors caused by patient movements during treatment.

Results

To validate the positioning accuracy of the needle by the robot, an electromagnetic (EM) tracking system and a needle with an EM sensor embedded in the tip were used for the free space evaluation with position accuracy of 0.88 ± 0.46 mm and phantom mock insertions using the Loop‐X CBCT scanner with target position accuracy of 3.62 ± 0.92 mm.

Conclusion

Preliminary experiments demonstrated that the proposed robot showed improvements and benefits in its rotation range, flexible needle adjustment, and sensor protection compared with previous and existing systems, offering broader clinical applications.
A distributed finite‐time optimization algorithm for directed networks of continuous‐time agents
Authors: Wang Qingling , Wu Wenqiang
Published: December 2023

This article proposes a new distributed finite‐time optimization algorithm for agents under directed graphs. By employing the nonsmooth technique and graph theory, a distributed discontinuous algorithm for continuous‐time agents subject to strongly convex local cost functions is first designed with a finite‐time distributed estimator, where the gradients of the local cost functions are estimated in finite time. It is shown that for a strongly connected graph and arbitrary initial conditions, the proposed algorithms can achieve consensus, and the systems can converge to the optimal point in finite time. Then, a two‐step approach is proposed to achieve finite‐time optimization of high‐order agents with disturbances under directed graphs. Finally, the validity of the proposed finite‐time optimization algorithm is verified by two numerical examples.
In Situ Electrochemical Restructuring B‐Doped Metal–Organic Frameworks as Efficient OER Electrocatalysts for Stable Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Authors: Lin Xuanni , Li Xue , Shi Lei , Ye Fenghui , Liu Feng , Liu Dong
Published: December 2023

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising as effective electrocatalysts toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the origin of OER activity for MOF‐based electrocatalysts is still unclear because of their structure reconstruction during electrocatalysis process. Here, a novel MOF (B‐MOF‐Zn‐Co) with spherical superstructure is developed by hydrothermal treatment of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐Zn, Co (ZIF‐Zn‐Co) using boric acid. The resultant B‐MOF‐Zn‐Co shows high OER activity with a low overpotential of 362 mV at 100 mA cm−2. Remarkably, B‐MOF‐Zn‐Co displays excellent stability with only 3.6% voltage delay over 300 h at 100 mA cm−2 in alkaline electrolyte. Surprisingly, B‐MOF‐Zn‐Co thoroughly transforms into B‐doped CoOOH (B‐CoOOH) during electrolysis process, which is served as actual active material for high OER electrocatalytic performance. The newly‐formed B‐CoOOH possesses lower energy barrier of potential‐determining step (PDS) for OOH* formation compared with CoOOH, benefiting for high OER activity. More importantly, B‐MOF‐Zn‐Co based anion exchange membrane water electrolytic cell (AEMWE) demonstrates continuously durable operation with stable current density of 200 mA cm−2 over 300 h, illustrating its potential application in practice water electrolysis. This work offers an in situ electrochemical reconstruction strategy for the development of stable and effective OER electrocatalysts toward practice AEMWE.
Tunable Impedance of Cobalt Loaded Carbon for Wide‐Range Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Wang Xiaonong , Wang Zhongliao , Xi Dawei , Li Jiayi , Li Xiaoxia , Bai Xiujun , Wang Bin , Low Jingxiang , Xiong Yujie
Published: December 2023

Impedance matching modulation of the electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers toward broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) is the ultimate aim in EMW attenuation applications. Here, a Joule heating strategy is reported for preparation of the Co‐loaded carbon (Co/C) absorber with tunable impedance characteristics. Typically, the size of the Co can be regulated to range from single‐atoms to clusters, and to nanocrystals. The varied sizes of the Co combined with different graphitization degrees of carbon can result in different relative input impedances and electromagnetic loss, leading to the tunable EMW absorption properties of the Co/C absorber. By meticulously coalescing the different prepared Co/C, the working frequency can be easily tuned, covering Ku, X, and C bands. Furthermore, the Co/C demonstrates a high EMW attenuation due to its unique dielectric loss capability and magnetic loss characteristics. The abundant interfaces of Co/C can also contribute to the enhanced interfacial polarization for improving EMW attenuation. This work demonstrates the importance of optimizing the metal and carbon interaction to the impedance matching toward wide EAB of the EMW absorbers.
Piezocatalysis for Chemical–Mechanical Polishing of SiC: Dual Roles of t‐BaTiO3 as a Piezocatalyst and an Abrasive
Authors: Hu Tao , Feng Jinxi , Yan Wen , Tian Shuanghong , Sun Jingxiang , Liu Xiaosheng , Wei Di , Wang Ziming , Yu Yang , Lam Jason Chun‐Ho , Liu Shaorong , Wang Zhong Lin , Xiong Ya
Published: December 2023

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) offers a promising pathway to smooth third‐generation semiconductors. However, it is still a challenge to reduce the use of additional oxidants or/and energy in current CMP processes. Here, a new and green atomically smoothing method: Piezocatalytic‐CMP (Piezo‐CMP) is reported. Investigation shows that the Piezo‐CMP based on tetragonal BaTiO3 (t‐BT) can polish the rough surface of a reaction sintering SiC (RS‐SiC) to the ultra‐smooth surface with an average surface roughness (Ra) of 0.45 nm and the rough surface of a single‐crystal 4H‐SiC to the atomic planarization Si and C surfaces with Ra of 0.120 and 0.157 nm, respectively. In these processes, t‐BT plays a dual role of piezocatalyst and abrasive. That is, it piezo‐catalytically generates in‐situ active oxygen species to selectively oxidize protruding sites of SiC surface, yielding soft SiO2, and subsequently, it acts as a usual abrasive to mechanically remove these SiO2. This mechanism is further confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and molecular simulation. In this process, piezocatalytic oxidation is driven only by the original pressure and friction force of a conventional polishing process, thus, the piezo‐CMP process do not require any additional oxidant and energy, being a green and effective polishing method.
Enhanced Horizontal Dipole Orientation by Novel Penta‐Helicene Anthracene‐Based Host for Efficient Blue Fluorescent OLEDs
Authors: Kuang Changchun , Li Siqi , Murtaza Imran , Meng Zhimin , Li Hongyang , Zhang Xinkang , Wu Chengcheng , Tong Kai‐Ning , Shang Yifan , He Yaowu , Zhu Yanan , Wei Guodan , Meng Hong
Published: December 2023

Due to the relatively low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and horizontal dipole orientation of doped films, anthracene‐based fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (F‐OLEDs) have faced a great challenge to achieve high external quantum efficiency (EQE). Herein, a novel approach is introduced by incorporating penta‐helicene into anthracene, presented as linear‐shaped 3‐(4‐(10‐phenylanthracen‐9‐yl)phenyl)dibenzo[c,g]phenanthrene (BABH) and 3‐(4‐(10‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)anthracen‐9‐yl)phenyl)dibenzo[c,g]phenanthrene (NABH). These blue hosts exhibit minimal intermolecular overlap of π–π stacking, effectively suppressing excimer formation, which facilitates the effective transfer of singlet energy to the fluorescent dopant for PLQY as high as 90%. Additionally, the as‐obtained two hosts of BABH and NABH have effectively demonstrated major horizontal components transition dipole moments (TDM) and high thermal stability with glass transitional temperature (Tg) surpassing 188 °C, enhancing the horizontal dipole orientation of their doped films to be 89% and 93%, respectively. The OLEDs based on BABH and NABH exhibit excellent EQE of 10.5% and 12.4% at 462 nm and device lifetime up to 90% of the initial luminance over 4500 h at 100 cd m−2, which has firmly established them as among the most efficient blue F‐OLEDs based on anthracene to date to the best knowledge. This work provides an instructive strategy to design an effective host for highly efficient and stable F‐OLEDs.
Hybrid Aromatic Fluoro Amine‐Modified SnO2 Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells for Enhanced Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Koliyot Reshma Dileep , Maticiuc Natalia , Mathies Florian , Levine Igal , Dagar Janardan , Paramasivam Gopinath , Mallick Sudhanshu , Narasinga Rao Tata , Unger Eva , Veerappan Ganapathy
Published: December 2023

SnO2 is a widely used electron‐transporting layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. Despite the high compatibility with the perovskite absorber layers, the presence of traps at the perovskite|SnO2 interface results in performance losses; hence, their modification to improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is therefore important. Herein, the SnO2 ETL is enhanced by incorporating a bifunctional aromatic amino fluorine molecule into the SnO2 precursor solution. The fluorine molecule is found to partially substitute the Sn and alter the energy levels while the aniline group aids in regulating the nucleation/growth rate of the perovskite crystalline films. Herein, a hole transporting material‐free carbon‐based PSCs (CPSCs) is fabricated. It is found that perovskite absorber layers deposited on these modified SnO2 hybrid layers have higher optoelectronic quality, resulting in enhanced photovoltaic performance, device stability, and reduced hysteresis in CPSCs. Devices made with the modified hybrid SnO2 layers exhibit power conversion efficiencies of 15.6% significantly better than unmodified SnO2 with 13.5%. CPSCs with these modified SnO2 films also exhibit remarkable retention of 88.7% of their initial PCE for a shelf‐life period (ISOS‐D1I) exceeding 1200 h.
A National Survey of Collaborative Practices for Secondary Multilingual Learners Designated as English Learners
Authors: Kibler Amanda K. , Lesser Virginia , Palacios Martha Castellón , Sandstead Martha , Wiger Sara , Woodruff Karrie S. , Bovee Jaclyn B.
Published: December 2023

Collaborative teaching models serving secondary multilingual learners designated as English Learners (ELs) have become increasingly prominent but remain understudied. This study draws upon an ecological framework and uses quantitative and qualitative survey findings from a national sample of school districts in the United States to investigate the prevalence and use of collaborative practices. The study examines variations in how collaborative models are structured and implemented, as well as how they vary by district characteristics. Findings suggest that collaborative practices are present in many types of districts but are typically more common in larger, urban districts with higher percentages of EL‐designated students. Collaborative practices are more prevalent at middle school (grades 6–8) than high school (grades 9–12) levels but tend to occur across multiple key content areas. In relation to coteaching in particular, findings align with previous research on inequitable status and teaching responsibilities faced by some ESL teachers. District supports for collaboration vary, with professional development more prominent than teacher release time for collaborative planning. Overall, findings indicate that district resources and instructional capacity play important roles in the implementation of collaborative practices, and organizational capacity may influence the status of ESL teachers in these models.
Synthesis, Crystal structure, electronic structure, and Raman spectra of Li4Sr2SiP4
Authors: Daiber Vincent , Zeitz Sabine , Hlukhyy Viktor , Dankert Dominik , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: December 2023

Recently, ternary lithium phosphides have been studied intensively owing to their high lithium ion conductivities. During investigations aiming for derivatives with less lithium content the new compound Li4Sr2SiP4 was obtained. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m (N°11) with lattice parameters of a=7.2919(8) Å, b=8.3679(6) Å, c=6.9965(8) Å, and β=90.061(9)°. The crystal structure contains isolated [SiP4]8− tetrahedra that are charge balanced by two Sr2+ and four Li+ counter ions. The structure can be derived as a superstructure of the layered CaAl2Si2 structure type comprising a hexagonal closest packing of P atoms and tetrahedral voids filled with Si and Li atoms, whereas octahedral voids are filled with Sr and Li atoms. DFT calculations confirm the structure with ordered atom positions as a global minimum and predict an indirect band gap of 2.23 eV. In addition, the experimental Raman spectrum is in good agreement with the calculated one.
Enablers and Tools for Agile Product Development
Authors: Kaster Thomas , Ackermann Marc , Bailly David , Bold Marie-Noemi , Bremen Thomas , Eberius Thomas , Fu Cailing , Gorißen Leon , Haase Christian , Gries Thomas , Häfner Constantin Leon , Heinigk Christian , Hinke Christian , Hirt Gerhard , Holly Carlo , Kelbel Hannah , Kolter Moritz , Krupp Ulrich , Reitmaier Lisa-Marie , Schleifenbaum Johannes Henrich , Schuh Günther , Schulz Wolfgang , Stöcker Lena , Walderich Philipp , Zarei Omid
Published: December 2023

Today’s industrial world is characterized by ever-shortening product development cycles and increasing degrees of product individualization which demand tools and enablers for accelerated prototyping. In addition, the existing uncertainty in the product development cycle should be reduced by involving stakeholders as early as possible. However, should an engineering change request (ECR) be necessary in the product development cycle, a fast iteration step into production is inevitable. The methodological description of such an ECR in the product development cycle is described in the previous chapter. Together with researchers from the Internet of Production (IoP), information from the product development process will be transferred to the digital shadow established in the IoP. The digital shadow collects information from all areas of the product lifecycle and provides it to the appropriate departments, adapted to the corresponding task. To tackle this challenge, a new type of product development process, the method of agile product development, is applied. Within the Enablers and Tools project, the development of various advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) for agile product development are at the forefront of the work. The enablers and tools are further developed with the principles of agile product development. They also serve to map the requirements for rapidly available and specific prototypes which are used to answer specific questions that arise during the product development cycle. To answer these questions, the concept of the Minimum Viable Product (MVP), an approach to reduce development time and increase customer satisfaction, is introduced and applied to all development tasks.
Actionable Artificial Intelligence for the Future of Production
Authors: Behery Mohamed , Brauner Philipp , Zhou Hans Aoyang , Uysal Merih Seran , Samsonov Vladimir , Bellgardt Martin , Brillowski Florian , Brockhoff Tobias , Ghahfarokhi Anahita Farhang , Gleim Lars , Gorißen Leon , Grochowski Marco , Henn Thomas , Iacomini Elisa , Kaster Thomas , Koren István , Liebenberg Martin , Reinsch Leon , Tirpitz Liam , Trinh Minh , Posada-Moreno Andres Felipe , Liehner Luca , Schemmer Thomas , Vervier Luisa , Völker Marcus , Walderich Philipp , Zhang Song , Brecher Christian , Schmitt Robert H. , Decker Stefan , Gries Thomas , Häfner Constantin Leon , Herty Michael , Jarke Matthias , Kowalewski Stefan , Kuhlen Torsten W. , Schleifenbaum Johannes Henrich , Trimpe Sebastian , Aalst Wil van der , Ziefle Martina , Lakemeyer Gerhard
Published: December 2023

The Internet of Production (IoP) promises to be the answer to major challenges facing the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Industry 4.0. The lack of inter-company communication channels and standards, the need for heightened safety in Human Robot Collaboration (HRC) scenarios, and the opacity of data-driven decision support systems are only a few of the challenges we tackle in this chapter. We outline the communication and data exchange within the World Wide Lab (WWL) and autonomous agents that query the WWL which is built on the Digital Shadows (DS). We categorize our approaches into machine level, process level, and overarching principles. This chapter surveys the interdisciplinary work done in each category, presents different applications of the different approaches, and offers actionable items and guidelines for future work.The machine level handles the robots and machines used for production and their interactions with the human workers. It covers low-level robot control and optimization through gray-box models, task-specific motion planning, and optimization through reinforcement learning. In this level, we also examine quality assurance through nonintrusive real-time quality monitoring, defect recognition, and quality prediction. Work on this level also handles confidence, verification, and validation of re-configurable processes and reactive, modular, transparent process models. The process level handles the product life cycle, interoperability, and analysis and optimization of production processes, which is overall attained by analyzing process data and event logs to detect and eliminate bottlenecks and learn new process models. Moreover, this level presents a communication channel between human workers and processes by extracting and formalizing human knowledge into ontology and providing a decision support by reasoning over this information. Overarching principles present a toolbox of omnipresent approaches for data collection, analysis, augmentation, and management, as well as the visualization and explanation of black-box models.
Agile Product Development for Cyber-Physical Products
Authors: Schuh Günther , Schulz Wolfgang , Kuhn Maximilian , Hinke Christian
Published: December 2023

The manufacturing industry, especially in high-wage countries, faces new challenges in recent times. The environment of development projects gets more dynamic and uncertain and is characterized by fast-paced changes of technological and economical aspects as well as heterogeneous customer requirements and volatile markets. In combination with an increasing complexity of cyber-physical products, the challenges within product development are constantly growing. Furthermore, companies need to be more flexible and be able to adjust to changing conditions (Schuh & Dölle 2021, S. 11). To increase flexibility, enablers (i.e., advanced manufacturing technologies) and tools (i.e., data-based automated design tools) are presented, whose further development and integration into the product development process reduce development times. Agile product development for cyber-physical products has become a significant research focus in order to meet the challenges described and to ensure the future competitiveness of manufacturing companies. The following paper and respective sections will describe the vision and main research activities within the Cluster of Excellence “Internet of Production” (IoP) in the context of agile product development for cyber-physical products.
The Penal Voluntary Sector’s Role in the Nordic Countries: A Shadow State?
Authors: Olesen Annette , Helminen Maija , Bäcklin Emy
Published: December 2023

This chapter analyses and compares the challenges faced by the Danish, Finnish, and Swedish penal voluntary sector organisations (PVSOs). Our data indicates that the main challenges across the three Nordic countries relate to precarious funding structures and disorganised co-operation with the prison and probation services. Furthermore, the Nordic PVSOs are subjected to many similar constraints regarding their independence and critical voice as noted in previous Anglophone research. We argue that neoliberal transformations have increased the importance of Nordic PVSOs and placed them in a sense in a position of a shadow state. We also suggest that the PVSOs’ unstable position compromises prisoners’ and released prisoners’ access to welfare rights and jeopardises their possibilities for successful reintegration.
Asylum Case Adjudication in Sweden, Country of Origin Information and Epistemic Violence
Authors: Joormann Martin
Published: December 2023

This chapter on country of origin information (COI) draws on the semi-structured interviews I have been conducting between the years 2014 and 2022 with the responsible decision-makers of the Swedish welfare state: migration court judges. By applying Spivak’s concept of ‘epistemic violence’ in my qualitative content analysis of ten of these interviews, I problematise the COI that judges apply when they adjudicate. The epistemic violence embedded in asylum determination procedures in general is influenced by the institutionalised power imbalance that characterises the Swedish asylum system. The analysis of the corresponding power relations—between people seeking asylum from refugee-sending countries and decision-makers of a wealthy welfare state—leads the critical observer to detect parallels with the colonial bureaucratic violence of earlier historical periods.
Einleitung
Authors: Graf Jakob
Published: December 2023

In diesem Kapitel wird die These der »Überflüssigkeit« in Bezug auf Chile eingeführt und ihre Bedeutung mit Blick auf den Konflikt zwischen indigenen Mapuche und der chilenishcen Forstindustrie erläutert. Zudem wird die der Arbeit zugrunde liegende Fragestellung sowie ihr Aufbau dargelegt.
Forschungsdesign und Methode
Authors: Graf Jakob
Published: December 2023

Im folgenden Kapitel lege ich das methodische Vorgehen dar, mit dem ich in dieser Arbeit sozialökologische Konflikte in Chile untersuche. Es handelt sich dabei um eine qualitativ ausgerichtete Studie mit explorativem Charakter. Für diese orientiere ich mich hinsichtlich der Konkretisierung des Forschungsinteresses, der Fallauswahl sowie der Erhebungs- und Auswertungsmethoden an der »klassischen Grounded Theory« nach Strauss/Corbin.  Zunächst lege ich mein Forschungsdesign in seinen Grundzügen dar und erläutere, wie es in einem empirisch-theoretischen Wechselverhältnis zur Konkretisierung meiner Fragestellung und Heuristik kam. Anschließend erkläre ich meine Fallauswahl sowie meine Erhebungs- und Auswertungsmethode und reflektiere meine Rolle als Forschender im Feld.
Grenzkämpfe im Süden Chiles
Authors: Graf Jakob
Published: December 2023

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Frage gestellt, wie sich vor dem Hintergrund einer fortdauernden strukturellen Heterogenität das kapitalistische Innen-Außen-Verhältnis in extraktivistischen Peripherien verstehen und wie sich damit zusammenhängend gesellschaftliche Klassenverhältnisse und Konfliktdynamiken erklären lassen. Dieses Kapitel fasst die empirischen Ergebnisse der Arbeit mit Blick auf die zentralen Kategorien der in Kapitel 2.6 entwickelten Heuristik zusammen. Dabei arbeitet das Kapitel heraus, dass in der untersuchten Region ökologische und ökonomische Verflechtungen zwischen dem bedarfsökonomischen und dem kapitalistischen Sektor zum zentralen Konfliktgegenstand sozialökologischer Auseinandersetzungen werden. Gleichzeitig wird dargelegt, welche Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Kämpfen der „Überflüssigen“ und denjenigen der Mapuche bestehen und warum diese Kämpfe Ergebnis eines gesamtgesellschaftlichen „Reproduktionsparadoxons“ sind.
Ausblick: Die politische Ökonomie der »Überflüssigen« als sozialökologische Alternative?
Authors: Graf Jakob
Published: December 2023

Immer stärker rücken ökologische Krisen ins öffentliche Bewusstsein. Mittlerweise sorgen sich auch Vertreter*innen der Kapitalinteressen um große ökonomische Einbußen, die der Klimawandel für sie bedeuten könnte. Während die einen unsichere Verwertungsbedingungen des Kapitals beklagen, sehen sich diejenigen, deren alltägliche Reproduktion vom bedarfsökonomischen Sektors abhängt, grundlegenden Überlebensfragen ausgesetzt. Abschließend stellt sich dieses Kapitel die Frage, welche Schlussfolgerungen das Konzept der politischen Ökonomie der »Überflüssigen« gesellschaftspolitisch zulässt. Dient das Konzept des bedarfsökonomischen Sektors nur als empirische Analysekategorie oder möglicherweise auch als normativer Fluchtpunkt? Stellt die politische Ökonomie der »Überflüssigen« sogar eine gesellschaftliche Alternative in Zeiten der globalen sozialökologischen Krise dar?
Immuntherapie mit CAR-T-Zellen: der Durchbruch in der Krebsbehandlung
Authors: Harrer Dennis Christoph , Abken Hinrich
Published: December 2023

Der adoptive Transfer natürlich vorkommender tumorspezifischer T-Zellen wird seit mehr als einem Vierteljahrhundert bei Patienten mit schwarzem Hautkrebs (Melanom) erfolgreich eingesetzt. Beim adoptiven Transfer von T-Zellen werden lebende autologe (d. h. patienteneigene) T-Zellen oder allogene (patientenfremde) T-Zellen von passenden Spendern bzw. Patienten übertragen. Der Grundgedanke ist dabei, dass tumorspezifische T-Zellen, die den Hautkrebs infiltrieren, nach Isolierung und Vermehrung im Labor (in vitro) ihre Antitumoraktivität wiedererlangen und den Tumor zerstören können (Guedan et al. 2019). In vielen Fällen konnte bei dieser Form der individualisierten Therapie mit patienteneigenen tumorinfiltrierenden T-Zellen (tumorinfiltrierende Lymphozyten, TILs) eine anhaltende Tumorregression erzeugt werden. Immer mehr Daten deuten darauf hin, dass die Tumorregression nach TIL-Therapie auf der Erkennung tumorassoziierter oder neuer Antigene (Neoantigene) im Tumor beruht (Guedan et al. 2019). Tumorassoziierte Antigene sind beispielsweise MART-1 und gp100 beim Melanom sowie CEA beim Darm- und Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs. Während beim Melanom die TIL-Therapie Erfolge erzielt, ist die breite Anwendung bei den meisten Tumoren jedoch begrenzt, da häufig die Tumoren nur von einer geringen Anzahl von TILs, wenn überhaupt, infiltriert werden und die Expression von Neoantigenen in den Tumoren selten und darüber hinaus sehr heterogen ist.
Therapien zum Zellersatz mit adulten Stammzelltypen
Authors: Besser Daniel , Bönig Halvard B. , Giebel Bernd , Klump Hannes , Spuler Simone
Published: December 2023

In Kap. 13 „Zelltypen aus menschlichen pluripotenten Zellen und deren Anwendung in Zelltherapien“ werden Zelltherapien, die auf pluripotenten Stammzellen beruhen, dargestellt. Pluripotente Stammzellen sind entweder nur sehr vorübergehend im menschlichen Embryo – menschliche embryonale Stammzellen (ES-Zellen) – vorhanden oder können durch Reprogrammierung von Körperzellen zu menschlichen induzierten Stammzellen (hiPS-Zellen) gewonnen werden. Gewebe und Organe des erwachsenen (adulten) Organismus haben allerdings spezifische Stammzellen, die zur Aufrechterhaltung (Homöostase) und zur Reparatur nach Verletzungen bzw. Schädigungen von Geweben und Organen benötigt werden (De Luca et al. 2019), daher die Bezeichnung adulte oder gewebespezifische Stammzellen. Der historische Nachweis adulter Stammzellen, d. h. Zellen, die sowohl Kopien von sich selbst herstellen können als auch in andere Zelltypen differenzieren können, ist den kanadischen Forschern James Till and Ernest McCullough in den 1960er-Jahren mit Blutstammzellen in der Maus gelungen. Sie konnten zeigen, dass Blutstammzellen einer Spendermaus das gesamte Blutsystem in einer Empfängermaus, die kein eigenes Blutsystem mehr besitzt, ersetzen kann. Bereits 1957 konnte Edward Donnall Thomas bei einem Leukämiepatienten zeigen, dass Knochenmarkzellen von dessen eineiigem Bruder nach einer Bestrahlung das Blutsystem neu bilden konnten. Inzwischen ist dieser Mechanismus für Gewebestammzellen in einer Vielzahl von Organen gezeigt worden (Lanza und Atala 2014). Blutstammzellen sind mittlerweile eine Standardtherapie in der klinischen Anwendung (siehe Kolb/Fehse, Kap. 11). Auch in anderen Bereichen werden vermehrt Gewebestammzellen eingesetzt bzw. Therapien in klinischen Studien entwickelt. In diesem Kapitel werden neuartige Anwendungen von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen bei Bluterkrankungen aufgrund von Genmutationen, Sichelzellanämie und β-Thalassämie und bei Autoimmunerkrankungen vorgestellt. Es wird auf die Anwendung von mesenchymalen stromalen Zellen bei Transplantat-gegen-Wirt-Erkrankungen (Graft-versus-Host-Disease), bei der Behandlung von chronischen Wunden (chronisch-venöse Ulzera) und bei Morbus Crohn eingegangen. Weiterhin wird der Einsatz von Hautersatz basierend auf Hautstammzellen und der Ersatz der Hornhaut bei Augenverletzungen diskutiert sowie die Anwendung von genetisch veränderten Muskelstammzellen, sog. Satellitenzellen, zur Behandlung von Muskelerkrankungen und -dystrophien dargestellt (De Luca et al. 2019). Darüber hinaus werden die Möglichkeiten der zukünftigen Behandlung mit extrazellulären Vesikeln bzw. Exosomen von stromalen Zellen beschrieben.
Spotlight: Ungeprüfte Stammzelltherapien
Authors: Zenke Martin
Published: December 2023

Ungeprüfte Stammzelltherapien sind stammzellbasierte Therapien, die nicht im Rahmen klinischer Studien auf ihre Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit für die Behandlung einer bestimmten Erkrankung geprüft wurden und als Therapie daher keine behördliche Zulassung haben (Besser et al. 2018). Medikamente und auch zellbasierte Therapien müssen normalerweise aufwendige Prüfungs- und Zulassungsverfahren durchlaufen, bevor sie als Medikamente und/oder medizinische Therapien in der Klinik zugelassen werden (siehe Müller-Terpitz, Kap. 17). Dies ist bei ungeprüften Stammzelltherapieangeboten nicht der Fall. Ungeprüfte Stammzelltherapieangebote berufen sich zumeist plakativ auf das regenerative Potenzial von Stammzellen und werden kommerziell für eine breite Palette von oft unheilbaren Erkrankungen über das Internet angeboten. Die Behandlung kann ambulant oder stationär erfolgen und körpereigene (autologe) Zellen oder Spenderzellen, d. h. nicht vom Empfänger selbst stammende Zellen, umfassen. Allerdings fehlen oft Details der Behandlungsmethode, die Art der Verabreichung, die Wirkungsweise des Stammzellpräparates und Hinweise auf potenzielle Nebenwirkungen (Berger et al. 2016). Die Aussagen von Patienten und Patientinnen, die die Behandlung positiv beurteilen und sich danach subjektiv besser fühlen, können nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass die Behandlung nicht den Standards einer klinischen Prüfung bzw. einer zugelassenen Therapie genügt. Die Anbieter/-innen von ungeprüften Stammzelltherapien zeigen wenig oder kein Interesse, Details der Behandlung, mögliche negative Auswirkungen und/oder nachfolgende Erkrankungen zu veröffentlichen (Berger et al. 2016) und damit einer wissenschaftlichen Diskussion zugänglich zu machen.
Gentherapie aus der Sicht eines forschenden Arzneimittelunternehmens
Authors: Cohnen André , Hoffmeister Laura , Schulte Anke M.
Published: December 2023

Ihren Ursprung nahm die moderne Pharmaindustrie in Apotheken, die in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts begannen, ihre Produkte im industriellen Maßstab herzustellen und zu verkaufen. Zu Beginn lag der überwiegende Fokus der Industrie stark auf kleinen Molekülen (kurz SMOLs, „small molecules“), klassische pharmazeutisch aktive Chemikalien. In Kombination mit Hochdurchsatzscreeningverfahren ließen sich aktive SMOLs für viele Krankheiten identifizieren, die dann im industriellen Maßstab produziert wurden. In ihrer Wirkungsweise sind SMOLs meist symptomatisch, das heißt sie sind in der Lage, Symptome von Krankheiten zu behandeln. Die zugrundeliegenden Ursachen der Erkrankung können jedoch in den überwiegenden Fällen nicht behandelt werden. Seit etwa den 1990er-Jahren ist eine weitere Klasse von Wirkstoffen, die großen Moleküle, hinzugekommen, die auch Biologika (Proteine, Peptide, Antikörper, kurz BMOLs, „biological molecules“) genannt werden. Im Gegensatz zu SMOLs lassen sich für BMOLs erweiterte therapeutische Ansätze verfolgen. Ähnlich wie SMOLs können auch BMOLs weitestgehend ausschließlich symptomatisch angewendet werden.