bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NITRATE NITROGEN IN THE SOIL AS A MEANS OF PREDICTING THE FERTILIZER NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS OF BARLEY
Authors: SOPER R. J. , RACZ G. J. , FEHR P. I.
Published: March 2010

In 22 field trials, over a seven-year period, highly significant correlations were found between nitrate nitrogen to various depths in the soil profile at seeding time and the uptake of nitrogen by the above-ground portion of barley at harvest. The best correlation was found at a depth of 61 cm, where the r2 value was 0.84. Barley yields were shown to be highly significantly correlated with the uptake of nitrogen, the r2 value being 0.86. These data, combined with a factor for the efficiency of utilization of a nitrogenous fertilizer, were used to derive an equation which predicts the amount of fertilizer nitrogen required for a particular barley yield.
COAL, SULFOMETHYLATED COAL AND SULFONATED COAL AS FERTILIZERS FOR SOLONETZ SOIL
Authors: CAIRNS R. R. , MOSCHOPEDIS S. E.
Published: March 2010

In pot experiments, with barley seedlings as an indicator crop, it was found that sulfomethylated and sulfonated coal products were less effective nitrogen fertilizers than ammonium nitrate for a Solonetz soil. Sulfonated coal suppressed the uptake of sodium and potassium and was toxic to the plants. There was no evidence of any beneficial effect of the humic substances in coal on plant growth beyond that attributable to the nutrients they contained.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FERA ELUVIATED GLEYSOLS DEVELOPED FROM ACID SHALES IN NORTHWESTERN ALBERTA
Authors: PAWLUK S.
Published: March 2010

Fera Eluviated Gleysols developed on highly acidic parent materials are commonly encountered on flat-lying landscapes in the Peace River region of northern Alberta. Characteristics of these soils suggest, a genetic origin, with processes similar to those encountered in Luvisols and Gleysols. Alternation between the two processes has resulted in the formation of a B horizon enriched with clays, principally from the overlying eluviated horizon, and hydrated iron oxides introduced, in part, through groundwater discharge. Goethite, maghemite, and lepidocrocite were identified in horizons containing high concentrations of secondary iron oxides. The unusually high acidity common to these soils is attributed to biogeochemical oxidation of pyrite in the oxidizing zone of the surface geological deposit, and not to pedogenic processes.
FIBER CONTENT DETERMINATION AND THE EXPRESSION OF RESULTS IN ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: Sneddon J. I. , Farstad L. , Lavkulich L. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
ACCURACY OF FIELD SAMPLING FOR SOIL TESTS
Authors: CAMERON D. R. , NYBORG M. , TOOGOOD J. A. , LAVERTY D. H.
Published: March 2010

Three widely separated Alberta fields were sampled intensively in a grid pattern, to estimate the effect of number and depth of cores and of field size on the accuracy of composite samples used in soil test analyses. Estimates were obtained by both statistical and computer simulation techniques and both gave similar results. Accuracy of composites increased with the number of cores, but even with as many as 30 cores per field there was still considerable inaccuracy in values for N and P. In the most variable field, a composite of 20 cores for the 0- to 15-cm depth predicted the true field mean within ± 10% for N, P and K only 47, 56, and 82 times out of 100, respectively. Corresponding values for the least variable field were 77, 70, and 98. Conductivity and pH were more accurately estimated with the same number of cores. Samples taken at the 15- to 30-cm and 30- to 61-cm depths showed greater coefficients of variability in N and P than did samples from the 0- to 15-cm depth. However, samples composed of the 0- to 30-cm and 0- to 61-cm depths were similar to the 0- to 15-cm depth in variability. The number of cores needed for a given level of accuracy increased very little with size of field, up to a maximum of 40 hectares used in this study. Degree of variation changed considerably from field to field, but even more from one position to another within the same field.
EFFECT OF ALFALFA AND GRASSES ON YIELD OF SUBSEQUENT WHEAT CROPS AND SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A GRAY WOODED SOIL
Authors: HOYT P. B. , HENNIG A. M. F.
Published: March 2010

Wheat was grown continuously after forage crops or fallow of a fallow-wheat rotation, with fertilizer being applied to only the fifth wheat crop. Yields of the first, second, fourth and fifth wheat crops succeeding alfalfa were greater than those succeeding fallow by 71, 82, 75 and 68%, respectively. The third crop was frozen. Yields were slightly less after a bromegrass-alfalfa mixture than after alfalfa alone. Yields after red fescue or bromegrass were similar to those after fallow. Age of the forage swards, two to six years, did not affect subsequent wheat yields. Total N and organic matter in the surface soil changed only slightly under the forage swards. Mineralizable N and chlorophyll units were in much greater amounts in the first year following alfalfa, alone or in mixture with bromegrass, than following the other crops, but the differences had diminished somewhat by the fifth year.
DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN IN THE BLACK SOLONETZIC AND BLACK CHERNOZEMIC SOILS OF ALBERTA
Authors: KHAN S. U. , SOWDEN F. J.
Published: March 2010

More N was brought into solution by hydrolysis with 6 N HCl from the Ah horizons of a Black Solonetz and a Black Solod than from the Ah horizon of a Black Chernozem soil of Alberta. The percentages of total N represented by the ammonium-N, amino acid-N and amino sugar-N were similar for the three soils. The proportion of soil-N present as amino acid-N and amino sugar-N decreased and that of ammonium-N increased with depth in all three profiles. The acid hydrolysis of the water-extract obtained from Ah horizon of the Black Solonetz released more (ammonium + amino acid + amino sugar)-N than did that of the Ah horizons of the other two soils. The humic acid fractions obtained from Ah horizons contained more total N than did the humic acids extracted from the B horizons of the three soils. While the proportions of N accounted for as (ammonium + amino acid + amino sugar)-N in the humic acid fractions from Ah horizons of the soils were similar, they increased in the order Chernozem > Solod > Solonetz for the B horizons. In general, there were few noteworthy differences in the amino acid distribution between the three soils or between the various horizons of the same soil. The hydrolyzates of the water-extracts of Ah horizons showed higher values for the molar distribution of threonine, serine, glycine and alanine, and lower values for aspartic acid and glutamic acid than did the corresponding hydrolyzates of the soils; the amounts of free amino acids in these extracts were very small. There was little difference in the amino acid composition of the humic acid fractions obtained from the three soils or from the different horizons of the same soil; it was, in general, similar to that of the soils. The data indicate that differences in the salt regime in the Solonetzic, Solodic and Chernozemic soils do not result in the different kinds of nitrogenous organic matter.
YIELD OF BROMEGRASS AND REMOVAL OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM UNDER MODIFIED SOIL-TEMPERATURE FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: MACK A. R.
Published: March 2010

In a 3-year field experiment with bromegrass grown under low moisture stress (< 2 atm), total herbage yield from unfertilized plots was reduced by 39% when the average seasonal soil temperature (14.1 C at a 50-cm depth) was lowered and maintained at 9.2 C; the yield was increased by 71% when the seasonal temperature was raised and maintained at 25.4 C. This represents a change in yield of 6.8% per 1 C change in the seasonal soil temperature, or a Q10 of 1.3 at 9.2 C. Herbage grown on the warm soils continued throughout the season until fall, but growth on the cool soils was negligible after the first harvest in June. Addition of N, P and K to the soil in the spring reduced the effect of a change in soil temperature on herbage yield (3.7% per 1 C). The amount of the yield increase, however, was similar at all three soil temperatures. In contrast to the effect on herbage yield, root accumulation was much greater in the cool soil (30.7 metric tons per ha, 0 to 30 cm depth) than in the seasonal soil (22.7 MT/ha) or in the warm soil (12.1 MT/ha). An increase in concentration of the major nutrients (N, P, K) in the plants coincided with the greater herbage growth on the warm soil. The changes in uptake for N, P and K per 1 C change of the seasonal temperature were 8.7, 10.4 and 7.1%, respectively, and the associated Q10 values were 1.5, 1.6 and 1.4 at 9.2 C. After growing bromegrass for three years, the amount of NO3-N mineralized for subsequent crops was low in soil from the cool plots but much higher in soil from the warm plots. The relative amounts mineralized varied with incubation conditions.
EFFECT OF FREEZE-DRYING ON THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SOILS AS MEASURED BY THE HEAT OF IMMERSION
Authors: BISAL FREDERICK , PELTON W. L.
Published: March 2010

The integral heat of immersion was determined for three textural classes of soils which had been freeze-dried, air-dried, oven-dried, alternately frozen and thawed and then freeze-dried, alternately frozen and thawed and then air-dried, alternately frozen and thawed and then oven-dried, and freeze-dried and then oven-dried. There were highly significant differences in the heat of immersion as a result of texture. The significant differences found in the various drying treatments could only be attributed to moisture content at the time of immersion. The physical effect of the freeze-dry process is transient and it does not alter the inherent soil properties with respect to clod formation.
SOIL MICROFUNGI OF THE "SOLS DE L'ANSE" IN QUEBEC
Authors: IVARSON K. C. , BULLEN M. R.
Published: March 2010

The fungal genera inhabiting the "sols de l'Anse" were isolated using the soil-washing technique. This work is part of an overall study of the effects of controlled water tables on these soils and their crops. Twenty-one genera were isolated. The dominant fungi were Mortierella, Pseudogymnoascus, Penicillium, Chrysosporium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and non-sporing mycelia. The frequency of Mortierella, Pseudogymnoascus and Chrysosporium was increased by lowering the water table. The opposite effect was noted with Cladosporium and Fusarium. Species of Penicillium and Fusarium were isolated less frequently at an incubation temperature of 10 C than at 25 C, whereas species of Mortierella, Pseudogymnoascus and Chrysosporium were more abundant at the lower temperature.
CHANGES IN A SOLONETZ SOIL CAUSED BY THE LONG-TERM HEAVY FERTILIZATION OF BROMEGRASS
Authors: Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF MULCH ON SOIL TEMPERATURE AND CORN YIELDS
Authors: MacMillan K. A. , Millette J. F. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SHAKING RATE ON SODIUM BICARBONATE SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Stone B.
Published: March 2010

not available
GROWING SEASONS AND THE CLIMATIC MOISTURE INDEX
Authors: SLY W. K. , BAIER W.
Published: March 2010

Climatic moisture indices for a fixed growing season, from May to September, are compared with those for growing seasons defined as the periods when either the mean air temperature in the screen or the soil temperature at a 50-cm depth exceeds 5 C. Indices for the longer growing seasons based on soil and air temperatures have small differences at individual stations, but are larger than those for the May–September period. When arranged according to increasing index values, the orders of the stations are essentially the same when growing seasons are based on soil and air temperatures. These differ from the May–September order only in cases where late spring and early fall rains are heavy in relation to summer precipitation. Indices based on data for the May–September period adequately describe the water demand-water supply relationships during the period in which water deficits develop. When moisture conditions outside the May–September period are needed the accumulated water surpluses should be considered.
CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT OF AMMONIUM WITH NITRIFICATION IN SOIL
Authors: CHO C. M.
Published: March 2010

Dispersion equations with first-order reaction rates for nitrogen transformations were applied to describe the convective transport of NH4+ with nitrification and denitrification in soil. The equations describing the concentrations of NH4+, NO2− and NO3− as functions of position, time, rate constants, average solution velocity and the distribution coefficient of NH4+ between soil and soil solution were obtained. Several values of parameters were chosen to obtain the concentration profiles of NH4+, NO2− and NO3− along the soil column at several times. Steady-state concentration profiles and the time required to attain the steady state are discussed.
COMPARISON OF TILLAGE AND CHEMICAL SUMMERFALLOW IN A SEMIARID REGION
Authors: ANDERSON C. H.
Published: March 2010

Chemical treatments using contact and systemic herbicides were compared with cultivation for summerfallow preparation on a Wood Mountain clay loam soil from 1964 to 1969, inclusive. Use of chemical alone was equal to cultivation in its effect on soil moisture conservation, soil temperature and yield of wheat. Summerfallow prepared by chemical only conserved 62% of the original crop residue, compared with 35% for normal cultivated fallows. Chemically prepared fallows were less erodible (fewer soil particles < 1 mm in diameter) at die completion of tillage in the autumn than cultivated fallows. However, the chemically fallowed soils exhibited the least aggregation over winter and were slightly more erodible by spring than the cultivated soils. The general trend was for lower NO3-N values in the fall and prior to seeding in the spring for wholly chemical than for wholly cultivated summerfallow, but the differences were not usually significant.
WHEAT YIELDS AND CHANGE IN CATIONS AFTER LEACHING SOIL WITH WATER CONTAINING INCREASING RATES OF POTASSIUM REFINERY DUST
Authors: Ballantyne A. K.
Published: March 2010

Leaching a silt loam soil (cation exchange capacity 23 meq/100 g) with water containing increasing rates of potassium dust (KCl) indicated that high levels adversely affected germination and yields of wheat as well as response to fertilizer. Germination was greatly reduced by the treatment with 22.4 metric tons per hectare and nearly eliminated by 44.8 tons. The 44.8-ton/ha treatment also greatly reduced the yield of grain, but straw weights were affected very little by increasing rates of potassium dust. Response to fertilizer was also reduced by 22.4 and 44.8 tons. The exchangeable Ca and Mg decreased and K increased as increasing amounts of K dust were leached through the soil. The 44.8-ton treatment decreased the exchangeable Ca from 56.0 to 24.9% and the Mg from 21.2 to 4.9%, and increased the K from 7.2 to 51.9%. It would appear that K salts can be added to the soil, without any adverse effects, until the exchangeable K is increased to about 30%. With the soil under study this took more than 11.2 tons per ha (5 short tons/acre). The application of dolomite ameliorated the effect of excess K.
EFFECT OF DEEP PLOWING ON THE FERTILITY STATUS OF BLACK SOLONETZ SOILS
Authors: CAIRNS R. R.
Published: March 2010

Field studies were established to measure the relative effectiveness of deep plowing and fertilization on the productivity of four Solonetz soil types in the Black soil zone, under quite similar climatic conditions. On three of the Solonetz soil types, fertilization was essentially as effective as deep plowing in stimulating productivity, and the effects of both treatments on crop chemistry were somewhat similar. The soil on which fertilization had little effect and deep plowing had a great effect had the most unproductive Bn horizon of any of the soils under study.
SOIL MAPPING ACCURACY FROM BLACK AND WHITE, COLOR, AND INFRARED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: VALENTINE K. W. G. , LORD T. M. , WATT W. , BEDWANY A. L.
Published: March 2010

The accuracy obtainable from four types of aerial photographic film in the mapping and description of soil and terrain features was measured. Black and white film gave a soil mapping accuracy of 72% and was just as good as the color or infrared films for the description of specific terrain features in mountain lands. The accuracy of the soil map in the mountain lands and the description of terrain features in an alluvial valley increased to over 80% with the color film. Infrared film, both color and black and white, gave slightly more accurate soil maps in the valley. The use of a film like Kodak Special Ektachrome MS Aerographic Type SO-151 is recommended for future soil surveys. Black and white prints and color prints and transparencies can all be obtained from the same roll of this film type.
CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FIVE SOILS FROM EASTERN CANADA HAVING PROMINENTLY MOTTLED B HORIZONS
Authors: McKEAGUE J. A. , BRYDON J. E. , MILES N. M. , NOWLAND J. L.
Published: March 2010

Soils having prominently mottled B horizons containing marked accumulations of dithionite-extractable Fe relative to the A and C horizons occurred both in moderately weathered soils from Nova Scotia and in slightly weathered soils in Ontario. The Nova Scotia soils had acid sola of low base saturation, horizons of clay accumulation and apparent weathering of clay-size mica to expansible minerals in the Ae horizons, as well as B horizons enriched in Fe. One of these soils had B horizons with properties diagnostic of Bt (clay), Bf (organic matter-Al, Fe complexes) and Bgf (dithionite Fe) horizons. Only one of the three Nova Scotia soils was a Fera Eluviated Gleysol in the Canadian system. All of them would probably be classified as Aerie Ochraqualfs in the U.S. system, and probably as pseudogleys in Europe. The two Ontario soils were highly base saturated; they lacked Bt and Bf horizons, and one (Castor) had a Bgf horizon according to the present criteria. The brownish-colored mottles in both the Ontario and the Nova Scotia soils contained secondary goethite. We consider that the separation of Fera subgroups is desirable, but the present chemical criteria are not closely related to morphology and greater emphasis on morphology in the definition may be necessary.
ORGANIC MATTER IN PARTICLE-SIZE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY FRACTIONS OF SOME Ah HORIZONS
Authors: McKeague J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
SELENIUM IN FORAGE SPECIES IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Walker D. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
EVIDENCE FOR INTERLAMELLAR ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC MATTER BY CLAY IN A PODZOL SOIL
Authors: Kodama H. , Schnitzer M.
Published: March 2010

not available
RADIOCARBON DATE FOR A CRYOTURBATED ALPINE REGOSOL IN SOUTH CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Ryswyk A. L. van
Published: March 2010

not available
PROPRIETES CHIMIQUES ET PHYSIQUES DE LA MATIERE ORGANIQUE NONDIALYSABLE EXTRAITE DE QUATRE PODZOLS DU QUEBEC
Authors: GONZALEZ ANTONIO , HUBERT GÉRARD
Published: March 2010

The physical and chemical properties of non-dialysable (>48 A) humic and fulvic fractions of four podzols from the Province of Quebec were studied. Extraction was made with 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate. Analysis of the fractions showed that, in spite of a prolonged dialysis, considerable quantities of metallic ions remained bound to compounds of high molecular weights. The humic fraction showed, in general, a carbon and nitrogen content sensibly more even than the fulvic fraction. In the spodic horizon, humic fractions have a very similar carbon content. It is also in this horizon that are found the highest percentages of iron and aluminium. The distribution of the principal nitrogen compounds in each fraction was studied after acid hydrolysis. A great similarity in the distribution of the nitrogen was found, independently of its origin (horizon or profile). It has not been possible to find a relation between profiles, from the study of acid groups (carboxilic or phenolic). Absorption spectra with ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiations were studied. The characterization of a profile from optical properties of high molecular weight fractions was particularly difficult, considering the great similarity between observed spectra. Differences in iron bound to the fulvic fraction were observed by means of electrophoresis. The behaviour of the humic and fulvic fractions towards H+ and Ca2+ ions was also studied.
DISSOLUTION OF TRIOCTAHEDRAL LAYER SILICATES BY AMMONIUM OXALATE, SODIUM DITHIONITE–CITRATE–BICARBONATE, AND POTASSIUM PYROPHOSPHATE
Authors: ARSHAD M. A. , ST. ARNAUD R. J. , HUANG P. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of NH4-oxalate (pH 3), Na–dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (pH 7.3), and K-pyrophosphate (pH 10) on various size fractions of biotite, chlorite, muscovite, and illite minerals were investigated. The data showed that the release of mineral cations by the three chemical extractants increased with decreasing particle sizes. The dissolution of layer silicates was slight and gradual in the particle size range of 100–5 μ, increased considerably for 5–2 μ and markedly below 2 μ. In general, NH4-oxalate dissolved the maximum percentage of Fe, Mg, and Al, and K-pyrophosphate extracted the least amount. Approximately 18.8% of original Fe, 15.5% of Mg, and 11.3% of Al were extracted from 0.2–0.08 μ-size biotite by the oxalate procedure. The corresponding values for the same size fraction of chlorite were: 23.2% Fe, 18.5% Mg, and 13.5% Al. In view of the data obtained it is suggested that the use of NH4-oxalate as an extractant for amorphous Fe and Al may have limitations for soils containing trioctahedral minerals. Instead, K-pyrophosphate, which has little effect on crystalline minerals and also has the advantage of extracting organic matter-complexed Fe and Al, may be more suitable.
THE MICROMORPHOLOGY AND ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS OF TWO RESIDUAL SOILS, ONE DEVELOPED ON GRANITE, THE OTHER ON MARBLE, IN PETERBOROUGH COUNTY, ONTARIO
Authors: GILLESPIE J. E. , PROTZ R.
Published: March 2010

Micromorphological studies of two residual soils have revealed a constant mineralogy with depth in each soil and maximum cutan development in the B horizon. Electron microprobe analysis has shown iron, titanium, and carbon in all of the cutans. Calcium was present in the cutans around feldspar grains in the Methuen, a soil derived from granite gneiss, but was not present in the cutans around quartz grains. The inner layer of the grain cutans consisted of iron and titanium, the outer layer having in addition silica and aluminum. These latter elements were indicators of clay minerals. Microprobe analysis of mica grains indicated losses of magnesium and potassium from the mica in the A horizons of both soils compared with the levels of these elements present in the mica in the C1 horizons.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A TOPOSEQUENCE WITH FRAGIPAN: THE LEEDS–STE. MARIE–BROMPTON SERIES OF SOILS, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC
Authors: KIMPE C. R. de , RIVARD R. , BARIL R. W.
Published: March 2010

This sequence of soils developed in the Appalachian Highlands from glacial till, of which the major component was slate. The bedrock occurred at 1.75 m below the surface and largely influenced the profile development. The first profile was a Podzol under which the fragipan was characterized by morphological and physical criteria. The second profile was a Fera Gleysol where the fragipan was also present, but less well defined than in the Podzol because of a more sandy texture in the deposit. Finally, the third profile was an Orthic Humic Gleysol where the persistence of high humidity conditions for most of the year was not favorable to the formation of the characteristic gray streaks of a fragipan. It was found from mineralogical analyses that illite was the major constituent of the clay fraction in all the horizons. However, expanding minerals were also present and weathering sequences were detected but because of the nature of the deposit, the weathering processes appeared to be slow.
EFFECTS OF SOME CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON K/Ca CATION EXCHANGE SELECTIVITY OF LAYER SILICATES
Authors: ARSHAD M. A. , HUANG P. M. , ST. ARNAUD R. J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of chemical treatments commonly employed to remove amorphous materials, on the K/Ca cation exchange selectivity (CES) of montmorillonite, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite, biotite, muscovite, and soil clays were studied. The K/Ca CES values for biotite and muscovite decreased appreciably upon peroxidation. Both the Na–dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate and boiling 0.5 N NaOH dissolution treatments resulted in a substantial increase in the K/Ca CES of biotite and muscovite. This was attributable to increases in the wedge-zone sites resulting from partial K-depletion of these minerals. Furthermore, the release of structural cations and their subsequent precipitation on mineral surfaces appears to have resulted in the "preferential occupation" of Ca-adsorbing sites and thus contributed to the lower selectivity of Ca ions. However, these two treatments affected the K/Ca CES of illite slightly. Acid NH4-oxalate extraction reduced the K/Ca CES values for all layer silicates investigated except chlorite for which the reverse was true. Selectivity of Ca and the CEC of illite were substantially increased by this treatment. The data suggested that the naturally occurring amorphous inorganic and organic constituents may have higher selectivity towards Ca relative to K. However, the degree of variation in the K/Ca CES seems to be further controlled by the amount, nature, and composition of amorphous materials and the mechanisms by which they are associated with the crystalline mineral components.
USE OF DILUTE CALCIUM CHLORIDE FOR THE EXTRACTION OF PLANT-AVAILABLE ALUMINUM AND MANGANESE FROM ACID SOIL
Authors: HOYT P. B. , NYBORG M.
Published: March 2010

A method is proposed for the simultaneous extraction of plant-available Al and Mn from acid soils that consists of shaking the soil in 0.02 M CaCl2 (1:2 ratio) for 1 hr. The method was developed by comparing the amounts of these elements extracted by different concentrations of the salt and by different extraction times with yield and uptake data for barley, turnip rape, and alfalfa grown on 40 acid soils in the greenhouse. Yield response of turnip rape to lime was related to the amounts of both Al and Mn extracted by the proposed method, whereas responses of barley and alfalfa were related only to the amounts of Al. In addition, the yield responses of barley to lime in a series of field experiments were in close agreement with amounts of Al extracted by the method. Use of the method in predicting the need for liming is discussed.
EFFECTS OF SILICON ON AUTOMATED METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE IN WATER
Authors: SOWDEN F. J.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the possible interference of silicon on the determination of orthophosphate-P in natural waters by automated methods. It was found that this interference might be serious when the concentration of P was less than 50 μg/liter. An automated isobutanol-extraction procedure appeared to be free from silicon interference. If the silicon concentration is determined and a correction for it applied to the apparent P value, the usual automated method may give acceptable results.
MANGANESE TOXICITY IN POTATOES AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS P SOURCES
Authors: CHENG B. T. , OUELLETTE G. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
A SULFATE-SULFUR METHOD USED TO DELINEATE THE SULFUR STATUS OF SOILS
Authors: CARSON J. A. , CREPIN J. M. , NEMUNIS-SIUGZDINIS P.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF FOLIAR- AND SOIL-APPLIED NITROGEN AND SOIL NITRATE-NITROGEN LEVEL ON THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF NEEPAWA WHEAT
Authors: ALKIER A. C. , RACZ G. J. , SOPER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Protein content and yield of wheat usually increased with increases in the amount of nitrate nitrogen present in the soil. Large yield increases were obtained when 34 or 67 kg N/ha was applied broadcast to nonfallow land at time of seeding, but protein content decreased or increased only slightly. Protein content increased substantially when 101–202 kg N/ha was applied to nonfallow land, whereas yields were not increased above that obtained with 67 kg N/ha. Protein content of wheat grown on fallow land increased with increasing amounts of added nitrogen up to about 134 kg N/ha; yields did not increase greatly with added nitrogen. Wheat protein content was found to be related to nitrogen supply. An R2 value of 0.78 was obtained when wheat protein content was related to soil nitrate nitrogen measured to a depth of 61 cm and nitrogen applied broadcast at time of seeding. Soil- and foliar-applied postemergent nitrogen applications increased the protein content more than equivalent rates of nitrogen-applied broadcast at time of seeding in field studies conducted during 1971, but not in 1970. A greenhouse experiment showed that usually less than 1% of the nitrogen from ammonium nitrate, urea, or ammonium sulfate was absorbed into the grain when applied to the foliar surfaces of wheat; usually greater than 30% of the nitrogen from these fertilizers was absorbed when soil applied.
SALINITY AND DRAINAGE IN A BROWN CHERNOZEM IRRIGATED AT DIFFERENT MINIMUM MOISTURE CONTENTS
Authors: KROGMAN K. K. , HOBBS E. H.
Published: March 2010

The salinity of a Brown Chernozem under four irrigation regimes was measured at the beginning and end of each of two cycles of a 4-yr crop rotation. Irrigation reduced soil salinity during the first cycle and maintained it at the reduced level during the second cycle. Drainage in 4 yr, calculated on the basis of salt balances, increased proportionately to irrigation plus rainfall. Where only enough water was applied to maximize crop yields, that is, where soil moisture was maintained within the upper half of the available range, about 95% of the irrigation plus rainfall was utilized by the crops through evapotranspiration. Under this regime, maximum crop yields and an adequately low level of soil salinity were maintained.
A METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE APPARENT DENSITY OF SOIL AGGREGATES
Authors: BISAL FREDERICK , HINMAN W. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF BASIC MATERIAL ON SOIL GENESIS IN THE THETFORD–BLACK LAKE AREA, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC
Authors: KIMPE C. R. DE , ZIZKA J. , TABI M.
Published: March 2010

Four profiles were sampled near the contact between the acidic and the ultramafites deposits. One profile was derived from serpentine rock whereas the three others were derived from till. Reworking of surface layers by the glacial processes and the input of dust from mining operations resulted in a slowing down process in the podzolic evolution. pH values were high and base saturation level in the B horizons reached 100%.
SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT UNDER TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS
Authors: JOSHUA W. D. , JONG E. DE
Published: March 2010

Temperature gradients of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 degree C/cm were imposed on sealed soil columns of a fine sandy loam at various moisture contents. When steady state was reached, heat flux, temperature distribution, and moisture content or moisture tension distribution were measured. The coupling between heat and moisture flux was calculated using the theory of irreversible thermodynamics. The coupling between heat and moisture flux was negligible for tensions less than 0.1 bar or higher than 15 bars. Coupling increased as the temperature increased. Within experimental error, Onsager's relation for the interaction between heat and moisture flow was valid. The agreement between the thermodynamic approach and the "series-parallel" theory was satisfactory between 0.3- and 15-bar tension. At tensions above 15 bars or below 0.1 bar, the series-parallel theory predicted more interaction between heat and moisture flow than was observed. It was concluded that the coupling between heat and moisture flow was significant only when the moisture flow occurred in the liquid phase and when soil–water interaction was pronounced.
MANGANESE STATUS OF SOME FRASER VALLEY SOILS
Authors: SAFO E. Y. , LOWE L. E.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of manganese fractions in six soils from the Lower Fraser Valley was determined. The ranges for water-soluble, exchangeable, hydroquinone-reducible, and total manganese were similar to reported values, except that the study failed to find the high levels of total Mn previously reported on some soils from the same area. Generally water-soluble and exchangeable Mn showed little variation within profiles or between soils. In four of six profiles, reducible and total Mn were higher in the parent material than in the surface horizons. However, there was no satisfactory fit for a number of the profiles to the four distribution patterns suggested by G. W. Leeper (Soil Sci. 63: 79–94, 1947). Ultrasonic dispersion prior to analysis increased recovery of total soil Mn by an average of 13%. Ultrasonic dispersion also increased average recoveries of water-soluble Mn, exchangeable Mn, and hydroquinone-reducible Mn by 930, 88, and 99%, respectively.
INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZER USE ON THE PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM STATUS OF SANDY SOILS
Authors: FINDLAY W. I.
Published: March 2010

Factorially combined rates of 0, 19.6, 39.1, and 58.7 kg/ha P and 0, 37.2, 74.4, and 111.6 kg/ha K were applied annually to plots on soils of different fertility levels. The soil types were Brady and Fox sandy loams. Cropping reduced the levels of phosphorus and potassium in the soil when these elements were omitted from the fertilizer. The decline in phosphorus and potassium levels was more rapid at high fertility levels than low, and much more rapid for potassium than for phosphorus. Where these elements were added as fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium levels in the soil were increased. The increase was greater for phosphorus than for potassium. These changes in soil test levels are described by simple polynomial equations that are used to project the amounts of fertilizer required to maintain certain nutrient levels in the soil. The equations can also be used to predict the amount of fertilizer required to raise an existing nutrient level to some other arbitrarily selected level.
REACTION PRODUCTS OF APPLIED PYROPHOSPHATES IN SOME MANITOBA SOILS
Authors: SAVANT N. K. , RACZ G. J.
Published: March 2010

Four soils were treated with Na4P2O7∙10H2O, K4P2O7, or (NH4)3HP2O7∙H2O, and the reaction products identified. CaNa2P2O7∙4H2O formed when Na4P2O7∙10H2O was applied in a band to soil. This product also formed in soils treated with a saturated Na4P2O7∙10H2O solution. Ca3K2(P2O7)2∙2H2O, Ca5K(P2O7)3∙6H2O, or CaK2P2O7, or all three, formed when K4P2O7 was applied in a band or as a saturated phosphate solution. Ca5(NH4)2(P2O7)3∙6H2O, Ca3(NH4)2(P2O7)2∙6H2O, and Ca(NH4)2P2O7∙H2O were identified when (NH4)3HP2O7∙H2O was applied in a band to soil. Ca3(NH4)2(P2O7)2∙6H2O and orthorhombic Ca2P2O7∙4H2O formed in soils treated with a saturated (NH4)3HP2O7∙H2O solution. The application of (NH4)2SO4 or (NH2)2CO with Na4P2O7∙10H2O and K4P2O7 resulted in the formation of calcium–ammonium pyrophosphates in addition to calcium–sodium and calcium–potassium pyrophosphates.
INFLUENCE OF SELECTED GRASSES AND FORBS ON SOIL PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY
Authors: NEAL Jr. J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN IN FUNGAL "HUMIC ACIDS"
Authors: SERRA M. I. ORTIZ DE , SOWDEN F. J. , SCHNITZER M.
Published: March 2010

not available
ELIMINATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE INTERFERENCE IN THE INFRARED IDENTIFICATION OF KAOLINITE IN SOIL CLAYS
Authors: COEN G.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF ROOT HAIRS IN SUPPLYING SOIL PHOSPHORUS TO WHEAT
Authors: BOLE J. B.
Published: March 2010

Chromosome substitution lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) showing a parental difference in root-hair development were studied under several P regimes. Average root-hair density was 45 root hairs/mm in a low-P soil compared with 60 when P supply was adequate. Soil P uptake was not closely related to root-hair density in any of the regimes. Rape roots virtually devoid of root hairs took up two to six times as much soil P per unit length as the wheat roots with root hairs. Flax roots also did not produce root hairs but absorbed more P per unit length than the wheat roots. Root-hair development did not regulate the P uptake efficiency of the wheat roots and would be expected to be even less effective in supplying other nutrients.
COMPARISONS OF METHODS OF pH DETERMINATION FOR ORGANIC TERRAIN SURVEYS
Authors: STANEK W.
Published: March 2010

pH values were measured on peat samples taken from a water-logged peatland in Ontario, from April 1970 to April 1971, by 14 procedures: on fresh peat and groundwater, in their natural state; and on combinations of hand-squeezed, air-dried, and oven-dried peat, each rewetted to liquid limit with either distilled H2O, N/100 CaCl2∙2H2O, N/10 KCl, or N/10 CaCl2∙2H2O. Groundwater showed the highest mean pH (4.0), followed by hand-squeezed peat rewetted with distilled H2O (3.8), then fresh peat (3.6). In comparison with fresh peat, air and oven drying lowered the mean pH value by 0.1 and 0.2 units, rewetting with N/100 CaCl2∙2H2O, by 0.4; N/10 KCl, by 0.5; and N/10 CaCl2∙2H2O, by 0.6 units approximately. The coefficients of variation and the confidence limits showed, for practical application, that all methods were equally reliable and that pH determined at any time of the year validly characterized a site.
FE STATUS OF BRUNISOLIC AND RELATED SOIL PROFILES
Authors: LUTWICK L. E. , DORMAAR J. F.
Published: March 2010

Three pairs of soil profiles developed on calcareous parent materials and two pairs of soil profiles developed on acidic parent materials were chosen morphologically in the field to represent Brunisolic/Luvisolic and Brunisolic/Podzolic features, respectively. Oxalate-, pyrophosphate-, and dithionite-extractable Fe were determined for each horizon. Also, Fe was partitioned into crystalline, "aged" and "gel" amorphous hydrous oxides, and organic forms. Humic acids extracted from each horizon with alkali were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy. Soils developed on acidic parent materials contained more extractable Fe than did those developed on calcareous parent materials. Only one horizon fitted the requirements of the chemical definition of a Bf horizon. All three reagents indicated zones of depletion and accumulation of Fe in soils developed on calcareous parent materials; oxalate and pyrophosphate did but dithionite did not show these relationships for soils developed on acidic parent materials. With exceptions, extractable Fe was correlated with clay content on the soils with calcareous parent material but was correlated with organic carbon on the soils with acidic parent materials. Well-crystallized Fe showed horizon differentiation in soils with calcareous parent materials and is therefore a weathering product. In soils with acidic parent materials, crystallized Fe was the source of weathering product forms of Fe. Humic acids of soils with acidic parent materials were more highly oxidized and hence more capable of reacting with Fe than were those of soils with calcareous parent materials.
INTERACTION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES WITH BIPYRIDYLIUM HERBICIDES
Authors: KHAN S. U.
Published: March 2010

The binding or complexing of diquat (1,1-ethylene-2,2-bipyridylium dibromide) and paraquat (1-1′-dimethyl-4-4′-bipyridylium dichloride) by humic acid and fulvic acid has been studied by the gel filtration technique. Paraquat was complexed by humic compounds in greater amounts than was diquat, but the amounts of the two herbicides complexed by humic acid were higher than those complexed by fulvic acid. By infrared spectroscopic technique, evidence is presented for the formation of charge–transfer complexes between diquat or paraquat and humic compounds. The complexing of bipyridylium herbicides by humic substances should be of interest to those concerned with environmental problems.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON NO3− AND NO2− REDUCTION, NITROGENOUS GAS PRODUCTION, AND REDOX POTENTIAL IN A SATURATED SOIL
Authors: BAILEY L. D. , BEAUCHAMP E. G.
Published: March 2010

Samples of the Ap horizon of a Huron soil were used to investigate the effects of temperature on NO3− and NO2− reduction, nitrogenous gas production, and redox potential under anaerobic conditions in the laboratory. NO3− and NO2− reduction occurred at redox potential (Eh) values of 200 and 180 mV, respectively. The rate of NO3− and NO2− reduction decreased with decreasing temperatures (30–5 C). At 5 C, NO3− reduction was completely inhibited but NO2− reduction continued at a slow rate. Gas chromatographic analyses showed that the denitrification gas was composed of N2, N2O, and NO. Decreasing the temperature decreased the production of N2, increased the production of NO, and did not significantly affect the production of N2O. The increased production of NO at low temperatures when NO2− was the nitrogen source is attributed to chemodenitrification processes.
USE OF OXALATE FOR FE EXTRACTION FROM SOILS
Authors: SCHWERTMANN U.
Published: March 2010

not available
MACROCLIMATIC MODEL FOR ESTIMATING MONTHLY SOIL TEMPERATURES UNDER SHORT-GRASS COVER IN CANADA
Authors: OUELLET C. E.
Published: March 2010

A macroclimatic model was developed to estimate monthly soil temperatures under short-grass cover. It involved multiple regression equations for each month and for each of six depths (1, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 150 cm). Data used were obtained from published records of soil temperature and corresponding climatic variables. They were from 41 stations over several years with station-years per regression varying from 88 to 226 according to depths and months. The climatic variables were related to air temperature, rainfall, snowfall, and potential evapotranspiration. An additional important variable was the estimated soil temperature of the previous month. The equations explain 70–96% of the soil temperature variations and the standard errors of estimate varied from 0.7 to 2.2 C. Temperatures estimated for 1 yr and eight stations with climatic data not used in the development of the equations departed from the observed values by less than 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 C in 34, 62, and 92% of the cases, respectively. Errors resulting from the estimation of monthly normals by this model are expected to be generally less than 1.0 degree C.
MICROBIOLOGICAL FORMATION OF BASIC FERRIC SULFATES
Authors: IVARSON K. C.
Published: March 2010

The iron-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was isolated from yellow-brown deposits found in soil, shale, metamorphic rock, and a uranium mine. In addition to the bacterium and pyrite, jarosite (K Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6), a basic ferric sulfate, was found to be present in the deposits. Oxidation of ferrous sulfate by the organism in liquid medium resulted in the formation of jarosite. On a solid medium of agar containing ferrous sulfate, ammoniojarosite (NH4Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6) was formed. Because jarosite can be synthesized at 25 C and 1 atm, it" is suggested that under natural conditions T. ferrooxidans plays a role in the formation of basic ferric sulfates.
AIR CONTENTS IN SOILS ABOVE A HIGH WATER TABLE — APPLICATION TO DRAINAGE CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS
Authors: MICHALICA K. , ZWARICH M. A. , SHAYKEWICH C. F.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted at 10 sites with a high water table with a view to classifying soil drainage status from a knowledge of water table depth and water retention properties of the soil. The parameter used to assess soil drainage status was air-filled porosity. The average error in predicting air-filled porosity in the field from water retention data was 2.3%. It was found that air-filled porosity in the water retention samples could be predicted from soil components to within 3.4–5.9% of the actual value (on the average). This suggests that where water retention data are not available, a knowledge of soil components and water table depth may be sufficient to obtain an estimate of air-filled porosity. A system of soil drainage classification based on air-filled porosity is proposed.
TRANSFORMATION AND MOVEMENT OF BAND-APPLIED UREA, AMMONIUM SULFATE, AND AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE DURING INCUBATION IN SEVERAL MANITOBA SOILS
Authors: PANG P. C. , HEDLIN R. A. , CHO C. M.
Published: March 2010

The transformation, effect on soil pH, and movement of nitrogen from banded fertilizer materials (urea, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium hydroxide) were studied in three Manitoba soils of different initial pH values. The greatest effect on soil pH took place near the fertilizer zone but the magnitude of pH change varied greatly depending on soil characteristics and on the fertilizer material added. The oxidation of ammonium nitrogen was inhibited near the zone of fertilizer application during the early stage of incubation in all soils. The oxidation of ammonium form of nitrogen was found to be very slow in the acidic Keld soil (pH 5.4), irrespective of the carriers. The majority of applied nitrogen stayed near the zone of application as the ammonium form even after 8 wk. With the neutral Wellwood soil (pH 6.6), the oxidation of the ammonium form of nitrogen was rapid with a high production or accumulation, or both, of nitrite during incubation when urea or ammonium hydroxide were the nitrogen carriers. The rate of oxidation, as well as nitrite production, was slower with ammonium sulfate. With alkaline Morton soil (pH 8.2), the conversion of the ammonium form of nitrogen to nitrate was rapid without accumulation of nitrite during the transformation, irrespective of the nitrogen carrier used. Diffusion coefficients of ammonium in the soils were dependent upon the types of soil or the fertilizer materials. Generally, the smaller diffusion coefficient restricted movement of ammonium away from the zone of application and eventually retarded the transformation.
SOIL MICROBIAL ACTIVITY AS INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE TRENDS AND FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: BIEDERBECK V. O. , CAMPBELL C. A.
Published: March 2010

Unamended and NH4-N-amended soils were incubated for 14 days at three different diurnally fluctuating temperatures (T13/2, T18/7, T27/16), and at combinations of these for a further 14 days. Replicate samples were incubated simultaneously at the corresponding constant mean temperatures. Microbial growth was considerably greater at constant mean than at the corresponding diurnally fluctuating temperatures. The pattern of population changes in response to the temperature treatments was similar for bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi. However, the extent of the growth response by these three groups differed, being greatest for the bacterial and least for the actinomycetal population. An upward shift in temperature after 14 days or maintenance of temperature at the same level for the full 28 days caused an increase in microbial numbers and increased the rate of N transformations. But when the incubation temperature was shifted downward, microbial population levels decreased markedly whereas ammonification and nitrification rates increased significantly, resulting in a temporary flush of mineral-N. This "kill" of microbial cells was much more pronounced with fluctuating than with constant temperature conditions. The validity of this phenomenon was supported by 4 yr field data that showed that the onset of the first cold spell each fall and late frosts in spring resulted in sudden flushes in NO3-N production. Microbial population levels and N transformation rates were generally higher in NH4-N-amended than in unamended soil.
CHELATION STUDY OF COPPER (II): FULVIC ACID SYSTEM
Authors: CHEAM VENGHUOT
Published: March 2010

The chelation reaction between Cu (II) and fulvic acid has been investigated using a relatively new direct approach — that of titration with a cupric ion-selective electrode. The results of different investigators are in fair agreement with each other if they are interpreted in terms of both pH and mole fraction of reactants. In 0.1 M sodium nitrate solutions with a copper mole fraction equal to 0.5 ± 0.2, the equilibrium quotient at 25 C and pH 3 was found to be 2.2 ± 0.1.