bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual‐band plastic chip antenna for GSM/DCS mobile phones
Authors: Wong Kin‐Lu , Su Saou‐Wen , Chiou Tzung‐Wern , Lin Yeh‐Chian
Published: August 2002

By placing a rectangular spiral conducting strip on the top, bottom, and two side surfaces of a rectangular plastic chip of dimensions 5 × 10 × 16 mm3, a novel plastic chip antenna capable of GSM/DCS dual‐band operations in mobile phones is presented. The plastic chip antenna has the attractive feature of surface mountable and generates a lower mode for GSM (890–960 MHz) operation and an upper mode for DCS (1710–1880 MHz) operation. Good antenna performances are also observed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 330–332, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10312
Hybrid Brillouin/Erbium fibre laser operating at long wavelength band
Authors: Harun S. W. , Tamchek M. , Abd‐Rahman M. K. , Ahmad H.
Published: August 2002

The operation of the hybrid Brillouin/Erbium fibre laser (BEFL) in the long wavelength band (L‐band) region is experimentally demonstrated. It uses a 50‐m long erbium‐doped fibre (EDF) with 400 ppm ion concentration as a gain medium to amplify the Stokes frequency signal generated in single mode fibre (SMF). The stokes frequency is shifted 10 GHz from the Brillouin pump with a tunability from 1598–1612 nm. The BEFL has the potential to be used in future wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 383–385, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10329
Fractal‐shape small size microstrip patch antenna
Authors: Kim Il‐Kwon , Yook Jong‐Gwan , Park Han‐Kyu
Published: August 2002

In this Letter, a new Koch island microstrip patch antenna is proposed. The Koch patch is fractal shaped and characterized by space‐filling and self‐similarity properties. Due to the space‐filling properties of fractal geometry, the proposed antennas are a smaller in size than conventional Euclidean‐type ones. The characteristics of Koch patches are demonstrated by experimental results: when the fractal iteration factor is 2.5, then the patch is 45% smaller in size than a conventional square patch, thereby maintaining a radiation pattern comparable to that of a normal square patch. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 15–17, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10359
A compact dual‐polarized patch antenna for 1800 MHz band operation
Authors: Tung Hao‐Chun , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: August 2002

An aperture‐coupled patch antenna with a cross slot for compact dual‐polarized operation in the 1800 MHz band (1710–1880 MHz) suitable for applications in a personal communication system (PCS) is presented. For operation in the 1800 MHz band, the proposed antenna has a square patch of dimensions 50×50 mm2, which is only about 0.69 times that of the conventional design using a simple square patch. With the antenna size reduction achieved, good dual‐polarized performances have also been obtained for the proposed antenna. Excellent port decoupling (less than −37.3 dB) across the entire operating bandwidth is obtained, and good cross‐polarization levels (about 20 dB) for both linear polarizations with an antenna gain level of about 7.0 dBi are observed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 1–2, 2001.
Large‐signal model predicts dynamic behavior of GaAs MESFET model under optical illumination
Authors: Zamanillo J. M. , Navarro C. , Pérez‐Vega C. , Mediavilla A. , Tazón A.
Published: August 2002

This paper is the result of our research on the large‐signal dynamic behavior (pulsed I/V curves) of a GaAs device, in the overall I/V plane, when the incident optical input power is changed. A complete bias‐ and optical‐power‐dependent large‐signal model for a MESFET is determined from experimental S‐parameters, dc, and pulsed measurements. All derivatives of the model shown here are continuous for a realistic description of circuit distortion and intermodulation. The dependencies of circuit elements with optical illumination and the quiescent operating point are evaluated, and a comparison between theoretical and measured results over optical power and bias ranges is shown. Experimental results show a very good agreement with the theoretical analysis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 25–31, 2001.
Strip‐loaded hollow dielectric H‐plane sectoral horn antennas for square radiation pattern
Authors: Joseph V. P. , Biju Kumar S. , Mathew K. T.
Published: August 2002

The radiation characteristics of a new type of hollow dielectric H‐plane sectoral horn antenna are presented. Metallic strips of optimum length are loaded on the H‐walls of the sectoral horns. The effects of strip loading for producing square patterns in the H plane are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 45–46, 2001.
A broadband low‐profile cylindrical monopole antenna
Authors: Row Jeen‐Sheen , Yeh Shih‐Huang , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: August 2002

A broadband low‐profile cylindrical monopole antenna top‐loaded with a shorted circular patch is presented. The shorted circular patch is connected to the antenna ground by two shorting cylinders placed symmetrically on each side of the cylindrical monopole. Experiments have been carried out, and obtained results show that, with an antenna height only about 0.07 times the free‐space wavelength of the center operating frequency, the proposed antenna can have a monopole radiation pattern with an impedance bandwidth of 14.8%, which is much greater than that (3%) of a corresponding monopolar wire‐patch antenna. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 77–79, 2001.
A new three‐dimensional 30 GHz bandpass filter using the LIGA micromachined process
Authors: Park Kyoung‐Youl , Lee Jong‐Chul , Kim Jong‐Heon , Lee Byungje , Kim Nam‐Young , Park Jae‐Young , Kim Geun‐Ho , Bu Jong‐Uk , Chung Ki‐Woong
Published: August 2002

In this letter, a new micromachined 3‐D bandpass filter in the Ka‐band is proposed using the LIGA process. The characteristic impedance and design parameters for the 3‐D filter are determined from the experimental results and the filter design rule. The filter shows a wide‐bandpass characteristic of 39%, with an insertion loss of 1.7 dB at 33.2 GHz, and can be applicable in high‐power MMICs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 199–201, 2001.
Small wideband triangular patch antenna with an L‐probe feeding
Authors: Guo Y. X. , Luk K. M. , Lee K. F.
Published: August 2002

Experimental results for an L‐probe‐fed shorted triangular patch antenna are presented. Using a foam layer of thickness ∼0.13λ0 as a supported substrate, an impedance bandwidth of 61% (SWR≤2) and a gain of over 4.0 dBi in the bandwidth have been obtained. The far‐field patterns are stable across the passband. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 218–220, 2001.
Analysis of higher order TM modes for pentagonal waveguides
Authors: Chen R. S. , Lei Mo , Tsang K. F. , Daoxiang Wang
Published: August 2002

In this paper, the Ritz variational method is proposed to analyze the characteristics of the higher order TM modes for pentagonal waveguides. A series of functions are used as basis function to satisfy the boundary condition of the pentagonal waveguide metal wall. Then the scalar Helmholtz equation is satisfied using the Galerkin technique, and a linear matrix equation is obtained. The zeros of the matrix determinant are solved for the cutoff wavenumbers. The cutoff wavenumber of the first‐order mode is compared with those of the literature and a good agreement is found between them. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31, 115–118, 2001.
Assignment of 1H and 13C NMR data for (−)‐methyl thyrsiflorin A and some scopadulan precursors
Authors: Arnó Manuel , González Miguel A. , Luisa Marín M. , Zaragozá Ramón J.
Published: August 2002

The 1H and 13C NMR spectral analysis of synthetic (−)‐methylthyrsiflorin A and 10 scopadulan precursors is reported. Resonance assignments were based on one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques, which included 1H, 13C, DEPT and HMQC and also 1D NOE difference spectroscopy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent‐induced 13C chemical shifts of 3‐substituted camphors
Authors: Kaiser Carlos R. , Basso Ernani A. , Rittner Roberto
Published: August 2002

The complete 13C NMR analysis of 3‐substituted camphors with F, Cl, Br, I, OH, OMe, SMe, NHMe, NMe2 and Me substituents at endo and exo positions, and also the corresponding ‘oxo’ and dichloro derivatives, were obtained by 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The resulting substituent‐induced chemical shifts (SCS) for these difunctional systems show the influence of electronic and steric mechanisms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total assignment of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 13α‐ and 13β‐estrone methyl ethers
Authors: Ciuffreda P. , Ferraboschi P. , Verza E. , Manzocchi A.
Published: August 2002

The complete 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments of the 13α‐epimer of estrone methyl ether and of estrone methyl ether itself were carried out, making use of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques (1D HOHAHA, COSY, NOESY, TOCSY and HSQC). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR and theoretical conformational studies of the anticholinergic physostigmine
Authors: Santos‐Sánchez Norma F. , Morales‐Ríos Martha S. , Joseph‐Nathan Pedro
Published: August 2002

The NMR parameters of (−)‐physostigmine free base (1) in CD2Cl2, CDCl3 and DMSO‐d6 were used to determine stereospecific assignments. The vicinal homonuclear coupling constants exhibited by the internally diastereotopic pyrrolidinyl protons of the C‐ring can be interpreted as arising from an interconverting profile of conformations at the fast exchange limit. Physostigmine undergoes epimerization in solution via inversion of the labile chirotopic and stereogenic N1 nitrogen atom, which results in the formation of (N − R,S)‐N1Me diastereoisomers. Protonation at the N1 nitrogen leads to the (N − S)‐N1 Me diastereoisomer of the corresponding salt of 1. Four conformational archetypes were calculated by molecular mechanics based on X‐ray crystallographically determined physostigmine. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sperm–zona pellucida interaction involves a carbonyl reductase activity in the hamster
Authors: Montfort Lucile , Frenette Gilles , Sullivan Robert
Published: August 2002

For successful fertilization to occur, the spermatozoa must transit through an egg‐specific extracellular matrix or zona pellucida (zp) to reach and ultimately fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane. This process involves ligand–receptor recognition between the zp and the acrosomal cap of the sperm. The hamster sperm protein P26h, a receptor which is acquired during epididymal transit, has been suggested to act in sperm–zp binding. The cloning and characterization of the full‐length cDNA‐encoding hamster P26h revealed 85% identity with a porcine lung carbonyl reductase. To better understand the mechanism by which P26h interacts with zp proteins, we investigated carbonyl reductase activity during gamete interactions. In the present study, we show that specific inhibitors of carbonyl reductase such as diclofenac and phenylbutazone decreases sperm–zp binding without affecting the motility, progressivity or acrosome integrity of sperm. We also detected, and partly purified, carbonyl reductase activities from cauda epididymal sperm protein extract and this activity was associated with an enriched fraction of P26h. Removing P26h from the partly purified protein fractions by immunoaffinity chromatography led to the loss of carbonyl reductase activity. The findings that sperm–zp binding is blocked by carbonyl reductase inhibitors and that P26h is active in mature sperm suggest that P26h could play an important role in the fertilization process. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 113–119, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multislice double inversion pulse sequence for efficient black‐blood MRI
Authors: Song Hee Kwon , Wright Alexander C. , Wolf Ronald L. , Wehrli Felix W.
Published: August 2002

Over the last several years there has been a rapidly growing interest in high‐resolution MRI of the vascular wall to assess the extent of atherosclerotic lesions. Vessels of particular clinical relevance are the carotid and coronary arteries. Currently, the preferred imaging sequence for these studies is a “black‐blood” technique based on the double‐inversion scheme to null the blood signal. A critical drawback of the black‐blood technique, however, has been its single‐slice nature, as there is only one point in time during the recovery of the blood magnetization from inversion at which the signal is completely nulled. Consequently, the total scan time can become prohibitively long, particularly when an imaging protocol includes several series of these datasets. In this work, a multiple‐slice double‐inversion technique is described that can reduce the scan time by a factor of two or more. It is demonstrated in vivo with examples from carotid and coronary arteries that one can acquire multiple slices with sufficient nulling of blood, following a single set of inversion pulses. Magn Reson Med 47:616–620, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy in rat liver using magic angle turning at a 1 Hz spinning rate
Authors: Hu Jian Zhi , Rommereim Donald N. , Wind Robert A.
Published: August 2002

It is demonstrated that a high‐resolution 1H NMR spectrum of excised rat liver can be obtained using the technique of magic angle turning (MAT) at a sample spinning rate of 1 Hz. A variant of the phase‐corrected MAT (PHORMAT) pulse sequence that includes a water suppression segment was developed for the investigation. The spectral resolution achieved with PHORMAT approaches that obtained from a standard magic angle spinning (MAS) experiment at a spinning rate of several kHz. With such ultra‐slow spinning, tissue and cell damage associated with the standard MAS experiment is minimized or eliminated. The technique is potentially useful for obtaining high‐resolution 1H spectra in live animals. Magn Reson Med 47:829–836, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of the C‐terminal domain of nebulin in a patient with nemaline myopathy
Authors: Gurgel‐Giannetti J. , Bang M.‐L. , Reed U. , Marie S. , Zatz M. , Labeit S. , Vainzof M.
Published: August 2002

The most common autosomal recessive form of nemaline myopathy is due to mutations in the nebulin gene. Among eight patients studied, we identified one, a 14‐year‐old girl, with a specific pattern of diffuse rods in muscle fibers. Western blot analysis detected absence of the C‐terminal domain of nebulin. Protein analysis may represent a good screening method to direct molecular studies in the case of very large and complex genes such as the large 1298 kb nebulin gene. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in wobbler mouse motor neuron disease
Authors: Tsuzaka Kazufumi , Ishiyama Takeo , Pioro Erik P. , Mitsumoto Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is neuroprotective for motoneurons undergoing degeneration, including those in natural motor neuron disease (MND) in wobbler mice. To assess the role of BDNF in this model of MND, endogenous BDNF immunoreactivity was analyzed by semiquantitative video‐image analysis. Affected cervical spinal cord motoneurons had significantly greater BDNF immunoreactivity compared to motoneurons of healthy littermates (P = 0.01) and affected lumbar spinal cord motoneurons (P = 0.008 at age 4 weeks; P = 0.005 at age 8 weeks). Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (n‐NOS) immunocytochemistry revealed increased immunoreactivity in the affected cervical spinal cord motoneurons. Exogenous BDNF treatment partially inhibited the increased NOS activity, as quantitatively measured by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH‐d) histochemistry. The mean number of NADPH‐d+ motoneurons in the cervical anterior horn decreased from 3.5 ± 1.2 to 1.5 ± 1.2 (P = 0.002). The increase in endogenous BDNF immunoreactivity in the affected spinal cord may be compensatory in diseased motoneurons, yet it appears to still be inadequate because exogenous BDNF treatment is required to suppress increased NOS activity in degenerating motoneurons. Our study indicates that BDNF is important in halting nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated motor neuron degeneration, which has potential implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 474–480, 2001.
Condition for the onset of bifurcation in en echelon crack arrays
Authors: Chau K. T. , Wang G. S.
Published: August 2002

Emergence and evolution of en echelon crack arrays play an essential role in the failure of geomaterials, regardless of the scale of deformation. This paper derives analytically an approximation for the critical crack size/spacing ratio at which a uniformly growing en echelon crack array yields to a non‐uniform growing pattern of crack growth. Numerical results show that the critical crack size/spacing ratio λcr (=a/d where a is the half crack length and d is the distance between the centres of two adjacent cracks) depends on the orientation of the crack array ϕ, the number of cracks N in the array, as well as the loading conditions. In general, λcr decreases with N, but depends non‐linearly on ϕ. When en echelon crack arrays are under far‐field shearing along the direction of the crack array, our prediction for λcr is about 0.5715, comparing to the experimental observation of about 0.5. For rock joints containing en echelon cracks, the interpreted critical crack size at the onset of the alternating evolution of crack growth are 0.66 and 0.89 for ϕ=26 and 16°, comparing to our predictions of 0.5695 and 0.6112, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemically induced deformation of a porous layer coupled with advective–dispersive transport. Analytical solutions
Authors: Kaczmarek Mariusz
Published: August 2002

In this paper a chemically induced deformation of porous material taking place during advective–dispersive transport of a chemical is considered. Linearized governing equations are derived and analytical solutions of 2 one‐dimensional problems for a homogeneous layer with drained boundaries are developed. Numerical results for a particular clayey material and a chemical migrating through the layer showing distributions of concentration of chemical, changes in porosity of the material and pore fluid pressure, and evolution of settlement of the layer as functions of time are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimax inverse problems of minimum cuts
Authors: Shigeno Maiko
Published: August 2002

Let G = (N, A) be a directed graph of n nodes and m arcs with an upper bound u ∈ ℤA. Given an s—t cut S0, the minimax inverse minimum‐cut problem (MIMC) is to find a modified upper bound ũ ∈ ℝA such that S0 is a minimum cut for ũ and max {|uij − ũij‖(i, j) ∈ A} is minimum. This paper shows that the MIMC is closely related to the maximum mean‐cut problem. By applying a parametric search for maximum mean‐cut problems, the MIMC can be solved as a sequence of O(n) minimum s—t cut problems or in O(min {n2/3, m1/2}m log (n2/m) log n log (nU)) time, where U is the maximum value of u. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partial line directed hypergraphs
Authors: Ferrero Daniela , Padró Carles
Published: August 2002

The partial line digraph technique was introduced in [7] in order to construct digraphs with a minimum diameter, maximum connectivity, and good expandability. To find a new method to construct directed hypergraphs with a minimum diameter, we present in this paper an adaptation of that technique to directed hypergraphs. Directed hypergraphs are used as models for interconnection networks whose vertices are linked by directed buses. The connectivity and expandability of partial line directed hypergraphs are studied. Besides, we prove a conjecture by J‐C. Bermond and F. Ergincan about the characterization of line directed hypergraphs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Balanced network flows. VI. Polyhedral descriptions
Authors: Fremuth‐Paeger Christian , Jungnickel Dieter
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses the balanced circulation polytope, that is, the convex hull of balanced circulations of a given balanced flow network. The LP description of this polytope is the LP description of ordinary circulations plus some odd‐set constraints. The paper starts with an exposition of several classes of odd‐set inequalities. These inequalities are described in terms of balanced network flows as well as matchings and put into relation to each other. Step by step, the problem of finding a cost minimum balanced circulation can be reduced to the b‐matching problem. We present an LP characterization of the b‐matching polytope by blossom inequalities. With a moderate effort, these odd sets are lifted to the setting of balanced‐network flows. We finish with the dualization of the derived LP formulation, an introduction of reduced‐cost labels, and a corresponding optimality condition. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The ultracenter and central fringe of a graph
Authors: Chartrand Gary , Novotny Karen S. , Winters Steven J.
Published: August 2002

The central distance of a central vertex v in a connected graph G with rad G < diam G is the largest nonnegative integer n such that whenever x is a vertex with d(v, x) ≤ n then x is also a central vertex. The subgraph induced by those central vertices of maximum central distance is the ultracenter of G. The subgraph induced by the central vertices having central distance 0 is the central fringe of G. For a given graph G, the smallest order of a connected graph H is determined whose ultracenter is isomorphic to G but whose center is not G. For a given graph F, we determine the smallest order of a connected graph H whose central fringe is isomorphic to G but whose center is not G. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Local search with perturbations for the prize‐collecting Steiner tree problem in graphs
Authors: Canuto S. A. , Resende M. G. C. , Ribeiro C. C.
Published: August 2002

Given an undirected graph with prizes associated with its nodes and weights associated with its edges, the prize‐collecting Steiner tree problem consists of finding a subtree of this graph which minimizes the sum of the weights of its edges plus the prizes of the nodes not spanned. In this paper, we describe a multistart local search algorithm for the prize‐collecting Steiner tree problem, based on the generation of initial solutions by a primal‐dual algorithm using perturbed node prizes. Path‐relinking is used to improve the solutions found by local search and variable neighborhood search is used as a post‐optimization procedure. Computational experiments involving different algorithm variants are reported. Our results show that the local search with perturbations approach found optimal solutions on nearly all of the instances tested. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solving the minimum‐weighted coloring problem
Authors: Caramia Massimiliano , Dell'Olmo Paolo
Published: August 2002

Weighted coloring is a generalization of the well‐known vertex (unweighted) coloring for which a number of exact algorithms have been presented in the literature. We are not aware of any optimal method specifically designed for the minimum‐weighted coloring problem on arbitrary graphs. Only a few heuristics have been developed with the goal of finding tighter upper bounds for the maximum‐weighted clique problem. Moreover, as shown in the paper, a straightforward reduction of a weighted instance into an unweighted one permits us to solve only very small instances. In this paper, we present a branch‐and‐bound algorithm for the weighted case capable of solving random graphs of up to 90 vertices for any edge density with integer weights uniformly drawn from the range [1, …,10]. Likewise, we have used properly modified benchmark instances borrowed from vertex coloring as a further test bed for our algorithm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Targeted expression of tetanus neurotoxin interferes with behavioral responses to sensory input in Drosophila
Authors: Keller Andreas , Sweeney Sean T. , Zars Troy , O'Kane Cahir J. , Heisenberg Martin
Published: August 2002

Targeted inactivation of neurons by expression of toxic gene products is a useful tool to assign behavioral functions to specific neurons or brain structures. Of a variety of toxic gene products tested, tetanus neurotoxin light chain (TNT) has the least severe side effects and can completely block chemical synapses. By using the GAL4 system to drive TNT expression in a subset of chemo‐ and mechanosensory neurons, we detected walking and flight defects consistent with blocking of relevant sensory information. We also found, for the first time, an olfactory behavioral phenotype associated with blocking of a specific subset of antennal chemoreceptors. Similar behavioral experiments with GAL4 lines expressing in different subsets of antennal chemoreceptors should contribute to an understanding of olfactory coding in Drosophila. To increase the utility of the GAL4 system for such purposes, we have designed an inducible system that allows us to circumvent lethality caused by TNT expression during early development. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 221–233, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10029
On parallel solution of linear elasticity problems. Part II: Methods and some computer experiments
Authors: Gustafsson I. , Lindskog G.
Published: August 2002

This is the second part of a trilogy on parallel solution of the linear elasticity problem. We consider the plain case of the problem with isotropic material, including discontinuous coefficients, and with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition. The discretized problem is solved by the preconditioned conjugate gradient (pcg) method.

In the first part of the trilogy block‐diagonal preconditioners based on the separate displacement component part of the elasticity equations were analysed. The preconditioning systems were solved by the pcg‐method, i.e. inner iterations were performed. As preconditioner, we used modified incomplete factorization MIC(0), where possibly the element matrices were modified in order to give M‐matrices, i.e. in order to guarantee the existence of the MIC(0) factorization.

In the present paper, the second part, full block incomplete factorization preconditioners are presented and analysed. In order to avoid inner/outer iterations we also study a variant of the block‐diagonal method and of the full block method, where the matrices of the inner systems are just replaced by their MIC(0)‐factors. A comparison is made between the various methods with respect to rate of convergence and work per unknown. The fastest methods are implemented by message passing utilizing the MPI system.

In the third part of the trilogy, we will focus on the use of higher‐order finite elements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined hybrid approach to finite element schemes of high performance
Authors: Zhou T.‐X. , Nie Y.‐F.
Published: August 2002

Based on a combination of Hellinger–Reissner principle with its dual, a mixed/hybrid method of non‐saddle point type has been presented in the previous papers. In the paper, an application of the method to two‐dimensional elasticity problems is considered in a manner of combination of mathematical analysis with numerical investigation. How to construct a combined hybrid scheme of high performance is discussed, and several four‐node quadrilateral CH‐elements are systematically verified. In brief, this paper shows that for the hybrid element scheme, the energy compatibility condition, introduced in Zhou (Combined hybrid finite element method without requirement for Babuska‐Brezzi condition, to appear) is the ultimate key to the achievement of high performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of Galerkin finite elements for groundwater flow simulations in two and three‐dimensional triangulations
Authors: Cordes Christian , Putti Mario
Published: August 2002

In standard finite element simulations of groundwater flow the correspondence between hydraulic head gradients and groundwater fluxes is represented by the stiffness matrix. In two‐dimensional problems the use of linear triangular elements on Delaunay triangulations guarantees a stiffness matrix of type M. This implies that the local numerical fluxes are physically consistent with Darcy's law. This condition is fundamental to avoid the occurrence of local maxima or minima, and is of crucial importance when the calculated flow field is used in contaminant transport simulations or pathline evaluation. In three spatial dimensions, the linear Galerkin approach on tetrahedra does not lead to M‐matrices even on Delaunay meshes. By interpretation of the Galerkin approach as a subdomain collocation scheme, we develop a new approach (OSC, orthogonal subdomain collocation) that is shown to produce M‐matrices in three‐dimensional Delaunay triangulations. In case of heterogeneous and anisotropic coefficients, extra mesh properties required for M‐stiffness matrices will also be discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical integration of lattice rotation in polycrystal plasticity
Authors: Kok S. , Beaudoin A. J. , Tortorelli D. A.
Published: August 2002

A numerical algorithm to calculate the lattice rotation in polycrystal plasticity models, that is based on the analytical integration of the lattice rotation update equation, is presented. Implicit and explicit implementations perform equally well and are superior to the currently used numerical integration schemes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in the induction of sensitisation or tolerance to the motor effects of morphine in mice
Authors: Manzanedo Carmen , Aguilar María A. , Rodriguez‐Arias Marta , Miñarro José
Published: August 2002

Acute morphine administration produces hyperactivity in most strains of mice and some studies indicate that repeated treatment can induce a potentiation of this effect (sensitisation). With the object of determining whether the hyperactivity induced by morphine in OF1 mice shows sensitisation after repeated administration, we tested the effect of the pre‐exposure to six daily injections of morphine on the subsequent hyperactivity induced by the same dose of this drug. Animals were treated with 40 mg/kg of morphine for seven days. After the last injection they were tested in an actimeter at different points at time (15, 30, 45 and 60 min). This repeated schedule of treatment produced sensitisation in some animals but tolerance in others. These results suggest the existence of great individual differences in the motor effects of repeated morphine administration and that the development of sensitisation and tolerance in outbred mice may be subjected to genetic variation.
A priori error estimates for interior penalty versions of the local discontinuous Galerkin method applied to transport equations
Authors: Dawson Clint , Proft Jennifer
Published: August 2002

The local discontinuous Galerkin method has been developed recently by Cockburn and Shu for convection‐dominated convection‐diffusion equations. In this article, we consider versions of this method with interior penalties for the numerical solution of transport equations, and derive a priori error estimates. We consider two interior penalty methods, one that penalizes jumps in the solution across interelement boundaries, and another that also penalizes jumps in the diffusive flux across such boundaries. For the first penalty method, we demonstrate convergence of order k in the L∞(L2) norm when polynomials of minimal degree k are used, and for the second penalty method, we demonstrate convergence of order k+1/2. Through a parabolic lift argument, we show improved convergence of order k+1/2 (k+1) in the L2(L2) norm for the first penalty method with a penalty parameter of order one (h−1). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17: 545–564, 2001
Urban small vertebrate taphonomy: a case study from Anglo–Scandinavian York
Authors: Piper P.J. , O'Connor T.P.
Published: August 2002

Sampling of deposits at the Queens Hotel site, York, produced a substantial number of small terrestrial vertebrate remains from the Anglo–Scandinavian features. By studying bone surface modification, fragmentation and skeletal completeness as taphonomic indicators, it was possible to demonstrate that the assemblage had resulted from two very different modes of accumulation and deposition. Refuse pits situated within the boundaries of the tenements had acted as accumulators of the fragmented and abraded small mammal and amphibian bones that existed as a sub‐surface death assemblage within the local environment. In contrast, the excellent preservation and skeletal completeness of numerous frogs recovered from the basal fill of a wooden well could be accounted for by their direct entry into the burial environment as a result of pit‐fall trapping. This paper also discusses the implications that the temporal and spatial variation in deposition demonstrated by the micro‐faunal remains has for the reconstruction of local ecological and environmental conditions within this site, and for other such sites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microscopic configurations on the bare‐bone surfaces of mammalian synovial joints
Authors: Miles A.E.W.
Published: August 2002

The smoothness characteristic of synovial joint surfaces of bare bones is shown to be an illusion; low‐power microscopy of young adult human bones from interments revealed, on the surfaces of a variety of synovial joints, a system of basically hemispherical elevations, often united as short chains or groups. This system was also found on joints of a variety of species of six mammalian orders. Under the higher magnification of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), many elevations had a pit at their summits. The bare‐bone surfaces of synovial joints have a thin covering of mineralized cartilage, including its mineralizing‐front, which survives taphonomic processes, as well as the preparative procedures used in the study of articular surfaces. In its formative phase, the front has the chondrocyte–columnar structure of cartilage. It is postulated here that the newly‐discovered elevations arise when cartilage formation is ceasing, or becoming dormant, and that each column‐unit produces a globular mineralized mass, often with a pit which had accommodated a chondrocyte. These masses may incorporate the fibre systems of the unmineralized cartilage and aid in its attachment to the bony surface. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Troubles, partnerships and possibilities: a study of the Making Belfast Work development initiative in Northern Ireland
Authors: Hodgett Susan , Johnson David
Published: August 2002

This article examines the theory and operation of development partnerships through an analytical study of the Making Belfast Work (MBW) Initiative in Northern Ireland. This initiative of the Northern Ireland Department of the Environment contributed to the building of the current Northern Irish Peace Process. It illustrates the difficulties faced by a government in engaging in socio‐economic development in one of the world's most difficult policy environments. The history of the MBW initiative also provides insight into the interaction of two contending models for organizing European Society, namely ‘Regulated Capitalism’ and ‘Neoliberalism’ and the relationship of these models to partnership theory. This study argues that motivations for the development of partnerships in Belfast defy easy theoretical classification; yet empirical evidence suggests that a twin‐track approach—one from above, the European Union; and one from below, of indigenous policy evolution—have together through policy diffusion made MBW a leading pioneer in partnership theory and practice. The article discusses the literature on partnership within New Public Administration outlining ideas on various classifications of partnerships operative in the public sector. Particular attention is paid to how partnerships of societal actors and government can effectively involve the local community through community development approaches. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finding energy in strategic project management: an essay in honour of Dean Fang
Authors: Curtis Donald
Published: August 2002

A development project is an intervention that is designed to makes things better in a particular context or situation. It is always a problem to know what to do for the best. The Logical Framework, evaluated in this journal last year (Gasper, 2000), is a project‐planning and management technique widely applied by multilateral as well as bilateral donor agencies in international development work. It was designed to prevent project managers from simply offering to do what they had always done before and instead to think strategically about cause and effect in context. The present article respects this logical approach but focuses attention upon context. Context is considered in the right‐hand column of a Log Frame. The article seeks inspiration in ancient Chinese concepts of energy: Yin–Yang and Wu–Wei. The search is for a form of project management that minimizes energy consumption in its own internal processes and maximizes energy release in the context that the project seeks to transform. Context has to be examined for opportunities rather than constraints. The article advocates management by being a still presence, as against management by rushing about. It borrows the old‐fashioned idea about being a catalyst and validates the now fashionable concepts of enabling and empowering. It also rediscovers at least some virtue in the Blueprint Project. The article seeks to be practical. A management development project in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa provides some illustrations and an incomplete example of what might be entailed if energy is brought into the equations of project management. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymeric herbicide–Montmorillonite composite: synthesis, characterization and release studies
Authors: Rehab Ahmed
Published: August 2002

The production of polymeric herbicide intercalated onto montmorillonite interlayer through the process of cation exchange, in order to produce chemically bound polymeric herbicide with clay, has been reported. This was carried out by cation exchange of clay with onium salts of preformed polymeric pentachlorophenyl methacrylate. The products were characterized by various techniques including IR spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis. The interlayer spacing was determined by X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and calcination investigated the thermal stability. The morphology of the composite was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The swelling behaviors in different solvents and release of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in different medium have been described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characteristics of phenol formaldehyde novolak resin depending on polycondensation type using molecular simulation
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen
Published: August 2002

Phenol formaldehyde novolak resins have various structures depending on the polycondensation types. Their structures were characterized using molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics. Dimer, tetramer, hexamer, octamer, and decamer of the resins with the ortho–ortho, ortho–para, and para–para sequences were calculated. The ortho–ortho resins have the structural characteristics of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups of the adjacent phenolic units. For the ortho–para and para–para resins, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed mainly between hydroxyl groups of the backbone phenolic units. The para–para resins also have intramolecular hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups of the branched phenolic units. A factor determining the structural characteristics of the resins was found to be the geometry of the basic unit (dimer). The order of the end‐to‐end distances between hydrogen atoms on the para‐position of the basic units of the resins is ortho–ortho resin < ortho–para resin < para–para resin. The calculational results were found to be consistent with the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis – is it on the rise?
Authors: De P. , Child D.F.
Published: August 2002

We present two cases of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetic patients who presented with normal glucose levels. The clinical picture and biochemical profile were typical of diabetic ketoacidosis, although if only the blood glucose level at presentation had been taken into account the unwary would have missed the diagnosis. The two cases highlight that ketoacidosis in diabetes can occur with near‐normal blood glucose and that levels of blood glucose and development of ketoacidosis do not necessarily correlate. ‘Euglycemic ketoacidosis’ was originally described whereby the initial blood glucose was less than 16.7 mmol/L and plasma bicarbonate equal to or less than 10 mmol/L. The cause of preserved ‘euglycemia’ could be greater urinary loss of glucose triggered by counter‐regulatory hormones or decreased rate of hepatic glucose production observed during a fast as in a state of diabetic ketoacidosis. Better education and home blood glucose monitoring with appropriate increase in insulin doses during intercurrent illness may be another factor responsible for the rising incidence of euglycemia. One must use urinary ketones and arterial blood gas measurement in all known diabetic patients who are unwell on presentation to diagnose ‘euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis’ and treat them with cautious use of low‐dose insulin infusion and intravenous fluids, otherwise a potentially treatable condition may be missed. We discuss euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis, an entity we believe is possibly on the rise and discuss the available, albeit controversial and scarce, literature. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antihypertensives and myocardial infarction risk: the modifying effect of history of drug use
Authors: Bourgault Chantal , Elstein Eleanor , Baltzan Marc A. , Lorier Jacques Le , Suissa Samy
Published: August 2002

Purpose

Confounding by indication is common in observational studies of outcomes that treatment is intended to affect. In light of the stepped‐care approach to hypertension management, we reexamined the controversy around myocardial infarction (MI) risk in relation to antihypertensive agents by considering past drug history both as a confounder and as an effect modifier.

Methods

Case–control design nested within a cohort of 19 501 adults initiating therapy with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), calcium channel blockers (CCB) or β‐blockers in Saskatchewan (1990–93) and followed up to 1997. MI cases were identified using death certificates and hospital discharge diagnoses (ICD‐9 410). Four controls were matched to each case to account for duration and timing of follow‐up.

Results

812 MI cases were identified, of which 26% were fatal. At first, current use of CCB and ACEI (versus β‐blockers) appeared to be associated with an increased risk of MI (RR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.8–2.7 and RR = 1.3; CI = 1.0–1.6 respectively). Adjustment for drug use history attenuated both associations (RR = 1.6; CI = 1.1–2.2 and RR = 1.0; CI = 0.7–1.4). Moreover, the risk for CCB use disappeared when restricted to patients who had already used these agents in the past (RR = 1.1; CI = 0.77–1.7) whereas a high risk of MI for ACEI was found in digoxin users (RR = 9.4; CI = 3.2–27.5).

Conclusion

Past drug history can be both a confounder and an effect modifier in observational studies. We found adjustment for medication history to attenuate the associations between antihypertensive agents and MI risk. In addition, the estimates significantly varied across drug history profiles thus suggesting the presence of preferential prescribing of specific drug classes to high‐risk patients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of cold medications for upper respiratory tract infections in children
Authors: Jhaj R. , Bhargava V. K. , Uppal R. , Lekha S. , Reeta Kh. , Kaur N.
Published: August 2002

Prescribing practices in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in children were studied, with particular emphasis on overuse of antibiotics, combination cold medications, and off‐label use of medicines in children. Prescriptions with the diagnosis of URTI were studied over a period of 5 months in a general pediatric clinic. Out of 224 prescriptions scrutinized, a cold medication was prescribed in 88.4% of cases and 50.9% prescriptions contained a combination preparation. Antihistamines (50.9%), α‐adrenoceptor agonist decongestants (50.0%) and opioid anti‐tussives (24.5%) were the common ingredients of cold medications. Antihistamines (35.7%) were also used alone. Of the children 18.2% were receiving a drug contraindicated or not recommended in their age group. Antibiotics were prescribed in only 8.5% of cases, and for appropriate indications, reflecting a more restrained use of antibiotics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blending of styrene‐block‐butadiene‐block‐styrene copolymer with sulfonated vinyl aromatic polymers
Authors: Picchioni Francesco , Giorgi Ivan , Passaglia Elisa , Ruggeri Giacomo , Aglietto Mauro
Published: August 2002

Different polymers containing sulfonic groups attached to the phenyl rings were prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene (PS) and styrene‐block‐(ethylene‐co‐1‐butene)‐block‐styrene (SEBS). The sulfonation degree (SD) was varied between 1 and 20 mol% of the styrene units.

Polyphase materials containing sulfonated units were prepared by blending styrene‐block‐butadiene‐block‐styrene (SBS), with both sulfonated PS and sulfonated SEBS in a Brabender mixer. Such a procedure was performed as an alternative route to direct sulfonation of SBS which is actually not selective towards benzene rings because of the great reactivity of the double bonds in polybutadiene (PB) blocks to sulfonation agents. Thermal and dynamic‐mechanic analysis, together with morphology characterization of the blends, is consistent with obtaining partially compatible blends characterized by higher Tg of the polystyrene domains and improved thermal stability.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Copolyesters of hydroxyphenylalkanoic acids: synthesis and thermal properties of poly{(4‐oxybenzoate)‐co‐[8‐(3‐oxyphenyl)octanoate]} and poly{(3‐bromo‐4‐oxybenzoate)‐co‐[8‐(3‐oxyphenyl)octanoate]}
Authors: Abraham Shiney , Prasad V S , Pillai C K S , Ravindranathan M
Published: August 2002

Copolyesters of 8‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)octanoic acid (HPOA), a monomer with kink and flexible segment derived from cardanol, and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) or its brominated derivative, 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (BrHBA), were synthesized by acidolysis melt polycondensation of the in situ generated acetoxyderivative in the presence of magnesium acetate as catalyst by a one‐pot method and characterized. The formation of the copolyester was confirmed by elemental analysis, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. These polymers were highly insoluble in most solvents except highly polar solvents, such as trifluoroacetic acid. The inherent viscosities of the soluble polymers were in the range of 0.8–1.1 dlg−1. The thermal and phase behaviour of the copolyesters were studied by DSC and polarized light microscopy. Poly{(4‐oxybenzoate)‐co‐[8‐(3‐oxyphenyl)octanoate]} with 50 mole% of HPOA showed a birefringent melt with opalescence and a worm‐like texture of a nematic phase. The effect of bromine substitution in the analogue poly{(3‐bromo‐4‐oxybenzoate)‐co‐[8‐(3‐oxyphenyl)octanoate]} was evident when it showed a lower transition with minimum 45% Br‐HBA at 225 °C showing enhanced melt processability. These copolymers, with hydrolytically degradable aliphatic carbonyl group and better crystallinity compared to poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s, are interesting in possible biomedical applications.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry