bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TIME-LAPSE PHOTOMICROGRAPHY OF THE FORMATION OF A FREE SPHERICAL GRANULE IN AN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
CELL END
Authors: Hoffman Heiner , Frank Michael E.
Published: January 2020

Hoffman, Heiner
(New York University, New York),
and Michael E. Frank
. Time-lapse photomicrography of the formation of a free spherical granule in an
Escherichia coli
cell end. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1075–1078. 1963.—Only a single case of the formation of a free spherical granule at an
Escherichia coli
cell end was found among several thousand cells recorded by time-lapse photomicrography. The spherical end body apparently arose immediately upon or soon after binary fission, at the newly formed cell end. Several minutes elapsed between the appearance of the end body and its full separation, apparently by constriction, from the mother cell. The end body showed no cytological changes during a 51-min period of observation after its separation from the mother cell. A hypothesis concerning the nature of end bodies and the mechanisms underlying their production is presented.
OCCURRENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN CULTURE FLUIDS OF MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Okabayashi Tadashi , Yoshimoto Akihiro , Ide Misao
Published: January 2020

Okabayashi, Tadashi(Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan),Akihiro Yoshimoto, and Misao Ide. Occurrence of nucleotides in culture fluids of microorganisms. V. Excretion of adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-phosphate byBrevibacterium liquefacienssp. n. J. Bacteriol.86:930–936. 1963.—Brevibacterium liquefacienssp. n., when grown in a medium containing amino acids as the nitrogen source, excreted a considerable amount of an adenine ribonucleotide, which had not previously been noticed. The nucleotide was identified as adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-phosphate by analysis, ultraviolet-absorption spectra, infrared-absorption spectra, paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and by comparison of behavior in hydrolysis by HCl, NaOH, and Ba(OH)2; also, behavior in digestion with a crude enzyme preparation of adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-phosphate phosphodiesterase was compared with that of an authentic sample. Preliminary examination of culture conditions revealed that, at least superficially, the substitution ofdl-alanine for Casamino Acids (as nitrogen source) is one of the causes of the excretion of adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-phosphate.
NONSPORULATING, RESPIRATION-DEFICIENT VARIANTS OFSACCHAROMYCES PASTORIANUSINDUCED BY CYCLOHEXIMIDE
Authors: Lomander L. , Gundersen K.
Published: January 2020

Lomander, L. (Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden),and K. Gundersen. Nonsporulating, respiration-deficient variants ofSaccharomyces pastorianusinduced by cycloheximide. J. Bacteriol.86:956–965. 1963.—When grown on cycloheximide-containing solid medium,Saccharomyces pastorianusgave rise to rough colonies, consisting of two morphologically and physiologically different kinds of organisms, named primary colony organisms and secondary colony organisms. The primary colony organisms were slow-growing and cycloheximide-resistant as compared with the secondary ones which, like the parent organisms, were fast-growing in the absence of cycloheximide, but were inhibited when cycloheximide was incorporated in the medium. Cell aggregates, large swollen cells, and dwarf cells were found among the secondary colony organisms. The primary colony organisms were smaller than normal cells but were larger than the dwarf cells. The primary colony organisms also proved to have lost the faculty to sporulate, whereas the secondary colony organisms sporulated like the untreated parents. In contrast to the normal organisms and the secondary colony organisms, the primary colony organisms did not consume oxygen in manometric experiments with glucose as a substrate. On solid medium without cycloheximide, the latter organisms grew considerably better in a nitrogen atmosphere than in air.
EFFECT OF pH AND AMMONIUM IONS ON THE PERMEABILITY OFBACILLUS PASTEURII
Authors: Wiley W. R. , Stokes J. L.
Published: January 2020

Wiley, W. R. (Washington State University, Pullman),and J. L. Stokes. Effect of pH and ammonium ions on the permeability ofBacillus pasteurii. J. Bacteriol.86:1152–1156. 1963.—Cell suspensions ofBacillus pasteuriirequire an alkaline pH (8.5 to 9.0) and NH4+for the oxidation of low concentrations (4 μm) of fumaric acid, glutamic acid, alanine, and other oxidizable substrates. In contrast, cells disrupted by a French press or by lysozyme oxidize these substrates at pH 7.2 and without NH4+. Moreover, the alkaline pH and NH4+inhibit substrate oxidation by the broken cells. These striking differences between whole and disrupted cells suggest that pH and NH4+affect whole cells externally and not internally. It appears that the alkaline pH is needed to convert NH4+to free NH3. The latter in turn is required by the cells for the transport of low concentrations of substrate across the cell membrane. At high concentrations (20 to 250 μm), substrates force entry into the cells by simple diffusion, thereby eliminating the need for a high pH and NH4+for oxidation.
OXAMIC TRANSCARBAMYLASE OF
STREPTOCOCCUS ALLANTOICUS
Authors: Bojanowski R. , Gaudy Elizabeth , Valentine R. C. , Wolfe R. S.
Published: January 2020

Bojanowski
, R. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
Elizabeth Gaudy, R. C. Valentine, and R. S. Wolfe
. Oxamic transcarbamylase of
Streptococcus allantoicus
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
75–80. 1964.—An improved colorimetric assay for carbamyl oxamate, which allows the precise measurement of the activity of oxamic transcarbamylase, has been developed. Activity is maximum over the pH range from 8.3 to 8.7. A cation requirement is satisfied by 2.5 × 10
−3
m
Mg
++
or Mn
++
. The equilibrium constant for the phosphorolysis of carbamyl oxamic acid is 1.6, corresponding to a negative free energy change of −285 cal per mole.
ENZYMATIC VARIANTS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS III
Authors: Padgett Billie L. , Walker Duard L.
Published: January 2020

Padgett, BillieL. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),and Duard L. Walker. Enzymatic variants of influenza virus. III. Function of neuraminidase in the viral growth cycle. J. Bacteriol.87:363–369. 1964.—Multiplication of a slowly reacting enzymatic variant of influenza B virus, strain LEE, was compared with that of parent virus in ovo. At 35 C, although their final yields were equal, variant virus reached its peak concentration in the allantoic fluids later than parent virus. At 39 C, multiplication of both viruses was slower, parent virus requiring 4 hr and variant virus 8 hr longer to reach infectivity levels comparable with those at 24 hr at 35 C. Variant enzyme activity in vitro can be controlled by altering the temperature and calcium concentration. Growth curves of these viruses in pieces of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in culture under conditions in which the variant should be as active as the parent revealed only minor differences between them. Under conditions in which variant enzyme activity would be much slower than the parent, the release of variant virus from the CAM was delayed and the rate of release was slower. Under the most adverse conditions, 39 C and no calcium, formation of infectious variant virus ceased after 5 hr, and the hemagglutination inhibitor in the cells was not degraded although hemagglutinins were produced. These findings are discussed in relation to the function of neuraminidase during viral multiplication.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES ACTIVE ON
CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROGENES
Authors: Betz John V. , Anderson Kenneth E.
Published: January 2020

Betz, John
V. (St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, N.Y.),
and Kenneth E. Anderson
. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages active on
Clostridium sporogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
408–415. 1964.—Twelve bacteriophages active on the anaerobic species
Clostridium sporogenes
were studied. Four of these were isolated by the authors, and eight were obtained from L. S. McClung of Indiana University. The 12 phages studied could be distinguished into three groups on the basis of their plaque morphology, host range, receptor sites, and serological relationships. One group contained ten of the phages which were serologically related. These were separated into three subgroups on the basis of plaque morphology, host range, and receptor sites. The heat sensitivities of four phages were correlated with their classification in this scheme. Of 25 strains of
C. sporogenes
tested for lysogenicity, none was found to be lysogenic, but 9 produced bacteriocin-like substances and 20 were sensitive to one or more of these.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF MYXOMA VIRUS AND SOME REACTIVABLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Padgett Billie L. , Wright Margaret J. , Jayne Anne , Walker Duard L.
Published: January 2020

Padgett, BillieL. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),Margaret J. Wright, Anne Jayne, and Duard L. Walker. Electron microscopic structure of myxoma virus and some reactivable derivatives. J. Bacteriol.87:454–460. 1964.—The phosphotungstate negative staining technique was used to study the fine structure of myxoma virus particles and of reactivable derivatives in an electron microscope. Two general types of particles were observed in preparations of myxoma virus grown in rabbit kidney cells in tissue culture. The most common form is rounded or rectangular, with an average length and width of 296 by 254 mμ. The surface of this type of particle is convoluted, and is composed of tubular elements arranged in a complex fashion; the particle is frequently surrounded by a membrane. The second form, which was seen less frequently, is more rectangular and slightly larger. It has a closely fitting membrane, a finely granular surface, and the only internal structures discernible are present in a zone about 150 A wide, just beneath the membrane. Reactivable myxoma virus particles were prepared by treating myxoma virus with heat, urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and ethyl ether. The appearance of the particles after inactivation by heat, urea, and sodium dodecyl sulfate is described.
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEENKLEBSIELLAANDSHIGELLAIN MIXED CULTURE
Authors: Hentges David J. , Fulton MacDonald
Published: January 2020

Hentges, DavidJ. (Loyola University, Chicago, Ill.),and MacDonald Fulton. Ecological factors influencing the relationships betweenKlebsiellaandShigellain mixed cultures. J. Bacteriol.87:527–535. 1964.—Viable-cell counts ofShigella flexneriandKlebsiella(Aerobacter aerogenes) in pure and mixed culture were made during growth under predetermined conditions of temperature, pH, oxygen supply, and nutrient supply. In pure culture, environmental changes had marked effects on theShigellapopulations.Klebsiellapopulations were not affected except at 44 C or when aerated; under these conditions, the populations were smaller. In nonaerated mixed culture, under different conditions of temperature, pH, and nutrient supply,Klebsiellainterfered with the multiplication ofShigella. Exponential growth ofShigellawas interrupted at about the timeKlebsiellapopulations attained a maximal size. In contrast, the presence ofKlebsiellain an aerated mixture had little or no effect onShigellamultiplication becauseKlebsiellafailed to attain a maximal population. Different environmental conditions resulted in differentKlebsiellatoShigellaratios in mixed cultures. When conditions were favorable forShigellamultiplication, as shown by pure culture controls, the proportion ofShigellain the mixture was generally greater than when conditions were unfavorable.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS
AND
FRANCISELLA NOVICIDA
Authors: Owen C. R. , Buker E. O. , Jellison W. L. , Lackman D. B. , Bell J. F.
Published: January 2020

Owen
, C. R. (U.S. Public Health Service, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), E. O.
Buker, W. L. Jellison, D. B. Lackman, and J. F. Bell
. Comparative studies of
Francisella tularensis
and
Francisella novicida
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
676–683. 1964.—Comparative studies of various properties of
Francisella tularensis
(=
Pasteurella tularensis
) and
F. novicida
were performed. The two organisms are very similar morphologically. Growth of both was markedly enhanced by addition of cystine to media, but
F. novicida
is less fastidious than
F. tularensis
. The virulence of
F. novicida
for mice and cavies is lower than that of fresh isolates of
F. tularensis
. In complement-fixation tests, some cross-reaction occurred when rabbit antisera were used; complement-fixation tests with cavy antisera were specific. Agglutination tests with sera from both rabbits and cavies were specific. Nonliving vaccines of the two organisms (extracts, whole dead cells) conferred no cross-protection to mice; living attenuated vaccines conferred cross-protection which was more transitory than was specific protection. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) tests were highly specific. Absorption of antisera with homologous organisms removed all PCA reactivity, while absorption with heterologous organisms left it almost intact. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests were specific. It was concluded that the two organisms are sufficiently similar to belong in the same genus but sufficiently different to be retained in separate species.
“BLACK LIGHT” INACTIVATION OF TRANSFORMING DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Cabrera-Juárez Emiliano
Published: January 2020

Cabrera-Juárez, Emiliano
(Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F., Mexico). “Black light” inactivation of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid from
Haemophilus influenzae
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
771–778. 1964.—The biological activity (intrinsic genetic markers or nitrous acid mutable regions) of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from
Haemophilus influenzae
has been inactivated by “black light” (BL) by two mechanisms: (i) photodynamic action (oxygen-dependent) and (ii) “BL inactivation” (oxygen-independent). The BL inactivation is greater in denatured than in native DNA, and it is dependent on the pH. It does not depend on the temperature, and the damage produced is stable. The effective wavelength of inactivation is between 330 and 360 mμ. The BL inactivation is not reactivated by photoreactivating enzyme or nitrous acid. The BL and ultraviolet inactivations are additive, suggesting that the changes produced by BL and ultraviolet irradiation on transforming DNA are different. T
2
phage was also inactivated by BL. The nature of the photochemical changes produced in DNA by BL is not known.
REPRESSION BY ADENINE OF THE FORMYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE SYNTHETASE IN AN ANTIFOLIC-RESISTANT MUTANT OF
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Albrecht Alberta M. , Hutchison Dorris J.
Published: January 2020

Albrecht, Alberta
M. (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, N.Y.),
and Dorris J. Hutchison
. Repression by adenine of the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase in an antifolic-resistant mutant of
Streptococcus faecalis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
792–798. 1964.—In an amethopterin-resistant mutant of
Streptococcus faecalis
ATCC 8043 under cultivation conditions requiring purine synthesis de novo, both the dihydrofolate reductase and the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase were formed as constant fractions of the total protein synthesized during the exponential phase of growth. When excess adenine was added to the medium, the rate of formation of the synthetase was markedly decreased, i.e., repressed. Under these latter conditions, the synthesis of the reductase proceeded at a rate equal to that observed in the absence of adenine. The repressibility of the synthetase by adenine was demonstrated also by the decrease in rate of synthetase formation upon the addition of adenine to a culture actively synthesizing this enzyme. Guanine and hypoxanthine, like adenine, also repressed the synthetase; exogenous xanthine was less effective. Neither of the pyrimidines, thymine and uracil, at approximately 1 μg/ml, interfered with synthesis of the two enzymes.
COMPOSITION OF FOWLPOX VIRUS AND INCLUSION MATRIX
Authors: Randall Charles C. , Gafford Lanelle G. , Darlington Robert W. , Hyde James
Published: January 2020

Randall, Charles
C. (University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson),
Lanelle G. Gafford, Robert W. Darlington, and James M. Hyde
. Composition of fowlpox virus and inclusion matrix. J. Bacteriol.
87:
939–944. 1964.—Inclusion bodies of fowlpox virus infection are especially favorable starting material for the isolation of virus and inclusion matrix. Electron micrographs of viral particles and matrix indicated a high degree of purification. Density-gradient centrifugation of virus in cesium chloride and potassium tartrate was unsatisfactory because of inactivation, and clumping or disintegration. Chemical analyses of virus and matrix revealed significant amounts of lipid, protein, and deoxyribonucleic acid, but no ribonucleic acid or carbohydrate. Approximately 47% of the weight of the virus and 83% of the matrix were extractable in chloroform-methanol. The lipid partitions of the petroleum ether extracts were similar, except that the phospholipid content of the matrix was 2.2 times that of the virus. Viral particles were sensitive to diethyl ether and chloroform.
CONTROL OF ASPARTATE TRANSCARBAMYLASE ACTIVITY IN TYPE 5 ADENOVIRUS-INFECTED HELA CELLS
Authors: Consigli Richard A. , Ginsberg Harold S.
Published: January 2020

Consigli, Richard
A. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia),
and Harold S. Ginsberg
. Control of aspartate transcarbamylase activity in type 5 adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1027–1033. 1964.—Type 5 adenovirus infection induces increased aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) activity during the period of magnified nucleic acid biosynthesis. Increased activity can be prevented by addition of pyrimidines to the culture medium. ATCase in HeLa cells is regulated by feedback inhibition, and purified enzyme can be inhibited in vitro by cytidine triphosphate (CTP). The enzyme from infected cells has a pH optimum, maximal velocity, and
K
m
for aspartate distinctly different from ATCase from control cells. However, heating of ATCase from uninfected cells converts the enzyme so that its characteristics are identical with enzyme from infected cells. Conversely, addition of CTP to ATCase from infected cells changes the characteristics of the enzyme so that they are the same as those of enzyme from uninfected cells. The evidence presented suggests that increased nucleic acid biosynthesis in infected cells initiates a release from feedback inhibition and increases ATCase activity by reducing the concentration of pyrimidines and purines in the acid-soluble pool.
ASSAY OF T3PHAGE BY PLAQUE COUNT
Authors: Werly Emil F. , Monley Anne
Published: January 2020

Werly, EmilF. (Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Mo.), andAnne Monley. Assay of T3phage by plaque count. J. Bacteriol.87:1177–1179. 1964.—T3phage-count determinations were made by the agar layer method, with various media being used for serial dilutions, plate media, and overlayer media. Plaques produced with Tryptose-phosphate-dextrose hard agar as plate and overlayer media were small, distinct, sharply defined, and easily counted. With the media described, several hundred plaques per plate can be counted, after either 4 or 20 hr of incubation.
ROLE OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN MULTIPLICATION OF TYPE 5 ADENOVIRUS
Authors: Flanagan John F. , Ginsberg Harold S.
Published: January 2020

Flanagan, John
F. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia),
and Harold S. Ginsberg
. Role of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in multiplication of type 5 adenovirus. J. Bacteriol.
87:
977–987. 1964.—The requirement for ribonucleic acid (RNA) biosynthesis in the multiplication of type 5 adenovirus was investigated by using radioactive phosphorus to label nucleic acids and two pyrimidine analogues, 6-azauridine and 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorouridine, to inhibit synthesis of functional RNA. The data indicate that biosynthesis of RNA after infection is essential for production of virus-specific deoxyribonucleic acid, virus antigens, and infectious particles. The onset of essential RNA synthesis occurs 8 to 9 hr after virus infection and prior to the biosynthesis of other known virus-induced macromolecules.
VIOLOGEN DYE INHIBITION OF METHANE FORMATION BY
METHANOBACILLUS OMELIANSKII
Authors: Wolin E. A. , Wolfe R. S. , Wolin M. J.
Published: January 2020

Wolin
, E. A. (University of Illinois, Urbana), R. S.
Wolfe, and M. J. Wolin
. Viologen dye inhibition of methane formation by
Methanobacillus omelianskii
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
993–998. 1964.—Low concentrations of methyl or benzyl viologen inhibit the formation of CH
4
from ethanol and CO
2
by washed cells of
Methanobacillus omelianskii
. Hydrogen, which is normally formed from ethanol, accumulates in greater quantities when CH
4
formation is inhibited by viologens. The viologens do not stimulate H
2
formation from ethanol in the absence of CO
2
. Inhibition of CH
4
formation by the viologens is not reversed by H
2
. A variety of other dyes and possible electron acceptors were tested for inhibition, and none was inhibitory in the same low-concentration range at which the viologens were effective.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF MYCOBACILLIN, A NEW ANTIFUNGAL PEPTIDE I
Authors: Banerjee Arun B. , Bose S. K.
Published: January 2020

Banerjee, Arun
B. (University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India),
and S. K. Bose
. Biosynthesis of mycobacillin, a new antifungal peptide. I. Role of nucleic acid. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1397–1401. 1964.—The biosynthesis of mycobacillin, a cyclic polypeptide antifungal antibiotic, was studied in relation to the effect of chloramphenicol, 6-azathymine, and 5-bromouracil on the process. It was found that chloramphenicol inhibits both mycobacillin synthesis and growth, whereas nucleic acid base analogues inhibit only growth and nucleic acid synthesis but not mycobacillin formation. A change in the concentration of labeled aspartic acid in the general metabolic pool led to a corresponding change in the specific activity of aspartic acid isolated from different peptide fragments of the mycobacillin molecule, suggesting that mycobacillin synthesis occurs by way of linear addition of amino acid to the peptide chain.
PROLINE OXIDASES IN
HANSENULA SUBPELLICULOSA
Authors: Ling Chung-Mei , Hedrick L. R.
Published: January 2020

Ling, Chung-Mei
(Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago),
and L. R. Hedrick
. Proline oxidases in
Hansenula subpelliculosa
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1462–1470. 1964—Cells of
Hansenula subpelliculosa
can use
l
-proline as a carbon and a nitrogen source after a 6- to 8-hr induction period. However, they cannot use
l
-glutamate as both nitrogen and carbon sources unless the induction period is of several days' duration. Two
l
-proline oxidases were demonstrated in the mitochondrial preparation of this yeast. One forms the product Δ′-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid (P2C), which is in equilibrium with α-keto-δ-amino-valeric acid; the other forms the product Δ′-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C), which is in equilibrium with glutamic-γ-semialdehyde. The first-mentioned enzyme is induced when
l
-proline is the carbon source; the second appears to be constitutive, and is probably associated with the use of
l
-proline as a nitrogen source. The P2C-forming enzyme is specific for the
l
isomer of proline, and is inactive against
l
-hydroxyproline. The enzyme activity is at its peak when the mitochondria are prepared from logarithmically grown cells, and is rapidly reduced after cells reach the stationary phase of growth. Kinetic studies with varying concentrations of substrate indicate a Michaelis-Menten constant of 2.45 × 10
−2
m
. Paper chromatographic studies, chemical tests with H
2
O
2
, sensitivity to freezing, and spectral measurements indicate that proline oxidase from
H. subpelliculosa
mitochondria forms a product from
l
-proline which is like, if not identical to, P2C formed by the action of sheep kidney
d
-proline oxidase upon
dl
-proline. The soluble portion of the cell extract contains NAD
+
enzymes which use either P2C (α-keto-δ-amino-valeric acid) or P5C (glutamic-γ-semialdehyde) as substrates. No glutamic dehydrogenase activity could be detected when
l
-glutamic acid and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
+
) cofactor were added to the supernatant solution with the yeast enzymes. The presence of a dehydrogenase NAD
+
enzyme for activity with P2C (α-keto-δ-amino-valeric acid) has not been previously reported.
FATE OF THE MESOSOMES OF
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
DURING PROTOPLASTING
Authors: Fitz-James Philip
Published: January 2020

Fitz-James, Philip
(University of Western Ontario, London, Canada). Fate of the mesosomes of
Bacillus megaterium
during protoplasting. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1483–1491. 1964.—When cells of
Bacillus megaterium
growing rapidly in peptone medium are treated with sucrose buffer prior to protoplasting, their membranous organelles or mesosomes are extruded as a collection of vesicles into the wall-membrane interspace. On subsequent protoplast formation with lysozyme digestion, the mesosome remnants become dispersed. If glucose is added to the peptone, a slightly more persistent mesosome can be seen and photographed by phase microscopy during lysozyme digestion, either as a wall-attached granule or as a protoplast tag. In thin section, mesosomes are found as small, variably dispersed aggregates of vesicles and wall-like material. Complete protoplasts are usually free from internal mesosomes but may contain twists or everted pockets of membrane on their periphery. By lysozyme digestion of partially fixed cells, the empty mesosome pockets in the membrane can be demonstrated in rod-shaped protoplasts.
RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS IN THE
MYCOPLASMA
II
Authors: VanDemark P. J. , Smith P. F.
Published: January 2020

VanDemark
, P. J. (University of South Dakota, Vermillion),
and P. F. Smith
. Respiratory pathways in the
Mycoplasma
. II. Pathway of electron transport during oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by
Mycoplasma hominis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
122–129. 1964.—Unlike the flavin-terminated respiratory pathway of the fermentative
Mycoplasma
, the respiratory chain of the nonfermentative
M. hominis
strain 07 appears to be more complex, involving quinones and cytochromes in addition to flavins. In addition to reduction by reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate, nonpyridine nucleotide-linked reduction of the respiratory chain of this organism occurred with succinate, lactate, and short-chained acyl coenzyme A derivatives as electron donors. Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of NADH included an NADH oxidase, a diaphorase, a quinone reductase, and a cytochrome
c
reductase. The oxidation of NADH was sensitive to a variety of inhibitors, including 10
−4
m
Atabrine, 10
−3
m
sodium amytal, 10
−5
m
p
-chloromercuribenzoate, 10
−4
m
antimycin A, and 10
−4
m
potassium cyanide. The oxidase was resolved by the addition of 5% trichloroacetic acid and reactivated by the addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide but not flavin mononucleotide. The
M. hominis
sonic extract contained an NADH-coenzyme Q reductase. The oxidation of NADH was stimulated by the addition of either menadione or vitamin K
2
(C
35
). The oxidase was inactivated by extraction with ether or irradiation at 360 mμ. The ether-inactivated enzyme was partially reactivated by the addition of “lipid” extract of the enzyme and coenzyme
Q
6
. Difference spectra of the cell extracts revealed the presence of “
b
” and “
a
” type cytochromes. These cell extracts were found to contain a cyanide-and azide-sensitive cytochrome oxidase and catalase.
PYRUVATE FERMENTATION BY
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Deibel R. H. , Niven C. F.
Published: January 2020

Deibel
, R. H. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.),
and C. F. Niven, Jr
. Pyruvate fermentation by
Streptococcus faecalis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
4–10. 1964.—
Streptococcus faecalis
, as opposed to
S. faecium
, utilizes pyruvate as an energy source for growth. The fermentation is adaptive, as demonstrated by growth experiments in a casein-hydrolysate medium and the fermentation of pyruvate by cell suspensions. The principal products of pyruvate catabolism were acetoin, CO
2
, and lactic, acetic, and formic acids, although carbon recoveries were low due to the formation of slime. End-product analyses suggested that both the phosphoroclastic and dismutation systems were active in pyruvate breakdown. Studies with cell-free extracts indicated a thiamine diphosphate requirement for active pyruvate catabolism. The involvement of lipoic acid in the phosphoroclastic system was investigated, and, although inconclusive results were obtained, no association of this cofactor with phosphoroclastic activity could be made.
SOLUBILIZATION OF PROTEIN ACCOMPANYING LOSS OF PERMEABILITY OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Rogers Dexter
Published: January 2020

Rogers, Dexter
(Utah State University, Logan). Solubilization of protein accompanying loss of permeability of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
279–292. 1964.—Two methods were studied for altering glucose permeability of
Escherichia coli
, and changes in protein and phosphorus composition were compared with changes in permeability. Protein was solubilized by incubating the cells at pH 7.3 in the presence of chloramphenicol, under conditions known to destabilize permeability. No protein was solubilized at pH 5.3, where permeability is stable. The solubilized protein was one of the first proteins to be extracted from the cells under mild conditions. Permeability was also altered by varying the culture age. It was maximal for logarithmic growth phase cultures, and it decreased rapidly in cultures in the stationary growth phase. Permeability correlated with the ratio of insoluble protein to soluble protein of the cells. Chromatographic analysis of an extract of cells treated at pH 7.3 revealed the presence of one additional protein fraction that was not present in an extract of cells treated at pH 5.3. The solubilized protein was precipitable with uranyl ion, which is a non-penetrating inhibitor of glucose transport in intact cells. Changes in phosphorus composition preceded changes in permeability and protein composition. These changes suggested that a phosphorus metabolite might contribute to the activity of the permeation process.
PURIFICATION OF THE SOLUBLE HEMOLYSINS OF
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Authors: Jenkins E. M. , Njoku-Obi A. N. , Adams E. W.
Published: January 2020

Jenkins
, E. M. (Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Ala.), A. N.
Njoku-Obi, and E. W. Adams
. Purification of the soluble hemolysins of
Listeria monocytogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
418–424. 1964.—A method is described for obtaining relatively purified hemolysin preparations from both virulent and avirulent strains of
Listeria monocytogenes
. These hemolysins are protein in nature as shown by heat lability, nondialyzable properties, precipitation with trichloroacetic acid, and electrophoretic mobility. The hemolysins are antigenic in rabbits as shown by serum neutralization tests. The potency of the purified hemolysin was markedly increased by cysteine, sodium hydrosulfite, and a number of reducing agents. Many of the actions of the purified hemolysin seemed to parallel that of streptolysin O, and certain of these activities could be explained by the “thioldisulfide hypothesis.”
ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN FIXATION BY METHANE-OXIDIZING BACTERIA
Authors: Davis J. B. , Coty V. F. , Stanley J. P.
Published: January 2020

Davis
, J. B. (Socony Mobil Oil Co., Inc., Dallas, Tex.), V. F.
Coty, and J. P. Stanley
. Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by methane-oxidizing bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
88:
468–472. 1964.—Methane-oxidizing bacteria capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen were isolated from garden soil, pond mud, oil field soil, and soil exposed to natural gas, indicating a rather wide prevalence in nature. This may explain the high concentration of organic nitrogen commonly found in soils exposed to gas leakage from pipelines or natural-gas seeps. Added molybdenum was a requirement for growth in a nitrogen-free mineral salts medium. All nitrogen-fixing, methane-oxidizing bacteria isolated were gram-negative, nonsporeforming, usually motile rods. Colonies were light yellow, yellow, or white. The most common isolate, which formed light-yellow colonies, is referred to as
Pseudomonas methanitrificans
sp. n., and is distinguished from
Pseudomonas
(
Methanomonas
)
methanica
by nitrogen-fixing ability and a preponderance of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate in the cellular lipid fraction.
SENSITIVITY OF COCCAL AND L FORMS OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
TO FIVE ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Kagan B. M. , Zolla Susan , Busser R. , Liepnieks Silvija
Published: January 2020

Kagan
, B. M. (Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif.),
Susan Zolla, R. Busser, and Silvija Liepnieks
. Sensitivity of coccal and L forms of
Staphylococcus aureus
to five antibiotics. J. Bacteriol.
88:
630–632. 1964.—Antibiotics whose primary site of action is in the cell wall (penicillin and cephalothin) do not inhibit growth of L-phase organisms. In this study, kanamycin, neomycin, polymyxin B, lincomycin, and gentamycin were found to be more active against L-phase growth of
Staphylococcus aureus
in vitro than against the coccal forms. Therefore, their primary site of antimicrobial activity appears to be other than that involved in the synthesis or integrity of the cell wall.
ISOLATION OF TOXIGENIC STRAINS OF
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
FROM SOIL
Authors: Yamagishi Takayoshi , Ishida Shoichi , Nishida Shoki
Published: January 2020

Yamagishi, Takayoshi
(Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan),
Shoichi Ishida, and Shoki Nishida
. Isolation of toxigenic strains of
Clostridium perfringens
from soil. J. Bacteriol.
88:
646–652. 1964—Strains of
Clostridium perfringens
were isolated from soil specimens heated at various temperatures for different lengths of time and were toxigenically examined. When higher temperatures were used, fewer toxigenic strains were isolated. Toxigenic strains could not be obtained from soil specimens heated at 100 C for 60 min. All toxigenic strains were killed by heating at 100 C for 10 min; strains that were resistant to these conditions were found to be nontoxigenic. These findings suggest that sporulating ability is closely linked to toxigenicity.
NATURE OF THE LABILE IMMUNOGENIC SUBSTANCE IN THE PARTICULATE FRACTION ISOLATED FROMMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Youmans Anne S. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: January 2020

Youmans, AnneS. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.),and Guy P. Youmans. Nature of the labile immunogenic substance in the particulate fraction isolated fromMycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol.88:1030–1037. 1964.—Deoxyribonuclease had no effect on the immunogenic activity of the labile particulate fraction isolated from ruptured viable cells of the H37Ra strain ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, but decreased the ropiness of the ruptured cellular mass. Ribonuclease, in a high concentration, decreased the immunogenic activity slightly. Addition of yeast ribonucleic acid to particulate fraction incubated at 37 C prevented the decrease in immunogenic activity which normally occurs at this temperature, suggesting that endogenous ribonuclease may be involved in the reduction of activity. Differential centrifugation by the use of Brodie's (1962) method showed that the particles which sedimented at 56,550 ×gwere immunogenically active. Experiments were done to determine whether the integrity of the structure of the particle was necessary for immunogenic activity. It was found that sonic oscillation, freezing and thawing several times, the addition of surface-active agents (sodium lauryl sulfate or deoxycholate), and preparation of the particulate fraction in hypotonic solutions either decreased or destroyed immunogenic activity. This strengthens the evidence that a structural unit is necessary for activity. In addition, both a waxy sediment and the smallest particles which sedimented only at 144,000 ×gwere highly immunogenic if incorporated into Freund's incomplete adjuvant. In the absence of adjuvant, neither produced any immunity.
RECOMBINATION BETWEEN
NOCARDIA ERYTHROPOLIS
AND
NOCARDIA CANICRURIA
Authors: Adams James N.
Published: January 2020

Adams, James
N. (University of South Dakota, Vermillion). Recombination between
Nocardia erythropolis
and
Nocardia canicruria
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
865–876. 1964.—Nutritionally complementary auxotrophic mutants derived from
Nocardia erythropolis
did not yield prototrophic recombinants when progeny from mixed cultures or newly mixed strains were inoculated onto minimal medium. Similarly, complementary auxotrophic mutants of
N. canicruria
did not produce prototrophic recombinants. When interspecific mating was attempted between complementary mutants of
N. erythropolis
and
N. canicruria
, prototrophic recombinants were recovered at frequencies dependent, in part, upon the auxotrophic strains used in the test crosses. Growth of the parental types in mixed cultures was necessary for the production of recombinant progeny. Direct selection for recombinants by inoculating the selective medium with a mixture of parental types without prior mixed growth did not result in the recovery of recombinants. Varying the medium upon which mixed growth occurred, or varying the ratio of
N. erythropolis
to
N. canicruria
cells used as inocula, did not greatly affect the recovery of recombinants. Heat-killing one or the other of the parental types prevented recombinant production. The lack of recovery of recombinants from crosses of homologously derived strains suggested that a mating factor controls recombination. The mating factor was not eliminated by acriflavine treatment. The recovery of a recombinant strain capable of forming recombinants with either
N. erythropolis
or
N. canicruria
, and the recovery of another strain which mated only with
N. erythropolis
in backcrosses, suggests that the mating factor may be of a multiple nature.
SEPARATION BY ETHANOL OF COMMON AND SOMATIC ANTIGENS OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
Authors: Suzuki T. , Gorzynski E. A. , Neter E.
Published: January 2020

Suzuki
, T. (Children's Hospital, Buffalo, N.Y.), E. A.
Gorzynski, and E. Neter
. Separation by ethanol of common and somatic antigens of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1240–1243. 1964.—Ethanol in a concentration of 85% permits separation from crude culture supernatant fluids of the common enterobacterial antigen and the O antigen, the former being ethanol-soluble, the latter being ethanol-insoluble. The evidence was obtained in hemagglutination, hemolysis, and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. In contrast to the crude antigens obtained from enteric bacteria other than
Escherichia coli
O14, the ethanol-soluble fraction is immunogenic in the rabbit upon intravenous injection, and antibodies against the common antigen are produced in relatively high titers. Aqueous mixtures of ethanol-soluble and -insoluble fractions engender antibodies against the common antigen in titers significantly lower than those stimulated by the soluble fraction alone. Ethanol-treated whole antigen fails to stimulate antibody formation against this antigen. These results suggest the presence of an inhibitor in the ethanol-insoluble fraction.
BACTEROIDES ORALIS, PROPOSED NEW SPECIES ISOLATED FROM THE ORAL CAVITY OF MAN
Authors: Loesche W. J. , Socransky S. S. , Gibbons R. J.
Published: January 2020

Loesche, W. J. (Forsyth Dental Center and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass.), S. S.Socransky, and R. J. Gibbons.Bacteroides oralis, proposed new species isolated from the oral cavity of man. J. Bacteriol.88:1329–1337. 1964.—Twenty-seven strains of oral bacteroides were characterized and compared with a National Collection of Type Cultures strain ofBacteroides fragilisas well as strains of intestinal bacteroides. A combination of acid end products, gas production, pentose fermentation, and 10% bile tolerance afforded a basis for separation of oral strains from intestinal strains. The oral strains produced succinic, lactic, acetic, and formic acids but no gas. They were inhibited by 10% bile, and did not ferment xylose and arabinose. Intestinal strains consistent with the description forB. fragilisproduced succinic, formic, acetic, and propionic acids and gas, with a few strains forming lactic acid. They were stimulated by 10% beef bile, and fermented xylose and arabinose. The oral strains are sufficiently different from intestinal strains of theB. fragilistype, so that they appear to constitute a separate species. It is proposed that they be recognized asB. oralis, sp. n.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF A FISSION YEAST,
SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE
Authors: Maclean Norman
Published: January 2020

Maclean, Norman
(University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland). Electron microscopy of a fission yeast,
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1459–1466. 1964.—The structure of the fission yeast,
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
, was studied electron microscopically, with potassium permanganate and osmium tetroxide as fixatives. The cell was found to be bounded by a cell wall, 1,000 to 2,000 A thick, and a cell membrane. A layer of material was found between the cell membrane and the wall. The central nucleus, 2 to 3 μ in diameter, was bounded by a nuclear membrane, seen in some pictures to be double. Osmium tetroxide fixation revealed a granular body within the nucleus, identified as a nucleolus. Cytoplasmic structures included numerous vacuoles (probably normally containing lipid), a number of membranes and vesicles (which may represent a poorly organized mitochondrial system), and numerous granules (probably representing ribosomes).
EVIDENCE FOR AN EXOCELLULAR SITE FOR THE ACID PHOSPHATASE OF
SACCHAROMYCES MELLIS
Authors: Weimberg Ralph , Orton William L.
Published: January 2020

Weimberg, Ralph
(Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.),
and William L. Orton
. Evidence for an exocellular site for the acid phosphatase of
Saccharomyces mellis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1743–1754. 1964.—Evidence is presented which demonstrates an exocellular location for acid phosphatase in
Saccharomyces mellis
. Derepressed intact cells exhibit acid phosphatase activity. The properties of the system are similar to those shown by the enzyme in cell-free extracts. There is no increase in total activity when cell-free extracts are prepared. Enzymatically active cell walls were prepared by leaching acetone-dried cells of this yeast in dilute acetate buffer (pH 6.5) plus β-mercaptoethanol. The insoluble residue, consisting mainly of cell-wall material and containing the phosphatase, was treated with a variety of hydrolytic enzymes and other chemicals. Only papain and crude snail gut extracts dissociated the enzyme from the particulate fraction in nearly quantitative amounts. The mechanism of release by these two enzymes probably differs. Of all enzymes tested, only the snail gut extract digested the cell walls. By dividing the procedure for making protoplasts of
S. mellis
into two steps, acid phosphatase may be dissociated from resting cells and recovered as an active soluble enzyme. The first step is to pretreat the cells with a thiol reagent. The second step is to digest the cell wall by enzymes present in crude snail gut extracts. Arsenite must be included in the second step to protect the phosphatase from inactivation. The phosphatase is quantitatively released before the cell becomes osmotically fragile.
Experimental Salmonellosis IV. Lipid Content of Toxin L Obtained from
Salmonella enteritidis
Authors: Kawakami Masaya , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: January 2020

Kawakami, Masaya
(Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),
and Susumu Mitsuhashi
. Experimental salmonellosis. IV. Lipid content of toxin L obtained from
Salmonella enteritidis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
193–197. 1965.—An improved method is described for the chromatographic purification of toxin L from virulent
Salmonella enteritidis
. Toxin L is heat-labile, and its toxicity is reduced by trypsin and by phospholipase A treatment. Chemical studies of chromatographically and ultracentrifugally homogeneous toxin preparations show that toxin L is a phosphorus-containing protein. The infrared-absorption spectrum of a petroleum ether extract of toxin L hydrolysate indicates that this material possesses a lipid component.
Cytotoxic Effect of Mycobacteria on Ehrlich Ascites Cells
Authors: Bekierkunst Adam , Berry L. Joe
Published: January 2020

Bekierkunst, Adam
(Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa.),
and L. Joe Berry
. Cytotoxic effect of mycobacteria on Ehrlich ascites cells. J. Bacteriol.
89:
205–211. 1965.—
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, strains H
37
Rv, H
37
Ra, and BCG, release into a medium within 3 to 5 hr a substance that is toxic to Ehrlich ascites cells as evidenced by a diminished packed cell volume after 5 to 7 days of growth in the peritoneal cavity of mice. Cell-free extracts of the above strains of mycobacteria display the same type of cytotoxic effect, the strongest action being that of the virulent strain, H
37
Rv. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase activity of surviving tumor cells was three to four times greater after treatment with the mycobacterial extracts than that of control cells. The cycotoxicity is probably due to cord factor, because 10 μg of this substance injected intraperitoneally into mice bearing Ehrlich ascites cells inhibited the growth of the cells to 50% of that of control cells. An increase in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase activity was found in surviving tumor cells after cord factor treatment.
Photodynamic Inactivation of Enteroviruses
Authors: Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2020

Wallis, Craig
(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),
and Joseph L. Melnick
. Photodynamic inactivation of enteroviruses. J. Bacteriol.
89:
41–46. 1965.—Enteroviruses are usually resistant to photodynamic inactivation, but they can be rendered completely photosensitive to proflavine at
p
H 9 to 10, if they are first purified by filtration through an anion resin. In addition, if enteroviruses are grown in cells maintained in a salt-glucose medium, they can be photosensitized. Of 38 enteroviruses tested, 10 were rendered completely photosensitive to proflavine, or toluidine blue, or both, and the remaining 28 viruses were sensitized, but to a lesser degree. The binding of dye to the virus can be reversed by lowering the
p
H.
Host-Parasite Relationships with
Brucella neotomae
Authors: Gibby Irvin W. , Gibby Anna M.
Published: January 2020

Gibby, Irvin
W. (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.),
and Anna M. Gibby
. Host-parasite relationships with
Brucella neotomae
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
9–16. 1965.—An investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether a vigorous parasitic state could be evolved by transfer procedures in the host-parasite system,
Brucella neotomae
versus the white mouse. Visible disease was not maintained and initial high doses were abruptly decreased if the parasite was serially transferred through host animals without the use of an adjuvant. Of several adjuvants tested, 5% mucin was the most effective in enhancing
Brucella
infections in the white mouse, and with this adjuvant a vigorous lethal disease was maintained in serial transfer. In one transfer series, bacterial colonies of a form different from
B. neotomae
were obtained. Substrains of the altered bacterial form were agglutinated by
Brucella
antiserum and exhibited other properties consistent with the genus,
Brucella
. Cultures and selected clones of this organism in low doses caused rapidly lethal disease in the white mouse in the absence of mucin. Also, the disease could be maintained in serial transfer as an acute lethal process without mucin. It is concluded that the host-parasite interaction was drastically altered with the emergence of a highly virulent parasite in an infectious state that had previously been relatively benign. Various related aspects of parasitism are discussed.