bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival results for cancer of the tongue, Westminster Hospital, 1947–1976
Authors: Hanham I. W. F. , Mould R. F. , Nicholson Rosemary
Published: July 2009

Cancer of the tongue is relatively rare, with only 5494 registrations in England and Wales for the decade 1971–1980 (OPCS Series MB1 publications, 1979–1983) and it is not often realised how few cases are available for analysis even from a large centre. From the records of the Westminster Hospital (excluding overseas patients who cannot be followed up and those cases who were treated for a recurrence having received their initial treatment elsewhere), 455 cancer of the tongue case histories for the 30-year period 1947–1976, followed up in 1984, were available for survival analysis. With this long follow-up period, for which 98% of the patients were traced to at least five years, largely due to assistance from the NHS Central Registry and the use of NHS numbers, this represents one of the largest studies for cancer of the tongue. It is of course recognised that retrospective surveys are not ideal and that planned prospective clinical trials are more informative. However, for relatively rare tumours such trials in a single centre are impossible and one is left with either a retrospective study or nothing.
Misleading urine tests after using contrast media
Authors: Dawson Peter , Howell Michael
Published: July 2009

Drs Shanahan, Palmer and Egginton (1985) draw attention to the possibility of false positives in the standard sulphosalicylic acid test for protein in urine contaminated with iodinated contrast agent.
Detection of coronary artery bypass graft patency as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Jenkins J. P. R. , Love H. G. , Foster C. J. , Isherwood I. , Rowlands D. J.
Published: July 2009

In a study of 22 patients with 60 coronary artery bypass grafts, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correctly assessed graft patency or occlusion in 90% of cases when compared with selective coronary graft angiography and computed tomography. It is concluded that MRI can detect a normally functioning coronary artery bypass graft and could be used as a non-invasive technique to assess graft patency in patients presenting with post-operative angina.
A quantitative analysis of the spatial relationships of grouped microcalcifications demonstrated on xeromammography in benign and malignant breast disease
Authors: Hansell David M. , Cooke Julie C. , Parsons Colin A. , Evans Stephen H. , Dance David R. , Bliss Judith M. , llesley Ian
Published: July 2009

The mammograms of 444 patients who had a breast biopsy leading to a definitive histological diagnosis were reviewed. In 21 cases (4.7%) grouped microcalcifications were identified as the only mammographic abnormality. These groups of microcalcifications were analysed to determine whether there was any quantitative difference between benign and malignant lesions with respect to a shape parameter of the group, the spatial frequency of the particles and neighbour-to-neighbour relationships of the particles. This analysis did not reveal any significant difference between the spatial relationships of the grouped microcalcifications found in benign and malignant breast disease.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma occurring at the site of a previous total hip replacement
Authors: Tait N. P. , Hacking P. M. , Malcolm A. J.
Published: July 2009

Approximately 35000 hip replacements are performed in Britain annually and about 350000 worldwide. In the recent literature there have been reports of malignancy at or close to the site of a total hip replacement. BagoGranell et al (1984) and Swann (1984) describe a malignant fibrous histiocytoma occurring near the site of a previous hip arthroplasty whilst Penman and Ring (1984) described a high-grade osteosarcoma. The reports of these malignancies are few compared with the number of hip replacements performed and the association may be simply coincidence but the possibility of a definite relationship between these tumours and an arthroplasty should be considered.
The value of computed tomography in elephantiasis neuromatosa
Authors: Birch P. D. , Davies A. M.
Published: July 2009

Neurofibromatosis is a well recognized complex neuroectodermal and mesodermal dysplasia which may affect any organ system to produce a large spectrum of radiological appearances (Klatte et al, 1976; Casselman et al, 1977; Holt, 1978). Soft-tissue lesions may vary from single or multiple neurofibromas within the skin or deep tissues to a more extensive mesodermal dysplasia in which there is generalized hypertrophy of the soft tissues. When, rarely, massive enlargement occurs the condition has been termed “elephantiasis neuromatosa” (Moore, 1941; Westcott & Ackerman, 1947).
Book reviews
Authors: Raphael M. J.
Published: July 2009

All review books on newer aspects of cardiac imaging cover basically the same ground: ultrasound, radionuclides, X rays, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They differ chiefly in the choice of subjects within these headings.
Magnetic resonance imaging of renal transplants: initial experience
Authors: McCreath G. T. , McMillan N. , Patterson J. , Brown M. W. , Condon B.
Published: July 2009

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in 45 renal transplant investigations (38 patients) using a Picker 0.15 T resistive system and a localized surface coil. An attempt was made to define optimal sequences in the evaluation of both normal and pathological transplants. Three sequences were found to be of value; a T  1 weighted sequence (IR2180/700/40) to assess corticomedullary differentiation and its loss in acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis, a T  2 weighted sequence (SE2000/80) for assessment of renal vessels and disturbances in blood supply, and a STIR (short tau inversion recovery) sequence (IR800/100/40)to define further the distended collecting system in obstruction and the presence of any perirenal collection. Encouraging results have been obtained, particularly in cases of acute rejection. It is suggested that the MRI scan is a useful screening test in cases of clinical doubt and may even obviate biopsy in some cases.
Cancer: the failure of treatment
Authors: Haybittle J. L. , Freedman L. S.
Published: July 2009

One hesitates to cross swords with a Memorial Lecturer, but we suspect that Dr Thomlinson is fully aware when he is making provocative statements and will not be surprised that we have risen to the bait.
Estimated radiation doses to different organs among patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis with a single course of X rays
Authors: Lewis C. A. , Smith P. G. , Stratton I. M. , Darby S. C. , Doll R.
Published: July 2009

A follow-up study of over 14000 patients treated with a single course of X rays for ankylosing spondylitis demonstrated a substantial excess risk of developing cancer. Previously the excess risk of leukaemia has been related to the estimated mean radiation dose to the active bone marrow but detailed estimates were not made of the radiation doses to other organs. In the present work, data extracted from the original treatment records of a random sample of one in 15 patients have been used to make dose estimates, using Monte Carlo methods, for 30 specific organs or regions of the body and 12 bone marrow sites. Estimates of the mean and median organ doses, standard deviations and ranges have been tabulated. Detailed distributions are presented for six organs (lung, bronchi, stomach, oesophagus, active bone marrow and total body). Comparison with the earlier bone marrow estimates and more recent theoretical estimates shows good agreement.
The dry tap
Authors: Boxer D. I.
Published: July 2009

A 39-year-old man was admitted for investigation of discomfort in the left side of the chest. This had started 2 years previously, and it was intermittent and associated with non-specific “flu-like” symptoms. He was a healthy, generally fit building-site manager, married with three children. His only past medical history was a car accident 19 years previously in which he had suffered a fractured clavicle, fractured ribs and crush fractures of the cervical spine which required surgical fusion.

He had been previously investigated for the same symptoms at another hospital where a diagnosis of pneumonia with partial collapse of the left lower lobe with an effusion had been made. A number of thoracenteses had failed to produce fluid and a bronchoscopy was reported as normal.
Book reviews
Authors: Bryan G. J.
Published: July 2009

The Manual of Radiographic Technique is the third of a series compiled by the same members of the WHO Basic Radiological System (BRS) advisory group responsible for the Manual of Radiographic Interpretation for General Practitioners and for the Manual of Darkroom Technique. All three manuals are for use by those working in the primary health care level and with BRS equipment. This latest is intended to instruct operators who have little or no prior knowledge or experience of radiographic equipment or of radiographic positioning.
Book reviews
Authors: Jones A. J.
Published: July 2009

This usefully sized book is intended to reveal the “amazing quantity and variety of pathology” evident in radiography of the hand. It is written in the form of a series of exercises with radiographs at the beginning of the book and explanatory text, with line drawings where appropriate, at the end. with line drawings where appropriate, at the end. No separate chapters are present but the exercises proceed in a logical fashion through normal variants, trauma, rheumatological, endocrine and metabolic disorders, congenital anomalies, infection and neoplasia.
A double-blind study comparing the efficiency, tolerance and renal effects of iopromide and iopamidol
Authors: Kennedy C. , Rickards D. , Lee S. , Sharp M. Buckley , Dawson P.
Published: July 2009

A randomized double-blind, group comparative study was carried out to investigate the diagnostic efficiency and side-effect profiles, with particular reference to renal tolerance, of iopamidol and a newer non-ionic contrast medium iopromide, when used in excretory urography. The trial demonstrated that, in a population of 137 patients undergoing excretory urography and being investigated from baseline up to 2 weeks after the administration of the contrast medium, there were no significant adverse effects on the indicators currently thought to reflect renal function. The efficiency of the two contrast agents proved to be very similar and the radiographic quality of opacification was adequate in nearly every case.
An analysis of referrals for primary diagnostic abdominal ultrasound to a general X-ray department
Authors: Colquhoun I. R. , Saywell W. R. , Dewbury K. C.
Published: July 2009

Abnormalities were found in 30%of examinations. Comparison of outpatient and family practitioner referrals in cases of suspected gallstones (24%:27%) indicated the value of GP access. There was also evidence, in the absence of a dilated common bile duct, that there was little value in extending the examination of the gallbladder. In post-cholecystectomy syndrome, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is shown to be the investigation of choice. Abnormalities revealed in lower abdomen examinations were related only to pelvic organs and in this group examination should therefore be confined to this area. Pick-up rates of 15%were found in patients with left upper quadrant pain and a number of miscellaneous conditions. There is a marked increase in positive findings in the presence of a palpable mass.
Zinc fume fever
Authors: Brown J. J. Langham
Published: July 2009

Zinc fume fever is an acute occupational illness resulting from the inhalation of ultrafine zinc oxide particles produced in industrial galvanizing processes. The symptoms include cough, dyspnoea, pyrexia, arthralgia and a metallic taste, and resemble those of a viral illness (Mueller & Seger, 1985).

The condition is well described in occupational health texts, but a search has revealed little reference to zinc fume fever in the radiological literature. Fraser and Paré (1978) describe the chest radiograph in zinc fume fever as being either normal or showing slight prominence of the bronchovascular markings. The case presented here showed striking changes on the chest radiograph.

A fit 41-year-old man had begun work 3 weeks previously in a commercial shipyard as a zinc sprayer. In this process, zinc wire is melted in an oxygen/propane flame and sprayed by compressed air onto steel surfaces to provide a protective finish.

Soon after beginning this work, he had an episode of headache, dyspnoea andarthralgia commencing 1 h after a period of spraying and lasting 48 h. A similar episode lasting 24 h occurred 1 week later. Some of his colleagues atwork experienced similar symptoms.

On the day of admission he had been zinc spraying for a 6 h shift and had not worn a protective mask for the full period. Some hours after finishing work, he consulted his GP complaining of aches and pains, dyspnoea, a dry cough, lethargy and a metallic taste.
Metastatic tumours detected as cold nodules on the thyroid scan
Authors: Vorne M. , Järvi K.
Published: July 2009

Although metastasis to the thyroid is not uncommon, metastatic tumours in the thyroid, masquerading as a primary cancer, are infrequent and it is rare for a metastasis to be manifest as a clinically evident thyroid mass (Meissner, 1971; Ram, 1981; Mailander & Graves, 1985; Lester et al, 1986). There are few reports of metastases detected as “cold” nodules on thyroid scans (Ram, 1981; Mailander & Graves, 1985; Lester et al, 1986).

During a 10-year period from 1977 to 1986, 66 thyroid malignancies were imaged with99Tcm-pertechnetate in our hospital. Three of them were metastases from carcinomas elsewhere, detected as cold nodules on the thyroid scan. These cases are now presented.
Is there an accessory sphincter of the cervical oesophagus?
Authors: Ekberg Olle , Borgström Pia , Lindgren Sven
Published: July 2009

The transition between the pharynx proper and cervical oesophagus, the pharyngo-oesophageal segment, has received considerable attention. It corresponds roughly to the upper oesophageal sphincter and has specific anatomic and physiological functions pertinent to swallowing, respiration and posture (Bosma, 1957). With the aid of cineradiography or video techniques, it is possible to distinguish several different morphological and functional characteristics and abnormalities within this segment resulting in a more precise knowledge of its nature. Within this region, there are several well defined functional and morphodynamic abnormalities,e.g., Zenker diverticula, Kilian-Jamieson diverticula as well as cricopharyngeal incoordination, to the understanding of which radiology has contributed greatly.

The purpose of this report is to describe a new radiological finding, namely, a circumscribed transient circular narrowing within the cervical oesophagus, in patients with dysphagia.

A transient narrowing in the cervical oesophagus was seen in seven dysphagic patients, five women and two men, aged 55–74 years. Four of the patients had undergone cricopharyngeal myotomy; in one of these, the myotomy was part of surgical correction of a Zenker diverticulum. One patient had had surgery and radiotherapy for thyroid carcinoma.

The radiological observations of the pharyngo-oesophageal segment and cervical oesophagus were compared with studies of 150 non-dysphagic volunteers: 79 men, 71 women, aged 20–82 years (mean, 52 years). These examinations were approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Lund and Malmö General Hospital on December 13, 1979 (ref. no. 144/79).
Ultrasound diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides in the pancreatic duct: the “four-lines” sign
Authors: Price J. , Leung J. W. C.
Published: July 2009

Ascariasis is a common human intestinal infestation, occurring throughout the world. Biliary colic, cholangitis and pancreatitis may follow migration of worms into the biliary tract. We report a case of acute pancreatitis in which an ascaris worm in the pancreatic duct was diagnosed on the characteristic ultrasonographic appearances.

A 64-year-old Chinese lady presented several hours after a sudden onset of severe epigastric and right upper quadrant pain. There was no history of any previous similar episodes. On examination she had a pyrexia of 37.6°C and mild upper abdominal tenderness. Laboratory investigations showed a serum amylase elevated to 1640 U/l (normal range 44–128 U/l). Serum alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were marginally raised. A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was made, which showed clinical and biochemical improvement with conservative management over the next 5 days. Ultrasound examination was then performed on an Aloka 280 real-time unit using a 5 MHz linear-array probe.
Chylolymphatic mesenteric cyst: a diagnostic appearance on computed tomography
Authors: Phillips G. W. L. , Senapati A. , Young A. E.
Published: July 2009

Mesenteric cysts are uncommon and of varied aetiology. They may be derived from the gastrointestinal tract, the genitourinary system, previous inflammation (pseudocysts) or malignant cystic tumours, but the commonest cause is generally considered to be a congenital lymphatic cyst. Pre-operative differentiation is clearly desirable. We describe a case of a lymphatic cyst in which the characteristic presence of a mixture of chyle and lymph gave rise to an appearance on computed tomography (CT) which proved helpful in the pre-operative assessment. Review of the literature suggests that the findings are diagnostic.
Threshold subtraction in radionuclide imaging
Authors: Perkins A. C. , Whalley D. R.
Published: July 2009

We note with interest the paper by Chandler and Anderson (1987) on “A method for thresholding subtacted images in radiolabelled-antibody imaging”. The application of a 95% prediction interval to remove the non-significant counts would indeed increase the confidence of tumour localization and lends statistical support to our previously published work where a threshold subtraction has been applied (Perkins et al, 1984).
Book reviews
Authors: King D. M.
Published: July 2009

Although it might be accurate to describe this textbook as a “standard reference work”, it would also be something of an understatement. Almost single-handedly, Carol Mittelstaedt has produced a very thorough review of abdominal ultrasound in a volume of 711 pages illustrated by at least three high quality images on each page.
Book reviews
Authors: Joseph A. E. A.
Published: July 2009

The first edition of this book was undoubtedly very well received and was used by many beginners in ultrasound, and also by more experienced workers as a good reference book. In a rapidly developing field it was essential that the material be updated and the author has attempted to do this in the new edition.
Book reviews
Authors: Shepstone B. J.
Published: July 2009

This 246-page volume is one of the latest in what is now an established series in the style of the other well known “Clinics”. The 13 chapters cover virtually every current topic dealing with the use of nuclear medicine techniques in oncology.

The two guest editors (themselves well known exponents of the art of nuclear medicine) have collected a formidable array of 23 authors, drawn largely from the USA and the UK. However, it is sometimes difficult to decide whether many hands make light work or too many cooks spoil the broth. Certainly, the stamp of authority of each author is evident but there is, inevitably, also some overlap and the temptation for one or two to ride their research bandwaggons.
A comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography-assisted myelography in spinal dysraphism
Authors: Jaspan T. , Worthington B. S. , Holland I. M.
Published: July 2009

Thirty-seven patients with a wide spectrum of spinal dysraphic lesions were studied by both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and myelography complemented by computed tomography (CT). Magnetic resonance imaging proved to be superior for tissue characterization, overall anatomical definition, topographical relationships of the cranio-cervical junction and demonstration of the presence and extent of hydrosyringomyelia. Demonstration by CT myelography of fine neural structures such as the filum terminale and nerve roots remains the superior technique; however, with constantly improving spatial resolution and thinner-slice imaging, MRI will become increasingly competitive in this respect. The osseous component of these lesions was best demonstrated by CT myelography. A high incidence of associated syrinx (8/15 cases) was found in the diastematomyelia group, with an overall incidence of 15 cases in all the dysraphic patients studied. The use of both T  1 and T  2-weighted sequences is required for tissue characterization. Whilst both imaging modalities proved complementary in the investigation of spinal dysraphism, we suggest that, with its superior tissue characterization and anatomical display of these lesions, MRI should be the primary imaging technique. Avoidance of an invasive procedure and use of ionizing radiation confers additional benefits upon MRI. The relative ease and shorter examination time of MRI makes this technique ideal for pre- and post-operative monitoring and assessment.
The measured height of the lumbosacral disc in patients with and without transitional vertebrae
Authors: Nicholson A. A. , Roberts G. M. , Williams L. A.
Published: July 2009

In the presence of transitional lumbosacral segmentation, the lumbosacral intervertebral disc is significantly narrower than its counterpart in non-transitional spines. Even in spines with no transitional features, the lumbosacral disc is significantly narrower than discs at higher levels. This narrowing does not imply disc degeneration.
Multiple mystifying melaenas
Authors: Price J. , McGuire L. J. , Chan M. S. Y.
Published: July 2009

A 40-year-old Chinese woman was admitted for investigation of recurrent episodes of melaena, which had required multiple admissions to other hospitals over a 6-year period. Repeated upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and barium meals, a recent small bowel follow-through examination and a 99Tcm Meckel's scan had all been negative. A barium enema and colono-scopy were also normal. The patient was referred for selective coeliac and mesenteric angiography, with a suggested diagnosis of angiodysplasia.
Book reviews
Authors: Jeans W. D.
Published: July 2009

In days gone by, most medical students went into practice as assistants very soon after qualifying. The compulsory postgraduate year in hospital was then introduced, and it became the custom to work for a few years in hospital before going into practice. It was still possible to move back into hospital life and take up training with a view to becoming a specialist if general practice palled. Those more simple and direct days have gone, and now we have to make up our minds about how we shall spend the rest of our lives before we have any experience on which to base the decision.
The value of thoracic computed tomography in the detection of recurrent Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Heron Christine W. , Husband Janet E. , Williams Michael P. , Cherryman Graham R.
Published: July 2009

Fifty chest radiographs and concurrent thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans obtained in a total of 44 patients with 50 separate episodes of suspected recurrent Hodgkin's disease were reviewed. Recurrent disease was present in 18 episodes, involving the mediastinum in 12, the lung parenchyma in five and both mediastinum and lung parenchyma in one.

In four episodes, mediastinal recurrence was demonstrated on both the chest radiograph and CT scan. In a further two cases, the chest radiograph appeared normal but CT detected recurrence in the mediastinum. In 20 cases, the mediastinal appearances on chest radiography were suspicious but not diagnostic of recurrence, usually because of previous radiotherapy resulting in residual mediastinal widening. Computed tomography diagnosed recurrent disease which was subsequently proven in seven of these cases. Recurrent disease was suggested by CT in a further case, subsequently shown to be radiation fibrosis. Of the 12 remaining chest radiographs in which the mediastinal assessment was indeterminate, CT was true negative for recurrent disease in 10 cases and was also indeterminate in two. Recurrent disease in the lung parenchyma was demonstrated on the chest radiograph and CT scan on five occasions. There was one incident in which the chest radiograph was normal but CT detected recurrent parenchymal disease. The appearances of the lung parenchyma were indeterminate for recurrent disease on three chest radiographs but CT was helpful in only one case in which radiation change alone was diagnosed. In eight cases the diagnosis of recurrent disease by CT resulted in a decision to initiate treatment. Computed tomography is of value in detecting relapse in patients with suspected recurrent Hodgkin's disease when the chest radiograph is inconclusive, and may enable differentiation of radiation change from recurrent disease in the mediastinum.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the mini-pig heart: the effect of gadolinium-DTPA on normal myocardium
Authors: Williams C. T. , Stack J. P. , Loveday B. , Watson Y. , Isherwood I.
Published: July 2009

The effect of gadolinium-diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) on normal, mini-pig myocardium was investigated with magnetic resonance imaging. Results indicate that intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA produces a significant enhancement of mini-pig myocardial signal intensity, which in all cases was maintained in excess of 50 min. No significant enhancement was demonstrated in skeletal muscle.
Experimental derivation of β for high-energy photons
Authors: Sibata C. H. , Paliwal B. R. , Attix F. H.
Published: July 2009

The absorbed dose in a medium for a given beam of megavoltage photons is related to the collision kerma by the energy dependent parameter β. Some theoretical methods of estimating and calculating β have been proposed in the past. The majority of the methods take into account only Compton interactions, with just one method taking into account the beam spectrum, coherent and incoherent scattering and pair production effects. Experimentally measured data, on the other hand, implicitly include appropriate contributions of all these processes. Experimentally derived β values are tabulated and the rationale for their measurement is discussed. The β value for a low-Z ion chamber calibration in free space with a 60Co γ-ray beam is 1.002. The dependence of β on several factors such as energy, field size, phantom material and depth has been studied.
A simple skin marker for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Thomson J. L G.
Published: July 2009

The marking of the skin following X-ray myelography, for the benefit of accurate surgical approach to a lesion, is a routine task carried out by the radiologist at the time of the examination, usually by using a wire marker opposite the lesion demonstrated and a corresponding scratch on the skin. It is worth noting that the patient would be lying prone, in a position similar to that occurring on the surgical operating table.
Book reviews
Authors: Valentine Alan R.
Published: July 2009

This slim but expensive volume is intended as an atlas of intracranial anatomy, correlating thin (2 mm) CT slice images with monochrome photographs of post-mortem specimens which have been imaged and sectioned horizontally and coronally. While the CT images are generally poor, the photographs of the specimens are particularly disappointing. The anatomical correlation of juxtaposed images of CT scan and specimen is loose to say the least, so much so that on pages 77 and 79 the same CT scan is used alongside different anatomical sections.
Book reviews
Authors: Duck Francis
Published: July 2009

Eight years ago the first edition of this multiauthor volume on vascular disease diagnosis was conceived, to be published 3 years thereafter. At that time the concept of a non-invasive vascular laboratory was gaining acceptance on both sides of the Atlantic, and the first edition filled a very real gap in the literature, giving valuable practical information about the noninvasive diagnosis of vascular problems. The mainstays in the diagnostic armoury, then as now, were ultrasound and plethysmography and the bulk of the new edition similarly provides an excellent practical guide to their application to a wide range of arterial and venous diagnostic problems. Unlike the first edition, there has been a rearrangement to reflect better the clinical orientation of the book.
Book reviews
Authors: Watt Iain
Published: July 2009

The third edition of this successful member of the Saunders “Monographs in Clinical Radiology” series comprises three sections: the first deals with the basics of diagnosis, the second with arthritis described on a regional basis and the third with a clinical aproach to arthritis including differential diagnosis.
Book reviews
Authors: Plowman P. N.
Published: July 2009

This compact volume contains an enormous amount of information aggregated into lists and tables, with no explanatory text or review chapters. At first I thought it would be a useful “houseman's pocketbook” but the large-scale collection of data worries me considerably. Thus taking Wilms' tumour or bone marrow transplantation as examples, this book neither covers the disease natural histories nor the strategies of management. If the purpose of the text is to provide immediate access to modern regimens for cook-book clinicians, even then the multitudinous and “equally weighted” alternative regimens (not all entirely up to date) would leave the uninitiated bewildered rather than enlightened. Nevertheless, these unending catalogues do have some purpose and the massive amount of raw data available in this terse volume certainly has value. I would suggest, however, that it is of most use to the discriminating postgraduate rather than those in training, and it already requires updating.
The appearances on ultrasound of the female urethral sphincter
Authors: de Gonzalez E. Leonor , Cosgrove D. O. , Joseph A. E. , Murch C. , Naik Kamini
Published: July 2009

A rounded or ovoid midline structure with mean measurements of 1·30 cm × 1·33 cm × 0·96 cm in longitudinal, transverse and antero-posterior dimensions was routinely imaged at the bladder base in 97 female patients on pelvic ultrasound examination. Its position and appearance are reminiscent of a smaller version of the male prostate, and it has been dubbed the “female pseudoprostate”. It appears to correspond with the external rhabdo-sphincter of the bladder. Its rounded shape may be confusing but it should not be misread as pathological.
Benign intracranial hypertension during chemotherapy for testicular teratoma
Authors: Marsh L. F. , Morgan D. A. L. , Jefferson D.
Published: July 2009

Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) is a condition characterized by raised intracranial pressure without clinical, laboratory or radiological evidence of focal lesions or hydrocephalus. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is unknown but various female endocrine abnormalities, such as preceding amenorrhoea, onset of menarche, and elevated oestrone levels in the obese, have been associated with it (Weisberg, 1975; Ahlskog & O'Neill, 1982).
Book reviews
Authors: Moskovic E.
Published: July 2009

I was presented with this book to review one week before the FRCR Part II viva, and at such a sensitive time I found it a pleasant and reassuring whistle-stop tour of paediatric radiology, in question and answer form, briefly covering an enormous range of topics from classics to esoterics with ease.
Book reviews
Authors: Patton J. T.
Published: July 2009

In these days of increased awareness and apparently increasing incidence of child abuse, it will be a fortunate radiologist who escapes being involved in this field. To be suddenly embroiled for the first time in an unfamiliar clinical field, with every sentence of a report having to be carefully considered and defended, is a chastening experience. Searching the literature for appropriate references and precedents can be worrying and time-consuming and frequently unrewarding, but help is now available with this invaluable book, which the reviewer has already found of help in two current cases.
Magnetic resonance imaging of acoustic neuromas: the role of gadolinium-DTPA
Authors: Stack J. P. , Ramsden R. T. , Antoun N. M. , Lye R. H. , Isherwood I. , Jenkins J. P. R.
Published: July 2009

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 20 patients with evidence on computed tomography (CT) of 21 acoustic neuromas before and after intravenous administration (0.1–0.2 mmol/kg body weight) of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine- pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Multi-section spin-echo (SE) sequences of varying repetition (TR) and echo (TE) times were performed in the transverse and coronal planes with a section thickness of 10 mm. All acoustic neuromas displayed marked enhancement on the T  1 -weighted (short TR/TE) SE sequence post-Gd-DTPA. The intrameatal component was particularly well demonstrated compared with non-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images and contrast-enhanced CT. Identification of intrameatal tumour was difficult on T  2-weighted SE images and one tumour was not identified on the T  1 -weighted SE sequence prior to Gd-DTPA. Four of five intrameatal tumours measuring less than 8 mm could only be demonstrated on CT by using CT air meatography. Extrameatal tumour extension was demonstrated on contrast-enhanced CT, although the assessment of brainstem involvement and displacement was not as clearly seen as on coronal MR images. In two patients with large acoustic neuromas and a cyst, the true relationship of the cyst to the tumour could only be identified on the post-Gd-DTPA scan. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium-DTPA is a relatively quick, safe, well tolerated and effective method for the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma.
Congenital hemihypertrophy with adrenal adenoma and medullary sponge kidney
Authors: Tomooka Y. , Onitsuka H. , Goya T. , Hayashida Y. , Kuroiwa T. , Kudo S. , Miyazaki S. , Torisu M.
Published: July 2009

This is a report of a 10-year-old girl with congenital hemihypertrophy (CH) associated with medullary sponge kidney (MSK) and adrenocortical adenoma. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography demonstrated a small, non-functional, adrenocortical adenoma. A search of the literature failed to reveal any previously reported case having all three conditions.

A 10-year-old Japanese girl was admitted with fever, headache and vomiting of 2 days duration. She was born without complications after full-term pregnancy with a birth weight of 3750 g. Slight asymmetry of her legs was noted at birth. Her development was normal and there was no family history of renal disease. On admission, slight hypertrophy of the left lower extremity was noted and the left thigh was 3.0 cm greater in girth than the right.
Book reviews
Authors: Moseley I.
Published: July 2009

When the second edition of this book appeared in 1980, hard on the heels ofits 1977 predecessor, our superintendent radiographer reviewed it (BJR, October 1981), recommending it highly as a manual of radiographic positioning.
Book reviews
Authors: Cherryman G. R.
Published: July 2009

This is the 18th in the entertaining and instructive series from W. B. Saunders and maintains the standard and approach of the previous 17. No claim is made that this is a comprehensive work, but the chosen examples span a wide range of common conditions involving the chest, abdomen, pelvis and musculoskeletal system. The approach remains general and the book of interest to anyone involved in CT and/or ultrasound body imaging. At all times the complementary role of MR to these imaging modalities is stressed.
Book reviews
Authors: Ell P. J.
Published: July 2009

This book is the proceedings of a workshop held in Cologne in October 1986,under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities as advisedby the Committee on Medical and Public Health Research. The object of thisworkshop was to provide data on the following issues: What new information on human disease and its treatment has been provided or is emerging through PET studies? Are the clinical research questions being addressed truly relevant? Are there other clinical research problems that should be tackled? What is the role of PET as a clinical diagnostic tool? What is the role of PET in proving and quantifying the efficacy of therapy?

With dwindling resources available for health care, pressure is mounting for a case to be made on the clinical application of positron emission tomography.
Book reviews
Authors: Griffiths C.
Published: July 2009

This monograph is a combined publication of three workers with involvement in radiation protection in a University or Polytechnic. The introduction specifis that the monograph is aimed at radiation protection staff and research workers, giving the reader guidance that this text will be of limited value to medical users of phosphorus 32. This is further reinforced by the outdated reference to use of this radionuclide for red cell volume determination, where isotopes of lower radiotoxicity have replaced 32P. Nonetheless, this monograph is reasonably comprehensive, easily readable and is a well balanced presentation which attempts, quite successfully, to incorporate current regulations for radiation safety.
Book reviews
Authors: Savage J. R. K.
Published: July 2009

The author of this book has a wide and varied experience in environmental radiation and is well known for his contributions to the work of the NCRP. This is the third edition. The first, published in 1963, was written when fall–out from uclear weapons was the dominant theme in environmental contamination. Then came the ban on nuclear weapons testing which led to a diminishing contribution from this source but there was a concomitant rise innuclear power generation. It was during the rapid expansion of this power programme that the second edition, in 1973, was published.
Book reviews
Authors: Plowman P. N.
Published: July 2009

This compact volume contains an enormous amount of information aggregated into lists and tables, with no explanatory text or review chapters. At first I thought it would be a useful “houseman's pocketbook” but the large scale collection of data worries me considerably.
Book reviews
Authors: Barker A. T.
Published: July 2009

This slim monograph is a most curious concatenation of mathematics, speculation and results quoted from a small selection of published papers. Its subject, bioelectromagnetics, is not defined but would appear to encompass the interactions of all forms of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with biological systems.
Magnetic resonance imaging: present status and future perspectives
Authors: Bydder G. M.
Published: July 2009

The first clinical magnetic resonance (MR) images were produced in Nottingham and Aberdeen during 1980 (Hawkes et al, 1980; Smith et al, 1981). Since that time, over a thousand clinical MR systems have been installed world-wide and a technique which was little more than a curiosity 8 years ago is now being proposed as the imaging modality of first choice in a wide range of diseases.

The physics necessary for image interpretation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more complex than for any other technique in radiology. This difficulty is compounded by the rapid and continuing evolution of the technique. To some radiologists, particularly those with a degree in physics or chemistry, each new pulse sequence, coil development or acronym is another opportunity for research, publications, travel and promotion; to others, new MRI developments inspire nothing as much as a shrewd assessment of the years remaining until retirement balanced against the cost of MR machines and the available money.

A third group of radiologists sits somewhere in between. They are not directly involved with MRI, but are increasingly exposed to MR images in their practice and are expected to interpret these and advise about the need for an MRI examination in particular cases. They may also be expected to assess the need for MRI in their particular hospital. It is to this latter group that this article is addressed.
Technetium-99m HMPAO imaging in patients with basal ganglia disease
Authors: Smith F. W. , Gemmell H. G. , Sharp P. F. , Besson J. A. O.
Published: July 2009

Technetium 99m hexamethylpropylene-amine oxime (HMPAO) is trapped by cerebral grey matter and the basal ganglia on its first pass through the brain. To assess its potential for studying patients with diseases of the basal ganglia, a study of 15 normal volunteers and 32 patients with known or suspected basal ganglia disease have been investigated. Sixteen patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease showed no abnormality of the basal ganglia and varying degrees of cerebral underperfusion consistent with their intellectual status. Eight patients with Huntington's chorea showed a characteristic pattern of reduced or absent caudate nucleus uptake. Patients with diseases affecting the basal ganglia, such as Fahr's disease, Wilson's disease and hemibalismus had varying degrees of basal ganglia underperfusion as demonstrated by an HMPAO scan. We believe that this new radiopharmaceutical for the demonstration of cerebral blood flow shows significant potential for the diagnosis and management of patients with basal ganglia disease.
Preliminary investigations in dual-potential digital fluorography of the thorax
Authors: Cowen A. R. , Hartley P. J. , Workman A.
Published: July 2009

The preceding decade has seen a growth of interest in dualpotential radiographic imaging (Brody et al, 1981). Most studies have been based upon the application of specialized digital radiography equipment such as linear-scanned detector arrays (Brody et al, 1981; Niklason et al, 1986) or poststimulable phosphor computed radiography systems (Ishagaki et al, 1986; Nishitani et al, 1986). The success of the latter, area-detector based systems, encourages one to investigate the possibility of performing useful dual-potential studies using more commonly available equipment such as digital fluorography (DF) systems. To date, however, this technique has proved of only limited success. Keyes et al (1982) suggested that hybrid (temporal/energy) subtraction would alleviate motion artefacts in digital subtraction angiography (DSA); the results of a clinical trial (Foley et al, 1986) indicate only moderate success. In 1982, Huang et al carried out a comparative study of dual-potential radiography using three different image acquisition media: computed tomography in scanogram mode, DF and conventional screen-film radiography. They concluded that it was extremely difficult to produce satisfactory results with DF equipment and the subjective quality of the published images supported their comments. Clearly this finding has important (negative) implications as regards the possible routine implementation of dual-potential imaging using conventional equipment.
Book reviews
Authors: Baird R. N.
Published: July 2009

Carotid surgery enjoyed two decades of unrivalled growth prior to 1984, and estimates of more than 100 000 operations annually in the United States were widely quoted. This bull market in operations could never have been sustained indefinitely and the main surprise when the crash came — as with the stock market recently — was that repeated cautionary advice went unheeded for so long. In the case of carotid endarterectory, it took the combined efforts of Barnett and other distinguished neurologists to draw attention to the unproved benefits and unacceptable risks of many operations performed in an uncritical climate of surgical opinion.
Book reviews
Authors: Cameron Alice P.
Published: July 2009

Most student radiographers find physics an intimidating prospect. This book, now in its second edition, aims to dispel that prejudice and provide DCR students with a comprehensive introduction to the subject.
Book Reviews
Authors: Critchley M.
Published: July 2009

Cancer Surveys is published four times a year and each volume reviews areas in oncology of current scientific and clinical interest. This volume is devoted to new approaches to tumour identification and the editor has brought together 10 papers written by 19 authors who are currently concerned with oncological diagnosis and treatment in both adults and children.
Percutaneous extraction of centrally embolized foreign bodies: a report of 16 cases
Authors: Grabenwoeger F. , Bardach G. , Dock W. , Pinterits F.
Published: July 2009

Sixteen cases of centrally embolized foreign bodies are reported (eight catheter fragments, two guide wires, four pacemaker electrodes, one ventriculo-atrial shunt, one Port-A-Cath catheter). In all patients only the Dormia basket was used. Foreign body extraction was successful in all patients except one, in which removal of a pacemaker electrode from the myocardium failed. Technical aspects as well as complications of percutaneous foreign body extraction are discussed.
Assessment of angioplasty balloon catheters: preliminary studies
Authors: Henson J. H. L , Jeans W. D. , Newham F. J. , Paice C. , Blakeborough A.
Published: July 2009

Gruntzig balloon catheters from three manufacturers have been tested in vitro to establish a method of assessing the diameters and bursting pressures of inflated balloons. The method of testing and of measuring the inflated balloons is described. It was found that there were considerable variations in the behaviour of different balloons, and the relevance of this to arterial rupture is discussed. There were significant associations between the manufacturer and premature rupture of the balloon (p < 0.01), and between co-axial construction of the catheter and overdistension of the balloon by more than 20% (p < 0.01). The balloon length and the stated maximum diameter were not associated with either premature failure or overdistension.
The role of lymphography in chylothorax following thoracic surgery
Authors: Ngan H. , Fok M. , Wong J.
Published: July 2009

Lymphography was used to investigate nine patients who presented with chylothorax after surgery of the thorax. Leakage of the lipiodol was identified from the thoracic duct in six patients and from tributaries of the thoracic duct in two patients. There was complete occlusion of the thoracic duct at the site of injury in two patients but leakage could not be visualized at the time of the procedure. The different methods of treatment of chylothorax and the influence of the lymphographic findings on management are discussed.
Radiation-induced changes in mouse duodenal papilla
Authors: Indran M. , Carr K. E. , Boyle F. C.
Published: July 2009

Radiation-induced changes in duodenal mucosal morphology as seen by scanning electron microscopy have been widely reported in the literature. However, no comment has previously been made on any post-irradiation alteration in the duodenal papilla. This paper describes the preliminary results of an investigation into the effects of X rays on the papilla. The duodenal papilla was difficult to find in untreated and sham irradiated mice. It was identified in only two of six mice examined and was located 5.37 and 4.43 mm from the gastroduodenal junction. Eighteen hours after irradiation with 15 Gy X rays, there was little change in position or prominence of the papilla. However, 3 days after treatment, the papilla was only 2.19–3.83 mm from the pylorus. It was also more prominent, being found in all three animals studied and having a widely dilated orifice in contrast to the closed structure seen in the unirradiated specimens. It is concluded that treatment with X rays alters the structure of the duodenal papilla. There may be implications for duodenal function in this marked change in the papilla, which controls the flow of pancreatic and biliary secretions.