bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on Vegetius
Authors: Reeve Michael D.
Published: April 2013

Vegetius wrote hisEpitoma rei militarisbetween 383 and 450. It survives in at least 220 witnesses designed to be complete, perhaps a dozen of them written in the ninth century. The earliest editions were all printed from inferior manuscripts, and later printers largely followed what is in many respects the worst of them, published at Rome in 1487. In the eighteenth century none of the older and better manuscripts happened to be preserved in the place that would have given it the best chance of making a mark, namely Leiden, and only G, which had reached Wolfenbüttel, seems to have been collated, first by G. Kortte, then by Wernsdorf for N. Schwebel's edition (Nürnberg 1767); not until Friedrich Haase in 1847 reported the outcome of a preliminary exploration, undertaken because he planned a corpus of ancient military tracts, did most of the others emerge. Carl Lang used several for his Teubner editions of 1869 and 1885, such a milestone that for critical purposes the earlier editions seldom repay consultation. The new Teubner edition of Alf Önnerfors, which appeared in 1995, has a fuller apparatus, but his preface sheds less light on the nature of the tradition than might have been expected; indeed, it restores darkness to areas where Lang shed light.
An inflexion and a deflection
Authors: Reeve Michael D.
Published: April 2013

In memory of Volkmar Schmidt

Even before Homeric -ϕι reappeared as Mycenaean -pi, much thought had been given to its origin, number, and case. Here are some conclusions that had been drawn about its case and functions:

The independent uses [uses without a preposition] are instrumental and locatival … The next step is the most critical, to explain its extension to the functions of the Greek genitive … -ϕι = Greek genitive is almost always combined with a preposition … The ending was first thought of as instrumental … The locatival use is only rarely independent.
Vegetius 4.41.4
Authors: Reeve Michael D.
Published: April 2013

In the previous issue of this journal, pp. 213–14, I proposed niue for neue at Vegetius, Epit. 4.41.4. It has since come to my notice that John of Salisbury, who quotes the passage in Policraticus 2.2 (I 69.26–70.1 Webb), writes niue. I owe the information to F.H. Sherwood, Studies in medieval uses of Vegetius' ‘Epitoma rei militaris’ (diss. Los Angeles 1980), which Dr Frank Fürbeth of Bochum kindly enabled me to see. In a chapter on the Policraticus, Sherwood translates John's text (p. 165) and comments that ‘John seems to have emended or misread “niue” for Vegetius' “neue”’ (p. 192 n. 10). When I went through the passage in Webb's edition two years before writing my article, I was investigating the character of the manuscript that John used and had not thought about the problem of neue.
Aristocles' refutations of Pyrrhonism (Eus.PE14.18.1–10)
Authors: Warren James
Published: April 2013

It has been generally agreed for some time that the best piece of extant evidence for Pyrrho's thought is contained in a section of Eusebius'Praeparatio evangelica(14.18.1–4 = T53 Decleva Caizzi) where Eusebius cites Aristocles of Messene's πεϱὶ ϕιλοσοϕίας book eight, where Aristocles in turn cites Timon on Pyrrho. But there the agreement stops. The wealth of recent writing on this very short passage provides evidence of its difficulty. Ausland, Bett, Brennan, Brunschwig, and Stopper have all within the last ten years or so offered their own various interpretations of these dozen lines of Greek text.
Nestor and the Chariot-race (Iliad, xxiii, 638-42)
Authors: Howland R. L.
Published: April 2013

Nestor's account of how he was beaten in a chariot-race by the sons of Actor has caused trouble to commentators and has been misunderstood by translators. The word πλήθει in particular has seemed obscure, but it appears that Nestor quite clearly explains what happened. The sons of Actor beat him by virtue of superiority in numbers. There were two of them. One drove steadily on all the time, while the other drove vigorously, using his whip. The one who drove steadily saw to it, presumably, that Nestor did not pass him, and so helped to ensure his brother's victory—a simple, if not very sporting, tactical device.
Plato and the poet's Ἐνθουσιασμός
Authors: Hackforth R.
Published: April 2013

Among the points discussed were (1) the possibility that Socrates was the common source of the pronouncements by Plato and Democritus on this subject; (2) Collingwood's view of Plato's attitude in the Ion; (3) the relation of Phaedrus 245 A to passages in earlier dialogues, viz. Ion, Cratylus, Meno; (4) the silence of the Republic on this matter; (5) the difficulties arising out of Laws 719c.
Aristotle, Rhetoric III, 12, 4
Authors: Trenkner S.
Published: April 2013

In section III, 12, of the Rhetoric, Aristotle discusses the style of practical oratory, λέξις ἀγωνιστική, as opposed to the literary style, λέξις γραφική. While in the latter a compact construction is necessary, the former uses an asyndetic composition which gives it the character of natural speech and a dramatic potential conformable to ὑπόκρισις, the artistic delivery. As far as Aristotle deals with stylistic composition in a larger sense (up to the beginning of ch. 4), his comments seem clear. In chapter 4 he passes to a more definite plane of syntactical notions: .

The interpretation of this passage offers more than one difficulty, contained both in its first section which ends with the example and in its last sentence.

1. The standard translation of the first section is as follows: ‘The asyndeton has a further peculiarity: in an equal space of time many things appear to be said. Just as the connective particle turns a number of statements into one, so its omission does the opposite: turns a single statement into many. Thus an asyndeton produces amplification, e.g. I came, I talked (with him), I entreated (him).’
Tragic History and Aristotle's School
Authors: Brink C. O.
Published: April 2013

The term ‘tragic history’ was coined in the 1890's by Eduard Schwartz. It was supposed to denote a certain Hellenistic type of historical writing with a twofold inspiration—tragic drama, for its scale, arrangement, and emotion, and literary criticism of the Peripatetic persuasion, for certain theoretical assumptions. The term was vague in the extreme, and being applied to works of writers no longer extant—from Duris to Posidonius—could not well be otherwise. Nor was it possible to prove, or else disprove, the alleged relevance of the critical works of the Peripatetic school, for there is no information on Theophrastus'De historia, and very little on Praxiphanes' work with the same title; and the master himself, Aristotle, seems to deprecate the course of action which his school is said to have commended. Vagueness and unfounded assertions remained awkward features of most subsequent discussions, whether they accepted Schwartz's original submission or not. In two recent papers F. W. Walbank has sought to break the spell. His result is radical: discard the term ‘tragic history’ altogether. This is not yet proven; but he has done much to rid the argument of mis-leading assumptions. In that process, however, he has perhaps discarded too much and, I think, has slightly mis-stated the most important piece of evidence we have—if tragic history is supposed to have a peripatetic nuance. Aristotle'sPoeticsis the only piece of evidence of which the context is known. But the context is notoriously difficult and the following remarks are concerned with these difficulties.
Dark Age and Oral Poet
Authors: Kirk G. S.
Published: April 2013

Increasing acceptance that the Iliad and Odyssey are in essence oral poems, built by one or two monumental composers out of traditional elements of various dates, has altered the perspective of the problem of Homeric composition. We have become more interested in the question of which parts of the poems can be associated with which phases of the tradition; or, if this question cannot be precisely answered, in the broader problem of the general stages of development of an oral heroic tradition in Greece.

Recently there has been great emphasis on the importance of the Mycenaean period for the formation of the dactylic hexameter tradition. This emphasis has been helped by the partial understanding of the Linear B tablets, although they contain, of course, no hint of Mycenaean poetry. On the other hand they do confirm the identification of the Arcado-Cypriot forms in Homer as Mycenaean in derivation, and they add a few new forms to those known from inscriptions in, or grammarians' reports of, the dialect of classical Arcadia and Cyprus.
Alexander the Great and an Experiment in Government
Authors: Griffith G. T.
Published: April 2013

In early summer of the year 334, only a few weeks after his crossing into Asia Minor and perhaps only a week or two after his first victory in Asia at the river Granicus, Alexander was in Sardes making arrangements for the future government of the satrapy of Lydia, the second of the Persian satrapies to be annexed in this way. Besides appointing in each case a Macedonian to be satrap in place of the former Persian official, and besides making certain special arrangements in each province, at Sardes he appointed a (probably) Greek officer Nicias to be in charge of the financial administration of Lydia. This appointment has always been recognized as a particularly interesting one, because it provides the earliest evidence suggesting an administrative experiment undertaken by Alexander, if it is true, as is usually thought, that he was introducing here something new into the government of the empire in Asia, something which is usually described as ‘the separation of the financial administration from the jurisdiction of the satraps’, or words to that effect. The object of considering it here again (it has been often considered already) is to try to make sure whether this really was an innovation; and if so, what light it throws on Alexander as an administrator in general.
Experiment in Early Greek Philosophy and Medicine
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R.
Published: April 2013

Anyone that attempts to tackle the question of the role of experiment in Greek science must first come to terms with the extensive modern literature on the subject, and what strikes one first about this literature is that ever since the Novum Organum of Bacon (1620) much of it has been highly polemical in tone. Bacon's judgement is well known: ‘Atque ex philosophiis istis Graecorum, et derivationibus earum per particulares scientias, jam per tot annorum spatia vix unum experimentum adduci potest, quod ad hominum statum levandum et juvandum spectet, et philosophiae speculationibus ac dogmatibus vere acceptum referri possit.’ Against Aristotle in particular Bacon adopts a different line of attack, for he concedes that in some of Aristotle's works references to experiments are to be found, but accuses Aristotle of twisting the data of experience to fit his preconceived opinions.
Polonius, Seneca and the Elizabethans
Authors: Costa C. D. N.
Published: April 2013

It is always a useful opening to say what one is not going to talk about, so I shall start by saying that I am not going to talk about the influence of Seneca on Elizabethan tragedy. That is a topic which during the last couple of generations has probably suffered from over-exposure, and the pendulum has now swung from excessive claims for Senecan influence (ghosts, blood-and-thunder, the whole apparatus of the ‘Revenge’ play, and so forth) to the other extreme of allowing perhaps too little of Seneca in sixteenth-century tragedy – not even as much as the rhetorical features for which it seems to me he is clearly responsible. So perhaps we can give this topic a rest – a lot of books and articles have been written about it anyway. What I want to do is to explore some sixteenth-century critical attitudes to Seneca – mainly his tragedies, but his prose works will come into it as well. We shall see, I think, some interesting preoccupations which a wide-ranging and intelligent number of scholars had in what they said about Seneca – in particular, his style – and this will lead to a consideration of Polonius' well-known remark to the players in Hamlet (II. 2. 392 ff.): ‘Seneca cannot be too heavy nor Plautus too light’, and the question what precisely he meant by ‘heavy’. In doing this we shall not simply be burrowing into a rather dusty and recherché corner of literary criticism, but I think we shall be able to throw some light on wider aspects of Renaissance poetic and dramatic theory, which I am certainly not competent to discuss in detail; but I may stimulate somebody else to go further than I have done.
Agamemnon 1127 and the limits of hyperbaton
Authors: Stinton T. C. W.
Published: April 2013

A. Ag. 1125–8

1127 in mutatum, sscr. M: rell.: utrumque Σ M.

Page in his note holds that refers to the weapon, and that … must therefore be taken closely with ; and he produces a number of examples from early poetry to refute Fraenkel's view that the resulting interlaced order is impossible. I shall argue (i) that his examples of hyperbaton do not support his conclusion; (ii) that, apart from word-order, his view is untenable.
Aristotle the metic
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: April 2013

‘Le fondateur du Lycée était à Athènes un métèque; cette position marginale est pour quelque chose dans son détachement et sa lucidité.’ Thus a recent and stimulating commentary upon the economic and social structure of Greek society, in a formulation of the obvious difference between Plato's participation in and Aristotle's observation of contemporary political phenomena. In one area, however, it was Aristotle rather than Plato whose experience was the more direct – that of life, over a prolonged period, as a resident alien. In this brief παίγνιον I shall pursue the Aristotelian side of this contrast along three paths: (a) Aristotle's exact juristic status in Athens; (b) the feelings aroused by his presence there; and (c) what he himself has to say on the subject of metics and foreigners. I advise the reader to derive what satisfaction he may from the journeys themselves, for no startling revelations await him ἐν τριπλαἴς ἁμαξιτοῖς.
Pindar's eighth Nemean Ode
Authors: Carey C.
Published: April 2013

The Eighth Nemean has never been reckoned among Pindar's more difficult odes. It has its own problems, as does every other ode, yet beside the Seventh Nemean, for instance, or the Second Pythian, these problems pale into insignificance. But although the significance of the central myth has generally been recognized, scholars have failed, I believe, to appreciate the overall cohesion of the ode and the single-mindedness with which Pindar pursues his argument. I should like to offer a personal appreciation of this poem, to demonstrate its striking unity of design and its impressive economy. The text is based on that of A.Turyn.
The Correspondence of Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff with Sir James George Frazer
Authors: Ackerman Robert , Calder William M.
Published: April 2013

In any exchange, information streams back and forth in numerous channels. This truism is worth recalling when the exchange in question is between scholars, where the temptation, reenforced by tradition, is to focus on the obvious intellectual content and ignore the rest. But no matter how strictly the writers seem to discuss only ‘objective’ matters, there is always a nonintellectual component present, and if the social and psychological context is available or can be reconstructed, then the biographer or historian finds much besides the issues discussed. In this exchange of letters between the Cambridge scholar, Sir James George Frazer (1854-1941) and Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848-1931), the latter makes some keen observations about the limited value of the comparative method so far as classical studies are concerned. But beneath the text of these letters exists a personal ‘subtext’, which permits us to read the letters in a fresh or unexpected light.
The Carian Script
Authors: Ray J. D.
Published: April 2013

This is not the age of the amateur. There is every inducement for the specialist to remain a specialist, and if he strays beyond the limits of his particular field, he will be mistrusted, and perhaps rightly. But there are times when he has no choice but to do so, and to risk the consequences; there are some fields which are so untrodden that the amateur will find himself in good company, or perhaps in no company at all. And there are times when the classicist, the Old Testament scholar, and certainly the Egyptologist will need to remind themselves that the world of the eastern Mediterranean was never a large one, and that communications in the first millennium B.C. were not so rudimentary. A month's journey could have covered much ground, or sea: and some people had the courage to travel far longer than this.

Herodotus (5.115) records how, shortly after the outbreak of the Ionian revolt, the Persians launched a counter-attack, retook Sardis in Lydia, and turned south across the river Maeander into the thickly-wooded areas beyond. It was no time to be a defender. Two disastrous engagements are recorded, together with some Herodotean numbers of dead, but the few survivors succeeded in laying a night ambush for the invading Persians, and cut them to pieces. All three Persian commanders perished. As it happened, it was no time to be a Persian.
On ‘On Lucan’
Authors: Mayer Roland
Published: April 2013

The following observations are offered on some of the passages dealt with by Professor Shackleton Bailey in PCPS 28 (1982) 90–100.
Hesiod and his world
Authors: Millett Paul
Published: April 2013

Recent interest in Hesiod has tended to concentrate on three broad aspects of his poems: their language, structure and myth. By contrast, their value as historical documents has been persistently underrated. This is a striking omission, as by general consent we have in theWorks & Daysa written source, giving detailed information about life in the early archaic period, for which virtually no other documentary evidence exists. Yet by comparison with the repeated and painstaking investigation of Homer as history, or even the poetry of Solon, Hesiod has been largely ignored.

Although it would be unrealistic to pretend that historians havenevershown any interest in theWorks & Days(see section VI), the use they have made of the poem has generally been either perfunctory and descriptive, or selective and focussing on isolated points. Typical of the former category is the treatment of Hesiod in the textbook on geometric Greece by Coldstream (1977). In his introduction, Coldstream warns the reader that the evidence for the ninth and eighth centuries is predominantly archaeological, but he does add a qualification (18): ‘On the other hand, Hesiod'sWorks & Daysoffers an authentic picture of a farmer's life in Boeotia at the close of the eighth century’, and in a later chapter (313): ‘The hard life of a geometric farmer is vividly described by the poet Hesiod.’
Roman aims in the First Macedonian War
Authors: Rich J. W.
Published: April 2013

Maurice Holleaux, in the brilliant study which for so long dominated discussion of Rome's early dealings with the Greek East, argued that Roman aims in the First Macedonian War were strictly defensive. The Romans' sole purpose in forming alliances with the Aetolians and other Greek powers was, he held, to prevent Philip from crossing to Italy by obliging him to fight in Greece. Roman conduct showed how limited their interest in the war in Greece was: they fulfilled their obligations to their allies halfheartedly and in the end neglected them altogether, while they viewed the other Greeks simply as a source of booty. They regarded the compromise peace reached with Philip at Phoenice as entirely satisfactory, and their decision to renew war against him in 200 was a complete reversal of policy.

Although most aspects of Holleaux's interpretation of Rome's Eastern policy have generated great controversy, his treatment of the First Macedonian War has, except for certain specific points, received relatively little attention. While the significance of the Peace of Phoenice has been much discussed, most of those who have written on the war itself have been in broad agreement with Holleaux's views on the Romans' aims and conduct, and only a few brief protests have been registered. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap. I shall argue that Roman aims in the war were less limited and their conduct less half-hearted than has usually been supposed, and offer a new interpretation of the obscure last years of the war, based on a redating of the expedition of P. Sempronius Tuditanus and the Peace of Phoenice to 206.
The erection and mutilation of the Hermai
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: April 2013

A paper on the herms needs no excuse. There is no proper treatment in English of the origins of the herm or of the erection of herms by Hipparkhos. The Eion herm monument has been well studied by Jacoby and Harrison, but the recent treatment by Clairmont demands their reconsideration. The scholarly literature on the mutilation has been very narrowly focused on the questions of who mutilated the herms and why. These questions are clearly closely inter-related, and yet the attempts to answer the question ‘why?’ have been singularly unsatisfactory. Some have arbitrarily chosen to emphasise a single feature of the herm, and with little evidence have made wild claims: thus Farnell could write that ‘the mutilation of the phallic Hermai of Athens produced… in the Athenians the despondent sense that the luck of the state was gone and the divine power of fertilisation impaired’, Crome that ‘with this mutilation must be connected the religious world of the phallus cult of the old native population which had certainly always been strange to the oligarchs’. Others have ignored the fact that it was specificallyhermsthat were mutilated and have reduced the activity of the hermokopidai to a massive act of general impiety, as Dover does when he argues that the mutilation was politically significant because as an act of impiety it would seem to bring down the wrath of the gods on the whole community, as a conspicuous act of vandalism it would make the number of people involved seem large, and as an offence against nomos it would prompt concern for the fact that a body of men had set themselves beyond the law.
Agnodike and the profession of medicine
Authors: King Helen
Published: April 2013

Hyginus,Fabula274.10-13:

antiqui obstetrices non habuerunt, unde mulieres uerecundia ductae interierant. nam Athenienses cauerunt ne quis seruus aut femina artem medicinam disceret. Agnodice quaedam puella uirgo concupiuit medicinam discere, quae cum concupisset, demptis capillis habitu uirili se Herophilo cuidam tradidit in disciplinam. quae cum artem didicisset, et feminam laborantem audisset ab inferiore parte, ueniebat ad eam, quae cum credere se noluisset, aestimans uirum esse, illa tunica sublata ostendit se feminam esse, et ita eas curabat. quod cum uidissent medici se ad feminas non admitti, Agnodicen accusare coeperunt, quod dicerent eum glabrum esse et corruptorem earum, et illas simulare imbecillitatem. quod cum Areopagitae consedissent, Agnodicen damnare coeperunt; quibus Agnodice tunicam alleuauit et se ostendit feminam esse. et ualidius medici accusare coeperunt, quare tum feminae principes ad iudicium uenerunt et dixerunt, Vos coniuges non estis sed hostes, quia quae salutem nobis inuenit eam damnatis. tunc Athenienses legem emendarunt, ut ingenuae artem medicinam discerent. (ed. Rose)
The argument and structure of Plato'sPhaedrus
Authors: Rowe C. J.
Published: April 2013

ThePhaedrusfalls by design into two distinct movements. The first movement includes three set speeches, one a written speech which claims to be by Lysias, the other two givenimpromptuby Socrates; the second then uses these speeches as the basis for a general discussion of rhetoric and of the value of writing as a medium of communication and teaching. Whatever else we may want to say about the structure of the dialogue, this much is clear enough. But there is a problem. So powerful is the impact of Socrates' second speech, with its eloquent account of divine love and the peregrinations of the immortal soul, that everything which follows it is likely to appear to any ordinary reader as mostly dull and insignificant by comparison. If Socrates suggests, as he does at 265c-d, that the only fully serious aspect of the speech was as a demonstration of the method of collection and division, the rest being ‘really playfully done, by way of amusement’, that looks merely disingenuous; for it is hard not to feel, with Ficino, that it is in this main speech of Socrates the ‘principal mysteries’ of thePhaedrusare contained. Yet if this is so, the dialogue is intolerably misshapen.
The Black Hunter revisited
Authors: Vidal-Naquet Pierre
Published: April 2013

In Memory of Moses and Mary Finley

Like many of its brothers in ambiguity, ‘the Black Hunter’ has a double birthday. Like the First international, it is a French child educated in England. As ‘Le Chasseur Noir’, this paper was first given in Paris, on 6 February 1967, at the Association pour l'Encouragement des Etudes Grecques, and, a year later (15 February 1968), in Cambridge at the Philological Society. I owe it to the truth to say that in Paris the audience remained mute. In Cambridge, on the contrary, there was a lively discussion, not only among the classicists but also with no less an anthropologist than Edmund Leach, now Sir Edumnd. A few months later the paper was first published in Cambridge, on the initiative of the late Denys Page, in a translation by Janet Lloyd and with a dedication to the late Moses Finley, and a little later in Paris. One may easily note here a structural opposition in the form of a chiasmus: in Cambridge, in the University where eminent classicists – Jane Harrison, Francis MacDonald Cornford – were also anthropologists, it was in a purely philological publication, theProceedings, that the paper was published. In Paris, where the anthropological tradition of classical studies remained, with Louis Gernet and Henri Jeanmaire, and, more recently, with Jean-Pierre Vernant, outside the University proper, it was in theAnnalesthat the paper was published.
Was there a ‘Doctrine of Manifest Guilt’ in the Roman criminal law?
Authors: Crook J. A.
Published: April 2013

R.A. Bauman in his bookImpietas in Principemtakes at its face value the abolition ofmaiestasby certain emperors at the beginning of their reigns: he believes that the whole law of treason was suspended during those periods. Since executions and other criminal punishments are recorded, by Tacitus and other writers, as occurring during those same periods, Bauman is obliged to look elsewhere than tomaiestasfor the legal justification of what occurred. He assigns some cases to the workings of adomesticum consilium, and explains some as resting on accusations of magic and some onparricidium; but in four or five cases, particularly that of Claudius' wife Messallina, he asserts that the punishment was based on a ‘Doctrine of Manifest Guilt’ supposed to exist in Roman criminal law, whereby in the case of the criminal caughtin flagrante delictono trial was necessary and the public authority could proceed directly to inflict the penalty. Two things are to be stressed about Bauman's contention: first, he is talking about the criminal, not the civil, law; secondly, and much more importantly, he is talking not about a merelyde factoproceeding, a mere exercise of naked power, but about a ‘Doctrine’, that is to say, a legally accepted rule capable of acting as a justification for the use of the power.
Aristotle on Unity and Being
Authors: Makin Stephen
Published: April 2013

In this paper I will discuss what Aristotle has to say on the relation between τὸ ἕν and τὸ ὄν. Stated briefly the relation is that τὸ ἕν and τὸ ὄν are (a) transcendental predicates: each applies in all the categories; (b) convertible predicates: each implies the other and adds nothing to the other. For Met. 1003b23–4 claims that being and unity are one and the same thing in that they are implied in each other, τὸ ὂν καὶ τὸ ἕν ταὐτὸν καὶ μία φύσις τῶι ἀκολουθεîν ἀλλήλοις. This is clearly meant to apply in every category, since the convertibility claim is functioning as a premiss in an argument whose conclusion is that there are exactly as many types of being as of unity. At Met. 1061a17–18 there is an equally explicit statement of convertibility, καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὴ ταὐτὸν ἄλλο δ' ἐστίν, ἀντιστρέφει γε· τό τε γὰρ ἓν καὶ ὄν πως, τό τε ὄν ἔν. I will try to say more precisely what these claims mean, and come to some view on their philosophical plausibility.

There are a number of reasons for discussing these topics. First, it is a prolegomenon to a comprehensive discussion of all those predicates which came to be thought of as convertible and transcendental.
The archaeology of the Italian shepherd
Authors: Barker Graeme
Published: April 2013

Stock-keeping in the Mediterranean has to be adapted to the fundamental characteristics of the Mediterranean climate (mild wet winters and hot dry summers) and to the distinct variations in soil type and plant growth at different altitudes. The natural vegetation of the coastal regions is dominated by plants that can withstand the summer drought (when temperatures average 70–80 degrees F) such as the olive, holm oak, cork oak, and macchia scrub. The lowland pastures are green and succulent from autumn to spring, when temperatures average 45–55 degrees F and rainfall is relatively abundant, but are withered and of little nutritional value in the summer. In the interior mountains of Spain, Italy, and Greece, average January temperatures are below freezing and snow covers the highest regions through the winter months, but there is extensive grazing of excellent quality from the late spring to early autumn.
‘Women are just more active’ – gender as a determining factor in involvement in senior centres
Authors: MARHÁNKOVÁ JAROSLAVA HASMANOVÁ
Published: April 2013

Centres for seniors offering leisure-time activities currently represent significant actors that translate the idea of active ageing into a particular approach to seniors. Despite the fact that active ageing is now represented by the state and providers of social services as the universally desirable way of ageing, the significantly smaller numbers of male clients was identified as a marked feature of such organisations. A three-year ethnographic study was conducted at two centres in the Czech Republic which offer seniors-only leisure-time activities strongly grounded in the idea of active ageing. The method of participant observation was used, and 47 in-depth interviews were conducted with the centres' clients and employees. The higher participation by women in the centres and the role they attribute to such organisations in their lives is analysed in the context of their previous gendered biographies. Gender patterns embedded in the way daily activities at the senior centres are organised, as well as in the idea of active ageing itself, are highlighted. Despite the seeming invisibility of gender as a principle that structures the way these centres are run, they are in fact gendered organisations, where gender emerges as a basic principle affecting the chances of participating in active ageing as presented by the centres.
The rhythm of ageing amongst Chinese elders in sheltered housing
Authors: LEE SIEW-PENG
Published: April 2013

This paper examines how some elderly Chinese tenants in a cluster of housing schemes in the north of England differed in their perception, consciousness and management of time. It examines how there was too much or too little time for some of these tenants and how time played a part in their personal and social identification arising from their experiences of migration. Lefebvre's concept of rhythmanalysis is intended to be a transdisciplinary theory that could be used to theorise ‘everyday life’. The writer superimposes this concept on the activity and disengagement theories of ageing to add meaning to the ethnographic data gathered and argues that ageing is not a simple matter of activity or disengagement. These Chinese elders coped with change through a flexible and ongoing process of adapting to different rhythms of life. This paper aims to contribute to the empirical understanding of ageing for a minority in Britain and to present a novel theoretical perspective on research approaches to ageing.
German Missionaries, Race, and Othering Entanglements and Comparisons between German Southwest Africa, Indonesia, and Brazil
Authors: Schulze Frederik
Published: April 2013

Recent approaches in global history and postcolonial studies have pointed to global aspects of colonialism and suggested that the history of colonialism should not be described just as a unidirectional history of power, because the reverberations of colonialism within the metropolis were also important. If we reflect further, we might ask not only if the metropolis and the colonies were entangled, but also if different colonial contexts had connections to one another. Pursuing this in the case of missionary activities, Rebekka Habermas recently demanded that scholars connect missionary history and global history so as to examine the global entanglements of the mission. She drew attention to missionary societies’ active on a global scale. It stands to reason that missionary societies, as global actors, pursued similar politics in different regions and, therefore, different regions and contexts were thereby connected. But is it possible to show direct entanglements between individual mission contexts? Can we explain certain practices and discourses in colonial situations better if we look at other regional contexts?

In testing these questions, the case of the so-called “emigrant mission” (Auswanderermission), directed at Germans emigrants to Brazil by a sister organisation of the Protestant Rhenish Missionary Society, is instructive. Strangely, Habermas mentioned neither the Americas nor the emigrant mission when she proposed the analysis of global entanglements of the mission, as if there had been no missionary activities in the Americas. But it is exactly this kind of entanglement that seems most interesting, the entanglement between regions with apparently different histories. This paper tries to address this lacuna by asking if the history of the emigrant mission in Brazil can be linked with “normal” missionary contexts of, for example, missions directed at non-Europeans, in order to understand why certain discourses were circulating in Brazil. In this instance, the former German colony of Southwest Africa and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Nias serve as classical missionary examples, as the Rhenish Missionary Society was very active in these regions. In considering relations between German emigrants in Brazil, the German colony in Africa, and the German mission in a Dutch colony, one must remember that Brazil, although it figured very prominently in German colonial debates of the nineteenth century, was not a formal German colony.
Extending the Gaze: The Temporality of Astronomical Paperwork
Authors: Nasim Omar W.
Published: April 2013

Argument

Keeping records has always been an essential part of science. Aside from natural history and the laboratory sciences, no other observational science reflects this activity of record-keeping better than astronomy. Central to this activity, historically speaking, are tools so mundane and common that they are easily overlooked; namely, the notebook and the pencil. One obvious function of these tools is clearly a mnemonic one. However, there are other relevant functions of paperwork that often go unnoticed. Among these, I argue, is the strategic use made of different procedures of record keeping to prolong observational time with a target object. Highlighting this function will help us to appreciate the supporting role played by the notebook and the pencil to extend the observational time spent with a target object. With objects as delicate, faint, and mysterious as the nebulae, the procedures used to record their observations helped nineteenth-century observers overcome the temporal handicaps and limitations of large and clumsy telescopes, mounted in the altazimuth manner. To demonstrate the importance of paper and pencil, I will closely examine the observing books, the drawings found therein, and the telescopes of three nineteenth-century observers of the nebulae: Sir John F. W. Herschel, Lord Rosse, and William Lassell.
A large waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak in central Greece, March 2012: challenges for the investigation and management
Authors: MELLOU K. , KATSIOULIS A. , POTAMITI-KOMI M. , POURNARAS S. , KYRITSI M. , KATSIAFLAKA A. , KALLIMANI A. , KOKKINOS P. , PETINAKI E. , SIDEROGLOU T. , GEORGAKOPOULOU T. , VANTARAKIS A. , HADJICHRISTODOULOU C.
Published: April 2013

In March 2012, there was an unusual increase of gastroenteritis cases in a district with 37 264 inhabitants in central Greece. It was estimated that more than 3600 people developed symptoms. A 1:1 case-control study showed that consumption of tap water was a risk factor for acquiring infection [odds ratio (OR) 2·18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·11–4·28]. Descriptive data, low gastroenteritis incidence in adjacent areas with different water supply systems, and water-quality data further supported the hypothesis of a waterborne outbreak. Thirty-eight stool samples were positive for rotavirus. Bacterial indicators of recent faecal contamination were detected in samples from the water source and ice cubes from a local production enterprise. Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus strains, apart from the common strain, G3[P8], identified the unusual G/P combination G2P[8]. Water sanitation measures contributed to the control of the outbreak. This outbreak demonstrated the need for the cooperation of laboratories with different expertise and the importance of early notification of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks.
Hyporesponsiveness to social and nonsocial sensory stimuli in children with autism, children with developmental delays, and typically developing children
Authors: Baranek Grace T. , Watson Linda R. , Boyd Brian A. , Poe Michele D. , David Fabian J. , McGuire Lorin
Published: April 2013

This cross-sectional study seeks to (a) describe developmental correlates of sensory hyporesponsiveness to social and nonsocial stimuli, (b) determine whether hyporesponsiveness is generalized across contexts in children with autism relative to controls, and (c) test the associations between hyporesponsiveness and social communication outcomes. Three groups of children ages 11–105 months (N= 178; autism = 63, developmental delay = 47, typical development = 68) are given developmental and sensory measures including a behavioral orienting task (the Sensory Processing Assessment). Lab measures are significantly correlated with parental reports of sensory hyporesponsiveness. Censored regression models show that hyporesponsiveness decreased across groups with increasing mental age (MA). Group differences are significant but depend upon two-way interactions with MA and context (social and nonsocial). At a very young MA (e.g., 6 months), the autism group demonstrates more hyporesponsiveness to social and nonsocial stimuli (with larger effects for social) than developmental delay and typically developing groups, but at an older MA (e.g., 60 months) there are no significant differences. Hyporesponsiveness to social and nonsocial stimuli predicts lower levels of joint attention and language in children with autism. Generalized processes in attention disengagement and behavioral orienting may have relevance for identifying early risk factors of autism and for facilitating learning across contexts to support the development of joint attention and language.
Dimensions of callousness in early childhood: Links to problem behavior and family intervention effectiveness
Authors: Hyde Luke W. , Shaw Daniel S. , Gardner Frances , Cheong Jeewon , Dishion Thomas J. , Wilson Melvin
Published: April 2013

This study examined dimensions of callous behaviors in early childhood and the role of these behaviors in the development of conduct problems, as well as responsiveness to a family-centered preventative intervention. Caregiver reports of callous behaviors were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Problem behavior was examined using within- and cross-informant reports of these behaviors. Parenting was measured using observational methods within the context of a randomized control trial of the Family Check-Up with a sample of 731 ethnically diverse boys and girls (followed from ages 2 to 4) at high risk for later conduct problems. Results demonstrated that a measure of deceitful–callous (DC) behaviors had acceptable factor loadings and internal consistency at ages 3 and 4. DC behaviors at age 3 predicted problem behavior concurrently and longitudinally within and across informant. However, DC behaviors did not reduce the effectiveness of the family preventative intervention. These findings have implications for our understanding of behaviors that may precede later callous–unemotional traits and for our understanding of the development and prevention of early starting conduct problems.
Genetic origin of the relationship between parental negativity and behavior problems from early childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal genetically sensitive study
Authors: Alemany Silvia , Rijsdijk Frühling V. , Haworth Claire Margaret Alison , Fañanás Lourdes , Plomin Robert
Published: April 2013

Little is known about how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the association between parental negativity and behavior problems from early childhood to adolescence. The current study fitted a cross-lagged model in a sample consisting of 4,075 twin pairs to explore (a) the role of genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between parental negativity and behavior problems from age 4 to age 12, (b) whether parent-driven and child-driven processes independently explain the association, and (c) whether there are sex differences in this relationship. Both phenotypes showed substantial genetic influence at both ages. The concurrent overlap between them was mainly accounted for by genetic factors. Causal pathways representing stability of the phenotypes and parent-driven and child-driven effects significantly and independently account for the association. Significant but slight differences were found between males and females for parent-driven effects. These results were highly similar when general cognitive ability was added as a covariate. In summary, the longitudinal association between parental negativity and behavior problems seems to be bidirectional and mainly accounted for by genetic factors. Furthermore, child-driven effects were mainly genetically mediated, and parent-driven effects were a function of both genetic and shared-environmental factors.
Historical variation in drug use trajectories across the transition to adulthood: The trend toward lower intercepts and steeper, ascending slopes
Authors: Jager Justin , Schulenberg John E. , O'Malley Patrick M. , Bachman Jerald G.
Published: April 2013

This study examines historical variation in individual trajectories of heavy drinking and marijuana use from age 18 to 22. Unlike most studies that have examined cohort differences in drug use, it focuses on differences in both level of use and rates of change (growth). Nearly 39,000 youths from the high school classes of 1976–2004 were surveyed at biennial intervals between the ages of 18 and 22 as part of the national Monitoring the Future study. Between 1976 and 2004, adolescent heavy drinking decreased substantially. However, because the age 18–22 heavy drinking growth rate increased threefold for males and sixfold for females during this period, heavy drinking among 21- to 22-year-olds remained largely stable. The growth rate for marijuana use was more stable across cohorts, and historical declines in use were sizable across the entire 18–22 age band. Generally, historical variation in use was unrelated to college status and living arrangements as well as to historical changes in the distribution of young adult social roles. Findings suggest that historical fluctuations in use were less the result of proximal young adult factors and more the result of historical variation in distal adolescent factors, the effect of which diminished with age, especially for heavy drinking.
From the National to a Transnational Paradigm. Writing Literary Histories Today
Authors: Larsen Svend Erik
Published: April 2013

Modern literary history was born, together with the European nation states, in the early 19th century, encapsulating the emerging idea of literature as an articulation of the national mentality. In tandem with other national histories of art, politics, language, religion, culture and nature, literary history took part in the creation of a national identity, as did the literary texts it interpreted and canonized along a historical trajectory with the nation state as its teleological culmination. Literature and literary histories have always been a form of cultural intervention, not just texts. This is still the case, but in a modern transnational and globalized cultural environment, inherited historical paradigms are obsolete as scientific and didactic models. Nevertheless, they still play a dominant role in our educational institutions on all levels. This article discusses the resilience of the national paradigm, points to the institutional and conceptual obstacles for imposing alternative frameworks, but also exemplifies how new historiographical routes may be found.
Revenue targeting in fisheries
Authors: Nguyen Quang , Leung Pingsun
Published: April 2013

We apply the target revenue model, a version of prospect theory, to investigate how fishermen adjust their trip length to changes in daily revenue. The key finding is that certain groups of fishermen seem more likely to behave according to the target revenue model rather than to the standard model of labor supply. We also find that vessel capacity has little effect on whether the captains seek target revenue. The study strongly supports the integration of prospect theory into the framework of labor supply analysis.
CALCULUS FROM THE PAST: MULTIPLE DELAY SYSTEMS ARISING IN CANCER CELL MODELLING
Authors: WAKE G. C. , BYRNE H. M.
Published: April 2013

Nonlocal calculus is often overlooked in the mathematics curriculum. In this paper we present an interesting new class of nonlocal problems that arise from modelling the growth and division of cells, especially cancer cells, as they progress through the cell cycle. The cellular biomass is assumed to be unstructured in size or position, and its evolution governed by a time-dependent system of ordinary differential equations with multiple time delays. The system is linear and taken to be autonomous. As a result, it is possible to reduce its solution to that of a nonlinear matrix eigenvalue problem. This method is illustrated by considering case studies, including a model of the cell cycle developed recently by Simms, Bean and Koeber. The paper concludes by explaining how asymptotic expressions for the distribution of cells across the compartments can be determined and used to assess the impact of different chemotherapeutic agents.