bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase α and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Genes Polymorphism and their Influence on Fatty Acid Profile in Milk of Polish Holstein-Friesian Cows
Authors: Kęsek Marzena M. , Smołucha Grzegorz , Zielak-Steciwko Anna E.
Published: June 2017

The aim of the study was to analyse the association of ACACA and SCD1 polymorphism with milk composition, fatty acid profile in milk fat and milking performance of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. The animals were divided according to criteria: lactation – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th; ACACA polymorphism – CC, CG, GG; SCD1 polymorphism – AA, VA, VV. The presence of A293V polymorphism of SCD1 gene in the population of Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle has been confirmed. In the analysed fragment of ACACA gene presence of a novel SNP has been revealed. The SNP AJ312201.1g.1488C>G consists of a substitution G>C in 1488 position. This ACACA polymorphism influenced C13:0, C14:1, C16:1 and CLA, while the analysed SCD1 polymorphism influenced C14:1. Interestingly, C16:0, C18:0 and C14:1 were influenced by fat content; while C16:1 was influenced by lactation stage; and CLA was influenced by both lactation stage and fat content. Although the novel SNP on ACACA gene and A293V on SCD1 showed only slight influence on fatty acid profile in this study, these genes are still potential candidate genes for fat content and composition in milk, but require further research.
In ovo Feeding – Technology of the Future – A Review
Authors: Kucharska-Gaca Joanna , Kowalska Emilia , Dębowska Michalina
Published: June 2017

Over the years, due to genetic selection, improvement of the characteristics of laying and meat poultry with less feed consumption per kilogram of body weight gain has been achieved (FCR). As the productivity of poultry increased, the demand of embryos for nutrients changed. However, the chemical composition of an egg has remained practically unchanged, and therefore, it began providing the embryos with suitable substances with the help of in ovo technology. Improvements in hatching were achieved through the administration of fructose, sucrose and grape seed extract (GSE), while the weight of a one-day-old chick is affected by the injection of amino acids with glucose and magnesium. In addition, amino acids and carbohydrates applied to an egg have contributed to an increase in the activity of digestive enzymes and maturation of the intestine. In connection with early stimulation of the intestinal tract of broiler chicks, they obtained higher weight gain. Supplementation with vitamins positively affects the increase of birds’ immunity and body weight at the end of breeding. On the other hand, the injection of an insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) influenced the growth and development of muscle tissue during the first weeks of life.
Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α and Association with Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase in the Reproductive Tract Tissues of Adult Male Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) During the Reproduction Season
Authors: Koziorowska-Gilun Magdalena , Gilun Przemysław , Koziorowski Marek , Kordan Władysław
Published: June 2017

This study aimed to determine the mRNA and protein expressions of HIF-1α and SOD-1 in testes and epididymis of adult male roe deer during the periods of reproductive season. The mRNA expression levels of investigated factors were examined using RT-PCR, while protein expression levels were evaluated using Western blot analysis. Differences between tissues within this period and between periods were evaluated. Testicular tissue exhibited lower HIF-1α and SOD-1 mRNA expression levels during all periods as compared to epididymal tissues. Among the epididymal tissues, cauda epididymis showed higher HIF-1α mRNA expression levels in comparison with caput and corpus tissues in the pre-rut period, and not much lower SOD-1 mRNA expression levels in comparison with caput in all periods. Protein expression of HIF-1α was higher in the epididymis than in the testicular tissues in the pre-rut and rut periods. Its expression was the highest in caput epididymal tissue compared with either the testicular, corpus and cauda epididymal tissue during rut and higher than corpus and testis in pre- and post-rut periods. Testicular tissue was characterized by lower SOD-1 protein expression levels than in epididymis in pre-rut and rut periods. This study indicates that the reproductive tract of male roe deer possesses a tissue-specific defense system which protects the tissues from oxygen deficiency damage, which is important during cyclic changes occurring in the reproductive tissues during the reproductive season.
Student Socioeconomic Status and Teacher Stroke: A Case of Female Students in Iran
Authors: Irajzad Fatemeh , Shahriari Hesamoddin
Published: June 2017

Supportive teacher-student relationships play a significant role in the trajectory of students’ academic life. Teachers may use various strategies to improve this relationship, one of which is teacher stroke (teacher encouragement). The stroking behavior of teachers might be influenced by several factors, including the socioeconomic status (SES) of students. Accordingly, the current study aims to investigate the differences among female English language teachers at three different school districts (i.e., upper, middle, and lower socio-economic class) in Mashhad, Iran, with regard to their stroking behavior. To fulfill this aim, 300 eighth-grade female students responded to an 18-item questionnaire and the collected data were subsequently analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. The results revealed that teachers tend to stroke high-SES students more frequently. The second aim of this study was to find out if there is a significant correlation between teacher stroke and students’ GPA. The results indicated that all the sub-components of stroke significantly correlate with students’ GPA. Moreover, the results of a stepwise multiple regression test indicated that two of the sub-components of stroke, namely valuing and classroom activities, strongly predict students’ GPA. Finally, the findings of the study have been discussed in light of the existing literature and implications have been provided for language teaching in the formal context of education.
Kennzahlen und Visualisierungen zur Analyse des personalen Wissensaustauschs in Unternehmen
Authors: Semar Wolfgang , Odoni Fabian , Mastrandrea Elena
Published: June 2017

Kollaboratives Wissensmanagement in Unternehmen funktioniert nur durch motivierte Teilnehmer. Diese müssen erkennen, worin ihre eigenen Vorteile liegen, wenn sie ihr Wissen teilen und aktiv im Social Network Enterprise Tool mitarbeiten. Dieser Beitrag
Low-Cost Dynamic Constraint Checking for the JVM
Authors: Grzanek Konrad
Published: June 2017

Using formal methods for software verification slowly becomes a standard in the industry. Overall it is a good idea to integrate as many checks as possible with the programming language. This is a major cause of the apparent success of strong typing in software, either performed on the compile time or dynamically, on runtime. Unfortunately, only some of the properties of software may be expressed in the type system of event the most sophisticated programming languages. Many of them must be performed dynamically. This paper presents a flexible library for the dynamically typed, functional programming language running in the JVM environment. This library offers its users a close to zero run-time overhead and strong mathematical background in category theory.
Enactivism, Radical Enactivism and Predictive Processing: What is Radical in Cognitive Science?
Authors: Gärtner Klaus , Clowes Robert W.
Published: June 2017

According to Enactivism, cognition should be understood in terms of a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment. Further, this view holds that organisms do not passively receive information from this environment, they rather selectively create this environment by engaging in interaction with the world. Radical Enactivism adds that basic cognition does so without entertaining representations and hence that representations are not an essential constituent of cognition. Some proponents think that getting rid of representations amounts to a revolutionary alternative to standard views about cognition. To emphasize the impact, they claim that this ‘radicalization’ should be applied to all enactivist friendly views, including, another current and potentially revolutionary approach to cognition: predictive processing. In this paper, we will show that this is not the case. After introducing the problem (section 2), we will argue (section 3) that ‘radicalizing’ predictive processing does not add any value to this approach. After this (section 4), we will analyze whether or not radical Enactivism can count as a revolution within cognitive science at all and conclude that it cannot. Finally, in section 5 we will claim that cognitive science is better off when embracing heterogeneity.
Conditional associativity in orthomodular lattices
Authors: Gabriëls Jeannine J. M.
Published: June 2017

For orthomodular lattices the word problem is still not decided, an important obstacle is the lack of distributivity. But also the absence of the associativity law for operations other than the lattice operations meet and join causes difficulties. In this paper we treat some aspects of associativity in orthomodular lattices.

There are six out of 96 orthomodular operations which are associative. We search for orthomodular lattice operations which fulfil the associative identity under some conditions. Specifically we assume that some arguments commute and identify, for each operation, sufficient conditions under which a triple of elements fulfils the respective associativity identity.
On parametric spaces of bicentric quadrilaterals
Authors: Izadi Farzali , Khoshnam Foad , MacLeod Allan J. , Zargar Arman Shamsi
Published: June 2017

In Euclidean geometry, a bicentric quadrilateral is a convex quadrilateral that has both a circumcircle passing through the four vertices and an incircle having the four sides as tangents. Consider a bicentric quadrilateral with rational sides. We discuss the problem of finding such quadrilaterals where the ratio of the radii of the circumcircle and incircle is rational. We show that this problem can be formulated in terms of a family of elliptic curves given by Ea
: y
2 = x
3 + (a
4 − 4a
3 − 2a
2 − 4a + 1)x
2 + 16a
4
x which have, in general, (ℤ/8ℤ), and in rare cases (ℤ/2ℤ × ℤ/8ℤ) as torsion subgroups. We show the existence of infinitely many elliptic curves Ea
of rank at least two with torsion subgroup ℤ/8ℤ, parametrised by the points of an elliptic curve of rank at least one, and give five particular examples of rank 5. We, also, show the existence of a subfamily of Ea
whose torsion subgroup is ℤ/2ℤ × ℤ/8ℤ.
On prime and semiprime generalized hyperaction of hypermonoid
Authors: Shabir Muhammad , Shaheen Salma
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we introduce the notion of generalized hyperaction of hypermonoid (GHS-act) on a set, establish its basic properties and prove some fundamental results. We also define the notion of prime, semiprime, irreducible and maximal GHS-subacts and characterize hypermonoid in terms of these GHS-subacts.
Dialogue and Inclusive Education: The Experience of a Rural School in Brazil
Authors: De Oliveira Aquino Maria Gerlandia
Published: June 2017

This work examines the teaching method of Paulo Freire implemented in Jaguaquara Rural School, Escola Estadual Rural Taylor-Egídio (ERTE), Brazil. The school was the space where dialogical pedagogy has been analyzed and the dialogue between schools and rural households has been a positive and winning response in the children’s literacy process. This research has shown that, before Freire, rural families had not had an education system able to meet their need; then the study has taken into account some factors responsible for this lack; finally, it has singled out the possibility for an effective implementation in the rural school, according to Freire’s model of dialogic pedagogy. The results of this school experience are relevant from the point of view of socialization, for it fosters literacy in rural areas. We verified that the method proposed by Freire is of great social and cultural value and benefits from great appreciation.
Pass Completion Rate and Match Outcome at the World Cup in Brazil in 2014
Authors: Król Michał , Konefał Marek , Chmura Paweł , Andrzejewski Marcin , Zając Tomasz , Chmura Jan
Published: June 2017

Introduction. Having possession of the ball makes it possible for the players of a team to undertake a greater number of actions that can help the team win the match. The aim of the current study was to determine the number and completion rate of passes made from different distances in relation to percentage ball possession and the outcome of the match in the group stage of the FIFA World Cup held in Brazil in 2014. Material and methods. The study included 32 teams who participated in the final tournament. The performance of 266 players (682 observations) who played 48 matches in the group stage was examined. Only players who took part in the entire match were included in the research, and goal-keepers were excluded. The data used in the study, which had been recorded by means of the Castrol Performance Index system, were obtained from the FIFA official website. The total number of passes and the percentage of completed passes were analysed, which were classified as short, medium, and long, in relation to the team’s percentage possession of the ball (over and below 50%) and the outcome of the match (win, loss, or draw). Results. Out of the three types of passes which were examined in the study, teams playing in the World Cup in Brazil most often made medium passes. The number of these passes was the highest in matches won. These matches were also characterised by a significantly higher percentage of completed long passes. Conclusions. Players from teams who were in possession of the ball more than 50% of the time performed a higher number of all types of passes, regardless of the outcome of the match. The completion rate for these players was significantly higher only for short and medium passes.
Ibuprofen loaded nano-ethanolic liposomes carbopol gel system: in vitro characterization and anti-inflammatory efficacy assessment in Wistar rats
Authors: Moghaddam Atefeh Afshar , Ahad Abdul , Aqil Mohd. , Ahmad Farhan J. , Sultana Yasmin , Ali Asgar
Published: June 2017

The objective of the present study was to develop and characterize nano-ethanolic liposomes (NEL) for transdermal delivery of ibuprofen (IBU). The NEL for transdermal delivery of IBU were prepared by thin film hydration technique and evaluated for vesicle size, shape, entrapment efficiency, transdermal flux, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats. The NEL optimized formulation (NEL-Opt) presented vesicle sizes of 32.85±1.98 nm and entrapment efficiency of 86.40±0.55% with improved transdermal flux. The presence of ethanol and flexibility of NEL could be the reasons for better permeation enhancement of IBU via rat’s skin. In vivo anti-inflammatory study of IBU-loaded NEL-Opt gel showed significant reduction (41.18%) of edema in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema as compared to conventional gel of IBU, where reduction of edema was found to be 12.50%. Our results suggest that developed NEL formulations are efficient systems for transdermal IBU delivery against inflammation. The stability study confirmed that the NEL-Opt gel formulation was considerably stable at refrigerator temperature. Our results concluded that NEL are an efficient carrier for transdermal delivery of IBU.
Learning Morphological Normalization for Translation from and into Morphologically Rich Languages
Authors: Burlot Franck , Yvon François
Published: June 2017

When translating between a morphologically rich language (MRL) and English, word forms in the MRL often encode grammatical information that is irrelevant with respect to English, leading to data sparsity issues. This problem can be mitigated by removing from the MRL irrelevant information through normalization. Such preprocessing is usually performed in a deterministic fashion, using hand-crafted rules and yielding suboptimal representations. We introduce here a simple way to automatically compute an appropriate normalization of the MRL and show that it can improve machine translation in both directions.
Integration of a Multilingual Preordering Component into a Commercial SMT Platform
Authors: Ramm Anita , Superbo Riccardo , Shterionov Dimitar , O’Dowd Tony , Fraser Alexander
Published: June 2017

We present a multilingual preordering component tailored for a commercial Statistical Machine translation platform. In commercial settings, issues such as processing speed as well as the ability to adapt models to the customers’ needs play a significant role and have a big impact on the choice of approaches that are added to the custom pipeline to deal with specific problems such as long-range reorderings.

We developed a fast and customisable preordering component, also available as an open-source tool, which comes along with a generic implementation that is restricted neither to the translation platform nor to the Machine Translation paradigm. We test preordering on three language pairs: English →Japanese/German/Chinese for both Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Our experiments confirm previously reported improvements in the SMT output when the models are trained on preordered data, but they also show that preordering does not improve NMT.
Comparative Quality Estimation for Machine Translation Observations on Machine Learning and Features
Authors: Avramidis Eleftherios
Published: June 2017

A deeper analysis on Comparative Quality Estimation is presented by extending the state-of-the-art methods with adequacy and grammatical features from other Quality Estimation tasks. The previously used linear method, unable to cope with the augmented features, is replaced with a boosting classifier assisted by feature selection. The methods indicated show improved performance for 6 language pairs, when applied on the output from MT systems developed over 7 years. The improved models compete better with reference-aware metrics.

Notable conclusions are reached through the examination of the contribution of the features in the models, whereas it is possible to identify common MT errors that are captured by the features. Many grammatical/fluency features have a good contribution, few adequacy features have some contribution, whereas source complexity features are of no use. The importance of many fluency and adequacy features is language-specific.
Impact of Trichoderma sp. on the Development of Heterobasidion Annosum in Decayed Understory Picea Abies Stumps
Authors: Kenigsvalde Kristīne , Nitiša Dina , Saulīte Dace , Korhonen Kari , Vulfa Līvija , Nikolajeva Vizma , Kļaviņa Dārta , Brūna Lauma , Gaitnieks Tālis
Published: June 2017

Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l. causes significant economic losses in conifer forests. Therefore, to reduce the spread of the infection surfaces of freshly cut conifer, stumps are commonly treated with biological control agents. Trichoderma sp. shows very strong antagonistic effect against H. annosum in vitro, but relatively few field studies have been conducted. Moreover, most of previous studies examined the impact of Trichoderma sp. on H. annosum in healthy conifer stumps. The aim of our work was to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma sp. against H. annosum in already decayed understory spruce stumps. In total, 75 decayed spruce stumps were surveyed. Part of the spruce stumps were left as a control, and the others were treated with one of two Trichoderma isolates (T472 and T945) belonging to two different species: T. viridescens and T. viride. The occurrence of H. annosum was evaluated 3 and 12 months after treatment. The main results were that the area of previously healthy wood occupied by H. annosum was larger in control stumps in comparison with treated stumps, but the differences were not statistically significant.
Malting Barley Diseases, Yield and Quality – Responses to Using Various Agro-Technology Regimes
Authors: Kangor Tiia , Sooväli Pille , Tamm Ylle , Tamm Ilmar , Koppel Mati
Published: June 2017

Pyrenophora teres (net blotch) and Cochliobolus sativus (spot blotch), the most widely spread diseases in the Northern Baltic region, have high impact on cereal production. The effect of three levels of fertilisation and two fungicide treatments on the severity of barley diseases, grain yield and quality traits (protein content, test weight, thousand kernel weight (TKW), grading) was tested during a period of three years. Weather conditions during the growing season highly determined disease severity, yield and quality. In addition, the infection level of P. teres was more dependent on fungicide treatment (p ≤ 0.001) and barley variety (p ≤ 0.001) while C. sativus infection was influenced more by fertilisation (p ≤ 0.001) and year x fertilisation interaction (p ≤ 0.001). Fungicide treatment had no influence on grain yield and protein content, but slightly improved TKW (p ≤ 0.05), test weight (p ≤ 0.001) and grading (p ≤ 0.001). However, these quality traits were mostly influenced by barley variety (p ≤ 0.001). TKW and test weight were highest at fertilisation level N80P12K43. The effect of year and fertilisation contributed significantly to the grain protein content. Grain yield and protein content were highest at the maximum fertiliser application (N100P15K54).
On Stability of Pin-Jointed Beam Affected by Random Pulsating Load
Authors: Carkovs Jevgeòijs , Matvejevs Andrejs
Published: June 2017

This paper deals with stability analysis of pin-jointed beams that are affected to random pulsating load. The stability conditions of a pin-jointed beam are analysed using a mathematical model of the beam characterised by longitudinal force with Poisson characteristics and applying the stochastic modification of the second Lyapunov method.
Robust Synchronisation of Uncertain Fractional-Order Chaotic Unified Systems
Authors: Noghredani Naeimadeen , Balochian Saeed
Published: June 2017

Fractional-order chaotic unified systems include a variety of fractional-order chaotic systems such as Chen, Lorenz, Lu, Liu, and financial systems. This paper describes a sliding mode controller for synchronisation of fractional-order chaotic unified systems in the presence of uncertainties and external disturbances, and affirms the stability of the controller (which is composed of error dynamics). Moreover, the synchronisation of two separate fractional-order chaotic systems is studied. For this aim, fractional integral sliding surface is defined. Then the sliding mode control rule for stability of error dynamic is presented based on the Lyapunov stability theorem. Simulation results, obtained by using MATLAB, show that the proposed sliding mode has employed an appropriate approach against uncertainties and to reduce the chattering phenomenon that often occurs with sliding mode controllers.
The Ethics of Keeping fur Animals, the Estonian Context
Authors: Arney David , Piirsalu Peep
Published: June 2017

The discussion of the ethics of fur farming is currently important in Estonia, where the Estonian Parliament is due to make a judgement on the legality of farming animals for fur in the state. Although there is significant opposition among the local general population, and discussion in the popular and social media, there is little evidence of a coherent ethical reason why fur animals should not be farmed while we continue to permit the farming of other livestock animals. Ethical viewpoints of the rights and welfare of animals are presented here and these are contextualised with regard to fur farming and fur farming in Estonia in particular.
Fragmented Agrarian Space: Building Blocks and Modernisation Trajectories. The Case of Slovenia
Authors: Slavič Irma Potočnik
Published: June 2017

Production, processing and consumption within Slovenian agrarian space are fragmented due to physical constraints (72.4% of the territory categorised as ANC) and socio-geographic factors. Based on available data, five essential building blocks of contemporary Slovenian agrarian space (available land, change management, integrated circular economy, adjustable policies, and flexibility of institutions) are discussed. Interrelations among the building blocks shape the modernisation trajectories of approx. 70,000 agricultural holdings in Slovenia. The coexistence of three modernisation trajectories, i.e. practised autarky, various forms of pluri-activity, and small-scale intensive and innovative modernisation, creates a complex mosaic. The governance of multifunctional and multi-structured agrarian space is becoming more demanding.
Investigating Dairy Farmers′ Resilience under a Transforming Policy and a Market Regime: The Case of North Karelia, Finland
Authors: Rizzo Fulvio
Published: June 2017

The European dairy sector is currently facing unprecedented challenges under a transforming policy and a market regime. The expected changes will have relevant consequences for land use, the landscape, and the environment in rural areas dominated by dairy farming. Within this context, the aim of this paper is twofold. First, key characteristics of milk production in the region of North Karelia will be illustrated. Secondly, some light will be shed on dairy farmers′ challenges and adaptations to the dairy sector’s structural changes, and to what extent they contribute to the resilience of agricultural systems. In the light of an evident milk crisis, the findings suggest that farmers′ key challenge is the profitability of running a dairy enterprise. One of the consequences of the poor economic situation is the pressure to make investments in the conditions of a constantly changing policy. Flexibility and the ability to understand future trends are fundamental in adapting to socio-economic changes and unpredictability. Adaptation to unpredictability would not be possible without a key characteristic of farming activity: agriculture is not only a source of an income, but also a way of life, a sense of belonging to the land that significantly affects farmers′ decision-making.
Agricultural Land On Built-Up Housing Lots and the Incomes of Communes: An Example of Rokietnica Commune in the Poznań Agglomeration
Authors: Maćkiewicz Barbara , Karalus-Wiatr Cecylia
Published: June 2017

The strong connection between urbanisation processes and the transformation of farmland into built-up areas - mostly residential - has already been tackled in the literature. Still, in Poland this process of farmland loss, generally thought to be irreversible, occurs in a specific, often irrational and not fully registered way. What is more, this development is favoured by legislation, especially rules controlling the exclusion of land from agricultural production and real-estate taxation. Among the many detrimental consequences of those regulations are incomes of communes lower than they should be. The problem tackled in the article is that of the exclusion from agricultural use of only fragments of geodetic lots on which building investments are going on. The cost of the exclusion and the difference in the rates of the agricultural tax and the real-estate tax very often result in the exclusion of only a part of a lot, while the rest of it is formally still in agricultural use, even though its owner does not conduct any agricultural activity there. In this case two taxes have to be paid from one lot: the real-estate tax, on the land taken out of agricultural use and the building erected on it, and another, the agricultural tax, on land that is still a piece of farmland. This situation, especially in areas undergoing rapid urban sprawl, is common in Poland and has unfavourable consequences for the incomes of communes. It also leads to a discrepancy between data from the real-estate cadastre and the actual area of land in agricultural use, which greatly hampers an exact measurement and control of the real losses of land performing the agricultural function, including that with high-quality soils. The conducted research demonstrated that in 2014 nearly 7% (927) of all geodetic lots in Rokietnica commune, situated in the immediate neighbourhood of Poznań, were builtup housing lots, mostly carrying detached single-family houses, with fragments of farmland. Almost a half (49.4%) of the total area of those lots, 42 ha, was still agricultural land in the real-estate cadastre and subject to taxation not by the real-estate tax, but the much lower agricultural tax. Because of this difference in the two taxes, the annual receipts of the commune budget are 186,601 zlotys (43,395 euro) lower. It also turned out that more than 50% of farmland on those lots (21.8 ha) was arable land of the good land-capability class III, which is high for the conditions in the Poznań agglomeration. This not only corroborates the findings of earlier studies highlighting significant losses of good-quality arable land taking place as a result of urban sprawl, but it also means that in the Polish conditions actual losses are much higher than would follow from records in the real-estate cadastre. It can also be stated that the Polish legal rules not only fail to adequately protect farmland situated within metropolitan areas, but even favour its excessive loss.
Geochemistry of Fluvial Sediments from Geregu, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Adiotomre Emmanuel E. , Ejeh Innocent O. , Adaikpoh Edwin O.
Published: June 2017

Geochemical analysis of fluvial sediments on the banks of River Ero using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry illustrates their maturity, provenance and tectonic setting. The analysed sediment samples show low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 2.92-2.99 (units FL_A, FL_B and FL_E) and high SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 4.064-4.852 (units FL_C, FL_D, FL_F and FL_G). Sediments were geochemically classified as shales (units FL_A, FL_B and FL_E) and greywackes (units FL_C, FL_D, FL_F and FL_G). Variability in sediment maturity (FL_F > FL_G >FL_C >FL_D >FL_A > FL_B > FL_E) parallels a decreasing order in the ratios of SiO2/Al2O3 and K2O/Al2O3, as well as the proportion of quartz grains and matrix components. Evidence from Al2O3/TiO2, K2O, Rb, La/Co, Th/Co, Cr/ Th, Th/Cr, La/Th-Hf, Th-Hf-Co and rare earth element contents of sediment samples suggest felsic protoliths of upper continental crust in a passive margin tectonic setting. An insignificant contribution of mafic components from the source is, however, inferred based on the Ni and Cr contents of the sediment samples. Combined Eu anomalies <0.85 and (Gd/Yb)n ratios <2.0 (1.53- 1.82, average 1.65) suggest post-Archean protoliths.
Habitat fragmentation decreased the genetic variability of Trichilia elegans A. Juss. (Meliaceae) in southern Brazil
Authors: Slaviero L. B. , Valério-Júnior C. , Cardoso R. I. , Mielniczki-Pereira A. , Cansian R. L. , Budke J. C.
Published: June 2017

Habitat fragmentation and the creation of so-called edge effects may have different implications on flora and fauna, including complex genetic responses. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity in a local population of the shade tolerant tree Trichilia elegans A. Juss (Meliaceae), with emphasis to the evaluation of genetic variation towards an edge-interior gradient. The results of isoenzymes assays showed that the edge subpopulation experienced the highest allele loss, while fixed alleles increased towards the interior. The total polymorphic loci percentage was 76.67%, being higher in the Middle subpopulation, whilethe average sample size for a locus (N) and the mean number of alleles for a locus (Na) were significantly lower in the Edge subpopulation. The indices Ho, Heand f showed good heterozygosity in the total population, indicating high genetic variability. The genetic distance Fstand Nm followed the same pattern, with Middle and Interior subpopulations showing higher similarity and the Edge as the farthest one, also showing less gene flow in relation to the others. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) allowed us to separate the three subpopulations with the first two axes explaining 65% of total variation, confirming that forest fragmentation affects the genetics of Trichilia elegans within the analyzed fragment.
Three microsatellite multiplex PCR assays allowing high resolution genotyping of white spruce, Picea glauca
Authors: Eusemann Pascal , Herzig P. , Kieß M. , Ahlgrimm S. , Herrmann P. , Wilmking M. , Schnittler M.
Published: June 2017

Fifteen previously published microsatellite primer pairs developed for and tested on Canadian white spruce were screened for amplification and polymorphy in Alaskan populations and tested for their suitability in PCR multiplexing. Eleven loci expressing polymorphisms ranging from 7 to 58 alleles were selected for development and optimization of three multiplex assays. Four natural stands containing a total of 1470 trees were used to characterize the selected loci and demonstrate their applicability for genotyping studies and parentage analysis. These assays can be used for studies focusing on population genetics, parentage analysis, provenance research, or individual genetic fingerprinting. The use of multiplex PCR facilitates large-scale studies by simultaneously enabling high resolution and reducing processing time and per sample cost.
Phylogeography and genetic variability of the Arnica montana chemotypes in NW Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Vera Manuel , Romero R. , Rodríguez-Guitián M. A. , Barros R. M. , Real C. , Bouza C.
Published: June 2017

The threatened European species Arnica montana L. is a plant much appreciated in the pharmaceutical industry, Galicia (North-Western Spain) being one of the main supply regions. Two chemotypes based on the content of sesquiterpene lactones have been found in this area: a chemotype dominated by helenalins, common in Central Europe, and another dominated by dihydrohelenalins, only found currently in Galicia. The aim of this work was to analyse the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of Arnica montana in Galicia and their concordance with previous biochemical and environmental information. Two polymorphic chloroplast markers were sequenced in individuals from populations showing significant biochemical differences and situated in different environments (heathland, hay-meadow and peatland). Three haplotypes, different from those previously described in Europe, were found in Galicia and our results suggest that one of them could be ancestral inside the species. Significant population differentiation was detected in the studied area but genetic diversity within populations was low, only showing variability in heathland populations. This study is the first one describing the genetic diversity of Arnica montana in the extreme SW of Europe. The results suggested the presence of two different genetic groups (one of them ancestral) and were congruent with the two chemotypes described. Plants from heathlands displayed the highest variability because the two chemotypes were present in them. Future design of conservation and economical management plans for this threatened species should take into account this genetic variability and prioritize further genetic and chemical characterizations across the distribution range of the species.
Genetic variation and origin of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) native and introduced provenances
Authors: Huang G. H. , Liang K. N. , Zhou Z. Z. , Xu J. M. , Ma H. M.
Published: June 2017

A total of 420 individuals belonged to 18 native teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) provenances from all four distributed countries and 10 introduced provenances were analyzed to for genetic variation, structure and genetic origin using SSR markers. The unbiased gene diversity for each provenance ranged from 0.4692 to 0.8523 with a mean value 0.6612, showing high variation within teak provenances and variation in India provenances was highest than in other countries’ provenances.

AMOVA analysis showed that the majority of variation existed within provenances (84.760%) and also substantial variation among countries (10.586%). As more as possible plus trees from large population should be selected or conserved in order to keep genetic variability for future improvement. Different countries populations should be preserved in the natural habitat or collected for ex site conservation with cooperation and region-wise strategies.

A Mantel test revealed significant correlation between genetic distances and geographic distances of teak provenances (R=0.7355, P<0.001). The cluster analyses by UPGMA, PCA and STRUCTURE methods gave very similar results, showing India provenances were firstly differentiated, and Laos provenances clustered with Thailand provenances, then introduced provenances and Myanmar provenances successively joined in the clusters. The introduced provenances no. 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 28 appeared to be very closely linked to Laos provenances (especially no. 17) and Thailand provenances (especially no. 5 and 6), while provenances no. 21, 24, 26 may be originated from Myanmar provenance (especially no. 16).
Tracing the origin and species identity of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea in Europe: a review
Authors: Blanc-Jolivet Céline , Liesebach M.
Published: June 2017

Traceability of forest material has received recently increasing interest and European regulations already apply on forest reproductive material and timber. DNA fingerprinting methods allow identification of species and control of geographic origin, providing that genetic reference data is available. In this review, we focus on the two economically important European oak species, Quercus robur and Q. petraea. We describe the available molecular markers and data, and discuss their applicability for traceability systems of forest reproductive material at a European scale. We also provide insights on the use of DNA fingerprinting on timber material.
Development of PCR based markers in Terpene synthase genes for marker assisted selection of high resin yielders in Pinus roxburghii Sarg
Authors: Allen S. , Ginwal H. S. , Barthwal S.
Published: June 2017

Pine oleoresin is a complex mixture of volatile and nonvolatile terpenes and is exploited for commercial production in India. Pines have long reproductive cycle vegetative phase extending upto many years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify high resin pine yielders at an early stage. Due to the strong influence of genetic factors on resin yield in pine species, marker assisted selection may serve as a potential tool for early identification of the genotype of interest. This study was planned to identify high resin pine yielders at early stage to avoid exploitation of natural germplasm of chir pine. Protein sequences of different terpene synthases were downloaded from the NCBI database and were multiply aligned to identify conserved and variable regions across the sequences. Primers were designed based on the related coding sequences to target these regions using Primer 3 software to amplify and isolate related genomic loci in chir pine genotypes. These primers were characterized for specificity using Primer Blast and the presence of hairpin loop formation using OligoCalc software. DNA was extracted from different resin yielding pine genotypes and primers were run on them for molecular studies. With the help of bioinformatics tools, we were able to associate some markers with resin yield. This study holds a key promise for the conservation of pine germplasm in natural habitat.
A Resisted Sprint Improves Rate of Force Development During a 20-m Sprint in Athletes
Authors: Mangine Gerald T. , Huet Kevin , Williamson Cassie , Bechke Emily , Serafini Paul , Bender David , Hudy John , Townsend Jeremy
Published: June 2017

Mangine, GT, Huet, K, Williamson, C, Bechke, E, Serafini, P, Bender, D, Hudy, J, and Townsend, J. A resisted sprint improves rate of force development during a 20-m sprint in athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1531–1537, 2018—This study examined the effect of a resisted sprint on 20-m sprinting kinetics. After a standardized warm-up, 23 (male = 10, female = 13) Division I basketball players completed 3 maximal 20-m sprint trials while tethered to a robotic resistance device. The first sprint (S1) used the minimal, necessary resistance (1 kg) to detect peak (PK) and average (AVG) sprinting power (P), velocity (V), and force (F); peak rate of force production (RFD) was also calculated. The second sprint (S2) was completed against a load equal to approximately 5% of the athlete's body mass. Minimal resistance (1 kg) was again used for the final sprint (S3). Approximately 4–9 minutes of rest was allotted between each sprint. Separate analyses of variance with repeated measures revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects for all sprinting kinetic measures except VPK (p = 0.067). Compared with S1, increased (p < 0.006) 20-m sprint time (3.4 ± 4.9%), PAVG (115.9 ± 33.2%), PPK (65.7 ± 23.7%), FAVG (134.1 ± 34.5%), FPK (65.3 ± 16.2%), and RFD (71.8 ± 22.2%) along with decreased (p < 0.001) stride length (−21 ± 15.3%) and VAVG (−6.6 ± 4.6%) were observed during S2. During S3, only RFD was improved (5.2 ± 7.1%, p < 0.001) compared with S1. In conclusion, completing a short, resisted sprint with a load equating to 5% of body mass before a short sprint (∼20-meters) does not seem to affect sprinting time or kinetics. However, it does appear to enhance RFD.
A Case of Using Property Rights to Manage Natural Resources
Authors: Brower Ann
Published: June 2017

This article presents a case of using property rights to govern land use in the high country of New Zealand's South Island. It tells the story of a land reform policy and its implementation over two decades, through changes in rules and governing parties. It observes land reform outcomes that are surprisingly favourable to pastoral leaseholders, and surprisingly unfavourable to the Crown. It then explores several possible explanations, including the logic of collective action, bargaining dynamics, principal-agent problems, and ideas of ownership. It concludes that John Locke's labour theory of property holds sway in New Zealand's land reform, despite what the law prescribes. This raises questions about whether using property rights to manage land use meets the ‘3Es’ of good policy: effectiveness, efficiency, and equity.
La sociedad civil en el contexto de la globalización
Authors: Cortez Zambrano Sonia
Published: June 2017

Este artículo busca presentar de manera sencilla una aproximación al concepto de Sociedad Civil, su actuación y desempeño en el contexto de los procesos globalizantes, la incidencia de su actividad desde la perspectiva democrática y política; y su eficiencia como agente global colaborador del Estado fortalecedor de la democracia y defensor de los derechos humanos.
Las paradojas del fuego y del Derecho
Authors: Ibañez Gutierrez Catalina
Published: June 2017

En el mito de Prometeo se muestra el progreso humano como una paradoja entre los avances tecnológicos y la destrucción del entorno natural. Los mayores causantes del daño al medio ambiente son las personas jurídicas por lo cual es de vital importancia para nuestra sociedad visibilizar el problema y generar mecanismos que regulen la actuación de estos entes. En este sentido aparece el Derecho Penal como herramienta del Estado para contribuir con la protección de nuestra tierra.
Derechos civiles de los extranjeros en España: garantías recobradas por la jurisprudencia
Authors: Palacios Sanabria Maria
Published: June 2017

España es uno de los países que recibe constantemente flujos migratorios, y en tan
solo unas décadas ha dejado de ser un país de emigrantes, para convertirse en un país
de destino para los inmigrantes.1
Palabras claves: Extranjería, derechos de los extranjeros, inmigración.
Pese a que en el texto de su constitución consagra los
derechos para los extranjeros, otorga a la potestad legislativa la posibilidad de
configurar un gran grupo de derechos fundamentales, es así, como la Ley de extranjería
que se ocupa de ello y en la mayor parte de los casos excede sus facultades y restringe
fuertemente el ejercicio de los mismos. Es entonces la jurisprudencia la herramienta por
medio de la cual éstos se reivindican y se hacen una realidad para los extranjeros.
Movimiento de Modelos Legales: El ejemplo de la recepción británica de la doctrina constitucional francesa de principios del siglo XX
Authors: Rodriguez Villabona Andres
Published: June 2017

No es difícil constatar la influencia del derecho francés en los
ordenamientos jurídicos de otros países, en particular en los de América Latina. Sin
embargo, junto con la influencia normativa es posible encontrar una influencia doctrinal,
es decir, la de las ideas jurídicas de un autor francés en cualquier rama del derecho. El
propósito de este artículo es plantear algunas hipótesis e ideas generales sobre la
circulación de modelos y doctrinas jurídicas (lo cual constituiría los primeros elementos
para la elaboración de una teoría sobre ese tema) y aplicarlas al caso específico de la
recepción en Colombia de la doctrina constitucional francesa de principios del siglo XX.
La responsabilidad civil de los administradores de la copropiedad. ¿Solos ante inminentes peligros?
Authors: Monsalve Caballero Vladimir
Published: June 2017

El artículo pretende hacer un análisis sobre cuáles son los eximentes de responsabilidad
que tienen los administradores de las copropiedades, frente a la imputación de daños
producidos en accidentes sufridos por visitantes, residentes y copropietarios al interior de
los bienes comunes, de acuerdo a lo reglamentado en el artículo 50 de la ley 675 de
2001, donde se estable que el régimen legal por aplicar es el de responsabilidad subjetiva
por culpa presunta.
La constitutionnalite des politiques du gouvernement relatif au renouvellement de l'administration publique et le « social maintien
Authors: Duque Ayala Corina , Ortega Ruiz Luis
Published: June 2017

Este artículo académico pretende analizar la forma cómo la Ley 790 de 2002 por la cual se estableció el programa de renovación de la administración pública con la restricción del “retén social” , en su artículo 12 generó una discriminación para los padres cabeza de familia, a quienes no se les cobijó con las excepciones propuestas, dejando sin sustento a los niños de éstas familias y los argumentos que utilizó la Corte Constitucional para declarar condicionalmente exequible este artículo y preservar los derechos de estos niños a través de la estabilidad laboral de sus padres.
Equilibrio y control del poder político en la tradición política y constitucional colombiana
Authors: Cortes Zambrano Sonia
Published: June 2017

La complejidad de las tareas políticas, ha dado origen a una especialización funcional o división del trabajo político (tridivisión del poder liberal cuyo contenido era el de limitar el poder de los gobernantes), el fin, eliminar la centralización absoluta del poder en cabeza de una sola persona o gobernante único. Nos enfrentamos a un evidenciado debilitamiento de los órganos legislativos y de los gobiernos regionales, en beneficio del acrecentamiento de las facultades del Ejecutivo, rompiéndose el esquema clásico de la igualdad y equilibrio de las ramas del poder, y haciendo más que nunca necesario el efectivo control del poder político.
Así, aunque la formalización de la independencia e igualdad de los órganos sigue haciendo parte del discurso constitucional, otra cosa sucede en la realidad política, en donde el Congreso, ostenta un carácter formal, por oposición al Ejecutivo, al cual se siguen atribuyendo un sin número de funciones que aumentan su poder. Se trata pues de verificar un posible debilitamiento del órgano Legislativo, en contraposición con la amplísima facultad decisoria del Gobierno.
El análisis abarca el problema de la naturaleza histórica del precepto de separación de competencias de las Ramas del Poder Público, intentando comprender la realidad estatal como proceso, lo que constituye uno de los aspectos centrales del constitucionalismo actual, el propósito aquí es analizar la relación entre disposiciones constitucionales de control político, con la manera como se desarrollan las relaciones entre Ejecutivo y Legislativo, y cómo influyen de manera directa en la forma como se ejerce el poder político en Colombia.