bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interview with Marius Ghercioiu about Art in the Internet of Things
Authors: Ursutiu Doru
Published: November 2010

My name is Marius Ghercioiu, and I am a virtual measurements engineer and entrepreneur. My company Cores Electronic LLC (www.tag4m.com ) offers a product line named Tag4M that converts sensor data to web pages using cloud instruments. A sensor becomes a Cloud Instrument when it is connected to a WiFi tag. The tag digitizes the data to send it on to Access Points, where the data is routed to the Internet and a Server IP. Here a customized Database is collecting the data for feed into applications like metering, charting, control, display, analysis, modeling, data mining, etc. with display on Web Page Instruments. Tag4M covers the WiFi tag and the web page instrument.
Hammarskjöld’s interpretation of the Bible
Authors: Huls Jos
Published: November 2010

This article describes the use of the Bible in Dag Hammarskjöld’s famous and widely read publication, Markings (1988). It asks the question whether his use of the Bible reflects his personal experiences or whether it reflects his search for understanding the meaning of his vocation. The article focuses particularly on the relationship between Scripture and the awakening to the mystical process as it comes to the fore in his discussion of the Johannine passage on Jesus’ washing of the disciple’s feet before the Last Supper (Jn 13–14). In the first section of the article a new, precise version of the text in Markings is provided. Then, secondly, Hammarskjöld’s interpretation and representation of the contents of the passage are analysed. Finally, some general conclusions about the nature of the mystical process in Hammarskjöld’s appropriation of Scripture are given.
Emerging Therapies for the Management of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Namaka Michael , Leong Christine , Prout Michael , Le Dorze Josee-Anne , Limerick Mike , Frost Emma , Esfahani Farid
Published: November 2010

Objective

To provide a comprehensive overview on the emerging treatments used for the treatment management of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Data Sources

PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Toxnet databases were used to conduct all comprehensive literature searches over the time period of 1989 to 2009. Search terms such as: multiple sclerosis and oral treatment, monoclonal antibodies, hormonal therapy, and stem cell transplant were used as key word search indicators.

Study Selection

A total of 48 studies were reviewed and selected based on Level 1, 2, and 3 search strategies.

Data Extraction

Level 1 search strategies were initially aimed at evidence-based trials of large sample size (N > 100) with a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design in the area of specialized interest. A level 2 search was conducted for additional trials that had many but not all of the desirable traits of evidence-based trials. In addition, a level 3 search strategy was conducted to compare key findings stated in anecdotal reports of very small (N < 15), poorly designed trials with the results of well-designed, evidence-based trials identified in level 1 and/or level 2 searches.

Data Synthesis and Conclusion

Despite the wide array of recent treatment advances in the field of MS, the cure still remains elusive. At present, current available treatments at best are only able to slow disease progression by reducing the incidence severity and duration of MS attacks. Recent treatment advances involving the use of newly designed orally administered drugs, monoclonal antibodies with the introduction of stem cell transplantation have revolutionized clinical outcomes for MS patients. Despite great strides made toward disease attenuation, the risks associated with the new treatments are real and have to be weighed against the projected benefits of drug treatment for a disease which has no cure.
Ruboxistaurin: Review of Safety and Efficacy in the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Javey Golnaz , Schwartz Stephen G. , Flynn Harry W. , Aiello Lloyd Paul , Sheetz Matthew J.
Published: November 2010

Ruboxistaurin (Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN), an orally active inhibitor of the β isoform of protein kinase C (PKC), has been studied as a systemic treatment for diabetic retinopathy. PKC-β appears to be overactivated in response to hyperglycemia. This overactivation associates with various pathological effects within the retinal vascular system, including ischemia, vascular leakage, and angiogenesis. Several randomized clinical trials of ruboxistaurin have been performed. In most trials, the primary outcomes were not achieved. Analysis of secondary outcomes data from these trials has demonstrated some evidence of safety and efficacy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. At this time, ruboxistaurin has not received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration.
Inverse modelling of European N2O emissions: assimilating observations from different networks
Authors: Corazza M. , Bergamaschi P. , Vermeulen A. T. , Aalto T. , Haszpra L. , Meinhardt F. , O'Doherty S. , Thompson R. , Moncrieff J. , Popa E. , Steinbacher M. , Jordan A. , Dlugokencky E. , Brühl C. , Krol M. , Dentener F.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. We describe the setup and first results of an inverse modelling system for atmospheric N2O, based on a four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) technique and the atmospheric transport zoom model TM5. We focus in this study on the European domain, utilizing a comprehensive set of quasi-continuous measurements over Europe, complemented by N2O measurements from the Earth System Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/ESRL) cooperative global air sampling network. Despite ongoing measurement comparisons among networks parallel measurements at a limited number of stations show that significant offsets exist among the different laboratories. Since the spatial gradients of N2O mixing ratios are of the same order of magnitude as these biases, the direct use of these biased datasets would lead to significant errors in the derived emissions. Therefore, in order to also use measurements with unknown offsets, a new bias correction scheme has been implemented within the TM5-4DVAR inverse modelling system, thus allowing the simultaneous assimilation of observations from different networks. The N2O bias corrections determined in the TM5-4DVAR system agree within 0.1 ppb (dry-air mole fraction) with the bias derived from the measurements at monitoring stations where parallel NOAA discrete air samples are available. The N2O emissions derived for the northwest European countries for 2006 show good agreement with the bottom-up emission inventories reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Moreover, the inverse model can significantly narrow the uncertainty range reported in N2O emission inventories, while the lack of measurements does not allow for better emission estimates in southern Europe. Several sensitivity experiments were performed to test the robustness of the results. It is shown that also inversions without detailed a priori spatio-temporal emission distributions are capable to reproduce major regional emission patterns within the footprint of the existing atmospheric network, demonstrating the strong constraints of the atmospheric observations on the derived emissions.
An ocean modelling and assimilation guide to using GOCE geoid products
Authors: Haines K. , Johannesson J. , Knudsen P. , Lea D. , Rio M.-H.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. We review the procedures and challenges that must be considered when using geoid data derived from the Gravity and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission in order to constrain the circulation and water mass representation in an ocean general circulation model. It covers the combination of the geoid information with time-mean sea level information derived from satellite altimeter data, to construct a mean dynamic topography (MDT), and considers how this complements the time-varying sea level anomaly, also available from the satellite altimeter. We particularly consider the compatibility of these different fields in their spatial scale content, their temporal representation, and in their error covariances. These considerations are very important when the resulting data are to be used to estimate ocean circulation and its corresponding errors. We describe the further steps needed for assimilating the resulting dynamic topography information into an ocean circulation model using three different operational forecasting and data assimilation systems. We look at methods used for assimilating altimeter anomaly data in the absence of a suitable geoid, and then discuss different approaches which have been tried for assimilating the additional geoid information. We review the problems that have been encountered and the lessons learned in order the help future users. Finally we present some results from the use of GRACE geoid information in the operational oceanography community and discuss the future potential gains that may be obtained from a new GOCE geoid.
An overview of various validated HPLC and LC‐MS/MS methods for quantitation of drugs in bile: challenges and considerations
Authors: Srinivas Nuggehally R. , Mullangi Ramesh
Published: November 2010

Although plasma/serum is the preferred matrix for the characterization of pharmacokinetic parameters, recent years have witnessed the emergence of bile matrix as another tool for refining the pharmacokinetic disposition of drug(s) and the associated metabolite(s). The biliary excretion mechanism represents an important path for drug elimination through feces. Also, there are numerous examples in which bile samples have been shown to concentrate both drug and its metabolite(s) in a much higher proportion as compared with the circulating blood levels and may act as a reservoir for the re‐entry of the drug and its metabolite(s) to the systemic circulation once the bile gets drained into the small intestine.

Firstly, the review provides a comprehensive overview of various analytical methods that have been adopted for bile sample analysis with a description of extraction steps, chromatography and validation protocol. Secondly, it provides a discussion on bioanalytical related strategies including bile sample collection requirements. Thirdly, a brief discussion on fit‐for‐use method strategy is also presented to enable an optimum allotment of resources for bile related analysis; and finally, the use of bile matrix in several mechanistic studies to probe efflux mechanisms and/or drug–drug interaction potential has been presented with relevant case studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color classification using color vision models
Authors: Jetsu Tuija , Essiarab Yasser , Heikkinen Ville , Jaaskelainen Timo , Parkkinen Jussi
Published: November 2010

According to recent physiological research results, there are many individual differences already at the detection level of our color vision system. It is not completely clear yet, how the other levels of color vision system compensate the detection differences. Instead of detecting and analyzing colors exactly in the same way, we all just have learned to classify colors in a certain way, which seems to lead almost always to the same result independent of the individual differences in the color vision system. In this article, we experiment with four models developed for replicating certain properties of human color vision. We examine the color classification abilities of these models and show the differences and similarities in their behavior. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010.
Morphology of the Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, and Collecting Duct
Authors: Kaissling B. , Kriz W.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Loops of Henle

Intermediate Tubule

Thick Ascending Limb

Macula Densa

Distal Segments

Definition and Nomenclature

General Cytological Organization of the Distal Segments

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Connecting Tubule

Cortical Collecting Duct

Medullary Collecting Ducts

Microanatomical Organization and Histotopographical Aspects

Outer Medullary Collecting Duct

Inner Medullary Collecting Duct

Cytochemical Aspects

Structure—Function Correlations

Intercalated Cells

Cell Structure

Intercalated Cells in the Cortex

Cytochemical Aspects

Distribution of Intercalated Cells in the Kidney Zones

Structure—Function Correlations
Principles of Electrolyte Transport Across Plasma Membranes of Renal Tubular Cells
Authors: Burckhardt Gerhard , Greger Rainer
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Principles of Sodium Reabsorption

Coupling of Sodium Transport to Bicarbonate Absorption

Coupling of Sodium Reabsorption to Chloride

Rheogenic Sodium Reabsorption

Comparative Energetic Aspects

Principles of Proton Secretion

Sodium‐Dependent Proton Secretion

Sodium‐Independent Proton Secretion

Comparative Energetic Aspects

Principles of Sodium‐Coupled Solute Absorption

Specificity

Source of Energy

Homocellular Regulation Mechanisms

Principles of Solute Uptake Across the Basolateral Membrane

Anion Transport Systems in the Basolateral Membrane

PAHSecretion: A Tertiary Active Process

Conclusion
Genetic Models of Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: Valtin Heinz
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus

History of the Brattleboro Rat

Biosynthesis of Vasopressin

Pathophysiology of Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Description of Mouse Strains

Causes: Corticopapillary Gradient vs. Water Permeability

Defects in the Mouse Strains

Pathophysiology of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Other Applications of the Models

Amount of Water Reabsorbed from Collecting Ducts

The Running Start

Hyponatremia during Sodium Depletion

Essentiality of Vasopressin

Use of Both Models Simultaneously

Nephron Heterogeneity

Innervation of Vasopressin Neurons

Alcohol Preference

Summary and Concluding Remarks
Renal Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids
Authors: Conrad Kirk P. , Dunn Michael J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Biochemistry

Eicosanoid Synthesis

Eicosanoid Degradation

Lipoxygenase and Epoxygenase Derivatives of Arachidonic Acid

Sites of Renal Eicosanoid Synthesis

Mechanism of Peptide Hormone Stimulation of Eicosanoid Synthesis

Eicosanoid Receptors and Mechanism of Action of Eicosanoids

Prostaglandin Excretion and Secretion

Influence of Prostaglandins on Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate

Administration of Prostaglandins and Their Precursors

Influence of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration

Role of Prostaglandins in Renal Autoregulation and Tubuloglomerular Feedback

Hormonal Stimulation of Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis

Peptide Hormones and Prostaglandin Interactions in the Control of Renal Blood Flow

Some Conditions in Which Prostaglandins Exert an Important Vasodilatory Action

Summary: Prostaglandins and Renal Hemodynamics

Prostaglandins and Renal Water Excretion

Capacity of Renal Prostaglandins to Modulate Water Excretion in the Presence of Vasopressin

Capacity of Renal Prostaglandins to Modulate Water Excretion When Vasopressin Is Absent or Severely Reduced

Vasopressin and Vasopressin Analogs Stimulate Prostaglandin Synthesis in the Kidney

Mechanisms by Which Prostaglandins Modulate Renal Water Excretion

Prostaglandin Antagonism ofAVP‐Stimulated Water Flow: A Physiologic Phenomenon Mediated through the cyclic‐AMPSystem?

Summary: Prostaglandins and Renal Water Excretion

Staglandins and Sodium Excretion

Influence of Prostaglandins and Arachidonic Acid on Renal Sodium Excretion

Cyclooxygenase Inhibition and Renal Sodium Excretion

Effect of Sodium Intake on Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis and Excretion

Nephron Sites Where Prostaglandins Oppose Sodium Absorption

Summary: Prostaglandins and Sodium Excretion

Contribution of Prostaglandins to the Renal Release of Renin

Effects of Exogenous Prostaglandins and Arachidonic Acid on Renal Renin Release

Influence of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on Renal Renin Release

Renin Release by the β‐Adrenergic, Renal Baroreceptor, and Macula Densa Mechanisms: Role of Prostaglandins

Summary: Prostaglandins and Renin Release

Prostaglandins as Mediators of Erythropoietin Release

Effect of Prostaglandins on Tubular Transport of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium, and on Renal Ammoniagenesis

Calcium

Phosphate

Magnesium

Renal Ammoniagenesis
The Physiology of Renal Magnesium Handling
Authors: Quamme Gary A. , Dirks John H.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Glomerular Filtration

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Proximal Straight Tubule and Descending Limb of Henle's Loop

Ascending Limb of Henle's Loop

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Collecting Duct
Renal Excretion and Tubular Transport of Organic Anions and Cations
Authors: Roch‐Ramel Françoise , Besseghir Kamel , Murer Heini
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Organic Anions

Introduction

Renal Excretion and Tubular Transport of Organic Anions

Mechanisms Involved in Tubular Transport of Organic Anions

Conclusions on the Renal Transport of Organic Anions

Organic Cations

Introduction

Renal Excretion and Tubular Transport of Organic Cations

Mechanisms Involved in Tubular Transport of Organic Cations

General Conclusions
Renal Metabolism: Integrated Responses
Authors: Klahr Saulo , Hamm L. Lee , Hammerman Marc R. , Mandel Lazaro J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Methodological Considerations

Coupling of Metabolism to Transport

Oxidative vs. Glycolytic Metabolism in the Mammalian Kidney

Stoichiometry of Transepithelial Na+Transport toQO2

Transport as the Pacemaker of Respiration

Control of Transport by Metabolism

Metabolic Substrate Utilization by the Kidney

Metabolic Heterogeneity of the Kidney

Metabolism of Glucose

Lactate Metabolism

Pyruvate Metabolism

Renal Lipid Metabolism

Amino Acid Metabolism

Citrate Metabolism

Ketone Metabolism

Synthetic Functions of the Kidney

Gluconeogenesis

Alanine

Serine

Renal Phospholipid Metabolism

Phospholipid Composition of Kidney

Metabolism of Specific Renal Phospholipids

Metabolism of Membrane Proteins in Kidney

Phosphorylation of Membrane Proteins

ADP‐Ribosylation
Regulation of Erythropoietin Production
Authors: Fisher James W.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Physicochemical Properties of Erythropoietin

Assay and Standardization of Erythropoietin

Model for Kidney Production of Erythropoietin

Renal Site of Production of Erythropoietin

Extrarenal Erythropoietin Production

Sites of Action of Erythropoietin

Anemia of Renal Insufficiency

Erythropoietin and Polycythemia

Pharmacological Agents that Influence Erythropoietin Production

Pharmacokinetics of Erythropoietin

Potential Therapeutic uses of Erythropoietin
Human Tolerance to Hot Climates
Authors: Lind A. R.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Hot Climates

Physiological Factors affecting Heat Tolerance

Human Tolerance to Heat in Various Occupations

Prescriptive and Compensatory Zones of Climates

Findings Pertinent to the Prescriptive and Compensatory Zones from Other Studies

Intolerable Zone of Climates

Concluding Remarks
Hydrolytic Transformation of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Ecobichon D. J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Ester Hydrolysis

Organophosphorus Triesters

Phosphorylphosphatases (Fluorophosphatases)

Arylesterases

Carboxylesterases

Carboxyamidase

Other Hydrolytic Mechanisms

Carbamic Acid Esters

Pyrethyroid Ester Insecticides

Herbicide Esters

Phthalic Acid Esters
Accumulation and Release of Chemicals by Adipose Tissue
Authors: Street J. C. , Sharma R. P.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

General Pharmacodynamics of Environmental Chemicals

Rates of Accumulation and Release for Different Chemicals

Short‐Lived Chemicals

Long‐Lived Chemicals

Physiological Factors in Accumulation and Release of Chemicals by Adipose Tissue

Adipose Tissue Perfusion Rates

Altered Adipose Tissue Mass

Status of Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes

Effects of Stored Chemicals on Adipose Tissue Physiology
Quantitative Ultrastructure of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Eisenberg Brenda R.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Physiological Functions

Excitation‐Contraction Coupling

Contractile System

Metabolic Systems

Other Systems

Methods of Observation

Selection of Muscle for Morphometric Analysis

Electron Microscopy

Stereological Analysis

Morphometric Results

Membrane Systems

Contractile Systems

Metabolic Systems

Muscle Fiber Diversity

Contractile and Metabolic Systems

Metabolic andECCoupling Systems

Contractile andECCoupling Systems

Muscle Fiber Plasticity
Pharmacological Investigations of Excitation‐Contraction Coupling
Authors: Caputo Carlo
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Excitation‐Contraction Coupling Phenomena

Active State

Regulation of Calcium Release

Mechanically Effective Period

Contractile Threshold

Potassium Contracture

Tension Development With Voltage Clamp

Calcium Indicators

Calcium‐Induced Calcium Release

Depolarization‐Induced Calcium Release

Membrane Potential Changes atSRLevel

Pharmacological and Experimental Modifications ofECC

Effect of Extracellular Calcium

Effect of Hypertonic Solutions

Transverse‐Tubule Disrupture (Glycerol Treatment)

Effects of Anions

Effects of Cations

Drugs That Activate or Potentiate Contraction

Drugs That Depress Contraction

Other Treatment
Maintenance and Regulation in Brain of Neurotransmission, Trophic Factors, and Immune Responses
Authors: Cotman Carl W. , Kahle Jennifer S. , Korotzer Andrew R.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

The Imbalance Hypothesis of Aging

Neurotransmitter Systems

Glutamate Receptors

GABAReceptors

Neurotrophic Factors

Nerve Growth Factor

Fibroblast Growth Factor

Cytokines as Neurotrophic Factors

The Immune System in theCNS

The Immune System and Alzheimer's Disease

Cytokines and the Immune System

Summary and Conclusions
Cardiovascular System
Authors: Lakatta Edward G.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Cardiovascular Structure in Younger and Older Humans

Arterial Structure and Mechanical Properties

Cardiac Structure

Ventricular–Vascular Coupling

Myocardial and Cardiac Pump Function at Rest

Integrated Regulation of Cardiac Function

Cardiac Filling (Diastolic) Properties

Cardiac Volumes and Ejection Fraction

Myocardial Contractile Properties

Heart Rate and Rhythm

Cardiac Output

Cardiovascular Reserve

Postural Reflexes

Isometric Exercise

Dynamic Exercise

Sympathetic Modulation of Cardiovascular Function

Intact Organisms

Cardiovascular Target Organ Response to β‐Adrenergic Stimulation with Aging

Isolated Tissue or Cells

Parasympathetic Modulation of Cardiovascular Function

Cardiovascular Structure and Function in Younger and Older Animals

Cardiac Structure

Myocardial Stiffness

Regulation of the Cardiac Contraction

Similar Effects of Aging and Experimental Pressure Overload on Cardiac Regulatory Mechanisms and Gene Expression

Possible Mechanisms of Altered Cardiac Gene Regulation with Aging

Response of Older Rat Heart to Chronic Hemodynamic Overload

Coronary Blood Flow, Oxygen Consumption, and Oxidative Metabolism

Effect of Chronic Physical Conditioning on Cardiovascular Performance in Older Humans and Animals

Studies in Humans

Studies in Rodents
Loss of Integration and Resiliency with Age: A Dissipative Destruction
Authors: Yates F. Eugene , Benton Laurel A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Senescence

Models in Science

Senescence Is Not the Same as Aging

What Senesces?

System Death or Component Death

Regular Phenomena

Increases in Regularity with Senescence

Regularity of a Variable's Time History

Physical Background of Senescence

Complexity

Order

Vertical Integration (Hierarchy)

Horizontal Integration (Heterarchy)

Causality

Stability

Energy vs. Entropy in Self‐Organization

General Principle of Homeodynamic Senescence

Homeodynamics Instead of Homeostasis

Irreversibility and Constraints

Biological Markers of Age

Homeodynamics and Predictability

Specifying the Homeodynamic Construct

Fluctuations and Chance

Counterintuitive Effects of Clamping a Homeodynamic System

Environmental Potentials

Clamping

Redefinition of Senescence

Escape from Senescence‐Induced Fatal Failures by Re‐Initialization

Summary of Characteristics of Senescence as Homeodynamic Instability

Aspects of Senescence

Aspect Theories

Generalizations from Aspect Theories

Wear‐and‐Tear Revisited

Reliability Theory for Machines

Human Senescence as Dissipative Destruction

Component Failure–Cell Culture Senescence

Dissipative Destruction as Basis of Gompertz Mortality Kinetics
Postural Orientation and Equilibrium
Authors: Horak Fay B. , Macpherson Jane M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Neural Control of Postural Orientation and Equilibrium

Behavioral Goals

Biomechanical Principles

Postural Strategies

Postural Orientation

Stiffness and Tonic Muscle Activation

Controlling Postural Orientation

Internal Representation of Postural Orientation

Coordination of Postural Equilibrium

Triggered Reactions to External Disturbances

Anticipatory Postural Adjustments for Voluntary Movement

Modeling of Postural Coordination

Sensory Control of Postural Orientation and Equilibrium

Sensory Integration

Somatosensory System

Vestibular System

Visual System

Central Neural Control of Posture

Spinal Cord and Brainstem

Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

Cerebral Cortex

Concluding Remarks
Biomechanical Insights into Neural Control of Movement
Authors: Zernicke Ronald F. , Smith Judith L.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Analytical Techniques and Terms

Biomechanics Terminology

Dynamics Variables

Single vs. Multiple Degrees of Freedom

Free‐Body Diagram

Dynamics Techniques

Insights from Inverse Dynamics

Equations of Motion

Anthropometric Data

Predictions Using an Inverse Dynamics Model

Control of Different Locomotion Forms

Swing‐Phase Dynamics

Stance‐Phase Dynamics

Insights for Neural Control of Locomotion

Role of Dynamics in the Control of Arm Movements

Limb Postural Dynamics

Intersegmental Dynamics Change with Practice

Changes in Limb Dynamics During Development

Spontaneous Kicking Behaviors

Acquisition of Reaching

Concluding Remarks
Glucose Utilization
Authors: Richter Erik A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Molecular Basis for Glucose Transport

Family of Glucose Transporters

Translocation of Glucose Transporters

Intrinsic Activity

Fiber‐Type Specific Expression ofGLUT4

Role of Glut4 in Contraction‐Induced Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport

Signaling Mechanisms Involved in Contraction‐Induced Increase in Glucose Transport

Regulation of Glucose Utilization in Vivo

Glucose Supply

Membrane Glucose Transport Capacity

Glucose Metabolism

Regulation of Glucose Utilization at Rest

Regulation of Glucose Utilization During Exercise

Effect of Exercise Intensity

Effect of Exercise Duration

Effect of Exercise Type

Alternative Substrates

Glucose Utilization During Exercise in Adverse Environment

Humoral Regulation of Glucose Utilization During Exercise

Effect of Physical Training Status

Exercise in States of Altered Glucose Utilization

Regulation of Glucose Utilization in the Postexercise State

Membrane Glucose Transport Capacity Induced by Contraction

Insulin Sensitivity
Regulation of Extramuscular Fuel Sources During Exercise
Authors: Wasserman David H. , Cherrington Alan D.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Fuel Requirements of the Working Muscle

Effect of Exercise Duration

Effect of Exercise Intensity

Exercise Responses of Hormones and Nerves Involved in Acute Metabolic Regulation

Insulin Response

Glucagon Response

Catecholamine Responses

Extramuscular Fuel Sources

NEFAMobilization from Adipose Tissue

Basic Mechanisms that InfluenceNEFAAvailability

Regulatory Factors

Hepatic Glucose Production

Exercise Response

Regulation by the Endocrine Pancreas

Role of Epinephrine

Role of Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Norepinephrine

Role of Cortisol

Regulation during High‐Intensity Exercise

Hepatic Fat Metabolism: Oxidation and Triglyceride Synthesis

Regulation of Ketogenesis

Triglyceride Synthesis

Splanchnic Bed Amino Acid Metabolism

Protein Breakdown

Amino Acids as a Carbon Source for Gluconeogenesis and Oxidation

Uptake of Nitrogenous Compounds by the Splanchnic Bed

Fate of Nitrogenous Compounds in the Liver

Gastrointestinal Tract as a Source of Glucose: Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion

Importance

Determinants of the Metabolic Availability of Ingested Carbohydrates

Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion on Endogenous Substrates

Training‐Induced Adaptations in Extramuscular Fuel Mobilization

Endocrine Adaptations to Physical Training

Adaptations of Extramuscular Fuel Sources to Physical Training
Muscle Plasticity: Energy Demand and Supply Processes
Authors: Booth Frank W. , Baldwin Kenneth M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Goals and Fundamental Concepts

The Concept of Plasticity

The Concept of Protein Isoforms

The Concept of Protein Turnover

Organization of Muscle Cells into Functional Units Based on Patterns of Protein Expression

Cellular Processes Involved in Contraction and Relaxation: Role of Cross‐Bridge and Calcium Cycling Isoforms

Cellular Processes Involving Oxidative Metabolism

Cellular Processes Involving Anaerobic Metabolism and High‐Energy Phosphate Buffering

Interrelationships in Cellular Processes

Organelle Plasticity in Response to Interventions

Contractile Machinery

Mitochondria and Substrate Provision (Oxidative Processes)

Glycogenolytic Activity and Glucose Transport for Anaerobic Processes

Fatty Acid Transfer and Oxidation

Fiber‐Type Plasticity

Regulatory Factors

External to the Muscle

Internal to Muscle

Cunical Significance of Muscle Plasticity
Adaptation and the Evolution of Physiological Characters
Authors: Bennett Albert F.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

The Many Meanings of “Adaptation”

Criticisms of Adaptive Interpretations

Alternatives to Adaptive Explanations

Historical Inheritance

Developmental Pattern and Constraint

Physical and Biomechanical Correlation

Phenotypic Size Correlation

Genetic Correlation

Chance Fixation

Studying The Evolution of Physiological Characters

Macroevolutionary Studies

Microevolutionary Studies

Incorporating an Evolutionary Perspective into Physiological Studies
Invertebrate Circulatory Systems
Authors: McMahon Brian R. , Wilkens Jerrel L. , Smith Peter J. S.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Protozoa and Parazoa

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Nemerteans

Annelids

Polychaetes and Oligochaetes

Hirudinea

Molluscs

Heart and Vascular Performance

Arthropods I: Onychophorans

ArthropodsII: Chelicerates

Limulus

Scorpions

Spiders

ArthropodsIII: Uniramia

Myriapods

Chilopods

Insects

ArthropodsIV: Crustaceans

Echinoderms

Pogonophora

Vestimentifera

Hemichordates

Urochordates

Cephalochordates

Conclusion
Adaptations to Variations in Oxygen Tension by Vertebrates and Invertebrates
Authors: Lutz Peter L. , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Variations in Gas Tensions: Air and Water

Oxygen and Life

Respiratory Adaptations: Air Breathers

High Altitude

Borrowers

Breath‐Hold Divers

Water Breathers

Gas Tensions

Open Ocean

Intertidal and fresh Waters

Anoxic Survival

Anoxic Brain Death

Anoxic Brain Survival

Biochemical Adaptations

Types of Oxygen Limitation

Patterns of Metabolic Responses to Reduced Oxygen Availability

AnaerobicATPProduction

Metabolic Arrest
Optical Methods in Cell Physiology
Authors: Fay Fredric S.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Physiological Questions

Approaches

Fixed Cells

Living Cells

Optical Signal Detection and Analysis

Overview

Fluorescent Microscope Imaging Methods

Defectors

Image Visualization and Analysis

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Membrane Transport in Single Cells
Authors: Jennings Michael L. , Milanick Mark A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Examples of Preparations of Single Cells

Large Cells that Can Be Studied Individually

Blood Cells

Cells Prepared by Dissociating Intact Tissue

Permanent Cell Lines and Expression Systems

Methods for Measuring Transport

Tracer Influx and Efflux: Definition of Flux

Definition of Permeability Coefficient

Unstirred Layers

Multiple Intracellular Compartments

Optical Methods for Measuring Transport

Ion‐Sensitive Microelectrodes

Membrane Potential

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Transport Mechanisms

Rationale for Investigating Transport Mechanisms

Catalytic Cycles

Anion Exchanger

Red Blood Cell Anion Transport

Electrically Silent Obligatory Exchange

Kinetic Mechanism of Anion Exchange

Intrinsic Asymmetries

Electrical Properties of the Exchange Pathway

Sodium Pump

Electrically Silent and Electrogenic Na Pump Modes

Pump Stoichiometry

Kinetic Mechanism of the Na Pump

Electrical Properties of the Na Pump

Summary of Transport Mechanisms

Integrative Transport Studies in Single Cells: Cell‐Volume Regulation

Pump‐Leak Paradigm

Volume‐Sensitive Transport Processes

Detection of Cell Volume

Transduction of Volume Signal to Transport Proteins
Intracellular pH
Authors: Putnam Robert W. , Roos Albert
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Techniques

pH‐Sensitive Microelectrodes

pH‐Sensitive Fluorescent Indicators

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Some Observations on Intracellular pH Transients

Mechanisms of pH Regulation

Physicochemical Buffers

Membrane Transport Systems

Determinants of Steady‐State pHi

Some Cellular Processes Affecting or Affected by pHi

Metabolism

Cell‐Cell Coupling: Gap Junctions

DNASynthesis and Cell Growth

Membrane Channels

Cell‐Volume Regulation

Mitochondrial H+Movements

Cytoskeleton

Endocytosis/Exocytosis

Other Cellular Processes
Principles of Cell Cycle Control
Authors: Norbury Chris
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Mitosis

Cdc2: The Archetypal Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase

Regulation of Cdc2

Substrates of Cdc2

Induction of Chromatin Condensation

Controls Operating within M Phase

Cyclin‐Dependent Kinases Other Than Cdc2

G1

Cell Cycle Commitment

Mammalian Nonmitotic Cyclins

Cell Cycle Commitment and Cancer

Cdk Inhibitors

Linking Cell Cycle Commitment to S‐Phase Entry

S Phase and G2

Concluding Remarks
The quantifier complexity of polynomial‐size iterated definitions in first‐order logic
Authors: Buss Samuel R. , Johnson Alan S.
Published: November 2010

We refine the constructions of Ferrante‐Rackoff and Solovay on iterated definitions in first‐order logic and their expressibility with polynomial size formulas. These constructions introduce additional quantifiers; however, we show that these extra quantifiers range over only finite sets and can be eliminated. We prove optimal upper and lower bounds on the quantifier complexity of polynomial size formulas obtained from the iterated definitions. In the quantifier‐free case and in the case of purely existential or universal quantifiers, we show that Ω(n/logn) quantifiers are necessary and sufficient. The last lower bounds are obtained with the aid of the Yao‐Håstad switching lemma (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multifunctional roles of gelsolin in health and diseases
Authors: Li Guo Hua , Arora Pamela D. , Chen Yu , McCulloch Christopher A. , Liu Peter
Published: November 2010

Gelsolin, a Ca2+‐regulated actin filament severing, capping, and nucleating protein, is an ubiquitous, multifunctional regulator of cell structure and metabolism. More recent data show that gelsolin can act as a transcriptional cofactor in signal transduction and its own expression and function can be influenced by epigenetic changes. Here, we review the functions of the plasma and cytoplasmic forms of gelsolin, and their manifold impacts on cancer, apoptosis, infection and inflammation, cardiac injury, pulmonary diseases, and aging. An improved understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of gelsolin may lead to new considerations of this protein as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target.
Textured growth and microstructure of pulsed laser deposited Nb/Cr/SmCo5 hybrid structures
Authors: Schaarschuch R. , Reibold M. , Haindl S. , Neu V. , Thomas J. , Gemming T. , Oertel C.‐G. , Holzapfel B. , Schultz L. , Skrotzki W.
Published: November 2010

Hybrid structures based on superconducting Nb and highly coercive ferromagnetic SmCo5 films grown on MgO(100) substrates were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition under UHV conditions. Thin film architectures of SmCo5 on Nb and the reversed system both with and without Cr spacer layer between superconductor and ferromagnet were examined by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction concerning their microstructure and epitaxial relationship, respectively. For SmCo5 on Nb with thick intermediate Cr spacer the epitaxial relationship MgO(001)[100]//Cr(001)[110]//Nb(001)[110]//Cr(001)[110]//SmCo5(11 − 20)[0001]//Cr(001)[110] was found. With decreasing thickness of the Cr spacer layer the strength of the texture decreases and finally crystallinity of SmCo5 is lost. In the reversed layer system, Nb on Cr on SmCo5, with decreasing thickness of the Cr spacer layer the epitaxial relationships change from SmCo5(11 − 20)[0001]//Nb(001)[110] to local SmCo5(11 − 20) [0001]//Nb(110)[1 − 11] and the Nb texture changes from the (001)[110] component to a 〈110〉 fibre. The orientation relationships observed are discussed with regard to elastic strain energy minimization.
Impact of AlN seeding layer growth rate in MOVPE growth of semi‐polar gallium nitride structures on high index silicon
Authors: Ravash Roghaiyeh , Blaesing Juergen , Hempel Thomas , Noltemeyer Martin , Dadgar Armin , Christen Juergen , Krost Alois
Published: November 2010

We present metal organic vapor phase epitaxy growth of semi‐polar GaN structures on high index silicon surfaces. The crystallographic structure of GaN grown on Si(112), (115), and (117) substrates is investigated by X‐ray analysis and scanning electron microscopy. X‐ray diffraction was performed in Bragg Brentano geometry as well as pole figure measurements. The results demonstrate that the orientation of GaN crystallites on Si is significantly dependent on thickness of the AlN seeding layer and TMAl‐flow rate. We observe that the crystallographic structures of GaN by applying thin AlN seeding layers grown with high TMAl‐flow rate depend on Si surface direction while they are independent for thicker layers. By applying such seeding layer we obtain single crystalline semi‐polar GaN on Si(112), while GaN structures grown with the same growth parameters on Si(117) show four components of GaN(0002).
Theoretical investigations of magnetic properties of ferromagnetic single‐layered nanobelts
Authors: Mi Bin‐Zhou , Wang Huai‐Yu , Zhou Yun‐Song
Published: November 2010

The magnetic properties of ferromagnetic (FM) single‐layered nanobelts are investigated if there exists a single‐ion anisotropy. The magnetic quantities as functions of belt width and temperature are calculated. The spontaneous magnetization, area of the hysteresis loop, and energy level extension increase with belt width, and decrease with temperature. The Curie temperature increases with belt width. The energy spectra are calculated. When the belt width is fixed, a higher temperature leads to lower energy spectra. The spin‐wave energy, as well as the energy level extension, drops with temperature rising, and becomes zero as the temperature reaches the Curie temperature. The results are compared with those of FM single‐walled nanotubes. The Curie point TC of a nanobelt is always smaller than that of a nanotube, when the width of the former and the perimeter of the latter are equal, and the reason is analyzed.
Stress‐enhanced dislocation density reduction in multicrystalline silicon
Authors: Bertoni M. I. , Powell D. M. , Vogl M. L. , Castellanos S. , Fecych A. , Buonassisi T.
Published: November 2010

Stress is generally perceived to be detrimental for multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si), leading to dislocation multiplication during crystal growth and processing. Herein, we evaluate the role of stress as a driving force for dislocation density reduction in mc‐Si. At high temperatures, close to the melting point (>0.8Tm), we observe that the application of stress as well as the relief of residual stress, can modify the density of pre‐existing dislocations in as‐grown mc‐Si under certain conditions, leading to a net local reduction of dislocation density. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genetic evaluation of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Matschie's tree Kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) captive breeding program
Authors: McGreevy Thomas J. , Dabek Lisa , Husband Thomas P.
Published: November 2010

Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) is an endangered species that has been bred in captivity since the 1970s. In 1992, the Tree Kangaroo Species Survival Plan® (TKSSP) was established to coordinate the captive management of Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) D. matschiei. The TKSSP makes annual breeding recommendations primarily based on the mean kinship (MK) strategy. Captive breeding programs often use the MK strategy to preserve genetic diversity in small populations—to avoid the negative consequences of inbreeding and retain their adaptive potential. The ability of a captive breeding program to retain the population's genetic diversity over time can be evaluated by comparing the genetic diversity of the captive population to wild populations. We analyzed DNA extracted from blood and fecal samples from AZA (n = 71), captive (n = 28), and wild (n = 22) D. matschiei using eight microsatellite markers and sequenced the partial mitochondrial DNA control region gene. AZA D. matschiei had a similar expected heterozygosity (He = 0.595±0.184) compared with wild D. matschiei (He = 0.628±0.143), but they had different allelic frequencies (FST = 0.126; P<0.001). AZA D. matschiei haplotype diversity was almost two times lower than wild D. matschiei (). These data will assist management of AZA D. matschiei and serve as a baseline for AZA and wild D. matschiei genetic diversity values that could be used to monitor future changes in their genetic diversity. Zoo Biol 30:636–646, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Case–control Study of Single‐Incision Versus Standard Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Chang Stephen Kin Yong , Tay Chee Wei , Bicol Ralph Allan , Lee Yang Yang , Madhavan Krishnakumar
Published: November 2010

Background

Single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) has been increasingly performed recently. Although it seems plausible that SILC will be associated with less pain compared to standard 4‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), there is currently no conclusive comparative study on the postoperative pain issues of SILC against LC.

Methods

In this retrospective, case–control study, 30 patients who had SILC over a 6‐month period were compared with a matched (sex, age group, race) group of 30 patients who underwent LC. Verbal pain score (VPS) on postoperative days (POD) 1, 2, 3, and 5; pain sites; analgesic requirement; and number of days (NoD) required to return to normal activities were compared.

Results

There were 4 (13%) acute cholecystitis cases in each group. Average VPS on POD 1, 2, 3, and 5 of SILC and (LC) cholecystectomy patients were 4.53 (5.14) (P = 0.09), 3.43 (3.83) (P = 0.36), 2.07 (2.52) (P = 0.25), and 1.13 (1.24) (P = 0.69), respectively. In the SILC group, 26 patients (87%) had umbilical pain, whereas in the LC group, 25 patients (83%) had similar symptoms. Epigastric pain was experienced by 5 patients in the two groups, and RHC pain was experienced by 1 patient in the SILC group (3%) and 2 patients in the LC group (7%). The SILC and the LC patients required 4.00 and 4.90 days (P = 0.09) of paracetamol, respectively, to control pain. The NoD required before return to normal activity in the SILC and LC groups was 5.97 days and 7.79 days (P = 0.008), respectively.

Conclusions

There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative pain, pain site and analgesia requirement; however, patients who underwent SILC returned to their normal activity 1.8 days earlier than the LC patients. Larger RCTs are needed to compare postoperative outcomes between SILC and LC.
Consequences of IkappaB alpha hydroxylation by the factor inhibiting HIF (FIH)
Authors: Devries Ingrid L. , Hampton-Smith Rachel J. , Mulvihill Melinda M. , Alverdi Vera , Peet Daniel J. , Komives Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2010

MINT‐8051494: NF‐kappa‐B p65 (uniprotkb:Q04207) physically interacts (MI:0915) with NF‐kappa‐B p50 (uniprotkb:P25799) and I‐kappa‐B alpha (uniprotkb:O15111) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
Effect of chronic exposure to cellular telephone electromagnetic fields on hearing in rats
Authors: Kayabasoglu G , Sezen O S , Eraslan G , Aydin E , Coskuner T , Unver S
Published: November 2010

Objective:

To study the effects of the electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones upon the inner ear of rats, using distortion product otoacoustic emissions.

Methods:

Forty Wistar Albino rats were used. Twenty newborn and 20 adult rats were divided into two groups of 10, one to participate in the study and one as a control. The rats were exposed to the electromagnetic field for 6 hours per day, for 30 consecutive days. Before and after the 30 day exposure period, distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured in each group and a signal-to-noise ratio calculated, which was later used in statistical analysis.

Results:

For both the newborn and adult rat groups, there was no significant difference in distortion product otoacoustic emissions recorded before and after exposure to the cellular telephone electromagnetic field (p > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones, for 6 hours a day for 30 consecutive days, had no effect on the hearing of newborn or adult rats, at the outer ear, middle ear or cochlear level.
How reliable is visual assessment of the electrically elicited stapedius reflex threshold during cochlear implant surgery, compared with tympanometry?
Authors: Pau H W , Ehrt K , Just T , Sievert U , Dahl R
Published: November 2010

Objectives:

To assess the reliability of visually assessed thresholds of the electrically elicited stapedius reflex, recorded during cochlear implant surgery, compared with intra-operative tympanometric threshold assessment. Intra-operatively recorded electrically elicited stapedius reflex thresholds vary considerably, and differ from those measured post-operatively by means of impedance changes (i.e. using tympanometry). Thus, any confounding effect of different intra-operative techniques and visual assessment inaccuracies should be excluded.

Methods:

Both techniques (i.e. visual observation and tympanometry) were performed intra-operatively in six patients, and threshold values were compared.

Results:

Recorded electrically elicited stapedius reflex thresholds were very similar for both techniques. Visually assessed thresholds were slightly higher in some cases and lower in others, compared with tympanometric thresholds.

Discussion:

There was almost no difference between reflex thresholds measured with the two different techniques under the same intra-operative conditions. Therefore, we conclude that differences between intra- and post-operative thresholds are not due to the use of different measuring techniques. The main reason for such differences is probably the influence of intra-operative narcotics on reflex thresholds.