bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calibration with absolute shrinkage
Authors: Öjelund Henrik , Madsen Henrik , Thyregod Poul
Published: January 2005

In this paper, penalized regression using theL1norm on the estimated parameters is proposed for chemometric calibration. The algorithm is of the lasso type, introduced by Tibshirani in 1996 as a linear regression method with bound on the absolute length of the parameters, but a modification is suggested to cope with the singular design matrix most often seen in chemometric calibration. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm may be generalized to all convex norms like ∑|βj|γwhere γ ≥ 1, i.e. a method that continuously varies from ridge regression to the lasso. The lasso is applied both directly as a calibration method and as a method to select important variables/wavelengths. It is demonstrated that the lasso algorithm, in general, leads to parameter estimates of which some are zero while others are quite large (compared to e.g. the traditional PLS or RR estimates). By using several benchmark data sets, it is shown that both the direct lasso method and the regression where the lasso acts as a wavelength selection method most often outperform the PLS and RR methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time forecasting of photosmog episodes: the Naples case study
Authors: Riccio A. , Barone G.
Published: January 2005

In this paper we analysed the ozone time series data collected by the local monitoring network in the Naples urban area (southern Italy) during the spring/summer period of 1996. Our aim was to identify a reliable and effective model that could be used for the real‐time forecasting of photosmog episodes. We studied the applicability of seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models with some exogenous variables (ARIMAX) to our case study. The choice of exogenous variables—temperature, [NO2]/[NO] ratio and wind speed—was based on physical reasoning. The forecasting performance of all models was evaluated with data not used in model development, by means of an array of statistical indices: the comparison between observed and forecast means and standard deviations; intercept and slope of a least squares regression of forecast variable on observed variable; mean absolute and root mean square errors; and 95% confidence limits of forecast variable. The assessment of all models was also based on their tendency to forecast critical episodes. It was found that the model using information from the temperature data set to predict peak ozone levels gives satisfactory results, about 70% of critical episodes being correctly predicted by the 24 h ahead forecast function. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PCR eigenvector selection based on correlation relative standard deviations
Authors: Fairchild Steven Z. , Kalivas John H.
Published: January 2005

While principal component regression (PCR) is often performed with eigenvectors ordered by decreasing singular values, PCR models have been formed using other eigenvector arrangements. A common criterion for organizing eigenvectors involves absolute correlations between respective eigenvectors and the prediction property being modeled. However, correlation cut‐off values for eigenvector selection are inconsistent between data sets, and additional criteria are needed such as the root mean square error of cross‐validation (RMSECV). Furthermore, correlations for some selected eigenvectors are often extremely low (e.g. values of 0·1 have been considered acceptable) and it is difficult to justify inclusion of these eigenvectors. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of correlations are evaluated in this paper as an alternative method of eigenvector selection. This paper reveals distinct advantages for using eigenvectors ordered by RSDs of correlations compared to eigenvectors ordered by absolute correlations. In particular, RSDs can be used to determine significant eigenvectors without resorting to additional criteria such as the RMSECV. Additionally, inspection of RSD values explains why different correlation cut‐off values are obtained for different data sets as well as why correlations can be small. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivalent Host–Guest Interactions between β‐Cyclodextrin Self‐Assembled Monolayers and Poly(isobutene‐alt‐maleic acid)s Modified with Hydrophobic Guest Moieties
Authors: Crespo‐Biel Olga , Péter Mária , Bruinink Christiaan M. , Ravoo Bart Jan , Reinhoudt David N. , Huskens Jurriaan
Published: January 2005

Poly(isobutene‐alt‐maleic acid)s modified with p‐tert‐butylphenyl or adamantyl groups interact with β‐cyclodextrin self‐assembled monolayers (β‐CD SAMs) by inclusion of the hydrophobic substituents in the β‐cyclodextrin cavities. The adsorption was shown to be strong, specific, and irreversible. Even with a monovalent competitor in solution, adsorption to the β‐CD SAMs was observed, and desorption proved impossible. The adsorbed polymer layer was very thin as evidenced by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and AFM. Apparently, all or most hydrophobic groups of the polymers were employed efficiently in multivalent binding, as was further supported by the absence of specific binding of β‐CD‐modified gold nanoparticles to the polymer surface assemblies. Supramolecular microcontact printing of the polymers onto the β‐CD SAMs led to assembly formation in the targeted areas of the substrates.
CαC Backbone Fragmentation Dominates in Electron Detachment Dissociation of Gas‐Phase Polypeptide Polyanions
Authors: Kjeldsen Frank , Silivra Oleg A. , Ivonin Igor A. , Haselmann Kim F. , Gorshkov Mikhail , Zubarev Roman A.
Published: January 2005

Fragmentation of peptide polyanions by electron detachment dissociation (EDD) has been induced by electron irradiation of deprotonated polypeptides [M−nH]n− with >10 eV electrons. EDD has been found to lead preferentially to a. and x fragment ions (CαC backbone cleavage) arising from the dissociation of oxidized radical anions [M−nH](n−1)−.. We demonstrate that CαC cleavages, which are otherwise rarely observed in tandem mass spectrometry, can account for most of the backbone fragmentation, with even‐electron x fragments dominating over radical a. ions. Ab initio calculations at the B3 LYP level of theory with the 6‐311+G(2 p,2 d)//6‐31+G(d,p) basis set suggested a unidirectional mechanism for EDD (cleavage always N‐terminal to the radical site), with a., x formation being favored over a, x. fragmentation by 74.2 kJ mol−1. Thus, backbone CαC bonds N‐terminal to proline residues should be immune to EDD, in agreement with the observations. EDD may find application in mass spectrometry for such tasks as peptide sequencing and localization of labile post‐translational modifications, for example, those introduced by sulfation and phosphorylation. EDD can now be performed not only in Fourier transform mass spectrometry, but also in far more widely used quadrupole (Paul) ion traps.
Is It Possible To Get High TC Magnets with Prussian Blue Analogues? A Theoretical Prospect
Authors: Ruiz Eliseo , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Alvarez Santiago , Verdaguer Michel
Published: January 2005

Theoretical methods based on density functional theory have been employed to search for Prussian blue analogues with Curie temperatures higher than the ones reached today. Our study suggests several possible cyano‐bridged compounds as candidates to present stronger exchange coupling and higher ordering temperatures than the well known CrIIIVII derivatives.
Stereoselective Allyl Amine Synthesis through Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc and [1,3]‐Chirality Transfer: Synthesis of Lentiginosine and Polyoxamic Acid Derivative
Authors: Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Ito Takashi , Isobe Minoru
Published: January 2005

A new synthetic method for the preparation of allyl amines has been developed. The key steps of this method are enantioselective addition of diethylzinc and [1,3]‐chirality transfer through the [3.3] sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl cyanates. Stereocontrolled syntheses of lentiginosine (1) and polyoxamic acid derivative 2 from a common intermediate 7 derived from D‐tartaric acid (8), have been accomplished.
Catalytic, Asymmetric Aza‐Baylis–Hillman Reaction of N‐Sulfonated Imines with Activated Olefins by Quinidine‐Derived Chiral Amines
Authors: Shi Min , Xu Yong‐Mei , Shi Yong‐Ling
Published: January 2005

The chiral nitrogen Lewis base, tricyclic cinchona alkaloid derivative TQO, is an effective promoter in the catalytic, asymmetric aza‐Baylis–Hillman reaction of N‐sulfonated imines ArCHNR′ 1 (R′ = Ts, Ms, Ns, SES) with various activated olefins such as methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK), acrolein, methyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, or α‐naphthyl acrylate to give the corresponding adducts in moderate to good yields with good to high ee (up to 99 %) at −30 °C or 45 °C in various solvents, including DMF/MeCN (1:1, v/v). The first such reaction of 1 with the simplest Michael acceptor MVK and methyl acrylate has been achieved with excellent enantioselectivity. The adducts derived from MVK and EVK had the opposite absolute configuration to those from acrolein, methyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, and α‐naphthyl acrylate. A plausible mechanism has been proposed on the basis of previous reports and the authors’ investigations. An effective bifunctional chiral nitrogen Lewis base–Brønsted acid system has been revealed in this type of aza‐Baylis–Hillman reaction.
Resolution of Seven‐Coordinate Complexes
Authors: Lennartson Anders , Vestergren Marcus , Håkansson Mikael
Published: January 2005

The crystal structures of [Pr(dbm)3H2O] (1), [Sm(dbm)3H2O] (2), and [Er(dbm)3H2O] (3) have been determined (dbm=dibenzoylmethane). They display seven‐coordinate propeller‐shaped molecules, which are chiral and crystallize as conglomerates in space group R3. Analysis of the crystal structures reveals supramolecular interactions, including formation of a quadruple helix, which explain how stereochemical information can be transferred between stacks of molecules. A method to quantify the ee in bulk samples of stereochemically labile compounds by using solid‐state CD spectroscopy is described. Using this method, it has been shown that compounds 1–3 undergo total spontaneous resolution directly after synthesis, forming a microcrystalline reaction product that is essentially enantiopure. The resolution of bulk quantities of seven‐coordinate complexes (without chiral or polydentate ligands) is thus reported for the first time. Because the crystallization starts without seeding, the overall preparation may be regarded as absolute asymmetric synthesis.
Design and DNA Binding of an Extended Triple‐Stranded Metallo‐supramolecular Cylinder
Authors: Uerpmann Carsten , Malina Jaroslav , Pascu Mirela , Clarkson Guy J. , Moreno Virtudes , Rodger Alison , Grandas Anna , Hannon Michael J.
Published: January 2005

A new tetracationic triple‐stranded supramolecular cylinder is prepared from a bis(pyridylimine) ligand containing a diphenylmethane and two ketimine groups in the spacer. The cylinder is longer and slightly wider than the corresponding cylinder containing just diphenylmethane spacers. Inter‐strand CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions are not observed and this affects the relay of the chiral information within the cylinder; a mixture ofracandmesoisomers results, with themesoisomer being the dominant solution species and characterised in the solid state by crystallography. This new cylinder does bind to DNA as confirmed by induced circular dichroism signals in both the metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and in‐ligand bands of the cylinder. Flow linear dichroism demonstrates that the cylinder binds to DNA in a specific orientation(s) and is consistent with (major) groove‐binding as seen for the shorter cylinder. Some DNA bending/coiling is observed but the effect is much less dramatic than observed for the cylinder with diphenylmethane spacers confirming that coiling is not solely a consequence of the tetracationic charge, but rather is related to the precise size and shape of the cylinder.
Joining up the solutions: the rhetoric and practice of inter‐agency cooperation
Authors: Webb Rosemary , Vulliamy Graham
Published: January 2005

A three‐year project placed home‐school support workers in secondary schools. The intention was that they should work closely at operational level with other agencies to provide a cohesive local authority response to the needs of disaffected and excluded youngsters. Crucial distinctions emerged between project constraints, possibilities and benefits for agency personnel in the school‐focused agencies and those external to the school. In relation to the external agencies, support workers fulfilled predominantly an information gathering and sharing role whereby they joined up the solutions of disparate agencies, whereas very effective forms of cooperation developed with the school‐focused agencies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Childhood risks and protective factors in social exclusion
Authors: Bynner John
Published: January 2005

Combating social exclusion is a dominant theme in the current policy agenda. Yet the term social exclusion is of relatively recent origin. It was promoted originally in France in policy debates surrounding disability (Evans, 2000) and through theoretical developments in sociology and political science about the increasing detachment of certain individuals and groups from the state in late modernity (Beck and others, 1994). A quite different and more long‐standing research tradition is to be found in developmental psychology—respectively in the sub‐fields of ‘developmental psychopathology’ (Rutter, 1993) and ‘life course theory and lifespan developmental psychology’ (Elder and others 1993, 1998a&b; Lerner,1998; Lerner and others, 2000). The two themes come together in the idea of risk: Which children are most vulnerable to adult psychiatric disorders or criminality? Which children are likely to become socially excluded as adults? A dialogue between risk and social exclusion is likely to be fruitful in bringing together large and diverse research literatures combining both explanatory and intervention studies to bear on a central problem of modern society. The purpose of this paper is to begin such a task, but selectively, focusing on the main themes of research, as illuminated by key findings. The paper concludes with a consideration of recent policy initiatives to combat social exclusion, in which the ideas of risk and protection have a central place. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of Novel Thiadiazolo‐Ferrocene Derivatives
Authors: Shang Yong‐Jia , Wu De‐Lin , Wang Yan‐Ling , Shen Liang‐Jun
Published: January 2005

Three novel thiadiazolo‐ferrocence derivatives containing long chain alkyl group were synthesized and characterized. The voltammetric behaviour of these thiadaizolo‐ferrocene derivatives was studied on gold electrode (diameter 1 mm) in CH2Cl2/0.2 mol/L tetra‐n‐butylammonium hexafluorophosphate. The influence of β‐cyclodextrin on the voltammetric behaviour of the compounds was also studied.
Study on the Interaction between Pefloxacin Mesylate and Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Tan Fei , Wen Xian‐Hong , Guo Ming , Yi Shuai , Ma Guo‐Zheng , Yu Qing‐Sen
Published: January 2005

The binding characteristics of pefloxacin mesylate (PFLX) and human serum albumin (HSA) have been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy in aqueous solution, and the interaction influenced by copper(II) was also explored in the paper. The results show that the two reaction equilibrium constant and the number of binding sites were K=1.7×105 L·mol−1, n=1.05 for PFLX and K=1.61×105 L·mol−1, n=1.5 for PFLX‐Cu2+, respectively. The quenching mechanism of fluorescence of HSA by PFLX is a static quenching procedure. The binding distance between PFLX and HSA and the energy transfer efficiency were obtained based on the theory of Förster spectroscopy energy transfer. The effect of pefloxacin mesylate on the conformation of HSA has also been analyzed by using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. The interaction of PFLX and HSA have been studied by flow‐mixed microcalorimetry in the absence and presence of copper(II), and their thermodynamic parameters were obtained. The enthalpy change and the entropy change were calculated to be ΔH≈0, ΔS>0 in the absence of copper(II), indicating that hydrophobic forces played major role in the interaction between PFLX and HSA, and to be ΔH<0, ΔS>>0 in the presence of copper(II), indicated that the static forces played major role in the reaction. The molar free energy changes of the two reactions are identical with each other because the entropy‐enthalpy compensation happened between the two reactions.
Molecular Recognition of Chiral Zinc Porphyrin with Amino Acid Esters
Authors: Wang Shu‐Jun , Ruan Wen‐Juan , Zhao Xiao‐Jing , Luo Dai‐Bing , Zhu Zhi‐Ang
Published: January 2005

One kind of novel chiral porphyrin and its zinc complex were synthesized and characterized. The molecular recognition of chiral zinc porphyrin towards amino acid esters in CHCl3 was investigated by UV‐vis spectral titration method. The associative constants of the molecular recognition reactions were all KD>KL and followed the order of K(PheOMe)>K(LeuOMe)>K(ValOMe)>K(AlaOMe) in host (Zn(L‐BocTyr)TAPP). Circular dichroism spectra were used to explain chiral molecular recognition. The minimal energy conformation of host‐guest molecular system was sought by molecular dynamics method. The molecular recognition process of this host‐guest system was calculated by quantum chemistry and the results were explained by the experiments
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Host‐Guest Complexes of 2‐Naphthyl‐(OCH2CH2)n‐adamantanamines with Mono‐6‐O‐p‐nitrobenzoyl‐β‐cyclodextrin and Mono‐6‐O‐m‐nitrobenzoyl‐β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Wu Qi‐Hua , Zhu Man‐Zhou , Wei Su‐Jun , Liu Lei , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: January 2005

A number of naphthalene donor compounds that possess an adamantanamine binding moiety and an (OCH2CH2)n (n=1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8) spacer were synthesized. The fluorescence quenching between these donor substrates and mono‐6‐O‐p‐nitrobenzoyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (pNBCD) and mono‐6‐O‐m‐nitrobenzoyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (mNBCD) was studied in detail. It was found that very efficient fluorescence quenching could occur in these supramolecular systems. This quenching was attributed to the photoinduced electron transfer inside the supramolecular assembly between the naphthalene donors and cyclodextrin acceptors. Detailed Stern‐Volmer constants were measured and they were partitioned into dynamic Stern‐Volmer quenching constants and static binding constants. It was demonstrated that the binding constants between all the naphthalene compounds and cyclodextrins are the same as they possess the same binding site, i.e., adamantanamine.
Breast carcinoma chemoprevention in the community setting
Authors: Brewster Abenaa M. , Christo Dana K. , Lai Hong , Helzlsouer Kathy
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women who are at both high risk for breast carcinoma and low risk for adverse events should receive counseling regarding tamoxifen for chemoprevention. Estimates of the risks and benefits of tamoxifen based on results from clinical trials may not reflect the real‐world experience. The authors determined the prevalence of women in a community‐based cohort who would meet the definition of high risk for breast carcinoma and calculated the number of women needed to screen to determine one for whom the benefits of tamoxifen would outweigh the risks. Baseline incidence also was examined for adverse health events in this community‐based cohort compared with participants in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial.

METHODS

The study participants were women ages 40–70 years (n = 6048 women) who were members of the CLUE II cohort, which started in 1989, and who responded to questionnaire surveys in 1996 and 2000.

RESULTS

Eighteen percent of all women had a 5‐year risk of invasive breast carcinoma ≥ 1.66%. The number of women needed to screen to find 1 woman for whom the benefits outweighed the risks of tamoxifen ranged from 26 women ages 40–49 years to 142 women ages 60–70 years. For women who had undergone a hysterectomy, the numbers needed to screen were lower. Baseline incidence rates of fracture and thromboembolic disease were higher in the community‐based cohort compared with the rates observed among prevention trial participants; thus, fewer women had to be treated with tamoxifen to prevent one fracture. However, fewer women in the community also had to be treated to observe harm with a thromboembolic event.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians who counsel women about tamoxifen should take into consideration community‐level risks and benefits. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Neighborhood composition and incidence of cancer among Hispanics in the United States
Authors: Eschbach Karl , Mahnken Jonathan D. , Goodwin James S.
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Hispanics in the United States have a 33% lower age‐adjusted incidence of cancer and a 38% lower cancer mortality rate compared with non‐Hispanic whites. This may be secondary to health behaviors that vary with residential and economic assimilation. The authors investigated whether cancer incidence among Hispanics increased with residential and economic assimilation into mainstream culture.

METHODS

Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER) and the U.S. Census Bureau were used to compare cancer incidence rates and rate ratios as a function of percentage of Hispanics and income of Hispanics in a census tract. Type of cancer was identified with a site recode variable in the SEER data set. Cases with in situ prostate and cervical carcinoma were excluded. Hispanic ethnicity in SEER was identified by medical record review and Hispanic surname lists. The study also used income of Hispanics living in the census tract, age at diagnosis, and stratification by gender.

RESULTS

The incidence of breast, colorectal, and lung carcinoma among Hispanics increased as the percentage of Hispanics in the census tract decreased and as tract Hispanic income increased. For example, there was a 39% reduction in breast carcinoma and a 38% reduction in male colorectal carcinoma when the Hispanic population in high‐density Hispanic neighborhoods in the lowest income quartile was contrasted to Hispanics living in tracts with the lowest total percentage of Hispanics in the highest income quartile.

CONCLUSIONS

The lower cancer rates among Hispanics relative to non‐Hispanic whites in the United States may dissipate as Hispanics become more assimilated into the mainstream society. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Detection of recurrence in childhood solid tumors
Authors: Howell Lisa , Mensah Adjoa , Brennan Bernadette , Makin Guy
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Frequent follow‐up and regular investigation are routine in pediatric oncology. However, there is little evidence regarding their value in the detection of recurrent disease.

METHODS

The authors carried out a retrospective study of the follow‐up of 186 children with solid tumors who were diagnosed between 1992 and 1996. The numbers of clinic visits, follow‐up investigations, and (if appropriate) the mode of recurrence detection were recorded.

RESULTS

The mean follow‐up was 5.9 years. During this time, 37 recurrences were detected, symptomatically in 54% of patients, by routine investigation in 30% of patients, and at routine clinic appointment in 16% of patients. It was calculated that routine magnetic resonance imaging detected 1 recurrence for every 42 scans performed, routine computed tomography detected 1 recurrence for every 129 scans performed, and routine chest radiography detected 1 recurrence for every 257 films.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results raise questions regarding the usefulness of such follow‐up in children with solid tumors. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Distribution of estrogen receptor alpha mRNA in the brain and inner ear of a vocal fish with comparisons to sites of aromatase expression
Authors: Forlano Paul M. , Deitcher David L. , Bass Andrew H.
Published: January 2005

Among vertebrates, teleost fish have the greatest capacity for estrogen production in the brain. Previously, we characterized the distribution of the estrogen‐synthesizing enzyme aromatase in the brain of the midshipman fish. Here, we investigated the distribution of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). A partial cDNA of ERα was cloned and used to generate midshipman‐specific primers for RT and real‐time PCR which identified transcripts in liver and ovary, the CNS, and the sensory epithelium of the main auditory endorgan (sacculus). In situ hybridization revealed abundant expression throughout the preoptic area, a vocal‐acoustic site in the hypothalamus, amygdala homologs of the dorsal pallium, the pineal organ, the inner ear, the pituitary, and the ovary. Weaker expression was found in the midbrain's nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and in the dimorphic vocal motor nucleus. ERα expression in the pineal, gonad, and pituitary axis may function to time seasonal abiotic cues to reproductive state, while expression in the vocal motor and auditory systems support neurophysiological evidence for estrogen as a modulator of vocal motor and auditory encoding mechanisms in midshipman fish. While ERα is restricted to specific nuclei, aromatase expression is abundant in glial cells throughout the entire forebrain, and high in midbrain and hindbrain – spinal vocal regions. The only site of aromatase‐containing neurons is in the peripheral auditory system, where it is localized to ganglion cells in the auditory nerve. Estrogen production proximal to ERα‐positive neurons may provide for focal sites of estrogen effects on reproductive‐, vocal‐, and auditory‐related neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:91–113, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategies for the efficient exploitation of loop‐level parallelism in Java
Authors: Oliver José , Guitart Jordi , Ayguadé Eduard , Navarro Nacho , Torres Jordi
Published: January 2005

This paper analyzes the overheads incurred in the exploitation of loop‐level parallelism using Java Threads and proposes some code transformations that minimize them. The transformations avoid the intensive use of Java Threads and reduce the number of classes used to specify the parallelism in the application (which reduces the time for class loading). The use of such transformations results in promising performance gains that may encourage the use of Java for exploiting loop‐level parallelism in the framework of OpenMP. On average, the execution time for our synthetic benchmarks is reduced by 50% from the simplest transformation when eight threads are used. The paper explores some possible enhancements to the Java threading API oriented towards improving the application–runtime interaction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interceptors for Java Remote Method Invocation
Authors: Narasimhan N. , Moser L. E. , Melliar‐Smith P. M.
Published: January 2005

An interceptor is a software mechanism that provides the hooks that are needed to introduce additional code dynamically into the execution path of an application. By exploiting interceptors, developers can enhance and potentially modify the behavior of an application at runtime without having to revise or recompile the application code. We have identified three distinct interception points for the Java Remote Method Invocation (JavaRMI) model, at the proxy level, the transport level and the shared library level of the JavaRMI model. The interceptors implemented at these interception points employ the DynamicProxy API, the RMISocketFactory API, and a library mediation approach, respectively. Our interceptor implementations are novel in that they are transparent to the application, add nominal latency overheads and are easy to deploy, requiring only minimal modifications to the application. We describe how the interceptors can be exploited to introduce additional services (such as logging and profiling mechanisms) to the JavaRMI runtime. In particular, we describe the use of interceptors in the Aroma System to enhance the existing JavaRMI model with support for fault‐tolerance through the consistent replication of JavaRMI objects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐performance file I/O in Java: Existing approaches and bulk I/O extensions
Authors: Bonachea Dan , Dickens Phillip , Thakur Rajeev
Published: January 2005

There is a growing interest in using Java as the language for developing high‐performance computing applications. To be successful in the high‐performance computing domain, however, Java must not only be able to provide high computational performance, but also high‐performance I/O. In this paper, we first examine several approaches that attempt to provide high‐performance I/O in Java—many of which are not obvious at first glance—and evaluate their performance on two parallel machines, the IBM SP and the SGI Origin2000. We then propose extensions to the Java I/O library that address the deficiencies in the Java I/O API and improve performance dramatically. The extensions add bulk (array) I/O operations to Java, thereby removing much of the overhead currently associated with array I/O in Java. We have implemented the extensions in two ways: in a standard JVM using the Java Native Interface (JNI) and in a high‐performance parallel dialect of Java called Titanium. We describe the two implementations and present performance results that demonstrate the benefits of the proposed extensions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DISCOVER: An environment for Web‐based interaction and steering of high‐performance scientific applications
Authors: Mann V. , Matossian V. , Muralidhar R. , Parashar M.
Published: January 2005

This paper presents the design, implementation, and deployment of the DISCOVER Web‐based computational collaboratory. Its primary goal is to bring large distributed simulations to the scientists'/engineers' desktop by providing collaborative Web‐based portals for monitoring, interaction and control. DISCOVER supports a three‐tier architecture composed of detachable thin‐clients at the front‐end, a network of interaction servers in the middle, and a control network of sensors, actuators, and interaction agents at the back‐end. The interaction servers enable clients to connect and collaboratively interact with registered applications using a browser. The application control network enables sensors and actuators to be encapsulated within, and directly deployed with the computational objects. The application interaction gateway manages overall interaction. It uses Java Native Interface to create Java proxies that mirror computational objects and allow them to be directly accessed at the interaction server. Security and authentication are provided using customizable access control lists and SSL‐based secure servers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depressive deficits and bias: a direct comparison of two implicit measures of memory
Authors: Caseley‐Rondi Glenys , Gemar Michael , Segal Zindel
Published: January 2005

Repeated findings of depressive deficits and mood‐congruent biases on explicit measures of memory have lent much support to cognitive models of depression. However, studies to date have been inconclusive with respect to such deficits or biases on implicit measures. Given current assertions that implicit use of memory is far more pervasive than explicit use, clarification of these issues has important implications for our understanding of cognitive factors in clinical depression and its treatment. We consider both these issues, and, in particular, we follow up the suggestion by Roediger and McDermott (1992) that conceptually driven implicit measures of memory are more appropriate to detect depressive bias than those that are typically used, which are perceptually driven. In this study we directly compare the memory performance of 24 clinically depressed patients with 24 nondepressed controls on a perceptually driven implicit task (fragment completion) and a comparable task that is more conceptually driven (cued fragment completion). Although depressive deficits were obtained on both these measures, no bias was revealed. We consider alternative research designs for clarification of these findings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting health distress and at‐risk sexual behaviour in a group of Italian asymptomatic HIV‐infected people
Authors: Sica Claudio , Novara Caterina , Carosi Giampiero , Casari Salvatore , Dorz Stella , Nasta Paola , Sanavio Ezio
Published: January 2005

One hundred and one asymptomatic seropositive subjects (66% intravenous drug users, 22% heterosexuals and 12% homosexuals) were evaluated on demographic, medical and behavioral variables, using the Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced and Medical Outcomes Study— HIV, together with questions on perceived social support. The homosexuals, those using coping strategies involving poor control of the situation, those with fewer years of seropositivity and the younger and less educated subjects more frequently adopted at‐risk sexual behavior. Avoidance and problem‐oriented strategies were predictive of health distress, whereas a positive attitude and the search for support appeared to offer some degree of protection against stress. No medical variable among those considered turned out to be linked to health distress. This study suggests that, in asymptomatic seropositive people, coping and social support are essential in managing the disease and of moderate importance in predicting at‐risk sexual behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of a supervised self‐help programme for bulimic disorders
Authors: Bell Lorraine , Hodder Lindsay
Published: January 2005

Self‐help programmes are recommended as cost‐effective initial interventions for the treatment of bulimic disorders. This is a report of the effectiveness of such a programme in routine clinical practice. Twenty‐one patients completed the programme and both pre‐ and post‐ measures. Patients were treated in a secondary mental health setting over an 11‐month period from July 1998 to June 1999. Outcome was assessed using standardized measures and records of symptom levels and drop‐out rates. Significant improvements in depression, bulimic symptom and severity were observed. Multi‐impulsive clients (as indicated by clinically significant scores on bingeing and two other areas of impulsivity) had similar levels of bulimia but higher depression scores pre‐treatment. They made significant gains in most areas but, despite reduction in depression scores, remained significantly depressed. They also made less improvement in disordered attitudes than non‐impulsive clients. A global measure of motivation did not predict drop‐out or outcome though numbers were small. Patients who used Getting Better Bit(e) by Bit(e) and received motivational enhancement sessions made a greater reduction in fasting behaviour and were less likely to drop out than those who used a more standard CBT programme, but these results could be due to other factors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: Geremia Gina M. , Neziroglu Fugen
Published: January 2005

The present investigation was the first to evaluate cognitive therapy alone to treat body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Four patients with BDD were treated with cognitive therapy based upon Beck's (1967) model. A single‐subject multiple baseline design was used in which each subject served as his or her own control. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two conditions in which the duration of baseline and follow‐up differed. Dependent measures included the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder, the Body Satisfaction Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Overvalued Ideas Scale. Three of the four patients reported statistically significant reductions in depression, anxiety, and dissatisfaction with their body parts. Two patients showed statistically significant decreases in body dysmorphic obsessions and compulsions. Two subjects reported statistically significant reductions in overvalued ideas. While the results show promise for the use of cognitive therapy in the treatment of BDD, further investigation is required. Further research is also recommended to directly compare exposure plus response prevention to cognitive restructuring and to evaluate their additive effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychotherapy quality control: the statistical generation of expected recovery curves for integration into an early warning system
Authors: Finch Arthur E. , Lambert Michael J. , Schaalje Bruce G.
Published: January 2005

The results of the development of expected recovery curves for an empirically driven patient profiling system are presented. Patients undergoing a course of psychotherapy (N = 11 492) repeatedly took the Outcome Questionnaire‐45 (OQ‐45). Scores across all patients were combined into an aggregate dataset for use in generating expected recovery curves based on severity of symptoms at intake. SAS PROC MIXED was used to create a mixed linear model of recovery curves based on OQ‐45 scores across sessions and the log transformation of session number. Mean estimates were established for each session from one to 20. Tolerance intervals were then created around each estimated mean score. Expected recovery curves were combined with tolerance intervals to create an early warning system capable of identifying patients whose slow progress suggests that they might be expected to have a negative therapy outcome (terminate treatment prior to obtaining a clinically significant benefit). Current efforts to establish a systematic quality improvement procedure using these curves are discussed. Charts of expected recovery values are plotted, and a straightforward system of patient profiling, early identification of treatment failures, and feedback to clinicians is described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dialectical behaviour therapy as a treatment for deliberate self‐harm: case studies from a high security psychiatric hospital population
Authors: Low Gail , Jones David , Duggan Conor , MacLeod Andrew , Power Mick
Published: January 2005

Deliberate self‐harm has recently assumed increasing importance in outpatient clinics, accident and emergency units, and psychiatric settings. One approach that has been shown to be effective in randomly controlled clinical trials is Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993). DBT is a cognitive‐behavioural approach developed for Borderline Personality Disorder, the criteria of which include suicidal attempts, threats and gestures, as well as impulsive behaviour, including deliberate self‐harm. We assessed the efficacy of DBT in a high security psychiatric setting, where deliberate self‐harm is particularly common among the women patients. From the group of patients who participated in the therapy (N = 15), three cases were identified which illustrate the application of DBT, and which highlight specific strategies and their uses in different situations. Specific strategies which were most useful involved the skills training of Distress Tolerance, and Emotion Regulation. DBT is an holistic approach, addressing problematic thoughts as well as behaviour, and the package of skills taught can be considered particularly useful in regulating emotions and alleviating some of the distress experienced by individuals who engage in this behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wording effects in the Italian version of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Authors: Meloni Fiammetta , Gana Kamel
Published: January 2005

The aim of the present study was to present an Italian version of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), describe its factorial structure, and verify wording effects probably due to the presence of negatively keyed items. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a model containing trait and method factors. This means that the measure is likely to be contaminated by method effects. Thus, the relevance of negatively worded items in the PSWQ is questioned. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Cyanocyclopentadienyl)potassium and ‐cesium
Authors: Herdtweck Eberhardt , Köhler Frank H. , Mölle Rüdiger
Published: January 2005

(Cyanocyclopentadienyl)potassium and ‐cesium have been synthesized and subsequently characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structure determinations, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy in solution as well as by 133Cs NMR spectroscopy in solution and the solid‐state. Both salts crystallize in zigzag chains which are crosslinked differently through the cyano substituents. There is significant distortion of the cyanocyclopentadienide ion toward a fulvalene‐like structure because the alkali‐metal ions do not only interact with the five‐membered ring but also with the cyano groups. The 133Cs NMR spectra reflect the bending of the [CpCsCp]– fragments of the chains. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Oligopeptide Foldamers: From Structure to Function
Authors: Licini Giulia , Prins Leonard J. , Scrimin Paolo
Published: January 2005

Peptides may constitute important scaffolds for the construction of supramolecules. They can also provide critical elements that impart peculiar conformational properties to the molecule that can be exploited for carrying out specific functions, including catalysis. This microreview highlights recent advances in the field. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
On the performance of cooperative relaying protocols in wireless networks
Authors: Zimmermann Ernesto , Herhold Patrick , Fettweis Gerhard
Published: January 2005

Cooperative relaying recently emerged as a viable option for future wireless networks. By simultaneously exploiting path loss savings known from relaying scenarios and the diversity inherent to any scheme involving spatially separated transmitters, this technique is able to leverage gains from both relaying and spatial diversity techniques. In this paper, we study different cooperative relaying protocols and compare their performance with that of direct transmission and conventional relaying. We investigate under which conditions the developed techniques provide gains over other approaches. Our results confirm that cooperative relaying is an effective means of enhancing the performance of wireless systems whenever temporal and frequency diversity is scarce. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.
Institutionalization of demented elderly: the role of caregiver characteristics
Authors: Pot Anne Margriet , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Knipscheer Cees P. M.
Published: January 2005

Background

Three sets of caregiver characteristics were examined with respect to their explanatory value for institutionalization of demented elderly people: commitment to the caregiving relationship, psychological distress, and personality traits.

Method

Logistic regression was used to test whether these caregiver characteristics were risk factors for institutionalization of demented elderly people in the first year after baseline measurement (N = 138). Control variables were caregivers' sex, age and education.

Results

The results showed the importance of commitment to the caregiving relationship, indicated by type of relationship between caregiver and care recipient. Demented people cared for by non‐spouses were more likely to be institutionalized as compared to those cared for by spouses. For non‐spouse care‐givers, being more extravert increased the likelihood of institutional placement, whereas for spouse caregivers perceiving more pressure from informal increased this likelihood.

Conclusions

These findings are in agreement with the assumption that non‐spouses are less strongly committed to the caregiving relationship as compared to spouses. Results were independent from elders' impairment in cognitive functioning and (Instrumental) Activities of Daily Living. Caregivers' psychopathology was not a risk factor at all, which is a matter of concern, regarding the consequences for caregivers' own health and health‐care utilization, but also for their treatment of the demented elder. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Care management and the care programme approach: towards integration in old age mental health services
Authors: Hughes Jane , Stewart Karen , Challis David , Darton Robin , Weiner Kate
Published: January 2005

Objective

To examine the relationship between care management arrangements and the Care Programme Approach (CPA) in the context of old age mental health services and, particularly, dementia services.

Method

The information reported is from a national study of care management arrangements, funded by the Department of Health. A response rate of 77% was obtained from local authority social services departments.

Results

In old age mental health services over half of the respondents reported joint screening arrangements for health and social care, almost four‐fifths reported both joint criteria for the allocation of key workers and a clear definition of monitoring responsibilities. Of the latter over two‐fifths were reported as being the same in care management and the CPA. Forty‐six per cent of respondents provided a specialist service for people with dementia. Three‐fifths of respondents reported that they did not apply CPA to people with dementia who were in receipt of care management or did so in less than 20% of cases. Where the CPA was applied it was more likely that a priority would be accorded to care management. A quarter of respondents reported the shared use of assessment documentation for people with dementia.

Discussion

The findings are set in the context of service developments to date and the implementation of the two systems of community based coordinated care for older people with mental health problems. Inter‐authority variations are noted and the potential for greater service integration within the current legislative framework assessed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence and outcome of depression and dementia in Botany's elderly population
Authors: Snowdon J. , Lane F.
Published: January 2005

Background

Large epidemiological studies of adult populations have reported depression to be less prevalent in old age than among younger adults, whereas studies limited to older persons have reported rates that vary considerably, some showing high rates of depression. There was, therefore, reason to check data from a study that reported high rates, and to review evidence in relation to diagnosis and outcome.

Method

Re‐examination of data from a 1985 survey of elderly people living at home (n = 146). Depression and cognitive impairment were also assessed in a local hostel (n = 42) and nursing home (n = 74). DSM diagnoses were made by an old age psychiatrist. In the nursing home, 23 other residents could not respond to interview questions but were considered to have severe dementia. Subjects in all three settings were followed up after 4 years.

Results

Seven community subjects (4.5%; confidence interval 1.3–8.3%) and three in residential care fulfilled criteria for major depression. The estimated total prevalence of depressive disorders among elderly in Botany was between 13.0 and 13.6% (4.6% major depression, 3.6% dementia with depression, 5.4% other depressive disorders). In 1985, the prevalence of dementia among those living at home was 11%. Four‐year mortality in the dementia cases was 60%.

Conclusions

Botany has a high prevalence of dementia and depression among elderly people. The recent cross‐age. Australian study of mental health and well‐being provided an inaccurate report concerning the pattern of mental disorders in old age. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.