bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supporting Semantic Meaning in The View of Kufa Grammarians
Authors: شريف شيلان فتحي
Published: November 2023

The verbal factor occupied a wide field in linguistics, and the claim of Ibn Madha’a Al Qurtubi to dismiss it was one of the strongest responses to the grammarians. This research discusses the semantic factor that did not get enough attention, so I decided to approach it exclusively from the Kufi’s grammarian’s vision for flexibility purposes in the language ideology that needs some renewals occasionally. The parse symbols grabbed my attention while I was flipping between the pages of Arabic language books. These symbols appear with the Kufi’s’ parse without the verbal factor, meaning without explicit or implicit tools. This language phenomenon appeared in specific Kufi’s grammarian’s context that Basrans did not believe in. Basrans referred to it as implicit lexical. Two of the Kufi’s’ terms are “Sarf” and “Khilaf”. Some scholars are confused between them_as it will be discussed_ As the study tried to root each term and attribute it to its author, the details of each of them and its evidence from the Qur’anic verses and the speech of Arabs in poetry and prose, from the Arabic scholars the term came in the context of his words, and we have been accustomed to mentioning the position of the visuals in responding to the opinion of the Kufi’s by appreciating the verbal factor. And all of this required us to dedicate this study to the moral factor and be supportive for it for the Kufi’s. Research problem: The problem of the research is summarized in the presence of parse symbols that occur in issues of the Kufi’s grammar and the presence of a verbal factor that is without explicit or implicit tools. Also, there are not enough studies about this aspect. Research questions: 1. How to solve the problem of “Khilaf” in the semantic factor? 2. Did the Kufi’s decide to eventually convert from the factor theory? Research Purpose: Based on preceding information and questions, new goals and desires emerged to explain the following: 1. Practical promotion for the term “Semantic factor” 2. Explanation of the role of the semantic factor to explain some of the parse symbols. Research Importance: Achieve the expected goals of encouraging the linguistic medium to decrease the use of the verbal factor as Qutrub says: “ The speaker who will do Raff’a, Nasb, and Jarr. Research Methodology: The methodology used in the research is descriptive and analytic.
The Role of Needs Analysis in Designing a Digital Syllabus for EFL Undergraduate Programs
Authors: Abdulqader Gorani Adnan Abdulkareem , Ghafor Omar Fouad
Published: November 2023

The present study is entitled “The Role of Needs Analysis in Designing a Digital Syllabus for EFL Undergraduate Programs”. The main aim of this study is to explore the factors that should be considered in designing a digital syllabus for EFL undergraduate programs. Therefore, the study has set up two instruments to investigate the EFL undergraduate students’ views at Mosul University through a questionnaire. According to the outcomes and the interpretation that were made throughout this study, EFL teachers and students ratify the significance of the role of the needs analysis for any trend of new syllabus design. However, an inadequate consideration of the needs of EFL students has been taken. So, there are recommendations raised through this study for the universities around Iraq to guarantee more consideration for the needs of EFL student before designing and developing any new digital syllabuses. In addition, the capacity needed, and the required training for the adaptation of digital should be taken to enhance and to give more readiness to the universities to improve the teaching experience and skills for both teachers and students to allow them to use digital educational platforms more effectively. Finally, the study endorsed the usefulness and the effectiveness of the digital syllabuses that were implemented in Mosul and Duhok universities. The applications of Google Classroom as digital syllabuses were effectively invested for different aspects of the students learning process. On the other hand, this study reveals many challenges that EFL teachers and students are facing while using digital syllabuses. In one word, it can be said that digital syllabuses and digital platforms are effective, but it requires more consideration of the EFL students’ capacity and skills. Also, the factors that affect the application of such syllabuses should be very carefully taken into the account
The structure of introductory content in the Shahnameh
Authors: Rashid Jihad Shukri , Jalal Zikra Ahmed
Published: November 2023

Writing an introduction is one of the oldest traditions in literary texts of all kinds of prose and poetry. In this introduction, the poet has paid special attention to some cases and the results of this research show that Ferdosi is one of the poets who used different themes and subjects in his introduction Aloz and Begoret for a challenging phenomenon that in this paper we try to analyze the introductory element in terms of content structure in a descriptive-analytical way, to show that Ferdowsi was able to phrase his introduction based on the subject matter of his work In the introduction, express yourself concisely and in the shortest possible time and in the shortest possible phrase, introduce your ultimate goal .
The Main Personality in The Novel "Nights of Adam" by Bayan
Authors: Hassan Mariwan Omer , Arif Ashti Hussein
Published: November 2023

Our research entitled (the main personality in the Novel "Nights of Adam" by Bayan Salman) it studies the main personality in the Novel "Nights of Adam" by Bayan Salman. Since most of the personalities of her novel, it shows the views, issues and difficulties individual in the society. The significance of the paper is illustrating the issues of individual by a writer. We have used the descriptive analysis method. In the beginning descriptive method has been used to demonstrate the theory aspects then the analysis method has been used to analyze the texts. Our research consists of two chapters, in the first chapter (theorized the concepts of the research) which is two sub-parts, the first sub-part is about the personality concept and the second one is about main personality in the aspect of novel. The second chapter (the main personality in the Novel "Nights of Adam" by Bayan Salman) which. describes the main personality in the Novel "Nights of Adam" . So, the result demonstrated in some points, the references and Abstract of the research in Kurdish, Arabic and English have been illustrated.
Perceptions of Iraqi Students about Using WhatsApp for Learning during Covid- 19
Authors: Ahmed Wasan Khalid , Ahmed Ayad Hammood , Ali Zainab Abbodi
Published: November 2023

The spread of Covid-19 virus has complicated the education process as face-to-face communication in class has become more difficult. In light of this issue, the advancement in internet and social media applications has offered a possible and effective substitution for communication and learning between teachers and students. WhatsApp is one form of the social media application that arises to be an easy way to connect teachers and students virtually and an effective method to communicate the visual and written materials to students online. Although 74.5% of the Iraqi people are social media users in January 2020 (Hootsuite & We Are Social, 2020), using WhatsApp as a means for learning is not without issues. This study aims at investigating the frequency of using the application, the effectiveness of the application in the learning process, the preference of using such an application from the students’ perspectives, and the berries that might hinder the use of this application in Iraqi learners’ environment. For these purposes, the data was collected by means of a questionnaire developed based on previous studies in using social media for learning. A random sample of 1200 Iraqi school students were selected from three Iraqi schools. The data were analyzed using SPSS in order to find out the means and frequencies. The findings showed that the majority of students (91.7%) use WhatsApp for educational purposes. Almost two-thirds of students showed preference to use the application in their educational settings in various aspects, such as sharing information and study materials, submitting homework and assignments, discussing study course topics with their classmates or teachers, and enquiring about exams and assignments dates. The findings also showed that a number of barriers limit the use of this application in learning, such as the poor internet connection in certain areas in Iraq, the high cost of smart phones and laptops, and the students’ motivation to use the technology in for education purposes. The findings in this study emphasized the vital role of social media application in the area of education.
Barriers of Oral English Language Learning for Rapparin University Students in Kurdistan Region
Authors: Abubaker Barham Qadir , Aziz Shirwan Sharif , Saadi Alan Slah , Ibrahim Rawezh
Published: November 2023

The ability to speak English fluently is one of the basic prerequisites to be a voice which can be heard in every corner of the world. In other words, learning oral English language has become an essential necessity for humans since individuals are integrated culturally and economically closely. It is crystal clear that what you intend to say highly depends on your oral language proficiency and accuracy which helps the listeners to get your oral messages appropriately. The study sets out a questionnaire which consists 25 closed ended questions that has been taken from The Survey on Barriers of Oral English Learning for College Learners in China by Yuehong Wei1 & Li Zhang 2013 with a little bit of change. The questionnaire distributed to the Kurdish learners of English from first stage to fourth stage randomly at Rapparin University in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The data which collected through the questionnaire has been analyzed via quantitative methods. The purpose of the study is to indicate the barriers of oral English language learning, and their accurate scales among the Kurdish learners of English.
American's Real Propaganda Of Democracy and Freedom In George Packer's Betrayed
Authors: Salih Rifqa Sami , Al-Douri Hamdi Hameed
Published: November 2023

George Packer is one of the American celebrated playwrights of contemporary political drama. He is very much influenced by the recent history of Iraq which is reflected and can be recognized in his works, most notably in his opulent 2008 play Betrayed. It is based on a journal article written for The New Yorker Magazine after Packer's last visit to Iraq during America's invasion of 2003. Betrayed argues many political and social issues, but it focuses heavily on the US's alleged democracy and freedom so as to prove (their lying) and reveal their hidden colonial interests. Packer shows the audience how Iraqis' hope turns suddenly into a disappointment as a result of the tragic actions that have happened instead of stabilization and peace. Thus, their dependence upon America's good intentions make them ultimately look for asylum outside Iraq. Hence, this paper aims at investigating America's false claims and phony promises of democracy and liberty. It also explores their betrayal which is accomplished in pillaging, looting, destructing, militias, murdering, sectarian dividing, and bombing.
Scaffolding as a Teaching Strategy to Improve Students Translation Performance
Authors: Ali Mahir Hussein
Published: November 2023

English as a foreign language classes are characterized by the cooperative nature between the teachers and the learners. Translation classes at university level form no exception since different types of assistance are expected from the teachers to their students while engaged in the varied translation tasks. As a result of teachers realizing the value of the assistance, they must give students activities to make translation assignments easier and progress them to the point where they can complete their translation work independently. The concept of scaffolding has emerged as a central idea in education. Scaffolding strategies form a variety of teachers’ competent means to enable learners move progressively towards better understanding and, ultimately, noticeable independence in the learning/translation process. The current research aims at investigating the role of scaffolding in enhancing learners’ performance in translation by the two-fold approach it has adopted. First, theoretical by attending to a set of topics and topics that are quite pertinent to the concept of scaffolding in education. Second, practical by administering a questionnaire to a sample of 27 teachers of translation so as to validate the following hypothetical points: The use of scaffolding strategies in translation classes at university level, if any; the use of different scaffolding strategies in such classes, and the role of teachers’ gender and the students’ study stage in any differences that might be in the use of the different scaffolding strategies. The results show that scaffolding is used in translation classes at university level, translation teachers use different scaffolding strategies and there is no effect of teachers’ gender and students’ study stage on the use of such strategies in terms of being different from one study stage to another.
The Impact of COVID 19 on Non-verbal Politeness
Authors: Ghaffori Ayhan AbdulMunim
Published: November 2023

In the light of the great changes in the world due to Corona pandemic (henceforth COVID 19), and the weakness of communication imposed by the pandemic, the world has found a way to communicate and overcome the difficulties that people face during communication with the continuation of the pandemic. Even with the pandemic, politeness emerges in its most useful form. It is possible that nonverbal communication can be more effective in the current circumstances. Thus, different types of non-verbal communication are employed to express politeness and courtesy such as: facial expression, eye contact, haptics, proxemics, gestures, etc. These categories of non-verbal communication are of great use for effective social communication. They are expressed and used for different functions such as: to show respect and privacy or to express politeness. Nowadays, these cues are employed in an effective and special way to face the circumstances imposed by Corona pandemic and keep contact with others in a save way with the sense of politeness. This study aims at presenting different categories of non-verbal communication in the light of politeness, It also aims at explaining and analyzing different functions of these cues and showing how these cues are affected by Corona pandemic. It tries to answer the question 'to what extent could Corona pandemic affects the use of certain cues of non-verbal politeness. This study concludes that most of the non-verbal cues are corresponded differently according to the situation to express politeness. Non-verbal politeness is employed extremely to serve the current situation imposed by the pandemic. Non-verbal politeness responds positively to the effects of Corona pandemic.
Loss of Dialect in English-Arabic Translation of Literary Texts: A critical discourse analysis
Authors: Aubed Maan Mohammed
Published: November 2023

This paper addresses the issue of translatability of dialect in the translation of literary texts. It tackles dialect as a means of depicting the identity of the characters in literature. And it sheds light on the relationship between identity and language because using dialect is manifested and related significantly to the social stand of the characters in literary works. The translator of the text under study faces the problem of the existence of a linguistic variety in the original text, which depicts the close connection between the addressee, the means and the context in which it is employed. Hence, the difficulty in translating dialects in literary works is a linguistic problem, as well as a pragmatic and semiotic one, that is the presence of dialect in the text provides meanings and connotations far further than the linguistic level. That is why, in translating and tackling this variety of language, used by the author as a means of characterization or as a social class marker, this variety was standardized and flattened by the translator. The researcher concludes that the presence of dialects in Wuthering Heights adds communicative, stratificational, cultural, and semiotic value to the text. As far as translation is concerned, this forms extra challenges for the translator.
An Investigation into Different Perspectives on the Concept of Celebrity and Celebritized
Authors: Ahmed Avin Hidayat , Faiq Aseel Muhammad
Published: November 2023

Celebrity is the condition of being famous, known and recognized in each community due to the attention given by social media to specific (celebrated) figures. Different notions have been attached to the term like fame, heroism, star, ideology, media, power, and commodity to gain different meanings. A common definition identifies a celebrity with fame. A celebrity is well-known due to their well-knownness. This fame has been ascribed to celebrity figures due to specific positions or achievements (such as Prince William and Prince Harry of the British royal family, Paris Hilton, Miley Cyrus, and so on). The term has taken on new, contemporary definitions that outline a fresh viewpoint in which a celebrity builds their potential for fame not by holding notable positions or accomplishing lofty goals but by setting themselves apart from their rivals in the public eye. The current paper aims to unveil the different meanings of the celebrity concept focusing on the latest identification and highlighting some new terminologies that appeared recently, such as those of 'celebrification' (the process of being a celebrity due to specific achievements, achievement-based fame) and 'celebritization' (the process of being raised to the level of a celebrity due to the media and entertainment, media-driven renown). It is believed that the concept's meaning has been developed greatly throughout history due to mass media advances. Hence worth searching and tracing. The paper ends with the basic conclusion, which states that the meaning has been revised and gives a new definition to the concept of celebrity.
Features of the narrative and the nature of the characters in the works of Joseph Conrad, the novel of “Lord Jim” as a Case Study
Authors: Mahmoud Ihsan Mudhar
Published: November 2023

This study discussed the nature of Conrad's fictional narrative style in forming collective images whose significance varies according to the angle from which he looks, as it directs the readers' attention towards the theoretical issues that he tests in his writings. It represents a kind of intellectual drama involving imaginative language, which assumes that Conrad discovered and tested his literary theories while writing the text, although he does not use critical language easily identifiable in his writings when it comes to establishing his convictions as it is characterized by a lack of clarity of purpose and a kind of philosophical narrative, as described by some critics, the hidden aspects included in the text extend to the reality of the characters and their being, as if they were living in a state of uncertainty, especially in the character of Captain Marlow in Lord Jim's novel.
Description in the narrative collection Manfa and Malakout (Exile and the Kingdom) by Albert Camus / Analytical study
Authors: هرم جابر حسن
Published: November 2023

The research studies the description in an analytical way for the narrative collection of Manfa and Malakout (Exile and the Kingdom) of the great French writer (Albert Camus), whose writings were characterized by vitality and artistic richness. In addition to the novelty in the topics, the research has included an introduction and three sections. The introduction has presented the meaning of description in language and terminology, its functions and its intimate relationship with narration. Then it is followed by a brief summary of the French narrator and novelist (Albert Camus) and the most important joints of his life and literary production, while the first section has dealt with the description restricted to the narration, that is, the descriptive narration, and the description directed by the narration in three modes (simple, complex, and spread). As for the second section, it was for the free description in its three parts (the description indicative of an internal psychological emotion, the paving description of the occurrence of the event, and then the description indicative of the event. As for the third section, it has dealt with the categorical and expressive descriptions based on the precise descriptive details directed to the descriptor, whether it is: (personal, event, or place) and what each one of these descriptive processes confers on aesthetic, artistic, ornamental, illusory, or tempting goals and values. And seductiveness to completely deprive the recipient of the reality and realism of what is read and imagined, or expla.natory and investigative, that surrounds adequate information about the personality, (its intentions, behavior, and actions) and all that surrounds it of materials and objects and shows the indications that resulted from it.
The Words Al-Ghadir and Their Connotations in The Arabic Language
Authors: احمد قاسم فاضل عبد
Published: November 2023

tanawal albahth jameaan li'alfaz alghadir min alkutub alllughawiat walmuejamat alearabiat , waqam bidirasat 'usul tasmiatiha wadalalatiha eind alearab , waqassamtuh ealaa mabhathyn , tanawal almabhath al'awwal 'alfazaan khussat alghadir ean ghayrih min almajamie almayyat , watanawal almabhath alththani 'alfazaan attafaq lafzuha mae al'alfaz almueabbirat ean almajamie almayyat , waqad rattabt kula mawdue ealaa huruf alqamusa .
The ordering of the affixes in the verb structure
Authors: Majeed Aram Rashid
Published: November 2023

The research is entitled (The order of the affixes in the verb structure). The location and ordering of the derivational and inflectional additions attached to the base of words, whether in the lexicon or in the syntactic representation, is one of the issues and matters in morphological and syntactic studies. This problem has led to the emergence of several assumptions and hypothesis to reveal and know the structure of that order and the extent of the proximity and distance of the derivational and inflectional affixes to the base of the word. In order to arrive at that structure and the reasons for the adhesion of these increments to the base, we presented two questions in the research (1) how is the order of the derivational and inflectional affixes in relation to the verb base in the Kurdish language? Which one is the pre/post of the base? (2) How close and remote are the derivational and inflectional affixes for the verb base in the Kurdish language? Which one is closer/furthest from the base structure? In order to find the answer to these two questions, the research was based on morphological hypotheses such as the split-morphology hypothesis and the complexity-based ordering hypothesis. The order and position of the verbs in the Kurdish language are based on the basic properties of the verb, such as (time, direction, place,..), meaning which of the derivational and morphological affixes include those properties whose rank and position are closer to the verb base, and vice versa.
place dystopian in the novel (Anfal in the dinner banquet between God and Satan)
Authors: Ghafour Shno Ahmed
Published: November 2023

The place is an important part of the elements that make the technique and composition within the narrative text. The section of place in the novel always comes fully and effectively with the other features (time, event and character). With these fundamentals lies the importance of the element of place. This research is divided into two main parts, the first part is theoretical only and includes the concept of dystopia in detail and the history of its appearance in general and in the novel in particular, when did it appear? What are the reasons behind the emergence of dystopian literature? As for the second part of the research, it contains the theoretical and practical part, and it talks in general about the element of place and its types, and then its application in the novel (Anfal in the dinner banquet between God and Satan) As the novel is written in the Kurdish language and is considered one of the dystopian novels that talks about the tragedy of Anfal in detail, and we, in turn, in this part emphasize the concept of the place element Its types and application in the mentioned narration. At the end of the research, we reached a number of results, and then a list of footnotes and sources.
A Survey of Code of Surprise’s illocutions in English syntax
Authors: Ahmed Dana Ibrahim
Published: November 2023

Emotionally triggered utterances consist of sentences and phrases which express delight, annoyance and surprise which gather under the general title of expressive speech acts or exclamatives, and deserve a comprehensive study in terms of their semantics, pragmatics, and even audio and acoustic features. The purpose of this paper is to explain and describe the illocutionary features of these types of affective sentences and phrases based on Searle’s theory. The research method is based on the use of library resources and descriptive method. In addition, in this article, the role of intentional power in determining the form and meaning of exclamative sentences and expressions, the distribution of these sentences from the point of view of speech acts and subsequently, the semantic constraints imposed on these sentences and phrases are examined. Finally, it is concluded that exclamative sentences and phrases, or in short, exclamatives, represent a unique category of verbal acts.
The Application of Reichenbach’s Model to the Translation of the Arabic Perfect Verb Forms into English
Authors: Al Huraithi Ammar Ahmed , Al-Ramli Samah Mahmood
Published: November 2023

The paper relies heavily on Reichenbach’s model of time whereby, the verb tense is employed to highlight the moment in which an event occurred in relation to the moment of its description. Tense together with time adverbs and adverbials definitely determine whether an event is reported in the timely chronological order, reversed order , or whether there is a time gap intermingling between the events on the time line or not. This paper addresses the subject-verb dichotomy, tackling the possible problems that translators may encounter in their quest to present successful renderings despite the profound differences between the two languages in the possible sentence patterns, places, order of places and the way of realizing, fitting and ordering elements onto the places. The paper aims primarily at probing deep into the topic by highlighting the characteristics of this subject-verb dichotomy. To achieve the aim, it is hypothesized that: translating the full stretch of the dichotomy poses serious problems for translators and that a sound translation can be given despite the divergencies between Arabic and English. In order to validate the hypotheses and achieve the objectives, a detailed account about the dichotomy is given, the major types, functions and features of the relation are tackled, a group of Arabic-English translation examples are selected and the Chafean Theory is adopted so as to help translators put forth some semantically sound and specially grammatically correct renderings.
Alienation and Estrangement in Gibran Khalil Gibran’s Poems
Authors: حسين ئاري علي , رشيد ئازاد عبدول
Published: November 2023

In this Research we have tried to shed light on the topic of alienation and estrangement in Gibran Khalil Gibran’s poetry, which is of a Lebanese origin (1883 – 1931), and is considered to be one of the prominent poets of Northern Diaspora School. This poet who shook the theme of loss and its repercussions depicted by estrangement and alienation as the cornerstone of his life like a storm that came devastatingly because of the death of his mother and brothers early in his life, living at the time and circumstances when he was a an alienated worker in the United States of America, the bitterness of inner pain which devoured him, agonizing anxiety, self-destruction, impaired and distorted thinking, disturbance of the psychological mood, the conditions of the Lebanese occupation by the Turks, and the consequences of the conflicts that brought calamities to the Arabian countries. The phenomenon of alienation and estrangement has been linked, in our Arabic literature, to the class and bureaucratic tyranny, the absence of freedom, subversive traditions and loss of trust in many systems and principles. In the light of all these difficult circumstances and Gibran’s firm faith and certainty that he came to this life bearing a message, he wanted to disarrange the poetical rhymes and rhythms of life and turn them to prose and rearrange the prose of life into poetical rhymes and rhythms. The result was sighing estrangement, inhibited in his subconscious, to the linguistic surface in his poetic speech and language with the finest forms and creative and aesthetic expressions.
Poetry Work of Saadi Shirazi and Piramerd at Sar Hazir Komeglayeit
Authors: Taha Adnan Abdal-Rahman , Mahmood Sheno Muhammed , Sa'eed Omar Muhammed
Published: November 2023

A section of poets carrying the message of high love of humanity, and made their poems a tool to serve the values of humanity and society, and deal directly with human social ideas. Their mission is the development of human values and values of love, respect, healthy social relations and .. Saadi Shirazi and piramerd are poets who carry the message of human education, through which they were able to build a school for the preparation of ethics and social values of man and human society. From this aspect, we began a study comparing the poems of both poets under the title "Effect of Saadi Al-Shirazi and piramerd on Social Thought". It consists of two parts. Our research ended with a comparison of their poems, presenting the research results and referring to the research sources.
Using Main Informations in Didactic Dictionary (Harza Dictionary) as a Model
Authors: Abdulghany Suzan Saadulla , Qara Mohammed Fakhir Najmadeen
Published: November 2023

In This paper, statistical method is followed which is an important method in Linguistics and Lexicography, the paper focuses on using main informations in didactic dictionary in (Harza dictionary) as a specific Kurdish- Kurdish didactic dictionary for Secondary and High School students, and show the important statistical tables for main informations in didactic dictionary and the paper denotes the main informations in Linguistics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax and Semantics, after that we study encyclopedic informations and terms in Secondary and High School textbooks in (Harza dictionary), Finally The Paper has resulted the significant points at the end.
Investigating the Challenges Encountered by EFL Teachers in Practicing Differentiated Instruction in the Multiple – Intelligence Classes at University
Authors: Ahmed Shano A.
Published: November 2023

Investigating differentiated instruction in classrooms with learners who have multiple intelligence levels often leads teachers to face many challenges. When it comes to teaching and learning process, learners all are not the same. Though all learners learn, they still differ in their levels of prior experience, abilities of learning, learning style, learning profile, motivation level, interest, language skills, and even proficiency of language. But this does not mean that learners do not share some similarities in terms of size of classes they attend, personalities, hobbies, and their common expectations in learning. Thus, differentiated instruction seems mostly to meet the learner’s need to address variances among learners by utilizing various techniques and methods in the classroom through content, process, and product. Therefore, the predominant goal of differentiated instruction is for teachers to maximize the potential of all learners by proactively designing learning experiences in response to the needs of diverse learners. Hence, this study aims at exploring the challenges that EFL teachers face while practicing differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes as well as examining the attitude of teachers towards the practice of differentiated instruction. It also aims at observing teachers’ differentiated instruction performance in their teaching classes and investigating the strategies teachers use in order to overcome those challenges. Interestingly, the investigation acknowledged that teachers have a desirable performance and potential attitude to implement differentiated instruction in the college classrooms. This might become distracted if teachers face problems such as time constraints, heavy workloads, and large classes that would impede teachers’ objectives in maintaining differentiated instruction for tailoring every learner’s interest and achieve higher level of academic success in teaching multiple intelligence classes. To achieve the research aims, two tools were used. The first one was a questionnaire which was used to examine the challenges faced by EFL teachers while practicing differentiated instruction in the multiple intelligence classes. The second tool was an observation tool to know if EFL teachers have willingness, awareness, readiness, and attitude to practice differentiated instruction in their classes or not and which strategy do they use in practicing differentiated instruction as well.
A Rhetorical Analysis of Fallacy in a Selected English Drama Movie
Authors: Andulhussein Mustafa Hameed , Ali Shurooq Abboodi
Published: November 2023

Fallacies are incorrect reasoning that make an argument seem less logically credible and easier to be identified as unsound. They are widespread; individuals commit them while engaging in various activities, including at work, at home, while creating advertisements, and in the media. This study aims to investigate the rhetorical strategies accompanied with producing the fallacious arguments selected from the American Film “12 Angry Men (1957)”. The study adopts Damer’s (2009) model for the identification of fallacy. As for rhetorical analysis, the study adopts Aristotle’s triangle of rhetoric and McGuigan’s (2007) taxonomy of rhetorical devices. The results uncover that the most violated criteria are relevance, acceptability and sufficiency. Besides, the arguers try their best to achieve persuasion by employing their own personalities, by depending on logic or manipulation of other’s emotion. The most frequently used rhetorical device is rhetorical question.
Misusing the Translation of Arabic Legal Obligatory Terms into English
Authors: Mustafa Abu Baker Khalid , Abdullah Alaa Hasan
Published: November 2023

In some legal provisions, a great majority of obligation is used implicitly in Arabic particularly within legal texts. Most translators try to convey the explicit meaning neglecting the implicit one when translating. Moreover, for the urgent need to configure the legal text and grasp the surrounding meaning through employing the obligatory terms. We focus, in this research, on the possibility of using these phrases, which are implicitly existed in the Arabic language texts through avoiding the mistakes that give rise to mistranslation which may change the text status from mandatory to optional.
The Importance of Idiomatic Expressions In Improving Communicative Competence of FEL Learners using Fourth year students of Educational College as a Model
Authors: Ahmed Samir Mohammed
Published: November 2023

The study aims to show the importance of idiomatic expressions since they are regarded as significant linguistic units for learners of English as a foreign language (LEF).Idiomatic expressions are expressions each of which consists of two or more words whose meaning differ from the literal meaning of the individual word .These expressions are really a problem for the student majoring in English that they do not understand them .The study also aims at exploring the rule of idiomatic expressions in improving communicative competence and whether these expressions have effective role in improving the student's performance in language. The Study follows the descriptive analytical methods. The tools used for collecting the data are the interview and two tests. The interviews are conducted with university lectures who teach English language .A pre-test and post-test are conducted for the student majoring in English who are students from the department of English . statistical social sciences (SPSS) programme is used for data analysis . The most important result are there is a significant difference between the student's performance in the pre-test and their performance in the post-test. There is a consensus about the necessity of the inclusion of idiomatic expressions in university syllabuses (95.2% of the lecturers).The study recommends that idiomatic expressions should be focused on and included within the syllabuses of universities in Iraq, besides adopting effective methods and techniques in teaching such linguistic elements .
Simulate the structure of the word for its meaning In the senses of the words of the Arabs Abstract triple act as a model
Authors: عباس الحشماوي مظهور محمود , أحمد العجيلي عبد المنعم صالح
Published: November 2023

The research deals with an important issue of the Arabic issues, the issue of simulating the structure of the pronunciation of the meaning in the sensible things of the speech of the Arabs. Which was initiated by the Arab scholar Al-Khalil (170 AH) and Sibawayh (180 AH) spoke about it, and Ibn Jinni (392 AH) expanded on it and began to justify the occurrence of some buildings in a certain form, such as his saying: Two verbs come in movement and turmoil, and an act whose eyes tightened to repeat the event, and the reason for which the blame increased; Because they are sources of repetition. However, the idea remained in confined structures, and we took these examples and were pleased with them in explaining the many structures of the abstract triple verb, as we find that the fracture of the lower lip corresponds to the lowness of beings, their smallness, and the low of things. We find it in the present tense of a verb that does, and a verb that does. We find that the lips are joined indicating roundness, and the total thing. We find it in the present tense of a verb that does, and we find that the opening of the lips simulates the rise and movement of things. We find it in the verb.
Idioms of Agriculture in the Dialect of Countryside of Samarra City. Study Etymological – Semantic
Authors: مهدي حمد غازي فيصل
Published: November 2023

The Arabic language has been invaded by many great invitations whose aim was to degrade it and break its prestige among global languages and transform it from what it is into a vernacular or a dull dialect devoid of spirit and deep meanings. But these supplications broke their shovels on the solid rock of their ruggedness, and their feeble desires collapsed in front of that steadfastness and that determination and jealousy that swept in the souls of their distinguished scholars who did not leave a path to their victory except to go through it or a crack through which the rot of that vocation seeped unless they purified it, and here we are looking for a path that is neither excessive nor middle. negligence, We take the path of defenders of the language who take it in its hand, the researcher took the truth of the way and searched the origin of the intruder, the birth and the Arabized in the dialects spoken in the Samurai society and at a certain category of them. And the use of agricultural expressions by them came to a great extent, which prompted us to codify and study them in a semantic and original study.
The structure of Tahmeed in the letters of Ibn Munjib al-Sayrafi , d. (542) an analytical study
Authors: عبد الله نور رعد
Published: November 2023

during the time of the Fatimid state. Saying, the mention of praise will continue in sermons and messages until it reached the sixth century AH according to written customs, after which it is a basic prerequisite for the initiation and a complement to the structure of the message, both intellectually and formally, as the work varied according to the subject, especially in mentioning the blessings and virtues that are praised by God, and the use of praise in its nominal form is stronger in its nominal form. The style is from its Gaelic form because it carries stability and strength, as well as honoring the divine self. The praise is reinforced by the method of assonance, counterpoint, and the Qur’anic verses cited, especially when dealing with authority and the official position. Sometimes the praise is repeated in the same message on the subject of congratulations and condolences. It deserves it, with the repetition of the words (praise and praise) when sensing the obligations of God, and Ibn Al-Sayrafi presented the praise in a literary and stylistic form in order to serve the meaning of it. The message is according to the Sunnahs of praise in correspondences of all kinds, which he has mastered.
A Qualitative Study on EFL Teachers’ Awareness towards the Implementation of Dynamic Assessment
Authors: رسول كامران علي , محمد أبو صلاح تهاني سالم , سراج الدين محمد
Published: November 2023

The researchers dealt with the art of the Maqamat in the Ottoman era, the era that was and is still being attacked as degenerate because of the preoccupation with luxury and the recreational life of seeking knowledge and writing sciences. It was presented in the art of maqamat; It made it a literary, social and political summit, and perhaps the religious presence included it as a solution and travel. Among the pioneers of the Ottoman shrines whose shrines were dealt with in this research are Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji, al-Yaziji, al-Shidyaq, Nicola al-Turk and others. And the topics of the maqamat were varied, including social, religious, literary and scientific, and I also found artistic effects in the composition of the maqamat from the beginning, the content and the end, and the good formulation of the plot and the content.
The semantic phenomena in (Fatah Al-Bayan fi Maqasid Al-Qur’an) Siddiq Khan Al-Qanouji (died 1307 A.H.)
Authors: عبد الكريم كمال غفور , كريم هيوا عبد الله
Published: November 2023

In studying the research, I adopted the descriptive approach, where the research aims to highlight the semantic efforts of Sheikh Siddiq Khan Al-Qanouji in his interpretation (Fatah Al-Bayan fi Maqasid Al-Qur’an), and infer the poetic evidence of ancient and modern poets, and the sayings and opinions of senior scholars of interpretation, ancient and modern, where the focus of the research was on some phenomena Semantic development such as semantic development, synonymy, antagonism, common verbal, semantic contrast, and a statement of Al-Qanouji's opinion on interpretation
Stylistic Anomalies in Some Arabic Texts with Reference Translation into English
Authors: Muhammed Abdullah Abdulsattar Mahmood , Mehdi Al-Dahwi Sameer Salih
Published: November 2023

It is quite essential, for whose who are highly interested in translation and stylistic studies, to lay great focus on the main issues which are closely related to both translation and stylistic anomalies. It is to be noted that stylistic anomalies can create aesthetic values to any text which implies them. It is also far better to take the phenomenon of anomaly into consideration because it is not touched upon before. As a matter of fact, the phenomenon of anomalies poses a great challenge to the translators of the Arabic texts since they neither can be true nor false. Thus, enough attention should be paid to the slippery areas of anomalies in some Arabic texts from stylistic and translational perspective.
Realization of Eternity and Time in Elia Abu Mazee’s Poetry - Study and analysis
Authors: رفيق سو ا زن فخري , كريم نوال نعمان
Published: November 2023

Time is considered as one of the basic pillars in literary construction, and its study occupied a large space in literary studies. The poet considers time a moving element within the spatial horizon, and this movement involves changes and movement. The poet discusses and complains about eternity and what it affects it, or specifies it through their childhood and adulthood, and therefore deals with time as a living being, and this is the realization, which means highlighting inanimate objects through an image in which they appear alive. In this research, we discuss the realization of time and eternity in Elia Abu Mazee's poetry.
The Effect of Referral in Al-Zamakhshari's Poems of Praise - A Study of Textual Coherence-
Authors: عبدالصمد البنا زياد عبد الله , عثمان آ رام علي
Published: November 2023

This is a study entitled (The Effect of Referral in Al-Zamakhshari's Poems of Praise - A Study of Textual Coherence), which aims to study the coherence and cohesion in the poetic text of Al-Zamakhshari, and its function in achieving textual coherence through the referral method, which is a prominent means of grammatical consistency in text analysis The sign is a linguistic concept that combines all the linguistic elements that refer directly to the denominator in terms of the presence of the speaking self, time, or place. It is one of the linguistic units that move the rules of preceding and post usage, and thus contribute to the consistency of the text. Based on this concept, this research deals with the concept of the sign noun, and its relationship to grammatical consistency, then deals with the textual consistency in the praise poems of Zamakhshari to clarify the intent and significance of the nouns of the sign in different contexts. Reliance on the analytical statistical method for the study and the statement of the impact left by the indicative referral in achieving the abbreviation and avoiding the repetition of the assignee.
SPeech Act of Threatening in Kurdsih With Reference to English
Authors: Abdul Aziz Parween Saadi
Published: November 2023

Speech act of threatening has been a very crucial utterance in the process of communication whether casual or institutional. It can fall within two taxonomies of speech acts: commissive and directive; the former being speaker oriented, while the latter being hearer oriented. The current study aims at investigating this act in Kurdish language with reference to English. Diverse contexts have been provided , using Discourse Completion Task as a means for data collection and an eclectic model has been adopted for data analysis. As the main concluding remarks, threatening speech act is not used performatively especially in Kurdish, but the structure of the sentence and vocabulary involved are very salient expressions of the force of the threat. Additionally, the forms and the functions proposed by the scholars found in the English language have the same impact on the Kurdish language. The main elements that affect the directness of the act in question are, solely but not exclusively, the interlocutors as they are determined by social and/or institutional factors.