bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substitution of sorghum grain for molasses increases
the liveweight gain of steers given molasses-based diets
Authors: PEIRIS H. , ELLIOTT R. , NORTON B. W.
Published: July 2002

Sorghum grain was included in a basal diet of molasses
(molasses 505, urea 21, sunflower meal 191,
pangola grass hay 250, minerals 31 g/kg as fed) at rates
of 0, 202, 391 and 707 g/kg, generating diets
in which grain replaced 0 (diet A), 33 (diet B), 66 (diet C)
and 100% (diet D) of the molasses and hay.
The four diets were fed to groups of four Hereford steers
(293–334 kg liveweight) over a 96-day
period. One half of each treatment group was implanted with
a growth promotant (zeranol), and all
were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir at the end of the
trial. The inclusion of 33% grain
increased voluntary feed consumption, digestible dry matter
(DM) intake (from 57·6 to 82·0 g
digestible DM/kg0·75 per day and
significantly increased liveweight gain from 592 to 900 g/day.
Zeranol implantation also increased liveweight gain but not
feed intake. Steers given only grain (diet
D) had the highest liveweight gains (1127 g/day). The
addition of grain to molasses diets decreased
urinary N excretion and increased ammonia and volatile fatty
acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen
fluid. Molar proportions of propionic acid in total VFA
increased from 0·15 to 0·20, and butyric acid
decreased from 0·36 to 0·29 when 33% of the
molasses was replaced by sorghum grain. The fat
content (depth at sacral position) of the carcasses of steers
given grain only (diet D) was significantly
greater (14 mm) than that of steers given the basal diet of
molasses (4 mm), and carcass fat contents
were intermediate (10 and 11 mm) for steers given diets B
and C respectively. It was concluded that
the inclusion of small amounts of grain in molasses-based
diets increased cattle growth principally by
increasing digestible energy intake without decreasing
molasses intake, thus improving the efficiency
of utilization of molasses in molasses-based diets.
Numerical calculations of the free-surface flow under a sluice gate
Authors: VANDEN-BROECK J.-M.
Published: July 2002

The free-surface flow under a sluice gate is considered. The

fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible. The problem is

solved numerically by using a boundary integral equation technique.

Accurate numerical solutions are obtained when the intersection of

the upstream free surface with the gate is a stagnation point. It is

shown that the radiation condition is not satisfied far upstream and

that there is a train of waves on the upstream free surface. For

large values of the downstream Froude number F, the

amplitude of the waves is so small that the upstream free surface is

essentially flat. However for small values of F, the waves are

of large amplitude. They ultimately approach the Stokes'

limiting configuration with an angle of 120° at their crest as

F is decreased.
The unsteady expansion and contraction of a
long two-dimensional vapour bubble between
superheated or subcooled parallel plates
Authors: WILSON S. K. , DAVIS S. H. , BANKOFF S. G.
Published: July 2002

In an attempt to model the growth and collapse of a vapour bubble in nucleate
boiling this paper investigates the unsteady expansion and contraction of a long
two-dimensional vapour bubble confined between superheated or subcooled parallel
plates whose motion is driven by mass-transfer effects due to evaporation from the
liquid to the vapour and condensation from the vapour to the liquid. It is shown
that in the asymptotic limit of strong surface tension (small capillary number) the
solution consists of two capillary-statics regions (in which the bubble interface is
semicircular at leading order) and two thin films attached to the plates, connected
by appropriate transition regions. This generalization of the steady and isothermal
problem addressed by Bretherton (1961) has a number of interesting physical and
mathematical features. Unlike in Bretherton's problem, the bubble does not translate
but can change in size. Furthermore, the thin films are neither spatially nor temporally
uniform and may dry out locally, possibly breaking up into disconnected patches of
liquid. Furthermore, there is a complicated nonlinear coupling with a delay character
between the profiles of the thin films and the overall expansion or contraction of the
bubble which means that the velocity with which the bubble expands or contracts is
typically not monotonic. This coupling is investigated for three different combinations
of thermal boundary conditions and two simple initial thin-film profiles. It is found
that when both plates are superheated equally the bubble always expands, and
depending on the details of the initial thin-film profiles, this expansion may either
continue indefinitely or stop in a finite time. When both plates are subcooled equally
the bubble always contracts, and the length of the thin-film region always approaches
zero asymptotically. When one plate is superheated and the other subcooled with
equal magnitude the bubble may either expand or contract initially, but eventually
the bubble always contracts just as in the pure-condensation case.
Suboptimal feedback control of
vortex shedding at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: MIN CHULHONG , CHOI HAECHEON
Published: July 2002

The objective of this study is to develop a method of controlling vortex shedding
behind a bluff body using control theory. A suboptimal feedback control procedure
for local sensing and local actuation is developed and applied to the flow behind
a circular cylinder. The location of sensors for feedback is limited to the cylinder
surface and the control input from actuators is the blowing and suction on the cylinder
surface. Three different cost functionals to be minimized
(J1 and J2) or maximized
(J3) are investigated: J1 is proportional
to the pressure drag of the cylinder, J2 is the
square of the difference between the target pressure (inviscid flow pressure) and real
flow pressure on the cylinder surface, and J3 is the square of the pressure gradient on
the cylinder surface, respectively. Given the cost functionals, the flow variable to be
measured by the sensors and the control input from the actuators are determined from
the suboptimal feedback control procedure. Several cases for each cost functional have
been numerically simulated at Re = 100 and 160 to investigate the performance of the
control algorithm. For all actuations, vortex shedding becomes weak or disappears,
and the mean drag and drag/lift fluctuations significantly decrease. For a given
magnitude of the blowing/suction, reducing J2 provides the largest drag reduction
among the three cost functionals.
Hydraulic adjustment to an obstacle in a rotating channel
Authors: PRATT L. J. , HELFRICH K. R. , CHASSIGNET E. P.
Published: July 2002

In order to gain insight into the hydraulics of rotating-channel flow, a set of initial-value problems analogous to Long's towing experiments is considered. Specifically,
we calculate the adjustment caused by the introduction of a stationary obstacle
into a steady, single-layer flow in a rotating channel of infinite length. Using the
semigeostrophic approximation and the assumption of uniform potential vorticity,
we predict the critical obstacle height above which upstream influence occurs. This
height is a function of the initial Froude number, the ratio of the channel width
to an appropriately defined Rossby radius of deformation, and a third parameter
governing how the initial volume flux in sidewall boundary layers is partitioned. (In
all cases, the latter is held to a fixed value specifying zero flow in the right-hand (facing
downstream) boundary layer.) The temporal development of the flow according to
the full, two-dimensional shallow water equations is calculated numerically, revealing
numerous interesting features such as upstream-propagating shocks and separated
rarefying intrusions, downstream hydraulic jumps in both depth and stream width,
flow separation, and two types of recirculations. The semigeostrophic prediction of the
critical obstacle height proves accurate for relatively narrow channels and moderately
accurate for wide channels. Significantly, we find that contact with the left-hand wall
(facing downstream) is crucial to most of the interesting and important features. For
example, no instances are found of hydraulic control of flow that is separated from
the left-hand wall at the sill, despite the fact that such states have been predicted
by previous semigeostrophic theories. The calculations result in a series of regime
diagrams that should be very helpful for investigators who wish to gain insight into
rotating, hydraulically driven flow.
Cowboys and Constructions:

Nationalist Representations of Pastoral

Life in Post-Portalian Chile
Authors: BARR MELEJ PATRICK
Published: July 2002

This article examines political ideology, cultural

nationalism and the

contesting of identity in early twentieth-century Chile.

It does so by tracing the

emergence of a unique cultural construct – the

huaso cowboy – in the literary

sphere and by exploring a ‘rural idealist’

discourse employed by middle-class,

reformist intellectuals who hoped for the mitigation of

the ‘social question’ and

the displacement of traditional oligarchs from cultural

and political centrality. It

also seeks to explain how the fiction genre known as

criollismo challenged elitist

conceptions of ‘nation’ and ‘culture’

in the context of dramatic socio-political,

economic and demographic change.
Phatic communication and Relevance Theory:
a reply to Ward & Horn
Authors: ŽEGARAC VLAD , CLARK BILLY
Published: July 2002

In Žegarac & Clark (1999) we try to show how phatic communication can be
explained within the framework of Relevance Theory. We suggest that phatic
communication should be characterized as a particular type of interpretation,
which we call ‘phatic interpretation’. On our account, an interpretation is
phatic to the extent that its main relevance lies with implicated conclusions
which do not depend on the explicit content of the utterance, but rather on
the communicative intention (where ‘depends on X’ means: ‘results from an
inferential process which takes X as a premise’).
Bohm sheath criteria and double layers in
multispecies plasmas
Authors: VERHEEST FRANK , HELLBERG MANFRED A.
Published: July 2002

Bohm sheath criteria and double layers are investigated in general
multispecies
plasmas containing a number of lighter, thermal species, described by Boltzmann
distributions, in the presence of a number of heavier species described
by cold
fluid theory. A nonlinear description for one-dimensional stationary self-similar
electrostatic modes is given using the Sagdeev potential. We generalize
the classic
Bohm sheath criteria by giving appropriate multispecies definitions of
drift and
ion-acoustic velocities, leading to a global supersonic condition. We also
discuss
plasmas with only one Boltzmann species, to show that double layers cannot
be
supported at all, no matter how many cold fluid species are present, and
do so by
analytical rather than numerical means, based on the full Sagdeev potential.
Series
expansions for weak double layers occurring in the literature can only
claim to find
double layers, erroneously as we indicate, by not confirming whether the
necessary
consistency relations are obeyed, and also by not checking that
‘neglected’ terms in the expansion overwhelm those retained.
The Japanese Police's Claim to Efficiency: A Critical View
Authors: Finch A. J.
Published: July 2002

Japan, in contrast to other industrialized democracies, has enjoyed a falling or steady crime rate for much of the post-war period. This has been despite the potentially adverse effects of rapid industrialization and urbanization. The low crime rate and high clearance rates shown in the official statistics are seen as both a result and a reflection of the development of successful policing techniques in Japan. Even allowing for the dark figure of unrecorded crime, this record is impressive, and it is claimed that it has been achieved using fewer resources in manpower terms than those available to European and North American forces. Explanations for this phenomenon of a relatively low crime rate and high clearance rates in Japan have focused on three main areas of concern. The most popular approach has been to examine the organization and intelligence-gathering activities of the Japanese police at a local level through studies of the system of satellite police boxes: the kōban in urban areas and the chūzaisho (residential police boxes) in rural districts.
The Origins of Societal Power in South Korea: Understanding the Physical and Human Legacies of Japanese Colonialism
Authors: Lim Timothy C.
Published: July 2002

In seeking to explain the social, political and economic development of South Korea since liberation in 1945, many scholars have begun paying increasing attention to the significance of Korea’s colonial past. Most of these scholars have, for very good reasons, focused on fundamental—even revolutionary—changes in Korea's institutional structure, which for centuries had been dominated by a landed aristocracy ‘intent upon the preservation of its social, economic, and political privileges.’ Colonialism, to be more specific, replaced the factionalized and conflict-ridden institutions of aristocracy (and dynastic rule) with a modern, highly centralized, and extremely capable state apparatus, one which was used to reshape Korean society in any number of ways during Japan's 35 years of domination. The ‘strong state’ is, in fact, an enduring and undeniably powerful legacy of colonialism.
Die Prophetie des Kajaphas. Im Netz johanneischer Ironie
Authors: NICKLAS TOBIAS
Published: July 2002

In seiner Untersuchung ‘Heiden – Griechen – Gotteskinder’ schreibt J. Frey folgenden bemerkenswerten Satz über die Ironie der VV. Joh 11.49–50:

Diese Hintergründigkeit gehört wesentlich zur johanneischen Darstellung, in der ihr neben einer polemischen Bedeutung vor allem eine ‘didaktische’ Funktion zukommt für die Leser und die Art, in der diese die erzählte Geschichte wahrnehmen.
Characterization of calcineurin from Hymenolepis

microstoma and H. diminuta and its interaction with

cyclosporin A
Authors: ROBERTS H. C. , STERNBERG J. M. , CHAPPELL L. H.
Published: July 2002

The drug cyclosporin A (CsA) exerts its immunosuppressive

action by binding to the cytosolic protein, cyclophilin (CyP)

and, as a complex, binding to and inhibiting the

calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine threonine phosphatase, calcineurin.

It is unknown whether a similar mode of action occurs during the

drug's antiparasite activity. Calmodulin-binding proteins

from the helminth parasites Hymenolepis microstoma and

H. diminuta were purified by affinity chromatography, yielding

single polypeptide bands of 60000 Mr,

according to SDS–PAGE. These proteins were tested for calcineurin
activity by

the dephosphorylation of the RII peptide (part of the catalytic

subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase). Both proteins

were calcium- and calmodulin-dependent and were inhibited by

mammalian cyclophilin complexed with cyclosporin A

(IC50 values of 0·75 μg CyP for H. microstoma
and

0·90 μg CyP for H. diminuta). However, neither of the
parasite

calcineurins was inhibited by H. microstoma cyclophilin/CsA.

These data suggest the anthelmintic mode of action of CsA

in these helminth models does not involve the inhibition of a signal

transduction pathway requiring interaction with calcineurin.
Impact of nutrition on the pathophysiology of bovine trypanosomiasis
Authors: HOLMES P. H. , KATUNGUKA-RWAKISHAYA E. , BENNISON J. J. , WASSINK G. J. , PARKINS J. J.
Published: July 2002

Trypanosomiasis is a major veterinary problem over much of sub-Saharan Africa and is frequently associated with
undernutrition. There is growing evidence that nutrition can have a profound effect on the pathophysiological features of animal
trypanosomiasis. These features include anaemia, pyrexia, body weight changes, reduced feed intake and diminished
productivity including reduced draught work output, milk yield and reproductive capacity. Anaemia is a principal
characteristic of trypanosomiasis and the rate at which it develops is influenced by both protein and energy intakes. Pyrexia
is associated with increased energy demands for maintenance which is ultimately manifested by reductions in voluntary
activity levels and productivity. Weight changes in trypanosomiasis are markedly influenced by the levels of protein intake.
High intakes allow infected animals to grow at the same rate as uninfected controls providing energy intake is adequate
whilst low energy levels can exacerbate the adverse effects of trypanosomiasis on body weight. Reductions in feed
intake are less apparent in animals which are provided with high protein diets and where intake is limited by the disease
animals will often exhibit preferential selection of higher quality browse. Further studies are required to evaluate the
minimum levels of protein and energy supplementation required to ameliorate the adverse effect of trypanosomiasis, the
nature and quality of protein supplement to achieve these benefits and the influence these have on digestive physiology.
Prior immunity to Trichinella spiralis prevents
(re)occurrence of an explicit stress response in intestines
but not in mesenteric lymph nodes, heart and lungs from
reinfected rats
Authors: PÉREZ-SERRANO J. , MARTÍNEZ J. , REGAL P. , BERNADINA W. E. , RODRÍGUEZ-CAABEIRO F.
Published: July 2002

We recently showed that, in our Trichinella spiralis rat model, first exposure, but not re-exposure to infective-stage larvae
evoked heat shock responses in 4 test organs. Our work, however, failed to implicate either early complete clearance of
challenge muscle larvae (ML), or rapid elimination of newborn larvae (NBL) in the phenomenon noted in reinfected rats.
This study clarifies that issue using 2 established facts in T. spiralis biology and anti-T. spiralis immunology. That is, adult
worms injure gut cells and immune destruction of NBL requires release of material also toxic to host cells. To approach
the above problem we analysed relevant and irrelevant rat organs for increased heat shock protein (HSP) production at
1, 7, 14, 20 and 27 p.i. during first and second infections. Organs examined were intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes
(MLN), heart and lungs. Using densitometric analyses of immunoblots, increased HSP expression was detected on day
7 in intestines from both primary and secondary-infected rats albeit that the change in the latter was just short of significant.
Interestingly, MLN only exhibited increased HSP levels in the reinfected rat model with increased HSP levels persisting
for 1 week. A lasting shock response was detected in reinfected rats; in contrast, first exposure resulted in shock responses
being evident in lungs at either day 7 or day 14, only. These findings suggest that (i) in immune rats, a few challenge ML
develop into adults, produce NBLwhich are trapped within MLN, and (ii) that anti-T. spiralis and/or anti-NBL immunity
is associated with an, as yet, uncomprehended stress to host's heart tissues.
Memes, Minds and Evolution
Authors: Holdcroft David , Lewis Harry
Published: July 2002

It has been claimed, notably by Dawkins and Dennett, that there are units of cultural evolution, called ‘memes’, whose survival is explicable in terms of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. They also play an important part in Dennett's theory of consciousness. Memes are distinct memorable units, not atoms, which have vehicles, and whose success depends on the ability of those vehicles to multiply. We argue that even if the theory of memes is structurally isomorphic with the theory of natural selection, it has a very different ontology calling for novel accounts of variation, replication and fitness. We question whether such accounts are plausible, and conclude that memes and their tokenings cannot assume the causal roles they would have to to obey the ‘laws’ of the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Bipolar disorder and the serotonin transporter gene: a family-based
association study
Authors: KIROV G. , REES M. , JONES I. , MacCANDLESS F. , OWEN M. J. , CRADDOCK N.
Published: July 2002

Background. The human serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) is a strong candidate for involvement
in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Two common polymorphisms have been identified in the
gene: a VNTR in intron 2 and a functional deletion/insertion in the promoter region. In previous
studies we proposed that allele 12 of the VNTR might increase susceptibility for bipolar disorder.

Methods. We have genotyped 122 parent–offspring trios of British Caucasian origin where the
proband had DSM-IV Bipolar I disorder (BPI). The results were analysed with the transmission/disequilibrium
test (TDT), which examines whether particular alleles are preferentially transmitted
from heterozygous parents to affected offspring.

Results. The 12 repeat in the VNTR in intron 2 was transmitted 72 times and not transmitted 56
times (χ2 = 2·0, 1 df, P=0·16). If we exclude
24 families in which the proband was a case in our
published case–control studies (Collier et al. 1996a;
Rees et al. 1997), the excess transmission of
allele 12 reaches conventional levels of statistical significance:
χ2 = 3·85, 1 df, P<0·05. The
deletion/insertion polymorphism in the promoter region was not associated with BPI: 66 parents
transmitted the inserted (L) allele and 59 parents transmitted the deleted (S) allele
(χ2 = 0·39, 1 df, P=0·53).

Conclusions. The 12 repeat of the VNTR in intron 2 of the serotonin transporter gene might be a
susceptibility factor in bipolar affective disorder. The genetic effect, if true, is likely to be small, and
requires confirmation in further studies using parental controls.
Framing the realism question
Authors: SCOTT MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

This paper begins with a revaluation of Carnap's critique of existence
questions, and finds that with modification his argument is successful in giving a
prima facie cause for doubt that the ontological question addressed by religious
realists and non-realists has content. The second part of the paper argues that these
doubts can be met with proper attention to the role of truth in the religious realism
debate. The paper concludes by arguing for a close relationship between the
semantic and the ontological varieties of religious realism.
Gerrit van Enk & Lourens de Vries, The
Korowai of Irian Jaya. (Oxford studies in anthropological
linguistics, 9). New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Pp. xiv, 321. Hb $95.00.
Authors: Foley William A.
Published: July 2002

One mainstay of the Boasian tradition in anthropological
linguistics is the notion that adequate documentation of
a language must consist of at least three volumes: a grammar,
a dictionary, and a collection of texts. This convention
grew out of Boas's dogged insistence on the collection
of copious texts in the native languages as a way of documenting
the cultures of Native North Americans, which he believed
were breaking down and disappearing. Obviously, if one
were actually to make use of such texts, a grammar and
a dictionary were also needed; so this practice of a necessary
trilogy was established, a tradition that has continued
in academic departments which carry on the Boasian heritage
(illustrated by the postgraduate work and resulting publications
of the editor of this journal).
Interaction versus autonomy: A close shave
Authors: Murray Wayne S.
Published: July 2002

Approaches to model evaluation in terms of Occam's razor or principles of parsimony cannot avoid judgements about the relative importance of aspects of the models. Assumptions about “core processing” are usually considered more important than those related to decision components, but when the decision is related to a central feature of the processing, it becomes extremely difficult to tease apart the influences of core and decision components and to draw sensible conclusions about underlying architecture. It is preferable, where possible, to use experimental procedures that avoid the necessity for subject decisions related to critical aspects of the underlying process.
Is what you feel what you don't know?
Authors: Moore Simon C. , Oaksford Mike
Published: July 2002

Rolls defines emotion as innate reward and punishment. This could not explain our results showing that people learn faster in a negative mood. We argue that what people know about their world affects their emotional state. Negative emotion signals a failure to predict negative reward and hence prompts learning to resolve the ignorance. Thus what you don't know affects how you feel.
Feedback on feedback on feedback: It's feedforward
Authors: Norris Dennis , McQueen James M. , Cutler Anne
Published: July 2002

The central thesis of our target article is that feedback is never necessary in spoken word recognition. In this response we begin by clarifying some terminological issues that have led to a number of misunderstandings. We provide some new arguments that the feedforward model Merge is indeed more parsimonious than the interactive alternatives, and that it provides a more convincing account of the data than alternative models. Finally, we extend the arguments to deal with new issues raised by the commentators such as infant speech perception and neural architecture.
Merits of a Gibsonian approach to speech perception
Authors: Pind Jörgen
Published: July 2002

Neurobiologically inspired theories of speech perception such
as that proposed by Sussman et al. are useful to the extent that they
are able to constrain such theories. If they are simply intended as
suggestive analogies, their usefulness is questionable. In such cases
it is better to stick with the Gibsonian approach of attempting to
isolate invariants in speech and to demonstrate their role for the
perceiver in perceptual experiments.
Computations in extraversion
Authors: Fine C. , Blair R. J. R.
Published: July 2002

We make two suggestions with regard to Depue &
Collins's (D&C's) target article. First, regarding the
functioning of MOC13, we provide data indicating that, contrary to
D&C's apparent position, this structure is not necessary for
instrumental conditioning. Second, we suggest that D&C's
approach would be advanced by reference to formal computational
theory, in particular the work of Grossberg. We suggest that an
integration of Grossberg's and D&C's models can
provide a more complete account of extraversion.
Recall, recognition, and the medial temporal lobes
Authors: Knowlton Barbara J.
Published: July 2002

Aggleton & Brown predict that recognition and episodic
recall depend on different brain systems and can thus be dissociated
from one another. However, intact recall with impaired recognition has
not yet been demonstrated if the same type of information is used
in both tests. Current evidence suggests that processes underlying
familiarity-based recognition are redundant with processes underlying
episodic memory.
Entropy theory without a past
Authors: GLASNER E. , THOUVENOT J.-P. , WEISS B.
Published: July 2002

This paper treats the Pinsker algebra of a dynamical system in a way which avoids the use of an ordering on the acting group. This enables us to prove some of the classical results about entropy and the Pinsker algebra in the general setup of measure-preserving dynamical systems, where the acting group is a discrete countable amenable group. We prove a basic disjointness theorem which asserts the relative disjointness in the sense of Furstenberg, of $0$-entropy extensions from completely positive entropy (c.p.e.) extensions. This theorem is used to prove several classical results in the general setup. For example, we show that the Pinsker factor of a product system is equal to the product of the Pinsker factors of the component systems. Another application is to obtain a generalization (as well as a simpler proof) of the quasifactor theorem for $0$-entropy systems of Glasner and Weiss.
An invariant of basic sets of Smale flows
Authors: SULLIVAN MICHAEL C.
Published: July 2002

We consider one-dimensional flows which arise as hyperbolic
invariant sets of a smooth flow on a manifold. Included in our data is the
twisting in the local stable and unstable manifolds. A topological
invariant sensitive to this twisting is obtained.
Regularity of invariant graphs for forced systems
Authors: STARK JAROSLAV
Published: July 2002

Many applications of nonlinear dynamics involve forced systems. We consider the case where for a fixed input the driven system is contracting; this is for instance the situation in certain classes of filters, and in the study of synchronization. When this contraction is uniform, it can easily be shown that there exists a globally attracting invariant set which is the graph of a function from the driving state space to the driven state space; this is a special case of the well known concept of an inertial manifold for more general systems. If the driving state space is a manifold and the contraction is sufficiently strong this invariant set is a normally hyperbolic manifold, and hence smooth. The aim of this paper is to extend this result in two directions: firstly, where we only have uniform contraction for a compact invariant set of input states, and secondly where the contraction rates are non-uniform (and hence defined by Liapunov exponents and analogous quantities). In both cases the invariant graph is only defined over closed subsets of the input space, and hence we need to define an appropriate notion of smoothness for such functions. This is done in terms of the Whitney extension theorem: a function is considered Whitney smooth if it satisfies the conditions of this theorem and hence can be extended to a smooth function of the whole input space.
Localization of eigenfunctions at zero for certain almost periodic operators
Authors: RIEDEL NORBERT
Published: July 2002

For every irrational number $\alpha$ satisfying the property $\lim_{n\to\infty}|\!\sin \pi\alpha n|^{-1/n}=1$ and for every number $\beta>1$, it is shown that the difference equation
$$
\xi_{n+1}+\xi_{n-1} +2\beta\cos(2\pi\alpha n+\th)\xi_n=0, \quad n\in\mathbb{Z}
$$
has a non-trivial solution $\{\xi_n\}$ satisfying $\mathop{\overline{\lim}}_{|n|\to\infty}|\xi_n|^{1/|n|}\le|\beta|^{-1}$ if and only if $\theta=2\pi\alpha n+2\pi k\pm{\pi/2}$ for some $n,k\in\mathbb{Z}$.
Judith Pallot, ed., Transforming Peasants: Society, State, and the Peasantry, 1861–1930. Selected Papers from the Fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies, Warsaw, 1995. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. 1 + 256 pp. $69.95 cloth.
Authors: McDonald Tracy
Published: July 2002

Transforming Peasants is a collection of papers that focuses
primarily on the Russian peasantry between 1861–1930, with brief forays
into Poland, the Kirgiz steppe, and Turkestan. Judith Pallot's introduction
to the volume is informative and concise. She provides the reader with an
excellent overview of each paper and highlights each author's contribution
to the existing debates within the context of Russian and East European peasant
studies. Pallot is well versed in the comparative literature on the study of the
peasantry and notes the degree to which new work on the Russian, Central Asian,
and East European peasantries has been influenced, informed, and expanded by
this comparative material. What unifies the various selections in
Transforming Peasants is that each author is grappling with the way in
which the state, intellectuals, or educated society conceived of or
“imagined” peasants and how these conceptions, in turn, influenced,
shaped, or determined policy aimed at transforming the peasantry.
James B. Atleson, Labor and the Wartime State: Labor Relations and Law During World War II. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998. ix + 307 pp. $49.95 cloth; $21.95 paper.
Authors: Campbell Alec
Published: July 2002

In Labor and the Wartime State, James Atleson examines
“labor regulation during World War II and its subsequent effect on
postwar labor relations and, especially, labor law” (1). In so
doing, Atleson seeks to provide a corrective to existing labor history
in which “the dawn of the postwar period is often perceived as
unaffected by the war yet somehow quite different from the prewar
era.” This paradox of the “unimportant war” is not
restricted to labor history, and Atleson's focus on the war can and
should become a model for other scholars.
Popular music in the Welsh language and the affirmation of youth identities
Authors: Llewellyn Meic
Published: July 2002

In this paper I attempt first to identify some of the ways in which the growth of Welsh-language popular music and of more assertive and confident ideas of identity among young Welsh speakers were closely linked in the period 1960–85. Secondly, I briefly examine some elements of a period of diversification and crisis that occurred in the 1990s, and finally I attempt to identify three positions from which different musicians and audiences that I have been involved with seem to be currently rehearsing, negotiating and constructing contrasting roles and stances.
CAD-based CMM dimensional inspection path planning – a generic algorithm
Authors: Lin Yueh-Jaw , Mahabaleshwarkar Rahul , Massina Elena
Published: July 2002

This paper
describes a newly developed algorithm for CAD-based dimensional inspection path
planning utilizing coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). The algorithm guarantees to
provide optimum collision-free inspection probe paths by using the topological
structure of the boundary representation (B-rep) solid CAD models of
the inspected parts. A concept of automatic generation of optimum
and collision free path in three dimensional space using available
CAD database is proposed. The algorithm is generic for generating
probe path over prismatic polyhedral parts. It serves as a
principal part of the inspection path planning system. It is
based on the modified ray tracing technique which uses a
B-Rep data from any geometric modeling systems. Between start point
and target point, an imaginary ray is established and if
an intersection with part is encountered, an optimal detour path
is created avoiding interference of the probe with the part.
The generated path consists of linear segments joining start point
and target point by various intermediate points. To locate these
intermediate points in the consideration space, topological and geometrical structures
of the part models are used at the time of
decision making. To examine and implement the algorithm, a user-friendly
application is developed employing AutoCAD Runtime Extension (ARX) development environment
with object oriented programming (OOP) techniques, running on a Windows
NT workstation. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified
by the results of the implementation demonstrating optimum collision-free dimensional
inspection path generation for four representative prismatic part models. All
in all, this work contributes to the knowledge-base formation of
automated dimensional inspection research area and paves a way for
the integration of CMMs into a CAD/CAM environment, thus automate
the process of design, manufacturing and quality assurance.
An application of real-time control systems to robotics
Authors: Monroy Carmen , Campa Ricardo , Kelly Rafael
Published: July 2002

This paper illustrates basic concepts of real-time control systems through the application of a real-time single-processor computing environment for the

control of a robotic arm. The paper describes elements for the selection of the real-time architecture, the control algorithm and the graphical user interface. The system provides an opportunity for users to verify the robot performance by changing on-line the controller parameters and the shape of the desired motion.
A comparison of rehabilitation robotics languages and software
Authors: Harwin William S. , Gosine Ray G. , Kazi Zunaid , Lees David S. , Dallaway John L.
Published: July 2002

There is a wide diversity in the functioning and programming of robots designed and programmed to assist individuals with disabilities. The planning and structure of four rehabilitation robot implementations is presented. The first is the CURL language developed for human interface and the most widely used in this field. The second, MUSIIC, explores methods for direct manipulation of objects. RoboGlyph uses symbolic constructs to assist with the direction and programming of rehabilitation robots and finally a multi-tasking operating executive is discussed that controls a bilateral head operated telerobot. These four implementations reflect a wide range of interface concepts for the intended users.
Analysis and control of a force display system driven by parallel wire mechanism
Authors: Morizono Tetsuya , Kurahashi Kazuhiro , Kawamura Sadao
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we develop a force display system using parallel wire mechanism for virtual sports training with high speed motion. We firstly point out a control issue of the force display system driven by parallel wire mechanism. Based on the analysis, control laws are proposed to improve performance of the force display system. It is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed control laws realize higher acceleration and lower reaction force than other force display systems. Using the experimental result, the performance of the system is evaluated quantitatively.
A Prototyping Strategy for use in Interactive Robotic System Development
Authors: Dowland Bob , Clarkson John , Cipolla Roberto
Published: July 2002

A number of techniques, grouped under the umbrella term of usability inspection, have been devised in recent years to help software developers focus more closely on the needs of end-users during the development of interactive applications. Central to the use of
such methods is the question of how proposed designs can be tested before a complete system has been implemented. This paper discusses the role of high and low-fidelity prototypes used
for this purpose in software development and proposes the use of a “variable-fidelity” prototype as an aid to the development of interactive robotic systems. The approach is outlined and illustrated through the example application of an Interactive Robotic Visual Inspection System (IRVIS) developed for use by a person with limited physical manipulation skills.
Distribution of primary forest plant species in a 19-year old secondary forest in French Guiana
Authors: TORIOLA D. , CHAREYRE P. , BUTTLER A.
Published: July 2002

Secondary succession in a 19-y old tropical rainforest of French Guiana was investigated through the distribution pattern of primary forest species. The experimental plot of 25 ha was logged to simulate conditions of a paper pulp cut. Enumeration of all plants of height ≥ 50 cm in 52 subplots 10 m × 10 m indicated the number of species and individuals in five species categories; short-lived pioneer species, pioneer species that persist in mature forest, primary forest species capable of germinating in shade, primary forest species that indicate a preference for clearings (small gaps) in mature forest and understorey primary forest species. Change in proportion of the most abundant species (≥ 1 cm dbh) over the last 15 y indicated a decrease in short-lived pioneer species and an increase in pioneers that can persist in the mature forest. Proportion of species categories per height class indicated that primary forest species were mainly found in the lower height class in this forest which is largely dominated by secondary forest tree species forming a canopy that rarely exceeds 20 m. Individuals of primary forest species were encountered on ARBOCEL as sprouts from large stumps, sprouts from juveniles or as untraumatised saplings or juveniles. The distribution pattern in a 4-ha area of 11 selected primary forest canopy tree species revealed an overall trend in recolonisation of this species category in the secondary forest. Considered individually, the clustered distribution of stems of Eperua grandiflora showed the importance of regeneration through sprouting or remaining individuals. The gradient distribution, oriented from the edge to the centre of the studied plot, and displayed by the stem densities of Virola michelii, suggested a recent progressive dispersal of seeds. A more dynamic recolonisation front was observed for the primary forest understorey species Cassipourea guianensis and was probably linked to both the initial logging conditions and the fact that this species fruits when relatively young.
Multi-agent systems research into the 21st century
Authors: D'INVERNO MARK , LUCK MICHAEL , UKMAS 2001 Contributors
Published: July 2002

There is little doubt that the strength and breadth of UK research into multi-agent systems continues to grow as we move into the new millennium. In the middle of an extremely cold December in 2000, the Third UK Workshop on Multi-Agent Systems (UKMAS 2001) was held at St Catherine's College, Oxford. This was the fifth such meeting in as many years, generously sponsored by EPSRC, FIPA (The Foundation for Intelligent Physical
Agents) and Hewlett Packard.
Foundations of multi-agent systems: issues and directions
Authors: LUCK MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The last ten years have seen a marked increase of interest in agent-oriented technology, in several areas of computer science, including both software engineering and artificial intelligence. Agents are being used, and touted, for applications as diverse as personalised information management, electronic commerce, interface design, computer games, and management of complex commercial and industrial processes. Several deployed systems already use agent technology, and many more commercial and industrial
applications are in development.
COMPUTING AVERAGE OPTIMAL CONSTRAINED POLICIES IN STOCHASTIC
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: Sennott Linn I.
Published: July 2002

A stochastic dynamic program incurs two types of
cost: a service cost and a quality of service (delay) cost.
The objective is to minimize the expected average service
cost, subject to a constraint on the average quality of
service cost. When the state space S is finite,
we show how to compute an optimal policy for the general
constrained problem under weak conditions. The development
uses a Lagrange multiplier approach and value iteration.
When S is denumerably infinite, we give a method
for computation of an optimal policy, using a sequence
of approximating finite state problems. The method is illustrated
with two computational examples.
ON CONDITIONS FOR MIXTURES OF INCREASING FAILURE RATE DISTRIBUTIONS
TO HAVE AN INCREASING FAILURE RATE
Authors: Lynch James D.
Published: July 2002

Consider a family of distributions with survival
distributions that are log concave and stochastically increasing
in a parameter over which it will be mixed. It is shown
that a necessary and sufficient condition for a mixture
over any such family to have an increasing failure rate
is that the mixing distribution have an increasing failure
rate. Some observations are given on generalizing this
result as well as weakening the conditions on Prekopa's
Theorem.
THE SCOPE OF ADDITIVE PARTICLES IN BASIC LEARNER LANGUAGES
Authors: Dimroth Christine , Watorek Marzena
Published: July 2002

Based on their longitudinal analysis of the acquisition of Dutch, English, French, and
German, Klein and Perdue (1997) described a “basic learner variety” as valid
cross-linguistically and comprising a limited number of shared syntactic patterns interacting with
two types of constraints: (a) semantic—the NP whose referent has highest control comes
first, and (b) pragmatic—the focus expression is in final position. These authors
hypothesized that “the topic-focus structure also plays an important role in some other
respects. . . . Thus, negation and (other) scope particles occur at the topic-focus boundary”
(p. 318). This poses the problem of the interaction between the core organizational principles of
the basic variety and optional items such as negative particles and scope particles, which
semantically affect the whole or part of the utterance in which they occur. In this article, we test
the validity of these authors' hypothesis for the acquisition of the additive scope particle
also (and its translation equivalents). Our analysis is based on the European Science
Foundation (ESF) data originally used to define the basic variety, but we also included some
more advanced learner data from the same database. In doing so, we refer to the analyses of
Dimroth and Klein (1996), which concern the interaction between scope particles and the part of
the utterance they affect, and we make a distinction between maximal scope—that which
is potentially affected by the particle—and the actual scope of a particle in relation to an
utterance in a given discourse context.
Communicative styles of mothers interacting with
their preschool-age children: a factor analytic study
Authors: KLOTH SASKIA , JANSSEN PEGGY , KRAAIMAAT FLORIS , BRUTTEN GENE J.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to determine if mothers display identifiably

different communicative styles in their interaction with their normally

developing two- to five-year-old children. In order to investigate this

issue an extensive coding system was developed, which assessed the
structural organization and the communicative function of the speech of

71 mothers as they interacted with their children. By means of factor
analysis three maternal communicative styles were distinguished: non-intervening, explaining and directing. In the non-intervening style there

is no direct pressure from the mother on the child to respond verbally.

The explaining mother is primarily concerned with providing information
to
her child in a way that gives the child little opportunity to
take the speaking turn. The directing mother is mainly engaged in
directing the child's behaviour by means of verbal control. The internal

consistency of the three communicative styles appeared to be both
satisfactory and related to relevant child and mother features.
The equation
xn−1/x−1=
yq with x square
Authors: SARADHA N. , SHOREY T. N.
Published: July 2002

It has been conjectured that equation

formula here

has only finitely many solutions. We observe that
(x, y, n, q)=(3, 11, 5, 2), (7, 20,
4,
2) and (18, 7, 3, 3) are solutions of (1). These are the only known solutions
and perhaps
(1) has no other solution. Ljunggren [8] proved in 1943
that
(1) with q=2 has no
solution other than x=3, y=11, n=5 and x=7,

y=20, n=4. Shorey and
Tijdeman [16] confirmed the conjecture if x

is fixed. Let z>1 be an integer. The
main purpose of this paper is to show that (1) has no solution if
x is restricted to the
infinite set of squares z2 with z[ges ]32 and

z∈{2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 16, 27}.
Rules and Regulations in Maritime Collision Avoidance: New Directions

for Bridge Team Training
Authors: Taylor Donald H.
Published: July 2002

This paper is based on work done originally for the Chevron Shipping
Company, whose
agreement to its publication in its present form is gratefully acknowledged.

Ever since the International Regulations for Prevention
of Collision at Sea (IRPCS) were introduced as a control system
for collision
avoidance, there have been disputes and arguments about exactly what they

mean, and how they should have been applied in particular collision incidents.

The principle of deciding by international agreement which ships should
be given
the duty of keeping clear of other ships generally works well but, as traffic

volumes increase, so do situations in which the IRPCS alone do
not provide a clear
indication of what is expected of the mariner. Various solutions have been

addressed to this problem, ranging from proposed radical revisions of the
whole
principle of collision avoidance, through periodic thoughtful adjustments
to
the details of the IRPCS, to informal additions and requirements
imposed by
individual shipowners on their fleets. The residual problem with
any solution
(except perhaps the first mentioned) is that there will always be exceptions

where the rules are unclear or ambiguous. Adding adjustments may reduce
these
exceptions but, unless all uncertainties can be removed, the adjustments
may
create a new and even more complex set of exceptions, which are yet more difficult to interpret.