bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study
Authors:   WHO MULTICENTRE GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY GROUP, de Onis Mercedes
Published: August 2010

Aim: To document how children in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) complied with feeding criteria and describe the breastfeeding practices of the compliant group.

Methods: The MGRS longitudinal component followed 1743 mother–infant pairs from birth to 24 mo in six countries (Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA). The study included three criteria for compliance with recommended feeding practices that were monitored at each follow‐up visit through food frequency reports and 24‐h dietary recalls. Trained lactation counsellors visited participating mothers frequently in the first months after delivery to help with breastfeeding initiation and prevent and resolve lactation problems.

Results: Of the 1743 enrolled newborns, 903 (51.8%) completed the follow‐up and complied with the three feeding criteria. Three quarters (74.7%) of the infants were exclusively/predominantly breastfed for at least 4 mo, 99.5% were started on complementary foods by 6 mo of age, and 68.3% were partially breastfed until at least age 12 mo. Compliance varied across sites (lowest in Brazil and highest in Ghana) based on their initial baseline breastfeeding levels and sociocultural characteristics. Median breastfeeding frequency among compliant infants was 10, 9, 7 and 5 feeds per day at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo, respectively. Compliant mothers were less likely to be employed, more likely to have had a vaginal delivery, and fewer of them were primiparous. Pacifier use was more prevalent in the non‐compliant group.

Conclusion: The MGRS lactation support teams were successful in enhancing breastfeeding practices and achieving high rates of compliance with the feeding criteria required for the construction of the new growth standards.
WHO Motor Development Study: Windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones
Authors:   WHO MULTICENTRE GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY GROUP, de Onis Mercedes
Published: August 2010

Aim:To review the methods for generating windows of achievement for six gross motor developmental milestones and to compare the actual windows with commonly used motor development scales.Methods:As part of the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study, longitudinal data were collected to describe the attainment of six gross motor milestones by children aged 4 to 24 mo in Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA. Trained fieldworkers assessed 816 children at scheduled visits (monthly in year 1, bimonthly in year 2). Caretakers also recorded ages of achievement independently. Failure time models were used to construct windows of achievement for each milestone, bound by the 1st and 99th percentiles, without internal demarcations.Results:About 90% of children achieved five of the milestones following a common sequence, and 4.3% did not exhibit hands‐and‐knees crawling. The six windows have age overlaps but vary in width; the narrowest is sitting without support (5.4 mo), and the widest are walking alone (9.4 mo) and standing alone (10.0 mo). The estimated 1st and 99th percentiles in months are: 3.8, 9.2 (sitting without support), 4.8, 11.4 (standing with assistance), 5.2, 13.5 (hands‐and‐knees crawling), 5.9, 13.7 (walking with assistance), 6.9, 16.9 (standing alone) and 8.2, 17.6 (walking alone). The 95% confidence interval widths varied among milestones between 0.2 and 0.4 mo for the 1st percentile, and 0.5 and 1.0 mo for the 99th.

Conclusion:The windows represent normal variation in ages of milestone achievement among healthy children. They are recommended for descriptive comparisons among populations, to signal the need for appropriate screening when individual children appear to be late in achieving the milestones, and to raise awareness about the importance of overall development in child health.
Continuing Medical Education: Urogenital Complaints and Female Sexual Dysfunction (Part 2) (CME)
Authors: Wehbe Salim A. , Kellogg Susan , Whitmore Kristene
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is common in women with urogenital disorders that occur as a result of pelvic floor muscle and fascial laxity.

Aim

Provide a comprehensive review of FSD as it relates to common urogenital disorders including pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and to discuss the impact of the surgical repair of these disorders on sexual function.

Methods

Systematic search of the medical literature using a number of related terms including FSD, POP, SUI, surgical repair, graft augmentation, complications, and dyspareunia.

Main Outcome Measures

Review of the medical literature to identify the relation between FSD and common urogenital disorders in women and to describe appropriate treatment strategies to improve quality of life (QOL) and sexual function.

Results

FSD is common in women with POP and SUI. Treatment options for POP and SUI include behavioral, pharmacological, and surgical methods which can also affect sexual function.

Conclusions

Sexual dysfunction is a common, underestimated complaint in women with POP and SUI. Treatment should be tailored toward improving sexual function and QOL. Surgical correction is generally beneficial but occasionally can result in negative alterations in sexual function. Patient selection and methods used for surgical repair are important factors in determining anatomical and functional success.
Sexual Complaints, Pelvic Floor Symptoms, and Sexual Distress in Women over Forty
Authors: Knoepp Leise R. , Shippey Stuart H. , Chen Chi Chiung Grace , Cundiff Geoffrey W. , Derogatis Leonard R. , Handa Victoria L.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

The American Psychiatric Association recommends considering sexually related personal distress when assessing female sexual dysfunction. Currently, there is little data regarding the impact of sexual complaints on sexual distress.

Aim

To investigate the association between sexual complaints and perceived sexual distress in a population of ambulatory adult women.

Methods

Using the short forms of the Personal Experiences Questionnaire and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Function Questionnaire, we assessed sexual complaints among 305 women seeking outpatient gynecologic care. Depressive symptoms were quantified using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) score. Sexual distress was measured using the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS). Using multivariable logistic regression, we compared sexual complaints between distressed and nondistressed women.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual distress, defined by FSDS score ≥15.

Results

FSDS scores were available for 292/305 participants. Seventy-six (26%) scores reflected distress. Distressed women were more likely to be younger (55.2 ± 1.0 years vs. 56.7 ± 0.8 years, P = 0.017); have higher CESD scores (16.6 vs. 9.5, P = 0.001); and report decreased arousal (56.8% vs. 25.1%, P = 0.001), infrequent orgasm (54% vs. 28.8%, P = 0.001), and dyspareunia (39.7% vs. 10.6%, P = 0.001). Women with sexual distress were also more likely to report sexual difficulty related to pelvic floor symptoms, including urinary incontinence with sexual activity (9% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.005), sexual avoidance due to vaginal prolapse (13.9% vs. 1%, P = 0.001), or sexual activity restriction due to fear of urinary incontinence (14.9% vs. 0.5%, P = 0.001). After multivariate analysis, sexual distress was significantly associated with dyspareunia (odds ratio [OR] 3.11, P = 0.008) and depression score (OR 1.05, P = 0.006), and inversely associated with feelings of arousal during sex (OR 0.19, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that sexually related personal distress is significantly associated with dyspareunia, depressive symptoms, and decreased arousal during sexual activity. This contributes to our understanding of how sexual complaints may adversely affect women’s quality of life.
Yield and cooking qualities of somaclonal variants of cv. Russet Burbank selected for resistance to common scab disease of potato
Authors: Wilson C.R. , Tegg R.S. , Hingston L.H.
Published: August 2010

We previously obtained somaclonal variants of the important French fry processing cultivar Russet Burbank with significantly enhanced resistance to common scab disease. In this study we have shown the commercial merit of a proportion of these variants through comparison of relative yield and tuber quality with the parent cultivar Russet Burbank. Whilst we showed a weak negative correlation between tuber yield (as assessed by weight of tubers per plant) and relative disease resistance within selected variants, we identified several with equivalent yields to the parent cultivar. Furthermore, two disease‐resistant variants (TC‐RB8 and NZ‐24B) consistently yielded more tuber mass than the parent. The majority of our Russet Burbank variants showed equivalent tuber quality characteristics (occurrence of defects, tuber specific gravity and dry matter content, and flesh colour) and cooking qualities (fry colour and presence of dark end defects) to the parent cultivar. Independent testing by a commercial French fry processor confirmed these quality characteristics. We present data demonstrating that highly common scab disease‐resistant somaclonal variants of Russet Burbank have commercially acceptable tuber yield and quality characteristics, comparable to the industry standard and parent Russet Burbank cultivar. We also demonstrate the value of in vitro cell selection techniques for potato cultivar improvement.
Pulpal Temperature Changes During Desensitisation And Other Low‐Power Hard‐Tissue CO2 Laser Procedures
Authors: Sandford M.A. , Walsh L.J.
Published: August 2010

Thermal insult to pulpal tissue is recognised as a major limitation to the use of lasers for dental hard tissue procedures. This study examined thermal changes at the level of the dental pulp in human molar teeth irradiated with a CO2 dental laser using a pulsed mode of operation. Sectioned molar teeth were exposed, in vitro, to CO2 laser radiation. The laser parameters were those used clinically for laser desensitisation and laser‐enhanced fluoride treatment. Fissure regions and root surfaces were irradiated. For settings which might reasonably be used clinically, the temperature rise was not of a magnitude which would be expected to cause pulpal inflammation or necrosis. With regard to thermal properties of tooth structure, times taken to reach the maximum temperature reduced, and times taken to cool to baseline increased with increasing laser exposures.
Conservative Management Of A Large Periapical Lesion: Triumph And Tragedy
Authors: Cohn Steven A.
Published: August 2010

Teeth that become devitalised before the completion of root maturation present many clinical challenges. These include the lack of an apical constriction, thin root walls that are prone to fracture and the presence of an associated large periapical lesion. The following case describes the treatment of such a case and its unfortunate outcome due to iatrogenic crown fracture.
Endodontic Treatment For A Molar Resorbed By A Dentigerous Cyst
Authors: Clarkson Roger
Published: August 2010

A case is presented where an unerupted lower third molar in a 56‐year‐old woman developed a dentigerous cyst. The pressure of the enlarging cyst caused distal displacement of the third molar and resorption of the roots of the first molar. The first molar was treated endodontically prior to surgery on the cyst, and a thirteen year follow‐up shows successful healing.
Suppurative Inflammation
Authors: Trowbridge Henry O.
Published: August 2010

Suppurative inflammation involves the production of large amounts of pus. The generation of chemotaxins by bacteria results in a dense accumulation of neutrophils which undergo autolysis by their own lysosomal enzymes. Release of proteases and activated oxygen metabolites by neutrophils results in tissue destruction. Pyogenic bacteria are resistant to destruction either because they possess antiphagocytic properties or are able to kill neutrophils. For phagocytosis to occur, the bacteria must first be coated by opsonins, principally IgG and complement component C3b. Ingestion of bacteria stimulates the hexose monophosphate shunt, the end product of which is pyruvate. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid which lowers the pH within the lesion. Drainage of pus reduces pressure and relieves pain, but suppuration continues until the causative agent has been eliminated.
An Endodontist In Vietnam
Authors: Parashos Peter
Published: August 2010

In January this year I had the opportunity to experience endodontics in another country. The following report summarises my experience and the purpose of the trip.
Initial Clinical Experience With Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Treatment of Ischemic Heart Failure
Authors: Vasyuk Yury A. , Hadzegova Alla B. , Shkolnik Evgeny L. , Kopeleva Maya V. , Krikunova Olga V. , Iouchtchouk Elena N. , Aronova Elena M. , Ivanova Svetlana V.
Published: August 2010

Previous experimental studies have suggested a beneficial effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in patients with ischemic heart failure. Twenty‐four patients with ischemic heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40% received ESWT in addition to their stable treatment. ESWT was performed in 9 sessions with 100 shocks per spot in viable segments detected by dobutamine stress echocardiography. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after ESWT. Tc‐99m MIBI single photon emission computed tomography was performed on inclusion and at 6 months. ESWT significantly decreased New York Heart Association class from 2.2±0.8 to 1.7±0.7 at 3 months (P<.01) and 6 months after ESWT (1.7±0.7). Six‐minute walk test improved from 414±141 to 509±141 and 538±116 (P<.01) at 3 and 6 months, respectively. A steady decrease of Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina class from 2.6±0.7 to 2.1±0.8 and 1.9±0.7 (P<.01) at 3 and 6 months, respectively, was observed. A significant increase in LVEF at rest at 3 and 6 months after ESWT (from 32.2±6.0 to 34.8±9.6 and 37.7±9.5, P=.03, respectively) was noted. Summed rest score (from 23.9±8.1 to 21.4±7.1, P=.03) and stress score improvement (from 28.2±8.4 to 24.6±6.4, P=.04) by single photon emission computed tomography was registered. Significant clinical improvement accompanied by beneficial changes of LVEF and rest/stress perfusion was found after ESWT. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:226–230. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE RYDE HEART DISEASE PREVENTION PROGRAM: ONE‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP OF A CONTROLLED TRIAL TO LOWER CORONARY RISK FACTORS IN SELF‐SELECTED EMPLOYEES BY SCREENING AND INTERVENTION
Authors: Biro G.A. , Ring I. , Lawson J.S.
Published: August 2010

A controlled intervention trial was set up in 1976 to evaluate a program to lower risk factors for coronary heart disease. The 3,401 persons who attended a voluntary screening program at their place of work, became the subjects. All subjects in the treatment group were given their results; those with a high blood pressure reading were referred to their doctor, while those with increases in other risk factor levels were offered educational group programs and literature. For control subjects, the only intervention was the sending of. screening results, with advice to consult a doctor, for the 10 per cent at highest risk.

Repeat screening after one year showed that similar changes in risk factor levels had occurred in both the treatment and the control groups, although changes in blood pressure favoured the control group. This program of screening and intervention had little effect on the level of coronary disease risk factors.
“GIVE IT AWAY FOR A DAY”: AN EVALUATION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA'S FIRST SMOKE FREE DAY
Authors: Donovan Robert J. , Fisher Deborah A. , Armstrong Bruce K.
Published: August 2010

A Smoke Free Day, modelled on the Great American Smokeout, was held in Perth, Western Australia on 10th November, 1982. Under the theme “Give It Away For A Day”, the day was promoted heavily on television and radio, in the press and in other ways. Some three months after the day, 93 per cent of subjects indicated their awareness of it and 56 per cent could recall the logo. An estimated 36.5 per cent of smokers tried to give up on the Day and 23.2 per cent succeeded; 2.3 per cent gave up and were still non‐smokers three months later. Among non‐smokers, 47.4 per cent encouraged a smoker to give up on the Day and 14.6 per cent considered that they had succeeded. A majority of both smokers (52.8 per cent) and non‐smokers (81.6 per cent) considered that the Smoke Free Day was a “good idea”.
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF ALCOHOL AND DRINK STEREOTYPES
Authors: Wilks Jeffrey
Published: August 2010

First year university students were surveyed about their knowledge of alcohol and its effects, their stereotypes of alcoholics and perceptions of drinkers according to the type of beverage they drink. Students held several myths about drinking and showed a poor knowledge of the way in which the body metabolizes alcohol. Stereotypes of alcoholics were generally favourable with alcoholism perceived as a disease from which a person could recover. Perceptions of those people who drank various popular forms of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic beverages revealed stereotypes which parallel images promoted by the mass media. The influence of the media in promoting certain images of drinkers is discussed.
THE DIETARY PATTERNS OF SHIFTWORKERS ON SHORT ROTATION SHIFTS
Authors: Fisher M. , Rutishauser I.H.E. , Read R.S.D.
Published: August 2010

The freqency of food use of twenty‐five oil refinery operators aged 26 to 59 years was studied on short rotation shift work. Each of the workers was interviewed on day, night and afternoon shift to obtain a 24‐hour qualitative record of food intake. A number of significant differences (p<0.05) were found between different shifts in the frequency of food use, and appeared to be related to changes in the type of meal consumed and the availability of food at the work‐site.
SOCIAL WORKERS' AND GENERAL PRACTITIONERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHILD‐REARING ENVIRONMENTS—TRADITIONAL OR NON‐TRADITIONAL?
Authors: Baum Frances E.
Published: August 2010

Family structures and the behaviour of individuals within families is changing. Assessment of these changes is, in part, a reflection of values. Difference in value—orientations towards the family can be an important factor in interactions between professional workers and their patients or clients. This study reports on a survey of social workers' and general practitioners' attitudes towards different types of families and their suitability for child‐rearing. General practitioners were found to have a more traditional orientation than social workers, although both groups favoured the nuclear family model. Implications of value differences between professional workers and those who consult them are discussed.
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN NURSES IN AN AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Linder‐Pelz S. , Pierce J. P. , Minslow M.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports the levels of stress experienced by registered and student nurses in a large metropolitan teaching hospital. A scale measure of current stress was developed and its psychometric properties assessed. Similar scale measures were constructed for the independent variables: nurses' personal attributes and perceived stressors. There was a symmetric distribution of stress scores and further analyses focused on the approximate 30% of nurses at the “high stress” end of the scale, assumed to be experiencing excessive stress. High stress was strongly associated with feeling poorly, poor self‐worth, dissatisfaction with social supports, feeling worse as pressure builds up and dissatisfaction with own coping. The particular stressors affecting registered and student nurses, respectively, were identified.

In addition, lack of responsiveness of the nursing and medical managements affected stress among Registered Nurses (RN's), while lack of status in the medical team and job overload were significant stressors of Student Nurses (SN's). The risk of being highly stressed, given the presence of various personal attributes and job stressors, was estimated using logistic regression. Stress levels in different areas of the hospital were compared, and the personal and job stressor factors that most accounted for the high levels of stress in different areas were identified.
TRENDS IN EXERCISE PREVALENCE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bauman Adrian
Published: August 2010

The measurement of physical activity is an important issue in health promotion and Public Health campaigns in Australia. This paper examines six community‐based national surveys since 1980, each estimating the prevalence of physical activity. These surveys show an apparent increase in the number of highly active Australians. However, the issue of reliable and valid physical activity measures has not been adequately addressed. The different measures used generated different estimates of activity prevalence. Serial surveys in 1985 and 1986, when adjusted for differential measurement error, failed to demonstrate an increase in the number of active Australians. Consistent and validated measurement of physical activity patterns is necessary before public health and preventive programs are developed in this area.
TALKING HEALTH: USING TALKBACK RADIO FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Authors: James Ross W. , Howat Peter A , Fisher K. John
Published: August 2010

Health education campaigns which utilise the mass media generally employ advertising techniques. Television and print media are considered more influential, with radio being primarily used for awareness raising and campaign support messages. There is relatively little research into the effectiveness of radio talkback programs in promoting health or reducing illness. This paper argues a case for health and welfare professionals to utilise talkback radio as part of their health promotion activities.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE AGENCY IN THE WESTERN REGION OF MELBOURNE: AN INTERVIEW STUDY OF ADULT PATIENTS
Authors: Dunt David R. , Oberklaid Frank , Temple‐Smith Meredith J.
Published: August 2010

An interview study investigating attitudinal and other factors influencing the selection of primary medical care (PMC) agency is described. It focuses on adult patients excluding those with trauma of medical/surgical emergencies and was conducted in part of the Western Region of Melbourne in late 1983, the period immediately prior to the introduction of Medicare. It is based on a cross‐sectional survey of in‐hours attenders of eight general practices (GP), the Western Region (Community) Health Centre (WRCHC) and the general clinic of the casualty department at the Western General Hospital (WGH).

Attenders of these different services differed significantly in their socio‐demographic characteristics. WGH attenders were significantly younger and had migrated from non‐English speaking countries significantly more often. Male attenders at the WGH had significantly lower socioeconomic status. 71 per cent being not in the workforce.

The most commonly stated reasons for attendance at particular services generally were “closeness to home, work”, “recommendation” and “good service”. Reasons given by attenders at the different clinics generally were similar. However GP attenders offered “good service” significantly more often as a reason for choice; WGH attenders offered “cheap/economic reasons” significantly more often and “recommendation” significantly less so. WRCHC attenders offered “workers' compensation” significantly more often. Thirty per cent of attenders overall had attended other than their current clinic during their past three to four illness episodes.

While a large majority of patients still attend GP for PMC it is concluded that a pluralist model recognising the legitimacy of different PMC arrangements and multiple use of them by individuals best meets community need. This is likely to be even more true under Medicare.

It is concluded that instrumental factors and social networks are important in the selection of PMC, particularly given the limited knowledge of respondents about health services. It is also concluded that cost and economic factors have been given undue weight in selection of primary medical care agency. The use of the WGH casualty department by groups not in the work force, given no real financial advantage in doing so, requires further study.
THE MEASUREMENT OF SOCIOECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL CLASS IN AUSTRALIA: A REVIEW OF PAST PRACTICES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Najman Jake M.
Published: August 2010

Recent findings have pointed to an association between socioeconomic status and health in Australia but have, in the process, raised important questions about the validity of various methods of determining a respondent's location within the hierarchy. While some of the problems associated with the use of the Australian Bureau of Statistics classification were known, the full extent of these deficiencies was not.

This paper reviews past and present methods of measuring socioeconomic inequality in Australia. After pointing to the criteria which should be applied to determine the adequacy of any method of socioeconomic classification, the paper reviews the main strengths and weaknesses of the methods of classification used in health‐related research in Australia.
DO HEALTH DEPARTMENTS PROMOTE HEALTH?— IF NOT, WHAT DO THEY DO?
Authors: Lennie Ian
Published: August 2010

Health authorities around Australia have been suffering an epidemic of re‐organization for nearly a decade. This situation flows from two chronic problem areas. The first is the health system itself and its lack of capacity to address health issues. The second is the public service system and its inability to carry out the public will. The combined ineffectiveness of both these systems leads to the private sector being regarded as the only alternative organizational form to bureaucracy. This, however, is only compounding the problems. Community health centres, particularly in Victoria, offer a viable and effective organizational form in health, and point the way towards revitalizing the public sector.
IMPLEMENTING A PUBLIC CHOLESTEROL SCREENING CAMPAIGN: THE NORTH COAST EXPERIENCE
Authors: James Ray , Tyler Colin , van Beurden Eric , Henrikson Denise
Published: August 2010

Several community‐based interventions in the United States have indicated that it is possible to economically screen the blood cholesterol levels of large numbers of the population and to assist those with elevated levels to reduce their blood cholesterol. The North Coast Cholesterol Check Campaign was designed to involve existing community health staff and community volunteers in a Health Promotion Campaign to: increase community awareness of the importance of cholesterol levels in relation to coronary heart disease; to offer participants immediate blood cholesterol analysis; and to offer dietary advice to those participants who were above the recommended 5.5 mmol/L level

Fifty‐two Cholesterol Check Points were conducted on the North Coast of NSW between 1 September and 15 December, 1987. Each Check Point featured a rapid cholesterol analysis with a finger‐prick procedure on the Boehringer‐Mannheim Reflotron System and immediate dietary counselling by trained staff for participants with elevated levels. A total of 12,067 persons participated in the Campaign: 43 per cent were found to have cholesterol levels that exceeded the recommended desirable levels set by the Australian National Heart Foundation. A 4–5 month follow up of 61 per cent (3,164) of these individuals indicates that 72 per cent lowered their blood cholesterol levels and 65 per cent reduced their BMI. Mean cholesterol change was 0.65 mmol/L and mean BMI change was 0.51.

The results indicate the potential for similar community‐based nutrition education programmes to reduce cholesterol levels in Australia. This paper details the rationale for the North Coast Cholesterol Check Campaign and the issues concerned with implementation of the campaign.
SOCIAL CLASS AS INDICATED BY AREA OF RESIDENCE: A MORTALITY STUDY WITHIN AN AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL POPULATION
Authors: Gordon Ian , Christie David , Robinson Kaye
Published: August 2010

The influence of social class on morbidity and mortality is well known and, in many epidemiological settings, its role as a potential confounding variable must be addressed. In occupational studies, particularly those based within a single industry, it is difficult to measure social class by scales based on occupational prestige. In a population study within the Australian petroleum industry, the all‐cause mortality of males has been examined by social class, as indicated by area of residence, specifically, postcode. Rates of mortality were higher in the lower social classes, and the gradient was similar to that observed previously. The mortality rate of the lowest social class group relative to the highest was 1.73, and the test for trend was significant (p=0.003). Whilst adjustment for smoking reduced the gradient somewhat, a social class effect remained.
DEVELOPING A MANDATE FOR CHANGE: PLANNING AS A POLITICAL PROCESS
Authors: Broadhead Peter , Duckett Stephen , Lavender Geoff
Published: August 2010

The three main questions dealt with in this article are: ‘why have community participation in planning?’ ‘what is community participation?’ and ‘how can community participation be practised?’ Planning in this context should be understood in a strategic sense as social policy development and implementation at a regional level. In answer to the first question, two common approaches to social planning and their shortcomings are briefly discussed, with reference to a taxonomy from Alan Walker's book Social Planning, A Strategy for Socialist Welfare.1 Community participation in social planning is a key characteristic of an alternative approach which addresses or avoids altogether the fundamental shortcomings of the other two. Issues of the practice of community participation in regional planning are examined through a description and analysis of the planning process undertaken by the Western Metropolitan Region of the Health Department Victoria. Some general conclusions regarding current trends in policy formation and public sector administration are also drawn.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH SURVEYS AND COMMUNITY HEALTH PROMOTION CAMPAIGNS BY FEEDBACK FROM THE COMMUNITY: EXPERIENCE FROM THE WALLSEND COMMUNITY AND HEALTH PROJECT
Authors: Clarke Rufus M. , Allen Gwen , McBay Sue , Heaney Sandra
Published: August 2010

A lifestyle and health risk survey was conducted in two socially disadvantaged Collector's Districts, as the basis for a health promotion intervention in one of the Districts. After community input into the planning, and local advance publicity, 395 people responded to the survey (a response rate of 39%).

Three sources of community feedback were used: (i) reasons for refusal to participate; (ii) written comments solicited at a two‐month follow‐up; (iii) later, in‐depth interviews with a subset of respondents. The data from this feedback related both to the process and outcomes of the survey; the latter included increased personal and community awareness of health, as well as lifestyle changes.

The data are discussed in terms of their representativeness and the factors influencing participation, the implications of the low response rate, the stages of health behaviour change, and the potential conflict between scientific and human value‐systems in community research.
The Community And The Institution
Authors: POLIER JUSTINE WISE
Published: August 2010

This paper was delivered before the Berkshire International Forum held at Berkshire Industrial Farm, a school for delinquent boys at Cannan. New York. June 22. 23 and 24.

With members of the united Nations Secretariat attending, eleven nations were represented among the forty authorities in the field of institutional treatment of problem children who participated.

Council president, Hon. Victor B. W ylegala. was the only member of the judiciary present as a discussant of papers‐presented.
Planning Techniques: Areal Data Collection Units and Migration in Malawi
Authors: Coleman G.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Three problems with areal data collection units are identified, namely aggregation levels, areal boundaries and the size and shape of areal units. Examples are drawn from Malawi.

RESUME Les Techniques de Planification : les Unités chargées de la Collecte des Données Zonales, et la migration au Malawi

Trois problèmes sont précisés, relatifs à des unités chargées de la collecte des données zonales, en particulier des niveaux d'aggrégatton, de la délimitation zonale ainsi que des taille et forme des zones. Les exemples fournis proviennent du Malawi.

RESUMEN Técnicas de Planificación : Unidades de Recolección de Datos por Areas y Migración en Malawi

Se identifican tres problemas en relación con las unidades de recolección de datos por áreas, a saber, niveles de agregación, delimitación de las áreas y tamaño y forma de las unidades de área. Se usan ejemplos de Malawi.
Tomić on Christian Democracy and the Left in Chile: A Comment
Authors: Lehmann David
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article criticizes the argument of Radorniro Tomić, (see ‘Reflections on the Coup d'Etat in Chile’, IDS Bulletin vol.7 no. 3, October 1975) according to which there was a possibility of an agreement between the Chilean Christian Democrats and the parties of Unidad Popular which would have saved Chile from the events of September 1973. The counter‐argument rests on the evidence that the Christian Democrats did all they could to prevent the UP government from fulfilling its programme, and even when partial agreements were in the air, ended up by defeating such efforts. Tomić represents a minority view in his party which is dominated by Frei, the President of Chile from 1964 to 1970, who has always rejected any deal with the Left. However, the author agrees with Tomić that an agreement would have saved the country from its present fate, even if it would have involved some sacrifice of ultimate goals.

RESUME La Démocratie Chrétienne et la Gauche au Chile: Le Bilan Selon Tomić

L'article qui suit remet en question la thèse de Radomiro Tomić, (voir ‘Réflexions au sujet du Coup d'Etat du Chile’, Bulletin de 1'IDS, Vol. 7, No. 3, Octobre 1975) selon laquelle il est question de la possibilité d'un accord entre Démocrates Chrétiens Chiliens et partis de L'Union Populaire qui aurait pu éviter au Chile les evenements de September 1973. Le contre‐argument repose sur le fait que les Démocrates Chrétiens ont fait tout ce qui était en leur pouvoir pour empêcher le Gouvernement d'UP de remplir son programme, et même lorsque des accords partiaux étaient dans l'air, ont fini par mettre de tels efforts en échec. Tomić représente les vues d'une minorité au sein de son parti, dominé par Frei, Président du Chile de 1964 à 1970. qui a toujours refusé de traiter avec un parti de gauche. Cependant l'auteur pense comme Tomić qu'un accord aurait sauvé le pays de son destin actuel, même si cela avait impliqué le sacrifice d'objectifs ultérieurs.

RESUMEN Tomić y la Relación entre la Democracia Cristiana y la Izquierda en Chile: Un Comentario

Este articulo critica la tesis de Radomiro Tomić (ver, ‘Reflexiones sobre el Golpe de Estado en Chile’, Boletín IDS Vol. 7, No. 3, octubre 1975) según la cual los partidos de la Unidad Popular hubieran podido llegar a un acuerdo sin transacciones ideológicas con la Democracia Cristiana y evitar asi la tragedia de septiembre de 1973. Tomić representa una tendencia minoritaria dentro su partido, el que está dominado por el ‐ex‐Presidente de Chile Eduardo Frei, quien nunca quiso llegar a un acuerdo. El autor concuerda con Tomić que un entendimiento con la izquierda hubiera salvado al país de su destino actual, pero cree que su ausencia se debió a que nadie apreció con claridad los riesgos que se corrían al no buscar seriamente un acuerdo.
Media Professionalism: Dependence on Rich Country Models1
Authors: O'Brien Rita Cruise
Published: August 2010

Summary Information flows, and the mass media in particular, form part of the mechanism whereby developing countries are incorporated into the world capitalist system. Information transfers and the development of broadcasting are heavily affected by institutional transfers and concepts of professional roles based on metropolitan models. This article analyses this process and questions the relevance of methods of organisation and work transferred from a metropolitan framework to developing countries. It outlines the international context within which professionalism in broadcasting exerts its influence and counterposes these dominant flows against the potential use of broadcasting for development.

Resume Professionnalisme dans les media: dépendance vis‐à‐vis des modèles des pays riches

Les courants d'information, et les moyens de communication de masse en particulier, font partie du mécanisme par lequel les pays en voie de développement sont incorporés au système capitaliste mondial. Les transferts d'informations et le développement de la diffusion sont grandement affectés par les transferts institutionnels et la conception des rôles professionnels basée sur les modèles métropolitains. Cet article analyse ce processus et met en cause le bien‐fondé de méthodes d'organisation et de travail transférées du cadre de la métropole aux pays en voie de développement. Il évoque le contexte international dans lequel le professionnalisme dans la diffusion des informations exerce son influence et oppose ces courants dominants à l'utilisation possible des moyens de diffusion au profit du développement.

Resumen Profesionalismo de los Medios de Comunicación: Dependencia en los Modelos de los Países Ricos.

El flujo de información y los medios de comunicación en masa especialmente, forman parte del mecanismo en virtud del cual los países en vías de desarrollo se incorporan en el sistema del mundo capitalista. Las transferencias de información y el desarrollo de la radiodifusión se ven profundamente afectadas por las transferencias institucionales y los conceptos de las funciones profesionales basadas en los modelos metropolitanos. En este artículo se analiza este proceso y se pone en tela de juicio la pertinencia de los métodos de organización y trabajo transferidos de una estructura metropolitana a los países en vías de desarrollo. Se esboza el ámbito internacional dentro del cual ejerce su influencia el profesionalismo en la radiodifusión y contrapone estos flujos predominantes frente a la utilización posible de la radiodifusión para el desarrollo.
Problems in the Use of World Prices in Social Cost‐Benefit Analysis: Some Experiences from a Study in Pakistan
Authors: Weiss John
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY A major development in Social Cost‐Benefit Analysis has been the substitution of world market prices for domestic prices. It is argued that this procedure is superior to the use of average relationships, such as a shadow exchange rate or a standard conversion factor. This paper discusses some of the problems involved in applying world prices in the evaluation of projects, and draws upon the experience of a research study which applied SCBA techniques to industrial projects in Pakistan. In this study, for a number of reasons discussed in the paper, extensive use had to be made of an average ratio, the standard conversion factor.

RESUME Problèmes présentés par l'utilisation des cours mondiaux dans l'analyse sociale des coûts et rendements. Expériences tirées d'une étude au Pakistan

L'évolution de l'analyse sociale des coûts et rendements a été marquée par la substitution des cours mondiaux aux prix des marchés intérieurs. Cette procédure parait en effet supérieure à l'utilisation d'un rapport moyen tel qu'un cours de change “fantôme” ou un facteur de conversion standard. L'article présente certains des problèmes que suscite l'utilisation des cours mondiaux dans l'évaluation des projets, et s'appuie sur l'expérience d'une étude appliquant les techniques de l'analyse sociale des coûts et rendements à des projets industriels au Pakistan. Pour des raisons présentées dans l'article, cette étude a recouru dans une large mesure à un rapport moyen, le facteur de conversion standard.

RESUMEN Problemas en la utilización de los precios mundiales para el análisis social de costos y beneficios: algunas experiencias derivadas de un estudio hecho en Pakistán

Un acontecimiento importante en el análisis social de costos y beneficios ha sido la sustitución de los precios del mercado mundial por precios nacionales. Se alega que este procedimiento es superior a la utilización de relaciones promediadas tales como un tipo de cambio simulado o un factor de conversión normal. En este artículo se analizan algunos de los problemas que se plantean al aplicar precios mundiales en la evaluación de proyectos, y aprovecha la experiencia de un estudio de investigación que aplica técnicas del análisis social de costos y beneficios a los proyectos industriales en Pakistán. En este estudio, por varios motivos que se indican en el artículo, se tuvo que aplicar ampliamente una relación promediada, o sea, el factor de conversión normal.
Prospects for a Basic Needs Strategy: The Case of Kenya
Authors: Godfrey Martin
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Implementation of the 1972 ILO report on Kenya, which might be regarded as the first ‘basic needs’ report, has been distinctly patchy, and the Kenyan economy is still at a crossroads as far as future strategy is concerned. If the basic needs/redistribution option were chosen this would imply a programme strikingly similar to the unimplemented remainder of the ILO report's recommendations. In which case the question asked by Leys about the ILO mission's proposals is raised again in an acute form—what incentive is there for those in power to make the sacrifices involved in implementing a basic needs strategy?

RESUMEN

Perspectivas para una estrategía de las necesidades básicas: El caso de Kenia

La realización del informe OIT sobre Kenia de 1972, que se podría considerar la primera relación sobre “las necesidades básicas”, se ha hecho de una manera más bien deshilvanada, pudiéndose decir que la economía de Kenia se encuentra todavia en una encrucijada por lo que a su futura estrategía se refiere. Si se optara por la solución de las necesidades básicas/redistribución, esto exigiría un programa con gran parecido a lo que queda por cumplir de las recomendaciones de la relación OIT. En cuyo caso se puede uno hacer de nuevo y de una forma aguda la pregunta formulada por Leys acerca de las proposiciones de la mision OIT : ¿ qué incentivos pueden tener los que se encuentran en el poder al hacer los sacrificios implicados en la puesta en práctica de una estrategía de necesidades básicas ?

RESUME

Perspectives pour une stratégie des besoins fondamentaux: le cas du Kenya

La mise en oeuvre du rapport du BIT 1972 sur le Kenya, que l'on peut considérer comme le premier rapport sur “besoins fondamentaux”, était assez décousue et l'économie du Kenya en est encore aux décisions pour ce qui est de la stratégie à adopter. Si le choix besoins fondamentaux/redistribution était pris, cela signifierait un programme étonnamment similaire aux recommendations du rapport du BIT qui n'ont pas encore été appliquées. Dans ce cas, la question posée par Leys concernant les propositions de la mission du BIT est à nouveau soulevée sous une forme plus aigue: quel encouragement y a‐t‐il pour ceux qui sont au pouvoir à faire les sacrifices supposés par la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie des besoins fondamentaux ?
Some Preliminary Notes on the Subordination of Women1
Authors: Whitehead Ann
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY An introductory note on some of the theoretical assumptions made by the IDS Subordination of Women Workshop, and on the specialised language used. It is argued that the analytical object of study cannot be ‘women’ (an empirical category) but rather the relations between men and women in society. Three types of gender relations are specified and described and it is suggested that gender as a characteristic has led to the social domination of women by men. Reasons are given for choosing the term ‘subordination’ (rather than partriarchy) to refer to the general character of male/female relations. Lastly, some of the overall theoretical questions addressed by the Conference are raised.

RESUMEN Algunas notas preliminares sobre la subordinación de las mujeres

Una nota de introducción sobre algunas de las suposiciones teóricas hechas en el ciclo de estudios sobre la subordinación de las mujeres de IDS, y sobre el lenguaje especializado que se emplea. Se alega que el objetivo analítico del estudio no puede ser “las mujeres” (una categoría empírica), sino más bien las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres en la sociedad. Se especifican y describen tres tipos de relaciones de género y se sugiere que el género como característica ha conducido al dominio social de las mujeres por parte de los hombres. Se indican los motivos para elegir la expresión “subordinación” (en lugar de patriarcado) para referirse al carácter general de las relaciones masculino‐femeninas. Por último, se suscitan algunas de las interrogantes teóricas generales planteadas en la Conferencia.

RÉSUMÉ Remarques préliminaires sur la subordination de la femme

Note d'introduction présentant certaines des hypothèses admises comme fondement théorique par le groupe de travail IDS sur la subordination de la femme, et traitant également du langage spécialisé qui a été employé. Une thèse tendant à exclure la notion de ‘la femme’ (catégorie empirique) propose à sa place celle des rapports entre hommes et femmes dans la société. Trois types de rapport entre les genres sont précisées et décrites, et à titre de suggestion, il est proposé que la notion du genre en tant qu caractéristique aurait conduit à la dominance sociale exercée par l'homme sur la femme. Des justifications sont fournies pour le choix du terme ‘subordination’ par préférence à celui de ‘patriarcat’, pour désigner d'une manière générale le caractère des rapports entre mâle et femelle. En fin d'article sont évoquées certaines des questions théoriques d'ensemble qui ont été soulevées à l'occasion de la conférence.