bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upheaval in Savannah: The Protest Cycle of a ‘Short’ Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Russell Clare
Published: October 2012

Both the ‘long civil rights movement’ and resource mobilization schools have proposed a long trajectory of civil rights activism stretching from the 1930s and with legacies in the 1960s and beyond. The visible sit-ins of the 1960s were possible because of resources available in the community which had been cultivated by previous generations of activists. This case study of a direct action movement in Savannah, 1960–4 complicates a long civil rights narrative. Rather this was a protest cycle which relied on a degree of spontaneity and new, charismatic leadership. Moving beyond a discussion of why insurgency arises at certain times, the article explains the techniques used to attract growing numbers of recruits at the height of the protest cycle. Finally, the article explains the decline of the movement and the legacy it left in the city. Because the movement leader Hosea Williams was unwilling to share power beyond a small circle, when he left the city in 1964 the cycle quickly deflated and an older generation of activists stepped in to lead civil rights protest. This represented not a legacy but a return to the status quo. The Savannah case study contributes to a wider historiographical debate over the long civil rights movement and its legacies.
Where Have All the Files Gone? Lost in Action Points Every One?
Authors: Moss Michael
Published: October 2012

Government files and the system that preceded their introduction have been eclipsed by the introduction of electronic record keeping systems. This has been accompanied both by a marked deterioration in record keeping practices and the use of record keeping to enable an audit culture. The article explores what those charged with integrating digital records into the archives might learn from record keeping practice in the paper world. By explaining how registry systems functioned and developed, it argues that many of the problems and proposed solutions that information technologists believe to be novel have long antecedents. It concludes by suggesting that the voice of the historian needs to be heard more clearly in the debate about the role the archives play in contemporary democratic societies.
Work, Consumption and Subjectivity in Postwar France: Moulinex and the Meanings of Domestic Appliances 1950s–70s
Authors: Clarke Jackie
Published: October 2012

This article responds to some of the limitations of the historiography of consumption in contemporary Europe, notably its tendency to divorce consumer culture from production and to subscribe, in some cases at least, to a rather schematic model of ‘consumer society’. Focusing on the Moulinex domestic appliance company which developed in Normandy from the late 1950s, it explores the interpenetration of cultures of production at several levels. It considers the role of Moulinex in making domestic appliances available to the mass market, the place of productivism in the Moulinex brand and the place of appliance consumption in company culture, before reflecting on the workers’ perspective on this culture and the meanings they ascribed to the appliances they acquired through the company.
Human Rights and Ethical Reasoning: Capabilities, Conventions and Spheres of Public Action
Authors: Whiteside Noel , Mah Alice
Published: October 2012

This interdisciplinary article argues that human rights must be understood in terms of opportunities for social participation and that social and economic rights are integral to any discussion of the subject. We offer both a social constructionist and a normative framework for a sociology of human rights which reaches beyond liberal individualism, combining insights from the work of Amartya Sen and from French convention theory. Following Sen, we argue that human rights are founded on the promotion of human capabilities as ethical demands shaped by public reasoning. Using French convention theory, we show how the terms of such deliberation are shaped by different constructions of collectively held values and the compromises reached between them. We conclude by demonstrating how our approach offers a new perspective on spheres of public action and the role these should play in promoting social cohesion, individual capabilities and human rights.
What One Sees and How One Files Seeing: Human Rights Reporting, Representation and Action1
Authors: Moon Claire
Published: October 2012

This article argues that the forms through which violence and atrocity are expressed – legal, statistical and testimonial – are important objects of analysis because credo is manifest in form, and an examination of form reveals something about the relationship between the ‘world view’ of human rights organizations and the ‘styles of thought’ that shape and inform their representations. The article considers what the discursive forms that seem indigenous to human rights and human rights advocacy both express (legalism, scientism) and repress (historicism), and discusses ways in which these forms of representation potentially facilitate and inhibit action.
Religion, Sexual Orientation and the Equality Act 2010: Gay Bishops in the Church of England Negotiating Rights Against Discrimination
Authors: Clucas Rob
Published: October 2012

A sophisticated understanding of human rights must look at ways in which conflicts between competing rights are negotiated. This article undertakes a case study of the interrelationship of rights related to religion and sexuality in societies, in the context of inequality between heterosexual and homosexual persons. It analyses recent Church of England guidance on appointing bishops in relation to the Equality Act 2010 and its religious exemptions to non-discrimination provisions. I investigate whether formal Church teaching and the guidance owe more to heteronormativity than the purely scriptural mandate that is claimed. I argue that the Equality Act’s preference for religion rights over sexuality rights in the discrimination exemptions for organised religions, and the Act’s understanding of what counts as a religious conviction, are better understood as a de-prioritisation of sexuality rights that reflects the prevailing structural inequalities of heteronormative secular and religious social worlds.
Homeownership for Future Generations in the UK
Authors: Meen Geoffrey
Published: October 2012

This paper constructs a housing market model to analyse conditions for different generations of households in the UK. Previous policy work has suggested that baby-boomers have benefitted at the expense of younger generations. The model relies on a form of financial accelerator in which existing homeowners reinvest a proportion of the capital gains on moving home. The model is extended to look at homeownership probabilities. It also explains why an increasing share of mortgages has gone to existing owners, despite market liberalisation and securitisation. In addition, the model contributes to the explanation of volatility.
Experiences of Military Youth During a Family Member’s Deployment
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K. , Pusateri Kimberly B. , Ebata Aaron T. , McGlaughlin Patricia C.
Published: October 2012

The deployment of a family member can be very distressing for military children, but it also can supply opportunities for growth. This study addresses calls for research on the changes, challenges, and opportunities facing youth during a family member’s tour of duty. It uses the relational turbulence model to frame research questions about how children experience a family member’s deployment. Participants were 33 military youth ranging from 10 to 13 years of age who completed one-on-one, semistructured interviews. They reported several changes to family life (Research Question 1), challenges of deployment (Research Question 2), and opportunities of deployment (Research Question 3). The results contribute to the literature by advancing theory, by providing insight into children’s experiences in their own words, and by suggesting practical guidelines for helping youth navigate a family member’s deployment.
Superabsorbent hydrogels prepared from waste polystyrene and linear low-density polyethylene
Authors: Ismail Hanafi , Irani Maryam , Ahmad Zulkifli
Published: October 2012

Superabsorbent hydrogels, polystyrene-graft-polyacrylic acid (PAA; PS- g-PAA), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)-graft-PAA (LLDPE- g-PAA), and hydrogel composites, PS- g-PAA/bentonite (BT), were synthesized through emulsion polymerization using acrylic acid as a monomer, benzoyl peroxide as an oil-soluble initiator, and ammonium persulfate and sodium sulfite as a redox initiator in the presence of N, N-methylenebisacrylamide as a cross-linking agent. The superabsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The maximum water absorbencies for PS- g-PAA and PS- g-PAA/BT were 780 and 900 g g−1 in distilled water, respectively, while the water absorbency of LLDPE- g-PAA superabsorbent was 450 g g−1 in distilled water.
Invisible Women in America’s National Pastime . . . or, “She’s Good. It’s History, Man.”
Authors: Ring Jennifer
Published: October 2012

American popular culture holds that girls do not play baseball, and any news to the contrary is greeted with incredulity. But girls and women have played the national pastime since the game was first invented, in spite of the fact that softball has served as a vehicle for the most strident sex segregation in American sports. This article traces the tenacious participation of girls and women from the 19th century to the U.S. Women’s National Team. Team USA medaled in the hard-fought, violence-marred Women’s World Cup Tournament of 2010 in Caracas, Venezuela. At home, the team is invisible, and the players must battle for access to the game. What can be done to open the doors for them?
Clinical Consensus Statement
Authors: Setzen Gavin , Ferguson Berrylin J. , Han Joseph K. , Rhee John S. , Cornelius Rebecca S. , Froum Stuart J. , Gillman Grant S. , Houser Steven M. , Krakovitz Paul R. , Monfared Ashkan , Palmer James N. , Rosbe Kristina W. , Setzen Michael , Patel Milesh M.
Published: October 2012

Objective

To develop a consensus statement on the appropriate use of computed tomography (CT) for paranasal sinus disease.

Subjects and Methods

A modified Delphi method was used to refine expert opinion and reach consensus by the panel.

Results

After 3 full Delphi rounds, 33 items reached consensus and 16 statements were dropped because of not reaching consensus or redundancy. The statements that reached consensus were grouped into 4 categories: pediatric sinusitis, medical management, surgical planning, and complication of sinusitis or sinonasal tumor. The panel unanimously agreed with 13 of the 33 statements. In addition, at least 75% of the panel strongly agreed with 14 of 33 statements across all of the categories.

Conclusions

For children, careful consideration should be taken when performing CT imaging but is needed in the setting of treatment failures and complications, either of the pathological process itself or as a result of iatrogenic (surgical) complications. For adults, imaging is necessary in surgical planning, for treatment of medical and surgical complications, and in all aspects of the complete management of patients with sinonasal and skull base pathology.
When Decisions Should Be Shared
Authors: Müller-Engelmann Meike , Donner-Banzhoff Norbert , Keller Heidi , Rosinger Lydia , Sauer Carsten , Rehfeldt Kerstin , Krones Tanja
Published: October 2012

Background. Shared decision making (SDM) is often advocated as an ideal for making medical decisions. Until now, however, opinions regarding which treatment situations warrant SDM have not been systematically investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine social norms regarding medical decision making, using a factorial survey design. Methods. The factorial survey applied in this study consisted of 7 situational factors (e.g., the reason for consultation), each with 2 to 3 levels (e.g., prevention and severe disease). These factors were turned into various descriptions of treatment situations. A total of 101 physicians, 115 patients, and 113 members of self-help groups participated in the study. Each participant assessed 10 vignettes using a 5-point scale to indicate who they thought should make the decision in each specific situation. Results. Most assessments across the 3 groups called for a shared decision (39%). Ordered logistic regression analysis demonstrated that, according to study participants, all 7 situational factors (reason for consultation, time frame of negative outcomes, time pressure, number of therapeutic options, side effects, scientific evidence of efficacy, and desire to participate) significantly affected how decisions regarding treatment should be made. The strongest factor was the patient’s desire to participate in decision making (odds ratio = 1.84; P ≤ 0.001), followed by the reason for consultation (odds ratio = 0.69; P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions. This study reveals that there is a general desire for SDM in a variety of treatment situations. Furthermore, based on the responses of our participants, our findings also lay the framework in determining which treatment situations warrant SDM.
Headache in patients with pituitary adenoma: Clinical and paraclinical findings
Authors: Schankin Christoph J , Reifferscheid Anna K , Krumbholz Markus , Linn Jennifer , Rachinger Walter , Langer Sigrid , Sostak Petra , Arzberger Thomas , Kretzschmar Hans , Straube Andreas
Published: October 2012

Aim:

The aim of this article is to generate hypotheses for the mechanism of pituitary adenoma headache.

Patients and methods:

Fifty-eight patients with pituitary adenoma were prospectively analysed for prevalence and manifestation of tumour headache. Intrapersonal and neoplasm-associated risk factors were assessed.

Results:

Twenty-four patients (41%) had tumour-attributed headache, seven had migraine-like, 11 tension-type headache-like headache, and three both. Cluster headache-like headache was found once, and two headaches remained unclassified. Tumour-attributed headache was associated with a positive history of headache ( p = 0.03; OR 3.4), nicotine abuse ( p < 0.01; OR 4.7), intake of acute headache medication ( p = 0.04; OR 3.3), and a higher tumour proliferation indicated by a Ki67-labelling index (LI) >3% ( p = 0.02; OR 11.0). For patients with migraine-like tumour-attributed headache, risk factors were younger age ( p = 0.02), nicotine abuse ( p < 0.01; OR 10.9), acute headache treatment ( p < 0.01; OR 9.0), and Ki67-LI >3% ( p = 0.03; OR 14.1). For tension-type headache-like headache, the main risk factor was a positive history of tension-type headache ( p = 0.045; OR 5.6).

Conclusion:

Headache predisposition and local tumour effects might be important for the pathophysiology of pituitary adenoma headache and tumour headache in general.
Bringing social institutions into global value chain analysis: the case of salmon farming in Chile
Authors: Rainbird Helen , Ramirez Paulina
Published: October 2012

Global value chain (GVC) analysis has been developed to understand the changing nature of global production and distribution processes, but it has not been widely adopted by sociologists to understand the implications of globalization for work, employment and the levers for upgrading labour conditions. To understand the extent to which insertion in GVCs creates opportunities for the upgrading of labour and skills, it is necessary to consider the influence of national institutions, alongside internationally dispersed relationships between companies in different parts of the value chain. By examining the production of farmed salmon in Chile, the article explores the interactions between national institutions for innovation and skills development and locally based producers’ insertion in the global value chain.
Contested psychiatric ontology and feminist critique
Authors: Angel Katherine
Published: October 2012

In this article I discuss the emergence of Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) within American psychiatry and beyond in the postwar period, setting out what I believe to be important and suggestive questions neglected in existing scholarship. Tracing the nomenclature within successive editions of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM), I consider the reification of the term ‘FSD’, and the activism and scholarship that the rise of the category has occasioned. I suggest that analysis of FSD benefits from scrutiny of a wider range of sources (especially since the popular and scientific cross-pollinate). I explore the multiplicity of FSD that emerges when one examines this wider range, but I also underscore a reinscribing of anxieties about psychogenic aetiologies. I then argue that what makes the FSD case additionally interesting, over and above other conditions with a contested status, is the historically complex relationship between psychiatry and feminism that is at work in contemporary debates. I suggest that existing literature on FSD has not yet posed some of the most important and salient questions at stake in writing about women’s sexual problems in this period, and can only do this when the relationship between ‘second-wave’ feminism, ‘post-feminism’, psychiatry and psychoanalysis becomes part of the terrain to be analysed, rather than the medium through which analysis is conducted.
Kinematics and workspace analysis of a novel 3-DOF parallel manipulator with virtual symmetric plane
Authors: Fang Hairong , Fang Yuefa , Zhang Ketao
Published: October 2012

This article presents a novel 3-DOF parallel manipulator extracted from an origami fold in the context of mechanisms. The parallel manipulator consists of a base, a platform and four chain-legs that connect the platform to base through revolute joints. Each chain-leg contains a closed-loop sub-chain, which is spherical 6R linkage with symmetrical angle lengths. The geometry of the parallel manipulator is revealed according to the configuration design and specifics of the origami fold. This leads to unravelling of the symmetric plane which is determined by the common points of spherical 6R linkages in the four chain-legs. Based on geometric approach, the solutions for both inverse and forward kinematics are derived and the reachable workspace is then analyzed.
The mapping and enumeration of informal Roma settlements in Serbia
Authors: Vuksanović-Macura Zlata
Published: October 2012

This paper describes five examples of mapping and enumerating poor informal Roma settlements in Serbia, implemented in the last decade by non-governmental organizations and Roma associations as a prelude to different upgrading projects. Their contexts, processes and outcomes are discussed and their common patterns and approaches are summarized. The characteristics and types of Roma settlements are described within the framework of the Roma’s poverty and social exclusion and the lack of adequate responses by national and local authorities to the difficult housing situation in Roma settlements. This paper considers ways of overcoming the gap between the need for reliable mapping and enumeration data and the actual situation, where informal Roma settlements are neither put on official maps in Serbia nor included in formal records, unlike other city areas.
Vulnerability to wind hazards in the traditional city of Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Adelekan Ibidun O
Published: October 2012

This paper examines vulnerability to recent occurrences of wind hazards in the context of changing patterns of urbanization, land use, land cover and wind climate in Ibadan, the largest traditional urban centre in sub-Saharan Africa. The period 1989–2008 shows a significant increase in maximum wind gusts, with the latter half of the period, 1998–2008, recording higher mean maximum wind gusts and more frequent windstorms with peak gusts of 48 knots or more. Following a major windstorm event in March 2008, an assessment of the windstorm-induced damage and the vulnerability characteristics of residents of 69 wind-damaged houses in eight districts located in Ibadan’s high density core area and older suburbs was undertaken. This was based largely on primary data from interviews conducted with residents of windstorm-affected districts and with key informants in urban planning institutions. The study provides insights into changing climate risk patterns and emerging vulnerabilities of inner-city residents of Ibadan. The role of local institutions in shaping vulnerability to climate risks was also examined.
The role of community architects in upgrading; reflecting on the experience in Asia
Authors: Luansang Chawanad , Boonmahathanakorn Supawut , Domingo-Price Maria Lourdes
Published: October 2012

This paper describes the role of community architects in the upgrading programmes supported by the Asian Coalition for Community Action (ACCA), illustrated with examples that include a bamboo bridge project in Davao and a toilet project in Digos (the Philippines), a community-driven land allocation system in Gopalganj (Bangladesh), and upgrading developed by a savings group in a landless community in Hlaing Tar Yar township (Myanmar). Drawing on the authors’ experiences working as community architects, it also reflects on how to integrate social and physical change in communities in order to effect broader changes in society. The paper discusses the merits of community architecture and identifies what makes a good community architect, and describes the Community Architects Network (CAN) that has been formed and how it encourages architectural schools to incorporate knowledge and experience from community architects into their curriculum.
Urban environmental challenges and climate change action in New York City
Authors: Solecki William
Published: October 2012

Climate change presents cities with significant challenges such as adaptation to dynamic climate risks and protection of critical infrastructure systems and residents’ livelihoods. City governments and inhabitants must continually respond to a variety of urban environmental risks. Understanding how cities have begun to extend these experiences to the context of climate change adaptation as well as mitigation is crucial for the development and identification of climate action best practices. The focus of this paper will be to document and explore how the city of New York has begun to define and implement a set of climate actions over the past half decade. These actions are presented within a discussion of past and future climate risks and vulnerabilities, and of climate and sustainability programmes that the city government has developed recently. Even as a mature, mega-city in a developed country, lessons from the New York City experience can be transferred to a variety of other urban contexts.
The effects of ubiquinone (CoQ10) on heart tissue in cardiac toxicity related to organophosphate poisoning
Authors: Bayır A , Kara H , Köylü Ö , Kocabaş R , Ak A
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ubiquinone (CoQ10) on heart tissue and erythrocytes in acute organophosphate poisoning (AOP). A total of 20 rabbits were divided into three groups: sham ( n = 8), pralidoxime (PAM) + atropine ( n = 6), and CoQ10 + PAM + atropine ( n = 6). Blood samples were taken from each test subject to measure the values of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the plasma and erythrocyte before administration of 50 mg/kg dichlorvos by orogastric tube. Blood samples were then taken at 1, 12, and 24 h post-dichlorvos to determine plasma and erythrocyte levels of AChE, NO, and MDA. Sham group received no treatment. PAM + atropine group received 0.05 mg/kg atropine with repeated doses and PAM: first a 30-mg/kg intravenous (IV) bolus, then a 15-mg/kg IV bolus every 4 h. CoQ10 + PAM + atropine group received same dose PAM and atropine and a 50-mg bolus of IV CoQ10. Thoracotomy was performed in all the animals 24 h after poisoning and then heart tissue samples were obtained. At 12 and 24 h, erythrocyte AChE levels in the CoQ10 animals were considerably higher than those in PAM + atropine animals ( p = 0.023 and 0.017, respectively). At 12 and 24 h, erythrocyte MDA and NO levels in CoQ10 animals were significantly lower than those in PAM + atropine animals ( p < 0.05). Heart tissue AChE levels in CoQ10 animals were considerably higher than those of the sham and PAM + atropine animals ( p = 0.001). Heart tissue MDA and NO levels of CoQ10 animals were significantly lower than those of the sham and PAM + atropine animals ( p < 0.01). Treatment of AOP with CoQ10 + PAM + atropine in this animal model had a beneficial effect on both erythrocyte and heart tissue lipid peroxidation and AChE activity.
Review of evidence for a toxicological mechanism of idiopathic environmental intolerance
Authors: Hetherington LH , Battershill JM
Published: October 2012

Idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) is a medically unexplained disorder characterised by a wide variety of unspecific symptoms in different organ systems and attributed to nontoxic concentrations of chemicals and other environmental factors that are tolerated by the majority of individuals. Both exposure to chemicals and behavioural conditioning are considered as possible contributors to the development of IEI. However, owing to the heterogeneity of the condition, it is difficult to separate the toxicological, physiological and psychological aspects of IEI. Here, we review the evidence for postulated toxicologically mediated mechanisms for IEI. Available data do not support either a classical receptor-mediated or an idiosyncratic toxicological mechanism. Furthermore, if there were convincing evidence for a psychological cause for many patients with IEI, then this would suggest that the priority for the future is the development of psychological treatments for IEI. Finally, we advocate genome wide screening of IEI patients to elucidate genotypic features of the condition.
Emergency do not consume/do not use concentrations for blended phosphates in drinking water
Authors: Willhite CC , Ball GL , Bhat VS
Published: October 2012

The U.S. Congress [PL 107–188] amended the Safe Drinking Water Act and required each community water system serving more than 3,000 people to conduct vulnerability assessments. These assessments address potential circumstances that could compromise the safety and reliability of municipal water. The present evaluation concerns the concentrations of the blended phosphates (also known as polyphosphates, condensed complex phosphates, polyphosphate glassy balls, and pyrophosphates) intended to aid regulatory agencies in decisions to avoid contact with affected water. Polyphosphates are direct food additives and they are used to treat municipal drinking water, but depending upon the concentration and duration of exposure these substances can induce chemical burns. Ingested polyphosphates are degraded by phosphatase enzymes to monophosphates, substances that are over-the-counter bowel purgatives. High oral doses of the monophosphates can induce transient hyperphosphatemia in older and susceptible young people, which can lead to acute phosphate nephropathy. In some patients, the condition is fatal. Based on the acute diarrhea after the ingestion of a single oral dose of monobasic (NaH2PO4) and dibasic (Na2HPO4) monophosphates in adults, a do not consume concentration of 600 mg PO4/L can be derived. Based on mild local irritation after topical application of 1.0% sodium metaphosphate [(NaPO3)6 • H2O] to intact skin of sensitive volunteers, a do not use concentration of 8,000 mg PO4/L can be assigned. Given the lack of eye irritation in rabbits after direct instillation of 0.2% (NaPO3)6 • H2O, an acute ocular contact limit of 50 mg PO4/L serves as the overall do not use level.
Metabolomic analysis of rat plasma following chronic low-dose exposure to dichlorvos
Authors: Yang J , Wang H , Xu W , Hao D , Du L , Zhao X , Sun C
Published: October 2012

This study aims to assess the metabolomic profile and related histopathological outcomes of rat plasma after chronic low-dose exposure to dichlorvos (DDVP). A total of 120 male Wistar rats were treated with 0, 2.4, 7.2, and 21.6 mg/kg of body weight/day DDVP continuously for 24 weeks by drinking water. Rat plasma samples were collected at different time-points to measure the metabolomic profiles by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Liver tissue analysis was performed to correlate histopathological outcome status to plasma metabolomics. Significant changes in some of the metabolites were found in all the treated groups compared with the control group. LysoPC (15:0/0:0), LysoPC (16:0/0:0), LysoPC (17:0/0:0), LysoPC (0:0/18:0), sphingosine, sphinganine, C16 sphinganine, C17 sphinganine, and arachidonic acid were decreased in the treated groups. LysoPE (16:0/0:0) was increased after dosing with DDVP. Histopathological test outcomes coincided with the plasma metabolomic-profile analysis results obtained by UPLC-MS. The livers were damaged following chronic exposure to DDVP. Abnormal changes in some lipids in the plasma, such as LysoPC (0:0/18:0), were closely related to liver dysfunction. Therefore, metabolomic analysis provides the unique advantages of unveiling the mechanisms of DDVP.
Chaos controlling of permanent magnet synchronous motor base on dither signal
Authors: Wei Qiang , Wang Xing-yuan
Published: October 2012

This paper researches the chaotic phenomenon of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in electric vehicles when the PMSM is in power on or power off and analyzes the chaos of the PMSM when parameters are within a certain range. Bifurcation diagram, phase portraits and Poincareé maps present traits of chaos in the PMSM. Finally, an effective way of controlling chaos is put forward by an external sinusoidal dither signal which is input to the PMSM when in power off. Some simulations are presented to demonstrate effectiveness of the method and to test what effect a sinusoidal dither signal of different frequencies has on chaos control of a PMSM.
Hand–arm vibration in cycling
Authors: Chiementin X , Rigaut M , Crequy S , Bolaers F , Bertucci W
Published: October 2012

Numerous workers are exposed to vibrations which can turn out to be fatal for the health. Athletes can be included in this population, in particular cyclists who are exposed to vibration due to the irregularity of the road. This nuisance depends of the duration of exposure and the range of vibrations. While the worker is mostly directly excited by a vibrating system, the cyclist is indirectly subjected to it. He undergoes the vibrations of an excited sub-structure which is the bicycle. So the bicycle plays the role of a vibration filter or amplifier. In this paper we propose to (i) study the transmission of vibrations to the cyclist after excitation on a paving road, (ii) calculate the limit time of exposure to this type of excitation rate by the use of the standard ISO 5349 and the European directive 2002/44/EC, and (iii) compare the weighting curve of the standard with a vibrations transmissibility curve obtained between the collarbone and the stem. For this particular case of an excited sub-structure, a weighting curve is proposed by considering the first modal frequency of the bicycle.
Dynamics and control of a rigid and flexible four bar coupler
Authors: Hill Daniel E
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a method for controlling the position, velocity, and acceleration of a rigid and flexible four bar coupler. The dynamic model is formulated using a new form of Kane's equations of motion for constrained systems. The formulation results in equations of motion that are separated in the accelerations. Lyapunov theory is then applied to the dynamic model to develop nonlinear tracking control laws for the rigid and flexible couplers. Numerical simulation is used to demonstrate the system performance showing a significant reduction in the flexible coupler vibration when using active control based on the flexible dynamic system model.
Exposure of family members to antineoplastic drugs via excreta of treated cancer patients
Authors: Yuki Michiko , Sekine Satoko , Takase Kanae , Ishida Takashi , Sessink Paul JM
Published: October 2012

Purposes:

(a) To measure the urinary excretion of antineoplastic drugs of three patients during 48 h after the administration of cyclophosphamide (two patients) and 5-fluorouracil (one patient). (b) To evaluate environmental contamination with antineoplastic drugs via excreta of patients in the home setting. (c) To evaluate exposure of family members to antineoplastic drugs by measuring the drugs in their urine during the 48 h after completion of the chemotherapy by the patients.

Methods:

Two patients were administered cyclophosphamide by i.v. bolus injection. One patient was administered 5-fluorouracil by i.v. bolus injection and thereafter immediately administered the same drug by continuous infusion for 46 h. Urine samples from the patients administered cyclophosphamide and their family members, and wipe samples from their home environment, were analysed for the unchanged form of cyclophosphamide. For 5-fluorouracil, the urine samples from the patient and the family member were analysed for the 5-fluorouracil metabolite α-fluoro-β-alanine. Wipe samples were analysed for 5-fluorouracil. Drugs were detected and quantified with gas chromatography in tandem with mass spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy or by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-light detection.

Results:

A total of 35 and 16 urine samples were collected from the three patients and their family members, respectively. The drugs were detected in all samples. Cyclophosphamide was detected at levels of 0.03–7.34 ng/cm2 in 8 of the 12 wipe samples obtained from the homes of the patients administered cyclophosphamide. For the patient administered 5-fluorouracil, drug levels in his home environment were below the limit of detection.

Conclusion:

We demonstrated contamination of the home setting and exposure of family members to cyclophosphamide via the excreta of outpatient receiving chemotherapy. Exposure of the family member of the patient administered 5-fluorouracil was also demonstrated. These findings indicate the importance of strict precautions by the members of treated cancer patients as well as healthcare workers, to reduce the risk of exposure to antineoplastic drugs.
The Gang Problem
Authors: Jensen Gary F. , Thibodeaux Jarrett
Published: October 2012

A common perspective on variations in the gang problem over time emphasizes fabricated or exaggerated “panics” that serve the interests of law enforcement and the media. The evidence for these constructionist arguments has been largely anecdotal and discursive and based on specific locals. This article examines FBI Supplemental Homicide data on youth gang killings and National Youth Gang Survey data on estimated gang members in relation to LexisNexis and Vanderbilt Television News Archive data on media coverage of gangs. Overall, the results support a realist view that surges or trends in the gang problem were actual patterns based on real events rather than media or law enforcement fabrications.
A study of overall contact behavior of an elastic perfectly plastic hemisphere and a rigid plane
Authors: Peng He , Liu Zhansheng , Zhang Guanghui
Published: October 2012

The overall contact behavior of an elastic perfectly plastic hemisphere against a rigid plane is presented. Based on volume conservation, the upper limit of overall contact area is derived. A finite element model for the overall contact behavior of a hemisphere and a rigid plane is studied. The material of the hemisphere is assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic. A series of materials with different yield stress to elasticity modulus ratios are studied in finite element analysis. The axial movement of the deformed hemisphere base is prevented. The radial deformable and radial rigid boundary conditions of the hemisphere bottom base are considered. Results show that the overall contact area gradually deviates from Hertz solution, and approaches the upper limit with the increase of interference. Material yield stress to elasticity modulus ratio mainly influences contact behaviors in the early contact stage, while the boundary condition of hemisphere bottom base affects the contact behaviors significantly for large contact interferences. By incorporating some existing models and fitting finite element results, a model for overall contact of a hemisphere against a rigid plane is obtained. This study covers the overall contact, which ranges from initial contact to the collapse of hemisphere. Comparisons of this study with several existing models and experimental data indicate that this study can predict the contact behaviors well in overall contact range.
Interventions in foster and kinship care: A systematic review
Authors: Kinsey Debbie , Schlösser Annette
Published: October 2012

Foster care is a complex setting in which to provide therapeutic interventions due to the high rates of difficulty, poor outcomes and high numbers of professionals and carers involved. This systematic review aims to examine interventions that have been empirically assessed in foster care. Thirty papers describing 20 interventions were included. It was found that there was good support for wraparound services and relational interventions, but little support for widely used carer training programmes. A need was identified to further research and implement wraparound services within the UK, and to empirically test interventions which may be efficacious with a foster care population.
Current status of managing food allergies in schools in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Yoon Jihyun , Kwon Sooyoun , Kim Jihyun , Han Youngshin
Published: October 2012

Recently the need to manage food allergies in schools has been growing. This study aimed to examine the current status of managing food allergies in schools in Seoul, Korea. A questionnaire survey was conducted in cooperation with the School Dietician Association during April 2009. Among the participating 154 schools, a total of 109 (71%) were determining students’ food allergy status through parental surveys based on self-reported food allergies. A total of 72 (47%) had experienced student visits to a school health room due to food allergies within one year before the survey. Over 80 percent of the schools relied on self-care only without any school-wide measures for food allergies in place. Among the 890 menu items most frequently served in school lunch programs, a total of 664 (75%) were found to contain more than one food allergen. It is highly suggested that preventive plans and treatment measures should be established to manage food allergies in schools.
Impacts of modern transitions on thermal comfort in vernacular dwellings in warm-humid climate of Sugganahalli (India)
Authors: Shastry Vivek , Mani Monto , Tenorio Rosangela
Published: October 2012

Sugganahalli, a rural vernacular community in a warm-humid region in South India, is under transition towards adopting modern construction practices. Vernacular local building elements like rubble walls and mud roofs are given way to burnt brick walls and reinforced cement concrete (RCC)/tin roofs. Over 60% of Indian population is rural, and implications of such transitions on thermal comfort and energy in buildings are crucial to understand.

Vernacular architecture evolves adopting local resources in response to the local climate adopting passive solar designs. This paper investigates the effectiveness of passive solar elements on the indoor thermal comfort by adopting modern climate-responsive design strategies. Dynamic simulation models validated by measured data have also been adopted to determine the impact of the transition from vernacular to modern material-configurations. Age-old traditional design considerations were found to concur with modern understanding into bio-climatic response and climate-responsiveness. Modern transitions were found to increase the average indoor temperatures in excess of 7℃. Such transformations tend to shift the indoor conditions to a psychrometric zone that is likely to require active air-conditioning. Also, the surveyed thermal sensation votes were found to lie outside the extended thermal comfort boundary for hot developing countries provided by Givoni in the bio-climatic chart.
Affiliative and disaffiliative candidate understandings
Authors: Antaki Charles
Published: October 2012

A listener can offer an interpretation (can give a ‘candidate understanding’) of what a speaker is currently saying. I distinguish between, on the one hand, proposing a candidate understanding that solves a manifest problem by offering new, relevant information; and, on the other hand, proposing a candidate understanding that does not seem to relate to any obvious obscurity in what the speaker is saying, and only offers material that the speaker clearly knows, or ought to know. Both kinds are interruptions to the progressivity of the speaker’s project, but they differ qualitatitively. I argue that the former is affiliative and the latter disaffiliative, insofar as the latter calls attention to, and therefore invites correction or abandonment of, what the speaker is doing. I discuss what such a move might serve, and show how making it involves epistemic and deontological rights.
Asking different types of polar questions: The interplay between turn, sequence, and context in writing conferences
Authors: Park Innhwa
Published: October 2012

Using video recordings of one-on-one writing conferences as data, this conversation analytic study provides a sequential analysis of student-initiated question–answer sequences and demonstrates that the building of social interaction is contingent upon the composition of a turn as well as its position in the larger sequence. In particular, the article focuses on the distinct sequential environments in which students use yes/no interrogatives and yes/no declaratives. In the context of writing conference, the epistemic asymmetry between the participants is made relevant throughout the session; in general, the teacher is in a more knowledgeable position, whereas the student is in a less knowledgeable position concerning writing practices. Nonetheless, students invoke a different degree of knowledge gap between the participants by using different forms of polar questions. This article illustrates how students convey their epistemic positions with different syntactic structures and how such distinct positions are ratified in the unfolding sequence. The analysis of this study contributes to finding new aspects of question–answer sequences and pedagogical practices.
Assessing the experience of speed dating
Authors: Turowetz Jason , Hollander Matthew M
Published: October 2012

We use conversation analysis and a research design modeled on speed dating to examine college-aged speed daters’ assessments of their experience of this activity. In getting acquainted, participants solicit and provide accounts of the experience that treat it delicately and impersonally. Further, participants collaborate to claim a shared naivete toward speed dating, thereby presenting themselves as ordinary college students having a new experience. Non-standard assessment sequences throw such patterned practices into relief, and feature the disclosure of personal troubles occasioned by the experience. Our findings have implications for the study of assessments, impression management, acquaintanceship, and relationship initiation.
A Randomized Comparison of Laparoscopic, Flexible Endoscopic, and Wired and Wireless Magnetic Cameras on Ex Vivo and In Vivo NOTES Surgical Performance
Authors: Chang Victoria C. , Tang Shou-Jiang , Swain C. Paul , Bergs Richard , Paramo Juan , Hogg Deborah C. , Fernandez Raul , Cadeddu Jeffrey A. , Scott Daniel J.
Published: October 2012

Background. The influence of endoscopic video camera (VC) image quality on surgical performance has not been studied. Flexible endoscopes are used as substitutes for laparoscopes in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), but their optics are originally designed for intralumenal use. Manipulable wired or wireless independent VCs might offer advantages for NOTES but are still under development. Objective. To measure the optical characteristics of 4 VC systems and to compare their impact on the performance of surgical suturing tasks. Methods. VC systems included a laparoscope (Storz 10 mm), a flexible endoscope (Olympus GIF 160), and 2 prototype deployable cameras (magnetic anchoring and guidance system [MAGS] Camera and PillCam). In a randomized fashion, the 4 systems were evaluated regarding standardized optical characteristics and surgical manipulations of previously validated ex vivo (fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery model) and in vivo (live porcine Nissen model) tasks; objective metrics (time and errors/precision) and combined surgeon (n = 2) performance were recorded. Results. Subtle differences were detected for color tests, and field of view was variable (65°-115°). Suitable resolution was detected up to 10 cm for the laparoscope and MAGS camera but only at closer distances for the endoscope and PillCam. Compared with the laparoscope, surgical suturing performances were modestly lower for the MAGS camera and significantly lower for the endoscope (ex vivo) and PillCam (ex vivo and in vivo). Conclusions. This study documented distinct differences in VC systems that may be used for NOTES in terms of both optical characteristics and surgical performance. Additional work is warranted to optimize cameras for NOTES. Deployable systems may be especially well suited for this purpose.
A systematic search for reports of site monitoring technique comparisons in clinical trials
Authors: Bakobaki Julie , Joffe Nicola , Burdett Sarah , Tierney Jayne , Meredith Sarah , Stenning Sally
Published: October 2012

Background

As part of a broader methodological programme of work around clinical trial monitoring, we wanted to evaluate the existing evidence for the effectiveness of different monitoring techniques.

Purpose

To identify and evaluate prospective studies of the effectiveness of different monitoring strategies.

Methods

A systematic search of MEDLINE from 1950 onwards, using free-text terms to identify relevant published studies. We intended to extract data on details of comparative techniques, monitoring findings identified by different techniques, and recommendations or identification of areas in need of further research made by authors.

Results

A total of 1222 published abstracts were identified and reviewed. Of these, nine articles described methods for quality control (QC) of clinical trial activities, and one article was identified that compared the same monitoring technique at two timepoints. None included a direct comparison of different monitoring techniques and findings.

Limitations

The search strategy was limited to MEDLINE. However, MEDLINE includes all the journals that tend to report trial methodological research.

Conclusions

There is a lack of published empirical data that compare monitoring strategies prospectively. Assessment of the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of monitoring techniques in a variety of clinical trial settings and indications is needed.