bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsible computing at the University of Delaware
Authors: Gordan Richard
Published: January 2007

Just over four years ago, our department director called two of us into her office. It looked like one of our student consultants had broken into a computer at another university, securing root privileges for himself, using his work account and an account in the Computer Science lab. The FBI was interested because our student's crime had crossed state lines, or so the other university told us.
Introduction to the literature on object-oriented design, programming, and languages
Authors: Leavens Gary T.
Published: January 2007

This paper is an introduction to the literature on object-oriented design, object-oriented programming, a few programming languages (especially C++), and some related topics in language design.This bibliography has been prepared for a graduate seminar at Iowa State called "Fun with C++". However, it reflects many more aspects of object-oriented programming and design than will be covered in that seminar. In particular, it reflects my own research interests. Please use it as a spring-board into the available literature.Apologies in advance to any whose work is left out.
Programming in C++
Authors: Dewhurst Stephen C. , Stark Kathy
Published: January 2007

If you have been looking for a book for the purpose of learning C++ that also explains the concepts behind data abstraction and object-oriented programming, then this book is for you. It is one of several new books coming out of Bell Labs concurrently with the release of version 2.0 of the C++ Translator. The authors are able to provide a unique perspective on C++. They have been involved in the development of a C++ compiler at Bell Labs for several years and have been privy to many of the design decisions made by Bjarne Stroustrup over the years. In writing this book they are able to supply the reader with their insight on the philosophy behind many of the features of the language and how to effectively utilize them.
Book review: The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis - by Raj Jain (ISBN 0471-50336-3, 1991, 685 pages, Price: $ 52.95 John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York)
Authors: Biswas Prasenjit
Published: January 2007

Dr. Raj Jain's new book,
The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis
(ISBN: 0471-50336-3, 1991, 685 pages, Price: $52.95 John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York) is definitely the most comprehensive textbook in the field of Computer systems performance evaluation. As far as my knowledge goes there is no other competitive text that offers a cohesive collection of such a wide range of topics without compromising on the quality and depth of the exposition. The topics covered include -- measurement techniques and tools, experimental design and analysis, simulation, queueing models and a section on probability theory and statistics.
A :20piano movers' '
Authors: Davenport J H
Published: January 2007

As has been pointed out [Schwartz & Sharir, 1983b], various problems of motion planning can be expressed as cylindrical algebraic decompositions [Collins, 1975; Arnon
et al.
, 1984]. The purpose of this note is to discuss a particularly simple such problem, and show what actually happens during the decomposition (as far as we could take it). There is no pretence at originality, except perhaps in the conclusions.
Tissue models, with programming problems from God's notebook.
Authors: Stark W. Richard
Published: January 2007

The individual cells within a multicellular organism do not operate autonomously but instead interact together in a controlled and co-ordinated manner. In order that an organism can function ... there must be some form of communication between the component cells. ... [It] may take the form of direct communication between adjacent cells ... through permeable membrane channels known as gap junctions.
MacDonald [Ma85]
.
National Science Foundation News
Authors: Rosenberg Laurence C.
Published: January 2007

This issue has three parts. The first is a report on the NSF 1992 budget and the President's 1993 budget request relevant to the AI community. The second contains information on the President's High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and the third is an update on relevant NSF workshops.
Armchair AI
Authors: Powers David M. W.
Published: January 2007

Computing, Psychology and Linguistics all have something in common quite apart from their overlap into AI: Introspection.
Book review: Intelligence as Adaptive Behaviour: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology By Randall D. Beer (Academic Press, 1990)
Authors: Powers David M. W.
Published: January 2007

Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior. An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology
is based on a Case Western Reserve Ph.D. dissertation. The two parts of the title reflect the two aims of the author's argument and research: "a view of intelligence which is some somewhat different from the traditional one" and "a particular methodology for the construction of autonomous agents."
Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Logical Foundations of Commonsense By Gerhard Brewka (Cambridge University Press, 1991)
Authors: Marek V. W.
Published: January 2007

Nonmonotonic reasoning forms one of the main components of the logical approach to Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Representation. Relatively large portions of the leading AI journals and conferences are devoted to various issues in nonmonotonic reasoning.
Book review: Made-Up Minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence By Gary Drescher (MIT Press, 1991)
Authors: Mareschal Denis
Published: January 2007

One of the key issues in cognitive development is discovering how infants come to have a representation of the external world they live in; a representation which will serve both as the framework around which to hang and organize sensory input, as well as a tool for understanding and planning external events which don't immediately involve sensations. More generally, it can be argued that any adaptive learning system must also face the task of generating a representation of its environment and establishing the constraints to guide its interaction with this environment. In psychology, two extreme positions have been historically championed: empiricism and nativism. Advocates of the later would argue that the child is initially born with no representational system and that it builds up such a system guided by practicce and experience with sensory input. Advocates of the former, however, would argue that raw sensory input is far too chaotic for any meaningful systematicity to be extracted from it. They would therefore claim that in order to interpret the world the child must have a fully developed innate representational system ready to cope with any conceivable situation. Made-up Minds is the account of Gary Drescher's attempt to implement a more moderate view first put forward by Kant and later adopted by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget: that of constructivism.
Book review: Neural Networks: Theory and Applications Edited by Richard J. Mannone And Yehoshua Zeevi (Academic Press, 1991)
Authors: Judd J. Stephen
Published: January 2007

This book leaves you with the impression that neural networks are a diverse collection of computational techniques that have only a thin shell of mutual relationships. Basically the book is a collection of papers from those who came to a certain workshop in 1990. The editors hoped to "review salient features of neural net systems and to present the most promising approaches of addressing the issues involved in designing a neural system," a worthy goal for a textbook perhaps but not a goal that is achieved by this book.
Book review: Current Issues in Parsing Technology Edited by Masaru Tomita (Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston/Dordrecht/London, 1991)
Authors: Covington Michael A.
Published: January 2007

The 18 papers in this book are selected from the 45 presented at the International Workshop on Parsing Technologies (IWPT-89) sponsored by Carnegie-Mellon University. Papers dealing with Tomita's own parsing algorithm are published in a separate book Tomita,
Generalized LR Parsing,
Kluwer, 1991).
The logic of the whole truth
Authors: Fulda Joseph S.
Published: January 2007

This paper uses erotetic logic to characterize the legal concept of "the whole truth" sworn to by witnesses offering testimony. Such a model has potential application to expert systems for detecting perjury or gauging the severity of an instance of perjury. In addition, the model developed here has potential application to intelligent databases.
National Science Foundation News
Authors: Rosenberg Laurence C.
Published: January 2007

This is first issue of a regular column describing NSF activities and items of interest to the AI community. The column will vary in length depending on the activity to be reported.
Book review: Representations of Commonsense Knowledge by Ernest Davis Morgan (Kaufmann Publishers, 1990)
Authors: Shankar C. Ravi
Published: January 2007

A good definition of what constitutes common sense is very difficult to arrive at. The connotation given to this word in this book seems to be:the vast body of knowledge all of us possess regarding entities like space, time, quantities, qualities, flows, chemicals, biological beings, goals, plans, needs, beliefs, intentions, actions, interpersonal relations etc., the complex interactions between them, and our innate ability to do different styles of subtle reasoning with these entities.
Book review: Epistemology and Cognition. edited by James H. Fetzer (Studies in Cognitive Systems, Vol. 6) (Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, 1991)
Authors: Doerr Heiko
Published: January 2007

The book under review collects papers on epistemology and cognition. They originally appeared in one of three special issues of
Synthese
(No. 82, 83) in 1990. Although they are contributions to these special issues, their contents and impetus vary a lot. The reader will find philosophical investigations, implementation concerns, and discussions of general problems of cognitive science. Therefore, this volume of "Studies in Cognitive Science" is not limited to cognitive science but also relates it to other subjects.
Efficient local search for very large-scale satisfiability problems
Authors: Gu Jun
Published: January 2007

The satisfiability problem (SAT) is a fundamental problem in mathematical logic, inference, automated reasoning, and computing theory. In this correspondence, we report the results of applying local search techniques to solve the satisfiability problem. While a traditional resolution-based algorithm is not able to handle even moderately sized inference problems, a local search algorithm, tested through years of real program execution, is capable of computing very large-scale inference problems with fast, robust convergence. On a workstation computer, for example, it is able to solve a satisfiability problem with 50,000 clauses and 5,000 variables in a few seconds.
Using layered support graphs for verifying external adequacy in rule-based expert systems
Authors: Valiente Gabriel
Published: January 2007

The problem of verifying external adequacy in expert systems is addressed in this paper. External adequacy is defined in terms of a formal specification of question relevance, that expresses natural data dependencies among the external facts used in the ontology of the domain of expertise. A method is presented for verifying the expert system, at any stage of development, against the formal specification. The method is based on transforming the knowledge base plus inference engine into a partially ordered set of
support graphs.
The complex problem of verifying the external adequacy of expert systems is then translated into a simpler path-finding problem in support graphs.
Palette segmentation indexing
Authors: Doyle Michael D.
Published: January 2007

The MetaMap process is particularly suited for representing and linking spatial and textual information in the development of interactive applications which must access large databases of 2-D and 3-D raster images. This process has proven particularly effective for the development of multimedia educational programs for medical education, such as interactive atlases for the anatomical sciences. MetaMap processing allows a user to obtain descriptive information concerning a feature of a displayed image by point to the location of the feature. Conversely, the user may enter descriptive textual information, and the locations of the responsive features are indicated. The data processing and memory storage requirements are minimized by encoding information about the image as a pixel/voxel bit map, and a color map in which the addresses or indices of the color map are correlated with the addresses or pointers to strings of descriptive information. Each color map address corresponds to a predefined set of features and descriptive information about those features. Since the pixel/voxel bit map defines a color map address for each location on the image, suitable programming of the color map can insure proper correlation of descriptive information with corresponding locations on the image. The correlation between color map addresses and the descriptive information about the features is represented most compactly by arranging or sorting the entries in the color map so that there is a correspondence between each predefined feature and a continous range of color map addresses. Therefore, for a specified color map address, the corresponding set of features and their pointers can be found by comparing the specified color map address to the limits of the color map address ranges for the various features. This interface allows hypermedia-type linking of image features to relevant multimedia "objects" such as test, images, sounds, and animations. Computational efficiency is maximized so that effective multimedia systems can be developed on low-end microprocessor platforms such as Intel 8088 or 80286-based systems. The method and apparatus for implementing the MetaMap process is protected by U.S. Patent #4,847,604.
Interactive computers in anatomical instruction
Authors: McCracken Thomas O. , Spurgeon Thomas L.
Published: January 2007

The goal of the Vesalius Project is a high-resolution, interactive 3-D atlas of human/animal anatomy, stored on a laser videodisc and displayed on graphics workstations---an "electronic Gray's Anatomy." Students will use this computerized atlas interactively to learn the structure of the body and to understand their own bodies in health and disease. The Human Factors Research Laboratory at Colorado State University has designed and is conducting a comprehensive evaluation program for the project.
On integer-to-rational conversion algorithm
Authors: Sasaki T. , Sasaki M.
Published: January 2007

Let
m
be a positive integer. Given an integer
u
, there exists at most one rational number
a/b
, gcd(
a, b
) = 1 and
b
≥ 1, such that
u
≡
a/b
(mod
m
), 1 ≤
b
< √
m
/2 and |a| < √
m
/2. Wang [1] presented an algorithm for calculating
a
and
b
for given integers
m
and
u
, with insufficient proof of the algorithm. Wang-Guy-Davenport [2] gave a proof of the algorithm, using a theorem in number theory, but the authors cannot understand the proof. This short article gives an elementary proof of Wang's algorithm.
Dynamic modelling of organizations
Authors: Bots Pieter W. G. , Dur Remko C.J.
Published: January 2007

Within the field of information systems, there is a growing awareness of the necessity of understanding an organization before information technology can effectively be applied to support it in its primary and secondary business functions. It is not uncommon that object descriptions are used, since these tend to be easily communicated with non-modelling experts in organizations.
Formal object-oriented methods in communication standards
Authors: Cusack Elspeth , von Bochmann Gregor
Published: January 2007

Communication standards are specifications or models of protocols and related systems. To be fit for their purpose they must be sufficiently abstract to be implementation-independent and free from substantial errors, as they will be used many times, and mistakes found after publication are extremely costly. Such standards --- especially
Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) --- have therefore over the past ten years been a fruitful area for the trial of formal techniques[l, 3].
Book Review: Performance Analysis of Transaction Processing Systems by Wilbur H. Highleyman (Prentice Hall, 1989)
Authors: Nangia Ashvini
Published: January 2007

This book deals with issues related to performance analysis of a special class of real-time computing systems called transaction processing systems. Even though the book primarily discusses OLTP (On-line Transaction Processing) architectures, it provides an excellent text for performance evaluation of operating systems and file systems. In many cases the author discusses the effect of multiple processors on performance of the overall system.
Book Review: Computer Networks and Systems: Queueing Theory and Performance Evaluation by Thomas G. Robertazzi (Springer-Verlag, 1990)
Authors: Meng Xiannong
Published: January 2007

This is a book intended for first-year graduate level courses in statistical performance evaluation. The book can be used for both network performance and computer system performance courses although the emphasis is on computer networks. It assumes a background in computer networks (first graduate course). Readers should have solid mathematics background if they use this book as self-study material. The book does provide a very brief review on probability theory, but this is not detailed enough if the readers did not have probability before.
Brief review: Markovian Queues by O.P. Sharma (Ellis Horwood Publishers 1990)
Authors: Finkel
Published: January 2007

This slim monograph presents a novel approach to understanding the behavior of the M/M/1 queue and of other Markovian queues with finite capacity. The basic idea is to construct a two-dimensional model of the queueing system, where the two dimensions represent the number of customers who have arrived to the system, and the number of customers who have departed. A closed-form solution is then obtained for this model, from which various performance measures of interest can be derived. The author also presents transient analysis of certain Markovian queues based on this same approach.
Brief review: The Benchmark Handbook: Database and Transaction Processing Systems, Ed. by Jim Gray (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1991)
Authors: Finkel
Published: January 2007

This book is unique in the performance literature, and provides a valuable service to those interested in benchmarking database and transaction processing systems, or who are interested in benchmarking in general. The Introduction was written by the editor, and explains the structure of the book, and has a discussion of benchmarking in general, explaining the need for benchmarks, design criteria for benchmarks, and an overview of the benchmarks presented in the book.
SIQUEUE-PET
Authors: Deike-Glindemann Hartmut
Published: January 2007

Developing models for performance evaluation of computer systems, logistic systems etc. often is a complex task. The effort can be considerably reduced if appropriate software tools are available. In many cases queueing network models are suitable for solving the problem to a sufficient degree of accuracy. SIQUEUE-PET provides an environment for construction, evaluation and result representation of such models. The user is assisted through a graphical interface for model construction as well as for result representation. The availability of a support for object management provides further alleviation in the modelling activities. This contribution gives a brief overview of the main features of SIQUEUE-PET. From the viewpoint of modelling style, the availability of aggregation techniques and the capability of processing hierarchically structured models is to be emphasized. An example is included for illustrative purposes.
The use of multiple-subscripted arrays in benchmark programs
Authors: Dujmovic Jozo J.
Published: January 2007

In this paper we study the effects of using multiple-subscripted arrays in benchmark programs. We identify and exemplify typical problems caused by multiple-subscripted arrays and show why their usage in benchmarking should be strictly controlled and frequently restricted. Multiple-subscripted arrays can be considered harmful in the case of general purpose processor-bound benchmarks. On the other hand, the multiple-subscripted arrays are shown to be suitable for measuring the optimizing features of compilers, especially for RISC machines.
On PCF parallel Fortran extensions
Authors: Reid John
Published: January 2007

This paper is a summary and personal critique of [1]. The foreword ends with "Underlying all of the design decisions was the old saying: Keep it Simple, Stupid.". I am sorry to say that I think that the authors have failed in this objective. The document is 57 pages long and it is tough reading. I have a number of suggestions of ways that it can be simplified. None involve any loss of functionality or clarity, but some will mean a few more bytes in source codes.
About the DALibrary
Authors: Preas Katherine , Preas Bryan
Published: January 2007

The DALibrary is a collection of the most important design automation (DA) literature written over 27 years, and is available on eight CD-ROMs. The retrieval software runs on IBM PC compatibles, Apple Macintoshes and Sun SPARCstations. In addition to the archival value (much of this material is now out of print) the equivalent of 37,298 pages of journal articles, conference proceedings and newsletters is conveniently available to those working in the DA field. Previously very few people had access to all of this literature. Its availability should reduce the repetition of past work for those submitting papers to conferences or journals, by aiding in the review of previous work, and making it easier to find and cite related publications.
The design of digital filters using REDUCE
Authors: Hollenhorst Manfred
Published: January 2007

A central problem in signal processing is the filtering of signals. In the design of digital filters with the aid of the bilinear transform REDUCE [1] can be used with great benefit. A filter - as used in signal processing - is a circuitry or a processor that transforms incoming signals, e.g. suppresses noise.
X-Window interface to SMART, an advanced text retrieval system
Authors: Li Tong , Chiu Victoria , Gey Fredric
Published: January 2007

In a research environment for text and document retreival, the experimental functionality is and must be paramount. However, for long-term durability of a software product, the user-interface is seen as a critical component to successful development. In order to explore the effort involved in developing a modern user interface to a text retrieval system, the authors chose to implement a limited X-Window interface to the Cornell University SMART system.

The first section of this paper will briefly introduce the history of the SMART system, its command line interface, and the goal of this project; the second will discuss the scope of the project; the development and integration strategies will be covered in sections three and four; then some ideas on the desired enchancements in section five.
Taking SIGCHI to Amsterdam
Authors: Karat John , Karat Claire-Marie
Published: January 2007

When we started this column last year, we had fully intended on trying to corner some of the overseas SIGCHI membership and capture their views on key distinctions between North American and "other" brands of HCI work (both research and applied). This has proven difficult to do, not because differences do not exist, but because in most areas we are more similar than different. In broad terms we are all interested in improving the quality of human computer interaction, though we may focus in different areas when we measure such quality. For example, I still think it is safe to say that North Americans place more emphasis on minimizing user effort in applied HCI work, while Scandinavians place more effort on improving quality of work (which may mean something different than minimizing keystrokes). That this is not "news" is related to the fact that these different communities have been in communication for some time now. Scandinavians are better able to discuss GOMS models, and North Americans better able to discuss participatory design.
Socially responsible computing I
Authors: Shneiderman Ben
Published: January 2007

The smoke and fire of the Los Angeles riots (April 30 - May 2, 1992) were Mayday warnings from a desperate community. To ignore this signal would be tragic and unconscionable, but finding a meaningful response is a challenge for computing professionals. Silicon Valley seems a long way from South Central Los Angeles and the computing industry has been largely distant from the problems of the urban underclass.
Hawaii international conference on system sciences
Authors: Schultz E. Eugene
Published: January 2007

On January 8 - 10, 1992, I attended the 25th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. One of the main reasons I attended is that I helped organize the User Interface Track of this conference, and also was scheduled to chair several paper sessions.
HILITES
Authors: Shackel Brian , Alty James L. , Reid Peter
Published: January 2007

The

H

ci Information and

LIT

erature

E

nquiry

S

ervice (
HILITES
) has been developed from two initiatives over the years, one being a series of research projects and the other a service development on a commercial basis. In this paper the user's needs for information services are discussed, and the developments leading to HILITES are reviewed. The facilities provided by HILITES are outlined, including the on-line database containing over 25,000 items of literature available for on-line search, the weekly accessions list and request service, the copy and/or loan service of hard copies to subscribers, and related special services. The latest development (November 1991) has been the release of the HILITES database on CD-ROM.
Book review: Exploration and Innovation in Design: Towards a Computational Model By D. Navinchandra (Springer Verlag, 1991)
Authors: van Dyke Parunak H.
Published: January 2007

Workers in many areas of practical interest have come to rely daily on mature AI applications. Using AI tools, doctors diagnose diseases, technicians maintain complicated equipment, lenders qualify borrowers, and plant managers schedule and control manufacturing facilities. One domain that has not seen much practical support from AI is conceptual design. We think of design as more "creative" than other intellectual tasks, and that very label suggests, that we have fewer explicit models for what happens in design, and thus a weaker base on which to build applications. N's book brings together a number of AI techniques, some with original twists, into a cogent and lucid model for how machines can help with some types of design.
Fortran 90 pointers vs. “Cray” pointers
Authors: Martin Jeanne
Published: January 2007

The Fortran 77 standard does not contain pointer facilities, but because of heavy user demand, many Fortran 77 compilers have been extended with "Cray" pointers. The demand for pointers in Fortran was heard by the standards committee, X313, and a pointer facility was added to the follow-on Fortran standard, Fortran 90. X3J3, for reasons that may soon become apparent, chose not to follow existing practice and specify "Cray" pointers, but to standardize a somewhat different pointer facility. Fortran 90 pointers complement the Fortran 90 language; they fit well with the new Fortran 90 array processing and data facilities. The popularity of "Cray" pointers indicates that they fit well with Fortran 77, and since Fortran 90 contains all of Fortran 77, it would be possible to extend Fortran 90 processors to accept "Cray" pointers as well. This would make it easier for existing codes that use pointers to migrate to new Fortran 90 processors. But is it a good idea for a processor to provide two pointer facilities? How difficult is it to convert from "Cray" pointers to Fortran 90 pointers? This paper provides some information that may be helpful in answering these questions.
Advantages of a component-based approach to defining complicated objects
Authors: Drinnan Andrew M. , Morton David M.
Published: January 2007

We describe the construction of a browser in Auditon, a language that incorporates and extends the performer and stage paradigm first introduced in Rehersal World. Performers provide the instance specialisation of both behavior and structure; stages manage performers and provide a local namespace. This approach improves the modularity and eases debugging of interconnected objects.
Clustering in object-oriented databases
Authors: de Paula Everton G. , Nelson Michael L.
Published: January 2007

Object-oriented database management systems are still a relatively new area, with many unanswered questions as to their performance. Objects can be clustered on disk (i.e., stored in contiguous storage areas) so that when accessing one object in a cluster, all of the objects in that cluster are brought into main memory. Thus when accessing additional objects in the cluster, it is then a main memory operation rather than a disk operation.

Unfortunately, determing which objects to cluster together is often left entirely up to the user, and an improper clustering scheme can severly degrade system performance. This paper presents a set of guidelines for developing a clustering scheme, using an actual application as an example.
Data encapsulation using Fortran 77 modules
Authors: DeLong Lewis L. , Thompson David B. , Fulford Janice M.
Published: January 2007

Traditionally, the preferred method for developing numerical models in the Fortran language, as standardized in 1977, has been the top-down structured approach. This method emphasizes the relation between procedures necessary to solve a particular programming problem. An alternative perspective is to consider data and manipulation of data fundamental to solution of a programming problem. A programming construct arising from this perspective may be termed a
module
. A module is comprised of a set of procedures and data they manipulate. Modules may be used to encapsulate data, that is, hide module data from and prevent their direct use by routines outside the module. Information computed from module data is obtained indirectly through invocation of module procedures. Modules, comprised of associated groups of data and respective procedures, provide program structure beyond that available using procedural-oriented practices alone. Construction and use of modules potentially improves program clarity, reduces argument passing, and encapsulates data at the level where they are manipulated. Use of Fortran 77 modules, like the use of top-down structured programming, is a programming technique allowed but not supported or enforced by the Fortran 77 language. Consequently, successful implementation of modules with Fortran 77 and realization of potential benefits depend on voluntary adherence to the programming technique. Use of other computer languages (such as Modula-2, Ada, C++, and Fortran 90) which, to varying degrees, support or enforce programming techniques similar to the use of Fortran 77 modules might significantly increase programming efficiency and realization of potential benefits.
HIS
Authors: Kaindl Hermann , Ziegeler Holger G.
Published: January 2007

This paper addresses the issue whether hypertext of paper is more appropriate for certain tasks. We chose the task of getting a quick overview of a new topic. We describe the design of a hypertext system with specific emphasis on hierarchical structuring for semi-formal knowledge representation. The domain of our application is hypertext itself. For the evaluation of our design, and more generally hypertext versus paper, we descirbe the experiment and results on the effectiveness of our system compared to a printout version. In particular, we classify the difficulty of the questions posed to the subjects in our experiment accoring to various methods. It is interesting that the achieved classifications have small correlation. There are no statistically significant differences between the performance of subjects using HIS or the paper version. We interpret this as a compensation of the adverse effects of the usually slower reading from a computer screen and unfamiliarity with the medium of hypertext.
Algorithm of simplification of nonlinear equations systems
Authors: Nataf Jean-Michel
Published: January 2007

The recent years have seen the development of automatic methods for the resolution of nonlinear equations systems. The standard numerical approach, when faced with a nonlinear equation system, is to solve it by Newton-Raphson method, that requires the expensive calculation of the Jacobian matrix of the system. Since inversion of a N*N matrix is
O
(
N
3
) expensive, reducing the size of the system is therefore critical.We present here a simple, graph-theoretical algorithm for automatically reducing a nonlinear equation system beforehand, by use of successive substitutions. The algorithm treats the equation system as a graph, is heuristic, and automatically chooses what substitutions are likely to yield, at the end, the highest size reduction. This system must not necessarily be polynomial, can even be ill defined (then the algorithm just performs reduction) and can be used even in the presence of transcendental or a priori unknown functions.Two implementations have been made, one in FORTRAN, quicker but less efficient, and one in the computer algebra language MACSYMA, slower but with better reduction. The promises of computer algebra in this field are investigated. Applications are then presented to the reduction of equations systems simulating the steady state behavior of HVAC systems in buildings.
Computer ethics survey
Authors: Stager Sue
Published: January 2007

In preparation for the panel discussion, computer center directors completed a survey about the frequency of breeches of acceptable computing behavior, and opinions about key legal and ethical issues. About 52% of the directors attending the conference completed the survey. The majority (61%) of the respondents were from public, four-year institutions. The following article discusses the results of the survey.
Multiple uses of scenarios
Authors: Young Richard M. , Barnard Philip J.
Published: January 2007

Robert Campbell performs a valuable service to the HCI community in pointing out the several different uses of "scenarios". While the diversity certainly exists, we believe he has mis-ananlyzed it and missed an important commonality. Although he begins his summary by claiming that "scenario" has four major meanings, the examples in his article in fact demonstrate a number of different
purposes
and
applications
of scenarios-- which is surely not something to complain about -- drawn from sources which exhibit a significant commonality of
meaning.
Categorizing scenarios
Authors: Campbell Robert L.
Published: January 2007

I'm pleased to discover how many HCI practitioners are busy thinking about all this scenario talk. I wish I'd known about some of the work reported in this issue (particularly Jakob Nielsen's contribution, and that of Richard Young and Phil Barnard) before I launched my squib.
Cultural diversity in interface design
Authors: Borgman Christine L.
Published: January 2007

One of many factors contributing to the lack of application of human factors principles to interface design is that designers fail to appreciate the range of population diversity, too often constructing systems on the assumption that their users are much like themselves. Years of research on individual differences in human-computer interaction have shown that user populations are not homogenous in their ability to utilize a given interface, with performance ranges of as much as 30 to 1 in the time to accomplish a given task. We now have methods to study individual differences factors, identifying the tasks most heavily influenced by variations in human ability, and changing the interface design to make it less susceptible to these factors.
Chairs' Column
Authors: Henderson Austin , Polson Peter
Published: January 2007

This column discusses Austin Henderson's recent travels, INTERCHI '93, and a selection of topics covered at the Extended Executive Committee Meeting held in Boston in December. Austin Henderson's travels this fall and early winter have taken him around the world to Japan, Russia, and the Netherlands. Later he returned to Amsterdam for an INTERCHI '93 planning meeting. The following is his description of these trips.
A Hypersimulation-Based Learning Environment
Authors: Yoshizawa Junich , Muto Syoichi , Ueda Takeo , Nishida Shogo
Published: January 2007

Hypersimulator SIMPLE is a simulation-based learning environment (Fig. 1) to enhance operators' understanding of dynamics of complex systems, such as electric power systems. The hypersimulator is literally a simulator fused with a concept of hypertext. Our system design approach is an interface-centered approach based on the characteristics of operators' way of thinking and cognitive science.
Context
Authors: Maskery Helen , Hopkins Gord , Dudley Tim
Published: January 2007

This is the report of a workshop held at CHI'90. It describes the discussions and findings of the two days. The report starts with definition of terms. It moves on to look at the goals and benefits of including context in applications. Next the report presents some cautions to developers and finally, the report covers the discussions about real applications which might include context-sensitivity.
Staffing and managerial aspects of information systems in art museums
Authors: Pick James B.
Published: January 2007

Staffing and managerial aspects of information systems in U. S. and Canadian art museums are examined. In general, art museums have non-professional computing staff, strong influences on the information systems function from outside the organization, and weak IS planning and control.Differences in the information systems environment of the charitable nonprofit versus the private sector are discussed. Based on the empirical results, modifications are made to the stage theory of end user computing to encompass a wider range of organizational and staffing types.
Analysis of the generalized clock buffer replacement scheme for database transaction processing
Authors: Nicola Victor F. , Dan Asit , Dias Daniel M.
Published: January 2007

The CLOCK algorithm is a popular buffer replacement algorithm because of its simplicity and its ability to approximate the performance of the Least Recently Used (LRU) replacement policy. The Generalized Clock (GCLOCK) buffer replacement policy uses a circular buffer and a weight associated with each page brought in buffer to decide on which page to replace. We develop an approximate analysis for the GCLOCK policy under the Independent Reference Model (IRM) that applies to many database transaction processing workloads. We validate the analysis for various workloads with data access skew. Comparison with simulations shows that in all cases examined the error is extremely small (less than 1%). To show the usefulness of the model we apply it to a Transaction Processing Council benchmark A (TPC-A) like workload. If knowledge of the different data partitions in this workload is assumed, the analysis shows that, with appropriate choice of weights, the performance of the GCLOCK algorithm can be better than the LRU policy. Performance very close to that for optimal (static) buffer allocation can be achieved by assigning sufficiently high weights, and can be implemented with a reasonably low overhead. Finally, we outline how the model can be extended to capture the effect of page invalidation in a multinode system.
Description of an extension of the Matrix package of :20Reduce”
Authors: Caprasse H
Published: January 2007

Matrix manipulations in REDUCE [1] are governed by a matrix subprogram made by HEARN which works nicely but gives too restrictive possibilities to the user working exclusively in the algebraic mode. Specifically, apart from the basic algebraic operations, one has the possibilities to compute the inverse, the transpose, the determinant and the trace of a matrix.
GOEDEL: A computer language for symbolic algebraic calculations—an introduction by examples
Authors: Ebner Dieter W
Published: January 2007

GOEDEL is a language for the
description of general symbolic manipulations.
In this generality GOEDEL can be compared with LISP. However, GOEDEL is much higher than LISP and is more oriented to the application for algebraic calculations. Concerte mathematical manipulations e.g. of polynomials are realized by the invokation of GOEDEL procedures.
Predictions of the skills required by the systems analyst of the future
Authors: Crossman T D
Published: January 2007

It can be expected that people's opinions about the future will differ. Consequently a high degree of concurrence cannot be anticipated if a mixed group of academics and practitioners are asked to forecast aspects of the future of application systems development.
Roots of the job turbulence in information systems (IS) development
Authors: Crossman Trevor
Published: January 2007

The job titles given to application systems developers during the early 1970s seldom included anything other than SYSTEMS ANALYST and PROGRAMMER. By inspecting the appointments section of the computer press, it is noted that currently the job titles in use for people involved in application systems development include:Programmer business analystsystems designer chief programmerinformation analyst programmer analystsystems analyst knowledge engineerinformation centre consultantThis multiplicity of job titles is indicative of a job turbulence in the application software development industry.
Data communication education—who needs it?
Authors: Riehl J William
Published: January 2007

The 1980's has been described as the "age of communications." With it has come increasing recognition that modern electronic data transmission provides the critical infra-structure for all aspects of today's information-based society. While telecommunications and its component technology, data communications, has existed for over 150 years, it is in recent years that it has enjoyed explosive growth. This has been due to the confluence of powerful technical, economic and political forces, the most prominent among these being the orders of magnitude advances in information processing capacity and the continuing movement toward the deregulation of the electronic communications industry. The final court-ordered divestiture of AT&T in 1984 caused further acceleration of fundamental industry changes already well underway. A measure of the degree of this change is the explosive growth experienced by the telecommunications industry as a whole, which is estimated to have doubled its total annual revenues in the period 1980 to 1885 from $60 billion to $120 billion.[2]
Evaluating performance of prefetching second level caches
Authors: Smith Robert B. , Archibald James K. , Nelson Brent E.
Published: January 2007

Due to the increasing disparity between processor and main memory system cycle times, many computer systems are now incorporating two levels fo cache memory. Several studies have been done on the design and performance of second level caches, including [3] and [20]. It certainly can and has been shown that the addition of a second level of cache enhances the performance of many systems.
International Perspectives
Authors: Karat John
Published: January 2007

I have received a number of requests for more information about IFIP activities that might be related to the interests of the HCI community. To help present a picture of some of what is going on within IFIP, I asked Gordon Davis from the University of Minnesota to provide me with a brief description of the activities of the Technical committee that he chairs. I think that his picture of the activities and history of TC8 will be of interest to many in the SIGCHI community. I want to thank Gordon and Jack Rosenfeld (Editor of the IFIP Newsletter) for providing me with this information.
Report on the CHI'91 workshop on languages for developing user interfaces
Authors: Myers Brad A.
Published: January 2007

In his keynote address to the SIGCHI'90 conference, Michael Dertouzos said:When computers first appeared, input/output commands were a minor afterthought to cohesive, often well crafted and occasionally pretentious programming languages. Today, these commands occupy over 70 percent of a programming system's instructions. Yet they, along with the user interface structures that they define, are far from cohesive, and, at least up until now, immune to standardization. We must therefore turn our thinking around and create a new breed of programming languages that are first and foremost input/output oriented and that integrate traditional processing commands into new user-oriented structures. And just as we know today that traditional commands fall into a handful of fixed categories---decision, repetition, naming, procedure definition and use---we need to search for and identify the corresponding natural classes of commands for user interfaces. [Dertouzos 90]
Cross-cultural perspectives on human-computer interaction
Authors: Kellogg Wendy A. , Thomas John C.
Published: January 2007

The field of Human-Computer Interaction, and the CHI conference specifically are characterized by diversity. The field includes many professions and people from many cultures. Because of the intrinsic complexity of human-computer interaction as well as the wide variety of systems, tasks, users, and contexts that are addressed, this diversity of backgrounds and approaches is both inevitable and necessary. Nevertheless, this diversity also poses a serious dilemma. How can the science and practice of HCI cumulate effectively when the professionals deal with such different problems, and come from such a variety of professional and cultural backgrounds? The purpose of the workshop was to explore this issue. Readers will no doubt appreciate the analogy between this challenge of CHI and many international social issues facing people of the world today that require valuing and encouraging diversity while communicating and working together effectively to solve common problems.
User interface design
Authors: Grimes Jack , Ehrlich Kate , Vaske Jerry
Published: January 2007

In the days when computer systems were used primarily by people with technical backgrounds, human factors, if considered at all, were treated as a backroom activity---something to be done after the design and implementation had been completed. We are now in an era in which computer hardware and software are consumer items. Computer users range from school kids to adults and from non-technical office professionals to software engineers. In today's environment, computer companies, especially those who sell software, must offer products that are effective and easy to use to be successful in the marketplace.
HELPING USERS FIND HELP
Authors: Horton Marjorie S.
Published: January 2007

As the population and diversity of computer end-users grow rapidly, so do the need and demand for quality, accessible online help. Online help could potentially be one of the most effective information resources available to software users. In fact, users typically request that products provide online help and clearly prefer those products that do. However, online help remains a widely under-used resource.
CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS AND HUMAN-COMPUTER DIALOG DESIGN
Authors: Waterworth J. A.
Published: January 2007

The Voice Operated Database Inquiry System (VODIS) project is being carried out under the auspices of the UK Alvey Initiative, Man-Machine Interface Sector. It is planned to run for 3 years, at a cost of around $3m, and is an exemplar, intended to demonstrate the feasibility of speech-based man-machine interaction for untrained users. The system is a prototype voice-operated database inquiry system, to be used over the telephone by the general public.