bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Junior doctors and limitation-of-care orders: perspectives, experiences and the challenge of dealing with persons with dementia
Authors: Lovell Janaka J , MacPhail Aleece , Cunningham Nicola , Winbolt Margaret , Young Carmel , Pham Tony , Ibrahim Joseph E
Published: September 2017

Background/Objectives: Globally, junior doctors play a central role in completing limitation of care orders (LCOs). This study aims to guide improvement of LCO utility by ascertaining junior doctor perspectives, LCO experiences and identifying challenges encountered in LCOs for patients with dementia, a particularly complex patient group.  Design/Setting/Participants: Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Participants were registered medical practitioners who had graduated within the previous 3 years and were practicing in a hospital in Victoria, Australia. Results: Nineteen junior doctors were interviewed between December 2013 and January 2015. Junior doctors were frequently involved in discussion and decision-making around treatment limitations and end-of-life care. Participants described inconsistent support, a lack of preparedness, a vague understanding of related hospital policies and inadequate knowledge and experience when it came to completing LCOs. Although participants acknowledged the additional nuances of capacity and prognosis assessment for patients with dementia, they did not feel that the processes for completing LCOs were significantly different for these persons. Many also recognised that decisions were often made without adequate consultation with the relevant stakeholders in this patient group. Conclusion: The junior doctors in this study highlighted global challenges in providing appropriate end-of-life care, particularly when they are responsible for this role. To improve patient care and ensure the wellbeing of junior doctors, hospitals need to address gaps in training needs and supervision with respect to end-of-life care, as well as to implement policies that support consistent and informed use of LCOs.
Patient life satisfaction and conscientiousness are associated with patient-reported physician satisfaction
Authors: Friedman Bruce , Veazie Peter J , Fiscella Kevin A , Chapman Benjamin P , Duberstein Paul R
Published: September 2017

Rationale, aims and objectives: The main purpose of our study was to determine whether patient personality and life satisfaction are associated with patient-reported physician satisfaction (PRPS). PRPS ratings are becoming increasingly important in public reporting and in healthcare policy relating to choice, quality and cost. Although some PRPS ratings adjust for patient sociodemographic characteristics and health status, most have not yet accounted for patient psychosocial factors. If psychosocial characteristics are associated with physician ratings, then websites, reports and payers that evaluate, rank, or pay physicians on the basis of PRPS can be misleading.Method: The Medicare Primary and Consumer-Directed Care Demonstration (1998-2000) included 19 counties in three U.S. states from which community-dwelling Medicare patients with disabilities and recent significant healthcare use were recruited. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on data provided by 376 patients of 24 primary care physicians with at least 10 patients enrolled in the Medicare Demonstration. The mean patient age was 79.4 years and 71% were female. The key psychosocial analytic variables were 5 patient personality traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) and patient-reported life satisfaction. The mean T-scores for 4 of the Big Five personality traits were similar to national norms. The outcome variable was a 5-item PRPS scale. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression model was employed.Results: Higher Conscientiousness (p=0.026) and greater (excellent-very good) life satisfaction (p=0.026) were associated with higher PRPS. Conclusions: Two patient factors not typically considered reflective of physician quality - life satisfaction and Conscientiousness - were associated with patients’ satisfaction with their physicians. Further research is needed to replicate and extend these findings and to explore how and why Conscientiousness and life satisfaction are related to PRPS ratings. Policymakers and payers should consider whether patient psychosocial characteristics should be used to adjust PRPS.
The Incidence of Hip Fractures in Long-Term Care Homes in Saskatchewan from 2008 to 2012: an Analysis of Provincial Administrative Databases
Authors: Thorpe Lilian U. , Whiting Susan J. , Li Wenbin , Dust William , Hadjistavropoulos Thomas , Teare Gary
Published: September 2017

BackgroundHip fractures (HFs) represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in long-term care (LTC), but lack of detailed epidemiological data poses challenges to intervention planning. We aimed to determine the incidence of HFs among permanent LTC residents in Saskatchewan between 2008 and 2012, using linked, provincial administrative health databases, exploring associations between outcomes and basic individual and institutional characteristics.MethodsWe utilized the Ministry of Health databases to select HF cases based on ICD 10 diagnoses fracture of head and neck of femur, pertrochanteric fracture and subtrochanteric fracture of femur. HF incidence rates in LTC were compared to older adults in the general population.ResultsLTC residents were more likely to be female overall (65.5%), although this varied by age, with only 46.6% female in those under 65, but 77% female among those 90 years and older. Mean age of residents was highest in rural centres (85.2 yrs) and lowest in medium–large centres (81.0 yrs). Of 6,230 cases of HFs in the province during the study period, 2,743 (44%) were in the LTC cohort. Incidence rates per 1,000 person years increased with age and were higher in the LTC group (F = 68.6, M = 49.8) than the overall population (F = 1.62, M = 0.73). Rates of HFs in the province and in LTC were higher in females than males in all age groups, except for the youngest (< 65 years), where males had higher rates, and the oldest category (90+) where rates were similar. Women 90+ years in larger LTC had significantly higher (p = .035) HF rates than those in smaller LTC, and also had significantly (p = .001) higher rates in medium-large compared to smaller population centres. However, after age standardization to the overall SK population, it was apparent that the larger LTC facilities and the medium-large population centres had overall lower HF rates than the small and medium LTC facilities and the small urban and rural PCs, respectively. One health region had particularly high rates, even when accounting for age and sex composition.ConclusionBoth HF numbers and incidence rates were higher in LTC compared to the overall population, with higher rates in older women, small to medium size LTC, and particular health regions. Our data suggest the need for further exploration of potentially remediable factors for HFs in smaller LTCs, and for targeting specific facilities and regions with outlying HF rates.
The Search for Hidden Structure
Authors: Matsuura Ryota , Sword Sarah , Finkelstein Tatyana
Published: September 2017

Designing a lesson that uses routine exercises, creates space for language use, and provides a storyline will go far toward supporting mathematical structure.
Chemical Fate of Photodegraded Diluted Bitumen in Seawater
Authors: Yang Zeyu , Hollebone Bruce P. , Zhang Gong , Brown Carl E. , Yang Chun , Lambert Patrick , Wang Zhendi , Landriault Mike , Shah Keval
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT2017-336:

Diluted bitumen (dilbit), an oil sands product, may present new response challenges differing from conventional crude oil in terms of its potential environmental impacts. Simple naphthenic acids (NAs), a complex group of monocarboxylic acids, with a general formula CnH2n+zO2, may be present in the source bitumen or may be created by photolytic weathering. Knowing the composition and concentrations of NAs created during the photo-degradation process of dilbit will help understand the fate, behavior and toxicity of dilbit.

In the present study, two diluted bitumen products, Cold Lake Blend (CLB) and Access Western Blend (AWB), were mixed with saltwater and irradiated with natural solar light (Ottawa, Canada, 45.4°N) over winter and summer seasons, to assess the impact of sunlight on the chemical fate of the dilbit. For comparison, a light, sweet crude oil was exposed under similar conditions. The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to examine the molecular transformation of diluted bitumen by solar irradiation. The abundances of NAs in all three test oils increased significantly after 90 days of solar irradiation, strongly suggesting that polar NAs were formed by photolysis. Further, greater increases in NAs in the light crude were found than in the two dilbits. Similarly, the lighter oil had higher photolytic removal rates of petroleum hydrocarbons than the two dilbits.

The concentrations of NAs in oils exposed during the summer were generally higher than those exposed in winter. During summer exposure, the abundance of total NAs increased up to the 30-day’s solar exposure, then fell again, indicating the transient nature of these compounds. However, net increases in polar NA compounds were observed for all the winter exposed samples. Greater increases were observed in the smaller NA compounds (average C-number decreased), also accompanied by an increase in saturation (average z-number decreased).

These chemical changes strongly indicate the effect of sunlight on the potential behaviour, fate and effects of spilled oil, with creation of new resin group compounds and reduction of aromatics and saturates. These changes may affect the viscosity of the oil and its ability to uptake water. These chemical compositions also imply significant changes to the ecological effects of the oil following a spill when aged in sunlight.
From the Beginning: The 40 Year History of NOAA’s Emergency Response Division
Authors: Dix Mark , Mearns Alan
Published: September 2017

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Emergency Response Division’s success over 40 years draws on the nascent and sustained vision of its founders and the people that dedicated themselves to providing state of the art science in combatting oil spills and hazardous material releases. Lessons in research, development, partnership, reinvention, reorganization, and adaptation season the story that describes what is now the scientific touchstone in the United States’ maritime spill response vanguard. But the voyage to present day was (and is) not all smooth sailing. The scientists who built the unit and staffed it for decades recall the best, worst, and in between history of a small but highly influential division in the Federal government that helped pioneer spill science in the United States and internationally by responding to over 4,000 incidents. This retrospective highlights the genesis and growth of the 1970’s Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP) and its evolution through Hazardous Materials Response Division (HMRD) to the now Emergency Response Division (ERD). The paper concludes with the vision of what growth areas lie ahead for the Division and oil spill response.
Worst Case Preparation – Environmental Risk Based Dimensioning of Oil Spill Response
Authors: Ly Johan Marius
Published: September 2017

In Norway, the governmental oil spill response is primarily in place to cover for spills from unknown sources, or when the polluter is incapable of responding, or when his/her response is inadequate. The national plan for preparedness against acute pollution describes this.

In 2015 a series of environmental risk based analyses specifically directed towards spills from ships were finalized. Together with a worst-case assessment on spills from an extremely large shipping incident and from an offshore blow-out we now have a set of analysis covering the whole range from smaller spills to worst case scenarios. Further, the Government presented a white paper on oil spill response to the Norwegian parliament in 2016, and these analyses are one of the inputs to the white paper.

This paper will give an overview of the general methodology, process and recommendations from the environmental risk based analyses from the Norwegian mainland coastline and from Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The methodology follows three steps; a risk analysis, an environmental impact analysis and an emergency response analysis. The latter gives the recommendations related to equipment and other resources such as vessels and manpower, response time, training and exercises. The worst-case analysis follows a different methodology by being more descriptive than mathematical. Responding to the worst-case scenarios will depend upon using all available resources nationally, and includes international assistance. The scenarios from the analyses are also used as basis for large, national spill exercises, and the paper will give examples of exercises at Svalbard (in 2016), exercises with unified command from large offshore petroleum industry spill (2015) and a large ships collision with international assistance (planned for 2017).
Correlação entre a bactéria Helicobacter pylori e Púrpura Trombocitopênica Imune- revisão sistemática de literatura dos ultimos cinco anos
Authors: Novaretti Marcia Cristina Zago , Póvoa Laila Isis , Aquino Simone
Published: September 2017

Introdução: a Púrpura Trombocitopênica Imune (PTI), recentemente chamada de Trombocitopenia Imune é uma doença autoimune adquirida, caracterizada pela plaquetopenia. Nos últimos anos tem sido documentado casos de PTI associados à infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) e que o tratamento dessa infecção aumenta a contagem plaquetária em percentual considerável de pacientes infectados por essa bactéria. Objetivo: estudar o papel da bactéria Helicobacter pylori na fisiopatologia da púrpura trombocitopênica imune por meio de revisão sistemática de literatura Metodologia: realizada pesquisa bibliográfica dos artigos tipo meta-análise e revisões sistemáticas publicados nos últimos cinco anos com extrato Qualis A1, A2 e B1 foram encontrados 33 artigos envolvendo o papel da bactéria H. pylori na PTI. Resultados: O H. pylori pode ativar os receptores Fcγ em macrófagos e monócitos bem como mimetizar a composição molecular de antígenos plaquetários. A incidência de H. pylori em pacientes com PTI crônica varia de 6,5 a 70,5%. Desse modo, pacientes com diagnóstico de PTI devem ser triados para H. pylori e, em caso positivo, devem ser tratados para essa infecção. A taxa de resposta à erradicação do H. pylori é variável, sendo maior no Japão. A erradicação do H. pylori leva a uma resposta persistente na maioria dos pacientes, sem recaídas durante mais de 7 anos de acompanhamento, sugerindo que a PTI crônica pode ser curada. Conclusão: pacientes com PTI devem ser triados para H.pylori. Nos casos em que a bactéria é identificada, deve ser erradicada. Com isso, a identificação desse subgrupo de pacientes pode evitar as complicações advindas dos tratamentos tradicionalmente usados na PTI.
PROPOSTA DE UM SISTEMA AUTOMÁTICO DE DESCARTE DE ÁGUA DE CHUVA: ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Dalsasso Ramon Lucas , Guedes Tiago Lemos
Published: September 2017

O aproveitamento da água de chuva pode atenuar crises de escassez de água, reduzir escoamentos superficiais e minimizar alagamentos em centros urbanos. Este trabalho traz resultados do desenvolvimento e aplicação de um sistema hidráulico, automático, para o descarte da água de escoamento pluvial inicial. No laboratório de Hidráulica e Hidrologia do Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental da UFSC, foram feitos inicialmente testes em sistema piloto, com variações de vazão, para avaliar a funcionalidade do sistema proposto. Posteriormente, o sistema foi testado em uma edificação com cobertura de fibrocimento.  Foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de água da chuva armazenada e descartada, incluindo parâmetros de cor, turbidez, pH, coliformes, entre outros. Constatou-se que o dispositivo funcionou adequadamente, desviando para descarte o volume de água esperado. Em termos de qualidade, a água armazenada na cisterna atendeu os valores prescritos na norma NBR 15527 (ABNT, 2007), exceto para os valores de cor e coliformes, aspectos que podem ser melhorados combinando incremento no volume descartado com a desinfecção da água armazenada.
Expanding Greenland Ice Sheet Enhances Sensitivity of Plio‐Pleistocene Climate to Obliquity Forcing in the Kiel Climate Model
Authors: Song Zhaoyang , Latif Mojib , Park Wonsun
Published: September 2017

Proxy data suggest the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation during the Plio‐Pleistocene transition from 3.2 to 2.5 Ma before present resulted in enhanced climate variability at the obliquity (41 kyr) frequency. Here we investigate the influence of the expanding Greenland ice sheet on the mean climate and obliquity‐related variability in a series of climate model simulations. These suggest that an expanding GrIS weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) by ~1 Sverdrup, mainly due to reduced heat loss in the Greenland‐Iceland‐Norwegian Sea. Moreover, the growing GrIS amplifies the Hadley circulation response to obliquity forcing driving variations in freshwater export from the tropical Atlantic and in turn variations of the AMOC. The stronger AMOC response to obliquity forcing, by about a factor of 2, results in a stronger global mean near‐surface temperature response. We conclude that the AMOC response to obliquity forcing is important to understand the enhanced climate variability at the obliquity frequency during the Plio‐Pleistocene transition.
High‐Latitude Neutral Mass Density Maxima
Authors: Huang C. Y. , Huang Y. , Su Y.‐J. , Huang T. , Sutton E. K.
Published: September 2017

Recent studies have reported that thermospheric effects due to solar wind driving can be observed poleward of auroral latitudes. In these papers, the measured neutral mass density perturbations appear as narrow, localized maxima in the cusp and polar cap. They conclude that Joule heating below the spacecraft is the cause of the mass density increases, which are sometimes associated with local field‐aligned current structures, but not always. In this paper we investigate neutral mass densities measured by accelerometers on the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) spacecraft from launch until years 2010 (CHAMP) and 2012 (GRACE), approximately 10 years of observations from each satellite. We extract local maxima in neutral mass densities over the background using a smoothing window with size of one quarter of the orbit. The maxima have been analyzed for each year and also for the duration of each set of satellite observations. We show where they occur, under what solar wind conditions, and their relation to magnetic activity. The region with the highest frequency of occurrence coincides approximately with the cusp and mantle, with little direct evidence of an auroral zone source. Our conclusions agree with the “hot polar cap” observations that have been reported and studied in the past.
Switching Light Transmittance by Responsive Organometallic Poly(ionic liquid)s: Control by Cross Talk of Thermal and Redox Stimuli
Authors: Zhang Kaihuan , Zhang Minmin , Feng Xueling , Hempenius Mark A. , Vancso G. Julius
Published: September 2017

A novel organometallic poly(ionic liquid) with both redox‐ and thermoresponsive properties is synthesized from a poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS) via a one‐step Strecker sulfite alkylation reaction by using tetraalkylphosphonium sulfite as an effective and versatile nucleophile. This dual‐responsive polymer is composed of a PFS backbone and quaternary phosphonium sulfonate side groups and exhibits a concentration‐dependent lower critical solution temperature (LCST)‐type phase transition in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the LCST‐type phase behavior of the polymer can be switched between the “off” state and “on” state by chemical or electrochemical oxidation and reduction on the ferrocene units in the polymer main chain. As a consequence, a classical LCST‐type phase transition, as well as an “isothermal” redox‐triggered phase transition can be induced by using thermal and electrochemical triggers without changing the composition of the system. On the basis of this dual responsiveness, a “smart window” device is fabricated. The optical characteristics of this device are completely unaltered after 100 thermal and/or redox cycles.
High‐Drug‐Loading Mesoporous Silica Nanorods with Reduced Toxicity for Precise Cancer Therapy against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: You Yuanyuan , He Lizhen , Ma Bin , Chen Tianfeng
Published: September 2017

Nanorod‐based drug delivery systems have attracted great interest because of their enhanced cell internalization capacity and improved drug loading property. Herein, novel mesoporous silica nanorods (MSNRs) with different lengths are synthesized and used as nanocarriers to achieve higher drug loading and anticancer activity. As expected, MSNRs‐based drug delivery systems can effectively enhance the loading capacity of drugs and penetrate into tumor cells more rapidly than spherical nanoparticles due to their greater surface area and trans‐membrane transporting rates. Interestingly, these tailored MSNRs also enhance the cellular uptake of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer cells, thus significantly enhancing its anticancer efficacy for hundreds of times by inducing of cell apoptosis. Internalized MSNRs‐DOX triggers intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, which subsequently activates p53 and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways to promote cell apoptosis. MSNRs‐DOX nanosystem also shows prolonged blood circulation time in vivo. In addition, MSNRs‐DOX significantly inhibits in vivo tumor growth in nude mice model and effectively reduced its in vivo toxicity. Therefore, this study provides an effective and safe strategy for designing chemotherapeutic agents for precise cancer therapy.
Brønsted‐Acid‐Catalyzed Substrate‐Controlled and Site‐Selective Friedel–Crafts Alkylation: A New Strategy for Post‐Modification of 1,2‐Dihydroquinolines
Authors: Huang Jin , Li Guangxun , Yang Guobin , Zhao Jinzhong , Tang Zhuo
Published: September 2017

A variety of C3‐, C6‐, C8‐ and C13‐functionalized 1,2‐dihidroquinolines (1,2‐DHQs) have been prepared through post‐modification of simple 1,2‐DHQs by regioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylations. Several commonly used electrophiles such as 3‐indolylmethanol derivatives, nitroolefins, 1,4‐benzoquinones, aromatic aldehydes and ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐ethoxy‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline were rationally used to afford the corresponding 1,2‐DHQs with high yield and regioselectivity. The regioselectivity of the reaction appears to be governed by the substituents of the 1,2‐DHQ substrates.
Forearm pronation efficiency in A.L. 288‐1 (Australopithecus afarensis) and MH2 (Australopithecus sediba): Insights into their locomotor and manipulative habits
Authors: Ibáñez‐Gimeno Pere , Manyosa Joan , Galtés Ignasi , Jordana Xavier , Moyà‐Solà Salvador , Malgosa Assumpció
Published: September 2017

Objectives

The locomotor and manipulative abilities of australopithecines are highly debated in the paleoanthropological context. Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus sediba likely engaged in arboreal locomotion and, especially the latter, in certain activities implying manipulation. Nevertheless, their degree of arboreality and the relevance of their manipulative skills remain unclear. Here we calculate the pronation efficiency of the forearm (Erot) in these taxa to explore their arboreal and manipulative capabilities using a biomechanical approach.

Materials and methods

Three‐dimensional humeral images and upper limb measurements of A.L. 288‐1 (Au. afarensis) and MH2 (Au. sediba) were used to calculate Erot using a previously described biomechanical model.

Results

Maximal Erot in elbow flexion occurs in a rather supinated position of the forearm in Au. afarensis, similarly to Pan troglodytes. In elbow extension, maximal Erot in this fossil taxon occurs in the same forearm position as in Pongo spp. In Au. sediba the forearm positions where Erot is maximal are largely coincident with those for Hylobatidae.

Conclusions

The pattern in Au. afarensis suggests relevant arboreal capabilities, which would include vertical climbing, although it is suggestive of poorer manipulative skills than in modern humans. The similarity between Au. sediba and Hylobatidae is difficult to interpret, but the differences between Au. sediba and Au. afarensis suggest that the capacity to rotate the forearm followed different evolutionary processes in these australopithecine species. Although functional inferences from the upper limb are complex, the observed differences between both taxa point to the existence of two distinct anatomical models.
Cove‐Edge Nanoribbon Materials for Efficient Inverted Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Castro Edison , Sisto Thomas J. , Romero Elkin L. , Liu Fang , Peurifoy Samuel R. , Wang Jue , Zhu Xiaoyang , Nuckolls Colin , Echegoyen Luis
Published: September 2017

Two cove‐edge graphene nanoribbons hPDI2‐Pyr‐hPDI2 (1) and hPDI3‐Pyr‐hPDI3 (2) are used as efficient electron‐transporting materials (ETMs) in inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Devices based on the new graphene nanoribbons exhibit maximum power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 15.6 % and 16.5 % for 1 and 2, respectively, while a maximum PCE of 14.9 % is achieved with devices based on [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). The interfacial effects induced by these new materials are studied using photoluminescence (PL), and we find that 1 and 2 act as efficient electron‐extraction materials. Additionally, compared with PC61BM, these new materials are more hydrophobic and have slightly higher LUMO energy levels, thus providing better device performance and higher device stability.
Asymmetric Cycloisomerization of o‐Alkenyl‐N‐Methylanilines to Indolines by Iridium‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Addition to Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds
Authors: Torigoe Takeru , Ohmura Toshimichi , Suginome Michinori
Published: September 2017

Highly enantioselective cycloisomerization of N‐methylanilines, bearing o‐alkenyl groups, into indolines is established. An iridium catalyst bearing a bidentate chiral diphosphine effectively promotes the intramolecular addition of the C(sp3)−H bond across a carbon–carbon double bond in a highly enantioselective fashion. The reaction gives indolines bearing a quaternary stereogenic carbon center at the 3‐position. The reaction mechanism involves rate‐determining oxidative addition of the N‐methyl C−H bond, followed by intramolecular carboiridation and subsequent reductive elimination.
Mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanofiber three‐dimensional structure prepared by CO2 laser supersonic drawing
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Ohta Kouhei
Published: September 2017

CO2‐laser supersonic drawing method can produce bulky fluffy poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanofibers (NFs) by only irradiating CO2‐laser to as‐spun PET fibers in the supersonic air jet. Cylindrical PET NF three‐dimensional structure (NF‐3DS) was fabricated by compression‐molding the obtained fluffy PET NFs using the cylindrical metal mold. NF‐3DS mold was completely disordered 3DS without a laminated structure because NFs were disorderly packed in the metal mold. The porosity of NF‐3DS can be changed by varying the filling weight of NF into the metal mold, and the highest porosity was 95.4%. The shape recovery ratio after 50% uniaxial compression in the height of NF‐3DS increases as the porosity increases, and NF‐3DS with a porosity of 95.4% had a shape recovery ratio of 98.1%. NF‐3DS with a desired shape will be produced if the metal mold can be prepared. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45763.
Pulsed radiofrequency stimulation suppresses palmar hyperhidrosis in an animal study
Authors: Lin Mu‐Lien , Huang Tzu‐Rung , Kao Ming‐Chien , Chiu Hung‐Wei , Lin Sheng‐Chieh , Chang Fang‐Chia
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Palmar hyperhidrosis (PH) exhibits excessive and unpredictable sweating. The most effective treatment for permanent cure is the ablation of thoracic sympathetic ganglia innervating hands. However, sympathectomy of T2 sympathetic ganglion by clipping or cauterization causes irreversible nerve damage, and results in a compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH). We herein used the pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) stimulation to reversibly block sympathetic ganglion to treat PH and avoid CH.

Material and Methods

A bipolar electrode was implanted into the right T2 sympathetic trunk by endoscopic surgery and PRF was delivered through the electrode. The humidity (%) of right palm was measured to indicate sweating level.

Results

Six out of 13 rats (46.2%) that received a 5‐min PRF stimulation on the T2 sympathetic trunk showed a decrease in the right palm humidity during the surgery. PRF stimulation significantly reduced humidity from 69.17% ± 0.72% obtained from baseline condition to 66.93% ± 0.69%. The humidity reduction was also observed at 10 min after the PRF stimulation. We further evaluated the effect of PRF stimulation 1 week after surgery and found that the PRF stimuli reduced right hand humidity in 5 out of 8 rats (62.5%). PRF stimulation significantly reduced humidity from 66.11% ± 0.81% obtained from sham operation control to 63.62% ± 0.82%. The percentage of right hand humidity obtained 10 min after PRF stimulation was also reduced to 63.38% ± 0.80%. Anesthetics have no effect on humidity.

Conclusions

These results indicate that PRF stimulation of T2 sympathetic trunk reduces palm sweating in rats.
Emotional response of undergraduates to cadaver dissection
Authors: Wisenden Patricia A. , Budke Katherine J. , Klemetson Chelsea J. , Kurtti Tana R. , Patel Chandi M. , Schwantz Trenda L. , Wisenden Brian D.
Published: September 2017

The most effective way to learn human anatomy is through cadaver dissection. Historically, cadaver dissection has been the provenance of professional schools. Increasingly, cadaver‐based courses in human anatomy are shifting to the undergraduate level, which creates both problems and opportunities because of differences between undergraduate and graduate student populations. Anxiety associated with dissecting cadavers can create a barrier to learning, and ultimately, entry into the health and medical sciences for some demographic subpopulations of undergraduates. We surveyed 76 students in 2007 and 51 students in 2009 at four times in the semester to investigate the timing and sociodemographic predictors of anxiety over cadaver dissection. We followed this with a second survey of 44 students in 2014 to test the effect of humanization of cadaver donors (providing information about donor occupation and cause of death) to reduce student anxiety. Students experienced anxiety upon first exposure to cadaver dissection. Female students experienced greater anxiety than male students upon first exposure to cadavers but this effect was short‐lived. Self‐identified non‐white, non‐Christian students experienced sustained anxiety throughout the semester, likely because cadaver stress compounded social and financial stressors unique to international students. Humanization was effective in reducing anxiety in non‐white, non‐Christian students but had the unexpected effect of increasing anxiety in female students. We recommend that humanizing information be offered to students who seek it out, but not forced upon students for whom the information would only add to their stress. Clin. Anat. 31:224–230, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Azidohomoalanine Incorporation on Protein Structure and Ligand Binding
Authors: Lehner Florian , Kudlinzki Denis , Richter Christian , Müller‐Werkmeister Henrike M. , Eberl Katharina B. , Bredenbeck Jens , Schwalbe Harald , Silvers Robert
Published: September 2017

The impact of the incorporation of a non‐natural amino acid (NNAA) on protein structure, dynamics, and ligand binding has not been studied rigorously so far. NNAAs are regularly used to modify proteins post‐translationally in vivo and in vitro through click chemistry. Herein, structural characterisation of the impact of the incorporation of azidohomoalanine (AZH) into the model protein domain PDZ3 is examined by means of NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The structure and dynamics of the apo state of AZH‐modified PDZ3 remain mostly unperturbed. Furthermore, the binding of two PDZ3 binding peptides are unchanged upon incorporation of AZH. The interface of the AZH‐modified PDZ3 and an azulene‐linked peptide for vibrational energy transfer studies has been mapped by means of chemical shift perturbations and NOEs between the unlabelled azulene‐linked peptide and the isotopically labelled protein. Co‐crystallisation and soaking failed for the peptide‐bound holo complex. NMR spectroscopy, however, allowed determination of the protein–ligand interface. Although the incorporation of AZH was minimally invasive for PDZ3, structural analysis of NNAA‐modified proteins through the methodology presented herein should be performed to ensure structural integrity of the studied target.
Heterogeneous Systems Biocatalysis: The Path to the Fabrication of Self‐Sufficient Artificial Metabolic Cells
Authors: López‐Gallego Fernando , Jackson Erienne , Betancor Lorena
Published: September 2017

Industrial biocatalysis is playing a key role in the development of the global bio‐economy that must change our current productive model to pair the socio‐economical development with the preservation of our already harmed planet. The exploitation of isolated multi‐enzyme systems and the discovery of novel biocatalytic activities are leading us to manufacture chemicals that were inaccessible through biological routes in the early past. These endeavors have been grouped under the concept of systems biocatalysis. However, by using isolated biological machineries, fundamental features underlying the protein confinement found inside the living cells are missed. To re‐gain these properties, such concepts can be expanded to a new concept; heterogeneous systems biocatalysis. This new concept is based on the fabrication of heterogeneous biocatalysts inspired by the spatial organization and compartmentalization that orchestrate metabolic pathways within cells. By assembling biological machineries (including enzymes and cofactors) into artificial solid chassis, one can fabricate self‐sufficient and robust cell‐free systems able to catalyze orchestrated chemical processes. Furthermore, the confinement of enzymes and and “artificial cofactor” inside solid materials has also attracted our attention because these self‐sufficient systems exert de novo and non‐natural functionalities. Here, we intend to go beyond immobilization of multi‐enzyme systems, discussing only those enzymatic systems that have been co‐immobilized with their cofactor or exogenous partners to enhance their cooperative action. In this article, we review the latest architectures developed to fabricate self‐sufficient heterogeneous biocatalysts with application in chemical manufacturing, biosensing or energy production.
Molecular‐Level Processing of Si‐(B)‐C Materials with Tailored Nano/Microstructures
Authors: Schmidt Marion , Durif Charlotte , Acosta Emanoelle Diz , Salameh Chrystelle , Plaisantin Hervé , Miele Philippe , Backov Rénal , Machado Ricardo , Gervais Christel , Alauzun Johan G. , Chollon Georges , Bernard Samuel
Published: September 2017

The design of Si‐(B)‐C materials is investigated, with detailed insight into the precursor chemistry and processing, the precursor‐to‐ceramic transformation, and the ceramic microstructural evolution at high temperatures. In the early stage of the process, the reaction between allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS) and borane dimethyl sulfide is achieved. This is investigated in detail through solid‐state NMR and FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analyses for Si/B ratios ranging from 200 to 30. Boron‐based bridges linking AHPCS monomeric fragments act as crosslinking units, extending the processability range of AHPCS and suppressing the distillation of oligomeric fragments during the low‐temperature pyrolysis regime. Polymers with low boron contents display appropriate requirements for facile processing in solution, leading to the design of monoliths with hierarchical porosity, significant pore volume, and high specific surface area after pyrolysis. Polymers with high boron contents are more appropriate for the preparation of dense ceramics through direct solid shaping and pyrolysis. We provide a comprehensive study of the thermal decomposition mechanisms, and a subsequent detailed study of the high‐temperature behavior of the ceramics produced at 1000 °C. The nanostructure and microstructure of the final SiC‐based ceramics are intimately linked to the boron content of the polymers. B4C/C/SiC nanocomposites can be obtained from the polymer with the highest boron content.
Optimizing Toxic Chemical Removal through Defect‐Induced UiO‐66‐NH2 Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Peterson Gregory W. , Destefano Matthew R. , Garibay Sergio J. , Ploskonka Ann , McEntee Monica , Hall Morgan , Karwacki Christopher J. , Hupp Joseph T. , Farha Omar K.
Published: September 2017

For the first time, an increasing number of defects were introduced to the metal–organic framework UiO‐66‐NH2 in an attempt to understand the structure–activity trade‐offs associated with toxic chemical removal. It was found that an optimum exists with moderate defects for toxic chemicals that react with the linker, whereas those that require hydrolysis at the secondary building unit performed better when more defects were introduced. The insights obtained through this work highlight the ability to dial‐in appropriate material formulations, even within the same parent metal–organic framework, allowing for trade‐offs between reaction efficiency and mass transfer.
Diagnosis and management of primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Han Catherine H. , Batchelor Tracy T.
Published: September 2017

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive extranodal non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that is confined to the brain, eyes, spinal cord, or leptomeninges without systemic involvement. The overall prognosis, diagnosis, and management of PCNSL differ from those for other types of NHL. Prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment are vital for improving clinical outcomes. PCNSL is responsive to radiation therapy; however, whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT) inadequately controls the disease when it is used alone, and its delayed neurotoxicity causes neurocognitive impairment, especially in elderly patients. High‐dose methotrexate (HD‐MTX)–based induction chemotherapy with or without autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) or reduced‐dose WBRT leads to durable disease control and less neurotoxicity. The optimal treatment has yet to be defined; however, HD‐MTX–based induction chemotherapy is considered standard for newly diagnosed PCNSL. Ongoing randomized trials are addressing the roles of rituximab and consolidative treatment with ASCT or reduced‐dose WBRT. Despite high tumor response rates with the initial treatment, many patients relapse with a very poor prognosis. The optimal treatment for refractory or relapsed PCNSL is poorly defined. The choice of salvage treatment depends on a patient's age, previous treatment and response, performance status, and comorbidities at the time of relapse. This review provides an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, pathology, and management of PCNSL in immunocompetent patients, and it focuses on recent advances in treatment. Cancer 2017;123:4314‐24. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Management of precancerous anal intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus–positive men who have sex with men: Clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness
Authors: Deshmukh Ashish A. , Chiao Elizabeth Y. , Cantor Scott B. , Stier Elizabeth A. , Goldstone Stephen E. , Nyitray Alan G. , Wilkin Timothy , Wang Xiaojie , Chhatwal Jagpreet
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive men who have sex with men (MSM) are at disproportionately high risk for anal cancer. There is no definitive approach to the management of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), which are precursors of anal cancer, and evidence suggests that posttreatment adjuvant quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccination improves HSIL treatment effectiveness. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the optimal HSIL management strategy with respect to clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness and to identify the optimal age for initiating HSIL management.

METHODS

A decision analytic model of the natural history of anal carcinoma and HSIL management strategies was constructed for HIV‐positive MSM who were 27 years old or older. The model was informed by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database and published studies. Outcomes included the lifetime cost, life expectancy, quality‐adjusted life expectancy, cumulative risk of cancer and cancer‐related deaths, and cost‐effectiveness from a societal perspective.

RESULTS

Active monitoring was the most effective approach in patients 29 years or younger; thereafter, HSIL treatment plus adjuvant qHPV vaccination became most effective. When cost‐effectiveness was considered (ie, an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio [ICER] < $100,000/quality‐adjusted life‐year), do nothing was cost‐effective until the age of 38 years, and HSIL treatment plus adjuvant qHPV vaccination was cost‐effective beyond the age of 38 years (95% confidence interval, 34‐43 years). The ICER decreased as the age at HSIL management increased. Outcomes were sensitive to the rate of HSIL regression or progression and the cost of high‐resolution anoscopy and biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

The management of HSIL in HIV‐positive MSM who are 38 years old or older with treatment plus adjuvant qHPV vaccination is likely to be cost‐effective. The conservative approach of no treatment is likely to be cost‐effective in younger patients. Cancer 2017;123:4709‐4719. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
How to write a plugin to export job, power, energy, and system environmental data from your Cray® XC™ system
Authors: Martin Steven , Whitney Cary , Rush David , Kappel Matthew
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we take a deep dive into writing a plugin to export power, energy, and other system environmental data from a Cray® XC™ system. With the release of the System Management Workstation 8.0 software, Cray has enabled customers to create site‐specific plugins to export all of the data that can flow into the Cray Power Management Database into site‐specific infrastructure. In this paper, we give practical information on what data are available using the plugin, and how to write, test, and deploy a plugin. We also share and explain example plugin code, detail design considerations when architecting a plugin, and look at some practical use cases supported by exporting telemetry data off a Cray® XC™ system. This paper is targeted at plugin developers, system administrators, data scientists, and site planners. The plugin feature was developed by Cray in response to discussions with and requirements from select members of the CUG XTreme SIG. This paper demonstrates lessons learned developing prototype plugins that export data off Cray® XC™ systems using Kafka, Redis Pub/Sub, and RabbitMQ. This plugin capability is in‐use internally at Cray, used in production at NERSC, and is under consideration for deployment on systems at LANL and Sandia.
Preface to Special Issue of ChemSusChem on Perovskite Optoelectronics
Authors: Bolink Henk J. , Mhaisalkar Subodh G.
Published: September 2017

This Editorial introduces one of two companion Special Issues on “Halide Perovskites for Optoelectronics Applications” in ChemSusChem and Energy Technology following the ICMAT 2017 Conference in Singapore. More information on the other Special Issue can be found in the Editorial published in Energy Technology.
A novel Cre‐inducible knock‐in ARL13B‐tRFP fusion cilium reporter
Authors: Schmitz Felizitas , Burtscher Ingo , Stauber Michael , Gossler Achim , Lickert Heiko
Published: September 2017

Cilia play a major role in the regulation of numerous signaling pathways and are essential for embryonic development. Mutations in genes affecting ciliary function can cause a variety of diseases in humans summarized as ciliopathies. To facilitate the detection and visualization of cilia in a temporal and spatial manner in mouse tissues, we generated a Cre‐inducible cilium‐specific reporter mouse line expressing an ARL13B‐tRFP fusion protein driven by a CMV enhancer/chicken β actin promotor (pCAG) from the Hprt locus. We detected bright and specific ciliary signals by immunostainings of various mono‐ and multiciliated tissues and by time‐lapse live‐cell analysis of cultured embryos and organ explant cultures. Additionally, we monitored cilium assembly and disassembly in embryonic fibroblast cells using live‐cell imaging. Thus, the ARL13B‐tRFP reporter mouse strain is a valuable tool for the investigation of ciliary structure and function in a tissue‐specific manner to understand processes, such as ciliary protein trafficking or cilium‐dependent signaling in vitro and in vivo.
Refining the cheatgrass–fire cycle in the Great Basin: Precipitation timing and fine fuel composition predict wildfire trends
Authors: Pilliod David S. , Welty Justin L. , Arkle Robert S.
Published: September 2017

Larger, more frequent wildfires in arid and semi‐arid ecosystems have been associated with invasion by non‐native annual grasses, yet a complete understanding of fine fuel development and subsequent wildfire trends is lacking. We investigated the complex relationships among weather, fine fuels, and fire in the Great Basin, USA. We first modeled the annual and time‐lagged effects of precipitation and temperature on herbaceous vegetation cover and litter accumulation over a 26‐year period in the northern Great Basin. We then modeled how these fine fuels and weather patterns influence subsequent wildfires. We found that cheatgrass cover increased in years with higher precipitation and especially when one of the previous 3 years also was particularly wet. Cover of non‐native forbs and native herbs also increased in wet years, but only after several dry years. The area burned by wildfire in a given year was mostly associated with native herb and non‐native forb cover, whereas cheatgrass mainly influenced area burned in the form of litter derived from previous years’ growth. Consequently, multiyear weather patterns, including precipitation in the previous 1–3 years, was a strong predictor of wildfire in a given year because of the time needed to develop these fine fuel loads. The strong relationship between precipitation and wildfire allowed us to expand our inference to 10,162 wildfires across the entire Great Basin over a 35‐year period from 1980 to 2014. Our results suggest that the region's precipitation pattern of consecutive wet years followed by consecutive dry years results in a cycle of fuel accumulation followed by weather conditions that increase the probability of wildfire events in the year when the cycle transitions from wet to dry. These patterns varied regionally but were strong enough to allow us to model annual wildfire risk across the Great Basin based on precipitation alone.