bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Please, do not turn up the volume’: silence, ‘small sounds’ and the displacement of auditory perspective in works by Miki Yui
Authors: Hanssen Tina Rigby
Published: January 2019

The works of the Japanese composer and sound artist Miki Yui are known to represent an extremely evocative displacement of aural perspective, as we first struggle to hear the sounds and then struggle to determine what is ‘music’ and what is incidental. Her works operate on the very threshold of audibility, and under normal listening conditions her ‘small sounds’ often appear inaudible or hard to get a hold of. The ambient noise of the surrounding environment helps to reinforce the blurring boundaries between what in fact constitutes the work and what is more commonly referred to as interference. This article will discuss how Yui’s works represent a challenge for the listener in the context of the gallery space, as well as question the artist’s claim that silence and ambient small sounds produce a more attentive and peaceful state of mind.
Sounding out the logo shot
Authors: Graakjær Nicolai Jørgensgaard
Published: January 2019

This article focuses on how sound in combination with visuals (i.e. ‘branding by’) may possibly affect the signifying potentials (i.e. ‘branding effect’) of products and corporate brands (i.e. ‘branding of’) during logo shots in television commercials (i.e. ‘branding through’). This particular focus adds both to the understanding of sound in television commercials and to the understanding of sound brands.The article firstly presents a typology of sounds. Secondly, this typology is applied to an analysis of a case to illustrate how a textual analysis of sound and its audiovisual setting can offer relevant and necessary insights into processes of signification during a logo shot. Thirdly, the case is compared with 251 other cases from a larger sample of commercials. The analysis of the sample indicates the prevalence of sound brands and moreover it allows for further developing and nuancing of the presented sound typology.
‘Do mess with Mister In-Between!’
Authors: Magis Christophe
Published: January 2019

Broadly speaking, analysis of television advertising music is usually focused on one or the other of two general types, original advertising music or pre-existing music. This reflects disciplinary dichotomies, where musicology and interpretative disciplines in general pursue textual analysis of original musical material while political economy analyses strategies towards copyright and licensing of existing music within the field of advertising and the cultural industries as a whole. This article tries to bridge this disciplinary gap by focusing on a hybrid category: advertising musical covers. Our aim is to demonstrate and discuss how communication and promotional strategies, economic lures and artistic wills all blend together in the musical arrangement of advertising covers. The focus on these ’in-betweens’ affords an analysis of musical rationalization in advertising composition, which can be linked to socioeconomic strategies to be found within the field.
A mixed framework for new media art reception
Authors: Filimowicz Michael
Published: January 2019

In this essay I propose a theoretical assemblage integrating several discursive perspectives towards audience reception in the context of new media art creation, with a focus on sonic works. After reviewing the historical origins of reception theory in reader response and its later appropriation by communication and cultural studies, I argue that a mixed discursive perspective offers a potential refinement of contemporary reception theory as applicable to new media production, in which technological abstractions and complexities may be rich for purposes of production, but fall short in appreciation and communicative value for an audience
Fictionalising music/ musicalising fictionThe integrative function of music in Richard Powers’ The Time of Our Singing
Authors: Reichel A. Elisabeth
Published: January 2019

Twentieth-century scholars tended to describe music either in constructivist terms, as a culturally produced system of signs without real effects, or in essentialist terms, as a universal force detached from sociocultural contexts. Recently, however, the field of sound studies has raised new awareness of the fact that music is, at its core, sound. It is thus both culturally constructed and ineluctably material. Given this shift in the scholarly conception of music, a reassessment of its functions is needed. Starting from the notion that music is a complex system of cultural meanings and concrete sounds, this article investigates its integrative function, that is, the notion that music is able to connect individuals from diverse backgrounds and to integrate them into a community. Richard Powers’ novel The Time of Our Singing (2003) provides a valuable platform for reassessing the integrative function of music, as it unfolds it on two different levels at the same time. On its narrative level the novel insists on the long-term failure of music in uniting people from different racial backgrounds. Yet, by being also a piece of musicalised fiction and, hence, musical itself, the novel tests this function on its aesthetic level as well. It thus shows that, while failing to integrate socially divided people in the long run, in its aesthetic experience, at least, music is able to bring them together for as long as the performance last
Sound and Listening in Healthcare and Therapy
Authors: Have Iben , Højlund Marie Koldkjær
Published: January 2019

Editorial
Soundscaping health: Resonant speculations
Authors: Epstein Marcia Jenneth
Published: January 2019

Among the challenges arising in the fields of Acoustic Ecology and Sound Studies is the often contentious process of defining soundscapes that promote health. Questions arise: Should recommendations be based on individual preference, or are there universal principles that apply regardless of circumstances? Are there such things as toxic and nourishing sounds, comparable to elements of nutrition? Do R. Murray Schafer’s calls for quieter and more harmonious soundscapes still make sense amid new assessments of urban noise as a vector for intercultural communication? Are both stances due for reconsideration? Decades of medical research on the effects on health and mood of ambient noise and recreational music can provide answers to some of these questions, even as studies from the social sciences raise others.
The sound of nonsense - on the function of nonsense words in pop songs
Authors: Borčak Lea Wierød
Published: January 2019

Nonsense words in songs challenge the common assumption that song meaning resides in song texts. Songs containing verbal nonsense thus make evident that meaning cannot be deduced from one element (e.g. text), but rather emerges as a constant negotiation between the different medialities involved: music, text, the visual, the aural etc. It has been pointed out by several musicologists that content analysis of texts, despite having had a long historical tradition, is nonetheless insufficient or even downright misleading as a methodological approach to interpreting songs. The extensive use of nonsense words in pop songs affirms this stance, as verbal sense is simply stripped away, forcing the analyst to look for other kinds of sense. Researchers from various fields have dealt with nonsense, and quite a few of their insights are very similar – although this theoretical convergence is often not explicated, probably due to disciplinary borders. This article juxtaposes different observations about nonsense for the purpose of illuminating their mutual concordance and contributing to a systematic and comprehensible framework for understanding types and functions of verbal nonsense in songs.
Theatre Sound Archiving in the Netherlands: Study and Re-Use of ‘Sleeping’ Sound Collections
Authors: Franzen Ricarda
Published: January 2019

A number of recent publications feature thoughts on the neglect of the ‘unheard’ (Søndergaard, 2013) and the ‘buried’ (Hoffmann, 2015) sound archive. This article explores what types of knowledge sound archives might hold. To that end it moves between past and present when considering certain shared programmatic intents: examining future projections refl ected in the founding rationale of a specifi c Dutch theatre sound archive (Theater Instituut Nederland or TIN) in particular, while reviewing the rhetoric of ‘neglect’ and ‘re-use’ in current sound scholarship in general. Examining how the TIN archive refl ects the birth of an often quoted Dutch avant-garde theatre movement, the article seeks to address how sound documents might contribute to rethinking aspects of theatre history and perhaps aspects of historiography in general.
MicroRNA-331-3p affects preadipocytes’ proliferation and differentiation and fatty acid accumulation in Laiwu pigs
Authors: Chen Tao , Ma Lixia , Geng Jihong , Zeng Yongqing , Chen Wei , Cui Jingxiang
Published: January 2019

The proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), hormones and other factors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-331-3p on the proliferationand differentiation of preadipocytes in addition to fatty acid metabolism. The data indicated that miR-331-3p is a novel regulator of cellular differentiation. It was observed that miR-331-3p was capable of inhibiting cellular proliferation. Furthermore, miR-331-3p was highly expressed during cellular differentiation andappeared to promote the process. In addition, dual fluorescein analysis showed that dihydrolipoamideS-succinyltransferase (DLST) is a target gene of miR-331-3p, and over-expression of miR-331-3p could regulate the metabolism of fatty acids in the citrate pyruvate cycle by targeting DLST expression. In summary, these findings indicated that miR-331-3p exerts contrasting effects on the processes ofproliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes.
Religion, Modernity, and Ecology
Authors: Miller James
Published: January 2019

Previous scholarship has approached the relationship of religions and ecology by examining how those traditions might be relevant to addressing environmental problems. Instead, a decolonial approach to the study of Daoism leads to insights that challenge the very framework of modern categories of religion and nature. These insights, teased out over the course of the book, inspire a practical alternative to the framework of modernity, one that can help produce the optimal flourishing of human life on earth.
Introduction
Authors: Deutscher Penelope
Published: January 2019

This is a book about Foucault’s children—in a number of senses. It revisits some little-discussed themes in Foucault’s work, including the children who are prominent in his Collège de France lecture series Abnormal and Psychiatric Power and who lurk, also, in his famous books on sex and discipline. These children become the base for a broader reconsideration of Foucault’s work on families, procreation, parenting, “optimal” child raising, and the projection of futures as conjoined with specific forms of responsibility—for individual life, societies, and populations....
The Face of Anti-Muslim Populism
Authors: Marzouki Nadia
Published: January 2019

Chapter four examines the way the Tea Party seized on the Islamic question starting in 2010 and how its tactics operate within a longstanding rhetorical tradition of populism and a form of paranoid rationality that expresses an illiberal conception of democracy.
The Event of Projection
Authors: Balsom Erika
Published: January 2019

This is the first of two chapters to explore forms of rarity and limitation that lie outside the predominantly financial motivations of the limited edition. Through the case study of Paolo Cherchi Usai’s Passio (2006), a live film performance, it examines the implications of ceasing to conceive of cinema as a reproducible object and instead understanding it to be a singular event marked by liveness. Turning to Nelson Goodman’s categories of allographic and autographic arts, this chapter explores various paradigms of live cinema, while also proposing the liveness of the event can serve as a critical method one can use to uncover the variability and difference that exists even within practices apparently marked by the sameness of mechanical reproduction.
Protégés
Authors: Hanley Will
Published: January 2019

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the figure of the protégé became a source of great anxiety throughout the Ottoman world. Fear of unbridled commercial and economic rights for foreign protégés (most of them non-Muslims) lay behind the first Ottoman nationality law, promulgated in 1869. In fact, there were very few officially recognized protégés, most of them consular employees. After the 1860s, the protégé became a challenge for the emerging field of private international law, as a diverse social phenomenon was translated into a formal legal status. Protection was something less than citizenship, but something more than local status.
Bad Subjects
Authors: Hanley Will
Published: January 2019

“Bad subject” is a pooled, transnational category used to describe recidivists, forgers, vagrants, indigents, and mendicants. Authorities applied a common set of sanctions to bad subjects: deportation, banishment, and removal of protection. “Bad subjecthood” was nationality’s double: a status category that turned subjective description into an official determinant of life chances, a legal fiction that became an article of official consensus. By the First World War, explicit reference to bad subjects had largely disappeared, as its social control functions were absorbed into nationality.
Education aimed at increasing international collaboration and decreasing inequalities
Authors: Ernberg Ingemar
Published: January 2019

Educational initiatives in cancer research have to align with the needs of patients, individuals at risk, healthcare systems and public health organisations. The above interests demand strong translational interactions between basic research, clinical/prevention research and entrepreneurship. The resulting synergy between these three entities is expected to stimulate identification of unresolved issues in cancer biology, as well as unmet needs in diagnostics, treatment and prevention. It will also encourage the development of international research collaborations and, in turn, improve access to innovative research infrastructures. Education and dissemination of knowledge and technologies must be a cornerstone of any future European mission‐oriented approach to cancer, as it will ensure that new cancer treatments reach all patients within the European Union, and also help reduce gross inequalities in cancer incidence and mortality. A large number of educational institutions ranging from local universities to pan‐European organisations have developed excellent educational activities. However, a cancer mission will highlight additional roles for higher education that will complement and provide novel approaches. Educational and training activities should target the general public (dissemination) for primary cancer prevention, as well as the next generation of cancer researchers in basic and clinical research all over Europe. The experiences of patients are also needed to improve health‐related quality‐of‐life and outcomes research. A mission approach to cancer would enhance the exchange of researchers within Europe and worldwide, and prioritise collaborations between Western/Central and Eastern Europe countries. The Comprehensive Cancer Centres (CCCs) will be crucial to train scientific staff in established centres as well as in candidate centres aspiring to join networks of CCCs. In addition, CCCs will have an important role to play by offering educational programmes for the next generation of clinical/research leaders.
Digital Art Pedagogy in theUnitedKingdom
Authors: Heaton Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Digital practices develop constantly and impact pedagogy in art education. This requires learners and practitioners to be adaptable – to be open to renegotiating their understanding of art and the principles that underpin it. This chapter presents a number of cases from the UK where practitioners have aligned art and digital practice, and these model how and why cognition can be curated. “Curated cognition” refers to the way one organizes one's thinking. The cases show how curating cognition can facilitate an understanding of visual culture. The cases also suggest that digital art pedagogy and learning are effective when they prioritize fundamental art principles and respond to cultural change. This chapter advocates for an adaptive and forward‐thinking experience for art learners where collaboration, moral consciousness, and social responsibility become considerations in the teaching and learning strategies of digital art experiences.
Art Education: Propositions for the Future
Authors: Burton Judith M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter acknowledges that art practice draws upon a multiplicity of disciplinary and lifeworld experience from which meaning is constructed through the agency of visual materials. It suggests that reflective inquiry, made flexible by insights about young people and their sociocultural worlds, creates a dynamic domain for learning in and through the visual arts. The chapter offers a glimpse of art practice conceived as a crossroad discipline in which inquiry, imagination, dialogue, and collaboration mediate how young people in schools make sense of themselves and their worlds. What is offered here does not provide recipes, rules, or specific instructional procedures to follow; rather, it recognizes that these are the province of individual teachers who work in schools and who infuse their own artistic insights with deep understandings of those they teach. It suggests the outlines of a dialogical process in which teachers might find reciprocity within their own students' responses.
Craft Issues in Art Education: Opening Hidden Agendas
Authors: Guimarães Leda
Published: January 2019

What is the potential role of craft in Brazil's art education panorama? The issues raised in this chapter aim to highlight some historical and pedagogical aspects that defend a special place for craft and other artisans' works in visual art teachers' training. After indicating some reasons why craft and design have not come together in Brazilian art education's history, I present my agendas in working with women artisans in order to reshape how art and art education are conceptualized in relation to the values of high art. Craft experience can be found outside the university context but it can also be explored in university students' family backgrounds in helping to build a more open view of aesthetics and artistic experience. In this way, the relationship between craft and art education can be a path to a diversity of situations where craft knowledge can offer lived experiences in order to reshape art education agendas.
Art Education in Spain: Current Practices and Perspectives
Authors: Fendler Rachel , Hernández‐Hernández Fernando
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at four art education projects developed in and around Barcelona, Spain, between 2014 and 2016. Covering early childhood, primary and secondary cases, and in‐service professional development, the chapter explores how inquiry‐based learning within a visual culture arts education paradigm positions art education as a bridge between the school‐wide curriculum and students' (and teachers') lives. This strategic positioning of art education demonstrates how this field contributes significantly to the learning outcomes of students, assisting in the advocacy of arts education at a time when politicians question its worth. Finally, the chapter looks at how inquiry‐based art practices suggest an alternative pedagogical framework, one that disrupts and resists neoliberal narratives in education. Drawing on the work of Dennis Atkinson, the authors ask to what extent the projects are representative of pedagogies against the state, resituating the subjectivity of learners and the contribution of the arts through the process of inquiry.
Observations and Reflections on the Value of Equal Exchange and Collaboration in Room 13 Hareclive, an Artists' Studio Space Co‐Run by Children
Authors: Ali Shani , Bradley Paul , Skeels Ingrid
Published: January 2019

Since 2003, children at Hareclive primary school in Bristol, England, have worked in Room 13: a studio space they co‐run and co‐create with adult artists, and where they say they feel a sense of ownership, responsibility, equality, and freedom. Here children are free to play with materials, experiment, discover, reflect, talk, get messy, hesitate, make “mistakes,” and make and create, alone or with others of all ages. From this process of equal collaboration and exchange – facilitated by the artist‐educators, and radically different from current mainstream pedagogy – emerge makers, artists, thinkers, and entrepreneurs with confidence, wellbeing, self‐belief, agency, and voice. Drawing on conversations with Room 13 artists of all ages, and reflecting on our practice and exchanges with collaborators, this chapter explores the history, approach, and value of Room 13 for children, its implications for art and design teaching, and its inherent, radical, and hopeful capacity for social change.
A Pedagogy for a Creatively Destructive City
Authors: Denmead Tyler
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes, interprets, and theorizes a central contradiction facing youth arts and humanities programs in postindustrial cities, which can experience rapid economic, cultural, and spatial reconfigurations by adopting the conventional creative city script. These programs can provide rewarding and meaningful creative learning for young people (often of color) from working‐class and low‐income backgrounds (aged 14–18) while at the same time imbricating these young people in revitalizing cities at their expense. To illustrate this contradiction, this chapter provides a case study from a critical ethnographic research project informed by cultural studies that the author conducted in Providence, Rhode Island, USA. The chapter then pinpoints possible pedagogic strategies that do not claim to resolve this contradiction or redress its negative outcomes but instead provide avenues for youth arts and humanities programs to repurpose the social and material realities of urban renewal for the benefit of young people's affirmation, joy, and possibility.
Interfacing Contemporary Art and Art Education inSub‐SaharanAfrica
Authors: Mamvuto Attwell
Published: January 2019

Sub‐Saharan Africa is rife with visual arts, which have been practiced in the area since time immemorial. The movement of colonial settlers into the region resulted in an interface between traditional African art and the settlers' conceptions and practices of art. Similarly, contemporary art in sub‐Saharan Africa is significantly acculturated. This chapter explores the evolution of African art and art education in sub‐Saharan Africa. It examines how art education institutions transformed in the face of the emergent missionary education. It further explores attempts at the integration of contemporary art and art education in sub‐Saharan Africa in the context of cultural contact. A challenge in attempting this exploration is that the unhistoricized contemporary art is ever evolving, meaning that it has not been put into the historical domain. This chapter proffers integration strategies that include making students co‐selectors of curricular content and the implementation of a spiral and concentric approach to curricular innovation.
Arts Education inPortugal in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Drawing and the Governing of the Student
Authors: Martins Catarina S.
Published: January 2019

At the end of the eighteenth century, two groups in Portugal began to receive an art education: children at risk and the elites. The principles followed for each group were different, as were the objectives pursued. However, it was through the education of the masses that the arts, especially drawing, underwent great development. Drawing was perceived as a language, that of the emerging industry, that would make the student a citizen of the modern world of work and, simultaneously, activate mechanisms of self‐government.
“Made inItaly”: The Complex Evolution of Art Education inItaly
Authors: Petricone Fabiano
Published: January 2019

Ever since antiquity and especially since the period of the Renaissance, art has constituted a major, if not the main, element by which the identity of Italy is presented around the world as a unitary field. Currently, art represents the country's main asset in that economic factor identified with the tag “made in Italy.” This chapter presents a short historical excursus on art and design education in Italy, following this thread through chronologically to the current organization of applied arts and design in the Italian educational system.
Paradox and Art Education: The Disobedience of the Force of Art and the Adventure of Pedagogy
Authors: Atkinson Dennis
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a discursus on learning and teaching in art education that softens the transcendent historical and ideological framings of the purpose of art education. It places emphasis upon the immanence and necessary transcendence of local events of learning in whatever framing that have the potential to extend our comprehension of what art and learning can become. It recommends a “pedagogical reversal” whereby external transcendent lenses and their respective knowledge and criteria for practice are relaxed and proposes a pedagogy “without criteria.” A key pedagogical issue concerns “how something matters” for a learner in a learning encounter, and trying to comprehend this “mattering” constitutes a pedagogical adventure for a teacher. The notion of mattering cannot be divorced from the force of art, which is the motive force precipitating a potential for learning that can expand our understanding of what art and learning can become. The chapter is premised on the idea that it is not a case of coming to understand art through established knowledge and practice but of the force of art challenging us to think. The force of art, or art's event, can be conceived as a process with a potential for the individuation of new worlds or for enabling us to see that other worlds might be possible.
Indirect Teaching
Authors: Saeverot Herner
Published: January 2019

Pedagogy is often associated with clarity and intelligibility regarding dissemination. Surely this is an important element in pedagogy, but, as soon as pedagogy includes questions with no clear answers, teachers and educators must take an indirect approach. The question is also whether it is possible to be direct in our dissemination, given the fact that communication is a very complex field, involving a number of intermediaries. Examples of intermediaries may be emotions, nonverbal communication, and body language, which may prevent a direct line of connection between the communicator and the recipient. As such, the communicator is forced to take an indirect approach, by way of numerous intermediaries. Nonetheless, there is a time for teachers and educators to control the intermediaries, so as to make themselves understood in the best possible way. But there is also time to create room for intermediaries in teaching, in order to give recipients more choices as to how they may receive the “message.” This is of course a risk. The chances of failure are present, which, in fact, is an important element, considering that the teacher has an interest in creating space for the student to become independent. This chapter provides some concrete examples of how teachers can use art as an indirect way of teaching. How may the students be internally connected to both themselves and the world, through art? Does art lead us away from real life? Or is it possible to teach in such a way that we can bring students into both art and reality? Such questions lead us to the concept of pedagogical seduction, which must not be equated with manipulative seduction.
International Art Programs in Secondary Schools
Authors: Filbin Deborah N.
Published: January 2019

International art programs are available to secondary school students wishing to pursue the study of visual arts at an advanced level. The programs discussed in this entry are the Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education, the Advanced Placement program, and the International Baccalaureate. Generally, these programs encourage students to work with independence and grant credits that may be used internationally. Upon successful completion of one of these programs, students are awarded a credit or certification for their work; most are eligible for college or university credit. Typically, a visual art and design portfolio is evaluated to determine successful completion of the program. These programs particularly appeal to students who are interested in studying visual art and design at college or university level after secondary school, those who wish to learn through in‐depth investigation, and those who seek to pursue a career in art and design.
Urban Art Curriculum
Authors: Goss Samantha A.
Published: January 2019

The urban art curriculum in the US context addresses the disconnect between student cultures on the one hand, and class content and the art teacher on the other. Most teachers are not of the same culture as their students, especially in urban settings. Using approaches such as visual culture and culturally responsive teaching can address the challenges of the urban classroom. These challenges include gaps in instruction, cultural disconnect between the students and the content, cultural disconnect between students and teachers, and debates over what urban students need to know. The suggested approaches can also enhance the classroom through providing a more authentic engagement with students' cultures by allowing them to bring their cultural understandings into the classroom, rather than focusing on those of the teacher who is a cultural outsider. They also allow students to engage with their art curriculum at a higher level conceptually, even when technical skills are lacking, by pushing their learning as other subjects do.
Assessing Student Art and Design Learning
Authors: Boughton Douglas G.
Published: January 2019

One of the most problematic assessment concerns in art and design education is the difficulty of assessing creative products and behavior, since all too frequently assessment methodologies serve to inhibit rather than to promote imaginative outcomes. This chapter discusses a productive relationship between assessment process and creative behavior with reference to new ideas about creativity promulgated by the work of contemporary social psychologists. The question of how to conduct assessment in the arts is made more difficult given the challenges of reliability and validity of examiners' qualitative judgments. Assessment is an integral component of curriculum structure which is frequently overlooked in the curriculum‐planning process. When it is well designed, assessment can promote creative thinking and risk‐taking; poorly designed assessments can do the opposite. This chapter outlines the concepts appropriate for the development of assessment methodologies that value and have the potential to enhance creative thinking in the visual arts.
Indigenous Art Curriculum:
Da‐de‐yo‐hv‐s‐gv
(Cherokee Word for Teaching)
Authors: Staikidis Kryssi , Morris Christine Ballengee
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the characteristics of Indigenous pedagogy, first, on the basis of the work of Indigenous scholars who offer new ways to conceptualize the presentation of pedagogy in the academy, and, second, using examples of art educators who have applied Indigenous ways of knowing to the design of curricula and to teaching in art education. Case studies exemplifying and honoring the voices of First Nations scholars, teachers, and artists are used to highlight teaching approaches that embody the components of an Indigenous art pedagogy such as community, balance, consensus, circle as paradigm, reciprocity, and spirituality.
Cultures of Curriculum
Authors: Keifer‐Boyd Karen
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores who decides what art and design content is valuable for study and how the content is organized in both formal and informal settings. Art and design cultures of curriculum can be considered in a multitude of ways. In this chapter, four cultures of curriculum are examined: the culture of national art and design curriculum, the culture of age grouping, cultures of networked and relational curriculum, and transdisciplinary distributed cultures of curriculum. The culture of age‐based curriculum, which stems from aesthetic and art development stage theory, holds preconceived notions about what a body is and can do, and predicts appropriate content for each age grouping. This chapter interrogates these models and supports anti‐essentialist and decentered curricular experiments that spill outside of designated departments and disciplines.
Black Image and Identity in theUSCurriculum
Authors: Knight Wanda B.
Published: January 2019

The US curriculum has played a prominent role in the process of constructing black image and identity and has served at least two functions in the context of racial reproduction from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. The first purpose of the curriculum was to shape perceptions of blacks in the USA. The malicious entrenchment and ubiquity of degrading images of blacks result from the racial thinking that slavery produced. The second tactic concerning curriculum‐making about blacks was to retell history in a manner that minimized how and to what extent racism (in)formed the histories of African Americans. The imagery of blacks in the curriculum habitually repeated stereotypical or derogatory views maintained by most whites, which aided the creation of a visual iconography for black representation while protecting the interests of dominant groups through ideological hegemony. This chapter concerns the dispersal of African peoples to the USA and the kinds of diasporic identities that they developed in their new location. It also considers the various means by which curriculum has shaped the image and identity of blacks including silence and exclusion, erasure, bias, pseudo‐scientific theories of black racial inferiority, glorification of whites and whiteness and denigration of blacks and blackness, and racist images and stereotypes. Likewise, it highlights curricular means of countering dominant anti‐black visual and racial narratives and offers a more comprehensive template from which to shape curriculum.
Recent Advances in the Molecular Engineering of Solvents for Reactions
Authors: Siougkrou Eirini , Galindo Amparo , Adjiman Claire S.
Published: January 2019

The sections in this article are
Development of Novel Multiphase Microreactors: Recent Developments and Future Challenges
Authors: Rebrov Evgeny
Published: January 2019

Nowadays, one of the major challenges for the chemical industry is the development of innovative processes with less by‐product formation, improved product yields, and high‐energy efficiency. Microreactor technology provides unique solutions to meet these requirements. As an important means for process intensification, microchemical technology is expected to have a number of advantages for chemicals production. The high heat‐ and mass‐transfer rates in microreactors enable many highly exothermic, fast reactions to be operated under nearly isothermal conditions, thereby better selectivity or yield can be reached as compared to conventional reactors.This chapter is a summary of recent developments in microreactor technology for gas–liquid catalytic reactions that constitute up to 20% of all reactions used in fine chemicals industry. The fundamentals of design and operation of microreactors are explained. Various design concepts are discussed and key features are illustrated, and examples of successful applications are given.
Applications of
3D
Printing in Synthetic Process and Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Sans Victor , Dragone Vincenza , Cronin Leroy
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews recent developments in the use of three‐dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing (AM) to chemical research, process, and analytical chemistry. 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing by allowing designs and fast prototyping that would not be feasible with the use of other techniques [1]. Furthermore, it enables engineers and scientists to rapidly close the loop on design, manufacture, and application. These aspects are of particular relevance to process chemistry, where flexibility in reactor design and integration of real‐time analytics are often limiting factors. The application of 3D printing to chemical processes opens a new research space in the interface between chemistry and engineering, reported for the first time by Cronin and co‐workers [2]. An overview of the state of the art and scope for the future of this
AM
technique will be detailed here.
An Introduction to Closed‐Loop Process Optimization and Online Analysis
Authors: Horbaczewskyj Christopher S. , Willans Charlotte E. , Lapkin Alexei A. , Bourne Richard A.
Published: January 2019

The sections in this article are
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Appropriate Use Criteria for Hip Preservation Surgery: Variables That Drive Appropriateness for Surgery
Authors: Riddle Daniel L. , Perera Robert A.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Determining appropriate candidates for hip preservation surgery is challenging because criteria for judging appropriateness are not defined. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) recently published a hip preservation surgery appropriateness classification system using the RAND/University of California, Los Angeles approach. This study was undertaken to determin the extent and pattern of contribution of each of the variables used to predict the appropriateness of hip preservation surgery.

Methods

An AAOS‐appointed multidisciplinary expert panel wrote 270 clinical vignettes incorporating all permutations of 5 indication variables derived from an evidence synthesis. A second independent panel of experts rated the appropriateness of each vignette during multiple Delphi surveys. We used logistic regression to determine the relative contribution of each variable to classification. We also used a classification‐tree approach to determine which indication variables, in combination, contributed to the final classification.

Results

Odds ratios from the regression indicated that patient age and radiographic hip osteoarthritis (OA) evaluation were the main indications of appropriateness classification (e.g., the odds ratio for age <40 years was >999.99, with age >65 years as the referent group, for “appropriate/may be appropriate” as compared to “rarely appropriate” vignettes). Hip range of motion, risk for negative outcome, and function‐limiting pain did not meaningfully contribute to the final classification.

Conclusion

The AAOS appropriateness classification system for hip preservation surgery is driven almost exclusively by age and radiographic hip OA evaluation. Additional research on appropriateness classification for hip preservation surgery is needed to identify important indication variables beyond age and radiographic hip findings.
Giant Piezoelectricity of Ternary Perovskite Ceramics at High Temperatures
Authors: Zhao Tian‐Long , Bokov Alexei A. , Wu Jingen , Wang Hongli , Wang Chun‐Ming , Yu Yang , Wang Chun‐Lei , Zeng Kaiyang , Ye Zuo‐Guang , Dong Shuxiang
Published: January 2019

Here, novel ferroelectric ceramics of (0.95 − x)BiScO3‐xPbTiO3‐0.05Pb(Sn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (BS‐xPT‐PSN) of complex perovskite structure are reported with compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), and which exhibit a piezoelectric coefficient d33 = 555 pC N−1, a large‐signal coefficient ≈ 1200 pm V−1 at room temperature, and a high Curie temperature TC of 408 °C. More interestingly, this ternary system exhibits a giant and stable piezoelectric response at 200 °C with a large‐signal ≈ 2500 pm V−1, matching that of the costly relaxor‐based piezoelectric single crystals at room temperature. The mechanisms of such giant piezoelectricity and its characteristic temperature dependence are attributed to the spontaneous polarization rotation and extension under an electric field and the MPB‐related phase transition. The findings reveal that the BS‐xPT‐PSN ceramics constitute a new family of high‐performance piezoelectric materials suitable for electromechanical transducers that can be operated at high temperatures (at 200 °C, or higher).
Dodecaborane‐Based Dopants Designed to Shield Anion Electrostatics Lead to Increased Carrier Mobility in a Doped Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Aubry Taylor J. , Axtell Jonathan C. , Basile Victoria M. , Winchell K. J. , Lindemuth Jeffrey R. , Porter Tyler M. , Liu Ji‐Yuan , Alexandrova Anastassia N. , Kubiak Clifford P. , Tolbert Sarah H. , Spokoyny Alexander M. , Schwartz Benjamin J.
Published: January 2019

One of the most effective ways to tune the electronic properties of conjugated polymers is to dope them with small‐molecule oxidizing agents, creating holes on the polymer and molecular anions. Undesirably, strong electrostatic attraction from the anions of most dopants localizes the holes created on the polymer, reducing their mobility. Here, a new strategy utilizing a substituted boron cluster as a molecular dopant for conjugated polymers is employed. By designing the cluster to have a high redox potential and steric protection of the core‐localized electron density, highly delocalized polarons with mobilities equivalent to films doped with no anions present are obtained. AC Hall effect measurements show that P3HT films doped with these boron clusters have conductivities and polaron mobilities roughly an order of magnitude higher than films doped with F4TCNQ, even though the boron‐cluster‐doped films have poor crystallinity. Moreover, the number of free carriers approximately matches the number of boron clusters, yielding a doping efficiency of ≈100%. These results suggest that shielding the polaron from the anion is a critically important aspect for producing high carrier mobility, and that the high polymer crystallinity required with dopants such as F4TCNQ is primarily to keep the counterions far from the polymer backbone.
A New Type of Li‐Rich Rock‐Salt Oxide Li2Ni1/3Ru2/3O3 with Reversible Anionic Redox Chemistry
Authors: Li Xiang , Qiao Yu , Guo Shaohua , Jiang Kezhu , Ishida Masayoshi , Zhou Haoshen
Published: January 2019

Li‐rich oxide cathodes are of prime importance for the development of high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Li‐rich layered oxides, however, always undergo irreversible structural evolution, leading to inevitable capacity and voltage decay during cycling. Meanwhile, Li‐rich cation‐disordered rock‐salt oxides usually exhibit sluggish kinetics and inferior cycling stability, despite their firm structure and stable voltage output. Herein, a new Li‐rich rock‐salt oxide Li2Ni1/3Ru2/3O3 with Fd‐3m space group, where partial cation‐ordering arrangement exists in cationic sites, is reported. Results demonstrate that a cathode fabricated from Li2Ni1/3Ru2/3O3 delivers a large capacity, outstanding rate capability as well as good cycling performance with negligible voltage decay, in contrast to the common cations disordered oxides with space group Fm‐3m. First principle calculations also indicate that rock‐salt oxide with space group Fd‐3m possesses oxygen activity potential at the state of delithiation, and good kinetics with more 0‐TM (TM = transition metals) percolation networks. In situ Raman results confirm the reversible anionic redox chemistry, confirming O2−/O− evolution during cycles in Li‐rich rock‐salt cathode for the first time. These findings open up the opportunity to design high‐performance oxide cathodes and promote the development of high‐energy LIBs.
Novel Water Harvesting Fibrous Membranes with Directional Water Transport Capability
Authors: Wu Jing , Zhou Hua , Wang Hongxia , Shao Hao , Yan Guilong , Lin Tong
Published: January 2019

Previous studies about water harvesting from airborne moisture, which is driven by a directional water transport principle, are based on either a 2D surface or a 1D filament. Porous membranes with a directional water transport capability are seldom used for water harvesting. Herein, a novel hydrophobic/hydrophilic directional‐wicking nanofibrous membrane is reported showing enhanced water harvesting ability. In comparison to the hydrophobic or hydrophilic membranes of the same structure and dimension, the directional wicking fibrous membranes have much higher water harvesting capacity. This fantastic water harvesting capability is originated from strong force to draw water from the hydrophobic to the superhydrophilic layer and ever permeable channels formed by the hydrophobic fibrous structure. Larger pores in the hydrophobic layer and smaller pores in the superhydrophilic layer facilitate water harvesting because of the enhanced directional wicking ability. The variation in pore dimension between the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic layers can result in 1.7 times difference in water harvesting capacity. These novel understandings may be useful for the development of advanced water harvesters for various applications.
Maximal Visible Light Energy Transfer to Ultrathin Semiconductor Films Enabled by Dispersion Control
Authors: Jung Gwang‐Hun , Yoo SeokJae , Kim Jin‐Soo , Park Q‐Han
Published: January 2019

Increasing light absorption in an ultrathin semiconductor is critical for developing thin‐film photovoltaic devices. Here, it is shown that a maximal absorption of visible light is possible through controlling the dispersion of thin‐film materials. The ideal dispersion relation is determined for the permittivity of a thin film placed on a reflector with a dielectric spacer, and it is explained how the ideal dispersion relation can be realized for semiconductor materials possessing bandgaps. To experimentally verify dispersion control and maximal absorption, the permittivity of lead selenide (PbSe) thin film is tailored by controlling its polycrystallinity through the sputtering conditions. The measured reflectance of a dispersion‐controlled PbSe film (9 nm) deposited on an SiO2 (48 nm)/Al substrate shows a record level of absorbance for PbSe film of 88% taken as an average over the entire visible spectrum. This value is close to the theoretical maximum value of 95%. Overall, the dispersion control scheme offers promising avenues for thin‐film solar cell research.
The role of social grants on commercialization among smallholder farmers in South Africa: Evidence from a continuous treatment approach
Authors: Sinyolo Sikhulumile , Mudhara Maxwell , Wale Edilegnaw
Published: January 2019

This study examined the role of social grants to smallholder producers’ incentives to sell maize marketable surplus. The study used the generalized propensity score (GPS) matching method to analyse the data collected from a sample of 774 smallholder producers in KwaZulu‐Natal. The results support the disincentive hypothesis, demonstrating a negative association between social grants and market participation levels of smallholders. The study findings imply that policies aimed at increasing smallholder commercialization should also focus on how to reduce the disincentive effects of social grants.