bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic Mutants Separate Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Signals of
Scenedesmus
Authors: Weaver Ellen C. , Bishop Norman I.
Published: October 2006

Current schemes for the mechanism of the photosynthesis reaction imply a two-part cycle; one part produces a strong photoreductant, the other functions to release molecular oxygen. Wild-type
Scenedesmus
exhibits the two light-induced electron-paramagnetic resonances typical of green algae and chloroplasts of higher plants. These resonances indicate the presence of unpaired electrons in at least two sites. By means of mutants which are blocked in one or the other part of the dual cycle, the narrow, rapidly decaying signal can be correlated with the photoreductant part, and the broad, slowly decaying signal can be correlated with the part releasing molecular oxygen.
Phase Composition of Commercial "Ammonium Carbonate"
Authors: Sclar C. B. , Carrison L. C.
Published: October 2006

A unique crystalline phase was the sole constituent in newly opened containers of commercial reagent-grade "ammonium carbonate." The chemical composition, optical constants, x-ray powder diffraction pattern, infrared absorption spectrum, and density indicate a double salt, ammonium bicarbonate-carbamate (NH
4
HCO
3
⋅NH
4
CO
2
NH
2
), which is unstable in air at ambient temperature and decomposes rapidly to ammonium bicarbonate.
Chromosomal and Nucleolar RNA Synthesis in Root Tips during Mitosis
Authors: Das Nirmal K.
Published: October 2006

Comparative rates of RNA synthesis in chromatin and nucleolar fractions during mitosis in root-tip cells of
Allium
and
Nigella
were studied by pulse-labeling of cells with tritiated cytidine. Although the rate of RNA synthesis decreases in the condensing chromosomes during prophase, it remains normal in the nucleolar fraction as long as nucleoli are maintained. RNA synthesis stops in mitotic cells lacking distinct nucleoli. In the late telophase or very early interphase cells, RNA synthesis resumes at a faster rate in the pronucleolar bodies than in the chromatin.
Fields for Edge-Punched Filing Cards
Authors: Newcombe Alan G.
Published: October 2006

New fields have been devised, for a double-row edge-punched card, which require only three edge holes per field in place of the customary four. The new fields record every digit and no digit appears more than once. Any letter of the alphabet can be readily punched into a single field. Sorting of the new fields (compared to sorting of existing fields) requires fewer needle passes for both alphabetical and numerical searching, if a single search is made; this does not apply in arranging the cards in sequence.
Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Pleistocene Sediments from the Indian Ocean
Authors: Herman Yvonne
Published: October 2006

Two deep-sea cores containing Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Pleistocene sediments from an oceanic rise approximately 500 miles southeast of Cape Town contained well-preserved fossil foraminiferal ooze made up of about 97 percent planktonic forms, including species of
Guembelina
and
Hedbergella
. High percentages of particles less than 53 μ in diameter in the Cretaceous and Paleocene sediments indicate a deep-water open-ocean depositional environment. These sediments are the oldest recovered so far from the Indian Ocean.
Malate Dehydrogenases in the Rusted Bean Leaf
Authors: Staples Richard C. , Stahmann Mark A.
Published: October 2006

Rust growth in the bean leaf was accompanied by the appearance of one new malate dehydrogenase isozyme and continuation of one otherwise lost during the development of the healthy leaf. The new isozyme was contributed by the fungus, the other by the leaf. Both enzymes were cytoplasmic proteins. Rusting caused the loss of a mitochondrial isozyme.
Terminal Oxidation in the Regulation of Heme Biosynthesis
Authors: Onisawa Jinichi , Labbe Robert F.
Published: October 2006

Turnover of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the rate of succinyl-coenzyme A formation may be important factors in the regulation of heme biosynthesis in liver homogenate. Acting as hydrogen acceptor, acetoacetate appears to have a unique role in influencing these metabolic processes.
Nitrogen Mustard: Diminution of Toxicity in Axenic Mice
Authors: White Laurens P. , Claflin Elizabeth F.
Published: October 2006

Axenic, or germ-free, mice are more resistant to the delayed lethal effect of nitrogen mustard than normal mice. The resistance is most striking when mustard is administered at
p
H 2.0. The finding supports the hypothesis that intestinal bacteria play an important role in the systemic toxicity of nitrogen mustard.
Complementary RNA in Nucleus and Cytoplasm of Mouse Liver Cells
Authors: Hoyer Bill H. , McCarthy Brian J. , Bolton Ellis T.
Published: October 2006

The rapidly labeled RNA from both the nuclei and cytoplasm of mouse liver cells can be bound specifically to mouse DNA. The bound fraction differs in base composition and metabolic stability from the bulk RNA. There is considerable cross reaction between this RNA and the DNA obtained from calf thymus.
Resistance of Mice Infected with Moloney Leukemia Virus to Friend Virus Infection
Authors: Rowe Wallace P.
Published: October 2006

Mice inoculated with the Moloney strain of mouse lymphoid-leukemia virus showed marked diminution of spleen weight response to infection with Friend leukemia virus given 3 to 4 weeks later.
Fragment Sizes Produced from T5 Bacteriophage DNA Molecules by Acid Deoxyribonuclease
Authors: MacHattie Lorne A. , Bernardi Giorgio , Thomas C. A.
Published: October 2006

The action of acid deoxyribonuclease on T5 bacteriophage DNA results in a "random distribution" of sizes of duplex fragments as judged by electron microscopy. No preferred subunit size resulting from the "single hit" action can be detected down to lengths of 0.1 micron or less. The results are in agreement with the coexistence of a "single-hit" and a "double-hit" kinetics.
Stomatal Penetration of Wheat Seedlings by Stem and Leaf Rust: Effect of Light and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Yirgou Dagnatchew , Caldwell Ralph M.
Published: October 2006

Removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide enhanced penetration of seedling wheat by stem rust
Puccinia graminis
in light and dark but did not materially affect penetration by leaf rust
P. recondita
. A concentration of 5 percent CO
2
nearly suppressed penetration by
P. graminis
but not by
P. recondita
. Thus light may promote penetration by
P. graminis
through photosynthetic reduction of CO
2
within the leaf and
P. recondita
may penetrate independently of light because it is relatively insensitive to the effects of CO
2
.
Reduced Incidence of Persistent Chromosome Aberrations in Mice Irradiated at Low Dose Rates
Authors: Nowell Peter C. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: October 2006

A marked difference was observed between the effectiveness of high and low dose rates of ionizing radiation in producing persistent chromosome aberrations in the marrow cells of mice. Clones of cells with chromosome abnormalities were present in the marrow of all the mice previously exposed to single or fractionated doses of x-rays given at a rate of 30 rad/min. The frequency of chromosome aberrations in these mice varied from 14 to 72 percent of the cells examined. By contrast, none of the mice exposed to continuous gamma radiation at a low dose rate (1.45 rad/hour) showed definite clones of abnormal marrow cells, and the frequency of persistent chromosome aberrations varied from zero to 8 percent in this group.
Reserpine: Its Effect on Silver-Stained Structures of the Heart
Authors: Cooper Theodore , Jellinek Max , Hirsch Edwin F.
Published: October 2006

The administration of reserpine to dogs in doses sufficient to deplete myocardial catecholamines resulted in alterations in the affinity of the heart for silver stain. Most noticeably affected was the "perimysial plexus."
Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Rapid Induction without the Aid of Adjuvants
Authors: Levine Seymour , Wenk Eugene J.
Published: October 2006

Rapid production of allergic encephalomyelitis has heretofore required injection of nervous tissue emulsified in immunologic adjuvants. Adjuvants are not required if large doses of a potent nervous-tissue antigen and a highly susceptible strain of rats are used. Susceptibility was increased in animals inoculated beforehand with pertussis vaccine.
Maturation of Performance with Space-Displaced Vision
Authors: Greene Paul M. , Smith Karl U.
Published: October 2006

This study tests two specific hypotheses of neurogeometric theory: that a critical period in maturation of space-displaced visual feedback in behavior occurs in childhood, and that a differential organization of inverted, reversed, and inverted-reversed visual feedback in motion will be found at the time when children are first capable of giving compensatory response to the spatial disorientation of vision. In keeping with theoretical expectations the results showed that when the different inverted and reversed feedback conditions could be performed, the response to the inverted feedback condition was the poorest, while that to the reversed condition was the most effective.
Infrared Radiation from the Atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Murcray W. B.
Published: October 2006

The emission spectrum of the atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean was observed during a period when atmosphere and snow surface temperatures were about -40°C. The main contributions to the emission in the 5- to 21-micron range came from ozone and carbon dioxide, with water vapor playing a minor part.
Sex Attractant of Cabbage Looper,
Trichoplusia ni
(Hübner)
Authors: Ignoffo C. M. , Berger R. S. , Graham H. M. , Martin D. F.
Published: October 2006

When virgin male cabbage loopers were exposed to filter-paper strips containing an extract from female abdomens, they exhibited a response lasting from 2 to 5 minutes. Gases of a component (or components) of these extracts emanating from a chromatography column attracted the males and then evoked the same response. The attractant is fairly volatile and has a relatively low molecular weight.
Interpretation of the 3-to 4-Micron Infrared Spectrum of Mars
Authors: Rea D. G. , Belsky T. , Calvin M.
Published: October 2006

Infrared reflection spectra have been recorded for a large number of inorganic and organic samples, including minerals and biological specimens, for the purpose of interpreting the 3- to 4-μ spectrum of Mars. A previous suggestion that the Martian bands indicated the presence of carbohydrates is shown not to be a required conclusion. However, no satisfactory explanation is advanced and the problem remains unresolved.
Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides in Newborns, Infants, and Children
Authors: MacDonald N. S. , Hutchinson D. L. , Moyer D. L. , Chez R. A.
Published: October 2006

During the period April 1962 to April 1963, 28 newborn infants, 7 stillborns, and 21 children from 4 to 15 years of age were examined for emission of gamma activity in a low-background, high-sensitivity, total-body counting facility. The 21 children contained traces of combined Zr
95
and Nb
95
, Ru
103
,
106
, and Cs
137
in addition to the normal K
40
. The greatest concentration of Cs
137
observed was 80 picocuries per kilogram of body weight, or about 4 percent of the natural K
40
radioactivity. Four of the seven stillborns, each counted for 10 hours, showed K
40
and traces of Zr
95
, Nb
95
, and Ru
103
,
106
. The ratios of Zr
95
to Nb
95
were lower in the stillborns than in their placentas which suggested placental discrimination against Zr
95
. The ratios of Cs
137
to K
40
were lower in infants than in children or adults. Thyroid glands obtained at autopsy from 24 infants during April to September 1962 contained no detectable radioiodine (less than 30 pc).
Reductive Dechlorination of DDT to DDD by Yeast
Authors: Kallman Burton J. , Andrews Austin K.
Published: October 2006

Labeled DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane] was formed from C
14
-labeled DDT in the presence of yeast. The formation of DDD from DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (
p
-chlorophenyl)-ethylene] was not observed, indicating that a reductive dechlorination of DDT occurs.
Chromatographic Heterogeneity of Rabbit Serum Amylase
Authors: Berk J. E. , Kawaguchi M. , Zeineh R. , Ujihira I. , Searcy R.
Published: October 2006

A chromatograph of normal rabbit serum shows three major peaks of amylase activity. Material associated with each peak differed in composition of serum protein, electrophoretic distribution of amylolytic activity, optimum
p
H for activity and Michaelis-Menten constants for starch hydrolysis. These data suggest but do not prove conclusively that normal rabbit serum contains at least three molecular forms of amylase.
Tremorine: Its Effect on Amines of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Friedman Alexander H. , Aylesworth Robert J. , Friedman Gertrud
Published: October 2006

The administration of tremogenic doses of Tremorine, 1,4-dipyrrolidino-2-butyne, is followed by a significant decrease in the concentration of norepinephrine in the brain stem of three common laboratory species. The change in the concentration proceeds at a rate which coincides with the occurrence of the tremor in each of these species. In the rat, the change in norepinephrine is followed by a progressive increase in the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain stem. Bilateral adrenalectomy in the rat enhances the Tremorine-induced changes in the concentration of norepinephrine and antagonizes the increase in the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
Canine Antiserums Analogous to Human Allergic and "Blocking" Antiserums
Authors: Tennenbaum James I. , Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J.
Published: October 2006

The serums of dogs that are allergic to ragweeed can passively sensitize normal dogs. Cutaneous reactions or systemic anaphylaxis may be produced by appropriate challenge with ragweed extract. Canine antiserum produced by immunization of normal dogs with ragweed extract is shown to inhibit these reactions of the passively sensitized dogs.
Reaction of Lymphocytes with Purified Protein Derivative Conjugated with Fluorescein
Authors: Witten T. A. , Wang W. L. , Killian M.
Published: October 2006

Busy coats from the peripheral bloods of persons known to give a positive reaction to purified protein derivative and of those known to be negative were treated with purified protein derivative conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Lymphocytes from positive reactors took up the labeled antigen in significantly greater numbers than did those from negative reactors. Leukocytes from newborns showed far less affinity for the antigen than leukocytes from adult negative reactors.
Equatorial Undercurrent and Related Currents off Brazil in March and April 1963
Authors: Cochrane John D.
Published: October 2006

In 1963, the source of the Equatorial Undercurrent appeared to be near 38°W. This undercurrent was an equatorial extension of a narrow saline current setting east-southeast at the surface near 2°N 42°W. Near 38°W, a retroverse branch of the Guiana Current also joined the Equatorial Undercurrent. Surface flow was easterly along all of the east-southeast current and the undercurrent observed. The subsurface-velocity maximum of the undercurrent was higher at 35°W than at 38°W.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes: Lability at Low Temperature
Authors: Zondag H. A.
Published: October 2006

A change in the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme pattern can arise when human tissue homogenates are kept at —20°C. This change is most pronounced in a homogenate with a
p
H of about 7.9 in barbital buffer and is not seen when nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide is added to the homogenates before freezing, nor when the homogenates are kept at room temperature, nor when the tissue alone is kept at —20°C.
Tetragonal Zirconium Oxide Prepared under High Pressure
Authors: Vahldiek F. W. , Robinson L. B. , Lynch C. T.
Published: October 2006

Tetragonal zirconium oxide, stable at room temperature, was synthesized at 15 to 20 kb and 1200° to 1700° C. Rapid quenching produced a mixture of the monoclinic and tetragonal phases. The high-pressure specimens, when heated to 1200° C in air and quenched, reverted to the all-monoclinic form.
Biochemical Anomaly in Flower Extracts of Interspecific Hybrids between Lotus Species
Authors: Harney Patricia M. , Grant William F.
Published: October 2006

Chromatographic analyses of unhydrolyzed flower extracts of two Lotus hybrids and of two individuals from an F
2
population have revealed the presence of a substance which was not present in the extracts of the parental species. This hybrid substance has not been identified, but its occurrence might be explained as the result of gene interaction in heterozygous individuals.
Oxygen Uptake from a Reservoir of Limited Volume by the Human Cornea in vivo
Authors: Hill Richard M. , Fatt Irving
Published: October 2006

Oxygen flux across the anterior surface of the human cornea from a closed reservoir of air-saturated, physiological, isotonic saline was measured in vivo as a function of time. The rate of oxygen consumption calculated from this flux compares favorably with estimates given in the literature, which were based on studies in which the microrespirometer technique of Warburg was used.
Preparation of Retine from Human Urine
Authors: Hegyeli Andrew , McLaughlin Jane A. , Szent-Györgyi Albert
Published: October 2006

Human urine contains "retine." Its partial isolation is described.
Radiation Hazard in Space from Solar Particles
Authors: Freier Phyllis , Webber William R.
Published: October 2006

There were about six solar flare events during the last solar cycle which would have exposed a space traveler to serious radiation from solar particles. The radiation from two of these events was intense enough to necessitate extra precautions being taken to protect space travelers.
Neurospora
Mutant Lacking an Arginine-Specific Carbamyl Phosphokinase
Authors: Davis Rowland H.
Published: October 2006

An arginine-requiring mutant of
Neurospora
lacks the carbamyl phosphokinase activity present in other strains. Although carbamyl phosphate, the product of this enzyme, is required in both arginine and pyrimidine synthesis, the enzyme appears to serve only the arginine pathway. A pyrimidine specific mode of carbamyl phosphate synthesis is inferred, although it has not yet been demonstrated.
Bromine Analysis in 5-Bromouracil-Labeled DNA by X-ray Fluorescence
Authors: Zeitz L. , Lee R.
Published: October 2006

The degree of replacement of thymine by 5-bromouracil in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the thymine-deficient bacterium
Escherichia coli
B 15 T
-
has been determined by a nondispersive x-ray fluorescence method. A measure of the fraction by weight of bromine in the purified DNA is required for determining the degree of thymine replacement. This fraction is experimentally determined on 35-μg samples of DNA by x-ray spectroanalysis.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in
Drosophila
: X-Linked Electrophoretic Variants
Authors: Young William J. , Porter Judith E. , Childs Barton
Published: October 2006

Three electrophoretic patterns of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase have been found in wild-type strains of
Drosophila melanogaster
. Genetical control of the variants in enzyme mobility (fast or slow) is X-linked; strains possessing both bands (fast and slow) appear to be heterogeneous, having individuals of three types (fast, slow, and double).
Photoelectric Ecosystem
Authors: Armstrong Neal E. , Odum Howard T.
Published: October 2006

A natural, self-maintaining photoelectric cell, composed of a blue-green algal mat and bacteria as a layered ecosystem, was isolated from a shallow marine bay in Texas near Port Aransas. In daytime the open-circuit potential across the ecological membrane was about 0.43 volt. The efficiency of conversion of light energy to organic potential energy before maintenance was 1.62 percent and to external electrical energy at optimum power loading was 0.016 percent, a flow analogous to a consumer population.
Stretch Receptor-Like Organs in the Fly Larva: Their Possible Role in Growth Regulation
Authors: Whitten Joan M.
Published: October 2006

Typical insect stretch receptors and receptor-like organs present in larvae of
Sarcophaga bullata
and other flies contain associated cells which are suspected of passing secretory products into "target" organs by way of strands of connective tissue. In the fly larva, such organs are attached to leg rudiments, tracheal discs, muscles, the genital disc and gonads, and may be concerned with the neuroendocrine control of metamorphosis of these structures.
Student Performance in New High School Biology Programs
Authors: Grobman Hulda
Published: October 2006

Data on the effectiveness of the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study course were obtained from several sources, including experimental use with 65,000 students. Any of the three versions of this biology course can be taught to average and above-average 10th-grade students. Achievement on the associated comprehensive test is more closely related to the ability and sex of the student, the salary of the teacher, the proportion of graduates of the school who go to college, the size of the class, and the adequacy of laboratory facilities than to the version of the course.
2,4-Dinitrophenol: Lack of Interaction with High-Energy Intermediates of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Authors: Eisenhardt Rudolf H. , Rosenthal Otto
Published: October 2006

If the uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol is added just prior to addition of the phosphate acceptor adenosine diphosphate to rat liver mitochondria previously incubated with substrate, orthophosphate, and oxygen, steady-state phosphorylation is abolished, whereas the initial phase of rapid phosphorylation, the so-called "adenosine triphosphate jump," is undisturbed. This leads to the conclusion that uncoupling agents operate by interfering with the synthesis of high-energy intermediates, not by hydrolyzing or otherwise inactivating them.
Hormonal Activation of the Insect Brain
Authors: Beck Stanley D. , Alexander Nancy
Published: October 2006

A new endocrine function has been shown to play a role in insect morphogenesis. The hormone named proctodone is secreted by specialized cells of the hindgut and appears to affect the brain, resulting in the activation of the brain hormone-producing system. Proctodone has been found in two lepidopterous species—
Ostrinia nubilalis
and
Galleria mellonella
. In the
O. nubilalis
, proctodone plays a part in both photoperiodism and diapause.
Postsynaptic Potentials and Spike Patterns during Augmenting Responses in Cat's Motor Cortex
Authors: Klee Manfred R. , Offenloch Kurt
Published: October 2006

Intracellular recordings and electroencephalograms were obtained from neurons of the motor cortex during augmenting responses elicited by repetitive stimulation of its specific thalamic nucleus. The postsynaptic potentials during fully developed augmenting responses consisted of two depolarizing waves with two separate groups of spike dicharges of different latencies, the bases of the spikes, the so-called "firing-levels," sometimes shifting. This supports the concept that the postsynaptic potentials accompanying the augmenting response consist of a primary response and a response of recruiting character.
Alpha-Chain of Human Hemoglobin: Occurrence in vivo
Authors: Fessas Phaedon , Loukopoulos Dimitris
Published: October 2006

A minor hemoglobin component, apparently representing uncombined α-chains has been detected in the hemolysates of persons with inherited β-chain deficiency of moderate or severe degree. This finding supports the hypothesis that there is independent control of the synthesis of α-chains.
Somatic Mitoses in Cells of
Picea glauca
Cultivated in vitro
Authors: Risser Paul G.
Published: October 2006

The cytology of one strain of tumor tissue from the spruce tree,
Picea glauca
, grown in vitro for more than a year was examined. The cells of this strain are characterized by a uniform chromosome number of 24, and the strain appears to be quite stable. The implications of the results of this study and previous studies on similar material are discussed.
Precaution in the Use of Iodine-125 as a Radioactive Tracer
Authors: Bakhle Y. S. , Prusoff Wm. H. , McCrea J. F.
Published: October 2006

The absorption of the low-energy radiation from iodine-125 under certain circumstances may be a serious disadvantage in its use as a radioisotopic tracer.
Conchostracans: Living and Fossil from Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Tasch Paul , Shaffer Bernard L.
Published: October 2006

In August 1963, living conchostracans (branchipod Crustacea) of the genera
Leptestheria
and
Eulimnadia
were collected at three stations in Chihuahua. One Sonoran locality yielded Triassic fossils of the family Cyzicidae, a widespread North American group. The geographic range of the geologically younger families Leptestheriidae and Limnadidae (particularly the genus
Eulimnadia
) thus extended to Chihuahua during post-Mesozoic time.
Radio Observation of the Electromagnetic Emission from Warm Clouds
Authors: Sartor J. Doyne
Published: October 2006

Microdischarges observable at 30 and 50 Mcy/sec appear from within cumulus clouds in an early stage of their development whether the temperatures within the clouds are above or below 0°C. Laboratory observations of radio emission from colliding drops may provide information on the physics of clouds in the atmospheres of this and other planets.
Detection and Quantitation of Fallout Particles in a Human Lung
Authors: Wegst Audrey V. , Pelletier Charles A. , Whipple G. Hoyt
Published: October 2006

Portions of an adult human lung were studied by autoradiography in order to detect the presence of fallout particles. The radioactivity in the remainder of the tissue was determined with a gamma-ray spectrometer. Four particles were found and their activities were determined. From the measurement for total-fission-product activity in the lung tissue it was calculated that there were approximately 264 particles in the right lung at the time of death.
Nocturnal Changes in Oxidative Activities of Rat Liver Mitochondria
Authors: Glick J. Leslie , Cohen William D.
Published: October 2006

Male rats kept on an artificial day-night cycle were active at night and rested during the day. The rate of succinate oxidation in liver mitochondria from these animals was 40 percent greater at night. Significant nocturnal increases in the ratio of phosphate to oxygen were obtained with citrate, α-ketoglutarate, and malate.
Anangula: A Geologic Interpretation of the Oldest Archeologic Site in the Aleutians
Authors: Black Robert F. , Laughlin William S.
Published: October 2006

Anangula preserves remains of a lamellar flake industry probably between 8000 and 12,000 years old because of a unique combination of geologic factors. The most important are the relation of land and sea in this region in the past, when the sea level was lower than at present, and the relatively slight erosion by the sea today.
Membrane Properties of Barnacle Muscle Fiber
Authors: Hagiwara Susumu , Naka Ken-ichi , Chichibu Shiko
Published: October 2006

Membrane properties of the giant muscle fiber of the barnacle
Balanus nubilus
were studied by controlling the ionic composition of the external and internal media. The resting potential decreases with increasing external K-concentration, [K
+
]
out
, and decreasing internal K-concentration, [K
+
]
in
, over a considerable range. Spike potentials are elicited when the internal calcium ions are removed, and the overshoot is determined by the ratio between [Ca
++
]
out
and [K
+
]
in
and not by the external or internal [Na
+
].
Genome Analysis and the Human X Chromosome
Authors: Mandel Jean-Louis , Monaco Anthony P. , Nelson David L. , Schlessinger David , Willard Huntington
Published: October 2006

A unified genetic, physical, and functional map of the human X chromosome is being built through a concerted, international effort. About 40 percent of the 160 million base pairs of the X chromosome DNA have been cloned in overlapping, ordered contigs derived from yeast artificial chromosomes. This rapid progress toward a physical map is accelerating the identification of inherited disease genes, 26 of which are already cloned and more than 50 others regionally localized by linkage analysis. This article summarizes the mapping strategies now used and the impact of genome research on the understanding of X chromosome inactivation and X-linked diseases.
Decontamination of Potato Tubers Containing Cesium-137
Authors: Perkins Harold J. , Strachant G.
Published: October 2006

Stirring for 16 hours at 26° to 35°C of peeled and sliced tubers in a solution consisting of 1.2 percent KCI and 0.16 percent NaCl and containing a cation-exchange resin in the mixed K
+
, Na
+
form effected Cs
137
removals exceeding 95 percent. Neither nutritional value nor palatability of the tubers was adversely affected.
Chloramphenicol in Blood: Simple Chemical Estimations in Patients Receiving Multiple Antibiotics
Authors: O'Gorman Hughes Darcy W. , Diamond Louis K.
Published: October 2006

A simple method is described which obviates the difficulties of estimating the concentration of chloramphenicol in the blood in the presence of other antibiotics. This is of importance in avoiding hematologic depression from chloramphenicol toxicity.
Anaerobic Formate Oxidation: A Ferredoxin-Dependent Reaction
Authors: Brill Winston J. , Wolin E. A. , Wolfe R. S.
Published: October 2006

The formate oxidizing system of
Methanobacillus omelianskii
is specific for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and requires ferredoxin, a biological carrier with the lowest known potential. Ferredoxin from other obligate anaerobes is active in the reaction studied.
Sex-Associated Differences in Serum Proteins of Mice
Authors: Espinosa E. , Canelo E. , Bravo M. , González O.
Published: October 2006

Agar electrophoresis of serum from mice of C57BL/10-H-2
d
, B10.Sn, A.SW, A.CA, R III, and P1 inbred strains shows that the females have a lower concentration of α-1 serum globulin than the males and, in some strains, the females also have a lower concentration of α-2 and β-serum globulin. Females of the A.SW strain have a higher serum albumin concentration than males, and females of the C57BL/10-H-2
d
strain have a higher γ-globulin concentration than males. Two-dimensional (agar and hydrolyzed-starch) electrophoresis gives a typical sex-associated pattern for α-1 and α-2 globulins which clearly permits recognition of male and female serums.
Interaction of Evoked Potentials of Neocortical and Hypothalamic Origin in the Amygdala
Authors: Caruthers R. , Müller A. K. , Muller H. F. , Gloor P.
Published: October 2006

Evoked responses recorded from the amygdala of the cat after sequentially pairing neocortical and hypothalamic stimulation showed consistent suppression or depression of the response evoked by the test shocks, regardless of whether the cortical or subcortical site received the preceding conditioning shock. The possibility that functional interaction of neocortical and hypothalamic signals occurs in the amygdala is proved and an active inhibitory process is suggested.
Radioactive Particle in Sediment from the Columbia River
Authors: Cutshall Norman , Osterberg Charles
Published: October 2006

A "hot particle" containing only fission product radioactivity is comprised of a number of characteristics that make the particle unusual and its origin uncertain.
Hemoglobins A and F: Formation in Thalassemia and Other Hemolytic Anemias
Authors: Marks Paul A. , Burka Edward R.
Published: October 2006

Rates of synthesis of hemoglobin A by erythroid cells from thalassemic subjects are markedly decreased. Formation of hemoglobin F, however, proceeds at similar rates in cells from subjects with thalassemia and other types of hemolytic anemias. A mechanism is suggested regarding the altered patterns of hemoglobin synthesis under conditions of erythropoietic stimulation in subjects with and without thalassemia.
Immunological Tolerance Induced in Animals Previously Sensitized to Simple Chemical Compounds
Authors: Frey J. R. , Geleick H. , de Weck A.
Published: October 2006

Adult guinea pigs develop a delayed hypersensitivity to intradermally injected neoarsphenamine. If the animals are treated intravenously with high doses of this compound before sensitization, a specific and permanent immunological tolerance develops. Permanent tolerance is also obtained in previously sensitized animals when an intravenous injection of neoarsphenamine is followed 6 hours later by an intradermal one. When, however, the interval between the two injections is extended to 7 or 14 days, no tolerance is observed.
Tetrasporic Embryo-Sac Formation in Trisomic Sectors of Maize
Authors: Neuffer M. G.
Published: October 2006

Nondisjunction in mitotic divisions occurs spontaneously at a low frequency in somatic and germinal tissue in maize and results in sectors of trisomic cells. When this happens with chromosome 3 and in germinal tissue the embryo sac development is changed from the normal monosporic type to a tetrasporic type which is common in some species but not in maize.
Emphysema in Lung Macrosections Correlated with Smoking Habits
Authors: Anderson Augustus E. , Hernandez J. A. , Eckert Phillippa , Foraker Alvan G.
Published: October 2006

The relationship between smoking and pulmonary emphysema was explored in 71 autopsies, by correlating Gough-Wentworth lung macrosections with smoking histories. An increasing percentage of smokers was found with each increment of emphysema. Particularly close relationship was observed between centrilobular emphysema and smoking. No definite association was found between smoking and panlobular emphysema.
Citrate Cleavage Enzyme in Livers of Obese and Nonobese Mice
Authors: Kornacker Melodee S. , Lowenstein J. M.
Published: October 2006

The specific activity of the citrate cleavage enzyme is 3.3 times greater in livers of obese mice than in livers of their nonobese litter mates. The difference persists during starvation. The specific activity of the acetate activating enzyme is approximately the same in the livers of both types of animals. It is proposed that a high activity of citrate cleavage enzyme is one of the factors responsible for obesity.
Gamma-Globulin Affinity for Normal Human Tissue of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Allerand C. Dominique , Yahr Melvin D.
Published: October 2006

Immunofluorescent staining of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with and without neurological disease demonstrates an affinity of the gamma-globulin fraction for glial cells and myelin sheaths in normal human nervous tissue. This affinity appears to be specific for the 7
S
gamma-globulin fraction and is not seen with the other major protein fractions of serum and cerebrospinal fluid or with the fluorescein conjugated antisera alone.
Rectal Glands of Marine and Fresh-Water Sharks: Comparative Histology
Authors: Oguri Mikio
Published: October 2006

The rectal glands of elasmobranchs perform the function of salt-excreting organs. These glands are smaller and show regressive changes in specimens of the bull shark,
Carcharhinus leucas
found in fresh-water environment, compared with specimens of this and other species from a marine habitat.
Geotropism: Its Orienting Force
Authors: Westing Arthur H.
Published: October 2006

Seeds of
Pisum sativum
L. and other species were germinated and grown for five or more days on a continuously rotating vertical-axis turntable that developed a maximum centrifugal force of 1.79g. Shoot (epicotyl) orientation in darkness was parallel to the resultant gravitational field. This is presented as confirmation of the hypothesis that the orienting force of geotropism of the higher plants is the inertial force of gravity.
RNA Synthesis in Rat Seminal Vesicles: Stimulation by Testosterone
Authors: Wicks Wesley D. , Kenney Francis T.
Published: October 2006

Within 70 minutes after the administration of testosterone to rats castrated 12 to 15 hours previously, the rate of synthesis of RNA in the seminal vesicle is increased by 50 percent and continues to rise until approximately 50 minutes after injection when a two- to threefold increase was attained. No further increase was detected for as long as 240 minutes after hormone administration. The base composition of the pulse-labeled RNA was intermediate between that of the total seminal vesicle RNA and DNA-like RNA. No change in this composition was detected at any interval after injection.
Development of Mouse Eggs in Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Bryson David Lyman
Published: October 2006

Mouse eggs in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers continued normal development up to the stage of implantation, and shedding of the zona pellucida occurred. At the time corresponding to implantation within the uterus, eggs attached to the Millipore surface, where both embryonic and trophoblastic cell populations developed. There was migration of cells, especially of trophoblastic giant cells, away from the point of egg attachment. Egg development was not influenced by the endocrine state of the host.
Endocrine Control of Tanning in the Crayfish Exoskeleton
Authors: Fingerman Milton , Yamamoto Yoshihiro
Published: October 2006

Tanning of the newly formed exoskeleton of the dwarf crayfish,
Cambarellus shufeldti
, depends in part upon the presence of a substance from the eyestalk. Injection of eyestalk extract enhances tanning in a specimen with its eyestalks removed, whereas the exoskeleton of an untreated crayfish without eyestalks will not become as dark as that of an intact individual.
Neutron and Proton Dosages in the Upper Atmosphere from Solar Flare Radiation
Authors: Flamm E. J. , Lingenfelter R. E.
Published: October 2006

The radiation dosage from secondary neutrons as well as from primary and secondary protons in the earth's atmosphere during solar particle events is calculated as a function of the solar proton flux, atmospheric depth, and geomagnetic-cutoff rigidity. The dosage in rems from secondary neutrons exceeds the dosage from protons below 30 g/cm
2
of residual atmosphere. Neutron dosages in rads are less than the dosage from primary protons at all depths above 100 g/cm
2
. The maximum neutron dose to travelers in supersonic aircraft during solar particle events of the magnitude observed during the last solar cycle would be of the order of 1 rem.
Thalidomide: Effects on Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells in vitro
Authors: DiPaolo Joseph A. , Wenner Charles E.
Published: October 2006

Thalidomide did not inhibit dehydrogenase activity or growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in agar. When mixed with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro, thalidomide increased the mitotic activity. The effect of the thalidomide was not altered by the addition of nicotinic or folic acid, or by vitamin B
1
or B
6
. Oxygen uptake by the tumor cells was not affected by thalidomide.
Diphtheria Antitoxin: Antigen-Combining and Toxin-Neutralizing Properties of Papain Fragments
Authors: John Cohen J. , Richter Maxwell , Rose Bram
Published: October 2006

Papain-digested rabbit antibodies to diphtheria toxoid were separated into three fragments. Fragments I and II combined with toxoid in vitro and neutralized toxin. The ratios of these activities were not the same for fragments I and II, indicating that antitoxic and accessory antibody may be distributed unequally between two classes of antibody.
Environmental Radiation: Measurements of Dose Rates
Authors: Gustafson Philip F. , Kastner Jacob , Luetzelschwab John
Published: October 2006

The exposure dose from environmental sources of radiation was determined by means of an ionization chamber, by gamma-ray spectrometry in the field, and by measurements of radioactivity in soil cores. The exposure dose from cosmic radiation was found to be 4.4 ± 0.2 μr/hr, that from natural radioactivity 8.0 ± 0.3 μr/hr, and the contribution from fission products varied from 2.0 to 7.5 μr/hr during the interval in question.
Purine- and Pyrimidine-Specific Antibodies: Effect on the Fertilized Sea Urchin Egg
Authors: Rosenkranz H. S. , Erlanger B. F. , Tanenbaum S. W. , Beiser S. M.
Published: October 2006

Antiserums from rabbits immunized with several purine- and pyrimidine-containing albumin conjugates can penetrate and become fixed within cells of
Arbacia punctulata
. All of these specific antiserums were found to inhibit embryonic development of the fertilized sea urchin egg. The stage of arrestment of development was dependent in part upon the dilution of antiserum, and also upon the nature of its specificity. It is suggested that the observed results reflect the interaction of these antiserums with single-stranded DNA within the cell.
Turgor Pressures in Phloem: Measurements on
Hevea
Latex
Authors: Buttery B. R. , Boatman S. G.
Published: October 2006

Hydrostatic pressures in laticiferous phloem tissues of
Hevea brasiliensis
trees exhibit a diurnal fluctuation, with minimum values occurring during the day. Pressure decreases with increasing height up the trunk, the gradient becoming greater under conditions of rapid transpiration. Sieve-tube turgor must be controlled independently if pressure-flow is to occur in the expected direction.
Preferential Segregation of Chromosomes from a Trivalent in
Haplopappus gracilis
Authors: Jackson R. C.
Published: October 2006

Crosses between plants of
Haplopappus gracilis
(
n
= 2) and a race with three pairs of chromosomes (tribivalens) gave a highly fertile five-chromosome hybrid. In both races the chromosomes with the satellites appear homologous, but the other two tribivalens chromosomes pair with the A chromosome (without a satellite) of
H. gracilis
. Disjunction from the resulting trivalent is preferential: the A chromosome goes to one pole and the two tribivalens chromosomes to the other.
Mosaic Hemoglobin Types in a Pair of Cattle Twins
Authors: Stormont Clyde , Morris B. G. , Suzuki Yoshiko
Published: October 2006

Erythrocyte mosaicism for hemoglobin types is demonstrated in a pair of dizygotic cattle twins. Both twins were of hemoglobin type AB in the direct tests. However, when hemoglobin types were ascertained on the two populations of red cells comprising the mosaic, one population proved to be hemoglobin type A and the other, type B. Since the ratio of the two populations of red cells was approximately 60:40, there was no evidence from the direct tests suggesting mosaicism for hemoglobin types. The results, as might be expected on theoretical grounds, provide evidence that synthesis of hemoglobin of one type in a mixed clone is not influenced by synthesis of hemoglobin of another type.
Trachoma and Inclusion Conjunctivitis Agents: Adaptation to HeLa Cell Cultures
Authors: Mitsui Yukihiko , Kitamuro Tomoya , Endo Kumiko , Matsumura Kayoko
Published: October 2006

The Mita-, Bour-, and Kami-strains of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis agents became adapted to serial passages in HeLa cell cultures after alternating passages between yolk sacs and tissue culture.
Virogenic Hamster Tumor Cells: Induction of Virus Synthesis
Authors: Gerber Paul
Published: October 2006

Virogenic cell cultures of a hamster ependymoma originally produced by Simian Virus 40 were treated with proflavine, hydrogen peroxide, or mitomycin C. Induction of virus synthesis was observed. Similar experiments with hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 or polyoma virus gave negative results.
Electron Microscopic and Biochemical Studies of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Fernandez-Moran Humberto , Reed Lester J. , Koike Masahiko , Willms Charles R.
Published: October 2006

Examination with the electron microscope of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and its component enzymes from
Escherichia coli
indicates that the complex has a polyhedral structure with a diameter of about 300 to 350 angstroms and a height of 200 to 250 angstroms. The reconstituted complex closely resembles the native complex in appearance. A tentative model of this multienzyme complex is proposed on the basis of the correlated biochemical and electron-microscopic data.
Aminoacyl Position in Aminoacyl sRNA
Authors: McLaughlin Calvin S. , Ingram Vernon M.
Published: October 2006

Chromatographic systems capable of resolving the 2′- and 3′-isomers of valyladenosine and
N
-acetylvalyladenosine are used to show that valyladenosine isolated from valyl-sRNA is the equilibrium mixture of 2′- and 3′-acyl isomers by the time of chromatography. Acyl migration in
N
-acetylvalyladenosine is shown to be a rapid, base-catalyzed reaction with a rate 40,000 times the rate of hydrolysis under equivalent conditions. Calculations indicate that the pool of free aminoacyl sRNA exists in vivo as the equilibrium mixture of the 2′- and 3′-aminoacyl isomers.
Electron Microscopy of Meteoritic and Artificially Shocked Graphite
Authors: Sciacca Thomas P. , Lipschutz Michael E.
Published: October 2006

Samples of graphite, partly converted to diamond by shock, and meteoritic graphite were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The shocked graphite remained in the form of single crystals and was mildly deformed while the diamond which had formed was anhedral and polycrystalline. The meteoritic graphite contained minor amounts of troilite (FeS) and elemental sulfur but no detectable carbon phase other than graphite.
Conversion of
p
,
p
′ DDT to
p
,
p
′ DDD in the Liver of the Rat
Authors: Datta P. R. , Laug E. P. , Klein A. K.
Published: October 2006

Feeding experiments with rats demonstrate that
p
,
p
′ DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane] is converted to
p
,
p
' DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane] in the liver.
Transcription of a Repressed Gene: Evidence That It Requires DNA Replication
Authors: Hanawalt Philip , Wax Richard
Published: October 2006

It is known that the synthesis of DNA is not essential for constitutive or induced enzyme synthesis. Our studies indicate that DNA synthesis is required for the basal level synthesis (that is, for synthesis in absence of inducer) of two inducible enzymes, a finding which supports an earlier speculation that a messenger-RNA transcription event may normally accompany DNA replication. Studies with cultures of
Escherichia coli
TAU-bar in which DNA replication is synchronized suggest that the β-galactosidase gene is transcribed at a particular time in the sequential replication of the bacterial chromosome.
Planetary Systems Associated with Main-Sequence Stars
Authors: Brown Harrison
Published: October 2006

The luminosity function is used to estimate the number of invisible planet-like objects in the neighborhood of the sun, taking into account the likely chemical composition of planets in relation to the composition of main-sequence stars. There may be about 60 objects more massive than Mars for every visible star. An attempt is made to estimate the distribution of these planet-like cold bodies in relation to stars. It is suggested that stars, together with cold objects, were formed in clusters of bodies of random size distribution. Clusters averaging about 50 bodies each account for the observed distribution of frequencies of double and triple star systems relative to single stars. On this basis, virtually every star should have a planetary system associated with it. As a corollary, systems of cold bodies in which there are no luminous stars should be abundant. The possible distribution of planets around such stars has been studied, making use of the observed orbital characteristics of double star systems. It is concluded that favorable conditions for life processes may be far more abundant than has generally been thought possible.
Ecological Design of Irrigation Canals for Snail Control
Authors: Jobin William R. , Ippen Arthur T.
Published: October 2006

The snail hosts of schistosomiasis have found ideal conditions for rapid colonization in many irrigation and drainage canal systems. By studying the hydrodynamic aspects of snail dislodgment it may be possible to devise a control method based on engineering the snail's microenvironment. For
Australorbis glabratus
, a velocity exceeding 33 cm/sec at shell height produces a hydrodynamic drag force sufficient to dislodge the snail from its position on the solid boundary of a canal.