bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic oesophagocutaneous fistula formation as a complication of oesophagostomy tube placement in a dog
Authors: Mansbridge Nicola , Shing Hannah , Fenner Joy
Published: October 2023

A 7‐year 6‐month‐old, male, neutered Shih Tzu had an oesophagostomy tube placed for nutritional support following surgery for management of extrahepatic biliary obstruction secondary to cholelithiasis. The oesophagostomy tube was removed 1 week following surgery, with no abnormalities noted. The dog re‐presented 7 months later with a persistent discharge at the previous stoma site. This was diagnosed as an oesophagocutaneous fistula following oesophagoscopy and ultrasound examination. The fistula was closed surgically, and the dog made a full recovery.
Life-time of metastable vacuum in string theory and trans-Planckian censorship conjecture
Authors: Tsukahara Sohei
Published: October 2023

Abstract

It has been known that the catalytic effect makes the life-time of a metastable state shorter. We discuss this phenomenon in a decay process of a metastable vacuum in the brane limit of type IIB string theory. Due to the non-linear effect of the DBI action, the bubble created by the decay makes an energetically favorable bound state with an impurity that plays the role of catalyst, which is quite specific to this model and different from other catalysts such as a back hole. Furthermore, we found that this low-energy effective theory around almost unstable regions reduces to a simple quantum mechanical system, and the vacuum life-time can be calculated using known results, even beyond the WKB approximation. Finally, we compare the life-time of the vacuum with the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC) and find that there is a nonzero window to satisfy the TCC condition for gs ≲ $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(1).
Weyl conformal geometry vs Weyl anomaly
Authors: Ghilencea D. M.
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Weyl conformal geometry is a gauge theory of scale invariance that naturally brings together the Standard Model (SM) and Einstein gravity. The SM embedding in this geometry is possible without new degrees of freedom beyond SM and Weyl geometry, while Einstein gravity is generated by the broken phase of this symmetry. This follows a Stueckelberg breaking mechanism in which the Weyl gauge boson becomes massive and decouples, as discussed in the past [1–3]. However, Weyl anomaly could break explicitly this gauge symmetry, hence we study it in Weyl geometry. We first note that in Weyl geometry metricity can be restored with respect to a new differential operator ($$ \hat{\nabla} $$

∇
̂

) that also enforces simultaneously a Weyl-covariant formulation. This leads to a metric-like Weyl gauge invariant formalism that enables one to do quantum calculations directly in Weyl geometry, rather than use a Riemannian (metric) geometry picture. The result is the Weyl-covariance in d dimensions of all geometric operators ($$ \hat{R} $$

R
̂

, etc) and of their derivatives ($$ \hat{\nabla} $$

∇
̂

μ$$ \hat{R} $$

R
̂

, etc), including the Euler-Gauss-Bonnet term. A natural (geometric) Weyl-invariant dimensional regularisation of quantum corrections exists and Weyl gauge symmetry is then maintained and manifest at the quantum level. This is related to a non-trivial current of this symmetry, the divergence of which cancels the trace of the energy-momentum tensor. The “usual” Weyl anomaly and Riemannian geometry are recovered in the (spontaneously) broken phase. The relation to holographic Weyl anomaly is discussed.
Functional equations stemming from ‘scientific laws’
Authors: Candeal Juan C.
Published: October 2023

Functional equations involving certain generalized forms of the so-called ‘laws of sciences’ are considered. The resolution of these equations is linked to the concept of comparison meaningfulness that appears in measurement theory and dimension theory. The results obtained are stated without assuming any topological requirement.
Syncytin-1, syncytin-2 and suppressyn in human health and disease
Authors: Priščáková Petra , Svoboda Michal , Feketová Zuzana , Hutník Juraj , Repiská Vanda , Gbelcová Helena , Gergely Lajos
Published: October 2023

In this review, we summarized the results of experimental and clinical studies about three human endogenous retroviruses and their products—syncytin-1, syncytin-2, and suppressyn in human physiology and pathophysiology. We summed up the described connection with various pathological processes and diseases, mainly with pregnancy-induced hypertensive diseases such as preeclampsia, oncogenesis, gestational trophoblastic disease, and multiple sclerosis. Supposed mechanisms of action and the potential of clinical applications are also described.
More implicit and more explicit motor imagery tasks for exploring the mental representation of hands and feet in action
Authors: Brusa Federico , Erden Mustafa Suphi , Sedda Anna
Published: October 2023

The mental representation of the body in action can be explored using motor imagery (MI) tasks. MI tasks can be allocated along a continuum going from more implicit to more explicit tasks, where the discriminant is the degree of action monitoring required to solve the tasks (which is the awareness of using the mental representation of our own body to monitor our motor imagery). Tasks based on laterality judgments, such as the Hand Laterality Task (HLT) and the Foot Laterality Task (FLT), provide an example of more implicit tasks (i.e., less action monitoring is required). While, an example of a more explicit task is the Mental Motor Chronometry task (MMC) for hands and feet, where individuals are asked to perform or imagine performing movements with their limbs (i.e., more action monitoring is required). In our study, we directly compared hands and feet at all these tasks for the first time, as these body districts have different physical features as well as functions. Fifty-five participants were asked to complete an online version of the HLT and FLT (more implicit measure), and an online version of the MMC task for hands and feet (more explicit measure). The mental representation of hands and feet in action differed only when the degree of action monitoring decreased (HLT ≠ FLT); we observed the presence of biomechanical constraints only for hands. Differently, when the degree of action monitoring increased hands and feet did not show any difference (MMC hands = MMC feet). Our results show the presence of a difference in the mental representation of hands and feet in action that specifically depends on the degree of action monitoring.
An extension to “A subsemigroup of the rook monoid”
Authors: Fikioris George , Fikioris Giannis
Published: October 2023

A recent paper studied an inverse submonoid $$M_{n}$$

M
n

of the rook monoid, by representing the nonzero elements of $$M_{n}$$

M
n

via certain triplets belonging to $${\mathbb {Z}}^3$$

Z

3

. In this note, we allow the triplets to belong to $${\mathbb {R}}^3$$

R

3

. We thus study a new inverse monoid $$\overline{M}_{n}$$

M
¯

n

, which is a supermonoid of $$M_{n}$$

M
n

. We point out similarities and find essential differences. We show that $$\overline{M}_{n}$$

M
¯

n

is a noncommutative, periodic, combinatorial, fundamental, completely semisimple, and strongly $${E}^{*}$$

E

∗

-unitary inverse monoid.
How accurate is MRI for diagnosing tarsal coalitions? A retrospective diagnostic accuracy study
Authors: Marth Adrian A. , Feuerriegel Georg C. , Marcus Roy P. , Sutter Reto
Published: October 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, inter-reader agreement, and associated pathologies on MR images of patients with confirmed TC.

Methods and materials

In this retrospective study, 168 ankle MRI exams were included, consisting of 56 patients with clinically or surgically confirmed TC and 112 controls without TC, matched for age and sex. Images were analyzed independently by three radiologists blinded to clinical information. The evaluation criteria included the presence, type, and location of TC, as well as associated pathologies. After calculating diagnostic accuracy and the odds ratio of demographic data and anatomic coalition type for associated pathologies, inter-reader agreement was assessed using kappa statistics.

Results

The majority of TCs were non-osseous (91.1%) and located at the calcaneonavicular (33.9%) or talocalcaneal joint (66.1%). Associated pathologies included adjacent and distant bone marrow edema (57.1% and 25.0%), osteochondral defect of the talar dome (OCD, 19.6%), and joint effusion (10.7%) and accessory anterolateral talar facet (17.9%). Talar OCD was associated with increased patient age (p = 0.03). MRI exhibited a cumulative sensitivity and specificity of 95.8% and 94.3% with almost perfect inter-reader agreement (κ = 0.895).

Conclusion

MRI is a reliable method for detecting tarsal coalition and identifying commonly associated pathologies. Therefore, we recommend the routine use of MRI in the diagnostic workup of patients with foot pain and suspected tarsal coalition.

Clinical relevance statement

MRI is an accurate and reliable modality for diagnosing tarsal coalitions and detecting associated pathologies, while improving patient safety compared to computed tomography by avoiding radiation exposure.

Key Points

• Despite the technological progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) is still regarded as the gold standard for diagnosing tarsal coalition (TC).

• MRI had a cumulative sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 94.3% for detecting tarsal coalition with an almost perfect inter-reader agreement.

• MRI demonstrates high accuracy and reliability in diagnosing tarsal coalitions and is useful for identifying associated pathologies, while also improving patient safety by avoiding radiation exposure.
A third of the radiotracer dose: two decades of progress in pediatric [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and PET/MR imaging
Authors: Waelti Stephan , Skawran Stephan , Sartoretti Thomas , Schwyzer Moritz , Gennari Antonio G. , Mader Cäcilia , Treyer Valerie , Kellenberger Christian J. , Burger Irene A. , Hany Thomas , Maurer Alexander , Huellner Martin W. , Messerli Michael
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To assess the evolution of administered radiotracer activity for F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT or PET/MR in pediatric patients (0–16 years) between years 2000 and 2021.

Methods

Pediatric patients (≤ 16 years) referred for 18F-FDG PET/CT or PET/MR imaging of the body during 2000 and 2021 were retrospectively included. The amount of administered radiotracer activity in megabecquerel (MBq) was recorded, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was measured in the right liver lobe with a 4 cm3 volume of interest as an indicator for objective image quality. Descriptive statistics were computed.

Results

Two hundred forty-three children and adolescents underwent a total of 466 examinations. The median injected 18F-FDG activity in MBq decreased significantly from 296 MBq in 2000–2005 to 100 MBq in 2016–2021 (p < 0.001), equaling approximately one-third of the initial amount. The median SNR ratio was stable during all years with 11.7 (interquartile range [IQR] 10.7–12.9, p = 0.133).

Conclusions

Children have benefited from a massive reduction in the administered 18F-FDG dose over the past 20 years without compromising objective image quality.

Clinical relevance statement

Radiotracer dose was reduced considerably over the past two decades of pediatric F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and PET/MR imaging highlighting the success of technical innovations in pediatric PET imaging.

Key Points

• The evolution of administered radiotracer activity for F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT or PET/MR in pediatric patients (0–16 years) between 2000 and 2021 was assessed.

• The injected tracer activity decreased by 66% during the study period from 296 megabecquerel (MBq) to 100 MBq (p < 0.001).

• The continuous implementation of technical innovations in pediatric hybrid 18F-FDG PET has led to a steady decrease in the amount of applied radiotracer, which is particularly beneficial for children who are more sensitive to radiation.
Shadow state structures and the threat to anti-corruption enforcement: evidence from Uzbekistan’s telecommunications bribery scandal
Authors: Lasslett Kristian , Capus Nadja
Published: October 2023

The role which corporate and financial secrecy vehicles play in enabling transnational corruption has justifiably received growing scholarly and policy interest. Less attention, however, has been given to the enabling role played by political secrecy vehicles. Political secrecy vehicles denote arrangements that allow individuals to clandestinely exercise public authority, which is concealed by a formal bureaucratic façade. This article develops analytical categories for deconstructing political secrecy structures and pinpointing the threat they pose to anti-corruption enforcement. These structures and threats are then empirically explored through an investigative case study. The case study plots how shadow political space in Uzbekistan and the simulacra of impartial public administration, was utilised by a kleptocratic syndicate to conceal an international bribery scheme, and then weaponised by the conspirators to successfully frustrate enforcement efforts in Europe. Drawing on key lessons from the case study, proposals are made for how the threats posed by political secrecy structures can be jurisprudentially and practically counteracted.
Pulsed field ablation versus thermal energy ablation for atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of procedural efficiency, safety, and efficacy
Authors: Aldaas Omar Mahmoud , Malladi Chaitanya , Han Frederick T. , Hoffmayer Kurt S. , Krummen David , Ho Gordon , Raissi Farshad , Birgersdotter-Green Ulrika , Feld Gregory K. , Hsu Jonathan C.
Published: October 2023

Background

Pulsed field ablation (PFA) induces cell death through electroporation using ultrarapid electrical pulses. We sought to compare the procedural efficiency characteristics, safety, and efficacy of ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) using PFA compared with thermal energy ablation.

Methods

We performed an extensive literature search and systematic review of studies that compared ablation of AF with PFA versus thermal energy sources. Risk ratio (RR) 95% confidence intervals (CI) were measured for dichotomous variables and mean difference (MD) 95% CI were measured for continuous variables, where RR < 1 and MD < 0 favor the PFA group.

Results

We included 6 comparative studies for a total of 1012 patients who underwent ablation of AF: 43.6% with PFA (n = 441) and 56.4% (n = 571) with thermal energy sources. There were significantly shorter procedures times with PFA despite a protocolized 20-min dwell time (MD − 21.95, 95% CI − 33.77, − 10.14, p = 0.0003), but with significantly longer fluroscopy time (MD 5.71, 95% CI 1.13, 10.30, p = 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in periprocedural complications (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.59–2.44) or recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.31, 1.34) between the PFA and thermal ablation cohorts.

Conclusions

Based on the results of this meta-analysis, PFA was associated with shorter procedural times and longer fluoroscopy times, but no difference in periprocedural complications or rates of recurrent AF when compared to ablation with thermal energy sources. However, larger randomized control trials are needed.
The level-crossing problem of a weakly damped particle in quadratic potential well under harmonic excitation
Authors: Genda Attila , Fidlin Alexander , Gendelman Oleg
Published: October 2023

Escape and level-crossing are fundamental and closely related problems in transient dynamics. Often, when a particle reaches a critical displacement, its escape becomes inevitable. Therefore, escape models based on truncated potentials are often used, resulting in similar problems to level-crossing formulations. Two different types of dynamics can be identified, leading to different kinds of level-crossing depending on the relationship between the damping and the excitation level. The first one (“fast escape”) is mainly governed by the initial energy of the system, which is determined through the initial conditions. The second one (“slow escape”) is governed by the beatings determined through the relationship between external excitation and damping. An analytic approach for estimating the size and location of the safe basins (SBs) in the plane of the initial conditions (ICs) of a 1-DOF externally excited oscillator is suggested. It enables the identification of the set of ICs where the particle never reaches a certain threshold under the given excitation. The SBs depend on the damping coefficient and the excitation’s amplitude, frequency, and phase. Nonetheless, one can describe the essential properties of an SBs in the case of the almost resonant excitation using only two parameters: the forced response amplitude and the damping coefficient ratio to the difference between the natural and the excitation frequencies. Although the analysis is performed for a linear oscillator, it provides insight into the rush erosion process of the SBs (“Dover cliff” phenomenon), described previously only for nonlinear systems. The analysis reveals that the “Dover cliff” phenomenon is related to the decay rate of the transient motion and that it can occur even in linear systems too. From the engineering point of view, the rush erosion of the SBs is critical in noisy environments where devices operating in regions close to the “Dover cliff” are unsafe. Due to its simplicity, the proposed mechanical model might be generic for further analysis of the escape and level-crossing problems considering various nonlinearities (e.g., Coulomb friction, small polynomial-type nonlinearities of the restoring force, or constant restoring force). Possible applications include but are not limited to avoiding collisions for systems with clearances and durability analysis of brittle materials subjected to noisy loads.
Revitalizing the mission of higher education through a human rights-based approach
Authors: Tibbitts Felisa
Published: October 2023

This article proposes that in a new social contract for education, reimagined universities should be institutions that are human rights-centered. A human rights mission incorporates conventional university policies oriented toward diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) but goes beyond this traditional framework by drawing attention to root causes of systemic violations of human rights (including violence within the university itself) and inclusive processes of internal reform, oriented towards social justice involving especially the voices of the most marginalized. This article begins with a presentation of the application of the human rights framework to university settings, including binding legal standards, soft policies, and a holistic framework known as the human rights-based approach. A human rights-centered university is one that will undertake change with an orientation toward deep transformation that will enable the university to fulfill its core aims to foster values such as respect, empathy, equality, and solidarity and promote active citizenship to address the pressing needs of society.
Plasma Environment, Radiation, Structure, and Evolution of the Uranian System (PERSEUS): A Dedicated Orbiter Mission Concept to Study Space Physics at Uranus
Authors: Cohen Ian J. , Smith Evan J. , Clark George B. , Turner Drew L. , Ellison Donald H. , Clare Ben , Regoli Leonardo H. , Kollmann Peter , Gallagher Daniel T. , Holtzman G. Allan , Likar Justin J. , Morizono Takeshi , Shannon Matthew , Vodusek Kimberly S.
Published: October 2023

The Plasma Environment, Radiation, Structure, and Evolution of the Uranian System (PERSEUS) mission concept defines the feasibility and potential scope of a dedicated, standalone Heliophysics orbiter mission to study multiple space physics science objectives at Uranus. Uranus’s complex and dynamic magnetosphere presents a unique laboratory to study magnetospheric physics as well as its coupling to the solar wind and the planet’s atmosphere, satellites, and rings. From the planet’s tilted and offset, rapidly-rotating non-dipolar magnetic field to its seasonally-extreme interactions with the solar wind to its unexpectedly intense electron radiation belts, Uranus hosts a range of outstanding and compelling mysteries relevant to the space physics community. While the exploration of planets other than Earth has largely fallen within the purview of NASA’s Planetary Science Division, many targets, like Uranus, also hold immense scientific value and interest to NASA’s Heliophysics Division. Exploring and understanding Uranus’s magnetosphere is critical to make fundamental gains in magnetospheric physics and the understanding of potential exoplanetary systems and to test the validity of our knowledge of magnetospheric dynamics, moon-magnetosphere interactions, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, and solar wind-planetary coupling. The PERSEUS mission concept study, currently at Concept Maturity Level (CML) 4, comprises a feasible payload that provides closure to a range of space physics science objectives in a reliable and mature spacecraft and mission design architecture. The mission is able to close using only a single Mod-1 Next-Generation Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (NG-RTG) by leveraging a concept of operations that relies of a significant hibernation mode for a large portion of its 22-day orbit.
Cytoprotective effect of propolis on heat stress induces alteration to histological, ultrastructural, and oxidative stress in catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: Alfons Mariana S. , Ibrahim Ahmed Th.A. , Harabawy Ahmed S. A. , Al-salahy Mohamed B. , Badr Gamal
Published: October 2023

Our study helps to evaluate the immune response, antioxidative status, and resistance against heat stress (HS) in Clarias gariepinus treated with propolis extraction; the results will contribute to theories of fish physiology and immunity under high-temperature conditions. Forty-five fish were divided into three equal groups: the control, the HS group at 36 °C, and the HS treated with alcoholic extraction of propolis that dissolved in water for 3 weeks. The results of our study suggested that the stress response differs among tissues thymus, spleen, and liver. All the tissues showed alteration in morphological and cytological structure at the light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM); thymus showed edema and thymocyte destruction; the spleen detected collagen deposition, and the liver displayed endoplasmic reticulum amplification (ER). In addition, we examined oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses (lipid peroxidation, catalase, and glutathione) of the spleen and measured blood biochemical parameters (alanine transaminase and aspartic transaminase levels) after heat stress. However, this toxic effect of HS was neutralized by the propolis extraction. To conclude, propolis is recommended to cope with the impacts of heat stress on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by improving immunity and antioxidative resistance.
Epicardial fat and insulin resistance in healthy older adults: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Kalmpourtzidou Aliki , Di Napoli Ilaria , Vincenti Alessandra , De Giuseppe Rachele , Casali Pietro Mariano , Tomasinelli Chiara Elena , Ferrara Fulvio , Tursi Francesco , Cena Hellas
Published: October 2023

Insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are relevant concerns in the elderly population; as the world’s population ages, IR and CVD are two universal public health problems. While a link between IR a CVD has been established, the mediating mechanisms are uncertain and rigorous investigations are needed to fully elucidate them. The study aimed at assessing the relationship between epicardial fat (EF), an indicator of cardiovascular risk, and IR in Italian free-living elderly (n = 89). Baseline data from a previous cohort was used. Anthropometric measurements, EF, and IR-related variables, including the HOMA-IR index and other biochemical parameters were obtained. The correlation between EF and IR was explored. Further analysis was conducted to identify significant differences regarding IR variables among EF quartiles. EF correlated positively with glucose levels in females, males and the total population. The pairwise comparison among EF quartiles showed significant differences in glucose levels, HOMA-IR index, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels. To our knowledge, this is the only study assessing the relationship between EF and IR in healthy elderly, while most of the studies have investigated EF and IR in diseased populations. Further research with a longitudinal approach should be conducted to design concrete conclusions about this relationship.
Robotic-assisted benign hysterectomy compared with laparoscopic, vaginal, and open surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lenfant Louis , Canlorbe Geoffroy , Belghiti Jérémie , Kreaden Usha Seshadri , Hebert April E. , Nikpayam Marianne , Uzan Catherine , Azaïs Henri
Published: October 2023

The potential benefits and limitations of benign hysterectomy surgical approaches are still debated. We aimed at evaluating any differences with a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were last searched on 6/2/2021 to identify English randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort and retrospective independent database studies published between Jan 1, 2010 and Dec 31, 2020 reporting perioperative outcomes following robotic hysterectomy versus laparoscopic, open, or vaginal approach (PROSPERO #CRD42022352718). Twenty-four articles were included that reported on 110,306 robotic, 262,715 laparoscopic, 189,237 vaginal, and 554,407 open patients. The robotic approach was associated with a shorter hospital stay (p < 0.00001), less blood loss (p = 0.009), and fewer complications (OR: 0.42 [0.27, 0.66], p = 0.0001) when compared to the open approach. The main benefit compared to the laparoscopic and vaginal approaches was a shorter hospital (R/L WMD: – 0.144 [– 0.21, – 0.08], p < 0.0001; R/V WMD: – 0.39 [– 0.70, – 0.08], p = 0.01). Other benefits seen were sensitive to the inclusion of database studies. Study type differences in outcomes, a lack of RCTs for robotic vs. open comparisons, learning curve issues, and limited robotic vs. vaginal publications are limitations. While the robotic approach was mainly comparable to the laparoscopic approach, this meta-analysis confirms the classic benefits of minimally invasive surgery when comparing robotic hysterectomy to open surgery. We also reported the advantages of robotic surgery over vaginal surgery in a patient population with a higher incidence of large uterus and prior surgery.
Get the picture? Using visuals to represent theory
Authors: Rasolofoarison Dina , Russell Cristel Antonia
Published: October 2023

Visualization can assist the process of narrating theory. Although most researchers realize the benefit of figures to efficiently and effectively convey the essence of a theory, many lack the visual grammar and tools to create those figures. This editorial presents a five-step iterative process, NETSA, to assist the process of theory visualization.
The Association Between Cognitive Domains and Postural Balance among Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Divandari Nahid , Bird Marie-Louise , Vakili Mahdi , Jaberzadeh Shapour
Published: October 2023

Purpose of Review

This review aims to explore which cognitive domain is more closely associated with which type of balance (static or dynamic).

Resent Finding

Based on recent reviews, inhibitory control, a part of cognition, plays a crucial role in balance performance. Previous reviews report significant links between cognition, mobility, and physical function in older adults. However, evidence regarding the relationship between cognition and balance scores remains inconclusive.

The strength of association between cognition and balance appears to be domain-specific and task-specific. Executive function exhibits the strongest correlation with balance, while episodic memory shows a small link with dynamic balance. Processing speed and global cognition demonstrate moderate correlations. Additionally, there is a slight association between cognitive domains and static balance. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted interventions for managing balance-related concerns that are domain-specific and task-specific.
Human Rights Legal Education in Times of Transition: Perspectives and Practices of Law Instructors in Myanmar
Authors: Eberbach Kristina
Published: October 2023

This mixed-methods study examines the human rights and human rights education and training (HRET) perspectives and practices of law educators in Myanmar during the democratic transition that ended with the 2021 coup. “Contextual, Theoretical, and Methodological Framing” provides an overview of legal and human rights education in Myanmar, discusses the potential of human rights education in law schools during democratic transitions, addresses why educators’ human rights and human rights education perspectives and practices are important to examine, and presents the research methodology. “Findings” presents findings based on the two phases of research during the transitional period: phase 1 (2015–2017)—law instructors’ perspectives and practices after participating in a multi-year HRET program; and phase 2 (2019–2020)—law instructors’ perspectives on the goals, challenges, and potential of HRET in Myanmar. The third section—“Discussion and Implications”—examines the contextual challenges and opportunities for human rights education as related to (1) critical human rights education, (2) practice-oriented HRET, and (3) administrative policies and practices for human rights and HRET within universities.
Expressing gratitude and visualising one’s best possible self: Assessing the effectiveness of a four-week intervention on affect and health behaviours during the COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Tornquist Michelle , Herrmann Eleanor , Chiappe Dan
Published: October 2023

This research examined affect and health behaviours over four weeks during consecutive COVID-19 lockdowns in the United Kingdom (UK), and the impact of expressing gratitude (EG) and visualising one’s best possible self (BPS) on these outcomes compared to a control condition. Participants (N = 145) took part in a 4-week intervention during lockdown and completed an EG, BPS, or control exercise and measures of affect and health behaviours once per week for four weeks. Results showed that participants reported increased positive affect and decreased negative affect, reduced food consumption, and lower levels of moderate and vigorous exercise, but no change in alcohol consumption and walking. There were, however, no significant effects of the interventions vs. control condition on any of the outcomes; these findings were also supported by Bayes factors. This research suggests that people changed their health behaviours and affect during the COVID-19 lockdown, but that BPS and EG interventions may not be viable interventions to promote these outcomes during intense crises such as COVID-19.
Imaging and therapy targeting PSMA receptors for enhanced vision and precise treatment
Authors: Rasul Sazan , Korn Stephan
Published: October 2023

In Europe, it is estimated that more than 65,000 men die each year from the consequences of advanced and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Currently, approximately 3.2 million European men are living with PCa. While the majority of PCa patients have favorable outcomes, the 5‑year relative survival rate for those with metastatic PCa is only 32%. Recent advances in the diagnosis of PCa have been boosted by the introduction of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which might identify patients with the most aggressive form of the disease. Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) targeting PSMA receptors (PSMA-PET) has utterly revolutionized the diagnosis and staging of PCa; however, its application is still under debate. On the one hand, there has been little progress in recent years in surpassing the limitations of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), the backbone of metastatic PCa treatment. Adding additional systemic therapy became standard in the last few decades. Current ADT is only transiently effective, and patients eventually progress during ADT treatment, a condition known as castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). On the other hand, radioligand therapy (RLT) targeting these PSMA receptors, most commonly used in the studies [177Lu]lutetium-PSMA-617, has been available for this cancer stage for nearly a decade and has been recently incorporated into the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines as a robust treatment option for patients with metastatic CRPC.
The Multiple Roles of Autophagy in Neural Function and Diseases
Authors: Li Yan-Yan , Qin Zheng-Hong , Sheng Rui
Published: October 2023

Autophagy involves the sequestration and delivery of cytoplasmic materials to lysosomes, where proteins, lipids, and organelles are degraded and recycled. According to the way the cytoplasmic components are engulfed, autophagy can be divided into macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Recently, many studies have found that autophagy plays an important role in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, neuronal excitotoxicity, and cerebral ischemia. Autophagy maintains cell homeostasis in the nervous system via degradation of misfolded proteins, elimination of damaged organelles, and regulation of apoptosis and inflammation. AMPK-mTOR, Beclin 1, TP53, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and other signal pathways are involved in the regulation of autophagy and can be used as potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases. Here, we discuss the role, functions, and signal pathways of autophagy in neurological diseases, which will shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms of neurological diseases and suggest novel targets for therapies.
Catch me if you can – wie Adenoviren das humane Immunsystem austricksen
Authors: Aichane Khadija , Windheim Mark
Published: October 2023

Human adenoviruses have evolved mechanisms of immune evasion to counteract antiviral measures. The E3/49K protein of species D adenoviruses and its secreted form sec49K trigger dimerization of the receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45, thereby inhibiting the activation of immune cells. Intriguingly, the design of the membrane-anchored E3/49K resembles a fishing rod with an extended disordered region used as a fishing line and two N-terminal domains as baits to optimize binding to CD45.
DNA-Protein-Crosslinks: Schaden und Schutz zugleich
Authors: Dürauer Sophie , Donsbach Maximilian , Stingele Julian
Published: October 2023

Covalent DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) are generally toxic DNA lesions that must be repaired to prevent premature aging and cancer formation. However, DPCs formed by the protein HMCES are important to stabilize abasic sites during replication, thereby preventing the formation of dangerous DNA breaks. Here, we discuss the principles of HMCES-DPC formation and resolution, which encompasses both proteolytic and non-proteolytic mechanisms.
Wie de novo entstandene Proteine im Labor exprimiert werden können
Authors: Aubel Margaux , Eicholt Lars , Bornberg-Bauer Erich , Lange Andreas
Published: October 2023

Novel proteins can arise through processes like duplication, fusion, and fission. Recently, de novo proteins originating from previously non-coding DNA, lacking homology, have been discovered in numerous genomes. Consequently, their structure and function remain largely unknown. In this review, we illustrate how chaperones can facilitate the expression of de novo proteins, making them more accessible for subsequent experimental characterization.
Mapping Geodiversity at a National Scale: the Case Study of Italy
Authors: Alberico I. , Casaburi A. , Matano F.
Published: October 2023

In order to assess the geodiversity of the Italian Peninsula, which covers approximately 300.000 km2, a semi-quantitative method based on the use of grids recording several indicators and indices was developed. The variety of geological, geomorphological, and pedological elements, characterizing the Italian territory, has been assessed with a two-step procedure. Firstly, the variety algorithm has been applied using grid cells with variable size, related to the spatial resolution of the input data, then the resulting variety values were averaged with a fixed cell size functional to the extent of the study area and the output scale of the geodiversity map. This procedure made it possible to preserve the spatial resolution of the input data (Digital Terrain Model, lithological and soil maps) providing as output a geodiversity map that faithfully reproduces the features of the Italian territory. In case of discrete data (rivers, lakes, glaciers, etc.), a procedure that assigns to each cell the maximum area or length values out of all its elements has been implemented. It made possible to preserve the hydrological elements that shape the landscape (e.g., the longest rivers, largest lakes, etc.) and represent important freshwater resource. An overview of the geographical distribution of geodiversity classes over the whole Italian territory has been elaborated. The resulting geodiversity map is a valuable tool for environmental planning, in particular for the identification of areas to be preserved, for the proper management of geo-resources and natural services.
Disaster vulnerability and flood management policy framework in the Himalayas
Authors: Wani Shahid Nabi , Malik Ishfaq Hussain
Published: October 2023

The Himalayas are one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world and have experienced an increasing number of disasters, particularly floods in recent years that have hampered the socio-economic development in the region. Flood management policies are key in mitigating and managing disasters and are an important part of disaster risk reduction. In the present study, we discuss the disaster vulnerability and policy framework in the North-Western Himalayas, with a focus on the flooding in the Kashmir Valley, which is one of the most vulnerable regions in the Himalayas. Kashmir has a long history of flooding that has affected society and the environment on a wide scale. However, flood management began at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The present work explores the primary sources to make a historical analysis of flood management in Kashmir. The study provides an in-depth analysis of the important policies and proposals for flood management in the region. It discusses the top priorities established by various flood management suggestions and examines how the focus was given to Srinagar city and the reclamation of agricultural land while neglecting other areas. The study highlights the failure of the flood management plans and why the problem of flood management persists in the Kashmir Valley. The study also discusses the vulnerability of the Kashmir Valley to floods and the resultant causes.
Regulation of T cells by myeloid-derived suppressor cells: emerging immunosuppressor in lung cancer
Authors: He Zhong-Ning , Zhang Chun-Yu , Zhao Yu-Wei , He Shu-Lin , Li Yue , Shi Bo-Lun , Hu Jia-Qi , Qi Run-Zhi , Hua Bao-Jin
Published: October 2023

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), major components maintaining the immune suppressive microenvironment in lung cancer, are relevant to the invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis of lung cancer, through the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, remodeling of the immune microenvironment, and regulation of angiogenesis. MDSCs regulate T-cell immune functions by maintaining a strong immunosuppressive microenvironment and promoting tumor invasion. This raises the question of whether reversing the immunosuppressive effect of MDSCs on T cells can improve lung cancer treatment. To understand this further, this review explores the interactions and specific mechanisms of different MDSCs subsets, including regulatory T cells, T helper cells, CD8 + T cells, natural killer T cells, and exhausted T cells, as part of the lung cancer immune microenvironment. Second, it focuses on the guiding significance confirmed via clinical liquid biopsy and tissue biopsy that different MDSC subsets improve the prognosis of lung cancer. Finally, we conclude that targeting MDSCs through action targets or signaling pathways can help regulate T-cell immune functions and suppress T-cell exhaustion. In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting MDSCs may serve as a new approach for enhancing the efficiency of immunotherapy and targeted therapy for lung cancer in the future, providing better comprehensive options for lung cancer treatment.
A critical assessment of conservation agriculture among smallholders in the Mediterranean region: adoption pathways inspired by agroecological principles
Authors: Cicek Harun , Topp Emmeline , Plieninger Tobias , Blanco-Moreno José M. , Gultekin Irfan , Mohamed Hatem Cheikh , El Gharras Oussama
Published: October 2023

Conservation agriculture (CA) is the key agricultural soil management approach for Mediterranean rainfed systems facing extreme droughts and soil degradation. Yet, CA uptake and applicability is still marginal and disputed in the Mediterranean region, where smallholder farmers are most representative. Lack of widespread adoption of CA in the Mediterranean region despite international efforts is perplexing. In order to investigate this paradox and provide solutions, we set out to examine the perceived constraints to CA implementation among farmers and stakeholders. Our approach is based on systems analysis of Mediterranean grain production systems, considering plant and livestock production, as well as sustainability and social-ecological interactions. CA promotion efforts are rarely adapted to the context of the Mediterranean region. We argue for adopting a more pragmatic and flexible approach to CA. Such an approach should be based on site-specific bio-physical and sociocultural considerations and augmented with principles of agroecology. Our review of perceived constraints allows us to suggest five pathways that could promote CA adoption in the Mediterranean across two main areas: (i) introduction of flexible, context-specific technical solutions and (ii) change of social perceptions and literacy on soil. Our five pathways aim to enhance farmers’ resilience to challenges of climate and market shocks, while integrating agroecological principles that enhance ecosystem multifunctionality. We advocate using agroecological principles to enable a more pragmatic application of CA with respect to its strict application—such as continuous no-till—to rehabilitate degraded lands, to increase water use efficiency, and to improve food security and economic well-being of communities in the Mediterranean region.
Topology uniformity pinning control for multi-agent flocking
Authors: Liu Jintao , Wu Zhonghong , Xin Qiao , Yu Minggang , Liu Lianlian
Published: October 2023

The optimal selection of pinning nodes for multi-agent flocking is a challenging NP-hard problem. Current pinning node selection strategies mainly rely on centrality measures of complex networks, which lack rigorous mathematical proof for effective flocking control. This paper proposes a pinning node selection strategy based on matrix eigenvalue theory. First, the effect of the pinning node on the eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix is analyzed. Then, a synchronization index representing the topology uniformity of the multi-agent system is proposed to exert maximum influence on the system synchronizability. A practical optimal pinning node selection method based on the synchronization index is proposed and analyzed using the eigenvalue perturbation method. Finally, simulations demonstrate that the convergence rate of the system obtained using the optimal synchronizability pinning node selection method is better than that achieved with the maximum degree centrality node selection strategy.
Nonlinear relationships between Foreign Direct Investment decisions and environmental degradation in high- and middle-income countries
Authors: Caetano Rafaela Vital , Marques António Cardoso
Published: October 2023

Globalization, although beneficial in spreading knowledge and improving green technologies worldwide, is also considered one of the main drivers of global warming. Recent world events, such as the pandemic, with all its economic and social consequences, have exposed the external dependence of many countries, particularly the reliance of many developing countries on foreign investment. Although it contributes to economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment may also be harmful to the environment. Hence, this study analyses the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on emissions of Greenhouse Gases, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide and Particulate Matter 2.5. A Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was conducted for a group of 25 high-income and 10 middle-income countries from 1995 to 2019, allowing the analysis of short- and long-run impacts. Given the likelihood of nonlinear impacts, a Nonlinear Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was also conducted to provide a more detailed understanding of the effects of expansion or contraction on the variables, and also to analyse short- and long-run impacts. The main findings suggest that electrification and energy transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy may be crucial to limiting the polluting effect of Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment. However, it would be a mistake to simply reduce these three factors as the results reveal that it also contributes to increase pollution. Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness reduce environmental degradation in high-income countries and increase it in middle-income countries, except for Nitrous Oxide emissions.
First molecular analysis of wisteria vein mosaic virus in Italy: eight new variants reported in Wisteria sinensis
Authors: Pedrelli Athos , Panattoni Alessandra , Cotrozzi Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

Wisteria vein mosaic virus (WVMV) is a potyvirus infecting Wisteria spp. worldwide, making these largely used ornamental plants unattractive and even unsalable. In 2021, nine Wisteria sinensis plants in Sarzana (Liguria, Italy) showing WVMV symptoms like vein mosaic with irregular patterns, mottling, deformation and twisting margin on leaves were reported. This work describes research on symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves to confirm the identity of the virus infection. All plants tested resulted positive to WVMV. Sequencing of NIb/CP genomic region and comparison on GenBank revealed the presence of eight new genetic variants named Sar 5–12. The eight nucleotide sequences alignments revealed identity ranging between 87.13 and 99.85%. Negative selection (dN/dS < 1) was detected suggesting well adaptation in the area here examined and stability in population. Through a phylogenetic tree, WVMV isolates were grouped in four clades with high bootstrap values, two of which included the eight Italian variants here identified. Since the late 1950 and 1960s, the present study represents the first additional report of WVMV in Italy, as well as its first molecular characterization ever. Further research is required to strengthen our understanding of the movement and transmission of WVMV. Examining how virus infected plants can disseminate this pathogen could help forestall potential risks that neighbouring species may face in their environments.