bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the MC-Media PadTM Yeast and Mold Device for the Enumeration of Yeast and Mold: Collaborative Study, First Action 2018.02
Authors: Bird Patrick , Bastin Benjamin , Brooks Dane , Crowley Erin , Agin James , Goins David , Lindhardt Charlotte , Chollet Renaud ,   Collaborators:, Abbott C , Casimir J , Castro D , Clark D , Connelley D , Goseland J , Greve J , Gutierrez G , Hariram U , Hirsch J , Kieliszewski K , Legan D , Liddenmuth M , Machado E , Martin K , Meibers H , McDonough M , McMahon W , Miller J , Moss C , Oldford K , Pickett J , Robinson B , Thompson L , Wheeler S
Published: January 2019

Background: The MC-Media Pad™ Yeast and Mold (YM) is a ready-to use culture device that combines a test pad coated with medium and water-absorption polymers that is designed for the rapid quantification of yeast and mold in food products. Objective: The MC-Media Pad YM was compared with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) for the enumeration of yeast and mold in frozen orange juice concentrate. Methods: The candidate method was evaluated using a paired study design in a multilaboratory collaborative study following the current AOAC Validation Guidelines. Three target contamination levels (low, 10–100 CFU/g; medium, 100–1000 CFU/g; and high 1000–10 000 CFU/g) and an uninoculated control level (0 CFU/g) were evaluated. MC-Media Pad YM devices were enumerated after 48 and 72 h of incubation. Results: Plate count obtained by both methods were log-transformed and the difference of means (including 95% confidence intervals), repeatability SD, and SD were determined for each contamination level. Conclusions: No statistical difference was observed between the MC-Media Pad YM (for both 48 and 72 h) and the FDA BAM for each contamination level. Highlights: The new method offers a convenient alternative to the reference method (FDA BAM) for detection of yeast and mold contamination in food products, yielding reliable and comparable results in 48 h compared to 5 days for the reference method.
Aggregating Interestingness Measures in Associative Classifiers
Authors: Da Silva Matheus Freitas , De Carvalho Veronica Oliveira
Published: January 2019

A classificação associativa, a qual vem sendo muito utilizada em diversos domínios, visa a obtenção de um modelo preditivo em que o processo é baseado na extração de regras de associação. A geração do modelo ocorre em etapas, sendo uma delas voltadas a ordenar e podar um conjunto de regras. No que se refere a ordenação, uma das soluções é ranquear as regras por meio de medidas objetivas (MOs). O critério de ordenação impacta a acurácia do classificador. Nos trabalhos da literatura as MOs são exploradas individualmente. Diante do exposto, este trabalho tem por objetivo explorar a agregação de medidas, em que várias MOs são consideradas ao mesmo tempo, no contexto de classificadores associativos.
Daily streamflow forecasting for Paraíba do Sul river using machine learning methods with hydrologic inputs
Authors: Gorodetskaya Yulia , Da Fonseca Leonardo Goliatt , Tavares Gisele Goulart , Ribeiro Celso Bandeira de Melo
Published: January 2019

The Paraíba do Sul river flows through the most important industrial region of Brazil and its basin is characterized by conflicts of multiple uses of its water resources. The prediction of its natural flow has strategic value for water management in this basin. This research investigates the applicability of the two machine learning methods (Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks) for daily streamflow forecasting of the Paraíba do Sul River at lead times of 1-7 days. The impact of fluviometric and pluviometric data from other basin sites on the quality of the forecast is also evaluated.
Convolutional Neural Networks for Leaf Disease Classification
Authors: Carvalho Raí G. , Zoby Leticia T. M.
Published: January 2019

This paper aims to improve the classification process of leaf diseases in plantations, reducing the need to have a specialist or prior knowledge of the diseases that can affect a plantation, since some diseases can spread and end with entire plantations. The proposal is the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to classify leaf diseases in plants using images, creating a model that can be implemented in a smartphone application. The model selected for the application, using a dataset with 4485 images separated in 5 classes, had an accuracy of 97% in the test base.
Facial Landmarks Detection on Faulty Datasets with Regression Trees and Principal Component Analysis Parametrization
Authors: Nascimento Abner S. , Oliveira Danilo A. , De Couto Maria Raquel L. , De Paula Júnior Iális C.
Published: January 2019

Tracking landmarks points of the human face is an essential step for the construction of interfaces capable of taking advantage of the communicative potential of facial expressions. Many strategies based on parametric models and regression algorithms with boosting can be applied to this problem. This paper proposes a solution based on the combined use of principal component analysis and regression trees. The main purpose of the presented method is to reduce the sensibility of the system to the presence of missing labels when trained with faulty datasets, by the adoption of corrective heuristics. On such cases, the proposed model achieves performance similar to the reference results, obtained by training on fault free datasets.
Characterization and identification of twelve-tone composers
Authors: Costa Lucas F. P. , Coca S. Andrés E.
Published: January 2019

The individualism of each composer is shaped in an inherent way to his personality, aiming for recognition of particular form through the own songs. In this way, it is possible to categorize a musical subgenre at a deeper level by identifying the composer from his works. However, the characteristics of each composer are so varied that they are difficult to identify. In this paper it is proposed to use machine learning to classify works of twelve-tone music according to the composer, under the hypothesis that in choosing the twelve-tone series a part of his signature was reflected. Experimental results showed promising performance and confirmed the existence of a relation between composer and series.
Aporia as Pedagogical Technique
Authors: McAllister Derek ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2019

In this essay, I muse upon aporia’s value as a pedagogical technique in the philosophy classroom using as a guide examples of aporia that are found in Plato’s Socratic dialogues. The word aporia, translated as “without passage” or “without a way,” is used metaphorically to describe the unsettling state of confusion many find themselves in after engaging in philosophical discourse. Following a brief introduction in which I situate aporia as a pedagogy amicable to experiential learning, I examine various ways in which aporia appears in certain Platonic dialogues, which enables us to draw out some paradigmatic features of aporia. I then discuss how I apply aporia as a pedagogical technique in the contemporary philosophy classroom, taking up three specific concerns in detail: aporetic discomfort, right use, and potential misuse.
Teaching for Intellectual Virtue in Logic and Critical Thinking Classes
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2019

Introductory-level undergraduate classes in Logic or Critical Thinking are a staple in the portfolio of many Philosophy programs. A standard approach to these classes is to include teaching and learning activities focused on formal deductive and inductive logic, sometimes accompanied by teaching and learning activities focused on informal fallacies or argument construction. In this article, I discuss a proposal to include an additional element within these classes—namely, teaching and learning activities focused on intellectual virtues. After clarifying the proposal, I identify three reasons in favor of implementing it and I discuss how to implement it, focusing on questions about pedagogical strategies and pedagogical resources.
Percepção ambiental do valor de um parque urbano: Parque Municipal do Sabiá, Uberlândia – MG.
Authors: Borges Ciro Josué Alves , Araújo Aracy Alves de , Silva Claudionor Ribeiro da
Published: January 2019

The urban parks are considered appropriate for leisure and scientific studies, besides providing environmental improvements in its surrounds. This study looked for to value, for the method of uncertain valuation, the Municipal Park Sabiá, in Uberlândia-MG, as tool for the preservation existent natural resources and improvement of the administration of this. A questionnaire was used with socioeconomic questions, including information that subsidized the interpretation of the Disposition to Pay (DTP) and Disposition to Receive (DTR) values. In DTP, the high school formation interfered positively in DTP. The knowledge on sustainability interfered positively in DTP. The park visit's frequency and the family income doesn't reach the value of positive DTP. In DTR, the increment of the age generates a positive variation in the value of DTR. The interviewees with better homes have more DTR. The home establishment time doesn't influence in DTR. Knowing the importance of the park for preservation of the Cerrado didn't influence in DTR. Interviewees that are in agreement with the exploration of the park present a larger DTR. The main conclusion appears for an environmental conscience, what evidences the social, cultural and environmental value of the park.
Effect of the natural antioxidant eugenol on quality preservation of commercial biodiesels produced with soybean oil or waste frying oil during storage at different temperatures
Authors: Souza Eliane Ferreira de , Ramos Talita Cuenca Pina Moreira , Santos Mikaelly Nayara , Ferraz Juliana Rodrigues , Silva Margarete Soares da , Batistote Margareth , Fiorucci Antonio Rogério
Published: January 2019

The objetive of this study was to evaluate the eugenol antioxidant efficiency on the oxidation stability of commercial biodiesel synthesized from soybean oil (SB) and wast fring oil (ORB) by determining induction period (IP) and acid number (AN) during storage at 10 °C or in accelerated oxidation test at 85 °C. For the oxidation stability evaluation, the Rancimat method (EN 14112) and AN (ASTM D664) analyses were used. The initial studies showed that the antioxidants eugenol and TBHQ when added separately increased IP values for the two types of biodiesel analyzed. During the storage at 10 °C, the IP was reduced for all samples. However, the lowest reduction percentages were for samples containing eugenol (-2.07 and -11.30% for SB and ORB, respectively). In relation to AN, the samples with the antioxidant eugenol led a greater decrease of this index, with the 10000 mg kg-1 concentration being the most efficient in the conservation of biodiesel. In the accelerated oxidation test in oven at 85 °C, pure BS presented higher susceptibility to degradation than the sample containing 10000 mg kg-1 of eugenol. In both storage studies, the eugenol natural antioxidant efficiency in the control of oxidative degradation of biodiesel becomes evident.
Mercury tolerance of Penicillium sp isolated from kefir grains
Authors: Oliveira Antonio Ferreira , Florentino Alexandro Cezar , Sena Iracirema Silva , Ferreira Adriana Maciel , Bezerra Roberto Messias , Carvalho José Carlos Tavares , Ferreira Irlon Maciel
Published: January 2019

Inorganic contaminant contamination poses the greatest threat to the environment and human health. It has been recently reported that probiotics protect the body from inorganic contaminant damage by the bioabsorption capacity of its components. Kefir is a beverage obtained through the fermentation metabolized by Lactobacillus and yeasts that aggregate forming the grains of kefir. In order to isolate inorganic contaminant resistant microorganism, the kefir grains were crushed and the supernatant obtained was inoculated in malt-gar medium (2%) and cultured for 120 hours. Occurred formation of halos of growth which were measured every 24 hours. The isolated microorganism was also cultured in liquid medium for five days. The taxonomic analysis revealed to be fungus of the genus Penicillium. The results showed the capacity of mercury bioabsorption by Penicillium sp isolated from kefir. At pH 4.0 this activity did not suffer strong inhibition. Contrary to what was expected there was an increase in biomass when grown in liquid medium which suggests the formation of storage structures of the inorganic contaminant around the cell membrane. These results confirm that kefir contains in its composition microorganisms capable of protecting people who consume it from harmful damages caused by inorganic contaminants.
A note on Riemannian geometry and the relativistic quantum mechanics context
Authors: Botelho Fabio Silva
Published: January 2019

This article develops a variational formulation for  relativistic quantum mechanics. The main results are obtained through a connection between relativistic and quantum mechanics. Such a connection is established through basic concepts on Riemannian geometry and related extensions for the relativistic context.
Distributed Supervised Sentiment Analysis of Tweets: Integrating Machine Learning and Streaming Analytics for Big Data Challenges in Communication and Audience Research
Authors: Arcila Calderón Carlos , Ortega Mohedano Félix , Álvarez Mateo , Vicente Mariño Miguel
Published: January 2019

The large-scale analysis of tweets in real-time using supervised sentiment analysis depicts a unique opportunity for communication and audience research. Bringing together machine learning and streaming analytics approaches in a distributed environment might help scholars to obtain valuable data from Twitter in order to immediately classify messages depending on the context with no restrictions of time or storage, empowering cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental designs with new inputs. Even when communication and audience researchers begin to use computational methods, most of them remain unfamiliar with distributed technologies to face big data challenges. This paper describes the implementation of parallelized machine learning methods in Apache Spark to predict sentiments in real-time tweets and explains how this process can be scaled up using academic or commercial distributed computing when personal computers do not support computations and storage. We discuss the limitation of these methods and their implications in communication, audience and media studies.El análisis a gran escala de tweets en tiempo real utilizando el análisis de sentimiento supervisado representa una oportunidad única para la investigación de comunicación y audiencias. El poner juntos los enfoques de aprendizaje automático y de analítica en tiempo real en un entorno distribuido puede ayudar a los investigadores a obtener datos valiosos de Twitter con el fin de clasificar de forma inmediata mensajes en función de su contexto, sin restricciones de tiempo o almacenamiento, mejorando los diseños transversales, longitudinales y experimentales con nuevas fuentes de datos. A pesar de que los investigadores de comunicación y audiencias ya han comenzado a utilizar los métodos computacionales en sus rutinas, la mayoría desconocen el uso de las tecnologías de computo distribuido para afrontar retos de dimensión big data.  Este artículo describe la implementación de métodos de aprendizaje automático paralelizados en Apache Spark para predecir sentimientos de tweets en tiempo real y explica cómo este proceso puede ser escalado usando computación distribuida tanto comercial como académica, cuando los ordenadores personales son insuficientes para almacenar y analizar los datos. Se discuten las limitaciones de estos métodos y sus implicaciones en los estudios de medios, comunicación y audiencias.
Proyección pedagógica de María Luisa Navarro e Isabel Luzuriaga en el exilio republicano
Authors: Diamant Ana , Bejarano Franco María Teresa
Published: January 2019

En este artículo se aborda la trayectoria vital y profesional de dos figuras femeninas republicanas que comparten la experiencia indeleble del exilio (1936), lazos de filiación ―madre e hija― y una común preocupación por la infancia, la educación y las dificultades para el aprendizaje: Mª Luisa Navarro e Isabel Luzuriaga. Mª Luisa formó parte del grupo de mujeres cuyo trabajo revirtió en avances sustantivos para la sociedad española y para la modernización del sistema educativo, haciendo contribuciones en las Misiones Pedagógicas, en la educación de sordomudos, y en favor de los derechos de las mujeres, que no dejó de lado en los exilios que tuvo que afrontar. Isabel llegó de niña a la Argentina luego de haber pasado un tiempo en Inglaterra, país al que regresó en tiempos de su formación profesional y se focalizó en el psicoanálisis infantil, siendo la primera docente de esta asignatura en la Carrera de Psicología en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Un segundo exilio (1978) la retornó a su España natal, donde permaneció hasta su muerte. El objetivo de este artículo es develar las aportaciones académicas que ambas figuras han realizado desde la Pedagogía y la Psicología atendiendo a variables contextuales, políticas y de exilio. La reposición de los itinerarios de una y otra ha sido posible revisando la obra que produjeron y especialmente a partir de testimonios orales personales, como en el caso de la propia Isabel Luzuriaga, y de allegados que convivieron y trabajaron con ellas.
La destrucción de la modernidad republicana. (Sin)razones del exilio pedagógico español
Authors: Fernandez Soria Juan Manuel
Published: January 2019

Este texto expone los motivos que empujaron al exilio —exterior e interior— a millares de maestros, inspectores, profesores y científicos españoles, prestando especial atención al llamado «exilio pedagógico». Los docentes e investigadores afines a la República se sintieron condenados y amenazados por los insurgentes por aunar una triple identidad: la de republicanos (el enemigo absoluto, «encarnación del mal»), la de intelectuales (extranjerizantes y «envenenadores del alma popular»), y la de maestros («traidores a la patria», laicos y propagadores del credo republicano). A esta triple identidad, motivo —sinrazón— de exilio, se añaden dos causas —sinrazones— más de enorme importancia en la decisión de abandonar su tierra,  su casa y su patria: el compromiso con la modernización de España —lo auténticamente sustancial para la mecánica represiva franquista— y la imposibilidad de formar parte de la pedagogía de la nueva España, que se fija como objetivo desmantelar la educación republicana y construir otra nueva fundamentada en los denominados «antitópicos» de la educación franquista que se expresa en la segunda parte del binomio (pública/privada; universal/de selectos; laica/católica; pacifista/combatiente; del placer/del sacrificio; de la espontaneidad/disciplinaria, etc.). El resultado del exilio y de la sustitución de un pensamiento filosófico y pedagógico por otro «nuevo» es conocido: la destrucción de la moderna pedagogía española.
Engineering a conserved RNA regulatory protein repurposes its biological function in vivo
Authors: Bhat Vandita D , McCann Kathleen L , Wang Yeming , Fonseca Dallas R , Shukla Tarjani , Alexander Jacqueline C , Qiu Chen , Wickens Marv , Lo Te-Wen , Tanaka Hall Traci M , Campbell Zachary T
Published: January 2019

PUF (PUmilio/FBF) RNA-binding proteins recognize distinct elements. In C. elegans, PUF-8 binds to an 8-nt motif and restricts proliferation in the germline. Conversely, FBF-2 recognizes a 9-nt element and promotes mitosis. To understand how motif divergence relates to biological function, we first determined a crystal structure of PUF-8. Comparison of this structure to that of FBF-2 revealed a major difference in a central repeat. We devised a modified yeast 3-hybrid screen to identify mutations that confer recognition of an 8-nt element to FBF-2. We identified several such mutants and validated structurally and biochemically their binding to 8-nt RNA elements. Using genome engineering, we generated a mutant animal with a substitution in FBF-2 that confers preferential binding to the PUF-8 element. The mutant largely rescued overproliferation in animals that spontaneously generate tumors in the absence of puf-8. This work highlights the critical role of motif length in the specification of biological function.
Presence and Lingering: Psychoanalysis in a Mindfulness Frame
Authors: Li Chin
Published: January 2019

Nowadays mindfulness has become a constituent element in various forms of psychotherapy, including psychoanalysis. This essay is my attempt to think about psychoanalysis and mindfulness together, from the starting point of Freud’s recommendation of “evenly hovering attention” as the essential psychoanalytic stance. I will look at how mindfulness and psychoanalysis could enrich each other, with a view to placing them within a framework of listening practice that might contribute to our understanding of psychotherapy.
Chinese Urbanism
Authors: He Shenjing
Published: January 2019

This entry attempts to understand Chinese urbanism by examining the particular ways of being and becoming urban in the latest episode of China's history. Three keywords run through contemporary Chinese urbanism: transition, mobility, and fragmentation. In post‐reform China, there has been a transition from a centrally planned self‐sufficient agrarian economy to a marketized, globalized urban society. Meanwhile, increased sociospatial inequality and the layered urban patchwork from different historical periods have created a fragmented yet connected urban fabric. Chinese urbanism can be understood more holistically and realistically through a critical analysis of how the state, market, and society interact in a rapidly changing global and local context.
L
atin
A
merican
C
ities
Authors: Jajamovich Guillermo , Cortés Alexis
Published: January 2019

Despite their diversity, Latin American cities share a number of processes that differentiate them from the development trajectory of North America and Europe. Likewise, in the dialogue about those processes of urbanization, a number of actors, ideas, and conflicts have designated Latin American cities as a fundamental, figurative key to understanding the developmental path of the subcontinent. This entry examines three moments that distinguish the Latin American city from its Northern counterparts: first, a period that addresses development issues; second, a time marked by debates over dependency; and finally, an era that exhibits their weakening in a context of globalization.
Urban Planning
Authors: Vicuña Magdalena , Galland Daniel
Published: January 2019

This entry synthesizes the official story of the history and evolution of modern urban planning with an emphasis on the domain's representative milestones. It begins by addressing distinctive urban planning notions conceived primarily as urban design during the first half of the twentieth century, and then moves on to highlight different waves of procedural planning approaches and their respective critiques and reactions since the advent of the post‐World War II era to date. The entry mainly focuses on planning thought and practice as conceived in the Global North but also raises awareness about emerging planning theorizations stemming from Global South contexts. Altogether, each planning stage features ad hoc planning conceptions characterized by specific values, interests, preferences, beliefs, and ways of implementation. This chronological account is thereby indicative of the polysemous character of urban planning, a product of its continuous reorientations as regards its ever‐changing planning agendas, policies, and practices irrespective of geographical contexts and sociopolitical realities and transitions.
Conundrums in Comparative Urbanism
Authors: Sadoway David
Published: January 2019

How and why should we compare cities? In a world of diverse cities, what insights do
comparative urbanism
approaches profess to provide? This entry reviews the theory and practice of comparative urbanism (CU), including its conundrums, critiques, and potential future directions. As a postcolonial‐ and poststructuralist‐influenced approach to urban theory‐building as well as a methodological disposition, CU involves intra‐ and intercity comparisons of neighborhoods, city‐regions, and urbanization processes. Contemporary CU praxis can be understood as a relational response to understanding planetary urbanization as well as a critical counter‐reaction to “global cities” or “area studies” approaches that focus on select hierarchies of cities or regions.
Cultural Perspectives in Teaching Speaking
Authors: Liontas John I. , Siegel Matthew
Published: January 2019

This entry examines cultural perspectives in teaching second language (L2) speaking. Elements of culture that impact various aspects of L2 speaking, particularly in the area of pragmatics, are examined. The purpose of speaking—communicative intent—is emphasized, utilizing speech acts as the primary functional element against which L2 competence can be gauged. It is argued that mastery of speech acts by the L2 speaker is profoundly influenced by the culture of the target language, the intricacies of which pose difficulties for the language learner. It is further argued that speech acts are inextricably bound to L2 pragmatics, an area central to the understanding of cultural perspectives on speaking. Pedagogical implications are highlighted, with particular focus on the importance of noticing and awareness, meaningful opportunities for practice, authenticity of spoken text, and validity of assessment. Specific tools and techniques are also presented, with appropriate attention given to the affordances offered by technological innovation.
Vocabulary in High‐Stakes
EAP
Assessments
Authors: Zwier Lawrence J. , Majorana Jennifer C.
Published: January 2019

Learners of English preparing for high‐stakes tests face daunting vocabulary challenges. This entry attempts to identify the vocabulary requirements of three high‐stakes admissions tests. It discusses factors that make it possible to estimate realistic ranges for vocabulary to target in test preparation. Finally, it offers some considerations for setting instructional goals and teaching the target vocabulary.
InstructedL3Acquisition ofEnglish
Authors: Angelovska Tanja
Published: January 2019

The status of third languages (L3) has been an object of misconception, as some languages, such as those which are minority languages in the countries of origin, tend to be hidden. Although the relatively new field of (instructed) L3 acquisition has developed within recent years as a field on its own covering different lines of research and theories explaining the acquisition of languages beyond the first foreign or second language, it has not yet had much impact on mainstream pedagogical approaches. This is taken as a starting point to fill in the existing gap of how theory can inform teaching and vice versa. Starting from the existing results and non‐results, this entry includes accounts of current state of the art theory and practice on predicting possible transfer phenomena and offers guidelines for methods and interventions that take into consideration the role of transfer in instructed third language acquisition (L3A).
Figurative Language in Foreign/Second Language Learning and Teaching
Authors: Cieślicka Anna B. , Heredia Roberto R.
Published: January 2019

Idioms are notoriously challenging for second/foreign (L2) language learners whose competence in the use of figurative expressions often lags behind their overall L2 communicative competence. This entry identifies the major challenges that L2 idiomatic expressions pose for L2 learners. Such challenges are related to the differences between the processing strategies adopted by native and non‐native language users when comprehending and producing formulaic language, as well as to the characteristics of idioms per se. Some of the characteristics of idioms that are likely to pose difficulties to L2 learners are their cultural specificity, opaqueness, and noncompositionality. A number of theoretical approaches such as the dual‐coding theory or the cognitive linguistic framework are identified that carry important implications for L2 idiom pedagogy.
Translanguaging and the Benefits of Going Beyond Codeswitching: Some Practical Applications
Authors: Whelan Ariza Eileen N.
Published: January 2019

Individuals who speak more than one language often use their entire linguistic repertoire consciously or unconsciously while communicating. This phenomenon is termed
translanguaging,
explained as a “theoretical lens that offers a different view of bilingualism and multilingualism”. Simply stated, translanguaging implies that the language or languages a person uses are not spoken or used monolingually, but that the different language features of each language (such as syntax, grammar, and vocabulary) are drawn upon for communicative purposes.
Codeswitching
(García & Wei, 2014), however, takes place when the two (or more) separate languages are used for communication during discourse. Translanguaging goes beyond just codeswitching from words, thoughts, and phrases from one language to another. It refers to the idea of allowing second or additional language learners to use any language skills they possess, in any way they can, to prepare for academic or linguistic activities in the target language. Reading, writing, speaking, and thinking in the multiple native (or acquired) languages provide a strong knowledge base, which offers a bridge that can help to transfer knowledge to the additional languages being learned. By allowing language learners to utilize their existing language knowledge for pre‐thinking skills in order to perform academically in an additional language, students will have a richer comprehension of the academic tasks. This entry identifies the term translanguaging, and describes the processes that bilingual or multilingual individuals experience during communication. It includes the historical definitions of bilingualism, the features of language that are included during translanguaging, the arguments for and against translanguaging, and offers examples of translanguaging strategies that could be effective for students in social and academic interactions.
Technology for Reading and Writing Motivation
Authors: Martinez‐Alba Gilda , Cruzado‐Guerrero Judith
Published: January 2019

Providing students with an engaging environment where they want to learn can be a positive challenge. By keeping our students' ability levels, interests, language proficiencies, ages, cultures, and backgrounds in mind we can begin to work toward this goal. The Universal Design for Learning principles can help teachers by providing a structure that includes objectives, strategies, materials, and assessment to meet the needs of various learners. Moreover, providing choice with students' backgrounds and abilities in mind while using different technologies can be a constructive step in creating a supportive environment. As technology evolves, teachers can also build their knowledge to assist students in learning reading and writing skills with the most current advances using the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) standards. These can help students learn to read and write in a motivating manner, while also teaching them about tools that can help them in their future classes and careers.
Changes in Hematological Parameters and Heat Shock Proteins in Juvenile Sablefish Depending on Water Temperature Stress
Authors: Kim Jun-Hwan , Park Hee-Ju , Kim Do-Hyung , Oh Chul Woong , Lee Jung Sick , Kang Ju-Chan
Published: January 2019

Juvenile Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria were used to assess the effects of water temperature (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20°C) on hematological parameters and heat shock proteins 70 and 90 for 4 months. Hematological parameters, including red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin, were significantly decreased at 18°C. The inorganic plasma components calcium and magnesium were not altered by water temperature. The organic plasma components glucose and cholesterol were notably elevated at 18°C, whereas total protein was reduced. The enzymatic components, including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase, were notably elevated at 16°C or 18°C. The results of this study indicate that a temperature higher than the proper temperature affects the hematological parameters and heat shock proteins of juvenile Sablefish.
Do the representative beam data for TrueBeam™ linear accelerators represent average data?
Authors: Tanaka Yoshihiro , Mizuno Hirokazu , Akino Yuichi , Isono Masaru , Masai Norimasa , Yamamoto Toshijiro
Published: January 2019

If the vendor's representative beam data (RBD) for TrueBeam linear accelerators are to be valid for use in clinical practice, the variations in the beam data used for beam modeling must be small. Although a few studies have reported the variation of the beam data of the TrueBeam machines, the numbers of machines analyzed in those studies were small. In this study, we investigated the variation in the beam data for 21 TrueBeam machines collected from 17 institutions with their agreement. In the exponential regions, the percent depth dose (PDD) values showed very small variation, <1% for all the photon energies analyzed. Similarly, the off‐center ratio (OCR) values also showed small variation for all energies. In the field regions, the standard deviations of the values of dose difference (DD) between the data for each machine and the study average were <1% for field sizes ≥100 × 100 mm2. The maximum distance‐to‐agreement from the average data was <0.5 mm in the penumbra regions. The output factor (OPF) values also showed very small variation (<1%) for all energies and field sizes. Both the PDD and OCR of the average study data showed good agreement with the vendor's RBD for field sizes ≥100 × 100 mm2. The OPF of the average study data also showed good agreement with the vendor's RBD for all field sizes. However, although all the institutions used ionization chambers with similar cavity volumes, the 30 × 30 mm2 field size showed large DD variations (≥2%) in OCR in the field regions. We conclude that the intermachine variability of TrueBeam linear accelerators was very small except for small field dosimetry, supporting the validity of the use of the RBD for clinical applications. The use of the vendor's RBD might greatly facilitate the quick installation of a new linear accelerator.
Elective nodal irradiation with simultaneous integrated boost stereotactic body radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer: Analyses of planning feasibility and geometrically driven DVH prediction model
Authors: Nakamura Akira , Prichard Hugh A. , Wo Jennifer Y. , Wolfgang John A. , Hong Theodore S.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

We evaluate the feasibility of the elective nodal irradiation strategy in stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for pancreatic cancer.

Methods

Three simultaneous integrated boost (SIB)‐SBRT plans (Boost1, Boost2, and Boost3) were retrospectively generated for each of 20 different patients. Boost1 delivered 33 and 25 Gy to PTV1 and PTV2, respectively. Boost2 delivered 40, 33, and 25 Gy to boostCTV, PTV1, and PTV2, respectively. Boost3 delivered 33 and 25 Gy to PTV1 and PTV3, respectively. PTV1 covered the initial standard SBRT plan (InitPlan) gross tumor volume (GTV). PTV2 covered CTVgeom which was created by a 10‐mm expansion (15 mm posterior) of GTV. PTV3 covered CTVprop which included elective nodal regions. The boostCTV included GTV as well as involved vasculature. The planning feasibility in each scenario and dose–volume histograms (DVHs) were analyzed and compared with the InitPlan (delivered 33 Gy only to PTV1) by paired t‐test. Next, a novel DVH prediction model was developed and its performance was evaluated according to the prediction accuracy (AC) of planning violations. Then, the model was used to simulate the impacts of GTV‐to‐organs at risk (OAR) distance and gastrointestinal (GI) OAR volume variations on planning feasibility.

Results

Significant dose increases were observed in GI‐OARs in SIB‐SBRT plans when compared with InitPlan. All dose constraints were met in 63% of cases in InitPlan, Boost1, and Boost2, whereas Boost3 developed DVH violations in all cases. Utilizing previous patient anatomy, the novel DVH prediction model achieved a high AC in the prediction of violations for GI‐OARs; the positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and AC were 66%, 90%, and 84%, respectively. Experiments with the model demonstrated that the larger proximity volume of GI‐OAR at the shorter distance substantially impacted on planning violations.

Conclusions

SIB‐SBRT plan with geometrically defined prophylactic areas can be dosimetrically feasible, but including all nodal areas with 25 Gy in five fractions appears to be unrealistic.
Modeling the Compressive Behavior of Anisotropic, Nanometer‐Scale Structured Silica
Authors: Van Opdenbosch Daniel , Zollfrank Cordt
Published: January 2019

Recently, large plastic deformations were observed during compression testing of biotemplated, anisotropic, and hierarchically structured silica monoliths. Based on the material's nanometer‐scale structuring, a dynamic model is devised in which parallel silica struts are compressed, and sheared in longitudinal direction. The resulting interfacial shear forces lead to successive plastic deformations during cyclic loading with incrementally increasing forces, matching observations by mechanical testing. The authors report on the physical parameter values obtained from fitting model curves to measured ones, their relation to prior structural observations, and their utility to tailor the intricate mechanical behavior of this novel material.
Interventional Photothermal Therapy Enhanced Brachytherapy: A New Strategy to Fight Deep Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Zhang Fengrong , Han Xianlin , Hu Yanyan , Wang Shunhao , Liu Shuang , Pan Xueting , Wang Hongyu , Ma Junjie , Wang Weiwei , Li Shanshan , Wu Qingyuan , Shen Heyun , Yu Xiaoling , Yuan Qipeng , Liu Huiyu
Published: January 2019

Photothermal–radiotherapy (PT–RT) is an effective strategy for relieving hypoxia‐related radiotherapy resistance and inducing tumor‐specific cell apoptosis/necrosis. Nevertheless, limited tissue penetration of near‐infrared (NIR) laser and the serious side effects of high‐dose radiation severely hinder its applications for deep tumors. An interventional photothermal–brachytherapy (IPT–BT) technology is proposed here for the internal site‐specific treatment of deep tumors. This technology utilizes a kind of biodegradable honeycomb‐like gold nanoparticles (HGNs) acting as both internal photothermal agents and radiosensitizers. A high tumor inhibition rate of 96.6% is achieved in SW1990 orthotopic pancreatic tumor‐bearing mice by HGNs‐mediated IPT–BT synergistic therapy. Interestingly, this approach effectively causes double‐stranded DNA damage and improves the oxygen supply and the penetration of nanoparticles inside the tumor. Therefore, it is believed that this strategy may open up a new avenue for PT–RT synergistic therapy of deep malignant tumors and has a significant impact on the future clinical translation.
Synthesis of a MoSx–O–PtOx Electrocatalyst with High Hydrogen Evolution Activity Using a Sacrificial Counter‐Electrode
Authors: Zhan Yingxin , Li Yi , Yang Zhi , Wu Xiongwei , Ge Mengzhan , Zhou Xuemei , Hou Junjie , Zheng Xiannuo , Lai Yuchong , Pang Rongrong , Duan Huan , Chen Xi'an , Nie Huagui , Huang Shaoming
Published: January 2019

Water splitting is considered to be a very promising alternative to greenly produce hydrogen, and the key to optimizing this process is the development of suitable electrocatalysts. Here, a sacrificial‐counter‐electrode method to synthesize a MoSx/carbon nanotubes/Pt catalyst (0.55 wt% Pt loading) is developed, which exhibits a low overpotential of 25 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, a low Tafel slope of 27 mV dec−1, and excellent stability under acidic conditions. The theory calculations and experimental results confirm the high hydrogen evolution activity that is likely due to the fact that the S atoms in MoSx can be substituted with O atoms during a potential cycling process when using Pt as a counter‐electrode, where the O atoms act as bridges between the catalytic PtOx particles and the MoSx support to generate a MoSx–O–PtOx structure, allowing the Pt atoms to donate more electrons thus facilitating the hydrogen evolution reaction process.
Targeted Therapy against Metastatic Melanoma Based on Self‐Assembled Metal‐Phenolic Nanocomplexes Comprised of Green Tea Catechin
Authors: Li Ke , Xiao Gao , Richardson Joseph J. , Tardy Blaise L. , Ejima Hirotaka , Huang Wen , Guo Junling , Liao Xuepin , Shi Bi
Published: January 2019

The targeted therapy of metastatic melanoma is an important yet challenging goal that has received only limited attention to date. Herein, green tea polyphenols, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), and lanthanide metal ions (Sm3+) are used as building blocks to engineer self‐assembled SmIII‐EGCG nanocomplexes with synergistically enhanced tumor inhibitory properties. These nanocomplexes have negligible systemic toxic effects on healthy cells but cause a significant reduction in the viability of melanoma cells by efficiently regulating their metabolic pathways. Moreover, the wound‐induced migration of melanoma cells can be efficiently inhibited by SmIII‐EGCG, which is a key criterion for metastatic melanoma therapy. In a mouse melanoma tumor model, SmIII‐EGCG is directly compared with a clinical anticancer drug, 5‐fluorouracil and shows remarkable tumor inhibition. Moreover, the targeted therapy of SmIII‐EGCG is shown to prevent metastatic lung melanoma from spreading to main organs with no adverse side effects on the body weight or organs. These in vivo results demonstrate significant advantages of SmIII‐EGCG over its clinical counterpart. The results suggest that these green tea‐based, self‐assembled nanocomplexes possess all of the key traits of a clinically promising candidate to address the challenges associated with the treatment of advanced stage metastatic melanoma.
Magnetization‐Induced Self‐Assembling of Bendable Microneedle Arrays for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Chen Zhipeng , Ye Rui , Lee Weihsien , Jin Dianwen , Zhang Yuanxi , Jiang Liyuan , Yang Yilin , Ren Lei , Jiang Lelun
Published: January 2019

Since the invention of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in 2012, it has become one of the most important innovations in energy conversion technologies. A flexible microneedle array (MA)‐based TENG is proposed using the closed bending–friction–deformation behavior of MA for the mechanical energy harvest. A novel magnetization‐induced self‐assembling method is introduced to efficiently fabricate the bendable MA for the TENG. The 3D structures of MA are continuously self‐assembled from a moving film of curable magnetorheological fluid under the assistance of a rotating external magnetic field. The mass production of MA may be achieved using this method in a roll to roll manufacturing mode. A polyethylene film, MA coated with Cr/Au film, and polyethylene film coated with Al film are heat‐sealed from top to bottom as a MA‐based TENG. Under an applied force of 26 N with a frequency of 1.5 Hz, the MA‐based TENG generates an open‐circuit voltage of up to 9 V and a short‐circuit current of up to 12 µA, corresponding to the peak current density of ≈1.37 µA cm−2. The MA‐based TENG is integrated in an insole of right shoe as an accurate pedometer, which exhibites an excellent energy harvest ability.
Void fraction distribution in a bisectional bubble column reactor
Authors: Bombač Andrej , Rek Zlatko , Levec Janez
Published: January 2019

This article presents the distribution of the local void fraction (α) in a mock‐up bisectional bubble column with a diameter of 0.63 m. Owing to the lack of such data in the literature, α was investigated experimentally using a microresistivity (R) probe and a phase discrimination procedure based on the probe signal. The two‐phase mixture that consisted of air and tap water was measured at 342 nodes in the vertical half‐section plane of the column. Relatively small differences between the volume‐integrated local values of α and the measured total gas holdups showed reasonably good agreement under all conditions. Experimental data were used for validation of a bubble column numerical model for a low hydrodynamic regime with commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The difference between the CFD calculated total gas holdup and the experimentally measured mean value is 8.8%, while some differences in the local void fraction distributions were found in the lower part of the column. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 1186–1197, 2019
A new six parameter model to estimate the friction factor
Authors: Díaz‐Damacillo Lamberto , Plascencia Gabriel
Published: January 2019

Significance

A new explicit formula for estimating the friction factor using six parameters is proposed. The model was set up by considering the effect of residual stresses in the flow by two distinct contributions: the first is attributed to the flow velocity (Reynolds number) and the second to the duct roughness. Compared to other models, this new equation gives the best fit with Nikuradse's results. A new model to calculate the friction is proposed. The model is based on assuming the residual stresses due to the laminar to turbulent flow transition by two distinct contributions: the first is attributed to the flow velocity (Reynolds number) and the second to the duct roughness. Compared to other models, this new equation gives the best fit with respect of Nikuradse's results. The model does not consider the effect of pipe wall on the velocity distribution. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 1144–1148, 2019
Sinonasal risk factors for eustachian tube dysfunction: Cross‐sectional findings from NHANES 2011‐2012
Authors: Juszczak Hailey , Aubin‐Pouliot Annick , Sharon Jeffrey D. , Loftus Patricia A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Sinonasal pathology is frequently cited as a cause of eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD), despite a lack of evidence. Using a large, nationally representative sample, we investigated whether abnormal tympanometry, an objective marker of ETD, was associated with infectious, allergic, and exposure‐related sinonasal risk factors.

Methods

Relevant data were extracted from the 2011‐2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Tympanometric types (A, B, and C) were determined using peak pressure and compliance values. Participants with a type B or C tympanogram in at least one ear were classified as having ETD. Demographic and clinicopathologic risk factors with putative associations with ETD were determined. Statistical analysis, including regression modeling, was performed using Stata (version 15.1) to determine the correlation between sinonasal factors and ETD.

Results

The final analysis included 1253 subjects and 19 variables. We controlled for demographic data including age, gender, race, and income. In both univariate and multivariate logistic regression, statistically significant correlations were found between abnormal tympanometric values and: (1) having a persistent cold/flu in the last 12 months (univariate: adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.42; p = 0.006; multivariate: adjusted OR, 2.15; p = 0.006); and (2) experiencing “hay fever” (ie, allergic rhinitis) within the last 12 months (univariate: adjusted OR, 1.95; p = 0.021; multivariate: adjusted OR, 1.71; p = 0.039).

Conclusion

Using a large, representative data set, we identified significant correlations between ETD and (1) persistent cold/flu symptoms and (2) self‐reported allergic rhinitis.