bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling backward chemical rate processes in the direct simulation Monte Carlo method
Authors: Boyd Iain D.
Published: December 2007

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is a general particle based technique for computation of nonequilibrium gas flows. A number of chemistry models have been developed for DSMC that make it possible to analyze high-energy flows including the aerothermodynamics of planetary entry vehicles. In the present work, an important limitation of existing DSMC models for simulating the backward (exothermic) direction of chemical reactions is identified. A new model is proposed to address the problem. Results obtained with the new chemistry model demonstrate the ability to accurately predict backward rate coefficients and chemical composition under equilibrium conditions. Application of the new model to a high-velocity, nonequilibrium flow condition indicates differences in species concentrations in comparison to the existing, physically inaccurate approach for modeling the backward reaction steps.
Lie fields revisited
Authors: Morgan Peter
Published: December 2007

A class of interacting classical random fields is constructed using deformed ⋆-algebras of creation and annihilation operators. The fields constructed are classical random field versions of “Lie fields.” A vacuum vector is used to construct linear forms over the algebras, which are conjectured to be states over the algebras. Assuming this conjecture is true, the fields constructed are “quantum random fields” in the sense that they have Poincaré invariant vacua with a fluctuation scale determined by ℏ. A nonlocal particle interpretation of the formalism is shown to be the same as a particle interpretation of a quantum field theory.
The influence of preamplifiers on the piezoelectric sensor’s dynamic property
Authors: Liu W. Q. , Feng Z. H. , Liu R. B. , Zhang J.
Published: December 2007

A charge amplifier or a voltage amplifier can be used as a signal conditioning circuit between a piezoelectric element and a meter or a data acquisition board. The outputs of the piezoelectric sensor are in an open-circuit state and a short-circuit state if a voltage amplifier and a charge amplifier are used, respectively. When the electrodes are in different states, the piezoelectric element has rather different stiffness and thus different sensor resonant frequency. This phenomenon is theoretically analyzed in detail and validated by a carefully designed experiment. The results indicate that a much wider range of working frequency is achieved when a voltage amplifier is used.
Characterization of fatigue-induced free volume changes in a bulk metallic glass using positron annihilation spectroscopy
Authors: Vallery R. S. , Liu M. , Gidley D. W. , Launey M. E. , Kruzic J. J.
Published: December 2007

Depth-profiled Doppler broadening spectroscopy of positron annihilation on the cyclic fatigue-induced fracture surfaces of three amorphous Zr44Ti11Ni10Cu10Be25 metallic glass specimens reveals the presence of a 30–50nm layer of increased free volume that is generated by the propagating fatigue crack tip. The presence and character of this fatigue transformation zone is independent of the initial amount of bulk free volume, which was varied by structural relaxation via annealing, and the voids generated in the zone by intense cyclic deformation are distinct from those typical of the bulk.
A universal relation between resistivity and magnetization in paramagnetic state of manganites
Authors: Wang J. Z. , Sun J. R. , Liu G. J. , Hu F. X. , Zhao T. Y. , Shen B. G.
Published: December 2007

A systematic study on the resistivity-magnetization relation above the Curie temperature (TC) has been performed for the manganites with different properties, such as the epitaxial La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 film on a SrTiO3 substrate, which has the weakest magnetic correlation above TC, the La0.27Nd0.4Ca0.33MnO3 polycrystalline, which exhibits a charge ordering in the paramagnetic state, and the ceramics Eu0.55Sr0.45MnO3 and La0.474Bi0.193Ca0.33Mn0.994Cr0.006O3, which show strong short-range magnetic orders above TC. A quantitative, yet universal, relation of the form ρ=ATexp[(ε-αm2)∕T] is observed in all of the manganites, with an essentially constant coefficient of α≈800±60K, where m is the normalized magnetization and ε is the activation energy for polarons. The underlying physics for this relation has been analyzed based on the double exchange model.
Electron acceleration by a focused laser pulse in a static magnetic field
Authors: Huang Shihua , Wu Fengmin , Zhao Xianghao
Published: December 2007

The model given by K. P. Singh [Phys. Rev. E 69, 056410 (2004)] for vacuum laser acceleration in a static magnetic field is revisited by including the effects of diffraction and the longitudinal electric field of a focused laser beam. Compared with a similar model without a static magnetic field, a simulation shows that electrons can gain much more net energy in this model even using the fifth-order corrected equations for the field of a focused laser beam. The acceleration mechanism and the acceleration efficiency are also investigated.
Effects of carbon on ion-implantation-induced disorder in GaN
Authors: Kucheyev S. O. , Bradby J. E. , Li C. P. , Ruffell S. , van Buuren T. , Felter T. E.
Published: December 2007

Wurtzite GaN films bombarded with 40keV C ions to high doses (5×1017 and 1×1018cm−2) are studied by a combination of Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Results show that, contrary to other ion species, implanted C forms nitrilelike carbon-nitride bonds (CN) and suppresses ion-beam-induced material decomposition involving the formation and agglomeration of ≳5-nm-large N2 gas bubbles.
Hydrogen in Si(100)–SiO2–HfO2 gate stacks: Relevant charge states and their location
Authors: Godet Julien , Broqvist Peter , Pasquarello Alfredo
Published: December 2007

Using a density functional approach, we study the energetics of various charged hydrogen states in the Si(100)–SiO2–HfO2 gate stack. We describe the SiO2–HfO2 transition region through model structures of amorphous hafnium silicate HfxSi1−xO2 with different Hf contents x. Hydrogen is found to be amphoteric with a +/− charge transition level lying close to the Si conduction band minimum. This implies that protons are the most stable form of hydrogen for most electron chemical potentials in the Si band gap. Formation energies of the positively charged state across the Si(100)–SiO2–HfO2 stack indicate that protons mainly locate in the Si–SiO2 or SiO2–HfO2 transition regions.
Polarization and temperature dependence of photoluminescence from zincblende and wurtzite InP nanowires
Authors: Mishra A. , Titova L. V. , Hoang T. B. , Jackson H. E. , Smith L. M. , Yarrison-Rice J. M. , Kim Y. , Joyce H. J. , Gao Q. , Tan H. H. , Jagadish C.
Published: December 2007

We use polarization-resolved and temperature-dependent photoluminescence of single zincblende (ZB) (cubic) and wurtzite (WZ) (hexagonal) InP nanowires to probe differences in selection rules and bandgaps between these two semiconductor nanostructures. The WZ nanowires exhibit a bandgap 80meV higher in energy than the ZB nanowires. The temperature dependence of the PL is similar but not identical for the WZ and ZB nanowires. We find that ZB nanowires exhibit strong polarization parallel to the nanowire axis, while the WZ nanowires exhibit polarized emission perpendicular to the nanowire axis. This behavior is interpreted in terms of the different selection rules for WZ and ZB crystal structures.
A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer for operation around 1MHz with a sub-10-mK noise temperature, based on a two-stage dc superconducting quantum interference device sensor
Authors: Levitin L. V. , Bennett R. G. , Casey A. , Cowan B. P. , Lusher C. P. , Saunders J. , Drung D. , Schurig Th.
Published: December 2007

We have developed a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer with a series tuned input circuit for measurements on samples at millikelvin temperatures based on an integrated two-stage superconducting quantum interference device current sensor, with an energy sensitivity ε=26±1h when operated at 1.4K. To maximize the sensitivity, both the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer pickup coil and tuning capacitor need to be cooled, and the tank circuit parameters should be chosen to equalize the contributions from circulating current noise and voltage noise in the superconducting quantum interference device. A noise temperature TN=7±2mK was measured, at a frequency of 0.884MHz, with the circuit parameters close to optimum.
Improving the IcRn product and the reproducibility of high Tc Josephson junctions made by ion irradiation
Authors: Sirena M. , Fabrèges X. , Bergeal N. , Lesueur J. , Faini G. , Bernard R. , Briatico J.
Published: December 2007

A simple model has been proposed to explain the spread in the characteristics of high Tc Josephson junctions made by ion irradiation, assuming that the source of dispersion is the slit’s size variation. Accordingly, increasing ion energy should lead to a significant reduction of inhomogeneities. Test samples have been fabricated using two different beam energies. As predicted, the spread in critical current decreases upon increasing energy. Moreover, since the actual width of the barrier is reduced in this case, the IcRn product increases significantly. These results seem promising for future technological applications.
Friction of soft elastomeric surfaces with a defect
Authors: Rand Charles J. , Crosby Alfred J.
Published: December 2007

We consider a simple problem that provides insight into the building blocks of friction for topographically patterned surfaces and fundamental understanding into the general friction of coatings. The problem focuses on the effect of a line defect, such as a pattern’s edge, on the lateral force of a sliding soft interface. The line defect presents a discontinuity in the stress at the sliding interface, changing the lateral stiffness and decreasing the sliding force. We relate the decrease in sliding shear force to the changes in lateral stiffness through relationships that account for contact splitting and lateral confinement effects.
A cascade switching superconducting single photon detector
Authors: Ejrnaes M. , Cristiano R. , Quaranta O. , Pagano S. , Gaggero A. , Mattioli F. , Leoni R. , Voronov B. , Gol’tsman G.
Published: December 2007

We have realized superconducting single photon detectors with reduced inductance and increased signal pulse amplitude. The detectors are based on a parallel connection of ultrathin NbN nanowires with a common bias inductance. When properly biased, an absorbed photon induces a cascade switch of all the parallel wires generating a signal pulse amplitude of 2mV. The parallel wire configuration lowers the detector inductance and reduces the response time well below 1ns.
Results From a Hypothesis Generating Case-Control Study: Herpes Family Viruses and Schizophrenia Among Military Personnel
Authors: Niebuhr David W. , Millikan Amy M. , Yolken Robert , Li Yuanzhang , Weber Natalya S.
Published: December 2007

Background: Herpes family viruses can cause central nervous system inflammatory changes that can present with symptoms indistinguishable from schizophrenia and therefore are of interest in schizophrenia research. Most existing studies of herpes viruses have used small populations and postdiagnosis specimens. As part of a larger research program, we conducted a hypothesis-generating case-control study of selected herpes virus antibodies among individuals discharged from the US military with schizophrenia and pre- and postdiagnosis sera. Methods: Cases (n = 180) were servicemembers hospitalized and discharged from military service with schizophrenia. Controls, 3:1 matched on several factors, were members not discharged. The military routinely collects and stores members' serum specimens. We used microplate enzyme immunoassay to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels to 6 herpes viruses in pre- and postdiagnosis specimens. Conditional logistic regression was used, and the measure of association was the hazard ratio (HR). Results: Overall, we found a significant association between human herpes virus type 6 and schizophrenia, with an HR of 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.32). Women and blacks had significant negative associations with herpes simplex virus type 2 and cytomegalovirus; among blacks, there was a significant positive association with herpes simplex virus type 1. Among men, there was a HHV-6 temporal effect with an HR of 1.41 (95% CI = 1.02, 1.96) for sera drawn 6–12 months before diagnosis. Discussion: Findings from previous studies of herpes family viruses and schizophrenia have been inconsistent. Our study is based on a larger population than most previous studies and used serum specimens collected before onset of illness. This study adds to the body of knowledge and provides testable hypotheses for follow-on studies.
Elective cesarean delivery affects gut maturation and delays microbial colonization but does not increase necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs
Authors: Siggers R. H. , Thymann T. , Jensen B. B. , Mølbak L. , Heegaard P. M. H. , Schmidt M. , Buddington R. K. , Sangild P. T.
Published: December 2007

Although preterm birth and formula feeding increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the influences of cesarean section (CS) and vaginal delivery (VD) are unknown. Therefore, gut characteristics and NEC incidence and severity were evaluated in preterm pigs (92% gestation) delivered by CS or VD. An initial study showed that newborn CS pigs ( n = 6) had decreased gastric acid secretion, absorption of intact proteins, activity of brush-border enzymes and pancreatic hydrolases, plasma cortisol, rectal temperature, and changes in blood chemistry, indicating impaired respiratory function, compared with VD littermates ( n = 6). In a second experiment, preterm CS ( n = 16) and VD ( n = 16) pigs were given total parenteral nutrition (36 h) then fed porcine colostrum (VD-COL, n = 6; CS-COL, n = 6) or infant milk formula (VD-FORM, n = 10; CS-FORM, n = 10) for 2 days. Across delivery, FORM pigs showed significantly higher NEC incidence, tissue proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-6), Clostridium colonization, and impaired intestinal function, compared with COL pigs. NEC incidence was equal for CS (6/16) and VD (6/16) pigs, CS pigs had decreased bacterial diversity and density, higher villus heights, and increased brush-border enzyme activities (lactase, aminopeptidases) compared with VD pigs. In particular, VD-FORM pigs showed reduced mucosal proportions, reduced lactase and aminopeptidases, and increased proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 compared with CS-FORM ( P < 0.06). Despite the initial improvement of intestinal and metabolic functions following VD, gut function, and inflammation were similar, or more negatively affected in VD neonates than CS neonates. Both delivery modes exhibited positive and negative influences on the preterm gut, which may explain the similar NEC incidence.
Total knee replacement with and without patellar resurfacing
Authors: Smith A. J. , Wood D. J. , Li M.-G.
Published: December 2007

We have examined the differences in clinical outcome of total knee replacement (TKR) with and without patellar resurfacing in a prospective, randomised study of 181 osteoarthritic knees in 142 patients using the Profix total knee system which has a femoral component with features considered to be anatomical and a domed patellar implant.

The procedures were carried out between February 1998 and November 2002. A total of 159 TKRs in 142 patients were available for review at a mean of four years (3 to 7). The patients and the clinical evaluator were blinded in this prospective study. Evaluation was undertaken annually by an independent observer using the knee pain scale and the Knee Society clinical rating system. Specific evaluation of anterior knee pain, stair-climbing and rising from a seated to a standing position was also undertaken.

No benefit was shown of TKR with patellar resurfacing over that without resurfacing with respect to any of the measured outcomes. In 22 of 73 knees (30.1%) with and 18 of 86 knees (20.9%) without patellar resurfacing there was some degree of anterior knee pain (p = 0.183). No revisions related to the patellofemoral joint were performed in either group. Only one TKR in each group underwent a re-operation related to the patellofemoral joint. A significant association between knee flexion contracture and anterior knee pain was observed in those knees with patellar resurfacing (p = 0.006).
Concomitant injuries to the ipsilateral shoulder in patients with a fracture of the diaphysis of the humerus
Authors: O’Donnell T. M. P. , McKenna J. V. , Kenny P. , Keogh P. , O’Flanagan S. J.
Published: December 2007

Antegrade intramedullary nailing of fractures of the shaft of the humerus is reported to cause impairment of the shoulder joint. We have reviewed 33 patients with such fractures to assess how many had injuries to the ipsilateral shoulder. All had an MR scan of the shoulder within 11 days of injury. The unaffected shoulder was also scanned as a control. There was evidence of abnormality in 21 of the shoulders (63.6%) on the injured side; ten had bursitis of the subacromial space, five evidence of a partial tear of the rotator cuff, one a complete rupture of the supraspinatus tendon, four inflammatory changes in the acromioclavicular joint and one a fracture of the coracoid process. These injuries may contribute to pain and dysfunction of the shoulder following treatment, and their presence indicates that antegrade nailing is only partly, if at all, responsible for these symptoms.
The incidence and treatment of rocker bottom deformity as a complication of the conservative treatment of idiopathic congenital clubfoot
Authors: Koureas G. , Rampal V. , Mascard E. , Seringe R. , Wicart P.
Published: December 2007

Rocker bottom deformity may occur during the conservative treatment of idiopathic congenital clubfoot. Between 1975 and 1996, we treated 715 patients (1120 clubfeet) conservatively. A total of 23 patients (36 feet; 3.2%) developed a rocker bottom deformity. It is these patients that we have studied. The pathoanatomy of the rocker bottom deformity is characterised by a plantar convexity appearing between three and six months of age with the hindfoot equinus position remaining constant. The convexity initially involves the medial column, radiologically identified by the talo-first metatarsal angle and secondly by the lateral column, revealed radiologically as the calcaneo-fifth metatarsal angle. The apex of the deformity is usually at the midtrasal with a dorsal calcaneocuboid subluxation. Ideal management of clubfoot deformity should avoid this complication, with adequate manipulation and splinting and early Achilles’ percutaneous tenotomy if plantar convexity occurs.

Adequate soft-tissue release provides satisfactory correction for rocker bottom deformity. However, this deformity requires more extensive and complex procedures than the standard surgical treatment of clubfoot. The need for lateral radiographs to ensure that the rocker bottom deformity is recognised early, is demonstrated.
Quantification of stem-cement interfacial gaps
Authors: Scheerlinck T. , Vandenbussche P. , Noble P. C.
Published: December 2007

Interfacial defects between the cement mantle and a hip implant may arise from constrained shrinkage of the cement or from air introduced during insertion of the stem. Shrinkage-induced interfacial porosity consists of small pores randomly located around the stem, whereas introduced interfacial gaps are large, individual and less uniformly distributed areas of stem-cement separation. Using a validated CT-based technique, we investigated the extent, morphology and distribution of interfacial gaps for two types of stem, the Charnley-Kerboul and the Lubinus SPII, and for two techniques of implantation, line-to-line and undersized.

The interfacial gaps were variable and involved a mean of 6.43% (sd 8.99) of the surface of the stem. Neither the type of implant nor the technique of implantation had a significant effect on the regions of the gaps, which occurred more often over the flat areas of the implant than along the corners of the stems, and were more common proximally than distally for Charnley-Kerboul stems cemented line-to-line. Interfacial defects could have a major effect on the stability and survival of the implant.
Use of an ‘internal proximal femoral replacement’ with distal fixation in revision arthroplasty of the hip
Authors: Jaiswal P. K. , Jagiello J. , David L. A. , Blunn G. , Carrington R. W. J. , Skinner J. A. , Cannon S. R. , Briggs T. W. R.
Published: December 2007

We have managed 27 patients (16 women and 11 men) with a mean age of 68.4 years (50 to 84), with failed total hip replacement and severe proximal femoral bone loss by revision using a distal fix/proximal wrap prosthesis. The mean follow-up was for 55.3 months (25 to 126). The mean number of previous operations was 2.2 (1 to 4). The mean Oxford hip score decreased from 46.2 (38 to 60) to 28.5 (17 to 42) (paired t-test, p < 0.001) and the mean Harris Hip score increased from 30.4 (3 to 57.7) to 71.7 (44 to 99.7) (paired t-test, p < 0.001). There were two dislocations, and in three patients we failed to eradicate previous infection. None required revision of the femoral stem.

This technique allows instant distal fixation while promoting biological integration and restoration of bone stock. In the short term, the functional outcome is encouraging and the complication rates acceptable in this difficult group of patients.
Collarless polished tapered stem
Authors: Yates P. J. , Burston B. J. , Whitley E. , Bannister G. C.
Published: December 2007

We retrospectively reviewed 175 patients (191 hips) who had undergone primary cemented total hip replacement between November 1992 and November 1995 using a collarless polished double-tapered femoral component after a minimum of ten years (mean 11.08; 10 to 12.8). All stems were implanted using contemporary cementing techniques with a distal cement restrictor, pressurised lavage, retrograde cementing with a gun and proximal pressurisation. Clinical outcome was assessed using the Harris Hip score. Radiological analysis was performed on calibrated plain radiographs taken in two planes. Complete radiological data on 110 patients (120 hips) and clinical follow-up on all the surviving 111 patients (122 hips) was available. The fate of all the hips was known.

At final follow-up, the mean Harris Hip score was 86 (47 to 100), and 87 of 116 patients (75%) had good or excellent scores. Survival with revision of the stem for aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 100%; and survival with revision of the stem for any reason was 95.9% (95% confidence interval 87.8 to 96.8) at ten years. All the stems subsided vertically at the stem-cement interface in a predictable pattern, at an overall mean rate of 0.18 mm per year (0.02 to 2.16), but with a mean rate of 0.80 mm (0.02 to 2.5) during the first year. The mean total subsidence was 1.95 mm (0.21 to 24). Only three stems loosened at the cement-bone interface. There was excellent preservation of proximal femoral bone stock. There was a high incidence of Brooker III and IV heterotopic ossification affecting 25 patients (22%).

The collarless polished tapered stem has an excellent clinical and radiological outcome at a minimum of ten years’ follow-up. The pattern and magnitude of subsidence of the stem within the cement mantle occurred in a predictable pattern, consistent with the design philosophy.
Sealing the skin barrier around transcutaneous implants
Authors: Pendegrass C. J. , Gordon D. , Middleton C. A. , Sun S. Ng. Man , Blunn G. W.
Published: December 2007

Conventional amputation prostheses rely on the attachment of the socket to the stump, which may lead to soft-tissue complications. Intraosseous transcutaneous amputation prostheses (ITAPs) allow direct loading of the skeleton, but their success is limited by infection resulting from breaching of the skin at the interface with the implant. Keratinocytes provide the skin’s primary barrier function, while hemidesmosomes mediate their attachment to natural ITAP analogues. Keratinocytes must attach directly to the surface of the implant. We have assessed the proliferation, morphology and attachment of keratinocytes to four titaniumalloy surfaces in order to determine the optimal topography in vitro. We used immunolocalisation of adhesion complex components, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to assess cell parameters.

We have shown that the proliferation, morphology and attachment of keratinocytes are affected by the surface topography of the biomaterials used to support their growth. Smoother surfaces improved adhesion. We postulate that a smooth topography at the point of epithelium-ITAP contact could increase attachment in vivo, producing an effective barrier of infection.
Rotational acetabular osteotomy for advanced osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Okano K. , Enomoto H. , Osaki M. , Shindo H.
Published: December 2007

We evaluated the results of rotational acetabular osteotomy in 44 hips (42 patients) with advanced osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 43.4 years (30 to 59) and the mean follow-up was 12.1 years (8 to 19).

The mean Merle d’Aubigné clinical score improved from 10.8 points (8 to 15) pre-operatively to 13.5 points (6 to 18) at follow-up. Radiologically, this procedure produced adequate improvement regarding cover of the femoral head. At follow-up, the osteoarthritic stage assessed using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association grading, was improved in 11 hips (25%), unchanged in 22 (50%) and had progressed in 11 (25%). The mean pre-operative roundness index of the femoral head was significantly different in the 33 hips which had improved or maintained their osteoarthritic stage compared with the 11 which had progressed (53.7% vs 63.7%; p < 0.001).

Osteoarthritis with a round femoral head is considered to be an indication for rotational acetabular osteotomy, even in advanced stages of the disease.
Morphometric changes in the acetabulum after Dega osteotomy in patients with cerebral palsy
Authors: Chung C. Y. , Choi I. H. , Cho T-J , Yoo W. J. , Lee S. H. , Park M. S.
Published: December 2007

We carried out a morphometric analysis of the acetabulum following Dega osteotomy in patients with cerebral palsy using three-dimensional CT. We assessed 17 acetabula in 12 patients with instability of the hip. A Dega osteotomy and varus derotation femoral osteotomy were performed in all 17 hips. Three-dimensional CT scans were taken before and approximately one year after operation. Acetabular cover was evaluated using anterosuperior, superolateral and posterosuperior acetabular indices, and the change in the acetabular volume was calculated. Inter- and intra-observer reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. After the osteotomy, the anterosuperior, superolateral and posterosuperior cover had improved significantly towards the value seen in a control group. The mean acetabular volume increased by 68%.
A prospective randomised double-blind study of functional outcome and range of flexion following total knee replacement with the NexGen standard and high flexion components
Authors: Nutton R. W. , van der Linden M. L. , Rowe P. J. , Gaston P. , Wade F. A.
Published: December 2007

Modifications in the design of knee replacements have been proposed in order to maximise flexion. We performed a prospective double-blind randomised controlled trial to compare the functional outcome, including maximum knee flexion, in patients receiving either a standard or a high flexion version of the NexGen legacy posterior stabilised total knee replacement. A total of 56 patients, half of whom received each design, were assessed pre-operatively and at one year after operation using knee scores and analysis of range of movement using electrogoniometry. For both implant designs there was a significant improvement in the function component of the knee scores (p < 0.001) and the maximum range of flexion when walking on the level, ascending and descending a slope or stairs (all p < 0.001), squatting (p = 0.020) and stepping into a bath (p = 0.024). There was no significant difference in outcome, including the maximum knee flexion, between patients receiving the standard and high flexion designs of this implant.
Recurrent intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the right middle finger treated with radiation therapy
Authors: Anthony S. G. , Mudgal C. S. , DeLaney T. F. , Shin R. D. , Raskin K. A. , Ring D. C.
Published: December 2007

We describe a case of recurrent intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia involving the middle finger which was successfully-treated with photon and proton radiotherapy following two previous surgical excisions.
Long-term results of a hydroxyapatite-coated femoral component in total hip replacement
Authors: Rajaratnam S. S. , Jack C. , Tavakkolizadeh A. , George M. D. , Fletcher R. J. , Hankins M. , Shepperd J. A. N.
Published: December 2007

Between 1986 and 1991 we implanted 331 consecutive Furlong hydroxyapatite-coated femoral components of a total hip replacement in 291 patients. A cemented acetabular prosthesis was used in 217 hips and a hydroxyapatite-coated component in 114. We describe the long-term clinical and radiological survival of the femoral component at a mean follow-up of 17.5 years (15 to 21). Only two patients (0.68%) were lost to follow-up. With revision of the femoral component for any reason as the endpoint, the survival at a mean of 17 years was 97.4% (95% confidence interval 94.1 to 99.5), and with revision for aseptic loosening as the endpoint it was 100%. The survival at a maximum of 21 years with revision of the femoral component for any reason as the endpoint was 97.4% (95% confidence interval 81.0 or 99.5). These results compare favourably with the best long-term results of cemented or uncemented femoral components used in total hip replacement.
Percutaneous screw fixationversusconservative treatment for fractures of the waist of the scaphoid
Authors: McQueen M. M. , Gelbke M. K. , Wakefield A. , Will E. M. , Gaebler C.
Published: December 2007

We randomly allocated 60 consecutive patients with fractures of the waist of the scaphoid to percutaneous fixation with a cannulated Acutrak screw or immobilisation in a cast. The range of movement, the grip and pinch strength, the modified Green/O’Brien functional score, return to work and sports, and radiological evidence of union were evaluated at each follow-up visit. Patients were followed sequentially for one year.

Those undergoing percutaneous screw fixation showed a quicker time to union (9.2 weeks vs 13.9 weeks, p < 0.001) than those treated with a cast. There was a trend towards a higher rate of nonunion in the non-operative group, although this was not statistically significant. Patients treated by operation had a more rapid return of function and to sport and full work compared with those managed conservatively. There was a very low complication rate.

We recommend that all active patients should be offered percutaneous stabilisation for fractures of the waist of the scaphoid.
Chronic inflammation, joint replacement and malignant lymphoma
Authors: Lidgren L.
Published: December 2007

This paper considers the increased risk of the development of lymphoma in patients with chronic inflammatory disease who undergo metal-on-metal arthroplasty.
The three-pin modified ‘Harrington’ procedure for advanced metastatic destruction of the acetabulum
Authors: Tillman R. M. , Myers G. J. C. , Abudu A. T. , Carter S. R. , Grimer R. J.
Published: December 2007

Pathological fractures due to metastasis with destruction of the acetabulum and central dislocation of the hip present a difficult surgical challenge. We describe a series using a single technique in which a stable and long-lasting reconstruction was obtained using standard primary hip replacement implants augmented by strong, fully-threaded steel rods with cement and steel mesh, where required.

Between 1997 and 2006, 19 patients with a mean age of 66 years (48 to 83) were treated using a modified Harrington technique. Acetabular destruction was graded as Harrington class II in six cases and class III in 13.

Reconstruction was achieved using three 6.5 mm rods inserted through a separate incision in the iliac crest followed by augmentation with cement and a conventional cemented Charnley or Exeter primary hip replacement. There were no peri-operative deaths. At the final follow-up (mean 25 months (5 to 110)) one rod had fractured and one construct required revision. Of the 18 patients who did not require revision, 13 had died. The mean time to death was 16 months (5 to 55). The mean follow-up of the five survivors was 31 months (18 to 47). There were no cases of dislocation, deep infection or injury to a nerve, the blood vessels or the bladder.
Wide en bloc extra-articular excision of the elbow for sarcoma with complex reconstruction
Authors: Schwab J. H. , Healey J. H. , Athanasian E. A.
Published: December 2007

We describe a consecutive series of five patients with bone or soft-tissue sarcomas of the elbow and intra-articular extension treated by complex soft tissue, allograft bone and prosthetic joint replacement after wide extra-articular en bloc excision. All had a pedicled myocutaneous latissimus dorsi rotation flap for soft-tissue cover and reconstruction of the triceps. Wide negative surgical margins were obtained in all five patients. No local wound complications or infections were seen. There were no local recurrences at a mean follow-up of 60 months (20 to 105). The functional results were excellent in four patients and good in one. Longer term follow-up is necessary to confirm the durability of the elbow reconstruction.
National Boundaries, Colonized Spaces: The Gendered Politics of Residential Life in Contemporary Jerusalem
Authors: Abowd Thomas
Published: December 2007

This article explores the gendered politics of residential space in the contested city of contemporary Jerusalem. I focus on the spatial construction of identity and alterity in this urban center with the aim of detailing how competing national identities are expressed in place and space. Looking specifically at the quotidian realities that unmarried, adult Palestinian women experience across this divided terrain, this article analyzes the potent intersections of gender and class-based oppressions, racism, and national chauvinisms under Israeli occupation. This article examines the multiple ways in which both Israelis and Palestinians have deemed unmarried, Palestinian women as "out of place," particularly as the latter have increasingly traversed different national and cultural spaces in Jerusalem and struggled for greater degrees of independence beyond the boundaries of the familial realm. This article challenges the bulk of the scholarly literature on this national conflict, writings that tend to ignore the colonial character of Israeli rule and the regimes of land and housing so central to the Jewish State's continual appropriation and reconfiguration of Palestinian land. I argue that the failure to properly examine the colonizing dimensions of Israeli power has hampered understandings of spatial relations in Jerusalem and across the fractured landscape of Palestine and Israel more generally.
Pharmaceuticalization: AIDS Treatment and Global Health Politics
Authors: Biehl João Guilherme
Published: December 2007

This article examines the political economy of pharmaceuticals that lies behind global AIDS treatment initiatives, revealing the possibilities and inequalities that come with a magic bullet approach to health care. It tells how Brazil, against all odds, became the first developing country to universalize access to antiretroviral drugs—a breakthrough made possible by an unexpected alliance of activists, government reformers, development agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry. The article moves between a social analysis of the institutional practices shaping the Brazilian response to AIDS and the stories and lives of people affected by it. It draws from interviews with activists, policy makers, and corporate actors and from longitudinal ethnographic work among grassroots AIDS care services. Pharmaceutical innovations allow unlikely coalitions that both expose the inadequacies of reigning public health paradigms and act to reform, if to a limited extent, global values and mechanisms (of drug pricing and of types of medical and philanthropic interventions, for example). Treatment rollouts are matters of intense negotiation; their local realizations are shaped by contingency and uncertainty. Such realizations encode diverse economic and political interests, as well as the needs and desires of citizens. These therapeutic coalitions also expose the deficiencies of national and local infrastructures and consolidate novel state-civil society relations. A pharmaceutically-centered model of public health has emerged as a byproduct of AIDS treatment scale-up and the sustainability of the Brazilian AIDS policy has to be constantly renegotiated in light of global drug markets. A multitude of networks and variations in AIDS care have emerged on-the-ground, and the article explores why AIDS treatment has been so difficult to put into practice among poor Brazilians, who are often stigmatized as noncompliant or untreatable, becoming invisible to the public. Poor AIDS patients live in a state of flux, simultaneously acknowledging and disguising their condition while they participate in local economies of salvation. At both the macro and micro levels, we see a state of triage and a politics of survival crystallizing.
The Social Life of Conflict Narratives: Violent Antagonists, Imagined Histories, and Foreclosed Futures in Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Drexler Elizabeth F
Published: December 2007

Through an analysis of violent conflict in Aceh, Indonesia, this article develops a series of principles for analyzing conflicts that appear to be intractable, noting how certain conflict narratives and interventions based on them participate in extending conflict. The claim that the separatist rebels called "GAM" exist is treated not as historical fact but as an inscrutable assertion that retrojects and projects the group's continuous existence, allowing political violence to be repeatedly reconstructed through convoluted collusions between antagonists whose own power is each predicated on the existence of the other.
Commemorative Activities of the Great War and the Empowerment of Elderly Immigrant Soviet Jewish Veterans in Israel
Authors: Roberman Sveta
Published: December 2007

This study deals with the commemoration of the "migrating past" in a new country. The case in focus is the group of Red Army WWII veterans who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s. These elderly immigrant ex-soldiers turn to their combat past, the main symbolic capital in their struggle for belonging in the host country. Performing commemorative work that is embedded in the mnemonic praxis of Soviet veteran culture, the elderly immigrants construct individual, collective and civic identities in their new homeland. The study sheds light on veterans' commemorative practices as a venue for struggling with the rupture created by the interweaving of old age and migration. The study objectifies the experience of war as a powerful symbolic resource for individual empowerment and social mobilization in the contexts of nation-states and flourishing militarism.
Of Nation and State: Language, School, and the Reproduction of Disparity in a North Indian City
Authors: LaDousa Chaise
Published: December 2007

Banaras, a city located in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, offers its residents many types of schools for pre-university education. This article argues that only some schools, those bifurcated by a distinction between ones that utilize Hindi and ones that utilize English, cater to those people who belong to what a large number of media venues and scholars call India's "new middle class." By using the growingly salient notion of language ideology, this article explores the ways in which particular constructions of the Indian nation and state emerge from discursive reflection on schools in Banaras. When reflecting on the language in which classroom practice occurs in a school, people in Banaras foreground the nation as an organizing idiom, whereas when reflecting on school practices such as the collection of school fees and the affiliation of a school with an administrative board, people in Banaras foreground the state. By tracing the very different parameters of moral judgment that emerge within the two domains, this article calls for the study of constructions of the nation and state that illustrate the possibilities of their conceptualization in tandem.
Colleges, Schools,Teachers: Between Church and State in Northern Italy (XVI-XVII Centuries)
Authors: Sangalli Maurizio
Published: December 2007

This study investigates the network of secondary education in northern Italy in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Citing specific examples, the Republic of Venice, the State of Milan, the Duchy of Savoy, it brings into the discussion new information as well as recent research, showing how the Church used education to re-establish its position in society. By providing a sample of individual establishments from different social and political setting, the author tries to promote a "history of comparisons" among the schools (or rather, a "correlated history of schools") and provide information for an atlas of Italian scholastic institutions, that a group of national universities is now in the process of preparing. It is not the scope of this study to investigate the transition from medieval to early modern school systems. Rather, this article charts the response to a profound crisis that affected education in the mid-sixteenth century: the political impact upon the educational system, demonstrating the unifying role of the Catholic Church but also the ways in which each school system responded to the social and political needs of the local state. This work examines seminaria nobilium , colleges, and seminaries directed by the Society of Jesus, the Barna-bites, and the Somaschans, connecting history and geography, social and economic factors.
Giacomo Antonio Marta: Antipapal Lawyer and English Spy, 1609-1618
Authors: Grendler Paul F
Published: December 2007

Giacomo Antonio Marta (1557/58-1629) of Naples was a distinguished legal scholar and professor at several Italian universities. His education, warm feelings for the Jesuits, and career should have made him a papal defender in an era of church-state jurisdictional conflict. But in a legal work of 1609 he limited papal temporal rights and became a spy for James I of England. He published an anonymous pamphlet which excoriated the papacy for its alleged sins and called for a general council to depose Paul V. But not even his enemies believed that he was anything but a Catholic.
Bishop Lucas of Túy and the Latin Chronicle Tradition in Iberia
Authors: Reilly Bernard F.
Published: December 2007

Lucas, bishop of Tuy, was a canon of the shrine of San Isidoro in León, protégé of Queen Berenguela, and figure at the court of her son, King Fernando III, of Leon-Castile. He was also the compiler and author of a world chronicle, Chronicon Mundi , finished about 1238. This study is particularly directed to the final nineteen chapters of his work that treat his own times, between 1188 and 1236. It is an analysis of his attitudes toward the medieval Iberian kings and kingship of that period, toward those monarchs' activities in the reconquista directed against Muslim Iberia, and toward the contemporary Church and churchmen.   Lucas' Chronicon , together with the  De Rebus Hispaniae of Archbishop Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada finished in 1243, and the Cronica Latina Regum Castellae , completed after 1238 probably by the chancellor of the realm and later Bishop Juan of Soria and Burgos, form part of a remarkable contemporary trilogy of Latin historical works associated with the court of Fernando III. All have also been given a modern critical edition just recently, 2003, 1987, and 1997 respectively, putting their study on a new and more reliable scholarly level. While earlier scholarship had tended to be somewhat dismissive of the Chronicon of Lucas, it here emerges as a robust contribution to the very lively Latin historical compositions of the early thirteenth century in León-Castile.
Nature, Nation, and Denomination: Barbauld's Taste for the Public
Authors: Major Emma
Published: December 2007

The poet, essayist, political pamphleteer, and children's author Anna Laetitia Barbauld wrote against the notion of a purely Anglican worshipping and reading public, repeatedly bringing Dissent back into narratives of Protestant nationhood and civilization. In this article, I set Barbauld's educational writings in the context of her hopes for an inclusive understanding of the Protestant nation, and consider the ambitions—and to orthodox Anglicans, the dangers—of her attempts to cultivate a national taste for faith and nature through literature. In doing so, I also discuss related texts by authors such as John Aikin, Thomas Percival, William Enfield, and Sarah Trimmer.
The Man of Feeling History: The Erotics of Historicism in Reflections on the Revolution in France
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: December 2007

This article challenges scholars' understanding of the kind of gendered political thinker that Edmund Burke celebrates as a sentimental, sexual, and intellectual ideal in Reflections on the Revolution in France. Burke's pamphlet grounds historical epistemology in manly feeling and derives this manly feeling in turn from the initiatory erotic pleasures of understanding the past and submitting to that understanding. True historical education thus emerges from Reflections as one that initiates men at once into feeling, manliness, and historical understanding. The article further examines how this finding complicates influential critical accounts of the histories of sexuality and historicism.
Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French
Authors: Sankoff Gillian , Blondeau Hélèn
Published: December 2007

We address the articulation between language change in the historical sense and language change as experienced by individual speakers through a trend and panel study of the change from apical to dorsal /r/ in Montreal French. The community as a whole rapidly advanced its use of dorsal [R]. Most individual speakers followed across time were stable after the critical period, with phonological patterns set by the end of adolescence. A sizeable minority, however, made substantial changes. The window of opportunity for linguistic modification in later life may be expanded with rapid change in progress when linguistic variables take on social significance.
At least et al: The semantic of scalar modifiers
Authors: Geurts Bart , Nouwen Rick
Published: December 2007

On the naive account of scalar modifiers like more than and at least, At least three girls snored is synonymous with More than two girls snored, and both sentences mean that the number of snoring girls exceeded two (the same, mutatis mutandis, for sentences with at most and less/fewer than). We show that this is false and propose an alternative theory, according to which superlative modifiers (at least/most) are quite different from comparative ones (more/less/fewer than). Whereas the naive theory is basically right about comparative modifiers, it is wrong about superlative modifiers, which we claim have a MODAL meaning: an utterance of At least three girls snored conveys two things: first, that it is CERTAIN that there was a group ofthree snoring girls, and second, that more than four girls MAY have snored. We argue that this analysis explains various facts that are problematic for the naive view, which have to do with specificity, distributional differences between superlative and comparative modifiers, differential patterns of inference licensed by these expressions, and the way they interact with various operators, like modals and negation.