bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urgency of voiding and abdominal pressure transmission in women with mixed urinary incontinence
Authors: Cucchi A. , Siracusano S. , Benedetto P. Di , Comelli M. , Rovereto B.
Published: December 2003

Aims

To ascertain whether abdominal pressure transmission (a.p.t.) to the urethra would be affected by urgency of voiding in women with mixed urinary incontinence.

Methods

We urodynamically assessed 80 consecutive women. Group 1 (n = 40), with stress incontinence, had stable bladders and no urgency. Group 2 (n = 40), with mixed (stress + urge) incontinence and overactive bladders, were split into Groups 2A (n = 20) and 2B (n = 20) according to the delay time of urgent void at cystometry (CMG) equating at least 2 min (taken as an index of moderate urgency) or, respectively, less than 2 min (taken as an index of severe urgency). Nonparametric statistics checked for significant differences in a.p.t. and in pelvic floor (peri‐urethral) muscle strength level. We defined a.p.t. at stress (cough) urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) by the pressure transmission ratio (PTR). Pelvic floor muscle strength was defined at “holding” UPP by the maximum urethral pressure developed during attempts “to hold urine” (hMUP).

Results

PTR was reduced in all women, but PTR (and hMUP) proved relatively higher in Group 2, though nonsignificantly different values of PTR (and hMUP) were seen in Groups 2B and 1.

Conclusions

Transmission of abdominal pressure to the urethra was reduced in all of the incontinent women. The mixed incontinence group, however, had a relatively less reduced (active component of) a.p.t., most likely dependent on a greater pelvic floor (peri‐urethral) muscle strength level secondary to frequent contractions in response to urgency. Yet, of the same mixed incontinence patients, those with the most severe urgency degrees had relatively low pelvic floor (peri‐urethral) muscle strength levels (eventually resulting from muscle fatigue? or primarily due to peri‐urethral tissue atrophy?), which prevented (the active component of) a.p.t. from increasing. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:43–47, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palaeopathology of Iufaa and other persons found beside his shaft tomb at Abusir (Egypt)
Authors: Strouhal E. , Němečková A. , Kouba M.
Published: December 2003

Pathological changes of the lector priest Iufaa are compared with those revealed on the skeletons of his two relatives Imakhetkherresnet and Nekawer, and of an unrelated male Padihor. They were discovered in 2001 in the vicinity of Iufaa's monumental shaft tomb, dating from late 26th dynasty (before 525 BC). The complex was found unmolested by robbers. Congenital anomalies, osteoporosis, degenerative joint changes, post‐traumatic changes and maybe the first palaeopathological evidence of a rare benign neoplasm (neurilemmoma) were recorded. The findings add interesting new facts to the lives of these historical persons. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A medieval example of a sagittal cleft or ‘butterfly’ vertebra
Authors: Anderson T.
Published: December 2003

A mature adult medieval male with a rare congenital anomaly, a sagittal‐cleft or butterfly vertebra, is presented. Clinical cases are frequently associated with axial as well as soft‐tissue defects. The present case, based only on skeletal evidence, appears to be an isolated finding. The aetiology of the clefting is outlined and palaeopathological evidence for the condition is included. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high status burial from Ripon Cathedral, North Yorkshire, England: differential diagnosis of a chest deformity
Authors: Groves S. , Roberts C. , Johnstone C. , Hall R. , Dobney K.
Published: December 2003

Excavations beneath the crossing at Ripon Cathedral in North Yorkshire recently revealed a burial radiocarbon dated to the late 15th century AD. The burial was that of a young adult female; the location of the grave suggests a person of relatively high status. The very well preserved skeleton revealed abnormal changes to the bones of the thoracic cavity including anterior bowing of the sternum, flattening of the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae three to nine against the processes below each one, and changes to the ribs that suggested anterior displacement of the rib cage. The skeletal changes are described and differential diagnoses presented. Treatment to an underlying chest deformity, ‘pectus carinatum’, is thought to be the underlying cause of the skeletal changes; this study may lend direct insight into the concepts of body image in the Medieval period. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The person‐years construct: ageing and the prevalence of health related phenomena from skeletal samples
Authors: Glencross B. , Sawchuk L.
Published: December 2003

Age has the ability to confound prevalence data. Yet, the effects of length of exposure and age‐structure on such prevalence data are seldom directly measured in osteological studies. Here we describe a simple method that addresses both issues through the use of person‐years, and treatment of data in the case of rare events as Poisson counts. We advocate use of person‐years as a denominator when comparing skeletal data that involves the cumulative insults of ageing (e.g. fractures, dental caries, and other chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival of a multiple skull trauma: the case of an early neolithic individual from the LBK enclosure at Herxheim (Southwest Germany)
Authors: Orschiedt J. , Häußer A. , Haidle M. N. , Alt K. W. , Buitrago‐Téllez C. H.
Published: December 2003

The Early Neolithic enclosure of Herxheim yielded the human remains of more than 450 individuals mainly represented by cranial vaults and numerous fractured cranial and postcranial bones. The skulls were shaped post‐mortem into skull caps by intentional separation of the cranial base and facial bones. One of these calottes revealed four ante‐mortem traumatic lesions and additional cut marks.The defects of this individual were analysed in detail to obtain information on the chronology and consequences of the traumata and manipulations and their probable intention. Four marks could be attributed to at least two violent incidents because of their different stages in the healing process. There is no evidence of cranial surgery, but the individual may have received some medical treatment and social care to survive the injuries without complications. The peri‐mortem cut marks and the post‐mortem intentional shaping of the skull cap, however, can be seen as typical for the treatment of the Herxheim dead and cannot be attributed to violent conflicts. The results support the evidence gained from preliminary examinations of the Herxheim human remains and suggest a more complex view of the final phase of the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) in southwest Germany. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unreduced dislocated mandible in an Alaskan Eskimo: a case of altruism or adaptation?
Authors: Keenleyside Anne
Published: December 2003

Mandibular dislocations are rare in archaeological samples. This paper describes an unreduced dislocated mandible in an adult male skeleton from Point Hope, Alaska. The left mandibular condyle has been displaced anteriorly and two new articulations for the left coronoid process and remnant of the left condyle have formed. The left mandibular body and ramus exhibit severe atrophy, and all of the mandibular teeth have been lost antemortem. A review of historical accounts from the early contact period reveals that the Alaskan Eskimos suffered from a variety of disabilities of the musculoskeletal system. Despite these disabilities, however, many of these individuals were able to function with little or no assistance from other members of their group. The fact that this individual survived to an advanced age in the harsh arctic environment is a testament to the body's remarkable ability to compensate for and survive with physical disabilities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of interleukin‐6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 by peritoneal sub‐mesothelial cells during abdominal operations
Authors: Riese J , Niedobitek G , Lisner R , Jung A , Hohenberger W , Haupt W
Published: December 2003

Cytokines and chemokines including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) are secreted in response to major abdominal operations. The aim of this study was to identify the peritoneal cells that produce IL‐6 and MCP‐1. Samples of peritoneal tissue were taken from patients at the beginning and end of major abdominal operations. The samples were incubated in culture medium on microtitre plates for 5 h. The concentrations of IL‐6 and MCP‐1 were measured in culture supernatants by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In paraffin sections, cells that expressed IL‐6 or MCP‐1 were identified by combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against CD68, CD34, actin, and calretinin were included in these experiments. The median production of IL‐6 increased significantly from 6256 pg/ml at the start of the operation to 20 000 pg/ml at the end. Production of MCP‐1 rose from 7700 pg/ml to 11 820 pg/ml. IL‐6 mRNA was mainly confined to endothelial cells. MCP‐1 was expressed by a broader range of cells, consisting of actin‐positive smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, fibroblast‐like cells, as well as occasional macrophages and mesothelial cells. Peritoneal endothelial cells contribute to the transient increase in concentrations of IL‐6 in the circulation after surgical trauma. Recruitment of monocytes to the site of the trauma seems to be mainly effected by actin‐positive smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are tumours angiogenesis‐dependent?
Authors: Verheul HMW , Voest EE , Schlingemann RO
Published: December 2003

The final proof of principle that cancer patients can be effectively treated with angiogenesis inhibitors is eagerly awaited. Various preclinical in vivo experiments have proven that most tumours need new vessel formation in order to grow and to form metastases. First of all, tumours do not grow in avascular corneas until new blood vessels reach the implant. Secondly, the introduction of only one angiogenic gene can cause a switch from tumour dormancy to progressive tumour growth. Thirdly, tumour growth can be inhibited and sometimes tumour regression can be obtained just by attacking the vascular compartment with specific angiogenesis inhibitors. These three examples of preclinical experiments and many others have led to the conclusion that, in general, tumours are angiogenesis‐dependent. Supported by disappointing clinical results, the angiogenesis dependency of tumours has been questioned, mainly because of the immaturity and the presumed lack of a functional blood supply (oxygen delivery and discarding of waste products) from a newly formed tumour vasculature. However, human tumours are highly heterogeneous in vascular architecture, differentiation, and functional blood supply. Vascular immaturity is a natural consequence of a genetically based unlimited expansion of tumour cells, compared to the well‐regulated growth of different organs during embryonic development, for example. Unlimited tumour expansion and therefore the continuous stimulation of vessel outgrowth prevent endothelial cells from generating a mature vasculature, but instead continuously stimulate them to expand the vascular compartment of the growing tumour. In this review, the translation of angiogenesis inhibitors as a treatment for cancer from preclinical experiments to the clinic is evaluated. The preclinical evidence that tumours are angiogenesis‐dependent is summarized and explanations are put forward for why the clinical results so far are not as exciting as was expected from preclinical studies. Reviewing the translation, one may conclude that human tumours are heterogeneous in their vascular architecture and function and that tumour‐induced angiogenesis in humans is a more complex (multifactorially regulated) process compared with angiogenesis in preclinical cancer models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of matrilysin‐1 (MMP‐7), 92 kD gelatinase (MMP‐9), and metalloelastase (MMP‐12) in oral verrucous and squamous cell cancer
Authors: Impola U , Uitto VJ , Hietanen J , Hakkinen L , Zhang L , Larjava H , Isaka K , Saarialho‐Kere U
Published: December 2003

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity is a highly invasive tumour of stratified squamous epithelium that spreads through degradation of the basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM). There are currently no reliable tissue or serum markers to predict whether the tumour has metastasized at the time of diagnosis. Verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the oral cavity is a rare low‐grade variant of oral SCC that penetrates into the subepithelial connective tissue. Many matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐7, ‐9, ‐13, and ‐14, as well as integrin receptors have been implicated in cancer invasion. Integrin αvβ6 is induced in SCC and appears to be involved in up‐regulation of MMP‐9 expression by oral keratinocytes and promotion of their migration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the pattern of MMP expression or that of αvβ6 integrin contributes to the differences in the biological behaviour of oral SCC and VC. The results show that the less aggressive nature of oral VC may be connected to its MMP expression profile. Typically, VCs were devoid of epithelial MMP‐3, ‐7, ‐9, ‐12 and ‐13 expression, compared with SCCs. MMP‐19 was expressed by epithelial keratinocytes in hyperproliferative areas of verrucous hyperplasia, VC, and SCC, but was absent in the invasive cancer cell nests of SCC. MMP‐26 was expressed by hyperproliferative keratinocytes in VC as well as by invasive cancer cells in SCCs. MMP‐10 was expressed widely in the epithelium of all SCC specimens. αvβ6 integrin expression was also detected in some cases of epithelial hyperplasia but was significantly more abundant in cancers at the invasive front. The absence of MMP‐7, ‐9 and ‐12 from epithelial cells may serve as a good prognostic marker of non‐invasive oral carcinoma. Blocking the activity of invasion‐specific MMPs or αvβ6 integrin might offer novel therapeutic modalities in early‐stage oral carcinoma. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absence of c‐kit gene mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours from neurofibromatosis type 1 patients
Authors: Kinoshita Kazuo , Hirota Seiichi , Isozaki Koji , Ohashi Akiko , Nishida Toshirou , Kitamura Yukihiko , Shinomura Yasuhisa , Matsuzawa Yuji
Published: December 2003

Most sporadic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) have somatic c‐kit gene mutations that are considered to be causal. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by mutations of the NF1 gene and NF1 patients have an increased risk of developing GISTs. Since most neoplasms are considered to develop as a result of the combination of several gene mutations, these findings suggest that GISTs from NF1 patients might have somatic c‐kit gene mutations and that sporadic GISTs from non‐NF1 patients might have somatic NF1 gene mutations. The present study analysed 29 GISTs from seven NF1 patients for c‐kit gene mutations and ten sporadic GISTs from ten non‐NF1 patients for NF1 mutations. Exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 of the c‐kit gene were amplified and directly sequenced after the extraction of genomic DNA from wax‐embedded tissues from 26 GISTs from five NF1 patients. The whole coding region of the c‐kit cDNA and the whole coding region of the NF1 cDNA were amplified and directly sequenced after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis in three fresh GIST tissues from two NF1 patients and ten fresh GIST tissues from ten non‐NF1 patients. Of the ten sporadic GISTs, eight had heterozygous mutations at exon 11, and one at exon 9, of c‐kit. Heterozygous NF1 gene mutations were detected in GISTs from the two NF1 patients from whom fresh tissues were available. None of the 29 GISTs derived from NF1 patients had detectable c‐kit gene mutations and none of the ten GISTs derived from non‐NF1 patients had detectable NF1 mutations. These results suggest that the pathogenesis of GISTs in NF1 patients is different from that in non‐NF1 patients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to micro‐invasive carcinoma is characterized by integration of HPV 16/18 and numerical chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Hopman Anton HN , Smedts Frank , Dignef Wendy , Ummelen Monique , Sonke Gabe , Mravunac Marcel , Vooijs G Peter , Speel Ernst‐Jan M , Ramaekers Frans CS
Published: December 2003

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I, II, and III) and cases of CIN III associated with micro‐invasive cervical carcinoma (CIN III & mCA) were analysed for evidence of episomal or integrated human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 DNA by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In parallel, numerical aberrations of chromosomes 1, 17, and X were determined in these lesions as indicators of genomic instability. HPV 16/18 DNA was present in 2 of 12 CIN I, 19 of 23 CIN II/III, and 10 of 12 CIN III & mCA. None of the CIN I and only two of the 19 HPV 16/18‐positive solitary CIN II/III showed an integrated HPV pattern. However, all ten cases of HPV‐positive CIN III & mCA showed this pattern. Transition of CIN II/III to CIN III & mCA therefore correlates strongly with viral integration (p < 0.001). Chromosomal aberrations were detected in 23 of 31 HPV 16/18‐positive lesions (14 solitary CIN I–III and nine CIN III & mCA) and 5 of 16 HPV‐negative lesions. Nine of 21 HPV 16/18‐positive solitary CIN I–III showed tetrasomy for all chromosomes tested, while trisomies for a single chromosome were seen in a further five of these HPV‐positive lesions. In eight of ten HPV‐positive CIN III & mCA, predominantly aneusomies and/or polysomies were detected. A significant correlation (p < 0.02) was found between the chromosome copy number and the physical status of HPV, indicating that in its episomal form HPV induces genomic changes such as tetrasomies and single trisomies, while HPV integration correlates with aneusomies and polysomies, predominantly detected in CIN III & mCA. These data indicate that integration of HPV 16/18 DNA is a pivotal step in the transition of CIN to micro‐invasive carcinoma. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presence and localization of T‐cell subsets in relation to melanocyte differentiation antigen expression and tumour regression as assessed by immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis of microdissected T cells
Authors: Bernsen Monique R , Diepstra J Heleen S , van Mil Patrick , Punt Cornelis JA , Figdor Carl G , van Muijen Goos NP , Adema Gosse J , Ruiter Dirk J
Published: December 2003

Melanoma‐associated antigens may be the driving force behind the lymphocytic infiltrates in melanomas and the occurrence of melanoma regression. To investigate the clinical relevance of melanoma differentiation antigens (MDAs) as T‐cell targets, the relationship between the presence and localization of T‐cell subsets and the expression of MDAs was studied by immunohistochemistry and the diversity of CD8+ T cells in regressive melanomas was assessed using laser‐assisted microdissection. While MDA expression as well as T‐cell subset distribution, as assessed by immunohistochemical analysis, was heterogeneous within and between lesions, they were histologically independent phenomena. In four lesions studied in detail by PCR analysis of microdissected T cells, a limited T‐cell diversity and evidence for clonally expanded tumour infiltrating lymphocytes were found. However, no major differences in T‐cell diversity, as assessed by PCR analysis, between peri‐and intra‐tumoural areas became apparent, this despite the known clinical significance of the specific localization of a T‐cell infiltrate. T cells of clonal origin did not show preferential localization to regressive tumour areas. Moreover, clonally related cells were found in two lesions with a non‐brisk infiltrate, while in two lesions with a brisk infiltrate (clinically, a good prognostic factor) no evidence for clonally expanded tumour infiltrating lymphocytes was found. These data support the notion that specific immune reactivity and homing of specific cells to the tumour can occur in melanoma patients. However, they also show that the presence of clonally expanded T cells in the tumour is not necessarily associated with an effective anti‐tumour immune response and may, for instance, represent regulatory cells. It appears that the clinical impact of an anti‐tumour immune response is largely decided at the tumour site, where micro‐environmental conditions dictate the functional state of the T cells. Full understanding of these processes can only be achieved by performing more dynamic analyses of the local host–tumour interactions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of MDM2 and CDK4 amplification by real‐time PCR on paraffin wax‐embedded material: a potential tool for the diagnosis of atypical lipomatous tumours/well‐differentiated liposarcomas
Authors: Hostein I , Pelmus M , Aurias A , Pedeutour F , Mathoulin‐Pélissier S , Coindre JM
Published: December 2003

Atypical lipomatous tumours/well‐differentiated liposarcomas and dedifferentiated liposarcomas are characterized by 12q13–15 region amplification. In contrast, this molecular event has not been reported in benign lipomas. Within the 12q13–15 chromosomal region, the MDM2, SAS, HMGA2, and CDK4 genes are the most frequent targets of amplification. A series of lipomas (36 cases) and liposarcomas (48 cases) was analysed for MDM2 and CDK4 gene amplification by real‐time PCR. MDM2 and CDK4 gene amplification was detected in 2.8% and 5.6% of lipomas and 98.2% and 82.4% of liposarcomas, respectively. Moreover, co‐amplification of the two genes as well as a higher‐level amplification was observed more frequently in dedifferentiated liposarcomas than in atypical lipomatous tumours/well‐differentiated liposarcomas. Real‐time PCR proved to be a fast and reliable method to characterize lipomas and liposarcomas by quantification of MDM2 and CDK4 gene amplification. It is applicable to paraffin wax‐embedded tissues and could be useful when histological diagnosis is difficult. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fluid cover medium provides superior morphology and preserves RNA integrity in tissue sections for laser microdissection and pressure catapulting
Authors: Micke Patrick , Bjørnsen Tone , Scheidl Stefan , Strömberg Sara , Demoulin Jean‐Baptiste , Ponten Fredrik , Östman Arne , Lindahl Per , Busch Christer
Published: December 2003

Laser microdissection and pressure catapulting has become a powerful tool to obtain homogeneous cell populations from tissue samples in nearly all fields of biomedical research. The isolated cells can be subsequently used for the analysis of proteins, DNA or RNA. However, the method requires physical access to the tissue surface and the sections therefore need to be air‐dried and uncovered. The consequence is poor morphology, which severely reduces the potential of the technique, especially in non‐homogeneous tissues or tissues with infiltrating immune cells. To overcome this limitation, a fluid cover medium was developed and the effects on frozen and paraffin wax‐embedded tissue morphology were evaluated. The cover medium improved the morphology such that it was almost comparable to sections overlaid with glass coverslips. Moreover, the laser microdissection procedure was facilitated, since the medium allowed larger areas of tissues to be laser pressure‐catapulted. Neither the isolation of proteins nor the extraction of genomic DNA was adversely affected by the use of the fluid cover medium. No significant differences in RNA quantity and integrity were detected by TaqMan real‐time PCR for GAPDH, and microchip electrophoresis, between covered and uncovered tissue sections. In conclusion, this method provides considerably improved morphology for laser microdissection and pressure catapulting techniques without affecting RNA‐dependent downstream applications. This not only facilitates established procedures, but will also extend the application to tissues that require superior morphological resolution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibroblast growth factor 2 induces differentiation and apoptosis of Askin tumour cells
Authors: Kim Min‐Suk , Kim Chong Jai , Jung Hyun Sook , Seo Mi Ran , Juhnn Yong‐Sung , Shin Hee Young , Ahn Hyo Seop , Thiele Carol J , Chi Je G
Published: December 2003

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET)/Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and neuroblastoma (NB) are related tumours of neural crest origin with primitive neural characteristics. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a critical signalling molecule for primitive neural crest cells. The treatment of NB cells with FGF2 variably affects biological characteristics such as growth and differentiation, while in PNET/ES, FGF2 predominantly induces apoptosis. The JK‐GMS Askin tumour cell line can be induced to differentiate upon treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF), indicating the integrity of the cellular machinery necessary for differentiation. The present study assesses whether FGF2 can induce differentiation in JK‐GMS cells. JK‐GMS cells expressed high‐affinity FGF receptors (FGFRs), and treatment with FGF2 induced phosphorylation of FGFR1 together with activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK1/ERK2) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). Subsequent biological effects were growth inhibition, neuronal differentiation, and apoptosis, and these changes were associated with increased expression of neurofilaments, reduction of c‐myc and bcl‐2 expression, and activation of caspase 3. Treatment of the cells with a specific inhibitor of the MAPK/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MEK)‐1, PD98059, predominantly inhibited the effects of FGF2 on growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, while an inhibitor of JNK reduced apoptosis, indicating that the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways are critical components of FGF2‐mediated effects in JK‐GMS cells. Additional comparative analyses of FGF2‐mediated effects in two ES cell lines (CADO‐ES, RD‐ES) and a PNET cell line (SK‐N‐MC) showed pronounced differentiation in SK‐N‐MC, but not in CADO‐ES or RD‐ES cells. This study demonstrates that FGF2 can induce neuronal differentiation of PNET including Askin tumour. These findings clearly indicate that the FGF2‐mediated signalling pathway plays a critical role in controlling the major properties of PNET cells and may provide a potential therapeutic target for PNET. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of cartilage growth plate signalling molecules in chondroblastoma
Authors: Romeo S , Bovée JVMG , Jadnanansing NAA , Taminiau AHM , Hogendoorn PCW
Published: December 2003

Chondroblastoma (CB) is a rare benign tumour (<1% of all bone tumours) involving epiphyseal long bones (male : female 1.5 : 1). During development, and in the postnatal period, IHh/PTHrP and FGF signalling molecules control the space and timing of chondrocyte differentiation. Considering the close relationship of CB with the growth plate (age and location), the expression of proteins involved in epiphyseal growth regulation was studied. Twelve cases of CB were retrieved. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), fibroblast growth factor receptor‐1 (FGFR‐1), FGFR‐3, bcl‐2, p21, parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP), and parathyroid hormone‐related peptide receptor (PTHR1). Three observers evaluated haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained and immunostained slides independently. Semi‐quantitative estimation of the matrix, the type of matrix, and immunostaining was performed. Cellular and matrix‐rich areas were evaluated separately. Diverse amounts and types of matrix were present in different tumours, as well as within individual tumours. Signalling molecules were expressed in 50–100% of the cases. Higher levels of expression were found in cellular areas than in matrix‐rich areas, especially for PTHR1, bcl‐2, and FGFR‐3. CB is an unusual entity affecting specific sites, showing that both IHh/PTHrP and FGF signalling are active. Higher expression was found in cellular than in matrix‐rich areas, as in the proliferating/pre‐hypertrophic growth plate zone in comparison with the hypertrophic/calcifying zone. Previous studies have shown the same molecules to be expressed with a similar pattern in chondrosarcomas. The sum of the evaluated features indicates that CB is a neoplasm originating from a mesenchymal cell committed towards chondrogenesis via active growth plate signalling pathways. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypertrophic scar formation is associated with an increased number of epidermal Langerhans cells
Authors: Niessen Frank B , Schalkwijk Joost , Vos Hans , Timens Wim
Published: December 2003

The exact pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar and keloid formation is still unknown and a good therapy to prevent or treat these scars is lacking. Because immunological processes seem to be important in excessive scar formation, immunological cells and parameters were studied in a standardized breast reduction wound‐healing model in the present study. Standardized scar samples were taken from infra‐mammary breast reduction scars, 3 and 12 months following surgery. The samples were investigated for their number of mast cells, Langerhans cells, T‐lymphocytes, and macrophages, and the presence of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and counter‐regulating interferon‐gamma (γ‐IFN), in relation to the scar's clinical appearance—normal or hypertrophic. In this study, hypertrophic scar formation was significantly associated with an increased number of epidermal Langerhans cells (p = 0.0001) and significantly (p < 0.05) increased expression of epidermal IL‐4. No relationship was found between mast cell, T‐lymphocyte and macrophage numbers or γ‐IFN staining and the formation of normal or hypertrophic scars. These results, combined with previous observation of abnormal keratinocyte behaviour in this context, indicate that the epidermal immune barrier plays an important role in the development of hypertrophic scars. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human papillomavirus integration: detection by in situ hybridization and potential clinical application
Authors: Evans Mark F , Cooper Kumarasen
Published: December 2003

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are accepted as a necessary cause of cervical neoplasia. However, the benefits of testing simply for high‐risk HPV types are limited because of their high prevalence in intraepithelial lesions of all grades, the majority of which regress if left untreated. One factor considered to be of key importance for the progression of intraepithelial lesions to invasive disease is integration of HPV into the host cell genome. Although questions remain about the prevalence of integration amongst pre‐invasive lesions, sensitive in situ hybridization techniques utilizing tyramide reagents may aid determination of the significance of HPV infection by enabling routine detection of both high‐risk HPV and its physical status. This will provide important data relevant not only to our understanding of the biology of HPV‐associated neoplasia, but also potentially to clinical testing for HPV. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relation between personality and prejudice: a variable‐ and a person‐centred approach
Authors: Ekehammar Bo , Akrami Nazar
Published: December 2003

The relationship between Big Five personality (measured by the NEO‐PI) and prejudice was examined using a variable‐ and a person‐centred approach. Big Five scores were related to a generalized prejudice factor based on seven different prejudice scales (racial prejudice, sexism, etc). A correlation analysis disclosed that Openness to Experience and Agreeableness were significantly related to prejudice, and a multiple regression analysis showed that a variable‐centred approach displayed a substantial cross‐validated relationship between the five personality factors and prejudice. A cluster analysis of the Big Five profiles yielded, in line with previous research, three personality types, but this person‐centred approach showed a low cross‐validated relationship between personality and prejudice, where the overcontrolled type showed the highest prejudice and the undercontrolled the lowest, with the resilient falling in between. A head‐to‐head comparison sustained the conclusion that, based on people's Big Five personalities, their generalized prejudice could be predicted more accurately by the variable‐ than the person‐centred approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broad versus narrow personality measures and the prediction of behaviour across cultures
Authors: Paunonen Sampo V. , Haddock Geoffrey , Forsterling Friedrich , Keinonen Mirja
Published: December 2003

Measures of several personality variables, from both within and beyond the domain of the Big Five personality factors, were used to predict a variety of complex behaviour outcomes of some social and cultural significance (e.g. alcohol consumption and grade point average). Analyses focused on replicated predictions across participants in four countries (Canada, England, Germany, and Finland) and on the relative predictive accuracies of narrow trait predictors versus broad factor predictors. The results indicated substantial consistency in those predictions across cultures for several of the criteria. Furthermore, the narrow traits were able to account for more criterion variance than were the broad factors underlying those traits. Our data contraindicate the increasingly common practice of using only a few personality factor measures to predict complex human behaviours. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who's to blame? Narcissism and self‐serving attributions following feedback
Authors: Stucke Tanja S.
Published: December 2003

The study examined the relationship between narcissism, performance attributions, and negative emotions following success or failure. As expected, narcissistic individuals showed more self‐serving attributions for their performance in an intelligence test than less narcissistic individuals: compared with less narcissistic individuals, narcissists revealed a stronger tendency to attribute success to ability and failure to task difficulty. In contrast to this, less narcissistic participants tended to show the opposite pattern by ascribing failure, but not success, to their ability. Additionally, anger and depression could be predicted by an interaction of performance feedback and performance attributions. Mediation analyses revealed that the attribution dimensions ‘task difficulty’ and ‘ability’ mediated the effect of narcissism on anger and depression following failure feedback. The results provide support for the theoretical assumption that attributional processes might, at least to some extent, explain the often reported relation between narcissism and negative emotions following failure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inversion and interpretation of two‐dimensional geoelectrical measurements for detecting permafrost in mountainous regions
Authors: Hauck Christian , Mühll Daniel Vonder
Published: December 2003

The use of tomographic geoelectrical measurements for the detection of ground ice occurrences in mountainous regions is evaluated. Because isolated ground ice occurrences in a warming climate may be subject to rapid thawing, they present a future hazard in the context of thawing‐permafrost‐induced landslides and rockfalls. Isolated permafrost occurrences are difficult to detect with commonly used one‐dimensional sounding techniques, as plane‐layer approximations for the inversion are often invalid. Therefore, recently developed two‐dimensional tomographic inversion schemes are used to yield realistic near‐surface geological models. The method is applied to various types of permafrost occurrences in the European Alps. The influence of topography, measurement geometry and different inversion parameters are discussed. In addition, complimentary seismic survey results are used to exclude the possibility of air‐filled cavities, which exhibit similarly high resistivities as ground ice occurrences. The results show a large variety of influencing parameters which have to be considered in resistivity inversion and interpretation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging periglacial conditions with ground‐penetrating radar
Authors: Moorman Brian J. , Robinson Stephen D. , Burgess Margo M.
Published: December 2003

Three important parameters that need to be quantified for many permafrost studies are the location of ice in the ground, the position of thermal interfaces, and spatial variations of the water content in the active layer. The data from over 100 investigations in permafrost regions demonstrate that ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) offers an effective way to measure these parameters at a scale appropriate for many process and geotechnical studies. Horizontal to gently‐dipping interfaces between unfrozen and frozen subsurface zones (such as at the base of the active layer or a suprapermafrost talik) were repeatedly detected by GPR and indicated by strong, laterally‐coherent reflections. Coherent reflections are not generated by steeply dipping thermal interfaces (greater than 45°). However, the transition from frozen to unfrozen ground can frequently be located from the radar‐stratigraphic signatures of the two units. The radar‐stratigraphic signature of excess ice in the subsurface is determined by the size of the body. Ice lenses that are smaller than the resolution of the GPR system frequently can be detected and are represented by chaotic or hyperbolic reflections, while the size of larger ice units can be resolved and is defined by distinct laterally‐coherent reflection patterns. This enables the delineation of the vertical and lateral extent of massive ice bodies, and their structural setting. By making precise measurements of the direct ground wave velocity, the water content in the near‐surface can be determined for uniform soils. It is demonstrated that by collecting a grid of GPR data the lateral variations in active‐layer water content can then be estimated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of frozen soil thermal properties by heated needle probe
Authors: Putkonen Jaakko
Published: December 2003

Determination of the in situ thermal properties of ice‐bearing frozen soil by a two‐prong heated needle probe has traditionally been confounded by the energy consumption and release resulting from the melting and re‐freezing of soil ice. A two‐dimensional soil thermal model that accounts for soil unfrozen water and phase change was used to analyse data from the laboratory and a field site in Spitsbergen. A close correspondence was found between modelled and observed thermal behaviour of the probe. The thermal model highlighted the unsuitability of the probe for determining the thermal properties for ice‐bearing frozen soil at temperatures approximately between −10 °C and 0 °C by standard solver software that does not account for melting of soil ice. The model shows that a heated needle probe can generally be used to determine the soil thermal properties for soil at or below −10 °C. For most soils the thermal properties vary only marginally between about −10 and −2 °C and therefore the thermal properties that are determined for a particular soil at temperature below −10 °C generally apply also to soils that are at temperatures between −10 and −2 °C. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making the most of new instrumentation
Authors: Thorn Colin E.
Published: December 2003

The paper presents the view that new instrumentation needs to fuel, but also serve rather than dominate, development of theory in periglacial geomorphology. The variety of periglacial environments, the variable nature of the spatial and temporal signals within periglacial environments, and the scale limitations inherent to instrumental investigations, all combine to focus attention on small‐scale geomorphological investigations. Integration of such findings, that is scale‐linkage, is a difficult, but essential, task that requires development of rigorous theory which is unlikely to be directly informed by the results of instrumental studies alone. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Aspects of Impact Reactivity of Polynitro Compounds, Part III. Impact Sensitivity as a Function of the Imtermolecular Interactions
Authors: Zeman Svatopluk , Krupka Miloslav
Published: December 2003

Published data of impact sensitivity of 33 polynitro compounds detected by sound were expressed as the drop energy, Edr, required for 50 percent initiation probability. A logarithmic relationship has been found between the Edr values and heats of fusion of the said compounds. The relationship has been found to be in accordance with the idea concerning the role of plastic deformations of crystal played in the initiation of energetic materials by impact and shock. An analogous application of heats of sublimation has not given convincing results.
Productions of Ultra‐Fine Powders and Their Use in High Energetic Compositions
Authors: Ivanov Yuri F. , Osmonoliev Mirswan N. , Sedoi Valentin S. , Arkhipov Vladimir A. , Bondarchuk Sergey S. , Vorozhtsov Alexander B. , Korotkikh Alexander G. , Kuznetsov Valery T.
Published: December 2003

Fine and ultra‐fine powders are actively studied in pyrotechnics, explosives and propellants. The important questions are how to produce a powder with specified characteristics and how to use the powder produced.
New Aspects of Impact Reactivity of Polynitro Compounds. Part IV. Allocation of Polynitro Compounds on the Basis of their Impact Sensitivities
Authors: Zeman Svatopluk
Published: December 2003

A linear relationship has been found between the drop energies of impact sensitivity detected by sound and the drop energies of “the first reaction” for 28 polynitro compounds. In the sense of this relationship, the compounds studied fall into three classes. The reason of the said diversification lies in the decomposition reaction rate at the temperature of the beginning of their thermolysis. It is stated that some relationship exists between vibrational excitation by impact, on the one hand, and thermal activation of the molecules of energetic materials, on the other one.
Triaminoguanidine Dinitramide, TAGDN: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Wingborg Niklas , Latypov Nikolaj V.
Published: December 2003

Two dinitramide salts with very high heat of formation have been identified, i.e. triaminoguanidine dinitramide (TAGDN) and guanylazide dinitramide (GADN). Thermochemical calculations showed that TAGDN‐propellants have a higher impetus than the corresponding GADN‐propellants at a given flame temperature. Due to the fact that a low flame temperature has to be prefered in a gun, TAGDN seems better suited as a component in gun propellants compared to GADN. TAGDN was thus synthesized, analyzed and characterized to determine some of its properties.
Measurement of thermal parameters and mechanical properties of polymers by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Meincken M. , Balk L. J. , Sanderson R. D.
Published: December 2003

A novel technique has been developed to determine thermal transitions locally, e.g. the glass transition of polymers, with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The microscope was operated in stationary non‐contact mode, using it like a dynamic mechanical analyser on a molecular scale, thereby measuring the resonance frequency of the AFM cantilever, which oscillates above the sample surface, as a function of temperature. The thermal transitions of the underlying polymer are clearly visible as a change in the resonance frequency. Using the AFM in this mode allows the determination of the thermal properties of a material at a specific spot on the sample on a molecular scale. Measurements were performed on different polymers, polymer blends, structured polymers, layered systems and thin films. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron beam effects on diethylsilane‐covered Si(100) surfaces investigated by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Wang P. W. , Lozano J. , Kimberlin K. R. , Craig J. H.
Published: December 2003

Ethylated silanes and germanes are promising candidates for heterojunction atomic layer epitaxy of SiGe devices. However, thermal dissociation of unwanted ligands in the parent molecules usually is not suitable for device fabrication. Hence, alternative means for dissociation employing low thermal budgets are desirable. In this work, an electron beam was used to irradiate diethylsilane (DES)‐covered Si(100) surfaces at 100 K in order to initiate non‐thermal, electron‐driven dissociation and desorption processes in the adsorbed species. Clean Si(100) surfaces were dosed with gas‐phase DES molecules at 100 K followed by irradiation with 600‐eV electrons (current density 5.4 µAcm−2). The effects of electron irradiation were investigated by obtaining x‐ray photoelectron spectra before and after exposing the DES/Si(100) to the electron beam. Shifts in the binding energy of the C 1s photoelectron peak and a decrease in the total surface carbon concentration are indicative of dehydrogenation and removal of carbon species by electron irradiation. Our results suggest the possibility of electron‐beam‐assisted β‐hydride elimination at 100 K as one channel for surface carbon removal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron‐beam‐induced decomposition of trimethylamine on Si(100)‐2 × 1
Authors: Davies B. M. , Craig J. H.
Published: December 2003

Electron‐beam‐induced decomposition of trimethylamine ((CH3)3N) adsorbed on the Si(100)‐2 × 1 surface has been investigated using temperature‐programmed desorption, electron‐stimulated desorption, time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At issue is the cleavage of C–H bonds vs. cleavage of N–C bonds in the dissociation of trimethylamine (TMA), which is a dative‐bonded adduct on the Si dimer. Methyl groups are cleaved from the adsorbed TMA by electron irradiation. In addition, hydrogen is desorbed from the TMA and/or its fragments, which influences the decomposition of the TMA to smaller adsorbed fragments. The appearance of a thermal desorption peak for mass 42 subsequent to electron irradiation suggests the production of reaction intermediates similar to those reported previously in gas‐phase decomposition of TMA at high temperature. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annealing of low‐temperature growth in Ag/Si(111) as measured by RHEED spot profile analysis
Authors: Kimberlin K. R. , Rutter G. M. , Nagle L. M. , Roos K. R. , Tringides M. C.
Published: December 2003

Ultrathin silver films were grown on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy and studied using reflective high‐energy electron diffraction. Intensity oscillations were observed showing evidence of layer‐by‐layer growth at 150–170 K. Upon annealing to room temperature, steps of twice the height of a single step appear in the film observed by spot profile analysis of the specular reflection. The full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of the specular reflection is monitored as the perpendicular component of the scattering vector, Sz, is changed. The periodicity of the FWHM as a function of Sz doubles after annealing, indicating a doubling of the step height on the surface. The data are fitted using a one‐dimensional diffraction model from which a distribution of steps and step heights is obtained. A comparison with other recent annealing measurements in the Ag/Si(111) system is made and discussed in the context of the ‘electronic growth’ model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.