bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discussion Intervention of Internal and International Merchant from Foreign Investment Law and New Draft Trade Law of Iran
Authors: Hoseinzadeh Javad , Rostamzadeh Amin
Published: September 2016

The law makers are trying to compile special and independent commerce law pertinent to each other in the form of law for attracting foreign investment in their countries to grow foreign commerce and attract foreign investor and merchant.

Comparative discussion of law maker point of view in “foreign investment law approved 2002 of Iran” and “new draft trade law of Iran approved 2011” from legal definition of foreign investor and merchant especially in cases pertinent to intervention and referred to each other are of the most important issues of this article.

Based on result, as for necessity of attraction Iranian and Non-Iranian merchant by investment with foreign origin, criticism was taken to the new draft trade law of Iran approved 2011 as new law which fundamentally should have dynamic and reliability property based on the needs of modern business and international trade, lack of explicitly pointing to legal gap about legal discrimination between foreign investor and Iranian investor qualified is in the form of foreign investor which in these conditions Iranian investor must be have legal description merchant in discriminatory approach that it is between an Iranian and foreign investor in terms of providing documentation from Iranian and this legal description must be evaluated from a legal standpoint by new draft trade law of Iran approved 2011, to benefit from Iran’s foreign trade facilitation and the way of law enforcement is contrary to the manner of foreign investment and this is the other ambiguity cases law which is discriminate with foreign investment low and needs restoration.

Specifically suggest this article, separation, adding and determine the condition of subjects the definition of foreign investor and merchant and clarification of the relationship between foreign investment law approved 2002 of Iran and new draft trade law of Iran approved 2011 as commercial law.
Positieve veiligheid en positieve vrijheid
Authors: Schuilenburg Marc
Published: September 2016

Positive security and positive liberty: opinions of residents in Rotterdam-South on ‘Community Governs’

The article is an ethnographical study of Rotterdam’s experience with a program called ‘Community Governs’ (Buurt Bestuurt). Community Governs, a Dutch version of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), is a community-based program which goal is to solve neighbourhood crime and disorder problems. Community commitment and involvement are a main component of this program. The article emphasizes the effects that this program had on three levels of trust (performances, intentions and skills) of the residents in police officers and municipal service agencies as partners in the fight against crime and disorder. The results indicate that a ‘positive exercise’ of liberty through political participation of civilians is difficult to realise in poor, inner city, neighbourhoods.
Positieve criminologie
Authors: Hoogenboom Bob
Published: September 2016

Positive criminology

Positive security is a very promising development in criminology. The ‘movement’ reconnects the current debate on crime with the origins of ancient Greek thinking on the positive nature of politeia, policy and policing. Securitas - providing safety and security for the common good - has a long and rich tradition. Good governance is about many things, but foremost about providing security in society. Polizeiwissenschaft in 18th and 19th century Prussia made a distinction between Wohlfahrt- and Sicherheitspolizei.

The latter is outright dangerous because security becomes equated with negative connotations: the other, the enemies of the state, the drug war and more recently the war in terror. In times like these the positive qualities of securitas become inflated. Human rights, privacy and the rule of law are no longer viewed in positive terms. Therefore I advocate the positive security movement. But the author is worried about two things. Firstly, the current Zeitgeist which is charged with xenophobia and war like languages. And, secondly the fact that the ‘movement’ is limited to a few rebels with a cause. The mainstream of criminology is not really interested in reconnecting with the philosophical positive roots of securitas. Mainstream criminology fosters the status quo and is financially too depended on the state to actually follow the new heroes of positivity. The only way out is to develop a following but this requires academics to actually take a stand.
Positieve veiligheid en het verlangen naar gemeenschap
Authors: van Stokkom Bas
Published: September 2016

Positive security and the longing to community: Towards a criminology of peace-making

Positive criminology criticizes punitive measures, repression, crime control and the ‘politics of fear’, and re-values positive concepts as trust, solidarity, well-being and ‘ontological security’. In this book-review it is argued that many of these positive terms are beyond the scope of criminology and that peace and peace-making are more appropriate terms that can be used within a criminological context. Peacemaking criminology provides a basis for constructive approaches to conflicts and disorder; it may also outline the contours of the peace-making function of the law and the peacekeeping tasks of judges and police officers.
Characteristics of spring wheat genotypes exhibiting high resistance to FHB in terms of their resistance to other fungal diseases
Authors: Kurasiak-Popowska Danuta , Nawracała Jerzy , Kosiada Tomasz , Sawinska Zuzanna , Tomkowiak Agnieszka , Weigt Dorota , Mikołajczyk Sylwia
Published: September 2016

The field experiment was carried out in 2010–2012 at the Dłoń Agricultural Research Station, the Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland. The study was designed to evaluate the degree of infection by powdery mildew, brown rust, and septoria leaf blotch in 61 spring wheat genotypes differing in their resistance to Fusarium ssp.

The vast majority of spring wheat genotypes in the collection of gene resources in the USA defined as resistant to Fusarium ssp. confirmed their resistance under Polish climatic conditions. The B .graminis infection rate of genotypes that are considered to be resistant to Fusarium head blight was high. The resistance ranged from 7 for Sumai 3 (PL2) up to 8.8 for Ning 8331 (in a 9-point scale). Most of the genotypes (56.5%) were infected by Puccinia recondita at a level of 1–3 (in a 9-point scale). The genotypes of Sumai 3 exhibited high resistance to septoria leaf blotch, amounting to 1–2 in a 9-point scale; the resistance of Frontana ranged from 1 to 3.5, while the genotypes of Ning were infected by Mycosphaerella graminicola at 5–6.
Distribution and abundance of bee forage flora across an agricultural landscape – railway embankments vs. road verges
Authors: Wrzesień Małgorzata , Denisow Bożena
Published: September 2016

In this study, we evaluated if railway embankments and road verges create refuge habitats for bee flora across agricultural landscape. The survey was conducted in 2009–2012, in the Lublin Province, SE Poland. Data on the bee forage flora were obtained while making floristic charts along 60 transect plots × 300 m, with a total length of 18 000 m, for each type of linear structure. Forage bee flora was compared with respect to species richness, diversity, and evenness indices. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to characterize relationship between species composition and environmental variables. The bee forage species richness and abundance were significantly greater on railway embankments than on road verges. The composition of species varied considerably; the number of bee forage species common to both habitats was only approximately 38% in entire data set. Most good-value bee forage species were recorded along the embankments of railways with an intermediate traffic volume. Bee forage species diversity benefits from the location of habitat elements (forests or meadows), primarily if the distance is <50 m. The lack of dense patches of valuable bee forage species in the road verges was related to the high density of non-nectariferous graminoids. Our results demonstrate how the value of man-made areas in an agricultural ecosystem can vary with respect to floral resources across the landscape, suggesting that it is inappropriate to generalize about agricultural systems as a whole without first addressing differences among habitats.
Evaluation of Bancassurance Functioning in Selected Countries of the Financial Groups Erste Group Bank and UniCredit Group
Authors: Přečková Lenka
Published: September 2016

This paper will evaluate the current state of cooperation between banks and insurance companies as well as internal integration of bancassurance products in financial groups Erste Group Bank and UniCredit Group. The evaluation is performed as of May 1, 2016. There shall be selected six countries which are part of the region Central and Eastern Europe, namely the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, Romania, Croatia and Serbia. This paper aims at ascertaining whether or not there are similarities in how bancassurance functions in selected financial groups and countries. This paper shall apply a qualitative research approach. Bancassurance shall be analyzed, compared and evaluated from the viewpoint of integration of financial groups as well as of bancassurance products. A critical analysis of literature available will frame the field of bancassurance models of cooperation and bancassurance functioning. This review will provide a theoretical base for evaluating the level of cooperation between banks and insurance companies and for evaluation an internal integration of bancassurance products. The theoretical base shall be compared with the current bancassurance practice within financial groups and countries. To evaluate bancassurance practice, this paper shall use data available on web sites, financial and annual reports of financial institutions. The qualitative research shall contain a detailed analysis, sorting and comparing of set theoretical bases. Finally, this paper shall ascertain which characteristics are similar and which are different in integration of financial groups and bancassurance products.
Recorregut de recerca geològica per la comarca de l´Alt Maestrat: des de Vilafranca Del Cid cap a Ares del Maestrat i a Benassal
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Jaume
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el dia 8 de desembre del 2014. Aquest itinerari es desenvoluparà íntegrament per una de les unitats geològiques que constitueixen el País Valencià: concretament per la que ocupa la major part de la seva superfície, per la Serralada Ibèrica (i dintre d´aquesta pels sectors denominats Muntanyam de Castelló, d´acord amb el treball de RIBA et altri (1976); i també d´acord amb el treball de GUIMERÀ et altri (1992). En tot cas, aquesta zona per on discorrerà el recorregut de l´itinerari es situa dintre de la denominada Zona d’Enllaç entre les alineacions clarament ibèriques predominants (de rumbs NW-SE o WNW-ESE), amb les molt freqüents interferències “catalanes” de direccions NNE-SSW i NE-SW, perpendiculars amb les anteriors.  Aquest conjunt, es troba constituït majoritàriament per relleus mesozoics (fonamentalment del Cretàcic i del Juràssic), de naturalesa calcària, com succeeix al proper cim del Penyagolosa l´indret considerat com al més alt del País Valencià, tot i que el Calderó (al Racó d’Ademús, fronterer amb l´Aragó, uns 50 m més alt). Així, en aquest recorregut, entre Vilafranca del Cid, Ares del Maestrat, Benassal, la Torre d´En Besora i Culla, predominen els sediments materials carbonatats del Mesozoics (repartint-se segons els llocs entre el Juràssic i el Cretàcic). Ocasionalment, també trobarem sediments triàsic (amb nivells de guixos i argiles).
Recorregut de recerca geològica per la comarca de l´Alt Maestrat: des de Benassal i la Font d´En Segures cap a la Torre d´En Besora, Culla, Vilar de Canes i Albocàsser
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Jaume
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el dia 8 de desembre del 2014. Aquest itinerari es desenvoluparà íntegrament per una de les unitats geològiques que constitueixen el País Valencià: concretament per la que ocupa la major part de la seva superfície, per la Serralada Ibèrica (i dintre d´aquesta pels sectors denominats Muntanyam de Castelló, d´acord amb el treball de RIBA et altri (1976); i també d´acord amb el treball de GUIMERÀ et altri (1992). En tot cas, aquesta zona per on discorrerà el recorregut de l´itinerari es situa dintre de la denominada Zona d’Enllaç entre les alineacions clarament ibèriques predominants (de rumbs NW-SE o WNW-ESE), amb les molt freqüents interferències “catalanes” de direccions NNE-SSW i NE-SW, perpendiculars amb les anteriors. Aquest conjunt, es troba constituït majoritàriament per relleus mesozoics (fonamentalment del Cretàcic i del Juràssic), de naturalesa calcària, com succeeix al proper cim del Penyagolosa. Així, en aquest recorregut, entre Vilafranca del Cid, Ares del Mestre, Benassal, la Torre d´En Besora i Culla, predominen els sediments materials carbonatats del Mesozoic (repartint-se segons els llocs entre el Juràssic i el Cretàcic). Ocasionalment, també trobarem sediments triàsic (amb nivells de guixos i argiles). Per d´altra banda, aquest recorregut es desenvoluparà a traves d´una sola de les comarques que  constitueixen la denominada Regió de Castelló: la de l´Alt Maestrat.
Recorrido desde el Estrecho a Albalate del Arzobisbo, Urrea de Gaén y a Híjar, a través del patrimonio geológico y minero de la comarca del Bajo Martín
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Pocoví Juan Andrés , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: September 2016

El recorrido de este itinerario, se desarrollará por dos unidades geológicas netamente diferenciadas: por el denominado Sistema Ibérico (en donde se iniciará) y por la Depresión Geológica del Ebro (en donde finalizara). Así, el recorrido del presente itinerario se iniciará en el paraje de los Estrechos, dentro de la Rama Aragonesa del Sistema Ibérico, por donde se realizaran las primeras paradas del mismo. Así, en este tramo, el recorrido transitará entre afloramientos de materiales mesozoicos, eminentemente carbonatados, pertenecientes en su mayoría al Cretácico. Sin embargo, al llegar el recorrido a la población de Albalate del Arzobispo, abandonará la unidad geológica anterior, para entrar en Depresión Geológica del Ebro, que ya no se abandonará en ningún momento. Así, en este tramo del recorrido, se irán encontrando afloramientos de los materiales cenozoicos, en su mayoría de carácter detrítico, pertenecientes generalmente al Oligoceno
Recorrido geológico y minero desde Vinaceite a Azaila y a la Puebla de Híjar, a través del patrimonio geológico y minero de la comarca del Bajo Martín
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Pocoví Juan Andrés , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: September 2016

El recorrido de este itinerario, se desarrollará íntegramente por una sola unidad geológica, por la Depresión Geológica del Ebro (en donde se iniciará y en donde finalizara el recorrido). Así, el recorrido del presente itinerario se iniciará en las inmediaciones de Vinaceite, dentro de la unidad geológica antes mencionada, para finalizar en las cercanías de la Puebla de Híjar; en ambos casos (al igual que todo el recorrido), dentro de la  Depresión Geológica del Ebro Así, en este recorrido, se irán encontrando afloramientos de los materiales cenozoicos, en su mayoría de carácter detrítico, pertenecientes generalmente al Oligoceno. No obstante, cabe señalar los importantes afloramientos de yesos y arcillas oligocénicos
Recorrido geológico y minero desde Híjar a Samper de Calanda y a Castelnou, a través del patrimonio geológico y minero de la comarca del Bajo Martín
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Pocoví Juan Andrés , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: September 2016

El recorrido de este itinerario, se desarrollará íntegramente por una sola unidad geológica, por la Depresión Geológica del Ebro (en donde se iniciará y en donde finalizara el recorrido). Así, el recorrido del presente itinerario se iniciará en las inmediaciones de Hijar, dentro de la unidad geológica antes mencionada, para finalizar en las cercanías de Castelnou, yendo hacia Escatrón; en ambos casos (al igual que todo el recorrido), dentro de la  Depresión Geológica del Ebro Así, en este recorrido, se irán encontrando afloramientos de los materiales cenozoicos, en su mayoría de carácter detrítico, pertenecientes generalmente al Oligoceno. No obstante, cabe señalar los importantes afloramientos de yesos y arcillas oligocénicos.
Recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca del Pallars Sobirà: des del Pont de Bresca i Gerri de la Sal a Baro, Montardit i a Sort
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el 14 de juliol de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, la totalitat del recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà pel Sistema Pirinenc. Així, en tot el recorregut, ho farà per la Unitat del Mantell de les Nogueres (la qual forma part de les tradicionalment anomenades Serres Exteriors Prepirinenques). No s´arribarà a entrar, en cap moment en els Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca, que quedaran al Nord d´aquest recorregut. Per d´altra banda, el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà íntegrament per una sola comarca, concretament per la del Pallars Sobirà (encara que començarà prop del Pallars Jussà), situada dintre de la Regió de Tremp (o de Tremp-Seu d´Urgell).
Recorregut de recerca geològica per les comarques de l´Alt Urgell i de la Cerdanya: des de Montferrer i Castellciutat a la Seu d´Urgell, Pont de Bar, Martinet, a Prullans i a Bellver de Cerdanya
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el 15 de juliol de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà, en la seva totalitat pel Sistema Pirinenc. Més concretament ho farà per diferents sectors dels que componen aquesta unitat, per  la seva Unitat Sudpirinenca Central (tradicionalment coneguda amb el nom de les Serres Exteriors Prepirinenques), per la Depressió de l´Urgellet, per la Depressió de la Cerdanya i també pels Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca. De fet, el recorregut de l´itinerari s´iniciarà dintre de la Depressió de l´Urgellet (tot i que molt a prop d´una cunya de la Zona Axial). Més endavant, després de circular per aquest sector , s´entrarà al Mantell del Cadí. A partir d´aquí, una bona part del recorregut, anirà per la zona de contacte d´aquest mantell, amb els Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca. I, finalment, el recorregut clourà dintre de la Depressió de la Cerdanya. També cal dir, que el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà per una sola comarca: la de l´Alt Urgell, des d´Adrall als Arenys de Bar. Després, des de Martinet a Bellver de Cerdanya, es  transitarà per la comarca de la Cerdanya.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca de la Cerdanya: des de Bellver de Cerdanya cap a Pi, Cortàs, Talltendre i cap a All
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el 15 de juliol de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà, en la seva totalitat pel Sistema Pirinenc; i més concretament ho farà per dos sectors ben diferenciats: per una banda per la Depressió de la Cerdanya; i per d’altra, es circularà a través dels denominats Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca. Així, el recorregut s’iniciarà dintre de la Depressió de la Cerdanya, per la qual es transitarà entre les poblacions de Bellver de Cerdanya, Pi i All. Així com en l´inici dels accessos als indrets de Cortàs i Talltendre, per on farem algunes de les aturades. Per altra banda, bona part del recorregut es realitzarà pels Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca, especialment per les aturades situades prop de Cortàs i Talltendre, per on farem diverses aturades. Per altra banda, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà íntegrament per la comarca de la Cerdanya, concretament per la denominada Baixa Cerdanya, entre Bellver de Cerdanya, Pi, Cortàs, Talltendre i All.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca del Pallars Jussà: des de la Pobla de Segur, a Tremp i a Isona, tot passant per Talarn, Figuerola d´Orcau, Basturs i Abella de la Conca
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el 7 d’agost de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà, en la seva quasi totalitat pel Sistema Pirinenc, i més concretament ho farà per la seva Unitat Sudpirinenca Central (també anomenada com a les Serres Exteriors Prepirinenques). En concret, el recorregut del present itinerari passarà per dos dels seus sectors més representatius; concretament pel Mantell del Montsec (més situat al Sud) i també per alguns indrets del Mantell de Bóixols. Així, l’itinerari s’iniciarà dintre del Mantell del Montsec (molt prop del Mantell de Bóixols) però les immediacions de la Pobla de Segur, a Erinyà, per a penetrar cada vegada més, dintre del esmentat Mantell del Montsec, per on finalitzarà el recorregut de l’itinerari. Per altra banda, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà íntegrament per una sola comarca:  per la del Pallars Jussà (de la Regió de Tremp). Concretament, ho farà entre les poblacions de la Pobla de Segur i Isona.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca de la Noguera: des de Vilanova de Meià a Figuerola de Meià, Fontllonga, Baronia de Sant Oïsme i a la Font de les Bagasses
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el 9 d’agost de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà, en la seva quasi totalitat pel Sistema Pirinenc, i més concretament ho farà per la seva Unitat Sudpirinenca Central (també anomenada com a les Serres Exteriors Prepirinenques). En concret, el recorregut del present itinerari passarà per dos dels seus sectors més representatius del Sistema Pirinenc; concretament pel Mantell del Montsec i pel Mantell de la Serra de Sant Mamet, situat al Sud de l´anterior. De fet, el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà per la zona de contacte de les dues estructures pirinenques, entre Vilanova de Meià i les immediacions de la Palanca, al Nord de la Baronia de Sant Oïsme. Tot i així, el darrer tram del recorregut, l´efectuarà ja íntegrament pel Mantell del Montsec, per les immediacions de la Font de les Bagasses, per on finalitzarà aquest recorregut de l´itinerari. Per altra banda, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà íntegrament per una sola comarca, per la de la Noguera, des de principi a fi del mateix.
Recorregut de recercageològica i mineralògica per la Vall de Boí: des de Castelló de Tor a Barruerra, Boí i a la Pressa de Cavallers
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el 10 d’agost de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, la totalitat del present recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà pel Sistema Pirinenc (i més concretament per la denominada Zona Axial Pirinenca i pels sectors més occidentals dels Pirineus Meridionals; és a dir pel Mantell de les Nogueres). Així, el recorregut podria iniciar-se a per les immediacions de la població de Castelló de Tor, situada a la Vall de Boí i prop de la carretera L – 500. Des d´aquí, la carretera es dirigirà cap a Barruera, recorrent tota la vall de Boí, fins arribar a la  Presa de Cavallers. Aquest recorregut, s’haurà fet en bona part per la Unitat del Mantell de les Nogueres, trobant-nos afloraments dels materials paleozoics (del Devonià, Carbonífer i Pèrmic, fonamentalment) i també mesozoics (del Triàsic, exclusivament).  Tot i així, els trams finals del recorregut, es faran pels denominats Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial del Sistema Pirinenc, entre afloraments dels materials paleozoics de l´Ordovicià al Devonià. Per altra banda, el recorregut s’efectuarà íntegrament per la comarca de l´Alta Ribagorça.
A Identidade Profissional em análise: um estudo de revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Vozniak Luciano , Mesquita Isabel , Batista Paula Fazendeiro
Published: September 2016

Este é estudo de revisão sistemática da literatura, cujo objetivo foi cartografar a investigação em língua portuguesa de 2003 a 2013, no campo da identidade e identidade profissional. A pesquisa foi efetuada em revistas categorizadas na Qualis na área da educação, num total de 30 revistas, utilizando os termos "Identidade" e "Identidade Profissional". Os resultados evidenciaram que os estudos tiveram um incremento, principalmente a partir do ano de 2007 e no âmbito da docência, recorrendo predominantemente a metodologias qualitativas. A identidade surge como um construto de natureza dinâmica, que se transforma em resultado das experiências pesssoais,  formativas e profissionais.
Comparing the Efficacy of Viable Cryopreserved Placental Membrane for the Treatment of Wounds of Diverse Etiologies
Authors: Anselmo Derek S. , Karpo Marc , Love Ebony , Vlahovic Tracey
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The benefits of using amniotic tissue in skin regeneration are well documented. Today, cryopreservation technology allows for better availability and maintenance of mesenchymal stem cells. This is of particular interest in treating the diabetic foot ulcer as this population has fewer mesenchymal stem cells. The objective of this case series investigation was to compare the efficacy of cryopreserved human amniotic stem cells in treating foot wounds of different etiologies. We will present data and case photos for a diabetic foot ulcer, venous leg ulcer, arterial ankle ulcer, and a pyoderma gangrenosum ulcer

METHODS: Cryopreserved human amniotic stem cell grafts were applied to patients with chronic ulcers of different etiologies that had been subjected to at least 4 weeks of standard wound care and did not show adequate clinical progress. Wound area was recorded and photographed on weekly basis. Area reduction was charted over time and the results of each individual case were compared to one another.

RESULTS: All ulcers displayed results that well exceeded the established parameters of weekly healing rates for effective wound treatment modalities.

â€¢ Pyoderma gangrenosum displayed the poorest response to treatment. However, it is worth noting that the patient was not compliant in the prescribed adjunctive treatment regimen but managed to achieve 64% wound reduction.

â€¢ All ulcers showed the largest appreciable amount of healing in both total area reduction and week-to- week closure percentage after the first application.

CONCLUSIONS: Cryopreserved human amniotic stem cell grafts can aid in the decreasing the time to closure of various types of lower extremity ulcerations. The therapy is a clinically viable option for physicians to consider when formulating a treatment plan for a patient with an ulcer.
The Effect of Variable Lower Extremity Immobilization Devices on Emergency Brake Response Driving Outcomes
Authors: Sansosti Laura E. , Rocha Zinnia M. , Lawrence Matthew W. , Meyr Andrew J.
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Immobilization devices such as surgical shoes and walking boots are commonly prescribed by podiatric physicians in the treatment of a variety of lower extremity pathologies and during the post-operative recovery period, but may have the potential to affect a patientâ€™s ability to maintain a safe level of control over the accelerator and brake pedals while operating an automobile. The objective of this investigation was to assess driving outcomes in a group of healthy participants under variable foot wear conditions.

METHODS: Following IRB approval, the braking performances of participants were evaluated with a computerized driving simulator. We assessed three driving outcomes (mean emergency brake response time, frequency of abnormally delayed braking responses, and frequency of inaccurate brake responses) under three variable footwear conditions (regular shoe gear, surgical shoe, and walking boot).

RESULTS: We found that mean brake response times were abnormally delayed in the walking boot compared to both the regular shoe (0.736 seconds vs. 0.575 seconds, p < 0.001 seconds) and surgical shoe (0.736 seconds vs. 0.611 seconds, p < 0.001). We found that abnormally delayed brake responses occurred more frequently in the surgical shoe (18.5% vs. 2.5%, p < 0.001) and the walking boot (55.5% vs. 2.5%, p < 0.001) compared to the regular shoe. And we found that inaccurate brake responses occurred more frequently in the walking boot compared to both the surgical shoe (18.0% vs. 4.0%, p < 0.001) and the regular shoe (18.0% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: The results of these investigations provide podiatric physicians with a better understanding of how to assess the risk and how to appropriately advise their patients who have been prescribed lower extremity immobilization devices with respect to the safe operation of an automobile.
Autophagy linked FYVE (Alfy/WDFY3) is required for establishing neuronal connectivity in the mammalian brain
Authors: Dragich Joanna M , Kuwajima Takaaki , Hirose-Ikeda Megumi , Yoon Michael S , Eenjes Evelien , Bosco Joan R , Fox Leora M , Lystad Alf H , Oo Tinmarla F , Yarygina Olga , Mita Tomohiro , Waguri Satoshi , Ichimura Yoshinobu , Komatsu Masaaki , Simonsen Anne , Burke Robert E , Mason Carol A , Yamamoto Ai
Published: September 2016

The regulation of protein degradation is essential for maintaining the appropriate environment to coordinate complex cell signaling events and to promote cellular remodeling. The Autophagy linked FYVE protein (Alfy), previously identified as a molecular scaffold between the ubiquitinated cargo and the autophagic machinery, is highly expressed in the developing central nervous system, indicating that this pathway may have yet unexplored roles in neurodevelopment. To examine this possibility, we used mouse genetics to eliminate Alfy expression. We report that this evolutionarily conserved protein is required for the formation of axonal tracts throughout the brain and spinal cord, including the formation of the major forebrain commissures. Consistent with a phenotype reflecting a failure in axon guidance, the loss of Alfy in mice disrupts localization of glial guidepost cells, and attenuates axon outgrowth in response to Netrin-1. These findings further support the growing indication that macroautophagy plays a key role in the developing CNS.
Direct measurements of electrocaloric effect in ferroelectrics using thin-film thermocouples
Authors: Matsushita Yuji , Nochida Atsushi , Yoshimura Takeshi , Fujimura Norifumi
Published: September 2016

A direct measurement method for investigating the electrocaloric (EC) effect was developed using a thin-film thermocouple deposited on samples. A T-type thin-film thermocouple was fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Two types of measurement were carried out using rectangular pulses and sine waves with a DC offset. The EC coefficients (ΔT/ΔE) of BaTiO3 ceramics were determined as 0.35 × 10−6 and 0.48 × 10−6 K·m/V in the measurements at Curie temperature. The EC temperature change of a (Ba0.9,Ca0.1)TiO3 thin film was measured using sine waves with the DC offset. The EC coefficient was 0.0018 × 10−6 K·m/V at room temperature. These results suggest that thin-film thermocouples are useful for the direct measurement of the EC effect.
Estimation of the underreporting of malaria measurement in ten municipalities of the Pacific coast of Nariño during 2009
Authors: Chaparro Pablo , Soto Edison , Padilla Julio , Vargas Daniel
Published: September 2016

Introducción. La recolección de información completa y efectiva de los casos de paludismo es fundamental para elaborar planes operativos, así como para el desarrollo y la aplicación de las políticas de prevención y control. Sin embargo, no todos los casos identificados son notificados y no todos son incorporados en el sistema de información. El subregistro representa un problema para quienes toman las decisiones.Objetivo. Estimar el tipo y la cantidad de errores cometidos al llenar la ficha de notificación de los casos de paludismo y su nivel de digitación, mediante el uso y seguimiento de la ficha de notificación en diez municipios nariñenses durante 2009.Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal en muestra no probabilística, de conveniencia, de los puestos de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se obtuvieron copias de la fichas y de la base de datos de la notificación del sistema de vigilancia y se compararon caso a caso. Se calcularon las proporciones.Resultados. De 2.816 fichas de notificación de casos positivos, se evidenció que en más de 60 % de los casos no se reportó la información de las variables municipio de residencia, municipio de origen y código de ocupación. En la comparación caso a caso se encontró que 845 (30,0 %) fichas no habían sido digitadas. La información de variables como el nombre del municipio de residencia y la fecha del inicio de síntomas, no fue completa ni exacta en más de 50 % de los casos.Conclusiones. El empleo de las fichas de notificación con copia permite conocer el subregistro de la notificación debida a la falta de digitación. Una tercera parte de los casos pueden ser recuperados.
Prognostic value of clinical and parasitological signs for severe malaria in patients from Colombia
Authors: Tobón-Castaño Alberto , Giraldo-Castro Cecilia , Blair Silvia
Published: September 2016

Introducción. El pronto reconocimiento de los signos de peligro en los pacientes con malaria puede reducir las complicaciones y muertes. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre su valor pronóstico para la malaria complicada, especialmente en las zonas de transmisión baja e inestable de la enfermedad.Objetivo. Estimar el valor pronóstico de gravedad que tienen diversos signos clínicos y parasitológicos en los pacientes con malaria.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio en una cohorte prospectiva con pacientes de cinco municipios de Colombia, con diagnóstico de malaria por Plasmodium falciparum y P. vivax, en quienes se estudió la asociación de los signos clínicos y los parasitológicos con la malaria complicada.Resultados. Se obtuvo un modelo de predicción con una sensibilidad de 47,4 % y especificidad de 92,8 %, valor pronóstico positivo de 63,2 % y valor pronóstico negativo de 87,1 %, el cual incluye ictericia, orina oscura, hiperpirexia y signos de deshidratación.Conclusiones. Con el fin de causar un impacto en la morbilidad complicada de la malaria, se propone una estrategia de reconocimiento de los signos de peligro por el personal no médico, que se acompañede otros elementos de la atención, como el suministro de un tratamiento antipalúdico adecuado y oportuno. Se proponen los criterios del diagnóstico de complicación moderada.
Malaria mortality in Colombia, 1979-2008
Authors: Chaparro Pablo , Padilla Julio
Published: September 2016

Introducción. En Colombia, el paludismo representa un grave problema de salud pública. Se estima que, aproximadamente, 60 % de la población se encuentra en riesgo de enfermar o de morir por esta causa.Objetivo. Describir la tendencia de la mortalidad por paludismo en Colombia desde 1979 hasta 2008. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo para determinar la tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad. Las fuentes de información fueron las bases de datos de las defunciones registradas y de las proyecciones de población de 1979 a 2008 del Departamento Nacional de Estadística (DANE). El indicador empleado fue la tasa de mortalidad. La tendencia se analizó mediante el software de análisis de regresión de puntos de inflexión (joinpoint).Resultados. Se certificaron 6.965 muertes por paludismo para una tasa ajustada por edad de 0,74 muertes por 100.000 habitantes para el periodo estudiado. En 74,3 % de las muertes, no se especificó la especie parasitaria. Las tasas de mortalidad por paludismo presentaron una tendencia decreciente estadísticamente significativa, que fue menor a partir de la segunda mitad de la década de los 90 en comparación con la presentada en la década de los 80.Conclusiones. La magnitud de la mortalidad por paludismo en Colombia no es grande, a pesar del evidente subregistro; se observó una tendencia descendente entre 1979 y 2008. La información derivada de los certificados de defunción, junto con la del sistema de vigilancia en salud pública, permitirá modificar las recomendaciones y mejorar la toma de medidas preventivas y de control pertinentes para continuar reduciendo la mortalidad causada por el paludismo.
Decentralization and health system reform: What is their impact on malaria incidence in Colombian municipalities?
Authors: Borrero Elizabeth , Carrasquilla Gabriel , Alexander Neal
Published: September 2016

Introducción. Colombia es uno de los países de América Latina con mayor incidencia de malaria. El control de la malaria en el país se lleva a cabo en el marco de un programa descentralizado de seguridad social en salud, bajo la responsabilidad de departamentos y municipios.Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la descentralización en el contexto del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, sobre la incidencia de malaria en municipios colombianos.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico de tendencia en municipios que notificaron, al menos, cinco casos anuales de malaria en cinco de los siete años del periodo 1998 a 2004, en el cual se solicitó información sobre indicadores de descentralización, afiliación a la seguridad social en salud y casos de malaria a entidades nacionales y a secretarías departamentales y municipales de salud. Se evaluó el comportamiento de las tasas de malaria teniendo en cuenta si el municipio era certificado o no. Se analizaron las medidas repetidas utilizando la ecuación estimada generalizada. Resultados. La certificación (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR=2,36; IC95% 1,57-3,56), la proporción de población con necesidades básicas insatisfechas (IRR=9,35; IC95% 3,66-23,89) y la proporción de población menor de 40 años (IRR=1,18; IC95% 1,13-1,23) fueron factores asociados con el incremento de la incidencia de malaria en municipios colombianos.Conclusiones. Los factores socioeconómicos y demográficos, además del estado de certificación, se presentan como factores de riesgo para malaria en los municipios colombianos.
Contributions to the functional morphology of caudate skulls: kinetic and akinetic forms
Authors: Natchev Nikolay , Handschuh Stephan , Lukanov Simeon , Tzankov Nikolay , Naumov Borislav , Werneburg Ingmar
Published: September 2016

A strongly ossified and rigid skull roof, which prevents parietal kinesis, has been reported for the adults of all amphibian clades. Our μ-CT investigations revealed that the Buresch’s newt (Triturus ivanbureschi) possess a peculiar cranial construction. In addition to the typical amphibian pleurokinetic articulation between skull roof and palatoquadrate associated structures, we found flexible connections between nasals and frontals (prokinesis), vomer and parasphenoid (palatokinesis), and between frontals and parietals (mesokinesis). This is the first description of mesokinesis in urodelans. The construction of the skull in the Buresch’s newts also indicates the presence of an articulation between parietals and the exocipitals, discussed as a possible kind of metakinesis. The specific combination of pleuro-, pro-, meso-, palato-, and metakinetic skull articulations indicate to a new kind of kinetic systems unknown for urodelans to this date. We discuss the possible neotenic origin of the skull kinesis and pose the hypothesis that the kinesis inT. ivanbureschiincreases the efficiency of fast jaw closure. For that, we compared the construction of the skull inT. ivanbureschito the akinetic skull of the Common fire salamanderSalamandra salamandra. We hypothesize that the design of the skull in the purely terrestrial living salamander shows a similar degree of intracranial mobility. However, this mobility is permitted by elasticity of some bones and not by true articulation between them. We comment on the possible relation between the skull construction and the form of prey shaking mechanism that the species apply to immobilize their victims.
In situvisualization of bacterial populations in coral tissues: pitfalls and solutions
Authors: Wada Naohisa , Pollock Frederic J. , Willis Bette L. , Ainsworth Tracy , Mano Nobuhiro , Bourne David G.
Published: September 2016

In situvisualization of microbial communities within their natural habitats provides a powerful approach to explore complex interactions between microorganisms and their macroscopic hosts. Specifically, the application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to simultaneously identify and visualize diverse microbial taxa associated with coral hosts, including symbiotic algae (Symbiodinium), Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi and protists, could help untangle the structure and function of these diverse taxa within the coral holobiont. However, the application of FISH approaches to coral samples is constrained by non-specific binding of targeted rRNA probes to cellular structures within the coral animal tissues (including nematocysts, spirocysts, granular gland cells within the gastrodermis and cnidoglandular bands of mesenterial filaments). This issue, combined with high auto-fluorescence of both host tissues and endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium), make FISH approaches for analyses of coral tissues challenging. Here we outline the major pitfalls associated with applying FISH to coral samples and describe approaches to overcome these challenges.
Spermatozoon ultrastructure in two monorchiid digeneans
Authors: Quilichini Yann , Bakhoum Abdoulaye J.S. , Justine Jean-Lou , Bray Rodney A. , Bâ Cheikh T. , Marchand Bernard
Published: September 2016

Spermatological characteristics of species from two monorchiid genera,OpisthomonorchisandParamonorcheides, have been investigated, for the first time, by means of transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural study reveals that the mature spermatozoon ofOpisthomonorchis dinemaandParamonorcheides selarisshare several characters such as the presence of two axonemes of different lengths showing the 9+“1” pattern of the Trepaxonemata, a nucleus, two mitochondria, two bundles of parallel cortical microtubules, external ornamentation of the plasma membrane, spine-like bodies, granules of glycogen and similar morphologies of the anterior and posterior extremities. The slight differences between the male gamete ofO. dinemaandP. selarisare the length of the first axoneme and the position of the second mitochondrion. This study also elucidates the general morphology of the spermatozoon in all monorchiid species described so far, which corresponds to a unique spermatozoon type. Other interesting finds concern the spermatological similarities between monorchiid spermatozoa and the mature spermatozoon reported in the apocreadiidNeoapocreadium chabaudi. These similarities allow us to suggest a close phylogenetical relationship between the Monorchiidae and the Apocreadiidae, although more studies are needed, especially in the unexplored taxa.
Modeling the benthic loading of particulate wastes from a gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) farm during a complete rearing cycle
Authors: Mestres Marc , Chaperón Wilson , Sierra Joan Pau
Published: September 2016

The relationship between aquaculture activities and water quality plays an important role in determining the volume and quality of production as well as the impact of aquaculture on the aquatic environment. The natural assimilation capacity of a waterbody is often insufficient to cope with the continuous input of wastes from fish farms. Their impact depends not only on the waste itself, but also on other factors such as the local hydrodynamics at the farm site or the cultured species’ feeding pattern. We combine a hydrodynamic model with a transport code to simulate the deposition of fecal pellets and uneaten feed from a gilthead seabream farm in the western Mediterranean Sea. The simulation spans a full 17-month rearing cycle and considers the natural variations in the feed demand of the fish during this period. The results indicated that the maximum benthic concentrations of organic matter and nutrients were found within a 100–500 m distance from the cages, depending on the type of particulate waste and on the local current characteristics. The combination of a long simulation period and realistic hydrodynamic patterns highlights the importance of considering long-term current variability when assessing the environmental impact of fish farms, and stresses the limitations of current simplistic assessment practices.
Calcification of the main reef-building coral species on the Pacific coast of southern Mexico
Authors: Medellín-Maldonado Francisco , Cabral-Tena Rafael Andres , López-Pérez Andrés , Calderón-Aguilera Luis E , Norzagaray-López C Orión , Chapa-Balcorta Cecilia , Zepeta-Vilchis Ronald C
Published: September 2016

Global warming and ocean acidification affect coral calcification. Nevertheless, there is not enough information regarding the growth parameters of the main reef-building coral species in marginal growth areas such as the Pacific coast of southern Mexico. In order to fill this gap, coral growth parameters of 8 hermatypic coral species (massive species: Porites panamensis, Porites lobata, Pavona gigantea, and Pavona varians; branching species: Pocillopora meandrina, Pocillopora damicornis, Pocillopora verrucosa, and Pocillopora capitata) were estimated in 2 areas of the southern Mexican Pacific. Branching coral species had a higher calcification rate (2.99–5.23 g CaCO3 cm–2 yr–1) than massive species (0.34–1.13 g CaCO3 cm–2 yr–1). A significant relation between sea surface temperature (SST) and skeletal density was observed in all massive coral species. Also, 2 massive species (P. gigantea and P. varians) showed a significant relation between SST and calcification rate. Upwelling in the Gulf of Tehuantepec transports deep water with low pH and low aragonite saturation, and may be affecting the calcification rate of stony corals in the studied area.
Seasonal air–sea CO2 fluxes in the southern California Current off the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico)
Authors: Mariano-Matías Manuel , Gaxiola-Castro Gilberto , De la Cruz-Orozco Martin Efrain , Chavez Francisco P
Published: September 2016

Seasonal climatology of air–sea CO2 exchange was estimated from in situ sea surface CO2 partial pressure, temperature, salinity, and satellite wind data obtained from 2004 to 2011 in the southern region of the California Current, off the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico). The average annual CO2 flux indicates that the study area is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere (0.65 mmol m–2 d–1). It changes from being a source in summer (2.33 mmol m–2 d–1) and autumn (0.92 mmol m–2 d–1) to acting as a sink in winter (–0.26 mmol m–2 d–1) and spring (–0.37 mmol m–2 d–1). The area to the north of latitud 28ºN (off Punta Eugenia) is a CO2 sink (–0.42 mmol m–2 d–1), whereas the area to the south of this latitude is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere (1.80 mmol m–2 d–1), mostly due to thermodynamic effects. The northern coastal zone is a permanent CO2 sink (–1.29 mmol m–2 d–1). During the 2004 El Niño event the whole area contributed 2.00 mmol m–2 d–1 of CO2 to the atmosphere, but during the 2011 La Niña the ocean absorbed 5.30 mmol m–2 d–1 as a result of physical and biological dynamics. The seasonalcycle is dominated by temperature rather than biological effects, except in the northern coastal area. It is necessary to continue with in situ measurements of the CO2 system to have solid foundations to estimate the effect of the long-term increase in dissolved inorganic carbon onmarine organisms.