bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
»… außer denen, die glauben und gute Werke tun …« – Eine Interpretation der Sure al-ʿAsr, Der Nachmittag
Authors: Paulus Christiane , Mosleh Abdalrahman
Published: December 2018

This essay relates the Lutheran idea of the inner coherence of faith and good works to the central surah of the Qur’an, al-‘Asr, which addresses faith and doing good works as well. By means of different interpreters of the Qur’an, especially Faḫr ad-Dīn ar-Razīs and Muḥammad ʿAbduh’s commentaries, the semantic space of this small surah is illuminated: Due to the ambivalence of practice, faith and good works always need to be accompanied by self-critical, interpersonal communication-reminiscent of old Arabic afternoon balancing discussions.
Ein griechischer Papyrus-Codex der Chronikbücher (Ra 880, P.Sinai Gr. 1, ineditum)
Authors: Albrecht Felix
Published: December 2018

The following article presents a preliminary edition of the hitherto unedited and mostly unknown fragments of Papyrus Sinai Gr. 1 (St. Catherine’s Monastery, Mount Sinai), which formed a Greek Codex of the Septuagint books of 1-2Chronicles written on Papyrus (Ms. Rahlfs 880).
Vorschläge zu dokumentarischen Texten
Authors: Backhuys Thomas
Published: December 2018

Corrections to six papyri dating to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC and an ostracon from the Roman period. Among these texts are the well-known letter of Herodes (UPZ I 110), a fragmentary petition, and letters, both official and private.
Fasce di lana in un papiro latino (P.Masada 723 riedito)
Authors: Bernini Andrea
Published: December 2018

P.Masada 723 is an important source on medical practice within the Roman army. A revision of the text shows the use of woollen bandages for the wounded, and gives us a better understanding of the section referring to the sick. A palaeographical reconsideration of the document proves it to be an example of duplex manus, the phenomenon by which different graphical levels correspond to different textual sections.
Un exemple de lettre adressée à un soufi de Damas au XIIe siècle
Authors: Mouton Jean-Michel , Sourdel Dominique , Sourdel-Thomine Janine
Published: December 2018

The letter published here was probably written during the reign of the Zankid Prince Nūr al-Dīn (1154-1174). It reveals the existence of close links between the ascetic communities of Syria and Iraq, but also between the various Sufi institutions in Damascus flourishing in the city at that time. The main figures of the letter, largely ignored from medieval sources, appear as charismatic characters who testify to the attraction then exerted by mystical circles on the Syrian population.
Diagnostics 4.0: the medical laboratory in digital health
Authors: Neumaier Michael
Published: December 2018

During recent years, the digital revolution has changed the face of societies including industrial production, economies and peoples’ social lives. From these changes we may extrapolate the developments that digitization of health care will bring to medicine in general and laboratory medicine in particular. Disruptive technologies will fundamentally change the way laboratory tests are going to be ordered, carried out and interpreted in the future, and test results from various sources need to be curated to be of added value for the patient’s condition. Wearables and implantables will quantify the concentrations for an unknown number of laboratory parameters, and the data will be stored in cloud services at the fingertips of the patient as the sovereign of his/her health care data. A 24/7 online availability of health services will strengthen predictive medicine and may enable a vastly improved preventive health care that is supported by deep-learning algorithms for clinical decision-making not only on behalf of the physician, but also the empowered patient (e.g. health bots). This will likely shift the current role of Laboratory Medicine as a central provider of diagnostic information from a “hidden champion” towards a higher visibility redefining the patient-physician-laboratory relationship. For example, accessing digital health data will allow Laboratory Medicine to more efficiently contribute to the medical dialog than is often the case today. From this perspective, this will require major readjustments in the way we execute our profession, and it will also need new concepts of education and continuous professional development.
A transient finding of fetal head entrapment caught in a uterine synechium or amniotic band
Authors: Rives Edward , Denney Jeff M. , Brost Brian C.
Published: December 2018

Background

Uterine synechia are bands of fibrous tissue that when seen on prenatal ultrasound are not felt to pose significant risk to a fetus outside of early pregnancy loss. On the contrary, amniotic bands are diagnosed when bands of amniotic tissue are found to entrap and possible amputate involved fetal parts.

Case presentation

Ultrasound imaging demonstrated a twin pregnancy affected by entrapment of twin B’s head in a uterine synechium versus an amniotic band at 11 weeks + 0 days. The entrapment persisted until the second trimester. After a review of still images and video clips with a fetal surgeon, the patient was scheduled for possible fetal surgery. Upon arrival at 16 weeks + 0 days, the entrapment was observed to have spontaneously resolved. The patient experienced preterm premature rupture of membranes at 17 weeks + 6 days, and developed chorioamnionitis at 18 weeks + 5 days. Shortly after diagnosis with chorioamnionitis, she delivered spontaneously at 18 weeks + 5 days. Postnatal hysteroscopy demonstrated uterine synechium at the uterine fundus, which was resected.

Conclusions

This is the first case of fetal head entrapment by a uterine synechium.
The pragmatics of Spanish postposed wh-interrogatives
Authors: Rosemeyer Malte
Published: December 2018

This study analyzes the pragmatics of in-situwh-and complex barewh-interrogatives such as¿de qué?‘of what?’ in spoken Spanish, developing a typology of their discourse functions. The interpretation of such postposedwh-interrogatives depends on inference processes by the hearer that take as cues both the degree to which the interrogative proposition and the referent of the interrogative pronoun/adverb are cognitively accessible. This relationship follows from the fact that on the basis of the combination of the information states of the interlocutors (i.e. the degree of accessibility of the proposition and the referent ofwh) with the information structure of this type ofwh-interrogatives, the utterer of thewh-interrogative can predict the pragmatic effect of a given postposedwh-interrogative token in the hearer. I establish a hierarchy of the different discourse functions on the basis of their potential to change the current ‘Question under Discussion’ (QuD). In particular, the analysis demonstrates that postposedwh-interrogatives that realize or imply a challenge to a previous utterance by the addressee of the interrogative have weaker pragmatic conditions than other uses. Consequently, I theorize that these uses are crucial for our understanding of the expansion of the use of in-situwh-interrogatives in languages such as French and Brazilian Portuguese.
Discourse-anadeictic uses of manner demonstratives: A view from spoken Israeli Hebrew
Authors: Shor Leon
Published: December 2018

Although past research has amply discussed the discourse-deictic function of demonstratives, it mainly focused on entity-referring and place-referring demonstratives, and was typically grounded in monologic, mostly written, data. To fill this gap, this study examines the discourse-deictic occurrences of the manner demonstrativekaχa‘thus’ in Israeli Hebrew conversation. In these uses,kaχapoints—prospectively or retrospectively—towards a contextually relevant discourse representation, requiring the recipient to operate upon that representation in order to create a new referent. The study argues for an essential difference between prospective and retrospective discourse-deictic occurrences ofkaχa. As a prospective indexical,kaχais maximally deictic – it directs the recipient’s attention towards an anticipated segment, enabling the speaker to claim the right to an extended turn, as well as facilitating the interlocutor’s processing of the upcoming segment. As a retrospective indexical,kaχais anadeictic – it combines both the deictic and the anaphoric indexical procedures, targeting opinions or perspectives previously conveyed by the interlocutors, and subjecting them to further evaluation.
Reduction without fusion: Grammaticalization and wordhood in Turkish
Authors: Zingler Tim
Published: December 2018

Despite ample evidence that grammaticalization is accompanied by phonological reduction and ultimately morphological fusion, the latter process is remarkably less common in Turkish – hence its prototypically agglutinating morphology. Since vowel harmony is a means of articulatory reduction, Turkish, as a vowel-harmonic language, therefore shows reduction but (virtually) no fusion. One morphosyntactic consequence of agglutination is that Turkish “suffixes” in many ways continue to behave like free words. To compensate for the resulting lack of clear-cut suffixes, vowel harmony and stress are co-opted to perform affixal functions such as the demarcation of words and encoding of relationships among morphemes. Due to the grammatical function of suffix vowels, however, even grammaticalized items must then remain at least monosyllabic, which constrains the extent of fusion possible. This situation suggests that theories of grammaticalization that do not sufficiently distinguish between reduction and fusion need to be refined. In addition, it highlights the need for language-specific analyses on the diachronic dimension and restores the status of morphological typology as a predictor of certain linguistic variables.
Aspects of a psychologically informed theory of agreement
Authors: Acuña-Fariña Carlos
Published: December 2018

In this paper I try to establish bidirectional links between the grammar and the processing (especially production) of agreement in order to provide the broad strokes of a psychologically viable theory of agreement. I start by arguing that full encapsulation and full interactivity in agreement operations are not realistic options. The question therefore becomes how much of each should be posited on principled grounds. It is further argued that in language production agreement ‘leaks’, in the sense that conceptual structure is ready to interfere in the establishment of agreement ties, and that that interference is neatly modulated by morphological strength, in the sense that morphology acts a barrier to it. I suggest a series of components that a theory of agreement must contain if it is to be psyscholinguistically realistic. Among these: a. constant conceptual pressure (leaking) and varying degrees of morphologisation both inter- and intra-linguistically (blocking); b. constructional ‘listing’, which adds to the division of labour between direct semantic influence and encapsulated feature transmission; c. ‘Avalanching’ (a chain reaction of chunking), which results in near encapsulation in practice in the minds of speakers of languages with a rich morphology; d. a process of ‘Match and Check’, which ensures automatic, non-strategic computations of massive feature redundancy (Match) without the need for accompanying access to conceptual structure (Check).
Causal inference or conventionalized meaning? A corpus study of the German connector nachdem ‘after’ in regional standard varieties
Authors: Gillmann Melitta
Published: December 2018

Drawing on a corpus study using German and Austrian parliamentary protocols, this paper shows that the originally temporal connectornachdem‘after’ may carry causal meaning in southern German standard varieties. In these varieties,nachdemclauses may occur with individual level predicates, cases which, I will argue, provide unambiguously causal contexts since a temporal succession of events is excluded with individual level predicates. Whilenachdemdisplays polysemy comparable to Englishsincein southern German standard varieties, it is a temporal marker in central and northern German varieties and a causal link may arise only due to a conversational implicature. The observed polysemy coincides with a higher token frequency ofnachdemas well as a higher incidence of present tense use in thenachdemclause in the respective southern German varieties. Remarkably, causalnachdemclauses show a clear tendency to be fronted to the matrix clause despite the overall tendency of causal clauses to be post-posed, both cross-linguistically and in German, which may be explained in terms of information structure and discourse-organizing functions.
Determining the development of syntax in typically-developing Indian adolescents using a syntactic analysis package
Authors: Shenoy Swathi , Karuppali Sudhin
Published: December 2018

Background

The syntactic structures used by adolescents can be calculated by measuring various markers that have the scope of developing with age. The use of such markers can be influenced by the type and modality of discourse on the individual uses.

Aims

The present study was aimed at exploring the syntactic development in 10–16-year-old Indian adolescents using markers such as sentences, clauses, subordinators, coordinators, T-units and the subordination index (SI) using written expository texts.

Methods

The study followed a cross-sectional study design following a non-random convenient sampling procedure. A total number of 180 typically-developing adolescents divided into six groups participated in the study. Phase 1 of the study comprised the preparation of the stimuli; Phase 2 included the data collection; Phase 3 focused on the data analysis; and Phase 4 involved the statistical analysis performed on the obtained data.

Results

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a main level of significance at p < 0.05 for all variables (except SI) indicating an overall change in the development across the six age groups. Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis indicated poor significance between the groups in almost all the six variables.

Conclusions

Understanding the syntactic markers in the language of adolescents is essential to determine the academic and communicative effectiveness of these individuals.
Occupational agricultural injuries among the preadolescent workers of West Bengal, India
Authors: Das Banibrata , Gangopadhyay Somnath
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Agricultural injuries are an important factor in mortality and morbidity for populations of preadolescents globally. Working preadolescents in agricultural sector are exposed to occupational risks and injury in India.

Objective

This study mainly assesses the nature of injuries among the preadolescent agricultural workers of West Bengal, India.

Methods

The survey was done by collecting the data on agricultural injuries from the Hooghly district of West Bengal. The injury data for 7 years between years 2010 and 2016 were collected by conducting a survey and personal interviews with the victims. The questionnaire-based approach was used for data collection information on the injury characteristics.

Results

The agricultural injury incident rate was 8.99 (male) and 7.89 (female) per 1000 workers/year. The leading causes of farm injuries were hand tools (65.7%). The most frequently involved tools were spades and sickles. The main cause of hand tool injuries was repetitive work, which lead to fatigue and slippage of hand tools from the hand. The study indicated that preadolescent workers are highly prone to injuries in their occupation, mostly affecting the toes (27.8% and 26.3%) and fingers (24.8% and 25%) in both male and female preadolescents, which consequently affected their health, productivity and work performance.

Conclusion

This study concludes that (1) agricultural injuries affecting different body parts such as toes, fingers, feet and ankles. (2) Occurrence of injuries was much higher among males than females. (3) Hand tools accounted for the majority of injuries followed by farm machinery. (4) Cut injuries are the main ones followed by lacerations, abrasions, sprains and contusions.
Allegory and Religious Pluralism: Biblical Interpretation in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Esterson Rebecca
Published: December 2018

The Christian discourse of the literal and spiritual senses in the Bible was, in the long eighteenth century, no less tied to perceptions of Jewish interpretive abilities than it had been previously. However, rather than linking Jews with literalism, in many cases the early modern version of this discourse associated Jews with allegory. By touching upon three moments in the reception history of the Bible in the eighteenth century, this article exhibits the entanglement of religious identity and biblical allegory characteristic of this context. The English Newtonian, William Whiston, fervently resisted allegorical interpretations of the Bible in favor of scientific and literal explanations, and blamed Jewish manuscript corruption for any confusion of meaning. Johan Kemper was a convert whose recruitment to Uppsala University reveals an appetite on the part of university and governmental authorities for rabbinic and kabbalistic interpretive methods and their application to Christian texts. Finally, the German Jewish intellectual Moses Mendelssohn responded to challenges facing the Jewish community by combining traditional rabbinic approaches and early modern philosophy in defense of a multivocal reading of biblical texts. Furthermore, Mendelssohn’s insistence on the particularity of biblical symbols, that they are not universally accessible, informed his vision for religious pluralism. Each of these figures illuminates not only the thorny plight of biblical allegory in modernity, but also the ever-present barriers and passageways between Judaism and Christianity as they manifested during the European Enlightenment.
Ireland and the Old Testament: Transmission, Translation, and Unexpected Influence
Authors: Anderson Bradford A.
Published: December 2018

In spite of Ireland’s rich and complex religious history, the influence of the Old Testament in the shaping of the island is often overlooked. This study traces the use and reception of the Old Testament in Ireland through the centuries, focusing on stories of transmission, translation, and unexpected influence. In early Christian and medieval Ireland, the transmission of the Old Testament in diverse contexts points to an important role for the Old Testament in relation to social formation and notions of Irish history. Moving to early modern Ireland, the story of the translation of the Old Testament into Irish demonstrates how this collection contributed to contested issues of identity in this highly-charged era. Finally, we encounter stories of unexpected influence relating to Ireland and the Old Testament in James Ussher and John Nelson Darby. In both cases, ideas concerning the Old Testament that took shape in Ireland would go on to have impact on a global scale, even if this subsequent influence was a matter of accidence. Taken together, it is argued that the Old Testament has played a much more prominent role in the shaping of the social, cultural, and religious landscape of Ireland than is often assumed.
The Bulgarian Worldview Mosaic: Literary Paraphrases of the Bible as a Source for the History of Ideas
Authors: Drzewiecka Ewelina
Published: December 2018

The paper raises the question of functioning of Biblical tradition in modern culture in the perspective of the history of ideas. Referring to the postsecular interpretation of the Modernity, the research is based on Biblical paraphrases in Bulgarian literature of the interwar period, which are perceived as a testimony of the search for a worldview. The aim is to show how a situation of ideological turmoil accompanied by experiences of social crisis leads to utilizing a Gnostic worldview. The phenomenon is seen in a broader context as an illustration of transmission of ideas within the Western culture and religious thought.
Scripture and Power: Four Anecdotes from Early Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Shamir Avner
Published: December 2018

This article examines conceptions of the Bible in early seventeenth-century England by discussing four instances of antagonism toward the Bible. In 1601/2, a group of papists rent and scattered the Bible and the prayer book in their parish church. In 1602, Katherine Brettergh suffered from a crisis of faith, during which she repeatedly threw her Bible away. Also in 1602, the young boy Thomas Harrison, possessed by the devil, snatched books of the Bible from anyone around him and tore them apart. Around the same time, in Christopher Marlowe’s play about Faustus, Doctor Faustus vowed to burn Scripture. In all four cases, views and emotions regarding the Bible were expressed by violent gestures. What is common to these unrelated episodes is an assumption that the Bible was somehow powerful; that the Bible was not simply Holy Scripture but rather a forceful and efficacious book. In the article I analyse this sense of forcefulness in the Bible. Historians are now paying more attention to the Protestant material Bible and the ways the book was employed as quasi-magical object. The article extends this focus on Bible and power to new directions. I examine notions of power in the Bible, expressed by people on the religious margins – some Catholics, a few Godly, one sorcerer – and I examine the attribution of power to Scripture without clearly distinguishing between textual (referential) and material (magical) uses.
“The Greatest Paradox of All”: The “Place of God” in the Mystical Theologies of Gregory of Nyssa and Evagrius of Pontus
Authors: Conway-Jones Ann
Published: December 2018

The “place of God” is an oxymoron, implying a spatial confinement of the transcendent deity. Gregory of Nyssa calls it “the greatest paradox of all.” It is a biblical image, applied above all to the tabernacle/temple, which inspired a long afterlife of fruitful reflection in both Jewish and Christian traditions. This paper focusses on the interpretations of the “place of God” in the writings of the fourth century theologians Gregory of Nyssa and Evagrius of Pontus. They take different biblical verses as their starting points, both from the Exodus narrative of Moses’ experiences on Mount Sinai – a narrative which was to prove crucial for the development of the Christian mystical tradition. Gregory takes his cue from LXX Exodus 33:21 – “Look, a place is near me. You shall stand on the rock” – and develops an argument for divine infinity. He correlates this with the relentless nature of the Exodus narrative and Moses’ insatiable desire. Evagrius is inspired by LXX Exodus 24:10 – “and they saw the place, there where the God of Israel stood” – and takes the sapphire blue colour of heaven to represent pure prayer. He talks of the human mind (nous) as a temple of the Holy Trinity. A close examination of their interpretations illustrates what Steven Katz calls “the fertile interconnection between theology, exegesis, and mystical experience.” They have not simply started with preconceived schemes into which they have slotted scriptural proof texts, but genuinely wrestled with biblical texts. In the new theological context of the fourth century, they have produced fresh exegeses. Evagrius chooses between different Greek translations; Gregory notices a discrepancy in the scriptural record. They do not explain away or smooth over the contradictions and difficulties of the biblical text, but work with them creatively, capitalising on the paradoxes, to generate imagery worthy of the unfathomable God. Unlike Gregory’s highlighting of the darkness in Exodus 20:21, which led, via Pseudo-Dionysius, to the medieval “cloud of unknowing,” these interpretations of the “place of God” have not passed into the bloodstream of the Western mystical tradition. But they amply illustrate the crucial role of biblical exegesis in the development of Christian mystical theology.
Food habits of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) in an alpine habitat on Mount Asama, central Japan
Authors: Takada Hayato , Minami Masato
Published: December 2018

We investigated the food habits of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) in alpine habitats using direct observations at Mount Asama, central Japan. We observed the feeding behavior of 13 identified adult serows throughout the year, from April 2016 to October 2017. The animals’ food habits were evaluated by the feeding probability among 2129 observation bouts. The most important food throughout the year was grasses (feeding probability, 57.6%), followed by forbs (43.5%) and dwarf bamboos (11.4%). However, the feeding probability for each food category drastically changed in relation to the season; in particular, grasses and forbs were especially important foods from spring to autumn, whereas dwarf bamboos and conifers were important in winter. These results suggest that the food habits of the serow are flexible and will vary according to seasonal changes in vegetation. The findings also suggest that the feeding ecology of the serow in an alpine area tends to match that of an intermediate feeder rather than a browser, as was reported by several previous studies conducted in forested habitats. However, the food habits of the serows in the alpine habitats were similar to those of other alpine caprids, such as the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus), alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica). This is the first study to demonstrate that the food habits of the serow are variable according to the season and/or population. Similar to other alpine caprids, the flexible food habits of the serow in alpine habitats are likely an adaptation to an environment with a characteristically unstable food supply.
The effects of gastrointestinal function on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients
Authors: Lin Yuanqiang , Sun Zhixia , Wang Hui , Liu Meihan
Published: December 2018

Objective

To investigate the effect of gastrointestinal function on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in critically ill patients.

Methods

From August 2012 to June 2016, 160 critically ill patients in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit) of our hospital were selected as the research group; patients were divided equally into an observation group and a control group, 80 patients in each group, based on the random draw envelope principle. The control group was given a nasogastric tube for gastric feeding, the observation group was given a dual lumen gastrointestinal enteral device for gastric feeding; the two groups’ enteral nutrition observation time was 7d; any changes in patient condition and prognosis were recorded.

Results

The pH value of gastric juice in the control group and the observation group was 6.13±1.38 and 4.01±1.83, respectively: the pH for the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (t=4.982, P<0.05). The incidence of VAP in the observation group and the control group was 2.5% and 12.5%, respectively: the VAP for the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The serum levels of pre-albumin and albumin after feeding in the two groups were significantly higher than before feeding (P<0.05); the serum levels of pre-albumin and albumin in the observation group after feeding were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The mechanical ventilation time and ICU length of stay in the observation group were 9.12±2.13 days and 12.76±1.98 days, respectively, significantly lower than those of the control group of 10.56±2.89 days and 16.33±2.11 days (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Obstacles to gastrointestinal function in critically ill ICU patients are common; enteral gastric feeding by dual lumen gastrointestinal for can improve the patient’s nutritional status, promote and maintain the normal pH value of gastric juice, thereby reducing the incidence of VAP through rehabilitation of patients.
Crystal structure of methyl 4-(4-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,7,7-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate, C18H20BrNO3S
Authors: Tang Bo
Published: December 2018

C18H20BrNO3S, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 11.558(5) Å, b = 13.098(5) Å, c = 12.250(5) Å, β = 106.923(17)°, V = 1774.2(12) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0528, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1526, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of hexa-μ2-chlorido-μ4-oxido-tetrakis(1-vinyl-1H-imidazole-κN)tetracopper(II), C20H24Cu4Cl6N8O
Authors: Li Ting , Xing Zheng
Published: December 2018

C20H24Cu4Cl6N8O, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 12.159(7) Å, b = 14.299(8) Å, c = 19.186(11) Å, V = 3336(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0382, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0615, T = 296(2) K.
Challenges and solutions in phosphinate chemistry
Authors: Montchamp Jean-Luc
Published: December 2018

Several major challenges still remain in organophosphorus chemistry. Organophosphorus compounds are currently synthesized from phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), even though the final consumer products (such as pesticides, flame-retardants, extractants) do not contain reactive phosphorus-chlorine bonds. In order to bypass phosphorus trichloride, significant interest has been devoted to functionalizing elemental phosphorus (P4, the precursor to PCl3), red phosphorus (Pred), or phosphine (PH3). Yet, phosphinates (ROP(O)H2) are already available on an industrial scale and are the most environmentally benign, but their use as phosphorus trichloride replacements has been completely overlooked until a few years ago. An overview of some of the methodologies developed in my laboratory for P–C and P–O bond-forming reactions through phosphinate chemistry, as well as some selected applications, are presented. Another significant challenge remains the synthesis of P-stereogenic compounds. My group’s recent progress in this area is also discussed. Based on menthol as an inexpensive chiral auxiliary, various menthyl phosphinates can be synthesized. These phosphinates are precursor to P-stereogenic phosphines through well-established literature transformations.
Phosphorus chemistry: from small molecules, to polymers, to pharmaceutical and industrial applications
Authors: Papathanasiou Konstantinos E. , Vassaki Maria , Spinthaki Argyro , Alatzoglou Fanouria-Eirini G. , Tripodianos Eleftherios , Turhanen Petri , Demadis Konstantinos D.
Published: December 2018

(Poly)phosphonic acids constitute an exciting family of phosphorus compounds. One of the attractive attributes of these molecules is the rich chemistry of the phosphonate moiety, and, in particular, its high affinity for metal ions and mineral surfaces. Whether the phosphonate group belongs to a “small” molecule or to a polymeric matrix, phosphonate-containing compounds have found a phalanx of real-life applications. Herein, we address a special category of phosphorus compounds called bisphosphonates (BPs, a.k.a. “-dronates”) and also phosphonate containing polymers. The success of BPs in mitigating osteoporosis notwithstanding, these “-dronate” drugs present a number of challenges. Nevertheless, the main drawback of BPs is their limited oral bioavailability. It is, therefore, imperative to design and fabricate “smart” systems that allow controlled delivery of the active BP agent. Here, easy-to-prepare drug delivery systems are presented based on silica gels. These have been synthesized, characterized, and studied as hosts in the control release of several BP drugs. They exhibit variable release rates and final % release, depending on the nature of bisphosphonate (side-chain length, hydro-philicity/-phobicity, water-solubility), cations present, pH and temperature. These gels are robust, injectable, re-loadable and re-usable. Furthermore, alternative drug delivery systems are presented that are based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). In these biologically acceptable inorganic metal ions have been incorporated, together with BPs as the organic portion. These materials have been synthesized, characterized, and studied for the self-sacrificial release (by pH-driven dissolution) of the BP active ingredient. Several such materials were prepared with a variety of bisphosphonate drugs. They exhibit variable release rates and final % release, depending on the actual structure of the metal-bisphosphonate material. Lastly, we will present the use of phosphonate-grafted polymers as scale inhibitors for water treatment applications.
The First Medea and the Other Heracles
Authors: Meccariello Chiara
Published: December 2018

This paper focuses on the presumed existence of two versions of Medea and Heracles in the Euripidean corpus that circulated in antiquity. After a brief review of the main papyrological evidence, namely P.Oxy. LXXVI 5093 for the Medea and P.Hibeh II 179 for the Heracles, I discuss the implications of adding another Medea and another Heracles to the Euripidean corpus in the light of the extant ancient testimonies on the number of works in Euripides’ oeuvre. Moreover, I examine the clues provided by the headings of the hypotheses of the extant Medea and the extant Heracles as preserved in P.IFAO inv. PSP 248 and P.Oxy. LXXXI 5284. On these grounds, I argue that the supposed evidence for the existence of two distinct Medea and two distinct Heracles plays should not be interpreted as evidence of double authorial versions.
Determination of the fundamental dimension development in building direction for laser-sintered parts
Authors: Launhardt Martin , Drummer Dietmar
Published: December 2018

The additive manufacturing process of the laser sintering of polymers (LS) allows the production of complex parts right from CAD data. However, the manufactured parts often show dimensional inaccuracies. In order to fundamentally determine the influencing parameters on the accuracy of LS parts, a hatching specimen, a layer-specimen and defined part geometries are manufactured and subsequently measured. These, combined with a theoretical observation of the layer wise geometry buildup, are used to determine the fundamental portions of the development of dimensions in building direction (z-direction). The results indicated a defined powder adhesion height at the top and the bottom of a melted layer, along with the dependency of melt depth and the hatch number for small structures. Depending on the nominal heights of an LS part, either an oversize or undersize was detected.
Tripodal methanetrisulfonate ligands in the trinuclear complex {Ni3[CH(SO3)3]2(NMP)8}
Authors: Gudenschwager Marit , Christoffers Jens , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: December 2018

The reaction of Ni(OH)2 and methanetrisulfonic acid trihydrate CH(SO3H)3·3H2O (H3MTA·3H2O) in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) leads to the trinuclear complex {Ni3[MTA]2(NMP)8} (triclinic, P1̅, Z=1, a=946.25(3), b=1073.24(3), c=1518.27(4) pm, α=72.193(2), β=87.398(2), γ=89.389(2)°, V=1466.49(7)×106 pm3). The structural features of the methanetrisulfonate anions are tripodal as well as chelating coordination of the Ni2+ ions. The thermal analysis has shown that the compound is first losing NMP molecules and that the solvent-free methanetrisulfonate finally decomposes yielding Ni3S2.
The role of synthesis conditions for structural defects and lattice strain in β-TaON and their effect on photo- and photoelectrocatalysis
Authors: Rohloff Martin , Cosgun Sevilay , Massué Cyriac , Lunkenbein Thomas , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Lerch Martin , Fischer Anna , Behrens Malte
Published: December 2018

The importance of the synthesis conditions on the structural and photocatalytic properties of tantalum oxide nitride was investigated by comparing two variants of phase-pure β-TaON obtained from application of two different synthesis routes, leading to one unstrained and one heavily anisotropically microstrained β-TaON as shown by XRD-based Rietveld refinement. HRTEM images reveal the origin of the strain to be lattice defects such as stacking faults. The strained β-TaON was found to be the clearly less active semiconductor in photochemical and photoelectrochemical water oxidation. The lattice defects are assumed to act as charge carrier traps hindering the photo-generated holes to be displaced to the reaction sites at the surface.
How to Serve Faster in Tennis: The Influence of an Altered Focus of Attention and Augmented Feedback on Service Speed in Elite Players
Authors: Keller Martin , Kuhn Yves-Alain , Lüthy Fabian , Taube Wolfgang
Published: December 2018

Keller, M, Kuhn, YA, Lüthy, F, and Taube, W. How to serve faster in tennis: the influence of an altered focus of attention and augmented feedback on service speed in elite players. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1119–1126, 2021—Different approaches, such as providing augmented feedback (AF) or adopting an external focus of attention (EF), have been shown to directly enhance performance in recreational athletes. Furthermore, research has shown that combining AF with EF (AF + EF) results in superior performance compared to AF and EF alone. Here, we tested the influence of AF, EF, AF + EF, and an internal focus of attention (IF) on service speed in elite tennis players. High-level national tennis players (19.2 ± 3.7 years) were asked to serve flat serves to a target zone with maximum speed. With respect to service speed, a significant main effect of condition was found (p ≤ 0.001). Post hoc comparisons revealed faster serves for AF compared to control serves without instruction/feedback (p < 0.01) and compared to EF (p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between EF and IF (p = 0.81). The fastest service speeds were found in the AF condition, whereas the combination of AF + EF did not further promote performance. The number of serves landed in the target zone did not differ between conditions (p = 0.17). Thus, no speed-accuracy trade-off was found, indicating that enhanced service speeds did not result in less serves landed in the target zone. Augmented feedback seems most beneficial to instantly enhance tennis serve performance. In contrast to previous studies with recreational sportsmen, EF did not differ from IF, providing further evidence that expertise level and task-relevant instructions mediate the influence of attentional focus on motor performance.
Methodological Approaches and Related Challenges Associated With the Determination of Critical Power and Curvature Constant
Authors: Muniz-Pumares Daniel , Karsten Bettina , Triska Christoph , Glaister Mark
Published: December 2018

Muniz-Pumares, D, Karsten, B, Triska, C, and Glaister, M. Methodological approaches and related challenges associated with the determination of critical power and W′. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 584–596, 2019—The relationship between exercise intensity and time to task failure (P-T relationship) is hyperbolic, and characterized by its asymptote (critical power [CP]) and curvature constant (W′). The determination of these parameters is of interest for researchers and practitioners, but the testing protocol for CP and W′ determination has not yet been standardized. Conventionally, a series of constant work rate (CWR) tests to task failure have been used to construct the P-T relationship. However, the duration, number, and recovery between predictive CWR and the mathematical model (hyperbolic or derived linear models) are known to affect CP and W′. Moreover, repeating CWR may be deemed as a cumbersome and impractical protocol. Recently, CP and W′ have been determined in field and laboratory settings using time trials, but the validity of these methods has raised concerns. Alternatively, a 3-minute all-out test (3MT) has been suggested, as it provides a simpler method for the determination of CP and W′, whereby power output at the end of the test represents CP, and the amount of work performed above this end-test power equates to W′. However, the 3MT still requires an initial incremental test and may overestimate CP. The aim of this review is, therefore, to appraise current methods to estimate CP and W′, providing guidelines and suggestions for future research where appropriate.
Prevalence and Predictors of Higher-Risk Supplement Use Among Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Sassone John , Muster Mark , Barrack Michelle T.
Published: December 2018

Sassone, J, Muster, M, and Barrack, MT. Prevalence and predictors of higher-risk supplement use among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 443–450, 2019—This study aimed to identify the prevalence and predictors associated with the use of higher-risk dietary supplements, defined as supplements containing herbal ingredients, caffeine, or those classified for weight loss, muscle-building, or as a preworkout supplement, among 557 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I male and female collegiate athletes. Although 252 (45.2%) athletes reported the use of a dietary supplement on ≥2 days per week over the past year, 46 (8.3%) athletes met criteria for higher-risk supplement use. Twenty (3.6%) athletes reported the use of herbal, 1 (0.2%) caffeinated, 5 (0.9%) weight loss, 28 (5.0%) preworkout, and 1 (0.2%) muscle-building supplements. Body mass index status (BMI ≥30 kg·m−2), sport-type (sports using the phosphocreatine energy system), and college year (≥4th year) were associated with the use of preworkout, muscle-building, or herbal supplements. A multiple regression analysis identified predictors of higher-risk supplement use including the number of dietary supplements used in the past year (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7–2.7, p < 0.001), the reported motivation of taking dietary supplements to gain muscle and lose body fat (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1–11.7, p = 0.04), and the motivation to increase athletic endurance (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.6–9.9, p < 0.005). These factors may be considered as a part of a screening process to evaluate athletes with an increased risk of higher-risk supplement use and potential consequences to health or eligibility status.
Effects of Preferred vs. Nonpreferred Music on Resistance Exercise Performance
Authors: Ballmann Christopher G. , McCullum Marquis J. , Rogers Rebecca R. , Marshall Mallory R. , Williams Tyler D.
Published: December 2018

Ballmann, CG, McCullum, MJ, Rogers, RR, Marshall, MR , and Williams, TD. Effects of preferred vs. nonpreferred music on resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1650–1655, 2021—The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to preferred vs. nonpreferred music on resistance exercise performance. Twelve resistance-trained college-aged males (age = 20.5 ± 1.24 years, height = 183.9 ± 6.8 cm, and body mass = 97.0 ± 18.2 kg) were recruited for this study. In a within-groups counterbalanced study design, subjects either listened to preferred or nonpreferred music during a bench press exercise test. Subjects completed as many repetitions as possible at 75% of their 1 repetition maximum with maximum explosive intent. Power and velocity of the barbell movement was measured for the first 3 repetitions using a linear position transducer. Motivation was measured using a visual analog scale immediately after exercise. Each exercise trial was separated by a 48-hour washout period. Results indicate that listening to preferred music increased overall bench press repetitions completed (p = 0.005; effect size [ES] = 0.84). During the first 3 repetitions, mean velocity (p = 0.001; ES = 1.6), relative mean power (p = 0.012; ES = 0.55), peak velocity (p = 0.011; ES = 0.99), and peak power (p = 0.009; ES = 0.35) were higher while listening to preferred music vs. nonpreferred music. Finally, motivation during the lift (p < 0.001; ES = 5.9) was significantly higher while listening to preferred vs. nonpreferred music. Current findings suggest that listening to preferred music by the individual results in greater performance than nonpreferred during resistance exercise. Athletes may benefit from the option to listen to their preferred music to increase motivation and resistance exercise performance.
Assessing the Reliability of Using a Horizontal Leg Press Equipped With a Force Plate to Report on Measures of Positive and Negative Neuromuscular Characteristics
Authors: Ferley Derek D. , Vukovich Matthew D.
Published: December 2018

Ferley, DD and Vukovich, MD. Assessing the reliability of using a horizontal leg press equipped with a force plate to report on measures of positive and negative neuromuscular characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 360–371, 2019—Individuals participating in sport or returning from a lower-extremity injury routinely perform assessments of lower-body anaerobic capacity and power to gauge fitness or readiness to return to competition. However, many commonly used assessments lack the specificity of movement and muscle contraction demonstrated in sprinting, jumping, and changing direction. Therefore, this investigation assessed the reliability of a novel lower-body power test called a Plyo Press Power Quotient (3PQ), which involves jumping on a horizontal leg press equipped with a force plate. Thirty participants completed 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength testing for 1 and 2 legs and a countermovement vertical jump. Two trials of 1- and 2-leg jump tests were performed using 30, 40, 50, and 60% of 1RM for 20 and 30 seconds, respectively. Dependent variables were a variety of positive (concentric) and negative (eccentric) neuromuscular indices. Statistical significance was set to p ≤ 0.05. No significant differences existed between trial 1 and 2 for any measures. One-way analysis of variance between %1RM conditions revealed significant differences in peak force (right; both), average negative power (left; right), average negative work (left; right), rate of power development (both), percent positive and negative fatigue (left; right; both), and velocity of movement (left; right; both). Peak power of all 2-leg jump tests correlated highly with vertical jump (r ≥ 0.89) but was significantly different. We conclude 3PQ testing provides a reliable assessment of anaerobic capacity and power, with the added benefit of easy single-leg comparisons.
Improving Active Gaming's Energy Expenditure in Healthy Adults Using Structured Playing Instructions for the Nintendo Wii and Xbox Kinect
Authors: Naugle Keith E. , Carey Christopher , Ohlman Tom , Godza Mutsa , Mikesky Alan , Naugle Kelly M.
Published: December 2018

Naugle, KE, Carey, C, Ohlman, T, Godza, M, Mikesky, A, and Naugle, KM. Improving active gaming's energy expenditure in healthy adults using structured playing instructions for the Nintendo Wii and Xbox Kinect. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 549–558, 2019—Professionals work constantly to increase energy expenditure and improve cardiovascular outcomes. A newer form of physical activity used to improve cardiovascular outcomes and increase energy expenditure while also providing entertainment is active gaming. The purpose was to determine energy expenditure and enjoyment levels during participation in different games played with a directed set of instructions designed to enhance movement. Twenty-one adults completed 6 sessions (1 familiarization and 5 experimental) on separate days. During 4 of the experimental sessions, participants played 1 of 4 active games for two 15-minute periods. Two active games were from Xbox Kinect and 2 were from Nintendo Wii. During the first period, participants played at a self-selected level of activity. During the second period, participants were given specific instructions for play during both active and down times within games. Participants wore a portable gas analyzer to measure energy expenditure. Resting energy expenditure was measured during session 6. Outcome measures were analyzed with 4 Game × 2 Period repeated-measures analyses of variance. Energy expenditure, measured in metabolic equivalents (METS), was greatest while playing Kinect Fighter Within. METS, enjoyment levels, and percentage of time spent in whole-body activity were greater during the period with specific instructions compared to the self-selected levels of activity, regardless of active game. When played at a self-selected level of activity, energy expenditure during the active games was similar to that of light physical activity. However, energy expenditure improved during the second period of game play showing that specific instructions created energy expenditure of moderate intensity.