bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making sense of dying: a review of narratives written since 1950 by people facing death from cancer and other diseases
Authors: Bingley AF , McDermott E , Thomas C , Payne S , Seymour JE , Clark D
Published: April 2006

This article reviews a sample of narratives written since 1950 by people knowingly facing death as a result of cancer and other diseases, in order to compare experiences and show how these relate to wider changes in practice in end of life care. Methods: A bibliographic search of libraries, archives, journals and internet sources located English spoken literature, including books, poems, newspapers, journal articles, diaries, and internet postings of writings by people facing terminal disease. Bibliometric and qualitative content analysis explored changing authorship, experiences, purpose in writing, and reported the impact on readers. Results: The initial search located a wide range of published and unpublished narratives, to which inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, yielding 148 narratives by different authors since 1950. A purposive sub-sample of 63 of these narratives was reviewed. Discussion: Over the last half century there have been changes in both the volume of available literature and patterns of writing about end of life experience. Therapeutic benefits of writing are reported as a way of making sense of dying combined with a strong sense of purpose in sharing the story. There is a clear awareness of social needs when dying, along with issues of communication with medical staff, symptom control, realities of suffering, and spiritual aspects of dying. Differences are found in the nature and style of writing about cancer in comparison to other illnesses.
The sound of death rattle II: how do relatives interpret the sound?
Authors: Wee BL , Coleman PG , Hillier R , Holgate SH
Published: April 2006

Background: In an earlier study, we found that some bereaved relatives (five out of 12 interviewed) found it distressing to hear the sound of death rattle, but the remainder did not. In this paper, we report a second study in which we explored how a different group of relatives interpreted the sound of death rattle when they heard it. Method: We conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 25 bereaved relatives using the principles of grounded theory. Results: Seventeen of the 25 bereaved relatives interviewed had heard the sound of death rattle. Ten relatives were distressed by the sound, but seven were not. Some relatives regarded the sound of death rattle as a useful warning sign that death was imminent. Their interpretation of the sound was influenced by the patient’s appearance, being less concerned if the patient was not obviously disturbed. Relatives were distressed when they thought that the sound of death rattle indicated that the patient might be drowning or choking. These concerns were reinforced by seeing fluid dribble from the dying patient’s mouth. Conclusion: This study confirms the previous finding that not all relatives are distressed by the sound of death rattle. It also demonstrates that relatives interpret the sound in a variety of ways, some matter of fact and some distressing. We suggest that effective communication is helpful in uncovering relatives’ interpretation of death rattle and dispelling unwarranted fears.
The protective effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate against the adverse effects of Aflatoxin B1 on D. melanogaster
Authors: Şişman Turgay
Published: April 2006

The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) and Aflatoxin B1-hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) on various developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. Different concentrations of AFB1and HSCAS-AFB1were administered during the developmental periods of the fly (egg, larvae and pupae). When the F1progeny of control and application groups were compared, AFB1was found to extend the process of metamorphosis and decrease the total number of offspring. However, these negative effects were inhibited with HSCAS treatment at different concentrations (5.0 and 10.0 ppm). These results suggest that HSCAS could effectively inhibit AFB1-induced abnormalities in the developmental stages of D. melanogaster.
A high-performance liquid chromatography method for hypoxanthine determination in vitreous humour: application to estimation of post mortem interval
Authors: Muñoz J I , Costas E , Rodrĺguez-Calvo M S , Suárez-Peñaranda J M , López-Rivadulla M , Concheiro L
Published: April 2006

We have developed a new technique to determine the concentration of hypoxanthine [Hx] in a reverse phase column using a modified high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that is faster and more reliable than those previously described. In this paper we present a formula for estimating the post mortem interval (PMI) based on this HPLC method by applying the inverse prediction method. The regression line obtained by changing the variables gives PMI=0.183[Hx]+0.599 (PMI in hours, [Hx] in μmol/L, R2-0.531, P-0.05).
Alteration of gene expression in human cells treated with the agricultural chemical diazinon: possible interaction in fetal development
Authors: Mankame T , Hokanson R , Fudge R , Chowdhary R , Busbee D
Published: April 2006

Agricultural chemicals frequently alter human health or development, typically because they have endocrine agonist or antagonist activities and alter hormone-regulation of gene expression. The insecticide, diazinon, was evaluated for gene expression disrupting activity using MCF-7 cells, an estrogen-dependent human cell line, to examine the capacity of the insecticide to disrupt gene expression essential for morphological development, immune system development or function, and/or central nervous system development and function. MCF-7 cells were treated with 30, 50 or 67 ppm diazinon, and gene expression was measured in treated cells compared to expression in untreated or estrogen-treated cells. DNA microarray analysis of diazinon-treated cells showed significant upor down-regulation of a large number of genes compared to untreated cells. Of the 600 human genes on the Phase 1 chip utilized for these studies, two specific genescalreticulin and TGF-b3were selected for corroboration using quantitative real time PCR (qrtPCR). qrtPCR, completed to assess gene expression levels for calreticulin and TGFb3, confirmed results showing significant up-regulation of these two genes obtained from the microarray data. These studies were designed to provide baseline data on the gene expressionaltering capacity of a specific chemical, diazinon, and allow a partial assessment of the potentially deleterious effects associated with exposure of human cells to this chemical. Currently, it is not known whether results from cells in vitro can be extrapolated to human health consequences of chemical exposure.
The new Global Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) correlates with axonal but not glial biomarkers
Authors: Petzold A , Eikelenboom M J , Keir G , Polman C H , Uitdehaag B MJ , Thompson E J , Giovannoni G
Published: April 2006

This study investigated whether the new Global Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scale (MSSS) correlated with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for axonal and glial pathology. The MSSS correlated with the phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (NfH-SMI35, R=0.44, P=0.016). The degree of neurofilament phosphorylation (ratio NfH-SMI34 to NfH-SMI35) was 8-fold higher in severely (median MSSS 6.5) versus mildly (MSSS 3.2) disabled patients (7.3 versus 0.9, P=0.03). The MSSS may provide a statistically powerful tool for comparing overall disease severity and be useful for validating the biomarker concept in MS.
Persistence of neutralizing antibodies after discontinuation of IFNβ therapy in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Petersen Bodil , Bendtzen Klaus , Koch-Henriksen Nils , Ravnborg Mads , Ross Christian , Sorensen Per Soelberg ,   The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Group
Published: April 2006

Objective The main objective was to follow serum levels of neutralizing antibodies (NABs) against interferon-beta (IFNβ) after discontinuation of IFNβ therapy.

Background A large proportion of patients treated with recombinant IFNβ for multiple sclerosis (MS) develop therapy-induced NABs. Knowledge of persistence of NABs after discontinuation of therapy is limited. Design/patients: A retrospective follow-up study of patients treated in Denmark for relapsing-remitting (RR) MS with IFNβ for at least 12 months. NAB-positive patients, who discontinued therapy, were followed up with measurements of NABs.

Methods We measured NAB-neutralizing capacity and NAB titres a.m. Kawade using a clinically validated cytopathic effect assay.

Results Thirty-seven patients were included. Mean follow-up time was 22 months. Of the 29 patients with a NAB titre at or above 25 prior to termination of therapy, only three patients reverted to a titre below 25. Of these, two had a titre below 200 and one patient a titre of 600 at the last examination before treatment stop. The longest post-treatment follow-up during which a patient maintained NAB positivity was 59 months.

Conclusion NABs against IFNβ, especially with high titres, tend to persist for a long time after discontinuation of IFNβ therapy. NABs should always be measured before reinstitution of IFNβ treatment in NAB-positive patients.
Immunomodulatory treatment of multiple sclerosis in Denmark: a prospective nationwide survey
Authors: Sorensen Per Soelberg , Koch-Henriksen Nils , Ravnborg Mads , Frederiksen Jette Lautrup , Jensen K ai , Heltberg Anne , Schaldemose Hanne , Deth Sven , Kristensen O le , Worm Mogens , Stenager Egon , Hansen Hans Jacob , Sivertsen Bjarne , Torring Jesper ,   Danish Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
Published: April 2006

Objective: The aim of the present study was to provide data on the use of immunomodulatory therapies in a population comprising all treated patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in Denmark. Patients and methods: From the introduction of immunomodulatory therapy in Denmark in 1996 through 2003, all patients that started immunomodulatory therapy were followed prospectively with neurological examination and standard laboratory tests every six months, and clinical data were reported to the MS Treatment Register, including relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and side effects. Results: From 1996 through 2003 in all 2393 patients had started immunomodulatory therapy for RRMS, of whom 1252 (52.3%) were still on therapy with the same product at follow-up on 1 January 2005, whereas 1141 patients had discontinued or changed immunomodulatory therapy. Multiple Cox regression analysis of the risk of suffering a relapse showed a hazard ratio of 1.48 in patients with three or more relapses in the 24 months prior to onset compared with patients with two relapses or less; the hazard ratio was 0.84 in patients with age ≥ 38 years at treatment start compared with patients of age <38, and 1.17 for females compared with males. For disease progression the hazard ratio was 1.24 for age = 38 years compared with age ≥ 37 years. Significant differences were observed in the hazard ratios between the different preparations, probably due to selection bias. Conclusion: The response to immunomodulatory therapy can be predicted to some extent from demographic variables. Differences between preparations can mainly be ascribed to selection bias, and open studies are not suited for comparison of efficacy between different preparations.
Cytotoxic evaluation of injectable cyclodextrin nanoparticles
Authors: Memisoglu-Bilensoy Erem , Doǧan A Lale , Hincal A Atilla
Published: April 2006

Nanoparticles were prepared using β-CDC6, which is an amphiphilic β -cyclodextrin derivative modified on the secondary face with 6C aliphatic esters. A nanoprecipitation technique was used to prepare the blank nanoparticles without any surfactant and nanoparticles containing Pluronic F68 as surfactant in a concentration range of 0.1 to 1%. Nanoparticle formulations were characterized by particle size distribution and zeta potential measurements. Entrapment efficiency and in-vitro release profiles were determined and the cytotoxicity of these injectable nanospheres was evaluated against mouse fibroblast L929 cell line and human polymorphonuclear cells by methlythiazolyltetrazolium assay. As far as particle size and zeta potential are concerned, there is a relationship between surfactant presence and nanoparticle characteristics. However, these effects are not significant. It was also found that surfactant presence has no effect on model drug nimodipine encapsulation but accelerates the in-vitro release of the drug. Cell culture studies on mouse fibroblasts and human polymorphonuclear cells revealed a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity more pronounced in fibroblast cells. This led to the conclusion that the use of surfactants in injectable nanoparticles prepared from amphiphilic β-cyclodextrins may lead to altered in-vitro properties and impaired safety for the drug delivery system.
Evaluation of the free-radical-scavenging activity of diclofenac acid on the free-radical-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes
Authors: Tang You-Zhi , Liu Zai-Qun
Published: April 2006

Free-radical-induced peroxidation in-vivo is regarded as the aetiology of some diseases and free-radical-scavenging drugs, also called antioxidants (AH), have been widely used to overcome oxidative stress. An in-vitro experimental method, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH)-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes can be applied to assess the free-radical-scavenging activity of a drug. The major objectives of this work were focused on three aspects. Firstly, introduction of the chemical kinetic deduction of free-radical-initiating reaction to AAPH-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes, by which the number of free radicals trapped by an antioxidant, n, can be obtained after finding the quantitative relationship between the inhibition period (tinh) and the concentration of the antioxidant, tinh = (n/Ri) [AH]. Ri, the free-radical-initiating rate, was initially confirmed by using α-tocopherol (VE) whose n was taken as 2. Secondly, the free-radical-scavenging activity of diclofenac acid (DaH) and its sodium salt (DaNaH) was assessed. It has been found that DaH and DaNaH protect human erythrocytes against AAPH-induced haemolysis dose-dependently. In particular, the n values of DaH and DaNaH (4.96 and 3.60) were much higher than some traditional antioxidants, such as 6-hydroxyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-car-boxylic acid (Trolox, a water-soluble structural analogue of VE, n = 0.30) and L-ascorbic acid (VC, n = 0.25), and L-ascorbyl-6-laurate (VC-12, a lipophilic structural analogue of VC, n = 1.11). Moreover, the free-radical-scavenging activity of lipophilic antioxidants is higher than the corresponding water-soluble species. Thirdly, the free-radical-scavenging activity of mixed antioxidants, VE + DaH, VC-12 + DaH, Trolox + DaNaH and VC + DaNaH, was revealed. The n value of VC, VC-12, VE and Trolox increase in the case of mixed usage with DaH and DaNaH, implying that diclofenac acid can repair the radical of these antioxidants. Thus, a mutual antioxidant effect between diclofenac acid and these antioxidants prolongs the lifespan of VC, VC-12, VE and Trolox, respectively.
Mechanism for increased bioavailability of tacrine in fasted rats
Authors: Sung Jong-Hyuk , Hong Soon-Sun , Ahn Sung-Hoon , Li Hong , Seo Seung-Yong , Park Chul-Hong , Park Byung-Soon , Chung Suk-Jae
Published: April 2006

The mechanism associated with the increased bioavailability of tacrine as a result of a 24-h period of fasting was examined in rats. The AUC value for tacrine after the fasting was 52% higher compared with normal feeding when 4 mg kg−1 of tacrine was orally administered, but the value for velnacrine, a hydroxylated metabolite of tacrine, was reduced by 10%. The relative metabolic ratio of tacrine in urinary excretion (Autacrine divided by Auvelnacrine) was lower in fasted rats compared with normally fed rats. This clearly shows that metabolism of tacrine is reduced with 24-h fasting after oral administration. Altered intestinal permeation in the fasting state was hypothesized, and the transport of tacrine across the rat intestine was studied. When a fasted intestine was mounted in an Ussing chamber, the mucosal-to-serosal permeability of tacrine was increased to double that for a fed rat intestine. To examine the effect of absorption rate on the hepatic metabolism of tacrine, a direct pyloric vein infusion study was carried out. Compared with an infusion of tacrine for 5 min, a slow infusion of tacrine over a period of 30 or 60 min increased the hepatic metabolism of tacrine and decreased its systemic clearance in rats. Collectively, these results suggest that rapid transport across the intestine aids tacrine in avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism and enhances its bioavailability in fasted rats. From these findings, we conclude that both oral administration before a meal and a reduction in the dose might be recommended in tacrine therapy considering the serious hepatotoxicity of tacrine in clinical use.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibits saquinavir metabolism in-vitro and enhances its bioavailability in rats
Authors: Hirunpanich Vilasinee , Sato Hitoshi
Published: April 2006

This study investigated the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the metabolism of saquinavir by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in-vitro using rat liver microsomes and in-vivo using rats. DHA showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of in-vitro saquinavir metabolism with Km, Vmax and Ki values of 2.21 μM, 0.054 μmol h−1 (mg protein)−1 and 149.6 μM, respectively. After oral co-administration with 250 μg kg−1 DHA, the bioavailability of saquinavir significantly increased approximately 4 fold (P < 0.01) without affecting the elimination half-life, as compared with the control. In contrast, oral administration of DHA did not affect the kinetic parameters of saquinavir administered intravenously. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of DHA on saquinavir metabolism predominantly takes place in the gut and imply that DHA impairs the function of enteric, but not of hepatic, CYP3A. The pharmacokinetic interaction occurred only when DHA was taken simultaneously with oral administration of saquinavir. These results considered together with the lack of time-dependent saquinavir metabolism inactivation effects in-vitro, imply that the inhibitory effect of DHA is primarily reversible. It is concluded that DHA inhibited saquinavir metabolism in-vitro and enhanced the oral bioavailability of saquinavir in rats.
Water-soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatic apoptosis in rats
Authors: Lee Tzung-Yan , Chang Hen-Hong , Wang Guei-Jane , Chiu Jen-Hwey , Yang Ying-Ying , Lin Han-Chieh
Published: April 2006

Apoptosis is one of the events that are involved in liver fibrogenesis. Thus, factors that affect apoptosis may be used to modulate liver fibrosis. We have recently reported that Salvia miltiorrhiza plays a protective role in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether S. miltiorrhiza modulated CCl4-induced hepatic apoptosis in rats. Male Wistar rats were given orally either vehicle or water-extract of S. miltiorrhiza (50 mg kg−1 twice daily) for nine weeks beginning from the start of CCl4 administration. A group of normal rats was included for comparison. Hepatocyte DNA fragmentation and cytosolic caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity were determined in the experimental animals. Hepatic cytosolic Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, and calpain-μ expressions were measured by Western blot analysis. Hepatic mitochondrial glutathione levels were assessed by colorimetric assay. Compared with normal rats, rats receiving CCl4 alone showed profound DNA fragmentation associated with an increased cytosolic fraction of cytochrome c and calpain-μ protein expressions and a decreased mitochondrial glutathione level. In contrast, a decreased laddering of DNA fragmentation was noted in rats receiving CCl4 plus S. miltiorrhiza extract. The mitochondrial glutathione level was significantly increased in rats receiving CCl4 plus S. miltiorrhiza extract compared with those receiving CCl4 alone. Additionally, cytosolic caspase-3 activity and cytosolic fractions of Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, and calpain-μ protein expressions were decreased in rats receiving CCl4 plus S. miltiorrhiza extract compared with those receiving CCl4 alone. The cytosolic caspase-8 activity in rats receiving CCl4 alone was no different from those receiving CCl4 plus S. miltiorrhiza extract. These results indicated that chronic administration of S. miltiorrhiza ameliorated CCl4-mediatd hepatic apoptosis in rats. This effect may be related to the antioxidant properties of S. miltiorrhiza.
Influence of propolis water solution on heart mitochondrial function
Authors: Majiene Daiva , Trumbeckaite Sonata , Savickas Arunas , Toleikis Adolfas
Published: April 2006

The effect of propolis water solution (PWS) on the respiration of rat heart mitochondria with NAD-linked (pyruvate + malate), FAD-linked (succinate) substrates and fatty acids (palmitoyl-L-carnitine) was investigated in this study. PWS at the lowest concentration of 4 μgmL−1 of phenolic compounds (PC) had no effect on mitochondrial respiration with all investigated substrates. PWS at concentrations of 63 and 125 μ gmL−1 of PC caused a significant decrease of basal (24 and 54%) and maximal (58 and 70%) respiration rates with succinate as substrate. At these PWS concentrations the oxidation of pyruvate + malate and palmitoyl-L-carnitine was diminished to a lower degree: the basal respiration rate decreased by 13–18% and the maximal respiration rate by 15–28%. Succinate oxidation was affected, probably because of the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by the 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid esters found in PWS. The PWS-caused decrease in the mitochondrial respiration rate with pyruvate + malate and fatty acids could be due to diminished activities of respiratory chain complexes and/or ADP/ATP translocator.
Co-infection with genital gonorrhoea and genital chlamydia in female sex workers in Yunnan, China
Authors: Chen Xiang-Sheng , Yin Yue-Ping , Liang Guo-Jun , Gong Xiang-Dong , Li Hua-Sheng , Shi Mei-Qin , Yu Yan-Hua
Published: April 2006

An observational study on prevalence of co-infection with gonorrhoea and chlamydia was conducted among female sex workers (FSWs) in Kunming, China.

A total of 505 FSWs participated in the study. All eligible participants gave informed consent. Demographic, behavioural and clinical information of the participants was gathered by direct structured interviews. Tampon swabs were collected to test for Chlamydia trachomatis and Nesseria gonorrhoeae. One-hundred and twenty-four (24.6%) FSWs were co-infected with these two pathogens. Of the 191 FSWs with gonorrhea, 124 (64.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 57.9–71.3%) were co-infected with chlamydia which was significantly higher than the proportion (41.9%, 95% CI = 36.4–47.6%) co-infected with gonorrhoea among 296 FSWs with chlamydia ( P < 0.001). Only 47 of 191 (24.6%) FSWs with gonococcal infection and 28 of 124 (22.6%) with co-infection with gonorrhoea and chlamydia reported vaginal discharge.

The results of the study justify the recommendation in the national sexually transmitted disease (STD) guidelines that patients infected with gonorrhoea also be treated routinely with an anti-chlamydial regimen. However, a periodic mass treatment may be considered in some circumstances in STD control programmes to rapidly reduce the infections in this population.
Factors associated with anxiety in patients attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: qualitative survey
Authors: Arkell J , Osborn D P J , Ivens D , King M B
Published: April 2006

We used qualitative methods to explore factors, which might explain increased anxiety in patients attending a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic. Twenty patients, who scored significantly for anxiety on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) attended a 20-minute interview. This explored factors contributing to their current psychological symptoms.

Transcripts revealed three main themes. First were factors related to possible STIs and the clinic visit. These included health anxieties about HIV or fertility and clinic factors, including staff attitudes and clinic location. Second were factors unrelated to the clinic, including previous emotional difficulties or substance misuse. Third were issues concerning stigma, embarrassment and shame.

The origins of anxiety in STI patients are multifactorial and difficult to identify during brief appointments. Despite modern clinics and attitudes, stigma and embarrassment remain prominent. Interventions to address these factors could improve psychological health in this patient group.
An investigation of concurrent sex partnering in two samples of drug users having large numbers of sex partners
Authors: Williams Mark L , Ross Michael W , Atkinson John , Bowen Anne , Klovdahl Alden , Timpson Sandra C
Published: April 2006

The objective of this study was to quantitatively measure the nature of concurrent sex partnering in two samples of drug users having large numbers of sex partners.

The purpose of this study was to measure concurrent sex partnering and overlap in concurrent sex partners in two samples of drug users in which some or all participants were trading sex-for-money. Two samples having large numbers of sex partners were used to conduct the analyses: drug-using male sex workers (MSW) and male and female crack cocaine smokers (CS) having vaginal sex. To reflect the quality of concurrent partnering, three measures were used: the proportion of the samples having concurrent partners; the proportions of the samples having intimate, casual, and sex-for-money of partners; and overlap in concurrent partners.

Proportions of each sample having concurrent partners were essentially the same. However, the kinds of concurrent partners and overlap in concurrent partners were significantly different. Concurrent partners in the MSW sample were mostly sex-for-money or sex-for-drugs partners. Most concurrent partners in the CS sample were initimate or casual sex partners. Overlap in concurrent partners was also significantly different. The measure of overlap for the CS sample was three times higher than that of the MSW sample.

These data suggest that concurrent sex partnering in the two samples, beyond the proportion having concurrent partners, was different. The patterns of concurrent sex partners in each sample may reflect different reasons for engaging in concurrent partnering. Different reasons for engaging in concurrent partnering may also be reflected in different overlap scores between the two samples. Efforts should be made in future studies to better capture the complexities of concurrent partnering and to examine the implications of these for disease spread and control.
Atypical disseminated leishmaniasis resembling post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in an HIV-infected patient
Authors: Boumis E , Chinello P , Della Rocca C , Paglia M G , Proietti M F , Petrosillo N
Published: April 2006

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is very uncommon among HIV-positive patients, and very few cases have so far been documented. A case of atypical disseminated leishmaniasis resembling PKDL in an HIV-positive patient successfully treated with N-methylglucamine antimoniate is reported. The polymerase chain reaction performed on the skin lesions was positive for Leishmania infantum.
UK National Audit of Early Syphilis Management. Clinics audit: screening for and management of early syphilis
Authors: McClean Hugo , Daniels David , Carne Chris , Bunting Paul , Miller Rob ,   The National Audit Group of the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV
Published: April 2006

Data were provided by 131 clinics, and 56% of cases were managed in clinics in the London regions in 2003. Three clinics (2%) do not routinely screen new patients for syphilis, and 28 clinics (21%) do not routinely screen 'rebook' patients who have had a new partner. More than 80% of clinics routinely conduct cardiovascular and neurological examinations, although chest radiography is only performed by 50% of clinics and lumbar puncture by 13%. Only 19 (14%) clinics indicated not routinely using the recommended procaine penicillin G (PPG) regimen or one- or two-dose benzathine penicillin G (BPG) regimens for early syphilis, with 57% providing two doses of BPG 2.4 g, 40% providing PPG 750 mg for 10 days, and 15% providing one dose of BPG 2.4 g. Only seven clinics (5%) indicated that they provided treatment for early syphilis with PPG that is inferior to that recommended in the national guidelines. Only 18 clinics specified using the recommended dose and duration (or in excess of this) of PPG for neurosyphilis for cases with HIV infection. Provision for management of severe penicillin reaction is good, although few patients are desensitized. All clinics report that contact tracing for early syphilis is provided, and is mainly the responsibility of health advisers. Compared with auditing outcomes, audit of management policies overestimated performance in contact tracing and provision of dark ground microscopy.
Examination of a sociocultural model of disordered eating among male and female adolescents
Authors: Halliwell Emma , Harvey Martin
Published: April 2006

Objectives. The study tests a version of Stice's (1994) sociocultural model of disordered eating that was modified to incorporate social comparisons. Additionally, it examines how self‐reported body‐mass index and perceived weight status influence associations within the model.

Method. Questionnaires were administered in a state secondary school; the sample consisted of 250 female and 257 male adolescents aged 11–16 years.

Results. The results supported the sociocultural model among both male and female adolescents. Perceived pressure to lose weight was directly associated with eating behaviour, as well as indirectly associated through social comparisons, internalization and body dissatisfaction. However, social comparisons were most strongly related to body dissatisfaction among adolescents who perceived themselves as overweight.

Conclusions. The findings indicate that models of eating disordered behaviour, developed for adolescent girls, are also appropriate for understanding this behaviour among male adolescents. The results suggest that social comparisons represent a useful addition to Stice's (1994) original model and a potentially fruitful target for interventions.
A systematic review of motivational interviewing in physical health care settings
Authors: Knight K. M. , McGowan L. , Dickens C. , Bundy C.
Published: April 2006

Purpose. Motivational interviewing (MI), a method of augmenting an individual's motivation to change problematic behaviours, is a patient‐centred counselling style that seeks to help patients resolve ambivalence about behaviour change. MI has successfully been used in the field of addictions and has recently received increased interest as a means of promoting treatment adherence in physical health care settings. This systematic review is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of MI interventions in physical health care settings.

Methods. Electronic databases were searched for articles specifying the use of ‘motivational interviewing’ in physical health care settings between 1966 and April 2004. Fifty‐one relevant abstracts were yielded and data was extracted from eight relevant selected studies.

Results. Eight studies were identified in the fields of diabetes, asthma, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and heart disease. The majority of studies found positive results for effects of MI on psychological, physiological, and life‐style change outcomes. Problems with research in this area include: small sample sizes, lack of power, use of disparate multiple outcomes, inadequate validation of questionnaires, poorly‐defined therapy and training.

Conclusions. While MI has high face validity across a number of domains in physical health care settings, the general quality of trials in this area is inadequate and therefore recommendations for its dissemination in this area cannot yet be made. More research into MI applied to health behaviour change is urgently required.
Psychological distress and visual functioning in relation to vision‐related disability in older individuals with cataracts
Authors: Walker J. G. , Anstey K. J. , Lord S. R.
Published: April 2006

Objective. To determine whether demographic, health status and psychological functioning measures, in addition to impaired visual acuity, are related to vision‐related disability.

Methods. Participants were 105 individuals (mean age = 73.7 years) with cataracts requiring surgery and corrected visual acuity in the better eye of 6/24 to 6/36 were recruited from waiting lists at three public out‐patient ophthalmology clinics. Visual disability was measured with the Visual Functioning‐14 survey. Visual acuity was assessed using better and worse eye logMAR scores and the Melbourne Edge Test (MET) for edge contrast sensitivity. Data relating to demographic information, depression, anxiety and stress, health care and medication use and numbers of co‐morbid conditions were obtained.

Results. Principal component analysis revealed four meaningful factors that accounted for 75% of the variance in visual disability: recreational activities, reading and fine work, activities of daily living and driving behaviour. Multiple regression analyses determined that visual acuity variables were the only significant predictors of overall vision‐related functioning and difficulties with reading and fine work. For the remaining visual disability domains, non‐visual factors were also significant predictors. Difficulties with recreational activities were predicted by stress, as well as worse eye visual acuity, and difficulties with activities of daily living were associated with self‐reported health status, age and depression as well as MET contrast scores. Driving behaviour was associated with sex (with fewer women driving), depression, anxiety and stress scores, and MET contrast scores.

Conclusion. Vision‐related disability is common in older individuals with cataracts. In addition to visual acuity, demographic, psychological and health status factors influence the severity of vision‐related disability, affecting recreational activities, activities of daily living and driving.
School Belonging and the African American Adolescent: What do We Know and Where Should We Go?
Authors: Booker Keonya Charlyn
Published: April 2006

Research shows, for African American adolescents, issues of school belonging, identification, and engagement are critical to academic performance and successful completion of high school. In the existing literature, school belonging has been significantly linked with teacher support, peer relations, motivation, engagement, and academic performance. This paper reviews major findings on school belonging for this group of students, and offers future directions for research.
Stem Cell Research in a Catholic Institution: Yes or No?
Authors: Prieur Michael R. , Atkinson Joan , Hardingham Laurie , Hill David , Kernaghan Gillian , Miller Debra , Morton Sandy , Rowell Mary , Vallely John F , Wilson Suzanne
Published: April 2006

Catholic teaching has no moral difficulties with research on stem cells derived from adult stem cells or fetal cord blood. The ethical problem comes with embryonic stem cells since their genesis involves the destruction of a human embryo. However, there seems to be significant promise of health benefits from such research. Although Catholic teaching does not permit any destruction of human embryos, the question remains whether researchers in a Catholic institution, or any researchers opposed to destruction of human embryos, could participate in research on cultured embryonic stem cells, or whether a Catholic institution could use any therapy that ultimately results from such research. This position paper examines how such research could be conducted legitimately in a Catholic institution by using an ethical analysis involving a narrative context, the nature of the moral act, and the principle of material cooperation, along with references to significant ethical assessments. It also offers tentative guidelines that could be used by a Catholic institution in implementing such research.
Gert's Moral Theory and its Application to Bioethics Cases
Authors: Strong Carson
Published: April 2006

Bernard Gert's theory of morality has received much critical attention, but there has been relatively little commentary on its practical value for bioethics. An important test of an ethical theory is its ability to yield results that are helpful and plausible when applied to real cases. An examination of Gert's theory and his own attempts to apply it to bioethics cases reveals that there are serious difficulties with regard to its application. These problems are sufficiently severe to support the conclusion that Gert's theory is unacceptable as an approach for resolving bioethics cases, even relatively noncontroversial cases.
Cho Ki-chon: The Person Behind the Myths
Authors: Gabroussenko Tatiana
Published: April 2006

The article questions the traditional perceptions and revisionist reinterpretations of Cho Ki-ch'ŏn, a Soviet Korean poet and literary official who played a special role in early North Korean history. The article analyzes the figure of Cho in the historical context of the epoch, adds some previously unknown data, and reflects on Cho Ki-ch'ŏn's legacy and impact on the North Korean literary world. The argument is largely based on information from new primary sources (Cho's personal dossier, his letters, private papers, interviews with the poet's friends and relatives) and an analysis of the original texts of his works.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND RELATIONSHIPS IN ANNONIFLORAE
Authors: Raven Peter H. , Kyhos Donald W. , Cave Marion S.
Published: April 2006

First reports of chromosome numbers in the following families of Annoniflorae, suborder Laurineae, are presented: Gomortegaceae (Gomortega nitida, 2n = 24), Gyrocarpaceae (Gyrocarpus americanus, n = 15), and Lactoridaceae (Lactoris fernandeziana, 2n = c. 40). For Monimiaceae, the most important basic number for subfamily Monimioideae is x = 19, while other numbers must be confirmed. The recently segregated Siparunaceae and Atherospermataceae have x = 22. Further chromosomal work in Monimiaceae s. lat. is strongly urged.
TERMINOLOGY OF HAIRS IN THE GENUS SOLANUM
Authors: Roe Keith E.
Published: April 2006

The taxonomic value of plant hairs would be enhanced by a standardized terminology. However, the great diversity in hair morphology often precludes using single terms to describe hair types. In some genera the multitude of hair features requires numerous descriptive terms just as do other complex plant parts. It is suggested that efforts be made by systematists using hair characters in descriptions to be precise in terminology and to derive terms from Latin rather than generalize hair types as simple, stellate, etc. The genus Solanum exhibits great hair diversity. Some examples of hairs from this genus are illustrated and a terminology suggested.
TOWARD A RATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS
Authors: Harlan J. R. , de Wet J. M. J.
Published: April 2006

The methods of formal taxonomy have not been very satisfactory for the classification of cultivated plants. As a result, the people who deal with cultivated plants the most have developed their own informal and intuitive classifications based on experience as to what constitutes useful groupings. An attempt is made to provide a framework in which both systems can operate with a minimum of confusion. The structure of the total available gene pool is characterized by assigning taxa to primary, secondary and tertiary gene pools. At the infraspecific level, cultivars are grouped into races and subraces in an informal way without rigid rules for the use of terms.
A NEW ALGAL CLASS — THE EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
Authors: Hibberd D. J. , Leedale G. F.
Published: April 2006

A formal description is given of a new class of algae, separated from the Xanthophyceae by several unique features of zoospore organisation, particularly the large size and special construction of the eyespot and the location of the flagellar swelling, and the form of the pyrenoid in the vegetative cell.
EFFECTS OF PREPARATION TECHNIQUE ON POLLEN PREPARED FOR SEM OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Hanks Sharon , Fairbrothers David E.
Published: April 2006

Pollen grains of taxa representing the four described pollen types of Fagus and Nothofagus were observed with the scanning electron microscope to determine preparation effects. Pollen grains were observed before treatment with KOH, after treatment with KOH, and after acetolysis had been completed. The photomicrographs illustrate that the effect of various preparation techniques differ from species to species. Therefore, it is important in any systematic pollen research to ascertain the amount of change in the material so that the data can be placed in proper perspective for comparative interpretation.
CO‐EVOLUTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS — SYSTEMATIC INSIGHTS FROM PLANT‐INSECT INTERACTIONS
Authors: Macior Lazarus Walter
Published: April 2006

Born over 200 years ago the science of anthecology (pollination ecology) has developed new concepts in the last 50 years using quantified information from studies of insect sense perception and behavior. Flower‐insect coadaptation is considered a continuing process in which changing interrelationships establish and remove reproductive barriers in breeding systems at the vital link of pollen transport. Convergent evolution is apparently reflected in the development of similar pollination mechanisms in unrelated plant taxa through pollinator sharing, floral mimicry, and synchronous anthesis of sympatric species. Reproductive isolation of plant taxa is suggested in diversity and versatility of pollinator behavior, unsynchronized anthesis, and functional as well as structural differences in pollination mechanisms. Contributions of anthecology to systematics are primarily useful for a fuller understanding of the origin of taxonomic entities and secondarily in defining criteria for their establishment.
THE ORIGIN OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISMS IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Authors: Levin Donald A.
Published: April 2006

Sympatric congeneric species of flowering plants are precluded from freely exchanging genes by reproductive barriers which are operative prior to pollination, between pollination and fertilization and after fertilization. The barriers may be the by‐products of divergent evolution, or may have been selected for their ability to reduce hybridization and disruptive gene flow, or competition for similar elements of the pollinator fauna. Autogamy and hybrid floral isolation are included in a classification of reproductive isolating barriers. The origin of reproductive barriers is discussed in light of new information and insight on pollinator behavior and perception, the S‐gene complex, pollen‐tube competition, and population level selection. It is suggested that reproductive barriers are not inherent properties of species, but reside in the interface between species, and arise from the incongruities in the reproductive formats of species paired in nature or by the systematist.
PROBLEMS OF ANTIPODAL DISTRIBUTION IN LOWER LAND PLANTS
Authors: Schuster Rudolf M.
Published: April 2006

The geographical distribution of the more primitive Hepaticae (subclass Jungermanniae) exhibits the same patterns of endemism and disjunction, and highly specific and restricted ranges as found in many groups of vascular plants. The subantarctic region is shown to have an unduly high preponderance of primitive genera present (ca. 50% of all known unspecialized types), of which very many are strictly endemic there. Many of these groups are cold‐adapted types which seem to have exhibited only limited displacement northward as a result of late‐Tertiary and Pleistocene deterioration of the climate; others (Blepharostomataceae) have shown some striking dispersal to the cold regions at the opposite side of the globe, but the bulk of taxa remain Antipodal. Other families (Gymnomitriaceae, Scapaniaceae) that seem to lack tolerance for warm climates are today very preponderantly Arctic subarctic (and Alpinesubalpine), but the most primitive taxa are still strictly subantarctic, leading to the conclusion that these largely Holarctic families are originally Panantarctic. From the evidence given it is concluded that many but probably not all major groups of the Jungermanniae may have originated in this Panantarctica (Gondwanaland). The recent overwhelmingly “in phase” data corroborating the theory of continental drift, plus the relatively late times for separation of the Australian‐Tasmanian‐New Zealand area from Antarctica (ca. 40‐60 m.y. ago; perhaps somewhat earlier in the case of New Zealand) suggest much of the dispersal (of older, unisexual taxa) may have been overland during late Mesozoic and early Tertiary times. Ranges of some taxa on islands near or on the Mid‐Atlantic and Indian‐Ocean ridges, islands which vary from 1‐20 million years in age, clearly indicate some taxa (especially bisexual ones) may have wider powers of spore‐dispersal than sometimes assumed. Present evidence does not, often, allow us to distinguish between ancient “overland” dispersal, and more recent dispersal via spores.
II. IMPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS OF THE SERIAL ENDOSYMBIOSIS THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES
Authors: Taylor F. J. R.
Published: April 2006

In comparison to other theories put forward so far, the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory appears to be the most critically favoured as an explanation for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. For this reason some of its implications are drawn attention to. In particular it is shown that present hierarchical concepts and terminology based on the classical cell theory are inadequate to cope with the S.E.T. (as the theory is abbreviated here). It is shown that the topological relations of mitochondria and chloroplasts to the cell suggest that they are topologically “outside” it, “embraced” rather than lying truly within it. This position is consistent with the S.E.T. On the other hand microtubule‐organising‐centres are truly within the cell. An autogenous origin for the latter seems to be more likely than the endosymbiotic proposal of Margulis.

In addition to the primary origin of organelles by the transformation of entire prokaryotic endosymbionts, the possibility of the maintenance of eukaryotic organelles produced by one cell, taken into another, is discussed. Examples of some recently discovered, unusual photosynthetic states in ciliates, brought about by temporary foreign chloroplast maintenance, and possibly degeneration of endosymbiotic photosynthetic flagellates, are discussed in this context. The existence of some contemporary examples of photosynthetic bodies which seem to be intermediate between endosymbiotic blue‐green algae and chloroplasts, suggests that some organelles may have had a more recent origin than the Precambrian Era, the process being a continuous one.

Some of the difficulties inherent in alternative theories for the origin of eukaryotes are discussed. It is stressed that alternative proposals have not yet received intensive exposition and comparisons with the S.E.T. are thus difficult. Attempts to use single criteria (particularly biochemical) as phylogenetic “markers” should be made with due consideration of the S.E.T.

Finally, it has bearing on the recognition of kingdoms, for it widens the already acknowledged chasm between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, intermediates between the two types of organisation being impossible (as stressed by Margulis).