bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
After Helsinki: Unresolved Issues in International Research
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: February 2007

Following a long process of revision, a new version of the
Declaration of Helsinki was approved by the World Medical Association in
2000. Two provisions of the Declaration address ongoing international
controversies regarding research sponsored by industrialized countries
and conducted in developing countries. Despite the issuance of
the final version of the Declaration, opponents remain locked in
debate. Moreover, the Declaration remained silent on other prominent
controversies concerning international research. An analysis of these
current controversies reveals reasons why they are not likely to be
readily resolved, despite apparent agreement by opponents on overarching
ethical principles.
The Crisis of Medicine: Philosophy and the Social Construction of Medicine
Authors: Wildes Kevin Wm. (Kevin William)
Published: February 2007

During the past decade there has been a debate about the field
of philosophy of medicine. The debate has focused on fundamental questions
about whether the field exists and the nature of the field. This article
explores the debate and argues that it has paid insufficient attention to
the social dimensions of both philosophy and medicine. The article goes
on to argue that by exploring this debate one can better understand some
of the difficult questions facing contemporary medicine and health care.
Philosophy of Medicine: Should It Be Teleologically or Socially Constructed?
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D.
Published: February 2007

This response to Kevin WildesÕs article in the previous issue of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal addresses several major points of disagreement between Pellegrino and Wildes regarding the nature and scope of a philosophy of medicine, in particular how it is derived and by what method of philosophical enquiry it is best pursued.
Institutional Responses to Medical Mistakes: Ethical and Legal Perspectives
Authors: Thurman Andy
Published: February 2007

Health care institutions must decide whether to inform the patient of a medical error. The barriers to disclosure are an aversion to admitting errors, a concern about implicating other practitioners, and a fear of lawsuits and liability. However, admission of medical errors is the ethical thing to do and may be required by law. When examined, the barriers to such disclosures have little merit, and, in fact, lawsuits and liability may actually be reduced by informing the patient of medical errors. Therefore, a health care institution should implement a written policy providing for disclosure of medical errors, using a process such as that outlined in the article.
What Does it Mean to Use Someone as "A Means Only": Rereading Kant
Authors: Green Ronald Michael
Published: February 2007

Debates about commodification in bioethics
frequently appeal to Kant's famous second formulation of the categorical
imperative, the formula requiring us to treat the rational (human) being
as "an end in itself" and "never as a means only." In the course of
her own treatment of commodification, Margaret Jane Radin observes that
Kant's application of this formula "does not generate noncontroversial
particular consequences." This is so, I argue, because Kant offers
three different--and largely incompatible--interpretations of the
formula. One focuses on the obligation to preserve rational willing;
the second stresses respect for human (physical) dignity and integrity;
the third views respect for others as "ends in themselves" as primarily
involving a willingness to govern one's conduct by a procedure of
impartial co-legislation. Only the third of these interpretations, I
conclude, offers a reasonable and coherent approach to moral judgment
about the limits of commodification.
Contested Commodities at Both Ends of Life: Buying and Selling Gametes, Embryos, and Body Tissues
Authors: Holland Suzanne
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the increasing
commodification of the body with respect to tissues, gametes, and
embryos. Such commodification contributes to a diminishing sense of
human personhood on an individual level, even as it erodes commitments
to human flourishing at the societal level. After the case for social
harm resulting from the increasing commodification of the body is made,
the question becomes whether that harm is best remedied by following any
of three approaches by which government traditionally seeks to promote
the flourishing of its citizens. The author concludes that it is not,
and that what is needed is a pragmatic and somewhat casuistic approach
to the regulation of contested commodities--that which legal scholar
Margaret Jane Radin calls "incomplete commodification."
Intrinsic Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research: A Need for Disclosure
Authors: Sollitto Sharmon , Hoffman Sharona , Mehlman Maxwell J , Lederman Robert J , Youngner Stuart J , Lederman Michael M
Published: February 2007

Protection of human subjects from investigators' conflicts of
interest is critical to the integrity of clinical investigation. Personal
financial conflicts of interest are addressed by university policies,
professional society guidelines, publication standards, and government
regulation, but "intrinsic conflicts of interest"—conflicts of
interest inherent in all clinical research—have received relatively
less attention. Such conflicts arise in all clinical research endeavors
as a result of the tension among professionals' responsibilities to
their research and to their patients and both academic and financial
incentives. These conflicts should be disclosed to research subjects
and managed as assiduously as are financial conflicts of interest.
Common Morality, Coherence, and the Principles of Biomedical Ethics
Authors: DeGrazia David
Published: February 2007

The fifth edition of Beauchamp and Childress's Principles of
Biomedical Ethics is distinguished by its emphatic embrace
of common morality as the ultimate source of moral norms. This essay
critically evaluates the fifth edition's discussion of common morality
and, to a lesser extent, its treatment of coherence (both the model
of ethical justification and the associated concept). It is argued
that the book is overly accommodating of existing moral beliefs. The
paper concludes with three suggestions for improving this leading
text.
Gender Politics in the Korean Transition to Democracy
Authors: Nam Jeong-Lim
Published: February 2007

This article investigates how a variety of Korea women's groups contributed to the processes of breaking down military rule in the late 1980s. Excluded from formal politics, Korean women partook in the struggles for democracy through alternative channels such as grassroots women's groups, labor uprisings, and political mobilization as mothers and wives. Their vigorous activism significantly shaped the direction, outcome, and strategies of the Korean democratic struggles. Women's involvement in the prodemocracy movement, on the other hand, affected the goals and the strategies of progressive women's-movement groups formed in the 1980s. This study expands the class-centered perspective of Korean democratization by incorporating women's participation and contributions in the process.
Pre-Hankul Materials, Koreo-Japonic, and Altaic
Authors: Vovin Alexander
Published: February 2007

Although limited in number and thus far underused, Old Korean and Early Middle Korean data are valuable to comparative linguists. This article discusses several lexical items and grammatical morphemes from this body of data and demonstrates their significance for comparative Koreo-Japonic and Altaic studies. The author proposes a number of etymologies for the first time and, in several cases, refines etymologies suggested by others.
"Ten Million Families": Statistic or Metaphor?
Authors: Foley James A
Published: February 2007

This article assesses the number of surviving first-generation divided
family members in Korea. The estimates of scholars and government
agencies of population movement in the two periods in which the majority
of families are compared: the liberation period (August 15, 1945, to
June 25, 1950) and the Korean War (June 25, 1950, to July 27, 1953). In
this way, an estimate is made of the number of surviving
first-generation divided-family members and of the veracity of the
oft-used concept of "ten million families." The article also examines
another less frequently mentioned group of divided-family members:
Japanese Koreans "repatriated" to the Democratic People's Republic of
Korea between 1959 and 1984.
Korean History Studies in Japan: The 2000 Shigaku Zasshi Historiography Review
Authors: Hamanaka Noboru , Kuwano Eiji , Nagashima Hiroki , Lewis James Bryant , Robinson Kenneth R
Published: February 2007

Shigaku zasshi, the leading history journal in Japan, devotes its fifth
issue every year to reviews of historical scholarship published in Japan
during the previous year. The re-views for Korean history are written by
specialists and introduce and direct readers to publications in many
fields, including archaeology, economic history, and social history.
Information in parentheses was parenthetical in the original Japanese.
Information inside square brackets has been supplied by the translators.
The semantics of gender in Mayali: Partially parallel systems and formal implementation
Authors: Evans Nicholas , Brown Dunstan , Corbett Greville G.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
Mayali has four genders and five morphological classes, with formal identity between the gender prefixes and four of the morphological class prefixes. Gender and morphological class are assigned according to different but largely overlapping semantic principles. We analyze these partially overlapping systems within the network morphology framework; an implemented model demonstrates that the analysis gives the correct forms for the majority of nouns in a basic lexicon, and further extends to understanding assignment in the avoidance register. Our account depends on recognizing two different types of default: normal case default, the expected outcome in a given domain, and exceptional case default, the last resort short of full lexical specification.
Beyond the Beats: An Ethics of Spontaneity in the Poetry of Rolf Dieter Brinkmann
Authors: Woolley Jonathan
Published: February 2007

This article looks at how one West German poet, Rolf Dieter Brinkmann, adapted the spontaneity found in American Beat writing as an ethical principle in his own work. Like many West German writers in the 1970s, Brinkmann wished to turn away from the highly moralistic literature that had been prevalent in the post-war years. His poems suggest that such moral values have become part of an overly rigid system, which is eliminating the individual's capacity for spontaneity. For this reason, ethics should not be seen as the duty to lay down moral standards, but rather as the questioning of any kind of predetermination or fixture. This article insists that it is vital to distinguish between authorial levels if one is to understand the ethical project in Brinkmann's work. While many poems seem to feature a narrator that is not clearly ethical, this is part of the implied author's strategy for eliciting a particular effect
"A slap in the face for old Mother Nature": Disease, Debility, and Decay in Huysmans's A Rebours
Authors: Jordanova L. J
Published: February 2007

Jordanova discusses the connections between medicine and nature through an analysis of Joris-Karl Huysmans's
nineteenth century novel A Rebours (Against Nature), which she calls one of the "most virulent pieces of writing against
nature" ever published. Jordanova argues that A Rebours is written as a case history that radially destabilizes, if
somewhat ambivalently, the relationship between health and nature. It exhibits no healing powers in nature; instead it
systematically denigrates nature as a feminized domain.
What Is a Natural Disaster?
Authors: Steinberg Theodore
Published: February 2007

Steinberg queries the distinction between natural and human-engineered disasters. Using evidence of floods caused by
artificial dams, rain created by cloud seeding, and hurricanes affected by weather control projects, the author suggests
that humans are altering the weather and unself-consciously contributing to natural disasters such as floods and droughts.
This essay traces the history of natural disasters to underline the changing attitudes towards environmental events during
the last two hundred years and distinguishes among weather events perceived to be Acts of God, neutral events, or
human-engineered events.
"Forty acres of cotton waiting to be picked": Medical Students, Storytelling, and the Rhetoric of Healing
Authors: Anderson Charles M
Published: February 2007

"'Forty acres of cotton waiting to be picked': Medical Students, Storytelling, and the Rhetoric of Healing," divides
medical students' stories into four categories, including stories focusing on 1) factual matters of medical practice; 2)
identity; 3) underlying assumptions of medical practice; and 4) the nature of healing. Through their stories, medical
students negotiate the difficulties of medical school and move toward an understanding of healing rooted as deeply in
language and its rhetorical acts as in the biomedical sciences.
Selections from Pathogenesis
Authors: Munson Peggy
Published: February 2007

Munson's poem images her Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction
Syndrome (CFIDS) in powerful poetic couplets that reveal and
celebrate desire in the midst of overwhelming illness. Munson's
poem, like other healing narratives, moves beyond the personal to
engage cultural and professional voices in the discourse of CFIDS.
Metamorphosis : Defending the Human
Authors: Rowe Michael
Published: February 2007

This essay addresses a question that, I suggest, is implicit in Franz Kafka’s novella Metamorphosis: How can we defend individuals’ humanity when prolonged illness or other misfortune appears to have changed them utterly and when they themselves lack the full capacity to make their claim? I review critical commentaries on Metamorphosis and then discuss the protagonist’s misfortune and his family’s response to it as a “worst-case scenario” for ill persons and their caregivers—the potential that, over time, those who care for the ill may become increasingly unable to empathize with them or honor their humanity in attitude and deed. I draw on personal experience to portray this problem as a crisis in the relationship between ill persons and their caregivers and to demonstrate professional, institutional, and personal practices that arise to counter potential dehumanization of the ill person. The awareness of the potential for moral exhaustion, the effort to represent and voice memories of the ill person, and the capacity to bear witness to his or her suffering are particularly powerful means to preserve humanity in the face of grave illness. Throughout, I consider the interactions between the work of art and lived experience and the ways they can inform each other.
The Doctor's Role of Witness and Companion: Medical and Literary Ethics of Care in AIDS Physicians' Memoirs
Authors: De Moor Katrien
Published: February 2007

Writing about and
with care has been a central feature of the literary response to HIV/AIDS.
Resistant AIDS narratives are often characterized by the presence of individual
and community care ethics, and this care is frequently extended to a literary
form of care which bears witness to the lives of people with AIDS. This
continuity profoundly marks the physician memoirs of Abraham Verghese (My
Own Country), Kate Scannell (Death
of the Good Doctor), Daniel Baxter (The
Least of These My Brethren), Peter Selwyn (Surviving
the Fall), and Abigail Zuger (Strong
Shadows). Without creating an idealized or
essentialist view of care, these narratives reveal their authors'
often-problematic journey from embracing conventional ideas about what
constitutes a doctor's role (curing being the primary aim) towards a renewed
emphasis on caring. The caring responsibilities of a doctor do not cease with
the death of a patient. I argue that these doctors extend their responsibility
of caring for patients to their moral responsibility as authors, i.e.,
"taking care of" the memories of patients (thus combining, in
Selwyn's words, the doctor's "role as witness and companion").
Secret Integrations: Black Humor and the Critique of Whiteness
Authors: Solomon William
Published: February 2007

The category of black humor has a
racial resonance when applied to American fiction of the 1960s. A recurrent
object of critical interest in this body of comic writing was the function of
"blackness" in the formation of "white" identities. In
Bruce Jay Friedman's "Black Angels" and Terry Southern's
"Twirlin' At Ole Miss" desperate individuals are shown negotiating
their sense of self in ambivalent exchanges with an imaginary other. Thomas
Pynchon, in "The Secret Integration," analyzes an adolescent act of
imitation across racial lines as an effort to overcome socially prescribed
differences. And in "Lost in the Funhouse," John Barth locates
racialized fantasy as a constitutive element of sexual maturation.
From Modernity's Detection to Modernist Detectives: Narrative Vision in the Work of Allan Pinkerton and Dashiell Hammett
Authors: Raczkowski Christopher T
Published: February 2007

Allan Pinkerton was both the architect of the first national
detective agency and author of a series of extremely successful
post-Civil War memoirs narrating the activities of his agency. After
working as a Pinkerton Agent for almost seven years, Dashiell Hammett
consciously intervened on the narrative tradition of Allan Pinkerton
with a series of detective fictions critical of the detective's visual
authority. Considered together, the work of Pinkerton and Hammett enact a
visual and epistemological drama fundamental to the emergence of modernism
in America.
Pure Shores: Travel, Consumption, and Alex Garland's The Beach
Authors: Annesley James
Published: February 2007

In its descriptions of a quest for an idyllic Thai lagoon, The Beach creates a romantic portrait of a space seemingly untouched by the homogenizing effects of consumption. As the novel develops, however, it becomes increasingly clear that this escapist dream is unsustainable. Starting with the recognition that Garland's characters find themselves reproducing the world they intended to leave behind, this essay considers the implications The Beach raises for the analysis of relationships between consumerism and escapism, and reflects upon the critical possibilities generated by the novel's representation of globalization.
History and Fiction: the Narrative Voices of Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow
Authors: Bové Paul A.
Published: February 2007

This essay highlights the fact that any reading or teaching of Gravity's Rainbow proceeds from a secure sense of Pynchon's aesthetic relation to history. Based on the argument that Gravity's Rainbow is an historical novel, this essay shows how Pynchon in this novel stages the conflict between elect and preterit, between nature and technology, between historical human agency and grace by embedding its themes within the specificity in Central Europe at the end of World War II.
Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer "Abecedar"
Authors: Michailidis Iakovos D
Published: February 2007

This study elucidates the diplomatic context of the "Abecedar," a
Slavic primer prepared in 1925 by the Greek authorities for use by
Greece's Slavic-speaking population. The "Abecedar" has become
widely known recently because in various partisan studies its very
existence and its withdrawal shortly after its circulation have been
employed as sound evidence for the existence of an ethnic
Macedonian minority in Greece even before World War II. Archival
sources, used here for the first time, provide substantial evidence to
show that the primer was a desperate and honest (at least for
European observers) attempt by Greece to comply with its minority
obligations and simultaneously to neutralize Bulgarian and Serbian
involvement in Greek Macedonia. The attempt eventually failed
owing to local pressure and diplomatic necessity.
Interest Representation and Modernization Policies in Greece: Lessons Learned from the Study of Labor and Farmers
Authors: Kioukias Dimitris
Published: February 2007

Modernization strategies in Greece have traditionally incorporated
lower class interests, notably those of trade unions and farmers'
associations. The political crisis of the 1960s demonstrated the
inadequacies of these strategies. Demands for participation
increased enormously as soon as the seven-year dictatorship
collapsed. When PASOK was in opposition it took advantage of
this situation in order to attract lower-class interests by sponsoring
a radical syndicalism. Once it assumed power, however, it aspired
to subject these interests to its own control. This system of
incorporation retained some old practices but was also based on
the conveyance of controlled liberties and on redistribution. Initially
it appeared successful; yet the system was challenged after the
government abandoned the Keynesian program it had employed in
the early 1980s. The neoliberal New Democracy party then tried to
ameliorate these problems but its social project clashed with the
traditions of post-dictatorship Greece. PASOK, on its return to
power, appeared aware of the inadequacies of former state
strategies and also of neoliberal ones. In effect, a more consensual
form of interest representation was announced. But it still has not
become clear whether Greece can pursue the path already followed
by some advanced industrial democracies. Certainly more
substantial reforms in industrial relations and interest
representation must be made to justify claims that this sort of
modernization has occurred. Beyond this, the new arrangements in
Greece must not ignore certain useful concepts found in
comparative theory.
New Political Formations in Greece: A Challege To Its Party System?
Authors: Mihas D. E. M
Published: February 2007

Two new political formations in Greece, the Coalition of the Left and
Progress (SYN) and Political Spring (PS), emerged during the late
1980s and early 1990s, respectively. These are the only new
parties so far that have succeeded in making a significant
contribution to Greek politics. They dealt a blow to Greece's
post-1974 bi-partyism not only in terms of electoral politics but also
by helping to promote modernization across the entire party
system. For the first time in Greek politics, a "minor" party,
Political Spring, took the lead in securing the election of a president
of the republic widely respected and supported by the vast majority
of the electorate. And SYN managed to set an example as perhaps
the most internally democratic party of post-1974 Greece and went
so far as to address hot-albeit taboo-political issues such as ethnic
minority cultures and the democratization of the judiciary and the
military.
VAT Evasion: Overview of the Greek Experience
Authors: Agapētos G
Published: February 2007

This paper analyzes the extension in Greece of value-added tax
evasion and the reasons for that evasion in a developing country
like Greece. The data indicate that VAT evasion is gradually
increasing even though imports are growing extensively and the
government is constantly improving its mechanisms for tax
collection. The main reason for this evasion is the economy's
constant state of recession, a situation that encourages
underground activity. This, combined with high tax rates and
ever-decreasing standards in public goods and services, contributes
to a general trend toward tax evasion in the field of expenditure
taxes and particularly in VAT. Indeed, according to my estimates
the evasion in VAT is more than 45% of VAT revenues.
Traveling on Screen: Tourism and the Greek Film Musical
Authors: Papadimitriou Lydia
Published: February 2007

The image of Greece as a fun-loving tourist resort and escapist paradise
which was presented in Greek film musicals of the 1950s and 1960s
coincided with the growth of the Greek tourist industry during this same
period. These film musicals treated their viewers as virtual tourists,
offering them a two-hour wish-fulfillment without any costly physical
displacement. This paper explores the social and symbolic parallels
between the respective utopian desires on which actual holiday-making
and the film musical relied. The analysis of some extremely popular
musical films, including Some Like it Cold (1963), Girls for
Kisses (1965), and Mermaids and Lads (1969), reveals
the development of a contradictory attitude toward the tourist industry
in the musical film genre. This is understood as an indirect result of
increasing competition from tourism and, ultimately, from a successful
leisure industry in Greece.
Greece and the Negotiation of Economic and Monetary Union: Preferences, Strategies, and Institutions
Authors: Featherstone Kevin , Kazamias G. A. (Georgios A.) , Papadimitriou Dimitris
Published: February 2007

This paper examines how Greek actors participated in the negotiations
on Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) that led to the Maastricht Treaty
in 1991. It asks: who set policy and strategy, why,
how, and with what effect. The preferences, strategies,
and institutional context of the actors are understood by reference
to the conceptual framework of rational choice institutionalism. It
highlights the role played by a select number of policy actors, seeking
to compensate for the shortcomings of the state machine, but endeavoring
to apply the norms and rules of the domestic institutional setting in
their negotiating stance. In assessing the performance and strategy
of the Greek negotiators, the paper highlights the asymmetries of the
bargaining process. In particular, it examines the attempt by Greek
actors to establish a coalition with its southern European partners. This
limited the scope for achieving a better outcome. This paper notes,
however, that the EMU agreement served different interests within Athens
and that it gave an external empowerment to a domestic reform movement.
Syncretism as Mixture and as Method
Authors: Lambropoulos Vassilis
Published: February 2007

Among the several models in circulation today for the study of
socio-cultural admixture, syncretism, although relatively neglected,
remains the most promising one. With its rich history of meanings and
debates, it offers a broad variety of applications from which Modern
Greek can greatly benefit. This paper defines syncretism as
the agonistic yet symbiotic coexistence of incompatible elements from
diverse traditions, describes its purview, and explains its relevance
for scholarship in a multicultural, global world.
Haunted by the "Enemy" Within: Brigandage, Vlachian/Albanian Greekness, Turkish "Contamination," and Narratives of Greek Nationhood in the Dilessi/Marathon Affair (1870)
Authors: Tzanelli Rodanthi
Published: February 2007

This essay explores Greek and British observations on the phenomenon of
brigandage in Greece following a major Anglo-Greek diplomatic episode
known as "The Dilessi/Marathon Murders" (1870). Brigandage in Greece
was extensively discussed abroad after the foundation of the Greek
state in the 1830s. The Dilessi Murders, however, triggered a debate in
Britain on Greece's inability to become a fully modernized state. Other
European voices, sympathetic or not, also joined this debate. The unhappy
coincidence of this "trial" with the creation of the Neohellenic imagined
community produced an internal (Greek) debate that was nicely reflected
in the rhetoric of Greek journalism and administration. In this debate
brigandage was represented as an "epidemic" phenomenon communicated to
Greece from Turkey. The Turks had managed to contaminate the "nation"
with the help of the Vlachs and the Albanians who lived within the
Greek Kingdom. These populations were subsequently expelled from the
"nation" through a series of symbolic actions. This discourse, which was
crystallized after the Dilessi Affair, assumed a double function in the
Greek imaginary: as a response to British and indeed European accusations
of Greek backwardness, and as an expression of the Vlachian/Albanian
contribution to the process of Neohellenic self-recognition.
Close Encounters of the Common Kind: The Theoretical and Practical Implications of Popular Culture for Modern Greek Studies
Authors: Hess Franklin L
Published: February 2007

Since the mid-1980s Modern Greek Studies has struggled to adapt to a
rapidly evolving academic environment that emphasizes postmodernism,
poststructuralism, and multiculturalism. The difficulties the field has
faced can be traced to a variety of institutional factors: its marginality
within the academy, its traditional proximity to both the Greek state
and the Greek nation, and the ongoing interrogation of the academy's
Eurocentric roots, which has devalued traditional representations of
Modern Greece as the contemporary embodiment of the classical past. These
institutional problems have been exacerbated by an entrenched critical
bias. The field has been unwilling to fully examine popular culture as
a site where Greek identity is formed and articulated. Supplementing
Modern Greek Studies' current research agenda with a focus on popular
culture offers the field the opportunity to renew and revitalize its
critical mission by ensconcing the field more fully with the contemporary
critical and political moment.
Gender Dualism in Cavafy's Erotic Poetry
Authors: Charalambidou-Solomi Despina
Published: February 2007

Cavafy consciously endeavored to create art without using women
as an erotic subject. Instead, he molded his erotic world on
gender dualism. Female beauty was replaced by the ambisexual
beauty of the hermaphrodite and that of the male ephebos with its
dewy girlishness. Cavafy's literary experiment is a pro- duct of
nineteenth-century aesthetics. His acknowledged erotic corpus went
through two phases. In the first phase, the poet focused mainly on the
indeterminacy of gender (1904-1917). In the second phase (1919-1932),
the Cavafian paramour is presented as an adolescent youth or as an
adult male between the ages of 22 and 29 without any external masculine
characteristics. In the first phase, erotic experience often results in
poetic procreation. In the second phase, it results mostly in a vision
of beauty. After 1919 Cavafy seems to tone down the decadent doctrines
of the autonomy of art while he draws closer to Platonic ideas on eros
and beauty.
'Fools of the Dukes of Ferrara': Dosso, Ruzante, and Changing Este Alliances
Authors: Carroll Linda L
Published: February 2007

This article explores the relationship between certain artistic works of sixteenth-century Italy and their politico-economic context. Particular attention is paid to the paintings of Dosso Dossi and the comedies of Angelo Beolco (Il Ruzante), with some observations about works of Titian, Giorgione and Antonio Lombardo. The occurrence in them of allusions to the Holy Roman Empire and its relations with Venice and the Este are explored, as well as the impact of changing power relations on individuals. It is proposed that Dossi's Bambocciata is a group portrait of entertainers at the Este court including Beolco and Ariosto.
Alessandro Baricco's Seta : Travel, Ventriloquism and the Other
Authors: Rushing Robert
Published: February 2007

Alessandro Baricco's novel Seta (Silk) seems acutely aware
of the Orientalist tradition of travel literature that it belongs to.
Ultimately, Baricco seems to be critical of this model of identity and
travel (encountering the Other only to banish it and re-affirm the
Self) as narcissistic, a wholly imaginary encounter with difference.
The dissipation of the threat is not at all effortless in Seta, and
leaves deliberate and constant traces of its erasure, in particular,
the specter of difference within rather than difference between. The
novel suggests that it may be impossible to establish a secure bulwark
against 'otherness.' If travel literature aims ultimately at an
'arrest,' a soothing quiescence as the voyage comes to an end, as well
as an epistemic 'seizure,' a grasping of a final and stable knowledge
of Self and Other (a knowledge that re-affirms the greater importance
of the Self)Ñif that is the case, then the discovery of difference
within raises the possibility of a movement without end, of knowledge
that cannot be fully and totally apprehended, full of anxiety as well
as possibility.
Mastering the Memoir: Woolf and the Family Legacy
Authors: Zwerdling Alex
Published: February 2007

Virginia Woolf was determined to record her own and her family's private experience, an ambition that began in childhood and continued through every stage of her writing life. Her persistent though discontinuous attempts to produce an autobiographically-inflected family memoir are not limited to the posthumously published collection "Moments of Being."
In this essay, they are traced through all her life stages, from printed as well as manuscript sources. Cumulatively, these writings allow us to see the development of Woolf's self-awareness, of her interpretive confidence, of her sense of the family and of audience, and of her
autobiographical theory and practice.
Socialism's Other Modernity: Quality, Quantity and the Measure of the Human
Authors: Robinson Benjamin
Published: February 2007

Starting from an examination of East German cybernetician Georg Klaus (1912-1974), this essay characterizes socialism as a modern system sharing pragmatic and quantitative goals with Western capitalist societies. A central problem for the socialist literary imagination became describing the qualitative difference between socialism and its capitalist rivals-since, however one might compare the quantitative efficiency of two optimizing systems, an incommensurable qualitative difference distinguished socialist from capitalist organization. In this context, GDR writer Franz Fuhmann's 1979 science fiction story about a socialist solution to the classical Greek paradox of the sorites (quantity becoming quality) demonstrates the characteristic intensity with which socialist fiction tried to imagine its difference from capitalism, figuring this difference as an irreconcilable tension between system (quantitative) and sovereignty (qualitative).
Out of Air: Theorizing the Art Object in Gertrude Stein and Wyndham Lewis
Authors: Siraganian Lisa
Published: February 2007

According to Gertrude Stein, the phenomenological space of the beholder is distinct from the space of the art object. Instead of producing an art that merges content and context—a painting and its beholder's place, a poem and its reader's point of view—Stein makes everything about the beholder or reader irrelevant to her art. She accomplishes this aim in Tender Buttons (1914) by removing punctuation. Although in discussing Wyndham Lewis's novelistic dramatization of two characters intruding into a painting (The Childermass [1928]) I describe exactly the opposite of Stein's theory of art, and although Lewis himself saw his position as completely opposed to Stein, Lewis also advocated an art that imagined the beholder as irrelevant.
Impressionnisme poetique chez Marie Krysinska: Esthetique de l'ambiguite et demarche feministe
Authors: Goulesque Florence
Published: February 2007

Marie Krysinska, Polish-born French woman poet, musician, femme chansonnier, and novelist of the decadent and symbolist period, innovated with free verse and was an active member of turn-of-the-century Parisian literary cabarets. In this article, I am analyzing Krysinska's transposition of impressionistic visions into poetry. In numerous poems gathered in Rythmes pittoresques (1890), Joies errantes (1894), and Interm�des (1903), Krysinska attempts to capture movement, fleeting moments, mystery, the effects of different lights on a scene, ambiguous realities, reflections, the fusion of elements, and evanescent feminine subjects. Often, the subject falls asleep, as if drugged by scents, sounds, and rhythms, while visions come to life. The unity of all arts and an impressionistic vision of the world reflect a search for the unity of body, emotions, and intellect, which necessitates the disappearance of the subject into a world of dreams. I am raising the question whether or not this instability, this errance between arts, between poetical forms, and between Id�al and reality was a form of emancipation for Marie Krysinska, a bicultural woman poet, whose ambiguity of forms was a claim to renew art and poetry. (In French) (FG)
"Ne m'appelez donc jamais femme auteur ": Deconstruction et refus du roman sentimental chez George Sand
Authors: Laporte Dominique
Published: February 2007

As soon as she begins to write novels, George Sand distinguishes her works from something that critics run down: women's novelistic literature, read by despised readers (generally women), and considered insipid or incredible. To prevent critics from linking her to female writers, she keeps her male pseudonym, disowns her sentimental stories and write novels where she discredits the novelistic genre. For instance, Jacques (1834), based on sentimental stories written earlier, parodies the style and topics of women's epistolary literature. Also, it criticizes its own novelistic construction, opposes literature and reality, and blames social comedy. (In French) (DL)
East/West: Appropriation of Aspects of the Orient in Maupassant's Bel-Ami
Authors: Barrow Susan M
Published: February 2007

The Orient - encompassing North Africa, the Holy Land, and all of Asia - is a pervasive presence in Maupassant's novel Bel-Ami (1885), reflecting France's expansionist foreign policy and the appeal of Far Eastern art in the 1880's. The Orient of Bel-Ami is the realm of Nature, ruled by animal instinct. Protagonist Georges Duroy retains the brute code of survival internalized during military service in Algeria. In order to thrive as a civilian in treacherous Parisian milieus, he deploys predatory tactics cloaked by a veneer of civility. Starting as fledgling journalist he will infiltrate and ultimately conquer the hierarchies of power. It is in settings evoking aspects of the Orient that Duroy will form liaisons with the influential consorts who aid in his ascension. Duroy emerges as a pagan idol through appropriation of guises of the Orient, a triumph marking the erosion of the core values of French civilization. (SMB)
Fiction and Justice
Authors: Fluck Winfried
Published: February 2007

Fictional texts have played a key role in Western societies in broadening the definition of what constitutes justice from issues of distribution to questions of recognition. In its first part, this essay describes three major reasons why fictional texts have gained central cultural importance in articulating claims for recognition: a) fiction is an important part of modernity, if not, in fact, one of its driving engines; b) fiction invites symbolic transfer processes; c) because fictional texts only gain meaning in the act of reception, they can function as extension of the recipient’s interiority in ways that open up new possibilities of public recognition. Fictional texts are therefore especially well suited to respond to the challenge created by democratic societies of how to gain attention, find recognition, and establish self-respect. However, in contrast to models of reading based on concepts of empathy (Nussbaum) or misrecognition (poststructuralism), it is argued that this “recognition-effect” is created by means of a transfer (Iser). Hence, it is not dependent on mimetic modes of representation, but can also result from such forms of expression as popular culture and experimental modernism. In conclusion, the question is raised whether and how claims for recognition articulated by fictional texts can still be related to the idea of justice as a commonly shared goal.
Literary Genres as Norms and Good Habits
Authors: Pavel Thomas G.
Published: February 2007

The article argues that literary genres cannot be defined on strictly formal grounds, since they are determined by the representational goals pursued by literary works. A survey of the subgenres of the novel shows that the differences between them are linked to the way in which they imagine fictional worlds. Generic differences are normative only in the sense that they are good trade habits, useful recipes that help writers achieve representational success.
Morus: The Generic Window
Authors: Jameson Fredric
Published: February 2007

The essay explores new developments in postmodernity by way of the transformations of temporality in mass culture.
The Aphorism: Fragments from the Breakdown of Reason
Authors: Morson Gary Saul
Published: February 2007

Aphorism, maxim, witticism, dictum and other short expressions have no clear definition and have been little studied. The present essay initiates a study in terms of genre, where short forms are considered (in Bakhtin's spirit) in terms of their sense of experience. In particular, this essay contrasts the aphorism (as practiced by Lao Tzu, Pascal, Tolstoy, and Wittgenstein) in contrast to the dictum (Bentham, Marx, Descartes, Leibniz). The dictum banishes the darkness, but the aphorism probes what it knows cannot ultimately be known: it is mystical.
Mauvais Genres
Authors: Prince Michael (Michael B.)
Published: February 2007

What is genre theory a theory of? This paper argues that genre theory is an inquiry into the formation of fundamental categories of interpretation in history, where even the question of whether literary and rhetorical genres are in themselves fundamental is left open. Efforts to theorize genre are therefore beset by paradox since the categories that matter at any given time may not be literary or rhetorical genres. "Mauvais Genres" explores the paradox of genre through an analysis of the historical transition from a late Neoclassical poetics based upon genre to a modern system of philosophical aesthetics based upon trans-generic categories of the beautiful, the ugly, and the sublime, categories that fulfill the genre-function even as they marginalize genre as a means of classifying and evaluating texts. Principal figures are Locke, Shaftesbury, Hartley, Berkeley, Hume, Reynolds, and Baillie.
Identity and Imperial/Cinematic Gazing in Morag Murray Abdullah's My Khyber Marriage
Authors: Hasseler Terri A.
Published: February 2007

Morag Murray Abdullah, a British woman married to
a Pathan chieftain's son, lived on the North-West frontier and later
traveled to colonial India. Published in1934, her journal, My Kyber
Marriage, records her attempts to merge her Western colonial alliances
with her Eastern marriage. Of particular note is Abdullah's use of
the cinematic metaphors of the harem and abducting sheikh to explain
her frontier experiences to her Western readers. Although Abdullah
defines her task as forging a bond between her differing allegiances,
her journal ultimately reveals that she is more interested in envisioning
the East as a romantic adventure with herself as both creator and
participant. Though Abdullah eagerly adopts the role of guide for her
Western readers, this position backfires on her when she re-enters
British colonial society. Thus, an identity that allows her the freedom
to create and transform on the frontier, serves to strangle and control
her within the boundaries of empire.
The Don't Throw It Away! Project at the University of Illinois at Chicago
Authors: Strobel Margaret
Published: February 2007

"Don't Throw It Away! Documenting and Preserving
Organizational History" is an initiative at the University of Illinois
at Chicago (UIC) that seeks to encourage both grassroots community-based
organizations and women's studies programs to preserve the materials
that document their history. This article describes each component of
the initiative: a workshop, a booklet, and a course.
"We Do Not Want Our Girls to Marry Foreigners": Gender, Race, and American Citizenship
Authors: Nicolosi Ann Marie
Published: February 2007

This article argues that the Expatriation Act of 1907, which made
citizenship for married American women contingent on the citizenship of
their husbands, provided the state with a means to manipulate women's
citizenship in order to obtain the objectives of foreign and domestic
policy and of prevailing racial attitudes. While the act was officially
designed to eliminate instances of dual citizenship when American
women married foreign men, an application of a gendered analysis of
the act reveals a much more complicated piece of legislation that
penalized American women for marrying foreign men, especially men who
were racially ineligible for American citizenship. Because citizenship
has been constructed in the United States using a sex/gender system that
established a hierarchy of male and female, the state was able to employ
female citizenship to achieve its objectives.
Revising the Subject: Disability as "Third Dimension" in Clear Light of Day and You Have Come Back
Authors: LaCom Cindy Marie
Published: February 2007

When considering the work of post-colonial scholars, it becomes apparent
that missing from the list of the oppressed and marginalized are those
who are doubly colonized with physical and mental disabilities. If, as
Frantz Fanon has argued, Othering occurs on the basis of physical and
verbal difference, then that colonized subject who is Other in terms of
body and voice is made doubly Other by means of her disability. In this
paper, I examine the social framing and ideological work of disabled
characters in two texts, Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day and
Fatima Gallaire-Bourega's You Have Come Back. Using these texts'
main characters—Baba, who is autistic (Desai), and the Madwoman and
the Cripple (Gallaire-Bourega)—I argue that the incorporation of a
disability studies perspective in post-colonial and feminist critiques
can enrich our understanding of the dialectic between colonizer and
colonized and refigure our consideration of hybridity. Though Desai and
Gallaire-Bourega resist simple "answers" to the question of how gender
intersects with disability in post-colonial worlds, both offer provocative
instances of the transgressive potential of "different" bodies.
Albert Leon Charles Calmette (1863-1933) and the Antituberculous BCG Vaccination
Authors: Chung King-Thom , Biggers Charles J
Published: February 2007

Albert Leon Charles Calmette was the first person
to develop an anti-venom serum. His work revolutionized the treatment
of snakebite in men and domestic animals. He is also well known for his
development of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine for the
prevention of tuberculosis. This article reviews the life experiences
of this pioneer bioscientist, the current status of BCG in preventing
tuberculosis, and the potential of BCG in immunotherapy for cancer.
A Normative Construction of Gulf War Syndrome
Authors: Mahoney David B
Published: February 2007

In early 1992, U.S. troops returning
from the GulfWar began reporting a variety of nonspecific symptoms such
as fatigue, skin rash, headache, muscle and joint pain, and loss of
memory.These reports marked the beginning of what was to be identified
as the GulfWar Syndrome (GWS). In the years since the war, as many as
100,000 troops have claimed they suffer from this mysterious disease. In
our culture, the existence of disease as a specific entity is
fundamental to ensuring the validity of that disease.The legitimacy
of GWS has been repeatedly called into question because no specific
physiological etiology has been confirmed, and it is becoming more and
more likely that the origin of GWS will never be clearly delineated. The
purpose of this paper is to illustrate the complicated process of defining
GWS as a legitimate illness in the absence of etiological evidence and
to suggest a method of treatment for individuals who still suffer from
its sequelae.