bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Sexual Responses Using Signal Processing Techniques
Authors: Rafiee Javad , Rafiee Mohammad A. , Michaelsen Diane
Published: August 2009

Introduction

An automatic algorithm for processing vaginal photoplethysmograph signals could benefit researchers investigating sexual behaviors by standardizing interlaboratory methods. Female sexual response does not co-vary consistently in the self-report and physiological domains, making the advancement of measurements difficult. Automatic processing algorithms would increase analysis efficiency. Vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA) is a method used to measure female sexual responses. However, VPA are problematic because of the movement artifacts that impinge on the signal. This article suggests a real-time approach for automatic artifact detection of VPA signals. The stochastic changes (artifacts) of VPA are characterized mathematically in this research, and a method is presented to automatically extract the frequency of interest from VPA based on the autocorrelation function and wavelet analysis. Additionally, a calculation is presented for the vaginal blood flow change rate (VBFCR) during female sexual arousal using VPA signals.

Aim

The primary aim is to investigate the experimental VPA measures based on theoretical techniques. Particularly, the goal is to introduce an automatic monitoring system for female sexual behaviors, which may be helpful for experts of female sexuality.

Methods

The methods in the research are divided into experimental and theoretical parts. The VPA in twenty women was measured by a common vaginal photoplethysmography system in two conditions. Each subject was tested watching a neutral video followed by an erotic video. For theoretical analysis, an approach was applied based on wavelet transform to process the VPA.

Main Outcome Measures

Introduction of an automatic and real-time monitoring system for female sexual behaviors, automatic movement artifact detection, VBFCR, first application of wavelet transform, and correlogram in VPA analysis.

Results

The natural and significant frequency information of VPA signals was extracted to automatically detect movement artifacts and to investigate the effects of erotic videos on female sexual responses.

Conclusions

The computerized automatic systems based on advanced math and statistics have several advantages for human sexuality research such as: savings in time and budget; increase in the accuracy of results; and reduction in human errors for data analysis.
Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Currents Contribute to Spontaneous Ca2+ Waves in Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum Myocytes
Authors: McCloskey Conor , Cagney Victoria , Large Roddy , Hollywood Mark , Sergeant Gerard , McHale Noel , Thornbury Keith
Published: August 2009

Introduction

Corpus cavernosum myocytes generate spontaneous tone that contributes to penile detumescence. It is essential to elucidate how tone is generated to fully understand the processes involved in erection. Tissue experiments have shown that blockers of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) reduce tone. However, there is also a widespread belief that these channels are poorly expressed in this tissue. Furthermore, it is unclear how VDCC would interact with recently described intracellular Ca2+ waves, which initiate contractions.

Aims

(i) To directly examine VDCC currents in freshly isolated corpus cavernosum myocytes; and (ii) to study the relationship between VDCC and intracellular Ca2+ waves.

Main Outcome Measures

VDCC and cytosolic Ca2+ were measured using patch clamp and confocal microscopy.

Methods

Male New Zealand white rabbits were euthanized and corpus cavernosum myocytes dispersed enzymatically for patch clamp recording and confocal Ca2+ imaging (using fluo-4AM).

Results

Isolated myocytes developed robust VDCC that could be separated into two components. One activated at −45 mV, reversed at +40 mV, inactivated with a V1/2 of −27 mV and was enhanced by Ba2+. This component was blocked with nifedipine, but not Ni2+ or mibefradil. The other component inactivated with a V1/2 of −87 mV, was unchanged in Ba2+, and was blocked by Ni2+ or mibefradil, but not nifedipine. Even though Ni2+ had no effect on intracellular Ca2+ waves, nifedipine blocked them, although localized Ca2+ events remained.

Conclusions

At least two VDCC are expressed in rabbit corpus cavernousum myocytes. One may be designated L-type Ca2+ current, whereas the other is a putative T-type current. The L-current facilitates conversion of local Ca2+ events into global Ca2+ waves, whereas the putative T-current plays little part in this process. These results provide a new basis for understanding the role of L-type Ca2+ current in generating detumescent tone in the corpus cavernosum.
Clomiphene Citrate and Testosterone Gel Replacement Therapy for Male Hypogonadism: Efficacy and Treatment Cost
Authors: Taylor Frederick , Levine Laurence
Published: August 2009

Introduction

The efficacy of oral clomiphene citrate (CC) in the treatment of male hypogonadism and male infertility (MI) with low serum testosterone and normal gonadotropin levels has been reported.

Aim

The aim of this article is to evaluate CC and testosterone gel replacement therapy (TGRT) with regard to biochemical and clinical efficacy and cost.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures were change in serum testosterone with CC and TGRT therapy, and change in the androgen deficiency in aging male (ADAM) questionnaire scores with CC therapy.

Methods

Men receiving CC or TGRT with either Androgel® 1% or Testim® 1% for hypogonadism (defined as testosterone<300 ng/mL) or MI were included. Serum values were collected 1–2 months after treatment initiation and semi-annually thereafter. Retrospective data collection was performed via chart review. Subjective follow up of patients receiving CC was performed via telephone interview using the ADAM questionnaire.

Results

A hundred and four men (65 CC and 39 TGRT) were identified who began CC (50 mg every other day) or TGRT (5 g). Average age (years) was 42(CC) vs. 57 (TGRT). Average follow up was 23 months (CC, range 8–40 months) vs. 46 months (TGRT, range 6–149 months). Average posttreatment testosterone was 573 ng/dL in the CC group and 553 ng/dL in the TGRT group (P value<0.001). The monthly cost of Testim® 1% (5 gm daily) is $270, Androgel® 1% (5 gm daily) is $265, and CC (50 mg every other day) is $83. Among CC patients, the average pretreatment ADAM score was 4.9 vs. 2.1 at follow up (P <0.05). Average pretreatment ADAM sexual function domain score was 0.76 vs. 0.23 at follow up (P <0.05). There were no adverse events reported.

Conclusion

CC represents a treatment option for men with hypogonadism, demonstrating biochemical and clinical efficacy with few side effects and lower cost as compared with TGRT.
The Efficacy and Safety of Udenafil [Zydena] for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Hypertensive Men Taking Concomitant Antihypertensive Agents
Authors: Paick Jae-Seung , Kim Sae Woong , Park Yoon Kyu , Hyun Jae Seog , Park Nam Cheol , Lee Sung Won , Park Kwanjin , Moon Ki Hak , Chung Woo Sik
Published: August 2009

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and hypertension are frequent comorbid conditions. The vasodilating properties of type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE5I) are the major concerns for the treatment of ED patients on antihypertensive medications.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Udenafil [Zydena] (Dong-A, Seoul, Korea), a newly developed PDE5I, for the treatment of ED patients on antihypertensive medication.

Methods

It was a multicentered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fix-dosed clinical trial among 165 ED patients receiving antihypertensive medications. The subjects treated with placebo, 100 mg or 200 mg of Udenafil for 12 weeks were asked to complete the Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) diary, the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and the Global Assessment Question (GAQ) during the study period.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary parameter: the change from baseline for IIEF erectile function domain (EFD) score; Secondary parameters: the IIEF Question 3 and 4, SEP Question 2 and 3, the rate of achieving normal erectile function (EFD ≥ 26) and the response to GAQ.

Results

Compared to placebo, patients receiving both doses of Udenafil showed significantly improved the IIEF-EFD score. The least squares means for the change from baseline in IIEF-EFD scores were 8.4 and 9.8 for 100 mg and 200 mg Udenafil groups, respectively; those values were significantly higher than that of placebo (2.4, P < 0.0001). Similar results were observed in the comparison of Q3 and Q4 of IIEF, SEP diary and GAQ. Headache and flushing were the most common treatment-emergent adverse events, which were transient and mild-to-moderate in nature. No parameters of efficacy and safety were affected among the subsets stratified according to either the number of antihypertensive medication received or the previous experience of PDE5Is treatment.

Conclusion

Udenafil significantly improved erectile function among ED patients with hypertensive symptom treated with concomitant antihypertensive medication. The treatment did not increase the frequency or severity of adverse events.
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a Shared Sexual Concern of Couples I: Couple Conceptions of ED
Authors: Fisher William A. , Eardley Ian , McCabe Marita , Sand Michael
Published: August 2009

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) may be regarded as a shared sexual concern with a significant negative impact on both patients and their partners.

Aim

The current research sought to explore the degree of concordance or divergence of couple members’ perceptions of the specific functional impairments characterizing the man’s ED, and the concordance or discordance of their attitudes, beliefs and experiences about the male partner’s erectile difficulty.

Methods

Questionnaires were sent to partners of men who participated in the Men’s Attitudes to Life Events and Sexuality (MALES) 2004 study, who consented to their partner’s involvement. A modified version of the questionnaire used in the MALES study was employed, adapted to reflect the female partner’s perspective. Questionnaire responses were analyzed in relation to responses provided by male study participants.

Main Outcome Measure

A 65-item questionnaire assessing women’s perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes regarding aspects of ED.

Results

High levels of concordance between couple members were observed across almost all items. Women’s perceptions of both the specific functional impairments characterizing their partner’s ED and the frequency of the partner’s erection difficulty were strongly associated with assessments the men themselves had made. Significant associations were also observed between couple members’ responses relating to their beliefs about the causes of ED, effects of ED on the relationship, communication about ED, finding a solution to ED, and attitudes toward medication. A number of specific male–female discordant perceptions and attitudes were also identified.

Conclusions

Findings of this study demonstrate a high degree of concordance in couple members’ perceptions of the male partner’s ED, and in their attitudes and beliefs about ED. Specific instances of discordance between couple members may contribute to treatment avoidance or couple conflict.
The Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in Post-Treatment Colorectal Cancer Patients and Their Interests in Seeking Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Survey in the West-Midlands
Authors: Ellis Richard , Smith Anthony , Wilson Sue , Warmington Sally , Ismail Tariq
Published: August 2009

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a recognized complication of colorectal cancer treatment, particularly if surgery is below the recto-sigmoid junction (RSJ), and is an important quality-of-life issue. Previous studies have generated inconsistent prevalence estimates.

Aim

We aimed to establish the prevalence of ED in postsurgery colorectal cancer patients and to establish what proportion wished to seek treatment.

Main Outcome Measures

Questionnaire: sociodemographics, treatment methods, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 questionnaire (validated tool to assess erectile function): score of <21 being used to define ED.

Methods

Cross-sectional survey. Inclusion criteria: adult male colorectal cancer patients diagnosed in 2000–2007, treated with curative intent in one teaching hospital. Statistical analysis: logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of ED.

Results

The response rate was 46% (229/499). Respondents were aged 28 to 95 years; the majority were white (93.9%), more than half (57.1%) were in a sexual relationship, only a third reported having sex in the past 6 months (33.3%). The vast majority (75.1%; 172/229) of responders had ED as defined by the IIEF-5. ED was significantly associated with increasing age (P <0.0005), having a malignancy below the RSJ (P = 0.002), having previous radiotherapy (P = 0.007), and having a stoma (P = 0.014). Those with ED were less likely to be in a sexual relationship (P = 0.002) and less likely to have had sex in the last 6 months (P <0.0005). Only 29% of those with ED were not interested in treatment for their condition.

Conclusions

These data suggest a prevalence rate of ED of 75% in colorectal cancer survivors; this may be functional or psychological in origin. Quality of life may be improved if follow-up clinics for cancer survivors not only concentrated on the detection of recurrence but also offered assessment of erectile function and referral for patients who desire treatment.
Use of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of clopyralid in compost and forage
Authors: Uegaki Ryuichi , Ebato Munehiro , Sutoh Madoka , Cai Yimin
Published: August 2009

In this study, we first developed a technique to quantify clopyralid using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and tested its performance for compost and corn plant samples. Then, we measured the uptake of clopyralid by forage corn grown on two types of soil mixed with clopyralid‐contaminated compost, in order to investigate the potential of ingestion of compost clopyralid by animals through forage crops. Because of the high recovery ratios (80–82% for compost and 98% for corn), sufficient theoretical quantification limits (5.0 and 1.7 μg kg−1 fresh matter, respectively) and close agreement with the bioassay method (73 μg kg−1 for LC/MS/MS and 80 μg kg−1 for bioassay), the LC/MS/MS method was considered to be of potential value for determining clopyralid in compost and plant materials. Corn plants took up clopyralid from soil (compost), with the amount and rate of uptake varying with soil types and application of activated carbon to soil. There is a need for quantifying clopyralid uptake by a range of forage crops under a range of cultivation conditions (e.g. climate, soil, management) to estimate clopyralid fluxes through the manure–forage–animal–manure pathway.
Germination and growth of old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seeds on soil
Authors: Park Byung Hoon , Kim Sangdeog A.
Published: August 2009

Old alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seeds which had been stored for 23 years at ordinary temperature under sealed‐up conditions were tested for germinability and seedling establishment. Five percent of seeds germinated on soil, and many of the germinated seedlings grew to a state of establishment. The results present evidence for the high ability of alfalfa seeds to maintain viability and vigor.
Accessibility and availability of individual leaves on a tiller in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) swards: Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and defoliation intensity
Authors: Hirata Masahiko , Sugino Ayumi , Ogura Shin‐ichiro
Published: August 2009

Canopy structure of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) swards was analyzed in terms of accessibility and availability of individual leaves on a tiller. Tillers in swards under three nitrogen rates (0, 12 and 24 g m−2 year−1) × two cutting heights (3 and 10 cm above ground level) were measured in May (spring), July (summer) and October (autumn), for the heights of the basal and the highest point and the dry matter (DM) weights of individual leaves (laminae; L1, L2, L3 and so on; L1 = the uppermost or the youngest lamina) and a stem (inclusive of leaf sheaths). The tillers were relatively short in May and October and tall in July, having 10, six and seven leaves, respectively. The leaves were almost always green (no dry part) until L5 in May and until L4 in July and October. In each season, the relative accessibility (height rank of the maximum point) and availability (weight rank) of the leaves on the tiller was almost constant across the nitrogen rates and cutting heights, showing L1–L4 to be highly accessible and L3–L5 and L2 or L6 to be highly available (top four leaves). L3 was almost always the most accessible and available leaf across the seasons and the treatments, followed by L4 and L2. The results indicate the usefulness of the constant relative accessibility and availability of individual leaves on the tiller in the management and modeling of bahiagrass swards.
Importance, evolution, environmental impact and future challenges of grasslands and grassland‐based systems in Europe
Authors: Peeters Alain
Published: August 2009

The importance and the diversity of grasslands and grassland‐based systems are illustrated. Their multiple functions and values are highlighted. The main trends of the evolution of the systems in the last half‐century are summarized including the effect of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. Grasslands are compared with annual forage crops for forage production potential and impact on the environment. New challenges are analyzed especially in relation to agro‐fuel production. The potential of grasslands for fuel production is discussed as well as the possible effect of first‐generation agro‐fuels on the grassland area. The fractionation of grassland biomass into several products like fibers, lactic acid and amino acids is described in relation to possible industrial uses. Policy recommendations are proposed.
MODELING WATER ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS OF PINHÃO (ARAUCARIA ANGUSTIFOLIA SEEDS) FLOUR AND THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ADSORPTION PROCESS
Authors: CLADERA‐OLIVERA FLORENCIA , MARCZAK LIGIA DAMASCENO FERREIRA , NOREÑA CACIANO PELAYO ZAPATA , PETTERMANN ANA CAROLINA
Published: August 2009

The seeds of Araucaria angustifolia, commonly known as pinhão, are widely consumed in both Southern and Southeastern Brazil because of their high nutritious value. The literature on the technological aspects of this seed is still very scarce. Moisture adsorption isotherms of pinhão flour were determined at 10, 20, 30 and 40C using the gravimetric method. Results show that temperature has little effect on the adsorption process and the Chirife model was found to best represent the experimental data. The isosteric heat of sorption (differential enthalpy) was calculated by using the moisture adsorption isotherm and decreased as moisture content increased, becoming almost constant at 0.3 kg water/kg dry solids. The enthalpy–entropy compensation theory was applied to adsorption isotherms and the isokinetic temperature for pinhão flour was calculated by plotting the differential enthalpy versus differential entropy. It was found that the adsorption process investigated was enthalpy controlled.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Moisture isotherms are important for several applications in food technology (they can be used to predict potential changes in food stability, for storing method determination, packaging and ingredients selection, design and optimization of drying equipment, among others). This work presents the isotherms of a new product (pinhão flour), that do not exist in the market yet and with very scarce literature. As pinhão is a seasonal product, the study of new products using pinhão as raw material is also important.
Toward the Design of Mutation‐Resistant Enzyme Inhibitors: Further Evaluation of the Substrate Envelope Hypothesis
Authors: Kairys Visvaldas , Gilson Michael K. , Lather Viney , Schiffer Celia A. , Fernandes Miguel X.
Published: August 2009

Previous studies have shown the usefulness of the substrate envelope concept in the analysis and prediction of drug resistance profiles for human immunodeficiency virus protease mutants. This study tests its applicability to several other therapeutic targets: Abl kinase, chitinase, thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and neuraminidase. For the targets where many (≥6) mutation data are available to compute the average mutation sensitivity of inhibitors, the total volume of an inhibitor molecule that projects outside the substrate envelope Vout, is found to correlate with average mutation sensitivity. Analysis of a locally computed volume suggests that the same correlation would hold for the other targets, if more extensive mutation data sets were available. It is concluded that the substrate envelope concept offers a promising and easily implemented computational tool for the design of drugs that will tend to resist mutations. Software implementing these calculations is provided with the ‘Supporting Information’.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of a Series of α‐Substituted Acetylpiperazinyl Oxazolidinones
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Jun , Du Guang‐Jian , Zhao Shuang‐Qi , Yan Ming , Gu Lian‐Quan
Published: August 2009

A series of oxazolidinone derivatives with α‐substituted acetylpiperazinyl groups were prepared. Their in vitro antibacterial activities were studied against Gram‐positive pathogens, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. The compounds with chloroacetyl‐piperazinyl or dichloroacetyl‐piperazinyl group were found to have superior antibacterial activities to linezolid against most of tested Gram‐positive pathogens. The compounds with propionylpiperaziny or fluoroacetylpiperazinyl group were found to have comparable antibacterial activities with linezolid. However, the replacement of phenyl ring of the compounds with pyridine ring resulted in the significant loss of antibacterial activity.
Antiproliferative Activity Against MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells by Diamino‐Triazaspirodiene Antifolates
Authors: Ma Xiang , Woon Renee Ser‐Peng , Ho Paul Chi‐Lui , Chui Wai‐Keung
Published: August 2009

Two triazaspirodienes, having similar phenoxy propyloxy side chain, were identified as potent mammalian dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors; one having a 6,5‐spiro bicyclic ring system (IC50 = 2.3 nm) and the other a 6,6‐spiro bicyclic system (IC50 = 6.9 nm). They also showed more than 50% antiproliferative activity against the MCF‐7 breast cancer cells at 20 μm. This study demonstrated the potential lead of the diamino‐triazaspirodienes in anticancer chemotherapeutical agents’ discovery.
Anticancer Activity and Quantitative–Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) Studies of a Series of Antioxidant/Anti‐Inflammatory Aryl‐Acetic and Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Pontiki Eleni , Hadjipavlou‐Litina Dimitra , Geromichalos George , Papageorgiou Athanasios
Published: August 2009

A series of aryl‐acetic acids and hydroxamic acids possessing antioxidant/anti‐inflammatory activities were tested for anticancer activity using different cancer cell lines. The compounds have low antitumor activity considering the 1/IC50 values attained for the cell lines. Compound 5iv presents the best anticancer activity. Moreover, they depict the same activity pattern, suggesting similar mechanisms of action correlated to their antioxidant activities. The obtained results subjected in a QSAR analysis. It seems reasonable to conclude that the same molecular structural features are responsible for the compounds biological activity, these being the electron accepting/donating ability and the molar volume. For all cellular lines (HT‐29, A‐549 and OAW‐42) log 1/IC50 exhibits a reasonable correlation with a two parameters relationship in which the Esp‐min and D term are present. Apart from Esp‐min the other descriptor found important for anticancer activity is the molar volume (MgVol). The QSAR analyses did not indicate any role for lipophilicity Electrostatic potential, dipole moment and the bulk, primarily affect the biological response.
Diabetes and skeletal health
Authors: YATURU Subhashini
Published: August 2009

Osteoporosis and diabetes affect a large proportion of the elderly population. The prevalence of diabetes and osteoporosis is increasing. Compared with individuals without diabetes, both men and women with diabetes have a higher risk of fractures, particularly at the hip, with consequent significant morbidity and mortality. Type 1 diabetes is associated with decreased bone mass and although bone mass data for Type 2 diabetes may or may not be decreased, there is evidence of altered bone quality in diabetes. The mechanisms involved include effects of insulin, insulin‐like growth factor 1, cytokines, advanced glycation end products, and altered calcium homeostasis. In addition, a drug‐induced increase in the incidence of fractures has been noted with the use of thiazolidinediones (TZDs). TZDs improve insulin sensitivity and have multitude other beneficial effects. Osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from a common multipotential mesenchymal stem cell progenitor, with activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ2 by both currently available TZDs (i.e. rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) stimulating adipogenesis and inhibiting osteoblastogenesis. The use of both rosiglitazone and pioglitazone is associated with an increased fracture risk, with changes in bone turnover markers and decreased bone mineral density.
Microsatellite size homoplasies and null alleles do not affect species diagnosis and population genetic analysis in a fungal species complex
Authors: QUELOZ V. , DUÒ A. , SIEBER T. N. , GRÜNIG C. R.
Published: August 2009

The suitability of 13 microsatellite loci for species diagnosis and population genetics in 11 species of thePhialocephala fortiniis.l.–Acephala applanataspecies complex (PAC) was assessed. Two data sets were compared to test possible biases in species typing and clone detection resulting from null alleles and size homoplasies. The first data set was based on fragment lengths derived from a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and the second data set was received from singleplex PCR at lower stringency and sequencing. Most null alleles observed in the multiplex PCR assay could be amplified during singleplex PCR under less stringent conditions. Size homoplasies resulting from mutations in flanking regions and differences in microsatellite structures were observed. For example,Phialocephala uotolensispossessed a (CT)13in addition to the (GT)xmotif at locus mPF_0644. Despite the occurrence of null alleles and size homoplasies, species diagnosis and population genetic analysis studies were not affected. These markers will facilitate studies on population biology, ecology and biogeography of PAC species.
Life cycle assessment of native plants and marginal lands for bioenergy agriculture in Kentucky as a model for south‐eastern USA
Authors: DEBOLT SETH , CAMPBELL J. ELLIOTT , SMITH Jr. RAY , MONTROSS MICHAEL , STORK JOZSEF
Published: August 2009

The Brookings Institute analysis rate both Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky (USA) as two of the nation's largest carbon emitters. This high carbon footprint is largely due to the fact that 95% of electricity is produced from coal. Kentucky has limited options for electric power production from low carbon sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric. Other states (TN, IN, OH, WV, and IL) in this region are similarly limited in renewable energy capacity. Bioenergy agriculture could account for a proportion of renewable energy needs, but to what extent is unclear. Herein, we found that abandoned agricultural land, not including land that is in fallow or crop rotation, aquatic ecosystems, nor plant‐life that had passed through secondary ecological succession totaled 1.9 Mha and abandoned mine‐land totaled 0.3 Mha, which combined accounted for 21% of Kentucky's land mass. A life cycle assessment was performed based on local yield and agronomic data for native grass bioenergy agriculture. These data showed that utilizing Kentucky's marginal land to grow native C4 grasses for cellulosic ethanol and bioelectricity may account for up to 13.3% and 17.2% of the states 2 trillion MJ energy consumption and reduce green house gas emissions by 68% relative to gasoline.
Effects of planting spacing and refertilization on growth and nutrition of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) planted on a minerotrophic peatland in Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Wells E. Doyle
Published: August 2009

In 1973, a black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) plantation was established in central Newfoundland on a minerotrophic, open peatland that had been ditched at 1.8 m spacings. The seedlings were planted at spacings of 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 m and spot fertilized with a mixture of 71 g urea, 99 g ground rock phosphate, and 41 g potassium sulfate. In 1985, 12 years after establishment, concentrations of N (0.90%), P (0.10%), and K (0.28%) suggested that nutrient deficiencies were limiting growth. Consequently, P, P–K, and N–P–K were applied in the amounts of 60 kg/ha P, 100 kg/ha K, and 200 kg/ha N. Controls (no refertilization) were also included in the experiment, although these plots had been spot fertilized in 1973. Between 1985 and 1991, height growth, needle weight, and needle nutrients were not significantly different among planting-spacing treatments. Height growth was greatest in the P–K treatment, whereas needle weights were greatest in the N–P–K treatment in 1987. Uptake of N was significantly improved by application of P–K as well as by application of N–P–K. Concentrations of N, P, and K increased to levels of 2.43, 0.25, and 0.60%, respectively, following application of fertilizers containing those elements. However, by 1991, concentrations had decreased to 1.10, 0.14 and 0.43%, respectively. The effects of refertilization on uptake of Ca, Mg, and Cu were mainly nonsignificant.
Evaluation of microorganisms for biocontrol of Botrytiscinerea in container-grown black spruce seedlings
Authors: Zhang P.G. , Sutton J.C. , Hopkin A.A.
Published: August 2009

Microbial isolates from conifer foliage and strawberry were evaluated for biocontrol of Botrytiscinerea Pers.:Fr. in container-grown seedlings of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). In growth room assays, seedlings were environmentally predisposed to the pathogen and coinoculated with the isolates and B. cinerea. Sporulation incidence of the pathogen was later estimated on needle segments that were cut from the seedlings and incubated on paraquat–chloramphenicol agar medium. The isolates suppressed sporulation by 0–100%. Those of Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, yeasts, and bacteria were of low to moderate effectiveness, but those of Gliocladium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, and Trichothecium were moderately to highly suppressive. In two greenhouse tests, spore suspensions of Gliocladium roseum Link:Bainier and of Myrotheciumverrucaria (Alb. & Schw.) Ditm. ex Stendel. (applied three times) at 2- to 3-week intervals suppressed incidence of B. cinerea by 50–69% and 42–60%, respectively, and were at least as effective as recommended fungicide treatments. Two or three additional applications of the antagonists did not further suppress the pathogen. Isolates of Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp. were generally ineffective in the greenhouse tests. The four fungi ranked similarly in biocontrol effectiveness in the growth room and greenhouse. It is concluded that the growth room assay provided a strong indication of biocontrol performance in the greenhouse and that G. roseum and M. verrucaria have potential for managing B. cinerea in black spruce in greenhouses.
Distribution and abundance of coarse woody debris in a managed forest landscape of the central Appalachians
Authors: McCarthy Brian C. , Bailey Ronald R.
Published: August 2009

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is integral to the functioning and productivity of forested ecosystems. Standing snags and large logs on the forest floor affect soil processes, soil fertility, hydrology, and wildlife microhabitat. Few data are available pertaining to the distribution and abundance of CWD in the managed hardwood forests of the central Appalachians. We surveyed 11 stands, at various stages of development (succession) after clear-cutting (<2, 15–25, 65–90, >100 years old), to evaluate the density, volume, and biomass of trees, snags, and logs under the local forest management regime. As expected, density, volume, and biomass of CWD (stems ≥2.5 cm diameter) were greatest in young stands (<2 years old) immediately following clear-cutting; the vast majority of CWD existed as relatively labile, small-diameter, low decay state logging slash. Young stands retained a few large logs in advanced decay states but observations suggest that these elements were often disturbed (i.e., crushed) by logging equipment during the harvest process. Crushed logs do not function ecologically in the same capacity as large intact logs. A marked decline in CWD was observed in young pole stands (15–25 years old) as slash decomposed. These stands were characterized by a high density of young hardwood stump sprouts in the overstory while maintaining a moderate amount of CWD in middle size and decay states on the forest floor. More mature hardwood stands (65–90 years old) generally exhibited a decrease in live-stem density and an increase in basal area, accompanied by a slight increase in CWD. Commercial thinning presumably limits the contribution of large CWD to the forest floor. This was most clearly evident in the oldest stands (>100 years old) where large CWD was not widely observed. A striking feature across all stands was the near absence of logs in large size classes (>65 cm diameter) and a paucity of logs in mid to late decay stages. We discuss our data in the context of hardwood forest structure and management in the central Appalachians.
Amount and vertical distribution of foliage of young loblolly pine trees as affected by canopy position and silvicultural treatment
Authors: Gillespie Andrew R. , Allen H. Lee , Vose James M.
Published: August 2009

Silvicultural practices such as thinning and fertilization can affect both canopy foliage quantity and distribution, altering stand growth. The objectives of this research were to quantify the effects of tree size and silvicultural treatment on the vertical distribution of foliage of individual trees of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and to estimate foliage quantity and distribution using easily measured tree data. In three stands sampled in North and South Carolina, fertilization and (or) thinning treatments had been applied 2 years prior to sampling. A fourth stand was untreated. Nonlinear and linear regression models were developed to test the effects of silvicultural treatment on individual branch foliage biomass and whole tree foliage biomass. Vertical distributions of foliage and branches were modelled using a Weibull probability density function. Analyses indicated that individual branch foliage biomass was positively related to branch size but negatively related to distance from the top of the tree. Fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus, or thinning, increased the foliage biomass carried by a given sized branch. Silvicultural treatment effects on individual branches translated into whole-tree foliage biomass with thinning and fertilization increasing the crown size of individual trees. Though treatment affected crown size, the distribution of foliage (and branches) remained unaffected. Because silvicultural treatments change the size of crowns for trees of given dimensions, any estimation of loblolly pine crown biomass must be site and treatment specific.
Characteristics of Peridermiumharknessii in axenic culture
Authors: Lundquist J.E. , Walla J.A. , Tuskan G.A.
Published: August 2009

Axenic cultures of Peridermiumharknessii J.P Moore developed white aerial hyphae, orange callus-like growth, and white mycelium colonies as successive vegetative forms when isolated from explants from infected mature field-grown Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex. P. Laws & C. Laws. Expiants (small cubes of gall phloem tissue) were collected from March through August 1988 and 1989 in eastern Nebraska and northern and western North Dakota. By 20 days after plating, white hyphae appeared to originate from immature aeciospores. By 45 days, friable orange callus-like growth appeared on many explants from beneath the white hyphae and eventually overgrew the latter. Orange callus colonies consisted mostly of single-celled vesicular cells, which seemed to originate from aeciospore initials. The larger vesicular cells were similar in size to aeciospores, contained orange subcellular globules, and occasionally had surface ornamentation similar to that of aeciospores. After 60 days, white mycelium colonies grew as sectors within and at the edges of many orange callus cultures. The colonies appeared to originate as appendages of thick-walled hyphal strands of orange callus and macroscopically consisted of compact masses of thin-walled hyaline hyphae arising from a stroma. If not transferred to fresh medium, orange callus would frequently convert to white mycelium colonies. No change in the morphology of white mycelium colonies was observed. Only mineral salt media supplemented with peptone, soytone, or a mixture of yeast extract, sucrose, and glucose sustained fungal growth apart from the host tissue. Both orange callus and white mycelium colonies grew over a temperature range of 5–35 °C, and revealed similar staining patterns in 12 of 14 isozymes to those of Peridermiumharknessii aeciospores when analyzed with starch gel electrophoresis.
Interior spruce seedlings compared with emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. I. Nursery development, fall acclimation, and over-winter storage
Authors: Grossnickle S.C. , Major J.E. , Folk R.S.
Published: August 2009

Interior spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss × Piceaengelmannii Parry) seedlings and emblings (plants produced via somatic embryogenesis tissue culture) were grown as container 1 + 0 plants. Seedling and embling morphological development was monitored during the growing season. Needle freezing tolerance, days to terminal bud break (DBB1), root growth capacity (RGC), and shoot dry weight fraction (DWF) were monitored during the fall and in frozen storage. Emblings had slower height, diameter, and root growth rates during the initial 2.5 months in the nursery. Thereafter, seedlings and emblings had equal height growth rate, while emblings had greater diameter and root growth rates. At the end of the growing season, seedlings and emblings, respectively, had 23.8 and 14.2 cm shoot height, 4.0 and 3.4 mm diameter, and 0.81 and 0.80 g root dry weight. During the fall, DBB1 of both seedlings and emblings decreased, with emblings having a more rapid decrease. Both seedlings and emblings showed a similar increase in freezing tolerance. Emblings had a greater increase in DWF. During the fall, RGC decreased then increased, with seedlings displaying a greater increase than emblings. While in frozen storage, seedlings and emblings maintained a low DBB1, and a high RGC and DWF. Freezing tolerance decreased while in frozen storage, with the loss more pronounced among seedlings. A degree growth stage model describes the first year cycle of development for seedlings and emblings. Results indicate that seedlings and emblings have slightly different patterns of first year growth and fall acclimation. However, both seedlings and emblings were at the end of rest when lifted for frozen storage.
Interior spruce seedlings compared with emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. III. Physiological response and morphological development on a reforestation site
Authors: Grossnickle S.C. , Major J.E.
Published: August 2009

Interior spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss × Piceaengelmannii Parry) seedlings and emblings produced through somatic embryogenesis tissue culture were planted on a reforestation site in the central interior of British Columbia. Gas exchange and water relations patterns were monitored over the first growing season and morphological development was monitored over two growing seasons. During shoot elongation, osmotic potential at saturation (Ψsat) and turgor loss point (Ψtlp) of seedlings and emblings increased, while their maximum bulk modulus of elasticity (εmax) and total turgor (Ψptotal) decreased, resulting in utilized turgor (Ψputil) exceeding 100%. From bud set in late July through October 8, Ψsat and Ψtlp decreased, Ψ max and εPtotal increased, with Ψputil between 55 and 70% for both seedlings and emblings. There were few seasonal differences in shoot water relations parameters of seedlings and emblings. One-year-old and current-year needle conductance (gwv) decreased as vapour pressure deficit (VPD) increased in a similar manner for both seedlings and emblings. Response surface models for net photosynthesis (Pn) of current-year needles showed Pn to increase as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased to around 1000 μmol•m−2•s−1, and thereafter remained stable, but as VPD increased Pn decreased at all PAR levels. Emblings, compared with seedlings, had 15% greater Pn under optimal field site atmospheric conditions (i.e., VPD <3.0 kPa and PAR >1000 μmol•m−2•s−1). There was a linear increase in Pn as gwv increased in both seedlings and emblings, though 1-year-old needles had higher Pn for a given level of gwv than current-year needles. Height and diameter growth across the first and second growing seasons were similar for seedlings and emblings. Seedlings and emblings had similar total root weight after two growing seasons. After the first winter on the field site, survival was 87% for seedlings and 91% for emblings, while emblings had a lower proportion of their foliage damaged by winter conditions. Results indicate that seedlings and emblings were largely comparable in their field performance over two growing seasons on a reforestation site.
Considerations in simultaneous curve fitting for repeated height–diameter measurements
Authors: Flewelling James W. , Jong Rene De
Published: August 2009

The problem of fitting height–diameter curves for repeated measurements on growth plots is addressed. The context of the problem is fitting historical data with varying sampling protocols and varying measurement accuracy. A key consideration is obtaining good estimates of top height and top-height increment. A particular model and objective function for fitting are presented. The model has two parameters for each measurement and one common parameter; limited crossovers in the height–diameter curves for the various measurements are allowed. The objective function minimizes errors in predicted height and in predicted change in height. The programming is described, and the availability of code is announced. Examples show both the strengths and weaknesses of this approach.
Comparaison de deux méthodes d'estimation de la variabilité clonale des qualités papetières du peuplier
Authors: Chantre G. , Janin G. , Chaunis S. , Dilem A.
Published: August 2009

Two different methods are applied to evaluate the variability of wood ability for Kraft pulping of 25 poplar clones (1-year-old trees). The first one consists in pulping almost all of the wood of each analyzed tree ("macropulpings"). The second one is based on pulping very small wood samples, entire cross sections close to 1 g, taken at 50-cm height (micropulpings and paper microtests). This paper presents the results found separately with the two methods for the following parameters: pulp yield, Kappa (κ) index or permanganate index, and average fiber length. We observed that the evaluations of these parameters deduced by microtests are always well correlated with those obtained from pulping of the whole trees. Moreover, the two methods reveal that the suitability of poplar wood for Kraft pulping is under genetic control at age 1. But for each parameter (especially the ratio (κ index)/(pulping yield)2 and the average weighted fiber length), the differentiation of the clones is never exactly the same. Therefore, it is necessary to slightly modify the micropulping and microtests methodology to evaluate with better accuracy the pulp and paper properties of the whole trees.
Predation and overwintering mortality of the white pine weevil, Pissodesstrobi, in planted and seeded jack pine
Authors: Bellocq M. Isabel , Smith Sandy M.
Published: August 2009

Predation by birds and insects and overwintering mortality of the white pine weevil, Pissodesstrobi Peck, were examined in planted and seeded stands of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) in northern Ontario to develop recommendations for management. No significant difference was found in weevil damage to the stand and in mortality of weevils due to natural enemies between planted and seeded stands. On average, 7.3 ± 0.3 (mean ± 1 SE) weevils emerged as adults from dead terminals. Birds consumed up to 6.4% of late-larval and pupal weevils in planted stands and up to 8.9% in seeded stands. More weevils emerged from screened than from unscreened leaders, indicating a significant mortality of larvae and pupae, presumably owing to insect predators and parasitoids and high density of pupae. Overwintering mortality of adult weevils was 92% in the planted and 76% in the seeded stand. Mammalian predation significantly reduced survival of overwintering weevils. Factors related to other silvicultural treatments, such as the presence of weeds, may be affecting the survival of Pissodesstrobi and the susceptibility of Pinusbanksiana stands to Pissodesstrobi infestation. The manipulation of both mammalian predation and overwintering sites should be emphasized in the management of P. strobi in Pinusbanksiana plantations.
A performance evaluation of edging and trimming operations in U.S. hardwood sawmills
Authors: El-Radi Tony E. , Bullard Steven H. , Steele Phillip H.
Published: August 2009

Edger and trimmer operators must make constant decisions in short time periods on the amount of materials to remove from boards produced in the sawmill. Their decisions directly affect the total volume, grade, and value of the boards, and they therefore directly affect the total value of lumber produced. In recent years, many softwood sawmills have installed computer controlled edgers and trimmers with scanners and optimizers to achieve higher recovery rates. Before similar, relatively expensive, technologies can be seriously evaluated for the hardwood industry, however, the current performance of edging and trimming operations must be known. Using a sample of 3360 boards, compiled from 37 hardwood sawmills located in 16 states, lumber grade, length, width, and dollar values obtained in edging and trimming operations were compared with values predicted by USDA Forest Service scientists for the same lumber. Significant differences between edging and trimming performance and predicted values were determined via statistical tests. A linear regression model was formulated to study the influence of overedging, overtrimming, and grade difference on the percentage of predicted dollar value achieved. It was found that most sawmills edged a relatively low proportion of their total production. In 99% of the boards, edging and trimming operations achieved similar values for grade and length to those predicted by the USDA scientists. The value of the lumber increased significantly as the amount of overedging decreased.