bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An object‐oriented system for ergonomic risk assessment
Authors: Moynihan Gary P. , Fonseca Daniel J. , Merritt Thomas W. , Ray Paul S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: During the last decade, cumulative trauma disorders have become a major concern both to occupational health and safety professionals and manufacturing industries. This paper will present the development of a knowledge‐based system for predicting the potential of developing strain injuries among employees exposed to repetitive and forceful activities. This potential is identified through the use of an expert system incorporating a fuzzy set algorithm. Recommendations for the prevention of the resulting CTDs are then provided by the system. The system executes on a microcomputer platform, and was constructed utilising a commercial object‐oriented expert system shell.
Importance of information pre‐processing in the improvement of neural network results*
Authors: Menéndez C. , Ordieres J.B. , Ortega F.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper compares the success ratio of certain topologies when their input data are changed through different pre‐processing methods. It begins with the database description, and it shows some different kinds of pre‐processing that will be applied and the necessary modifications to the input layer of the network. The process is carried out using four networks with supervised learning (Standard Backpropagation, Quick propagation, Resilient Propagation and Backpropagation with Momentum) and two with unsupervised learning (ART 1 and Dynamic Learning Vector Quantization).
A knowledge‐based framework for intelligent‐data migration
Authors: Russomanno David J.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The Object‐Inferencing Framework (OIF) is a knowledge‐based system developed for intelligent‐data migration. The framework provides a mechanism to integrate relational data which represents a source model; a project‐specific rulebase which specifies plausible migration scenarios; and a deduction system to facilitate the migration of source data to a new, complex target model. Typically, the target model includes constituents that possess both graphic and tabular components. Although the framework is experimental, industrial applications built upon OIF have been successfully deployed in scenarios in which the source data contained implicit information in that semantic relationships and structure conveyed by the data had to be inferred by a domain expert. This framework provides a substrate for migration from any unstructured or semi‐structured data representation to a complex, semantically rich target data model. Examples of the migration of CAD data, which represents an electrical‐distribution system, to a client‐server based Automated Mapping/Facilities Management (AM/FM) platform are presented to convey the salient features of the design and utility of the OIF. Even though the examples are taken from a specific domain, the approach has potential applications in a myriad of domains, including business enterprises in which the migration of data created and managed by legacy systems to object‐oriented and clientserver environments is an area of intense research and development.
More Haste, Less Speed in Theology*
Authors: LACOSTE JEAN‐YVES
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Philosophy requires patience; theology differs from philosophy by its haste. Theological language lives urgently, under kerygmatic constraints, and yet is allowed delay for its tasks of interpretation. It searches for its words, forging a third language, which ‘fulfils’ the language of Jew and Greek and yet is a ‘hard’ language, tying the future of mankind to the fate of a single crucified man. It awakens a capacity for experience that is latent in us, yet violates our expectations.

Hermeneutic demands take a new turn when speech becomes text. Languages age and die, but the meaning of their words does not. The world of past languages can be understood. The theologian is a translator, allowing the text to speak. Reading is preliminary to kerygmatic speech, and theology moves between the words of scripture and the words of immediate experience. The successful interpretation does not substitute itself for what it interprets, but makes us at home in the words and experience of the text. We learn it not as a mother‐tongue but as a foreign language, and we discover that it is habitable. In introducing us to a universal reality mediated by that particular world, theology reveals us to ourselves, showing us that our continuity with it is stronger than any discontinuity.

Theology must have its ‘method’, which is to acquire its own language by way of a detour through another language. Theological arguments are displacements. The speech that speaks the truth about essential things comes to meet us from its housing in particular languages and times. Which does not mean that the text may be re‐written. What we understand in our own language is another language; what is made accessible to our world is another relation to the world.
Regional progressive high‐pressure metamorphism, Seward Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: FORBES R. B. , EVANS B. W. , THURSTON S. P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Blueschist‐facies rocks on the Seward Peninsula constitute a structurally coherent terrane measuring at least 100 × 150 km. Radiometric age data indicate that high‐pressure metamorphism probably occurred in Jurassic rather than in Palaeozoic or Precambrian time, as previously suggested. Protolith sediments (Nome Group) are of intracontinental basin or continental margin type, and of lower Palaeozoic and possibly late Precambrian age, thus predating the high pressure metamorphism by more than 200 m.y.

Blueschist‐facies mineral assemblages were developed in almost all lithologies of the Nome Group, and are best preserved in FeTi‐rich metabasites (glaucophane + almandine + epidote) and pelites (glaucophane + chloritoid + phengite). A lawsonite–crossite subfacies was developed in possible Nome Group rocks on the east flank of the Darby Mountains. Albite–epidote–amphibolite facies assemblages characterize Nome Group rocks in the southwestern part of the Peninsula. Metamorphism in the central zone of the terrane passed from early lawsonitic to subsequent epidote–almandine–glaucophane schist subfacies with the local development (east of the Nome River) of eclogitic assemblages.

The high pressure metamorphic minerals were synkinematic with the development of mesoscopic‐scale intrafolial isoclinal folds and a flattening foliation of consistent orientation. Initiation of uplift probably corresponded to the growth of barroisite rims on earlier sodic and actinolitic amphiboles, and partial post‐kinematic greenschist facies replacements record later stages of decompression. Ophiolites and melange are not associated with the Seward Peninsula blueschists. The high‐pressure metamorphism was caused by tectonic loading of a continental plate by an allochthon of indeterminate origin. The PT conditions of high pressure metamorphism were approximately 9–11 kbar, 400–450°C, thus falling between the PT paths of the Shuksan and Franciscan terranes.
Two‐stage corona growth during Precambrian granulite facies metamorphism of Smitbson Bjerge, north‐west Greenland
Authors: GARDE ADAM A. , GLASSLEY WILLIAM E. , NUTMAN ALLEN P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Late Archaean orthogneisses and aluminous and iron‐rich metasedimentary rocks intruded by anorthosite and a ferrodiorite‐granite suite were completely recrystallized during Proterozoic granulite facies metamorphism. Geobarometry and geothermometry indicate P‐T conditions of around 7.5kbar. 700°C, with a CO2‐rich fluid phase and logfO2 at or below ‐16. A two‐stage high‐grade history of near isochemical corona growth is preserved in metasediments with the reaction cycle opx + plag + H2O → hbl+gar+SiO2→ opx+plag+H2O. End product compositions resemble those of the initial phases, and the only mobile components were SiO2 and/or H2O. The coronas reflect shortlived fluctuations in chemical activity at essentially constant P and T, contrary to simple progressive change in equilibrium parameters recorded by most corona‐bearing textures.
Symplectitic augite: evidence for discontinuous precipitation as an exsolution mechanism in Ca‐rich clinopyroxene
Authors: BOLAND JAMES N. , OTTEN MAX T.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Part of the augite in the Artfjället gabbro consists of symplectitic intergrowths between augite and blebs or lamellae of orthopyroxene. Mineral compositions are consistent with formation of these symplectites by exsolution of orthopyroxene from magmatic augite at a temperature of ca. 900–1000°C. The microstructures indicate that the exsolution mechanism is discontinuous precipitation, whereby the boundary of an augite grain sweeps through a neighbouring augite, leaving the symplectite in its wake. The formation of this symplectitic augite is catalysed by the presence of an intergranular water‐rich fluid phase, which promotes grain boundary mobility.
C–O–H–N fluids in quartz segregations from a major ductile shear zone: the Berzosa fault, Spanish Central System
Authors: CASQUET C.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Berzosa fault is a major ductile shear zone, the Berzosa Shear Zone (BSZ), which separates the ‘Ollo de Sapo’anticline from the inner higher‐grade crystalline axis of the Iberian Hercynian Belt. This shear zone is the site of abundant early kinematic quartz (± Al‐silicates) segregations, rich in fluid inclusions. Host rocks are medium‐grade staurolite schists and sillimanite gneisses.

Fluid inclusions in selected quartz segregations across the Berzosa shear zone have been studied by microthermometric methods as well as, in some instances, by Raman analysis. The recorded fluid inclusion history begins at the end of an intense secondary recrystallization period during late‐peak metamorphic conditions and lasts until late in the uplift history of the zone.

Three types of inclusions have been found, which in a time sequence are: CO2± H2O; H2O+salt (B‐type); and, N2+CH4. Three types of B inclusion may be distinguished in turn, depending on whether they were trapped during an earlier dynamic‐recovery phase (B1‐type), formed later as intergranular trails (B2‐type), or were trapped apparently along with N2+CH4 in clusions from a heterogeneous fluid (B3‐type).

Considerations from isochores confirm that CO2± H2O inclusions were trapped during late‐peak and high‐T retrograde metamorphic conditions (in the range 650–500°C and 5–2 kbar), whilst N2+CH4 inclusions, along with the B3‐type of inclusions, formed at low‐pressures (<1 kbar) and temperatures (± 300°C). B2‐type inclusions were trapped chronologically between these two in a period in which strong inverse lateral thermal gradients developed in the zone. Inferred P‐T paths for the area are convex to the T‐axis.
High‐temperature cordierite migmatites in the north‐eastern Grenville Province
Authors: PERREAULT S. , MARTIGNOLE J.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the northeastern part of the Grenville Province, along the gulf of St Lawrence, cordierite is widespread in the migmatites of Baie Jacques Cartier (BJC) and Baie des Ha! Ha! (BHH). In the BJC area, rafts of mesosome occur in a pervasive network of leucosome consisting of cordierite‐bearing pegmatite. In BHH, however, the mesosome and leucosome are well segregated and locally separated by thin biotite –hornblende melanosomes.

Leucosomes in the BJC area record the highest temperatures (oxide thermometry = 900°C), whereas leucosomes of BHH and mesosomes of both areas indicate peak temperatures around 800°C (oxide thermometry; biotite–garnet thermometry with fluorine‐rich biotite). Peak pressures were constrained at 720 MPa using the Ilm‐Sil–Qtz–Grt–Rt (GRAIL) equilibrium.

The area is thought to have undergone extensive melting under relatively modest pressures. The highest temperatures recorded in the BJC area are probably related to a pervasive impregnation of this terrane by aluminous granitic melts.

Most post‐peak P–T estimates for the mesosomes fall on a nearly isobaric, clockwise, P–T path (0.6 MPa/°C) with the exception of the high‐temperature leucosomes of BJC, which fall about 100°C away from this path; this is additional evidence for the external origin of these leucosomes. The ultimate source of heat that generated the migmatites is thus though to be an underlying plutonic complex (anorthosite?).
Metamorphic evolution of the Central Metamorphic Belt, Klamath Province, California: an inverted metamorphic gradient beneath the Trinity peridotite
Authors: PEACOCK S. M. , NORRIS P. J.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT Metabasalts and metasedimentary rocks of the Devonian Central Metamorphic Belt comprise the lower plate of the east‐dipping Trinity thrust system in the Klamath province. An inverted metamorphic gradient is preserved in the Central Metamorphic Belt; metamorphic conditions decrease from amphibolite facies adjacent to the Trinity thrust, through albite‐epidote amphibolite facies, to upper greenschist facies at the base of the Central Metamorphic Belt. Mineral chemistry, mineral assemblages and limited geothermometry suggest that peak metamorphic conditions decrease structurally downward from 650 ± 50° C at the Trinity thrust to 500 ± 50° C at the base of the Central Metamorphic Belt, under pressures of 5 ± 3 kbar. Synmetamorphic Ab + Qtz veins, up to 1 m thick, increase in abundance towards the Trinity thrust. Infiltration of H2O‐CO2 fluids derived from prograde devolatilization reactions in the Central Metamorphic Belt caused extensive hydration and metasomatism of the Trinity peridotite; the hanging wall block of the Trinity thrust zone.

Geological relationships and the preserved inverted metamorphic gradient suggest that the Central Metamorphic Belt formed in an east‐dipping Devonian subduction zone in an oceanic environment. The Central Metamorphic Belt appears to represent a discrete slice of accreted oceanic crust several km thick, rather than progressively accreted material. Metamorphic pressures recorded by the Central Metamorphic Belt are intermediate between the ∼2 kbar pressures recorded in dynamothermal aureoles beneath obducted ophiolites and the 7–10 kbar preserved in subduction‐related inverted metamorphic gradients. The lack of blueschist facies mineral assemblages in the Central Metamorphic Belt may possibly be explained by an anomalously warm geotherm prior to subduction or early shear heating prior to the arrival of wet rocks at depth.
Early Namaqua low‐pressure metamorphism: deformation and porphyroblast growth in the Zoovoorby staurolite schist, South Africa
Authors: HUMPHREYS H. C. , DONKER J. M. VAN BEVER
Published: May 2007

This paper describes the deformation and metamorphism recorded in the Zoovoorby staurolite schist, a sliver of pelitic supracrustal material in the 1.3–1.0 Ga eastern Namaqua Province, South Africa. The supracrustal Biesjepoort Group, of which the schist is a part, has undergone at least four phases of deformation (D1–D4). D1 and D2 are preserved in the pelitic schists; staurolite and garnet grew during D1, with staurolite growth persisting to the very earliest D2 crenulation. Andalusite, found in more Mg‐rich schists, grew during D2, overprinting both S1 schistosity and S0 banding. S2 has been rotated both with respect to S1 (preserved as parallel orientated inclusion trails in garnet and staurolite) and with respect to its original orientation (preserved as open D2 crenulations in staurolite). Staurolite is dissolved against S2 in zones of progressive shear. The pseudomorphing of staurolite and andalusite by cordierite, and the preservation of relic grains of both minerals in a wide range of garnet–cordierite pelites throughout the eastern Namaqua Province infers that what is preserved fortuitously in the Zoovoorby locality is representative of the early metamorphic history of a much larger terrane. The high thermal gradients needed to attain estimated conditions of 540–550° C and 1.6–2.4 kbar require substantial heat input. Large amounts of foliated (syn‐D2) granite amongst the supracrustal succession are inferred to be the result of delamination of a thickened crust at a destructive plate margin, generating an elevated thermal gradient during D1–D2 times.
Some comments on inclusion relationships
Authors: CUMBEST R. J.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Evaluation of two commonly used microstructural criteria for determining the origin of inclusions, namely the existence of a host–inclusion orientation relationship and continuity between inclusions and matrix, using two specific examples of inclusions of tschermakite in actinolitic hornblende, shows that these criteria can be difficult to implement and if not applied carefully will give contradictory results. Consequently, it may be difficult to establish the origins of inclusions; petrographic studies should therefore clearly state the criteria used for interpretation of host–inclusion relationships and how these criteria were implemented.
Fluid inclusion evidence for basement decompression during Permo‐Triassic extension, SE New England, USA
Authors: O'HARA K.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
CO2‐bearing fluid inclusions in strongly lineated but weakly foliated late Precambrian gneisses within the Hope Valley Shear zone of Connecticut and Rhode Island are of mixed composition (Xco2± 0.1; 7 wt% NaCl equivalent) and variable density (0.59–0.86 g/ml) and occur mainly as isolated inclusions. Also present are dilute (3 wt% NaCl equivalent) aqueous inclusions which occur on healed fractures related to greenschist facies retrograde metamorphism. Isochores for dense isolated CO2‐bearing inclusions indicate pressures of 7.5–9 kbar at 500–600° C, the estimated temperature conditions of peak metamorphism. Published 40Ar/39Ar hornblende plateau age spectra indicate cooling through about 500° C at 265 ± 5 Ma. Isochores for low‐density CO2‐bearing inclusions and aqueous inclusions intersect at the conditions of retrograde metamorphism (325–400° C) and indicate pressures of 3–4 kbar. Published 40Ar/39Ar biotite plateau ages indicate cooling through about 300° C at 250 ± 5 Ma. These data define a P–T uplift curve for the region which is convex towards the temperature axis and indicate uplift rates between 0.4 and 3.3 mm/year in Permian time. Exhumation of basement gneisses was coeval with normal (west‐down) motion along the regional basement–cover contact (Honey Hill–Lake Char–Willimantic fault system), and is interpreted as due to post‐orogenic extensional collapse of the Alleghanian orogeny.
CO2‐rich fluid inclusions in the Whitestone Anorthosite: implications for the retrograde history of the Parry Sound Shear Zone, Grenville Province, Canada
Authors: LAMB W. M. , MOECHER D. P.
Published: May 2007

The Whitestone Anorthosite (WSA), located in southern Ontario, underwent granulite facies metamorphism during the Grenville orogeny at 1.16 Ga. During the waning stages of metamorphism fluids infiltrated the outer portions of the anorthosite and promoted the formation of an envelope comprised of upper amphibolite facies mineral assemblages. Also, this envelope corresponds to portions of the anorthosite that underwent deformation related to movement along a high‐grade ductile shear zone. Samples from this portion of the anorthosite (the margin) contain CO2‐rich inclusions in plagioclase porphyroclasts (relict igneous phenocrysts), matrix plagioclase and garnet. These inclusions have features which normally are interpreted as indicating that they are texturally primary, but they have relatively low CO2 densities (0.61–0.95 g cm‐3). Plagioclase from the anorthosite interior contains texturally secondary inclusions with relatively high CO2 densities (generally from 0.99 to 1.10 g cm‐3). The high CO2 densities suggest that the inclusions in the plagioclase of the anorthosite core formed prior to inclusions in porphyroclast minerals of the outer portions of the anorthosite, an interpretation that is apparently inconsistent with inclusion textures. This apparent paradox indicates that most fluid inclusions from the anorthosite margin were formed during, or were modified by, the dynamic recrystallization that affected this portion of the WSA. In either case, late formation or modification, the texturally primary fluid inclusions do not contain pristine samples of the peak metamorphic fluid. Furthermore, because shear‐related deformation is apparently associated with entrapment of the lowest fluid densities, some strain localization persisted to relatively low temperatures (e.g. less than approximately 500° C). These results constrain a part of the retrograde P–T path for this portion of the Grenville Orogen to temperatures of approximately 400–500° C at pressures of approximately 1–2 kbar.
Re‐equilibration of CO2 fluid inclusions at controlled hydrogen fugacities
Authors: VI G. B. MORGAN , CHOU I‐MING , PASTERIS J. D. , OLSEN S. N.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Natural, pure CO2 inclusions in quartz and olivine (c. Fo90) were exposed to controlled fH2 conditions at T= 718–728°C and Ptotal= 2 kbar; their compositions were monitored (before and after exposures) by microsampling Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and microthermometry. In both minerals exposed at the graphite–methane buffer (fH2= 73 bar), fluid speciations record the diffusion of hydrogen into the inclusions. In quartz, room‐temperature products in euhedral isolated (EI type) inclusions are carbonic phases with molar compositions of c. CO2(60) + CH4(40) plus graphite (Gr) and H2O, whereas anhedral inclusions along secondary fractures (AS type) are Gr‐free and contain H2O plus carbonic phases with compositions in the range c. CO2(60) + CH4(40) to CO2(10) + CH4(90). EI type inclusions in olivine evolved to c. CO2(90–95) + CH4(5–10) without Gr, whereas AS type inclusions have a range of compositions from CO2(90) + CH4(10) ± Gr to CH4(50) + H2(50) ± Gr; neither H2O nor any hydrous species was detected by optical microscopy or MRS in the olivine‐hosted products. Differences in composition between and among the texturally distinct populations of inclusions in both minerals probably arise from variations in initial fluid densities, as all inclusions apparently equilibrated with the ambient fH2. These relations suggest that compositional variability among inclusions in a given natural sample does not require the entrapment of multiple generations of fluids. In addition, the absence of H2O in the olivine‐hosted inclusions would require the extraction of oxygen from the fluids, in which case re‐equilibration mechanisms may be dependent on the composition and structure of the host mineral.

Many of the same samples were re‐exposed to identical P–T conditions using Ar as the pressure medium, yielding ambient fH2= 0.06 bar. In most inclusions, the carbonic fluids returned to pure CO2 and graphite persisted in the products. Reversal of the mechanisms from the prior exposure at fH2= 73 bar did not occur in any inclusions but the AS types in olivine, in which minor CO2 was produced at the expense of CH4 and/or graphite. The observed non‐reversibility of previous mechanisms may be attributed to: (1) slower fluid–solid reactions compared to reactions in the homogeneous fluid phase; (2) depressed activities of graphite due to poor ordering; and/or (3) low ambient fO2 at the conditions of the second run.
Calculated fluid evolution path versus fluid inclusion data in the COHN system as exemplified by metamorphic rocks from Rogaland, south‐west Norway
Authors: BAKKER R. J. , JANSEN J. B. H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Fluid evolution paths in the COHN system can be calculated for metamorphic rocks if there are relevant data regarding the mineral assemblages present, and regarding the oxidation and nitrodation states throughout the entire P‐T loop. The compositions of fluid inclusions observed in granulitic rocks from Rogaland (south‐west Norway) are compared with theoretical fluid compositions and molar volumes. The fluid parameters are calculated using a P‐T path based on mineral assemblages, which are represented by rocks within the pigeonite‐in isograd and by rocks near the orthopyroxene‐in isograd surrounding an intrusive anorthosite massif. The oxygen and nitrogen fugacities are assumed to be buffered by the coexisting Fe‐Ti oxides and Cr‐carlsbergite, respectively. Many features of the natural fluid inclusions, including (1) the occurrence of CO2‐N2‐rich graphite‐absent fluid inclusions near peak M2 metamorphic conditions (927° C and 400 MPa), (2) the non‐existence of intermediate ternary CO2‐CH4‐N2 compositions and (3) the low‐molar‐volume CO2‐rich fluid inclusions (36–42 cm3 mol−1), are reproduced in the calculated fluid system. The observed CO2‐CH4‐rich inclusions with minor N2 (5 mol%) should also include a large proportion of H2O according to the calculations. The absence of H2O from these natural high‐molar‐volume CO2‐CH4‐rich inclusions and the occurrence of natural CH4‐N2‐rich inclusions are both assumed to result from preferential leakage of H2O. This has been previously experimentally demonstrated for H2O‐CO2‐rich fluid inclusions, and has also been theoretically predicted. Fluid‐deficient conditions may explain the relatively high molar volumes, but cannot be used to explain the occurrence of CH4‐N2‐rich inclusions and the absence of H2O.
Juvenile CO2 in enderbites of Tromøy near Arendal, southern Norway: a fluid inclusion and stable isotope study
Authors: KERKHOF A. M. VAN DEN , TOURET J. L. R. , KREULEN R.
Published: May 2007

The enderbites from Tromøy in the central, granulite facies part of the Proterozoic Bamble sector of southern Norway contain dominantly CO2 and N2 fluid inclusions. CO2 from fluid inclusions in quartz segregations in enderbites was extracted by mechanical (crushing) and thermal decrepitation and the δ13C measured. Measurement was also made on samples washed in 10% HCl, oxidized with CuO at high temperatures, and step‐wise extracted with progressive heating. Results between the different techniques are systematic. The main results show δ13C of ‐4.5±1.5% for crushing and ‐7±2% for thermal decrepitation. δ13C is about constant for CO2 extracted at different temperatures and points to a homogeneous isotopic composition. Due to the presence of carbonate particles and/or induced contaminations for the extraction by thermal decrepitation, the results for the crushing experiments are assumed the most reliable for fluid‐inclusion CO2. Very low values of δ13C have not been found in enderbite samples and δ13C combined with δ18O of the host quartzes (8‐11%) indicates juvenile values. In addition, the fluid inclusions were examined by microthermometry and Raman analysis and host quartz by acoustic emission and cathodoluminescence. CO2 fluid inclusions have varying densities with a frequency maximum of 0.92 g cm‐3 and generally do not concur with trapping densities at granulite conditions. Textures show that CO2 must have been trapped in fluid inclusions in one early event, but transformed to different extents during late isothermal uplift without important fractionation of isotope compositions. The present data support a model of intrusion and crystallization of a CO2‐rich enderbitic magma at granuiite conditions.
Fluid flow patterns and infiltration isograds in melilite marbles from the Bufa del Diente contact metamorphic aureole, north‐east Mexico
Authors: HEINRICH W. , GOTTSCHALK M.
Published: May 2007

In the inner aureole of the Bufa del Diente alkali syenite (north‐east Mexico), thin calcareous argillite bands horizontally embedded in impure marbles acted as contact‐metamorphic aquifers for hypersaline brines of magmatic origin. Thick‐bedded marbles were largely impervious. From 180 m up to the intrusion contact, argillites were completely decarbonated, resulting in melilite + wollastonite + phlogopite + perovskite‐bearing parageneses. In marbles, this assemblage is confined to a narrow 7‐12‐m‐wide infiltration zone adjacent to the contact. Up to this distance, calcite + wollastonite + diopside + alkali feldspar + titanite was stable, indicating that the fluid evolution in these marbles was internally buffered.

Brine infiltration from the metaargillite aquifer into the marbles occurred perpendicular to the marble‐metaargillite boundaries and was confined to a zone 4‐6 cm wide above the boundaries. This is documented by the three reactions

Cc + Di = Mel + CO2, (1)

Cc + Kfs + Di + H2O = Phl + Wo + CO2, (2)

Cc + Ttn = Prv + Wo + CO2, (3)

Melilites (Ak32‐45Gh13‐32Sm32‐40 to Ak52‐72Gh0‐1Sm28‐48) occur as rims around diopsides and become continuously thicker towards the metaargillite beds. Fluid inclusion observations suggest that the infiltrating brine was hypersaline (NaCl + KClcq∼ 65 wt%) and that the reactions took place at the water‐rich side of the H2O‐CO2‐salts immiscibility field at about 600d̀ C (2, 3) and 660 to 680d̀ C (1) at P∼ 1200 bar and Xco2∼ 0.02.

Mass balance calculations show that the amount of brine infiltrated from the aquifer into the marble was very low and decreased continuously with increasing distance from the boundary. The maximum width of brine infiltration was about 6 cm. This confirms that brine flow was largely parallel to the aquifer, not perpendicular to it. The CO2 produced by the decarbonation reactions probably escaped as an immiscible low‐density H2O‐CO2 fluid of Xco2≤ 0.5 into overlying marble via grain‐edge flow. The metaargillite‐marble boundary acted as a semipermeable membrane 6 cm in thickness keeping back the brine in the aquifer and losing the in‐situ produced low‐density CO2‐rich fluid.
Public Health Nursing Education for Primary Health Care
Authors: Flynn Beverly C.
Published: May 2007

This article examines several issues relevant to the education of nurses for roles in primary health care. The basic premises of education for community‐based public health practice are put forth. The World Health Organization's seven key principles for primary health care and their cur‐ricular implications for various levels of nursing programs are discussed. Examples are given of nursing education programs in which aspects of primary health care are used; finally, the continuing education needs of nurses are explored.
Unemployment and Health: Issues in a Primary Care Nursing Practice
Authors: Johnson‐Saylor Margaret T.
Published: May 2007

A group of clinical nurse specialists in primary care examined unemployment through the frameworks of stress/coping and relative deprivation theories. The moderating effect of social support was also considered. The impact of unemployment on health was elicited from unemployed clients and records kept by the nurses providing care. Nursing diagnoses were found to fall into three major categories: subsistence problems, increased psychosocial stress, and lack of necessary health care. Nursing interventions included exploration and constructive mobilization of emotional responses and assistance with problem solving, including support of existing strengths and identification of alternative behaviors and resources. The need for advocacy on behalf of clients emerged as a continuing concern.
Community as Client — A Multivariate Model for Analysis of Community and Aggregate Health Risk
Authors: Rodgers Susan S.
Published: May 2007

Today's high‐level technology has produced at least a twofold impact upon the current health‐illness picture. Industrial, occupational, and environmental problems form the bases for many modern diseases, and thus shift the emphasis from a pattern of infection to one of stress and chronicity. Also, biochemical technology, currently dominating the illness industry in both method of analysis and modes of intervention and allocation of resources at the expense of health, is rapidly evolving into obsolescence. The increasing complexity of the structure of disease is no longer based on direct causality, but rather on the interrelationship of economic, social, psychologic, biologic, and ecologic factors.

The outcome of community assessment and analysis therefore presents an aggregate risk profile evolving from knowledge of such problems as unrelieved poverty, environmental abuse, inadequate housing, undernutrition and overnutrition, and occupational structure, and the factor of age distribution of a community. Thus risk profiles form the foundations of community health nursing diagnoses. This model is intended as a tool to assist nurses in meeting the challenge confronting us today and in the future to improve health care in collaboration with and independent of the illness industry.
Cultivating Settings for Community Health Nursing Research
Authors: Lancaster Jeanette
Published: May 2007

Linkages between community health nurses and voluntary health associations provide rich research opportunities. Developing and nurturing collaborative research requires a significant investment of time and effort from people with diverse interests, backgrounds, and talents. Specifically, successful collaboration requires that each participant demonstrate commitment to the project by making a contribution of time and talent. Open, honest communication and compatibility among team members is essential if research questions and methodology are to be developed and if data are to be collected, analyzed and communicated. Proper credit is important, since people who contribute to a project expect appropriate recognition.

Collaborative research between community health nurses and voluntary agencies is certainly not new. Both nurses and the associations benefit since all participants can attain individual and mutually agreed upon goals.
Identifying the Salient Outcomes of Exercise: Application of Marketing Principles to Preventive Health Behavior
Authors: Schmelling Elizabeth C.
Published: May 2007

This study illustrates an initial step in applying marketing principles to a preventive health behavior‐exercise. Attitudinal correlates of the decision to exercise or not were identified among a sample of 135 university faculty and staff. A correlational design was employed to associate intentions to exercise with subsequent behavior. The conceptual framework was the theory of reasoned action. This model posits that perceived outcomes of and social reinforcers for a behavior that are most highly polarized are salient and probable determinants of the behavior. The study revealed that outcomes of exercise that appeared to be most motivating were not directly related to health concerns but to a desire to look and feel good. Nurses who design intervention strategies aimed at increasing exercise among groups similar to the sample should emphasize the likelihood that exercise will lead to a greater sense of well‐being.
Epidemiology in Community Health Nursing Education: Fit or Misfit?
Authors: Kornblatt Elayne S. , Goeppinger Jean , Jagger Janine
Published: May 2007

Abstract Epidemiology underlies public health theory and practice. Sixty NLN‐accredited master's degree programs in community and public health nursing were surveyed with respect to epidemiology course content, instructor preparation, and administrative responsibility. Of 55 programs responding, two‐thirds offered an epidemiology course. Fewer, about half, required their students to take such a course. Content areas most frequently included were morbidity/mortality and incidence/prevalence; the areas included least often were screening and epidemics. Instructors typically had a PhD in epidemiology. Most required courses were located in schools of nursing. Requirements varied by region, length of program, size of program, and presence of school of public health; these differences, however, were not statistically significant. As epidemiology is basic to public health, one can assume that a substantial percentage of graduates may be limited in their ability to practice as community health nursing educators or service providers.
American Nurses on Safari: An Illustration of Coping with Cultural Complexity
Authors: Hutchinson Sally A. , Wilson Holly Skodal
Published: May 2007

The authors analyzed qualitative field data collected during a clinical study tour of Kenya. The straight description method of analysis was used. A conceptual framework drawn from anthropology, including notions of world view, holism, culture, cultural relativism, and ethnocentrism, offers a basis for the interpretation of observational and experiential data. The study's significance is its contribution to the growing body of cross‐cultural nursing knowledge requred for a future in which a worldwide prespective will be essential to the solution of health care problems.
Motivation: Vehicle for Public Health Nursing Interventions?
Authors: Cox Cheryl L. , Wachs Joy E.
Published: May 2007

Clients' motivation to engage in health promotion, health maintenance, and risk‐reduction activities has been of long‐standing concern to public health nurses. While health practices are often attributed to motivation, no measurement of this construct has existed to assist us in either assessing or developing interventions relative to this characteristic. This study reports additional psychometric data on a new multidimensional measurement of motivation and examines selected predictors of the measurement The test‐retest correlation over a two‐week period for the total instrument was 0.86. Age, sex, and educational level accounted for 18 percent of variance in the total construct Age, sex, educational level, and income differentially explained 15,15,9, and 11 percent of the respective ante in the construct's four separate dimensions‐judgment, behavior, competency, and intemaYextemal cue responsiveness. The results provided evidence of the stability of the health selfdeterminism index (HSDI) and supported the significant contributions of four sododemographic tmiables in predicting total and subscale scores. The HSDI may prove to be useful to public health nurses in dent assessment and as a guide for developing specific intewentions at both the individual and aggregate levels.
Financing Long‐term Health Care of the Elderly: Dismantling the Medical Model
Authors: Reinhard Susan
Published: May 2007

Efforts are being made to shift federal financing of long‐term care of the elderly from a medical to a health model. The forces of fiscal constraints and an aging population are precipitating a crisis in the current government‐financed medical model of long‐term care that fosters sending the elderly to institutions. Problems associated with this approach are stimulants to the development of an alternative health model that incorporates nursing, medical, and social components of long term care. Selected government‐sponsored research in this area has implications for policy. Although project results have been inconclusive in terms of cost effectiveness, they have inspired legislative proposals to effect changes. Several federal bills have potential effects on service delivery and nursing practice in the home and community. Consideration of the issues, proposals, and political climate forms the foundation for strategies to monitor policy options, protect nursing's practice arena, and initiate desired alternatives. Nurses are urged to acquire the information, political skill, and networking capability to become powerful advocates of reimbursement changes that will support consumer needs and the profession's advancement.
Public Health Nursing: A Study of Role Implementation
Authors: Gulino Claire , LaMonica Grace
Published: May 2007

The activities and services of the public health nurses during home visits in a Southwestern county health department were examined through a record audit. The data were taken from 186 client records representing 774 home visits. Seventy‐nine percent of the sample nursing interventions were for health counseling and education. The records reviewed reflected nursing activities on the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention.
Health Services in Day‐Care Centers: A Public Health Nursing Design
Authors: Schmelzer Margaret , Reeves Sharon R. , Zahner Susan J.
Published: May 2007

Recognizing national and local needs, a public health nursing service model for children enrolled in licensed full day‐care centers in the city of Madison was developed by the Madison Department of Public Health and funded from the state maternal and child health/prevention block grants for fiscal year 1982–1983. The department was awarded continuation funding at the same level through December 31, 1984. The public health nurse is an essential provider in this model, working directly and indirectly with children, parents, teachers, and key community professionals. The nurse identifies problems early and promotes significant and timely health education, thereby facilitating the improvement of emotional, physical, and social potentials for children and their families. The goals for the educational and service programs were aimed at fostering positive health behaviors, providing early health screening and problem management, and improving knowledge about safety measures in the day‐care population. Programs and services were developed based on the assessed health and health education needs of approximately 1500 children through a needs‐assessment tool administered to parents and day‐care staff. The goals of the grant were furthere enhanced through the innovative use of videotaping as an educational tool.
Helping Students Assess Parenting Education Needs
Authors: Davis Janet Haggerty , Eyer Jane , Drott Patricia M.
Published: May 2007

A card‐sort exercise based on the tenets of adult education and Q methodology was developed to offer baccalaureate nursing students an alternative to current approaches to assessing parents' needs for education on home visits. The card sort was designed to facilitate parents' self‐diagnosis of learning needs in relation to infant care and postpartum self care behaviors; emphasize the importance of parents' role in the assessment process; and promote structured mutuality in home visiting. The technique was field tested on student home visits to new parents and was evaluated as an effective aid for engaging parents in the assessment process.
Nominal Group Process as an Instructional Method with Novice Community Health Nursing Students
Authors: Butterfield Patricia G.
Published: May 2007

The selection and use of nominal group process as an instructional method in a clinical conference is outlined. A step‐by‐step guide is provided for the instructor interested in using this teaching method. Data obtained from the use of this method with students in a community health nursing rotation yielded the students' perceptions of barriers encountered during clinical experience involving home visits with low income families. The most critical barriers identified by these students included “client's cycle of decreased energy perpetuates poor coping strategies,”“client is present oriented with no plans for future,” and “client lacks resources to access and receive adequate health services.”
Reliability of a Problem‐Classification Index for Well Mothers and Children in Community Health Nursing
Authors: Helberg June L.
Published: May 2007

Community health nurses in county health departments continue to provide disease‐prevention and health‐promotion services to mothers or families with children who are considered well. We lack available instruments with demonstrated reliability that can classify the nursing problems of these clients by type and seventy. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the reliability of a classification index for well mothers and children in community health nursing practice. The study indicated that Cronbach's alpha was 0.98 for the composite index and that the internal consistency for each of the six component subscales in the index ranged from 0.91 to 0.98.
The Experience of Home Health Care: Perceptions of Older Adults
Authors: Magilvy Joan K. , Brown Nancy J. , Dydyn Janice
Published: May 2007

Abstract Changes in the health care delivery system resulting in increased need for home health services have led to greater involvement of public health nurses in defining practice and developing research in this area. Gaining an understanding of the experience of home health care from the perspective of frail older clients was the purpose of this investigation. An ethnographic study was conducted with nine older adults recently discharged from home health services. Analysis of data generated in home interviews revealed three major themes related to the experience of home health care: nursing care, health problems, and independence. Informants emphasized the reassurance and support given by nurses, yet did not readily identify teaching as part of the nurses' role. Several health problems were mentioned, emphasizing the experience of declining health and loss of independence. Although initially assistive, home health care was perceived to support dependency as the patients became more well and able to undertake self‐care.
The Outcome of Public Health Nursing Service in a Preventive Child Health Program: Phase 1, Health Assessment
Authors: Oda Dorothy S. , Boyd Peggy
Published: May 2007

Abstract Customary public health nursing (PHN) field services such as telephone contacts and home visits to motivate clients to positive health behaviors have not been examined adequately as to outcome. This experimental study investigated the effect of PHN intervention in a preventive child health program. Eight PHNs applied the independent variable (telephone call or home visit) to the experimental group employing a checklist. Using a matched pair design, cases and controls were tracked for receipt of health assessments (dependent variable). The data suggest that the PHN service significantly increased the number of health assessments received in this population of low‐income children.
Public Health Nursing Costs in Home Care
Authors: Kovner Christine
Published: May 2007

This article discusses the measurement of costs, particularly the cost of public health nursing in the home health setting, and describes typical cost‐accounting procedures. Alternatives are analyzed and four models for measuring costs are presented: per diem, acuity, hourly, and diagnoses. Since each model measures cost in a different way, selection of one over another will affect research results.
Home Visiting and Prenatal Care: A Survey of Practical Wisdom
Authors: Peoples‐Sheps Mary D. , Efird Cathy , Miller C. Arden
Published: May 2007

Public health nurses and other professional and paraprofessional workers have engaged in prenatal home visiting for many decades. Yet, the extent to which this and other prenatal interventions influence maternal behavior is largely unknown. This study was undertaken to collect and categorize perceptions of experts in the organization and delivery of prenatal care about the value of selected strategies for encouraging participation in care, for education, and for changing behavior, with special emphasis on home visiting. The survey sample consisted of 151 experts who were identified by directors of maternal and child health programs in 48 of the 50 states. One hundred eighteen of the experts, almost half of whom were nurses, responded to the survey. The findings suggest important discrepancies between respondents' perceptions about the effectiveness of some prenatal strategies and the actual extent of their use in practice. In addition, the results raise questions about the appropriate mix of type of home visitor and purpose of visit. These questions should form the basis for subsequent investigations.