bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Alterations of White Matter Associated with Visuospatial and Sensorimotor Dysfunction in Turner Syndrome
Authors: Holzapfel Marie , Barnea-Goraly Naama , Eckert Mark A. , Kesler Shelli R. , Reiss Allan L.
Published: June 2006

Turner syndrome (TS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by impaired spatial, numerical, and motor functioning but relatively spared verbal ability. Results from previous neuroimaging studies suggest that gray matter alterations in parietal and frontal regions may contribute to atypical visuospatial and executive functioning in TS. Recent findings in TS also indicate variations in the shape of parietal gyri and white matter microstructural anomalies of the temporal lobe. Diffusion tensor imaging and structural imaging methods were used to determine whether 10 females with TS and 10 age- and gender-matched control subjects exhibited differences in fractional anisotropy, white matter density, and local brain shape. Relative to controls, females with TS had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the deep white matter of the left parietal-occipital region extending anteriorly along the superior longitudinal fasciculus into the deep white matter of the frontal lobe. In addition, decreased FA values were located bilaterally in the internal capsule extending into the globus pallidus and in the right prefrontal region. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis showed corresponding white matter density differences in the internal capsules and left centrum semiovale. Tensor-based morphometry analysis indicated that the FA and VBM results were not attributable to differences in the local shape of brain structures. Compared with controls, females with TS had increases in FA values and white matter density in language-related areas of the inferior parietal and temporal lobes. These complementary analyses provide evidence for alterations in white matter pathways that subserve affected and preserved cognitive functions in TS.
Variability of Motor Neuron Spike Timing Maintains and Shapes Contractions of the Accessory Radula Closer Muscle ofAplysia
Authors: Zhurov Yuriy , Brezina Vladimir
Published: June 2006

The accessory radula closer (ARC) muscle ofAplysiahas long been studied as a typical “slow” muscle, one that would be assumed to respond only to the overall, integrated spike rate of its motor neurons, B15 and B16. The precise timing of the individual spikes should not much matter. However, but real B15 and B16 spike patterns recordedin vivoshow great variability that extends down to the timing of individual spikes. By replaying these real as well as artificially constructed spike patterns into ARC musclesin vitro, we examined the consequences of this spike-level variability for contraction. Replaying the same pattern several times reproduces precisely the same contraction shape: the B15/B16–ARC neuromuscular transform is deterministic. However, varying the timing of the spikes produces very different contraction shapes and amplitudes. The transform in fact operates at an interface between “fast” and “slow” regimens. It is fast enough that the timing of individual spikes greatly influences the detailed contraction shape. At the same time, slow integration of the spike pattern through the nonlinear transform allows the variable spike timing to determine also the overall contraction amplitude. Indeed, the variability appears to be necessary to maintain the contraction amplitude at a robust level. This phenomenon is tuned by neuromodulators that tune the speed and nonlinearity of the transform. Thus, the variable timing of individual spikes does matter, in at least two, functionally significant ways, in this “slow” neuromuscular system.
HELLP syndrome
Authors: Glanville Tracey , Walker James
Published: June 2006

Hypertensive disease including the multisystem form of HELLP syndrome remains an important cause of maternal mortality. HELLP syndrome is characterised by haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets. The origins of the disease are in the placenta although the pathogenesis is not clearly understood. In this review the clinical features and demographics are examined together with the diagnostic criteria. Advances have been made in the management of HELLP syndrome, although larger studies are needed before the introduction of these new methods into routine practice. Delivery, fetal and maternal outcomes and management in a subsequent pregnancy are also discussed.
Developing a regional education programme to support structured training
Authors: Mountfield JO
Published: June 2006

Regional education programmes in obstetrics and gynaecology have been successfully developed in some parts of the UK but are not universal. Well‐designed programmes can provide a ‘theoretical apprenticeship’ as part of structured training. To ensure success, it is crucial to adhere to sound educational principles and build on best practice gained from the experience of others. Getting trainees involved in the development of a programme is also vital to its success.
Effect of EDTA Root Conditioning on the Healing of Intrabony Defects Treated With an Enamel Matrix Protein Derivative
Authors: Sculean Anton , Berakdar Mohammad , Willershausen Britta , Arweiler Nicole B. , Becker Jürgen , Schwarz Frank
Published: June 2006

Background: Regenerative periodontal therapy with an enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) has been shown to promote regeneration in intrabony periodontal defects. However, in most clinical studies, root surface conditioning with EDTA was performed in conjunction with the application of EMD, and, therefore, it cannot be excluded that the results may also be attributable to the effect of the root conditioning procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of root conditioning on the healing of intrabony defects treated with EMD.

Methods: Twenty‐four patients, each of whom exhibited one deep intrabony defect, were randomly treated with either open flap debridement (OFD) followed by root surface conditioning with EDTA and application of EMD (OFD + EDTA + EMD) or with OFD and application of EMD only (OFD + EMD). The following parameters were recorded at baseline and at 1 year: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL).

Results: No differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed at baseline between the two groups. Healing was uneventful in all patients. At 1 year after therapy, the OFD + EDTA + EMD group showed a reduction in mean PD from 9.3 ± 1.3 mm to 4.0 ± 0.9 mm (P <0.001), and mean CAL changed from 10.8 ± 2.2 mm to 7.1 ± 2.8 mm (P <0.001). In the OFD + EMD group, mean PD was reduced from 9.3 ± 1.2 mm to 4.2 ± 0.9 mm (P <0.001), and a change in mean CAL from 11.0 ± 1.7 mm to 7.3 ± 1.6 mm (P <0.001). There were no significant differences in any of the investigated parameters between the two groups.

Conclusion: In intrabony defects, regenerative surgery including OFD + EDTA + EMD failed to show statistically significant differences in terms of PD reduction and CAL gain compared to treatment with OFD + EMD.
Osteoprotegerin and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor‐Kappa B Ligand Modulation by Enamel Matrix Derivative in Human Alveolar Osteoblasts
Authors: Galli Carlo , Macaluso Guido M. , Guizzardi Stefano , Vescovini Rosanna , Passeri Mario , Passeri Giovanni
Published: June 2006

Background: Bone regeneration techniques increasingly rely on the use of exogenous molecules able to enhance tissue formation in pathologic and traumatic defects. An enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been largely used to promote tooth ligament regeneration within periodontal pockets. Recent evidence suggests that EMD may contribute to inducing osteoblast growth and differentiation. We investigated the effects of EMD on growth and osteogenic marker modulation in human mandibular osteoblasts.

Methods: We focused our attention on cell growth by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl[thiazol‐2‐yl]‐3,5‐diphery)tetradium bromide (MTT) assay, cell differentiation, mineralized nodule formation, and, in particular, the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL), the main osteoclast differentiation factor, and its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Cell growth was significantly increased by EMD. Similarly, a significantly higher quantity of OPG and a lower amount of RANKL were detectable in groups treated with 50 and 100 μg/ml at weeks 1, 2, and 3, and alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin production were enhanced in cultures treated with 50 and 100 μg/ml at weeks 2 and 3. Mineralized nodules appeared bigger and more numerous in cultures treated with 50 and 100 μg/ml EMD.

Conclusions: EMD was able to enhance osteoblast cell growth and the expression of markers of osteoblastic phenotype and differentiation. EMD also seemed able to create a favorable osteogenic microenvironment by reducing RANKL release and enhancing osteoblastic OPG production.
Bacterial Profile and Burden of Periodontal Infection in Subjects With a Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Renvert Stefan , Pettersson Thomas , Ohlsson Ola , Persson G. Rutger
Published: June 2006

Background: Periodontitis has been identified as a potential risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. It is possible that the stimulation of host responses to oral infections may result in vascular damage and the inducement of blood clotting. The aim of this study was to assess the role of periodontal infection and bacterial burden as an explanatory variable to the activation of the inflammatory process leading to acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods: A total of 161 consecutive surviving cases admitted with a diagnosis of ACS and 161 control subjects, matched with cases according to their gender, socioeconomic level, and smoking status, were studied. Serum white blood cell (WBC) counts, high‐ and low‐density lipoprotein (HDL/LDL) levels, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsC‐rp) levels, and clinical periodontal routine parameters were studied. The subgingival pathogens were assayed by the checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization method.

Results: Total oral bacterial load was higher in the subjects with ACS (mean difference: 17.4 × 105; SD: 10.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.2 to 17.4; P <0.001), and significant for 26 of 40 species including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola. Serum WBC counts, hsC‐rp levels, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus sanguis, were explanatory factors to acute coronary syndrome status (Nagelkerke r2 = 0.49).

Conclusion: The oral bacterial load of S. intermedius, S. sanguis, Streptococcus anginosus, T. forsythensis, T. denticola, and P. gingivalis may be concomitant risk factors in the development of ACS.
The Effect of rhBMP‐2 Around Endosseous Implants With and Without Membranes in the Canine Model
Authors: Jones Archie A. , Buser Daniel , Schenk Robert , Wozney John , Cochran David L.
Published: June 2006

Background: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a potent differentiating agent for cells of the osteoblastic lineage. It has been used in the oral cavity under a variety of indications and with different carriers. However, the optimal carrier for each indication is not known. This study examined a synthetic bioabsorbable carrier for BMP used in osseous defects around dental implants in the canine mandible.

Methods: Twelve canines had their mandibular four premolars and first molar teeth extracted bilaterally. After 5 months, four implants were placed with standardized circumferential defects around the coronal 4 mm of each implant. One‐half of the defects received a polylactide/glycolide (PLGA) polymer carrier with or without recombinant human BMP‐2 (rhBMP‐2), and the other half received a collagen carrier with or without rhBMP‐2. Additionally, one‐half of the implants were covered with a non‐resorbable (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene [ePTFE]) membrane to exclude soft tissues. Animals were sacrificed either 4 or 12 weeks later. Histomorphometric analysis included the percentage of new bone contact with the implant, the area of new bone, and the percentage of defect fill. This article describes results with the PLGA carrier.

Results: All implants demonstrated clinical and radiographic success with the amount of new bone formed dependent on the time and presence/absence of rhBMP‐2 and presence/absence of a membrane. The percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact was greater with rhBMP‐2, and after 12 weeks of healing, there was approximately one‐third of the implant contacting bone in the defect site. After 4 weeks, the presence of a membrane appeared to slow new bone area formation. The percentage of fill in membrane‐treated sites with rhBMP‐2 rose from 24% fill to 42% after 4 and 12 weeks, respectively. Without rhBMP‐2, the percentage of fill was 14% rising to 36% fill, respectively.

Conclusions: After 4 weeks, the rhBMP‐2–treated sites had a significantly higher percentage of contact, more new bone area, and higher percentage of defect fill than the sites without rhBMP‐2. After 12 weeks, there was no significant difference in sites with or without rhBMP‐2 regarding percentage of contact, new bone area, or percentage of defect fill. In regard to these three outcomes, comparing the results with this carrier to the results reported earlier with a collagen carrier in this study, only the area of new bone was significantly different with the collagen carrier resulting in greater bone than the PLGA carrier. Thus, the PLGA carrier for rhBMP‐2 significantly stimulated bone formation around dental implants in this model after 1 month but not after 3 months of healing. The use of this growth factor and carrier combination appears to stimulate early bone healing events around the implants but not quite to the same degree as a collagen carrier.
Comparative Analysis of the Effects of a Novel Vacuolar Adenosine 5′‐Triphosphatase Inhibitor, FR202126, and Doxycycline on Bone Loss Caused by Experimental Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Niikura K.
Published: June 2006

Background: Doxycycline is reported to inhibit alveolar bone destruction by blocking matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Nevertheless, MMPs are not involved in osteoclastic bone resorption; osteoclasts directly resorb bone. An acidic microenvironment, which is formed by vacuolar adenosine 5′‐triphosphatase (V‐ATPase) expressed in the plasma membranes of osteoclasts, is indispensable for osteoclastic bone resorption. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of the acidic environment on periodontal bone destruction using a novel and specific V‐ATPase inhibitor, FR202126, which we compared to doxycycline.

Methods: Inhibitory activity against in vitro bone resorption was examined by measuring the Ca2+ release from murine calvariae cultured for 6 days, which were treated with interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), IL‐6, or parathyroid hormone. Experimental periodontitis was induced by a ligature wire tied around the contact between the first and second maxillary molars of male Wistar rats. FR202126 and doxycycline were administered orally once daily for 6 days. Seven days after tying, the maxillae were dissected and mesiodistal longitudinal paraffin sections, including interdental alveolar bone, were processed for histopathologic analysis.

Results: FR202126 inhibited bone resorption almost completely in calvaria cultures induced by three stimulators, whereas doxycycline was unable to prevent in vitro bone resorption. Oral administration of FR202126 significantly prevented alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. However, doxycycline did not inhibit alveolar bone destruction.

Conclusion: These results suggest that an acidic microenvironment plays a more important role than MMPs in periodontal alveolar bone destruction and that V‐ATPase inhibitors may offer a new approach to the treatment of periodontal disease.
Accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Periodontal Defect Measurements
Authors: Misch Kelly A. , Yi Erica S. , Sarment David P.
Published: June 2006

Background: Periodontal diagnosis relies heavily on traditional two‐dimensional radiographic assessment. Despite efforts in improving reliability, current methods of detecting bone level changes over time or determining three‐dimensional architecture of osseous defects are inadequate. To address these issues, computed tomography (CT) has been explored because of its ability to produce accurate three‐dimensional imaging, but limitations such as radiation, machine size, and cost have made this approach impractical. Recently, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has turned this concept into potential reality because these lower‐cost small machines produce high‐quality data. Yet there is little research to establish periodontal bone measurement using CBCT as a valid method. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare CBCT measurements of periodontal defects to traditional methods.

Methods: Artificial osseous defects were created on mandibles of dry skulls. CBCT scanning, periapical radiography (PA), and direct measurements using a periodontal probe were compared to an electronic caliper that was used as a standard reference.

Results: Linear measurements for all defects revealed no statistical differences between bone sounding, radiography, and CBCT. There was a significant difference when comparing isolated interproximal measurements using a probe versus the caliper (P <0.001) but no significant difference for CBCT or radiography. All bony defects were identifiable and measurable directly or with CBCT. In comparison, buccal and lingual defects could not be measured with radiographs.

Conclusions: Overall, all three modalities are useful for identifying interproximal periodontal defects. Compared to radiographs, the three‐dimensional capability of CBCT offers a significant advantage because all defects can be detected and quantified.
Host Response to Titanium Dental Implant Placement Evaluated in a Human Oral Model
Authors: Flatebø Rigmor S. , Johannessen Anne C. , Grønningsæter Arne G. , Bøe Olav E. , Gjerdet Nils R. , Grung Bjarte , Leknes Knut N.
Published: June 2006

Background: Recent reports have questioned if metal sensitivity may arise from exposure to titanium. The objective of this study was to histologically evaluate non‐perforated mucosa covering submerged maxillary titanium implants with regard to induced tissue reactions.

Methods: Thirteen patients, 21 to 69 years of age, without previous implants were included. After initial examination, the bone crest areas destined for dental implant placement were exposed, and threaded external hex dental implants were inserted. Prior to wound closure, a full mucosal tissue slice was biopsied from the edge of the mucoperiosteal flap (baseline). The patients were monitored monthly for 6 months. At the abutment connection, biopsies were taken by a 6‐mm punch, altogether yielding 26 specimens. Tissue reactions were analyzed by coded histometric analysis at four defined areas at increasing distance from the oral epithelium, including ratios of inflammatory cells (IC)/epithelial cells, IC/fibroblasts, and number of dense particles.

Results: The stained sections portrayed gingival tissue with intact oral epithelium and connective tissue with variable accumulation of IC. Experimental biopsies demonstrated mineralized areas and dense particles of different sizes. Analysis of variance revealed a higher IC/fibroblast ratio for level 3 at baseline compared to level 3 at 6 months (P <0.01). Furthermore, a significant decrease in IC/fibroblast ratio was observed between levels 2 and 3 and 2 and 4 at 6 months (P <0.001). The connective tissue level facing the cover screw contained the highest number of dense particles (P <0.01).

Conclusions: Tissue sensitivity reactions to titanium implants were not disclosed. All 6‐month biopsies contained dense particles that were most likely metals.
Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Diagnostic Delay or Rapid Invasion?
Authors: Seoane Juan , Varela‐Centelles Pablo I. , Walsh Trevor F. , Lopez‐Cedrun Jose L. , Vazquez Ines
Published: June 2006

Background: The similarity between gingival squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) and more common periodontal lesions may lead to a delay in diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Neoplastic lesions of gingival tissues are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Methods: To assess the relative time from when patients first become aware of the problem to histopathologic diagnosis (total diagnostic time), 59 consecutive oral cancer cases were examined in this study. The following variables were considered: age, gender, smoking habits, tumor stage at diagnosis, and total diagnostic time. The median of the patients' total diagnostic time (1.5 months) was used as a cutoff point to distinguish between delayed and non‐delayed cases. Analysis of the variables was undertaken using the Student t test and χ2 test, with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results: The total diagnostic time was <1.5 months for 75% of gingival carcinomas, 50% of tongue carcinomas, and 78% of floor‐of‐the‐mouth carcinomas. It was >1.5 months for 25% of gingival carcinomas, 50% of tongue carcinomas, and 21% of floor‐of‐the‐mouth carcinomas. No significant differences in time before diagnosis were found when gingival cancers were compared to other oral tumors (χ2 = 0.21; 95% CI = −0.40 to 0.26). However, by the time of diagnosis, gingival cancers had invaded adjacent structures more frequently than other oral cancers (χ2 = 13.51; 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.85).

Conclusions: The gingival location of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was associated with advanced stages at the time of diagnosis, due to early invasion of contiguous bone tissue (T4‐primary tumor). This would indicate that even earlier referral and diagnosis are necessary.
Effects of Er:YAG Laser and Ultrasonic Treatment on Fibroblast Attachment to Root Surfaces: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Crespi Roberto , Romanos George E. , Cassinelli Clara , Gherlone Enrico
Published: June 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of erbium‐doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser and ultrasonic treatment on fibroblast attachment to periodontally diseased root surfaces.

Methods: Thirty single‐rooted human periodontally involved teeth were included in this study. A total of 60 specimens were obtained from all selected teeth and were randomly assigned to the following three groups: group A, untreated control group; group B, ultrasonic group; and group C, Er:YAG laser at 160 mJ/pulse at 10 Hz group. All of the specimens were incubated in petri dishes with fibroblast suspension and observed by scanning electron microscopy.

Results: Laser‐treated specimens showed a significantly higher cell density number, with a mean ± SD of 3,720 ± 316 cells/mm2. The ultrasonically treated group showed a lower cell density number, with a mean ± SD of 658 ± 140 cells/mm2. The untreated control group showed the lowest cell density number, with a mean ± SD of 130 ± 80 cells/mm2. Differences between all groups were significant (P <0.0001).

Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that untreated control surfaces and ultrasonically treated surfaces exhibited a significantly lower number of attached cells compared to laser‐treated specimens, which showed a significantly higher cell density number.
Digital Volume Tomography in the Diagnosis of Peri‐Implant Defects: An In Vitro Study on Native Pig Mandibles
Authors: Mengel Reiner , Kruse Björn , Flores‐de‐Jacoby Lavin
Published: June 2006

Background: The aim of this study of native pig mandibles was to investigate the accuracy and quality of the representation of peri‐implant defects by intraoral radiography (IR), panoramic radiography (PR), computer tomography (CT), and digital volume tomography (DVT).

Methods: The examination was carried out on 19 native pig mandibles. In the toothless sections of the mandibles, one or two implants were inserted. Following the standardized preparation of peri‐implant defects (11 each of dehiscences, fenestrations, and 2‐ to 3‐walled intrabony defects), IR, PR, CT, and DVT were performed. The peri‐implant defects were measured using appropriate software on the digitized IR and PR image programs. As a control method, the peri‐implant bone defects were measured directly using a reflecting stereomicroscope with measuring ocular. The statistical comparison between the measurements of the radiographic scans and those of the direct readings of the peri‐implant defects was performed with Pearson's correlation coefficient. The quality of the radiographic scans was determined through the subjective perception and detectability of the peri‐implant defects by five independent observers.

Results: In the DVT and CT scans, it was possible to measure all the bone defects in three planes. Comparison with the direct peri‐implant defect measurements yielded a mean deviation of 0.17 ± 0.11 mm for the DVT scans and 0.18 ± 0.12 mm for the CT scans. On the IR and PR images, the defects could be detected only in the mesio‐distal and cranio‐caudal planes. In comparison with the direct measurements of the peri‐implant defects, the IR images revealed a mean deviation of 0.34 ± 0.30 mm, and the PR images revealed a mean deviation of 0.41 ± 0.35 mm. The quality rating of the radiographic images was highest for the DVT scans.

Conclusions: Overall, the CT and DVT scans displayed only a slight deviation in the extent of the peri‐implant defects. Both radiographic imaging techniques permitted imaging of peri‐implant defects in three planes, true to scale, and without overlay or distortion. The DVT scans showed the best imaging quality.
Sod–Livestock Integration into the Peanut–Cotton Rotation: A Systems Farming Approach
Authors: Katsvairo T. W. , Wright D. L. , Marois J. J. , Hartzog D. L. , Rich J. R. , Wiatrak P. J.
Published: June 2006

Contemporary thinking encourages diversified cropping systems as a way to sustain crop yields, protect the environment, and increase wildlife habitat. This paper reviews the benefits of diversifying the traditional peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production system to include perennial grasses such as bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and incorporating cattle (Bos taurus) into the system. Perennial grasses improve soil quality by reducing soil erosion and nitrate (NO3) leaching, increasing organic matter (OM) content, water infiltration rates, and the abundance and diversity of micro and macro flora and fauna. Cotton and peanut grown after perennial grasses are deeper rooted, have more vigorous growth, can better withstand pest pressure and environmental stresses, and often have higher yields. Including livestock in the cropping system makes more efficient use of climate and farm resources by extending the period of productive plant growth, improving economic returns, and reducing risk by diversifying the products available for sale.
Starter Fertilizers for Corn on Soils Testing High in Phosphorus in the Northeastern USA
Authors: Roth Gregory W. , Beegle Douglas B. , Heinbaugh Shaun M. , Antle Mark E.
Published: June 2006

Starter fertilizers with a high P analysis are commonly used in the northeastern USA for corn (Zea mays L.) production, despite many soils testing above optimum (>50 mg P kg−1). The objective of this study was to evaluate responses to high P starter fertilizers in a band 5 cm from the row compared to alternatives such as banded higher N or conventional and low‐salt in‐furrow fertilizers. Two studies were conducted during 2000 through 2003 in Pennsylvania. The first study was a 3‐yr on‐farm study conducted to evaluate an untreated check, (NH4)2SO4 (AS), and 10–13–8.3 (N–P–K) as starters at 41 locations across Pennsylvania on high P testing soils. Early growth increased by 17% using 10–13–8.3 and 15% using AS compared to the check. Grain yields were 3.3% higher than the check for the AS treatment. Yields from the 10–13–8.3 were not different than the check but averaged 2.0% higher. A second 3‐yr study consisted of an untreated check, five banded granular starter fertilizer blends (10–13–8.3, 21–0‐0–24, 16–3.5–6.7–16, 16–3.5–6.7, and 16–0‐6.7–16) applied at 202 kg ha−1, and three liquid in‐furrow treatments applied at 35 kg ha−1 (7–9.1–5.8, 7–7.4–2.5 and 7–7.8–7.5). Early growth and grain yield were significantly increased in 1 of 3 yr with some higher N starters. Eliminating starters, using higher N or in‐furrow starters on high P soils all appear to be possible management alternatives to high P starters.
Effects of Broiler Litter and Nitrogen Fertilization on Uptake of Major Nutrients by Coastal Bermudagrass
Authors: Read J. J. , Brink G. E. , Oldham J. L. , Kingery W. L. , Sistani K. R.
Published: June 2006

Land application of poultry litter provides essential nutrients for hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] production, but ammonia (NH3) volatilization and N mineralization influence the amount of litter N available for plant uptake. Our objective was to determine the combination of broiler litter and fertilizer N, which maximizes the yields of forage and N, P, and K by ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass. Studies were conducted for 3 yr (1999–2001) in pastures at Newton and Mize, MS that differed widely in soil test P (STP) due to history of litter application (0 vs. 30+ yr, respectively.). Litter rates of 0, 4.5, 8.9, 13.4, and 17.9 Mg ha−1 were obtained by up to four monthly (April–July) applications of 4.5 Mg ha−1 and were supplemented with ammonium nitrate (NH4–NO3) to provide the same total N in each treatment. At Newton, combining litter with fertilizer N increased forage yield by 10% in 1999, 25% in 2000, and 34% in 2001, as compared to fertilizer N. At Mize, K uptake increased as litter rate increased in 2001 only. These responses to litter were related to increased soil P and K at Newton, and increased soil N, P, and Ca at Mize. Averaged across years, maximum P uptake of about 40 kg ha−1 was obtained by applying 8.9 Mg litter + 134 kg N ha−1 at Newton and 4.5 Mg litter + 202 kg N ha−1 at Mize. Safe and effective management of major plant nutrients in broiler litter may require the use of commercial N fertilizer.
Minimizing Protein Variability in Soft Red Winter Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Application Timing and Rate
Authors: Farrer Dianne C. , Weisz Randy , Heiniger Ronnie , Murphy J. Paul , White Jeffrey G.
Published: June 2006

Grain protein content in soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is highly variable across years and environments in the southeastern USA. This variability makes southeastern wheat undesirable to millers and negatively impacts its value in the export market. The objectives of this study were to determine how different N fertilizer rates and application times would affect grain protein variability and to determine if there were N fertilizer recommendations that would minimize regional protein variation. We conducted experiments in the North Carolina Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Tidewater in 2001 and 2002. At each site–year, we used a split‐plot design with three or five N fertilizer rates at growth‐stage 25 (GS) (main plots), and an additional five N fertilizer rates applied at GS 30 (subplots). Analysis of variance indicated that environment contributed 68 and 90.5% of the variability in yield and test weight, respectively. Though environment contributed 23.3% of grain protein variability, the majority (51.4%) was attributed to timing and rate of N application. As grain protein levels increased at higher N rates, so did overall protein variability. Additionally, applying the majority of N fertilizer at GS 30 increased grain protein variability compared to application at GS 25. Based on these results, our recommendations to reduce grain protein variability in the southeastern USA are to: (i) reduce the range in N fertilizer rates used across the region, (ii) avoid overapplication of N beyond what is required to optimize yield and economic return, and (iii) apply spring N at GS 25.
Denosumab: A Promising Drug for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis
Authors: Lewiecki E Michael
Published: June 2006

Denosumab (formerly AMG 162) is a fully human monoclonal antibody with a high affinity and specificity for receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, a cytokine member of the tumor necrosis factor family that is the primary mediator of osteoclastic bone resorption. Increased bone resorption is a prominent feature in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and other skeletal disorders. Denosumab inhibits the action of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, thereby reducing the differentiation, activation and survival of osteoclasts, and slowing the rate of bone resorption. Postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density treated with denosumab have an increase in bone mineral density and a reduction of bone turnover markers that is rapid, sustained and reversible. In patients with multiple myeloma and bone metastases from breast cancer, denosumab reduces bone turnover to a similar magnitude but in a more sustained manner than intravenous pamidronate. Denosumab is well tolerated with adverse events similar to placebo. Denosumab is a promising investigational agent for the management of osteoporosis and other diseases associated with bone loss.
Current State of Hormone Replacement Therapy: The Case for Using Trimegestone
Authors: Wahab May , Al-Azzawi Farook
Published: June 2006

Estrogen deficiency has a negative impact on the quality of life of postmenopausal women and is associated with vasomotor symptoms, insomnia and emotional lability. Other manifestations of estrogen deficiency include dry skin, dry vagina and dyspareunia, in addition to bone loss. Estrogen replacement effectively reverses these changes. The only indication for the administration of a progestogen is to protect the postmenopausal uterus against the potential development of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.
Estrogen, Schizophrenia and Neurodevelopment
Authors: Seeman Mary V
Published: June 2006

Women are relatively protected against schizophrenia. The illness has a similar rate in women and men, but it starts later in women and is less severe. It is tempting to attribute this to the neuroprotective effect of estrogen, but the story is not straightforward and contains many unknowns. Women begin their schizophrenia trajectory later in development compared with men and this probably accounts for their relatively superior prognosis. Estrogen agonists are potential therapeutic agents but need to be proven safe, and the timing of administration may be crucial. This article examines what is known about estrogen and the development of schizophrenia.
Obesity: It's Influence on Breast Cancer Susceptibility
Authors: Clegg Deborah J , Heffelfinger Sue C
Published: June 2006

Obesity is an increasing worldwide epidemic. With an increased prevalence of obesity there is an increase in obesity-related cancers, such as breast cancer. Although reproductive and lifestyle choices are among the best-recognized risk factors for breast cancer, few of these can be modified readily by the individual. Obesity is unlike these other risk factors since it can be modified and controlled. Breast cancer prognosis is worse in patients who are obese, and epidemiological data suggests that obesity is a significant risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Addressing the obesity epidemic, at both an individual and public health level, is expected to have a significant impact on breast cancer incidence and mortality.
Stroke Management in Women
Authors: Kapral Moira K
Published: June 2006

Stroke is among the most important causes of death and disability for both women and men worldwide. Although stroke and cardiovascular disease are often considered primarily conditions of men, more women than men die from stroke each year, and women who survive have worse outcomes than men. Fortunately, clinical trials have shown that there are a variety of interventions that can improve stroke outcomes and reduce the risk of recurrent stroke, and the majority of these are effective in both women and men. Certain causes of stroke are unique to women (strokes in pregnancy) or more common in women (strokes associated with migraine headaches); however, a detailed discussion of these specific causes of stroke is beyond the scope of this review. The focus of this article is an overview of some of the key issues related to the management of stroke in women.
Use of Antidepressants during Perimenopause
Authors: Kim Deborah R , Joffe Hadine
Published: June 2006

This article reviews the literature on the use of antidepressants for symptoms associated with perimenopause. In some perimenopausal women, mood instability, insomnia and vasomotor symptoms cause significant distress. Studies of antidepressants for perimenopausal symptoms are summarized, with a focus on perimenopausal depression and vasomotor symptoms. Antidepressants should be considered as an alternative to hormone therapy for perimenopausal depression and hot flashes, especially when hormone therapy is contraindicated, or as an augmentation strategy for women who are only partially responsive to hormone therapy.
Nocturia in Women
Authors: Weiss Jeffrey P , Blaivas Jerry G
Published: June 2006

Nocturia, one of the most bothersome of all urological symptoms, has previously been both poorly classified and understood. Multiple factors may result in nocturia, among which are pathological conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, lower urinary tract obstruction, anxiety or primary sleep disorders, and behavioral and environmental factors. Nocturia may be attributed to nocturnal polyuria (nocturnal urine overproduction), diminished nocturnal bladder capacity, polyuria or a combination of the three. These conditions can be distinguished by a simple arithmetic analysis of the patients 24-h voiding diary. After reviewing the current state of knowledge, a scheme for rational diagnosis and care of patients suffering from loss of sleep due to nocturnal micturition is presented in this article.
Rent Extraction and the Survival of the Agricultural Production Cooperative
Authors: McGregor Andrew
Published: July 2006

During the last twenty years there has been a proliferation of production cooperatives in the agricultural sector of low income countries. This paper examines the prospects for this type of firm in light of their poor historical record. A theoretical model is presented that shows the extraction of scarcity rents is a necessary condition for survival. Several case studies examined are found to be empirically consistent with the model. It is shown that policies can be devised for the extraction of rents.
Latvia: the future in Riga's past
Authors: Lejnieks Janis
Published: June 2006

Situated at the crossroads of international trade routes, the historical architecture of Riga, the capital city of Latvia, was shaped by tides of different social and cultural groups that over many centuries left their mark. It is notable for its rich mixture of Gothic, Baroque, Russian Classical, German Art Nouveau and Finnish Modernist buildings. Janis Lejnieks describes why now, after the stultification of the Soviet era, as much of its 19th‐century building stock is threatened by decay and dereliction, Riga needs to invest in new, high‐quality architecture that will revive the dynamic cultural traditions of the city. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithuania: assembling in cities
Authors: Karalius Audrys
Published: June 2006

A period of accelerated urbanism in Lithuania has coincided with a slackening of the planning system. This has inevitably unleashed a degree of urban chaos ‐ with individual house‐owners and developers building, largely unchecked, whatever they desire. Amidst this unruly, if burgeoning built environment, Audrys Karalius highlights some significant architectural schemes, many of which pick up the torch of the architects who were designing in Lithuania's formative interwar years. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malta: housing and real estate, 1980–2005
Authors: Bianco Lino
Published: June 2006

Over the past two decades, private house ownership has expanded exponentially throughout Europe. Over the past decade, this has intensified with the desire and ability among wealthier northern Europeans to own second homes in sunnier climes. It has not only driven up house prices in pockets of Europe, but has also impacted on the social and cultural lives of local communities in ‘desirable locations’, having an adverse effect on the quality of the built environment. Lino Bianco describes the situation in Malta and how, after decades of largely uncontrolled development by real‐estate investors, the government is taking stock and encouraging through investment in architectural education, and property legislation, the growth of an indigenous architecture that is contextual, sensitive and energy‐conscious. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Nb Doped Lead Zirconate Titanate by Chemical Methods
Authors: Costa A. L. , Montanari G. , Galassi C. , Cernea M. , Bezzi F. , Albonetti S.
Published: June 2006

This paper shows the results of different chemical syntheses: sol‐gel, spray‐drying, coprecipitation, involved in the production of niobium doped lead zirconate titanate ceramic materials. The formation of pure perovskitic phase at temperatures 300–400 °C lower than the traditional mixed oxide method confirmed the potentiality of the spray‐drying and sol‐gel as simple synthesis processes to produce chemically homogeneous and very reactive powders. The thermal and structural evolution of precursor powders was investigated through TG/DTA, IR and XRD analyses. The microstructures of powders and sintered bodies were presented and related to the synthesis process.
The Role of Oxidation During Compaction on the Expansion and Stability of Al Foams Made Via a PM Route
Authors: Asavavisithchai S. , Kennedy A. R.
Published: June 2006

The foam expansion and collapse behaviour for hot compacted Al‐TiH2 precursors has been shown to be driven by the oxidation of the Al powder and the premature loss of gas from the TiH2 foaming agent during the compaction process. At 550 °C, oxidation is rapid, and gas loss from the hydride is extensive leading to poor expansion.
Anodizing Treatments for Magnesium Alloys and Their Effect on Corrosion Resistance in Various Environments
Authors: Blawert C. , Dietzel W. , Ghali E. , Song G.
Published: June 2006

This paper reviews various aspects of anodizing of magnesium alloys, such as the basics, processes, properties and applications. It systematically summarises the existing fundamental studies and technical developments of anodizing of magnesium alloys, and concludes that new anodizing processes based on electrolytic plasma anodizing that convert the surface of a magnesium alloy into a hard ceramic coating in an electrolytic bath using high energy electric discharges can offer improved wear and corrosion resistance. These new anodized coatings are often claimed to perform better than the traditional ones obtained through older anodizing processes, such as DOW17 or HAE. The new anodizing techniques are chromate free and hence environment friendly. It is expected that more cost‐effective, environment‐friendly and non‐toxic anodizing techniques will be developed and applied to magnesium alloy components in the future.
Periodical Surface Structuring of Metals by Laser Interference Metallurgy as a New Fabrication Method of Textured Solar Selective Absorbers
Authors: Lasagni A. , Mücklich F. , Nejati M. R. , Clasen R.
Published: June 2006

Spectral emittance and absorptance of copper and stainless steel surface gratings for photo‐thermal solar absorbers were studied. The samples were produced by Laser Interference Metallurgy which is an alternative to produce periodical structures with remarkable advantages. Spectral properties of the structured samples indicates that the larger the aspect ratio, the better the solar absorptance. Due to the small period of the structures, thermal emittance didn't increase considerably at room temperature.
Combustion Characteristics of Mechanically Alloyed Ultrafine‐Grained Al‐Mg Powders
Authors: Chen R.‐H. , Suryanarayana C. , Chaos M.
Published: June 2006

The combustion characteristics of ultrafine Al‐Mg alloy powder particles, produced by mechanical alloying methods, and sieved to well‐defined size ranges (35 to 100 μm) were investigated. The ignition and burning times and their size‐dependence were determined using time‐resolved images of particles burned in the post‐flame zone. It was observed that both the ignition and burning times increased with increasing particle size.
In‐situ High‐resolution X‐ray CT Observation of Compressive and Damage Behaviour of Aluminium Foams by Local Tomography Technique
Authors: Ohgaki T. , Toda H. , Kobayashi M. , Uesugi K. , Kobayashi T. , Niinomi M. , Akahori T. , Makii K. , Aruga Y.
Published: June 2006

Cellular aluminium foams exhibits complicated structures. 3D analysis is therefore of crucial importance to improve mechanical performance of such foams. The aim of this study was to investigate the compressive and damage behaviour of Al foams. Using the local tomography technique and an in‐situ test rig, the relations between microstructural features and fracture behaviour were assessed by the 3D local strain mapping.
Characterization of Lightweight Graphite Based Composites Using X‐Ray Microtomography
Authors: Sánchez S. A. , Narciso J. , Rodríguez‐Reinoso F. , Bernard D. , Watson I. G. , Lee P. D. , Dashwood R. J.
Published: June 2006

X‐ray Micro‐Tomography is an important technique that has been developed during the last years. This characterization tool can be applied to graphite/aluminium composites obtaining 3D microstructural information from the reconstruction of 2D X‐ray transmission images. The resulting volume data set can be used as model for simulating properties or understanding the behavior of the material.
Composite Luminescent Material for Dual Sensing of Oxygen and Temperature
Authors: Borisov S. M. , Vasylevska A. S. , Krause Ch. , Wolfbeis O. S.
Published: June 2006

A novel kind of composite material is presented that contains two indicators incorporated into a single polymer matrix, thus allowing simultaneous determination of oxygen partial pressure and temperature. The temperature‐sensitive dye (ruthenium tris‐1,10‐phenanthroline) was chosen for its highly temperature‐dependent luminescence which is the highest among the RuII polypyridyl complexes. A fluorinated palladium(II) tetraphenylporphyrin served as the oxygen probe. The indicators were incorporated into either poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) microparticles (to sense oxygen) or into poly(acrylonitrile) (for temperature sensing, since this polymer is virtually impermeable to oxygen). The luminescence of both dyes can be separated either spectrally (due to different absorption and emission spectra of the indicators) or via luminescence decay time. The material is suitable for temperature‐compensated oxygen sensing, for example, in high‐resolution oxygen profiling, and for imaging temperature in the range between 0 and 60 °C. This enables one to “see” (rather than to “feel”) temperature in this important range. Simultaneous imaging of pressure and temperature also has been achieved. It enables contactless imaging of the two parameters, for example, in wind tunnels. Due to the use of a biocompatible hydrogel matrix, the material conceivably is suited for biomedical applications.