bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pushing the limit of BGO-based dual-ended Cherenkov PET detectors through photon transit time correction
Authors: Yi Minseok , Ko Guen Bae , Lee Jae Sung
Published: December 2023

Objective. The high production cost of commonly used lutetium-based fast scintillators and the development of silicon photomultipliers technology have made bismuth germanate (BGO) a promising candidate for time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF PET) detectors owing to its generation of prompt Cherenkov photons. However, using BGO as a hybrid scintillator is disadvantageous owing to its low photon statistics and distribution that does not conform well to a single Gaussian. To mitigate this, a proposal was made to increase the likelihood of detecting the first Cherenkov photons by positioning two photosensors in opposition at the entrance and exit faces of the scintillator and subsequently selectively picking an earlier timestamp. Nonetheless, the timing variation arising from the photon transit time remains affected by the entire length of the crystal, thereby presenting a possibility for further enhancement. Approach. In this study, we aimed to improve the timing performance of the dual-ended BGO Cherenkov TOF PET detector by capitalizing on the synergistic advantages of applying depth-of-interaction (DOI) information and crystal surface finishes or reflector properties. A dual-ended BGO detector was implemented using a 3 × 3 × 15 mm3 BGO crystal. Coincidence events were acquired against a 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 LYSO:Ce:Mg reference detector. The timing performance of the dual-ended BGO detectors was analyzed using conventionally proposed timestamp methods before and after DOI correction. Results. Through a DOI-based correction of photon transit time spread, we demonstrated a further improvement in the timing resolution of the BGO-based Cherenkov TOF PET detector utilizing a dual-ended detector configuration and adaptive arrival time pickoff. We achieved further improvements in timing resolution by correcting the offset spread induced by the fluctuation of timing signal rise time in the dual-ended detector. Significance. Although polishing the crystal surface was still favorable in terms of full-width-half-maximum value, incorporating DOI information from the unpolished crystal to compensate for photon travel time facilitated additional enhancement in the overall timing performance, thereby surpassing that achieved with the polished crystal.
Scenario optimization for the tokamak ramp-down phase in RAPTOR: Part A. Analysis and model validation on ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Van Mulders S , Sauter O , Contré C , Felici F , Fischer R , Pütterich T , Sieglin B , Teplukhina A A ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: December 2023

We discuss how the combination of experimental observations and rapid modeling has enabled to improve understanding of the tokamak ramp-down phase in ASDEX Upgrade. A series of dedicated experiments has been performed, to disentangle the effect of individual actuators like plasma current, auxiliary heating and plasma shaping. Optimized discharge termination strategies with increased margin with respect to radiative and vertical stability limits are proposed and tested in experiment. Radiative collapse of the edge Te
profile after the HL back-transition is avoided by initially maintaining auxiliary heating during L-mode, showing beneficial effects even after the auxiliary heating is turned off. The capability of the RAPTOR code to model the time evolution of the internal inductance

ℓ

i
3

has been validated, including the effect of a change in the Ip
ramp-down rate and the HL transition timing. The reduction of

ℓ

i
3

caused by rapid compression of the plasma cross-section has been quantitatively recovered in simulations. Successful modeling of the

ℓ

i
3

time evolution is essential to optimize ramp-down scenarios for future fusion reactors, for which vertical stability and power balance control will be more challenging.
Fabrication and integration of photonic devices for phase-change memory and neuromorphic computing
Authors: Zhou Wen , Shen Xueyang , Yang Xiaolong , Wang Jiangjing , Zhang Wei
Published: December 2023

In the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in integrating chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) on the silicon photonic platform for non-volatile memory to neuromorphic in-memory computing applications. In particular, these non von Neumann computational elements and systems benefit from mass manufacturing of silicon photonic integrated circuits (PICs) on 8-inch wafers using a 130 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor line. Chip manufacturing based on deep-ultraviolet lithography and electron-beam lithography enables rapid prototyping of PICs, which can be integrated with high-quality PCMs based on the wafer-scale sputtering technique as a back-end-of-line process. In this article, we present an overview of recent advances in waveguide integrated PCM memory cells, functional devices, and neuromorphic systems, with an emphasis on fabrication and integration processes to attain state-of-the-art device performance. After a short overview of PCM based photonic devices, we discuss the materials properties of the functional layer as well as the progress on the light guiding layer, namely, the silicon and germanium waveguide platforms. Next, we discuss the cleanroom fabrication flow of waveguide devices integrated with thin films and nanowires, silicon waveguides and plasmonic microheaters for the electrothermal switching of PCMs and mixed-mode operation. Finally, the fabrication of photonic and photonic–electronic neuromorphic computing systems is reviewed. These systems consist of arrays of PCM memory elements for associative learning, matrix-vector multiplication, and pattern recognition. With large-scale integration, the neuromorphicphotonic computing paradigm holds the promise to outperform digital electronic accelerators by taking the advantages of ultra-high bandwidth, high speed, and energy-efficient operation in running machine learning algorithms.
3-Hydroxy-3-(2-oxopropyl)indolin-2-one, a product of a human-derived Enterocloster strain, is an inhibitor of nitric oxide production
Authors: Saito Shun , Banno Tomoya , Arai Midori A
Published: December 2023

When cultured anaerobically, Enterocloster sp. RD014215 was found to produce 1. Using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy, the planar structure of 1 was determined to be 3-hydroxy-3-(2-oxopropyl)indolin-2-one. The chirality of 1 was implied as S by comparing the optical rotation value of 1 with literature reports of the synthesized compounds. To our knowledge, this work represents the first discovery of the metabolite produced by Enterocloster strain. 1 exhibited inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, demonstrating a 50% inhibitory activity (IC50) of 34 µm for NO production by murine macrophage cells subjected to lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
Costs of endovascular and open repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms
Authors: Gray Joanne , McCarthy Andrew , Samarakoon Dilupa , McMeekin Peter , Sharples Linda , Sastry Priya , Crawshaw Paul , Bicknell Colin ,   the ETTAA Collaborative Group, Large Stephen , Sharples Linda , Vale Luke , Sastry Priya , Bicknell Colin , Freeman Carol , Cook Andrew , Chiu Yi-Da , McCarthy Andrew , Gray Jo , McMeekin Peter , Vallabhaneni S Rao , Watson Nicky , Samarakoon Dilupa , Devine Thomas , Duffy Tom , Hughes Victoria
Published: December 2023

Background

Repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms with either endovascular repair (TEVAR) or open surgical repair (OSR) represents major surgery, is costly and associated with significant complications. The aim of this study was to establish accurate costs of delivering TEVAR and OSR in a cohort of UK NHS patients suitable for open and endovascular treatment for the whole treatment pathway from admission and to discharge and 12-month follow-up.

Methods

A prospective study of UK NHS patients from 30 NHS vascular/cardiothoracic units in England aged ≥18, with distal arch/descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (CTAA) was undertaken. A multicentre prospective cost analysis of patients (recruited March 2014–July 2018, follow-up until July 2019) undergoing TEVAR or OSR was performed. Patients deemed suitable for open or endovascular repair were included in this study. A micro-costing approach was adopted.

Results

Some 115 patients having undergone TEVAR and 35 patients with OSR were identified. The mean (s.d.) cost of a TEVAR procedure was higher £26 536 (£9877) versus OSR £17 239 (£8043). Postoperative costs until discharge were lower for TEVAR £7484 (£7848) versus OSR £28 636 (£23 083). Therefore, total NHS costs from admission to discharge were lower for TEVAR £34 020 (£14 301), versus OSR £45 875 (£43 023). However, mean NHS costs for 12 months following the procedure were slightly higher for the TEVAR £5206 (£11 585) versus OSR £5039 (£11 994).

Conclusions

Surgical procedure costs were higher for TEVAR due to device costs. Total in-hospital costs were higher for OSR due to longer hospital and critical care stay. Follow-up costs over 12 months were slightly higher for TEVAR due to hospital readmissions.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in right heart–sided electrophysiological procedures: results of an European Heart Rhythm Association survey
Authors: Mugnai Giacomo , Farkowski Michal , Tomasi Luca , Roten Laurent , Migliore Federico , de Asmundis Carlo , Conte Giulio , Boveda Serge , Chun Julian K R
Published: December 2023

Limited data are available regarding venous thromboembolism (VTE), specifically deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), following right-sided ablations and electrophysiological (EP) studies. Compared to left-sided procedures, no guidelines on antithrombotic management strategies for the prevention of DVT and PE are available. The main purpose of the present European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) survey is to report the current management of right-sided EP procedures, focusing on anticoagulation and prevention of VTE. An online survey was conducted using the EHRA infrastructure. A total of 244 participants answered a 19-items questionnaire on the periprocedural management of EP studies and right-sided catheter ablations. The right femoral vein is the most common access for EP studies and right-sided procedures. An ultrasound-guided approach is employed by more than 2/3 of respondents. Intravenous heparin is not commonly given by the majority of participants. About 1/3 of participants (34%) routinely prescribe VTE prophylaxis during (mostly aspirin and low molecular weight heparin) and 1/4 of respondents (25%) commonly prescribe VTE prophylaxis after discharge (mostly aspirin). Of note, respectively 13% and 9% of participants observed at least one DVT and one PE related to right-sided ablation or EP study within the last year in their center. The present survey shows that only a minority of operators routinely gives intraprocedural intravenous heparin and prescribes VTE prophylaxis after right-sided EP procedures. Compared to left-sided procedures like atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, there are no consistent systematic antithrombotic management strategies.
After the COVID-19 pandemic: changes and continuities in the food supply chain
Authors: Yu Chenyang , Song Jinbo
Published: December 2023

Objectives

As the global COVID-19 pandemic stabilizes and control measures gradually improve, the food supply chain enters the post-pandemic era. The food supply chain is closely related to people’s daily life, and it is becoming increasingly important to grasp its development direction in the post-pandemic era. So the aim of this paper is to summarize the changes and continuity of the food supply chains in the post-pandemic era.

Materials and Methods

We used food reports published by most global authorities as the data source for this study and analyzed the development of production, logistics, and consumption of food supply chains from the two dimensions of post-pandemic and pre-pandemic.

Results

Our paper shows, on one hand, the relaxation of COVID-19 control measures allows food production workers to return to their jobs, facilitates smooth food logistics, and reduces uncertainty in the food supply chain, thereby providing a better environment for its development. On the other hand, Industry 4.0 plays an increasingly prominent role in the food supply chain.

Conclusions

The trends of digitalization and mechanization in food production, cold chain logistics, smart logistics, online shopping and health-conscious consumption that emerged during the pandemic will continue to persist and evolve in the post-pandemic era. We attempt to systematically analyze the development trend of the food supply chain in the post-pandemic era, point out the implications and approaches for future research, and provide theoretical references for researchers, practitioners, and consumers in the food field.
MLcps: machine learning cumulative performance score for classification problems
Authors: Akshay Akshay , Abedi Masoud , Shekarchizadeh Navid , Burkhard Fiona C , Katoch Mitali , Bigger-Allen Alex , Adam Rosalyn M , Monastyrskaya Katia , Gheinani Ali Hashemi
Published: December 2023

Background

Assessing the performance of machine learning (ML) models requires careful consideration of the evaluation metrics used. It is often necessary to utilize multiple metrics to gain a comprehensive understanding of a trained model’s performance, as each metric focuses on a specific aspect. However, comparing the scores of these individual metrics for each model to determine the best-performing model can be time-consuming and susceptible to subjective user preferences, potentially introducing bias.

Results

We propose the Machine Learning Cumulative Performance Score (MLcps), a novel evaluation metric for classification problems. MLcps integrates several precomputed evaluation metrics into a unified score, enabling a comprehensive assessment of the trained model’s strengths and weaknesses. We tested MLcps on 4 publicly available datasets, and the results demonstrate that MLcps provides a holistic evaluation of the model’s robustness, ensuring a thorough understanding of its overall performance.

Conclusions

By utilizing MLcps, researchers and practitioners no longer need to individually examine and compare multiple metrics to identify the best-performing models. Instead, they can rely on a single MLcps value to assess the overall performance of their ML models. This streamlined evaluation process saves valuable time and effort, enhancing the efficiency of model evaluation. MLcps is available as a Python package at https://pypi.org/project/MLcps/.
Pudilan Keyanning mouthwash inhibits dextran-dependent aggregation and biofilm organization ofStreptococcus mutans
Authors: Ren Shirui , Cheng Yiting , Deng Yalan , Xia Mengying , Yang Yingming , Lei Lei , Hu Tao
Published: December 2023

Aims

This research aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Pudilan mouthwash (PDL) on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms and identify its chemical components.

Methods and results

The impacts of 100% concentrated PDL on S. mutans biofilm were detected by colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR). The biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was evaluated by Cell-Counting-Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. And chemical components were identified by UPLC-HRMS. PBS and 0.12% chlorhexidine were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Results indicate early 8-h S. mutans biofilms are sensitive to PDL. Additionally, it leads to a decrease in bacterial activities and dextran-dependent aggregation in 24-h S. mutans biofilms. PDL significantly downregulates the gene expression of gtfB/C/D and smc. And 114 components are identified.

Conclusions

PDL has an inhibitory effect on S. mutans and favorable biocompatibility. It has potential to be exploited as a novel anti-biofilm agent.
Identification of Escherichia coli isolated from flies (Insecta: Diptera) that inhabit the environment of dairy farms harboring extraintestinal virulence markers
Authors: Motta Rodrigo G , Motta Lorrayne S A M , Bertolini Amanda B , Prado Aline M , Thyssen Patricia J , Hernandes Rodrigo T , Orsi Henrique , Rall Vera L M , Gouvea Fábio L R , Guerra Simony T , Guimarães Felipe F , Joaquim Sâmea F , Pantoja José C , Langoni Helio , Ribeiro Márcio G
Published: December 2023

Aims

We investigate extraintestinal pathogenic genes (ExPEC) related to virulence of Escherichia coli in flies from the dairy environment.

Methods and Results

We collected 217 flies from nine dairy farms, which were submitted to microbiological culture. Fifty-one E. coli were identified using mass spectrometry. Eleven dipteran families were identified, with a predominance of Muscidae, and a minor frequency of Tachinidae, Drosophilidae, Sphaeroceridae, Ulidiidae, Syrphidae, Chloropidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Piophilidae. A panel of 16 virulence-encoding genes related to ExPEC infections were investigated, which revealed predominance of serum resistance (traT, 31/51 = 60.8%; ompT, 29/51 = 56.9%), iron uptake (irp2, 17/51 = 33.3%, iucD 11/51 = 21.6%), and adhesins (papC, 6/51 = 11.8%; papA, 5/51 = 9.8%).

Conclusions

Our findings reveal Dipterans from milking environment carrying ExPEC virulence-encoding genes also identified in clinical bovine E. coli-induced infections.
Hydroxamate siderophores secreted by plant endophytic Pseudomonas putida elicit defense against blast disease in rice incited by Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Ashajyothi Mushineni , Velmurugan Shanmugam , Kundu Aditi , Balamurugan Alexander , Chouhan Vinod , Kumar Aundy
Published: December 2023

Our study focuses on hydroxamate-type siderophores from Pseudomonas putida BP25, known for chelating ferric iron and aiding microbial growth in iron-deficient environments. Confirmed through CAS-agar and tetrazolium tests, a purified siderophore extract was obtained via ion-exchange chromatography. Applying varying concentrations of this siderophore to rice seedlings demonstrated concentration-dependent effects on shoot and root phenotypes. Prophylactic application on rice leaves significantly reduced blast severity (68.7%–97.0%), surpassing curative application (47.5%–86.87%). Additionally, the siderophore treatment elevated peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and total phenols in rice plants. Defense-related genes linked to salicylic acid (OsPR1.1, OsNPR1, and OsPDF2.2), and other pathways (Oshox24, OsCLE, and OsGLP3-3, OsEIN2.4, and OsCSE) promoting blast suppression showed upregulation. However, the OsACS6 gene associated with ethylene-induced internodal elongation was significantly downregulated. Overall, our findings propose that the siderophore from P. putida BP25 induces defense gene transcription, offering potential for sustainable rice production via bio-formulation.
MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) X. The cool gas and covering fraction of Mg ii in galaxy groups
Authors: Cherrey Maxime , Bouché Nicolas F , Zabl Johannes , Schroetter Ilane , Wendt Martin , Langan Ivanna , Richard Johan , Schaye Joop , Mercier Wilfried , Epinat Benoît , Contini Thierry
Published: December 2023

We present a study of the cool gas (≈104 K) traced by Mg ii absorptions around groups of galaxies in the MEGAFLOW (MusE GAs FLOw and Wind) survey. Using a combination of two algorithms, we blindly identify 32 groups of more than 5 galaxies at 0.3 < z < 1.5 with $10.7 \lt \log _{10}(M/\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }) \lt 13.7$. Among them 26 can be used to study potential counterpart Mg ii absorptions. We report that 21 out of the total 120 Mg  ii absorption systems present in MEGAFLOW are associated with groups. We observe that the Mg ii rest-frame equivalent width ($W_{\rm r}^{2796}$) drops at an impact parameter of ≈150 projected kpc from the closest galaxy and ≈ one virial radius from the identified group centre indicating that Mg ii haloes scale with the mass of the groups. The impact parameter where the covering fraction exceeds 50 per cent is $\log _{10}(b/\rm kpc) = 2.17 \pm 0.47$ (2σ) and (b/Rvir) = 1.67 ± 0.98, which is ≈3 times larger than for field galaxies ($\log _{10}(b/\rm kpc)=1.67\pm 0.15$). Finally, we estimate the cool gas column density profile in groups (from the $W_{\rm r}^{2796}$) and show that its shape follows closely the typical dark matter column density profile for haloes at similar redshift and masses.
Propagating photo-z uncertainties: a functional derivative approach
Authors: Reischke Robert
Published: December 2023

Photometric redshifts are a key ingredient in the analysis and interpretation of large-scale structure (LSS) surveys. The accuracy and precision of these redshift estimates are directly linked to the constraining power of photometric surveys. It is hence necessary to define precision and accuracy requirements for the redshift calibration to not infer biased results in the final analysis. For weak gravitational lensing of the LSS, the photometry culminates in the estimation of the source-redshift distribution (SRD) in each of the tomographic bins used in the analysis. The focus has been on shifts of the mean of the SRDs and how well the calibration must be able to recover those. Since the estimated SRDs are usually given as a normalized histogram with corresponding errors, it would be advantageous to propagate these uncertainties accordingly to see whether the requirements of the given survey are indeed fulfilled. Here, we propose the use of functional derivatives to calculate the sensitivity of the final observables, for examples, the lensing angular power spectrum, with respect to the SRD at a specific redshift. This allows the propagation of arbitrarily shaped small perturbations to the SRD, without having to run the whole analysis pipeline for each realization again. We apply our method to a survey with Euclid-like specifications and demonstrate it with SRDs of the KV450 data set, recovering previous results. Lastly, we note that the moments of the SRD of order larger than two will probably not be relevant when propagating redshift uncertainties in cosmic shear analysis.
Quokka-based understanding of outflows (QED) – I. Metal loading, phase structure, and convergence testing for solar neighbourhood conditions
Authors: Vijayan Aditi , Krumholz Mark R , Wibking Benjamin D
Published: December 2023

Multiphase galactic outflows, generated by supernova (SN) feedback, are likely to be more metal rich than the interstellar media from which they are driven due to incomplete mixing between SN ejecta and the ambient interstellar medium. This enrichment is important for shaping galactic metallicities and metallicity gradients, but measuring it quantitatively from simulations requires resolution high enough to resolve mass, momentum and energy exchanges between the different phases of the outflows. In this context, we present QED, which are simulations of outflows, driven by SN feedback, conducted using Quokka, a new GPU-optimized adaptive mesh refinement radiation-hydrodynamics code. This code allows us to reach combinations of resolution, simulation volume, and simulation duration larger than those that have previously been possible, and to resolve all gas phases from cold neutral medium, T ∼ 100 K, to hot ionized gas, T ≳ 107 K. In this, a first of a series of papers exploring generation and evolution of multiphase outflows from a wide range of galactic environments and star formation rates, we quantify the extent of selective metal loading in solar neighbourhood-like environments. We explain the selective metal loading, we find as a result of the transport of metals within and between phases, a phenomenon we can study owing to the parsec-scale resolution that our simulations achieve. We also quantify the sensitivity of metal loading studies to numerical resolution, and present convergence criteria for future studies.
Discovery of a magnetic double-faced DBA white dwarf
Authors: Moss Adam , Bergeron P , Kilic Mukremin , Jewett Gracyn , Brown Warren R , Kosakowski Alekzander , Vincent Olivier
Published: December 2023

We report the discovery of spectroscopic variations in the magnetic DBA white dwarf SDSS J091016.43+210554.2. Follow-up time-resolved spectroscopy at the Apache Point Observatory (APO) and the MMT show significant variations in the H absorption lines over a rotation period of 7.7 or 11.3 h. Unlike recent targets that show similar discrepancies in their H and He line profiles, such as GD 323 and Janus (ZTF J203349.8+322901.1), SDSS J091016.43+210554.2 is confirmed to be magnetic, with a field strength derived from Zeeman-split H and He lines of B ≈ 0.5 MG. Model fits using a H and He atmosphere with a constant abundance ratio across the surface fail to match our time-resolved spectra. On the other hand, we obtain excellent fits using magnetic atmosphere models with varying H/He surface abundance ratios. We use the oblique rotator model to fit the system geometry. The observed spectroscopic variations can be explained by a magnetic inhomogeneous atmosphere where the magnetic axis is offset from the rotation axis by β = 52°, and the inclination angle between the line of sight and the rotation axis is i = 13–16°. This magnetic white dwarf offers a unique opportunity to study the effect of the magnetic field on surface abundances. We propose a model where H is brought to the surface from the deep interior more efficiently along the magnetic field lines, thus producing H polar caps.
State-of-the-art simulations of line-driven accretion disc winds: realistic radiation hydrodynamics leads to weaker outflows
Authors: Higginbottom Nick , Scepi Nicolas , Knigge Christian , Long Knox S , Matthews James H , Sim Stuart A
Published: December 2023

Disc winds are a common feature in accreting astrophysical systems on all scales. In active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and accreting white dwarfs (AWDs), specifically, radiation pressure mediated by spectral lines is a promising mechanism for driving these outflows. Previous hydrodynamical simulations have largely supported this idea, but relied on highly approximate treatments of ionization and radiative transfer. Given the sensitivity of line driving to the ionization state and radiation field in the outflow, here, we present a new method for carrying out 2.5D radiation hydrodynamic simulations that takes full account of the frequency-dependent radiative transfer through the wind, the corresponding ionization state, and the resulting radiative accelerations. Applying our method to AWDs, we find that it is much harder to drive a powerful line-driven outflow when the interaction between matter and radiation is treated self-consistently. This conclusion is robust to changes in the adopted system parameters. The fundamental difficulty is that discs luminous enough to drive such a wind are also hot enough to overionize it. As a result, the mass-loss rates in our simulations are much lower than those found in earlier, more approximate calculations. We also show that the ultraviolet spectra produced by our simulations do not match those observed in AWDs. We conclude that, unless the overionization problem can be mitigated (e.g. by subgrid clumping or a softer-than-expected radiation field), line driving may not be a promising mechanism for powering the outflows from AWDs. These conclusions are likely to have significant implications for disc winds in AGN also.
The connection between mergers and AGN activity in simulated and observed massive galaxies
Authors: Sharma Ray S , Choi Ena , Somerville Rachel S , Snyder Gregory F , Jhee Hannah , Kocevski Dale D , Hirschmann Michaela , Moster Benjamin P , Naab Thorsten , Narayanan Desika , Ostriker Jeremiah P , Rosario David J
Published: December 2023

We analyse a suite of 29 high-resolution zoom-in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of massive galaxies with stellar masses $M_{\rm star} \gt 10^{10.9} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, with the goal of better understanding merger activity among active galactic nuclei (AGN), AGN activity in merging systems, SMBH growth during mergers, and the role of gas content in triggering AGN. Using the radiative transfer code Powderday, we generate HST-WFC3 F160W mock observations of central galaxies at redshift 0.5 < z < 3; convolve each image with a CANDELS-like point spread function; stitch each image into a real CANDELS image; and identify mergers within the synthetic images using commonly adopted non-parametric statistics. We study the connection between mergers and AGN activity in both the simulations and synthetic images and find reasonable agreement with observations from CANDELS. We find that AGN activity is not primarily driven by major mergers (stellar mass ratio > 1:4) except in a select few cases of gas-rich mergers at low redshifts (0.5 < z < 0.9). We also find that major mergers do not significantly grow the central SMBHs, indicating major mergers do not sustain long-term accretion. Moreover, the most luminous AGN in our simulations (Lbol > 1045 erg s−1) are no more likely than inactive galaxies (Lbol < 1043 erg s−1) to be found in merging systems. We conclude that mergers are not the primary drivers of AGN activity in the simulated massive galaxies studied here.
Global analysis of binding sites of U2AF1 and ZRSR2 reveals RNA elements required for mutually exclusive splicing by the U2- and U12-type spliceosome
Authors: Kwon Young-Soo , Jin Sang Woo , Song Hoseok
Published: December 2023

Recurring mutations in genes encoding 3′ splice-site recognition proteins, U2AF1 and ZRSR2 are associated with human cancers. Here, we determined binding sites of the proteins to reveal that U2-type and U12-type splice sites are recognized by U2AF1 and ZRSR2, respectively. However, some sites are spliced by both the U2-type and U12-type spliceosomes, indicating that well-conserved consensus motifs in some U12-type introns could be recognized by the U2-type spliceosome. Nucleotides flanking splice sites of U12-type introns are different from those flanking U2-type introns. Remarkably, the AG dinucleotide at the positions −1 and −2 of 5′ splice sites of U12-type introns with GT-AG termini is not present. AG next to 5′ splice site introduced by a single nucleotide substitution at the −2 position could convert a U12-type splice site to a U2-type site. The class switch of introns by a single mutation and the bias against G at the −1 position of U12-type 5′ splice site support the notion that the identities of nucleotides in exonic regions adjacent to splice sites are fine-tuned to avoid recognition by the U2-type spliceosome. These findings may shed light on the mechanism of selectivity in U12-type intron splicing and the mutations that affect splicing.
Identifying patterns of pain, depression, anxiety, interpersonal trauma exposure, and nonmedical prescription opioid use: Latent class analysis among patients with chronic pain
Authors: Short Nicole A , Patidar Seema , Margolies Skye , Goetzinger Amy , Chidgey Brooke , Austin Anna E
Published: December 2023

Background

Chronic pain in the context of certain factors may be associated with potential for nonmedical prescription opioid use; however, identifying this risk can be challenging and complex. Several variables alone have been associated with non-prescribed opioid use, including depression, anxiety, pain interference, and trauma exposure. Prior research has often failed to integrate these assessments together, which is important as these factors may cluster together in important and complex ways. The current study aimed to identify classes of patients with chronic pain who have differential risk for use of nonmedical prescription opioid use, depression and anxiety, and pain severity, interference, and catastrophizing, and interpersonal violence exposure.

Methods

Self-report and medical record data from patients (N = 211; Mage = 48, 69.0% women, 69.0% white) at a pain management center were collected.

Results

Latent class analysis revealed 3 classes with (1) low probability of clinically significant depression, anxiety, pain, and nonmedical prescription opioid use (44.7%), (2) high probability of clinically significant depression, anxiety, pain, pain catastrophizing, trauma, and nonmedical prescription opioid use (41.3%), and (3) high probability of severe pain and nonmedical prescription opioid use (14.0%).

Conclusions

High-risk classes had either high levels of depression and anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and interpersonal violence exposure, or pain severity and interference. Future research should continue to explore these classes in large, diverse samples, and prospective study designs. Finally, results underscore that opioid use is complex, not easily identified by a single factor, and may be motivated by complex unmet clinical needs.
Expectations for Policy Change and Participation
Authors: Bram Curtis
Published: December 2023

What policy changes do people expect from elections, and how do these expectations influence the decision to vote? This paper seeks to understand the relationship between people’s expectations and their subsequent voting behavior by examining beliefs about what candidates would actually do if given political power. I start with a survey of political scientists and compare their forecasts about what presidential candidates will accomplish to those of the general population. Public respondents expected much more legislation to result from the 2020 election. This comparison suggests an underestimation by the public of the impediments that the separation of powers poses to passing legislation. The study further reveals that voters expected much more policy change than nonvoters did, with high expectations serving as a strong predictor of validated voter turnout. These results support explanations for the decision to vote that center on the policy benefits that people believe their preferred candidate will deliver.
Social Desirability and Affective Polarization
Authors: Connors Elizabeth C
Published: December 2023

Media coverage of affective polarization—partisans disliking and distrusting out-partisans while liking and trusting in-partisans—is abundant, both creating and reflecting a belief among the public that partisans are more affectively polarized than they are. These trends suggest that affective polarization among partisans could be viewed as socially desirable, which may then shape partisans’ expressed attitudes and behavior. To examine this, I run four original surveys and study two broad research questions: (1) Does this social desirability exist?; and (2) Can it influence partisans’ expressed affective polarization? I find that affective polarization among partisans is indeed socially desirable and that, largely motivated by self-presentation desires, this social desirability can shape partisans’ expressed affective polarization. However, my results also suggest that affective polarization responses are rather ingrained in partisans, and that while partisans are aware of this social desirability and its effect on their behavior, small changes in survey context do not necessarily produce large changes in affective polarization responses. Overall, the results offer necessary nuance to our understanding of affective polarization, implying that social desirability—which can be shifted by contexts—can alter how affectively polarized people act.
Cognitive impairment is associated with BDNF‐TrkB signaling mediating synaptic damage and reduction of amino acid neurotransmitters in heart failure
Authors: Wang Lei , Lu Ziwen , Teng Yu , Pan Weibing , Li Yang , Su Sha , Chang Jingling , Zhao Mingjing
Published: December 2023

Heart failure (HF) is often accompanied by cognitive impairment (CI). Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) deficiency is closely associated with CI. However, the role and mechanism of BDNF in HF with CI is still not fully understood. Here, the case–control study was designed including 25 HF without CI patients (HF‐NCI) and 50 HF with CI patients (HF‐CI) to investigate the predictive value of BDNF in HF‐CI while animal and cell experiments were used for mechanism research. Results found that BDNF levels in serum neuronal‐derived exosomes were downregulated in HF‐CI patients. There was no significant difference in serum BDNF levels among the two groups. HF rats showed obvious impairment in learning and memory; also, they had reduced thickness and length of postsynaptic density (PSD) and increased synaptic cleft width. Expression of BDNF, TrkB, PSD95, and VGLUT1 was significantly decreased in HF rats brain. In addition, compared with sham rats, amino acids were significantly reduced with no changes in the acetylcholine and monoamine neurotransmitters. Further examination showed that the number of synaptic bifurcations and the expression of BDNF, TrkB, PSD95, and VGLUT1 were all decreased in the neurons that interfered with BDNF‐siRNA compared with those in the negative control neurons. Together, our results demonstrated that neuronal‐derived exosomal BDNF act as effective biomarkers for prediction of HF‐CI. The decrease of BDNF in the brain triggers synaptic structural damage and a decline in amino acid neurotransmitters via the BDNF–TrkB‐PSD95/VGLUT1 pathway. This discovery unveils a novel pathological mechanism underlying cognitive impairment following heart failure.
Application of deep neural survival networks to the development of risk prediction models for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia
Authors: Sasagawa Yoshinori , Inoue Yosuke , Futagami Katsuya , Nakamura Tomohiro , Maeda Kiyohiro , Aoki Tomohiro , Fukubayashi Naoko , Kimoto Mayumi , Mizoue Tetsuya , Hoshina Gakuse
Published: December 2023

Objectives

: Although numerous risk prediction models have been proposed, few such models have been developed using neural network-based survival analysis. We developed risk prediction models for three cardiovascular disease risk factors (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) among a working-age population in Japan using DeepSurv, a deep feed-forward neural network.

Methods

: Data were obtained from the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. A total of 51 258, 44 197, and 31 452 individuals were included in the development of risk models for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, respectively; two-thirds of whom were used to develop prediction models, and the rest were used to validate the models. We compared the performances of DeepSurv-based models with those of prediction models based on the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

: The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.878 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.864–0.892] for diabetes mellitus, 0.835 (95% CI = 0.826–0.845) for hypertension, and 0.826 (95% CI = 0.817–0.835) for dyslipidemia. Compared with the Cox proportional hazards-based models, the DeepSurv-based models had better reclassification performance [diabetes mellitus: net reclassification improvement (NRI) = 0.474, P ≤ 0.001; hypertension: NRI = 0.194, P ≤ 0.001; dyslipidemia: NRI = 0.397, P ≤ 0.001] and discrimination performance [diabetes mellitus: integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) = 0.013, P ≤ 0.001; hypertension: IDI = 0.007, P ≤ 0.001; and dyslipidemia: IDI = 0.043, P ≤ 0.001].

Conclusion

: This study suggests that DeepSurv has the potential to improve the performance of risk prediction models for cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Blood pressure responses to testosterone therapy are amplified by hematocrit levels in opioid-induced androgen deficiency: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Olesen Thomas Bastholm , Glintborg Dorte , Jøhnk Frederik , Olsen Michael Hecht , Andersen Marianne Skovsager
Published: December 2023

Our study aimed to examine the effect of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on blood pressure in opioid-treated men with relative hypogonadism, and whether the effect of TRT on blood pressure was modified by body composition, red blood cell levels, or carotid intima media thickness. Men (over 18 years old) receiving opioid treatment and total testosterone less than 12 nmol were randomly assigned to receive either TRT or placebo. Baseline and 6-month measurements included anthropometric measurements, office blood pressure (OBPM), 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, blood samples, and carotid ultrasound.

The mean systolic OBPM increased by 6.2 mmHg (0.2–12.1) in the TRT group and decreased by 7.0 mmHg (1.0–15.1) in the placebo group, with a mean difference of 13.2 mmHg (3.4–23.1), P = 0.01. In the TRT group, a 10 mmHg increase in systolic OBPM was associated with an increase in hematocrit of 0.3% points (0.1–0.5) (P = 0.01), whereas no association was observed in the placebo group (P = 0.266).

Daytime SBP showed a nonsignificant increase of 5.2 mmHg (-1.7, 12.1) (P = 0.134) in the TRT group compared to that in the placebo group. However, the impact of TRT on the increase in daytime ambulatory blood pressure was significantly accentuated by baseline values of BMI, hematocrit, and hemoglobin.

In conclusion, TRT was associated with higher OBPM compared to placebo, and the increase in blood pressure was linked to higher hematocrit during TRT. Our data suggest that men with opioid-induced androgen deficiency, particularly those with obesity or red blood cell levels in the upper normal range, are more susceptible to increased daytime SBP during TRT.
Disseminated Disease After Candidemia in Children and Young Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Evaluation and Risk Factors
Authors: Murphy Catherine R. , Teoh Zheyi , Whitehurst Daniel , Brammer Caitlin , Perkins Kerrigan , Paulsen Grant , Miller-Handley Hilary , Danziger-Isakov Lara , Otto William R.
Published: December 2023

Background:

Treatment of candidemia may be complicated by hematogenous dissemination. Limited data exist to guide decision-making regarding the evaluation for disseminated disease. We sought to describe the epidemiology of invasive disease after candidemia, report the diagnostic evaluations performed and identify risk factors for disseminated disease.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective single-center study of candidemia from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2022. Disseminated candidiasis was defined as radiologic findings consistent with end-organ disease, abnormal ophthalmologic exam or growth of Candida spp. from a sterile site after an episode of candidemia. A multilevel regression model was used to identify risk factors for dissemination.

Results:

The cohort included 124 patients with 144 episodes of candidemia. Twelve patients died before an evaluation for dissemination occurred. Only 107/132 patients underwent evaluation for dissemination. Tests obtained included abdominal imaging (93/132), echocardiography (91/132), neuroimaging (45/132) and chest imaging (38/132). A retinal examination was performed in 90/132 patients. Overall, 27/107 patients (25%) had disseminated disease. Frequently identified sites of dissemination were lungs and abdominal organs. Regression modeling identified prematurity [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 11.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.72–81.90] and mitochondrial and genetic disease (aOR: 5.66; 95% CI: 1.06–30.17) as risk factors for disseminated candidiasis. Each additional day of candidemia increased the odds of dissemination (aOR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.12–1.66).

Discussion:

In a heterogeneous cohort of patients, disseminated candidiasis was common. Evaluation for disseminated disease was variable. Those with persistent candidemia had significantly increased risk of dissemination and should undergo a standardized evaluation for disseminated disease.
Myocardial work is independent risk factor for coronary artery lesions in children with Kawasaki disease
Authors: Tang Ge , Zheng Xiaozhi , Liu Kun , Yu Fan , Zhang Jie
Published: December 2023

Background

The recognition ability of noninvasive echocardiographic myocardial work for coronary artery lesions (CAL) in children with Kawasaki disease (KD) has not been well characterized. This study aimed to determine whether impaired myocardial work is an independent risk factor for CAL in children with KD.

Methods

Between December 2021 and April 2023, left ventricular (LV) myocardial work of 59 KD children was evaluated by myocardial work echocardiography, and their demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected simultaneously. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for CAL.

Results

Twenty-seven of 59 KD children had CAL according to the diagnostic criteria of echocardiography. There were significantly different heart rates, white blood cell count, LV ejection fraction, global work index (GWI), global work efficiency and global wasted work (GWW) between KD children with and without CAL (P< 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that GWI [odds ratio (OR) = 0.985;P= 0.001], GWW (OR = 1.039;P= 0.019), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, OR = 1.051;P= 0.049) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR = 1.017;P= 0.044) were independent risk factors for CAL in children with KD. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.847 for GWI was superior to that for GWW (AUC = 0.708), ESR (AUC = 0.645) and CRP (AUC = 0.626) to predict CAL in KD children (P< 0.05). The optimal cutoff value of GWI was 1089 mmHg, with a sensitivity of 59.26% and a specificity of 96.87%.

Conclusion

GWI and GWW were independent risk factors for CAL in KD children with high discrimination ability.
A 15-year-old male with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a rare case report from Syria
Authors: Sleiay Mouhammed , Alqreea Mohammed , Alqreea Ihsan , Alhasan Omar , Sleiay Bilal , Kanaan Ahmad Mostfa , Alabdullah Hadi
Published: December 2023

Introduction and importance:

In addition to extra gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a rare but well-known hereditary disorder, generates mucocutaneous lesions that resemble certain coloured freckles and gastrointestinal symptoms. Intussusception or polyps blocking the gastrointestinal lumen are examples of PJS consequences. Additionally, the polyps may cause ongoing bleeding that causes anaemia.

Case presentation:

A 15-year-old male patient with generalized stomach discomfort, frequent vomiting, and decreased appetite reported to the hospital’s ambulance department. A month and a half prior, the patient underwent a surgical laparotomy for intussusception. The clinical examination revealed many pigmentations near the mouth. The specialists decided to do an urgent laparotomy on the patient, during which a 60 mm necrotic intestinal intussusception was observed. The patient had an ileoileostomy and an amputation, and a pathology test discovered numerous benign hamartomatous polyps in the sample.“Putz-Jeghers Syndrome” had been determined to be the ultimate diagnosis.

Clinical discussion:

It is autosomal dominant and more prevalent in children and teenagers. According to some research, 30% of diseases are passed from parents to children while 70% may result from gene mutations.

Conclusion:

There is no evidence that the transformation of hamartomatous polyps led to the neoplastic tumours in these patients. It is suggested to carry out a complete screening program and detect PJS early in order to prevent gastrointestinal problems and dangerous malignancies.