bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Level of Job Burnout Among the Faculty Members of the Private Jordanian Universities in Jordan and the Effect of Gender and Experience Variables on It
Authors: Al-Shoqran Rami I. , Alfandi Awad Mohammad , Almousa Nusaiba Ali , Al-Shboul Muhannad K. , Katatneh Sami Mohsen , Ammari Raeda Mofid
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to reveal the level of burnout among the faculty members in private universities in Jordan and the effect of gender and experience variables on it. The researchers used the descriptive analytical method. The study was applied to a random sample of (203) faculty members, who were chosen through a comprehensive survey method, with (169) males and (34) females. A job burnout questionnaire was developed, and its validity and reliability were verified. The results of the study showed that the mean of the job burnout of the total degree came with a high degree. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of job burnout of the total degree attributed to the gender variable and in favor of females. Moreover, the results showed that there were apparent differences in the arithmetic averages on the total score for the level of job burnout with different levels of experience variable, and in favor of those with less than five years of experience.
De economische realiteit in de SNS Reaal-beschikkingen
Authors: Eikelboom F. , Krekels M.
Published: March 2021

De economische realiteit in de SNS Reaal-beschikkingen. Noot bij HR 3 april 2020, ECLI:NL:HR:2020:478 en ECLI:NL:HR:2020:479 (Concernenquête SNS Reaal en dochtervennootschap SNS Bank)

In een tweetal beschikkingen van 3 april 2020 liet de Hoge Raad zich voor de tweede maal uit over de maatstaf voor het toewijzen van een concernenquête. Zoals uit deze bijdrage blijkt, gebruikte de Hoge Raad deze gelegenheid om de maatstaf uit de Landis-beschikking te herformuleren en versimpelen. Deze beschikkingen worden nader geduid.
Smoothing and Clustering Guided Image Decolorization
Authors: Li Fang , Zhu Yuanming
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we propose a new image decolorization method based on image clustering and weight optimization. First, we smooth the color image and cluster it into several classes and get the class centers. Each center can represent a distinctive color in the image. Then the class centers are sorted according to their brightness measured by Euclidean norm. By assuming that the decolorized grayscale image is a linear combination of the three channels of the color image, we propose an optimization problem by forcing the sorted class centers to correspond to specified grayscale values satisfying uniform distribution. Numerically, the problem is solved by quadratic programming. Experiments on two popular data sets demonstrate that the proposed method is competitive with the state-of-the-art decolorization method.
A IMAGINAÇÃO COMO ATIVIDADE CRIADORA
Authors: Henrique Zago Luis , Alberto Ferreira Allan , Solange da Silva Neiva
Published: March 2021

This article seeks to analyze the concept of imagination in relation to other functions of the personality and some aspects of how it has been addressed in school education. The resources and methods used for writing the text involve bibliographic researchof articles and books by authors linked to historical-cultural theory and dialectical historical materialism such as Vigotski, Leontiev, Marino Filho, Heller, Marx, etc. The human capacity to jointly articulate several actions to produce something new is to be fundamental in the organization of the human psychological system. Representing the real in images has enabled artistic, philosophical and scientific advancement throughout history. Throughout the text, we demystified the idea that imagination is something typical of genius people, but rather something that is present in all moments of life. We conclude that although the creative processes of the imagination are vital for human development and have been intensively worked on in school education today,the intentionality that permeates this education has a market and capitalist bias in the search for the development of skills to maximize the exploitation of work. Even if the scope of the educational work for the development of the imagination is to promote capital, we consider that it still impacts the personality and enhances human capacities.
(TRANS)FORMAÇÕES DO PROFESSOR NO CONTEXTO DA ESCOLA DE EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL: CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA TEORIA HISTÓRICO-CULTURAL
Authors: Novaes Daniel , Paula de Freitas Ana
Published: March 2021

The complexity of the autism spectrum disorder has mobilized the teaching profession in the school context. So, it is necessary to reflect on teacher training to deal with the teaching of students with that diagnosis. This paper, which is the result of a master's research carried out in a special education school located in a country town in the state of São Paulo, aims to discuss how the teacher, who becomes a researcher of his own practice, articulates the relationships between the cultural-historical theoretical framework and the pedagogical practice. The participants were the teacher, graduated in Pedagogy with a Masters Degree in Education, and his student with autism spectrum disorder. During the school year, the teacher recorded his classes on video, which waslater transcribed. When basing his practice on the aforementioned theory, he started to consider activities that favored the student's immersion in the symbolic sphere, having as a primordial element, the role of sign language. The microgenetic analyzes show evidence that: 1. the change in teaching practice was a (in) tense process; 2. the comings and goings of the transformation process reveal the tensions between the appropriation of a theoretical framework and the way of carrying out the pedagogical practice; 3. the production of pedagogical knowledge comes from the movement between theory andpractice.
Efficient Solution-Processed Blue and Yellow Phosphorescent Organic Light-emitting Diodes Using Binary Blend Hosts
Authors: GUAN Yuxin , LIN Wenjing , WANG Qiannan , ZHOU Pengchao , WEI Bin , LIAO Yingjie
Published: March 2021

The appropriate hosts of emitting layers (EMLs) play an important role in determining the overall performance of solution-processed phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). We have investigated the effect of three species of host molecules, 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 10-(4-(5,5dimethylbenzofuro[3,2-c]acridin-13(5H)-yl)phenyl)-10-phenylanthracen-9(10H)-one (DpAn-5BzAc) and poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), on the performance of solution-processed blue and yellow PhOLEDs. We have found that compared to the widely used single-host EMLs, the devices using the binary blend of mCP: DpAn5BzAc as hosts, can achieve more eﬃcient optoelectrical characteristics. The maximum current eﬃciencies of 11.84 and 16.61 have been realized for blue and yellow OLEDs, respectively. The superior electroluminescence performance for binary blend host-based PhOLEDs was attributed to the enhanced charge carrier balance and multi-component miscibility, which has a dramatic influence on the morphology of the emissive layer. These results demonstrate the great potential of the multi-hosts in solution-processed organic optoelectronic devices. The development of complementary colour OLEDs with blue and yellow can provide a simple approach to fabricate solution-processed white PhOLEDs.
Synthesis and Characteristics of Microencapsulated Decanol with TiO2 Shell as Composites for Cold Energy Storage
Authors: LIU Yuan , LIU Yang , CHEN Yanghua
Published: March 2021

A novel microencapsulated phase change materials for cold energy storage was synthesised through sol-gel means using decanol as phase change material and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as encapsulated material. The micromorphology and composition of microcapsules were observed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (FT-IR).Using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) thermal properties of microcapsules were characterized. Results of FE-SEM and FT-IR indicated that micro sized decanol droplets were encapsulated with TiO2 to form the well-developed core-shell structure, which was only physical coating between them. Furthermore, the chemical and thermal stability of the microcapsules were improved and the inflammability of the microcapsules was lowered using TiO2 as shell material. The DSC result of the desirable ones melt at 3.87 ℃ with a latent melting enthalpy of 61.12 J·g-1 and solidified at – 1.32 ℃ with a latent solidification enthalpy of 59.54 J·g-1. In general, the prepared microcapsules have potential for cold energy storage.
Prevalence of Child Abuse and Correlations with Family Factors Among Elementary School-aged Children
Authors: Rafaiee Raheleh , Mohseni Fahimeh , Akbarian Nafiseh
Published: March 2021

Background: Child abuse is a significant health and social problem. Different social and family factors have effects on child abuse. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of child abuse in three domains of physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect among a sample of elementary school children in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 400 elementary school children were selected through multistage cluster sampling from Shahroud, Iran, and assessed for all child abuse domains, except for sexual abuse, using a validated self-administered Persian questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS, using descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and multiple linear regression analysis (P ≤ 0.05). Results: The mean age of the participants was 10.83 years (SD = 1.9). Overall, 63.8%, 27%, and 90.3% of children reported emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect, respectively. There were significant associations between the mother’s employment status and neglect (P < 0.001), father’s education and physical child abuse (P = 0.03), and father’s smoking and emotional child abuse (P < 0.001). The results showed that lower levels of family socioeconomic status had significant effects on neglect (P = 0.006) and emotional child abuse (P = 0.003). Conclusions: Among the studied children, 73.8% declared at least one type of child abuse. It seems that the prevalence of neglect increased among school-aged children compared to previous studies from Iran. The low socioeconomic status of the family is significantly related to child abuse. Family physicians and school counselors play important roles in identifying and reporting child abuse and neglect. Therefore, they should be more involved in the prevention of child abuse.
Anti-melanogenic Activities of Different Extracts from Pistacia atlantica subsp. Kurdica
Authors: Taleghani Akram , Eghbali Samira , Shokouhnam Parisa , Emami Seyed Ahmad , Farhadi Faegheh , Asili Javad , Hasanzadeh Samira , Tayarani-Najaran Zahra
Published: March 2021

Background: Pistacia is a genus of flowering plants from the Anacardiaceae family that grows in different parts of Iran. This genus has different pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the anti-melanogenic effect of different extracts and essential oil from unripe fruits of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica on B16F10 cell line. Methods: The inhibitory effect was determined on the synthesis of melanin, cellular tyrosinase, mushroom tyrosinase activity, and oxidative stress by the colorimetric and fluorometric methods. Results: The data showed that all different concentrations of various P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica extracts had no cytotoxic effect on B16F10 cells compared to the control group. Kojic acid as positive control had significant decreasing effects on tyrosinase activity, melanin content, and ROS production (P < 0.001). Different concentrations of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica extracts decreased all measured parameters, including cellular tyrosinase and melanin content, as well as ROS production. Also, the essential oil concentration had no significant effect in this study. The major essential oil components were α-pinene 60.1%, myrcene 8.0%, and β-pinene 5.2%. Conclusions: The melanogenesis inhibitory and antioxidant effects of P. atlantica subsp. Kurdica on B16F10 cells may suggest this plant as a new pharmaceutical agent in reducing skin pigment and aging in the cosmetic industry.
Orthodox currency board and currency boards of the second generation: Operational aspects
Authors: Vitomir Jelena , Lazić Đorđe
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a survey was conducted in five countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania and Hong Kong, whose monetary systems apply the currency board as a monetary policy regime. The research was conducted in the period from 1995 to 2018. The research is based on the use and analysis of Central Bank laws for each of these countries. The key points analyzed in each law are the legal basis and monetary operations. On the basis of exploratory research and comparative analysis of key points, it was found that significant differences appear in the mentioned monetary systems, which function in the currency board. The differences arise from the legal bases in the operational aspects of the application of monetary operations. Precisely on the basis of these differences, which are the facts defined in certain laws, the conclusion is that today we can rightfully talk about two types of currency boards, ie orthodox currency boards and second generation currency boards.
Selecting native entomopathogenic fungi against Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) in the laboratory
Authors: Garrido Pérez Junior Steve , Paredes-Espinosa Richard , Egoávil Jump Giannfranco , Aguirre Gil Oniel Jeremias
Published: March 2021

The objective of this study was to select native isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against adult Cosmopolites sordidus in laboratory conditions. Four isolates of Beauveria bassiana, two isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae, and two isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus were tested against C. sordidus. The entomopathogenic fungi that resulted in mortality rates over 50% were M. anisopliae (MA-CsCha and MA-Carabid) and B. bassiana (BB-CsCha and BB-CsLp). The most virulent isolates were MA-CsCha, BB-CsCha, and MA-Carabid with median lethal times (LT50) of 4.82, 5.4, and 5.79 days, respectively. In conclusion, the MA-CsCha, BB-CsCha, MA-Carabid, and BB-CsLp isolates are viable candidates to be tested in banana fields.
Encounter Metrics and Exposure Notification
Authors: Peralta René , Robinson Angela
Published: March 2021

We discuss the measurement of aggregate levels of encounters in a population, a
concept we callencounter metrics. Encounter metricsare designed so that they can be
deployed while preserving the privacy of individuals. To this end, encounters are
labeled with a randomnumber that cannot be linked to anything that is broadcast at the
time of the encounter. Among the applications of encounter metrics isprivacy-preserving
exposure notification, a system that allows people to obtain a measure of their risk due
to past encounters withpeople who have self-reported to be positive with severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-19), the cause ofcoronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19). The precise engineering of a system for exposure notification should be
targeted to particularenvironments. We outline a system for use in the context of a
workplace such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST).
Le « parler jeune » : une pratique culturelle contemporaine entre identité, représentations et dynamiques interculturelles
Authors: Meli Meli Vivien , Tchoubou Richelle Gnintedem , Nana Karim
Published: March 2021

Si la jeunesse africaine est statistiquement – largement – majoritaire, elle est tout aussi – largement – politiquement minoritaire. En dépit de leur relégation aux places marginales, les jeunes parviennent à se faire remarquer par des constructions sociales inédites. Le « parler jeune », en l’occurrence lecamfranglais, est l’une de ces manières de penser et de faire que les jeunes, dans leur diversité,construisent. À partir d’une approche méthodologique qualitative, portée par la théorie constructiviste bourdieusienne, il est question de comprendre la dynamique d’une pratique linguistique et culturelle (Fleury, 2016) que draine le camfranglais au Cameroun. Le camfranglais, audelà d’une manière des’exprimer, est aussi l’expression d’une dynamique culturelle, dont les jeunes en sont des acteurs majeurs. Il est l’expression d’une hybridation et surtout d’une mixité culturelle, dévoilant aussi la pluralité de la jeunesse, contrairement à l’uniformité qu’on peut lui prêter. Le camfranglais, en milieux jeunes, est porteur d’indices de rupture avec les clivages des langues officielles et nationales. Il offre aussi des facilités de communication en lien avec des tabous, notamment sexuels. Le parler jeune, comme le camfranglais en tant que marque identitaire, est le miroir des sociétés contemporaines, mais aussi le reflet d’une jeunesse en quête d’elle-même dans une société oppressante.
The Presence of Chemical Cross-Linking Stabilises HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Antigens in a Model of Intramuscular Immunisation
Authors: Farache Trajano Luiza , Moore Rebecca , Sattentau Quentin
Published: March 2021

Background: The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the target of antigen design for antibody- based vaccination. In 2019, four trimeric Env vaccines entered an experimental trial: ConM, ConS, and their cross-linked counterparts. The trimers were formulated with MPLA adjuvant. Studies have demonstrated that adjuvants trigger neutrophil infiltration. Neutrophils activate and degranulate releasing proteases, namely elastase and cathepsinG. Aims: To assess the stability and immunogenicity of these vaccines in the presence of adjuvant- recruited neutrophils and their proteolytic enzymes. Methods: Trimers were incubated with commercially-sourced proteases. To analyse stability, samples were reduced, denatured and separated using gel electrophoresis. To assess antibody binding, a trimer-protease incubation was followed by an ELISA. To establish more physiologically relevant conditions, harvested neutrophils were exposed to various adjuvants. The supernatant, shown to contain elastase, was incubated alongside the vaccines. The reducing and denaturing gels, as well as the ELISA, was repeated. Results: Gel analysis revealed that un-crosslinked trimers underwent significant digestion whereas cross-linking conferred enhanced stability. In the presence of neutrophil-sourced protease-containing-supernatant, trimers displayed resistance to digestion. The differential stability profile of Env trimers when exposed to commercially sourced compared to supernatant- derived proteases may be due to the inhibitory effect of human serum on elastase. Antibody epitopes were maintained in vitro. Conclusion: The vaccine antigens are sensitive to enzymatic degradation. This is reduced by cross-linking and human serum.
COL1A1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in lung cancer
Authors: Geng Qishun , Shen Zhibo , Li Lifeng , Zhao Jie
Published: March 2021

Objective

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the top ten malignant tumors and the first leading cause of cancer-related death among both men and women worldwide. It is imperative to identify immune-related biomarkers for early LC diagnosis and treatment.

Methods

Three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were selected to acquire the differentially expressed genes(DEGs) between LC and normal lung samples through GEO2R tools of NCBI. To identify hub genes, the DEGs were performed functional enrichment analysis, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and Lasso regression. Then, a nomogram was constructed to predict the prognosis of patients with carcinoma based on hub genes. We further evaluated the influence of COL1A1 on clinical prognosis using GSE3141, GSE31210, and TCGA database. Also, the correlations between COL1A1 and cancer immune infiltrates and the B7-CD28 family was investigated via TIMER and GEPIA. Further analysis of immunohistochemistry shown that the COL1A1 expression level is positively correlated with CD276 expression level.

Results

By difference analysis, there were 340 DEGs between LC and normal lung samples. Then, we picked out seven hub genes, which were identified as components of the risk signature to divide LC into low and high-risk groups. Among them, the expression of COL1A1 is highly correlated with overall survival(OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.05). Importantly, there is a moderate to strong positive relationships between COL1A1 expression level and infiltration level of CD4+ T cells, Macrophage, Neutrophil, and Dendritic cell, as well as CD276 expression level.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that COL1A1 is correlated with prognosis and immune infiltrating levels, including CD4+ T cells, Macrophage, Neutrophil, and Dendritic cell, as well as CD276 expression level, indicating COL1A1 can be a potential immunity-related biomarker and therapeutic target in LC.
INTERAÇÃO E EFICÁCIA DE MISTURAS EM TANQUE DOS HERBICIDAS SAFLUFENACIL E GLYPHOSATE
Authors: Presoto Jéssica Cursino , Andrade Jeisiane De Fátima , Carvalho Saul Jorge Pinto de
Published: March 2021

O uso repetitivo do herbicida glyphosate e em elevadas doses tem selecionado biótipos de plantas daninhas resistentes, além de favorecer à seleção de plantas tolerantes ao mesmo. A solução mais comum nestes casos é a inclusão de herbicidas alternativos no sistema de produção, aplicados de forma isolada ou misturados em tanque. Desta forma, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e a interação de misturas de saflufenacil com o herbicida glyphosate para controle de plantas daninhas. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos independentes, avaliando-se duas espécies de plantas daninhas, uma monocotiledônea (capim-amargoso - Digitaria insularis) e uma dicotiledônea (corda-de-viola - Ipomoea triloba). Os tratamentos constaram de esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro doses do herbicida glyphosate (0, 360, 720 e 1.080 g e.a. ha-1) e quatro doses do herbicida saflufenacil (0, 21, 42 e 63 g ha-1). Em ambos os trabalhos se adotou delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso e cinco repetições. Dentre as combinações testadas, a mistura foi considerada aditiva para o capim-amargoso e para a corda-de-viola. Estas misturas foram consideradas importantes ferramentas para controle de plantas daninhas resistentes e tolerantes nos sistemas de produção, sendo o saflufenacil uma excelente molécula a ser utilizada em acompanhamento ao herbicida glyphosate.
A Flexible Mott Synaptic Transistor for Nociceptor Simulation and Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Deng Xing , Wang Si‐Qi , Liu Yu‐Xiang , Zhong Ni , He Yu‐Hui , Peng Hui , Xiang Ping‐Hua , Duan Chun‐Gang
Published: March 2021

Designing transparent flexible electronics with multi‐biological neuronal functions and superior flexibility is a key step to establish wearable artificial intelligence equipment. Here, a flexible ionic gel‐gated VO2 Mott transistor is developed to simulate the functions of the biological synapse. Short‐term and long‐term plasticity of the synapse are realized by the volatile electrostatic carrier accumulation and nonvolatile proton‐doping modulation, respectively. With the achievement of multi‐essential synaptic functions, an important sensory neuron, nociceptor, is perfectly simulated in our synaptic transistors with all key characteristics of threshold, relaxation, and sensitization. More importantly, this synaptic transistor exhibits high tolerance to the bending deformation, and the cycle‐to‐cycle variations of multi‐conductance states in potentiation and depression properties are maintained within 4%. This superior stability further indicates that our flexible device is suitable for neuromorphic computing. Simulation results demonstrate that high recognition accuracy of handwritten digits (>95%) can be achieved in a convolution neural network built from these synaptic transistors. The transparent and flexible Mott transistor based on electrically‐controlled VO2 metal‐insulator transition is believed to open up alternative approaches to developing highly stable synapses for future flexible neuromorphic systems.
Scalable 3D Self‐Assembly of MXene Films for Flexible Sandwich and Microsized Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhao Zifang , Wang Shuai , Wan Fang , Tie Zhiwei , Niu Zhiqiang
Published: March 2021

The self‐assembly of large‐area MXene films is the main step to realize their applications in various energy storage devices. However, the scalable self‐assembly of flexible thin MXene films with high conductivity as well as excellent mechanical and electrochemical properties is still a challenge. Herein, a synchronous reduction and self‐assembly strategy to fabricate flexible MXene films is developed, where MXene films are synchronously reduced and self‐assembled on the Zn foil surface. Furthermore, the self‐assembly of MXene films can be scaled up by controlling the area of Zn substrates. By adjusting the patterns of Zn substrates, the interdigital MXene patterns can also be obtained via a selectively reducing/assembling process. The resultant MXene films demonstrate high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, and excellent mechanical properties. Thus they can serve as the electrodes of flexible supercapacitor devices directly. As a proof of concept, flexible sandwich and microsized supercapacitors are designed based on the above MXene film electrodes. Both sandwich and microsized supercapacitors display stable electrochemical performance under various bending states. This study provides a route to achieve large‐area MXene‐based films or microsized structures for applications in the field of energy storage.
Recent Advances in Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cycloaddition Reactions Through Ortho‐Quinone Methide Scaffolds
Authors: Ma Yu‐Hong , He Xiao‐Yu , Yang Qing‐Qing , Boucherif Amina , Xuan Jun
Published: March 2021

This review summarizes the very recent advances in organocatalytic asymmetric cycloaddition reactions involving ortho‐quinone methides (o‐QMs), a family of versatile species that have proven useful in a broad range of reactions to afford diverse chiral molecules. In the past years, different kinds of organocatalysts have been developed into a privileged class of catalytic systems in asymmetric synthesis. A number of remarkable achievements have been made by many groups around the world. Due to length limitation, this review only summarizes those works published from January 2016 to December 2020. Meanwhile, catalytic systems which combine metal catalysts and organocatalysts will not be discussed in this review.
Adapting in the Arctic: Habitual activity and landscape interaction in Late Holocene hunter‐gatherers from Alaska
Authors: Temple Daniel H. , Rosa Emily R. , Hunt David R. , Ruff Christopher B.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

This study compares lower limb diaphyseal robusticity between Native Alaskan hunter‐gatherers to reconstruct patterns of mobility and engagement with terrain.

Materials and methods

Ancestral remains included in this study date between 600 and 1800 C.E. and were divided into three regions: Coastal Bay, Far North Coastal, and Inland/Riverine. Cross‐sectional properties were determined at femoral and tibial midshafts and standardized by powers of body mass and bone length.

Results

Consistently elaevated areas and second moments of area were found in ancestral remains from the Far North Coastal, while the Coastal Bay remains had reduced diaphyseal robusticity. Individuals from the Inland/Riverine region were intermediate in robusticity for male femora, but similar to the Coastal Bay group for females. Sexual dimorphism was greatest in the Inland/Riverine ancestral remains and comparable between Coastal Bay and Far North Coastal regions.

Conclusions

Ancestral remains from the Far North Coastal region have the greatest diaphyseal robusticity in response to intensive hunting and travel over rugged terrain. Reduced sexual dimorphism in the Far North Coastal region suggest female participation in hunting activities. Intermediate diaphyseal robusticity among Inland/Riverine males and increased sexual dimorphism reflects diverse patterns of mobility in relation to the hunting cycle between males and females. Reduced diaphyseal robusticity and sexual dimorphism among the Coastal Bay group is associated with sedentary villages established around net fishing in regions with low relief. Such findings argue against technocentric views of sedentism in hunter‐gatherer lifeways and generally reflect diverse adaptive strategies and interaction with local terrain among Indigenous Late Holocene hunter‐gatherers of Alaska.
A Guidebook to Arbitrating Disputes Involving Blockchains and Smart Agreements
Authors: Michaelson Peter L. , Jeskie Sandra A.
Published: March 2021

Blockchain‐based distributed ledgers, referred to here as Blockchain Ledgers, provide an immutable, secure, and tamper‐evident alternative to conventional transactional modalities, one which also yields enhanced accountability, traceability, and transparency.
Dynamical Quantum Phase Transitions in the 1D Nonintegrable Spin‐1/2 Transverse Field XZZ Model
Authors: Cheraghi Hadi , Mahdavifar Saeed
Published: March 2021

Using the Jordan–Wigner mean‐field (JW‐MF) approach, the dynamical quantum phase transition (DQPT) in the 1D spin‐1/2 XZZ model is studied, where the presence of the transverse magnetic field breaks the U(1) symmetry of the Hamiltonian and leads to loss of integrability. In the time evolution of the rate function, three kinds of behaviors will emerge: regular and irregular nonanalytic, and also regular analytic. Examples are given where the rate function shows the regular analytic can appear albeit a quench is crossed from a quantum critical point (QCP) and examples where the irregular nonanalyticity behaviors can arise in both quenching into the same phase and exceeded from a QCP. All the regular nonanalyticity behaviors at periodic instants happen when quenches cross from a QCP. In order to achieve a confirmation on our results, the long‐time average of the rate function is determined and show the occurrence of the nonequilibrium quantum phase transitions exactly at the QCPs and hence disclose the JW‐MF approach qualitatively works very well.
Ein neuer Aufbau zur Untersuchung der Struktur und Funktion von solvatisierten, lyophilisierten und kristallinen Metalloenzymen – veranschaulicht anhand von [NiFe]‐Hydrogenasen
Authors: Lorent Christian , Pelmenschikov Vladimir , Frielingsdorf Stefan , Schoknecht Janna , Caserta Giorgio , Yoda Yoshitaka , Wang Hongxin , Tamasaku Kenji , Lenz Oliver , Cramer Stephen P. , Horch Marius , Lauterbach Lars , Zebger Ingo
Published: March 2021

Zur Untersuchung von Metalloenzymen haben wir einen Aufbau für die Präparation katalytischer Intermediate und deren anschließende Charakterisierung mit spektroskopischen Techniken entwickelt. Mit diesem können Redoxreaktionen in Enzymen in Form von Lyophilisat, gelöst oder als Kristall in einem großen Temperaturbereich IR‐spektroskopisch in situ verfolgt werden. Zwei sauerstofftolerante [NiFe]‐Hydrogenasen wurden als Modellenzyme untersucht. Zunächst wurde der Aufbau zur Herstellung von komprimiertem Lyophilisat einer Hydrogenase in einem paramagnetischen Zustand mit verbrückendem Hydrid genutzt. Dies erleichterte die Charakterisierung durch57Fe‐kernresonante inelastische Streuung und erlaubte es, in Kombination mit DFT, die schwingungsspektroskopischen Merkmale dieses katalytischen Intermediats zu detektieren. Der In‐situ‐IR‐Aufbau lieferte zusammen mit Resonanz‐Raman‐Untersuchungen auch Einblicke in die Redoxchemie von Proteinkristallen. Eine Ergänzung röntgenkristallographischer Daten durch komplementäre spektroskopische Analysen ist daher essentiell.
Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Uncovers Guest‐Induced Distortions in a Supramolecular Organometallic Metallosquare
Authors: Vicent Cristian , Martinez‐Agramunt Victor , Gandhi Viraj , Larriba‐Andaluz Carlos , Gusev Dmitry G. , Peris Eduardo
Published: March 2021

The encapsulation of the tetracationic palladium metallosquare with four pyrene‐bis‐imidazolylidene ligands [1]4+with a series of organic molecules was studied by Electrospray ionization Travelling Wave Ion‐Mobility Mass Spectrometry (ESI TWIM‐MS). The method allowed to determine the Collision Cross Sections (CCSs), which were used to assess the size changes experienced by the host upon encapsulation of the guest molecules. When fullerenes were used as guests, the host is expanded ΔCCS 13 Å2and 23 Å2, for C60or C70, respectively. The metallorectangle [1]4+was also used for the encapsulation of a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (NTCDI), to form complexes of formula [(NTCDI)2(PAH)@1]4+. For these host:guest adducts, the ESI IM‐MS studies revealed that [1]4+is expanded by 47–49 Å2.. The energy‐minimized structures of [1]4+, [C60@1]4+, [C70@1]4+, [(NTCDI)2(corannulene)@1]4+in the gas phase were obtained by DFT calculations.Introduction
25 Jahre retikuläre Chemie
Authors: Freund Ralph , Canossa Stefano , Cohen Seth M. , Yan Wei , Deng Hexiang , Guillerm Vincent , Eddaoudi Mohamed , Madden David G. , Fairen‐Jimenez David , Lyu Hao , Macreadie Lauren K. , Ji Zhe , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Bo , Haase Frederik , Wöll Christof , Zaremba Orysia , Andreo Jacopo , Wuttke Stefan , Diercks Christian S.
Published: March 2021

Im Wesentlichen hat die retikuläre Chemie die Präzision und Expertise der organischen und anorganischen Synthese auf den festen Zustand übertragen. Während die anfängliche Aufregung über Metall‐organische Gerüstverbindungen (MOFs) und kovalente organische Gerüstverbindungen (COFs) zweifellos durch ihre beispiellose Porosität und Oberfläche befeuert wurde, war die tiefgreifendste wissenschaftliche Innovation des Feldes die Ausarbeitung von Designstrategien für die Synthese von erweiterten kristallinen Festkörpern durch starke gerichtete Bindungen. In diesem Aufsatz beleuchten wir die verschiedenen Klassen von retikulären Materialien, die entwickelt worden sind, wie solche Gerüstverbindungen funktionalisiert werden können und wie Komplexität in ihr Grundgerüst eingeführt werden kann. Schließlich zeigen wir, wie die strukturelle Kontrolle über diese Materialien von der molekularen Skala über ihre Kristallmorphologie und Form auf der Nanoskala bis hin zu ihrer Gestaltung auf der Bulk‐Skala erweitert wird.
Structural and Functional Analyses of the Tridomain‐Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase FmoA3 for 4‐Methyloxazoline Ring Formation
Authors: Katsuyama Yohei , Sone Kaoru , Harada Ayaka , Kawai Seiji , Urano Naoki , Adachi Naruhiko , Moriya Toshio , Kawasaki Masato , Shin‐ya Kazuo , Senda Toshiya , Ohnishi Yasuo
Published: March 2021

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are attractive targets for bioengineering to generate useful peptides. FmoA3 is a single modular NRPS composed of heterocyclization (Cy), adenylation (A), and peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) domains. It uses α‐methyl‐l‐serine to synthesize a 4‐methyloxazoline ring, probably with another Cy domain in the preceding module FmoA2. Here, we determined the head‐to‐tail homodimeric structures of FmoA3 by X‐ray crystallography (apo‐form, with adenylyl‐imidodiphosphate and α‐methyl‐l‐seryl‐AMP) and cryogenic electron microscopy single particle analysis, and performed site‐directed mutagenesis experiments. The data revealed that α‐methyl‐l‐serine can be accommodated in the active site because of the extra space around Ala688. The Cy domains of FmoA2 and FmoA3 catalyze peptide bond formation and heterocyclization, respectively. FmoA3’s Cy domain seems to lose its donor PCP binding activity. The collective data support a proposed catalytic cycle of FmoA3.
Halide Replacement with Complete Preservation of Crystal Lattice in Mixed‐Anion Lanthanide Oxyhalides
Authors: Udayakantha Malsha , Handy Joseph V. , Davidson Rachel D. , Kaur Jagjit , Villalpando Graciela , Zuin Lucia , Chakraborty Sudip , Banerjee Sarbajit
Published: March 2021

A challenge in anion control in periodic solids is to preserve the crystal lattice while substituting for different anions of widely varying size and hardness. Post‐synthetic modification routes that place cations or anions in non‐equilibrium configurations are promising; however, such methods remain relatively unexplored for anion placement. Here, we report the synthesis of LaOI nanocrystals by a non‐hydrolytic sol‐gel condensation reaction and their transformation into LaOBr, LaOCl, and LaOF nanocrystals along hard–soft acid–base principles using post‐synthetic metathesis reactions with ammonium halides. Anion displacement proceeds along halide planes, preserving the tetragonal matlockite structure. Energy‐variant X‐ray excited optical luminesce signatures of alloyed Tb3+‐ions is a sensitive quantum reporter of the preservation of the cation sublattice and hardening of the crystal structure upon anion replacement.
Bicyclic β‐Sheet Mimetics that Target the Transcriptional Coactivator β‐Catenin and Inhibit Wnt Signaling
Authors: Wendt Mathias , Bellavita Rosa , Gerber Alan , Efrém Nina‐Louisa , van Ramshorst Thirza , Pearce Nicholas M. , Davey Paul R. J. , Everard Isabel , Vazquez‐Chantada Mercedes , Chiarparin Elisabetta , Grieco Paolo , Hennig Sven , Grossmann Tom N.
Published: March 2021

Protein complexes are defined by the three‐dimensional structure of participating binding partners. Knowledge about these structures can facilitate the design of peptidomimetics which have been applied for example, as inhibitors of protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Even though β‐sheets participate widely in PPIs, they have only rarely served as the basis for peptidomimetic PPI inhibitors, in particular when addressing intracellular targets. Here, we present the structure‐based design of β‐sheet mimetics targeting the intracellular protein β‐catenin, a central component of the Wnt signaling pathway. Based on a protein binding partner of β‐catenin, a macrocyclic peptide was designed and its crystal structure in complex with β‐catenin obtained. Using this structure, we designed a library of bicyclic β‐sheet mimetics employing a late‐stage diversification strategy. Several mimetics were identified that compete with transcription factor binding to β‐catenin and inhibit Wnt signaling in cells. The presented design strategy can support the development of inhibitors for other β‐sheet‐mediated PPIs.
Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance Using a Co3O4@Co3S4 Nanocomposite on Reduced Graphene Oxide/Ni Foam Electrodes
Authors: Ansarinejad Hanieh , Shabani‐Nooshabadi Mehdi , Ghoreishi Sayed Mehdi
Published: March 2021

To avoid an enormous energy crisis in the not‐too‐distant future, it be emergent to establish high‐performance energy storage devices such as supercapacitors. For this purpose, a three‐dimensional (3D) heterostructure of Co3O4 and Co3S4 on nickel foam (NF) that is covered by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been prepared by following a facile multistep method. At first, rGO nanosheets are deposited on NF under mild hydrothermal conditions to increase the surface area. Subsequently, nanowalls of cobalt oxide are electro‐deposited on rGO/Ni foam by applying cyclic‐voltammetry (CV) under optimized conditions. Finally, for the synthesis of Co3O4@Co3S4 nanocomposite, the nanostructure of Co3S4 was fabricated from Co3O4 nanowalls on rGO/NF by following an ordinary hydrothermal process through the sulfurization for the electrochemical application. The samples are characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained sample delivers a high capacitance of 13.34 F cm−2 (5651.24 F g−1) at a current density of 6 mA cm−2 compared to the Co3O4/rGO/NF electrode with a capacitance of 3.06 F cm−2 (1230.77 F g−1) at the same current density. The proposed electrode illustrates the superior electrochemical performance such as excellent specific energy density of 85.68 W h Kg−1, specific power density of 6048.03 W kg−1 and a superior cycling performance (86% after 1000 charge/discharge cycles at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1). Finally, by using Co3O4 @Co3S4/rGO/NF and the activated carbon‐based electrode as positive and negative electrodes, respectively, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device was assembled. The fabricated ASC provides an appropriate specific capacitance of 79.15 mF cm−2 at the applied current density of 1 mA cm−2, and delivered an energy density of 0.143 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 5.42 W kg−1.
Rapid optimization of processes for the integrated purification of biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Crowell Laura E. , Rodriguez Sergio A. , Love Kerry R. , Cramer Steven M. , Love J. Christopher
Published: March 2021

Straight‐through chromatography, wherein the eluate from one column passes directly onto another column without adjustment, is one strategy to integrate and intensify manufacturing processes for biologics. Development and optimization of such straight‐through chromatographic processes is a challenge, however. Conventional high‐throughput screening methods optimize each chromatographic step independently, with limited consideration for the connectivity of steps. Here, we demonstrate a method for the development and optimization of fully integrated, multi‐column processes for straight‐through purification. Selection of resins was performed using an in silico tool for the prediction of processes for straight‐through purification based on a one‐time characterization of host‐cell proteins combined with the chromatographic behavior of the product. A two‐step optimization was then conducted to determine the buffer conditions that maximized yield while minimizing process‐ and product‐related impurities. This optimization of buffer conditions included a series of range‐finding experiments on each individual column, similar to conventional screening, followed by the development of a statistical model for the fully integrated, multi‐column process using design of experiments. We used this methodology to develop and optimize integrated purification processes for a single‐domain antibody and a cytokine, obtaining yields of 88% and 86%, respectively, with process‐ and product‐related variants reduced to phase‐appropriate levels for nonclinical material.
Equity through innovation in teaching and learning: A student‐centered approach to systemwide implementation of direct assessment CBE
Authors: Lowe Aisha , Leal‐Carrillo Nadia , Guiney Chantee , Diaz Amparo
Published: March 2021

The California Community Colleges (CCC) system has adopted an equity‐imperative approach to systemic reforms. As part of this effort, and to meet the state's workforce demands of the future, the system has focused on better serving the needs of adult learners, those between the ages of 25 and 64 with some college but no degree. The current impact of COVID‐19 has exacerbated the inequitable learning experiences of minoritized students and has forced the system to reimagine teaching and learning, with urgency. With a heightened focus on access, persistence, and the success of CCC students, direct assessment competency‐based education (CBE) through self‐paced learning, high‐touch and high‐tech student support is a clear next step in the evolution of teaching and learning to meet the needs of adult learners. This paper discusses the impetus for such innovation and the CCC system's effort to add direct assessment CBE to its educational offerings.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Catalyzed by 3,4‐Toluenedithiolate Nickel Complexes of Bis(diphenylphosphine)amine Ligand Containing An Azahydrophilic Group
Authors: Li Tao , Xie Bin , Zhang Dongliang , Lai Chuan , Li Xiaolong , Mou Wenyu , Cao Jiaxi , Bai Xiaoxue , Chen Luo
Published: March 2021

Two 3,4‐toluenedithiolate nickel complexes of bis(diphenylphosphine)amine ligand containing an azahydrophilic group, [(CH3)2N(CH2)2N(PPh2)2Ni(tdt)] (1) and [(CH3)2N+Bz(CH2)2N(PPh2)2Ni(tdt)] Br− (2) (tdt=3,4‐toluenedithiolate, Bz=PhCH2), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopy (FTIR, UV‐vis, 1H, and 31P{1H} NMR). The electrochemical property of 1 and 2 was investigated in MeCN and MeCN/H2O, respectively. The redox potentials of 1 and 2 are shifted to less‐negative potentials as the water contents increase in MeCN/H2O, in which the first reduction potentials for 1 and 2 are shifted positively by 160 and 140 mV in 7 : 3 MeCN/H2O in compassion to neat MeCN. 1 and 2 exhibit the electrocatalysis for hydrogen (H2) evolution using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the proton source both in MeCN and in MeCN/H2O. Remarkably, 1 and 2 display favorable energetics towards electrocatalytic proton reduction in the presence of water, and the more hydrophilic quaternary ammonium group is beneficial to enhance the catalytic activity for 2. A CEEC (C is a chemical step protonation and E is the electrochemical step reduction) electrocatalytic mechanism for hydrogen production by 1 was proposed in MeCN, where the catalyst 1 firstly undergo rapidly protonation at the coordinating S1 atom in the tdt ligand to generate intermediate [NiIIS1‐H]+ before undergoing reduction, and the reduction of [NiIIS1‐H]+ yields a key metal hydride species, [NiIII‐H]. Theoretical calculations carried out using density functional theory (DFT) which is consistent with the proposed catalytic reaction mechanism for 1.
Modeling of the Pervaporation for Dehydration of Dimethyl Aminoethyl Azide by Ceramic Composite Membranes
Authors: Alikamar Mitra Rezaei , Pakdehi Shahram G.
Published: March 2021

Pervaporation as a membrane process is applied for dehydration of organic mixtures. The performance of a composite ceramic membrane was assessed in the pervaporation process for dehydration of dimethyl aminoethyl azide (DMAZ) solution under different operational conditions. The system behavior was modeled, and the model solved numerically with the finite element method via COMSOL software. Good verification in experimental and modeling results was observed with calculated errors of less than 2 %.
Preparation and Properties of Benzylsulfonyl‐Containing Silicone Copolymers via Ring‐opening Copolymerization of Macroheterocyclosiloxane and Cyclosiloxane
Authors: Guo Mengdong , Huang Yue , Chen Zhongkai , Zhang Yangping , Zhang Ya , Zhu Mingquan , Zhang Jie , Feng Shengyu
Published: March 2021

Ring‐opening copolymerization (ROCP) of benzylsulfonyl macroheterocyclosiloxane (BSM) and five different cyclosiloxanes was systematically investigated. A general approach for the synthesis of benzylsulfonyl‐containing silicone copolymers with various substituents, including methyl, vinyl, ethyl, and phenyl, was developed herein. A series of copolymers with variable incorporation (from 6 % to 82 %) of BSM were obtained by modifying the comonomer feed ratio and using KOH as the catalyst in a mixed solvent of dimethylformamide and toluene. The obtained copolymers exhibited various composition‐dependent properties and unique viscoelasticity. Notably, the surface and fluorescent characteristics as well as the glass transition temperatures of the copolymers could be tailored by varying the amount of BSM. Unlike typical sulfone‐containing polymers, such as poly(olefin sulfone)s, the prepared copolymers displayed excellent thermal and hydrolytic stability. The universal strategy developed in the present study provides a platform for the design of innovative silicone copolymers with adjustable structures and performance.