bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Dispersion Compensation Techniques for Real-Time up to 160 Gbit/s DWDM C-Band Transmission
Authors: Salgals Toms , Supe Andis , Bobrovs Vjaceslavs , Porins Jurgis , Spolitis Sandis
Published: April 2020

The exponential growth of data traffic related to the progress of newest technologies (e.g., 4K/8K live stream videos, virtual reality (VR) applications, etc.), new services, and a fast-growing number of end-users require higher bandwidth and increase of user bitrate, as a result pushing hard the telecommunication infrastructure for upgrading. Expected usage of more complex modulation formats in fiber optical link infrastructure for cellular network transmission and data center interconnections (DCI) are still affected with fundamental chromatic dispersion influence on the signal quality, which consequently increases bit error rate (BER). We experimentally demonstrate a real-time comparison of commercially used dispersion compensation techniques for 100 GHz spaced dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) optical transmission system with a total transmission speed capacity of 160 Gbit/s.
Rückabwicklung von gemeinsamen Einrichtungen
Authors: Brandt Annika
Published: April 2020

Die Arbeit untersucht die Möglichkeiten und Risiken einer zivilrechtlichen, vor allem bereicherungsrechtlichen, Rückabwicklung von gemeinsamen Einrichtungen der Tarifvertragsparteien. Dazu wird die Fehleranfälligkeit dieses Rechtsinstituts herausgearbeitet.

Ausgangspunkt sind die Beschlüsse des BAG vom 21.9.2016 und 25.1.2017, mit denen die Allgemeinverbindlicherklärungen von Tarifverträgen über gemeinsame Einrichtungen im Baugewerbe (SOKA-BAU) für unwirksam erklärt wurden. Der Gesetzgeber hat darauf mit dem Erlass des SoKaSiG reagiert. Die dagegen bestehenden verfassungsrechtlichen Bedenken werden in der Arbeit dargelegt und bewertet. Der Schutzzweck der SOKA-BAU erfordert dabei eine gesellschaftspolitische Betrachtung.

Das komplexe Gefüge der gemeinsamen Einrichtung verlangt neben der Befassung mit den bereicherungs-rechtlichen Themenkomplexen, maßgeblich der Entreicherung nach § 818 Abs. 3 BGB, die Auseinandersetzung mit den verschiedenen Gesellschaftsformen als mögliche Rechtsträger.
Sicherheit als Argument im Vergaberecht
Authors: Voll Maximilian
Published: April 2020

Inwieweit und unter welchen Voraussetzungen können staatliche Verteidigungs- und Sicherheitsinteressen Ausnahmen von vergaberechtlichen Vorgaben rechtfertigen? Die vorliegende Arbeit beantwortet diese Frage rechsebenenübergreifend auf Grundlage einer Analyse des potentiellen Konflikts zwischen staatlichen Geheimhaltungsinteressen und den vergaberechtlichen Vorgaben zur wettbewerblichen, transparenten und nichtdiskriminierenden Auftragsvergabe. Dabei bietet die Untersuchung zugleich einen Überblick über die Anwendungsvoraussetzungen und die wesentlichen Besonderheiten des durch die Richtlinie 2009/81/EG eingeführten Sondervergaberechts für verteidigungs- und sicherheitsspezifische öffentliche Aufträge und zeigt Unstimmigkeiten im geltenden Recht sowie praxisorientierte Lösungsmöglichkeiten auf.
Use of Low-dose Chest CT Scan in the Evaluation of Breast Composition According to the Recommendations of BI-RADS Atlas-Fifth Edition
Authors: Ao Feng , Liu Xueguo , Liang Mingzhu , Gao Jiebing
Published: April 2020

Background: Breast cancer and lung cancer are the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in women. Computed tomography (CT) plays an important role in lung cancer examination but an unidentified role in breast examination. Objectives: To investigate the feasibility of breast composition categorization according to the fifth edition of Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) atlas in low-dose CT screening. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study completed in The 5th Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China. We collected the imaging data of 57 women, who underwent low-dose chest CT scan and mammography within one week from 1st October 2013 to 31st March 2015. Two radiologists independently interpreted the mammograms and chest CT scans and classified the breast composition into categories a, b, c, and d. We also summarized the distribution of breast composition categories by collecting, observing, and classifying the chest CT scans from 1916 female examinees from 1st October 2013 to 31st March 2016. Results: Excellent agreement was observed between the two radiologists, using both low-dose CT scan (κ = 0.91) and mammography (κ = 0.86). Agreement between low-dose chest CT scan and mammography was moderate for radiologist A (κ = 0.50) and radiologist B (κ = 0.43). More breasts were classified in categories a and b on the chest CT scan compared to mammography according to both radiologist A (P < 0.01) and radiologist B (P < 0.01). The proportion of non-dense breast tissues (categories a & b) increased with advancing age, while the proportion of dense breast tissues (categories c & d) decreased (P < 0.05). With advancing age, the probability of non-dense breasts increased, while the probability of dense breasts decreased. Conclusions: Based on the findings, it is feasible to categorize breast composition using low-dose chest CT. In the older age group, the probability of non-dense breasts increased.
Salvage of Suboptimal Enhancement of Pulmonary Artery in Pulmonary CT Angiography Studies: Rapid kVp Switch Dual Energy CT Experience
Authors: Bayraktaroglu Selen , Cinkooglu Akın , Ceylan Naim , Savas Recep
Published: April 2020

Background: Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography is considered as the gold standard imaging modality in the evaluation of acute pulmonary embolism. Optimum vascular enhancement is critical for MDCT studies. The suboptimal opacification in pulmonary artery could be salvaged using low-energy virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) at rapid kVp switch dual energy CT. Objectives: To explore the potential improvement in pulmonary artery opacification and to assess the change in image quality parameters in VMI using fast switch kVp dual energy CT. Patients and Methods: The CT images of 877 patients who were referred with a preliminary diagnosis of pulmonary embolism were reviewed. Sixty patients with suboptimal enhancement (< 200 Hounsfeld Unit [HU]) were involved. Standard images (140 kVp) and VMI from 40 to 120 keV were generated. Attenuation, noise, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) were measured in the pulmonary artery. Using VMIs, the best image was determined as the image with the main pulmonary artery opacification greater than 200 HU and image quality ≥ 3. Fifty six studies that met these criteria were considered as salvaged. At this best energy level, quantitative parameters were compared with standard images. Results: The mean attenuation of pulmonary arteries was 169.80 HU in standard images in patients with suboptimal enhancement. The attenuations of VMIs at 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 keV were significantly higher than standard images (P < 0.001). Similar findings were observed with SNR and CNR. In the salvaged patients, the average increase in mean pulmonary artery attenuation was 62% (from 172.61 ± 23.4 to 280.55 ± 40.7), the average increase in SNR was 38% (from 12.1 ± 5.3 to 16.7 ± 7.1) and the average increase in CNR was 48% (9.2 ± 4.3 to 13.7 ± 6) (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Low keV VMI reconstructions significantly increase pulmonary artery attenuation, CNR and SNR compared to standard image reconstructions. Suboptimal CT studies could be salvaged using low keV VMIs.
Connecting Myself to Indian Residential Schools and the Sixties Scoop
Authors: Salazar Alexa , Crowe-Salazar1 Noela
Published: April 2020

This is a joint work between my Mom and I. It begins with a story passed down to my Mom about my grandfather’s experience at an Indian Residential School. My Mom asks me questions about the story and I respond, learning more as we talk. We ended up writing back and forth to one another over a few days to complete this. I found it very emotional and hard to talk about.

We share this story fully acknowledging it is only one story, and it is shared with the intent for learning. I have heard many people say Residential Schools happened a long time ago. My mom started to share this story several years ago with primarily non-Indigenous social work students to demonstrate how Residential School and the Sixties Scoop impacted the five generations she speaks of in the story. My brother’s first day of school became a much bigger moment for her and my Mushum.

We share this story with deep respect for all the families who were impacted by Residential Schools and the Sixties Scoop. We stand with you and support all of your voices and recognize many of you have lost far more than we have. For all our non-Indigenous family and friends, we share this with respect for you as well, and to foster better understanding and as a step towards reconciliation. This is our truth.
Moving Towards a Language Nest: Stories and Insights from nḱmaplqs
Authors: Chambers Natalie A. , Saddleman Danielle
Published: April 2020

A language nest is an early language learning program for young children from infancy to five years of age. Language nests have the potential to reconnect young Indigenous children to their languages and cultures within the heart of their communities. The first author, a settler scholar and mother and grandmother of language nest children, shares some insights and experiences from her doctoral research with community members who have been involved in developing a language nest in nḱmaplqs, the Head of the Lake Okanagan Indian Band community in Vernon, British Columbia. The second author, an Okanagan Indian Band community member and Language and Culture Lead for her community, describes the language nest in the present day. We offer these stories and words of language nest development to encourage other Indigenous communities who are engaged in their own journeys of reclamation.12
Familial Attendance at Indian Residential School and Subsequent Involvement in the Child Welfare System Among Indigenous Adults Born During the Sixties Scoop Era
Authors: Bombay Amy , McQuaid Robyn J. , Young Janelle , Sinha Vandna , Currie Vanessa , Anisman Hymie , Matheson Kim
Published: April 2020

The health and wellness of Indigenous peoples continue to be impacted by the harmful colonization practices enforced by the Government of Canada. While the long-term health impacts of the Indian Residential School (IRS) system are documented, empirical evidence elucidating the relationship between the IRSs and the risk of offspring experiencing other collective childhood traumas, such as the Sixties Scoop (1950-1990) and the inequities within the child welfare system (CWS), is needed. Through an online study, we explored the links between familial (parents/grandparents) IRS attendance and subsequent involvement in the CWS in a non-representative sample of Indigenous adults in Canada born during the Sixties Scoop era. The final sample comprised 433 adults who self-identified as Status First Nation (52.2%), non-Status First Nation (23.6%), and Métis (24.2%). The study found that adults with a parent who attended IRS were more likely to have spent time in foster care or in a group home during the Sixties Scoop era. They were also more likely to have grown up in a household in which someone used alcohol or other drugs, had a mental illness or a previous suicide attempt, had spent time in prison, had lower mean levels of general household stability, and tended to have lower household economic stability. Moreover, the relationship between parental IRS attendance and foster care was explained, in part (i.e., mediated) by a higher childhood household adversity score. These findings highlight that the intergenerational cycles of household risk introduced by the IRS system contribute to the cycles of childhood adversity and increased risk of spending time within the CWS in Canada. This is the first study among Indigenous adults from across Canada to demonstrate quantitatively that being affected by the CWS during the Sixties Scoop era is linked to intergenerational cycles of risk associated with the IRS system.
La veille à l’INSPQ : une co-construction fructueuse
Authors: Chevrier Julien , Lacourse Mahée
Published: April 2020

Il y a dix ans, un service structuré de soutien à la veille s’est mis en place à l’Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ). Le succès lié à ce service repose essentiellement sur le croisement de l’expertise en santé publique des conseillers scientifiques avec les savoirs méthodologiques et techniques de l’équipe documentaire. Cet article se veut un partage des pratiques d’accompagnement à la veille actuellement en cours à l’INSPQ. À la suite d’informations contextuelles sur l’INSPQ, son équipe documentaire et la vision institutionnelle de la veille, nous y détaillerons nos processus méthodologiques et les outils mobilisés pour bâtir les dispositifs de veille. Ces deux grandes sphères, méthodologiques puis technologiques, sont explorées tour à tour en prenant pour cadre théorique les six étapes de la veille que sont : la planification, le repérage, la collecte, l’analyse et la gestion, la diffusion et l’évaluation.
La conversación digital en torno al hashtag #RespetoAlDolorDeMadre en Panamá
Authors: Acosta Marina , Nevache Claire
Published: April 2020

En Panamá, al igual que en otros países de la región, los grupos conservadores religiosos han conseguido convertirse en verdaderos actores políticos, impidiendo cualquier avance en políticas públicas o normativas relativas a la sexualidad y el género. En este contexto, fue presentado un proyecto de ley “que da identidad a los bebés fallecidos en el vientre materno” propuesto por una diputada de la mayoría parlamentaria, vocera notoria de los grupos conservadores anteriormente mencionados. En las redes sociales se activó la polémica que, a su vez, se polarizó entre cuentas usuarias de la etiqueta #TuNombreMiRecuerdo, a favor del proyecto y #RespetoAlDolorDeMadre, en contra. En este último hashtag, impulsado por activistas feministas, cientos de mujeres compartieron experiencias de sufrimiento por la pérdida de embarazos. El objetivo general de la investigación es analizar la conversación digital en torno al #RespetoAlDolorDeMadre. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, recurrimos al social media mining, realizado con diferentes herramientas de asistencia que se utilizan para extraer y organizar información que no es posible obtener mediante métodos estadísticos convencionales. El estudio se enmarca en los desarrollos teóricos que postulan al espacio digital como una nueva vía de participación donde los actores sociales, también, pueden debatir problemáticas que los afectan. Dentro de los principales hallazgos destacan que la conversación digital registra comunidades agrupadas con conexiones sólidas y conversaciones densas, que las cuentas más retuiteadas pertenecen a activistas feministas y que las cuentas más mencionadas por los/las usuarios/as en sus interacciones corresponden al sistema político.
Hashtivismo feminista en Instagram: #NiñasNoMadres de @actrices.argentinas
Authors: Tarullo Raquel , García Mariana
Published: April 2020

El uso de las redes sociales como herramientas de movilización ha permitido a distintos colectivos feministas sumarse, a partir de distintas performances digitales, a las demandas y protestas políticas que transcurren en el espacio urbano. En este sentido, el hashtivismo feminista como recurso de activismo digital en las conversaciones que circulan en los espacios online ha ampliado las posibilidades de convocatoria a distintos públicos. A partir del caso de la campaña #NiñasNoMadres, protagonizado por @actrices.argentinas en Instagram, este artículo aborda el rol del hashtivismo feminista en esta red social que en Argentina es la favorita de los grupos poblacionales más jóvenes. A partir del análisis de contenido de las publicaciones, este estudio permite ubicar flujos de la narración de microhistorias contenidas en el hashtag, pero en diálogo con lo visual y en un contexto de activismo de celebridades.
Vitamin D Levels and Visual System Measurements in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Abbatemarco Justin R. , Fox Robert J. , Li Hong , Bermel Robert A. , Ontaneda Daniel
Published: April 2020

Background:

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its role in progressive MS has not been elucidated. The objective was to determine the correlation between vitamin D levels and visual parameters in primary progressive MS (PPMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS).

Methods:

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) levels were obtained from the Secondary and Primary Progressive Ibudilast NeuroNEXT Trial in MS (SPRINT-MS). Visual function measurements and vitamin D associations were determined using the Pearson correlation and the generalized linear mixed model.

Results:

The analysis included 258 patients (mean ± SD age of 55.6 ± 7.3 years, 52.7% female, and 52.3% PPMS). Mean vitamin D values were above sufficiency and were similar between PPMS and SPMS (P = .47 and P = .31). There was no association between 25(OH)D3 levels and any visual markers, including peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (Spearman r = −0.08), macular volume (r = −0.03), ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (r = −0.07), and 2.5% low-contrast visual acuity test (r = −0.10). No statistically significant associations between vitamin D levels and visual system measurements were detected in the PPMS and SPMS subgroups.

Conclusions:

Vitamin D levels were not associated with optical coherence tomography findings or low-contrast letter acuity in this group of patients with progressive MS.
Evidence-based Physiotherapy and Functionality in Adult and Pediatric patients with COVID-19
Authors: Silva Cássio Magalhães da Silva e , Andrade Aline do Nascimento , Nepomuceno Balbino , Xavier Daniel Salgado , Lima Eugênia , Gonzalez Iura , Costa Santos Juliana , Esquivel Mateus Souza , Novais Michelli Christina Magalhães , Magalhães Paulo , Almeida Robson da Silva , Gomes Vinícius Afonso , Carvalho Vitor Oliveira , Lima Filho Wiron Correia , Moura Filho Oséas Florêncio de , Gomes Neto Mansueto
Published: April 2020

Introduction: The new corona virus (2019-nCoV OR HCOV-19 or CoV2), has emerged in China as the main cause of viral pneumonia (COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease-19).
Objective: To provide evidence-based Physiotherapy and functionality in patients with adult and pediatric COVID-19.
Methods: This is an integrative literature review using the MedLine / PubMed databases, library of Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDRo).
Results: Part of the patients with covid 19 show signs of respiratory deficiency with hypoxemia, with low severity in children. Impaired functionality is also expected.
Conclusion: COVID-19 causes low pulmonary compliance and important changes in lung function with hypoxemia and cardiovascular repercussions. These changes lead to the need for Physiotherapy and the management of oxygen therapy and ventilatory support (invasive and non-invasive) for these patients.
Envenenamentos ofídicos em uma região da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira
Authors: Câmara Ozianndeny Ferreira , Silva Delcio Damasceno da , Holanda Marlon Negreiros de , Bernarde Paulo Sérgio , Silva Ageane Mota da , Monteiro Wuelton Marcelo , Lima Marcos Venicicus Malveira de , Monteiro Adilson , Wajnsztejn Rubens
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Snakebite accidents are a public health problem and are considered clinical emergencies, what makes studies in high-incidence regions very important.
Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients suffering from snakebite accidents in a region of the Western Amazon, Brazil.
Methods: It is a cross-sectional, retrospective and documentary quantitative approach, from 2015 to 2016, held at the Regional Hospital of Juruá, located in the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil. Epidemiological data were obtained from the forms of the Notification Disease Information System (SINAN), in the Epidemiological Surveillance Sector of the hospital. The following variables were verified: month of occurrence, snake identification (type of accident), accident location (urban and rural), locality, municipality, victim data (age group, sex, anatomical region affected), symptoms and signs circumstances of the accident, time elapsed between accident and care, number of ampoules used, and type of serum.
Results: An average of 124 cases of snakebite accidents were treated per year (76.71 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year), most of them were botropic accidents and the patients were male adult and rural workers, bitten in the lower limbs. More than 30% of cases were treated six hours after poisoning and 24-hour care is a risk factor for complications, as seven of the eight patients who had complications were treated within one day of the accident.
Conclusion: It was presented a constant increase in the cases, which generated a worrying point of reflection, which may be associated with two factors, where one turns to the improvement in the displacement of victims (improvements in branch roads and implementation of SAMU speedboat) facilitating plus transport and telephone coverage by improving communication, or the failure of public health policies to provide better conditions and guidance to the population.
Empatia e impulsividade sexual entre estudantes de medicina que enviam imagens íntimas de parceiros
Authors: Silva Tomaz Eugênio de Abreu , Pereira Renata de Godoy , Baltieri Danilo Antonio
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Sexting behaviors among medical students have scarcely been researched. Although there are diverse types of sexting involving the exchange of different sexual content, two scenarios will be examined here: (a) the exchange of intimate images solely between two partners; and (b) sharing intimate images exchanged between partners with others outside the relationship.
Objective: To verify empathy-related differences between sexting within consensual relationships and non-consensual distribution of intimate images.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which participants provided information through a self-reported questionnaire. Inventories for empathy and sexual impulsiveness and measures of sociodemographic features and sexting behaviors were applied.
Results: This study included 202 medical students. The groups of students engaged in sexting (with or without sharing partners’ intimate images) demonstrated higher sexual impulsiveness and lower personal distress than the reference group. Only the students who admitted to sharing partners’ intimate images showed lower empathic concern and perspective taking than the reference group (affective and cognitive empathy, respectively). Overall, the results of this study support previous findings that individuals engaged in sexting demonstrate lower personal discomfort with their actions than people not engaged in sexting.
Conclusion: Despite knowing the legal consequences of the exposure of intimate images from partners or colleagues, some students seem to prefer taking this risk.
The reception process of a socio-educational detention center for adolescents from the perspective of environmental psychology
Authors: Pacheco Maria Eniana Araújo Gomes , Ferreira Karla Patrícia Martins , Baquit José Airton Nascimento Diógenes
Published: April 2020

Introduction: The reception process aims to provide technical, psychosocial and medical care during the arrival of the adolescent in a juvenile detention after sentencing. This service is guided by the National System of Socio-Educational Care and follow a policy integrated with joint actions of accountability, education, health and social assistance, in the context of human development of socio-educational measures.
Objective: To describe the environmental traces left by adolescents after have completed  the reception process  in  Socio-Educational detention Centers in the State of Ceará.
Methods: This is a cross sectional study, with descriptive and qualitative approach.  The research was held in the areas where previously the adolescents had completed the reception process. Data were collected by systematic observation using field diary reports and discussions guided by content analysis.
Results: The environmental traces were associated with the adolescents' previous and current experiences, through the appropriation practices of the spaces of the Socio-educational Center, configured as a place of permanence, movement or passage in constant articulation with social, cultural, economic, political, historical and psychological factors.
Conclusion: In the State of Ceara, the areas of Detention Centers reserved for  socio-educational purposes as a long-term space for psychosocial and medical care, violates the basic rights of comprehensive care for adolescents. This reality points to the vulnerability of adolescents when exposed to unhealthy physical structures, and demonstrates the need for studies that deepen the discussions from the perspective of the person-environment inter-relationship.
Validation of a food consumer frequency questionnaire for pregnant women in primary Health Care Units
Authors: Duarte Ana Carolina Oliveira Rodrigues , Pinho Lucinéia de , Silveira Marise Fagundes , Botelho Ernani Mendes
Published: April 2020

Introduction: The Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire (FCFQ) is a tool for assessing food consumption. However, to be used in pregnant women, it must be submitted to validation. The food consumption of pregnant women can impact on maternal and child health, becoming a public health issue. The questionnaire applied during pregnancy can create parameters for better prenatal care.
Objective: To validate a FCFQ for pregnant women attended at primary health care units.
Methods: The Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire and two 24-hour recall were applied to 155 pregnant women from the municipality of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The questionnaire results were contrasted with the average of the two 24- hour recall using the chi-square test. The mean of the differences were estimated by limits of agreement. Pearson's correlation test and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as well were used. Food consumption medians and quartiles were calculated.
Results: The value of estimate energy consumption and most nutrients was higher by the questionnaire. The concordance between the methods in the classification in quartiles of consumption was variable, being similar for 26.11% and opposite for 12.1%. After adjusting for energy, the correlation coefficient ranged from -0.144 (carbohydrate) to 0.337 (potassium). The questionnaire estimated values were approximately 1.94 higher than the 24 hour recall, corresponding to 20% higher for almost all nutrients.
Conclusion: The FCFQ showed  to be a good  instrument to be considered clinically as well as for research purposes in  Brazilian pregnant women, this tool  measures  appropriately  food intake which  is  fundamental  for establishing health conditions during pregnancy, helping to assess the association between diet, nutrition and health..
Brazilian girls who practice classical ballet develop different motor strategies regarding postural stability
Authors: Santos Rafaela Noleto dos , Bittar Adriano Jabur , Hamu Tânia Cristina Dias da Silva , Picon Andreja Paley , Formiga Cibelle Kayenne Martins Roberto
Published: April 2020

Introduction: The growth and development of children is a product of the interaction of biological andenvironmental factors. Dance practice can optimize various aspects of motor control, coordination andbalance in childhood and adolescence.
Objective: The objective of the present study was to verify how the practice of classical ballet, at a professional level, can influence the plantar pressures and balance of children and adolescents, as well as to verify if subjects’ vision and posture of the upper limbs can interfere in this result.
Methods: Cross-sectional study performed with 111 girls aged 10 to 15 years who practice classical ballet (n = 56) and non-dancers (n = 55). Anthropometry (BMI), plantar pressures and postural stability (baropodometry platform) were assessed. Three different conditions: eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC) and arms outstretched (AO) were observed. Data analysis performed by using group comparison and correlation tests.
Results: Those who practiced classical ballet placed less weight onto the left forefoot, presented lower values of maximum pressure and plantar surface area in all the evaluated conditions and moved less in the stabilometry analysis. It also observed that ballet dancers were more influenced by vision and positioning of the upper limbs than the group of non-dancers. Length of time as a dancer influenced the results found.
Conclusions: Girls who practice classical ballet have specific characteristics of plantar pressure and develop different postural control strategies when compared to typical girls of similar age, especially in the arms outstretch position.
Infants’ peer interaction in institutional foster care service
Authors: Moura Gabriella Garcia , Souza Gisele Mathias de , Amorim Kátia de Souza
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Based on the perspective of children’s intersubjectivity, it is understood that infants are able to interact with infants from a very early age. These interactions can offer important constitutive experiences for them.
Objective: It was investigated how interactions between infants-infants/toddlers in institutional care occur, describing: the frequency of these interactions; the emotional-communicative resources involved; partners’ responsiveness; and the environmental organization.
Methods: A qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory case study was conducted. Participants were focal baby (aged between 10 and 13 months) and their interactive peers (4 to 17 months) in institutional care. We used weekly video recordings for three months in the naturalistic context. The categories “attention orientation”, “search/maintenance of proximity”, “social exchanges”, and “responsiveness” were quantified and compared with the interaction between infant and caregiver. Interactive episodes were also thoroughly described.
Results: Cribs, strollers, gates, and grids, with few toys available, marked the organization of the physical-social space. It was observed that the infants spent most of their time in individual activities (alone); and their social behaviors were more often directed to caregivers.
The interactions between infants/toddlers were less frequent, although it was with the peers that social exchanges, joint activities, and co-regulated interactions occurred the most (with reciprocity and sharing). Peer responsiveness also involved empathic and pro-social behaviors (with experiences of interpersonal engagement), where attentional, emotional, and motivational processes operated.
Conclusion: Peers interactions between infants/toddlers in institutional care were infrequent. However, when it occurred, the children showed sensitivity and responsiveness to their peers' emotional-communicative expressions. The organization of the institutional environment proved to be a relevant constraint of peer interactions: due to the material/spatial arrangement that made contact between children difficult; and by the absence of the adult as a promoter of these interactions. Finally, we call attention to the need for further investigations about interactive indicators of infants in institutional care.
Disparate expression specificities coded by a shared Hox-C enhancer
Authors: Miller Steve W , Posakony James W
Published: April 2020

Can a single regulatory sequence be shared by two genes undergoing functional divergence? Here we describe a single promiscuous enhancer within the Drosophila Antennapedia Complex, EO053, that directs aspects of the expression of two adjacent genes, pb (a Hox2 ortholog) and zen2 (a divergent Hox3 paralog), with disparate spatial and temporal expression patterns. We were unable to separate the pb-like and zen2-like specificities within EO053, and we identify sequences affecting both expression patterns. Importantly, genomic deletion experiments demonstrate that EO053 cooperates with additional pb- and zen2-specific enhancers to regulate the mRNA expression of both genes. We examine sequence conservation of EO053 within the Schizophora, and show that patterns of synteny between the Hox2 and Hox3 orthologs in Arthropods are consistent with a shared regulatory relationship extending prior to the Hox3/zen divergence. Thus, EO053 represents an example of two genes having evolved disparate outputs while utilizing this shared regulatory region.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
Enhancement of homology-directed repair with chromatin donor templates in cells
Authors: Cruz-Becerra Grisel , Kadonaga James T
Published: April 2020

A key challenge in precise genome editing is the low efficiency of homology-directed repair (HDR). Here we describe a strategy for increasing the efficiency of HDR in cells by using a chromatin donor template instead of a naked DNA donor template. The use of chromatin, which is the natural form of DNA in the nucleus, increases the frequency of HDR-edited clones as well as homozygous editing. In addition, transfection of chromatin results in negligible cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that a chromatin donor template should be useful for a wide range of HDR applications such as the precise insertion or replacement of DNA fragments that contain the coding regions of genes.
Clinical Practice Guideline for Endoscopic Resection of Early Gastrointestinal Cancer
Authors: Park Chan Hyuk , Yang Dong-Hoon , Kim Jong Wook , Kim Jie-Hyun , Kim Ji Hyun , Min Yang Won , Lee Si Hyung , Bae Jung Ho , Chung Hyunsoo , Choi Kee Don , Park Jun Chul , Lee Hyuk , Kwak Min-Seob , Kim Bun , Lee Hyun Jung , Lee Hye Seung , Choi Miyoung , Park Dong-Ah , Lee Jong Yeul , Byeon Jeong-Sik , Park Chan Guk , Cho Joo Young , Lee Soo Teik , Chun Hoon Jai
Published: April 2020

Although surgery was the standard treatment for early gastrointestinal cancers, endoscopic resection is now a standard treatment for early gastrointestinal cancers without regional lymph node metastasis. High-definition white light endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, and image-enhanced endoscopy such as narrow band imaging are performed to assess the edge and depth of early gastrointestinal cancers for delineation of resection boundaries and prediction of the possibility of lymph node metastasis before the decision of endoscopic resection. Endoscopic mucosal resection and/or endoscopic submucosal dissection can be performed to remove early gastrointestinal cancers completely by en bloc fashion. Histopathological evaluation should be carefully made to investigate the presence of risk factors for lymph node metastasis such as depth of cancer invasion and lymphovascular invasion. Additional treatment such as radical surgery with regional lymphadenectomy should be considered if the endoscopically resected specimen shows risk factors for lymph node metastasis. This is the first Korean clinical practice guideline for endoscopic resection of early gastrointestinal cancer. This guideline was developed by using mainly de novo methods and encompasses endoscopic management of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, early gastric cancer, and early colorectal cancer. This guideline will be revised as new data on early gastrointestinal cancer are collected.
Transient expression and purification of β-caryophyllene synthase in Nicotiana benthamiana to produce β-caryophyllene in vitro
Authors: Muthusamy Saraladevi , Vetukuri Ramesh R. , Lundgren Anneli , Ganji Suresh , Zhu Li-Hua , Brodelius Peter E. , Kanagarajan Selvaraju
Published: April 2020

The sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene is an ubiquitous component in many plants that has commercially been used as an aroma in cosmetics and perfumes. Recent studies have shown its potential use as a therapeutic agent and biofuel. Currently, β-caryophyllene is isolated from large amounts of plant material. Molecular farming based on the Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system may be used for a more sustainable production of β-caryophyllene. In this study, a full-length cDNA of a new duplicated β-caryophyllene synthase from Artemisia annua (AaCPS1) was isolated and functionally characterized. In order to produce β-caryophyllene in vitro, the AaCPS1 was cloned into a plant viral-based vector pEAQ-HT. Subsequently, the plasmid was transferred into the Agrobacterium and agroinfiltrated into N. benthamiana leaves. The AaCPS1 expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR at different time points after agroinfiltration. The highest level of transcripts was observed at 9 days post infiltration (dpi). The AaCPS1 protein was extracted from the leaves at 9 dpi and purified by cobalt–nitrilotriacetate (Co-NTA) affinity chromatography using histidine tag with a yield of 89 mg kg−1 fresh weight of leaves. The protein expression of AaCPS1 was also confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analyses. AaCPS1 protein uses farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as a substrate to produce β-caryophyllene. Product identification and determination of the activity of purified AaCPS1 were done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–MS results revealed that the AaCPS1 produced maximum 26.5 ± 1 mg of β-caryophyllene per kilogram fresh weight of leaves after assaying with FPP for 6 h. Using AaCPS1 as a proof of concept, we demonstrate that N. benthamiana can be considered as an expression system for production of plant proteins that catalyze the formation of valuable chemicals for industrial applications.
Quality Evaluation of Fresh Papaya Fruits Stored in Evaporative Coolers
Authors: Balogun A. A. , Ariahu C. C.
Published: April 2020

A study was conducted to assess the performance of evaporative coolers for the storage of fruits and vegetables. The evaporative coolers used for this study consist of double-walled rectangular brick construction (1.29 × 2.55 × 2.56) m external and (1.13 × 1.27 × 2.08) m, internal, (length × width × height) with the inter-space filled with river bed sand saturated with water. In this study, ambient storage temperature ranged from 26.6 to 28.7oC with relative humidity which ranged from 64.7 to 85.2 percent. However, NBBEC storage recorded lower temperature within the range of 24.3 to 25.3oC and relative humidity which ranged from 88.8 to 91.2 percent while ABBEC storage recorded the least temperature which ranged from 23.0 to 24.1oC with highest relative humidity which ranged from 91.4 to 92.8 percent. The papaya fruits stored in the coolers and in ambient were evaluated for weight loss, total soluble solids, pH, total titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, beta carotene content and microbial load. TTA, ascorbic acid, beta carotene decreased; while pH and TSS increased with storage period. In ambient storage, fresh papaya fruits stored in evaporative coolers have lower microbial load compared to ambient storage with aluminum cladding of the cooler (ABBEC) further improving microbial quality and shelf life. The pawpaw fruits stored in the aluminum cladded burnt-clay-brick evaporative cooler (ABBEC) remained fresh and firm for ten days compared to three days in non-cladded burnt-clay-brick evaporative cooler (NBBEC) and four days in ambient storage.
Partial reconstitution of the photosynthetic oxygen evolution system by rebinding of the 33‐kDa polypeptide
Authors: Miyao Mitsue , Murata Norio
Published: July 2002

Treatment with 2.6 M urea of the Photosystem II particles depleted of two polypeptides of 24 kDa and 18 kDa completely released a polypeptide of 33 kDa and eliminated the oxygen‐evolution activity. The 33‐kDa polypeptide rebound to the urea‐treated particles and partially reactivated the oxygen evolution. A quantitative analysis of the rebinding suggests tha there is a specific binding site for the 33‐kDa polypeptide on the membrane surface.
A novel glycan polymerase that synthesizes uncross‐linked peptidoglycan in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hara Hiroshi , Suzuki Hideho
Published: July 2002

A simple and efficient procedure to assay peptidoglycan synthesis in vitro was established. By this procedure, a novel activity for glycan polymerization in Escherichia coli was found in the fraction containing no detectable penicillin‐binding protein (PBP). This polymerase activity was relatively insensitive to moenomycin, showed requirement for Ca2+ or Mn2+ but not for Mg2+, and led to production of uncross‐linked glycan chains. These properties distinguished the glycan polymerase from the activities shown by the fractions containing PBPs. The glycan polymerase catalyzing polymerization of glycan units from lipid intermediates was purified and identified as a protein of 34 kDa.
Alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion by cell‐free extract of Escherichia coli
Authors: Nakata Atsuo , Shinagawa Hideo , Shima Hisaharu
Published: July 2002

Isozyme type 1 of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli K‐12 was converted to types 2 and 3 after incubation of type 1 isozyme with the supernatant of a sonicated cell‐free extract prepared from the cells carrying the cloned iap
+ gene on a multi‐copy plasmid. By comparison, the lysate prepared from cells carrying the iap
+ gene only on the chromosome showed much less isozyme‐converting activity. The reaction was promoted by Mg2+ at concentrations of 10 to 50 mM. Protease inhibitors, antipain and leupeptin which inhibit the isozyme conversion in vivo, also inhibited the isozyme conversion in vitro. These results suggest that cells carrying the multiple copy iap
+ plasmid overproduce a kind of proteolytic enzyme which removes the amino‐terminal arginine residues from isozymes 1 and 2.
Specific inhibition of human β‐D‐glucuronidase and α‐L‐iduronidase by a trihydroxy pipecolic acid of plant origin
Authors: di Bello Isabelle Cenci , Dorling Peter , Fellows Linda , Winchester Bryan
Published: July 2002

The glucuronic acid analogue of 1‐deoxynojirimycin, 2(S)‐carboxy‐3(R), 4(R), 5(S)‐trihydroxypiperidine, recently isolated from seeds of Baphia racemosa, is a novel specific inhibitor of human liver β‐D‐glucuronidase and α‐L‐iduronidase. No other glycosidases are inhibited. The inhibition of β‐D‐glucuronidase is competitive, with a K
i of 8 × 10−5 M and is pH‐dependent. This inhibitor may be useful to induce a mucopolysaccharidosis or to investigate the function of microsomal β‐D‐glucoronidase.
Oestrogen as an inhibitor of human NK cell cytolysis
Authors: Ferguson M.M. , McDonald F.G.
Published: July 2002

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes attributed with the ability to lyse certain tumour cells. Previous studies on NK cells have demonstrated only an in vivo suppression of NK cell activity by 17β‐oestradiol. The suppressive action of oestrogen on other peroxidase‐containing leukocytes by virtue of its redox potential has already been documented. In the present study oestrogen suppressed NK cell cytolysis in vitro (determined by the release of [51Cr]chromate from radiolabelled cells) in a dose‐dependent manner (p < 0.01). Parallel experiments demonstrated a similar reduction in NK cell luminol chemiluminescence during activation by K562 tumour cells. Therefore, it would appear that there may be an association between NK cell lysis and their peroxidase/oxygenase activity.
Weak interaction of spectrin with phosphatidylcholine‐phosphatidylserine multilayers: A 2H and 31P NMR study
Authors: Bitbol Michel , Dempsey Christopher , Watts Anthony , Devaux Phillippe F.
Published: July 2002

Spectrin from human erythrocytes binds to bilayer dispersions of both DMPC and DMPS:DMPC (1:1, w/w). However, no effect of bound spectrin on the conformation of the lipid head groups, as measured from the deuterium quadrupolar splittings of DMPC or DMPS specifically deuterated in the polar head groups, was detected in 1:1 mixtures of the two lipids containing either deuterated DMPC or DMPS. Neither the phase transition of the DMPS:DMPC mixtures, nor the spin‐lattice relaxation time (T
1) of the deuterated DMPS head group, was affected by spectrin. These results argue against any strong interaction of spectrin with phosphatidylserine and rule out the possibility that spectrin is responsible for the maintainance of PS in the inner monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane during the whole life‐span of this cell.
A consensus sequence for substrate hydrolysis by rhino virus 3C proteinase
Authors: Long Audrey C. , Orr David C. , Cameron Janet M. , Dunn Ben M. , Kay John
Published: July 2002

Kinetic constants were determined for the hydrolysis of a series of synthetic peptide substrates by recombinant rhinovirus (HRV 14) 3C proteinase. Systematic removal or replacement of individual residues indicated that the minimum sequence required for effective cleavage by the viral cysteine proteinase was P5‐Val/Thr‐P3‐P2‐Gln‐Gly‐Pro.
A new class of antivirals: antisense oligonucleotides combined with a hydrophobic substituent effectively inhibit influenza virus reproduction and synthesis of virus‐specific proteins in MDCK cells
Authors: Kabanov Alexander V. , Vinogradov Sergei V. , Ovcharenko Alexander V. , Krivonos Alexander V. , Melik-Nubarov Nikolai S. , Kiselev Vsevolod I. , Severin Eugenii S.
Published: July 2002

To enhance the penetration of oligonucleotide (‘oligo’) into cells, the oligo was combined with the hydrophobic undecyl residue. Using the ‘DNA‐synthesator’, we synthesized oligo, complementary to the loop‐forming site of the RNA, encoding polymerase 3 of the influenza virus (type A), and combined it with the undecyl residue added to the 5' terminal phosphate group. It was found that the modified oligo effectively suppresses the influenza A/PR8/34 (H1N1) virus reproduction and inhibits the synthesis of virus‐specific proteins in MDCK cells. Under the same conditions, the non‐modified antisense oligo and modified nonsense oligo did not affect the virus development.
A negative cooperativity between NADPH and adrenodoxin on binding to NADPH:adrenodoxin reductase
Authors: Čénas Narimantas K. , Marcinkevičiene Jovita A. , Kulys Juozas J. , Usanov Sergey A.
Published: July 2002

Adrenodoxin stimulated the oxidation of NADPH by 1,4‐benzoquinone, catalyzed by NADPH:adrenodoxin reductase. It prevented the enzyme inhibition by NADPH and formed an additional pathway of benzoquinone reduction presumably via reduced adrenodoxin. In the presence of 100–400 μM NADP+, which increased the K
m of NADPH, adrenodoxin acted as a partial competitive inhibitor for NADPH decreasing its TN/K
m by a limiting factor of 3. K
i of adrenodoxin decreased on the NADP+ concentration decrease and was estimated to be about 10−8 M in the absence of NADP+.
Thionein (apometallothionein) can modulate DNA binding and transcription activation by zinc finger containing factor Spl
Authors: Zeng Jin , Heuchel Rainer , Schaffner Walter , Kägi Jeremias H.R.
Published: July 2002

A number of transcription factors contain so‐called zinc finger domains for the interaction with their cognate DNA sequence. It has been shown that removal of the zinc ions complexed in these zinc fingers abrogates DNA binding and transcription activation. Therefore we wanted to test the hypothesis that the activity of transcription factors could be regulated by physiological chelators of zinc. A prominent candidate for such a chelator is the Cys‐rich protein thionein (apometallothionein) that is inducible by heavy metal loads, and by other environmental stimuli. Here we show with DNA binding and in vitro transcriptions assays that thionein indeed can inactive the zinc finger‐containing Spl in a reversible manner. By contrast, transcription factor Oct‐l, which binds DNA via a homeo‐domain, i.e. a helix‐turn‐helix motif not involving zinc ions, is refractory to thionein action. We propose that modulation of intracellular thionein concentration is used for the coordinated regulation of a large subset of genes whose transcription depends on zinc finger proteins.