bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training the trainers and disseminating information: a strategy to educate health professionals on epilepsy
Authors: Fernandes Paula T. , Noronha Ana L.A. , Sander Josemir W. , Bell Gail S. , Li Li M.
Published: December 2007

PURPOSE: To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of epilepsy in primary care system health professionals prior to and after an educational intervention. METHODS: Educational interventions were delivered to three groups of people with an interest in epilepsy: 1. Information courses for physicians (241 subjects); 2. Social re-integration course for health professionals and community leaders (631 subjects); 3. "Training the Trainers" Course for physicians (11 subjects). The whole program is flexible and can be tailored for local or regional needs. For the evaluation of this process, health professionals completed a quantitative and qualitative questionnaire to assess their knowledge, attitudes and perception (KAP) of epilepsy prior to the training (pre-test) and 6 months after it (post-test). RESULTS: Comparison of knowledge scores prior to (mean=55.8, standard deviation=14.0) and after (mean=71.5, standard deviation=12.0) the intervention showed that physicians had improved knowledge after the training (t-test=7.8, p<0.001). The same pattern occurred with the health professionals: the knowledge score prior to (mean=22.3, standard deviation=12.5) and after (mean=36.6, standard deviation=12.5) the intervention showed that health professionals had improved knowledge after the training (t-test=12.4, p<0.001). Improvements in attitudes and perception also occurred after the courses. DISCUSSION: Training courses can promote increased knowledge, attitude and perception in a cost effective way in the primary care setting. However, a continuous education program is required to correct oversights and to improve the management of people with epilepsy.
Training medical students to improve the management of people with epilepsy
Authors: Noronha Ana L.A. , Fernandes Paula T. , Andrade Maria da Graça G. , Santiago Silvia M. , Sander Josemir W. , Li Li M.
Published: December 2007

PURPOSE: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and perception of medical students prior to and after a training course about epilepsy. METHODS: We used a KAP questionnaire with sixty-one questions which assesses knowledge, attitude and practice of epilepsy. Questionnaires were completed by 185 medical students, before and after epilepsy training. We compared the answers to see whether the lecture had changed the knowledge, attitude and practice in epilepsy. RESULTS: One hundred and six students completed the questionnaire before an eight hour course on epilepsy and 79 students completed the questionnaire one year after the course. Comparison of the knowledge scores prior to (mean=53.9, standard deviation=11.4) and after the course (mean=63.8, standard deviation=11.9) showed that students had improved knowledge after the course (t-test=5.6, p<0.001). DISCUSSION: Training course on epilepsy for medical students can promote improvement in the knowledge, attitudes and perception regarding epilepsy, which is maintained one year later. These results highlight the importance of continuous educational programs within the Medical Curriculum.
National epilepsy movement in Brazil
Authors: Fernandes Paula T. , Noronha Ana L.A. , Sander Josemir W. , Li Li M.
Published: December 2007

PURPOSE: To establish a social network of epilepsy lay organization in Brazil to provide advocacy for people with epilepsy and eventually form a powerful National Epilepsy movement. METHOD: We actively searched for any associations, support groups or organizations related to epilepsy in the country by personal contacts, internet search and by telephone search. Contact was then established with any entity found. RESULTS: The first meeting was held in Campinas in March 2003, and was attended by 270 people, including many people with epilepsy, members of all eleven epilepsy associations found, health professionals and representatives of the Brazilian chapters of IBE and ILAE and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. This first meeting resulted in a National Movement expressed every year through the National Week of Epilepsy and National Meeting of Lay Associations. DISCUSSION: This strategy, developed by ASPE, was simple and effective, and in a very short time a national movement was active. These actions could be reproduced in any country developing a campaign against epilepsy. It is important to consider that this is a process of empowerment, thus people with epilepsy need to take actions into their own hands and to be active participants.
Populações de milho: características agronômicas e tecnológicas
Authors: Lima Marlene , Vitti Policarpo , Gallo Paulo Boller
Published: December 2007

Avaliaram-se duas populações de milho de grãos brancos (IAC-Taitinga e IAC-Moroti) e duas de grãos amarelos (IAC-Taiúba e IAC-Iubatã) e os cruzamentos recíprocos entre as de grãos brancos e três testemunhas (Ag-401, C-601 e IAC-Porangatu), em dois locais, quanto a características agronômicas. Com exceção das testemunhas, testaram-se também tais populações quanto aos principais parâmetros de interesse tecnológico, relacionados com o rendimento e qualidade do fubá mimoso, para uso em panificação. Foram observadas diferenças altamente significativas entre os tratamentos para os caracteres produtividade de grãos, altura da planta e de inserção da espiga, rendimento de gérmen e de fubá mimoso, volume específico comparativo (V.E.C.) e escore total comparativo (Es. T.C.). As populações, de modo geral, apresentaram altos níveis de produção de grãos, sendo o maior valor obtido pela população IAC-Taitinga. Sete dos materiais estudados apresentaram porte médio e dois, porte baixo. A população IAC Taitinga, sem diferir de IAC-Moroti e do híbrido IAC-Taitinga x IAC Moroti, apresentou o maior valor para rendimento de fubá mimoso. A IAC-Taiúba sobressaiu-se das demais quanto ao V.E.C. e só não alcançou valor máximo para Es.T.C. devido à cor amarela dos grãos. A IAC-Taitinga e o híbrido IAC-Taitinga x IAC-Moroti mostraram valores iguais ao padrão (100%) para Es.T.C. Foi observado efeito maternal atuando no rendimento do fubá mimoso obtido.
Influência da luz e da temperatura na germinação de uredosporos de Puccinia psidii
Authors: Piza Solange Monteiro de Toledo , Ribeiro Ivan José Antunes
Published: December 2007

Com o objetivo de determinar as melhores condições para germinação de uredosporos de Puccinia psidii Winter, testaram-se duas temperaturas e cinco fotoperíodos. Determinou-se que 18°C e oito horas de escuro são as condições que propiciam a melhor germinação dos uredosporos.
Espaços e caminhos para a pesquisa em administração: estimulando a prática da reflexividade
Authors: Campos Anna Maria de Souza Monteiro , Costa Isabel de Sá Affonso da
Published: December 2007

Este artigo relata a experiência das autoras como orientadoras de pesquisa de dissertações e teses. Elas sustentam que o desenvolvimento de uma atitude reflexiva em pesquisa pode ser um caminho para a renovação do pensamento administrativo, da prática organizacional e da gestão e política públicas. Argumentam em favor do estímulo ao compromisso dos pesquisadores com as próprias posições ontológicas e epistemológicas, bem como com a aplicação do conhecimento produzido por seus trabalhos de pesquisa.
Validação da nomenclatura diagnóstica de enfermagem direcionada ao pré-natal: base CIPESC® em Curitiba - PR
Authors: Cubas Marcia Regina , Koproski Ana Cláudia , Muchinski Andrei , Anorozo Giane Severo , Dondé Nátaly de Fátima Perin
Published: December 2007

É de fundamental importância uma linguagem específica da profissão e a CIPESC® -Classificação Internacional para as Práticas de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva tem como um dos objetivos desvelar a atuação dos enfermeiros na saúde coletiva. No Brasil, a ABEn, responsável pela classificação, encontrou na Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Curitiba - PR aliada para efetiva implantação. O objetivo deste artigo foi validar a nomenclatura dos 52 diagnósticos de enfermagem do pré-natal - base CIPESC® - Curitiba. É um estudo exploratório-descritivo, desenvolvido com enfermeiras assistenciais e com experts na área de gineco-obstetrícia e terminologia. Os resultados foram apresentados pelo Índice de Concordância por meio de freqüência absoluta, todas as definições foram validadas, porém necessitam de adequações à linguagem cotidiana. As enfermeiras apresentam dificuldades para inter-pretar intervenção de enfermagem na promoção do bem-estar, sendo premente a discussão do conceito de promoção à saúde e o processo saúde-doença na saúde coletiva.
Avaliação do grau de independência de idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência
Authors: Araújo Maria Odete Pereira Hidaldo de , Ceolim Maria Filomena
Published: December 2007

As instituições de longa permanência abrigam um grande número de idosos dependentes, embora essa não seja condição sine qua non para que ocorra a institucionalização do idoso. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o grau de independência para a realização de atividades da vida diária (AVDs) dos idosos residentes nas instituições da cidade de Taubaté-SP, segundo avaliação baseada no Índice de Independência nas AVDs de Katz, realizada em dezembro de 2001 e repetida em maio de 2002. A primeira avaliação, feita com todos os residentes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos (139 mulheres e 48 homens), mostrou que 70 idosos eram considerados independentes para o desempenho das AVDs, sendo que, dentre eles, 52 idosos tinham entre 70 e 89 anos. A segunda avaliação mostrou que 53 idosos mantiveram-se independentes. Os dados corroboram estudos anteriores que apontam para o declínio da capacidade funcional de idosos institucionalizados.
A morte e o morrer segundo representações de estudantes de enfermagem
Authors: Oliveira José Rodrigo de , Brêtas José Roberto da Silva , Yamaguti Lie
Published: December 2007

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, cujo objetivo foi conhecer as representações das estudantes do curso de graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, sobre as questões que envolvem a morte e o morrer. Os sujeitos foram 40 estudantes do sexo masculino e feminino que freqüentavam a 2.ª, 3.ª e 4.ª séries do curso de graduação em Enfermagem. Como metodologia, foram utilizadas as premissas das Representações Sociais, usando a técnica de entrevista com duas questões norteadoras não estruturadas. Os resultados deste estudo foram organizados e dispostos em uma árvore máxima, tendo como núcleo central da representação o evento morte e como representações periféricas mais importantes: conceitos, medo da morte e relacionamento aluno-paciente.
Levantamento do custo do processo admissional de técnico de enfermagem de um hospital de ensino
Authors: Okano Helena Isuku Horibe , Castilho Valéria
Published: December 2007

Este estudo teve como objetivo contribuir para a gestão de custo do processo admissional de técnicos de enfermagem pelo mapeamento e mensuramento do custo direto das principais atividades desse processo. O estudo exploratório, retrospectivo, documental, na modalidade de estudo de caso foi realizado no Serviço de Apoio Educacional do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. O processo admissional foi dividido em cinco subprocessos: planejamento, recrutamento, seleção, contratação e treinamento admissional. Os resultados mostraram que o custo total direto do processo admissional foi de R$ 6.359,90 e o subprocesso seleção foi o que mais consumiu recurso, com R$ 3.416,40, representando R$ 53,72% do total. Cada candidato contratado custou R$ 635,99.
Entre desafios e possibilidades: estratégias para ensinar a cuidar em enfermagem do adolescente com câncer
Authors: Souza Sônia Regina de , Oliveira Isabel Cristina dos Santos
Published: December 2007

Trata-se de um relato de experiência, que tem como objetivo apresentar reflexões acerca das experiências vivenciadas junto aos alunos do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem da Escola de Enfermagem Alfredo Pinto da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). No cotidiano da prática de ensino, os alunos se deparam com adolescentes acometidos pelos distúrbios onco-hematológicos. Constatou-se que, para os estudantes, era um desafio aprender a cuidar do adolescente em um momento de adoecimento pelo câncer, doença que traz importantes significados no imaginário social. Como estratégia para a aprendizagem, optou-se por uma atividade denominada oficina de idéias, a qual possibilitava aos alunos que expressassem seus sentimentos, idéias (pré) concebidas e expectativas acerca do cuidar do adolescente com câncer. Como resultados, evidenciou-se um singular momento de reflexão/sensibilização que resulta em um preparo e um reconhecimento das peculiaridades desse grupo e atitude de aproximação para o cuidar no espaço hospitalar.
Uso da peritoneostomia na sepse abdominal
Authors: Torres Neto Juvenal da Rocha , Barreto Adonai Pinheiro , Prudente Ana Carolina Lisboa , Santos Allisson Mário dos , Santiago Rodrigo Rocha
Published: December 2007

Dentre as modalidades terapêuticas da sepse abdominal, a peritoneostomia tem papel decisivo permitindo explorações e lavagens da cavidade de forma facilitada. Observamos pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de sepse abdominal internados no Serviço de Coloproctologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, e que foram submetidos a peritoneostomia de janeiro de 2004 a janeiro de 2006. Foram avaliados quanto ao diagnóstico primário e secundário, tipo de peritonite secundária, antibioticoterapia, esquema de lavagens, tempo de peritoneostomia, complicações e desfecho. Estudamos 12 pacientes, com idade de 15 a 57, média de 39,3 anos. Diagnóstico primário: abdome agudo inflamatório em 6(50%), abdome agudo obstrutivo em 2(16,7%), abdome agudo perfurativo em 2(16,7%), fístula enterocutânea em 1(8,3%) e abscesso intra-cavitário em 1(8,3%). Diagnóstico secundário: perfuração de cólon em 4(33,3%), abscessos intra-cavitários em 3(25%), deiscências de anastomoses em 3(25%), 1(8,3%) com tumor perfurado de sigmóide e 1(8,3%) com necrose de cólon abaixado. Peritonite fecal em 10(83,3%) e purulenta em 2(16,7%). A antibioticoterapia teve duração média de 19 dias. Lavagens de demanda em 6(50%), programadas em 4(33,3%) e regime misto em 2(16,7%). O tempo médio de peritoneostomia foi de 10,9 dias (1-36). Como complicações: evisceração em 2(16,7%) e fistulização em 1(8,3%). Quatro pacientes evoluíram com óbito.
Esfincterotomia lateral interna associada à hemorroidectomia no tratamento da doença hemorroidária: vantagem ou desvantagem?
Authors: Moreira Junior Hélio , Moreira José Paulo Teixeira , Moreira Hélio , Iguma Cinthia Satomi , Almeida Arminda Caetano , Magalhães Cristiano Nunes de
Published: December 2007

RACIONAL: A importância de realizar-se esfincterotomia concomitantemente com hemorroidectomia, para melhor controle de dor pós-operatória, ainda é motivo de grande discussão acadêmica. OBJETIVOS: Estudar as implicações clínicas da esfincterotomia lateral interna associada à hemorroidectomia, no tratamento cirúrgico da doença hemorroidária. Pacientes e MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 20 pacientes portadores de doença hemorroidária, submetidos à "hemorroidectomia aberta" pela técnica de Miligan-Morgan, distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo 1: Hemorroidectomia sem esfincterotomia (sem ELI) e Grupo 2: Hemorroidectomia com esfincterotomia (com ELI). Analisou-se a dor e a continência anal pós-operatória utilizando-se parâmetros clínicos e manométricos. A dor, complicações pós-operatórias e a presença de sintomas de incontinência anal foram avaliadas no pós-operatório. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à eletromanometria anorretal, tanto no pré como no pós-operatório, e os dados coletados foram comparados entre os dois grupos de estudo. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença, entre os dois grupos, na incidência de complicações pós-operatórias. O uso de narcóticos foi maior no Grupo I nas 1as 24 horas. Entretanto, a dor foi maior no Grupo II no 3º e 7º dia de pós-operatório. O tempo de cicatrização da ferida operatória foi semelhante nos dois grupos. A incidência de sintomas de incontinência anal foi significativamente maior para o grupo tratado com esfincterotomia. CONCLUSÃO: A esfincterotomia lateral interna associada à hemorroidectomia para o tratamento de doença hemorroidária avançada não reduziu a dor pós-operatória, além de ter aumentado o risco de incontinência anal.
Tumores de cólon - primeiro achado do adenocarcinoma de pâncreas: relato de caso
Authors: Moraes Sandra Pedroso de , Claro Júnior Francisco , Oliveira Filho Joaquim José de , Sevá-Pereira Gustavo , Nascimento Ricardo Bolzam do , Castro Amilcar de
Published: December 2007

OBJETIVO: Relatar um caso raro de adenocarcinoma de pâncreas que se apresentou como tumores colorretais sincrônicos. Paciente masculino, 76 anos, apresentava dor abdominal difusa de forte intensidade, diarréia e vômitos há sete dias. Tratava de gastrite há dois anos e nos últimos quatro meses apresentava hiporexia e perda de peso. Estava emagrecido, desidratado e desnutrido, com distensão abdominal importante, ruídos hidroaéreos ausentes e dor difusa à palpação abdominal. Exames evidenciaram hiperglicemia, distensão importante do intestino delgado ao raio x, ultra-som de abdome com colecistolitíase e endoscopia digestiva alta com pangastrite, bulboduodenite e papila normal. Tomografia abdominal confirmou colecistolitíase. A colonoscopia mostrou três lesões, em reto médio, cólon transverso e na válvula íleocecal. As biópsias revelaram apenas reação inflamatória. Persistiram os sintomas e decidiu-se submetê-lo a colecistectomia onde foram vistas lesões planas em diafragma cujas biópsias evidenciaram adenocarcinoma. No quinto dia de pós-operatório o paciente apresentava quadro obstrutivo e foi submetido à nova laparotomia com colectomia direita, ileostomia terminal dupla e biópsia pancreática. Esta mostrou adenocarcinoma e o estudo imunoistoquímico positivo para tumor primário do pâncreas. O paciente evoluiu para óbito um mês após. CONCLUSÃO: o exame de imagem normal não descarta a hipótese diagnóstica e quando a origem do tumor primário não está definida é essencial o exame imunoistoquímico para firmar o diagnóstico.
Fluorescence characteristics and photoinhibition in saplings of manwood on clear days and under overcast conditions
Authors: Dias Daniela Pereira , Marenco Ricardo Antonio
Published: December 2007

High irradiance may reduce the productivity of tropical plants by exacerbating photoinhibition of photosynthesis, particularly in the case of shade-adapted plants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cloud cover on the fluorescence characteristics and photoinhibition on saplings of manwood (Minquartia guianensis Aubl.). Three-year-old saplings were exposed to full irradiance either on clear days (10, 45 and 90 min) or under overcast conditions (120, 180, and 420 min). Changes in the population of functional photosystem II (PSII), the initial (Fo) and maximum fluorescences (Fm), and the Fv/Fm ratio (maximum potential quantum yield of PSII) were monitored after plant exposure to full irradiance and during recovery (within 48 h) at low light intensity. Although photoinhibition of PSII (Fv/Fm) was determined by the number of photons reaching the leaf surface (photon fluence), cloudiness tended to reduce the photoinhibitory effect of irradiance. Fo increased with fluence on cloudy days and was unaffected by irradiance on clear days, except for a sharp rise during the first 10 min of exposure to full sunlight. For a given photon fluence, Fm was lower on clear days. Recovery from photoinhibition was similar in both light environments. Although photon fluence is the preponderant factor determining the extent of photoinhibition, cloudiness might alleviate the photoinhibitory effect of irradiance.
Production of streptomycete inoculum in sterilized rice
Authors: Soares Ana Cristina Fermino , Sousa Carla da Silva , Garrido Marlon da Silva , Perez Jane Oliveira
Published: December 2007

Actinomycetes are important plant disease control and growth promotion agents, which makes it necessary to develop technology to produce large quantities of inoculum for green-house and field work. The present study had the objective of evaluating the growth of several isolates of Streptomyces in sterile rice for inoculum production. The sterile rice was inoculated with isolates of S. thermotolerans, S. griseus subsp. griseus, Streptomyces sp. N0035, S. purpurascens, and Streptomyces sp., and incubated at 28 ± 2ºC. Five days after its inoculation, mycelial growth and sporulation was observed for all Streptomyces isolates on the rice grains. Twelve days after incubation, the colonized rice was transferred to envelopes of dark brown paper and let to dry in an incubator at 30ºC for three days. After drying, 1g of colonized rice was added to 200 mL of sterile distilled water and the number of spores was counted under a microscope with a Newbauer counting chamber. Spore production varied from 0.14 × 10(9) to 1.47 × 10(9) spores per gram of rice and differed among the Streptomyces species. Sterile rice can be an alternative substrate for low cost mass production of Streptomyces inoculum.
Gene silencing: concepts, applications, and perspectives in woody plants
Authors: Souza Amancio José de , Mendes Beatriz Madalena Januzzi , Mourão Filho Francisco de Assis Alves
Published: December 2007

RNA interference, transcriptional gene silencing, virus induced gene silencing, and micro RNAs comprise a series of mechanisms capable of suppressing gene expression in plants. These mechanisms reveal similar biochemical pathways and appear to be related in several levels. The ability to manipulate gene silencing has produced transgenic plants able to switch off endogenous genes and invading nucleic acids. This powerful biotechnological tool has provided plant breeders and researchers with great opportunity to accelerate breeding programs and developmental studies in woody plants. This research work reports on gene silencing in woody plants, and discuss applications and future perspectives.
Alkanes as markers in nutritional studies with wild ruminant and non-ruminant animals
Authors: Oliveira Dimas Estrasulas de , Silva Sila Carneiro da
Published: December 2007

Knowledge of information relative to the digestibility, intake and botanical and morphological composition of the diet is important in nutritional studies, since it provides the basis for understanding aspects related to the ingestive behavior and selectivity of animals. N-alkanes have been used successfully as markers in studies with many species of animals, particularly domesticated ruminants, most of the times as replacements for conventional markers as chromium oxide for example. However, for wild ruminants and non-ruminant animals information on this technique is still scarce and, as a consequence, its potential for use unknown. This review reports the use of this technique in studies of feed digestibility, intake and diet composition with wild ruminants and non-ruminant animals, summarizing results and inferring on the feasibility and applicability of the technique.
A influência do estímulo mecânico na expressão da quinase de adesão focal no osso in vivo
Authors: Gusmão C.V.B. , Pauli J.R. , Alves J.M. , Velloso L.A. , Saad M.J.A. , Belangero W.D.
Published: December 2007

O estímulo mecânico sabidamente provoca deformação de proteínas da matriz extracelular e da célula óssea, as quais se tornam ativas e sinalizam reações intracelulares que determinam o aumento da massa óssea. Estudos apontam a quinase de adesão focal (FAK) como uma proteína fundamental na sinalização da deformação celular causada pelo estímulo mecânico no osso, mas há necessidade de estudos in vivo que comprovem esse papel. Objetivos - Com o ultra-som de baixa potência, investigar a influência do estímulo mecânico na expressão da FAK no osso, e a possibilidade de detectar proteínas envolvidas com a proliferação celular óssea e muscular esquelética. Material e Métodos - Tíbias e fíbulas de ratos foram estimuladas com ultra-som de baixa potência durante 20 min/uma vez ao dia, por períodos de 7, 14 e 21 dias. O grupo controle não foi estimulado. Cada grupo continha 7 ratos. Quinze horas após o último estímulo, a tíbia e a fíbula foram retiradas para realização de immunoblotting, utilizando anticorpos específicos para identificar FAK, FAK-Tyr(P)-397, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (ERK-2), ERK-1/2-Tyr(P)-204, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) e IRS-2. O músculo esquelético da região estimulada foi extraído e submetido ao mesmo procedimento. Resultados - Analisando-se os resultados de immunoblotting comparativamente com o grupo controle, não foram detectadas FAK e FAK-Tyr(P)-397 no tecido ósseo, enquanto ERK-2, ERK-1/2-Tyr(P)-204, IRS-1 e IRS-2 foram identificados. No músculo esquelético, todas as proteínas estudadas foram identificadas, exceto IRS-2. Discussão e Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que não deve haver quantidade suficiente de FAK no osso detectável pelo método utilizado. Por outro lado, observou-se que ERK-2, IRS-1 e IRS-2 são detectáveis no osso e devem responder ao estímulo mecânico. Além disso, o encontro dessas proteínas no tecido muscular abre novas perspectivas no estudo da influência das partes moles no processo de reparação do tecido ósseo.
Influencia del proceso de curado y del contenido de carga sobre la Tg y el volumen libre en compuestos particulados de matriz epoxi
Authors: Tognana S. , Salgueiro W. , Somoza A.
Published: December 2007

Se presenta un estudio acerca de la influencia del proceso de curado sobre la temperatura de transición vítrea (Tg) y volumen libre en compuestos particulados de matriz epoxi. Como carga de la resina se utilizaron partículas de aluminio con tamaños típicos de ~100 mym. La información experimental se obtuvo usando calorimetría diferencial de barrido y espectroscopia temporal de aniquilación de positrones. Los resultados obtenidos estudiando el proceso de curado del polímero blanco permitieron encontrar que existe una muy buena correlación entre el volumen libre y la temperatura de transición vítrea. Al estudiar los compuestos particulados se encontró que el volumen libre promedio se modifica en forma no monótona con el incremento de la fracción de carga. Se analiza dicho comportamiento junto con la variación detectada en la Tg para cada muestra estudiada y se discuten los resultados considerando los cambios en la reticulación del material que se lleva a cabo durante el curado y los efectos de interacción en la interfase matriz polimérica-carga.
The delivery of the roof of Terminal 5
Authors: Frankland W. , Kitchener J. N. , Whitten T. , Hulme P.
Published: December 2007

The 176 m free-spanning dramatic roof structure of Heathrow's Terminal 5 main terminal building will undoubtedly become one of London's iconic buildings. This paper describes the various processes that the roof team used to ensure compliance and system integrity in order to guarantee that the 17 000 t structure could be built safely while negotiating one of the project's critical paths. The paper describes the engineering issues and how collaborative working contributed to achieving one of BAA's most successful sub-projects. The focus of the paper concentrates on the structure and describes how the design criteria set the fundamental requirements for the construction operations while the design of both permanent and temporary works was developed together. It details the rigorous review and approval processes and describes why risk assessment and compliance audit were crucial. The importance of the team structure and how this operated in conjunction with the lifting protocol to guarantee the success of critical operations is emphasised. It covers the development of the engineering procedure and how this was used to develop the hold points to control key stages. A full description of the construction engineering studies is provided to highlight the complexity and extent of preparation undertaken.
The ICE Arbitration Procedure 2006
Authors: Tait J. N.
Published: December 2007

The ICE Arbitration Procedure 2006 is the fourth such procedure to be published by the ICE, the first being in 1973. The aim of all the ICE procedures has been to make the arbitration process accessible to all, whether the dispute is large or small, and to provide great flexibility to both the parties and the arbitrator as to how the dispute is to be dealt with. The need for a new procedure was brought about by the huge reduction in arbitration caused by the introduction of statutory adjudication into the UK construction industry in 1998. The aim of the 2006 Procedure is to combine the speed of adjudication with the final and binding nature of arbitration for all but the largest disputes and this is achieved by the introduction of different procedures depending upon the amount in dispute. The author is a practising arbitrator and adjudicator and was chairman of the ICE Arbitration Advisory Panel during the period that the 2006 procedure was drafted.
Anaerobic digestion of verge cuttings for transport fuel
Authors: Salter A. , Delafield M. , Heaven S. , Gunton Z.
Published: December 2007

Roadside verges need to be cut for both safety and ecological reasons. This requires energy, currently acquired from fossil fuels with associated release of carbon dioxide (CO2). Leaving the cuttings in place has a detrimental effect on plant species richness; removal leads to increased biodiversity but produces green waste for disposal. This paper describes a model to determine the energy efficiency and surplus energy yield from the use of verge cuttings as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The model is scaleable and could be used by national and local authorities to find ways of reducing fossil fuel consumption. Although based on UK data, the same principles can be applied anywhere with roadside verges or similar sources of green cuttings. The model uses results from trials in Powys, Wales to determine the feasibility of collection and the potential methane yield of the cuttings. The results indicate that verge material can be collected in a manner that is both CO2 neutral and produces more energy than that required for cutting, transporting and processing. The nature of the fuel produced means the process is self-sustaining—biogas can be used to fuel vehicles required for cutting and transport and to provide heat and electricity for the anaerobic digestion process.
Ways to facilitate the use of recycled aggregate concrete
Authors: Tam V. W. Y. , Wang K. , Tam C. M.
Published: December 2007

A huge amount of solid waste is generated annually from construction and demolition activities. This has led to the promotion of waste recycling as a major measure to reduce waste and to mitigate the harmful effects of construction activities on the environment. Among these wastes, concrete apportions more than half of the total. While recycled concrete waste has been used in low-grade utilisations, high-grade applications are rarely discussed. Although the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has actively been promoting recycling of construction solid waste by issuing technical circulars, specifications and practice notes and setting up a recycling plant to encourage the adoption of recycled aggregate (RA), these measures have not facilitated wide adoption of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). In fact, the quality of RA and RAC is less than that of virgin material or ordinary concrete and concrete suppliers are thus reluctant to use these materials. Utilising a series of laboratory tests, this paper aims to set out some guidelines to facilitate the use of RAC in the construction industry.
Prediction of Temperature Changes Caused by Water or Gas Entry into a Horizontal Well
Authors: Yoshioka K. , Zhu D. , Hill A. D. , Dawkrajai P. , Lake L. W.
Published: December 2007

With the recent development of temperature measurement systems such as fiber-optic distributed temperature sensors, continuous temperature profiles in a horizontal well can be obtained with high precision. Small temperature changes with a resolution on the order of 0.1°F can be detected by modern temperature-measuring instruments in intelligent completions, which may aid the diagnosis of downhole flow conditions. Since in a producing horizontal well fluid inflowing temperature is not affected by elevational geothermal temperature changes, the primary temperature differences for each phase (oil, water, and gas) are caused by frictional effects.

While gas production usually causes a temperature decrease, water entry results in either warming or cooling of the wellbore. Warmer water entry is a result of water flow from a warmer aquifer below the producing zone (water coning). In contrast, produced water can be cooler than produced oil because of differences in the thermal properties of these fluids. If both oil and water are produced from the same elevation, oil is heated more by friction while flowing in a porous medium than water is resulting in the produced water having a lower inflow temperature than the oil. Water entry by coning is relatively easy to detect from the temperature profile because of its warmer inflow temperature, but water breakthrough from the same elevation as the oil may not be obvious.

In this paper, we illustrate the range of inflow conditions for which water-or-gas entry locations can be identified from the temperature profile of a well from measurable temperature changes. Using a numerical wellbore-temperature-prediction model (Yoshioka et al. 2005a), we calculated temperature profiles for a wide range of water-inflow conditions. In these calculations, we assumed that one section of the well produced water or gas, while the rest of the open section of the well produced oil. From sensitivity studies, we showed the predictions of the relative water-andgas production rates that create detectable temperature anomalies in the temperature profile along the well. By using the model to match an actual temperature log from a horizontal well, we demonstrate how this model can be used to identify water-inflow locations.
Placement Using Viscosified Non-Newtonian Scale Inhibitor Slugs: The Effect of Shear Thinning
Authors: Sorbie K. S. , Mackay E. J. , Collins I. R. , Wat R.
Published: December 2007

Reservoir formations are often very heterogeneous and fluid flow is strongly determined by their permeability structure. Thus, when a scale inhibitor (SI) slug is injected into the formation in a squeeze treatment, fluid placement is an important issue. To design successful squeeze treatments, we wish to control where the fluid package is placed in the near-well reservoir formation. In recent work (Sorbie and Mackay 2005), we went "back to basics" on the issue of viscous SI slug placement. That is, we re-derived the analytical expressions that describe placement in linear and radial layered systems for unit mobility and viscous fluids. Although these equations are quite well known, we applied them in a novel manner to describe SI placement. We also demonstrated the implications of these equations on how we should analyze placement both in the laboratory and by numerical modeling before we apply a SI squeeze. An analysis of viscosified SI applications for linear and radial systems was presented both with and without crossflow between the reservoir layers.

In this previous work, we assumed that the fluid being used to viscosify the SI slug was Newtonian (Sorbie and Mackay 2005). However, the question has been raised concerning what the effect would be if a non-Newtonian fluid was used instead. We mainly consider the effect of shear thinning, although our analysis is generally applicable if the non-Newtonian flow rate and effective viscosity function is known. We address the questions: Does the shear thinning behavior result in more placements into the higher or lower permeability layer (in addition to the effect of simple viscosification)? Can the shear thinning effect be used to design improved squeeze treatment?
Novel Relations for Drainage and Imbibition Relative Permeabilities
Authors: Chierici Gian Luigi
Published: December 2007

Exponential four- and five-parameter equations are proposed for gas/oil drainage and water/oil imbibition relative permeability curves. These equations match the experimentally determined curves, in particular at and near their initial points and endpoints, better than standard Corey et al.1 and polynomial approximations. Some of these parameters have a physical meaning; the others can be determined by nonlinear regression on the experimental data points, and can be adjusted to represent pseudorelative permeability curves. The proposed equations are particularly suitable to describe gas percolation in numerical model simulation of dissolved-gas-drive reservoirs.
An Improved Model for Sucker Rod Pumping
Authors: Doty Dale Russel , Schmidt Zelimir
Published: December 2007

An improved model for predicting the behavior of sucker rod pumping installations is presented. This model incorporates the dynamics of the liquid columns as well as the sucker rod string through a system of partial differential equations. This system of equations is solved by a modified method of characteristics on a digital computer. The model predicts the polished-rod and pump dynamometer cards and incorporates the effects of liquid inertia and viscosity. The model is capable of simulating a wide variety of pumping conditions for which liquid physical properties are important. The information predicted by the model is useful in the design and operation of sucker rod pumping installations.
Effect of Mixed-Chain-Length Surfactants on Fluid Displacement in Porous Media by In-Situ Foaming Process
Authors: Sharma M. K. , Shah D. O. , Brigham W. E.
Published: December 2007

A laboratory study was designed to improve fluid displacement efficiency in porous media by an in-situ foaming process and to determine the effect of mixed surfactant chain length on surface properties of foaming solutions, bubble size, breakthrough time, and fluid displacement in porous media. We screened various mixed surfactant systems, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and alkyl alcohols. Maximum breakthrough time and fluid displacement efficiency were observed when both components of the mixed foaming system possessed the same chain length. Results were compared with data obtained using water, brine, and sodium dodecyl sulfate alone.

The microscopic studies revealed that the order of bubble size measured outside the porous medium for various mixed surfactants was indeed maintained in a micromodel. The increase in the porous medium length improved breakthrough time and fluid displacement efficiency in sandpacks and in Berea cores. Mixed surfactant systems showed a correlation among surface properties of foaming solutions, bubble size, break-through time, and fluid displacement efficiency in a porous medium. Maximum foaminess, minimum bubble size, minimum surface tension, maximum surface viscosity, maximum breakthrough time, and maximum fluid displacement efficiency were observed when the two components of the surfactant system had the same chain length.
Simulation of 1/8 Five-/Nine-Spot Patterns
Authors: Coats K. H.
Published: December 2007

Simulation of complex recovery processes often is performed using a single pattern, which may be a five-, seven-, or nine-spot. This approximation of a total-field multiple-pattern development by a representative pattern significantly reduces computing time and cost. This Forum is limited to a single pattern in a network of repeated five- or nine-spot patterns in an areally homogeneous formation. The formation may have arbitrary vertical heterogeneity and any number of layers. The single pattern contains two wells in the five-spot case and four wells in the nine-spot case. The four sides of the square pattern are no-flow or insulated boundaries.

The single-pattern simulation should be performed for the smallest symmetrical element of the pattern to minimize computing cost. This well-known element is one-eighth of a pattern. Nevertheless, simulations of one-half and one-fourth pattern elements with areal homogeneity and square (uniform) grid blocks continue in practice and occasionally appear in the literature. Owing to symmetry within the pattern, the pressure (and saturation, composition, etc.) distribution within the one-eighth element defines the distribution throughout the pattern.

Transmissibility and block PV alterations necessary for exact reproduction of five- or nine-spot results by a one-eighth pattern calculation are well-known for the five-point difference scheme and are omitted here. This Forum describes a simple alteration necessary for identity of one-half or one-fourth pattern and one-eighth pattern results using the nine-point difference scheme1 with either parallel or diagonal grids.2
An Electrostatic Approach to the Association of Sodium and Calcium With Surfactant Micelles
Authors: Hirasaki George J. , Lawson J. B.
Published: December 2007

Association of sodium and calcium with surfactant micelles was measured and electrostatic models were used to interpret the experimental results. It was hypothesized that the association of calcium with micelles having sulfonate or sulfate anionic groups can be described by electrostatics alone—i.e., specific chemical associations were not considered. Interpretation of data obtained with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes that separate free electrolyte solution from micelles supports this hypothesis.

Two parameters estimated for the electrostatic model were the lengths of the hydrophilic groups and the specific areas of surfactants on the surfaces of micelles. The Donnan equilibrium model was used to calculate the exchange of sodium and calcium and to make a comparison with mass-action models.
Pressure-Derivative Type Curves, for Vertically Fractured Wells
Authors: Tiab Djebbar , Puthigai Suresh K.
Published: December 2007

This paper presents a technique for interpreting pressure-derivative type curves for a vertically fractured well located in an infinite reservoir. These type curves can be used to match pressure test data to determine the formation permeability, the half-length of the fracture, and the nature of the fracture—i.e., uniform-flux fracture or infinite-conductivity fracture. At long producing times, the buildup type curves are identical to the drawdown type curves for both types of fractures.
Performance of Finite-Conductivity, Vertically Fractured Wells in Single-Layer Reservoirs
Authors: Bennett Curtis O. , Reynolds Albert C. , Raghavan Rajagopal , Elbel Jacques L.
Published: December 2007

Although even a perfunctory survey of the literature suggests that considerable information is available on the response of finite-conductivity fractures in single-layer systems, the influence of the settling of propping agents and the effect of fracture height on the well response need to be examined. These topics are examined in this paper. We suggest methods to analyze well performance when the fracture paper. We suggest methods to analyze well performance when the fracture conductivity is a function of fracture height and fracture length. The performance of wells with fracture height greater than the formation performance of wells with fracture height greater than the formation thickness is documented. The consequences of being unable to contain the fracture within the pay zone are also examined.

Although incidental to this study, we found that solutions presented by various authors are not in agreement for all time ranges. In this paper, we discuss a systematic procedure to obtain a grid (mesh) so that paper, we discuss a systematic procedure to obtain a grid (mesh) so that accurate results are obtained by a finite-difference model. This procedure can be used for both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) problems. problems.
Application of a Regression-Based EOS PVT Program to Laboratory Data
Authors: Coats K. H. , Smart G. T.
Published: December 2007

An equation-of-state (EOS)-based PVT program was applied to match laboratory PVT data for three published and nine additional reservoir fluid samples. This paper includes laboratory test data for the nine samples and describes PVT program features, especially regression, that we find conducive to rapid determination of EOS parameter values needed to match data. With regression, both the Peng-Robinson (PR) and Zudkevitch-Joffe-Redlich-Kwong (ZJRK) EOS give comparable and generally good agreement with laboratory data. Without regression or significant adjustment of EOS parameters, neither EOS adequately predicts observed reservoir fluid PVT behavior.

Our EOS tuning uses a small degree of C7 + fraction splitting. The agreement of these EOS results with data compares favorably with that obtained in previously published studies that used extensive C7+ splitting.
A Nonequilibrium Description of Alkaline Waterflooding
Authors: deZabala E. F. , Radke C. J.
Published: December 2007

Alkaline waterflooding is complicated because the surfactant species are generated in situ from acidic components in the crude oil rather than injected externally. We previously outlined an equilibrium displacement theory1 that captured the essential features of the process. Assumption of local equilibrium, however, does not allow for a careful examination of the complex transport and kinetic phenomena that occur. Our non-equilibrium theory models the pertinent mass-transfer and kinetic resistances affecting interfacial tensions (IFT's) during displacement and oil-recovery efficiency. The model shows that when natural acid in a trapped oil blob contacts alkali, it diffuses to the interface, adsorbs, reacts with alkali, desorbs, and convects into the bulk aqueous phase. We quantify these transport steps, calculate concentration profiles in the oil and flowing aqueous phases during a linear displacement, and determine how transient tension behaves as a function of time and distance. Mass-transfer resistances are insignificant, but sorption resistances at the oil/water interface affect the transient evolution of IFT during alkaline displacement. Interfacial sorption barriers are modeled with first-order kinetics. Desorption resistances may be quite large, so low IFT's may not be established in typical laboratoryscale cores. Reversible or irreversible surfactant adsorption on reservoir rock is detrimental to alkaline waterflooding. Rock adsorption reduces the amount of surfactant available to the oil/water interface and may raise the IFT to levels that are ineffective in mobilizing residual oil globules. Most importantly, we provide a conceptual framework to design a successful alkaline waterflood.