bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific Genetic Variations, Fitness Cost and Benefit of RPW8, A Disease Resistance Locus in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Orgil Undral , Araki Hitoshi , Tangchaiburana Samantha , Berkey Robert , Xiao Shunyuan
Published: June 2007

The RPW8 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana confers broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew pathogens. In many A. thaliana accessions, this locus contains two homologous genes, RPW8.1 and RPW8.2. In some susceptible accessions, however, these two genes are replaced by HR4, a homolog of RPW8.1. Here, we show that RPW8.2 from A. lyrata conferred powdery mildew resistance in A. thaliana, suggesting that RPW8.2 might have gained the resistance function before the speciation of A. thaliana and A. lyrata. To investigate how RPW8 has been maintained in A. thaliana, we examined the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms in RPW8 from 51 A. thaliana accessions, related disease reaction phenotypes to the evolutionary history of RPW8.1 and RPW8.2, and identified mutations that confer phenotypic variations. The average nucleotide diversities were high at RPW8.1 and RPW8.2, showing no sign of selective sweep. Moreover, we found that expression of RPW8 incurs fitness benefits and costs on A. thaliana in the presence and absence of the pathogens, respectively. Our results suggest that polymorphisms at the RPW8 locus in A. thaliana may have been maintained by complex selective forces, including those from the fitness benefits and costs both associated with RPW8.
Multipoint Identity-by-Descent Prediction Using Dense Markers to Map Quantitative Trait Loci and Estimate Effective Population Size
Authors: Meuwissen Theo H E , Goddard Mike E
Published: June 2007

A novel multipoint method, based on an approximate coalescence approach, to analyze multiple linked markers is presented. Unlike other approximate coalescence methods, it considers all markers simultaneously but only two haplotypes at a time. We demonstrate the use of this method for linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of QTL and estimation of effective population size. The method estimates identity-by-descent (IBD) probabilities between pairs of marker haplotypes. Both LD and combined linkage and LD mapping rely on such IBD probabilities. The method is approximate in that it considers only the information on a pair of haplotypes, whereas a full modeling of the coalescence process would simultaneously consider all haplotypes. However, full coalescence modeling is computationally feasible only for few linked markers. Using simulations of the coalescence process, the method is shown to give almost unbiased estimates of the effective population size. Compared to direct marker and haplotype association analyses, IBD-based QTL mapping showed clearly a higher power to detect a QTL and a more realistic confidence interval for its position. The modeling of LD could be extended to estimate other LD-related parameters such as recombination rates.
A Covariance Structure Model for the Admixture of Binary Genetic Variation
Authors: Grote Mark N
Published: June 2007

I derive a covariance structure model for pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) between binary markers in a recently admixed population and use a generalized least-squares method to fit the model to two different data sets. Both linked and unlinked marker pairs are incorporated in the model. Under the model, a pairwise LD matrix is decomposed into two component matrices, one containing LD attributable to admixture, and another containing, in an aggregate form, LD specific to the populations forming the mixture. I use population genetics theory to show that the latter matrix has block-diagonal structure. For the data sets considered here, I show that the number of source populations can be determined by statistical inference on the canonical correlations of the sample LD matrix.
Postprocessing of Genealogical Trees
Authors: Meligkotsidou Loukia , Fearnhead Paul
Published: June 2007

We consider inference for demographic models and parameters based upon postprocessing the output of an MCMC method that generates samples of genealogical trees (from the posterior distribution for a specific prior distribution of the genealogy). This approach has the advantage of taking account of the uncertainty in the inference for the tree when making inferences about the demographic model and can be computationally efficient in terms of reanalyzing data under a wide variety of models. We consider a (simulation-consistent) estimate of the likelihood for variable population size models, which uses importance sampling, and propose two new approximate likelihoods, one for migration models and one for continuous spatial models.
Linkage Disequilibrium and Recombination Rate Estimates in the Self-Incompatibility Region ofArabidopsis lyrata
Authors: Kamau Esther , Charlesworth Brian , Charlesworth Deborah
Published: June 2007

Genetic diversity is unusually high at loci in the S-locus region of the self-incompatible species of the flowering plant, Arabidopsis lyrata, not just in the S loci themselves, but also at two nearby loci. In a previous study of a single natural population from Iceland, we attributed this elevated polymorphism to linkage disequilibrium (LD) between variants at loci close to the S locus and the S alleles, which are maintained in the population by balancing selection. With the four S-flanking loci whose diversity we previously studied, we could not determine the extent of the region linked to the S loci in which neutral sites are affected. We also could not exclude the possibility of a population bottleneck, or of admixture, as causes of the LD. We have now studied four more distant loci flanking the S-locus region, and more populations, and we analyze the results using a theoretical model of the effect of balancing selection on diversity at linked neutral sites within and between different functional S-allelic classes. In the model, diversity is a function of the number of selectively maintained alleles and the recombination distances from the selectively maintained sites. We use the model to estimate the number of different functional S alleles, their turnover rate, and recombination rates between the S-locus region and other loci. Our estimates suggest that there is a small region of very low recombination surrounding the S-locus region.
SYP-3 Restricts Synaptonemal Complex Assembly to Bridge Paired Chromosome Axes During Meiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Smolikov Sarit , Eizinger Andreas , Schild-Prufert Kristina , Hurlburt Allison , McDonald Kent , Engebrecht JoAnne , Villeneuve Anne M , Colaiácovo Mónica P
Published: June 2007

Synaptonemal complex (SC) formation must be regulated to occur only between aligned pairs of homologous chromosomes, ultimately ensuring proper chromosome segregation in meiosis. Here we identify SYP-3, a coiled-coil protein that is required for assembly of the central region of the SC and for restricting its loading to occur only in an appropriate context, forming structures that bridge the axes of paired meiotic chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that inappropriate loading of central region proteins interferes with homolog pairing, likely by triggering a premature change in chromosome configuration during early prophase that terminates the search for homologs. As a result, syp-3 mutants lack chiasmata and exhibit increased chromosome missegregation. Altogether, our studies lead us to propose that SYP-3 regulates synapsis along chromosomes, contributing to meiotic progression in early prophase.
The flare Gene, Which Encodes the AIP1 Protein of Drosophila, Functions to Regulate F-Actin Disassembly in Pupal Epidermal Cells
Authors: Ren Nan , Charlton Jeannette , Adler Paul N
Published: June 2007

Adult Drosophila are decorated with several types of polarized cuticular structures, such as hairs and bristles. The morphogenesis of these takes place in pupal cells and is mediated by the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Mutations in flare (flr) result in grossly abnormal epidermal hairs. We report here that flr encodes the Drosophila actin interacting protein 1 (AIP1). In other systems this protein has been found to promote cofilin-mediated F-actin disassembly. In Drosophila cofilin is encoded by twinstar (tsr). We show that flr mutations result in increased levels of F-actin accumulation and increased F-actin stability in vivo. Further, flr is essential for cell proliferation and viability and for the function of the frizzled planar cell polarity system. All of these phenotypes are similar to those seen for tsr mutations. This differs from the situation in yeast where cofilin is essential while aip1 mutations result in only subtle defects in the actin cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, we found that mutations in flr and tsr also result in greatly increased tubulin staining, suggesting a tight linkage between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton in these cells.
Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Changes Associated With Potato Autopolyploidization
Authors: Stupar Robert M , Bhaskar Pudota B , Yandell Brian S , Rensink Willem A , Hart Amy L , Ouyang Shu , Veilleux Richard E , Busse James S , Erhardt Robert J , Buell C Robin , Jiang Jiming
Published: June 2007

Polyploidy is remarkably common in the plant kingdom and polyploidization is a major driving force for plant genome evolution. Polyploids may contain genomes from different parental species (allopolyploidy) or include multiple sets of the same genome (autopolyploidy). Genetic and epigenetic changes associated with allopolyploidization have been a major research subject in recent years. However, we know little about the genetic impact imposed by autopolyploidization. We developed a synthetic autopolyploid series in potato (Solanum phureja) that includes one monoploid (1x) clone, two diploid (2x) clones, and one tetraploid (4x) clone. Cell size and organ thickness were positively correlated with the ploidy level. However, the 2x plants were generally the most vigorous and the 1x plants exhibited less vigor compared to the 2x and 4x individuals. We analyzed the transcriptomic variation associated with this autopolyploid series using a potato cDNA microarray containing ∼9000 genes. Statistically significant expression changes were observed among the ploidies for ∼10% of the genes in both leaflet and root tip tissues. However, most changes were associated with the monoploid and were within the twofold level. Thus, alteration of ploidy caused subtle expression changes of a substantial percentage of genes in the potato genome. We demonstrated that there are few genes, if any, whose expression is linearly correlated with the ploidy and can be dramatically changed because of ploidy alteration.
Meta-analysis of Polyploid Cotton QTL Shows Unequal Contributions of Subgenomes to a Complex Network of Genes and Gene Clusters Implicated in Lint Fiber Development
Authors: Rong Junkang , Feltus F Alex , Waghmare Vijay N , Pierce Gary J , Chee Peng W , Draye Xavier , Saranga Yehoshua , Wright Robert J , Wilkins Thea A , May O Lloyd , Smith C Wayne , Gannaway John R , Wendel Jonathan F , Paterson Andrew H
Published: June 2007

QTL mapping experiments yield heterogeneous results due to the use of different genotypes, environments, and sampling variation. Compilation of QTL mapping results yields a more complete picture of the genetic control of a trait and reveals patterns in organization of trait variation. A total of 432 QTL mapped in one diploid and 10 tetraploid interspecific cotton populations were aligned using a reference map and depicted in a CMap resource. Early demonstrations that genes from the non-fiber-producing diploid ancestor contribute to tetraploid lint fiber genetics gain further support from multiple populations and environments and advanced-generation studies detecting QTL of small phenotypic effect. Both tetraploid subgenomes contribute QTL at largely non-homeologous locations, suggesting divergent selection acting on many corresponding genes before and/or after polyploid formation. QTL correspondence across studies was only modest, suggesting that additional QTL for the target traits remain to be discovered. Crosses between closely-related genotypes differing by single-gene mutants yield profoundly different QTL landscapes, suggesting that fiber variation involves a complex network of interacting genes. Members of the lint fiber development network appear clustered, with cluster members showing heterogeneous phenotypic effects. Meta-analysis linked to synteny-based and expression-based information provides clues about specific genes and families involved in QTL networks.
Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of the Early Domestication of Sunflower
Authors: Wills David M , Burke John M
Published: June 2007

Genetic analyses of the domestication syndrome have revealed that domestication-related traits typically have a very similar genetic architecture across most crops, being conditioned by a small number of quantitative trait loci (QTL), each with a relatively large effect on the phenotype. To date, the domestication of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) stands as the only counterexample to this pattern. In previous work involving a cross between wild sunflower (also H. annuus) and a highly improved oilseed cultivar, we found that domestication-related traits in sunflower are controlled by numerous QTL, typically of small effect. To provide insight into the minimum genetic changes required to transform the weedy common sunflower into a useful crop plant, we mapped QTL underlying domestication-related traits in a cross between a wild sunflower and a primitive Native American landrace that has not been the target of modern breeding programs. Consistent with the results of the previous study, our data indicate that the domestication of sunflower was driven by selection on a large number of loci, most of which had small to moderate phenotypic effects. Unlike the results of the previous study, however, nearly all of the QTL identified herein had phenotypic effects in the expected direction, with the domesticated allele producing a more crop-like phenotype and the wild allele producing a more wild-like phenotype. Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that selection during the post-domestication era has resulted in the introduction of apparently maladaptive alleles into the modern sunflower gene pool.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sae2- and Tel1-Dependent Single-Strand DNA Formation at DNA Break Promotes Microhomology-Mediated End Joining
Authors: Lee Kihoon , Lee Sang Eun
Published: June 2007

Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) joins DNA ends via short stretches [5–20 nucleotides (nt)] of direct repeat sequences, yielding deletions of intervening sequences. Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and single-strand annealing (SSA) are other error prone processes that anneal single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) via a few bases (<5 nt) or extensive direct repeat homologies (>20 nt). Although the genetic components involved in MMEJ are largely unknown, those in NHEJ and SSA are characterized in some detail. Here, we surveyed the role of NHEJ or SSA factors in joining of double-strand breaks (DSBs) with no complementary DNA ends that rely primarily on MMEJ repair. We found that MMEJ requires the nuclease activity of Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2, 3′ flap removal by Rad1/Rad10, Nej1, and DNA synthesis by multiple polymerases including Pol4, Rad30, Rev3, and Pol32. The mismatch repair proteins, Rad52 group genes, and Rad27 are dispensable for MMEJ. Sae2 and Tel1 promote MMEJ but inhibit NHEJ, likely by regulating Mre11-dependent ssDNA accumulation at DNA break. Our data support the role of Sae2 and Tel1 in MMEJ and genome integrity.
Di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate Induces Hepatic Tumorigenesis through a Peroxisome Proliferator‐activated Receptor α‐independent Pathway
Authors: Ito Yuki , Yamanoshita Osamu , Asaeda Nobuyuki , Tagawa Yoshiaki , Lee Chul‐Ho , Aoyama Toshifumi , Ichihara Gaku , Furuhashi Koichi , Kamijima Michihiro , Gonzalez Frank J. , Nakajima Tamie
Published: June 2007

Di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate Induces Hepatic Tumorigenesis through a Peroxisome Proliferator‐activated Receptor α‐independent Pathway: Yuki Ito, et al. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine—Di(2ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used industrial plasticizer, causes liver tumorigenesis presumably via activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα). The mechanism of DEHP tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated, and to clarify whether DEHP tumorigenesis is induced via PPARα, we compared DEHP‐induced tumorigenesis in wild‐type and Pparα‐null mice. Mice of each genotype were divided into three groups, and treated for 22 months with diets containing 0, 0.01 or 0.05% DEHP. Surprisingly, the incidence of liver tumors was higher in Pparα‐null mice exposed to 0.05% DEHP (25.8%) than in similarly exposed wild‐type mice (10.0%). These results suggest the existence of pathways for DEHP‐induced hepatic tumorigenesis that are independent of PPARα. The levels of 8‐OHdG increased dose‐dependently in mice of both genotypes, but the degree of increase was higher in Pparα‐null than in wild‐type mice. NFκB levels also significantly increased in a dose‐dependent manner in Pparα‐null mice. The protooncogene c‐jun‐mRNA was induced, and c‐fos‐mRNA tended to be induced only in Pparα‐null mice fed a 0.05% DEHP‐containing diet. These results suggest that increases in oxidative stress induced by DEHP exposure may lead to the induction of inflammation and/or the expression of protooncogenes, resulting in a high incidence of tumorigenesis in Pparα‐null mice.
Effects of an Education Program for Stress Reduction on Supervisor Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior in the Workplace: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Nishiuchi Kyoko , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Takao Soshi , Mineyama Sachiko , Kawakami Norito
Published: June 2007

Effects of an Education Program for Stress Reduction on Supervisor Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior in the Workplace: A Randomized Controlled Trial: Kyoko Nishiuchi, et al. Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences—Supervisors at work play a large role in stress management at the workplace. Providing supervisors with necessary information and useful skills might be one effective approach that will lead to stress reduction. However, very few studies have investigated the effect of supervisor education by using a rigorous study design. In a randomized controlled trial, we tried to clarify how an education program for stress reduction influences supervisor knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning stress management. The subjects were 46 supervisors of an old, established sake brewery manufacturer of 301 employees. The supervisors were assigned to either the intervention group (24 supervisors) or the control group (22 supervisors). We conducted a single‐session education program that included the guidelines for worker mental health promotion to the intervention group. The education program was composed of a basic education lecture and active listening training. The effects of this program on supervisor knowledge, attitudes, and behavior were measured using an original, self‐administered questionnaire. The intervention effect was tested by examining an interaction effect between groups and time (before education, three and six months after education). The education favorably affected supervisor knowledge (F=7.92; p=.001). As for behavior, the intervention effect was marginally statistically significant (F=2.51; p=.088). For the attitude score, however, there were no beneficial effects. In conclusion, the provision of necessary information and useful skills to supervisors seems to improve supervisor knowledge and behavior regarding stress management at the workplace for at least six months.
Evaluation of the Effect of Heat Exposure on the Autonomic Nervous System by Heart Rate Variability and Urinary Catecholamines
Authors: Yamamoto Shinji , Iwamoto Mieko , Inoue Masaiwa , Harada Noriaki
Published: June 2007

Evaluation of the Effect of Heat Exposure on the Autonomic Nervous System by Heart Rate Variability and Urinary Catecholamines: Shinji Yamamoto, et al. Department of Hygiene, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine—The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of heart rate variability (HRV) and urinary catecholamines (CA) as objective indices of heat stress effect. We examined physiological responses, subjective symptoms, HRV and urinary CA to evaluate the effect of heat exposure on the autonomic nervous system. Six healthy male students volunteered for this study. They were exposed on different days to either a thermoneutral condition at wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) 21°C, or a heated condition at WBGT 35°C for 30 min, while seated on a chair. In the thermoneutral condition, differences of all parameters between the values before and after 30 min exposure were not statistically significant. In the heated condition, heart rate, body temperature and scores for subjective symptoms (feverishness, sweating, mood, and face flushing) significantly increased after 30 min exposure (p<0.05). Also, the high frequency component (HF%) of HRV significantly decreased and the low frequency/high frequency (LF/ HF) ratio of HRV significantly increased after 30 min exposure to the heated condition (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the amounts of urinary CA before and after the 30 min exposures; however, the norepinephrine amount after 30 min exposure to the heated condition was significantly greater than that of the thermoneutral condition (p<0.05). The heat exposure (WBGT 35°C) induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system and a withdrawal of the parasympathetic nervous system. These findings coincide with observed changes of heart rate, body temperature and subjective symptoms. It is suggested that HRV (HF% and LF/HF ratio) and urinary norepinephrine may be useful objective indices of heat stress; HRV seems to be more sensitive to heat stress than urinary CA.
Plasma n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Japanese, Korean and Mongolian Workers
Authors: Nogi Akiko , Yang Jianjun , Li Limei , Yamasaki Masayuki , Watanabe Minako , Hashimoto Michio , Shiwaku Kuninori
Published: June 2007

Plasma n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Japanese, Korean and Mongolian Workers: Akiko Nogi, et al. Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine—The favorable role of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated in animal experiments and in humans in Western countries, but its effect remains controversial in Asian populations. An observational study of Japanese, Koreans and Mongolians with extended histories of remarkably different frequencies of fish intake was conducted to examine whether differences in plasma n‐3 PUFA affects CVD risk factors. We conducted a crosssectional study in workplace settings and determined body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and fatty acid composition in plasma. A total of 411 Japanese, 418 Korean and 252 Mongolian workers aged 30–60 yr participated in this study. The Japanese ate fish more frequently and had remarkably higher values of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and n‐3 PUFA, and lower values of BMI and HOMA‐IR, followed by the Koreans, and then the Mongolians. In age groups, the Japanese and Koreans showed a similar tendency of increase in n‐3 PUFA with increasing age. General linear measurement multivariate analysis after adjustment for gender, age, smoking, drinking, exercise habits and BMI showed n‐3 PUFA was associated with HDL‐C and TG in the Japanese, while it was associated with systolic blood pressure in the Koreans, and TG in the Mongolians. In conclusion, an increase in n‐3 PUFA was associated with HDL‐C and TG in the Japanese and Mongolians, but these beneficial effects were not constant across the three Asian ethnic groups.
“How Fatigued Do You Currently Feel?” Convergent and Discriminant Validity of a Single‐Item Fatigue Measure
Authors: Van Hooff Madelon L.M. , Geurts Sabine A.E. , Kompier Michiel A.J. , Taris Toon W.
Published: June 2007

How Fatigued Do You Currently Feel? Convergent and Discriminant Validity of a Single‐Item Fatigue Measure: Madelon L.M. van Hooff, et al. Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands—The main aim of this study was to establish the convergent and discriminant validity of a single‐item measure of daily fatigue (“How fatigued do you currently feel?”) in a daily diary context. Convergent validity of our measure was examined by relating it to a validated multiple‐item measure of fatigue (Profile of Mood States; McNair, Lorr, & Droppelman, 1971) and to other daily (work‐home interference, sleep complaints, work‐related effort) and global (fatigue, health complaints, work‐home interference, job pressure) measures that are conceptually related to fatigue. Discriminant validity was assessed by relating the single‐item fatigue measure to daily (work pleasure) and global (job control, social support, motivation to learn) measures that are conceptually distinct from fatigue. Data were collected among 120 academic staff members, who completed a general questionnaire (tapping the global measures under study) and who took part in a 9‐d daily diary study (3 measurements daily). Correlation patterns and multilevel analyses revealed strong and significant associations between the single‐item fatigue measure and the variables incorporated to assess convergent validity (especially with the POMS: r=0.80), thus supporting the convergent validity of our measure. Relations with variables included to examine discriminant validity were weak or insignificant, supporting the discriminant validity of the single‐item fatigue measure. Despite this study's limitations (i.e., exclusive use of self‐reporting, specific sample) we conclude that this single‐item fatigue measure offers a valid way to assess daily fatigue.
Strong Acute Toxicity, Severe Hepatic Damage, Renal Injury and Abnormal Serum Electrolytes after Intravenous Administration of Cadmium Fluoride in Rats
Authors: Adachi Kazuya , Dote Tomotaro , Dote Emi , Mitsui Go , Kono Koichi
Published: June 2007

Strong Acute Toxicity, Severe Hepatic Damage, Renal Injury and Abnormal Serum Electrolytes after Intravenous Administration of Cadmium Fluoride in Rats: Kazuya Adachi, et al. Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College—Cadmium fluoride (CdF) is commonly used as an insulator for ulta high speed mass telecommunications equipment, and there is a considerable risk that industrial workers will inhale CdF particles. Despite the possibility that acute exposure can cause harmful systemic effects, there are no studies to date that address the health consequences of acute CdF exposure. This study therefore aimed to determine the acute lethal dose of CdF and its effects on various target organs, including the liver and kidney. We also determined the effect of CdF on serum electrolytes and acid‐base balance. The effective lethal dose was determined and dose‐response study was conducted after intravenous administration of CdF in rats. The 24 h LD50 of CdF was determined to be 3.29 mg/kg. The dose‐response study used doses of 1.34, 2.67, 4.01 mg/kg CdF. Saline or sodium fluoride solution were used for controles. Severe hepatocellular injury was induced at doses greater than 2.67 mg/kg, as demonstrated by AST and ALT activities greater than 1,500 IU/l in rats injected with a dose of 4.01 mg/kg. Acute renal failure was induced at doses greater than 2.67 mg/kg. Decreased serum Ca, increased serum K and metabolic acidosis were induced at a dose of 4.01 mg/kg. Decreased serum Ca was caused by exposure to ionized F. CdF has the strongest lethal and hepatic toxicity among all Cd containing compounds.
Differential Expression of EC‐SOD, Mn‐SOD and CuZn‐SOD in Rat Lung Exposed to Crystalline Silica
Authors: Kim Heungnam , Morimoto Yasuo , Ogami Akira , Nagatomo Hiroko , Hirohashi Masami , Oyabu Takako , Kawanami Yukiko , Kuroda Etsushi , Higashi Toshiaki , Tanaka Isamu
Published: June 2007

Differential Expression of EC‐SOD, Mn‐SOD and CuZn‐SOD in Rat Lung Exposed to Crystalline Silica: Heungnam Kim, et al. Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA—Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the dismutation of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide. There are 3 kinds of isozymes: extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC‐SOD), manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD) and copper‐ and zinc‐containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn‐SOD). To examine the expression of SOD isozymes in lungs injured by crystalline silica, we intratracheally instilled male Wistar rats with 2 mg (8 mg/kg) of crystalline silica and investigated the mRNA, protein level and distribution of SOD isozymes in the rat lungs using RT‐PCR, western blot analysis and immunostaining, respectively at from 3 d to 180 d of recovery following the exposure. EC‐SOD mRNA levels significantly increased from 3 d to 90 d and the EC‐SOD protein level was significantly higher after 90 and 180 d recovery in the crystalline silica exposed groups than in the control groups. Mn‐SOD increased in silica treated rat lungs at both mRNA and protein levels, peaking at 30 d post‐exposure. CuZn‐SOD mRNA levels were decreased at 3, 7 and 30 d, and CuZn‐SOD protein levels were also significantly lower than the control group at 90 and 180 d recovery. There was prominent EC‐SOD immunostaining mainly in the plasma and alveolar macrophages and strong Mn‐SOD staining in alveolar macrophages and interstitial cells of the proximal and distal portions of the alveolar duct following crystalline silica exposure. There was less CuZn‐SOD staining in epithelial cells at terminal bronchioles in the crystalline silica‐exposed group. These findings suggest that these SOD isozymes may be related to lung injury induced by crystalline silica.
Fenség és nézőpont
Authors: Bolonyai Gábor
Published: June 2007

A
cikk arra a kérdésre keresi a választ, hogy miben különbözik
A fenségről
címet
viselő, többnyire Longinosnak tulajdonított esszé fenség-fogalma a fenségessel
rokonítható (magasztos, emelkedett stb.) stílusfajták hagyományos rétorikai
leírásaitól. A vizsgálat középpontjában három részlet áll, közülük kettő a
fenség első forrását: a fenséges gondolatokat tárgyalja (9.4-9, 10.1-3), a
harmadik pedig az apostrophé alakzat alkalmazásából eredő fenséges hatást
(16.1-3). A cikk arra mutat rá, hogy „Longinos”elemzései szerint egy irodalmi
műben megfogalmazott gondolat végső soron nem azért fenséges, mert tárgya a
létezők hierarchiájának felső rétegeihez tartozik, hanem attól válik azzá, ha
az alkotó sajátos módon képes megragadni és megjeleníteni tárgyát. A három
példa két ilyen sajátos módszernek a fenséges hatás kiváltásában játszott
kulcsszerepére világít rá (még ha „Longinos”nem jelöli is őket pontos
terminusokkal): a kétszeres nézőpont és a hirtelen nézőpontváltás narrációs
technikájára.
Epikus énekmondók a Metamorphoses ben
Authors: Gloviczki Zoltán
Published: June 2007

Calliope
éneke (5.338-678), illetve az Orpheus dalában kirajzolódó történetfüzér
(10.1-11.84) számos ponton mutat párhuzamot egymással s az ovidiusi mű
egészével is. A két részlet ilyen szempontú elemzése a
varietas
esztétikai
alapján szerkesztett
Metamor-phoses
szerkezeti egyensúlyára éppúgy
lehetséges magyarázattal szolgál, mint ahogy közelebb visz a teljes mű
értelmezéséhez is. A két részlet párhuzamai és újragondolása újabb szempontokat
vet föl az Orpheus-történet vergiliusi és ovidiusi feldolgozásának kapcsolatáról
is, a parodisztikus újramesélés helyett utóbbinál is a költő dalnok szerepének
fontosságára és drámaiságára hívva föl a figyelmet.
Adalékok a legis actio sacramento in rem eredetéhez
Authors: Nótári Tamás
Published: June 2007

A
legis actio sacramento in rem mindmáig a római jog szakirodalmának
legvitatottabb kérdései közé tartozik, irodalma mára könyvtárnyivá duzzadt,
annak hozzávetőleges feldolgozása is önálló tanulmány tárgyát képezhetné. A
legis actio sacramento in rem eredetének magyarázata kapcsán több, egymástól
többé-kevésbé világosan elkülönülő irányzatot különböztethetünk meg,
vizsgálódásunk szempontjából a legfontosabbnak az esküelméletet és a
magánharcról szóló teóriát tekinthetjük. A legis actio sacramento eredendően
szakrális jellegét hangsúlyozza az esküteória, amely szerint a pervesztes fél
hamis esküjét, sacramentumát megtorló istenség expiatiója lehetett a közösségi
kontroll fő célja, ezt az elméletet a vindicatio erősen formalizált,
vallási-mágikus carmenként megjelenő szövege is alátámasztja. Jheringre vezetik
vissza - noha jóval korábbi - a magánharcelméletet, amelynek az a lényege, hogy
a felek kezdetben tényleges harcot folytattak a köztük vita tárgyát képező
dologért, ám a közösség (az állam) a belső békét megőrizendő e harcot saját
ellenőrzése alá vonta, s ezért e harcra a legis actio sacramento in rem
általunk ismert formájában már csak szimbolikusan, a lándzsa (hasta) helyett
használt pálca (festuca) jelzésszerű alkalmazásával került sor. Célunk csupán
annyi, hogy egy - főként a forrásokra, részben a szakirodalom eddigi
eredményeire alapozott - lehetőséget villantsunk fel, amely a legis actio
sacramento in rem struktúrájában a szakralitás és a magánharc motívumait nem
egymásnak ellentmondó, hanem szerves kiegészítő komponensként elegyíti.
Az artefaktumok (eszközök) esszenciája
Authors: Kelemen Deborah , Carey Susan
Published: June 2007

Többen amellett
érvelnek, hogy mivel az eszközök (artefaktumok) nem természetes fajták, ezért
nem részei a fogalmak azon körének, amelyek az elmélet-elmélet területéhez
tartoznak. Szemben ezzel az állásponttal, nézetünk szerint az eszközök
valójában nagyon is úgy funkcionálnak, mint a természetes fajták fogalmai. A
felnőttek eszközfogalmainak alapját a „tervezeti hozzáállás”-nak nevezett
kauzális-magyarázati struktúra képezi. A tervezeti hozzáállás értelmében minden
eszköz létezése, fajtája és tulajdonságai a tervező eredeti szándékának
megfelelő funkció alapján magyarázhatók. A szándékolt funkció fogalma ugyanúgy
határozza meg és irányítja az eszközökre vonatkozó érveléseinket, mint ahogyan
az oksági esszenciák reprezentációi determinálják a természetes fajtákra
vonatkozó inferen­ciá­kat. Továbbá: ugyanúgy, ahogyan egyes keretelméleteket -
mint például a vitalista biológiát -, amelyek meghatározzák a természetes
fajtákról való gondolkodásunkat, a gyermekkor folyamán konstruálunk meg, a
tervezeti hozzáállás is csak elég későn, az óvodáskor idejére alakul ki (csupán
négy- és hatéves kor között konszolidálódik). Szemben azonban a vitalista
biológiával, a tervezeti hoz­záállás konstrukciója olyan fejlődési primitívekre
épül, amelyek részei a csecsemő igen korán meg­je­lenő alaptudás („mag-tudás”)
rendszereinek, elsősorban azoknak, amelyek az intencionális ágencia területéhez
tartoznak.
A természetes pedagógiáról
Authors: Gergely György , Egyed Katalin , Király Ildikó
Published: June 2007

Az evolúció során
kiválasztódott fajspecifikus adaptáció eredményeképpen az ember sajátos
hajlandóságot mutat arra, hogy spontán átadja releváns kulturális tudását
fajtársainak, illetve hogy az ilyen tanítás tartalmát gyorsan és közvetlenül
elsajátítsa egy erre a feladatra specializált társas tanulási rendszer, az
úgynevezett természetes „pedagógia”segítségével (Csibra, Gergely,
2006). A pedagógiai tudásátadást sajátos kommunikatív jegyek váltják ki
(úgymint szemkontaktus, kontingens reaktivitás, a dajkanyelv sajátos prozódiai
mintázata és a saját néven szólítás). A csecsemők korai és speciális
érzékenységet mutatnak az ilyen „osztenzív”jegyekre, amelyek azt a
kommunikációs szándékot jelzik számukra, hogy a másik személy új és releváns
tudást fog közölni a referensről. A természetes pedagógia elmélete új
funkcionális értelmezési lehetőséget kínál egy sor olyan, az ontogenezis során
igen korán megjelenő triádikus interakciós készségre, amelyben a csecsemő és a
felnőtt egy általuk közösen figyelt referenciális tárgyról kommunikál. A ma
uralkodó (mentalizációs) értelmezés szerint az ilyen triádikus interakciókban a
csecsemő a másik személynek az adott tárgyra vonatkozó viselkedését a neki
tulajdonított referenciális mentális állapotok (úgymint érzelmek, diszpozíciók vagy
szándékok) segítségével értelmezi. Új kísérletünkben megvizsgáltuk - egymással
szembeállítva a természetes pedagógia és a standard mentalizációs modell
előrejelzéseit -, hogy egy osztenzív kommunikatív jegyeket alkalmazó
kontextusban a tizennégy hónaposok miként értelmezik mások tárgyakra vonatkozó
érzelemkifejezéseit. Végezetül röviden összefoglaljuk a természetes pedagógia
elméletének újszerű implikációit a korai társas megismerés kialakulásának
természetére és az emberi szociális és kognitív fejlődés empirikus kutatásának
új irányaira nézve.
Könyvismertetések
Authors: Fekete István , Gósy Mária , Ivády Rozália Eszter , Kardos Péter
Published: June 2007

DianePecherés
RolfA. Zwaan(szerk.):
Grounding cognition: The role of perception and
action in memory, language, and thinking
(Fekete
István)     253
CsépeValéria:
Az olvasó agy
(Gósy Mária) 256 Kormos, Judit:
Speech production and second language acquisition
(Ivády Rozália Eszter)      260 MarosánGyörgy:
Hogyan készül a történelem?
(Kardos Péter) 263
Beérkezett könyvek
Authors: Pléh Csaba
Published: June 2007

KunMiklós:

Kedves Hilda. Egy elmeorvos az elmebeteg huszadik században.
Medicina,
Budapest, 2004 DonáthPéter:
Adalékok Nagy László
pályájához. 1918-1922.
Trezor Kiadó, Budapest, 2007 HorváthGizella:
Maine
de Biran. Egy filozófus életútja.
Pro Philosophia, Kolozs­vár-Szeged, 2005 MesterBéla:
Magyar philosophia.
Pro
Philosophia, Kolozsvár-Szeged, 2006 Andler,
D., Fagot-Largeault, A. és Saint-Sernin,
B.:
Philosophie des sciences
. I-II. Gallimard, Párizs, 2002 BorosJánosés
VajdaMihály(szerk.):
Ethics and herutage. Essyas on the
philosophy of Ágnes Heller.
Brambauer, Pécs, 2007 SzívósMihály:
A személyes és a hallgatólagos
tudás elmélete. Előzmények, keletkezéstörténet és új távlatok.
Nemzeti
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 2005 AldousHuxley:
Előadások az emberről
.
(Fordította: Kassai Melinda) Kairosz Kiadó, Budapest, 2006 BrezsnyánszyLászló(szerk.):
A „Debreceni
Iskola”neveléstudomány-történeti vázlata.
Gondolat Kiadó, Budapest, 2007 FalusIván(szerk.):

A tanárrá válás folyamata.
Gondolat Kiadó, Budapest, 2007 NiklasLuhmann:

Bevezetés a rendszerelméletbe.
(Fordította: Bruncel Balázs) Gondolat Kiadó, Budapest, 2006 JacquesRoubaud:
Költészet
és emlékezet
. (Fordította: Seláf Levente) Typotex, Budapest, 2007 SzakadátIstván:
Egyben az egészet.
Typotex,
Budapest, 2007
"If You Ask Me"
Authors: Shissler A. Holly
Published: June 2007

“Cici Anne” was a popular advice column that first appeared in two prominent Turkish journals, Resimli Ay and Resimli Hafta, and subsequently in one of Turkey’s preeminent daily newspapers, Cumhuriyet. The columnist, Sabiha Zekeriya Sertel, was a well-known journalist and outspoken exponent of women’s rights. “Cici Anne,” directed at a more popular audience than Sertel’s other writings, was one outlet for her ideas on women and their circumstances. Each column took as its point of departure a reader’s letter and proceeded to a larger discussion, insisting on women’s need for economic independence, challenging the very concept of namus (honor), and at times calling into question the value of the institution of marriage. The column often appeared in proximity to reports of youth suicides. Thus the column and its context allow us to examine the social tensions produced by the Republican elites’ attempts to redefine family life and gender roles, and to hear, albeit at some remove, the voices of those caught up in such tensions. It also reveals the diversity of voices within the Republican camp in this early formative period.
Imaging the “New Man”
Authors: Elsadda Hoda
Published: June 2007

The emergence of the New Woman in Egypt as a central trope in the nationalist narrative of nation-building and modernity has been the subject of scholarly interest for more than a decade, yet there has been little research on her logical counterpart: the New Man. Although representations of the New Man have always been a subtext in representations of the New Woman, the manifestations and implications of these constructed imaginings within the Egyptian nationalist narrative have yet to be explored. In this article I consider constructions of the New Man through what men say about women, about themselves, and about their conception of ideal manhood. I argue that overt discussions of masculinity ran parallel to discussions of femininity. They might not have dominated the cultural scene like the debates on “the woman question,” but they are revealing of the complexities of gender politics. I focus particularly on literary narratives published in the first four decades of the twentieth century.
The Palestinian Cinematic Wedding
Authors: Yaqub Nadia
Published: June 2007

This article examines the role of the wedding in three Palestinian movies, Wedding in Galilee, Rana’s Wedding, and Paradise Now. It describes how filmmakers Michel Khleifi and Hany Abu-Assad harness the power of the wedding to construct Palestinian selves (and especially gendered selves): communal, ethnic, and national identities; and as a site for control and resistance. I demonstrate how, by exploring the intersection between public and private domains that is crucial to the power of the wedding ritual itself, these filmmakers both depict the dialogic relationship between culture and politics in the stories they tell and enact that dialogism through their storytelling.
The Grand Coalition: Precedents and Prospects
Authors: Helms Ludger
Published: June 2007

While the Federal Republic has been famously characterized as a "grand coalition state," the Merkel government, formed in the after-math of the 2005 federal election, is only the second CDU/CSU-SPD coalition at the federal level since 1949. A comparison of the present administration with the first grand coalition government (1966-1969) reveals a wealth of differences that include some of the basic parameters of governing and governance in Germany, such as the structure of the party system and the overall public climate. Also, the personnel features and patterns of informal coalition governance under Chancellors Angela Merkel and Kurt-Georg Kiesinger display major differences. Arguably the single most important difference between the two administrations, however, relates to the level of public policy, with the Merkel government seeking to reverse some of the key decisions of its historical predecessor. Such u-turn dynamics have been particularly tangible in the field of federal system reform.
Honecker's Revenge: The Enduring Legacy of German Unification in the 2005 Election
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey , Ziblatt Daniel
Published: June 2007

A core lesson of Germany's federal election of September 2005 is the enduring legacy of the communist past in East Germany, a legacy that substantially shapes politics in unified Germany. Fifteen years after unification, the crucial difference in German politics still lies in the East. The 2005 election demonstrated the enduring east-west divide in German party politics. The result is that Germany today has two coherent party systems, one in the East and one in the West. Combined, however, they produce incoherent outcomes. Any party that hopes to win at the federal level must perform well in the very different circumstances in the East.
The Drama of 2005 and the Future of German Politics
Authors: Langenbacher Eric
Published: June 2007

I recall a conversation from a while back with a colleague. He was

disdainful of German politics, stating that they are ponderous, lackluster,

even boring. He prefers to follow Italian politics because of

the intrigue, emotion, and, most of all, the drama. Although forced

to agree at the time that the contrast between the two countries

could not be greater, I was also immediately reminded of the old

(apocryphal) Chinese curse, “may you live in interesting times.”
The Tipping Point: The 2005 Election and the De-consolidation of the German Party System?
Authors: Conradt David P.
Published: June 2007

This article develops the thesis that the past quarter-century of electoral volatility in Germany reached a critical tipping point at the 2005 election. The two major parties of the Bonn Republic are now at their lowest combined share of the popular vote since the Federal Republic's founding in 1949. Electoral necessity and not, as in 1966, elite choice forced them into a grand coalition with little programmatic consensus. Their respective demographic cores-church-going Catholics for the CDU and unionized industrial workers for the SPD-have eroded as has the proportion of the electorate identifying with them. Institutional factors such as the electoral system have neither helped nor hindered these changes. The current grand coalition also faces a larger and more focused opposition than in 1966. The article concludes with some comparisons between the current German party system and its Italian counterpart of the late 1980s.
Angela Merkel: What Does it Mean to Run as a Woman?
Authors: Ferree Myra Marx
Published: June 2007

Considering Angela Merkel as a female candidate raises questions of the extent to which political leadership has become degendered in recent decades. Three issues of gender and politics are considered here: the changes in expectations for women in public life, the shift in defining what is a "woman's interest" and how women may represent such interests, and the degree to which women challenge the "old boys' networks" with alternative connections to women and provide a critical mass rather than just an individual in office. The implications of each of these dimensions for assessing the impact of Merkel on German politics are considered. I suggest that her role can be seen as a feminist one, even if her own politics are not.