bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illite-Smectite Mixed-Layer Minerals in the Hydrothermal Alteration of Volcanic Rocks: I. One-Dimensional XRD Structure Analysis and Characterization of Component Layers
Authors: Inoue Atsuyuki , Lanson Bruno , Marques-Fernandes Maria , Sakharov Boris A. , Murakami Takashi , Meunier Alain , Beaufort Daniel
Published: October 2005

For a series of mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S) minerals from a drillhole near the Kakkonda geothermal field, one-dimensional structure analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed using Casaturated specimens in both air-dried and ethylene glycol-solvated states. The expandability characteristics of component layers were also examined by means of alkylammonium exchange and Li saturation. The K content in the illite layers was 1.5–1.7/O20(OH)4 in the I-S series from 3 to 85% of I-layer content (% I). The layer charge of the smectite layer varied slightly within the range of 0.3–0.5/O10(OH)2 by alkylammonium exchange experiments and the expandability was independent of the beidellite content within a range of 0–0.5 by the Li-saturation test. The degree of long-range ordering represented by Reichweite (R) parameters varied from R0 to R3 via R1 and R2 with increase in % I. The I-S samples contained <10% vermiculite as the third component and the vermiculite content tended to decrease with progressive illitization.

In contrast to the smectitic R0 samples (<10% I), more illitic R0 (e.g. 35% I) and >R1 I-S samples showed complicated expandability with alkylammonium exchange. The XRD patterns of dodecylammonium-exchanged I-S samples can be interpreted by random interstratification of several types of sub-units such as layer-doublets, layer-triplets and layer-quartets present in the crystallites. This interpretation is consistent with the variation in the occurrence probabilities of layer-multiplets calculated from the junction probabilities and the proportions of layers. Because the interpretation indicates that I-S is a stack of various types of the sub-units, the smectite illitization can be described by a systematic change in the type and proportion of the sub-units constituting crystallites.
Illite-Smectite Mixed-Layer Minerals in the Hydrothermal Alteration of Volcanic Rocks: II. One-Dimensional HRTEM Structure Images and Formation Mechanisms
Authors: Murakami Takashi , Inoue Atsuyuki , Lanson Bruno , Meunier Alain , Beaufort Daniel
Published: October 2005

Smectite illitization was investigated in felsic volcaniclastic rocks from a drill core near the Kakkonda active geothermal system, Japan, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) that provided one-dimensional structure images of mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S) minerals normal to [M0]. Simulated images of a rectorite-like structure revealed that smectite can be distinguished from illite in mixed-layer I-S by HRTEM if the basal spacing of smectite is larger than that of illite. The larger basal spacing of smectite, 1.3 nm under HRTEM, was obtained by intercalation of dodecylammonium ions into smectitic interlayers. In simulated and observed images normal to [hk0], tetrahedral (T) and octahedral (O) cation planes are imaged as dark lines, an illitic interlayer as a bright line, and a smectitic interlayer as a dark line sandwiched between two bright lines.

The samples are from depths of 435 m (5% I; R0), 635 m (35% I; R0), 656 m (62% I; R1), and 756 m (85% I; R3) where % I is the percentage of illite layers in a sample and R is the Reichweite parameter. Sample 435 consisted mostly of smectite, and illite layers occurred, though small in amount, as M1 units (module of type 1, defined as consisting of two polar T-O-T silicate layers with one central illitic interlayer and two, half smectitic interlayers at the outermost surface; the number corresponds to that of central illitic interlayers). The M1 units were dominant and isolated and consecutive smectite layers (>2) were present in sample 635. Sample 656 consisted mostly of packets of M1 units of 1 to 5 layers containing M2 to M5 units occasionally. Isolated or consecutive smectite layers (>2) were not present in 656. Illite layers occurred almost entirely as M1 units in samples 435, 635 and 656, and the number of M1 units increased with increase in % I. Sample 756 was characterized by the presence of M2 to M10 units accompanied by smectitic interlayers at the external surface and the absence of M1 units and isolated smectite layers. The HRTEM data strongly suggest that illitization in a hydrothermal system occurs by precipitation of M1 units for mixed-layer I-S minerals up to 60% I. This does not require the presence of precursor smectite. Illitization of I-S minerals with >60% I proceeds by precipitation of various types of Mn (n ⩾ 2) units. Illite occurs only as Mn (n ⩾ 1) units throughout illitization.
Characterization and Origin of Fe3+-Montmorillonite in Deep-Water Calcareous Sediments (Pacific Ocean, Costa Rica Margin)
Authors: Gaudin A. , Buatier M. D. , Beaufort D. , Petit S. , Grauby O. , Decarreau A.
Published: October 2005

Millimetric to centimetric green grains widespread in pelagic calcareous sediments recovered at a water depth of3000 m near the Costa Rica margin were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Samples were collected, during the Ticoflux II expedition, from the upper bioturbated part of four sedimentary cores (0.13–3.75 m below seafloor). The sediments are calcareous and siliceous nanofossil oozes (coccoliths, diatoms, radiolarians, etc.).

Green grains show generally a concentric zoning with a green rim in which smectite largely predominates over pyrite and a black core in which pyrite is prevalent. Observations by SEM indicate that this zoning results from a progressive inward alteration and replacement of the accumulations of pyrites by smectites. The high-resolution TEM observations of the smectite-pyrite interfaces suggest that the replacement of pyrites by smectite occurs through a dissolution-precipitation process with the formation of a gel. The pyrite matrix is composed of a huge number of very small (0.5–22 µm) pyrite octahedra, a typical texture resulting from the pyritization of organic material in early diagenetic environments.

The accurate mineralogical and crystal chemical characterization of the smectites indicate that they are Fe3+-montmorillonites (Fe3+-rich smectite with a dominant octahedral charge, rarely recorded in the literature). The formation of such Fe3+-montmorillonites forming green grains could be explained by two successive diagenetic redox stages: (1) reducing stage: early pyritization of the organic matter by microbial reduction within reducing micro-environments; (2) oxidizing stage: Fe3+-montmorillonite crystallized in space liberated after dissolution of pyrite connected with the rebalancing of the redox conditions of the micro-environments with the oxidizing surrounding sediments.
Chlorite in Metabasites from the Mikabu and North Chichibu Belts, Southwest Japan
Authors: Miyahara Masaaki , Kitagawa Ryuji , Uehara Seiichiro
Published: October 2005

Chlorites formed as a replacement of phenocrysts in metabasites from the pumpellyite-actinolite to lower-greenschist facies Mikabu and North Chichibu belts in southwest Japan were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The metabasites contain a small quantity of fine-grained smectite and corrensite in the <1 μm size fraction. The chlorite also contains trace amounts of Ca, Na and K, which generally appear to be associated with smectite stacked in chlorite packets. The smectite layers comprise up to 13% of the chlorite domains. Theoretical estimates of the smectite ratio by the Wise method using EMPA data coincide well with the ratio determined based on HRTEM observations in most chlorites. However, in some chlorites with high proportions of Ca, Na and K, the cations cannot be reasonably attributed to smectite alone. Based on the present analyses, Ca, Na and K cations are also hosted in discrete interstitial phases of fine-grained smectite and corrensite as possible retrograde metamorphic products. These findings suggest that care should be taken in application of the Wise method to estimate the smectite ratio, and that the whole-rock chlorite composition may not be suitable as a geothermometer.
Chemical and Crystallographic Properties of Kaolin from Ultisols in Thailand
Authors: Kanket Wimolnan , Suddhiprakarn Anchalee , Kheoruenromne Irb , Gilkes Robert J.
Published: October 2005

Eighteen purified kaolin samples from Thai Ultisols were studied by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy and BET methods. Minor amounts of inhibited vermiculite, quartz and anatase were general contaminants of the kaolins which had an average chemical composition of 403 g kg−1 Al2O3, 550 g kg−1 SiO2, 25.3 g kg−1 Fe2O3, 15.6 g kg−1 TiO2 and 4.65 g kg−1 K2O on an ignited basis. Appreciable concentrations of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb were present and most of the Ni, Cu and Zn in the original clay fraction was retained in the deferrated kaolin concentrate. It was not possible to determine if these elements are present as structural ions in kaolin crystals.

The kaolins exhibited a variety of crystal morphologies ranging from sub-micron, euhedral, hexagonal plates to anhedral plates and tubes. Their specific surface areas ranged from 15.9 to 61.4 m2g−1 (mean 44.9 m2g−1) and surface area increased with decrease in crystal size. The cation exchange capacity of the kaolins ranged from 7.2 to 23.4 cmolc kg−1 and surface charge density from 0.16 to 0.99 C m−2 but these values are sensitive to the presence of contaminants. Structural iron ranged from 12.4 to 44.8 g kg−1 Fe2O3 and there was an increase in structural defects towards the soil surface associated with an increase in the amount of structural iron.
Alteration of Ilmenite in the Cretaceous Sandstones of Nova Scotia, Southeastern Canada
Authors: Pe-Piper Georgia , Piper David J. W. , Dolansky Lila
Published: October 2005

Most detrital ilmenite grains in sandstones of the Chaswood Formation are completely altered to pseudorutile, leucoxene and rutile. The textural, chemical and mineralogical changes involved in alteration were tracked using electron microprobe analyses, backscattered electron images, and elemental maps. Ilmenite grains (Ti/(Ti+Fe) ≈ 0.48) alter patchily to pseudorutile (Ti/(Ti+Fe) 0.5–0.7) with volume loss, forming a porous structure and this process continues with the development of leucoxene (Ti/(Ti+Fe) 0.7–0.9). Within the pseudorutile and leucoxene, stubby prismatic rutile crystals have been precipitated. Si and A1 occur in the altered ilmenite, either (1) inherited from original quartz and muscovite inclusions in the parent crystal or (2) as kaolinite altered from muscovite inclusions or precipitated in the pore space, under pedogenic or early diagenetic conditions. Distribution of alteration phases has been related to facies and diagenetic variations. With increasing amounts of leaching in different types of paleosols, there was increasing alteration of pseudorutile to leucoxene. In light gray mudstones and interbedded sandstones with diagenetic kaolinite that formed beneath the water table from percolating meteoric water, most leucoxene was converted to rutile. Burial diagenesis (to vitrinite reflectance values >0.4%) also promoted the change from leucoxene to rutile. The alteration of ilmenite is an important source of Fe for diagenetic minerals in the Chaswood Formation and correlative offshore deltaic and marine facies of the Scotian basin.
A Simple Method for Partial Purification of Reference Clays
Authors: Arroyo L. Jacqueline , Li Hui , Teppen Brian J. , Boyd Stephen A.
Published: October 2005

The influence of clay preparation procedure on sorption and hydrolysis of carbaryl (1-naphthyl, A-methyl carbamate) by the reference smectite SWy-2 was examined. For research purposes, reference clays are sometimes used without purification, or more commonly, the <2 μm size fraction is obtained by gravity sedimentation or low-speed centrifugation. We determined that these common methods did not remove all the inorganic carbonate impurities present in SWy-2, and that these impurities caused alkaline conditions in aqueous clay suspensions leading to the alkaline hydrolysis of carbaryl to 1-naphthol. The hydrolytic activity of homoionic K-SWy-2 disappeared once carbonates were eliminated. Two methods were evaluated for preparing K-SWy-2 devoid of inorganic carbonates. In Method A, inorganic carbonates were first removed by incremental additions of a 0.5 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) until the clay suspension reached pH 6.8, followed by low-speed centrifugation to obtain the <2 μm size fraction; in Method B, the order of these steps was reversed. Carbaryl hydrolysis was used as a probe to determine the effectiveness of the two methods in terms of the removal of carbonate accessory minerals. Homoionic K-SWy-2 obtained by Methods A and B produced near neutral pH when suspended in water and hydrolysis of carbaryl in these suspensions was not evident. In this regard, both clay preparation methods were acceptable. However, there were procedural advantages with Method B, which is therefore recommended for the partial purification of reference clays, as detailed in this paper.
DIFFaX Simulations of Stacking Faults in Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
Authors: Radha A. V. , Shivakumara C. , Kamath P. Vishnu
Published: October 2005

Carbonate-intercalated layered double hydroxides of Co(II) and Ni(II) with Fe(III) and Al(III) were precipitated under different conditions (pH = 8–12; T= 25–80°C). All the samples are replete with stacking faults which are not eliminated by post-precipitation hydrothermal treatment (80–180°C, 18 h). DIFFaX simulations show that the layer stacking sequence of the disordered samples can be generated by a mixture of motifs corresponding to the 3R1 and 2H1 polytypes. These specific sequences are selected in preference to others because of the need for hydrogen bonding between the intercalated carbonates and hydroxide sheets. Thermodynamic considerations show that faulted crystals have greater stability than ordered crystals. Stacking faults arising from a mixture of 3R1 and 2H1 motifs, while having the same enthalpy as that of the ordered crystal, nevertheless contribute to thermodynamic stability by enhancing disorder.
Synthesis of Al-PILC Assisted by Ultrasound: Reducing the Intercalation Time and the Amount of Synthesis Water
Authors: Pérez-Zurita M. Josefina , Pérez-Quintana Gabriela J. , Hasblady Alfonso J. , Maldonado Adriana , de Navarro Caribay Urbina , De Abrisqueta Ander , Scott Carlos E.
Published: October 2005

Of all the known pillared layered clays (PILC), Al-PILC is the most studied. In spite of that, its use on a commercial scale is not yet possible due to the large amount of water required for its synthesis. The aim of the present work was to take advantage of the beneficial effects of ultrasound radiation for reducing intercalation time, and to optimize the synthesis parameters in order to find a viable industrial means of preparing Al-PILC.

A comprehensive study of the effect of ultrasonic radiation on the parameters which have a direct effect on the amount of water used in the synthesis was conducted, specifically on the effects of: (1) mmol of Al/g of clay ratio (R) by decreasing the volume of A1 solution and keeping the amount of clay constant, (2) the concentration of clay in the initial suspension (or not suspending the clay at all), and (3) the concentration of the A1 precursor solution. The use of ultrasonic radiation produced the expected reduction in exchange time which was attributed to a decrease of the clay-particle size. This decrease of particle size gave rise to an improvement in the diffusion of the A1 precursor towards the core of the clay grain leading to solids with increased surface areas, basal spacing and X-ray diffraction peak definition. By optimizing the synthesis parameters directly involved in the consumption of water, it was possible to decrease the amount used by >60%.
Effect of Cosolvents on Ca-Na Exchange onto Wyoming Bentonite
Authors: Srour Rafif K. , McDonald Louis M.
Published: October 2005

Calcium-sodium exchange on Wyoming bentonite in methanol, ethanol and acetone-water systems were investigated at 0.03 N Cl and at room temperature. Calcium-sodium exchange isotherms were plotted at cosolvent concentrations ranging from 0 to 70% wt./wt. using Ca and Na ionic activities before and after correction for CaCl+ formation. In both cases and in all treatments, a greater selectivity of bentonite surfaces for Ca ions was observed. When compared to water, different trends were observed among and within cosolvents. These trends varied depending on whether or not CaCl+ formation was accounted for. Ignoring the formation of CaCl+, the preference of bentonite for Ca increased in methanolwater systems with increased percent methanol at low equivalent Ca fraction (<0.2). At higher Ca fractions, this preference matched that of water. In ethanol-water, no increased preference of the surface for Ca was observed. In acetone-water, increasing cosolvent concentration decreased the preference of the surface for Ca. The magnitude of this decrease was larger at low equivalent Ca fraction (<0.2). After correction for CaCl+, both in solution and on the surface, the preference of bentonite for Ca2+ was larger in methanol- and ethanol-water systems. In acetone-water, increased surface preference for Ca was only apparent at low acetone fractions (<50%). At higher acetone fractions, there was evidence of increased Na loading but no increase in Ca2+ selectivity. Clearly, ion-pair formation and its effects on Ca-Na exchange reactions cannot be ignored in mixtures of aqueous-organic solvents. After accounting for this effect, Ca-Na exchange in the studied solvents appears to be more of a surface- than a solution-controlled phenomenon that involves both electrostatic and specific solvent-surface types of interactions that have not been elucidated.
"A conviction of the reality of things": Material Culture, North American Indians and Empire in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Bickham Troy O
Published: October 2005

This article explores how eighteenth-century Britons use material culture to engage, explain and justify their empire. Focusing primarily on North American Indian-related objects, it examines both how Britons exhibited these sorts of ethnographic materials in museums, coffeehouses, and auctions and how audiences interacted with the displays. Material displays reached audiences outside the social parameters of the much-explored imperial discourse in print culture, such as families and children, and their popularity further indicates that interest in the wider world was a practice and not merely a prescription. Such public material exhibitions ultimately assisted in the formation of an increasingly imperial, globally-minded society by fostering a set of acceptable, shared views of alien cultures and their relationships with Britain.
Laughing at Cripples: Ridicule, Deformity and the Argument from Design
Authors: Lund Roger D.
Published: October 2005

This essay points to the unforeseen consequences of the "argument from design" which insisted on the symmetry and form of the material creation including human beings themselves. Because such a theory failed to account for the asymmetrical, the monstrous, and the physically deformed, observers could only conclude that such creatures were accidents, anomalies or the products of moral transgression. The general conclusion that the deformed were "sports of nature," literally God's jokes, seemingly authorized the ridicule of the disabled like Alexander Pope or William Hay, writers who felt the sting of rejection even as they endorsed the ideology of form from which such ridicule arose.
Poetical Maids and Cooks Who Wrote
Authors: Steedman Carolyn
Published: October 2005

Focusing on the poetry of Elizabeth Hands (fl.1789), this article discusses the relationship of poetry to labor (in particular the work of cookmaids) in eighteenth-century England. Domestic service is discussed in relationship to literacy, and to the reading and writing experiences of eighteenth-century plebeian children. It considers recent theoretical developments in economic history and in socio-linguistics, in order to consider their usefulness for uncovering experience of life, labor and literature in the past.
Negotiating Taste in Montesquieu
Authors: Thomas Downing A
Published: October 2005

Montesquieu's unfinished essay on taste, often considered weak and superficial, has been neglected by scholars. This article aims to provide a better understanding of the essay, published in incomplete form in the Encyclopédie after Montesquieu's death in 1755, by suggesting connections between his writings on aesthetics and his much more voluminous publications on politics and society. The article examines how Montesquieu sought to negotiate the complexities of cultural and individual differences within a conception of shared human traits—perhaps the fundamental question that eighteenth-century aesthetic theory sought to address.
The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation
Authors: Amato Paul R
Published: October 2005

How have recent changes in U.S. family structure affected the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of the nation's children? Paul Amato examines the effects of family formation on children and evaluates whether current marriage-promotion programs are likely to meet children's needs.
The Hefty Penalty on Marriage Facing Many Households with Children
Authors: Carasso Adam , Steuerle C. Eugene
Published: October 2005

Over the past seventy years Congress has enacted dozens of tax and transfer programs, giving little if any attention to the marriage subsidies and penalties that they inadvertently impose. Although the programs affect both rich and poor Americans, the penalties fall most heavily on low- or moderate-income households with children. In this article, Adam Carasso and Eugene Steuerle review important penalties and subsidies, explain how they work, and help fill a big research gap by beginning to provide comprehensive data on the size of the penalties and subsidies arising from all public programs considered together.
American Marriage in the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Cherlin Andrew J.
Published: October 2005

During the past century the U.S. family system has seen vast changes—in marriage and divorce rates, cohabitation, childbearing, sexual behavior, and women's work outside the home. Andrew Cherlin reviews these historic changes, noting that marriage remains the most common living arrangement for raising children, but that children, especially poor and minority children, are increasingly likely to grow up in single-parent families and to experience family instability.
Healthy Marriage Programs: Learning What Works
Authors: Dion M. Robin
Published: October 2005

Evidence of public and private interest in programs designed to strengthen the institution of marriage and reduce the number of children growing up without both their parents is growing. Robin Dion addresses the question of whether such programs can be effective, especially among disadvantaged populations.
Patrons of Athenian Votive Monuments of the Archaic and Classical Periods: Three Studies
Authors: Keesling Catherine M
Published: October 2005

In three studies of votive offerings, the author explores the role played by private patrons in the production of art and inscriptions in Athens in the Archaic and Classical periods. The studies concern additive sculptural groups produced by the contributions of multiple dedicators, a form of display explained within the context of votive religion; epigraphical evidence for collaboration between East Greek sculptors and Athenian patrons on 6th- and 5th-century votive monuments; and dedications that have either been misidentified as belonging to Athenian potters and vase painters or erroneously reconstructed as metal or stone vases.
"Let No One Wonder at this Image": A Phoenician Funerary Stele in Athens
Authors: Stager Jennifer M. S
Published: October 2005

An autopsy of the Hellenistic grave stele of greekdiscovered in the 19th century in the Kerameikos in Athens, reveals that its textual (Phoenician and Greek) and visual components differ significantly from previously published descriptions. The author reexamines the morphology of the monument, also considering its sacred address and the force that such a monument exerted on its context. This single monument to a Phoenician buried in Athens engages issues of bilingualism, religious symbolism, and, most importantly, self-definition, which structured the complex social interactions in Athens in the late 4th-2nd centuries B.C.
All You Need Is LAV: Madonna and Postmodern Kabbalah
Authors: Huss Boaz
Published: October 2005

Madonna studies Kabbalah and integrates Kabbalistic themes in her recent cultural productions. Her video-clip promo to James Bond's 'Die Another Day', features the Hebrew letters LAV, which are, according to an ancient Jewish tradition, part of the 72 names of God. Madonna studies Kabbalah at the Kabbalah center, the largest contemporary Kabbalistic group, headed by R. Philip Berg, who developed a postmodern version of the communist Kabbalah of the twentieth-century Kabbalist, R. Yehuda Ashlag. In the article, I claim that Madonna and the Kabbalah Center express a form of postmodern spirituality, that defies the modernist conception of "religion," and dissolves the distinctions that construct this conception. The practices of the Kabbalah Center express several of the major characteristics of postmodern culture, offering a postmodern bricolage of elements taken from Kabbalah, Philosophy, Science, Movies, TV shows, and Pop-culture. Similar to Madonna's blurring of boundaries between religion and entertainment, the Kabbalah Center effaces these distinctions by integrating Madonna into the Kabbalah Center practices. Fredric Jameson has argued in "Postmodernism and the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism," that postmodern culture is an expression of late, global (yet, American), multinational Capitalism, in which aesthetic production has become integrated into general commodity production. Similarly, I argue, the spiritual production today is integrated into global Capitalism's commodity production, and Madonna, the Kabbalah Center, as well as many other postmodern spiritual movements are part of the "spiritual logic of late Capitalism."
The Dream Life of Ms. Dog: Anne Sexton's Revolutionary Use of Pop Culture
Authors: Alkalay-Gut Karen
Published: October 2005

An exploration of Anne Sexton's examination of popular culture and her employment of commonly known contemporary references reveals her attempt to redefine the concept of culture. References to the popular film of Walter Mitty, suggestions of the comic strip Gasoline Alley, and verses from a quintessential pop song by Al Jolson (with significant hiatuses) create an alternative environment to the modernist classic of Eliot's "The Wasteland" with which Sexton creates a dialogue in her poem "Hurry Up Please, It's Time." Despite Sexton's awareness that she was perceived by others as lacking "taste," and despite her internalization of this deep criticism, she was determined to find her own way. Her use of the popular culture surrounding herâas opposed to the elitist culture of modernismâwas part of her attempted redefinition of culture, her act of insurrection.
To Be Loved: Amy Denver and Human Need--Bridges to Understanding in Toni Morrison's Beloved
Authors: Coonradt Nicole M
Published: October 2005

The essay posits that another "Beloved" exists in Morrison's novel of the same name: besides the title character of the murdered "crawling already?" baby who returns as a ghost, is Amy Denver, the white, runaway, indentured servant who functions as both foil and bridge. As a prophetic healer, Amy saves Sethe and her baby, Denver, from certain death. Examining Morrison's use of language where one word often functions as both noun and verb (e.g. "rememory"), "Amy" becomes worthy of deeper scrutiny given the striking fact that etymologically the name, from the Latin amatus, literally means "beloved." Intersecting the critical heritage of the novel, this study offers that Amy Denver is not a minor character, but, rather, an important presence integral to the very existence of the tale through which the reader learns that love is colorblind. A hopeful text, Beloved underscores Morrison's desire to bridge the gulf of racism.
The Heavy Garments of the Past: Mary and Frieda Antin in The Promised Land
Authors: Elahi Babak
Published: October 2005

In her classic immigrant autobiography, The Promised Land (1912)), Mary Antin negotiates her own agency through a dialogue between labor and literacy. Antin weaves the development of her own literacy into the narrative of her sister Frieda's labor on garments. Moreover, Antin's juxtaposition of textiles and texts borrows from the discourse of assimilation outlined by Jane Addams. Addams presented assimilation not through racial evolution, as did many restrictionists and assimilationists of her day. Rather, she presented assimilation along a material historical timeline from European textile handcrafts to modern American Industrial garment production. Though this historically materialists model and Antin's negotiation of her assimilation are complicated by the Fordist link between production and consumption, Antin's weaving of her own experience into that of her sister's allows her to navigate these complexities in order to claim her own agency, and to uphold her sister's dignity.
Eloquence and Invisible Man
Authors: Hanlon Christopher
Published: October 2005

Readers of Ralph Ellison have tended to understand Invisible Man as a rejection of the philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose name may seem to turn up in the novel as what Alan Nadel calls "an author of false hopes." This essay takes up the relationship between Emerson and Ellison by placing them in dialogue over the subject of eloquence. Both writers were drawn to comparisons between spoken eloquence and musical acumen: for Emerson, the eloquent orator's audience becomes an "instrument" of sorts, while for Ellison the audience is akin to a duet partner with whom eloquent speakers concoct spoken performances qua improvised composition. I place Emerson and Ellison in this context in order to undermine the idea that Invisible Man is an anti-Emerson novel, and to demonstrate the extent to which Ellison, himself an accomplished jazz performer, understood both his written and musical craft—along with the self-definition these crafts entail—as Emersonian in scope.
Shakespeare after Columbine: Teen Violence in Tim Blake Nelson's "O"
Authors: Semenza Gregory M. ColÃ³n
Published: October 2005

The article considers how Time Blake Nelson's "O"—filmed in the shadow of Columbine and other American school shootings—appropriates Shakespeare as a lens through which to analyze teen violence in America. The argument is that Nelson deliberately constructs his film as a surrogate for the high school literature classroom where, ideally, the skill of critical reading is first inculcated in American youth. The Shakespeare "text" looms large in this imaginery space, transforming film audiences into endangered beings—inseparable from those teens depicted in "O"—whose ability to read deeply, analyze, and apply to their own lives the lessons of Shakespearean tragedy can do nothing less than help them to stay alive. The piece examines the filmic techniques by which Nelson advances this agenda, and it weighs the strengths and limitations of Nelson's vision of Shakespeare's usefulness in modern America.
Utopian Yearnings, Dystopian Thoughts: Houellebecq's The Elementary Particles and the Problem of Scientific Communitarianism
Authors: Varsava Jerry A
Published: October 2005

In The Elementary Particles (Les particules élémentaires), his provocative, award-winning 1998 novel, Michel Houellebecq advances a bitter critique of liberal democracy and, in particular, of its economic and cultural forms, capitalism and advanced consumerism, before offering at novel's end a purported antidote to the "progressive decline and disintegration" that have marked Western civilization for a very long time. A powerful roman à thèse, Houellebecq's work mounts what is, finally, an ineffectual challenge to the defining and ennobling tenets of liberalism: free will, self-determination, property rights, the separation of the public and private spheres, tolerance, and laissez-faire morality. While his reading of contemporary social and political mores is not without isolated insight, its communitarian foundations warrant rebuttal, and its eugenic "utopian" proposals ultimate rejection.
The Great Gatsby and The Obscene Word
Authors: Will Barbara
Published: October 2005

This essay centers around one of the most important yet least examined scenes in The Great Gatsby: the moment late in the novel when Nick Carraway, wandering past Gatsby's house, catches sigh of—and then erases—an obscene word scrawled on Gatsby's steps. This scene then gives way to the last four paragraphs of the novel, which stage Gatsby's final redemption and apotheosis as an American icon. Through foregrounding Nick's act of erasure, Fitzgerald emphasizes the process through which the "whitewashing" of Gatsby's reputation must occure in order for Gatsby's story to become the story of America itself. And by emphasizing this process, Fitzgerald reveals a central uncertainty, or void, that lies within the text's final, transcendent vision. This uncertainty is linked to the historical context of the novel, and to Fitzgerald's own suspicions at the time of those who threatened the group to which he felt he belonged, "the old American aristocracy."
Lumiansky's Paradox: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Chaucer's "Prioress's Tale"
Authors: Wilsbacher Gregory J
Published: October 2005

R. M. Lumiansky's removal of Chaucer's "Prioress's Tale" from his 1948 edition of the Canterbury Tales demonstrates that ethical challenges exist for those studying anti-Semitic texts from the past. This essay suggests that such ethical conflicts don't emanate from the text itself but from the dual context of the historical past and the contemporary context of that reading. The obligation to account accurately for the past may not always sit well against the responsibilities issuing from contemporary events. "Lumiansky's Paradox" provides medievalists with an opportunity to judge how best to "respect" "The Prioress's Tale" (as well as other bigoted texts) by examining the unrecognized role aesthetics has played in historicist and non-historicist readings of the tale. The essay contends that the reponse should not be to reject aesthetics in favor of historicism but to dwell in "Lumiansky's Paradox" so as to explore the potential for an ethical aesthetics.
The Pain in Storage: Work Safety in a High-Density Shelving Facility
Authors: Atkins Stephanie A
Published: October 2005

An increasing number of academic and research libraries have built high-density shelving facilities to address overcrowding conditions in their regular stacks. However, the work performed in these facilities is physically strenuous and highly repetitive in nature and may require the use of potentially dangerous equipment. This article will examine work safety issues in a high-density shelving facility. The information will assist administrators who want guidance in designing a safer working environment or who want to improve working conditions and practices in their existing facility.
Where Did Google Get Its Value?
Authors: Caufield James
Published: October 2005

Google's extraordinary success is usually attributed to innovative technology and new business models. By contrast, this paper argues that Google's success is mostly due to its adoption of certain library values. First, Google has refused to adopt the standard practices of the search engine business, practices that compromised service to the user for the sake of immediate corporate profit. Instead, Google has implemented many policies and design principles that correlate directly to established library values. Second, Google has implemented systems that replicate (or substitute for) valuable library functions. With these steps Google has introduced some traditional library practices and values to the Internet environment, and there can be little doubt that they have contributed enormously to its success.
Web Team Development
Authors: Church Jennifer , Felker Kyle
Published: October 2005

The dynamic world of the Web has provided libraries with a wealth of opportunities, including new approaches to the provision of information and varied internal staffing structures. The development of self-managed Web teams, endowed with authority and resources, can create an adaptable and responsive culture within libraries. This new working team culture and its successful management can provide focused attention to the big picture as well as to the multitude of details required for Web site construction and maintenance.
Engaging the Adult Learner: Creating Effective Library Instruction
Authors: Gold Helen E
Published: October 2005

Adult learners have unique developmental and social characteristics as compared to their traditional counterparts in higher education. Library instruction models used for traditional learners are not always effective when teaching adults. The author examines adult learner characteristics and adult learning theory and also uses personal professional experiences to suggest ways in which librarians can create more pedagogically effective and meaningful instruction. Eckerd College's Program for Experienced Learners serves as the model for this examination.
Going Beyond. gov: Using Government Information to Teach Evaluation of Sources
Authors: Hogenboom Karen
Published: October 2005

Many instruction librarians teach students that the URL extension .gov is one sign of a reliable, authoritative Internet source. This is true in many cases, but there are other very important reasons that government information deserves a larger place in information literacy sessions. It offers a clear example of several concepts students must understand in order to judge the reliability of the information they find. Information from different administrations and different branches of government can be potent examples of how point of view, bias, and audience affect the content, structure, and tone of information sources. Furthermore, government sources can be used to evaluate secondary sources that cite them or analyze them.
Testing the Effectiveness of Interactive Multimedia for Library-User Education
Authors: Markey Karen , Armstrong Annie , De Groote Sandy , Fosmire Michael , Fuderer Laura , Garrett Kelly , Georgas Helen , Sharp Linda , Smith Cheri , Spaly Michael , Warner Joni E
Published: October 2005

A test of the effectiveness of interactive multimedia Web sites demonstrates that library users' topic knowledge was significantly greater after visiting the sites than before. Library users want more such sites about library services, their majors, and campus life generally. Librarians describe the roles they want to play on multimedia production teams after working on the LUMENS Project.
The Ubiquitous User: A Reexamination of Carlson's Deserted Library
Authors: Martell Charles R
Published: October 2005

An examination of traditional output measures—circulation, reserve, in-house use, and reference transactions—from the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), California State University, State University of New York, University of Maryland, and other libraries reveals declines that may be deeper and more widespread than previously reported. This trend is evident against a background that includes (1) continuing increases in the cost of periodicals, (2) searching for a new paradigm, and (3) the emerging virtual library.
Qualitative Assessment of Student Attitudes Toward Information Literacy
Authors: Scales B. Jane , Lindsay Elizabeth Blakesley
Published: October 2005

Many distance degree students at Washington State University enroll in General Education 300, a one-credit information literacy course taught online by librarians that exposes students to activities and materials that support the ACRL information literacy standards. In a final assignment, students write about the origins, applicability, and future use of information literacy and their newly minted skills in this area. We used ATLAS/ti, http://www.atlasti.de/, to analyze the text of these assignments and explore student attitudes toward information literacy. The majority of students articulated a broad view of information literacy not tied to a specific course project or to the library as a place.
If We Build It, Will They Come? Electronic Journals Acceptance and Usage Patterns
Authors: Serotkin Patricia B , Fitzgerald Patricia I , Balough Sandra A
Published: October 2005

A focus group study conducted with health sciences students enrolled in graduate-level research classes at a small private comprehensive university revealed that these students preferred e-journals to print but that accessibility issues deterred their use. These findings provided valuable insights for local collection development decision-making and information literacy program development.
Path Dependence and Value-Driven Issues: The Comparative Politics of Stem Cell Research
Authors: Banchoff Thomas
Published: October 2005

The politics of stem cell research poses a puzzle: the explanation of different national responses to the same scientific breakthroughs. Policy struggles across the major scientific powers have revolved around similar values—the protection of human life and solidarity with the sick—but generated very different regulatory outcomes. Bringing in historical and institutional legacies can shed light on those differences. The article develops an analytical framework around the path-dependent effects of state institutions on value-driven issues and applies it to the politics of stem cell research in the United Kingdom and Germany. Historical institutionalism, it argues, can be extended beyond the study of political economy and the welfare state to issues marked by sharp value conflict.
Institutional Change in Contemporary Capitalism: Coordinated Financial Systems since 1990
Authors: Culpepper Pepper D.
Published: October 2005

What happens when the unstoppable force of liberalization collides with the immovable object of national financial institutions in the advanced industrial democracies? To answer this question and evaluate alternative mechanisms to explain institutional change, this article examines the cases of the three large European economies with concentrated share ownership—France, Germany, and Italy. In the formal legal mechanism, interest coalitions adopt new laws, leading actors to deviate from formerly stable patterns of behavior in shareholding. In the joint belief shift mechanism, collective actors use a triggering event to jointly reevaluate their views of how the world works and thus how their interests can best be pursued. Using the metric of patient capital, this article shows that institutional change took place in France but not in Germany or Italy, despite the fact that Germany and Italy experienced significant regulatory change in the area of corporate governance while France did not. This evidence fits joint belief shift and is inconsistent with the formal legal mechanism. It is likely that the importance of the two mechanisms of institutional change depends on the degree of strategic interdependence among institutional actors: where it is high, the joint belief shift mechanism is likely to precipitate change; and where it is low, the formal legal mechanism is likely to precipitate change.
The Business of Governing Business in China: Institutions and Norms of the Emerging Regulatory State
Authors: Pearson Margaret M.
Published: October 2005

China began to establish markets a quarter century ago, but only in the last decade has its government made a concerted effort to design new institutions to govern them. Hence, a “regulatory state” is emerging. The prevailing literature focuses on a seeming convergence of Chinas institutions with the dominant global model of the “independent regulator,” including the establishment of new regulatory commissions. Yet research on China's strategic industries—those in the infrastructure and financial services sectors—suggests that assumptions of convergence obscure key elements of a regulatory design characterized by continued state ownership (as opposed to privatization), maximization of the value of these assets, and active government structuring of these industries. Moreover, regulators in the existing party-state bureaucracy have relatively weak authority. This research cautions us to rethink dominant models of Chinese political economy so that we retain a place for the central state in directing market reform at the “commanding heights” of the economy.
Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave: The Cases of Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine
Authors: Way Lucan A.
Published: October 2005

This article explores the sources of regime competitiveness in the post-cold war era through a structured comparison of regime trajectories in Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine, for the period 1992–2004. An examination of these cases suggests the need for a fundamental rethinking of the commonly held view of the transition process—especially in countries that face relatively weak international democratizing pressures. Approaching these countries as unconsolidated autocracies rather than as simply emerging democracies draws attention to key sources of political competition that have largely been ignored in the literature on competitive regimes. Thus, competitive politics in Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine were rooted less in robust civil societies, strong democratic institutions, or leadership than in the inability of incumbents to maintain power or concentrate political control by preserving elite unity, controlling elections, and/or using force against opponents. Such ”pluralism by default” has been the outgrowth of the strength of anti-incumbent national identity and incumbent weakness as defined by a lack of know-how, ineffective incumbent organization, and/or the weakness of certain dimensions of state power.
Real-time Control of ESO Adaptive Optics Systems (Echtzeitsteuerung der ESO Adaptive Optik Systeme)
Authors: Fedrigo Enrico , Kasper Markus , Ivanescu Liviu , Bonnet Henri
Published: October 2005

The light coming from a star travels undisturbed for billions of kilometers until it reaches the boundaries of the Earth atmosphere: there small differences in the refraction index distort the spherical wavefront, creating phase errors in the image-forming ray paths. Even at the best sites, ground-based telescopes observing at visible wavelengths cannot, because of atmospheric turbulence alone, achieve an angular resolution better than telescopes of 10- to 20-cm diameter. Adaptive Optics (AO) is a technique to remove the effects of these distortions in real-time by operating a deformable mirror that rapidly adapts its shape to the atmospheric disturbance canceling it. ESO now operates several AO systems in the Paranal observatory, where the four telescopes of the VLT (Very Large Telescope) are installed. Several of them are the result of a common project called MACAO, for Multi Application Curvature Adaptive Optics. Four MACAO systems, one for each VLT telescope, are now serving the VLT-Interferometer (VLTI) increasing the capability of the interferometer. In this paper we will present the main concept of adaptive optics and then we will derive a model for a generic AO system. We will then tailor the model to MACAO and study some interesting features of MACAO as the control of the piston mode and the control of the tip/tilt modes.