bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Use by Australian Secondary School Students
Authors: Homel Peter , Flaherty Bruce
Published: November 2015

The nature and extent of alcohol use by Australian adolescents is described and discussed through the results from a survey of drug use by New South Wales secondary school students conducted in late 1983. In this survey, alcohol was the most commonly reported drug and a significant minority of students were using alcohol in a way considered potentially hazardous. The proportion of students regularly drinking has apparently doubled in the past decade, from 24% in 1971 to 50% in 1983. Rates of daily drinking were higher than those reported in the U.S. student survey of Bachman, Johnston & O'Malley (1982). Various ways of controlling or preventing misuse of alcohol by adolescents are discussed.
Outcome of a Police Media Campaign to Elicit Information from the Public about Trafficking in Victoria
Authors: Hendtlass Jane
Published: November 2015

Operation Noah was a co-operative police-media effort to encourage the public to give the police anonymous information about drug traffickers, manufacturers and growers in Victoria. Although there were over 400 phone calls made to police only 22 individuals were charged with drug offences as a result. None of these were drug traffickers or manufacturers.

There was a big discrepancy between the types of people alleged to be involved in drug distribution by respondents to the call for information and those reported by police during normal operational duties.

Since the individuals nominated by the public conformed to the stereotype of a drug trafficker generally carried by the media in news and drama programmes and during Operation Noah, it is suggested that this contributed to the large amount of misinformation reported to police and the consequent failure of the Operation to achieve its nominated goal.
Multistage Path Models of Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Use: A Reanalysis
Authors: Hays Ron D. , Stacy Alan W. , Widaman Keith F. , DiMatteo M. Robin , Downey Ralph
Published: November 2015

Simplex and nonsimplex models containing personality and perceived environment variables as predictors of current use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use were compared in this reanalysis of data reported in a study by Potvin and Lee (1980). Contrary to the results given in the original study, we found that a nonsimplex pattern of relations among different forms of drug use allowed for a more adequate representation of the data than a simplex model for two of the three different age groups of adolescents sampled. Conformity-commitment and religiousness had consistent negative effects on drug use in each sample; parental support-affection and parental approval of friends tended to have small negative effects on drug use; self-esteem and alienation were unrelated to drug use. In general it appears that a nonsimplex model of current drug use provides a more adequate representation of the data than does a simplex model and that religiousness and conformity-commitment are constraining influences on adolescent involvement in drug use.
Addiction as an Adaptive Response: Is Smoking a Functional Behavior?
Authors: Hadaway Patricia , Beyerstein Barry , Kimball Meredith
Published: November 2015

Theories on tobacco addiction divide into two camps, the exposure orientation and the adaptive orientation. The exposure orientation suggests that the use of tobacco is addictive because of the reinforcement properties of tobacco or because of tobacco's biochemical-altering effects. The adaptive orientation views tobacco addiction as a functional response to distress and, therefore, a form of sub-optimal adaptive behavior. Though the two views are not mutually exclusive, the case is made that the primary cause of addiction is explained by the adaptive orientation, and not the exposure orientation. Viewing not only tobacco addiction but all addictions from the adaptive orientation suggests different approaches to social policy and psychotherapy than those presently espoused by the exposure orientation.
Patterns of Non-Narcotic Drug Use among Male Narcotic Addicts
Authors: Shaffer John W. , Nurco David N. , Ball John C. , Kinlock Timothy W.
Published: November 2015

In the course of lengthy, confidential interviews conducted with 354 male narcotic addicts (195 Black, 159 White) living in the Baltimore metropolitan area, detailed information was obtained concerning their use of non-narcotic drugs during periods of active addiction to narcotics (principally heroin) as well as during periods of non-addiction to narcotics. A wide variety of non-narcotic substances were found to have a nonzero incidence of use; however, both the types and amounts of non-narcotic drugs used, as well as the combinations (patterns) in which they were used, were found to be a joint function of race (Black/White) and narcotic addiction status (actively addicted/not addicted to narcotics). Factor analysis revealed three major patterns among Blacks during periods of active narcotic addiction, and a different three patterns during periods of nonaddiction. Among Whites, four major patterns were identified during periods of active narcotic addiction, and five during periods of nonaddiction. Subsequent applications of cluster analysis revealed several different types of addicts based on patterns of non-narcotic drug use.
Alcohol and Drug Problems of Gay Males and Lesbians: Therapy, Counselling and Prevention Issues
Authors: Israelstam Stephen
Published: November 2015

Therapists, counsellors and researchers looking into the alcohol and drug problems of homosexuals report that there have been inappropriate treatment and lack of facilities. This is slowly changing. The specific needs of gays were first recognized by Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.), which by forming the splinter group of Gay A.A., provides the most support for gay alcoholics. The specific needs of gays with alcohol problems are discussed, as are intervention procedures and lack of knowledge—especially in the area of drugs other than alcohol.
The Social History of Alcohol as Portrayed in the Comics up to the End of the Prohibition Era
Authors: Lambert Sylvia , Israelstam Stephen
Published: November 2015

The mass media tend to shape the values and opinions of their audience as well as reflect the culture in which they exist. The comics have long been an integral part of the media, appealing to a wide range of age and social class. As such, they could have considerable effect on attitudes and behaviours regarding alcohol consumption. In this paper, we examine the comic strips appearing in the daily newspapers before, during and up to the end of the Prohibition era in the United States, to see how alcohol was portrayed during this period when its manufacture and sale were prohibited.
Vulnerability to Alcohol and Drug Abuse: A Behavior-Genetic View
Authors: Tarter Ralph E. , Edwards Kathleen L.
Published: November 2015

Application of a diathesis-stress model to substance abuse emphasizes that a genetic susceptibility must be shaped by environmental forces to create the pathological condition. A number of dimensions of genetic vulnerability have been explored, although none has been decisively identified as leading to alcoholism or other substance abuse. Other factors in addition to genetic vulnerability in this eventual outcome include acquired vulnerability (e.g., family socialization disturbances), life stage, cohort effects, and various environmental conditions (such as availability of a substance) for expressing a particular disorder. Additional complications in creating a predictive model include essential distinctions between transmission of alcoholism and lesser degrees of problem drinking and, especially, alternate forms of expression of predictive traits that have shown promise such as inherited temperament. Prevention efforts should be directed primarily at those with temperaments and other risk factors (including antisocial tendencies) that lead to a variety of compulsive behaviors.
A Biobehavioral View of Substance Abuse and Addiction
Authors: Pomerleau Ovide F. , Pomerleau Cynthia S.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines addiction from a biobehavioral perspective, defining it as repeated use of a substance and/or a compelling involvement in a behavior that directly or indirectly modifies the internal milieu in such a way as to produce immediate reinforcement, but with harmful long-term effects. Using cigarette smoking as an exemplary addiction, we attempt to develop a comprehensive analysis of substance abuse that incorporates both pharmacological and social learning factors. Such a formulation suggests that research strategies involving multivariate analyses will be required if the complexities of addiction are to be satisfactorily addressed. It also has implications for treatment, in suggesting that interventions with both pharmacological and behavioral components are more likely to produce successful outcomes.
Alcoholism Prevention and Hispanic Youth
Authors: Galan Fernando J.
Published: November 2015

Descriptive literature on primary prevention approaches and techniques for Hispanic youth are virtually non-existent and inhibit awareness of the factors critical to understanding intervention. In this essay, the author provides an awareness of the nature of Hispanic youth, the significance of a bicultural perspective in prevention and an understanding of the themes of conflict that face Hispanic youth. After reviewing the concept of prevention, the view of primary prevention as empowerment is discussed and descriptions of the various components of an empowerment approach are described. Four dimensions and two areas of importance are described and various developmental skills are listed that pertain to each.
Denial in Alcoholism: A Sociological Interpretation
Authors: Brissett Dennis
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the assumptions, conditions and consequences of employing the concept of denial in the identification and treatment of alcoholism. The discussion involves 1) describing the prevailing conception of alcoholic denial as a psychological construct; 2) analyzing the nature of the human puzzle to which the concept of denial is a socially constructed solution; 3) articulating the ubiquity of denial in everyday life; and 4) describing the implications of utilizing the concept of denial for personal and social control.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids): A Survey of Substance Abuse Clinic Directors' and Counselors' Perceived Knowledge, Attitudes and Reactions
Authors: Mejta Cheryl L. , Denton Evelyn , Krems Mary Ellen , Hiatt Rebecca A.
Published: November 2015

As Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues to affect intravenous drug abusers, providing AIDS-related counseling to this population is becoming increasingly critical. Substance abuse clinic directors and counselors within the Chicago area were surveyed to examine, respectively, clinic policies and practices concerning AIDS and self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and reactions associated with AIDS. Across clinics, policies and practices were found to be inconsistent and frequently incomplete, inadequate and at times, questionable. Many directors either would not admit or were uncertain if they would admit persons with AIDS (PWAs) for treatment. Most had incomplete AIDS infection control policies; a few had questionable and several had none. Clearer and nondiscriminatory federal and state AIDS guidelines need to be established and implemented at the clinic level. Counselors, similar to the general population, held apprehensions concerning AIDS. Unlike the fears of the general population, these fears did not translate into negative attitudes, prejudices, or active discrimination, but they did seem to translate into inaction and indecision. Many counselors reported not being knowledgeable nor comfortable enough to counsel PWAs. AIDS counselor education needs to deal with these AIDS-elicited emotional reactions.
The Constitutionality of Involuntary Civil Commitment of Opiate Addicts
Authors: Rosenthal Michael P.
Published: November 2015

This paper deals with the constitutionality of involuntary treatment of opiate addicts. Although the first laws permitting involuntary treatment of opiate addicts were enacted in the second half of the nineteenth century, addicts were not committed in large numbers until California and New York enacted new civil commitment legislation in the 1960s. Inevitably, the courts were called upon to decide if involuntary treatment was constitutional. Both the California and New York courts decided that it was. These decisions were heavily influenced by statements made by the United States Supreme Court in Robinson v. California. The Robinson case did not actually involve the constitutionality of involuntary treatment; it involved the question of whether it was constitutional for a state to make addiction a crime. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court declared (in a dictum) that a state might establish a program of compulsory treatment for opiate addicts either to discourage violation of its criminal laws against narcotic trafficking or to safeguard the general health or welfare of its inhabitants.

Presumably because the Robinson case did not involve the constitutionality of involuntary treatment of opiate addicts, the Supreme Court did not go into that question as deeply as it might have. The California and New York courts, in turn, relied too much on this dictum and did not delve deeply into the question. The New York courts did a better job than the California courts, but their work too was not as good as it should have been.
An Overview of AIDS Prevention Efforts Aimed at Intravenous Drug Users Circa 1987
Authors: Friedman Samuel R. , Des Jarlais Don C. , Goldsmith Douglas S.
Published: November 2015

AIDS prevention efforts that had been instituted by early 1987 included outreach; AIDS education within drug abuse treatment programs; antibody testing; preventing initiation in IV drug use; collective organization by drug users to confront AIDS; and efforts to change the environment of IV drug use in ways that might reduce HIV transmission. Projects differed in terms of whether they 1) oriented primarily to getting users into treatment or to risk reduction among continuing users (a false dichotomy); 2) used deterrence, skills building, group-identity, or social support to motivate risk reduction; 3) tried to change the environment of drug use, its subculture, or the individual user; and 4) vested control of the project in the hands of professionals or of the users themselves. These models can play different roles in fighting the epidemic, and new approaches need to be developed.
AIDS and HIV Infection - Implications for Drug Abuse Treatment
Authors: Brown Barry S. , Beschner George M.
Published: November 2015

A review of recent study in drug abuse treatment suggests that by the 1980s there had developed a concern about melding drug abuse treatment techniques with strategies drawn from the field of mental health. The emergence of AIDS has made it necessary to augment treatment objectives to include containment of HIV infection as an appropriate goal and develop innovative strategies appropriate to achieving that goal. There is a review of new models of service delivery that can be initiated and/or have been initiated in three areas: outreach/recruitment of IV drug users and their cohabitants, education/counseling with regard to risk-reducing behaviors, and extending the period of treatment influence. The impact of AIDS on program administrators and line staff is also discussed.
Interdisciplinary Treatment of Drug Misuse among Older People of Color: Ethnic Considerations for Social Work Practice
Authors: Raffoul Paul R. , Haney C. Allen
Published: November 2015

Drug misuse involves the interaction of individual, physician, pharmacist and the drugs themselves; when ethnicity is included in this definition, information about the cultural heritage of the individual and what health and illness mean within that culture for that particular individual must be included to fully understand their drug-taking behavior. A model of interdisciplinary treatment of drug misuse for practitioners, who work primarily with noninstitutionalized older persons of color is presented. Being ethnically sensitive to individual differences is a first step in treating the older minority persons' drug misuse; with this sensitivity comes the knowledge of what objective differences are most important to consider in preventing drug misuse among all people, particularly older people of color.
Peer Intervention — An Exploratory Study
Authors: Molloy Daniel J.
Published: November 2015

Peer intervention around problem drinking and drug use is an understudied, but increasingly important, area in occupational/industrial programming. Consistent supervision is not available in many work settings. At the same time, peer mechanisms are primary work principles and structures in some occupations. This study explores procedures for evaluating and implementing a peer intervention program.
Alcohol-Related Movements and Their Effects on Drinking Policies in the American Workplace: An Historical Review
Authors: Ames Genevieve M.
Published: November 2015

This historical review of the influence of alcohol-related movements on drinking policies in the American workplace demonstrates that, in general, employers do not — or cannot — easily follow the trends of alcohol values in the larger culture. This paper identifies specific environmental pressures from within the workplace that have motivated various kinds of industries during four historical eras to incorporate, resist, influence or bypass altogether, larger cultural pressures to control alcohol consumption of the American worker. A 200-year propensity for alcohol policies that focus on the individual, rather than the workplace environment, is analyzed and discussed.
AIDS and the IV Drug User in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: McBride Duane C. , Inciardi James A.
Published: November 2015

Significant numbers of intravenous drug users come into contact with the criminal justice system on a regular basis. This presents a number of significant implications for both case processing and the provision of services. The risk of HIV infection among IV drug-using offenders is higher than that of non-offending IV users, and as such, the potential for the spread of the virus in correctional settings needs to be addressed Although the courts have examined the issues of mass HIV screening of inmates and the segregation of HIV-infected prisoners, no definitive decisions with national implications have emerged.
Beyond Antiprohibitionism
Authors: Bertrand Marie Andrée
Published: November 2015

In the 1980s, we have witnessed the resurgence of the movement in favor of the repeal of the drug laws that had marked the 1970s and the emergence of “antiprohibitionism.” Proponents are clearly together in their fight against any form of criminalization of the substances, their use and their trading, but do not share the same views on what lies beyond the repeal of prohibition. While some see de jure decriminalization as their final and only goal, others think that their concern for public morality and health, as well as the exigencies of a real freedom of choice, demand that the production and circulation of the newly liberated drugs be assured through regulation. These are the proponents of a legalization policy. In both groups, there are those who would like to proceed in phases and those who favor a more global solution encompassing all substances at once. Among the latter, some favor the extension of antiprohibitionism to areas other than drugs.
Can Markets Cope with Drugs?
Authors: Stevenson Richard
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses the likely structure of legal drug markets and explains how they could perform in a socially acceptable manner within the framework of existing laws. It is accepted, however, that governments will insist on regulating many aspects of drug markets, and some elements in a regulatory framework are considered. Until markets have had a chance to perform, it is suggested that regulation is best regarded as a threat to be resisted.
Ontario's Provincial Anti-Drug Strategy
Authors: Pitkeathly Doreen
Published: November 2015

In 1989, the Province of Ontario became the first province to appoint a minister of the government to deal with drug abuse. A Provincial Anti-Drug Secretariat was created to formulate and direct policy. Ontario's strategy emphasizes prevention and education, as well as support for community activism. The goal is to reduce unhealthy chemical reliance.
Drug Use among Adolescent Students in Canada and Ontario: The Past, Present and Future
Authors: Adlaf Edward M. , Smart Reginald G.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines trends in the prevalence of drug use among Canadian adolescent students during the past decade. Canadian surveys clearly show a dominant pattern of declining drug use during the 1977 to 1980 period. Several issues regarding these findings are discussed, including reasons for declining use and the future of drug use among Canadian adolescents.
Aids and Drug Abuse in Canada: Current Status and Information Needs
Authors: Smart Reginald G.
Published: November 2015

This article reviews and analyzes the available data on AIDS cases related to intravenous drug abuse in Canada. About 2.9% of Canadian AIDS cases were associated with drug abuse. Although only 120 cases are involved, Canada ranks about seventh in the world in AIDS cases related to drug abuse. In addition, the true number of cases may be under-reported. The low rate is probably due to the low rates of use of injectable illicit drugs. However, more research on these issues is needed. Also, effective prevention programs for drug abuse and needle sharing are needed as the HIV-AIDS rate among drug abusers could increase rapidly.
Canadian Drug Policies: Irrational, Futile and Unjust
Authors: Hadaway Patricia , Beyerstein Barry L. , Youdale J. Valda M.
Published: November 2015

Protection of individual freedom and civil liberties is highly valued in Canada. Yet, as a society, Canadians allow the erosion of these rights in the service of the War on Drugs. Ostensibly, this war is waged in order to protect society at large, and to protect individuals from themselves. However, the harm to society and to individuals resulting from our drug control policies is, in fact, greater than the benefits which drug policy legislators would have us believe are achievable. Through these policies, we are condoning a war of economics, politics, and power, while simultaneously sacrificing our societal and individual rights, rather than supporting a rational effort toward lessening the abuse of drugs.
Personality as an Explanation of Drug Use
Authors: Lavelle Tara , Hammersley Richard , Forsyth Alasdair
Published: November 2015

The personalities of fifteen people in residential drug treatment were compared to those of people in a long-term hostel for the homeless and those of students. Many of the personality factors previously reported to be correlates of drug use did not distinguish between these three groups. Drug users tended to be similar to hostel residents, while both differed from students. Drug use was best predicted by the MAC scale of the MMPI and drug users tended to be shrewd, tough-minded, anxious, experience-seeking and well motivated for the future (perhaps related to entering treatment). It is concluded that many of the psychological phenomena which have been reported as correlates of drug use may be artifacts of using inadequate or incomparable control groups (such as students or general population norms). Also, previous research may have confused being “streetwise” with being “antisocial.”
Administering the Pledge: Episodes in San Francisco's Management of Drunken Public Employees, 1858–1920
Authors: Baumohl Jim
Published: November 2015

In the 1860s, during the heyday of moral suasion in San Francisco, administering the abstinence pledge was established as a means to control the drunkenness of police and firemen. Almost sixty years later, on the threshold of national Prohibition, San Francisco's Board of Health continued to employ the pledge to discipline employees found drunk on the job. Similarly, San Francisco's Progressive-era judges used the pledge, sometimes in combination with formal probation, to test the necessity of divorce or state hospital commitment. Long after the pledge was in disrepute in the temperance movement and among those who favored the medically supervised incarceration of drunkards, it continued to be a useful probationary and diagnostic tool for public administrators seeking a compromise between toleration and severity.
Paradigms of Recovery: Theoretical Implications for Relapse Prevention in Alcoholics
Authors: Watson Lynne
Published: November 2015

If planners keep the caveats of attention to long-term results, relapse prevention and employment of flexible, nondogmatic, forward-thinking personnel in mind, the move away from a myopic, pathogenic attitude toward addiction into a frame of mind which is challenged and ready to consider broad-based, long-term modalities designed to help people cope with life holistically appears to be the most positive and efficacious direction toward relapse prevention. Rather than to encourage alcoholics to surrender to forces beyond their control, the best approach may be strategies which reinforce the empowerment of people who feel spiritually empty, helpless and ineffectual.
Exploring the Dimensions of Support for Decriminalizing Drugs
Authors: Weisheit Ralph A. , Johnson Kathrine
Published: November 2015

This study uses surveys of citizens and criminal justice employees to illustrate the multidimensional nature of views about decriminalization. Both groups supported strict legal penalties for marijuana offenses and believed that if legal restrictions were eased other types of crime would increase. Ironically, they also expressed doubts about the effectiveness of the law. They believed that even if they had all the resources necessary the police could not stop marijuana use. At the same time they were willing to pay higher taxes for more drug enforcement. This study highlights the problem with treating either decriminalization or criminalization as simple ideas and notes the implications of this for developing public policy.
Women Usually Take Care of Their Girlfriends: Bisexuality and Hiv Risk among Female Intravenous Drug Users
Authors: Magura Stephen , O'Day Joanne , Rosenblum Andrew
Published: November 2015

Thirty-eight percent of a random sample of 39 female IVDUs disclosed recent homosexual behavior. The women were interviewed in jail, but their homosexual relationships were formed and occurred primarily outside of jail. Ethnographic methods identified twice as much homosexuality as a structured research interview. The women who disclosed homosexual behavior, which reportedly had recent onset for most of them, usually did not self-label themselves as “gay” or “lesbian”; perhaps “bisexuality” best characterizes their sexual histories. These bisexual women were more likely to share needles and works than the heterosexual women, placing themselves and others at higher risk of HIV transmission; their sexual partners were usually other IVDUs. No precautions were being taken to prevent possible female-to-female sexual HIV transmission. Failure to take precautions against AIDS may be attributable to unjustified feelings of “safety” in often serially monogamous homosexual relationships, as well as sheer fatalism about HIV infection.
Gender Differences in Drug (Prescription, Non-Prescription, Alcohol and Tobacco) Advertising: Trends and Implications
Authors: Krupka L. R. , Vener A. M.
Published: November 2015

An overview of the literature regarding drug (prescription, nonprescription, alcohol and tobacco) advertising and the targeting of the genders was presented Prescription drug advertisements of the late 1980s contained less sexual stereotyping than that of the previous decade. In the only article that dealt directly with gender differences in nonprescription drug advertising, it was found that the advertising of specific therapeutic categories was targeted differentially toward men and women. Few investigators have focused on the targeting of special groups in the advertisement of alcoholic beverages. In contrast, there has been a greater research interest in tobacco advertising gender differences. The literature indicates that different tobacco products and advertising messages were targeted for men and women. The authors suggest that the public will become more reluctant to accept the unrestricted advertising of products which are deleterious to health.
Alcohol Advertising in the African-American Community
Authors: Scott Bettina M. , Denniston Robert W. , Magruder Kathryn M.
Published: November 2015

Beverage alcohol is the most widely used, enjoyed, and abused addictive substance in the United States. Alcohol related problems — which range from alcoholism, cirrhosis, trauma, and criminal behavior to birth defects, cancer, and other long-term health problems — result in an estimated 100,000 deaths and cost the American society more than $135 billion each year. Alcohol abuse is the leading health and safety problem in the African-American community, making its health and social consequences especially severe. Given this backdrop, there are compelling reasons to be concerned when alcohol producers target African Americans with special advertising and promotions. It is important to examine the marketing and advertising practices of alcohol producers as they relate to African-American communities and their potential impact on alcohol-related behaviors.
The Costs of Australian Drug Policy
Authors: Marks Robert E
Published: November 2015

Despite seventy years of increasing restrictions, and in the case of heroin almost forty years of absolute prohibition, by all measures the consumption of illegal drugs in Australia has continued to grow. Despite — or perhaps because of — these policies, the costs of enforcement borne by the taxpayer and other costs borne by residents at large have continued to grow. The AIDS epidemic exposed injecting drug users (IDUs) and their partners to the risk of HIV infection, a further cost, but it has encouraged discussion of the effectiveness of the existing policy and the feasibility of alternatives. This study is an attempt to put dollar amounts on these costs, and to estimate how they would change under an alternative policy of drug use regulation. We argue that the recent Cleeland Report underestimates the true costs of the law enforcement against illicit drug use by a factor of at least two. We estimate a total annual cost of existing drug laws in 1987–88 to Australia of $950 million, as well as forced transfers of $656 million.
Correlates of HIV Seropositivity among Injection Drug Users Not in Treatment
Authors: Iguchi Martin Y. , Platt Jerome J. , French John , Baxter Robert C. , Kushner Harvey , Lidz Victor M. , Bux Donald A. , Rosen Mitchell , Musikoff Harvey
Published: November 2015

In 1989, from May to December, 1,440 injection drug users (IDUs) in Newark and Jersey City, not enrolled in treatment, were recruited by outreach to storefront offices, where they were interviewed about AIDS-risk behaviors and tested for antibodies to HIV. Information was gathered on drug use and sexual patterns, health, criminality and demographics. Data from 1,278 IDUs (88.75%) were analyzed; 667 (52.5%) tested HIV-antibody positive. Using univariate and multivariate analysis, thirteen variables were identified that were significantly and independently associated with seropositivity, including years since first drug injection, injecting mixed heroin and cocaine, frequent injection of cocaine by itself, no “crack” use, no noninjected heroin use, time in jail, abuse of glue or paint thinner, absence of sexual activity, subjects' global rating of their own AIDS risk, health history, gender, race and education. Implications for HIV risk assessment in other regions and for the development of interventions are discussed.
Determinants of Recent Substance Abuse among Jail Inmates Referred for Treatment
Authors: Peters Roger H. , Schonfeld Lawrence
Published: November 2015

Significant numbers of new arrestees to jail have a history of drug or alcohol use. Many of these individuals have experienced multiple relapses, which tend to accelerate the level of criminal behavior and to increase the likelihood of arrest and incarceration. The present study examines the pattern of determinants of recent substance abuse among inmates referred for treatment in a metropolitan jail. The majority (87%) of inmates reported intrapersonal determinants of recent use, including coping with negative emotional states (41%) such as depression, anxiety and tension, and enhancement of positive emotional states (35%). Although no major differences in the pattern of determinants were found with respect to the type of major problem substance reported, several gender differences were observed. Implications for the design of substance abuse treatment programs within the criminal justice system are discussed, and recommendations are presented for further research investigating differences between determinants of “relapse” and “recent use” among offenders.
Synthetic Estimation Applied to the Prevalence of Drug Use
Authors: Rhodes William
Published: November 2015

This article focuses on the application of synthetic estimation. It provides a working definition of synthetic estimation and indicates why synthetic estimation of drug use prevalence almost always requires the simultaneous application of other, complementary estimation procedures. A brief review is provided on recent studies in which synthetic estimation, together with other estimation procedures, was used to estimate the prevalence of cocaine and heroin use. The author then presents a discussion of one specific, real-world application of the synthetic estimation approach that was developed for purposes of policy research. This application led to estimates of roughly two million weekly users of cocaine and 660,000 weekly users of heroin in the United States during 1990. The author concludes with a discussion of some policy implications of these and other estimates of drug use prevalence.
Dimensions of Adolescent Self-Concept Associated with Substance Use
Authors: Towberman Donna B. , McDonald R. Michael
Published: November 2015

Self-concept has been often examined in relation to adolescent substance use and research results have shown consistently strong association between the two. Yet, the authors maintain that the global construct is amorphous and lacking in defined boundaries that allow for planning and implementation of educational and treatment interventions that effectively impact self-concept. The purpose of the study was to examine the underlying dimensions of self-concept that relate to adolescent alcohol and drug use. Four constitutive dimensions of self-concept were identified through factor analysis. These four factors are negative image, self- confidence, bonding and effectiveness. All four self-concept measures were found to significantly correlate with both drug experimentation and frequency of drug use. Three of the self- concept factors (negative image, self-confidence, and effectiveness) are considered to be internally referenced. These dimensions of self-concept may be the cumulative effect of genetic, psychological and environmental forces. The intractable nature of internal self-concept dimensions may require intensive services and ongoing support services for effective treatment of deficits. However, the fourth self-concept factor, bonding, is primarily viewed as an externally-referenced factor. Remediation of bonding deficits calls for inclusion of significant others in the overall strategy of self-concept enhancement.
Is There a Relationship between Self Esteem and Drug Use? Methodological and Statistical Limitations of the Research
Authors: Schroeder Debra S. , Laflin Molly T. , Weis David L.
Published: November 2015

Although a causal connection between self-esteem and drug use might make intuitive sense, a critical evaluation of the research calls this relationship into question. The most fatal flaw in the “low self-esteem causes drug use” argument is the fact that only a very small proportion of the variance in drug use is associated with self-esteem across a variety of definitions of self-esteem. In addition, the literature is fraught with methodological and statistical problems that severely limit the conclusions that can be drawn. Methodological problems examined in the article include: measurement of self-esteem, measurement of drug use and abuse, inclusion of confounding variables, and tendency to infer causality from correlational data. Statistical problems explored are: differences between the results of studies employing multivariate and bivariate statistics, failure to report strength of association indices, inflated experimentwise error rate when conducting numerous statistical analyses, failure to collapse several highly correlated variables into fewer factors, tendency to misinterpret statistical data, and reporting insufficient statistical information to allow readers to draw their own conclusions. We conclude that the scientific evidence relating self-esteem and drug use is insufficient to justify making self-esteem enhancement the cornerstone of drug prevention efforts.
A Comparison of Injecting Drug Users Reached through Outreach and Methadone Treatment
Authors: Wechsberg Wendee M. , Dennis Michael L. , Cavanaugh Elizabeth , Rachal J. Valley
Published: November 2015

The authors examine the common assumption that AIDS/HIV outreach prevention programs and similar programs in methadone treatment compete for the same population by comparing injecting drug users (IDUs) reached by each intervention in four communities. Similar results across sites reinforced the conclusions that, compared to IDUs entering methadone treatment, the IDUs contacted in outreach were more likely to be male, black, and young; to start injecting drugs when they were older, have shorter histories of injecting risk, and currently inject drugs less often than daily; to inject infrequently only opiates and frequently inject only cocaine; and to have not been in formal treatment ever or in the past six months.
The Social Construction of Group Dependency in Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Smith Annette R.
Published: November 2015

This study approaches Alcoholics Anonymous as a social world, in which social integration is a key to individual success. It uses qualitative methods of participant observation and indepth interviewing to show that despite previous findings, which suggest that a high degree of affiliative need and group dependency are preconditions for AA success, the interactive processes within the social world may foster a social construction of these characteristics for those who do not fit the profile at the outset. By illustrating the process of social integration for nonaffiliative types who are basically uncomfortable with AA's group-sharing approach, the data also suggests that there is more than one pathway to success in AA, and suggests techniques for enhancing the integration of nonaffiliative types.
Are Fluctuations in Delinquent Activities Related to the Onset and Offset in Juvenile Illegal Drug Use and Drug Dealing?
Authors: van Kammen Welmoet B. , Loeber Rolf
Published: November 2015

The authors examine fluctuations in the type and rate of delinquency as a function of the onset, continuation, and discontinuation of illegal drug use and drug dealing. The study subjects included 506 urban adolescent males between the ages thirteen and fifteen, who were followed up over six half-yearly data waves. Previous involvement in property offenses increased the risk of the onset of illegal drug use, while previous involvement in both property and person-related offenses increased the risk of the onset of drug dealing. The onset of drug use or drug dealing was associated with an increase in person-related offenses and carrying a concealed weapon. Initiation of drug dealing was uniquely related to an increased frequency of property offenses, particularly car-related theft and fraud. Discontinuation of illegal drug use or drug dealing was associated with a decrease in delinquency.
Development and Assessment of a Classification of High Risk Youths
Authors: Dembo Richard , Williams Linda , Fagan Jeffrey , Schmeidler James
Published: November 2015

Cluster analysis is applied to substance use and delinquency data collected in a longitudinal study of juvenile detainees to empirically derive five groups of youths from information gathered at their initial interviews (time 1): alcohol/marijuana-hashish users, low-level delinquents, alcohol/ marijuana-hashish and cocaine-using nondelinquents, high delinquency, cocaine users, and heavy cocaine-using nondelinquents. The validity of the typology was supported by a variety of other initial interview and follow-up interview alcohol/other drug use and delinquency data, and by recidivism information — including data on arrests during the three-and-a-half years following the date of the youths' first interviews. Research and policy implications of the findings are drawn.
Generality versus Specificity of Problem Behavior: Psychological and Functional Differences
Authors: White Helene Raskin , Labouvie Erich W.
Published: November 2015

Data from a longitudinal study of male and female youth were used to examine the association between cumulative levels of delinquency and drug use from early adolescence to young adulthood. Results from a principal components analysis indicated that delinquency and drug use represent two distinct dimensions of problem behavior. Subjects were categorized into four groups based on their cumulative levels of drug use and delinquency over a nine-year period. Group differences in the reactive coping use of problem behaviors, in psychological problems, and in personality traits were assessed. Results indicate that subjects who are high in both drug use and delinquency have significantly higher levels of mental health problems than all other subjects. Overall, the findings support the notion that the expression of deviance is not necessarily undifferentiated. Instead, different individuals may specialize in different forms of deviance.
The Correctional Opportunity: Pathways to Drug Treatment for Offenders
Authors: Lipton Douglas S.
Published: November 2015

The incarceration of persons found guilty of various crimes who are also chronic substance abusers presents an important opportunity for treatment. It is an important opportunity because they would be unlikely to seek treatment on their own, without treatment they are very apt to continue their drug use and criminality after release, and cost effective drug abuse treatment methods are now available to treat them while in custody (both during incarceration and aftercare) and significantly alter their lifestyles. Correctional authorities should now feel optimistic that chronic heroin and cocaine users with predatory criminal histories can be treated effectively. This article shares the success of the Stay'n Out and Cornerstone Programs that have been successful with serious drug abusing offenders, and the factors that make for success. It is the proper program components joined by thoughtful leadership in the right setting. These principles are generalizable and transferable to many locations.
An Epidemiological Overview of the Situation of Illicit Drug Abuse in Italy
Authors: Mariani Fabio , Guaiana Rosanna , Di Fiandra Teresa
Published: November 2015

This article focuses on the epidemiology of illicit drug abuse in Italy at the end of 1992. The characteristics of demand and modalities and dimensions of treatment services offered are analyzed. This evaluation is based on data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Home Secretary), AIDS Operations Center and Ministry of Justice. The “need for care” estimate comes mainly from private facilities and public services data; the geographic distribution of demand for care in relation to available services is also examined. Finally, data concerning AIDS diffusion and intravenous drug users are presented.
Family Therapy with Drug Addicts' Families
Authors: Coletti Maurizio
Published: November 2015

Italian experience with family therapy of drug addicts is based on research started in 1970. Italian data are comparable with experiences in other countries. Symptoms are considered relevant to the organization of a certain family system. Family therapy is widely used in the public and private health systems. More than 80% of the treatment centers use it, and there is continuous updating of professionals working in the field. Two main strategies are used: structural and counterparadoxical intervention. These therapeutic approaches are explained in light of a typology of drug addicts established from empirical research data, with a discussion of the evaluation of the results depending on the kind of psychopathology. Family therapy with couples is also discussed, and a typology of couples dealing with drug addiction problems is presented.
Therapeutic Communities
Authors: Cancrini Grazia , De Gregorio Francesca , Cardella Francesco
Published: November 2015

Italian therapeutic communities currently house more than twenty thousand addicts. Their leaders have much greater influence than those of other countries on public opinion and administrative choices. This study examines a series of some of the most significant facilities, which are classified as explicitly or implicitly therapeutic. Their histories, organizations and working methods are analyzed. A clinical discussion about the usefulness of each in treating the different types of addicts is offered at the end of the review.
Work Team Attitudes, Drinking Norms, and Workplace Drinking
Authors: Delaney William P. , Ames Genevieve
Published: November 2015

This article investigates the relationship between work team attitudes, drinking norms, and workplace drinking in a large assembly line factory in the Midwest. Respondents were asked whether significant persons at work (friends, team members, and supervisors) would approve or disapprove if they engaged in three types of work-related drinking (before work, at work, and at work to intoxication). Respondents were also asked whether they agreed or disagreed with several positive and negative statements about work teams–a new form of assembly line production introduced in the 1980s. Several items probing relations between union employees and supervisors were also included. Separate regression analyses were used to predict workplace drinking norms and workplace drinking. Using exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression, positive attitudes toward work teams significantly predicted less permissive drinking norms even when overall drinking and various background variables were controlled. In a second regression analysis, drinking norms significantly predicted workplace drinking. Additionally, it was revealed in the analysis that hourly African-Americans as a group were significantly more likely to have positive team attitudes and less permissive drinking norms than whites. The role of team-based work system in the primary prevention of workplace alcohol misuse is discussed.
A History of Job-Based Alcoholism Programs: 1972–1980
Authors: Steele Paul D. , Trice Harrison M.
Published: November 2015

We describe changes in the design of job-based alcoholism programs between 1972 and 1980, and discuss the influences of professional organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous, the National Council on Alcoholism, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and the Association of Labor-Management Administrators and Consultants on Alcoholism on program models. Interorganizational relations and program evolution are analyzed using a social movements perspective. Job-based programs enjoyed rapid growth, acceptance and institutionalization in the seventies. However, changes in organizational goals, practitioner orientations, and workplace strategies indicate that the modern antialcoholism movement's goals were displaced by those promoting job-based programs during this period.