bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IN SITU AND EX SITU FORMATION MODELS OF KEPLER 11 PLANETS
Authors: D’Angelo Gennaro , Bodenheimer Peter
Published: August 2016

We present formation simulations of the six Kepler 11 planets. Models assume either in situ or ex situ assembly, the latter with migration, and are evolved to the estimated age of the system,

. Models combine detailed calculations of both the gaseous envelope and the condensed core structures, including accretion of gas and solids, of the disk’s viscous and thermal evolution, including photo-evaporation and disk-planet interactions, and of the planet’s evaporative mass loss after disk dispersal. Planet–planet interactions are neglected. Both sets of simulations successfully reproduce measured radii, masses, and orbital distances of the planets, except for the radius of Kepler 11b, which loses its entire gaseous envelope shortly after formation. Gaseous (H+He) envelopes account for

% of the planet masses, and between

and

% of the planet radii. In situ models predict a very massive inner disk, whose solid surface density (

) varies from over 104 to

at stellocentric distances

. Initial gas densities would be in excess of

if solids formed locally. Given the high disk temperatures (

), planetary interiors can only be composed of metals and highly refractory materials. Sequestration of hydrogen by the core and subsequent outgassing is required to account for the observed radius of Kepler 11b. Ex situ models predict a relatively low-mass disk, whose initial

varies from

to

at

and whose initial gas density ranges from

to

. All planetary interiors are expected to be rich in H2O, as core assembly mostly occurs exterior to the ice condensation front. Kepler 11b is expected to have a steam atmosphere, and H2O is likely mixed with H+He in the envelopes of the other planets. Results indicate that Kepler 11g may not be more massive than Kepler 11e.
PROBING THE ENVIRONMENT OF GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE TRANSIENT SOURCES WITH TeV AFTERGLOW EMISSION
Authors: Zhu Qin-Yu , Wang Xiang-Yu
Published: August 2016

Recently, the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory detected gravitational-wave (GW) transients from mergers of binary black holes (BHs). The system may also produce a wide-angle, relativistic outflow if the claimed short gamma-ray burst detected by GBM is in real association with GW150914. It was suggested that mergers of double neutron stars (or neutron star-black hole binaries), another promising source of GW transients, also produce fast, wide-angle outflows. In this paper, we calculate the high-energy gamma-ray emission arising from the blast waves driven by these wide-angle outflows. We find that TeV emission arising from the inverse-Compton process in the relativistic outflow, originating from mergers of binary BHs that are similar to those in GW150914, could be detectable by ground-based Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) if the sources occur in a dense medium with a density of

n
≳
0.3

cm

−
3

. For neutron star–neutron star (NS–NS) and NS–BH mergers, TeV emission from the wide-angle, mildly relativistic outflow could be detected as well, if it occurs in a dense medium with

n
≳
10
–
100

cm

−
3

. Thus, TeV afterglow emission could be a useful probe of the environment of the GW transients, which could shed light on the evolution channels of the progenitors of GW transients.
Clinical, Laboratory and Radiographic Features of Patients with Pneumonia and Parapneumonic Effusions
Authors: Petrusevska-Marinkovic Sanja , Kondova-Topuzovska Irena , Milenkovic Zvonko , Kondov Goran , Anastasovska Ankica
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND: Parapneumonic effusions complicating pneumonia are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.AIM: To determine the role of the clinical, laboratory and radiographic features to the differential diagnosis of patients with community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) without effusion, uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion (UCPPE) and complicated parapneumonic effusion (CPPE).MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed 148 patients with CAP without effusion, 50 with UCPPE and 44 with CPPE. In three groups of patients, the majority was male patients (58.11%, 58%, 61.36%) consequently.RESULTS: The chronic heart failure was the most common comorbidity in a group with CAP (28; 18.92%) and UCPPE (7; 14%), alcoholism (12;12.77%) in a group with CPPE. Patients with CPPE had significantly longer fever compared to patients with CAP without effusion (p = 0.003). Pleuritic chest pain (86.36%) and dyspnea (88.64%) were the most common symptoms in CPPE, then to group with UCPPE (60%; 52%), and in CAP without effusion (25.68%; 47,97%). Diffuse pulmonary changes were detected more frequently in the group with CAP without effusion compared with the group with CPPE (64.86 % vs. 27.27 %), while the segment lung changes were more common in patients with CPPE (50% vs. 20.27%). Patients with CPPE were significant with higher erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cells (WBC) and serum C- reactive protein (CRP) than it the other two groups (p = 0.00090, p = 0.01, p= 0.000065).CONCLUSION:Proper analysis of clinical, laboratory and radiographic features of patients with CAP and parapneumonic effusion can prevent mismanagement in these patients and will reduce morbidity and mortality.Â
Le vote de la diaspora en Afrique du Sud
Authors: Wellman Elizabeth Iams
Published: August 2016

Cet article analyse l’histoire complexe de la participation de la diaspora sud-africaine aux élections du pays d’origine depuis l’abolition du régime d’apartheid. Après avoir permis le vote à l’étranger lors de l’élection historique de 1994, le gouvernement sud-africain a aboli cette mesure jusqu’à ce qu’une décision de la Cour constitutionnelle de 2009 l’autorise à nouveau. L’auteure invite tout d’abord à porter une plus grande attention à la nature du processus d’adoption du vote à distance. Le cas de l’Afrique du Sud montre que la perception que les partis politiques ont de la diaspora exerce une influence déterminante sur l’adoption et la mise en œuvre du vote à l’étranger. Ainsi, l’article place les partis politiques au centre de l’analyse de la généralisation du vote des diasporas depuis le début des années 1990.
Sénégal, la diaspora fait-elle l’élection ?
Authors: Smith Étienne
Published: August 2016

Depuis 1992, le Sénégal a acquis une longue expérience du vote de ses ressortissants à l’étranger. Ce texte étudie la genèse de l’électorat externe, notamment la construction d’un corps électoral externe le plus représentatif possible. Puis, il propose de nuancer l’idée reçue selon laquelle la diaspora « fait » l’élection, sans exclure cependant les effets de cette croyance partagée sur les stratégies d’acteurs. L’impact de la diaspora sur l’élection est finalement plus symbolique que quantitatif.
Les médias, « chiens de garde » des élections au Burundi et en RDC ?
Authors: Frère Marie-Soleil
Published: August 2016

Lors des élections générales qui se sont déroulées au Burundi en 2010 et en République démocratique du Congo (RDC) en 2011, de nombreux projets ont été initiés par des bailleurs de fonds et opérateurs internationaux, afin de permettre aux médias de mieux remplir leurs missions. Cet article s’interroge sur les modalités de cet appui aux acteurs du secteur médiatique, en confrontant les objectifs visés par les partenaires étrangers et les réalités du terrain. Rappelant le contexte politique particulier dans lequel ces scrutins se sont déroulés, il tente d’identifier les caractéristiques des médias, des institutions et des pratiques journalistiques locales qui semblent avoir été sous-estimées dans la conception et la mise en œuvre de ces projets.
Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery and Multiple Peripheral Mycotic Aneurysms Due to Mycobacterium Bovis Following Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Duvnjak Petar , Laguna Mario
Published: August 2016

The use of live attenuated intravesicular Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy is a generally accepted safe and effective method for the treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder.  Although rare, < 5% of patient's treated with intravesicular BCG therapy may develop potentially serious complications, including localized infections to the genitourinary tract, mycotic aneurysms and osteomyelitis.  We present here a case of a 63-year-old male who developed left coronary and multiple peripheral M. Bovis mycotic aneurysms as a late complication of intravesicular BCG therapy for superficial bladder cancer.  The patient initially presented with acute onset pain and swelling in the left knee > 2 years following initial therapy, and initial workup revealed a ruptured saccular aneurysm of the left popliteal artery as well as incidental bilateral common femoral artery aneurysms.  Following endovascular treatment and additional workup, the patient was discovered to have additional aneurysms in the right popliteal artery and left anterior descending artery (LAD). Surgical pathology and bacterial cultures obtained from the excised femoral aneurysms and surgical groin wounds were positive for Mycobacterium Bovis, and the patient was initiated on a nine-month antimycobacterial course of isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol.  Including the present case, there has been a total of 32 reported cases of mycotic aneurysms as a complication from intravesicular BCG therapy, which we will review here.  The majority of reported cases involve the abdominal aorta; however, this represents the first known reported case of a coronary aneurysm.
A New Technique to Determine the Complex Permittivity of Each Layer for a Bi-Layer Dielectric Material at Microwave Frequency
Authors: Elmajid Hassan , Terhzaz Jaouad , Ammor Hassan
Published: August 2016

A new technique is presented to determine the complex relative permittivity of each layer of a bi-layer dielectric material. The bi-layer material sample is loaded in a Ku-band rectangular waveguide and its two port S-parameters are measured as a function of frequency using a Network Analyzer. Also, by applying the mode matching technique, expressions for the S-parameters of the bi-layer dielectric material as a function of complex relative permittivity of each layer are developed. To estimate the complex permittivity of each layer for a bi-layer dielectric material, the square sums of errors between the measured and calculated S-parameters are minimized using a nonlinear optimization algorithm. The complex permittivity of each layer for a bi-layer dielectric material such as FR4-Teflon, FR4-Delrin and Delrin-Teflon are determined at the Ku-band frequencies, the average relative errors between the individual dielectric materials and those of each layer of bi-layer dielectric materials are calculated.
The Design of New Structures of Planar Diplexers Using Microstrip Resonators
Authors: Chinig Abdessamed , Errkik Ahmed , Tajmouati Abdelali , Bennis Hamid , Zbitou Jamal , Latrach Mohamed
Published: August 2016

In this chapter, three planar diplexers based on microstrip resonators are presented. An overview on diplexers is introduced. Then, two designed and fabricated microstrip diplexers with compact size and good performances are exposed. The first diplexer is designed using open loop resonators while the second circuit is achieved based on triangular loop resonators. The third structure represents a compact diplexer designed by using a pair of H-shaped resonators coupled with a coupling patch and two Input/Output (I/O) feed lines. The incorporated slots in the ground plane of the proposed circuit allow the control of the resonant frequencies and enhance its electrical performances. Furthermore, the introduction of these slots represents an interesting solution to miniaturize the microwave filter and diplexer. An analytic method is applied to extract the equivalent LC model of the band pass filters and diplexer. A full wave electromagnetic Analysis is achieved to evaluate the electrical performances of the proposed diplexers by using ADS and CST-MWS.
Study of Some New Topologies and Associated Techniques Used for the Achievement of Planar Filters
Authors: Aytouna Fouad , Aghoutane Mohamed , Touhami Naima Amar , Latrach Mohamed
Published: August 2016

This chapter will treat firstly a summary of the filters synthesis by using Butterworth and chebyshev techniques. After that, a second part will be devoted to the design of planar filters using different techniques; this section will present some examples in bibliography. The aim of this part is to understand the different methods and steps followed to design planar filters, in the same time to discover and to define the different parameters which characterize a filter structure. Therefore, we have chosen some new research studies on low pass filers. The last part will present our contribution in designing planar filter. The first filter structure is a dual bandpass microstrip filter operating for DCS and Wimax applications, this section will introduce the different steps followed to achieve such filter. The second circuit is a novel design low cost microstrip lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 2.3 GHz. At the end, we will present a transformation of the microstrip filter to a CPW lowpass filter making it easy for integration with passive and active microwave components.
Microwave Power Protectors
Authors: Khalifa Echchakhaoui , Elhassane Abdelmounim , Hamid Bennis
Published: August 2016

In this chapter, microwave power attenuator and limiter theory and technological realization are presented. The chapter is divided in two sections, first section is dedicated to attenuator circuits and the second section is dedicated to power limiters circuits. Authors describe, in first section, principles characteristic and fundamentals of attenuator and detail of the most common topologies such as T-attenuator, PI-attenuator and bridged-attenuator. After a presentation of important equations needed to calculate attenuation rate provided by each of these previous cited topologies, authors present the variable attenuator based on active component (PIN diode, Transistors). In second section, authors present power limiter characteristic and fundamentals. Afterward, they present a state of arts of technological solution to design power limiter based on solid state components such as PIN diode and Schottky diodes.
IP-CHOCK Reference Detection and Prevention of Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network
Authors: Verma Karan
Published: August 2016

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a subset of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) and it is considered as a substantial component of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). DoS attacks on VANET are varying and may be overwhelmed by VANET protocols, such as TCP or UDP flooding attacks. Different secure communications models can be used to detect and prevent IP spoofing DoS attacks, by which the attacks are committed by fraudulent and malicious nodes. In this chapter, an efficient detection method has been proposed to detect UDP flooding attacks, called Bloom-Filter-Based IP-CHOCK (BFICK). A prevention method using IP-CHOCK has also been proposed to prevent DoS, called Reference Broadcast Synchronization (RBS). In principle, the combined method is based on the IP-CHOCK filter concept of packets during an attack incident and with busy traffic condition. Fake identities from malicious vehicles can be analyzed with help of the existing reliable IP addresses. Beacon packets were exchanged periodically by all the vehicles to announce their presence and to forward it to the next node.
Adjust Fuzzy Model Parameters for Head Election in Wireless Sensor Network Protocols
Authors: Afifi Walaa Abd el Aal , Hefny Hesham Ahmed
Published: August 2016

The clustering routing protocols attract many research papers that result from their well topology control, less demand resources, and less energy dissipation. The cluster routing protocols consist of single hop communication and multi hop communication. Single hop is applied between sensor node and its related cluster head. Multi hop is applied between cluster heads to base station. The previous two communication modes depend on the cluster head election. Appropriate cluster-head election can drastically reduce the energy consumption and enhance the lifetime of the network. The fuzzy models are used frequently for cluster head election. The fuzzy models can be built either expert's knowledge or numerical data. The authors propose fuzzy model using adaptive Takagi-Sugeno for wireless sensor network protocol (FATSN). The FATSN protocol is implemented by modified merging algorithm of fuzzy clustering with expected value (MCFEV). The FATSN protocol compares with the famous cluster routing protocol LEACH, EEUC, CHEF, and FCM protocols. The results show that FATSN protocol is efficiency
MANET
Authors: Garg Roopali
Published: August 2016

MANETs (Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks) are an infrastructure-less network where attackers can easily attack on the network from any side. Amongst innumerable attacks is ‘Sybil attack' that causes severe hazard to the network. It is an attack which uses one/many identities at a time. The identities used by Sybil attackers are either created by it or uses someone else's identity. This attack can decrease the trust of any legitimate node by using identity of that node and accumulate the secret or important data. Sybil attackers distribute secret data in other networks and it reduces the secrecy of network. This research work implements Enhanced lightweight Sybil attack detection technique that is used to detect Sybil attack in MATLAB. The concern is to improve the security of the network by removing the Sybil nodes from the network. The work has been carried out using four parameters namely - Speed, Energy, frequency and latency. During the research work, experiments were carried out to observe the trend of SNR with BER; Throughput with SNR and Throughput with BER.
The DNA Damage Response Regulates RAG1/2 Expression in Pre–B Cells through ATM-FOXO1 Signaling
Authors: Ochodnicka-Mackovicova Katarina , Bahjat Mahnoush , Maas Chiel , van der Veen Amélie , Bloedjes Timon A. , de Bruin Alexander M. , van Andel Harmen , Schrader Carol E. , Hendriks Rudi W. , Verhoeyen Els , Bende Richard J. , van Noesel Carel J. M. , Guikema Jeroen E. J.
Published: August 2016

The recombination activating gene (RAG) 1 and RAG2 protein complex introduces DNA breaks at Tcr and Ig gene segments that are required for V(D)J recombination in developing lymphocytes. Proper regulation of RAG1/2 expression safeguards the ordered assembly of Ag receptors and the development of lymphocytes, while minimizing the risk for collateral damage. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is involved in the repair of RAG1/2-mediated DNA breaks and prevents their propagation. The simultaneous occurrence of RAG1/2-dependent and -independent DNA breaks in developing lymphocytes exposed to genotoxic stress increases the risk for aberrant recombinations. In this study, we assessed the effect of genotoxic stress on RAG1/2 expression in pre–B cells and show that activation of the DNA damage response resulted in the rapid ATM-dependent downregulation of RAG1/2 mRNA and protein expression. We show that DNA damage led to the loss of FOXO1 binding to the enhancer region of the RAG1/2 locus (Erag) and provoked FOXO1 cleavage. We also show that DNA damage caused by RAG1/2 activity in pre–B cells was able to downmodulate RAG1/2 expression and activity, confirming the existence of a negative feedback regulatory mechanism. Our data suggest that pre–B cells are endowed with a protective mechanism that reduces the risk for aberrant recombinations and chromosomal translocations when exposed to DNA damage, involving the ATM-dependent regulation of FOXO1 binding to the Erag enhancer region.
Downregulation of the Syk Signaling Pathway in Intestinal Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Induce Dendritic Cells That Inhibit Colitis
Authors: Hang Long , Blum Arthur M. , Kumar Sangeeta , Urban Joseph F. , Mitreva Makedonka , Geary Timothy G. , Jardim Armando , Stevenson Mary M. , Lowell Clifford A. , Weinstock Joel V.
Published: August 2016

Helminthic infections modulate host immunity and may protect people in less-developed countries from developing immunological diseases. In a murine colitis model, the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri prevents colitis via induction of regulatory dendritic cells (DCs). The mechanism driving the development of these regulatory DCs is unexplored. There is decreased expression of the intracellular signaling pathway spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in intestinal DCs from H. polygyrus bakeri–infected mice. To explore the importance of this observation, it was shown that intestinal DCs from DC-specific Syk−/− mice were powerful inhibitors of murine colitis, suggesting that loss of Syk was sufficient to convert these cells into their regulatory phenotype. DCs sense gut flora and damaged epithelium via expression of C-type lectin receptors, many of which signal through the Syk signaling pathway. It was observed that gut DCs express mRNA encoding for C-type lectin (CLEC) 7A, CLEC9A, CLEC12A, and CLEC4N. H. polygyrus bakeri infection downmodulated CLEC mRNA expression in these cells. Focusing on CLEC7A, which encodes for the dectin-1 receptor, flow analysis showed that H. polygyrus bakeri decreases dectin-1 expression on the intestinal DC subsets that drive Th1/Th17 development. DCs become unresponsive to the dectin-1 agonist curdlan and fail to phosphorylate Syk after agonist stimulation. Soluble worm products can block CLEC7A and Syk mRNA expression in gut DCs from uninfected mice after a brief in vitro exposure. Thus, downmodulation of Syk expression and phosphorylation in intestinal DCs could be important mechanisms through which helminths induce regulatory DCs that limit colitis.
LIMITED STAGE FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA: THE ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPY.
Authors: Filippi Andrea Riccardo
Published: August 2016

Radiation therapy (RT) alone has been considered for a long time as the standard therapeutic option for limited stage FL, due to its high efficacy in terms of local disease control with a quite significant proportion of “cured” patients (without further relapses at 10-15 years). Multiple therapeutic choices are now accepted for the management of early stage FL at diagnosis, and better staging procedures as well as better systemic therapy partially modified the role of RT in this setting. RT has also changed in terms of prescribed dose as well as treatment volumes. In this review, we present and discuss the current role of RT for limited stage FL in light of the historical data, the modern RT approach and the best combination with systemic therapy.
THE ROLE OF AUTOLOGOUS AND ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA IN THE NEW DRUGS ERA.
Authors: Maura Francesco , Farina Lucia , Corradini Paolo
Published: August 2016

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common histotype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and it is generally characterized by a heterogeneous clinical course. Despite recent therapeutic and diagnostic improvements, a significant fraction of FL patients still relapsed. In younger and/or fit FL relapsed patients bone marrow transplant (BMT) has represented the main salvage therapy for many years. Thanks to the ability of high dose chemotherapy to overcome the lymphoma resistance and refractoriness, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is able to achieve a high complete remission rate (CR) and favourable outcome in terms of progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) combines the high dose chemotherapy effect together with the immune reaction of the donor immune system against lymphoma, the so called ‘graft versus lymphoma’ (GVL) effect. Considering the generally higher transplant related mortality (TRM), alloSCT is mostly indicated for FL relapsed after ASCT. During the last years there has been a great spread of novel effective and feasible drugs Although these and future novel drugs will probably change our current approach to FL, the OS post-BMT (ASCT and alloSCT) has never been reproduced by any novel combination. In this scenario, it is important to correctly evaluate the disease status, the relapse risk and the comorbidity profile of the relapsed FL patients in order to provide the best salvage therapy and eventually transplant consolidation.
Is the adjective distinct from the noun as a grammatical category in biblical Hebrew?
Authors: Miller-Naudé Cynthia L. , Naudé Jacobus A.
Published: August 2016

The adjective is a beleaguered category in biblical Hebrew grammar with many grammars of biblical Hebrew denying that the adjective is a category distinct from substantives. Within a variety of linguistic theories, the status of the adjective as a grammatical category is also debated. Cross-linguistically adjectives exhibit extraordinary variety: in some languages showing similarities to nouns, in others to verbs and in still others to both nouns and verbs. The debate concerning the status of the adjective is mirrored by the broader debate within contemporary linguistics concerning how the issue of grammatical categorisation ought to be approached. In this article, we re-examine the question of whether or not the adjective is a distinct grammatical category from the noun in biblical Hebrew. We approach the question of the status of the adjective as a grammatical category from two perspectives: morphology and syntax.
An investigation into the usage of mobile phones among technical and vocational educational and training students in South Africa
Authors: Shava Herring , Chinyamurindi Willie , Somdyala Anathi
Published: August 2016

Background: Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are gaining popularity in South Africa; this includes the use of mobile phones and the Internet. Mobile phones also seem to be popular with the student cohort of the South African population, especially for communication purposes. Empirical evidence affirms the importance of mobile phones to this cohort, including the need to research further how these groups use and experience such devices.Objectives: This study seeks to provide an understanding of how mobile phone features, the motivation to use and time spent on a mobile phone influence behavioural intention to use mobile phones among a sample of technical and vocational educational and training (TVET) students in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.Method: A survey was carried out with 161 TVET students through a self-administered questionnaire completed by each respondent. Pre-testing and pilot testing of measures were conducted using a sample of final-year students using mobile phones who fit the same characteristics as the intended sample. To arrive at findings, data analysis was undertaken through the Chi-square test.Results: Descriptive results of the study reveal that the majority of mobile phones owned by TVET students were in the category of smartphones, bearing modern features that facilitate instant messaging, exchange of data and information as well as speedy access to information via the Internet.Conclusion: Inferential results of the study indicate that the more features a mobile phone has, the higher the desire to make use of the phone for communication purposes. Furthermore, motivation and time were found to play insignificant roles in influencing student utilisation of mobile phones for communication purposes.
The immanence and transcendence of God in Adamic incarnational Christology: An African ethical reflection for the public
Authors: Magezi Vhumani , Magezi Christopher
Published: August 2016

This article argues that the transcendence and immanence of God amplified in Christ should influence African believers� private and public ethics. It accomplishes this by engaging transcendence and immanence of God in the traditional African worldview. The African traditional worldview in many respects believes the transcendent God whose immanence is mediated by lesser spiritual intermediary powers. In responding to this view of God�s transcendence and immanence, we discuss the amplified transcendence and immanence of God in the Adamic incarnational Christological model. This model argues that in the incarnation, God�s transcendence and immanence is amplified by his assumption of our human mode of existence as the New Adam for our redemption. That is, even though God has always been transcendent and present within his creation before the incarnation, his immanence within humanity is amplified by God becoming man in and through Jesus Christ as the New Adam. The ascension of Jesus Christ does not diminish God�s presence within Christians. God continues to have his personal presence within believers through the dynamic presence of the Holy Spirit among them. The transcendence and immanence of God (amplified in Christ) therefore is brought to bear in the private and public ethics of Christians. In contrast to the limited immanence of human beings, God�s immanence is infinite. That is, there is nothing human beings can do which is outside of God�s reach and knowledge. It is from this perspective that African Christians are encouraged to live lives conscious of the infinite-immanent God, who sees both their private and public lives. The private and public life of believers should resemble God�s character and behaviour demonstrated by Jesus Christ, God incarnate, in his earthly ministry. Thus, the transcendence and immanence of God amplified in Christ influences African believers to live as the true ambassadors of Christ who exhibit exemplary ethical behaviour within the public sphere. The article reflects on the role of theological ethics in informing public ethics. As such it is theologically intradisciplinary but focusing on intertheological disciplines and their relationship to public space regarding ethics. It seeks to engage and influence public ethical behaviour in a context corruption and disregard of other human beings� entitlements.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The article challenges the privatisation of Christianity to take a public role in order to influence the public. This approach contributes to shifting African Christians from being passive in the context of unethical behaviours to being active agents who influence the public. As such, it contributes to public, practical theology and public ethics.
Proposed standardized definitions for vertical resolution and uncertainty in
the NDACC lidar ozone and temperature algorithms – Part 1: Vertical
resolution
Authors: Leblanc Thierry , Sica Robert J. , van Gijsel Joanna A. E. , Godin-Beekmann Sophie , Haefele Alexander , Trickl Thomas , Payen Guillaume , Gabarrot Frank
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A standardized approach for the definition and reporting of vertical resolution of the ozone and temperature lidar profiles contributing to the Network for the Detection for Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) database is proposed. Two standardized definitions homogeneously and unequivocally describing the impact of vertical filtering are recommended. The first proposed definition is based on the width of the response to a finite-impulse-type perturbation. The response is computed by convolving the filter coefficients with an impulse function, namely, a Kronecker delta function for smoothing filters, and a Heaviside step function for derivative filters. Once the response has been computed, the proposed standardized definition of vertical resolution is given by Δz = δz  ×  HFWHM, where δz is the lidar's sampling resolution and HFWHM is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the response, measured in sampling intervals. The second proposed definition relates to digital filtering theory. After applying a Laplace transform to a set of filter coefficients, the filter's gain characterizing the effect of the filter on the signal in the frequency domain is computed, from which the cut-off frequency fC, defined as the frequency at which the gain equals 0.5, is computed. Vertical resolution is then defined by Δz = δz∕(2fC). Unlike common practice in the field of spectral analysis, a factor 2fC instead of fC is used here to yield vertical resolution values nearly equal to the values obtained with the impulse response definition using the same filter coefficients. When using either of the proposed definitions, unsmoothed signals yield the best possible vertical resolution Δz = δz (one sampling bin). Numerical tools were developed to support the implementation of these definitions across all NDACC lidar groups. The tools consist of ready-to-use “plug-in” routines written in several programming languages that can be inserted into any lidar data processing software and called each time a filtering operation occurs in the data processing chain. When data processing implies multiple smoothing operations, the filtering information is analytically propagated through the multiple calls to the routines in order for the standardized values of vertical resolution to remain theoretically and numerically exact at the very end of data processing.
Dynamical Downscaling Data for Studying Climatic
Impacts on Hydrology, Permafrost, and Ecosystems in
Arctic Alaska
Authors: Cai Lei , Alexeev Vladimir A. , Arp Christopher D. , Jones Benjamin M. , Liljedahl Anna , Gädeke Anne
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Climatic changes are most pronounced in northern high latitude regions. Yet, there is a paucity of observational data, both spatially and temporally, such that regional-scale dynamics are not fully captured, limiting our ability to make reliable projections. In this study, a group of dynamical downscaling products were created for the period 1950 to 2100 to better understand climate change and its impacts on hydrology, permafrost, and ecosystems at a resolution suitable for northern Alaska. An ERA-interim reanalysis dataset and the Community Earth System Model (CESM) served as the forcing mechanisms in this dynamical downscaling framework, and the Weather Research & Forecast (WRF) model, embedded with an optimization for the Arctic (Polar WRF), served as the Regional Climate Model (RCM). This downscaled output consists of multiple climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, wind speed, dew point temperature, and surface air pressure) for a 10 km grid spacing at three-hour intervals. The modeling products were evaluated and calibrated using a bias-correction approach. The ERA-interim forced WRF (ERA-WRF) produced reasonable climatic variables as a result, yielding a more closely correlated temperature field than precipitation field when long-term monthly climatology was compared with its forcing and observational data. A linear scaling method then further corrected the bias, based on ERA-interim monthly climatology, and bias-corrected ERA-WRF fields were applied as a reference for calibration of both the historical and the projected CESM forced WRF (CESM-WRF) products. Biases, such as, a cold temperature bias during summer and a warm temperature bias during winter as well as a wet bias for annual precipitation that CESM holds over northern Alaska persisted in CESM-WRF runs. The linear scaling of CESM-WRF eventually produced high-resolution downscaling products for the Alaskan North Slope for hydrological and ecological research, together with the calibrated ERA-WRF run, and its capability extends far beyond that. Other climatic research has been proposed, including exploration of historical and projected climatic extreme events and their possible connections to low-frequency sea-atmospheric oscillations, as well as near-surface permafrost degradation and ice regime shifts of lakes. These dynamically downscaled, bias corrected climatic datasets provide improved spatial and temporal resolution data necessary for ongoing modeling efforts in northern Alaska focused on reconstructing and projecting hydrologic changes, ecosystem processes and responses, and permafrost thermal regimes. The dynamical downscaling methods presented in this study can also be used to create more suitable model input datasets for other sub-regions of the Arctic. Supplementary data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.863625.
Inversion of Residual Gravity Anomalies using Tuned-PSO Technique
Authors: Roshan Ravi , Singh Upendra Kumar
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Many kinds of particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique are now available and various efforts have been made to solve linear and non linear problems as well as one dimensional and multidimensional problem of geophysical data. Particle swarm optimization is a Meta heuristic optimization method that requires the intelligent guess and suitable selection of controlling parameters (i.e. Inertia weight and acceleration coefficient) for better convergence at global minima. The proposed technique Tuned–PSO is an improved technique of PSO, in which effort has been made for choosing the controlling parameters and these parameters have selected after analysing the response of various possible exercises using synthetic gravity anomalies over various geological sources. The applicability and efficacy of the proposed method is tested and also validated using synthetic gravity anomalies over various source geometries. Finally Tuned-PSO is applied over field residual gravity anomalies of two different geological terrains to find out the model parameters namely amplitude coefficient factor (A), shape factor (q) and depth (z). The analysed results have been compared with published results obtained by different methods that show a significantly excellent agreement with real model parameters. The results also show that the proposed approach is not only superior to the other methods but also shows that the strategy has enhanced the exploration capability of proposed method. Thus Tuned–PSO is an efficient and more robust technique to achieve optimal solution with minimal error.
SOCIAL METRICS APPLIED TO SMART TOURISM
Authors: Cervantes O. , Gutiérrez E. , Gutiérrez F. , Sánchez J. A.
Published: August 2016

We present a strategy to make productive use of semantically-related social data, from a user-centered semantic network, in order to help users (tourists and citizens in general) to discover cultural heritage, points of interest and available services in a smart city. This data can be used to personalize recommendations in a smart tourism application. Our approach is based on flow centrality metrics typically used in social network analysis: flow betweenness, flow closeness and eccentricity. These metrics are useful to discover relevant nodes within the network yielding nodes that can be interpreted as suggestions (venues or services) to users. We describe the semantic network built on graph model, as well as social metrics algorithms used to produce recommendations. We also present challenges and results from a prototypical implementation applied to the case study of the City of Puebla, Mexico.
VOLUNTARY NOISE MAPPING FOR SMART CITY
Authors: Poslončec-Petrić V. , Vuković V. , Frangeš S. , Bačić Ž.
Published: August 2016

One of the main concept objectives of smart cities is to create a quality living environment that is long-term sustainable and economically justified. In that context, modern cities are aware of the exposure to various forms of physical and non-physical pollution that needs to be remediated, eliminated or reduced. To achieve that it is necessary to quality determine the sources and reasons of each pollution. The most prominent examples of physical pollution that affects the quality of life of citizens in cities are light and noise pollution. Noise pollution or noise, is mostly the consequence of road and rail traffic in cities and it directly affects the health of citizens. Traffic control, reduction of peak congestion, dispersion and traffic redirection or building protective barriers, are ways that cities use to reduce the amount of noise or its effects. To make these measures efficient it is necessary to obtain the information related to the level of noise in certain areas, streets, cities. To achieve this, smart cities use noise mapping.

 The city of Zagreb since 2012, participates in the i-SCOPE project (interoperable Smart City services trough Open Platform for urban Ecosystems). i-SCOPE delivers an open platform on top of which it develops, three "smart city" services: optimization of energy consumption through a service for accurate assessment of solar energy potential and energy loss at building level, environmental monitoring through a real-time environmental noise mapping service leveraging citizen's involvement will who act as distributed sensors city-wide measuring noise levels through an application on their mobile phones and improved inclusion and personal mobility of aging and diversely able citizens through an accurate personal routing service. The students of Faculty of Geodesy University of Zagreb, who enrolled in the course Thematic Cartography, were actively involved in the voluntary data acquisition in order to monitor the noise in real time. In this paper are presented the voluntary acquisitioned data of noise level measurement in Zagreb through a mobile application named Noise Tube, which were used as the basis for creating the dynamic noise map.

 The paper describes how citizens through voluntarily collected geoinformation can directly influence decision-making in their community, which certainly affects the quality of life.
SPATIALIZING OPEN DATA FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF TERRITORIAL AND SOCIAL COHESION
Authors: Scorza F. , Las Casas G. B. , Murgante B.
Published: August 2016

An integrated place-based approach for the improvement of territorial and social cohesion is the new instance for planning disciplines, coming from EU New Cohesion Policies. This paper considers the territorial impact assessment of regional development policies as a precondition in order to develop balanced and effective operative programs at national and regional levels. The contribution of ‘open data’ appears to be mature in order to support this application and in this paper we present a spatial analysis technique for the evaluation of EU funds effects at territorial level, starting from open data by Open Cohesion. The application is focused on internal areas of Basilicata Region: Agri river Valley. A complex contest, where environmental and agricultural traditional vocations conflict with a recent development of oil extraction industries. Conclusions concern further applications and perspectives to improve and support regional development planning considering the exploitation of open data sources and spatial analysis.
THE DUBLIN DASHBOARD: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL-TIME ANALYTICAL URBAN DASHBOARD
Authors: McArdle G. , Kitchin R.
Published: August 2016

As many cities increase in size across multiple dimensions such as population, economic output and physical size, new methods for understanding and managing cities are required. Data produced by and about urban environments offer insight into what is happening in cities. Real-time data from sensors within the city record current transport and environmental conditions such as noise levels, water levels, journey times and public transport delays. Similarly administrative data such as demographics, employment statistics, property prices and crime rates all provide insight into how a city is evolving. Traditionally, these data were maintained separately and managed by individual city departments. Advances in technology and a move to open-government have placed many of these data in the public domain. Urban dashboards have emerged as a technique to visualise these data in an accessible way. This paper describes the implementation of one such dashboard, the Dublin Dashboard, an interactive website which collects, analyses and visualises data from a variety of sources about Dublin in Ireland through a series of interactive maps, graphs and applications. This paper describes the approach, the data and the technology used to develop the Dublin Dashboard and acts as a guideline for developing urban dashboards in other cities.
SUSTAINABLE AND SMART CITY PLANNING USING SPATIAL DATA IN WALLONIA
Authors: Stephenne N. , Beaumont B. , Hallot E. , Wolff E. , Poelmans L. , Baltus C.
Published: August 2016

Simulating population distribution and land use changes in space and time offer opportunities for smart city planning. It provides a holistic and dynamic vision of fast changing urban environment to policy makers. Impacts, such as environmental and health risks or mobility issues, of policies can be assessed and adapted consequently. In this paper, we suppose that “Smart” city developments should be sustainable, dynamic and participative. This paper addresses these three smart objectives in the context of urban risk assessment in Wallonia, Belgium. The sustainable, dynamic and participative solution includes (i) land cover and land use mapping using remote sensing and GIS, (ii) population density mapping using dasymetric mapping, (iii) predictive modelling of land use changes and population dynamics and (iv) risk assessment. The comprehensive and long-term vision of the territory should help to draw sustainable spatial planning policies, to adapt remote sensing acquisition, to update GIS data and to refine risk assessment from regional to city scale.
Impact of vertical and horizontal advection on nutrient distribution in the southeast Pacific
Authors: Barceló-Llull Bàrbara , Mason Evan , Capet Arthur , Pascual Ananda
Published: August 2016

Abstract. An innovative approach is used to analyze the impact of vertical velocities associated with quasi-geostrophic (QG) dynamics on the redistribution and uptake of nitrate in the southeast Pacific (SEP). A total of 12 years of vertical and horizontal currents are derived from an observation-based estimate of the ocean state. Horizontal velocities are obtained through the application of thermal wind balance to weekly temperature and salinity fields. Vertical velocities are estimated by integration of the QG omega equation. Seasonal variability of the synthetic vertical velocity and kinetic energy associated with the horizontal currents is coincident, with peaks in austral summer (November–December) in accord with published observations. The impact of vertical velocity on SEP nitrate uptake rates is assessed by using two Lagrangian particle tracking experiments that differ according to vertical forcing (ω = ωQG vs. ω = 0). From identical initial distributions of nitrate-tagged particles, the Lagrangian results show that vertical motions induce local increases in nitrate uptake reaching up to 30 %. Such increases occur in low uptake regions with high mesoscale activity. Despite being weaker than horizontal currents by a factor of up to 10−4, vertical velocity associated with mesoscale activity is demonstrated to make an important contribution to nitrate uptake, hence productivity, in low uptake regions.