bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Modeling of Ion Conduction of Nanosized CaF2/BaF2 Multilayer Heterostructures
Authors: Guo Xiangxin , Maier Joachim
Published: December 2008

Molecular beam epitaxy‐grown CaF2/BaF2 heterolayers are a demonstration of the potential of nanoionics. It has been shown that ion conductivities both parallel and perpendicular to the interfaces increase with decrease in interfacial spacing. This size effect was attributed to the thermodynamically necessary redistribution of the mobile fluoride ions (N. Sata, K. Eberl, K. Eberman, J. Maier, Nature 2000, 408, 946; X. X. Guo, I. Matei, J.‐S. Lee, J. Maier, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 103102). On this basis, the striking phenomenon of an upward bending in the effective parallel conductivity as a function of inverse interfacial spacing ${\sigma}_{m}^{||} ({{\rm 1}/ \ell})$ for low temperatures (T ≤ 593 K) has been satisfactorily explained by application of a modified Mott–Schottky model for BaF2 (X.X. Guo, I. Matei, J. Jamnik, J.‐S. Lee, J. Maier, Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 125429). This model was further confirmed by measurements perpendicular to the interfaces that offer complementary information on the more resistive parts. Here a successful comprehensive modeling of parallel and perpendicular conductivities for the whole parameter range, namely for interfacial spacings ranging from 6 to 200 nm and investigated temperatures ranging from 455 to 833 K, is presented. The model is based on literature data for carrier mobilities and Frenkel reaction constants and the assumption of a pronounced F− redistribution. Given the fact that an impurity content that was experimentally supported is taken into account and apart from minor assumptions concerning profile homogeneity, the only fit parameter is the space charge potential. In particular, it is worth mentioning that in BaF2 the low temperature Mott–Schottky space charge zone which is determined by impurities changes over, at high temperatures, into a Gouy–Chapman situation owing to increased thermal disorder. (The situation in CaF2 is of Gouy–Chapman type at all temperatures.)
Ultrathin Films of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Electronics and Sensors: A Review of Fundamental and Applied Aspects
Authors: Cao Qing , Rogers John A.
Published: December 2008

Ultrathin films of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) represent an attractive, emerging class of material, with properties that can approach the exceptional electrical, mechanical, and optical characteristics of individual SWNTs, in a format that, unlike isolated tubes, is readily suitable for scalable integration into devices. These features suggest the potential for realistic applications as conducting or semiconducting layers in diverse types of electronic, optoelectronic and sensor systems. This article reviews recent advances in assembly techniques for forming such films, modeling and experimental work that reveals their collective properties, and engineering aspects of implementation in sensors and in electronic devices and circuits with various levels of complexity. A concluding discussion provides some perspectives on possibilities for future work in fundamental and applied aspects.
Molecular Engineering of DNA: Molecular Beacons
Authors: Wang Kemin , Tang Zhiwen , Yang Chaoyong James , Kim Youngmi , Fang Xiaohong , Li Wei , Wu Yanrong , Medley Colin D. , Cao Zehui , Li Jun , Colon Patrick , Lin Hui , Tan Weihong
Published: December 2008

Molecular beacons (MBs) are specifically designed DNA hairpin structures that are widely used as fluorescent probes. Applications of MBs range from genetic screening, biosensor development, biochip construction, and the detection of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms to mRNA monitoring in living cells. The inherent signal‐transduction mechanism of MBs enables the analysis of target oligonucleotides without the separation of unbound probes. The MB stem–loop structure holds the fluorescence‐donor and fluorescence‐acceptor moieties in close proximity to one another, which results in resonant energy transfer. A spontaneous conformation change occurs upon hybridization to separate the two moieties and restore the fluorescence of the donor. Recent research has focused on the improvement of probe composition, intracellular gene quantitation, protein–DNA interaction studies, and protein recognition.
Toward a consensus map of science
Authors: Klavans Richard , Boyack Kevin W.
Published: December 2008

A consensus map of science is generated from an analysis of 20 existing maps of science. These 20 maps occur in three basic forms: hierarchical, centric, and noncentric (or circular). The consensus map, generated from consensus edges that occur in at least half of the input maps, emerges in a circular form. The ordering of areas is as follows: mathematics is (arbitrarily) placed at the top of the circle, and is followed clockwise by physics, physical chemistry, engineering, chemistry, earth sciences, biology, biochemistry, infectious diseases, medicine, health services, brain research, psychology, humanities, social sciences, and computer science. The link between computer science and mathematics completes the circle. If the lowest weighted edges are pruned from this consensus circular map, a hierarchical map stretching from mathematics to social sciences results. The circular map of science is found to have a high level of correspondence with the 20 existing maps, and has a variety of advantages over hierarchical and centric forms. A one‐dimensional Riemannian version of the consensus map is also proposed.
Why do standardized ISO 14001 environmental management systems lead to heterogeneous environmental outcomes?
Authors: Yin Haitao , Schmeidler Peter J.
Published: December 2008

Institutional theories and resource‐based views have suggested that, although they appear similar externally, standardized management systems may be implemented very differently in different organizations. This variability in implementation may be responsible for the heterogeneous performance of these standardized management systems. The current literature on the environmental impacts of ISO 14001 certification has largely neglected this phenomenon. Drawing on our survey of all US 14001 certificate holders, this study finds that great variability does exist in facilities' implementation of ISO 14001 standards. This heterogeneity has a significant impact on the linkage between ISO 14001 certification and facilities' environmental performance. In particular, we find that facilities that integrate ISO 14001 standards into their daily operations are more likely to report improvements in environmental performance. Environmental improvements are also more likely to occur in facilities that include performance management elements in their ISO 14001 standards. Furthermore, both types of facility are more likely to report that ISO certification contributes to this improvement. Neglecting the heterogeneity in facilities' implementation of ISO 14001 standards may explain the instability of findings from the empirical literature investigating the impacts of ISO 14001 certification. Theoretically, this paper informs the understanding of heterogeneous organizational behavior under isomorphic pressures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A method of estimating the output fluctuation of many photovoltaic power generation systems dispersed in a wide area
Authors: Murata Akinobu , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Otani Kenji
Published: December 2008

The largest output fluctuation is an index used to quantify the disturbance of a power grid caused by wind power plants and photovoltaic power generation systems connected to it. In order to develop its estimation method, we investigate the relationship between the largest output fluctuation and the standard deviation of a newly proposed random variable generated by differencing the output variation of photovoltaic power generation systems. Output fluctuation coefficients are defined and estimated using measured data of photovoltaic power generation systems located at 52 places. An approximation equation is presented to predict geographical correlations between the proposed random variables for photovoltaic power systems by using the distances between their locations. Finally, it is shown that the largest output fluctuation of many photovoltaic power generation systems dispersed in a wide area is predictable by using the output fluctuation coefficients and the equation approximating the geographical correlations of output fluctuations. ©2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(4): 9–19, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20723
Facile Synthesis of Bastnaesite‐Type LaF[CO3] and Its Thermal Decomposition to LaOF for Bulk and Eu3+‐Doped Samples
Authors: Janka Oliver , Schleid Thomas
Published: December 2008

Rare‐earth metal(III) oxide fluorides with the composition MOF (M = La–Lu) seem to offer promising host lattices for luminescence applications by doping these materials with trivalent lanthanoid cations. Unfortunately, there was no simple and practicable way to synthesize the compounds in phase‐pure quality with classical solid‐state chemistry reactions. However, by using the rare‐earth metal(III) fluoride oxocarbonates, MF[CO3], as solution‐born precursor materials that crystallize with a bastnaesite‐type structure, easy access is now possible by mild thermal decomposition. Synthetic details, investigations on the phase purity and the presence of the oxocarbonate anion [CO3]2– proved by IR measurements as well as from X‐ray powder diffraction data are given in this paper for the example of bulk LaF[CO3] and Eu3+‐doped samples. The latter (LaF[CO3]:Eu3+) shows a bright orange‐red luminescence that is stronger than that of the product of its thermal decomposition: trimorphic LaOF:Eu3+.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Use of Achiral Oxazolidine‐2‐thiones in Selective Preparation of trans 2,5‐Disubstituted Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Jalce Gaël , Franck Xavier , Figadère Bruno
Published: December 2008

The use of achiral N‐acetyloxazolidine‐2‐thiones in the C‐glycosylation of lactol acetates has allowed us to prepare with high diastereoselectivity the expected trans 2,5‐disubstituted tetrahydrofurans. A study based on the role of the steric hindrance of the N‐acetyloxazolidine‐2‐thiones is reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Macrocyclization of Di‐Boc‐guanidino‐alkylamines Related to Guazatine Components: Discovery and Synthesis of Innovative Macrocyclic Amidinoureas
Authors: Castagnolo Daniele , Raffi Francesco , Giorgi Gianluca , Botta Maurizio
Published: December 2008

The synthesis of new and innovative macrocyclic amidinoureas from linear di‐Boc‐guanidino‐alkylamines related to guazatine was accomplished. The macrocyclization reaction proceeds under mild conditions affording 11‐ to 16‐membered rings with a new and previously undescribed structure in good yields. Enantiomerically pure macrocyclic amidinoureas were also synthesised. The strict correlation between macrocyclic amidinoureas and the natural productguazatine makes them very actractive also from a biological point of view. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
First Total Synthesis of 14C‐Labeled Procyanidin B2 – A Milestone Toward Understanding Cocoa Polyphenol Metabolism (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 36/2008)
Authors: Viton Florian , Landreau Cyrille , Rustidge David , Robert Fabien , Williamson Gary , Barron Denis
Published: December 2008

The cover picture shows the key steps of the first asymmetric total synthesis of procyanidin B2, one of the major dietary polyphenols present in cocoa and chocolate. During the last decades, the health benefits of foods consumed for pure pleasure have received much recognition. Many biological studies have evidenced the beneficial health effects of procyanidins. However, the absorption and metabolism of procyanidins is still not fully understood, and some aspects are still controversial. In order to strengthen this knowledge, the first total synthesis of procyanidin B2 was developed and applied to the preparation of a regioselectively radiolabeled analogue incorporating a 14C label at the 2‐position of the upper C‐ring moiety. This enantioselective synthesis was achieved in 14 “hot” steps, involving as key steps the Sharpless dihydroxylation of an elaborated alkene, a stereoselective intramolecular cyclization and the condensation of two (–)‐epicatechin units. The radiolabelled procyanidin B2 obtained through this reaction pathway will be used in bioavailability studies. Details are discussed in the article by F. Viton et al. on p. 6069 ff. The authors acknowledge Tonic Life Communications for the design of the cover page and the European Union 6th Framework project “FLAVO” for partial support of this research work.
Uranium series dates from the windy pits of the North York Moors, United Kingdom: implications for late Quaternary ice cover and timing of speleogenesis
Authors: Murphy P. J. , Lundberg J.
Published: December 2008

Windy pits are open fissures within the Corallian strata of the North York Moors. Here we present nine thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) U–Th dates on speleothem from the windy pits, the first radiometric dates on calcite for these features and for this region. The dates cluster within three time periods: the interglacial peaks of marine isotope stage (MIS) 7 (∼208 to ∼190 ka), MIS 5 (∼127 ka to ∼109 ka) and the Holocene, correlating with the marine isotope record and with the broad pattern of interglacial calcite deposition observed for northern England. However, of the two high‐resolution studies available for comparison, the windy‐pit dates match only the Lancaster Hole dates. The location of the windy pits outside of the Devensian ice limits, within the ice‐free but periglaciated region, suggests that the region has remained ice‐free since some time before MIS 7. The prevalence of widespread and prolonged permafrost conditions suggests a plausible mechanism for these open rift caves in slope‐side periglacial mass movement. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Height functions for applying contact angles to 3D VOF simulations
Authors: Afkhami S. , Bussmann M.
Published: December 2008

A rigorous methodology is presented for applying a contact angle as a contact line boundary condition within a 3D volume‐of‐fluid‐based flow algorithm, based on the recently developed height function methodology that yields accurate interface normals and curvatures from volume fractions. We demonstrate that the approach yields accurate estimates of curvature and surface tension at a contact line, values that converge with spatial refinement. We then study the efficacy of this approach via examples of both static and dynamic contact line phenomena. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protecting peer review: Correspondence chronology and ethical analysis regarding Logothetis vs. Shmuel and Leopold
Authors: Fox Peter T. , Bullmore Ed , Bandettini Peter A. , Lancaster Jack L.
Published: December 2008

Editors of scientific journals are ethically bound to provide a fair and impartial peer‐review process and to protect the rights of contributing authors to publish research results. If, however, a dispute arises among investigators regarding data ownership and the right to publish, the ethical responsibilities of journal editors become more complex. The editors of Human Brain Mapping recently had the unusual experience of learning of an ongoing dispute regarding data‐access rights pertaining to a manuscript already accepted for publication. Herein the editors describe the nature of the dispute, the steps taken to explore and resolve the conflict, and discuss the ethical principles that govern such circumstances. Drawing on this experience and with the goal of avoiding future controversies, the editors have formulated a Data Rights Policy and a Data Rights Procedure for Human Brain Mapping. Human Brain Mapping adopts this policy effective immediately and respectfully suggests that other journals consider adopting this or similar policies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The neuronal substrates of human olfactory based kin recognition
Authors: Lundström Johan N. , Boyle Julie A. , Zatorre Robert J. , Jones‐Gotman Marilyn
Published: December 2008

Kin recognition, an evolutionary phenomenon ubiquitous among phyla, is thought to promote an individual's genes by facilitating nepotism and avoidance of inbreeding. Whereas isolating and studying kin recognition mechanisms in humans using auditory and visual stimuli is problematic because of the high degree of conscious recognition of the individual involved, kin recognition based on body odors is done predominantly without conscious recognition. Using this, we mapped the neural substrates of human kin recognition by acquiring measures of regional cerebral blood flow from women smelling the body odors of either their sister or their same‐sex friend. The initial behavioral experiment demonstrated that accurate identification of kin is performed with a low conscious recognition. The subsequent neuroimaging experiment demonstrated that olfactory based kin recognition in women recruited the frontal‐temporal junction, the insula, and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; the latter area is implicated in the coding of self‐referent processing and kin recognition. We further show that the neuronal response is seemingly independent of conscious identification of the individual source, demonstrating that humans have an odor based kin detection system akin to what has been shown for other mammals. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sorbitan monooleate and poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) electrospun nanofibers for endothelial cell interactions
Authors: Li Xiaoqiang , Su Yan , He Chuanglong , Wang Hongsheng , Fong Hao , Mo Xiumei
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate electrospinning of emulsions to prepare core‐shell type of nanofibers for being an innovative type of cell‐growth scaffolds with potentially controllable drug‐releasing capabilities. The hypothesis was that the poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) [P(LLA‐CL), shell] nanofibrous mats containing sorbitan monooleate (Span‐80, core) could be appropriate scaffolds for growing pig iliac endothelium cells (PIECs). To test the hypothesis, the electrospinning of emulsions made of P(LLA‐CL), chloroform, Span‐80, and distilled water to prepare P(LLA‐CL)/Span‐80 nanofibers was systematically investigated. The effects of water content and P(LLA‐CL) concentration in the emulsions on the morphologies of the nanofibers were studied. The morphologies, mechanical properties, and surface hydrophilicity of the nanofibrous mats were examined. The performance for being scaffolds was investigated by examination of the viability (anchorage and proliferation) and morphology of PIECs on the nanofibrous mats. There were no statistically significant differences in endothelial cell growth on the core‐shell nanofibrous mats compared to the polymeric nanofibrous mats, and the P(LLA‐CL)/Span‐80 nanofiber mats could be used as an innovative type of scaffolds with potentially controllable drug‐releasing capabilities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2009
Mouse adenovirus type 1 and human adenovirus type 5 differ in endothelial cell tropism and liver targeting
Authors: Lenaerts Liesbeth , McVey John H. , Baker Andrew H. , Denby Laura , Nicklin Stuart , Verbeken Erik , Naesens Lieve
Published: December 2008

Background

For adenovirus vectors derived from human serotype 5 (Ad5), the efficiency and safety after intravascular delivery is hindered by their sequestration in nontarget tissues, predominantly the liver. The latter is largely dictated by adenovirus binding to blood coagulation zymogens. In addition, several target cells, such as endothelial and smooth muscle cells, are difficult to transduce by Ad5 due to the low expression of the primary coxsackie‐adenovirus receptor (CAR). Therefore, alternative adenovirus serotypes are being explored.

Methods

In the present study, we assessed the tropism of mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV‐1), a nonhuman adenovirus for which cellular attachment is CAR‐independent.

Results

The typical replication of MAV‐1 in endothelial cells as observed in vivo was not reflected in elevated attachment to primary and continuous endothelial cells in cell culture. Remarkably, MAV‐1 displayed a higher affinity for primary human smooth muscle cells than recombinant Ad5 (rAd5). Attachment of MAV‐1 to human and mouse cells of hepatocyte origin was not altered by physiological concentrations of human coagulation factor XI (FXI) or the vitamin K‐dependent FIX, FX and FVII. By contrast, attachment of Ad5‐derived vectors was enhanced at least eight‐fold by FX. Using surface plasmon resonance, MAV‐1 was shown to directly associate with human FX and murine FX and FIX but, opposite to rAd5, this interaction did not lead to enhanced cellular attachment. In intravenously injected severe combined immunodeficiency mice, distribution of MAV‐1 to the liver was markedly lower than that observed with rAd5.

Conclusions

Our data on the tropism of MAV‐1 suggest that this virus may find utility in the field of gene therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To link or not to link: a test of the case linkage principles using serial car theft data
Authors: Tonkin Matthew , Grant Tim , Bond John W.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of the present study is to test the case linkage principles of behavioural consistency and behavioural distinctiveness using serial vehicle theft data. Data from 386 solved vehicle thefts committed by 193 offenders were analysed using Jaccard's, regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses to determine whether objectively observable aspects of crime scene behaviour could be used to distinguish crimes committed by the same offender from those committed by different offenders. The findings indicate that spatial behaviour, specifically the distance between theft locations and between dump locations, is a highly consistent and distinctive aspect of vehicle theft behaviour; thus, intercrime and interdump distance represent the most useful aspects of vehicle theft for the purpose of case linkage analysis. The findings have theoretical and practical implications for understanding of criminal behaviour and for the development of decision‐support tools to assist police investigation and apprehension of serial vehicle theft offenders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cognitive load approach to lie detection
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Fisher Ronald , Mann Samantha , Leal Sharon
Published: December 2008

We present two lie detection approaches based on cognitive theory. The first approach, ‘measuring cognitive load’, assumes that the mere act of lying generates observable signs of cognitive load. This is the traditional cognitive lie detection approach formulated by Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal (1981). The second approach, ‘imposing cognitive load’, was developed by us (Vrij, Fisher, Mann, & Leal, 2006) and goes one step further. Here, the lie detector attempts to actively increase the differences between lying and truth telling by introducing mentally taxing interventions. We assume that people require more cognitive resources when they lie than when they tell the truth to produce their statements, and therefore will have fewer cognitive resources left over to address these mentally taxing interventions when they lie than when they tell the truth. This should result in more pronounced differences between lying and truth telling in terms of displaying stronger signs of cognitive load. We provide empirical support for this approach: Observers can discriminate better between lying and truth telling when interviewers actively impose mentally taxing interventions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interviewing a psychopathic suspect
Authors: Quayle Jeremy
Published: December 2008

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterised by affective, interpersonal, antisocial, and lifestyle elements. Studies of the association between psychopathy (e.g. as operationalised in the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised) and criminal behaviour suggest that police interviewers and interview advisors would benefit from an understanding of how psychopathic suspects are likely to behave during investigative interviews. Approaches to the identification of psychopathic characteristics in suspects are considered with reference to the P‐Scan screening tool and possible indicators of psychopathic characteristics in serious offences. Psychopathic characteristics that are likely to impact upon interview behaviour are outlined in order to suggest how the effects of these may be anticipated, and how strategies may be employed to maximise an interviewee's productive participation in the interview and to minimise the interviewee's tendency to disrupt, distort, or control the interview process. The manner in which psychopathic individuals attempt to deceive others and how a psychopathic suspect's lies might be identified are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance comparison of some dynamical and empirical downscaling methods for South Africa from a seasonal climate modelling perspective
Authors: Landman Willem A. , Kgatuke Mary‐Jane , Mbedzi Maluta , Beraki Asmerom , Bartman Anna , Piesanie Annelise du
Published: December 2008

The ability of advanced state‐of‐the‐art methods of downscaling large‐scale climate predictions to regional and local scale as seasonal rainfall forecasting tools for South Africa is assessed. Various downscaling techniques and raw general circulation model (GCM) output are compared to one another over 10 December‐January‐February (DJF) seasons from 1991/1992 to 2000/2001 and also to a baseline prediction technique that uses only global sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies as predictors. The various downscaling techniques described in this study include both an empirical technique called model output statistics (MOS) and a dynamical technique where a finer resolution regional climate model (RCM) is nested into the large‐scale fields of a coarser GCM. The study addresses the performance of a number of simulation systems (no forecast lead‐time) of varying complexity. These systems' performance is tested for both homogeneous regions and for 963 stations over South Africa, and compared with each other over the 10‐year test period. For the most part, the simulations method outscores the baseline method that uses SST anomalies to simulate rainfall, therefore providing evidence that current approaches in seasonal forecasting are outscoring earlier ones. Current operational forecasting approaches involve the use of GCMs, which are considered to be the main tool whereby seasonal forecasting efforts will improve in the future. Advantages in statistically post‐processing output from GCMs as well as output from RCMs are demonstrated. Evidence is provided that skill should further improve with an increased number of ensemble members. The demonstrated importance of statistical models in operation capacities is a major contribution to the science of seasonal forecasting. Although RCMs are preferable due to physical consistency, statistical models are still providing similar or even better skill and should still be applied. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Bioactive peptide production by hydrolysis of porcine blood proteins in a continuous enzymatic membrane reactor
Authors: Wei Jen‐Ting , Chiang Been‐Huang
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND: During slaughter a hog produces approximately 3 L of blood. However, only a small proportion of porcine blood is currently used in food, feed or fertiliser, most of it being treated as waste and discarded. In this study the possibility of hydrolysing porcine blood proteins by enzyme in a membrane reactor for the production of bioactive peptides was investigated. Red blood corpuscles, blood plasma and defibrinated blood plasma were hydrolysed by various proteases, and the hydrolysates were evaluated for bioactive properties.

RESULTS: The hydrolysate produced by hydrolysing red blood corpuscles with a mixture of trypsin, chymotrypsin and thermolysin had the highest angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.58 mg mL−1) and scavenging effect on α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (65%) after 6 and 10 h of hydrolysis respectively. When the hydrolysis was carried out in an enzymatic membrane reactor with an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:5 and a residence time of 100 min, the process reached steady state in 2 h. The ACE‐inhibitory activity of the product during the steady state process was 86% and its scavenging effect on DPPH was 54%. The membrane process also decolourised the enzyme‐hydrolysed product, thus improving the appearance of the product.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that hydrolysates of porcine blood possess antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. Using red blood corpuscles as the substrate, the hydrolysis could be carried out in a membrane reactor with a mixture of proteases to produce bioactive peptides continuously. Therefore processing of porcine blood in an enzymatic membrane reactor is a potential method for producing a health‐promoting product. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Highly selective artificial gel antibodies for detection and quantification of biomarkers in clinical samples. II. Albumin in body fluids of patients with neurological disorders
Authors: Ghasemzadeh Nasim , Nyberg Fred , Hjertén Stellan
Published: December 2008

We have previously used the molecular‐imprinting method for the synthesis of artificial gel antibodies, highly selective for various proteins. In the present work, we have synthesized artificial gel antibodies against human albumin with the aim to develop a simple and rapid procedure to measure the concentration of this protein in samples of clinical interest. The procedure, based on the design of a standard curve (see the preceding paper), was applied on a quantitative analysis of albumin in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We found that our technique permitted detection of albumin in these body fluids with high precision and that the concentration of this protein was significantly enhanced in CSF from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), compared to control samples. This finding is in agreement with results from earlier studies, which confirms the validity of our analysis technique and suggests that the barrier permeability may be affected in ALS, perhaps also for other proteins. No enhancement in plasma levels of albumin was seen in patients with ALS, but rather a decrease. The results further indicate that our approach might also apply well to other biomarkers for the actual neurological disease and other disorders.
Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data for three new stigmastane glycosides from Vernonia cumingiana
Authors: Suo Maorong , Yang Junshan
Published: December 2008

Three new steroidal saponins, Vernoniosides S1 (1), Vernoniosides S2 (2) and Vernoniosides S3 (3) were isolated from the stem of Vernonia cumingian. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of MS, NMR spectroscopic and chemical analysis. Complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data were achieved by 1D and 2D NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC, ROESY). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bifurcation modeling in geomaterials: From the second‐order work criterion to spectral analyses
Authors: Prunier F. , Laouafa F. , Lignon S. , Darve F.
Published: December 2008

The present paper investigates bifurcation analysis based on the second‐order work criterion, in the framework of rate‐independent constitutive models and rate‐independent boundary‐value problems. The approach applies mainly to nonassociated materials such as soils, rocks, and concretes. The bifurcation analysis usually performed at the material point level is extended to quasi‐static boundary‐value problems, by considering the stiffness matrix arising from finite element discretization. Lyapunov's definition of stability (Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse 1907; 9:203–274), as well as definitions of bifurcation criteria (Rice's localization criterion (Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Fourteenth IUTAM Congress, Amsterdam, 1976; 207–220) and the plasticity limit criterion are revived in order to clarify the application field of the second‐order work criterion and to contrast these criteria. The first part of this paper analyses the second‐order work criterion at the material point level. The bifurcation domain is presented in the 3D stress space as well as 3D cones of unstable loading directions for an incrementally nonlinear constitutive model. The relevance of this criterion, when the nonlinear constitutive model is expressed in the classical form (dσ = Mdε) or in the dual form (dε = Ndσ), is discussed. In the second part, the analysis is extended to the boundary‐value problems in quasi‐static conditions. Nonlinear finite element computations are performed and the global tangent stiffness matrix is analyzed. For several examples, the eigenvector associated with the first vanishing eigenvalue of the symmetrical part of the stiffness matrix gives an accurate estimation of the failure mode in the homogeneous and nonhomogeneous boundary‐value problem. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiparasitic, nematicidal and antifouling constituents from Juniperus berries
Authors: Samoylenko Volodymyr , Dunbar D. Chuck , Gafur Md. Abdul , Khan Shabana I. , Ross Samir A. , Mossa Jaber S. , El‐Feraly Farouk S. , Tekwani Babu L. , Bosselaers Jan , Muhammad Ilias
Published: December 2008

A bioassay‐guided fractionation of Juniperus procera berries yielded antiparasitic, nematicidal and antifouling constituents, including a wide range of known abietane, pimarane and labdane diterpenes. Among these, abieta‐7,13‐diene (1) demonstrated in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2 strains (IC50 = 1.9 and 2.0 µg/mL, respectively), while totarol (6), ferruginol (7) and 7β‐hydroxyabieta‐8,13‐diene‐11,12‐dione (8) inhibited Leishmania donovani promastigotes with IC50 values of 3.5–4.6 µg/mL. In addition, totarol demonstrated nematicidal and antifouling activities against Caenorhabditis elegans and Artemia salina at a concentration of 80 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL, respectively. The resinous exudate of J. virginiana afforded known antibacterial E‐communic acid (4) and 4‐epi‐abietic acid (5), while the volatile oil from its trunk wood revealed large quantities of cedrol (9). Using GC/MS, the two known abietanes totarol (6) and ferruginol (7) were identified from the berries of J. procera, J. excelsa and J. phoenicea. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving peptide identification using an empirical peptide retention time database
Authors: Sun Wei , Zhang Ling , Yang Ruifeng , Shao Chen , Zhang Zhengguo , Gao Youhe
Published: December 2008

Peptide retention time (RT) is independent of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) parameters and can be combined with MS/MS information to enhance peptide identification. In this paper, we utilized peptide empirical RT and MS/MS for peptide identification. This new approach resulted in the construction of an Empirical Peptide Retention Time Database (EPRTD) based on peptides showing a false‐positive rate (FPR) ≤1%, detected in several liquid chromatography (LC)/MS/MS analyses. In subsequent experiments, the RT of peptides with FPR >1% was compared with empirical data derived from the EPRTD. If the experimental RT was within a specified time range of the empirical value, the corresponding MS/MS spectra were accepted as positive. Application of the EPRTD approach to simple samples (known protein mixtures) and complex samples (human urinary proteome) revealed that this method could significantly enhance peptide identification without compromising the associated confidence levels. Further analysis indicated that the EPRTD approach could improve low‐abundance peptides and with the expansion of the EPRTD the number of peptide identifications will be increased. This approach is suitable for large‐scale clinical proteomics research, in which tens of LC/MS/MS analyses are run for different samples with similar components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine and 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyadenosine in DNA using online column‐switching liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Singh Rajinder , Teichert Friederike , Verschoyle Richard D. , Kaur Balvinder , Vives Montserrat , Sharma Ricky A. , Steward William P. , Gescher Andreas J. , Farmer Peter B.
Published: December 2008

Sensitive and reliable methods are required for the assessment of oxidative DNA damage, which can result from reactive oxygen species that are generated endogenously from cellular metabolism and inflammatory responses, or by exposure to exogenous agents. The development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method is described, that utilises online column‐switching valve technology for the simultaneous determination of two DNA adduct biomarkers of oxidative stress, 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxodG) and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (8‐oxodA). To allow for the accurate quantitation of both adducts the corresponding [15N5]‐labelled stable isotope internal standards were synthesised and added prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA samples to 2′‐deoxynucleosides. The method required between 10 and 40 µg of hydrolysed DNA on‐column for the analysis and the limit of detection for both 8‐oxodG and 8‐oxodA was 5 fmol. The analysis of calf thymus DNA treated in vitro with methylene blue (ranging from 5 to 200 µM) plus light showed a dose‐dependent increase in the levels of both 8‐oxodG and 8‐oxodA. The level of 8‐oxodG was on average 29.4‐fold higher than that of 8‐oxodA and an excellent linear correlation (r = 0.999) was observed between the two adducts. The influence of different DNA extraction procedures for 8‐oxodG and 8‐oxodA levels was assessed in DNA extracted from rat livers following dosing with carbon tetrachloride. The levels of 8‐oxodG and 8‐oxodA were on average 2.9 (p = 0.018) and 1.4 (p = 0.018) times higher, respectively, in DNA samples extracted using an anion‐exchange column procedure than in samples extracted using a chaotropic procedure, implying artefactual generation of the two adducts. In conclusion, the online column‐switching LC/MS/MS SRM method provides the advantages of increased sample throughput with reduced matrix effects and concomitant ionisation suppression, making the method ideally suited when used in conjunction with chaotropic DNA extraction for the determination of oxidative DNA damage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sample size calculations for evaluating mediation
Authors: Vittinghoff E. , Sen Ś. , McCulloch C. E.
Published: December 2008

This paper presents sample size calculations for testing the mediation of the effect of a primary predictor by an intermediate variable. This problem is related to validating surrogate markers and to testing the effect of a primary predictor in the presence of confounders. For those problems, proposals for sample size calculation exist in the literature and can be adapted to the problem of mediation. Methods based on the variance inflation factor in linear regression provide exact sample size calculations for the linear model and approximations for the logistic, Poisson, and Cox models. We propose another procedure based on simulation of the underlying data structure, with applications to the logistic and Cox models. For the Poisson model, a new analytic method is also proposed. The behavior of the different proposals is investigated by means of simulation studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: The effects of procedural and informational justice in the integration of related acquisitions
Authors: Ellis Kimberly M. , Reus Taco H. , Lamont Bruce T.
Published: December 2008

The above article (DOI: 10.1000/smj728) was published online on 20 November 2008 in Wiley
Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). Printing errors were subsequently identified in the
article:

Page 14. Table 1: row 13 should be labelled ‘Post‐integration financial return’.

Page 14. Table 1: row 14 should be labelled ‘Post‐integration market position’.

Page 17. lines 48‐50: ‘Improving financial return requires removal of critical organizational
elements with which organization members feel tightly connected.’ should read ‘Improving financial
return requires removal of critical organizational elements such as company names, departments,
products, and people with which organization members feel tightly connected.’
Anaerobic performance in masters athletes
Authors: Reaburn Peter , Dascombe Ben
Published: December 2008

With increasing age, it appears that masters athletes competing in anaerobic events (10–100 s) decline linearly in performance until 70 years of age, after which the rate of decline appears to accelerate. This decline in performance appears strongly related to a decreased anaerobic work capacity, which has been observed in both sedentary and well-trained older individuals. Previously, a number of factors have been suggested to influence anaerobic work capacity including gender, muscle mass, muscle fiber type, muscle fiber size, muscle architecture and strength, substrate availability, efficiency of metabolic pathways, accumulation of reaction products, aerobic energy contribution, heredity, and physical training. The effects of sedentary aging on these factors have been widely discussed within literature. Less data are available on the changes in these factors in masters athletes who have continued to train at high intensities with the aim of participating in competition. The available research has reported that these masters athletes still demonstrate age-related changes in these factors. Specifically, it appears that morphological (decreased muscle mass, type II muscle fiber atrophy), muscle contractile property (decreased rate of force development), and biochemical changes (changes in enzyme activity, decreased lactate production) may explain the decreased anaerobic performance in masters athletes. However, the reduction in anaerobic work capacity and subsequent performance may largely be the result of physiological changes that are an inevitable result of the aging process, although their effects may be minimized by continuing specific high-intensity resistance or sprint training.
Effects of Proteins from Culture Medium on Surface Property of Silanes- Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen ZP , Xu RZ , Zhang Y , Gu N
Published: December 2008

Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron-oleate and functionalized with silanes bearing various functional groups such as amino group (NH2), short-chain poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and carboxylic group (COOH). Then, silanes-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (silanes-MNPs) were incubated in cell culture medium plus fetal calf serum to investigate the effects of proteins from culture medium on surface property of MNPs. Zeta potential measurements showed that although surface charges of silanes-MNPs were different, they exhibited negative charges at neutral pH and approximate isoelectric points after they were incubated in cell culture medium. The reason was that silanes-MNPs could easily adsorb proteins from culture medium via non-covalent binding, resulting in the formation of protein-silanes-MNPs conjugates. Moreover, silanes-MNPs with various functional groups had different adsorption capacity to proteins, as confirmed by Coomassie blue fast staining method. The in vitro cell experiments showed that protein-silanes-MNPs had higher cellular uptake by cancer cells than silanes-MNPs.
An Effective Amperometric Biosensor Based on Gold Nanoelectrode Arrays
Authors: Liu Yanyan , Zhu Yingchun , Zeng Yi , Xu Fangfang
Published: December 2008

A sensitive amperometric biosensor based on gold nanoelectrode array (NEA) was investigated. The gold nanoelectrode array was fabricated by template-assisted electrodeposition on general electrodes, which shows an ordered well-defined 3D structure of nanowires. The sensitivity of the gold NEA to hydrogen peroxide is 37 times higher than that of the conventional electrode. The linear range of the platinum NEA toward H2O2is from 1 × 10−6to 1 × 10−2 M, covering four orders of magnitudes with detection limit of 1 × 10−7 M and a single noise ratio (S/N) of four. The enzyme electrode exhibits an excellent response performance to glucose with linear range from 1 × 10−5to 1 × 10−2 M and a fast response time within 8 s. The Michaelis–Menten constantk m and the maximum current densityi
maxof the enzyme electrode were 4.97 mM and 84.60 μA cm−2, respectively. This special nanoelectrode may find potential application in other biosensors based on amperometric signals.
Can keratinocytes cause failure of osseointegration?
Authors: Khwaja S , Curry A , Chaudhry I H , Green K M J
Published: December 2008

Aim:

Bone-anchored hearing aids are well established, implanted devices. We present two patients who suffered mixed hearing loss and who underwent titanium implant placement in the temporal bone to enable attachment of bone-anchored hearing aids. Osseointegration is necessary for such implants to function. We report these two cases to highlight how such osseointegration may be disrupted.

Method:

Attached tissue from the explanted or removed titanium implants was examined by transmission electron microscopy and histopathological analysis.

Results:

Attached tissue from both implants showed the presence of keratinocytes at the titanium implant and living bone interface. This was confirmed by histopathological analysis. In one case, there was frank keratinocyte proliferation, which had led to osseointegration failure; in the other case, such proliferation was present but not so advanced.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that, in the cases reported, keratinocytes implanted between the titanium and the living bone, leading to disruption of osseointegration.
Elite Education and the Viability of a Lockean Society
Authors: Bradizza Luigi
Published: December 2008

InSome Thoughts Concerning Education, John Locke intends that gentlemen educated according to his standards quietly dethrone the aristocrats as the model for society. Locke hopes to direct most gentlemen away from a desire to imitate aristocratic manners and toward practical economic goals consistent with the needs of all. The excellent example of the new gentlemen will combine with their good treatment of the lower classes to entice the latter to imitate them. Locke thus hopes to reconcile gentlemen and the common man. Crucial components of this education include a tough physical regimen, the humane treatment of servants, and the re-education of fathers. Locke's educational program supports his political goals in theSecond Treatiseand is somewhat adaptable to our own democratic age.
Nietzsche For and Against the Enlightenment
Authors: Garrard Graeme
Published: December 2008

This essay explores Nietzsche's attitude to the Enlightenment, which the author argues underwent a major reversal between his so-called middle works and his later writings. The author examines the nature of this change and considers some of the reasons behind it. In the process, some of Nietzsche's “postmodern” admirers are taken to task for appropriating his criticisms of the Enlightenment without acknowledging his ambivalence toward it. Furthermore, the radical change in Nietzsche's view of the Enlightenment is taken as evidence of the periodization of his thought, which some prominent Nietzsche scholars (e.g. Walter Kaufmann) have disputed.