bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upper Canadians and Their Guns
Authors: McCalla Douglas
Published: December 2019

The gun is an essential part of our images of pioneering and pioneer manliness. We picture the pioneer family surrounded by forest, its men and boys using guns for protection from threatening predators, for sport, and for hunting, as the family relied on an abundance of game to supplement its initially limited farm produce. On the other hand, descriptions of Upper Canadian militia musters and of the 1837 Rebellion suggest that many rural Upper Canadians had only limited experience in using guns or did not have usable firearms at all.

Framed by these contrasting images, this paper seeks to read a sample of country store charge accounts of some ordinary Upper Canadian farmers and artisans (in Leeds and Peterborough counties) for indications of gun use. Based on the frequency and scale of purchases of gunpowder and shot, it seems that after the earliest years, the militia-based image is the more likely one. For many, perhaps most, rural Upper Canadians, firing a gun was an occasional more than a routine part of rural life. Among the reasons: a lack of time.
A Second Look at Memoryscapes
Authors: Hamilton William
Published: December 2019

The Haileybury was formerly a regional suburb in the wilderness for a region's industrial elite. In the face of consistent deindustrialization, however, the city is now faced with reinventing itself. Using Haileybury as a case study, this article argues that memoryscapes (specifically walking tours) must be understood as politically constructed interpretations of community and place. Like other forms of public history, tours present political arguments about themes such as community, identity and future possibilities as well as diverging perspectives. Like museums, music and art, memoryscapes are a venue of public memory though which deindustrializing places struggle with what it means to live in a place now that the industries that used to define it are closed. Consequently, these interpretations can be examined as sources to investigate the issues of community, identity, place and the politics of memory, even in non-industrial spaces and in larger regional, national or even international contexts.
‘Sadists and Softies:’ Gender and the Abolition of the Death Penalty in Canada
Authors: Darbyson Nicki
Published: December 2019

On 30 September 1959, Steven Truscott was sentenced to hang for the rape and murder of Lynne Harper. Canadians were divided over the death penalty, and Truscott was the youngest Canadian in history to be sentenced to hang. This article uses the Truscott case to explore the ways in which gender expectations in Cold-War Canada affected the depiction of abolitionists in the 1966-67 death penalty debate. Retentionists accused abolitionists of being “soft” on crime, overly emotional, sentimental, and effeminate, despite the fact that both men and women took part. Masculinity and abolitionism were considered incompatible. The movement to abolish capital punishment illuminated Canadians’ insecurities about changing perceptions of the justice system, and these fears manifested themselves in a gendered discourse.
The Oswego Canal
Authors: Larkin Janet
Published: December 2019

In this article the author argues that the Oswego Canal (1825-1829) was a vital commercial link in the Great Lakes-Atlantic seaway, but its real worth became evident with the opening of Canada’s neighboring Welland Canal in 1829. The newly fashioned Oswego-Welland line offered an alternative route to the much publicized Erie Canal, and brought increased prosperity, settlement, and economic and social opportunities to the Great Lakes region. An important story in its own right, the Oswego Canal, especially in connection with Canada’s Welland, was one of North America’s more important systems of internal navigation.
The Games People Played
Authors: Roberts Julia
Published: December 2019

Play was serious business. By entertaining themselves in many ways in the many public houses of Upper Canada, tavern-goers defined and enacted the contours of social power in this colonial society. As we see them “throwing sticks and stones,” playing “sleight of hand tricks,” dancing jigs and “8 reels,” or “gambling and drinking around a large table,” we see that play was a defining part of a social world linked to the tavern. Play was a means through which tavern-goers bound themselves together, but a means also, and paradoxically, through which they could define social distance and cultural space.
The Sideways March
Authors: Duffy Dennis
Published: December 2019

This article concludes with William Lyon Mackenzie King’s successful diversion of the public memory of the struggle for responsible government from its various historical proponents to his grandfather, William Lyon Mackenzie. This he accomplished through his influence on monuments erected in Ontario during his heyday. The article follows this progress as it ambles through a number of other monuments and popular texts, culminating in an idealized testament to an individual apotheosized into a near-allegorical political presence.
Sedition in Wartime Ontario
Authors: Milligan Ian
Published: December 2019

This article examines the trials and imprisonment of Isaac Bainbridge, publisher of the Social Democratic Party of Canada’s newspaper Canadian Forward, for seditious libel between 1917 and 1919. Charged and convicted for his opposition to militarism, capitalism and conscription, Bainbridge’s encounter with the legal system illustrates the degree to which the courts acted as both a coercive force and as a space for resistance. While the selective nature of seditious libel became apparent during the trial, conflict between the judiciary and the government allowed Bainbridge to obtain his release from prison on a legal technicality.
Blacks in 1880s Toronto
Authors: McFarquhar Colin
Published: December 2019

By the 1880s Toronto had a well established black community. While Africans in Ontario’s largest city had achieved a certain amount of political equality, social and economic equality remained elusive. Using a number of examples this article attempts to show how blacks strived for full rights. Albert Jackson’s struggles to become a mailman, the attempts of the Fisk Jubilee Singers to be admitted to hotels, and the efforts to prevent Adam Morse from being extradited to the United States were issues that drew attention in Toronto in the 1880s. Blacks ultimately succeeded in these cases both because it was politically expedient and because leaders in the white community wanted the city to have a good reputation and avoid civic embarrassment.
Politics, patronage and scandal at the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, 1848-1857
Authors: Dunlop Joseph
Published: December 2019

In the mid-nineteenth century, Canada West’s Provincial Lunatic Asylum sat at the heart of a system of patronage. It was this system of patronage that allowed the politician John Rolph to secure the position of Asylum Medical Superintendent for his protégé, Dr. Joseph Workman. However, this same period also witnessed the beginning of a shift away from patronage-based appointments towards a new style of civil service characterized by expertise rather than political or personal connections. Among those who supported this new ideal was the politician and journalist George Brown, who heavily criticized Workman’s appointment as an example of political patronage. Yet, the antagonism that continued to escalate between Brown and Workman owed its genesis not only to Brown’s ideals, but was also fueled by the considerations of party factionalism as well as by the clash of two strong personalities. Their feud would reach its climax in the heavily publicized 1857 libel suit, Workman v. Brown. Sharing a common devotion to the Reform party and to lunacy reform, an examination of the feud between Brown and Workman reveals the many schisms that could divide Reformers during this period.
How the Commissioners Explained Treaty Number Nine to the Ojibway and Cree in 1905
Authors: Long John S.
Published: December 2019

How did government representatives explain Treaty No. 9 to the Ojibway and Cree of northern Ontario during the summer of 1905? The written treaty on which the commissioners obtained the marks and signatures of certain Ojibway and Cree, is a legal instrument which sought to remove the impediment of “Indian title” to the land, freeing it for state projects, claiming its indigenous inhabitants as subjects, extending to them some of the responsibilities and benefits and symbols of citizenship, and granting them certain gifts. The commissioners’ own records, however, indicate that treaty signing was a very different transaction. Most of the actual terms of the written treaty were not explained to the Ojibway and Cree, who gave their consent only to the commissioners’ oral explanations. For them, the treaty was an oral covenant acknowledging their continuing need to use the land, and providing them with promises of assistance and protection.
The impact of the Hudson’s Bay Company on the creation of Treaty Number Nine
Authors: Calverley David
Published: December 2019

In the summers of 1905/1906 the Dominion government entered into a treaty with the Cree and Ojibwa of northern Ontario. Known as Treaty Nine it encompassed a vast portion of the province. This treaty could not have been accomplished with the ease that it was without the assistance of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Acting in its own self-interest the HBC facilitated the government’s attempts to create a treaty. Understanding the HBC’s role in the treaty process highlights the continued importance of the Company in northern Canada, and its affect on treaty creation.
Orange-Canadian Unionists and the Irish Home Rule Crisis, 1912-1914
Authors: McLaughlin Robert
Published: December 2019

In April 1912, the third Irish Home Rule Bill was introduced in the British House of Commons. The north of Ireland erupted with protests opposing Home Rule for Ireland, claiming it would mean “Rome Rule.” Ulster Protestants were particularly opposed to Irish Home Rule and made certain that its implementation would fail. Orange Canadians were interested in events in Ireland to such an extent many became active participants in those events, through moral, material, and even physical support of the Ulster unionist opposition to the implementation of Irish Home Rule. This Orange Canadian response and demonstration of fidelity with their Irish co-religionists is often overlooked by historians of the Canadian Order. Canadian Orangemen maintained strong connections with their brethren in Ireland, and viewed themselves as a North-American counterweight to the strong support Irish nationalists found in the United States. These determined expressions of support for the stance taken by their Orange brethren in Ireland continued over such a long period of time, and were demonstrated with such intensity, that these expressions of fidelity and support to Irish Protestants generally should not be viewed as a fleeting chant, or as anachronistic, but should be viewed in the larger context of transnational Orange solidarity and brotherhood.
Spaces and Places to Play
Authors: Kossuth Robert S.
Published: December 2019

How a municipal parks system formed in London following Confederation provides insight into the struggle that existed between public recreation and those who championed its provision, and political leaders concerned with the expense of providing public parks. Victoria, Queen’s and Springbank Parks, all formed in the 1870s, provided Londoners with public spaces to recreate. Each park came into being for different reasons and served specific recreation and leisure roles. Not until the turn of the century, however, did growing pressure from external and internal social reform movements such as national playground initiatives lead London to organize their parks into a coherent system through the formalization of a recreation bureaucracy.
La pulsion de mort dans le champ du fanatisme idéologique
Authors: Lauret Monique
Published: December 2019

Le concept de pulsion de mort a été introduit par Freud au début du xxe siècle, suite aux dégâts humains de la Première Guerre mondiale et en pleine montée de la haine et des forces pulsionnelles destructrices qui se sont déchainées pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ce concept aide à penser les nouvelles problématiques que nous rencontrons aujourd’hui avec l’éclosion violente d’une nouvelle idéologie extrémiste islamiste, le wahhabisme littéraliste. Cette idéologie s’appuie sur un discours religieux réinterprété et fanatisé, prônant l’ultraviolence et la terreur avec un discours propagandiste qui oeuvre à une rupture à l’encontre de la Démocratie et menace la civilisation occidentale. Des points communs entre l’idéologie maoïste et l’idéologie nazie sont aussi recherchés pour tenter de penser cette nouvelle idéologie destructrice.
Les droits et libertés fondamentaux susceptibles de renonciation : une approche à repenser
Authors: Millaire Karine
Published: December 2019

Dans quelle mesure sommes-nous « libres » ou « protégés » de renoncer à nos droits et libertés fondamentaux ? La possibilité d’invoquer avec succès l’« autonomie », le « consentement libre et éclairé » ou la « liberté de choix » de disposer de ses propres droits est désormais une norme plutôt qu’une exception. Or, ni la jurisprudence ni la littérature ne proposent de cadre d’analyse cohérent pour déterminer la validité de la renonciation.

Le cadre d’analyse actuel suggère de départager selon une logique binaire les droits et libertés théoriquement susceptibles ou non de renonciation pour assujettir, le cas échéant, la validité de la renonciation au consentement individuel. Le présent article démontre que cette approche est problématique du point de vue de la règle de droit. Aucun des deux principaux arguments invoqués pour soutenir la distinction dichotomique entre les droits susceptibles ou non de renonciation, soit les limites de la dignité humaine et la distinction entre les garanties à portée individuelle ou collective, ne la justifie en théorie comme en pratique. Au surplus, cette conceptualisation est incohérente avec le principe de non-hiérarchisation et doit être repensée à la lumière de la nature particulière du processus d’adjudication des droits fondamentaux.
A roadmap for gene functional characterisation in wheat
Authors: Adamski Nikolai M , Borrill Philippa , Brinton Jemima , Harrington Sophie , Marchal Clemence , Bentley Alison R , Bovill Wiliam D , Cattivelli Luigi , Cockram James , Contreras-Moreira Bruno , Ford Brett , Ghosh Sreya , Harwood Wendy , Hassani-Pak Keywan , Hayta Sadiye , Hickey Lee T , Kanyuka Kostya , King Julie , Maccaferri Marco , Naamati Guy , Pozniak Curtis J , Ramirez-Gonzalez Ricardo H , Sansaloni Carolina , Trevaskis Ben , Wingen Luzie U , Wulff Brande BH , Uauy Cristobal
Published: December 2019

To adapt to the challenges of climate change and the growing world population, it is vital to increase global crop production. Understanding the function of genes within staple crops will accelerate crop improvement by allowing targeted breeding approaches. Despite the importance of wheat, which provides 20 % of the calories consumed by humankind, a lack of genomic information and resources has hindered the functional characterisation of genes in this species. The recent release of a high-quality reference sequence for wheat underpins a suite of genetic and genomic resources that support basic research and breeding. These include accurate gene model annotations, gene expression atlases and gene networks that provide background information about putative gene function. In parallel, sequenced mutation populations, improved transformation protocols and structured natural populations provide rapid methods to study gene function directly. We highlight a case study exemplifying how to integrate these resources to study gene function in wheat and thereby accelerate improvement in this important crop. We hope that this review provides a helpful guide for plant scientists, especially those expanding into wheat research for the first time, to capitalise on the discoveries made in Arabidopsis and other plants. This will accelerate the improvement of wheat, a complex polyploid crop, of vital importance for food and nutrition security.
Human errors in traffic accidents: differences between car drivers and motorcyclists’ experience
Authors: Santoso Guritnaningsih P , Maulina Dewi
Published: December 2019

Traffic accidents have become one of the main causes of death in Indonesia. The biggest contributor to traffic accidents are motorcyclists. According to police records, human error plays a major role in the occurrence of accidents. The aim of this study is to analyze the potential types of human error that contribute to traffic accidents, as well as the psychological factors that underlie traffic accidents experienced by car drivers and motorcyclists. Data was collected by interviewing five car drivers and five motorcyclists. Results show that the car drivers tend to perform a type of human error which is classified as lapses, while the motorcyclists tend to do an error of slips. For psychological factors that underlie traffic accident, results show that both car drivers and motorcyclists made recognition errors, i.e. did not estimate distance, time, and speed. They also made decision errors, i.e. did not avoid the situation immediately, and performance errors, i.e. a motorcyclist stepped on the gas pedal by mistake. Other errors done by the car drivers were being sleepy and drunk, whereas other errors done by motorcyclists were not having a riding license and feeling tired. The implication of this study is to make the drivers/riders aware of the importance of cognitive aspects in driving.
The Moderating Role of Trait Anger in The Relationship between Masculine Stress and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Dannisworo Cantyo Atindriyo , Adiningsih Hana Berliani , Christia Mellia
Published: December 2019

There is a high rate of intimate partner violence (IPV) in urban settings. Previous research has found that masculine gender role stress (MGRS) and anger predict IPV. This study aimed to examine the moderating role of anger on the relationship between MGRS and IPV. The sample included 366 urban male college students across Java, who completed an online questionnaire. Measures used were the MGRS-A, BPAQ, and CTS2. Using Hayes’ moderation analysis, the model obtained a significant fit (R2 = .1039, F (3,362) = 13.994, p = .000). Both MGRS (p = .0264) and trait anger (p = .000) predicted IPV. The interaction between MGRS and anger was not significant (p = .0797). However, examination of the conditional effects revealed that there was a significant association between MGRS and IPV at moderate (p = .0264) and high levels of trait anger (p = .0058), but not at low levels of anger. Future studies should investigate the roles of anger expression, control behavior, and anger rumination.
Uncovering the functional anatomy of the human insula during speech
Authors: Woolnough Oscar , Forseth Kiefer James , Rollo Patrick Sarahan , Tandon Nitin
Published: December 2019

The contribution of insular cortex to speech production remains unclear and controversial given diverse findings from functional neuroimaging and lesional data. To create a precise spatiotemporal map of insular activity, we performed a series of experiments: single-word articulations of varying complexity, non-speech orofacial movements and speech listening, in a cohort of 27 patients implanted with penetrating intracranial electrodes. The posterior insula was robustly active bilaterally, but after the onset of articulation, during listening to speech and during production of non-speech mouth movements. Preceding articulation there was very sparse activity, localized primarily to the frontal operculum rather than the insula. Posterior insular was active coincident with superior temporal gyrus but was more active for self-generated speech than external speech, the opposite of the superior temporal gyrus. These findings support the conclusion that the insula does not serve pre-articulatory preparatory roles.
Comparison of diversity and composition of macrofungal species between intensive mushroom harvesting and non-harvesting areas in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Ruiz-Almenara Carolina , Gándara Etelvina , Gómez-Hernández Marko
Published: December 2019

Wild edible mushrooms have been collected and consumed by human groups for centuries, and today they represent a relevant source of food and income for many rural families worldwide. Preserving these non-timber forest products is of great interest, and there is concern about the damage caused by intensive mushroom harvesting on macromycete communities. The aim of this study was to evaluate variation in diversity and composition of macromycete species between areas regularly used for mushroom harvesting and non-harvested areas in the Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico, as well as to assess the influence of microclimatic and environmental factors on this variation. We selected two harvested and two non-harvested sites within the study area. In each one, we established 10 permanent plots of 10 m × 10 m where we sampled all the observed fruit bodies weekly from June to October 2017. We recorded a total of 856 individuals corresponding to 138 species, and 23 of these were identified as edible. Overall macromycete diversity, edible species diversity and composition were similar in Sites 1 (non-harvested) and 3 (harvested), and in Sites 2 (non-harvested) and 4 (harvested). Variation of diversity and species composition along the studied area was mainly related to microclimatic variables, while most environmental variables and variables related to vegetation structure similarly affected macromycete species in the four sites. Our results indicate that intensive harvesting of wild edible mushrooms is not affecting the diversity and distribution of macromycete species in our study area. Knowledge on the sustainability of mushroom harvesting practices can help improve current regulations regarding the management of these valuable non-timber forest products.
INVESTIGACIÓN SALVAJE Y PROSA RITUAL EN LA SOCIEDAD SERIAL: PASAJES ENTRE DERECHO Y LITERATURA
Authors: Aguirre Gonzalo S.
Published: December 2019

Consumada la algoritmización que da lugar al paso definitivo de las sociedades disciplinarias a las sociedades de control, nos encontramos transitando senderos post-controladores de carácter serial. Quisiéramos atender a la manifestación de tal tránsito en la producción serial de papers académicos, en el contexto de la pérdida de fuerza expresiva y de gobierno de plataformas como Derecho y Literatura, y de la aparición de nuevas plataformas expresiva de gobierno como Netflix o Spotify. Procuramos asimismo, dejar planteadas alternativas de escritura y gobierno a las de la sociedad serial, partiendo de la noción de “prosa del pensamiento” de Miguel Morey.Palabras claves Derecho.  Investigación. Literatura. Paper. Prosa del pensamiento. Sociedad Serial
Potato Growers Needs for Information on the Varieties and Fertilizers in Kafr Al-Zayat District in Al-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
Authors: Rageh Elsaid Mahmoud , Zayed Mohammed Al Sayed Ahmed , Asy Shereen Mohammed Mahmoud
Published: December 2019

The research aimed to identify the level of information need of the respondents with regard to the technical recommendations for potato crop varieties, as well as for fertilizing the potato crop, and to determine the relationship between the degree of information need, of technical recommendations for potato crop varieties, for fertilizing the potato crop, each as a dependent variable and all the independent variables studied. Other aims included identifying the sources from which respondents derive their information about the potato crop, to identify the problems encountered by the respondents concerning the varieties and fertilization of the potato crop.

This research was conducted in three villages randomly selected from 35 villages in Kafr Al-Zayat district in Al-Gharbia Governorate, namely, Qasta, Abeg and Al-Dalgamon, the sample size was 115 farmers. The data collection tool is an interview schedule, it was used to collect data during March 2019. Descriptive statistics frequency were used for presenting and analyzing the findings, along with, percentages, range, arithmetic average, standard deviation, chi- square test of independence, and Pearson's simple correlation coefficient.

The main findings indicate that: 71.3% of the respondents were of moderate levels of information need of the technical recommendations for potato crop varieties; 69.6% of the respondents were of moderate information need of technical recommendations for fertilizing the potato crop. Furthermore, correlation relationships of varieties lurks in a statistically significant relationship at the probability level of 0.01 between the degree of respondents information need for technical recommendations for potato crop varieties and the degree of education of the respondents as well as correlation relations for fertilization was shown in a statistically significant relationship at the probability level of 0.01 between the degree of respondents information need of technical recommendations for fertilizing the potato crop and between the degree of education of respondents, and the average productivity of the potato crop.
1,2‐Metallate Rearrangement of Boron Derivatives
Authors: Bateman Joseph M. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: December 2019

The 1,2‐metallate rearrangement of boronate complexes has proven to be a powerful method for the stereospecific formation of CC and Cheteroatom bonds to generate molecules with a rich array of functionality with full stereocontrol. The enantioselectivity of the process is dictated by either incorporating a chiral ligand into the boronic ester component (substrate control) or by forming a boronate complex through the addition of an enantioenriched carbenoid species to a boronic ester (reagent control). A limitation of a substrate‐controlled process is that a two‐step procedure to exchange the enantiomer of chiral ligand must be performed to obtain the opposite diastereoisomer of product. In contrast, a reagent‐controlled process can access either enantiomer/diastereoisomer of product by altering the enantiomer of chiral reagent employed. This chapter will describe key advances in the substrate‐ and reagent‐controlled homologation of boronic esters, with a specific focus on the 1,2‐metallate rearrangement.
Rubén Darío and the Nymph of France
Authors: Castillo Jorge Luis
Published: December 2019

This chapter situates the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío within the context of world literature by focusing on his short story “The Nymph” as one of the earliest manifestations of hismodernistapoetics. The story is in part an illustration of the “Greece of France”: how classical culture lends its prestige and Eros‐centered myths to the world of secular, disenchanted bourgeois modernity that France exemplifies. But Darío adds to the mix the image of amodernFrance, now dreamed through classical antiquity represented by the neoclassical imaginaries of the Bourbon court and the Napoleonic empires, the paganism in Rococo style and the Parnassians' idealization of beauty: hence, there is also a “France of Greece.” By combining erotic, French, and Greek elements of a secularized world, Darío conceives the idea of the World as the harmonious cluster of languages, cultures, and modes of existence that constitutes the core of his all‐encompassing poetics.
Marcel Proust: The Plasticity of a Modernist Icon
Authors: Ferré Vincent
Published: December 2019

Since the publication ofIn Search of Lost Time(A la recherche du temps perdu) (1913–1927) Marcel Proust has been regarded as a herald of modernity, and his work has belonged to the canon of world literature since the middle of the twentieth century. The reception ofIn Search of Lost Timeamong readers in Europe, the United States, Japan, and Latin America testifies to the plasticity of the text. Indeed, one may ask if the text is eventually lost in favor of an image of a writer called “Proust,” an image whose relativity depends on the cultural and social background of readers all around the world.
Social Realism and Moral Affects: The Worlds of Munshi Premchand
Authors: Govind Nikhil
Published: December 2019

This chapter analyzes select works of Premchand, the most acclaimed prose writer of Hindi in the first half of the twentieth century. Most commentators, following some of Premchand's own later pronouncements, have sought to locate Premchand within a tradition of social realism, the dominant mode of writing in India even today. This chapter attempts to supplement such a reading, arguing that the energies of the affects (seduction, grief, laughter) that underlie plot‐planes in his work may productively be read as often breaking the frame of the didactic manner of social realism.
Borges in the World, the World in Borges
Authors: Balderston Daniel
Published: December 2019

Borges was an omnivorous reader, perhaps the greatest reader in modern literature (as Susan Sontag and others have said). He was also a highly influential writer, not only in Spanish but across the world. This chapter focuses on what Borges can tell us about world history and world literature, both categories of which he was highly skeptical.
Gabriel García Márquez and the Worlding of Latin American Literature
Authors: Stavans Ilan
Published: December 2019

This chapter is a profile of Gabriel García Márquez's life and oeuvre. It focuses primarily on his masterpiece,
One Hundred Years of Solitude
(1970), looking at its style, structure, cast of characters, and content from the historical, political, and aesthetic perspectives. The chapter also considers his other work, including his stories, reportage on Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship in Chile and the drug war in Colombia, his autobiography
Living to Tell the Tale
(2003), as well as his other novels, including
Love in the Time of Cholera
(1988). All this helps us to ponder García Márquez's place in the international literary canon, his leadership of magical realism, his lasting influence on authors like Toni Morrison and Salman Rushdie, and the backlash his oeuvre has been the target of by subsequent generations of Latin American authors.
Colonial Modernism and Inverted Subjectivity: The Paradoxes of the Mirror in the Writings of Yi Sang
Authors: Park Hyun Seon
Published: December 2019

Yi Sang, celebrated as one of the most extraordinary writers in modern Korean literature, frequently incorporated the trope of the mirror throughout his work. His modernist poems in particular centered around the image of the mirror, including works such asMirror(Kŏul, 1933),Poem No. 4(Sije che sa ho, 1934),Poem No. 15(Sije che sibo ho, 1934), andA Bright Mirror(Myŏnggyŏng, 1936). These writings foreground the metonymic process of subject formation in colonial Korea to disclose the problems and paradoxes of the colonial subject as an exile in his own home. Thus, rather than the seamless conceptualization of the self that is based on the mimetic mode of mirroring, Yi Sang's image of the mirror presents the opaque and heterotopic characteristics of colonial self‐reflexivity, exploring the affective origin of colonial modernism and the political aesthetics of alteration in modern literature.
Anna Akhmatova, Cosmopolitanism, and World Literature
Authors: Harrington Alexandra
Published: December 2019

This chapter outlines Akhmatova's place in world literature and illustrates how Akhmatova sought to position herself in international literary space through her practice of intertextuality. It accounts for the prominence ofRequiemin Anglophone anthologies of world literature by exploring the roles played by translatability, intertextuality, trauma, politics, and life‐writing in its circulation and reception. It suggests that the predominant focus onRequiemrisks generating a reductive view of Akhmatova's significance, obscuring other important works. Finally, it considers Akhmatova in relation to Casanova's characterization of the “world republic of letters” and the concept of cosmopolitanism, arguing that international literary space provided Akhmatova with an imagined community that allowed her to transcend Soviet reality and survive psychologically. It concludes that Akhmatova's cosmopolitan outlook – her sense of belonging to, and orientation toward, world literature – has facilitated the travel of both her work and biography across national boundaries.
Edward FitzGerald's Translation ofThe Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: The Appeal of Terse Hedonism
Authors: Seyed‐Gohrab Asghar
Published: December 2019

Edward FitzGerald's rendering of Persian quatrains,The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, is one of the best‐known poems ever to make the transition from Persian to English verse. FitzGerald's version awakened an international interest in Omar Khayyam's (ʿUmar al‐Khayyām) quatrains, leading to their translation in all the world's major languages, to inspire poets, philosophers, artists, painters, and even politicians. The quatrains possess an air of mystery.The Rubáiyát's contents, such ascarpe diemphilosophy, hedonism, skepticism, and metaphysical uncertainty, have appealed to generations of readers from diverse cultural backgrounds. They are terse in content, and witty in the universal wisdom they express. FitzGerald's rendering became a cult in Europe and America at the turn of the twentieth century, and later attracted the attention of poets in the rest of the world, to an extent that is unique in the history of literature.
Making the Bible World Literature: The Vulgate and Ancient Versions
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L.E.
Published: December 2019

This chapter will analyze the Bible, showing how by itself it became a landmark of world literature, and the literary impact it has had on literature all over the world, from its composition until now. It will investigate the ancient versions of the Bible as a forceful means of making it world literature: the origins of the Latin versions, made on the original Greek and Hebrew, the Vulgate, and other ancient versions, especially Syriac and Coptic, but also others, also in conversation with issues of translatability. This chapter will emphasize the importance of the Bible in world literature, thanks to its religious value, its powerful ethical models, and its ancient translations, adaptations, and literary reworkings, which facilitated the spread of Judaism and Christianity as world religions and testified to the value of Scripture as world literature for many centuries, until Dante, Milton, and onwards.
Bridge Essay: Realism: Understanding the Real ByWay of Unexpected Romance
Authors: Bassett Tiffany
Published: December 2019

Realism is an artistic, intellectual, and literary movement that began in the nineteenth century. Often presented as a foil to romanticism, it was closely related to Enlightenment ideas of rationalism and scientific observation. According to many critics, if the romantic movement emphasized the fantastic and ideal, realism emphasized the everyday and banal. However, the overlap between the two philosophies can hardly be overlooked. Major players in both movements, from authors to artists, created works that exhibited both realist and romantic traits. Clearly, realism relied on and developed parallel to romanticism, even as it rejected it.
Knut Hamsun: Modernity's Primal Birthing
Authors: Deggan Mark
Published: December 2019

Knut Hamsun remains a contested literary figure. Immediately famous beyond his native Norway, his early works excoriate fin‐de‐siècle civilization in the name of the irrational and elementary rhythms of life. Best known for the urgent early novels,Hunger(1890) andPan(1894), and his later epic of northern settlement,Growth of the Soil(1917), his reputation would later be impaired by his increasingly right‐wing outlook. The chapter contextualizes the great variety of Hamsun's oeuvre between romanticism and modernism, and argues that his achievement should be seen in relation to his innovations in literary technique. It suggests how he became one of the voices by which other national literatures learned to articulate cultural authenticity from within individual consciousness. Finally, the chapter shows how Hamsun's continuing importance for world literature rests upon his foregrounding of the primal and irrational in human affairs, often in relation to a “mythic” northern wilderness.
Peptide Programmed Hydrogels as Safe Sanctuary Microenvironments for Cell Transplantation
Authors: Wang Yi , He Xuefei , Bruggeman Kiara F. , Gayen Bishakhdatta , Tricoli Antonio , Lee Woei Ming , Williams Richard J. , Nisbet David R.
Published: December 2019

Cell transplantation is one of the most promising strategies for the minimally invasive treatment of a raft of injuries and diseases. However, a standing challenge to its efficacy is poor cell survival due to a lack of mechanical protection during administration and an unsupportive milieu thereafter. In response, a shear‐injectable nanoscaffold vector is engineered considering the three equal requirements of protection, support, and survival. Here, the programmed peptide assembly of tissue‐specific epitopes presents a safe sanctuary microenvironment for the transplantation of cells. For the first time, a mechanistic understanding of the multifactorial role of the nanoscaffold in promoting cell survival is presented, where initial cell survival is dependent on the fluid mechanic process of droplet formation rather than on shear rate. However, provided is the first report of the most critical component of a transplantation vector, distinguishing feigned biological support from mechanical properties from true ongoing biological support post transplantation. This is achieved via the presentation of amino acid constituents that significantly improve the efficacy of the vector compared to a biocompatible, yet inert analogue. Together, the peptide‐programmed hydrogels enable fundamental rules for the engineering of advanced treatment strategies with wide reaching implications for tissue repair and biofabrication.
4D Printing at the Microscale
Authors: Spiegel Christoph A. , Hippler Marc , Münchinger Alexander , Bastmeyer Martin , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Wegener Martin , Blasco Eva
Published: December 2019

3D printing of adaptive and dynamic structures, also known as 4D printing, is one of the key challenges in contemporary materials science. The additional dimension refers to the ability of 3D printed structures to change their properties—for example, shape—over time in a controlled fashion as the result of external stimulation. Within the last years, significant efforts have been undertaken in the development of new responsive materials for printing at the macroscale. However, 4D printing at the microscale is still in its early stages. Thus, this progress report will focus on emerging materials for 4D printing at the microscale as well as their challenges and potential applications. Hydrogels and liquid crystalline and composite materials have been identified as the main classes of materials representing the state of the art of the growing field. For each type of material, the challenges and critical barriers in the material design and their performance in 4D microprinting are discussed. Importantly, further necessary strategies are proposed to overcome the limitations of the current approaches and move toward their application in fields such as biomedicine, microrobotics, or optics.
Electron‐Doping Mottronics in Strongly Correlated Perovskite
Authors: Chen Jikun , Mao Wei , Gao Lei , Yan Fengbo , Yajima Takeaki , Chen Nuofu , Chen Zhizhong , Dong Hongliang , Ge Binghui , Zhang Peng , Cao Xingzhong , Wilde Markus , Jiang Yong , Terai Takayuki , Shi Jian
Published: December 2019

The discovery of hydrogen‐induced electron localization and highly insulating states in d‐band electron correlated perovskites has opened a new paradigm for exploring novel electronic phases of condensed matters and applications in emerging field‐controlled electronic devices (e.g., Mottronics). Although a significant understanding of doping‐tuned transport properties of single crystalline correlated materials exists, it has remained unclear how doping‐controlled transport properties behave in the presence of planar defects. The discovery of an unexpected high‐concentration doping effect in defective regions is reported for correlated nickelates. It enables electronic conductance by tuning the Fermi‐level in Mott–Hubbard band and shaping the lower Hubbard band state into a partially filled configuration. Interface engineering and grain boundary designs are performed for HxSmNiO3/SrRuO3 heterostructures, and a Mottronic device is achieved. The interfacial aggregation of hydrogen is controlled and quantified to establish its correlation with the electrical transport properties. The chemical bonding between the incorporated hydrogen with defective SmNiO3 is further analyzed by the positron annihilation spectroscopy. The present work unveils new materials physics in correlated materials and suggests novel doping strategies for developing Mottronic and iontronic devices via hydrogen‐doping‐controlled orbital occupancy in perovskite heterostructures.
Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite/Gallium Arsenide Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Li Zijia , Kim Tae Hak , Han Sung Yong , Yun Yeo‐Jun , Jeong Seonghwa , Jo Bonghyun , Ok Song Ah , Yim Woongbin , Lee Seung Hu , Kim Kangho , Moon Sunghyun , Park Ji‐Yong , Ahn Tae Kyu , Shin Hyunjung , Lee Jaejin , Park Hui Joon
Published: December 2019

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) photovoltaic (PV) cells have been widely investigated due to their merits such as thin‐film feasibility, flexibility, and high efficiency. To further increase their performance, a wider bandgap PV structure such as indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) has been integrated in two‐terminal (2T) tandem configuration. However, it increases the overall fabrication cost, complicated tunnel‐junction diode connecting subcells are inevitable, and materials are limited by lattice matching. Here, high‐efficiency and stable wide‐bandgap perovskite PVs having comparable bandgap to InGaP (1.8–1.9 eV) are developed, which can be stable low‐cost add‐on layers to further enhance the performance of GaAs PVs as tandem configurations by showing an efficiency improvement from 21.68% to 24.27% (2T configuration) and 25.19% (4T configuration). This approach is also feasible for thin‐film GaAs PV, essential to reduce its fabrication cost for commercialization, with performance increasing from 21.85% to 24.32% and superior flexibility (1000 times bending) in a tandem configuration. Additionally, potential routes to over 30% stable perovskite/GaAs tandems, comparable to InGaP/GaAs with lower cost, are considered. This work can be an initial step to reach the objective of improving the usability of GaAs PV technology with enhanced performance for applications for which lightness and flexibility are crucial, without a significant additional cost increase.
Ni‐Rich Layered Cathode Materials with Electrochemo‐Mechanically Compliant Microstructures for All‐Solid‐State Li Batteries
Authors: Jung Sung Hoo , Kim Un‐Hyuck , Kim Jae‐Hyung , Jun Seunggoo , Yoon Chong S. , Jung Yoon Seok , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: December 2019

While Ni‐rich cathode materials combined with highly conductive and mechanically sinterable sulfide solid electrolytes are imperative for practical all‐solid‐state Li batteries (ASLBs), they suffer from poor performance. Moreover, the prevailing wisdom regarding the use of Li[Ni,Co,Mn]O2 in conventional liquid electrolyte cells, that is, increased capacity upon increased Ni content, at the expense of degraded cycling stability, has not been applied in ASLBs. In this work, the effect of overlooked but dominant electrochemo‐mechanical on the performance of Ni‐rich cathodes in ASLBs are elucidated by complementary analysis. While conventional Li[Ni0.80Co0.16Al0.04]O2 (NCA80) with randomly oriented grains is prone to severe particle disintegration even at the initial cycle, the radially oriented rod‐shaped grains in full‐concentration gradient Li[Ni0.75Co0.10Mn0.15]O2 (FCG75) accommodate volume changes, maintaining mechanical integrity. This accounts for their different performance in terms of reversible capacity (156 vs 196 mA h g−1), initial Coulombic efficiency (71.2 vs 84.9%), and capacity retention (46.9 vs 79.1% after 200 cycles) at 30 °C. The superior interfacial stability for FCG75/Li6PS5Cl to for NCA80/Li6PS5Cl is also probed. Finally, the reversible operation of FCG75/Li ASLBs is demonstrated. The excellent performance of FCG75 ranks at the highest level in the ASLB field.
A Temperature‐Responsive Electrolyte Endowing Superior Safety Characteristic of Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhou Qian , Dong Shanmu , Lv Zhaolin , Xu Gaojie , Huang Lang , Wang Qinglei , Cui Zili , Cui Guanglei
Published: December 2019

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted wide attention due to their high energy density. However, flammable organic carbonate electrolytes are associated with severe parasitic reactions and huge safety hazards for LMBs. Herein, a smart temperature‐responsive electrolyte is presented that demonstrates two distinct polymerization behaviors in LMBs. Through an anionic polymerization triggered by lithium metal, this electrolyte forms a favorable polymer protection layer on lithium anodes at ambient temperature, leading to a reversible Li plating/stripping behavior over 2000 h, and dendrite‐free morphology even under a current density of 10 mA cm−2. On suffering from thermal abuse, this electrolyte can be rapidly transformed from liquid into solid by a thermal free radical polymerization, thus realizing significant improvements in safety performance without internal short‐circuit failures thus achieving safe operation even at a temperature of 150 °C. It is noted that no thermal runway occurs even at an extremely high temperature of 280 °C. It is believed that this study not only offers new valuable insights in interfacial chemistry of electrolytes, but also opens up new avenue to develop safe LMBs.
Self‐Assembly of Coordination Polyhedra with Highly Entangled Faces Induced by Metal–Acetylene Interactions
Authors: Domoto Yuya , Abe Masahiro , Kikuchi Takashi , Fujita Makoto
Published: December 2019

The self‐assembly of nanostructures is dominated by a limited number of strong coordination elements. Herein, we show that metal–acetylene π‐coordination of a tripodal ligand (L) with acetylene spacers gave an M3L2 double‐propeller motif (M=CuI or AgI), which dimerized into an M6L4 interlocked cage (M=CuI). Higher (M3L2)n oligomers were also selectively obtained: an M12L8 truncated tetrahedron (M=CuI) and an M18L12 truncated trigonal prism (M=AgI), both of which contain the same double‐propeller motif. The higher oligomers exhibit multiply entangled facial structures that are classified as a trefoil knot and a Solomon link. The inner cavities of the structures encapsulate counteranions, revealing a potential new strategy towards the synthesis of functional hollow structures that is powered by molecular entanglements.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy following resection of a fourth ventricle tumour
Authors: Ashcroft A. J. , McKinlay J. , Sira J.
Published: December 2019

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a rare disorder associated with catecholamine discharge in response to episodes of stress. We present the case of a 39‐year‐old patient with no other significant medical history who suffered acute ECG changes, left ventricular dysfunction with regional wall motion abnormalities and raised cardiac enzymes following a period of severe and sustained hypertension and tachycardia associated with resection of tumour from the floor of the fourth ventricle. We believe this to be only the second case of a takotsubo cardiomyopathy related to intracranial surgery. It demonstrates the need for consideration, recognition and diagnosis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy following periods of severe peri‐operative stress.