bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic value of serum human Galactomannan aspergillus antigen and 1,3‐beta‐D‐glucan in immunocompromised patient suspected fungal infection
Authors: Susianti Hani , Parmadi Lydiana , Firani Novi Khila , Setyawan Ungky Agus , Sartono Teguh Rahayu
Published: May 2021

Background

The prevalence of fungal infection (FI) in developing countries is high, but the diagnosis of FI is still challenging to determine, so it is needed evaluation of biomarkers other than microbiological culture, because the culture has low sensitivity, high cost, not available in every laboratory and needs a long time. The detection of human galactomannan Aspergillus antigen (GAL) and 1,3‐beta‐D‐glucan (BDG) on the fungal cell wall could be the promising biomarkers for fungal infection. Neutropenia, lymphopenia and CD4T cells in the immunocompromised patients are essential factors, but these cell associations with BDG and GAL levels have not been evaluated yet. The study aimed to evaluate GAL and BDG for detecting fungal infection and their association with total leucocyte count, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and CD4T cells.

Method

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 86 patient with suspected FI. Fungal infection established using EORTC/MSG criteria. Serology test performed using ELISA. Leucocyte cells were measured using a haematology autoanalyser, and CD4T cells were analysed using BD FACSPresto. Statistical analysis obtained using Spearman's correlation coefficient, ROC curve analysis and 2 × 2 contingency table.

Results

Serum Galactomannan and BDG had a significant correlation with CD4T cells and total lymphocyte count (p < 0.05). The cut‐off OD GAL >0.3 had sensitivity 54.6%, specificity 87.5% and AUC 0.71; meanwhile, the BDG cut‐off >115.78 pg/ mL had sensitivity 71.2%, specificity 52.4% and AUC 0.63 for detecting fungal infection.

Conclusions

The immunocompromised patients can undergo GAL for determining the diagnose of FI. The lower the CD4T cells and total lymphocyte count, the higher the GAL and BDG serum levels.
Impact of loosening and straw addition to the subsoil on crop performance and nitrogen leaching: A lysimeter study
Authors: Getahun Gizachew Tarekegn , Bergström Lars , Rychel Vide , Kätterer Thomas , Kirchmann Holger
Published: May 2021

Poor subsoil properties are difficult to ameliorate and detrimental to soil fertility and crop yield. The effects of loosening (L) and loosening + straw (LS) ∼60 Mg ha–1 into the subsoil (25–40 cm depth) on crop yield, water flow, and the nitrogen (N) balance components under bare soil conditions and a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop were investigated in an about 21‐mo lysimeter study and compared with a control treatment. Undisturbed soil columns (n = 12) were excavated from an agricultural field in May 2016, installed at a lysimeter station, and exposed to outdoor climatic conditions in Uppsala, Sweden, in August 2016. Spring barley (‘Makof’) was grown between June and September 2017. Total N leaching loads over the 21 mo were high (74–193 kg ha–1). The LS treatment reduced the N load by 49% (P = .01) and 62% (P = .001) compared with the L and control treatments, respectively. Loosening reduced N load by 25% (P < .07) compared with the control. Emissions of N2O were low (0.04–0.07 kg N ha–1), and no differences were observed between treatments. Leaf relative chlorophyll content was lower in the LS treatment than in the L and control treatments (P < .05). Yield was also lowest in the LS treatment (5.8 Mg ha–1) and was 7 and 8.5% lower than in the control and L treatments (P > .05), respectively. These results suggest that LS can reduce N leaching. The overall effects of LS on crop performance and N removal and leaching should be further scrutinized in long‐term field studies.
Public perceived knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of genetic testing in urban China
Authors: Wang Qun , Pang Cong , Meng Lingyu , Wang Guoyu
Published: May 2021

Because most research about laypeople and genetic testing (GT) has been conducted in other nations than China, we conducted a study in urban China (a) to determine the perceived knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of GT there; (b) to identify influencing factors associated with the public's perceived knowledge, attitudes, and use of GT; and (c) to explore the relationship among public knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of GT. Our data came from a community‐based survey in urban Dalian of 868 individuals. We used generalized ordered logit and logit models to examine factors associated with perceived knowledge of, attitude toward, and use of GT. We found that 67% of community members knew about GT, that 45% had a positive opinion of GT, and that only 4% accessed GT. Older people were more likely to have less perceived knowledge of GT and less likely to have a negative attitude toward it; these relationships were especially stronger among those aged ≥60 years. We also found that socially disadvantaged people were more likely to have less perceived knowledge of GT and more likely to have a negative opinion of it. Having a greater level of perceived knowledge was significantly correlated with increased odds of having a more positive or neutral attitude toward GT and of being more likely to access GT. Our findings may help policy makers design effective action plans and regulations regarding GT and genetic counseling services for laypersons in China.
Explaining inter‐ethnic marriage in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sanghamitra , Green Elliott
Published: May 2021

We use Demographic and Health Survey data to undertake the largest ever examination into the causes of inter‐ethnic marriage in contemporary Sub‐Saharan Africa and document a number of novel findings. First, we show that inter‐ethnic marriage rates are high, at 19.4% on average, vary significantly across countries and are rising over time. Second, we show that individual variables associated with modernization such as urbanization, literacy/education and declines in polygamy and agricultural employment are correlated with inter‐ethnic marriage. Third, we show that inter‐ethnic marriage is quadratically correlated with ethnic group size and negatively correlated with both educational homogamy and country‐population size.
Liver transplantation in children with inborn errors of metabolism: 30 years experience in NSW, Australia
Authors: Elserafy Noha , Thompson Sue , Dalkeith Troy , Stormon Michael , Thomas Gordon , Shun Albert , Sawyer Janine , Balasubramanian Shanti , Bhattacharya Kaustuv , Badawi Nadia , Ellaway Carolyn
Published: May 2021

Background

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a diverse group of genetic disorders that can result in significant morbidity and sometimes death. Metabolic management can be challenging and burdensome for families. Liver transplantation (LT) is increasingly being considered a treatment option for some IEMs. IEMs are now considered the second most common reason for pediatric LT.

Aim

To review the data of all children with an IEM who had LT at The Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHW), NSW, Australia between January 1986 and January 2019.

Methods

Retrospective data collected from the medical records and genetic files included patient demographics, family history, parental consanguinity, method of diagnosis of IEM, hospital and intensive care unit admissions, age at LT, graft type, clinical outcomes and metabolic management pre and post‐LT.

Results

Twenty‐four LT were performed for 21 patients. IEM diagnoses were MSUD (n = 4), UCD (n = 8), OA (n = 6), TYR type I (n = 2) and GSD Ia (n = 1). Three patients had repeat transplants due to complications. Median age at transplant was 6.21 years (MSUD), 0.87 years (UCD), 1.64 years (OA) and 2.2 years (TYR I). Two patients died peri‐operatively early in the series, one died 3 months after successful LT due to septicemia. Eighteen LTs have been performed since 2008 in comparison to six LT prior to 2008. Dietary management was liberalized post LT for all patients.

Conclusions

Referral for LT for IEMs has increased over the last 33 years, with the most referrals in the last 10 years. Early LT has resulted in improved clinical outcomes and patient survival.
Survey of Acoustic Output in Neonatal Brain Protocols
Authors: Kurdila Hannah R. , Zaidi Tayeb , Zhang Ting , Maruvada Subha , Rajan Sunder
Published: May 2021

Background

Auditory and non‐auditory safety concerns associated with the appreciable sound levels inherent to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures exist for neonates. However, current gaps in knowledge preclude making an adequate risk assessment.

Purpose

To measure acoustic exposure (duration, intensity, and frequency) during neonatal brain MRI and compare these values to existing hearing safety limits and data.

Study Type

Phantom.

Phantom

Cylindrical doped water phantom.

Field Strength/Sequence

Neonatal brain protocols acquired at 1–3 T. Scans in the model protocol included a diffusion tensor imaging scan, a gradient echo, a three‐dimensional (3D) fast spin echo, 3D fast spin‐echo single‐shots, a spin echo, a turbo spin echo, a 3D arterial spin labeling scan, and a susceptibility‐weighted fast spin‐echo scan.

Assessment

The sound pressure levels (SPLs), frequency profile, and durations of five neonatal brain protocols on five MR scanners (scanner A [3 T, whole‐body], scanner B [1.5 T, whole‐body], scanner C [1 T, dedicated neonatal], scanner D [1.5 T, whole‐body], and scanner E [3 T, whole‐body]) located at three different sites were recorded. The SPLs were then compared to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) hearing safety limit and existing data of infant non‐auditory responses to loud sounds to assess risk.

Statistical Tests

Mann‐Whitney U test to assess whether the dedicated neonatal scanner was quieter than the other machines.

Results

The average level A‐weighted equivalent value (LAEQ) across all five MR scanners and scans was 92.88 dBA and the range of LAEQs across all five MR scanners and scans was 80.8–105.31 dBA. The duration of the recorded neonatal protocols maintained by neonatal scanning facilities (from scanners A, B, and C) ranged from 27:33 to 37:06 minutes.

Data Conclusion

Neonatal protocol sound levels straddled existing notions of risk, exceeding sound levels known to cause non‐auditory responses in neonates but not exceeding the IEC MRI SPL safety limit.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 5
Cascaded coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering for high‐sensitivity number density determination in the gas phase
Authors: Kliukin Dmitrii , Mazza Francesco , Castellanos Leonardo , Bohlin Alexis
Published: May 2021

Cascaded coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signals can be efficiently generated from CARS signals when propagating collinearly with the pump/Stokes and probe beams. This effect can be seen as the CARS beam acting as the probe beam and being inelastically scattered a ‘second time’ from the Raman coherence induced along the focus of the pump/Stokes beam axis. Although much weaker, this additionally scattered signal co‐propagates with the CARS signal and may complicate the analysis of the CARS spectrum used for diagnostics in the gas phase. In particular, the occurrence of the cascaded CARS process needs to be taken into account analysing minor spectral signatures at relatively high number density of scattering molecules. Here we show how polarization control can be employed to generate CARS and cascaded CARS signals with orthogonal linear polarization and how, in this way, the cascaded CARS signals can be efficiently suppressed. However, instead of rejecting this signal, we collect both the generated CARS and cascaded CARS signals on the same detector frame, and we explore the use of these counterparts for absolute concentration measurements of the Raman‐active species. The cascaded CARS signal has exponential‐order higher sensitivity to the number density of the scattering molecules in the mixture. We demonstrate that the ratio of the CARS and the cascaded CARS signals is independent of the probe pulse energy in use, which can be a promising approach for wide‐range absolute concentration measurements in gas‐phase media.
Ab initio determination of Raman spectra of Mg2SiO4 and Ca2MgSi2O7 showing mixed modes related to LO/TO splitting
Authors: Parlinski Krzysztof , Piekarz Przemysław
Published: May 2021

Density functional theory was used to calculate the nonresonance Raman spectra of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and åkermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7). The Raman tensors are determined from electric polarizibility using finite difference scheme. The Raman reduced spectra (wavenumbers and intensities) are calculated for several typical polarized light scattering geometries for single crystal and polycrystals, demonstrating good agreement with existing published data. In åkermanite, special attention is paid to B2 and E symmetry phonon modes, which exhibit simultaneous infrared and Raman activities, labeled as mixed representations, and are involved in the longitudinal optic (LO)/transverse optic (TO) splitting. Close to zone‐center point, the phonon dispersion curves of mixed modes are analyzed in details, showing for example that mixed modes repulse each other.
Nondestructive study of glassy matrix of celadons prepared in different firing temperatures
Authors: Chen Pu , Wang Fen , Luo Hongjie , Zhu Jianfeng , Shi Pei , Wang Tian
Published: May 2021

Firing temperature is an essential indicator for the level of the manufacturing technology of ancient ceramics. Current techniques for measuring the firing temperature of ceramics are generally destructive and very complex. In this work, a series of celadon fragments were prepared at different firing temperatures (from 900 to 1,300°C) and studied by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD results show that raw materials were dissolved and melted completely to form the glass matrix of a glaze above 1,100°C. Besides, the results of XRF and Raman tests demonstrate that CaO amounts in the glaze decrease significantly with the increase in firing temperatures, which is the main factor to influence the Si–O linkages, adjust Q1, Q2, and Q3–4 components, and modify the structure of the glass matrix during the firing process. The area ratios of the Si–O bending over stretching envelopes (A500/A1,000) of the glassy matrix have a negative correlation to the CaO amount. In contrast, the value has an apparent positive correlation to the firing temperature. The A500/A1,000 value of the glass matrix increases from 1.29 to 2.40 as the firing temperature increases from 1,100°C to 1,300°C. These results prove that Raman spectroscopy could be used as a feasible and reliable nondestructive method to establish a more accurate relationship between Raman spectral polymerization index and the firing temperature in order to identify the firing temperature of ancient ceramics.
Plate‐height model of ion mobility‐mass spectrometry: Part 2—Peak‐to‐peak resolution and peak capacity
Authors: Grabarics Márkó , Lettow Maike , Kirk Ansgar T. , von Helden Gert , Causon Tim J. , Pagel Kevin
Published: May 2021

In a previous work, we explored zone broadening and the achievable plate numbers in linear drift tube ion mobility‐mass spectrometry through developing a plate‐height model [1]. On the basis of these findings, the present theoretical study extends the model by exploring peak‐to‐peak resolution and peak capacity in ion mobility separations. The first part provides a critical overview of chromatography‐influenced resolution equations, including refinement of existing formulae. Furthermore, we present exact resolution equations for drift tube ion mobility spectrometry based on first principles. Upon implementing simple modifications, these exact formulae could be readily extended to traveling wave ion mobility separations and to cases when ion mobility spectrometry is coupled to mass spectrometry. The second part focuses on peak capacity. The well‐known assumptions of constant plate number and constant peak width form the basis of existing approximate solutions. To overcome their limitations, an exact peak capacity equation is derived for drift tube ion mobility spectrometry. This exact solution is rooted in a suitable physical model of peak broadening, accounting for the finite injection pulse and subsequent diffusional spreading. By borrowing concepts from the theoretical toolbox of chromatography, we believe that the present study will help in integrating ion mobility spectrometry into the unified language of separation science.
The influence of consumers' implicit self‐theories on homestay accommodation selection
Authors: Leung Daniel , Tuan Phong Ly , Fong Lawrence Hoc Nang , Zhang Carol Xiaoyue
Published: May 2021

In this study we aim to investigate whether entity and incremental theorists' decision to choose/not choose homestay accommodation can be explained by their implicit self‐theories. Drawing on data solicited from in‐depth interviews with 44 travellers, we found entity theorists chose homestays because homestays align with their personal traits and offer outcomes they desired. Incremental theorists chose homestays since they perceived the act affirms their growth traits and homestays provide opportunities of learning about culture and gaining new skills. Besides the initial decision, consumers' implicit self‐theories are found to elicit some influence on their decision of choosing/not choosing homestays in future.
A New Practical Decision Rule to Better Differentiate BI‐RADS 3 or 4 Breast Masses on Breast Ultrasound
Authors: Pfob André , Barr Richard G. , Duda Volker , Büsch Christopher , Bruckner Thomas , Spratte Julia , Nees Juliane , Togawa Riku , Ho Chi , Fastner Sarah , Riedel Fabian , Schaefgen Benedikt , Hennigs André , Sohn Christof , Heil Joerg , Golatta Michael
Published: May 2021

Objectives

The BI‐RADS classification provides a standardized way to describe ultrasound findings in breast cancer diagnostics. However, there is little information regarding which BI‐RADS descriptors are most strongly associated with malignancy, to better distinguish BI‐RADS 3 (follow‐up imaging) and 4 (diagnostic biopsy) breast masses.

Methods

Patients were recruited as part of an international, multicenter trial (NCT02638935). The trial enrolled 1294 women (6 excluded) categorized as BI‐RADS 3 or 4 upon routine B‐mode ultrasound examination. Ultrasound images were evaluated by three expert physicians according to BI‐RADS. All patients underwent histopathological confirmation (reference standard). We performed univariate and multivariate analyses (chi‐square test, logistic regression, and Krippendorff's alpha).

Results

Histopathologic evaluation showed malignancy in 368 of 1288 masses (28.6%). Upon performing multivariate analysis, the following descriptors were significantly associated with malignancy (P < .05): age ≥50 years (OR 8.99), non‐circumscribed indistinct (OR 4.05) and microlobulated margin (OR 2.95), nonparallel orientation (OR 2.69), and calcification (OR 2.64). A clinical decision rule informed by these results demonstrated a 97% sensitivity and missed fewer cancers compared to three physician experts (range of sensitivity 79–95%) and a previous decision rule (sensitivity 59%). Specificity was 44% versus 22–83%, respectively. The inter‐reader reliability of the BI‐RADS descriptors and of the final BI‐RADS score was fair‐moderate.

Conclusions

A patient should undergo a diagnostic biopsy (BI‐RADS 4) instead of follow‐up imaging (BI‐RADS 3) if the patient is 50 years or older or exhibits at least one of the following features: calcification, nonparallel orientation of mass, non‐circumscribed margin, or posterior shadowing.
Speech Characteristics and Oromyofunctional Outcomes in Two Bimaxillary Face Transplantation Patients in Helsinki
Authors: Manninen Atte A. , Oksanen Lotta‐Maria , Alaluusua Suvi , Geneid Ahmed , Lindford Andrew J. , Vuola Pia , Rousselle Remi , Lassus Patrik
Published: May 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

Facial functional restoration is one of the main goals in face transplantation. We report the oromyofacial function outcomes of two bimaxillary face transplantation (FT) patients in Helsinki.

Study design

Outcome Study.

Methods

Two male patients, aged 34 and 59, had severe functional facial disabilities following self‐inflicted gunshot injuries sustained to their mid and lower faces several years earlier. Both underwent tooth‐bearing maxillomandibular face transplantation in 2016 and 2018. We collected data regarding speech, swallowing, sensory recovery, motor recovery, and olfaction prior to transplantation. Patient charts were reviewed from the follow‐up period of 4 and 2 years, respectively.

Results

Speech intelligibility, acceptability, and articulation continued to improve during follow‐up for both patients. Voice quality and resonance were mainly normal at last follow‐up. Swallowing improved once lip occlusion was regained, with only minor aspiration evident on videofluorography. Both patients had significant improvement in facial mimic muscle function after FT. The first patient who only had buccal sensory nerves connected has only recovered protective facial sensation, whereas our second patient with buccal, infraorbital, and alveolar nerves connected has almost complete facial two‐point discrimination.

Conclusion

Both patients have regained satisfactory facial sensory and motor function. Sensory recovery seems to be faster and more precise if multiple sensory nerve coaptations are performed. Swallowing and speech have continued to improve over time although not reaching the level of the normal population. We demonstrate how speech‐corrective surgery can safely be performed in a FT patient and can improve speech recovery.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2643–E2649, 2021
Rapid telehealth implementation into an otolaryngology practice during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Sharma Arun , Bowman Ryan , Ettema Sandra L. , Gregory Stacie R. , Javadi Pardis , Johnson Matthew D. , Butcher Marissa L. , Mutua Evans , Stack Brendan C. , Crosby Dana L.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Report outcomes of rapid implementation of telehealth across an academic otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery department during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

This is a retrospective, single‐institution study of rapid deployment of telehealth during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Characteristics of patients were compared between those who agreed and those who declined telehealth care. Reasons for declining telehealth visits were ascertained. Characteristics of telehealth visits were collected and patients were asked to complete a post‐visit satisfaction survey.

Results

There was a 68% acceptance rate for telehealth visits. In multivariable analysis, patients were more likely to accept telehealth if they were being seen in the facial plastics subspecialty clinic (odds ratio [OR] 59.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.21‐1607.52; P = .015) compared to the general otolaryngology clinic. Patients with Medicare (compared to commercial insurance) as their primary insurance were less likely to accept telehealth visits (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01‐0.77; P = .027). Two hundred and thirty one patients underwent telehealth visits; most visits (69%) were for established patients and residents were involved in 38% of visits. There was an 85% response rate to the post‐visit survey. On a scale of one to ten, the median satisfaction score was 10 and 99% of patients gave a score of 8 or higher. Satisfaction scores were higher for new patient visits than established patient visits (P = .020).

Conclusion

Rapid implementation of telehealth in an academic otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery department is feasible. There was high acceptance of and satisfaction scores with telehealth.

Level of Evidence

3.
Arbitrary Phase Access for Stable Fiber Interferometers
Authors: Roztocki Piotr , MacLellan Benjamin , Islam Mehedi , Reimer Christian , Fischer Bennet , Sciara Stefania , Helsten Robin , Jestin Yoann , Cino Alfonso , Chu Sai T. , Little Brent , Moss David J. , Kues Michael , Morandotti Roberto
Published: May 2021

Well‐controlled yet practical systems that give access to interference effects are critical for established and new functionalities in ultrafast signal processing, quantum photonics, optical coherence characterization, etc. Optical fiber systems constitute a central platform for such technologies. However, harnessing optical interference in a versatile and stable manner remains technologically costly and challenging. Here, degrees of freedom native to optical fibers, i.e., polarization and frequency, are used to demonstrate an easily deployable technique for the retrieval and stabilization of the relative phase in fiber interferometric systems. The scheme gives access (without intricate device isolation) to <1.3 × 10−3 π rad error signal Allan deviation across 1 ms to 1.2 h integration times for all tested phases, ranging from 0 to 2π. More importantly, the phase‐independence of this stability is shown across the full 2π range, granting access to arbitrary phase settings, central for, e.g., performing quantum projection measurements and coherent pulse recombination. Furthermore, the scheme is characterized with attenuated optical reference signals and single‐photon detectors, and extended functionality is demonstrated through the use of pulsed reference signals (allowing time‐multiplexing of both main and reference signals). Finally, the scheme is used to demonstrate radiofrequency‐controlled interference of high‐dimensional time‐bin entangled states.
Exploring Cyclic Sulfamidate Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Sequence‐Defined Macromolecules
Authors: Hill Stephen Andrew , Steinfort Robert , Mücke Sandra , Reifenberger Josefine , Sengpiel Tobias , Hartmann Laura
Published: May 2021

The preparation of sequence‐defined macromolecules using cyclic sulfamidates on solid‐phase is outlined. The challenges surrounding an AB+CD approach are described with focus on understanding the formation of ring‐opened side products when using amide coupling reagents. To avoid undesired side product formation, a strategy of iterative ring‐openings of cyclic sulfamidates on solid‐phase is explored. Ring‐opening on primary and secondary amines is successfully reported, generating both linear and branched chain growth. However, attempts to selectively cleave N‐sulfate bearing sp3‐hybridized groups cannot be demonstrated, limiting the overall building block scope for this methodology. Consequently, the active ring‐opening of cyclic sulfamidates on amine‐functionalized oligo(amidoamine) backbones is successfully applied to produce sequence‐defined, N‐sulfated macromolecules.
Mathematical models for the improvement of detection techniques of industrial noise sources from acoustic images
Authors: Asdrubali Francesco , Baldinelli Giorgio , Bianchi Francesco , Costarelli Danilo , D'Alessandro Francesco , Scrucca Flavio , Seracini Marco , Vinti Gianluca
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a procedure for the detection of the sources of industrial noise and the evaluation of their distances is introduced. The above method is based on the analysis of acoustic and optical data recorded by an acoustic camera. In order to improve the resolution of the data, interpolation and quasi interpolation algorithms for digital data processing have been used, such as the bilinear, bicubic, and sampling Kantorovich (SK). The experimental tests show that the SK algorithm allows to perform the above task more accurately than the other considered methods.
Three‐dimensional gradient and spin‐echo readout for time‐encoded pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling: Influence of segmentation factor and flow compensation
Authors: Paschoal Andre M. , Leoni Renata F. , Pastorello Bruno F. , van Osch Matthias J. P.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To monitor the complete passage of the labeled blood through the vascular tree into tissue and improve the quantification of ASL maps, we evaluated the effect of 3D gradient and spin‐echo (GRASE) readout segments on temporal SNR (tSNR) and image blurriness for time‐encoded pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling and the effect of flow‐compensation gradients on the presence of intravascular signal.

Methods

Fifteen volunteers were scanned using time‐encoded pCASL with 2D EPI and single‐segment, two‐segments, and three‐segments 3D‐GRASE readouts with first‐order flow compensation (FC) gradients. Two‐segments 3D‐GRASE scans were acquired with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of full first‐order FC. Temporal SNR was assessed, and cerebral blood flow and arterial blood volume were quantified for all readout strategies.

Results

For single‐segment 3D GRASE, tSNR was comparable to 2D EPI for perfusion signal but worse for the arterial signal. Two‐segments and three‐segments 3D GRASE resulted in higher tSNR than 2D EPI for perfusion and arterial signal. The arterial signal was not well visualized for 3D‐GRASE data without FC. Visualization of the intravascular signal at postlabeling delays of 660 ms and 1060 ms was restored with FC. Adequate visualization of the intravascular signal was achieved from 75% of FC gradient strength at a postlabeling delay of 660 ms. For a postlabeling delay of 1060 ms, full‐FC gradients were the best option to depict intravascular signal.

Conclusion

Segmented GRASE provided higher effective tSNR compared with 2D‐EPI and single‐segment GRASE. Flow compensation with GRASE readout should be carefully controlled when applying for time‐encoded pCASL to visualize intravascular signal.
Sub‐bandgap activated charges transfer in a graphene‐MoS2‐graphene heterostructure
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Singh Arvind , Nivedan Anand , Kumar Sandeep , Yun Seok Joon , Lee Young Hee , Tondusson Marc , Degert Jérôme , Oberle Jean , Freysz Eric
Published: May 2021

Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides are semiconducting materials which offer many prospects in optoelectronics. A monolayer of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has a direct bandgap of 1.88 eV. Hence, when excited with optical photon energies below its bandgap, no photocarriers are generated and a monolayer of MoS2 is not of much use in either photovoltaics or photodetection. Here, we demonstrate that large size MoS2 monolayer sandwiched between two graphene layers makes this heterostructure optically active well below the band gap of MoS2. An ultrafast optical pump‐THz probe experiment reveals in real‐time, transfer of carriers between graphene and MoS2 monolayer upon photoexcitation with photon energies down to 0.5 eV. It also helps to unravel an unprecedented enhancement in the broadband transient THz response of this tri‐layer material system. We propose possible mechanism which can account for this phenomenon. Such specially designed heterostructures, which can be easily built around different transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers, will considerably broaden the scope for modern optoelectronic applications at THz bandwidth.
Enhanced photoemission from surface modulated GaAs:Ge
Authors: Sultan Muhammad Taha , Árnason Hákon Örn , Kateb Movaffaq , Manolescu Andrei , Svavarsson Halldór Gudfinnur , Valfells Ágúst
Published: May 2021

The present work reports the evolution and growth of GeGaAs(O) polytype nanoislands over GaAs p‐type substrate with photoemission application in mind. Several morphological transformations from NIs to simultaneously present nanopits/holes are observed as a function of annealing parameters that is, temperature (350‐800°C) and time (5‐90 minutes). Structural and elemental analyses are executed using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Photoemission current of the nanostructured surfaces, measured upon exposure from 265 nm light emitting diode, is found to depend on the nanoislands size, which in turn depends on the annealing parameters. A maximum photoelectric emission is obtained for structure annealed at 650°C for 60 minutes, upon which an increment of roughly two orders of magnitude is observed.
Pyridine‐functionalized fullerene derivative as an independent electron transport layer enabling efficient and hysteresis‐free regular perovskite solar cells
Authors: Wang Ye , Li Bairu , Jia Lingbo , Zhang Bo , Zhang He , Liang Panfei , Chen Muqing , Yang Hua , Wang Xinqing , Yang Shangfeng
Published: May 2021

Suitable electron transport materials bearing good interfacial contact, improved electron transport ability, and matched energy levels are indispensable for developing efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, regular (n‐i‐p) planar Cs0.05FA0.83MA0.12PbI2.55Br0.45 (CsFAMA) PSC devices were fabricated using a pyridine‐functionalized fullerene derivative (C60‐3‐BPy) as an independent electron transport layer (ETL), delivering a decent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.22%, which is dramatically higher than that of the control device based on [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) ETL (15.70%). The energy level offset between C60‐3‐BPy and the perovskite is smaller than that based on PCBM ETL, which is beneficial for efficient ohmic contact in ETL/perovskite interface and improved open‐circuit voltage (Voc). Moreover, C60‐3‐BPy affords strong coordination interactions with perovskite, leading to an improved film quality of the perovskite layer with enlarged grain size and decreased trap state density, which contribute to facilitated electron extraction as reflected by the increases of both the fill factor (FF) and the short‐circuit current (Jsc). C60‐3‐BPy‐facilitated electron extraction further results in hysteresis‐free devices.
Towards antiviral polymer composites to combat COVID‐19 transmission
Authors: Mouritz Adrian P. , Galos Joel , Linklater Denver P. , Ladani Raj B. , Kandare Everson , Crawford Russell J. , Ivanova Elena P.
Published: May 2021

Polymer matrix composite materials have the capacity to aid the indirect transmission of viral diseases. Published research shows that respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2 or COVID‐19), can attach to polymer substrata as a result of being contacted by airborne droplets resulting from infected people sneezing or coughing in close proximity. Polymer matrix composites are used to produce a wide range of products that are “high‐touch” surfaces, such as sporting goods, laptop computers and household fittings, and these surfaces can be readily contaminated by pathogens. This article reviews published research on the retention of SARS‐CoV‐2 and other virus types on plastics. The factors controlling the viral retention time on plastic surfaces are examined and the implications for viral retention on polymer composite materials are discussed. Potential strategies that can be used to impart antiviral properties to polymer composite surfaces are evaluated. These strategies include modification of the surface composition with biocidal agents (e.g., antiviral polymers and nanoparticles) and surface nanotexturing. The potential application of these surface modification strategies in the creation of antiviral polymer composite surfaces is discussed, which opens up an exciting new field of research for composite materials.
A fast and novel method for amide proton transfer‐chemical exchange saturation transfer multislice imaging
Authors: Schüre Jan‐Rüdiger , Pilatus Ulrich , Deichmann Ralf , Hattingen Elke , Shrestha Manoj
Published: May 2021

Amide proton transfer‐chemical exchange saturation transfer (APT‐CEST) imaging provides important information for the diagnosis and monitoring of tumors. For such analysis, complete coverage of the brain is advantageous, especially when registration is performed with other magnetic resonance (MR) modalities, such as MR spectroscopy (MRS). However, the acquisition of Z‐spectra across several slices via multislice imaging may be time‐consuming. Therefore, in this paper, we present a new approach for fast multislice imaging, allowing us to acquire 16 slices per frequency offset within 8 s. The proposed fast CEST‐EPI sequence employs a presaturation module, which drives the magnetization into the steady‐state equilibrium for the first frequency offset. A second module, consisting of a single CEST pulse (for maintaining the steady‐state) followed by an EPI acquisition, passes through a loop to acquire multiple slices and adjacent frequency offsets. Thus, the whole Z‐spectrum can be recorded much faster than the conventional saturation scheme, which employs a presaturation for each single frequency offset. The validation of the CEST sequence parameters was performed by using the conventional saturation scheme. Subsequently, the proposed and a modified version of the conventional CEST sequence were compared in vitro on a phantom with different T1 times and in vivo on a brain tumor patient. No significant differences between both sequences could be found in vitro. The in vivo data yielded almost identical MTRasym contrasts for the white and gray matter as well as for tumor tissue. Our results show that the proposed fast CEST‐EPI sequence allows for rapid data acquisition and provides similar CEST contrasts as the modified conventional scheme while reducing the scanning time by approximately 50%.
Independence of placement for local Fourier analysis
Authors: He Yunhui
Published: May 2021

Local Fourier analysis (LFA) serves a prominent role in the prediction of the convergence factor of multigrid methods for discretizations of PDEs. However, few discussions about the implementation of LFA for complicated discretizations of PDEs exist, such as higher order finite elements, as staggered meshes could lead to complex LFA representations of the grid‐transfer operator. In this work, we prove that the LFA representation for d‐dimensional PDEs is independent of the placement of degrees of freedom (DoFs). Intuitively speaking, the seeding of the unknowns has no direct effect on the LFA presentation, instead, it serves as a unitary transformation between different representations. Thus, different LFA representations for a given PDE have the same spectrum and norm. Furthermore, we provide a uniform representation in terms of the location of the unknowns, named simple representation, where we allocate all of the DoFs at nodes, resulting in a simple and unified way to compute the symbols of the discrete operators, especially for the grid‐transfer operators. This simple representation can contribute to the generalization of the implementation of LFA for different types of discretizations and different problems, especially for higher order discretization methods.
Moral courage, moral sensitivity and safe nursing care in nurses caring of patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Khodaveisi Masoud , Oshvandi Khodayar , Bashirian Saeid , Khazaei Salman , Gillespie Mark , Masoumi Seyedeh Zahra , Mohammadi Fateme
Published: May 2021

Aim

Evaluation the moral courage, moral sensitivity and safe nursing care in nurses caring of infected patients by the COVID‐19.

Design

This study employed cross‐sectional research.

Methods

520 nurses caring for COVID‐19 patients in 5 hospitals were selected via convenience sampling. They completed questionnaires online. Data were analysed by SPSS software version 22.

Results

Findings showed that moral courage has a strong and direct correlation with moral sensitivity (p < .001, r = 0–.70) and safe nursing care (p < .001, r = 0–.74). Variables of moral sensitivity, safe nursing care, work experience, age and employment status can predict 64.76% of the variance in moral courage in these nurses. Nursing care of patients with COVID‐19 have reported high moral courage in recent months, and in spite of the numerous tensions and stresses in terms of caring these patients during this relative long period, they are still diligent in providing safe and high sensitive care to these patients.
The association between obesity and peak antibody titer response in COVID‐19 infection
Authors: Soffer Shelly , Glicksberg Benjamin S. , Zimlichman Eyal , Efros Orly , Levin Matthew A. , Freeman Robert , Reich David L. , Klang Eyal
Published: May 2021

Objective

Obesity is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection. Disease severity is associated with a higher COVID‐19 antibody titer. The COVID‐19 antibody titer response of patients with obesity versus patients without obesity was compared.

Methods

The data of individuals tested for COVID‐19 serology at the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City between March 1, 2020, and December 14, 2021, were retrospectively retrieved. The primary outcome was peak antibody titer, assessed as a binary variable (1:2,880, which was the highest detected titer, versus lower than 1:2,880). In patients with a positive serology test, peak titer rates were compared between BMI groups (<18.5, 18.5 to 25, 25 to 30, 30 to 40, and ≥40 kg/m2). A multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the independent association between different BMI groups and peak titer.

Results

Overall, 39,342 individuals underwent serology testing and had BMI measurements. A positive serology test was present in 12,314 patients. Peak titer rates were associated with obesity (BMI < 18.5 [34.5%], 18.5 to 25 [29.2%], 25 to 30 [37.7%], 30 to 40 [44.7%], ≥40 [52.0%]; p < 0.001). In a multivariable analysis, severe obesity had the highest adjusted odds ratio for peak titer (95% CI: 2.1‐3.0).

Conclusion

COVID‐19 neutralizing antibody titer is associated with obesity. This has implications on the understanding of the role of obesity in COVID‐19 severity.
Light‐Driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation of Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Zeng Yong‐Yi , Liu Lan , Chen Bi‐Shuang , Zhang Wuyuan
Published: May 2021

Photodecarboxylase fromChlorella variabillis(CvFAP) is one of the three known light‐activated enzymes that catalyzes the decarboxylation of fatty acids into the corresponding C1‐shortened alkanes. Although the substrate scope ofCvFAP has been altered by protein engineering and decoy molecules, it is still limited to mono‐fatty acids. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that long chain dicarboxylic acids can be converted byCvFAP. Notably, the conversion of dicarboxylic acids to alkanes still represents a chemically very challenging reaction. Herein, the light‐driven enzymatic decarboxylation of dicarboxylic acids to the corresponding (C2‐shortened) alkanes usingCvFAP is described. A series of dicarboxylic acids is decarboxylated into alkanes in good yields by means of this approach, even for the preparative scales. Reaction pathway studies show that mono‐fatty acids are formed as the intermediate products before the final release of C2‐shortened alkanes. In addition, the thermostability, storage stability, and recyclability ofCvFAP for decarboxylation of dicarboxylic acids are well evaluated. These results represent an advancement over the current state‐of‐the‐art.
How creativity can help research on the multiple values of nature become more innovative and inclusive
Authors: Gould Rachelle K.
Published: May 2021

The global environmental situation presents humans with challenges of unprecedented complexity, and research into the multiple values of nature aims to inform decision‐making in the context of this complexity.

Research suggests that creativity can be a crucial tool in confronting complexity, crises and novel situations.

I argue that research into the multiple values of nature should intentionally seek and embrace creativity in approaches, methods and techniques. I draw on diverse fields to summarize the importance of creativity in navigating complex situations and crises.

I present specific strategies drawn from the literature on creativity and innovation and link them to research on the multiple values of nature. These strategies are: Define the problem carefully and intentionally; be inspired by others' work; nurture scepticism and be open‐minded; don't use only words; iterate and ‘fail early, fail often'; and embrace teamwork. I describe each strategy, then offer thoughts on how each relates to research on the multiple values of nature.

To conclude, I address caveats to the use of creativity in multiple‐values‐of‐nature research and suggest the transformative role that rich, collaborative and creative study of the multiple values of nature may play.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Complementary and alternative medicine in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma—A SIOPE DIPG Network and Registry study
Authors: El‐Khouly Fatma E. , Adil Syed M. , Wiese Maria , Hulleman Esther , Hendrikse N. Harry , Kaspers Gertjan J.L. , Kramm Christof M. , Veldhuijzen van Zanten Sophie E.M. , van Vuurden Dannis G. ,   SIOPE DIPG Network
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a rare and aggressive childhood brainstem malignancy with a 2‐year survival rate of <10%. This international survey study aims to evaluate the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in this patient population.

Methods

Parents and physicians of patients with DIPG were asked to participate in a retrospective online survey regarding CAM use during time of illness.

Results

Between January and May 2020, 120 parents and 75 physicians contributed to the online survey. Most physicians estimated that <50% of their patients used CAM, whereas 69% of the parents reported using CAM to treat their child during time of illness. Cannabis was the most frequently used form of CAM, followed by vitamins and minerals, melatonin, curcumin, and boswellic acid. CAM was mainly used with the intention of direct antitumor effect. Other motivations were to treat side effects of chemotherapy or to increase comfort of the child. Children diagnosed from 2016 onwards were more likely to use CAM (χ2 = 6.08, p = .014). No significant difference was found between CAM users and nonusers based on ethnicity (χ2 = 4.18, p = .382) or country of residence (χ2 = 9.37, p = .154). Almost 50% of the physicians do not frequently ask their patients about possible CAM use.

Conclusion

This survey demonstrates that worldwide, a considerable number of patients with DIPG use CAM. Physicians should be more aware of potential CAM use and actively discuss the topic. In addition, more research is needed to gain knowledge about possible anticancer effects of CAM and (positive/negative) interactions with conventional therapies.
Proteomic analyses reveal that immune integrins are major targets for regulation by Membrane‐Associated Ring‐CH (MARCH) proteins MARCH2, 3, 4 and 9
Authors: Sandow Jarrod J. , Webb Andrew I. , Stockwell Dina , Kershaw Nadia J. , Tan Cyrus , Ishido Satoshi , Alexander Warren S. , Hilton Douglas J. , Babon Jeffrey J. , Nicola Nicos A.
Published: May 2021

MARCH proteins are membrane‐associated Ring‐CH E3 ubiquitin ligases that dampen immune responses by downregulating cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complexes I and II as well as immune co‐stimulatory receptors. We recently showed that MARCH2,3,4 and 9 also downregulate cell surface expression of the inflammatory cytokine receptor for interleukin‐6 (IL6Rα). Here we use over‐expression of these MARCH proteins in the M1 myeloid leukaemia cell line and cell surface proteomic analyses to globally analyse other potential targets of these proteins. A large range of cell surface proteins regulated by more than one MARCH protein in addition to several MARCH protein‐specific cell surface targets were identified most of which were downregulated by MARCH expression. Prominent among these were several integrin complexes associated with immune cell homing, adhesion and migration. Integrin α4β1 (VLA4 or VCAM‐1 receptor) was downregulated only by MARCH2 and we showed that in MARCH2 knockout mice, Integrin α4 was upregulated specifically in mature B‐lymphocytes and this was accompanied by decreased numbers of B‐cells in the spleen.