bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF MOIST PELLETED FOODS ON THE GROWTH OF HATCHERY TURBOT (Scophthalmus maximus) JUVENILES
Authors: Ruyet J. Person‐Le , Noël T. , Nédélec G. , Souchu P. Le
Published: August 2010

Four experiments were carried out to test the effects of dry and moist pellets on growth of hatchery reared turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) juveniles. Dry pelleted foods were suitable for young juveniles up to about 50 g body weight. Weight gains obtained with 1.4 to 9 g and 24 to 100 g turbot were 6.6 and 2.1% per day respectively.

Wet foods, ground trash fish and moist compound pellets were temporary suitable foods. Ground trash fish, such as sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus), was difficult to use when feeding turbot weighing less than 10 g. Furthermore, a decrease of survival rate was observed when using this food over a long period. For larger fishes, moist compound pellets may be an alternative. Raw mackerel or sprat are efficient feedstuffs for stimulating the appetite of turbot. Incorporation of ground fish at a minimum rate of 20 to 25% (on a dry weight basis) improved the attractiveness of the moist compound pellets. Either ground up comercial pellets or experimental ingredients can be used to make up the dry portion of the moist pellets. At 18°C, feeding 20 g turbot with moist pellets resulted in weight gains of 4.5 to 5.5 per day.
COMMUNAL STOCKING AND MULTIPLE REARING TECHNIQUE FOR CATFISH GENETICS RESEARCH
Authors: Dunham Rex A. , Smitheman R. Oneal , Chappell Jesse A. , Youngblood Paul N. , Bice Tim O.
Published: August 2010

The correlation between gain in communal ponds and separate ponds for different strains, crossbreds, species, and hybrids of catfish in six experiments was 0.89 to 0.97 and averaged 0.93. The mean correlation between replicate communal ponds was 0.91. These high correlations were obtained within several experiments in which various genetic crosses, ages of fish, and stocking rates were involved. Rank of gain in communal ponds was the same as rank of gain in separate ponds. This allows the use of communal ponds for catfish genetics research.

Three major variables determined the effect of initial weight on final weight. They were: the mean initial weight, the magnitude of the initial difference, and the harvest weight. These different conditions caused final differences of 2.6–16.7 g per g of initial difference.

Multiple rearing is a technique where feeding is adjusted to ensure that fish are of similar sizes for the initiation of genetics experiments in communal or separate ponds. If compensatory gain exists in stunted channel catfish, the multiple rearing technique would not be valid for catfish genetics experiments. No growth differences (P > 0.05) were exhibited between stunted and normal fish after 26 days. Compensatory gain was not exhibited by channel catfish fingerlings; therefore the multiple rearing technique is valid for genetics experiments involving fingerling catfish.
PARASITE LEVELS OF STOCKED GLASS EEL AND ELVER STAGES OF AMERICAN EEL1
Authors: Field Donald W. , Eversole Arnold G.
Published: August 2010

Glass eel and elver stages of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) collected for a commercial aquaculture facility from Cooper River, South Carolina, were examined for parasites. Glass eels (n=130) were infected with two species, Myxidium giardi (56.9%) and an unidentified glochidium (1.5%). M. giardi occurred as immature trophozoites in the gall bladder. Five phyla and 8 genera of parasites were recovered from elvers (n=199). Frequently occurring species included M. giardi (65.3%), Trichodina sp. (45.7%) and Bothriocephalus scorpii (21.1%). In elvers, M. giardi occurred as immature and mature trophozoites in gall bladders, and as cysts in gill filaments.

Elvers were treated prophylactically with 100 mg/liter formalin for one hour before stocking ponds. Occurrence of Trichodina decreased from 80.0 to 21.1% and intensity decreased from 12.1 to 8.3 Trichodina per elver after treatment. Significant declines in infestation were not observed in other parasites after treatment.
A FEEDING GUIDE FOR SINGLE‐CROPPED CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus)1
Authors: Foltz Jeffrey W.
Published: August 2010

A feeding program was developed for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) which takes into consideration fish body size and water temperature. Recommended daily rations at 29°C ranged from 4.4% body weight for small fingerlings (76 nun) to 1.4% for harvest‐sized fish (454 g). Rations are reduced at lower temperatures. Rations are adjusted daily based upon the assumption that catfish growth in length averaged 1.27 mm per day. Conversion (g food fed/g net gain) averaged 1.20 (±0.02) in eight separate trials over two years. A separate experiment tested the assumption of linearity of growth in length. Length increments were essentially linear when water temperature exceeded 25°C.
EXAMINATION OF SPERMATOPHORE PRODUCTION BY LABORATORY‐MAINTAINED LOBSTERS (Homarus)
Authors: Talbot Prudence , Hedgecock Dennis , Borgeson Will , Wilson Phillip , Thaler Cathy
Published: August 2010

Lobster aquaculture requires control of reproductive processes. We have previously described an electrical stimulation technique for collecting spermatophores from living lobsters (Homarus americanus). These spermatophores can potentially be used in a variety of ways including: 1) experimental manipulation of sperm, 2) artificial insemination of females, 3) sperm banking, and 4) evaluation of sperm production by the male. In this study, we evaluated spermatophore production and extrusion from: 1) laboratory reared H. americanus and H. gammarus, 2) stressed, wild‐caught H. americanus, and 3) laboratory bred and reared hybrid males from reciprocal interspecific crosses. Our results show that the extrusion technique can be used successfully on H. americanus, H. gammarus and hybrid males. Laboratory reared H. americanus and H. gammarus from both Aquaculture Enterprises and Bodega Marine Laboratory extruded spermatophores in 60–85% of all trials. The majority of these spermatophores were of high quality containing large sperm masses with morphologically normal sperm. Stressed H. americanus, obtained from a market in Sunset Beach, California, 24 hours after shipment from New England, extruded fewer spermatophores which were shorter in length and inferior in quality. Hybrid males extruded spermatophores possessing a morphologically normal wall, but lacking sperm. These results demonstrate that this electrical stimulation technique can be used to screen males for spermatophore production and identify certain types of infertility.
NITRIFICATION FILTERS FOR AQUATIC CULTURE, SYSTEMS: STATE OF THE ART1
Authors: Kaiser G. Ellen , Wheaton Fred W.
Published: August 2010

Nitrification filters have been used for many years in aquatic culture systems to convert highly toxic ammonia to less toxic nitrates. The environmental variables influencing nitrification most are: water temperature, pH, and flow rate through the filter, and the dissolved oxygen and ammonia‐N concentrations. The response of nitrifying bacteria to these and other environmental conditions is reviewed. In the light of this summary, the existing biological filters are examined. The most promising designs appear to be the Bio‐drum and the rotating biological discs (RBD). Finally, an analysis is presented of areas in biological filter design needing additional research.
A REVIEW OF KELP BED MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Wilson Kenneth C. , North Wheeler J.
Published: August 2010

Methods for maintaining and enhancing stands of giant kelp (Macrocystis spp.) continue to evolve. This paper reviews the history of kelp management techniques and describes recent research, as well as new methodology that has come into general usage. The southern California kelp populations are basically wild crops, but survival and biomass production can be significantly affected by relatively moderate inputs of human effort. Methodologies discussed include urchin control techniques (hammering, suction dredging, quick‐lime, and harvesting urchins as specialty foods), culturing and transplanting kelp, control of competitive weeds, and monitoring. New research areas include improved understanding of the kelp ecosystem, kelp nutrition (with possibilities for enhancing productivity by fertilizing), genetics and breeding, optimizing biomass density, and expanding beds by use of artificial substrates.
NEW YORK MARINE BIOMASS PROGRAM‐CULTURE OF Laminaria saccharina
Authors: Brinkhuis Boudewijn H. , Breda Valeria A. , Tobin Sheila , Macler Bruce A.
Published: August 2010

A marine biomass program was initiated in New York in 1980. Preliminary screening studies indicated that Laminaria saccharina L. is a good candidate for growth in seaweed/rope culturing systems. numerous laboratory tank and field raft‐culture experiments have examined the relationships between growth and ambient light, temperature and nitrogen levels throughout the year. Laminaria sporophytes appear in the field during the spring and late summer. Maximum growth rate (up to 8%•day‐1) occurs in the fall and spring. During the winter months, growth continues at 0.5 to l%•day‐1 while temperatures range from ‐1 to 4°C. A rapid increase in growth rate is observed when temperatures approach 6°C in late March. Growth ceases during the summer months and mature blades erode from distal portions. Much of the field population disappears during the summer months, while plants on rafts show greater survival. During the summer months of 1983, a small‐scale rope culture farm will be deployed and stocked with young Laminaria sporophytes.
FILTRATION TECHNIQUE FOR RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS
Authors: Poole Bruce M.
Published: August 2010

The use of biological filters in closed systems to maintain salmonids and crustaceans is becoming more common as commercial aquaculture ventures approach the urban marketplace. Competition for land and water resources makes the capital costs for equipment, tanks, and material economically feasible. The advantages of intensive closed system aquaculture are greater control over water quality, more production per unit area, and controllable growth rates. The feeding techniques and high loadings generally produce a concentrated wastewater that must be treated by physical, chemical, and biological processes before reuse. Treatment of ammonia, nitrite, and suspended solids are the primary concerns of the culturist. This paper describes the removal efficiencies of biological sand filters in commercial service for various loading parameters. Design factors and the ranges of operation for different systems and organisms are related to data collected over two years of culture. Particular attention is paid to the various soluble and solid forms of nitrogenous waste and their removal in prefiltration, submerged, and trickling biological oxidation systems. The recycled water is returned to many different tanks for polyculture production of fish and crustaceans.
FISH PRODUCTION AND COMMUNITY METABOLISM IN AN ORGANICALLY FERTILIZED FISH POND
Authors: Behrends L. L. , Kingsley J. B. , Maddox J. J. , Waddell E. L.
Published: August 2010

Fish production and community metabolism were monitored from March 1 to October 12, 1979, in an organically fertilized fish pond. Six hundred l/ha/min of warm water, simulating condenser cooling water from a steam‐electric power plant, was diverted into the pond to optimize fish production and lengthen the growing season. Liquid swine manure was added daily to the pond at a mean dry matter loading rate of 61 kg/ha/day. Two species of tilapia and 3 species of Asiatic carp were stocked at a combined density of 15,400/ha. In September, fish density was reduced to 6,625/ha.

Net fish production after 213 days of culture was equivalent to 7,200 kg/ha. Community metabolism values (minimum‐maximum, mean) expressed as gO2/m2/day were: gross primary production (9.2–45.5, 22.1), net primary production (5.9–17.4, 10.4), and community respiration (8.2–46.6, 22.1). From June to September, a negative correlation existed between fish standing crop and primary production. Net primary production during afternoon hours averaged 32% less than production during morning hours. Seasonal and daily changes in primary production are discussed in relation to fish standing crop and fish grazing pressure.
THE ROLE OF INTRODUCED BIVALVE MOLLUSC SPECIES IN MARICULTURE1
Authors: Mann Roger
Published: August 2010

Premeditated introductions of non‐indigenous molluscan shellfish species have been important in establishing several substantial fisheries. The North American fishery for Crassostrea gigas developed from active introductions that began in the early part of this century and continued until 1978. More recently C. gigas has been introduced to many sites in Europe, South Africa, South America, the Mediterranean, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, has been successfully introduced to the state of Maine. An internationa code of practice for examining and effecting intentional introductions has been developed which recommends a combination of quarantine procedures and hatchery rearing to avoid accidental introduction of associated species and disease organisms. Several nations have developed comprehensive legislation to control movement of non‐indigenous species. Active movement of species for culture purposes continues, especially in Europe and the Pacific Islands.
ESTUARINE CAGE CULTURE OF HYBRID STRIPED BASS
Authors: Woods L. Curry , Kerby J. Howard , Huish Melvin T.
Published: August 2010

Nine 0.5‐m3 cages were stocked with three densities (100, 150 and 200/m3) of female striped bass X male white bass hybrids that averaged 44.6 g on 10 April 1981. Fish received a dry, floating commercial trout diet ad libitum 2 or 3 times daily. Survival to harvest (22 November 1981) for all densities averaged 95% with a mean weight per fish of 333 g. Growth of the hybrids was positively correlated with temperature, and greatest growth occurred during the period of highest water temperatures. Growth was negatively correlated with salinity. The mean coefficient of condition (K) was approximately 1.5 for the hybrids. No significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found in terms of growth in length, weight or condition of the hybrids, between densities. Biomass at harvest averaged 46.6 kg/m3 with a maximum of 62.2 kg/m3 for a high density replicate. A combined feed conversion ratio of dry feed to wet fish weight was 1.58:1. Results demonstrate the potential of the hybrid striped bass for use in aquaculture and indicate that the hybrids can be grown to commercial size within 18 months in small cages at densities as high as 200 fish/m3. Additional information was obtained for striped bass held in cages at a density of 50 fish/m3.
ATTRACTIVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES FOR THE WEANING OF DOVER SOLE (Solea vulgaris): QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
Authors: Métailler R. , Cadena‐Roa M. , Ruyet J. Person‐Le
Published: August 2010

Two experiments were conducted to confirm and define quantitatively and qualitatively the efficiency of a mixture of attractive chemical substances (betaine, glycine, L‐alanine, L‐arginine, L‐glutamic acid, inosine) for the weaning of 35‐day‐old, 120 mg weight soles. During the weaning period, a relatively high quantity (6.9% of the diet) is needed. Addition at lower levels (2.9%, 1.5%) resulted in slower growth (specific growth rate from 4.9% to 4.1%), lower survival (from 78% to 50%) and poorer feed conversion (from 2.2 to 5.5). The chemical mixture can be simplified by using only betaine, glycine and inosine, without any loss in attractive efficiency as compared to the original mixture.
REVIEW OF TEN YEARS OF EXPERIMENTAL PENAEID SHRIMP CULTURE IN TAHITI AND NEW CALEDONIA (SOUTH PACIFIC)
Authors:   AQUACOPs
Published: August 2010

Since 1973, the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique has been conducting, in its Tahitian and New Caledonian facilities, tropical penaeid shrimp rearings. Up to now, among the different species tested, Penaeus mnodon, P. stylirostris, P. indicus and P. vannamei have been selected and currently cultured for several generations. P. monodon is a fastgraving species especially adapted to tropical semi‐intensive culture conditions with a 2–3 tons/ha/year production from postlarvae. P. stylirostris is particularly suitable for cultures at lower temperatures (22–28°C). Yields are similar to those obtained with P. mnodon. P. indicus, a smaller species, is easily bred in captivity. In semi‐intensive cultures, production is slightly inferior (1.5‐2 tons/ha/year). However, P. indicus tolerates high density culture conditions (>100/m2), though at a lower growth rate (yields, 15 tons/ha/year). P. vannamei excels in intensive systems. Production, obtained in small volumes (10 m3), averages 40 tons/ha/year but results in larger volumes (100 to 1,000 m3) are still lower.
A PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A PROPOSED COMMERCIAL PENAEID SHRIMP CULTURE OPERATION1
Authors: Huang Hann‐Jin , Griffin Wade L. , Aldrich David V.
Published: August 2010

This analysis utilized the production data obtained in 1982 from ponds at the Cedar Bayou Texas A&M Mariculture Facility, east of Baytown, Texas. The Aquaculture Budget Simulation System developed at Texas A&M University was applied to create budgetary information including the net return, economic profit, break‐even quantities and prices, and net present values over a 10‐year horizon. This information was used to evaluate the economic feasibility of different stocking strategies at a proposed 76‐ha commercial penaeid shrimp culture operation. The stocking strategies consist of monoculture of Penaeus stylirostris at 10 and 20/m2 respectively and polyculture of P. stylirostris with P. vannamei at two ratios (3:1 and 1:3) with a total density of 20/m2.

The results indicated that only the polyculture of 75% P. vannamei with 25% P. stylirostris is economically profitable. This stocking strategy yields an economic profit of $54,589 for the first year of operation. The break‐even production of 1,526 kg/ha is less than the expected annual production of 1,919 kg/ha. The break‐even price of $6.11/kg is less than the market price of $8.23/kg. The net present value is $839,424 over 10 years considering the beginning $20,000 cash and 20% of the total investment as owner's investment. The payback occurred following the second year's harvest.
DISEASES OF WILD, CAPTIVE AND CULTURED SCALLOPS
Authors: Leibovitz L. , Schott E. F. , Karney R. C.
Published: August 2010

Mass mortalities of wild, captive and cultured scallops have been frequently reported. The cailses of such mortalities and population fluctuations have not been established. A review of specific diseases of scallops is presented and the following newly reported diseases are discussed. Odostomia spp. and Polydora spp. are important predators and shell inhabitants of captive and cultured scallops. Rickettsial infections in the bay scallop are reported. Bacterial infections, especially vibriosis, are common in cultured scallop larvae. Protozoan infections and fouling are common and may be pathogenic. These include algal infections of mantle tissue, environmental dinoflagellate blooms (e.g., Prorocentrum spp.), renal coccidia, Hexamita spp., trichodina‐like organisms, and others. A variety of helminth parasites, especially in adductor muscle tissues, are of public health importance. Fouling organisms are common in captive and cultured populations. Sabellaria vulgaris, a polychaete, is an important lethal fouling agent for wild bay scallops.

Motile scallops differ from many other bivalves by their anatomical and physiological predisposition to traumatic injuries, fouling and predation.

Specific diseases can be most readily observed in captive and cultured populations, increasing our understanding of diseases of wild stock and young larval and juvenile stages.
IMPROVING MARKET COORDINATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AN AQUACULTURAL INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF THE CATFISH INDUSTRY IN ALABAMA
Authors: Mims Steve D. , Sullivan Gregory M.
Published: August 2010

A major criterion for successful development of an aquacultural industry is to achieve sustained and smooth expansion. Orderly growth can be accomplished through improved coordination of information and product flows from producers to consumers. This study focuses on the catfish industry in Alabama as an example of ways to improve market coordination beneficial to development of the industry. The Alabama catfish industry has grown rapidly over the last decade and is concentrated in six West Alabama counties. Two large processing plants currently operate in close proximity to each other, obtaining catfish from approximately 200 producers. A “mirror image” field survey was designed to obtain information from both processors and producers. Three management personnel from each plant were interviewed. A cross section of 39 large‐ to small‐scale producers were interviewed who own 70% of the total catfish production pond acreage in five of the counties. The study of market coordination between catfish producers and processors in West Alabama reveals areas of agreement and disagreement in operation of the current system. Producers and processors were in agreement on preferred sizes of fish and the importance of “on‐flavor” taste of catfish. Establishment of a producers' cooperative feed mill and increased market promotion were agreed upon as critical prerequisites to expansion of the catfish industry. Producers and processors disagreed on the following major points: pricing mechanisms and agreements, time lag for payments to producers by processors, advance scheduling of harvest, elimination of “hold‐over” fish, liability for catfish at harvest, pricing contracts and communication. Lack of communication was agreed to be the most common reason for most differences of opinion. A bargaining association could improve coordination between producers and processors without jeopardizing a firm's ability to do business.
BLACK DRUM X RED DRUM HYBRIDIZATION AND GROWTH
Authors: Henderson‐Arzapalo Anne , Colura Robert L.
Published: August 2010

Hybridization, development, juvenile growth in ponds, and morphological characteristics of black drum (Pogonias cromis) female x red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) male hybrids are described. Hormone (HCG) injection was used to induce ovulation in a field collected black drum. Spermatogenesis was induced in a laboratory maintained red drum by temperature and photoperiod manipulation. Hybridization was accomplished by strip‐spawning with a fertilization rate of 66%. Hatching began 30 hours post‐fertilization at 21–22°C, and mean total length of newly hatched fry was 1.6 mm. Mouthpart development was complete 58 hours post‐hatch, at which time larval fish were stocked into a 0.8 hectare fertilized pond. After 34 days, mean total length was 33.1 mm and survival was 16.6%. Approximately 13,000 hybrids were retained, fed commercial salmon feed, and harvested after 197 days. Mean total length at harvest was 189 mm. Mean daily growth rate was 0.81 mm/day while the food conversion efficiency was 1.9. Hybrid pigmentation patterns, number of anal rays, and the number of gill rakers were intermediate between the parent species.
CULTURING THE SPINY OYSTER, Saccostrea echinata, IN AMBON, INDONESIA
Authors: Angell Charles L. , Tetelepta J. , Smith Lynwood S.
Published: August 2010

A demonstration project for the small‐scale culture of Saccostrea echinata was set up in Ambon Bay, Indonesia, and operated from May 1981 to July 1983. Four cultch materials were tested for setting of natural seed. Asbestos‐cement gave good results, but a cement‐palm fiber composite was later found to be equally effective and more economical. The minimum grow‐out was 19 months. Meat yield varied from 26 to 140 grams per collector. Cooked meats were processed for local consumption.

The projected family farm would consist of 2,500 collectors occupying an area of 1/4 ha. Total meat yield would be 175 kg. The internal rate of return for such a farm was estimated to be 26.97%.
SURVIVAL AND PRODUCTION OF ONE‐ AND SEVEN‐DAY‐OLD STRIPED BASS LARVAE IN HATCHERY PONDS
Authors: Harrell Reginal M.
Published: August 2010

Production of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) historically has been initiated by stocking five‐ to 15‐day‐old larvae. Age of stocking was based on the fact that developmentally these larvae were more advanced and should have a better chance of survival than those less than five days old (prolarvae). This need to stock more advanced larvae to improve probability of survival has not been demonstrated thoroughly.

Survival and production of one‐day‐old and seven‐day‐old striped bass larvae stocked in triplicate rearing ponds during two hatchery seasons were compared. Evidence obtained indicates larval striped bass may not need a lotic environment to survive their earliest life stages as previously believed. Survival, total weight, number harvested, and mean daily growth were two to three times better for the one‐day‐old larvae than sibling seven‐day‐old larvae.

Results of these findings indicate striped bass culturist may successfully stock larvae under the right conditions at an earlier age than previously believed. These striped bass hatchery management implications and benefits of these findings are presented and compared with previous findings.
CULTURE OF FISHES OF THE GENUS Trachinotus (CARANGIDAE) IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC: PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
Authors: Jory Darryl E. , Iversen E. S. , Lewis R. H.
Published: August 2010

Carangid fishes of the genus Trachinotus have received much attention as mariculture candidates. Foremost among these is the Florida pompano (T. carolinus), which drew considerable research attention in Florida and Alabama that culminated in several business‐sponsored, intensive but uneconomical attempts to commercially culture pompano in south Florida and the Dominican Republic from the 1960's through the mid‐1970's. These attempts, however, demonstrated the biological feasibility of rearing pompano. Recently renewed interest has developed in commercially culturing pompano and two related species, Atlantic permit (T. falcatus) and palometa (T. goodei). Research on Trachinotus spp. in Martinique, Venezuela and Miami, Florida, is summarized, together with problems and prospects for commercial culture of these species.
SPAWNING AND CULTURE OF SHORTNOSE STURGEON,Acipenser brevirostrum1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Dingley Edward K. , Lindsey Robert D. , Van Sant Scott B. , Smiley Robert A. , Stokes Alvin D.
Published: August 2010

In 1983 and 1984, the endangered shortnose sturgeon,Acipenser brevirostrum, was successfully spawned and progeny reared as part of a cooperative culture program between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of South Carolina. Wild‐caught adults were induced to spawn through injection of either carp or sturgeon pituitaries. Ovulated eggs were removed through an abdominal incision or through manual stripping. In one case, an uninjected female spawned in a tank with ripe males. Hatching began at 111–121 hours at 20°C and 136 hours at 18°C. Fish hatched at a mean size of 9.6 mm TL and grew to 28.9 mm by day 35.

Tank‐held spawned brood stock and wild‐caught non‐brood stock decreased in size in spite of the availability of natural foods, however, pond‐held adults grew in size.
EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR FISHERY MARKET TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: AQUACULTURE ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Street D. R. , Sullivan G. M.
Published: August 2010

Fishery products represent one alternative to improve nutrition levels for low‐income consumers. Governments and aid organizations in Less Developed Countries often attempt to help low‐income consumers and simultaneously to improve fishery marketing operations. Increased market stability beneficial to sellers and/or high‐income consumers of fishery products may have serious distributional consequences in an equity context which completely eliminate low‐income consumers from purchasing products. Aquacultural alternatives are discussed as means to satisfy low‐income demands and raise incomes of sellers of fishery products.
THE EFFECT OF EYESTALK ABLATION ON SPERMATOPHORE AND SPERM QUALITY INPenaeus vannamei
Authors: Leung‐Trujillo Joanna K. , Lawrence A. L.
Published: August 2010

The effects of eyestalk ablation on spermatophore and sperm quality inPenaeus vannameiwere investigated in bilaterally, unilaterally, and unablated males stocked at a 1:1 ratio with unilaterally ablated females. Males were evaluated for sperm quality by determining sperm count, percent live sperm and percent abnormal sperm from males at the initiation of the experiment (baseline), and at the end of the 104‐day experimental period. The bilateral treatment group was terminated at 56 days, due to excessive mortality. Data indicate that unilateral ablation enhances gonad weight, gonad index and spermatophore weight. Of critical importance is the fact that unilaterally ablated males demonstrated a significantly higher mean sperm count (81.8 million) than both the unablated controls (31.9 million) and the bilaterally ablated males (39.4 million). Additionally, neither unilateral nor bilateral ablation caused a decrease in sperm quality. Sperm viability profiles (i.e., percent live, and percent abnormal) determined for all treatments were not significantly different from one another. Values determined for mean percent live sperm were: 89.0, 98.6, and 99.0%, while average percentage abnormal sperm were: 10.5, 4.5, and 3.3% respectively for the control, unilateral, and bilateral treatments. These data suggest that unilateral eyestalk ablation enhances the reproductive capabilities of males by increasing sperm count, without diminishing sperm quality. The effects of these treatment manipulations on mating and hatch rate are briefly discussed.
HEAVY METAL. CONCENTRATIONS IN SEA WATER FROM GRASS PRAWN HATCHERIES AND THE COAST OF TAIWAN
Authors: Chen Jiann‐Chu , Ting Yun‐Yuan , Lin Haun , Lian Tzong‐Chang
Published: August 2010

Of the 1500 million postlarvae produced last year, the average survival rate was estimated at lower than 20%. The intent of this study was to examine heavy metal as a potential contributory factor to their mortality. Although the concentrations of heavy metals in most areas were lower than the maximum permissible levels recommended by Japanese Fishery Agency and U.S. Coastal Sea Water Quality Criteria. Those hatheries with the lowest survival rates, however, were at Chyijin peninsula of Kaohsiung where the waters contained significantly high concentrations of iron and heavy metals.

Since most of the prawn hatchery farmers buried the inlet pipe under the sand beach and pumped the sea water from beneath the ground in the tidal zone instead of using coastal sea water directly, both waters were analyzed. The results indicated that except for manganese, the heavy metals in the coastal sea water were in higher concentrations than those in underground sea water. The higher manganese concentration found in the underground sea water was probably caused by dissolution from the manganese‐containing sediments. Pretreatment of sea water before use was recommended.
ARTIFICIAL BAITS FOR TRAPPING CRAWFISH (Procambarus spp.): FORMULATION AND ASSESSMENT
Authors: Burns Carol , Avault James W.
Published: August 2010

Eleven experimental crawfish (Procambarus spp.) baits, a commercial bait (Purina), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) were evaluated. Experimental baits consisted of attractant (fish solubles, menhaden [Brevoortia patronus] meal, and crawfish waste, alone or in combination), binder (wheat flour and wheat middlings), and carrier (rice bran and sugarcane bagasse). Baits were field tested two consecutive days each week from 9 January through 27 May 1984. Total number and total weight (±l g) of crawfish caught in each trap were recorded. Mean number and weight of crawfish caught for each cent of bait used was determined.

The level of fish solubles (0, 5, 10%) in a bait did not significantly (P> 0.05) affect mean number and weight of crawfish caught. Mean number and weight of crawfish caught increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing levels (0, 15, 25%) of menhaden meal. Crawfish waste (20 and 30%) baits did not differ (P> 0.05) in mean number and weight caught.
DIMENSIONING OF A MASS ALGAL CULTURE FACILITY FOR THE TEMPERATE ZONE NURSERY CULTURE OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS
Authors: Walsh Dennis T. , Kraus Richard A. , Withstandley Christopher A. , Talin Susan M. , Petrovits Eugene J.
Published: August 2010

Aquacultural Research Corporation (ARC) has operated a continuous mass algal culture facility for the nursery culture of the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) for twenty years. Procedures have been developed for the mass culture of selected species of microalgae that are of proven nutritional value for rearing bivalve spat. Within the past three years a 60% increase in algal yield has been achieved by selection of small centric diatoms for mass culture and by empirical determination of optimum depths and seasonal dilution rates for the light limited 40 m3 continuous cultures. Cell densities of the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana (3H) and Skeletonema sp. have averaged over 109 cells/liter from March through November. The algal pond surface area necessary to support a hypothetical nursery with a monthly average clam biomass of 8 kg dry meat weight (ca 13 × lo6 clam seed) was calculated for latitude 41°N during the four seasons of the year. These calculations were based on 1982–1983 algal yields and an assumed food chain efficiency of 10%. The required minimum algal pond surface area ranged from 192 m2 in summer to 750 m2 in winter. The current ARC nursery operation is compared with this hypothetical model. Costs of nursery seed production and a proposed strategy for minimizing the seasonal algal areal requirements of a temperate zone bivalve nursery are discussed.
INTERACTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY COMPOUNDS IN THE INTESTINE OF FISH‐IMPLICATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE
Authors: Farmanfarmaian A. , Socci R. , Sun L. , Iannaccone V. , Pugliese K.
Published: August 2010

Aquaculture facilities are often located in the proximity of agricultural, industrial, or urban sources of pollution. Utilization of water downstream from pollution sources is a general concern to aquaculturists. Rivers and coastal waters receive heavy metals from industrial and urban wastes and effluents. In most aquatic animals, the main route of heavy metal entry is via food and drink. In addition to the accumulation of heavy metals in aquatic species, we and others have shown that HgCl2and CH3HgCl inhibit intestinal absorption of amino acids and sugars. Here we present data to show the generality of this effect among several species. The data also show that HgCl2is a more potent inhibitor than CH3HgCl.

In order to further elucidate the mechanisms of action of mercury, we have examined the movement of203HgCl2and CH3203HgCl from the intestinal lumen to the blood using a free swinnning in vivo procedure in the toadfish,Opsanus tau. Intestinal tissue and luminal fluid were analyzed after each incubation period. It was observed that both compounds appear in the tissue fraction within the first hour. CH3HgCl rapidly transfers to the blood, while HgCl2exhibits a slow but evident transfer. Much of the HgCl2in the tissue fraction was carried back to the luminal fluid by the mucus, suggesting binding to the luminal surface with little intracellular entry. CH3HgCl mainly moved into the tissue and then the blood with little or none being returned to the luminal fluid bound to mucus. Differences in the site of action of these two compounds was suggested.
THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON RESTING EGG PRODUCTION IN THE ROTIFER Brachionus plicatilis
Authors: Snell Terry W. , Hoff Frank H.
Published: August 2010

The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is widely used in aquaculture, but problems remain with its utilization. It is often difficult to synchronize rotifer production with larval demand, year‐round culture maintenance is a technical nuisance, and cross‐strain contamination is a persistent problem. Rotifers produce resting eggs that are thick‐walled encysted stages which can remain dormant for extended periods. These resting eggs are analogous to Artemia cysts and could be used in a similar fashion in aquaculture. The mass production of rotifer resting eggs depends upon our ability to manipulate the rotifer life cycle in mass cultures. This paper examines several factors regulating the rotifer life cycle and identifies environments that promote resting egg production. Depending on the rotifer strain used, the strongest mictic response occurs at moderate temperatures and salinities. A mixed diet of Chlorella and baker's yeast promoted the greatest resting egg production. The RUS B. plicatilis strain exhibited the strongest mictic response in all environments tested and was 5 times that of any other strain. Success in manipulating the rotifer life cycle for resting egg production will depend upon a thorough understanding of sexual reproduction and how it is integrated into the life cycle. The major problem currently limiting resting egg production in laboratory populations is fertilization rate. The prospects for the controlled mass production of rotifer resting eggs are nonetheless good, but they are not imminent.
Phosphorus Adsorption Capacity and Availability of Added Phosphorus in Soils from Aquaculture Areas in Thailand
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Munsiri Prasert
Published: August 2010

A series of 20 soil samples was collected from aquaculture areas in 14 provinces of Thailand. Samples represented 10 soil suborders and exhibited wide variation in physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were treated with 0, 25. 50, 100, and 200 ppm phosphorus and incubated under water‐saturated conditions for 1 mo. Amounts of added phosphorus recoverable by water extraction decreased markedly as phosphorus adsorption capacity (PAC) of samples increased (r= 0.88 to 0.96,P< 0.01). This suggests that relative abilities of bottom soils to adsorb and release phosphorus added to ponds in fertilizers or feeds can be assessed from PAC data. Because of the importance of phosphorus adsorption by soil in regulating phosphorus availability to phytoplankton in ponds, the PAC appears to be a more useful technique than traditional phosphorus extraction methods as an index of the phosphorus status of aquaculture ponds. The PAC was highly correlated with clay content of soils (r= 0.957;P< 0.01), and a knowledge of clay content will permit a rough assessment of phosphorus status.
Growth and Survival of the Australian Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus at Three Densities in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Pinto Gerard F. , Rouse David B.
Published: August 2010

Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus were cultured in nine 0.02‐ha earthen ponds at densities of l/m2, 3/m2 and 5/m2 for 158 d. Average weight at stocking was 3.2 g. All ponds were provided with a combination of hay and corn silage at a rate of 500 kg/ha per month and a commercial crayfish ration fed at 5%, decreasing to 2% of estimated biomass/d during the growing season. Overall survival rate was 72%, and did not differ among treatments. Final yields and average weights varied significantly with stocking density. Red claw averaged 67 g with an average pond yield of 475 kg/ha at l/m2. At 3/m2 and 5/m2, red claw averaged 48 g and 38 g, respectively, and yielded 1,020 kg/ha and 1,422 kg/ha, respectively.
Investigations of Selected Parameters for Growth of Larval and Juvenile Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata L.
Authors: Berlinsky David , Watson Mark , Nardi George , Bradley Terence M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— The black sea bass Centropristis striata L. endemic to the U. S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts is a highly sought species that commands a high price in the marketplace. Investigations were undertaken to determine the basic requirements for culture of sea bass larvae and juveniles. Adult black sea bass were captured from the wild and were found to be robust and to adapt well to captivity. Larvae were obtained by strip spawning of these adults and survived and grew at higher rates in seawater supplemented with algae (greenwater) and maintained at 22 C, than in seawater with or without supplemental algae at 18 C. Larvae were provided a diet of rotifers through 12 d post hatch (DPH) and weaned over a 3‐d period to enriched Anemia replenished daily to a density of 10 individuals/mL. By 18 DPH, larvae began ingesting a formulated diet for marine finfish and were completely weaned from live feed by 25 DPH, which coincided with the onset of metamorphosis. Juveniles tolerated a range of salinity from 10–32 ppt with the highest growth rate observed at 20 ppt. Culture of larvae and juveniles on a commercial scale was successful using conditions similar to those employed in the laboratory. The findings presented here suggest the potential for commercial culture of this species in the USA.
The Effects of Temperature, Age, and Acclimation to Salinity on the Survival of Farfantepenaeus paulensis Postlarvae
Authors: Tsuzum Môrnica Y. , Cavalli Ronaldo O. , Bianchini Adalto
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— Salinity tolerance limits during the ontogenetic development of Farfantepenaeus paulensis postlarvae (PL) were determined at different temperatures. Initially, PL 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 maintained in 30 ppt (parts per thousand) salinity, 22‐25 C, were directly transferred to 15 combinations of salinity (2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) and temperature (15, 20 and 30 C) for 96 h. Irrespective of age or salinity, higher survival rates were registered at 25 C. PL 10 suffered high mortality, especially at low salinities combined with low (15 C) or high (30 C) temperatures. From PL 20 to PL 40, an increase in survival was observed in all combinations. For PL 60 and 80, tolerance to low salinity was reduced, suggesting that PL have a maximum age by which they are able to develop adaptability to low salinities. In general, the effect of temperature contributed more significantly to mortality in PL 10 and PL 30, but its influence decreased afterwards. From PL 40, salinity becomes the main factor determining mortality. In order to examine the effects of acclimation to salinity on the tolerance limits, a second set of experiments was performed with PL 5, 10, 15 and 25 acclimated to 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt, 25 C, over a 5‐d period. Postlarvae were then transferred to different salinity levels (2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) and kept for 96 h. High mortality of PL 10 occurred after direct transfer from high to intermediate/low salinity levels. Although the acclimation to salinity increased survival, it was still poor. An increase in the salinity tolerance was observed from PL 15 to 30, even with no acclimation. Results indicate that PL 10 do not have a fully developed osmoregulatory capacity to cope with low and/or abrupt changes of salinity. It is recommended that non‐acclimated PL 10 should only be released in environments with salinity at or above 20 ppt. If acclimation is carried out, PL may be released in salinities above 10 ppt. The release of PL 10 in salinities below 5 ppt may result in mortality rates of up to 70%. The best age for the release of non‐acclimated F. paulensis PL in environments with low and/ or wide fluctuations of salinity would he PL 15‐30.
Production of Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) for Obtaining Anticancer Compounds
Authors: Carballo José Luis , Naranjo Santiago , Kukurtzü Bulent , de La Calle Fernando , Hernández‐Zanuy Aida
Published: August 2010

Two methods have been tested in order to produce large quantities of Ecteinascidia turbinata for the extraction of anti‐tumoral substances. With the first method, the capacity of generating biomass from settlement of larvae in a natural environment was estimated. The second method consisted of fragmenting colonies into small pieces, which were transplanted onto plastic screen where partial periodic collections of the colony could be carried out. For the first method, two different artificial substrates for settlement of larvae were studied: lines composed of hanging strips of wood, and plastic cords. The average production per unit of surface was significantly different between the two artificial substrates (P < 0.005) (4.25 kg/M2 on the wooden strips after 75 days versus 1.39 kg/m2 on the plastic cords after 80 d). The transplant experiment showed a 93% survival of the colony 26 d after the colonies were transplanted and settled, and 96.48 kg of average biomass were collected, indicating a 235% increase in biomass. This system permits stolonial regrowth of the biomass fixed on the surface, without new transplants or settlements being needed, so that a continuous production can be maintained. The fragmentation of the colonies stimulate genet growth rates through the production of small daughter colonies which individually have higher relative growth rates than large colonies and, therefore, collectively have higher absolute growth rates than a large colony of similar biomass. The production of E. turbinata using a combination of the two methods is an example of successful production of metabolites from marine organisms while protecting natural populations.
Evaluation of Decapsulated Artemia Cysts in Hatchery Diets for Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Fry and Effects on Subsequent Fingerling Production
Authors: Weirich Charles R. , Reigh Robert C. , Glenn Donald W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— Two 10‐d hatchery growth trials were conducted to determine if differences in growth, body composition, and survival existed among catfish fry Ictalurus punctatus fed a diet of 100% catfish‐starter (CS) or CS in combination with decapsulated Artemia cysts (DAC) at 25%, 50%, or 75% of diet weight. A 120–d production trial was undertaken immediately following the first hatchery trial to evaluate the effects of diet on production characteristics (survival, length, weight, feed conversion ratio, and total yield) of fingerling catfish produced from hatchery‐raised fry. Fry fed diets containing DAC weighed 61–98% more (P < 0.05) than fry fed only CS. The size differential of DAC‐fed fry was maintained through 120 d of growth in simulated nursery ponds (0.001‐ha earthen‐bottom pools). The increased growth of fry fed DAC might have been related to differences in dietary lipid content, amino acid composition, or digestibility of CS and DAC. Body weights of fingerlings produced under simulated production conditions from fry fed hatchery diets containing 50% and 75% DAC were 17% and 25% higher, respectively, 130 d post‐hatch, than fingerlings produced from fry fed only CS. In addition, the total yield of fingerlings produced from fry fed 75% DAC was 17% greater that that of fingerlings produced from fry fed only CS. The increased performance of fingerlings produced from DAC‐fed fry could have resulted from their larger size at stocking, since larger fry might be capable of capturing natural food organisms and ingesting prepared diets more effectively than smaller fish. CS‐DAC diet combinations could be used to increase weight gain of hatchery‐raised fry if the cost‐benefit ratio of adding DAC to the standard hatchery diet warrants its use.