bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and documentation of wild plant species with ornamental potentials at Mount Prau, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Kuswanto Lianah , Chusna Noor Amalia , Purnomo Eko , Krisantini  , Ahmad Milya Urfa
Published: January 2022

Indonesia has diverse flora and fauna, and many species remain largely undiscovered. Documentation and identification of threatened wild ornamental species are increasingly difficult due to ongoing exploitation and land conversion. Mount Prau is one of the popular destinations in Central Java, Indonesia for tourism. Understanding plant biodiversity has enormous value for the economy, ecology, culture, science, and recreation. Our study is aimed to record the diversity and identify the flowering plant species in their native habitat at Mount Prau, Central Java, Indonesia. Our field surveys demonstrated that Mount Prau has abundant wild ornamental plants with wide diversity of taxa, growth habits, and forms. A total of 103 species representing 51 families and 95 genera are identified including trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. We also found that among the plant species found in Mount Prau, 24 have morphological characters suitable to be cultivated as ornamental flowers, and 12 as ornamental foliages, and 63 species are medicinal plants. The ornamental criteria of these species were based on the literature describing the morphological and unique characters of leaves and flowers that made them potential to be developed as ornamental plants. In this paper we have provided the current conservation status of the plant species identified and recommendations on their conservation. This study provides baseline data of species found in the Mount Prau areas, and this information could be helpful for further conservations efforts and initiatives.
Explosive activity on Kīlauea’s Lower East Rift Zone fuelled by a volatile-rich, dacitic melt
Authors: Wieser Penny , Edmonds Marie , Gansecki Cheryl , Maclennan John , Jenner Frances , Kunz Barbara , Antoshechkina Paula , Trusdell Frank , Lee Robert , de Hoog Cees-Jan
Published: January 2022

Magmas with matrix glass compositions ranging from basalt to dacite erupted from a series of 24 fissures in the first two weeks of the 2018 Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption of Kīlauea Volcano. Eruption styles ranged from low spattering and fountaining to strombolian activity. Major element trajectories in matrix glasses and melt inclusions hosted by olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase are consistent with variable amounts of fractional crystallization, with incompatible elements (e.g., Cl, F, H2O) becoming enriched by 4-5 times as melt MgO contents evolve from 6 to 0.5 wt%. The high viscosity and high H2O contents (~2 wt%) of the dacitic melts erupting at Fissure 17 account for the explosive Strombolian behavior exhibited by this fissure, in contrast to the low fountaining and spattering observed at fissures erupting basaltic to basaltic-andesite melts. Saturation pressures calculated from melt inclusions CO2-H2O contents indicate that the magma reservoir(s) supplying these fissures was located at ~2-3 km depth, which is in agreement with the depth of a dacitic magma body intercepted during drilling in 2005 (~2.5 km) and a seismically-imaged low Vp/Vs anomaly (~2 km depth). Nb/Y ratios in erupted products are similar to lavas erupted between 1955-1960, indicating that melts were stored and underwent variable amounts of crystallization in the LERZ for >60 years before being remobilized by a dike intrusion in 2018. We demonstrate that extensive fractional crystallization generates viscous and volatile-rich magma with potential for hazardous explosive eruptions, which may be lurking undetected at many ocean island volcanoes.
Insights into Magma Storage Beneath a Frequently Erupting Arc Volcano (Villarrica, Chile) from Unsupervised Machine Learning Analysis of Mineral Compositions
Authors: Boschetty Felix , Ferguson David , Cortés Joaquín , Morgado Eduardo , Ebmeier Susanna , Morgan Daniel , Romero Jorge , Silva Parejas Carolina
Published: January 2022

A key method to investigate magma dynamics is the analysis of the crystal cargoes carried by erupted magmas. These cargoes may comprise crystals that crystallize in different parts of the magmatic system (throughout the crust) and/or different times. While an individual eruption likely provides a partial view of the sub-volcanic plumbing system, compiling data from multiple eruptions builds a picture of the whole magmatic system. In this study we use machine learning techniques to analyze a large (>2000) compilation of mineral compositions from a highly active arc volcano: Villarrica, Chile. Villarrica's post-glacial eruptive activity (14 ka–present) displays large variation in eruptive style (mafic ignimbrites to Hawaiian effusive eruptions) yet its eruptive products have a near constant basalt-basaltic andesite bulk-rock composition. What, therefore, is driving explosive eruptions at Villarrica and can differences in storage dynamics be related to eruptive style? We used hierarchical cluster analysis to detect previously undetected structure in olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene compositions, revealing the presence of compositionally distinct clusters. Using rhyolite-MELTS thermodynamic modeling we related these clusters to intensive magmatic variables: temperature, pressure, water content and oxygen fugacity. Our results provide evidence for the existence of multiple discrete (spatial and temporal) magma reservoirs beneath Villarrica where melts differentiate and mix with incoming more primitive magma. The compositional diversity of an erupted crystal cargo strongly correlates with eruptive intensity, and we postulate that mixing between primitive and differentiated magma drives explosive activity at Villarrica.
Dynamic simulation and optimization of anaerobic digestion processes using MATLAB
Authors: G Prabakaran , Rajendran Karthik
Published: January 2022

Time series-based modeling provides a fundamental understanding of process fluctuations in an anaerobic digestion process. However, such models are scarce in literature. In this work, a dynamic model was developed based on modified Hill’s model using MATLAB, which can predict the biomethane production with time series. This model can predict the biomethane production for both batch and continuous process, across substrates and at diverse conditions such as total solids, loading rate, and days of operation. The deviation between literature and the developed model was less than ±7.6%, which shows the accuracy and robustness of this model. Moreover, statistical analysis showed there was no significant difference between literature and simulation, verifying the null hypothesis. Finding a steady and optimized loading rate was necessary to an industrial perspective, which usually requires an extensive experimental data. With the developed model, a stable and optimal methane yield generating loading rate could be identified at minimal input.
Optimizing a Measure of Consistency for Sequence-Space Synaesthesia
Authors: Ward Jamie
Published: January 2022

Current diagnostic measures of sequence-space synaesthesia involve some measure of within-item consistency when placing stimuli (e.g., days, months, numbers) in space. The test developed by Rothen et al. (2016) involves choosing xy locations on a 2D computer screen with three repetitions, and consistency is calculated as the area of the triangle bounded by these three coordinates. The aim of this study is to optimize this measure further. Specifically, a fixed cut-off measure of consistency tends to favour synaesthetes with smaller or simpler spatial forms (because the spatial coordinates are themselves less variable) and disadvantages those with larger or more complex forms. A solution, adapted from Root et al. (2021), was used in which subject-specific cut-offs are used from permuted datasets (with significant consistency defined as z scores < - 2). This was found to improve the sensitivity of the test without compromising on the specificity. In an undergraduate sample, we estimate the prevalence of this form of synaesthesia using this method as 7.9%. In addition, to refining this method we make available our analysis scripts (in R) and a large dataset of synaesthetic responses (N=252) for other researchers to make use of.
Research
Authors: Amosun Damola
Published: January 2022

Different ideologies as been related to the role of Instagram on the psychological thinking of individuals health. With each issue detailing how Instagram has influenced its users in various ways. However, the influence has become increasingly unclear with different opinions on whether or not Instagram is a psychological tool for depression. This study aims to carry out an investigative study using various reviews to create a hypothesis(research question) and analyse those hypotheses to cut across each age group. With the stated hypothesis, the result helps to conclude if similarities in each age group are of positive influence or vice versa.
Risk of infection and appeal to public benefit increase compliance with infection control measures
Authors: Bjørkheim Sebastian , Sætrevik Bjørn
Published: January 2022

To handle an infectious outbreak, the public must be informed about the infection risk and be motivated to comply with infection control measures. Perceiving the situation as threatening and seeing public benefits to complying may increase the public’s motivation to comply. The current study used a preregistered survey experiment to investigate if emphasizing high infection risk and appealing to societal benefits impacted intention to comply with infection control measures. The results show main effects of risk and of appeals to societal benefits. There was no interaction between risk scenario and motivational emphasis. The results suggest that to maximize compliance, information about disease outbreak should emphasize the individual risk of contracting the disease, and could also underline the public value of limiting infection spread. These findings can inform communication strategies during an infectious disease outbreak and help health authorities limit transmission.
Aging effects on neural processing of rhythm and meter
Authors: Sauvé Sarah Anne , Bolt Emily , Nozaradan Sylvie , Zendel Benjamin
Published: January 2022

When listening to musical rhythm, humans can perceive and move to beat-like metrical pulses. Recently, it has been hypothesized that meter perception is related to brain activity responding to the acoustic fluctuation of the rhythmic input, with selective enhancement of the brain response elicited at meter-related frequencies. In the current study, the electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded while younger (<35) and older (>60) adults listened to rhythmic patterns presented at two different tempi while intermittently performing a tapping task. Despite significant hearing loss compared to younger adults, older adults showed preserved brain activity to the rhythms. However, age effects were observed in the distribution of amplitude across frequencies. Specifically, in contrast with younger adults, older adults showed relatively larger amplitude at the frequency corresponding to the rate of individual events making up the rhythms as compared to lower meter-related frequencies. This difference is compatible with larger N1-P2 potentials as generally observed in older adults in response to acoustic onsets, irrespective of meter perception. These larger low-level responses to sounds have been linked to processes by which age-related hearing loss would be compensated by cortical sensory mechanisms. Importantly, this low-level effect would be associated here with relatively reduced neural activity at lower frequencies corresponding to higher-level metrical grouping of the acoustic events, as compared to younger adults.
Associations between early efficiency in language processing and learning outcomes in children born full term and preterm: Similarities and differences
Authors: Marchman Virginia A. , Ashland Melanie , Loi Elizabeth C. , Shannon Kat Adams , Munévar Mónica , Fernald Anne , Feldman Heidi
Published: January 2022

Associations between children’s early language processing efficiency and later verbal and non-verbal outcomes shed light on the extent to which early information processing skills support later learning across different domains of function. Examining whether the strengths of associations are similar in typically developing and at-risk populations provides an additional lens into the varying routes to learning that children may take across development. In this follow-up study, children born full-term (FT) and preterm (PT) (n=94, 49 FT, 45 PT) were assessed in the Looking While Listening (LWL) task at 18 months (corrected for degree of prematurity in PT group). This eye-tracking task assesses efficiency of real-time spoken language comprehension in terms of accuracy and speed (RT) of processing. At 4 ½ years, children were assessed on standardized tests of receptive vocabulary, expressive language, and non-verbal IQ. Language processing efficiency was associated with the two language outcomes (r2-change ranged from 7.0 to 19.7%, p < 0.01), controlling for age at test and SES. Birth group did not moderate the effects on language skills, suggesting similar mechanisms of learning in these domains for PT and FT children. However, birth group moderated the association between speed and non-verbal IQ (r2 change 4.5, p < 0.05), such that an association was found in the PT but not the FT group. This finding suggests that information processing skills reflected in efficiency of real-time language processing may be recruited to support learning in a broader range of domains in the PT compared to the FT group.
Inter-Group Relations and Support for Democratization: Evidence from Hong Kong
Authors: Chau Tak-Huen , Jiang Junyan
Published: January 2022

What drives ordinary citizens to participate in costly pro-democracy endeavors? Conventional theories of democratization emphasize the economic or political conflicts between citizens and elites. This article suggests a different mechanism of mobilization based on inter-group relations. We argue that as a pro-majoritarian institution, democracy may be sought after by members of a disenfranchised majority as a way to protect their interests and identity against perceived economic or political threats posed by certain minority outgroups. We evaluate this argument by drawing evidence from Hong Kong, a city that has recently witnessed major waves of pro-democracy uprisings. Two experimental studies on local university students reveal that subjects' attitudes toward the mainland Chinese visitors and immigrants are causally related to their support for democratization. Observational evidence from surveys and elections further shows that pro-democracy attitudes are stronger in areas that recently experienced a large influx of mainland Chinese. These findings underscore the powerful role of group-based sentiments in episodes of democratization.
A Review of economic analysis of climate change impacts and adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture
Authors: Tran Nhuong , Shikuku Kelvin Mashisia , Peart Jeffrey , Chan Chin Yee , Chu Long , Bailey Conner , Valdivia Roberto
Published: January 2022

Focusing on economic methods, this study provides a comprehensive review of the current research in fisheries and aquaculture within the context of climate change. We find there has been remarkable progress in evaluating the biophysical impacts of climate change on fish. However, the effect those impacts have on future fish stocks, yields, and dynamics are less understood. Climate change adaptation strategies in fisheries and aquaculture lack quantitative assessment, while current vulnerability indices rely heavily on subjective weighting schemes. Economic studies involving fisheries and aquaculture have seen some recent advancements but can be improved through incorporating methods from other disciplines, notably agricultural economics. Relative to its increasingly large role in global fish supply, the aquaculture sector is found to be under-represented in the economic literature. We suggest that future research in fisheries and aquaculture should further incorporate methods from agricultural economics, focus on the economics of aquaculture, and refine interdisciplinary research methods such as bioeconomic modelling.
Haematological Profile in Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia in Children
Authors: Kafle Raju , Bastola Anupama , Samdurkar Ashok P , Gautam Narayan , Poudel Anuj , Shah Anita
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION: The most common disorders presenting with microcytic hypochromic anaemia are iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and β-Thalassemia trait (β-TT), and each of them has different pathogenesis and treatment modality. Here we intend to see the haematological profile in microcytic hypochromic anaemia in children apart from IDA and Thalassemia with respect to age and gender.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 95 pediatric patients between the ages of 2 to 12 years with microcytic hypochromic anaemia were included in the study. Blood samples obtained from each patient were evaluated for various haematological and biochemical profiles along with haemoglobin electrophoresis. It was a hospital based observational cross-sectional study done for a period of 18 months from January 2019 to July 2020.
RESULTS: Severe anaemia was seen in 55 (57.89%) cases, followed by 38 (40.00%) cases with moderate anaemia and 2 (2.11%) cases with mild anaemia. Majority of the cases showed IDA, which were 85 (89.5%) cases, followed by 6 (6.3%) cases with β-TT and 4 (4.2%) cases with β-TM. RBC count, hematocrit and RDW showed significant variation between IDA, β-TM and β-TT. Most number of correctly diagnosed cases were shown by Ricerca Index with 90 (94.74 %).
CONCLUSION: Our study concludes RBC count and RDW, along with Srivasthava Index, Ricerca Index and RDW Index could be used as reliable indices to differentiate between iron deficiency anaemia and β-Thalassemia. Red cell indices, serum iron profile and haemoglobin electrophoresis complement each other for the precise diagnosis of underlying cause of microcytic hypochromic anaemia.
Burden of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Children from Five Schools in Bhairahawa, Nepal: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Raut Shristi , Bhattarai Srijan , Khanal Rita , Khatiwada Sulochana , Kasarla Rajeshwar Reddy
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal parasites cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in the tropics including Nepal. The main objective of this study was to explore the burden of intestinal parasitic infections among children in 5 different primary schools in Bhairahawa, Nepal.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional comparative study among 408 children from 5 schools in Bhirahawa, Nepal. Stool specimens collected in a plastic container were transported to microbiology laboratory in Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UCMSTH) immediately. Each sample was examined macroscopically and microscopically for the evidence of parasitic infection. All samples were re-analysed by sedimentation and floatation concentration techniques one after another.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence of the parasitic infection was 46.5%. The prevalence varied by the methods that included routine microscopy (23.2%), sedimentation (41.6%) and flotation (8.3%). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common (29.1%) parasite followed by Entamoeba histolytica (6.1%). Mixed infection was also seen in 7.8% of the samples. Factors such as children’s academic year, age, religion, existing illness, household water sources, meat consumed, domestic animals at house, and recent history of taking anti-helminthics were significantly associated with the intestinal parasitic infections. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was higher in public school (61.1%) compared to private school (37%). Male students had slightly more infections (47.3%) than females (45.7%).
CONCLUSIONS: Enteric parasitic infection was very high among the primary schools’ students in Bhairahawa, Nepal. Integrating concentration techniques in routine test can help to detect most of the enteric parasites in stool specimens.
Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Psoriasis in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western Nepal
Authors: Sayami Aruna , Shah Anita , Poudyal Yogesh
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a common, chronic, inflammatory and proliferative condition of the skin which poses a significant health problem in general population. It is clinically characterized by erythematous plaques covered by silvery white scales, associated with systemic manifestations in many organ systems.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a descriptive study conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal. All psoriasis patients who gave consent were clinically examined and proforma documentation including patient’s clinical and demographic details was studied.
RESULTS: Fifty two psoriasis patients were studied. The median age was 40 years and male: female ratio was 1.7:1 with 33 (63.5%) male and 19 (36.5%) female psoriasis patients. The most common clinical type of psoriasis observed according to morphology was chronic plaque psoriasis 45 (86.54%) and according to involvement of anatomical site was nail psoriasis 33 (63.5%). This study showed that 30 (57.7%) had no symptoms of pruritus and pain and 29 (55.8%) of psoriatic cases had seasonal variation. The commonest treatment modality was a combination of oral and topical medication 29 (55.8%).
CONCLUSION: Psoriasis is a common skin disorder associated with systemic manifestations seen by dermatologists. This study outlines the clinico-epidemiological profile of patients with psoriasis which can provide further guidance for taking appropriate measures in diagnosing, providing adequate treatment, and undertaking various preventive measures among psoriasis patients.
Perceived Fear and Preventive Behaviors of Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic in Western Nepal
Authors: Bajracharya Shristi , Gurung Saraj , Khatri Binita
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION: The perceived fear of COVID-19 is expected to have a significant positive impact on preventive behaviors as it triggers people to prevent themselves against threats. People take necessary actions to engage in preventive behaviors if they perceive high fear of transmission of disease.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional analytical study was conducted to find out the perceived fear and preventive behaviors of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic. One hundred and fifty normal pregnant women attending Antenatal Checkup (ANC) out-patient department and ward of Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UCMSTH), Rupandehi were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Structured interview schedule was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for analysis with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 16.
RESULTS: The study findings revealed that more than half of the respondents had high level of fear regarding COVID-19. Although participants were largely engaged in all preventive behaviors like wearing facemask, hand washing, covering nose and mouth, cleaning and disinfecting and maintaining healthy diet, while maintaining social distance, avoiding public transport, avoiding crowd, exercising regularly and quitting tobacco and alcohol were the least. There was positive correlation between perceived fear and preventive behaviors although it was not proved significantly.
CONCLUSION: The study findings concluded that more than half of the respondents had high level of fear regarding COVID-19. Adequate counseling and reassurance of these pregnant women in the current scenario might reduce their fears and increase the probability of adapting preventive measures against the spread of COVID-19.
Dietary Modification and Life Style Changes due to COVID-19 Pandemic Homestay among Nursing Students of Pokhara: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sharma Dibya , Kafle Ramchandra , Singh Sakun
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION: In December 2019, new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) emerged in Wuhan, China causing pandemic all over the world which results in homestay order. Homestay lead to changes in lifestyle like sedentary life, sleeping habits and eating behavior. So, the objective is to assess dietary and life style modification among nursing students of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted from August 1 to October 15, 2020. The setting of study (Manipal) was selected purposively in which enumerative sampling technique was used constituting total sample size of 216 nursing students. Data was collected through self-administer semi-structure questionnaire via online mode which was further analyzed using descriptive statistics SPSS 20.0 version. 
RESULTS: There was slight modification in intake of food items like fruits, vegetable, protein, fats, commercialized items, carbonated/sweetened beverages and non-vegetarian diets (chicken and fish). During COVID-19, less than one-fifth (15%) wake up before 7 AM and 78.2% sleep duration is 7-9 hours. About 64.1% pass their leisure time watching TV/ facebook/ messenger/ youtube/ whatsapp/ instagram. Nearly 99.1% engaged in household activities during home stay. More than three-fourth (77.8%) of respondents were doing physical activity. But still 69.9% had weight gain.
CONCLUSION: Despite physical and household activities, some unhealthy practices like waking up late, increased sleep duration and use of screen was observed. There was less modification in dietary pattern. So it is recommended to follow healthy diet like Mediterranean diet having several health benefits like weight reduction, prevention from non-communicable diseases and boost immune system in period of pandemic.
Clinical Manifestations, Neuroimaging Findings, and Treatment of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in a Nepalese Tertiary Centre
Authors: Gautam Niraj , Ojha Rajeev , Kharel Sanjeev , Gajurel Bikram Prasad , Sitaula Sanjeeta , Karn Ragesh , Rajbhandari Reema , Shrestha Ashish
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension is characterized by headache, visual impairment, papilledema, and increased cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure. We aim to evaluate clinical manifestations, neuroimaging findings, and treatment of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in a Nepalese tertiary center.
Materials and Methods: We retrospectively included patients with the diagnosis of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension who were admitted to the Neurology department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital from 2019 June to 2021 May and presented to the Neuro-ophthalmology outpatient clinic of the hospital for follow-up.
Results: Out of 16 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension patients, 12(75%) patients had either headache or ocular pain.  Reduced visual acuity and progressive visual loss were found in 44% of patients. Normal CSF opening pressure was found in 19%, 44% had CSF opening pressure at a range of 20-30 cm H20 and > 30 cm H20 in 37.5%. 15 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension patients (93.7%) were subtyped as Typical and 1 patient was diagnosed as Fulminant Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Acetazolamide was used for treatment in 15 patients and 1 patient needed ventriculoperitoneal shunting. 56% Seven patients (44%) had some abnormal findings: partial empty sella (44%), and tortuous optic nerve (31%), flattened posterior eyeball (31%), and hypoplastic transverse sinus (19%).
Conclusions: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension is an uncommon diagnosis but should be suspected in patients with chronic headaches with visual impairment. In low-resource settings, proper history along with neurological and ophthalmological examinations can even detect the early features and timely referral can save the vision and disability of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension patients.
Histomorphological Pattern of Malignant Skin Tumors – A Cross-sectional Study in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Thapa Sushma , Ghosh Arnab , Ghartimagar Dilasma , Regmi Sudeep , Jhunjhunwala Adarsh Kumar
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The incidence of skin cancer is increasing exponentially around the world. This study aims to analyze different malignant skin tumors concerning age pattern, gender, and site-wise distribution.

Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study carried out in the Department of Pathology, a tertiary care center for over ten years from April 2011 to March 2021. All malignant skin tumors arising from the epidermis along with melanocytic and adnexal tumors were included in the study.

Results: A total of 208 cases of skin malignancies among which 117 (56.3%) cases were males and 91 (43.8%) females with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Overall, the majority were seen in the sixth decade 49 (23.6%) with head and neck region 113 (54.3%) being the commonest site of involvement. Basal cell carcinoma 79 (38%) was the most frequent non-melanoma skin cancer followed by squamous cell carcinoma 75 (36.1%). A maximum number of basal cell carcinoma were observed in the sixth decade 19 (24.1%) whereas squamous cell carcinoma in the seventh decade 21 (28%) cases. Other skin cancers were malignant melanoma 31 (14.9%), verrucous carcinoma 13 (6.3%), trichilemmal carcinoma five (2.4%), sebaceous carcinoma two (1%), and one case each of eccrine carcinoma, malignant nodular hidradenoma, and malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor.

Conclusions: Skin malignancies were seen in the sixth decade with male preponderance. Overall, the head and neck region was the commonest site of involvement. Basal cell carcinoma was the most frequent non-melanoma skin cancer followed by squamous cell carcinoma.
Histopathological Examination in the Categorization of fungal Rhinosinusitis - a Retrospective Study
Authors: Kandasamy Sangeetha , Chandrasekar Megala , Ramachadran Thamilselvi
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Fungal Rhinosinusitis is broadly defined as any sinonasal pathology related to the presence of fungi and is increasingly recognized worldwide. This study aimed to assess and ascertain the need for histopathological examination in the management of fungal Rhinosinusitis.
Materials and Methods:  This study was performed over two years, from April 2019 to April 2021, in the Department of Pathology, Vinayaka Missions KirupanandaVariyar Medical College and Hospital, Salem. A total of 383 cases of rhinosinusitis/nasal polyps were studied. Histopathological examination and categorization were done and compared with clinical diagnosis.
Results: Only 4/18 cases of acute fungal Rhinosinusitis were correctly diagnosed(22.22%). Nineteen cases of the fungal ball were diagnosed, but none was correctly categorized. Clinical suspicion of fungal sinusitis was present in 10 cases of Rhinosinusitis, which turned out to be chronic Rhinosinusitis in histopathology. In AFRS, fungal elements were overlooked in Hematoxylin and Eosin stained slides and identified only by Grocottmethenamine silver in one-fourth of the cases.
Conclusions: Though clinical diagnosis was made in 86% of fungal rhinosinusitis cases, correct categorization was done only in one-third of cases. CT scan could diagnose 60% of cases, but none was categorized. As treatment depends on the type of fungal Rhinosinusitis, histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosing and treating fungal Rhinosinusitis.
Perception and Practice of Blood Donation Among Medical Students in Southern Rajasthan, India
Authors: Samanta Matariswa , Kumar Dilip L , Patel Mehul , Mangal Nitesh , Varghese K. A.
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Despite all efforts, there is a gap in the demand and supply of blood donation in India. Medical students play a crucial role in promoting and mobilizing blood donation among potential youth. The present study attempted to ascertain the knowledge, attitude, and practice as well as factors associated with actual blood donation among medical students at various stages of their studies.
Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted during May-June 2021using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire through Google form among 346 medical students representing first, second and third-year MBBS. The aggregate scores for knowledge and attitude worked out for each student and analyzed for gender effect, actual practice, a correlation between knowledge and attitude score, and factors contributing to it using z- test, correlation coefficient test, and chi-square test respectively.
Results: The blood donation by students was found significantly associated with sex, age, and phases of the MBBS curriculum (p<0.05). The mean attitude score of female students (6.90) was higher compared to male students (6.60). There was a significant correlation (r=0.371) between the overall knowledge and attitude score of students towards blood donation.
Conclusions: The gender, age, and phase of study of medical students are significant factors contributing to actual blood donation. The higher attitude of female students could not be transformed into the actual practice of blood donation.  Special efforts are required to enthuse medical students in general and female students in particular towards blood donation.
Pseudoeosinophilia with Abnormal WBC Scattergram: an Important Diagnostic Clue on Hematology Analyzer
Authors: Prabhu Swathi C , Tahlan Anita , Sharma Shreya , Lehl Sarabmeet S
Published: January 2022

Malaria is one of the most common parasitic diseases causing a significant burden on health care, especially in India. Light microscopy, the gold standard for malaria diagnosis is time-consuming especially in a setup where the caseload is high and parasite index is low. Knowledge of abnormal scattergrams by the malarial parasite is very essential to suspect malaria and screen those cases thoroughly on a peripheral smear for accurate diagnosis. A timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial to the prognosis of this disease.
Herein, we report a case of a 40-year-old male from Punjab who presented to the emergency with fever and an altered sensorium. Analyzer showed characteristic pseudo eosinophilia with greying of neutrophil eosinophil zone with double eosinophil cluster. According to flagging rules because of eosinophilia, peripheral blood film (PBF) was made and examined, which revealed Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes.
Preferencje uczących się wobec czynności nauczyciela wspierających autonomię w opanowywaniu wiedzy i umiejętności
Authors: Studenska Anna
Published: January 2022

Wspomaganie samodzielności wychowanków w nabywaniu wiedzy i umiejętności jest jednym z celów edukacji. Osiąganie tego celu staje się obecnie coraz istotniejsze ze względu na ilość dostępnych informacji. Dodatkowo pandemia COVID-19 przyspieszyła powszechne wykorzystanie edukacji zdalnej, które często wymaga od uczących się większej samodzielności w podejmowaniu decyzji dotyczących nabywania wiedzy i umiejętności niż zajęcia, podczas których nauczyciel jest osobiście obecny. Badania wskazują, że osoby różnią się pod względem preferencji wobec sytuacji, które wymagają od nich samodzielnego podejmowania decyzji. Niewiele jest też narzędzi badawczych pozwalających dokonać pomiaru preferencji uczących się wobec zachowań nauczyciela zwiększających autonomię uczenia się uczestników zajęć. Z tego względu za cel badań własnych przyjęto poznanie preferencji studentów wobec wspierania rozwoju ich autonomii uczenia się przez nauczyciela. Na potrzeby badań opracowano Inwentarz Wspierania Samodzielności. Dane zebrano w roku 2019 oraz 2021, odpowiednio w grupach 137 oraz 87 studentów. Uzyskane rezultaty pokazały, że spośród analizowanych zachowań nauczyciela wspierających autonomię uczących się najbardziej preferowanymi przez respondentów były: słuchanie uczestników zajęć oraz dawanie im możliwości wyrażania opinii. Dane zebrane w roku 2021 w porównaniu z danymi z roku 2019 pokazały istotny wzrost preferencji badanych wobec komunikatów nauczyciela motywujących ich do pracy oraz wyrażających zrozumienie dla doświadczanych przez nich trudności. Z uzyskanych rezultatów badań wyciągnięto wnioski praktyczne.
Governable Stacks against Digital Colonialism
Authors: Schneider Nathan
Published: January 2022

Critics have been converging around the logic of colonialism to describe the Internet economy. If we are serious about the laden language of the colonial, we should be ready to learn from struggles against pre-digital empires and colonial regimes. Although acts of insurrection may attract more attention, one thing leaders and theorists of anticolonial resistance have stressed persistently is the centrality of self-governance in everyday life as both a means and end of their movements. But the dominant platforms for online communities are not well-suited for durable self-governing. Resistance often relies on the same colonial firms it opposes. What would community-governed technologies look like? This paper introduces the concept of “governable stacks”, a framework for self-governing as resistance to digital colonialism.
IMPORTANCE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES FOR STABILIZING SOIL AGGREGATES AND CENTRAL REACTIONS EXPLANATION IN SOIL: A REVIEW
Authors:   Environmental Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, A. Abbood Atheer , T. Al-Madhhachi Abdul-Sahib ,   Environmental Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Humic substances have an essential function in soil fertility and are viewed as being of prime importance for soil aggregation stability. Humic substances as part of humus-soil organic matter are chemicals generated from the biomolecules physically, chemical and microbiologically (humifying). It is essential since it is the most pervasive biological material source, which nature knows. Roughly 80 percent of total carbon is produced with terrestrial humic compounds and 60 percent of the water dissolved carbon. During the last three decades there have been challenges in two major approaches, the concept of soil humic substances. Much of the organic aromatic soil originates from the carbon that is frequently known as black carbon (black carbon). However, the detection of benzene polycarboxylic acid markers and the UV technique in soil with two commonly used methods is not trustworthy. Polymerisation of phenolic compounds produced from the breakdown and synthesis of lignin microorganisms may result in a wide number of humic chemicals and components including organic molecules and inorganic molecules. The addition of e.g., triazines or tensile compounds that cause to bound residues in the humic matrix demonstrates that humic substances are crucial for clarifying critical soil processes. Plant nutrients, comprising p, fe and cu, are available in soil this is equally essential to understand and can directly influence the growth of higher plants in the soil.
A LABORATORY MODEL FOR THE ADSORPTION AND LOSS OF THE SULFATE TRANSPORT IN MULTI POROUS MEDIA OF SOIL
Authors:   Environmental Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, Alnsrawy Najeeb , S. Muhsun Sadiq ,   Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, T. Al-Sharify Zainab ,   Environmental Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Development of industries and agriculture, salts, especially sulfates, used in many industries, such as fertilizers and pesticides, have become one of the most common problems. In this paper, a laboratory model was established to study the sulfate-contaminated transport process. Four samples of porous media contain the same pollutant, sandy soil, sandy gravel soil, agricultural (organic) soil, and calcareous soil. Where a pollutant is pumped at a concentration of 280 mg/l through a system consisting of a tube of length 4 meters and 8 cm thickness and distributed in the soil Each type is one meter. The results showed that all types of soils, except organic, had leaching or loss of sulfates from the soil and dissolving them with a soil solution. The transfer of pollutants from soil to the solution may reach between 50 to 300 mg/l per meter, while organic soil showed the ability to Absorption up to 100 mg/L per meter. However, it was found that organic soil contains the largest amount of sulfate and was able to adsorption, and it was found that bacterial activity has a role in reducing sulfate in organic soil and thus returning the soil to adsorption after a certain time of saturation process.
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES OF PRODUCED WATER FROM OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION: A REVIEW
Authors:   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, S. Hameed Anaheed , N. Abbas Mohammed ,   Environmental  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Exploration and production of oil and gas are two operations that have the ability to damage and polluted the environment. The most significant waste created by these operations is produced water. Since the produced water includes toxic pollutants in both organic and inorganic compounds, produced water from oil and gas extraction cannot be discharged directly into the environment. Uncontrolled discharge can cause damage to the environment, including the loss of marine and plant life. Until being discharged into the environment, the produced water must be treated to meet the quality requirements. This article reviewed the sources, characteristics, and extent of pollution caused by oil and gas producing water, as well as different technologies for treating or disposing it. Physical (absorption, membrane filtration etc.), chemical (oxidation and sedimentation) and biological processes can all be used to treat the produced water (activated sludge, biological air filters etc.) Because no single technology can satisfy the acceptable effluent properties, two or more treatment systems can be used in a sequential process.
EFFECT OF THREE-WHEELED VEHICLES ON THE CAPACITY OF A TRAFFIC STREAM
Authors:   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, H. Abdulamer Sarah , A. Eedan Hamid ,   Civil Engineering Department / College of Engineering / Kufa, University, Najaf, Iraq
Published: January 2022

Due to the tremendous development of the number and types of vehicles and a large number of traffic congestions, the phenomenon of the spread of three-wheeled vehicles, which is characterized by ease of movement, has recently appeared in Iraq because of a small space it occupies for its movement. The increase in their numbers exceeds the number of heavy vehicles in most urban areas in Iraq. Therefore, the current study has been devoted to studying the effect of those vehicles with three tires using a simulation program that has been previously developed and has been calibrated to suit the normal sections where the characteristics of these vehicles were included in terms of speed and length. Different ratios were used, ranging from (0-15) % for the first lane only. Some general traffic characteristics were examined, such as velocity-flow and flow-density and density-velocity relationship. The results showed that the presence of this type of vehicle has a significant impact on reducing road efficiency and increasing traffic congestion. The study recommends that a particular lane with a width of 2m on both directions of the roads be designated for the movement of these vehicles and keep them away from interference in the traffic flow of other cars.
ASSESSMENT OF TRAVEL SPEED FOR URBAN STREETS USING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Authors:   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, T. Ayob Sumayah , A. Alkaissi Zainab ,   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

The travel speeds selected and trusted by the driver vary according to his behavior and the surrounding environment. Accordingly, this paper studies the change of the free-flow speed, influences on it, of the route linking Al-Bayaa and Bab Almudam sectors. A GPS device was used to collect data during 60 rounds for three periods (morning, day, and night), 50 of them during the off-peak time and 10 during peak time with drivers of both genders and different ages. The results showed a variation of the FFS values at off-evening peak time, also noting the posted speed limits corresponding to the statistically calculated 85, which was 69km\hr. along the route. The emergence of a significant impact of the security checkpoints in link 3, causing a general defect in the traffic accounts. Also, there was an increase in the speed with an increase in lane width by 13% and a decrease in the speed with an increase in the number of lanes by 45.18% and 18.6% between 2 and 4 lanes and 2 and 3 lanes respectively. It should be noted that male is bolder and more reckless in choosing speeds by 26.32% than female and that groups of 50 and below years old choose less speed by 13.52% of ages 35 and below years old who are more confident and familiar in dealing with roads and choosing the appropriate speed.
STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC BUS ROUTES IN AL KUT CITY
Authors:   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, F. Balket Shaymaa , M. Asmael Noor ,   Highway and Transportation  Engineering  Department,  College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: January 2022

This paper focused on studying the service characteristics of bus routes in the city of Kut, such as determining the stopping points for each of the public transport lines in the study area, the total boarding and disembarkation of passengers at each station, determining the location of the bus route, time, distance traveled and the number of passengers in the bus, estimating the demand of passengers on the bus route. This study aims to assess the efficiency of the performance of the public transport network and help decision makers to identify the problem of traffic congestion in the streets of the city for take the necessary measures to make improvements to the public transport network and thus encourage citizens to use them, which contributes to alleviating the traffic of congestion in the streets of the city , as the number of bus service lines in the city of Kut was 12 routes throughout the city. Two types of field surveys were conducted on these routes for the purpose of data collection, namely the ride check survey, and the point check survey. The results of the analysis in this study, which depended on collecting data and determining where and how passengers used the service, showed that the paths (Al-Sawadah, Al-Khajia, Al-Anwar, Al-Hawra) have the greatest demand for travel with a value of (2880, 2810, 2560, 2392) passenger/hour respectively. Also the boarding and alighting of passengers is not high in most of the roads and that some roads are of low load .