bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of the K88 antigen for in vivo bacterial competition with porcine strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Davidson J N , Hirsh D C
Published: January 2020

Infant mice were used to measure the amount of fluid accumulation (enterosorption) in the intestinal tract after oral inoculation of a porcine strain of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (K88-+, Ent-+). Significant reduction in the amount of fluid found in the intestinal tract was observed if the mice were first inoculated with a K88-possessing, non-enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli. The protection provided is thought to be due to specific competition for attachment sites on cells of the small intestine.
Effect of human leukocyte interferon on vaccinia-and herpes virus-infected cell cultures and monkey corneas
Authors: Neumann-Haefelin D , Sundmacher R , Sauter B , Karges H E , Manthey K F
Published: January 2020

Pretreatment of human fibroblast cultures with human leukocyte interferon (HIF, 1,000 IU/ml) resulted in a 24-h delay of virus replication after infection with vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. Additional HIF treatment 24 h after infection effectively lowered the maximum yield of viral infectivity. Equal results were obtained in simian cells with 3,000 IU of HIF per ml. The spread of two cell-bound herpesviruses, varicella zoster virus and Medical Lake macaque herpesvirus, was inhibited by 2,000 IU of HIF per ml in human fibroblasts and Vero cells, respectively. Varicella zoster virus infectivity was notably reduced by HIF, whereas the latter system showed a low sensitivity. To study the effect of HIF in the infected cornea, keratitis was induced experimentally in both eyes of 12 rhesus monkeys and 12 African green monkeys by inoculation with vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus, respectively. In each monkey one eye served as a control for the full cycle of disease. In the other eye HIF treatment was initiated prophylactically 15 h before or simultaneously with the challenge virus infection or 6 to 20 h postinfectionally or therapeutically after onset of the disease, and the treatment was continued for 2 to 7 days. Prophylactic and simultaneous administration equally resulted in inhibition of both vaccinia and herpes keratitis. Postinfectional and therapeutic administration of interferon moderated the course of keratitis slightly and shortened the period of virus shedding.
Activation of mouse peritoneal cells to kill Listeria monocytogenes by T-lymphocyte products
Authors: Cole P
Published: January 2020

An in vitro system has been used to demonstrate that glass-adherent mouse peritoneal cells can be activated to kill intracellular Listeria monocytogenes by antigen-stimulated T-lymphocytes derived from immunized mice. The soluble products of such stimulated lymphocyte cultures could only be shown to similarly activate peritoneal cells if the antigen used in both the immunization and lymphocyte stimulation was also present on the target intracellular organism.
Nature of the Kanagawa phenomenon of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Chun D , Chung J K , Tak R , Seol S Y
Published: January 2020

In a study of the Kanagawa phenomenon of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, both Kanagawa-positive and -negative strains were found to produce hemolytic factors that could not be differentiated on Wagatsuma blood agar. The presence of fermentable carbohydrates in media containing high concentrations of NaCl promoted the growth of V. parahaemolyticus and resulted in a marked decrease in medium pH and increased hemolysin production. The Kanagawa hemolysis of test strains differed according to the carbohydrates added. Clearly defined Kanagawa hemolysis was observed in blood agars of high salt content, but the distinction was lost in media containing 3% NaCl. From the results of this study, the Kanagawa hemolysis was interpreted as an expression of quantitative difference in hemolysin production, a conclusion that is clearly demonstrated on special blood agar of high salt content.
Opsonizing antibodies, host factors, and the limulus assay for endotoxin
Authors: Young L S
Published: January 2020

The role of endotoxin in the pathophysiology of human gram-negative rod bacteremia is controversial. Gelation of lysates prepared from the amebocytes of Limulus polyphemus is a highly sensitive means for quantifying endotoxin-like activity in vitro, but variable results have been reported in several clinical studies. We performed limulus tests on plasmas obtained simultaneously with culture-positive blood from 68 patients with gram-negative bacteremia and related results to heat-stable opsonizing activity against the autologous infection strain. Overall, limulus positivity was 52% in this series. Positive tests were observed with 78% of plasmas with opsonic titers is less than or greater to 1:20 but with only 27% of plasmas whose titers were is greater than or equal to 1:80 (P less than 0.005). There was a strong association of positive tests with leukopenia. thrombocytopenia, and more severe underlying disease. In vitro study showed a 10-fold reduction in the sensitivity of the gelation test by antibodies against the endotoxin used and an additional 10-fold reduction when the test system included phagocytic cells.
Prolonging morbidity in rabid dogs by intrathecal injection of attenuated rabies vaccine
Authors: Baer G M , Shaddock J H , Williams L W
Published: January 2020

Dogs vaccinated intrathecally with attenuated rabies vaccine developed antibodies that were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and brain; dogs similarly vaccinated but with an inactivated vaccine developed no antibodies in the brain. When the attenuated vaccine was administered to rabid dogs, a prolongation of the morbidity period was noted and, in some dogs, recovery from the disease. Rhesus monkeys died when administered any of the available attenuated vaccines intrathecally, and further studies with that species could not be undertaken.
Levels of lysosomal enzymes in tissues of mice infected with Mycoplasma fermentans
Authors: Gabridge M G , Yip D M , Hedges K
Published: January 2020

The effects of a toxic dose of Mycoplasma fermentans on levels of lysosomal enzymes in mice were examined. Washed cell suspensions (approximately 10(10) colony-forming units) of a recent isolate of M. fermentans were injected intraperitoneally into 3- to 4-week-old BALB mice, and levels of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were monitored in liver, spleen, thymus, and serum. Levels of acid phosphatase remained essentially normal, but levels of beta-glucuronidase were markedly evevated in serum and to a lesser extent in liver and thymus. The peak response of serum beta-glucuronidase was noted at 8 h postinjection, with a level of 30 mug of phenolphthalein released per ml per h, representing a six-fold increase over control levels. Pretreatment with BCG did not potentiate the effect as it did with endotoxin. The implication of this increased lysosomal enzyme activity in "lethal toxicity" is that that the increase may be secondary to some other cytotoxic event, or that the affinity of mycoplasmas for biological membranes may be involved. The data suggest that the role of lysosomal enzymes in other models of mycoplasma-induced disease should be evaluated.
In situ production of a synthetic barrier dressing for burn wounds in rats
Authors: Nathan P , MacMillan B G , Holder I A
Published: January 2020

We describe the in situ production of a burn wound dressing applied to eschar that completely isolates burned tissue from contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anesthetized, adult rats were subjected to a scald burn over 10% of their body surfaces. One-half hour later a test dressing presumed to be a barrier to bacterial contamination of the wound was applied to the burned surface. Tannic acid, vaseline, ethyl linoleate, collodion, and polyhydroxethylmethacrylate (PHEMA) were evaluated. Each agent was applied directly to the burned surface. A solid film of the PHEMA was produced on the eschar by addition of solvent and a powdered form of the polymer. The surface of each synthetic dressing was contaminated 30 min after application by the addition of 10(8) P. aeruginosa. Also, a control set of rats was burned and their eschars were directly contaminated without application of the test dressing. Seven days later the contaminated muscle under the burned area in 10 control rats had P. aeruginosa counts of 10(7) to 10(8) per g of muscle (wet weight). Of the materials tested, only PHEMA consistently acted as an effective barrier dressing, reducing bacteria in the muscle to undetectable levels in 11 of 14 tests. It was also possible to treat contaminated eschar through this synthetic dressing by topical application of antibiotics to the barrier surface. The results suggest a novel clinical approach in which a barrier dressing could be used to isolate a burn eschar from environmental and subject contamination until the wound site is ready for grafting.
Antibody-mediated elimination of malaria parasites (plasmodium berghei) in vivo
Authors: Hamburger J , Kreier J P
Published: January 2020

An infective preparation of extracellular blood forms (FP) of Plasmodium berghei was used to study some aspects of the interaction between protective antibodies and malaria parasites. FP but not infected erythrocytes (IRBC) were shown by the fluorescent antibody technique to be coated by antibodies after in vitro incubation with immune serum. Preincubation of both FP and IRBC with immune serum followed by their washing did not result in enhanced elimination of the parasites in vivo. However, FP preincubated with immune serum and subsequently washed were eliminated more efficiently than FP preincubated with normal serum if the preparations were injected with some immune serum. Such an increase in the efficiency of elimination was not detected with similarly pretreated IRBC. It is thus probable that protective antibodies acted in vivo against extracellular parasites rather than against parasites in erythrocytes. The interaction between parasites and antibodies may be of a highly reversible nature, and washing of the in vitro-treated parasites may cause elution of antibody from the sensitized parasites so that the amount of antibody on the parasite falls below the critical level required for in vivo elimination.
Evidence for O antigens as the antigenic determinants in "ribosomal" vaccines prepared from Salmonella
Authors: Eisenstein T K
Published: January 2020

The nature of the protective substance in ribosomal ribonucleic acid and protein extracts of Salmonella has been investigated. The results of experiments in which vaccines were prepared from isogenic strains and strains with defects in lipopolysaccharide synthesis show that O antigens contaminate both ribonucleic acid and protein ribosomal extracts, and are responsible for at least part of their strain-specific protective activity. In addition, it was observed that a ribosomal ribonucleic acid preparation from S. adelaide contains a heat-stable immunogen which is not an O antigen or that gives cross-protection across species lines. The contribution of ribosomes to the immunity induced by "ribosomal vaccines" is discussed.
Plasmid-linked ampicillin resistance in haempohilus influenza type b
Authors: Elwell L P , De Graaff J , Seibert D , Falkow S
Published: January 2020

Four ampicillin-resistant, beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haempohilus influenzae type b were examined for the presence of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Three resistant strains contained a 30 x 10-6-dalton (30Mdal) plasmid and one resitant strain contained a 3-Mdal plasmid. The ampicillin-sensitive Haemophilus strains examined did not contain plasmid DNA. Transformation of a sensitive H. influenzae strain to ampicillin resistance with isolated plasmid DNA preparations revealed that the structural gene for beta-lactamase resided on both plasmid species. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed that the 30-Mdal Haemophilus plasmid contained the ampicillin translocation DNA segment (TnA) found on some R-factors of enteric origin of the H. influenzae plasmids.
In situ separation of bacterial trapping and killing functions of the perfused liver
Authors: Moon R J , Vrable R A , Broka J A
Published: January 2020

CF-1 mice cleared and killed 80% of a 1.2 x 10(9) intravenous dose of Salmonella typhimurium after 30 min. The perfused mouse liver trapped 70% of a similar dose of S. typhimurium in a single pass, but in the perfusion model no significant killing of the trapped organisms was observed. The perfused rat liver also avidly trapped bacteria. Because of its larger size, we have been able to devise techniques to experimentally distinguish between the bacterial trapping and killing functions of this organ. When the liver was washed free of blood with sterile M-199, over 70 to 80% of a 10(6) to 10(10) dose of viable S. typhimurium was trapped after a single pass, but no significant bacterial killing was observed. When blood or plasma was added to the perfusion medium, over 50% of the trapped bacteria were killed in 15 to 30 min. Phase contrast and electron micrographs of perfused livers showed extensive extracellular trapping of bacteria in the sinusoids. Our data show that humoral factors are apparently not necessary for efficient trapping of live Salmonella by the perfused rat liver but are an absolute requirement for bacterial activity of the organ.
Pathogenesis of simian foamy virus infection in natural and experimental hosts
Authors: Swack N S , Hsiung G D
Published: January 2020

Inoculation of simian foamy virus type 1 into New Zealand white rabits resulted in an infection which was very similar to that observed in naturally infected nonhuman primates. Both intraperitoneal and intranasal inculations were found to be efficient procedures for the establishment of the infection in rabbits. Infection by the nasal route was found to be the best method, whereas no infection could be established by feeding virus in the drinking water. Once infection was established, virus persisted in the tissues and organs for as long as 264 days after inoculation, during which time the animals maintained significant levels of neutralizing antibody. Infectious virus was recovered from spleen, liver, lung, salivary gland, kidney, and, to a lesser extent, the brain. Virus was isolated from the blood only during early infection and never from the urine. A comparison of the distribution of foamy virus in naturally infected monkeys and baboon with experimentally infected rabbits showed that both groups harbored infectious virus in the same internal tissues and organs. Recovery of infectious virus from both groups of animals was accomplished by cultivation and/or co-cultivation of infected cells onto Vero cells.
Physicochemical Properties of
Neisseria meningitidis
Group C and Y Polysaccharide Antigens
Authors: Apicella Michael A. , Robinson John A.
Published: January 2020

Chemical and physical studies of the
Neisseria meningitidis
group C and Y antigens indicated that these preparations are acidic polysaccharides. The group C antigen contains predominately
n
-acetyl neuraminic acid, with small amounts of glucose, glucosamine, and mannose, whereas the group Y antigen contains glucose, glucosamine, and mannose. The molecular weights of the group C and Y antigens were found to be 88,000 and 197,000, respectively. The group C antigen was susceptible to neuraminidase digestion. Finally, the immunological reactivity of neither antigen was inhibited in hemagglutination or immunodiffusion systems by neutral or substituted sugars.
Role of the Phagocyte in Host-Parasite Interactions XXIV. Aldehyde Generation by the Myeloperoxidase-H
2
O
2
-Chloride Antimicrobial System: a Possible In Vivo Mechanism of Action
Authors: Paul B. B. , Jacobs A. A. , Strauss R. R. , Sbarra A. J.
Published: January 2020

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), H
2
O
2
, and chloride ions in the presence of bacteria form aldehydes and are bactericidal. The use of heat-inactivated MPO prevented both killing and aldehyde generation. Decarboxylation and deamination of carboxyl and amino group substrates arising from the bacterial surface may participate in the reaction which yields aldehydes. Bacterial contact was essential for killing. Decarboxylation and bactericidal activities were noted when physiological concentrations of chloride were used. When MPO was replaced with horseradish peroxidase (HPO) in the chloride medium, decarboxylation and bactericidal activities were no longer noted. In contrast, iodide functioned in the antimicrobial system with either MPO or HPO. The iodide concentrations required were at least sixfold greater than circulating blood iodide levels. Moreover, decarboxylation did not occur in the presence of iodide with either enzyme. Thus, both halides function in the MPO-H
2
O
2
system but by different mechanisms. It is likely that in vivo under most conditions chloride is the functional halide and that generation of aldehydes is the mechanism responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the MPO-H
2
O
2
-chloride system.
Typing of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci by Proteolytic Activity on Buffered Caseinate-Agar, with Special Reference to Bacteriophage Nontypable Strains
Authors: Martley F. G. , Jarvis Audrey W. , Bacon D. F. , Lawrence R. C.
Published: January 2020

The specificities of the proteinases produced by 136 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci on a buffered caseinate-agar medium at 37 C were investigated. Five well-defined groups of staphylococci could be differentiated by the patterns of precipitation zones obtained as a result of proteolysis. Within these five groups, slight variations in zone types were observed. The type of zone produced by any one strain was, however, highly reproducible, suggesting that the proteinases produced by staphylococci are strain-specific. Strains could be further differentiated by the patterns of precipitation obtained at 30 C. The differences in zone types on caseinateagar can be used as an adjunct to standard typing procedures, being particularly valuable in epidemiological investigations and in the differentiation of phage “non-typable” strains. In this survey, 63 of the strains investigated could not be typed by the international set of typing phages but could be readily differentiated in terms of their proteolytic activities at 37 and 30 C. No correlation was found between proteolytic activity, phage type, origin of the strains, or the production of enterotoxins A, B, or C.
Growth Inhibition of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
After Single-Pulsed Exposures to Streptomycin, Ethambutol, and Rifampin
Authors: Beggs William H. , Jenne John W.
Published: January 2020

It was reported earlier that the degree of growth inhibition of tubercle bacilli after single-pulsed isoniazid exposures is a function of the time-concentration product (TCP) of exposure rather than of either time or concentration alone (TCP = hr exposure × μg of drug/ml). In the present investigation, these time and concentration studies have been extended to streptomycin (SM), ethambutol (EMB), and rifampin (RMP).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Ra was grown in Sautons liquid medium at 37 C with aeration. Rapidly growing cells were harvested and resuspended at 0.5 to 0.6 mg (dry wt)/ml in fresh medium; incubation was continued in the presence of various concentrations of the appropriate drug. At time intervals, samples were diluted 1:200 into drug-free medium for turbidimetric growth assay. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of EMB, SM, and RMP were approximately 0.2, 0.02, and 0.002 μg/ml, respectively. When cells were pulsed with 0.0125 to 0.0625 μg of RMP per ml at time intervals of up to 9.5 hr, the degree of subsequent growth inhibition appeared to be a function of TCP. A similar relationship was observed when SM was tested over a range of 0.125 to 1.0 μg/ml and various time intervals of up to 8 hr. In contrast, inhibition of tubercle bacilli after EMB exposures was dependent primarily on exposure time and was affected only slightly by concentration. At any particular exposure time between 3 and 16 hr, 1.25 to 7.5 μg of EMB per ml produced similar levels of inhibition, but marked inhibition did not occur unless the exposure time exceeded 10 hr. Relationships of these latter findings to the mode of action of EMB and the potential clinical significance of the RMP, SM, and EMB data are discussed.
Immunoglobulins, Secretory Component, and Transferrin in Eye Secretions of Infants in Regions With and Without Endemic Trachoma
Authors: Mull J. Dennis , Peters John H. , Nichols Roger L.
Published: January 2020

Eye secretions were collected from Boston and Saudi Arab infants between 1 day and 6 months of age. These secretions were then tested with monospecific antisera in double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis for the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM, IgG, secretory component, and transferrin. (The term “secretory component” has been chosen by the World Health Organization to replace the terms “secretory piece” and “transport piece.”) Eye secretions of all newborns contained secretory component. IgA was found attached to the secretory component in samples from some infants as young as 8 days of age and in samples from most infants over 3 weeks of age. IgG and transferrin were found in most samples regardless of the age of the infant. The prevalence of the respective proteins in the eye secretions of Boston infants was found to be similar to their prevalence in the eye secretions of Saudi Arab infants, including four who developed trachoma during the study. Specific antibody to trachoma was demonstrated in the eye secretions of those infants with active trachoma, and the immunoglobulin class was determined.
Agar-Gel Precipitating Antibody in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infections
Authors: Young Lowell S. , Yu Bessie H. , Armstrong Donald
Published: January 2020

The human immune response to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection was studied by using the double diffusion in agar-gel technique. Antigens from Fisher-Devlin-Gnabasik immunotypes were prepared by both trichloroacetic acid extraction and ultrasonic disruption. Serum from 72 of 168 patients (43%) from whom
P. aeruginosa
was isolated formed from one to eight precipitin bands. Precipitins were demonstrated in the sera of 60 of 66 (91%) patients recovering from bacteremia and deep infections; however, they were usually absent when
Pseudomonas
infection was fatal or when there was no clinical evidence of significant infection. Precipitating antibody was detectable at serum dilutions as high as 1:32, and appearance of single bands correlated with hemagglutinating antibody titers of ≥1:128. Antigen from sonically disrupted organisms usually resulted in stronger precipitin bands than trichloroacetic acid extracts, and antigen from the homologous infecting strain occasionally increased test sensitivity. None of 50 normal controls had
Pseudomonas
precipitins as was the case in patients convalescing from
Escherichia coli
(15 patients),
Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia
(18), and
Proteus
(14) bacteremias. Measurement of agar-gel precipitins was useful and specific in evaluating the circulating antibody response to
P. aeruginosa
infections.
Biological and Immunological Properties of Encapsulated Strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
from Human Sources
Authors: Yoshida Kosaku , Smith Melvin R. , Naito Yoshiko
Published: January 2020

Of 875 strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
isolated from human source clinical specimens, 37 (4.2%) were encapsulated strains. These were all negative for clumping factor and could not be typed with bacteriophages or by serology. Twenty-one of these did not produce any hemolysins, 15 produced alpha hemolysin, 1 produced beta hemolysin, and 1 produced both beta and delta hemolysins. After one or two subcultures, 27 of the encapsulated strains converted to the compact variant form, all became positive for clumping factor, 12 became phage-typable, and 24 became sero-typable. In addition, 7 strains converted from negative to alpha hemolysin production. Comparison of phage- and sero-types did not reveal any relationships. Immunologically, mice challenged with heat-killed encapsulated strains were protected against a challenge infection with the Smith diffuse strain. Protective antibodies in rabbit anti-Smith diffuse strain antisera were removed by adsorption using the encapsulated organisms isolated in this study. The adsorbed sera no longer protected against challenge infection in mice with the Smith diffuse strain. From these results, it appears that the encapsulated strains isolated were immunologically and biologically similar to the classical Smith diffuse strain.
Mechanism of Action of Intestinal Antibody in Experimental Cholera II. Antibody-Mediated Antibacterial Reaction at the Mucosal Surface
Authors: Freter Rolf
Published: January 2020

Earlier studies have shown that intestinal antibody (coproantibody) decreases the adsorption of vibrios to the intestinal wall of rabbits. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon was studied by means of an in vitro model in which vibrios were grown on slices of rabbit ileum in a moist chamber. Antibody prevented the adsorption of vibrios onto such slices in the same manner as it did in vivo. Studies of the in vitro growth rate of vibrios on slices of ileum indicated an antibody-dependent antibacterial mechanism on the mucosal surface. This mechanism appeared to require the presence of viable mucosal cells, as it was not present when filter paper was substituted for the tissue slices and it could not be demonstrated in fresh scrapings from the intestinal mucosa. Antigen-antibody mixtures were added to the surface of slices of rabbit ileum or were introduced into the lumen of intestinal loops. Presence of these mixtures did not inhibit the antibody-dependent antibacterial mechanism on the mucosa in either the in vivo or the in vitro system. The amount of antigen-antibody mixture used in vivo was at least 12 times that required to neutralize the complement released by homogenization from an entire intestinal loop. The results obtained support the hypothesis that coproantibody protects by decreasing the adsorption of vibrios on the intestinal mucosa. The mechanism responsible appears to be an antibacterial effect on the mucosal surface which requires antibody plus some additional factor(s) supplied by viable mucosal cells. The postulated factor does not appear to be complement.
Time Relationships Between Injection of Antigen and Adjuvant I. Adjuvancy of
Bordetella pertussis
Given at Various Times Before the Primary Antigenic Stimulus
Authors: Finger H. , Bartoschek M. , Emmerling P.
Published: January 2020

The adjuvant activity of
Bordetella pertussis
was investigated, both at the cellular and humoral levels, when the bacterial adjuvant was administered at various times before the primary antigenic stimulus of both 8 × 10
6
and 4 × 10
8
sheep erythrocytes. In all experiments, both adjuvant and erythrocyte antigen were given intraperitoneally. Adjuvant activity was measured on the basis of the primary immune response and on the degree of priming for the secondary immune reaction. A maximal effect on the primary immune response was found in mice which had received
B. pertussis
vaccine simultaneously with the erythrocyte antigen. A significant degree of adjuvancy was also demonstrable when
B. pertussis
vaccine was administered within a period of 48 hr before antigen. Adjuvant effectiveness was less as the time interval between the injection of antigen and adjuvant increased. The process of priming for the secondary response, however, was found to be equally affected when the adjuvant was given either simultaneously with the antigen or 12, 24, and 48 hr before sheep erythrocytes. On the basis of these and previous findings, it is suggested that adjuvancy of
B. pertussis
is caused chiefly by additional recruitment of responding cells. It is also suggested that memory-cell production may develop concurrently with, but independently of, the cellular proliferative events which lead to antibody formation during the primary immune response.
Drug Potentiation of Macrophage Function
Authors: Cline Martin J.
Published: January 2020

The mechanism by which macrophages kill facultative intracellular parasites is not known. A test system is described utilizing human macrophages derived from blood monocytes and the opportunistic pathogen
Listeria monocytogenes
. In this system, bacterial killing was impaired under hypoxic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, addition of Clofazimine (B663), a phenazine derivative effective in the treatment of human leprosy, potentiated the killing of
Listeria
by macrophages. Potentiation occurred at drug concentrations usually attainable in man and which are not directly injurious to the bacteria. The enhanced bactericidal activity occurred only in the presence of oxygen; the drug induced increased leukocyte oxygen consumption which was insensitive to cyanide.
Pilot-Scale Production of Group A and Group C Meningococcal Polysaccharide Immunogens
Authors: Berman Sanford , Altieri Patricia L. , Groffinger Albert , Lowenthal Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

Methods have been developed for the pilot-scale production of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide immunogens based on the meningococcal strains, the medium, and the basic processing procedures used by Gotschlich et al. Physical and chemical assays on the final products obtained on a pilot-scale level indicate that these purified polysaccharides are entirely comparable to the Gotschlich preparations which proved to be immunogenic in man.
Enhanced Immunogenicity of Altered Encephalitogenic Protein
Authors: Swanborg Robert H. , Radzialowski Cynthia V.
Published: January 2020

The immunogenicity, in rabbits, of homologous encephalitogenic brain basic protein (BP) can be enhanced by conjugating BP with three to five diazotized arsanilic or sulfanilic acid groups per molecule.
Failure of Antrycide in Treatment of Leptospirosis in Experimentally Infected Hamsters
Authors: Maghami G. , Green S. , Evans L. B.
Published: January 2020

The chemotherapeutic efficacy of quinapyramine (antrycide) could not be demonstrated in hamsters experimentally infected with a virulent strain of serotype
bataviae
.
Cell Surface Antigen Induced by Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Hahon Nicholas
Published: January 2020

By immunofluorescence staining, a specific surface antigen induced by Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus was detected on L-929 cells. Formation of the antigen was independent of viral ribonucleic acid synthesis.
Interferon Induction by the Psittacosis Agent in Guinea Pig Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Kozikowski Edmund H. , Hahon Nicholas
Published: January 2020

High titers of interferon were induced by the psittacosis agent in guinea pig leukocyte cultures. Optimal yields of interferon were produced from freshly prepared guinea pig leukocyte cultures containing 4 × 10
6
cells per ml inoculated with a psittacosis/cell multiplicity of 1.0 and incubated at 35 C for 24 hr. Leukocytes obtained from 2- to 4-month-old guinea pigs produced 20 times more interferon than leukocytes from 3- to 4-week-old animals. The biological activity of interferon and the kinetics of its production from psittacosis-infected guinea pig leukocyte cultures were similar to those reported for virus-induced leukocyte interferons.
Experimentally Induced Alterations in Antigenic Properties of an Arbovirus Serotype
Authors: Henderson J. R. , Hoshino Y.
Published: January 2020

Antigenic properties of Getah virus were monitored during 80 serial passages in Vero tissue cultures. The parent virus lost its serotype identity by passage 80. A clone derived from the parent remained antigenically stable during passage. The experimentally induced antigenic alterations in Getah virus were attributable to the tissue culture host selection of constituent subpopulations of virus with properties unlike those of the original parent. The marked differences in neutralization titers of low- and high-passage virus were considered related to or influenced by (i) the variation in subpopulation selection of the virus during passage and (ii) the variation in availability of antigenic stimulants during preparation of antiserum.
Immunologically Induced and Elicited Local Resistance to
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Taubler James H. , Grieb Marlynn , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2020

Allergy characterized by delayed hypersensitivity was induced in populations of mice by injection, respectively, of
Staphylococcus aureus
and of tubercle bacilli. Eliciting doses of staphylococcal antigen or of old tuberculin antigen were injected subcutaneously into the nape of the neck of samples of these mice. A challenge dose of
S. aureus
was injected into the site of the eliciting injection, and the subsequent survival curves of the infecting staphylococci were determined by plate counts. Survival of the challenge staphylococci was significantly reduced only when the eliciting antigen was homologous with the inducing antigen. Thus induction and elicitation were specific, but the local resistance was nonspecifically effective against staphylococci.
Experimental Infection of Monkeys with Bunyamwera and Germiston Viruses
Authors: Schwartz Anthony , Allen William P.
Published: January 2020

Clinical and serological responses investigated in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys infected with either Bunyamwera or Germiston viruses were generally minimal or absent. A febrile reaction occurred in one of eight monkeys, and another monkey died unexplainably among those given Bunyamwera virus. All monkeys infected with Germiston virus by subcutaneous, intravenous, or intracerebral routes developed fevers, and all infections were relatively consistent in time of onset, duration, and level of viremia. Rhesus monkeys were also susceptible to infection by exposure to aerosolized Germiston virus, although viremias were irregular in these animals, and no fevers were detected. Serological responses to infections by Bunyamwera and Germiston viruses (hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and neutralization tests) provided more reliable indications of infection than clinical response.
Production of Common Antigen by Enteric Bacteria Grown in a Synthetic Culture Medium
Authors: Gorzynski Eugene , Neter Erwin
Published: January 2020

Enterobacteriaceae
share a common antigen (CA). The present investigation was carried out to determine whether this antigen is produced by representative strains of
Escherichia, Salmonella
, and
Serratia
grown in a completely synthetic medium. For comparative purposes, antigen production by the same strains grown in infusion broth was determined. CA, as assayed by indirect hemagglutination and immunogenicity studies in the rabbit, was produced by the microorganisms cultured in both media. The amount of CA produced by the strains varied according to the size of microbial population and to the length of culture. With the exception of
E. coli
O14, the strains studied, on day 7, produced 1.4 to 8 times more CA in infusion broth than in the synthetic medium; with
E. coli
O14, the ratio of CA in the respective media was 96:1.
E. coli
O14, but not
E. coli
O111 or
S. typhimurium
, when grown in the synthetic medium, engendered CA antibodies upon intravenous injection into rabbits. Ethanol extraction of the latter two strains yielded an immunogenic ethanol-soluble antigen preparation. The ethanol-soluble fraction of
E. coli
O111 also induced a secondary response in animals primed with
E. coli
O111 or
S. typhimurium
cultures grown in the synthetic medium. It is concluded that CA produced in a completely synthetic culture medium has the same attributes as CA produced in infusion broth.
Studies on Immunity in Anthrax XII. Requirement for Phosphate for Elaboration of Protective Antigen and Its Partial Replacement by Charcoal
Authors: Wright George G. , Angelety Lorell H. , Swanson Beatrice
Published: January 2020

Retention of protective antigen on columns of diethylaminoethyl cellulose was inhibited by the 0.01
m
phosphate salts in the standard growth medium. Reduction in the concentration of phosphate to 0.001
m
allowed satisfactory retention of antigen on diethylaminoethyl cellulose but decreased significantly the elaboration of antigen during growth of the cultures. Growth remained normal at phosphate concentrations as low as 0.0001
m
. Inhibition of antigen elaboration in media containing reduced concentrations of phosphate was overcome by addition of 0.006% (w/v) charcoal. It is suggested that antigen elaboration, like encapsulation of virulent strains, is stimulated in the presence of an adsorbent. However, a nonencapsulated strain derived from an F mutant exhibited the same requirement for an adsorbent as nonencapsulated strains derived from the parent strain.
In Vitro Assessment of Cellular Immunity to Vaccinia Virus: Contribution of Lymphocytes and Macrophages
Authors: Tompkins W. A. F. , Zarling J. M. , Rawls W. E.
Published: January 2020

The possible contributions of lymphocytes and macrophages to immunity to vaccinia virus were examined in vitro by determination of antigen-specific inhibition of migration of macrophages and the replication of the virus in purified macrophages. Lymphocytes from various anatomic sites of vaccinia virus-immune rabbits mixed with macrophages from nonimmune rabbits resulted in antigen-specific inhibition of macrophage migration; purified lymphocytes of peritoneal exudates were found to be the most potent inhibitors. Macrophages from peritoneal exudates of immune rabbits purified to contain less than 1% lymphocytes were sensitive to inhibition of migration by vaccinia antigens. Virus grew in macrophages from nonimmune rabbits, but failed to replicate in macrophages from the peritoneal cavity of immune rabbits. Alveolar maracrophages from immune rabbits were not inhibited from migrating in the presence of the viral antigen, and the virus replicated in these cells. The data suggest, but do not prove, that cellular immunity to vaccinia virus in rabbits may be mediated both by lymphocytes and by macrophages.
Factors Affecting the Transmission of
Salmonella
by Flies: Natural Resistance to Colonization and Bacterial Interference
Authors: Greenberg Bernard , Kowalski John A. , Klowden Marc J.
Published: January 2020

Groups of immobilized gnotobiotic houseflies,
Musca domestica
L., were mono-contaminated with graded doses of
Salmonella typhimurium
, bicontaminated with
S. typhimurium
and
Proteus mirabilis
, and multicontaminated with
S. typhimurium
and a mouse fecal flora. Of 45 flies fed an average of 22
Salmonella
cells alone, 26 showed bacterial multiplication, up to 1.4 × 10
7
in one case. There was a fairly consistent increase in percentage of
Salmonella
excreters with increasing input, so that all flies given 10
4
and 10
5
cells shed
Salmonella
some time during an observation period of 8 to 13 days. Multiplication, however, reached higher levels in flies given 10
2
or 10
3
organisms. A high input was not necessary to produce a high proportion of
Salmonella
excreters. Among 22 flies given an average of 90
Salmonella
cells, multiplication occurred in 17 and 18 became excreters. Antagonism between
P. mirabilis
and
S. typhimurium
, which was previously described in the blowfly maggot tract, also occurred in the gut of the adult housefly. With an input of 10
3
cells each of
Salmonella
and
Proteus
, there was a reduction of
Salmonella
excreters to 27% on the first day and elimination by the second day. With a normal fecal flora which contained no demonstrable
P. mirabilis
, 37% of the flies were still excreting
Salmonella
on the fourth day, but not by day 6; among flies fed
Salmonella
alone at the same input, the organism was excreted by 87% on the first day and 62% on the second day, and outputs continued for at least 8 days.
Salmonella
was lodged mainly in the mid- and hindgut 3 days after the infective meal, minimizing transmission through vomit. Comparison studies with the common green bottle fly,
Phaenicia sericata
Mg., showed it to be more resistant than the housefly to establishment and multiplication of
S. typhimurium
.
Synergistic effect of polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid and either bacterial peptidoglycans or synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides on production of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats
Authors: Kohashi O , Kotani S , Shiba T , Ozawa A
Published: January 2020

Lewis rats developed polyarthritis after a single injection of a water-in-oil emulsion containing various peptidoglycans (PGs) derived from Lactobacillus plantarum. A copolymer of polyriboinosinic acid and polyribocytidylic acid markedly potentiated the arthritogenicity of these PGs. The synthetic adjuvants N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln) and MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Gln were non-arthritogenic, but they did produce severe arthritis when mixed in a water-in-oil emulsion with a copolymer of polyriboinosinic acid and polyribocytidylic acid. Substitution of either L-isoGln or D-isoAsn for the D-isoGln in the MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln markedly reduced its capacity to induce the disease. Taken together with the results of skin testing against various PGs and MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln in the diseased rats, the present results suggest that (i) a minimal essential structure required for development of polyarthritis is related to a larger molecule than either MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln or a monomer of PG, probably to a dimer of PG, and (ii) an antigenic determinant(s) for the delayed-type skin hypersensitivity to PGs exists on a common structure shared among these PGs, possibly somewhere on a monomer of PG not on N-acetylmuramyl peptides.
Quantitation of the Adherence of an Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
to Isolated Rabbit Intestinal Brush Borders
Authors: Cheney Christopher P. , Boedeker Edgar C. , Formal Samuel B.
Published: January 2020

Two assays were developed to quantitate the adherence of an
Escherichia coli
strain (RDEC-1) known to colonize the mucosal surface of the small intestine of rabbits to brush borders isolated from rabbit intestinal epithelial cells. In the first assay, the mean adherence per rabbit brush border was determined by counting the number of organisms adhering to each of 40 brush borders under phase microscopy. The mean adherence of RDEC-1 (11.5 ± 0.7 per rabbit brush border) was significantly greater than adherence of two nonpathogenic strains: HS (2.7 ± 0.4 per rabbit brush border) and 640 (0.8 ± 0.1 per rabbit brush border). A similar distinction between the adherence of RDEC-1 and the control (nonadherent) organisms could be made more rapidly by determining the percentage of the total number of brush borders which had 10 or more adherent organisms; this second assay was used to define the optimum conditions for adherence. Maximum adherence was seen within 15 min. Adherence was temperature dependent, with adherence after 1 min at 37°C being fourfold greater than that at 4°C. The pH optimum for adherence was between 6.5 and 7.0, and adherence was abolished below pH 5.0. With the first, more sensitive assay, the effect of electrolytes and a number of hexoses and hexosamines on adherence was analyzed. RDEC-1 adherence was inhibited at high ionic strengths; however, adherence was not influenced at moderately high concentrations (20 mg/ml) by either
d
-mannose or
l
-fucose, in contrast to the case for other reported enteric pathogens. These two quantitative in vitro assays for adherence produce consistent results and have been used to partially characterize the adherence of RDEC-1 to rabbit brush borders.
Plague antibody in large African mammals
Authors: Gordon D H , Isaacson M , Taylor P
Published: January 2020

Plague hemagglutinating antibodies to a titer of 1:1,024 were demonstrated in 6.6% of buffalo and 0.3% of elephant sera tested 1 year after a plague epidemic in the same area.
Method for quantitating sensitivity to a staphylococcal bacteriocin
Authors: Van Norman G , Groman N
Published: January 2020

A convenient method for quantitating the sensitivity of large numbers of bacterial strains (presently Corynebacterium diphtheriae) to a Staphylococcus aureus phage type 71 bacteriocin is described.
Physiological and metabolic alterations accompanying systemic candidiasis in mice
Authors: Leunk R D , Moon R J
Published: January 2020

Mice challenged intravenously with 10(6) viable Candida albicans died between 1 and 16 days after infection. Near the time of death, over 98% of the recoverable fungi came from the kidneys. Physiologically, animals were in renal failure near the time of death as evidenced by elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood creatinine levels and a creatinine clearance rate which was about one-half normal. No abnormalities in liver glucogen and blood glucose levels were detectable. When mice were challenged with 4.5 X 10(6) viable C. albicans, they all died within 12 h. Near the time of death they had normal BUN values and were hyperglycemic. In mice receiving 4.5 X 10(6) heat-killed C. albicans, no deaths occurred and liver glycogen, blood glucose, and BUN levels all remained within a normal range and were different from responses to bacterial endotoxin. Cumulatively, the results demonstrate two distinct syndromes for the pathogenesis of experimental C. albicans infections. At the lower dose, mice were in renal failure associated with progressive renal infection. At the higher dose, renal failure was not observed. If a toxin was associated with death from the latter dose, it was not similar to bacterial endotoxin.
Phenotypic stability of the cell wall of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt grown under various conditions
Authors: Knox K W , Jacques N A , Campbell L K , Wicken A J , Hurst S F , Bleiweis A S
Published: January 2020

Quantitative analyses of cell walls from Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt grown under carbohydrate limitation in the chemostat showed that growth conditions had no statistically significant effect on the composition of polysaccharide, peptidoglycan, or the proportion of polysaccharide in the cell wall. Lysis of cell wall preparations with a muramidase supported this conclusion and further indicated that there was little difference in their overall structure. In contrast, there was a consistent difference between the rates of lysis by this enzyme of organisms grown in 0.2% glucose and 0.5% glucose. Extremes of pH or dilution rate essentially did not influence the immunogenicity of type c antigen in whole organisms irrespective of whether the carbohydrate source was glucose or sucrose. However, differences were found in the immunogenicity of lipoteichoic acid under similar circumstances. The results indicated there was an inherent phenotypic stability in the cell walls of S. mutans Ingbritt despite changes in pH, generation time, and carbohydrate source, and that any changes that did occur were probably due to associated cell-surface components.
Ultrastructure of gliding bacteria: scanning electron microscopy of Capnocytophaga sputigena, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga ochracea
Authors: Poirier T P , Tonelli S J , Holt S C
Published: January 2020

When examined by both light and scanning electron microscopy, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, C. sputigena, and C. ochracea displayed three distinct growth zones: the original streak, an intermediate zone, and the advancing edge, or halo zone. On Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems)-soy-blood agar, the cells translocated by gliding. C. gingivalis and C. sputigena formed large, irregular isolated colonies, while C. ochracea formed a more confluent cell mass. The cells within the streak zone and in most of the intermediate zone were heaped into mounds, with the individual cells displaying a definite flow pattern, the latter characteristic of C. sputigena and C. gingivalis. The halo zone consisted of tracks of cells which appeared to have translocated back upon themselves, or were restricted in their outward movements by adjacent cells. Also present within the halo zone were small aggregates of cells, referred to as pioneer colonies. The cell surfaces of C. gingivalis and C. ochracea were smooth and free of any apparent extracellular material, whereas C. sputigena was covered with a thick amorphous material, as well as long, thick, cell surface-associated fibrils.