bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial release from masking in normal-hearing children and children who use hearing aids
Authors: Ching Teresa Y. C. , van Wanrooy Emma , Dillon Harvey , Carter Lyndal
Published: February 2011

Listening to speech in competing sounds poses a major difficulty for children with impaired hearing. This study aimed to determine the ability of children (3–12 yr of age) to use spatial separation between target speech and competing babble to improve speech intelligibility. Fifty-eight children (31 with normal hearing and 27 with impaired hearing who use bilateral hearing aids) were assessed by word and sentence material. Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured with speech presented from 0° azimuth, and competing babble from either 0° or ±90° azimuth. Spatial release from masking (SRM) was defined as the difference between SRTs measured with co-located speech and babble and SRTs measured with spatially separated speech and babble. On average, hearing-impaired children attained near-normal performance when speech and babble originated from the frontal source, but performed poorer than their normal-hearing peers when babble was spatially separated from target speech. On average, normal-hearing children obtained an SRM of 3 dB whereas children with hearing loss did not demonstrate SRM. Results suggest that hearing-impaired children may need enhancement in signal-to-noise ratio to hear speech in difficult listening conditions as well as normal-hearing children.
Comparison between maximum radial expansion of ultrasound contrast agents and experimental postexcitation signal results
Authors: King Daniel A. , O’Brien William D.
Published: February 2011

Experimental postexcitation signal data of collapsing Definity microbubbles are compared with the Marmottant theoretical model for large amplitude oscillations of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). After taking into account the insonifying pulse characteristics and size distribution of the population of UCAs, a good comparison between simulated results and previously measured experimental data is obtained by determining a threshold maximum radial expansion (Rmax) to indicate the onset of postexcitation. This threshold Rmax is found to range from 3.4 to 8.0 times the initial bubble radius, R0, depending on insonification frequency. These values are well above the typical free bubble inertial cavitation threshold commonly chosen at 2R0. The close agreement between the experiment and models suggests that lipid-shelled UCAs behave as unshelled bubbles during most of a large amplitude cavitation cycle, as proposed in the Marmottant equation.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Blaeser Susan B. , Schomer Paul D.
Published: February 2011

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes catalogs of Acoustical Standards, both National and International. To receive copies of the latest Standards Catalogs, please contact Susan B. Blaeser.

Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.

This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National and International Catalogs of Acoustical Standards, and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are available via the ASA home page: http://asa.aip.org.
Readily Available Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts
Authors: Dahl Shannon L. M. , Kypson Alan P. , Lawson Jeffrey H. , Blum Juliana L. , Strader Justin T. , Li Yuling , Manson Roberto J. , Tente William E. , DiBernardo Louis , Hensley M. Taylor , Carter Riley , Williams Tiare P. , Prichard Heather L. , Dey Margaret S. , Begelman Keith G. , Niklason Laura E.
Published: February 2011

Nonimmunogenic, tissue-engineered vascular grafts stored long-term maintain their patency, strength, and function after transplant in large-animal models.
Human CD3 Transgenic Mice: Preclinical Testing of Antibodies Promoting Immune Tolerance
Authors: Kuhn Chantal , You Sylvaine , Valette Fabrice , Hale Geoff , van Endert Peter , Bach Jean-François , Waldmann Herman , Chatenoud Lucienne
Published: February 2011

Human CD3 transgenic mice offer a unique preclinical tool to test drugs promoting immune tolerance.
Science Translational Medicine
Podcast: 2 February 2011
Authors: Dahl Shannon , Smith Orla
Published: February 2011

A conversation with Shannon Dahl about how to bioengineer off-the-shelf vascular grafts for use in surgical transplantation.
Estrogen and Energy Balance
Authors: Bremer Andrew A.
Published: February 2011

Nonclassical estrogen signaling mediates estrogen’s effect on metabolism.
The use of formalin fixed wax embedded tissue for proteomic analysis: Table 1
Authors: Ralton Lynda D , Murray Graeme I
Published: February 2011

The potential of proteomic approaches to elucidate disease pathogenesis and biomarker discovery is increasingly being recognised. These studies are usually based on the use of fresh tissue samples. Problems in obtaining and storing fresh frozen samples, especially either for the investigation of rare diseases or for the study of microscopic disease foci, have led to the investigation of the possible use of formalin fixed wax embedded tissue for proteomic biomarker detection Overcoming problems with protein cross-linking associated with formalin fixation of tissues, especially by using heat-mediated retrieval techniques combined with highly sensitive methods for protein separation and identification are now emerging, giving promise to the use of formalin fixed wax embedded tissues for proteomic analysis. Formalin fixed wax embedded tissues, together with their associated clinical and pathological information outcome may provide significant potential opportunities for proteomics research. Such studies of formalin fixed wax embedded tissue will allow access to already acquired clinical tissue samples which can be readily correlated with clinical, pathological and outcome data. It also provides access to rare types of tissue/diseases that would be either difficult to collect prospectively in a timely manner or are unlikely to be available as fresh samples. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the issues associated with the use of formalin fixed wax embedded tissues for proteomics.
Kinematics of the Forcarei Synform (NW Iberian Variscan belt)
Authors: Fernández Francisco José , Díaz-García Florentino , Marquínez Jorge
Published: February 2011

The Forcarei Synform is a kilometric fold developed in the hinterland of the NW Iberian Variscan belt. A detailed analysis of the synform, based on quartz fabrics and kinematic markers, shows pervasively deformed rocks that have been continuously deformed during the last two main Variscan deformation phases (D
2
and D
3
).

Variscan D
2
minor structures related to the synform were formed under general non-coaxial flow and have a sub-horizontal maximum finite stretching toward the SSE. Later a coaxial D
3
produced a sub-vertical crenulation cleavage, and type 2 and 3 refolded folds figures at the meso- and micro-scale. Consequently, the strike of the foliations (S
2
and S
3
) become sub-parallel and lineation (L
2
and L
3
) are sub-horizontal. The geometry of the synform and the related structures can be interpreted in the context of D
3
. However the dominantly sinistral shear sense indicators, observed in both limbs of the synform (in map view), seem to be most probably developed during D
2
. A model is proposed involving the progressive clockwise rotation of a sub-horizontal shear, with general top-to-the-south sense, during the simultaneous development of shear zone and foliation in agreement with the kinematic indicators.
Polyphase deformation of the Variscan accretionary wedge: an example from the southern part of the Moravian Karst (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic)
Authors: Rez Jiří , Melichar Rostislav , Kalvoda Jiří
Published: February 2011

The presence of two different coeval pre-flysch carbonate facies juxtaposed in numerous profiles in the southern part of the Moravian Karst proves that the Variscan nappe tectonics affected the pre-flysch basement of the main Culmian flysch nappes. Two main thrust events were recognized: (1) a ‘thin-skinned’ event, during which two sedimentary facies were juxtaposed along bedding sub-parallel thrusts, and (2) a ‘thick-skinned’ event, which generated younger thrusts oblique to bedding, involved crystalline rocks of the Brno Massif, and resulted in refolding of the older thrusts.
Kinematic evolution and strain simulation, based on cross-section restoration, of the Maiella Mountain: an analogue for oil fields in the Apennines (Italy)
Authors: Masini Massimiliano , Bigi Sabina , Poblet Josep , Bulnes Mayte , Cuia Raffaele Di , Casabianca Davide
Published: February 2011

Deformation predictive methods are useful for structural analysis from the scientific and industry point of view. We apply a strain simulation technique based on the inclusion of graphical strain markers in a cross-section, and subsequent cross-section restoration and numerical processing of strain markers, to the seismic-scale Maiella Mountain anticline (Central Apennines, Italy) considered a carbonate reservoir analogue for Apennines oil fields. The procedure followed involves field mapping and structural data collection, construction of cross-sections, sequential cross-section restoration, and application of the strain simulation technique. The cross-sections presented were constructed adopting one of the various structural interpretations proposed for this structure by different authors. According to this interpretation the Maiella Mountain structure resulted from Messinian–Early Pliocene extension and subsequent Late Pliocene shortening. According to our structural model the Maiella structure is a break-thrust fold and the comparison between the present-day and the restored cross-sections yields 1.3–4.6% of extension associated with two main normal faults and 21.5–22.1% and 2.5–3.4% of shortening due to a major thrust and folding respectively. The simulation of deformation distribution shows high deformation intensity in both limbs and low deformation in the anticline crest and part of the thrust footwall.
Kinematic retro-modelling of a cross-section through a thrust-and-fold belt: the Western Irish Namurian Basin
Authors: Tanner David C. , Bense Frithjof A. , Ertl Gabriele
Published: February 2011

The Western Irish Namurian Basin (WINB) developed into a fold-and-thrust belt at the front of the northward-propagating Variscan orogenic wedge. Part of this basin is well exposed along the coast of County Clare, Ireland. From a detailed study that used an integrated GPS mapping approach, we produced a
c
. 50 km long, balanced cross-section, parallel to the tectonic transport vector. We sequentially decompacted and retro-deformed the Namurian strata in 7 stages to evaluate the palinspastic situation of the basin and the amount of shortening. By using passive markers in the model and a highly-detailed timescale, we were able to determine that shortening of the WINB, from the onset of Central Clare Group sedimentation was 7.44% (or 4.07 km) of which shortening due to folding accounts for
c
. 2.64% (
c
. 1.37 km), and therefore
c
. 4.80% (
c
. 2.69 km) was solely because of thrusting. The rate of horizontal shortening ranges from 1–34 mm a
−1
; this is within typical orogenic values.
Kinematic evolution of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya: constraints from magnetic fabric and structural properties of the Triassic flysch in SE Tibet
Authors: Antolín Borja , Appel Erwin , Montomoli Chiara , Dunkl István , Ding Lin , Gloaguen Richard , El Bay Rachida
Published: February 2011

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) combined with structural analysis are used in this work with the aim to characterize the tectonic evolution of the Triassic flysch within the eastern Tethyan Himalaya Thrust Belt in SE Tibet. The attitude of the magnetic foliation and lineation are concordant with the planar and linear structures of tectonic origin defined by the preferred orientation of the iron-bearing silicates. Two different tectonic domains can be defined: (a) the southern domain is controlled by the Eohimalayan tectonic foliation (S1) recorded in the magnetic foliation which trends east–west and dips to the north; (b) the northern domain is dominated by the Neohimalayan magnetic foliation with WNW–ESE strike and dips to the south opposite to the vergence of the main structures. A slightly prolate magnetic ellipsoid has been found in between the two domains recording the intersection of S1 and the subtle development of the S2 tectonic foliation. Hinterland propagation of the deformation lead to the Great Counter backthrust generation, pointed out by the SSW steeply plunging magnetic lineation. Furthermore different orientations of magnetic foliation may indicate an Early Miocene
c.
20° clockwise vertical-axis rotation.
Progressive deformation of a Coulomb thrust wedge: the eastern Fuegian Andes Thrust-Fold Belt
Authors: Carbonell Pablo J. Torres , Dimieri Luis V. , Olivero Eduardo B.
Published: February 2011

Time-calibrated balanced-cross sections of the eastern Fuegian Thrust–Fold Belt reveal many complex pro- and retro-vergent structures, rooted at the base of Cretaceous and within Paleocene rocks. These structures involve the unconformity-bounded syntectonic sequences of the Austral foreland basin, and accommodate a minimum shortening of
c
. 41.8 km. The complex kinematics of the thrust–fold belt are recorded by: (1) propagation of the basal décollement into the foreland, and forward-directed thrusting during the Ypresian; (2) out-of-sequence thrusting in the Lutetian; (3) subsidence and sedimentation from the Late Lutetian to the Oligocene; (4) backthrusting during the Oligocene; and (5) a renewed stage of forward-directed thrusting between the latest Oligocene and the Early Miocene, probably related to accretion below the sole fault in the hinterland. This thrust sequence is interpreted as the result of critical Coulomb wedge behaviour during the first stage of thrust–fold belt expansion, with accretion of new material that led to a taper decrease. The subsequent period of internal deformation corresponds to a subcritical stage, during which backthrusting accommodates significant shortening (
c
. 15%). After growth and taper increase, the last period of forward thrusting at the wedge's front marks the inception of a new critical stage.
Comparison of tectonic styles in the Mexican and Canadian Rocky Mountain Fold-Thrust Belt
Authors: Fitz-Diaz Elisa , Hudleston Peter , Tolson Gustavo
Published: February 2011

Despite the fact that most fold–thrust belts around the world share many features, successfully explained by the critical wedge model, the details of their geometric evolution and tectonic style development are poorly understood. In the classic section of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains the dominant tectonic style consists of imbricate thrust sheets with relatively little internal deformation of the individual slices. In the Mexican fold–thrust Belt (Central Mexico), the age of deformation, the overall structural pattern and the total amount of shortening are similar, but the individual thrust sheets exhibit much more internal deformation as manifest by metre-scale buckle folds. One of the differences between these localities is the lateral variation of facies resulting in massive platform limestone separated by thinly-bedded basinal limestone in the Central Mexico section. Strain is concentrated toward the margins between platforms and basins. In Canada, thick platform carbonates form continuous resistant units across the Front Range. Possible reasons for the differences in tectonic style between the two sections include the dominant lithology, distribution of lithologies, taper angle of the tectonic wedges, amount of friction along the basal detachment and the degree of anisotropy of the basin facies rocks.
Blood flow index using near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green as a minimally invasive tool to assess respiratory muscle blood flow in humans
Authors: Guenette Jordan A. , Henderson William R. , Dominelli Paolo B. , Querido Jordan S. , Brasher Penelope M. , Griesdale Donald E. G. , Boushel Robert , Sheel A. William
Published: February 2011

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with indocyanine green (ICG) dye has recently been used to measure respiratory muscle blood flow (RMBF) in humans. This method is based on the Fick principle and is determined by measuring ICG in the respiratory muscles using transcutaneous NIRS in relation to the [ICG] in arterial blood as measured using photodensitometry. This method is invasive since it requires arterial cannulation, repeated blood withdrawals, and reinfusions. A less invasive alternative is to calculate a relative measure of blood flow known as the blood flow index (BFI), which is based solely on the NIRS ICG curve, thus negating the need for arterial cannulation. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine whether BFI can be used to measure RMBF at rest and during voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea at 25, 40, 55, and 70% of maximal voluntary ventilation in seven healthy humans. BFI was calculated as the change in maximal [ICG] divided by the rise time of the NIRS-derived ICG curve. Intercostal and sternocleidomastoid muscle BFI were correlated with simultaneously measured work of breathing and electromyography (EMG) data from the same muscles. BFI showed strong relationships with the work of breathing and EMG for both respiratory muscles. The coefficients of determination ( R2) comparing BFI vs. the work of breathing for the intercostal and sternocleidomastoid muscles were 0.887 ( P < 0.001) and 0.863 ( P < 0.001), respectively, whereas the R2 for BFI vs. EMG for the intercostal and sternocleidomastoid muscles were 0.879 ( P < 0.001) and 0.930 ( P < 0.001), respectively. These data suggest that the BFI closely reflects RMBF in conscious humans across a wide range of ventilations and provides a less invasive and less technically demanding alternative to measuring RMBF.
Age-related autocrine diabetogenic effects of transgenic resistin in spontaneously hypertensive rats: gene expression profile analysis
Authors: Pravenec Michal , Zídek Václav , Landa Vladimír , Šimáková Miroslava , Mlejnek Petr , Šilhavý Jan , Maxová Martina , Kazdová Ludmila , Seidman Jonathan G. , Seidman Christine E. , Eminaga Seda , Gorham Joshua , Wang Jiaming , Kurtz Theodore W.
Published: February 2011

Increased circulating levels of resistin have been proposed as a possible link between obesity and insulin resistance; however, many of the potential metabolic effects of resistin remain to be investigated, including systemic versus local resistin action. We investigated potential autocrine effects of resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in 2- and 16-mo-old transgenic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) expressing a nonsecreted form of mouse resistin under control of the aP2 promoter. To search for possible molecular mechanisms, we compared gene expression profiles in adipose tissue in 6-wk-old transgenic SHR versus control rats, before development of insulin resistance, by digital transcriptional profiling using high-throughput sequencing. Both young and old transgenic rats showed moderate expression of the resistin transgene in adipose tissue but had serum resistin levels similar to control SHR and undetectable levels of transgenic resistin in the circulation. Young transgenic rats exhibited mild glucose intolerance. In contrast, older transgenic rats displayed marked glucose intolerance in association with near total resistance of adipose tissue to insulin-stimulated glucose incorporation into lipids (6 ± 2 vs. 77 ± 19 nmol glucose·g−1·2 h−1, P < 0.00001). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed calcium signaling, Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response, and actin cytoskeletal signaling canonical pathways as those most significantly affected. Analysis using DAVID software revealed oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling as top Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. These results suggest that with increasing age autocrine effects of resistin in fat tissue may predispose to diabetes in part by impairing insulin action in adipose tissue.
Contribution of Inherited Mutations in the BRCA2-Interacting Protein PALB2 to Familial Breast Cancer
Authors: Casadei Silvia , Norquist Barbara M. , Walsh Tom , Stray Sunday , Mandell Jessica B. , Lee Ming K. , Stamatoyannopoulos John A. , King Mary-Claire
Published: February 2011

Inherited mutations in the BRCA2-interacting protein PALB2 are known to be associated with increased risks of developing breast cancer. To evaluate the contribution of PALB2 to familial breast cancer in the United States, we sequenced the coding sequences and flanking regulatory regions of the gene from constitutional genomic DNA of 1,144 familial breast cancer patients with wild-type sequences at BRCA1 and BRCA2. Overall, 3.4% (33/972) of patients not selected by ancestry and 0% (0/172) of patients specifically of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry were heterozygous for a nonsense, frameshift, or frameshift-associated splice mutation in PALB2. Mutations were detected in both male and female breast cancer patients. All mutations were individually rare: the 33 heterozygotes harbored 13 different mutations, 5 previously reported and 8 novel mutations. PALB2 heterozygotes were 4-fold more likely to have a male relative with breast cancer (P = 0.0003), 6-fold more likely to have a relative with pancreatic cancer (P = 0.002), and 1.3-fold more likely to have a relative with ovarian cancer (P = 0.18). Compared with their female relatives without mutations, increased risk of developing breast cancer for female PALB2 heterozygotes was 2.3-fold (95% CI: 1.5–4.2) by age 55 and 3.4-fold (95% CI: 2.4–5.9) by age 85. Loss of the wild-type PALB2 allele was observed in laser-dissected tumor specimens from heterozygous patients. Given this mutation prevalence and risk, consideration might be given to clinical testing of PALB2 by complete genomic sequencing for familial breast cancer patients with wild-type sequences at BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Res; 71(6); 2222–9. ©2011 AACR.
Differences and Similarities between Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis in a Large Sample of Adult Patients with Rhinitis Symptoms
Authors: Di Lorenzo Gabriele , Pacor Maria Luisa , Amodio Emanuele , Leto-Barone Maria Stefania , La Piana Simona , D’Alcamo Alberto , Ditta Vito , Martinelli Nicola , Di Bona Danilo
Published: February 2011

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) may present with different clinical and laboratory characteristics. Methods: A total of 1,511 consecutive patients, aged 18–81 years, diagnosed with rhinitis, 56% females and 44% males, underwent complete allergic evaluation including skin prick test, blood eosinophil counts, nasal eosinophil counts, peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) measurement and evaluation of nasal symptoms using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: A total of 1,107 patients (73%)had AR, whereas 404 (27%) had NAR. Patients with NAR were older and predominantly female. A higher nasal eosinophils count was associated with AR and a lack of clinical response to antihistamines. AR patients had more sneezing and nasal pruritus, whereas NAR was characterized mainly by nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea. AR patients had more severe symptoms and recurrent conjunctivitis, whereas NAR patients had slightly more frequent episodes of recurring headaches as well as olfactory dysfunction. PNIF, blood eosinophil counts and VAS of nasal symptoms were higher in patients with AR. In a final logistic regression model, 10 variables were statistically different between AR and NAR: age [OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.96–0.98)], sneezing [OR 4.09 (95% CI 2.78–6.00)], nasal pruritus [OR 3.84 (95% CI 2.60–5.67)], mild symptoms [OR 0.21 (95% CI 0.09–0.49)], intermittent/severe nasal symptoms [OR 3.66 (95% CI 2.06–6.50)], VAS [OR 1.06 (95% CI 1.04–1.08)], clinical response to antihistamines [OR 22.59 (95% CI 13.79–37.00)], conjunctivitis [OR 4.49 (95% CI 2.86–7.05)], PNIF [OR 1.01 (95% CI 1.00–1.01)] and nasal eosinophil counts [OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.10–1.18)]. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed high predictive accuracy for a model including these variables independently of the diagnosis of AR/NAR (cutoff <0.74). Conclusions: We showed that the several clinical and laboratory parameters reported above may help to reinforce or exclude the diagnosis of AR obtained with skin prick test.
Profilins: Mimickers of Allergy or Relevant Allergens?
Authors: Santos Alexandra , Van Ree Ronald
Published: February 2011

Profilins are ubiquitous proteins, present in all eukaryotic cells and identified as allergens in pollen, latex and plant foods. The highly conserved structure justifies the cross-reactive nature of IgE antibodies against plant profilins and their designation as pan-allergens. Primary sensitization to profilin seems to arise from pollen sensitization with later development of cross-reactive IgE antibodies against plant food (and possibly latex) profilins. The role of profilin in inducing allergic symptoms needs to be evaluated and raises important issues in allergy diagnosis due to cross-reactivity. IgE cross-reactivity among profilins is associated with multiple pollen sensitization and with various pollen-food syndromes. In respiratory allergy, sensitization to pollen to which the patient has virtually no environmental exposure has been identified as a manifestation of profilin sensitization. As a food allergen, profilin usually elicits mild reactions, such as oral allergy syndrome, is not modified by processing and is especially important in allergy to some fruits, such as melon, watermelon, banana, tomato, citrus fruit and persimmon. Purified natural and recombinant profilins for in vitro and in vivo allergy tests are helpful in the diagnostic work-up. Herein we review the current state of knowledge about the allergen profilin and its implications in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. We conclude that, although its role in triggering allergic symptoms is still controversial, profilin is undoubtedly a relevant allergen. As a pan-allergen, profilin is associated with multiple pollen sensitization and pollen-food-latex syndromes that the allergist has to be aware of in order to accomplish an accurate diagnosis and successful treatment of allergic diseases.
Effect of Imatinib on Airway Smooth Muscle Thickening in a Murine Model of Chronic Asthma
Authors: Rhee Chin Kook , Kim Jin Woo , Park Chan Kwon , Kim Joo Sang , Kang Ji Young , Kim Seung Joon , Kim Seok Chan , Kwon Soon Suk , Kim Young Kyoon , Park Sung Hak , Lee Sook Young
Published: February 2011

Background: Asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation and remodeling. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate was developed to inhibit BCR-ABL kinase activity; however, it also has potent inhibitory activity against the c-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. The present study aimed to determine whether imatinib suppresses airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling and whether its effect is associated with growth factors such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and stem cell factor (SCF). Methods: We developed a mouse model of airway remodeling, which includes smooth muscle thickening, in which ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were repeatedly exposed to intranasal OVA administration twice a week for 3 months. Mice were treated with imatinib during the OVA challenge. Results: Mice chronically exposed to OVA developed sustained eosinophilic airway inflammation and AHR compared with control mice. In addition, the mice chronically exposed to OVA developed features of airway remodeling, including thickening of the peribronchial smooth muscle layer. Administration of imatinib significantly inhibited the development of AHR, eosinophilic inflammation and, importantly, ASM remodeling in mice chronically exposed to OVA. Imatinib treatment significantly reduced the levels of interleukin-4, -5 and -13. In addition, TGF-β1 and SCF were significantly reduced in the imatinib-treated animals. Conclusions: These results suggest that imatinib administration can prevent not only airway inflammation, but also airway remodeling associated with chronic allergen challenge. Imatinib may provide a clinically attractive therapy for chronic severe asthma.
Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Joint Tests for Genetic and Gene-Environment Interaction Effects
Authors: Aschard Hugues , Hancock Dana B. , London Stephanie J. , Kraft Peter
Published: February 2011

Background: There is growing interest in the study of gene-environment interactions in the context of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). These studies will likely require meta-analytic approaches to have sufficient power. Methods: We describe an approach for meta-analysis of a joint test for genetic main effects and gene-environment interaction effects. Using simulation studies based on a meta-analysis of five studies (total n = 10,161), we compare the power of this test to the meta-analysis of marginal test of genetic association and the meta-analysis of standard 1 d.f. interaction tests across a broad range of genetic main effects and gene-environment interaction effects. Results: We show that the joint meta-analysis is valid and can be more powerful than classical meta-analytic approaches, with a potential gain of power over 50% compared to the marginal test. The standard interaction test had less than 1% power in almost all the situations we considered. We also show that regardless of the test used, sample sizes far exceeding those of a typical individual GWAS will be needed to reliably detect genes with subtle gene-environment interaction patterns. Conclusion: The joint meta-analysis is an attractive approach to discover markers which may have been missed by initial GWASs focusing on marginal marker-trait associations.
Incidence and Management of Venous Air Embolisms during Awake Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery in a Large Clinical Series
Authors: Chang Edward F. , Cheng Jason S. , Richardson R. Mark , Lee Chanhung , Starr Philip A. , Larson Paul S.
Published: February 2011

Background/Aims: Venous air embolism (VAE) is a potential complication during neurosurgical procedures, particularly in the sitting position. The diagnosis and management of VAE in patients undergoing awake deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead implantation in the sitting position are underreported. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 467 consecutive DBS surgeries at the University of California, San Francisco. Data was collected for patient demographics, diagnosis, intraoperative events, and postoperative course. Results: Six cases of clinically diagnosed VAE were found, amounting to a total incidence of 1.3% per procedure. We did not observe a statistical association with patient age, diagnosis, or DBS target. The most common symptoms of intraoperative VAE were coughing, oxygen desaturation, and hypotension. In all cases, VAE was treated by copious irrigation of the surgical field and lowering the patient’s head. In 4 cases, DBS implantation was abandoned because of ongoing symptoms of VAE. The respiratory outcome in all patients was good after several days of close observation. Conclusion: The incidence of VAE during DBS procedures is small, but prompt recognition and management of VAE are critical to avoid further associated complications.
Zoledronic Acid Treatment in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Vuorimies Ilkka , Toiviainen-Salo Sanna , Hero Matti , Mäkitie Outi
Published: February 2011

Background: Intravenous disodium pamidronate has become an established treatment in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Another bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, has been indicated for the treatment of adult osteoporosis. We studied its efficacy and safety in children with mild OI. Methods: Patients were treated for 1.0–3.2 years with 0.05 mg/kg zoledronic acid intravenously every 6 months as part of their clinical care. They were carefully followed for clinical and biochemical parameters, side effects, bone mineral densities (BMD) and compression fractures. Results: The study included 17 patients (age 1.5–16.8 years) with type I OI. They had sustained altogether 73 fractures; 9 had compression fractures. During the treatment, 6 patients suffered in total 10 new long-bone fractures. The median lumbar spine areal BMD z-score increased from –2.0 to –0.7 during 2 years of treatment. The infusions were associated with a transient decrease in serum calcium and phosphate and a significant increase in serum PTH. Two patients developed symptomatic hypocalcemia. Bone turnover markers decreased during the treatment. Conclusions: Intravenous zoledronic acid is an effective mode of treatment in children with OI. The treatment response is comparable to pamidronate but the infusion protocol is more convenient. Further studies are needed to establish optimal dosing and long-term safety.
Skewering the Subthalamic Nucleus via a Parietal Approach
Authors: Zrinzo Ludvic , Holl Etienne M. , Petersen Erika A. , Limousin Patricia , Foltynie Thomas , Hariz Marwan I.
Published: February 2011

Background/Aims: A frontal burr hole around the level of the coronal suture is the conventional entry point when performing subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, alternative approaches may sometimes be necessary. Methods: We present a report of delayed hardware erosion through the scalp in the left frontal region after successful bilateral STN DBS for Parkinson’s disease. The left STN was retargeted via a parietal entry point. Results: Significant improvement in UPDRS motor score (59%) was obtained with bilateral stimulation 6 months after re-operation. The literature was examined for similar approaches and the rationale, risks and benefits of non-frontal entry points in functional neurosurgery were explored. Conclusion: Together with a brief review of STN anatomy, this report demonstrates that the parietal approach to the STN remains a viable option in addition to the more traditional frontal access.
A Study on the Reduction of Forecast Error Variance by Three Adaptive Observation Approaches for Tropical Cyclone Prediction
Authors: Qin Xiaohao , Mu Mu
Published: February 2011

Three adaptive approaches for tropical cyclone prediction are compared in this study: the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method, the first singular vector (FSV) method, and the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) method. These approaches are compared for 36-h forecasts of three northwest Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs): Matsa (2005), Nock-Ten (2004), and Morakot (2009). The sensitive regions identified by each method are obtained. The CNOPs form an annulus around the storm at the targeting time, the FSV targets areas north of the storm, and the ETKF closely targets the typhoon location itself. The sensitive results of both the CNOPs and FSV collocate well with the steering flow between the subtropical high and the TCs. Furthermore, the regions where the convection is strong are targeted by the CNOPs. Relatively speaking, the ETKF sensitive results reflect the large-scale flow.

To identify the most effective adaptive observational network, numerous probes or flights were tested arbitrarily for the ETKF method or according to the calculated sensitive regions of the CNOP and FSV methods. The results show that the sensitive regions identified by these three methods are more effective for adaptive observations than the other regions. In all three cases, the optimal adaptive observational network identified by the CNOP and ETKF methods results in similar forecast improvements in the verification region at the verification time, while the improvement using the FSV method is minor.
A Dynamical Interpretation of the Poleward Shift of the Jet Streams in Global Warming Scenarios
Authors: Rivière Gwendal
Published: February 2011

The role played by enhanced upper-tropospheric baroclinicity in the poleward shift of the jet streams in global warming scenarios is investigated. Major differences between the twentieth- and twenty-first-century simulations are first detailed using two coupled climate model outputs. There is a poleward shift of the eddy-driven jets, an increase in intensity and poleward shift of the storm tracks, a strengthening of the upper-tropospheric baroclinicity, and an increase in the eddy length scale. These properties are more obvious in the Southern Hemisphere. A strengthening of the poleward eddy momentum fluxes and a relative decrease in frequency of cyclonic wave breaking compared to anticyclonic wave breaking events is also observed.

Then, baroclinic instability in the three-level quasigeostrophic model is studied analytically and offers a simple explanation for the increased eddy spatial scale. It is shown that if the potential vorticity gradient changes its sign below the midlevel (i.e., if the critical level is located in the lower troposphere as in the real atmosphere), long and short wavelengths become respectively more and less unstable when the upper-tropospheric baroclinicity is increased.

Finally, a simple dry atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) is used to confirm the key role played by the upper-level baroclinicity by employing a normal-mode approach and long-term simulations forced by a temperature relaxation. The eddy length scale is shown to largely determine the nature of the breaking: long (short) wavelengths break more anticyclonically (cyclonically). When the upper-tropospheric baroclinicity is reinforced, long wavelengths become more unstable, break more strongly anticyclonically, and push the jet more poleward. Short wavelengths being less unstable, they are less efficient in pushing the jet equatorward. This provides an interpretation for the increased poleward eddy momentum fluxes and thus the poleward shift of the eddy-driven jets.
Mechanisms for Precipitation Variability of the Eastern Brazil/SACZ Convective Margin
Authors: Ma H.-Y. , Ji X. , Neelin J. D. , Mechoso C. R.
Published: February 2011

The present study examines the mechanisms for the connection between the precipitation variability in eastern Brazil and the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) convective margin (eastern Brazil/SACZ convective margin) and the variability of low-level inflow on interannual time scales during austral summer. The authors' methodology is based on the analysis of observational datasets and simulations by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model.

It is demonstrated that the inflow variability is associated with the leading mode of wind variability over subtropical South America, and the connection is established through the mechanism of an analytic prototype for convective margin shifts proposed in previous studies. Over the eastern Brazil/SACZ convective margin, the weaker (stronger) convection tends to occur together with stronger (weaker) low-level inflows in reference to the mean easterly trades. By changing the “ventilation” effect, stronger (weaker) inflows with low moist static energy from the Atlantic Ocean suppress (promote) convection. The causal relationship is verified by AGCM mechanism-testing experiments performed in perpetual-February mode, in which low-level, nondivergent wind perturbations are imposed in a region overlapping eastern Brazil and the western Atlantic Ocean. With solely the imposed-wind perturbations acting on the moisture advection in the model equation, the AGCM can reproduce the precipitation variability in the eastern Brazil/SACZ convective margin. The capability of the AGCM in capturing such precipitation sensitivity to the low-level inflow variability also suggests that the mechanism can be applied to other regions of convective margins or to other time scales.
Talking Back: The Role of Narrative in Vietnam’s Recent Land Compensation Changes
Authors: Kim Annette M.
Published: February 2011

As in other rapidly growing economies, Vietnam’s urban land development has been a source of social conflict as those who are relocated contest the distribution of economic gains. More recently, the relocated have increased their bargaining power and receive better compensation packages. The paper analyses this situation to discuss further developing our understanding of how property rights institutions change. The case study shows the efficacy of social narratives to renegotiate the terms of the social contract supporting property rights even in a society with limited means for public participation in governmental reform. Secondly, it illuminates that modern property rights are entwined with public finance and so property rights reforms are tied to the organisational structure of government and fiscal relations.
Land Dispossession and Enrichment in China’s Suburban Villages
Authors: Yanjing Zhao  , Webster Chris
Published: February 2011

This paper takes a fresh look at the land dispossession that is central to Chinese urbanisation. It documents in detail the property rights changes that occur when village land is taken by a municipal government and analyses the value of those rights by looking at compensation accounts for a case study village in the city of Xiamen in Fujian Province. The purpose of the paper is to show the complexity of the property rights dynamics during land expropriation and the results in terms of villager income. The paper also shows that, in Xiamen, the local state has made a series of concessions such that displaced villagers now receive a compensation package that not only includes compensation for lost agricultural land, production and homes but also a share of the urban land value uplift created by the infrastructure investments of the municipal state.
Reconciling Beauty and Utility in Early City Planning: The Contribution of John Nolen
Authors: Freestone Robert
Published: February 2011

In the history of city planning, the dichotomy between the aesthetic aspirations of the City Beautiful and City Practical movements is overstated. The aesthetic impulse did not disappear but persisted as an important thread through the development of comprehensive planning approaches into the 1920s. The nexus between beauty and utility was negotiated and expressed across four main discourses: broad social improvement, aesthetic functionality, economic rationality, and holistic design. Ultimately, beauty became wedded to utility within the very nature of the comprehensive city plan itself. The work of the leading city planner John Nolen is central to an understanding of these historic continuities and informed the early evolution of city planning theory and practice. Nolen’s challenge to the City Beautiful paradigm, while still retaining an artistic sensibility, reaestheticizes scholars’ appreciation of the City Practical.
“But Burn—No”: The Rest of the Crowd in Three Civil Disorders in 1960s Chicago
Authors: Seligman Amanda I.
Published: February 2011

Examining the internal dynamics of three civil disturbances on the West Side of Chicago during the late 1960s, this article describes the presence of numerous people who were not participating in the upheaval. It pays particular attention to “counterrioters,” civilian residents of the neighborhoods and members of local organizations, who tried to persuade those engaging in violence to stop. Local dissent from the tactic of violence suggests that historians should describe these events using the neutral language of social science rather than the politically loaded labels of “riot” or “rebellion.” The article argues that American historians of urban disorders should use the methods of European scholars of the crowd to study the actions of participants in order to ascertain their political content, rather than relying on an examination of their motives.
Fostering local economic development in urban neighbourhoods: Results of an empirical assessment
Authors: Neumann Uwe , Schmidt Christoph M , Trettin Lutz
Published: February 2011

While it is intuitively convincing that neighbourhood characteristics add up to an important location factor, knowledge about the benefits that individual firms and entrepreneurs can draw from neighbourhood-oriented policy is still limited. This article contributes to the discussion by highlighting the results of an evaluation study of neighbourhood-oriented economic policy in Germany. It reviews the policy rationale and analyses the strategies, progress and results of selected measures supported by the Socially Integrative City programme of North Rhine-Westphalia. It focuses on the relevance of the neighbourhood context in connection with two strategy goals: (1) reduction of vacancies in local retail property, and (2) supporting business start-ups and local business networks. The analysis provides evidence for a number of aspects of the local business environment, which can play an important role for the performance of small firms and should, therefore, be a central focus of neighbourhood-oriented economic policy.
The small is big: Craft in the inner city of Johannesburg
Authors: Ndlovu Morgan
Published: February 2011

With money, we tend to forget that a bigger amount can be nothing but a total of smaller amounts added together, and hence the craft industry is often overlooked in discourses of development. In the course of ‘bigger picture’ discourses, the significance of the ‘particular’ tends to be overshadowed. This article seeks to illuminate the significance of craft production to inner-city regeneration, local economic development, rural–urban development, and socio-economic change by evaluating the effects of a particular craft project known as Beautiful Things, located in the inner city of Johannesburg in South Africa.
Inspiratory muscle training in bronchiectasis patients: a prospective randomized controlled study
Authors: Liaw Mei-Yun , Wang Yi-Hsi , Tsai Yu-Chin , Huang Kuo-Tung , Chang Pei-Wen , Chen Yung-Che , Lin Meng-Chih
Published: February 2011

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and feasibility of home-based inspiratory muscle training in patients with bronchiectasis.

Design: A prospective, single-blind, randomized, controlled study.

Setting: Outpatient clinic of a tertiary care medical centre.

Methods: Twenty-six patients with bronchiectasis were randomly divided into inspiratory muscle training and control groups. In the inspiratory muscle training group (n = 13), the training programme started with an intensity of 30% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), which was increased by 2 cmH2O each week, for 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week for eight weeks. The control group (n = 13) did not receive inspiratory muscle training. Main outcome measures included spirometry, resting oxyhaemoglobin saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2), lowest SpO2 and Borg Scale during 6-minute walking tests, 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), 6-minute walking work (6Mwork), MIP, maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Results: There were significant differences in change from baseline in 6MWD (411.9 (133.5) vs. 473.2 (117.2) m, P = 0.021), 6Mwork (21 051.0 (8286.7) vs. 23 915.5 (8343.0) kg-m, P = 0.022), MIP (60.8 (21.8) vs. 84.6 (29.0) cmH2O, P = 0.004), and MEP (72.3 (31.1) vs. 104.2 (35.7) cmH2O, P = 0.004) in the inspiratory muscle training group. Significant improvements in both MIP (23.8 (25.3) vs. 2.3 (16.4) cmH2O, adjusted P-value = 0.005) and MEP (31.9 (30.8) vs. 11.5 (20.8) cmH2O, adjusted P-value = 0.038) levels after adjusting for age by linear regression analysis were observed between groups.

Conclusions: An eight-week home-based inspiratory muscle training is feasible and effective in improving both inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength, but has no effect on respiratory function and quality of life in patients with bronchiectasis.