bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase Plane Analysis of Limb Trajectories in Nonhandicapped and Cerebral Palsied Subjects
Authors: Beuter Anne , Garfinkel Alan
Published: August 2016

In this study, phase plane analysis was used to describe the mechanisms involved in human intralimb dynamics during a multijoint coordinated task. Nonhandicapped, spastic, and athetoid cerebral palsied individuals were videotaped as they performed a stepping task. Kinematic data for the hip and knee joint angles were digitized, smoothed, differentiated, and plotted. Phase plane analysis of movement data reveals striking differences between nonhandicapped and cerebral palsied individuals. Whereas nonhandicapped individuals have trajectories in the phase plane that suggest a self-contained second-order dynamical system, cerebral palsied individuals have self-interesting loops in their phase planes. Based upon these patterns some dynamical distinctions are offered, and suggestions are made toward a possible model.
Integration of Handicapped Students: Philosophical Roots in Pragmatism, Idealism, and Realism
Authors: Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

This paper presents an alternative rationale, other than compliance with PL 94-142, for implementing the integration of handicapped and nonhandicapped students in physical education. Support for integration is related to Lawrence Kohlberg’s (1971, 1984) stages of moral development. Integration is discussed in terms of the three major philosophical positions (pragmatism, idealism, and realism) as described by Davis (1963), Van Dalen (1975), and Webster (1965). Support for integration, although for different reasons and to different degrees, can be found in each philosophy. The paper illustrates an exercise in the clarification of values that can be replicated by readers.
The Effect of Mainstreaming on the Motor Performance of Mentally Retarded and Nonhandicapped Students
Authors: Rarick G. Lawrence , Beuter Anne C.
Published: August 2016

This paper is an account of a field research project on mainstreaming two age levels of TMR children in physical education classes, including a commentary on pedagogical considerations in mainstreaming. The findings indicated that the gain in motor performance of the integrated generally exceeded that of the nonintegrated TMRs without adversely affecting the performance of their nonhandicapped peers. Teacher intervention was greater for the young retarded than for their nonhandicapped peers, more apparent for the integrated than for the segregated TMRs, and less evident for the older nonhandicapped than for the older TMR children. The findings lend support to the belief that the retarded can be successfully integrated in physical education classes.
Moving beyond the Stigma: The Impression Formation Benefits of Exercise for Individuals with a Physical Disability
Authors: Arbour Kelly P. , Latimer Amy E. , Ginis Kathleen A. Martin , Jung Mary E.
Published: August 2016

This study examined whether the positive impressions formed of able-bodied exercisers extend to people with a physical disability. Participants (226 women and 220 men) read a description of a man or woman with a spinal cord injury who was described as an exerciser, nonexerciser, or control, and then rated the target (i.e., the person being described in the vignette) on 17 personality and 9 physical dimensions. Results revealed significantly more favorable ratings for the exerciser than both the nonexerciser and control on almost all dimensions. Additionally, the male control target was rated more favorably than the female counterpart on three personality and two physical attributes. Evidently, the exerciser stereotype may undermine negative impressions of people with physical disabilities.
The Effect of Peer Tutoring on Interaction Behaviors in Inclusive Physical Education
Authors: Klavina Aija , Block Martin E.
Published: August 2016

This study assessed the effect of peer tutoring on physical, instructional, and social interaction behaviors between elementary school age students with severe and multiple disabilities (SMD) and peers without disabilities. Additional measures addressed the activity time of students with SMD. The study was conducted in inclusive general physical education settings under three instructional support conditions for students with SMD: (a) teacher-directed, (b) peer-mediated, and (c) voluntary peer support. During peer-mediated and voluntary peer support conditions, the instructional and physical interaction behaviors between students with SMD and their peers increased, while social interactions remained low. The activity engagement time data increased for all target students throughout intervention sessions. Interactions between students with SMD and teachers decreased toward the end of intervention.
Merger of Special Populations Programs Within the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance
Authors: DePauw Karen P.
Published: August 2016

For more than 20 years the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance has been able to provide services for professionals who serve individuals with disabilities. Not only have the nature and extent of those services varied over the years, but so have the entities providing the services. Although a merger of entities or structures serving programs of health, physical education, recreation, and dance for individuals with disabilities was previously discussed, it wasn’t until 1983 that the issue became a reality on the AAHPERD agenda. The article traces the recent history culminating in the merger of the Alliance programs and services on individuals with disabilities.
New Perspectives for Developing Range of Motion and Flexibility for Special Populations
Authors: Surburg Paul R.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this article was to examine techniques that are available to adapted physical educators and therapeutic recreators to enhance flexibility. Based upon current research and literature in the areas of flexibility and range of motion, this article explored theoretical constructs as well as applications of specific techniques. A two-tier model for flexibility enhancement was generated which served as a basis for the development of this article. One tier involved considerations concerning the stretching of collagenous tissue, implications regarding elastic and viscous properties, and new methods for stretching this type of tissue. The other tier incorporated neurophysiological mechanisms, their effect upon agonist and antagonist muscles, and facilitation exercises to improve flexibility.
Atlantoaxial Instability: Why the Sudden Concern?
Authors: Antony Rose M.
Published: August 2016

The conditions of atlantoaxial instability and subsequent dislocation have raised much concern in recent years. Lack of knowledge in the medical and educational professions hampered efforts by Special Olympics, Inc. in 1983 to encourage screening of all Down syndrome participants prior to athletic competition. As a result, numerous articles on these conditions have been published in the last few years attempting to promote awareness. This paper looks at atlantoaxial instability and dislocation in depth, with the hope of providing knowledge to those who do not understand the concern surrounding these conditions.
Refinement of Two Instruments That Assess Water Orientation in Atypical Swimmers
Authors: Killian Kenneth J. , Arena-Ronde Susan , Bruno Lucille
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of two instruments designed to assess water orientation, which was defined to include both traditional water adjustment concerns and novel aspects of a swimmer’s adjustment to water. The Water Orientation Checklist–Basic (WOC-B) assessed successful performance using a five-choice rating scale. The Water Orientation Checklist–Advanced (WOC-Adv) assessed successful and unsuccessful performance; unsuccessful responses involved a subject’s failed attempt to perform a task and were thought to be an indicator of motivation. Seventy-one atypical subjects (i.e., individuals who require special swimming instruction) were individually observed; these included autistic children (n = 15), autistic youth (n = 14), functionally retarded children (n = 10), functionally retarded youth (n = 9), functionally retarded preschoolers (n = 13), and nonhandicapped preschoolers (n = 10). The checklists were found to offer good interobserver agreement (WOC-B, 87%; WOC-Adv, 80%) and were found appropriate for assessing water orientation in the six groups observed. Based on the findings of the study, the instruments were thought to be useful assessment devices for instructional and research purposes.
Modification of Student Attitudes Toward Disabled Peers
Authors: Stewart C. Craig
Published: August 2016

This study set out to determine the effects of two disabled university students on the attitudes of students in a weight training class. University students enrolled in two general weight training classes agreed to participate in this study. They were administered the Attitude Toward Disabled Persons scale at the start and finish of a university quarter (10 weeks). Two physically disabled university students agreed to be integrated into one of the classes. T tests and an analysis of covariance revealed a significant improvement in the attitudes of students who were in the weight training class with the disabled students. Implications for systematic practicum experience for majors in areas that would have future contact with disabled populations was discussed. Peer interaction appears to have a positive significant effect on the attitudes of nondisabled students toward disabled individuals.
Blood Flow and Lactic Acid Levels in Exercising Paralyzed Wheelchair Bound Individuals
Authors: Burkett Lee N. , Chisum Jack , Pierce Jack , Pomeroy Kent , Fisher Jim , Martin Margie
Published: August 2016

Twenty spinal-cord-injured subjects (4 quadriplegics and 16 paraplegics) were maximally stress tested on the Arizona State University wheelchair ergometer. Physiological data for each individual were collected as follows: (a) blood flow in the left leg by a photoelectric plethysmograph before exercise, during exercise, and postexercise, and (b) blood lactates before exercise and post-exercise. Eleven subjects had increased leg blood flow and vasodilation during exercise, but vasoconstriction postexercise. The lactate readings, in comparison to able-bodied individuals, were higher at rest but lower at maximal exercise.
Accessibility and Usability of Selected Weight Training Systems
Authors: Smith Ralph W. , Buckley Tammy J.
Published: August 2016

This pilot study examined the accessibility and usability of three weight training systems for athletes with spinal cord injuries. The systems were Universal Centurion II, Nautilus, and Keiser Cam II. Accessibility factors were direction of transfer, ease of transfer, and access of machine components. Usability includes use with/without assistance, necessary adaptations, and adjustability of resistance level and seat location. Also examined were minimum resistance level and feasibility of use without application of bilateral force. One 25-year-old male athlete with paraplegia (T5-6) served as the demonstrator for all evaluations. A matrix of accessibility and usability was constructed for 10 upper-body exercises that could be performed on at least two of the three weight training systems. Overall, the Keiser Cam II system was judged superior on accessibility and usability for spinal cord-injured athletes; however, the Nautilus system provided the most comprehensive upper-body workout.
Federal Law and Adapted Physical Education
Authors: Churton Michael W.
Published: August 2016

This article comprehensively reviews national legislation that affects the delivery of adapted physical education services. Legislation includes the Education of the Handicapped Act as amended by PL 99-457, the Rehabilitation Act as amended by PL 99-507, and the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act as amended by PL 100-146. Direct and indirect references to physical education are presented for each act. An overview as to the legislative process is also described. Advocacy is discussed pertinent to the profession’s and the professionals’ responsibilities for ensuring that statutory language is implemented.
Ideas about Motor Behavior Research with Special Populations
Authors: Reid Greg
Published: August 2016

Four types of motor behavior research that include special populations are described. These research areas are descriptive, program effectiveness, theory generalization, and theory construction. In addition, three levels of applied and basic research outlined by Christina (in press) are described and juxtaposed to the four types of motor behavior research. Current trends and potential areas of inquiry are highlighted in each. In particular, Christina’s Level 2 applied research is considered attractive for adapted physical activity researchers, as it is theory-driven with relevant tasks and fiinctional settings and may therefore contribute to a growing professional literature.
Motor Proficiency and Neuropsychoiogical Function in Depressed Adolescent Inpatients: A Pilot Inwestigation
Authors: Gruber Joseph J. , Hall John W. , McKay Stephen E. , Humphries Laurie L. , Kryscio Richard J.
Published: August 2016

This investigation explored the belief that physical activity therapy has a neurological value as part of the total treatment of mental patients. Twenty-two adolescents hospitalized with depression were administered a battery of diagnostic tests. Relationships among the Braininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency test (12 subtest scores) and the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (14 subtest scores) were examined. All patients were nonmedicated and on a neurotransmitter controUed diet for 48 hours prior to testing. Results indicate that certain forms of motor performance can be predicted from measures indicative of both structure and fonction of brain behavior. The multiple R2 ranged from .80 to .06, with variance in balance, bilateral coordination, and fine motor skills being predicted from the receptive speech, tactile, right hemisphere, left hemisphere, expressive speech, motor, and rhythm measures of brain behavior. When explaining neuropsychological battery scores from motor proficiency scores, the R2 ranged from .65 to .28, with intelligence and expressive speech being predicted from the gross motor composite, upper limb speed, and dexterity, balance, and fine motor composite scores, respectively.
Intensive Mobility Training as a Means of Late Rehabilitation after Brain Injury
Authors: Dordel H. Jan
Published: August 2016

Individuals with severe physical and psychomotor modifications after a brain injury need measures of motor training beyond the usual physiotherapy. The effects of an intensive mobility training in the phase of late rehabilitation are reported in two case studies. The coordinative and conditional progresses were controlled by the methods of photographic anthropometry, light-track registration, and bicycle ergometry. Improvements were found in posture and dynamic endurance in correlation with the generally improving motor control. Tests of everyday relevant movements revealed qualitative progresses in the sense of increased motor precision and economy.
Biomechanical Analysis of Class II Cerebral Palsied Wheelchair Athletes
Authors: Davis Ron , Gehlsen Gale , Wilkerson Jerry D.
Published: August 2016

This study quantitatively analyzed the backward propulsion technique used by elite Class II CP wheelchair athletes. Six subjects, 3 males and 3 females, were selected from the 1984 International Games for the Disabled. The subjects were filmed in a staged setting during a sprint start for the first three complete cycles. A digitizer interfaced to an Apple II+ computer was employed to digitize the film data. A computer program served to reduce the data into linear and angular kinematic components. For the purposes of analysis, the foot propulsive movement cycles or thrust cycles were divided into the two movement phases of push and recovery. The results of the study indicated that the initial three movement cycles appeared to be characterized by longer push than recovery time, and wheelchair velocity appeared to be associated with recovery phase displacement.
The Effects of Reinforcement-Based Fitness Training on Adults Who Are Institutionalized and Dually Diagnosed
Authors: Combs Clarice S. , Jansma Paul
Published: August 2016

This study examined the effects of physical fitness training and reinforcement on adults who were institutionalized and dually diagnosed as mentally retarded/emotionally disturbed. Subjects (N=5) were provided daily 1-hour fitness training sessions for 6 weeks. Fitness data were collected before initial fitness training, after 3 weeks of training, after 1 week of no fitness training, after 3 more weeks of training, and 2 weeks after training was terminated. Fitness data collected included total number of bent-knee sit-ups completed in 1 minute, total distance in feet completed in 12 minutes of running, and flexibility in centimeters measured on a sit-and-reach box. An equivalent time-series research design (A-B-A-B) with follow-up was used to test the relationship of fitness training and reinforcement to subsequent fitness component behaviors. The results for both individual and group data show improvement in all three fitness parameters after 3 weeks of training and continued improvement for the final 3 weeks of training. The results of a two-way ANOVA yielded significant differences of training and reinforcement for all three fitness parameters across research phases and follow-up.
Wheelchair Racquetball: A Preliminary Time Motion Analysis
Authors: Higgs Colin
Published: August 2016

Wheelchair racquetball players in the A and B divisions of the 1989 Canadian Racquetball Championships were videotaped and their performances were analyzed. The results indicated that the athletes had an exercise-to-pause ratio of 1:1.5 at the A level and 1:2.3 at the B level. Rallies were slightly longer at the higher level, with substantially longer pause periods at the B level. There was a higher percentage of longer rallies at the A level, although both divisions of play had comparable percentages of forehand and backhand shots. A-level players demonstrated greater distances covered per rally, greater wheelchair speed, and a higher degree of wheelchair maneuverability measured by the number and magnitude of directional changes. In particular, A-level players showed a greater tendency to use small directional corrections, particularly turns to the right of less than 45 °. It is suggested that this action allowed a less restricted backswing for powerful forehand shots.
Pediatric Adapted Physical Education for Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers: Meeting IDEA-H and IDEA-B Challenges
Authors: Cowden Jo E. , Eason Bobby L.
Published: August 2016

PL 99-457 and PL 101-176 have presented a new challenge for adapted physical education. Federal legislation has provided financial incentive for states to increase the intensity and duration of early intervention programs for the infant/toddler/preschool child with disabilities (ITPCD). The present article proposes a conceptual framework for a new subfield, pediatric adapted physical education (PAPE). The origins and essence of federal legislation affecting infants, toddlers, and preschoolers is explained. Because the legislation requires a multi-agency/multidisciplined approach, the role of adapted physical education within the larger context is explained, as is the professional preparation of practitioners of the new subfield. Finally, one state’s initiative is explained to serve as an action plan for other adapted physical education leaders.
Issues in the Classification of Motor Disorders
Authors: Davis Walter E. , Rizzo Terry L.
Published: August 2016

The detrimental effects of labeling persons as disabled is well known to special educators, many of whom have advocated doing away with labels altogether. However, as a fundamental of science, classification is extremely important. The problem may not be the labeling process per se but one of societal attitudes. Labels are both a product and provocation of attitudes. A review of the current classification systems pinpoints eight characteristics that are problematic in classifying motor disorders. Gibson’s (1977) theory of affordance offers one way of providing a more accurate and useful labeling system, and at the same time addressing, in part, the negative attitude problem. In an affordance approach, the label applies to the behavior as a product of the person/environment system rather than to the person alone, which is the traditional approach. The new classification system offered here, although not complete, differs from the traditional systems in several ways and is seen as useful to researchers and educators alike.
Rating of Perceived Exertion, Heart Rate, and Oxygen Consumption in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Holland Leona J. , Bouffard Marcel , Wagner Denise
Published: August 2016

The reliability of oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at three different workloads was examined during an arm cranking exercise task. Nine persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and confined to a wheelchair each performed two sessions of discontinuous, submaximal aerobic test on an arm ergometer. Comparisons of the test scores and generalizability theory were used to analyze the data. Both HR and VO2 were found to be reliable measures under the conditions used in this study. RPE at the same workloads was found to be rather unreliable. Overall, the use of RPE as an indicator of exercise intensity instead of HR appears to be unjustified by the results of this study. Therefore, practitioners who want a quick and efficient method of measuring exercise intensity should use HR instead of RPE for persons with multiple sclerosis.
Wheeling in the Wind: The Effect of Wind Velocity and Direction on the Aerodynamic Drag of Wheelchairs
Authors: Higgs Colin
Published: August 2016

A computer model was developed of the aerodynamic drag forces acting to slow down a wheelchair. The model calculated drag forces over a range of wheeling speeds between 2 and 20 m/sec, and for wind conditions over the same range of speeds with wind direction varied between 0° (headwind) and 180° (tailwind). The computer model suggests that the large lateral area of a wheelchair adds considerably to the retarding drag forces at relative wind angles between 0 and 90°. It further suggests that three-wheeled wheelchairs have a considerable aerodynamic advantage over four-wheeled wheelchairs for a wide range of wind speeds and directions. In straight line races, the four-wheeled wheelchair has a slight aerodynamic advantage when the relative wind angle exceeds 90°, but under other speed and wind conditions in this study the three-wheeled wheelchair was more efficient.
Grappling with Growth: The Innovative Use of Traditional and New Media Marketing to Enhance Interactions with Consumers
Authors: Cooper Coyte G.
Published: August 2016

Upon being hired as an assistant wrestling coach at a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I program, you have learned that your head coach has given you the task of spearheading the marketing efforts for the upcoming season. With little knowledge in this area, you have decided to apply to the National Wrestling Coaches Association (NWCA) Leadership Academy in August at their annual convention. After being accepted, you have learned that a primary emphasis of the academy is providing coaches with the skill sets necessary to be the CEO of their program. As you attend the different sessions at the academy, there are a variety of different traditional and new media marketing initiatives that are presented as potential strategies to grow programs at the local level. With a goal of increasing attendance and social media followers, you are now presented with the challenge of developing a plan to better market the program moving forward.
Gil’s Sportsplex
Authors: Fried Gil
Published: August 2016

Gil Giles has a passion for softball and wanted to turn his passion into his second career. After retiring from the police force he decided to invest at least $2.8 million (including borrowing $1.7 million) in building a six field sportsplex. Although the research and the numbers did not support his decision, his passion was so strong that he decided to take the risk. While he enjoys the thought of owning a sports facility, the reality of day to day management and paying the bills is another story. This case study examines the financial and strategic underpinning for building the facility. From analyzing potential revenue streams and expenses to the profit margin for concession goods, Gil will need to pinch every penny to make his facility financially viable. Luckily he hired a manager to help run the facility, but if he had several rain-outs, or fails to attract the leagues he hopes for, his financial plans could be ruined. Is it ever safe to have a business model with such thin margins?
An Application of a Computer Based Real-Time Data Acquisition and Feedback System
Authors: Sanderson David J.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this experiment was to assess the efficacy of using real-time generated computer feedback of a selected biomechanical variable, force, for modifying the pattern-of-force application of inexperienced cyclists while they cycled at a steady rate (60 rpm) and power output (approximately 112 watts). Positive results would imply that the technique of using biomechanical variables as augmented feedback could be applied in a learning study in such a way to train for the enhancement of performance of cyclists. This approach differs from the traditional one of using novices performing novel tasks. Even though the cyclists were inexperienced, they nonetheless knew how to cycle and thus modifications of the pattern of force application were made to an already existing complex skill.
Video Digitizing Analysis System
Authors: Shapiro Robert , Blow Chris , Rash Greg
Published: August 2016

The use of video images in biomechanical analyses has become more realistic since the introduction of the shuttered video camera. Although recording rates are still limited to 60 Hz, exposure times can be reduced to prevent blurring in most situations. This paper presents a system for manually digitizing video images, a system that utilizes a video overlay board to place a set of cross hairs directly on a previously recorded or live video image. A cursor is used to move the cross hairs over required points. A BASIC program was written for a IBM PC-AT computer to accomplish this task. Video images of a known set of points were digitized, and calculated distances between points were compared to real distances. The mean of the observed errors was 0.79%. It was concluded that this digitizing system, within the limitations of video resolution, yielded digitizing errors similar in magnitude to those observed in cinematographic analyses.
The Effect of Grip Width on Bench Press Performance
Authors: Wagner Loree L. , Evans Sharon A. , Weir Joseph P. , Housh Terry J. , Johnson Glen O.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of grip width, chest depth, limb lengths, and bar path on the performance of a maximal bench press. Subjects were 24 experienced male weight trainers. Bench press performance was assessed at six different grip widths (G1–G6). Repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc comparisons revealed that bench press strength values at the two moderate grip widths (G3 and G4) were significantly greater than either the narrow or wide grip widths. First-order partial correlations showed no significant relationship between strength values and anthropometric variables when adjusted for differences in body weight. Standard two-dimensional cinematographic procedures were used to film a subsample (n = 6) while bench pressing using G1, G3, and G6. The results of the statistical comparisons of bar path indicated that as grip width increased, the horizontal and vertical distance from the bar to the shoulder decreased.
A Different Treatment of Sports in the Media: The Use of Parody in the French Program Les Guignols de l’Info
Authors: Cubizolles Sylvain
Published: August 2016

This article studies the progress of sports media coverage through a new form of headline treatment: parody. It presents the analysis of a corpus including the “best of” from the satiric program Les Guignols de l’Info. This program has been broadcast each evening on the French television channel Canal+ since 1989. The study is based on 265 sketches from 1990 to 2006 and asks the central questions of caricatures in the sports world: what they represent and what they assess. A list of appearances of the various puppets on the show is presented. The central figure of the sports world at Les Guignols de l’Info is the champion who is finally judged—through his or her different attributed caricature traits—on the core value of his or her authenticity. Although it criticizes the world of sports, Les Guignols redeems these sport champions.
Communicating With “Tweens” in the Sport Industry: Practitioners’ Insights
Authors: Wood Laura , Taks Marijke , Danylchuk Karen
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine communication strategies used by marketing practitioners when targeting tweens (age 9–14) in a sport context. The examination’s main objective was to determine whether these strategies are similar to those depicted in the literature. Using Kotler et al.’s 5-stage model for effective communication, practitioners’ viewpoints of what constitutes an effective communication strategy were studied through the use of semistructured interviews (N = 5). Results revealed the benefit of using technology in a communication platform and the need to be up to date with the technologies used by youth. Another key finding relates to language. The youth market has a welldeveloped method of communicating with each other, and to reach and penetrate this group, marketers need to be well versed in the use of this language.
Online and Off-Line Advertising During March Madness: Which Companies Drive Consumers to the Web?
Authors: Pegoraro Ann , O’Reilly Norman J. , Giguere Martin
Published: August 2016

This study examined the advertisement structure of online and off-line broadcasts as consumer drivers to Web sites through the integration of specific calls to action. Content analysis was performed on ads aired during the online and off-line broadcasts of an NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament. The key finding of this research is that communication and technology companies value advertising during online sporting-event broadcasts, because these companies were significantly more visible during the online broadcasts than the television broadcasts (χ2 = 6.67, p = .017). A much higher percentage of online ads were shorter (15 seconds) in duration (χ2 = 7.029, p = .01), appealed to fantasy (χ2 = 8.494, p = .004), and used advertising execution techniques emphasizing new products or features (49%) more often than in television ads (18%; χ2 = 11.078, p = .001). The findings provide insight into how calls to action in advertisements during Webcasts and traditional television offerings can move consumers to Web sites.
The Role of Divisional Affiliation in Athletic Department Web Site Coverage
Authors: Cooper Coyte G. , Pierce David
Published: August 2016

With the growing popularity of the Internet as a communication medium, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic departments have turned to their Web sites to build interest in their product among consumers. As sites continue to develop traffic, it is important to examine the coverage being provided on the home Web pages to determine whether equitable coverage is being allocated to men’s and women’s nonrevenue sport teams. The current research featured a content analysis of NCAA divisional Web-site coverage during an academic school year. From a broad perspective, the results indicated that only Division III provided equitable gender and individual team coverage allocations on its home Web pages. In contrast, the data also supported the notion that Division I athletic programs (Football Bowl Subdivision [FBS] and Football Championship Subdivision [FCS]) provided significantly more coverage to men’s baseball, men’s basketball, and men’s football than nonrevenue-sport teams. The FBS and FCS coverage inequalities are discussed in depth in the article.
From Shanfan to Gymnastike: How Online Fan Texts Are Affecting Access to Gymnastics Media Coverage
Authors: McCarthy Brigid
Published: August 2016

This discussion illustrates how fans of women’s artistic gymnastics have used rapidly innovating platforms for user-generated content to create and access sporting information. In doing so, these fans are contributing to the formation of rich collective intelligences around the sport and how these new-media texts are beginning to affect mainstream sports media coverage. Using gymnastics fandom as an example, this discussion demonstrates how online culture has become a prime outlet for those with niche sporting interests. These new-media forms such as blogs, video platforms, and message boards augment and act as supplements to the mainstream sports media coverage, as well as expanding the kinds of information sports fans now can access in this enriched information environment.
The Fervent, the Ambivalent, and the Great Gap Between: American Print-Media Coverage of the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Authors: Novak David R. , Billings Andrew C.
Published: August 2016

No longer is there a question of whether the football World Cup is an immense media spectacle; instead, the question now is how immense the World Cup is in the overall human experience. Despite all the global excitement related to the World Cup, the bulk of the general U.S. public is seemingly exempt from the charms of the World Cup. This article examines American media coverage of the 2010 FIFA Men’s World Cup. A qualitative content analysis identified 6 major themes in U.S. popular-press coverage of the event in South Africa, highlighting the communicative undercurrents of media discussions in order to comprehend the disconnect between American attitudes toward the World Cup and those held by the rest of the world. Themes of media discourse range from the increase in participation of Americans in soccer to resistance to mainstreaming soccer in popular culture to how soccer affects cultural literacy. Overall, the results indicate some enthusiasm for World Cup soccer while outlining stronger resistance for the sport in general. Potential future research projects related to this line of inquiry are also suggested.
Motivation for Consumption of Collegiate Athletics Subscription Web Sites
Authors: Hardin Robin , Koo Gi-Yong , Ruihley Brody , Dittmore Stephen W. , McGreevey Michael
Published: August 2016

The growth of the Web has had a tremendous impact on how information is disseminated and shared about sports. Research has shown that consumers use media to satisfy a variety of needs and desires, has examined online sport media consumption, and the use of online sport media. But there has been no examination of the motivating factors behind subscription based online media, in particular, paid content sites and message boards. This study explored the relationships of motives, perceived value, and hours in usage per week. Five motives were verified through a confirmatory factor analysis. An examination of the usage characteristics of the respondents demonstrates a loyal and active user. This is important for the site administrators in that the subscribers are using the site as a “go to” destination and not merely something to peruse during their leisure time. The site is acting as an entry point onto the Web.
Building an Agenda for Regulatory Change: The New York Times Investigates Drug Abuse in U.S. Horse Racing
Authors: Denham Bryan E.
Published: August 2016

This article addresses how The New York Times, through an investigative series on drug use and catastrophic breakdowns in U.S. horse racing, influenced policy initiatives across a 6-month period. Beginning with the March 25, 2012, exposé “Mangled Horses, Maimed Jockeys,” the article analyzes how the newspaper helped define policy conversations at both the state and national levels. The article also addresses how the Interstate Horseracing Improvement Act of 2011, a fledgling piece of legislation, became what Kingdon described as a “solution in search of a problem” and thus a political lever in policy deliberations. Long recognized for its capacity to influence the content of other news outlets, the article concludes, The New York Times can also play an important role in legislative arenas, informing lawmakers of salient issues, as well as opportunities for substantive and symbolic policy actions.
“Love Sport, Even When It Breaks Your Heart Again”: Ritualizing Consumerism in Sports on Weibo
Authors: Liu Zhengjia , Berkowitz Dan
Published: August 2016

Social media have changed the way that social actors participate in sports events. “Prosumers” are able to directly offer different interpretations without journalists’ mediation when a social issue arises. However, social media do not fundamentally change the significance of cultural narratives in communication. This study focuses on discussions initiated by a commercial feed on a Chinese microblogging site during the 2012 London Olympic Games. Qualitative textual analysis was conducted. The study found that enduring cultural narratives create the predrafts of social-media communication; the instantaneity of microblogging referred to not simply its physical appearance but also the meaning of that appearance. In addition, social-media texts illustrate a society’s ongoing stories. Going beyond the limitations of previous control-vs.-freedom paradigms, this study explores a Chinese consumer society that is more dynamic and complex than previous studies would suggest.
Nutrition and Exercise Determinants of Postexercise Glycogen Synthesis
Authors: Robergs Robert A.
Published: August 2016

During the initial hours of recovery from prolonged exhaustive lower body exercise, muscle glycogen synthesis occurs at rates approximating 1-2 mmol·kg−1 wet wt· if no carbohydrate is consumed. When carbohydrate is consumed during the recovery, the maximal rate of glycogen synthesis approximates 7-10 mmol·kg−1 wet wt·. The rate of postexercise glycogen synthesis is lower if the magnitude of glycogen degradation is small, if less than 0.7 gm glucose·kg−1 body wt· is ingested, when the recovery is active, and when the carbohydrate feeding is delayed. The rate of postexercise glycogen synthesis is not reduced during the initial hours (< 4) after eccentric exercise. For studies evaluating muscle glycogen synthesis in excess of 12 hours of recovery, average rates of glycogen synthesis are balow 4 mmo1·kg−1 wet wt·. Glycogen synthesis is known to be impaired for time periods in excess of 24 hours following exercise causing eccentric muscle damage. Following intense exercise resulting in high concentrations of muscle lactate, muscle glycogen synthesis occurs at between 15-25 mmol·kg−1 wet wt·. These synthesis rates occur without ingested carbohydrate during the recovery period and are maintained when a low intensity active recovery is performed.
Failure to Find Increased TEM at Rest and during Exercise in Aerobically Trained and Resistance Trained Subjects
Authors: Gilbert Jennie A. , Misner James E.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the metabolic response to a 763-kcal mixed meal at rest and during 30 min of exercise at 50% maximal oxygen consumption () in 8 aerobically trained (AT), 8 resistance trained (RT), and 8 untrained (UT) subjects. Oxygen consumption (VO,) was measured minute by minute during 30 min of exercise by indirect calorimetry on 2 nonconsecutive days (postabsorptive exercise, PA; and postprandial exercise, PP). Total VO, consumed and total caloric expenditure during the PA and PP conditions were similar for the three groups, indicating that prior food intake did not affect energy expenditure during exercise. Consequently, TEM during exercise did not differ significantly among the groups. Respiratory exchange ratio (R) differed significantly only during the PA condition, with the AT group exhibiting significantly lower R values compared to the RT group, and significantly lower R values compared to the UT group. These data suggest that the consumption of a meal 30 min prior to exercise does not increase TEM during exercise in AT, RT, and UT subjects.
The Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion on Performance during a 30-km Race
Authors: Tsintzas Konstantinos , Liu Raymond , Williams Clyde , Campbell Ian , Gaitanos George
Published: August 2016

Seven experienced endurance runners completed a 30-km road race on two occasions separated by 10 days. On each occasion the subjects consumed 250 ml of either a 5% carbohydrate (CHO) solution or nonflavored tap water (W) immediately prior to the start of the race, and 150 ml of the assigned fluid every 5 km thereafter. Performance time for the CHO trial was faster compared with the time recorded for the W trial (128.3 ± 19.9 min vs. 131.2 ± 18.7 min [p<0.01] respectively). Running speed was maintained throughout the race in the CHO trial, whereas a decrease in the running speed occurred after 25 km (p<0.05) in the W trial. No difference was found between the two trials in blood glucose concentration, plasma electrolyte concentrations, body weight loss, change in plasma volume, and rating of perceived exertion. Blood lactate concentration was higher at 25 km during the CHO trial compared with the W trial (p<0.01), but plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations were lower at 30 km during the CHO trial than during the W trial (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that performance time for a 30-km road race is improved after ingesting a 5% CHO solution.
Resting Metabolic Rate and Thermic Effect of a Meal in Low- and Adequate-Energy Intake Male Endurance Athletes
Authors: Thompson Janice , Manore Melinda M. , Skinner James S.
Published: August 2016

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were determined in 13 low-energy intake (LOW) and 11 adequate-energy intake (ADQ) male endurance athletes. The LOW athletes reported eating 1,490 kcal·day-1 less than the ADQ group, while the activity level of both groups was similar. Despite these differences, both groups had a similar fat-free mass (FFM) and had been weight stable for at least 2 years. The RMR was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the LOW group compared to the values of the ADQ group (1.19 vs. 1.29 kcal·FFM-1·hr-l, respectively); this difference represents a lower resting expenditure of 158 kcal·day-1. No differences were found in TEM between the two groups. These results suggest that a lower RMR is one mechanism that contributes to weight maintenance in a group of low- versus adequate-energy intake male athletes.
In-Season Dietary Adequacy of Trained Male Cross-Country Runners
Authors: Niekamp Robert A. , Baer Janine T.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the dietary adequacy of 12 collegiate cross-country runners during a competitive season. Four-day diet records were collected twice during the season and analyzed for total daily energy, macronutrients, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin , folate, iron, magnesium, zinc, and calcium. Mean energy intake (3,248 ± 590 kcal) was not significantly different from estimated mean energy expenditure (3,439 ± 244 kcal). Week 8 mean prealbumin levels were within normal limits (26.8 ± 2.8 mg/dl). Mean daily CHO intake was 497 ± 134 g/day (61.2%). Three to four hours prior to competition a pre-race meal was consumed; it contained 82 ± 47 g CHO. Posteompetition CHO intake was delayed an average 2.5 hr; at that time approximately 2.6 ± 0.69 g CHO/kg body weight was consumed. The athletes appeared to demonstrate dietary adequacy with the exception of timing of posteompetition carbohydrate consumption.
Dietary Intake of Female Collegiate Heavyweight Rowers
Authors: Steen Suzanne Nelson , Mayer Kirsten , Brownell Kelly D. , Wadden Thomas A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of dietary intake in 16 female heavyweight rowers during the sprint racing phase of the season. Caloric intake for the rowers was 2,633 kcal/day, lower than expected given the training regimen of these athletes. On average, rowers consumed below-optimal levels of carbohydrate. Protein intake was satisfactory but fat intake was higher than recommended. For the majority of rowers, micronutrient intake met the RDA. However, calcium, zinc, , and fell short of meeting two-thirds of the RDA for a significant percentage of rowers. The preevent meal consumed both 15 hr and 2 hr before the event provided less carbohydrate and fluid but more fat than desirable. Female heavyweight rowers would benefit from nutritional counseling that provides strategies for increasing complex carbohydrates, calcium, zinc, , and while reducing dietary fat. Adequate fluid intake is also essential.
Indicators of Vitamin and Mineral Status in Athletes' Blood: A Review
Authors: Fogelholm Mikael
Published: August 2016

This review examines the hypothesis that vitamin and mineral status in athletes is inadequate for optimal sports performance. The review is based on indicators determined from blood and on studies published since 1980. Most of the studies did not find micronutrient status in athletes to be different from untrained controls. The serum ferritin concentration in females was lower than in males (27 vs. 78 μg · L−1), and the prevalence of low serum ferritin concentration was higher in female athletes than in untrained female controls (37 vs. 23%). Supplementation of water-soluble vitamins and iron was associated with an improvement in the corresponding indicators. Excluding a few studies with mildly anemic subjects, improvements in indicators of micronutrient status were not associated with enhanced athletic performance. Consequently, the levels of indicators of micronutrient status seen in athletes' blood were apparently compatible with optimal physical performance.
Assessment of Body Composition in Youths and Relationship to Sport
Authors: Houtkooper Linda B.
Published: August 2016

Body composition assessment techniques provide estimates of percent body fat (%BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) based on indirect assessment models and methods. Prediction equations for %BF developed using a two-component model based on adult body composition constants will overestimate %BF in youths, especially prepubescent youths. Body composition prediction equations that have been validated and cross-validated using multiple-component criterion models which include measurements of body density and the water and mineral components of FFM provide the most accurate means for assessment of body composition in youths. Use of appropriate prediction equations and proper measurement techniques, for either bioelectrical impedance or skinfolds, results in body composition estimates with standard errors of estimate (prediction errors) of 3 to 4% BF and 2.0 to 2.5 kg of FFM. Poor measurement technique and inappropriate prediction equations will result in much larger prediction errors.