bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological relationships in two Afrotropical cobra species (Naja melanoleuca and Naja nigricollis)
Authors: Luiselli Luca , Angelici Francesco M
Published: April 2011

Aspects of comparative ecology were studied in the spitting cobra, Naja nigricollis, and the black forest cobra, Naja melanoleuca, from southeastern Nigeria. Both species were common and widely distributed in the study region. Naja melanoleuca inhabited mainly primary and secondary forest patches, but also plantations and suburbia. The two species differed significantly in terms of habitat types frequented. A logistic regression model showed that the presence of N. melanoleuca was significantly influenced by the presence of a unique macrohabitat category (primary swamp-forest), whereas the presence or absence of N. nigricollis did not correlate with any macrohabitat categories. Aboveground activity of both species was lowest during the hottest months of the dry season (December to February) and peaked during the wettest months of the wet season (June and July). Sexual size dimorphism was minor in both species, but N. melanoleuca attained a significantly greater body size than N. nigricollis. The adult sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in both species. Both species preyed on a wide variety of small to medium-sized vertebrates; adult N. melanoleuca fed with similar frequency upon mammals, frogs, and fish, whereas the young fed mainly upon fish. Adult N. nigricollis preyed mainly on lizards and to a lesser degree on mammals and frogs, whereas the young preyed with similar frequency upon lizards, frogs, and fish. Many of the prey of both these cobra species were terrestrial (rodents and shrews), but semiaquatic (frogs) and aquatic (fish) prey were also frequently taken. In both N. melanoleuca and N. nigricollis, egg laying probably occurred over a broad time-span, there was a positive relationship between maternal size and litter size, and reproduction first occurred when individuals attained a low proportion of their maximum size.
An ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter-feeding black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae
Authors: Palmer R W , Craig D A
Published: April 2011

A conceptual model that uses labral-fan structure to predict the distribution of black fly species within a catchment is proposed. The model is based on water flow, seston availability, and the structure of the primary labral fans of mature black fly larvae from southern Africa. The model predicts that black fly larvae found in fast-flowing (>1.0 m/s) seston-rich (>50 mg/L) water will tend to have strong fans with a porous ray structure, whereas larvae found in slow-flowing (<0.5 m/s) seston-poor (<10 mg/L) water will tend to have weak fans with a complex structure and larvae found in water with moderate water velocities and moderate seston levels will tend to have a standard fan structure. The model was tested against black flies from other parts of the world, particularly Polynesia, and provides a useful framework for predicting the distribution of black fly species within a catchment. Exceptions to the model were found among phoretic species. The model should predict changes in black fly species in areas where anthropogenic changes to watersheds are occurring.
Seasonal distribution and diving behaviour of male sperm whales off Kaikoura: foraging implications
Authors: Jaquet Nathalie , Dawson Stephen , Slooten Elisabeth
Published: April 2011

Male sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) were the preferred target of the whaling industry between 1950 and 1985, but despite hundreds of thousands of kills, very little is known about their ecology. To partially redress this, we present data on residency, seasonal distribution, and diving behaviour of individually identified sperm whales off Kaikoura, South Island, New Zealand, gathered during 15 field seasons over 8 years. One hundred and thirty-six sperm whales were identified within the study area. A lack of statistically significant differences in the abundance of sperm whales between summer and winter, and among the 15 seasons of fieldwork, suggests an adequate food supply year-round. Significant differences in distribution between summer and winter suggest that off Kaikoura, male sperm whales may change their diet in response to fluctuations in prey biomass. Diving behaviour was also significantly different between summer and winter: sperm whales dived for longer, stayed longer at the surface, and travelled farther between consecutive fluke-ups in summer than in winter. Unlike female sperm whales, males at Kaikoura spent little time at the surface; they spent about 83% of their total time under water. This paper represent the most extensive non-invasive study of male sperm whales and provides new insights into their ecology.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity in olfactory epithelium throughout the life cycle of the sea lamprey,Petromyzon marinusL.
Authors: Hua Hong N , Zaidi Aliya U , Zielinski Barbara S
Published: April 2011

This study is the first to show that neuronal nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity is located in the olfactory epithelium at all developmental stages of a vertebrate. Western immunoblotting of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) olfactory mucosa with a monoclonal antibody against the NADPH-binding epitope of neuronal nitric oxide synthase showed that the molecular mass of this protein was 200 kDa. In the larval stage, neuronal nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity was strongest in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium, the site of proliferating olfactory receptor neurons. This staining gradually diminished as the life cycle progressed. In the juvenile stage, the intensity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity was striking in the wide cell bodies and dendrites on olfactory receptor neurons. These results confirm previous evidence that nitric oxide modulates development in the olfactory epithelium.
Does primiparity affect the efficiency of converting energy to offspring production in the guinea-pig?
Authors: Künkele Joachim
Published: April 2011

In small mammals the reproductive performance of first-time breeders is of great relevance to fitness. However, young primiparous mothers reproduce generally less successfully than multiparous ones. One constraining factor may be inefficiency of novice breeders in converting energy to offspring production. To test this hypothesis I investigated the energy cost of gestation and lactation in the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus). I compared mothers' offspring production (growth of pups), body mass, and energy intake, as well as the solid-food intake of their pups (during lactation) and energy expenditure (resting oxygen consumption) between young primiparous, old primiparous, second-litter multiparous, and third-litter multiparous females. Young primiparous females showed significantly lower offspring production than multiparous females. For older primiparous females the level was intermediate. Both young and older primiparous females showed a lower efficiency of converting energy to offspring production than their multiparous conspecifics. Parity affected lactation most strongly. Part of the inefficiency of primiparous guinea-pig mothers can be explained by the lower contribution to the energy budget made by their offspring from independent consumption of solid food.
Reply: Predator-prey ratio dependence and regulation of moose populations
Authors: Eberhardt L L
Published: April 2011

The comment by Messier and Joly on a paper by Eberhardt (L.L. Eberhardt. 1997. Can. J. Zool. 75: 1940-1944) suggests that the data in the earlier paper do not demonstrate a regulatory effect of wolves (Canis lupus) on their ungulate prey. It appears that the disagreement results from the use of quite different models, with Messier's approach (F. Messier. 1994. Ecology, 75: 478-488) apparently depending on the assumption of an equilibrium between wolf abundance and prey abundance, while Eberhardt's model depicts non-equilibrium conditions. Some questions having to do with duplications in secondary data sources are further examined.
Variation in quantitative properties of song among European populations of reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) with respect to bill morphology
Authors: Matessi Giuliano , Pilastro Andrea , Marin Guglielmo
Published: April 2011

We analysed the geographical variation in quantitative song properties among reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus ssp.) populations belonging to two subspecies groups with different bill morphologies: large and curved bill (namely E. s. intermedia and E. s. witherbyi, in southern Europe) and thin and conical bill (E. s. schoeniclus, in northern Europe). We collected song recordings from 11 European populations of the two subspecies groups and measured song properties of 116 males. We found significant differences among populations despite a high degree of individual variation. Populations with similar morphology were more homogeneous in song characters, despite geographical distances between them. The two subspecies groups differed mainly in the number of different syllable types used in a song, with the songs of the southern group having higher syllabic complexity. Cluster analysis and matrix correlation tests showed an association between song variation and morphological variation. The populations morphologically belonging to E. s. schoeniclus along the contact zone of the breeding distributions had song characters similar to southern populations and possibly represent a "hybrid" zone, which is not evidenced by morphological or recent genetic analyses. This may be due to song being learned socially, populations mixing in winter and, along the contact zone, populations of different subspecies groups often breeding a few kilometres apart. The generally high degree of variation in song among populations can be a consequence of the relative isolation of the breeding populations, which are restricted to uncommon and fragmented habitats, along with the rapid cultural evolution of song in this species.
Winter nutritional condition of eastern coyotes in relation to prey density
Authors: Patterson Brent R , Benjamin Lawrence K , Messier François
Published: April 2011

In northeastern North America, coyotes (Canis latrans) contend with lower prey diversity and abundance relative to their western counterparts (Harrison 1992; Parker 1995; Patterson et al. 1998). We used urinalysis to determine if the local distribution and abundance of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) had a measurable effect on the nutritional condition of eastern coyotes during winter. We analyzed 567 urine specimens collected from coyotes belonging to 8 territorial family groups, whose territories contained different densities of deer and hare. Mean urinary urea nitrogen (UN) : creatinine (C) ratios were correlated positively with relative hare density (rs = 0.75, P = 0.004) but negatively with deer density (rs = -0.71, P = 0.009). Coyote-group size did not have a significant influence on mean UN:C (rs = 0.42, P = 0.17). Coyotes utilizing hare as a primary food source maintained consistently high UN:C values throughout the winter, whereas those using proportionally more deer as a primary food source exhibited lower and more variable UN:C values during the breeding season. Winter densities of deer and hare were inversely related (rs = -0.63, P = 0.027), further suggesting that the UN:C value was primarily a function of hare density. The analysis of urine voided in snow is useful for determining the relative time since last feeding for carnivores. However, inferring relative nutritional condition from time since last feeding may be inappropriate for cases in which carnivores exploit prey of different sizes.
Causes and consequences of arm damage in the sea star Leptasterias hexactis
Authors: Bingham Brian L , Burr Jennifer , Head Herb Wounded
Published: April 2011

Leptasterias hexactis, a sea star common in rocky intertidal areas of Puget Sound, Washington, often has damaged or missing arms. We measured the frequency of arm damage in 5 populations and examined the causes and costs of the damage. Between 30 and 46% of L. hexactis found at the study sites were missing arms or parts of arms. Some of the damage, particularly when only parts of arms were missing, may result from physical disturbance (e.g., crushing). Most arm damage, however, appears to result from predation by the crab Cancer oregonensis. The ability to lose, or autotomize, arms has adaptive significance if it saves a sea star from death. However, it also carries costs. The greatest cost was a decrease in reproduction. Leptasterias hexactis missing arms showed a 44-69% drop in egg production 7 months after arm loss. The effect was still evident during the next reproductive season (19 months after arm loss). We estimate that natural levels of arm damage could decrease the reproductive output of a population of L. hexactis by 7-10%.
Diversity of the genus Daphniopsis in the saline waters of Australia
Authors: Hebert Paul DN , Wilson Christopher C
Published: April 2011

Although members of the cladoceran genus Daphniopsis form a dominant element of the fauna in the saline inland waters of Australia, their taxonomy has been in flux. In this study allozyme analysis was employed to examine the diversity, distributions, and reproductive biology of species in this genus. The results establish that D. pusilla, a species formerly thought to be widespread, is restricted to Western Australia, while a newly described species, D. truncata, which shares the attribute of producing a one-egged ephippium, is broadly distributed. The results of this study verify the taxonomic validity of the three recognized species of Daphniopsis, which produce two-egged ephippia, but another member of this group, D. wardi, is described from Western Australia. All populations were found to reproduce by cyclic parthenogenesis, except for one obligately asexual population of D. pusilla × D. truncata hybrids. No other case of hybridization was detected, although two species co-occurred in 15% of habitats. The six species of Daphniopsis now known from Australia appear to represent another example of an endemic radiation in the saline lakes of this continent.
Comparative structure and ultrastructure of the midgut and hepatopancreas of five species of Mysidacea (Crustacea): functional implications
Authors: Jong-Moreau Laetitia De , Brunet Michel , Casanova Jean-Paul , Mazza Jacques
Published: April 2011

Comparative structural, ultrastructural, and cytochemical studies were made of the midgut and hepato pancreas of five species belonging to the two suborders of the order Mysidacea, the Lophogastrida and Mysida, under different feeding conditions to investigate their role in digestive processes. Nutritional experiments were also carried out to complete the study. The midgut shows structural differences between the two suborders. The epithelium is composed of a single cell type that is implicated in absorption and production of peritrophic membranes. The intestinal epithelium lies on a characteristic three-layered basal lamina, the thickness of which would increase the strength of the intestinal wall for peristaltis and for transport of fecal pellets. The hepatopancreas displays marked structural differences between the suborders, and the cell distribution is better ordered in Mysida. Absorptive R-cells play an important role in lipoprotein metabolism. B-cells are implicated in intracellular digestion, as is attested to by the presence of a typical vacuolar apparatus. The total absence of the F-cell, considered to secrete enzymes in the Decapoda, raises the question of the origin of the enzymes necessary for extracellular digestion. A review of the cell affiliations of the hepatopancreas in the Mysidacea is required.
Shakespeare's Origin of Species and Darwin's Tempest
Authors: Love Glen A.
Published: April 2011

Ecocriticism provides a natural meeting-point of the humanities and the life sciences. Shakespeare's last great play, The Tempest , is rich in its anticipation of Darwinian evolutionary ideas, thus providing the stage for a rare two-cultures dialogue between, arguably, the world's greatest literary artist and its greatest scientist on the most abiding and profound of subjects: nature, and especially human nature. If Caliban is the most noticeable of The Tempest 's subjects of evolutionary and cultural significance, he is accompanied by other matters of interest in today's expanding field of biocultural and cognitive research and thought.
Merleau-Ponty's Human-Animality Intertwining and the Animal Question
Authors: Westling Louise
Published: April 2011

Maurice Merleau-Ponty's late work locates humans within a wild or brute being that sustains a synergy among life forms. His "Nature" lectures explored the philosophical implications of evolutionary biology and animal studies and, with The Visible and the Invisible , describe a horizontal kinship between humans and other animals. This work offers a striking alternative to Heidegger's panicky insistence on an abyss between humans and other animals, which Derrida questions though cannot seem to discard. For Merleau-Ponty, literary works probe the invisible realm of wildness that is our only environment, a realm full of language and meaningfully experienced by all animals.
Private Letters and Public Diplomacy: The Adams Network and the Quasi-War, 1797-1798
Authors: Perl-Rosenthal Nathan
Published: April 2011

Drawing primarily on the unpublished Adams Family Papers, this essay reconstructs the correspondence-based political and diplomatic information networks that John Adams employed in 1797 and 1798. It show that Adams had two networks, an official one built around the cabinet and an unofficial one dominated by family members and friends, which had distinct approaches to gathering information and different assumptions about how to interpret it. The members of the private network collectively created shared standards for determining what constituted reliable information and sound political principles. Though Adams employed both networks, he had greater confidence in the private one. In early 1797, when Adams had to decide how to respond to the French government's rejection of U.S. emissary Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, it was the private network that persuaded him to send a new mission to France. Adams then sought to create a new mission that was composed of individuals who were part of the private network or closely connected to it. In both cases, however, Adams incorporated advice from the official network as well. The essay reinterprets Adams's diplomacy, showing that it was more consistent and less shaped by his cabinet's advice than has been thought. It also illustrates how political decision-making in the early republic drew on multiple interacting correspondence networks, suggesting the need for further study of the epistolary habits of political leaders.
Revolutionary Pathos, Negation, and the Suspensive Avant-Garde
Authors: Roberts John
Published: April 2011

A politicized concept of the avant-garde has currency again. This is the result of a number of factors: the rapid decline of postmodernism as a term of cultural and political allegiance; the deepening crisis of capitalist reproduction, unleashing a renewed reengagement between art and politics; and the rise in cultural theory and philosophy of an antihistoricist relationship to the revolutionary past, in which the transformative moments of futures past become a working resource and ideal horizon in the present (we see this expressly in Alain Badiou, Slavoj Žižek and Jacques Ranciere’s writing). But, perhaps most pertinently, one of the key factors in the historic Soviet avant-garde—the democratization and dispersal of artistic technique—that Walter Benjamin codified in his famous essay “The Author as Producer,” has come to exert a renewed pressure on the official art world and its hierarchies, as the new image and technologies and their network of distribution and affiliation produce a new creative commons “from below”—or at least outside of the main parameters of the art world. This has contributed to a massive shift in the priorities of artistic activity itself over the last fifteen years. A growing number of artists now choose to work outside of the official art world in groups, in collectives, in collaboration with nonartists and nonartistic agencies. Indeed, this shift in position and emphasis has, in turn, allowed new spaces of association and exchange between “professionals” and “nonprofessionals.” This has produced the conditions for what I call a third or suspensive avant-garde, which draw on the futures past of the historic avant-garde, as an active and totalizing critique of art and the capitalist division of labor.
The Furniture Foothills and the Spatial Fix: Globalization in the Furniture Industry
Authors: Walcott Susan M.
Published: April 2011

Los cambios espaciales en la ubicación de la industria de la manufactura continúan en la actualidad, pero el entendimiento de por qué determinadas regiones resultan atractivas para determinados sectores y elementos dentro de las industrias ha quedado rezagado. Un fuerte aumento del costo del combustible provoca consideraciones sobre un gran cambio geográfico acortando la distancia entre los productores y los mercados en la industria de muebles. Esta investigación se enfoca en el papel que juega la logística basada en las decisiones de localización de la manufactura en la cadena mundial del valor de los muebles. Una sucesión de localidades a través del ciclo de vida del producto se propone junto con la segmentación de los diferentes tipos de muebles que priorizan diferentes lugares basados en las ventajas competitivas relevantes. Las nuevas consideraciones de precios desde finales de la recesión económica de finales de 2008 indican que las estrategias de localización territorial continúan, con cambios en la ubicación de los componentes de la cadena de valor mundial.
THE FEEDING AND MATING BEHAVIOUR OF THE SPECIALIZED EMPIDINAE (DIPTERA); OBSERVATIONS ON FOUR SPECIES OFRHAMPHOMYIAIN THE HIGH ARCTIC AND A GENERAL DISCUSSION
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: April 2011

Observations on the feeding and mating behaviour ofRhamphomyiaspp. in the high arctic are reported. InR.nigritaZetterstedt the males catch their prey especially in the male swarms of mosquitoes, etc., and carry it to their specific swarming (mating) site, a station controlled by a typical visual marker. In the swarm the male responds to insects hovering above, by rising to within a few inches and then holding a steady distance for some moments. The upper insect, if a male, moves away; if a female, pairing soon takes place, the prey is transferred, and the female feeds on it during mating. Apparently the female obtains insect food in no other way. The prey is rather small, and insufficient for the completion of one ovarian cycle; and the swarming flight, with mating and prey transfer, occurs repeatedly.InR.ursinellaMelander hunting and mating are accomplished on the ground. The prey is very small and mating is frequent. The species is virtually non-flying, and the specialized form of the male eye, on which mating in flight depends, is considerably reduced. Similar adaptations occur in other arctic Diptera.R.nigrita, in contrast, maintains fully the normal dependence on sustained flight.The general structure of mating behaviour in the specialized Empidinae (Rhamphomyia,Empis,Hilara) is discussed. As in many Empididae, and other Diptera, mating takes place at an assembly station controlled by a visually recognized swarm marker, and the response to the female is mediated by the large ommatidia of the upper part of the male eye. The "holding flight" however signifies an interposed courtship, or display of prey by the male to the female. In most species only the male captures prey (perhaps without feeding on it himself); the female does not hunt and obtains insect food only by transfer at mating. Courtship with transfer becomes a firmly established behavioural element, and persists even in species which use objects of no value as food (ritualization of prey).The original significance of the prey, on which its role as sign stimulus in mating is based, is its significance as food required by the female for ovarian maturation. When the prey is small in relation to the requirements of the female, the mating process, including the courtship and prey transfer, is repeated (ritualized) so as to provide the female with sufficient food. It is suggested that this ritualization would develop easily once insect prey had become established as the sign stimulus for mating; and could lead on to the sex differences in habits of hunting and feeding.
AN OLFACTOMETER FOR THE BIO-ASSAY OF ATTRACTANTS FOR SCOLYTIDS
Authors: Moeck Henry A.
Published: April 2011

An olfactometer is described for determining the responses of individual pedestrian beetles to attractants. The main features are a covered runway, a general air flow containing a well-defined narrow odor stream, and an on–off control of odor flow.
BERYTINUS MINOR (HEMIPTERA: BERYTIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Wheeler A. G.
Published: April 2011

The possible origin and site of introduction of Berytinus minor (H.-S.) (Hemiptera: Berytidae) into North America are discussed and new North American records given. B. minor exists in both a long winged (macropterous) and short winged (brachypterous) form. Differences in morphology of the pronota and wings of both forms are given and compared with a description of the differences found in the literature. Inapplicability of the terms macropterous and brachypterous as applied to B. minor is discussed. Notes on biology and ecology at Ithaca, N.Y., are given. The species appears to overwinter as an adult and to disperse in April to its food plant, white clover, Trifolium repens. Mating and oviposition begin in late April and May with the adults of the season maturing in late July or August.
DISTRIBUTION OF FIRST INSTAR NYMPHS OF ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) ON BRANCHES OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA, AFTER COLONIZATION
Authors: Bryant D. G.
Published: April 2011

Balsam woolly aphid nymphs, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), settle primarily in the apical 3-year growth of a branch. This portion of a branch is a natural population unit that can be designated a sample universe for detailed studies of aphid survival and mortality.
THE APANTELES SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ATTACKING LEPIDOPTERA IN THE MICRO-HABITAT OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: April 2011

Six species of Apanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) that attack microlepidopterous larvae in growing tips of spruce and fir are described, figured, and keyed. They are: A. fumiferanae Vier., A. petrovae Walley, A. absonus Mues., A. renaulti n. sp., A. milleri n. sp., and A. morisi n. sp.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF SPRAY DEPOSITS ON THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER (MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: McKinlay K. S.
Published: April 2011

Hydraulic, fan-spray nozzles (Teejet 650067) at 50.8 cm (20 in.) spacing, 55.9 cm (22 in.) above the target surface, and operating at 2.8 kg/cm2 (40 p.s.i.) produced very uneven coverage when applying aqueous sprays containing uranine. Deposits immediately below the nozzles were 2 to 3 times more than those between nozzles.

Deposits on grasshoppers (Melanoplus sanguinipes F.) were directly proportional to their plan area. Since this area increases as the square of the linear dimensions and weight increases as the cube, second instar grasshoppers collected twice as much spray/unit weight as fourth instar nymphs and 3 times as much as adult females. These differences were reflected in the mortality caused by insecticide sprays. A spray applying dimethoate at 140 g/ha (2 oz/ac) in 39.3 l./ha (3.5 Imp. g.p.a.) killed 90% of second instar nymphs but only 14% of adult males.
INHIBITION OF NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) ATTRACTION BY SMALL PROPORTIONS OF PITCH PINE TIP MOTH PHEROMONE
Authors: Berisford C. W. , Godbee J. F. , Baer R. G.
Published: April 2011

The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), and the pitch pine tip moth, R. rigidana (Fernald), often occur together in young stands of southern pines, but the former is more common.
CULICOIDES (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) OF THE SOUTH OKANAGAN AREA OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: McMullen R. D.
Published: April 2011

Due to concern over an outbreak of bluetongue disease in cattle near Osoyoos, B.C., a survey of Culicoides spp. was made and the seasonal and immediate geographical distribution of the known large-mammal biting species studied. Species found included C. cockerelli (Coquillett),C. crepuscularis Malloch, C. near haematopotus, C. jamesi Fox, C. montanus Wirth and Blanton, C. obsoletus (Meigen), C. occidentalis Wirth and Jones, C. palmerae James, C. piliferus group, C. travisi group, C. variipennis (Coquillett), C. yukonensis Hoffman, and Leptoconops kerteszi Keiffer. The active period for adults of C. occidentalis, a proved vector of bluetongue disease, is from mid-April through early October. Breeding sites of this species were common from 275 to 600 m above sea level throughout the area of bluetongue disease incidence. Breeding sites extended up to 1350 m and adults were trapped at 1820 m. A large number of adult C. occidentalis and other Culicoides spp. were collected for isolation of bluetongue virus. No virus was recovered. This was possibly due to large-scale testing of susceptible domestic animals for bluetongue virus antigens and removal of those giving positive reactions prior to collection of the insects tested.
A COMPUTERIZED PHENOLOGY MODEL FOR PREDICTING BIOLOGICAL EVENTS OF RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: AliNiazee M. T.
Published: April 2011

A phenology model based on a time–temperature relationship has been developed for the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. The model predicts the occurrence of various biological events such as emergence levels, mating, oviposition, larval appearance, parasite activity, and pupation. These events are predicted as a function of summation of thermal units (TU) starting 1 March. For example, emergence begins at 462, oviposition at 541, hatch at 594, and pupation at 795 TU. The model was validated by actual field observations for a period of 3 years (1976–1978). Extended validation of first emergence was obtained from an entirely different cherry growing area, the Hood River Valley. The model could be a useful tool in integrated pest management program on cherries.
POLYEMBRYONY IN THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Prévost Y. H. , McFarlane J. E.
Published: April 2011

Polyembryony is the development of two or more embryos from a single egg. It occurs normally in parasitic insects, e.g., in Strepsiptera, Halictoxenos (Noskiewicz and Poluszński 1935), and in four families of Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Macrocentrus (Muesebeck et al. 1951); Encyrtidae, Ageniaspis (Marchal 1904) and Copidosoma (Doutt 1947); Platygasteridae, Platygaster (Hill and Emery 1937); and Dryinidae Aphelopus (Kornhauser 1919). In these insects polyembryony serves as a survival mechanism.

On the other hand, sporadic polyembryony has been reported to occur in eggs of the grasshoppers Dociostaurus and Melanoplus (Slifer and Shulow 1947).
STOCHASTIC PREDATION MODEL WITH DEPLETION
Authors: Curry Guy L. , Feldman Richard M.
Published: April 2011

A stochastic model is developed for the expected number of prey taken by a single predator when prey depletion is apparent. The so-called “random predator equation” with prey exploitation of Royama and Rogers is compared with the stochastic model. The numerical comparisons illustrate situations where the deterministic model provides adequate and inadequate approximations.
THREE METHODS OF SAMPLING MITES PHORETIC ON BARK BEETLES: A COMPARISON
Authors: Kinn D.N.
Published: April 2011

When a few large trees are to be sampled, emergence traps provide more reliable counts of mites that are phoretic on southern pine beetles than either removal of bolts or removal of 100 cm2 bark discs. When a large sample from smaller trees is required, removal of bolts is preferable to removal of disc samples. Emergence traps or bolt samples are preferable to disc samples because: (1) fewer mites are lost during transportation and rearing; (2) mites are not left on the xylem; (3) fewer die from desiccation during rearing; and (4) fewer non-phoretic stages accumulate in the collecting medium.
ABUNDANCE AND PARASITIC HABITS OF SOME PARASITOIDS OF THE NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Freeman Barry L. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: April 2011

Adult emergence curves of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), and 27 members of its parasitoid complex were compared for four generations in the Georgia piedmont. Based on numbers of emerging adults, parasitism of the three 1975 R. frustrana generations was 42%. Two parasitoids, Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich and Compoplex frustranae Cushman, comprised 45 and 23% of all parasitoids, respectively.

Emergence curves of R. frustrana and parasitoids showed considerable overlap. It appears unlikely that foliar applications of broad spectrum insecticides for control of R. frustrana can be timed to prevent heavy parasitoid mortality.

Eleven species of parasitoids were reared directly from host larvae or pupae. Examination of host remains showed that some species of parasitoids may be either primary or secondary. The habits of Haltichella rhyacionae Gahan and Spilochalcis flavopicta Cresson were found to be more diverse than previously reported and include internal secondary and primary parasitism, respectively.
A MICROHOMOGENIZER FOR INSECT BRAIN
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P.
Published: April 2011

Analysis of neurotransmitter levels in individual insect brains has been hampered by the unavailability of a suitable tissue homogenizer. Commercially-available homogenizers are expensive, often fragile, and generally ill-designed and cumbersome for handling microlitre volumes. This report describes the fabrication of an efficient, inexpensive microhomogenizer suitable for routine processing of small amounts of soft tissue using an idea suggested by Meek (1976).
ENERGY UTILIZATION BY LARVAE OF A FLOWER FLY, SYRPHUS COROLLAE (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Barlow C.A.
Published: April 2011

Larvae of a flower fly, Syrphus corollae Fab., consumed an average of 113.5 cal of pea aphid biomass during 8 days at 20 ± 1°. Sixty-six per cent of consumption occurred on days 6 and 7. Sixty-four per cent of consumed energy was assimilated by the larval body, ca. 55% was converted into larval tissue and 10% was used for body maintenance. When starved, larvae reapportioned some available energy from production to maintenance and developmental time was extended. Each larva destroyed an average of 59 adult aphids which represents conservation of 19.7 cal of pea plant net primary productivity/day.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW TAXA IN THE THORONINI (HYMENOPTERA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir , Huggert Lars
Published: April 2011

A generic diagnosis of Microthoron Masner is completed, and the male antenna is figured. Data on distribution and variability of M. baeoides Masner are presented. M. miricornis n. sp. ♀ is described from South India. A key to the known species of Microthoron is given. Thoronidea taino n. gen., n. sp. ♀ is described from the Dominican Republic. Thoron longicornis n. sp. ♀ is described from Arizona, and a key to the known species of Thoron Haliday is given.
POPULATION TRENDS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE PEAR RUST MITE,EPITRIMERUS PYRI(PROSTIGMATA: ERIOPHYOIDEA), ON PEARS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: April 2011

The pear rust mite,Epitrimerus pyri(Nal.), overwinters in a semi-active state in old leaf scar crevices and under bud chips of the leaf clusters. It becomes active within the bud in mid-April, as soon as the weather warms, and passes through three generations in the growing season as indicated by distinct peak egg populations observed in May, June, and July. The first generation eggs are laid within the swelling bud. The mites feed on the ventral surface of the leaves causing bronzing and on the calyx end of the fruit resulting in russeting of the epidermal tissue. Deutogynes of the third generation begin to enter hibernation by mid-August. Occasionally population levels reach economic injury level resulting in the downgrading of fruit.
REVISION OF THE SUBFAMILY SPHAERIDIINAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE). SUPPLEMENTUM 1
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: April 2011

Additional data on bionomics, geographical distribution, and taxonomy of many species are presented. Cercyon inquinatus Wollaston is recorded from North America for the first time. C. gebieni Knisch, 1925 and C. faeceus Balfour-Browne, 1954 are placed in synonymy with C. inquinatus.
NEW SPECIES OF MIMESA FROM NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: PEMPHREDONIDAE: PSENINI)
Authors: Finnamore A. T.
Published: April 2011

Four new species are described: Mimesa foxi, M. huron, M. iroquois, and M. mallochi. Diagnostic characters are listed for each species and each species is compared with other closely related species in the genus.
PARASITES OF PHYLLONORYCTER ELMAELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILARIIDAE) ON APPLE IN THE VANCOUVER DISTRICT, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Doğanlar Miktat , Beirne Bryan P.
Published: April 2011

Larvae of Phyllonorycter elmaella Doğ. and Mut. were found commonly on unsprayed apple in 1976 and 1977 at Burnaby and Haney, in the Vancouver, B.C. district. Presumably this is the same species recorded by Pottinger and LeRoux (1971: 25–37, 214), Lithocolletis sorbi Frey, on apple in Oregon.

Twelve species of hymenopterous parasites were reared. Total parasitism in 1977 was 18, 17, and 10% in collections from Burnaby in July, August, and September, respectively, and 27% in a collection from Haney.
MAINTENANCE OF BUMBLE BEE COLONIES IN OBSERVATION HIVES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Pomeroy N. , Plowright R. C.
Published: April 2011

Two bumble bee observation hive designs are described. Both have a sloping floor to support peripheral brood clumps. One is temperature controlled, using insulated resistance wire as an internal heat source. The other is moulded from a concrete mixture consisting of horticultural Perlite, cement, and plaster of Paris. Techniques for the sanitation, feeding, and handling of laboratory colonies are described.
ROOT MAGGOT DAMAGE TO CANOLA AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF DELIA SPP. (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Turnock W.J. , Timlick B. , Galka B.E. , Palaniswamy P.
Published: April 2011

The cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum (L.), was the only Delia species capable of attacking undamaged roots of canola [oilseed rape, Brassica napus (L.)] that was found in commercial fields in Manitoba. Adults of the overwintering generation infest canola. Their progeny, adults of the first generation, left the maturing plants after completing a single generation. Root maggot damage occurred in fields in all agricultural regions of the province. The mean percentage of the roots with damage was higher in the more northerly agricultural regions (15.8%) than in the south (8.0%). Most of the damage was light and the damage did not visibly affect the growth or vigour of the plants. Foot rot fungi were not associated with the feeding damage. In cage experiments, the seed yield of canola did not decrease with increasing proportions of plants damaged by D. radicum. The percentage of plants with root maggot damage (DAM) was best described in a polynomial by the mean daily air temperature (TEMP) and the total precipitation (RAIN) for June and July:

log(DAM + 1)=–12.3 + 0.66 TEMP + 0.09 RAIN – 0.004(TEMP × RAIN).

The level of damage caused by the larvae of D. radicum to canola in commercial fields during the years 1985 through 1988 did not appear to have caused yield losses. However, the level of damage increased with increasing precipitation and temperature during June and July so a series of favourable years could lead to increased damage and possibly to significant yield losses.
RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF DICOFOL, FORMETANATE HCl, PROPARGITE, HEXYTHIAZOX, AND CLOFENTEZINE TO EUROPEAN RED MITE ON PEACH
Authors: Pree D.J. , Marshall D.B. , McGarvey B.D.
Published: April 2011

The persistence of toxic effects of the contact acaricides dicofol, propargite, and formetanate HCl and the ovicides clofentezine and hexythiazox to the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), were tested by bioassays of disks cut from treated peach foliage. Effects of dicofol were more persistent than propargite or formetanate HCl to susceptible mites. Mortality on dicofol-treated foliage was >50% for more than 15 days. Propargite killed >50% of females for 10 days after application, whereas the toxicity of formetanate HCl deposits declined rapidly after 7 days. Mortality of dicofol-resistant mites was less than for susceptible mites. However, resistant mites were affected (>50% killed) by dicofol residues up to 7 days old. The toxic effects of the ovicides clofentezine and hexythiazox persisted for at least 30 days and at the rates tested were approximately equally toxic.

Formetanate HCl and propargite residues were less persistent (half-life 8–9 days) than the other compounds. Dicofol residues had a half-life of about 15 days but approximately 10% of residues persisted for 65 days. Residues of clofentezine and hexythiazox declined more gradually (half-life = 15–20 days) than other compounds and persisted at approximately 10% of initial residues after 65 days.
MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE BUMBLE BEE SOCIAL PARASITEPSITHYRUS ASHTONI(CRESSON) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Fisher Richard M. , Sampson Blair J.
Published: April 2011

Psithyrusspp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are obligate social parasites of bumble bees (Bombusspp.). Morphological and physiological features ofP.ashtoni(Cresson) females, which may facilitate the successful usurpation of host nests, were examined. Parasite females were no larger thanB.terricolaKirby queens, although they possessed a number of protective modifications to the exoskeleton, as well as increased offensive armament, including larger mandibles and a longer venom gland. Females ofP.ashtoniandP.insularis(Smith) possessed a greater number of ovarioles than host queens, and produced smaller eggs. The Dufour’s glands of the twoPsithyrusspecies were significantly larger than those ofB.terricola. There appears to have been considerable convergence in the evolution of socially parasitic lifestyles in bumble bees and wasps (Vespulaspp.), presumably as a consequence of similar selective pressures operating on parasites belonging to these distantly related but socially similar taxa.
NYMPHS AND IMAGOES OF FOUR NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OFPROCLOEONBENGTSSON WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (EPHEMEROPTERA, BAETIDAE)
Authors: Lowen Robert G. , Flannagan John F.
Published: April 2011

Descriptions ofProcloeon rubropictum(McD.),P.quaesitum(McD.), andP.rufostrigatum(McD.) are expanded to include features not previously published. A description of the nymph ofP.quaesitumis given for the first time.Procloeon irrubrumsp.nov. is described from nymphs and female imagoes. From our interpretation of preliminary data, it is possible thatP.rufostrigatumandP.rubropictumform one species group;P.quaesitumis included withP.pennulatum(Eaton) in another.Procloeon irrubrumdoes not fit either species group but shows some affinities to theP.rufostrigatumgroup. Some characters for separating the nymphs ofProcloeonandCentroptilumare given.
INTERPOPULATION DIFFERENCES IN THE COLDHARDINESS OF DELIA RADICUM (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Turnock W.J. , Boivin G. , Ring R.A.
Published: April 2011

The cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum (L.), was introduced to North America in the mid-1800s, likely from northwestern Europe, and probably reached Quebec and British Columbia before 1885 and Manitoba by 1922. The mean temperature of crystallization (Tc) for overwintering pupae was −22.8 ± 1.2 °C for the St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, population and −23.8 ± 0.7 °C for the Vancouver, British Columbia, population. The mean Tc for these two populations and for Winnipeg, Manitoba (−24.4 °C), Ascot, England (−22.8 °C), Tallinn, Estonia (−25.2 °C), and St. Petersburg, Russia (ca. −20 °C), did not show any relation to mean January temperatures. These locations represent both temperate oceanic and temperate continental climates and a range of mean January temperatures from +4.6 to −17.7 °C. Survival of puparia from St-Jean-sur-Richelieu exposed to nonfreezing temperatures decreased as temperature decreased and exposure time lengthened. The parameters for the regression equations describing this relationship were similar to those describing the Winnipeg population, and both were more coldhardy than the Ascot population. The upper limit of the cold injury zone (ULCIZ) for the St-Jean-sur-Richelieu population was −12.7 °C and the lower limit of this zone (LLCIZ) was −27.6 °C. Coldhardy populations from temperate continental climates (St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Winnipeg) showed a rate of decrease in survival with increased cold stress (lower temperature, longer exposure) within the cold injury zone which was much slower than in the less coldhardy population (Ascot). Thus, some individuals from the coldhardy populations would be physiologically capable of surviving exposure to temperatures below Tc, whereas in the Ascot population nonfreezing injury would kill all the overwintering puparia at a temperature (−19.6 °C) well above Tc (−22.8 °C). The observed survival of puparia from Vancouver, following various nonfreezing exposures, resembled more closely the calculated survival for these exposures when the equations describing the Ascot population were used than when the equations for Winnipeg or St-Jean-sur-Richelieu were used. The Ascot and Vancouver populations, both from temperate oceanic climates, are less coldhardy than the populations from St-Jean-sur-Richelieu and Winnipeg (temperate continental climates). The founder populations of D. radicum in North America, which probably originated in the temperate oceanic climates of northwestern Europe, have adapted to the colder temperate continental climates by increasing their ability to survive longer exposures to all temperatures within the cold injury zone and not by lowering Tc. Therefore, selection for coldhardiness in D. radicum must have operated on structures, processes, or physiological-biochemical mechanisms that help the organism to avoid or repair nonfreezing cold injury but not on those that determine Tc.
INFLUENCE OF DIET ON OVIPOSITION AND SURVIVAL OF FORFICULA SENEGALENSIS SERVILLE (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Boukary Ibrahim Baoua , Gingras Jean , Tourneur Jean-Claude
Published: April 2011

The influence of diet on oviposition and survival of Forficula senegalensis Serville was studied in laboratory conditions using four different regimens: millet leaves and stems, lepidopteran eggs and larvae, millet pollen, and no food at all. Four parameters were monitored: female weight, survival time, time to oviposition, and number of eggs produced. Starving females and females fed millet leaves and stems lost weight and survived for an average of 30–40 days without any of them laying eggs. Females fed millet pollen or lepidopteran eggs and larvae gained weight and survived for more than 60 days. Forty percent of the females fed pollen laid an average of 49 eggs the first time, and 50% of those fed lepidopteran eggs and larvae produced an average of 67.5 eggs. In both cases, less than 2% of the females oviposited a second time (average of 30 eggs). Earwigs fed lepidopteran eggs and larvae oviposited sooner. A diet of millet leaves is insufficient for oviposition in F. senegalensis; females need a richer diet based on pollen or animal preys in order to lay eggs.