bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of Induced Sputum In the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
Authors: CARMICHAEL A. , BATEMAN N. , NAYAGAM M.
Published: May 2007

The results of the examination of sputum induced by the inhalation of nebulized hypertonic saline in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) are presented. In suspected cases of PCP in patients who were either HIV antibody positive or were receiving immunosuppressive therapy, 46 induced sputum specimens were stained using both Grocott's modified Gomori methenamine silver nitrate (GMS) and immunofluorescence staining. In 12 specimens P. carinii cysts were detected by both methods, in four specimens by GMS staining only and in five specimens by immunofluorescence only. the sensitivity of induced sputum examination in the detection of P. carinii cysts was increased by using both of these staining methods on each sputum specimen and the need for more invasive methods of diagnosis was reduced.
Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid: A Re‐Evaluation of the Cytological Criteria of Diagnosis
Authors: MENDONÇA M. E. , RAMOS S. , SOARES J.
Published: May 2007

We have reviewed the fine needle aspiration cytology appearances of a series of 31 consecutive and histologically confirmed medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Despite the absence of a totally specific diagnostic feature, this retrospective re‐evaluation indicates that a preoperative diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is possible in almost every case. the features occurring most commonly include a dispersed cell pattern in which round or spindle shaped cells with eccentric speckled nuclei were seen showing slight pleomorphism with inconspicuous nucleoli. In a third of cases fine red granularity was present in the cytoplasm in slides stained with Giemsa and by the Papanicolaou technique.
Cytomorphology of Metastatic Melanoma—Use of S‐100 Protein In the Diagnosis of Amelanotic Melanoma
Authors: KAPILA K. , KHARBANDA K. , VERMA K.
Published: May 2007

The cytomorphological features of cells from 52 cases of metastatic melanoma obtained by fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis were studied. Morphologically, 11, 19 and 22 cases were classified as spindle, epithelial, and mixed cell types of metastatic melanoma respectively. There were 34 melanotic and 18 amelanotic melanomas. Besides melanin, the presence of intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, eosinophilic macronucleoli and giant cells were helpful in the diagnosis of a melanoma. Where attempted, staining for S‐100 protein was positive in all the 19 cases (eight amelanotic and 11 sparsely pigmented melanomas). In addition eight cases of metastatic tumour where a differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated carcinoma or large cell lymphoma was entertained, were also studied for localization of S‐100 protein and all were found to be negative. Electron microscopy was performed in five cases and showed the presence of melanosomes and/or premelanosomes.
Chromosomal Abnormality T(9;22)(Q22;Q12) In an Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma Characterized By Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Electron Microscopy, Immunohistochemistry and Dna Flow Cytometry
Authors: ÖRNDAL C. , CARLÉN B. , ÅKERMAN M. , WILLÉN H. , MANDAHL N. , HEIM S. , RYDHOLM A. , MITELMAN F.
Published: May 2007

A multidisciplinary approach was taken to characterize a soft tissue tumour. In smears prepared from aspirated material, uniform tumour cells, embedded in a myxoid matrix and partly arranged in a lace‐like pattern, were found. Histopathology showed a lace‐like pattern of cells in a matrix of hyaluronidase‐stable mucins. Cytoplasmic positivity for S‐100 protein was found in some tumour cells. Electron microscopic analysis revealed intracisternal aggregates of microtubules. All these features are consistent with the diagnosis of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC). DNA flow cytometry showed a diploid DNA content. Cytogenetic examination revealed the tumour karyotype 45, XY, t(2;11)(q31;p15), t(9;22)(q22.3;q12), dic(13;22)(p11;p13). Because similar 9;22‐translocations have been described in two other cases of EMC, we conclude that t(9;22)(q22–31;q11–12) is a specific rearrangement in this tumour type. Cytogenetic analysis may thus be of diagnostic value in the examination of tumours with this and similar histologies.
Malacoplakia of the Uterine Cervix and Endometrium
Authors: STEWART C. J. R. , THOMAS M. A.
Published: May 2007

A rare case of malacoplakia involving the female genital tract is presented. the characteristic granular histiocytes with intracytoplasmic Michaelis‐Gutmann bodies were identified in a cervical smear. the cytological preparation also showed prominent capillary vessels and differed from biopsy material in that cytoplasmic bacteria were easily identified.
Fine Needle Aspiration of A Pancreatic Oxyphilic Carcinoma With Pulmonary and Subcutaneous Metastases
Authors: SIRONI M. , RADICE F. , TACCAGNI G. L. , BRAGA M. , ZERBI M.
Published: May 2007

The cytological appearances of an oxyphilic pancreatic carcinoma are reported and the histological and clinical features are described. Despite the presence of pulmonary and subcutaneous metastases this tumour did not behave in an aggressive fashion.
Cytological Aspects of Pleural, Peritoneal and Pericardial Fluids From Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: NAYLOR B.
Published: May 2007

Serous effusions of nine of 33 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus contained lupus erythematosus (LE) cells, identifiable in Papanicolaou‐stained smears, wet films stained with toluidine blue, and cell blocks stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Specimens in which LE cells were found contained at least a moderate number of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes. Most specimens containing LE cells also contained cells that resembled LE cells (tart cells), which appeared to be small macrophages that had phagocytosed a non‐homogenized nucleus of a cell that had undergone degeneration. In 34 years of cytologic practice we have recognized LE cells in serous effusions only from patients who were already diagnosed as having systemic lupus erythematosus.
Fine Needle Aspiration For the Diagnosis and Management of Granulomatous Disease
Authors: BROWN L. A. , COGHILL S. B.
Published: May 2007

Fine needle aspiration is a quick, minimally invasive and cost‐effective technique for the diagnosis of granulomatous disease. Cytological diagnosis can often be specific, with the help of special stains and microbiological culture of aspirated material, particularly in the case of tuberculosis, the most common infective granulomatous disease in this country. At a fine needle aspiration clinic many cases of granulomatous disease, some from unusual sites, have been diagnosed and the use of more invasive investigations has been avoided. the problems involved in cytological diagnosis are discussed using seven cases as examples.
Fine Needle Aspiration of Palpable Breast Lumps: A 1‐Year Audit Using the Cytospin Method
Authors: HOWAT A. J. , ARMSTRONG G. R. , BRIGGS W. A. , NICHOLSON C. M. , STEWART D. J.
Published: May 2007

A Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) service for the diagnosis of palpable breast lumps was started at the Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK, in November 1989. Over the subsequent year, 407 FNAs were taken from 393 women. A simple technique was used which involved the surgeon flushing the aspirate into 10ml of Cytospin collection fluid; cytocentrifuge preparations were then safely and conveniently prepared in the laboratory. Slides were stained with Papanicolaou and H&E. the method detected 112 out of a total of 121 cancers (92.6%); of the nine that were undetected, five aspirates were inadequate and four were falsely reported as negative. There were no false positives. the overall inadequate rate was 11.0%. Excluding inadequate samples, the absolute sensitivity was 89.7% and complete sensitivity 96.6% with 94.4% specificity. This 1‐year audit has shown the Cytospin method of FNA in palpable breast disease to have a favourable sensitivity and specificity, and therefore to be an alternative to conventional FNA using direct smears.
Silver Binding Nucleolar Organizer Regions In Adrenocortical Neoplasia
Authors: ÖZ B. , DERVISOGLU S. , DERVISOGLU M. , ÖZ Ö
Published: May 2007

The possible contribution of the silver colloid technique for staining nucleolar organizer regions in the distinction between benign and malignant adrenocortical neoplasms was investigated. Nine cases of adenoma, eight cases of carcinoma, nine cases of hyperplasia and four normal adrenal cortex specimens were examined. the mean silver binding nucleolar organizer region (Ag‐NOR) value in adenoma was 4.29, and in carcinoma 7.16 (P < 0.001). Adenomas with diameters > 3 cm had significantly higher Ag‐NOR counts than smaller adenomas. For normal cortex, the mean Ag‐NOR value was 2.05 and in hyperplasia, 3.62. the results indicate that the Ag‐NOR technique can help in differential diagnosis between benign and malignant adrenocortical lesions and thus may have a prognostic value.
Fine‐Needle Aspiration Cytology In A Case of Chordoma
Authors: HUGHES D. E. , LAMB J. , SALTER D. M. , AL‐NAFUSSI A.
Published: May 2007

We report a case of sacrococcygeal chordoma initially diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology. the value of awareness by cytopathologists of the histology of soft tissue tumours is emphasized.
Post‐irradiation cytology of cervical cancer patients
Authors: SHIELD P. W. , DAUNTER B. , WRIGHT R. G.
Published: May 2007

The accuracy of cervicovaginal cytology following radiotherapy for cervical cancer is compromised by the anatomical and tissue changes resulting from irradiation. Collection of representative samples may be more difficult, and benign radiation changes, post‐irradiation dysplasia, and the frequent occurrence of repair cells and active stromal cells in post‐irradiation smears may cause diagnostic problems. Nevertheless, cytology is a valuable tool for the detection of locally recurrent cervical cancer. It is simple and economical to perform at the time of clinical follow‐up examination, and may detect occult tumour recurrence. Awareness of the cellular changes resulting from irradiation, and the varied composition of post‐irradiation smears may lead to more accurate interpretation of the cytological findings.
Metastatic Breast Cancer Presenting As an Ovarian Cyst: Diagnosis By Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Authors: PATEL K. R. , BOON A. P.
Published: May 2007

A fifty‐year‐old woman with a history of breast cancer presented with a clinically benign ovarian cyst. Laparoscopic aspiration of cyst fluid was performed and the cytology was suspicious of epithelial neoplasia. At subsequent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oopherectomy, the specimen showed extensive metastatic breast carcinoma. Although the cytological examination of fluid from ovarian cysts is often unrewarding, this case shows that metastatic carcinoma may occasionally be diagnosed in this fashion.
Assessment of the Accuracy of Cytology In Women Referred For Colposcopy and Biopsy: the Results of a 1 Year Audit
Authors: CONTRERAS‐MELENDEZ L. , HERBERT A. , MILLWARD‐SADLER G. H. , MOORE I. E. , MASSON G. M. , CAMILLIERI A. P. , SHEPHERD N.
Published: May 2007

The results of weekly colposcopy review meetings have been audited for 1 year and cases where there was a discrepancy between the referral cervical smear and the initial colposcopy biopsy have been analysed. New referrals (n= 476) for colposcopy were studied. In the final outcome 80% of 326 women referred for moderate or severe dyskaryosis were found to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade II or III or invasive carcinoma. Three women found to have invasive carcinoma had been referred for severely dyskaryotic smears. Twenty women were referred for smears with cell changes suggesting glandular neoplasia: five were found to have adenocarcinoma in situ, whereas eight had CIN and seven had negative biopsies. the results justify the referral policy and demonstrate the need for further investigation when initial colposcopic biopsies are negative.
Identification of Malignant Cells In Serous Effusions Using A Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies Ber‐Ep4, Mca‐B‐12 and Ema
Authors: STOOP J. A. , HENDRIKS J. G. M. , BERENDS D.
Published: May 2007

A panel of three monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) was tested on 29 benign and 53 malignant effusions with the aim of investigating its usefulness for the discrimination between benign and malignant lesions. the panel consisted of MoAbs directed against epithelial membrane antigen (EMA); MCA‐b‐12, reacting with a 350 kD glycoprotein with mucin‐like characteristics present on human breast cancer cells and various other normal and neoplastic tissues, and Ber‐EP4, directed against a 34 and 39 kD glycopeptide on human epithelial cells but not on mesothelium. Fifty‐two (98%) of the malignant effusions reacted with EMA, 49 (92%) with MCA‐b‐12 and 44 (83%) with Ber‐EP4. Fourteen per cent of benign effusions reacted with EMA, 17% with MCA‐b‐12 and 7% with Ber‐EP4. All seven effusions obtained from patients with a malignant mesothelioma reacted with EMA, six of the seven cases staining intensively. None of the seven stained with Ber‐EP4. MCA‐b‐12 did not react with the cells in one case of malignant mesothelioma. the results suggest that the combination of EMA and Ber‐EP4 may be used to discriminate between benign and malignant cells and possibly also between adenocarcinoma and malignant mesothelioma. MCA‐b‐12 followed in general the reaction pattern of EMA, although often with a less intense staining reaction, making this antibody unsuitable for inclusion in the panel.
The British Society For Clinical Cytology Certificate of Competence In Cytology Screening: A Report of the First 3 Years’ Experience
Authors: McGOOGAN E. , CHAPMAN P. A.
Published: May 2007

In 1988 the Department of Health (DOH) recognized the cytology screener grade of laboratory staff. Cytology screeners have a 2 year training period after which they must sit a ‘competence examination’. the British Society for Clinical Cytology offers an examination to meet the DOH specification. It consists of a written paper, a practical screening test, a spot test and a short viva voce. the screening test is paramount and candidates who miss a dyskaryotic smear cannot be successful. In the first 3 years there have been 22 examinations, 294 candidates and a pass rate of 76%. the majority of candidates were Cytology Screeners of 2–3 years experience but significant numbers of Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers (MLSOs) and senior MLSOs also chose to sit the examination.
Peripheral Low‐Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Lung—Needle Aspiration Cytodiagnosis and Histology
Authors: BROOKS B. , BAANDRUP U.
Published: May 2007

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung is a rare tumour, and is not usually considered in the differential diagnosis of a peripheral lung mass. the cytological and histological features of an intimate admixture of polygonal intermediate cells, well differentiated mucinous and squamous cells, as illustrated in this case report, serve to differentiate a well differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma from adenosquamous carcinoma, low grade adenocarcinoma, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, and benign reactive changes.
Use of Antibodies Against A Synthetic Peptide of the E6 Protein of Human Papillomavirus (Hpv) Type 16 For the Diagnosis of Genital Hpv Lesions
Authors: TOSI P. , PALLINI V. , CINTORINO M. , BUGNOLI M. , COVACCI A. , PETRACCA R. , SYRJÄNEN S. , DEL VECCHIO M. T. , MÄNTYJÄRVI R. , RUGGIERO P. , ARMELLINI D. , CHANG F. , SYRJÄNEN K.
Published: May 2007

The E6 open reading frame of the human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 codes for a protein of 158 amino acids with a theoretical molecular weight of 19.1 kD. A peptide corresponding to 147–158 amino acids (NH2‐RSSRTRRETQLC‐COOH) was synthesized, coupled to haemocyanin and used for immunization of rabbits. the antibodies obtained were used for the immunohistochemical analysis of a series of 41 paraffin‐embedded biopsies including 29 cases of HPV 16‐associated cervical lesions, five HPV 6, four HPV 11, and three HPV 18‐associated genital warts. Expression of a reacting molecule (both intranuclear and cytoplasmic) could be demonstrated in 28/29 (96.6%) of the HPV 16 lesions, in 2/5 (40%) of the HPV 6, in 2/4 (50%) of the HPV 11, and in 3/3 of HPV 18 lesions. the intensity of the staining was weak in the HPV 6 and HPV 11 lesions, whereas it was classified as intense in 21/29 (72%) of the E6‐positive HPV 16 lesions. Negative staining was almost invariably (5/6, 83%) confined to HPV‐non‐cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HPV‐NCIN) lesions, only 5/18 (27%) of which showed an intense staining. In contrast, intense staining was associated with CIN; 11/12 (92%) in HPV‐CINI and 8/11 (73%) in HPV‐CINII lesions. In the HPV 16 group, intense reactivity was more frequent in lesions shown to make clinical progression (8/9,89%) as compared with those which underwent spontaneous regression (10/15,66.7%). Topography of the immunostaining paralleled the localization of HPV DNA hybridization signals in 20/21 (95%) evaluable HPV 16 cases, in contrast to only 1/3 in HPV 18 cases and in none of the HPV 6 and HPV 11 lesions. These differences between HPV 16 and HPV 6/11 lesions in the staining with the HPV 16 E6 protein antibody might help explain at least some of the differences in their known biological behaviour.
C‐Erbb‐2 Expression and Dna Ploidy Status In Breast Cancer Cells Obtained By Fine Needle Aspiration (Fna)
Authors: TRONCONE G. , ZEPPA P. , FULCINITI F. , DI BENEDETTO G. , LOBRESCO M. A. , DE DIVITIIS B. , VETRANI A. , PALOMBINI L.
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the relative rate of c‐erbB‐2 oncoprotein immuno‐detection on matched fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears and surgical specimens of breast cancer, and to correlate the c‐erbB‐2 expression with the assessment of the DNA ploidy status. the expression of c‐erbB‐2 oncoprotein was evaluated using an immunoalkaline phosphatase technique in 49 breast aspirates (four benign and 45 malignant lesions) and 21 matched surgical specimens. the DNA ploidy status was assessed by densitometric techniques on Feulgen‐stained smears. Fifty‐eight per cent of the smears obtained from 45 malignant lesions and 43% of the 21 corresponding paraffin sections contained cells that were stained by the antibody. the higher incidence of c‐erbB‐2 expression on smears seems to be due mainly to the better antigen preservation in the fresh cytological preparations. the correlation between c‐erbB‐2 oncogene expression and DNA ploidy assessment showed an increased incidence of oncogene expression in aneuploid tumours (71% vs 29%; P > 0.05).
C‐ErbB‐2 Oncoprotein Immunostaining In Serous Effusions
Authors: ASCOLI V. , SCALZO C. CARNOVALE. , NARDI F.
Published: May 2007

The product of c‐erbB‐2 gene is detected in a proportion of carcinomas from various sites and is generally associated with a high degree of malignancy. A series of 58 effusions containing malignant cells and 16 cytologically negative serous effusions was assessed by immunocyto‐chemical methods for c‐erbB‐2 expression using the monoclonal antibody NCL‐B11, which recognizes the internal domain of the c‐erbB‐2 oncoprotein. Both alcohol‐fixed smears and cell blocks from formalin‐fixed specimens were used. A crisp, clear cut membrane‐associated positive staining was evident in 51 % (30/58) malignant effusions and was restricted to metastatic adenocarcinomas. Breast and ovarian cancers showed the highest incidence of positivity. Mesotheliomas as well as non‐neoplastic effusions were consistently negative. Paraffin blocks from formalin‐fixed cells displayed a weak immunoreactivity when compared with their alcohol‐fixed counterparts. the study shows that the c‐erbB‐2 oncoprotein can be easily identified in standard cytological smears: it can be of assistance in differentiating adenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas, and in selected cases it can provide a further prognostic indicator, replacing tissue immunohistochemistry.
Immunocytochemistry In the Assessment of Ps2 Protein Expression In Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology From Breast Carcinoma
Authors: IBRAHIM N. B. N. , PADFIELD C. J. H. , REES E. J. , WILSON Y. , CAWTHORN S. J.
Published: May 2007

pS2 protein is a cysteine‐rich polypeptide, of unknown function, the expression of which is induced in the human cancer cell line MCF‐7 by oestrogen. the availability of a murine monoclonal antibody to human pS2 protein has prompted us to evaluate its expression in 47 cases of primary breast carcinoma. Using a double indirect immunoperoxidase technique, we compared the expression of pS2 protein in fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology smears with that in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections from subsequently excised tumours from the same patients. We also compared the expression of pS2 protein and oestrogen receptor (ER) status using immunocytochemical assay (ER‐ICA) in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections from 22 primary breast carcinomas. We found the application of immunocytochemistry in the assessment of pS2 protein expression in FNA cytology to be a reliable and cost‐effective technique, having a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 100%. There was also a good correlation between the expression of pS2 protein and ER status.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Myxoid Liposarcoma; A Study of 18 Tumours
Authors: SZADOWSKA A. , LASOTA J.
Published: May 2007

The cytological features of 18 myxoid liposarcomas from 12 patients were analysed. the most consistent cytological features were: abundant myxoid matrix, several small tissue fragments with uniform small, round or stellate cells and a network of branching thin‐walled capillaries. the presence of univacuolated or multivacuolated lipoblasts was noted frequently, but not in all aspirates. the diagnostic importance of vacuolated lipoblasts and the main problems of differential cytodiagnosis are discussed.

Une série de 18 cytoponctions provenant de 12 patients chez qui un diagnostic de liposarcome myxoïde a été porté cytologiquement et histologiquement est analysée. Les caractéristiques cytologiques les plus constantes sont la présence d'une matrice myxoïde abondante, de petits fragments tissulaires constitués de cellules rondes ou étoilées assez monomorphes et d'un réseau branché de capillaires à paroi fine. La présence de lipoblastes mono ou pluri‐vacuolisés est fréquente mais non constante. L'importance diagnostique de ces lipoblastes vacuolisés et les problèmes majeurs de cytodiagnostic différentiel sont discutés.

Feinnadelpunktate wurden von 18 histologisch gesicherten myxoiden Liposarkomen von 12 Patienten hergestellt. Die zuverlässigsten zytologischen Kriterien waren: reichlich myxoide Grundsubstanz, kleinere Gewebsfragemente einheitlicher, runder oder sternförmiger Zellen und Bruchstücke dünnwandiger Kapillaren. Lipoblasten mit einer oder mehreren Vakuolen wurden häufig, jedoch nicht in allen Punktaten gefunden. Ihre diagnostische Bedeutung für die Differentialdiagnose wird diskutiert.
Reliability of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology For Distinguishing Between Carcinoma, Lymphoma and Sarcoma; the Influence of Clinical Information
Authors: THUNNISSEN F. B. J. M. , PETERSE J. L. , VAN PEL R. , JANSEN J.‐W. , LADDÉ B. E. , ARENDS J.‐W. , VOLOVICS A.
Published: May 2007

To investigate interobserver variation of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytological diagnosis with respect to distinguishing between carcinoma, sarcoma and lymphoma, a set of 80 randomly sampled slides was randomized twice and read ‘blindly’by five cytopathologists. In the first round the slides were read without any information, and in the second round clinical information was provided. Histology was used as a reference standard. In the first round, the positive predictive values for the cytological diagnosis of carcinoma, sarcoma and lymphoma were 93%, 94% and 86% respectively. In the second round the positive predictive values for the cytological diagnoses of carcinoma, sarcoma and lymphoma were 95%, 99% and 99%, respectively. Interobserver variability, tested with weighted kappa scores (range 0.73–0.92) between histological and cytological diagnosis, was low. the most accurate FNA cytologic classification was obtained when the clinical context was known.

L'étude de la variabilité interobservateur du diagnostic différentiel entre carcinome, sarcome et lymphome par cytoponction à l'aiguille fine a été conduite sur 80 cas pris au hasard. Deux lectures successives ont été faites ‘en aveugle’par 5 cytopathologistes. Les renseignements cliniques n'one été fournis que lors de la deuxième lecture. L'histopathologie est le standard de référence. Après la première lecture, la valeur prédictive positive moyenne du diagnostic de carcinome, de sarcome et de lymphome est respectivement de 93%, 94% et 86%. Après la seconde lecture, ces valeurs sont respectivement de 95%, 99% et 99%. La variabilité interobservateur, testée par le score kappa pondéré (intervalle de 0.73 à 0.92) entre les diagnostics histologiquest et cytologiques est faible. Le meilleur résultat est obtenu lorsque le contexte clinique est connu.

Zur Überprüfung der Übereinstimmung zwischen verschiedenen Zytopathologen wurden 80 Präparate von Karzinomen, Sarkomen und Lymphomen zweimal randomisiert und von 5 Zytopathologen blind ausgewertet. In der 1. Runde erfolgte dies ohne Zusatzinformation, in der 2. mit klinischen Informationen. Bezugsstandard war die Histologie. In der 1. Runde waren die positiven praediktiven Werte für Karzinom, Sarkom und Lymphom 93%, 94% bzw. 86%. In der 2. Runde betrugen die Werte 95%, 99% und 99%. Testet man die Variabilität zwischen den Auswertern mit Kappawerten (0.73–0.92), so ergeben sich nur geringe Unterschiede in der Zuverlässigkeit zwischen histologischer und zytologischer Diagnose. Die besten zytologischen Ergebnisse werden erreicht, wenn die klinischen Daten bekannt sind.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytodiagnosis of Subacute (De Quervain's) Thyroiditis In an Endemic Goitre Area
Authors: ÖFNER C. , HITTMAIR A. , KRÖLL I. , BANGERL I. , ZECHMANN W. , TÖTSCH M. , LADURNER D. , BÖCKER W. , SCHMID K. W.
Published: May 2007

Between 1977 and 1989 252 fine needle aspirates (FNAs) of the thyroid from patients with a clinical suspicion of subacute granulomatous (de Quervain's) thyroiditis were examined in the Department of Pathology of the University of Innsbruck, Austria. In the same period 31 cases with preoperative FNA were diagnosed histologically as subacute thyroiditis. Only in three of these cases were the cytological features of de Quervain's thyroiditis found in the preoperative FNA. However, in 13 of these 31 cases a cytological suspicion of malignancy was obtained. Subsequent histological examination revealed an acute phase inflammation of de Quervain's thyroiditis in most of these cases. We conclude that an accurate FNA diagnosis of de Quervain's thyroiditis, particularly in the acute stage, may cause difficulties due to a lack of typical features and the appearance of atypical thyroid follicular cells. For the cytopathologist, accurate clinical information relating to the possibility of de Quervain's thyroiditis is essential if unnecessary surgery is to be avoided.
P53 Immunostaining As A Marker For Oral Cancer In Diagnostic Cytopathology‐Preliminary Report
Authors: OGDEN G. R. , COWPE J. G. , CHISHOLM D. M. , LANE D. P.
Published: May 2007

The expression of p53 in oral mucosal disorders is strongly associated with malignant disease. Smears from normal and malignant oral mucosa were investigated for the presence of p53 using CM1 polyclonal antibody against p53 protein. the expression of p53 in smears was compared with the expression of the marker in biopsies from these oral carcinomas. p53 was identified in eight smears from 12 biopsy positive oral cancers. It was not seen in smears from eight p53‐negative oral cancers and 40 smears from normal oral mucosa. It is suggested that expression of p53 in smears from a clinically suspicious lesion may be of value in the diagnosis of oral carcinoma.
Cytologic changes induced by 131I in the thyroid glands of patients with hyperthyroidism; results of fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: OZ F. , URGANCIOGLU I. , USLU I. , DERVISOGLU S. , OZ B. , KANMAZ B.
Published: May 2007

Cytological changes in the thyroid glands of 120 patients who had received 131I treatment for hyperthyroidism were examined in detail. the cytological material was obtained by fine needle aspiration cytology. the patients were divided into four groups according to the amount of time elapsed after the 131I treatment. the control groups were selected from euthyroid patients with hypoactive or non‐functional solitary nodules and patients with Graves’disease who had not received 131I therapy. the thyrocytes revealed degenerative changes in the immediate period after cessation of treatment. One year after the treatment some non‐specific changes, such as oxyphilic metaplasia and regeneration, were seen. No malignant change has been observed clinically or cytologically during up to 20 years of follow up since receiving 131I.
Which cervical sampler? A comparison of four methods
Authors: METCALF K. S. , SUTTON J. , MOLONEY M. D. , BROWN L. A. , PEEL K. R. , BAINES A.
Published: May 2007

Four cytology sampling methods were compared in 1063 patients referred for colposcopy with a recent abnormal smear. A dyskaryotic smear of any grade was considered a positive result, though comparisons were limited to cases with a subsequent biopsy confirming CINII or III. There were no differences between the abilities of any of the four methods to detect higher grades of CIN (χ23=4.603, P>0.20). the presence or absence of endocervical cells in a smear was not significantly associated with any variation in success rate (χ21=0.959, P>0.30). the joint analysis of the four methods and the presence/absence of endocervical cells also showed no significant effects (χ27=12.768, 0.1 > P>0.05). In the latter analysis the trend towards a conventional level of significance was accounted for by the Aylesbury spatula giving a relatively high success rate when endocervical cells were present. the suggestion of advantage for the Aylesbury spatula merits further investigation.
Evaluation of a cytological scoring system for predicting histological grade and disease‐free survival in primary breast cancer
Authors: DE GRAAF H. , WILLEMSE P. , LADDÉ B. E. , VAN DEN BERGEN H. A. , KREBBER M. , TJABBES T. , SLUITER W. J.
Published: May 2007

A simple cytological scoring system was evaluated as a method of predicting histological grade and disease‐free survival in 79 patients with primary breast cancer. the mitotic activity index and oestrogen receptor status were also assessed for their predictive value. the concordance between cytological scores and histological grades was good (80%) for low‐grade lesions, but poor (45%) for high‐grade lesions. Similar results were found using the mitotic activity index as a prognostic indicator. Cytological grading was not found to be an independent prognostic indicator after a median follow up of 8 years.
Microwave oven antigen retrieval applied to the immunostaining of cytopathology specimens
Authors: REYNOLDS G. M. , YOUNG F. I. , YOUNG J. A. , WILLIAMS A. , ROWLANDS D. C.
Published: May 2007

Microwave oven antigen retrieval has been developed to extend the range of antibodies that can be used upon sections of fixed and processed tissue. It has the additional advantages of improving immunostain intensity and reducing background positivity. It can also be employed as an alternative to proteolytic digestion. In this study the effects of microwave oven heating upon immunochemical staining of cytopathological specimens with a range of selected antibodies have been investigated. Microwaving did not result in loss of cells, and there was no need to use adhesive‐coated slides. the method improved the staining intensity and reduced background with antibodies against a variety of antigens that are difficult or impossible to detect in formaldehyde‐fixed cytological material. Microwave heating was also used successfully as an alternative to trypsin digestion, and had the advantage of reduced morphological distortion. the technique was useful in demonstrating the soluble formalin‐sensitive antigen p19 on cytospins fixed in formaldehyde vapour. Microwave oven heating thus shows promise of extending the scope of immunostaining in clinical cytopathology.
Fine needle aspiration of focal liver lesions
Authors: PINTO M. REBELLO , KOELMA I. A. , KUMAR D.
Published: May 2007

Fourteen percutaneous fine needle aspirates (FNAs) of focal liver lesions performed under ultrasound guidance at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH), Oman, between January 1991 and October 1992, are presented. Ten of these were cytologically diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). the patients’ ages ranged from 50 to 70 years and eight of these were males. the important diagnostic cytological criteria of HCC were found to be increased nucleocytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, trabecular pattern, atypical naked nuclei, bile production by malignant hepatocytes and absence of bile duct epithelium. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) positivity of bile canaliculi by cross‐reaction with biliary glycoprotein I (BGP I) made possible the differentiation of HCC from metastases. We stress the importance of cell blocks as these often constitute microbiopsies. Ultrasound‐guided FNA of focal liver lesions is recommended as a simple, easy and quick procedure.
Aspiration cytodiagnosis of pancreatic endocrine tumours
Authors: AKOSA A. B. , DESA L. A. , PHILLIPS I. , BENJAMIN I. S. , POLAK J. M. , KRAUSZ T.
Published: May 2007

We have reviewed fine needle aspirates from 11 patients with pancreatic endocrine tumours and evaluated the diagnostic criteria as well as those proposed in the literature in an attempt to formulate reliable criteria for the cytological diagnosis of these tumours. As expected, no single criterion was reliable for diagnosis: however, cells with rounded or polygonal rather than a columnar shape, cytoplasmic granularity, and eccentricity of round or oval nuclei with a finely stippled, evenly distributed chromatin pattern were features which taken together, usually enabled one to make a reliable diagnosis. A striking feature of the smears was the cellular monotony and absence of pleomorphism of the tumour cells. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy identified tumour products and confirmed the diagnosis.
Review human papillomaviruses (HPV) in gynaecological cytology: from molecular biology to clinical testing
Authors: HERRINGTON C. S.
Published: May 2007

Molecular epidemiological and pathological studies show that different HPV types are associated with different cervical lesions allowing classification of the viruses into types associated with ‘high’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘low’ risk of cervical neoplasia. However, HPV infection often regresses and, where it is associated with neoplasia, is an early event. This suggests that other factors are involved in the carcinogenic process, and there is some mechanistic basis for the interaction of epidemiologically defined factors with HPV infection in the process of cervical carcinogenesis. With the refinement of techniques for HPV detection in clinical material, HPV testing is now a realistic possibility, but how this should be performed and in what clinical situation(s) is still uncertain. Particular areas of interest are: (i) the assessment of patients with borderline cytological changes or mild dyskaryosis; and (ii) the definition of those patients at greater risk of invasi ve disease. Clinical trials are needed before the utility of HPV testing can be properly assessed.
Ki‐1‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma initially diagnosed as Hodgkin's disease by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology
Authors: ALJAJEH I. A. , DAS D. K. , KRAJCI D.
Published: May 2007

A 45‐year‐old male presented with a large mass in the left axilla. FNA cytology was interpreted as Hodgkin's disease (HD), lymphocyte depletion (LD) type, but histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination showed features of Ki‐1‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Unrepresentative sampling by the FNA from the tumour periphery resulted in a false impression of dual reactive and neoplastic cell populations. which together with the frequent Reed‐Sternberg‐like cells led to the initial erroneous impression of HD. Therefore, the cytologic diagnosis of HD, LD should be approached with caution.
Urine cytology evaluation in cases of uretero‐ileal cutaneous diversion
Authors: ANAGNOSTOPOULOU I. , RAMMOU‐KINIA R. , LIKOURINAS M.
Published: May 2007

Cytological examination of urine from the ileal conduit in cases of bladder cancer treated by radical surgery can be an important and effective follow‐up procedure. A total of 19 patients (18 males and one female) on whom radical cystectomy for cancer was performed were studied. Three urine specimens were examined in each case using routine cytological methods. Three cases of recurrent carcinoma (mainly of papillary type) were diagnosed cytologically before any clinical evidence of disease. the cytological examination of urine at 3‐6 month intervals after cystectomy for bladder carcinoma is considered advisable in all cases, since the recurrence rate of transitional cell neoplasms in the upper urinary tract after cystectomy for transitional carcinoma is quite high.
Differences between papanicolaou smears with correct and incorrect diagnoses
Authors: MITCHELL H. , MEDLEY G.
Published: May 2007

A case control study of women with carcinoma in situ (CINIII) was undertaken comparing Papanicolaou smears for which false negative reports had been issued with slides for which true positive reports had been made. the number of abnormal cells was the strongest differentiating factor. Where there were less than 50 abnormal cells on the slide, the odds of a false negative report being issued was 23.7 times greater (95% confidence interval 3.7‐150) than when there were 200 or more abnormal cells. In false negative slides, the abnormal cells were likely to be not represented throughout the slide, present only as single cells rather than as groups, small in size and with finely granular normochromatic nuclei. We conclude that there are intrinsic differences between true positive and false negative slides. Given these characteristics, rapid rescreening of slides that are considered negative may not be an effective method of reducing the false negative rate.
United Kingdom national audit of breast fine needle aspiration cytology in 1990–91‐organization and level of activity
Authors: HUNT C. M. , WILSON S. , PINDER S. E. , ELSTON C. W. , ELLIS I. O.
Published: May 2007

A survey amongst members of the British Society for Clinical Cytology (BSCC) was performed in 1990 and 1991 into their experience of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of the breast. Here we present the findings of that part of the survey covering organizational aspects of the service and methods of specimen handling. the replies demonstrate differences in approach to many of the topics covered. There is a preference for the examination of direct smears (rather than cytospins) with air dried Giemsa staining and wet fixation Papanicolaou staining finding nearly equal favour. Some perceived problems were highlighted, including availability and funding of training and quality assurance as well as facilities for liaison between pathologists, clinicians and radiologists.
Characterization of a TFIIH homologue fromTrypanosoma brucei
Authors: Lecordier Laurence , Devaux Sara , Uzureau Pierrick , Dierick Jean François , Walgraffe David , Poelvoorde Philippe , Pays Etienne , Vanhamme Luc
Published: May 2007

Trypanosomes are protozoans showing unique transcription characteristics. We describe inTrypanosoma bruceia complex homologous to TFIIH, a multisubunit transcription factor involved in the control of transcription by RNA Pol I and RNA Pol II, but also in DNA repair and cell cycle control. Bioinformatics analyses allowed the detection of five genes encoding four putative core TFIIH subunits (TbXPD, TbXPB, Tbp44, Tbp52), including a novel XPB variant, TbXPBz. In all cases sequences known to be important for TFIIH functions were conserved. We performed a molecular analysis of this core complex, focusing on the two subunits endowed with a known enzymatic (helicase) activity, XPD and XPB. The involvement of theseT. bruceiproteins in abona fideTFIIH core complex was supported by (i) colocalization by immunofluorescence in the nucleus, (ii) direct physical interaction of TbXPD and its interacting regulatory subunit Tbp44 as determined by double‐hybrid assay and tandem affinity purification of the core TFIIH, (iii) involvement of the core proteins in a high molecular weight complex and (iv) occurrence of transcription, cell cycle and DNA repair phenotypes upon either RNAi knock‐down or overexpression of essential subunits.
The regulation of zinc homeostasis by the ZafA transcriptional activator is essential for Aspergillus fumigatus virulence
Authors: Moreno Miguel Ángel , Ibrahim‐Granet Oumaima , Vicentefranqueira Rocío , Amich Jorge , Ave Patrick , Leal Fernando , Latgé Jean‐Paul , Calera José Antonio
Published: May 2007

We have previously shown that Aspergillus fumigatus is able to grow in zinc‐limiting media and that this ability is regulated at transcriptional level by both the availability of zinc and pH. When A. fumigatus grows as a pathogen, it must necessarily obtain zinc from the zinc‐limiting environment provided by host tissue. Accordingly, the regulation of zinc homeostasis by some zinc‐responsive transcriptional regulator in A. fumigatus must be essential for fungal growth within tissues of an immunocompromised host and, in turn, for pathogenicity. Here we provide evidence of the role of the zafA gene in regulating zinc homeostasis and its relevance in the virulence of A. fumigatus. Thus, we observed that (i) zafA can functionally replace the ZAP1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes the zinc‐responsive transcriptional activator Zap1 protein; (ii) the expression of zafA itself is induced in zinc‐limiting media and repressed by zinc; (iii) deletion of zafA impairs the germination and growth capacity of A. fumigatus in zinc‐limiting media; and (iv) the deletion of zafA abrogates A. fumigatus virulence in a murine model of invasive aspergillosis. In light of these observations, we concluded that ZafA is a zinc‐responsive transcriptional activator that represents an essential attribute for A. fumigatus pathogenicity. Consequently, ZafA may constitute a new target for the development of chemotherapeutic agents against Aspergillus, because no zafA orthologues have been found in mammals.
Identification and type III‐dependent secretion of the Yersinia pestis insecticidal‐like proteins
Authors: Gendlina Inessa , Held Kiara G. , Schesser Bartra Sara , Gallis Byron M. , Doneanu Catalin E. , Goodlett David R. , Plano Gregory V. , Collins Carleen M.
Published: May 2007

Plague, or the Black Death, is a zoonotic disease that is spread from mammal to mammal by fleas. This mode of transmission demands that the causative agent of this disease, Yersinia pestis, is able to survive and multiply in both mammals and insects. In recent years the complete genome sequence of a number of Y. pestis strains have been determined. This sequence information indicates that Y. pestis contains a cluster of genes with homology to insecticidal toxin encoding genes of the insect pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens. Here we demonstrate that Y. pestis KIM strains produced the encoded proteins. Production of the locus‐encoded proteins was dependent on a gene (yitR) encoding a member of the LysR family of transcriptional activators. Evidence suggests the proteins are type III secretion substrates. N terminal amino acids (100 to 367) of each protein fused to an epitope tag were secreted by the virulence plasmid type III secretion type. A fusion protein comprised of the N‐terminus of YipB and the enzymatic active component of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase (Cya) was translocated into both mammalian and insect cells. In conclusion, a new class of Y. pestis type III secreted and translocated proteins has been identified. We hypothesize that these proteins function to promote transmission of and infection by Y. pestis.
Loss of the controlled localization of growth stage‐specific cell‐wall synthesis pleiotropically affects developmental gene expression in an ssgA mutant of Streptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Noens Elke E. , Mersinias Vassilis , Willemse Joost , Traag Bjørn A. , Laing Emma , Chater Keith F. , Smith Colin P. , Koerten Henk K. , Van Wezel Gilles P.
Published: May 2007

Members of the family of SsgA‐like proteins (SALPs) are found exclusively in sporulating actinomycetes, and SsgA itself activates sporulation‐specific cell division. We previously showed that SALPs play a chaperonin‐like role in supporting the function of enzymes involved in peptidoglycan maintenance (PBPs and autolysins). Here we show that SsgA localizes dynamically during development, and most likely marks the sites where changes in local cell‐wall morphogenesis are required, in particular septum formation and germination. In sporogenic aerial hyphae, SsgA initially localizes as strong foci to the growing tips, followed by distribution as closely spaced foci in a pattern similar to an early stage of FtsZ assembly. Spore septa formed in these hyphae colocalize with single SsgA‐GFP foci, and when the maturing spores are separated, these foci are distributed symmetrically, resulting in two foci per mature spore. Evidence is provided that SsgA also controls the correct localization of germination sites. Transcriptome analysis revealed that expression of around 300 genes was significantly altered in mutants in ssgA and its regulatory gene ssgR. The list includes surprisingly many known developmental genes, most of which were upregulated, highlighting SsgA as a key player in the control of Streptomyces development.
The small RNA RyhB activates the translation of shiA mRNA encoding a permease of shikimate, a compound involved in siderophore synthesis
Authors: Prévost Karine , Salvail Hubert , Desnoyers Guillaume , Jacques Jean‐François , Phaneuf Émilie , Massé Eric
Published: May 2007

RyhB is a small RNA (sRNA) that downregulates about 20 genes involved in iron metabolism. It is expressed under low iron conditions and pairs with specific mRNAs to trigger their rapid degradation by the RNA degradosome. In contrast to this, another study has suggested that RyhB also activates several genes by increasing their mRNA level. Among these activated genes is shiA, which encodes a permease of shikimate, an aromatic compound participating in the biosynthesis of siderophores. Here, we demonstrate in vivo and in vitro that RyhB directly pairs at the 5′‐untranslated region (5′‐UTR) of the shiA mRNA to disrupt an intrinsic inhibitory structure that sequesters the ribosome‐binding site (Shine‐Dalgarno) and the first translation codon. This is the first demonstration of direct gene activation by RyhB, which has been exclusively described in degradation of mRNAs. Our physiological results indicate that the transported compound of the ShiA permease, shikimate, is important under conditions of RyhB expression, that is, iron starvation. This is demonstrated by growth assays in which shikimate or the siderophore enterochelin correct the growth defect observed for a ryhB mutant in iron‐limited media.