bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation in Tractor for Evaluating Performance of a Tractor Drawn Rotavator
Authors: Kumari Anshu , Raheman Hifjur
Published: September 2024

Performance measurement of agricultural machinery is essential for enhancing their efficiency for which they are operated. The performance related data helps the operator to select optimum operating parameters which reduce fuel consumption and increase field productivity. This study was aimed to develop various sensing units and install them on the tractor for evaluating performance of a tractor drawn rotavator. A microcontroller based embedded system was developed for continuous recording of wheel slip, actual forward speed, throttle opening, engine speed, velocity ratio, draft and power take-off (PTO) torque related data while carrying out tillage operation with rotavator. The wheel slip (from 1.5% to 35%) and actual forward speed of the tractor (up to 6 km h-1) was measured using inductive proximity sensors. For measuring throttle opening (0 to 100%), engine speed (750 to 2500 rpm), draft (65 to 350 kg) and PTO torque (up to 420 N-m) values, a potentiometer, magnetic pickup sensor, S-type loadcell and PTO torque transducer, respectively, were used. For computing velocity ratio, peripheral speed of rotavator was measured using PTO speed data received from PTO torque transducer, and actual forward speed of tractor was measured using inductive proximity sensor. The developed sensing units were calibrated under both dynamic and static conditions, and were also verified in laboratory and field conditions. Results showed that output signals received from the sensing units varied linearly with applied load. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between measured and actual values was found to be below 5%. From the measured parameters, specific energy requirement and total power required for carrying out tillage operation could be computed. The power requirement was found to increase with increase in both gear and throttle settings. The specific energy requirement was minimum when rotavator was operated in L2 gear of the tractor. The minimum specific energy of 21 Wh m-3 was found at L2 gear and 75% throttle opening.
EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EFFLUENTS FROM THE MOZAMBIQUE SUGAR COMPANY. A PROPOSAL FOR EFFLUENT TREATMENT
Authors: LEON ZERPA FEDERICO , MUGUIRRIMA PAULINO VASCO , CHIRINZA NICOLAU PENICELA , MENDIETA  PINO CARLOS ALBERTO
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT:
Wastewater from the sugar industry presents complex characteristics and is considered a chal- lenge for environmental engineers in their quest for treatment and reuse. The main objective of this study is to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of the wastewater from the Mozambique Sugar Mill. The choice is due to the large volumes of water (around 900 m3 /h) that the sugar industry uses in its production processes, as well as the effluent management model to be adopted. For this study, samples were taken over a period of six months, every two months, and physical and chemical parameters were analysed. The results were compared with the regulations (Decree 18/2004) in force in Mozambique and with the values estimated by the World Bank in the various articles. The novelty of this research and the purpose is to suggest the best method to treat these effluents in a more environmentally friendly way. With the results obtained, it was possible to do so in most of the sugar producing countries that have liquid effluent control standards with limitation in the number of organics between 15 and 60 mg/L BOD.
Keywords: Environmental management, sugar industries, wastewater, treatment systems.
NOBREZA NEGRA EM BRIDGERTON: UMA ANÁLISE SOBRE CONSUMO DA IMAGEM NEGRA A PARTIR DE COMENTÁRIOS DE INTERNAUTAS
Authors: Silva Henrique Ferreira  da , Bonin Iara Tatiana
Published: September 2024

A produção cultural Bridgerton, lançada pela Netflix em 2020, colocou em seu elenco atores negros em papéis nobres, constituindo um tipo de representação ambivalente que mobiliza e divide opiniões de internautas. À vista disso, o objetivo principal do presente artigo é discutir algumas formas de controle e de consumo da imagem do negro, tomando como materialidade empírica um conjunto de comentários feitos por internautas e postados no portal de notícias Mundo Negro, local virtual onde são mobilizadas pautas antirracistas. A metodologia envolve a análise cultural de 70 comentários, correspondentes à totalidade de postagens existentes abaixo de uma matéria jornalística sobre a série Bridgerton. A discussão respalda-se em conceitos como os de representação (Hall, 2016), imagens de controle (Collins, 2016) e negrofilia (Archer-Straw, 2000) e permite entender como os internautas reagem às posições construídas para os personagens negros na série.
PSICOPEDAGOGIA EM AÇÃO: EXPLORANDO ÁREAS DE INTERVENÇÃO E IMPACTO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO E APRENDIZAGEM
Authors: Sousa Rodger Roberto Alves de
Published: September 2024

Este estudo realizou uma revisão sistemática da literatura para analisar estudos de caso e experiências práticas na atuação psicopedagógica. Foram selecionados e analisados 20 artigos científicos, focando na eficácia das intervenções psicopedagógicas em diferentes contextos. Os resultados mostraram que abordagens personalizadas e integradas são cruciais para promover o desenvolvimento e superar dificuldades de aprendizagem. A colaboração entre psicopedagogos, professores e outros profissionais emergiu como essencial para a eficácia das intervenções. Além disso, a formação continuada e a reflexão constante sobre a prática foram destacadas como fundamentais para o aprimoramento profissional. Este estudo contribui para uma compreensão mais ampla da prática psicopedagógica e oferece subsídios para a melhoria contínua da área.
NÚCLEOS DE SIGNIFICAÇÃO COMO TRATAMENTO ANALÍTICO DOS DADOS QUALITATIVOS NAS PESQUISAS EDUCACIONAIS
Authors: Oliveira Lívia Gonçalves de , Lobato Renata Esteves , Silva Edileuza Fernandes
Published: September 2024

O presente artigo objetiva discutir a adoção dos Núcleos de significação, como instrumento de tratamento analítico dos dados qualitativos em pesquisas educacionais de natureza crítico dialéticas. Em consonância com essa perspectiva analítica, opta-se pela pesquisa qualitativa e pelo Núcleo de Significação para a leitura e interpretação dos dados produzidos. Destaca-se a natureza aproximativa deste estudo, uma vez que se reconhece que as categorizações derivadas do uso do Núcleo de Significação enriquecem as análises em pesquisas educacionais. Conclui-se com os achados desta pesquisa que a aplicação dos Núcleos de Significação promove uma integração mais eficaz entre a abordagem crítico-dialética e o referido instrumento. Essa relação possibilita ao pesquisador desvelar a realidade como um conjunto de complexos permeados por contradições e mediações.
A COMISSÃO NACIONAL DA VERDADE NOS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE HISTÓRIA: O PASSADO-PRESENTE DA DITADURA MILITAR
Authors: Gusmão Ramon Lamoso de
Published: September 2024

Este artigo faz uma análise do conteúdo de sete livros didáticos de História, do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, a respeito do tratamento dado à Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV). Nos 60 anos do golpe de 1964, buscamos compreender como os embates e disputas reais e simbólicas em torno da Comissão estão traduzidos didaticamente em manuais escolares. Entre os resultados da análise, constata-se a reprodução acrítica da “teoria dos dois demônios” em parte dos livros examinados.
RESISTIR E (RE)EXISTIR: REFLEXÕES DE ALTERIDADE E INTERCULTURALIDADE CRÍTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO DOS SURDOS
Authors: Rodrigues Karoline Santos , Rodrigues Olira Saraiva
Published: September 2024

O estudo surge da necessidade de discutir a diferença linguística dos surdos em uma lente de interculturalidade crítica. Tem como objetivo discutir como essa perspectiva intercultural pode contribuir para o contexto da educação de surdos. Metodologicamente a pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, bibliográfica exploratória, que busca uma interlocução conceitual a respeito da língua de sinais como prática social e interculturalidade crítica. As considerações apontam que a educação dos surdos no contexto brasileiro, se situa no interculturalismo funcional em virtude da ausência de políticas linguísticas efetivas, realidade presente também em países latino-americanos. Porém, é possível resistir e re-existir à proporção que se evidencia a alteridade em um panorama de interculturalidade crítica ao ampliar e identificar as discussões das relações de poder que oprimem e culminam em dominações linguísticas.
PROMOVENDO ACESSIBILIDADE NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM PROTÓTIPO ASSISTIVO PARA ESTUDANTES COM DEFICIÊNCIA VISUAL EM CURSOS DE ENGENHARIA
Authors: Arantes Giordano Muneiro , Martini Luiz Cesar
Published: September 2024

A Tecnologia Assistiva (TA) tem se destacado como um recurso valioso no Ensino Superior, especialmente para alunos com deficiência visual em cursos de Engenharia. Este estudo teórico-prático aborda a criação de um protótipo assistivo, incluindo uma protoboard adaptada e um multímetro falante, além de um aplicativo móvel desenvolvido para auxiliar na programação e no controle de sensores e componentes eletrônicos para pessoas com deficiência visual. A pesquisa enfatiza a importância dessas ferramentas na melhoria da acessibilidade e na facilitação do processo de aprendizagem em laboratórios, argumentando que tais dispositivos são essenciais para a inclusão efetiva de estudantes com deficiência visual em diversas áreas de estudo.
PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, KINERJA LINGKUNGAN DAN BIAYA LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN (Studi Kasus Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2018-2022)
Authors: Mauhibah Ratu Habibah , Anna Yane Devi
Published: September 2024

This research aims to determine the influence of company size, environmental performance and environmental costs on the financial performance of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018 - 2022. This research method uses quantitative research methods with a descriptive and verification approach. The data used in this research is secondary data in the form of financial reports and company PROPER reports. The data testing technique uses multiple linear regression. The research results show that company size and environmental costs have a partial effect on financial performance, environmental performance has no effect on financial performance. Company size, environmental performance, environmental costs simultaneously influence financial performance.
THE NATURE OF THE AESTHETIC IN THE HEROIC EPIC: COMPARATIVE AND TYPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION
Authors:   Temirbek Zhurgenov Kazakh National Academy of Arts, Alimzhanova Aliya , Shaimerdenova Mendyganym ,   Temirbek Zhurgenov Kazakh National Academy of Arts
Published: September 2024

The article examines the current topic of understanding human social existence and studying the nature of the aesthetic development of the world. The heroic epic of the Kazakh and other peoples was chosen as sources for analysis. The main attention is paid to the features of aesthetic values of oral folk art through a comparison of epic forms, aesthetic and cultural value, symbols and national-cultural specificity of texts. The authors describe the general and nationally specific features of the heroic epic of various peoples, conducting a comprehensive analysis of the texts. In the process of considering and revealing the nature of the aesthetic values of the heroic epics of different peoples, a comparative typological analysis was carried out, revealing the values of the Kazakh people against the background of universal ones. The authors emphasize the importance of intergenerational transmission of moral and spiritual values that shape ideas about the relationship between a person and society and faith in development.
“THE COSMOS OF THE STEPPE” IN OLZHAS SULEIMENOV’S POEM “ARGAMAK”
Authors:   Pavlodar Pedagogical University named after Alkey Margulan, Andryuchshenko Olga
Published: September 2024

The poem “Argamak” belongs to the early period of Olzhas Suleimenov’s work and was published in his first collection. It contains key thematic elements of his creativity, which have been noted by researchers. These elements were further developed in his programmatic works of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Using a structural approach, we have shown that the poem embodies the idea of the steppe’s “Polovtsian land” – a cosmos of the steppe, not limited by time and space. The markers of this steppe cosmos are the images of Argamak – a thoroughbred steed, a warriornomad anticipating a race and the subsequent clash with the enemy. The idea of the steppe cosmos is manifested through transcultural poetic verbal means: metaphors, similes, as well as in the intonational-rhythmic pattern and sound imagery of the verses. The lyrical hero is in an emotional surge, awaiting an endless gallop across the steppe and the wind striking his face.
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in Northern Taraba State, Nigeria
Authors: C.S Obiorah , O.S Elkanah , S.L Kela
Published: September 2024

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA); a whole joint disorder is a most common and progressive disease that worsens with age. Synovitis and synovial effusion can play important role in early OA diagnosis and progression. Limited pharmacological interventions affecting synovial effusion are studied clinically in Indian population.
Aim: This was a pilot, observational, single arm, open label study in real world set-up designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Mobileye® capsules containing sodium hyaluronate along with collagen and polysaccharides derived from rooster comb extract in subjects suffering from synovial effusion and knee pain of osteoarthritis.
Materials and Method: The study was conducted on total 30 subjects at Outpatient Department (OPD) at three different sites under the supervision of medical doctor. All subjects consumed Mobileye® capsule orally twice daily for 3 months. Synovial effusion, VAS score, WOMAC score and safety parameters were assessed as scheduled.
Results: Treatment with Mobileye® capsule showed significant and progressive improvement in all study related parameters. Baseline score vs. day 90 score (mean + SD) for synovial effusion, WOMAC pain score, WOMAC stiffness score, WOMAC physical function score, WOMAC total score and VAS score were 8.52+2.960 mm vs. 2.58+0.903 mm (p<0.0001), 15.13+3.10 vs. 4.13+2.4 (p<0.0001), 6.63+1.098 vs. 1.60+1.192 (p<0.0001), 54.33+8.39 vs. 14.23+8.67 (p<0.0001), 76.13+ 11 vs. 20.33+ 10.86 and 8.13 + 1.28 vs. 1.93+1.17 (p<0.0001) respectively. No significant adverse events were reported.
Conclusion: Oral intake of Mobileye® capsule is safe and effective intervention in reducing synovial effusion, pain, stiffness and in improving joint mobility.

Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, genetic, merozoites surface proteins.
Social Stigma Among Stoma Patients
Authors: Mareila T J , Thomas Sherin Susan
Published: September 2024

Stoma is a surgical opening from an area inside the body to the outer surface of the body. Stoma is an effective treatment used for many cancerous and non-cancerous diagnosis. However post ostomy changes, many suffers and go through a lot of psychological issues pertaining to altered body image, social stigma, decreased self-efficacy, decreased confidence, negativity and also related to physical problems such as leakage, ostomy related dermatitis, bad odour and other lot problems. The young and unmarried adults suffers more from psychological and emotional problems. The stigma and disability acceptance of patients with stoma are serious problems that are closely related to their psychosocial adaptation.

Keywords: Stoma, stigma, adaptation, psychological, emotional, physical, self-efficacy, social support, ostomy inventory.
Prevalence of Acute Tennis Elbow Among College Students
Authors: V. Bhut Dency , Patel Hemal
Published: September 2024

Background: Acute tennis elbow can develop in college students due to repetitive arm motions such as typing, carrying heavy bags, or participating in sports.
Introduction: Tennis elbow is an overuse injury that causes damage to the tendon connecting the extensor muscles of the forearm. It is often the result of overuse of the forearm muscles and tendons, typically due to repetitive movements. College tasks that require extensive computer use or repetitive motions can strain the tendons, leading to tennis elbow. Students may be more susceptible to this condition due to their study habits, participation in sports, or other activities involving repetitive arm motions. Acute tennis elbow in students can result from various factors, including repetitive movements, poor ergonomics, increased technology use, and sports participation.
Methodology: A survey was conducted on 200 college students aged between 18 and 25 using the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) scale. The participants were selected based on inclusion criteria and were asked to complete questionnaires through a Google Form.
Results: The data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2021. Out of the 200 college students surveyed, the percentage of self-reported acute tennis elbow in the study population was 6% severe, 20.5% moderate, and 73.5% mild.
Conclusion: Acute tennis elbow affects 6% of college students.

Keywords: Acute tennis elbow, college students
Comprehensive Review of CKD-MBD: From Diagnosis to Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Sireesha Vankodoth , Sri P. Ramya , Sultana Asiya
Published: September 2024

Globally, one of the most common diseases is chronic kidney disease, which is complex and varied. One of the complications associated with the advancement of chronic kidney disease is mineral bone disorders, which include biochemical and hormonal dysregulation. A number of biomarkers, including Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, klotho, phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and PTH, have abnormal serum level variations that are central to the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-Mineral Bone Disorders. Biomarkers for essential elements and functionaries of chronic kidney disease-Mineral Bone Disorders include inorganic phosphate, fibroblast growth factor 23, parathyroid hormone, and calciprotein particles. A number of management strategies are used with patients with chronic kidney disease-Mineral Bone Disorders, including the use of calcimimetic agents, vitamin D and its analogues, bisphosphonates or denosumab, calcitriol, and specific treatments acting on chronic kidney disease to prevent and treat the complications associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism. This condition is highly prevalent among dialysis patients, and appropriate treatment is crucial to improving their outcomes.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorders, hemodialysis, phosphate, calcium, mortality, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D.
Antenatal to Adolescence: A Comprehensive Unani Approach to Pediatric Care
Authors: Anjum Nazia
Published: September 2024

Background: Unani Medicine is an ancient and well-established system of traditional medicine that emphasizes holistic approach to healthcare. It is a comprehensive system of medicine having Pediatrics as a separate branch, discussed in various important literatures under the heading of “Tadabeer-e- Naumaulood wa Atfal” with antenatal care discussed under “Tadabeer-e-Hamla orTadbeer-i-Hawamil”.
Aims and Objectives: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the principles and practices of Unani pediatrics, focusing on the care of newborns and infants along with descriptions of child and adolescent care in the Unani System of Medicine. The objectives are to summarize the current available literature on Unani Pediatrics.
Methods and Materials: A comprehensive literature search has been conducted using a secondary research method, covering classical books and texts, research articles, and online resources. The gathered information was then organized and presented in a coherent and comprehensive manner to fulfill the objective of this paper.
Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive summary of the principles and practices of Unani Pediatrics from conception till adolescence. The findings highlight the rich theoretical framework of Unani pediatrics in promoting optimal health and well-being in children.

Keywords: Unani Pediatrics, Unani Paediatrics, Child care in unani, Ilmul Atfal, Amraze Atfal
The Role of Herbal Medicines and Ayurveda in Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: K Jassim Rahiman , Singh Om Prakash , Parveen Rukhsar
Published: September 2024

Cancer is a major global health issue, with conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy often associated with significant side effects, leading to an increased interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), particularly Ayurvedic herbal medicines. This comprehensive review evaluates the efficacy and safety of Ayurvedic herbal medicines in cancer treatment, focusing on preclinical and clinical studies, mechanisms of action, and integration with modern oncology. Some important discoveries include the fact that herbs like Triphala, Curcuma longa (turmeric), and Ashwagandha may be able to stop tumors from growing, boost the immune system, and lower the harmful effects of chemotherapy. The lack of rigorous clinical trials, variations in herbal formulations, and potential interactions between herbs and drugs have hindered the widespread use of Ayurvedic therapies in oncology. The review highlights the need for standardization of herbal formulations, well-designed clinical trials, and a deeper understanding of herb-drug interactions to facilitate the integration of Ayurveda with modern cancer care. The holistic approach of Ayurveda, combined with contemporary medical practices, offers the potential for more comprehensive and patient-centered cancer treatment strategies.

Keywords: Ayurvedic Medicine, Cancer Treatment. Integrative Oncology, Herbal Medicine
PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR DIGITAL PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPAS KELAS IV DI MI/SD
Authors: Sulistyowati Sulistyowati , Mahmudah Istiyati , Syabrina Muhammad , Syar Nur Inayah , Rahmad Rahmad , Wahid Abdul
Published: September 2024

In the era of industrial revolution 4.0, teaching materials need to be adapted to technological developments so that students can be interested. The type of teaching material that can attract students' interest is teaching material in the form of interactive media. This research aims to develop digital teaching materials in the form of interactive learning media that can be used by students in class IV in learning science and technology. This research follows the ADDIE model with five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data was collected through interviews, observation, documentation and questionnaires. The results of questionnaires from media, material experts and field trials show that this interactive learning media is very suitable, with a percentage score reaching 95% including "Very Decent" qualifications according to material experts 96.43%, according to media experts 100%, teacher assessment of 92.85%, field trial results 93.02%, T test results 0.00 that teaching materials are very significant in improving learning outcomes, and N-gain analysis of 0.75 with high criteria. Research conclusions on the development of teaching materials can improve student learning outcomes.
A Review Article on Pharmacological Evaluation of Ashwagandha Highlighting its Healthcare Claims, Safety, and Toxicity Aspects
Authors: Kumar Munish , Sharma Palak , Sharma Diksha , Kumar Verma Kapil
Published: September 2024

A frequent name for "Ashwagandha" or "Indian ginseng" is Withania somnifera, which is an important medicinal herb found in parts of the Indian subcontinent. Over a period of 3,000 years, Indian Systems of Medicine have routinely employed it to cure a variety of ailments, either by itself or in conjunction with other plants. The plant ashwagandha, or Withania somnifera, is a member of the Solanaceae family. It is made up of a wide range of phytochemicals with diverse biological effects. Numerous pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-arthritic, anti-stress/adaptogenic, neuro-protective, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, and immunomodulatory qualities, have been demonstrated by W. somnifera. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that W. somnifera can reduce inflammation and reactive oxygen species, modify mitochondrial activity, control apoptosis, and enhance endothelial function. One significant phytoconstituent of W. somnifera that belongs to the class of withanolides and is used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments is withaferin-A. We have outlined the pharmacologic activity (preclinical and clinical), modes of action, possible uses, commercial formulations, safety, and toxicity profile, and active phytoconstituents of W. somnifera in this review. The review covers a range of ashwagandha activities in experimental models as well as a clinical assessment of the medication at different dosage levels. The medication has been thoroughly examined from a scientific standpoint and has been shown in numerous experimental investigations to be a universal cure. This review could aid in the medication's continued assessment for treating conditions that pose a risk to human health.
Xenotransplantation: The Future of Organ Transplantation
Authors: Bhoite Vaishnavi , Baokar Shrikrishna , Patil Rajendra
Published: September 2024

Xenotransplantation, the transfer of animal organs or tissues to humans, is a promising solution to the persistent shortage of human organs for transplantation. As the demand for organ transplants rises with increasing life expectancy and the prevalence of chronic disorders, xenotransplantation emerges as a potential avenue to save lives and enhance patients' quality of life. The gap between organ supply and demand poses a significant challenge in clinical transplantation, leading to a substantial number of individuals perishing while awaiting suitable donor organs. Xenotransplantation offers a hopeful alternative by allowing the transplantation of animal cells, tissues, or organs into humans, potentially mitigating the critical shortage of human organs. This innovative approach holds the potential to address conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, and polycystic kidney diseases, ultimately improving mortality rates. As 17 people succumb daily while awaiting organ transplants, xenotransplantation stands as a promising frontier in medical research, offering a potential solution to the crisis of organ scarcity in the field of transplantation.
Optimizing Pharmaceutical Processes: A Comprehensive Review of Validation Strategies for Quality, Compliance and Efficiency
Authors: Kantilal Patil Divyashree , Amitkumar R Dhankani , Mansi A Dhankani , Pawar S.P.
Published: September 2024

This review meticulously examines the evolution and critical components of pharmaceutical plant validation, offering insights into its historical development, essential steps, and overarching significance in maintaining the quality, safety, and efficiency of drug production. It encompasses regulatory frameworks, emphasizing the alignment with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), and delves into the different types of validation, including prospective, concurrent, retrospective, and process re-validation. The article underscores the indispensable role of validation in the pharmaceutical sector, highlighting its impact on reducing failure costs and ensuring productivity. A strategic validation approach is outlined, providing a step-by-step methodology. Overall, this article serves as a comprehensive resource for professionals seeking a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted validation processes crucial to pharmaceutical manufacturing.
To the Extent of Knowledge of Causative Agents of Coccidiosis in Farm Animals in Azerbaijan
Authors: N.G. Iskenderova , Sh.A. Topchiyeva
Published: September 2024

The article discusses problems associated with the significant spread of unicellular protozoal pathogens of large and small cattle, buffaloes and other farm animals. Eimeriid intestinal coccidia of the genera Cryptosporidim and Eimeria, cyst-forming coccidia of the genus Sarcocystis affect more than half of farm animals of different ages, which cause significant harm to livestock. The symptoms of various coccidiosis are described - eimeriosis, cryptosporidiosis and sarcocystosis. Measures are proposed to prevent and combat the spread of coccidiosis pathogens.
Formulation and Evaluation of Pulsatile Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Arthritic Pain
Authors: V. Sawale Amol , Sunil Jajoo Vidhi , A. Deshmukh Anuj
Published: September 2024

The chrono-pharmacology is a branch of chronobiology that focuses on the investigation of pharmacological properties. These studies take into consideration how the medication response varies over time. Some disorders do not require constant medication release; instead, sometimes require for pulsatile drug release at predetermined intervals. This method led to the development of the pulsatile drug delivery system (PDDS). After a predetermined amount of medication has been released, this technique primarily involves the rapid release of a fixed quantity of drug moiety. The purpose of the proposed research is to develop an oral pulsatile release drug delivery system of Tramadol HCL that will be effective in the chronotherapeutic control of arthritic pain using opioid analgesics. Strong painkiller tramadol is used to treat moderate to severe pain that is not being treated by other painkillers. A synthetic opioid, tramadol operates on the brain and spine (central nervous system) to reduce the feeling of pain. The melting point of tramadol HCL has been determined to be between 180 and 181°C. The drug's highest absorption was at 270.50nm in wavelength. The optimized results are shown in the formulas F1 to F3.
Artificial Intelligence and Challenges in Ayurveda Pharmaceutics: A Review
Authors: Varad Arun Asane , Namrata Balasaheb Pangavhane , Vikas Babasaheb Jori , Dipak Kailas Jadhav , Rushikesh Adinath Kale , Dipak Dadasaheb Nalawade
Published: September 2024

Ayurveda, the science of life is used for maintenance of health from ancient time. Aim: The most important aim was to prolong lifespan of human subjects as well as to maintain and promote their positive health and the equivalent is the motto of Ayurveda science. Pharmaceutical department in Ayurveda with more than five thousand permutation and combinations are utilized in day today practice for cure the various diseases. Data Sources: As per the title and reference taken from the online publications of articles and some of the literatures. Study Selection: This traditional medical system along with established annals of several centuries is becoming one of the most popular sciences with safety and efficacy. With raise demand of Ayurveda medicine and acceptance of Ayurveda in the whole world, there is need of modernization and use of progress methodology in Ayurveda Pharmaceutics. Now a day’s newly advanced branch called as Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to meet increasing demands of Ayurveda medicines and to face the challenges faced during drug manufacturing. Result: AI is used to combine engineering principles into the drug development to overcome challenges faced in Ayurveda Pharmaceutics. This can be achieved by way of applicability of AI in the different sectors of Ayurveda pharmaceutics. Conclusion: An attempt has been made in this article to examine challenges with probable solutions by using Artificial Intelligence for global acceptance of Ayurveda.
Microbial enrichment and storage for metagenomics of vaginal, skin, and saliva samples
Authors: Ahannach Sarah
Published: September 2024

Few validated protocols are available for large-scale collection, storage, and analysis of microbiome samples from the vagina, skin, and mouth. To prepare for a large-scale study on the female microbiome by remote self-sampling, we investigated the impact of sample collection, storage, and host DNA depletion on microbiome profiling. Vaginal, skin, and saliva samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and qPCR. Of the two tested storage buffers, the eNAT buffer could keep the microbial composition stable during various conditions. All three tested host DNA-depletion approaches showed a bias against Gram-negative taxa. However, using the Host- ZERO Microbial DNA and QIAamp DNA Microbiome kits, samples still clustered according to body site and not by depletion approach. Therefore, our study showed the effectiveness of these methods in depleting host DNA. Yet, a suitable approach is recommended for each habitat studied based on microbial composition.
Personalized Clostridioides difficile engraftment risk prediction and probiotic therapy assessment in the human gut
Authors: Carr Alex
Published: September 2024

Clostridioides difficile colonizes up to 30-40% of community-dwelling adults without causing disease. C. difficile infections (CDIs) are the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the U.S. and typically develop in individuals following disruption of the gut microbiota due to antibiotic or chemotherapy treatments. Further treatment of CDI with antibiotics is not always effective and can lead to antibiotic resistance and recurrent infections (rCDI). The most effective treatment for rCDI is the reestablishment of an intact microbiota via fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs). However, the success of FMTs has been difficult to generalize because the microbial interactions that prevent engraftment and facilitate the successful clearance of C. difficile are still only partially understood. Here we show how microbial community-scale metabolic models (MCMMs) accurately predicted known instances of C. difficile colonization susceptibility or resistance. MCMMs provide detailed mechanistic insights into the ecological interactions that govern C. difficile engraftment, like cross-feeding or competition involving metabolites like succinate, trehalose, and ornithine, which differ from person to person. Indeed, three distinct C. difficile metabolic niches emerge from our MCMMs, two associated with positive growth rates and one that represents non-growth, which are consistently observed across 14,862 individuals from four independent cohorts. Finally, we show how MCMMs can predict personalized engraftment and C. difficile growth suppression for a probiotic cocktail (VE303) designed to replace FMTs for the treatment rCDI. Overall, this powerful modeling approach predicts personalized C. difficile engraftment risk and can be leveraged to assess probiotic treatment efficacy. MCMMs could be extended to better understand personalized engraftment of other opportunistic bacterial pathogens, beneficial probiotic organisms, or more complex microbial consortia.

Link to OA publication: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.28.538771v2.abstract
Healthy collaboration: sharing the benefits and considering the consequences
Authors: Amato Katherine
Published: September 2024

In this talk, I will explore how microbiome research benefits from collaboration across researchers and between researchers and communities. I will also discuss the challenges these relationships create in terms of credit, data access, and perceived versus actual knowledge benefits. While global collaborations are essential for addressing big scientific questions, they also run the risk of creating extractive practices at multiple levels.
Strong oral plaque microbiome signatures for dental implant diseases identified by strain-resolution metagenomics
Authors: Ghensi Paolo
Published: September 2024

Dental implants are installed in an increasing number of patients. Mucositis and peri-implantitis are common microbial-biofilm-associated diseases affecting the tissues that surround the dental implant and are a major medical and socioeconomic burden. By metagenomic sequencing of the plaque microbiome in different peri-implant health and disease conditions (113 samples from 72 individuals), we found microbial signatures for peri-implantitis and mucositis and defined the peri-implantitis-related complex (PiRC) composed by the 7 most discriminative bacteria. The peri-implantitis microbiome is site specific as contralateral healthy sites resembled more the microbiome of healthy implants, while mucositis was specifically enriched for Fusobacterium nucleatum acting as a keystone colonizer. Microbiome-based machine learning showed high diagnostic and prognostic power for peri-implant diseases and strain-level profiling identified a previously uncharacterized subspecies of F. nucleatum to be particularly associated with disease. Altogether, we associated the plaque microbiome with peri-implant diseases and identified microbial signatures of disease severity.

Link to the OA paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-020-00155-7
Advances and Challenges in Understanding the Virosphere
Authors: Edwards Rob
Published: September 2024

The viruses that prey on bacteria sculpt and shape every microbiome. Recent innovations in viral metagenomics are unveiling the roles of viruses in controlling bacterial populations, contributing to disease, and promoting health. Hecatomb is an end-to-end pipeline optimised to extract viral genomes from metagenomic samples. With an emphasis on QC, host-removal, and avoiding using large datasets, we designed hecatomb to use computational resources efficiently. Phables is a new approach we developed to identify complete phage genomes from metagenomes and to allow the reconstruction of strain-level viral genomes. The biggest challenge for viral metagenomics remains the annotation of proteins, and some of the new machine-learning approaches released recently are revolutionising our understanding of the virus world. We will also discuss the problems and challenges in understanding how viruses influence the microbiome.
Evolution of the breastfed infant gut microbiome across the first year of life in the BLOSOM cohort
Authors: Stinson Lisa
Published: September 2024

Background. Assembly of the human gut microbiome during early life is a complex and dynamic process. Aberrations to the early gut microbiome have been repeatedly associated with later-life disease. While previous studies have explored the temporal development of the infant gut microbiome, none have done so in an exclusively breastfed population, nor in an Australian context. Here, we characterized the temporal development of the breastfed infant gut microbiome over the first 12 months of life in the BLOSOM birth cohort.
Methods. Infant stool samples were collected at 2-5 days, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 months of age (n=684 samples from 85 infants). The gut microbiome was analysed using PacBio full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Results. Exclusive breastfeeding was a strong determinant of the infant gut microbiome, with introduction of solid food driving a rapid and dramatic expansion in the gut community. Richness and Shannon diversity remained stable over the first 5 months of life, followed by a significant increase in diversity from 6 to 12 months (P lt;0.0001). Bifidobacterium was the dominant genera in this cohort, with Bifidobacterium longum supsp. infantis representing the most abundant species (27% relative abundance across all samples). Bifidobacterium relative abundance increased across the first 4 months of life from a mean relative abundance of 23% at 2-5 days to 46% at 4 months. Bifidobacterium levels then began to steadily decline from 5 to 12 months (12 month mean relative abundance = 33%). The persistence of this health-promoting genera a 12 months of age is likely a reflection of the high breastfeeding retention rates in the BLOSOM cohort (>80% still breastfeeding at 12 months of age). C-section delivery was a major determinant of the infant gut microbiome, with significant impacts on Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides. Similar impacts were seen in vaginally delivered infants whose mothers were exposed to intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, suggesting that antibiotic exposure related to delivery mode, rather than delivery mode per se, is responsible for the effect.
Conclusion. In the first study of gut microbiome assembly in exclusively breastfed Australian infants, we demonstrate a high abundance of Bifidobacterium that persists to 12 months of age. Our results also demonstrate the dramatic impact of introduction of solid foods, and exposure to intra-partum antibiotics. These data illustrate “optimal” infant gut microbiome development associated with vaginal delivery and breastfeeding.
Healthy urogenital microbiome as a source of putative uropathogenic strains - Escherichia coli in the spotlight
Authors: Ksiezarek Magdalena
Published: September 2024

To date, the human gut is recognized as primary reservoir of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains, followed by vagina. However, since the discovery of urinary microbiome, the origin of microbes associated with UTI is of high interest. We aimed to explore population diversity of E. coli strains identified in urogenital microbiome of asymptomatic and recurrent UTI (rUTI) women. Additionally, we investigated genomic relation between E. coli strains isolated from healthy and diseased host. We performed thorough characterization [41 virulence-associated genes (VAGs) and phylogenetic groups] of 70 E. coli recovered from voided urine and vaginal samples. We further performed whole genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 11 representative B2 ExPEC clones. Following, we performed SNP-based phylogenetic analysis and comparative genomics with E. coli genomes available in public databases, focusing on ST131 lineage. We identified E. coli in 48% of asymptomatic women and in all rUTI women. We observed different E. coli prevalence in urine (29%) and in vaginal samples (37%). Most of women were colonized by only one strain, while in 4 women we found more than one E. coli strain in urine and/or vagina. The most frequently identified phylogenetic group was B2 (56%) followed mostly by F and D. Most B2 and all F strains were classified as ExPEC and possess an array of VAGs, independently of host health status. Hierarchical clustering based on VAGs presence/absence confirmed that it is not possible to distinguish strains isolated from healthy and rUTI host based on their VAG profiles. We identified well recognized widespread lineages among our isolates e.g., sequence types (ST) 127, ST131, ST140 (asymptomatic) and ST12, ST73, ST131 (rUTI). Our isolates were occasionally resistant to antibiotics used in the clinic, with ST131 strain (asymptomatic woman) showing the highest resistance rate (6 antibiotics from 4 classes). Phylogenomics of ST131 and other analyzed lineages revealed close relatedness of genomes from healthy and diseased host and no phylogenetic distinction according to host health status. Our findings demonstrate that healthy urogenital microbiome is a source of potentially pathogenic E. coli strains, including lineages causing UTI e.g., ST131. A high prevalence of ExPEC clones, occasionally resistant to antibiotics should be of clinical concern and likely raises questions regarding etiology of UTI-associated clones.
In-depth insights into cervicovaginal microbial communities and hrHPV infections using high-resolution microbiome profiling
Authors: Molina Mariano A.
Published: September 2024

The cervicovaginal microbiome (CVM) correlates with women's cervical health, and variations in its composition are associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection outcomes. Cervicovaginal microbes have been grouped into five community state types (CSTs) based on microbial community composition and abundance. However, studying the impact of CSTs in health and disease is challenging because the current sequencing technologies have limited confident discrimination between closely related and yet functionally different bacterial species. Circular probe-based RNA sequencing (ciRNAseq) achieves high-resolution microbiome profiling and therefore provides in-depth and unambiguous knowledge about the composition of the CVM. Based on ciRNAseq profiling of a large cohort of cervical smears (n = 541), we here define subgroups of CSTs I, III, and IV based on intra-CST differences with respect to abundances of Lactobacillus acidophilus (CSTs I-A vs. I-B and CSTs III-A vs. III-B), Lactobacillus iners (CSTs I-A vs. I-B and CSTs III-A vs. III-B), and Megasphaera genomosp type 1 (CSTs IV-A vs. IV-B). Our results further support the existence of subgroups of CST IV-C that are dominant for non-Lactobacillus species and have intermediate microbial diversity. We also show that CST V is associated with uninfected conditions, and CST IV-A associates with hrHPV-induced cervical disease. In conclusion, we characterized new subdivisions of cervicovaginal CSTs, which may further advance our understanding of women's cervical health and hrHPV-related progression to disease.
Illuminating the black box: developing new genetic systems for genetically intractable microbiome species
Authors: Merritt Justin
Published: September 2024

With the recent explosion of next-generation sequencing and OMICS studies of human microbiome communities, a surprisingly broad diversity of diseases have been found to correlate with mucosal dysbiosis. Another consequence of such studies is an exponential increase in the number of uncharacterized and understudied microbes identified as potential drivers of mucosal health and disease. Thus, there is an impending challenge looming on the horizon to reveal the molecular basis for these observations. To meet this challenge, many newly identified microbes will require the development of new genetic systems useful for interrogating experimental models. Our laboratory has devoted a significant effort to improve the genetic tractability of a variety of important understudied microbiome species, especially those that have been traditionally considered as “genetically intractable”. Here, we will discuss a recently developed genetic system for one such pathobiont species, Parvimonas micra. Our preferred approach to develop new genetic systems begins with identifying and exploiting endogenous natural competence abilities (i.e. energy-dependent exogenous DNA uptake). Accordingly, we identified a natural competence ability in P. micra, which allowed us to employ cloning-independent methodologies to construct a variety of targeted genetic mutations directly within low-passage clinical isolates. In addition, we successfully developed a luciferase-based reporter system, a theophylline-inducible gene expression system, and a Mariner transposon mutagenesis system for Tn-seq studies of P. micra. While natural competence is widely believed to be a specialized ability of a small number of prokaryotes, we have reason to believe that it is likely to be quite common among bacteria. As such, natural competence could provide a clear path to investigate the genetics of the numerous novel organisms identified from microbiome studies.
Using Combinatorial Transformation to produce Valuable Metabolites in Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Kerr Stacey
Published: September 2024

Cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) are important secondary metabolites produced mainly on the flowering parts of Cannabis sativa plants, which are known to have a multitude of human therapeutic values. Cannabis also produced over 120 different cannabinoids, with many therapeutics yet to be uncovered. However, cannabis cannot produce standardized amounts of cannabinoids. Different environmental factors such as light and water are known to affect both the amount and type of cannabinoids produced.

My project overcomes this issue by introducing the cannabinoid metabolic pathway into a model plant species, *Nicotiana tabacum*, using combinatorial transformation. This involves introducing the set of genes required for metabolite production in a single bombardment, with independent plant lines being generated from subsequent regeneration. Results from this set of experiments show cannabinoid-producing transgenic tobacco lines, which is yet to be described in the literature.

This study demonstrates the potential for *Nicotiana tabacum* to be used as a vessel for standardized secondary metabolite production.