bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Textile Design in Southern Lembata: Tradition and Change
Authors: Barnes Ruth
Published: November 2023

The German ethnographer Ernst Vatter was the first to comment at length on the textiles woven in this particular group of islands in eastern Indonesia, and he was also the first to speak of the local weaving and ikat as a form of artistic activity.1 Scattered throughout his book one finds comments on weaving in particular villages; patterns are sometimes mentioned by name, and textiles appear in 1-pecific social contexts, such as at dances and-most significantly and familiarly from other Indonesian societies-as part of the gift exchange associated with marriage. Vatter also includes one chapter that deals exclus ively with the ikat textiles of the islands. However, Vatter did not attempt to interpret the designs in detail, but restricted himself to a description of what he saw and collected.
‘The Hammer of the Kujurs’: Government, Ethnography, and Nilotic Religions
Authors: Johnson Douglas H
Published: November 2023

A beast was slaughtered and divided up. A few visitors gathered at Ngundeng’s cattle byre to get their share of meat, milk, and porridge. Ngundeng lay inside the byre, propped up against the pile of ashes in the hearth. Garang Ngundeng, then still an uninitiated boy, brought in the milk, but the gourd was too heavy for him to handle and one of the visitors poured the milk into the porridge. Ngundeng stirred it, gave some to the dogs and the rest to his guests, eating none himself, but eating some of the cooked meat from the ox he had just sacrificed.
Dual Diu and the Continuity of a Prophetic Tradition
Authors: Johnson Douglas H
Published: November 2023

Dual Diu, son of Deng Laka, was born at the end of the nineteenth century. He first came into conflict with the Anglo-Egyptian government in 1914. After a period of co-operation with local administrative officials he again clashed with the government in 1928, was captured in 1930, and spent the rest of the Condominium period in exile. Thus for most of his adult life, and throughout his career as a prophet, he had to come to terms with a government presence and the restrictions that presence placed on his range of action. Despite his willingness to work with the government, and despite his central position in the native administration of the Gaawar in the 1920s, he suffered a fate similar to those Lou prophets who had earlier held aloof from any contact with government officials. Yet Dual outlived the Anglo-Egyptian government, returning to his home just before the Sudan’s independence, and dying there in 1968 during the Sudan’s first civil war. He is thus a link between the earliest and the most recent periods of prophecy among the Nuer, and his life demonstrates a continuity within the broader prophetic tradition.
Duelling Currencies in East New Britain: The Construction of Shell Money as National Cultural Property
Authors: Errington Deborah B Gewertz ,Frederick K
Published: November 2023

It has become increasingly common for indigenous and minority groups throughout the world to promote and defend their own representations of identity by invoking images and other embodiments of tradition, history, and ethnicity. In this chapter we examine such a politicization of culture in Papua New Guinea, one which centred on a recent phase in a history of contrast between native and introduced currencies.
The Involution of the Index in the Art Nexus
Authors: Gell Alfred
Published: November 2023

This completes our survey of binary relations. As the reader will have noticed, in the discussion of these relations, it has often been necessary to refer to more complicated relations, involving more than two terms. An example of such an expression, would be:This expression refers to a nexus of agent/patient relationships such that the recipient is the ‘patient’ and the agent acting on him is the index.
The Distributed Person
Authors: Gell Alfred
Published: November 2023

I now turn to the anthropological theory of representational art, that is to say, the production, circulation, and practical use of indexes that have relevant prototypes, something that geometric patterns lack. Most Western art is of this type, and most of art-theory is about representation, in one ,,,,-ay or another. I shall try to avoid, as far as possible, discussing Western art, tempting though it is to do so. Instead, this part of the argument pivots around the classically ‘anthropological’ themes of sorcery and image-worship.
The Ascetic Imperative
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

The chapters which follow cover two main themes. They deal with the ways in which the asceticism of Jain renouncers is incorporated into lay religious life; and the ways in which the spiritual virtues of renunciation are displayed and made available in sacred representations. The connection between these themes is the way the human body in Jainism is made an instrument of religious action and a medium of religious thought. So the subject of this part of the book is the constitution of the religious self in Jainism. What does one do, to make oneself a Jain self?
Schemes, Regimes, and Religious Retirement
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

Jain tradition provides a set of five vows which a lay person may adopt. These are the five anuvrats, or ‘lesser restraints’. They are homonomous with, but in application quite distinct from, the five mahavrats, or ‘great restraints’, which all Jain renouncers take as the final and in theory irreversible stage of their initiation.
The Values and Perils of Exchange
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

Shvetambar renouncers obtain their food as alms, under a very elaborate set of rules and restrictions. Dressed in full habit and carrying their staffs, they go out in pairs or alone, just before meal-times when food will be ready in Jain homes. At each of a number of households they are shown to the kitchen and given a little of the family meal. When they have collected enough to feed the whole group, they return to the upashraya where it is shared out and eaten.
The Gift That Doesn’t Really Happen
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter I described, first, the cultural context which makes the alms-round, as a food transaction, a charged and morally perilous encounter, and I then described one Jain doctrinal solution to the problem this presents, a quasi-classification whose point is to assert that gifts to Jain renouncers are axiomatically virtuous, and immune from these ‘gastro-political’ considerations. Both these ideas are enacted in the alms-round as it occurs in Jain communities today, but they do not appear, in practice, as ‘problem’ and ‘solution’, so that the latter supersedes and erases the former. For reasons I shall explain, they remain at best in a delicate balance, which both donor and recipient must work, in each encounter, to achieve; and from which both are tempted, for their own reasons, to depart.
Benson Merchants on the Move
Authors: Wake Jehanne
Published: November 2023

The peace treaty signed at Amiens in March 1802 after nine years of war had provided Hinrich Kleinwort and Robert Benson with a brief respite from the anxiety of wartime trading. Robert’s concerns had centred upon the future of his son Robert Rathbone Benson (to be known as Robert R.). As the time had approached for him to leave school, ‘I unavoidably became very concerned about his introduction to the knowledge of business, as well as about the line of business to which I should introduce him,’ Robert had confided to an American friend, Matthias Maris. ‘After much deliberation nothing appeared so peaceful, as the business I had myself so long laboured in and was so fully acquainted with’. The difficulty lay in choosing the right firm to provide his son with an apprenticeship that would lead to an eventual partnership.
A Changed Landscape 1972–1994
Authors: Wake Jehanne
Published: November 2023

Kleinwort Benson has operated in a climate of political vulnerability and economic and financial volatility throughout the two decades leading up to the present day and yet has managed to show a sustained growth in profits and balance sheet size for most, though not all, of the period. The ability to adapt to changing conditions, always of the utmost importance to merchant banks, once again enabled KB to survive and grow. In common with other firms, KB increased its market share in some areas and lost it in others. The very nature of merchant banks has always been that as one source of profit dissolves another springs up, so that in this respect little has changed throughout their history; fundamentally, therefore, the broad canvas of the risks and rewards has remained similar—but the brush strokes have altered and become harsher. The growth in the range of services and geographical spread of the business during the last twenty years has provided KB with a greater flexibility in meeting the requirements of its world-wide customers. According to its longest serving chairman, Bobby Henderson, ‘it is this flexibility, together with the importance we attach to service [to clients], that goes far to explain the continued success’ of the KB group.
A World Elsewhere: The Importance of Starting English
Authors: Hughes J R T
Published: November 2023

Each European state that attempted colonization ventures in the New World engaged in overt acts of institutional transfer, or sometimes invention. What was transferred (or invented) comprised the original sets of institutional gene pools from which the modern nations of the Americas developed and matured. Some of the original institutional transfers changed little enough over the succeeding centuries. In some cases, following the original metaphor, there were important mutations, and in some, fairly rare, cases there was significant originality in the creation of new institutions to meet the needs of life in settlements very unlike those of the European homelands. The consequences now are modern nations that still reflect their ancestral national features. Hackneyed as it may sound, the planters of the original colonies really did build for the future and it is not merely of historical interest that the descendants are nations in the Americas which, centuries later, are still identifiably English, Spanish, or Portuguese in origin. As a consequence of France’s century and a half of adventure on the North American mainland there now exists a giant French speaking city in a sea of English. These results are of deep world importance and are worth understanding. The most profound sources of that understanding are the beginnings. What was transferred in the first place?
Henry Hoare, Banker, his Family, and the Stourhead Estate
Authors: Clay C G A
Published: November 2023

One of the theses which Sir John Habakkuk developed in the course of his pioneering work on English landed society in the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was that, with the growing availability of more flexible and higher-yielding outlets for their savings, eighteenth-century businessmen were less inclined to invest in land than their predecessors of earlier generations had been.1 2 More recently other scholars have come up with similar conclusions, Nicholas Rogers for instance, and now, at least by implication, Lawrence and J. C. F. Stone? However, my own investigations into the land market suggest that, at least down to the time of the American War of Independence, more moneyed capital than ever was flowing into the purchase of landed estates.
Law, Convention, and Precedent in the British Constitution
Authors: Johnson Nevil
Published: November 2023

It is a familiar fact that constitutional law is an elusive concept when it is applied to the British Constitution. For the great historian of English law, F. W. Maitland, writing at the beginning of this century, the definition of constitutional law was simply a matter of convenience and a question ‘not to be solved by appeal to authority’. The difficulty of identifying constitutional law in some hard and fast sense has not, however, prevented generations of scholars as well as practitioners in law and politics from arguing at length about what is constitutional and what is not, about the past development of the Constitution and where it is now going, and about how best either to preserve or to improve it. Since 1970 or thereabouts the Constitution has been discussed very much in terms of politics and government—that is to say, much of the writing on it has been concerned chiefly with decribing and explaining the political institutions through which the country is governed.
The Ombudsman
Authors: Reid William
Published: November 2023

The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (the Ombudsman or PCA) had been in existence for under ten years when Geoffrey Marshall wrote ‘Technique of Maladministration’.Having studied the annual and quarterly reports of the Parliamentary Commissioner, he observed that ‘maladministration is partly an acquired technique and partly a matter of instinct’. He therefore offered a few suggested maxims for the would-be maladministrator with the comment: ‘Intelligently used they can be relied upon to complicate the simplest decisions, to bring chaos out of order and to replace expedition with deliberation.’ He was quick to notice that, after eight years of investigations by Sir Edmund Compton and Sir Alan Marre, maladministration in its purest form had not been found, only elements of it, inefficiency, the creation of cases of hardship, irrational decisions, and inconsistency.
Police Accountability: Four Cases and a Statute
Authors: Williams David
Published: November 2023

That the constitutional status of the police in England and Wales is unclear has long been recognized. The uncertainties arise because of the difficulty of reconciling the inherent, discretionary powers of a constable with membership of a disciplined force organized on military lines: because of the different but inevitably competing roles of central government (chiefly the Home Office), of local government (chiefly the local police authorities), and of chief officers of police; because of the eclipse of the principle, endorsed by two Royal Commissions in this century, ‘that police powers are mostly grounded in the common law and differ little from those of ordinary citizens’;because of the steady enhancement of central control of the police at the expense of local police authorities, raising expectations that a national police force will emerge through the cumulative impact of statute law; because of the hesitations often shown by the courts in purporting to examine the legality of police activities; because of the implications of new technology, media coverage, greater mobility, and international contacts; and because of the increasing significance of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

In this ground-breaking book, the author draws extensively on archival material and theortical advances in the social science literature. Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain examines the transformation since 1945 of the UK from a homogeneous into a multicultural society. Rejecting a dominant strain of sociological and historical inquiry emphasizing state racism, Hansen argues that politicians and civil servants were overall liberal relative to the public, to which they owed their office, and that they pursued policies that were rational for any liberal democratic politician. He explains the trajectory of British migration and nationality policyits exceptional liberality in the 1950s, its restrictiveness after then, and its tortured and seemingly racist definition of citizenship. The combined effect of a 1948 imperial definition of citizenship (adopted independently of immigration), and a primary commitment to migration from the Old Dominions, locked British politicians into a series of policy choices resulting in a migration and nationality regime that was not racist in intention, but was racist in effect. In the context of a liberal elite and an illiberal public, Britain’s current restrictive migration policies result not from the faling of its policy-makers but from those of its institutions.
Labour and Party Competition: The Race Relations Act, 1965
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

In the end, the sound and fury of Gaitskell’s embittered attack on immigration control signified nothing, and both parties settled into a quiet acceptance of the 1962 system of control. The Colonial Office continued to resist the Ministry of Labour’s position—it disagreed with the Ministry of Labour’s pessimistic view of the economic situation in early 1962 and argued for a generous quota on Category C vouchers (for the unskilled) —but its intluence was on the wane. It had decisively lost the argument over control, and the process of decolonization led inevitably to its marginalization within the Cabinet. The winding down of Empire removed the Colonial Office’s raison d’etre; the ministry was merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO) in 1966, closed in 1967, and the CRO was in turn merged with the Foreign Office in 1968. There was after 1962 no question of rescinding the 1962 Act. The continued pressure of immigration, particularly from India and Pakistan, meant that no one would seriously consider abandoning controls that had been presented as temporary. ll n’yarien d’aussi permanent que le provisoire, as the French say.
The Kenyan Asians Crisis of 1968
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

In late February 1968, there was a sense of panic among the Asian community in Kenya. The euphemistically termed ‘Africanization’ policies pursued by the Kenyan government had for several years been designed to drive them out of key positions in the economy. Asians had found that their work permits were no longer renewable; they were restricted to certain sectors of the economy; they were sacked from the civil service. Until 1968, their ultimate security had been guaranteed by their possession of British passports, which gave them unrestricted entry into the United Kingdom. On 22 February, this guarantee collapsed; the Home Secretary, James Callaghan, announced that the British government would no longer respect the Asians’ passports. Just over a week later, legislation ending the Asians’ unqualified right to enter went into force, and on 1 March the fully booked aeroplanes that had been carrying Asians to the UK for months were turned away. Some 200,00 individuals holding only British citizenship were abandoned, effectively stateless, in Africa or India, and some of these individuals are still waiting to enter the United Kingdom today.
Verbs of Knowledge, Perception, and Others
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines all the main semantic categories of verbs in the Functional Domain of Complementation, except modality and manipulation. The chapter presents a diachronic survey of the different structures used with these verbs, from Old Akkadian to Neo-Babylonian. Section 7.1 starts with an overview of the main developments in the FDC over the period 2500 to 500 BC. The following sections discuss the changes in each of the semantic categories: knowledge (§7-2), perception (§7.3), speech (§7.4), proving (§7.5), fearing(§7.6), and the ‘what have I done that ... ‘ construction (§7-7).
Manipulation and Modality
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the structures used with verbs of manipulation and modality. The expression of manipulation remained quite stable in the history of Babylonian, at least until the Neo-Babylonian period. From Old Akkadian to Middle Babylonian, manipulation was expressed with two different structures, which appeared in complementary distribution on the basis of tense. Infinitive complements were used for past manipulation, and coordination was used for non-past manipulation. The only major disruption to this system occurred in the Neo-Babylonian period, when infinitive complements almost entirely disappeared from the FDC, and were replaced by the umma construction. Table 4 summarizes the main structures used with manipulation in the history of Babylonian.
Functional Parallels for the Babylonian Development
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters demonstrated that there was a general historical development in Babylonian, in which finite complements and finite embedded questions replaced alternative strategies in the FDC. This chapter presents a brief survey of some parallels from other languages for this functional development. I aim to show that neither the late emergence of finite complements nor the extension in their use during the historical period is unique to Babylonian. Rather, the changes in Babylonian seem to be an instance of a general trend. Before surveying the history of some ancient languages, two modern languages are mentioned: Dyirbal and Tok-Pisin. In previous chapters, I claimed that Old Akkadian had no finite complementation, and outlined the alternative structures which were used instead of finite complements. The assertion that a language can ‘survive’ without finite sentential complementation may be met with scepticism on theoretical grounds. It is therefore useful to mention that one does not need to go four thousand years back in history to find languages without finite complementation. Such languages exist today.
The biogenic amines
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

This menu looks delicious; it is also well balanced and highly nutritious. But it contains foods that are naturally high in biogenic amines, which can give most people a headache. All that is required is about 100 mg of the biogenic amine-a mere tenth of a gram. Assuming the guests at a banquet ate normal sized portions, they would get more than twice this amount; and while this will not produce an allergic reaction, it will mean that they have more biogenic amine than can be removed rapidly from the body. The result is likely to be a throbbing headache lasting several hours. By themselves, the foods on this menu can be tolerated with no problems, but together they stimulate receptors and overload the body’s mechanisms for detoxifying biogenic amines.
Caffeine
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

The earliest written record of human use of caffeine is from China around 2700Bc, which is about tea-drinking. Coffee came much later: it was cultivated first in the sixth century AD in Ethiopia, and then in Turkey, where it acquired the name kahveh, from which the words coffee, cafe, and, ultimately, caffeine, were to be derived. Meanwhile in North America, caffeine-containing beverages were being made from guarana yoco, and mate in the south, and from cassina in the north; while in Central and South America cocoa was drunk, which also contains caffeine. In Africa, the popular way to partake of caffeine was to chew kola nuts.
Natural toxins
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

Natural toxins are to be found in all kinds of foods, but they are generally in quantities too tiny to affect us. For example, there is cyanide in almonds and tapioca, hydroxy-tryptamine in cabbages and bananas, and myristicin in nutmeg and carrots. Myristicin can cause hallucinations, but it would be virtually impossible to eat enough carrots to produce the desired effect. On the other hand, nutmeg abuse has been well documented in the medical literature for over a century: a tablespoon of this spice can deliver enough myristicin to cause hallucinations, palpitations, and a feeling of impending doom.
The Hot Big Bang
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael
Published: November 2023

The discovery of the expansion of the universe by Hubble immediately posed the problem of what happens as we extrapolate the expansion back in time. As we run the universe backwards in time we would soon reach a phase where the galaxies all merge together. Further back still the stars would all be touching. And further still atoms would be crushed together.
The nine numbers of the cosmos
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael
Published: November 2023

Thus the explorations of space end on a note of uncertainty. And necessarily so. We are, by definition, in the very center of the observable region. We know our immediate neighbourhood rather intimately. With increasing distance, our knowledge fades, and fades rapidly. Eventually, we reach the dim boundary—the utmost limits of our telescopes. There, we measure shadows, and we search among ghostly errors of measurement for landmarks that are scarcely more substantial.
The naming
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Substances we now call proteins aroused the interest of early-day chemists because of their close association with life processes. The French chemist Antoine Fourcroy (1755–1809) recognized three distinct varieties of protein from animal sources in 1789: albumin, fibrin, and gelatin. At least two more were known from vegetable sources. They were often collectively called ‘albumins’, in recognition of the prototype derived since time immemorial from egg white; the German equivalent was ‘Eiweisskörper’.
Proteins are True Macromolecules
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Do macromolecules exist? Can amino acids be linked together to form longer and longer polypeptide chains, ad infinitum? Emil Fischer had given up on his synthetic efforts at the stage of an 18-mer: does that imply a limit? Debate on these questions was intense in the early part of the twentieth century, fuelled by colloid chemistry, a new way of thinking about large particles based primarily on the properties of inorganic colloids (colloidal gold, hydrated silica, etc.). These particular colloids were known beyond any doubt to exist as large particles, but mass or size was variable, depending on environment and conditions of formation; these particles were obviously aggregates of the true molecules of the intrinsic components. The question of how such aggregates were formed and stayed in solution and how large they could become intrigued many brilliant minds and led to the development of much elegant theory and powerful new analytical tools.
Fibrous Proteins
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

It had been known for many years that not all proteins were globular proteins—that is, relatively compact, nearly spherical, charged particles. Some (like casein and gelatin) deviated grossly from this picture when studied in solution. Others, notably keratin, silk fibroin, and collagen, were not even soluble in aqueous media and could be seen in associated form under the microscope as elongated fibres. By chemical criteria, they were indubitably proteins, composed of the same amino acids as their more tractable brethren, though sometimes the proportions were unusual. Like the globular proteins, these fibrous proteins bear ionic charges. Jacinto Steinhardt, an American who had some years earlier been a postdoctoral visitor to the Carlsberg Laboratory, carried out acid– base titrations of suspensions of wool keratin, and the resulting curves were similar to those for globular proteins in solution.
Amino Acid Sequence
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Knowing the amino acid composition of a protein hydrolysate, even with high accuracy, is just like having a sackful of letters of the alphabet, all mixed up. Knowing the arrangement of these amino acids along a polypeptide chain—or, sometimes, several connected polypeptide chains —is another matter altogether: words and sentences are now formed. This experimental transition was first achieved by Cambridge biochemist Frederick Sanger (1918–1.) during a period lasting more than ten years, from about 1945 to 1955.
An Ancient and Many-sided Science
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

The dictionary defines ‘physiology’ as the science of the process of life, in both animals and plants, and today we take it for granted that proteins control all parts of this process and can provide the structural virtuosity to match the needs of even the most intricate tasks. Indeed, we shall see in several examples below that the die-hards, the non-reductionists, who ignored the growing trend to explain function in terms of protein structure, were quickly left out in the cold. But we must also appreciate that the science of ‘the process of life’ is much older than protein chemistry, going back to before proteins were known at all. Writing about the history of protein involvement inevitably takes us back to a time when the ideal of molecular explanations for physiological function could not have existed.
Cell Membranes
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Proteins from cell membranes were virtually unknown before 1970. Today they are at the forefront, the cutting edge of the investigation of physiological function. This heart of the subject is part of the ‘present’ of protein science, history in the making, so to speak. As such, it is not really within the scope of our book, but the beginnings and its links to the past are relevant—was there really no interest whatever before 1970? The latest textbooks must be consulted for guidance to the current scene.
The Climate of Fear
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

The history of Russian biology in the period between the Revolution and the death of Stalin in 1953 is a woeful chronicle of wanton destruction of both a scholarly discipline and the lives of many of its most respected practitioners. A few charlatans, playing cleverly on the rigid ideology that passed for thought within the ruling caste, succeeded in poisoning all of science throughout the Soviet Union and its Eastern European imperium.
Cardiac output measurement
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

Use of a pulmonary artery catheter and cardiac output measurement Pulmonary artery catheter pressure (mm Hg)A catheter passed into the right atrium from an easily accessible central vein can be passed through the right ventricle and out into the pulmonary arterial tree while the vascular waveforms are visualized. Figure 11.1 shows the waveforms as they appear to the user. A small balloon at the tip of the catheter allows it to be flow directed and wedged in a pulmonary arterial vessel.
Electrophysiology and electrostimulation
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the processing and application of electrical signals from the body, in particular the electroencephalogram (EEG), the electrocardiogram (ECG), and the electromyogram (EMG). The EEG and ECG will be considered in their monitoring capacity and the EMG will be discussed along with simulation and neuromuscular blockade and monitoring.
Bitter Pills
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

I

When I first encountered the capital P in some news article, I visualized its author as a macho journalist of the late 1950s—sleeves rolled up, eyes squinting through the smoke of the cigarette dangling from the corner of his mouth, two index fingers producing a machine gun rattle on the Remington—who, while writing some pithy piece on oral contraceptives, decided to capitalize the word pill, and thus inadvertently converted this pedestrian generic term into a powerful four letter epithet. Since then, the Pill has been described as everything from a woman’s panacea or her poison to the cause for the social emasculation of men.
Science on stage
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

By now, readers may well wonder what other personal transformations of mine I credit to or blame on the Pill. There is one more: playwriting. It is my most recent foray into another creative field and, given my age, may prove to be the last. I have been a theater aficionado all my adult life, but for the past two decades, the theater has been my most captivating avocation and also my most frequent mode of relaxation. I attend 30–40 plays a year, many of them during my summers in London, where, since the 1980s, I have gone to write fiction. I took up writing with a very specific aim in mind: to use the novel to transmit specific information.
What if?
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

In our increasingly technocratic society, we seem to be much better at perfecting means than we are at deciding to what ends they should be used. Perhaps one reason for this difficulty is that we often confuse means and ends, thinking automatically that the possession of a technology determines its use. Techniques at either extreme of the reproductive spectrum—from preventing birth when it might occur to creating new life when it otherwise might not—are the most human examples of this dilemma. Much of the debate over contraception has assumed that means create ends—that access to contraception, for instance, invariably tempts otherwise chaste teens to copulate.
Dentofacial classification and ideals
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

Function and health are controversial reasons for carrying out orthodontic treatment. These are covered extensively in other texts and in the Index of orthodontic treatment need (dental health component) for deciding whether a patient would benefit from orthodontic treatment (see Suggested reading). Aesthetics is certainly the main reason for orthodontic treatment, but what are the boundaries of the aesthetic ideals to which orthodontic treatment can be planned? In other words what can be considered to be normal, and when normal is not present can orthodontics bring the dentofacial complex back towards what can be considered to be an acceptable norm? In order to explore these questions it is worth considering the current description and classification of normal and abnormal occlusion or malocclusion. Similarly, the description and classification of the extraoral structures of the jaws and soft tissues will be discussed in this chapter.
Multidisciplinary treatments
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

Orthodontic treatment can be performed in combination with a number of other dental disciplines, most notably restorative dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and paediatric dentistry. Whenever complex multidisciplinary treatment is required, it is advisable to see the patient with a specialist colleague(s) from the other discipline(s) prior to the commencement of treatment. In this way the appropriate aims and objectives will be determined from the beginning of treatment, reducing the risk that inappropriate treatment might be carried out to the detriment of the patient and to the embarrassment of the clinicians involved. It will also clarify the expectations of the patient from the very beginning.
Retention
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

A removable partial denture must be held firmly in place. This is usually arranged by clasps, or part of the denture base, engaging hard tissue undercuts. The position and action of retainers must not damage any tissues. Special attachments are not considered in this chapter.
Articulated Study Casts
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Accurate decisions on denture type and design require study casts of the upper and lower jaws, reproducing all relevant structures—all the retained teeth, and the functional depth of the sulci (buccal, labial, and lingual). The casts must be articulated in a manner which precisely records the jaw relationship. When there are enough natural teeth present, this articulation process may be simple: reproduction of the existing intercuspal relationship in the mouth can be checked against tooth contacts on the casts.
Designing for Kennedy class I and II dentures (bi/unilateral free-end saddles)
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

The anterior/posterior support disparity leads to a risk of damage to either the anterior abutment, or the mucoperiosteum (or mucous membrane) under the free-end saddle. It is essential to minimize the functional loading, especially if the saddle is opposed by the natural teeth of the other jaw.
The shortened dental arch
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

We have previously posed the question as to whether it is necessary to replace missing teeth. The loss of an anterior tooth will usually cause the patient to seek treatment as they would find the aesthetics unacceptable. This may not be the case if one or more of the posterior teeth are lost. It might be expected that the loss of a number of teeth would compromise oral functions but, as shall be seen, this may not necessarily be true. The shortened dental arch concept evolved because it was recognized that reduced dentitions may be adequate for many patients and that the preservation of the teeth that remain was a more important objective than simply replacing teeth that were missing. Further, the quantity of chewing teeth we need nowadays, with modern softer diets, is not great so that the teeth are considerably under-exercised for good physiological health. In this chapter the potential advantages and disadvantages of the shortened dental arch will be explored.
Adolescence
Authors: Harrington Richard
Published: November 2023

The concept of a depressive syndrome that is distinct from the broad class of other adolescent emotional disorders has a relatively short history. Until the 1970s it was believed that depressive disorders resembling adult depression were uncommon among the young. Young adolescents were thought incapable of experiencing depression. Depression in older adolescents was often seen as a normal feature of development, the so-called adolescent turmoil. However, in the 1970s and early 1980s several investigators began to diagnose depression in young people using adult criteria (Weinberg et al., 1973; Pearce, 1978; Puig Antich, 1982). These studies showed that conditions resembling adult depression could occur from middle childhood upwards. Indeed, recent epidemiological studies have reported that as many as one in ten adolescent girls suffer from depressive disorders (Olsson and von Knorring, 1999; Angold et al., 1999b).
Depression in midlife
Authors: Paykel E S , Kennedy N
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with depression between the ages of forty and sixty. The median age of most adult samples of depressed patients is in the forties. This is the core age for depression research, involving the largest number of studies, and forms the anchor group to which other age groups are compared. Surprisingly little has been written about specific features of depression in middle age, or about midlife problems. We will highlight aspects which are relevant to the life cycle or are currently timely and we will make some comparisons with other adult age groups.
The depths of the self
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

In the first three chapters I have sought to define some of the metaphysical and discursive foundations of the account of the mind that underlies the present work. It is worth revising and summarizing those before I provide a more adequate account of consciousness and the unconscious. In the process of examining the major claims of the present work I will also attempt to explore the apparent dichotomy between physiological and biologically inspired accounts of brain function and those inspired by the more discursive turn. This exploration, as will become obvious, is necessitated by the strange hinterland between explicit consciousness and intentional action and those other mental phenomena to which we are all prone.
The pathologies of each are the pathologies of all
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

This story is interesting because it provokes thoughts about the many inchoate and ill-understood aversions, attractions, impulsive thoughts, and so on that pass through each of our subjectivities every day. The story also shows that even if we come to have insight into one of these mental phenomena, we do not thereby satisfy the need for psychic work to overcome the cathexis involved. In the Anders Road case, the fact that I knew the dog to be dead did not cure my subconscious fear just as, in so many areas of personal life, mere conscious awareness of a corrective fact cannot bring about personal transformation because there is real psychological restructuring to go on. What is more, the psychological intervention may not be rational or conscious at all but some kind of unconditional acceptance or deep communication that you are OK no matter what gears are clashing in the psyche.
Introducing three cases
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (also known as Tourette’s disorder, or Tourette syndrome for short) has been recognized as a medical condition for over 150 years. The main features include multiple motor tics (involuntary movements), and one or more vocal or phonic tics (noises) which occur in bouts many times a day. The number, frequency, and complexity of the tics often change over time. They can be quite mild in some cases (more like facial and vocal `habits’ or `mannerisms’ such as excessive blinking or squinting and repetitive sniffing) but these symptoms in others can be very distressing and disabling, interfering with one’s actions and speech.
Coping with the news
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

To discover your child has a condition which may result in potential lifelong disability is, naturally, a tremendous blow. When parents finally realize that their child has Tourette syndrome, and that it is not ‘just a difficult phase he’s going through’, they may feel like they have ‘lost’ the ‘wonderful and normal’ child they thought they had and they may be overwhelmed by a wide range of emotions: sometimes despair and depression, as well as anxiety about their child’s future.
An introduction to rational models of cognition
Authors: Oaksford Mike , Chater Nick
Published: November 2023

In 1990, John Anderson summarized a new methodology for understanding cognition: rational analysis. This book brings together leading researchers from a range of areas in cognitive science, whose work addresses issues concerned with rational analysis. It provides a state-of-the-art overview of the variety and fecundity of research using this approach, and addresses fundamental theoretical issues in four key areas of cognitive science: memory, categorization, reasoning and search. We believe that research using rational analysis is an important and exciting development, the implications of which are beginning to bear fruit in a variety of areas. Moreover, rational analysis forges important connections with other branches of the biological and social sciences, and suggests new directions for the methodology and philosophy of cognitive science.
Connectionist models and Bayesian inference
Authors: McClelland James L
Published: November 2023

The study of what might be the rational or optimal response to a situation, given an intrinsically uncertain world, owes a great deal to the Reverend Bayes, and in contemporary times to a growing band of information processing theorists, cognitive scientists, and artificial intelligence researchers who have pressed extensions and applications of Bayesian ideas. Our most widely used optimal model within psychology may be the theory of the ideal observer within signal detection theory (Green and Swets, 1966). Within machine vision, the problem of seeing is often framed as one of selecting the most probable or ‘optimal’ interpretation of an input array, based on Bayesian calculations (e.g. Biilthoff and Yuille, 1996). Within cognitive psychology, models that address optimality spring in large measure from the recent work of John Anderson, who has used them to address a range of aspects of cognition, from perception to categorization to memory retrieval.
The rational analysis of categorization and the ACT-R architecture
Authors: Anderson John R , Matessa Michael
Published: November 2023

As the cognitive revolution psychologists have striven to develop detailed theories of the information-processing steps involved in performing a particular task. The goal is to be able to say moment by moment what is happening in the minds of people as they do the task. While this goal is laudatory there are serious problems with how feasible it is. When one starts to deal with complex tasks (like doing high school mathematics-Anderson et al., 1995) the sheer volume of the detail can be overwhelming. Even in simpler laboratory tasks, the data that one collects is often at a much coarser grain size than the processes one is postulating. There arise identifiability problems about whether very different ways of processing information might not result in the same data. Individual differences are another problem. When one gets to this level of detail it is unlikely that every subject is doing the task in the same way.
Rationality assumptions of game theory and the backward induction paradox
Authors: Colman Andrew M
Published: November 2023

Backward induction is a form of logical reasoning, based on the technique of mathematical induction, that is applicable to certain sequential games. I shall illustrate it with a simple version of the ancient game of nim. There are 20 matches on the table, and two players take turns in removing either one or two matches, the winner being the player who takes the last one, leaving the other player unable to move. Ernst Zermelo (1912) proved the first major theorem of game theory to the effect that, in games of this type, either one player or the other must have a guaranteed winning strategy. In this case, which player wins, and how?
The practice of mathematics and science: from calculus to the clothesline problem
Authors: Kurz Elke M , Tweney Ryan D
Published: November 2023

In the chapter on problem solving in Adaptive Character of Thought (1990, pp.192-243), John Anderson expressed dissatisfaction with existing research on problem solving, noting that it had been focused upon problems that are not representative of most real-world problem solving. The ‘puzzles and games’ of the laboratory lack the need to induce causal rules, lack the probabilistic rules that characterize real-world problems, and lack the explicit costs and benefits of real¬ world problems. Still, his specific discussion relied upon the problem space searches characteristic of Newell and Simon, extending these to account for data gathered in laboratory game tasks.
The rational analysis of inquiry: the case of parsing
Authors: Chater Nick , Crocker, Matthew J , Pickering Martin J
Published: November 2023

The cognitive system is not merely a passive receiver of information. It has some measure of control of what information it receives; and how that information is processed. Control over the information received may be exercised in a wide variety of ways, from adjustments to the sense organs (e.g. by moving the eyes), to decisions concerning which newspaper to read. Control over how information is processed is equally ubiquitous, ranging from attentional mechanisms (presuming that such mechanisms at least to some degree bias the resources applied to processing different aspects of the sensory input) to how much effort to spend thinking about a possible move in a chess game, or on a decision in everyday life.