bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discursos y paradojas de la intermediación cultural: una práctica profesional entre la élite y la pobreza cultural
Authors: Bernárdez Rodal Asunción
Published: May 2016

En este texto se analizan los discursos de un grupo de mediadores culturales que trabajan en Madrid en instituciones artísticas y culturales tanto públicas como privadas. El grupo se organizó como una de las actividades del Proyecto Europeo Divercity: Diving into Diversity in Museums and the City de la Universidad Complutense en el mes de marzo de 2015. El objetivo de la entrevista ha sido desentrañar qué entienden en la profesión por diversidad, y analizar las contradicciones y objetivos que se plantean los profesiones en este nuevo ámbito de trabajo.
Social Trust, Safety and the Choice of Tourist Destination
Authors: Jensen Susanne , Svendsen Gert Tinggaard
Published: May 2016

Does social trust influence safety and tourists’ destination choice? Our claim is that the roots of safety may take two forms: either formal institutions or informal institutions. Formal institutions concern how society can build up control mechanisms through the legal system, police authority and military. The problem is that high visibility of police and military in public spaces may give the tourist the impression of an unsafe and insecure destination. Instead, social trust through self-enforcements of social norms for behaviour may be important because the informal institutions guarantee the safety of tourists (and locals) without signalling a problem with safety. Building social trust may further enhance the feeling of safety and thereby attract even more tourists. Thus, our trust-safety theory may guide the active use of social trust by tourist officials and policy makers.
Medisinsk fødselsregister i forskning og forvaltning
Authors: Stene-Larsen Geir
Published: May 2016

Medisinsk fødselsregister ble opprettet i 1967 som en politisk reaksjon på Thalidomidtragedien. Bruk av medikamentet Thalidomid under graviditet førte til at mer enn ti tusen barn ble født med sterkt forkortede eller forkrøplede armer eller ben. Politisk sett var det et sterkt ønske om å sette i verk et tiltak som kunne forhindre at noe slikt skulle kunne skje igjen.
The validity of the diabetes mellitus diagnosis in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway
Authors: Stene Lars C. , Eidem Ingvild , Vangen Siri , Joner Geir , Irgens Lorentz M. , Moe Narve
Published: May 2016

The Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) has registered all births in Norway since 1967 and diabetes is registered as a maternal diagnosis. We present original data assessing the validity of the diabetes diagnosis. Among women with known pre-gestational type 1 diabetes, 97% of births during 1976-1998 (old registration form) were identified as pre-gestational diabetes in the MBRN. For births 1999-2004 (new registration form), 94% were identified as pre-gestational diabetes in the MBRN. Of cases coded as pre-gestational diabetes by the MBRN, 80% were confirmed by the medical record for births during 1998, while more than half of the births incorrectly coded as pre-gestational diabetes really were gestational diabetes. Among births coded as gestational diabetes, 89% were confirmed in the medical record. In conclusion, the sensitivity of the pregestational diabetes diagnosis in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway was very good, particularly in the earlier period, but the information in the MBRN on births before 1999 was not sufficient to classify pregestational diabetes as type 1 – or type 2 diabetes. The type of diabetes can be specified for births from 1999 onwards, but the predictive values are unknown. The predictive value for pre-gestational diabetes in 1998 was less than optimal but acceptable for a routine registry not specialised for diabetesGravide kvinner med type 1 diabetes har økt risiko for komplikasjoner i svangerskapet, medfødte misdannelser og dødfødsel. Data fra medisinsk fødselsregister (MFR) har vært grunnlag for viktige publikasjoner om risiko for komplikasjoner hos gravide kvinner med diabetes. I tillegg til å gi en kort oversikt over disse publikasjonene presenterer vi data om validiteten til diabetesdiagnosen. Av fødsler til og med 1998 med kjent type 1 diabetes før svangerskapet basert på opplysninger fra Norsk diabetesregister (NDR) ble 97% registrert som diabetes før svangerskapet i MFR (gammelt registreringsskjema). For fødsler 1999-2004, ble 94% kodet som pre-gestasjonell (type 1- eller type 2-) diabetes. Ved sammenligning med sykehusjournalen til kvinner identifisert i MFR med diabetesdiagnose før svangerskapet (fødsler i 1998) ble diabetes før svangerskapet i følge MFR bekreftet i journalen i 80% av tilfellene. Av fødsler kodet med svangerskapsdiabetes ble 89% bekreftet i journalen. Vi konkluderer med at sensitiviteten for pre-gestasjonell diabetes er meget god, spesielt for fødsler før 1999, men MFR kan for denne perioden ikke brukes til å klassifisere pre-gestasjonell diabetes hos mor som type 1- eller type 2 diabetes. For fødsler fra og med 1999 kan type diabetes spesifiseres, men prediktiv verdi for disse diagnosene er ikke undersøkt. Prediktiv verdi for diagnosen pre-gestasjonell diabetes i MFR for fødsler i 1998 er ikke optimal, men akseptabel for et rutineregister som ikke har diabetes som hovedfokus.
Deflecting Absence: 9/11 Fiction and the Memorialization of Change
Authors: Leggatt Matthew
Published: May 2016

“Deflecting Absence: 9/11 Fiction and the Memorialization of Change” is an interdisciplinary examination of the way in which post-9/11 texts have been instrumental in memorializing the event as a moment of radical historical departure. Focusing on fiction through the reading of seminal 9/11 literary texts including Falling Man, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, and Amy Waldman's The Submission, the article deals with the internal contradictions at work both in reading and writing about works of 9/11 fiction and the way in which such texts eternally memorialize the discourse of change. Examining these literary texts alongside “Reflecting Absence,” the 9/11 memorial site, Spike Lee's film 25th Hour, and a broader discussion of the implications of the cultural discourse offered through these texts, the article exposes the disjuncture between 9/11 texts' desire to memorialize the event as the moment that “everything changed” and the missed opportunities for radical political change that followed.
“A Pleasant Place for the World to Hide”: Exploring Themes of Utopian Play in Ready Player One
Authors: Nordstrom Justin
Published: May 2016

Ernest Cline's 2011 novel Ready Player One offers an imaginary world that is simultaneously utopian and dystopian, because it portrays an immersive game-obsessed world that fuses high-tech virtual reality with 1980s nostalgia. Characters contrast their grim apocalyptic reality with escapism through worldwide gaming in the OASIS, a massively multiplayer VR world allowing players to travel into space, experience high fantasy, attend lavish parties, or simply socialize with friends. Cline's novel achieved significant acclaim, but few writers have considered the scholarly merits of the book, particularly as an example of the overlapping functions of gaming and utopianism. This article examines Ready Player One alongside Bernard Suits' philosophical approach to defining games and utopia. Ready Player One explicitly plays with ideas of eutopia and dystopia, games within games, reality and escapist play. As such, it is an excellent environment to examine Suits' philosophy of games and showcase why gaming is essential to utopian fiction, particularly in the early twenty-first century. For Cline, games are equally necessary for a dytopia for much the same reason—they allow a creative and social “escape hatch” from the grim realities of futuristic decline.
PERFIL METABÓLICO DE PORTADORES DO HIV - HOSPITAL DE CLÍNICAS DE CURITIBA
Authors: Brock Paola Wyatt , Valério Camila Cristina , Bohnke Pamela Liberalino , Carmes Eliane , Sobrinho Miguel Ibraim Abboud Hanna
Published: May 2016

Objetivos: Avaliar e comparar o perfil lipídico e a glicemia de pacientes portadores do HIV em uso de inibidores de protease (IP) e de inibidores da transcriptase reversa não nucleosídeos (ITRNN). Material e Métodos: Série de casos. Elegíveis 126 pacientes HIV-positivo, transmissão horizontal, acompanhados, no mínimo, 24 meses no ambulatório de Infectologia HC-UFPR. Incluídos 52 pacientes que completaram 5 avaliações no serviço, quando foram coletadas informações sobre data do diagnóstico, esquema de tratamento, lipidograma, glicemia de jejum, contagem de células CD4, carga viral e comorbidades. Os pacientes que permaneceram em uso da mesma classe de antirretroviral foram separados em dois grupos: os que utilizavam ITRN-IP e os tratados com ITRN-ITRNN. Comparou-se as observações entre os grupos na primeira e na quinta consulta e, a evolução dos pacientes que completaram as cinco avaliações. Resultados: Na primeira avaliação, os grupos ITRN-IP (n=18) e ITRN-ITRNN (n=34) foram semelhantes, exceto quanto aos valores médios de HDL-colesterol (mg/dL): 40,63±10,18 versus 50,28±17,67, p=0,0249, respectivamente. Na quinta avaliação, observou-se menores valores médios de triglicerídeos (mg/dL) no grupo ITRN-ITRNN, 145,16±83,13, em relação ao ITRN-IP, 191,00±82,63, p=0,0590. E ainda, o nível sérico de LDL-colesterol foi menor do que 70 mg/dL somente entre 3 (11,11%) pacientes do grupo ITRN-ITRNN, enquanto que no grupo ITRN-IP todos apresentaram LDL-colesterol maior do que 70 mg/dL, p=0,0459. Conclusão: Neste estudo não foram observadas alterações significativas no perfil metabólico de pacientes sob TARV, em uso de IP ou ITRNN. Entretanto, observou-se perfil lipídico mais próximo da meta estabelecida para pacientes HIV-positivo naqueles em uso de regimes contendo ITRNN.
HIPERPARATIREOIDISMO PRIMÁRIO - DIFERENTES MODALIDADES DE TRATAMENTOS
Authors: Costa Tatiana Munhoz da Rocha Lemos , De Moura Ana Paula Barbizan , Vaucher Fernanda Arejano , Moreira Carolina Aguiar , Borba Victória Zeghbi Cochenski
Published: May 2016

RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar a resposta clínica dos portadores de HPTP, submetidos ou não à cirurgia, comparando a evolução de cada grupo.Métodos: Avaliação através dos prontuários dos pacientes com HPTP atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas no período de 1992 a 2014. Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o tratamento em grupo cirúrgico (GC) e clínico (GCL). Dados de exames laboratoriais e densitométricos anteriores e após o tratamento foram coletados e posteriormente, realizada uma comparação entre eles.Resultados: Cinquenta e um dos 99 prontuários selecionados compuseram a amostra final, sendo 27 no GC, com idade média de 73±9,8 anos e 24 no GCL, com idade média de 58±12,8 anos, (p=0,0001). Todos os parâmetros avaliados se mantiveram semelhantes no GCL com exceção da DMO de coluna lombar (L1-L4), que aumentou em média 7,5 %. Já o GC apresentou aumento médio na DMO de 22,2% em L1-L4, 14,5% em colo de fêmur e de 11,3% em fêmur total. Neste grupo, cálcio sérico, urinário e PTH diminuíram (p<0,05), embora seis pacientes não apresentaram cura cirúrgica. O GCL apresentou maior comorbidade cardiovascular (p=0,038) que o GC. Os demais parâmetros foram semelhantes entre os grupos.Conclusão: Foi visto uma melhora nos parâmetros laboratoriais e densitométricos dos pacientes do GC, concluindo assim que a cirurgia foi a melhor opção em pacientes mais jovens.
Effects of Working Memory Capacity and Domain Knowledge on Recall for Grocery Prices
Authors: Bermingham Douglas , Gardner Michael K. , Woltz Dan J.
Published: May 2016

Hambrick and Engle (2002) proposed 3 models of how domain knowledge and working memory capacity may work together to influence episodic memory: a "rich-get- richer" model, a "building blocks" model, and a "compensatory" model. Their results supported the rich-get- richer model, although later work by Hambrick and Oswald (2005) found support for a building blocks model. We investigated the effects of domain knowledge and working memory on recall of studied grocery prices. Working memory was measured with 3 simple span tasks. A contrast of realistic versus fictitious foods in the episodic memory task served as our manipulation of domain knowledge, because participants could not have domain knowledge of fictitious food prices. There was a strong effect for domain knowledge (realistic food–price pairs were easier to remember) and a moderate effect for working memory capacity (higher working memory capacity produced better recall). Furthermore, the interaction between domain knowledge and working memory produced a small but significant interaction in 1 measure of price recall. This supported the compensatory model and stands in contrast to previous research.
CRESCIMENTO URBANO E OCUPAÇÃO DE VÁRZEA EM PEQUENAS CIDADES DA AMAZÔNIA: UMA DISCUSSÃO PREMENTE
Authors: Costa Sandra Maria Fonseca da , Valota Ed Carlos dos Santos , Oliveira Ivan Gomes de , Montoia Gustavo Rodrigo Milare , Santos Emmanuel Antonio dos
Published: May 2016

Muitas cidades da Amazônia se instalaram sobre áreas de várzea, ambiente esse acessível na navegabilidade da Região e que compõem o dia-a-dia da população ribeirinha. O processo de ocupação nessas cidades é também consequência do que foi apreendido por esses moradores ao longo de suas vidas. Considerando esses aspectos, esse artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar o processo de crescimento urbano de Ponta de Pedras, PA, e entender a ocupação da várzea urbana, identificar quem é esse morador e os problemas ambientais existentes na área. Para construir essa pesquisa, foram aplicados formulários à população urbana, em julho de 2009 e julho de 2013, para levantar informações sobre o morador (perfil socioeconômico), situação do local de residência e questões ambientais, considerando a relação do morador com o rio e a várzea. Mapeou-se o crescimento da cidade, entre 1980 e 2010, se utilizando fotografias aéreas e imagens de satélite, para verificar a dinâmica de ocupação nas áreas de várzea. Nesse aspecto, famílias residentes na área de várzea, na cidade de Ponta de Pedras, ali se localizam, pois viviam em áreas similares, sob o ponto de vista físico, ou seja, áreas ribeirinhas, de várzea, sujeitas à dinâmica das águas dos rios e essas áreas apresentaram uma dinâmica de ocupação superior a outras áreas da cidade. Palavras-chave: pequenas cidades, Amazônia, várzea, população ribeirinha, Ponta de Pedras. DOI: 10.5902/2236499419094
Medieval legacy in the poetry of Ivan V. Lalić
Authors: Prgomelja Marija
Published: May 2016

Ivan V. Lalić has entered the Serbian literature in a big way in the mid-fifties, concentrating on the most important issues of poetry and form, related to the role of tradition and culture in writing. In his poetics, he united the traditional and modern, 'a duality of visible and invisible', united the Catholic and the Orthodox notions of the Virgin Mary, unified the experience of centuries past, emphasizing the principle of measure and spiced up all that with a Mediterranean vibe, linking his poetry to the language and heritage of his people, thus delineating basic symbols of national culture, speaking from the depths of the collective memory. His horizons and fields of poetry were established on the heritage of Christianity and the Byzantine patrimony, and promote the synthesis of medieval and modern poetry. Here we study the reflexes of medieval literature in the collections Passionate measures, Acts of love or Byzantium, Letter, Four Canons, the modification of medieval motifs and forms that exist in the collections. The last collection called Four Canons, on which Lalić worked for over twenty years, is the culmination of his creativity, the pinnacle of his poetic artistry, since the canon, the most prestigious form of religious poetry, moves from clerical to artistic poetry.
Constructivist basis of project model in teaching science
Authors: Ristanović Dušan
Published: May 2016

In this paper are explained the theoretical methodological basis of project model in science teaching, in the light of constructivist understanding of learning processed teaching. Author, by using the method of theoretic analysis and modeling, brought up the interpretation of the key characteristics of this model, based on a constructivist approach: active student's involving - providing surrounding and situations I which students will actively create their knowledge, applying knowledge - complexed process which includes using and developing existing knowledge, using different sources of knowing, projecting and concluding the researches, applying knowledge in new situations, reflection and improving theirs own environment, different forms for presenting the results, learning community - social context of learning as co-construction of knowledge and authentic tasks - problem based questions which are relevant to students and are connected to life outside the school. In this paper is concluded that respecting of constructivist standpoint presents essential condition for adequate implementation of project model in teaching science. Disrespecting of this condition may lead to routine organization and realization, similar to traditional teaching model.
Knowledge as a socio-economic category
Authors: Kulić Radivoje
Published: May 2016

As a socio-economic category, knowledge presupposes an analysis from the perspective of different scientific fields and disciplines. The applicable methods and procedures, as well as the terminology which results in the continuous development of the content and depth of knowledge, are specific. In line with this development is the diversity of classifications of knowledge that is increasingly expressed not only in its socio-psychological and pedagogical, but also economical aspects and essence. This, precisely, means that as the presuppositions for comprehensive technological civilizational trends and changes, knowledge is not only a social, but also an economic resource that defines the competitiveness and the overall progress of countries and their national economies.
Socio-psychological aspects of grassroots participation in the Transition Movement: An Italian case study
Authors: Biddau Fulvio , Armenti Alessandra , Cottone Paolo
Published: May 2016

In this article, we present a case study investigating the socio-psychological aspects of grassroots participation in a Transition Town Movement (TTM) community initiative. We analyzed the first Italian Transition initiative: Monteveglio (Bologna), the central hub of the Italian TTM and a key link with the global Transition Network. A qualitative methodology was used to collect and analyze the data consisting of interviews with key informants and ethnographic notes. The results provide further evidence supporting the role of social representations, shared social identities, and collective efficacy beliefs in promoting, sustaining, and shaping activists’ commitment. The movement seems to have great potential to inspire and engage citizens to tackle climate change at a community level. Grassroots engagement of local communities working together provides the vision and the material starting point for a viable pathway for the changes required. Attempting to ensure their future political relevance, the TTM adherents are striving to disseminate and materially consolidate inherently political and prefigurative movement frames – primarily community resilience and re-localization – within community socio-economic and political frameworks. However, cooperation with politics is perceived by most adherents as a frustrating and dissatisfying experience, and an attempted co-optation of the Transition initiative by institutions. It highlights a tension between the open and non-confrontational approach of the movement towards institutions and their practical experience. Corresponding to this tension, activists have to cope with conflicts, contradictions, and ambivalence of social representations about community action for sustainability, which threaten the sense of collective purpose, group cohesion and ultimately its survival.
Rethinking prefigurative politics: Introduction to the special thematic section
Authors: Cornish Flora , Haaken Jan , Moskovitz Liora , Jackson Sharon
Published: May 2016

This special thematic section responds to the 21st century proliferation of social movements characterised by the slogans ‘another world is possible’ and ‘be the change you want to see’. It explores prefigurative politics as a means of instantiating radical social change in a context of widening global inequalities, climate change, and the crises and recoveries of neoliberal global capitalism. ‘Prefigurative politics’ refers to a range of social experiments that both critique the status quo and offer alternatives by implementing radically democratic practices in pursuit of social justice. This collection of articles makes the case for psychologists to engage with prefigurative politics as sites of psychological and social change, in the dual interests of understanding the world and changing it. The articles bridge psychology and politics in three different ways. One group of articles brings a psychological lens to political phenomena, arguing that attention to the emotional, relational and intergroup dynamics of prefigurative politics is required to understand their trajectories, challenges, and impacts. A second group focuses a political lens on social settings traditionally framed as psychological sites of well-being, enabling an understanding of their political nature. The third group addresses the ‘border tensions’ of the psychological and the political, contextualising and historicising the instantiation of prefigurative ideals and addressing tensions that arise between utopian ideals and various internal and external constraints. This introduction to the special section explores the concept and contemporary debates concerning prefigurative politics, outlines the rationale for a psychological engagement with this phenomenon, and presents the articles in the special thematic section. The general, prefigurative, aim is to advance psychology’s contribution to rethinking and remaking the world as it could be, not only documenting the world as it is.
Smoking cessation interventions in nurses and other health care workers
Authors: La Torre Giuseppe , Saulle Rosella , Di Nardo Francesco , Germani Tiziana
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Tobacco smoking can be considered an old and a new challenge for public health. The aim of this review was to analyse different smoking cessation interventions aiming at health care workers.Methods: A literature search of electronic journal databases for studies on smoking cessation interventions among health care workers was performed according to PRISMA criteria, using the MEDLINE and Scopus databases.Results: Smoking restriction policies shouldn’t be considered as actual interventions, being ineffective, unpopular and reducing willingness to quit smoking in many subjects. Even though pharmacological therapies based on bupropion SR and transdermal nicotine patches grant significant results on the short-term (weeks and months), smoking recurrence rates are high and individualised interventions should be preferred or integrated since they seem to grant better results on the longterm (years).Conclusions: There is evidence that smoking cessation interventions among health care workers can be effective. This is of particular interest both for reducing tobacco smoking prevalence among this type of workers and for helping them to be useful model for the general population.
SEGMENTACIJA I IZBOR CILJNOG TRŽIŠTA KAO OSNOVI STICANJA KONKURENTSKE PREDNOSTI Doc. dr
Authors: Župljanin Slobodan S.
Published: May 2016

Iako u nekim kompanijama egzistiraju ideje da mogu „prigrabiti“sve kupce za sebe, danas praktično na tržištu ne postoji kompanija koja možezadovoljiti želje, potrebe i očekivanja svih kupaca na jednom određenom tržištu.Brojne kompanije ostaju neuspješne u pokušajima da konkurišu nadmoćnimkonkurentima. Umjesto toga trebale bi se okrenuti pronalaženju onih dijelova tržišta –tržišnih segmenata, na kojima bi mogle bolje od drugih zadovoljiti potrošače.U radu se pokušavaju objasniti mogućnosti racionalizacije markerting napora,u smislu da kompanije svoje napore usmjeravaju prema potrošačima čija očekivanjamogu uspješno riješiti kroz kvalitetnu segmentaciju i pravi izbor ciljnog tržišta.
Development of three-dimensional printing system for magnetic elastomer with control of magnetic anisotropy in the structure
Authors: Tsumori Fujio , Kawanishi Hidenori , Kudo Kentaro , Osada Toshiko , Miura Hideshi
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we report on a new system of three-dimensional (3D) printing for a magnetic elastomer that contains magnetic particles. Not only can we fabricate a three-dimensional structure, but we can also control the magnetically anisotropic property of each position in the structure using the present technique. Our new system employed photocurable poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as the base material so that a method similar to a conventional 3D printing process with photolithography can be used. A magnetic powder was mixed with photocurable PDMS, and particle chain clusters were obtained by applying a magnetic field during the curing process. These chain clusters provide an anisotropic property in each part of the printed structure. We show some results of preliminary experiments and 3D printed samples in this paper. If the fabricated structure was placed under an applied magnetic field, each chain cluster will cause the rotational moment to be along the magnetic flux line, which can deform a soft matrix body. This deformation can be used as a magnetic actuator for the structure. Variable deformable structures could be developed using the present method.
Application of patterned Ag-nanowire networks to transparent thin-film heaters and electrodes for organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Kim Seung-Rok , Triambulo Ross E. , Kim Jin-Hoon , Park Jaeyoon , Jeong Unyong , Park Jin-Woo
Published: May 2016

We present patterned Ag-nanowire (AgNW) networks for their application to transparent electrodes in flexible devices. Using capillary-force-based soft lithography (CFL), we formed 25- to 30-µm-wide line patterns of AgNWs on flexible polymer substrates. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and transparent thin-film heaters (TFHs) were successfully fabricated on the patterned substrates, which verified the potential of AgNW patterns formed by CFL as interconnects in flexible devices.
Oxalate formation under the hyperarid conditions of the Atacama desert as a mineral marker to provide clues to the source of organic carbon on Mars
Authors: Cheng Z. Y. , Fernández‐Remolar D. C. , Izawa M. R. M. , Applin D. M. , Chong Díaz M. , Fernandez‐Sampedro M. T. , García‐Villadangos M. , Huang T. , Xiao L. , Parro V.
Published: May 2016

In this study, we report the detection and characterization of the organic minerals weddellite (CaC2O4 · 2H2O) and whewellite (CaC2O4 · H2O) in the hyperarid, Mars‐like conditions of the Salar Grande, Atacama desert, Chile. Weddellite and whewellite are commonly of biological origin on Earth and have great potential for preserving records of carbon geochemistry and possible biological activity on Mars if they are present there. Weddellite and whewellite have been found as secondary minerals occurring inside the lower detrital unit that fills the Salar Grande basin. The extremely low solubility of most oxalate minerals inhibits detection of oxalate by ion chromatography (IC). Crystalline oxalates, including weddellite and whewellite, were detected by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The association of weddellite with surface biota and its presence among subsurface detrital materials suggest the potential of a biological origin for Salar Grande weddellite and whewellite. In this regard, biological activity is uniquely capable of concentrating oxalates at levels detectable by XRD. The complementary detection of oxalate‐bearing phases through IC in the upper halite‐rich unit suggests the presence of a soluble oxalate phase in the basin that is not detected by XRD. The formation, transport, and concentration of oxalate in the Salar Grande may provide a geochemical analogue for oxalate‐bearing minerals recently suggested to exist on Mars.
Role of mitochondrial processing peptidase and AAA proteases in processing of the yeast acetohydroxyacid synthase precursor
Authors: Dasari Suvarna , Kölling Ralf
Published: May 2016

We studied presequence processing of the mitochondrial‐matrix targeted acetohydroxyacid synthase (Ilv2). C‐terminal 3HA‐tagging altered the cleavage pattern from a single step to sequential two‐step cleavage, giving rise to two Ilv2‐3HA forms (A and B). Both cleavage events were dependent on the mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP). We present evidence for the involvement of three AAA ATPases, m‐ and i‐AAA proteases, and Mcx1, in Ilv2‐3HA processing. Both, precursor to A‐form and A‐form to B‐form cleavage were strongly affected in a ∆yme1 mutant. These defects could be suppressed by overexpression of MPP, suggesting that MPP activity is limiting in the ∆yme1 mutant. Our data suggest that for some substrates AAA ATPases could play an active role in the translocation of matrix‐targeted proteins.
The Formation and Morphology of Nanoparticle Supracrystals
Authors: Haubold Danny , Reichhelm Annett , Weiz Alexander , Borchardt Lars , Ziegler Christoph , Bahrig Lydia , Kaskel Stefan , Ruck Michael , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: May 2016

Supracrystals are highly symmetrical ordered superstructures built up from nanoparticles (NPs) via self‐assembly. While the NP assembly has been intensively investigated, the formation mechanism is still not understood. To shed some light onto the formation mechanism, one of the most common supracrystal morphologies, the trigonal structures, as a model system is being used to investigate the formation process in solution. To explain the formation of the trigonal structures and determining the size of the supracrystal seeds formed in solution, the concept of substrate‐affected growth is introduced. Furthermore, the influence of the NP concentration on the seed size is shown and our investigations from Ag toward Au are extended.
Design of Strain‐Limiting Substrate Materials for Stretchable and Flexible Electronics
Authors: Ma Yinji , Jang Kyung‐In , Wang Liang , Jung Han Na , Kwak Jean Won , Xue Yeguang , Chen Hang , Yang Yiyuan , Shi Dawei , Feng Xue , Rogers John A. , Huang Yonggang
Published: May 2016

Recently developed classes of electronics for biomedical applications exploit substrates that offer low elastic modulus and high stretchability, to allow intimate, mechanically biocompatible integration with soft biological tissues. A challenge is that such substrates do not generally offer protection of the electronics from high peak strains that can occur upon large‐scale deformation, thereby creating a potential for device failure. The results presented here establish a simple route to compliant substrates with strain‐limiting mechanics based on approaches that complement those of recently described alternatives. Here, a thin film or mesh of a high modulus material transferred onto a prestrained compliant substrate transforms into wrinkled geometry upon release of the prestrain. The structure formed by this process offers a low elastic modulus at small strain due to the small effective stiffness of the wrinkled film or mesh; it has a high tangent modulus (e.g., >1000 times the elastic modulus) at large strain, as the wrinkles disappear and the film/mesh returns to a flat geometry. This bilinear stress–strain behavior has an extremely sharp transition point, defined by the magnitude of the prestrain. A theoretical model yields analytical expressions for the elastic and tangent moduli and the transition strain of the bilinear stress–strain relation, with quantitative correspondence to finite element analysis and experiments.
Photoresponsive Fiber Array: Toward Mimicking the Collective Motion of Cilia for Transport Applications
Authors: Gelebart Anne Helene , Mc Bride Matthew , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Bowman Christopher N. , Broer Dirk J.
Published: May 2016

Remote transport of material is an utmost useful, but challenging, property expanding the design possibilities of many applications such as microfluidics or robotics where species can be carried without interfering with its environment. Nature has solved the problem of transport in e.g., the respiratory system by a concerted motion of cilia. This study addresses a new method to fabricate an array of small parallel fibers acting as cilia placed side by side on a substrate. The fibers consist of a crosslinked liquid crystal main chain polymer functionalized with coreactant azobenzene molecules. The fibers bend toward a light source in a concerted manner. When placed in a liquid, the cooperative bending motion of the fibers creates a flow able to efficiently carry objects. The proposed fabrication process of the fibers is scalable to large area and requires an optimized rheology which is achieved by converting low molecular weight reactive liquid crystal acrylate monomers to oligomers using a multiplication of the monomeric units by the Michael addition reaction with dithiol. The oligomer properties and the elasticity of the fibers are adjusted by changing the thiol spacer leading to optimized manufacturing and maximized optical response.
Capacitance Enhancement in a Semiconductor Nanostructure‐Based Supercapacitor by Solar Light and a Self‐Powered Supercapacitor–Photodetector System
Authors: Zhu Minshen , Huang Yang , Huang Yan , Pei Zengxia , Xue Qi , Li Hongfei , Geng Huiyuan , Zhi Chunyi
Published: May 2016

The effects of the environment on the energy storage of supercapacitors as well as the underlying mechanisms have long been neglected. This paper reports that the capacitance of hexagonal‐phase tungsten oxide (h‐WO3)‐based supercapacitors increases by ≈17% under solar light. Thorough analyses of the wavelength dependence of the enhancement, capacitive mechanism, energy storage dynamics, and impedance reveal that: i) photoexcited electrons are responsible for the enhancement; ii) the insertion of protons into the large hexagonal tunnels of h‐WO3, instead of a surface capacitive process, is greatly facilitated by the photoexcited electrons; iii) the theoretical light‐induced capacitance enhancement can reach up to 38% for a h‐WO3‐based supercapacitor. Moreover, as an application of this finding, a self‐powered photodetector based on a h‐WO3 supercapacitor is fabricated, wherein the photoexcited electrons serve as the signal for detecting solar light. The device works without an external power source and can be considered as an ultimately integrated power source–sensor system. This work sheds light on the interaction between solar light and a semiconductor‐based supercapacitor as well as the concrete mechanisms behind the phenomenon. These efforts also open the door to the design of highly integrated, brand‐new power source–sensor systems.
High Hole Mobility in Long‐Range Ordered 2D Lead Sulfide Nanocrystal Monolayer Films
Authors: Zhao Man , Yang Fangxu , Liang Chao , Wang Dawei , Ding Defang , Lv Jiawei , Zhang Jianqi , Hu Wenping , Lu Chenguang , Tang Zhiyong
Published: May 2016

Coupling between colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) with long‐range order is critical for designing advanced nanostructures with controlled energy flow and charge carrier transport. Herein, under the premise of keeping long‐range order in 2D NC monolayer, its native organic ligands are exchanged with halogen ions in situ at the liquid–air interface to enhance the coupling between NCs. Further treatments on the films with dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, or their mixture effectively improve carrier mobility of the devices. The devices show repeatable enhanced p‐type transport behavior with hole mobility of up to 0.224 ± 0.069 cm2 V−1 s−1, the highest value reported for lead sulfide NC solids without annealing treatment. Thanks to accurate control over the surface of NCs as well as the structure of NC film, the ordered NC monolayer film of high hole mobility suggests great potentials for making reliable high performance devices.
Synthetic Two‐Dimensional Materials: A New Paradigm of Membranes for Ultimate Separation
Authors: Zheng Zhikun , Grünker Ronny , Feng Xinliang
Published: May 2016

Microporous membranes act as selective barriers and play an important role in industrial gas separation and water purification. The permeability of such membranes is inversely proportional to their thickness. Synthetic two‐dimensional materials (2DMs), with a thickness of one to a few atoms or monomer units are ideal candidates for developing separation membranes. Here, groundbreaking advances in the design, synthesis, processing, and application of 2DMs for gas and ion separations, as well as water desalination are presented. This report describes the syntheses, structures, and mechanical properties of 2DMs. The established methods for processing 2DMs into selective permeation membranes are also discussed and the separation mechanism and their performances addressed. Current challenges and emerging research directions, which need to be addressed for developing next‐generation separation membranes, are summarized.
Total Synthesis of Marine Natural Products: Cephalosporolides
Authors: Halle Mahesh B. , Fernandes Rodney A.
Published: May 2016

Marine‐derived species, in particular, fungi, algae, sponges, and coelenterates are fertile grounds for the discovery of biologically and pharmacologically potent compounds. These molecules are structurally unique and possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. The rigid spiroacetal framework, that is, tetrahydro‐spirofurofuranones is present in cephalosporolides E, F, H, and I, while the macrolactone structure is exemplified by cephalosporolides B, C, D, G, and J. These marine‐derived molecular architectures are appealing to the synthetic community for their stereoselective synthesis. The present review represents a comprehensive overview of all the reported syntheses of these marine‐derived molecules.
Prognostic values of blood pH and lactate levels in patients resuscitated from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Momiyama Yukihiko , Yamada Wataru , Miyata Koutaro , Miura Koutarou , Fukuda Tadashi , Fuse Jun , Kikuno Takaaki
Published: May 2016

Aim

Early prediction of prognosis after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains difficult. High blood lactate or low pH levels may be associated with poor prognosis in OHCA patients, but these associations remain controversial. We compared blood lactate and pH levels in OHCA patients transferred to our hospital to measure their prognostic performance.

Methods

We investigated the associations between blood lactate and pH levels on admission and neurological outcomes in 372 OHCA patients who had a return of spontaneous circulation.

Results

Of the 372 OHCA patients, 31 had a favorable neurological outcome. Blood lactate levels were lower in patients with a favorable outcome than in those with an unfavorable outcome, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (82 ± 49 vs. 96 ± 41 mg/dL). However, pH levels were significantly higher in patients with a favorable outcome than in those with an unfavorable outcome (7.26 ± 0.16 vs. 6.93 ± 0.19, P < 0.001). The relative cumulative frequency distribution curve analysis showed the optimal cut‐off points of lactate and pH to be approximately 80 mg/dL and 7.05, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity to predict a favorable outcome were 61% and 64% for lactate <80 mg/dL and 84% and 80% for pH >7.05, respectively. Areas under receiver–operating characteristic curves were significantly larger for pH than for lactate levels (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, pH >7.05 was an independent predictor for a favorable outcome.

Conclusion

After OHCA, patients with a favorable outcome had lower lactate and higher pH levels than those with an unfavorable outcome, but pH level was a much better predictor for neurological outcome than lactate levels.
The conjugated plane formed in polyacrylonitrile during thermal stabilization
Authors: Lei Shuai , Cao Weiyu , Fu Zeyu , Xu Lianghua
Published: May 2016

The formation process and mechanism of the pseudo‐graphite sheets of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) during thermal treatment in inert atmosphere were investigated by thermo‐gravimetry (TG) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). According to the results, the conjugated plane originally formed during stabilization was proposed as the basic planar structure of the pseudo‐graphite sheets, and it was connected and stacked to form pseudo‐graphite microcrystal through chain scission reaction and non‐carbon atoms elimination reaction in 280–450 °C and 800–1300 °C respectively. The in situ measurements for time dependence of ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were applied to study the conjugated plane of PAN during isothermal stabilization. It was found that with the higher temperature the conjugated plane forms more rapidly, and it has higher conjugated extent with the extending of heating time. The FTIR data showed that both cyclization and dehydrogenation are beneficial to the evolution of conjugated plane in the first 3 h, but only cyclization continues after 3 h at 250 °C. Further investigation indicated that stabilized PAN with large quantity and high conjugated extent of the conjugated plane would contribute to get large size of pseudo‐graphite microcrystal after carbonization, which is consistent with the former assumption. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43890.
Enhanced nonisothermal and isothermal cold crystallization kinetics of biodegradable poly(l‐lactide) by trisilanolisobutyl‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in their nanocomposites
Authors: Tang Lu , Qiu Zhaobin
Published: May 2016

In this work, the nonisothermal and isothermal cold crystallization behaviors of poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA)/trisilanolisobutyl‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (tsib‐POSS) nanocomposites with low tsib‐POSS contents were fully investigated. For all the samples, the variations of heating rate and the tsib‐POSS loading may influence the nonisothermal cold crystallization of PLLA. During the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics study, the Ozawa equation failed to fit the nonisothermal crystallization process of PLLA, while the Tobin equation could fit it well. For the isothermal crystallization kinetics study, the crystallization rates of all the samples increased with increasing crystallization temperature. The cold crystallization activation energy of PLLA was increased with 1 wt % tsib‐POSS. Moreover, the addition of tsib‐POSS and the increment of tsib‐POSS loading could increase the crystallization rate of PLLA, indicating the nucleating agent effect of tsib‐POSS. However, the crystallization mechanism and crystal structure of PLLA remained unchanged in the nanocomposites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43896.
Regulating the student body/ies: University policies and student parents
Authors: Moreau Marie‐Pierre
Published: May 2016

Despite a cultural positioning of care at the margins of academia, student parents now represent a significant proportion of the higher education population in England and in other Western countries. Research shows that, beyond the diversity of their experiences, time, childcare, financial, and well‐being related issues prevail among them. However, extant research concentrates mostly on the experiential level – often alluding to policies, yet rarely focusing on their role in compounding or easing the issues experienced by this group. Using the lens of sociological and feminist theories and drawing on data collected in ten English higher education institutions, this paper addresses this dearth of research. It does argue that, through policies that overall tend to be geared towards childfree students, universities contribute to the marginalisation of student parents within higher education. However, despite the prevalence of such policies, attempts to redefine the student body/ies in more inclusive ways are also identified, suggesting a partial transformation of academic cultures. Through its identification and discussion of various institutional policy approaches to student parents, this paper attempts to further the development of a sociology linking areas of society and of people's lives (in this case, care and academia) which have historically been constructed as separate, and to understand how institutional policies reproduce or challenge this binary.
A test for equality of means of two correlated normal variates with missing data on both responses
Authors: Hamdan M. A. , Khuri A. I. , Crews S. L.
Published: May 2016

We propose a test for the equality of means of two correlated normal variates based on a sample with missing values on both variates. We assume an unknown common variance σ2 and an unknown correlation coefficient ϱ. Our test statistic, U, is a generalization of the paired t‐statistic and of Morrison's (1973) statistic for the case of missing values on one variate only. A simulation study is conducted to determine approximate percentage points of U for selected sample sizes and ϱ = =0.25, 0.50, 0.75.
Hyperosmotic stimulus study discloses benefits in ATP supply and reveals miRNA/mRNA targets to improve recombinant protein production of CHO cells
Authors: Pfizenmaier Jennifer , Junghans Lisa , Teleki Attila , Takors Ralf
Published: May 2016

Biopharmaceuticals are predominantly produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells cultivated in fed‐batch mode. Hyperosmotic culture conditions (≥ 350 mOsmol kg∑1) resulting from feeding of nutrients may enhance specific product formation rates (qp). As an improved ATP supply was anticipated to enhance qp this study focused on the identification of suitable miRNA/mRNA targets to increase ATP levels. Therefor next generation sequencing and a compartment specific metabolomics approach were applied to analyze the response of an antibody (mAB) producing CHO cell line upon osmotic shift (280 → 430 mOsmol kg‐1). Hyperosmotic culture conditions caused a ∼2.6‐fold increase of specific ATP formation rates together with a ∼1.7‐fold rise in cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP‐pools, thus showing increased ATP supply. mRNA expression analysis identified several genes encoding glycosylated proteins with strictly tissue related function. In addition, hyperosmotic culture conditions induced an upregulation of miR‐132‐3p, miR‐132‐5p, miR‐182, miR‐183, miR‐194, miR‐215‐3p, miR‐215‐5p which have all been related to cell cycle arrest/proliferation in cancer studies. In relation to a previous independent CHO study miR‐183 may be the most promising target to enhance qp by stable overexpression. Furthermore, deletion of genes with presumably dispensable function in suspension growing CHO cells may enhance mAB formation by increased ATP levels.
In vitro analysis of essential binding sites on the promoter of the Serratia marcescens spn operon with the quorum‐sensing receptor SpnR
Authors: Takayama Yuriko , Kato Norihiro
Published: May 2016

The N‐acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) receptor SpnR is a LuxR family protein that acts as a negative regulator of AHL‐dependent quorum sensing (QS). SpnR binds to DNA in Serratia marcescens AS‐1 via the spn box; however, the binding affinity of SpnR with the nucleotides on the spn box has not yet been investigated. In this study, we used an spn‐box‐modified sensor electrode, and quartz crystal microbalance analysis demonstrated a drastic reduction of the uptake of SpnR. The nucleotides G5 and C16 at the AHL‐receptor complex‐binding site are conserved in Gram‐negative bacteria, including the lux box in Vibrio fischeri, the tra box in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the spn box in S. marcescens. Indeed, the affinity of SpnR to DNA was reduced to 8% by G5C substitution of the spn box. The affinity of SpnR tagged with maltose‐binding protein to the immobilized gene promoter was reduced in the order of C16G and G5C substitutions, which corresponded with previous reports on the lux box. These results suggest that formation of hydrogen bonds at amino acid residues containing guanine at position 5 on a lux‐box‐like promoter universally contributes to the stability of the receptor complex, whose interaction initiates a sequential QS process in the LuxR family. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2513–2517. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.