bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
Authors: Nash Marian
Published: April 2006

On January 19, 1993, President George Bush transmitted to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Argentine Republic Concerning the Reciprocal Encouragement and Protection of Investment, with Protocol, signed at Washington on November 14, 1991, and an amendment to the Protocol effected by exchange of notes at Buenos Aires on August 24 and November 6, 1992.
The Protection of Human Rights Through the Dayton/Paris Peace Agreement on Bosnia
Authors: Szasz Paul C.
Published: April 2006

The Bosnia Proximity Peace Talks at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, took place from November 1 to 21, 1995, and ended with the initialing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (GFA) and several of the annexed or related instruments by representatives of the principal states parties to the conflict in Bosnia: the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The initialing was witnessed by representatives of the European Union and the five states members of the Contact Group on Bosnia. In addition, all of the twelve instruments annexed to the GFA were also initialed or otherwise endorsed on behalf of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. The GFA and these instruments were formally signed in Paris on December 14, and thereby immediately entered into force.
The New Russian Constitution and International Law
Authors: Danilenko Gennady M.
Published: April 2006

The new Russian Constitution, which was approved by a popular referendum on December 12, 1993, entered into force on December 25, 1993. From a broad political perspective, the 1993 Constitution signifies a complete departure from the Communist dictatorship and a passage to democratic government. As a new basic law for a “democratic federal legal state,” the Constitution became an important step toward the establishment of a Rechtsstaat in Russia.
Extradition statute—constitutional law—separation of powers—injunction against U.S. Government— class action: Lobue v. Christopher. 893 F.Supp. 65.
Authors: Bello Judith Hippler , Semmelman Jacques
Published: April 2006

U.S. District Court, D.C., August 31, 1995; modified September 15, 1995.

This action involved a constitutional challenge to the 147-year-old extradition statute, 18 U.S.C. §3184, on die ground that it violates the separation of powers. Plaintiffs were two individuals who had been found extraditable to Canada, pursuant to the extradition treaty between die United States and Canada, by a U.S. magistrate judge in the Northern District of Illinois. They brought an action in the District of Columbia against the Secretary of State, the Department of State, and the United States for a judgment declaring the extradition statute unconstitutional, and an injunction against their extradition. Plaintiffs also sought certification of a class consisting of persons who are or will be under threat of extradition from the United States pursuant to the statute, and an injunction against any such extradition. The court held (per Lamberth, J.) that (1) the extradition statute violates the separation of powers and is therefore unconstitutional; (2) the United States is enjoined from taking any further act toward the surrender of the plaintiffs to Canada; and (3) the proposed class is certified, and the United States is enjoined from surrendering anyone under the statute.
Thoughts on Science, Technology and World Law
Authors: Lachs Manfred
Published: April 2006

During the last two decades, we have frequently heard about a “crisis” in the kingdom of international law. Without engaging in semantics, one can understand the word “crisis” in its normal dictionary meaning as “a turning point in the progress of anything”; more, “a state of affairs in which a decisive change for better or worse is imminent.” However, these connotations are not necessarily present in the minds of those who apply the term to international law. They intend rather to refer to the weakness to which it is condemned, to its subordinate role and fragile existence; even international lawyers may speak of its “ambiguity.” In some instances, they point to the prevalence of a sense that “resort to legal arguments by policy-makers may be detrimental to world order and thereby counterproductive for the state that uses such arguments.” Thus, a picture of gloom is painted and the world almost consigned to lawlessness in international relations.
In Defense of the Supreme Court Decision in Alvarez-Machain
Authors: Halberstam Malvina
Published: April 2006

In United States v. Alvarez-Machain, the Supreme Court sustained the jurisdiction of a U.S. court to try a Mexican national, charged with various counts of conspiracy, kidnaping and the murder of a U.S. drug enforcement agent in Mexico, even though his presence in the United States was the result of abduction rather than extradition pursuant to the Extradition Treaty between the United States and Mexico. The Court did not hold, as widely reported in the media, that the Treaty permits abduction, that abduction is legal, or that the United States had a right to kidnap criminal suspects abroad. On the contrary, the Court acknowledged that the abduction may have been a violation of international law. It stated, “Respondent and his amici may be correct that respondent’s abduction was ’shocking’ and that it may be in violation of general international law principles.”
Central East Asian Maritime Boundaries and the Law of the Sea
Authors: Charney Jonathan I.
Published: April 2006

One of the most difficult areas for maritime boundary delimitation is the seas adjacent to Central East Asia. This area, which encompasses the South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Sea of Japan, and the Yellow Sea, is surrounded by the People’s Republic of China, Taiwan (the Republic of China), Japan, North and South Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei and Russia. Only a few of the maritime boundaries in the area have been settled, leaving most open to dispute. (See map 1, p. 726.) Efforts to settle the unresolved boundaries have not moved forward. Much has been written about the boundary disputes in this area, and efforts to resolve them have explored means other than delimitation.
Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
Authors: Nash Marian
Published: April 2006

The material in this section is arranged according to the system employed in the annual Digest of United States Practice in International Law, published by the Department of State.

Alan J. Kreczko, Deputy Legal Adviser of the Department of State, appeared before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on April 8, 1992, to testify in support of various pending treaties, among them four extradition treaties: the Extradition Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, signed at Nassau on March 9, 1990; the Protocol Amending the Treaty on Extradition between the United States of America and Australia, signed on September 4, 1990, at Seoul, Republic of Korea (where the Asia-Pacific Attorneys General Conference was being held); the Supplementary Treaty to the Treaty between the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning Extradition, signed at Washington on October 21, 1986; and the Second Supplementary Treaty on Extradition between the United States and Spain, signed at Madrid on February 9, 1988.
International Agreements: Recent U.S.-UK Practice Concerning the Memorandum of Understanding
Authors: McNeill John H.
Published: April 2006

The memorandum of understanding (MOU) is a well-accepted type of legal instrument in international law and practice. Indeed, it was recognized as such by the British expert Lord McNair, who, in his classic work on the law of treaties, identified the MOU as “an informal but nevertheless legal agreement” between two or more parties.
Branch geometry in Cornus kousa (Cornaceae): computer simulations
Authors: Honda Hisao , Hatta Hiroaki , Fisher Jack B.
Published: April 2006

Computer simulations similar to actual trees were constructed using simple branching rules. Branch orientation with respect to the direction of gravity was a fundamental consideration. In Cornus kousa BUERG. ex HANCE, several types of branches develop from winter buds, varying from orthotropic shoots to plagiotropic ones. Based on actual observations and measurements of branching structures with a wide range of orientations, we made a flexible geometrical model consisting of five forking branches that varied in outgrowth depending on the direction of the shoot with respect to gravity. Repetition of the branching by computer generated a realistic tree pattern, which was close to the shape of a young C. kousa tree. Reproductive shoots seem to be under a branching rule that was a modification of vegetative branching, although the reproductive branch size was considerably smaller than the vegetative one, and reproductive branching was bifurcated instead of five‐forked. We conclude that all branchings in orthotropic and plagiotropic shoots in the vegetative phase and shoots in the reproductive phase are formed under the same branching rule, but each has different parameter values.
The embryology and systematic relationships of Prionium serratum (Juncaceae: Juncales)
Authors: Munro Sioban L. , Linder H. Peter
Published: April 2006

Although Prionium is included in Juncaceae, rbcL sequence data indicate that Juncaceae is paraphyletic, with most genera closer to Cyperaceae than to Prionium. Cyperaceae and Juncales have embryological synapomorphies: thus embryology is used to test the monophyly of Juncaceae. The embryology of Prionium is described and its systematic position discussed. Material was prepared using standard methods of paraffin embedding. Additional embryological data were extracted from the literature. The anther in Prionium is tetrasporangiate, and the wall has an epidermis, an endothecium and middle layer, and an irregularly bilayered, glandular secretory tapetum. Microsporogenesis is probably simultaneous; pollen is ulcerate with a granular exine, in tetrahedral and cross tetrads, and trinucleate at release. The trilocular ovary contains many crassinucellate ovules probably having a Polygonum‐type embryo sac. Endosperm is helobial and the embryo is of the Onagrad type, Juncus variation. The seed is testal‐tegmic and germination is epigeal. The embryology of Prionium is most like that of Juncaceae, which shares several synapomorphies with Cyperaceae. Some of the characters in Cyperaceae may be interpreted as specialized forms of those found in Juncaceae. Embryology supports the monophyly of Cyperaceae and Juncales, but not Juncaceae; thus the position of Prionium remains unresolved.
The mating system of an hydrophilous angiosperm posidonia australis (Posidoniaceae)
Authors: Waycott Michelle , Sampson Jane F.
Published: April 2006

The hydrophilous seagrass Posidonia australis has a wide range of multilocus outcrossing rates (t), which vary from 0 to 0.89, with “apparent” outcrossing rates varying from 0 to 0.42 among the seven populations sampled. This pattern of outcrossing rate indicates that water pollination (hydrophily) is less uniform than wind pollination and more similar to animal pollination in its variability. Variation in levels of outcrossing between populations may be due to differences in water movement; for example, open bays have greater pollen dispersal and higher outcrossing rates. Considerable pollen movement within meadows was inferred from a high frequency of nonmaternal alleles in the pollen pool. The distribution of genetic diversity among populations (GST = 0.229) suggests moderate gene flow on the local scale. These results demonstrate that successful submarine cross‐pollination occurs in the hydrophile P. australis, which has a diverse mating system with populations that range from predominantly inbred to predominantly outcrossed.
Examination of subfamilial phylogeny in Bromeliaceae using comparative sequencing of the plastid locus ndhF
Authors: Terry Randall G. , Brown Gregory K. , Olmstead Richard G.
Published: April 2006

Parsimony analysis of 31 sequences of the chloroplast locus ndhF was used to address questions of subfamilial phylogeny in Bromeliaceae. Results presented here are congruent with those from chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis in recognizing a clade containing Bromelioideae and Pitcairnioideae, and in resolving Tillandsioideae near the base of the family. Placements of several taxonomically difficult genera (e.g., Glomeropitcairnia and Navia) corroborate those of traditional treatments; however, these data suggest that Brocchinia (Pitcairnioideae) is the sister group to the remainder of Bromeliaceae. Further evidence for the paraphyly of Pitcairnioideae includes the resolution of Puya as the sister group to Bromelioideae. Implications for taxonomic realignment at the subfamily level are considered.
Clonal structure and patterns of allozyme Diversity in the Rare Endemic Cycladenia Humilis Var. Jonesii (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Sipes Sedonia D. , Wolf Paul G.
Published: April 2006

The rare endemic Cycladenia humilis var. jonesii (Jones cycladenia) has low levels of sexual reproduction. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to explore possible causes of low seed set and high fruit abortion by assessing the clonal structure and genetic diversity in populations. The seven populations studied were composed of multiple, highly interdigitated clones; thus low fruit set is not likely to be due to a scarcity of mates. Genotype frequencies did not differ significantly from Hardy‐Weinberg proportions, suggesting that populations are not highly inbred. Jones cycladenia exhibited high levels of genetic diversity at both the population level (A = 1.7; P = 37; He = 0.14) and the taxon level (A = 2.7; P = 60) in comparison to other plants. These data suggest that genetic drift is unlikely to have left this taxon genetically depauperate. Furthermore, we detected little divergence among geographically disjunct populations of Jones cycladenia (FST = 0.10). In comparison, Jones cycladenia populations were highly differentiated from a population of the taxon's close relative, C. h. var. humilis (mean genetic identity = 0.76). Our study suggests that other reasons for low fruit set in Jones cycladenia, such as resource or pollinator limitation, or genetic load, should be explored in future research.
Variation in pollinator abundance and selection on fragrance phenotypes in an epiphytic orchid
Authors: Ackerman James D. , Meléndez‐Ackerman Elvia J. , Salguero‐Faria José
Published: April 2006

Extraordinary floral variation is common among some orchids that employ deception to attract pollinators. This variation may be maintained by frequency‐dependent selection where rare phenotypes are preferred. Over a 2‐yr period, 1993–1994, we monitored the reproductive success of Tolumnia variegata, an obligately outcrossing epiphytic orchid, at three localities in Puerto Rico that differed in pollinator service. Plants varied in floral morphology and fragrance characteristics. Artificial arrays of varying frequencies of scentless and fragrant phenotypes were established to test for frequency‐dependent selection. Where pollinators were rare (Cambalache, range of census average = 0–0.2 bees/h), 0.9–1.2% of the flowers were effectively visited (pollinarium removals and pollinations). At Tortuguero where 0.4–1.1 bees/h were observed, 4–9.2% of the flowers were visited. At Piñones where bees were the most abundant (1.4–5.2bees/h), 20.9–25.0% of the flowers were visited. A significant portion of the variance in all measures of reproductive success (male, female, and combined) was explained by differences among populations, which we attribute mostly to variation in pollinator abundance. Neither the fragrance phenotype nor its frequency had a significant effect on success as revealed by a split‐plot ANOVA. There was a significant interaction between population and phenotypic frequencies in all our measures of reproductive success, but only for the 1994 flowering season. Thus, variation in floral fragrance phenotypes is not likely maintained by frequency‐dependent selection. High levels of variation remain unexplained.
Cryptic self‐incompatibility in tristylous Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae)
Authors: Eckert Christopher G. , Allen Maryl
Published: April 2006

There is growing evidence that many self‐compatible plants control the level of self‐fertilization with postpollination processes that give a siring advantage to cross pollen over self pollen through “cryptic self‐incompatibility” (CSI). Previous marker‐gene experiments with self‐compatible, tristylous Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae) have demonstrated a siring advantage to cross pollen, though the extent to which this advantage results from prezygotic discrimination vs. early acting inbreeding depression is not clear. Here, we provide evidence that prezygotic mechanisms are involved in this siring advantage by comparing pollen tube numbers at various times following cross‐ and self‐pollination conducted in a natural population. In the 24 h following pollination, cross pollen yielded almost twice as many pollen tubes at various positions in the style compared to self pollen. After 36 and 48 h, the difference between pollen types had disappeared, suggesting that the advantage to cross pollen results from differences in the rate of pollen germination and/or tube growth rather than pollen tube attrition. Comparison of tube numbers after legitimate vs. illegitimate cross‐pollination did not reveal any difference, suggesting that D. verticillatus possesses CSI unrelated to heteromorphic self‐ and intramorph‐incompatibility found in other heterostylous members of the Lythraceae. CSI resulting from differential pollen tube growth may minimize geitonogamous selfing when cross pollen is abundant, while maximizing fecundity when cross pollen is scarce due to local clonal spread.
Phylogenetic relationships of Cornaceae and close relatives inferred from matK and rbcL sequences
Authors: Xiang Qiu‐Yun , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S.
Published: April 2006

Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene matK for members of Cornales, a well‐supported monophyletic group comprising Cornaceae and close relatives. The shortest trees resulting from this analysis were highly concordant with those based on previous phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences. Analysis of a combined matK and rbcL sequence data set (a total of 2652 bp [base pairs]) provided greater resolution of relationships and higher internal support for clades compared to the individual data sets. Four major clades (most inclusive monophyletic groups) of Cornales are indicated by both sets of genes: (1) Cornus‐Alangium, (2) nyssoids (Nyssa‐Davidia‐Camptotheca)‐mastixioids (Mastixia, Diplopanax), (3) Curtisia, and (4) Hydrangeaceae‐Loasaceae. The combined evidence indicates that clades 2 and 3 are sisters, with clade 4 sister to the remainder of Cornales. These relationships are also supported by other lines of evidence, including synapomorphies in fruit and pollen morphology and gynoecial vasculature. Comparisons of matK and rbcL sequences based on one of the most parsimonious rbcL‐matK trees indicate that matK has a much higher A‐T content (66.9% in matK vs. 55.8% in rbcL) and a lower transition:transversion ratio (1.23 in matK vs. 2.21 in rbcL). The total number of nucleotide substitutions per site for matK is 2.1 times that of rbcL in Cornales. These findings are similar to recent comparisons of matK and rbcL in other dicots. Variable sites of matK are almost evenly distributed among the three codon positions (1.0:1.0:1.3), whereas variable sites of rbcL are mostly at the third position (1.8:1.0:7.5). Among‐lineages rates of nucleotide substitutions in rbcL are basically homogeneous throughout Cornales, but are more heterogeneous in matK.
Fecundity, phenology, and seed dormancy of F1 wild–crop hybrids in sunflower (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae)
Authors: Snow Allison A. , Moran‐Palma Pedro , Rieseberg Loren H. , Wszelaki Annette , Seiler Gerald J.
Published: April 2006

Crop‐to‐wild hybridization has the potential to introduce beneficial traits into wild populations. Gene flow from genetically engineered crops, in particular, can transfer genes coding for traits such as resistance to herbicides, insect herbivores, disease, and environmental stress into wild plants. Cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) hybridizes spontaneously with wild/weedy populations (also H. annuus), but little is known about the relative fitness of F1 hybrids. In order to assess the ease with which crop‐to‐wild introgression can proceed, we compared characteristics of F1 wild–crop progeny with those of purely wild genotypes. Two nontransgenic, cultivated varieties were crossed with wild plants from three different regions—Texas, Kansas, and North Dakota. Seed burial experiments in the region of origin showed that wild–crop seeds had somewhat higher germination rates (less dormancy) than wild seeds from Kansas and North Dakota, while no differences were seen in seeds from Texas. Progeny from each type of cross were grown in outdoor pots in Ohio and in a weedy field in Kansas to quantify lifetime fecundity and flowering phenology. Flowering periods of hybrid and wild progeny overlapped considerably, especially in plants from North Dakota and Texas, suggesting that these hybrids are very likely to backcross with wild plants. In general, hybrid plants had fewer branches, flower heads, and seeds than wild plants, but in two crosses the fecundity of hybrids was not significantly different from that of purely wild plants. In Ohio, wild–crop hybrids from North Dakota appeared to be resistant to a rust that infected 53 % of the purely wild progeny, indicating a possible benefit of “traditional” crop genes. In summary, our results suggest that F1 wild–crop hybrids had lower fitness than wild genotypes, especially when grown under favorable conditions, but the F1 barrier to the introgression of crop genes is quite permeable.
Potential carbon gain of shingle leaves in juveniles of the vine monstera tenuis (Araceae) in Costa Rica
Authors: Oberbauer Steven F. , Noudali Moustafa
Published: April 2006

The amount of light intercepted by vertically oriented, shingle leaves of juvenile Monstera tenuis vines growing in forest understory was compared to the amount of light the leaves would intercept if they were horizontal. Light levels were monitored using quantum sensors and hemispherical photography. Shingle leaves absorb less light than they would if the leaves were horizontal at the same positions, and the difference increases with height in the forest. Modeling based on measured photosynthetic light responses and light interception suggests that at 1 m height, 75% more carbon could be gained if leaves were horizontal instead of vertical. Because the vertical leaf orientation reduces light interception, other selective factors are likely of greater importance in favoring the evolution of the shingle‐leaved growth form.
Pattern of morphological variation and diversity of Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae) in MÉXICO
Authors: Zizumbo‐Villarreal Daniel , Piñero Daniel
Published: April 2006

The pattern of morphological variation of Cocos nucifera in Mexico was statistically and numerically evaluated. Forty‐one populations were analyzed, using 17 morphological fruit characters. Principal components and cluster analyses indicated four main groups of coconut populations that showed high similarity with four different genotypes recently imported into Mexico from areas that could be the origin of Mexican coconut populations. These four genotypes were evaluated with regard to the lethal yellowing disease in Jamaica and showed a differential susceptibility. Therefore it is possible to speculate upon a difference in susceptibility of the Mexican genotypes. The analysis of correlation between morphological and geographical distances showed a high positive correlation that supports: (1) historical evidence that indicates early introductions of coconut from different regions of the world, (2) that on both coasts of Mexico two different patterns of dispersal were involved: continuous and in jumps. Collectively these results suggest that the impact of the lethal yellowing disease on coconut populations will vary depending on the specific area and the origin of its coconuts.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Aralia sect. Aralia (Araliaceae)
Authors: Wen Jun , Shi Suhua , Jansen Robert K. , Zimmer Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2006

Aralia sect. Aralia (Araliaceae) consists of approximately eight species disjunctly distributed in Asia and North America. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses were conducted using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Aralia racemosa from eastern North America was sister to A. californica from western North America. Aralia cordata from eastern Asia did not form a species‐pair relationship with the eastern North American A. racemosa. The two subspecies of A. racemosa formed a monophyletic group. Biogeographic analyses showed a close area relationship between eastern North America and western North America. The Himalayas were cladistically basal and eastern Asia was placed between the Himalayas and North America. The biogeographic analysis supported the origin of the eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct pattern in Aralia sect. Aralia via the Bering land bridges. Comparisons with results of phylogenetic analyses of other genera suggested that (1) the floristic connection between eastern North America and western North America may be stronger than previously thought; and (2) the biogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere are complex. Furthermore, a lack of correlation between sequence divergence values and phylogenetic positions was observed, suggesting the importance of a phylogenetic framework in biogeographic analyses.
Conservation genetics and taxonomic status of the rare Kentucky lady's slipper: Cypripedium kentuckiense (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Case Martha A. , Mlodozeniec Henry T. , Wallace Lisa E. , Weldy Troy W.
Published: April 2006

Cypripedium kentuckiense is a recently described rare orchid found in Arkansas (predominantly) and in eight other states. Much debate has focused on whether this taxon should be recognized as a distinct species or considered to be an extreme manifestation of the variability present in the widespread taxon Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens. In this study, 12 isozyme loci were analyzed for 14 populations of C. parviflorum var. pubescens and eight populations of C. kentuckiense. These data were used to examine the genetic similarity of these taxa, assess whether isozyme data support the continued recognition of C. kentuckiense as a distinct species, and assess whether a newly discovered disjunct Virginia population of C. kentuckiense is genetically isolated from other C. kentuckiense populations. The isozyme data revealed that the two taxa are very closely related with a high interspecific genetic identity. However, C. kentuckiense populations contain a subset of the variation present in C. parviflorum var. pubescens, and they have expected levels of heterozygosity that are one‐quarter that of C. parviflorum var. pubescens populations. Cypripedium kentuckiense also possesses one widespread unique allele and a unique multilocus genotype. These data suggest that C. kentuckiense should be recognized as a distinct species, possibly of recent origin from C. parviflorum. Lastly, the isozyme data support the hypothesis that gene flow between the Virginia population and other populations of C. kentuckiense has been restricted.
Seed dispersal characteristics of Brassavola nodosa (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Murren Courtney J. , Ellison Aaron M.
Published: April 2006

We used mathematical models for wind‐dispersed seeds and wind‐tunnel experiments to predict modal seed dispersal distance of the Neotropical orchid Brassavola nodosa under conditions approximating those found in its natural habitat: mangrove islands in Belize, Central America. Key variables in a simple ballistic model for predicting modal dispersal distance (xm) of an individual seed include: height of release (h); free‐stream velocity (Uc); and terminal velocity of the seed (Ut): xm = hUc/Ut. Modal dispersal distance of dust‐like orchid seeds were predicted adequately by this ballistic model at low wind velocities and low release heights, but it underestimated the increasing importance of turbulence at higher wind velocities and greater release heights. We estimated the magnitude and relative importance of one measure of turbulence, vertical mixing velocity (W*), on xm in wind tunnel experiments. Our estimates of W* were within the same order of magnitude as those found for other small dust‐like seeds and pollen. In high turbulence conditions, incorporation of vertical mixing velocity effects into the ballistic model of seed dispersal overestimated modal seed dispersal distances.
Influence of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on selected soil properties
Authors:   Inderjit
Published: April 2006

Allelopathic interference may operate simultaneously, sequentially, and/or in combination with other mechanisms of interference such as nutrient interference. It is hypothesized that under field conditions, allelopathic plants may cause changes in chemical characteristics of soils in addition to qualitative and quantitative changes in the allelochemical status of soil infested with the allelopathic plant. To test this hypothesis, the perennial allelopathic weed Pluchea lanceolata was selected. A comparative study of P. lanceolata‐infested soils, and soils 10, 20, 30, and 40 m away from the weed was undertaken to examine soil characteristics and quantitative and qualitative variation in soil phenolics. Impact of seasonal weather on the biotic and chemical characteristics of P. lanceolata, and quantitative variation in phenolics of weed‐infested soils was also studied. Growth experiments were conducted to study the seasonal impact on allelopathic interference of P. lanceolata toward certain crop plants. Results indicate that P. lanceolata influences soil properties in addition to causing variation in soil phenolics. Two‐way tests (i.e., analyzing allelopathic and nutrient interference) should be run regardless of whether one is studying allelopathy or nutrient interference and it is important to test allelopathy in all studies dealing with nutrient interference.
Leaf domatia and foliar mite abundance in broadleaf deciduous forest of north asia
Authors: O'Dowd Dennis J. , Pemberton Robert W.
Published: April 2006

Plant morphology may be shaped, in part, by the third trophic level. Leaf domatia, minute enclosures usually in vein axils on the leaf underside, may provide the basis for protective mutualism between plants and mites. Domatia are particularly frequent among species of trees, shrubs, and vines in the temperate broadleaf deciduous forests in north Asia where they may be important in determining the distribution and abundance of mites in the forest canopy. In lowland and montane broadleaf deciduous forests at Kwangnŭng and Chumbongsan in Korea, we found that approximately half of all woody species in all forest strata, including many dominant trees, have leaf domatia. Pooling across 24 plant species at the two sites, mites occupied a mode of 60% (range 20–100%) of domatia and used them for shelter, egg‐laying, and development. On average, 70% of all active mites and 85% of mite eggs on leaves were found in domatia; over three‐quarters of these were potentially beneficial to their hosts. Further, mite abundance and reproduction (expressed as the proportion of mites at the egg stage) were significantly greater on leaves of species with domatia than those without domatia in both forests. Effects of domatia on mite abundance were significant only for predaceous and fungivorous mite taxa; herbivore numbers did not differ significantly between leaves of species with and without domatia. Comparable patterns in broadleaf deciduous forest in North America and other biogeographic regions suggest that the effect of leaf domatia on foliar mite abundance is general. These results are consistent with several predictions of mutualism between plants and mites, and indicate that protective mutualisms may be frequent in the temperate zone.
Patterns of genotypic variation and phenotypic plasticity of light response in two tropical Piper (Piperaceae) species
Authors: Nicotra Adrienne B. , Chazdon Robin L. , Schlichting Carl D.
Published: April 2006

Patterns of phenotypic plasticity and genotypic variation in light response of growth and photosynthesis were examined in two species of rain forest shrub that differ in ecological distribution within the forest. We further examined correlations among photosynthetic and growth traits. We hypothesized that the pioneer species, Piper sancti‐felicis, would display greater phenotypic plasticity than the shade‐tolerant species, Piper arieianum. We further proposed that, in both species, genotypic effects would be more apparent in growth‐related traits than photosynthetic traits due to more concentrated selection pressure on gas‐exchange traits. P. sancti‐felicis did not demonstrate greater phenotypic plasticity of light response. Although many of the traits measured had significant genotype effects, neither species showed any significant effects of genotype on light response of photosynthesis, suggesting little genetic variation for this trait within populations. A principal components analysis clearly illustrated both species and light effects, with the treatments dividing neatly along the axis of the first principal component and the species separating along the second principal component axis. Results indicated general similarities between the species in their trait correlation structure and level of integration among traits, but characteristic differences were observed in the patterns of change between low and high light. Both species had more correlations than expected within groups of growth‐related or photosynthetic traits; strong correlations of traits between these two groups were underrepresented. The similar pattern of genetic variation and phenotypic integration observed in these two congeners may be due more to their close phylogenetic relation than to their ecological distributions.
Population structure, genetic diversity, and clone formation in Quercus chrysolepis (Fagaceae)
Authors: Montalvo Arlee M. , Conard Susan G. , Conkle M. Thompson , Hodgskiss Paul D.
Published: April 2006

Stands of canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis, Fagaceae) are maintained for fuelwood, fire management, recreation, and as habitat for wildlife. Information about the link between the oak's reproductive ecology and its extent of genetic diversity is important in developing land management policies that will maintain the long‐term viability of populations. Basal sprouting is the primary means of reproduction following fire or cutting, and stands frequently include groups of visibly connected trees in a clustered distribution that suggests cloning. We determined the extent to which clusters of trees were clonal and defined the spatial pattern and diversity of genotypes for six populations across nearly the entire east–west extent of the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. We mapped over 100 trees at each of five sites and genotyped each tree for allozymes at seven polymorphic loci. We identified clones using these multilocus genotypes and detected an average of 34.4 ± 7.3 (SD) clones per site, most of which had unique genotypes. In general, clustered trees belong to single clones and most clones consist of few trees (mean = 3.4 ± 0.6 trees per clone). However, clone size increased significantly with increased individual heterozygosity, suggesting that selection may favor highly heterozygous clones. Clonal diversity and evenness were high relative to reports for most other clonal species; an average of 97% of clones had distinct genotypes, and Simpson's index of diversity averaged 0.95 ± 0.02. Population genetic analyses of 319 clones from six sites revealed high genetic diversity within sites (mean HS = 0.443). Only a small proportion of the total genetic diversity was explained by variation among sites (mean GST = 0.018), which is consistent with high gene flow among sites (Nm = 9.5). We found no significant substructure among plots within sites, and fixation indices within sites were generally small, suggesting that either little inbreeding occurs, and/or few inbred progeny survive. However, spatial autocorrelation analysis of clones indicated fine‐scale genetic structure at distances under 4 m, possibly due to limited seed dispersal. Our data suggest that guidelines for seed collection of canyon live oak for use in restoration can be specified in a manner similar to that recommended for conifer species within the region studied.
The Vavilov Brothers
Authors: Joravsky David
Published: April 2006

Social science in the Russian revolution is as big a topic as theology in the Protestant Reformation. So it must be set aside with the inevitable “few observations,” guidelines for a future history of social thought in Soviet Russia. The dominant mode is that of Kafka's “Great Wall of China“: masters of scientific socialism, energetically rebuilding society on scientific principles, are gradually brought to suspect that they have no social science. Marx and Lenin come more and more to resemble Kafka's Emperor; their dying word would make everything clear, but it cannot reach the builders through the overwhelming crush of ordinary men and grubby circumstance. Reports that the word still reaches distant backward places like Vietnam only heighten the bewilderment.
Area Studies and Communist Systems
Authors: Jacobs Dan N.
Published: April 2006

At the outset I should emphasize that the following comments, while occasioned by Professor Meyer's paper, are not always aimed at it. To be sure, many facets of the paper raise questions that I would like to discuss with Professor Meyer in detail, but this should by no means be interpreted as indicating opposition, only as a request for amplification. Professor Meyer's concept of entrepreneurship as being the “overriding motive force of Communist rule” is innovative and deserving of attention. The suggestion that Soviet development is divisible into a number of separate periods each characterized by its own distinctive political “system“ is, to say the least, provocative. Throughout the paper there are the insights and new departures for which Professor Meyer is noted, which we have come to expect from him and for which we are grateful to him.
Alienation and the Young Marx in Soviet Thought
Authors: Yanowitch Murray
Published: April 2006

The recent resurgence of interest in the West in Karl Marx's thought has centered largely on his early writings, particularly the Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (published for the first time in 1932 in the original German), and on the role which the theme of alienation played in Marx's thought. Much of the literature stimulated by this renewed study of Marx has been concerned with the extent of continuity (or discontinuity) between the early and later views of Marx and the relevance of his concept of alienation to modern industrial societies. The fact that the young Marx's writings have provided intellectual support for various “revisionist” groups yearning for a “humanistic socialism” in European Communist countries has also undoubtedly focused attention on these works in the West.
Dynamic Elements in the Lyrics of Fet
Authors: Šilbajoris Rimvydas
Published: April 2006

Afanasii Fet was a poet profoundly interested in philosophy, and yet it seemed to some that his verse lacked depth of thought; a realistic and very practical man, he wrote poems remote from the concerns of daily life, immersed in the ephemeral world of nightingales and roses. The key to this apparent contradiction is the concept of beauty that is central to the work of Fet and that enables him to maintain a consistent outlook on life and on art. Fet himself described this outlook as follows: “As poetry itself is the re-creation not of the whole subject but only of its beauty, so poetic thought is only a reflection of philosophical thought, and again it is a reflection of its beauty; its other aspects are of no concern to poetry.” In other words, an artist may take into account the “whole subject” in his practical concerns and strive to comprehend all facets of philosophy in his intellectual endeavors, but his art fulfills itself only in speaking of the beautiful.
On the Historiography of the Russian Revolution
Authors: Warth Robert D.
Published: April 2006

The Russian Revolution has not yet achieved the status of the French Revolution as an academic preserve for battalions of professional historians, but few are likely to deny that its impact on the twentieth century is already more profound than that of the French upheaval on the nineteenth. The fiftieth anniversary of the Russian Revolution is now upon us, and it is a melancholy commentary on the uncertain intellectual climate of the Soviet Union that despite lavish funds, abundant trained personnel, and access to archives and primary sources unavailable in the West, Soviet historians have failed to produce a work of permanent importance on this crucial episode of modern Russian history. Yet the stifling orthodoxy of Stalinism has given way to the uncertain but relative freedom under his successors, and the auguries point to a further mellowing of the party line as Soviet society haltingly approaches the educational and living standards of the Western world.
Kaufman of Turkestan: An Assessment of His Administration 1867-1881
Authors: Mackenzie David
Published: April 2006

On July 11, 1867, an imperial decree established the governor-generalship of Turkestan, inaugurating a significant experiment in Russian administration of Central Asia. On July 14 General Konstantin Petrovich fon-Kaufman (1818-82) was appointed Turkestan’s first governor general. During the next fourteen years he rooted Russian colonial rule so firmly that subsequent incompetent governors could not overturn it. He began Turkestan’s modernization, but his regime aroused intense controversy in Russia. Colleagues eulogized Kaufman as a talented organizer who won the loyalty and respect of both Russians and natives. Numerous critics, led by General M. G. Cherniaev, his successor (1882-84), castigated his administration. Kaufman’s work was misrepresented by Eugene Schuyler, an American diplomat. Soviet historians either vilified him as an instrument of tsarist imperialism or relegated him to obscurity.
Lenin's Battle withKustarnichestvo: TheIskraOrganization in Russia
Authors: Wildman Allan K.
Published: April 2006

The overwhelming ascendancy of theIskragroup (before the Bolshevik-Menshevik split) at the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1903 has often been noted in the literature. Less attention has been given to Lenin's role in engineering this singular tour de force and to the tensions generated by the intrusion of his unique creed of action into the established patterns of the movement. No episode could be more revealing of the salient traits of Lenin's political personality.
Filling the Gap between Radishchev and the Decembrists
Authors: Raeff Marc
Published: April 2006

In general histories of Russian social and philosophical thought we usually find a gap between 1790 (publication of Radishchev's Journey) and 1815 (the establishment of the first secret societies by the future Decembrists). This quarter of a century could boast neither a prominent personality nor a cause cèlèbre of government persecution. True enough, there was Karamzin and his Zapiska o drevnei i novoi Rossii (Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia); but the tract remained long unknown, and its author is usually dismissed as a lone figure whose impact on the development of the ideologies that were to matter was, at best, peripheral. General histories of literature treat this period primarily in terms of the philological debate between Karamzin and Shishkov and as prologue to Romanticism. Thus, in the one case, the period is described exclusively in terms of Russia's literary history, which is not very satisfactory to the student of social and political ideas; for literature—even as engagé a literature as was Russia's in the nineteenth century—is hardly an adequate source or form of ideology. In the other case, Radishchev must perforce be viewed as an isolated figure, a maverick, without either followers or immediate influence. Furthermore, the obvious implication is that there were no direct links between the Decembrists and eighteenth-century Russian ideas, so that the young rebels of 1825 must have been influenced exclusively by their experiences with the life and thought of Western Europe.

On the strength of the testimony of all contemporaries, however, the first decade of the nineteenth century was a period of great intellectual ferment, of exhilarating optimism about Russia's prospects for “modernization” (to use a fashionable term). Compared with the last years of Catherine II and with the reign of Paul, these decades also offered greater freedom, more opportunities for the expression of ideas and hopes. Could indeed the outrage and disillusionment at Alexander's so-called reactionary stance after 1815 be understood if it were not for the fact that his reign had opened on such a strong note of optimism and vitality?
The Central Powers and The Second Turkish Alliance, 1915
Authors: Silberstein Gerard E.
Published: April 2006

An examination of the second Turkish alliance as it developed in the late months of 1914 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey forces the rejection of two interpretations generally accepted by students of the First World War: that the Turkish government was in leading strings to the Central Powers from the time the war began and that Austria-Hungary pursued a diplomatic policy which merely reflected its subordination to German will. Materials available in the German and Austrian Foreign Ministry archives show that these two interpretations are largely incorrect. Turkey forced the Central Powers to accept an agreement which strengthened its own international position. Austria-Hungary maintained a policy which furthered its own interests. Secondary accounts dealing with the relationships between Turkey and the Central Powers consider the German-Turkish Alliance of August 2, 1914, but they either do not treat at all the second alliance, signed January 11, 1915, or mention it in only the most cursory manner. Yet the two alliances have a close relationship, and the attitudes and policies of the powers concerned cannot be fully understood unless the second alliance is examined.