bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE: GRAPHENE
Authors: DE LA PEÑA BENÍTEZ PEDRO RAFAEL , GARCIA SANTOS ALFONSO , CASTELLOTE ARMERO MARTA , JIMENEZ RELINQUE EVA
Published: June 2017

Nanotechnology has favored the knowledge of materials, in terms of both behavior and atomic structure, at the nano-scale. Which has meant improving numerous products and creating new ones in almost all areas of science. In addition its multidisciplinary character will allow to be applied in the field of construction. This article presents some of the nanotechnological advances developed in building materials, paying special attention to the improvements that graphene offers in this field, as a result of its extraordinary electrical, mechanical, optical, barrier, etc. Properties.

Keywords: nanotechnology, nanomaterials, construction, graphene, graphene oxide.
FROM THE MOUTH OF SHADOWS: ON THE SURREALIST USE OF AUTOMATISM
Authors: Opstrup Kasper
Published: June 2017

From surrealism’s beginnings around a Parisian séance table, it oscillated between the occult and the political. One of its key methods, automatism, provided access to both the esoteric and the exoteric: it took form in the mid-19th century as a spiritualist technique for communicating with the other side while, simultanously, this other side could address political issues as equal rights, de-colonisation and a utopian future with an authority coming from beyond the individual. By tracing the development of automatism, the article shows how automatism in surrealism became a call for both a re-orientation of life and an institutional re-organisation by becoming a divination tool for a future community looking back to hermeticism to find a way forward. The article argues that not only can surrealism fruitfully be understood in the light of an occult revival in reaction to crises but, additionally, that it marks the return of and a reaction to a kind of magical thinking in the modern – due to waning religious and socio-economic orthodoxies – that echoes eerily into our own big data contemporary of social medias where we tend to substitute equations with associations.
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE EXCULPATORY CRITIQUE: A RESPONSE TO MIKKEL BOLT RASMUSSEN
Authors: Kestner Grant
Published: June 2017

This essay constitutes a response to Mikkel Bolt Rasmussen’s essay “A Note on Socially Engaged Art Criticism”. In particular, the essay focuses on the concept of an “exculpatory critique”. This term refers to a set of arguments in contemporary art criticism which contend that artistic practices that engage directly with processes of social or political change sacrifice their aesthetic validity while also providing an ideological justification for existing systems of domination. Kester seeks to demonstrate some of the shortcomings involved in this critique by examining the underlying model of political transformation on which it is based and outlining an alternative account of art’s role in social action.
'Bridge' between knowledge and practice in diagnosing depression
Authors: Bost Richard H.
Published: June 2017

Depression is one of the most common disorders in primary care patients. Yet, physicians fail to recognize it in most patients. One of the likely reasons for this problem may be that medical students and physicians have difficulty recalling pertinent psychiatric didactic information in a clinically usable form. To that end, the author presents three mnemonics as a means to help clinicians easily recall the information important to making an accurate diagnosis of depression in their patients.
Protozoan parasites of the intestinal tract: A review of Coccidia and Microsporida
Authors: Collins Richard
Published: June 2017

Ubiquitous in nature, members of the Coccidia and Microsporida are being reported with increasing frequency in the immunocompromised as well as the immunocompetent population. These protozoans are primarily waterborne, but foodborne disease has also been reported. These organisms are responsible for acute, as well as protracted, cases of watery diarrhea with various other related sequelae. The Coccidia includes three genera-Cryptoiporidium, Isospora, and Cyclospora. The latter two are of lesser importance in terms of morbidity and mortality. The Microsporida includes genera (Enterocytozoon, Encephalitozoon) only recently recognized as important agents of disease. Unlike the Coccidia, these organisms are more restricted to the immunocompromised population. Increased incidence and numbers of patients with prolonged diarrhea due to these forms indicate the need for increased clinical vigilance with regard to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Anatomy of an OPTI: Part I. Form, function, and relationships
Authors: Meyer Christopher T , Mann Mary Pat , RN Cheryl Riley, , Portanova Ronald
Published: June 2017

In July 1995, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) Board of Trustees passed new regulations for the accreditation of osteopathic graduate medical education (GME) programs by establishing the Osteopathic Postdoctoral Training Institutions (OPTI) system, to be implemented over 4 years. The resulting changes include requirements for college cosponsorship of GME programs and the establishment of standards for the minimwn nwnber of residency programs, interns, and residents. The OPTIs will be subject to AOA inspections at least every 5 years. Proponents of the OPTI system claim it will strengthen the professi(;m by promoting educational collaboration, raising academic standards, and requiring appropriate resources to support osteopathic medical education. Opponents fear that it will be too resource intensive, create an additional layer of unnecessary bureaucracy, and have a negative impact on small colleges, hospitals, and states. Despite the controversy, a process for applying for OPTI status has been developed by the AOA, and a number of hospitals and colleges are already developing OPTIs. This article, the first in a two-part series, identifies issues and barriers to be considered in the formation of OPTIs and articulates principles underlying successful collaborations. In Part 2 these issues, principles, and.barriers will be reinforced by describing the process used to form a large OPTI-the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine (OUCOM) Centers for Osteopathic Regional Education (CORE) System.
Fabric heterogeneity in the Mojave lower crust and lithospheric mantle in Southern California
Authors: Bernard Rachel E. , Behr Whitney M.
Published: June 2017

We use xenoliths from young cinder cones in the eastern Mojave region of Southern California to investigate deformation fabrics and their implications for strain localization, lithospheric viscosity, and controls on mineral lattice‐preferred orientations (LPOs) and seismic anisotropy at Moho depths. Lower crustal gabbros and upper mantle peridotites were collected from two areas separated by ∼80 km—the Cima and Deadman Lake Volcanic Fields. At both localities, mantle peridotites exhibit solid‐state deformation fabrics that show strong LPOs and other evidence for dislocation creep as the dominant deformation mechanism. The preservation of microstructures ranging from annealed, granular, to mylonitic indicates that there is substantial strain localization in the Mojave mantle near the Moho. Paleopiezometry conducted on subgrains in olivine indicates that stress magnitudes during deformation were 12–26 MPa. Calculations using olivine flow laws yield strain rates on the order of ∼10−12/s and an associated viscosity of ∼1019 Pa s, consistent with estimates of mantle lid viscosity from postseismic relaxation studies. Two types of olivine LPOs were observed in the peridotites: A‐type and E‐type fabrics, both of which predict seismic fast axes that align parallel to the lineation within the foliation plane. The occurrences of the two fabric types appear to correlate with strain magnitude but not with water contents measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Lower crustal fabrics are dominated by magmatic foliations and LPOs in plagioclase, which produce seismic fast axes oriented perpendicular to the foliation plane. This suggests that even where mantle and lower crustal fabrics are kinematically linked, their seismic fast axes may appear anticorrelated across the Moho.
From the Algatron to the Zootron: the history of the twentieth century is a story of Trons
Authors: Munns David P.D.
Published: June 2017

Tron. What have you become?

        TRON: legacy. Disney. 2010.
Post‐Synthetic Immobilization of Ni Ions in a Porous‐Organic Polymer‐Graphene Composite for Non‐Noble Metal Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Soliman Ahmed B. , Hassan Mohamed H. , Abugable Arwa A. , Karakalos Stavros G. , Alkordi Mohamed H.
Published: June 2017

A heterogeneous catalyst composite of graphene and porous‐organic polymer, post‐synthetically loaded with NiII ions, is reported. The microporosity of the composite was largely maintained after Ni impregnation. The composite has a very low Ni loading of 0.7 wt %, combined with an efficient electrocatalytic behavior towards water oxidation, as demonstrated by an onset potential of 1.51 V vs. RHE and a considerably low overpotential of ≈0.28 V. Moreover, a low overpotential of 0.4 V at current density of 10 mA cm−2 was attained, and the composite shows also a high 100 mA cm−2 current density for the OER at 1.8 V vs. RHE. The Tafel slope for the Ni‐loaded catalyst (45 mV decade−1) indicates enhanced water oxidation characteristics as a result of the Ni ion loading. The Ni‐loaded composite shows excellent durability in the water oxidation reaction, with enhanced performance upon progression of the cycles. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of fine tuning the composite's properties through post‐synthetic impregnation with selected metal ions. The pyrimidine‐based porous‐organic polymer (PyPOP) provides a high surface area support with suitable anchoring sites for the catalytically active Ni ions, with the graphene layers providing the required electrical conductivity to the composite.
Synthesis and Functionalization of Ordered Large‐Pore Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Chiu Hsin‐Yi , Leonhardt Heinrich , Bein Thomas
Published: June 2017

A dual surfactant synthetic approach was employed for the synthesis of large‐pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The as‐synthesized mesoporous silica exhibited not only 2D hexagonal mesostructure with an average pore size of about 7 nm but also a spherical nanoparticulate morphology. A delayed co‐condensation synthesis method was further employed to create site‐specific core‐shell bifunctional MSNs. These core‐shell large‐pore MSNs are biocompatible and can be efficiently taken up by cells. They are therefore promising nanocarriers for cellular delivery purposes.
Telomere dynamics in a lizard with morph‐specific reproductive investment and self‐maintenance
Authors: Rollings Nicky , Friesen Christopher R. , Sudyka Joanna , Whittington Camilla , Giraudeau Mathieu , Wilson Mark , Olsson Mats
Published: June 2017

Telomeres in human fibroblasts shorten progressively during in vitro culturing and trigger replicative senescence. Furthermore, shortened telomeres can be used as biomarkers of disease. These observations have led to the suggestion that telomere dynamics may also be associated with viability and selection for life history variation in non‐human taxa. Model systems to examine this suggestion would particularly benefit from the coexistence of multiple phenotypes within the same species with different life history trade‐offs, since those could be compared in terms of telomere characteristics. This scenario also provokes the classic question of why one morph does not have marginally higher fitness and replaces the others. One explanation is that different morphs have different reproductive tactics with equal relative fitness. In Australian painted dragons (Ctenophorus pictus), males differ in head color, the presence or absence of a gular bib, and reproductive expenditure. Red males out‐compete yellow males in dominance contests, while yellow males copulate quickly and have higher success in sperm competition than red males. Males with bibs better defend partners against rival matings, at the cost of loss of body condition. We show that yellow‐headed and bib‐less males have longer telomeres than red, blue and bibbed males, suggesting that telomere length is positively associated with higher investment into self‐maintenance and less reproductive expenditure.
Stocking activities for the Arctic charr in Lake Geneva: Genetic effects in space and time
Authors: Savary Romain , Dufresnes Christophe , Champigneulle Alexis , Caudron Arnaud , Dubey Sylvain , Perrin Nicolas , Fumagalli Luca
Published: June 2017

Artificial stocking practices are widely used by resource managers worldwide, in order to sustain fish populations exploited by both recreational and commercial activities, but their benefits are controversial. Former practices involved exotic strains, although current programs rather consider artificial breeding of local fishes (supportive breeding). Understanding the complex genetic effects of these management strategies is an important challenge with economic and conservation implications, especially in the context of population declines. In this study, we focus on the declining Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) population from Lake Geneva (Switzerland and France), which has initially been restocked with allochtonous fishes in the early eighties, followed by supportive breeding. In this context, we conducted a genetic survey to document the evolution of the genetic diversity and structure throughout the last 50 years, before and after the initiation of hatchery supplementation, using contemporary and historical samples. We show that the introduction of exotic fishes was associated with a genetic bottleneck in the 1980–1990s, a break of Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), a reduction in genetic diversity, an increase in genetic structure among spawning sites, and a change in their genetic composition. Together with better environmental conditions, three decades of subsequent supportive breeding using local fishes allowed to re‐establish HWE and the initial levels of genetic variation. However, current spawning sites have not fully recovered their original genetic composition and were extensively homogenized across the lake. Our study demonstrates the drastic genetic consequences of different restocking tactics in a comprehensive spatiotemporal framework and suggests that genetic alteration by nonlocal stocking may be partly reversible through supportive breeding. We recommend that conservation‐based programs consider local diversity and implement adequate protocols to limit the genetic homogenization of this Arctic charr population.
Electrochemically Prepared Three‐dimensional Porous Nitrogen‐doped Graphene Modified Electrode for Non‐enzymatic Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Qi Yamin , Bai Jie , Ding Xiaoteng , Zhang Hui‐Min
Published: June 2017

A facile and green electrochemical method for the fabrication of three‐dimensional porous nitrogen‐doped graphene (3DNG) modified electrode was reported. This method embraces two consecutive steps: First, 3D graphene/polypyrrole (ERGO/PPy) composite was prepared by electrochemical co‐deposition of graphene and polypyrrole on a gold foil. Subsequently, the ERGO/PPy composite modified gold electrode was annealed at high temperature. Thus 3DNG modified electrode was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the electrode. The electrode exhibits excellent electroanalytical performance for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). By linear sweep voltammetric measurement, the cathodic peak current was linearly proportional to H2O2 concentration in the range from 0.6 μM to 2.1 mM with a sensitivity of 1.0 μA μM−1 cm−2. The detection limit was ascertained to be 0.3 μM. The anti‐interference ability, reproducibility and stability of the electrode were carried out and the electrode was applied to the detection of H2O2 in serum sample with recoveries from 98.4 % to 103.2 %.
Electrochemical Properties of Highly Sensitive and Selective CuO Nanostructures Based Neurotransmitter Dopamine Sensor
Authors: Yadav Pankaj , Manivannan Shanmugam , Kim Hong‐Sik , Pandey Kavita , Kim Kyuwon , Kim Joondong
Published: June 2017

In this article, electrochemical properties of CuO nanostructures based dopamine (DA) sensor was investigated. The morphology, structure, optical, and compositional properties of the CuO nanostructures were characterized by using SEM, XRD, UV‐Vis, and XPS techniques. The electrochemical properties were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The CV results indicate that biosensors based on CuO nanostructures exhibit a high selectivity and sensitivity of 0.1975 μA μM–1 toward DA and effectively avoids the interference of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). The obtained EIS spectra for CuO sensors were analysed using an electrical equivalent circuit to understand the bulk and surface response via the capacitive and resistive parameters. The EIS measurement also leads to the direct determination of parameters like series resistance and ion diffusion phenomena at electrode‐electrolyte interface. The experimental CV and EIS results along with their analysis will have a significant impact on understanding the mechanism of high sensitivity and selectivity performance of CuO based sensors. This study may also lay the basis for efficient characterization of biosensors by coupling both the CV and EIS characterization techniques.
4′‐Chlorochalcone‐Assisted Electroactive Polyvinylidene Fluoride Film‐Based Energy‐Storage System Capable of Self‐Charging Under Light
Authors: Khatun Farha , Hoque Nur Amin , Thakur Pradip , Sepay Nayim , Roy Swagata , Bagchi Biswajoy , Kool Arpan , Das Sukhen
Published: June 2017

A simple photovoltaically self‐charging energy‐storage system (PSESS) has been fabricated as an effective solar energy‐storage power cell. The PSESS is capable of the in situ storage of visible light energy in the form of electrical energy. The PSESS is assembled on a photoelectrode (fluorine‐doped tin oxide) that contained a dye‐sensitized and hole‐trapping phenosafranine–polyvinylpyrrolidone film in association with an electroactive and highly dielectric chlorochalcone–polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film, in which photogenerated electrons are stored. Here, chlorochalcone particles act as a catalytic agent for electroactive β crystal nucleation, visible‐light emission, and the improved dielectric value of the composite thin films. A proportion of 85 % electroactive β phase nucleation and a high dielectric constant (≈60) are achieved by incorporating 20 mass % chlorochalcone in PVDF. The self‐charging capability of the PSESS was verified under a light illumination intensity of 110 mW cm−2. The PSESS was charged up to 0.95 V under light illumination. Moreover, the device wass discharged with a constant current density 1.25 mA g−1 for a long time (≈560 min) after the light was switched off. The photogenerated energy and charge density of the PSESS are approximately 5.25 mWh g−1 and 42 C g−1, respectively. The maximum capacitance attained under the light illumination is approximately 44 F g−1, which is many times greater than two‐electrode self‐charged photovoltaic cells reported previously. A blue light‐emitting diode can be driven by using the PSESSs as a power bank.
A cell-free testing platform to screen chemicals of potential neurotoxic concern across twenty vertebrate species
Authors: Arini Adeline , Mittal Krittika , Dornbos Peter , Head Jessica , Rutkiewicz Jennifer , Basu Niladri
Published: June 2017

There is global demand for new in vitro testing tools for ecological risk assessment. The objective of the present study was to apply a set of cell-free neurochemical assays to screen many chemicals across many species in a relatively high-throughput manner. The platform assessed 7 receptors and enzymes that mediate neurotransmission of γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine. Each assay was optimized to work across 20 vertebrate species (5 fish, 5 birds, 7 mammalian wildlife, 3 biomedical species including humans). We tested the screening assay platform against 80 chemicals (23 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, 20 metal[loid]s, 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated organic compounds, 15 pesticides). In total, 10 800 species–chemical–assay combinations were tested, and significant differences were found in 4041 cases. All 7 assays were significantly affected by at least one chemical in each species tested. Among the 80 chemicals tested, nearly all resulted in a significant impact on at least one species and one assay. The 5 most active chemicals were prochloraz, HgCl2, Sn, benzo[a]pyrene, and vinclozolin. Clustering analyses revealed groupings according to chemicals, species, and chemical–assay combinations. The results show that cell-free assays can screen a large number of samples in a short period of time in a cost-effective manner in a range of animals not easily studied using traditional approaches. Strengths and limitations of this approach are discussed, as well as next steps. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3081–3090. © 2017 SETAC
Ultrasound‐Guided Subgluteal Sciatic Nerve Perineural Injection: Report on Safety and Efficacy at a Single Institution
Authors: Nwawka O. Kenechi , Meyer Russell , Miller Theodore T.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To determine the safety and efficacy of ultrasound (US)‐guided subgluteal sciatic nerve injections.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of US‐guided subgluteal sciatic nerve injections at our institution was performed.

Results

Of 221 US‐guided subgluteal sciatic nerve injections, 100% achieved technical success, with no postprocedure complications. Sixty‐eight percent of patients with follow‐up reported symptom relief. Most patients with no relief had suboptimal preprocedure screening.

Conclusions

With appropriate screening, our technique of US‐guided subgluteal sciatic nerve injection is safe and effective.
Quest for the ultimate cardiac CT scanner
Authors: FitzGerald Paul , Edic Peter , Gao Hewei , Jin Yannan , Wang Jiao , Wang Ge , Man Bruno De
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To quantitatively evaluate and compare six proposed system architectures for cardiac CT scanning.

Methods

Starting from the clinical requirements for cardiac CT, we defined six dedicated cardiac CT architectures. We selected these architectures based on a previous screening study and defined them in sufficient detail to comprehensively analyze their cost and performance. We developed rigorous comparative evaluation methods for the most important aspects of performance and cost, and we applied these evaluation criteria to the defined cardiac CT architectures.

Results

We found that CT system architectures based on the third‐generation geometry provide nearly linear performance improvement versus the increased cost of additional beam lines (i.e., source–detector pairs), although similar performance improvement could be achieved with advanced motion‐correction algorithms. The third‐generation architectures outperform even the most promising of the proposed architectures that deviate substantially from the traditional CT system architectures.

Conclusion

This work confirms the validity of the current trend in commercial CT scanner design. However, we anticipate that over time, CT hardware and software technologies will evolve, the relative importance of the performance criteria will change, the relative costs of components will vary, some of the remaining challenges will be addressed, and perhaps new candidate architectures will be identified; therefore, the conclusion of a comparative analysis like this may change. The evaluation methods that we used can provide a framework for other researchers to analyze their own proposed CT architectures.
Analysis for Decomposition Characteristics and Piecewise Thermokinetics of Nitramine Modified Double‐base Propellant with High Solid Content
Authors: Wu Xiaojuan , Rao Guoning , Chen Liping , Chen Wanghua , Wang Jiangning , Zhang Caixing
Published: June 2017

The thermal stability and decomposition characteristic of nitramine modified double‐base propellant (RDX‐CMDB propellant) with high solid content and its components were investigated under dynamic and isothermal conditions by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the mixture of nitrocellulose (NC) and nitroglycerin (NG) had a promote effect on the decomposition of RDX. The activation energy (E) and the pre‐exponential factor (A) of two obviously exothermic processes were obtained by Friedman iso‐conversional method. The screening method suggested by ICTAC was used to determine the most probable mechanism functions and kinetic parameters of the two processes which are corresponding to the deceleration model and the autocatalytic model. The theoretical value was consistent with the experiment result.
Sensitive and Reversible Detection of Methanol and Water Vapor by In Situ Electrochemically Grown CuBTC MOFs on Interdigitated Electrodes
Authors: Sachdeva Sumit , Venkatesh Manjunath R. , Mansouri Brahim El , Wei Jia , Bossche Andre , Kapteijn Freek , Zhang Guo Qi , Gascon Jorge , de Smet Louis C. P. M. , Sudhölter Ernst J. R.
Published: June 2017

The in situ electrochemical growth of Cu benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate (CuBTC) metal–organic frameworks, as an affinity layer, directly on custom‐fabricated Cu interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) is described, acting as a transducer. Crystalline 5–7 µm thick CuBTC layers are grown on IDEs consisting of 100 electrodes with a width and a gap of both 50 µm and a height of 6–8 µm. These capacitive sensors are exposed to methanol and water vapor at 30 °C. The affinities show to be completely reversible with higher affinity toward water compared to methanol. For exposure to 1000 ppm methanol, a fast response is observed with a capacitance change of 5.57 pF at equilibrium. The capacitance increases in time followed diffusion‐controlled kinetics (k = 2.9 mmol s−0.5 g−1CuBTC). The observed capacitance change with methanol concentration follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a value for the equilibrium affinity Ke = 174.8 bar−1. A volume fraction fMeOH = 0.038 is occupied upon exposure to 1000 ppm of methanol. The thin CuBTC affinity layer on the Cu‐IDEs shows fast, reversible, and sensitive responses to methanol and water vapor, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 100–8000 ppm.
Broadband Light Absorption and Efficient Charge Separation Using a Light Scattering Layer with Mixed Cavities for High‐Performance Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells with Stability
Authors: Moon Byeong Cheul , Park Jung Hyo , Lee Dong Ki , Tsvetkov Nikolai , Ock Ilwoo , Choi Kyung Min , Kang Jeung Ku
Published: June 2017

CH3NH3PbI3 is one of the promising light sensitizers for perovskite photovoltaic cells, but a thick layer is required to enhance light absorption in the long‐wavelength regime ranging from PbI2 absorption edge (500 nm) to its optical band‐gap edge (780 nm) in visible light. Meanwhile, the thick perovskite layer suppresses visible‐light absorption in the short wavelengths below 500 nm and charge extraction capability of electron–hole pairs produced upon light absorption. Herein, we find that a new light scattering layer with the mixed cavities of sizes in 100 and 200 nm between transparent fluorine‐doped tin oxide and mesoporous titanium dioxide electron transport layer enables full absorption of short‐wavelength photons (λ < 500 nm) to the perovskite along with enhanced absorption of long‐wavelength photons (500 nm < λ < 780 nm). Moreover, the light‐driven electric field is proven to allow efficient charge extraction upon light absorption, thereby leading to the increased photocurrent density as well as the fill factor prompted by the slow recombination rate. Additionally, the photocurrent density of the cell with a light scattering layer of mixed cavities is stabilized due to suppressed charge accumulation. Consequently, this work provides a new route to realize broadband light harvesting of visible light for high‐performance perovskite photovoltaic cells.
A comparison of explicit and semi‐implicit finite volume schemes for viscous compressible flows in elastic pipes in fast transient regime
Authors: Ioriatti Matteo , Dumbser Michael , Iben Uwe
Published: June 2017

This paper compares the accuracy and computational efficiency of fully explicit and semi‐implicit 1D and 2D finite volume schemes for the simulation of highly unsteady viscous compressible flows in laminar regime in axially symmetric compliant tubes. There are essentially two main classes of mathematical models that can be used to predict the pressure and velocity distribution along the tube: one class is based on the full compressible Navier‐Stokes equations in an axially symmetric geometry, leading to a two‐dimensional governing PDE system with moving boundaries, and the other class uses a simpler, cross‐sectionally averaged version of the Navier‐Stokes equations, which leads to a non‐conservative PDE system in only one space dimension along the axial direction of the tube. Within the first class of models, the influence of the wall friction on the flow field is directly obtained from first principles, without any further modelling assumptions and is thus valid even for highly unsteady flows. In the second case, only averaged flow quantities are available, and it is well known from previous studies published in the literature that the correct representation of the wall friction needs to be frequency dependent, since the use of a simple steady friction model, like the classical Darcy‐Weisbach law, is not sufficient to reproduce the wall friction effects in highly transient flows. For the cross‐sectionally averaged Navier‐Stokes equations, there are again two main classes of frequency‐dependent wall friction models: convolution integral (CI) models and instantaneous acceleration (IA) models.

In this paper we provide a very thorough and critical comparison of all the above‐mentioned methods for the simulation of highly oscillatory flows in rigid and compliant tubes concerning accuracy and computational efficiency. From our numerical results we can conclude that the convolution integral models are significantly superior to instantaneous acceleration models concerning accuracy. Furthermore, the CI models require only a slight computational overhead if they are properly implemented by solving a set of additional ODEs for appropriate auxiliary variables, instead of directly computing the convolution integrals. We also find that semi‐implicit finite volume methods are clearly superior to conventional explicit finite volume schemes concerning computational efficiency, however, providing the same level of accuracy.
Modified Distribution-Free Goodness-of-Fit Test Statistic
Authors: Chun So Yeon , Browne Michael W. , Shapiro Alexander
Published: June 2017

Covariance structure analysis and its structural equation modeling extensions have become one of the most widely used methodologies in social sciences such as psychology, education, and economics. An important issue in such analysis is to assess the goodness of fit of a model under analysis. One of the most popular test statistics used in covariance structure analysis is the asymptotically distribution-free (ADF) test statistic introduced by Browne (Br J Math Stat Psychol 37:62–83, 1984). The ADF statistic can be used to test models without any specific distribution assumption (e.g., multivariate normal distribution) of the observed data. Despite its advantage, it has been shown in various empirical studies that unless sample sizes are extremely large, this ADF statistic could perform very poorly in practice. In this paper, we provide a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon and further propose a modified test statistic that improves the performance in samples of realistic size. The proposed statistic deals with the possible ill-conditioning of the involved large-scale covariance matrices.
Study on Wettability Variation for Removing Liquid Block in Condensate Gas Reservoir
Authors: Zhou Ming , Hou Liutong , Nie Xingcheng , Zhou Lei , Zhao Jinzhou , Guo Xiao
Published: June 2017

Condensate liquid in porous media can prevent gas from exiting when the pressure is lower than the dew point pressure in the condensate gas reservoir. This can lead to liquid block and sharp decreases in gas yield. In this work, super‐amphiphobic materials were used to remove the liquid block and recover the product. The experiments indicated that this method can effectively remove the damage of liquid block and improve the productivity of the gas well.
Using an artificial neural network to predict the optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of apple pomace
Authors: Gama Repson , Van Dyk J. Susan , Burton Mike. H. , Pletschke Brett I.
Published: June 2017

The enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass such as apple pomace is a complex process influenced by a number of hydrolysis conditions. Predicting optimal conditions, including enzyme and substrate concentration, temperature and pH can improve conversion efficiency. In this study, the production of sugar monomers from apple pomace using commercial enzyme preparations, Celluclast 1.5L, Viscozyme L and Novozyme 188 was investigated. A limited number of experiments were carried out and then analysed using an artificial neural network (ANN) to model the enzymatic hydrolysis process. The ANN was used to simulate the enzymatic hydrolysis process for a range of input variables and the optimal conditions were successfully selected as was indicated by theR2value of 0.99 and a small MSE value. The inputs for the ANN were substrate loading, enzyme loading, temperature, initial pH and a combination of these parameters, while release profiles of glucose and reducing sugars were the outputs. Enzyme loadings of 0.5 and 0.2 mg/g substrate and a substrate loading of 30% were optimal for glucose and reducing sugar release from apple pomace, respectively, resulting in concentrations of 6.5 g/L glucose and 28.9 g/L reducing sugars. Apple pomace hydrolysis can be successfully carried out based on the predicted optimal conditions from the ANN.
Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind via monoaminergic pathway
Authors: Dhamija Isha , Parle Milind , Kumar Sandeep
Published: June 2017

Depression and anxiety are the most crippling neuropsychiatric disorders of this modern era. These mostly occur as anxiety followed by depression or in mixed state. Therefore, there is an urgent need of a safe and effective treatment, which proves its worth in this ailment. What else than a conventional food would be a better choice for a convenient therapy. Therefore, Garcinia indica, commonly known as Kokam, fruit rind has been used in the present study to investigate its antidepressant and anti-anxiety potential using forced swim test, tail suspension test, and reserpine-induced hypothermia; and elevated plus maze, hole-board test, and light dark model, respectively. Garcinia indica fruit rind given to mice with food for consecutive 14 days at 0.5, 1, and 2% w/w significantly (p < 0.05) reduced despair behavior in forced swim test, immobility duration in tail suspension test, and also switched the hypothermia (reserpine induced) to normal temperature significantly (p < 0.05). Garcinia indica significantly (p < 0.05) raised the time elapsed and count of entries in open arms of elevated plus maze, enhanced incidence of head dipping in holes of hole board along with duration of expending time in lit compartment of light dark model, exhibiting its anti-anxiety effect. Garcinia indica significantly reduced monoamine oxidase and malondialdehyde levels providing support to neuroprotective potential of fruit rind. The mechanistic study showed the participation of G. indica at α1-adrenoceptor and D2-dopamine receptor, by attenuating prazosin and sulpiride-induced increase in immobility duration. Garcinia indica fruit rind showed a significant antidepressant and anxiolytic effect while no effect on locomotor activity, i.e., no psycho-stimulation.
Biomechanical Factors Associated With Pain and Symptoms Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction
Authors: Azus Aisia , Teng Hsiang‐Ling , Tufts Lauren , Wu Daniel , Ma C. Benjamin , Souza Richard B. , Li Xiaojuan
Published: June 2017

Background

Few studies have investigated the associations between patient‐reported outcome and gait in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction over time. Because there is an association between ACL rupture and the presence of osteoarthritis later in life, a better understanding of these relationships will help to elucidate how patients' gait pattern may affect pain and symptoms, potentially leading to better treatment for or preventing the development of knee OA.

Objective

To evaluate the associations between gait characteristics and self‐reported pain and symptoms before, 6 months after, and 1 year after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

The Human Performance Center at the Orthopedic Institute at the University of California, San Francisco.

Patients

Patients with full unilateral ACL tears were enrolled. A total of 43 patients were included at 12 months postsurgery.

Methods

The independent variable in this study comprised specific gait variables in patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction. At each time point, 3‐dimensional motion analysis was performed. Participants also completed the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire.

Main Outcomes Measurements

The primary study outcome measurement was the KOOS and was planned before data collection began. Partial correlations were used to examine cross‐sectional associations between gait characteristics and KOOS pain and symptom scores at all time points. In addition, partial correlations were performed to examine the associations between change in postoperative KOOS from 6 months to 1 year and gait characteristics at baseline and 6 months.

Results

Significant associations between KOOS and gait characteristics were found at all time points, including an association between peak medial ground reaction force and pain (r = −0.344, P = .02) and symptoms (r = −0.407, P = .007) at baseline.

Conclusions

Specific gait variables may be predictive of greater pain and symptoms and less improvement over time postreconstruction. This could help to inform rehabilitation exercises post injury and pre reconstruction.

Level of Evidence

IV
Hydrocarbon composition of bitumen from deeply buried terrestrial organic matter (zone of apocatagenesis)
Authors: Kashirtsev V.A. , Dolzhenko K.V. , Fomin A.N. , Kontorovich A.E. , Shevchenko N.P.
Published: June 2017

We present new results on catagenetic alteration of dispersed organic matter (DOM) and individual hydrocarbon composition of bitumen extracts from the lower mesocatagenesis and apocatagenesis zone, based on the study of core samples from superdeep well SV-27 (Vilui syneclise), which penetrated Permian and Upper Carboniferous coal-bearing strata. The vitrinite reflectance data show a progressive increase in the thermal maturity of DOM at a depth of ~4 km. The major biomarker indicators of the thermal history of DOM in the central part of the Vilyui syneclise appear to play only a minor role below this depth, thus reflecting the early stages of mesocatagenesis. The pristane/phytane ratios begin to invert at the same depth. Bitumen extracts from core samples collected from this depth contain new hydrocarbons in trace amounts, which increase with depth. The identified compounds include homologous series of alkenes, 2,4- and 2,7-dimethylalkanes, and alkylcyclohexanes with a prevalence of compounds with an odd carbon number predominance. Unusual differentiation of aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons with even and odd carbon-numbered chains occurs at the maximum depth (6458 m). Among aromatic hydrocarbons, four new diastereomers are identified: 17-desmethyl–23-methylmonoaromatic steroids C27. Considerable variations in the composition of bitumen extracts from the apocatagenetically altered core samples appear to reflect the termination of hydrocarbon generation from kerogen and further thermolysis of residual bitumens, including their asphaltene components. This explains the low values of maturity biomarker indicators corresponding to the apocatagenesis grade, since in this case they reflect the composition of hydrocarbons generated during the early stages and later occluded and adsorbed by asphaltenes. “Deep-seated” microoil from Permian, Carboniferous, and Cambrian deposits did not participate in the formation of oil rims and major gas condensate pools in the Vilyui petroleum area.
Composition and genesis of garnet in the rocks of Paleoproterozoic gneiss–migmatite complex (Sharyzhalgai uplift, southwestern Siberian craton)
Authors: Turkina O.M. , Sukhorukov V.P.
Published: June 2017

We present the results of study of garnet-bearing paragneisses, migmatites, and vein granites of migmatite–gneiss complex of the Irkut terrane (Sharyzhalgai uplift, southwestern Siberian craton), major- and trace-element zoning of the garnet, and the age and trace-element composition of zircon. The migmatite–gneiss complex of the Irkut terrane formed in the Paleoproterozoic, at 1.85–1.86 Ga. The maximum temperatures of metamorphism and partial melting evaluated with the Ti-in-zircon and Zr-in-rutile thermometers are 790–830 and 830–860 °C, respectively. Three generations of garnet have been recognized according to texture and zoning: metamorphic, peritectic, and magmatic. Metamorphic generation forms the core of garnet in paragneisses and migmatites, contains numerous fine inclusions, and has the highest contents of grossular (Grs) component, HREE, and Y decreasing from core to rim, which agrees with the Rayleigh fractionation of compatible components. Peritectic garnet with large inclusions of quartz and feldspar is predominant in diatexites and in gneisses in contact with leucosome. It has almost constant low contents of Grs, HREE, and Y slightly increasing in the rim. Garnet in vein melanocratic granites is similar in composition zoning to garnet in diatexites. Magmatic garnet in leucocratic granites is characterized by a decrease in the contents of Grs, HREE, and Y from core to rim and by a strong negative Eu anomaly. It seems to have resulted from the dissolution/precipitation of peritectic garnet in the melt. According to mineral and chemical compositions, the gneisses and migmatites are subdivided into high- and medium-alumina series produced through the metamorphism and melting of two source rocks, pelitic and graywacke, which is confirmed by their different REE patterns. The FeO and MgO enrichment of the granites relative to the melts experimentally produced of pelites and graywackes, the inherited contents of HREE in the diatexites and granites from paragneisses, and the presence of peritectic garnet in melanocratic granites evidence that the formation of granite was not accompanied by the effective segregation of garnet from the melt.
Acoustic properties of hydrate-bearing sand samples: laboratory measurements (setup, methods, and results)
Authors: Duchkov A.D. , Duchkov A.A. , Permyakov M.E. , Manakov A.Yu. , Golikov N.A. , Drobchik A.N.
Published: June 2017

A new system has been designed for laboratory physical modeling of hydrate-bearing sand samples and measuring their acoustic properties at different temperatures and pressures. The system includes a pressure vessel, units of temperature control, external pressure, and gas/liquid delivery, and a unit for measuring velocities of acoustic waves. Measurements are carried out in 10–50 mm high cylindrical specimens 30 mm in diameter. The system provides methane hydrate formation in sand samples and their acoustic measurements for as long as several days due to automatic control. Hydrate-bearing samples are prepared by pressurized methane injection into pores of wet sand and are exposed to several cooling/heating cycles to increase hydrate formation rates. Hydrate-bearing samples have been prepared and travel times of acoustic P and S waves have been measured in dozens of successful experiments. Acoustic data confirm the formation of hydrates, with the related increase in wave velocities to values about those in frozen sediments. The prepared gas hydrates are inferred to be of “cementing” type, i.e., they form as cement at the boundaries of mineral grains. The obtained velocities of acoustic waves show a positive linear correlation with hydrate contents in sand samples.
Wave transforms of transient electromagnetic field in conductive earth
Authors: Gretskov G.A. , Epov M.I. , Antonov E.Yu.
Published: June 2017

The study aims at finding a stable method for transformation of time-domain electromagnetic diffusion field to an electromagnetic wavefield. Two ways of transformation are considered: singular-value decomposition (SVD) and Tikhonov’s regularizations. Transformation is applied to TEM responses of a conductive half-space, a conductive S film, and to a series of horizontally layered models. The wave transforms are used to plot travel-time curves and to estimate the velocity of EM field propagation.
Ponezumab in mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease: Randomized phase II PET‐PIB study
Authors: Landen Jaren W. , Andreasen Niels , Cronenberger Carol L. , Schwartz Pamela F. , Börjesson‐Hanson Anne , Östlund Henrik , Sattler Catherine A. , Binneman Brendon , Bednar Martin M.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The safety, pharmacokinetics, and effect on peripheral and central amyloid β (Aβ) of multiple doses of ponezumab, an anti‐Aβ monoclonal antibody, were characterized in subjects with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease treated for 1 year.

Methods

Subjects were aged ≥50 years with Mini–Mental State Examination scores 16 to 26. Cohort Q was randomized to ponezumab 10 mg/kg (n = 12) or placebo (n = 6) quarterly. Cohort M was randomized to a loading dose of ponezumab 10 mg/kg or placebo, followed by monthly ponezumab 7.5 mg/kg (n = 12) or placebo (n = 6), respectively.

Results

Ponezumab was generally well tolerated. Plasma concentrations increased dose dependently, but cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration was low. Plasma Aβ increased dose dependently with ponezumab, but CSF biomarkers, brain amyloid burden, cognition, and function were not affected.

Conclusions

Both ponezumab dosing schedules were generally safe and well tolerated but did not alter CSF biomarkers, brain amyloid burden, or clinical outcomes.