bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Streams Framework as Scientific Research Program and Tool for the Analysis of Public Policy Issues
Authors: Ochrana František , Novotný Vilém , Angelovská Olga
Published: June 2022

The Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) is currently one of the most widely used frameworks in policy process research. It explains how policy agenda develops in the policy process with emphasis on policy adoption. This article examines MSF from the perspective of the history of science and Lakatos’ methodology of scientific research programs. In this respect, we consider MSF a “semi-strong theory” that uses a form of subsumption under theory for scientific explanation. This differs from a “strong” explanatory theory (e.g., physics), which uses explanations in the form of subsumption under scientific law. From the point of view of Lakatos’ methodology, MSF represents a scientific research program.

The basic element is a hard core given mainly by the MSF hypothesis for the framework as a whole and MSF assumptions and key structural elements. Around the hard core there is a protective belt of auxiliary hypotheses. They correspond to hypotheses related to the framework’s key elements and to the hypothesis for the framework as a whole. MSF has negative heuristics (prohibition of the use of the modus tollens rule) and positive heuristics, which are represented by a set of theoretically and empirically progressive theories that further develop the MSF research program. An analysis of studies on MSF reveals that single hypotheses are only exceptionally tested using “hard” data and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis (case studies) predominates, which contributes to the development of MSF theory. Therefore, we can consider a progressive shift in theory.

In this respect, MSF can be considered a successful research program. However, in terms of the methodology of scientific research programs, MSF has a number of other opportunities to develop hypothesis testing further and use various modelling methods with data sets. Thus, MSF represents an interesting scientific research program, which needs to be further developed and specified in the spirit of the methodology of scientific research programs, It is a challenge for interdisciplinary research in the field of social sciences.
Dots-and-Polygons
Authors: Dickson Jessica , Perrier Rachel
Published: June 2022

Dots-and-Boxes is a popular children’s game whose winning strategies have been studied by Berlekamp, Conway, Guy, and others. In this article we consider two variations, Dots-and-Triangles and Dots-and-Polygons, both of which utilize the same lattice game board structure as Dots-and-Boxes. The nature of these variations along with this lattice structure lends itself to applying Pick’s theorem to calculate claimed area. Several strategies similar to those studied in Dots-and-Boxes are used to analyze these new variations.
Lagrange was Wrong, Pascal was Right
Authors: Teşeleanu George
Published: June 2022

In this paper we compare the efficiency of the decimal system to the efficiency of different mixed radix representations. We use as a starting point for our study the duodecimal systems suggested by Pascal and the Maya “Long Count” system. Using the quality index we experimentally show that two slight deviations from the duodecimal system are more efficient than the previous two systems and also than the decimal system.
Foreign Capital Flows and Human Development in Developing Countries: Does Institutional Quality Matter?
Authors: Ali Saadia , Jehan Zainab , Sherbaz Sadia
Published: June 2022

The impact of foreign capital on human development has been at best ambiguous, while that of institutions is undoubtedly favorable. That said, the way foreign capital relates to human development may be affected by the quality of institutions. This paper assesses this very phenomenon in 65 developing countries over the time period 1984-2014. In this regard, this study incorporates three indicators of human development namely, per capita income (PCI), Secondary School Enrollment (SSE) and Life Expectancy (LE). Using two step system GMM estimation technique, we found that the impact of foreign capital varies with respect to the indicators of human development and the type of foreign capital being studied. Both FDI and FPI negatively affect per capita income and secondary school enrollment, while, remittances affect all the indicators of human development positively, except for life expectancy. The interaction between institutions and each type of foreign capital flow exerts a positive influence on all indicators of human development. However, this positive interaction fails to completely eliminate the adverse influence of the capital flows, which reflects inadequacy of existing institutional quality in developing countries and the need for institutional reforms.
The SEM Model of Better Workers’ Life in Companies
Authors: Rožman Maja , Čančer Vesna
Published: June 2022

This paper seeks to build a model of the aging workers’ work-life quality and analyze the effect of its factors on the work engagement of elderly workers. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the effects among seven constructs. The results show that the effect of the occupational stress of elderly workers on their work engagement and work satisfaction is negative, and the effects of the friendly working conditions, maintenance of work ability, and training programs on the work engagement of elderly workers are positive. The results show that the effect of health promotion in the workplace for elderly workers on their work satisfaction is positive, and so is the effect of work satisfaction on work engagement. The findings of this research can help employers better manage elderly workers and create a healthy and safe work environment for them. A better environment leads to higher work engagement of elderly workers.
Understanding the Mechanism of Influence of TQM Practices on Financial Performance: the Mediating Effect of Innovation Performance
Authors: Kulenović Mirza , Veselinović Ljiljan , Šunje Aziz , Cero Ermin
Published: June 2022

This study explores the mechanism of influence of total quality management (TQM) practices on a company’s financial performance (FP), considering innovation performance (IP) as a mediator variable. In addition, the proposed model seeks to determine whether the competition intensity (CI) moderates the relationship between TQM practices and FP. Based on the sample of 593 companies from various sectors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, structural equation modeling is used to analyze the relationships between the variables in the model. The results of this paper reveal the implicit and often omitted impact of IP on FP taking into account TQM practices, suggesting that the impact of TQM practices is manifested through full mediation of IP. The moderating effect of CI in the relationship between TQM practices and FP was not supported. The results indicate the role and the importance of IP in the mechanism of influence of TQM practices.
Interactive Online Machine Learning
Authors:   , Tegen Agnes
Published: June 2022

With the Internet of Things paradigm, the data generated by the rapidly increasing number of connected devices lead to new possibilities, such as using machine learning for activity recognition in smart environments. However, it also introduces several challenges. The sensors of different devices might be mobile and of different types, i.e. there is a need to handle streaming data from a dynamic and heterogeneous set of sensors. In machine learning, the performance is often linked to the availability and quality of annotated data. Annotating data is in general costly, but it can be even more challenging if there is not any, or a very small amount of, annotated data to train the model on at the start of learning. To handle these issues, we implement interactive and adaptive systems. By including human-in-the-loop, which we refer to as interactive machine learning, the input from users can be utilized to build the model. The type of input used in interactive machine learning is typically annotations of the data, i.e. correctly labelled data points. Generally, it is assumed that the user always provides correct labels in accordance with the chosen interactive learning strategy. In many real-world applications these assumptions are not realistic however, as users might provide incorrect labels or not provide labels at all in line with the chosen strategy. In this thesis we explore which interactive learning strategy types are possible in the given scenario and how they affect performance, as well as the effect of machine learning algorithms on the performance. We also study how a user who is not always reliable, i.e. who does not always provide a correct label when expected to, can affect performance. We propose a taxonomy of interactive online machine learning strategies and test how the different strategies affect performance through experiments on multiple datasets. Simulated experiments are compared to experiments with human participants, to verify the results. The findings show that the overall best performing interactive learning strategy is one where the user provides labels when current estimations are incorrect, but that the best performing machine learning algorithm depends on the problem scenario. The experiments also show that a decreased reliability of the user leads to decreased performance, especially when there is a limited amount of labelled data. The robustness of the machine learning algorithms differs, where e.g. Naïve Bayes classifier is better at handling a lower reliability of the user. We also present a systematic literature review on machine teaching, a subfield of interactive machine learning where the human is proactive in the interaction. The study shows that the area of machine teaching is rapidly evolving with an increased number of publications in recent years. However, as it is still maturing, there exists several open challenges that would benefit from further exploration, e.g. how human factors can affect performance.
Philosophical anthropology of Max Scheler as an essential phenomenology and theonomic axiology of human
Authors: Burkhanov Rafael Ayratovich , Nikulina Olga Vyacheslavovna
Published: June 2022

The article analyzes the role and significance of phenomenology and axiology in the concept of human by Max Scheler. It is noted that by phenomenology he understands such an attitude of spiritual contemplation, through which one can see or comprehend in the experience a certain area of "facts". Phenomenological philosophy seeks to understand the transcendent foundations of the Universe, absolute essences that are constituted in values that are ethically loaded. It is emphasized that Scheler?s philosophical anthropology was formed on the basis of essential phenomenology and theonomic axiology. The German thinker sees the specificity of a human in his fundamental lack of root, ontological inadequacy, and anthropological incompleteness in the world. This is a becoming being, aspiring to the highest values emanating from God. His special position in the Universe lies in the ability to transcend himself beyond the boundaries of everyday life. The goal of human development is "moral soaring", through which the core of the personality tries to take part in the essential. This is the realization of the ideal of "whole human" as a concrete integrity of the human spirit, the formation of a comprehensive and spiritually developed personality.
The role of the Protestant Reformation in increasing education in Europe
Authors: Velm Ivan Matveyevich
Published: June 2022

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of the Protestant Reformation in increasing the education of European society in the XVI-XVII centuries. The article discusses the reasons for the flourishing of education and science in this era. Scientific novelty is manifested in a comprehensive study of the consequences of the Reformation, which, mutually influencing each other, eventually led to an increase in the level of education in Europe. As a result, it was established that the Reformation democratized the spiritual, political and socio-economic aspects of life, introduced the principles of freedom of conscience, faith without mediation, encouragement of entrepreneurship, universality of education, the need for each person to study the Scriptures independently, personal responsibility to God and others, which contributed to the development of science and education, as well as the formation of a new public consciousness.
Trust and distrust as markers of the socio-cultural development of the region (on the example of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic)
Authors: Sergodeeva Elena Alexandrovna , Dulin Konstantin Alexandrovich
Published: June 2022

The purpose of the study to characterize the qualitative features of interpersonal, generalized and institutional trust characteristic of the socio-political and socio-economic life of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Scientific novelty. Philosophical problems of social trust of ethnic groups and associations historically living in certain territories are one of the urgent and insufficiently studied problems in the circles of scientists and practitioners of the humanities. The culturalist and structural approaches to explaining the reasons for low trust indicators, which is one of the key factors of insufficient organizational complexity of economically backward regions, are compared. The advantage of the structural theory of trust of Apostolis Papakostos is proved. As a result, the conclusion is made about the positive prospects for the application of the concept of "structural skepticism" within the framework of the program for expanding the scale of organizational complexity of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic in order to increase the indicators of its socio-economic development.
Lectura por placer con estudiantes de bachillerato en tiempos del COVID-19
Authors: Flores Tejeda Jimena , García Meza Norma Esther
Published: June 2022

Los planes de estudio de Literatura para la educación media superior se ocupan de que las y los estudiantes aprendan algunas cuestiones de teoría literaria pero dejan en segundo plano la lectura de textos literarios. La implementación de talleres de lectura por placer se vuelve, entonces, indispensable. En este artículo se exponen los resultados de un taller virtual realizado con estudiantes de Literatura de un bachillerato ubicado en la ciudad de Huatusco, Veracruz, México, en el que se leyó literatura mexicana del siglo XX y contemporáneos, se practicó la lectura en voz alta y se realizaron actividades de escritura creativa. Todo ello, en el marco de la contingencia por COVID-19. El contenido del presente artículo, forma parte de las actividades académicas de la Especialización en Promoción de la Lectura, de la Universidad Veracruzana.
Mathematical Model for Autoclave Curing of Unsaturated Polyester Based Composite Materials
Authors: Razak Adnan A. Abdul
Published: June 2022

Heat transfer process involved in the autoclave curing of fiber-reinforced thermosetting composites is investigated numerically. A model for the prediction of the temperature and the extent of the reaction across the laminate thickness during curing process in the autoclave of unsaturated polyester based composite has been developed. The governing equation for one dimensional heat transfer, and accounting for the heat generation due to the exothermic cure reaction in the composites had been used.  It was found that the temperature at the central of the laminate increases up to the external imposed temperature, because of the thermal conductivity of the resin and fiber. The heat generated by the exothermic reaction of the resin is not adequately removed; the increase in the temperature at the center increases the resins rate reaction, which in turn generates more heat.
Modeling and Control of the Saturation’s Transformer
Authors: Abbas Arif J. , Gaeid Khalaf S. , Salih Ibrahim K.
Published: June 2022

This paper investigates the saturable transformer from modeling and control point of view. After implementing the Simulink model of the three phase transformer   simulation of a three  phase,  two-winding transformer is used  to examine the transformer under  two operating conditions. The first is the secondary terminal short circuited and the second is the secondary terminals connected to a non-unity power factor load  to verify the results obtained with those predicted from any analysis using the equivalent circuit. The graphical user interface is used for  modeling  transformer parameters, obtaining the results, check  the stability of the control system, the settling time, the Bode plot, Nyquist and Nicols chart  finally recording all currents, voltages and phase shift between them in the steady state condition, initial values of states variables for the nonlinear circuit  parameters.
Comparison and Assessment for Major Anions in Tigris River at Mosul District
Authors: Mohammed Mayada H. , Kharrufa Suhair N. , Shihab Mohammed S.
Published: June 2022

Four major anions (nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and chloride)  are measured in Tigris river at Mosul in six locations since Sept.2005 to June 2006.  The same 4 anions are measured previously by researches or thesis, so their results are added to the former one for comparison. The variation of flow is also reported for the whole period in order to study the concentration-flow relationship. The nitrate and phosphate concentrations are increasing with the river flow increase and decreasing with its decrease for most periods, (reaching up to1.05mg/l at June for nitrate and 0.482mg/l at April for phosphate) .The lowest concentrations are observed (as low as 0.285 mg/l at Dec. for nitrate and 0.07mg/l at Jan for phosphate). Sulfate and chloride concentration are varying oppositely to the river flow for most periods, both showing their peaks at Jan. and their lowest at June (reaching up to 170 mg/l for sulfate, and 33.4 mg/l for chloride) while the minimum values are 68mg/l for sulfate, and 15.6 mg/l for chloride. The data of the previous years are not complete and data for only 8 years are available. It indicates that the anions concentrations variation corresponding to the river flow is similar to that of  the studied years. However the data with equal flow rate only are used for comparison purposes to achieve correct results. All of the studied anions are increasing since 1982-2006 in different percentages except the phosphate. The 4 major anions are lower than the standards and MCL for the recent and previous studies.
Multiple Data Type Encryption using Genetic Neural Network
Authors: Al-Nima Raid R. , Hamed Ali N. , Srdeeq Ridwaan Y.
Published: June 2022

The aim of this research is to build a ciphering system by using genetic neural network technique to protect data against unauthorized access to the data being transferred. The encryption data includes three stages: first Stage :- Using the genetic algorithm to train backpropagation neural network for obtaining weights. Second Stage:- Encryption data by using the weights obtained from first backpropagation layer and consider its weights as a encrypted key. third Stage:- Decryption data by using the weights obtained from second backpropagation layer and consider its weights as a decrypted key. This system is similar to coding asymmetric, and have the ability of coding a group of data such as:- pictures, waves and texts.
Magnetic Circuit & Torque Analysis of Brushless DC Motor
Authors: Abbas Arif J. , Rashide Mohamed , Wadi Kais
Published: June 2022

This work is concerned with magnetic and torque analysis of BLDCM and with development of a method of designing BLDCM that have symmetric winding on the rotor .make significant contribution to the rotor inductance position difficult. It is also show that the prediction detent torque can be extremely sensitive to the permanent magnet by altering magnet arc width. Finally, simple lumped models that allow one to predict motor performance and characteristics as a function of main dimension, magnet residual flux density and phase current are developed. These models are used as a basis for an approach to designing BLDCM.
Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Packed Column in Non-Newtonian Fluid
Authors: Jasim Farah T. , Mageed Alyaa K. , Farje Fadhil H.
Published: June 2022

Absorption of carbon dioxide into carbonate solution (Na2CO3) with PAM (non-Newtonian fluid) has been performed in a countercurrent packed column (0.075m i.d. ×1.25 m height) packed with glass Raschig rings (1×1cm) to a depth of 1m. The influence of liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, liquid temperature, and polyacrylamind (PAM) concentration on the absorption rate, overall mass transfer coefficient and the reaction kinetics regime are studied at constant carbonate concentration and atmospheric pressure. The results show that the absorption rate and overall mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing liquid flow rate and temperature. The mass transfer coefficient decreases with increasing gas flow rate while the absorption rate of carbon dioxide is virtually independent of gas flow rate. This indicates that carbon dioxide absorption is liquid film controlled. Increasing PAM concentration results of reduction of absorption rate and overall mass transfer coefficient. The reaction kinetics between carbon dioxide and carbonate solution with PAM was obtained as a pseudo first order reaction (Hatta number, Ha >>1).
Kinetics of Sulfur, Vanadium and Nickel Removal from Basra Crude Oil Hydro Treating
Authors: Ibraheem Muzher M. , Mohammad Abdulhalim A. , Jarallah Ayser T.
Published: June 2022

Basra crude oil was hydro treated in trickle–bed reactor using cobalt – molybdenum alumina as a Catalyst. The reaction range temperatures was598 – 648 k, while LHSV was 0.7 – 2 hr-1. The pressure and H2/Oil for all experiments keep constant at 3Mpa and 300 L/L respectively. Desulphurization and demutualization kinetics were studied and found that the kinetics of sculpture removal is of first – order, and the kinetic of vanadium and nickel removal is of second – order. Activation energy were calculated and their value are 24.03, 745.86, 63.90 KJ / mole, respectively for sculpture, vanadium, and nickel.
The Effect of using Insulation on the Energy Saving in Building
Authors: Abbas Ehsan F. , Yaqub Jawdat A.
Published: June 2022

The aim of the present study is to analyze the thermal performance of a building which is of 600 m3 size. The building is built in three different models. In the first model, walls are built with brick. In the second model, a layer of foam (Polystyrene) of 4 cm thickness has been used as an insulation layer inside walls and on the roof. In the third model, walls are constructed from two parts separated by air gap of 8 cm wide; moreover a secondary roof is added to this model. A Qbasic program is prepared to simulate the required mathematical equations in finite difference method and the weather conditions data of Baghdad city at January, 1994. The results of the simulation showed that the ratio of the saved energy by the second and third models with respect to the first model are 29.96%, and 35.40% respectively.
Liquid-Phase Back mixing in Bubble Columns
Authors: Abdulrazzaq Burhan S.
Published: June 2022

Liquid-phase axial dispersion coefficients have been measured for air-water system in bubble columns of 10, 15 and 30 cm diameter. The experiments are carried out using a transient method (the tracer response method).  Dispersion coefficient is obtained by adjusting the experimental profiles of tracer concentration with the predictions of the model. The experimental results show that one-dimensional axial dispersion coefficient, Dax,L, reveal strong scale dependence. Backmixing of liquid phase increases with the increase of reactor diameter and superficial gas velocity.  Axial dispersion coefficient for large column reactors can be easily predicted from the developed relation . Comparison of calculated with the experimental data and with the published data of other authors shows good agreement which ensure the reliability and confusability of the adopted correlations to be used in further design and scale-up purposes.
Theoretical Determination of Forming Limit Stress Diagram for Steel 1021 Sheet
Authors: Balod Anas O.
Published: June 2022

Forming limit stress diagram represent the maximum acceptable limits of principal stresses in sheet metal forming. This diagram show the limits of major and minor true stresses for different strain paths (uniaxial tension, plane strain and equibiaxial stretching path) in sheet metal forming. It is confirmed that the Forming limit stress diagram and the Forming Limit Strain Diagram are two mathematically equivalent representations of forming limits in stress space and strain space respectively. The Forming limit stress diagram of the sheet metal is gained by the transformation relations between the strain state and stress state in deformation of sheet metal. In this paper, the Forming limit stress diagram is theoretically determined using Marciniak-Kuczynski analysis and Hosford yield criterion for steel 1021 sheet ,and compared with the experimental Forming limit stress diagram based on the experimental Forming limit strain diagram of steel 1021 sheet & theory of plasticity. The influence of normal anisotropic ratio, index of yield criterion, inhomogeneous factor and strength coefficient on the theoretical FLSD is also presented. It is shown that the limit stresses in theoretical Forming limit stress diagram is raised by increased values of the normal anisotropic ratio, the inhomogeneous factor and the strength coefficient. The limit stresses are lowered when the index of Hosford yield criterion increased.
Laboratory Study about the Possibility of Eichhornia Growth in Industrial Wastewater and its Ability to Absorb Heavy Metals
Authors: Aleya Tameem , Junaidee Hassan , Salama Leena
Published: June 2022

Eichhornia crassipes is a tropical aquatic plant of American origin that grows on the surface of fresh water. Eichhornia at recent time is used to treat domestic and industrial wastewater. In this research, Eichhornia is used to decrease the concentrations of lead and cadmium in water media. The current changes over the plants endurance for different concentrations by continuing the morphological changes, which have appeared during the experiment, has been studied. The heavy metals concentrations of the media are measured during two days. At the end of the experiment, analysis for metals are also carried out on the plant samples to determine the effect of different media on metal accumulation by roots and aerial parts of the plants. The results showed that the plant is able to absorb the lead and accumulate it in its rooted part more than aerial part along with the preservation of its growth and shape at the concentration up to 100ppm. However, it cannot survive in a good way in the water media which contain cadmium of concentrations (3.07-61.93ppm).
Study the Wear and Friction of Free Cutting Brass under Dry Sliding Condition
Authors: Yaaqub Jawdat A.
Published: June 2022

This research is devoted to study the wear resistance, coefficient of friction and contact temperature of free cutting brass under dry sliding wear conditions over steel counterface disc using pin-on-disc technique. Five load values 3.5, 7, 11, 15 and 20 N were used at constant sliding speed 10.4458 m.s-1 and time 30 min. An increase in wear rate and surface damage of brass specimens was observed by increasing the applied load and a transition from mild to severe wear was occurred at 11 N. A plastic deformation phenomena at macroscopical scale when applying 20 N was detected at the contact surfaces of the brass specimens. The average of the measured contact temperatures of brass was increased from 94 to 268 oC by increasing the applied load from 3.5 to 20 N, while the smallest and greatest calculated kinetic friction coefficient for the sliding pair( free cutting brass / steel) was 0.49 and 0.67 at applied loads 7 and 20 N respectively. Furthermore, an important observations were revealed which includes oxidation and dezincification of the wear rate and contact temperature measuring specimens respectively at their external surface contacting the iron housing far from their contact surfaces with steel disc at 20 N applied load.
KELUARNYA INGGRIS DARI UNI EROPA DITINJAU DARI HUKUM ORGANISASI INTERNASIONAL (STUDI KASUS: REFENDUM BREXIT)
Authors: Stefanie Karina
Published: June 2022

Uni Eropa adalah organisasi multilateral terbesar di dunia yang beranggotakan negara-negara berdaulat dan independen yang beranggotakan 28 negara. Namun pada tahun 2019, jumlah negara anggota terdaftar adalah menjadi 27 negara anggota karena adanya Referendum Brexit yaitu penarikan diri Inggris dari keanggotaan Uni Eropa yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 23 Juni 2016. Tulisan ini menganalisa mengenai Hubungan Inggris dan Uni Eropa, dan penyebab terjadinya Referendum Brexit yang kemudian ditinjau dari Hukum Organisasi Internasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan penelitian hukum normatif-empiris dengan data sumber sekunder dari buku, jurnal, situs internet, peraturan perundang – undangan dan perjanjian internasional yang berlaku. Adapun hasil dan pembahasan dari tulisan ini adalah penyebab keluarnya Inggris dari keanggotaan Uni Eropa dikarenakan kebijakan-kebijakan Uni Eropa yang dianggap merugikan Inggris dan intervensi serta integrasi yang terlalu dalam oleh Uni Eropa, sehingga kemudian proses keluarnya Inggris dilakukan sesuai dengan Pasal 50 Treaty of Lisbon dimana pada tahun 2017 Inggris mengajukan surat permohonan pengunduran diri kepada Uni Eropa.  Dan setelah beberapa perundingan yang dilakukan bersama, akhirnya Inggris resmi keluar dari Uni Eropa tanggal 29 Maret 2019. Sehingga secara keseluruhan proses keluar hingga resminya Inggris keluar dari Uni Eropa, sesuai dengan prosedur pada Pasal 15 dan Pasal 50 Treaty of Lisbon.
REMOTE JUSTICE IN CORONAVIRUS CRISIS – DO THE MEANS JUSTIFY THE ENDS, OR DO THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS?
Authors: Poretti Paula , Švedl Blažeka Vedrana
Published: June 2022

The coronavirus related crisis affected severely all aspects of life and judiciary is no exception. The world has been confronted with new challenges. New circumstances have created significant impact on the functioning of access to justice. New ways of administrating the legal system were introduced in the last decade, allowing for the use of the means of electronic communication, reducing certain stages of court procedures, opting for solutions for peaceful dispute settlement and promoting out-of-court dispute resolution. However, the coronavirus caused, beyond any doubt, severe delays in court proceedings and even shut down courts in some European Union Member States, Croatia included. Thus, additional efforts were required in order to ensure remote justice to citizens and businesses. More importantly, it called for a swift response, issuing and applying emergency measures, to safeguard the right to access courts and provide for effective administration of justice. The paper thus seeks to explore the ways in which European Union Member States responded to emerging challenges and the consequences these challenges had on administration of justice. Croatian example will be introduced specifically due to obvious struggles in handling the coronavirus caused difficulties in national judiciary system. Along with the analysis of measures taken, there are several questions, which need to be answered. What was the level of readiness of the Member States’ judiciaries for providing justice by means of electronic communications, with Croatia in focus? What are the effects of measures taken in Croatian judiciary system? Should it be left to the courts or other competent bodies to take actions on a case-to-case basis in order to provide the necessary protection of procedural rights to parties? In terms of the effect of the emergency measures, do they allow for the same or similar quality of remote justice? In conclusion, the paper will try to answer the aforementioned questions, deliberate on the efficiency of measures taken in response to the coronavirus crisis, with Croatia in focus and possibilities of future improvements.
THE EU COMMISSION PLAN TO SUPPORT THE ECONOMY: THE COMPATIBILITY OF STATE AIDS IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Authors: Marino Silvia
Published: June 2022

The serious risk of a general economic crisis within the internal market, due to the development of the COVID-19 pandemic, has pushed the EU Commission to react in the context of the economic and financial support to the undertakings. The EU Communication of 13 March 2020 offers a first coordinated answer to the prospected crisis. Its most interesting aspect is the clarification of the financial and economic intervention in the economy. The EU Commission suggests that the best actor for the intervention to maintain the competition in the internal market is that of the State(s), but rush to subsidies shall be avoided. Therefore, parts of the Communications are devoted to the evaluation and to the compatibility of State aid projects, in the creation of a new Temporary Framework on State aids. This general approach has proved not-efficient as the pandemic had started affecting all the (Member) States, which reacted with different lock down measures. Therefore, the following amendments to the Communications focus on the future applicable criteria for the compatibility of State aids to face the economic crisis. This paper analyses the EU Commission Temporary Framework on State aid, in order to detect the extent to which it derogates or softens the previous system. For this purpose, the article analyses in depth the EU Commission’s Communications in the light of regulation n. 651/2014. After a brief analysis of the practice, the continuity of the Temporary Framework with the common State aid regulation is stressed.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIRECTIVE 2019/1023 IN THE CROATIAN LEGAL SYSTEM: A NEW TREND OF RESTRUCTURING IN THE CROATIAN INSOLVENCY LAW OR ANOTHER MISSED OPPORTUNITY?
Authors: Šimunović Lidija , Konjević Tena
Published: June 2022

Saving companies as early as possible and providing new opportunities to faltering entrepreneurs has become one of the main priorities of the EU policy. Following the example of American legislation, the EU Commission has recognized the importance of acknowledging the difficulties in doing business and, through the Directive 2019/1023, created a legal basis for harmonized restructuring tools in EU member state. The aim of the Directive is to enable encouragement, reorganization and creation of new opportunities to faltering entrepreneurs. Although the aim of the Directive 2019/1023 is well thought out, its adoption has not been followed by smooth implementation. Many EU Member States used the possibility of extending the implementation deadline and have implemented the Directive 2019/1023, so to speak, at the last minute. One of such countries is the Republic of Croatia, which, with the latest amendments to the Bankruptcy Act from March 2022, passed a series of provisions implementing the goals and solutions from the Directive 2019/1023. This article opens with an analysis of the circumstances that led to the adoption of the Directive 2019/1023 and gives an overview of its objectives and provisions. In addition, the article addresses the short overview of the implementation solutions developed in Austrian and German law, which are role models for Croatian bankruptcy law. The central part of the paper provides a critical analysis of the amended provisions of the Croatian Bankruptcy Act, which implements the Directive 2019/1023 into the Croatian legal system. The authors warn of possible challenges in the enforcement of the objectives of the Directive through the prism of the amended rules of the Bankruptcy Act.
COMPARATIVE VIEWS ON A PERMANENT CHALLENGE: HATE SPEECH SANCTIONING IN POLAND AND CROATIA
Authors: Herceg Pakšić Barbara , Habrat Dorota
Published: June 2022

Freedom of expression is one of the essential elements of modern democratic states’ standard for basic civil rights and freedoms. It is most often guaranteed in the constitutions as well as in ratified acts of European and international law. Still, freedom of speech is not absolute, meaning in certain situations it may be restricted to protect another legal value. A prominent example is hate speech, as a means of spreading hatred, hostility and violence towards a person or a particular group. It is not a closed book but widely regarded as a significant violation of human rights. While there is no doubt it constitutes a freedom of speech abuse, the issue of its sanctioning falls within controversial and multifaceted challenges in terms of legislative regulation. The purpose of this article is to compare Polish and Croatian legal systems on this issue. The research will be based on the comparative method, designed to detect similarities, differences and possible patterns in the subject area of the study and to determine the variables affecting the evaluation of current and developed policies in the area of hate speech responsibility and sanctioning. The specific solutions contained in the national constitutional positions, criminal law, misdemeanor law, related body of doctrine and selected case law show a certain diversity of approaches. It can be said that in the area under consideration we are dealing with variants of the same general concept. The results of the conducted analyses will form the basis for further research in the field of amendment of regulations on the punishment of hate speech in the Polish and Croatian legal systems.
THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF TELEHEALTH
Authors: Misheva Kristina , Ampovska Marija
Published: June 2022

Telehealth seems to be the new normal in this fast-changing environment. According to the European Commission eHealth was among the highest priorities before the COVID -19 pandemic. Transformation of health and care in the digital single market is among the EU`s six political priorities of the Commission 2019-2024 (2018 Communication on Digital Health and Care). The pandemic caused by COVID-19 just accelerates the necessity of the inclusion of digital health into the traditional healthcare systems. Telehealth services are among the biggest eHealth trends in EU. Therefore, one of the challenges is the national, regional and regulatory priorities regarding telehealth. There is lack of telehealth special legislative and governmental policies that needs to stimulate the developing and innovative solutions in medicine through technology and to envisage the upcoming innovation technology. Therefore, the government support and adequate policy making is important to support the development of the telehealth services. One of the main challenges is the electronic transactions of patient data among the telehealth providers and services and the cross-border patient data share. Another issue is the exchange of information among the national health institutions and providers and their interoperability. The Macedonian legislation does not have special legislation (policies, or laws) about telehealth. Telehealth is regulated as a term in the Law on health protection. Additionally, there is a lack of national acts, literature, and research in this subject matter. Thus, this paper will explore the telehealth from two main perspectives: scientific theories and legal practice and the users’ practice. Hence, this paper will analyze the legislation about the telehealth on the EU level and the EU Member States and the Macedonian legislation and the impact on the e-health that was made during COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it will make comparative analyses among different countries into the EU zone compared with the EU aspirant country- the Republic of North Macedonia. A survey conducted among doctors in private and public healthcare institutions in the primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare levels in the city of Stip and in the city of Skopje will provide data about the challenges, risks, and trends in telehealth before and during COVID -19.
PRESENT AND FUTURE - A PREVIEW STUDY OF FACEBOOK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUBMITTED PROPOSAL FOR DIGITAL MARKTES ACT
Authors: Rudohradská Simona , Hučková Regina , Dobrovičová Gabriela
Published: June 2022

In this paper authors analyse a case of Facebook which was assessed by German competition authority – Bundeskartellamt. Facebook has been suspected of abusing its dominant position in the context of protection of personal data. This case was subsequently considered by the competent national judicial authorities, which finally referred the questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union (Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf ) in case C-252/21. At the present stage of the proceedings are published exclusively Application and Request for preliminary ruling. The authors aim heads to examine the disputed action of platform in the context of the proposed Digital Markets Act and to confront them with the obligations imposed by this proposal for a regulation for new category of entities – so called- gatekeepers.
THE POSITION AND REGULATION OF GATEKEEPERS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
Authors: Hučková Regina , Semanová Martina
Published: June 2022

Over the last two decades, a better digital transformation has fundamentally changed the global economy and society. Digital services have become new tools and their importance for our social and economic life will continue to grow. When we adopted the e-commerce directive 20 years ago, many digital services and platforms such as Google, Amazon or Booking were in their initial stage or did not yet exist. The blockades as the consequence of the COVID pandemic have now strengthened the role of online platforms. People have changed their habits towards the online world so that they can do business, shop, work, learn and socialize. COVID-19 has led to an increase in online e-commerce and an increase in fraud, unfair practices, and other illegalities of various formats. The crisis has exposed the system’s existing gaps and weaknesses, which has allowed dishonest services and traders to exploit people’s current insecurity. The Commission has proposed an ambitious reform of the digital space, a comprehensive set of new rules for all digital services, including social media, online marketplaces and other online platforms operating in the European Union: The Digital Services Act and The Digital Markets Act. In this article, we will look at the Commission’s proposal for The Digital Markets Act (DMA), which was published on December 15, 2020. In the last few years, it has been concluded that a small number of large digital platforms act as “gatekeepers” because they are essential gateways between business users and their potential customers. This allows these platforms to take advantage of the enterprise users’ dependence on their services by imposing unfair business conditions. As this issue may not be adequately addressed in competition law, it has led the European Commission to propose a Digital Markets Act (DMA). The DMA should introduce more flexibility and adaptability in terms of imposing the “gatekeeper” obligations. In this article, we will focus on the question of which digital platforms should be subject to ex ante regulation, and thus also the obligations contained in the DMA proposal. The methodology used to identify the “gatekeepers” cannot be separated from the problems that ex ante regulation seeks to address, as otherwise the DMA could end up regulating the wrong set of companies. The DMA proposal describes “gatekeepers” as providers of the core platform service (CPS) that meet three cumulative quality criteria. These criteria are presumed to be met if the relevant CPS provider meets the quantitative size thresholds. DMA includes a mechanism that allows CPS providers who meet these quantitative thresholds to escape labelling. This article reveals the various provisions of the DMA and explains why the Commission has decided to regulate “gatekeepers” and how it can prevent the damage caused by large digital platforms.
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA- MIGRATION MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN SOCIETY RECOVERING FROM THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Simović Miodrag N. , Kuprešanin Jelena
Published: June 2022

Migration management, among others, is one of the challenges Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Western Balkan countries have faced in recent years. The uncertain and complex situation has been exacerbated by the corona virus pandemic, and existing material and human resources are now focused on repairing its consequences. The end of the pandemic remains uncertain, social problems are becoming more complex, and systemic support is needed for a growing number of different vulnerable categories in the country. The protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms is imperative, especially in times of crisis. Although significant activities have been implemented, they are still insufficient to adequately respond to migration management. The support of the international community remains necessary. Multisectoral action, coordination and sharing of experiences should be intensified. The European Commission’s 2021 Report for Bosnia and Herzegovina pointed to very limited progress in migration and asylum management and the need to significantly improve this area, ensure effective coordination and provide sufficient and adequate accommodation capacity. The response to the crisis during the outbreak of COVID-19 was assessed as satisfactory by the European community, and greater spread and more severe consequences for the migrant population were prevented. According to some reports, the rights of minorities and asylum seekers continue to be a serious concern for human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unaccompanied children face specific challenges and vulnerabilities, and their protection and adequate response to their needs is one of the priorities for future action. Media coverage of migrants needs to be reviewed and directed in a way that is in line with the human rights of vulnerable categories and advocating the necessity of their protection. The media is one of the key links in monitoring the protection of human rights, but also in focusing on areas that require urgent action. Preventive activities should become an integral part of the strategic directions of local and national governments, and the support of the international community, cooperation, adequate assessment and protection of the best interests of all citizens are a prerequisite for social security in Bosnia and Herzegovina.