bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tunable Multiplanar Nanowrinkled Surface Platform
Authors: Hughes Bethany , Riazi Seyed‐Shahriar , Romita Lauren , Waldman Stephen D. , Hwang Dae Kun
Published: July 2018

Wrinkled surfaces have extraordinary characteristics, such as enlarged surface area and enhanced adhesion, which form the basis of several emerging applications in electrical, mechanical, and biological processes. Furthermore, wrinkles at a nanoscale display additional ultrahigh functions offering enhanced Raman scattering and superhydrophobicity; however, artificial nanowrinkled morphology is mostly limited to simple planar surfaces. Here, a microfluidics‐based approach to create tunable nanowrinkles on nonplanar surfaces is developed. In this approach, polyethylene glycol microposts using photolithography in a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic channel are first fabricated. A syringe pump is then used with a washing solvent, ethanol, to remove the excess unpolymerized monomer from the microfluidic channel. In combination with nonuniform photopolymerization, this washing postprocess results in microposts with a fully cured inner layer and a partially cured outer layer. The partially cured layer spontaneously forms nanowrinkles upon plasma treatment. Their wavelengths are tunable by controlling the thickness of the partially cured layer during the washing process. The effect of the flow rate and duration of the washing fluid on the wavelength of nanowrinkle formed is investigated.
A Fully Transient Mechanical Energy Harvester
Authors: Muralidharan Nitin , Afolabi Jeremiah , Share Keith , Li Mengya , Pint Cary L.
Published: July 2018

Here, a novel design of a mechanical energy harvester combining peak power output competitive with state‐of‐the‐art energy harvester devices is reported, but with a design enabling full transience, or dissolution, of the harvester after 30 min upon triggering in basic water. The harvester incorporates a symmetric cell combining LixAl alloy electrodes and polyvinyl alcohol packaging that harvests mechanical energy due to the mechanical–electrochemical stress coupling between the electrodes. Prototype harvester devices demonstrate peak output power of 0.208 µW cm−2 with continuous energy generation up to 1.76 µJ cm−2 at a mechanical input frequency of 0.1 Hz. This work introduces a new class of power systems simultaneously tailored for transience, high‐performance energy harvesting, and operation frequency relevant to wearable technologies.
Sub‐Nanosecond Tuning of Microwave Resonators Fabricated on Ruddlesden–Popper Dielectric Thin Films
Authors: Hagerstrom Aaron M. , Lu Xifeng , Dawley Natalie M. , Nair Hari P. , Mateu Jordi , Horansky Robert D. , Little Charles A. E. , Booth James C. , Long Christian J. , Schlom Darrell G. , Orloff Nathan D.
Published: July 2018

Voltage‐tunable dielectric materials are widely used for microwave‐frequency signal processing. Among tunable dielectric thin films, (SrTiO3)nSrO Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) superlattices have exceptionally low loss at high frequencies. This paper reports the first realization of resonators, a ubiquitous building block of microwave components, fabricated on RP films, and an analysis of their static and dynamic tuning behavior. The RP film has a ferroelectric‐paraelectric phase transition at ≈200 K, and the tunability is strongest at this temperature. The resonators have approximately 2.5% tuning of the resonance frequency at room temperature and 20% tuning at 200 K, and a tuning time scale of less than a nanosecond, which is limited by the measurement circuit rather than material properties.
Tailorable Optical Response of Au–LiNbO3 Hybrid Metamaterial Thin Films for Optical Waveguide Applications
Authors: Huang Jijie , Jin Tiening , Misra Shikhar , Wang Han , Qi Zhimin , Dai Yaomin , Sun Xing , Li Leigang , Okkema Joseph , Chen Hou‐Tong , Lin Pao‐Tai , Zhang Xinghang , Wang Haiyan
Published: July 2018

Photonic integrated circuits require various optical materials with versatile optical properties and easy on‐chip device integration. To address such needs, a well‐designed nanoscale metal‐oxide metamaterial, that is, plasmonic Au nanoparticles embedded in nonlinear LiNbO3 (LNO) matrix, is demonstrated with tailorable optical response. Specifically, epitaxial and single‐domain LNO thin films with tailored Au nanoparticle morphologies (i.e., various nanoparticle sizes and densities), are grown by a pulsed laser deposition method. The optical measurement presents obvious surface plasmon resonance and dramatically varied complex dielectric function because of the embedded Au nanoparticles, and its response can be well tailored by varying the size and density of Au nanoparticles. An optical waveguide structure based on the thin film stacks of a‐Si on SiO2/Au‐LNO is fabricated and exhibits low optical dispersion with an optimized evanescent field staying in the LNO‐Au active layer. The hybrid Au‐LNO metamaterial thin films provide a novel platform for tunable optical materials and their future on‐chip integrations in photonic‐based integrated circuits.
Spin‐Selective Second‐Harmonic Vortex Beam Generation with Babinet‐Inverted Plasmonic Metasurfaces
Authors: Chen Yang , Yang Xiaodong , Gao Jie
Published: July 2018

Metasurfaces have drawn considerable attentions for their revolutionary capability of tailoring the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light. By integrating the nonlinear optical processes into metasurfaces, new wavelengths are introduced as an extra degree of freedom for further advancing the device performance. However, most of the existing nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces are based on metallic nanoantennas as meta‐atoms, suffering from strong background transmission, low laser damage threshold and small nonlinear conversion efficiency. Here, Babinet‐inverted plasmonic metasurfaces made of C‐shaped nanoapertures as meta‐atoms are designed and demonstrated to solve these issues. Rotation‐gradient nonlinear metasurfaces are further constructed for producing spin‐selective second‐harmonic vortex beams with the orbital angular momentum (OAM) and beam diffraction angle determined by both the spin states of the fundamental wave and second‐harmonic emission. The results enable new types of functional metasurface chips for applications in spin, OAM, and wavelength multiplexed optical trapping, all‐optical communication, and optical data storage.
Cell Membrane–Camouflaged Colloid Motors for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Gao Changyong , Lin Zhihua , Lin Xiankun , He Qiang
Published: July 2018

Natural cell membrane–camouflaged colloid motors can not only convert the surrounding environmental energy into directed movement but also possess the functions of natural cell membranes. They can autonomously move and are guided by exogenous (e.g., chemical fuel, light, magnetic field, and ultrasound) and endogenous (i.e., chemotaxis) stimuli. These biointerfacing colloid motors with efficient drug loading/transporting capacity, prolonged blood circulation, and antibiofouling and specific targeting abilities are expected to open up opportunities for various biomedical applications and are recognized as the next‐generation therapeutic systems. In this progress report, the authors highlight the recent progress in research on cell membrane–coated colloid motors, as well as their potential for biomedical applications. The limitations and challenges of these colloid motors for in vivo applications are also addressed.
Maximum Entropy Method Visualization of Disorder and Ion Migration in Thermoelectric Cu2‐δSe
Authors: Dalgaard Kirstine J. , Eikeland Espen Z. , Sist Mattia , Iversen Bo B.
Published: July 2018

Cu2‐δSe is a cheap, nontoxic high performance thermoelectric material with extraordinary properties such as liquid‐like phonons or a large enhancement of the thermopower at the phase transition between the low temperature β‐phase and the super‐ion conducting high temperature α‐phase. Here, the nuclear‐weighted X‐ray maximum entropy method (NXMEM) is used to study disorder and ion migration in both the β‐ and the α‐phase based on the analysis of single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The NXMEM density calculated at different temperatures very convincingly shows an unbiased view of ion migration from copper‐rich to copper‐deficient layers eventually leading to the equal distribution in the cubic high temperature phase. This directly confirms that copper mobility and disordering is the driving force behind the peculiar phase transition. In the super‐ionic phase, no density is observed in the octahedral holes even though it is the point of lowest density in the Se anion procrystal. Thus, Cu ions neither occupy this site at equilibrium nor use this site for migration. The NXMEM density suggests an ion migration pathway between 32f sites skirting around the octahedral cavity. In Cu2Se, the strong cation–cation repulsion leads to cooperative effects with highly complex equilibrium disorder and ion migration paths.
Over 100‐nm‐Thick MoOx Films with Superior Hole Collection and Transport Properties for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Bei , Chen Yu , Cui Yong , Liu Delong , Xu Bowei , Hou Jianhui
Published: July 2018

Herein, a novel and effective method to prepare n‐doped MoOx films with highly improved conductivity is reported. The MoOx films are readily prepared by spin‐coating an aqueous solution containing ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate and vitamin C (VC). As confirmed by UV–vis absorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, Mo(VI) is partially reduced to Mo(V) by VC, resulting in the n‐doping of MoOx. The conductivity of the n‐doped MoOx (H:V‐Mo) film can be enhanced by four orders of magnitude compared to pristine MoOx (H‐Mo), that is, from 1.2 × 10−7 to 1.1 × 10−3 S m−1. The device using a 10 nm H:V‐Mo anode interlayer (AIL) exhibits comparable photovoltaic performance to a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)‐modified device. More importantly, the hole transport and collection properties of the H:V‐Mo AILs show outstanding tolerance to thickness variation, that is, with increasing thickness of the H:V‐Mo AIL from 10 to 150 nm, the V oc and fill factor values of the devices remain unchanged. The device based on the blade‐coated H:V‐Mo AIL also has a high power conversion efficiency of 10.6%. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this work demonstrates the first example to prepare metal oxide AILs with outstanding tolerance to thickness, which is promising for the future large‐area manufacturing.
Graphitic Carbon Nanocage as a Stable and High Power Anode for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Bin , Zhang Qing , Liu Huan , Xu Bin , Zhang Shilin , Zhou Tengfei , Mao Jianfeng , Pang Wei Kong , Guo Zaiping , Li Ang , Zhou Jisheng , Chen Xiaohong , Song Huaihe
Published: July 2018

As an emerging electrochemical energy storage device, potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have drawn growing interest due to the resource‐abundance and low cost of potassium. Graphite‐based materials, as the most common anodes for commercial Li‐ion batteries, have a very low capacity when used an anode for Na‐ion batteries, but they show reasonable capacities as anodes for PIBs. The practical application of graphitic materials in PIBs suffers from poor cyclability, however, due to the large interlayer expansion/shrinkage caused by the intercalation/deintercalation of potassium ions. Here, a highly graphitic carbon nanocage (CNC) is reported as a PIBs anode, which exhibits excellent cyclability and superior depotassiation capacity of 175 mAh g−1 at 35 C. The potassium storage mechanism in CNC is revealed by cyclic voltammetry as due to redox reactions (intercalation/deintercalation) and double‐layer capacitance (surface adsorption/desorption). The present results give new insights into structural design for graphitic anode materials in PIBs and understanding the double‐layer capacitance effect in alkali metal ion batteries.
Segmental allopolyploidy in action: Increasing diversity through polyploid hybridization and homoeologous recombination
Authors: Leal‐Bertioli Soraya C. M. , Godoy Ignácio J. , Santos João F. , Doyle Jeff J. , Guimarães Patrícia M. , Abernathy Brian L. , Jackson Scott A. , Moretzsohn Márcio C. , Bertioli David J.
Published: July 2018

Premise of the Study

The genetic bottleneck of polyploid formation can be mitigated by multiple origins, gene flow, and recombination among different lineages. In crop plants with limited origins, efforts to increase genetic diversity have limitations. Here we used lineage recombination to increase genetic diversity in peanut, an allotetraploid likely of single origin, by crossing with a novel allopolyploid genotype and selecting improved lines.

Methods

Single backcross progeny from cultivated peanut × wild species‐derived allotetraploid cross were studied over successive generations. Using genetic assumptions that encompass segmental allotetraploidy, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms and whole‐genome sequence data to infer genome structures.

Key Results

Selected lines, despite a high proportion of wild alleles, are agronomically adapted, productive, and with improved disease resistances. Wild alleles mostly substituted homologous segments of the peanut genome. Regions of dispersed wild alleles, characteristic of gene conversion, also occurred. However, wild chromosome segments sometimes replaced cultivated peanut's homeologous subgenome;A. ipaënsisB sometimes replacedA. hypogaeaA subgenome (~0.6%), andA. duranensisreplacedA. hypogaeaB subgenome segments (~2%). Furthermore, some subgenome regions historically lost in cultivated peanut were “recovered” by wild chromosome segments (effectively reversing the “polyploid ratchet”). These processes resulted in lines with new genome structure variations.

Conclusions

Genetic diversity was introduced by wild allele introgression, and by introducing new genome structure variations. These results highlight the special possibilities of segmental allotetraploidy and of using lineage recombination to increase genetic diversity in peanut, likely mirroring what occurs in natural segmental allopolyploids with multiple origins.
The microbial reproductive ecology of white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)
Authors: Mallott Elizabeth K. , Amato Katherine R.
Published: July 2018

Changes in reproductive status influence energy and nutrient requirements in female primates. The gut microbiota may buffer changes in energy demands, with shifts in community composition increasing the energy production potential of the gut during pregnancy and lactation. In this study, we examine changes in the gut microbiome of wild, female white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) across different reproductive states. Fecal samples (n = 39) were collected from five adult females over the course of a year. Gut microbial community composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequences, and PICRUSt was used to make metagenomic functional predictions. We found a significant relationship between reproductive state and both the structure and predicted function of the gut microbiome, neither of which were associated with host diet. For example, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly lower in lactating females compared with cycling females; the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly higher in pregnant females compared with lactating females, and there was a trend toward higher relative abundances of Proteobacteria in pregnant females compared with cycling females. The results of this study suggest that, in addition to behavioral and dietary adaptions, the gut microbiota may play a role in allowing female primates to meet their changing energetic needs during reproduction. Further studies of the “microbial reproductive ecology” of primates will help advance our understanding of gut microbial contributions to primate energetics.
A Supramolecular [10]CPP Junction Enables Efficient Electron Transfer in Modular Porphyrin–[10]CPP⊃Fullerene Complexes
Authors: Xu Youzhi , Wang Bingzhe , Kaur Ramandeep , Minameyer Martin B. , Bothe Michael , Drewello Thomas , Guldi Dirk M. , von Delius Max
Published: July 2018

Efficient photoinduced electron transfer was observed across a [10]cycloparaphenylene ([10]CPP) moiety that serves as a rigid non‐covalent bridge between a zinc porphyrin and a range of fullerenes. The preparation of iodo‐[10]CPP is the key to the synthesis of a porphyrin–[10]CPP conjugate, which binds C60, C70, (C60)2, and other fullerenes (KA>105 m−1). Fluorescence and pump–probe spectroscopy revealed intramolecular energy transfer between CPP and porphyrin and also efficient charge separation between porphyrin and fullerenes, affording up to 0.5 μs lifetime charge‐separated states. The advantage of this approach towards electron donor–acceptor dyads is evident in the case of dumbbell‐shaped (C60)2, which gave intricate charge‐transfer behavior in 1:1 and 2:1 complexes. These results suggest that [10]CPP and its cross‐coupled derivatives could act as supramolecular mediators of charge transport in organic electronic devices.
A Highly Photostable Near‐Infrared Labeling Agent Based on a Phospha‐rhodamine for Long‐Term and Deep Imaging
Authors: Grzybowski Marek , Taki Masayasu , Senda Kieko , Sato Yoshikatsu , Ariyoshi Tetsuro , Okada Yasushi , Kawakami Ryosuke , Imamura Takeshi , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: July 2018

Various fluorescence microscopy techniques require bright NIR‐emitting fluorophores with high chemical and photostability. Now, the significant performance improvement of phosphorus‐substituted rhodamine dyes (PORs) upon substitution at the 9‐position with a 2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl group is reported. The thus obtained dye PREX 710 was used to stain mitochondria in living cells, which allowed long‐term and three‐color imaging in the vis‐NIR range. Moreover, the high fluorescence longevity of PREX 710 allows tracking a dye‐labeled biomolecule by single‐molecule microscopy under physiological conditions. Deep imaging of blood vessels in mice brain has also been achieved using the bright NIR‐emitting PREX 710‐dextran conjugate.
HFIP‐Assisted C−H Functionalization by Cp*CoIII: Access to Key Reactive Cobaltacycles and Implication in Catalysis
Authors: Sanjosé‐Orduna Jesús , Sarria Toro Juan Manuel , Pérez‐Temprano Mónica H.
Published: July 2018

Described here is a synthetic approach to access two of the most widely invoked cationic cobaltacycles in Cp*CoIII‐catalyzed C−H functionalization reactions by C−H activation. The unique stabilizing capability of MeCN was used to surmount the previously proposed reversible nature of the C−H metalation step. Moreover, it is revealed the boosting effect of 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanol in the metalation step and in the reaction between N‐pyrimidinylindole and diphenylacetylene under catalytic conditions.
Highly Reactive and Tracelessly Cleavable Cysteine‐Specific Modification of Proteins via 4‐Substituted Cyclopentenone
Authors: Yu Jian , Yang Xiaoyue , Sun Yang , Yin Zheng
Published: July 2018

A rapid and cysteine‐specific modification of proteins using 4‐substituted cyclopentenone via a Michael addition tandem elimination reaction was developed. Compared to the classical method, this reaction featured fast kinetics with a stable product. More importantly, this conjugation could be tracelessly removed by exchange with a Michael addition donor. The conjugation and regeneration process not only exhibited little change to the structures or conformations of the proteins but also exhibited little disturbance to their biological functions, such as their enzymatic activities.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural Using High‐Surface‐Area Nickel Boride
Authors: Barwe Stefan , Weidner Jonas , Cychy Steffen , Morales Dulce M. , Dieckhöfer Stefan , Hiltrop Dennis , Masa Justus , Muhler Martin , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2018

The electrochemical oxidation of the biorefinery product 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), an important platform chemical for the polymer industry, is receiving increasing interest. FDCA‐based polymers such as polyethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate (PEF) are sustainable candidates for replacing polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Herein, we report the highly efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of HMF to FDCA, using Ni foam modified with high‐surface‐area nickel boride (NixB) as the electrode. Constant potential electrolysis in combination with HPLC revealed a high faradaic efficiency of close to 100 % towards the production of FDCA with a yield of 98.5 %. Operando electrochemistry coupled to ATR‐IR spectroscopy indicated that HMF is oxidized preferentially via 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid rather than via 2,5‐diformylfuran, which is in agreement with HPLC results. This study not only reports a low‐cost active electrocatalyst material for the electrochemical oxidation of HMF to FDCA, but additionally provides insight into the reaction pathway.
Crinkled employs wingless pathway for wing development in Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Li Chengjun , Lu Yaoyao , Ma Shangshang , Lü Peng , Li Bin , Chen Keping
Published: July 2018

Crinkled is associated with embryonic denticle formation and auditory organ development in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the functions of Crinkled have not been fully investigated. Additionally, the genes that participate in the Crinkled pathway are unknown. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that crinkled exhibits a one‐to‐one orthologous relationship in insects. In Tribolium castaneum, the crinkled gene is 6,498 bp in length and consists of six exons. Crinkled expression peaked during two phases in Tribolium: late embryonic and pupal stages. High levels of crinkled mRNA were detected in the fat body, head, epidermis, ovary, and accessory gland of late adults. Knockdown of crinkled using RNA interference (RNAi) severely affected wing morphogenesis in T. castaneum. We further showed that crinkled silencing reduced forked expression through wingless and shaven‐baby, and RNAi of forked phenocopied the effects of crinkled knockdown in T. castaneum. This study investigated the development role of crinkled in postembryonic stages and indicated that forked mediates the functions of crinkled during wing morphogenesis in T. castaneum.
Multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, biological evaluations, and docking studies of o/p‐propoxyphenylsubstituted‐1H‐benzimidazole derivatives
Authors: Sarıkaya Görkem , Çoban Güneş , Parlar Sülünay , Tarikogullari Ayse H. , Armagan Güliz , Erdoğan Mümin A. , Alptüzün Vildan , Alpan Ayşe S.
Published: July 2018

This study indicates the synthesis, cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity, and molecular modeling studies of 48 compounds as o‐ and p‐(3‐substitutedethoxyphenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole derivatives. According to the ChE inhibitor activity results, generally, para series are more active against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) whereas ortho series are more active against butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The most active compounds against AChE and BuChE are compounds A12 and B14 with IC50 values of 0.14 and 0.22 μM, respectively. Additionally, the most active 16 compounds against AChE/BuChE were chosen to investigate the neuroprotective effects, and the results indicated that most of the compounds have free radical scavenging properties and show their effects by reducing free radical production; moreover, some of the compounds significantly increased the viability of SH‐SY5Y cells exposed to H2O2. Overall, compounds A12 and B14 with potential AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities, high neuroprotection against H2O2‐induced toxicity, free radical scavenging properties, and metal chelating abilities may be considered as lead molecules for the development of multi‐target‐directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease.
Natural Triterpenoid‐ and Oligo(Ethylene Glycol)‐Pendant‐Containing Block and Random Copolymers: Aggregation and pH‐Controlled Release
Authors: Li Ying , Gao Yuxia , Wang Bo , Hao Jie , Hu Jun , Ju Yong
Published: July 2018

In this research, a series of random and block amphiphilic copolymers of norbornene derivatives containing biocompatible natural triterpenoid and oligo(ethylene glycol) pendants were synthesized by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. These copolymers were heat and pH responsive, and could self‐assemble into core–shell spherical micelles in aqueous solution. Their hydrodynamic diameters corresponded to pH values and monomer sequences. By evaluating the loading and release capacity of hydrophobic molecules, it was found that 1) the higher the content of the hydrophobic triterpenoid, the higher the loading capacity; 2) the release speed could be trigged by the pH because of the deprotonation of the carboxyl groups on the triterpenoid. Additionally, the copolymers exhibited low cytotoxicity toward L929 cells, which makes them potential nanocarrier candidates for controlled drug delivery.
Vereinheitlichte Schadensbeschreibung und Risikobewertung von Bauwerken unter extremen Naturgefahren
Authors: Maiwald Holger , Schwarz Jochen
Published: July 2018

International liegen verschiedene Klassifikationsschemen für die Bewertung von Bauwerksschäden infolge der unterschiedlichen Naturgefahren vor. Diese sind aufgrund ihrer Heterogenität nur unzureichend für die Betrachtung von Schäden im Sinne eines Multi‐Hazard‐Ansatzes geeignet.

Für die Bewertung der Verletzbarkeit von Bauwerken gegenüber verschiedenen Naturgefahren und die Prognose von Schäden ist eine vereinheitlichte Systematik erforderlich, mit der wiederholt beobachtete Schadensbilder in ein Schema von Schadensgraden überführt werden können. Mit diesem Instrumentarium kann der Schaden einheitlich ausgewertet und der Zusammenhang zu den Einwirkungskenngrößen hergestellt werden.

Dabei wird dem Vorgehen der European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS‐98) für Erdbebenschäden gefolgt, indem zwischen strukturellen und nicht strukturellen Schäden unterschieden wird, denen in Form von Schadensgraden charakteristische Schadensbilder zuordenbar sind.

Es wird ein allgemeines Klassifikationsschema für Bauwerksschäden vorgestellt, mit dem eine Vergleichbarkeit der Schäden infolge der einzelnen Naturgefahren hergestellt werden kann.

Auf Grundlage real beobachteter Schadensfälle werden die typischen Schadensmuster für die Naturgefahren Hochwasser, Tsunami und Wind herausgearbeitet und in aufeinander abgestimmte Schadensgrade klassifiziert.

Mit den eingeführten Schadensskalen steht erstmals ein Instrumentarium zur Verfügung, um Schadensfälle an einem Gebäudebestand infolge unterschiedlicher Naturgefahren nach ingenieurmäßig vereinheitlichten Kriterien bewerten zu können. Im Ausblick steht die Prognose der Schäden infolge der unterschiedlichen Naturgefahren und ihrer möglichen Abfolgen.
Konzeptionelle Grundlagen und Tools zur Bewertung der Multi‐Hazard‐Verletzbarkeit von Bestandsbauten
Authors: Schwarz Jochen , Maiwald Holger , Kaufmann Christian , Langhammer Tobias , Beinersdorf Silke
Published: July 2018

Mit der European Macroseismic Scale 1998 – (EMS‐98) steht für die Naturgefahr Erdbeben ein Instrumentarium zur Verfügung, das durch Einführung und konkrete Umsetzung der Verletzbarkeitsklassen (vulnerability classes) die Erklärung der beobachteten Unterschiede im Verhalten der vorherrschenden Bauweisen ermöglicht, zugleich aber auch die Kennzeichnung der rein empirisch begründeten Streubreiten zulässt.

Die grundlegende Methodik ist auch auf andere Naturgefahren wie Hochwasser, Tsunami und Wind übertragbar. Dies ermöglicht die Entwicklung einer vereinheitlichten Methodik zur Berücksichtigung der Bauwerksverletzbarkeit im Sinne eines Multi‐Hazard‐Ansatzes.

Erstmals steht ein verletzbarkeitsorientiertes Instrumentarium zur Verfügung, um einen Gebäudebestand für unterschiedliche Naturgefahren nach ingenieurmäßig vereinheitlichten Kriterien bewerten zu können.

Die Multi‐Hazard‐Verletzbarkeit mit ihren möglichen Streubreiten wird an realen Bauwerksbeständen untersucht und visualisiert.

Mit dem Konzept der „LEGOisierung“ der Bestandsgebäude wird ein neuartiger Ansatz vorgestellt, um über die Substrukturierung der Gebäude in Geschosse (inkl. Dach, Keller und Decken) eine Weiterentwicklung der Typisierung in Richtung konkreter Schadensmerkmale und der lokalen Verletzbarkeit zu ermöglichen.

Es wird ein Ausblick auf ein zu entwickelndes „Konzeptionelles Simulations‐Tool“ gegeben, welches mit den entwickelten Tools und Methoden die Simulation von Schäden und Verlusten infolge verschiedener Naturgefahren und ihrer Abfolgen ermöglicht.
Classroom contexts for learning at primary and secondary school: Class size, groupings, interactions and special educational needs
Authors: Blatchford Peter , Webster Rob
Published: July 2018

The inclusion of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) in mainstream schools can result in difficult decisions regarding classroom organisation and management. The premise of this article is that these are likely to be affected by the classroom context, specifically the number of pupils in the class, the size and composition of groups and classes, and the presence of additional adults, but that there is very little systematic information on these features. A systematic observation study was conducted involving 48 pupils at Year 5 (9–10 years) and 49 pupils at Year 9 (13–14 years) with Statements ofSEND, along with 115 comparison pupils at Year 5 and 112 at Year 9 who were typically developing. There were nearly 70,000 observations (data points) in total. Results showed that pupils at Year 5 withSENwere being taught in larger classes than at Year 9, and that, compared with typically developing pupils, they were much more likely to be separately taught in small, low‐attaining groups at Year 5 and small, low‐attaining classes (sets) at secondary. The study raises worrying questions about the appropriateness of classroom contexts for pupils withSENDand the heavy reliance on teaching assistants.
A highly selective colorimetric and long‐wavelength fluorescent probe for the detection of Hg2+
Authors: Xu Jing , Wang Zuokai , Liu Caiyun , Xu Zhenghe , Wang Ning , Cong Xin , Zhu Baocun
Published: July 2018

Currently, the fluorescent probe is an important method for detecting heavy metal ions, especially mercury ion (Hg2+), which is harmful to the health of humans and the environment due to its toxicity and extensive use. In this paper, we designed and synthesized a colorimetric and long‐wavelength fluorescent probe Hg‐P with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity, which could detect Hg2+ by the changes of visual color, fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. With the addition of Hg2+ to probe Hg‐P solution, its color changed from yellow to pink, and showed a 171 nm red‐shifted absorption spectrum. Probe Hg‐P was used in real water and soil solution samples to detect Hg2+, and the result is satisfactory. Therefore, this new probe shows great value and application in detecting Hg2+ in the environment.
Breast screening participation and retention among immigrants and nonimmigrants in British Columbia: A population‐based study
Authors: Woods Ryan R. , McGrail Kimberlyn M. , Kliewer Erich V. , Kazanjian Arminee , Mar Colin , Kan Lisa , Sam Janette , Spinelli John J.
Published: July 2018

Breast cancer screening programs operate across Canada providing mammography to women in target age groups with the goal of reducing breast cancer mortality through early detection of tumors. Disparities in breast screening participation among socio‐demographic groups, including immigrants, have been reported in Canada. Our objectives were to: (1) assess breast screening participation and retention among immigrant and nonimmigrant women in British Columbia (BC), Canada; and (2) to characterize factors associated with screening among screening‐age recent immigrant women in BC. We examined 2 population‐based cohorts of women eligible for breast screening participation (537 783 women) and retention (281 052 women) using linked health and immigration data. Breast screening rates were presented according to socio‐demographic and health‐related variables stratified by birth country. Factors associated with screening among recent immigrant women were explored using Poisson regression. We observed marked variation in screening participation across birth country cohorts. Eastern European/Central Asian women showed low participation (37.9%) with rates from individual countries ranging from 35.0% to 49.0%. Participation rates for immigrant women from the most common birth countries, such as China/Macau/Hong Kong/Taiwan (45.7%), India (44.5%), the Philippines (45.9%), and South Korea (39.0%), were lower than the nonimmigrant rates (51.2%). Retention rates showed less variation by birth country; however, some disparities between immigrant and nonimmigrant groups persisted. Associations between screening indicators and study factors varied considerably across immigrant groups. Primary care physician visits were consistently positively associated with screening participation; this variable was also the only predictor associated with screening within each of the groups of recent immigrants. Our study provides unique data on both screening participation and retention among Canadian immigrant women compiled by individual country of birth. Our results are further demonstration that screening disparities exist among immigrant populations as well as in comparison with nonimmigrant women.
Targeting inhibitors of apoptosis proteins suppresses medulloblastoma cell proliferation via G2/M phase arrest and attenuated neddylation of p21
Authors: Chen Shu‐Mei , Lin Tzu‐Kang , Tseng Yuan‐Yun , Tu Chiao‐Hui , Lui Tai‐Ngar , Huang Shiang‐Fu , Hsieh Ling‐Ling , Li Ying‐Ying
Published: July 2018

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common type of malignant childhood brain tumor. We previously showed that inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) small‐molecule inhibitors (LCL161 or LBW242) combined with chemotherapy have synergistic antiproliferative effects on MB cells. The synergistic antitumor effects of combination treatments happen through induction of autophagy and caspase‐3/7‐activated apoptosis. Here, we investigated the effects of IAP inhibitors or silencing IAP on cell cycle regulation. We discovered that treatment with IAP inhibitors or their combination with conventional chemotherapy (vincristine or cisplatin), as well as RNAi knockdown of cIAP1/2 or XIAP arrested MB cells in the G2/M phase through downregulation of cyclin B1‐CDK1 and cyclin A‐CDK1/2. Among these three IAPs, only silencing cIAP1 expression enhanced p21 dependent‐G2/M phase accumulation. IAP inhibitors reduced cIAP1 expression and increased p21 expression in time course experiments. Furthermore, cIAP1 can govern p21 proteasomal degradation via neddylation in lieu of ubiquitination. Inhibition of IAPs significantly abrogated cIAP1‐mediated p21 degradation. We also observed an inverse correlation between nuclear cIAP1 and nuclear p21 expressions in MB tumor tissues. These findings provide new mechanistic evidence of the influence of IAP inhibitors on MB cell proliferation through disruption of the cell cycle.
Frequency and clinicopathological features of metastasis to liver, lung, bone, and brain from gastric cancer: A SEER‐based study
Authors: Qiu Miao‐Zhen , Shi Si‐Mei , Chen Zhan‐Hong , Yu Hong‐En , Sheng Hui , Jin Ying , Wang De‐Shen , Wang Feng‐Hua , Li Yu‐Hong , Xie Dan , Zhou Zhi‐Wei , Yang Da‐Jun , Xu Rui‐Hua
Published: July 2018

The hematogenous metastatic pattern of gastric cancer (GC) was not fully explored. Here we analyzed the frequency and clinicopathological features of metastasis to liver, lung, bone, and brain from GC patients. Data queried for this analysis included GC patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database from 2010 to 2014. All of statistical analyses were performed using the Intercooled Stata 13.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). All statistical tests were two‐sided. Totally, there were 19 022 eligible patients for analysis. At the time of diagnosis, there were 7792 patients at stage IV, including 3218 (41.30%) patients with liver metastasis, 1126 (14.45%) with lung metastasis, 966 (12.40%) with bone metastasis and 151 (1.94%) with brain metastasis. GC patients with lung or liver metastasis have a higher risk of bone and brain metastasis than those without lung nor liver metastasis. Intestinal subtype had significantly higher rate of liver and lung metastasis, while diffuse type was more likely to have bone metastasis. Proximal stomach had significantly higher risk to develop metastasis than distal stomach. African‐Americans had the highest risk of liver metastasis and Caucasian had the highest prone to develop lung and brain metastasis. The median survival for patients with liver, lung, bone, and brain metastasis was 4 months, 3 months, 4 months and 3 months, respectively. It is important to evaluate the status of bone and brain metastasis in GC patients with lung or liver metastasis. Knowledge of metastatic patterns is helpful for clinicians to design personalized pretreatment imaging evaluation for GC patients.
The TERT promoter mutation status and MGMT promoter methylation status, combined with dichotomized MRI‐derived and clinical features, predict adult primary glioblastoma survival
Authors: Shu Chang , Wang Qiong , Yan Xiaoling , Wang Jinhuan
Published: July 2018

Purpose

This study aimed to integrate the TERT promoter mutation status, MGMT promoter methylation status, MRI‐derived features, and clinical features into a survival analysis model to better understand adult primary glioblastoma prognosis‐related markers.

Method

A total of 304 adult glioblastoma samples collected after surgical resection were selected for retrospective analysis, and Sanger sequencing was performed to detect IDH and TERT promoter mutations. The methylation of the MGMT promoter was analyzed by pyrosequencing, and MRI‐derived and clinical features were dichotomized into easily acquired variables. Random survival forest analysis, Kaplan‐Meier analysis, Cox proportional hazard regression, and LASSO regression were performed for the survival analysis, and ROC analysis and Pearson's chi‐squared test were employed for the correlation analysis.

Results

Wild‐type IDH was present in 89.8% of the adult glioblastoma samples, and TERT promoter mutations and MGMT promoter methylation were observed in 66.42% and 38.49% of all adult primary glioblastomas, respectively. Age and MGMT promoter methylation were identified as independent prognostic biomarkers, and the TERT promoter mutation status and MGMT promoter methylation status, when combined with other tumor‐related factors, generated several different survival subgroups. None of the factors investigated in this study predicted the MGMT promoter status, and MRI‐detected necrosis was positively associated with TERT promoter mutations.

Conclusion

MGMT promoter methylation and TERT promoter mutations, combined with MRI‐derived and clinical features, revealed different survival subgroups with distinct responses to current treatments, and this information increases the ability to predict the survival of adult primary glioblastoma patients. MRI‐detected necrosis often indicates the presence of TERT promoter mutations.
Incidence proportions and prognosis of breast cancer patients with bone metastases at initial diagnosis
Authors: Gong Yue , Zhang Jing , Ji Peng , Ling Hong , Hu Xin , Shao Zhi‐Ming
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Population‐based data on the incidence and prognosis of bone metastases at diagnosis of breast cancer are currently limited. Hence, we conducted this study to analyze the incidence proportions and prognostic factors of patients with breast cancer and bone metastases at the time of cancer diagnosis.

Materials and methods

Patients with primary invasive breast cancer and bone metastases at initial diagnosis between 2010 and 2014 were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) dataset and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) cohort. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of the presence of bone metastases at diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the effects of each variable on survival.

Results

Of 229, 195 patients from SEER database included in the analysis, 8295 patients had bone metastases at initial diagnosis, reflecting 3.6% of the entire study population, and 65.1% of the subset with metastatic disease to any distant site. Patients with hormone receptor (HR)‐positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐negative represented the highest incidence proportions among patients with metastatic disease (73.9%). Among entire cohort, multivariable logistic regression identified eight factors as predictors of the presence of bone metastases at diagnosis. Median OS for the patients with bone metastases in SEER and FUSCC cohorts was 30.0 and 68.2 months, respectively. Patients with HR‐positive HER2‐positive subtype had the longest median OS, and patients with triple‐negative subtype showed the shortest median OS. Multivariable Cox model in SEER cohort confirmed age, histology, grade, tumor subtype, extraosseous metastatic sites, history of primary surgery, insurance status, marital status, and income as independent prognostic factors for both OS and BCSS.

Conclusions

The findings of this study provide population‐based estimates of the incidence and prognosis for patients with bone metastases at initial diagnosis of breast cancer.
Antibody–Bactericidal Macrocyclic Peptide Conjugates To Target Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Touti Fayçal , Lautrette Guillaume , Johnson Kenneth D. , Delaney James C. , Wollacott Andrew , Tissire Hamid , Viswanathan Karthik , Shriver Zachary , Mong Surin K. , Mijalis Alexander J. , Plante Obadiah J. , Pentelute Bradley L.
Published: July 2018

To combat antimicrobial infections, new active molecules are needed. Antimicrobial peptides, ever abundant in nature, are a fertile starting point to develop new antimicrobial agents but suffer from low stability, low specificity, and off‐target toxicity. These drawbacks have limited their development. To overcome some of these limitations, we developed antibody–bactericidal macrocyclic peptide conjugates (ABCs), in which the antibody directs the bioactive macrocyclic peptide to the targeted Gram‐negative bacteria. We used cysteine SNAr chemistry to synthesize and systematically study a library of large (>30‐mer) macrocyclic antimicrobial peptides (mAMPs) to discover variants with extended proteolytic stability in human serum and low hemolytic activity while maintaining bioactivity. We then conjugated, by using sortase A, these bioactive variants onto an Escherichia coli targeted monoclonal antibody. We found that these ABCs had minimized hemolytic activity and were able to kill E. coli at nanomolar concentrations. Our findings suggest macrocyclic peptides if fused to antibodies may facilitate the discovery of new agents to treat bacterial infections.
Peritonitis from injury of an aberrant subvesical bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A rare case report
Authors: Song Sanghyun , Jo Sungho
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Aberrant subvesical bile ducts are rare anatomical structures. Damage to these ducts leads to bile leakage and can result in life‐threatening complications. Surgeons should be cautious that such a structure may be present, and surgery should be performed with the correct surgical field to prevent damage to these structures.
Cardiac biopsy with intracardiac echocardiographic guidance for successful diagnosis of cardiac lymphoma
Authors: Katagiri Seiichiro , Akahane Daigo , Suguro Tamiko , Furuya Nahoko , Fujimoto Hiroaki , Saito Tetsushi , Yamashita Jun , Nakamura Naoya , Ohyashiki Kazuma
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

The diagnosis and appropriate treatment of cardiac lymphoma are often delayed by the difficulty in obtaining heart tissue biopsies. Intracardiac echocardiography‐guided biopsy can improve the prognosis of cardiac lymphoma by decreasing postbiopsy complications and increasing biopsy quality, allowing collection of sufficient material for multilateral analysis.
Alternating hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in Graves’ disease
Authors: Wong Mimi , Inder Warrick J.
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Spontaneously oscillating thyroid function in Graves’ disease is a rare phenomenon. Switching between TSH receptor stimulating antibodies (TSAb) and TSH receptor blocking antibodies (TBAb) most likely accounts for presentations of alternating hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. To achieve stability of thyroid function, definitive therapy is recommended to remove the pathological thyroid.
The Rhodium Catalysed Direct Conversion of Phenols to Primary Cyclohexylamines
Authors: Tomkins Patrick , Valgaeren Carlot , Adriaensen Koen , Cuypers Thomas , Vos Dirk E. De
Published: July 2018

Cyclohexylamines are important intermediates in chemical industry, which are currently produced from petrochemical sources. Phenols, however, are an attractive sustainable feedstock. We here demonstrate the transformation of phenols with ammonia to primary cyclohexylamines. In contrast to previously reported chemistry which used palladium catalysts, we here show that rhodium is an excellent catalyst for the formation of primary cyclohexylamines. Different parameters were studied and it was shown that the reaction is applicable to a scope of phenolic compounds providing high selectivity.
Simplified Model for Estimating the Operation of a Fluidized Bed with Self‐Nucleation During Liquid Injection
Authors: Mörl Lothar , Idakiev Vesselin V. , Schönherr Michael , Jacob Michael
Published: July 2018

Für die Herstellung von Partikeln in Wirbelschichten mit einem möglichst monodispersen Kornbandspektrum werden in der Regel Sieb‐Mahl‐Kreisläufe eingesetzt. Die bei diesem Prozess auftretenden Agglomerationserscheinungen, der Zerfall, der Abrieb, der Overspray und die Staubeinbindung, werden dabei meistens nicht einzeln betrachtet. Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit besteht darin, für einen speziellen Wirbelschichtgranulationsprozess mit Eigenkeimbildung, die Abhängigkeit spezifischer Prozessparameter zu ermitteln, um ihn besser regelbar zu gestalten. Für die genauere Beschreibung dieses Prozesses wird ein vereinfachtes mathematisches Modell in dieser Arbeit dargestellt.
Recent Progress on Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Nasr Maryline , Eid Cynthia , Habchi Roland , Miele Philippe , Bechelany Mikhael
Published: July 2018

Environmental and energy problems have drawn much attention owing to rapid population growth and accelerated economic development. For instance, photocatalysis, “a green technology”, plays an important role in solar‐energy conversion owing to its potential to solve energy and environmental problems. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to improving visible‐light photocatalytic activity by using titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst as a result of its wide range of applications in the energy and environment fields. However, fast charge recombination and an absorption edge in the UV range limit the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 under visible‐light irradiation. Many investigations have been undertaken to overcome the limitations of TiO2 and, therefore, to enhance its photocatalytic activity under visible light. The present literature review focuses on different strategies used to promote the separation efficiency of electron–hole pairs and to shift the absorption edge of TiO2 to the visible region. Current synthesis techniques used to elaborate several nanostructures of TiO2‐based materials, recent progress in enhancing visible photocatalytic activity, and different photocatalysis applications will be discussed. On the basis of the studies reported in the literature, we believe that this review will help in the development of new strategies to improve the visible‐light photocatalytic performance of TiO2‐based materials further.