bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemi-Babim and Fenoterol as Potential Inhibitors of MPro and Papain-like Protease against SARS-CoV-2: An In-Silico Study
Authors: Alzamami Ahmad , Alturki Norah A. , Alghamdi Youssef Saeed , Ahmad Shaban , Alshamrani Saleh , Asiri Saeed A. , Mashraqi Mutaib M.
Published: April 2022

The coronaviruses belong to the Coronaviridae family, and one such member, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing significant destruction around the world in the form of a global pandemic. Although vaccines have been developed, their effectiveness and level of protection is still a major concern, even after emergency approval from the World Health Organisation (WHO). At the community level, no natural medicine is currently available as a cure. In this study, we screened the vast library from Drug Bank and identified Hemi-Babim and Fenoterol as agents that can work against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for both compounds with their respective proteins, providing evidence that the said drugs can work against the MPro and papain-like protease, which are the main drug targets. Inhibiting the action of these targets may lead to retaining the virus. Fenoterol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. In this study, Hemi-Babim and Fenoterol showed good docking scores of −7.09 and −7.14, respectively, and performed well in molecular dynamics simulation studies. Re-purposing the above medications has huge potential, as their effects are already well-proven and under public utilisation for asthma-related problems. Hence, after the comprehensive pipeline of molecular docking, MMGBSA, and MD simulation studies, these drugs can be tested in-vivo for further human utilisation.
Effects of Oral Bicarbonate Supplementation on the Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Serum Nutritional Markers in Non-Dialysed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Szczecińska Katarzyna , Wajdlich Małgorzata , Nowicka Maja , Nowicki Michał , Kurnatowska Ilona
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives: Kidneys play a key role in maintaining the acid–base balance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 3-month oral sodium bicarbonate administration on arterial wall stiffness, arterial pressure and serum nutritional markers in non-dialysed patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5 and metabolic acidosis. Methods: Eighteen CKD patients with eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 and capillary blood bicarbonate (HCO3) < 22 mmol/L were enrolled in this single-centre, prospective study. Anthropometric parameters, pulse wave velocity, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurements, blood and urine parameters were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the study. The patients received supplementation with 2 g of sodium bicarbonate daily for three months. Results: A significant increase of pH: 7.32 ± 0.06 to 7.36 ± 0.06; p = 0.025, HCO3 from 18.7 mmol/L (17.7–21.3) to 22.2 mmol/L (20.2–23.9); p < 0.001 and a decrease in base excess from −6.0 ± 2.4 to −1.9 ± 3.1 mmol/L; p < 0.001 were found. An increase in serum total protein from 62.7 ± 6.9 to 65.8 ± 6.2; p < 0.013 and albumin from 37.3 ± 5.4 to 39.4 ± 4.8; p < 0.037 but, also, NT-pro-BNP (N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide) from 794.7 (291.2–1819.0) to 1247.10 (384.7–4545.0); p < 0.006, CRP(C Reactive Protein) from 1.3 (0.7–2.9) to 2.8 (1.1–3.1); p < 0.025 and PTH (parathyroid hormone) from 21.5 ± 13.7 to 27.01 ± 16.3; p < 0.006 were observed, as well as an increase in erythrocyte count from 3.4 ± 0.6 to 3.6 ± 0.6; p < 0.004, haemoglobin from 10.2 ± 2.0 to 11.00 ± 1.7; p < 0.006 and haematocrit from 31.6 ± 6.00 to 33.6 ± 4.8; p < 0.009. The mean eGFR during sodium bicarbonate administration did not change significantly: There were no significant differences in pulse wave velocity or in the systolic and diastolic BP values. Conclusion: The administration of sodium bicarbonate in non-dialysed CKD patients in stages 3–5 improves the parameters of metabolic acidosis and serum nutritional markers; however, it does not affect the blood pressure and vascular stiffness.
Construction and Application of a Plasmid-Based Signal Peptide Library for Improved Secretion of Recombinant Proteins with Priestia megaterium
Authors: Mayer Janine , Knuuti Tobias , Baumgarten Lisa , Menke Elise , Bischoff Lena , Bunk Boyke , Biedendieck Rebekka
Published: April 2022

The secretion of recombinant proteins plays an important role in their economic production and purification. The secretion efficiency depends on the responsible signal peptide (SP) in combination with the target protein and the given host and cannot be predicted so far. Due to its high plasmid stability, the lack of alkaline extracellular proteases and only few contaminating extracellular host proteins, Priestia megaterium provides a promising alternative to common Bacillus species. For the development of an easy and fast cloning and screening system to identify the SP best suited to a distinct protein, a plasmid-based SP library containing all predicted 182 Sec-dependent SPs from P. megaterium was established. The splitting of the SPs into 10 groups of individual multi-SP plasmids (pMSPs) allows their grouped amplification and application in screening approaches. The functionality of the whole library was demonstrated by enhancing the amount of the already well-secreted α-amylase AmyE by 1.6-fold. The secretion of a novel penicillin G acylase, which remained as insoluble protein inside the cells, as its native SP is unsuitable for secretion in P. megaterium, could be enhanced even up to 29-fold. Overall, only around 170 recombinant P. megaterium clones based on 50 inserted SPs had to be screened to achieve sufficient amounts for further enzyme characterizations. Thus, this newly developed plasmid-based genetic tool applicable for P. megaterium and also other Bacillus species facilitates the identification of suitable SPs for secretion of recombinant proteins.
Lycopene: A Potent Antioxidant for the Amelioration of Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Leh Hui Eng , Lee Lai Kuan
Published: April 2022

Nutrition is of utmost importance in chronic disease management and has often been described as the cornerstone of a variety of non-communicable diseases. In particular, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a prevalent and global public health crisis. Lycopene, a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, has been extensively studied for its biological activities and treatment efficiency in diabetes care. Epidemiological investigations indicate that lycopene has potential antioxidant properties, is capable of scavenging reactive species, and alleviates oxidative stress in T2DM patients. This review aims to summarize the characteristics and mechanisms of action of lycopene as a potent antioxidant for T2DM. In addition, the evidence demonstrating the effects of lycopene on glycemic control and oxidative stress biomarkers in T2DM are also highlighted using animal and human studies as literature approach.
NO in Viral Infections: Role and Development of Antiviral Therapies
Authors: Sodano Federica , Gazzano Elena , Fruttero Roberta , Lazzarato Loretta
Published: April 2022

Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous signaling radical that influences critical body functions. Its importance in the cardiovascular system and the innate immune response to bacterial and viral infections has been extensively investigated. The overproduction of NO is an early component of viral infections, including those affecting the respiratory tract. The production of high levels of NO is due to the overexpression of NO biosynthesis by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is involved in viral clearance. The development of NO-based antiviral therapies, particularly gaseous NO inhalation and NO-donors, has proven to be an excellent antiviral therapeutic strategy. The aim of this review is to systematically examine the multiple research studies that have been carried out to elucidate the role of NO in viral infections and to comprehensively describe the NO-based antiviral strategies that have been developed thus far. Particular attention has been paid to the potential mechanisms of NO and its clinical use in the prevention and therapy of COVID-19.
Bromide and Chloride Ionic Liquids Applied to Enhance the Vulcanization and Performance of Natural Rubber Biocomposites Filled with Nanosized Silica
Authors: Maciejewska Magdalena , Sowińska-Baranowska Anna
Published: April 2022

In this study, the possibility of using ionic liquids (ILs) as auxiliary substances improving the vulcanization and physicochemical properties of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites filled with nanosized silica was investigated. Hence, the influence of ILs with bromide and chloride anions and various cations, i.e., alkylimidazolium, alkylpyrrolidinium and alkylpiperidinium cation, on the curing characteristics and crosslink density of NR compounds was determined. Furthermore, the effect of nanosized silica and ILs on the functional properties of the obtained vulcanizates, including mechanical properties under static and dynamic conditions, hardness, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging, were explored. Applying nanosized silica improved the processing safety of NR compounds but significantly increased the optimal vulcanization time compared to the unfilled rubber. ILs significantly improved the cure characteristics of NR compounds by increasing the rate of vulcanization and the crosslink density of NR biocomposites. Consequently, the tensile strength and hardness of the vulcanizates significantly increased compared to that without ILs. Moreover, the use of nanosized silica and ILs had a favorable impact on the thermal stability of the vulcanizates and their resistance to prolonged thermo-oxidation.
Engineered Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions Influence Protein Structural Integrity and Biological Significance
Authors: Jaiswal Surabhi , Manhas Amit , Pandey Alok Kumar , Priya Smriti , Sharma Sandeep K.
Published: April 2022

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are artificially synthesized particles with unique physicochemical properties. ENPs are being extensively used in several consumer items, elevating the probability of ENP exposure to biological systems. ENPs interact with various biomolecules like lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, where proteins are most susceptible. The ENP-protein interactions are mostly studied for corona formation and its effect on the bio-reactivity of ENPs, however, an in-depth understanding of subsequent interactive effects on proteins, such as alterations in their structure, conformation, free energy, and folding is still required. The present review focuses on ENP-protein interactions and the subsequent effects on protein structure and function followed by the therapeutic potential of ENPs for protein misfolding diseases.
Low-Temperature (≤500 °C) Complementary Schottky Source/Drain FinFETs for 3D Sequential Integration
Authors: Mao Shujuan , Gao Jianfeng , He Xiaobin , Liu Weibing , Liu Jinbiao , Wang Guilei , Zhou Na , Luo Yanna , Cao Lei , Zhang Ran , Liu Haochen , Li Xun , Li Yongliang , Wu Zhenhua , Li Junfeng , Luo Jun , Zhao Chao , Wang Wenwu , Yin Huaxiang
Published: April 2022

In this work, low-temperature Schottky source/drain (S/D) MOSFETs are investigated as the top-tier devices for 3D sequential integration. Complementary Schottky S/D FinFETs are successfully fabricated with a maximum processing temperature of 500 °C. Through source/drain extension (SDE) engineering, competitive driving capability and switching properties are achieved in comparison to the conventional devices fabricated with a standard high-temperature (≥1000 °C) process flow. Schottky S/D PMOS exhibits an ON-state current (ION) of 76.07 μA/μm and ON-state to OFF-state current ratio (ION/IOFF) of 7 × 105, and those for NMOS are 48.57 μA/μm and 1 × 106. The CMOS inverter shows a voltage gain of 18V/V, a noise margin for high (NMH) of 0.17 V and for low (NML) of 0.43 V, with power consumption less than 0.9 μW at VDD of 0.8 V. Full functionality of CMOS ring oscillators (RO) are further demonstrated.
Intranasal Administration of Catechol-Based Pt(IV) Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Therapy
Authors: Mao Xiaoman , Calero-Pérez Pilar , Montpeyó David , Bruna Jordi , Yuste Victor J. , Candiota Ana Paula , Lorenzo Julia , Novio Fernando , Ruiz-Molina Daniel
Published: April 2022

Cisplatin has been described as a potent anticancer agent for decades. However, in the case of glioblastomas, it is only considered a rescue treatment applied after the failure of second-line treatments. Herein, based on the versatility offered by coordination chemistry, we engineered nanoparticles by reaction of a platinum (IV) prodrug and iron metal ions showing in vitro dual pH- and redox-sensitivity, controlled release and comparable cytotoxicity to cisplatin against HeLa and GL261 cells. In vivo intranasal administration in orthotopic preclinical GL261 glioblastoma tumor-bearing mice demonstrated increased accumulation of platinum in tumors, leading in some cases to complete cure and prolonged survival of the tested cohort. This was corroborated by a magnetic resonance imaging follow-up, thus opening new opportunities for intranasal glioblastoma therapies while minimizing side effects. The findings derived from this research showed the potentiality of this approach as a novel therapy for glioblastoma treatment.
CO2 Adsorption on the N- and P-Modified Mesoporous Silicas
Authors: Tumurbaatar Oyundari , Lazarova Hristina , Popova Margarita , Mitova Violeta , Shestakova Pavletta , Koseva Neli
Published: April 2022

SBA-15 and MCM-48 mesoporous silicas were modified with functionalized (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) by using the post-synthesis method, thus introducing N- and P-containing groups to the pore surface. The structure of the newly synthesized modifiers (aldimine and aminophosphonate derivatives of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and their grafting onto the porous matrix were proved by applying multinuclear NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. The content of the grafted functional groups was determined via thermogravimetric analysis. The physicochemical properties of the adsorbent samples were studied by nitrogen physisorption and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity of CO2 was measured in a dynamic CO2 adsorption regime. The modified silicas displayed an enhanced adsorption capacity compared to the initial material. The 13C NMR spectra with high-power proton decoupling proved the presence of physically captured CO2. A value of 4.60 mmol/g was achieved for the MCM-48 material grafted with the Schiff base residues. The total CO2 desorption was achieved at 40 °C. A slight decrease of about 5% in CO2 adsorption capacities was registered for the modified silicas in three adsorption/desorption cycles, indicating their performance stability.
Insight into Structural Changes and Electrochemical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Nanostructured Ferritic and Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Ahmed Junaid , Toor Ihsan-ul-Haq , Hussein Mohamed A. , Al-Aqeeli Nasser , Baig Mirza M. A.
Published: April 2022

Nanostructured ferritic (Fe(82−x)-Cr18-Six, x = 0–3 wt %) and austenitic (Fe(73−x)-Cr18-Ni9-Six, x = 0–3 wt %) stainless steel (SS) alloys were developed by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The unit cell parameter estimated from X-ray diffraction spectra exhibited a decreasing trend with an increase in wt % of Si content in both alloy systems. The particle size of powders estimated using bright field transmission electron microscopy images for ferritic (3 wt % Si) and austenitic (3 wt % Si) SS powders was found to be 65 ± 5 nm and 18 ± 3 nm, respectively. In case of the ferritic system, 3 wt % Si exhibited the highest densification (~98%) and micro-hardness of about 350.6 ± 11.2 HV, respectively. Similarly, for the austenitic system (3 wt % Si), maximum densification and micro-hardness values were about 99% and 476.6 ± 15.2 HV, respectively. Comparative analysis of potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicates an increase in electrochemical performance of both alloy systems as the wt % Si was increased. The increase in electrochemical performance is directly related to the increase in densification owing to Si addition in these alloys.
Circulating Human Serum Metabolites Derived from the Intake of a Saffron Extract (Safr’InsideTM) Protect Neurons from Oxidative Stress: Consideration for Depressive Disorders
Authors: Wauquier Fabien , Boutin-Wittrant Line , Pourtau Line , Gaudout David , Moras Benjamin , Vignault Adeline , Monchaux De Oliveira Camille , Gabaston Julien , Vaysse Carole , Bertrand Karène , Abrous Hélène , Capuron Lucile , Castanon Nathalie , Vauzour David , Roux Véronique , Macian Nicolas , Pickering Gisèle , Wittrant Yohann
Published: April 2022

Increases in oxidative stress have been reported to play a central role in the vulnerability to depression, and antidepressant drugs may reduce increased oxidative stress in patients. Among the plants exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, saffron, a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, is also known for its positive effects on depression, potentially through its SSRI-like properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects and their health benefits for humans are currently unclear. Using an original ex vivo clinical approach, we demonstrated for the first time that the circulating human metabolites produced following saffron intake (Safr’InsideTM) protect human neurons from oxidative-stress-induced neurotoxicity by preserving cell viability and increasing BNDF production. In particular, the metabolites significantly stimulated both dopamine and serotonin release. In addition, the saffron’s metabolites were also able to protect serotonergic tone by inhibiting the expression of the serotonin transporter SERT and down-regulating serotonin metabolism. Altogether, these data provide new biochemical insights into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial impact of saffron on neuronal viability and activity in humans, in the context of oxidative stress related to depression.
Impact of Diet Quality during Pregnancy on Gestational Weight Gain and Selected Adipokines—Results of a German Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ehrhardt Christina , Deibert Clara , Flöck Anne , Merz Waltraut M. , Gembruch Ulrich , Bockler Adeline , Dötsch Jörg , Joisten Christine , Ferrari Nina
Published: April 2022

While nutrition during pregnancy is critical for the health of both mother and child, little is known about the diet quality of women during pregnancy, its correlation with gestational weight gain (GWG)/body composition, and chosen maternal adipokines. Therefore, we evaluated the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) of 110 pregnant women and analyzed its correlation with GWG/body composition, physical activity, leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6), respectively. Diet quality was medium in 63% of women, characterized by a high intake of animal-based products. HEI was negatively influenced by pre-pregnancy obesity (β = −0.335, p = 0.004), and positively influenced by higher age (>35 yrs., β = 0.365, p ≤ 0.001), upper arm circumference (β = 0.222, p = 0.052), and total activity during the third trimester (β = 0.258, p = 0.008). GWG was associated with pre-pregnancy obesity (β = −0.512, p ≤ 0.001), thigh circumference (β = 0.342, p = 0.007), upper arm fat area (β = 0.208, p = 0.092), and maternal age group (>35 yrs. β = −0.166, p = 0.082), but not with HEI. Leptin and IL-6 displayed associations with variables representative of body composition, such as pre-pregnancy BMI, thigh circumference, upper arm fat area, and upper arm circumference, but were not influenced by HEI. Neither were adiponectin and resistin. IL-6 was also associated with total activity. In conclusion, GWG, leptin, and IL-6 were influenced by nutritional status (body composition/pre-pregnancy BMI), not by maternal diet. Physical activity level also had an impact on IL-6. Thus, efforts should be intensified to improve diet quality and participation in sports before and during pregnancy, particularly in overweight or obese women.
Elimination of Vitamin D Signaling Causes Increased Mortality in a Model of Overactivation of the Insulin Receptor: Role of Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Crespo-Masip Maria , Perez-Gomez Aurora , Garcia-Carrasco Alicia , Jover Ramiro , Guzmán Carla , Dolcet Xavier , Ibarz Mercé , Martínez Cristina , Eritja Àuria , Diaz-Tocados Juan Miguel , Valdivielso José Manuel
Published: April 2022

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been associated with cancer and diabetes. Insulin signaling through the insulin receptor (IR) stimulates cellular responses by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. PTEN is a tumor suppressor and a negative regulator of the pathway. Its absence enhances insulin signaling leading to hypoglycemia, a dangerous complication found after insulin overdose. We analyzed the effect of VD signaling in a model of overactivation of the IR. We generated inducible double KO (DKO) mice for the VD receptor (VDR) and PTEN. DKO mice showed severe hypoglycemia, lower total cholesterol and increased mortality. No macroscopic tumors were detected. Analysis of the glucose metabolism did not show clear differences that would explain the increased mortality. Glucose supplementation, either systemically or directly into the brain, did not enhance DKO survival. Lipidic liver metabolism was altered as there was a delay in the activation of genes related to β-oxidation and a decrease in lipogenesis in DKO mice. High-fat diet administration in DKO significantly improved its life span. Lack of vitamin D signaling increases mortality in a model of overactivation of the IR by impairing lipid metabolism. Clinically, these results reveal the importance of adequate Vitamin D levels in T1D patients.
Diets with Higher Vegetable Intake and Lower Environmental Impact: Evidence from a Large Australian Population Health Survey
Authors: Ridoutt Bradley , Baird Danielle , Hendrie Gilly A.
Published: April 2022

Increasing the consumption of vegetables is a public health nutrition priority in Australia. This must be achieved in the context of lowering dietary environmental impacts. In this study, a subgroup of 1700 Australian adult daily diets having a higher diet-quality score and a lower environmental impact score was isolated from Australian Health Survey data. These diets were primarily distinguished by their lower content of energy-dense/nutrient-poor discretionary foods. Among these diets, those with higher levels of vegetable intake were characterized by greater variety of vegetables eaten, lower intake of bread and cereal foods, and higher intake of red meat. These diets also had a greater likelihood of achieving recommended intakes for a range of vitamins and minerals. These findings highlighted the importance of considering the total diet in developing strategies to promote healthy and sustainable food consumption, as well as the need to understand the interrelationships between foods that exist in a local cultural context. As vegetables are usually eaten with other foods, higher vegetable consumption in Australia could be supported by encouraging more regular consumption of the types of meals that include larger quantities of vegetables. Our results showed that this was possible while also substantially lowering total dietary environmental impacts.
Mucoadhesive Nanocarriers as a Promising Strategy to Enhance Intracellular Delivery against Oral Cavity Carcinoma
Authors: Pandey Manisha , Choudhury Hira , Ying Jenifer Ngu Shao , Ling Jessica Foo Sze , Ting Jong , Ting Jocelyn Su Szhiou , Zhia Hwen Ivory Kuek , Suen Ho Wan , Samsul Kamar Hazimah Syazwani , Gorain Bapi , Jain Neha , Mohd Amin Mohd Cairul Iqbal
Published: April 2022

Oral cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), has posed a grave challenge to global health due to its high incidence, metastasis, and mortality rates. Despite numerous studies and favorable improvements in the therapeutic strategies over the past few decades, the prognosis of this disease remains dismal. Moreover, several drawbacks are associated with the conventional treatment; including permanent disfigurement and physical impairment that are attributed to surgical intervention, and systemic toxicity that results from aggressive radio- or chemotherapies, which impacts patients’ prognosis and post-treatment quality of life. The highly vascularized, non-keratinized oral mucosa appears as a potential route for cytotoxic drug administration in treating oral cancer. It acts as a non-invasive portal for drug entry targeting the local oral lesions of the early stages of cancer and the systemic metastasis sites of advanced cancer. The absorption of the poorly aqueous-soluble anti-cancer drugs can be enhanced due to the increased permeability of the ulcerous mucosa lining in the disease state and by bypassing the hepatic first-pass metabolism. However, some challenges in oral transmucosal drug delivery include the drugs’ taste, the limited surface area of the membrane lining the oral cavity, and flushing and enzymatic degradation by saliva. Therefore, mucoadhesive nanocarriers have emerged as promising platforms for controlled, targeted drug delivery in the oral cavity. The surface functionalization of nanocarriers with various moieties allows for drug targeting, bioavailability enhancement, and biodistribution at the site of action, while the mucoadhesive feature prolongs the drug’s residence time for preferential accumulation to optimize the therapeutic effect and reduce systemic toxicity. This review has been focused to highlight the potential of various nanocarriers (e.g., nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, and liposomes) in conferring targeting, solubility and bioavailability enhancement of actives and mucoadhesive properties as novel tumor-targeted drug delivery approaches in oral cancer treatment.
A Proposal for Optical Antenna in VLC Communication Receiver System
Authors: Chamani Shaghayegh , Dehgani Roya , Rostami Ali , Mirtagioglu Hamit , Mirtaheri Peyman
Published: April 2022

Visible Light Communication (VLC) is an important emerging choice for high-speed wireless communication. In this perspective, light-emitting diodes as illuminators will be modulated to transmit data simultaneously. However, the receivers bring severe difficulties due to cost, response time, and sensitivity with a wide Field Of View (FOV). To avoid these problems, one approach is to apply a large area photodetector; however, this solution is slow and costly. Another method is to focus light on a fast photodetector by optical components, but the photodetector’s FOV decreases, resulting from the conservation of etendue. Another option is Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs). This paper demonstrates a novel shape of LSC with advantages such as inexpensive, fast response time, small antenna area for VLC purposes with significant geometrical gain, FOV, and ultra-broad bandwidth. It does not require any complex tracking system and active pointing but, due to its tiny size, it can also be adapted in integrating and mobile devices. Numerical simulation is done using Monte-Carlo raytracing, and the results are demonstrated in the spectral domain. The optical efficiency of the proposed antenna is obtained at 1.058%, which is about 0.4% better than the efficiency levels reported in other works, and the geometric gain of the antenna is reported to be 44, which is significant.
Assignment of the Vibrational Spectra of Diiron Nonacarbonyl, Fe2(CO)9
Authors: Parker Stewart F.
Published: April 2022

Diiron nonacarbonyl, Fe2(CO)9, was discovered in 1905 and was the third metal carbonyl to be found. It was the first to be synthesized by a photochemical route. This is a challenging material to study: it is insoluble in virtually all solvents and decomposes at 373 K before melting. This means that only solid-state spectroscopic data are available. New infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra have been measured and used to generate a complete assignment of the vibrational spectra of Fe2(CO)9. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to support the assignments; however, for this material, they are much less useful than expected, although the calculated intensities provide crucial information.
Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of Cylindrocarpon-like Anamorphs Causing Root and Basal Rot of Almonds
Authors: Capote Nieves , Del Río María Ángeles , Herencia Juan Francisco , Arroyo Francisco Teodoro
Published: April 2022

Three almond nurseries were prospected in the South of Spain (Sevilla) to evaluate the sanitary status of the nursery plant material. Samples consisted of main roots, secondary roots and six-month-old basal stems ‘GxN-15’, ‘Nemaguard’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Rootpac-40’ and ‘Rootpac-20’ rootstocks planted in the soil, and twigs of mother plants from ‘Lauranne’, ‘Guara’, ‘Marcona’, ‘Marta’ and ‘Ferragnes’ almond cultivars. Endophytic and potential pathogenic fungi were identified in mother plants and 70 Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph isolates were detected in the root system and basal stems of analyzed rootstocks. Based on partial sequencing of the his3 gene and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated ITS, tub2, his3 and tef1-α partial sequences, seven Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species were identified as Dactylonectria torresensis, D. novozelandica, D. macrodidyma, Ilyonectria liriodendri, Neonectria sp. 1, N. quercicola and Cylindrocladiella variabilis. Pathogenicity was assessed on young healthy detached twigs of ‘Guara’ almond cultivar and one-year-old ‘Lauranne’ potted almonds grafted onto ‘GxN-15’ rootstocks. Among the seven Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species, I. liriodendri, Neonectria sp. 1 and N. quercicola were the most aggressive. Inoculated detached shoots developed necrotic lesions 15 days after inoculation. Inoculated trees showed sectorized necrosis in the main and secondary roots and the basal stem of the rootstock 5 months after inoculation. The most aggressive species were able to cause necrosis also in the grafted cultivar, and I. liriodendri, and N. quercicola also reduced the root biomass. This is the first report of Cylindrocarpon-like anamorph species causing root and basal rot of almonds.
Functional Anatomy, Impact Behavior and Energy Dissipation of the Peel of Citrus × limon: A Comparison of Citrus × limon and Citrus maxima
Authors: Jentzsch Maximilian , Becker Sarah , Thielen Marc , Speck Thomas
Published: April 2022

This study analyzes the impact behavior of lemon peel (Citrus × limon) and investigates its functional morphology compared with the anatomy of pomelo peel (Citrusmaxima). Both fruit peels consist mainly of parenchyma structured by a density gradient. In order to characterize the lemon peel, both energy dissipation and transmitted force are determined by conducting drop weight tests at different impact strengths (0.15–0.74 J). Fresh and freeze-dried samples were used to investigate the influence on the mechanics of peel tissue’s water content. The samples of lemon peel dissipate significantly more kinetic energy in the freeze-dried state than in the fresh state. Fresh lemon samples experience a higher impulse than freeze-dried samples at the same momentum. Drop weight tests results show that fresh lemon samples have a significantly longer impact duration and lower transmitted force than freeze-dried samples. With higher impact energy (0.74 J) the impact behavior becomes more plastic, and a greater fraction of the kinetic energy is dissipated. Lemon peel has pronounced energy dissipation properties, even though the peel is relatively thin and lemon fruits are comparably light. The cell arrangement of citrus peel tissue can serve as a model for bio-inspired, functional graded materials in technical foams with high energy dissipation.
The Balance between Different ROS on Tobacco Stigma during Flowering and Its Role in Pollen Germination
Authors: Breygina Maria , Schekaleva Olga , Klimenko Ekaterina , Luneva Oksana
Published: April 2022

The concept of ROS as an important factor controlling pollen germination and tube growth has become generally accepted in the last decade. However, the relationship between various ROS and their significance for the success of in vivo germination and fertilization remained unexplored. For the present study, we collected Nicotiana tabacum stigma exudate on different stages of stigma maturity before and after pollination. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and colorimetric analysis were used to assess levels of O•2− and H2O2 on stigma. Superoxide dismutase activity in the stigma tissues at each stage was evaluated zymographically. As the pistil matured, the level of both ROS decreased markedly, while the activity of SOD increased, and, starting from the second stage, the enzyme was represented by two isozymes: Fe SOD and Cu/Zn SOD, which was demonstrated by the in-gel inhibitory analysis. Selective suppression of Cu/Zn SOD activity shifted the ROS balance, which was confirmed by EPR. This shift markedly reduced the rate of pollen germination in vivo and the fertilization efficiency, which was estimated by the seed set. This result showed that hydrogen peroxide is a necessary component of stigma exudate, accelerates germination and ensures successful reproduction. A decrease in O•2− production due to NADPH oxidase inhibition, although it slowed down germination, did not lead to a noticeable decrease in the seed set. Thus, the role of the superoxide radical can be characterized as less important.
Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Dialdehyde Methylcellulose-Succinyl-Chitosan Hydrogel Promotes Chondrogenesis in a Porcine Model
Authors: Chen Yu-Chun , Liao Hsiu-Jung , Hsu Yuan-Ming , Shen Yi-Shan , Chang Chih-Hung
Published: April 2022

Due to the limitation in the current treatment modalities, such as secondary surgery in ACI and fibrocartilage formation in microfracture surgery, various scaffolds or hydrogels have been developed for cartilage regeneration. In the present study, we used sodium periodate to oxidize methylcellulose and formed dialdehyde methylcellulose (DAC) after dialysis and freeze-drying process, DAC was further mixed with succinyl-chitosan (SUC) to form an DAC-SUC in situ forming hydrogel. The hydrogel is a stiffness, elastic-like and porous hydrogel according to the observation of SEM and rheological analysis. DAC-SUC13 hydrogel possess well cell-compatibility as well as biodegradability. Most bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-pMSCs) were alive in the hydrogel and possess chondrogenesis potential. According to the results of animal study, we found DAC-SUC13 hydrogel can function as a stem cell carrier to promote glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen synthesis in the osteochondral defects of porcine knee. These findings suggested that DAC-SUC13 hydrogel combined with stem cell is a potential treatment for cartilage defects repair in the future.
Performance of Multilayer Composite Hollow Membrane in Separation of CO2 from CH4 in Mixed Gas Conditions
Authors: Zakariya Shahidah , Yeong Yin Fong , Jusoh Norwahyu , Tan Lian See
Published: April 2022

Composite membranes comprising NH2-MIL-125(Ti)/PEBAX coated on PDMS/PSf were prepared in this work, and their gas separation performance for high CO2 feed gas was investigated under various operating circumstances, such as pressure and CO2 concentration, in mixed gas conditions. The functional groups and morphology of the prepared membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). CO2 concentration and feed gas pressure were demonstrated to have a considerable impact on the CO2 and CH4 permeance, as well as the CO2/CH4 mixed gas selectivity of the resultant membrane. As CO2 concentration was raised from 14.5 vol % to 70 vol %, a trade-off between permeance and selectivity was found, as CO2 permeance increased by 136% and CO2/CH4 selectivity reduced by 42.17%. The membrane produced in this work exhibited pressure durability up to 9 bar and adequate gas separation performance at feed gas conditions consisting of high CO2 content.
Thermal Characteristic Analysis of Sodium in Diluted Oxygen via Thermogravimetric Approach
Authors: Chen Fang , Dong Xi-Lin , Tang Yan , Huang An-Chi , Zhang Mei-Lin , Kang Qing-Chun , Shu Zhong-Jun , Xing Zhi-Xiang
Published: April 2022

As the main reactor type of the fourth-generation nuclear power systems, sodium-cooled fast reactors are now designed and built worldwide. A sodium pool cooling circulation process is indispensable in a sodium-cooled fast reactor. However, the sodium pool fire design is the basis of accidents in sodium-cooled fast reactors. The fire hazard caused by the sodium–oxygen reaction and fast reactor safety have attracted extensive attention. Dry powder is widely used as an effective fire-extinguishing agent to control sodium fire. The sodium will burn in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere when using dry powder to cover fire. In this study, the change law of thermogravimetry of melted sodium is studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the apparent activation energy (Ea) is obtained, which has a linear relationship with the oxygen concentration. The results can provide a reference for improving the engineering design standards of sodium fire suppression systems and can also be incorporated into simulation software to improve the accuracy of fire suppression simulations.
The Inhibitory Effect of Chitosan Based Films, Incorporated with Essential Oil of Perilla frutescens Leaves, against Botrytis cinerea during the Storage of Strawberries
Authors: Wang Dongying , Yang Haoduo , Lu Xinjian , Wu Yichen , Blasi Francesca
Published: April 2022

Reduction in food waste, as well as non-invasive methods for extending the shelf-life of perishable fruits, are important global challenges. To achieve these objectives, in this paper, the use of natural compounds, chitosan films (CS) incorporated with essential oils from leaves, for postharvest fungal protection of strawberries is proposed. In the present study, the CS films incorporated with the essential oil from Perilla frutescens leaves (PFEO) at different concentrations were prepared and employed for packaging strawberries infected by B. cinerea during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 10 days. Interestingly, the strawberries coated with CS films containing PFEO at 1.0% during this period possessed an effective antimicrobial effect against B. cinerea infection in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Moreover, the quality properties of the strawberries, (i.e., weight loss, firmness index, decay percentage, yeasts/molds, pH value, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, and maturity index), together with the sensory attributes (i.e., appearance, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01)) were improved. These results demonstrated that (i) PFEO displayed a significant inhibitory effect against B. cinerea infection in strawberries, (ii) CS films containing PFEO at 1.0% could be a sustainable active food packaging for the refrigerated storage of strawberries.
Isolation and Analysis of Carotenoids in Hungary from Zechmeister until Today
Authors: Agócs Attila , Turcsi Erika , Nagy Veronika , Deli József
Published: April 2022

László Zechmeister, one of the most important pioneers of carotenoid chemistry, died 50 years ago. He founded a carotenoid research group in Pécs (Hungary), which is the only place in the world where carotenoid research has been conducted continuously over the past 95 years. This review presents the life of Zechmeister and gives a summary about the evolution of the methods of analysis, isolation, and structure elucidation of carotenoids from the 1930s until today, based on the results of the research group founded by Zechmeister.
Regioselective Bond-Forming and Hydrolysis Reactions of Doubly Charged Vanadium Oxide Anions in the Gas Phase
Authors: Salvitti Chiara , Pepi Federico , Troiani Anna , de Petris Giulia
Published: April 2022

The gas-phase reactivity of vanadium-containing dianions, NaV3O92− and its hydrated form H2NaV3O102−, were probed towards sulphur dioxide at room temperature by ion-molecule reaction (IMR) experiments in the collision cell of an ion trap mass spectrometer. The sequential addition of two SO2 molecules to the NaV3O92− dianion leads to the breakage of the stable V3O9 backbone, resulting in a charge separation process with the formation of new V-O and S-O bonds. On the contrary, the H2NaV3O102− hydroxide species reacts with SO2, promoting regioselective hydrolysis and bond-forming processes, the latter similar to that observed for the NaV3O92− reactant anion. Kinetic analysis shows that these reactions are fast and efficient with rate constants of the 10−9 (±30) cm3 s−1 molecule−1 order of magnitude.
Biofuel Generation from Potato Peel Waste: Current State and Prospects
Authors: Awogbemi Omojola , Kallon Daramy Vandi Von , Owoputi Adefemi O.
Published: April 2022

Growing environmental concerns, increased population, and the need to meet the diversification of the source of global energy have led to increased demand for biofuels. However, the high cost of raw materials for biofuels production has continued to slow down the acceptability, universal accessibility, and affordability of biofuels. The cost of feedstock and catalysts constitutes a major component of the production cost of biofuels. Potato is one of the most commonly consumed food crops among various populations due to its rich nutritional, health, and industrial benefits. In the current study, the application of potato peel waste (PPW) for biofuel production was interrogated. The present state of the conversion of PPW to bioethanol and biogas, through various techniques, to meet the ever-growing demand for renewable fuels was reviewed. To satisfy the escalating demand for biohydrogen for various applications, the prospects for the synthesis of biohydrogen from PPW were proposed. Additionally, there is the potential to convert PPW to low-cost, ecologically friendly, and biodegradable bio-based catalysts to replace commercial catalysts. The information provided in this review will enrich scholarship and open a new vista in the utilization of PPW. More focused investigations are required to unravel more avenues for the utilization of PPW as a low-cost and readily available catalyst and feedstock for biofuel synthesis. The application of PPW for biofuel application will reduce the pump price of biofuels, ensure the appropriate disposal of waste, and contribute towards environmental cleanliness.
A Fast Star Identification Algorithm of Star Sensors in the LIS Mode
Authors: Lu Kaili , Liu Enhai , Zhao Rujin , Tian Hong , Zhang Hui
Published: April 2022

In the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) area, due to the influence of transient noise caused by space radiation, a star sensor can easily stay in the lost-in-space (LIS) mode for a long time. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a fast star identification (FSI) algorithm. First, a noise suppression method based on scale assessment and neighborhood comparison is developed. Next, a fast and accurate search technique of multiple main stars based on the k-vector technique is used to realize star identification. The search technique builds a self-defined attribute database of stars, and a fast search method of a repeated star identity is proposed to realize the positioning of the main star. Lastly, the final main stars are obtained through the comparison of field of view and verification of angular distance. The experimental results showed that when the star sensor works at a speed of 0.1°/s and the level of transient noise signals is lower than 900, the successful identification rate is higher than 70%. In addition, compared with the triangle algorithm, match group algorithm, and multi-pole algorithm (MPA), the proposed FSI algorithm has the advantages of a higher successful identification rate and a faster execution speed.
Estimation of Rooftop Solar Power Potential by Comparing Solar Radiation Data and Remote Sensing Data—A Case Study in Aichi, Japan
Authors: Huang Xiaoxun , Hayashi Kiichiro , Matsumoto Toshiki , Tao Linwei , Huang Yue , Tomino Yuuki
Published: April 2022

There have been significant advances in the shift from fossil-based energy systems to renewable energies in recent years. Decentralized solar photovoltaic (PV) is one of the most promising energy sources because of the availability of rooftop areas, ease of installation, and reduced cost of PV panels. The current modeling method using remote sensing data based on a geographic information system (GIS) is objective and accurate, but the analysis processes are complicated and time-consuming. In this study, we developed a method to estimate the rooftop solar power potential over a wide area using globally available solar radiation data from Solargis combined with a building polygon. Our study also utilized light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and AW3D to estimate rooftop solar power potential in western Aichi, Japan, and the solar radiation was calculated using GIS. The estimation using LiDAR data took into account the slope and azimuth of rooftops. A regression analysis of the estimated solar power potential for each roof between the three methods was conducted, and the conversion factor 0.837 was obtained to improve the accuracy of the results from the Solargis data. The annual rooftop solar power potential of 3,351,960 buildings in Aichi Prefecture under Scenario A, B, and C was 6.92 × 107, 3.58 × 107, and 1.27 × 107 MWh/year, estimated using Solargis data after the adjustment. The estimated solar power potential under Scenario A could satisfy the total residential power demand in Aichi, revealing the crucial role of rooftop solar power in alleviating the energy crisis. This approach of combining Solargis data with building polygons can be easily applied in other parts of the world. These findings can provide useful information for policymakers and contribute to local planning for cleaner energy.
Eagle-Eye-Inspired Attention for Object Detection in Remote Sensing
Authors: Liu Kang , Huang Ju , Li Xuelong
Published: April 2022

Object detection possesses extremely significant applications in the field of optical remote sensing images. A great many works have achieved remarkable results in this task. However, some common problems, such as scale, illumination, and image quality, are still unresolved. Inspired by the mechanism of cascade attention eagle-eye fovea, we propose a new attention mechanism network named the eagle-eye fovea network (EFNet) which contains two foveae for remote sensing object detection. The EFNet consists of two eagle-eye fovea modules: front central fovea (FCF) and rear central fovea (RCF). The FCF is mainly used to learn the candidate object knowledge based on the channel attention and the spatial attention, while the RCF mainly aims to predict the refined objects with two subnetworks without anchors. Three remote sensing object-detection datasets, namely DIOR, HRRSD, and AIBD, are utilized in the comparative experiments. The best results of the proposed EFNet are obtained on the HRRSD with a 0.622 AP score and a 0.907 AP50 score. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed EFNet for both multi-category datasets and single category datasets.