bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure Parameters and Electric Field Effects on Exciton Binding Energies of CdTe/ZnTe Quantum Rings
Authors: Hong Woo-Pyo , Park Seoung-Hwan , Jung Young-Dae
Published: March 2013

We study the effects of the structural parameters such as the wetting layer thickness and the size of self-assembled CdTe/ZnTe quantum rings (QRs) under an external electric field on the exciton binding energies due to Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes with a finite-element method based on the linear elasticity theory of solids and the eight-band k·p Hamiltonian. The exciton binding energies are shown to decrease linearly with increasing the outer diameter of QRs and to decrease with increasing the wetting layer thickness, agreeing with the results of the truncated quantum dots (QDs). It is shown that the isotropic probability density distribution of the electron and the hole waves is strongly affected by the static electric field and shifts in opposite directions with increasing electric field intensity, i.e., by the quantum Stark effect, similar to the case of truncated QDs. However, it is demonstrated that both the exciton binding energies with different QR heights decrease linearly but saturate to a constant value, compared to those of truncated QDs which decrease parabolically with increasing electric field intensity.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli Using the Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet of Ar gas
Authors: Homma Takeshi , Furuta Masakazu , Takemura Yuichiro
Published: March 2013

Germicidal treatments of Escherichia coli on Langmuir–Blodget (LB) agar were performed using the atmospheric pressure plasma jet sources of Ar gas in the ambient air. Shorter distances from the nozzle of the plasma jet device were more effective in achieving higher bactericidal effects on E. coli grown on LB agar. The surface temperature of the agar was monitored and the spectroscopic analysis of the plasma jet was performed in order to evaluate the factors contributing to the bactericidal effect, such as heating, UV emission, and radical formation caused by the plasma jet. Although the plasma jet raised the surface temperature of LB agar up to about 40 °C, the bactericidal effect was not observed. Moreover, the bactericidal effect of UV (200–300 nm) emitted from the plasma jet was negligible compared with the effects of ions and radical species generated by the atmospheric plasma. The results suggest that the ions and radical species generated by the atmospheric pressure plasma jet are critical for high bactericidal effects on E. coli.
Optical-Fiber-Type Broadband Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Using Wavelength-Tunable Ultrashort Pulsed Light
Authors: Hiraoka Takehiro , Ohta Takayuki , Ito Masafumi , Nishizawa Norihiko , Hori Masaru
Published: March 2013

We proposed an optical-fiber-type broadband cavity ring-down spectroscopy system using wavelength-tunable ultrashort pulsed light. The absorbance of glucose in various concentrations in water was derived from the ring-down plots of intensities of the interference waveforms generated using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with different optical delay path lengths, which were shifted by an automatic optical switching module. The absorption spectrum of glucose was obtained in the wavelength region from 1620 to 1690 nm by varying the wavelength using wavelength-tunable ultrashort pulsed light, which was generated from a femtosecond pulsed laser and polarization-maintaining fiber. The measurement error of concentration was improved using multiple linear regression analysis of absorption spectra. The results demonstrate that the optical-fiber-type cavity ring-down spectroscopy system has the potential to measure broadband absorption spectra with high sensitivity.
Time-Resolved Pump and Probe Experiment for Wide-Gap Semiconductors Using Free Electron Laser and Synchronously-Operated Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Yamanoi Kohei , Shimizu Toshihiko , Cadatal-Raduban Marilou , Nishi Ryosuke , Takeda Kohei , Shinzato Yuki , Nakazato Tomoharu , Sarukura Nobuhiko , Fukuda Tsuguo , Nagasono Mitsuru , Togashi Tadashi , Satoh Takahiro , Ishikawa Tetsuya
Published: March 2013

Pump–probe technique is an important means of studying the structure and dynamics of a single protein molecule. X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) such as the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron Laser (SACLA) provide the Angstrom-wavelength, high-intensity femtosecond pulses needed for revealing the structure of a single protein molecule without crystallization and for observing atomic motion during a chemical reaction via pump–probe experiments. In this paper, we demonstrated X-ray pump–optical probe and optical pump–X-ray probe experiments, creating new possibilities for time-resolved EUV spectroscopy of solid targets including wide-gap semiconductors such as gallium nitride.
Interface Nature of Ordered Thermally Oxidized Si Nanowires Probed by Electron Spin Resonance: Post Fabrication Annealing and Irradiation
Authors: Jivānescu Mihaela , Stesmans Andre , Kurstjens Rufi , Dross Frédéric
Published: March 2013

Extensive low-temperature (T) electron spin resonance studies (ESR) have been carried out on as-fabricated, vacuum annealed, and irradiated single crystalline arrays of Si nanowires (NWs) with a top diameter of 5 nm produced by top down etching into (100)Si, finally thinned down by high-T oxidation. This reveals the presence of a substantial inherent density of Pb0 (Si3≡Si•) interface defects (charge trapping and recombination centers) quite above standard thermal values, leaving NW-Si/SiO2 interfaces of reduced electrical quality with, consequently, negative influence on the efficiency of passivation of defects by H. The inherent interface quality appears limited by the wire-narrowing thermal oxidation procedure. Vacuum annealing (≈610 °C) is found to generally reduce, to more or lesser extent, the Pb0 density to a common value over all samples studied, which result directly counters the presence of inadvertent passivation of defects by H. Rather, the anneal appears to effectuate some interface healing. Short term (\lesssim2 h) UV and VUV (10.02 eV) irradiation has little effect in general, with perhaps some weak increase of Pb1 defects induced by UV photons. On the basis of the observed E'γ defect properties, the chemical vapor deposited Si NW inter space filling Si oxide (200 °C) is found to be OH enriched.
Enhanced and Retarded SiO2 Growth on Thermally Oxidized Fe-Contaminated n-Type Si(001) Surfaces
Authors: Shimizu Hirofumi , Hagiwara Hiroyuki
Published: March 2013

At the beginning of the oxidation of Fe-contaminated n-type Si(001) surfaces, Fe reacted with oxygen (O2) on the silicon (Si) substrate to form Fe2O3 and oxygen-induced point defects (emitted Si + vacancies). SiO2 growth was mainly enhanced by catalytic action of Fe. At 650 °C, SiO2 growth of the contaminated samples was faster than in reference samples rinsed in RCA solution during the first 60 min. However, it substantially slowed and became less than that of the reference samples. As the oxidation advanced, approximately half of the contaminated Fe atoms became concentrated close to the surface area of the SiO2 film layer. This Fe2O3-rich SiO2 layer acted as a diffusion barrier against oxygen species. The diffusion of oxygen atoms toward the SiO2/Si interface may have been reduced, and in turn, the emission of Si self-interstitials owing to oxidation-induced strain may have been decreased at the SiO2/Si interface, resulting in the retarded oxide growth. These results are evidence that emitted Si self-interstitials are oxidized not in the Fe2O3-rich SiO2 layer, but at the SiO2/Si interface in accordance with a previously proposed model. A possible mechanism based on the interfacial Si emission model is discussed. The activation energies for the oxide growth are found to be in accord with the enhanced and reduced growths of the Fe-contaminated samples.
Measurement of Optical Aberrations of Liquid Crystal Lens
Authors: Ye Mao , Wang Bin , Uchida Masaru , Yanase Satoshi , Kunitsuka Hiroaki , Takahashi Shingo , Sato Susumu
Published: March 2013

The dependences of the optical aberrations of the recently proposed low-voltage-driving liquid crystal lens on the amplitudes and frequency of the driving voltages are studied. The analysis results of the root mean square aberration of the lens suggest driving parameters that ensure both low aberrations and a wide focus range.
Effects of Process Parameters on Replication Accuracy of Microinjection Molded Cyclic Olefins Copolymers Parts
Authors: Lin Hsuan-Liang , Chen Chun-Sheng , Lee Ruey-Tsung , Chen Shia-Chung , Chien Rean-Der , Jeng Ming-Chang , Hwang Jiun-Ren
Published: March 2013

In this study, the effects of various processing parameters of microinjection molding on the replication accuracy of the micro featured fluidic platform used for DNA/RNA tests are investigated. LIGA-like processes were utilized to prepare a silicon-based SU-8 photoresist, followed by electroforming to make a Ni–Co-based stamp. A cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) was used as the injection molding material. The molding parameters associated with the replication accuracy of micro channel parts were investigated. It was found that for microinjection molded devices, the replication accuracies of the imprint width and depth increase with increasing of mold temperature, melt temperature, injection velocity, and packing pressure.
Temporal Characteristics of Pulsed Squeezing in a Nonlinear Optical Waveguide
Authors: Eto Yujiro , Koshio Akane , Ohshiro Akito , Zhang Yun , Sasaki Masahide , Hirano Takuya
Published: March 2013

We experimentally investigate the temporal characteristics of picosecond squeezed pulses generated via an optical parametric amplification in a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3 waveguide. The noise variances for the various time delays between the squeezed pulse and a local oscillator are measured using a balanced homodyne detector. The measured delay dependence is asymmetric, and this asymmetry indicates that the phase chirping of the squeezed pulse is different from that of the local oscillator pulse. We show that the observed squeezing can be improved by using the pulse shaping of the local oscillator.
Phase-Contrast X-ray Images of Ice and Water on Carbon Paper for Fuel Cells Measured by Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging Technique
Authors: Takeya Satoshi , Yoneyama Akio , Ueda Kazuhiro , Hyodo Kazuyuki , Yamawaki Hiroshi , Fujihisa Hiroshi , Gotoh Yoshito , Takeda Tohoru
Published: March 2013

To develop a novel observation system for water accumulation and freezing in gas diffusion layers (GDLs) of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), phase-contrast X-ray imaging using the diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) technique was performed at temperatures between 233 and 293 K. The use of high-energy X-rays of 35 keV in the DEI technique enabled the visualization of ice and meltwater in carbon paper sandwiched by two Al plates of 0.50 mm thickness. It was proven that the DEI technique using a temperature-controlled chamber enables in situ observation of ice and water in GDLs under different temperature conditions, which is critical for achieving high performance PEFCs.
Attenuated Total ReflectionFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Ramer Georg , Lendl Bernhard
Published: March 2013

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy is now the most widespread implementation of mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. While the FTIR technique allows the fast and stable collection of MIR spectra, the ATR technique allows mechanically stable, robust, and quick sampling. ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy is routinely used in industrial and research laboratories. The ATR‐FTIR technique finds application in, e.g. biology, medicine, forensics, process analytical chemistry and organic chemistry. Even though ATR spectroscopy is often treated as a routine technique, it has several intricacies that users should be aware of to avoid measurement errors and artifacts.

In this article, starting from the theoretical underpinnings of ATR spectroscopy, we aim to give novices in ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy the knowledge to successfully use this technique and to avoid common errors. The theoretical treatment of ATR spectroscopy is complemented by practical information about the routine and advanced uses of ATR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the reader will find descriptions of future trends in ATR‐FTIR and evanescent wave spectroscopy. Finally, a list of literature for further reading and a list of vendors of ATR accessories and their product lines are given to facilitate using the ATR technique.
Ion Mobility‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Jiang Wentao , Robinson Renã A.S.
Published: March 2013

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separates ions based on their mobility in an inert buffer gas in the presence of an electric field. The mobility of ions is based on their size, shape, and charge, thus IMS provides insights into structure. In addition to being used for structural information, IMS can also be used as a separation device for complex mixtures. When coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), IMS–MS offers a powerful hybrid analytical technique that has many biological, pharmaceutical, structural, environmental, and other applications. This article provides an overview of IMS–MS, which focuses on principles of drift‐time ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS), high‐field‐asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), and traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) methods. Several IMS–MS instruments are discussed and examples of the current applications of the technology are provided.
Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry in Biodistribution Studies of (Engineered) Nanoparticles
Authors: Krystek Petra , Braakhuis Hedwig , Park Margriet , de Jong Wim H.
Published: March 2013

The biodistribution of engineered inorganic nanomaterials with size characteristics of one, two, or three dimensions smaller than 100 nm is a fast‐growing analytical and toxicological research field. This review gives a detailed overview about biodistribution studies with gold (Au), silver (Ag), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs).

Exposure to NPs is possible via inhalation, injection, ingestion, and skin contact. The distribution of NPs in the body is affected by their chemical/elemental composition, size and size distribution, shape, coatings, surface properties, and their stability under the selected circumstances.

The evaluation of the presence of NPs to determine their tissue distribution is not easy. NP presence can be identified by electron microscopy (EM) but this is a time‐ and labor‐consuming technique. So, instead of determining the presence of the NPs themselves, distribution studies can use elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) as indication for the tissue distribution of NPs. In the field of analytical research, the suitable application of ICPMS is crucial and discussed in detail. Other relevant analytical techniques, the obtained results as well as the evaluations, are presented too.
Custody and Visitation Evaluations
Authors: Bernet William
Published: March 2013

This article summarizes the procedure for how a mental health professional should conduct a child custody evaluation. The author addresses the format for the evaluation, including the initial conference with both parents together, the individual meetings with each parent, the meetings with the child(ren), outside information that should be collected, psychological testing, and the wrap‐up conference with the parents and their attorneys. The article also discusses the critical factors that should be considered in drawing conclusions and making recommendations such as the child's attachment to the parents, the child's preference, and the possibility of indoctrination and parental alienation. An outline is provided for the written report of the child custody evaluation.
Children: As Witnesses
Authors: Perry Sylvia , York Catherine , Block Stephanie D. , Johnson Hannah M. , Bottoms Bette L.
Published: March 2013

Child witness accuracy is of great concern to psychologists, legal and social service authorities, attorneys, judges, and society as a whole. In this article, we summarize scientific research on children's eyewitness testimony, including child factors, social circumstances, and interview characteristics that affect children's memory and suggestibility; interview techniques that encourage accurate eyewitness reports; courtroom accommodations to reduce stress and increase accuracy for child witnesses; jurors' reactions to children's testimony; and future directions in child witness research.
Temporary Insanity
Authors: Stankowski Joy E.
Published: March 2013

Insanityis a legal, not medical, term often used to justify a defendant's lack of criminal responsibility for an act. Temporary insanity implies that this lack of criminal responsibility might be the product of a temporary or transient mental illness. Pleading temporary insanity is difficult, controversial, and often unsuccessful. This article examines the definition of temporary insanity more closely and reviews the history of the plea through various cases.
Mental Health Courts
Authors: Schneider Richard D.
Published: March 2013

To bring the reader up to date on the empirical research and commentary regarding mental health courts, which has been produced over the past few years and to suggest where we might go in the future. This article is an update of the original published in theEncyclopediain 2009. Although not flawless, mental health courts represent an innovative approach to addressing the needs of individuals within our society who have historically been alienated by both the justice system and the increasingly debilitated and diluted mental health care system. New data suggest that mental health courts are efficacious in reducing recidivism rates, reducing substance abuse, and result in reduced costs to governments. Although recent reports are encouraging, there is still a great need for further study regarding the efficacy of mental health courts. In particular, we need to know who (along a variety of dimensions) are likely to benefit from participation in mental health courts, of what sort, and under what circumstances. In particular, we need to determine what are the “active ingredients” in the mental health court process.
Intellectual Disability
Authors: Salekin Karen L. , Olley J. Gregory , Chen Debra R.
Published: March 2013

Intellectual disability is a construct that has existed for many years and has evolved with the changing political climate and advances in knowledge. At the time of writing, there are three primary definitions for intellectual disability that, although similar, are disparate enough to result in different perceptions of the disorder. This article reviews the current definitions of the disorder and briefly touches upon issues that pertain to the assessment of intellectual disability, its etiologies, the functional abilities of individuals who have the disability, and the critical role that support and services play in their day‐to‐day existence.
Head Injury: Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Bresler Scott A. , Martell Daniel A.
Published: March 2013

This article presents a concise overview of issues arising in forensic neuropsychological assessments of traumatic brain injury. After a review of the definitions and epidemiology of head injuries, methods for rating their severity and outcome prognosis are discussed. Referral issues arising in both civil and criminal litigation are then presented, followed by an overview of the forensic neuropsychological examination process. Special attention is devoted to issues arising in the assessment of malingering, and to the forensic interpretation of neuropsychological test data. The article concludes by looking ahead to future developments in this field of expertise.
Eyewitness: Adult's Vulnerability to Suggestion
Authors: Toglia Michael P. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. , Goodwin Kerri A.
Published: March 2013

The accuracy of eyewitness accounts is critical in the criminal justice system. Numerous studies over the past 100 years have produced a variety of results on the processes that enhance and impair eyewitness memory. Groundbreaking advances include Binet's distinction between suggestion and autosuggestion, Bartlett's theory that memory is reconstructive, Loftus' pivotal work that produced the misinformation effect, and Brainerd and Reyna's fuzzy trace theory. Although eyewitness memory can be quite accurate, a variety of factors can interfere with accurate retention. For example, conversing among witnesses, co‐witness contamination, and autosuggestion are potential sources of misinformation that can adversely affect the accuracy of eyewitness memory. Time delays, such as those between experiencing an event and a subsequent police interview, and false memories, due to autosuggestion or overt implantation, must also be considered when evaluating the memory of a witness. Fortunately, warnings against both misinformation and the potential for false memories can improve accuracy. DNA testing has resulted in many exonerations of those convicted because of inaccurate eyewitness memories recounted before a court, and, as a result, those in the criminal justice system have become increasingly aware of the importance of improving eyewitness accuracy. In this article we identify some of the key factors that affect adult eyewitness memory in forensically meaningful ways.
Image Processing and Analysis
Authors: Geradts Zeno
Published: March 2013

Forensic image processing is a field that has developed rapidly. The old‐fashioned analog photography has disappeared for most parts in the last decades, and has been replaced with digital imaging. In analog photo and video, editing methods, such as contrast enhancement and color filtering, are available. However, with digital imaging, these methods and more are available to a much broader user group, who can edit these images, for example, on their mobile phones, or personal computers. For forensic science, we see that digital images and closed circuit television (CCTV) streams are used as evidence in court. For this reason, it is important to do a proper forensic investigation. Crime scenes are visualized on CCTV. Forensic evidence image processing is used to visualize the fingerprint, handwriting, or shoe print more clearly. In this article, an overview is given of the methods that are available for digital image processing, and some examples with CCTV and fingerprints are shown, with the risks. The risks can be minimized by having a good validation process, in which representative test samples are used.
Elder Abuse: Policy and Procedure
Authors: Nerenberg Lisa
Published: March 2013

This article describes how elder abuse has been conceptualized and defined in public policy at the state and national levels. It focuses on the development of abuse reporting laws, criminal and civil remedies, services to prevent abuse and treat its effects, and the use of multidisciplinary teams. It further describes such complexities as evaluating and defining cognitive capacity and undue influence in policy and practice.
Elder Abuse: Risk
Authors: Anetzberger Georgia J.
Published: March 2013

Because the causes for elder abuse are unknown, we look to risk factors to help us better understand this problem and conditions leading to its occurrence. Risk factors are critical to elder abuse detection, assessment, and prevention. They are most salient in combination and with longer exposure. They also may vary by elder abuse form or setting. Risk factors for which there is substantial supporting research are found in characteristics of the perpetrator (i.e., pathology and dependency), victim (i.e., dementia and problem behaviors), and perpetrator/victim environment (i.e., shared living arrangements, social isolation, or lack of social support). Characteristics of the cultural milieu (e.g., ageism and stereotyping of persons with disabilities) are seen as providing the backdrop for abusive actions.
Addictions
Authors: Gitlow Stuart
Published: March 2013

This article reviews the nature of addictive disease and its differentiation from substance use. Many studies of legal issues associated with substance use focus upon whether the subjects were intoxicated, were in withdrawal, had been using an illicit substance, or had been using intoxicants on a regular basis, rather than upon whether subjects suffered from addictive disease specifically. From a forensic perspective, it is critical to properly determine whether an individual is using addictive substances as a social activity, in which a majority of our population participate at least on an occasional basis, or as a manifestation of a disease state. The first represents a lifestyle choice, one fraught with the possibility of hardship: medical sequelae of addictive substance use, accidents, and functional impairment can all take place without a disease being present. The second represents a medical illness with known epidemiology, characteristic disease course, and appropriate and effective forms of treatment. The disease state, because it often involves the use of substances, also involves the morbidity and mortality directly associated with use in addition to the morbidity directly associated with the disease state itself. The analysis of a forensic scenario in which substance use is material requires an understanding of the differences between lifestyle choice and disease state.
Sex Offenders: Treatment of
Authors: Sorrentino Renee
Published: March 2013

The psychiatric treatment of sex offenders is distinct from other clinical populations. The efficacy of sex offender treatment is unknown. Although studies comparing treated and untreated sex offenders have been done, measurement of outcome is flawed. The methodological challenges inherent in the study of sex offender treatment, the treatability of sex offenders, biological and psychological modalities of treatment, and the legal and ethical issues surrounding the treatment of sex offenders are reviewed in this article.
Therapeutic Jurisprudence
Authors: West Sara G. , Friedman Susan H. , Shand John P.
Published: March 2013

Therapeutic jurisprudence is an idea that calls for the investigation of the law as a therapeutic agent. This term was first introduced by David Wexler, following the major paradigm shifts in mental‐health care that had occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. Although recently introduced, this concept is reflected in a number of processes used in the management of the mentally ill, including specialized courts. Other authors have theorized that even more proceedings would benefit from the application of this concept.
Brain‐Friendly Teaching Supports Learning Transfer
Authors: McGinty Jacqueline , Radin Jean , Kaminski Karen
Published: March 2013

This chapter describes how we can create brain‐friendly learning environments and become brain‐friendly educators based on knowledge of how the human brain works.
Racial and Cultural Factors and Learning Transfer
Authors: Closson Rosemary
Published: March 2013

Racial and cultural influences on learning transfer have rarely been addressed. This chapter explores theoretical, anecdotal, and the limited empirical evidence for the influence of these factors and their implications for learning transfer in adult education practice.
Understanding Transfer as Personal Change: Concerns, Intentions, and Resistance
Authors: Young Jeani C.
Published: March 2013

This chapter approaches transfer from the perspective of supporting learners implementing personal change based on their learning experiences. Models of transition and change are presented and discussed, including aspects of resistance to and facilitation of change.
Applying Transfer in Practice
Authors: Kaminski Karen , Foley Jeffrey M. , Kaiser Leann M. R.
Published: March 2013

This chapter offers a practical framework for applying the learning transfer concepts discussed in this issue from a facilitation and instructional design standpoint.
Iron‐Catalysed Reduction of Olefins using a Borohydride Reagent
Authors: Carter Tom S. , Guiet Léa , Frank Dominik J. , West James , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: March 2013

The iron‐catalysed reduction of olefins has been achieved using a simple iron salt and sodium triethylborohydride. A wide range of mono‐ and trans‐1,2‐disubstituted alkenes have been reduced (91–100%) using 25 mol% iron(II) triflate, 1 mol% N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone and 4 equivalents of sodium triethylborohydride. The reduction of alkynes to alkanes is also reported (up to 84%). Significantly, the reduction of trisubstituted alkenes has also been achieved (60–86%).
Facile Reduction of Nitroarenes into Anilines and Nitroalkanes into Hydroxylamines via the Rapid Activation of Ammonia⋅ Borane Complex by Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Vasilikogiannaki Eleni , Gryparis Charis , Kotzabasaki Vasiliki , Lykakis Ioannis N. , Stratakis Manolis
Published: March 2013

Gold nanoparticles supported on titania catalyse, even at a ppm loading level, the quantitative reduction of nitroarenes into anilines and nitroalkanes into alkylhydroxylamines by the ammonia⋅ borane complex. No dehalohalogenation was seen in the case of chloro‐ or bromonitroarenes, while ester, cyano, or carboxylic acid functionalities also remain intact. The nitroarene to aniline reduction pathway does not require nitrosoarenes as intermediate products.
Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Aza‐Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with γ‐Hydroxy‐γ‐lactams
Authors: Courant Thibaut , Kumarn Sirirat , He Long , Retailleau Pascal , Masson Géraldine
Published: March 2013

An enantioselective aza‐Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles with γ‐hydroxy‐γ‐lactams using a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst is reported. The approach described herein provides an efficient access to 5‐indolylpyrrolidinones in good to quantitative yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee). The results suggest that the reaction may proceed via N‐acyliminium intermediates associated with the chiral phosphoric acid anion.
Trifluoromethylation of 1‐Aryl‐3,3‐diisopropyltriazenes
Authors: Hafner Andreas , Bräse Stefan
Published: March 2013

A new method for the trifluoromethylation of functionalized aromatic diisopropyltriazenes is described. In a facile two‐step, one‐pot synthesis, various functionalized trifluoromethyl‐substituted arenes are accessible in mostly good yields by using methyl iodide as iodination agent and the trifluoromethylation system (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane/potassium fluoride/copper iodide. This concept could be expanded to perfluoroethylation as well as ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation reactions.
Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Aryloxide/N,O‐Bis(trimethyl‐ silyl)acetamide Combination as Efficient Organocatalytic System for the Direct Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of (5H)‐Furan‐2‐one Derivatives
Authors: Claraz Aurélie , Oudeyer Sylvain , Levacher Vincent
Published: March 2013

A chiral quaternary ammonium amide was generated in situ from N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) as non‐nucleophilic Brønsted base precursor and the combination of chiral quaternary ammonium halide/sodium aryloxide as chiral Lewis base. This system was applied to an anti‐selective organocatalytic direct vinylogous aldol (ODVA) reaction of (5H)‐furan‐2‐one derivatives with aldehydes. Several 5‐(1′‐hydroxy)‐γ‐butenolides were obtained in good diastereomeric ratios (up to 95/5) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94%) with both aliphatic or (hetero)aromatic aldehydes, so providing a rare example of general and efficient conditions for the ODVA reaction.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Amine‐Terminated AB2‐Type Hyperbranched Polymer and Its Application in Dyeing of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fabric with Acid Dye
Authors: Hasanzadeh Mahdi , Moieni Tahereh , Hadavi Moghadam Bentolhoda
Published: March 2013

A hyperbranched, functional, water‐soluble, and amine‐terminated polymer is synthesized using a melt polycondensation reaction of methyl acrylate and diethylene triamine. The polymer is then characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The polymer is soluble in some polar solvents. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric as well as the fabric hydrolyzed by sodium hydroxide is treated with the polymer. A significant improvement in dyeability of PET fabric treated by the polymer with acid dye (C.I. Acid Red 114) is observed. The color characteristics of the dyed samples are evaluated using the CIELAB method. The results, obtained from dyed samples with conventional dyeing, reveal that a hyperbranched polymer, as indicated by the zeta potential measurements, offers positively charged amino groups leading to higher dye uptake. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2013, 32, 21345; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21345
Application of Nanoparticle Antioxidants to Enable Hyperstable Chloroplasts for Solar Energy Harvesting
Authors: Boghossian Ardemis A. , Sen Fatih , Gibbons Brenna M. , Sen Selda , Faltermeier Sean M. , Giraldo Juan Pablo , Zhang Cathy T. , Zhang Jingqing , Heller Daniel A. , Strano Michael S.
Published: March 2013

The chloroplast contains densely stacked arrays of light‐harvesting proteins that harness solar energy with theoretical maximum glucose conversion efficiencies approaching 12%. Few studies have explored isolated chloroplasts as a renewable, abundant, and low cost source for solar energy harvesting. One impediment is that photoactive proteins within the chloroplast become photodamaged due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In vivo, chloroplasts reduce photodegradation by applying a self‐repair cycle that dynamically replaces photodamaged components; outside the cell, ROS‐induced photodegradation contributes to limited chloroplast stability. The incorporation of chloroplasts into synthetic, light‐harvesting devices will require regenerative ROS scavenging mechanisms to prolong photoactivity. Herein, we study ROS generation within isolated chloroplasts extracted from Spinacia oleracea directly interfaced with nanoparticle antioxidants, including dextran‐wrapped nanoceria (dNC) previously demonstrated as a potent ROS scavenger. We quantitatively examine the effect of dNC, along with cerium ions, fullerenol, and DNA‐wrapped single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), on the ROS generation of isolated chloroplasts using the oxidative dyes, 2’,7’‐ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF‐DA) and 2,3‐bis(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide sodium salt (XTT). Electrochemical measurements confirm that chloroplasts processed from free solution can generate power under illumination. We find dNC to be the most effective of these agents for decreasing oxidizing species and superoxide concentrations whilst preserving chloroplast photoactivity at concentrations below 5 μM, offering a promising mechanism for maintaining regenerative chloroplast photoactivity for light‐harvesting applications.
ADCYAP1R1 genotype associates with post‐traumatic stress symptoms in highly traumatized African‐American females
Authors: Almli Lynn M. , Mercer Kristina B. , Kerley Kimberly , Feng Hao , Bradley Bekh , Conneely Karen N. , Ressler Kerry J.
Published: March 2013

Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor (PAC1) play a critical role in biological processes that mediate stress response and have been implicated in psychological outcome following trauma. Our previous work [Ressler et al. (2011); Nature 470:492–497] demonstrated that a variant, rs2267735, in the gene encoding PAC1 (ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a primarily African‐American cohort of highly traumatized females. We sought to extend and replicate our previous finding in a similarly trauma‐exposed, replicate sample of 1,160 African‐American adult male and female patients. Self‐reported psychiatric measures were collected, and DNA was obtained for genetic analysis. Using linear regression models to test for association with PTSD symptom severity under an additive (allelic) model, we found a genotype × trauma interaction in females (P < 0.001), but not males (P > 0.1); however, there was no main effect of genotype as in our previous study. The observed interaction suggests a genetic association that increases with the degree of trauma exposure in females only. This interaction remained significant in females, but not males, after controlling for age (P < 0.001), income (P < 0.01), past substance abuse (P < 0.001), depression severity (P = 0.02), or child abuse (P < 0.0005), and all five combined (P = 0.01). No significant effects of genotype (or interactions) were found when modeling depression severity when controlling for comorbid PTSD symptom severity (P > 0.1), demonstrating the relative specificity of this variant for PTSD symptoms. A meta‐analysis with the previously reported African‐American samples revealed a strong association between PTSD symptom severity and the interaction between trauma and genotype in females (N = 1424, P < 0.0001). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of rare copy number variants in high burden schizophrenia families
Authors: Van Den Bossche Maarten J. , Strazisar Mojca , Cammaerts Sophia , Liekens Anthony M. , Vandeweyer Geert , Depreeuw Veerle , Mattheijssens Maria , Lenaerts An‐Sofie , De Zutter Sonia , De Rijk Peter , Sabbe Bernard , Del‐Favero Jurgen
Published: March 2013

Over the last years, genome‐wide studies consistently showed an increased burden of rare copy number variants (CNVs) in schizophrenia patients, supporting the “common disease, rare variant” hypothesis in at least a subset of patients. We hypothesize that in families with a high burden of disease, and thus probably a high genetic load influencing disease susceptibility, rare CNVs might be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. We performed a genome‐wide CNV analysis in the index patients of eight families with multiple schizophrenia affected members, and consecutively performed a detailed family analysis for the most relevant CNVs. One index patient showed a DRD5 containing duplication. A second index patient presented with an NRXN1 containing deletion and two adjacent duplications containing MYT1L and SNTG2. Detailed analysis in the subsequent families showed segregation of the identified CNVs. With this study we show the importance of screening high burden families for rare CNVs, which will not only broaden our knowledge concerning the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in schizophrenia but also allow the use of the obtained genetic data to provide better clinical care to these families in general and to non‐symptomatic causal CNV carriers in particular. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The teleparallel equivalent of general relativity
Authors: Maluf José W.
Published: March 2013

A review of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity is presented. It is emphasized that general relativity may be formulated in terms of the tetrad fields and of the torsion tensor, and that this geometrical formulation leads to alternative insights into the theory. The equivalence with the standard formulation in terms of the metric and curvature tensors takes place at the level of field equations. The review starts with a brief account of the history of teleparallel theories of gravity. Then the ordinary interpretation of the tetrad fields as reference frames adapted to arbitrary observers in space–time is discussed, and the tensor of inertial accelerations on frames is obtained. It is shown that the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian field equations allow us to define the energy, momentum and angular momentum of the gravitational field, as surface integrals of the field quantities. In the phase space of the theory, these quantities satisfy the algebra of the Poincaré group.
Metallocene polypropylene crystallization kinetic during cooling in rotational molding thermal condition
Authors: Sarrabi Salah , Boyer S. A. E. , Lacrampe Marie France , Krawczak P. , Tcharkhtchi Abbas
Published: March 2013

This article is part of an ambitious project. The aim is to simulate mechanical properties of rotomolded part from microstructure consideration. Main objective here is to consider metallocene polypropylene crystallization kinetic (PP) during cooling stage in rotational molding. Crystallization kinetic of metallocene PP is so rapid that microscopy cannot help to observe nucleation and growth. Crystallization rate can be estimated by a global kinetic. Given that cooling in rotational molding is dynamic with a constant rate, Ozawa law appears more appropriate. Ozawa parameters have been estimated by differential scanning calorimetry. In rotational molding thermal condition, Avrami index identifies a complex nucleation intermediate between spontaneous and sporadic. Ozawa rate constant is 68 times higher than this obtained for Ziegler–Natta PP. By coupling transformation rate from Ozawa model and a thermal model developed earlier, the difference between theory and experimental is less than 1%. To optimize rotational molding, study has been completed by sensitivity to adjustable parameters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation of heat‐moisture resistant epoxy resin based on phosphazene
Authors: Huang Xiaobin , Wei Wei , Wei Hao , Li Yonghua , Gu Xiaojun , Tang Xiaozhen
Published: March 2013

An amine‐terminated curing agent for epoxy resin based on hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene was synthesized. Its chemical structure was characterized by1H‐NMR, FT‐IR, and elemental analysis. The curing temperature was determined by differential scanning calorimeter. The thermal stability, hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, and insulation property of the epoxy resin cured by the as‐prepared curing agent were superior to those of the epoxy resin cured by 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone. The epoxy resin cured by the new curing agent obtained the best heat‐moisture resistance when the ratio of amino protons and epoxy group was 1.2 : 1. The temperature reached 318 and 376°C when the weight loss was 5 and 10% meanwhile the residue at 800°C was above 64%. The material achieved UL94 V‐0 rating and the water absorption was only 0.57%. The electric insulation property was also improved especially when it was compared in wet conditions at water absorption saturation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Characterization and gas‐permeation properties of crosslinked diacetylene‐containing polymer membranes from ferulic acid
Authors: Kanehashi Shinji , Nagasawa Toshiaki , Kobayashi Miho , Lee Sung Lin , Nakamura Masaya , Sato Shuichi , Beristain Miriam F. , Ogawa Takeshi , Miyakoshi Tetsuo , Nagai Kazukiyo
Published: March 2013

Thermally and UV crosslinked poly[propargyl(3‐methoxy‐4‐propargyloxy) cinnamate] (PPOF) were investigated in terms of their physical, thermal, optical, and gas‐permeation properties. The crosslinked membranes had high gel contents because of the formation of a diacetylene network. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that all of the membranes were amorphous in structure, regardless of the type of crosslinking reaction. The membrane density increased after the crosslinking reaction; this suggested that the free volume of the crosslinked membrane was lower than that of the untreated membranes. Drastic color changes in the membranes were also observed because of the highly conjugated crosslinked network of diacetylene. In addition, the conjugation caused by diacetylene crosslinking led to visible absorption within the range 400–600 nm. The gas permeation of the crosslinked membrane was reduced compared with that of the untreated membranes. In particular, the gas permeability of the thermally crosslinked membrane was lower than that of UV‐irradiated membrane. On the basis of this result, the degree of crosslinking by thermal treatment was higher than that of UV irradiation. Hence, the crosslinked PPOF membranes showed improved gas‐barrier properties due to the high conjugation of the crosslinked diacetylene network induced by thermal treatment and UV irradiation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of stoichiometry and cure prescription on fluid ingress in epoxy networks
Authors: Frank Katherine , Wiggins Jeffrey
Published: March 2013

Stoichiometry and cure temperature were evaluated for epoxy systems based on the diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol‐A and bisphenol‐F and cured with 3,3′‐ or 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone. The materials were formulated as stoichiometric benchmarks and with an excess of epoxide and cured in two steps (125°C/200°C) or one step (180°C). Dynamic mechanical analysis and free volume testing indicated decreased crosslink density and increased chain packing in the excess‐epoxy materials, as well as a narrowing gap in properties between 33‐ and 44‐cured networks with excess epoxy. The narrowing gap was less pronounced in materials cured at 180°C. The excess‐epoxy materials were more resistant to water ingress, exhibiting reduced equilibrium water uptake. The excess‐epoxy materials were also more resistant to methyl ethyl ketone ingress, which occurred at a slower rate in most excess‐epoxy materials. The improvement in fluid resistance was attributed to enhanced chain packing in the materials with lower crosslink densities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thermal processing and properties of bioplastic sheets derived from meat and bone meal
Authors: Lukubira Sam , Ogale Amod A.
Published: March 2013

Chemical modification of plasticized meat and bone meal (MBM) and its thermal processing into bioplastic sheets is reported. Specifically, MBM plasticized with 30 wt% glycerol and modified with calcium hydroxide (CH) (0, 3, 7, and 10 wt%) was batch compounded at 100°C, 15–30 min, and 60 rpm followed by thermal compaction at 140°C to produce sheets. The effect of CH content on the chemical structure, processability, and tensile properties (static and dynamic) of modified MBM sheets were studied. Fine particle size of MBM and moderate environment humidity produced well‐consolidated sheets. Increase in CH content to about 7 wt% was found to increase tensile strength and modulus, whereas the strain to failure decreased. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of modified MBM sheets showed that the changes in mechanical properties could be attributed to increased interactions between protein chains, which were further aided by the precipitation of the fat portion of MBM. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Highly dispersed polyamide‐11/halloysite nanocomposites: Thermal, rheological, optical, dielectric, and mechanical properties
Authors: Prashantha Kalappa , Lacrampe Marie‐France , Krawczak Patricia
Published: March 2013

Bio‐based polyamide 11 and natural halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were used for the preparation of PA‐11/HNT nanocomposites with varying nanotubes concentrations by melt extrusion using a masterbatch dilution process. The prepared nanocomposites were analyzed for microstructural changes, transparency, thermal stability, rheological behavior, dielectric, and mechanical properties. The HNT nanotubes are well dispersed in PA‐11 matrix in the studied composition range as shown by microscopy and spectrophotometry. Interestingly, good halloysite dispersion in PA‐11 matrix increases the tensile strength and Young modulus of PA‐11 without sacrificing the ductility. Highly dispersed nanotubes also bring favorable changes in the thermal stability, dielectric, and rheological characteristics of PA‐11. Additionally, glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, and degree of crystallinity of the nanocomposites tend to increase with increase in nanotubes loading. Thus, PA‐11 can become a tailor‐made material with multifunctional characteristics, thanks to the addition of HNTs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013