bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Equality in Policy Analysis
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick
Published: March 2007

Starting from Walzer's account of `complex equality', an integrated treatment is given of three fundamental decision principles - equality of supply, proportional equality and equality of deficits - which between them exhaust all applications of `equality' considerations in policy analysis. They provide sophisticated and distinctive solutions for distributing scarce public policy benefits where individuals, households, groups or areas are recognized to have varied capacities to absorb supply. They can be applied successfully in societies with both private and public forms of supply, and where supply is lumpy or there are insufficient supply units. The equality of supply and proportional equality principles also function effectively in resource-raising contexts, where public supply is wholly negative. The choice of equality principle appropriate for a given issue area depends on: the nature of people's capacities; the information requirements of the rule; whether problems of oversupply would arise; what factors might affect the feasibility and desirability of imposing negative public supply; and what the rule's distributive implications are for different kinds of people. More substantive egalitarian arguments advocate using public supply in an investment mode not just to bring immediate distributions into conformity with one of the basic equality principles, but also to equalize capacity variations themselves over the longer term.
Intra-Agency Politics Conflict and Contravention in Administrative Entities
Authors: Dexter Lewis Anthony
Published: March 2007

This paper develops the notion of political process within administrative entities; it rests particularly upon the work of Arthur F. Bentley but is also much influenced by the political concerns of the early Herbert Simon; it extends, also, Francis Rourke's consideration of bureaucratic politics. It is analogous to the application of Bentley's approach to legislative processes by Bertram Gross, David Truman, and naturally especially Lewis A. Dexter. More generally, it is guided by the theory of social description, implicit in Bentley's work to be sure, but more explicitly stated by Simmel, Wiese-Becker, and Park and Burgess. Further extended, the approach here might contribute to the theory of factionalism on the one hand, and to a wider use of the theory of encapsulation as suggested by F. G. Bailey.
Games Real Actors Could Play: The Challenge of Complexity
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W.
Published: March 2007

This paper continues the examination of the validity of game-theoretic explanations in empirical social science and policy research. Assuming that real actors with bounded rationality would be unable to cope with the explosive complexity of n-person games, discussion focuses on the conditions under which corporate actors and coalitions, as well as collective and even aggregate actors, may be legitimately treated as unitary players. In addition, the importance of functional differentiation and ingroup-outgroup segmentation for the segregation of game-like interactions is explored.
The Paradox of Coalition Trading
Authors: Colomer Josep M. , Martínez Florencio
Published: March 2007

We present a model of coalition formation in a multiparty and multiparliament system in which several parties can agree on simultaneously exchanging their votes in a set of parliaments. Given this possibility, a party, acting rationally in its own self-interest, could accept sharing oversized majority coalitions in some parliaments with numerically superfluous partners. We present a formal argument in instances with diverse numbers of parties and parliaments. We propose a newly invented and refined parliamentary power index in order to measure and compare the benefits of different coalition strategies. We also present empirical evidence of situations prone and adverse to this paradoxical but rationally self-interested behaviour by parties acting in local parliaments in Spain.
Symposium. The Directional Theory of Issue Voting: I
Authors: Gilljam Mikael
Published: March 2007

The directional theory of issue voting - a new theory proposed by Rabinowitz and Macdonald - has, in a series of analyses, been shown to outperform the old Downsian proximity theory. This result has a very practical consequence: according to the directional theory, a centrist party cannot expect to receive strong electoral support. Thus, in the practice of politics, the directional theory means conflict, not consensus. In their analyses, Rabinowitz, Macdonald and Listhaug use the mean of all the respondents' party placement (a constant) as a proxy for the party's position. However, using a more adequate analysis, where the party position along a scale varies between the respondents (i.e. is a variable), the results become different. The directional theory is not without its merits as a new theory of issue voting. Nevertheless, the old proximity theory is still the most powerful theory within electoral research.
A Cultural Approach to Understanding Modes of Transition to Democracy
Authors: Edvardsen Unni
Published: March 2007

By integrating theories from two different scholarly traditions - Karl and Schmitter's inductive model of modes of transition and Thompson et al.'s cultural theory - this article explores the choice of strategies that are likely to be adopted by political actors in processes of transition to democracy. It also examines the probability that democracy will be established as an outcome of the transition process. The article draws heavily on cultural theory to explain choice of strategy and democratic success on the basis of political actors' cultural belonging and their consequent regime preferences. The following propositions are advanced on the basis of the analysis: (1) only one mode of transition is likely to lead to a successful establishment of democracy; and (2) cultural diversity is a sine qua non if democracy is to be instituted and to prosper.
Grid-Group Theory and Political Ideology
Authors: Coughlin Richard M. , Lockhart Charles
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of this paper is to introduce an alternative, grid-group theory, to the conventional liberal-conservative continuum for understanding the structure of mass belief systems. We also examine the potential advantages of this alternative in explaining preference formation with a series of exploratory empirical comparisons of the relative strengths and weaknesses of grid-group theory and the conventional measure of political ideology. While certain data limitations make our results tentative, we conclude that political ideology retains the advantage of parsimony as the single most powerful predictor of mass attitudes across a range of social and economic issues. But grid-group theory allows us to unpack distinct social logics that are conflated in a unidimensional model. These logics not only tell us more about the bases for persons' attitudes, they offer an explanation for the shifting structure of political conflicts and coalitions. Thus grid-group theory helps us explain who holds which `core values' and why.
The Chain Store Paradox and Constitutional Politics in Canada
Authors: James Patrick
Published: March 2007

While Canada is lauded as a prosperous, democratic state, it continues to fail at constitutional reform. Rather than attempting to explain Canadian constitutional development from Confederation onward, this study focuses on the two most recent rounds: the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. The investigation unfolds in six stages. First, rational choice and game theory, which provide the intellectual foundations for the forthcoming analysis, are introduced and linked to the study of constitutional politics. Second, prospects for a priori agreement on a constitutional initiative, independent of political maneuvering among governments and other actors, are assessed. Third, the Chain Store Paradox (CSP), a game-theoretic model, is related to constitutional politics at a general level. Fourth, the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, Canada's major constitutional initiatives in the last decade, are briefly described. Fifth, the CSP is used to explain the failure of the two Accords, which had different origins and contents, to achieve ratification. Sixth, and finally, the likelihood of a constitutional equilibrium is explored in the context of the preceding results, along with implications of the Canadian experience for other federations.
Credo of a `Reasonable Choice' Modeler
Authors: Wuffle A
Published: March 2007

This note seeks to steer a path between the scylla of dogmatic faith that rational choice models can explain all aspects of human behavior, borrowed from economists such as Gary Becker, and the charybdis of some recent political science work that argues the view that rational choice `has no clothes' and is useless in explaining human behavior. I take what I, along with my colleague Bernard Grofman, identify as the `reasonable choice' view.
What is Political?
Authors: Warren Mark E.
Published: March 2007

Our conceptions of politics ought to: (a) help clarify our normative interests in politics; (b) encompass everyday understandings of politics; and (c) define the domain of politics in ways that serve explanation. Events in the last couple of decades - from the rise of new social movements to the end to the Berlin Wall - have combined with shifts in the culture of expectations within political science to overtake most of our received definitions in these respects. I offer a conception of politics that focuses on the intersection of power and conflict, and argue that such a conception is more in accord with our political world today than are most common conceptions, especially in light of new concerns with democracy and democratization. Finally, I show how this conception illuminates our contemporary understandings of democracy.
Commons Problems, Collective Action and Efficiency
Authors: Singleton Sara
Published: March 2007

The article explores three interrelated questions related to institutional design: the roles of states and communities in creating and maintaining institutions designed to resolve commons problems arising from the use of natural resource systems; the substantive content of such institutions with respect to allocative efficiency and equity; and effects on allocative efficiency of the interactive relationship between, on the one hand, institutions designed specifically to inhibit free-riding, and on the other, broader social arrangements such as marriage customs or membership in a community, which create expectations of stable, ongoing relations between parties across a number of issue areas.
Social power and the domination of nature
Authors: Smith Nick
Published: March 2007

Axel Honneth, The Critique of Power: Reflective Stages in a Critical Social Theory, translated by Kenneth Baynes. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1991. £24.75, xxxii + 340 pp., 0 262 08202 0.
Brecht and Lukács as teachers of Feyerabend and Lakatos: the Feyerabend-Lakatos debate as scientific recapitulation of the Brecht- Lukács debate
Authors: Dusek Val
Published: March 2007

Feyerabend and Lakatos were invited to be assistants of the literary Marxists Brecht and Lukács, respectively. In the 1930s Expressionism Debate, Lukács associated artistic expressionism with irrationalism and fascism, while Brecht criticized Lukács' anti-modernism. Lakatos' criti cisms of Kuhn echo Lukács' denunciations of German idealism, and Lukács influenced the terminology and topics in Lakatos' methodol ogy. Lakatos, concerned with progress, and fearful of irrationalism and degeneration, recapitulates positions of his teacher, Lukács, in the latter's attack on modern art. Feyerabend's criticisms of Lakatos paral lel Brecht's critique of Lukács.
Frankensteins and Cyborgs: Visions of the Global Future in an Age of Technology
Authors: Graham Elaine L.
Published: March 2007

This paper draws attention to the role of representation in the depiction of scientific and technological innovation as a means of understanding the narratives that circulate concerning the shape of things to come. It considers how metaphors play an important part in the conduct of scientific explanation, and how they do more than describe the world in helping also to shape expectations, normalise particular choices, establish priorities and create needs. In surveying the range of metaphorical responses to the digital and biotechnological age, we will see how technologies are regarded both as 'endangerment' and 'promise'. What we believe 'technology' is doing to 'us' reflects important implicit philosophies of technology and its relationship to human agency and political choice; yet we also need to be alert to the assumptions about 'human nature' itself which inform such reactions. The paper argues that embedded in the various representations implicit in new technologies are crucial issues of identity, community and justice: what it means to be (post)human, who is (and is not) entitled to the rewards of technological advancement, what priorities (and whose interests) will inform the shape of global humanity into the next century.
Prolegomena To an Ethics of the Eye
Authors: Blond Phillip
Published: March 2007

Modernity is marked by the separation of ethics from aesthetics, and both are thought to be detached from issues of truth. Overall I argue that this is a secular rubric that can be successfully challenged by a Christian ontology. This paper first historicises this situation, asking how this scenario came about. In this regard Immanuel Kant is identified as the prime cause of the modern separation of truth-telling from acting well and aesthetic discernment. Adorno's attempt to escape the Kantian legacy by focusing on asethetic judgement is then considered; it is subsequently argued that Adorno's hopes can only be realised by a Christian ontology that can provide an account of unalienated judgement. Finally, the ontology that would allow such a discernment is sketched out as well as a phenomenological and aesthetic outline of how we might know this state of affairs.
Supporting shelter improvements for low-income groups
Authors: Anzorena Jorge
Published: March 2007

Supporting shelter improvements for low-income groups is an interview with Jorge Anzorena in which he reflects on what has been learnt over the past 17 years on how best to fund and support low-income groups in shelter construction and improvement. He also describes his work, documenting the activities of community based organizations and NGOs, and how this has provided links between different NGOs and community based organizations working in Asia and Latin America-and elsewhere.
Institutional responses to uncontrolled urban cultivation in Harare: prohibitive or accommodative?
Authors: Mbiba Beacon
Published: March 2007

Institutional responses to uncontrolled urban cultivation in Harare: prohibitive or accommodative? reviews local government's response to uncontrolled crop cultivation within the urban boundary of Harare. The author reviews institutional responses to urban agriculture in Harare during the colonial period and since Independence in 1980. The final section comments on why local authorities find it difficult to manage urban agriculture effectively and sustainably and suggests some new directions both for policy and for research.
Close confinement in a mighty prison: Thomas Bakewell and his campaign against public asylums, 1810-1830
Authors: Smith L.D.
Published: March 2007

Thomas Bakewell, the proprietor of Spring Vale private asylum in Staffordshire, was an outspoken critic of the movement to develop public lunatic asylums. The County Asylums Act of 1808 encouraged the building of asylums for pauper lunatics. Bakewell contended that the system under which large public asylums operated would lead to a failure of the therapeutic intentions of those who projected them. He campaigned vigorously over a twenty year period against the concept and the practices of these asylums, and argued for a fundamental change in state policy toward the insane. He advocated an alternative system of state run curative hospitals, to replace institutions that were largely custodial in their orientation.
Frantz Fanon and political psychiatry
Authors: Youssef Hanafy A. , Fadl Salah A.
Published: March 2007

Man is a social being. Factors such as political conflict, social tension and economic stress affect his mental health. Such factors are at least as important as biological factors. Frantz Fanon paid particular attention to these social problems and his brand of political psychiatry is as relevant today as it was during his time. Alienation and oppression still exist. Unemployment is widespread and tyrannical rulers still oppress their people. Mental illness cannot be solved by drugs but by changes in the political and social order.
The first casualty: the war over psychoanalysis and the poverty of historiography
Authors: Skues Richard
Published: March 2007

Many recent discussions of the early history of psychoanalysis have claimed that Freud's work was methodologically (and hence scientifically) flawed. It is suggested that such criticisms are often based on studies that are deficient in the way they approach historiography. The work of Adolf Grünbaum and Frederick Crews (as, respectively, specialist and populist) is used to illustrate both this and the consequent theses that dehistoricized approaches to Freud lead to anachronistic blunders and that anti-Freudian tendentiousness clothed in the illusion of historiographical expertise is no substitute for scholarly rigour. It is concluded that when criticizing Freud it is often a good idea to read him first, but no optimism is entertained about the prospects of raising the standard of debate about psychoanalysis and its origins.

'... the attempt to rebut this argument [in this way] is an abuse of the privilege of writing confidently about authors without reading them...' (J. S. MILL, A System of Logic, 1898, p. 241)

'The very ink with which all history is written is merely fluid prejudice.' (MARK TWAIN, 'Pudd'nhead Wilson's New Calendar', Following the Equator, 1897)
Marketing of Belief: Intertextual Construction of Network Marketers' identities
Authors: KONG KENNETH C.C.
Published: March 2007

Network marketing, as an enterprise `using' friendship to promote products, has been notorious for its exploitative use of interpersonal meaning. This study examines how identities are textually transgressed and manipulated in network marketing discourse, a nexus of business, interpersonal, and institutional relationships. Using Halliday's systemic-functional framework, a comparison of five director's messages, three from network marketing organizations, one from an ordinary business enterprise, and one from a voluntary social organization shows that network marketing texts are constructed intertextually and dialogically in sophisticated ways. It is argued that network marketing organizations (NMOs) do not simply sell their products; they also attempt to reconstruct their sales agents' identities to the advantage of their business operations.
Politicians Interviewed on Television News
Authors: EKSTRÖM MATS
Published: March 2007

The power relationships and discursive strategies inherent in the interview as a mode of conversation, production and presentation are fundamental conditions for politics in the mediated public sphere. The journalistic interview sets the terms for politicians' public communication and appearances. This article is based on analyses of 124 broadcast news items which included interviews with Swedish politicians. The analyses are inspired by conversation analysis of news interviews. Discourse analysis, particularly the concepts of decontextualization and recontextualization, has also contributed to this study. The results show that it is a widespread practice in television news to divorce answers from the preceding question. In news stories, political interviews are presented in a fragmentary form. This article focuses on four discursive strategies in the recontextualization of interview answers, whereby the original question is removed and substituted by something else. The analyses show how the recontextualization influences the meaning of both the answers and the interviewee's actions and character.
Politeness, Politics and Diplomacy
Authors: Chilton Paul
Published: March 2007

The Brown-Levinson analysis of politeness phenomena is reinterpreted and applied to political texts, specifically texts in international communication. The Brown-Levinson framework explicates many aspects of verbal formulation in face-to-face interaction, but it gives the impression of treating social relations as a natural state of affairs to which interlocutors respond. The article first indicates some inherently political elements in the concept of `face' (Goffman). `Positive face' can be linked to identity and consensus, `negative face' to territorial security, freedom of action and privacy. Political discourse can be seen to use positive-and negative-face strategies, and off-record strategies, in consensus building and in the performing of `face-threatening', that is coercive, intrusive or persuasive verbal acts. Secondly, the need to extend the Brown-Levinson framework beyond interlocutor pairs to multiple audiences seen in their historical context is noted. And thirdly, these points are illustrated by means of selective analysis of speeches by Gorbachev and Reagan in which domestic and international contexts affect the verbal acts performed in what were in effect moves in the process of negotiating the 1987 INF Treaty.
Discourses of Danger and Dangerous Discourses: Patrolling the Borders of Science, Nature and Society
Authors: Michael Mike
Published: March 2007

Two broad themes are covered in this paper. Firstly, the mutual delimitation in discourse of `science', `lay society' and `nature' is explored in relation to people's talk about ionizing radiation. The discursive configurations into which these fall are linked to the perception of danger. For example, in some discourses danger is located in a `bad science' that injudiciously exploits an otherwise amenable nature. Secondly, the analysis of these discourses is conducted with the aid of Weber's ideal type technique. Through this, some of the epistemological and methodological issues that cohere around the contingency of interpretation in discourse analysis are addressed.
A Mother's Battle Against TV News: A Case Study of Political Socialization
Authors: Liebes Tamar , Ribak Rivka
Published: March 2007

Adopting the approach that regards TV's effect as an outcome of a process of negotiation between texts and viewers, we identify some mechanisms through which this negotiation takes place. This is a case study where members of one family in Israel, holding different political ideologies, view the evening news together and interact among themselves and with the news. Our analysis suggests that TV news inadvertently privileges a non-compromising attitude toward the Arab-Israeli conflict. While political `hawks' can decode the news at face value (`referentially') in order to reinforce their position, `doves' have to master a sophisticated (`constructional') understanding of the constraints of the genre, i.e. of the relationship between news and social reality, in order to do so. Specifically, we examine viewers' perceptions of this relationship as expressed in three meta-frames to the following issues: (1) Does TV news represent the normal or the exceptional? (2) Should it show the normal or the exceptional? and (3) What effect has it on other viewers? We then point out their relevance for the struggle over ideological persuasion in the family.
Revisiting the Gulf of Tonkin Crisis: An Analysis of the Private Communication of President Johnson and his Advisers
Authors: Ball Moya Ann
Published: March 2007

This essay explains how the rhetorical response of President Johnson and his advisers to the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964 provides a paradigm case of how a confusing set of events can be given interpretation and structure by means of dramatizing communication. Although the Tonkin events were largely unsubstantiated, narratives were shared in which a hostile enemy had deliberately attacked American vessels on routine patrols. Consequently, American prestige and power were being tested before the world. The confusing events, therefore, were lined up into a more familiar story which then became the justification for further action. The dramatizations swept through private decision-making groups and into the legislative and administrative branches of government resulting in the passage of a congressional resolution. This resolution was the legal weapon needed to expand greatly American involvement in the Vietnam War.
Discourse and the Denial of Racism
Authors: van Dijk Teun A.
Published: March 2007

Within the broader framework of a research programme on the reproduction of racism in discourse and communication, the present article examines the prominent role of the denial of racism, especially among the elites, in much contemporary text and talk about ethnic relations. After a conceptual analysis of denial strategies in interpersonal impression formation on the one hand, and within the social-political context of minority and immigration management on the other, various types of denial are examined in everyday conversations, press reports and parliamentary debates. Among these forms of denial are disclaimers, mitigation, euphemism, excuses, blaming the victim, reversal and other moves of defence, face-keeping and positive self-presentation in negative discourse about minorities, immigrants and (other) anti-racists.
A Feminist Approach to the Empowerment of Women Mediators
Authors: Cooks Leda M. , Hale Claudia L.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is on power and empowerment as experienced by women mediators. The approach to the topic is seated in phenomenology and feminist scholarship. The authors argue for the appropriateness of these perspectives in examining the ways in which women mediators come to understand their experiences and exercise their roles. The three phases of phenomenological research (i.e. description, reduction, interpretation) are employed in analyzing individual interviews and a focus group interview. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for women and for the dispute resolution context of mediation.
Jockeying for Position: The Construction of Masculine Identities
Authors: Edley Nigel , Wetherell Margaret
Published: March 2007

In this paper we examine the construction of masculine identities within a real-life social situation. Using data from an extensive series of interviews with small groups of sixth-form (17-18-year-old) students attending a UK-based, single-sex independent school, the analysis looks at the action orientation of different constructions of identity. More specifically, it focuses upon how the identity talk of one particular group of students were oriented towards managing their subordinate status within the school. In a number of instances the identity of the `new man' was adopted as a strategy of resistance. However, it was found that the more common strategy involved buying back into values embodied within a more traditional definition of masculinity.
Critical Distance
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: March 2007

Fred Newman and Lois Holzman's (2000) comment on my `Against PostModernism: Psychology in Cultural Context' (Parker, 1998) neatly displays the very dialectical processes they want to deny. Their refusal of `critical distance' exemplifies postModern avoidance of a political assessment of theories and practices (academic or otherwise), and their complaints about the institutional location of critiques of postmodernism draw attention to their own trajectory into the sphere of academic argument and into the arms of mystifying and depoliticizing postModern ideology.
Reformulating Sexual Script Theory
Authors: Frith Hannah , Kitzinger Celia
Published: March 2007

Sexual script theorists present sexual encounters as learned interactions that follow predictable sequences or `scripts'. Feminist research on heterosexual negotiation uses self-report data to argue that these scripts are gendered such that it is difficult for women to refuse unwanted sex. In this paper, we suggest that, notwithstanding claims made for script theory as a form of social constructionism, it incorporates individualistic and cognitive assumptions that ignore the social context in which self-report data are produced. Illustrating our argument with our own data from young women in focus group discussions talking about refusing unwanted sex, we provide an alternative theoretical perspective on this kind of self-report data, drawn from Edwards' (1995, 1997) concept of `script formulations'. In particular, we show how the `scripted' quality of sexual interaction is actively produced as part of speakers' orientation to issues of accountability. We describe five devices used to construct sexual encounters as scripted: (i) references to predictable stages; (ii) references to common knowledge; (iii) the production of consensus through seamless turn-taking and collaborative talk; (iv) the use of hypothetical and general instances; (v) active voicing. Through the use of script formulations, young women present the difficulty of saying no to unwanted sex as normatively difficult-as a commonplace, ordinary problem-such that they cannot be held accountable for their own specific difficulties, nor can negative dispositional attributes be made on that basis. Finally, we consider the differing implications of `script' and `script formulation' theories in working with young women to prevent unwanted sex.
Otto Kernberg's Object Relations Theory
Authors: Christopher John Chambers , Bickhard Mark H. , Lambeth Gregory Scott
Published: March 2007

A conceptual and empirical critique of Kernberg's influential object relations theory is presented as a case study of the limitations of structural ontological presuppositions in accounting for psychological processes. A summary overview is provided of Kernberg's systems model, the process of internalization, his developmental stages, and his conception of the borderline personality organization. Then a detailed critique considers: (1) the foundations of Kernberg's model in affective memory and units of internalized object relations; (2) the principles of construction underlying his developmental processes; (3) the resulting product of these processes, his structural model and theory of the borderline personality organization; and (4) the relationship between his metapsychology and his clinical theory. Suggestions are made for how process models of personality and psychopathology can redress the problems with structural accounts.
Emerging Challenges for Theory and Psychology
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

With the waning of empiricist foundationalism, theoretical commitments become a focus of critical concern. For psychologists, the post-empiricist shift presents challenges of immense scope and significance for future inquiry. For purposes of centering further dialogue, this article outlines five major challenges for a theoretically sophisticated psychology. First, because concepts of knowledge rest on assumptions about human functioning, psychologists should take an active role in exploring successors to empiricism. Realism and constructionism are among the most prominent candidates; others remain for critical contrast and comparison. Second, attention is invited to the cultural contexts favoring or inimical to various theoretical standpoints. Third, self-reflexive analyses are encouraged, not only in terms of isolating unspoken but implicit ideology, but as well in assessing the conceptual and rhetorical properties of various theoretical commitments. Fourth, there is now an opening to bold adventures in theorizing, and to the comparison of contemporary views with those existing in other cultures and historical periods. Finally, contemporary debate challenges psychologists to explore the literary constraints and potentials of psychological intelligibilities.
Is Psychology Really `the Study of Behavior'?
Authors: Hibbard Stephen , Henley Tracy
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we examine the concept `behavior' within the context of the development of American psychology. After explicating the term's meaning within ordinary usage, we argue that `behavior' is a theoretical construct within behavior analysis, and that its privileged status in psychology outside behavior analysis is really just a residuum from the days of the hegemony of behaviorism. The claim `psychology is the study of behavior' falters within psychology more generally on the grounds that `behavior' is simply too confused and ambiguous a construct on which to found psychology. On the other hand, within behaviorism itself, it is still possible to vindicate the claim that psychology is the study of behavior, since `behavior' has a technical sense within behavior analysis. However, to establish that psychology is the study of behavior in this technical sense would require that behaviorism succeed in explaining all of the phenomena of interest to psychologists, since otherwise some psychological phenomena would be left outside this domain.
Establishing Embodiment in Psychology
Authors: Sampson Edward E.
Published: March 2007

The dominant discourse within the western tradition and within the psychology it has spawned can be described as exclusionary: history, culture and community are generally not considered as central to understanding what are presumed to be universal psychological processes. Although the challenger and possible successor to the dominant tradition's discourses, social constructionism, is inclusive of history, culture and community, it shares with the dominant tradition an exclusion of embodiment. Other than the object-body (i.e. the body that a third person observer can know), which remains of interest both to the dominant tradition and to social constructionism's examination of how discourse constructs this object-body, neither the dominant nor the successor discourse deals with the inherently embodied character of all social practices, including discursive practices themselves. All exclusions, including the exclusion of embodiment, have serious political ramifications. Establishing an embodied discourse in psychological inquiry, including the inquiry governed by constructionism, will advance both our understanding and, more significantly, those disciplinary applications designed to contribute to human betterment.
On What We Can See
Authors: Sharrock Wes , Coulter Jeff
Published: March 2007

The work of James J. Gibson is widely acclaimed to be among the most important contributions to the critique of cognitivist approaches to the study of human visual preception. In this paper, we question this assessment of Gibson. While we acknowledge his bold attempt to break away from the central tenets of the cognitivist paradigm (especially his rejection of all accounts of vision cast in terms of `inner representations'), we nonetheless detect various residua of a cognitivist kind in his work, residua which, we argue, are entirely eliminable from the analysis of human visual activities and achievements. We consider in some detail his theoretical claims about the role of `affordances' and their availability as perceptual phenomena, taking up for scrutiny his related views about the extraction of `information' and its `specification' of ecological structure. It is our contention that the problems which Gibson confronts succumb to conceptual resolutions, and do not require the sort of theoretical apparatus which Gibson (and his successors) counterpose to his cognitivist adversaries in the field.
On What We Say
Authors: Noble William
Published: March 2007

While the concept of `information' in Gibson's perceptual theory may risk becoming a form of how objects are `represented' in an animal's perceptual experience, the real work of the concept is in explanation of how animals maintain effective engagement with their surroundings. The way Gibson uses the term `information' makes it non-reliant on conceptual knowledge. Where his theorizing is more definitely in need of reconstruction is at the level of the (uniquely) human perceptual/conceptual interface.
Rethinking Psychology and Rethinking `New-ness'
Authors: Michael Mike
Published: March 2007

This review essay, in addition to presenting a general overview of the three volumes, interrogates their claims to being contributions to the `new paradigm' in social psychology. Firstly, it is noted that the political dimension of the `crisis' critiques of orthodox experimental social psychology is largely absent from these volumes. This is particularly reflected in the fact that some of post-crisis developments-for example, those drawing on the work of Michel Foucault-do not feature in the version of the `new paradigm' presented here. Moreover, the social constructionist perspective exemplified so well in these volumes is problematized. Drawing on the sociology of the environment, it is suggested that an `even newer new paradigm' is in the process of emerging in which constructionism and realism are held in tension or ambivalence. Some of the implications of this ambivalence for new paradigm social psychology are explored.
Multiple Perspectives in Person Perception and Theorizing
Authors: Wicklund Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The theoretical kernel of this treatment of person perception is the perceiver's use of multiple perspectives, which entails acknowledging others' states, motives and perceptions, and which involves recognizing several different points of view. Active contact in heterogeneous social contexts is viewed as basic to employing multiple perspectives. This openness stands to be diminished by strong individual need states, which inhibit the acknowledgement of disparate perspectives in person perception; consistency and concreteness then come to dominate, both in person perception generally and in psychological thinking.
What is it That One Knows When One Knows ‘Psychology’?
Authors: Craig A. P.
Published: March 2007

In this paper I am concerned with our conception of ourselves and how best to study the person. I will argue that it is on a non-psychic conception of the person that we can pin our hopes for knowing something interesting and informative about people. Moreover, I suggest a productive route out of the (metaphysical) dualism between bodies and minds—which seems to have always bedevilled the study of people—and into another; that between science and stories. I advocate a continuous interplay between stories and science because, in this way, we are better able to account for and configure who we are and how to live, as I argue in what follows. However, this does not promise a final word on how to study people, nor does it solve inter-theoretic battles between science and stories.
Interest Groups and the Development of Tripartism in East Central Europe
Authors: Cox Terry M. , Mason Bob
Published: March 2007

This article explores the development of tripartism in east central Europe during the 1980s and 1990s. Focusing on the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, we examine how the reshaping of national industrial relations in each country since 1989 has been contingent on the patterns of contest between state, employers and labour in each society, patterns which in part have been shaped by the legacy of structures and relationships from the `communist' period. These factors have influenced attempts at creating stable and coherent tripartite systems.
The Parental Leave Directive: Towards a `Family-Friendly' Social Europe?
Authors: Hardy Stephen , Adnett Nick
Published: March 2007

The employment and social policies of the European Union currently seek to promote equal opportunities while targeting further significant increases in female employment rates. This article evaluates its `work-life balance' regulations, particularly the Parental Leave Directive, analysing their origins and rationale. We assess the social, economic and legal implications and identify differing national strategies for implementation. In conclusion, we address how the EU `family-friendly' aspirations can be made consistent with the promotion of gender equality in employment.
The Social Time of Organizational Payment Systems
Authors: Bell Emma
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationships between time use and the social construction of meaning surrounding the operation of wage payment systems in three chemical industry organizations. It explores some of the ways that organizational time is subdivided and prioritized, and focuses on the way that patterns of payment for time contribute towards the formation of managerial and shop floor identities. These ideas are developed through the analysis of ethnographic research data, which supports the view that there are multiple kinds of social time in work organizations. It is suggested that much of the management literature concerned with the subject of payment systems treats time as finite, exhaustible and irreversible and this has implications for the way that payment systems are understood by practising managers. Managerial time codes reflect a closely scheduled time culture and reinforce a discourse of progress, whereas employees continue to see work time as something for which they should be compensated.
`Temporal Diversity'
Authors: Albert Bernhard
Published: March 2007

Participants gathered at a conference run under the auspices of the Tutzing Time Ecology Project to explore the issue of temporal diversity. One result was a categorization of the fundamental elements of time that constitute the social timescapes. In everyday life these different times often overlap, merging into each other until they can no longer be distinguished. Historically, as temporal diversity increases so also do the opportunities available for shaping our use of time. It was one of the conclusions of the conference, however, that the full benefit of these opportunities can only be obtained once the function and significance of different varieties of time have been understood and the necessary social conditions have been created in which this benefit can be reaped.
Standard Time, Narrative Film and American Progressive Politics
Authors: O'Malley Michael
Published: March 2007

In the United States, the establishment of standard time zones in 1883 imposed an objective, socially expedient mechanical authority on what had been regarded as an unfungible aspect of nature. This new time lent itself to editing and reformation. Nearly identical approaches to the problem of time appeared in the techniques of scientific management, the evolution of motion-picture narrative and the formation of political consensus in the years before the First World War.
The Temporal Dimension of Strategy
Authors: Ramaprasad Arkalgud , Stone Wayne G.
Published: March 2007

In the continuing search for new perspectives on organizational strategy, time has been one of the most frequently mentioned but least research dimensions. This paper defines a concept of strategic time based on events rather than the clock. It discusses the implication of strategic time for effective definition of the organization's purpose, strategic analysis, strategy design, and strategy implementation and control.
Leisure, Work and Gender
Authors: Feuvre Nicky Le
Published: March 2007

In this article, I address the question of the relationship between women's labour market position and their `objective' and `subjective' experience of leisure. With reference to a small-scale empirical study of the social time use of mothers in France, I argue that it is misleading to consider women's leisure experience as being determined by their labour market position. I attempt to show that it could prove more fruitful to examine the complex relationship between women's class and gender identities and their simultaneous experience of work, family and leisure.
Temporal Frames
Authors: Boden Deirdre
Published: March 2007

Time is of the essence in modern organizations; yet most of the work of managers, workers, service providers and a wide range of professionals is conducted routinely through the time-intensive activity of everyday, informal talk. This article examines the reflexive and recursive relation of time and talk in the constitution of organizations. It suggests that organizational work is paced and positioned through a variety of `temporal frames'; these, in turn, are achieved in and through the quick exchanges and extended meetings that make up the business of talk. They provide ways of filtering past practice into present agendas that are both pragmatic and adaptive. Organizations are made to `tick' through talk.
Sex Education and the Problematization of Teenage Pregnancy: a Genealogy of Law and Governance
Authors: Monk Daniel
Published: March 2007

This essay provides a theoretical examination of the law regulating sex education and focuses in particular on the way in which it responds to teenage pregnancies. Adopt ing a post-structural approach, it seeks to demystify the 'common-sense' political consensus in Britain that the current rate of teenage pregnancies is a 'problem', by examining how they are problematized by the social constructions, and moral and economic values and calculations within dominant political discourses. It then demonstrates how these constructions translate into conflicting solutions, or pro grammes, of health education and moral education. In demonstrating how these pro grammes are deployed to govern child sexuality, this essay identifies a variety of techniques of government, such as how different meanings and attributes are given to words like 'children' and 'parents' and 'health' and 'biology'; how the knowledge and expertise of health professionals are legitimized within a particular location and how the curriculum structure itself performs a particular function. In examining the role of law throughout this process, this essay demonstrates how the law concerning sex education operates outside of a repressive juridical model and is able to connect the aspirations and aims of the state with more positive uses of power.
The Great Game Renewed? US—russian Rivalry in the Arms Trade of South Asia
Authors: LANSFORD TOM
Published: March 2007

The terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001 prompted Washington to re-evaluate its policies in South Asia and reaffirmed the strategic importance of that region. One result of this reassessment has been renewed efforts to supply arms and weapons systems to the region as a means of expanding influence and bolstering support for US actions in Afghanistan. Concurrently, economic pressures and the traditional drive for influence have prompted continued efforts on the part of Russia to expand arms sales as a tool for increasing revenues and maintaining influence. The potential for a dramatic increase in the number and quality of arms in South Asia may exacerbate existing tensions in the area. This article examines the impact of increased arms transfers to the region in the context of an escalating competition between Washington and Moscow to retain or gain strategic influence and to enlarge markets for military sales.
Embeddedness and the Tourism Industry in the Polish Southern Uplands
Authors: Riley Ray
Published: March 2007

Accepting that there is a pressing need to place tourism research within a more holistic framework, it is argued that this may be achieved by invoking the notion of embeddedness, which sees enterprises as being shaped by social processes. Four strands are recognized: structural, cultural, cognitive and political. In order further to clarify the complex processes involved, these strands are examined in combination with a structurationist top-down bottom-up approach, and applied to both the supply and demand sides of the tourism industry in the mountainous regions of southern Poland during and after state socialism.