bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell Therapy for Lung Disease: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Rolandsson Enes Sara , Weiss Daniel J.
Published: May 2020

Purpose of Review

Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)–based therapies provide a platform for new therapeutic strategies in lung diseases. This review provides an overview of the current status of the field, along with some of the challenges ahead including better understanding of MSC actions in different lung diseases, personalized approaches to select patients most likely to benefit, and the growing problem of stem cell tourism.

Recent Findings

A newly evolving concept suggests that MSCs shape their immunomodulatory actions depending on the environment they encounter. Furthermore, in some models, it appears that dying or dead cells may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy by activating the host response.

Despite many pre-clinical studies demonstrating that MSCs can be used to treat lung disorders, clinical trials have failed to show improved outcome. Understanding the complex interaction between MSCs and the host microenvironment is likely to be an important area for enhancing the efficacy of MSC-based cell therapies.
Fußballspiele, Polizeieinsätze und Steuerzahler: Ökonomische Anmerkungen zur Polizeikosten-Debatte
Authors: Mause Karsten
Published: May 2020

Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob es aus ökonomischer Sicht zu rechtfertigen ist, dass in Deutschland der allgemeine Steuerzahler die Kosten für die an Spieltagen im Profifußball anfallenden Polizeieinsätze finanziert. Diese Frage wird zwar in Politik und Öffentlichkeit sowie im juristischen Schrifttum seit langem und anhaltend diskutiert, aber im Vergleich dazu in der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Literatur relativ selten behandelt. Die angestellte ökonomische Analyse, in der die Hauptargumente der Verteidiger einer Sozialisierung der Polizeikosten hinterfragt werden, kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Veranstalter unter bestimmten Bedingungen an den Polizeikosten zu beteiligen sind; was in Deutschland bislang lediglich bei sog. „Hochrisikospielen“ im Bundesland Bremen der Fall ist. Ein Ergebnis, das bei „Fans“ der Polizeikosten-Sozialisierung (insb. Fußballvereine/-verbände) sicher „Buhrufe“ und „Pfiffe“ ernten wird.
Non-invertible key exchange protocol
Authors: Lizama-Perez Luis Adrian
Published: May 2020

We investigate a cryptosystem through what we call non-invertible cryptography. As a result of a continuous refinement process, we present a new key exchange method to establish a secret key between two remote parties. Non-invertible KEP is supported by Euler’s theorem as RSA, it uses exponentiation to exchange a secret key as Diffie–Hellman, and it encrypts/decrypts through invertible multiplication as ElGamal. This method is public key; it allows secret key exchange and performs secret communication. Most remarkably, since it does not rely on computational problems as integer factorization or discrete logarithm whose difficulty is conjectured, non-invertible KEP becomes a promising candidate to protect communication in the quantum era. By contrast, the algorithm is supported on indistinguishability of public key and ciphertext so it achieves perfect secrecy. The protocol demonstrates minimum required time for encryption/decryption processes when is compared with the main public key algorithms as Diffie–Hellman, ElGamal or RSA.
In situ sounding of radiative flux profiles through the Arctic lower troposphere
Authors: Becker Ralf , Maturilli Marion , Philipona Rolf , Behrens Klaus
Published: May 2020

In situ profiles and fixed-altitude time series of all four components of net radiation were obtained at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (78.9° N, 11.9° E), in the period May 04–21, 2015. Measurements were performed using adapted high-quality instrumentation classified as “secondary standard” carried by a tethered balloon system. Balloon-lifted measurements of albedo under clear-sky conditions demonstrate the local dependence on altitude and on the surface inhomogeneity of this parameter over coastal terrain of Ny-Ålesund. Depending on the surface composition within the sensor’s footprint near the coastline, the albedo over predominantly snow-covered surfaces was found to decrease to 0.548 and 0.452 at 494 m and 881 m altitude compared with 0.731 and 0.788 measured with near-surface references, respectively. Albedo profiles show an all-sky maximum at 150 m above surface level due to local surface inhomogeneity, and an averaged vertical change rate of − 0.040/100 up to 750 m aboveground level (clear sky) and − 0.034/100 m (overcast). Profiling of arctic low-level clouds reveals distinct vertical gradients in all radiative fluxes but longwave upward at the cloud top. Observed radiative cooling at the top of a partly dissolving stratus cloud with heating rates of − 40.4 to − 62.1 Kd−1 in subsequent observations is exemplified.
Augmented Reality Marketing: A Technology-Enabled Approach to Situated Customer Experience
Authors: Chylinski Mathew , Heller Jonas , Hilken Tim , Keeling Debbie Isobel , Mahr Dominik , de Ruyter Ko
Published: May 2020

Recent advances in Augmented Reality (AR) technologies have led to a growing interest in their application for marketing strategy and practice – what we term Augmented Reality Marketing (ARM). However, despite emerging publications on the subject, managers and academics struggle to articulate how ARM delivers experiences that are valuable to customers in a way that is different from other marketing approaches. In this article, we review the emerging literature, and define ARM as a customer-facing interface for the application of digital marketing technologies in physical settings. Rooted in a class of ‘situated cognition’ theories from social psychology, we identify a unique set of digital affordances which ARM offers beyond extant marketing approaches in traditional media. By drawing on the key conceptual building blocks of situated cognition theory, we develop a framework of ARM experiences to synthesize current research and applications, and to suggest directions for future research.
A review article on epidural analgesia for labor pain management: A systematic review
Authors: Ashagrie Henos Enyew , Fentie Demeke Yilkal , Kassahun Habtamu Getinet
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

labor pain is described as the most severe pain experienced ever by most women where majority of parturients complained their pain as severe or extremely severe. This stressful condition leads to negative impacts on maternal and fetal physiology.

Optimal method of evidence-based management of pain in laboring mothers remains in debate. There is variety of controversial approaches based on different evidences. Therefore, it is important to review recent articles to recommend a relatively safe method that is feasible in our clinical set up to provide appropriate method of labor pain management. The objective of this review was to indicate safer options of labor pain management that help improve maternal care regarding pain management.

Methods:

Google Scholars, PubMed through HINARI, and other search engines were used to search high quality evidences that help to reach appropriate conclusions.

Discussion:

Compared with other techniques, Epidural analgesia is acknowledged as the most effective and the gold standard of labor pain management. Even though epidural analgesia was thought to prolong second stage of labor and increase the rate of instrumental delivery, recent studies have proved that duration of labor and incidence of instrumental delivery is comparable between those who receive epidural and parenteral opioids, there was less neonatal depression, better maternal satisfaction and no increased risk of the rate of cesarean section during labor epidural.

Conclusion:

In the absence of a medical contraindication, maternal request is a sufficient indication for pain relief during labor. The challenge of labor pain management is the choice of the technique. The management should be guided by a thorough evaluation to identify indications and contraindications, and the technique of management should be safe for both the mother and the fetus.

Highlights:
Descriptive and correlational study of peritonitis in the surgical department of the State University hospital of Haïti (HUEH): A cross sectional study
Authors: Paul Axler Jean , Toussaint Sterman , Alouidor Jean
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

Generalized secondary peritonitis is one of the most common emergencies encountered in the surgical department. It is a major surgical condition with mortality of up to 20% and classified as the third most common cause of surgical abdomen after appendicitis and intestinal obstruction. In Haiti, few studies on surgical pathology are available.

Materials and methods:

This is a correlational descriptive study carried out in the State University Hospital of Haiti (HUEH) surgery department over 6 years (2013–2018) with a sample of 91 patients.

Results:

The mean patient age was 27.29 years (±13.28). The 3 most common diagnoses were appendicular peritonitis (48.35%), typhoid peritonitis (18.68%), and gastric perforation peritonitis (10.99%). Delays were more substantial for women than men (5.18 vs. 2.89 days, for the pre-operative period; 11.79 vs. 7.68 days, for the post-operative period, and 16.97 vs. 10.47 days, for duration of hospital stay). The mean MPI score is 23.3, and was an association between MPI severity score with age (r = 0.37; p = 0.002), pre-op duration (r = 0.28, p = 0.024) and duration of hospital stay (r = 0.24; p = 0.046). Multiple linear regression revealed that only creatininemia, pre-op duration, and age influence the severity score. Thus, we observed a strong correlation between these 3 variables and the MPI score (r = 0.69), with 48.7% of the score variation being influenced by these 3 variables (p = 0.014).

Conclusion:

Peritonitis is a disease mainly of young adult males, and the predominant etiology is appendicular peritonitis. Management is urgent, but delays in care are important and are correlated to the severity of the disease, potentially affecting outcomes for patients who need treatment the most.

Highlights:
The challenges of bonding composite materials and some innovative solutions
Authors: Powell Jane , Green Steve
Published: May 2020

In this article we ﬁrst look at the beneﬁts of composite materials and why they have become so popular, as well as the challenges of joining composite materials together and the advantages that adhesives and tapes have over traditional metal fasteners. We also explore advice on choosing the right adhesive to use and what parameters to consider as well as comparing some of the new adhesives that are being used to bond composite materials, whilst evaluating the advantages some chemistries have over others.

We also detail two recent Case Studies where Techsil has worked with manufacturers using carbon fiber composite parts in their product assemblies to overcome challenges in bonding their parts together. The first using a clear epoxy to provide an extremely strong butt joint between two carbon fiber parts. The second using a black epoxy to pot anchor points in a carbon fiber part to allow the component to be easily drilled and tapped so that metal fasteners could be used at the joints.
Cerámica híbrida, huarpes y etnogénesis en una ciudad colonial meridional (Mendoza, Argentina)
Authors: Prieto-Olavarría Cristina , Chiavazza Horacio , Castro de Machuca Brigida
Published: May 2020

En Mendoza (Centro-Oeste argentino), ciudad colonial meridional, los alfareros indígenas locales manufacturaron cerámica desde el siglo dieciséis, aunque su origen étnico fue documentalmente invisibilizado. La presencia de platos tipo Viluco Colonial en los contextos urbanos evidencia que los artesanos integraron técnicas locales, ligadas a la anterior dominación inca, con técnicas y formas de origen europeo. Con el objetivo de conocer las tecnologías de producción de los platos, realizamos análisis macroscópicos, petrográficos y con microscopía electrónica de barrido. A partir de esto, caracterizamos sus pastas, microfábricas y huellas de superficie. Proponemos que dichas vasijas fueron producidas tempranamente en la colonia por alfareros huarpes —sin excluir la posibilidad de participación de artesanos de otros grupos— quienes incorporaron el torno, pero continuaron con la tradición alfarera prehispánica y los lenguajes visuales andinos ligados al imperio inca. Analizar la producción cerámica como parte de la agencia social permitió visibilizar a los alfareros como agentes de cambio en la conformación de las nuevas identidades y culturas coloniales mendocinas, ya que sus productos híbridos pudieron ser usados por los colonos europeos, generando transformaciones identitarias como parte del proceso de etnogénesis.
The size of the primes obstructing the existence of rational points
Authors: Sofos E.
Published: May 2020

The sequence of prime numbers p for which a variety over ℚ has no p-adic point plays a fundamental role in arithmetic geometry. This sequence is deterministic, however, we prove that if we choose a typical variety from a family then the sequence has random behaviour. We furthermore prove that this behaviour is modelled by a random walk in Brownian motion. This has several consequences, one of them being the description of the finer properties of the distribution of the primes in this sequence via the Feynman–Kac formula.
Effects of dietary zinc level on growth performance, lipolysis and expression of genes involved in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β/AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in juvenile Pacific white shrimp
Authors: Shi Bo , Jin Min , Jiao Lefei , Betancor Mónica B. , Tocher Douglas R. , Zhou Qicun
Published: May 2020

The present study evaluated the effects of dietary Zn level on growth performance, serum and hepatopancreas metabolites, expression of genes involved in lipid and energy metabolism, and the signalling pathway of dietary Zn-induced lipolysis. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain different Zn levels: 46·4 (basal diet), 77·2, 87·0, 117·1 and 136·8 mg/kg, respectively. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diet containing Zn at 117·1 mg/kg had higher weight gain and specific growth rate, and the lowest feed intake and feed conversion rate, than shrimp fed the other diets. The deposition rate of Zn in whole body significantly decreased with increasing dietary Zn level. Dietary Zn prevented the accumulation of free radicals and improved antioxidant activities by increasing Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and reducing malondialdehyde in hepatopancreas. Dietary Zn supplementation enhanced lipase activity and adiponectin, which could promote TAG breakdown and fatty acid oxidation and lead to reduced lipid in hepatopancreas. The mRNA expressions ofob-rb,adipor,camkkβ,ampk,cd36,mcdandcpt1involved in Zn-induced lipid catabolism were up-regulated, and the expressions ofsrebp,acc,fasandscd1were down-regulated. The mRNA levels of SLC39 family genes (zip3,zip9,zip11andzip14) in hepatopancreas were up-regulated with increasing dietary Zn level. The results demonstrated that dietary Zn level could significantly affect growth performance, tissue deposition of Zn, lipid metabolites and expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis inLitopenaeus vannamei.
Targeted outdoor residual spraying, autodissemination devices and their combination againstAedesmosquitoes: field implementation in a Malaysian urban setting
Authors: Hamid Nurulhusna Ab , Alexander Neal , Suer Remco , Ahmed Nazni Wasi , Mudin Rose Nani , Omar Topek , Dapari Rahmat , Che Mat Din Shahrom Nor Azian , Rahman Roslinda Abdul , Jaraee Ropiah , Baur Frederic , Schmitt Frederic , Hamon Nick , Richardson Jason H. , Langlois-Jacques Carole , Rabilloud Muriel , Saadatian-Elahi Mitra
Published: May 2020

Currently, dengue control relies largely on reactive vector control programmes. Proactive vector-control using a rational, well-balanced integrated vector management approach may prove more successful for dengue control. As part of the development of a cluster randomized controlled epidemiological trial, a study was conducted in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The study included one control site (three buildings) and three intervention sites which were treated as follows: targeted outdoor residual spraying only (TORS site, two buildings); deployment of autodissemination devices only (ADD site, four buildings); and the previous two treatments combined (TORS + ADD site, three buildings). The primary entomological measurement was per cent of positive ovitraps—ovitrap index (OI). The effect of each intervention on OI was analyzed by a modified ordinary least squares regression model. Relative to the control site, the TORS and ADD sites showed a reduction in theAedesOI (−6.5%,P= 0.04 and −8.3%,P= 0.10, respectively). Analysis by species showed that, relative to control, theAe. aegyptiOI was lower in ADD (−8.9%,P= 0.03) and in TORS (−10.4%,P= 0.02). No such effect was evident in the TORS + ADD site. The present study provides insights into the methods to be used for the main trial. The combination of multiple insecticides with different modes of action in one package is innovative, although we could not demonstrate the additive effect of TORS + ADD. Further work is required to strengthen our understanding of how these interventions impact dengue vector populations and dengue transmission.
INTERPRETING PARLIAMENTARY INACTION
Authors: Bailey Diggory
Published: May 2020

This article considers the interpretive significance of legislative inaction. Section I considers the nature of arguments based on legislative inaction. Section II explores the practical, conceptual and constitutional problems with trying to rely on legislative inaction as an interpretive aid. Section III concludes that attempts to draw inferences from legislative inaction alone are deeply flawed, but that inferences might legitimately be drawn from inaction if it forms part of the context against which the legislation is enacted. Even then, however, there are practical difficulties in determining what inferences to draw.
ISOTOPY AND HOMEOMORPHISM OF CLOSED SURFACE BRAIDS
Authors: GRANT MARK , SIENICKA AGATA
Published: May 2020

The closure of a braid in a closed orientable surface Ʃ is a link in Ʃ ×S1. We classify such closed surface braids up to isotopy and homeomorphism (with a small indeterminacy for isotopy of closed sphere braids), algebraically in terms of the surface braid group. We find that in positive genus, braids close to isotopic links if and only if they are conjugate, and close to homeomorphic links if and only if they are in the same orbit of the outer action of the mapping class group on the surface braid group modulo its centre.
Research on the role of recasts in L2 learning
Authors: Goo Jaemyung
Published: May 2020

With much empirical evidence of a beneficial role of interaction in second language (L2) development, researchers have become interested in investigating specific aspects of interaction (e.g., negotiation for meaning, corrective feedback (CF), modified output, noticing, etc.) that likely influence the extent to which interaction benefits L2 learning (Mackey, 2012; Mackey, Abbuhl, & Gass, 2012; Mackey & Goo, 2013; Gass & Mackey, 2015; Loewen & Sato, 2018). Among varied features of interaction, CF has been found to be quite effective at drawing learners' attention to L2 linguistic features during interaction, and has engendered much scholarly discussion of pivotal importance and numerous empirical studies on its potential for L2 development (see Russell & Spada, 2006; Mackey & Goo, 2007; S. Li, 2010*; Lyster & Saito, 2010*; Lyster, Saito, & Sato, 2013*; Brown, 2016*; Nassaji, 2016* for reviews and meta-analyses). Recasts, inter alia, have been at the center of most CF research and greatly explored with a view to understanding the nature of recasts, their characteristics (in various L2 learning contexts), their relative efficacy over other CF moves, and moderator variables that may mediate the effectiveness of recasts.
Review of recent empirical research (2011–2018) on language assessment in China
Authors: Min Shangchao , He Lianzhen , Zhang Jie
Published: May 2020

This article reviews a selected sample of 70 empirical studies in journal articles and doctoral dissertations on language assessment in China between 2011 and 2018. Following a brief introduction to the history and current state of language assessment in China, the article presents a critical review of language assessment research on six themes that have aroused the greatest interest from researchers in the country, including (1) test reliability and validity; (2) factors affecting test performance; (3) rating and rating scales; (4) technology and language testing; (5) test washback; and (6) classroom-based assessment. In addition to situating the commentary on the studies within the social, cultural and historical contexts of China, this article outlines the scholarly contributions of these studies to the wider international field of language learning, teaching and assessment. It concludes with recommendations on areas in need of further development over the coming decades.
Practitioners respond to Suzanne Graham's ‘Research into practice: Listening strategies in an instructed classroom setting’. (2017)
Authors: McAndrews Mark
Published: May 2020

In her 2017 article ‘Research into practice: Listening strategies in an instructed classroom setting,’ Suzanne Graham outlines ways that research-derived principles of listening instruction have (not) been adopted in second language (L2) classrooms. She organizes her argument into three categories, discussing research findings that have not been well applied, those that have been over-applied, and areas she views as holding good potential for application. In this short response, I compare Graham's conclusions about the extent of research adoption to my own experiences as a language teacher and make additional comments about the application of those research findings in the context of post-secondary L2 English instruction.
Two cases of imported respiratory diphtheria in Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2019
Authors: Li Lucy , Ross Daniella , Hill Katherine , Clifford Sarah , Wellington Louise , Sumpter Colin , Gadsby Naomi J. , Crane Jennifer , Macsween Karen F. , Hopkins Katie L. , Fry Norman K. , Koch Oliver , Stevenson Janet
Published: May 2020

We report two cases of respiratory toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection in fully vaccinated UK born adults following travel to Tunisia in October 2019. Both patients were successfully treated with antibiotics and neither received diphtheria antitoxin. Contact tracing was performed following a risk assessment but no additional cases were identified. This report highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for re-emerging infections in patients with a history of travel to high-risk areas outside Europe.
Experience on statin therapy in paediatric age: retrospective study in a Portuguese referral centre
Authors: Gomes Hugo A. , Garcia Paula , Diogo Luísa , Pires António , Martins Paula
Published: May 2020

Background:

The use of statins in children, although not frequent, is recommended in specific clinical contexts, namely, familial hypercholesterolaemia, conditions carrying a moderate-high cardiovascular risk and sub-optimal cholesterol levels after implementation of lifestyle modifications. The aim of this study is to characterise children with dyslipidaemia managed with statins, followed at a tertiary referral centre in central Portugal.

Methods and results:

The authors carried out a retrospective and descriptive study made up of 66 patients (50% males, mean age of therapy onset 11.9 years) followed up at the Cardiovascular Clinic of a tertiary referral centre between January, 2012, and May, 2018. Clinical, analytical, and echocardiographic parameters were analysed. About 60.6% had clinical and/or molecular diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia. On average, each patient had three cardiovascular risk factors, obesity (31%) being most prevalent, followed by arterial hypertension (14%). Statin therapy showed a statistically significant reduction in the lipid profile, particularly in the total cholesterol (23%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (30%) levels, as well as in the carotid intima-media thickness (p = 0.015). Hepatic and muscle integrity markers were within normal range.

Conclusions:

Statins are safe and efficient in the management of children with hypercholesterolaemia. Our study showed that apart from its lipid-lowering properties, it also reduced significantly the carotid intima-media thickness and, implicitly, the cardiovascular risk of these patients.
Dietary pattern changes in Fukushima residents after the Great East Japan Earthquake: the Fukushima Health Management Survey 2011–2013
Authors: Ma Enbo , Ohira Tetsuya , Nakano Hironori , Maeda Masaharu , Yabe Hirooki , Sakai Akira , Yasumura Seiji , Kamiya Kenji
Published: May 2020

Objective:

Dietary patterns more closely resemble actual eating behaviours because multiple food groups, not a single food group or nutrient, are considered. The present study aimed to identify and assess changes of dietary patterns in Fukushima residents.

Design:

Dietary data were collected using a short-form FFQ in annual Fukushima Health Management Survey between 2011 and 2013 after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Year- and sex-specific dietary patterns were determined by the principal component analysis.

Setting:

Evacuation and nonevacuation zones in Fukushima, Japan.

Participants:

Eligible participants aged ≥16 years answered the FFQ (n 67 358 in 2011, n 48 377 in 2012 and n 40 742 in 2013).

Results:

Three identified dietary patterns were assessed similarly in men and women and among years: typical, juice and meat. In total participants, the Spearman’s correlation coefficients between two survey years were 0·70–0·74 for the typical, 0·58–0·66 for the juice and 0·50–0·54 for the meat pattern scores. Adjusted for sociodemographic factors, evacuees had lower typical pattern scores, higher juice pattern scores and the same meat pattern scores compared with non-evacuees. The means of typical pattern scores in evacuees and it of juice pattern scores in non-evacuees continued declining over years. Similar profiles of dietary patterns and trends of pattern scores were observed in participants (n 22 805) who had provided three dietary assessments.

Conclusions:

Changes of dietary patterns have been observed between 2011 and 2013. Careful investigation of those with low intake of typical pattern foods and promotion of them, particularly in evacuees, are needed.
Developing a Monte Carlo model for MEVION S250i with HYPERSCAN and Adaptive Aperture™ pencil beam scanning proton therapy system
Authors: Chiang Bing-Hao , Bunker Austin , Jin Hosang , Ahmad Salahuddin , Chen Yong
Published: May 2020

Aim:

As the number of proton therapy facilities has steadily increased, the need for the tool to provide precise dose simulation for complicated clinical and research scenarios also increase. In this study, the treatment head of Mevion HYPERSCAN pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy system including energy modulation system (EMS) and Adaptive Aperture™ (AA) was modelled using TOPAS (TOolkit for PArticle Simulation) Monte Carlo (MC) code and was validated during commissioning process.

Materials and methods:

The proton beam characteristics including integral depth doses (IDDs) of pristine Bragg peak and in-air beam spot sizes were simulated and compared with measured beam data. The lateral profiles, with and without AA, were also verified against calculation from treatment planning system (TPS).

Results:

All beam characteristics for IDDs and in-air spot size agreed well within 1 mm and 10% separately. The full width at half maximum and penumbra of lateral dose profile also agree well within 2 mm.

Finding:

The TOPAS MC simulation of the MEVION HYPERSCAN PBS proton therapy system has been modelled and validated; it could be a viable tool for research and verification of the proton treatment in the future.
Osteosarcoma of the sternum after radiotherapy for breast cancer in a patient with suspected hereditary cancer syndrome: a case report
Authors: Trivedi Gaurav , Singh Sankalp , Lohia Nishant , Viswanath S. , Prashar Manoj , S Harish
Published: May 2020

Introduction:

Radiation-induced malignancies are a rare phenomenon. Post-radiation sarcoma accounts for 0·5–5·5% of all sarcomas. Adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) after surgery plays a significant role in the treatment of breast cancer. Sarcomas of the breast, chest wall, sternum, axilla or supraclavicular region have been reported as a rare complication of RT for breast cancer. Osteosarcoma (OS) of the sternal bone is a rarely reported entity. OS of the sternum secondary to therapeutic ionising radiation is an even rarer diagnosis, and no such cases have been reported in India as per our literature search. Here we report such a case of post-radiation sarcoma after breast cancer treatment—OS presenting in the sternum and both the second ribs in a young lady.

Findings:

Our patient developed a sarcoma within a previously irradiated field. The latent period was 7·5 years. She initially suffered from a breast carcinoma for which she underwent radical surgery in the form of modified radical mastectomy. She also received 50 Gy RT dose to the chest wall and axilla. She subsequently developed an OS of chest wall in the high-dose region of RT. Another key factor is the high possibility of familial/hereditary cancer inheritance syndrome like Li-Fraumeni in our patient. Though she was never tested for p53 mutations, her young age at first diagnosis (26 years), extremely strong positive family history and spectra of cancers affecting her first-degree blood relatives (brain tumours, leukaemia) strongly hint at the possibility of such a cancer syndrome. Retrospectively, the question certainly arises, given her young age and family history, whether this patient was a right candidate for RT even once as compared to the fact that she received radiation twice.
Microfluidic reflective-mode differential sensor based on open split ring resonators (OSRRs)
Authors: Muñoz-Enano J. , Vélez P. , Gil M. , Martín F.
Published: May 2020

This paper proposes a differential sensor based on a pair of open split ring resonators (OSRR) operating in reflection. The output signal is thus the differential reflection coefficient of both resonators, intimately related to their dielectric loading. Thus, for identical loads in both sensing resonators, the individual reflection coefficients are equal, thereby providing an ideally null output signal. By contrast, when unequal dielectric loads truncate the symmetry, the reflection coefficients are different, resulting in a differential output signal related to the level of asymmetry. In order to ease the measurement of the output signal, a rat-race hybrid coupler is used. The OSRR sensing loads are connected to the coupled ports of the hybrid coupler, whereas the input signal is injected to the Δ-port, and the output signal is collected at the isolated port (Σ-port). By this means, the output signal, i.e. the differential reflection coefficient between both sensing loads, is obtained from the transmission coefficient of a simple two-port structure. For experimental validation purposes, the sensor is applied to the measurement of isopropanol content in aqueous solutions, and for that purpose, the sensitive regions are equipped with microfluidic channels.
Arbitration, Delegation, Conservation: Marginalized Mechanisms for Dispute Resolution in the Pre-Reformation English Church
Authors: Swanson R. N.
Published: May 2020

The records of diocesan and peculiar courts of late medieval England have received extensive academic scrutiny, generating a reasonably clear picture of a hierarchical pyramid ultimately headed by the papal curia. However, that picture is an incomplete depiction of the totality of the ecclesiastical mechanisms of dispute resolution. Existing scholarship largely ignores the use of arbitrated extra-curial settlements to avoid litigation (or, alternatively, a formal sentence). Concentration on the provincial court hierarchy also marginalizes the more directly papal courts of judges delegate and assorted local agents with judicial powers, which functioned within England between 1300 and the Reformation and bypassed the normal fora. Drawing on a wide range of scattered source material, this article introduces these neglected elements of the church's legal system, including the resident papal conservators appointed at the request of petitioners to exercise a general delegated papal judicial authority on their behalf, whose existence has been almost completely unnoticed. It suggests the significance of arbitration, delegation and conservation within the wider structure, and the need to give them much more attention if the practical importance of canon law in pre-Reformation England is to be properly understood and appreciated.
Adiaphora, Luther and the Material Culture of Worship
Authors: Spicer Andrew
Published: May 2020

The celebration of the late medieval mass and other religious ceremonies was carefully delineated through the ecclesiastical regulations of the Catholic Church. This legalistic approach to worship was strongly criticized by both Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther before 1517. With the subsequent Reformation, Luther reacted against Catholic legalism which, he argued, ensnared the faithful and threatened Christian freedom. He was therefore particularly reluctant to specify what he considered to be the appropriate form, place and setting for his German mass. Luther utilized the concept ofadiaphorato argue that such issues were matters of indifference as they were not fundamental for salvation. However, this stance was tempered by his realization that such Christian freedom actually did require direction to ensure that the Reformation message was not confused or lost.
A Godly Law? Bulstrode Whitelocke, Puritanism and the Common Law in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Rose Jacqueline
Published: May 2020

Debates surrounding both the church and the law played an important role in the conflicts that marked seventeenth-century England. Calls for reform of the law in the Civil Wars and Interregnum complicated the apparent relationship between puritanism and the common law, as the first fragmented and the second came under attack in the 1640s and 1650s. This article first analyses the common lawyer Bulstrode Whitelocke's historical and constitutional writings that defended the common law against demands for its reform and argued that its legitimacy derived from its origins in, and resemblances to, the law of Moses. Refraining from the radical application of this model employed by some contemporaries, Whitelocke instead turned to British history to make his case. This article then examines Whitelocke's views of the relationship between common law and ecclesiastical jurisdiction in his own day, showing how, both as a lawyer and as a puritan, he navigated laws demanding religious conformity. Whitelocke's career therefore demonstrates how lawyers could negotiate the fraught relationship between the church and the law in the aftermath of the reconfigurations provoked by the Civil Wars and Restoration.
The Church and the Law in the Early Middle Ages
Authors: McKitterick Rosamond
Published: May 2020

Two case studies from eighth-century Rome, recorded in the early medieval history of the popes known as the Liber pontificalis, serve to introduce both the problems of the relations between secular or public and ecclesiastical or canon law in early medieval Rome and the development of early medieval canon law more generally. The Synod of Rome in 769 was convened by Pope Stephen III some months after his election in order to justify the deposition of his immediate predecessor, Pope Constantine II (767–8). Stephen's successor, Pope Hadrian, subsequently presided over a murder investigation involving Stephen's supporters. The murders and the legal process they precipitated form the bulk of the discussion. The article explores the immediate implications of both the murders and the convening of the Synod of Rome, together with the references to law-making and decree-giving by the pope embedded in the historical narrative of the Liber pontificalis, as well as the possible role of the Liber pontificalis itself in bolstering the imaginative and historical understanding of papal and synodal authority. The wider legal or procedural knowledge invoked and the development of both canon law and papal authority in the early Middle Ages are addressed. The general categories within which most scholars have been working hitherto mask the questions about the complicated and still insufficiently understood status and function of early medieval manuscript compilations of secular and canon law, and about the authority and applicability of the texts they contain.
Debating the Legal Status of the Ornaments Rubric: Ritualism and Royal Commissions in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century England
Authors: Cruickshank Dan D.
Published: May 2020

This article uses the history of the Ornaments Rubric in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to explore the emergence of claims to self-governance within the Church of England in this period and the attempts by parliament to examine how independent the legal system of the church was from the secular state. First, it gives an overview of the history of the Ornaments Rubric in the various editions of the Book of Common Prayer and the Acts of Uniformity, presenting the legal uncertainty left by centuries of Prayer Book revision. It then explores how the Royal Commission into Ritualism (1867–70) and the Public Worship Regulation Act (1874) attempted to control Ritualist interpretations of the Ornaments Rubric through secular courts. Examining the failure of these attempts, it looks towards the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline (1904–6). Through the evidence given to the commission, it shows how the previous royal commission and the work of parliament and the courts had failed to stop the continuation of Ritualist belief in the church's independence from secular courts. Using the report of the royal commission, it shows how the commissioners attempted to build a via media between strict spiritual independence and complete parliamentary oversight.
‘The day of Compromise is past’: The Oxford Free Churches and ‘Passive Resistance’ to the 1902 Education Act
Authors: Wellings Martin
Published: May 2020

Balfour's Education Act of 1902, abolishing directly elected school boards and making rate aid available to denominational schools, provoked a storm of opposition from the Free Churches in England and Wales. One response was to refuse to pay the portion of the rate designated for the support of denominational schools; this led to Free Church representatives appearing in court and facing distraint and even imprisonment for non-payment. This article offers a case study of ‘passive resistance’ in Oxford, where opposition to the act was co-ordinated by a Citizen's Education League and the Free Church Council. It sets out the case made by the Free Churches, explores the personnel and denominational identities of the resisters, and assesses the impact of the campaign between 1903 and the First World War.
Freedom of Religion and the Legal Status of Churches: A Case Study from the Serbian Constitutional Court
Authors: Surlan Tijana
Published: May 2020

This article offers a short study of the conjugation of freedom of religion, freedom of association and the legal status of religions and churches. Human rights are elaborated as defined in international human rights law, accentuated by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. A compliance case that came before the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Serbia provides a national jurisprudential example useful for the analysis of relations between human rights and the legal status of a church. Analysis of the law is both horizontal and vertical: a description of norms is intertwined with a discussion of principles of identity and equality. The article explores whether the principles of human rights and freedoms and the norms regulating the legal status of a church are consistent with each other; whether these principles are independent and how their mutual relationship influences the application and interpretation of the law; and whether the norms prescribed by international law or in national jurisprudence can be applied independently of canon law, or whether application of the law has to take into account specific religious jurisdictions and relations between churches which are rooted in their autonomous canon law.
‘Cherchez la femme!’ Heresy and Law in Late Antiquity
Authors: Humfress Caroline
Published: May 2020

In contrast with contemporary heresiological discourse, the Codex Theodosianus, a Roman imperial law code promulgated in 438, makes no systematic gendered references to heretics or heresy. According to late Roman legislative rhetoric, heretics are demented, polluted and infected with pestilence, but they are not seductive temptresses, vulgar ‘women’ or weak-minded whores. This article explores the gap between the precisely marked terrain of Christian heresiologists and (Christian) legislators. The first part gives a brief overview of early Christian heresiology. The second explores late Roman legislation and the construction of the heretic as a ‘legal subject’ in the Codex Theodosianus. The third turns to the celebrated account crafted by Pope Leo I of anti-Manichaean trials at Rome in 443/4, arguing that they should be understood as part of a much broader developing regime of ecclesial power, rather than as concrete applications of existing imperial anti-heresy laws.
God's Judgement in Carolingian Law and History Writing
Authors: Evans Robert A. H.
Published: May 2020

Early medieval thinkers often conceived of God in legal terms, especially when they interpreted contemporary disasters as God's ‘just judgement’. Modern scholars have emphasized the importance of these ideas for motivating early medieval reform and legislation and for interpreting history itself. This article explores how these ideas were used in Carolingian legislation and history writing and argues that God's judgement was not as straightforward a theme as it first appears. God's judgement, for example, was not nearly as important for Carolingian historians as it had been for their predecessors. Similarly, in both legal and historical texts, there was great variety in how God's judgement or punishment was expressed, both in how that punishment fell and on whom (whether on the audience or on their enemies). Across these works, however, it is clear that God's judgement was almost never referred to apart from his continuing mercy and help towards to the audiences of these texts. This shows the importance of the various aspects of God's character for early medieval churches and their attitudes to law and history.
Comment on “A Study of the F2 Layer Stratification on Ionograms Using a Simple Model of TIDs” by Jiang et al.
Authors: Lynn Kenneth J. W. , Nanan Balan , Klimenko Maxim V. , Klimenko Vladimir V. , Karpachev Alexander T.
Published: May 2020

A paper by Jiang et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026040) apparently tries to find common ground between observations of the F3 layer and TIDs by referring to the later when observed near the equatorial anomaly peak as a new type 1 and TIDs by using ray tracing models with arbitrarily adjusted TID parameters. Further confusion in conflating the two separate phenomena is created by referring to both as “stratification.” This comment points out that the F3 is a daytime temporary layer maintained by E × B uplift at the magnetic equator, normally occurs consistently within the peaks of the equatorial ionization anomaly in F2 electron density and may last for hours. Such a layer can be described as a stratification. How this effect dies out beyond the anomaly peak has yet to be experimentally ascertained. A cusp or inflection type TID is a manifestation of a gravity wave with no consistency in location and local time, of short duration measured in minutes, involving a continuous descent in height and should not be described as stratification. The theory of both is well known, and attempting to explain a possible F3 layer as a new type of layer when seen in the vicinity of an equatorial anomaly peak misunderstands the theory of the phenomenon. Attempts to characterize such a phenomenon as a TID manifestation are not defensible.
A Revised View of Australia’s Future Climate
Authors: Shultz David
Published: May 2020

The most recent generation of models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project better captures rainfall drivers, extreme heat events, and other facets of regional climate.
Asia’s Mega Rivers: Common Source, Diverse Fates
Authors: Kuehl Steven , Yang Shouye , Yu Fengling , Copard Yoann , Liu James , Nittrouer Charles , Xu Jingping
Published: May 2020

How do humans affect the ways that Asia’s mega rivers deliver sediment and dissolved matter to farms, river deltas, and, eventually, the sea? A proposed study would construct an integrated picture.
Reply to Comment by Lynn et al. on “A Study of the F2 Layer Stratification on Ionograms Using a Simple Model of TIDs”
Authors: Jiang Chunhua , Yang Guobin , Liu Jing , Zhao Zhengyu
Published: May 2020

This paper is a response to the comment by Lynn et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027575) on the paper by Jiang, Yang, et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026040). Although we disagree with Lynn et al. (2020), nevertheless, we do thank them for their comments, since they have given us the opportunity to revisit and clarify some points. In Jiang, Yang, et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026040) and this reply, we found that the F2 layer stratification induced by gravity waves/TIDs can last for about 40 min. The shape of the F2 layer stratification is similar to the F3 layer referred to by Lynn et al. (2020). However, the evolution of the F2 layer stratification by Jiang, Yang, et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026040) is different from the F3 layer referred to in the comment by Lynn et al. (2020).
The Properties and Origins of Corotating Plasmaspheric Irregularities: Part II—Tomography With Compact Arrays of GPS Receivers
Authors: Helmboldt J. F.
Published: May 2020

This paper describes insights into the nature of corotating plasmaspheric irregularities (CPIs) enabled by a newly developed method for range‐ and time‐resolved tomographic images of these structures. This was originally developed using high‐precision measurements of total electron content (TEC) gradients toward cosmic radio sources using an interferometric radio telescope, the Very Large Array (VLA). Here, the method has been adapted to work with TEC measurements from compact arrays of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in California and Hawaii. Because the VLA is much more sensitive to line‐of‐sight density fluctuations and the background density within the plasmasphere drops quickly with radial distance, the GPS‐based analysis has a much more limited range (maximum of ∼5,000 km with GPS versus ∼15,000 with the VLA). However, because the GPS arrays collect data continuously, they offer much more complete temporal coverage and range resolution. This enabled a thorough comparison between CPI behavior near solar maximum and that near solar minimum, which was not possible with the VLA. The solar minimum data largely agree with previously reported VLA‐based data, which were mostly confined to times near solar minimum. These indicated that the primary drivers of CPIs during these conditions are perturbations within the background electric field associated with so‐called electro‐buoyancy waves within the midlatitude ionosphere. However, the detection rates of and properties of CPIs were often markedly different near solar maximum. This points to different CPI drivers related to solar/geomagnetic activity such as substorms and/or the interchange instability at lower L‐shells (∼3–4).