bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Koji je administrativni status rimskog naselja na Ilidži? / What was the administrative status of the Roman settlement in Ilidža?
Authors: Šačić Beća Amra
Published: November 2021

Medicinal sulfuric springs at present-day Ilidža helped to create Roman thermae that gave the Roman municipium the name Aquae. Systematic archaeological examinations conducted by Carl Patch and Esad Pašalić suggest that this Roman  settlement in Ilidža had existed without interruptions from the 1st  to the 4th  century. Based on the comparison of literary sources and the results of archaeologic research and epigraphic inscriptions, this paper will determine the genesis of administrative development of this Roman administrative unit whose administration included the upper course of the Bosna river and the Sarajevo area. This is an attempt at answering the following question: «Can we speak of Aquae in the context of Roman  citizens at all?” Another important question is what methodology should we use to  treat the expression res publica Aquae S(...?) that was carved on the base of Diocletian’s statue discovered in Ilidža. BiH scholarship has so far based its understanding  of this term on Mócsy’s definition of the noun phrase res publica in the context  of “pseudo-municipal” status. The results of analysis of inscriptions found on epigraphic monuments that will be presented in this paper suggest that one should  step away from understanding the phrase res publica as an administrative category. Finally, we should point out that the objective of this paper is to present the territorial and administrative development of Aquae, as it is an exact example of the  Roman municipalization model in the provincial interior. This interior was usually geographically very distant from the most important economic and urban centers  of the Roman Empire that has also left an impact on its cultural and historical development. Systematic archaeological research on the right bank of the Željeznica river  in 2016 and 2017 has revealed several stratigraphic layers which include, among others, the ancient period. These new findings have been discovered more to the  east compared to the previous findings, indicating that the urban complex of Aquae  had been expanding toward the Sarajevo area.
Rechterlijke beoordelingsvrijheid vraagstelling voorlopig deskundigenbericht: doorbreking rechtsmiddelenverbod bij afwijkende vraagstelling?
Authors: Quaak H.M.
Published: November 2021

Rechterlijke beoordelingsvrijheid vraagstelling voorlopig deskundigenbericht: doorbreking rechtsmiddelenverbod bij afwijkende vraagstelling?

In dit artikel staat centraal of, en zo ja, in hoeverre de rechter beoordelingsvrijheid heeft om bij een voorlopig deskundigenbericht af te wijken van de door verzoeker voorgestelde vraagstelling, en de daaraan verbonden vraag of, en zo ja, wanneer, een dergelijke afwijking kan leiden tot een doorbreking van het rechtsmiddelenverbod van artikel 204 lid 2 Rv.
Pulmonary Blastoma: A Comprehensive Overview of A Rare Entity
Authors: Tsamis Ioannis , Chachali Stavroula-Porfyria , Gomatou Georgia , Trontzas Ioannis , Mitsogianni Maria , Syrigos Nikolaos , Vamvakaris Ioannis , Kotteas Elias
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Pulmonary blastoma is a rare malignancy, accounting for less than 0.5% of primary lung tumors. It belongs to the group of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas, and it is typically characterized by a biphasic pattern of an epithelial and a mesenchymal component. Only a few hundred cases have been reported worldwide. The aim of this study is to review and critically assess the literature regarding pulmonary blastoma. Material and methods: A narrative literature review of PubMed database from the inception of the database up to January 2021, limited to the English language, was conducted, using combinations of the following keywords: “pulmonary blastoma”, “biphasic pulmonary blastoma”, “sarcomatoid carcinoma”. Results: Pulmonary blastoma is composed of an epithelial and a mesenchymal malignant component. Regarding pathogenesis, the origin of the biphasic cell population remains elusive. Characteristic immunohistochemical stains are supportive of diagnosis.Clinically, the symptomatology is non-specific, while 40% of the cases are asymptomatic. It is diagnosed at a younger agecompared to other types of lung cancer, and it is often non-metastatic at diagnosis allowing for surgical treatment. Data on management and survival are scarce and mainly come from isolated cases. Advances on targeted therapy may provide novel treatment options. Given the rarity of the cases, multicenter collaboration is needed in order to establish therapeutic Guideliness.
Polyp and Surgical Instrument Segmentation with Double Encoder-Decoder Networks
Authors: Galdran Adrian
Published: November 2021

This paper describes a solution for the MedAI competition, in which participants were required to segment both polyps and surgical instruments from endoscopic images. Our approach relies on a double encoder-decoder neural network which we have previously applied for polyp segmentation, but with a series of enhancements: a more powerful encoder architecture, an improved optimization procedure, and the post-processing of segmentations, based on tempered model ensembling. Experimental results show that our method produces segmentations that show a good agreement with manual delineations provided by medical experts.
Dual Parallel Reverse Attention Edge Network : DPRA-EdgeNet
Authors: Bhattacharya Debayan , Betz Christian , Eggert Dennis , Schlaefer Alexander
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we propose Dual Parallel Reverse Attention Edge Network (DPRA-EdgeNet), an architecture that jointly learns to segment an object and its edge. Specifically, the model uses two cascaded partial decoders to form two initial estimates of the object segmentation map and its corresponding edge map. This is followed by a series of object decoders and edge decoders which work in conjunction with dual parallel reverse attention modules. The dual parallel reverse attention (DPRA) modules repeatedly prunes the features at multiple scales to put emphasis on the object segmentation and the edge segmentation respectively. Furthermore, we propose a novel decoder block that uses spatial and channel attention to combine features from the preceding decoder block and reverse attention (RA) modules for object and edge segmentation. We compare our model against popular segmentation models such as U-Net, SegNet and PraNet and demonstrate through a five fold cross validation experiment that our model improves the segmentation accuracy significantly on the Kvasir-SEG dataset and Kvasir-Instrument dataset.
Iterative deep learning for improved segmentation of endoscopic images
Authors: Ali Sharib , Tomar Nikhil K
Published: November 2021

Iterative segmentation is a unique way to prune the segmentation maps initialized by faster inference techniques or even unsupervised traditional thresholding methods. We used our previous feedback attention-based method for this work and demonstrate that with optimal iterative procedure our method can reach competitive accuracies in endoscopic imaging. For this work, we have applied this segmentation strategy for polyps and instruments.
Deepfakes
Authors: Pawelec Maria , Bieß Cora
Published: November 2021

Deepfakes—manipulated or synthetic audiovisual media, mostly created using AI—are employed in a wide range of contexts: from politics to pornography, crime, business, law enforcement, art, satire, education and activism. This study provides the first holistic technology assessment of the societal and ethical implications of deepfakes in these contexts and explores possible responses to the new technology—from (supra-)national regulation to AI-based deepfake detection. It also includes concrete recommendations for policymakers, research funding organisations and citizens, amongst others. The book’s additional interactive teaching unit promotes media literacy on deepfakes.
Multi-core Fiber Technology
Authors: Irfan Anis Muhammad , Ali Hamdan
Published: November 2021

Traditional single-mode fiber capacity issues will be mitigated by using space-division multiplexing in future 5G, IoT, and M2M networks. Multi-core fibers are expected as a good candidate for overcoming the capacity limit of a current optical communication system. This chapter describes the recent progress on the Multi-core fibers technology for the application of high capacity space-division multiplexing to be utilized for long-distance transmission systems. Further various optical approaches that enable key functions are discussed, including SDM MUX/DeMUX, switches, transceivers to enable next generation optical network. Moreover, issues like crosstalk, non-linearity is a potential limitation on the achievable data-rates in optical fiber transmission systems using multi-core fibers will be discussed.
Dry Hydrogen Peroxide for Viral Inactivation
Authors: Lee Chris , R. Henneman John
Published: November 2021

Hydrogen peroxide is a common antiseptic and disinfectant that is effective against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, and it is sometimes used as a fumigant to achieve disinfection of indoor spaces. While it is effective as a fumigant, it cannot be used continuously, allowing for possible recontamination of the treated spaces between applications. A novel method of hydrogen peroxide application, termed “Dry Hydrogen Peroxide” (DHP™), generates molecules of hydrogen peroxide in a true gas state at concentrations low enough to be used continuously within spaces occupied by humans. This chapter explores the efficacy of DHP against a variety of viruses, both enveloped and non-enveloped. On surfaces, DHP achieved a ≥ 99.8% reduction (≥2.62 log10 inactivation) of infectious H1N1 influenza A (enveloped) compared to the control condition within 1 hour, and it achieved a 99.8% reduction (2.62 log10 inactivation) of infectious feline calicivirus (non-enveloped) compared to the control condition within 6 hours. DHP also achieved a 99.8% reduction 2.62 log10 inactivation) of airborne MS2 bacteriophage (non-enveloped) within 1 hour in comparison to the control condition. These inactivation efficacy results, combined with results from recent clinical studies, indicate that DHP represents an effective adjunct technology that can mitigate viral load between intermittent applications of other types of disinfectants.
The Value of Self-Ligating Brackets in Orthodontics: About the Damon Protocol
Authors: Siva Suvetha , Kishore Shreya , Dhanapal Suganya , Ravi Janani , Suresh Chandhini
Published: November 2021

In orthodontics there has been a change in the treatment plan of crowding cases from extraction protocol. This was mainly due to the introduction of self-ligating bracket and temperature activated wires. Even though there are certain exceptions, the self-ligating bracket have evolved in orthodontics because of its advantages such as low friction, shorter treatment duration and increased efficacy. Damon’s self-ligating system has been in existence since 1930 but it has been well developed in the past 30 years with the introduction of newer systems. Damon’s self-ligating brackets have been designed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional bracket system and are often considered as the pinnacle of bracket technology. The main advantage of Damon’s system was low friction and shorter treatment duration. But the efficiency of the appliance is influenced by several factors such as Biomechanics, frequency of dental visits and patient comfort. The chapter will highlight the efficiency of the appliance, the various possible outcomes and its influence on the ease of orthodontic therapy.
Implications of Sewage Discharge on Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Ullah Bhat Sami , Qayoom Umara
Published: November 2021

Freshwater ecosystems such as lakes and rivers are among the sensitive ecosystems, which host rich biodiversity. Being major freshwater resources, they provide a wide range of ecosystem services, making their existence essential for the well-being of human societies. However, in the past few decades, there have been adverse impacts on the health of these ecosystems due to uncontrolled sewage disposal throughout the world. This is increasingly becoming a tough challenge to protect the freshwater ecosystems from the ramifications of the entry of untreated sewage. Loss of biodiversity, physiological and behavioral changes in species, community shifts, and fish mortality have been witnessed in aquatic ecosystems, which are the recipients of untreated or partially treated sewage. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are abundant in sewage and are one of the leading causes of eutrophication of water bodies. Several freshwater ecosystems around the world have become a victim of eutrophication due to untreated sewage disposal, leading to a change in trophic status.
The Role of the Primary Care Physician in the Management of Parkinson’s Disease Dementia
Authors: Li Xin-Nong , Zheng Dawei
Published: November 2021

Dementia is a frequent complication of Parkinson’s disease with an annual incidence of around 10% of patients with Parkinson’s disease. If dementia occurs in patients with Parkinson’s disease, it is typically many years or decades after the onset of Parkinson’s disease. It is devastating for both patient and family or caretaker when a patient with Parkinson’s disease develops dementia. Primary care physician is at the center of the care team for the patient. This chapter discusses the pivotal role of the primary care physicians in the management of patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia. A guide is provided to emphasize the art of practice for Primary care physicians which consists of knowing when and how to introduce a comprehensive ongoing care plan for individual patient with Parkinson’s disease dementia. Recommendations for maintaining some patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia in a status of relative independence are discussed. Indications for initiation of palliative care are also discussed.
Feature-Oriented Principal Component Selection (FPCS) for Delineation of the Geological Units Using the Integration of SWIR and TIR ASTER Data
Authors: Jain Ronak
Published: November 2021

Geological studies have been performed using the Band Ratios (BR), Relative Band Depth (RBD), Mineral Indices (MI), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), lithological and mineral classification techniques from Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) and Thermal Infrared (TIR) data. The chapter aims to delineate various geological units present in the area using the combination of SWIR and TIR ASTER bands through the Feature-Oriented Principal Component Selection (FPCS) technique. Different BRs and RBDs were applied to map the minerals having Al-OH and Mg-OH compounds with the chemical composition of clay (kaolinite, smectite), mica (sericite, muscovite, illite), ultramafic (lizardite, antigorite, chrysotile), talc, and carbonate (dolomite) from SWIR bands. The MI was used to map quartz-rich, mafic/ultramafic, and carbonate rocks using TIR bands. The BRs, RBDs, and MIs mapped the geological units but every single greyscale image showed a variety of features. To compile these features False Color Composite (FCC) was prepared by the combination of RBDs and MIs in the R:G:B channels which demarked various geological units to a larger extent present in the region. To overcome the limitation, the FPCS technique was applied with the integration of all BRs, RBDs, and MIs. The FPCS technique extracts valuable information from different input bands and shifts the information in the first few bands. The generated eigenvalues and eigenvectors represented the retrieved information in the specific band. The loadings of the eigenvector were used for the selection of the different brands to create the FCC for the delineation of geological strata. The best discrimination was made by the selection of FPCS1, FPCS3, and FPCS6 which differentiated all the geological units like ultramafics, dolomites, thin bands of talc, and muscovite and illite (as phyllite and mica-schist), silica-rich rocks (as quartzite), and granite outcrops.
Effectiveness of Different Educational Methods on Oral Health in 7-13-year-old Visually Impaired Children in Tehran: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Masoumi Sheida , Askarizadeh Nahid , Ghasemi Mahmoud
Published: November 2021

Background: Conventional oral health education is not suitable for visually impaired children. Objectives: Considering the importance of oral health, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different educational methods on oral hygiene status. Methods: Following a clinical trial design, 88 visually impaired children, aged 7 to 13 years, living in Tehran were recruited and randomly allocated to four groups of verbal-tactile, verbal-braille, multisensory, and control. Initially, all children were well informed about the importance of oral hygiene; then, the baseline levels of plaque score and gingivitis were recorded by Silness & Loe plaque index and Loe & Silness gingival index, respectively. Experimental groups received oral health education through different methods. The instructions were repeated after one month, then plaque and gingival indices were reevaluated after two months. Data analysis was administered by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc tests using SPSS 20.0. Results: After the intervention, all groups showed a decrease in plaque and gingival indices, with the most reduction in the multisensory group (with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0001) between multisensory & control for both plaque & gingival indices). The least change was observed in the verbal-braille group compared to the control (for plaque index and gingival index after two months (P = 0.04) and (P = 0.17), respectively). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the multisensory method (verbal-tactile-braille) is the best option to educate visually impaired children, with significantly more acceptable results.
Barriers to Effective Utilization of Teaching-Learning Methods: A Qualitative Study Using Focus Group Discussions among First-Year Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery Students in a South Indian Medical College
Authors: Catherine Precilla , Nambi Srinivasa , Vivekkumar Priestly , Natrajan Navamani , PSL Saravanan
Published: November 2021

Background: Lecture, practical, and dissection classes have been the mainstay of teaching in first-year bachelor of medicine, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) courses. Competency-based medical education (CBME) implemented by the National Medical Commission (NMC) in 2019 aims to improve teaching-learning experiences and outcomes. A clear idea about attitudes and perceptions of students toward the present teaching-learning methods will help better implement CBME. Objectives: (1) To find the attitudes and practices of first-year MBBS students toward lecture, practical, and dissection classes, using a focus group discussion (FGD) as a tool of a qualitative study. (2) To analyze the factors that prevent active students from participating in different teaching-learning methods in pre-clinical subjects. Methods: This qualitative study using an FGD was performed after obtaining the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval in 36 first-year MBBS students, both female and male, divided into six groups. Written informed consent for the audio recording was obtained. A semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions was used. The FGD was recorded, transcribed in spoken language, and converted into English. Content analysis was performed, key concepts were extracted and coded manually, and common themes were generated. Results: The following seven themes emerged: (1) Attendance being prioritized by students, (2) Note-taking done as a chore during lecture classes, (3) The time duration of the lectures as a hindrance to effective learning, (4) Inadequacy of self-directed learning, (5) Preference of practical sessions over theory sessions, (6) Cell phone usage as a reason for not being attentive in the class, and (7) Interest in interactive methods. Conclusions: This study identifies factors that impede the utilization of teaching-learning methods by medical students. The CBME model addresses many of these problems. Further studies on students under the new curriculum will help refine our teaching-learning methods. The strength of this study is the FGD sessions conducted by a medical student, which would have put the participants at ease.
Barriers to Palliative Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit from Nurses’ Perspective: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Sadeghi Narges , Hesami Seyyed Amirhossein , Sadeghi Shima , Sadeghi Mahdi
Published: November 2021

Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association of Neonatal Nurses recommend that palliative care be provided as standard care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Objectives: The present study aimed to explain the nurses' experiences of barriers to palliative care in NICUs. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis approach in NICUs of Beheshti and Amin hospitals in Isfahan in 2020. The data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 12 nurses who had palliative and end-of-life care experiences for infants and families. The nurses were selected using purposive sampling. The duration of each interview varied from 25 to 50 minutes. Data were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis conducted inductively with Graham and Lundman’s approach. The criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln were used to ensure the credibility and reliability of the data. Results: Three main categories were extracted from the data, including unfavorable conditions (subcategorized into “unsuitable physical environment” and “shortage of nurses”), nurse's mental problems (with the subcategories of “nurses’ mental problems in providing neonatal care” and “nurses’ mental problems in providing family care”) and challenges ahead (with the subcategories of "parental presence challenge” and “doctor's instructions challenge”). Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed the barriers to palliative care for infants and families in NICUs. Given the importance of palliative care in NICUs, effective measures must be taken to overcome these barriers.
Is There Something it’s Like to be a Garden Snail
Authors: Schwitzgebel Eric ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2021

The question “are garden snails conscious?” or equivalently “is there something it’s like to be a garden snail?” admits of three possible answers: yes, no, and denial that the question admits of a yes-or-no answer. All three answers have some antecedent plausibility, prior to the application of theories of consciousness. All three answers retain their plausibility after the application of theories of consciousness. This is because theories of consciousness, when applied to such a different species, are inevitably question-begging and rely crucially on dubious extrapolation from the introspections and verbal reports of a single species.
Subjective Experience in Explanations of Animal PTSD Behavior
Authors: Hoffman Kate Nicole ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2021

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition in which the experience of a traumatic event causes a series of psychiatric and behavioral symptoms such as hypervigilance, insomnia, irritability, aggression, constricted affect, and self-destructive behavior. This paper investigates two case studies to argue that the experience of PTSD is not restricted to humans alone; we have good epistemic reason to hold that some animals can experience genuine PTSD, given our current and best clinical understanding of the disorder in humans. I will use this evidence to argue for two claims. First, because the causal structure of PTSD plausibly requires reference to a traumatic conscious experience in order to explain subsequent behaviors, the fact that animals can have PTSD provides new evidence for animal consciousness. Second, the discovery of PTSD in animals puts pressure on accounts which hold that animal behavior can be fully explained without reference to subjective experience.
Which Animals Matter?
Authors: Shevlin Henry ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2021

Most people will grant that we bear special moral obligations toward at least some nonhuman animals that we do not bear toward inanimate objects like stones, mountains, or works of art (however priceless). These moral obligations are plausibly grounded in the fact that many if not all nonhuman animals share important psychological states and capacities with us, such as consciousness, suffering, and goal-directed behavior. But which of these states and capacities are really critical for a creature’s possessing moral status, and how can we determine which animals do in fact have them? In this paper, I examine three main approaches to answering these questions. First are what I term consciousness-based approaches that tackles these questions by first asking which animals are conscious. Second are affective-state approaches that focus on identifying behavioural and physiological signatures of states like pain, fear, and stress. Finally, I consider what I call preference-based approaches whose focus is on the question of which organisms have robust motivational states. I examine the prospects and challenges—both theoretical and empirical—faced by these seemingly contrasting methodologies. I go on to suggest that there are reasons why, despite challenges, we should be robustly committed to the project of identifying psychological grounds of moral status. I conclude by suggesting we should also take seriously the idea of pluralism about moral status, according to which each of these approaches might be capable of providing independent grounds for moral consideration.
Reporting and misreporting of sex differences in the biological sciences
Authors: Garcia-Sifuentes Yesenia , Maney Donna L
Published: November 2021

As part of an initiative to improve rigor and reproducibility in biomedical research, the U.S. National Institutes of Health now requires the consideration of sex as a biological variable in preclinical studies. This new policy has been interpreted by some as a call to compare males and females with each other. Researchers testing for sex differences may not be trained to do so, however, increasing risk for misinterpretation of results. Using a list of recently published articles curated by Woitowich et al. (eLife, 2020; 9:e56344), we examined reports of sex differences and non-differences across nine biological disciplines. Sex differences were claimed in the majority of the 147 articles we analyzed; however, statistical evidence supporting those differences was often missing. For example, when a sex-specific effect of a manipulation was claimed, authors usually had not tested statistically whether females and males responded differently. Thus, sex-specific effects may be over-reported. In contrast, we also encountered practices that could mask sex differences, such as pooling the sexes without first testing for a difference. Our findings support the need for continuing efforts to train researchers how to test for and report sex differences in order to promote rigor and reproducibility in biomedical research.
Biomarkers in a socially exchanged fluid reflect colony maturity, behavior, and distributed metabolism
Authors: Hakala Sanja M , Meurville Marie-Pierre , Stumpe Michael , LeBoeuf Adria C
Published: November 2021

In cooperative systems exhibiting division of labor, such as microbial communities, multicellular organisms, and social insect colonies, individual units share costs and benefits through both task specialization and exchanged materials. Socially exchanged fluids, like seminal fluid and milk, allow individuals to molecularly influence conspecifics. Many social insects have a social circulatory system, where food and endogenously produced molecules are transferred mouth-to-mouth (stomodeal trophallaxis), connecting all the individuals in the society. To understand how these endogenous molecules relate to colony life, we used quantitative proteomics to investigate the trophallactic fluid within colonies of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus. We show that different stages of the colony life cycle circulate different types of proteins: young colonies prioritize direct carbohydrate processing; mature colonies prioritize accumulation and transmission of stored resources. Further, colonies circulate proteins implicated in oxidative stress, ageing, and social insect caste determination, potentially acting as superorganismal hormones. Brood-caring individuals that are also closer to the queen in the social network (nurses) showed higher abundance of oxidative stress-related proteins. Thus, trophallaxis behavior could provide a mechanism for distributed metabolism in social insect societies. The ability to thoroughly analyze the materials exchanged between cooperative units makes social insect colonies useful models to understand the evolution and consequences of metabolic division of labor at other scales.
Spatio-temporal variations of the major meteorological disasters and its response to climate change in Henan Province during the past two millennia
Authors: Li Xiang , Lu Hui , Zhang Zhaokang , Xing Wei
Published: November 2021

In China, historical documents have recorded large quantities of information related to natural disasters, and these disasters have had long-lasting effects on economic and social activities. Understanding the occurrence of the natural disasters and their spatio-temporal variation characters is crucial for sustainable of our society. Therefore, based on the collection and collation of historical documents, and adopting mathematical statistics, Kriging interpolation, correlation analysis and other methods, we systematically explored the meteorological disasters in Henan Province during the past two millennia in analyzing their spatio-temporal distribution characters and driving forces. The results demonstrate that there were five major types of meteorological disasters in Henan Province, including drought, flood, hails, low temperature and frost and insect pests, which presented obvious spatio-temporal variations and have occurred frequently during the past two millennia. According to the historical documents, the major meteorological disasters occurred 1,929 times in Henan from 221 BCE to 2000 CE. On the whole, the disaster frequency show that the occurrence cycle of the meteorological disasters has obvious changes, which mainly occurred in the middle and late stages during the past two millennia, especially after 1300 CE. Furthermore, we also find that the variation of meteorological disaster events is consistent with the variation of temperature in eastern China and the frequency of meteorological disaster increases in the cold period, but decreases in the warm period. In addition, there are obvious differences in the spatial distribution of the major meteorological disaster, which were mainly distributed in the northwest and southern part region of the Henan Province before 1911 CE. While after 1911 CE, the northern and southeastern parts were the meteorological disaster-prone areas in this region during this period. Spatial correlation analysis of each meteorological disaster before and after 1911 CE points out the droughts disaster frequency-occurring district has transferred in different periods, while the hail and low temperature and frost disasters just have a smaller transferred during these two periods. Conversely, the frequency-occurring districts of floods and insect pest disasters have no obviously transferred in different periods. These results can provide an important scientific basis for governmental decision makers and local people to prevent and mitigate meteorological disaster in the future.
On the enigma ofPalaenigma wrangeli(Schmidt), a conulariid with a partly non-mineralized skeleton
Authors: Kröger Björn , Vinn Olev , Toom Ursula , Corfe Ian J. , Kuva Jukka , Zatoń Michał
Published: November 2021

Palaenigma wrangeli(Schmidt) is a finger-sized fossil with a tetraradiate conical skeleton; it occurs as a rare component in fossiliferous Upper Ordovician strata of the eastern Baltic Basin and is known exclusively from north Estonia. The systematic affinities and palaeoecology ofP. wrangeliremained questionable. Here, the available specimens ofP. wrangelihave been reexamined using scanning electron microscopy and x-ray computed tomography (microCT). Additionally, the elemental composition of the skeletal elements has been checked using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The resulting 2D-, and 3D-scans reveal thatP. wrangeliconsists of an alternation of distinct calcium phosphate (apatite) lamellae and originally organic-rich inter-layers. The lamellae form four semicircular marginal pillars, which are connected by irregularly spaced transverse diaphragms. Marginally, the diaphragms and pillar lamellae are not connected to each other and thus do not form a closed periderm structure. A non-mineralized or poorly mineralized external periderm existed originally inP. wrangelibut is only rarely and fragmentary preserved.P. wrangelioften co-occurs with conulariids in fossil-rich limestone with mudstone–wackestone lithologies. Based on the new data,P. wrangelican be best interpreted as a poorly mineralized conulariinid from an original soft bottom habitat. Here the new conulariinid family Palaenigmaidae fam. nov. is proposed as the monotypic taxon forP. wrangeli.
The Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Personality Traits, Perceived Social Support and Self-Perceptions of Parental Role of Divorced Mothers
Authors: CIHAN Hüdayar , KARAGÖZ Hümeyra KARATATAR , VAR Esra ÇALIK
Published: November 2021

Boşanma, tüm aile bireylerini etkileyen ailesel bir kriz faktörüdür. Tek ebeveyn olarak boşanmış annelerin ebeveynlikleri ile ilgili deneyimleri, yurt dışı alan yazında birçok araştırmanın konusu olurken yurt içi alan yazında konu
ile ilgili araştırma sayısı oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, boşanmış annelerin ebeveynlik stresi ile algıladıkları sosyal destek, kişilik özellikleri ve ebeveyn rolüne ilişkin kendilik algıları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir.
Araştırmanın verileri; resmi olarak eşinden boşanmış, boşanmanın üstünden en az dört ay geçen, çocuğun velayetinin annede olduğu ve 18 yaşın altında en az bir çocuğu olan 128 anneden toplanmıştır. Araştırma için 09/12/2015 tarihinde
214 numaralı karar ile Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Etik Kurulundan izin alınmıştır. Araştırmada, demografik bilgi formu, Sıfatlara Dayalı Kişilik Testi, Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği, Ebeveyn Rolüne İlişkin
Kendilik Algısı Ölçeği ve Ebeveynlik Stresi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları algılanan sosyal desteğin, kişilik ölçeğinin alt boyutları olan duygusal dengesizlik ile deneyime açıklığın ve ebeveynlik rolüne ilişkin kendilik
algıları ölçeğinin alt boyutu olan ebeveyn yatırımının ebeveynlik stresini anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Bunun yanında deneyime açıklığın ve algılanan sosyal desteğin ebeveynlik stresini negatif olarak yordamaktadır. Duygusal
dengesizlik ile ebeveyn yatırımının, ebeveynlik stresini pozitif yönde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Ebeveyn yeterliliği, rol doyumu, ebeveyn rol dengeleme, dışa dönüklük, yumuşak başlılık ve sorumluluk değişkenlerinin ebeveynlik stresini
yordamada anlamlı olmadığı görülmüştür. Bu araştırmanın bulgularına göre, ebeveynlik stresini azaltan en etkili değişken ise deneyime açıklık kişilik özelliğidir.
Examination of Special Educational Films within The Scope of Universal Design for Learning
Authors: Tuba ERŞAHİN Zeliha , BEDİR Gülay
Published: November 2021

Bu araştırmada, Öğrenmede Evrensel Tasarım yaklaşımı kapsamında özel eğitim gereksinimi olan çocukların eğitimini konu edinen sinema filmlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, farklı kültürlere ait, eğitim konu başlıklı
60 adet sinema filmi oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu 60 film içerisinden seçilen, ABD, Hindistan, İngiltere, İsviçre ve İtalya sinemasına ait, özel eğitim gereksinimi bulunan çocukların konu edildiği 11 adet sinema filmi ise çalışmanın
örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacına en uygun metodoloji olarak nitel araştırma yöntemi ve araştırma deseni olarak durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada veri toplama yöntemi olarak doküman incelemesi, veri analiz
yöntemi olarak da elde edilen bulguları, düzenlenmiş ve yorumlanmış bir şekilde okuyucuya sunmayı amaçlayan betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, filmlerdeki uygulama ve araçların,
Öğrenmede Evrensel Tasarım yaklaşımına uygun olarak düzenlendiğinde bireylerin öğrenimine ve özel eğitim uygulamalarına olumlu katkılarının olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sebeple hazırlanacak olan eğitim program ve uygulamalarının öğrencilerin
akademik ve sosyal başarılarının artması için Öğrenmede Evrensel Tasarım ilkelerinin kullanılması önerilmektedir. Öğretmenlere, farklı yöntem, teknik ve araç-gereç kullanım konusundaki bilgi ve becerilerinin artırılmasına yönelik
eğitimler verilerek, tüm öğrencilerin öğrenmesine katkıda bulunmaları sağlanabilir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular ve çıkarımlar doğrultusunda Öğrenmede Evrensel Tasarım yaklaşımının hem Özel Eğitim alanına hem de Eğitim Programları
ve Öğretim alanına olumlu yönde katkılar sağlayacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Examınatıon Of Classroom Teachers' Covıd-19 Fear Level In Terms Of Varıous Varıables
Authors: KARBEYAZ Aytekin , KURT Murat
Published: November 2021

Covid-19 (Korana virüs), insanların sağlığını ve sosyal hayatını ciddi şekilde etkilemiştir. Virüs hızlı yayıma yeteneği sayesinde tüm kıtalara ulaşmış ve çok sayıda insanın yaşamını yitirmesine sebep olmuştur. İnsan hayatı değerlidir,
insan hayatı tehlike altında olursa diğer unsurların olması düşünülemez. Bu nedenle ülkelerin yöneticileri, insanlar arası etkileşimi kısıtlayan birçok karar almıştır. Bu yasaklar içinde en önemlisi okullar da verilen yüz yüze
eğitime ara verilmesidir. Bu araştırmada amaç; sınıf öğretmenlerin Covid-19 korku düzeyinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Araştırmada sıralı açıklayıcı karma yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırma için Amasya Üniversitesi
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Etik Kurulundan 561 sayılı ve 21.09.2021 tarihli onayı ile izin alınmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak önceden yazarlardan izinleri alınan Covid-19 korku ölçeği ve araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen
yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın nicel boyutuna 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılı Sivas ilinde bulunan Sınıf Öğretmenleri arasından basit rastgele örneklem seçme yöntemi kullanılarak 332 Sınıf Öğretmeni,
nitel boyutuna ise maksimum çeşitlilik örneklem seçme yöntemi kullanılarak 8 Sınıf Öğretmeni dâhil olmuştur. Elde edilen nicel veriler SPSS 20. Programı, nitel veriler ise Nvivo 9.2 programı kullanılarak içerik analizi ile çözümlenmiştir.
Sonuç olarak; Sınıf Öğretmenleri Covid 19’dan ortalamanın biraz üzerinde korktuğu, kadın öğretmenlerin Covid-19 korku düzeyinin erkek öğretmenlerden daha fazla çıktığı, 55 ve üzeri yaştaki öğretmenlerin Covid-19 korku düzeyinin
36-40 aralığında olan öğretmenlerden daha fazla çıktığı, ilçe merkezinde yaşayan öğretmenlerin Covid-19 korku düzeyinin az da olsa diğer bölgelerde yaşayan öğretmenlerden daha fazla çıktığı, yakınlarında kronik hastalığı bulunan,
aileden bir üyesini kaybeden veya yakın akrabası Covid 19 olan aile bireylerinin Covid-19 korku düzeyinin olmayanlara nazaran daha fazla çıktığı görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlara dayalı olarak öneriler getirilmiştir.
α‐Helices propagating from stable nucleators exhibit unconventional thermal folding
Authors: Pal Sunit , Banerjee Shreya , Prabhakaran Erode N.
Published: October 2021

Although the effect of thermal perturbations on protein structure has long been modeled in helical peptides, several details, such as the relation between the thermal stabilities of the propagating and nucleating segments of helices, remain elusive. We had earlier reported on the helix‐nucleating propensities of covalent H‐bond surrogate‐constrained α‐turns. Here, we analyze the thermal stabilities of helices that propagate along peptides appended to these α‐helix nucleators using their NMR and far‐UV CD spectra. Unconventional thermal folding of these helix models reveals that the helical fold in propagating backbones resists thermal perturbations as long as their nucleating template is intact. The threshold temperature of such resistance is also influenced by the extent of similarity between the natures of helical folds in the nucleating and propagating segments. Correlations between helicities and rigidities of helix‐nucleating and helix‐propagating segments reveal subtle interdependence, which explains cooperativity and residual helix formation during protein folding.
Long‐Life‐Cycle and Damage‐Recovery Artificial Muscles via Controllable and Observable Self‐Clearing Process
Authors: Jiang Songwen , Tang Chao , Liu Xin-Jun , Zhao Huichan
Published: October 2021

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) exhibit a collection of excellent performances to be the next‐generation artificial muscles, yet they suffer from short lifespan and premature breakdown. Self‐clearing of defects from thin, compliant electrodes can potentially solve these problems, yet this process is currently neither observable nor controllable. Herein, a dimensionless indicator named capacitor retention is proposed to indicate the remaining capacity to generate force/displacement of a DEA during self‐clearing. This indicator can be conveniently monitored during the short‐term and long‐term degradation of the actuators with different configurations and different driving modes. Based on this indicator, DEAs’ dielectric strength is redefined. With the assistance of scalable manufacturing of multilayered DEAs, several key factors that affect the conditions under which the self‐clearing phenomena occur, as well as how they affect the dielectric strength of the actuators, are investigated. Finally, through self‐clearing preprocess, using appropriate combinations of factors derived from the earlier investigations, high‐performance DEAs with unidirectional strain of 9.4%, power density of 301 W kg−1, >1 million life cycles at a resonant frequency of 125 Hz, and the ability to recover from multiple times of external damages are achieved. This work can potentially produce long‐life and highly robust artificial muscles for DEAs’ future applications.
Construction of Ni(CN)2/NiSe2 Heterostructures by Stepwise Topochemical Pathways for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Nai Jianwei , Xu Xiangzhen , Xie Qifan , Lu Gongxun , Wang Yao , Luan Deyan , Tao Xinyong , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: November 2021

Exploiting effective electrocatalysts based on elaborate heterostructures for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been considered as a promising strategy for boosting water splitting efficiency to produce the clean energy—hydrogen. However, constructing catalytically active heterostructures with novel composition and architecture remains poorly developed due to the synthetic challenge. In this work, it is demonstrated that unique Ni(CN)2/NiSe2 heterostructures, composed of single‐crystalline Ni(CN)2 nanoplates surrounded by crystallographically aligned NiSe2 nanosatellites, can be created from nickel‐based Hofmann‐type coordination polymers through stepwise topochemical pathways. When employed as the OER electrocatalyst, the Ni(CN)2/NiSe2 heterostructures show enhanced performance, which could be attributed to optimized geometric and electronic structures of the catalytic sites endowed by the synergy between the two components. This work demonstrates a rational synthetic route for creating a novel Ni‐based OER electrocatalyst that possesses nanoscale heterostructure, whose composition, spatial organization, and interface configuration can be finely manipulated.
Materials for Implantable Surface Electrode Arrays: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Tringides Christina M. , Mooney David J.
Published: October 2021

Surface electrode arrays are mainly fabricated from rigid or elastic materials, and precisely manipulated ductile metal films, which offer limited stretchability. However, the living tissues to which they are applied are nonlinear viscoelastic materials, which can undergo significant mechanical deformation in dynamic biological environments. Further, the same arrays and compositions are often repurposed for vastly different tissues rather than optimizing the materials and mechanical properties of the implant for the target application. By first characterizing the desired biological environment, and then designing a technology for a particular organ, surface electrode arrays may be more conformable, and offer better interfaces to tissues while causing less damage. Here, the various materials used in each component of a surface electrode array are first reviewed, and then electrically active implants in three specific biological systems, the nervous system, the muscular system, and skin, are described. Finally, the fabrication of next‐generation surface arrays that overcome current limitations is discussed.
Optically Induced Ferroelectric Polarization Switching in a Molecular Ferroelectric with Reversible Photoisomerization
Authors: Liao Wei‐Qiang , Deng Bin‐Bin , Wang Zhong‐Xia , Cheng Ting‐Ting , Hu Yan‐Ting , Cheng Shu‐Ping , Xiong Ren‐Gen
Published: October 2021

Ferroelectrics usually exhibit temperature‐triggered structural changes, which play crucial roles in controlling their physical properties. However, although light is very striking as a non‐contact, non‐destructive, and remotely controlled external stimuli, ferroelectric crystals with light‐triggered structural changes are very rare, which holds promise for optical control of ferroelectric properties. Here, an organic molecular ferroelectric, N‐salicylidene‐2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluoroaniline (SA‐PFA), which shows light‐triggered structural change of reversible photoisomerization between cis‐enol and trans‐keto configuration is reported. SA‐PFA presents clear ferroelectricity with the saturate polarization of 0.84 μC cm−2, larger than those of some typical organic ferroelectrics with thermodynamically structural changes. Benefit from the reversible photoisomerization, the dielectric real part of SA‐PFA can be reversibly switched by light. More strikingly, the photoisomerization enables SA‐PFA to show reversible optically induced ferroelectric polarization switching. Such intriguing behaviors make SPFA a potential candidate for application in next‐generation photo‐controlled ferroelectric devices. This work sheds light on further exploration of more excellent molecular ferroelectrics with light‐triggered structural changes for optical control of ferroelectric properties.