bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of inferring unobserved thermospheric and ionospheric state variables by using an Ensemble Kalman Filter on global ionospheric specification and forecasting
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Ting , Matsuo Tomoko , Wang Wenbin , Liu Jann‐Yenq
Published: October 2014

This paper demonstrates the significance of ion‐neutral coupling to ionospheric data assimilation for ionospheric specification and forecast. Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is used to assimilate synthetic electron density profiles sampled according to the Formosa Satellite 3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate into the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). The combination of the EnKF and first‐principles TIEGCM allows a self‐consistent treatment of thermosphere and ionosphere coupling in the data assimilation and forecast. Because thermospheric variables affect ionospheric electron densities, different combinations of an observed ionospheric state variable (electron density), and unobserved ionospheric and thermospheric state variables (atomic oxygen ion density, neutral temperature, winds, and composition) are included as part of the EnKF state vector in experiments. In the EnKF, the unobserved state variables are estimated and made dynamically and chemically consistent with the observed state variable, thus improving the performance of the data assimilation system. The impact on ensemble forecast is further examined by initializing the TIEGCM with the assimilation analysis. The main findings are the following: (1) by incorporating ion‐neutral coupling into the EnKF, the ionospheric electron density analysis, and forecast can be considerably improved. (2) Thermospheric composition is the most significant state variable that affects ionospheric analysis and forecast. (3) Thermospheric variables have a much longer impact on ionospheric forecast (>24 h) than ionospheric variables (2 to 3 h). (4) In the TIEGCM, the effect of assimilating electron densities is not completely transmitted to the forecast step unless the densities of ion species are estimated.
Progression of spontaneous in‐plane shear faults from sub‐Rayleigh to compressional wave rupture speeds
Authors: Liu Chao , Bizzarri Andrea , Das Shamita
Published: October 2014

We investigate numerically the passage of spontaneous, dynamic in‐plane shear ruptures from initiation to their final rupture speed, using very fine grids. By carrying out more than 120 simulations, we identify two different mechanisms controlling supershear transition. For relatively weaker faults, the rupture speed always passes smoothly and continuously through the range of speeds between the Rayleigh and shear wave speeds (the formerly considered forbidden zone of rupture speeds). This, however, occurs in a very short time, before the ruptures reach the compressional wave speed. The very short time spent in this range of speeds may explain why a jump over these speeds was seen in some earlier numerical and experimental studies and confirms that this speed range is an unstable range, as predicted analytically for steady state, singular cracks. On the other hand, for relatively stronger faults, we find that a daughter rupture is initiated by the main (mother) rupture, ahead of it. The mother rupture continues to propagate at sub‐Rayleigh speed and eventually merges with the daughter rupture, whose speed jumps over the Rayleigh to shear wave speed range. We find that this daughter rupture is essentially a “pseudorupture,” in that the two sides of the fault are already separated, but the rupture has negligible slip and slip velocity. After the mother rupture merges with it, the slip, the slip velocity, and the rupture speed become dominated by those of the mother rupture. The results are independent of grid sizes and of methods used to nucleate the initial rupture.
On the impact of forced roll convection on vertical turbulent transport in cold air outbreaks
Authors: Gryschka Micha , Fricke Jens , Raasch Siegfried
Published: October 2014

We investigated the impact of roll convection on the convective boundary layer and vertical transports in different cold air outbreak (CAO) scenarios using large eddy simulations (LES). The organization of convection into rolls was triggered by upstream heterogeneities in the surface temperature, representing ice and water. By changing the sea ice distribution in our LES, we were able to simulate a roll and a nonroll case for each scenario. Furthermore, the roll wavelength was varied by changing the scale of the heterogeneity. The characteristics of the simulated rolls and cloud streets, such as aspect ratios, orientation of the roll axes, and downstream extensions of single rolls agreed closely with observations in CAO situations. The vertical turbulent fluxes, calculated for each simulation, were decomposed into contributions from rolls and from unorganized turbulence. Even though our results confirmed that rolls triggered by upstream heterogeneities can substantially contribute to vertical turbulent fluxes, the total fluxes were not affected by the rolls.
Simple Multipurpose Surface Functionalization by Phase Transited Protein Adhesion
Authors: Wu Zhengfang , Yang Peng
Published: October 2014

Engineered surface modification is of prime importance in modern material science. This work reports how to manipulate a surface property towards ultra‐performance, multi‐functionalities, and smartness/responsiveness by utilizing newly‐discovered lysozyme phase transition. The phase‐transited lysozyme product consisting of amyloid‐contained microfiber network could stably attach onto metals, oxides, semiconductors, and polymers. Such priming processes imparts moderate hydrophilicity and enhanced corrosion resistance to surfaces. The priming also affords mild positive charges and enriched C‐H bonds on surfaces, which consequently supports the growth of a series of functional building blocks including polymer brushes, colloids, small molecules, and bio‐macromolecules based on chemically specific interactions. The bio‐related applications based on this strategy are further emphasized. First, a bioactive surface is conveniently obtained by this modification to specifically and sensitively detect biomarkers from buffer and undiluted serum. Second, a one‐pot protein immobilization method is developed, which features a high integration of all the protein immobilization steps in single incubation process. Third, a smart stimuli‐responsive surface that is capable of performing 100% reversible transition between bioactive and bioinert surface is constructed. This work lays a foundation for the use of phase‐transited proteins as a universal surface modification tool.
Occurrence of the JAK2 V617F mutation in patients with peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Muendlein Axel , Kinz Elena , Gasser Klaus , Leiherer Andreas , Rein Philipp , Saely Christoph H. , Grallert Harald , Peters Annette , Fraunberger Peter , Drexel Heinz , Lang Alois H.
Published: October 2014

The acquired JAK2 V617F mutation is common in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. We previously showed that JAK2 V617F is also found in coronary patients, most of them affected by coronary atherosclerosis. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is another important manifestation of atherosclerosis. However, prevalence of the JAK2 V617F mutation and its effect on clinical or hematologic characteristics is unknown in PAD patients. In the present study we determined the prevalence of JAK2 V617F in a cohort of 287 patients with sonographically proven PAD and compared mutation frequency with mutational status of 997 healthy people from the KORA F4 study. JAK2 V617F screening and quantification of allele burden in both cohorts was performed with same allele‐specific quantitative real‐time PCR method. From a total of 287 PAD patients, 9 individuals were tested positive for the JAK2 V617F mutation. One patient showed elevated hemoglobin values, indicating polycythemia vera. Observed JAK2 V617F frequency (3.1%) in PAD patients showed a 5‐fold, highly significant increase compared with healthy people (P < 0.001). Furthermore, occurrence of the mutation in PAD patients was significantly decreased in patients using aspirin (P = 0.003). We conclude that the prevalence of JAK2 V617F mutation is significantly increased in PAD patients compared to the general population. Future studies are warranted to confirm our observations and to define the underlying mechanisms behind our findings. Am. J. Hematol. 90:E17–E21, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk of hearing loss among workers with vibration‐induced white fingers
Authors: Pettersson Hans , Burström Lage , Hagberg Mats , Lundström Ronnie , Nilsson Tohr
Published: October 2014

Background

We examined the risk of hearing loss for workers who use hand‐held vibrating tools with vibration‐induced white fingers (VWF) compared to workers without VWF.

Methods

Data on 184 participants from a 21‐year cohort were gathered with questionnaires and measurements. The effects on hearing status of VWF, hand‐arm vibration exposure, smoking habits, age and two‐way interactions of these independent variables were examined with binary logistic regression. Analyses were made for the right hand and ear as well as for the hand with VWF and the ear with worse categorized hearing status.

Results

Workers with VWF in their right hand had an increased risk of hearing loss (odds ratio 2.2–2.3) in the right ear. Workers with VWF in any hand did not have any increased risk of hearing loss in the ear with worse hearing status.

Conclusions

This study supports the hypothesis that VWF increases the risk of hearing loss among workers who use hand‐held vibrating tools in a noisy environment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1311–1318, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectroscopic Identification of a Bidentate Binding Motif in the Anionic Magnesium–CO2 Complex ([ClMgCO2]−)
Authors: Miller Glenn B. S. , Esser Tim K. , Knorke Harald , Gewinner Sandy , Schöllkopf Wieland , Heine Nadja , Asmis Knut R. , Uggerud Einar
Published: October 2014

A magnesium complex incorporating a novel metal–CO2 binding motif is spectroscopically identified. Here we show with the help of infrared photodissociation spectroscopy that the complex exists solely in the [ClMg(η2‐O2C)]− form. This bidentate double oxygen metal–CO2 coordination has previously not been observed in neutral nor in charged unimetallic complexes. The antisymmetric CO2 stretching mode in [ClMg(η2‐O2C)]− is found at 1128 cm−1, which is considerably redshifted from the corresponding mode in bare CO2 at 2349 cm−1, suggesting that the CO2 moiety has a considerable negative charge (∼1.8 e−). We also employed electronic structure calculations and kinetic analysis to support the interpretation of the experimental results.
Less is More: How Compressed Sensing is Transforming Metrology in Chemistry
Authors: Holland Daniel J. , Gladden Lynn F.
Published: October 2014

Mathematics has had a profound impact on science, providing a means to understand the world around us in unprecedented ways. With the advent of the digital age, the subject of information theory has grown hugely in importance. In particular, over the last two decades significant advances in our understanding of sampling and function reconstruction have culminated in the development of an idea known as compressed sensing. What seems like an abstract idea is now having a profound impact throughout the scientific world—from enabling high‐resolution imaging of pediatric patients in clinical medicine through to advancing 3D electron tomography images of nanoparticle catalysts and NMR spectroscopy studies of proteins. In this Minireview, we summarize these applications and provide an outlook on how the principles of compressed sensing are leading to entirely new approaches to measurement throughout the physical and life sciences.
Catalytic Water Oxidation by Ruthenium(II) Quaterpyridine (qpy) Complexes: Evidence for Ruthenium(III) qpy‐N,N′′′‐dioxide as the Real Catalysts
Authors: Liu Yingying , Ng Siu‐Mui , Yiu Shek‐Man , Lam William W. Y. , Wei Xi‐Guang , Lau Kai‐Chung , Lau Tai‐Chu
Published: October 2014

Polypyridyl and related ligands have been widely used for the development of water oxidation catalysts. Supposedly these ligands are oxidation‐resistant and can stabilize high‐oxidation‐state intermediates. In this work a series of ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(qpy)(L)2]2+ (qpy=2,2′:6′,2′′:6′′,2′′′‐quaterpyridine; L=substituted pyridine) have been synthesized and found to catalyze CeIV‐driven water oxidation, with turnover numbers of up to 2100. However, these ruthenium complexes are found to function only as precatalysts; first, they have to be oxidized to the qpy‐N,N′′′‐dioxide (ONNO) complexes [Ru(ONNO)(L)2]3+ which are the real catalysts for water oxidation.
Stereodivergent Synthesis of Arylcyclopropylamines by Sequential CH Borylation and Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Miyamura Shin , Araki Misaho , Suzuki Takayoshi , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Itami Kenichiro
Published: October 2014

A step‐economical and stereodivergent synthesis of privileged 2‐arylcyclopropylamines (ACPAs) through a C(sp3)H borylation and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling sequence has been developed. The iridium‐catalyzed CH borylation of N‐cyclopropylpivalamide proceeds with cis selectivity. The subsequent B‐cyclopropyl Suzuki–Miyaura coupling catalyzed by [PdCl2(dppf)]/Ag2O proceeds with retention of configuration at the carbon center bearing the Bpin group, while epimerization at the nitrogen‐bound carbon atoms of both the starting materials and products is observed under the reaction conditions. This epimerization is, however, suppressed in the presence of O2. The present new ACPA synthesis results in not only a significant reduction in the steps required for making ACPA derivatives, but also the ability to access either isomer (cis or trans) by simply changing the atmosphere (N2 or O2) in the coupling stage.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AN APOLIPOPHORIN‐III GENE FROM THE CHINESE OAK SILKWORM, Antheraea pernyi (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)
Authors: Liu Qiu‐Ning , Lin Kun‐Zhang , Yang Lin‐Nan , Dai Li‐Shang , Wang Lei , Sun Yu , Qian Cen , Wei Guo‐Qing , Liu Dong‐Ran , Zhu Bao‐Jian , Liu Chao‐Liang
Published: October 2014

Apolipophorin‐III (ApoLp‐III) acts in lipid transport, lipoprotein metabolism, and innate immunity in insects. In this study, an ApoLp‐III gene of Antheraea pernyi pupae (Ap‐ApoLp‐III) was isolated and characterized. The full‐length cDNA of Ap‐ApoLp‐III is 687 bp, including a 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) of 40 bp, 3′‐UTR of 86 bp and an open reading frame of 561 bp encoding a polypeptide of 186 amino acids that contains an Apolipophorin‐III precursor domain (PF07464). The deduced Ap‐apoLp‐III protein sequence has 68, 59, and 23% identity with its orthologs of Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, and Aedes aegypti, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Ap‐apoLp‐III was close to that of Bombycoidea. qPCR analysis revealed that Ap‐ApoLp‐III expressed during the four developmental stages and in integument, fat body, and ovaries. After six types of microorganism infections, expression levels of the Ap‐ApoLp‐III gene were upregulated significantly at different time points compared with control. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ap‐ApoLp‐III showed that the expression of Ap‐ApoLp‐III was significantly downregulated using qPCR after injection of E. coli. We infer that the Ap‐ApoLp‐III gene acts in the innate immunity of A. pernyi.
Unique Fluorogenic Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemodosimeter for Rapid Sensing of CN− in Water
Authors: Mahapatra Ajit Kumar , Maiti Kalipada , Manna Saikat Kumar , Maji Rajkishor , Mukhopadhyay Chitrangada Das , Pakhira Bholanath , Sarkar Sabyasachi
Published: October 2014

A new benzimidazole‐spiropyran conjugate chemosensor molecule (BISP) has been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), and elemental analysis. The two isomeric forms (BISP↔BIMC) were shown to be highly selective and sensitive to CN− among the ten anions studied in aqueous HEPES buffer, as shown by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy and even by visual color changes, with a detection limit of 1.7 μM for BIMC. The reaction of CN− with BIMC was monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy, high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), UV/Vis measurements, and fluorescence spectroscopy in HEPES buffer of pH 7.4. TDDFT calculations were performed in order to correlate the electronic properties of the chemosensor with its cyanide complex. Further, titration against thiophilic metal ions like Au3+, Cu2+, Ag+, and Hg2+ with [BIMC‐CN] in situ showed that it acts as a secondary recognition ensemble toward Au3+ and Cu2+ by switch‐on fluorescence. In addition, a reversible logic‐gate property of BIMC has been demonstrated through a feedback loop in the presence of CN− and Au3+ ions, respectively. Furthermore, the use of BIMC to detect CN− in live cells by fluorescence imaging has also been demonstrated. Notably, test strips based on BIMC were fabricated, which could serve as convenient and efficient CN− test kits.
Toward Chemistry‐Based Design of the Simplest Metalloenzyme‐Like Catalyst That Works Efficiently in Water
Authors: Kitanosono Taku , Kobayashi Shū
Published: October 2014

Enzymes exhibit overwhelmingly superior catalysis compared with artificial catalysts. Current strategies to rival enzymatic catalysis require unmodified or minimally modified structures of active sites, gigantic molecular weight, and sometimes the use of harsh conditions such as extremely low temperatures in organic solvents. Herein, we describe a design of small molecules that act as the simplest metalloenzyme‐like catalysts that can function in water, without mimicking enzyme structures. These artificial catalysts efficiently promoted enantioselective direct‐type aldol reactions using aqueous formaldehyde. The reactions followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics, and heat‐resistant asymmetric environments were constructed in water.
Robust Disturbance Attenuation in Hamiltonian Systems Via Direct Digital Control
Authors: Yalçın Yaprak , Gören‐Sümer Leyla , Kurtulan Salman
Published: October 2014

The discrete‐time robust disturbance attenuation problem for the n‐degrees of freedom (dof) mechanical systems with uncertain energy function is considered in this paper. First, it is shown in the continuous time‐setting that the robust control problem of n‐dof mechanical systems can be reduced to a disturbance attenuation problem when a specific type of control rule is used. Afterwards, the robust disturbance attenuation problem is formulised as a special disturbance attenuation problem. Then, the discrete‐time counterpart of this problem characterised by means of L2 gain is given. Finally, a solution of the problem via direct‐discrete‐time design is presented as a sufficient condition. The proposed discrete‐time design utilizes discrete gradient of the energy function of considered system. Therefore, a new method is also proposed using the quadratic approximation lemma to construct discrete gradients for general energy functions. The proposed direct‐discrete‐time design method is used to solve the robust disturbance attenuation problem for the double pendulum system. Simulation results are given for the discrete gradient obtained with the method presented in this paper. Note that the solution presented here for the robust disturbance attenuation problem give an explicit algebraic condition on the design parameter, whereas solution of the same problem requires solving a Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs partial differential inequality in general nonlinear systems.
Confidence, tolerance, and allowance in biological engineering: The nuts and bolts of living things
Authors: Porcar Manuel , Danchin Antoine , de Lorenzo Víctor
Published: October 2014

The emphasis of systems and synthetic biology on quantitative understanding of biological objects and their eventual re‐design has raised the question of whether description and construction standards that are commonplace in electric and mechanical engineering are applicable to live systems. The tuning of genetic devices to deliver a given activity is generally context‐dependent, thereby undermining the re‐usability of parts, and predictability of function, necessary for manufacturing new biological objects. Tolerance (acceptable limits within the unavoidable divergence of a nominal value) and allowance (deviation introduced on purpose for the sake of flexibility and hence modularity, i.e. fitting together with a variety of other components) are key aspects of standardization that need to be brought to biological design. These should endow functional building blocks with a pre‐specified level of confidence for bespoke biosystems engineering. However, in the absence of more fundamental knowledge, fine‐tuning necessarily relies on evolutionary/combinatorial gravitation toward a fixed objective.

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Luminescence characteristics of Na3Ca2(SO4)3F: Ce3+ fluoride material
Authors: Nikhare G. N. , Gedam S. C. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: October 2014

A new Na3Ca2(SO4)3F: Ce3+ phosphor synthesized by a solid state diffusion method is reported. The photoluminescence study showed a single high intensity emission peak at 307 nm wavelength when excited by UV light of wavelength 278 nm. An unresolved peak of comparatively less intensity was also observed at 357 nm along with the main peak. The characteristic emission of dopant Ce in Na3Ca2(SO4)3F phosphor clearly indicated that it resides in the host lattice in trivalent form. The emission peak can be attributed to 5d → 4f transition of rare earth Ce3+. The prepared sample is also characterized for its thermoluminescence properties. The TL glow curve of prepared sample showed a single broad peak at 147°C. The trapping parameters are also evaluated by Chen's method. The values of trap depth (E) and frequency factor (s) were found to be 0.64 ± 0.002 eV and 1.43 × 107 s–1 respectively. The study of PL and TL along with evaluation of trapping parameters has been undertaken and discussed for the first time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aluminum‐Doped Zirconia‐Supported Copper Nanocatalysts: Surface Synergistic Catalytic Effects in the Gas‐Phase Hydrogenation of Esters
Authors: Hu Qi , Fan Guoli , Yang Lan , Li Feng
Published: October 2014

The efficient gas‐phase selective hydrogenation of a series of esters to the corresponding alcohols was achieved over well‐dispersed aluminum‐doped zirconia‐supported copper nanocatalysts (Cu/Al‐ZrO2), which were prepared through a homogeneous coprecipitation route in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. The characterization revealed that the structure and catalytic performance of Cu/Al‐ZrO2 nanocatalysts were profoundly affected by the addition of Al. Compared with the Al‐free catalyst, Al‐doped materials had higher specific surface areas and smaller copper nanoparticles. In particular, the results confirmed that the incorporation of Al into the ZrO2 framework could form tetrahedrally coordinated Al3+ species, leading to the improvement of metal dispersion and the formation of more surface Lewis acid sites. In the gas‐phase selective hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) to ethylene glycol (EG), 100 % DMO conversion, 97.1 % EG selectivity, and a high turnover frequency of 16.9 h−1 were achieved over Cu/Al‐ZrO2 catalyst with a Al/(Cu+Zr+Al) mass ratio of 0.1. The high efficiency of Cu/Al‐ZrO2 catalysts in DMO hydrogenation was attributed mainly to the surface synergistic catalytic effect between highly dispersed metallic copper species and strong Lewis acid sites, which promoted the hydrogenation reaction related to the ester groups, unlike the single case of Cu+Cu0 synergy reported previously that was found to control the extent of hydrogenation. The obtained catalysts displayed excellent catalytic performance in the gas‐phase hydrogenation of other esters including dimethyl succinate, dimethyl maleate, dimethyl adipate, and 1,4‐cycolhexane dicarboxylate.
P‐Aryl‐Diphenylphospholanes and their Phospholanium Salts as Efficient Monodentate Ligands for Asymmetric Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation
Authors: Dobrota Cristian , Fiaud Jean‐Claud , Toffano Martial
Published: October 2014

Enantiopure P‐aryl‐2,5‐diphenylphospholanes and its corresponding P‐aryl‐phospholanium salt appear as very efficient ligands for rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation reaction with similar activities and enantioselectivities. The hydrogenation product was obtained in good enantiomeric excesses (up to 93 % ee) in only few minutes under an atmospheric pressure of dihydrogen. The excellent activity of the catalyst can be explained by a constant and high TOF value during the reaction.
N,N′‐Dioxide/Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reaction of β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters with Enecarbamates
Authors: Zhou Yuhang , Zhu Yin , Lin Lili , Zhang Yulong , Zheng Jianfeng , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2014

N,N′‐Dioxide/nickel(II) complexes have been developed to catalyze the inverse‐electron‐demand hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction of β,γ‐unsaturated α‐ketoesters with acyclic enecarbamates. After detailed screening of the reaction parameters, mild optimized reaction conditions were established, affording 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyranamines in up to 99 % yield, 99 % ee and more than 95:5 d.r. The catalytic system was also efficient for β‐substituted acyclic enecarbamates, affording more challenging 2,3,4‐trisubstituted 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyranamine with three contiguous stereogenic centers in excellent yields, diastereoselectivities, and enantioselectivities. The reaction could be scaled up to a gram scale with no deterioration of either enantioselectivity or yield. Based on these experiments and on previous reports, a possible transition state was proposed.
Mixed‐Metal MIL‐100(Sc,M) (M=Al, Cr, Fe) for Lewis Acid Catalysis and Tandem CC Bond Formation and Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Mitchell Laura , Williamson Patrick , Ehrlichová Barbora , Anderson Amanda E. , Seymour Valerie R. , Ashbrook Sharon E. , Acerbi Nadia , Daniels Luke M. , Walton Richard I. , Clarke Matthew L. , Wright Paul A.
Published: October 2014

The trivalent metal cations Al3+, Cr3+, and Fe3+ were each introduced, together with Sc3+, into MIL‐100(Sc,M) solid solutions (M=Al, Cr, Fe) by direct synthesis. The substitution has been confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) and solid‐state NMR, UV/Vis, and X‐ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopy. Mixed Sc/Fe MIL‐100 samples were prepared in which part of the Fe is present as α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles within the mesoporous cages of the MOF, as shown by XAS, TGA, and PXRD. The catalytic activity of the mixed‐metal catalysts in Lewis acid catalysed Friedel–Crafts additions increases with the amount of Sc present, with the attenuating effect of the second metal decreasing in the order Al>Fe>Cr. Mixed‐metal Sc,Fe materials give acceptable activity: 40 % Fe incorporation only results in a 20 % decrease in activity over the same reaction time and pure product can still be obtained and filtered off after extended reaction times. Supported α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles were also active Lewis acid species, although less active than Sc3+ in trimer sites. The incorporation of Fe3+ into MIL‐100(Sc) imparts activity for oxidation catalysis and tandem catalytic processes (Lewis acid+oxidation) that make use of both catalytically active framework Sc3+ and Fe3+. A procedure for using these mixed‐metal heterogeneous catalysts has been developed for making ketones from (hetero)aromatics and a hemiacetal.
Homochiral Cobalt Phosphonates Containing Δ‐Type Chains with a Tunable Interlayer Distance and a Field‐Induced Phase Transition
Authors: Cai Zhong‐Sheng , Bao Song‐Song , Ren Min , Zheng Li‐Min
Published: October 2014

Two pairs of enantiomeric CoII compounds with formulas [Co2(μ3‐OH)(cyamp)(CnH2n+1COO)] (cyampH2=(S)‐ or (R)‐[(1‐cyclohexylethyl)amino]methylphosphonic acid; n=1 (1); n=7 (2)) were synthesized. The structures of S‐1 and S‐2 were determined by single‐crystal structural analyses. Both crystallize in a monoclinic chiral space group P21, and exhibit layered structures in which the Δ‐type chains of corner‐sharing Co3(μ3‐OH) triangles are connected by the phosphonate groups. The interlayer spaces are filled with the organic groups of the phosphonate and carboxylate ligands. Therefore, the distances between the layers can be manipulated by the length of the alkyl chain of the carboxylate ligands, from 14.6 Å in 1 to 20.0 Å in 2. Magnetic studies were carried out for compounds S‐1 and S‐2. Both show metamagnetism at low temperature. The critical field decreases with increasing interlayer distance from 8.18 kOe for S‐1 to 7.01 kOe for S‐2 at 1.8 K. The optical properties were also studied.
Breast cancer in Wilms tumor survivors: New insights into primary and secondary prevention
Authors: Dean Jennifer B. , Dome Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2014

Pediatric oncology providers should closely evaluate their female survivors of Wilms tumor for risk factors for the development of breast cancer, including chest radiography (even at doses <20 gray), age >10 years at the time of Wilms tumor diagnosis, and, possibly, radiotherapy to the flank. Those patients deemed to be at high risk should undergo breast cancer surveillance with mammography, breast magnetic resonance imaging, or both starting at age 25 years.
Synthesis on large area and uniform nanosheet morphology of polycrystalline cobalt oxide Co3O4 obtained from oxidation of Co films in a pure oxygen atmosphere
Authors: Wu P. F. , Shi J. B. , Chang Y. C. , Tsai M. Z. , Kao Chia‐Tze , Cheng F. C. , Lee H. W. , Chen M. Y. , Huang Y. J. , Huang R. Y. , Lin S. K.
Published: October 2014

Large area and uniform nanosheets Co3O4 have been fabricated by thermal annealing of cobalt thin film under the DC magnetron sputtering method. The synthesis is based on controlling the simple thermal oxidative formation of precursor Co films. The Co films were heated at 300, 400, and 500 °C for two hours in a pure oxygen atmosphere. At 300 °C, CoO and Co3O4 phases appear to survive together. An amount of pure polycrystalline Co3O4 nanosheets were observed at 400 °C. The structural and morphological properties of the nanosheets Co3O4 were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy.
A 0.5 V bulk‐driven voltage follower/DC level shifter and its application in class AB output stage
Authors: Kulej Tomasz , Blakiewicz Grzegorz
Published: October 2014

A simple realization of a 0.5 V bulk‐driven voltage follower/direct current (DC) level shifter designed in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology is presented in the paper. The circuit is characterized by large input and output voltage swings and a DC voltage gain close to unity. The DC voltage shift between input and output terminals can be regulated in a certain interval around zero, by means of biasing current sinks. An application of the proposed voltage follower circuit for realization of a low‐voltage class AB output stage has also been described in the paper. Finally, the operational amplifier exploiting the proposed output stage has been presented and evaluated in detail. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary history of a widespread tree species Acer mono in East Asia
Authors: Guo Xi‐Di , Wang Hong‐Fang , Bao Lei , Wang Tian‐Ming , Bai Wei‐Ning , Ye Jun‐Wei , Ge Jian‐Ping
Published: October 2014

East Asia has the most diverse temperate flora in the world primarily due to the lack of Pleistocene glaciation and the geographic heterogeneity. Although increasing phylogeography studies in this region provided more proofs in this issue, discrepancies and uncertainty still exist, especially in northern temperate deciduous broad‐leaved and coniferous mixed forest region (II). And a widespread plant species could reduce the complexity to infer the relationship between diversity and physiographical pattern. Hence, we studied the evolution history of a widespread temperate tree, Acer mono, populations in region II and the influence of physiographic patterns on intraspecific genetic diversity. Analyses of chloroplast sequences and nuclear microsatellites indicated high levels of genetic diversity. The diversity distribution was spatially heterogeneous and a latitudinal cline existed in both markers. The spatial distribution pattern between genetic diversity within A. mono and the diversity at species level was generally consistent. Western subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forest subregion (IVb) had a unique ancient chloroplast clade (CP3) and a nuclear gene pool (GP5) with dominance indicating the critical role of this area in species diversification. Genetic data and ecological niche model results both suggested that populations in region II disappeared during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and recovered from south of Changbai Mt. and the Korean Peninsula. Two distribution centers were likely during the LGM, one in the north edge of warm temperate deciduous broad‐leaved forest region (III) and another in the south edge of region III. This was reflected by the genetic pattern with two spatially independent genetic groups. This study highlights the key role of region III in sustaining genetic diversity in the northern range and connecting diversity between southern and northern range. We elucidated the diversity relationship between vegetation regions which could facilitate the understanding of biodiversity origin and maintenance in East Asia.
Size doesn't matter, sex does: a test for boldness in sister species of Brachyrhaphis fishes
Authors: Ingley Spencer J. , Rehm Jeremy , Johnson Jerald B.
Published: October 2014

The effect of divergent natural selection on the evolution of behavioral traits has long been a focus of behavioral ecologists. Predation, due to its ubiquity in nature and strength as a selective agent, has been considered an important environmental driver of behavior. Predation is often confounded with other environmental factors that could also play a role in behavioral evolution. For example, environments that contain predators are often more ecologically complex and “risky” (i.e., exposed and dangerous). Previous work shows that individuals from risky environments are often more bold, active, and explorative than those from low‐risk environments. To date, most comparative studies of environmentally driven behavioral divergence are limited to comparisons among populations within species that occur in divergent selective environments but neglect comparisons between species following speciation. This limits our understanding of how behavior evolves post‐speciation. The Central American live‐bearing fish genus Brachyrhaphis provides an ideal system for examining the relationship between selective environments and behavior, within and between species. Here, we test for differences in boldness between sister species B. roseni and B. terrabensis that occur in streams with and without piscivorous predators, respectively. We found that species do differ in boldness, with species that occur with predators being bolder than those that do not. Within each species, we found that sexes differed in boldness, with males being bolder than females. We also tested for a relationship between size (a surrogate for metabolic rate) and boldness, but found no size effects. Therefore, sex, not size, affects boldness. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that complex and risky environments favor individuals with more bold behavioral traits, but they are not consistent with the hypothesis that size (and therefore metabolic rate) drives divergence in boldness. Finally, our results provide evidence that behavioral trait divergence continues even after speciation is complete.
Antenatal and Postnatal Psychopathology Among Women with Current and Past Eating Disorders: Longitudinal Patterns
Authors: Easter Abigail , Solmi Francessca , Bye Amanda , Taborelli Emma , Corfield Freya , Schmidt Ulrike , Treasure Janet , Micali Nadia
Published: October 2014

This study aims to investigate longitudinal patterns of psychopathology during the antenatal and postnatal periods among women with current (C‐ED) and past (P‐ED) eating disorders. Women were recruited to a prospective longitudinal study: C‐ED (n = 31), P‐ED (n = 29) and healthy control (HC; n = 57). Anxiety, depression and ED symptoms were measured at four time points: first/second trimester, third trimester, 8 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Linear mixed effects models were used to test for group differences. Women with C‐ED and P‐ED, in all diagnostic categories, had significantly higher levels of psychopathology at all time points. ED symptoms decreased in the C‐ED group, compared with an overall increase in the other two groups but subsequently increased after pregnancy. Overall, depression and state and trait anxiety scores decreased in the C‐ED group compared with the HC group throughout the antenatal and postnatal periods. High levels of psychopathology are common throughout the antenatal and postnatal periods among women with current and past ED, and despite some overall reductions, symptoms remain clinically significant. © 2014 The Authors. European Eating Disorders Review published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and developmental basis for parallel evolution and its significance for hominoid evolution
Authors: Reno Philip L.
Published: October 2014

Greater understanding of ape comparative anatomy and evolutionary history has brought a general appreciation that the hominoid radiation is characterized by substantial homoplasy.1–4However, little consensus has been reached regarding which features result from repeated evolution. This has important implications for reconstructing ancestral states throughout hominoid evolution, including the nature of thePan‐Homolast common ancestor (LCA). Advances from evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo) have expanded the diversity of model organisms available for uncovering the morphogenetic mechanisms underlying instances of repeated phenotypic change. Of particular relevance to hominoids are data from adaptive radiations of birds, fish, and even flies demonstrating that parallel phenotypic changes often use similar genetic and developmental mechanisms. The frequent reuse of a limited set of genes and pathways underlying phenotypic homoplasy suggests that the conserved nature of the genetic and developmental architecture of animals can influence evolutionary outcomes. Such biases are particularly likely to be shared by closely related taxa that reside in similar ecological niches and face common selective pressures. Consideration of these developmental and ecological factors provides a strong theoretical justification for the substantial homoplasy observed in the evolution of complex characters and the remarkable parallel similarities that can occur in closely related taxa. Thus, as in other branches of the hominoid radiation, repeated phenotypic evolution within African apes is also a distinct possibility. If so, the availability of complete genomes for each of the hominoid genera makes them another model to explore the genetic basis of repeated evolution.
Walking back the cat: Unsupervised classification as an aid in “remote” fossil prospecting
Authors: Conroy Glenn C.
Published: October 2014

Counterintelligence analysts use a technique called “walking back the cat'' to reveal “moles” or others passing on disinformation in which they compare what they now know as fact against what their agents or informers had told them to expect about certain persons or events. Thus, “walking back the cat” is a perfect metaphor for working backwards; that is, retracing the complex development of an event and examining the “run up” to it in order to gain useful insights about how that event unfolded. Perhaps paleoanthropology can profit from such an approach.
Layer‐by‐layer assembly of halogen‐free polymeric materials on nylon/cotton blend for flame retardant applications
Authors: Narkhede Mahesh , Thota Sammaiah , Mosurkal Ravi , Muller Wayne S. , Kumar Jayant
Published: October 2014

Thin films of environmentally safe, halogen free, anionic sodium phosphate and cationic polysiloxanes were deposited on a Nyco (1:1 nylon/cotton blend) fabric via layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly to reduce the inherent flammability of Nyco fabric. In the coating process, we used three different polysiloxane materials containing different amine groups including, 35–45% (trimethylammoniummethylphenythyl)‐methyl siloxane‐55‐65% dimethyl siloxane copolymer chloride salt (QMS‐435), aminoethylaminopropyl silsesquioxane‐methylsilsesquioxane copolymer oligomer (WSA‐7021) and aminopropyl silesquioxane oligomers (WSA‐991), as a positive polyelectrolyte. Thermo‐gravimetric analysis showed that coated fabric has char yield around 40% at 600 °C whereas control fabric was completely consumed. The vertical flame test (VFT) on the LbL‐coated Nyco fabric was passed with after flame time, 2 s, and the char length of 3.81 cm. Volatile and nontoxic degradation products of flame retardant‐coated fabric were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (Py‐GCMS). Surface morphology of coated fabrics and burned fabric residues were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How toxic is coal ash? A laboratory toxicity case study
Authors: Sherrard Rick M , Carriker Neil E , Greeley Mark S
Published: October 2014

Under a consent agreement among the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and proponents both for and against stricter regulation, EPA is to issue a new coal ash disposal rule by the end of 2014. Laboratory toxicity investigations often yield conservative estimates of toxicity because many standard test species are more sensitive than resident species, thus could provide information useful to the rule-making. However, few laboratory studies of coal ash toxicity are available; most studies reported in the literature are based solely on field investigations. This brief communication describes a broad range of toxicity studies conducted for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston ash spill, results of which help provide additional perspective on the toxicity of coal ash. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:5–9. © 2014 SETAC

Key Points

Primarily, field-based studies related to effects of coal ash on aquatic biota are reported in scientific literature; laboratory toxicity studies are lacking. In 215 laboratory toxicity studies performed to date in response to the TVA Kingston ash spill, 173 (80%) resulted in no statistically significant toxicity relative to upstream water and sediment controls. The wealth of data derived from these conservative laboratory studies clearly indicate that risks to resident species are moderate and limited to locations with ash content greater than 40%.
MiR‐34a deficiency accelerates medulloblastoma formation in vivo
Authors: Thor Theresa , Künkele Annette , Pajtler Kristian W. , Wefers Annika K. , Stephan Harald , Mestdagh Pieter , Heukamp Lukas , Hartmann Wolfgang , Vandesompele Jo , Sadowski Natalie , Becker Lore , Garrett Lillian , Hölter Sabine M. , Horsch Marion , Calzada‐Wack Julia , Klein‐Rodewald Tanja , Racz Ildiko , Zimmer Andreas , Beckers Johannes , Neff Frauke , Klopstock Thomas , Antonellis Pasqualino De , Zollo Massimo , Wurst Wolfgang , Fuchs Helmut , Gailus‐Durner Valérie , Schüller Ulrich , de Angelis Martin Hrabě , Eggert Angelika , Schramm Alexander , Schulte Johannes H.
Published: October 2014

Previous studies have evaluated the role of miRNAs in cancer initiation and progression. MiR‐34a was found to be downregulated in several tumors, including medulloblastomas. Here we employed targeted transgenesis to analyze the function of miR‐34a in vivo. We generated mice with a constitutive deletion of the miR‐34a gene. These mice were devoid of mir‐34a expression in all analyzed tissues, but were viable and fertile. A comprehensive standardized phenotypic analysis including more than 300 single parameters revealed no apparent phenotype. Analysis of miR‐34a expression in human medulloblastomas and medulloblastoma cell lines revealed significantly lower levels than in normal human cerebellum. Re‐expression of miR‐34a in human medulloblastoma cells reduced cell viability and proliferation, induced apoptosis and downregulated the miR‐34a target genes, MYCN and SIRT1. Activation of the Shh pathway by targeting SmoA1 transgene overexpression causes medulloblastoma in mice, which is dependent on the presence and upregulation of Mycn. Analysis of miR‐34a in medulloblastomas derived from ND2:SmoA1(tg) mice revealed significant suppression of miR‐34a compared to normal cerebellum. Tumor incidence was significantly increased and tumor formation was significantly accelerated in mice transgenic for SmoA1 and lacking miR‐34a. Interestingly, Mycn and Sirt1 were strongly expressed in medulloblastomas derived from these mice. We here demonstrate that miR‐34a is dispensable for normal development, but that its loss accelerates medulloblastomagenesis. Strategies aiming to re‐express miR‐34a in tumors could, therefore, represent an efficient therapeutic option.
Using Transmediation in Elementary Preservice Teacher Education
Authors: Magee Paula A. , Leeth Jane H.
Published: October 2014

In this article, we examine the use of transmediation as a means of reading comprehension across content areas in an elementary teacher education program. The use of transmediation (moving from one sign system to another), coupled with the use of social issue/critical issue texts, supports the idea of connecting with text to develop deeper understandings. A major focus of this study was the collaboration between two courses (reading methods and science methods) with the same group of elementary preservice teachers (interns). The collaboration spanned over six semesters, resulted in over 250 intern artifacts, and supported the use and success of transmediation as a reading experience. Analysis of the artifacts and subsequent findings reveal that given repeated opportunities to engage with critical texts and multiple opportunities to use alternative sign systems to make meaning (transmediation), interns were able to understand and connect to their texts in provocative and meaningful ways.
Tween‐80 and impurity induce anaphylactoid reaction in zebrafish
Authors: Yang Rui , Lao Qiao‐Cong , Yu Hang‐Ping , Zhang Yong , Liu Hong‐Cui , Luan Lin , Sun Hui‐Min , Li Chun‐Qi
Published: October 2014

A number of recent reports suspected that Tween‐80 in injectable medicines, including traditional Chinese medicine injections could cause life‐threatening anaphylactoid reaction, but no sound conclusion was drawn. A drug‐induced anaphylactoid reaction is hard to be assayed in vitro and in conventional animal models. In this study, we developed a microplate‐based quantitative in vivo zebrafish assay for assessing anaphylactoid reaction and live whole zebrafish mast cell tryptase activity was quantitatively measured at a wavelength of 405 nm using N‐benzoyl‐dl‐arginine p‐nitroanilide as a substrate. We assessed 10 batches of Tween‐80 solutions from various national and international suppliers and three Tween‐80 impurities (ethylene glycol, 2‐chloroethanol and hydrogen peroxide) in this model and found that three batches of Tween‐80 (nos 2, 20080709 and 20080616) and one Tween‐80 impurity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), induced anaphylactoid reactions in zebrafish. Furthermore, we found that H2O2 residue and peroxide value were much higher in Tween‐80 samples 2, 20080709 and 20080616. These findings suggest that H2O2 residue in combination with oxidized fatty acid residues (measured as peroxide value) or more likely the oxidized fatty acid residues in Tween‐80 samples, but not Tween‐80 itself, may induce anaphylactoid reaction. High‐throughput zebrafish tryptase assay developed in this report could be used for assessing safety of Tween‐80‐containing injectable medicines and potentially for screening novel mast cell‐modulating drugs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.