bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison the Sedation Effect and Satisfaction of Two Combinations, Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl with Midazolam and Fentanyl, in Patients Undergoing Bronchoscopy
Authors: Kamali Alireza , Sarkhosh Sepideh , Kazemizadeh Hosein
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare sedative effects of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl with midazolam and fentanyl in patients undergoing bronchoscopy.

Methods: This study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial that was performed on 92 patients who referred to Amir al Momenin Hospital in Arak for bronchoscopy and underwent ASA 1 or 2 underlying grading procedure. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl (D) midazolam and fentanyl (M). Primary vital signs including hypertension and arterial oxygen saturation were monitored and recorded. Then all patients were injected with 2 Î¼g / kg fentanyl as a painkiller and after 3 minutes 30 Î¼g dexmedetomidine in syringe with code A and midazolam 3 mg in syringe with code B were injected to patients by an anesthesiologist. Then the two groups were compared in terms of pain at injection, conscious relaxation, satisfaction of operation, recovery time, hypotension and arterial oxygen saturation and drug side effects and data were analyzed by using statistical tests.

Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean age and sex distribution. According to the results of this study, there was no significant difference between the two groups in mean blood pressure (P-value = 0.6) and mean heart rate (P-value = 0.4) at the time of bronchoscopy, but at 5 and 10 minutes after bronchoscopy there was a significant difference, mean blood pressure and heart rate were significantly lower in dexmedetomidine group.

Conclusion: Both dexmedetomidine and midazolam drug groups contributed to the development of stable and sedative hemodynamics and satisfaction in patients undergoing bronchoscopy, however, the dexmedetomidine and fentanyl group showed a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate compared to midazolam and fentanyl and a weaker decrease in arterial oxygen saturation, and patients with bronchoscopy were more satisfied in the dexmedetomidine group.
Air Polishing and CHX Effects in Addition to Subgingival Ultrasonic Instrumentation on Clinical Periodontal Parameters: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Caygur Ayse
Published: January 2021

Objectives:  This study was performed to investigate the efficacy of using glycine powder air-polishing (GPAP) or  antiseptics (CHX) adjunctively to scaling and  root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis.

Methods: In this trial, ninety patients (between 28-80 years old) who had at least three teeth with 3 to 7- mm periodontal pockets, were Ä±ncluded from the Department of Periodontology. The patients were divided into three groups randomly. In the control group ultrasonic instrumentation was performed with distilled water and hand instrumentation, in the CHX group ultrasonic instrumentation was performed with CHX and hand instrumentation, in the GPAP group in addition to SRP with ultrasonic performed with distilled water and hand instrumentation, GPAP was performed for 10â€‰seconds per periodontal pocket using a Perio-Flow device.  All treatments were performed in one session. 

Resuls: The scores of  plaque index(PI),gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachement level (CAL) were decreased in all groups after 1 month and the results were statistically significant in intergoup comparisions. PI and CAL scores were statistically significant in intragroup comparisions in GPAP group. Altough GI, PD and BOP scores were lower in the GPAP group than CHX and control group, the differences after 1 month were not statistically significant. 

Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it was seen that SRP was effective alone in the treatment of periodontitis. However, using a CHX with ultrasonic devices has little beneficial effects on periodontal parameters when compared with control and GPAP groups. GPAP groups was found more effectively in PI and CAL scores.
Pertumbuhan Aspergillus sp Pada Media Limbah Cair Tempe Dan Air Kelapa
Authors: Thaha Abdul Rahim , Damayanti Damayanti , Asrul Asrul , Umrah Umrah
Published: January 2021

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji pertumbuhan fungi pada media limbah cair tempe (TLW) dan limbah air kelapa (CW) telah dilakukan di unit laboratorium bioteknologi, departemen biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Alam Universitas Tadulako. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pertumbuhan Aspergillus sp pada media limbah cair tempe dan air kelapa di laboratorium. Dirancang dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), jika Uji F nyata, nilai tengah perlakuan diuji dengan uji jarak berganda Duncan (DMRT). Data dianalisis dengan analisis monovariat dengan program excel 2018. Terdiri dari enam perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan-perlakuan tersebut meliputi perlakuan media P1 (100% TLW, tanpa CW), P2 (80% TLW+20%), P3 (60% TLW+ 40% CW), P4 (40% TLW+60% CW), P5 (20% TLW + 80% CW) dan P6 (100% CW, tanpa TLW). Parameter pengamatan adalah pH, jumlah koloni, biomassa basah dan kering. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Aspergillus sp dapat tumbuh baik pada semua perlakuan media, namun perlakuan terbaik adalah P2 (80% TLW+ 20% CW) dengan jumlah koloni 19 x 1010 CFU/ml, pH 6,2 , biomassa basah 9,57 g dan biomassa kering 3,87 g.
Penentuan Zona Agroklimatologi Untuk Kesesuaian Lahan Pertanaman Padi Di Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una
Authors: Syakur Abdul , Rustam Rustam , Jusriadi Jusriadi , Badjeber Sakila U
Published: January 2021

Tujuan yang ingin dicapai pada penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penentuan zona agroklimatologi untuk kesesuaian lahan pertanaman padi di Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una. Kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Juli sampai November 2019 di Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah dengan menggunakan metode sistem klasifikasi Oldeman. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penentuan zona agroklimatologi untuk kesesuaian lahan pertanaman padi di wilayah Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una menunjukkan bahwa Desa Kabalo sesuai untuk pertanaman padi. Desa Tayawa dan Desa Uetoli Ampana Tete hanya mungkin satu kali padi dan satu kali palawija. Sedangkan Desa Cempaka Ulubongka dan Ampana Kota hanya dapat satu kali palawija.
Virtually Delivered Eating Disorder Treatment using an Enhanced Multidisciplinary Care Team: A Case Study
Authors: Hellner Megan , Kolander Samuel , Bohon Cara , Parks Erin
Published: January 2021

Family-based treatment, the recommended treatment for adolescents and
young adults with eating disorders, it is often not accessible for
families. The aim of this case report is to describe outcomes of two
patients treated virtually with an augmented team approach to provide
preliminary evidence of feasibility and efficacy.
SR17018 stimulates atypical µ-opioid receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
Authors: Fritzwanker Sebastian , Schulz Stefan , Kliewer Andrea
Published: January 2021

Abstract Background and Purpose Opioid-associated overdoses and deaths
due to respiratory depression are a major public health problem in the
US and other western countries. During the last decade much research
effort has been directed towards the development of G protein-biased
µ-opioid receptor (MOP) agonists as a possible means to circumvent this
problem. The bias hypothesis proposes that G protein signalling mediates
analgesia whereas ß-arrestin signalling mediates respiratory depression.
SR-17018 was initially reported as a highly biased µ-opioid with an
extremely wide therapeutic window. Later it was shown that SR-17018 can
also reverse morphine tolerance and prevent withdrawal by a hitherto
unknown mechanism of action. Experimental Approach Here, we examined the
temporal dynamics of SR-17018-induced MOP phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation. Key Results Exposure of MOP to saturating
concentrations of SR-17018 for extended periods of time stimulated a MOP
phosphorylation pattern that was indistinguishable from that induced by
the full agonist DAMGO. Unlike DAMGO-induced MOP phosphorylation, which
is reversible within minutes after agonist washout, SR-17018-induced MOP
phosphorylation persisted for hours under otherwise identical
conditions. Such a delayed MOP dephosphorylation kinetics was also found
for the partial agonist buprenorphine. However unlike our observations
for buprenorphine, SR-17018-induced MOP phosphorylation was fully
reversible when naloxone was included in the washout solution.
Conclusion and Implications SR-17018 exhibits a qualitative and temporal
MOP phosphorylation profile that is strikingly different from any other
known biased, partial or full MOP agonist. We conclude that detailed
phosphorylation analysis may provide novel insights into previously
unappreciated pharmacological properties of newly synthesized MOP
ligands.
Adalimumab-induced platelet antibodies resulting in severe thrombocytopenia
Authors: Boiten Henk-Jan , Amini Sufia , Wolfhagen Frank , Westerweel Peter
Published: January 2021

Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) agents are effective in diseases
including Crohn’s disease (CD) but may cause cytopenias. The mechanisms
involved in anti-TNFα agents induced thrombocytopenia are scarce. We
report a 73-year-old male with Crohn’s disease for which he currently
used adalimumab, an anti-TNFα agent. He had received mesalazine and
infliximab before the treatment of adalimumab. No comorbidities were
present. Routine laboratory tests revealed a deep thrombocytopenia
(thrombocytes 24x10*9/L) after which adalimumab was discontinued.
Bleeding symptoms included cutaneous hematomas and mild epistaxis.
Direct monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigens
(MAIPA assay) revealed autoantibodies specific to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
(GPIIb/IIIa) and glycoprotein V (GPV) platelet receptors. There was no
bone marrow suppression. Other causes of the thrombocytopenia were ruled
out. The platelet count normalized after adalimumab discontinuation. No
further interventions were required. Monitoring thrombocyte levels after
initiating anti-TNFα agents is recommended, which could lead to
prevention of this potential fatal phenomenon.
Identification of collective particle motion in a rotating drum using a graph community detection algorithm
Authors: Navakas Robertas , Džiugys Algis , Misiulis Edgaras , Skarbalius Gediminas
Published: January 2021

We present the method for detection of particle groups involved in
collective motion based on network analysis. Knowing the positions and
velocities of individual particles, a “velocity similarity graph’‘ is
built, where the graph vertices represent the particles. The vertex
pairs are connected by the edge if the distance between the respective
particles is small enough. The edge weight is calculated to be inversely
proportional to the difference in the respective particle velocities,
i.e., the vertex pairs representing nearby particles having similar
velocities are connected by edges of larger weight. If a group of
particles moves in a coordinated matter, the particles in this group
will have similar velocities, therefore, the corresponding vertices in
the graph will be connected by edges of larger weight in the
representing graph. Having produced the velocity similarity graph,
identification of particle groups becomes equivalent to the problem of
“community detection” in graph analysis. The algorithms and techniques
developed for community detection in graphs can be thereby applied for
identification of particle groups involved in coordinated motion in
granular matter. We illustrate this approach by an example of granular
media filled in a rotating cylinder.
Hiring Auditors with a Part II Quality Control Report: An Opportunity for Increased Earnings Management or Lower Audit Fees?
Authors: Eutsler Jared , Holderness D. Kip , Jones Megan M.
Published: January 2021

The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's (PCAOB) Part II inspection reports, which disclose systemic quality control issues that auditors fail to remediate, signal poor audit quality for triennially inspected audit firms. Auditors that receive a Part II inspection report typically experience a decrease in clients, which demonstrates a general demand for audit quality. However, some companies hire auditors that receive Part II inspection reports. We examine potential reasons for hiring these audit firms. We find that relative to companies that switch to auditors without Part II reports, companies that switch to auditors with Part II reports have higher discretionary accruals in the first fiscal year after the switch, which indicates lower audit quality and a heightened risk for future fraud. We find no difference in audit fees. Our results suggest that PCAOB Part II inspection reports may signal low-quality auditors to companies that desire low-quality audits.

Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.
Glucose Control
Authors: Graham Timothy P. , Marks Erich N. , Sebranek Joshua J. , Coursin Douglas B.
Published: January 2021

Patients with diabetes mellitus routinely require management in the adult intensive care unit (ICU). These patients have increased morbidity, mortality, hospital length of stay, cost of care, and frequency of hospital and ICU admission. Glucose control in these patients presents challenges for the clinician. In the critically ill, hyperglycemia does not occur exclusively in patients with diabetes or prediabetes but may be related to stress-induced hyperglycemia or iatrogenic causes. Hyperglycemia can contribute to decreased wound healing and immune function and a host of cellular and molecular dysfunctions and has been linked to increased hospital mortality. Hypoglycemia in the ICU is associated with patients with preexisting diabetes, those receiving insulin and other medications, and septic individuals, among others. Insulin therapy is the mainstay of glucose management in the critically ill. ICU practitioners should be aware that point-of-care glucose meters are not as accurate as core laboratory results. Finally, both hypoglycemia and wide fluctuations in blood glucose during critical illness are also associated with increased mortality, although clear cause-and-effect relationships have not been established.
This review contains 1 figure, 8 tables, and 71 references.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, glucose measurement, glucose targets, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, insulin
Appendiceal Neoplasm
Authors: Samdani Tushar , Nash Garrett M.
Published: January 2021

Appendiceal neoplasms are rare and are typically found in the setting of metastatic disease or, less commonly, as an incidental finding in an appendectomy specimen in cases of appendicitis or an unrelated condition. The World Health Organization classifies appendiceal neoplasms as benign or malignant. The management of the mucinous variety of appendiceal neoplasms is influenced by the presence of peritoneal involvement. Selected patients with metastatic appendiceal neoplasms are treated with surgical cytoreduction and intraperitoneal chemotherapy and/or systemic chemotherapy. Nonmetastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoma is typically managed with staging right colectomy and adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy based on colon cancer guidelines. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) constitute 50 to 77% of all appendiceal neoplasms and 19% of all gastrointestinal NETs. Right hemicolectomy is indicated if the size of the NET is more than 2 cm, the base of the appendix is involved, it is a high-grade tumor, or the depth of invasion of the mesoappendix is more than 3 mm.
This review contains 7 figures, 9 tables and 37 references
Key Words: appendiceal adenocarcinoma, appendiceal adenoma, appendiceal neoplasm, diffuse peritoneal adenomucinosis, Goblet cell carcinoid of appendix, low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm, mucocele of appendix, neuroendocrine tumor of appendix, peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis (PMCA), pseudomyxoma peritonei
Permanent Contraception
Authors: Nippita Siripanth
Published: January 2021

For individuals who no longer desire fertility, permanent contraception options such as interrupting the vas deferens or fallopian tubes or occluding/removing the fallopian tubes are safe and effective. Clinicians should carefully counsel patients that these methods are not intended to be reversible and that they do have a small but quantifiable failure rate. Depending on personal preferences and medical comorbidities, individuals may choose to undergo procedures at or near the time of delivery or at a time remote from childbirth. We provide an overview of these different approaches as well as suggested guidelines for patient counseling.
This review contains 10 figures, 2 tables and 42 references
Key words: counseling, Essure, hysteroscopy, interval, laparoscopy, micro-inserts, permanent contraception, postpartum, salpingectomy, sterilization
Operative Vaginal Delivery
Authors: Cigna Sarah T , Keller Jennifer Mendillo , Gaba Nancy
Published: January 2021

The history of operative vaginal delivery dates back to 1500 B.C. In modern practice, the use of obstetrical forceps to achieve a vaginal delivery has been steadily declining. However, there has been a movement to revive this skill as a means for avoiding a cesarean delivery. Although the use of forceps and vacuum devices to assist in vaginal delivery can be extremely helpful in expediting delivery in emergency and other indicated situations, there are potentially serious complications for both the mother and fetus that must be addressed during the informed consent process. The operator must also be well versed in forceps and vacuum technique to prevent these complications from occurring. This involves training during residency and afterward to teach and practice skills. Appropriate candidate selection and proper technique for forceps and vacuum deliveries are crucial for optimizing safety for the patients while providing an alternative to a cesarean delivery. 
This review contains 12 figures, 7 tables and 36 references
Keywords: forceps, vacuum, operative delivery, history of, complications, technique, tutorial
Patient with Chronic Pelvic Pain from Endometriosis
Authors: Cheng Jianguo , Cho Yoon-Jeong
Published: January 2021

Endometriosis, a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, accounts for about one third of the cases of chronic pelvic pain in women. Pain in endometriosis may be due to nociceptive, inflammatory, and/or neu­ropathic mechanisms. The clinical presentation is often variable between patients, and diagnostic laparoscopy for visualization and biopsy of lesions is the gold standard for diagnosis. The treatment may consist of two elements: chronic pelvic pain itself as a diagnosis and endometriosis as a disease. Hormonal therapy is used to reduce the amount of estrogen and hence reduce symptoms such as pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. In patients with severe endometriosis, surgical removal of lesions, adhesions, and cysts and restoration of pelvic anatomy may be preferred. Both hormonal and surgical treatments have been shown to be effective in decreasing pain symptoms associated with endometriosis. A variety of analgesics, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, tricyclic antidepressants, dual reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine, and antiepileptic drugs, have been used to ameliorate pain in endometriosis, with varying degrees of success. In patients with persistent symptoms, interventional pain management procedures may be performed to target the visceral and somatic organs and their innervations. Infertility is the most common complication of endometriosis. Between 10 and 20% of women with endometriosis have recurrence of the disease regardless of the treatment they receive. The recurrence of pain may be due to remodeling of the central nervous system, the role of the reproductive tract in reactivating pain, and incomplete removal or recurrence of lesions.
This review contains 2 tables and 52 references 
Key words: chronic abdominal pain, chronic pelvic pain, dyschezia, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, endometrioma, endometriosis, hormonal therapy, infertility, retrograde menstruation, visceral pain
"Child Witches": Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Homeless Girls in South-Southern Nigeria
Authors:   University of Huddersfield, UK, Agazue Chima
Published: January 2021

Sexual exploitation and abuse of girls is one of the endemic social problems in Nigeria. Although this problem has attracted much research attention in recent times, some newly emerged factors contributing to the problem have been mostly ignored. This study explored how the abandonment of children following their stigmatization as witches contributes to sexual exploitation and abuse of the girls in the Akwa Ibom and Cross River states of Nigeria. The study was based on the qualitative research paradigm. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews of three senior staff members of the Child’s Rights and Rehabilitation Network (CRARN)—a children’s charity that manages a shelter for children abandoned as witches. Thematic analysis was conducted and five principal themes were developed from the data, which are (1) vulnerable to statutory rape; (2) living with sexual addiction; (3) targeted for human trafficking; (4) vulnerable to infections and pregnancy; and (5) exposed to intergenerational abuse. Theme (1) is concerned with how the girls are frequently raped by different groups of men due to the girls’ presence on the street. Theme (2) shows how the girls struggle with sexual addiction following frequent exposure to sexual activities since the early years of their lives. Theme (3) details how human traffickers target the girls for the sex trade, labor and other purposes. Theme (4) shows how the girls struggle with sexually transmitted infections and sometimes, pregnancy. Theme (5) details how the stigmatization and the consequent abuse of the stigmatized girls on the street also extend to their children, who are automatically regarded as the children of witches. Recommendations were made on how to address this social problem.
O ENSINO DO VALOR DO DINHEIRO NO TEMPO POR MEIO DE ATIVIDADES
Authors: Alves Sobreira André , Carvalho Pereira Ducival , Franco de Sá Pedro
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar informações pertinentes aos resultados da aplicação de uma atividade para trabalhar a noção de valor do dinheiro no tempo. Participaram da parte experimental 21 estudantes do 3º ano do ensino médio de uma escola pública, localizada em Aurora do Pará. A análise das questões resolvidas pelos estudantes, bem como as conclusões apresentadas, no momento dos registros, nos revelou que os mesmos, após a atividade, demonstraram entendimento do conceito do valor do dinheiro no tempo. O experimento didático nos permitiu perceber o quanto é importante que possamos trabalhar com metodologias diferenciadas nas aulas de Matemática, uma vez que assim, os estudantes conseguiram assimilar os conceitos apresentados.
The Effect of Using Cement Kiln Dust as a Partial Replacement of Cement on The Mechanical Properties of Concrete: Review and Modelling
Authors: Faraj Nawdar Sabir , Hassun Mahdi Osman
Published: January 2021

There have been many efforts in reusing Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), a by-product of cement manufacturing, in various areas of civil works. These efforts have been made due to the necessity of the material for proper disposal, because of its very fine texture and the fact that if not handled properly, it will be harmful to human health and the environment. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of incorporating CKD in concrete as an approach of reusing it. In the current study, the effect of using cement kiln dust on the mechanical properties of concrete as a partial replacement of cement was reviewed. The investigated mechanical properties were compressive strength for the curing ages of 7 and 28 days and tensile and flexural strengths, modulus of elasticity, and water absorption for the curing age of 28 days. It was concluded that replacing cement with CKD leads to detrimental effects on all mechanical properties of concrete. There were sufficient amount of data to establish correlations between the amount of cement replacement with CKD, and its effect on all mechanical properties of concrete except for water absorption. Regression analyses were performed and model equations with acceptably high R2s were prepared. The optimal CKD content regarding all mechanical properties was concluded to be 10% by the cement weight, at which 7 and 28 days compressive strengths, 28 days tensile and flexural strengths, and elastic modulus decreased by amounts of 11%, 12%, 8%, 9%, and 8% respectively.
Exploration of Cosmetic Factors Contributing to Rhinoplasty among Both Genders in Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Amin Kamali Aram Salih Mohammed , Hassan Rostam Hedi , Khdir Awat Alla , Aula Mina Omer
Published: January 2021

The most outstanding feature of face is the nose which is in furthering than any other feature to facial characteristics. Furthermore, the appealing aspects of the nose is an essential olfactory organ. Over and beyond the aesthetic and functional aspects the client's reaction to his/her own nose as well as the reaction of the people around to it impacts to the psychic characteristics. A non-probability purposive sample of this cross - sectional descriptive study was consisted of 100 young male and female in Kurdish ethnicity, their ages ranged between 21-25 years. The main objective of the study is conducted to assess the cosmetic factors, contribute to Rhinoplasty among both genders at Raparin District. The data collecting period were during the (December 15th, 2019 to January 5th, 2020). A self-administration questionnaire was used for data collection and it was designed according guidelines, literatures, and articles concerning Rhinoplasty; which consisted of 26 variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23. The study results revealed that most of participants (67%) were female when only (17%) of them were married, however, more than half (67%) were students. Whenever, they about (56%) were barely sufficient in their monthly income. Moreover, about (61%) of participants interested to surgically alter the appearance of their nose, closely two-third (74%) of participants wanted to surgically change the function of their nose. Therefore, almost (87%) of participant relatives have been operated with Rhinoplasty. Also, the study demonstrated there is a statistically significant relationship between cosmetic factors contributing to Rhinoplasty with age (p=0.035) and occupation (p=0.037). When, there were strongly statistically significant association between cosmetic un-functional factors contributing to Rhinoplasty with level of education (p=0.003). The study recommended to plastic surgeons evaluate patients carefully before Rhinoplasty surgery to get rid of unnecessary surgeries because there are lots of complications related to Rhinoplasty and the psychological needs of the patients who undergo Rhinoplasty should be considered.
Outcome of Excision with Primary Midline Closure for Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease
Authors: Waso Hamad Bahzad
Published: January 2021

Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal sinus disease is common chronic inflammatory disease affecting chiefly young adult male . It cause much discomfort and morbidity and affect negatively the quality of life of patients. There are various techniques of surgical treatment for the chronic sinuses but still there is no gold standard one. The aim of this study to report our experience with excision and midline closure technique of chronic Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal sinus disease and to identify the outcome of the procedure for postoperative wound complications and recurrence rate. This is a retrospective study with telephone contact and review of 36 patients operated for Sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease from January 2011 through January 2016 under care of one consultant surgeon (the Author) in Public and Private Hospitals in Rania, Sulaimani, Iraq. Inclusion criteria was all patients with chronic midline located sinuses without evidence of acute inflammation. Exclusion criteria was all infected ,off midline located sinuses and recurrent sinuses. Elliptical Excision of the sinuses with primary midline closure over a vacuum drainage performed. End point of this study was rate of wound complications and recurrence of sinus. Thirty six patients with median age 22 years (range 14-40) with 24/12 male /female ratio. Median follow up was 24 months (12 - 66 months), the recurrence occurred in 3/36 ( 8.3%) patients at a median of 12 months (range 5 - 48), failure of treatment in 5/36 (13.9%) patients, and postoperative wound complications was seen in 5/36 ( 13.9%) patients. In the conclusion, excision and primary midline closure is simple, effective and preferable procedure for management of uncomplicated Sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease associated with early wound healing and low rate of postoperative wound complications and recurrence rate.
Determination of Ketotifen Fumarate in Syrup Dosage Form by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Ali Salih Mohammed , Fattah Aziz Dlivan , Ibrahim Ali Salar
Published: January 2021

The goal of the current study was to establish and authenticate an isocratic reverse-stage High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for quantifying ketotifen fumarate (KF) in pharmaceutical liquid dosage compositions. Easy, quick, accurate, exact, and accurate reverse-stage high-performance liquid chromatography was advanced for the simultaneous assessment of ketotifen fumarate in the liquid syrup dosage type. The HPLC system using isocratic elution method with reverse-phase Inertsil ODS-(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 ?m) column was detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 297 nm with no interference from widely using excipients, the mobile phase (A) is a mixture of triethylamine and water (175 ?l in 500 ml of water), and the mobile phase (B) is a mixture of triethylamine and methanol (175 ?l in 500 ml of methanol) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min (mobile phase A 40 %:mobile phase B 60%) at column temperature using 40 ° C, the retention time for ketotifen fumarate was 6.4±0.5 min. The concentration curves were linear in the range of 10.0 to 35.0 ?g / ml (R2 = 0.9999). The developed method was tested for the specificity, precision, linearity, precision, reliability, robustness, and consistency of the solution. The regeneration of ketotifen fumarate in formulations was found to be 99.75 %, 99.91 %, and 100.05 % respectively. The percent RSD for percent recovery was found to be 0.21 and 0.17 and 0.10 for ketotifen fumarate. In the conclusion, the suggested technique was successfully used for the quantitative determination of ketotifen fumarate in formulations.
Sero-epidemiological Study of Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women in Akre City
Authors: Shukri Saadi Hogir Mohammed , Jumaa Ahmed Ahmed
Published: January 2021

Recently has been observed globally that toxoplasmosis disease was caused by Toxoplasma gondii and generally its asymptomatic infection in people except pregnant women. Many previous studies were suggested this pathogen transmits by ingesting of undercooked or raw meat contaminated with the oocytes of this parasite. The study aimed to show the seroreactivity of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among pregnant women and to evaluate association of studied risk factors with infected cases. ELISA technique used for detection of anti-toxoplasma specific IgG and IgM antibodies. A biography form interview for participant was performed to estimate between the risk factors and  toxoplasmosis. The present study was carried out from the beginning of October 2018 to the end of March 2019 and included 90 pregnant women visited Akre general hospital. Out of 90 tested samples, 49 (54.46%) and 4 (4.44%) were positive for IgG and IgM respectively. According to residency factor, pregnant women from villages had higher percentages of IgG (57.14%) and IgM (4.08%) than those lived in the city which were recorded 0% and 48.48%of IgM and IgG respectively. A high percentage of IgG (65.64%) and IgM (7.27%) were found among pregnant women with history of miscarriage. Seropositivity for both IgG (61.90 %) and IgM (9.52%) was higher among pregnant women who had cats compared to those without cat. Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG was 9.67% and 54.83% among population who had undercooked meat, while 1.69% and 59.23% were positive for IgM and IgG respectively, in those well cooked meat meal. Highest positive percentage of IgG (77.77%) was recorded at ages 40-50 years while the lowest rate was (40%) at ages <20 year. Through a seropositive reaction was found that age groups as a possible risk factor by ELISA IgG in which risk increased by rising of age categories. Significant correlation was detected between consumption of undercooked meat and cases positive for IgM. It revealed the association between third trimester and cases with positive IgM. In the conclusion, toxoplasmosis is widespread in the area which requires raising awareness among pregnant women to decrease T. gondii infection and subsequently minimize possibilities of congenital transmission.
Paradigma Kualitatif sebagai Landasan Berpikir Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan
Authors: Pratama Febri Fajar , Mutia Dhian
Published: January 2021

This article is a study that discusses and examines the concept of qualitative research paradigms in the realm of Citizenship Education science which has been dominated by the tradition of positivistic. The conception of truth which is the subject of a paradigm is reviewed through the perspective of the philosophy of science, from the ontological, epistemological and axiological point of view using the method of literature review. Citizenship Education as a scientific discipline that studies humans as material for study today is still much influenced by positivistic traditions that are identical with numbers and statistics. Citizenship Education experiences an epistemological crisis in terms of theory, but in essence, Citizenship Education aims to create good citizens, so that the need for theory as a result of the tradition of paradigmatic thinking which emphasize qualitative approach is very crucial.---------------------- Artikel ini merupakan studi untuk memahami dan mengkaji konsep paradigma penelitian kualitatif dalam ranah keilmuan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan yang selama ini didominasi oleh tradisi positivistik. Konsepsi mengenai kebenaran yang menjadi bahasan paradigma ditinjau melalui sudut pandang filosofis ilmu pengetahuan, yakni dari segi ontologis, epistimologis dan aksiologis dengan menggunakan metode studi literatur. Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari manusia sebagai bahan kajiannya saat ini masih banyak dipengaruhi tradisi positivistik yang identik dengan angka dan statistika. Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan mengalami krisis epistimologis dalam segi teori, padahal hakikatnya, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan bertujuan untuk terwujudnya warga negara yang baik, sehingga kebutuhan teori sebagai hasil dari tradisi berpikir paradigmatik yang menekankan pendekatan kualitatif sangat krusial.
Differences and Similarities between Coaching, Instructional and Educational Leadership Styles
Authors: Daučianskaitė Agnė , Žydžiūnaitė Vilma
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Leadership is part of the educational process, nevertheless, it has not been fully surveyed. Successful teaching and good results usually depend on an educator, as well as on the way s/he organizes the educational process. There are a lot of various educators who organize the educational process in a different way. As a result of that, three prevailing leadership styles appear - coaching, instructional and educational. In the scientific literature, it is possible to find a huge amount of information about these three styles, however, little research has been carried on the comparison of differences and similarities between them. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to derive and compare parameters (criteria) in leadership, distinguishing and summarizing their differences and similarities in tables.

Purpose:
The purpose of the paper is to compare the particular leadership styles according to formulated original parameters (criteria).

Methods:
In the paper, the method of a comparative literature review is applied.

Conclusion:
Comparing leadership styles, coaching leadership is focused on helping the learner and the improvement of the educational process; instructional leadership aims for effective and academic teaching when the educator is the leader; while educational leadership is focused on distributing education when the teacher, student and school environment are involved in the educational process.
Identification of Key Management Graduate Profile in the Context of Industry 4.0
Authors: Gugová Gabriela Rozvadský , Barnová Silvia
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
From the aspect of the success of an organization and its competitiveness in the market, human capital has a crucial role to play. Therefore, universities should offer their students study programs corresponding with the needs of the labour market and to adjust their graduate profiles to the current requirements.

Purpose:
The authors of the paper present a project carried out by DTI University in Dubnica nad Váhom, Slovakia. The aim of the project is to design a functioning model which could help update the management graduate profile in the context of Industry 4.0. The focus is on the theoretical background of the project and the research tools applied especially at its first stage.

Methods:
At the first stage of the project, a research on the key factors will be carried out. At the second stage, based on the obtained results, key aspects of the management graduate profile will be formulated and subsequently, a model having the potential to synchronize expectations, opportunities and finances will be designed and verified.

Conclusion:
Based on the results, changes in the management study programme with the ambition to be implemented in the marketing strategies of both private and public universities will be suggested.
Structured, Analytical and Critical Thinking in the Educational Process of Future Teachers
Authors: Beňo Pavel , Havan Patrik , Šprinková Sandra
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
In this article, we want to point out what kind of pedagogical and didactic change is being recorded in Slovakia’s education system and we will point out where it could go and develop to achieve positive results. This article is one of the upcoming outputs in the form of paper and study on the provision of structured, analytical and critical thinking (SAC). In the article, it is shown how the situation has changed and how we perceive the attitude of students during the educational process. Next, it is described current problems and inadequacies in the educational process and define how to use a change of thinking to increase motivation and improve access to knowledge.

Purpose:
In general, there is a consensus that it is important for teachers to be able to guide their students to problem-solving skills (Aktaş & Ünlü, 2013). It is pointed out that, with the right educational tools, such skills can be stimulated, developed and improved (Jordaan & Jordaan, 2005). This article is designed for all levels of education, but we are mostly concerned with educating future educators.

Methods:
In this paper, there are described methods that can help to improve the quality of thinking of students and thus increase the level of thinking of the whole society. This article take inspiration from important historical personalities as well as relevant current personalities in their professions. Critical, analytical and creative thinking, also based on logical and structured thinking, is our main method of our educational process.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, it is pointed out the need to develop SAC as a whole. It is important for the general publica to have better skills in SAC, for example, from the point of view of cognitive mistakes in experts, in the field of political literacy, recognition of misinformation and a better general awareness of rational thinking. As can be seen, SAC is not only about education, but it also closely affects society as a whole. It can thus influence the operation of the company, prevent the development of the first-class solutions offered and raise the whole company to a higher level.
General Education Policy in Minority Schools in Georgia
Authors: Momtselidze Giorgi
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
The historical conditions that have developed over the centuries, as well as the migration processes of the 19th and 20th centuries, have determined the multi-ethnic composition of the country’s population. Georgia, as a post-Soviet country, has been transitioning from totalitarianism to democracy for the last few years. The country is in the process of developing into an open, civil society; the modern concept of human-free development, the new principles and values of a civil society and the priorities of public consent placed the problem of ensuring the creation of tolerance in the foreground. Therefore, it is important to define the place and role of national minorities in modern social life.

The aim of the article is to determine the problems of non-Georgian general education schools in the educational space of Georgia and develop the necessary recommendations for the solution of these problems.

The object of the study is non-Georgian-language public schools in the territory of Georgia, where the teaching and learning processes of the representatives of national minorities is underway.

Purpose:
The study will discuss the current situation in non-Georgian language general education schools. We will present the recommendations that we think will have a positive impact on the development of non-Georgian language educational institutions in the current education reform.

Methods:
The article examines the situation in the state regarding the issue of general education of national minorities, international experiences, problems and the means of solving them. Through surveys, in-depth interviews, focus group, data collection, organisation, analysis and synthesis, attention was paid to three problematic issues. These were as follows: 1. low motivation of the students in non-Georgian language schools; 2. low level of knowledge of the state language among the students; 3. textbook availability in non-Georgian language schools of Georgia.

Conclusion:
A content analysis was used to draw common conclusions. From the in-depth study of the materials, specific recommendations have been made regarding the effectiveness. The policies that were implemented in relation to the national goals of general education in national minorities are less result-oriented and need to be improved.
Nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max L.) as influenced by phosphorus fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation
Authors: Soretire Adeniyi Adebowale , Adeyemi Nurudeen Olatunbosun , Atayese Muftau Olaoye , Sakariyawo Olalekan Suleiman , Adewunmi Ademola
Published: January 2021

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be used to promote the productivity of legumes on phosphorus- (P) deficient soils. The present study investigates the inoculation effects of three AMF species (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and the control (uninoculated) on nitrogen fixation efficiency and growth performance of tropical soybean cultivar (TGx1448-2E) under varying P fertilizer rates (0, 20, and 40 kg P2O5 ha−1) in a derived savannah of Nigeria. The results showed that shoot and root dry matter, number of nodules, relative ureide abundance (RUA), nitrogen derived from atmosphere (Ndfa), total N fixed, shoot P uptake, grain, and biomass yield significantly increased with AMF inoculation, with better performance observed in plants inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae compared to Claroideoglomus etunicatum. Similarly, the soybean growth variables, P uptake, and nitrogen fixation activities increased with increasing P application rates. Conversely, AMF root colonization significantly reduced with increasing P rate. Interaction of AMF inoculation and P rates significantly influenced soybean growth and nitrogen fixation. R. intraradices inoculation with 20 kg P2O5 ha−1 resulted in the highest amount of RUA, Ndfa, N fixed, and grain yield. It could be concluded from this study that R. intraradices with moderate P rate could be used to enhance nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and soybean yield in P-deficient soils.
Genetic variation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using seed protein markers
Authors: Ayelign Henok , Shiferaw Eleni , Hailu Faris
Published: January 2021

The genetic diversity of common bean accessions were assessed using seed storage protein markers. At regional level, accessions from the two major growing regions showed the highest level of gene diversity (H = 0.322, I = 0.485, and H = 0.312, I = 0.473), which can be exploited for the future improvement of the crop. Based on phaseolin, the major storage protein in common bean, the majority of the accessions (86%) were grouped under Mesoamerican gene pool. Seed proteins were also used to differentiate various Phaseolus species, indicating the usefulness of seed storage proteins in species identification in this genus.
A Short History of India’s Economy: Pre- and Post-Independence Period
Authors: Shrotryia Vijay Kumar , Singh Shashank Vikram Pratap
Published: January 2021

India is one of the most populated countries in the world and was famously known as the golden bird. It was known for its rich cultural heritage and some of the world’s most significant educational institutions. Over the countless decades and centuries, the invaders exploited the resources for their advantage. At the decline of the independence in 1947, it was left backward with one of the poorest economies of the world of that time. The richness of erstwhile India, the status of the golden bird, the sacred intellectual space that India occupied has only textual value for the present generation. Through this academic paper, an attempt has been made to address the following questions: what was the state of the economy of India during the pre- and post-independence period, how has India transformed herself from one of the most impoverished economies in 1947 to currently the third-largest economy in the world, and how is the current economic and non-economic status of India.