bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
pH‐Directed Synthesis of Two Luminescent Zinc(II) Coordination Compounds based on 5‐Aminotetrazole‐1‐propanoic Acid
Authors: Guo Meng Yue , Sun Peng Peng , Guan Weng Yue , Liu Zhong Jie , Wang Yun , Hu Xue Dan , Yang Gao Wen , Li Qiao Yun
Published: August 2016

Two ZnII‐tetrazole‐carboxylate coordination compounds are reported, mononuclear [Zn(atzpa)2(H2O)4]·2H2O (1) and one‐dimensional [Zn(atzpa)2(H2O)2]n (2), derived from 5‐aminotetrazole‐1‐propanoic acid (Hatzpa). The structures of both compounds are determined by the pH value of the reaction system. The luminescence properties of Hatzpa and the compounds were investigated at room temperature in the solid state. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric‐differential thermogravimetric (TG‐DTG) analyses were applied to evaluate the thermal decomposition behavior of such compounds. The relevant thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) of the decompostion process of compound 1 were calculated, as well.
Pornography Use and Religious Bonding among Heterosexually Married Americans: A Longitudinal Examination
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: August 2016

Research suggests that frequent pornography use holds consequences both for the marital experiences of devoutly-religious Americans and religious commitment itself. Extending this line of research, this study considers how pornography viewing influences the religious bonding of heterosexually married Americans by affecting the frequency with which they pray with their spouses. Longitudinal data are taken from two waves of the nationally representative Portraits of American Life Study. Multivariate findings show the net effect of earlier porn viewing on the frequency with which married Americans pray with their spouses is curvilinear. Married Americans who never viewed pornography report praying with their spouses more often than the average; those who used pornography at moderate levels report praying with their spouses below the average; and a small minority of respondents who used pornography at the highest frequencies report praying with their spouses more than the average. These effects are robust to controls for respondents’ religious characteristics, moral beliefs about pornography, marital happiness, and sociodemographic factors. The study concludes by outlining the limitations and implications of these findings for research on religion, pornography use, and families.
Validation of Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA, Alternate French Versions
Authors: Nasreddine Ziad Samir , Patel Bhavini Bhovan
Published: August 2016

Objective background: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a questionnaire that has been developed to help physicians around the world diagnose a patient’s cognitive ability. Available in multiple languages and for use in multiple countries worldwide, the goal of this study was to validate the alternate versions 2 and 3 of the French MoCA test to assist physicians in the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), while decreasing the learning effect upon frequent testing. Methods: A validation study was conducted at the MoCA Clinic and Institute in Québec, Canada. The subject population consisted of 25 patients diagnosed with MCI meeting Petersen criteria and 25 healthy subjects serving as the normal control (NC) group. Three MoCA test versions were administered in the French language in random order within one session. Scores obtained in all three versions in MCI and NC groups were assessed for reliability and consistency from one version to the next. Results: On average, scores obtained in each subject group (MCI and NC) fell within their corresponding diagnostic ranges (score above 26 points for NC patients versus scores below 26 points for MCI patients). Difference in scores observed between the original French MoCA version and the two alternate versions in each subject cohort were minimal and not considered clinically significant. Conclusions: All three test versions of the French MoCA are considered equivalent in diagnostic reliability and consistency and contribute to decreasing the potential learning effect when patients are required to repeat the test frequently.
ENGEL RELATIONS IN 4-MANIFOLD TOPOLOGY
Authors: FREEDMAN MICHAEL , KRUSHKAL VYACHESLAV
Published: August 2016

We give two applications of the 2-Engel relation, classically studied in finite and Lie groups, to the 4-dimensional (4D) topological surgery conjecture. The A–B slice problem, a reformulation of the surgery conjecture for free groups, is shown to admit a homotopy solution. We also exhibit a new collection of universal surgery problems, defined using ramifications of homotopically trivial links. More generally we show how $n$-Engel relations arise from higher-order double points of surfaces in 4-space.
The potential of low-intensity and online interventions for depression in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Bockting C. L. H. , Williams A. D. , Carswell K. , Grech A. E.
Published: August 2016

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are confronted with a serious ‘mental health gap’, indicating an enormous disparity between the number of individuals in need of mental health care and the availability of professionals to provide such care (WHO in 2010). Traditional forms of mental health services (i.e. face-to-face, individualised assessments and interventions) are therefore not feasible. We propose three strategies for addressing this mental health gap: delivery of evidence-based, low-intensity interventions by non-specialists, the use of transdiagnostic treatment protocols, and strategic deployment of technology to facilitate access and uptake. We urge researchers from all over the world to conduct feasibility studies and randomised controlled studies on the effect of low-intensity interventions and technology supported (e.g. online) interventions in LMICs, preferably using an active control condition as comparison, to ensure we disseminate effective treatments in LMICs.
The effects of Ekman pumping on quasi-geostrophic Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Plumley Meredith , Julien Keith , Marti Philippe , Stellmach Stephan
Published: August 2016

Numerical simulations of three-dimensional rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection are performed by employing an asymptotic quasi-geostrophic model that incorporates the effects of no-slip boundaries through (i) parametrized Ekman pumping boundary conditions and (ii) a thermal wind boundary layer that regularizes the enhanced thermal fluctuations induced by pumping. The fidelity of the model, obtained by an asymptotic reduction of the Navier–Stokes equations that implicitly enforces a pointwise geostrophic balance, is explored for the first time by comparisons of simulations against the findings of direct numerical simulations (DNS) and laboratory experiments. Results from these methods have established Ekman pumping as the mechanism responsible for significantly enhancing the vertical heat transport. This asymptotic model demonstrates excellent agreement over a range of thermal forcing for Prandtl number $Pr\approx 1$ when compared with results from experiments and DNS at maximal values of their attainable rotation rates, as measured by the Ekman number ($E\approx 10^{-7}$); good qualitative agreement is achieved for $Pr>1$. Similar to studies with stress-free boundaries, four spatially distinct flow morphologies exists. Despite the presence of frictional drag at the upper and/or lower boundaries, a strong non-local inverse cascade of barotropic (i.e. depth-independent) kinetic energy persists in the final regime of geostrophic turbulence and is dominant at large scales. For mixed no-slip/stress-free and no-slip/no-slip boundaries, Ekman friction is found to attenuate the efficiency of the upscale energy transport and, unlike the case of stress-free boundaries, rapidly saturates the barotropic kinetic energy. For no-slip/no-slip boundaries, Ekman friction is strong enough to prevent the development of a coherent dipole vortex condensate. Instead, vortex pairs are found to be intermittent, varying in both time and strength. For all combinations of boundary conditions, a Nastrom–Gage type of spectrum of kinetic energy is found, where the power-law exponent changes from ${\approx}-3$ to ${\approx}-5/3$, i.e. from steep to shallow, as the spectral wavenumber increases.
A Dynamical Gravitational Wave Source in a Dense Cluster
Authors: Hurley Jarrod R. , Sippel Anna C. , Tout Christopher A. , Aarseth Sverre J.
Published: August 2016

Making use of a new N-body model to describe the evolution of a moderate-size globular cluster, we investigate the characteristics of the population of black holes within such a cluster. This model reaches core-collapse and achieves a peak central density typical of the dense globular clusters of the Milky Way. Within this high-density environment, we see direct confirmation of the merging of two stellar remnant black holes in a dynamically formed binary, a gravitational wave source. We describe how the formation, evolution, and ultimate ejection/destruction of binary systems containing black holes impacts the evolution of the cluster core. Also, through comparison with previous models of lower density, we show that the period distribution of black hole binaries formed through dynamical interactions in this high-density model favours the production of gravitational wave sources. We confirm that the number of black holes remaining in a star cluster at late times and the characteristics of the binary black hole population depend on the nature of the star cluster, critically on the number density of stars and by extension the relaxation timescale.
Emotional Intensity of Trauma Memory as Moderator of the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Cognitions and PTSD Symptoms
Authors: Nalipay Ma. Jenina N. , Mordeno Imelu G.
Published: August 2016

Individuals develop three types of cognitions in the aftermath of a traumatic experience: negative cognitions about the self, negative cognitions about the world, and self-blame (Foa et al., 1999 ). Although the relationship of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic cognitions has been supported in literature, memory-related responses affecting this relationship need further exploration. It was the intention of the present study to address this gap by examining the moderating role of emotional intensity of trauma memory in the relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptoms. In a sample of survivors of typhoon Haiyan ( N = 632), one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded, it was found that in general, negative cognitions about the self and the world, but not self-blame, predict PTSD symptoms; and emotional intensity of trauma memory generally moderates the relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD. The findings of the study would be useful in the development and enhancement of interventions to help the survivors of natural disasters in maintaining their mental health and wellbeing.
Considerations for Culturally Responsive Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Māori With Depression
Authors: Bennett Simon T. , Flett Ross A. , Babbage Duncan R.
Published: August 2016

A strong case can be made for adapting cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for ethnic and cultural minority groups. In North America, literature is readily available for CBT practitioners wishing to adapt their practice when working with ethnic minority groups (e.g., Latino, African-American, and Native American groups). In other countries such as New Zealand, literature of this sort is scarce, and the empirical foundation for CBT adaptation in these parts of the world is weak. This article documents the core tenets of an empirically validated CBT treatment protocol tailored for individual delivery to Māori clients suffering from depression in New Zealand and developed through consultation with an expert advisory group consisting of senior clinicians and Māori cultural experts. The result is a series of considerations for clinicians endeavouring to provide culturally responsive CBT with Māori clients, who are identified and organised into four domains. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the practical application of the proposed techniques. Links are made to international literature related to the adaptation of CBT in pursuit of cultural responsiveness.
CONTINUITY OF THE HAUSDORFF DIMENSION FOR GRAPH-DIRECTED SYSTEMS
Authors: PRIYADARSHI AMIT
Published: August 2016

In this paper we discuss the continuity of the Hausdorff dimension of the invariant set of generalised graph-directed systems given by contractive infinitesimal similitudes on bounded complete metric spaces. We use the theory of positive linear operators to show that the Hausdorff dimension varies continuously with the functions defining the generalised graph-directed system under suitable assumptions.
A NOTE ON THE HOWSON PROPERTY IN INVERSE SEMIGROUPS
Authors: JONES PETER R.
Published: August 2016

An algebra has the Howson property if the intersection of any two finitely generated subalgebras is again finitely generated. A simple necessary and sufficient condition is given for the Howson property to hold on an inverse semigroup with finitely many idempotents. In addition, it is shown that any monogenic inverse semigroup has the Howson property.
On the Rate of Mortality amongst the Female Nominees of the General Annuity Trust Fund, during the period from 1 January 1869 to 31 December 1895
Authors: King George
Published: August 2016

The Institute of Actuaries and the Faculty of Actuaries are at present jointly engaged on an investigation into the mortality experience of Life Assurance Companies, which will include an examination of the rates prevailing amongst Annuity Nominees. Nevertheless it is thought that any other investigation throwing light on this important subject may not be without interest.
The Origin and Development of Scientific and Professional Societies, with their bearing upon the Institute of Actuaries and its associated Profession. A Presidential Address delivered before the Institute of Actuaries on the 29th of November 1897
Authors: Young T. E.
Published: August 2016

In adventuring upon a Second Presidential Address, the energy of hope and freshness which stimulated me in the former effort have vanished into trepidation of feeling. For I am unhappily conscious that I then exhausted any meagre resources I possessed of novel presentation of thought and research, and was reduced to virtual bankruptcy of serviceable suggestiveness which the interval of time has failed to annul.
Suggestions on the Legal Aspects of Life Office Practice
Authors: Houseman David
Published: August 2016

The scope for papers on legal subjects to be read before this Institute is somewhat limited by the excellent series of Legal Notes, particularly on Case Law, which is a regular feature of the Journal. Perhaps that accounts to some extent for the scarcity of such papers in recent years. It may be however that it is increasingly felt, and I think rightly, that any paper, however accurately phrased, which purports to be a treatise on any particular point of law, can be regarded here only as an indication of the trend of the law which members of the Institute may or may not adopt in practice as they may be advised by those to whom they are accustomed to refer for a legal opinion.
Sickness: A Stochastic Process
Authors: Taylor G. C.
Published: August 2016

The theory surrounding sickness rates has received little attention in the United Kingdom during the past two decades. This may be a consequence of the assumption by the British Government of the role of principal insurer against sickness, and the resulting reduction in numbers of those who otherwise might have turned to the traditional friendly society for sickness insurance. It is unfortunate that the decline in interest in sickness rates should have coincided with the burgeoning of the theory of stochastic processes, for sickness is a stochastic process.
Cashflow Simulation for Evaluating Credit Risk on Corporate Bonds
Authors: Karmarker V. H.
Published: August 2016

Corporate bonds and privately placed loans constitute a large proportion of the portfolios of several financial institutions. When bonds of a corporation are purchased in the market or loans are granted by some other arrangement, the lender evaluates the risk relating to the investment in question. Determination of the level of risk is important, among other things, for facilitating comparison between different investments, setting the terms of loan agreements and making a rational decision concerning the acceptance or rejection of a loan proposal. Since evaluation of risk is very important for rational investment decision-making, the nature of risk in bond investment is examined briefly in the next section. In the subsequent sections, the prevailing techniques of evaluation of risk will be reviewed and the cash flow simulation model presented.
On the Bonus Earning Power of a New Business Fund
Authors: Recknell G. H.
Published: August 2016

If a text be needed for this paper it is to be found in a remark of Mr. Elderton's during the discussion following a paper by Mr. Maltby on “Results of an Investigation into the effect of different valuation bases upon Surplus,” in J.I.A., vol. liii, p. 167. In the course of his argument, in which he dealt with the strain of setting up reserves on the net premium basis in respect of new business, Mr. Elderton said:

“If they could not do with as much good new business as they could obtain, which was wrong—the new business or the valuation?”

The 3 per-cent net premium method of valuation functions because over the whole business it produces results similar to those which might be expected with a bonus reserve method.
On Some Experiments in the Graduation of Mortality Statistics
Authors: Perks Wilfred
Published: August 2016

In these days of continuous change in mortality, with the necessity of forecasting in many of our operations, a paper concerned with the graduation of mortality statistics may appear to be academic, the more so if attention is restricted to the fitting of mathematical curves, with or without any attempt to advance that elusive and, as some think, delusive conception, the law of mortality. Nevertheless, it is felt that if progress is to be made in any branch of science, theoretical research and experiment are essential, as also is the publication of the results, unless the work is completely abortive. It has become the fashion to speak of graduation as though its function were restricted to the provision of a practical instrument for monetary calculations; as Todhunter is reputed to have said, the tabulated values of lx are merely successive terms in a commutation column. Notwithstanding this, most of us retain, consciously or unconsciously, a feeling that, underlying all the roughnesses in our data referable to errors of observation and an ever-changing environment, there may be an inherent mathematical system of law and order, which if it could but be discovered would give such insight into the meaning of the unadjusted figures that a considerable advance would be made in the practical application of our science.
A Consistent System of Investment and Bonus Distribution for a Life Office
Authors: Bayley G. V. , Perks Wilfred
Published: August 2016

The object of this paper is to continue the discussion on the valuation and bonus problems of a life office that was recommenced in the recent papers by A. T. Haynes and R. J. Kirton (T.F.A. xxi, 141) and by F. M. Redington (J.I.A. lxxviii, 286). Both of these papers were concerned, inter alia, with the principle of matching assets to liabilities or, in Redington's graphic phrase, of immunizing the life fund against the effects of a change in the general level of interest rates. Immunization of a life fund containing with-profits policies was shown by Redington to have far-reaching implications, and it was clear from the discussion on his paper that different opinions were held about the exact character of the immunization that might be most appropriate. For a non-profits fund total immunization may or may not be a suitable ideal with which to compare the practical position, and this would depend, in particular, upon the relative size of the capital and other free resources available and upon the level of the surrender and paid-up-policy options granted. But it is the purpose of this paper to argue that, for a with-profits fund, far from being a suitable ideal to be either aimed at or departed from, total immunization (including absolute matching) represents a dividing line between a zone of rational departure from another and more natural ideal and a zone in which a change in the level of interest rates would produce indefensible results.
Elixir atque fermentum: New Investigations about the Link between Pseudo-Avicenna's AlchemicalDe animaand Roger Bacon: Alchemical and Medical Doctrines
Authors: Moureau Sébastien
Published: August 2016

Between 1994 and 1997, William Newman published three articles in which, for the first time, a profound connection between Roger Bacon's doctrine and Ps.-Avicenna's alchemicalDe animawas pointed out. These studies were a major step in understanding Roger Bacon's elemental physics, alchemy, and alchemical medicine, as well as hisprolongatio vitaetheory. By a thorough study of the physical, alchemical, and medical doctrine of the Jābirian treatises via Ps.-Avicenna'sDe anima, in comparison with Bacon's texts, I will continue the work initiated by Newman and draw some new conclusions. I will specifically focus on some principal differences between Roger Bacon and his favorite alchemical source, which allow us to understand the originality and innovation of the Franciscan. In addition to the De anima, a specific aspect of the alchemy of the Ps.-Aristotelian Secretum secretorum will also be studied here, being another of Bacon's major sources.
Aldhelm of Malmesbury and High Ecclesiasticism in a Barbarian Kingdom
Authors: Dempsey G. T.
Published: August 2016

In 634, the freshly consecrated bishop Birinus, having promised Pope Honorius that he would spread the faith in “the remotest. regions of England,” arrived in the territory of the West Saxons (or theGewisse, as they were then still known). He found them so thoroughly pagan (“paganissimas”) that he opted to remain there to preach the gospel. The following year he baptized Cynegils, the first of the West Saxon kings to accept Christianity. TheBrytenwalda, Oswald of Northumbria, stood sponsor. Together, the two kings endowed Birinus with thecivitasof Dorchester-on-Thames as his see. Over the next few years, both Cynegils's son Cwichelm and his grandson Cuthred were baptized, the latter in 639 by Birinus in Dorchester. It would have been in or near this year that Aldhelm was born,” though his native area was said by William of Malmesbury to have been Sherborne, in the southwest of Wessex, on the border with the British kingdom ofDumnonia(Devon and Cornwall) and, thus, far from Birinus's episcopal seat in the upper Thames valley. Would this be an indication of the rapid spread of Christianity in the West Saxon kingdom? Notably, well within a generation a West Saxon became the first native-born archbishop of Canterbury when Deusdedit was consecrated in 655 (his Anglo-Saxon name was remembered as Friduwine).” But where Deusdedit received his ecclesiastical training is unknown; Bede can tell us only that he was a “West Saxon by race” (“de gente Occidentalium Saxonum”).” Or was Aldhelm's being Christian due to his royal status? It may be that another of Cynegils's sons, Centwine, who became king in Wessex in 676, was Aldhelm's father.” By this time, Aldhelm was a senior cleric in the West Saxon church.
Elia del Medigo: An Archetype of the Halachic Man?
Authors: Hames Harvey J.
Published: August 2016

“And the person who urged me to this point is the noble master, Pico della Mirandola, who is given to speculation of the highest sciences, is a very intelligent man, a worthy philosopher, a lover of truth, of whose like I have not seen in these times.” Thus wrote Elia del Medigo in the introduction to his commentary on Averroes' De substantia orbis written at the behest of the famous count of Mirandola as a result of their discussions in 1485. In late 1486, Pico, then in Rome, presented his Conclusiones in which he was able to couple the philosophy of Averroes with statements such as: “Averroes and Avicenna cannot disagree fundamentally on whether the physicist receives composite bodies from the metaphysician, even if they differ in their words,” or: “If there is any nature immediate to us that is either simply rational, or at least exists for the most part rationally, it has magic in its summit, and through its participation in men can be more perfect.” Conclusions like these could only have deeply frustrated someone like Elia del Medigo, who had devoted much time and effort to persuading the count of the superiority of peripatetic philosophy as interpreted by Averroes and may have caused him to revise somewhat his favorable statements about Pico. His last known contact with Pico was in December of the same year, in the form of a letter with two accompanying treatises, a last-ditch effort to make Pico aware of the superiority of Aristotelian-Averroistic cosmology.
Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit menschlichen Handelns. “Dynamis” (qūwa/qudra/isti⃛āca) in der islamischen Theologie
Authors: Schöck Cornelia
Published: August 2016

Vorarbeiten zur Erarbeitung einer Problemgeschichte der arabischen Philosophie beschränkten sich bisher auf den Bereich der arabisch schreibenden Logiker und Philosophen im engeren Sinn. Einen maßgeblichen Beitrag liefern Untersuchungen zur Terminologie der griechisch-arabischen und syrisch-arabischen übersetzungsliteratur. Jedoch wurde bisher kein Versuch unternommen, die islamische Theologie (kālm) für die Problemgeschichte der arabischen Philosophie heranzuziehen. Skeptisch war man, was umgekehrt die Verifizierung von Einflüssen griechischer Logik und Philosophie auf die frühe islamische Theologie betrifft.
Origen, Plato, and Conscience (Synderesis) in Jerome's Ezekiel Commentary
Authors: Kries Douglas
Published: August 2016

Due especially to the pioneering work of Lottin, philosophers and theologians interested in the medieval discussion of the human conscience are today well aware that the Scholastic debate was framed principally in relation to two words, conscientia and synderesis. In the now classic formulation of the distinction between those two terms by Thomas Aquinas, synderesis is understood as the special habitus of the practical intellect whereby human beings know the basic principles of morality, whereas conscientia is the act whereby the practical reasoning powers of a human being apply the fundamental principles to the particular matter at hand. It is also generally acknowledged by scholars today that the argument about the relationship between conscientia and synderesis began many years prior to Thomas's work, that the medieval debate was originally spurred by the introduction of the strange term synderesis into the conversation, and that the term entered the discussion by means of an enigmatic passage in Jerome's Commentary on Ezekiel. Finally, most scholars acknowledge that the appearance of synderesis in the medieval manuscripts of Jerome's commentary is in all likelihood a corruption of the Greek word syneidēsis, which is the standard correlate in Greek Patristic literature for the Latin conscientia.
Adrian of Utrecht and the University of Louvain: Theology and the Discussion of Moral Problems in the Late Fifteenth Century
Authors: Stone M. W. F.
Published: August 2016

Proh dolor quantum refert in quae tempora vel optimi cuiusque virtus incidat.
Displeasure in Heaven, Pleasure in Hell: Four Franciscan Masters on the Relationship between Love and Pleasure, and Hatred and Displeasure
Authors: Kitanov Severin Valentinov
Published: August 2016

My aim in this paper is to study the relationship between love and pleasure as understood by the Franciscan masters Peter Aureol, William of Ockham, Walter Chatton, and Adam Wodeham. These masters have treated this relationship in their commentaries on Peter Lombard'sSentences, book 1, distinction 1. The standard subject matter of the first distinction of scholasticSentencescommentaries was the nature of beatific enjoyment (fruitio beatifica). The comparative study of these texts is important, because it sheds some light on the history of fourteenth-century scholastic philosophy of human psychology in general, and on the contribution of Franciscan writers to the philosophical and theological analysis of volition and emotions in particular.
The Grand Style and the ‘genera dicendi’ in Ancient Rhetoric
Authors: Shuger Debora K.
Published: August 2016

The standard, and practically the only, study of thegenera dicendiin classical rhetoric, ‘The Origin and Meaning of the Ancient Characters of Style,’ was published in 1905 by G. L. Hendrickson. In it Hendrickson argued that the plain style orgenus tenueoriginated in and remained firmly associated with philosophical dialectic, while the oratorical style (including both thegenus grandeandgenus medium) descended from sophistic and, in particular, Isocratic prose. The effect of this paper has been two-fold: a simultaneous exaltation of the plain style as the only rhetorical expression of serious and original thought and the conflation of the other two genera, these being criticized on the grounds that they appealed to the ear rather than the mind and were designed to exploit the emotions rather than inform reason. This effect can be observed most clearly in the subsequent scholarship on English prose style, particularly in the seminal essays of Morris Croll, who (to simplify a good deal) basically treats Renaissance prose style as the triumph of an introspective, searching, plain style over the musical formalism of Ciceronianconcinnitas.Since Croll, the term plain style has generally become an honorific appellation in English scholarship at the expense of an inadequately differentiated grand and middle style (these in turn being identified with Ciceronianism).
It Takes All Kinds: Sexuality and Gender Differences in Hildegard of Bingen's ‘Book of Compound Medicine’
Authors: Cadden Joan
Published: August 2016

Hildegard of Bingen, a twelfth-century religious visionary and head of a convent, wrote extensively and frankly about sex difference and sexual behavior in her general treatise in medicine. Gender differences, sexuality, and reproduction were subjects by no means proscribed in twelfth-century Europe. Whether we look at canon law, which prohibited various forms of sexual behavior, or vernacular literature, which sometimes celebrated them, we find no unwillingness to acknowledge the existence of human sexuality. Yet aside from tracts addressed specifically to gynecological and reproductive disorders, most works of twelfth-century naturalists and medical authors treat such matters only cursorily. Hildegard was an exception, and her treatment of sexuality was both wide-ranging and undogmatic. It is the purpose of this study to explicate Hildegard's ideas on these subjects — especially on the sexual characteristics and reproductive contributions of women and men — and to evaluate the significance of the content and extent of her exposition.
Census and Bibliography of Medieval Manuscripts Containing Apocalypse Illustrations, ca. 800–1500
Authors: Emmerson Richard Kenneth , Lewis Suzanne
Published: August 2016

More than fifty years have now passed since M. R. James published his British Academy lectures on the Apocalypse in medieval art under the title The Apocalypse in Art (London 1931). As we approach the coming of the second millennium, the last few decades have witnessed an exponential rise in the number of scholarly publications dealing with apocalyptic imagery in the Middle Ages, particularly with regard to illuminated manuscripts. An increasing number of scholars entering this fascinating field of research each year has created a genuine need for more direct and convenient access to the wealth of material that now exists on this rich and complex subject. The project for the present census and bibliography of manuscripts containing Apocalypse illustrations, c. 800–1500, was developed from the authors' individual research and was prompted by the recognition that every medievalist who wishes to work with this material must first invest considerable time and energy in gathering this sort of data and bibliography before any serious research can begin. Our compilation is therefore designed to serve primarily as a helpful starting point for scholars from all disciplines in medieval studies with a research interest in some aspect of medieval Apocalypse illustrations.
Theme and Echo in an Anonymous Old English Homily for Easter
Authors: Lees Clare A.
Published: August 2016

Anonymous vernacular homilies of the later Anglo-Saxon period have recently proved a fruitful field of investigation for scholars. Work in this area has enabled the investigator to recover themes and topoi available to the Old English writer, and has helped reconstruct the intellectual milieu in which he worked. Indeed, late composite homilies may reveal how homilists such as Ælfric were received and understood by subsequent generations.
Burgundio of Pisa‘s Translation of Galen‘s ΠEPI TΩN ΠEΠONΘOTΩN TOΠΩN: ‘De Interioribus’
Authors: Durling Richard J.
Published: August 2016

Burgundio of Pisa's undated Graeco-Latin version of Galen's chief work on differential diagnosis, the De locis affectis, proved less popular than its rival, the Arabic-Latin rendering, though it was studied and utilized by an influential teacher at Bologna, Taddeo Alderotti († 1295). The Arabic-Latin version (Inc. ‘Medicorum non solum moderni ….’) is ubiquitous. Burgundio's translation exists in only five copies, viz. Erfurt Amplon. F 278, saec. XIVin., fols. 84ra–117ra (= E); Città del Vaticano, Codex Vaticanus Barberinianus Latinus 179, saec. XIV, fols. 15ra–36vb (= C: lacks a whole quaternion); Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London, Codex 286, saec. XIV, fols. 84ra–116rb(= D); Cesena, Bibl. Malatestiana Dextr. Plut. 23 cod. 1, saec. XIV, fols. 46ra–85rb (= F); and Venice, Bibl. Nazionale Marciana, VII.11 (XIV, 7), saec. XIV, fols. 41ra–43vb (= G.) This last is a fragment only.
An Anonymous Oxford Commentary on Aristotle's ‘De generatione et corruptione’
Authors: Otte James K.
Published: August 2016

In the Spring of 1985, I visited the Bodleian Library in Oxford, to examinein situAlfred of Sareshel's commentary on Aristotle'sMetheora. Although they were listed in theAristoteles latinusas anonymous, I had already identified the linear and marginal comments in manuscript Selden supra 24 ff. 84r-114r, as another, and to date, the oldest known version of Alfred's commentary on that Aristotelian treatise. That codex also contains a Graeco-Latin version of Aristotle'sDe generatione et corruptionewhich is also accompanied by an anonymous commentary (ff. 41r-63r). I decided at the time to transcribe the commentary, and to prepare it for an edition with the aim of publication, a process in which I am still involved.
Latin Manuscript Books before 1600: A Bibliography of the Printed Catalogues of Extant Collections
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar
Published: August 2016

The study of Latin manuscripts has been of vital importance not only to the student of classical and patristic literature but also to every serious scholar interested in the literature, theology, philosophy and science of the Middle Ages and of the Renaissance. In this field, the manuscripts contain not merely new variants of well-known texts but an often unsuspected amount of new textual material that never got into print but often had as wide a circulation and importance as some of the printed works. This material is by no means easily accessible. If a collection of manuscripts has no printed catalogue, there is no way of investigating its content except by working on the spot. On the other hand, printed catalogues, when available, permit the location of pertinent material from a distance, and hence are a definite scholarly aid and desideratum. Since even the printed catalogues are often inadequate and sometimes rare, it has seemed useful to compile an annotated bibliography of these catalogues, which would serve as a guide to medievalists and Renaissance scholars in general, and in particular to the contributors to the project of ‘Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries,’ which has been undertaken by a group of scholars under the auspices of several learned societies. The present bibliography was originally compiled for the purposes of that project, and it has been decided to print it, since previous bibliographies of a similar nature were either conceived along narrower lines, like Weinberger's, or were inaccurate, like Richardson's.
Bernard Silvester and the Hermetic Asclepius
Authors: Woolsey Robert B.
Published: August 2016

Examination of the De universitate mundi by Bernard Silvester and the Hermetic La tin Asclepius proves that Bernard had studied the Hermeticist's work. It is the intent of this paper to report not only that proof, but as well to explain to what extent Bernard applied to his own composition what he had learned from his study.
The Canonical Resources of Atto of Vercelli (926–960)
Authors: Wemple Suzanne F.
Published: August 2016

Recent research on the Collectio Isidori Mercatoris, better known to historians as the False Decretals compiled by Pseudo-Isidore, has refuted the prevalent view that the Pseudo-Isidorian compilation became widely diffused in Italy only when the Lotharingian churchmen in Pope Leo IX's (1049–54) entourage brought it to Rome and made it known as their favorite collection. Although Schafer Williams' Codices Pseudo-Isidoriani appeared too late for me to use in the preparation of this paper, his articles make it evident that the initial error rests with Hinschius' incomplete and incorrectly dated list of manuscripts. Horst Fuhrmann, moreover, has shown that, with the possible exception of the first six decades of the tenth century, at least since Hadrian II (867–72), popes made continuous albeit sparing use of the forgeries, and it was only with Urban II (1088–99) that they began to rely on them extensively. His conclusion that the principal channel of diffusion for the False Decretals was not the papacy but the systematic collections which incorporated the forgeries, suggests that further research is needed on the influence of canonical collections in the pre-Gregorian period.
Canonistica Hispanica (III)
Authors: García y García Antonio
Published: August 2016

En otros números de esta revista informé sobre diversos códices y fragmentos que contienen obras canónicas del período comprendido entre el Decreto de Graciano y las Decretales de Gregorio IX. La presente nota tiene por objeto continuar la aludida información. Muchos de estos fragmentos quizás no sean de mayor utilidad para la investigación y estudio del texto correspondiente, pero sirven en todo caso como nuevos testimonios de la difusión de la cultura canonística en la España medieval.
Supplementum Secundum ad Bibliographiam synodorum particularium
Authors: Sawicki Jakub Th.
Published: August 2016

Die hier folgende Aufstellung verzeichnet alle auf dem Gebiet der auf das Partikularrecht gerichteten Synodenforschung in den Jahren 1967 und 1968 erschienenen Schriften und Editionen, soweit sie für den Verfasser erreichbar waren oder auf dem Umweg über Hinweise in einschlägigen Fachzeitschriften, über Bibliographieen und über freundliche Mitteilungen von interessierten Fachkollegen zu seiner Kenntnis gelangt sind. Eine Fülle von Material konnte der 1967 in Washington erschienenen 15-bändigen New Catholic Encyclopaedia entnommen werden. Auch waren ausserdem für das Jahr 1966 und auch für vorausgehende Jahre etliche Titel nachzutragen. So wie im ersten Supplementum (Traditio 24 [1968] 508–511), so sind auch hier die Titel alphabetisch geordnet und mit den entsprechenden laufenden Nummern versehen, so zwar, dass die neuen Titel mit der entsprechenden Nummer und dem laufenden griechischen (Buchstaben, in einigen Fällen mit dem Zusatz ‘bis’ und ‘ter’ bezeichnet sind. Fur Abkürzungen und Siglen sei auf den Conspectus abbreviationum (pp. xvii—xxx des Bandes) verwiesen.
Caucasia and Byzantium
Authors: Toumanoff Cyril
Published: August 2016

Perhaps not unnaturally, but disastrously for itself, Byzantine historiography has so far, if at all, tended to view the role played by the Caucasians, especially Armenians, in the history of the Eastern Empire with somewhat parochial, or microcosmic, eyes. To those eyes, Armenia, and Caucasia in general, remain largely a terra incognita, despite occasional inroads into that unknown territory. Thus, even when, as of late, the importance of, especially, the Armenian element for Byzantine history has at last been recognized, insufficient acquaintance with the historical, cultural, and social background of the part of the world where that element originated and whence it came to the Empire is nevertheless still too much in evidence. And yet, precisely because of the importance for Byzantine history of the element in question, its background ought to be of interest to the Byzantine scholar, for it alone can fully explain the nature of the role which was played by that element. This is precisely the scope of this study: not merely to repeat what has at last been admitted, but also to supplement it and bring it into focus; in other words, to describe the background in order more fully to explain the role.
Subsidy and Reform in 1321: The Accounts of Najac and the Policies of Philip V
Authors: Brown Elizabeth A. R.
Published: August 2016

The year 1321 is crucially important in the history of the development of French constitutional and political activity, for it was then that Philip V, the most inventive and imaginative of the sons of Philip the Fair, attempted to utilize assemblies of different sorts for an unprecedented purpose, to secure from the kingdom of France a grant of funds in time of peace to support a program of administrative and economic reform. His predecessors had had some success in securing levies for the defense of the realm, and, like them, Philip had raised money for campaigns against the Flemings. Neither Philip nor the kings who had ruled before him had, however, tried to obtained the active cooperation of the kingdom in advancing the welfare of France by introducing improvements which were totally unrelated to the needs of defense. It is a testimony to Philip's vision that he made such an attempt, abortive though it proved to be, for in the end his work came to nothing, and early in 1322 Philip died. While the complete failure of Philip's plans, which have fittingly been termed his ‘Grand Design,’ meant that 1321 would not become a landmark in French constitutional history, it does not make the brief episode any the less interesting. Its details illustrate the practical difficulties involved in the execution of such a project, and help explain why the evolution of viable institutions to facilitate cooperation between ruler and ruled to promote the common good were so halting, and why instances of such cooperation are so rare.
Hincmar of Rheims as a Theologian of the Trinity
Authors: Davis Leo Donald
Published: August 2016

In one of the very few essays in English on Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, Eleanor Shipley Duckett calls him a prince of the Church, a statesman, an administrator, a scholar who rises far above the other figures she surveys and who stands out in the company of Charles the Great and Pope Nicholas I in the historical records of the ninth century. His long life, from his birth in northern France in 806, his entry into the monastery of St. Denis in 814, his consecration as archbishop in 845, to his death in 882 at Epernay while fleeing from the Danish invasion, was one long series of combats calling for a variety of talents. He revealed a deep knowledge of canon law in his various ecclesiastical disputes with recalcitrant clergy and laity, an astute diplomatic talent in his attempts to knit together the rapidly unraveling unity of the empire, a broad but unoriginal scholarship in his theological controversies over predestination and the Trinity which brought him to grips with the leading thinkers of the Carolingian renaissance, especially the redoubtable Saxon Gottschalk, monk of Orbais. It is with this last controversy that this paper will be concerned.
A Note on Thebaid Commentaries: Paris, B.N., lat. 3012
Authors: Stock Brian
Published: August 2016

The Thebaid of Statius was one of the most widely read classical texts of the Latin Middle Ages. Commentaries on it however are rather rare. Of some 300 manuscripts of the work described in the files of the Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes, Paris, only about thirty contain glossae, argumenta, or marginalia. The majority of the additions to the original are of a late date: two-thirds fall within the period 1100-1300, while the rest, with only three exceptions, are later. In this census, moreover, there are only three commentaires intégraux, that is, autonomous commentaries which do not consist of glosses on isolated words or phrases. Of the three, one has been attributed by P. Courcelle to Rémi of Auxerre; a second is thought to have been written in the thirteenth century by a certain Martianus de S. Benedicto; and the third has been printed under the authorship of Lactantius Placidus.
The ‘Colores Rhetorici’ in the Investiture Contest
Authors: Robinson I. S.
Published: August 2016

The polemics of the investiture contest, both those of German and those of Italian origin, in most cases owe their survival to the copying activity of scribes in the monasteries and cathedral chapters of Germany during the twelfth century. This survival is in itself unexpected: the Libelli de lite continued to be copied at a period when their argumentation and critical apparatus must have appeared unsophisticated by comparison with the canonical and theological textbooks of the mid-twelfth century. The polemics seem to have been preserved not for their erudition but for their literary qualities. Thus the two most famous twelfth-century collections of eleventh-century libelli — that of the Codex Udalrici and that transcribed in the sixteenth-century codex, Hanover, Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek XI. 671 — are found to exploit the polemics for teaching purposes: not for the elucidation of the rights of King Henry IV or of Pope Gregory VII (as their contents might suggest), but as models of epistolary style for the instruction of the twelfth-century pupils of the cathedral school of Bamberg. ‘Codex I’ of the composite Hanover letter collection — which, like the Codex Udalrici, seems to have originated in Bamberg — contains an important group of pro-Henrician and anti-papal materials: the only extant exemplar of the Defensio Heinrici IV regis of Petrus Crassus, the decrees of the imperialist synods of Worms and Brixen, the encyclical of 1089 of the antipope Wibert of Ravenna, and the treatise of Pseudo-Udalric in favour of clerical marriage. However, ‘Codex I’ also includes pro-papal materials: the two letters of Archbishop Gebhard of Salzburg in support of Gregory VII, letters of Gregory VII himself concerning German ecclesiastical politics, a well-known letter of Urban II and the decrees of the reforming council of Piacenza of 1095. The eclectic nature of the compilation of ‘Codex I’ suggests that the polemical works were regarded by the compiler primarily as model performances in the rhetorical art of the trivium.